Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IMAGE LABELING FOR LIDAR INTENSITY IMAGE USING K-NN OF FEATURE OBTAINED BY CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK

Abstract. We propose an image labeling method for LIDAR intensity image obtained by Mobile Mapping System (MMS) using K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) of feature obtained by Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Image labeling assigns labels (e.g., road, cross-walk and road shoulder) to semantic regions in an image. Since CNN is effective for various image recognition tasks, we try to use the feature of CNN (Caffenet) pre-trained by ImageNet. We use 4,096-dimensional feature at fc7 layer in the Caffenet as the descriptor of a region because the feature at fc7 layer has effective information for object classification. We extract the feature by the Caffenet from regions cropped from images. Since the similarity between features reflects the similarity of contents of regions, we can select top K similar regions cropped from training samples with a test region. Since regions in training images have manually-annotated ground truth labels, we vote the labels attached to top K similar regions to the test region. The class label with the maximum vote is assigned to each pixel in the test image. In experiments, we use 36 LIDAR intensity images with ground truth labels. We divide 36 images into training (28 images) and test sets (8 images). We use class average accuracy and pixel-wise accuracy as evaluation measures. Our method was able to assign the same label as human beings in 97.8% of the pixels in test LIDAR intensity images.
Micronutrient levels in workers occupationally exposed to formaldehyde

Aim: The aim of the work was to determine the levels of some micronutrients in the serum of persons occupationally exposed to formalin in Benin City, Nigeria. Methods: The exposed group (n=36) comprised male embalmers (morticians) who have had occupational exposure for a minimum of five years, while apparently healthy age-matched male subjects (n=34) without considerable exposure to formaldehyde served as control subjects. The levels of zinc, copper, selenium, iron and chromium in their blood samples were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results: Statistically significant findings were observed in micronutrient status in the exposed group. Zinc (90.39±1.24 ug/dl), Copper (106.49±4.56 ug/dl), Chromium (1.5 x 10 -3 ±0.00 ug/dl) and Iron (117.79±3.42 ug/dl) when compared with the non-exposed group, Zinc (106.15±1.47ug/dl), Copper (165.08±3.64ug/dl), Chromium (2.2 x 10 -3 ±0.00 ug/dl) and Iron (158.10±2.57 ug/dl). Selenium level in the exposed group (4.6 x 10 -3 ±0.00 Unit/ml) was exceptionally higher than in the non-exposed group (1.4 x 10 -3 ±0.00 ug/dl). Conclusion: Formaldehyde contributes to depression of some micronutrients in plasma in occupationally exposed subjects.
PERFORMANCE OF A TWO INPUT NAND GATE USING SUBTHRESHOLD LEAKAGE CONTROL TECHNIQUES

This paper presents performance comparison analysis of a two input NAND gate using conventional CMOS, stack, sleep and sleepy keeper techniques. Performance characteristics of a two input NAND gate were analysed in 45 nm technology using BSIM4 model. Sleepy Keeper technique dissipated lesser static power and lesser static power delay product (PDPstatic) in comparison with the other techniques. An improvement of 1.4 X and 1.3X were observed in static power dissipation and static power delay product respectively by using the Sleepy keeper technique in comparison with the conventional CMOS technique. Sleepy keeper technique lowers the subthreshold leakage power dissipation while maintaining the logic state of the digital circuit.
Inner resources for school achievement : motivational mediators of children's perceptions of their parents

This study examined a process model of relations among children's perceptions of their parents, their motivation, and their performance in school. Children's perceptions of their parents on dimensions of autonomy support and involvement were measured with the new children's perceptions of parents scale. Three motivation variablesmcontrol understanding, perceived competence, and perceived autonomymwere hypothesized to mediate between children's perceptions of their parents and their school performance. Analyses indicated that perceived maternal autonomy support and involvement were positively associated with perceived competence, control understanding, and perceptions of autonomy. Perceived paternal autonomy support and involvement were related to perceived competence and autonomy. In turn, the 3 motivation variables, referred to as inner resources, predicted children's performance. Structural equation modeling generally supported the mediational model.
Points of infinite derivative of Cantor functions.

