Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the bravery and courage of heroes: considering gender

Heroes are frequently described as both brave and courageous. Each adjective is often used interchangeably in public and academic discourse, despite historical and philosophical differences in their meaning. While research about heroes and heroism is burgeoning, little work has yet to provide a detailed analysis of specific hero features; indeed, there is a need for greater precision in our terminology and conceptual analyses of heroism. In the present article, we focus on two features of heroism, bravery and courage, and critically parse these terms and the pervasive gender stereotypes that are associated with each. We aim to spark critical discussions about the personal features, motivations, and behaviors associated with heroes and heroism, as well as to outline some directions for future heroism research. We extend our previous work on the central and peripheral features of heroism, and provide directions for considering the role of gender and gender stereotypes in developing future theory and research on heroism.
STRESS STATE AT SOULTZ-SOUS-FORÊTS TO 5 KM DEPTH FROM WELLBORE FAILURE AND HYDRAULIC OBSERVATIONS.

Observations of breakouts and drilling-induced tension fractures (DITFs) in two 5 km deep boreholes of the European Enhanced Geothermal Project of Soultz-sous-Forets, France have been combined with the analysis of pressure data from stimulation tests in all 3 deep wells to obtained a description of the state of stress in the granite down to 5 km depth. The orientation of the maximum horizontal stress, SHmax, in the 5 km deep reservoir is found to be N169°E±14°, in accord with previous results from the 3.5 km reservoir. Analysis of pressure at the casing shoe of the deep boreholes during stimulation permits the profile of Shmin magnitude to be extended down to 5 km depth. Finally, by combining all available information, bounds were set on the magnitude of SHmax. The result is a linear characterisation for the stress state at Soultz that is valid between depths of 1.5-5.0 km (excluding the effects of local stress heterogeneity).
NINE YEARS AFTER THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL: EFFECTS ON MARINE BIRD POPULATIONS IN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, ALASKA

Abstract We compared post Exxon Valdez oil-spill densities of marine birds in Prince William Sound from 1989–1991, 1993, 1996, and 1998 to pre-spill densities from 1984–1985. Post-spill densities of several species of marine birds were lower than expected in the oiled area of Prince William Sound when compared to densities in the unoiled area. These negative effects continued through 1998 for five taxa: cormorants, goldeneyes, mergansers, Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba), and murres. Black Oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani) and Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) exhibited negative effects in 1990 and 1991. Loons showed a weak negative effect in 1993. Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) showed relative decreases in 1989, 1996, and 1998 which may have been caused by shifts in foraging distribution rather than declines in populations. Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) showed positive effects in most post-spill years. Murrelets and terns showed relative increases in 1993, 1996, and 1998. Generally, taxa that dive for their food were negatively affected, whereas taxa that feed at the surface were not. Effects for some taxa were dependent upon the spatial scale at which they were analyzed. Movements of birds and the mosaic pattern of oiling reduced our ability to detect oil-spill effects, therefore our results may be conservative. Several marine bird species were negatively affected at the population level and have not recovered to pre-spill levels nine years after the oil spill. The reason for lack of recovery may be related to persistent oil remaining in the environment and reduced forage fish abundance.
An Improved Estimation Method for Single Image Dehazing Model

In this paper we present an improved method for estimating the optical transmission t in hazy scenes in a given single input image. Firstly, a new formulation to estimate t is created by combining constant albedo and dark channel prior. Secondly, the watershed segmentation is introduced to divide the whole areas into some gray level consistent parts according to color distribution in the image so that user can better estimate the atmospheric light A, and also further avoid halo artifacts phenomenon. Finally, through this effective estimation to t and A, the scene visibility is largely increased and the haze-free scene contrasts can be better recovered. The experiment results demonstrate that our proposed method can provide comparable results to dark channel prior and obtain reliable estimation value t with the advantage of minimal halo artifacts and fewer unreal details.
NUTRIENT CONTROL OF CYANOBACTERIAL BLOOMS IN THE BALTIC SEA

Cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea were investigated with respect to growth Limitation and nitrogen fixation. The community was composed predominantly of Synechococcus spp. , and large, heterocystous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria (Aphanizomenon spp, and Nodularia spp.), that usually formed buoyant macroscopic aggregates. Although conspicuous, these aggregates often represented less than 20 to 30% of the total chlorophyll a. Nitrogenase activity was not Limited by molybdate availability, but, instead, by high concentrations of sulfate. This may explain inhibition of nitrogenase activity at high salinities. Inhibition of nitrogenase activity at high salinity did not occur when sulfate concentration was kept low. Nitrogen fixation and growth of the diazotrophic cyanobacteria were limited by iron. Synechococcus spp. was primarily nitrogen Limited but iron appeared to be the secondary limiting substrate, particularly when these organisms depended on nitrate as the source of nitrogen. Nutrient limitation of the picoplanktonic community was particularly apparent when a wind- induced mixing event occurred. These organisms responded by a subsequent doubling of their biomass within 24 h. Mixing of the water column apparently transported nutrients from greater depth into the euphotic zone, causing a temporary relieve of nitrogen limitation. [KEYWORDS: Baltic Sea; cyanobacteria; bloom; picoplankton; nutrients; iron; nitrogen; nitrogen fixation; molybdate; sulfate Nitrogen-fixation; planktonic cyanobacteria;marine-phytoplankton; iron limitation; gas vesicles; cell-size; ocean; eutrophication; synechococcus; communities]
Topside Ionogram Scaler With True Height Algorithm (TOPIST): Automated processing of ISIS topside ionograms

