Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The evolution of lactase persistence

Lactase persistence has long been recognized as a striking example of human dietary adaptation to changes in food production habits. The observation that the prevalence of lactase persistence is positively correlated with the cultural history of dairying in human populations has led to the formulation of an evolutionary interpretation that became known as the culture-historical hypothesis. This hypothesis emphasizes the influence that culturally derived selection can have on human genes by assuming that the nutritional benefits of milk drinking during adult life are selectively advantageous in groups that rely on dairying to subsist. The recent demonstration of the molecular basis of lactase persistence provided a unique opportunity to test the basic predictions of the culture-historical hypothesis and to evaluate its merit relative to alternative explanations. Here, I present an overview of the evolutionary history of lactase persistence by focusing on the predictions of the culture-historical hypothesis, including the correlation between lactase persistence and pastoralism, the age of lactase persistence mutations and molecular evidences for natural selection. The places of origin and geographic diffusion of lactase persistence mutations are also discussed in the context of the population movements associated with the spread of pastoralism.
Herbal extracts in diets for broilers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding herbal extracts for broilers on performance and histology of the intestinal mucosa and its effects on the profiting from the metabolizable energy of experimental diets. For so, two experiments were conducted. In experiment I, the inclusion of different herbal extracts in diets on performance and intestinal histology of broilers was evaluated, and in experiment II, the values of apparent metabolizable energy and metabolizable energy corrected by the nitrogen balance of the experimental diets were studied. Treatments consisted of: positive control diet; positive control + avilamycin; negative control; negative control + 100 ppm of a complex containing three different herbal medicines (pepper, cinnamon and oregano); negative control + 75 ppm garlic extract; negative control + 150 ppm garlic extract. In the performance experiment, which comprised the period of 1 to 40 days of age, 960 male broilers were distributed in a randomized block design, with six treatments and eight replicates, with 20 birds per experimental unit. In experiment II, the method adopted was the traditional of total excreta collection with male broiler chicks in the age of 14 to 24 days, in a completely randomized design, with six treatments and eight replicates with five birds per experimental unit. The intestinal villus height was improved with addition of the composite containing the three herbal extracts; however, crypt depth and villus/crypt ratio were not affected. The use of herbal extract in diets for broilers promotes performance similar to that with the use of antibiotics. Herbal extracts can be incorporated into diets replacing antibiotics without compromising the metabolizable energy of diets, performance or intestinal mucosa for broilers in the period of 1 to 40 days of age.
Fluctuations in the concentration of ergovaline and lolitrem B produced by the wild-type endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) pasture

Mammalian toxins produced by the wild-type endophyte, Neotyphodium lolii, in perennial ryegrass (PRG) pasture cause production losses and animal health and welfare problems in livestock. Managing this risk is limited by the lack of information on fluctuations in the concentration of toxin in Australian pasture. We investigated how the toxin concentrations may be related to recent observations of weather. Swards sown from common seedlots of two cultivars of wild endophyte-infected PRG, grazed short by sheep, were sampled at 2–4 weekly intervals from spring to autumn at two sites in Victoria. The highest concentration of ergovaline and lolitrem B was observed at Hamilton, the site with the longer-growing season. The concentration of ergovaline peaked in early summer, coinciding with seed development, and declined through summer, before increasing with the commencement of autumn growth. The concentration of lolitrem B remained low in summer, then rose in autumn. Variation between the two cultivars in the concentration of toxins was small and rarely significant. The concentration of ergovaline declined as the mean daily maximum temperature over the preceding 1–5 days increased. Similarly, for lolitrem B, the concentration declined over the temperature range 12−20°C, from 1.3 to 0.3 mg/kg. At Hamilton, where solar radiation and soil temperature were recorded, both were superior to maximum temperature for predicting lolitrem B. Serial sampling of PRG from old naturalised pasture on seven farms across south-eastern Australia found two seasonal peaks for both alkaloids in most pastures. The concentration of ergovaline reached or exceeded tolerance levels for livestock in 23 of 43 samples, compared with 5 of 43 for lolitrem B. Ergovaline concentrations initially peaked (at 1.0–1.6 mg/kg) when mature reproductive material was present (coinciding with peduncle elongation and seed development). In pastures with low grazing pressure, i.e. where growth was allowed to continue through summer, ergovaline concentration was relatively low (<0.7 mg/kg) but in a hard-grazed pasture (sward height 3 cm), the ergovaline concentration was greater (up to 1.1 mg/kg). Concentration of lolitrem B also peaked in December, except on pasture where growth continued through summer. High concentrations of lolitrem B associated with neurotoxic signs in sheep (viz. 2.4–3.9 mg/kg) were observed only in mid-summer and autumn, and only if conditions favoured growth or where close grazing by sheep left the crown as the dominant source of herbage.
The genus geranium L. (geraniaceae) in North America II. Annual species (parte B)

