Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reply to comments on the article by S. A. Mallios and V. P. Pasko “Charge transfer to the ionosphere and to the ground during thunderstorms”

Davydenko and Mareev [2014] question some considerations that were made in order to model and quantify the contribution of lightning discharges to the Global Electric Circuit (GEC), and the application of the model to the worldwide lightning activity as presented byMallios and Pasko [2012]. In this reply we address their points believing that the reply along with the comment will contribute to a better understanding of the studied problem.
The respiratory system in connective tissue disorders Systemic lupus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder which primarily affects women. SLE may affect virtually any organ and as such, the respiratory system is frequently involved by the disease. The majority of patients with SLE develop pleural or pulmonary disease in the course of their illness (Table 1). Respiratory involvement is more common in men than in women. After 15 years of intensive use, the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for SLE were updated in 1997 (1). The criterion ‘positive LE cell preparation’ was deleted, and the item ‘false-positive test for syphilis’ was expanded to ‘positive finding of antiphospholipid antibodies’, including IgG or IgM anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant. Although lung involvement is not a criterion for SLE diagnosis, lung involvement has been associated with increased mortality (2, 3). The prognosis of SLE greatly improved in the past years. The results from two prospective cohorts of 1000 European (2) and 644 Canadian (4) patients with lupus found 95 and 93% 5-year survival rates, respectively.
Decode-and-Forward Two-Path Half-Duplex Relaying: Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff Analysis

Two-path or successive relaying has recently emerged as a promising cooperative communication protocol to improve spectral efficiency in half-duplex relaying networks. In this paper, we consider decode-and-forward (DF) version of the two-path relaying protocol. We analyze the fundamental performance of this protocol in terms of the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT). We first derive the DMT for this protocol, where perfect decoding at the relays is assumed, and show that it approaches the 3 x 1 multiple-input single-output (MISO) DMT. We then remove the assumption of perfect decoding at the relays and derive the closed-form expression of the achievable DMT based on the relative distances between nodes. Specifically, we found that for sufficiently long transmission length, if the average source-relay SNR is at least 2.5 times (measured in dB) of other links, the 3 x 1 MISO DMT is achieved. Successive interference cancellation at the relays is also proposed to further improve the performance of the DMT.
Selective endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms using micrus microcoils: preliminary results in a series of 78 patients.

PURPOSE To determine the safety and reliability of a new platinum microcoil (Micrus), in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventy-eight patients (28 male and 50 female patients; age range, 28-83 years; mean age, 44 years) with 80 intracranial aneurysms were treated in 10 centers in Belgium and France. All aneurysms were smaller than 15 mm. Nine aneurysms (11%) were located in the posterior circulation and 71 (89%) in the anterior. Fifty aneurysms (63%) were ruptured and 30 (37%) unruptured. Micrus microcoil is a new platinum coil. It is electrically detached with a time of detachment close to 5 seconds. RESULTS The degree of occlusion of the aneurysm was classified as total in 49 aneurysms (61%), subtotal in 28 cases (35%) and incomplete in 3 cases (4%). Technical complications were encountered in 10 patients (13%) including parent artery occlusion and thromboembolism (4 cases), coil migration (2 cases) and non-detachment of the coil (2 cases). The immediate morbidity rate was 1.3% and mortality rate 1.3%. CONCLUSION Micrus microcoils are effective and safe in the selective treatment of ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Spherical microcoils are helpful to create a good basket in the aneurysmal sac at the beginning of treatment.
N-terminal Residues Regulate the Catalytic Efficiency of the Hsp90 ATPase Cycle*

