Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identifying Universal Developmental Processes amid Contextual Variations in Moral Judgment and Reasoning

Since its inception, the study of morality in the discipline of psychology has wrestled with the issue of how to best characterize and explain moral development. Early approaches to morality, such as the psychoanalytic theory or behaviorism, focused on the acquisition of conscience and moral agencies such as the superego [Freud, 2010 (first published in 1930)] or on context-specific behaviors acquired through reinforcement or punishment [Skinner, 1971]. Both psychoanalytic and behaviorist approaches share the general assumption that morality is essentially nonrational in its origins and manifestations. Freud [2010, p. 111], for example, dismissed the individual’s moral reasoning as an attempt “largely to support his wishes with arguments,” and Skinner [1971], similarly, saw moral notions like autonomy and freedom as humanistic illusions whose endorsement and expression is simply a form of verbal behavior subject to explanation by the same laws of learning as is all nonmoral behavior [for a contemporary approach that similarly downplays reasoning as post hoc arguments used to support emotionally based intuitions, see Haidt, 2012]. In contrast to these theories, beginning with Piaget [1932] and extending to the work of Lawrence Kohlberg [1981], the cognitive-developmental approach conceptualizes morality as a type of cognition about the social world that is constructed out
Mapping the Energy Cascade in the North Atlantic Ocean: The Coarse-Graining Approach

AbstractA coarse-graining framework is implemented to analyze nonlinear processes, measure energy transfer rates, and map out the energy pathways from simulated global ocean data. Traditional tools to measure the energy cascade from turbulence theory, such as spectral flux or spectral transfer, rely on the assumption of statistical homogeneity or at least a large separation between the scales of motion and the scales of statistical inhomogeneity. The coarse-graining framework allows for probing the fully nonlinear dynamics simultaneously in scale and in space and is not restricted by those assumptions. This paper describes how the framework can be applied to ocean flows. Energy transfer between scales is not unique because of a gauge freedom. Here, it is argued that a Galilean-invariant subfilter-scale (SFS) flux is a suitable quantity to properly measure energy scale transfer in the ocean. It is shown that the SFS definition can yield answers that are qualitatively different from traditional measures tha.
Peer Deviance as Predictors of Reactive and Proactive Aggression among High School Girls

Citation: Uz Baş, A. , & Öz Soysal, F. S. (2016). Peer relations and peer deviance as predictors of reactive and proactive aggression among high school girls. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 16, 173-186. http://dx.doi. org/10.12738/estp.2016. 1.0287 1 Correspondence to: Aslı Uz Baş (PhD), Department of Educational Sciences, Buca Faculty of Education, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir 35150 Turkey. Email: asliuzbas@gmail.com
CONSEQUENCES OF GENDER IMBALANCE

Economic & Political Weekly EPW august 31, 2013 vol xlviiI no 35 37 I would like to thank the Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies for funding a project on the social consequences of skewed sex ratios and the UNFPA for funding the workshop held in November 2012 in which the papers were presented and discussed. I would also like to thank all the subject experts who provided valuable comments on the papers.
An Empirical Research on Marketing Strategies of Different Risk Preference Merchant

Holiday merchandise has unique demand characteristics, unofficial start data, and a limited life cycle. In an intensely competitive market, individual merchants are able to get more sales opportunities if they display their products earlier. In this study, a time-variant variance and time-variant expected market demand model are introduced to investigate the order strategies that are used by risk-averse holiday merchants. Our results show that risk preference, market uncertainty, and market power have a significant effect on the merchant’s market strategies. Risk-averse merchants prefer to enhance forecast accuracy rather than using an early-display advantage. They can even give up their early-display advantage if they are faced with increased market uncertainty and small market power. Compared with the fixed purchase cost, the time-sensitive purchase cost can stimulate the merchant to purchase in advance, but this can decrease the merchant’s profit. Consequently, risk-averse merchants always display their merchandise later, decrease the order quantity, and, finally, miss the market opportunity.
Nominated Barrier Options: An Approach to Valuing American Options on a Lattice

American style options are of considerable importance in the financial markets. However, to value them requires numerical methods or approximate formulae since in general no explicit formulae exist. Typically convergence to the true option value is slow resulting in practice in inaccurate prices. In this paper we value on a lattice with novel probabilities an instrument, a nominated barrier option, whose value converges to that of an American option as the number of time steps increases. We find that the value of the nominated barrier option on the lattice seems to converge to the value of the underlying American option faster than existing methods, but with greater initial bias.
Space of SO (3)-orbits of elasticity tensors

We construct an eighteen-dimensional orbifold that is in a one-to-one correspondence with the space of SO (3)-orbits of elasticity tensors. This allows us to obtain a local parametrization of SO (3)-orbits of elasticity tensors by six SO (6)-invariant and twelve SO (3)-invariant parameters. This process unravels the structure of the space of the orbits of the elasticity tensors.
Optical Properties of Berry Epicuticular Waxes in Four Georgian Grape Cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.)

