Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MELIOIDOSIS IN AN AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL WITH LEPROMATOUS LEPROSY

LOCKWOOD, W. H. (1953), "Uroporphyrlns. I. Uroporphyrin Content of Normal Urine", Aust. J. elllp. Bwl. med. Sci., 31: 453. LocKWOOD, W. H. , and DAVIES, :J. L. (1962), "Paper Electrophoresis of Urinary Porphyrins", Olin. chim. Acta, 7: 301. LoTTSFELDT, F. I. , LABBE, R. F. , and ALDRICH, R. A. (1961), "Effect of Inosine on Heme Synthesis In Experimental Porphyria", J. Amer. melt. Ass. , 178: 929. MAUZI! lRALL, D. , and GRANICK, S. (1956), "The Occurrence and Determination of 6 Amlnolrevullnlc Acid and Porphoblllnogen In Urine", J. bwz. Chem., 219: 435. OLSSON, R. A. , and TICKTIN, H. E. (1962), "Zinc Metabolism In Acute Intermittent Porphyria", J. Lab. cUn. Melt. , 60 : 48. PlIrl'ERS, H. A. (1959), "BAL Therapy of Acute Porphyrinuria", Neurology, 4: 477. PIIITlllRS, H. A. (1961), "Trace Minerals, Chelatlng Agents and the Porphyrlas", Fed. Proc., Suppl. 10: 227. PIIITlllRS, H. A. , WOODS, S. , EICHMAN, P., and RKIllSE, H. (1957'. "Treatment of Acute Porphyria with Chelatlng Agents: a Report of 21 Cases", Ann. intern. Melt., 47: 889. PORIES, W. :J., HENZEL, :J. H., ROB, C. G., and STRAIN, W. H. (1967), "Acceleration of Wound Healing In Man with Zinc Sulphate given by Mouth", Lancet, 1: 121. RmTMAN, S. , and FRANKEL, S. (1957), "A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Serum Glutamic Oxalacetlc and Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminases", Amer. J. cUn. Path. , 28 : 56. ROMAN, W. (1967), "Some Observations on the Treatment of Porphyria with CaEDTA", Enzymologia, 32: 37. ROMAN, W. , OON, R. , WESTl. R. F. , and REID, D. P. (1967), "Zinc Sulphate In Acute Porphyrfa", Lancet, 2: 716 (letter). ROMAN, W. , STORER, G. B. , and LANDER, H. (1955-1966), "Chelatlng Agents In Hremochromatosls", Eighteenth Annual Report of the Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide: 72. TSCHUDY, D. P. (1956), "Biochemical Lesions In Porphyria", J. Amer. melt. Ass. , 191: 718 (728). UNDERWOOD, E. :J. (1962), "Trace Elements In Human and Animal Nutrition", 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York and London: 163. VALLEE, B. L. (1966), "The Metabolic Role of Zinc", J. Amer. med. Ass. , 162: 1053. WATSON, C. :J., SBOROV, V. , and SCHWARTZ, S. (1942), "Formation of Lrevorotatory Stercobllln from Mesoblllrubinogen In Human Freces", Proc. Soc. elllp. BWz. , N.Y. , 49: 647. WOODS, S. M. , PETERS, H. A. , :JOHNSON, S. A. M. (1961), "Chelation Therapy In Cutaneous Porphyria", Arch. Derm. , 84: 920.
Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy‐related combustion, 1850–2000

