Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reflex and direct effects of sodium cyanide in anesthetized rats.

Small doses of NaCN (250 micrograms.kg-1) intravenously injected into normal anesthetized Wistar rats, provoked immediate hyperventilation, bradycardia and systemic hypotension. These effects resulted mostly from peripheral chemoreceptor (PCR) stimulation. In totally baro- and chemodenervated rats (CDN), the drug induced hypoventilation, reduction in O2 consumption, prolonged bradycardia and systemic hypotension, characteristics of direct intoxication. In hyperoxic rats, hyperventilation was reduced. Bradycardia was suppressed with reduction in the systemic hypotension. These modifications arose partly from a reduction in PCR excitability and partly from a direct O2 activity counteracting cyanide poisoning. After chemical sympathetic denervation, rats presented prolonged and enlarged hyperventilation, bradycardia and systemic hypotension due to loss of adaptive baroreflex responses. Cyanide effects are predominantly reflexes in intact rats but these reactions mask the direct toxic effect of the drug which cannot be totally neglected.
Antimicrobial activity of two brazilian commercial propolis extracts

The antimicrobial activity of propolis extracts is well documented, but little is known about the antimicrobial properties of commercial products containing propolis, since these vary according to the geographical region in which the propolis is obtained. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of two samples of commercial propolis on 26 species of microorganisms obtained from ATCC and some wild strains: Gram-positive cocci and bacilli, and Gram-negative rods and yeasts. The tested products were two samples of Brazilian commercial propolis from Apis Flora™: 11.0% ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) and Propomax™ 11.0% extract of propolis without alcohol (EP). Antimicrobial activity was determined by the agar diffusion technique, well method. MIC was determined for Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus mutans using the method of broth dilution with the propolis extract in serial concentrations. EEP and EP showed antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria and yeasts, having a more pronounced action against Gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and a less evident activity against Gram-negative and Candida albicans FT2010. For S. mutans, the EEP MIC ranged from 8.8 to 4.4 mL of propolis, and the EP MIC, from 4.4 to <1.1 mL. For Staphylococcus sp. , the MIC of both extracts was <1.1.
Prosopo‐Affective Agnosia as a Symptom of Cerebral Organic Disease

ABSTRACT: A previously described test for prosopo‐affective agnosia (impairment of facial affect recognition) had been applied in 14 disoriented elderly patients with chronic organic brain syndrome, 14 fully oriented elderly patients with non‐organic psychiatric disorders, and 14 normal volunteers. In this re‐test study of 37 of the 42 subjects, after a six‐month interval, the test was found to be reliable (r = .75, p < .001). The test was also more sensitive in detecting organic disorders than were other frequently applied neuropsychiatric tests. Prosopo‐affective agnosia (PAA) appeared unrelated to prosopo‐agnosia (PA) (r = .082, ns). Some patients who had the ability to recognize famous faces and faces of ward personnel were severely impaired in the ability to recognize facial affect. The deterioration was more pronounced for the recognition of sadness and anger than for happiness, indicating that patients with this impairment had reverted to an infantile mode of facial‐affect recognition. This reversal is another example of the neurologic regression that characterizes dementia.
GENERAL ANALYSIS OF COSTS AND REGIMENT OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS TREATMENT IN ADULT PATIENTS IN POLAND

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a rare disease. Its prevalence in Poland is around 1 : 5000, and adult patients comprise as little as 32% of all patients suffering from this disease. CF treatment is based on a properly selected and effective pharmacotherapy. The aim of this study was to understand the regimen of pharmacotherapy in adult CF population in Poland, and to calculate the costs of drugs used in this group of patients. The researchers conducted a retrospective study. Following an analysis of the patientsí medical documentation, 46 adult patients were included in the study group. Data were sourced from case history forms, doctorsí order sheets and medical treatment records made by physicians. Total pharmacotherapy cost in 2013 amounted to EUR 467876.66 giving EUR 10171.23 (± 2818.39) per patient. The most popular group of drugs used by CF patients was mucolytic drugs, with the estimated cost of EUR 382054.21. Only 14 patients were treated with antibiotics. The total cost of using antibiotics in these 14 patients was estimated at EUR 15393.01. Analysis of the treatment regimen for adult CF patients has shown that treatment regimen of Polish patients differed from the regimen applied in another countries.
A study of the functional outcome and mortality in elderly patients with head injuries

