Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PARTITIONING HERBIVORY AND ITS EFFECTS ON CORAL REEF ALGAL COMMUNITIES

Coral reef herbivores were classified into three functional groups according to criteria describing the frequency and intensity of disturbance to the algal community created by their herbivory. These herbivore groups included: microherbivores, which have small foraging ranges ( 1-100 cm2) and a high frequency of grazing any point within their range; the echinoid Diadema antillarum, which has intermediate-size foraging ranges (0.5-1 M2) and intermediate frequencies of grazing any one area within an individual's range; and herbivorous fishes, with large foraging ranges (up to 0.5 ha) and the lowest grazing frequencies at any one site. Algal communities on experimental coral-settling plates were subjected to treatments designed to detect the effects of grazing by representatives of each functional herbivore group on algal biomass, community structure, and primary productivity in a backreef/reefcrest habitat in St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands. Abundances of microherbivores and herbivorous fishes (mainly juvenile scarids) fluctuated over time, while Diadema antillarum abundance remained relatively constant. Grazing intensity (as mea- sured by the rate of algal biomass removal and algal standing crop under different grazing regimes) was greatest for D. antillarum; grazing by D. antillarum resulted in low-biomass, highly productive algal turfs (02 release per unit chlorophyll a per unit time: 1 1.3-22.4 /ug -ug- g h-'). Algal turfs grazed by D. antillarum were dominated by epilithic and endolithic filamentous and crustose species. Grazing by herbivorous fishes led to algal communities with algal turfs of higher biomass than in D. antillarum- grazed treatments; these communities became dominated by a single algal species (Sphacelaria tri- buloides). Fish-grazed algal communities had lower biomass-specific productivity rates than algal turfs grazed by D. antillarum (2.4-8.4 gug -ugg- h'-). Microherbivore-grazed and ungrazed treatments had the lowest biomass-specific productivity rates and eventually became dominated by a few macroalgal species. Although algal biomass in sea urchin-grazed treatments was only 25-50% of the biomass values in treatments not grazed by sea urchins, productivity per unit area was not significantly lower in the former treatments, suggesting a positive effect of sea urchin grazing on algal productivity. This positive effect is a result of the reduction of algal self-shading when grazing is intense and/or the input of regenerated nutrients from D. antillarum excretions. Coral reef plant-herbivore interactions are similar to those in terrestrial grassland-herbivore sys- tems. As in many terrestrial systems, plant-herbivore interactions result in higher overall ecosystem primary productivity and apparently facilitate the flow of energy and materials in this case from the highly productive algal turf component to higher levels in the reef trophic web.
Pharmacokinetics of Probiotics and Biotherapeutic Agents in Humans

Probiotics or biotherapeutic agents can influence physiology through direct or indirect effects occurring in the gastrointestinal tract. Knowledge on their pharmacokinetics is needed 1) to answer the questions how much probiotic should be consumed? , how often? , how long? ; 2) to correlate the effects with the concentration of the probiotic at the target site; 3) to validate hypotheses such as "a probiotic should be of human origin, . have a high survival capacity, . adhere to the intestinal epithelium" . ; 4) to anticipate the effects of other probiotics; 5) to establish what concentrations should be present in the commercial preparations; 6) for safety. Some in vitro models have been developed to predict the survival of probiotics in vivo or their adherence to the intestinal epithelium, however, the best way to establish the pharmacokinetics of a probiotic is to measure it in vivo. Three techniques can be used: collection of feces, pixigraphy, and intestinal intubation. The use of transit markers such as spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus is necessary to study the potential for probiotics to colonize (i.e. to persist for longer period than the inert marker). Knowledge on the pharmacokinetics of probiotics is reviewed. Some strains can adhere to cell lines such as CaCo2 or HT29. The survival of ingested probiotics differs greatly between genus and strains. Some strains are rapidly destroyed in the stomach while others such as some Bifidobacterium sp. or Lactobacillus sp. survive till feces.
Influence of the Dwarf Characteristic on Composition and Feeding Value of Near-Isogenic Pearl Millets

