Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Application of Reinforced Learning-Based Dynamic Pricing for Improvement of Ridesharing Platform Service in Seoul

As ridesharing services (including taxi) are often run by private companies, profitability is the top priority in operation. This leads to an increase in the driver’s refusal to take passengers to areas with low demand where they will have difficulties finding subsequent passengers, causing problems such as an extended waiting time when hailing a vehicle for passengers bound for these regions. The study used Seoul’s taxi data to find appropriate surge rates of ridesharing services between 10:00 p.m. and 4:00 a.m. by region using a reinforcement learning algorithm to resolve this problem during the worst time period. In reinforcement learning, the outcome of centrality analysis was applied as a weight affecting drivers’ destination choice probability. Furthermore, the reward function used in the learning was adjusted according to whether the passenger waiting time value was applied or not. The profit was used for reward value. By using a negative reward for the passenger waiting time, the study was able to identify a more appropriate surge level. Across the region, the surge averaged a value of 1.6. To be more specific, those located on the outskirts of the city and in residential areas showed a higher surge, while central areas had a lower surge. Due to this different surge, a driver’s refusal to take passengers can be lessened and the passenger waiting time can be shortened. The supply of ridesharing services in low-demand regions can be increased by as much as 7.5%, allowing regional equity problems related to ridesharing services in Seoul to be reduced to a greater extent.
Bacterial Colonization on the Surface of Copper Sulfide Minerals Probed by Fourier Transform Infrared Micro-Spectroscopy

Biofilm formation is a molecular assembly process occurring at interfaces, such as in bioleaching processes. The real time monitoring of the marker bands of amide I/amide II by FTIR microspectroscopy during Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans colonization on chalcopyrite surfaces revealed the central role of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids in bacterial cell attachment to copper sulfide surfaces. The Raman and FTIR spectra of the interactions of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans with bornite are also reported.
An overview on cyanobacterial blooms and toxins production: their occurrence and influencing factors

Abstract Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria inhabiting water surface. They can increase to form a mass large enough, termed as cyanobacterial bloom. Cyanobacterial blooms can generate an array of harmful toxins, which may disturb water sources, subsequently posing frightful health threat to living organisms. The occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and cyanobacterial toxins are globally reported, mainly trigged by eutrophic conditions and climate change. The aim of this review was to provide the current knowledge on cyanobacterial blooms and toxins production; their occurrence and influencing factors. In addition this paper suggests some measures to ensure toxic blooms minimization.
Transient program operation model considering distribution of electrons in 3D NAND flash memories

We developed a new compact model for the program operation of 3D NAND Flash memories. A modified 1-D Poisson equation was proposed that shows better accuracy than the existing model by reflecting the spatial distribution of electrons trapped by the program operation. Under various conditions of program voltage ( ) and program time ( ), the threshold voltage shift (∆ ) was extracted by TCAD (Technology Computer-Aided Design) simulation, and we used this data to validate our new model. It also provides validity of the model for program operation in 3D NAND flash memory along with various TCAD analysis data. key words: 3D NAND Flash memory, program operation, electron distribution, transient dynamics, Poisson equation Classification: Circuits and modules for storage
Solubilization of naphthalene and methyl-substituted naphthalenes from crude oil using biosurfactants

Glycolipids produced by Rhodococcus species H13-A and a representative synthetic surfactant Tween-80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate) were used to demonstrate enhanced substrate “solubility” (aqueous-plus-micellar phase) in the presence of surfactants. Nascent concentrations of naphthalene and its methyl-substituted derivatives in crude oil were used as representative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for the study. Both biosurfactant glycolipids from H13-A and Tween-80 lowered the surface tension of aqueous solutions from 72 to ∼30 dyn/cm. The two-ring aromatics showed a substantial increase in their apparent solubilities in the presence of surfactants; the increase being significantly greater for the biosurfactant as compared to the synthetic surfactant. The aqueous phase solubility enhancement was greater for the highly substituted derivatives as compared to the lesser substituted compounds. Higher toxicity levels, as seen by the lower EC50 values, of the surfactant mixtures indicated enhanced part.
A global view on evidence‐based effectiveness of interventions used to protect livestock from wild cats

