Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Direct observation of a band Jahn-Teller effect in the martensitic phase transition of Ni2MnGa

Polarized neutron scattering has been used to determine the changes in the distribution of unpaired electrons which take place in the martensitic transition in Ni2MnGa. Ni2MnGa is a ferromagnetic Heusler alloy which undergoes a reversible transition at about 220 K from a high temperature cubic phase to a low temperature tetragonal one. It has been suggested, on the basis of band structure calculations, that the structural phase transition is driven by a band Jahn-Teller distortion involving redistribution of electrons between 3d sub-bands of different symmetries. The results of the neutron scattering experiments show that the transition from the cubic to the tetragonal phase is accompanied by a transfer of magnetic moment from Mn to Ni. The unpaired electrons in the cubic phase have overall eg symmetry. In the tetragonal phase, the degeneracy of the eg and t2g bands is raised and the unpaired electrons are redistributed in such a way that the sub-bands based on orbitals extending towards the c-axis are preferentially occupied. Although the experimental moments differ in detail from those expected from band structure calculations, the change in symmetry of the magnetization distribution is consistent with a band Jahn-Teller origin for the phase transition.
A novel experimental method to find dust deposition effect on the performance of parabolic trough solar collectors

One main reason why the performance of a parabolic trough collector measured experimentally differs from the simulation results is inaccurate prediction of absorbed solar energy. The amount of absorbed energy of such systems mainly depends on optical properties of mirrors, absorber tube and transmissivity of glass cover of absorber tube. This study examines the thermal performances of three collectors during different periods regarding the weight and thickness of deposited dust. A transient computer code is prepared to estimate thermal performances of clean collectors and compare the results with dusty collectors. A special optical instrument is designed and constructed to measure the reflectivity of mirrors with respect to the thickness of dust deposited on the surface of the mirrors. Based on the measurements a new correlation is developed to find thermal performance of a parabolic collector for various dust thicknesses in comparison to a clean collector. Different cleaning schedules are proposed for the collectors’ field; and thermal performance and yearly solar energy absorption of collectors according to each cleaning schedule are also determined. The performance of a solar-fossil hybrid power plant is studied and the impact of different cleaning schedules on reducing fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emission is investigated.
Comparison of stabilizing treatments on porous silicon for sensor applications

The stabilities of porous silicon samples after thermal oxidation, thermal carbonization, thermal nitridation and dodecene-treatment have been compared. The stability of these samples in different temperatures and RH-atmospheres was examined by measuring the weight increase as a function of time. Also, the reactivity of the stabilized porous silicon samples in ethanol and KOH-solution at 25 °C was measured using an isothermal microcalorimeter. Other important properties of stabilized porous silicon samples for sensing applications, such as a specific surface area and a humidity adsorption behavior have also been compared.
Uptake of heavy metals from aqueous solution by non-conventional adsorbents

The present study investigates the removal of chromium and copper metal ions from aqueous solution using non-conventional adsorbents such as modified tree barks of acacia arabica (babul) and hardwickia binnata (aajan). In this study the influence of pH, initial sorbate concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and particle size was investigated. Maximum adsorption for both the metals was found to occur at pH 5. The process of uptake followed first-order adsorption rate expression and obeyed Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption. The Langmuir isotherms are best fitted as compared to Freundlich isotherms for the adsorbents studied.
Standoff detection using coherent backscattered spectroscopy

Intense laser pulses may be used for standoff detection of energetic materials. Coherent backscattered spectroscopy offers a tremendous advantage over other spectroscopic detection techniques in that it uses stimulated or amplified spontaneous emission from the sample to produce a minimally divergent, directional beam back to the detection platform. The characteristics of the backscattered beam depend largely on the intensity and pulse width of the laser source as well as the concentration and photo-physical characteristics of the target molecule. Different target molecules will exhibit different backscattered emission signals, allowing differential detection of energetic materials in the vapor phase. Because of the highly directional nature of the coherent backscattered beam, detection limits in the vapor of less than 1 ppm at ranges up to 100 meters can be anticipated.
New Lignan, Benzofuran, and Sesquiterpene Derivatives from the Roots of Leontopodium alpinum and L. leontopodioides

