Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low Entropy Key Negotiation Attacks on Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy

The specification of Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy includes dedicated encryption key negotiation protocols used by two parties to agree on the entropy of encryption keys. In this work, we show that an attacker can manipulate the entropy negotiation of Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy to drastically reduce the encryption key space. We call our attack the Key Negotiation Of Bluetooth (KNOB) attack. In the case of Bluetooth, we demonstrate that the entropy can be reduced from 16 to 1 Byte. Such low entropy enables the attacker to easily brute force the negotiated encryption keys, decrypt the eavesdropped ciphertext, and inject valid encrypted messages in real-time. For Bluetooth Low Energy, we show that the entropy can still be downgraded from 16 to 7 Bytes, which reduces the attacker’s effort to brute force the keys. We implement and evaluate the KNOB attack on more than 17 Bluetooth chips (e.g., Intel Broadcom, Apple, and Qualcomm) and 15 Bluetooth Low Energy devices (e.g., Lenovo, Garmin, Samsung, Xiaomi, and Fitbit). Our results demonstrate that all tested devices are vulnerable to the KNOB attack. We discuss legacy and non-legacy compliant countermeasures to neutralize or mitigate the KNOB attack.
Random Re-Ordering of the Parties in the Consensus Protocol

Generation of a publicly verifiable bias-resistant distributed randomness is one of the actual problems in blockchain and its various applications. The complexity of this problem increases significantly for consensus algorithm operating on a decentralized network topology on the assumption that there are neither a trusted third party nor a trusted dealer. Such situation is caused by the fact that the logical structure of algorithms intended to solve the subtasks typical for this problem becomes much more complicated. Besides, there arise some subtasks caused by the complete distribution of the analyzed blockchain network. One of such nontrivial subtasks is the implementation of random re-ordering of the parties, based on generated randomness. This random reordering defines the roles of the parties in the next epoch, and is intended to support equal access of the parties to the functioning of the blockchain network. We present a simplified version of the generation of a publicly verifiable reliable distributed randomness for the consensus protocol operating on a decentralized network topology on the assumption that there are neither a trusted third party nor a trusted dealer. On this base we solve the problem of the random re-ordering for parties which will participate in the implementation of the next epoch.
FIXED POINTS FOR DISCONTINUOUS QUASI-MONOTONE MAPS IN Rn

Let K„ be the unit cube in Rn and / = (/i,/a,. ,/„): Kn -* Rn. It is known that / has maximal and minimal fixed points in Kn if /: Kn —» Kn and / is monotone increasing. In this paper, a weaker condition, namely quasi-monotonicity, is considered and it is proved that the above mentioned conclusion is still true if / is either quasi-monotone and ,iminf[/¿(x + te,)-/iW] (-0 t or —/is quasi-monotone and nmsup [/i(* +te,)-/,(*)] ^+00.
A quantitative sustainable sourcing model for supplier selection and order allocation

The historical agreement on climate change in Paris in 2015 has recalled the global attention for the pivotal subject of sustainability. Sustainable sourcing, i.e. integrating environmental, social, and economic issues into sourcing decisions, has been studied as a relevant part of sustainability in academic and managerial research papers. However, the focus has been set on conceptual models: Only ten percent of sustainable sourcing models are quantitative. To fill this lacuna in research, in this research paper we have developed a quantitative sustainable sourcing model to select suppliers and determine order quantities. In detail, we have considered a multiple supplier problem with capacity constraints, fixed charges and salvage values. Based on the newsvendor model, we have – for the first time to our knowledge – considered the end product demand and price as functions of the suppliers’ sustainability level. Having empirically tested our model by sensitivity analyses and 42 representative examples, we have three findings: First, our model has determined that, despite increasing demand uncertainty, the benefit of higher order quantities does not always compensate the reduction of the end product price when switching to another, less sustainable pool with higher capacities. Second, the benefit of higher stocks does not consistently outweigh the additional fixed charges if supplementary other suppliers in the same pool were procured from. Third, the coefficient of variation of demand has to be considered within supplier selections to avoid negative profits. Future research may enhance our single to a multi-period model and explore more deeply the correlation of parameter changes and profit under sustainability constraints.
Ideology of Urban Restructuring in Mumbai : Serving the International Capitalist Agenda