The United States/Canadian ISIS‐1 and ISIS‐2 satellites collected several million topside ionograms in the 1960s and 1970s with a multinational network of ground stations that provided good global coverage. However, processing of these ionograms into electron density profiles required time‐consuming manual scaling of the traces from the analog ionograms, and as a result, only a few percent of the ionograms had been processed into electron density profiles. In recent years an effort began to digitize the analog recordings to prepare the ionograms for computerized analysis. As of November 2002, approximately 390,000 ISIS‐1 and ISIS‐2 digital topside‐sounder ionograms have been produced. The Topside Ionogram Scaler With True Height Algorithm (TOPIST) program was developed for the automated scaling of the echo traces and for the inversion of these traces into topside electron density profiles. The program is based on the techniques that have been successfully applied in the analysis of ground‐based Digisonde ionograms. The TOPIST software also includes an “editing option” for manual scaling of the more difficult ionograms, which could not be scaled during the automated TOPIST run. TOPIST is now successfully scaling ∼60% of the ISIS ionograms, and the electron density profiles are available through the online archive of the National Space Science Data Center at ftp://nssdcftp.gsfc. nasa.gov/spacecraft_data/isis/topside_sounder. This data restoration effort is producing a unique global database of topside electron densities over more than one solar cycle, which will be of particular importance for improvements of topside ionosphere models, especially the International Reference Ionosphere.
Concepts for Urban Planning Towards Sustainability and Improved Habitability: Participation of Individual, Society, and Governance

In modern urban life in developing countries like India, many issues are building up due to the irresponsible and careless behavior of the population and governance alike. The wheel of time cannot be turned back to eliminate the sources of these societal problems arising out of modernization. However, there are simple and easy steps which an individual or a residential or commercial society may take to alleviate these problems. It calls for a change in the mindset and slightly modified perspective to implement these changes. The objective here is to inculcate and adopt sustainable and environment friendly practices and habits by modern urban population so that the cities would become a better habitat for the human race in future. There are financial commitments to be made and here, local governance may offer tax rebates to offset the expenses incurred by individual / societies in adopting the eco-friendly lifestyles. Few concepts which may pave the way towards this goal have been discussed with reference to the Indian cities. This would call for educations and awareness, participation of individual and communities, the monitoring role by the governance with reward and penalty system, as the case may be. The concepts discussed are based on the life in Indian cities but could be applicable, in part or whole, for the cities in other developing countries of the world. The models presented here can be considered while planning the infrastructure and stipulations for new / developing cities by the government.
Charcot Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy with Hypoalbuminemia : A Case Report

Charcot neuropathic osteoarthropathy (CN), commonly referred to as the Charcot foot is a condition affecting the bones, joints, and soft tissues of the foot and ankle, characterized by inflammation in the earliest phase. We report a case of Charcot Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy of the ankle joint with hypoalbuminemia presenting as complications from poorly controlled Diabetes Mellitus. Charcot neuropathic osteoarthropathy is a debilitating condition which may lead to postural instability, gait disorder and osteomyelitis. Early diagnosis and proper treatment is beneficial to reduce the risk of further complications.
Trialogue : A Communication among Nature , Humans , and Virtual Life

<Trialogue> attempts to set up aesthetic communication channels among nature, humans, and virtual life, and to experiment with sonic and visual interactions by digital processing for a new meaningful relationship of the three. <Trialogue> consists of three characters; Au(fish) that symbolizes nature, Hau(humans) who consists of the artists and the participants(visitors), and Vau (Virtual Life) that has a simple artificial intelligence and feelings. This is an “attempt” to make nature and virtual life the creators, in other words, to allow the subjects so they can create the artistic accomplishments. Each subject will participate in an artistic encounter where it produces distinctive sounds and images. Also, in this artistic trialogue, artists try to restore an equal relationship between the three subjects by forming a new relationship between them and to define new relationships between them. <Trialogue>begins with a small concert performed by the artists with the participants, the fish, and the virtual life. For the purpose of this attempt, <Trialogue> is an experiment with the collaboration and synthesis of three areas: visual art, music, and engineering. In addition, we challenge Hau(humans) as human beings to realize the crucial difficulties in the interfaces among the three subjects. To take part in the harmony with the other subjects, Hau should concentrate greatly on <Trialogue>.
Information Leakage Prevention in IPsec VPN

