Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Communal cavity roosting in green woodhoopoes: consequences for energy expenditure and the seasonal pattern of mortality

-Green Woodhoopoes (Phoeniculus purpureus) roost in cavities in groups throughout the year. It has been proposed that the energy savings achieved by roosting with conspecifics in a cavity could enable birds in poor body condition to remain normothermic during inclement weather. We tested the hypothesis that woodhoopoes conserve energy by roosting with conspecifics in cavities and found that a woodhoopoe roosting with four conspecifics can reduce its nighttime energy expenditure by 30% or more when the minimum ambient temperature is about 5? C. In areas where nocturnal temperatures sometimes drop below freezing, such energy savings are associated with mortality patterns among adults during winter. Our data support the idea that energy considerations may have been important in the evolution and/or maintenance of sociality in this species. Received 14 August 1992, accepted 25 November 1992. GREEN WOODHOOPOES (Phoeniculus purpureus; also known as Red-billed Woodhoopoes) are cooperative breeders that live in groups of 2 to 12 individuals (Ligon and Ligon 1978). Woodhoopoes obligately roost communally in cavities throughout their range even though they are unable to excavate these holes themselves. This dependence appears critical for their survival by either providing energetic benefits to individuals, protection against predators, or both (Ligon and Ligon 1978, 1988, Ligon et al. 1988, Du Plessis 1989a, b, Williams et al. 1991). The energy savings associated with communal cavity roosting have been implicated as an important driving force in the evolution of sociality in this species (Williams et al. 1991). In an earlier paper, Williams et al. (1991) reported that Green Woodhoopoes maintained normothermic body temperatures at ambient temperatures from -1O? to 40? C. However, birds that were in apparently poor body condition, as judged by their unusually low body mass, exhibited body temperatures slightly below 39? C, even at moderate ambient temperatures. We reasoned that birds in depressed body condition will be unable to thermoregulate at low ambient temperatures, but that they can do so when roosting in cavities with conspecifics. We suggested that I Present address: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona 85724, USA. cavity roosting may be particularly critical to first-year birds, and that it may also be important to adults that have experienced periods of food shortage. In this paper we examine the energetic benefits of Green Woodhoopoes' communal cavity-roosting behavior.
On the contribution of a limited region to the global energy budget

Energy budget equations applicable to any limited atmospheric region are developed employing the concept of available potential energy. These equations contain, in addition to the customary generation, conversion, and dissipation terms, expressions for the boundary fluxes. Utilizing Lorenz's definition of available potential energy, the energetics of the limited region are defined as the contribution that the region makes to the global energy budget. This allows one to examine energy processes in a limited region in terms of their relation to the energetics of the general circulation. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969. tb00432.x
Effect of Probiotics on Serum Biochemical and Blood Constituents in Chicken Challenged with Salmonella enterica Subsp Typhimurium

Purpose: To examine the effects of two commercial probiotics (Toyocerin and CloSTAT) on serum enzyme activities, and hematological and biochemical indices of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium (ST). Methods: The chicks received one of the following treatments at 0 day of age: T1 = control group, unmedicated diet, unchallenged birds, (negative control); T2 = unmedicated diet + bacterial challenge (positive control); T3 = medicated diet with neoxyval (0.05 g/kg diet) + bacterial challenge (NEOX); T4 = toyocerin (1 g/kg diet) + bacterial challenge (Toyocerin); and T5 = CloSTAT (1 g/kg diet) + bacterial challenge (COLS). Blood samples were withdrawn from 7 selected chicks in each treatment at 7, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age, and analyzed for total protein, albumin and globulin concentration, and the albumin: globulin ratio computed. Glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutatamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels in serum were measured on days 7 and 42. Results: The results revealed that albumin ( p < 0.001), globulin ( p < 0.001) and albumin: globulin ratio ( p < 0.001) were influenced by the time of blood collection. Globulin increased significantly after ST challenge while albumin decreased significantly. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) after ST challenge was affected by treatment ( p < 0.05). Higher levels were obtained from birds which had received NEOX or positive control, compared to negative control group. Conclusion: Salmonella challenge affects serum albumin, globulin and GOT enzyme. The results obtained suggest that the probiotic, Toyocerin, mitigates the negative effects of Salmonella challenge. Keywords: Bacillus subtilis PB6, Bacillus Cereus var. toyoi, Probiotics, Liver enzymes, Hematology, Salmonella enterica
Reversible Electrical Switching Phenomena in Disordered Structures