We present an emission inventory of primary black carbon (BC) and primary organic carbon (OC) aerosols from fossil fuel and biofuel combustion between 1850 and 2000. We reconstruct fossil fuel consumption and represent changes in technology on a national and sectoral basis. Our estimates rely on new estimates of biofuel consumption, and updated emission factors for old technologies. Emissions of black carbon increase almost linearly, totaling about 1000 Gg in 1850, 2200 Gg in 1900, 3000 Gg in 1950, and 4400 Gg in 2000. Primary organic carbon shows a similar pattern, with emissions of 4100 Gg, 5800 Gg, 6700 Gg, and 8700 Gg in 1850, 1900, 1950, and 2000, respectively. Biofuel is responsible for over half of BC emission until about 1890, and dominates energy‐related primary OC emission throughout the entire period. Coal contributes the greatest fraction of BC emission between 1880 and 1975, and is overtaken by emissions from biofuel around 1975, and by diesel engines around 1990. Previous work suggests a rapid rise in BC emissions between 1950 and 2000. This work supports a more gradual increase between 1950 and 2000, similar to the increase between 1850 and 1925; implementation of clean technology is a primary reason.
Caractérisation de marqueurs génétiques fonctionnels de la nutrition et/ou de l'adaptation (les amylases) chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas : intérêts pour la sélection

Deux genes amylase A et B ont ete caracterises chez l'huitre Crassostrea gigas. Par PCR-RFLP, 6 et 4 alleles ont ete decrits respectivement pour les genes A et B. Les roles des genes A et B ont ete etudies experimentalement. Ils s'expriment de la larve a l'adulte, et le niveau des transcrits de A est plus fort que celui de B. Le niveau des transcrits de A augmente significativement avec la temperature, en condition trophique elevee. Les niveaux des transcrits de A et de B ne changent pas quand la quantite trophique augmente alors que l'activite amylase croit. Le niveau des transcrits de B est correle avec la quantite d'amidon dans le regime, alors que celui de A apparait constant ; en meme temps, l'activite amylase diminue et le KM augmente. Ces resultats suggerent que l'expression de B est regulee par la qualite trophique contrairement au gene A, et que l'amylase B aurait un KM plus eleve. Afin d'etudier les relations entre le polymorphisme et la fonction de l'amylase, 5 familles bi-parentales a polymorphisme controle ont ete produites puis testees sur deux sites geographiques durant un an. Des differences significatives de croissance entre genotypes d'une meme famille ont ete principalement observees sur un site, indiquant un effet site. Certains genotypes presentant des differences significatives de croissance demontrent des variations d'activite amylase specifique, alors que leur KM ne change pas. La survie n'est pas affectee par ce polymorphisme. Cette correlation entre le polymorphisme amylase et la croissance indique que la croissance des huitres C. gigas peut etre amelioree en utilisant les marqueurs amylase dans un programme de selection.
Suppression of murine chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by the oral administration of myelin basic protein.

Chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), induced in mice by the injection of myelin basic protein (MBP), is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by periods of paralysis and remission. We have shown previously that the oral administration of MBP or MBP peptides renders Lewis rats refractory to EAE. This study was undertaken to examine the conditions necessary to produce oral tolerance in a chronic relapsing model of EAE in B10.PL mice. The optimal tolerizing regimen for the mouse was found to be a single feeding of 20 mg of MBP suspended in PBS. To determine the ability to suppress chronic disease, a range of doses (0.4-100 mg) was administered orally in a single dose before challenge. Larger oral doses (20 or 100 mg) of MBP provided the best protection from EAE, while 0.4 mg exacerbated the clinical course of disease. Secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-2 and IFN-gamma, were lowest in the group fed 20 mg. A single feeding of MBP before challenge or as late as the first day of clinical signs showed significant protection over the relapsing disease course. Once relapsing EAE was established, multiple oral doses of MBP were required to achieve suppression of clinical signs of disease. These findings suggest that vehicle, dosage, and timing are important considerations in the successful application of oral tolerance strategies for suppression of chronic disease processes.
Efficiency of inversion pulses for background suppressed arterial spin labeling

