Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Developmental Expression of Neurotensin in Thyrotropes and Gonadotropes of Male and Female Rats

Besides its potential roles as a central neuromodulator or a hypothalamic neurohormone, neurotensin (NT) may also have endocrine function in the anterior pituitary of mammals. We previously found that NT immunoreactivity is present in the secretory granules of gonadotropes and thyrotropes in both male and female rats, where its levels of expression are under the control of sex steroids. In this work, using immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization, we have studied the postnatal development of NT-like immunoreactivity (NTir) and the mRNA encoding NT (mRNA-NT) in specific anterior pituitary cells of both male and female rats. NT expression starts after birth and displays an identical pattern in both sexes until sexual maturity, with mRNA-NT being detected from day 2 of postnatal life in thyrotropes localized in the central portion of the anterior lobe. This pattern of expression develops progressively throughout the 2nd and 3rd weeks in both sexes. By the beginning of the 3rd week, mRNA-NT can also be detected in gonadotropes localized in the periphery of the gland coinciding with a rise in serum estradiol concentrations in both sexes, and by day 21, mRNA-NT is extensively present in both the periphery and the central region. NTir is observed from days 5–6 in thyrotropes predominantly localized in the central portion of the anterior lobe, and by day 21, NTir is also detected in gonadotropes localized in the periphery of the gland. This pattern remains similar in both sexes until the time of puberty, when female rats start displaying plastic changes in NT expression according to the stage of the estrous cycle. These findings indicate that NT expression in the rat anterior pituitary is cell specific, and develops from birth to adulthood under the control of sex steroid hormones. In addition, preliminary data showing the presence of NT receptors in rat pituitary cells support the hypothesis of a paracrine or an autocrine role for this peptide within the pituitary.
Assisted reproduction technology and defects of genomic imprinting

It is estimated that approximately 1% of the newborn population of the British Isles are conceived following assisted reproduction technologies such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). While the long term outcome of IVF children is mostly reassuring, some concerns remain. Specifically, recent studies have suggested a possible association between assisted conception and clinical conditions of genetic origin known as genomic imprinting defects. This has arisen from several different studies observing an excess of assisted conceptions among the rare clinical disorders of Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and Angelman syndrome (AS). The numbers of such patients described in the studies to date are small but indicate a clear need for large‐scale investigations to clarify the link between genomic imprinting defects and assisted conception as well as to establish the exact biological basis of any such link. In view of the strong public interest in this area of medicine, it behoves all professionals working in reproductive medicine and associated areas to be aware of these emerging data and be in a position to discuss them in as informed and responsible a manner with patients, as current data limitations permit.
Intermodulation Distortion in Multicarrier Satellite Systems: Analysis and Turbo Volterra Equalization

The urgent objective of transmitting high data rates over satellite, coupled with the challenge to maximize satellite mass efficiency, has necessitated that multiple carriers share the same transponder high-power amplifier (HPA). This paper presents analytical framework that characterizes the resulting intermodulation distortion (IMD) by utilizing Volterra series representation to account for the memory within the carrier itself and those associated with other carriers. Also provided is analytical evaluation of nonlinear IMD which involves computing statistical averages of higher-order products of Volterra series containing complex-valued symbols from multiple carriers. Using this theoretical characterization, novel algorithms are developed to overcome IMD in highly distortion-limited environments by employing the powerful Turbo equalization method with linear minimum mean-squared error criterion. Further, the solution is adaptive so compensation does not require prior knowledge of the HPA characteristics and can be rapidly responsive to variations in the environment. Through extensive simulations, it is shown that the proposed multicarrier analysis and Turbo Volterra techniques can be used to substantially remove IMD resulting from operating the nonlinear transponder HPA, shared by multiple carriers, near saturation. By applying more iterations of joint equalization and decoding, the solution can approach the ideal performance when feeding back correct decisions.
Hospitalized exacerbations of COPD: risk factors and outcomes in the ECLIPSE cohort.

