Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Outpatient insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: scientific review.

CONTEXT Newer insulin therapies, including the concept of physiologic basal-prandial insulin and the availability of insulin analogues, are changing clinical diabetes care. The key to effective insulin therapy is an understanding of principles that, when implemented, can result in improved diabetes control. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the literature regarding insulin use in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE search was performed to identify all English-language articles of randomized controlled trials involving insulin use in adults with type 1 or type 2 DM from January 1, 1980, to January 8, 2003. Bibliographies and experts were used to identify additional studies. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Studies were included (199 for type 1 DM and 144 for type 2 DM, and 38 from other sources) if they involved human insulins or insulin analogues, were at least 4 weeks long with at least 10 patients in each group, and glycemic control and hypoglycemia were reported. Studies of insulin-oral combination were similarly selected. DATA SYNTHESIS Twenty-eight studies for type 1 DM, 18 for type 2 DM, and 48 for insulin-oral combination met the selection criteria. In patients with type 1 DM, physiologic replacement, with bedtime basal insulin and a mealtime rapid-acting insulin analogue, results in fewer episodes of hypoglycemia than conventional regimens. Rapid-acting insulin analogues are preferred over regular insulin in patients with type 1 DM since they improve HbA1C and reduce episodes of hypoglycemia. In patients with type 2 DM, adding bedtime neutral protamine Hagedorn (isophane) insulin to oral therapy significantly improves glycemic control, especially when started early in the course of disease. Bedtime use of insulin glargine results in fewer episodes of nighttime hypoglycemia than neutral protamine Hagedorn regimens. For patients with more severe insulin deficiency, a physiologic insulin regimen should allow lower glycemic targets in the majority of patients. Adverse events associated with insulin therapy include hypoglycemia, weight gain, and worsening diabetic retinopathy if hemoglobin A1C levels decrease rapidly. CONCLUSIONS Many options for insulin therapy are now available. Physiologic insulin therapy with insulin analogues is now relatively simple to use and is associated with fewer episodes of hypoglycemia.
CHIP promotes proteasomal degradation of familial ALS‐linked mutant SOD1 by ubiquitinating Hsp/Hsc70

Over 100 mutants in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) are reported in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the precise mechanism by which they are degraded through a ubiquitin‐proteasomal pathway (UPP) remains unclear. Here, we report that heat‐shock protein (Hsp) or heat‐shock cognate (Hsc)70, and the carboxyl terminus of the Hsc70‐interacting protein (CHIP), are involved in proteasomal degradation of mutant SOD1. Only mutant SOD1 interacted with Hsp/Hsc70 in vivo, and in vitro experiments revealed that Hsp/Hsc70 preferentially interacted with apo‐SOD1 or dithiothreitol (DTT)‐treated holo‐SOD1, compared with metallated or oxidized forms. CHIP, a binding partner of Hsp/Hsc70, interacted only with mutant SOD1 and promoted its degradation. Both Hsp70 and CHIP promoted polyubiquitination of mutant SOD1‐associated molecules, but not of mutant SOD1, indicating that mutant SOD1 is not a substrate of CHIP. Moreover, mutant SOD1‐associated Hsp/Hsc70, a known substrate of CHIP, was polyubiquitinated in vivo, and polyubiquitinated Hsc70 by CHIP interacted with the S5a subunit of the 26S proteasome in vitro. Furthermore, CHIP was predominantly expressed in spinal neurons, and ubiquitinated inclusions in the spinal motor neurons of hSOD1G93A transgenic mice were CHIP‐immunoreactive. Taken together, we propose a novel pathway in which ubiquitinated Hsp/Hsc70 might deliver mutant SOD1 to, and facilitate its degradation, at the proteasome.
Non-fatal injuries in the West Virginia logging industry: using workers' compensation claims to assess risk from 1995 through 2001.

