Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Four-dimensional laser induced fluorescence study of the structure of molecular mixing in turbulent flows

The first experimental measurements are presented for the full three-dimensional spatial scalar energy spectrum Er(k) resulting from the molecular mixing of a Sc n I conserved scalar quantity in a turbulent flow. These results are based on threeand four-dimensional laser induced fluorescence imaging measurements of a dye concentration field ((x,t) in the self-similar far-field of an axisymmetric turbulent jet at local outer-scale Reynolds numbers Res between 3,000 and 6,000. Each of the resulting data sets consist of up to 3 billion individual data points, arranged into a temporal sequence of individual three-dimensional spatial data volumes, each of which consists of a series of parallel two-dimensional data planes. The resolution within each spatial data volume is finer than the local strain-limited molecular diffusion scale hD in all three dimensions. In addition, the temporal resolution between successive data volumes is made finer than the local diffusion scale advection time hD/u when time differentiation of the scalar field is of interest. This resolution, together with <(x,f), and in particular the scalar dissipation rate field (ReSc)-' Vc.Vc(x,f), throughout the data space. Results are presented for various statistics of the scalar and scalar gradient fields. The three-dimensional character of these measurements allows direct evaluation of the three-dimensional spatial scalar spectrum Ey(k) associated with turbulent mixing. The resulting isotropic spectrum function Ec(k), integrated from this full spectrum, is compared with its individual one-dimensional counterparts E&,) and E&) and E<@,) as a test of the smallscale isotropy hypothesis. These one-dimensional spatial spectra are compared with previous temporal specmm measurements. and with Batchelor's classical theory of the high wavenumber spectrum for Sc B I scalar mixing i n turbulent flows the signal quality achieved, permits differentiation of the data to determine the scalar gradient vector field V d'
Effects of Computer-Aided Interlimb Force Coupling Training on Paretic Hand and Arm Motor Control following Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective We investigated the training effects of interlimb force coupling training on paretic upper extremity outcomes in patients with chronic stroke and analyzed the relationship between motor recovery of the paretic hand, arm and functional performances on paretic upper limb. Design A randomized controlled trial with outcome assessment at baseline and after 4 weeks of intervention. Setting Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University. Participants Thirty-three subjects with chronic stroke were recruited and randomly assigned to training (n = 16) and control groups (n = 17). Interventions The computer-aided interlimb force coupling training task with visual feedback included different grip force generation methods on both hands. Main Outcome Measures The Barthel Index (BI), the upper extremity motor control Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA-UE), the Motor Assessment Score (MAS), and the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT). All assessments were executed by a blinded evaluator, and data management and statistical analysis were also conducted by a blinded researcher. Results The training group demonstrated greater improvement on the FMA-UE (p<.001), WMFT (p<.001), MAS (p = .004) and BI (p = .037) than the control group after 4 weeks of intervention. In addition, a moderate correlation was found between the improvement of scores for hand scales of the FMA and other portions of the FMA UE (r = .528, p = .018) or MAS (r = .596, p = .015) in the training group. Conclusion Computer-aided interlimb force coupling training improves the motor recovery of a paretic hand, and facilitates motor control and enhances functional performance in the paretic upper extremity of people with chronic stroke. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02247674.
Human NK cell receptors/markers: A tool to analyze NK cell development, subsets and function

Natural killer (NK) cells are important components of the innate immunity and play a key role in host defense by virtue of their ability to release cytokines and to mediate cytolytic activity against tumor cells and virus‐infected cells. NK cells were first described more than 30 years ago on the basis of their peculiar functional capabilities. Subsequently, thanks to the production of a variety of monoclonal antibodies, it became possible to identify surface receptors and markers expressed by NK cells as well as to characterize their functional properties. Here, we provide a brief historical overview about the discovery of human NK cell receptors and we delineate the main phenotypic features of differentiating and mature NK cells in healthy donors as well as their alterations in certain pathologic conditions. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Molecular Pathways of Colorectal Carcinogenesis are Promising Mistery

The specific etiologic factors and pathogenetic mechanisms, underlying the development of cancers of the colon and rectum appear to be complex and heterogeneous . Despite the continuous advancement in diagnostic and therapeutic methods, despite the global and national programs for prevention it is evidenced increase in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality.Further progress is needed in the field of non-invasive diagnostic methods to enable early diagnosis, pre and postoperative staging, and to assist in selecting the most suitable neo-adjuvant and adjuvant therapeutic methods and post-treatment follow-up. There are attempts to "personalise and individualise" anticancer therapy based on presence or absence of specific biomarkers. In this review we will focus on the prevalence, the latest progress made within the genomic and proteomic fields and their significance as possible prognostic and predictive markers in CRC patients.
Guidelines and quantitative standards to improve consistency in cetacean subspecies and species delimitation relying on molecular genetic data