Background suppression strategies for arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI offer reduced noise from motion and other system instabilities. However, the inversion pulses used for suppression can also attenuate the ASL signal, which may offset the advantages of background suppression. Numerical simulations were used to optimize the inversion efficiency of four candidate pulses over a range of radiofrequency (RF) and static magnetic field variations typical of in vivo imaging. Optimized pulses were then used within a pulsed ASL sequence to assess the pulses' in vivo inversion efficiencies for ASL. The measured in vivo inversion efficiency was significantly lower than theoretical predictions (e.g., 93% experimental compared to 99% theoretical) for the tangent hyperbolic pulse applied in a background suppression scheme. This inefficiency was supported by an in vitro study of human blood. These results suggest that slow magnetization transfer (MT) in blood, either with bound water or macromolecular protons, dominates the inversion inefficiency in blood. Despite the attenuated signal relative to unsuppressed ASL, the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) with suppression was improved by 23–110% depending on the size of the region measured. Knowledge of efficiency will aid optimization of the number of suppression pulses and provide more accurate quantification of blood flow. Magn Reson Med 54:366–372, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Poststapedectomy Granuloma

The earliest and most consistent symptom was hearing loss (Table II). Most commonly this was described as a gradual progressive loss of hearing but some (six) reported a sudden drop in hearing from an initial good result, while one had no improvement from the time of stapedectomy. Six patients also complained of dizziness or unsteadiness along with the hearing loss. One patient vehemently complained of a roaring tinnitus which was more disturbing than the hearing loss.
Increased Mutagenesis and Unique Mutation Signature Associated with Mitotic Gene Conversion

Dodgy Repair A double-strand break (DSB) in genomic DNA poses a serious threat to genome stability, and yet vertebrate cells may suffer 10 or more DSBs every time the genome is replicated. Pathways have thus evolved that can recognize and repair DSBs before they reek havoc in the cell. Hicks et al. (p. 82) show that this repair can come at a price. DSBs were induced in the budding yeast genome. Repair of a break was accompanied by a massive increase in the rate of mutation in the vicinity of the break. The mutations generated displayed a specific “signature” that included the copying of divergent sequences from other chromosomes. Repair of double-strand breaks in the genome is accompanied by highly elevated levels of mutagenesis. To examine the fidelity of DNA synthesis during double-strand break (DSB) repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae we studied gene conversion in which both strands of DNA are newly synthesized. The mutation rate increases up to 1400 times over spontaneous events, with a significantly different mutation signature. Especially prominent are microhomology-mediated template switches. Recombination-induced mutations are largely independent of mismatch repair, by DNA polymerases Polζ, Polη, and Pol32, but result from errors made by Polδ and Polε. These observations suggest that increased DSB frequencies in oncogene-activated mammalian cells may also increase the probability of acquiring mutations required for transition to a cancerous state.
Histologic Diagnosis of Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis

Twenty-seven patients with open-lung biopsy findings consistent with extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis) were studied. In only one case had the diagnosis been considered prior to the biopsy. Among the 27 patients, a causative exposure was subsequently identified in 10, and no apparent cause could be found in the remaining 17. The prognosis for the entire group was good; all 10 patients in whom an exposure was found and 13 of 17 without causative exposure are alive without progressive lung disease.
Multi sensor approach to detection of heartbeat and respiratory rate aided by fuzzy logic

This paper describes a method for a heartbeat and respiratory rate monitoring system using air pressure sensors and ultrasonic oscillosensor. By using these sensors, we propose a detection method of the state of human and an extraction method of heartbeat and respiratory rate in bed by fuzzy logic. Our method was examined on four healthy volunteers. We successfully detected the state of human and extracted heartbeat and respiratory signals. In our method, fuzzy logic plays a primary role in the detection of the state and extraction of heartbeat and respiratory signals. An experiment on four healthy volunteers was done. Consequently, our proposed method noninvasively and successfully detects the state of human and extracted heartbeat and respiratory rate in the bed by using the unconstrained sensors.
Do early intake of fish and fish oil protect against eczema and doctor-diagnosed asthma at 2 years of age? A cohort study

