Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Peripheral axons of the adult zebrafish maxillary barbel extensively remyelinate during sensory appendage regeneration

Myelination is a cellular adaptation allowing rapid conduction along axons. We have investigated peripheral axons of the zebrafish maxillary barbel (ZMB), an optically clear sensory appendage. Each barbel carries taste buds, solitary chemosensory cells, and epithelial nerve endings, all of which regenerate after amputation (LeClair and Topczewski [2010] PLoS One 5:e8737). The ZMB contains axons from the facial nerve; however, myelination within the barbel itself has not been established. Transcripts of myelin basic protein (mbp) are expressed in normal and regenerating adult barbels, indicating activity in both maintenance and repair. Myelin was confirmed in situ by using toluidine blue, an anti‐MBP antibody, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The adult ZMB contains ∼180 small‐diameter axons (<2 μm), approximately 60% of which are myelinated. Developmental myelination was observed via whole‐mount immunohistochemistry 4–6 weeks postfertilization, showing myelin sheaths lagging behind growing axons. Early‐regenerating axons (10 days postsurgery), having no or few myelin layers, were disorganized within a fibroblast‐rich collagenous scar. Twenty‐eight days postsurgery, barbel axons had grown out several millimeters and were organized with compact myelin sheaths. Fiber types and axon areas were similar between normal and regenerated tissue; within 4 weeks, regenerating axons restored ∼85% of normal myelin thickness. Regenerating barbels express multiple promyelinating transcription factors (sox10, oct6 = pou3f1; krox20a/b = egr2a/b) typical of Schwann cells. These observations extend our understanding of the zebrafish peripheral nervous system within a little‐studied sensory appendage. The accessible ZMB provides a novel context for studying axon regeneration, Schwann cell migration, and remyelination in a model vertebrate. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:4184–4203, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomical basis of sun compass navigation II: The neuronal composition of the central complex of the monarch butterfly

Each fall, eastern North American monarch butterflies in their northern range undergo a long‐distance migration south to their overwintering grounds in Mexico. Migrants use a time‐compensated sun compass to determine directionality during the migration. This compass system uses information extracted from sun‐derived skylight cues that is compensated for time of day and ultimately transformed into the appropriate motor commands. The central complex (CX) is likely the site of the actual sun compass, because neurons in this brain region are tuned to specific skylight cues. To help illuminate the neural basis of sun compass navigation, we examined the neuronal composition of the CX and its associated brain regions. We generated a standardized version of the sun compass neuropils, providing reference volumes, as well as a common frame of reference for the registration of neuron morphologies. Volumetric comparisons between migratory and nonmigratory monarchs substantiated the proposed involvement of the CX and related brain areas in migratory behavior. Through registration of more than 55 neurons of 34 cell types, we were able to delineate the major input pathways to the CX, output pathways, and intrinsic neurons. Comparison of these neural elements with those of other species, especially the desert locust, revealed a surprising degree of conservation. From these interspecies data, we have established key components of a conserved core network of the CX, likely complemented by species‐specific neurons, which together may comprise the neural substrates underlying the computations performed by the CX. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:267–298, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of multiple bistratified retinal ganglion cells in a purkinje cell protein 2‐Cre transgenic mouse line

Retinal ganglion cells are categorized into multiple classes, including multiple types of bistratified ganglion cells (BGCs). The recent use of transgenic mouse lines with specific type(s) of ganglion cells that are labeled by fluorescent markers has facilitated the morphological and physiological studies of BGCs, particularly the directional‐selective BGCs. The most important benefit from using transgenic animals is the capability to perform in vivo gene manipulation. In particular, the Cre/LoxP recombination system has become a powerful tool, allowing gene deletion, overexpression, and ectopic expression in a cell type‐specific and temporally controlled fashion. The key to this tool is the availability of Cre mouse lines with cell or tissue type‐specific expression of Cre recombinase. In this study we characterized the Cre‐positive retinal ganglion cells in a PCP2 (Purkinje cell protein 2)‐cre mouse line. We found that all of the Cre‐positive retinal ganglion cells were BGCs. Based on morphological criteria, we determined that they can be grouped into five types. The On‐ and Off‐dendrites of three of these types stratified outside of the cholinergic bands and differed from directional selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) morphologically. These cells were negative for Brn‐3b and positive for both calretinin and CART retina markers. The remaining two types were identified as putative On‐Off and On‐DSGCs. This Cre mouse line could be useful for further studies of the molecular and functional properties of BGCs in mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:2165–2180, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental study on consolidation characteristics of deep clayey soil in a typical subsidence area of the North China Plain

