Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two Host Cytoplasmic Effectors Are Required for Pathogenesis of Phytophthora sojae by Suppression of Host Defenses1[W][OA]

Phytophthora sojae encodes hundreds of putative host cytoplasmic effectors with conserved FLAK motifs following signal peptides, termed crinkling- and necrosis-inducing proteins (CRN) or Crinkler. Their functions and mechanisms in pathogenesis are mostly unknown. Here, we identify a group of five P. sojae-specific CRN-like genes with high levels of sequence similarity, of which three are putative pseudogenes. Functional analysis shows that the two functional genes encode proteins with predicted nuclear localization signals that induce contrasting responses when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and soybean (Glycine max). PsCRN63 induces cell death, while PsCRN115 suppresses cell death elicited by the P. sojae necrosis-inducing protein (PsojNIP) or PsCRN63. Expression of CRN fragments with deleted signal peptides and FLAK motifs demonstrates that the carboxyl-terminal portions of PsCRN63 or PsCRN115 are sufficient for their activities. However, the predicted nuclear localization signal is required for PsCRN63 to induce cell death but not for PsCRN115 to suppress cell death. Furthermore, silencing of the PsCRN63 and PsCRN115 genes in P. sojae stable transformants leads to a reduction of virulence on soybean. Intriguingly, the silenced transformants lose the ability to suppress host cell death and callose deposition on inoculated plants. These results suggest a role for CRN effectors in the suppression of host defense responses.
Antispermatogenic Mechanism of Trona is Associated with Lipid Peroxidation but Not Testosterone Suppression

Background: About half of the cases of infertility in couples have been attributed to male factor. Despite the claim in folklore medicine that trona (a sesquicarbonate or hydrated carbonate of sodium) causes fetal loss, its effect on male reproductive function has not been investigated. Aim: This study sought to provide scientific evidence on the effect of trona on sperm characteristics, male reproductive hormones and organs, and lipid peroxidation. Materials and Methods: Forty male Wistar rats of comparable weights were used for the study. Rats were randomized into four different groups. The control received 1 mL of distilled water orally, whereas those in groups 1, 2, and 3 (test groups) received orally, same volume of trona preparation corresponding to 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively, for 28 days. Body weight was monitored throughout the study period, and at the end of the experiment, testicular morphometry, sperm characteristic, reproductive hormones, and malondialdehyde (MDA), an index of lipid peroxidation, were determined. Results: Sperm count, motility, progressibility, and percentage of normal sperm were significantly decreased in the trona-treated rats (P < 0.05). The percentage of abnormal sperm, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and MDA were significantly increased in the treated rats (P < 0.05). Body weight, testicular morphometry, and testosterone level were comparable across all groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The study showed that trona has a dose-dependent deleterious effect on sperm characteristic. The antispermatogenic effect of trona was associated with lipid peroxidation but not testosterone.
Discussion: a fresh look at monoamine oxidase inhibitors for depression.

Dr Sclar: What is the difference between treatment resistance and treatment failure? Dr Thase: Treatment failure is a broader term that incorporates several factors, such as poor tolerability, treatment nonadherence, or simply treatment nonresponse. The term also implies a failure of the doctor-patient relationship, meaning that the physician was unable to engage the patient in a productive alliance. Treatment resistance is when a patient has received an adequate dose of a medication for an adequate duration yet has not experienced an acceptable level of symptomatic response. The more adequate the medication trial and the greater the number of antidepressant classes that are tried without success, the more treatment resistant the patient is. Dr Sclar: How do monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) fit into the treatment algorithm for treatment resistance? Dr Thase: Traditionally, someone would have to demonstrate resistance to at least 2 medications before being considered for treatment with an MAOI, unless another deciding factor existed, such as the patient having atypical depression. In the modern era, classic MAOIs are a fourthlevel treatment. Dr Flockhart: What can large trials like the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study indicate about treatment resistance and treatment failure in quantitative terms? That is, how many people failed antidepressant therapy by what point, and what does that mean for clinical practice? Dr Thase: In STAR*D [Rush AJ, et al. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(11):1905–1907], less than 40% of patients reached remission with citalopram in the first treatment trial. Approximately 15% of additional patients responded during the first trial but did not remit. So, even though they got better, they still were not well. Among the patients who continued in the study for additional courses of therapy, response and remission substantially declined over the next treatment steps, with only a 16% rate of response and a 13% rate of remission after the fourth trial. This steep decline indicates that the more treatment trials that are needed, the harder it is to achieve remission. Additionally, the cumulative rate of patient dropout grew with each treatment step, which emphasizes the difficulty of multiple failed treatment trials for the patient. Dr Culpepper: Treatment fatigue for both the patient and the provider is a major factor in treatment failure and discontinuation for many patients.
When the Smart Grid Meets Energy-Efficient Communications: Green Wireless Cellular Networks Powered by the Smart Grid

