Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FLUOMETURON BEHAVIOR IN LONG-TERM TILLAGE PLOTS

Fluometuron (N, N-dimethyl-N′ -[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea) is a preemergence herbicide used widely for weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Field research results suggest that many herbicides, including fluometuron, may be subject to preferential transport and leaching through the soil profile. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the distribution and leaching of fluometuron in a Lexington silt loam (Typic Paleudalf) through 3 years of study by analyzing depth incremented soil samples and tension-free pan lysimeter leachates collected at a soil depth of 90 cm under no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT, disc 2× - roller harrowed) management. Fluometuron depth distribution following application and subsequent rainfall was related to soil organic carbon content, with tillage effects restricted to the surface 2-cm. The amount of herbicide remaining in the soil profile after application decreased with increasing rainfall amounts. On average, 11% of applied herbicide in NT and 6% in CT remained in the surface 15 cm after 1 year. Fluometuron was detected in all lysimeter leachates during the 3-year period. Peak herbicide leachate concentrations ranged from 68 mg L−1 to 1700 mg L−1, depending on herbicide application in relation to rainfall timing. Annual leaching losses ranged from 5 to 53% of applied fluometuron during the study. Of the amounts lost to leaching, 68 to 100% (averaging 87% of the total lost to leaching) were lost during the first two or three significant rainfall events after treatment. Rainfall timing in relation to herbicide application was the dominant effect in herbicide mobilization through the soil profile. Antecedent soil moisture content (predicted from rainfall amounts prior to fluometuron application) also influenced the appearance of leachate and herbicide in the lysimeters, with lower soil moisture conditions at application producing lower preferential flow. Depth-incremented soil sampling after initial rainfall events was a poor mechanism for detecting fluometuron mobility through the soil profile. The rapidity at which fluometuron was detected in the lysimeter leachates, the exceedingly high fluometuron concentrations, and the variability in leachate collection by the lysimeters, illustrated the significance of preferential flow. The influence of tillage practice on the volume of drainage collected by the lysimeters and on fluometuron leaching was of little significance when compared with the influence of natural infiltration heterogeneity.
Direct Measurement of Particle−Bubble Interactions in Aqueous Electrolyte: Dependence on Surfactant

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of surfactant on the particle−bubble interaction. Therefore we constructed an experimental setup with which the interaction between colloidal particles and air bubbles in aqueous medium can be directly measured. The particles were attached to atomic force microscope cantilevers that served as force sensors. The separation between particle and bubble was adjusted with a calibrated piezo translator. Force and distance resolution were 0.1 nN and 1 nm at full dynamic ranges of roughly 1 μN and 15 μm, respectively. With this setup the force between hydrophilic and hydrophobized silica particles (5 μm diameter) and an air bubble was measured. For both cases the influence of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was determined. These surfactants were chosen because of their different electric charge and adsorption behavior. DTAB is positively charged and adsorbes strongly to silica. SDS is negative and shows only negligible a.
High-frequency SAW oscillator sensor to measure DNA immobilization and hybridization

We developed SH (shear horizontal) surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors for detection of the immobilization and hybrdization of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) on the gold coated delay line of transverse SAW devices. The experiments of DNA immobilization and hybridization were performed with 15-mer oligonucleotides (probe and complementary target DNA). The sensor consists of twin SAW delay line oscillators (sensing channel and reference channel) fabricated on 36° rotated Y-cut X-propagation LiTaO3 piezoelectric single crystals. The relative change in the frequency of the two oscillators was monitored to detect the immobilization of probe DNA with thiol group on the Au coated delay line and the hybridization between target DNA and immobilized probe DNA in pH 7.4 PBS (phosphate buffered saline) solution. In our previous work, we reported the sensitivity of 1.26 ng/ml/Hz with 100 MHz SAW sensors. Sensitivity of the SAW sensor is in nonlinear proportion to the oscillation frequency of the SAW device. Significant improvement of the sensitivity of the SAW DNA sensor has been achieved by increasing the oscillation frequency to 200 MHz. The sensitivity was improved to as high as 135 pg/ml/Hz. We addressed many engineering problems required for the increase of the oscillation frequency such as electromagnetic noise isolation, mechanical vibration isolation, acoustic noise absorbing, and digital signal processing.
All‐Solid Lithium Electrodes with Mixed‐Conductor Matrix

