Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antibodies Specific for GABAA Receptor α Subunits Reveal that Chronic Alcohol Treatment Down‐Regulates α‐Subunit Expression in Rat Brain Regions

Abstract— Chronic administration of ethanol results in the development of tolerance and dependence. The molecular mechanism underlying these behavioral actions of ethanol is poorly understood. Several lines of evidence have suggested that some of the pharmacological actions of ethanol are mediated via a potentiation of GABAergic transmission. Chronic ethanol administration results in a reduction in the GABAA receptor‐mediated 36Cl− uptake in cortical synaptoneurosomes and primary cultured neurons. We and others have shown that it also results in a 40‐50% reduction in GABAA receptor α‐subunit mRNA levels in the rat cerebral cortex. In the present study, we investigated the expression of α1, α2, and α3 subunits of the GABAA receptor in the cerebral cortex and the α1 subunit in the cerebellum by immunoblotting using polyclonal antibodies raised against α1‐, α2‐, and α3‐subunit polypeptides following chronic ethanol treatment. These results reveal that chronic ethanol administration to rats results in a 61 ± 4% reduction in level of the GABAA receptor α1subunit (51 kDa), 47 ± 8% reduction in level of the α2subunit (53 kDa), and 30 ± 7% reduction in level of the α3subunit (59 kDa) in the cerebral cortex and a 56 ± 5% reduction in content of the α1 subunit in the cerebellum. In summary, this ethanol‐induced reduction in content of the GABAA receptor α subunits may underlie alterations in the GABAA receptor function and could be related to cellular adaptation to the functional disturbance caused by ethanol.
Why are we averse towards Algorithms? A comprehensive literature Review on Algorithm aversion

With technological developments in artificial intelligence, algorithms are increasingly capable to perform tasks that were considered to be unique for humans. However, literature suggests that although algorithms are often superior in performance, users are reluctant to interact with algorithms instead of human agents – a phenomenon known as algorithm aversion. But, as algorithm aversion is attracting scientific attention, empirical findings are inconclusive and papers find the opposite effect of algorithm appreciation. With this literature review, we synthesize evidence from 29 publications with 84 distinct experimental studies to investigate how algorithm characteristics and human agents’ characteristics influence algorithm aversion. We show how algorithm agency, performance, perceived capabilities and human involvement as well as human agents’ expertise and social distance, influence whether users develop algorithm aversion, i.e., choose humans over algorithms, utilize humans’ support more often and evaluate humans’ actions more favourable. Furthermore, we provide a systematic conceptualization of aversion as a biased assessment and develop propositions for future research. With our work, we contribute to algorithm aversion literature and the contemporary discussion on the impact of algorithmic agents on the future of work. We indicate that the emerging literature stream on algorithm aversion is worth considering for human-computer interaction researchers.
Biofilm formation in the industry: A review

Abstract Biofilm and biofouling refer to biological deposits on any surface. Biofilms consist of both microbes and their extracellular products, usually polysaccharides. The purpose of biofilm is to protect the microbes from hostile environments or to act as a trap for nutrient acquisition. Biofilm formation causes problems in many branches of industry, such as in industrial water systems and the medical and process industries. Besides causing problems in cleaning and hygiene, biofilm may cause energy losses and blockages in condenser tubes, cooling fill materials, water and wastewater circuits, and heat exchange tubes, and on ship hulls. Biofilm can also present microbial risks due to the release of pathogens from cooling towers or by reducing water quality in drinking water distribution systems. In the medical industry biofilm is referred to as glycocalyx when diseases of the lungs or the gastrointestinal or urinary tract are involved.
Depression in Patients with Epilepsy is Influenced by the Duration of Epilepsy

