Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning Computer Programming Using A Board Game - Case Study On C-Jump

C-Jump Computer Programming Board is a new game in the game industry that teaches basic computer programming statements to its players. It educates the basic commands of a programming language, such as the concept of variables, "if", "else", "switch", "while" and "continue". Players will be able to see how the real computer program looks like.
Using Short‐Term CO/CO2 Ratios to Assess Air Mass Differences Over the Korean Peninsula During KORUS‐AQ

One‐second in situ measurements of CO and CO2 mole fractions were made aboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration DC‐8 aircraft during the 2016 KORUS‐AQ joint air quality and atmospheric chemistry field campaign in South Korea. The ratio of CO to CO2 enhancement is used to characterize regional combustion source signatures. Calculations of the ∆CO/∆CO2 ratio were made with a short duration rolling window (60 s), filtered by the coefficient of determination (R2), and plotted as distributions to characterize air masses measured from the aircraft during the campaign. The KORUS‐AQ sampling domain was divided into analysis regions to facilitate the analysis. Over Seoul, the boundary layer shows a low‐ratio signature in the ∆CO/∆CO2 ratios, with more than 50% of the correlated slopes in the boundary layer falling below 1% ∆CO/∆CO2, and 80% of the slopes between 0% and 2% ∆CO/∆CO2. However, this behavior changes to a larger ratio distribution at higher altitudes. The West Sea receptor region was divided into three analysis sectors, by meteorological regime, and used in conjunction with measurements collected over China during the KORUS‐AQ campaign time period to characterize the Chinese ∆CO/∆CO2 ratio signature. Chinese‐type emissions have a slope distribution that is shifted to higher ratios and broadened compared to measurements over Seoul, with the bulk of the measurements between 2% and 4% ∆CO/∆CO2, with few negative slopes. The measured ratio trends over South Korea are consistent with inventoried CO and CO2 emissions.
A Case Study: Response Mechanics of Irregular Rotational Tidal Flows to Outlet Regulation in Yangtze Estuary

Responses of irregular rotational tidal flows to an outlet regulation (the Guyuan Sand (GYS) regulation) in the three-level branching Yangtze Estuary are studied by a high-resolution numerical model and theoretical analysis. The project is launched around GYS at the outlet of the North Branch of the Yangtze Estuary. The tidal flows around GYS are rotational and become irregular under the influences of the runoff-tide interactions, rapidly varying topographies and complex solid boundaries in coastal areas. Three designs of GYS regulation were studied, including various diversion dikes and new outlets of different widths. The regulation disturbs the irregular rotational flows around GYS, and further changes the estuarine tidal processes and the water exchange between different branches of the branching Yangtze Estuary. It was interesting to find that additional current and additional storage are formed along the North Branch when a southward outlet and the clockwise rotational flow met around GYS. This special phenomenon is named “guide effect” in this study. The guide effect, together with common resist effect (arising from the narrowed outlet channel), reshapes the estuarine tidal processes. Based on the simulation result and a theoretical analysis, response mechanics of irregular rotational tidal flows to the outlet regulation in complex branching estuaries are quantitatively studied.
Assessing the Functional Status of Created Wetlands in Eastern Virginia Via a Soil and Vegetative Developmental Trajectory

