Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A social learning formalism for learners trying to figure out what a teacher wants them to do

Abstract This article presents a theoretical foundation for approaching the problem of how a learner can infer what a teacher wants it to do through strongly ambiguous interaction or observation. The article groups the interpretation of a broad range of information sources under the same theoretical framework. A teacher’s motion demonstration, eye gaze during a reproduction attempt, pushes of “good"/“bad" buttons and speech comment are all treated as specific instances of the same general class of information sources. These sources all provide (partially and ambiguously) information about what the teacher wants the learner to do, and all need to be interpreted concurrently. We introduce a formalism to address this challenge, which allows us to consider various strands of previous research as different related facets of a single generalized problem. In turn, this allows us to identify important new avenues for research. To sketch these new directions, several learning setups are introduced, and algorithmic structures are introduced to illustrate some of the practical problems that must be overcome.
Long-term cognitive and emotional consequences of mild traumatic brain injury

Background The objective of this study was to investigate long-term cognitive and emotional sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), as previous research has remained inconclusive with respect to their prevalence and extent. Method Thirty-three individuals who had sustained mTBI on average 6 years prior to the study and 33 healthy control subjects were matched according to age, gender and education. Structural brain damage at time of testing was excluded by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was conducted to assess learning, recall, working memory, attention and executive function. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Possible negative response bias was ruled out by implementing the Word Memory Test (WMT). Results The mTBI individuals had significant impairments in all cognitive domains compared to the healthy control subjects. Effect sizes of cognitive deficits were medium to large, and could not be accounted for by self-perceived deficits, depression, compensation claims or negative response bias. BDI scores were significantly higher in the patient group, and three patients fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for a mild episode of major depression. Conclusions Primarily, well-recovered individuals who had sustained a minor trauma more than half a decade ago continue to have long-term cognitive and emotional sequelae relevant for everyday social and professional life. mTBI may lead to a lasting disruption of neurofunctional circuits not detectable by standard structural MRI and needs to be taken seriously in clinical and forensic evaluations.
Research and Development of Alternative Concepts in HTS Machines

High temperature superconducting (HTS) machines are recognized to offer several advantageous features when comparing to conventional ones. Amongst these, highlights the decrease in weight and volume of the machines, due to increased current density in conductors or the absence of iron slots' teeth; or the decrease in AC losses and consequent higher efficiency of the machines, even accounting for cryogenics. These concepts have been already demonstrated and some machines have even achieved commercial stage. In this paper, several alternative approaches are applied to electrical motors employing HTS materials. The first one is an all superconducting linear motor, where copper conductors and permanent magnets are replaced by Bi-2223 windings and trapped flux magnets, taking advantage of stable levitation due to flux pinning, higher current densities and higher excitation field. The second is an induction disk motor with Bi-2223 armature, where iron, ironless and hybrid approaches are compared. Finally, an innovative command strategy, consisting of an electronically variable pole pairs' number approach, is applied to a superconducting hysteresis disk motor. All these concepts are being investigated and simulation and experimental results are presented.
RNA Binding Protein as an Emerging Therapeutic Target for Cancer Prevention and Treatment

After transcription, RNAs are always associated with RNA binding proteins (RBPs) to perform biological activities. RBPs can interact with target RNAs in sequence- and structure-dependent manner through their unique RNA binding domains. In development and progression of carcinogenesis, RBPs are aberrantly dysregulated in many human cancers with various mechanisms, such as genetic alteration, epigenetic change, noncoding RNA-mediated regulation, and post-translational modifications. Upon deregulation in cancers, RBPs influence every step in the development and progression of cancer, including sustained cell proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, avoiding immune surveillance, inducing angiogenesis, and activating metastasis. To develop therapeutic strategies targeting RBPs, RNA interference-based oligonucleotides or small molecule inhibitors have been screened based on reduced RBP-RNA interaction and changed level of target RNAs. Identification of binding RNAs with high-throughput techniques and integral analysis of multiple datasets will help us develop new therapeutic drugs or prognostic biomarkers for human cancers.
Smoking cessation during pregnancy: a systematic literature review.

