Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Primordial to extremely metal-poor AGB and Super-AGB stars: White dwarf or supernova progenitors?

Abstract Getting a better understanding of the evolution and nucleosynthetic yields of the most metal-poor stars (Z ≲ 10−5) is critical because they are part of the big picture of the history of the primitive universe. Yet many of the remaining unknowns of stellar evolution lie in the birth, life, and death of these objects. We review stellar evolution of intermediate-mass Z ≤ 10−5 models existing in the literature, with a particular focus on the problem of their final fates. We emphasise the importance of the mixing episodes between the stellar envelope and the nuclearly processed core, which occur after stars exhaust their central He (second dredge-up and dredge-out episodes). The depth and efficiency of these episodes are critical to determine the mass limits for the formation of electron-capture SNe. Our knowledge of these phenomena is not complete because they are strongly affected by the choice of input physics. These uncertainties affect stars in all mass and metallicity ranges. However, difficulties in calibration pose additional challenges in the case of the most metal-poor stars. We also consider the alternative SN I1/2 channel to form SNe out of the most metal-poor intermediate-mass objects. In this case, it is critical to understand the thermally pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch evolution until the late stages. Efficient second dredge-up and, later, third dredge-up episodes could be able to pollute stellar envelopes enough for the stars to undergo thermal pulses in a way very similar to that of higher initial Z objects. Inefficient second and/or third dredge-up may leave an almost pristine envelope, unable to sustain strong stellar winds. This may allow the H-exhausted core to grow to the Chandrasekhar mass before the envelope is completely lost, and thus let the star explode as an SN I1/2. After reviewing the information available on these two possible channels for the formation of SNe, we discuss existing nucleosynthetic yields of stars of metallicity Z ≤ 10−5 and present an example of nucleosynthetic calculations for a thermally pulsing Super-Asymptotic Giant Branch star of Z = 10−5. We compare theoretical predictions with observations of the lowest [Fe/H] objects detected. The review closes by discussing current open questions as well as possible fruitful avenues for future research.
Descriptive Analysis of Skin Temperature Variability of Sympathetic Nervous System Activity in Stress

[Purpose] Stress is a common factor of several diseases. Stress can be reduced through appropriate stress management and relaxation methods. In this study, variation in skin temperature (ST) was investigated as a primary measure for identifying changes in stress levels. Our results should be helpful for the development of a stress measurement tool based on multimodal signals. [Subjects] Sixty healthy volunteers (30 females and 30 males) of three different races (Malay, Chinese, and Indian) with a mean age of 22.5±2.5 years participated in this study. [Methods] The Stroop color word test was used to design a data acquisition protocol of 12.36 min for this experiment. ST variation was measured continuously during the Stroop colour word test and statistical features were computed. Further, descriptive analysis and stress levels were classified using a Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) to find the optimum features. [Results] Among the 60 subjects, the mean ST of 48 subjects (80%) rose linearly from the normal state to the high-stress state. In addition, Malay subjects were more sensitive to stress than other two races as measured by the mean skin temperature. A maximum mean classification rate of 88% was achieved for the four different stress levels on all the subjects using PNN. [Conclusion] Our investigation proves that the mean ST is a reliable measure for identifying stress level changes and may be useful for designing a multimodal stress measurement system.
LIST OF CHANGES

This release is intended for Frama-C Magnesium, issued in January 2016. 4 For changes in previous versions we refer to the Appendix A on Page 149. A main goal of this release is to reduce the number of proof obligations that cannot be verified automatically and therefore must be tackled by an interactive theorem prover such as Coq. To this end, we analyzed the proof obligations (often using Coq) and devised additional assertions or ACSL lemmas to guide the automatic provers. Often we succeeded in enabling automatic provers to discharge the concerned obligations. Specifically, whereas the previous version 11.1. 1 of ACSL by Example listed nine proof obligations that could only be discharged with Coq, the document at hand (version 12.1.0) only counts five such obligations. Moreover, all these remaining proof obligations are associated to ACSL lemmas, which are usually easier to tackle with Coq than proof obligations directly related to the C code. The reason for this is that ACSL lemmas usually have a much smaller set of hypotheses. Adding assertions and lemmas also helps to alleviate a problem in WP Magnesium and Sodium where prover processes are not properly terminated. 5 Left-over " zombie processes " lead to a deterioration of machine performance which sometimes results in unpredictable verification results. • mutating algorithms – simplify annotations of replace_copy and add new algorithm replace * add predicate Replace to write more compact post conditions and loops invariants – add several lemmas for predicate Unchanged and use predicate Unchanged in postcondi-tions of mutating and numeric algorithms – simplify annotations of reverse * rename Reversed to Reverse (again) and provide another overloaded version * add figure to support description of the Reverse predicate
Electrical spin injection into p-type silicon using SiO2-Cobalt Tunnel Devices: The Role of Schottky barrier

