Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resource Acquisition: Effect of Commitment and Social Capital in China

Social capital plays an important role in the growth of firms. However, limited research has been conducted on how the social capital of structural hole contributes to resource acquisition from the perspective of entrepreneurs and how behavioral commitment is related to the effectiveness of social capital. This study examines these issues based on a sample of Chinese firms. The findings indicate that behavioral commitment significantly mediates the relationship between social capital of structural hole and resource acquisition and that social capital of structural hole has positive direct effects on the firm’s resource acquisition in the context of China.
3. The ‘South Seas’ in the imperial imagination

From the time of the Pacific voyages of Louis Antoine de Bougainville and Captain James Cook in the late eighteenth century, Europeans began to discern significant diversity in language, culture and attitude among the island societies across the Pacific Ocean; yet at the same time, they saw this diversity as existing within a broader regional unity. For the European cartographer, voyager, natural scientist and ‘man of letters’ of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the creation of this new unifying frame—referred to variously as ‘the Pacific’, ‘Oceania’, the ‘South Seas’ or the ‘Pacific islands’—was an important part of mapping, cataloguing and creating knowledge about this last part of the ‘unknown’ world in relation to what was known. The accompanying ideas about the nature, or desired nature, of an idealised ‘Pacific islander’ and ‘island society’ were constant reminders of the existence of this underlying regional frame in the European imagination.1 This conceptual framing of the Pacific island region created the context in which the establishment of imperial control of these societies was thought possible, and indeed became part of the imposition and management of empire. It was also an important influence on the successful efforts of evangelical Christians to spread their religious ideas across all Pacific island societies in the nineteenth century.
Detection and removal of pathogenic norovirus employing tertiary treatment in wastewater and water treatment facilities K. Fitzhenryb,d,*, M. Barretta,d, V. O’Flahertya,d, W. Doreb, S. Keaveneyb, M. Cormicanc and E. Cliffordd,e

Human pathogenic viruses (HPVs) with particular reference to norovirus (NoV) commonly known as ‘the winter vomiting bug’ is the leading causes of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. NoV is present in wastewater in high numbers and coupled with a low infectious dose can endanger public health. Secondary wastewater treatment processes are not designed to eradicate HPVs thus a tertiary disinfection step is required. Typical pathogen removal processes include slow sand filtration and membrane barrier methods. NoV cannot be cultured in a laboratory and so its sole detection is limited to expensive and time-consuming molecular methods. The use of an alternative virus, the FRNA bacteriophages has been suggested as a surrogate for NoV due to its physicochemical similarities and cultivability. This research focuses on the investigation of a barrier method of tertiary disinfection using membrane filters and tangential flow filtration. In addition to this, the suitability of FRNA bacteriophages as a cheaper alternative indicator of NoV was investigated.
TESTING MONETARY EXCHANGE RATE MODELS WITH PANEL COINTEGRATION TESTS

The monetary exchange rate models explain the long run behaviour of the nominal exchange rate. Their central assertion is that there is a long run equilibrium relationship between the nominal exchange rate and monetary macro-fundamentals. Although these models are essential tools of international macroeconomics, their empirical validity is ambiguous. Previously, time series testing was prevalent in the literature, but it did not bring convincing results. The power of the unit root and the cointegration tests are too low to reject the null hypothesis of no cointegration between the variables. This power can be enhanced by arranging our data in a panel data set, which allows us to analyse several time series simultaneously and enables us to increase the number of observations. We conducted a weak empirical test of the monetary exchange rate models by testing the existence of cointegration between the variables in three panels. We investigated 6, 10 and 15 OECD countries during the following periods: 1976Q1-2011Q4, 1985Q1-2011Q4 and 1996Q1-2011Q4. We tested the reduced form of the monetary exchange rate models in three specifications; we have two restricted models and an unrestricted model. Since cointegration can only be interpreted among non-stationary processes, we investigate the order of the integration of our variables with IPS, Fisher-ADF, Fisher-PP panel unit root tests and the Hadri panel stationary test. All the variables can be unit root processes; therefore we analyze the cointegration with the Pedroni and Kao panel cointegration test. The restricted models performed better than the unrestricted one and we obtained the best results with the 1985Q1-2011Q4 panel. The Kao test rejects the null hypotheses – there is no cointegration between the variables – in all the specifications and all the panels, but the Pedroni test does not show such a positive picture. Hence we found only moderate support for the monetary exchange rate models.
The impacts of economic structures on the performance of simple policy rules in a small open economy