OBJECTIVE Exacerbations of COPD requiring hospital admission have important clinical and societal implications. We sought to investigate the incidence, recurrence, risk factors, and mortality of patients with COPD exacerbations requiring hospital admission compared with those without hospital admission during 3-year follow-up. Patients with COPD (N = 2,138) were identified from the Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints (ECLIPSE) observational cohort. METHODS An analysis of time to first event of hospital admission was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard regression adjusting for possible confounders. RESULTS Of the 2,138 patients, 670 (31%) reported a total of 1,452 COPD exacerbations requiring hospital admission during the study period; 313 patients (15%) reported multiple events. A prior history of exacerbation of COPD requiring hospital admission was the factor associated with the highest risk of a new hospitalization for exacerbation (hazard ratio, 2.71; 95% CI, 2.24-3.29; P < .001). Other risk factors included more severe airflow limitation, poorer health status, older age, radiologic evidence of emphysema, and higher WBC count. Having been hospitalized for exacerbation significantly increased the risk of mortality (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Exacerbations of COPD requiring hospital admission occur across all stages of airflow limitation and are a significant prognostic factor of reduced survival across all COPD stages. Patients with COPD at a high risk for hospitalization can be identified by their past history for similar events, and other factors, including the severity of airflow limitation, poor health status, age, presence of emphysema, and leukocytosis. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00292552; URL: www.clinicaltrials. gov.
Energy partitioning and modeling in animal nutrition.

We first present a brief discussion of early and current models (feeding systems) used to estimate animal energy and protein requirements and to predict performance based on feed composition and intake. We then touch on some limitations inherent in these systems. Next, we propose that dynamic (i.e. time-variant) models and mechanistic models (i.e. equations based on knowledge of physiological functions) are superior to earlier systems for both practical and research applications. Finally, we describe a number of applied and research models of animal growth and lactation to illustrate how biological concepts may be represented in equation form. Equations that represent current knowledge of underlying functions can be used to improve predictions of animal requirements and performance and to evaluate hypotheses about nutritional and physiological mechanisms that influence animal performance.
A novel α integrin subunit associates with β PS and functions in tissue morphogenesis and movement during Drosophila development

Karen A. Stark 1, Gene H. Yee1,*, Carol E. Roote 2, Erin L. Williams 2, Susan Zusman 2 and Richard O. Hynes 1,† 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 2Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA *Present address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and G. W. Hooper Research Foundation, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA †Author for correspondence (e-mail: rohynes@mit.edu)
Usos y significados de los objetos en niños mexicanos

El nino requiere que los adultos les asignen usos canonicos a los objetos en la interaccion con ellos para que puedan usarlos posteriormente como simbolos y asi insertarse en la cultura y generar maneras de significar el mundo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es mostrar los cambios en las practicas de uso de los objetos que las diadas mexicanas realizaron con los objetos en el transcurso de los 9 a los 18 meses de edad en los ninos.
Commutator Structure of Operator Ideals 1

Not much has been known about these spaces except for some special cases. It was known since 1953 that every operator A ∈ B(H) is the sum of two commutators of bounded linear operators [35], [16] while the commutator spaces of Schatten ideals Lp , p > 0, were the subject of several studies over the last 30 years, notably [49], [66], [3], [68], [67], [4], [38] and [18]. Aside from these efforts, the little that was known about the commutator spaces [I, J] did not even suffice for deciding whether equality [I, J] = [B(H), I J] held for general operator ideals. The study of this classical subject acquired a renewed sense of urgency since the introduction of cyclic cohomology by Alain Connes [20], [21], [22] in the early 1980’s. The work of the last author exhibited in 1991 a direct
Cellular immune activation in the brain and human immunodeficiency virus infection