BACKGROUND The logging industry has a high rate of both fatal and non-fatal injuries in comparison to other industries, and plays a vital role in WV's economy. METHODS Workers' compensation (WC) injury claims and employment data were summarized to examine patterns and rates of non-fatal logging injuries in WV from 1995 through 2001. RESULTS The average annual rate of injury claims was 16.0 per 100 workers per year with rates remaining relatively steady over the 7-year study period. The highest rates of injury were a result of being struck by an object, typically trees, snags, or logs. CONCLUSIONS WV loggers most often file injury claims as a result of being struck by trees and tree parts, snags, and logs. Assessment of risk is a critical component in helping regulators, researchers, and the logging industry develop viable prevention strategies to reduce the incidence and severity of logging-related injuries.
Twin Deficits in Developing Economies

This paper provides new evidence of the existence and magnitude of the “twin deficits” in developing economies. It finds that 1 % of GDP unanticipated increase in the government budget balance improves, on average, the current account balance by 0.8 percentage point of GDP. This effect is substantially larger than that obtained using standard measures of fiscal impulse, such as the cyclically-adjusted budget balance. The results point to some heterogeneity across countries and over time. There is suggestive evidence that the effect tends to be larger: (i) during recessions; (ii) in countries that are more open to trade; (iii) that have less flexible exchange rate regimes; and (iv) with lower initial public debt-to-GDP ratios.
Suppressing the high-level expression and function of ATM in advanced-stage melanomas does not sensitize the cells to ionizing radiation

Melanoma in its advanced stages is resistant not only to chemotherapy but also to radiation treatment. In line with efforts to identify genes that are key regulators of the disease and as such, may prove valuable targets for adjuvant and neo-adjuvant therapy of melanomas, we previously reported the presence of Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) tags, corresponding to the Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) gene, in SAGE libraries generated from tissues representing primary and metastatic melanomas. In the present study, we document that ATM is expressed at high levels in advanced-stage melanomas. Given its crucial role in the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), ionizing radiation, and UV damage, we pursued a series of functional studies involving the targeting of ATM by way of RNA interference or an ATM-specific small-molecule inhibitor, followed by exposure of the cells to ionizing radiation or radiation combined with a DNA-intercalating drug, to test the hypothesis that the high-level expression of ATM prevents melanoma cells from undergoing apoptosis in response to DNA DSB-inducing treatments. However, unlike as demonstrated in the case of other malignancies, our findings summarized herein do not point to ATM as a pivotal DNA damage sensor for advanced-stage melanomas, raising the possibility that in these cells, genes other than ATM regulate and control the repair of DNA DSB.
Critical care delivery in the United States: Distribution of services and compliance with Leapfrog recommendations*

Objectives:To describe the organization and distribution of intensive care unit (ICU) patients and services in the United States and to determine ICU physician staffing before the publication and dissemination of the Leapfrog Group ICU physician staffing recommendations. Design and Setting:Stratified, weighted survey of ICU directors in the United States, performed as part of the Committee on Manpower for the Pulmonary and Critical Care Societies (COMPACCS) study. Using lenient definitions, we defined an ICU as “high intensity” if ≥80% of patients were cared for by a critical care physician (intensivist) and defined an ICU as compliant with Leapfrog if it was both high-intensity and providing some form of in-house physician coverage during all hours. Subjects:Three hundred ninety-three ICU directors. Interventions:None. Measurements and Main Results:We obtained a 33.5% response rate (393/1,173). We estimated there were 5,980 ICUs in the United States, caring for approximately 55,000 patients per day, with at least one ICU in all acute care hospitals. The predominant reasons for admission were respiratory insufficiency, postoperative care, and heart failure. Most ICUs were combined medical-surgical ICUs (n = 3,865; 65%), were located in nonteaching, community hospitals (n = 4,245; 71%), and were in hospitals of <300 beds (n = 3,710; 62%). One in four ICUs were high-intensity (n = 1,578; 26%), half had no intensivist coverage (n = 3,183; 53%), and the remainder had at least some intensivist presence (n = 1,219; 20%). High-intensity units were more common in larger hospitals (p = .001) and in teaching hospitals (p < .001) and more likely to be surgical (p < .001) or trauma ICUs (p < .001). Few ICUs had any in-house physician coverage outside weekday daylight hours (20% during weekend days, 12% during weeknights, and 10% during weekend nights). Only 4% (n = 255) of all adult ICUs in the United States appeared to meet the full Leapfrog standards (a high-intensity ICU staffing pattern plus dedicated attending coverage during daytime plus dedicated coverage by any physician during nighttime). Conclusions:ICU services are widely distributed but heterogeneously organized in the United States. Although high-intensity ICUs have been associated previously with improved outcomes, they were infrequent in our study, especially in smaller hospitals, and virtually no ICU met the Leapfrog standards before their dissemination. These findings highlight the considerable challenge to any efforts designed to promote either 24-hr physician coverage or high-intensity model organization.
Aerobic and functional capacity in a group of healthy women: reference values and repeatability

