Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE CARBOHYDRATE CONNECTION IN FULVIC ACID CHEMISTRY

Carbohydrate, Mother Nature’s foremost substance essential for life on earth, produced by plants by the well known process called photosynthesis, is always considered an orphan, if not unwanted alien, in humic chemistry. It is lignin and its weathering products that are considered the basis for formation of humic substances. When by the end of the twentieth century humic research turns to also examining dissolved org anic matter, called DOM, and aquatic humic substances, the everpresence of carbohydrates in aquatic as well as in terrestrial ecosystems seems to be more prevalent than that of lignin. I ndigenous aquatic pla nts, especially, do not need lig nin for g rowth and development, and release after cell death their photosynthates, mainly monoand polymeric sugars, into the surrounding water. Leakage across cell membranes and active secretion are additional processes for enriching the aqueous medium with a variety of carbohydrates and other metabolically produced substances. The ubiquitous presence of carbohydrates in DOM and soil humus is obvi ous and tends to suggest that its contribution to formation of humic matter should be of more significance than has always been reported before. A futile effort in 1968 by the present author and coworkers at the Nitrogen laboratory, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, Colorado, reporting a possible carbohydrate connection in fulvic acid formation and esterification of hymatomelanic acids remained unnoticed. This is then the purpose of the present article to expose and highlight the importance of carbohydrates as components in humic substances. Fulvic acids extracted from lignite and a humic substance from the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) were analyzed by CPMAS C 13
Substituição total do milho por sorgo e óleo de abatedouro avícola em dietas para frangos de corte

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da substituicao total do milho por sorgo e niveis crescentes de oleo de abatedouro avicola (OAA) sobre os parâmetros de desempenho, as caracteristicas e o rendimento de carcaca de frangos de corte, foram utilizados 260 pintos de 1 dia, machos, da linhagem Cobb, submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: uma racao-referencia a base de milho e quatro racoes a base de sorgo com inclusoes de 0; 2,5; 5 e 7,5% de OAA de acordo com as fases de criacao (1 a 7 dias, 8 a 21 dias, 22 a 33 dias e 34 a 42 dias). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com dois blocos formados conforme o sentido do galpao, duas repeticoes por bloco, 13 aves por parcela e cinco tratamentos. Nao foi observado efeito de bloco sobre as variaveis analisadas entre os tratamentos. A inclusao de OAA nas racoes a base de sorgo teve efeito linear sobre o consumo de racao (CR), exceto durante a primeira fase, e o ganho de peso, que aumentou nas fases de 1 a 7 dias, 22 a 33 dias e 1 a 42 dias de idade. A conversao alimentar e a viabilidade nao apresentaram diferencas significativas nas fases estudadas. O peso absoluto dos frangos ao abate aumentou linearmente com a adicao de OAA na racao. Os pesos e rendimentos da carcaca quente, da carcaca fria, da carcaca apos resfriamento de 24 horas, dos cortes nobres, das visceras comestiveis e da gordura abdominal nao foram influenciados pelas racoes. A pigmentacao da carcaca nao foi influenciada pela inclusao de OAA em racoes a base de sorgo. O sorgo pode substituir totalmente o milho a partir do 8o dia de idade, pois nao interferiu negativamente no desempenho e no rendimento de carcaca. A adicao de ate 7,5% de OAA em racoes a base de sorgo possibilita a producao de carcacas com rendimentos semelhantes ao daquelas obtidas com o fornecimento de racoes a base de milho e de farelo de soja, no entanto, e necessaria a adicao de pigmentos.
EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Use of Ultrasound Elastography. Part 1: Basic Principles and Technology