The aim of this study was to determine the functional outcome and mortality in relation to the Glasgow coma score (GCS) on presentation in patients aged over 65 years with acute head injury. 2331 patients with head injury were identified by searching the neurosurgery database (1984-1996); 191 met the inclusion criteria and systematic review of medical records was undertaken. Functional outcome on discharge from hospital and mortality were tested statistically against GCS on presentation. Mortality overall was 33. 5%. All 59 patients with GCS <11 on presentation had poor outcomes on discharge from hospital. Comparison with outcome for the 132 patients with GCS >/=11, of whom 91 had satisfactory outcomes, was highly statistically significant (P<0.001). Elderly patients with presenting GCS <11 due to acute head injury have poor functional outcomes and high mortality rates. Conservative treatment of these patients should be considered.
Role of Flippases in Protein Glycosylation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Glycosylation is essential to the synthesis, folding, and function of glycoproteins in eukaryotes. Proteins are co- and posttranslationally modified by a variety of glycans in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); modifications include C- and O-mannosylation, N-glycosylation, and the addition of glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchors. Protein glycosylation in the ER of eukaryotes involves enzymatic steps on both the cytosolic and lumenal surfaces of the ER membrane. The glycans are first assembled as precursor glycolipids, on the cytosolic surface of the ER, which are tethered to the membrane by attachment to a long-chain polyisoprenyl phosphate (dolichol) containing a reduced α-isoprene. The lipid-anchored building blocks then migrate transversely (flip) across the ER membrane to the lumenal surface, where final assembly of the glycan is completed. This strategy allows the cell to export high-energy biosynthetic intermediates as lipid-bound glycans, while constraining the glycosyl donors to the site of assembly on the membrane surface. This review focuses on the flippases that participate in protein glycosylation in the ER.
Pathogen‐Based Models Favoring MHC Genetic Diversity

We present six models that are currently the most likely ways that pathogens might favor the evolution of MHC genetic diversity. Although each model makes one or more unique predictions, the current lack of crucial data prevents distinguishing the relative importance of each model. However, this first-time organization of these models should contribute to the design of critical experiments. This synthetic review yields at least three essentially new ideas. First, MHC-dependent immune recognition may be sufficiently redundant to render it essentially escape-proof by pathogens. Second, the four models based on pathogen escape do not work (or work weakly) for diversifying class II genes, unless class II-restricted cytotoxic T-cells are important, an idea that is controversial. Third, pathogen-escape events have traditionally been thought to result in only frequency-dependent selection but here we show that heterozygote advantage is an inevitable consequence of such pathogen evasion. Therefore, the controversy over the relative importance of these two forms of balancing selection is largely a false dichotomy.
Protein engineering of bacterial light-harvesting complexes.

The photosynthetic apparatus of the bacterium Rhodobacter sphueroides contains three types of pigment protein: the photochemical reaction centre, and the LH1 and LH2 light-harvesting (LH) complexes. LH1 surrounds and interconnects the reaction centres, forming an LHl-reaction centre (RC) ‘core’ which receives excitation energy from the peripheral LH2 antenna [l]. This arrangement of complexes presents an experimentally attractive model system for the study of the transfer and trapping of light energy in photosynthesis. There are several reasons for this. First, there is a crystallographically determined structure for the RC [2-41. Second, a wealth of spectroscopic data are available on the RC and I,H complexes. Finally, there is a full range of genetic tools that can be used to produce site-directed mutations in the genes encoding these complexes [5, 61. Light energy is harvested by IJH1 and LH2 complexes, which are both composed of highly aggregated states of a and p polypeptides in close association with bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. Secondary-structure predictions indicate that these polypeptides span the membrane once, and form an interconnecting network of several hundred pigments which increase the surface area and range of wavelengths over which light energy can be absorbed. Although this network contains only one type of tetrapyrrole pigment, bacteriochlorophyll a, the antenna system is populated with a series of these molecules which absorb at progressively red-shifted wavelengths so that an excited state at the periphery of a photosynthetic ‘unit’ migrates in an energetically ‘downhill’ fashion towards the RC where the energy is trapped and photochemistry takes place. Spectroscopic studies on the antenna of Rb. sphaeroides have been extremely useful in defining the rates of energy transfer between these pigments, and the orientations of these pigments with respect to the plane of the membrane. The availability of mutant strains has also simplified the interpretations of complicated and overlapping spectroscopic signals by contributing a series of strains in which LH2, LH1 or indeed the RC, can be examined in
Insect growth inhibitor activity of arjunolic acid isolated from Cornus capitata

Arjunolic acid (a pentacyclictrihydroxytriterpenic acid) isolated from the stem of Cornus capitata (Cornaceae) exhibited significant inhibitory activity towards 4th instar larvae of Spilarctia obliqua. A dose dependent relationship of both activities was observed. The effective concentration (EC50) to reduce feeding and growth of the larvae of S. obliqua was found to be 617.8 and 666.9 ppm, respectively. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semidefinite programming approaches for source localization problems

