Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: from Liquid to Solid Cells?

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries supply a theoretical specific energy 5 times higher than that of lithium-ion batteries (2500 vs. ∼500 W h kg−1). However, the insulating properties and polysulfide shuttle effects of the sulfur cathode and safety concerns of the lithium anode in liquid electrolytes are still key limitations to practical use of traditional Li–S batteries. In this review, we start with a brief discussion on fundamentals of Li–S batteries and key challenges associated with conventional liquid cells. We then introduce the most recent progress in liquid systems, including sulfur positive electrodes, lithium negative electrodes, and electrolytes and binders. We discuss the significance of investigating electrode reaction mechanisms in liquid cells using in situ techniques to monitor the compositional and morphological changes. We also discuss the importance of this game-changing shift, moving from traditional liquid cells to recently developed solid cells, with positive advances in both solid electrolytes and electrode materials. Finally, the opportunities and perspectives for future research on Li–S batteries are presented.
Corona poling and electroactivity in a side-chain methacrylate copolymer

The corona poling process and the decay in electro-optic activity were investigated for side-chain methacrylate (MA) copolymers functionalized with different weight percentages of chromophore disperse red-13. In order to obtain the maximum electro-optic activity, the efficiency of the corona poling process was investigated. The poling time, temperature and grid voltage of the corona triode were varied. Also, it was found that the electro-optic decay depends on chromophore content, temperature and the cooling rate of samples at the end of the poling process. Experimental data were fitted using the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) stretched exponential function and parameters depending on temperature and thermal treatment, and their relationship with the poling process is briefly discussed.
Varietal and annual variations of β-glucan contents in Korean barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars.

Varietal and annual variations in the contents of β-glucan fractions per weight grain samples were examined in sixteen covered and eighteen naked barley and five oat cultivars developed in Korea. Also, the effect of pearling on β-glucan content was investigated. Average contents of total, soluble and insoluble β-glucan fractions were 5.25, 3.72, and 1.53%, respectively, in covered barley, and 5.86, 3.51, and 2.35%, respectively, in naked barley. Soluble β-glucan content was higher in covered barley, though total β-glucan content higher in naked barley. The total and insoluble β-glucan contents were higher in pearled grains. Total β-glucan content was higher in waxy barley than in non-waxy barley. Duwonchapssalbori, a two-rowed and waxy naked barley cultivar, was highest in total, soluble and insoluble β-glucan contents. Highly significant positive correlations were observed between total β-glucan and soluble β-glucan contents both in covered and naked barley. There were significant annual variations in total β-glucan content in barley. Average contents of total, soluble and insoluble β-glucans of oat cultivars were 4.33, 3.44, and 0.89%, respectively. Contents of all fractions of β-glucans were higher in barley than in oat. These results would be useful for the breeding of high β-glucan variety and also for the use barley and oat as valueadded food ingredients.
EPOCH: An Organic Chemistry Homework Program that Offers Response-Specific Feedback to Students.

The Electronic Program for Organic Chemistry Homework (EPOCH) is a Web-based exercise and quiz program designed specifically for instructors and students of organic chemistry. Students draw structures in response to posed questions. EPOCH offers feedback specific to the student's response that explains why a response is correct or incorrect, guiding the student to the correct answer. The structural characteristics of a student's answer determine the feedback that EPOCH provides. Program architecture, course incorporation, and students' reception of EPOCH are all discussed.
Predicting the Combustion Behaviour of Coal Particles

Abstract A mathematical model has been formulated to describe the combustion behaviour of single particles of pulverised bituminous coal and the predictions have been compared with experimental values obtained using a small tube furnace. The model was programmed for an analogue computer and incorporates data, much of it recently acquired, on the physical changes undergone by coal particles which are rapidly healed. It is concluded that for 60 μm diameter particles burning within the chemical control regime, increase in the radiating surface of the particles is of major importance in controlling their temperature and that this surface may be accounted for by fragmentation at an advanced stage of burnout. Between 1325° and 1450 °K the values for the surface reaction rate coefficient of the two chars investigated are between 0·04 and 0·14 times those of published data for carbon surfaces other than pyrolytic graphites. It is suggested that the differences may be attributed to the porous nature of the chars.
Manufacture and electrical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotube/BaTiO3 nanocomposite ceramics

