Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FOREWORD

Cancer NursingTM, Vol. 27, No. 6S, 2004 1S This supplement to Cancer Nursing: An International Journal for Cancer Care will be of interest to all those involved in the commitment to care for the health of the global community. It will be of particular interest to those committed to cancer prevention and control, care of the patient with cancer, and to making a difference in the lives of so many. The supplement documents the process of conducting Cancer Prevention and Control workshops over the past 15 years for nurses throughout the world. It describes and identifies those who attended the programs and why they were selected to attend, and acknowledges the impact they have made on cancer prevention and control within their countries. With grants awarded by the National Cancer Institute, United States of America, 140 participants from 71 countries attended the 9 workshops held between 1986 and 2002. The workshops, held in conjunction with either the International Society of Nurses in Cancer Care or the International Union Against Cancer meetings, were dedicated to presenting information about the issues of cancer prevention and control to a geographically diverse group of individuals working in the ministries of health and in academic environments. Our intent was to stimulate interest in and facilitate an increase in the knowledge of cancer prevention and control worldwide. An organizing framework to facilitate the development and implementation of educational initiatives to advance cancer care in an effort to impact global health in developing countries has emerged from the experiences of the faculty and those who attended the workshops. We believe it represents a model for the development of cancer programs throughout the global community. How the program participants did what they did, why they did it, and the impact of their actions tells the “story” of successful program implementation, response to individual cultural considerations, and the caring and commitment to making a difference. This supplement is dedicated to the faculty who taught in the programs through the years and the individuals who attended. It is our hope that we have stimulated the nurses throughout the world to continue to learn more about cancer prevention and control and to continue to integrate their knowledge in their daily practice.
Partial Explanation for Difference in Response of Hens Fed Diets Formulated Based on Lysine vs. Protein

Previous studies have indicated that hens fed diets formulated based on protein (FBP) produced more and heavier eggs compared with diets formulated based on lysine (FBL). It was hypothesized that this beneficial effect may be due to higher lysine or other amino acids rather then just protein per se. To test this hypothesis, fish meal (FM) which contains more lysine and has different amino acid ratios than soybean meal, was used to determine if the decline in performance associated with hens fed diets FBL could be prevented. Fish meal was used in diets FBL to supply the same quantity of TSAA and protein but more lysine (0.02 and 0.04%) than diets FBL. Three levels of FM (0, 2.5 and 5%) with three TSAA levels (0.65, 0.72 and 0.81%) were used to obtain the 9 dietary treatments. Three diets were also FBP to compare results. A total of 96 replicates of 16 hens each (n = 1536) were randomly assigned to 12 dietary treatments. Egg production (EP), feed consumption (FC), egg weight (EW) and egg specific gravity (ESG) were evaluated to determine hen performance. Hens fed diets FBP produced more (1.4%) and heavier (0.6g) eggs than hens fed diets FBL. Inclusion of FM (lysine) to diets FBL prevented the drop in EP and there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in EP of hens fed diets FBP (90.4%) and hens fed diets FBL using FM (90.4%). However, FM (lysine) did not improve EW equal to hens fed diets FBP. Although FC was not influenced by FM (lysine), a TSAA effect was observed. Hens fed the higher TSAA levels consumed more feed than those fed the lower level. These results indicate that the difference in performance of hens fed diets FBP and FBL were not due to protein per se but at least partially due to lysine and other non-sulfur containing amino acids.
Sociality level correlates with dispersal ability in spiders

Summary 1. The evolution of sociality alters the genetic structure of populations, often leading to an increase in the level of inbreeding and a concomitant decrease in the ratio between the benefits and costs of dispersal. 2. The association between an absence of dispersal and sociality in spiders has so far been established indirectly from the age distribution of colonies, their genetic structure and their sex ratio. Using a functional and mechanistic approach, we investigated the dispersal tendencies and abilities of individuals of both sexes in species of spiders with different degrees of sociality. We predicted that dispersal tendencies and abilities would decrease when sociality increased. 3. In seven species of Anelosimus (Theridiidae), we tested whether there is a sharp transition between dispersing subsocial species and non-dispersing social ones, or whether dispersal ability decreases more gradually as level of sociality increases and whether both sexes are equally affected. Our assays measured the propensity and ability to bridge, a common aerial locomotion mode in spiders that is especially relevant during pre-mating dispersal. 4. We found that the tendency to disperse by bridging and, at least in males, the ability to disperse, significantly decrease as the level of sociality increases, and that this occurs without a pronounced threshold between subsocial and social species. Additionally, we detected a reduction of leg length relative to body size with increasing sociality and decreasing dispersal abilities in males, which may be mechanistically related to their reduced ability to bridge. 5. We propose that the loss of dispersal ability associated with the evolution of sociality in spiders, especially in males, could contribute to the maintenance of their inbred social systems by substantially increasing dispersal costs.
Contrasting Rhizobium inoculation requirements of zero-tannin faba bean and narrow-leafed lupin in western Canada

