Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ruminal degradation kinetic of Brachiaria decumbens silages with different nitrogen additives.

This study aimed to assess levels of nitrogen additive Silogen® pasto on ruminal in vitro degradability gas production in Brachiaria decumbens silages. The nitrogen additive contained bacterial strains ( Bacillus subtilis , Lactobacillus curvatus , Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici ) and minimum nitrogen to 360 g/kg. The levels were: 0.0; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 and 2.5%. In fractionation were calculated total carbohydrates (TC), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), soluble and rapidly degradable (A + B1), potentially degradable (B2) and degradable (C). The kinetic parameters of FC and NFC were estimated using the technique of in vitro gas production. Data were subjected to analysis of variance at 5%. The level additive did not influence the TC and fraction A + B1. The levels of nitrogen additive influenced the NFC, fractions B2 and C. For NFC content 2.0% showed the lowest (22.0 %). The lower levels of additive nitrogen (0, 1.0 and 1.5 % ) had higher fractions of B2 (average 40.2 %) and lower values for the fraction C (average 20.0 % ). There was no difference in the volume of gas CNF (average 86.73 mL) and final volume of gas produced (average 195.79 mL). Was no influence of nitrogen additives for the time of colonization, the lowest time of 3.89 h to 1.0%. The volume of gas of FC was influenced by levels of nitrogen additives with higher values to 0 % from 1.0 %, and 114.74 and 115.09 mL, respectively. Degradation rates of FC and FNC were also affected by the concentrations of nitrogenous additives, which presented higher rates to the levels of 2.0 and 2.5%. It follows that the lower levels of additives to 1.5 % promoted the reduction of the C fraction and increased B2, and greater production of gas volume of the fiber in these silages, showing better nutritional value in these silages.
Effects of High Pressure Treatment on the Microbiological Quality, Texture and Colour of Vacuum Packed Pork Meat Products

The aim of the study was to define usefulness of high pressure treatment for inactivation of microorganisms and prolongation of shelf life of two types of cooked pork ham and raw smoked pork loin. The samples of ham and loin in the presentation of standard 200 g pieces were vacuum packed in polylayer polyethylene bags and exposed to high pressure treatment in the range of 300-600 MPa and time of exposure of 10-30 minutes. Results indicate that 300 MPa and 400 MPa pressure applied for 10 minutes was insufficient for prolongation of storage period of ham. Pressure of 500 MPa, applied for 10 minutes caused significant decrease of microbiological parameters studied such as: total bacterial count, psychrophylic bacteria, acidophylic bacteria and enterococci in investigated samples, stored in refrigarator conditions for 4 weeks. Pressure of 600 MPa applied for 10 minutes reduced the number of all investigated microorganisms by 10 5 -10 6 fold. Application of this pressure prolonged storage period of traditionally produced ham to 6-8 weeks. Physico-chemical characteristics of ham, measured 24 h after high pressure treatment and after 4, 6 and 8 weeks of storage, did not change when compared to the initial samples. High pressure treatment caused increase in the colour lightness parameters only in pork smoked loin.
Preparation of Oligogermanes via the Hydrogermolysis Reaction

The hydrogermolysis reaction has been shown to be useful for the formation of germanium−germanium bonds. The Ge−Ge bond forming reaction involves a germanium amide and a germanium hydride and requires the use of acetonitrile as the solvent. A key factor in the formation of the Ge−Ge bond involves reaction of the germanium amide R3GeNMe2 with acetonitrile solvent to furnish an α-germylated nitrile R3GeCH2CN which contains a labile Ge−C bond. This species undergoes subsequent reaction with a germanium hydride R3GeH to form the Ge−Ge bond. Using this method, the digermanes Bun3GeGePh3 and Et3GeGePh3 have been obtained and their X-ray crystal structures have been determined. The preparation of three synthons for stepwise oligogermane chain buildup, R2Ge(NMe2)CH2CH2OEt (R = Et, Bu, Ph), has also been achieved. These synthons react with Ph3GeH in CH3CN to afford the corresponding digermanes, which in the case of R = Et and Bu undergo subsequent reaction with DIBAL-H to generate a digermane hydride. The ethyl an.
Helium dimer potential from symmetry-adapted perturbation theory calculations using large Gaussian geminal and orbital basis sets

The symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) has been employed to calculate an accurate potential energy curve for the helium dimer. For major components of the interaction energy, saturated values have been obtained using extended Gaussian-type geminal bases. Some other, less significant components were computed using a large orbital basis and the standard set of SAPT codes. The remaining small fraction of the interaction energy has been obtained using a nonstandard SAPT program specific for two-electron monomers and the supermolecular full configuration interaction (FCI) calculations in a moderately large orbital basis. Accuracy of the interaction energy components has been carefully examined. The most accurate to date values of the electrostatic, exchange, induction, and dispersion energies are reported for distances from 3.0 to 7.0 bohr. After adding the retardation correction predicted by the Casimir theory, our new potential has been shown [A. R. Janzen and R. A. Aziz (submitted)] to recover the .
Adubação com molibdênio em soja, na presença ou ausência de calcário aplicado na superfície do solo, em plantio direto

An experiment was carried out in 1997/1998 on Dark Red Latosol (Haplorthox), in Passo Fundo, with pH (H2O) 4.9 and 41.2mmolc de Al3+dm-3, to study the effects of lime, applied on the surface of the soil, and molybdenum, on soybean yields. The residual effect of lime and the reapplication of Mo was studied at the same location, in 1998/1999. The experimental design was the complete randomized block, with four replications. The treatments consisted of: 1) lime + Mo applied on the seeds; 2) lime + foliar application of Mo; 3) lime; 4) Mo applied on soybean seeds; 5) Mo applied on soybean leaves and 6) no lime and no Mo. Lime was applied at a rate of 2t ha-1, at the surface of soil. Molybdenum was applied at the rate of 12g ha-1, on the seeds, and 30g ha-1, when foliar applied, 30-33 days after emergency. Soybean responded to applied Mo, even in the treatments with lime, in both seasons. The results of the two experiments indicated that the superficial application of lime did not release enough Mo for the development of no-tillage soybean in the acid soil used. The fertilization of molybdenum on the seeds or foliar way had the same efficiency.
Kinetically Controlled Pt Deposition onto Self-Assembled Au Colloids: Preparation of Au (Core)−Pt (Shell) Nanoparticle Assemblies

Assemblies of Au (core)−Pt (shell) nanoparticles were prepared by chemical deposition of Pt metal onto colloidal Au particles that self-assembled onto substrates, since PtCl62- may be reduced to Pt(0) by the mild reducing agent NH2OH in the presence of gold nanoparticles. It is shown that the Pt deposition is isotropic and uniform on each particle via the combination of scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analysis. And the linear dependence of the particle size on the deposition time suggests that the deposition procedure is kinetically controlled. What is more, the kinetics of this Pt deposition onto Au nanoparticles is analyzed, which further reveals that the growth rate of the core−shell nanoparticles depends on the concentration of PtCl62-, the molar mass and density of Pt metal, and a constant related to the surface reaction.
Selected drinking water characteristics and attached microbial population density

Cast-iron test surfaces in a distribution system were exposed to ascertain the relationship between suspended microbial population density, chloramine residual, velocity, water temperature, and selected average solute concentrations and attached microbial population density. The population of attached microorganisms was directly related to water temperature and suspended microbial population density and indirectly related to chloramine concentration and maximum velocity using either analysis of variance or linear correlation. Statistical analysis using linear correlation could demonstrate no strong relationships between pH, alkalinity, organic nitrogen, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, total phosphate, orthophosphate, or total organic carbon and attached microbial population density.
Effect of post‐veraison source limitation on the accumulation of sugar, anthocyanins and seed tannins in Vitis vinifera cv. Sangiovese berries

