Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Antimalarial Drugs and Plasmodium Falciparum Drug Resistance Genes on Malaria Treatment Outcome

xi CHAPTER ONE . 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Background . 1 1.2 Problem statement . 3 1.3 Justification . 4 1.4 Aim . 5 1.5 Specific objectives: . 5 CHAPTER TWO . 6 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW . 6 2.1 Overview of malaria . 6 2.2 Transmission, Life cycle and Pathogenesis. 6
Effect of upper thoracic mobilization on cervical alignment in stroke patients with forward head posture: A case study

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of upper thoracic mobilization on cervical alignment in stroke patients with forward head posture. The subject's of this study were two stroke patients with forward head posture and a cervical curve angle (four-line Cobb's method; FLCM) less than 40°. The intervention, central posterior-anterior (PA) mobilization, was applied to the T1-T4 vertebrae (upper thoracic spine) following the Maitland concept. This mobilization was applied three times per week for four weeks. In the results, the cervical curve angle (FLCM) increased for both subject 1 and 2. However, Jochumsen method score was decreased in subject 1, while it was increased in subject 2. These results demonstrate that upper thoracic mobilization had the positive effect on the cervical curve angle but not on Jochumsen method score. These findings suggest that PA mobilization on the upper thoracic spine could correct cervical curve angle measured by FLMC in stroke patients with FHP.
Left Atrial Appendage Closure Devices for Stroke Prevention in Patients with Non-Valvular AF

it an important therapeutic target to reduce embolic stroke risk. 10 Unfortunately, pharmacological and catheter-based interventional strategies to abort AF have not been shown to reduce stroke risk. 11 Meta-analysis supports the use of anticoagulation therapy in patients with NVAF, especially in subgroups determined to be at high risk based on the CHA 2 DS 2 –VASc score. 12 Given the potential complications of long-term anticoagulation medication, there are patients in whom the risks of anticoagulation therapy outweigh the potential benefits of ischemic stroke prevention, such as those with prior intracerebral hemorrhage. As a result, non-pharmacological strategies aimed at reducing embolic risk in patients with AF have been developed. Abstract The left atrial appendage (LAA) may be involved in offloading atrial pressure during left ventricular systole. As ventricular rate increases, LAA emptying decreases during early diastole causing increased risk of thrombus formation particularly in patients with non-valvular AF (NVAF). The LAA is the site of thrombus formation in more than 90 % of patients with NVAF, so is an important target for thromboembolic prophylaxis in these patients. Anticoagulation therapy is used to treat NVAF, but it has long-term complications and may be contraindicated in some patients. Therefore, alternative strategies to reduce embolic risk in patients with AF have been developed. These include percutaneous, thoracoscopic, and open closure strategies. This study reviews the safety and efficacy of these strategies, comparing these approaches and devices with pharmacological strategies. There is little data to endorse one strategy over another. Given the minimal evidence available, recommendations in support of LAA occlusion remain weak and guidelines have called for more research and coding of endpoints for this emerging technology. The Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Transcatheter Occlusion (PLAATO) study in 2002 was the first to demonstrate that a device could be used to close the LAA. 13 Five-year follow-up data showed that percutaneous devices were effective in reducing stroke risk in patients with NVAF by 2.8 % per year compared to the cumulative risk predicted by CHADS 2 score, and provided the impetus for further development of percutaneous closure devices. 14 The most widely used endovascular devices are the transseptal thoracotomy.
Closing the Mortality Gap in Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State: Implications of a Clinical Decision Support App

Diabetes is a major public health issue affecting millions of people in the United States and worldwide. In the United States alone, about 30.3 million people (9.4% of the population) have diabetes [1]. Worldwide, a staggering 422 million have diabetes according to 2014 estimates [2]. Diabetes complications over years of exposure include cardiovascular disease -- stroke and myocardial infarction -- and microvascular disorders -- kidney failure, blindness and amputation [3]. Acute and potentially fatal complications of diabetes include hyperglycemic crises, specifically diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) [4].
Cancer Screening Guidelines: A Rapid Review

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. It has been expected that the burden of cancer has increased due to population growth and aging and lifestyle behaviors. Thus, cancer screening guidelines have developed to prevent mortality and adverse effects of late detection of cancers. In this study, screening guidelines of major cancers have been reviewed and discussed.
[Anisakiasis gastro-alérgica, primera descripción de un caso en Colombia y revisión bibliográfica].