The concept of a novel all‐solid composite electrode is presented. One example of such a composite contains a finely dispersed reactant, , in a solid mixed‐conducting matrix, . Repeated charging and discharging of such electrodes without appreciable loss of capacity has been demonstrated. The polarization is found to be comparable to values typical of highly porous electrode systems in molten salt electrolytes.
The purification of edible oils and fats

Originally, oils were not refined but with the introduction of solvent extraction, refining became necessary. Crude cottonseed oil was refined by treating the oil with caustic soda and the same process was used for all other oils that needed refining. The subsequent introduction of centrifugal separators converted the original batch process into a continuous process. Degumming was introduced to obtain lecithin but limited to soya bean oil. Physical refining was introduced for high acidity oils like palm oil after the oil had been degummed to low residual phosphorus levels in the dry degumming process, in which the oil is first of all treated with an acid and then with bleaching earth. In Europe, further degumming processes were developed that allowed seed oil to be physically refined and later phospholipase enzymes were introduced to reduce oil retention by the gums and improve oil yield. Given these various oil purification processes, the refiner must decide which process to use for which oil in which circumstances. The paper provides a survey of what to do and when. It also discusses several topics that require further investigation and development.
Magnetic susceptibility anisotropies from quadrupolar magnetic field effects in high field 2H N.M.R.

Anisotropies in the diamagnetic susceptibilities of coronene, anthracene and chrysene are reported. They have been determined from the quadrupolar magnetic field effect on the 2H N.M. R. spectra of the compounds. Results from this method are compared with those obtained from other techniques and the differences are discussed.
Atopic march, food allergy and food hypersensitivity in children and adolescents suffering from atopic dermatitis

Increases in allergic diseases have been well documented worldwide. Approximately one-third of children with severe atopic dermatitis (AD) were reported to suffer from IgE-mediated food allergy as well. Data sources concerning the food allergy, AD, and atopic march were accessed from Pubmed/MEDLINE. This review provides a summary of findings concerning the food allergy, food hypersensitivity reactions, and atopic march in children and adolescents. Food allergy that developed at a young age increased the risk for AD, asthma bronchiale, and allergic rhinitis; new research identifies the skin barrier as not only an important initiator of AD but it may even be a site for allergic sensitization to protein antigens. Early childhood is thought to be a key period for the prevention of allergic march and adolescence is another key period for the prevention of recurrence. The prevention of recurrence would decrease allergic disease in adulthood.
Piecewise linear continuous optimal control by iterative dynamic programming

Iterative dynamic programming is extended to provide piecewise linear continuous control policies to systems described by sets of ordinary differential equations. To ensure continuity in the optimal control policy, only a single grid point is used for the state at each time stage. Three examples (optimal control of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), nondifferentiable system, fed-batch fermenter) that are used to test the viability of the procedure show that the proposed procedure is attractive from the computational point of view and provides reliable results even for highly nonlinear systems that exhibit singular control
New and different lignocellulosic materials from Turkey for laccase and manganese peroxidase production by Trametes versicolor

In the present study, the production of laccase (Lac) and manganese‐dependent peroxidase (MnP) by the white‐rot fungus Trametes versicolor grown in submerged cultures with different agricultural residues was investigated. The lignocellulosic materials studied were almond shells, hazelnut husks, sunflower stems, clover straw and hazelnut cobs, because they are common agricultural wastes in Turkey. Among the different lignocellulosic materials studied, hazelnut cobs provided the highest Lac and MnP activities (47.09 and 109.21 U/L, respectively). The optimum conditions were determined for Lac and MnP production in submerged cultures of T. versicolor by using hazelnut cobs as substrate. For Lac production, the optimum incubation time, hazelnut cob concentration, pH, and shaking rate were found as 4 days, 2% w/v, 6.0 and 130 rpm, respectively. For MnP production, the optimum incubation time, hazelnut cob concentration, pH and shaking rate were found as 5 days, 2% w/v, 6.0 and 90 rpm, respectively.
Cationic polymerization of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A

