Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Capravirine as a CYP3A Probe Substrate: In Vitro and in Vivo Metabolism of Capravirine in Rats and Dogs

Metabolism of [14C]capravirine was studied via both in vitro and in vivo means in rats and dogs. Mass balance was achieved in rats and dogs, with mean total recovery of radioactivity >86% for each species. Capravirine was well absorbed in rats but only moderately so in dogs. The very low levels of recovered unchanged capravirine and the large number of metabolites observed in rats and dogs indicate that capravirine was eliminated predominantly by metabolism in both species. Capravirine underwent extensive metabolism via oxygenation reactions (predominant pathways in both species), depicolylation and carboxylation in rats, and decarbamation in dogs. The major circulating metabolites of capravirine were two depicolylated products in rats and three decarbamated products in dogs. However, none of the five metabolites was observed in humans, indicating significant species differences in terms of identities and relative abundances of circulating capravirine metabolites. Because the majority of in vivo oxygenated metabolites of capravirine were observed in liver microsomal incubations, the in vitro models provided good insight into the in vivo oxygenation pathways. In conclusion, the diversity (i.e., hydroxylation, sulfoxidation, sulfone formation, and N-oxidation), multiplicity (i.e., mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraoxygenations), and high enzymatic specificity (>90% contribution by CYP3A4 in humans, CYP3A1/2 in rats, and CYP3A12 in dogs) of the capravirine oxygenation reactions observed in humans, rats, and dogs in vivo and in vitro suggest that capravirine can be a useful CYP3A substrate for probing catalytic mechanisms and kinetics of CYP3A enzymes in humans and animal species.
Parabrachial Origin of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-Immunoreactive Axons Innervating Meynert's Basal Nucleus

Meynert's basal nucleus is innervated by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive axons synapsing with cholinergic principal cells. Origin of CGRP-immunopositive axons was studied in the albino rat. Since beaded axons containing the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) are also present in the basal nucleus, the microstructural arrangement raises the question whether or not an interaction between CGRP and nAChR exists like in the neuromuscular junction. We found that electrolytic lesion of the parabrachial nucleus results in degeneration of CGRP-immunoreactive axons in the ipsilateral nucleus basalis and induces shrinkage of principal cholinergic neurons while the contralateral nucleus basalis remains intact. Electrolytic lesions in the thalamus, caudate-putamen, and hippocampus did not induce alterations in Meynert's basal nucleus. Disappearance of CGRP after lesions of the parabrachial nucleus does not impair presynaptic nAChR in the basal nucleus, suggesting that, unlike in the neuromuscular junction, CGRP is not involved in the maintenance of nAChR in the basal forebrain. It is concluded that the parabrachial nucleus is involved in the activation of the nucleus basalis-prefrontal cortex system, essential in gnostic and mnemonic functions.
The Evolution of Earnings Risk in the US Economy

To motivate our econometric procedures, it is useful to work with a slightly simpler set up. Suppose that there are two periods only (T = 0, 1) and that the interest rate is zero (r = 0). We relax this assumption later in this section but initially use this framework to focus on the main econometric ideas motivating our solution of the selection problem. For t = 0, 1, assume that (Y0,t, Y1,t) have finite means and can be expressed in terms of conditioning variables X. Write
Systemic Vasculitis Presenting as a Tumorlike Lesion: Four Case Reports and an Analysis of 79 Reported Cases