Twenty‐five randomly selected, low or moderately fit and healthy women (22–44 years) rated their perceived physical capacity and performed an incremental cycle exercise test with respiratory gas analysis. The aerobic and functional capacity did not decrease with age. However, τo2 increased with age. The mean value of the perceived physical capacity was 10 metabolic equivalents and that of o2max 2075 ml min−1. The increasing anaerobic metabolism was determined at three points DX (where the rate of co2 increase just exceeds the rate of o2 increase), PX (where co2/o2 = 1·0) and PQ (where ventilation increase disproportionately in relation to co2). The mean o2 (% of o2max) at DX, PX and PQ were 1263 (63%), 1528 (73%) and 1620 (78%) ml min−1, respectively. The mean value of Δo2/ΔW was 10·2 ml min−1 W−1 while that of τo2 was 0·578 (age) + 15·6. Ten women performed a test and re‐test on two consecutive days, and eight of these performed another re‐test 4 weeks later. The repeatability was analysed and the variations were expressed as 2 SD of the differences between the tests. The variation was greater for the 4‐week re‐test than the day‐to‐day re‐test regarding o2max, o2 at DX, PX and PQ, Δo2/ΔW and HR. The variation in o2max, PX and Δo2/ΔW for the 4‐week re‐test was more than twice that of the previously reported 4‐week variation for men. The considerable variation, especially for 4‐week re‐testing for women should be considered when evaluating the effects of exercise and rehabilitation.
The Impact of Technology on Contemporary Accounting: An ABCD Perspective

We live in an interconnected digital world of rapidly changing technology. This technology has created dynamic changes in nearly every field of study. The field of accounting is no exception in this regard. Four aspects of modern technology are having profound effect on the education, practice and research of contemporary accounting. These aspects of technology are what I call the ABCD of technology, where A stands for Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning, B stands for Blockchain, C stands for Cybersecurity, and D stands for Data Analytics.
Are Busy Directors Harmful or Helpful? Evidence from the Great Recession

Abstract We contribute to the debate on the costs and benefits of busy directors by investigating the effect of busy directors on firm value during a stressful time, i. e. during the Great Recession. Our results show that busy directors improve firm value significantly during the financial crisis. In particular, a rise in directors’ busyness by one standard deviation results in an improvement in Tobin’s q by 6.41 %. Directors with multiple board seats appear to help firms navigate the crisis more successfully, supporting the notion that multiple board seats signal higher quality. Outside the crisis period, however, we find that busy directors reduce firm value, consistent with many prior studies. Our results are crucial as they show that governance mechanisms function differently during stressful times than they do during normal times. Firms should exercise great caution before imposing limits on outside board seats on their directors.
Nursing Student Work-Study Internship Program: An Academic Partnership.

