Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The energy and nutrient intake and the energy expenditure of 204 New Guinean adults.

Two village populations, Kaul in a coastal region and Lufa in a highland region, were studied each for 9-10 months. Measurements of food intake and total daily energy expenditure were made on individual subjects, 51 men and 69 women in Kaul and 43 men and 41 women in Lufa. Each individual was investigated during a period of 5-7 consecutive days. The way of life for all the people was moderately active - more so in the highlands - since they were subsistence farmers cultivating their own gardens for food. The mean daily energy intakes were 8.12 MJ (1940 kcal) for the Kaul men, 10.55 MJ (2520 kcal) for the Lufa men, 5.95 MJ (1420 kcal) for the Kaul women and 8.81 MJ (2105 kcal) for the Lufa women. There were almost no differences in the energy intakes of the non-pregnant non-lactating, the pregnant, and the lactating women in each village. The intakes of protein were low, providing 6.7, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.2% of the energy value of the diets of the Kaul men and women and the Lufa men and women respectively. Fat provided only about 10% of the energy in the highland diet and 17% in the coastal diet. Age and body mass showed surprising relationships with energy intake. Although most of the energy and protein in the diets came from the staple vegetable (taroin Kaul and sweet potato in Lufa), this was less so than in previous studies. A total of 1160 measurements of energy expenditure were made on various activities of the individual people and mean values are given for these activities. The pattern of daily energy expenditure is also shown. Lying, sitting and standing accounted for about 70% of the total day and 60% of the total energy expenditure. Walking occupied about 10% of the 24 h and between 20 and 27% of the energy output. Some of the results of food intake, particularly on the women in the coastal region, are very difficult to explain on currently accepted grounds.
Integrating molecular and morphological approaches for characterizing parasite cryptic species: implications for parasitology

SUMMARY Herein we review theoretical and methodological considerations important for finding and delimiting cryptic species of parasites (species that are difficult to recognize using traditional systematic methods). Applications of molecular data in empirical investigations of cryptic species are discussed from an historical perspective, and we evaluate advantages and disadvantages of approaches that have been used to date. Developments concerning the theory and practice of species delimitation are emphasized because theory is critical to interpretation of data. The advantages and disadvantages of different molecular methodologies, including the number and kind of loci, are discussed relative to tree-based approaches for detecting and delimiting cryptic species. We conclude by discussing some implications that cryptic species have for research programmes in parasitology, emphasizing that careful attention to the theory and operational practices involved in finding, delimiting, and describing new species (including cryptic species) is essential, not only for fully characterizing parasite biodiversity and broader aspects of comparative biology such as systematics, evolution, ecology and biogeography, but to applied research efforts that strive to improve development and understanding of epidemiology, diagnostics, control and potential eradication of parasitic diseases.
A computational framework for simulation of biogeochemical tracers in the ocean

A novel computational framework is introduced for the efficient simulation of chemical and biological tracers in ocean models. The framework is based on the “transport matrix” formulation, a scheme for capturing the complex three‐dimensional transport of tracers in a general circulation model (GCM) as a sparse matrix, thus reducing the task of simulating tracers to a sequence of simple matrix‐vector products. The principal advantages of this formulation are efficiency and convenience. It is many orders of magnitude more efficient than GCMs, allowing us to address problems that are currently either difficult or unaffordable with GCMs. The scheme also allows us to quickly “prototype” new biogeochemical parameterizations or “plug in” existing ones. This paper describes the key features and advantages of the transport matrix method, and illustrates its application to a series of realistic problems in chemical and biological oceanography. The examples range from simulation of a transient tracer (SF6) to adjoint sensitivity of a complex coupled biogeochemical model. Finally, the paper describes an efficient, portable, and freely available implementation of this computational scheme that provides the necessary framework for simulating any biogeochemical tracer.
Factors Related to Client Satisfaction with Community-Based Respite Services