Systemic vasculitis might present as a tumorlike lesion that initially could misdirect the correct diagnosis and the appropriate medical treatment. The aim of the present study is to summarize all reported cases of tumorlike presentation in systemic vasculitides, in order to have comprehensive data on the characteristics of this unusual phenomenon. We report 4 cases of systemic vasculitis presenting as a tumorlike lesion. In addition, we performed a MEDLINE search of all English-language papers published from 1966 to 1999, looking for vasculitis presenting as tumorlike lesion. Details were included concerning vasculitis classification, specific characteristics, location of the "tumor," the presence or absence of systemic involvement, and whether surgery was performed before diagnosis. Seventy-nine cases of vasculitis presenting as a tumorlike lesion were found in the literature, in addition to the 4 new cases described. The average age of the reported cases was 50.5 +/- 15.8 years, and 51% were female. In 82% of the cases the "tumor" was associated with constitutional symptoms and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The most common vasculitis categories with tumorlike presentation were Wegener granulomatosis (WG; 28 cases) and giant cell arteritis (GCA; 17 cases). In almost half the patients, surgery was performed before diagnosis. All patients with GCA presented with either a breast or an ovarian tumor. The most common location of a tumorlike lesion was the breast (22%), followed by central nervous system lesions (16%). Other frequent locations were the ovary (10%), caused exclusively by GCA and polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), and the male genitourinary system, almost all caused by PAN. Including vasculitis in the differential diagnosis of a tumorlike lesion might lead to an earlier diagnosis and consequently to prompt and appropriate treatment, avoiding needless operations. Constitutional symptoms and elevated ESR should alert clinicians to the possible diagnosis of vasculitis rather than a tumor. The association of GCA with ovarian pseudotumor is distinct and has not been emphasized before. We therefore suggest that GCA should be included in the list of differential diagnosis of an ovarian or breast tumor in an elderly woman, particularly when systemic symptoms and parameters of inflammation are present.
Insects as models in neuroendocrine research.

The use of model systems for the study of basic biological and biomedical phenomena has a long history, during which models have largely been restricted to certain mammalian species. Because of a century-old preoccupa­ tion with homology (a concept introduced by Owen in 1843, which empha­ sizes relatedness based on the common evolutionary ancestry of organ struc­ ture), the functional correspondence of analogous biological systems was given little attention (51). In recent years, however, suitable animal models have also been sought among invertebrates as well as nonmammalian ver­ tebrates, and now the principle of analogy is of primary concern. This change of orientation is reflected in a comprehensive report prepared by the Com­ mittee on Models for Biomedical Research at the request of the Commission on Life Sciences of the National Research Council (7a). The current focus is on lower forms for several reasons, including relative simplicity, greater accessibility, and applicability for certain experimental procedures. But first and foremost, the relevance of information gained from the use of such models has been established by the demonstration of remark­ able structural and functional parallels between the two animal phyla. These analogies apply from the molecular to the organismic level of organizational complexity. Moreover, the rewards gained from experimentation with lower organisms, including unicellular organisms, reach beyond the detection of commonalities judged to be practically useful for modeling in biomedical research (see 47); broadly based comparative studies provide information on the evolutionary history of basic biological phenomena and quite frequently
Physical symptoms in primary care. Predictors of psychiatric disorders and functional impairment.

OBJECTIVE To examine how the type and number of physical symptoms reported by primary care patients are related to psychiatric disorders and functional impairment. DESIGN Outpatient mental health survey. SETTING Four primary care clinics. PATIENTS One thousand adult clinic patients, of whom 631 were selected randomly or consecutively and 369 by convenience. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Psychiatric disorders as determined by the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders procedure; the presence or absence of 15 common physical symptoms and whether symptoms were somatoform (ie, lacked an adequate physical explanation); and functional status as determined by the Medical Outcomes Study Short-form General Health Survey. RESULTS Each of the 15 common symptoms was frequently somatoform (range, 16% to 33%). The presence of any physical symptom increased the likelihood of a diagnosis of a mood or anxiety disorder by at least twofold to three-fold, and somatoform symptoms had a particularly strong association with psychiatric disorders. The likelihood of a psychiatric disorder increased dramatically with increasing numbers of physical symptoms. The prevalence of a mood disorder in patients with 0 to 1, 2 to 3, 4 to 5, 6 to 8, and 9 or more symptoms was 2%, 12%, 23%, 44%, and 60%, respectively, and the prevalence of an anxiety disorder was 1%, 7%, 13%, 30%, and 48%, respectively. Finally, each physical symptom was associated with significant functional impairment; indeed, the number of physical symptoms was a powerful correlate of functional status. CONCLUSIONS The number of physical symptoms is highly predictive for psychiatric disorders and functional impairment. Multiple or unexplained symptoms may signify a potentially treatable mood or anxiety disorder.
Financial Sector Competition, Services Trade, and Growth