Depression is the most common psychiatric disease seen in patients with epilepsy, with a higher incidence of suicide, yet the onset of depression in these patients is not known for which this study will aim to evaluate the association between depression and epilepsy duration. In this cross-sectional study, patients seen within five years from the diagnosis of epilepsy were divided into two groups; newly diagnosed patients with epilepsy (diagnosed within one year) and those diagnosed between 1-5 years. Beck Depression Inventory (DB – II) was used to screen and classify the severity of depression. Newly diagnosed patients had a significantly higher DB- II scale compared to those diagnosed between 1 – 5 years (an average of the scale of 19.6 vs. 14.8 respectively, 95% CI; 0.27- 9.2, p value = 0.04). Depression scale was also significantly higher in those lacking family history of epilepsy (FH) (1.1 higher, p=0.01, 95% CI; 0.1,3.6). Newly diagnosed patients with epilepsy were also three times more likely to have depression compared to the other group (the adjusted OR = 3.1, 95% CI; 1.2 – 8.3, p = 0.02). The study findings suggested the need to promptly screen for depression in epileptic patients, particularly at an earlier course of the disease. The significant association between epilepsy duration and depression could be related to the difficult adjustment they experienced following the diagnosis of epilepsy, especially in patients lacking the family history of epilepsy.
Carnilestes, A New Primitive Lipotyphlan (Insectivora: Mammalia) From the Early and Middle Paleocene, Nanxiong Basin, China

ABSTRACT Well-preserved dentitions of a new genus and two species of basal lipotyphlan insectivoran, Carnilestes, are described from the early(? )—middle Paleocene Shanghu Formation, Nanxiong Basin, Guangdong Province, China. As the earliest east Asian record of a lipotyphlan, Carnilestes is distinct from primitive eutherians and leptictids in its rectangular upper molars with reduced stylar shelves, and transversely oriented, crestiform paraconid on the lower molars. Carnilestes differs from east Asian micropternodontid palaeoryctoids in its lack of transversely elongated upper molars, its isolated paracone and metacone on the upper molars, and its low trigonids. Carnilestes is peculiar in lacking the last molar (an autapomorphy), paralleling the condition of such Asiatic forms as the micropternodontid palaeoryctoids Prosarcodon and Sarcodon, and the erinaceid erinaceomorph Exallerix.
Development of Assessment Tools Certification Competency Test in Higher Education

This study aims to develop, validate, and measure the feasibility of the assessment tools for competency certification test used in the examination process and competency certification of Diploma III Electrical Engineering students. It is a development model adopted from Educational Design. Data in this study were collected through two groups of instruments, namely development instruments and instruments of assessment tools certification competency test. The development instruments were questionnaires for material experts, assessment experts, and users. Assessment tools certification competency tests were written tests, interview tests, and performance tests. Competitive certification assessment tools Test scores through questionnaires of material experts, product experts, and users. The results of study on assessment tools for competency test devices were obtained from an average score of 3.58 from expert judgment and 3.06 from student ratings for valid aspects, from an average score of 3.57 from expert judgment and 3.08 from student , and acquisition assessment of the average score of 3.40 from expert judgment and 3.18 from student. These results indicate that the assessment tools of competency tests have been determined for the criteria for an assessment tools of competency test. The feasibility test results obtained from an average score of 3.11 with a percentage of 77.69% belonging to the "Good"
Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurturin Inhibit Neurite Outgrowth and Activate RhoA through GFRα2b, an Alternatively Spliced Isoform of GFRα2