ISSUES Second-hand smoke presents a health risk for a large group of entirely helpless nonsmokers: unborn children. Reliable data on women continuing to smoke during pregnancy are essential for effective preventive and interventional programs. The aim of this review is therefore to identify this risk group compared with spontaneous quitters of smoking. APPROACH This systematic literature review is based solely on empirical original papers derived from samples of pregnant women smoking at the beginning of pregnancy. In accordance with the QUOROM Statement all population or clinic-based samples were included. Collectives from intervention studies were not included. All studies were from developed nations and published between January 1997 and March 2008. KEY FINDINGS A total of 19 studies were identified. The rate of quitters was between 4.0% and 69.7% for population-based studies, and 26.5% and 47.0% for clinic-based studies. A smoking partner, a large number of children, a high rate of tobacco consumption, as well as deficiencies in prenatal care were predictors of smoking during pregnancy. IMPLICATIONS This study identifies risk factors and correlates and indicates common obstacles for women to quit smoking during pregnancy. CONCLUSION The risk groups that can be defined based on our results are a key target population for preventive measures.
Efficient Sensor Placement Optimization for Early Detection of Contagious Outbreaks in Mobile Social Networks

In this paper, we investigate the problem of placing sensors in a mobile social network to get quickly informed about contagious outbreaks, i.e., placing k sensors in a network in order to minimize the time until a contaminant - starting from a random node in the network - is detected. We aim to optimize the Sensor Placement from two complementary directions. One is to improve the original greedy algorithm and its extensions [13] to reduce sensor selection time, and the other is to propose a new Quickest Path heuristic that can shorten the detection time. We test and compare our algorithms with previous algorithms on four real data sets. Experimental results show that 1) the new greedy algorithm is more efficient than existing greedy algorithms in terms of selection time, 2) the quickest path heuristic obtains less detection time than centrality-based heuristics, and is as effective as the greedy algorithms, and 3) the new heuristic has the potential to scale well to large networks, having low detection time and selection time.
Ropivacaine‐clonidine combination for caudal blockade in children

Background: Adding clonidine to weak ropivacaine solutions (<0.2%) could potentially enhance analgesia as well as further reduce the risk for unwanted motor blockade. The aim of the present study was to compare the postoperative pain‐relieving quality of a ropivacaine 0.1%‐clonidine mixture to that of plain ropivacaine 0.2% following caudal administration in children.
Fast Switching Liquid Crystals for Color-Sequential LCDs

High birefringence (0.3 < Deltan < 0.4) and relatively low-viscosity liquid crystal mixtures containing isothiocyanato tolane and isothiocyanato terphenyl liquid crystals are developed. A twisted-nematic (TN) 1.6-mum thin cell for color-sequential liquid crystal display with ~1-ms response time is demonstrated.
Type I diabetes mellitus. A chronic autoimmune disease.

DURING the past decade a wealth of information concerning the pathogenesis of Type I diabetes has become available. Two spontaneous animal models of the disease have been discovered and characterized (the Biobreeding rat and the non-obese diabetic mouse); the importance of a gene or genes in the major histocompatibility complex in Type I diabetes of human beings, of mice, and of rats has been appreciated; and the prognostic importance of selected assays for islet-cell antibodies has been defined. T-cell abnormalities that precede diabetes have been discovered. Evidence has suggested that progressive loss of first-phase insulin secretion precedes diabetes, and immunologic .
A survey of battery energy storage system (BESS), applications and environmental impacts in power systems

A brief discussion is presented regarding the current development and applications of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) from the recent achievements in both the academic research and commercial sectors. It is reviewed the architecture of BESS, the applications in grid scale and its benefits of implementing it in power systems. BESS can help to improve the penetration levels of RES (renewable energy resources), and it is listed some of the most relevant application where BESS plays an important role. Also, it is summarized the criteria used to assess the environmental impacts of BESS and how it is compared with conventional units. Finally, some study cases are presented and where BESS have been tested.
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Analysis of Recombination Signal Sequence Configuration in the RAG1/2 Synaptic Complex