Taxonomy is an imprecise science that delimits the evolutionary continuum into discrete categories. For marine mammals, this science is complicated by the relative lack of morphological data for taxa that inhabit remote and often vast ranges. We provide guidelines to promote consistency in studies relying primarily on molecular genetic data to delimit cetacean subspecies from both populations and species. These guidelines identify informational needs: basis for the taxonomic hypothesis being tested, description of current taxonomy, description of relevant life history, sample distribution, sample size, number and sequence length of genetic markers, description of measures taken to ensure data quality, summary statistics for the genetic markers, and analytical methods used to evaluate the genetic data. We propose an initial set of quantitative and qualitative standards based on the types of data and analytical methods most readily available at present. These standards are not expected to be rigidly applied. Rather, they are meant to encourage taxonomic arguments that are consistent and transparent. We hope professional societies, such as the Society for Marine Mammalogy, will adopt quantitative standards that evolve as new data types and analytical methods become widely available.
On the Choice of Wavespeeds for the HLLC Riemann Solver

This paper considers a class of approximate Riemann solver devised by Harten, Lax, and van Leer (denoted HLL) for the Euler equations of inviscid gas dynamics. In their 1983 paper, Harten, Lax, and van Leer showed how, with a priori knowledge of the signal velocities, a single-state approximate Riemann solver could be constructed so as to automatically satisfy the entropy condition and yield exact resolution of isolated shock waves. Harten, Lax, and van Leer further showed that a two-state approximation could be devised, such that both shock and contact waves would be resolved exactly. However, the full implementation of this two-state approximation was never given. We show that with an appropriate choice of acoustic and contact wave velocities, the two-state so-called HLLC construction of Toro, Spruce, and Speares will yield this exact resolution of isolated shock and contact waves. We further demonstrate that the resulting scheme is positively conservative. This property, which cannot be guaranteed by any linearized approximate Riemann solver, forces the numerical method to preserve initially positive pressures and densities. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate that the solutions generated are comparable to those produced with an exact Riemann solver, only with a stronger enforcement of the entropy condition across expansion waves.
Structural, Biological, and Evolutionary Relationships of Plant Food Allergens Sensitizing via the Gastrointestinal Tract

The recently completed genome sequence of the model plant species Arabidopsis has been estimated to encode over 25,000 proteins, which, on the basis of their function, can be classified into structural and metabolic (the vast majority of plant proteins), protective proteins, which defend a plant against invasion by pathogens or feeding by pests, and storage proteins, which proved a nutrient store to support germination in seeds. It is now clear that almost all plant food allergens are either protective or storage proteins. It is also becoming evident that those proteins that trigger the development of an allergic response through the gastrointestinal tract belong primarily to two large protein superfamilies: (1) The cereal prolamin superfamily, comprising three major groups of plant food allergens, the 2S albumins, lipid transfer proteins, and cereal α -amylase/trypsin inhibitors, which have related structures, and are stable to thermal processing and proteolysis. They include major allergens from Brazil nut, peanuts, fruits, such as peaches, and cereals, such as rice and wheat; (2) The cupin superfamily, comprising the major globulin storage proteins from a number of plant species. The globulins have been found to be allergens in plant foods, such as peanuts, soya bean, and walnut; (3) The cyteine protease C1 family, comprising the papain-like proteases from microbes, plants, and animals. This family contains two notable allergens that sensitize via the GI tract, namely actinidin from kiwi fruit and the soybean allergen, Gly m Bd 30k/P34. This study describes the properties, structures, and evolutionary relationships of these protein families, the allergens that belong to them, and discusses them in relation to the role protein structure may play in determining protein allergenicity.
Real-time processing of tfLIFE neural signals on embedded DSP platforms: A case study

Spike sorting is a typical neural processing technique aimed at identifying the firing activity of individual neurons. It plays a different role in the processing of the signals coming either from a single electrode or an electrode array. In presence of highly noisy recordings, a preliminary denoising stage is required in order to improve the SNR. Despite the significant number of studies in the field, only a few of them deal with peripheral nervous system (PNS) recordings and often the possibility of a real-time implementation is only hinted without any real implementation study. In this paper, a real-time PNS signal processing and classification technique is presented end evaluated on real electroneurographic signals taken from the sciatic nerve of rats. A state-of-the-art algorithm, composed of a wavelet denoising preprocessing stage followed by a correlation-based spike sorting and a support vector machine, has been adapted to work on-line in order to improve the processing efficiency while preserving at the most its effectiveness. The algorithm provides some level of adaptiveness with respect to an off-line implementation. On average, the correct classification reach 92.24% with isolated errors that can be easily filtered out. Cycle-accurate profiling results on an off-the-shelf Digital Signal Processor demonstrate the real-time performance.
Emissivity measurement study on wide aperture microwave radiator