Three new compounds, including a benzofuran, 1-{(2R*,3S*)-3-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-2-[1-(hydroxymethyl)vinyl]-1-benzofuran-5-yl}ethanone (1), a lignan, [(2S,3R,4R)-4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl]methyl (2E)-2-methylbut-2-enoate (2), and a silphiperfolene-type sesquiterpene, [(1S,2Z,3aS,5aS,6R,8aR)-1,3a,4,5,5a,6,7,8-octahydro-1,3a,6-trimethylcyclopenta[c]pentalen-2-yl]methyl acetate (3), together with the known coumarins obliquin (4) and its 5-methoxy derivative 5 were isolated from the roots of Leontopodium alpinum. Another known coumarin derivative, 5-hydroxyobliquin (6), was isolated from the roots of L. leontopodioides. The structures of these compounds were established by spectroscopic studies.
Redox Responsive Behavior of Thiol/Disulfide-Functionalized Star Polymers Synthesized via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

A poly(n-butyl acrylate)-based star polymer, polyEGDA-(polyBA)n, was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization using a modified core-first method. Further polymerization of a disulfide (SS) cross-linking agent bis(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) disulfide from the arm end produced a SS cross-linked star polymer. The disulfide functionality could be cleaved via reducing reactions, generating individual stars containing SH groups at the chain ends. The transformation between SS cross-linked star and SH-star was reversible via repetitive reduction and oxidation. Dynamic light scattering measurements showed that the average diameter of the cleaved star polymer was around 20 nm. The dynamic mechanical properties of these star copolymers were characterized through examination of the temperature dependencies of their shear moduli. The results showed that SS-functionalized star polymers respond to reduction−oxidation conditions, indicating that the disulfide bonds do cleave and re-form. These stimuli responsive.
Graft polymerization of acrylic acid onto polyethylene film by preirradiation method. II. Effects of oxygen at irradiation, storage time after irradiation, mohr's salt, and ethylene dichloride

In the grafting of acrylic acid onto polyethylene by preirradiation method, the irradiation in air gave a higher rate of grafting than in N/sub 2/, since the diffusion rate of monomer is larger for less cross-linked polyethylene. The rate of grafting decreased with increasing time of storaging polyethylene because of the decay of trapped radicals. The effects of storage conditions on the grafting activity was reasonably interpreted by assuming that grafting is predominantly controlled by both concentration of trapped radicals and monomer diffusibility in the polymer matrix. Mohr's salt was found to depress the homopolymerization of acrylic acid without marked change of grafting rate. The rate of grafting was increased by the addition of ethylene dichloride due to the increase in monomer diffusion.
Model Migration with Inclusive Similarity for Development of a New Process Model

In the processing industries, operating conditions change to meet the requirements of the market and customers. Under different operating conditions, data-based process modeling must be repeated for the development of a new process model. Obviously, this is inefficient and uneconomical. Effective use and adaptation of the existing process model can reduce the number of experiments in the development of a new process model, resulting in savings of time, cost, and effort. In this paper, a particular process similarity, inclusive similarity, is discussed in detail. A model migration strategy for processes with this type of similarity is developed to model a new process by taking advantage of existing models and data from the new process. The new model is built by aggregating the existing models using a bagging algorithm. As an illustrated example, the development of a new soft-sensor model for online prediction of melt-flow length for new mold geometry for an injection molding process is demonstrated by taking advantage of existing models for different molds.
Properties of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Based on Poly(Aryl Ether Benzimidazole) and Sulphonated Poly(Aryl Ether Benzimidazole) for High Temperature PEMFCs