Virtual Private Networks are most widely used in all over the world. According to VPN it is considered that the networks are secure. But in all cases there are some loop holes to penetrate into it. So in this paper we discussing about the most dangerous loop holes namely the covert channels. There are a lot of research is done in the field of covert channels. But all works are not practically implemented to get an idea of how to prevent the covert channel. In this we are specifying the threat model and using some algorithms to prevent the covert channels. By the use of this concept we can completely prevent the information leakage (almost 90%).
Data mining based on integrated network behaviour analysis of different biological groups

With the fast development of big data and the encryption of network behavior was increasing, it was not enough to use single network behavior for big data analysis and mining in encrypted network environment. In this paper, a large number of network behaviors were analyzed in the process of handling cases, and the features of network behavior were extracted in order to identify different kinds of biological groups, and then the information mining scoring model which based on the integrated network behavior of big data was proposed, and the knowledge of frontline intelligence analysts were processed into expert model, then the key suspects were automatically and exactly found through the expert knowledge and scoring model, and it can also be used in the biological areas to find special objects. Experiments and practical project applications showed that this method could not only solve the difficult in the practical work, but also improve the efficiency of the work.
Diffusional mechanism of deintercalation in LiFe 1 − y Mn y PO 4 cathode material

The paper presents the investigations on the structural, electrical and electrochemical properties of Mn substituted phospho-olivines LiFe1− y MnyPO4 and of W, Ti or Al doped LiFePO4. The microscopic nature of the observed macroscopic, metallic-like conductivity of W, Ti, Al doped phospho-olivine samples is discussed. Some fundamental arguments against the bulk type conductivity are presented. A single phase, diffusional mechanism of deintercalation was found to appear for Mn-substituted LiFe1− yMnyPO4 samples in the whole range of lithium concentration, in contrast to the pure LiFePO4, LiMnPO4 and W, Ti, Al doped phospho-olivines, where a two-phase mechanism of electrochemical lithium extraction/insertion is observed. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Saliva as a Diagnostic Fluid

Adresa za dopisivanje Prof. David B. Ferguson Visiting professor at AIMST University, Kedah AIMST University, 111 Kedah Malaysia dbferguson@supanet.com Sažetak Lakoća i jednostavnost te neinvazivan način kojim se slina skuplja od većine ispitanika, mnoge je istraživače upozorila na to da bi mogla, za dijagnostičko ispitivanje, biti prikladnija od krvi. Mogućnosti su predstavljene u znanstvenom radu prezentiranom na Simpoziju oralne biologije, a nakon sastanka Međunarodne udruge za dentalna istraživanja u Nizozemskoj godine 1986. Daljnje analize u proteklom stoljeću nisu dale ništa novoga s obzirom na zaključke iz spomenutoga rada. Sada su, pak, nove, analitičke metode ponovno potaknule zanimanje znanstvenika za dijagnostičku primjenu uzoraka sline. Neke su metode bile predstavljene na sastanku IADR-a godine 2004. , a objavljene su sljedeće godine u Advances in Dental Researchu. Točnije, Akademija znanosti grada New Yorka tiskala je tekstove sa simpozija u svojim Analima godine 2007. U toj su publikaciji opisani novi i zanimljivi postupci u dijagnostičkim metodama u kojima se rabi vrlo mala količina sline. Ključne riječi slina, dijagnostički testovi Gost-profesor na Sveučilištu AIMST-u, u Kedahu, Malezija Visiting professor at AIMST University, Kedah, Malaysia
Sparse Voxel DAGs for Shadows and for Geometry with Colors

Triangles are probably the most common format for shapes in computer graphics. Nevertheless, when high detail is desired, Sparse Voxel Octrees (SVO) and Sparse Voxel Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG) can be considerably more memory efficient. One of the first practical use cases for DAGs was to use the structure to represent precomputed shadows. However, previous methods were very time consuming in building the DAG and did not support any other attributes than discretized geometry. Furthermore, when used for scene object representation, the DAGs lacked proper support for properties such as object colors. The focus on this thesis is to speed up the build times of the DAG and to allow other, important, attributes such as colors to be encoded. This thesis is a collection of three papers where we in Paper I solve the problem with slow construction times while also further compressing the DAG, allowing much faster feedback to an artist making changes to a scene and also opening up the possibility to recompute the DAG in run time for slowly moving shadows. If a unique color per voxel is desired, which uncompressed would require 3 bytes per voxel, we realize that the benefit from compressing the geometry (down to or even below one bit per voxel) is rendered practically useless. We thus need to find a way to compress the colors as well. In Paper IIA, we solve this issue by mapping the voxel colors to a texture, allowing for the use of conventional compression algorithms, as well as a novel format designed for real-time performance. In Paper IIB, we further significantly improve the compression.
Molecular Chaperone Assisted Expression Systems: Obtaining PureSoluble and Active Recombinant Proteins for Structural and TherapeuticPurposes