Land subsidence is an important environmental problem in the North China Plain (NCP). A typical subsidence area mainly located on adjoining areas of Beijing and Hebei provinces was selected to study the consolidation characteristics of deep clayey soil. Clay samples were collected from 14 boreholes at different depths, and the compression and consolidation behavior of the soil was analyzed by high-pressure oedometer tests. Results show that the deformation amount and deformation stabilization time in the primary consolidation stage increase with the load but decrease with the sampling depth. The nonlinear compression model of e-log(p) does not fit well for deep normally-consolidated clayey soil, the log(e+ec)–logp model fit the shallow clayey soil better than the deep clayey soil, and the hyperbolic model fits almost all soil samples well. Based on statistical theory, the soil consolidation equation CE_NCP was established for calculating the relationship between the degree of consolidation and the time factor in subsidence areas. The equations were fitted with the data obtained from high-pressure consolidation tests to obtain three parameters a, b and c, which are applied to the consolidation calculations for soil samples at depths of 0–100 m, 100–200 m, 200–300 m and 300–400 m, respectively. The applicability of CE_NCP equation was evaluated by comparing it to the analytical solution of Terzaghi’s consolidation equation, results showing that CE_NCP equation is more suitable for the calculation of the consolidation in the study area than the Terzaghi’s analytical solution. Eventually, the CE_NCP equation was successfully used to estimate the degree of consolidation in a subsidence area of Lang Fang City in the NCP.
Circulatory levels of alarmins in patients with non-segmental vitiligo: Potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and activity/severity assessment

Background Non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) is an autoimmune skin disorder that is difficult to determine disease activity/severity and thus to treat. Alarmins have emerged as promising biomarkers in various diseases, so further confirmation of their potential roles in NSV would be of considerable value. With the present work, we aimed to determine the serum levels of alarmins in patients with NSV, correlate these alarmins with disease activity and severity, and analyze the predictive value of the combination of these markers. Methods 104 NSV patients and 56 healthy controls were enrolled at the Xijing Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University between September 1, 2018, and June 30, 2019. The serum levels of alarmins (including IL-33, IL-1α, S100A9, S100A12, S100B, and HMGB1) were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The predictive performance of these biomarkers was evaluated with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and other representative statistics. Results A total of 104 patients with NSV (mean [SD] age, 34.2 [13.0] years; 62 [59.6%] male) and 56 healthy controls (mean [SD] age, 34.8 [13.5] years; 34 [60.7%] male) were enrolled. For vitiligo diagnosis, S100B had the highest sensitivity (92.31%), whereas HMGB1 had the highest specificity (85.71%); the combination of IL-1α, S100B, S100A9, and HMGB1 increased the AUC value to 0.925, with a sensitivity of 87.50% and a specificity of 85.71%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed S100B (OR, 1.019; 95% CI, 1.002-1.038; P =0.03), S100A9 (OR, 1.002; 95% CI, 1.001-1.003; P<0.001), and HMGB1 (OR, 1.915; 95% CI, 1.186-3.091; P =0.008) were significantly associated with vitiligo activity. S100A9 had the highest accuracy in discriminating patients at the active stage from the stable stage, with an AUC value of 0.827. The combination of these alarmins had an AUC value of 0.860 to assess disease activity, with a sensitivity of 90.00% and a specificity of 72.97%. Furthermore, S100B (r=0.61, P <0.001), S100A9 (r=0.33, P <0.001), and HMGB1 (r = 0.51, P <0.001) levels were positively correlated with the affected body surface area (BSA) in NSV patients. Conclusions Serum S100B, S100A9, and HMGB1 might be biomarkers for diagnosing and assessing the activity/severity of NSV, either used alone or in combination.
Discovering novel reproductive genes in a non-model fly using de novo GridION transcriptomics

