Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Unique Ball-Shaped Golgi Apparatus in the Rat Pituitary Gonadotrope

In polarized exocrine cells, the Golgi apparatus is cup-shaped and its convex and concave surfaces are designated as cis and trans faces, functionally confronting the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the cell surface, respectively. To clarify the morphological characteristics of the Golgi apparatus in non-polarized endocrine cells, the investigators immunocytochemically examined its precise architecture in pituitary gonadotropes, especially in relation to the arrangement of the intracellular microtubule network. The Golgi apparatus in the gonadotropes was not cup-shaped but ball-shaped or spherical, and its outer and inner surfaces were the cis and trans faces, respectively. Centrioles were situated at the center of the Golgi apparatus, from which radiating microtubules isotropically extended to the cell periphery through the gaps in the spherical wall of the Golgi stack. The shape of the Golgi apparatus and the arrangement of microtubules demonstrated in the present study could explain the microtubule-dependent movements of tubulovesicular carriers and granules within the gonadotropes. Furthermore, the spherical shape of the Golgi apparatus possibly reflects the highly symmetrical arrangement of microtubule arrays, as well as the poor polarity in the cell surface of pituitary gonadotropes.
Electroencephalography (EEG) for detecting acute ischemic stroke

Currently, the study of EEG for detecting circulatory blood disorders in the brain, including strokes are being widely investigated. EEGs are widely used to diagnose epilepsy, seizures, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral dysfunctions and degenerative diseases of the brain. The aim of this study was to develop a software tool to enhance the available EEG in type C hospital for diagnosing stroke. Patients were examined using EEG and CT-Scan within 48 hours after the onset. The EEG signals were analyzed using spectral analysis of each channel, Welch analysis for detecting the decrement of frequency and BSI (brain symmetry index) for left and right hemisphere of the brain and other standards clinical examination. These signals were compared with the CT-scan to get abnormalities of the signals. There were some irregularities of the EEG signals in comparisons with CT-scan. All patients were examined stroke based on CT-scan. However, there were examined as normal, epileptic form, and stroke based on EEG readings. All of the BSI calculations were above the healthy subjects (0.042 ±0.005), which indicated that all subject were Acute Ischemic Stroke. While for some readings according to the conventional EEG indicated that 20% of the subjects were normal or within normal conditions. These were consistent with the ratios of power densities that all subjects were abnormal. Even these results were consistence with the CT Scans but they should be extended to more subjects in order to get a better conclusions.
Imaging and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor agonists: Uncovering their role in atherosclerosis development

Technologic advances have enhanced clinical understanding of the physical changes that occur in the vasculature during atherosclerosis development. Traditionally, diagnostic techniques such as angiography have focused on the lumen of the coronary arteries, with narrowing of the lumen suggesting the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the vessel wall. Newer methods, such as intravascular ultrasound, focus on the vessel wall itself and have shown that extensive plaque development can occur in conjunction with minimal luminal restriction of the artery. In fact, lumen narrowing occurs only in the very late stages of atherosclerosis, suggesting that, in many cases, the early stages of disease development would remain undetected when angiographic techniques are used. The ability to detect atheromatous disease, particularly in the early stages of development, must be accompanied by systemic pharmacologic therapies effective in inducing atherosclerotic regression. With this in mind, a recent study in patients treated with statins has shown less progression with aggressive lipid lowering, while the findings from trials employing peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ agonists are eagerly awaited.
The Impact of Team-Based Learning on Medical Students' Academic Performance

Purpose Since team-based learning (TBL) was introduced as a medical education strategy in 2001, few studies have explored its impact on learning outcomes, particularly as measured by performance on examinations. Educators considering implementing TBL need evidence of its effectiveness. This study was conducted to determine whether student performance on examinations is affected by participation in TBL and whether TBL benefits lower- or higher-performing students. Method The authors analyzed the performance of second-year medical students on 28 comprehensive course examinations over two consecutive academic years (2003–2004, 2004–2005) at the Boonshoft School of Medicine. Results The 178 students (86 men, 92 women) included in the study achieved 5.9% (standard deviation [SD] 5.5) higher mean scores on examination questions that assessed their knowledge of pathology-based content learned using the TBL strategy compared with questions assessing pathology-based content learned via other methods (P < .001, t test). Students whose overall academic performance placed them in the lowest quartile of the class benefited more from TBL than did those in the highest quartile. Lowest-quartile students' mean scores were 7.9% (SD 6.0) higher on examination questions related to TBL modules than examination questions not related to TBL modules, whereas highest-quartile students' mean scores were 3.8% (SD 5.4) higher (P = .001, two-way analysis of variance). Conclusions Medical students' higher performance on examination questions related to course content learned through TBL suggests that TBL enhances mastery of course content. Students in the lowest academic quartile may benefit more than highest-quartile students from the TBL strategy.
A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006