Abstract The technical part of these Guidelines and Recommendations, produced under the auspices of EFSUMB, provides an introduction to the physical principles and technology on which all forms of current commercially available ultrasound elastography are based. A difference in shear modulus is the common underlying physical mechanism that provides tissue contrast in all elastograms. The relationship between the alternative technologies is considered in terms of the method used to take advantage of this. The practical advantages and disadvantages associated with each of the techniques are described, and guidance is provided on optimisation of scanning technique, image display, image interpretation and some of the known image artefacts.
Enzymes of energy metabolism and gluconeogenesis in the Pacific blue marlin, Makaira nigricans

Enzymes of energy metabolism were measured in marlin red and white muscle and heart to determine the relative capacities for various pathways. Red muscle and heart are highly aerobic tissues with the capacity to oxidize carbohydrate, fat, and amino acids. White muscle possesses an extremely high capacity for anaerobic glycolysis as well as a capacity for carbohydrate oxidation which is unusually high by teleost white muscle standards. The great similarity in metabolic potential between tuna and marlin muscles suggests a similar capacity for metabolic heat production. However, tuna muscles are "hot" while marlin muscles are "cold. " The implications of this are discussed in the context of energy metabolism and endothermy in the scombroid fish. Levels of gluconeogenic enzymes in liver and kidney as well as enzymes possibly involved in glycogenesis in white muscle suggest that the major substrate for glycogenesis in this tissue is endogenous lactate and that the major route for conversion of pyruvate to phosp.
Culturing the Carob Moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), on an Artificial Diet

Adaptation of a population of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller), to laboratory rearing conditions takes six generations. Average larva and pupa periods were 17 and 7 days, respectively; the adult lives 2–10 days. Oviposition ceased after day 8. Polynomial curves of the percentage of fertile females, viable eggs, and progeny per female per day reflect similarity in shapes with three peaks on days 4 and 5. Higher numbers of eggs were laid by laboratory-reared females. Female fertility increased from 22% in the F1 to 42% in the F6. However, unmated females with no eggs laid decreased from 48% in F1 to 17% in F6. Wild males lacked competitiveness and did not transfer sperm to the wild females as frequently as to the fertilized females of the laboratory colony. Higher percentage of eggs hatching was found with three to four pairs in a mating container.
Liquisolids-A Technique for Dosage Formulation with Improved Solubility of Active Principle

Liquisolid technique is a novel approach for the concept of dosage formulation to improve the bioavailability, dissolution rates and rapid disintegration of water insoluble drugs via oral route of administration. In this technique of formulation involves drugs dissolved in suitable non-volatile liquid vehicles, and converted in to powdered forms of liquid medications compact, they are compressible and acceptably industrial applicable by combination with selective powder excipients. The liquisolid technique allows the formulation transformation into solid drug delivery systems. With this technique as compare to commercial conventional tablet it shows confirmed increasing dissolution rates in addition to improved bioavailability. Approach has been successfully applied for poorly soluble drugs in release of low dose enhancement. However, for the high dose drugs one of the limitations for the formulation because of more liquid/vehicle required for the drug dissolution procedure as well high amounts of carrier and coating material are required in due course foremost to an unacceptably high tablet weight.
Beholden to our tools: negotiating with technology while sketching digital instruments

Digital musical instrument design is often presented as an open-ended creative process in which technology is adopted and adapted to serve the musical will of the designer. The real-time music programming languages powering many new instruments often provide access to audio manipulation at a low level, theoretically allowing the creation of any sonic structure from primitive operations. As a result, designers may assume that these seemingly omnipotent tools are pliable vehicles for the expression of musical ideas. We present the outcomes of a compositional game in which sound designers were invited to create simple instruments using common sensors and the Pure Data programming language. We report on the patterns and structures that often emerged during the exercise, arguing that designers respond strongly to suggestions oﬀered by the tools they use. We discuss the idea that current music programming languages may be as culturally loaded as the communities of practice that produce and use them. Instrument making is then best viewed as a protracted negotiation between designer and tools.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF AN OPEN-SOURCE STAR TRACKER ALGORITHM ON COMMERCIAL OFF-THE-SHELF CAMERAS AND COMPUTERS