Spin angular momentum of electronic charge carriers is being explored currently for integration of non-volatile memory and processor in a single device. The main challenges in this research field are to integrate a spin polarized electron source to a semiconductor, and demonstrate an efficient spin injection, detection, transport, and manipulation mechanisms in such devices. At present, a large research effort is being dedicated to realize silicon based spintronic devices, because of its industrial dominance and expected long spin coherence length. Recently, it has been possible to inject and detect spin polarized electrons into silicon from a ferromagnet at room temperature. This has created possibilities to further investigate and understand the behavior of spin accumulation and depolarization in semiconductors with more details. This thesis aims to investigate the effect of the Schottky barrier, present at the interface, on spin injection and spin accumulation in silicon. Both electrical and spin transport measurements were performed on microfabricated Cobalt/SiO2 tunnel barrier/p-type silicon devices. SiO2 tunnel barrier was grown by ozone oxidation that gives a much better interface because of the creation of very thin transition region, which makes it a robust method for high quality, extremely thin oxide layers. The Schottky barrier parameter has been tailored by changing the boron doping concentration in the silicon. These studies involve determining the carrier densities, mobility, diffusion coefficients, etc. in differently doped silicon substrates using Hall measurement technique, the Schottky barrier properties at the tunnel junction interfaces, as well as the change in the spin-signal with a magnetic field, temperature, and applied electrical bias voltage. With increasing the Schottky barrier width, a transition from direct spin polarized tunneling to an anomalous tunneling could be observed, giving rise to a change in the sign of spin accumulation. For the devices with larger Schottky barrier width, the effect of defects at the semiconductor/tunnel barrier interfaces on the spin injection and detection mechanism were discussed. The Schottky barrier resistance is found to determine the spin transport behavior, which can be dominated by either direct tunneling or two-step tunneling. The role of local spin dipole formation at the interface during spin extraction process with two step tunneling has also been proposed.
The Impact of Money Supply Volatility on the Fisher Effect –A Botswana Empirical Perspective

To the extent that these authors have been able to determine, existing literature on the Fisher Effect has only attempted to vary methodological approaches to test for the existence and validity of the Fisher hypothesis. It is the objective of this paper to expand on the literature by determining the degree of influence of money supply changes on the validity and existence of the Fisher Effect. The study examines interest rates and money supply quantities in Botswana from 1989 to 2013 and uses the Johansen Cointegration test to determine the strength of the relationships. The results indicate that there is no long run relationship between money supply, inflation, as well as the Fisher Effect. Subsequently, the study recommends potential areas of research which should be explored to verify further money supply volatility effects on the Fisher Effect.
Turbulence strength in ultimate Taylor–Couette turbulence

We provide experimental measurements for the effective scaling of the Taylor–Reynolds number within the bulk $\mathit{Re}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706},\mathit{bulk}}$ , based on local flow quantities as a function of the driving strength (expressed as the Taylor number $\mathit{Ta}$ ), in the ultimate regime of Taylor–Couette flow. We define $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706},bulk}=(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{bulk}(u_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}))^{2}(15/(\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}_{bulk}))^{1/2}$ , where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{bulk}(u_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}})$ is the bulk-averaged standard deviation of the azimuthal velocity, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}_{bulk}$ is the bulk-averaged local dissipation rate and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$ is the liquid kinematic viscosity. The data are obtained through flow velocity field measurements using particle image velocimetry. We estimate the value of the local dissipation rate $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}(r)$ using the scaling of the second-order velocity structure functions in the longitudinal and transverse directions within the inertial range – without invoking Taylor’s hypothesis. We find an effective scaling of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}_{\mathit{bulk}}/(\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}^{3}d^{-4})\sim \mathit{Ta}^{1.40}$ , (corresponding to $\mathit{Nu}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714},\mathit{bulk}}\sim \mathit{Ta}^{0.40}$ for the dimensionless local angular velocity transfer), which is nearly the same as for the global energy dissipation rate obtained from both torque measurements ( $\mathit{Nu}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}}\sim \mathit{Ta}^{0.40}$ ) and direct numerical simulations ( $\mathit{Nu}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}}\sim \mathit{Ta}^{0.38}$ ). The resulting Kolmogorov length scale is then found to scale as $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}_{\mathit{bulk}}/d\sim \mathit{Ta}^{-0.35}$ and the turbulence intensity as $I_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703},\mathit{bulk}}\sim \mathit{Ta}^{-0.061}$ . With both the local dissipation rate and the local fluctuations available we finally find that the Taylor–Reynolds number effectively scales as $\mathit{Re}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706},\mathit{bulk}}\sim \mathit{Ta}^{0.18}$ in the present parameter regime of $4.0\times 10^{8}<\mathit{Ta}<9.0\times 10^{10}$ .
Ultrasonic evaluation of mechanical properties of w ood in standing trees