Lopetinsky, K. J., Lupwayi, N. Z. , Olson, M. A. , Akter, Z. and Clayton, G. W. 2014. Contrasting Rhizobium inoculation requirements of zero-tannin faba bean and narrow-leafed lupin in western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1117-1123. Zero-tannin faba bean (Vicia faba minor) and narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) have shown potential as new pulse crops in Alberta cropping systems, but their inoculation requirements to maximize biological N2 fixation (BNF) are unknown. We conducted a 6 site-year study to compare the effects of several commercial rhizobial inoculant products (eight for faba bean and three for lupin) in different formulations (granular, peat and liquid) on nodulation, N accumulation, grain yield and grain protein of the two crops. The liquid and peat formulations were applied to the seed, while the granular inoculant was applied to the soil. Inoculation had no significant effects on nodulation, grain yield and seed weight of faba bean in all site-years. Un-inoculated and inoculated plants nodulated equally well, suggesting the presence of adequate populations of effective indigenous Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae for nodulation of untreated plants. The indingenous rhizobia could have originated from previous field pea (Pisum sativum L.) crops or leguminous native plants/weeds. By contrast, narrow-leafed lupin responded to inoculation in all site-years, and poor nodulation of un-inoculated plants indicated inadequate populations of indigenous R. lupini for nodulation in the soils. The seed-applied peat inoculant Nitragin Lupin and the soil-applied granular inoculant Soil Implant Lupin were equally effective in increasing nodulation relative to the un-inoculated control in 3 of 5 site-years (nodulation was not assessed in 1 site-year). However, relative to the un-inoculated control, Nitragin Lupin increased grain yields in 4 of 6 site-years compared with 1 of 5 for Soil Implant Lupin (and 2 of 6 for seed-applied TagTeam Lupin). These results show that faba bean probably does not require inoculation in these soils, although periodic checking is required to ensure that its high BNF potential is always realized, but narrow-leafed lupin needs to be inoculated with suitable inoculant products to increase BNF.
Angiotensin II AT1 Blockade Normalizes Cerebrovascular Autoregulation and Reduces Cerebral Ischemia in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Background and Purpose Angiotensin II, through stimulation of AT1 receptors, not only controls blood pressure but also modulates cerebrovascular flow. We sought to determine whether selective AT1 antagonists could be therapeutically advantageous in brain ischemia during chronic hypertension. Methods We pretreated spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto controls with the AT1 antagonist candesartan (CV-11974), 0.5 mg/kg per day, for 3 to 14 days, via subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps. We analyzed cerebral blood flow by laser-Doppler flowmetry, cerebral stroke in SHR after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery with reperfusion, and brain AT1 receptors by quantitative autoradiography. Results Candesartan treatment normalized blood pressure and the shift toward higher blood pressures at both the upper and lower limits of cerebrovascular autoregulation in SHR. Candesartan pretreatment of SHR for 14 days partially prevented the decrease in blood flow in the marginal zone of ischemia and significantly reduced the volume of total and cortical infarcts after either 1 or 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion with reperfusion, relative to untreated SHR, respectively. This treatment also significantly reduced brain edema after 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion with reperfusion. In SHR, candesartan markedly decreased AT1 binding in areas inside (nucleus of the solitary tract) and outside (area postrema) the blood-brain barrier and in the middle cerebral artery. Conclusions Pretreatment with an AT1 antagonist protected hypertensive rats from brain ischemia by normalizing the cerebral blood flow response, probably through AT1 receptor blockade in cerebral vessels and in brain areas controlling cerebrovascular flow during stroke.
Effect of Dietary Vitamin E on the Performance, Plasma and Egg Yolk Vitamin E Levels and Lipid Oxidation of Egg in Heat Stressed Layers

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin E levels on the concentration of vitamin E of egg yolk and plasma, TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) of egg yolk during refrigerated storage of 1 or 42 days and productive performance of laying hens exposed to heat stress (30 o C). Twenty four week old, 128 Lohman LSL hybrids layers divided into 8 groups. Half of the groups were kept at normal poultry-house conditions (20 o C) and the other half were exposed to heat stress (30 oC). In both poultry-houses, former groups were fed on basal diets and 2nd, 3rd, and 4th groups were fed on the vitamin added rations which were 45, 65, 85 IU/kg vitamin E respectively. Supplementation of vitamin E caused a very significant increase in the egg yields. Egg production was significantly greater (P<0.01) with 85 IU /kg vitamin E (81%) as compared to control hens. On the other hand the average egg yields were significantly decreased (approximately 14%) by the heat stress. A higher concentration of vitamin E reduced TBARS values in eggs. Concentration of vitamin E in the yolk and plasma linearly increased as the dietary vitamin E increased.
Application of a SUGAR model to analyse sugar accumulation in peach cultivars that differ in glucose–fructose ratio