The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) belong to a structurally related family of neurotrophic factors. NTN exerts its effect through a multicomponent receptor system consisting of the GDNF family receptor α2 (GFRα2), RET, and/or NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule). GFRα2 is alternatively spliced into at least three isoforms (GFRα2a, GFRα2b, and GFRα2c). It is currently unknown whether these isoforms share similar functional and biochemical properties. Using highly specific and sensitive quantitative real-time PCR, these isoforms were found to be expressed at comparable levels in various regions of the human brain. When stimulated with GDNF and NTN, both GFRα2a and GFRα2c, but not GFRα2b, promoted neurite outgrowth in transfected Neuro2A cells. These isoforms showed ligand selectivity in MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) [ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2)] and Akt signaling. In addition, the GFRα2 isoforms regulated different early-response genes when stimulated with GDNF or NTN. In coexpression studies, GFRα2b was found to inhibit ligand-induced neurite outgrowth by GFRα2a and GFRα2c. Stimulation of GFRα2b also inhibited the neurite outgrowth induced by GFRα1a, another member of the GFRα. Furthermore, activation of GFRα2b inhibited neurite outgrowth induced by retinoic acid and activated RhoA. Together, these data suggest a novel paradigm for the regulation of growth factor signaling and neurite outgrowth via an inhibitory splice variant of the receptor. Thus, depending on the expressions of specific GFRα2 receptor spliced isoforms, GDNF and NTN may promote or inhibit neurite outgrowth through the multicomponent receptor complex.
Changes in nano-mechanical properties of human epidermal cornified cells in children with atopic dermatitis.

Background: Impaired skin barrier is an important etiological factor in atopic dermatitis (AD). The structural protein filaggrin (FLG) plays a major role in maintenance of the competent skin barrier and its deficiency is associated with enhanced susceptibility to mechanical injury. Here we examined biomechanical characteristics of the corneocytes in children with AD and healthy controls. Methods: We recruited 20 children with AD and 7 healthy children. They were genotyped for filaggrin gene ( FLG) loss-of-function mutations. Stratum corneum was collected from clinically unaffected skin by adhesive tapes. Cell stiffness (apparent elastic modulus, Ea) was determined by atomic force microscopy and filaggrin degradation products (NMF) by liquid chromatography. Skin barrier function was assessed through trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and disease severity by the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) tool. Results: Corneocytes collected from AD patients showed a decreased elastic modulus which was strongly correlated with NMF and TEWL, but not with SCORAD. As compared with healthy controls, AD patients had reduced TEWL and NMF levels regardless of FLG mutations. NMF was strongly correlated with TEWL. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that AD patients have decreased corneocyte stiffness which correlates with reduced levels of filaggrin degradation products, NMF and skin barrier function. Altered mechanical properties of the corneocytes likely contribute to the loss of mechanical integrity of the SC and to reduced skin barrier function in AD.
Bearing fault diagnosis using deep learning techniques coupled with handcrafted feature extraction: A comparative study

Deep learning has seen tremendous growth over the past decade. It has set new performance limits for a wide range of applications, including computer vision, speech recognition, and machinery health monitoring. With the abundance of instrumentation data and the availability of high computational power, deep learning continues to prove itself as an efficient tool for the extraction of micropatterns from machinery big data repositories. This study presents a comparative study for feature extraction capabilities using stacked autoencoders considering the use of expert domain knowledge. Case Western Reserve University bearing dataset was used for the study, and a classifier was trained and tested to extract and visualize features from 12 different failure classes. Based on the raw data preprocessing, four different deep neural network structures were studied. Results indicated that integrating domain knowledge with deep learning techniques improved feature extraction capabilities and reduced the deep neural networks size and computational requirements without the need for exhaustive deep neural networks architecture tuning and modification.
Rat adrenal 5α-reductase mRNA content and enzyme activity are sex hormone dependent

To investigate the effects of sex hormones on 5 alpha-reductase, we examined 5 alpha-reductase mRNA content and enzyme activity in the adrenal cortex of peripubertal male and female rats. In male rats, the influence of castration or hormone-replacement treatment with dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT) on 5 alpha-reductase was assessed. To stimulate ovarian sex hormone production in immature female rats, the effect of a single injection of 5 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) on 5 alpha-reductase was examined. The efficacy of the treatments was demonstrated by measuring serum LH and ventral prostate weight in male rats, and serum oestradiol and ovarian weight in female rats. Growth hormone was also measured across all treatments in male and female rats. Adrenal 5 alpha-reductase mRNA levels were determined by RNA blot analysis utilizing a rat 5 alpha-reductase cDNA as probe. 5 alpha-Reductase enzyme activity was estimated by isolating [3H]5 alpha-DHT by thin-layer chromatography after incubation with [3H]testosterone. The identity of the [3H]5 alpha-DHT formed was demonstrated by recrystallization of the derivatized DHT to constant specific activity. In controls, adrenal cortical 5 alpha-reductase mRNA content was nearly four times higher in immature female rats compared with intact peripubertal males. Castration resulted in a sevenfold increase in adrenal 5 alpha-reductase mRNA content compared with that in intact controls, while in DHT-injected castrated animals the mRNA level was nearly undetectable. The content of adrenal 5 alpha-reductase mRNA in anoestrous rats was nearly four times higher than in PMSG-treated animals. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The impact of training of peer educator on sexual and reproductive health: An interventional study

