Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterizing SASI- and convection-dominated core-collapse supernova explosions in two dimensions

The success of the neutrino mechanism of core-collapse supernovae relies on the supporting action of two hydrodynamic instabilities: neutrino-driven convection and the Standing Accretion Shock Instability (SASI). Depending on the structure of the stellar progenitor, each of these instabilities can dominate the evolution of the gain region prior to the onset of explosion, with implications for the ensuing asymmetries. Here we examine the flow dynamics in the neighborhood of explosion by means of parametric two-dimensional, time-dependent hydrodynamic simulations for which the linear stability properties are well understood. We find that systems for which the convection parameter is sub-critical (SASI-dominated) develop explosions once large-scale, high-entropy bubbles are able to survive for several SASI oscillation cycles. These long-lived structures are seeded by the SASI during shock expansions. Finite-amplitude initial perturbations do not alter this outcome qualitatively, though they can lead to significant differences in explosion times. Supercritical systems (convection-dominated) also explode by developing large-scale bubbles, though the formation of these structures is due to buoyant activity. Non-exploding systems achieve a quasi-steady state in which the time-averaged flow adjusts itself to be convectively sub-critical. We characterize the turbulent flow using a spherical Fourier-Bessel decomposition, identifying the relevant scalings and connecting temporal and spatial components. Finally, we verify the applicability of these principles on the general relativistic, radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of Mueller, Janka, & Heger (2012), and discuss implications for the three-dimensional case.
Cyclodextrins as Drug Carrier Molecule: A Review

The cyclodextrins have a wide range of applications in different areas of drug delivery and pharmaceutical industry due to their complexation ability and other versatile characteristics. The most common pharmaceutical application of cyclodextrin is to enhance the solubility, stability, safety and bioavailability of drug molecules. The purpose of this review is to discuss and summarize some of the findings and applications of cyclodextrin (CD) and their derivatives in different areas of drug delivery. This article highlights the molecular structure, properties like complexation, solubility etc. of cyclodextrins and focuses on its use for parenteral, oral, ophthalmic and nasal drug delivery. Other routes including dermal, rectal, sublingual and pulmonary delivery are also briefly addressed. The objective of this contribution is to focus on the potential use of chemically modified cyclodextrins as high-performance drug carriers in drug delivery systems with emphasis on the more recent developments. Thus cyclodextrins, because of their continuing ability to find several novel applications in drug delivery, are expected to solve many problems associated with the delivery of different novel drugs through different delivery routes.
Autogenic‐Feedback Training Exercise Is Superior to Promethazine for Control of Motion Sickness Symptoms

Motion sickness symptoms affect approximately 50% of the crew during space travel and are commonly treated with intramuscular injections of promethazine. The purpose of this paper is to compare the effectiveness of three treatments for motion sickness: intramuscular injections (IM) of promethazine, a physiological training method (autogenic‐feedback training exercise [AFTE]), and a no‐treatment control. An earlier study tested the effects of promethazine on cognitive and psychomotor performance and motion sickness tolerance in a rotating chair. For the present paper, motion sickness tolerance, symptom reports, and physiological responses of these subjects were compared to matched subjects selected from an existing database who received either AFTE or no treatment. Three groups of 11 men, between the ages of 33 and 40 years, were matched on the number of rotations tolerated during their initial rotating‐chair motion sickness test. The motion sickness test procedures and the 7‐day interval between tests were the same for all subjects. The drug group was tested under four treatment conditions: baseline (no injections), a 25 mg dose of promethazine, a 50 mg dose of promethazine, and a placebo of sterile saline. AFTE subjects were given four 30‐minute AFTE sessions before their second, third, and fourth motion sickness tests (6 hours total). The no‐treatment control subjects were only given the four rotating‐chair tests. Motion sickness tolerance was significantly increased after 4 hours of AFTE when compared to either 25 mg (p < 0.00003) or 50 mg (p < 0.00001) of promethazine. The control and promethazine groups did not differ. AFTE subjects reported fewer or no symptoms at higher rotational velocities than subjects in the control or promethazine groups. The primary physiological effect of promethazine was an inhibition of skin conductance level. The AFTE group showed significantly less heart rate and skin conductance variability during motion sickness tests administered after training.
Pharmacokinetic Enhancement of Protease Inhibitors