SUMMARY The goal of this study was to identify factors related to client satisfaction with respite services. Data were analyzed from interviews with 1183 family caregivers participating in the AoA Demonstration Grants to States program. Two groups of potential explanatory variables were examined: (1) characteristics of client families, and (2) caregivers' perceptions of service delivery. Separate regression models were estimated for users of in-home respite and adult day care. Factors related to satisfaction with in-home respite included elder's ADL, ethnicity, caregivers' expectations for what the respite worker would and would not do, access to services, and the amount of red tape. Factors related to satisfaction with adult day care included the caregiver's age and health, ethnicity, caregivers' expectations for what the respite worker would and would not do, access to services, and the amount of red tape. Differences between the models are discussed in the context of how providers can improve client satisfaction with respite services.
The occurrence of epilepsy and febrile seizures in Virginian and Norwegian twins

Twin studies provide an efficient method for examining the importance of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of disorders such as epilepsy. Population-based twin registries are especially valuable for studies of this type since effects of reporting and self-selection biases on the resulting data are minimized. Among 14,352 twin pairs contained in the Virginia and Norwegian twin panels for whom questionnaire information was available, there was a history of epilepsy in one or both members of 286 pairs; febrile seizures were reported in 257 pairs. Analyses of questionnaire data revealed no significant differences in concordance rates between Virginian and Norwegian twins for either epilepsy or febrile seizures. Probandwise concordance rates for epilepsy were 0.19 in monozygotic twins and 0.07 in dizygotic twins. Analogous rates for febrile seizures were 0.33 (monozygotic) and 0.11 (dizygotic). These results provide further evidence that genetic factors do have a role in the expression of epilepsy and febrile seizures.
Evolution of the GDNF Family Ligands and Receptors

Four different ligand-receptor binding pairs of the GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) family exist in mammals, and they all signal via the transmembrane RET receptor tyrosine kinase. In addition, GRAL (GDNF Receptor Alpha-Like) protein of unknown function and Gas1 (growth arrest specific 1) have GDNF family receptor (GFR)-like domains. Orthologs of the four GFRα receptors, GRAL and Gas1 are present in all vertebrate classes. In contrast, although bony fishes have orthologs of all four GDNF family ligands (GFLs), one of the ligands, neurturin, is absent in clawed frog and another, persephin, is absent in the chicken genome. Frog GFRα2 has selectively evolved possibly to accommodate GDNF as a ligand. The key role of GDNF and its receptor GFRα1 in enteric nervous system development is conserved from zebrafish to humans. The role of neurturin, signaling via GFRα2, for parasympathetic neuron development is conserved between chicken and mice. The role of artemin and persephin that signal via GFRα3 and GFRα4, respectively, is unknown in non-mammals. The presence of RET- and GFR-like genes in insects suggests that a ProtoGFR and a ProtoRET arose early in the evolution of bilaterian animals, but when the ProtoGFL diverged from existing transforming growth factor (TGFβ)-like proteins remains unclear. The four GFLs and GFRαs were presumably generated by genome duplications at the origin of vertebrates. Loss of neurturin in frog and persephin in chicken suggests functional redundancy in early tetrapods. Functions of non-mammalian GFLs and prechordate RET and GFR-like proteins remain to be explored.
Centralized control of traffic flows in wireless LANs based on the SDN concept

The paper proposes to use a solution based on software-defined networks (SDN) to control traffic flows in wireless local area networks (Wi-Fi). The paper examines the testing methods for a software-configurable wireless local area network based on the model network of the St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications. Classify traffic based on DSCP values in the IP-headers of packets. After classification, traffic will be given priority over the OpenFlow port of the switch. This method allows for end-to-end quality support and support for traffic classification when interworking. In the course of practical experiment, the interaction of access points (AP), which are emulated in Mininet with the SDN controller, is considered. When using the OpenDaylight controller, the network topology can be controlled through the user-friendly graphical interface (GUI) of the SDN. As a result, methods were examined using DSCP values for QoS management in SDN networks.
Oxidative stress in malignant melanoma and non‐melanoma skin cancer