Recent frustration in finding low size, weight, power (SWaP), cost, and lead time star trackers has driven an internal research and development effort at Johnson Space Center (JSC) in partnership with Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) to develop and demonstrate a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) camera and COTS computer-based star tracker system. A set of open-source algorithms has been developed and their function demonstrated on multiple low-cost COTS single board computers (SBCs) across a variety of operating systems and COTS cameras. The goal of this effort is to release the software and setup guide to the community in order to reduce spacecraft development costs while increasing their capability (perhaps most of interest to low-cost missions like CubeSats). This material will show the high level architecture of the system, detail the algorithm, various tested configurations, and results. Forward work and applications will also be discussed.
Hydrolysis and fermentation rate of glucose, sucrose and lactose in the rumen

The objective of this experiment was to estimate the rate of hydrolysis and fermentation of sugars in the rumen of cows either adapted or unadapted to sugar in the diet. The experimental design was a 3 x 3 Latin square with three rumen‐ and duodenal‐fistulated dairy cows, given a basal diet with addition of zero (0), 0.6 kg sucrose (S) or 0.6 kg lactose (L). The concentration of individual soluble sugars and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the rumen of cows was measured after introduction of a single dose of the sucrose, lactose or glucose through the rumen cannula. The rate of hydrolysis of sucrose varied from 1200 to 1404% h−1 and was not affected by addition of sugars to the basal diet. The rate of hydrolysis of lactose was 248 and 204% h−1 for treatment 0 and S, but was considerable higher (540% h−1) when lactose was added to the basal diet. The rate of glucose fermentation after glucose dosing varied from 422 to 738% h−1, and increased with both sucrose and lactose addition to the diet. The rate of ferm.
Testing for ovarian cancer in asymptomatic women

The purpose of this Position Statement is to provide information and guidance in relation to routine screening of women who are at population risk of ovarian cancer, and surveillance of women who are at high or potentially high risk of developing ovarian cancer. The scope encompasses unimodal and multimodal strategies for early detection of ovarian cancer in asymptomatic women. The scope does not include diagnostic testing for assessment of individual women presenting with symptoms.
Analyzing the Extraction of Relevant Legal Judgments using Paragraph-level and Citation Information

Building efﬁcient search systems to extract relevant information from a huge volume of legal judgments is a research issue. In the literature, efforts are being made to build efﬁcient search systems in the legal domain by extending information retrieval approaches. We are making efforts to investigate improved approaches to extract relevant legal judgments for a given input judgment by exploiting text and citation information of legal judgments. Typically, legal judgments are very large text documents and contain several intricate legal concepts. In this paper, we analyze how the paragraph-level and citation information of the judgments could be exploited for retrieving relevant legal judgments for the given judgment. In this paper, we have proposed improved ranking approach to ﬁnd the relevant legal judgments of a given judgment based on the similarity be-tween the paragraphs of the judgments by employing Okapi retrieval model and citation information. The user evaluation study on legal judgments data set delivered by Supreme Court of India shows that the proposed approach improves the ranking performance over the baseline approach. Overall, the analysis shows that there is a scope to exploit the paragraph-level and citation information of the judgments to improve the search performance.
Cellular and molecular defence‐related root responses to invasion by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

SUMMARY Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which date from the Devonian era, must have dealt very early on with problems of plant defence, a tactic which has enabled them to colonize roots of most extant plant taxa. Conversely, plants forming arbuscular mycorrhiza must exert some sort of control over the fungi during symbiotic interactions since mycelial proliferation within roots is confined to the cortical parenchyma tissue. Plants possess a panoply of defence mechanisms which are triggered by microbial attack. Here we review present-day knowledge of defencerelated root responses to colonization by AM fungi, and assess their possible implications in the symbiosis. Weak, transient, unco-ordinated or extremely localized activation of inducible defence responses occurs during compatible interactions in AM which differs from that in plant-pathogen interactions. When symbiosis-related plant genes are mutated, typical defence responses are associated with resulting root resistance to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi whilst, contrastingly, plants constitutively expressing defence genes are unaffected in their symbiotic capacities. The mechanisms by which plants can modulate defence responses during symbiotic interactions and the way in which AM fungi might contend with these are discussed.
Mechanical and optical assessment of the ripening of tomato fruit with reduced polygalacturonase activity