Hsp90 is an abundant molecular chaperone involved in a variety of cellular processes ranging from signal transduction to viral replication. The function of Hsp90 has been shown to be dependent on its ability to hydrolyze ATP, and in vitro studies suggest that the dimeric nature of Hsp90 is critical for this activity. ATP binding occurs at the N-terminal domains of the Hsp90 dimer, whereas the main dimerization site resides in the very C-terminal domain. ATP hydrolysis is performed in a series of conformational changes. These include the association of the two N-terminal domains, which has been shown to stimulate the hydrolysis reaction. In this study, we set out to identify regions in the N-terminal domain that are important for this interaction. We show that N-terminal deletion variants of Hsp90 are severely impaired in their ability to hydrolyze ATP. However, nucleotide binding of these constructs is similar to that of the wild type protein. Heterodimers of the Hsp90 deletion mutants with wild type protein showed that the first 24 amino acids play a crucial role during the ATPase reaction, because their deletion abolishes the trans-activation between the two N-terminal domains. We propose that the turnover rate of Hsp90 is decisively controlled by intermolecular interactions between the N-terminal domains.
A Combined Antenna Selection Algorithm in MIMO Systems

Antenna selection is used for increasing the channel capacity of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, and reducing the systems complexity and RF chains cost. In this paper, we first study the capacities of MIMO systems, having different antenna assignments between the transmitter and receiver, and propose an optimum assignment from the viewpoint of maximizing the channel capacity. Considering the selections at both transmitter and receiver, the combined antenna selection algorithm is proposed based on the norm and correlation between rows and columns of the channel matrix. The proposed selection requires low computational complexity because of avoiding matrix operations. Simulation analysis and comparisons indicate that its performance is very close to the optimum combined selection, better than the optimum selection only at the receiver.
Current Directions in Psychological Science

People often get lost in buildings, including but not limited to libraries, hospitals, conference centers, and shopping malls. There are at least three contributing factors: the spatial structure of the building, the cognitive maps that users construct as they navigate, and the strategies and spatial abilities of the building users. The goal of this article is to discuss recent research on each of these factors and to argue for an integrative framework that encompasses these factors and their intersections, focusing on the correspondence between the building and the cognitive map, the completeness of the cognitive map as a function of the strategies and individual abilities of the users, the compatibility between the building and the strategies and individual abilities of the users, and complexity that emerges from the intersection of all three factors. We end with an illustrative analysis in which we apply this integrative framework to difficulty in way-finding.
PRES - Personalized Evaluation System in a Web Community - A Conceptual Model Designed to Evaluate Reputation in Order to Achive a Personalised View on the System for Each User

The active brazing solder for brazing ceramic parts of alumina, particularly of high-purity alumina, contains a maximum of 12 wt. % Ti, a maximum of 8 wt. % Be, and less than 16.5 wt. % Fe, the remainder being Zr and any impurities that may be present. The active brazing solder has the following behaviour/features: Brazing temperature: lower than 1,000 DEG C. ; the brazed joint is high-vacuum-tight over a long period of time; the coefficient of thermal expansion of the active brazing alloy is substantially identical to that of the alumina ceramic in the entire temperature range covered during the brazing process; the strength of the brazed joint between the two ceramic parts is so high that under tensile loading, fracture will result not at the joint, but in the adjacent ceramic; the pressure resistance of the active brazing solder is greater than 2 GPa; the active brazing solder is very good processable into powders having particle sizes on the order of 10 mu m.
Joint Relay Selection and Power Allocation

This paper studies relay selection and power allocation for amplify-and-forward (AF) based two-way relay networks (TWRN) with asymmetric traffic requirements (ATR). A joint relay selection and power allocation algorithm is proposed to decrease the outage probability of TWRN with ATR. In this algorithm, two sources exchange information with the help of the relay during two time slots. We first calculate the optimal power allocation parameters based on instantaneous channel state information (CSI), and then derive a tight lower bound of outage probability. Furthermore, we propose a simplified relay selection criterion, which can be easily calculated as harmonic mean of instantaneous channel gains, according to the outage probability expressions. Simulation results verified the theoretical analyses we presented. It is shown that the outage probability of our algorithm improves 3-4dB comparing with that of other existing algorithms, and the lower bound is tight comparing with actual value for the entire signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region.
Laser interferometry in corneal opacification. Preoperative visual potential estimation.

