Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting somatic cell count in dairy goats: a review

Somatic cell count (SCC) in monitoring udder health has been described in numerous studies as a useful method for the diagnosis of intramammary infection (IMI), and it is considered in standards of quality and hygiene of cow’s milk in many countries. However, several authors have questioned the validity of SCC as a reliable IMI diagnosis tool in dairy goats. This review attempts to reflect the importance of different infectious and non-infectious factors that can modify SCC values in goat milk, and must, therefore, be taken into account when using the SCC as a tool in the improvement of udder health and the quality of milk in this species. In dairy goats, some investigations have shown that mammary bacterial infections are a major cause of increased SCC and loss of production. In goats however, the relationship between bacterial infections and SCC values is not as simple as in dairy cattle, since non-infectious factors also have a big impact on SCC. Intrinsic factors are those that depend directly on the animal: time and number of lactation (higher SCC late in lactation and in aged goats), prolificity (higher SCC in multiple births), milking time (higher SCC in evening compared to morning milking) and number of milkings per day, among others. Extrinsic factors include: milking routine (lower SCC in machine than in manual milking), seasonality and food. In addition, milk secretion in goats is mostly apocrine and therefore characterized by the presence of epithelial debris or cytoplasmic particles, which makes the use of DNA specific counters mandatory. All this information is of interest in order to correctly interpret the SCC in goat milk and to establish differential SCC standards.
The Growing Health Literacy Gap and Graduate Medical Education.

With breathless delivery, these ads flash by in 30 seconds or less. From these television (TV) ads, one would surmise that Americans are consumed by hunger, violence, lawsuits—as well as cars and car insurance. Wait . Americans are suffering from epidemics in obesity and associated diseases, gun and other violence, and misconceptions about health, according to reputable scientific groups. TV ads reflect US society and are a source of information for some individuals. However, studies show that the Internet has surpassed TV as a source of health information, except for older Americans and individuals living in rural areas. The accuracy of TV ads and Internet information varies widely, which is concerning as some Americans have a long history of preferring disproven theories over science. Individuals in the current administration support further study of the association between autism and childhood vaccinations, despite overwhelming scientific evidence of no association. According to surveys by the National Science Foundation (NSF), 1 in 4 Americans believe that the sun revolves around the earth and decreasing numbers believe that ‘‘astrology is not at all scientific. ’’ About half of respondents understand that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses; less than half can explain the reasoning behind a scientific approach or use of a control group. The NSF and other national organizations have been surveying Americans for many years. They have concluded that Americans’ science skills are declining. In addition, concerted efforts by corporate interests, most infamously involving ‘‘Big Tobacco’’ and more recently the soft drink industry, have assiduously sown seeds of doubt about the credibility of scientific reports, with the frequent mantra of ‘‘we need more research. ’’
In-vitro evaluation of rutin and rutin hydrate as potential radiation countermeasure agents

Background : DNA damage is one of the major consequences of radiaon exposure onto the biological systems. A series of compounds including flavanoids were found to render DNA protecon against radiaon damage. In this study we elucidated the potenal of run and r un hydrate to protect plasmid DNA against damage induced by irradiaon. Materials and Methods: DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays were performed to assess the anradical potenal of run and run hydrate. Absor pon measurements were performed to assess binding parameters of run and run hydrate with calf thymus (CT)-DNA. Plasmid relaxaon assay was performed to compare the radio protecve potenal of run and run hydra te against gamma irradiaon mediated oxidave damage of pET28 plasmi d DNA. Results: DPPH ·
Low levels of Ypt protein prenylation cause vesicle polarization defects and thermosensitive growth that can be suppressed by genes involved in cell wall maintenance

The Rab/Ypt small G proteins are essential for intracellular vesicle trafficking in mammals and yeast. The vesicle‐docking process requires that Ypt proteins are located in the vesicle membrane. C‐terminal geranylgeranyl anchors mediate the membrane attachment of these proteins. The Rab escort protein (REP) is essential for the recognition of Rab/Ypt small G proteins by geranylgeranyltransferase II (GGTase II) and for their delivery to acceptor membranes. What effect an alteration in the levels of prenylated Rab/Ypt proteins has on vesicle transport or other cellular processes is so far unknown. Here, we report the characterization of a yeast REP mutant, mrs6‐2, in which reduced prenylation of Ypt proteins occurs even at the permissive temperature. A shift to the restrictive temperature does not alter exponential growth during the first 3 h. The amount of Sec4p, but not Ypt1p, bound to vesicle membranes is reduced 2.5 h after the shift compared with wild‐type or mrs6‐2 cells incubated at 25°C. In addition, vesicles fail to be polarized towards the bud and small budded binucleate cells accumulate at this time point. Growth in 1 M sorbitol or overexpression of MLC1, encoding a myosin light chain able to bind the unconventional type V myosin Myo2, or of genes involved in cell wall maintenance, such as SLG1, GFA1 and LRE1, suppresses mrs6‐2 thermosensitivity. Our data suggest that, at least at high temperature, a critical minimal level of Ypt protein prenylation is required for maintaining vesicle polarization.
Application of signal sparse decomposition in the detection of partial discharge by ultrasonic array method

