Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary pectin on protein digestion and metabolism in growing rats

In an attempt to clarify the relationships between the digestive and metabolic effects of additional feeding of citrus pectin, the intestinal contents, tissues weights, nitrogen excretion and retention were studied in laboratory rats. Twenty-four growing male Wistar rats (98.8 g ± 5.3 g of body weight) were fed ad libitum for 20 days with balanced diets containing casein as the source of protein. In the experimental diet 96 g of wheat starch was replaced by 80 g of citrus pectin and 16 g of vegetable oil. Apparent digestibility and apparent protein biological value were calculated, the weights of digestive tissues and digestive organ content weights were also determined. All tissues of different parts of the digestive tract were heavier in the pectin fed group, and small intestine and caecum were statistically significant different as compared to control group. The contents of the small intestine and caecum were significant heavier in the pectin group. Pectin significantly lowered dry matter intake and growth rate and significantly increased faecal excretion of nitrogen and significantly decreased urinary nitrogen excretion. The consequence of alteration in the nitrogen excretion route was significantly lower apparent protein digestibility and apparent net protein utilisation, but apparent protein biological value was unchanged.
CVaR Constrained Planning of Renewable Generation with Consideration of System Inertial Response, Reserve Services and Demand Participation

Integration of renewable generation can lead to both diversification of energy sources (which can improve the overall economic performance of the power sector) and cost increase due to the need for further resources to provide flexibility and thus secure operation from unpredictable, variable and asynchronous generation. In this context, we propose a cost-risk model that can properly plan generation and determine efficient technology portfolios through balancing the benefits of energy source diversification and cost of security of supply through the provision of various generation frequency control and demand side services, including preservation of system inertia levels. We do so through a scenario-based cost minimization framework where the conditional value at risk (CVaR), associated with costs under extreme scenarios of fossil fuel prices combined with hydrological inflows, is constrained. The model can tackle problems with large data sets (e.g. 8760 hours and 1000 scenarios) since we use linear programming and propose a Benders-based method adapted to deal with CVaR constraints in the master problem. Through several analyses, including the Chilean main electricity system, we demonstrate the effects of renewables on hedging both fossil fuel and hydrological risks; effects of security of supply on costs, risks and renewable investment; and the importance of demand side services in limiting risk exposure of generation portfolios through encouraging risk mitigating renewable generation investment.
碳量子点的制备与应用 Synthesis and Applications of Carbon Quantum Dots

碳量子点(Carbon quantum dots, CQDs)是一种新型的碳纳米材料，因其强的量子限域效应和稳定的荧光性能等一系列优异性能，吸引了化学、物理、材料和生物等各领域科学家的广泛关注。 本文主要综述了CQDs的不同合成方法及其应用。 Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), a novel class of carbon nanomaterials, have received wide attention due to their strong quantum confinement effect and stable photoluminescence property. This article reviews the different synthetic methodologies to achieve good performance of CQDs. At the same time, the applications of CQDs are also reviewed in the article.
Stable isotopes reveal differences in diet among reed bunting subspecies that vary in bill size

Reed bunting Emberiza schoeniclus subspecies vary considerably in bill size and shape and seem to be at an early stage of speciation, in which bill might be indirectly causing reproductive isolation. Hence, we evaluated whether bill size, as well as age and sex, are associated with foraging niche in three west European subspecies of reed bunting: the thin-billed schoeniclus, the intermediate-billed lusitanica and the thick-billed witherbyi. Blood sampling was undertaken at three sites in southwest Europe during the winter (when these subspecies co-occur), and stable isotope analyses (carbon and nitrogen) were performed to assess their foraging niches. Stable isotope analyses of potential food items confirmed uniform baseline isotopic composition among sites. schoeniclus showed a significantly broader isotopic niche than lusitanica and witherbyi, which seemed otherwise similar despite the fact that witherbyi is more divergent in bill traits. Stable isotope ratios were consistent with the latter two subspecies feeding on C3-plant-feeding insects, whereas schoeniclus diet also included C4 plant material. Despite its lower sexual dimorphism, sex and age differences were found only in schoeniclus, but these differences vary between locations in a complex manner. Our results suggest that bill size and shape differentiated between northern, migratory and southern, resident subspecies as a consequence of natural selection through competition during the winter, which is now reflected in isotopic niche divergence between subspecies. The potential roles of sexual selection, reed thickness and summer temperature on the difference in bill size (and greater sexual dimorphism) between lusitanica and witherbyi are discussed.
Conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation of a T21L3 quasi‐geostrophic model

Conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) is defined as an initial perturbation that makes the cost function attain the maximum at a prescribed forecast time with physical constraint conditions, which is a natural generalization of the linear singular vector (LSV) into the nonlinear regime. In this paper, CNOPs of a T21L3 quasi‐geostrophic (QG) spectral model in three kinds of norms are obtained numerically by solving nonlinear optimization problems, and further compared with their linear counterparts, namely LSVs.
IN THE GLOBALIZATION ERA, WHICH ARE THE DETERMINANTS OF GROWTH?