Resumen es: AEDO, C. (2001). El genero Geranium L. (Geraniaceae) en Norteam6rica. II. Especies anuales. Anales lard. Bot. Madrid 58(1): 3-65 (en ingles). Se revisa.
Disfunção respiratória: o que sabemos?

A disfunção respiratória (DR) é um quadro respiratório caracterizado por padrões respiratórios irregulares que ocorrem na ausência de doenças concomitantes ou secundariamente a doenças cardiopulmonares. Embora o principal sintoma seja frequentemente dispneia ou “fome por ar”, a DR também está associada a sintomas não respiratórios, como vertigem e palpitações. A DR pode ser identifi cada em todas as idades. Sua prevalência entre adultos na atenção primária no Reino Unido é de aproximadamente 9,5%. Além disso, entre indivíduos com asma, um diagnóstico positivo de DR é encontrado em um terço das mulheres e um quinto dos homens. Embora a DR tenha sido investigada por décadas, ela permanece pouco compreendida devido a uma escassez de ensaios clínicos de alta qualidade e de variáveis de desfecho validadas especifi camente para essa população. Assim, a DR é frequentemente subdiagnosticada ou diagnosticada incorretamente, devido à similaridade de seus sintomas associados (dispneia, taquicardia e vertigem) aos de outras doenças cardiopulmonares comuns, como DPOC e asma. As altas taxas de diagnóstico incorreto de DR sugerem que os profi ssionais de saúde não entendam completamente esse quadro e possam, portanto, não fornecer aos pacientes um tratamento adequado. Dada à natureza multifatorial e psicofi siológica da DR, uma avaliação holística e multidimensional parece ser a maneira mais apropriada de melhorar a compreensão e a precisão do diagnóstico. A presente revisão foi desenvolvida como um meio de resumir as evidências disponíveis sobre DB, bem como de melhorar a compreensão do quadro por pesquisadores e profi ssionais.
ANALYSIS OF CONVERGENCE OF ADAPTIVE SINGLE-STEP ALGORITHMS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF NON-STATIONARY OBJECTS

6 ence and it is reduced to minimization of a certain functional of quality, chosen in advance (identification criterion). The most widely used in practice quadratic functional leads to different identification algorithms, which make it possible to obtain the estimates of sought-for vector ∗ θ at normal interference distributions, that is 2 1 (0, ). n N + ξ ξ ∼ σ It should be noted that the problem of constructing a model (1) (identification problem) is of interest not only in itself, but as a part of a general optimization problem. It should be noted that the effectiveness of application of this or that algorithm depends on availability of information about a drift. At minimal or no information, it is necessary to apply adaptive algorithms that make it possible to refine the estimates as soon as new information becomes
Effect of different feeding strategies on gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) demand‐feeding behaviour and nutritional utilization of the diet