The epidermis of plant shoot organs is generally covered by epicuticular waxes. The role of this layer is related mainly to the protection of the inner tissues from biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, attention is focused on the optical properties of the berry epicuticular waxes of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) at fruit ripening. The reflectance of the berry surface was measured before and after chloroform treatments in four Georgian grape cultivars grown in northern Italy. Epicarp optical properties were underlined at different wavelengths (341 to 1025 nm) for each cultivar. The results show that the berry waxes have several optical properties; it is possible that their main eco-physiological effect is to provide specific protection against different types of radiation. Besides the physiological aspects, the results are interesting also from a technical point of view in the field of interpretation of reflectance measurements carried out by non-invasive instruments.
Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies for Dual Functional Adsorbent with Amino Group Magnetite

A dual functional adsorbent (EDA/MMA/OA/Fe3O4) with amino group magnetite has been synthesized to behave as an anionic or cationic adsorbent (for the adsorption of phosphate or copper) by adjusting the pH value to make amino group protonic or neutral. The adsorptions of phosphate and copper ions by the dual functional adsorbent were investigated using kinetic, equilibrium, thermodynamic, and surface characteristic experiments. The adsorption behaviors for both copper ions and phosphate by EDA/MMA/OA/Fe3O4 were in good agreement with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm with the maximum adsorption capacities of 7.096 for the copper ion and 34.5071 mg g−1 for phosphate, respectively. The optimum conditions for the desorption of copper ions and phosphate were 0.1M HNO3 and 0.05 M NaOH, respectively. After three cycles, the adsorption capacity of the recycled EDAMMA/OA/Fe3O4 for copper ions and phosphate exhibited a loss of about 17.1% and 28.1%, respectively.
Environmental correlates of Antarctic krill distribution in the Scotia Sea and southern Drake Passage

Antarctic krill is a key prey species for many vertebrate and invertebrate predators in the Southern Ocean; it is also an abundant fishery resource in the Scotia Sea and southern Drake Passage. Here, we identify environmental correlates of krill distribution utilizing acoustic data collected during an extensive international survey in January 2000. Separate models (at scales of 10–80 nautical miles) were derived for the full study area and for each of four subregions: northern and southern shelf waters, the seasonally ice-covered open ocean, and the generally ice-free open ocean. Krill distribution was strongly correlated with bathymetry; densities were higher over island shelves and shelf breaks and decreased with increasing distance offshore. Low krill densities occurred in areas of low chlorophyll concentration and high geostrophic velocity. Krill distribution was also related to sea level anomaly but relationships were not consistent between subregions. The models explained a maximum of 44% of the observed deviance in krill density, but did not reliably identify areas of high krill density in the open ocean, and explained a small proportion of the deviance (16%) in offshore areas covered seasonally by sea ice, probably because of the strong, residual influence of retreated ice. The commercial krill fishery is currently concentrated in shelf areas, where high densities of krill are most predictable. As krill are not predictable in the open ocean, the fishery is likely to remain principally a near-shore operation, and should be managed accordingly.
Overview - Intensity Limitations in Particle Accelerators

A brief and qualitative overview is given of the various intensity limitations that occur in particle accelerators. The aim is to make the participants aware of what is happening in this field in terms of observation, mitigation, and understanding. Such an overview cannot be rigorous nor complete. It serves as an introduction to the lectures on the different topics.
Using Intrinsic Layer to Improve the Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells

Organic small molecule and polymer materials are being considered as solar cell material in place of silicon wafer. Organic solar cells are now a popular subject in international research. This study uses ZnPc and C60 as respectively the donor material and acceptor material of Organic Solar Cells (OSC) and examines the efiects of difierent blocking layers and structures (P-N junction and P-I-N structure) on open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current (ISC), flll factor (FF) and e-ciency of solar cell. It is found under the same thickness of 15nm, the short-circuit current generated by the BCP and BAlq3 blocking layers is respectively 1.36 and 1.19mA/cm 2 . This is because the BCP has higher energy gap and Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) than BAlq3, which enables BCP to block excitons and holes better. When the P-I-N structure is ZnPc(30nm)/C60(40nm) and ZnPc(30nm)/ZnPc:C60(20nm)/C60(40nm), the short-circuit current produced could be increased to 2.67mA/cm 2 respectively. This is because the intrinsic layer increases the contact area of P-N junction, enabling more excitons to dissociate into free charges. DOI: 10.2529/PIERS061010102724
Genetic Analysis of Two Sympatric Sea Urchins from Genus Diadema (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Diadematidae) from Malaysian Borneo