This paper aims to present the factors that determine the economic growth nowadays, in the globalization era. From geography and climate to innovation and training, these factors diversified depending on the evolution of the economy and economic thought. Because of enhanced mobility as a result of globalization, some of them have lost their importance, others have become fundamental. During the last two decades, hundreds of empirical studies have tried to identify the determinant factors of economic growth. Many researchers have tried to explain economic growth based on changes in these factors, but the results leave room for future analysis.
Spot modelling of periodic weak-line T Tauri stars observed by CoRoT in NGC 2264

The space telescope CoRoT has provided light curves of T Tauri stars belonging to the star-forming region of NGC 2264 with unprecedented continuity and precision in the framework of a coordinated multi-wavelength observational project. We perform spot modelling of the optical light curves of five weak-line T Tauri stars whose variability is dominated by starspots. We apply two-spot and evolving single spot models in the framework of a Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov Chain approach to derive the a posteriori distribution of the starspot parameters and the inclination of the star rotation axis. We focus on the rotation periods of the spots that can provide evidence for differential rotation in those stars. We find meaningful results in the case of three stars with an inclination higher than 50 deg and a slow variation of the light curve amplitude. The relative difference of the spot rotation periods ranges from 0.02 to 0.05 that is 3-10 times larger than the amplitude of the differential rotation found in similar stars with Doppler imaging techniques. We conclude that the intrinsic starspot evolution, although very slow, has a significant impact on the determination of the differential rotation by means of our spot modelling approach. We estimate typical timescales for the evolution of the starspot pattern between about 20 and 50 rotation periods in our stars.
Building a Trust Model for Social Network

The revolution in information technology and the use of the internet changed the lifestyle of people. A major change was in the way of shopping. Companies started to offer their products online using social network s and people started to buy from the internet. Using social network has many benefits to the users starting from exploring a large variety of products to the very first way of ordering and the availability of the products 24 hours a day. One of the main problems that is found in using a social network is trusting the using social network social network s. the student concern about trusting to buy from the using social network social network s. Trust is a major concern for the merchant too; his concern is how to gain the student trust and to keep it. Many factors play a major role in acquiring the student trust in the online market. These factors rely on the social network characteristics such as design, interactivity and age and other factors vary from the social network quality, service quality, security policy of the social network, the privacy policy, the guarantee offered, the satisfaction of the user, the ease of use, the risk aversion and the culture factors. This study introduces the trusting affecting factors mentioned above and their effect on the trustworthiness factors (ability, benevolence, and integrity) a trust model has been built to show the relation between these factors and the trustworthiness factors.
Flexible Colloidal Quantum Dot Photodetection with Cellulose Structures

Flexible Colloidal Quantum Dot Photodetection with Cellulose Structures Jingda Wu Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Lih Y. Lin Electrical Engineering This thesis will outline a new way of fabricating flexible photodetectors. Solution-processable colloidal quantum dots (QDs, or nanocrystals(NCs)) are incorporated into cellulose structures to form a composite structure that can be used for photodetection. This enables new ways of device fabrication and also makes ultrathin, ultraflexible and even transparent optoelectronic devices possible. Inkjet printing with an office inkjet printer is introduced and applied towards PEDOT:PSS transparent electrode deposition. This offers a low cost method for material deposition. Flexible photoconductors are fabricated with these electrodes and CdSe quantum dot embedded tracing paper by utilizing the porous cellulose structure. Consistent photoresponse is achieved with such a structure under 550nm light illumination. After further realizing the shortcomings of tracing paper for its large thickness and low porosity, which both deteriorate the performance of these devices, natural plant-membranes are chosen as an alternative and offer superb properties for optoelectronic device fabrication. Visible-blind selfpowered ultra-violet detectors are designed and fabricated with the incorporation of ZnO QDs on reed membrane. Schottky junction devices are fabricated with the use of gold and aluminum as the electrodes. Sub-second responses are observed at a bias of zero, which is superior than most of the flexible photoconductors in the literature. An external quantum efficiency of over 3% is discovered with the device at 350nm light illumination under zero bias. A great performance enhancement is also observed on the devices fabricated on reed membrane comparing to the ones on tracing paper. Nanofibrillated cellulose(NFC) can be readily used to fabricate transparent papers. ZnO QDNFC composite structure is prepared and fabricated into ultrathin transparent papers with a thickness less than 1 micrometer. Self-powered Schottky photodiodes are fabricated on such papers and relatively fast response is observed at zero bias.
Unusually Broadened Spectral Profiles Observed in Solar Prominences