Well fertilized near-isogenic dwarf and tall millet inbreds (Tift 23DB and Tift 23B), field chopped at the boot stage and dehydrated 74 days after planting, were each fed individually to appetite to eight Jersey heifers (213 kg mean wt) following adjustment and standardization periods of seven days each. An indicator digestibility (chromic oxide) trial was included. At harvest, tall millet was 213 cm high and produced 7.2 metric tons of dried forage per hectare compared to a height of 107 cm and 5.6 metric tons for dwarf millet; however, dwarf millet had 50% more leaves which contained 15% more protein and 17% less lignin than tall millet leaves. Protein, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract of dehydrated dwarf millet averaged 13.6, 30.3, and 42.0%, respectively; these values for tall millet were 11.4, 36.0, and 40.1%. Apparent coefficients of digestibility for dwarf millet of 59.7, 64.4, and 59.2 for dry matter, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract were higher (P < .05) than those for tall millet by 6.8, 8.8, and 12.9%, respectively. The biological significance of the dwarf characteristic carried through into animal performance. Covariance adjusted daily consumption of dwarf millet (6.29 kg/animal) was 21% greater (P < .01) than that of tall millet. Animals fed dwarf millet gained 0.52 kg/day which was 49% more (P < .05) than those fed tall millet. It was concluded that the simple recessive dwarf characteristic could be used effectively for improving the nutritive value of forage millets, particularly if they were to be fed at the boot stage.
The effect of cooking and storage on the fatty acid profile of chicken breast

The modification of the lipid profile of chicken breast after being cooked (grilled or roasted) and stored under different conditions (refrigeration Ta 4 °C t = 6 d, or freezing Ta-18 °C t = 3 months, in aerobic or vacuum conditions) was studied. Grilling increased significantly the unsaturated/saturated (2.7) and polyunsaturated/saturated (1.4) ratios of fatty acids in comparison to raw samples (U/S = 1.7, P/S = 0.6) as a consequence of the use of sunflower oil. However, roasted samples did not significantly differ in these ratios (U/S = 1.8, P/S = 0.7) from raw samples. Fresh and stored raw and roasted samples did not show differences when a multivariate analysis was applied, although some significant differences were observed in their fatty acid profile. Frozen grilled samples (both aerobic and vacuum packed) showed differences from immediately cooked (t = 0) and refrigerated grilled samples.
Genetics, Taxonomy, and Conservation of the Threatened California Gnatcatcher

Abstract: The California Gnatcatcher ( Polioptila californica) has become a flagship species in the dispute over development of southern California's unique coastal sage scrub habitat, a fragile, geographically restricted ecosystem with high endemism. One aspect of the controversy concerns the status of the subspecies of this bird in southern California coastal sage scrub that is currently listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. To investigate the recent population history of this species and the genetic distinctiveness of subspecies and to inform conservation planning, we used direct sequencing of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) for 64 individuals from 13 samples taken throughout the species' range. We found that coastal sage scrub populations of California Gnatcatchers are not genetically distinct from populations in Baja California, which are dense and continuously distributed throughout the peninsula. Rather, mtDNA sequences from this species contain the signatures of population growth and support a hypothesis of recent expansion of populations from a southern Baja California refugium northward into the southern coastal regions of California. During this expansion, stochastic events led to a reduction in genetic variation in the newly occupied range. Thus, preservation of coastal sage scrub cannot be linked to maintaining the genetic diversity of northern gnatcatcher populations, despite previous recognition of subspecies. Our study suggests that not all currently recognized subspecies are equivalent to evolutionarily significant units and illustrates the danger of focusing conservation efforts for threatened habitats on a single species.
The Possible Importance of Silicon in Marine Eutrophication

Diatom phytoplankton populations are the usual food for zooplankton and filter feeding fishes and contribute in a direct way to the large fishable populations in coastal zones. Flagellates, on the other hand, are frequently poor foods for most grazers and can lead to undesirable eutrophication effects. Arguments are presented that silicon is often the controlling nutrient in altering a diatom to a flagellate community. The alteration is governed by the relative magnitudes of the natural fluxes of the nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon to the receiving water body and the recycled fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus from zooplankton grazing and phytoplankton respiration and decomposition. Examples of such alterations are presented for oceanic, estuarine and inland water bodies.
The Blood Vessels of the Nervous Tissue