The comparison research of emissivity measurement methods is presented in this paper. Different from the computation and measurement of general plane absorbing material, the emissivity measurement of pyramid microwave blackbody need consider near field effect, scattering effect and influence coming from measurement system reflection. Hence the measurement modeling of the former can not work well at measuring the emissivity of the latter. To improve emissivity measurement methods, the BIRMM (namely author's address) and the VNIIFTRI (All Russia scientific research institute for physical technical and radio technical measurement) finished together an international comparison measurement on same sample. The measurement methods used by BIRMM and VNIIFTRI and data are presented in following sections.
Physarum-inspired Network Optimization: A Review

The popular Physarum-inspired Algorithms (PAs) have the potential to solve challenging network optimization problems. However, the existing researches on PAs are still immature and far from being fully recognized. A major reason is that these researches have not been well organized so far. In this paper, we aim to address this issue. First, we introduce Physarum and its intelligence from the biological perspective. Then, we summarize and group four types of Physarum-inspired networking models. After that, we analyze the network optimization problems and applications that have been challenged by PAs based on these models. Ultimately, we discuss the existing researches on PAs and identify two fundamental questions: 1) What are the characteristics of Physarum networks? 2) Why can Physarum solve some network optimization problems? Answering these two questions is essential to the future development of Physarum-inspired network optimization.
Planification des tournées de véhicules pour l'approvisionnement de dépanneurs

Couche-Tard est une chaine qui regroupe plus de 650 depanneurs au Quebec. Pour assurer la livraison de produits heterogenes a partir de son centre de distribution vers ses magasins, elle compte sur deux transporteurs qui se chargent de la conception des routes et de la livraison. Les transporteurs, disposants d'une flotte de vehicules heterogenes, creent les tournees sans l'intervention d'un outil d'optimisation. Couche-Tard n'a donc aucun moyen de verifier l'efficacite des routes. L'entreprise remet en question les routes actuelles afin d'ameliorer la distribution et le service aux magasins en introduisant un outil d'aide a la decision. Un partenariat regroupant la Chaire de recherche industrielle en management logistique de l'Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Alimentation Couche-Tard et Omega Optimisation cherche donc a ameliorer la distribution en introduisant un outil d'aide a la decision a long terme. Dans un premier temps, cet outil prendra la forme d'un prototype visant a demontrer l'utilite et les benefices potentiels pouvant decouler de cet outil. Ce memoire sert de premiere etape a ce projet. Il presente une description detaillee de l'entreprise et de son fonctionnement actuel. Ensuite, une premiere utilisation du prototype permet d'examiner plusieurs scenarios. Ces scenarios font varier, de facon isolee, certaines composantes du probleme, ceteris paribus. Parmi ces composantes, ce memoire examinera l'impact de changement de l'ordonnancement des clients a l'interieur d'une meme route, le pairage des clients et des routes, le nombre de vehicules qui composent la flotte et l'augmentation moyenne de la demande. Les resultats observes sont ensuite compares au mode de fonctionnement actuel. Cette etude permet de deceler des pistes d'economies potentielles. Elle demontre aussi le merite de l'integration de l'outil d'aide a la decision et evalue sa fonctionnalite. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLES DE L’AUTEUR : Problemes de tournees de vehicules, Distribution, Transport, Couche-Tard, Depanneurs.
A Novel Pan-Negative-Gating Modulator of KCa2/3 Channels, Fluoro-Di-Benzoate, RA-2, Inhibits Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarization–Type Relaxation in Coronary Artery and Produces Bradycardia In Vivo