BACKGROUND A large northern California-based integrated health system and five universities partnered to conduct an innovative work-study internship program designed to address the education-to-practice gap for nursing students. METHOD The nursing student work-study intern-ship program provides prelicensure nursing students with a paid internship in the health system. Interns are exposed to the realities of clinical practice and master learned skills working under the supervision of an RN preceptor. RESULTS Work-study interns reported that participation in the program exposed them to new clinical situations, helped them integrate clinical knowledge and critical thinking skills, improved prioritization and time management skills, and expanded their communication skills within the interprofessional team. Interns cited feeling better equipped to safely and effectively transition into the new graduate role. CONCLUSION The nursing student work-study program shows how an academic practice partnership can address the education-to-practice gap in an innovative manner. [J Nurs Educ. 2016;55(6):357-359. ].
Making It Pay to be a Fan: The Political Economy of Digital Sports Fandom and the Sports Media Industry

How does access to this work benefit you? Let us know! Follow this and additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny. edu/gc_etds Part of the American Popular Culture Commons, Broadcast and Video Studies Commons, Communication Technology and New Media Commons, Labor Economics Commons, Leisure Studies Commons, Mass Communication Commons, Other Sociology Commons, Political Economy Commons, Science and Technology Studies Commons, Sociology of Culture Commons, Sports Studies Commons, Theory, Knowledge and Science Commons, Visual Studies Commons, and the Work, Economy and Organizations Commons
Tamm–Horsfall protein gene is associated with distal tubular dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes

Abstract Objective. The first changes in the diabetic kidney are glycogen deposits in the epithelial cells of the thick ascending limb of Henle, which leads to decreased production of Tamm–Horsfall protein (THP). The production of THP is also influenced by nitric oxide (NO). The aims of this study were to investigate whether low excretion of THP, a sign of distal tubular dysfunction, in patients with type 1 diabetes was associated with polymorphisms in the THP gene and the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) gene. Material and methods. Urine was collected from 301 patients with type 1 diabetes, 164 with normoalbuminuria, 91 with microalbuminuria and 46 with macroalbuminuria. Urinary THP concentration below median (3.12 mg/l) was defined as tubular dysfunction. Representative polymorphisms were analysed in the THP and eNOS genes. Results. Patients with tubular dysfunction had longer diabetes duration and higher blood pressure than patients without tubular dysfunction. Tubular dysfunction was common in patients with macroalbuminuria (70% of patients) and it was associated with the AA+AT genotypes of rs12444268 in the THP gene [odds ratio (OR) 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–2.8], and the GG genotype of rs1799983 in the eNOS gene (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.03–2.6). When adjusting for other associated factors, diabetes duration, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), mean arterial pressure and albuminuria, the THP rs12444268 and macroalbuminuria were independently associated with tubular dysfunction. Conclusion. Distal tubular dysfunction was associated with the THP gene and macroalbuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes.
(15)N NMR spectroscopy unambiguously establishes the coordination mode of the diimine linker 2-(2'-pyridyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid (cppH) in Ru(ii) complexes.

We investigated the reactivity of three Ru(ii) precursors -trans,cis,cis-[RuCl2(CO)2(dmso-O)2], cis,fac-[RuCl2(dmso-O)(dmso-S)3], and trans-[RuCl2(dmso-S)4] - towards the diimine linker 2-(2'-pyridyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid (cppH) or its parent compound 4-methyl-2-(2'-pyridyl)pyrimidine ligand (mpp), in which a methyl group replaces the carboxylic group on the pyrimidine ring. In principle, both cppH and mpp can originate linkage isomers, depending on how the pyrimidine ring binds to ruthenium through the nitrogen atom ortho (N(o)) or para (N(p)) to the group in position 4. The principal aim of this work was to establish a spectroscopic fingerprint for distinguishing the coordination mode of cppH/mpp also in the absence of an X-ray structural characterization. By virtue of the new complexes described here, together with the others previously reported by us, we successfully recorded {(1)H,(15)N}-HMBC NMR spectra at natural abundance of the (15)N isotope on a consistent number of fully characterized Ru(ii)-cppH/mpp compounds, most of them being stereoisomers and/or linkage isomers. Thus, we found that (15)N NMR chemical shifts unambiguously establish the binding mode of cppH and mpp - either through N(o) or N(p)- and can be conveniently applied also in the absence of the X-ray structure. In fact, coordination of cppH to Ru(ii) induces a marked upfield shift for the resonance of the N atoms directly bound to the metal, with coordination induced shifts (CIS) ranging from ca. -45 to -75 ppm, depending on the complex, whereas the unbound N atom resonates at a frequency similar to that of the free ligand. Similar results were found for the complexes of mpp. This work confirmed our previous finding that cppH has no binding preference, whereas mpp binds exclusively through N(p). Interestingly, the two cppH linkage isomers trans,cis-[RuCl2(CO)2(cppH-κN(p))] (5) and trans,cis-[RuCl2(CO)2(cppH-κN(o))] (6) were easily obtained in pure form by exploiting their different solubility properties.
Effects of cocaine self‐administration and extinction on D2‐like and A2A receptor recognition and D2‐like/Gi protein coupling in rat striatum