PAGE Creation of wetlands has been used since the 1980s as a tool for the mitigation of natural wetlands lost to development. Although current wetland policy attempts to compensate for lost wetland acreage, replacement of function may lag considerably. To measure this suspected lag, I evaluated the plant community and soil composition of nine created palustrine forested wetlands in Virginia relative to natural reference wetlands. A previous study (Fajardo 2006) indicated that the vegetation and soil composition was far from that observed in natural wetlands. This study re-sampled these wetlands in 2008 to determine whether the functional gap between created and natural wetlands has changed with age, and to create a baseline for future assessment. Plant communities were analyzed for the presence of hydrophytic vegetation (weighted average) and species richness. Our results showed that all sites had >50% plots dominated by hydrophytic vegetation and most exhibited positive successional changes represented by more woody species. Soil cores were obtained from around the vegetative plots and analyzed for physical, chemical, and morphological properties. Organic matter nearly doubled (to 4.41%). C increased, while N, Fe, and P increased significantly (to 1.68%, 0.17%, 0.75%, 159 mg/kg respectively), while C:N decreased significantly (to <14:1). Modified Soil Particle Density decreased significantly in most sites. Three sites exhibited soil chroma changes towards becoming more oxidized, four more reduced, and two saw no overall change. Results of this study could be used to validate the untested assumption that created palustrine forested wetlands may attain the functional equivalency of wetlands lost to development. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Effect of Frozen Storage on the Chemical, Physical and Microbiological Quality of Imported Mackerel (Scomber scombrus).

The imported frozen (Mackerel) Scomber scombrus was evaluated for the changes of its quality during freezing storage at -18oC for four months and its compliance with the Egyptian standard specifications. It was found that the protein, lipid and ash contents decreased during the storage period. Furthermore, moisture slightly increased during the storage period. The results also indicated that the samples did not exceed the permissible limits of total nitrogen as determined by the Egyptian Organization for Standardization and the quality of production. Microbiological examination showed a significant decrease [P˂0.05] in the total bacterial count between the first and fourth months of storage. Staphylococcus spp. was detected in the first and the second months of surface examination, being 104.70 cfu×103 /g and 2.74 cfu×103 /g, respectively.In addition, Salmonella was detected in the first month of surface examination. E. coli and Clostridium were absent in all examined samples. Fourteen different bacterial isolates were isolated from all samples. Twelve isolates were isolated from staph 110 medium and two isolates were found on the SS agar medium. Twelve isolates were coccoid shaped bacteria and 2 isolates were spore forming long rods. All isolates were gram positive. Two isolates were spore forming and twelve isolates were non-spore forming. Six isolates were considered as Staphylococcus sp. and another six isolates were considered as Micrococcus sp. the last two isolates were considered as Bacillus sp.
Formation of Arctic Stratocumuli Through Atmospheric Radiative Cooling

Stratocumulus clouds are important to the Arctic climate because they are prevalent and exert a strong radiative forcing on the surface. However, relatively little is known about how stratocumulus clouds form in the Arctic. In this study, radiative transfer calculations are used to show that the timescale over which stably stratified Arctic temperature and water vapor profiles cool to saturation is less than typical residence times for individual air parcels in the Arctic. This result is consistent with previous studies in suggesting that elevated stratocumulus can form naturally through clear‐sky radiative cooling during all seasons, without assistance from frontal lifting or other atmospheric forcing. Single column model simulations of the cloud formation process, after radiative cooling has resulted in saturation in a stably stratified profile, suggest that stratocumulus cloud properties are sensitive to the characteristics of the environment in which the formation process takes place. For example, sensitivity tests suggest that clouds may attain liquid water paths of over 50 g/m2 if they form in moist environments but may become locked in a low‐liquid water path quasi steady state or dissipate within hours if they form in dry environments. A potential consequence of these sensitivities is that when an Arctic stratocumulus layer forms by radiative cooling, it is more likely to become optically thick, optically thin, or dissipate than it is to obtain an intermediate optical thickness. This could help explain why the cloudy and radiatively clear atmospheric states are so prevalent across the Arctic.
Where Birds Chill: An Assessment of the Habitat Preferences of Birds Overwintering in Hudson Valley Forests