Genus Diadema (Echinoidea: Diadematidae) has been reported to be the most widespread and ecologically important shallow water tropical sea urchins. Morphological variations and species distributions are complicated to elucidate due to complexity in making reliable identifications. Genus Diadema had involved in many debates, particularly on the mode of speciation and the specific status of Diadema setosum and Diadema savignyi. Therefore, relationships among Diadema species found in Malaysian Borneo have been examined using 16S rRNA gene analysis. Monophyletic clade of genus Diadema with respect to the outgroup was obtained with high bootstrap values of 100% (MP), 100% (NJ), 100% (ML) and Bayesian Posterior Probability is equal to 1.00. Two monophyletic clades were apparent separating D. setosum (Clade I) and D. savignyi (Clade II), with strong support of 100% (MP), 100% (NJ), 80% (ML) and Bayesian Posterior Probability is equal to 1.00. In addition, high genetic variation among species had been recorded (9.85%), suggesting that D. setosum and D. savignyi are two distinct entities. Furthermore, D. setosum and D. savignyi are sympatric species based on their distribution and overlapping ranges in Malaysian Borneo.
Does External Supervision Reduce the Risk Preference on Shadow Banking? (Note 1)——Evidence from Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on “Document No.107” of the State Council and National Audit Notice

The rapid development of shadow banking and its high-risk problems have got highly concerned from the supervision departments, and they have been supervised from various external aspects. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the administrative supervision can reduce the risk preference of shadow banking effectively from two aspects such as the “Document No.107” of the State Council and national audit. This study quantifies the effect of “Document No. 107” and national audit by the non-observed-effect panel data model and the PSM—DID. The results show that “Document No.107” and national audit can regulate shadow banking significantly by controlling other factors, which is reflected by the fact that the decreasing of shadow banking’s scale and the improvement in risk structure can significantly reduce the risk preference of shadow banking. Since administrative supervision and national audit have different supervisory means and functional mechanisms, the cooperation and complementation between them must be necessary in the future during the regulation of shadow banking. Finally, this paper puts forward corresponding policy recommendations based on financial stability objectives.
AN ANISOTROPIC FRACTURED POROELASTIC EFFECTIVE MEDIUM THEORY

SUMMARY Effective medium theories are used to describe the overall properties of a material containing cracks that are on a scale length much less than a wavelength, during the propagation of seismic waves. These theories are in general derived for an elastic medium with or without some form of fluid connection between the cracks. The theories are adequate for describing the properties of a material with low matrix porosities, such as carbonates, but provide a poor approximation once the matrix porosity has increased sufficiently to play an important role in determining the material properties of the effective medium, such as in sandstones. The behaviour of wave propagation within a poroelastic medium differs significantly from that in a purely elastic medium. To this end, a poroelastic model is required. Assuming that the saturated matrix material can be described by Biot’s equations of poroelasticity, the method of smoothing can be used to develop an effective medium theory to first order in crack volume density in much the same way as Hudson theory uses the method for an elastic medium; the cracks are assumed to be on a scale much greater than the microscale that describes the porous matrix and much less than the macroscale, characterized by the wavelength of propagating waves. By this approach we derive effective poroelastic constants for a matrix permeated with ellipsoidal inclusions of a differing material, where the whole system is saturated with a single fluid.
Household Demand for Food in Switzerland. A Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System

In this paper we estimate a complete demand system for Switzerland, with emphasis on food demand, using a recent household expenditure survey. The Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) is employed in the analysis of six food commodity and a non-food groups. The quadratic terms in the QUAIDS were found to be empirically important in describing household budget behaviour in Switzerland. For most food commodity groups, demand is inelastic, with elasticities ranging between -0.64 and -1.02. Cross-price elasticities are very low, suggesting limited possibilities of substitution between food groups. All food groups are found to be necessities, while the non-food group is a luxury. The estimated own-price and expenditure elasticities from the specification on groups segmented by income show that for most food commodities, own-price (absolutely) and expenditure elasticities are consistently higher for the lower income group.
Inline Processed Flexible Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells Using Linear PECVD Sources

Using linear VHF and RF PECVD plasma sources, we have deposited intrinsic and doped silicon layers for roll-to-roll fabrication of thin film silicon solar cells on flexible steel foil substrates. First amorphous silicon solar cells have been made using this PECVD system resulting in efficiencies up to 6.6%. Keywords: a-Si solar cells, in-situ monitoring and diagnostics, large area deposition
Fatty acid composition of maize germ oil from high-oil hybrids wet-milling processing

Maize germ was obtained by wet-milling laboratory processing of domestic high-oil maize hybrids. After separation, the germ was subjected to extraction of maize oil. Fatty acid composition of maize germ oil was determined by gas chromatography. The results showed very high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and a constant sum of oleic and linoleic acids in oils of different maize hybrids.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF CORE AND KNEE EXTENSOR MECHANISM MUSCLE ACTIVATION PATTERNS IN A STAIR STEPPING TASK IN HEALTHY CONTROLS AND PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN PATIENTS