The ripening characteristics of modified tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv Ailsa Craig), which express antisense RNA to polygalacturonase (PG) and thus have very low activity of this enzyme, were compared with control fruit. Previous studies of these fruits showed that although PG activity was reduced to approximately 1% of that in untransformed tomatoes, this reduction had no effect on softening. Further detailed mechanical assessments have now been performed which revealed small, but significant differences in the fruit ripening characteristics between control and antisense fruits. Compression along the polar axis of the PG antisense fruit was significantly reduced relative to the control. Deformation at failure (h), ‘modulus’ (M), coefficient of compression (Kc), and coefficient of shear (Ks) values from probe tests along the equatorial axis also indicated that the antisense fruit was firmer. Although these significant differences in texture properties were observed between the antisense fruit and the control, they were quite limited in extent, as compared to the normal evolution observed during ripening. Scanning electron microscope studies on the sub-exocarpic region of the pericarp showed that cell wall separation was reduced in the ripe antisense tomatoes, and this may explain the change in mechanical properties. Optical measurements made with both Hunter Color Difference (Hunter Lab Ltd, Fairfax. VA, USA) and Micromatch 2000 (ICS Texicon Ltd. Altrincham, UK) spectrophotometer systems showed that the ‘a’ (green/red) component of colour of the antisense tomatoes was increased relative to that of the control samples. The effect of PG on softening and of cell wall breakdown on mechanical and optical properties is also considered.
Rhodothermus marinus complex I genes

The NADH:menaquinone oxidoreductase (Nqo) is one of the enzymes present in the respiratory chain of the thermohalophilic bacterium Rhodothermus marinus. The genes coding for the R. marinus Nqo subunits were isolated and sequenced, clustering in two operons [nqo1 to nqo7 (nqoA) and nqo10 to nqo14 (nqoB)] and two independent genes (nqo8 and nqo9). Unexpectedly, two genes encoding homologues of a NhaD Na/H antiporter (NhaD) and of a pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratase (PCD) were identified within nqoB, flanked by nqo13 and nqo14. Eight conserved motives to harbour iron–sulphur centres are identified in the deduced primary structures, as well as two consensus sequences to bind nucleotides, in this case NADH and FMN. Moreover, the open-reading-frames of the putative NhaD and PCD were shown to be co-transcribed with the other complex I genes encoded by nqoB. The possible role of these two genes in R. marinus complex I is discussed. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A three-year record of red tides in Chabahar coastal waters (North of Gulf of Oman)

Seven phytoplankton species (Alexandrium sp., Prorocentrum micans, Cochlodinium (aka Margalefidinium) polykrikoides, Mesodinium rubrum, Akashiwo sanguinea, Gonyaulax polygramma, Ceratium sp. ) were found as the main cause of Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in a three-year record of red tides in Chabahar coastal waters (North of Gulf of Oman). Autumnal blooms of Gonyaulax polygramma and Prorocentrum micans are reported for the first time in the region. The most frequent bloom events were caused by Akashiwo sanguinea (i.e. 4 times) and Mesodinium rubrum (i.e. 3 times). The highest observed density was at Oct 2017 caused by Akashiwo sanguinea (15.3*10 6 / litre). The recorded temperature range was from 24.4 to 31.5°C and the DO ranged widely from 3.9 to 11.2 mg/liter. In conclusion, HABs occurrences are not associated with the expansion of one particular species but with multiple taxa and there is a suitable environmental condition for HABs in the autumn and spring in the region.
The Impact of Financial Crisis on Earnings Management in Nonfinancial Listed Firms: Evidence from Jordan