Gene discovery has important implications for investigating phenotypic trait evolution, adaptation, and speciation. Male reproductive tissues, such as accessory glands (AGs), are hotspots for recruitment of novel genes that diverge rapidly even among closely related species/populations. These genes synthesize seminal fluid proteins that often affect post-copulatory sexual selection—they can mediate male-male sperm competition, ejaculate-female interactions that modify female remating and even influence reproductive incompatibilities among diverging species/populations. Although de novo transcriptomics has facilitated gene discovery in non-model organisms, reproductive gene discovery is still challenging without a reference database as they are often novel and bear no homology to known proteins. Here, we use reference-free GridION long-read transcriptomics, from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), to discover novel AG genes and characterize their expression in the widespread dung fly, Sepsis punctum. Despite stark population differences in male reproductive traits (e.g.: Body size, testes size, and sperm length) as well as female re-mating, the male AG genes and their secretions of S. punctum are still unknown. We implement a de novo ONT transcriptome pipeline incorporating quality-filtering and rigorous error-correction procedures, and we evaluate gene sequence and gene expression results against high-quality Illumina short-read data. We discover highly-expressed reproductive genes in AG transcriptomes of S. punctum consisting of 40 high-quality and high-confidence ONT genes that cross-verify against Illumina genes, among which 26 are novel and specific to S. punctum. Novel genes account for an average of 81% of total gene expression and may be functionally relevant in seminal fluid protein production. For instance, 80% of genes encoding secretory proteins account for 74% total gene expression. In addition, median sequence similarities of ONT nucleotide and protein sequences match within-Illumina sequence similarities. Read-count based expression quantification in ONT is congruent with Illumina’s Transcript per Million (TPM), both in overall pattern and within functional categories. Rapid genomic innovation followed by recruitment of de novo genes for high expression in S. punctum AG tissue, a pattern observed in other insects, could be a likely mechanism of evolution of these genes. The study also demonstrates the feasibility of adapting ONT transcriptomics for gene discovery in non-model systems.
Lateral habenula and the rostromedial tegmental nucleus innervate neurochemically distinct subdivisions of the dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat

The lateral habenula (LHb) is an epithalamic structure differentiated in a medial (LHbM) and a lateral division (LHbL). Together with the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), the LHb has been implicated in the processing of aversive stimuli and inhibitory control of monoamine nuclei. The inhibitory LHb influence on midbrain dopamine neurons has been shown to be mainly mediated by the RMTg, a mostly GABAergic nucleus that receives a dominant input from the LHbL. Interestingly, the RMTg also projects to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), which also receives direct LHb projections. To compare the organization and transmitter phenotype of LHb projections to the DR, direct and indirect via the RMTg, we first placed injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the LHb or the RMTg. We then confirmed our findings by retrograde tracing and investigated a possible GABAergic phenotype of DR‐projecting RMTg neurons by combining retrograde tracing with in situ hybridization for GAD67. We found only moderate direct LHb projections to the DR, which mainly emerged from the LHbM and were predominantly directed to the serotonin‐rich caudal DR. In contrast, RMTg projections to the DR were more robust, emerged from RMTg neurons enriched in GAD67 mRNA, and were focally directed to a distinctive DR subdivision immunohistochemically characterized as poor in serotonin and enriched in presumptive glutamatergic neurons. Thus, besides its well‐acknowledged role as a GABAergic control center for the ventral tegmental area (VTA)–nigra complex, our findings indicate that the RMTg is also a major GABAergic relay between the LHb and the DR. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1454–1484, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Induction of early neural precursors and derivation of tripotent neural stem cells from human pluripotent stem cells under xeno‐free conditions

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) can differentiate into many cell types and are important for regenerative medicine; however, further work is needed to reliably differentiate hESC and hiPSC into neural‐restricted multipotent derivatives or specialized cell types under conditions that are free from animal products. Toward this goal, we tested the transition of hESC and hiPSC lines onto xeno‐free (XF) / feeder‐free conditions and evaluated XF substrate preference, pluripotency, and karyotype. Critically, XF transitioned H9 hESC, Shef4 hESC, and iPS6‐9 retained pluripotency (Oct‐4 and NANOG), proliferation (MKI67 and PCNA), and normal karyotype. Subsequently, XF transitioned hESC and hiPSC were induced with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to generate neuralized spheres containing primitive neural precursors, which could differentiate into astrocytes and neurons, but not oligoprogenitors. Further neuralization of spheres via LIF supplementation and attachment selection on CELLstart substrate generated adherent human neural stem cells (hNSC) with normal karyotype and high proliferation potential under XF conditions. Interestingly, adherent hNSC derived from H9, Shef4, and iPS6‐9 differentiated into significant numbers of O4+ oligoprogenitors (∼20–30%) with robust proliferation; however, very few GalC+ cells were observed (∼2–4%), indicative of early oligodendrocytic lineage commitment. Overall, these data demonstrate the transition of multiple hESC and hiPSC lines onto XF substrate and media conditions, and a reproducible neuralization method that generated neural derivatives with multipotent cell fate potential and normal karyotype. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2767–2783, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Response potential assessment of user-side flexible resources of regional power distribution networks based on sequential simulation of optimal operation