Background and Aims Climate change can alter the synchronous accumulation of sugar and other main berry compounds during ripening. The aim of this study was to determine whether post-veraison trimming could delay sugar accumulation and influence the production of anthocyanins and seed tannins in Sangiovese grapes. Methods and Results Shoots were trimmed in 2009, 2010 and 2011 when the berry total soluble solids (TSS) reached 15–17°Brix, leaving eight nodes on each main shoot. The accumulation of TSS, anthocyanins and seed tannins was measured during ripening, and yield parameters were recorded at harvest. Grapes from trimmed vines contained a lower TSS in 2009 and 2010, but there was no impact on the concentration of anthocyanins and seed tannins. In 2011, leaf area limitation was insufficient to reduce TSS accumulation, because yield constraints were observed and the leaf area/yield ratio was within the optimal range. Conclusions The lower rate of TSS accumulation in berries had no impact on the concentration of anthocyanins and seed tannins, suggesting that this approach could produce grapes with a lower TSS at harvest or delay harvest. In low-vigour vines suffering from water deficit, the post-veraison trimming repeated over the years could reduce yield, which may be responsible for the lack of TSS reduction compared with that of control vines. Significance of the Study Our study provides insight into the relationship between TSS accumulation and the production of anthocyanins and seed tannins in the berry in response to post-veraison leaf area reduction.
Role of hydrogen in the surface passivation of crystalline silicon by sputtered aluminum oxide

Aluminum oxide films can provide excellent surface passivation on both p‐type and n‐type surfaces of silicon wafers and solar cells. Even though radio frequency magnetron sputtering is capable of depositing aluminum oxide with concentrations of negative charges comparable to some of the other deposition methods, the surface passivation has not been as good. In this paper, we compare the composition and bonding of aluminum oxide deposited by thermal atomic layer deposition and sputtering, and find that the interfacial silicon oxide layer and hydrogen concentration can explain the differences in the surface passivation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Influence of Tin Ions on the Thermal Property of β-FeOOH Nanorods

The properties of akaganeite (β-FeOOH) are affected by the coexisting ions and can be changed by doping various ions. Tin doped β-FeOOH nanorods were prepared using β-FeOOH nanorods as the precursor under hydrothermal conditions. The effect of tin ions on the thermal property of β-FeOOH was investigated. The doping of tin ions was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and atomic emission spectrometer analysis. The adsorption of tin ions on the surface of β-FeOOH could prevent the transformation from β-FeOOH nanorods to α-Fe2O3 in solution. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis showed they have different thermal decomposition temperatures. β-FeOOH nanorods were transformed into α-Fe2O3 particles at 400 °C. While tin doped β-FeOOH nanorods should be heated to 600 °C. Tin doped β-FeOOH nanorods showed higher thermal stability than that of β-FeOOH nanorods. The presence of tin ions is favor of the formation of rod like shape.
Flame Phenomenology for Premixed Methane and Propane/Air in Developed Meso-scale Channels at Ambient Conditions

This paper reports the development of a meso-scale channel for propagation of methane and propane-air mixtures at low Reynolds number. An experiment was conducted in 3, 4 and 5 mm internal quartz tube diameters at premixed conditions of the fuel/air. The tubes were vertically mounted and sometimes preheated uniformly laterally. Uniformly laterally heating gives a zero temperature gradient. Flame phenomenology at different equivalence ratios (φ) of the mixture was discussed. It was observed that quenching position of the flame front somewhat increases with decrease in mixture flow rate(Q). The presence of a flame trap near the mixing chamber was found to intensify the acoustic frequency generated. For the first time, periodic accelerating and decelerating flames (PADFs) were observed at higher Q and φ = 0.66 for propane/air mixture in 5 mm tube.
R EINFORCEMENT L EARNING WITH U NKNOWN R EWARD F UNCTIONS