We consider self-similar Borel probability measures }i on a self-similar set E with strong separation property. We prove that for any such measure /i the derivative of its distribution function F{x) is infinite for /i-a.e. X e E, and so the set of points at which F(x) has no derivative, finite or infinite is of î
Effect of Entomopathogenic Fungi on the Food Consumption of Acrididae Species

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Aspergillus species on acridid populations which are major agricultural pests of rice, sugarcane, wheat, maize and fodder crops in Pakistan. Three and replicates i.e. Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus and A. niger, excluding the control, were held under laboratory conditions. It was observed that consumption faecal production of acridids was significantly reduced after the pathogenic application of Aspergillus. In the control replicate, the mortality ratio for stage (N4N6) was maximum on day 2 i.e. [F10.7 = 18.33, P < 0.05] followed by [F4.20 = 07.85, P < 0.05] and [F3.77 = 06.11, P < 0.05] on 4th and 3rd day, respectively. Similarly, it was a minimum i.e. [F0.48 = 84.65, P < 0.05] on the 1st day. It was also noted that faecal production of Acridid nymphs was not significantly affected when treated with conidial concentration in H2O formulation; however, it was significantly reduced after the contamination with conidial concentration in oil. The high morality of acridids after contamination of Aspergillus supports their use as bio-control agent for reducing pest population. The present study recommends that exploration and screening must be conducted to provide additional pathogens for evaluation as potential biological control against grasshoppers and locusts. Keywords—Acridid, agriculture, Aspergillus, formulation, Grasshoppers.
Fractal structure of the Horsehead nebula (B 33)

Analysis of the CCD image of the Horsehead nebula (B 33), taken in the H α (6561 A) using the 2.34 m Vainu Bappu Telescope (VBT) at Kavalur, India, is performed to test its fractal structure. Ten sample readings of the box dimension of this image were taken using a fractal analysis software, giving an average value of 1.6965725. The sample dimensions were found to be different from the topological dimension of one. Importantly, the box dimension of B 33 was not found to be significantly different from that of the Julia set (box dimension 1.679594) with c = −0.745429 + 0.113008i. This provides compelling evidence to show that the structure of the Horsehead nebula is not only fractal, but also that its geometry can be described by the Julia function f (z) = z 2 + c, where both z and c are complex numbers.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Applications

Silver nanoparticles possess unique properties which find myriad applications such as antimicrobial, anticancer, larvicidal, catalytic, and wound healing activities. Biogenic syntheses of silver nanoparticles using plants and their pharmacological and other potential applications are gaining momentum owing to its assured rewards. This critical review is aimed at providing an insight into the phytomediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles, its significant applications in various fields, and characterization techniques involved.
EXPERTISE VS GENERAL PROBLEM SOLVING ABILITIES IN HUMAN EVOLUTION Reply to Overskeid on Brain-Expertise

In my target article (Skoyle 1999) I proposed that expertise, a domain dependent skill, was responsible for the near doubling of brain size in hominid evolution. Overskeid (1999) proposes instead that brain size is linked to two domain independent cognitive skills: problem solving and factual knowledge. My reply consists of two parts. First, I point out that domain independent cognitive skills are the product of modern education, technology, and culture, and hence irrelevant to understanding the cognition and evolution of premodern people. Second, I show that Overskeid's specific arguments against expertise are limited, and argue that he fails to provide an alternative.
Evacuating Robots from an Unknown Exit in a Disk

