Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intellectual capital management : a critical analysis of conceptual approaches and tools

It is generally acknowledged that the new millennium is likely to witness a broad based tendency towards being knowledge driven. One manifestation seems particularly important, viz. the realisation that the proactive management of the important organisational resource of intellectual capital (Ie) increasingly influences corporate performance. In order for companies to remain competitive in future, it appears essential that an appropriate understanding of the concept of intellectual capital management (IeM) be developed. In view of these observations, there is a need for a critical analysis of extant conceptual approaches and tools to IeM. The objective of the present study was to contribute to an improved understanding of the concept of IeM. To achieve this objective it was considered fundamental to first establish conceptual clarity concerning the resource to be managed through IeM, viz. Ie. In a second step, an important task for the achievement of the objective was a critical analysis of extant IeM approaches and tools, to investigate their rationale, origin, and, purpose, as well as to establish advantages and disadvantages inherent in their operationalisation. Scrutiny of the literature revealed that conceptual vagueness and obscurity surround the term Ie, and that no clear consensus has yet been established concerning its anatomy. In spite of the divergent views on the definition and the generic properties of Ie a preliminary definition of Ie could be established by way of a comparative analysis. It was further demonstrated that the anatomy of intellectual capital can be synthesised into a categorisation scheme involving three distinct building blocks, viz. internal capital, human capital and external capital. Three IeM approaches and tools were eclectically chosen and critically analysed: i) Sveiby's "Intangible Asset Monitor," ii) Kaplan and Norton's "Balanced Scorecard," and iii) Edvinnson's "Skandia Ie Navigator. " These were selected because they were considered to encapsulate pioneering efforts and thus represent the status quo on IeM. Analysis suggested that the three models differ in scope and purpose, i.e. different approaches exist as to whether intellectual capital should be managed in isolation or in conjunction with financial capital, and as to whether they should be used for internal measurement purposes or external reporting. Moreover, extant IeM approaches and tools appear to be static in that they account primarily for stocks of intellectual capital, rather than for flows between the individual Ie categories. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
Four types of Streptococcus mutans based on their genetic, antigenic and biochemical characteristics.

SUMMARY: Eighteen cariogenic streptococcal strains identified as members of Streptococcus mutans (Clarke, 1924) were compared on the basis of biochemical tests, mannitol-i-phosphate dehydrogenases, DNA base compositions and DNA base sequence homologies. Some slight biochemical differences were found which correlated with the large differences in DNA base composition and sequence heterology which exist among these strains. All strains could be assigned to one of four groups based on these biochemical and genetic differences. Furthermore, these four groups correlated with four serological groups described by Bratthall (1970). It is proposed to divide S. mutans into four subspecies: S. mutans subsp. mutans, the type subspecies, has a guanine-cytosine (G-C) of 36 to 38 mol % and belongs to Bratthall serological group c; S. mutans subsp. rattus subsp. nov. has 41 to 43 mol % G-C, belongs to Bratthall group b, and can be distinguished from the other subspecies by its production of ammonia from arginine; S. mutans subsp. cricetus subsp. nov. has 42 to 44 mol % G-C, belongs to Bratthall group a, and can be distinguished by its lack of growth in air: S. mutans subsp. sobrinus subsp. nov. has 44 to 46 mol % G-C, belongs to Bratthall group d, and can be distinguished by its failure to ferment raffinose.
A relationship marketing approach to guanxi

In recent years there has been a growing interest in Asian business practices, in particular the use of social networks in China for business purposes. Because of its relational nature, some have identified guanxi with a traditional form of relationship marketing. We use the recent developments in relationship marketing theory to analyse guanxi. We find that understanding and managing guanxi is useful in the development of partnerships under the current economic situation in China, but does not support the other two basic strategic essentials of relationship marketing: service and process management. Additionally, we detect relevant changes in the structural conditions of China that make guanxi necessary in the access to the Chinese market.
Dining out on Sociological Neglect