In this paper, we report that novel multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT)/BaTiO3 nanocomposite ceramics were successfully fabricated via a hot-press sintering approach. Well dispersed MWNT–BaTiO3 composite powders were prepared by primarily synthesizing a new BaTiO3–MWNT hybrid material and then mixing it with tetragonal BaTiO3 nanoparticles. This new BaTiO3–MWNT hybrid material was characterized by XRD, TEM, and IR methods. High density MWNT/BaTiO3 nanocomposite ceramics were obtained through a hot-press sintering approach using these well-dispersed MWNT–BaTiO3 composite powders. The electrical properties of MWNT/BaTiO3 nanocomposite ceramics were measured and analyzed. Interestingly, the conductivity of MWNT/BaTiO3 nanocomposite ceramics was found to decrease steadily as the amount of MWNTs added increased. Meanwhile, the BaTiO3 semiconductor transformed from n-type to p-type after doping with carbon nanotubes. We attribute these phenomena to the formation of a Schottky barrier constructed at the carbon nanotube–matrix contact.
Fabrication and Size-Dependent Optical Properties of FeO Nanoparticles Induced by Laser Ablation in a Liquid Medium

We report the fabrication of FeO nanoparticles by pulse laser ablation of pure iron plate in the poly(vinylpyrrolidone) solutions. It has been found that the particle size can be controlled in a wide range from 45 to 5 nm by the surfactant concentration from 0.01 to 0.2 M. The optical absorption measurements of the obtained colloidal solutions show that the optical absorption edge red shifts with reduction of the particle size and exhibits the optical features of the semiconductor with indirect band gap. The red shift is attributed to lattice defects in the nanoparticles. This study shows that pulse laser ablation in liquid media is a good method to synthesize some nanoparticles with special structures, which are difficult to produce by other conventional methods.
Size-Resolved Concentrations of Particulate Matter and Bioaerosols Inside versus Outside of Homes

Size-resolved airborne particulate matter samples (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and TSP) collected inside ten northern California homes over four days and one night (9–12 h/sample, spanning a 3.5 week period) were analyzed for protein, endotoxin, and (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan concentrations. Some simultaneous size-resolved outdoor samples were also collected. The associations of residential characteristics and occupant behavior with the indoor airborne levels were investigated. In addition, the relation between these chemical biomarkers and the more traditional culturing approaches was studied. Most of the indoor mass concentration of airborne particles and protein was in the fine fraction (PM 2.5 ), while the mass of airborne endotoxin and (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan was mainly in the coarser fractions (PM 10–2.5 and PM TSP–10 ). No strong correlations were seen between short-term (3–6 min) culturable bacteria and fungi counts and the corresponding longer-term (9–12 h) biomarker levels. Daytime indoor levels of the biomarkers tended to be higher than outdoors, especially for the PM 10–2.5 fraction, but only in a few cases were the indoor/outdoor relationships statistically significant. Indoor pets were associated with elevated airborne PM and bioaerosols inside homes. Two other factors, wall-to-wall carpet and older houses, also appear to be associated with some elevations in indoor levels.
Optimizing enzymatic extraction of cereal milk using response surface methodology

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal condition of enzymatic production of cereal milk. The commercial enzyme pectinase (Pectinex  Ultra SP-L) assisted in the extraction process and an experimental design using response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to further optimize the yield. The condition parameters were incubation temperature (X 1 ; 25, 35, and 45°C) hydrolyzing time (X 2 ; 60, 120, and 180 min) and concentration of enzyme (X 3 ; 1, 2, and 3% v/w). The reducing sugar content can be predicted using equation: reducing sugar = 12.292 +1.776(x 1 ) +2.296(x 2 ) +0.612(x 2 x 3 ) +1.159(x 1 2 ) –2.533(x 3 2 ) with R 2 = 0.781, p0.05). The relationship between incubation temperature, hydrolyzing time, and enzyme concentration on reducing sugar content was shown in terms of linear, quadratic, and interaction. The optimal condition was incubation temperature of 35°C, hydrolyzing time 120 min, and 2% (v/w) pectinase. Under the optimum condition, the reducing sugar, protein, fat, and antioxidant activity of cereal milk increased 3.44, 1.59, 1.14, and 1.03–fold, respectively, compared with control. This research concluded that enzymatic hydrolyzed cereal milk is a potential source of protein, fat, and antioxidants activity.
Tortuosity Anisotropy in Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes

M. Ebner, Prof. W. Vood Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering ETH Zurich , 8092 , Zurich , Switzerland E-mail: vwood@ethz.chD. -W. Chung, Prof. R. E. Garcia School of Materials Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN , 47907 , USA .
INFLUENCE OF FIRE ON SPRUCE WOOD LIGNIN CHANGES