Many avian species overwinter in eastern North America; however, studies on bird populations are rarely undertaken during this critical survival time, and little is known as to their habitat preferences and foraging behavior. In this observational study, we performed a survey of birds overwintering in the Hudson Valley’s temperate, primarily-deciduous forests, assessing avian populations’ habitat preferences through the vegetative structural variables surrounding overwintering birds as they forage. Our results suggest that high canopy cover is critically important to predicting overwintering bird occupancy on a microhabitat scale. Moreover, overwintering birds preferentially occupy forest plots not dominated by sugar maples, in spite of the fact that sugar maples were the most prevalent tree species surveyed. While shrub and forb cover is not predictive of individual bird occupancy, higher understory cover does influence abundance, suggesting flocking bird species are selective of high ground cover microhabitats. Our results provide critical data on seasonal avian habitat preferences in the face of globally declining avian populations and shifting anthropogenic land use patterns. These results have numerous indications on effective bird conservation over the fall-to-winter season; with further implications in the fields of forest management and white-tailed deer control.
Angular adjustment of surveyed building polygon using robust M-estimation methods

Positions of polygon points determining a geometric shape of a building object are affected by random measurement errors of the object’s angles. Polygon angles are thus not equal when comparing actual and design corners of a building object. However it is possible to make an attempt to correct polygon angles within the standard deviation of the position of polygon points and lead to their congruency with the known design angles of the field object. In this paper, we propose the least squares method for
Empirical Study of Single Platform E-Payment in South East Asia

Freedom, choice, and simplicity brought about by the e-commerce and technologies are creating the next internet and mobile wave. The single platform e-payment interactions have emerged in the consumer-centric world. The combination of evolving business drivers, globalization, downsizing, changing customer demands, and the evolution of enabling technology is constructing the customer-centric e-payment solutions. In this chapter, the authors discuss and analyze the e-commerce payment systems with the focus on single platform e-payment. This chapter presents an empirical study of e-payment systems and the implications of the findings on e-payment systems in Southeast Asia. Marketing and management personnel of the e-payment organizations will be able to utilize the study information for developing products and services that encourage the usage of single platform e-payment.
Nitrogen cycling in the Elbe estuary from a joint 3D-modelling and observational perspective

Abstract. The study addresses the nitrogen cycling in Elbe estuary. Observations of salinity, nutrients and oxygen from moored stations, ship casts and helicopter surveys are presented. Observations are complemented by simulations obtained from a coupled physical-biogeochemical 3D unstructured model, applied for the first time to the estuarine environment. Model simulations reproduce the temporal variability of nutrients and oxygen along the estuarine salinity gradient. Both, observations and model results, demonstrate mostly conservative mixing of nitrate and non-conservative behavior of ammonium. Model hind-casts of the years 2012 and 2013 provide a detailed reconstruction of nitrogen recycling with ammonium appearing as the key species of the remineralisation process. Estuarine turnover processes are fueled by inputs of diatoms and organic nitrogen at the tidal weir with intense primary production manifest in the shallow river section downstream of the weir. The harbor area is the hot spot of heterotrophic decay associated with growth of meso-zooplankton, sedimentation of degradable material, remineralisation, oxygen depletion, denitrification and ammonium production. In the harbor, biochemistry shows strong vertical gradients while hydrodynamics demonstrate connectivity between the main channel and the harbor. At the estuary bed nitrogen is deposited during spring and early summer. Resuspension leads to nearly closed budget by the end of the year. During the Elbe flood in June 2013, estuarine biogeochemistry is significantly disturbed with the harbor being deactivated as hot spot of heterotrophic decay. Plankton and organic matter are flushed towards the outer estuary which in consequence sees high abundance of grazers, oxygen depletion and elevated release of ammonium.
pysteps - a community-driven open-source library for precipitation nowcasting

➢ S. Pulkkinen, V. Chandrasekar, A. -M. Harri, Stochastic Spectral Method for Radar-Based Probabilistic Precipitation Nowcasting, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Early Online Release, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0242.1, 2019. pysteps a Community-Driven Open-Source Library for Precipitation Nowcasting S. Pulkkinen1,2, D. Nerini3,4, A. Pérez Hortal5, C. Velasco-Forero6, A. Seed6, U. Germann3 and L. Foresti3 1Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States 2Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland 3Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Locarno-Monti, Switzerland 4Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland 5Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada 6Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia
A 16-year dataset (2000–2015) of high-resolution (3 hour, 10 km) global surface
solar radiation