Recently, there is great interest in considering the energy efficiency aspect of cellular networks. On the other hand, the power grid infrastructure, which provides electricity to cellular networks, is experiencing a significant shift from the traditional electricity grid to the smart grid. When a cellular network is powered by the smart grid, only considering energy efficiency in the cellular network may not be enough. In this paper, we consider not only energy-efficient communications but also the dynamics of the smart grid in designing green wireless cellular networks. Specifically, the dynamic operation of cellular base stations depends on the traffic, real-time electricity price, and the pollutant level associated with electricity generation. Coordinated multipoint (CoMP) is used to ensure acceptable service quality in the cells whose base stations have been shut down. The active base stations decide on which retailers to procure electricity from and how much electricity to procure. We formulate the system as a Stackelberg game, which has two levels: a cellular network level and a smart grid level. Simulation results show that the smart grid has significant impacts on green wireless cellular networks, and our proposed scheme can significantly reduce operational expenditure and CO_2 emissions in green wireless cellular networks.
Limited Sampling Strategy of S‐Warfarin Concentrations, but Not Warfarin S/R Ratios, Accurately Predicts S‐Warfarin AUC during Baseline and Inhibition in CYP2C9 Extensive Metabolizers

S‐warfarin area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC0–∞) and clearance are used as measures of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 activity. In addition, warfarin S/R ratios are used to assess CYP2C9 activity. The determination of S‐warfarin AUC0–∞ requires multiple blood samples. Limited sampling strategy (LSS) is a validated technique that estimates AUC0–∞ using limited blood samples. The objective of this study was to evaluate LSS of S‐warfarin concentrations and warfarin S/R ratios to predict S‐warfarin AUC0–∞ during CYP2C9 baseline activity and inhibition with fluvastatin. Fifty‐one healthy subjects, genotyped as CYP2C9 extensive metabolizers, were administered oral warfarin 10 mg. Blood samples were collected over 96 hours. S‐warfarin AUC0–∞ equations were derived from a training set of 20 subjects using multiple linear regression. Validation of the equations used data from the remaining 31 subjects. All derived equations were within acceptable limits for measures of bias and precision. Single‐point and two‐point S‐warfarin concentrations, but not warfarin S/R ratios, were predictive of S‐warfarin AUC0–∞ during CYP2C9 baseline activity and inhibition. No correlation was observed between CYP2C9*1/*1 and *1/*2 genotypes and either S‐warfarin concentrations or warfarin S/R ratios. The equation using two‐point S‐warfarin concentrations at 24 and 48 hours was the most accurate predictor of S‐warfarin AUC0–∞. LSS using S‐warfarin concentrations is an efficient and accurate technique to evaluate S‐warfarin AUC0–∞ when using warfarin as a CYP2C9 probe drug
Late Adolescent and Young Adult Outcomes of Girls Diagnosed With ADHD in Childhood: An Exploratory Investigation

Objective: To characterize the late adolescent and young adult outcomes of girls diagnosed with ADHD in childhood. Method: The study included 58 women from a larger longitudinal study of ADHD. A total of 34 (M = 19.97 years old) met DSM criteria for ADHD in childhood, whereas the remaining 24 (M = 19.83 years old) did not. Self- and parent-reports of psychopathology, delinquency, interpersonal relationships, academic achievement, job performance, and substance use were collected. Results: The findings suggest that girls with ADHD experience difficulties in late adolescence and young adulthood, such as more conflict with their mothers, being involved in fewer romantic relationships, and experiencing more depressive symptoms than comparison women. However, differences did not emerge in all domains, such as job performance, substance use, and self-reported ADHD symptomatology. Conclusion: The findings of this study add to the literature on the negative late adolescent and young adult outcomes associated with childhood ADHD in women. (J. of Att. Dis. 2011; 15(3) 204-214)
Regulatory Mechanisms of TRAF2-mediated Signal Transduction by Bcl10, a MALT Lymphoma-associated Protein*

To elucidate the function of Bcl10, recently cloned as an apoptosis-associated gene mutated in MALT lymphoma, we identified its binding partner TRAF2, which mediates signaling via tumor necrosis factor receptors. In mammalian cells, low levels of Bcl10 expression promoted the binding of TRAF2 and c-IAPs. Conversely, excessive expression inhibited complex formation. Overexpressed Bcl10 reduced c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation and induced nuclear factor κB activation downstream of TRAF2. To determine whether overexpression of Bcl10 could perturb the regulation of apoptosisin vivo, we generated Bcl10 transgenic mice. In these transgenic mice, atrophy of the thymus and spleen was observed at postnatal stages. The morphological changes in these tissues were caused by acceleration of apoptosis in T cells and B cells. The phenotype of Bcl10 transgenic mice was similar to that of TRAF2-deficient mice reported previously, indicating that excessive expression of Bcl10 might deplete the TRAF2 function. In contrast, in the other organs such as the brain, where Bcl10 was expressed at high levels, no apoptosis was detected. The altered sensitivities to overexpressed Bcl10 may have been due to differences in signal responses to Bcl10 among cell types. Thus, Bcl10 was suggested to play crucial roles in the modulation of apoptosis associated with TRAF2.
Structured approach to ultrasound-guided identification of the cricothyroid membrane: a randomized comparison with the palpation method in the morbidly obese.