Th e paper deals with the chemical and physico-chemical changes of lignin during the degradation of spruce wood by one-sided thermal loading according to the standard temperature curve ETK in temperature range from 30 °C to 310 °C. Th e changes caused by thermal loading were studied with infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nitrobenzene oxidation (NBO). We observed the lignin and extractives amount increase at thermal loading. Th e changes of functional groups took place in lignin – amount of α-C=O and –OCH 3 decreased, amount of -C=O increased. At lower temperatures of the thermal treatment, the lignin macromolecule is degraded, the relative molecular weights decrease, at higher temperatures the condensation reactions are predominant and the relative molecular weights increase.
Shining light on the photoactive yellow protein from halorhodospira halophila

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THERMAL DEGRADATION OF CORIANDER LEAVES : KINETIC MODELING

Coriander is an unbelliferous annual plant widely used as valuable spice. Degree of greenness is important in determining the final quality of thermally processed green vegetables. Color degradation of the coriander puree was studied and was found to be described by first order kinetics. First order degradation rate constants and activation energies were calculated at different pH values (6.3, 7.5 and 8.5) and temperatures (range 378 to 418 K). Spectrophotometric procedures were used to determine quantitatively chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, pheophytin-a, pheophytin-b, total chlorophyll and total pheophytin. Models were developed to predict the progress of the chemical reaction occurring in a homogenous liquid or semi-solid phase during thermal processing and storage. Effect of degradation kinetics will help in increasing the shelf life of the coriander puree/products during production, handling, processing and storage.
Evidence of strong correlation between space-charge buildup and breakdown in cable insulation

Many processes have been considered over the years to explain the origin of breakdown in cable insulation. Such effects as space charge build-up, tree growth, charge injection, etc. have all been discussed. Various techniques are now available to measure, in a nondestructive way, space charge distributions in insulators. These techniques, for instance the pressure wave propagation (PWP) method, can be used under applied electric stress and thus make it possible to follow the development of space charge in selected regions of the insulators. In this paper we present new evidence linking space charge buildup, tree growth and breakdown in XLPE. We have used the PWP method to monitor the charge distribution as a function of time under dc stress in high insulating thickness cable. We show that for certain insulation systems the space charge buildup can increases the local field to a value which is more than 8/spl times/ the applied electric field, leading to breakdown. Post-mortem analysis followed by optical microscopy shows the presence of electrical trees, the breakdown channel being centered on one of them. The study of space charge evolution in practical insulations permits an understanding of the role of space charge in dc breakdowns. This understanding enables the development of technologies to suppress this effect and hence realize practical dc XLPE transmission cables.
Assessment of seed storage protein composition of six Iranian adopted soybean cultivars (Glycine max (L.) Merrill.)

Seed protein quality is an important topic in the production of soybean. The quality of soybean proteins is limited by anti-nutrient proteins and low levels of essential sulfur amino acids. In this study, protein content and solubility of six cultivars were evaluated and seed storage proteins were analyzed using SDS-PAGE and scanning densitometry. The results showed that seed storage protein bands were similar among soybean cultivars. However, concentration of β-conglycinin (7S), glycinin (11S) proteins and related subunits were statistically different among the soybean cultivars. According to the results of this study, 033 and DPX cultivars were characterized by high levels of protein content (42.45 %) and protein solubility (76.58 mg g -1
Adsorption of Polyvinylpyrrolidone onto Polystyrene Latices and the Effect on Colloid Stability

Isotherms have been determined for the adsorption of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) samples of various molecular mass (104 to 2.5 × 106) onto anionic polystyrene (PS) latices from both water and 0.5 M NaCl. The adsorption capacity, Γads, was found to be about 0.7 mg m-2 from water and was independent of the PVP molecular mass. These results were consistent with gel permeation chromatography experiments which indicated that there was no preferential adsorption of high or low molecular mass material. In the presence of 0.5 M NaCl, however, the amount adsorbed was between two and four times greater than that in water, depending on the molecular mass, and high molecular mass material was found to adsorb preferentially. The adsorbed layer thicknesses, δ, were also very different for adsorption from the two solvents. In water, thicknesses of 1−3 nm were obtained, indicating that the molecules were lying flat on the surface in the form of trains. In 0.5 M NaCl, the values of δ increased with increasing molecular mas.
Strained Quantum Wells for P-channel InGaAs CMOS

We present experimental results on the effect of strain on hole transport in InGaAs quantum well (QW) structures. Indium content was varied from lattice matched to high compressive stress in InGaAs/InP QW and the transport properties were analyzed at various temperatures (T = 77-300 K) using Hall measurements. The effect of QW thickness (4-20 nm) on hole transport is also presented. The current best results include room temperature mobility and sheet resistance of 390 cm 2 /V-s and 8500 Ω/sq. , respectively. It was observed that the mobility had a T -1.8 dependence indicating similar scattering mechanism in almost all of the samples with prominent mechanism being due to interface and barrier scattering. Further optimization of p-channel for InGaAs CMOS needs to be performed using the above results as guidelines.
Improvement in the dissolution of poorly water soluble drug using media milling technique