For many years recombinant protein production has been at the center of biosciences used for structural and therapeutic purposes. The production of recombinant proteins in foreign host system such as E. coli has been a biggest challenge. This has brought negative impact on the ongoing search for alternative drugs and vaccines for diseases such as schistosomiasis, African sleeping sickness and malaria. At present, no system is available to produce various recombinant proteins from different sources. Hence, the search for a universal system that can be utilized for any recombinant protein is crucial. The basic requirements for high quality protein production in a pure active and soluble form have led to the use of molecular chaperones as supplement during recombinant proteins production in E. coli. Molecular chaperones are proteins that are known to assist the newly synthesized proteins to complete their folding stages. This system has improved various proteins that are difficult to produce in E. coli host. However, some proteins have not been produced as pure, soluble or active proteins. For this reason this has led to some researchers to suggest the use of engineered host systems that do not produce endogenous molecular chaperones such as Hsp70 or Hsp40. However, these systems are not easy to work with because of their fragileness. Therefore, this work explores some progresses made as well as challenges faced in coming up with the desired system that can meet all the requirements to obtain the desired protein product.
ON THE PROGENITORS OF LOCAL GROUP NOVAE. II. THE RED GIANT NOVA RATE OF M31

In our preceding paper, Liverpool Telescope data of M31 novae in eruption were used to facilitate a search for their progenitor systems within archival Hubble Space Telescope data, with the aim of detecting systems with red giant secondaries (RG-novae) or luminous accretion disks. From an input catalog of 38 spectroscopically confirmed novae with archival quiescent observations, likely progenitors were recovered for 11 systems. Here we present the results of the subsequent statistical analysis of the original survey, including possible biases associated with the survey and the M31 nova population in general. As part of this analysis, we examine the distribution of optical decline times (t2) of M31 novae, how the likely bulge and disk nova distributions compare, and how the M31 t2 distribution compares to that of the Milky Way. Using a detailed Monte Carlo simulation, we determine that 30 − 10 + 13 % ? > of all M31 nova eruptions can be attributed to RG-nova systems, and at the 99% confidence level, > 10 % ? > of all M31 novae are RG-novae. This is the first estimate of a RG-nova rate of an entire galaxy. Our results also imply that RG-novae in M31 are more likely to be associated with the M31 disk population than the bulge; indeed, the results are consistent with all RG-novae residing in the disk. If this result is confirmed in other galaxies, it suggests that any Type Ia supernovae that originate from RG-nova systems are more likely to be associated with younger populations and may be rare in old stellar populations, such as early-type galaxies.
PERCEIVING VOWELS IN A SECOND LANGUAGE

This study examines the perception of English vowels by native speakers of Italian. In two preliminary experiments, Italian university students who had lived in Canada for 3 months were found to have difficulty discriminating because they often identified both members of each contrast as instances of a single Italian vowel. The participants in two other experiments, long-time residents of Canada, were assigned to groups based on their age of arrival in Canada from Italy (early vs. late) and percentage of first language (L1) use (high L1 use vs. low L1 use). Experiment 3 focused on the discrimination of , and experiment 4 examined the discrimination of correct from incorrect realizations of . In both experiments, the early learners obtained higher discrimination scores than the late learners, and low-L1-use participants obtained higher scores than high-L1-use participants. Most important, the early learners who used Italian often (early high), but not the early learners who used Italian seldom (early low), were found to differ from native speakers of English in perceiving English vowels. These results suggest two important conclusions regarding second language (L2) perceptual learning: Learning an L2 in childhood does not guarantee a nativelike perception of L2 vowels, nor does the establishment of a sound system for the L1 preclude a functionally nativelike perception of L2 vowels. Another important finding is that, although the late learners generally perceived English vowels less accurately than the early learners, some perceived them accurately.This study was supported by grant DC00257 from the National Institute of Deafness and Other Communicative Disorders. The authors thank J. Prosperine and M. Pearse for help locating participants, Fr. M. Brodeur of St. Anthony's Church in Ottawa, Ontario, and all the participants. The authors are grateful to D. Meador and T. Piske for help preparing the stimuli used in experiment 4. Finally, thanks are extended to K. Aoyama, S. Imai, K. Tsukada, T. Piske, and three anonymous SSLA reviewers for comments on an earlier version of this article.