Editor—Correct identification of the cricothyroid membrane is crucial in preparation for emergency airway management. However, the conventional method, inspection and palpation, has a low success rate, especially in women (24–35%). We have previously described a structured stepwise method for ultrasonographic identification of the cricothyroid membrane, 4 in which it is not necessary to see or palpate any landmarks on the neck for successful identification. Themethod involves ultrasonographic identification of the trachea in the transverse plane, rotating the transducer to the longitudinal plane, and identifying the image of the anterior parts of the tracheal rings and the cricothyroid cartilage. Using its ability to cast a shadow on the ultrasound image, an i.v. needle is slid between the transducer and the skin, without penetrating the skin, until it is immediately cranial to the cricoid cartilage, thus indicating the cricothyroid membrane (Fig. 1 Q2 ). We tested the effectiveness of the stepwise approach in the hand of airway-ultrasound naive anaesthetists. After Ethics Committee approval, written consent, and trial registration, 35 anaesthetists, with a mean of 6 yr experience in clinical anaesthesia, completed a structured training programme consisting of an e-learning module, followed by a 20 min lecture, and 20 min hands-on training on live models. Subsequently, the anaesthetists’ ability to identify the cricothyroid membrane both with the palpation method and with ultrasonography was tested in a crossover randomized-sequence test on a morbidly obese female, height 166 cm, weight 125 kg, and BMI 45.3 kg m. Both attemptswere timed and videotaped. The timing started when the finger or the ultrasound probe touched the skin of the neck. With both methods, the anaesthetist was instructed to place an i.v. needle (as a marker) transversely on the skin where he or she found the cricothyroid membrane to be. When
The high balance symmetric balun for WLAN and WiMAX application using the Integrated Passive Device (IPD) technology

In this study, the design of planar symmetric balance circuit and perform the high-balance differential output frequency response for system-in-package (SiP) application using the integrated passive device (IPD) technology are proposed. Passive balun with single-end input and differential output is an important device in RF front-end communication system. The merits of passive component are no power dispersion and have wide frequency bands. The design of this planar symmetric balun is broadband and covers the frequency band of 2 to 4.2 GHz. It can apply to the 2.4 GHz WLAN and 3.4 to 3.7 GHz WiMAX applications. The measured return loss is better than −10dB within the pass band. The measurement results of magnitude and phase imbalance are lower 0.8 dB and 0.03 degrees, respectively.
Medical Imaging using Microwaves and Ultrasound

Based on analogies between microwaves and ultrasonic waves common procedures for medical diagnostic imaging are summarized. Common problems as well as differences between microwaves and ultrasound are pointed out and resulting limitations with respect to this kind of application are discussed. Furthermore, activities in this field are reviewed, corresponding literature is presented.
Monte Carlo study of kink effect in isolated-gate InAs/AlSb high electron mobility transistors

A semiclassical two-dimensional ensemble Monte Carlo simulator is used to perform a physical analysis of the kink effect in InAs/AlSb high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). Kink effect, this is, an anomalous increase in the drain current I-D when increasing the drain-to-source voltage V-DS, leads to a reduction in the gain and a rise in the level of noise, thus limiting the utility of these devices for microwave applications. Due to the small band gap of InAs, InAs/AlSb HEMTs are very susceptible to suffer from impact ionization processes, with the subsequent hole transport through the structure, both implicated in the kink effect. The results indicate that, when V-DS is high enough for the onset of impact ionization, holes thus generated tend to pile up in the buffer (at the gate-drain side) due to the valence-band energy barrier between the buffer and the channel. Due to this accumulation of positive charge the channel is further opened and I-D increases, leading to the kink effect in the I-V characteristics and eventually to the device electrical breakdown. The understanding of this phenomenon provides useful information for the development of kink-effect-free InAs/AlSb HEMTs.
2 Quantum Programs as Kleisli Maps