The rate of dissolution is rapidly becoming the leading hurdle in formulation development of poorly water-soluble drugs. In the present work, media milling was employed to formulate nanoparticles of a poorly water-soluble anti-ulcer drug, famotidine (FAM), with the aim of enhancing its dissolution rate. We investigated the nanoparticle formation of FAM via considering the effects of drug-to-stabilizer ratio and amount of beads (zirconium oxide) on the mean particle size, and dissolution properties of FAM. It was observed that optimization of drug-to-stabilizer ratio and amount of beads were allowed the formation of nanosuspensions with a particle size of 244.6 nm. SEM imaging was confirmed the nanosized drug particles. The rate of dissolution of the FAM nanosuspension was enhanced (34.79% in 10 min), relative to that of coarse powder (1.79% in 10 min) and micronized suspension (8.54% in 10 min) mainly due to the formation of nanosized particles.
Determination of nivalenol in food and feed: an update

Based on the recent scientific opinion published by the EFSA CONTAM panel on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of nivalenol in food and feed, this article provides an update on the determination of this Fusarium mycotoxin. After a brief introduction into the chemistry of nivalenol, chromatographic methods as well as other approaches are being discussed. Methods for the determination of nivalenol are well established and can be applied for the analysis of cereals, food, feed and biological samples. Accurate quantification of nivalenol is mostly carried out by liquid chromatography coupled with (multi-stage) mass spectrometry (MS) often within a multi-analyte approach. Some novel techniques, such as direct analysis in real time (DART) MS and electrochemical methods, have shown potential to determine nivalenol, but applications for routine measurements are not yet available. None of the currently available analytical methods has been formally validated in interlaboratory validation.
Thermodynamics and Kinetics, Possibility and Actuality

A typical kinetic experiment, the persulfate–iodide clock reaction, is selected as an example to illustrate applications of thermodynamic possibility and kinetic actuality in chemical reactions. In the experiment, the strongest reducer, sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3, cannot be directly oxidized by the strongest oxidizer ammonium persulfate (NH4)2S2O8, and this redox must be realized by an intermediate iodine I2 [presenting in I3- anion, a weaker oxidizer than (NH4)2S2O8]. After I2 molecules being reduced by Na2S2O3 molecules to form I- ions (a weaker reducer than S2O32-), the strongest oxidizer begins to oxidize the weaker reducer I- ions to form I2 molecules again, which is keeping on the redox circles until the stronger reducer Na2S2O3 has been exhausted completely. Why the strongest reducer was not being oxidized by the strongest oxidizer? In this paper we attempt to explain this situation based on the chemical theories of thermodynamics and kinetics.
Development of Barostats for Finite Systems Born-Oppenheimer Molecular Dynamics Simulations

A new method for pressure control in first-principle molecu- lar dynamics simulations for finite systems is presented. The extended Lagrangian methodology is applied to generate the equations of mo- tion and the system's volume is obtained by a purely geometrical procedure, which is inexpensive in terms of computational cost. The implementation of all discussed algorithms was carried out in the program deMon2k where a robust machinery for auxiliary density functional theory calculations exists. The here described methodology extend our effort on property calculations beyond the polyatomic ideal gas approximation on the basis of first-principle electronic structure calculations.
Applying Drive Specifications to Systems Applications: Part II Current/Torque Regulation 2001 IEEE IAS Annual Meeting

In web/strip processing lines, a popular control practice is to use torque/current regulators to set web/strip tension. In other applications such as automotive test stands, a fast responsive torque regulator is required. This paper provides guidelines for the useful interpretation of AC/DC torque/current performance specifications in these applications, from a drive system's application perspective. I. INTRODUCTION As noted in (3) the technical climate in today's drive systems business markets has been inundated by drive vendor claims of ever improving drive performance specifications. The objective of this report is to bring those performance specifications that apply to torque/current regulation into technical focus, and provide the reader with a basis for correctly interpreting them from a SYSTEMS /APPLICATIONS perspective. Future papers will address performance issues associated with "cascaded" and "parallel", position and tension regulation schemes. Part I (3) dealt with speed regulation issues. It is hoped that the reader will walk away from this presentation with the tools required to sift through a given drive's performance specifications, and glean from them those points that are truly of importance to the application in question.