SUMMARY A SUGAR model, which was established to predict the partitioning of carbon into sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol in fruit mesocarp of peach cultivars (Prunus persica (L.) Batch) with normal glucose: fructose ratio (G:F) of 0·8–1·5, was evaluated and extended for peach cultivars with a high G:F ratio of 1·5–7·8. The extended model (SUGARb) is more generic and assumes a high G:F ratio to be due to preferential transformation of sorbitol into glucose, preferential utilization of fructose or preferential conversion of fructose into glucose. The simulated seasonal variations in sugars via the SUGARb-model-matched experimental data for three normal and three high G:F cultivars well, and accurately exhibited G:F ratio characteristics. The relative rates of sucrose transformation into glucose and fructose differed according to cultivar but not according to G:F status. Compared with hexosephosphate interconversion, a lower production rate of fructose than glucose from sorbitol, and/or a higher utilization rate of fructose than that of glucose might be preferential alternatives for forming high G:F ratios in the high G:F cultivars studied in the present study, which is discussed in the light of recent results on enzyme activities.
Workshop on a detailed characterization of Trichinella spiralis antigens: a platform for future studies on antigens and antibodies to this parasite

SUMMARY In order to characterize immunodominant components of T. spiralis a workshop was organized. In this the reactivity of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, provided by different research groups, towards total extracts from adult, new born larvae and muscle larvae as well as to excretory/secretory components of muscle larvae were tested by ELISA, Western blot and immunoprecipitation assays. As a result of this workshop T. spiralis ML antigens have been classified into eight groups (TSL-1‐TSL-8) according to their recognition by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Among them, TSL-1 antigens have been the most extensively characterized both biochemically and immunologically. These antigens are stage specific, originate in the muscle stichosome and are abundant in both E/S and on the larval cuticular surface. The TSL-1 antigens share an immunodominant carbohydrate epitope (tyvelose), which is uniqueforTrichinella andisnotassociatedwithphosphorylcholine. The data collected in this workshop has allowed both the unification of the nomenclature for T. spiralis antigens and their biochemical characterization. It also has provided a platform for further studies on the characterization of otherT. spiralis antigens and indeed for otherTrichinella species.
Can Vitamin E and Selenium Prevent Cigarette Smoke- Derived Oxidative mtDNA Damage? (E Vitamini ve Selenyum Sigara Dumani Kaynakli Oksidatif mtDNA Hasarini

Objectives: The reactive oxygen species and their active intermediate metabolites produced by cigarette smoke may create oxidative damage on mitochondrial DNA. Damages of mtDNA may trigger mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria contribute to cardiac dysfunction and myocyte injury via a loss of metabolic capacity and by the production and release of toxic products. Reactive oxygen species induce myocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis, and interstitial fibrosis. These cellular events play an important role in the development and progression of maladaptive cardiac remodeling and failure. Oxidative mtDNA damage that have been created by cigarette smoke and possible protective effects of Vitamin E and selenium which are powerful antioxidants were measured in the heart tissue of Mus musculus in this study. Methods: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction method was used to measure oxidative damage and mtDNA copy number in heart tissue. It is highly sensitive for measuring DNA damage and repair. 6 groups were designed for the Cigarette Smoke, Vitamin E and Selenium applications. Results and Conclusion: According to our results cigarette smoke induced the oxidative mtDNA damage in the heart tissue of mice. Also these results have been obtained to suggest that the antioxidant supplementation may prevent this damage. This is important for the children who had smoker parents and all second-hand smokers especially.
PERFORMANCE, GUT SIZE AND ILEAL DIGESTA VISCOSITY OF BROILER CHICKENS FED WITH WHOLE WHEAT ADDED DIET AND THE DIETS WITH DIFFERENT WHEAT PARTICLE SIZES