Membranes based on poly[2,2′‐(p‐oxydiphenylene)‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazole] (OPBI) and their sulphonated derivatives (SOPBI) were prepared and first investigated for high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. OPBI and SOPBI membranes with good chemical stability were prepared by casting from their dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) solution and then impregnated in phosphoric acid baths to obtain H3PO4 (PA)‐doped membranes. The properties of PA‐doped OPBI membranes, including phosphoric acid uptake, swelling ratio, mechanical properties and thermal properties, were fully investigated and compared with PA‐doped SOPBI membranes. The fuel cell performances of PA‐doped OPBI and SOPBI membranes at different temperatures were first evaluated. When doped in different concentrations of H3PO4 solution, OPBI membranes adsorb more acid than SOPBI membranes. SOPBI membranes exhibit obviously lower swelling ratio in thickness direction than that of OPBI membranes. With an acid uptake of ∼110 wt. ‐%, corresponding doping level around 5, PA‐doped OPBI and SOPBI membranes keep reasonably high tensile strength. PA‐doped OPBI membranes exhibit peak power density of 0.78 W cm–2 at 170 °C and 0.25 MPa. With the same acid uptake, PA‐doped SOPBI membranes displayed similar fuel cell performance to that of PA‐doped OPBI membranes.
New X-ray powder diffraction data on δ-Al2O3

X-ray powder diffraction data, high resolution electron microscopy observation and refined unit cell parameters for δ-Al2O3 prepared from γ-Al2O3 are reported here. The new lattice parameters were a=7.9631(7) and c=23.3975(23) Å with space group P41212 (No. 92). The new data provide evidence for the simple tripling of the unit cell of the starting γ-Al2O3 spinel.
Polysilicon Wire for the Detection of Label-Free DNA

In this paper, we report the use of polysilicon (poly-Si) wire for label-free DNA sequence detection. Both single-strained (ss) homopolymers, polyadenine [poly(A)], polythymine [poly(T)], polycytosine [poly(C)], and polyguanine [poly(G)], and doublestranded (ds) heteropolymers (one homopolymer with its complement homopolymer), (A-T) [poly(A-T)] and (C-G) [poly(C-G)], were detected. These polymers, with different lengths and concentrations, were dropped onto the poly-Si wire surface, and then the currents flowing through the poly-Si wire channel were determined. The absolute value of the amount of current change ΔI in the channel for ss homopolymers with fixed length and fixed concentration is as follows: poly(T) > poly(C) > poly(G) > poly(A). For ds heteropolymers, it was observed that poly(A-T) has a ΔI that is higher than that of poly(C-G). This study also showed that the poly-Si wire is useful for detecting single- and multiple-base changes in the ss homopolymers as well as single-and multiple-matched-pair changes in ds heteropolymers. A single-pair mismatch in ds poly(C-G) was also investigated in this work.
STUDIES ON THE MANAGEMENT OF PYTHIUM APHANIDERMATUM (EDSON) FITZP, THE INCITANT OF TURMERIC RHIZOME ROT BY USING BIO INOCULANTS

The present studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of bio control agents against rhizome rot of turmeric. The application of combination of antagonistic fungal and bacterial was found to be more effective in suppressing the rhizome rot rather than individual application of the antagonists. Among the biocontrol agents tested, a combination of a fungal and a bacterial antagonist of (Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens) as rhizome dip and soil application after 3rd and 5th month of planting recorded the least disease incidence when compared to control. It was followed by the individual application of biocontrol agent’s viz., Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens which recorded least disease suppression. The same effect which was recorded in stem girth, Plant height, number of leaves and yield in turmeric.
Why is the Four Corners a hotspot for hantavirus?

Abstract. Sin Nombre virus (SNV) is a hantavirus hosted almost exclusively by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) that causes high (∼40%) mortality in humans. Transmission patterns of SNV in natural host populations are not well understood and, as such, represent a knowledge gap that has significant implications for human health. Since its identification in the early 1990s, the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States (i.e. geographic area encompassing southeastern UT, northeastern AZ, southwestern CO and northwestern NM) has remained a “hotspot” for SNV infections in both deer mice and humans; however, the reason for this skewed geographic distribution of SNV remains unclear. Therefore, our objective was to observe regional patterns of SNV prevalence in deer mice along a latitudinal gradient in the Four Corners region and determine the extent to which prevalence is influenced by factors including deer mouse density, small mammal diversity, vegetation cover, plant moisture content, soil pH and soil water content. Although we did not find a significant correlation between SNV prevalence and small mammal species diversity, SNV prevalence and deer mouse density were positively correlated. We found no relationship between soil pH and SNV prevalence; however, there was a strong negative correlation between SNV prevalence and soil water content. We also found strong positive correlations between SNV prevalence and total vegetation cover and between SNV prevalence and plant moisture content. Collectively, our results suggest that SNV prevalence is driven primarily by increased deer mouse densities and that deer mice are more likely to be associated with habitats that have higher plant moisture content, as well as greater total vegetation cover. Our results also indicate that, whereas soil pH is not a direct predictor of SNV prevalence, sites with dry soils at pH levels close to the optimal for SNV (6.9) that also contain high densities of deer mice may be hantavirus “hot spots”.
Crystal growth nucleation and equalization of Fermi energies of intrinsic nuclei and glass-forming melts