Rapid population declines of wild cats (family Felidae) are often related to widespread conflicts with people over the livestock depredation they are causing. In spite of increasing literature on wild felids, there is no overview on the evidence‐based effectiveness of livestock protection interventions in reducing depredation inflicted by these animals. We collected and analyzed 92 cases from 57 publications describing the percentage of damage reduction from the application of 11 interventions to 10 felid species. We found that the effectiveness of interventions differed significantly between species. Interventions tested for cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) and snow leopards (Panthera uncia) were very effective, reducing damage by 70–100% due to species shyness, good fit of interventions to these species and local conditions, and strong social involvement. The most variable and often the lowest effectiveness of interventions was found for leopard (Panthera pardus), puma (Puma concolor) and caracal (Caracal caracal), which are more common and tolerant to humans. In other felids, interventions were generally effective, but some of them reportedly failed because of local contexts and intervention performance. Much more effort is required to invigorate the research of intervention effectiveness in little studied species and regions.
Impacts of climate change on the flow of the transboundary Koshi River, with implications for local irrigation

ABSTRACT This study assesses climate change impacts on the hydrological regime of a river basin and its implications for future irrigation water availability in the Koshi River basin using RCPs 4.5 and 8.5 over short-term (2016-2045), mid-century (2036-2065) and end-of-century (2071-2100) periods. Average flow in the Koshi River is projected to increase. Projections of average minimum monthly river flow suggest that the areas of winter wheat and monsoon paddy rice could be increased. However, the planting period of paddy rice should be delayed by one month (July to August) to capture the expected increased water availability in the river.
Development of a KRAS-Associated Metabolic Risk Model for Prognostic Prediction in Pancreatic Cancer

Background KRAS was reported to affect some metabolic genes and promote metabolic reprogramming in solid tumors. However, there was no comprehensive analysis to explore KRAS-associated metabolic signature or risk model for pancreatic cancer (PC). Methods In the current study, multiple bioinformatics analyses were used to identify differentially expressed metabolic genes based on KRAS mutation status in PC. Then, we developed and validated a prognostic risk model based on the selected KRAS-associated metabolic genes. Besides, we explored the association between the risk model and the metabolic characteristics as well as gemcitabine-associated chemoresistance in PC. Results 6 KRAS-associated metabolic genes (i.e., CYP2S1, GPX3, FTCD, ENPP2, UGT1A10, and XDH) were selected and enrolled to establish a prognostic risk model. The prognostic model had a high C-index of 0.733 for overall survival (OS) in TCGA pancreatic cancer database. The area under the curve (AUC) values of 1- and 3-year survival were both greater than 0.70. Then, the risk model was validated in two GEO datasets and also presented a satisfactory discrimination and calibration performance. Further, we found that the expression of some KRAS-driven glycolysis-associated genes (PKM, GLUT1, HK2, and LDHA) and gemcitabine-associated chemoresistance genes (i.e., CDA and RMM2) was significantly upregulated in high-risk PC patients evaluated by the risk model. Conclusions We constructed a risk model based on 6 KRAS-associated metabolic genes, which predicted patients' survival with high accuracy and reflected tumor metabolic characteristics and gemcitabine-associated chemoresistance in PC.
Defining Conditions for the Etching of Silicon in an Inductive Coupled Plasma Reactor

In high-density fluorinated plasma processes, the mechanisms that fundamentally limit the etching of silicon are poorly understood. In an effort to improve our understanding of limits to the performance of such systems, the etching of silicon wafers in an inductive coupled plasma reactor, using SF 6 , has been studied. A systematic empirical investigation has allowed us to define many of the experimental parameters that control the etching rate. There is little temperature dependence of etching which suggests a diffusion limited process. Systematic variation of parameters controlling the rate of etching: total pressure in the reactor, flow rate, partial pressure of reactive species and the rf power supplied to the discharge enable us to accurately define the performance of the system. Experiments, which segregate the physical and chemical components of the etching process, support the conclusion that etching is dominated by electrically neutral species. These various results are interpreted in terms of accepted models for the reactive chemistry in plasmas containing SF 6 . The MEMS industry is placing ever greater demands on etching processes, and there is a need to achieve the high degrees of anisotropy, and critical dimension control, at high etch-rates. The approach outlined allows us to develop effective strategies for evolving improved systems for the high rate plasma etching of silicon.
Hábitos y actitudes de los jóvenes ante las redes sociales: influencia del sexo, edad y clase social