This paper addresses the problems of locating a source from the received signal time of arrival (TOA) or time difference of arrival (TDOA) collected using a group of collaborative wireless sensors. Based on the TOA and TDOA measurement models, we present, respectively, two constrained weighted least squares (CWLS) estimators, which are difficult to be solved directly due to their nonconvex nature. However, by performing the semidefinite relaxation technique, each of the CWLS problems can be relaxed into a semidefinite programming problem (SDP), which can be efficiently solved using modern convex optimization algorithms. Moreover, these relaxations are proved to be tight, and hence guarantee the good performance. Simulation results corroborate the theoretical results and good performance of the proposed methods.
Interaction of expertise and semantic grouping in hypertext search tasks

The facilitative effect of expertise in hypertext information retrieval tasks (IR) has been widely reported in related literature. However, recent theories of human expertise question the robustness of this result, since previous works have not fully considered the interaction between user and system characteristics. In this study, the constraint attunement hypothesis (CAH) is considered in order to predict that the effect of expertise in IR would appear only when the user and system characteristics can be combined successfully. Results from an experiment revealed that expert users outperformed novice users in IR when the elements of a system interface are organized semantically, but not when organized randomly. Results are discussed in the framework of the CAH supporting the interactive nature of human behaviour in HCI.
Should we use large scale healthcare interventions without clear evidence that benefits outweigh costs and harms? Yes

Obtaining definitive evidence on the effects of large scale interventions can be difficult. Bernard Crump believes that implementation with careful monitoring is justified but Seth Landefeld and colleagues (doi: 10.1136/bmj.a144) argue that acting without proof of net benefit is both costly and potentially damaging to health
ANTAGONISTIC RELATIONS OF MICROORGANISMS.

Survival of pathogens in soil and water. 232 Symbiosis and antibiosis . 235 Antagonistic effects of bacteria. 241 Spore-forming bacteria. 243 Non-spore-forming bacteria. 245 Actinomycetes. 249 Antagonistic effects of fungi. 253 Antagonistic action of animal forms. 260 Chemical nature of the antagonistic substances. 262 Disease control with antagonistic micro6rganisms. 268 Retrospect. 271 References . 274
The challenge to quantify proteins with charge trains due to isoforms or conformers

Single proteins separated by 2‐DE often show multiple spots spreading along the first dimension. In many cases, such charge trains are explained by isoform differences or by putative post‐translational modifications including phosphorylation, glycosylation and others. We now report that individual spots of such charge trains on 2‐D gels in fact often represent the same protein, but, apparently due to conformational changes, segregate to different isoelectric points. If MS analysis reveals protein identity, we therefore suggest integrating all individual spots within a charge train for quantification. Especially in quality control of pharmaceutical proteins, the integration of the spot groups of all active contents is preferable in order to obtain reproducible and reasonable quantitative results. However, most commercial software packages for gel analysis integrate the signals spot‐wise. We provide an improved quantification tool for proteins with charge train groups. This calculation can be implemented using the MATLAB software and the self‐developed “Correct Integration Software System” or the commercial software package Delta2D.
Model-checking trace-based information flow properties for infinite-state systems

We consider the problem of model-checking some of the well-known trace-based information flow properties from the literature for classes of infinite-state system models. We first define some language-theoretic operations that help to characterize language inclusion in terms of these properties. This gives us a reduction of the language inclusion problem for a class of system models, say F , to the model checking problem for F , whenever F is effectively closed under these language-theoretic operations. We apply this result to show that the problem of model-checking any of these properties for One Counter Nets, One-Counter Automata, Basic Parallel Processes, and some properties for deterministic One Counter Automata, is undecidable. We also consider the class of Visibly Pushdown Systems and show that their model-checking problem is undecidable for a couple of properties. For the special case when all confidential events are internal we show that model-checking each of these properties for Visibly Pushdown Systems becomes decidable.
Obesity and the nutrition transition in Sub‐Saharan Africa

This review illustrates the outcomes of the nutrition transition in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) and its association with overweight and obesity; the relationship with the double burden of malnutrition is also explored. We describe the increase in overweight in nearly all Sub‐Saharan African countries and present data on associated increased gross domestic product, and availability of energy, protein, fat, and sugar at country national levels. Predictors of overweight are described by means of various studies undertaken in SSA, and dietary intakes of numerous countries are presented. Overall, we show that socioeconomic status, gender, age, parity, physical inactivity, and increased energy, fat, and sugar intake are powerful predictors of overweight and/or obesity. The urgency for health interventions in countries in the early stages of the nutrition transition is emphasized, particularly in view of the fact that fat intake is still less than 30% of energy intake in nearly all Sub‐Saharan African countries.
No cumulative effects for one or two previous concussions