Background There are ambiguous results regarding the role n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and fish might play in primary prevention of allergic diseases. The aim was to investigate the association between cod liver oil and fish consumption during pregnancy and in the first year of life and asthma and eczema at 2 years of age. Methods From the Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim study, a prospective birth cohort study in primary healthcare in Trondheim, Norway, 3086 children were followed prospectively from 1 year to approximately 2 years of age. The primary outcome variable was parental reported asthma and eczema at 2 years. Results The mean age for introducing fish in the diet was 9.1 months. Excluding children with incident eczema before 1 year, a reduced risk of developing eczema was found if the child was eating fish once a week or more, adjusted OR (aOR) for any kind of fish 0.62 (95% CI 0.42 to 0.91 p=0.02), for oily fish aOR 0.21 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.86 p=0.03) and for lean fish aOR 0.67 (95% CI 0.41 to 1.08 p=0.10). The associations between maternal diet and eczema at 2 years and between the dietary factors and doctor-diagnosed asthma were all insignificant. Conclusions Fish consumption in infancy was more important than maternal fish intake during pregnancy in preventing eczema in childhood. The intake of fish per se, not specifically n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, was most important in preventing eczema.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of C4-(Thiotriazolyl)-substituted-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylates. Identification of (1R,2S,4R,5R,6R)-2-Amino-4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylsulfanyl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic Acid (LY2812223), a Highly Potent, Functionally Selective

Identification of orthosteric mGlu(2/3) receptor agonists capable of discriminating between individual mGlu2 and mGlu3 subtypes has been highly challenging owing to the glutamate-site sequence homology between these proteins. Herein we detail the preparation and characterization of a series of molecules related to (1S,2S,5R,6S)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1. 0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylate 1 (LY354740) bearing C4-thiotriazole substituents. On the basis of second messenger responses in cells expressing other recombinant human mGlu2/3 subtypes, a number of high potency and efficacy mGlu2 receptor agonists exhibiting low potency mGlu3 partial agonist/antagonist activity were identified. From this, (1R,2S,4R,5R,6R)-2-amino-4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylsulfanyl)bicyclo[3.1. 0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 14a (LY2812223) was further characterized. Cocrystallization of 14a with the amino terminal domains of hmGlu2 and hmGlu3 combined with site-directed mutation studies has clarified the underlying molecular basis of this unique pharmacology. Evaluation of 14a in a rat model responsive to mGlu2 receptor activation coupled with a measure of central drug disposition provides evidence that this molecule engages and activates central mGlu2 receptors in vivo.
Sugarcane cell wall structure and lignin distribution investigated by confocal and electron microscopy

Lignocellulosic plant cell wall is considered a potential source for second generation biofuels. The plant cell wall is a highly complex structure mainly composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin that form a network of crosslinked fibers. The structural organization of the sugarcane cell wall has not been previously analyzed in detail, and this analysis is a prerequisite for further studies on the recalcitrance and deconstruction of its biomass. In this work, cellulose and lignin localization were investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, the internode sugarcane cell wall structural organization was analyzed by electron microscopy. Internode stem anatomy showed a typical monocot structure consisting of epidermis, hypoderm, and vascular bundles scattered throughout ground parenchyma tissue and surrounded by sclerenchyma fibers. Confocal images of safranin labeled sugarcane showed that lignin distribution was predominant in the vessel elements, cell wall corners (CC), and middle lamella (ML), while cellulose‐rich cell walls were randomly distributed in the ML and organized in the other cell wall layers. KMnO4 cytochemistry revealed that lignin was predominantly distributed in secondary cell walls, ML and CC. Cell wall sublayers (S1, S2, and S3) were identified and measured by transmission electron microscopy. Our results provide insights that may help further understanding of sugarcane cell wall organization, which is crucial for the research and technology of plant‐based biofuel production. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:829–834, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evidence for glutamate-mediated excitotoxic mechanisms during photoreceptor degeneration in the rd1 mouse retina.