Offers a brief overview of some of the key issues to arise so far from the sociological analysis of dining out. Commencing with a short survey of the main theoretical perspectives in the field, develops the discussion to include consideration of the nature of dining out as a social activity. Particular attention is paid to the concept of the “meal experience” and the interplay that exists between consumers and the food and hospitality industries in creating and sustaining this experience. Argues that contemporary styles and modes of provision and the experience of dining out is marked by a retreat from food as the principal element in the restaurant “product”, greater emphasis being placed on the contexts in which foods are provided and how these contexts relate to lifestyle and other factors.
Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and time at achievement of gross motor milestones in healthy infants: a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake throughout the first year of life is associated with neurodevelopmental and neuropsychological benefits. Few studies have evaluated the role of DHA intakes on age at achievement of gross motor milestones. OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the effects of DHA supplementation throughout the first year of life on the achievement of four gross motor milestones in healthy infants. DESIGN In this multicenter prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 1160 healthy neonates were assigned to receive supplementation with either 20 mg liquid DHA (n = 580) or placebo (n = 580) orally once daily throughout the first year of life. The primary endpoint was the time at achievement of 4 gross motor milestones (sitting without support, hands-and-knees crawling, standing alone, and walking alone). All analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis. RESULTS The time to achievement of sitting without support was shorter (P < 0.001) in infants who received DHA [median: 26 wk; interquartile range (IQR): 24-29 wk] than in those who received placebo (27 wk; 26-31 wk). No significant difference between infants who received DHA or placebo was found for hands-and-knees crawling [39 wk (34-44 wk) compared with 40 wk (35-44 wk), respectively], standing alone [49 wk (43-55 wk) compared with 49 wk (44-57 wk), respectively], and walking alone [55 wk (50-60 wk) compared with 56 wk (52-61 wk), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS Despite the 1-wk advance in sitting without support associated with DHA supplementation, no demonstrable persistent effects of DHA supplementation on later motor development milestones were found. Thus, the long-term clinical significance of the 1-wk change in sitting without support, if any, remains unknown. This trial is registered at (clinicaltrials.gov) as NCT00610922.
Immune deficiencies , infection , and systemic immune disorders Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells and long-term survival for primary immunodeficiencies in Europe : Entering a new century , do we do better ?

Andrew R. Gennery, MD,* Mary A. Slatter, MD,* Laure Grandin, MSc, Pierre Taupin, MD, Andrew J. Cant, FRCP, Paul Veys, FRCP, Persis J. Amrolia, FRCP, H. Bobby Gaspar, PhD, E. Graham Davies, FRCPCH, Wilhelm Friedrich, PhD, Manfred Hoenig, MD, Luigi D. Notarangelo, MD, Evelina Mazzolari, MD, Fulvio Porta, MD, Robbert G. M. Bredius, PhD, Arjen C. Lankester, PhD, Nico M. Wulffraat, PhD, Reinhard Seger, MD, Tayfun G€ ung€ or, MD, Anders Fasth, PhD, Petr Sedlacek, PhD, Benedicte Neven, MD, Stephane Blanche, MD, Alain Fischer, PhD, Marina Cavazzana-Calvo, PhD,* and Paul Landais, PhD,* on behalf of members of the Inborn Errors Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation and European Society for Immunodeficiency Newcastle Upon Tyne and London, United Kingdom, Paris, France, Ulm, Germany, Brescia, Italy, Leiden and Utrecht, The Netherlands, Zurich, Switzerland, G€oteborg, Sweden, and Prague, Czech Republic
European Logistics Alliances: A Management Model

European business environment is experiencing major changes. The process of integration in Europe, the GATT agreements, the developments in Eastern Europe, and above all, global competition are pushing European businesses to become more competitive. One area that is receiving increasing attention of managers is logistics. The gradual deregulation of the transport marketplace and the lifting of border controls have added to the efforts to become more efficient in logistics.
Unethical Accounting Practice and Financial Reporting Quality: Evidence from Nigeria

This study examined unethical accounting practice and financial reporting quality in Nigeria. Behaving ethically is an essential and expected trait for professional accountants. The society places high premium of trust and expectation from the professional accountants and auditors as such people need to have confidence in the financial reports being prepared/audited by them in making an informed decision. It’s imperative therefore, that the information being provided by accountants and auditors should be meaningfully efficient, reliable, and realistic and are unbiased. An explanatory case study approach was used for the study complemented by archival data, newspaper reports and regulatory report. One of the key issues in our findings is that extended audit tenure could impair auditor’s independence and ability to employ professional skepticism on matters at their disposal. Non adherence to the spirit and letter of corporate governance was also responsible for the corporate scandals. We recommend therefore that the composition of the board of Directors and audit committee members should be made up of people of proven integrity and corporate experience. Also the tenure of external auditors should have a terminal frame and not be too long to as to affect their ethical conduct.
Relationship between Ownership Structure and Capital Structure: A Case of Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan

The purpose of the current study is to examine the relationship between the ownership structure and capital structure in an emerging market like Pakistan for the manufacturing sector. Pakistani firms are comparatively more ownerconcentrated and are mostly family ownership oriented. Main area of interest in this study is to investigate the effect of this particular ownership structure on the capital structure. Harfindahl index is used to measure ownership concentration and the relationship between institutional ownership and leverage is also investigated in this study. The period of study is 2006-2009 and data is collected for 121 randomly selected KSE listed companies from major manufacturing sectors and is analyzed using regression analysis using fixed effect model approach. A highly significant negative relationship is found between ownership concentration and capital structure whereas the institutional shareholding relationship with capital structure is found to be insignificant. Besides these two variables of interest, some control variables are also included in the study for which the results are obtained as hypothesized except for firm size and effective tax rate.
Antigenic properties and cellular localization of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein H synthesized in a mammalian cell expression system

Herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein H (HSV-1 gH) was synthesized in an inducible mammalian cell expression system, and its properties were examined. The gH coding sequence, together with the stable 5' untranslated leader sequence from xenopus beta-globin, was placed under control of the strong promoter from the human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early gene in an amplifiable plasmid which contains the simian virus 40 (SV40) virus origin for replication (ori). This expression vector was transfected into ts COS cells constitutively expressing a temperature-sensitive SV40 T antigen which allows utilization of the SV40 ori at permissive temperatures. The results of transient expression assays at the permissive temperature showed that HSV-1 gH could be synthesized in greater amounts than those produced by a high-multiplicity virus infection. The proteins produced were detected in Western blots (immunoblots) with a HSV-1 gH-specific polyclonal serum raised against a TrpE-gH fusion protein. The transfected gH had an apparent molecular weight of approximately 105,000, intermediate in size to those of the precursor (100,000) and fully processed forms (110,000) of HSV-1 gH from infections. Antigenicity was investigated by reactions with three virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies specific for conformational epitopes on gH. Only one of these monoclonal antibodies could immunoprecipitate the synthesized gH. However, equal recognition of the transfected gH was achieved by superinfection with virus. In addition, detectable amounts of gH were not expressed on the cell surface unless the cells were superinfected with virus. Studies with a temperature-sensitive mutant, ts1201, defective in encapsidation showed that the changes in antigenic structure and cell surface expression caused by superinfection with virus were not due simply to incorporation of gH into virions. These results suggest that gH requires additional virus gene products for cell surface localization and formation of an antigenic structure important for its function in mediating infectivity.
Ontologies with Semantic Web/Grid in Data Integration for OLAP

Traditionally, data used in OLAP (online analytical processing) have been limited to the contents of the data warehouse of a company. However, the needs for analysis are often more demanding and data are needed from different sources. In this article, we study how the semantics of data sources can be described to allow combining data from several sources into an OLAP cube. We apply Semantic Web technologies for defining an OWL/RDF ontology for OLAP data sources and OLAP cubes. These definitions are then utilised in OLAP cube formation by posing an OWL/RDF ontology-based query against them. We use Grid technologies to enhance the efficiency of processing and ensuring security. Our primary interest is in the cube construction (i.e., ETL process), and we assume that standard OLAP methods can be used for the actual analysis. Our tests show that the proposed approach can speed up the construction of an OLAP cube for ad hoc queries by supporting a high-level query language and reducing the amount of required data.
Quantitation in Positron Emission Computed Tomography: 4. Effect of Accidental Coincidences

Accidental coincidences (ACs) and methods of compensation for ACs were investigated in terms of their effect on quantitation in positron emission computed tomography (ECT). Formulations of basic expressions describing the physical factors, which cause true coincidences or ACs, are presented to provide a framework for contrasting the two phenomena. Correction of image data for attenuation of the annihilation radiation or nonuniformities in detector efficiency is shown to amplify errors caused by the presence of ACs in the data. It was shown that failure to compensate for ACs caused overestimates in measurements of isotope concentrations from image data and that in many cases the overestimate was significant for relatively modest percentages of ACs in the data. Three methods of compensation for ACs were evaluated as to their accuracy and effect on statistical noise in images. It was found that nonuniform detector efficiencies could cause prominent image artifacts if an inadequate method was employed in the determination and subtraction of ACs from image data. The additional statistical noise produced in images by subtraction of ACs from total coincidence data demonstrates the advisability of minimizing AC rates in spite of an ability to adequately measure and compensate for their presence in the data.
11C-PiB imaging of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the amyloid-binding agent carbon 11-labeled Pittsburgh Compound B ((11)C-PiB) could differentiate Alzheimer disease (AD) from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) in middle-aged HIV-positive participants. DESIGN (11)C-PiB scanning, clinical assessment, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis were performed. Both χ(2) and t tests assessed differences in clinical and demographic variables between HIV-positive participants and community-living individuals observed at the Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC). Analysis of variance assessed for regional differences in amyloid-β protein 1-42 (Aβ42) using (11)C-PiB. SETTING An ADRC and HIV clinic. PARTICIPANTS Sixteen HIV-positive participants (11 cognitively normal and 5 with HAND) and 19 ADRC participants (8 cognitively normal and 11 with symptomatic AD). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mean and regional (11)C-PiB binding potentials. RESULTS Participants with symptomatic AD were older (P < .001), had lower CSF Aβ42 levels (P < .001), and had higher CSF tau levels (P < .001) than other groups. Regardless of degree of impairment, HIV-positive participants did not have increased (11)C-PiB levels. Mean and regional binding potentials were elevated for symptomatic AD participants (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Middle-aged HIV-positive participants, even with HAND, do not exhibit increased (11)C-PiB levels, whereas symptomatic AD individuals have increased fibrillar Aβ42 deposition in cortical and subcortical regions. Observed dissimilarities between HAND and AD may reflect differences in Aβ42 metabolism. (11)C-PiB may provide a diagnostic biomarker for distinguishing symptomatic AD from HAND in middle-aged HIV-positive participants. Future cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are required to assess the utility of (11)C-PiB in older individuals with HAND.
Happily Ever After?: Religion, Marital Status, Gender and Relationship Quality in Urban Families