Patients awaiting corneal transplantation were tested for visual potential using retinal interference fringe patterns produced by low energy heliumneon laser. Preoperative and postoperative Snellen acuities and laser interferometer acuities were compared. Preoperatively, 13 or 14 patients showed potential for improved vision. Four patients achieved better than predicted vision, three achieved predicted vision, and seven failed to achieve predicted vision. Of those who failed to achieve predicted acuity, four patients were rejecting their corneal graft, one had a dense cataract following corneal transplantation, and two had associated retinal disease. The theory and technique of the examination are discussed, as is the present applicability to clinical practice.
Mitochondrial Gene Expression Is Regulated at the Level of Transcription during Early Embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis*

Mitochondrial transcription in the earlyXenopus laevis embryo resumes several hours before active mtDNA replication, effectively decoupling mtDNA transcription and replication. This developmental feature makes Xenopusembryogenesis an appealing model system to investigate the regulation of mitochondrial transcription. Studies reported here refine our understanding of the timing, magnitude, and mechanism of this transcriptional induction event. Northern analyses of six mitochondrial mRNAs (normalized to mtDNA) reveal that transcript levels remain basal between fertilization and gastrulation and then undergo a coordinate induction, culminating in a 20–28-fold increase over egg levels by 48 h of development. Measurement of mitochondrial run-on transcription rates demonstrates a good correlation between transcription rates and transcript levels, showing that transcription itself is the primary determinant of transcript abundance. Experimental increases in mitochondrial ATP and energy charge also correlate with patterns of transcript levels and transcription rates, suggesting that developmental changes in the biochemical composition of the mitochondrial matrix could be regulating transcriptional activity. Consistent with this idea, transcriptional run-on rates in mitochondria of early embryos can be stimulated by the addition of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates to the run-on reaction. However, mitochondria of later stages do not show this response to the addition of metabolite. In combination, these data suggest that mitochondrial transcription is under metabolic regulation during earlyXenopus embryogenesis.
WAVEFORMS ESTIMATION OF GROUND PENETRATING RADAR FOR NDT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

The accurate estimation of the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) waves is essential for non-destructive evaluation of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. However, GPR signals are overlapped in some case due to complex geometry of RC elements. In this study, parameters estimation using Expectation Maximization algorithm (EM) has been adapted to GPR signal. This algorithm can iteratively decompose the original GPR signal into their three elementary wavelets, namely, direct air wave, direct ground wave and reflected wave. For each wave, five parameters are estimated that are bandwidth, arrival time, center frequency, amplitude and phase. The estimated parameters are sensitive to wavelet shape and can be linked to the physical properties of the material under test as velocity, attenuation and relative dielectric permittivity. Numerical simulations using 2D-GprMax and experimental results were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method.
Paediatric lymphoblastic T‐cell leukaemia and lymphoma: one or two diseases?

There is ongoing discussion on whether paediatric acute T‐cell lymphoblastic leukaemia (T‐ALL) and paediatric lymphoblastic T‐cell lymphoma (T‐LBL) are two distinct entities or whether they represent two variant manifestations of one and the same disease and the distinction is arbitrary. Both show overlapping clinical, morphological and immunophenotypic features. Many clinical trials use the amount of blast infiltration of the bone marrow as the sole criterion to distinguish between T‐ALL and T‐LBL. The current World Health Organization classification designates both malignancies as T lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma. However, subtle immunophenotypic, molecular and cytogenetic differences suggest that T‐ALL and T‐LBL might be biologically different in certain aspects. The current review summarizes and discusses the recent advances and understanding of the molecular profile of paediatric T‐ALL and T‐LBL.
The tasks of amacrine cells