T H HE nervous tissue, more than any other tissue of the body, depends for its normal functioning on the continuous supply of arterial blood. Whenever the volume of blood circulating in the brain is reduced for even a short time unconsciousness results. The nerve cells suffer irreversible damage if the blood fow remains insufficient for too long, the time being measured in minutes. Consequently disturbances in the blood supply of brain tissue and the lesions resulting therefrom constitute a large part of the pathology of the brain. In a tissue whose activity depends so much upon its blood supply, the microanatomical relations between the cells and the blood vessels are of particular interest. Some aspects of these relationships are reviewed here on the basis of recent work in this field.
Interleukin-6 promotes dietary carcinogen-induced DNA damage in colorectal cancer cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide with 80% of cases being sporadic, arising following a series of environment-induced gene mutations. DNA damaging pro-carcinogens such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) contained in red or processed meats are a potential risk factor for disease. These dietary pro-carcinogens require metabolic activation to their genotoxic agents by cytochrome P450 (CYP) family 1 enzymes. We have previously demonstrated that the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL6) promotes CYP1B1 expression in CRC cells grown as 2D monolayers and that these two proteins are overexpressed in malignant tissue resected from CRC patients, indicating that inflammation influences metabolic competency in CRC cells. To determine whether IL6 can influence BaP and PhIP activation, we investigated IL6 effect on BaP- and PhIP-induced DNA damage in CRC cell lines grown as 2D monolayers and as 3D spheroids using the in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay. We also investigated the involvement of p53 and CYPs in the observed effects. MN formation was increased dose-dependently following treatment with BaP and PhIP while pre-treatment with IL6 further enhanced DNA damage. We confirmed that IL6-mediated effects were not caused by p53 expression changes but rather by CYP1B1 expression induction through miR27b downregulation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that inflammatory cytokines can promote dietary pro-carcinogen activation and DNA damage in CRC cells.
Effect of α-galactosides and α-galactosidase in feed on ileal piglet digestive physiology

Zusammenfassung Der Einflus von α-Galaktosiden und α-Galaktosidase im Futter auf ileale Verdauungsvorgange beim Ferkel An sechs Ferkeln mit ileorektalen Anastomosen (IRA) wurde der Einflus von α-Galaktosiden (27,5 g/kg) mit und ohne Zusatz von α-Galaktosidase (7,1 U/g) auf ileale Verdauungsvorgange untersucht. Die ileale Verdaulichkeit von organischer Substanz, Rohprotein und NfE wurde um etwa 20% durch α-Galaktoside im Futter gesenkt. Bei Starke betrug dieser Wert nur ca. 3%. Durch den Zusatz von α-Galaktosiden wurde die Flussigkeitsretention und die mikrobielle Fermentation, gemessen anhand von ATP und fluchtigen Fettsauren im Chymus, erhoht. Die hohere Flussigkeitsretention und mikrobielle Aktivitat stimulierte die Darmperistaltik, fuhrte zu Zellwandschaden im Dunndarm und erniedrigte die Hydrolyse der Nahrstoffe. Auserdem wurde ein Anstieg von fermentierbaren Substraten in den unteren Darmabschnitten beobachtet, der zu einer Veranderung der mikrobiellen Besiedlung und damit zu erhohter Durchfallhaufigkeit fuhren kann. Die Zugabe des Enzyms α-Galaktosidase konnte das Auftreten dieser negativen Phanomene nicht verringern.
Dispersion and natural‐enemy action

Animal dispersion was defined by Wynne-Edwards (1962) as ‘the placement of individuals and groups of individuals within the habitats they occupy, and the processes by which this is brought about’. This paper deals with a limited aspect of this theme, namely with the influence of the dispersion of host or enemy individuals on their mutual interaction. Obviously, there can only be a relation between feeding organisms and food, between killer and victim, if they coincide in space and in time. Thus, what first seemed to be a limited topic evolves as one of the basic chapters of relations among organisms, that of coincidence (cf. Thalenhorst, 1951). It seems to be impossible to deal with space coincidence here without mentioning time coincidence, too. Recognizing the tremendous amount of information available on this subject, I should like to give some examples only, first on enemy action without man's interference and secondly on human action which either favours or disrupts space coincidence of both groups of organisms. For the sake of brevity, the term host will be frequently used for host and prey together and examples will mostly refer to insects.
A review of selected methods in environmental microbial genetics