ABSTRACT A critical step in V(D)J recombination is the synapsis of complementary (12/23) recombination signal sequences (RSSs) by the RAG1 and RAG2 proteins to generate the paired complex (PC). Using a facilitated ligation assay and substrates that vary the helical phasing of the RSSs, we provide evidence that one particular geometric configuration of the RSSs is favored in the PC. To investigate this configuration further, we used fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) to detect the synapsis of fluorescently labeled RSS oligonucleotides. FRET requires an appropriate 12/23 RSS pair, a divalent metal ion, and high-mobility-group protein HMGB1 or HMGB2. Energy transfer between the RSSs was detected with all 12/23 RSS end positions of the fluorescent probes but was not detected when probes were placed on the two ends of the same RSS. Energy transfer was confirmed to originate from the PC by using an in-gel FRET assay. The results argue against a unique planar configuration of the RSSs in the PC and are most easily accommodated by models in which synapsed 12- and 23-RSSs are bent and cross one another, with implications for the organization of the RAG proteins and the DNA substrates at the time of cleavage.
Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-1 Is Dispensable for FcγRIIB-mediated Inhibition of B Cell Antigen Receptor Activation*

The inhibitory Fc receptor, FcγRIIB, provides a signal that aborts B cell antigen receptor activation, blocking extracellular calcium influx. Because the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 binds tyrosyl phosphorylated FcγRIIB and FcγRIIB-mediated inhibition is defective in motheaten (me/me) mice, which do not express SHP-1, it was proposed that SHP-1 mediates FcγRIIB signaling in B cells (D’Ambrosio, D., Hippen, K. L., Minskoff, S. A., Mellman, I., Pani, G., Siminovitch, K. A., and Cambier, J. C. (1995) Science 268, 293–297). However, SHP-1 is dispensable for FcγRIIB-mediated inhibition of FcεRI signaling in mast cells (Ono, M., Bolland, S., Tempst, P., and Ravetch, J. V. (1996) Nature 383, 263–266), prompting us to re-examine the role of SHP-1 in FcγRIIB signaling in B cells. We generated immortalized sIgM+, FcγRIIB+ cell lines fromme/me mice and normal littermates. Co-ligation of FcγRIIB and the sIgM antigen receptor inhibits calcium influx in both cell lines. Inhibition is reversed by preincubation with anti-FcγRIIB antibodies, indicating that it is mediated by FcγRIIB. The inositol 5′ phosphatase SHIP is recruited to tyrosyl-phosphorylated FcγRIIB in both cell lines. FcγRIIB-mediated CD19 dephosphorylation also occurs in the presence or the absence of SHP-1. Our results establish that SHP-1 is dispensable for FcγRIIB-mediated inhibition of sIgM antigen receptor signaling.
A new approach for closed-form transient analysis of multiconductor transmission lines

A novel closed-form model for multiconductor transmission lines is presented. The proposed model is derived from the analytical characterization of half-T ladder networks, which using closed-form polynomials (named DFF and DFFz), allow one to exactly extract poles and residues of the two-port representation of multiconductor transmission lines, thus, generating a time domain macromodel that can be incorporated in a circuit simulator. Since the model is derived from a stable and passive equivalent network, its stability and passivity are strictly preserved. Simulation results for one, two, and three-conductor transmission lines with linear and nonlinear terminations are presented, confirming the validity of the proposed model.
Efectos de la inyección de Somatotropina bovina sobre la producción y composición de la leche de vacas Holstein en lactancia muy tardía