Furber and Jacobs have shown in their study of quantum computation that the category of commutative C∗-algebras and PU-maps (positive linear maps which preserve the unit) is isomorphic to the Kleisli category of a comonad on the category of commutative C∗-algebras with MIU-maps (linear maps which preserve multiplication, involution and unit). [3] In this paper, we prove a non-commutative variant of this result: the category of C∗-algebras and PU-maps is isomorphic to the Kleisli category of a comonad on the subcategory of MIU-maps. A variation on this result has been used to construct a model of Selinger and Valiron’s quantum lambda calculus using von Neumann algebras. [1]
Defending BitTorrent against Strategic Attacks

BitTorrent has shown to be efficient for bulk file transfer, however, it is susceptible to free riding by strategic clients like BitTyrant. Strategic peers configure the client software such that for very less or no contribution, they can obtain good download speeds. Such strategic nodes exploit the altruism in the swarm and consume resources at the expense of other honest nodes and create an unfair swarm. More unfairness is generated in the swarm with the presence of heterogeneous bandwidth nodes. Many high capacity peers contribute much more than needed while low capacity peers contribute very little or nothing. In this paper, we propose and investigate new anti-strategic policies that could be used in BitTorrent to minimize the free-riding by strategic clients. In our proposed anti-strategic model, nodes obtain a token from Tracker upon joining the swarm which they use while interacting with peers. The token contains information such as published upload speed, arrival time and node ID, and this token is signed by tracker such that other nodes can verify the information but nobody can forge it. Other antistrategic policies include, using a smart tracker that denies the request of strategic clients for peer list multiple times, and black listing the nonbehaving nodes that do not follow the protocol policies. These policies help to stop the strategic behavior of peers to a large extent and improves overall system performance. Moreover, in this paper, we also quantify and validate the benefits of using bandwidth peer matching policy. Peers are given a peer list based on their bandwidth range upon arrival. This fosters better uplink utilization, reduces the time for nodes to find the optimal peers for exchanging data and has positive effects on many important metrics like download time, fairness index etc. Our simulations results show that with the above proposed changes, uplink utilization and mean download time improves considerably. It leaves strategic clients with little or no incentive to behave greedily. This reduces free riding and creates fairer swarm with very little computational overhead. Finally, we show that our model is self healing model where user behavior changes from selfish to altruistic in the presence of the aforementioned policies.
System development and demonstration of a UAV control architecture for information gathering missions

This paper presents a system architecture for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) performing information gathering missions. Particular focus in this paper is on the development of the architecture from algorithms to simulation, hardware‐in‐the‐loop testing and flight demonstrations. The architecture has been developed for a team of Brumby Mk 3 fixed wing UAVs. Results from recent flight demonstrations are presented in which a single UAV validated a path‐following guidance algorithm for feature orbiting, and a utility‐based dynamic path planning algorithm applied to a feature tracking problem. The architecture has also been designed to accommodate the use of multiple UAVs, and future work on a team approach to the problem is presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Breast carcinoma in women age 25 years or less

We read the article by Kothari et al. with interest. In this study, 9 of 13 patients with invasive breast carcinoma (69%) experienced disease recurrence and died. Such a high mortality rate indicates the need for the careful selection of both local and adjuvant systemic therapy to maximize the possibility of cure in this very young age group. In the study by Kothari et al., no patients underwent mammography, and only one patient had undergone an ultrasound. Furthermore, two patients had a family history of breast carcinoma, including disease occurring in first-degree relatives. In nearly all patients, the only preoperative diagnostic method used was palpation. However, in the event of a palpable breast mass, we use imaging modalities for several purposes: 1) to define better the nature of the mass, 2) to detect unexpected ipsilateral or contralateral tumors, and 3) to identify a nonpalpable extensive intraductal component to reduce the possibility of recurrence after breastconservation therapy. In women age 30 years, ultrasonography is the preferred initial imaging modality for the evaluation of a palpable mass. If ultrasonography identifies a suspicious abnormality, mammography should be performed to identify possible multifocal lesions or an intraductal component of an invasive tumor. Preoperative ultrasonography especially improves planning the conservative management of breast carcinoma. Moreover, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging may reveal unsuspected multifocal, multicentric, or contralateral breast carcinoma and result in changes in therapy. We cannot understand why Kothari et al. did not use preoperative imaging modalities.
CogSci 99 3 Representation of Logical Form in Memory

Current theories of human deductive reasoning make different claims about the representation of logical statements in memory. Syntactically-based theories claim that abstract logical forms are represented veridically in memory, separate from content, whereas semantic theories propose that naïve reasoners represent combinations of possibilities that are based on the content of statements. We tested these predictions in two experiments in which participants had to recall and recognize statements of different logical forms. Results indicate that memory for logical form is not veridical, thus failing to support the syntactic view. In particular, results suggest that naïve participants tend, whenever possible, to represent only a single possibility for a statement of any logical form. These findings are consistent with semantic theories of human deductive reasoning and have significant implications for all theories of reasoning.