For a variety of reasons, the definition and the clawification of cerebral palsy (CP) need to be reconsidered. Modern brain imaging techniques have shed new light on the nature of the underlying brain injury and studies on the neurobiology of and pathology associated with brain development have further explored etiologic mechanisms. It is now recognized that assessing the extent of activity restriction is part of CP evaluation and that people without activity restriction should not be included in the CP rubric. Also, previous definitions have not given sufficient prominence to the non‐motor neurodevelopmental disabilities of performance and behaviour that commonly accompany CP, nor to the progression of musculoskeletal difficulties that often occurs with advancing age. In order to explore this information, pertinent material was reviewed on July 11–13,2004 at an international workshop in Bethesda, MD (USA) organized by an Executive Committee and participated in by selected leaders in the preclinical and clinical sciences. At the workshop, it was agreed that the concept ‘cerebral palsy’ should be retained. Suggestions were made about the content of a revised definition and classification of CP that would meet the needs of clinicians, investigators, health officials, families and the public and would provide a common language for improved communication. Panels organized by the Executive Committee used this information and additional comments from the international community to generate a report on the Definition and Classification of Cerebral Palsy, April 2006. The Executive Committee presents this report with the intent of providing a common conceptualization of CP for use by a broad international audience.
Equalisation of leg lengths in total hip arthroplasty for patients with Crowe type‐IV developmental dysplasia of the hip: CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT

Aims There is no consensus about the best method of achieving equal leg lengths at total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with Crowe type‐IV developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). We reviewed our experience of a consecutive series of patients who underwent THA for this indication. Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed 78 patients (86 THAs) with Crowe type‐IV DDH, including 64 women and 14 men, with a minimum follow‐up of two years. The mean age at the time of surgery was 52.2 years (34 to 82). We subdivided Crowe type‐IV DDH into two major types according to the number of dislocated hips, and further categorised them into three groups according to the occurrence of pelvic obliquity or spinal curvature. Leg length discrepancy (LLD) and functional scores were analysed. Results Type‐I included 53 patients with unilateral dislocation, in which 25 (category A) had no pelvic obliquity or spinal deformity, 19 (category B) had pelvic obliquity with a compensated spinal curvature and nine (category C) had pelvic obliquity and decompensated spinal degenerative changes. Type‐II included 25 patients with one dislocated and one dysplastic hip, in which there were eight of category A, 15 of category B and two of category C. Pre‐operatively, there were significant differences between the anatomical and functional LLD in type‐IB (p = 0.005) and ‐IC (p < 0.001), but not in type‐IA, ‐IIA or ‐IIB. Post‐operatively, bony LLD increased significantly in types‐IB, ‐IC and ‐IIB, whereas functional LLD decreased significantly in each type except for IIA. The mean functional LLD decreased from 30.7 mm (standard deviation (SD) 18.5) pre‐operatively to 6.2 mm (SD 4.4) post‐operatively and the mean anatomical LLD improved from 35.8 mm (SD 19.7) pre‐operatively to 12.4 mm (SD 8.3) post‐operatively. Conclusion Pelvic and spinal changes are common in patients with Crowe type‐IV DDH and need to be taken into consideration when planning THA, in order to obtain equal leg lengths post‐operatively. The principal subdivisions of Crowe type‐IV DDH which we describe proved effective in achieving equal leg lengths and satisfactory outcomes.
The Impact of Nutrition Label Regulation on Firm Marketing Action and Performance in China

Although considerable research has been conducted on the impact of nutrition labeling in the economically developed world, there has been relatively little attention to the impact of such programs in developing economies. In 2013, China implemented the Food Nutrition Labeling Act (FNLA), requiring that more standardized information be provided on the packaging of food items. The focus of the current study is the impact of the standardized information disclosure requirement on firms in China, the world's biggest developing economy. In particular, the authors examine the effect of this law on firms in terms of marketing responses (e.g., advertising, R&D, corporate social responsibility) and sales, using a longitudinal, quasi-experimental field study. Findings indicate that, in general, the FNLA has had a positive effect on advertising and R&D investment but a negative effect on donations. When accounting for firm size as an asymmetry, we observe that the FNLA has led to a greater increase in advertising for large firms and a greater increase in sales for small firms.
Activity profiles of elite wheelchair rugby players during competition.