We explore dynamic linkages between financial/banking sector openness, financial sector competition, and growth. We first develop an analytical model, highlighting links between long-run economic performance and the services trade, through scale economies and market and cost structures in the financial services sector. This is followed by an econometric exercise based on data for 130 countries for the 1990s. Our results point to a strong positive relationship between financial sector competition/performance and financial sector openness (meaning foreign bank access to domestic markets), and between growth and financial sector competition/performance. They also point to the presence of scale economies in the sector.
The Glycan Moieties and the N-Terminal Polypeptide Backbone of a Fimbria-Associated Adhesin, Fap1, Play Distinct Roles in the Biofilm Development of Streptococcus parasanguinis

ABSTRACT Fap1, a fimbria-associated glycoprotein, is essential for biofilm formation of Streptococcus parasanguinis and mediates bacterial attachment to saliva-coated hydroxylapatite, an in vitro tooth model (E. H. Froeliger and P. M. Fives-Taylor, Infect. Immun. 69:2512-2519, 2001; H. Wu and P. M. Fives-Taylor, Mol. Microbiol. 34:1070-1081, 1999; H. Wu et al., Mol. Microbiol. 28:487-500, 1998). Fap1 belongs to a growing family of high-molecular-weight serine-rich proteins found in streptococcal and staphylococcal species and possesses two serine-rich repeat regions. The glycan moiety of Fap1 appears to be O linked within the repeat regions (A. E. Stephenson et al., Mol. Microbiol. 43:147-157, 2002). In the present study, we identified a gene cluster immediately upstream of fap1 that encodes three putative glycosyltransferases and one nucleotide-sugar synthetase-like protein. Inactivation of one glycosyltransferase gene galT2 abolished the expression of two glycan epitopes; however, it did not alter bacterial ability to adhere to both SHA and saliva-conditioned biofilm surfaces. In contrast, the biofilms formed by the galT2 mutant were shallow and had a 70% decrease in biomass accumulation, suggesting that these glycan moieties mediated by GalT2 are not required for the initial adhesion but are important for biofilm formation. A recombinant N-terminal Fap1 polypeptide was shown to interact with a 53-kDa salivary protein and block and displace bacterial attachment, further demonstrating the role of the Fap1 polypeptide in bacterial adhesion. Taken together, these results suggest that Fap1 glycosylation plays an important role in bacterial biofilm formation, whereas the nonglycosylated Fap1 peptide mediates bacterial initial attachment during the process of biofilm formation.
A first in man, phase I dose-escalation study of PHA-793887, an inhibitor of multiple cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK2, 1 and 4) reveals unexpected hepatotoxicity in patients with solid tumors   

Background: PHA-793887 is an inhibitor of multiple cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) with activity against CDK2, CDK1 and CDK4. The primary objectives of this first in man study were to determine the dose limiting toxicities (DLTs), maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended phase II dose of PHA-793887. Results: Although toxicity was acceptable at initial dose levels, PHA-793887 was poorly tolerated at doses ≥44 mg/m2. The most frequent events across all dose levels were gastrointestinal or nervous system events. DLTs were experienced by two of three patients at the dose level of 66 mg/m2, and by three of nine patients at the dose level of 44 mg/m2. In all but one patient the DLT was hepatotoxicity; fatal hepatorenal failure was seen in one patient treated at the 44 mg/ m2 dose level. There were no objective responses, but disease stabilization was observed in five patients. Over the dose range investigated, pharmacokinetic studies showed that systemic exposure to PHA-793887 increased with the dose and was time-independent. The study terminated after the enrolment of 19 patients due to the severe hepatic toxicity. Patients and Methods: Cohorts of three to six patients were treated at doses of 11, 22, 44 and 66 mg/m2 of PHA-793887 administered as 1-hour intravenous infusion on days 1, 8 and 15 in a 4-week cycle. Safety and pharmacokinetics were investigated. Conclusion: PHA-793887 induces severe, dose-related hepatic toxicity, which was not predicted by pre-clinical models and currently precludes its further clinical development.
Implementation of 20Gbit/s area-optimization DQPSK precoder employing FPGA