The cationic nonlinear polymerization of diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (DGEBA) in the presence of a diluent γ-butyrolactone (BL) was initiated by the BF3-4-methoxyaniline (MA) complex. The reaction was studied by size exclusion chromatography, DSC, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Reaction mechanism involves a fast formation of adducts of DGEBA with MA released from the initiator. Formation of spiro orthoesters (S) by reaction of BL with DGEBA and homopolymerization of DGEBA as well as copolymerization with S follow. Gelation occurs at 60°C within a few minutes at conversion of epoxy groups (ξE)c = 0.20–0.45. The networks cured under optimum conditions show high glass transition temperature, Tα = 178°C. The mechanism-structure-property relations are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biomolecular sensing via coupling DNA-based recognition with gold nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively employed to develop novel nanobiosensors based on their unique optical properties. Here we first describe the unique localized surface plasmon resonance properties of AuNPs, which can be finely tuned via the aggregation of AuNPs and disassembly of AuNP aggregates. We then review the applications of both AuNPs–DNA conjugates and unmodified AuNPs in selective detection of a variety of molecular targets, including DNA, proteins, small molecules and ions, by incorporating DNA hybridization or aptamer–target binding. In many situations, target-induced assembly and disassembly lead to a characteristic red/blue colour change that arises from the shift of surface plasmon resonance absorption of AuNPs. The superquenching ability of AuNPs and its application in fluorescent sensors are also discussed.
An Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of 3-(2-Benzothiazolyl)coumarins

Abstract Some 3-(2-benzothiazolyl)coumarin imines and 3-(2-benzothiazolyl)coumarins are prepared from 2-benzothiazolylacetonitrile and 2-hydroxybenzaldehydes in ethanol in the presence of catalytic amount of NaOH.
Hydrogen‐diffusion‐rate‐limited hydriding and dehydriding kinetics

Hydriding and dehydriding kinetics are derived within the framework of the Johnson‐Mehl‐Avrami equation. Hydriding is considered to be rate limited by hydrogen diffusion through a growing hydride layer, and dehydriding by hydrogen diffusion through a growing metal layer. Incubation time effects due to surface contamination are taken into account by a delayed nucleation function. The dominant composition‐dependent terms in the thermodynamics and in the mobility are taken into account to derive normative diffusivity for hydrogen. The temperature dependence of hydriding is defined by an activation energy (QD−ΔHH+ΔH12) where QD is the activation energy for diffusion of hydrogen in the hydride, ΔHH is the relative partial molar enthalpy of hydrogen in the hydride, and ΔH12 is the enthalpy of the hydrogen‐pressure plateau reaction. For dehydriding the activation energy is (QD+ΔHH−ΔH12), but now QD and ΔHH refer to hydrogen in the metal. The solution thermodynamics contributions to the activation energy are .
Facile method for the preparation of tri‐O‐(alkyl)cellulose

A simple way to prepare tri-O-(alkyl)cellulose from cellulose acetate (CA) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) using the appropriate alkyl iodide and NaOH has been developed. In this procedure, the addition of a small amount of water to the DMSO solution improved the efficiency of etherification. The substitution pattern of (methyl)cellulose (MC) was investigated to determine the effect of added water on the relative reactivities of the glucose ring substituents. This etherification method can be applied to alkylate other polymers with acetate-functional groups that are soluble in DMSO.
Effect of graphitic carbon films on diamond nucleation by microwave-plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition

Diamond nucleation on very smooth (100) silicon substrates coated with thin films of a colloidal graphite suspension was investigated with a microwave‐plasma‐enhanced chemical‐vapor‐deposition system. Nucleation densities of the order of 106 cm−2 were obtained by coating the substrates with carbon films of thicknesses less than 1 μm. However, very low nucleation densities were obtained with carbon film thicknesses greater than 1 μm. The effect of the carbon film thickness on diamond nucleation was examined by measuring the etching rate of carbon films exposed to a hydrogen plasma and was further interpreted on the basis of scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy results. Etching of the original carbon may lead to the formation of a thin residual carbon film when the initial film thickness is less than a critical value. Results demonstrated that the high nucleation densities of good quality cubo‐octahedral diamond crystals obtained with relatively thin carbon films were primarily due to the for.
The H2-A Class II molecule α/β-chain cis-mismatch severely affects cell surface expression, selection of conventional CD4+ T cells and protection against TB infection

Introduction To dissect the role of the part of the H2 complex comprised of the MHC-II genes in the control of tuberculosis (TB) infection, we previously established a panel of recombinant congenic mouse strains bearing different segments of the H2 j haplotype on the B6 (H2 b) genetic background. Fine genetic mapping, gene sequencing and assessment of TB phenotypes resulted in identification of the H2-Ab gene as a major factor of TB control. Methods We further narrowed the MHC-II H2 j interval by spotting a new recombination event, sequencing newly established DNA configuration and establishing a mouse strain B6.I-103 in which j/b recombination occurred within the coding sequence of the H2-Ab gene. Results Unexpectedly, a novel H2-Aα b/AβjE0 haplotype provided exclusively high susceptibility to TB challenge. Immunologic analysis revealed an altered CD4+ T-cell selection and maintenance in B6.I-103 mice, as well as seriously impaired expression of the H2-Aαb/Aβj molecule on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Unlike previously reported cases of Class II malfunctioning, the defective phenotype arose not from strong structural mutations, but from regular recombination events within the MHC-II recombination hot spot region. Discussion Our findings provide evidence that Class II α/β-chain cis-allelic mismatches created by regular genetic recombination may severely affect immune system functioning. This issue is discussed in the context of the MHC evolution.
Batch kinetics and isotherms for biosorption of cadmium onto biosolids

A basic investigation into the removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solutions by municipal-wastewater biosolids was conducted in batch conditions. The influences of different experimental parameters such as initial pH, shaking rate, sorption time, equilibrium conditions and initial cadmium-ion concentrations on cadmium uptake were evaluated. According to our experimental results, a pseudo-second-order model was more suitable for describing the biosorption kinetics than the Lagergren model. Kinetic experiments showed that cadmium concentrations reached equilibrium within 2 h. We found that the biosorptive capacity of the biosolids was dependent on solution pH, with pH 4 being optimal. Investigation of the influence of the shaking rate on the biosorption capacity of the biomass showed that an optimum value was obtained between 150 and 250 rpm. The Langmuir isotherm model better represented the sorption process the Freundlich model. The maximum cadmium adsorption capacity of the biosolids (q max) was 0.38 mm.
The solvates of sulfamerazine: structural, thermochemical, and desolvation studies

The ability of an antibacterial agent, sulfamerazine (SMZ), to form solvates is investigated. Six solvates, with the solvents 1,4-dioxane (1:1 and 1:0.5), dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, cyclopentanone and 3-picoline, were identified and characterized by various analytical techniques, namely, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction. Crystal structure analysis revealed a dimer via a pair of intermolecular N–H⋯N hydrogen bonds between two molecules of SMZ and extended hydrogen bonded networks mediated by the solvent molecules. The conformationally flexible SMZ molecule adopts different conformations in the crystal structures. Thermal analysis established the stability and confirmed molar ratios of the reported solvates. Crystal structures of the sulfonamide drugs were retrieved from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and analyzed to rationalize the factors that favour the solvate formation in sulfonamide drugs. It was found that the CSD statistics under-represent the true prevalence of solvates and polymorphs of sulfonamide drugs, and solvents that contain hydrogen bond acceptor groups have higher likelihood of forming solvates with sulfonamide drugs. Furthermore, a one-dimensional hydrogen bond chain motif was predominantly observed in the crystal structures of solvates/hydrates.
Varietal and geographic classification of French red wines in terms of pigments and flavonoid compounds