Questions of spatial variability in contemporary global restructuring and the resultant urban and regional transformations have attained a crucial significance in the contemporary discourse in Human Geography. Cities and regions in the periphery of the world economy occupy the centre-stage (or centrespace) of such discourses as they offer a tremendous diversity in their global-local networks. The dependent (subservient) hierarchical status of the countries and the prevailing political economic order, however is reflected in their urban/regional restructuring reaffirming that globalisation rests on a divided world and aggravates this disparity syndrome. Thus Mumbai’s contemporary urban restructuration and space transformation advocating renewed concentration of specific economic activities within the metropolis have a direct link to the current globalisation and liberalisation process. Transformation of the built environment of Mumbai ought to be analysed with the above background of the world city hietus.
SOCIAL RELEASERS AND THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD REQUIRED FOR THEIR STUDY

S OME years ago, Dr. Rand ( 1941, 1942) published two short papers in which he criticized some of the hypotheses and conclusions of Lorenz (1935 and 1937)) especially the releaser concept. Discussing my paper (1939b) on vertebrate social organization, Dr. Rand (1942:404) goes as far as to argue that “the data available hardly justify” me in assuming even as a lerorking hypothesis a social, communicative function for conspicuous and highly specialized structures whose participation in non-social processes cannot be found. Though I am in complete agreement with Dr. Rand when he stresses the need for further experimental research on the function of conspicuous structures and movements, I cannot agree with his statement that “the probable existence of releasers has not been clearly demonstrated in any cases” (Rand, 1941: 289). This astonishing statement can be explained only by assuming that a number of experimental facts published in American and European journals have escaped Dr. Rand’s attention. In order to make these facts better known, it seems worth while to give, as the first part of this paper, a short review of the experimental and other evidence on releasers. In addition, the experiments reported by Rand in his 1942 paper, which tend to show that the anal feather circlet in nestling passerine birds does not function as a releaser, are not, in my opinion, conclusive (though I admit that they are useful as a warning against over-simplistic views). Therefore, in the second part of this paper, I shall discuss some general problems connected with the kind of experiments required in work of this type. The releaser concept has sometimes been misunderstood even though Lorenz has given a clear definition of it. Rand (1941: 289) is confusing matters considerably when he assumes that a releaser in Lorenz’s sense is “that portion of the object which sends out the stimuli to which the bird responds. ” The cause of this misunderstanding lies in the paradoxical fact that not everything that releases a response is a “releaser” in Lorenz’s sense. A number of experimental studies on the nature of the external sensory stimuli necessary to release innate responses have shown that innate behavior is never a reaction to the environmental situation as a whole, but only to a few parts of it. Other parts-although they may be received by the animal’s sense organs-are entirely ignored. This is not
Diversity of Epiphytic Lichens and Evaluation of Important Host Species Exploited by Them in Tropical Semi-Evergreen and Deciduous Forests of Koppa , Central Western Ghats , India

This paper deals with epiphytic lichen flora in semi-evergreen and deciduous forests of Koppa taluk, central Western Ghats. A total of 36 lichen species belonging to 15 genera and 9 families were documented. The Shannon-Winner diversity value was 3.34 and Simpson’s richness value was 0.031. Deciduous forests have more lichens (27 spp.) than semi-evergreen forests. More epiphytic lichens grow on the main trunk (25 spp.) than branches and fallen twigs. Twenty four different host trees were recorded from the study area. Trees < 25 cm GBH (girth at breast height) sustained the growth of more lichens (33) than the other girth classes. Randia dumetorum, which has moderate bark texture, supported Graphina sp. , Graphis celata, Heterdermia incana, H. pseudospeciosa, Lecanora indica, Porina americana, and Leptogium burnetiae. The assemblage of distinct species at different sites indicates restrictive species distribution and signifies the need for protecting large areas for lichen conservation. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ST ] 2 6 Ju l 2 01 9 Subexponential-Time Algorithms for Sparse PCA