Researchers have found that religious participation is correlated with marital satisfaction. Less is known about whether religion also benefits participants in nonmarital, intimate relationships or whether religious effects on relationships vary by gender. Using data from the first three waves of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we find that religious participation by fathers, irrespective of marital status, is consistently associated with better relationships among new parents in urban America; however, mothers' participation is not related to relationship quality. These results suggest that religious effects vary more by gender than by marital status. We conclude that men's investments in relationships appear to depend more on the institutional contexts of those relationships, such as participation in formal religion.
Ethanol-Maintained Performance of Rats Under Interval Schedules

Dipper cups filled with an 8% (w/v) ethanol solution were presented to LongEvans hooded rats according to either a multiple Extinction ~ sec FixedRatio 1 or a chain Differential-Reinforcement-of-Other-Behavior x sec FixedRatio 1 schedule of reinforcement. The scheduled value of the extinction and differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior components was varied to manipulate minimum-interreinforcer interval. Minimum-interreinforcer intervals from 0 to 480 sec were tested in an ascending series followed by a de-. scending, retest series. A water-control condition at a O-see duration followed the final 8% O-see retest condition. Increasing the minimum-interreinforcer interva 1 reduced the number of ethane 1 presentations obtained. The number of ethanol presentations obtained was always less than the maximum number obtainable permitted by the value of the minimum-interreinforcer interva 1. Group mean present at ions during the retest condition usually exceeded presentations during the corresponding test condition. Water presentations were infrequent and less than 8% ethanol presentations obtained during similar O-see conditions.
THE CONCEPT OF HAPPINESS OF FILIPINAS IN THE ACADEMIC SETTING 1 THE CONCEPT OF HAPPINESS AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF “ FILIPINAS ” IN THE ACADEMIC SETTING By Ms

This study determined salient themes of female individuals who are inside the academic setting on their concept of happiness and moral development. The idea of studying the Filipina Female Concept of Happiness came from two areas of study – Female Psychology and Positive Psychology. The researchers were intrigued by the idea that since the female brain is influenced by various amounts of hormones during different stages in their life, affecting their perceptions, emotions and behaviors and perhaps it will show differences in the concept of happiness and moral development. Content analysis of interviews and essays from 12 participants suggested that compared to emerging adults, early teens and late teens attributed their happiness more on extrinsic factors. The results showed that as Filipinas grow older, their concept of happiness became more intrinsic. The study explored the Filipina’s concept of happiness and moral development.
The electrophysiological effects of neurotensin on spontaneously active neurons in the nucleus accumbens: An in vivo study

Considerable evidence obtained from neuroanatomical and neurochemical studies suggests an interaction between the endogenous tridecapeptide neurotensin (NT) and central nervous system dopamine (DA) neurons. Centrally administered NT blocks many of the actions of synaptic DA in limbic brain areas; the specific mechanism and receptors involved remain under investigation. The electrophysiological effects of NT were studied using extracellular recording techniques and iontophoretic application in 243 spontaneously active neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), with a positive/negative waveform. NT was directly applied to 208 neurons in a pulsatile fashion by iontophoresis (21 ± 1 nA). NT had no effect on the firing rate of 120 neurons ((0.31 ± 0.72)%), decreased the firing rate in 51 neurons ((−27.87 ± 1.52)%), and increased the firing rates of 37 neurons ((33.38 ± 2.6)%). One hundred ninety nine (81.9%) of the neurons studied were sensitive to iontophoretically applied DA (>15% decrease in firing rate). The effects of continuous NT application on DA‐induced inhibitions were studied in 169 neurons. NT attenuated neuronal responses to directly applied DA by (49.95 ± 4.52)%, with antagonism in the “core” subregion (n = 96) of (33.41± 7.75)% when compared with antagonism in the “shell” subregion (n = 71) of (61.39 ± 5.2)%. The effects of NT on DA were consistent and independent of the effects of NT alone. These data provide further evidence that NT functions as a true neuromodulator in the NAc, exerting minimal direct effects, but blocking the actions of DA. Synapse 58:165–172, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.