Methods based on propagation of stress waves phenom ena indicate particular usefulness in diagnosis and assortmentation of raw material. It has been demonstrated that ultr asonic measurements made both on sawn timber and on standing trees produce satisfactory results in predicting certain mechanical properties of sawn timber obtained from the analysed raw material. The highest correlation has been observed between the velocity of ultrasounds along trunks a nd the modulus of elasticity of sawn timber obtained from them. A similar correlation with the bending strength has a lso been satisfactory. To ensure the correct interpretation of the results , it is recommended that studies should be conducte d to detect and locate inner rot in standing tree trunks. The studies can be performed by taking measurements of ultrasonic w ave propagation transversely in trunks in a potentially defected ar ea and an area free from defects.
Data from Non-standard Varieties

The most important reasons for examining “non-standard data” with CL methods are the facts that this data represents a great deal of language behavior and that it serves as an object of scientific study in linguistics as a whole. This is true of the syntax of non-native second-language learners, the accents of non-native speakers, and the vocabularies of different dialect speakers. Computational linguists have a good deal to offer to the various subfields of linguistics studying non-standard data. By automating steps in analysis we make the analyses replicable and also modifiable, we improve opportunities for comparing similar analyses, and perhaps most importantly, we enable the analyses of large amounts of data, providing more comprehensive views. The data itself can be tricky to work with, however, as scientists in other fields are often specialized in a single language or language pair, which means that their data will not be varied enough to support all the research questions one would like to ask, e.g., the question of the generality of the techniques for a particular purpose. In other cases, the data simply won’t have been collected with an eye to answering some interesting questions, which may mean that important parameters haven’t been recorded. Finally, we note that non-automated analyses do not impose expectations that data be commensurate to the same strict degree (as automated ones), meaning that surprises can be in store even in well-studied data sets. This paper provides some concrete examples and discussion of these potential pitfalls. One can protect oneself from some of these risks by seeking collaboration with domain experts, which is to be recommended in any case, as a way of making the work richer and better informed. Further, it makes sense to approach novels sorts of data — and even novel sources of data of a sort one suspects is familiar — with a broad range of potential research questions. There is an awful lot of interesting work still to be done!
Impact of a One Day Crisis Resource Management Training on the Work Satisfaction among Emergency Department Healthcare Staff

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the impact of a single day Crisis Resource Management (CRM) oriented team training, combining didactic and simulation sessions, on work satisfaction of the healthcare staff working in an Emergency Department. Methods: Seventy health professionals with different qualifications, working in an emergency department, were enrolled in the study. After enrollment, participants were asked to complete a work satisfaction questionnaire and to choose a day for the training session according to their availability. Each training session took place in the simulation center and consisted of several elements: didactic session and simulation session, followed by instructor facilitated debriefing. The lecture was focused on medical errors and CRM principles. Two months after, they were asked to complete again the work satisfaction questionnaire. Results: There were no significant improvements on the items evaluated through the work satisfaction questionnaire for none of the professional categories involved, except for ‘the possibility to refer the patient to a specialist whenever was considered necessary’ for the doctors. Improvements were seen for the same professional category on the following items: workload, leisure time, level of stress at work, time and energy spent on administrative tasks. Conclusions: The findings of this study do not support the effectiveness of a single day CRM training as a tool to improve the work satisfaction among medical staff in ED. Further research is necessary.
Raman amplification in an optically high-powered data link dedicated to a 10 km long extension for submarine cabled observatories

We describe a quasi-all-optical extension dedicated to simplifying the deployment of submarine cabled observatories. Based on power-over-fiber technologies, high power supply and data are both transmitted in one optical fiber of a few kilometers in length. We study the Raman amplification on the down- and up-stream data in the static regime with the high optical power varying from 100 mW to 4 W over a 10 km long single-mode optical fiber. We focus on the data optical budget and signal to noise ratio dependence with respect to the high optical power value and the data optical wavelength. We also present the transmission quality in the dynamic regime of this quasi-all-optical extension.
Regulation of cytokine gene expression during Brucella abortus infection

Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a key role in antimicrobial host defense. Bacterial cell wall components and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are recognized by macrophages via TLR, resulting in activation of professional antigen-presenting cells, initiation of acquired immune responses and further elimination of the invasive bacteria. TLR2 and TLR4 have been shown to recognize bacterial components. TLR2 is required for signaling by numerous ligands from gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria such as lipoteichoic acids, peptidoglycan and lipoproteins. In contrast, TLR4 fails to confer responsiveness to gram-positive bacteria and their components, but it is the main LPS signaling receptor. LPS is a major constituent of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, such as Brucella, and is known to activate neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and other cell types to up-regulate expression of adhesion molecules and produce a number of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study demonstrates that the attenuated strain Brucella abortusRB51 can stimulate cells through TLR4 and MyD88, resulting in NF-kB activation. The virulent strain B. abortus 2308 can also stimulate the cells by a MyD88-dependent pathway without involving either TLR4 or TLR2. It also induced NF-kB activation and nuclear translocation, suggesting that B. abortus RB51 induces activation of the proinflammatory response by a TLR4-dependent pathway with the subsequent NF-kB activation and nuclear translocation; nevertheless, the 2308 strain induced NF-kB nuclear translocation that was activated by an alternative pathway, different from that induced by TLR. Key words: Brucella abortus, RB51, TLR, NF-kB, transduction signals, cytokines.
Using Palpation for Identification and Discrimination of Optimal Points for EMG Harvesting on the Lower Forearm Muscles

The calibration process of the EMG input system is often not straightforward because it requires knowledge of muscle anatomy. The lack of a guide makes it difficult for untrained users to perform the calibration. This paper proposes a systematic method for identifying muscles in the lower forearm for EMG input for a control system. Palpation was used on a single subject to identify the major muscles and their locations. A coordinate system was then used to record the positions of the muscles. Seven major muscles which are considered robust to electrical interference and skin shift were identified, and their coordinates recorded.
Devonian Antiarch Placoderms from Belgium Revisited

Anatomical, systematic, and paleobiogeographical data on the Devonian antiarchs from Belgium are reviewed, updated and completed thanks to new data from the field and re-examination of paleontological collections. The material of Bothriolepis lohesti is enhanced and the species redescribed in more detail. An undetermined species of Bothriolepis is recorded from the Famennian of Modave (Liège Province), one species of Asterolepis redescribed from the Givetian of Hingeon and another one described from the Givetian of Mazy (Namur Province). Grossilepis rikiki sp. nov. is recorded from the Famennian tetrapod-bearing locality of Strud (Namur Province) and from the Famennian of Moresnet (Liège Province). It is the first occurrence of Grossilepis after the Frasnian and on the central southern coast of the Euramerican continent. Its occurrence in the Famennian of Belgium may be the result of a late arrival from the Moscow Platform and the Baltic Depression, where the genus is known from Frasnian deposits. Remigolepis durnalensis sp. nov. is described from the Famennian of Spontin near Durnal (Namur Province). Except for the doubtful occurrence of Remigolepis sp. in Scotland, this is the first record of this genus in Western Europe. Its occurrence in Belgium reinforces the strong faunal affinities between Belgium and East Greenland and the hypothesis of a hydrographical link between the two areas during the Late Devonian.
In Vivo Study of Epithelial Adhesion via E-Cadherin-β- and α- Catenin-small GTP-Binding Proteins under T3 Regulation

Since the middle of last century there have been a plethora of studies trying to comprehend the fine control of adhesive contacts involved in establishment, maintainance and remodelling of epithelial architecture during animal development and adulthood. Depending on the experimental model, surprising and even contradictory data have been obtained. Among these, the in vivo systems outperform in vitro models in terms of understanding the animal biology. It is known that thyroid hormones (THs) modulate energy metabolism, growth and development by independent mechanisms. Thyroid calorigenesis is influenced predominantly via thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) that mediate synthesis of mitochondrial respiratory complexes and cell membrane sodium-potassium ATPase; whereas it is debate matter if many of the TH effects over epithelial development are principally mediated via growth factors, TRs or transmembrane proteins. Present work presents molecular evidences that T3 modulates the epithelial adhesive potential during gut remodeling in X. laevis development, differentially activating E-cadherin, β-catenin and α-catenin genes, and downstream, modulating small GTP-binding proteins involved in adhesive epithelial properties.
Enhancing silicon solar cells with singlet fission: the case for Förster resonant energy transfer using a quantum dot intermediate

Abstract. One way for solar cell efficiencies to overcome the Shockley–Queisser limit is downconversion of high-energy photons using singlet fission (SF) in polyacenes like tetracene (Tc). SF enables generation of multiple excitons from the high-energy photons, which can be harvested in combination with Si. In this work, we investigate the use of lead sulfide quantum dots (PbS QDs) with a band gap close to Si as an interlayer that allows Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET) from Tc to Si, a process that would be spin-forbidden without the intermediate QD step. We investigate how the conventional FRET model, most commonly applied to the description of molecular interactions, can be modified to describe the geometry of QDs between Tc and Si and how the distance between QD and Si, and the QD bandgap affects the FRET efficiency. By extending the acceptor dipole in the FRET model to a 2-D plane, and to the bulk, we see a relaxation of the distance dependence of transfer. Our results indicate that FRET efficiencies from PbS QDs to Si well above 50% are possible at very short but possibly realistic distances of around 1 nm, even for QDs with relatively low photoluminescence quantum yield.