Striatal adenosine (A)2‐dopamine (D)2 receptor (R) heteromers exist with antagonistic interactions. We have studied these Rs and their interactions during cocaine self‐administration and extinction using a ‘yoked’ protocol to understand the role of motivational mechanisms behind the adaptive observed. In the ventral striatum, a significant increase in the A2AR density was observed in rats that received ‘yoked’ cocaine during maintenance phase and following its extinction while this significant increase was only observed after extinction from cocaine self‐administration. In the dorsal striatum, a significant increase in the affinity of A2ARs was determined in the two groups of rats that received cocaine during maintenance. D2‐like Rs were significantly increased in the dorsal striatum of animals that received ‘yoked’ cocaine during maintenance. In the rat dorsal, but not the ventral, striatum significant reductions in the EC50 values for dopamine and increases in the guanosine5′‐([γ]‐thio)triphosphate (GTPγS) accumulation were observed following active and passive cocaine injections during maintenance. After 10‐day extinction, a significant reduction of the Bmax value of GTPγS accumulation was demonstrated in the dorsal striatum of rats previously self‐administered cocaine, while a significant reduction of the EC50 value for dopamine in the ventral striatum was found in the ‘yoked’ cocaine group. By comparing the cocaine self‐administration group with the ‘yoked’ cocaine group, evidence for the existence of motivational mechanisms that guide adaptive changes in the A2AR and D2R and in the D2‐Gi coupling differentially developed in the ventral and dorsal striatum during cocaine maintenance and its extinction has been demonstrated.
Sirolimus as the main immunosuppressant in the early postoperative period following liver transplantation: a report of six cases and review of the literature

The use of sirolimus as the main immunosuppressant in a calcineurin inhibitor‐free regimen in the early postoperative period of liver transplantation (LT), when the incidence of rejection is the highest, has seldom been reported. We report six patients who received sirolimus in association with steroids only, at a median time of 10 days after LT (range 3–23). Tacrolimus, initially given as the standard immunosuppressant, was discontinued because of nephrotoxicity in three of these patients and neurotoxicity in the other three. Resolution of the neurological symptoms was observed in all cases and a marked improvement of the renal function in two of three patients. Two patients died, one of sepsis and the other of recurrent hepatitis C virus hepatitis, after 47 and 143 days respectively. Three patients developed acute rejection which responded to intravenous steroids. In this cohort of patients, the use of sirolimus appeared safe and provided an adequate prophylaxis against rejection, even though the drug was administered in the immediate postoperative period after LT.
Adults with early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder.

OBJECTIVE Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder with a bimodal age at onset and range of treatment outcomes. This study attempted to ascertain the importance of the age at OCD symptom onset for a better phenotypic precision. Therefore, the authors compared adult OCD patients with an early symptom onset to OCD patients with a later symptom onset. METHOD Forty-two adult outpatients with OCD were evaluated with semistructured interviews: 21 with symptom onset before the age of 10 (early-onset group) and 21 with symptom onset after the age of 17 (late-onset group). RESULTS Early onset was associated with higher scores on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, higher frequencies of tic-like compulsions, higher frequency of sensory phenomena, and a higher rate of comorbid tic disorders. The early-onset group also responded less well to treatment with clomipramine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that age at onset may be an important factor in subtyping OCD and that the phenotypic differences found were not restricted to childhood.