Consider k mobile robots inside a circular disk of unit radius. The robots are required to evacuate the disk through an unknown exit point situated on its boundary. We assume all robots having the same (unit) maximal speed and starting at the centre of the disk. The robots may communicate in order to inform themselves about the presence (and its position) or the absence of an exit. The goal is for all the robots to evacuate through the exit in minimum time. We consider two models of communication between the robots: in non-wireless (or local) communication model robots exchange information only when simultaneously located at the same point, and wireless communication in which robots can communicate between each other at any time. We study the following question for different values of k: what is the optimal evacuation time for k robots? We provide algorithms and show lower bounds in both communication models for k = 2 and k = 3 thus indicating a difference in evacuation time between the two models. We also obtain almost-tight bounds on the asymptotic relation between evacuation time and team size, for large k. We show that in the local communication model, a team of k robots can always evacuate in time 3 + 2π k , whereas at least 3 + 2π k − O(k−2) time is sometimes required. In the wireless communication model, time 3 + π k +O(k−4/3) always suffices to complete evacuation, and at least 3 + π k is sometimes required. This shows a clear separation between the local and the wireless communication models.
Reverse Genetic Approaches for the Generation of Recombinant Zika Virus

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emergent mosquito-borne member of the Flaviviridae family that was responsible for a recent epidemic in the Americas. ZIKV has been associated with severe clinical complications, including neurological disorder such as Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and severe fetal abnormalities and microcephaly in newborn infants. Given the significance of these clinical manifestations, the development of tools and reagents to study the pathogenesis of ZIKV and to develop new therapeutic options are urgently needed. In this respect, the implementation of reverse genetic techniques has allowed the direct manipulation of the viral genome to generate recombinant (r)ZIKVs, which have provided investigators with powerful systems to answer important questions about the biology of ZIKV, including virus-host interactions, the mechanism of transmission and pathogenesis or the function of viral proteins. In this review, we will summarize the different reverse genetic strategies that have been implemented, to date, for the generation of rZIKVs and the applications of these platforms for the development of replicon systems or reporter-expressing viruses.
Fruit thinning and shade improve bean characteristics and beverage quality of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) under optimal conditions

Under two contrasting light regimes (full sun and 45% shade) and the optimal coffee-growing conditions of the central valley of Costa Rica, production pattern, bean characteristics and beverage quality were assessed over two production cycles on dwarf coffee (Coffea arabica L. cv. Costa Rica 95) trees with varying fruit loads (quarter, half and full loads) imposed by manual fruit thinning. Shade decreased coffee tree productivity by 18% but reduced alternate bearing. Shade positively affected bean size and composition as well as beverage quality by delaying berry flesh ripening by up to 1month. Higher sucrose, chlorogenic acid and trigonelline contents in sun-grown beans pointed towards incomplete bean maturation and explained the higher bitterness and astringency of the coffee beverage. Higher fruit loads reduced bean size owing to carbohydrate competition among berries during bean filling. These results have important implications in terms of agricultural management (shade, fruit thinning, tree pruning) to help farmers increase coffee plantation sustainability, produce coffee beans of larger size and higher quality and ultimately improve their revenues, especially during times of world overproduction.  2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Lack of kdr mutations in a population of Asian tiger mosquitoes from Costa Rica

Use of insecticides has led to the fixation of alleles for single amino acid changes in the voltage gated sodium channel (VGSC) associated with knockdown resistance (kdr) in insects of agricultural or medical importance. In this short note, we study allele frequencies of 5 kdr loci, S989, I1011, L1014, V1016 and F1534 in a population of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera Culicidae), collected in the only identified location with persistent infestations in Costa Rica. We found no mutant alleles associated with kdr resistance, and a synonymous point mutation was observed at loci V1016. Our results likely reflect the recent invasion of the Asian tiger mosquito in Costa Rica, and also provide a baseline for future studies looking at the global distribution of kdr mutations in this important vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses.
Variation in skull size and shape of the Common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis): allometric and non-allometric shape changes