Background: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common affliction and complex clinical entity. Deficit in neuromotor control of the core may be a remote contributing factor to the development of PFPS. Comparative evaluation of core and extensor mechanism muscle activation patterns between healthy group and patients involved by patellofemoral pain syndrome(PFPS) in a stair stepping task is the aim of this study. Methods : In this non-randomized interventional study fifteen males with PFPS and fifteen asymptomatic controls participated. Electromyographic(EMG) activity of Vastusmedialisobliquus(VMO),Vastuslateralis(VL), Gluteus medius (GMED),Gluteus Maximus (GMAX),Internal oblique (IO) and Erector spinae (ES) were recorded and EMG onsets were assessed in both stepping up (SU) and down (SD). The time of foot contact determined by a foot switch. Results: During SU:Onset times of all muscles except, VL and ES in the controls were significantly less than PFPS group (P < 0.05). In PFPS group the temporal sequence ofES, VL and VMO were different from control groups.During SD:Onset times of all muscles except, GMAX and ES in the control group were significantly less than PFP group (P < 0.05). The sequence of muscle activity in both healthy and PFP groups were the same. Conclusion: Our findings are in line with previous researches about the effects of core on function and control of lower extremity. Activation patterns of core and vasti muscles are different between control and PFPS group during stair stepping task. Designing exercises to correct inappropriate timing of core muscles may have a role in management of PFPS and it needs more future researches.
E-Technology in Education: A Bibliometric Analysis on the Topic of Technology as a Didactic Tool

The use of electronic technologies (e-technologies) in educational process gains asignificant approach on the academic debate from the 1990’s on. The discussion of such topicintensifies specially with Internet phenomenon, besides the rising of a globalized access to electronictechnologies and the need of both educators and researchers to understand the relationship ofsuch technologies in the process of learning. This article aims to analyze the current status of studiesabout technologies as a didactic tool, by the use of bibliometric analysis, in ordter to get an overviewof the studies published in the period 1995 to 2015, as well as to verify how other topics has beenassociated and how relevant they can be considered to global studies concerning the relationshipbetween technology and education. The analysis involves both qualitative and quantitative data. Itis important to state that in terms of qualitative approach the aspects surrounding technology anddidactic tools were carried out using the procedures of content analysis, key words and relevanttopics. As far as quantitative approach, the following variables were adopted: authors, source,total number of publications, publication year, main institutions, languages and countries. All theinformation was obtained by consulting the electronic database ISI Web of Science, selecting themain journals, as well as their impact factor index, by searching at Journal of Citation Report (JCR). The methodology used in this article implies the data obtained from ISI Web of Science, showingthe most cited journals and most prolific authors, as a way to analyze the trends of research andavenues for future studies.
THE PERFORMANCE OF CHITOSAN-FERRIHIDRYTE MEMBRANE FOR PHOSPHATE UPTAKE

The uptake of orthophosphate onto the chitosan-ferrihydrite membrane has been studied. The membrane was proposed as a new binding layer of DGT technique. Membrane was prepared from a mixture of chitosan solution with ferrihydrite (FeOOH) paste and was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. As a result, the uptake of orthophosphate was slow. The maximum adsorption capacity was reached at pH 5.0 and 8.0. It was mainly due to electrostatic attraction of phosphate ions to the protonated free amino groups of chitosan and to active sites of ferrihydrite. Desorption could be occurred optimally using 0.3 M of sulphuric acid. The absorption of SO4 2- ion to the protonated amino groups and the formation of ionic crosslinking could exchange and desorb phosphate ions. Ferrihydrite was eluted also by the acid. However, the eluted ferrihydrite readsorbed phosphate ions, resulted in minimizing the analysed free phosphate.
Pathways of Number Line Development in Children Predictors and Risk for Adverse Mathematical Outcome

Dyscalculia, or mathematics learning disability, has received growing attention in recent years. Working memory and number sense are hypothesized to form important determinants of dyscalculia, but longitudinal assessments of number sense in children with or at-risk for dyscalculia are scarce. The current study investigated number line development in first and second grade, in addition to kindergarten predictors and mathematical proficiency as an outcome. Children (n = 396) could be divided into three latent growth classes: at-risk, catch-up, and typical, based on their number line development. Growth was predicted by kindergarten number sense and verbal working memory. According to the class to which they were assigned, children differed in mathematical proficiency at the end of grade 2. The current study makes an important contribution to the understanding of risk for dyscalculia, showing that children at-risk can be distinguished based on their number line development, and that kindergarten variables ar.