We study the computational cost of recovering a unit-norm sparse principal component x ∈ R planted in a random matrix, in either the Wigner or Wishart spiked model (observing either W + λxx with W drawn from the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble, or N independent samples from N (0, In + βxx), respectively). Prior work has shown that when the signal-tonoise ratio (λ or β √ N/n, respectively) is a small constant and the fraction of nonzero entries in the planted vector is ‖x‖0/n = ρ, it is possible to recover x in polynomial time if ρ . 1/ √ n. While it is possible to recover x in exponential time under the weaker condition ρ ≪ 1, it is believed that polynomial-time recovery is impossible unless ρ . 1/ √ n. We investigate the precise amount of time required for recovery in the “possible but hard” regime 1/ √ n≪ ρ≪ 1 by exploring the power of subexponential-time algorithms, i.e., algorithms running in time exp(n) for some constant δ ∈ (0, 1). For any 1/√n≪ ρ≪ 1, we give a recovery algorithm with runtime roughly exp(ρn), demonstrating a smooth tradeoff between sparsity and runtime. Our family of algorithms interpolates smoothly between two existing algorithms: the polynomial-time diagonal thresholding algorithm and the exp(ρn)-time exhaustive search algorithm. Furthermore, by analyzing the low-degree likelihood ratio, we give rigorous evidence suggesting that the tradeoff achieved by our algorithms is optimal. Email: yd1244@nyu.edu. Partially supported by NSF grant DMS-1712730. Email: kunisky@cims.nyu.edu. Partially supported by NSF grants DMS-1712730 and DMS-1719545. Email: awein@cims.nyu.edu. Partially supported by NSF grant DMS-1712730 and by the Simons Collaboration on Algorithms and Geometry. Email: bandeira@cims.nyu.edu. Partially supported by NSF grants DMS-1712730 and DMS-1719545, and by a grant from the Sloan Foundation.
A Taxonomy of Functional Language Implementations : Part I : Call by Value

We present a unified framework to describe and compare functional language implementations. We express the compilation process as a succession of program transformations in the common framework. At each step, different transformatio- ns model fundamental choices or optimizations. A benefit of this approach is to structure and decompose the implementation process. The correctness proofs can be tackled independently for each step and amount to proving program transformations in the functional world. It also paves the way to formal comparisons by estimating the complexity of individual transformations or compositions of them. We focus on call-by-value implementations, describe and compare the diverse alternatives and classify well-known abstract machines. This work also aims to open the design space of functional language implementations and we suggest how distinct choices could be mixed to yield efficient hybrid abstract machines.
CSRN 2901-WSCG 2019 proceedings, Part I

Detecting anomalies in the behavior of a computer system is crucial for determining its security. One way of detecting these anomalies is based on the assessment of the amount and sequence of system calls issued by processes. While the number of processes on a computer can become very large, the number of system calls issued during the lifespan of such a process and its subprocesses can be humongous. In order to decide whether these anomalies are due to the intended system usage or if they are caused by malicious actions, this humongous amount of data needs being analyzed. Thus, a careful analysis of the system calls’ types, their amount, and their temporal sequence requires sophisticated support. Visualization is frequently used for this type of tasks. Starting with a carefully aggregation of the data presented in an overview representation, the quest for information is supported by carefully crafted interactions. These allow filtering the tremendous amount of data, thus removing the standard behavior data and leaving the potentially suspicious one. The latter can then be investigated on increasingly finer levels. Supporting this goal-oriented analysis, we propose novel interactive visualizations implemented in the tool SyCaT-Vis. SyCaT-Vis fosters obtaining important insights into the behavior of computer systems, the processes executed, and the system call sequences issued.
Behavioral / Cognitive Perceptual Color Map in Macaque Visual Area V 4

Ming Li,1 Fang Liu,1 Mikko Juusola,1,4 and Shiming Tang1,2,3 1State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100871, China, 2Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, and Peking University-International Data Group-McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, 3China State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100871, China, and 4Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
A REVIEW ON GENERAL SELF-ORGANIZED TREE-BASED ENERGY-BALANCE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

The quick escalations in network multimedia devices have permitted extra concurrent digital services: video conferencing, online playoffs as well as remote learning to nurture for conform e-net jobs. WSNs have become major area of research in computational theory due to its wide-ranging applications. But due to limited battery power the energy expenditure has become key drawback of WSNs protocols. Although several protocols has been proposed so far to improve the energy efficiency more however still a lot enhancement can be done. GSTEB has shown fairly significant results over the on hand WSN protocols. The general purpose of this work is to study the architecture of WSN and the problems associated with it. At the end of this paper appropriate future guidelines are given to further improve this work.
Modèle multiniveau dynamique basé sur la densité: application au trafic routier à grande échelle