The data of Boutin and colleagues [ 13 showing that soluble interleukin-2 receptor is detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with acute encephalitis indicate T-lymphocyte activation in the brain parenchyma. In addition, neopterin, a sensitive marker of monocyte activation by stimulation with interferon-gamma [21, is significantly increased in CSF of patients with aseptic meningoencephalitis 133 and in children with cerebral human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection [4}. Elevated neopterin levels correlate with activation of cellular immunity
Nutrition and Disease L-Serine Supplementation Attenuates Alcoholic Fatty Liver by Enhancing Homocysteine Metabolism in Mice and Rats 1 – 3

Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia plays an important role in the development of hepatic steatosis, and studies indicate that homocysteine-lowering treatment inhibits the development of fatty liver. Objective: We evaluated the effects of L-serine on alcoholic fatty liver and homocysteine metabolism. Methods: In a binge ethanol study,male C57BL/6micewere divided into 4 groups: control, ethanol + vehicle, and ethanol + 20 or 200mg/kg L-serine. Mice were gavaged with ethanol (5 g/kg body weight) 3 times every 12 h with or without L-serine which was given twice 30 min before the last 2 ethanol doses. Control mice were fed isocaloric dextran-maltose. In a chronic ethanol study, male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: control, ethanol, and ethanol + L-serine. Rats were fed a standard Lieber-DeCarli ethanol diet (36%ethanol-derived calories) for 4wkwith orwithout dietary L-serine supplementation (1%;wt:vol) for the last 2wk. In control rats, the ethanol-derived calorieswere replacedwith dextran-maltose. The effects of L-serinewere also tested in AML12 cells manipulated to have high homocysteine concentrations by silencing the genes involved in homocysteine metabolism. Results: Binge ethanol treatment increased serum homocysteine and hepatic triglyceride (TG) concentrations by >5-fold vs. controls, which were attenuated in the 200-mg/kg L-serine treatment group by 60.0% and 47.5%, respectively, compared with the ethanol group. In the chronic ethanol study, L-serine also decreased hepatic neutral lipid accumulation by 63.3% compared with the ethanol group. L-Serine increased glutathione and S-adenosylmethionine by 94.0% and 30.6%, respectively, compared with the ethanol group. Silencing betaine homocysteine methyltransferase, cystathionine b-synthase, or methionine increased intracellular homocysteine and TG concentrations by >2-fold, which was reversed by L-serine when L-serine–independent betaine homocysteine methyltransferase was knocked down. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that L-serine ameliorates alcoholic fatty liver by accelerating L-serine–dependent homocysteine metabolism. J Nutr 2015;145:260–7.
Have olivine, will gas: Serpentinization and the abiogenic production of methane on Mars

Spatial variability of methane (CH4) on Mars suggests the presence of localized subsurface sources. Here, we show that olivine hydration in the Martian regolith and crust may be a major CH4 source, which contributed significantly to the warming of early Mars. Methane production is kinetically and thermodynamically favored during low‐T aqueous alteration of olivine‐rich rocks. Sustained release of CH4 on present‐day Mars may come through the breakdown of ancient CH4 hydrates and from springs driven by geothermal heat.
Impact of Simple Ovarian Cysts on the Interpretation of Endometrial Thickness in Women with Postmenopausal Bleeding.