Compte rendu et discussion (72 references) des differentes methodes permettant d'introduire et de decouvrir des microorganismes genetiquement recombines dans l'environnement. Les interets des nouvelles techniques genetiques et moleculaires pour la recherche sur l'environnement ont ete discutes
Antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolated from food canteens in Osun States, Nigeria.

Enterococci have continued to attract considerable importance and attention as pathogens of public health concern both in the hospital and environmental settings. Therefore epidemiological studies of these organisms are now a major research interest. Incidence of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) among Enterococcus faecalis recovered from food canteens in Osun States, Nigeria was investigated. In all, 537 samples from canteens including; foods, plates and hand swabs of food handlers, were examined for contamination by E. faecalis. Out of 658 E. faecalis strains recovered from the samples, 71.30% were resistant to cloxacilin, 70.21% to erythromycin, 68.54% to cotrimoxazole, 65.05% to amoxicillin, 65.05% to chloramphenicol, 63.68% to tetracycline, 61.70% to augmentin, 53.04% to gentamicin and 11.7% to vancomycin. Resistance to the fluoroquinolones tested was in the order levofloxacin (34.04%), ciprofloxacin (28.72%), norfloxacin (26.6%), spafloxacin, (24.92%), and perfloxacin (24.32%). About 99.2% of the isolates were multiple resistant to between three and 12 of the antibiotics tested. The most common MAR phenotype was AMX/TET/COT/CLX/GEN/CLO/AUG/LEV/CIP/NOR. Of the ten medicinal plants investigated for Original Research Article Olawale et al.; BMRJ, 6(4): 196-206, 2015; Article no.BMRJ. 2015.072 197 antimicrobial activity on selected E. faecalis isolates, sweet acacia (Acacia farneciana) possessed the highest antibacterial activity. Crude methanol extract was most potent than the others (ethanol and aqueous extracts); an indication that the methanol extract probably possessed some active components not contained in the other extracts. This study has revealed that foods vended from a number of canteens and food outlets in Osun State, Nigeria were contaminated with antibioticresistant E. faecalis suggesting a possible significant reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Hence, urgent and periodic epidemiological evaluation and enforcement of good hygiene practices in the study area are essential. Plant extracts were very effective on AR E. faecalis. Further studies on these plant extracts may provide evidence to confirm their roles as alternatives for the treatment and or control of E. faecalis-associated diseases.
Características da lactação de vacas Hereford criadas em um sistema de produção extensivo na região da campanha do Rio Grande do Sul

Milk yield of primiparous and multiparous Hereford cows grazing native pastures was studied using 144 lactations from four different years (1995, 1998, 2000, 2001). Estimates of milk yield were obtained every 21-day interval from birth to weaning (189 d) by the weigh-suckle-weigh technique. Effects of year, calving order, pregnancy, calf sex, and sire breed were studied. Multiparous cows (8.27+0.26 kg/d) yielded more milk than primiparous cows (5.81+0.25 kg/d) at peak of lactation (42 d). Total milk yield also was higher for multiparous (1,158.34+25.51 kg/d) compared to primiparous (915.44+24.47 kg/d). Therefore, the main difference between multiparous and primiparous lactation curves was production at peak although similar lactation persistence was found. All remaining effects did not affect milk yield in the present trial. Milk met calf requirements for maintenance and growth in the first 2 months of lactation and only maintenance requirements until the fourth month.
Insect Relations of Certain Asclepiads. II