The detection of partial discharge of power transformer is important for the safe operation of a power system. The direction of arrival is an important part of ultrasonic array detection. Classic DOA estimation algorithms based on subspace analysis do not perform well under the conditions of low SNR and small snapshot numbers. The problem with using an improved algorithm is that it requires a huge amount of calculation. In this paper sparse signal decomposition is applied to spatial spectrum estimation. The authors derived the model of array signal direction finding by the use of matching pursuit algorithm, setting up overcomplete dictionaries for different types of sensor array and simulating different types of sensor array receiving signals. Simulations and experiments show that direction finding based on MP decomposition method performs better than using the MUSIC algorithm under the conditions of low SNR and small snapshot numbers, and that the influence of array types is less.
GA-ANFIS Approach to Language Independent Source Code Plagiarism Detection

Plagiarism detection in source code of different programming language is area of concerns for identification similar or identical fragments of source code in source-code files. Mainly, the system computes and displays the similarity value between each pair of programs in a dataset. In this paper, a brief discussion of source code Plagiarism is presented as well as comparative study of the application of various techniques in textual similarity processing on source code. This paper is designed an approach based on machine learning tools to cluster source-code fragments for detecting similar or identical tokens in input dataset and hence finding plagiarized files. Fuzzy clustering technique is an appropriate technique for detection of plagiarism of source-code due to their potential to capture the qualitative and semantic elements of similarity. In this paper a genetic algorithm optimized neuro-fuzzy based approach is proposed for clustering source-code for detecting clusters which could contain similar and hence plagiarized files. In particular, this paper compares the performance of proposed model models with some existing technique’s implementation of ANFIS, SVM, RF and LDA. As a result it is seen that proposed approach appears to overcome the several problems currently encountered by plagiarism detection algorithms and many of the existing algorithms and tools. The result shows that PCA based GA-ANFIS having higher accuracy than several existing techniques.
Transfusion of aged packed red blood cells results in decreased tissue oxygenation in critically injured trauma patients.

BACKGROUND Blood transfusion is a common event in the treatment of injured patients. The effect of red blood cell transfusion on tissue oxygenation is unclear. The transfusion of older blood has been shown to be detrimental in retrospective studies. This study aims to study the effect of the age of the blood transfused on the tissue oxygenation using near infrared spectroscopy. METHODS Thirty-two critically injured trauma patients for whom a blood transfusion had been ordered were recruited. Each patient had a transcutaneous probe placed on the thenar eminence. The probe was placed 1 hour before the transfusion and left in place until 4 hours after transfusion. Tissue oxygen saturation (Sto2) was recorded every 2 minutes. The Sto2 area under the curve (AUC) over time periods was calculated. A control group (n = 16), not transfused, was recruited. The transfusion group was divided into two groups by blood age. One group received blood less than 21 days old, (new blood, n = 15) and the other received blood 21 days old or greater (old blood, n = 17). The data were analyzed for significance with Kendall's W and Wilcoxon's signed rank test (p < 0.05). RESULTS Baseline characteristics such were not significantly different between groups. The baseline AUC did not differ between groups. The old blood group demonstrated a significant decline in Sto2 comparing its baseline period to its transfusion period (p < 0.05). There was no similar decline in the control group or the new blood group. The posttransfusion period AUC for the old blood group was also lower versus baseline (p = 0.06). There was a moderate correlation between increasing age of blood and decrease in oxygenation (r = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS There was a decrease in peripheral tissue oxygenation in patients receiving older red blood cells. There was no oxygenation decrease in patients receiving blood less than 21 days. This indicates that factors in stored blood may influence the peripheral vasculature and oxygen delivery.
Differential recognition of target genes by nuclear receptor monomers, dimers, and heterodimers.