PURPOSE Kinetic studies of photoreceptor cell death in the retinal degeneration (rd1) mouse model suggest that photoreceptor degeneration could result from cumulative damage. Since alterations in glutamate metabolism have been described in different models of retinitis pigmentosa, we investigated in the present work whether changes in glutamate turnover occur in the degenerating rd1 retina and whether glutamate-mediated excitotoxic mechanisms may contribute to rod photoreceptor death in this model. METHODS Free amino acid levels were quantified in rd1 and wild-type retinas using an amino acid analyzer selecting times corresponding to early, intermediate, and terminal phases of rod photoreceptor degeneration. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to compare the mRNA expression levels of the glial L-glutamate/L-aspartate transporter GLAST, glutamine synthetase (GS), and vimentin, a marker for retinal glia, between rd1 and wild-type mouse retinas. 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), an antagonist of both AMPA and kainate subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors, was then daily administered from postnatal day 3 (PN3) to PN21 to rd1 mice while control rd1 mice received only physiological saline solution (7 per treatment). At PN22, the respective numbers of surviving rods in CNQX- and saline-treated mice were estimated using an unbiased stereological approach. RESULTS Gradual increases in free glutamate and glutamine levels were observed during photoreceptor degeneration in rd1 retinas and were associated with increases in GLAST and GS expression levels. Administration of CNQX induced a statistically significant morphological rescue of rods (>25%, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that, in the rd1 mouse retina, photoreceptor degeneration was associated with excessive free glutamate levels and with an upregulation of glutamate turnover (i.e., increases in GLAST, GS, and free glutamine levels). This may indicate that excessive glutamate levels further contribute to rod cell degeneration, thus implying the occurrence of non-cell autonomous mechanisms in the degenerative process in the rd1 retina.
Relative age effects in professional German soccer: A historical analysis

Abstract Relative age effects (RAEs) refer to the specific selection, participation and attainment (dis)advantages which occur as a result of physical and cognitive differences within annual age-grouped cohorts. The present study tracked the existence of RAEs in professional German soccer by examining RAEs in players, head coaches and referees who represented professional soccer clubs or officiated in the Bundesliga from 1963/64 to 2006/07. An additional objective was to consider the social-cultural mechanisms responsible for RAEs, so for a similar period, population and soccer participation information was also obtained. When players were categorised into half decade groups, chi-square analyses predominantly showed RAEs across the history of the Bundesliga, irrespective of dates used for annual age grouping in junior/youth soccer. RAEs were also apparent for head coaches but not for referees. Participation data indicated consistent and progressive growth from 1950 to 1990. RAEs influence the likelihood of attaining professional player and coaching status in German soccer. With many coaches being former players, inequalities associated with annual age-grouping appear to extend beyond a playing career. Officiating was not affected, with referees suggested to emerge from an alternative development pathway. Increased popularity of soccer may have propagated RAEs over time, through intensification of competition and selection mechanisms.
Technetium‐99 conjugated with methylene diphosphonate inhibits receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand‐induced osteoclastogenesis

In the present study, we investigated the effects of technetium‐99 conjugated with methylene diphosphonate (99Tc‐MDP), an agent used in radionuclide therapy, on receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclastogenesis and explored the underlying mechanisms. The murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and bone marrow‐derived‐macrophages from C57BL/6 mice (BMM) were used as models for osteoclastogenesis in vitro. The expression of some key factors in RANKL (50 ng/mL)‐induced osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells was investigated by flow cytometry and real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). To detect multinucleated osteoclast formation, RAW264.7 cells were induced with RANKL for 4 days, whereas BMM were induced by 50 ng/mL RANKL and 20 ng/mL macrophage colony‐stimulating factor for 7 days, before being stained with tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase. Osteoclastogenesis was evaluated using the osteoclast markers CD51, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 and cathepsin K. At 0.01 μg/mL, 99Tc‐MDP significantly inhibited RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis without any cytotoxicity. In addition, 99Tc‐MDP abolished the appearance of multinucleated osteoclasts. Real‐time RT‐PCR analysis of transcription factor expression revealed that 99Tc‐MDP inhibited the expression of c‐Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells. In addition, 99Tc‐MDP inhibited the expression of the inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)‐6, tumour necrosis factor‐α and IL‐1β. Finally, 99Tc‐MDP inhibited the activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases in RAW264.7 cells following RANKL stimulation. In conclusion, 99Tc‐MDP possesses anti‐osteoclastogenic activity against RANKL‐induced osteoclast formation.