Abstract. The recent release of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) HXG cloud products and new ERA5 reanalysis data enabled us to produce a global surface solar radiation (SSR) dataset: a 16-year (2000–2015) high-resolution (3 h, 10 km) global SSR dataset with an improved physical parameterization scheme. The main inputs were cloud optical depth from ISCCP-HXG cloud products, the water vapor, surface pressure and ozone from ERA5 reanalysis data, and albedo and aerosol from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products. The estimated SSR data was evaluated against surface observations measured at 42 stations of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) and 90 radiation stations of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA). Validation against the BSRN data indicated that the mean bias error (MBE), root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R) for the instantaneous SSR estimate at 10 km scale were −11.5 W m−2, 113.5 W m−2, and 0.92, respectively. The error was clearly reduced when the data were upscaled to 90 km; RMSE decreased to 93.4 W m−2 and R increased to 0.95. For daily SSR estimates at 90 km scale, the MBE, RMSE and R at the BSRN were −5.8 W m−2, 33.1 W m−2 and 0.95, respectively. These error metrics at the CMA radiation stations were 2.1 W m−2, 26.9 W m−2 and 0.95, respectively. Comparisons with other global satellite radiation products indicated that our SSR estimates were generally better than those of the ISCCP flux dataset (ISCCP-FD), the global energy and water cycle experiment surface radiation budget (GEWEX-SRB), and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES). Our SSR dataset will contribute to the land-surface process simulations and the photovoltaic applications in the future. The data set is available at https://doi.org/10.11888/Meteoro.tpdc. 270112 (Tang, 2019).
A numerical study on the flame characteristics and pollutant emissions in a premixed burner: Comparison between porous and solid bluff bodies

The effects of porous and solid bluff bodies in the combustion chamber on flame stability limits, gas and solid temperature distributions, pressure drop, methane conversion rate, and CO and NO emissions are examined numerically. The porous and solid bluff bodies are made of SiC with the inner diameter of 50 mm, the outer diameter of 90 mm, and the length of 22 mm. In this study, Renormalization Group k–ε is used for modeling of turbulence. Eddy dissipation concept is selected for modeling of the interaction between turbulence and chemistry. A reduced mechanism based on GRI 3.0 consisting of 16 species and 41 reactions is employed to model methane combustion. The results indicate that the upper flame stability limit can be diminished by adding porous bluff body in the combustion chamber instead of the solid bluff body. Besides, the pressure drop, CO and NO emissions in the combustion chamber with solid bluff body are higher than those of porous bluff body, while the methane conversion rate increases by replacing porous bluff body instead of solid bluff body in the combustion chamber.
Modeling and Simulation of Respiratory Flow