After surveying the spectra of 39 prominences observed by the Multichannel Infrared Solar Spectrograph at Purple Mountain Observatory and the 25 cm coronagraph at the Norikura Solar Observatory, we found that about 28% of them show small spatial scale (6" - 8") and short time scale (tens of seconds to a few minutes), unusual large broadening and large shift velocities in spectral lines including Halpha, Hbeta, Hepsilon, Ca-II H, Ca-II K, Ca-II 8542(Angstrom), He (I) D3 and He (I) 10830 Angstrom. We present in detail two typical events observed respectively on 2002 May 27 and 1981 August 2. The full-width at half maximum of the widest profile of the 2001 prominence is 1.8 Angstrom for Halpha and 2.9Angstrom for He (I) 10830 Angstrom, while that of the 1981 prominence is 5.3 Angstrom for Hbeta, 3.6Angstrom for Ca (II) K, 4.0 Angstrom for Ca (II) H and 2.8 Angstrom for He (I) D3. Such broadenings generally occur at a level of several-thousand kilometres above the chromosphere. Further, most of these prominences manifest a rotation of (0.4-1.35) X 10(-2) rad s(-1) pointing to the Sun and large line-of-sight velocities of 20-260 km s-1. Some of these events correspond in time to an enhancement or a small peak in the GOES X-ray flux, indicating the existence of high energy process at work. These prominences generally display discernible changes in the Halpha morphology around the time of large broadening, but do not show Ha brightening or overall eruption except for a few small surge-like events, hence, they are hardly observed in daily Ha patrols. According to the characteristics of their Ha structures and spectral properties, we infer these events are small-scale eruptions similar to nano-flares, which may contribute to the mass and energy transported into the corona. Large turbulent velocities of 25.120 km s(-1) are responsible for the observed broadenings.
Perfect control of reflection and refraction using spatially dispersive metasurfaces

Nonuniform metasurfaces (electrically thin composite layers) can be used for shaping refracted and reflected electromagnetic waves. However, known design approaches based on the generalized refraction and reflection laws do not allow realization of perfectly performing devices: there are always some parasitic reflections into undesired directions. In this paper we introduce and discuss a general approach to the synthesis of metasurfaces for full control of transmitted and reflected plane waves and show that perfect performance can be realized. The method is based on the use of an equivalent impedance matrix model which connects the tangential field components at the two sides on the metasurface. With this approach we are able to understand what physical properties of the metasurface are needed in order to perfectly realize the desired response. Furthermore, we determine the required polarizabilities of the metasurface unit cells and discuss suitable cell structures. It appears that only spatially dispersive metasurfaces allow realization of perfect refraction and reflection of incident plane waves into arbitrary directions. In particular, ideal refraction is possible only if the metasurface is bianisotropic (weak spatial dispersion), and ideal reflection without polarization transformation requires spatial dispersion with a specific, strongly nonlocal response to the fields.
The Phenology of Infestations and the Impacts of Different Varieties of Cold Hardy Red Raspberries on Drosophila suzukii

Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (SWD), is emerging as the most significant pest of berries and stone fruits worldwide. With a broad host range, thin-skinned berries are particularly susceptible to infestation, and fruit producers are desperate for methods to control this pest. One of the keys to developing an integrated management program for SWD is to understand host preference and varietal susceptibility of highly susceptible crop hosts. Working in replicated small plots, experiments were conducted to evaluate differences in varietal susceptibility on cold hardy red primocane fruiting raspberries. Significant differences were observed in both the level of infestation and in the average number of larvae per berry by variety. In addition, it appears that there is a significant negative correlation between the level of infestation and the number of larvae per fruit with the time of sampling, but only an interaction of variety and time for the number of larvae per berry. These data provide a better understanding of the biology and ecology of this pest which is critical in refining current management practices. Knowledge of these interactions can aid in optimizing control strategies such as fine-tuning spatial and temporal control measures, which may be particularly important for early season infestations.
Determination of size-independent fracture energy of granite using peak loads of beams