In practical reinforcement learning (RL) scenarios, algorithm designers might express uncertainty over which reward function best captures real-world desiderata. However, academic papers typically treat the reward function as either (i) exactly known, leading to the standard reinforcement learning problem, or (ii) unknown, motivating a body of work on intrinsically-motivated exploration, where agents learn the dynamics of their environment and visit diverse states, often as a pretraining step to task-specific learning. We propose a framework for reinforcement learning given a distribution over possible reward functions. Our contributions include derivations of the Bayes-optimal and minimax policies in this setting as well as efficient algorithms for approximating these policies.
Free radical polymerizations for narrow polydispersity resins: electron spin resonance studies of the kinetics and mechanism

ESR was used to follow the time-dependent concentration of stable TEMPO nitroxide radical in situ to understand the formation of narrow polydispersity, high molecular weight resins by a modified free radical polymerization process. This process involves the reversible termination of growing free radical chains by the TEMPO radicals. The first step is shown to involve a bimolecular reaction of nitroxide radical and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) initiator. This bimolecular reaction, which leads to peroxide radicals, is a rate-promoted decomposition having an activation energy of 40±5 KJ/mol in toluene, compared to 125 kJ/mol for the thermal decomposition of BPO to its radicals. Computer simulations were used to numerically solve the reaction kinetics
Quality Assurance of Higher Education in Terms of the National Education Performance and Competitiveness Growth

Development of modern society demands from education to provide a quality education that meets both the needs of the education and training of the individual and the society. Achieving this goal is particularly important for the Republic of Moldova and requires the implementation of efficient quality assurance systems and mechanisms in education (educational services), quality meaning competitiveness and prosperity. Starting from the importance of this issue, this paper analyses the dimension of Moldovan higher education, the changes that have occurred within it in recent decades and its impact on the quality of offered services, as well as the approaches to quality assurance; the opportunity of setting up a unique system of quality assurance in education in the country, based on a systemic and comprehensive approach to respond to the needs of the national economy and European policies in the field of higher education quality.
Die Ursache der Dunkelfärbung des hellen Graphitoxids

Die Dunkelfarbung des frisch hergestellten, hellen Graphitoxids bei Lichteinwirkung beruht auf einer Zersetzung. Schon bei 20°C werden CO und CO2 entwickelt. Immediately after its preparation, graphite oxide is only slightly coloured. Its darkening under the influence of light is caused by decomposition; CO and CO2 are formed already at room temperature.
‘Growing out of the growing pain’: The role of financial literacy on the demand for life insurance in China

Using the 2013 wave of the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS), we investigate the impact of financial literacy on the demand for life insurance in China. Our empirical results show that financial literacy significantly increases both the probability of purchasing life insurance and the premium paid. This finding is robust to measuring financial literacy in various ways. Additional regression results show that access to professional training in economics/finance plays a more important role on the demand for life insurance for relatively poorer people, and that the sensitivity of insurance demand to all our measures of financial literacy is higher for households located in relatively less developed regions.
Iogurte probiótico com frutanos tipo inulina de diferentes graus de polimerização: características físico-químicas e microbiológicas e estabilidade ao armazenamento Probiotic yoghurt with inulin-type fructans of different degrees of polymerization: physicochemical and microbiological characteristics

The effect of the addition of inulin-type fructans of different degrees of polymerization (DP) on the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics and storage stability (4°C for 28 days) of nonfat probiotic yoghurt was investigated. The yoghurts were prepared using traditional lactic culture (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus) and Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei as probiotic. The formulations contained inulin- type fructans of DP: low (P95 oligofructose, DP 5), medium (ST inulin, DP 10) or high (HP inulin, DP 23) in a concentration of 2g 1
PREVENTION OF NITRATE LEAKAGE FROM THE HULA BASIN, ISRAEL: A CASE STUDY IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