Objectives: This study aims to reveal the knowledge and attitude change that a well-structured sexual and reproductive health (SRH) peer educator training creates in volunteer preclinical students from Marmara University School of Medicine. Materials and Methods: Participants (n=29) were given 28 hours of training on 13 subjects by professionals. Those who attended and completed all sessions were certified as “peer educator” (Group 1,n=12). Group 2 (n=17) participated only in the first 8 sessions. SRH attitudes and knowledge levels of participants were evaluated. Data was analysed in SPSS-11.0 programme. Results: Females constitute 51.7% of the participants. All participants had the similar level of “egalitarian” point of view (p:0.859). SRH final attitude score of Group 1 was higher than preliminary attitude score (p:0.008) and SRH final attitude score of Group 2 (p:0.033). The mean SRH knowledge score of Group 1 was 38.3±4.65, while that of Group 2 was 26.76±4.16 (p:0.0001). Conclusion: It has been shown that a well-structured peer educator training can increase the knowledge of volunteer medical students and make a positive attitude change. After the implementation of the “Health Transformation Programme” in Turkey, adolescents were ignored. So, with peer educator trainings, trained educators will be able to help those adolescents and offer unprejudiced and egalitarian services to their patients when they become physicians.
Role of predation in organizing benthic communities of a temperate-zone seagrass bed

On admet l'hypothese selon laquelle l'importance de la predation exercee par l'epibenthos sur l'endofaune decline comme une fonction de l'accroissement de la distance a l'herbier refuge le plus proche (etude menee pendant 6 mois en 9 sites d'un transect allant de 15 m a l'interieur a 15 m a l'exterieur d'un herbier sur la cote de Caroline du Nord)
On the Evolution of Reliable Indicators of Fitness

We study the evolution of traits that have conflicting effects on two components of fitness in a population in which there are prior heritable viability differences. Examples of such traits may include the conspicuous male traits, or displays, that increase a male's mating success but decrease his viability. We consider the simple case of two viability classes controlled by a single haploid locus and a second modifier locus, which modifies the expression of the trait in one or both of the viability classes. Variation at the viability-class locus is maintained by a balance between selection and a force, like mutation or migration, that restores the less fit class. As a result of the prior differences in viability and the effects of the trait, overall fitness in each viability class is maximized at different values (optima) of the trait. In the absence of modifiers that can differentially express the trait in the different viability classes, the evolutionarily stable value of the trait is a compromise between the optimum values for the two fitness classes. Modifiers that can act independently on the trait in the two viability classes allow the trait to take on its optimum values in the two viability classes. Since the optimum of the trait for the high-viability class is greater than that for the low-viability class, evolutionary modification should allow such traits to be used as reliable indicators of genetic fitness. Differential cost of the trait in the two viability classes is not required for the trait to be maintained as a reliable indicator of fitness in an additive model of viability effects considered here. However, in a multiplicative model of viability effects, differential cost would be necessary. What seems to be required in all cases is simply that the overall fitness of the two viability classes be maximized at different values of the trait. Constraints on the effects of the modifiers in the two viability classes can interfere with this optimization process. However, the trait still evolves to have different values in the two viability classes. We apply our results to the good-genes theory of sexual selection, which postulates that the male display is a reliable indicator of male fitness.
Autotrophic and mixotrophic growth of Gallionella ferruginea