Summary Background Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is considered to be a major aetiological factor in melanoma and non‐melanoma skin cancer. A growing body of evidence indicates that oxidative stress is involved in photocarcinogenesis. However, in vivo data for human skin are still lacking. Reactive oxygen species participate in a number of pathophysiological processes including DNA damage and lipid peroxidation (LPO) and are considered to be a key factor in tumour progression.
Moxifloxacin: a respiratory fluoroquinolone

Background: Respiratory quinolones are a class of antimicrobials with a high activity against most respiratory pathogens. Moxifloxacin is a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone that has been shown to be effective against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical strains, as well as multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Objective: To review and update the clinical efficacy of moxifloxacin in the treatment of respiratory infections. Method: To perform a systematic review of publications on the clinical efficacy of moxifloxacin in respiratory infections. Results: The clinical efficacy of moxifloxacin has been shown in controlled studies of community-acquired pneumonia, exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Moxifloxacin has demonstrated a faster resolution of symptoms in community-acquired pneumonia and exacerbations of chronic bronchitis patients compared with first-line therapy together with excellent eradication rates. Conclusions: The use of moxifloxacin as first-line therapy for moderate to severe respiratory infections in the community and the hospital has been recognized in international guidelines.
A 1.1V 3.1-to-9.5GHz MB-OFDM UWB transceiver in 90nm CMOS

A 3.1-to-9.5GHz UWB transceiver is implemented in 90nm CMOS technology. It includes a 12-band synthesizer and wideband TX/RX chains operating from a 1.1V supply. The transceiver provides a TX0IP3 of 7.2 to 8.6dBm, an RX gain of 58 to 64dB, and a NF of 6.3 to 7.8dB across 12 bands
Analysis of smile esthetics in American Board of Orthodontic patients.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the common denominators of an esthetically pleasing smile in patients who were considered to be successfully treated upon the submission to American Board Orthodontics (ABO) clinical examination. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 462 patients were examined. Ninety subjects that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included. Standardized digital smile photographs of the subjects were rated by 30 panel members, including orthodontists, general dentists, and parents of orthodontic patients, using a numeric version of the visual analog scale. Three groups were formed using the mean esthetic score±standard deviation range: unattractive (n=21), average (n=47), and attractive (n=22) smiles. Eleven smile characteristics were digitally measured on the photographs and compared between the groups using one-way analysis of variance and χ2 tests. Additionally, regression analyses were used to investigate the association of the smile characteristics with the esthetic score. RESULTS A significant difference was found between the three groups for the comparison of smile arc relationship (P<.001). When all the variables used in this study were entered in the regression analysis, a positive association was found (r=0.658; r2=0.434; P<.001). Additionally, two models were defined using stepwise regression. The first model included the smile arc (r=0.478; r2=0.228; P<.001), and the second model had both the smile arc and right gingival display/visible dentition display ratio (r =0.567; r2=0.321; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS A harmonious smile arc relationship and less gingival display during a smile are significantly associated with smile attractiveness in patients considered successfully treated according to ABO standards.
A Construction of a Twisted Ate Pairing on a Family of Kawazoe-Takahashi Curves at 192-bit Security Level and Its Cost Estimate

Recently, there were major breakthroughs in computing DL in finite fields of small characteristics, as a result the symmetric pairings which is defined by using such finite fields became unsuitable for cryptography. This research aims to reveal a more efficient construction of pairings on hyperelliptic curves of genus 2, in the beginning, we focus on the ordinary genus 2 curves and the optimal pairing algorithms at high (192-bit) security level on such curves. In this paper, we show the method to construct optimal pairings over the family of pairing-friendly curves of genus 2 by Kawazoe and Takahashi and offered a twisted version of Ate pairing. We then provide the cost estimates to compare with the result of the pairings on elliptic curve at same security level.
Sodium bicarbonate ingestion alters the slow but not the fast phase of VO2 kinetics.