Thirty-four French red wines originating from six different grape varieties and three different production areas were analysed in duplicate for 15 anthocyanins, ten flavonoids and three colour parameters, F-statistics, principal component analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis were used to identify and to explain differences among samples. Clear difference between wines made from different varieties were mainly related to anthocyanin 3-acylglucosides. Malvidin and peonidin 3-acetylglucosides were found in increasing concentrations in wines made respectively from Grenache, Carignan, Cinsault, Merlot, Carbernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc grapes; the concentrations of peonidin and malvidin 3-p-coumarylglucosides were higher in the Cinsault wines studied. Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot wines made near Bordeaux had a less intense colour and a higher malvidin 3-glucoside content than wines from the same varieties produced near Narbonne. Wines made from Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc grapes contained more catechin, epicatechin and myricetin when produced in the south than in the north (Narbonne, Bordeaux, Angers). Of the samples analysed, 96%, and all of the nine extra wines, were correctly classified according to the variety of the grapes using four anthocyanins and catechin selected by step wise discriminant analyses.
Atomic layer deposition of hafnium dioxide films using hafnium bis(2-butanolate)bis(1-methoxy-2-methyl-2-propanolate) and water

HfO 2 films were grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) from a mononuclear Hf(O t Bu) 2 (OCMe 2 CH 2 OMe) 2 complex and H 2 O at temperatures in the range 275-400°C on borosilicate glass and Si(100) substrates. The growth of the densest films was achieved at temperatures above 300°C. The growth rate was influenced by the thermal decomposition of the Hf precursor. The as-deposited films were oxides with an O:Hf ratio of 2.0±0.2, although containing large amounts of impurities. Crystalline monoclinic films were grown at temperatures exceeding 325°C, whereas at lower temperatures the films mostly remained amorphous. On the whole, the refractive index of the films varied between 1.95 and 2.00. The effective permittivities of the dielectrics in Al/HfO 2 /p-Si(100) capacitor structures varied between 12 and 14, slightly increasing with growth temperature.
Modelling the drying kinetics of maize in a microwave environment

Abstract Microwave drying of grains is fundamentally different from either convection or conduction drying. Drying of cereal grains appears to proceed mainly in the period when the drying rate is decreasing (in the falling rate period), a characteristic of internally controlled diffusion. However, the analytical solution to Fick's second law of diffusion for a homogeneous, isotropic sphere with constant initial and boundary conditions does not adequately describe the drying behaviour. In an attempt to overcome this problem, the moisture ratio was written in terms of the surface moisture content rather than the equilibrium value. The associated surface drying coefficient, as determined by an iterative technique, was found to be expressible as a linear function of the initial free moisture content of the grain. The resulting empirical model better described the observed drying kinetics. This approach also resulted in good fits to independent data from experiments on convective drying of rough rice, microwave drying of wheat and combined microwave-fluidized bed drying of wheat.
Ab Initio Calculations on Conventional and Unconventional Hydrogen BondsStudy of the Hydrogen Bond Strength

Different measures of H-bond strength based on X−H proton donating bond properties and on parameters of H···Y distance (Y−proton acceptor within X−H···Y H bridges) are investigated. Correlations between such measures and H-bond energy are studied. The parameters of H-bonds are taken from geometry of simple complexes optimized within HF/6-311++G** and MP2/6-311++G** levels of theory. The Bader theory of atoms in molecules is also applied for an estimation of electronic densities at bond critical points and Laplacians of these densities, these topological parameters are also used to define H-bond strength measures. Apart from the conventional statistical analysis, the factor analysis is applied to study the properties of H bridges. The results show that the set of geometrical, energetic, and topological variables describing the H bridge may be replaced by one new variable, one factor. It is also shown that the geometrical and topological parameters of the proton donating bond better correlate with the H-bon.