En un contexto multiplataforma de uso generalizado y muy intensivo por parte de los jovenes, estos presentan niveles de participacion diferenciales segun sus distintas motivaciones para participar. En este estudio se realiza un mapa de las practicas mas relevantes de los jovenes en redes sociales, poniendo especial interes en identificar los usos participativos y estudiando sus actitudes hacia estos espacios que respaldan o limitan su comportamiento online; todo ello teniendo en cuenta aspectos como el sexo, la edad o la clase social familiar. La metodologia cuantitativa del estudio analiza los resultados de una encuesta estadistica representativa de los jovenes de 17 a 24 anos de la Comunidad de Madrid (N=533). Los datos confirman el uso especialmente intensivo de los medios sociales que hacen los jovenes, y que se orienta fundamentalmente hacia el entretenimiento y la interaccion con su entorno mas cercano. No obstante, estas cifras bajan drasticamente cuando se trata de acciones mas participativas, con diferencias que destacan segun la clase social. En conjunto, y de acuerdo con los resultados de un estudio factorial exploratorio, podemos identificar cuatro tipos de usos: informativo, participativo, sociabilidad cercana, y recreativo. Por otra parte, los jovenes perciben las redes sociales, sobre todo, como espacios de informacion, para compartir opiniones y experiencias con la comunidad y de participacion de la gente corriente, que les permite influir sobre la realidad, aunque tambien muestran cautela respecto a posibles consecuencias cuando se publican opiniones e informacion personal. La valoracion que hacen de estas plataformas y sus repercusiones dependen del sexo, la edad y la clase social familiar, y tambien permiten predecir los tipos de usos, pero con efectos limitados.
The Effects of the Rectus Femoris Muscle on Knee and Foot Kinematics during the Swing Phase of Normal Walking

The role of rectus femoris (RF) muscle during walking was analyzed through musculoskeletal models to understand the effects of muscle weakness and hyperactivity. Such understanding is fundamental when dealing with pathological gait, but the contribution of RF as a bi-articular muscle is particularly difficult to estimate. Anybody software was used for inverse dynamics computation, and SimWise-4D for forward dynamics simulations. RF force was changed in the range of 0 to 150%, and the resulting kinematics were analyzed. Inverse dynamics showed a short positive RF power in correspondence with the onset of knee extension in the swing phase. Forward dynamics simulations showed an increasing knee flexion and initial toe contact when the RF force was decreased, and increasing knee extension and difficult foot clearance when the RF force was increased. The step became shorter with both increased and reduced RF force. In conclusion, the RF actively contributes to the knee extension in the swing phase. RF also contributes to obtaining a proper step length and to preparing the foot for initial heel contact. So the effect of RF muscle as a bi-articular muscle seems fundamental in controlling the motion of distal segments. RF overactivity should be considered as a possible cause for poor foot clearance in some clinical cases, while RF weakness should be considered in cases with apparent equinus.
Combustion Enhancement and Stabilization: Principles of Plasma Assistance and Diagnostics Tools

The sections in this article are 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Diagnostics Applied to Plasma-Assisted Combustion 6.2.1 Imaging 6.2.2 Schlieren Flow Visualization 6.2.3 Interferometry 6.2. 4 Spectroscopy 6.2. 5 Laser-Induced Fluorescence 6.2. 6 Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Thermometry 6.2. 7 Thomson Scattering 6.2. 8 Gas Chromatography 6.3 Effect of the Plasma Assistance on Combustion 6.3. 1 General Considerations 6.3. 2 Experiments and Interpretations 6.3. 2.1 Plasma Assistance Applied to Non-Premixed or Partially Premixed Combustion 6.3. 2.2 Plasma Assistance Applied to Premixed Combustion 6.3. 2.3 Plasma Assistance Applied to Supersonic Combustion 6.3. 3 Numerical Simulation 6.4 Outlook 6.5 Summary 6.6 Acknowledgments Keywords: enhanced combustion; plasma; propulsion; pollutant emissions; stable combustion
Cation induced self-assembly of intermediate filaments

Cellular shape and the internal structure of living cells are defined by a dense network of three independent filament systems (actins, microtubules and intermediate filaments) termed "the cytoskeleton". Of these three systems, intermediate filaments (IFs) are the most genetically diverse class. A unifying feature of IFs is their formation from extended coiled-coil shaped proteins. Vimentin is one member of the IF protein family that is found in cells of mesenchymal origin such as fibroblasts. In vitro, vimentin filaments assemble hierarchically from tetrameric precursors of about 5 nm diameter and 60 nm length, which form stable complexes at low ionic strength, to several mircometers long, 10 nm wide filaments. This assembly process can be initiated by increasing the ionic strength, e.g. by the addition of monovalent cations, i.e. sodium or potassium. The hierarchical assembly process includes several stages, such as the formation of unit length filaments (ULFs, about 17 nm diameter and 60 nm length). Here, we investigate how the cross-section of both filaments and intermediate stages of the assembly process changes for different cation concentrations. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) allows us to study the structures of macromolecules in solution. In order to access intermediate stages of the assembly process in situ, we design and characterize microfluidic mixers which are compatible with SAXS. These mixers allow for precise control of the ionic environment of intermediate states. For vimentin filaments, we observe an increase of diameter with increasing monovalent ion concentration. Divalent ions, such as magnesium, result in significantly thicker filaments and a qualitatively different cross-sectional structure. In addtion, we are able to identify the ULF stage of assembly in situ and to show that its diameter also increases with increasing potassium concentration. The results of this thesis help to deepen our understanding of the structural changes of vimentin during the later stages of the filament assembly process, thereby providing a building block in the picture of how changes in the vimentin network affect the mechanical properties of cells.
Disseminated Herpes Zoster During COVID-19