La anisakiasis es una enfermedad parasitaria zoonótica causada por el consumo de pescados o mariscos crudos o poco cocidos infectados con nematodos de los géneros Anisakis, Pseudoterranova y Contracaecum. Se describe el primer caso de anisakiasis en Colombia y se resume la literatura médica disponible. Una mujer de 52 años de edad consultó por dolor epigástrico agudo de inicio abrupto, náuseas, vómitos, diarrea y urticaria después de consumir pescado. El examen físico reveló sensibilidad moderada en el epigastrio. El examen de laboratorio evidenció leucocitosis, en tanto que la radiografía simple y el electrocardiograma no reflejaron ninguna anormalidad. El diagnóstico se hizo mediante una endoscopia de vías digestivas altas, la cual reveló engrosamiento de la pared gástrica y un parásito en movimiento. Se encontró una larva de Anisakis y se la extrajo por endoscopia, lo que alivió el dolor de la paciente. Clínicamente, la anisakiasis puede presentarse como una enfermedad gástrica, intestinal, en otros sistemas o alérgica. El diagnóstico se hace con base en la elaboración del historial alimentario del paciente y la visualización directa de las larvas; el único tratamiento efectivo consiste en su extracción endoscópica.
A Comparative Study of Endoscopic Versus Navigation Guided Microscopic Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery at Tertiary Care Centre in India

Abstract Introduction: The transsphenoidal route for pituitary surgery is considered the standard treatment for pituitary adenomas. The disadvantage of the smaller exposure of this route is partially compensated for by the introduction of the microscope with its coaxial illumination, stereoscopic view, adequate magnification, and microsurgical instruments. However, there are only few reports about the outcome of endonasal endoscopic transphenoidal technique. Aims & Objectives: Current study has been conducted to compare the efficacy, advantages and dis advantages of endoscopic versus navigation guided microscopic transsphenoidal Pituitary surgery. Material and methods: A controlled study was done in the department of neurosurgery, at tertiary care hospital in India, from the period of August 2012 to December 2017 prospectively. In Group A- 30 patients in whom endoscopic transnasal trans Sphenoidal pituitary surgery and in Group B - 30 patients, intraoperative neuronavigation was used. Observations and Results: Both the groups were similar in demographic variables. The most common age group of pituitary tumor patients was 30-40 years. Fourteen (46.6 %) patients in group A and fifteen (50 %) of the patients in group B had tumor volume less than 5 ml. In group A, thirteen (43%) patients had intrasellar tumors with no suprasellar extension, while in group B, fifteen (50%) patients had intrasellar tumors with no extension. Operative time was noted from incision to closure and average time taken in both the groups was compared. Twenty five (83%) cases of group A took between 2-3 hours and only four cases (13%) took more than 3 hours. While in group B, twenty (66%) cases took between 4-5 hours. This shows a significant difference by fisher extact test (p<0.001) in the operative time required in both the groups. Eighteen (60%) patients in group B had a residual volume between 1-1.5 ml while only two patients in group A had so. This difference is also significant Fischer Exact test (p<0.001). Four (13.3%) patients in group A had diabites insipidus while only half of this, i.e. two (6.6%) had so in group B. however this difference in postoperative complication rate is not statistically significant between two groups. Conclusion: The results of our study correlate with many previous studies to compare endoscopic and microscopic transsphenoidal surgery. These two approaches are equally efficacious in oncological outcomes and the complication rates are comparable.
HIV-1 Immune evasion: The main obstacle toward a successful vaccine