Fracture energy, defined as the amount of energy necessary to create one unit area of a crack, is a very important parameter in analyzing the behavior of quasi-brittle materials such as concrete, mortar, rock, et al. The size-independent fracture energy of concrete and mortar can be obtained according to boundary effect theory. The intention of this paper is to determine the sizeindependent fracture energy of granite by virtue of the peak loads of three-point-bending notched beams. An analytical model was presented to correlate the peak loads with the crack-tip local fracture energy in granite beams. A fracture test was then carried out on granite beams with two depths, i.e., 30 mm and 70 mm. For the beams with depths of 30 mm, the notches are cut with lengths from 3 mm to 18 mm. For the beams with depths of 70 mm, the notch lengths vary from 2 mm to 53 mm. The average value of the maximum tensile stress at the fictitious crack-tip is adopted as 8 MPa. Upon the comparison between the analytically predicted peak loads and the experimentally determined ones, the correlation between the crack-tip local fracture energy and notch length can be obtained. It can be found that the value of crack-tip local fracture energy almost keeps 300 N/m without free boundary effect for the notch lengths from 9 mm to 18 mm in the beams with depths of 30 mm and for the notch lengths from 10 mm to 53 mm in the beams with depths of 70 mm. Thus, the size-independent fracture energy is 300 N/m for this type of granite.
Real-time digital hardware pitch detector

A high-quality pitch detector has been built in digital hard-ware and operates in real time at a 10 kHz sampling rate. The hardware is capable of providing energy as well as pitch-period estimates. The pitch and energy computations are performed 100 times/s (i.e., once per 10 ms interval). The algorithm to estimate the pitch period uses center clipping, infinite peak clipping, and a simplified autocorrelation analysis. The analysis is performed on a 300 sample section of speech which is both center clipped and infinite peak clipped, yielding a three-level speech signal where the levels are -1, 0, and +1 depending on the relation of the original speech sample to the clipping threshold. Thus computation of the autocorrelation function of the clipped speech is easily implemented in digital hardware using simple combinatorial logic, i.e., an up-down counter can be used to compute each correlation point. The pitch detector has been interfaced to the NOVA computer facility of the Acoustics Research Department at Bell Laboratories.
Altered Expression of Connexins and Kir 2 . 1 Potassium Ion Channels in Hearing Loss Patients

Connexins, Kv-type ion channels, and pannexins have a dominant role in maintaining the potassium ion homeostasis in the cochlea. The cellular background currents are sustained by Kir2.1 ion channels; however, their involvement in the hearing system is less clear. In this study, the mutations of gap junction proteins beta 2 (GJB2), beta 3 (GJB3) and beta 6 (GJB6) were screened in the white Caucasian population in Hungary using gene mapping and immunofluorescence methods from translated proteins of these genes—connexins on blood cells. Expression of connexins and Kir2.1 ion channels was investigated in the blood cells of deaf patients prior to cochlear implantation, and the results show significantly decreased amounts of connexin26 and connexin43. In addition, the coexpression of Kir2.1 ion channels with synapse-associated 97 proteins was partially impaired. Our investigation revealed a reduced level of Kir2.1 channels in deaf patients indicating a crucial role for the functional Shaker superfamily of K channels in the non-diseased hearing system.
Evaluation of triticale genotypes for salt tolerance using physiological traits

Salinity is one of the major constraints to plant production worldwide. The effect of terminal salinity on the physiological traits of 18 triticale (X. triticosecale) lines comprising nine doubled haploid (DH) and nine corresponding advanced lines (F8) and two bread wheat cultivars (control) was investigated under field conditions. Salt-stressed experiment was irrigated using saline water with EC = 16 ds m-1 from mid-jointing growth stage (Zadoks 43) onward. Na+ concentration, K+/Na+ ratio, Ca2+ /Na+ ratio, chlorophyll content, carotenoids content, proline content and grain yield were assessed. A high correlation coefficient (r=0.84**) was obtained between K+/Na+ ratio and grain yield under saline field conditions. The results also revealed an inverse and significant relationship between grain yield loss due to salinity with K+/Na+ ratio, proline and carotenoids content under saline stress provided evidence supporting the role of K+/Na+ ratio in salinity tolerance. F8 line number 6 possessed the highest values for carotenoids content, Ca2+/Na+ ratio and proline content as well as the least Na+ concentration under salt-stressed conditions, accompanied by having the least grain yield loss due to salinity, was ranked this line as superior salt-tolerant genotype.