We have studied the effects of time-restricted food access and ration restriction on gilthead sea bream demand-feeding behaviour and nutritional use of the diet (Sparus aurata), and also compared the nutritional efficiency of three different feeding systems: manual, automatic and modulated-automatic. In the first trial, fish were allowed to feed from self-feeders under three different conditions: ad libitum, ration restriction, and time-restricted food access, and their demand-feeding pattern, diet utilization and body composition were analysed. In the second trial, animals were fed by hand or using an automatic system, either fixed or modulated, and diet utilization and body composition were analysed as before. Restricting the amount of food modifies gilthead seabream self-feeding behaviour, with fish increasing the number of demands provided these are rewarded with food. However, demand-feeding activity does not increase if rewards are restricted to a certain time. Feeding gilthead sea bream by hand versus automatically, and distributing the daily food ration in two or three equal or unequal-size daily meals, have no effect on the animals’ growth, nutritional use of the diet or body composition.
Intersectionality, Depression, and Voter Turnout

Context: This article untangles the effects of depression on voter turnout among blacks and whitesand among women and men and considers several factors—income, health insurance, church attendance, group consciousness, and empowerment—that may mitigate the negative effects of depression on turnout. Methods: The authors estimated regression models of voter turnout on depression across race and gender groups using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. They used interaction terms to assess whether the effect of depression is conditional on the potential mitigating factors. Findings: Reporting increased depressive symptoms was associated with a lower probability of voting across electoral contexts for all respondents, and few factors mitigated this negative effect. Only in the case of black men did the authors find that a coethnic candidate mitigated the negative effect of depression, while a higher level of group consciousness did the opposite. Conclusions: The effect of depression was strong, cut across racial and gender groups, and was generally robust to the effects of income, health insurance, church attendance, group consciousness, and empowerment. More research is required to understand how to reduce depression and improve turnout among those who experience it.
Fatty acid composition of depot fats from gnotobiotic lambs

SUMMARY The fatty acid composition of the depot fats of lambs reared for 4–5 months under gnotobiotio conditions have been determined and an estimate made of the endogenous synthesis of stearic acid. In an uninoculated gnotobiotic lamb no hydrogenation of dietary lipids occurred in the rumen and this was reflected in the virtual absence of trans acids in depot lipids. In this animal the stearic acid content of perirenal depot fat accounted for 16% of the total fatty acids which was similar to the value found in newborn lambs (17%). Inoculation of the rumen of two gnotobiotic lambs with seven species of bacteria resulted in the establishment of partial hydrogenation processes in the rumen. Various trans isomers of octadecenoic acids were produced in these lambs from the dietary fatty acids but no stearic acid was formed. These findings are compared with the fatty acid composition of depot fats of other herbivorous and omnivorous animals.
Biological invasions: winning the science battles but losing the conservation war?

Biological invasions by non-indigenous species (NIS) are widely recognized as a significant component of human-caused global environmental change. However, the standard programme of mapping distributions, predicting future ranges, modelling species spread, assessing impacts, developing management guidelines and screening species suffers from a number of serious limitations. NIS distribution maps can often be as misleading as they are instructive. Perceptions of the intensity, scale and rate of invasion are a function of mapping resolution, and the lack of common mapping standards prevents accurate comparative assessments. Coarse resolution data may overestimate the role of climate in the invasion process relative to other variables such as land use or human population density. Climate envelopes have therefore been widely used to predict species future ranges, but often overestimate potential distributions. Without an appropriate mechanistic understanding of the invasion process, correlative approaches may misinterpret the relative risks posed by different NIS. In addition, statistical models of invasion fail to encapsulate the complexity of human-mediated dispersal, which includes such diverse processes as transatlantic timber trade, horticultural fashion and the continuing expansion of road networks. Screening tools based on species traits, taxonomy and/or invasion history can sometimes result in high discrimination rates. Yet where the cost of false positives outweighs the risks from false negatives, a higher discriminatory power is required. Certain research outputs have perhaps been counterproductive in the war against invasive species. Studies have highlighted that only a tiny proportion of NIS are invasive, that most invasions occur in human dominated rather than pristine ecosystems, that indigenous and non-indigenous species are sufficiently similar that their impacts may not necessarily be different, and that there is evidence that introduced species augment rather than reduce species diversity. It is crucial to address these wider perceptions of the problem in order to mobilize the resources necessary for a global invasive species management programme.
Diversity and Community Structure of Opiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the Forest Estate of Artikutza (Spain)