How to cite this article: Larijani MS, Sadat SM, Ramezani A. HIV-1 Immune evasion: The main obstacle toward a successful vaccine. Arch Asthma Allergy Immunol. 2018; 2: 013-015. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.aaai. 1001013 It is estimated that there are 36.9 million individuals living with HIV-1 from who 21.7 million patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) [1,2]. ART has had a signi icant effect on the patients’ quality of life recently, however, its global coverage declines to 16-35% in low or middle income parts of Africa [3]. ART is unable to eliminate the virus from the infected individuals despite the fact of great impact on virus life cycle. There is no doubt that vaccination is considered as the most important medical strategy to prevent and suppress the infectious diseases. Nevertheless, there are many dif iculties toward the cure or prevention of HIV-1 including the virus characteristics, lack of ideal animal model and funding [4-7].
Effective biomarkers for successful management of sepsis

Background: The main objective of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of daily measurements of liver enzymes along with c-reactive protein (CRP), and complete blood count (CBC) for the successful management of septic cases in neonates. Method: A sample of septic neonates (48 individuals), along with 40 non-septic neonates, was randomly selected for the daily measurement of liver function tests (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)), blood culture, CRP, and CBC during the routine medical treatments of sepsis cases in neonates. The abovementioned parameters were measured according to international laboratory standards. Data were statistically analyzed to determine whether there were correlations among parameters. Results: The data showed elevated levels of white blood cells (WBCs), ALT, AST, ALP, and CRP and a reduced level of platelets on the first day of medical treatment (on admission). Daily measurement of the parameters provides a trend with the direction of medical treatment. Strong correlations were found between CRP and blood parameters. Successful medical treatment indicated a continuous reduction of WBCs, ALT, ALP, AST and CRP and increased level of platelets to reach the values of the reference range and/or the control group at the end point. Conclusion: Daily measurements of ALT, AST, ALP and CRP along with blood counts are driving toward the successful diagnosis and management of septic cases in neonates. The implementation of these diagnostic parameters around the globe may reduce the morbidity and mortality in neonates. *Correspondence to: Prof Dr. Yasser El-Nahhal, Faculty of science, The Islamic University Gaza, Palestine, Tel: 00970599634708; Fax 009708264480; E-mail: y_el_nahhal@hotmail.com
ARTHROSCOPIC LATARJET PROCEDURE: TECHNIQUE-RELATED CHARACTERISTICS, MID-TERM FUNCTIONAL RESULTS