The energy saving produced by the equalization of Fermi energies of a crystal and its melt is determined by adding a negative fraction ϵsl(T) of the fusion heat to the Gibbs free energy change ΔG2ls associated to a charged crystal formation in glass-forming melts. In bulk metallic glasses, ϵls(Tm) is larger than 1 at the melting temperature Tm and only determined by the knowledge of the free volume disappearance temperature. When the unmelted intrinsic crystals have a radius Rnm much smaller than the critical radius R*2ls, ϵsl(T) is strongly reduced by the quantification of electronic levels in the large electrostatic potential created by the electron transfer from the crystal to the melt. The reduced value ϵnm0 of ϵsl(Tm) for Rnm=3.2E-10m in Zr41.2Ti13. 8Cu12.5Ni10Be22. 5 is determined by comparing the experimental Time-Temperature-Transformation diagram measured by electrostatic levitation to the calculated one. It exactly corresponds to the first energy level of one s state electron moving in the same spherical attractive potential and in vacuum in spite of the fact that, in a metal, the charge screening is built by many-body effects.
Removal of Phenolic Substances from Water by Adsorption and Adsorption-Ultrafiltration

In this work a magnetic adsorbent, magnetic activated carbon (MAC) was prepared and characterized by powdered X-Ray diffraction (XRD). A comparison was made between powdered activated carbon (PAC) and MAC for foul control in ultrafiltration (UF) membrane processes. First, the adsorptive parameters for PAC and MAC were determined for phenol, chlorophenol, nitrophenol, and hydroquinone. Equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir model in the studied concentration range of the adsorbates. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo second-order kinetic model rather than pseudo first-order kinetic model. These adsorbents were then used in combination with UF membrane. The parameters like percent rejection and flow rate for the hybrid UF/PAC and UF/MAC were determined. The influences of both adsorbents on flow rates and percent rejections were almost equal. The problems associated with PAC in the UF processes like cake formation and blackening of the pipes were not observed for MAC. MAC was removed from the slurry after use through a magnetic process.
Interactive comment on “ Climate model projections from the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project ( ScenarioMIP ) of CMIP 6

This paper provides a first overview over temperature and precipitation projections from the ScenarioMIP simulations conducted for CMIP6. As such, it is more of a documentation than a cutting edge research paper, in part also because many of the CMIP6 results are very similar to CMIP5. However, I think this is ok given the clearly defined scope of the paper and the assumed goal to support the AR6 process.
Elements of general and biological chemistry

Goals, Methods and Measurements The Nature of Matter: The Atomic Theory The Nature of Matter: Compounds and Bonds Chemical Reactions: Equations and Mass Relationships Kinetic Theory and Chemical Reactions Water, Solutions and Colloids Acids/Bases and Salts Acidity: Detection, Control, Measurement Introduction to Organic Chemistry Hydrocarbons Alcohols, Thioalcohols, Ethers and Amines Aldehydes and Ketones Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Enzymes, Hormones and Neurotransmitters Extracellular Fluids of the Body Molecular Basis of Energy for Life Metabolism and Molecule Building Nucleic Acids Radiations and Health.
CHANGING SCENARIO OF MEDICINAL PLANTS DIVERSITY IN RELATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE : A REVIEW