Small/intermediate conductance KCa channels (KCa2/3) are Ca2+/calmodulin regulated K+ channels that produce membrane hyperpolarization and shape neurologic, epithelial, cardiovascular, and immunologic functions. Moreover, they emerged as therapeutic targets to treat cardiovascular disease, chronic inflammation, and some cancers. Here, we aimed to generate a new pharmacophore for negative-gating modulation of KCa2/3 channels. We synthesized a series of mono- and dibenzoates and identified three dibenzoates [1,3-phenylenebis(methylene) bis(3-fluoro-4-hydroxybenzoate) (RA-2), 1,2-phenylenebis(methylene) bis(3-fluoro-4-hydroxybenzoate), and 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) bis(3-fluoro-4-hydroxybenzoate)] with inhibitory efficacy as determined by patch clamp. Among them, RA-2 was the most drug-like and inhibited human KCa3.1 with an IC50 of 17 nM and all three human KCa2 subtypes with similar potencies. RA-2 at 100 nM right-shifted the KCa3.1 concentration-response curve for Ca2+ activation. The positive-gating modulator naphtho[1,2-d]thiazol-2-ylamine (SKA-31) reversed channel inhibition at nanomolar RA-2 concentrations. RA-2 had no considerable blocking effects on distantly related large-conductance KCa1.1, Kv1.2/1.3, Kv7.4, hERG, or inwardly rectifying K+ channels. In isometric myography on porcine coronary arteries, RA-2 inhibited bradykinin-induced endothelium-derived hyperpolarization (EDH)–type relaxation in U46619-precontracted rings. Blood pressure telemetry in mice showed that intraperitoneal application of RA-2 (≤100 mg/kg) did not increase blood pressure or cause gross behavioral deficits. However, RA-2 decreased heart rate by ≈145 beats per minute, which was not seen in KCa3.1−/− mice. In conclusion, we identified the KCa2/3–negative-gating modulator, RA-2, as a new pharmacophore with nanomolar potency. RA-2 may be of use to generate structurally new types of negative-gating modulators that could help to define the physiologic and pathomechanistic roles of KCa2/3 in the vasculature, central nervous system, and during inflammation in vivo.
An improved OPA model in power system considering planning

The power system now is a typical complex system, which has inherent characteristics of SOC. Studying on cascading failures are necessary and meaningful to insure the grid's safety, national security and economic development. This paper firstly establishes the indices of power system development diagnosis, which are closely relevant to the trigger of power system evolution. Then a cascading failure model is proposed, considering planning and evolution of the power system. This model is based on OPA model, including both fast dynamics and slow dynamics. The slow dynamic process simulates the evolution of power system, which represents the functions of the planning department, while the fast dynamic process simulates power flow and cascading failures, which takes the effects of dispatch, relay protection and automation into consideration. Moreover, simulations are tested on the case of Kaifeng-Shangqiu power system in Henan Province of China, and evolution results are presented.
The role of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in patients with suspected recurrence or metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma with elevated serum thyroglobulin and negative I-131 whole body scan.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT in the detection of recurrence or distant metastasis in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) with elevated serum thyroglobulin (Tg) and negative ¹³¹I whole-body scan. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 19 patients (13 female, 6 male, average age 64 years) with DTC after total thyroidectomy and ¹³¹I ablation therapy that had elevated stimulated Tg and negative whole-body radioiodine scan. In all patients, standard imaging methods showed no suspicious changes. ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT was performed after TSH stimulation with rhTSH or withdrawal of thyroid hormone. An evaluation of the dependence of the result of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT on the stimulated Tg levels was made accordingly. The statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test and ROC curves. RESULTS Based on the results of the study ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT in 6 patients, the suspicion of metastasis involved: the cervical lymph nodes (3 patients, ~16%) and lungs (3 patients, ~16%). The patients underwent surgery. The histopathology confirmed metastatic thyroid cancer in all cases. High levels of TSH-stimulated Tg (Tg from 32 to >300 ng/ml, median of 59.7 ng/ml) in patients were reported. The group of remaining 13 patients (~68%) with negative 18F-FDG PET/CT had low levels of TSH-stimulated Tg (Tg of from 1.76 to 10.2 ng/ml, median of 4.0 ng/ml). A particular correlation was observed between ¹⁸F-FDG PET positivity and stimulated Tg levels. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis demonstrated a stimulated Tg cut-off of 28.5 ng/ml with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Stimulated Tg has a large and statistically significant (p<0.0001) accuracy in the detection of recurrence/metastasis. CONCLUSION 1. ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT is useful in the diagnosis of radioiodine-negative DTC in patients with high levels of stimulated Tg. 2. The sensitivity of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT increases with stimulated Tg levels. At stimulated Tg > 28.5 ng/ml, the sensitivity of the study reaches 100%.
Afferent impulses in the nerves supplying the urinary bladder

THE object of the research described in the present communication was to study the nerve action potentials relating to the activity of the urinary bladder. Stella [1934] demonstrated the presence of stretch receptors in the frog's bladder and Evans has published an account of the afferent impulses [1936]. The present work was begun some years ago, it dealt with both afferent and efferent discharges, but this communication is restricted to a description of afferent discharges. As regards the efferent I find that my experiments have led me to conclusions which differ in several respects from those made by E vans. These points of difference are therefore subjected, at present, to further investigation.