PURPOSE To quantify the activity profiles of elite wheelchair rugby (WCR) players and establish classification-specific arbitrary speed zones. In addition, indicators of fatigue during full matches were explored. METHODS Seventy-five elite WCR players from 11 national teams were monitored using a radio-frequency-based, indoor tracking system across 2 international tournaments. Players who participated in complete quarters (n = 75) and full matches (n = 25) were included and grouped by their International Wheelchair Rugby Federation functional classification: groups I (0.5), II (1.0-1.5), III (2.0-2.5), and IV (3.0-3.5). RESULTS During a typical quarter, significant increases in total distance (m), relative distance (m/min), and mean speed (m/s) were associated with an increase in classification group (P < .001), with the exception of groups III and IV. However, group IV players achieved significantly higher peak speeds (3.82 ± 0.31 m/s) than groups I (2.99 ± 0.28 m/s), II (3.44 ± 0.26 m/s), and III (3.67 ± 0.32 m/s). Groups I and II differed significantly in match intensity during very-low/low-speed zones and the number of high-intensity activities in comparison with groups III and IV (P < .001). Full-match analysis revealed that activity profiles did not differ significantly between quarters. CONCLUSIONS Notable differences in the volume of activity were displayed across the functional classification groups. However, the specific on-court requirements of defensive (I and II) and offensive (III and IV) match roles appeared to influence the intensity of match activities, and consequently training prescription should be structured accordingly.
Lifetime trauma exposure in veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder: association with current symptomatology.

OBJECTIVE This study examined whether trauma exposure before, during, and/or after military service contributed to current levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and adjustment. Further, we investigated whether trauma exposure before military service was mediated or moderated by military trauma in its effects on current PTSD and adjustment. METHOD In this retrospective study, archival data from the medical records of 422 male veterans diagnosed with PTSD between December 2001 and July 2004 at a Veterans Administration Medical Center PTSD clinic were analyzed. Measures included the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale interview as well as self-report measures assessing trauma history, health problems, and general psychopathology (including PTSD). RESULTS Findings indicated that nonmilitary-related trauma was prevalent in this sample (90%). Regression analyses for PTSD symptom severity revealed that age, greater combat exposure, and a history of physical assault after military service were significantly associated with more severe PTSD symptoms. Childhood physical abuse, adult sexual trauma, and a history of being physically assaulted during military service were also significantly associated with PTSD symptom severity. Mediational analyses indicated that childhood trauma was associated with both adult trauma and increased symptomatology on various outcome measures. Moderational analyses indicated that adult trauma exposure moderated the effect of childhood trauma exposure on health complaints. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that several variables, including age, greater combat exposure, and premilitary and postmilitary traumas, are associated with increased PTSD symptomatology. This finding underscores the importance of conducting a thorough assessment of trauma when diagnosing PTSD.
Hutchinson‐gilford progeria is a skeletal dysplasia

Hutchinson‐Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare segmental premature aging disorder that affects bone and body composition, among other tissues. We sought to determine whether bone density and structural geometry are altered in children with HGPS and whether relationships exist among these parameters and measures of skeletal anthropometry, body composition, and nutrition. We prospectively enrolled 26 children with HGPS (ages 3.1 to 16.2 years). Outcomes included anthropometric data; bone age; areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and body composition by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA); volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), strength‐strain index (SSI), and bone structural rigidity calculated from radial transaxial peripheral quantitative computed tomographic (pQCT) images; serum bone biomarkers and hormonal measures; and nutrition assessments. Children with HGPS had low axial aBMD Z‐scores by DXA, which improved after adjustment for height age, whereas differences in radial vBMD by pQCT were less striking. However, pQCT revealed distinct abnormalities in both novel measures of bone structural geometry and skeletal strength at the radius compared with healthy controls. Dietary intake was adequate, confirming that HGPS does not represent a model of malnutrition‐induced bone loss. Taken together, these findings suggest that the phenotype of HGPS represents a unique skeletal dysplasia. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Self-Selection Bias and the Listing Status of Target Firms: Value Effects in the Spanish Market

As corporate announcement decisions are non–random events, standard OLS estimations must be corrected for the self–selection bias. In the M&A field several studies suggest that previous evidence on univariate analysis of abnormal returns is not fully reliable. We examine whether using the standard Heckman two–step estimation procedure to correct for endogeneity significantly changes the previous evidence with respect to the decision to acquire a listed versus an unlisted firm. Our results show that this correction does not change the conclusions drawn from unconditional abnormal returns. Therefore, we emphasize that the existence of self–selection bias should not mean a general invalidation of the previous evidence.
An Exploratory Study of Factors Associated With Sexual Inhibition and Excitation: Findings From a Representative Survey in Flanders