Applying a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model, the performance of various simple rules is analyzed in a small open economy context. The aspects that are considered in the analysis include the degree of exchange rate pass-through, trade openness, the policy objective and the source and persistency of shocks. The main objective of this analysis is to investigate if the rule reacts to exchange rate performs better than the basic closed economy rule without exchange rate term. Comparison on the performances is also made between the consumer inflation targeting and domestic inflation targeting rules. The results show that adding the exchange rate term to the policy rule enhances improvement especially in the higher pass-through case. The superior rule is the hybrid rule that reacts to the exchange rate term. CPI inflation targeting rules outperform the domestic inflation targeting rules in term of welfare loss. However, more complicated domestic inflation targeting rules generate lower loss in term of relative loss. On the second part of this chapter, comparisons on the performances of different exchange rate regimes are made under different source and persistency of shocks. The floating (pegged) regime is favored under more prominent real (nominal) shocks. The results suggest that emerging countries that experience very large real shocks should float their exchange rate.
Dielectric-Loaded Conformal Microstrip Antennas for Versatile In-Body Applications

Wireless implantable bioelectronics and accurate <italic>in vivo</italic> characterization of path loss require efficient and robust in-body antennas. Loading electric antennas with the effective permittivities higher than that of surrounding tissues are a promising solution. In this letter, proof-of-concept conformal microstrip antennas are proposed. The antennas are optimized for a standard impedance of 50 <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Omega$</tex-math></inline-formula> and operate in all high-water-content tissues. Integral ground plane shields the antenna from inner circuitry. The radiation efficiencies are 0.4%, 2.2%, and 1.2% for the (434, 868, and 1400) MHz designs, respectively, when computed in a <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\varnothing$</tex-math></inline-formula>100 mm spherical phantom with muscle-equivalent properties. The efficiencies are compared to the fundamental limitations and closely approach them. Specific absorption rates are evaluated, and the corresponding maximum input power levels are established. Prototypes are fabricated and characterized to validate the design.
Reconstructing Gravitational Attractions of Major Cities in China from Air Passenger Flow Data, 2001–2008: A Particle Swarm Optimization Approach

In contrast to the conventional gravity model that estimates flows between cities of given sizes, the reverse gravity model attempts to reconstruct the theoretical gravitational attractions of cities from network flow data. This article introduces the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method in solving the reverse gravity model. With comparison to the linear programming (LP) and the simplified algebraic method (SAM), the advantages of the PSO method include flexibility in the impedance function and better goodness of fit. The method is applied to the case study of air passenger transport in China. The results indicate that estimated nodal attractions in cities are generally in line with their population sizes, but there are significant discrepancies between them. A close examination of the discrepancies reveals that a better developed tertiary sector and higher tourism revenue per capita are associated with overestimated attractions in air transport, and stronger railway dominance influences their underestimation. The changes of gravitational attractions in major cities from 2001 to 2008 indicate the declining dominance of the largest cities and a move toward a more balanced development in the air transport system of China.
Mapping Photosynthesis Solely from Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence: A Global, Fine-Resolution Dataset of Gross Primary Production Derived from OCO-2