Relevance.Post-traumatic shoulder instability is widespread in the population and has a high social significance. Low efficacy of shoulder instability treatment determined the development of more than 300 surgical methods.Intention. The objective of the work is to study mid-term functional results of arthroscopic Latarjet surgery for treatment of shoulder instability with significant defects in the anterior edge of the scapula articular process and the humeral head.Methodology. 68 arthroscopic Latarjet surgeries were performed over the period of 2013–2017 in the clinic No.2, Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia (St. Petersburg). There were analyzed the duration of surgery, the position of the coracoid process graft relative to the glenoid, functional evaluation of the treatment results.Results. The average duration of a surgery was (91 ± 12) minutes. The time for the procedure reduced with the acquisition of skills. The graft was placed in the correct position (in the range of 02.30–05.30 o’clock of the imaginary dial) in 88% of cases. Only one episode of recurrent shoulder dislocation occurred in 9 months. The limitation of external shoulder rotation averaged to 7° (from 5 to 14°). Conclusion.Mid-term clinical results of arthroscopic Latarjet surgery have confirmed that the procedure can be reliable and safe for performance as well as functionally advantageous.
Screening and Stepped Care Targeting Psychological Distress in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: The TES Cluster Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND This study evaluated the effectiveness of a screening and stepped care program (the TES program) in reducing psychological distress compared with care as usual (CAU) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer starting with first-line systemic palliative treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this cluster randomized trial, 16 hospitals were assigned to the TES program or CAU. Patients in the TES arm were screened for psychological distress with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Distress Thermometer/Problem List (at baseline and 10 and 18 weeks). Stepped care was offered to patients with distress or expressed needs, and it consisted of watchful waiting, guided self-help, face-to-face problem-solving therapy, or referral to specialized mental healthcare. The primary outcome was change in psychological distress over time, and secondary outcomes were quality of life, satisfaction with care, and recognition and referral of distressed patients by clinicians. Linear mixed models and effect sizes were used to evaluate differences. RESULTS A total of 349 patients were randomized; 184 received the TES program and 165 received CAU. In the TES arm, 60.3% of the patients screened positive for psychological distress, 26.1% of which entered the stepped care program (14.7% used only watchful waiting and 11.4% used at least one of the other treatment steps). The observed low use of the TES program led us to pursue a futility analysis, which showed a small conditional power and therefore resulted in halted recruitment for this study. No difference was seen in change in psychological distress over time between the 2 groups (effect size, -0.16; 95% CI, -0.35 to 0.03; P>.05). The TES group reported higher satisfaction with the received treatment and better cognitive quality of life (all P<.05). CONCLUSIONS As a result of the low use of stepped care, a combined screening and treatment program targeting psychological distress in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer did not improve psychological distress. Our results suggest that enhanced evaluation of psychosocial concerns may improve aspects of patient well-being.
Hamstrings and Quadriceps Muscles Function in Subjects with Prior ACL Reconstruction Surgery

Background: As the knee joint is a common site for injury among younger people, the purpose of this study was to measure the skeletal muscle endurance and strength on people with prior anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) knee reconstruction surgery. Method: Young healthy female subjects who reported having knee reconstruction surgery more than one-year prior were tested. The skeletal muscle endurance index (EI) of the hamstrings and quadriceps muscles was determined as the decline in the specific muscle acceleration in response to 2 Hz, 4 Hz, and 6 Hz electrical stimulation. Maximal isometric muscle strength (MVC) was measured in the hamstrings and quadriceps muscles. Results: The hamstrings muscles in the injured leg had less endurance than the non-injured leg at 6 Hz stimulation (55.5 ± 13.2% versus 78.0 ± 13.3%, p < 0.01). Muscle endurance was not reduced in the quadriceps muscles in the injured leg compared to the non-injured leg at 6 Hz stimulation (78.0 ± 13.3% versus 80.3 ± 10.0%, p = 0.45). There were no differences in MVC between the injured and non-injured legs for either the hamstrings (p = 0.20) or quadriceps muscles (p = 0.67). Conclusions: Muscle endurance was reduced in the hamstrings muscles at least one-year post injury, while hamstrings strength was recovered. Reduced hamstrings muscle endurance could be a result of lack of endurance training during rehabilitation. This may contribute to re-injury in the muscle, even in people who have recovered muscle strength.
Alan Cowey. 28 April 1935—19 December 2012

Alan Cowey's primary interest was in the way in which we interpret the visual world. This led him to study not only the early visual areas but also the inferotemporal and parietal cortex with which they are connected and the further projections into the eye field in the prefrontal cortex. His research interests were wide, covering colour vision, attention, visual neglect and the anatomical basis of the visual abilities that can be spared after a lesion in the primary visual cortex. Alan spent over 40 years at the University of Oxford, where he was involved in many initiatives and served on many committees, playing many important roles in the development of neuroscience as an interdisciplinary field of research.
From profitability to food safety and the environment : shifting the objectives of IPM

Environmental concerns about nitrate pollution of rivers, traces of pesticide in wells and pesticide residues in some produce are becoming increasingly important in farm decision making along with profitability. Integrated pest management (IMP) offers a plan to profitably cope with these new concerns in addition to the traditional pest management mission. The history of IPM is reviewed along with the evolving definition of IPM which includes more reliance on the information gathering and processing activities and on the ability to make site-specific decisions. Legistative initiatives for IPM implementation are suggested. Farmer incentives, role of research and extention, private sector support, and public education are also discussed. IPM is presented as an appropriate process for pest management in agriculture, flexible enough to accommodate a change in objectives and provide a realistic and profitable tool for the farmer.
Detection of Depression in Primary Care and the Assessments Available That Can Assist in Diagnosis