El objetivo de esta investigacion fue determinar el efecto de la Somatotropina bovina (STb) sobre la produccion y composicion de la leche de vacas en lactancia muy tardia. Siete vacas Holstein con serios problemas reproductivos, del Centro de Investigacion de Ganado lechero de la Universidad de Arizona, las cuales promediaron 16.2 Kg/d de leche, 424 (279-560) dias en lactancia (DEL) fueron monitoreadas 30 dias antes y 90 dias despues de haber sido inyectadas con 500 mg de STb recombinante cada catorce dias. Las variables medidas durante el experimento fueron produccion de leche y sus componentes (grasa, proteina) y numero de celulas somaticas (NCS). Las vacas fueron alimentadas con una dieta baja en energia, debido a su baja produccion y de acuerdo a los requerimientos del Consejo Nacional de Investigacion (NRC, por sus siglas en ingles). Los resultados mostraron un incremento en la produccion de leche (16.2 vs 19.5 kg/dia), asi como tambien en la cantidad de leche corregida a 3.5% de grasa (16.3 vs 20.2 kg/dia), en la produccion de grasa de la leche (0.57 vs 0.72 kg/dia) y en la produccion de proteina de la leche (0.59 vs 0.75/dia). Sin embargo, los porcentajes de grasa en la leche (3.59 vs 3.72%) y la proteina (3.69 vs 3.85%) no fueron significantemente modificados, aunque se vio una tendencia de estos elementos a ser mayores, despues de la administracion de STB. La hormona tampoco altero el NCS de la leche (113 vs 161 celulas x 103 /ml de leche). Los investigadores concluyeron que la inyeccion de esta hormona aumenta la produccion de leche en vacas lactantes durante lactancias avanzadas sin modificar sus componentes Sin embargo, se requiere de un analisis economico para determinar la rentabilidad de su uso.
Early tool-making in Asia: two-million-year-old artefacts in Pakistan

For the last half-century, the story of very early hominids, and their stone industries, has been almost exclusively ‘in Africa’. This first report of a very early industry takes the story ‘out of Africa’ and into the Indian sub-continent – that is, in a geographical direction towards the early industries of eastern Asia.
Management of rectal cancer in the era of neoadjuvant chemoradiation

human factors, adverse events, and patient outcomes in surgery for pediatric cardiac disease. J. Thorac Cardiovasc. Surg. 2008; 136: 1422–8. 3. Pichert J, Miller C, Hollo A, Gauld-Jaeger J, Federspiel C, Hickson G. What health professionals can do to identify and resolve patient dissatisfaction. Jt. Comm. J. Qual. Improv. 1998; 24: 303–12. 4. Little P, Everitt H, Williamson I et al. Observational study of effect of patient centredness and positive approach on outcomes of general practice consultations. BMJ 2001; 323: 908–11. 5. White AA, Pichert JW, Bledsoe SH, Irwin C, Entman SS. Cause and effect analysis of closed claims in obstetrics and gynecology. Obstet. Gynecol. 2005; 105: 1031–8. 6. Anderson ID (ed.). Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient, 2nd edn. London: Hodder Arnold Publication, 2003. 7. O’Brien R, Dilley S, Cunningham N, van Dijk J, Vawser T, Paltridge D. Non-technical skills (NTS) in synthetic learning environments – mapping curricula for vocational specialist training, develop evidence, complete a needs analysis & pilot the curriculum. Final report to the Australian Society for Simulation in Healthcare.
A New structural configuration of tilting rotor unmanned aerial vehicle modeling

This paper presents the design and modeling of a tri-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system with double front tilt rotors for the flight dynamic control. The aerodynamic model of the tilt-rotor UAV is obtained based on the force and moment equations and its parameters are calculated by several measurements. For the flight dynamics control, the equilibrium point is calculated through a numerical analysis.
Polymorphisms in the maternal sex steroid pathway are associated with behavior problems in male offspring

Objective Slight perturbations in maternal sex steroid production and metabolism may interfere with normal fetal neurodevelopment. The balance of maternal estrogens and androgens may have direct fetal effects, may influence the fetal hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, or may alter local hormonal activity within the fetal brain. We investigated maternal functional polymorphisms of CYP17, CYP19, and CYP1B1, which control three major enzymatic steps in sex steroid biosynthesis and metabolism, in relation to childhood behaviors. Methods The Mount Sinai Children’s Environmental Health Study enrolled a multiethnic urban pregnancy cohort from 1998 to 2002 (n=404). DNA was obtained from maternal blood (n=149) and from neonatal cord blood (n=53). At each visit, mothers completed the Behavior Assessment System for Children, a parent-reported questionnaire used to evaluate children for behavior problems. We focused on problem behaviors more commonly associated with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (Hyperactivity, Attention Problems, Externalizing Behaviors, Conduct Disorder, Poor Adaptability) to determine whether maternal genetic variants in sex steroid production and metabolism influence sexually dimorphic behaviors in offspring. Results The more active gene variants were significantly associated with Attention Problems and poorer Adaptive Skills in male compared with female offspring. The CYP19 variant allele was also significantly associated with worse scores for boys on the Hyperactivity, Externalizing Problems Composite, and Adaptive Skills Composite scales (P<0.05). Conclusion We observed maladaptive behaviors in the male offspring of mothers who carried functional polymorphisms in the sex steroid pathway. The strongest associations were in domains commonly affected in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.
Combinational Deletion of Three Membrane Protein-Encoding Genes Highly Attenuates Yersinia pestis while Retaining Immunogenicity in a Mouse Model of Pneumonic Plague