Drainage of the Hula basin led to the exposure of about 2000 ha of organic soils. Corollary to a high subsidence rate, extensive nitrification and leaching of nitrates became evident, endangering the quality of the water in Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee). The problem is being solved by a) improving the drainage system and reducing water flow through the basin; b) maintaining a relatively high water table during the summer, thus minimizing the depth of the oxidized layer; c) inducing denitrification through the use of sprinkler irrigation; and d) selecting crops that reduce the accumulation of nitrates in the soil.
Projecting Student Population Using Artificial Neural Network

Many Nigerian universities are beset with the need for expansion but lack effective planning techniques to effectively utilize the meager finance available to plan towards expansion of facilities in order to accommodate the ever-increasing number of students’ population. In the quest to design effective strategic plans to guide the utilization of the limited funds allocations made available by the federal government, many Nigerian universities adopt statistical approaches like the ratio technique for making population projections. However, such statistical means are based on unrealistic assumptions and are not very suitable for predicting population growth due to the intrinsic chaos of population growth. This research work explores the use of Artificial Neural Networks in generating accurate student population projections from trends in student demographic data and implements a proposed model that achieves this purpose in a case study university. Results show that the proposed system has a better predictive accuracy than the ratio technique.
Micro‐Macroscopic Coupled Modeling of Batteries and Fuel Cells II. Application to Nickel‐Cadmium and Nickel‐Metal Hydride Cells

The micro-macroscopic coupled model developed in a companion paper is applied to predict the discharge and charge behaviors of nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) and nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) cells. The model integrates important microscopic phenomena such as proton or hydrogen diffusion and conduction of electrons in active materials into the macroscopic calculations of species and charge transfer. Simulation results for a full Ni-Cd cell and single MH electrode are presented and validated against the pseudo two-dimensional numerical model in the literature. In good agreement with the previous results, the present family of models is computationally more efficient and is particularly suitable for simulations of complex test conditions, such as the dynamic stress test and pulse charging for electric vehicles. In addition, a mathematical model for full Ni-MH cells is presented and sample simulations are performed for discharge and recharge with oxygen generation and recombination taken into account. These gas reactions represent an important mechanism for battery overcharge in the electric vehicle application.
Effect of phosphate rock on the solubility of heavy metals in soils saturated with industrial wastewater

Irshad, M. , Khan, R. U. , Jadoon, S. , Hassan, A. and Egrinya Eneji, A. 2014. Effect of phosphate rock on the solubility of heavy metals in soils saturated with industrial wastewater. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 543–549. An in situ technology for immobilizing metals in polluted soils could be a more effective approach to managing their toxicity to the environment, especially plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of milled phosphate rock (PR) on the sorption of Ni, Cd and Cu ions in differently textured soils polluted with industrial wastewater. For this purpose, soils were mixed with two particle size fractions (0.2 mm and 1 mm) of PR material. Each material was applied at the rate of 0, 2.5 and 5%. Results showed that PR amendment reduced the solubilization of heavy metals in the order sandy clay loam>sandy loam>loamy sand. Metal concentrations in soils saturated with industrial wastewater were in the order Ni>Cd>Cu. Solubilization of metal ions in soils also reduced with the increase in th.
Mechanism of Alzheimer Amyloid β-Protein Precursor Localization to Membrane Lipid Rafts

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a group of common neurodegenerative diseases associated with progressive dementia with aging. The principal pathological hallmarks of AD are senile pla‐ ques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, which are found at significantly higher fre‐ quencies in AD patients than age-matched healthy (non-AD) subjects [1]. Senile plaques consist mainly of 39–43 amino-acid amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, which is generated by sequen‐ tial proteolytic processing of amyloid β-protein precursor (APP) (Figure 1) [2]. Common Aβ species generated in the human and murine brain are Aβ40 and Aβ42. Mutations in APP and Presenilin, which have been identified as familial AD-causative genes, result in in‐ creased Aβ production and/or an increased ratio of neurotoxic Aβ42.