We analysed patterns of skull size and shape variation among populations of the Common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) in the Central Balkans, particularly the effecs of insularity and the presence of the ecologically similar lacertid lizard species P. melisellensis. Two components of shape variation were analysed – size dependent (allometric) and size independent shape changes. The observed shape differentiation relating to insularity was greatly size-dependent and concordant to allometric shape changes which explained over 20% of variation in the skull shape in the analysed sample. The explorative analysis of size-independent shape changes revealed that populations of P. muralis which share habitat with P. melisellensis diverge from populations which do not share habitat with potentially competing species. These changes related to the general shortening and widening of the skull and increase of the jaw adductor muscle chambers were more pronounced in males. We suppose that the observed pattern of shape changes is driven by competition among species (character displacement) and, possibly, is further modified by heterospecific aggression and trophic shift.
A Buddhist economic approach to the development of community enterprises: a case study from Southern Thailand

This study was undertaken to observe the development process and key success factors in three community enterprises adopting a Buddhist economic approach to development. The enterprises were established by weavers, farmers and housewives from three communities in the south of Thailand. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and observation with representatives of the groups and their supporters as they participated in community activities. Buddhist economics differs significantly from neoclassical economics in its recognition of ethic and moral issues. In addition to the objective of production or consumption to optimise profit or utility value, Buddhist economics also recognises that many non-financial factors which contribute to an individual's quality of life are important. The key success factor in the community enterprises which were studied was the process of 'good thinking', or the constructive use of wisdom among leaders and group members through the processes of 'right understanding' and 'right thought'. Economically efficient activities were developed through the use of an external factor--a 'good friend', comparable with social capital--and an internal factor--the employment of analytical thinking by members, comparable to the use of human capital. Neither factor can be created from physical capital but is derived from the process of learning and reviewing. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts Language Arts Children's Literature and Back to the Basics Children's Literature and Back to the Basics

The comprehension of literature places different demands upon children than the comprehension of non-imaginative prose. This is because, in order to comprehend literature, children must enter and understand the highly imaginative worlds of literary creation. Although these worlds are charged with delight for the child, they are at the same time essentially unreal- they are the imaginative productions of their creators. Despite these different demands, the current so-called "back to basics" movement-entrenched as it has become in a growing number of com petency-based reading programs-asserts that it doesn't matter what is being read; as long as children are taught to apply a highly structured sequence of individual skills, comprehension will result. Many teachers intuitively resist the skills approach, however. They feel that teaching skills alone does not account for how children learn to read, especially when reading involves literature. But teachers need more than intuition as a basis for their resistance; they need a well-documented rationale. The purpose of this paper is to provide one. Through an ex ploration of how children think and learn to comprehend literature, it will be shown that many practices which teachers now use successfully, but which are at variance with the skills approach, are in fact consistent with how children learn to read literature. It is this consistency which accounts for the success of these practices in the classroom, which explains their intuitive and often long-standing appeal to experienced teachers, and which provides the reason why they should continue to be used in the face of the encroachment of "the basics" on the teaching of literature.
Variance-Index Based Feature Selection Algorithm for Network Intrusion Detection

This paper presents a feature selection methodology in the domain of Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS). An Unsupervised Variance Indexed Feature Selection Algorithm (VIFS) is proposed and demonstrated by considering a benchmark dataset, NSL KDD. A Fast KNN classification algorithm Indexed Partial Distance Search k Nearest Neighbor(IKPDS) is applied for finding the classification accuracy. The algorithm selects a subset of features based on fitness threshold value with tolerable loss in classification accuracy but gain in computational time. In a trade of NIDS classification accuracy and computational time are two factors to decide the performance of NIDS. Feature subset length is one of the parameter to influence the computational time. So in order to evaluate the fitness value to consider the classification accuracy and feature subset length in this study. Two parameters α and β are related to the presence of classification accuracy quality and feature subset length. A numerical illustration presented for 0.5 ≤ α ≤ 9, where α =[0,1] and β =1α. Then identified three feature selection scenarios. Finally the merits and demerits of these three scenarios are discussed. This VIFS fulfills the gain in computational time objective with a tolerable loss in classification accuracy.
Closed-loop gain analysis of LC Quadrature VCO for the accurate prediction of oscillation frequency