Background: Sports medicine clinicians and the general public are interested in the possible cumulative effects of concussion. Objective: To examine whether athletes with a history of one or two previous concussions differed in their preseason neuropsychological test performances or symptom reporting. Method: Participants were 867 male high school and university amateur athletes who completed preseason testing with ImPACT version 2.0. They were sorted into three groups on the basis of number of previous concussions. There were 664 athletes with no previous concussions, 149 with one previous concussion, and 54 with two previous concussions. Multivariate analysis of variance was conducted using the verbal memory, visual memory, reaction time, processing speed, and postconcussion symptom composite scores as dependent variables and group membership as the independent variable. Results: There was no significant multivariate effect, nor were there any significant main effects for individual scores. There was no measurable effect of one or two previous concussions on athletes’ preseason neuropsychological test performance or symptom reporting. Conclusion: If there is a cumulative effect of one or two previous concussions, it is very small and undetectable using this methodology.
Depression in schizophrenia: perspective in the era of "Atypical" antipsychotic agents.

OBJECTIVE The author sought to provide a contemporary understanding of depression in schizophrenia and promote a treatment orientation. METHOD Computer and library-based resources were used to review the literature on depression in schizophrenia. RESULTS Despite multiple definitions of "depression," a substantial rate of depression has consistently been found in patients with schizophrenia. A differential diagnosis can be used to advance the understanding and treatment of depression in schizophrenia, and changes in response to the advent of atypical antipsychotic agents can be understood in the context of this differential diagnosis paradigm. CONCLUSIONS Depression is an important co-occurring syndrome in schizophrenia. In at least some schizophrenic patients, the stress-vulnerability model has potential as an integrating concept concerning the relationship between depression and psychosis.
Bivalve taphonomy in tropical mixed siliciclastic-carbonate settings. II. Effect of bivalve life habits and shell types

Abstract Bivalve death assemblages from subtidal environments within the tropical Bocas del Toro embayment of Caribbean Panama permit a test of the extent to which levels of damage are determined by the intrinsic nature of shell supply (proportion of epifaunal species, thick shells, calcitic shells, low-organic microstructures), as opposed to the extrinsic postmortem environment that shells experience. Only damage to interior surfaces of shells was used, to ensure that damage was unambiguously postmortem in origin. We find that facies-level differences in patterns of damage (the rank order importance of postmortem encrustation, boring, edge-rounding, fine-scale surface degradation) are overwhelmingly controlled by environmental conditions: in each environment, all subsets of the death assemblage present the same damage profile. The composition of shell supply affects only the intensity of the taphonomic signature (i.e., percentage of shells affected), and only in environments containing hard substrata (patch reefs, Halimeda gravelly sand, mud among patch reefs). In these environments, epifauna, whether aragonitic or calcitic and whether thin or thick, exhibit significantly higher damage than co-occurring infauna, probably due to the initial period of seafloor exposure they typically experience after death. Thick shells (>0.5 mm), regardless of life habit or mineralogy, are damaged more frequently than thin shells, probably because of selective colonization by fouling organisms. Calcitic shells show no consistently greater frequency of damage than aragonitic shells, and high-organic microstructures yield mixed patterns. Taphofacies surveys in such depositional systems could thus be confidently based on any subset of the fauna, including diagenetically residual assemblages of calcitic shells and thick-shelled molds. Further tests are needed to determine whether the higher levels of damage observed on some subsets of shells are a consequence of greater time-averaging (thus lower temporal resolution), greater exposure time, preferential attack (potential bias in relative abundance), or some combination of these. Paleobiologically, however, the implication is that ecological subsets of bivalve assemblages are not isotaphonomic, either in tangible damage or in probable bias, within hard-substrate environments, although they may be within soft-sediment environments. In actualistic studies, targeting broad classes of taxa for comparison across environments maximizes our ability to extrapolate taphonomic guidelines into the fossil record, where life habits, skeletal types, and shallow subtidal habitats have dramatically different patterns of abundance and deployment.
THE CONTENT OF MANUFACTURING STRATEGY: A CASE STUDY IN COLOMBIAN INDUSTRIES EL CONTENIDO DE LA ESTRATEGIA DE MANUFACTURA: UN ESTUDIO DE CASO EN LAS INDUSTRIAS COLOMBIANAS

th , 2013 ABSTRACT: Manufacturing strategy (MS) is a long-term plan for production and operations system aimed to support the company's corporate strategy. The content of MS addresses the goals and strategic decisions to face competition. Despite the number of contributions on this subject, few studies have been conducted in the Colombian context. Therefore, this article shows the results of a study undertaken in 36 Colombian companies addressing the three main components of the MS content: competitive priorities, strategic decision areas and the management's approach to manufacturing. The results allow two groups of companies with different performance level to be identified, as well as the relationship of this performance with strategic decision areas and the management's approach to manufacturing.