Accurately quantifying gross primary production (GPP) globally is critical for assessing plant productivity, carbon balance, and carbon-climate feedbacks, while current GPP estimates exhibit substantial uncertainty. Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) observed by the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) has offered unprecedented opportunities for monitoring land photosynthesis, while its sparse coverage remains a bottleneck for mapping finer-resolution GPP globally. Here, we used the global, OCO-2-based SIF product (GOSIF) and linear relationships between SIF and GPP to map GPP globally at a 0.05° spatial resolution and 8-day time step for the period from 2000 to 2017. To account for the uncertainty of GPP estimates resulting from the SIF-GPP relationship, we used a total of eight SIF-GPP relationships with different forms (universal and biome-specific, with and without intercept) at both site and grid cell levels to estimate GPP. Our results showed that all of the eight SIF-GPP relationships performed well in estimating GPP globally. The ensemble mean 8-day GPP was generally highly correlated with flux tower GPP for 91 eddy covariance flux sites across the globe (R2 = 0.74, Root Mean Square Error = 1.92 g C m−2 d−1). Our fine-resolution GPP estimates showed reasonable spatial and seasonal variations across the globe and fully captured both seasonal cycles and spatial patterns present in our coarse-resolution (1°) GPP estimates based on coarse-resolution SIF data directly aggregated from discrete OCO-2 soundings. SIF-GPP relationships with different forms could lead to significant differences in annual GPP particularly in the tropics. Our ensemble global annual GPP estimate (135.5 ± 8.8 Pg C yr−1) is between the median estimate of non-process based methods and the median estimate of process-based models. Our GPP estimates showed interannual variability in many regions and exhibited increasing trends in many parts of the globe particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. With the availability of high-quality, gridded SIF observations from space (e.g., TROPOMI, FLEX), our novel approach does not rely on any other input data (e.g., climate data, soil properties) and therefore can map GPP solely based on satellite SIF observations and potentially lead to more accurate GPP estimates at regional to global scales. The use of a universal SIF-GPP relationship versus biome-specific relationships can also avoid the uncertainty associated with land cover maps. Our novel, independent GPP product (GOSIF GPP), freely available at our data repository, will be valuable for studying photosynthesis, carbon cycle, agricultural production, and ecosystem responses to climate change and disturbances, informing ecosystem management, and benchmarking terrestrial biosphere and Earth system models.
Construction and Analysis of Opinion Leader Network in Micro-blog Topic Communication

[Purpose/Significance] The rapid growth of micro-blog users and the popularity of mobile Internet make Micro-blog an increasingly important channel for information dissemination. As a result of shortening the distance between ordinary users and opinion leaders, opinion leaders on the micro-blog platform have become more prominent. Therefore, it is very important to identify opinion leaders in micro-blog and study their role in the process of information dissemination. [Method/Process] This article first identifies opinion leaders through the improved HITS algorithm; Then build opinion leader network to analyze the role of opinion leader in the process of information dissemination; Finally, using emotion recognition technology, the ability of opinion leaders to infect other users is analyzed in depth. [Result/Conclusion] The study found that the role of media users as a source of information was weakened in micro-blog platforms, but that media opinion leaders were involved in topics and information dissemination capabilities were stronger. The authority of users is more related to the quality of information, and many users with fewer fans can also become opinion leaders. In terms of degree distribution, no user can have a high monopoly on authoritative information sources. But the channel of information dissemination is more concentrated, and the channel of communication of a topic is often controlled by a few users. Through emotional recognition analysis of the appeal of opinion leaders, it was found that other users tend to be more inclined to non-negative emotions when forwarding opinion leaders 'microblogs. The appeal of opinion leaders is generally strong.
Underdetermined Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Using Difference Coarray in the Presence of Unknown Nonuniform Noise

The coarray techniques, e.g., nested and coprime arrays, can significantly improve degrees of freedom (DOFs) via constructing a so-called difference coarray, which enables underdetermined direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation within reach in the presence of unknown nonuniform noise. There are repeated lags in the difference coarray, which also contain useful statistical information. In this paper, the repeated lags are properly used for DOA estimation algorithm design in unknown nonuniform noise environments. Specifically, the number of repeated lags in the difference coarray is rigorously given. Then these repeated lags and unique lags are judiciously rearranged to form a pseudo data set, which is composed of linearly independent vectors. Based on the pseudo data set, we propose two algorithms for DOA estimation in the presence of unknown nonuniform noise. One is a searching algorithm without source number knowledge (SASNK), and the other is a multi-snapshot compressive sensing method (MSCS) with better DOA estimation performance. The MSCS also does not require source number information. Numerical results are included to showcase the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
ADDRESS ACCELERATION MECHANISMS FOR AN ADAPTIVE CELLULAR TELEPHONY (ACT) COPROCESSOR

The computational complexity of cellular telephone standards has increased faster than Moore’s law. New architectural approaches will be needed in order to meet the performance needs while staying within acceptable energy budgets. The ACT coprocessor improves on the energy-delay characteristics of embedded systems by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude, and is within 1 to 2 orders of magnitude of an ASIC approach while retaining much of the generality of a general purpose processor. This paper summarizes the ACT architecture, details have been published elsewhere, and then presents the details of new architectural enhancements that have proven particularly effective in improving performance. The enhancements are a mode addressed register le (MARF) and separate address generation units (AGU’s) for each SRAM port and a hardware loop unit (HLU). For the 9 DSP and telephony codes used to evaluate this architecture, 61% of the load on an Intel Xscale’s execution pipeline can be removed by using the MARF, HLU, and AGU mechanisms.
Isolation of a novel MYB transcription factor OsMyb1R from rice and analysis of the response of this gene to abiotic stresses