BACKGROUND There is evidence that premenopausal hormones may persist for variable time after menopause. Histological specimens from postmenopausal women support the presence of follicular growth at that age. Residual ovarian function may explain postmenopausal bleeding (PMB), which is not associated with endometrial pathology. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of sonographic diagnosis of simple ovarian cysts on the association between thickened endometrium and endometrial pathology in women with PMB. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were retrospectively collected from medical records of women who underwent office hysteroscopy for PMB between January 2007 and October 2011. Women with sonographic reports within 3 months of presentation were included. Endometrial thickness and the presence of a simple ovarian cyst (≤5 cm) were documented by reviewing sonographic reports. Diagnosis of endometrial pathology was abstracted according to pathology reports or hysteroscopic impression. Endometria with hyperplasia, cancer, or polyps were considered pathological. RESULTS Of 836 women with PMB, 356 had recent transvaginal sonography and were included in the analysis. Pathological endometrium was documented in 129 (36.2%) women, including 29 (8.2%) with endometrial cancer. In women with PMB and no evidence of a simple ovarian cyst, endometrial thickness was an independent predictor of endometrial pathology and endometrial cancer with adjusted OR = 1.13 (95% CI = 1.07-1.19) and 1.16 (95% CI = 1.07-1.25), respectively. In the presence of simple ovarian cysts, the adjusted ORs for endometrial thickness as a predictor of endometrial pathology were 1.06 (95% CI = 0.90-1.25) and 0.84 (95% CI = 0.62-1.14), respectively. CONCLUSION The presence of simple ovarian cysts (≤5 cm) tempers the value of endometrial thickness in predicting endometrial pathology in women with PMB.
The Soviet Union's Anti‐Agricultural Biological Weapons

From 1975 until 1991, I developed biological weapons for the Soviet Union. From 1988 to 1991, I was the First Deputy Chief of Biopreparat, the civilian branch of the Soviet Union’s anti-personnel biological weapons program. Although all of my work was conducted in the area of anti-personnel biological weapons, my duties included sitting on high-level scientific and administrative councils that oversaw the work of all of the branches of the Soviet Union’s biological weapons program, including that concerned with anti-agricultural weapons. In particular, I attended meetings of the Military-Industrial Commission, which was responsible for governmental and administrative oversight of these programs. I was also a member of the Interagency Scientific and Technical Council, which met bimonthly to discuss scientific achievements and approaches in all areas of biological weapons development. This council’s membership included Major-General Khudyakov, the director of the Ministry of Agriculture’s Main Directorate of Scientific Research and Production Facilities. This directorate was responsible for the research, development, and production of anti-agricultural biological weapons. Through these meetings, I obtained a great deal of information on the Soviet Union’s anti-agricultural biological weapons program. Although the Soviet Union had been developing anti-personnel biological weapons since the late 1920s, it began to develop anti-agricultural biological weapons only in the late 1940s or early 1950s. By this time, the U.S. already had begun such work. My theory is that the Soviet Union developed an interest in anti-agricultural weapons specifically because the Americans were developing them. The code name for this program was “Ecology,” and as mentioned above, it was run by the Ministry of Agriculture’s Main Directorate of Scientific Research and Production Facilities. The weapons developed by this agency can be divided into three categories: anti-crop, anti-livestock, and combined anti-personnel/antilivestock. The anti-crop agents included wheat rust, rice blast, and rye blast; the antilivestock weapons included African swine fever, rinderpest, and foot-and-mouth disease; and the combined anti-personnel/anti-livestock agents included anthrax and psittacosis. Although some of the agents designated for weapons use in the anti-agricultural program coincide with those used in the anti-personnel program—anthrax being the most notable example—the Ministry of Agriculture independently developed its own production techniques. In contrast to the sophisticated reactor techniques devel-
Role of Cytogenetic Surveillance to Assess Exposure to Carcinogens

The hazards associated with exposure to carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals are a growing source of public concern as well as being of research interest. Some two decades of active investigation have led to identification of carcinogens and mutagens and their sources in the human environment. Early detection of hazardous exposures may bring about significant reductions in the risk of adverse health effects through appropriate reductions in the presence of the chemicals in the general environment and in occupational settings. Identification of such hazards relies primarily on experimental in vitro and in vivo methods. Human exposure is complex, and it is virtually impossible to address the interacting lifestyle and other factors and modifying responses from extrapolations of experimental data. Therefore, biologically significant levels of exposure can be identified using cytogenetic methods as an indicator in samples taken from exposed persons. Exposure to genotoxic agents may initiate a sequence of events that leads to adverse health effects. The conceptual basis for application of cytogenetic assays (i.e., the measurement of certain types of chromosomal damage in human somatic cells) is that damage to DNA is the initial event in the pathogenesis of disease. Thus, cytogenetic surveillance can serve as an indicator enabling early detection of hazardous exposures. Somatic chromosomal aberrations have been interpreted for some four decades as indicators of exposure to clastogenic agents. Most of the early studies of induced clastogenicity were performed in persons exposed to ionising radiation (Tough et at., 1960; Bender and Gooch, 1962; Buckton et at., 1962) and benzene (Vigliani and Saita, 1964). Since that time, several occupational exposure situations have been studied. However, many of the studies do not fulfill the necessary criteria for adequate study design. Prior to designing human occupational monitoring studies, several factors must be considered (Carrano and Natarajan, 1988). These include the nature and duration of the exposure, possible confounding factors such as tobacco
Pine Nut Processing in Southern California is the Absence of Evidence the Evidence of Absence?

