Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scheme Macros for Non-linear Pattern Matching with Backtracking for Non-free Data Types

Pattern matching is an important feature of programming languages for data abstraction. Many pattern-matching extensions have been proposed and implemented for extending the range of data types to which pattern matching is applicable. Among them, the pattern-matching system proposed by Egi and Nishiwaki features practical pattern matching for non-free data types by providing an extensible non-linear pattern-matching facility with backtracking. However, they implemented their proposal only in an interpreter of the Egison programming language, and a method for compiling pattern-matching expressions of Egison was not discussed. This paper proposes a method for translating a program that contains pattern-matching expressions of Egison to a program that contains only the existing syntax constructs of functional programming languages. This method is based on the three key ideas: (i) transformation of a matcher to a function that takes a pattern and a target, and returns lists of triples of a pattern, a matcher, and a target; (ii) compilation of match-all to application of the map function; (iii) transformation of a value pattern to a function that takes an intermediate pattern-matching result and returns a value. This paper shows the proposed method works by showing Scheme macros that provide the users the pattern-matching facility of Egison. This paper also presents benchmark results that show Egison pattern-matching embedded in Gauche Scheme is faster than the original Egison interpreter.
Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training for improving activities of daily living, arm function, and arm muscle strength after stroke.

BACKGROUND Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training devices are used in rehabilitation, and may help to improve arm function after stroke. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training for improving activities of daily living, arm function, and arm muscle strength in people after stroke. We also assessed the acceptability and safety of the therapy. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group's Trials Register (last searched January 2018), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (the Cochrane Library 2018, Issue 1), MEDLINE (1950 to January 2018), Embase (1980 to January 2018), CINAHL (1982 to January 2018), AMED (1985 to January 2018), SPORTDiscus (1949 to January 2018), PEDro (searched February 2018), Compendex (1972 to January 2018), and Inspec (1969 to January 2018). We also handsearched relevant conference proceedings, searched trials and research registers, checked reference lists, and contacted trialists, experts, and researchers in our field, as well as manufacturers of commercial devices. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training for recovery of arm function with other rehabilitation or placebo interventions, or no treatment, for people after stroke. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, assessed trial quality and risk of bias, used the GRADE approach to assess the quality of the body of evidence, and extracted data. We contacted trialists for additional information. We analysed the results as standardised mean differences (SMDs) for continuous variables and risk differences (RDs) for dichotomous variables. MAIN RESULTS We included 45 trials (involving 1619 participants) in this update of our review. Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training improved activities of daily living scores (SMD 0.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09 to 0.52, P = 0.0005; I² = 59%; 24 studies, 957 participants, high-quality evidence), arm function (SMD 0.32, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.46, P < 0.0001, I² = 36%, 41 studies, 1452 participants, high-quality evidence), and arm muscle strength (SMD 0.46, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.77, P = 0.003, I² = 76%, 23 studies, 826 participants, high-quality evidence). Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training did not increase the risk of participant dropout (RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.02, P = 0.93, I² = 0%, 45 studies, 1619 participants, high-quality evidence), and adverse events were rare. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS People who receive electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training after stroke might improve their activities of daily living, arm function, and arm muscle strength. However, the results must be interpreted with caution although the quality of the evidence was high, because there were variations between the trials in: the intensity, duration, and amount of training; type of treatment; participant characteristics; and measurements used.
Prediction of birth weight small for gestational age with and without preeclampsia by angiogenic markers: an Odense Child Cohort study

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the predictive performance of placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble FMS-like kinase 1 (sFlt-1) on birth weight and small for gestational age (SGA), in a large, population-based cohort. Methods: Women enrolled in the population-based, prospective Odense Child Cohort Study with early (GA < 20 weeks) and/or late (≥20 weeks) pregnancy blood samples (n = 1937) were included. The association between log-transformed values of the biomarkers and birth weight Z-score was studied using multivariate regression models. The prediction of SGA overall, and in women developing preeclampsia, by biomarkers was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analyses. Results: No substantial associations between early pregnancy biomarkers and SGA were seen. PlGF measured in late pregnancy demonstrated the strongest association with birth weight Z-score (adjusted β-coefficient = 0.43 [95%CI = 0.35; 0.50]). The area under curve (AUC) for predicting SGA was higher for sFlt-1/PlGF compared to sFlt-1 (0.74 versus 0.63, p = .006) and reached excellent prediction for SGA after preeclampsia (AUC 0.94). Optimal sFlt-1/PlGF ratio cut-offs had higher negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) for SGA (cut-off > 5.0; NPV = 99.1%, PPV = 5.4%) compared to each marker individually. Conclusion: The sFlt-1/PlGF ratio is a potential predictor of SGA in population-based screening, particularly when preeclampsia is also present.
The Price of Diversity in Assignment Problems