ABSTRACT The present work analyses the diversity of Opiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the forest of the Artikutza Estate, within the Natural Park, Peñas de Aya, in the western Pyrenees. Specimens belonging to this subfamily were collected throughout two cycles and in two different habitats: mixed forest and beech forest. A total of 105 specimens, including 20 different species, were collected. Diversity and structure analysis indicated higher diversity for the beech forest habitat, although the community is composed of a few abundant species and many rare species. A relationship between the presence of Opiinae and an increase in temperature was also ascertained.
ASSESSMENT OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS AND SEVOFLURANE REQUIREMENT IN PATIENTS ON DEXMEDETOMIDINE INFUSION FOR INTRA-PERITONEAL SURGERIES

The aim of the present study was to observe the effect of intravenous Dexmedetomidine on levels of blood glucose, which is one among several stress response markers under General Anesthesia (GA) for laparoscopic intra-peritoneal surgeries. The study was planned in the Department of Anaesthesia in Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarpur, from Jan 2016 to Oct 2016.The 30 patients undergoing for laparoscopic intra-peritoneal surgeries of 1-2 hours duration with minimal expected blood loss were enrolled. The approval of the institutional committee was taken prior conduct of study. All the patients were informed consents. The 15 patients in Group A received loading dose of Inj. Dexmedetomidine 1µg/kg/10min diluted to 50ml with Normal Saline, given before induction, followed by maintenance dose 0. 5µ/kg/hour till the end of surgery. The 15 patients in Group B received Normal Saline in a similar manner. Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective α2-adrenergic receptor agonist has generated lot of interest for its sedative, analgesic, perioperative sympatholytic, anesthetic-sparing, and hemodynamic-stabilizing properties. The data generated in the two study groups in the present study concludes that the use of dexmedetomidine maintains blood glucose levels and favourably influencing the intra operative stress induced blood glucose levels. Keywords: Dexmedetomidine, Stress induced blood glucose levels, laparoscopic intra-peritoneal surgeries, etc.
The fossil record of Mesozoic and Tertiary Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera : Polyphaga)

Lack of characters, similarity of stem species of adelphotaxa and the necessity to know the extant world fauna of the studied group of fossils are the main difficulties in palaeontology of beetles. The paucity of characters of most of the fossils of supposed Scarabaeoidea prevents their inclusion in a reliable phylogenetic analysis. Only rarely can an autapomorphy of Scarabaeoidea be seen in a fossil classified as a member of this group. Therefore, the classification of Mesozoic and Tertiary fossils is often tentative. Based on a critical literature review of all recorded fossil Scarabaeoidea from the Mesozoic and Tertiary, the minimum age for families and/or subfamilies of this group is determined. An annotated catalogue of named fossils and ichnofossils of Scarabaeoidea and of their lagerstAtten is given. 238 fossil species and subspecies of this group have been described, of which 27 are doubtful, eight already identified as belonging to other taxa, and two subspecies synonymised with extant taxa. 189 species and 12 ichnospecies probably or reliably belong to the Scarabaeoidea. Nomenclatural acts: Hongscarabaeus, nom. nov. for Proscarabaeus Hong, 1982 (nec Schrank, 1781); Onthophagus urusheeri, nom. nov. for Onthophagus urus Heer, 1847 (nec Menetries, 1832); Aphodius anteactus, nom. nov. for Aphodius antiquus Heer, 1847 (nec Faldermann, 1835); Aphodius theobaldi, nom. nov. for Aphodius incertus Theobald, 1937 (nec Ballion, 1878); Anomala palaeobrunnea, nom. nov. for Anomala brunnea (Hong, 1985) (nec Klug, 1855); Eophyllocerus scrobiculatus Haupt, 1950 is designated as the type species of Eophyllocerus Haupt, 1950; Cangabola Lengerken, 1955 is a junior synonym of Coprinisphaera Sauer, 1955. ‘Mais en presence des Coleopteres, sauf tres rares exeptions, tout specialiste serieux ne peut que se recuser’. R. Jeannel (1942: 191) on fossil faunas.
Introduction à la commande des robots humanoïdes - De la modélisation à la génération du mouvement