We describe here a rapid and reversible transition between a highly resistive and a conductive state effected by an electric field which we have observed in various types of disordered materials, particularly amorphous semiconductors1,2 covering a wide range of compositions. These include oxide- and boron-based glasses and materials which contain the elements tellurium and/or arsenic combined with other elements such as those of groups III, IV, and VI.
La démence sénile en France : une estimation de la charge actuelle et projection des tendances futures.

L'estimation, a partir des donnees du Recensement general de la population de 1990, du nombre de personnes souffrant actuellement de demence senile en France, suggere que le nombre de cas en 1990 est moins eleve que ce qui avait ete estime precedemment. Une augmentation significative est toutefois attendue dans les annees a venir si aucun traitement efficace de la demence n'est decouvert ou si l'âge moyen de survenue n'est pas recule. L'importance de ces previsions, en termes de sante publique et de programmation sanitaire, va bien au-dela de la prevision de l'aide requise pour les personnes âgees dementes; les implications d'une telle epidemie concernent egalement les familles qui prennent souvent en charge les personnes dementes
Adaptations des végétaux à un environnement minéral fluctuant : mécanismes impliqués et interactions entre nutriments

La nutrition minerale des vegetaux repose sur des mecanismes physiologiques et genetiques complexes controlant l’absorption des nutriments, leur transport, leur accumulation, leur assimilation et leur remobilisation au sein de la plante. Une meilleure comprehension des mecanismes impliques et des interactions potentielles entre elements est requise afin d’optimiser l’acquisition et l’utilisation des ressources minerales notamment lorsque certaines sont limitantes. Dans ce contexte, nous avons tout d’abord entrepris d’estimer la remobilisation apparente de 13 elements lors de la senescence foliaire chez cinq especes cultivees et trois especes ligneuses. Le potentiel de remobilisation d’un element apparait fortement dependant de l’espece. Ces differences dans l’efficacite de remobilisation pourrait etre affectee par la duree de la senescence, par le ratio organes reproducteurs : appareil vegetatif ou par la disponibilite des elements mineraux dans le sol. Nous nous sommes ensuite focalises sur la remobilisation de ces 13 elements, cette fois uniquement chez le colza en condition de carence et sur les consequences de ces carences sur la composition du ionome. Dix-huit augmentations majeures de l’absorption en reponse a une carence nutritionnelle ont ete identifiees, certaines etant encore inexplorees. Les resultats acquis nous ont finalement amenes a nous focaliser sur le molybdene, element qui etait largement accumule sous l’effet de carences en S, en Fe, en Cu, en Zn ou en B, afin d’une part d’identifier les mecanismes impliques et d’autre part de proposer une application de ces connaissances pour l’elaboration d’un indicateur de la nutrition soufree : le ratio [Mo] :[S].
Dental enamel hypoplasia, age at death, and weaning in the Taung child