ABSTRACT Previously, we showed that deletion of genes encoding Braun lipoprotein (Lpp) and MsbB attenuated Yersinia pestis CO92 in mouse and rat models of bubonic and pneumonic plague. While Lpp activates Toll-like receptor 2, the MsbB acyltransferase modifies lipopolysaccharide. Here, we deleted the ail gene (encoding the attachment-invasion locus) from wild-type (WT) strain CO92 or its lpp single and Δlpp ΔmsbB double mutants. While the Δail single mutant was minimally attenuated compared to the WT bacterium in a mouse model of pneumonic plague, the Δlpp Δail double mutant and the Δlpp ΔmsbB Δail triple mutant were increasingly attenuated, with the latter being unable to kill mice at a 50% lethal dose (LD50) equivalent to 6,800 LD50s of WT CO92. The mutant-infected animals developed balanced TH1- and TH2-based immune responses based on antibody isotyping. The triple mutant was cleared from mouse organs rapidly, with concurrent decreases in the production of various cytokines and histopathological lesions. When surviving animals infected with increasing doses of the triple mutant were subsequently challenged on day 24 with the bioluminescent WT CO92 strain (20 to 28 LD50s), 40 to 70% of the mice survived, with efficient clearing of the invading pathogen, as visualized in real time by in vivo imaging. The rapid clearance of the triple mutant, compared to that of WT CO92, from animals was related to the decreased adherence and invasion of human-derived HeLa and A549 alveolar epithelial cells and to its inability to survive intracellularly in these cells as well as in MH-S murine alveolar and primary human macrophages. An early burst of cytokine production in macrophages elicited by the triple mutant compared to WT CO92 and the mutant's sensitivity to the bactericidal effect of human serum would further augment bacterial clearance. Together, deletion of the ail gene from the Δlpp ΔmsbB double mutant severely attenuated Y. pestis CO92 to evoke pneumonic plague in a mouse model while retaining the required immunogenicity needed for subsequent protection against infection.
Household-Level Technologies to Improve the Availability and Preparation of Adequate and Safe Complementary Foods

Plant-based complementary foods are the main source of nutrients for many young children in developing countries. They may, however, present problems in providing nutritionally adequate and safe diets for older infants and young children. The high starch content leads to low-nutrient diets that are bulky and dense, with high levels of antinutritive factors such as phytates, tannins, lectins, and enzyme inhibitors. Phytates impair mineral bioavailability, lectins interfere with intestinal structure, and enzyme inhibitors inhibit digestive enzymes. In addition, there is often microbial contamination, which leads to diarrhea, growth-faltering, and impaired development, and the presence of chemical contaminants may lead to neurological disease and goiter. The fact that some fruits containing carotenoids are only available seasonally contributes to the vulnerability of children receiving predominantly plant-based diets. Traditional household food technologies have been used for centuries to improve the quality and safety of complementary foods. These include dehulling, peeling, soaking, germination, fermentation, and drying. While modern communities tend to reject these technologies in favor of more convenient fast-food preparations, there is now a resurgence of interest in older technologies as a possible means of improving the quality and safety of complementary foods when the basic diet cannot be changed for economic reasons. This paper describes the biology, safety, practicability, and acceptability of these traditional processes at the household or community level, as well as the gaps in research, so that more effective policies and programs can be implemented to improve the quality and safety of complementary foods.