Summary: CO2 fixation and uptake of sugars by Gallionella ferruginea were demonstrated by liquid scintillation and microautoradiographic techniques. The theoretical carbon content of a G. ferruginea cell in the exponential and stationary growth phases was calculated from size measurements of images of acridine-orange-stained cells. The carbon content of a cell in the exponential phase was 1·25 × 10-14 mol and for a cell in the stationary phase it was 5 × 10-15 mol. G. ferruginea was shown to obtain all of its cell carbon from CO2 fixation when it was cultured under aerobic gradient conditions in a mineral salt solution with iron sulphide. Uptake experiments were performed with 1·6 μM-[14C]frucose, 1·6 μM-[14C]fructose and 1·3 μM-[14C]sucrose. There was significant uptake of all three sugars. Measurements of respired 14CO2 showed that 48%, 25% and 32% of the total amount of incorporated sugar was respired for glucose, fructose and sucrose, respectively. The uptake of glucose increased when the glucose concentration in the growth medium was increased. At a glucose concentration of 10 μM or higher, the cell carbon was derived exclusively from glucose, within the errors of estimation. Mixotrophic growth with 20 μM-glucose decreased the CO2 fixation to 0·4 × 10-14 mol carbon per cell, compared to autotrophically grown cells with 1·0 × 10-14 mol carbon per cell. The addition of 20 μM-glucose gave an increase in cell number in the stationary phase from 1 × 106 to 5 × 106 cells ml-1.
Inductance-capacitance Dual Mode Sensor for the Detection of Contaminants in Hydraulic Oil

： A inductance-capacitance dual-mode sensor is proposed for detection of multi-contaminant in hydraulic oil. The designed sensor is composed of silicon steel sheet and planar coil. By switching the detection mode, it not only detects ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic particles as an inductive sensor, but also detects water droplets and air bubbles as a capacitive sensor. Compared with traditional inductive sensors, the dual-mode detection sensor not only detects multiple contaminants, but also the silicon steel sheet can effectively increase the magnetic field strength of the detection region, thereby improving the accuracy of the inductance detection. On the built detection system, the sensor is used to detect various contaminants in the hydraulic oil. In the inductive mode, 30 μ m iron particles and 110 μ m copper particles are successfully detected. In the capacitive mode, 130 μ m water droplets and 170 μ m air bubbles are detected. This study provides technical support for the comprehensive detection of hydraulic oil contaminants, which is of great significance for preventing hydraulic system failures and extending the working life of hydraulic equipment.
Initial spread of bean rust close to an inoculated bean leaf

Foci of bean rust were established in a bean field by inoculating single trifoliolate leaves with urediniospores of Uromyces appendiculatus. The initial spread of disease from these foci was quantified by counting the number of postules on entire plants within 3 m of the inoculated plant. A model was derived for spore deposition close to a source based on the assumption that spores move in approximately straight line trajectories within a few meters of a source (.)
Morphometry, Sexual Dimorphism and Size At Maturity of the White-Clawed Crayfish Austropotamobius Pallipes Pallipes (Lereboullet) From a Wild French Population At Deux-Sèvres (Decapoda, Astacidea)

This paper describes patterns of sex and size dimorphism and allometric growth in a French population of the native crayfish species, Austropotamobius pallipes pallipes. The threatened status of this species shows the necessity to establish a suitable management to protect it. An efficient management requires an increase in our knowledge about existing populations. By using allometric relationships, we characterized the size at the onset of sexual maturity in both sexes and evaluated sexual dimorphism in this population. The size at the onset of sexual maturity appeared to be different in both sexes (20.1 mm POL in males and 18.17 mm POL in females). The sexual dimorphism, shown by the variables of claw length and abdominal width, was not closely related to the puberal moult. The growth rates of this population were very different from those shown by other European populations. Discriminant analysis was performed on the data, but it did not separate the juveniles of both sexes. This study provides fundamental results concerning the relative growth of A. pallipes which could be used to compare several French populations in the future.