Summary: Protease inhibitor (PI)‐enhanced regimens are becoming a standard of care in therapy for HIV infection. Many important questions remain regarding the optimal use of this treatment strategy. Multiple physiologic and pathologic factors influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of PIs. Specifically, alterations in drug metabolism associated with inhibition or stimulation of the 3A4 isozyme of the cytochrome P‐450 enzyme system, activity of the P‐glycoprotein intracellular transport system, and degree of plasma protein binding are all recognized as having important roles in influencing overall plasma PI concentrations and, ultimately, efficacy. Available pharmacokinetic data should include interpatient variation in plasma PI concentrations in addition to mean or median results. Viral inhibitory concentrations that have been corrected for the effect of protein binding should also be standardized. Studies to establish the concentration‐response relationship for PIs may also prove beneficial in determining optimal plasma PI concentrations. Currently, therapeutic drug monitoring is not routinely recommended because of a lack of convincing clinical data as well as of a standard approach to collection and interpretation of drug concentrations. Large prospective studies are needed to further advance the usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring.
An Exploratory Survey of Phase-wise Project Cost Estimation Techniques

This article explores a number of existing project cost estimation techniques to investigate how the estimation can be done in a more accurate and effective manner. The survey looks into various estimation models that utilize many theoretical techniques such as statistics, fuzzy logic, case-based reasoning, analogies, and neural networks. As the essence of conventional estimation inaccuracy lies in life cycle cost drivers that are unsuitable to be applied across the project life cycle, this study introduces a phase-wise estimation technique that posits some overhead and latency costs. Performance evaluation methods of the underlying phase-wise principle are also presented. Contributions of this phase-wise approach will improve the estimation accuracy owing to less latency cost and increase the project visibility which in turn helps the project managers better scrutinize and administer project activities.
Efferent association pathways originating in the caudal prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey

The efferent association fibers from the caudal part of the prefrontal cortex to posterior cortical areas course via several pathways: the three components of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF I, SLF II, and SLF III), the arcuate fasciculus (AF), the fronto‐occipital fasciculus (FOF), the cingulate fasciculus (CING F), and the extreme capsule (Extm C). Fibers from area 8Av course via FOF and SLF II, merging in the white matter of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and terminating in the caudal intraparietal sulcus (IPS). A group of these fibers turns ventrally to terminate in the caudal superior temporal sulcus (STS). Fibers from the rostral part of area 8Ad course via FOF and SLF II to the IPS and IPL and via the AF to the caudal superior temporal gyrus and STS. Some fibers from the rostral part of area 8Ad are conveyed to the medial parieto‐occipital region via FOF, to the STS via Extm C, and to the caudal cingulate gyrus via CING F. Fibers from area 8B travel via SLF I to the supplementary motor area and area 31 in the caudal dorsal cingulate region and via the CING F to cingulate areas 24 and 23 and the cingulate motor areas. Fibers from area 9/46d course via SLF I to the superior parietal lobule and medial parieto‐occipital region, via SLF II to the IPL. Fibers from area 9/46v travel via SLF III to the rostral IPL and the frontoparietal opercular region and via the CING F to the cingulate gyrus. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:227–251, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlating steric hydration forces with water dynamics through surface force and diffusion NMR measurements in a lipid–DMSO–H2O system