PURPOSE The influence of metabolic alkalosis (ALK) on pulmonary O2 uptake (pVO2) kinetics during high-intensity cycle exercise is controversial. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of ALK induced by sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion on pVO2 kinetics, using a sufficient number of repeat-step transitions to provide high confidence in the results obtained. METHODS Seven healthy males completed step tests to a work rate requiring 80% pVO2max on six separate occasions: three times after ingestion of 0.3 g x kg(-1) body mass NaHCO3 in 1 L of fluid, and three times after ingestion of a placebo (CON). Blood samples were taken to assess changes in acid-base balance, and pVO2 was measured breath-by-breath. RESULTS NaHCO3 ingestion significantly increased blood pH and [bicarbonate] both before and during exercise relative to the control condition (P < 0.001). The time constant of the phase II pVO2 response was not different between conditions (CON: 29 +/- 6 vs ALK: 32 +/- 7 s; P = 0.21). However, the onset of the pVO2 slow component was delayed by NaHCO3 ingestion (CON: 120 +/- 19 vs ALK: 147 +/- 34 s; P < 0.01), resulting in a significantly reduced end-exercise pVO2 (CON: 2.88 +/- 0.19 vs ALK: 2.79 +/- 0.23 L x min(-1); P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Metabolic alkalosis has no effect on phase II pVO2 kinetics but alters the pVO2 slow-component response, possibly as a result of the effects of NaHCO3 ingestion on muscle pH.
Polarization dependency on frequency correlation of eigenvector for MIMO-OFDM systems

Various MIMO-OFDM systems have been studied and various transceiver methods for MIMO systems have been proposed. Most of these systems require estimation of the MIMO channel matrix and calculation of a control parameter to achieve the optimal reception for all sub-carriers. This calculation for all sub-carriers causes an increase in the calculation load. This paper presents frequency correlation of a MIMO channel matrix that reduces the calculation load in a real indoor environment. The eigenvector correlation of the wideband MIMO channel matrix obtained from an actual indoor environment is used as an evaluation parameter of the frequency correlation characteristic.
An Exploration on Competency-Based Curricula in Integrated Circuit Design

In this paper the relationships between professional competences and school curriculain IC design industry are explored. The semi-structured questionnaire survey and focus group interview is the research method. Study participants are graduates of microelectronics engineering professional departments who are currently employed in the IC industry. The IC industries are defined as the electronic component manufacturing industry and optical-electronic component manufacturing industry in the semiconductor industry and optical-electronic material devices, respectively. Study participants selected from IC design industry include IC engineering and electronic & semiconductor engineering. The human training with IC design professional competence in microelectronics engineering professional departments is explored in this research. IC professional competences of human resources in the IC design industry include general intelligence and professional intelligence. Keywords—IC design, curricula, competence, task, duty.
HIV enhances substance P expression in human immune cells

Substance P (SP), a potent modulator of neuroimmunoregulation, is expressed in human immune cells. We observed elevated plasma SP levels in HIV‐infected men compared with uninfected subjects. In the present study, we investigated the possible cellular source of the increased SP level caused by HIV infection. Using real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, we demonstrated that monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDM) and lymphocytes from both placental cord blood and adult peripheral blood expressed SP mRNA, which was significantly increased by HIV infection. HIV‐induced SP expression was positively related to virus replication in the infected MDM. Purified recombinant HIV envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) derived from both the macrophage‐tropic strain (MN) and the T lymphocyte‐tropic strain (IIIB), when added to MDM cultures, enhanced SP mRNA expression. The gp120‐induced SP expression was abrogated by pretreating the cells with soluble CD 4. Furthermore, the activation of HIV in the latently infected promonocytic cell line (U1) and T‐cell line (ACH‐2) up‐regulated SP mRNA expression. These data support the hypothesis that interaction of HIV and SP may have significant in vivo relevance to the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS.
Abiotic StreSS And cotton Fiber development