We introduce and analyze an extension to the matching problem on a weighted bipartite graph: Assignment with Type Constraints. The two parts of the graph are partitioned into subsets called types and blocks; we seek a matching with the largest sum of weights under the constraint that there is a pre-specified cap on the number of vertices matched in every type-block pair. Our primary motivation stems from the public housing program of Singapore, accounting for over 70% of its residential real estate. To promote ethnic diversity within its housing projects, Singapore imposes ethnicity quotas: each new housing development comprises blocks of flats and each ethnicity-based group in the population must not own more than a certain percentage of flats in a block. Other domains using similar hard capacity constraints include matching prospective students to schools or medical residents to hospitals. Limiting agents' choices for ensuring diversity in this manner naturally entails some welfare loss. One of our goals is to study the trade-off between diversity and social welfare in such settings. We first show that, while the classic assignment program is polynomial-time computable, adding diversity constraints makes it computationally intractable; however, we identify a $\tfrac{1}{2}$-approximation algorithm, as well as reasonable assumptions on the weights that permit poly-time algorithms. Next, we provide two upper bounds on the price of diversity -- a measure of the loss in welfare incurred by imposing diversity constraints -- as functions of natural problem parameters. We conclude the paper with simulations based on publicly available data from two diversity-constrained allocation problems -- Singapore Public Housing and Chicago School Choice -- which shed light on how the constrained maximization as well as lottery-based variants perform in practice.
Characteristics of WBN/Kob diabetic fatty rats supplemented with a fructose-rich diet as a metabolic syndrome model: response to a GLP-1 receptor agonist

The incidence of metabolic syndrome is rapidly increasing worldwide, and adequate animal models are crucial for studies on its pathogenesis and therapy. In the search of an adequate experimental model to simulate human metabolic syndrome, the present study was performed to examine the pharmacological response of WBN/Kob-Leprfa (WBKDF) rats supplemented with a fructose-rich diet (FRD) to liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist. Male WBKDF rats fed FRD at 7 weeks of age were divided into 3 groups, and administered liraglutide (75, 300 µg/kg subcutaneously) or saline (control group), once daily for 4 weeks. All rats in the control group became overweight, and developed hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia as they aged. The rats given liraglutide exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in body weight, visceral fat content and food intake compared with control rats. In addition, liraglutide suppressed the development of hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia. An intravenous glucose tolerance test revealed that liraglutide improved glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and insulin resistance. On histological examination, decreased hepatic fatty degeneration was observed in the liraglutide groups. The present study demonstrated that liraglutide protected against obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis in WBKDF rats fed FRD, suggesting that WBKDF rats fed FRD may be a useful model to investigate the etiology of human metabolic syndrome.
Load transfer, damage, and failure in ligaments and tendons

The function of ligaments and tendons is to support and transmit loads applied to the musculoskeletal system. These tissues are often able to perform their function for many decades; however, connective tissue disease and injury can compromise ligament and tendon integrity. A range of protein and non‐protein constituents, combined in a complex structural hierarchy from the collagen molecule to the tissue and covering nanometer to centimeter length scales, govern tissue function, and impart characteristic non‐linear material behavior. This review summarizes the structure of ligaments and tendons, the roles of their constituent components for load transfer across the hierarchy of structure, and the current understanding of how damage occurs in these tissues. Disease and injury can alter the constituent make‐up and structural organization of ligaments and tendons, affecting tissue function, while also providing insight to the role and interactions of individual constituents. The studies and techniques presented here have helped to understand the relationship between tissue constituents and the physical mechanisms (e.g., stretching, sliding) that govern material behavior at and between length scales. In recent years, new techniques have been developed to probe ever smaller length scales and may help to elucidate mechanisms of load transfer and damage and the molecular constituents involved in the in the earliest stages of ligament and tendon damage. A detailed understanding of load transfer and damage from the molecular to the tissue level may elucidate targets for the treatment of connective tissue diseases and inform practice to prevent and rehabilitate ligament and tendon injuries. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:3093–3104, 2018.
Accuracy of rapid on-site evaluation of endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspirates by respiratory registrars in training and medical scientists compared to specialist pathologists-an initial pilot study.