Significance We use the common biological additive DMSO to show quantitatively the impact that surface-bound water has on interactions between lipid bilayers, the membranes that separate the interior of cells from the surroundings. We present a number of metrics to gauge the hydration of the bilayer surfaces and show how the metrics are affected by the concentration of DMSO in the solvent. This work further connects measurements of surface forces, surface structure and dynamics, and surface water diffusion with significant and broad implications for soft matter systems. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a common solvent and biological additive possessing well-known utility in cellular cryoprotection and lipid membrane permeabilization, but the governing mechanisms at membrane interfaces remain poorly understood. Many studies have focused on DMSO–lipid interactions and the subsequent effects on membrane-phase behavior, but explanations often rely on qualitative notions of DMSO-induced dehydration of lipid head groups. In this work, surface forces measurements between gel-phase dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine membranes in DMSO–water mixtures quantify the hydration- and solvation-length scales with angstrom resolution as a function of DMSO concentration from 0 mol% to 20 mol%. DMSO causes a drastic decrease in the range of the steric hydration repulsion, leading to an increase in adhesion at a much-reduced intermembrane distance. Pulsed field gradient NMR of the phosphatidylcholine (PC) head group analogs, dimethyl phosphate and tetramethylammonium ions, shows that the ion hydrodynamic radius decreases with increasing DMSO concentration up to 10 mol% DMSO. The complementary measurements indicate that, at concentrations below 10 mol%, the primary effect of DMSO is to decrease the solvated volume of the PC head group and that, from 10 mol% to 20 mol%, DMSO acts to gradually collapse head groups down onto the surface and suppress their thermal motion. This work shows a connection between surface forces, head group conformation and dynamics, and surface water diffusion, with important implications for soft matter and colloidal systems.
Nuclear import of spliceosomal snRNPs 1

Uridine-rich small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (U snRNPs) are the building units of the spliceosome. These RNA and protein complexes assemble in the cytoplasm. After proper assembly and RNA maturation, mature U snRNPs are imported into the cell nucleus, where they take part in the splicing process. In this paper we review the current knowledge of how U snRNPs enter the nucleus.
Quantum spin liquids

This paper presents an overview of the properties of magnetic insulators, with emphasis on quantum effects. In particular, the consequences of strong quantum fluctuations on the low-energy properties of a number of systems are reviewed: the occurrence of a spin gap in spin-1 chains and other low-dimensional magnets; the presence of low-lying singlet excitations in several frustrated magnets; the interplay of orbital and spin fluctuations in orbitally degenerate Mott insulators. This review is intended as a pedagogical introduction to the field, and the formalism has been kept at a minimal level.
P5B-2 Imaging Microbubble Destruction/Replenishment with Nakagami Distribution

Contrast-assisted techniques that quantitatively estimate time-intensity curves (TICs) within the perfusion area have been applied in many disease models. In this study, we monitored the microbubble replenishment by a proposed new approach called the time-Nakagami-parameter curve (TNC) obtained from Nakagami-parameter images for quantifying the microvascular flow velocity. The feasibility of using the TNC to estimate the microvascular flow was evaluated in phantom experiments of the TIC and TNC. The rates of increase of the TIC and TNC were expressed by the rate constants beta1 and betaN of a monoexponential model, respectively. The results showed that betaN quantifies the flow velocity similarly to the conventional beta1. In particular, the TNC-based technique conditionally tolerates the presence of nonperfused areas (e.g., surrounding tissues or vessel walls) in the region of interest without requiring application of an additional wall filter to cancel the influences of clutter echoes on the flow estimation.
Performance evaluation of OCR on poor resolution text document images using different pre processing steps

The performance of optical character recognition (OCR) algorithm is poor on low resolution scanned text images. The conventional low pass filters in L2 space can slightly improve the performance. The method of enhancement of poor resolution text images using a low pass signal filtering algorithm in the weighted Sobolev space results in high pass correction similar to un sharp masking. This can further improve the performance of OCR on low resolution text images. In this paper, the performance of a typical OCR system on low resolution scanned text images, is studied without using any preprocessing step, with low pass filtering in L2 space, and compared with low pass filtering in weighted Sobolev space as pre processing steps.
The Changing Organization of Work and the Safety and Health of Working People: A Commentary