Ce livre expose les toutes recentes avancees technologiques en matiere de robotique humanoide. Apres un rappel des notions mathematiques et physiques fondamentales, il expose les modeles et les techniques actuellement utilisees pour generer un mouvement humanoide simple et propose des exemples de programmation en code Matlab® pour realiser des mouvements de base (marche bipede, stabilisation, prehension d'un objet). L'ensemble de ces applications sont validees sur le robot japonais HRP-2.
Turing's Imitation Game

Computing Machinery and Intelligence Can Machines Think? 1) The Question: Can machines think? i) If defined naturally by what we deem " machine " and " think " to mean, then it could be determined by a survey such as a Gallup poll. 2) The Imitation Game i) Three players: Man (A), Woman (B), Interrogator (C) ii) Interrogator is in a separate room and may only ask questions (in written form or through an intermediary) of the Man and the Woman. (a) The interrogator only knows them as X and Y (b) Ex: Will X please tell me the length of his or her hair? 1. If X is the man (A), then he must answer, but his objective is to cause the interrogator to make the wrong identification 2. He may answer " My hair is shingled, and the longest strands are about nine inches long. " (c) The third player's objective (B) is to help the interrogator 1. These hints may not be helpful, since the other player (A) may also make similar remarks 2. Ex: " I am the woman, don't listen to him! " iii) At the end of the game, the interrogator must determine which of X and Y are the man and woman. 3) The Question (revised): What will happen when a machine takes the part of A in the imitation game? i) Will the interrogator decide wrongly as often when trying to decide between man and machine as between man and woman? ii) Discussion: Is this question equivalent to the original? Why? Why not? (a) Turing's critique: 1. Draws a line between physical and intellectual capacities of humans (we're just now—2010s—able to 3-D print skin) 2. Little point in dressing up a " thinking machine " like a human in artificial flesh (no beauty competitions)
Genetic Diversity and Relationship among Peach Cultivars Based on Random Amplified Microsatellite Polymorphism (RAMP)

Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) is a common fruit tree species, mainly in the temperate region. It is an important economic plant in Taiwan. In the present study, the genetic relationships among 26 cultivars of common peach (P. persica var. vulgaris Maxim.), 12 cultivars of nectarine (P. persica var. nectarina Maxim.), and three cultivars of flat peach (P. persica var. platycarpa Bailey) were estimated using RAMP markers. Eighty-two polymorphic bands were obtained using ten combinations of primers. The cluster analysis based on RAMP data revealed that the groupings were generally consistent with the classification of the varieties and the regions of origin of cultivars. The common peach cultivars originating in China and Japan formed a cluster. A possible explanation is that the Japanese cultivars may be developed from cultivars introduced from China. Within flat peach cultivars, the groupings also indicated that the genetic relationship among cultivars is correlated with the regions of origin of cultivars. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the variance components among and within three peach groups expressed as percentages of the total variation were 30.3% and 69.7%, respectively.
A Reconfigurable Memory-Based Fast VLSI Architecture for Computation of the Histogram

Histogram computation is a fundamental task often encountered in image processing systems. This plays an important role in various applications like image registration, show-through correction method in scanned image of duplex mode printed document, etc. Mutual information (MI) is one of the best metric for intensity-based multimodality image registration. Similarity measurement between the images consumes significant amount of the execution time in image registration. Computation of MI requires to obtain individual and joint histogram of two images. Typical joint histogram sizes range between 322 and 2562. The demand of hardware resource for computation of histogram increases substantially with increasing of histogram size. The array-based method may not be a suitable candidate in this application, because of large histogram size. Computation of histogram is inherently sequential in nature. But a parallel computation of histogram would reduce the processing time, which is going to help various imaging systems. In this paper, a memory-based parallel algorithm for histogram computation and its possible VLSI architecture have been presented. The architecture is mapped in field programmable gate array. The proposed architecture utilizes 99.66% less of the hardware compared to latest available architecture in the literature and consumes 8.78 mW power.