In this paper, a new model based on an ameliorated Brent Kung (BK) parallel prefix network (PPN) algorithm was proposed and realized in Virtex V FPGA. In the implementation, compute complexity (area) optimization was achieved. 770 slice registers was utilized and which saved 60% logic resources to the before algorithm.
Ultrasound assisted extraction for the recovery of phenolic compounds from vegetable sources

Vegetable sources and agro-industrial residues represent an important source of phenolic compounds that are useful in a wide range of applications, especially those with biological activities. Conventional techniques of phytochemical extraction have been associated with a high consumption of organic solvents that limits the application of bioactive extracts, leading to the implementation of novel extraction technologies using mechanisms such as Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE). In the present review, an analysis of the involved variables in the extraction yield of phenolic compounds through UAE is presented, highlighting the advantages of this technology based on the results obtained in various optimized studies. A comparison with other technologies and a proposal of its possible application for agro industrial residues as raw material of phenolic compounds is also indicated. Finally, it is concluded that UAE is a technology that is placed within the area of Sustainable Chemistry since it promotes the use of renewable raw materials through the extraction of phenolic compounds, implementing the substitution of organic solvents with solvents that do not present toxic effects, lowering the energy consumption when compared to conventional methods and minimizing process times and temperatures, which is useful for the extraction of thermo-labile compounds.
Achievable field of view of chequerboard phased array feed

Placing a phased array at the focus of a paraboloidal reflector increases the area of sky a radio telescope can observe. For a 9×10 chequerboard phased array on a 12m parabolic dish the available field of view increase from 1 to 36 square degrees at 1.4GHz. To access this field of view multiple beams are formed. It is impractical to form enough beams to recover all the energy incident on the phased array. Here a 6×6 square array of beams is analysed. The astronomical objective is to observe large areas of the sky with uniform sensitivity. The 6×6 beam array shows sensitivity variations on the scale of the beam size and the array field of view. A method of flattening the sensitivity is described.
Modeling and analysis of an integrated AC-DC network under AC and DC faults

With the strong development of renewable energy sources, the next generation network could include an existing AC system and multi-terminal VSC-HVDC links. In such an AC-DC network, interactions between AC and DC side under faults are interested to study. This paper presents a dedicated model of a sample AC-DC network and analyzes transient responses of this network following faults.
OXA-58 and IMP-4 Carbapenem-Hydrolyzing β-Lactamases in an Acinetobacter junii Blood Culture Isolate from Australia

Hospital-acquired infections with Acinetobacter spp. have been reported worldwide (13). Success of the organism is attributed to its ability for long-term survival in a hospital environment and its ability to rapidly acquire resistance to antimicrobials (2). Carbapenems have been the agents of choice for serious Acinetobacter sp. infections, but unfortunately the clinical utility of this class of antimicrobial is under threat with the emergence of acquired carbapenemases, particularly from Ambler classes B (metallo-β-lactamases) and D (oxacillinases) (10). Such mechanisms of resistance are being described in many geographic regions, including Australia (11). The class D carbapenemases found in Acinetobacter spp. have previously been divided into two distinct phylogenetic clusters, the OXA-23 cluster (OXA-23 and -27) and the OXA-24 cluster (OXA-24, -25, -26, and -40), with only 60% homology between them (1). More recently, a novel oxacillinase was described in France, OXA-58, in association with Acinetobacter baumannii infections in a burn unit (5, 12). To date, this enzyme has only been reported in Europe (8). A further novel oxacillinase has also been reported from Argentina, OXA-51 (3).
Cysticercosis and Epilepsy: A Critical Review