Because of the frequency which primary care physicians see their patients, they are in a unique position to recognize depressive symptoms. The primary care environment is missing one out of every two patients with depression. This literature review will examine the accuracy of diagnosis by primary care physicians and the measures that could be used to increase accuracy. Three diagnostic measures are reviewed. The first is the Patient Health Questionnaire, which is easy to administer and can be given in different languages. The next is the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, which would be useful during the treatment of depression to assess the progress of individuals, because of the high reliability. The final is the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, which is a good option available as a second tier diagnostic measure after high-risk patients have been recognized. Poor recognition and misdiagnosis could be improved with the implementation of diagnostic measures.
Mechanisms of Lung Surveillance by Pathogen-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

Large percentages of the virus-specific CD8 T cells that express CD103 stay in the lungs during the recovery from influenza virus infection. Since TGFβ is known to induce CD103 expression on CD8 T cells in other models, we crossed F5 TcR transgenic mice with dnTGFβRII mice that express a dominant negative form of the TGFβRII (dnTGFβRII) to investigate whether TGFβ induced CD103 expression in the lungs. When I transferred the F5-WT and F5-dnTGFβRII+ cells into the same recipient mice, I found that very few F5-dnTGFβRII+ cells expressed CD103 when the TGFβ signaling pathways were blocked. These data showed that TGFβ signals are required for CD8 T cells to express CD103 in the lungs. To determine how TGFβ influences the other virus-specific CTL responses in the lungs, we made chimeric mice with mixed bone marrow cells from the dnTGFβRII and wild type animals. When the TGFβ signals were blocked, there were dramatically increased numbers of KLRG1+ virus-specific Teff cells in all tissues 10dpi, including the lungs. Since virus-specific CTLs can damage the lungs, I tested the ability of the CD8 T cells from wild type and dnTGFβRII+ chimeric mice to make proinflammatory cytokines. After in vitro stimulation larger numbers of dnTGFβRII+ CD8 T cells produced IFNγ alone, or IFNγ together with TNFα, as compared to the wild type CD8 T cells. Histological analysis also showed that there were more extensive areas of inflammation in the dnTGFβRII chimeric mice, than in the WT B6 chimeric mice. When I used confocal microscopy to compare the distribution of KLRG1+ and KLRG1virus-specific CD8 T cells in the lungs, the majority of OTI-dnTGFβRII+ cells which expressed KLRG1 were located in the tissues around the alveoli 10dpi, but there were very few mutant cells in the lumen of the airways. At later time points some OTI-WT cells which expressed 24 CD103 were located in the airways. These studies showed that TGFβ signaling selectively reduced the numbers of KLRG1+ virus-specific Teff cells in the lungs, while upregulated CD103 expression on many surviving virus-specific CTLs in the airways. Since CD103 is an adhesion molecule which can promote interactions with epithelial cells that express E-cadherin, I used transfer experiments to directly investigate whether CD103 expression helps retain virus-specific CD8 T cells in the lungs. After OTI TcR transgenic mice were crossed with CD103KO mice, I transferred equal numbers of OTIWT together with OTI-CD103KO cells to the recipient mice 2 days before infection with WSN-OVAI virus. During the peak of the CTL response I found approximately equal ratios of CD103KO and wild type CD8 T cells in all tissues. As the infection progressed the ratios in the lungs changed and there were less OTI-CD103KO than OTI-WT cells. In addition, confocal microscopy showed that both WT and CD103KO cells were distributed throughout the lungs during the peak of CTL response. Later in the infection the percentages changed and there were less of CD103KO, than wild type, cells in the airways.