Recent trends in the organization of work may affect worker health through a variety of pathways—by increasing the risk of stress-related illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and psychological disorders, by increasing exposure to hazardous substances and violence on the job, or by affecting occupational health services and training programs. Much remains to be learned about the nature of changes in work organization, and how they affect worker health and safety. While available evidence is limited, such evidence suggests that recent trends in work organization may be increasing the risk of occupational illnesses. In a groundbreaking publication, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has provided a concise summary of available knowledge and a detailed agenda for research and development.
Analytical and Experimental Investigations on Mitigation of Interference in a DBF MIMO Radar

As driver assistance systems and autonomous driving are on the rise, radar sensors become a common device for automobiles. The high sensor density leads to the occurrence of interference, which decreases the detection capabilities. Here, digital beamforming (DBF) is applied to mitigate such interference. A DBF system requires a calibration of the different receiving channels. It is shown how this calibration completely changes the DBF beam pattern required to cancel interferences, if the system has no IQ receiver. Afterward, the application of DBF on a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar is investigated. It is shown that only the real aperture and not the virtual one can be used for interference suppression, leading to wide notches in the pattern. However, for any target the large virtual aperture can be exploited, even if interferers are blinded out. Moreover, the wide notches for interference suppression of the real aperture appear narrow in the virtual aperture for target localization. The results are verified by measurements with time-multiplexing MIMO radar.
An overview of free viewpoint depth-image-based rendering (DIBR)

3D Video has caught enormous attention in consumer market due to the progress in technical maturity of 3D displays, digital video broadcasts and computer vision algorithms. Video-plus-depth representation makes the concept of free viewpoint video feasible allowing the user to freely navigate within real world visual scenes. In this paper, we review the existing methodologies and 3D video processing framework. Previous image-based rendering techniques can be classified into three categories according to the amount of geometric information being used, of which DIBR combines the advantages of the two extremes (geometry based and image based representations). We then discuss the techniques for depth map creation, the method for rendering given the depth information and post-processing for corresponding artifacts in the multi-view adaptation. We also issue the quality measurement of the generated depth and synthesized view. In respect to the clear demand from industry and user side for such new types of visual media, there is still a large improving room in the 3D data representation and rendering quality of 3D perception.
Headache Care in China

Headache disorders are problematic worldwide. China is no different. A population‐based door‐to‐door survey revealed that the 1‐year prevalence of primary headache disorders in China was 23.8%, constituting a major societal burden. Many headache centers and clinics have been established in China, and headache disorders (and associated stress) are receiving an increased level of expert attention. This review summarizes the outcomes of the epidemiological survey and the progress of clinical and basic research in China, describes the present situation in terms of headache diagnosis and treatment, and discusses the future of headache care in China.
CTLA-4 blockade by a human MAb enhances the capacity of AML-derived DC to induce T-cell responses against AML cells in an autologous culture system.

BACKGROUND Cells from AML patients can differentiate into the phenotype of DC when cultured with GM-CSF and IL-4. Such cytokine-treated AML-derived DC (AML-DC) can stimulate autologous T cells. In this study we examined whether an anti-CTLA-4 MAb (MDX-010) could enhance the generation of autologous anti-AML T cells. METHODS MAb MDX-010 was added to AML PBMC cultures in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4, a previously reported AML-DC culture method of generating anti-AML T cells. T-cell activation and proliferation were examined thereafter. RESULTS Addition of MDX-010 to GM-CSF/IL-4-conditioned AML-DC cultures induced a mean seven-fold increase in the numbers of autologous T cells compared with cultures without MDX-010 (P < 0.007). T cells stimulated by AML-DC with CTLA-4 blockade were significantly more cytotoxic towards autologous AML cells than those without MDX-010 (42 +/- 23% vs. 26 +/- 15%, E:T ratio of 20). T cells stimulated by AML-DC with CTLA-4 blockade had significantly greater proportions of T cells producing IFN-gamma in response to autologous AML cells than those cultured with AML-DC alone (10.7 +/- 4.7% vs. 4.5 +/- 2.4% for CD4+ IFN-gamma+ CD69+ and 9.8 +/- 4.1% vs. 4 +/- 2.1% for CD8+ IFN-gamma+ CD69+ with or without MDX-010; n = 7; P < 0.007, P < 0.003, respectively). DISCUSSION CTLA-4 blockade enhances the activity and numbers of AML-reactive T cells that can be stimulated by autologous AML-DC and may enhance the efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy of AML.
Semi-Unsupervised Clustering Using Reinforcement Learning