Summary: Neurocysticercosis (NC) remains a major public health problem in developing and some developed countries. Currently, the best procedures for diagnosing NC are neuroimaging studies. Immunoserologic assays, such as enzyme‐linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay (EITB) or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), detect antibodies against Taenia solium, or cysticercus. Consequently, they are useful in identifying a population at risk of contact with the parasite but do not necessarily indicate a systemic active infection. Most seropositive individuals are asymptomatic. No data from prospective studies concern the proportion of these individuals that will develop seizures or other neurologic symptoms. There is a discrepancy between the results of serologic assays and neuroimaging studies: >50% of those individuals with NC diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) scan test EITB negative.
Audit committees: One size fits all?

Corporate governance, as defined by the Australian Stock Exchange, involves "those monitoring and control mechanisms that are put in place by companies with the objective of enhancing shareholder value. " Audit committees are one such corporate governance mechanism whereby companies have attempted to respond to the growing public pressure for greater accountability brought on by major corporate collapse. Australian public companies are currently not required to form audit committees, either by statute of by ASX listing rules. However, the decision of the ASX not to mandate audit committees is in conflict with recommendations of the Working Group on Corporate Practices and Conduct and the Working Party of the Ministerial Council for Corporations, which have recommended audit committees be formed by all companies listed on the ASX.
Amplification of terahertz radiation by plasmons in graphene with a planar Bragg grating

The giant amplification of terahertz radiation due to stimulated generation of plasmons in graphene with a planar Bragg grating strongly coupled to terahertz radiation is predicted. The amplification of terahertz wave at the plasmon resonance frequencies is several orders of magnitude stronger than away from the resonances. It is shown that the dynamic and frequency ranges of terahertz graphene amplifier can be strongly enhanced in the structure with a narrow-slit Bragg grating and/or thin barrier layer.
A Practical Thermal Model for the Estimation of Permanent Magnet and Stator Winding Temperatures

A thermal model for the determination of the temperatures of interior permanent magnets and stator windings is presented in this paper. The innovation of the model relies on one temperature sensor being located in the stator core of the machine. Such sensor is simple to implement in many applications such as traction or EV, where reliability is critical. The estimated stator winding and permanent magnet temperatures are determined by a simplified thermal lumped element network model with only two time constants. It is shown that the proposed thermal model is very robust due to the structure of the model and the measured stator core temperature. The distortion of the temperature estimates caused by the cooling circuit is inherently accounted for such that the model can be used for robust online prediction of temperatures. Experimental results based on a forced water-cooled interior permanent magnet synchronous machine setup are presented to validate the effectiveness of the presented model.
Cheating in Multiplayer Video Games

Cheating in video games has been prevalent ever since the days of Pong. Games have evolved much since then and the ways in which people play together have changed as well. Older systems required people to play together in the same room, but with the advent of the internet, gaming consoles allow us to play games together with people located all over the globe. Cheating has evolved as well, since gamers no longer have the luxury of monitoring the person sitting next to them; anti-cheating mechanisms are built into most online systems and suspicious behavior is monitored by gaming companies. Most of the current research has surrounded ways in which players cheat and their reasoning for doing so. This is only half of the equation however, what happens after a gamer is caught cheating? What are the repercussions for being caught cheating and how does being caught influence future decisions to cheat? By putting gamers in a situation where they are caught cheating, three different responses were revealed: those who are determined to cheat no matter what, those who scale back their cheating in the hopes of remaining undetected, and those who stopped cheating altogether.