Background Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) of endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspirates (EBUS-TBNA) increases diagnostic accuracy but in many institutions requires a specialist pathologist. This study aimed to determine if medical scientists or respiratory registrars could adequately perform ROSE to determine sufficiency of EBUS samples. Methods ROSE was performed on the first two EBUS-TBNA passes per patient by a pathologist, a medical scientist and two respiratory registrars. The medical scientists involved had all previously performed ROSE on over 50 procedures. The two respiratory registrars received cytology education from a pathologist in four separate hour-long training sessions. Each ROSE reviewer recorded whether each sample was sufficient or insufficient. Pathologist interpretation was taken as gold standard. Specific diagnosis was not required. Final diagnosis and the total number of passes were also recorded. This study recruited 25 patients (50 passes) for statistical evaluation. Results Assessment by specialist pathologists deemed 16/50 (32%) to be sufficient and 34/50 (68%) insufficient respectively. Medical scientists were 90% concordant with the pathologist (K =0.774; 95% CI, 0.587-0.961). The two respiratory registrars were 78% (K =0.568; 95% CI, 0.338-0.798) and 72% (K =0.448; 95% CI, 0.222-0.674) concordant, respectively. The mean number of passes per patient was 4.9 (range, 3-7). A diagnosis was established in 21/25 (82%) patients from the first EBUS-TBNA procedures with the remaining four patients requiring a further procedure or monitoring with serial CT scans to establish the diagnosis. Malignancy was found in 14/25 (56%) patients and a benign process in 11/25 (44%) patients. Conclusions Medical scientist review of ROSE samples is not significantly different to a specialist pathologist and is an acceptable alternative. Respiratory registrars are not a realistic alternative for ROSE without more intensive training, which may be difficult to facilitate in addition to existing respiratory training commitments.
MicroRNAs and DNA-Damaging Drugs in Breast Cancer: Strength in Numbers

MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding regulatory RNAs playing key roles in cancer. Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy worldwide and is categorized into four molecular subtypes: luminal A and B, HER2+ and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Despite the development of multiple targeted therapies for luminal and HER2+ breast tumors, TNBC lacks specific therapeutic approaches, thus they are treated mainly with radio- and chemotherapy. The effectiveness of these therapeutic regimens is based on their ability to induce DNA damage, which is differentially resolved and repaired by normal vs. cancer cells. Recently, drugs directly targeting DNA repair mechanisms, such as PARP inhibitors, have emerged as attractive candidates for the future molecular targeted-therapy in breast cancer. These compounds prevent cancer cells to appropriate repair DNA double strand breaks and induce a phenomenon called synthetic lethality, that results from the concurrent inhibition of PARP and the absence of functional BRCA genes which prompt cell death. MicroRNAs are relevant players in most of the biological processes including DNA damage repair mechanisms. Consistently, the downregulation of DNA repair genes by miRNAs have been probe to improve the therapeutic effect of genotoxic drugs. In this review, we discuss how microRNAs can sensitize cancer cells to DNA-damaging drugs, through the regulation of DNA repair genes, and examine the most recent findings on their possible use as a therapeutic tools of treatment response in breast cancer.
The use of etanercept for treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis when toxic shock syndrome is in the differential

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) can sometimes mimic Steven Johnsons syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of both TSS and SJS/TEN. Etanercept, a TNF‐alpha inhibitor has been recently shown to treat and decrease mortality of SJS/TEN. We report a 51‐year‐old female with history of SJS presenting with painful skin and bullae 2 days following cystoscopy with botulinum toxin injection into the bladder. Due to initial concern for SJS/TEN, the patient was treated with 50 mg of subcutaneous etanercept. Punch biopsies were not consistent with SJS, and the patient fulfilled five out of five criteria for a confirmed case of TSS. The patient ultimately had a favorable outcome despite etanercept treatment. Ultimately, TNF‐alpha antagonists are an emerging therapy to treat SJS/TEN, and are unlikely to worsen TSS prognosis. Given that etanercept can be used to successfully treat SJS/TEN and TNF‐alpha levels are elevated in TSS, if a dermatologist chooses to treat TEN with etanercept, consideration of TSS on the differential should not necessarily exclude etanercept as a reasonable treatment option.
Heterogenous expression of ERG oncoprotein in Malaysian men with adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer is a heterogenous disease and the mechanisms that drive it to behave differently are not well understood. Tumour expression of the ERG oncogene occurs in the majority of patients with prostate cancer in Western studies. This is considered to be oncogenic as ERG acts as a transcription factor to regulate genes involved in tumour proliferation and invasion. In this study we investigated expression of ERG in Malaysian men with prostate cancer. METHODS Tissues were collected from 80 patients with clinically detected prostate cancer and treated with radical prostatectomy. Cases were tested for ERG by immunohistochemistry using the mouse monoclonal antibody EP111. All blocks on 48 cases were tested in order to determine the extent of heterogeneity of ERG expression within individual cases. ERG expression was analysed in relation to patient age, ethnicity and tumour stage and grade. RESULTS Forty-six percent of cases were ERG positive. There was no significant association between ERG and tumour grade or stage. Sixty-nine percent of Indian patients had ERG positive tumours; this was significantly higher (p=0.031) than for Chinese (40%) and Malay (44%) patients. Heterogeneity of ERG expression, in which both positive and negative clones were present, was seen in 35% of evaluated cases. Evaluation by tumour foci showed younger patients had more ERG positive tumour foci than older patients (p=0.01). Indian patients were more likely to have the majority of tumour foci with ERG staining positively, compared to either Chinese or Malay patients (P <0.01). CONCLUSION In this study, tumour expression of ERG was more likely to occur in patients of Indian ethnicity.
Graphical Models for Quasi-experimental Designs