To evaluate the effect of various particle sizes of wheat grain in meat-type birds, the performance and gut response of birds to 4 starter diets containing 30% and 4 finisher diets containing 50% wheat grain of different particle sizes passed through 4, 5, 6 and 7 mm sieves were compared with the responses of birds to whole wheat addition in a starter and a finisher diet at the same rates. The dietary treatments were as follows: fine texture (F) for wheat sieved by 4 mm, medium texture 1 (M1) for 5 mm sieved wheat, medium texture 2 (M2) for 6 mm sieved wheat, coarse texture (C) for 7 mm sieved wheat and whole (W) for whole wheat. All diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous, and all other main dietary ingredients except wheat were ground to pass 5 mm sieve. The performance parameters were feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio from 0 to 42 d. In vivo viscosity of ileal digesta, fresh lengths and weights of whole digestive tract and the amount of abdominal fat were also determined for all treatments. The results revealed that the best performance was obtained from the C diets, the F diet resulted in the lowest performance and those resulting from the M1, M2 and W were intermediate. However, the worsened performance induced by F and W starter diets of 30% wheat up to 21 d old was statistically become insignificant at later ages with finishing diets of 50% in comparison with the M1, M2 and C diets, suggesting that particle size of wheat grain lead to significant changes in bird's performance at early starting and growing periods, but not during the finishing periods even though the rate of wheat in the diet was increased from 30 to 50%. The diet of fine wheat particle resulted in significantly higher ileal digesta viscosity than the coarse and whole wheat added diets at both 21 d and 42 d old. It is most likely that increased digesta viscosity and changes in gut size can induce significant changes in the performance of broiler chickens, especially when the birds were young. In short, feeding broiler chickens with fine texture of wheat grain at early growing periods is not suggested due to the increased ileal viscosity and depressed performance although the negative effects of fine texture of wheat grain were overcome during finishing period even with 50% wheat additions. Medium and coarse texture of wheat grain remained to be the most preferred form of cereal grains although the whole grain is of great importance when no cost is considered for grinding.
Improving Patient‐Physician Communication

M astectomy and breast conservation result in similar overall and disease-free survival despite a notable long-term incidence of isolated ipsilateral in-breast events with breast conservation, according to 18.4-year results of an NCI trial of early-stage breast cancer. The overall survival rate was 58% in the mastectomy group and 54% in the breast-conservation group, and disease-free survival rates were 67% and 63%, respectively. And there was no statistical difference in isolated, contralateral breast cancers between the two types of surgery, said Matthew M. Poggi, MD, of the NCI’s Radiation Oncology Branch. The NCI data he presented at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium were analyzed in collaboration with the University of Michigan Medical School. Dr. Poggi reported that 22% of women who had breast-conservation surgery did have isolated ipsilateral inbreast events, either a recurrence or a de novo tumor. But after censoring from the data 20 cases that were successfully salvaged with mastectomies and rendered free of disease, there was again no significant difference in survival between the two groups, Dr. Poggi said. It was noteworthy, however, he said, that in-breast events were observed over the entire duration of follow-up, even as late as 21 years after the initiation of breast-conservation therapy. Dr. Poggi reported no difference in non-breast secondary cancers between the two groups. Women in both groups did develop metastatic breast cancer, but even so the long-term survival rates were similar for the two groups. But survival rates in the first year after discovery of metastatic disease were quite different, Dr. Poggi said. Patients in the mastectomy arm had a 97% survival rate in the first year after the diagnoses of distant disease, while patients in the breast-conservation therapy arm had a 59% probability of survival in the first year. After the first year, however, the probabilities were comparable, and the overall survival was not statistically different. Dr. Poggi concluded that there appears to be no detectable difference in overall survival and disease-free survival in the treatment of early-stage breast cancer with either mastectomy or breast-conservation therapy, which included radiation, after nearly 20 years of follow-up. “However, long-term in-breast failure does persist for patients treated with breast-conservation therapy,” he added. Protocol
Using simulated escape events to assess the annual numbers and destinies of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon of different life stages from farm sites in Norway

To improve assessments of the environmental risks of aquaculture, a series of simulated escapes of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from seawater netpens were performed. Individually tagged post-smolts and adult Atlantic salmon were released from various locations at different times of the year. Post-smolts that escaped during their first summer were capable of rapid migration towards the open sea. A small fraction returned to spawn and were recaptured after 1 – 3 years at sea (0.4%, range 0.0 –1.1%). A total of 13% of the post-smolts that escaped during autumn were reported in nearby fisheries during subsequent months, partly because they had grown large enough to be caught in the gillnets used, but more importantly because migratory behaviour diminished towards the end of the year. The mean recapture rate of adult salmon was high after releases in fjords (7– 33%), lower after coastal releases (4 – 7%), and zero on the outer coast. Most of these recaptures were immature fish recaptured in sea relatively close to the release site during their first months post-release. Recaptures of adult escapees after 1– 2 years in the wild were very rare (0.09%), probably because of their low survival. A Monte-Carlo method was developed to estimate the annual numbers of escapees from Norwegian fish farms based on reported catches of escaped farmed salmon in the sea and in rivers and the recapture probabilities reported here. The model provides a tool to estimate numbers of escapees independently from the reported numbers. Importantly, our analysis suggests that the total numbers of post-smolt and adult escapees have been two- to fourfold as high as the numbers reported to the authorities by fish farmers, depending on whether the incomplete sea fishery statistics are compensated for.