In order to reasonably consider the support capability of multiple types of flexible resources for power grid planning and operation, this paper proposes an assessment method of response potential of end-user-side flexible resources of regional power distribution networks based on sequential simulation of optimal operation. First, the response potential evaluation framework and the evaluation index are proposed. Then, based on the idea of time series simulation of optimal operation of distribution network, the response potential evaluation model considering the interactions between flexible resources and power grid is constructed and solved by optimization package. Finally, the validity of the proposed evaluation method is verified by an actual case from a certain area in northern China. The analysis results show that the end-user-side flexible resources are a kind of balanced resources with good economy, and it is necessary to take the response potential assessment of flexible resources into account in the planning of future new type distribution networks.
Neuroanatomical characterization of a growth hormone secretagogue receptor‐green fluorescent protein reporter mouse

Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) 1a is the only molecularly identified receptor for ghrelin, mediating ghrelin‐related effects on eating, body weight, and blood glucose control, among others. The expression pattern of GHSR within the brain has been assessed previously by several neuroanatomical techniques. However, inherent limitations to these techniques and the lack of reliable anti‐GHSR antibodies and reporter rodent models that identify GHSR‐containing neurons have prevented a more comprehensive functional characterization of ghrelin‐responsive neurons. Here we have systematically characterized the brain expression of an enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) transgene controlled by the Ghsr promoter in a recently reported GHSR reporter mouse. Expression of eGFP in coronal brain sections was compared with GHSR mRNA expression detected in the same sections by in situ hybridization histochemistry. eGFP immunoreactivity was detected in several areas, including the prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, olfactory bulb, amygdala, and hippocampus, which showed no or low GHSR mRNA expression. In contrast, eGFP expression was low in several midbrain regions and in several hypothalamic nuclei, particularly the arcuate nucleus, where robust GHSR mRNA expression has been well‐characterized. eGFP expression in several brainstem nuclei showed high to moderate degrees of colocalization with GHSR mRNA labeling. Further quantitative PCR and electrophysiological analyses of eGFP‐labeled hippocampal cells confirmed faithful expression of eGFP within GHSR‐containing, ghrelin‐responsive neurons. In summary, the GHSR‐eGFP reporter mouse model may be a useful tool for studying GHSR function, particularly within the brainstem and hippocampus; however, it underrepresents GHSR expression in nuclei within the hypothalamus and midbrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3644–3666, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of bladder and colon afferents in the nodose ganglia of male rats

The sensory neurons innervating the urinary bladder and distal colon project to similar regions of the central nervous system and often are affected simultaneously by various diseases and disorders, including spinal cord injury. Anatomical and physiological commonalities between the two organs involve the participation of shared spinally derived pathways, allowing mechanisms of communication between the bladder and colon. Prior electrophysiological data from our laboratory suggest that the bladder also may receive sensory innervation from a nonspinal source through the vagus nerve, which innervates the distal colon as well. The present study therefore aimed to determine whether anatomical evidence exists for vagal innervation of the male rat urinary bladder and to assess whether those vagal afferents also innervate the colon. Additionally, the relative contribution to bladder and colon sensory innervation of spinal and vagal sources was determined. By using lipophilic tracers, neurons that innervated the bladder and colon in both the nodose ganglia (NG) and L6/S1 and L1/L2 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were quantified. Some single vagal and spinal neurons provided dual innervation to both organs. The proportions of NG afferents labeled from the bladder did not differ from spinal afferents labeled from the bladder when considering the collective population of total neurons from either group. Our results demonstrate evidence for vagal innervation of the bladder and colon and suggest that dichotomizing vagal afferents may provide a neural mechanism for cross‐talk between the organs. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3667–3682, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sleep and Headache: The Biological Basis

Sleep and trigeminal pain processing share several common pathways with respect to neurotransmission and functions of distinct brain areas. In this review, the role of the most important brain stem and midbrain regions for this link is discussed. The central structure involved in both headache and sleep is the hypothalamus in which the orexinergic neurons originate. These neurons project to the periaqueductal grey and are probably the anatomic and physiological link between headache and sleep. Another relevant system for this interrelationship is the melatonin metabolism. However, basic research in this field is still very preliminary and a holistic hypothesis on how sleep physiology impacts headache and vice versa is still missing.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS: AND STATISTICAL REPORTS OF SANATORIUMS

INTRODUCTION The results in general of the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis are most encouraging. It is said to be the most curable of all chronic diseases, and many autopsy statistics are quoted to prove that even under the most unfavorable conditions healing occurs in a large proportion of those affected. There are to-day few physicians of large experience who have not repeatedly observed the healing of pulmonary tuberculosis. In the mind of the laity the former pessimistic view is gradually waning, and in many instances is replaced by the belief that every case of tuberculosis is curable. Some physicians of wide experience even go so far as to say that every case of non-acute pure pulmonary tuberculosis is curable. Neither of these statements, however, can stand in the light of our present knowledge. It is an easy task so to improve the general condition of a patient as to give