NUCLEAR receptors regulate the transcription of complex networks of genes and thereby control diverse aspects of growth, development, and homeostasis. The nuclear receptor superfamily includes intracellular receptors for steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and retinoids, as well as a large number of related proteins for which regulatory ligands have not been identified. Regardless of whether transcriptional activity is controlled by the binding of a ligand, each of these proteins must be capable of binding to specific DNA sequences that identify particular genes as targets for regulation. Elucidation of the mechanisms that underlie gene-specific recognition therefore forms a central problem in understanding how various members of the nuclear receptor superfamily function to differentially regulate gene expression. The sequence-specific DNA binding properties of nuclear receptors are determined by two conserved domains that function in an interdependent manner to mediate protein-DNA and protein-protein int.
Excessive Exercise in Eating Disorder Patients and in Healthy Women

Objective: In order to elucidate the nature of excessive exercise among individuals with eating disorders, exercise behaviours were compared between eating disorder patients receiving specialist treatment and healthy women, and between subgroups of patients. Methods: Self-report measures of obligatory exercise, motivation for exercise and frequency of hard exercise for weight or shape reasons were completed by eating disorder patients (n=102) and healthy women (n=184). Results: The experience of intense guilt when exercise is missed and exercising solely or primarily for reasons of weight, shape or physical attractiveness, were the exercise behaviours that most clearly differentiated between women with eating disorders and healthy women. Patients with the purging form of anorexia nervosa (n=13) and those with bulimia nervosa (n=41) tended to have higher scores on measures of these behaviours than those with the restricting form of anorexia nervosa (n=15). Conclusions: Research addressing the prevalence and correlates of excessive exercise in eating disorder patients would benefit from a broader assessment of exercise behaviour than has typically been used in previous studies. In addition, the findings may indicate specific targets for the clinical management of excessive exercise as well as for community-based health promotion initiatives.
Lymphedema and quality of life in breast cancer survivors: the Iowa Women's Health Study.

PURPOSE The impact of lymphedema or related arm symptoms on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in breast cancer (BrCa) survivors has not been examined using a large population-based cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS The Iowa Women's Health Study (IWHS) collected self-report data for lymphedema, arm symptoms, and HRQOL (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36) in 2004 and data for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and behavioral and health characteristics between 1986 and 2003. We studied 1,287 women, age 55 to 69 years at baseline, who developed unilateral BrCa. We used cross-sectional analyses to describe the prevalence of lymphedema and arm symptoms and multivariate-adjusted generalized linear models to compare HRQOL (physical functioning, bodily pain, general health, physical and emotional role limitations, vitality, social functioning, and mental health) between the following three survivor groups: women with lymphedema (n = 104), women with arm symptoms without diagnosed lymphedema (n = 475), and women without lymphedema or arm symptoms (n = 708). RESULTS The mean (+/- SE) time between BrCa diagnosis and lymphedema survey was 8.1 +/- 0.2 years. Of BrCa survivors, 8.1% self-reported diagnosed lymphedema, and 37.2% self-reported arm symptoms. Knowledge of lymphedema was low among survivors without diagnosed lymphedema (n = 1,183). After multivariate adjustment, women with diagnosed lymphedema or arm symptoms without diagnosed lymphedema had lower physical and mental HRQOL compared with women without lymphedema or arm symptoms. Effect sizes were mild to moderate. There was a dose-response relation between number of arm symptoms and lower HRQOL. CONCLUSION In the IWHS, HRQOL was lower for BrCa survivors with diagnosed lymphedema and for those with arm symptoms without diagnosed lymphedema. Clinical trials are needed to determine what interventions can improve lymphedema and impact HRQOL for BrCa survivors.
Structure of the small cerebral arteries in hypertension.

In a previous publication,1 a study was made of the normal histology of the small cerebral arteries and of the changes that occur in their walls with advancing age. With these observations available for comparison it seemed of interest to study the vascular alterations resulting from hypertension. In reviewing the literature on the structure of small cerebral arteries in hypertensive persons, one is impressed by the paucity of reports. There is a definite lack of agreement as to the exact character of the changes. Johnson 2 and Ewald3 described a medial hypertrophy occurring win the arterioles throughout the body. These investigators, however, made no special reference to the cerebral vessels. Jores 4 recorded a widespread intimal hyalinization occurring within most of the arterioles, excluding those within the skeletal muscles. Keith, Wagener and Kernohan5 studied the arterioles in four cases of malignant hypertension. They descnbed a marked intimal hyperplasia with hypertrophy of the internal elastic lamina and of the media. There was some perivascular fibrosis. Rosenberg 6 reported changes in the brain in seventeen patients suffering from malignant hypertension. He found a thickening of the walls of the arterioles with an associated reduction in the caliber of the lumens. Intimal proliferation occurred but was not constant. The elastica interna was frequently hypertrophied, frayed and reduplicated. The media was increased in thickness. Moritz and Oldt I found the small cerebral arteries altered in but 8 per cent of their cases of hypertension. The changes consisted primarily of a medial hypertrophy and of an endothelial hyperplasia with an increase in the elastic elements. With these investigations in mind, 53 cases of severe hyperten-
Activated 3′,5′-Cyclic AMP-dependent Protein Kinase Is Sufficient to Induce Neuroendocrine-like Differentiation of the LNCaP Prostate Tumor Cell Line*

Neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation within prostate tumors is proposed to be a contributing factor in disease progression. However, the cellular origin and molecular mechanism controlling differentiation of prostatic NE cells are unresolved. The prostate tumor cell line, LNCaP, can reversibly acquire many NE characteristics in response to treatment with β-adrenergic receptor agonists and activators of adenylate cyclase. In this study, we demonstrate that these treatments induce protein kinase A (PKA) activation in LNCaP cells and that ectopic expression of a constitutively activated form of the PKA catalytic subunit, CIα, results in acquisition of NE characteristics, including the extension of neuritic processes, cessation of mitotic activity, and production of neuron-specific enolase. Forskolin-, epinephrine-, and isoproterenol-dependent NE differentiation of LNCaP cells was significantly inhibited by expressing a dominant negative mutant of the PKA regulatory subunit, RIα. These results demonstrate that prostatic NE differentiation in response to these agents depends on PKA activation, and this signaling pathway may provide a therapeutic target for treating advanced forms of prostate cancer.
Predicative Factors for Corneal Endothelial Cell Migration.

PURPOSE To characterize the effects of Descemet's stripping, Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor Y-27632, and donor age on endothelial migration in human corneas maintained in ex vivo culture. METHODS Twenty-eight cadaveric human corneas underwent ex vivo culture in either standard or Y-27632-supplemented culture medium for 14 days. The posterior surface of each cornea was manipulated to create two types of wounds: scratched wound--corneal endothelial cells (CECs) were denuded from the Descemet's membrane (DM) to leave behind a bare but intact DM; and peeled wound--both the DM and overlying CECs were stripped to leave behind bare corneal stroma. Endothelial migration was assessed via Trypan blue staining. Morphologic traits of CECs were assessed via Alizarin red microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS The CECs migrated preferentially over scratched wounds compared with peeled wounds. Y-27632 supplementation accelerated endothelial migration over scratched wounds. Endothelial migration decreased with advanced donor age for both wound types, regardless of exposure to Y-27632. Y-27632 supplementation resulted in a less rapid decline in endothelial migration for donors older than 50 years of age for scratched surfaces. Greater cell density and hexagonality was observed over scratched wounds compared with peeled wounds, regardless of Y-27632 supplementation. CONCLUSIONS The presence of an intact DM, Y-27632 supplementation, and young donor age are factors that promote endothelial migration in an ex vivo human cornea culture model. The negative effect of age on endothelial migration can be mitigated by the presence of an intact DM and Y-27632 supplementation.
Exploiting entity information for stream classification over a stream of reviews

Opinion stream classification algorithms adapt the model to the arriving review texts and, depending on the forgetting scheme, reduce the contribution old reviews have upon the model. Reviews are assumed independent, and information on the entity to which a review refers, i.e. to the opinion target, is thereby ignored. This implies that the prediction of a review's label is based more on reviews referring to other, more popular or simply more recently inspected entities, while reviews referring to the same entity might be ignored as too old. In this study, we enforce that the reviews to each entity are taken into account for learning, adaption and forgetting. We split the original stream to substreams, each substream comprised by the reviews referring to the same entity (opinion target). This allows us to deal with differences in the speed of each sub-stream and to exploit the impact of the entity itself on the labels of the reviews referring to it. For this constellation of substreams we propose a pair of two voting classifiers, one being the global, "entity-ignorant" classifier trained on the whole stream of reviews, the other one consisting of one "entity-centric" classifier per entity. We show that the entity-ignorant classifier contributes most for entities with very few reviews, i.e. during the cold-start, while the entity-centric classifiers contribute most after acquiring enough information on the corresponding entities. We study our approach on a stream of product reviews, show that our ensemble improves the performance of its members, and we discuss the conditions under which one member contributes more than the other.
Researching with people you know: Issues in interviewing

Abstract Interviewing is a key strategy used to elicit data in qualitative research. Whilst many nurse researchers are cognizant of the skills required to conduct a successful research interview, researchers may be less comfortable with the notion of interviewing a participant with whom the researcher claims a pre-existing, or dual relationship; a phenomenon becoming more apparent as the volume of researchers escalates especially in rural settings or smaller, heavily specialized fields. Issues pertaining to this particular situation are analyzed, debated and discussed. Furthermore tactics designed to enhance the research process whilst upholding the well-being of the researcher will be illustrated and elucidated.