Nowadays, with the emergence of connected objects and cars, the road traffic systems become more and more complex and exhibit hierarchical and multilevel behaviors. Most of the multilevel simulation models use a set of predefined levels. Dynamic adaptation of the levels during the simulation execution enables to adapt the model to constraints related to the quality of the results or the available computing resources. This paper presents a novel densitybasedmultilevel model for the dynamicmanagement of an holarchy that is representing a road traffic system. The proposal extends theDBSCANalgorithm in the context of holonic multiagent systems. A method for switching dynamically between the different abstractions levels is proposed. To this purpose, multilevel indicators based on standard deviation are proposed in order to evaluate the consistency of the simulation results. The proposedmodel is testedwith the Intelligent Driver car-following model on typical traffic study cases.
Developing a Conceptual Model for Measuring Performance of Australasian Nonprofit Sector

Measurement of strategic performance is important to any organisation, irrespective of the sector to which the organisation belongs. The nonprofit sector is a growth sector in Australasia. With the growth in the sector comes increased pressure from different stakeholders for better management of nonprofit organisations to improve their performance. This paper explains the development of a conceptual model that is primarily grounded on a performance measurement (PM) model known as the balanced score card (BSC)—a widely accepted PM model by the for-profit sector. The work reported in this paper cover the initial phase of a larger project on operationalising the BSC to the Australian and New Zealand nonprofit healthcare organisations.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SERVICE QUAITY , IMAGE , AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AFFECTING INTENDED PURCHASE BEHAVIOR OF LOW-COST AIRLINES SERVICE IN UPPER NORTH REGION , THAILAND

The main purpose of this study was to examine relationships between service quality, image, and customer satisfaction affecting intended purchase behavior of low-cost airlines service in upper north region, Thailand. There has been the high growth of low-cost airlines in Thailand by developing the service quality to reach the excellent standard for the last 5 years. Moreover, their services could be comparable to the full service airlines. This study has been integrated with the concept of Service Quality: SERVQUAL of Parasuraman (1985) This study was conducted as the mixed methods research, which developed the literature review, concept, and related research. The samplings were 400 customers who selected the services of low-cost airlines in Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Prae, Nan, Maehongsorn, and Lampang. Quantitative research was analyzed by correlation and qualitative research applied the in-depth interview for individuals. KeywordsLow-cost Airlines, Service Quality, Image, Customer Satisfaction, Intended Purchase Behavior
NON-POLYPOSIS COLORECTAL CANCER

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A CMOS CONTINUOUS-TIME CURRENT MODE FILTER TECHNIQUE FOR LOW SUPPLY VOLTAGE APPLICATIONS

This paper presents a current mode (translinear) technique for low voltage, continuous-time, analogue filter implementation. Firstly, the state-space description of current-mode filter is presented. Then the current-mode integrator based on translinear approach is presented and analyzed. Finally, as a test vehicle for the proposed technique, a low voltage, third order, continuous-time filter, for low power applications structure implementation is described.
Effect of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid on perioperative platelet reactivity in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Introduction. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is the antiplatelet drug most used in the perioperative period in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) is likely to alter platelet (PLT) function to a lesser extent than CABG with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass and may potentially result in high on-aspirin platelet reactivity (HAPR) in the postoperative period. Materials and methods. The aim of this prospective study was to characterise serum thromboxane B2 (TXB2) variability and ASA-dependent platelet reactivity in patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing OPCAB treated with a single daily dose of 75 mg of ASA. Blood sampling was performed 2 hours and 24 hours after ASA intake on the day before surgery, and on the 2 and 7 days after the operation. Results. A PLT counts reduction and a mean platelet volume increase were observed on the 2 day after OPCAB. A PLT counts increase was found on the 7 postoperative day. A significant increase (p = 0.03) in the percentage of patients with insufficient laboratory ASA efficacy (defined by serum TXB2 ≥ 7.2 ng/mL) was observed on the 7 postoperative day compared to preoperative values (52% vs 20% respectively, p = 0.02). A significant increase in median platelet reactivity and in the percentage of patients with HAPR (defined by VerifyNow Aspirin test result ≥ 550 ARU) was observed on the 7 postoperative day in comparison with the values before OPCAB (48% vs 12%, p = 0.007). Conclusions. In the group of patients taking a standard daily dose of 75 mg of ASA, a substantial number of patients failed to attain optimal inhibition of serum TXB2 or had HAPR before surgery and on the 7 day after OPCAB. A significant decrease in serum TXB2 levels on the 2 day after OPCAB did not correlate with PLT reactivity. The optimal dose of ASA is of interest for further studies of efficacy and clinical outcomes after OPCAB.