In this master thesis, a simplified model for simulation of respiratory flow with initial and boundary conditions is derived, implemented, tested and discussed. Both steady and unsteady flow simulations are performed using corresponding boundary conditions. The main simplifications and assumptions behind the model are the use of a simplified geometry, in this case a converging-diverging nozzle (CDN), the quasi-one-dimensional approach, and the assumptions of inviscid flow and perfect gas. The governing equations of the model are the compressible quasi-1D Euler equations. The numerical model prescribes initial stagnation conditions and steady boundary conditions pertaining to the pressure relation driving the flow. The relation between the pulmonary pressure in the lungs and the surrounding ambient pressure is modeled by the relation between the nozzle exit pressure and the stagnation pressure. Oscillating flow is governed by unsteady boundary conditions modeling the respiratory cycle. A sinusoidal time-varying stagnation pressure condition describing the lungs is implemented. The model is discretized using the finite volume method (FVM). For simulation, both first order and higher order discretization methods are implemented: the first order explicit Euler method with the Rusanov scheme and the third order SSP Runge-Kutta method with second order MUSCL extrapolation of the conservative variables. The model with steady boundaries is tested for two cases applied to a CDN, one with transonic flow conditions and one with low Mach number flow conditions. The unsteady boundaries are tested for a constant cross-sectional area with low Mach number flow. Results show that the model yields the expected flow phenomena for steady flow simulations in a CDN and may be verified against the exact analytical solution. Accurate results are obtained, especially for the low Mach number flow, with relative errors under 1% when compared with the exact analytical solution. For oscillating flow, the results show significant agreement with the expected flow features. Verification of the model applied to steady transonic and low Mach number flow with a varying cross-sectional area is achieved by comparison to the exact analytical solution. However, some spatial resolution issues and stability issues are encountered. The proposed model simulates oscillating flow in satisfactory accordance with the reviewed literature. More testing is nevertheless required to obtain a verified solution for unsteady low Mach number flow, although this is dependent upon improving the complexity of the model. For further improvement of the model, it is advised that one look into well-balanced methods for discretization of the source term to potentially resolve the encountered spatial resolution and stability issues. Furthermore, it is suggested to consider and compare different types of oscillating boundary conditions. Additionally, the model may be improved upon by taking transport phenomena and a more complex geometry into account, yielding a more comprehensive and realistic model for respiratory flow.
Black Box Identification of Earth's Climate System

Climate models allow simulating and evaluating the responses of Earth's climate to imbalance factors (known as forcing factors): human, volcanic and solar activities. The purpose of this paper is to assess the respective contributions of these factors only from observations, modern or paleoclimatic, without resorting to any a priori quantification of energy flows generated by forcing factors, nor of the coefficients of sensitivity of global temperatures to these energy fluxes. For this purpose, an energy balance model is calibrated from classical identification techniques (in the sense of systems theory). It is a black box approach, i.e. based exclusively on observations. Despite the diversity and relative inaccuracy of the models obtained, the simulated contributions of the forcing factors are found to be incompatible with the generally accepted levels. The sensitivity to solar activity appears to be underestimated in a ratio up to 6 or 15; volcanic activity is overestimated at least in a ratio of two. More importantly, the contribution of human activity to recent warming could be negligible compared to that of the internal climate variability. These results are based on objective probabilities, directly derived from observations, which in science prevail over any theoretical speculation. Although they must obviously be received with caution, they cannot be ignored, and we conclude by giving some explanations to the deviations from the prevailing consensus.
Robot Control by Human Head Gesture

: This paper deals with the specific application for controlled movement of robot head by using head gesture of human. It is considered as the easiest alternative methods of interface with robot and other devices. we precisely targeting the movement of the head of person based on gesture which will decide to move the of robot in the directon of person desires to move it. The robot performs four basic recognised these head gestures are basically :- nodding up, nodding down, bending right and bending left. These are implemented as interaction between human and robot on basis of head gesture and control switch to enable or disable robot . It is controlled using MATLAB programs like Viola Jones algorithm and is segmented with activity based on image processing. The basic purpose of this is to make a controlled head movement of robot which will do copy of human head movement.
FORCE PRODUCTION IN THE FIRST FOUR STEPS OF SPRINT RUNNING

The purpose of this investigation was to understand how the athlete produces acceleration during the first steps of sprint running. One athlete performed four starts from starting blocks over a series of four force plates. Horizontal impulse (which directly relates to the acceleration of the athlete) gradually decreased after leaving the blocks, while this decrease was transferred to a gradual increase in vertical force production to support the small but required vertical movement of CM in order to increase flight time (to gain longer steps). It also seems that the body can compensate for some technical mistakes during the performance, as the results revealed that an extended braking time in one step yielded a reduced braking time in the next step. This implied that the increased time in the contact was used to get other body parts into more favourable positions for the next step.