Clusters deﬁned over a dataset by unsupervised clustering often present groupings which differ from the expected solu-tion. This is primarily the case when some scarce knowledge of the problem exists beforehand that partially identi-ﬁes desired characteristics of clusters. However conventional clustering algorithms are not deﬁned to expect any super-vision from the external world, as they are supposed to be completely unsupervised. As a result they can not beneﬁt or effectively take into account available information about the use or properties of the clusters. In this paper we pro-pose a reinforcement learning approach to address this problem where existing, unmodiﬁed unsupervised clustering algorithms are augmented in a way that the available sparse information is utilized to achieve more appropriate clusters. Our model works with any clustering algorithm, but the input to the algorithm, instead of being the original dataset, is a scaled version of the same, where the scaling factors are determined by the reinforcement learning algorithm.
The Space Around Us

What kind of maps do we keep inside our minds to chart the space around our bodies? In one area of the brain, some evidence suggests that neurons code for pieces of our environment that are not identified by their absolute position in space, but rather by their position in relation to the body. In this issue on page 239 Grazziano et al . show that this is true for stationary as well as moving stimuli and for stimuli that are not actually seen but just imagined. In their Perspective, Rizzolatti et al . discuss the generality of this phenomenon and propose that maps in the mind may be composed of an array of motor schema.
A novel nanoscale tunnel FET structure for increasing on/off current ratio

In this paper, we have shown that off-state current in the tunneling field effect transistor (TFET) can be reduced dramatically by using an ¿asymmetric¿ gate oxide thickness and employing gate work function engineering. This procedure does not affect driving current while reduces I<sub>off</sub> by 5 orders magnitude, hence obtained the noticeable of I<sub>on</sub>/I<sub>off</sub> ratio. We discuss optimization of I<sub>on</sub>/I<sub>off</sub> ratio and investigate the effect of scaling on the I<sub>on</sub>/I<sub>off</sub> ratio in the proposed structure.
Average Consensus in Directed Networks of Dynamic Agents with Time-Varying Communication Delays

In this paper, we discuss average consensus problem in directed networks of dynamic agents with fixed, switching, or dynamically changing topologies as well as time-varying communication delays. The main contribution of this paper is that we prove average consensus of all the nodes in the network will be preserved for a suitable upper bound of the time-varying communication delay if the network topology is strongly connected and balanced. Particularly, the maximal admissible upper bound of the time-varying communication delay can be easily obtained by solving several simple and feasible linear matrix inequalities. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of our theoretical results
Career preferences of pediatric dentistry advanced education students.

A questionnaire addressing career preferences of pediatric dentistry advanced education students was mailed to 52 training programs. Two hundred and thirty-two completed surveys from 45 responding programs were returned. Men were in combined specialty programs significantly more than women (P < 0.05, chi-square) and U.S. citizen students were significantly older than non-citizens (P < 0.05, t-test). The collected data reflected differences in career preferences between men and women, and citizens and noncitizens. Women reported a significant preference for private practice, part-time associate and public health practice than did men. Although not significant, men declared equal preference for full-time private practice either solo or as an associate. Noncitizens were found to have a significant preference when compared to citizens for academic full- and part-time, hospital/institutional full- and part-time, research, full- and part-time positions, and for additional training.