To understand mechanisms underlying stress responses and discover new stress-tolerance genes in rice ( Oryza sativa L.), we analyzed a global genome expression profiling of the indica cultivar Pei’ai 64S subjected to cold, drought, or heat stresses. Expression profiles were obtained for leaf and panicle tissues at seedling, booting and heading stages from plants under no stress, or cold, drought or heat stresses using the GeneChip Rice Genome Array (Affymetrix) representing 51 279 transcripts from japonica and indica rice. A large number of genes highly up- regulated or down-regulated were identified under the stresses. One of these genes, OsMyb1R, was highly induced in leaf and panicle at the heading and flowering stages, in response to all stresses. The expression profile of OsMyb1R obtained by the microarray analysis was confirmed by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptaseplolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of the gene. The two sets of data matched very well, suggesting that OsMyb1R is a multiple stresses responsive gene in rice. In order to study its function in stress tolerance, we cloned the cDNA of the gene through amplification by RT-PCR. Sequence analysis showed that the cDNA encodes a protein of 489 amino acid residues with molecular weight (M.W.) ≈ 56 kD and p I ≈ 6. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the protein contains a conservative domain of the MYB family gene. Analysis of the putative promoter region for candidate cis-regulatory elements identified 5 matches to cis -elements related to stress responses. Based on the earlier mentioned analysis and results obtained, we propose that OsMyb1R is a novel candidate gene involved in stress tolerance in rice.
Offshoring in Developing Countries: Labor Market Outcomes, Welfare, and Policy

Does a reduction in offshoring cost benefit workers in the world's factories in developing countries? Using a parsimonious two-country model of offshoring we find very nuanced results. These include cases where wages monotonically improve, worsen, as well as where wages exhibit an inverted U-shaped relationship with the offshoring cost. We identify qualitative conditions under which these relationships hold. Since global welfare always rises with an improvement in offshoring technology, we find that there is a role for a wage tax or a minimum wage in the developing country. We derive the optimal levels of such policies.
Chapter 2 Opportunities , Challenges , and Terms Related to LTE-A Cellular Network 2

The well-known generational phase of mobile telecommunications started in the early 1980s, beginning with the introduction of the so-called First Generation (1G) of mobile telecommunications standards. The 1G analog cellular systems supported voice communication with limited roaming and short-range radio waves telephones. Later, Second Generation (2G) was introduced as a digital systems and promised higher capacity and better voice quality. 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on GSM (Global Systems for Mobile Communication) standard in Finland in 1991 (Dahlman, Parkvall, & Skold, 2011a). The 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) was born out of the International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) of International Mobile Telecommunications “IMT-2000” initiative, covering high speed, broadband, and Internet Protocol (IP) (Khan, 2009). LTE (Long Term Evaluation) standardization within the 3GPP has reached a mature state since end of 2009. LTE mobile communication systems have been deployed as a natural evolution of GSM and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). The ITU has coined term IMT-Advanced to identify mobile systems whose capabilities go beyond those of IMT-2000 (Dahlman, Parkvall, & Skold, 2011b; Khan, 2009). Figure 2.1 shows the cellular network generations of standards for mobiles communication and Table 2.1 shows summary of 3GPP-LTE, LTE-Advanced, and IMT-Advanced performance targets. The rest of this chapter is organized as follows: A survey of basic concepts of using relaying technologies and advantages and disadvantages within cellular network is presented in Sects. 2.3 and 2.4. Section 2.5 introduces the types of relays based on their functionality. A literature survey of relay nodes related with cellular network is presented in Sect. 2.6. A relay enhance cellular network is reviewed in Sect. 2.7. Section 2.8 introduces types of relay transmission mode in the cellular
ALARM CALLS OF NESTING SOUTHERN HOUSE WRENS

– We examined the structure and characteristics of alarm calls uttered by nesting Southern House Wrens (Troglodytes musculus) during the 2007–2008 breeding seasons. We took multiple structural measures of 221 calls uttered by breeding individuals and used multivariate analyses to classify them. We recognized two distinctive alarm calls, named Type I and Type II. Type I calls were longer in duration and had higher frequencies than Type II calls; however, birds used Type II calls at a higher rate. Given the structural differences found between both call types; we propose that each call type has a different function, which remains to be tested. Accepted 25 June 2012.