This paper studies earnings management in Jordan during the global financial crisis. It addresses mainly the question of whether or not financial crisis has an impact on discretionary accruals, using the modified Jones model (1995) for estimating discretionary accruals. By applying Ordinary Least Squares regression model on a sample of 71 nonfinancial listed firms during the period of 2005-2012, I find a conclusive evidence that Jordanian nonfinancial listed firms did not engage in a greater level of earnings management during the financial crisis period. In addition, larger firms are less involved in earnings management practices compared to smaller firms. Moreover, the results suggest a negative significant impact of operating cash flow on discretionary accruals, while it fails to connect current year losses with discretionary accruals. However, the findings indicate that firm’s leverage is positively and significantly associated with discretionary accruals. Overall, the empirical results provided evidence that earnings management practices in Jordanian nonfinancial sectors are relatively small, even smaller in services sector, which raise questions about the validity of the modified Jones model and whether or not different models (such as Deangelo, 1986) should be used in future studies regarding earnings management.
Integrated Responses to Salinity Fluctuation

SYNOPSIS. Continuous and discontinuous intertidal waters both experience fluctuations in salinity frequently accompanied by changes in temperature, levels of dissolved gases and pH. A multidimensional approach to environmental fitness may therefore be more representative of natural conditions in the intertidal zone. Various combinations of environmental factors are discussed including salinity/temperature, and salinity/O2 tension. Salinity will directly affect osmotic and ionic regulation and indirectly affect acid-base balance and various components of the respiratory system including ventilation, gas exchange, perfusion, O2 transport by the respiratory pigment and utilization at the tissues. Additional areas covered in this review article are osmotic problems faced by air-breathing aquatic intertidal animals, ontogenetic changes in osmoregulatory capabilities and a comparison of steady state (square wave) versus sinusoidal (cyclical) salinity changes.
Structure and development of adventitious roots in Salix caprea and S. caprea × S. viminalis

Formation and structure of adventitious roots in cuttings of two clones of S. caprea and a hybrid betwen S. caprea and 5. viminalis was studied with light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hybrid contained large preformed root primordia, which in cuttings placed in water developed into roots in only three days. One of the S. caprea clones contained minute preformed root primordia, which developed into roots in about eight days. Treatment with indolebutyric acid (IBA) increased the percentage of rooted cuttings and the number of roots formed. Roots emerging from IBA-treated cuttings contained both mature protophloem and protoxylem, while in roots of untreated cuttings only some sieve elements of the protophloem were mature. In the other 5. caprea clone no preformed root primordia were detected, but after treatment with IBA roots appeared in about two weeks. The cambium in treated stems produced a large number of cells, most of which differentiated into xylem. Root primordia were initiated in the newly produced tissue external to the cambium. The roots contained both mature protophloem and protoxylem at emergence. A few roots emerged also from extensive callus tissues formed external to the basal end of the cuttings. Cell enlargement and cell divisions in various parts of the base of the cuttings caused disruption of the peripheral tissues, which made the cuttings susceptible to infection by microorganisms.
Perpendicular STT-MRAM Switching at Fixed Voltage and at Fixed Current

The magnetization dynamics of a free layer in spin-transfer torque MRAM is usually determined by the torque created by a position-independent current density. In circuits, the voltage, not current density, is fixed during switching. Therefore, the approximate evaluation of the torque based on the fixed current density becomes questionable in modern magnetic tunnel junctions with a tunneling magnetoresistance ratio of about 200%, where the current densities across the structure can vary by a factor of three. We compare the switching times obtained within a fixed voltage assumption with those from the approximate fixed current density approach. We demonstrate that the fixed current approach can reproduce the correct switching also in the case of high TMR, if the current is appropriately adjusted. It is shown that the correction to the current is not universal and depends on the temperature and the switching speed.