Since its discovery in 1924, the Taung child has been one of the most widely studied hominid fossils. However, a feature so far unrecorded in this juvenile specimen is the presence of dental enamel defects known as linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) on its first permanent molars. These abnormal phases of enamel growth are associated with episodes of trauma, illness or malnutrition and differ in morphology from external normal growth lines, or perikymata. The LEH appears 11 perikymata (corresponding to approximately 11 weeks of growth) from the cervix on the Mlsubg1l/subg and 13 on the M1. Assuming that perikymata formed at intervals of about seven days during enamel development, and invoking Mlsupg1l/supg crown formation time obtained for other Australopithecus africanusl/Ig specimens, we suggest that the Taung child experienced a period of stress at about 2.5 years of age, which led to the development of the LEH. As this age is broadly coincidental with weaning in modern humans, we further investigated whether there might be a relationship with the LEH of the Taung molars. On the evidence of crown development in Mlsupg1l/supg of another A. africanusl/Ig (Stw 402) and root length in the Taung child's M1, we suggest that the age at death of the Taung child was between 3.73 and 3.93 years, just slightly later than previously proposed.
Genetic Resistance in Melon PI 313970 to Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a fresh vegetable and dessert fruit that may also be cooked or dried, processed for juice and flavoring, and the seeds of which are a source of high-quality cooking oil and high protein seed meal. Melon production throughout many parts of the world is now threatened by the crinivirus Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) in tropical and subtropical areas favorable to its whitefly vector. CYSDV is transmitted by the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, biotypes A, B, and Q. CYSDV first appeared on melon in the 1980s in the United Arab Emirates and emerged on melon in the Yuma, AZ, and Imperial Valley, CA, regions and western MexicoduringtheFallseasonof2006followedbyFloridain2007.PI313970,C.melovar. acidulus Naudin, a salad-type melon from India, expressed high-level resistance to CYSDV in Yuma and Imperial Valley in Fall 2006, but it was not immune; the virus was detected in asymptomatic plants. Inheritance of resistance to CYSDV in PI 313970 was studiedinthreenaturallyinfected,replicatedfieldtestsinImperialValleyduringtheFall seasons of 2007 and 2008 and the Spring season of 2009. Resistance in PI 313970 was recessive: all F1 PI 313970 (PI) · susceptible 'Top Mark' (TM) and BCTM individuals were susceptible, and the F2 and BCPI segregated 3:1 and 1:1 susceptible to resistance, respectively. Frequency distributions of CYSDV symptom severity ratings suggested a single recessive gene in PI 313970 for resistance to CYSDV. PI 313970 was, however, observed to be variable for resistance; a few plants in each test expressed distinct symptoms of CYSDV infection and its frequency distributions overlapped those of 'Top Mark'. This variation may represent genetic variation selectable for uniform reaction to infection by CYSDV or phenotypic variation in the resistant reaction. The genetic relationship between the genes for resistance to CYSDV in PI 313970 (recessive) and TGR-1551 (dominant) is not known.
AB0169 Recruitment and Activation of NK Cells in the Salivary Glands Regulates Early Viral Control but is Dependable for Autoimmunity and Focal Lymphocytic Sialoadenitis in an Inducible Murine Model of Sjogren-Like Disease

Background Dysregulation of Natural Killer (NK) cells has been shown to influence the development of autoimmune diseases1, but their role in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) remain unclear. Objectives The main goal of our study was to investigate the recruitment and functional relevance of NK cells in the early phases of salivary gland (SG) inflammation in an inducible murine model of SS. Methods Sialoadenitis was induced in WT-C57BL/6 mice via SG retro-cannulation of 108 pfu/gland of luciferase-encoding adenovirus-5 (AdV). FACS analysis of NK cells (CD45pos/NK1.1pos/CD3neg) was performed in digested SG, while snap-frozen SG tissues were stained for either cytotoxic NK cells (NK1.1pos/CD3neg/Granzyme Bpos) or B (B220pos) and T cells (CD3pos). Negatively selected CFSEpos NK cells from WT-C57BL/6 mice spleens were adoptively transferred in AdV-infected mice to evaluate NK cell recruitment and proliferation in the SG. Virus infected cell clearance by NK cells was assessed with luciferase activity quantification in SG. To achieve NK cell depletion, 200μg of anti-NK1.1 antibody were administered via intraperitoneal injection every 48h. Anti-nuclear antibodies were assessed on Hep-2-coated microscope slides, and anti-AdV antibodies with ELISA assay. Results AdV infection in SG induced an early NK cell recruitment peaking at 4 days post-cannulation (dpc). This is due to an active NK cell migration to the SG at 1dpc followed by their intra-SG proliferation at 3-5dpc, as shown by cell transfer experiments. NK cells preferentially accumulate before B/T cell aggregates formation. Activating markers NKp46 and CD69 were up regulated from 5dpc onwards when an increased degranulation potential was observed. Accordingly, NK cells, rather then cytotoxic T cells, mainly mediated cytotoxic activity, as measured by granzyme B expression, at 4/5dpc. NK depletion impaired viral control at 3dpc but not at later time-points. Conversely, NK depletion did not affect the formation of SS-like inflammatory foci or lymphoid chemokine expression. Moreover, NK cells did not influence the production of ANA or anti-AdV antibodies. Conclusions Here we show that NK cells are actively recruited to the inflammatory site of the SG and are critically involved in the early immune control of AdV infection in this organ but are dispensable for the development of SS-like inflammatory foci and autoimmunity. References Schleinitz N1, Vély F, Harlé JR, Vivier E. Natural killer cells in human autoimmune diseases. Immunology. 2010 Dec;131(4):451-8. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Charaterization of galactose-specific lectin from the skin mucus of African catfish Clarias gariepinus aBurchell, 1822