Abstract During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a variety of dermatological conditions were reported by physicians. Given the context, these lesions have been labeled as secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We report the case of a recurrence of herpes zoster in a patient hospitalized with an SARS-CoV-2 infection. The rash occurred on the 15th day of hospitalization while the patient was recovering from a severe form. Local swab showed the presence of varicella-zoster virus within the vesicles. Dermatological symptoms secondary to COVID-19 have been frequently described. This is the first case that demonstrates the recurrence of herpes zoster during a SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Recovery and flow in cave mining: current knowledge gaps and the role of technology in the future

Gravity flow of granular material in a caving mine is complex. Ore recovery and cave flow is impacted by wide particle size distributions, particle interlocking, an evolving cave geometry, and the mine draw strategy. However, these factors are rarely quantified in forecasts of cave performance at key stages in the planning process. Reliable tools for simulating cave flow and the technology to measure cave flow and footprint deformation have only emerged in the last 10 years. This includes technology such as electronic cave markers and tracker systems, 3D laser scanning for tunnel deformation and fragmentation measurement as well as coupled cave flow-deformation numerical simulations. This paper provides an overview of how the current state of cave flow knowledge has evolved and the knowledge gaps that still exist. The impact of these knowledge gaps is described in context with mine design and current design guidelines. A series of experiments to address these knowledge gaps have been conceptualised for future trials in existing and future caving mines. A methodology including instrumentation, monitoring requirements and operational practices is outlined for each experiment.
Particles and Aeration at Mire‐Stream Interfaces Cause Selective Removal and Modification of Dissolved Organic Matter

Peatlands are dominant sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to boreal inland waters and play important roles in the aquatic carbon cycle. Yet before peat‐derived DOM enters aquatic networks, it needs to pass through peat‐stream interfaces that are often characterized by transitions from anoxic or hypoxic to oxic conditions. Aeration at these interfaces may trigger processes that impact the DOM pool, and its fate downstream. Here we experimentally assessed how the aeration of iron‐ and organic‐rich mire‐waters influences biodegradation, particle‐formation, and modification of DOM. In addition, we investigated how suspended peat‐derived particles from mires may influence these processes. We found that within 5 days of aeration, 20% of the DOM transformed into particulate organic matter (POM). This removal was likely due to combination of mechanisms including coprecipitation with oxidized iron, aggregation, and DOM‐adsorption onto peat‐derived particles. Peat‐derived particles promoted microbial activity, but biodegradation was a minor loss mechanism of DOM removal. Interestingly, microbial respiration accounted for only half of the oxygen loss, suggesting substantial nonrespiratory oxygen consumption. The differences observed in DOM characteristics between anoxic and aerated treatments suggest that hydrophilic, aromatic DOM coprecipitated with iron oxides in aerated samples, and the corresponding C:N analysis of generated POM revealed that these organic species were nitrogen‐poor. Meanwhile, POM formed via adsorption onto peat‐derived particles generated from nonaromatic DOM and more nitrogen‐rich species. Hence, selective removal of DOM, dissolved iron, and thus oxygen may be important and overlooked processes in mire‐dominated headwater systems.
Can Strengths Based Interventions be used to Support the Financial Wellbeing of Tertiary Students in Financial Need During COVID-19?

Positive Psychology explores howprofessionals and individuals, including financial counsellors,can make life “better”, instead of merely alleviating suffering(Seligman & Csikszenzentmihalyi, 2000). It is acknowledged that some financial problems are insurmountable, and students can lack motivation due to continual disadvantage, discrimination, overwhelming circumstances and poverty. Positive Psychology encourages professionals to seek out the strengths of character demonstrated by our clients; to acknowledge past achievements and encourage and build greater self-determination and a sustainable financial future. Positive Psychology research is evidence-based and applied in manysettings(Lyubomirsky & Sin, 2009). Financial counsellors do not profess to be psychologists, but insight fostered by psychologicalknowledge and interventions may enlighten our engagement, and/or facilitatereferrals to other professionals. Clients experiencingfinancial difficultyoften understand their issues best and may possess strengths to endure hardship and move towards a sustainable financial future. Some practical tools are offered to add to professional practice and to offer some hope during the COVID-19 pandemic and into the recovery period.