An accurate feedback system analysis method is used as a tool for analyzing submicron CMOS LC-tank Quadrature VCOs. A simplified analysis for the closed-loop gain and oscillation frequency is developed, and good agreement is found between the feedback theorem and simulation results. The insight closed-loop gain is used to explore circuit design trade-offs.
HUBBLE TARANTULA TREASURY PROJECT. V. THE STAR CLUSTER HODGE 301: THE OLD FACE OF 30 DORADUS

Based on color–magnitude diagrams (CMDs) from the Hubble Space Telescope Hubble Tarantula Treasury Project (HTTP) survey, we present the star formation history of Hodge 301, the oldest star cluster in the Tarantula Nebula. The HTTP photometry extends faint enough to reach, for the first time, the cluster pre-main sequence (PMS) turn-on, where the PMS joins the main sequence. Using the location of this feature, along with synthetic CMDs generated with the latest PARSEC models, we find that Hodge 301 is older than previously thought, with an age between 26.5 and 31.5 Myr. From this age, we also estimate that between 38 and 61 Type II supernovae exploded in the region. The same age is derived from the main sequence turn-off, whereas the age derived from the post-main sequence stars is younger and between 20 and 25 Myr. Other relevant parameters are a total stellar mass of ≈8800 ± 800 M⊙ and average reddening E(B − V) ≈ 0.22–0.24 mag, with a differential reddening δE(B − V) ≈ 0.04 mag.
Bencyclane - a new aspect of the mechanism of action in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Open-label, prospective, randomized trial

Wstep . Bencyklan wywiera korzystny efekt terapeutyczny u pacjentow ze schorzeniami naczyn obwodowych, jednak mechanizmu jego dzialania calkowicie nie wyjaśniono. Podjeto probe wyjaśnienia mechanizmu dzialania bencyklanu na podstawie wybranych parametrow badan klinicznych i laboratoryjnych u chorych na miazdzyce tetnic konczyn dolnych (PAOD), ze szczegolnym uwzglednieniem jego dzialania przeciwplytkowego i fibrynolitycznego. Material i metody . Grupe porownawczą stanowili pacjenci otrzymujący pentoksyfiline. Badaniem objeto grupe 36 chorych na PAOD w II stadium wedlug klasyfikacji Fontaine’a w wieku 43-69 lat (śr. 56 lat). Pacjentow podzielono losowo na 2 grupy 18-osobowe, uwzgledniając date urodzenia. W grupie stosującej bencyklan chorzy otrzymywali w godzinach porannych 200 mg preparatu w 250 ml 0,9-procentowego NaCl w kroplowej infuzji dozylnej oraz 200 mg doustnie w godzinach wieczornych przez 14 dni. W grupie stosującej pentoksyfiline pacjenci otrzymywali 300 mg pentoksyfiliny w 250 ml 0,9-procentowego NaCl w kroplowej infuzji dozylnej w godzinach porannych oraz 400 mg pentoksyfiliny w godzinach wieczornych przez 14 dni. Badania kliniczne wykonywano przed rozpoczeciem leczenia oraz po jego zakonczeniu. Badania laboratoryjne przeprowadzano przed rozpoczeciem terapii i po zakonczonej 2-godzinnej dozylnej infuzji lekow w pierwszym i ostatnim dniu leczenia. Wyniki . Bencyklan w porownaniu z pentoksyfiliną wykazywal silniejsze dzialanie przeciwplytkowe hamujące agregacje krwinek czerwonych i fibrynolityczne przy podobnym dzialaniu naczyniorozszerzającym, natomiast w mniejszym stopniu wplywal na odksztalcalnośc krwinek czerwonych. Wniosek . Dzialania przeciwplytkowe i fibrynolityczne, obnizenie stezenia PAI-1 oraz wzrost stezen t-PA i 6-keto PGF 1α a mogą sugerowac środblonkowopochodny mechanizm dzialania bencyklanu.