A galactose-specific lectin was purified from the skin mucus of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and the physicochemical properties determined. Phosphate buffered saline extract of the skin mucus of African catfish specifically agglutinated erythrocytes of rabbit and human blood group B, but did not agglutinate bat, rat, hen and human blood A and O erythrocytes. The haemagglutinating activity of the lectin was completely inhibited by lactose while galactose and melibiose inhibited the activity to some extent and was calcium-independent. The purified lectin has a native and subunit molecular weight of 63, 000 and 20, 000 Daltons, respectively suggesting a homotrimeric structure for the protein. The protein contained 126 amino acid residues per subunit. This was characterized by large amount of polar amino acids that constituted about 60% of the total amino acids. The lectin showed maximum activity over the pH range 6 – 9 and was heat stable up to 50°C. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) had no inhibitory effect on its haemagglutinating activity. Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining showed that the lectin was not a glycoprotein. Chemical modifications of serine and arginine residues of the protein did not affect its haemagglutination activity while modifications of cysteine, tryptophan and histidine residues led to total loss of its activity. The study concluded that African catfish skin mucus lectin exhibited similar physicochemical properties with lectins from other fish skin mucus.
Genetics of Growth and Reproduction in the Turkey 2. Selection for Increased Body Weight and Egg Production

Abstract THE primary emphasis of commercial turkey breeders has been placed on improving growth rate with little or no importance being given to egg production and other reproductive traits. The object of the turkey breeders should be to develop superior meat birds which will reproduce at a high rate. Accurate knowledge of the heritabilities of and genetic correlations among growth and reproductive traits is important in obtaining this goal. Several estimates of the heritability of body weight and body conformation measurements have been made. In general, the estimates were high (greater than .30) (see review by Nestor et al, 1967). The heritability of egg production has also been estimated by several workers (Wilson and Johnson, 1946; Shaklee et al, 1952; Blow and Glazener, 1954; Kondra and Shoffner, 1955; McCartney, 1955; Blow et al, 1958; Clayton, 1962; Cook et al, 1962; and McCartney, 1962). These estimates varied considerably ranging from —. 51 to .
Record of stomatopods and decapods, including descriptions of the species of commercial interest from the submarine rises and surrounding waters of the Chilean oceanic islands (southeastern Pacific Ocean)

RESUMEN. En la region suroriental del Oceano Pacifico se encuentran las islas oceanicas chilenas, que corresponden a Isla de Pascua, Isla Salas y Gomez, Islas Desventuradas (I. San Felix e I. San Ambrosio) y Archipielago Juan Fernandez. Todas son de origen volcanico y corresponden a las cumbres emergidas de montes submarinos que forman parte de las cordilleras Salas y Gomez, y Nazca que se levantan sobre la placa tectonica de Nazca. Estas islas tienen como caracteristicas comunes estar alejadas entre si y del continente sudamericano, con profundidades en su entorno, de alrededor de 4.000 m hasta el piso oceanico. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo actualizar el registro de las especies de Stomatopoda y Decapoda en estas islas, en aguas circundantes y en la cadena de montes submarinos de las que forman parte. Dada la escasa informacion en algunos de estos lugares y que los registros se encuentran dispersos, se ha efectuado la revision de literatura proveniente de diferentes fuentes, tanto publicadas como de informes de circulacion restringida. A la fecha se han registrado tres familias de Stomatopoda con cinco especies y 57 familias de Decapoda con 194 especies. De este total, tres especies constituyen especies potenciales y otras tres son explotadas con diferente intensidad (Jasus frontalis, Panulirus pascuensis and Chaceon chilensis). Se describen sus aspectos mas relevantes y su estado actual de explotacion.
Reproductive Behavior of the Anemonefish Amphiprion melanopus on Guam