The dual control model of sexual response was developed to account for individual differences in sexual excitation and inhibition. According to this model, the balance between excitation and inhibition is of crucial importance in determining an individual's sexual response to a stimulus. In this study, we aimed to contribute to the existing literature on sexual excitation and inhibition in two ways. First, we investigated the distribution of excitation and inhibition scores in a representative population sample. Second, we conducted an exploratory study of the factors associated with variation in excitation and inhibition. We used data from a representative survey on the sexual health of men and women in Flanders (N = 1,825; mean age = 43.77; SD = 17.98). The results indicated that excitation and inhibition had a near normal distribution among men and women. However, the scores for sexual inhibition due to threat of performance failure (SIS1) among men, and for sexual inhibition due to the threat of performance consequences (SIS2) among women, were somewhat skewed. Furthermore, age, gender, physical and mental health, education level, and attitudes toward sex were all to some extent associated with differences in inhibition, excitation, or both.
TST reversion in a BCG-revaccinated population of nursing and medical students, São Paulo, Brazil, 1997-2000.

SETTING A major university in São Paulo, Brazil, where vaccination against tuberculosis (TB) with bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) was routinely offered to first-year medical and nursing students. OBJECTIVES To estimate the probability of negative tuberculin skin test (TST) results over a 4-year period following BCG revaccination, and to evaluate the effect of factors associated with reversion. DESIGN Students were enrolled in 1997, initially given a two-step TST, and were retested annually or biannually for the duration of the study. Data on TB exposures and potential risk factors for TST negativity and reversion were collected through annual surveys. A linear mixture survival model was used to estimate the probability of negative TST results over time. RESULTS Of 159 students, an estimated 20% had a negative TST result despite revaccination, and a further 31% reverted to negative over 4 years of follow-up. No cofactors significantly affected the probability of reversion. CONCLUSION Overall, in the absence of reported exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 51% of students revaccinated upon entering nursing or medical school would have a negative TST result by the time they begin their internships. In this recently vaccinated population, reversion was common, suggesting that annual TST screening may remain a useful tool.
The Use of Logistic Regression Analyses and Data Classification Mining to Examine Variables Predictive of Long-term Healthcare Staff Giving Cessation Advice

1 This research was funded in part by NIH (1 R03 CA097742-01 Watt Primary Investigator) Abstract This paper examines variables that might be predictive for healthcare staffs’ advising tobacco cessation to residents via logistical regression analysis and classification data mining. Independent variables that might influence the dependent variable outcome (healthcare workers’ willingness to give advice) are the staffs’ smoking status; professional license or position in the facility, their health beliefs regarding the harmful effects of smoking or environmental smoke, the efficacy of quitting for this older population, their beliefs about safety related to smoking, their views of policy and/or administrative supports or barriers, their opinion about older adults’ quality of life and how cessation might impact it, their stance on resident autonomy issues, and other various barriers to advising. Logistic Regression analysis is the more common method for examining variables predictive of an outcome in social sciences, however data classification can also be used. Findings of this research found parallels across the two types of analyses.
Running Economy and Maximal Oxygen Consumption After 4 Weeks of Oral Echinacea Supplementation

Abstract Whitehead, MT, Martin, TD, Scheett, TP, and Webster, MJ. Running economy and maximal oxygen consumption after 4 weeks of oral Echinacea supplementation. J Strength Cond Res 26(7): 1928–1933, 2012—The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of 4 weeks of oral Echinacea (ECH) supplementation on erythropoietin (EPO), red blood cell (RBC) count, running economy (RE), and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max. Twenty-four men aged 24.9 ± 4.2 years, height 178.9 ± 7.9 cm, weight 87.9 ± 14.6 kg, body fat 19.3 ± 6.5% were grouped using a double-blind design and self-administered an 8,000-mg·d−1 dosage of either ECH or placebo (PLA) in 5 × 400 mg × 4 times per day for 28 days. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for RBCs and EPO using automated flow cytometery and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Maximal graded exercise tests (GXTs) were administered to measure V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, RE, and heart-rate responses. Analysis of variance was used to determine statistically significant differences (P ⩽ 0.05). The EPO increased significantly in ECH at 7 days (ECH: 15.75 ± 0.64, PLA: 10.01 ± 0.73 mU·ml−1), 14 days (ECH: 18.88 ± 0.71, PLA: 11.02 ± 0.69 mU·ml−1), and 21 days (ECH: 16.06 ± 0.55, PLA: 9.20 ± 0.55 mU·ml−1). V[Combining Dot Above]O2max increased significantly in ECH (ECH: 1.47 ± 1.28, PLA: −0.13 ± 0.52%). Running economy improved significantly in ECH as indicated by a decrease in submaximal V[Combining Dot Above]O2 during the first 2 stages of the GXT (stage 1: ECH −1.50 ± 1.21, PLA 0.60 ± 1.95%; stage 2: ECH −1.67 ± 1.43, PLA 0.01 ± 1.03%). These data suggest that ECH supplementation results in significant increases in EPO, V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, and running economy.