Abstract Burned rock features that were used for heat, light, the processing of resources, cooking, roasting, ceremonial purposes, and other functions are encountered all over the world. Over 200 prehistoric fire-altered rock (FAR) features have been documented at Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve, an area ethnographically occupied by the Kumeyaay Indians along the central coast of San Diego County in southern California. These features are more densely concentrated at sites within the boundaries of the reserve than at other nearby coastal locations, suggesting an association with a specific resource in the area. Although many FAR features found in southern California and the Southwest are often interpreted as Agave deserti or Yucca whipplei roasting pits, these species are rare at the reserve; the few that exist there today are believed to be modem introductions. We propose that the FAR features in the project area were probably used to process Torrey pine nuts, a high-ranked resource that was valued by the Kumeyaay.
Subcutaneous goserelin versus intranasal buserelin for pituitary down-regulation in patients undergoing IVF: a randomized comparative study.

One-hundred women undergoing ovarian stimulation with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) and a human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) for in-vitro fertilization (IVF) participated in this randomized comparative study. The effectiveness of long-acting s.c. goserelin (Zoladex depot; 49 patients) and intranasally (i.n.) administered buserelin acetate (Suprefact; 51 patients) for pituitary down-regulation was compared. Treatment with s.c. goserelin (3.6 mg) or i.n. buserelin acetate (200 micrograms; 6 times/day) was started on day 21-23 of the cycle. Stimulation with 150 IU of HMG/day was started after at least 11 days of GnRH-a treatment. There were no differences in the time required for follicular development nor in the clinical outcome between groups treated with either goserelin or buserelin. The number of oocytes recovered in the goserelin group was 6.7 +/- 5.0 versus 6.3 +/- 4.9 in the buserelin group. There were 11 pregnancies after the use of goserelin (22.4%) and 12 pregnancies in those given buserelin (24.0%). The number of HMG ampoules needed for follicular maturation was higher in the goserelin group (27.9 +/- 7.8) than in the buserelin group (24.6 +/- 7.8, P < 0.05). The patients given buserelin suffered significantly more from tiredness, depression, headache and abdominal pain than those receiving goserelin, whereas there were no differences between the groups in experiencing mental irritability, nausea and swelling. Subcutaneous goserelin depot injection offers a useful alternative for pituitary down-regulation in IVF stimulation.
Logics containing K4. Part I

There are two main lacunae in recent work on modal logic: a lack of general results and a lack of negative results. This or that logic is shown to have such and such a desirable property, but very little is known about the scope or bounds of the property. Thus there are numerous particular results on completeness, decidability, finite model property, compactness, etc., but very few general or negative results. In these papers I hope to help fill these lacunae. This first part contains a very general completeness result. Let In be the axiom that says there are at most n incomparable points related to a given point. Then the result is that any logic containing K4 and In is complete. The first three sections provide background material for the rest of the papers. The fourth section shows that certain models contain no infinite ascending chains, and the fifth section shows how certain elements can be dropped from the canonical model. The sixth section brings the previous results together to establish completeness, and the seventh and last section establishes compactness, though of a weak kind. All of the results apply to the corresponding intermediate logics.