NOBLE, G. K. 1931. The biology of the Amphibia. McGraw-Hill, New York. , AND M. K. BRADY. 1933. Observations on the life history of the marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum Gravenhorst. Zoologica 11: 89-132. ORGAN, J. A. 1961. Studies of the local distribution, life history, and population dynamics of the salamander genus Desmognathus in Virginia. Ecol. Monogr. 31:189-220. SALTHE, S. N. , AND J. S. MECHAM. 1974. Reproductive and courtship patterns, p. 310-521. In: Biology of the Amphibia. Vol. II. B. Lofts (ed.). Academic Press. New York. SMITH, C. C. , AND S. D. FRETWELL. 1974. The optimal balance between size and number of offspring. Amer. Natur. 108:499-506. TILLEY, S. G. 1972. Aspects of parental care and embryonic development in Desmognathus ochrophaeus. Copeia 1972:532-540. TRIVERS, R. L. 1972. Parental investment and sexual selection, p. 136-179. In: Sexual selection and the descent of man. B. Campbell (ed.). Aldine Publ. Co. Chicago. 1974. Parent-offspring conflict. Amer. Zool. 14:249-264. WILLIAMS, G. C. 1966a. Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton U. Press. Princeton, New Jersey. 1966b. Natural selection, the costs of reproduction, and a refinement of Lack's principle. Amer. Natur. 100:687-690. WILSON, E. O. 1975. Sociobiology. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Fumigation of table grapes with acetic acid to prevent postharvest decay

Acetic acid (AA) fumigation controlled decay of Summerland Selection 494 and Selection 651 table grapes in repeated trials over a 3-year period when grapes were fumigated with 0.27% vol/vol AA and stored for 6 weeks at 2 or 5°C. Fumigation of Selection 651 at approximately 2-week intervals with AA or SO 2 controlled both Botrytis and Penicillium decay and reduced berry shatter equally in two separate years. No significant difference occurred between SO 2 and AA treatments in yield components (cluster and berry weight), fruit composition (°Brix, titratable acidity, pH, and color), and degree of rachis drying.
Albedo and Degree of Puddling of a Melting Cover of Sea Ice

Abstract Continuous measurements of incident and reflected short-wave radiation have been obtained from 12 May to 17 June 1968 on the ice cover at Tanquary Fiord, Ellesmere Island (lat. 81° 25′ N., long. 76° 50′ W.). The observations were made with radiometers suspended between two towers at a height of 50 ft (15 m) to sample an area large enough to be representative of the surface of the ice cover. From the start of surface melting, time-lapse photographs were taken at intervals of 3 h with a camera mounted on one of the towers at a height of 20 ft (6 m) and slanted below the horizontal. Values are presented, for the observation period, of incident short-wave radiation, albedo, air temperature at screen height and percentage of surface covered with melt pools. It is shown that the albedo decreases linearly with increasing area of water puddles.
Chapter 1:Simple Drugs Do Not Cure Complex Diseases: The Need for Multi-Targeted Drugs

Systems biology has shown that the multi-factorial nature of complex disease networks and their intrinsic robustness against perturbation makes the rational design of multi-targeted drugs essential. Simple drugs cannot cure complex diseases. In both cancer and rheumatoid arthritis, highly complex networks are affected and many different cell types are involved. In cancer, disturbance of signal transduction leads to the evasion of apoptosis and growth control, and the induction of angiogenesis and metastasis. The key signalling pathways in inflammation are similar to those involved in cancer. Multiple factors, such as kinases, are involved in activating signalling pathways downstream from the T-cell receptor. Though polypharmacology is often associated with side effects, multi-targeted drugs when rationally designed can have a larger therapeutic window than those hitting a single target if the therapeutic effects overlap but the detrimental effects do not.