On the ground of usefulness to Asclepias, butterflies may be thrown into three divisions. The Papilios are the most useful, and pollinia were found on all of our species except Ajax. They suck with their wings in motion. Using their legs to offset the motion of the wings, they rapidly repeat those movements which are necessary to draw the pollinia from the anther cells and insert them into the stigmatic chambers. Other large butterflies, like Danais, hold their wings still in sucking, spending moretime on an umbel, but generally carrying pollinia. Small butterflies are worse than useless. They remain long on the umbels, sucking, but resting their feet superficially on the flowers, and seldom effecting pollination. Of twenty-three species bearing pollinia, only three are smaller than Chrysophanus Hypophleas; while of twelve species on which no pollinia were found, with the exception of Eudamus Tityrus, which was not caught, the Chrysophanus is the largest. As stated before, butterflies have corpuscula on their claws less frequently than Hymenoptera. Since several moths were found entrapped on the flowers, pollination must often be brought about by night-flying Lep-
POTENTIAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF MARINE RED ALGA GRATELOUPIA FILICINA EXTRACTS

Grateloupia filicina is an important alga cultivated as a source of food in Korea and Japan. In order to examine its potential antioxidant activity, crude extracts of G. filicina were evaluated for their effect on scavenging of reactive oxygen species (DPPH, H, H2O2 and O2) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The activities of these extracts were compared with those of commercial antioxidants such as BHA, BHT and α-tocopherol. The methanolic extract (2 mg/mL) of G. filicina scavenged 82% of DPPH radicals which is almost three times higher than that of BHT. The same methanolic extract scavenged 65% of superoxide onion which is almost two times higher than that of BHT and α-tocopherol. In contrast, the extracts in chloroform and carbon tetrachloride inhibited lipid peroxidation more effectively than all commercial antioxidants tested in a linoleic acid model system.
Antiulcer Potential of a Standardized Extract of Red Orange Juice in the Rat

A standardized red orange extract (Red Orange Complex, ROC) has been evaluated for its potential protective effect on ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric lesions in rats. Oral administration of the ROC significantly prevented the development of gastric lesions in these experimental models. In addition, the effect of the ROC on the spontaneous healing of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) ulcers in rats was examined. The spontaneous healing of gastric ulcer was significantly accelerated by repeated administration of the ROC. The histological condition of the mucosa, examined by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), confirmed the in vivo data. The results, on the whole, indicate that the ROC possesses favourable antiulcer and cytoprotective properties in rat. This study was performed according to the international principles for laboratory animal use and care (EEC Directive of 1986; 86/609/EEC).
Morphological differences in Pacific Coast populations of greater white-fronted geese

We examined morphological relationships of three Pacific coast populations of Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons). Adult geese were captured and measured at three breeding areas in Alaska and two wintering areas in California, 1980-1991. A twostep discriminant function analysis examined morphological differences among the three populations. Stepwise discriminant function procedures created the simplest measurement models. Each sex was analyzed separately since multivariate analysis of variance indicated that males were significantly larger than females for all three populations. Tule Greater White-fronted Geese (A. a. gambelli) were significantly larger than Pacific Greater Whitefronted Geese (A. a. frontalis), hereafter Pacific Geese. The first step of discriminant function analysis created models to differentiate Tule Geese from the Pacific Geese. Bivariate stepwise discriminant function models consisting of only two measurements correctly classified 92% of males (bill height, bill width) and 96% of females (bill height, culmen) of these subspecies. The second step of discriminant function analysis compared a small population of Pacific Geese from the Bristol Bay Lowlands (BBL) of southwestern Alaska with the large population of Pacific Geese that breed on the Yukon-Kuskokwim River Delta (YKD) of westcentral Alaska. We developed models with three (culmen, diagonal tarsus, midtoe) and five (culmen, diagonal tarsus, midtoe, total tarsus, bill height) measurements from stepwise discriminant function analyses to correctly classify 72% of males and 74% of females of these populations. Thus, morphology of Tule Geese differed highly significantly from Pacific Geese, as expected, but differences between populations from the BBL and YKD areas were also significant. Morphometric analyses as these provided supporting evidence for clinal variation in pop ulations of Greater White-fronted Geese. They also underscore a need for futher studies of differences among North American populations of Greater White-fronted Geese to resolve classification and to allow formulation of subpopulation/subspecies management strategies