Abstract Their unique patterns of size, numbers, and stratification indicate that amacrine cells have diverse functions. These are mostly unknown, as studies using imaging and electrophysiological methods have only recently begun. However, some of the events that occur within the amacrine cell population—and some important unresolved puzzles—can be stated purely from structural reasoning.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) In Vivo Studies: Known Thresholds for Health Effects

Three sources of harmful health effects from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in vivo techniques have been examined with the following conclusions: (a) Static magnetic fields. Harmful effects on humans and reproducible cellular, biochemical, or genetic effects have not yet been observed at fields less than 2 Tesla (20,000 gauss), (b) Changing magnetic fields. The threshold for effects of induced currents is above that produced from < 1 to 100 Hz sinusoidal field changes with a maximum field of 5 mT (50 gauss). Waveform, repetition rate, maximum B field, and duration of exposure are parameters requiring further study, (c) Radiofrequency (RF) heating. A practical upper level for absorbed power is 4 W/kg in medically important studies of short duration (less than 10 min). For long-term studies, 1.5 W/kg is a reasonable level in low humidity environments. The power absorbed by the subject can be estimated by measuring the RF coil Q before and after the subject is placed in the NMR instrument. Large metal objects will absorb power in proportion to the conductivity of the device or prosthesis.
Phosphorylation of H2A by Bub1 Prevents Chromosomal Instability Through Localizing Shugoshin

Recruiting the Components for Cell Division A complete chromosome set must be apportioned to each daughter cell during cell division. A number of molecular mechanisms check that chromosome pairs or homologs are correctly aligned and attached to microtubules just before they separate to the two daughters; their spatial orientation ensures an even inheritance of the genome. One critical component of this system is the protein kinase Bub1. Kawashima et al. (p. 172, see the Perspective by Javerzat; published online 19 November) now show that the main substrate for Bub1 kinase activity in fission yeast is the chromatin protein histone H2A. Phosphorylation of H2A recruits the shugoshin proteins to chromatin, and especially to centromeres, where they also act to ensure correct chromosome segregation. This link between Bub1, histone H2A phosphorylation, and shugoshin is conserved in budding yeast and mammalian cells. Phosphorylation of the chromatin protein histone H2A plays a critical role in chromosome segregation during cell division. Bub1 is a multi-task protein kinase required for proper chromosome segregation in eukaryotes. Impairment of Bub1 in humans may lead to chromosomal instability (CIN) or tumorigenesis. Yet, the primary cellular substrate of Bub1 has remained elusive. Here, we show that Bub1 phosphorylates the conserved serine 121 of histone H2A in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The h2a-SA mutant, in which all cellular H2A-S121 is replaced by alanine, phenocopies the bub1 kinase-dead mutant (bub1-KD) in losing the centromeric localization of shugoshin proteins. Artificial tethering of shugoshin to centromeres largely restores the h2a-SA or bub1-KD–related CIN defects, a function that is evolutionally conserved. Thus, Bub1 kinase creates a mark for shugoshin localization and the correct partitioning of chromosomes.
Ergonomics Hazards Analysis of Linemen’s Power Line Fixing Work in China

This study used qualitative and quantitative methods, such as OWAS (Ovako working posture analysis system) and behavior observation, to analyze musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) risk factors of power line fixing work in China. Video-based sampling was used to record and analyze the frequency and posture of on-pole activities. Those key subtasks showed ergonomics characteristics of on-pole fixing tasks. Insulator-fixing was the longest subtask (33% of total working time). Bar-installing was the second longest (26% of total working time). It was evident that bar-installing and insulator-fixing were full of hazardous risks. The action categories of the 2 subtasks were higher than of the other ones. The 2 subtasks were also time-consuming, difficult and induced MSDs. Assistant linemen faced more hazardous factors than chief linemen.
Exercise for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome: an abridged version of Cochrane systematic review.