Medicinal and aromatic plants have played a fundamental role in alleviating human sufferings like diseases, ailments and disorders since times immemorial. The major causes for the decline of wild medicinal plant species are due to natural and anthropogenic calamities i.e. rapid climate change, urban development, industrial boom, overpopulation pollution, shrinking forest cover, habitat loss, over-harvesting, destructive harvesting and floods. Medicinal and aromatic plants are not resistant to the consequences of climate change like all other living members of the biosphere. This causes successively some medicinal plants endemic to geographic regions or ecosystems which could put them in danger and are particularly vulnerable to global climate change. Further, such problems with global climate change will certainly pose a more prominent or immediate threat and have the potential to exert increasing pressures upon medicinal plant species. Global climate change impact may have an incredible possible effect on medicinal plants particularly significant to their value within traditional systems of drugs and as economically useful plants.
Investigating the Common Factor of Drop Out based on Learner’s Perspective and Dropout Rate in MOOCs in Malaysia

- Massive open online Course (MOOC) is an emerging online learning platform that is known to recruit a wide amount of users. MOOC seizes challenges for designers as well researchers and provides learning contingency to users. However, the dropouts among users remain to be a significant issue and there is still a need for further investigation especially in users demographic context. In the past, studies exist that analyze the dropout factors; however, no major contribution work available that focuses on demographic findings. This study analyzes the common dropout factors based on learners perspective in Malaysia. As demographic context can also contribute to dropout factors. According to our study only 18% Malaysian users complete the courses they opted and around 64% people have never joined any MOOC platform which shows lack of awareness and dependency on traditional classroom education. In this study, factors such as communication language, time to study, financial support and other factors have been examined. Moreover, we have also compared the dropout factors with other countries to find out the common dropout factors and demographic pattern. Further, based on our study, improvement suggestions are also presented.
U, Th, Eu and colloid mobility in a granite fracture under near-natural flow conditions

Summary Laboratory core migration experiments were performed in a granite fracture from the Grimsel Test Site (GTS, central Swiss Alps). The flow velocity was varied (46 m yr-1, 94 m yr-1, 187 m yr-1) and solutions with 10-6 mol L-1 U(VI), 10-8 mol L-1 Th(IV) and 10-8 mol L-1 Eu(III) without (cocktail I) and with addition of 2 mgL-1 bentonite colloids (cocktail II) have been injected. Results are compared with those obtained in a field study at the GTS. Flow field-flow fractionation and ultrafiltration measurements show that U(VI) is not colloid borne, different from Th(IV) and Eu(III) which are associated with colloids in both spiked natural groundwaters with and without bentonite colloid addition. The partly unretarded U(VI) migration observed at short contact times (1-2 h) diminished under near-natural groundwater velocities (∼46 m yr-1) and only a weak retardation (Rf=19.5) could be observed. Furthermore, the U(VI) mass recovery decreased with increasing contact time and was as expected unaffected by bentonite colloid addition. A groundwater colloid mediated Th(IV)/Eu(III) migration without bentonite colloid addition could be confirmed in the core experiments but only at fast groundwater flow rates. Experiments at a water flow rate of 94 m yr-1 with cocktail II demonstrated a partially bentonite colloid facilitated transport of Th(IV) and Eu(III) with 27% and 37% mass recovery, respectively. At long tracer residence times in the flow field, no breakthrough of colloidal Th(IV)/Eu(III) could be observed in both runs, indicating the strong dependence of reaction kinetics on their mobility. Reference colloid experiments using fluorescence dye labeled carboxylated polystyrene microspheres (25 nm, 50 nm and 100 nm) revealed in general a higher recovery of smaller colloid size classes increasing with groundwater velocity. Additionally, an earlier peak arrival time of colloids and colloid-associated Th(IV) and Eu(III) was observed with respect to the conservative tracer 3H in all experiments due to pore-size or charge exclusion effects. In general, the colloid recoveries found in the laboratory core experiments are lower than those obtained in the field studies. The decrease of colloid mobility with increasing residence time suggests the occurrence of colloid attachment to the rock surfaces even under the colloid stabilizing groundwater conditions.