Abiotic stresses, particularly water deficit, salinity, and temperature extremes, are the primary factors limiting crop productivity, accounting for more than a 50% reduction in crop yields worldwide (Boyer, 1982). Areas affected by drought are expanding and this trend is expected to accelerate (Burke et al., 2006). Growth of the world’s population combined with an increase in global prosperity and decrease in arable land are creating increasing demands for food, fiber and biomaterials (Ragauskas et al., 2006). More than 80% of available fresh water is consumed by agriculture (Delmer, 2005), and the need for sustainable agricultural methods is ever increasing. Drought is a perennial environmental constraint, affecting an estimated 25 percent of all crops worldwide at enormous cost. Therefore, increasing food and fiber quantity and quality through biotechnology for improved stress tolerance and biomass production has the potential to impact the complex and interrelated issues of globalization, poverty, hunger, population growth, climate change, energy, biodiversity, and environmental degradation. The task of identifying gene functions and developing effective strategies to use these functions for crop improvement is daunting and much more knowledge is needed to achieve the promise of plant biotechnology.
Long term results of compression therapy alone versus compression plus surgery in chronic venous ulceration (ESCHAR): randomised controlled trial

Objective To determine whether recurrence of leg ulcers may be prevented by surgical correction of superficial venous reflux in addition to compression. Design Randomised controlled trial. Setting Specialist nurse led leg ulcer clinics in three UK vascular centres. Participants 500 patients (500 legs) with open or recently healed leg ulcers and superficial venous reflux. Interventions Compression alone or compression plus saphenous surgery. Main outcome measures Primary outcomes were ulcer healing and ulcer recurrence. The secondary outcome was ulcer free time. Results Ulcer healing rates at three years were 89% for the compression group and 93% for the compression plus surgery group (P=0.73, log rank test). Rates of ulcer recurrence at four years were 56% for the compression group and 31% for the compression plus surgery group (P<0.01). For patients with isolated superficial reflux, recurrence rates at four years were 51% for the compression group and 27% for the compress plus surgery group (P<0.01). For patients who had superficial with segmental deep reflux, recurrence rates at three years were 52% for the compression group and 24% for the compression plus surgery group (P=0.04). For patients with superficial and total deep reflux, recurrence rates at three years were 46% for the compression group and 32% for the compression plus surgery group (P=0.33). Patients in the compression plus surgery group experienced a greater proportion of ulcer free time after three years compared with patients in the compression group (78% v 71%; P=0.007, Mann-Whitney U test). Conclusion Surgical correction of superficial venous reflux in addition to compression bandaging does not improve ulcer healing but reduces the recurrence of ulcers at four years and results in a greater proportion of ulcer free time. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN07549334.
Inhibition of ATM kinase activity does not phenocopy ATM protein disruption

Biallelic mutations in ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), which encodes for a protein kinase, cause ataxia telangiectasia (A-T). A-T is a pleiotropic disease, with a characteristic hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR). A-T patients typically lack both detectable ATM protein and ATM kinase activity, and small molecule inhibitors of ATM kinase activity have been developed as strategies to improve radiotherapy for the treatment of cancers. As predicted, inhibition of ATM kinase activity is sufficient to radiosensitize cells. However, we recently showed that inhibition of ATM kinase activity disrupts DNA damage-induced sister chromatid exchange (SCE). This result was unanticipated since SCE is normal in A-T cells that lack detectable ATM protein. In these studies, we showed, for the first time, that the consequences of inhibition of ATM kinase activity and adaptation to ATM protein disruption are distinct. Here, we discuss the mechanistic implications of this finding for the function of ATM at the replication fork and the clinical utility of ATM kinase inhibitors.