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental designs like regression discontinuity (RD) designs, instrumental variable (IV) designs, and matching and propensity score (PS) designs are frequently used for inferring causal effects. It is well known that the features of these designs facilitate the identification of a causal estimand and, thus, warrant a causal interpretation of the estimated effect. In this article, we discuss and compare the identifying assumptions of quasi-experiments using causal graphs. The increasing complexity of the causal graphs as one switches from an RCT to RD, IV, or PS designs reveals that the assumptions become stronger as the researcher’s control over treatment selection diminishes. We introduce limiting graphs for the RD design and conditional graphs for the latent subgroups of compliers, always takers, and never takers of the IV design, and argue that the PS is a collider that offsets confounding bias via collider bias.
Involvement of Calcium and Calmodulin in Nitric Oxide-Regulated Senescence of Cut Lily Flowers

Both nitric oxide (NO) and calcium ion (Ca2+)/calmodulin (CaM) have been shown to regulate the senescence of cut flowers. However, not much is known about the crosstalk between NO and Ca2+/CaM during the senescence of cut flowers. In this study, cut Oriental × Trumpet hybrid lily “Manissa” were used to investigate the roles and relationship between NO and Ca2+/CaM during postharvest freshness. The results show that the effects of CaCl2 or NO donor SNAP on the vase life, maximum flower diameter and hours until full opening were dose-dependent, with an optimum concentration of 20 mM CaCl2 or 100 μM SNAP. However, Ca2+ chelators EGTA or BAPTA/AM, Ca2+ channel inhibitors LaCl3 or nifedipine and CaM antagonists W-7 or TFP inhibited the promotion of SNAP. SNAP applied alone significantly increased the endogenous Ca2+/CaM contents in cut lily flowers, while EGTA, BAPTA/AM, LaCl3, nifedipine, W-7, and TFP decreased the advancement of SNAP. In addition, the SNAP-induced Ca2+-ATPase activity was more than twice as much as the control, but EGTA, BAPTA/AM, LaCl3, nifedipine, W-7, and TFP also reversed the enhancement. Moreover, EGTA, BAPTA/AM, LaCl3, nifedipine, W-7, and TFP prevented the SNAP-induced upregulation of gene expression of CaM, CBL1, and CBL3, which is associated with calcium signaling pathway. Overall, these results suggest that Ca2+/CaM may function as downstream molecules in NO-regulated senescence of cut flowers.
Long Noncoding RNA LINC00472 Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells via Regulating miR-24-3p/DEDD

Objective: We aimed to detect the role of LINC00472 via regulating miR-24-3p and death effector domain-containing DNA-binding protein in lung adenocarcinoma. Methods: Long noncoding RNA, microRNA, and messenger RNA levels were determined using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression of death effector domain-containing DNA-binding protein was determined using Western blot assay. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and colony formation assay were conducted to explore the proliferation of cells. The cell apoptosis was tested by flow cytometry assay. Target relationships between miR-24-3p, death effector domain-containing DNA-binding protein, and LINC00472 were validated by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Results: LINC00472 and death effector domain-containing DNA-binding protein were found to be underexpressed, whereas miR-24-3p was found overexpressed in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines and tissues. Both LINC00472 and death effector domain-containing DNA-binding protein can bind to miR-24-3p. Overexpression of LINC00472 led to higher death effector domain-containing DNA-binding protein level, demoting cell proliferation while promoting apoptosis. Overexpression of miR-24-3p reduced death effector domain-containing DNA-binding protein level, which facilitated cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis, as well as to some extent restrained the effects of LINC00472. The high expression of miR-24-3p in tumor cells was negatively related to LINC00472 and death effector domain-containing DNA-binding protein, whereas the expression of LINC00472 and that of death effector domain-containing DNA-binding protein were positively correlated. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that LINC00472 contributed to the increase in lung adenocarcinoma cell apoptosis and the inhibition of proliferation via regulating miR-24-3p/DEDD, which might provide a novel insight into potential therapeutic approach for lung adenocarcinoma.