BACKGROUND Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common knee problem characterised by retropatellar or peripatellar pain, which particularly affects adolescents and young adults. Exercise therapy is often prescribed. AIM To assess the effects of exercise therapy in people with PFPS. DESIGN Systematic review. SETTING All settings. POPULATION Adolescents and adults with PFPS. METHODS A search was performed in nine databases up to May 2014, including the Cochrane Register, MEDLINE and EMBASE. Randomised and quasi-randomised trials evaluating the effect of exercise therapy in adolescents and adults with PFPS were considered for inclusion. Two review authors independently selected trials, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. RESULTS In total, 31 trials including 1690 participants were included in this review, of which most were at high risk of performance bias and detection bias due to lack of blinding. The included studies provided evidence for: exercise therapy versus control; exercise therapy versus other conservative interventions (e.g. taping); and different exercises or exercise programmes. Pooled data favoured exercise therapy over control for pain during activity (short term MD -1.46 [-2.39, -0.54]), usual pain (short term estimated MD -1.44 [-2.48,-0.39]), functional ability; (short term estimated MD 12.21 [6.44, 18.09] and long term recovery (RR 1.35 [0.99, 1.84]). Pooled data favoured hip and knee exercise over knee exercises alone for pain during activity (short-term MD -2.20 [3.80, -0.60]) and usual pain (short term MD-1.77 [-2.78,-0.76]). CONCLUSION This review found very low quality but consistent evidence that exercise therapy for PFPS may result in clinically important reduction in pain and improvement in functional ability, as well as enhancing long-term recovery. There is some very low quality evidence that hip plus knee exercises may be more effective in reducing pain than knee exercise alone. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT Very low quality evidence but consistent evidence indicates that exercise therapy benefits patients with PFP. However, there is insufficient evidence to determine the best form of exercise therapy and it is unknown whether this result would apply to all people with PFPS.
THE INTRINSIC INNERVATION OF THE TRACHEA.

The problem of pulmonary innervation has attracted far more attention than the innervation of the trachea. The first contribution of any real value regarding the tracheal nerve supply was made by Willis (1685), who described nerves running in the external membrane (presumably the pretracheal fascia) and also in the inner fleshy or muscular layer. Waters (1860) noted nerves entering the trachea through its posterior wall, and Landois (1885) described a plexus of nerves, with numerous ganglia at the nodes, on the posterior surface of the trachealis muscle. Kandarazki (1881) not only identified ganglia in the posterior wall of the trachea, but also described neurons in the anterior wall. Ploschko (1897) confirmed that there was a concentration of ganglia in the posterior wall, and he added the information that the neurons were of the multipolar type and supplied the smooth muscle; he also demonstrated myelinated nerves ending in the smooth muscle and in the subepithelial tissues. Braeucker (1926), Tscheliustkin (1927) and Elftman (1943) observed the posterior concentration of ganglia and the increased complexity of the nerve plexuses in this region of the trachea, and Elftman also confirmed Ploschko's description of two types of nerve endings, one in the smooth muscle and the other in the subepithelial tissues. The most comprehensive study of tracheal innervation was carried out by Honjin (1954, 1956) on the mouse. He described a large number of small ganglia, serially connected by nerves and embedded in the adventitial tissues of the dorsal wall of the trachea. He pointed out the complete absence of ganglia in the ventral walls. Fine twigs arising from the posteriorly situated tracheal plexus passed forwards, between the cartilages, to the ventral surface. He observed axons of the ganglion cells passing to the smooth muscle and myelinated nerves forming endings in the muscle and epithelium.
Inertial sensor for objective evaluation of swimmer performance

In this paper, the development of an accelerometer based sensor and algorithms to extract useful information for evaluation of sportsman performance in swimming sport is presented. Several parameters were identified as useful and feasible to estimate from registered acceleration curves: ldquonumber of strokes per laprdquo, ldquoinstantaneous stroke raterdquo also durations of various swimming process intervals, periods and phases. Possible applications of extracted parameters were discussed.