Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ADDITION OF ESSENTIAL OILS AND MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS IN THE DIETS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS

A total number of 180 one-day old unsexed Cobb broiler chickens were initially fed a control diet for six days, then were divided into six treatments (30 birds each), each treatment contained three replicates of ten birds, and the objectives were to evaluate the effects of single or combined supplementation of essential oils (EOs) and medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) to broiler diets on productive performance. The experimental treatments were as follows: 1- Chicks were fed the control diet (D1). 2-D1+ 0.1g thyme oil /kg diet. 3-D1+ 0.2g thyme oil /kg diet.4- D1+ 1g aromabiotic /kg diet. 5-D1+ 1g aromabiotic/kg diet + 0.1g thyme oil/kg diet. 6- D1 +1g aromabiotic/kg diet +0.2g thyme oil/kg diet. Results obtained could be summarized in the following: The higher significantly value of live body weight at 38 day and body weight gain during the period from 7 to 38 days were obtained for chicks control diet. Inclusion of single or combined supplementation of EOs and MCFAs in the broiler diets at different levels had insignificant effects on feed intake during all periods studied. Chicks fed combined supplementation of EOs and MCFAs experimental diet (0.1g EOs/kg diet + 0.1% MCFAs) had best significantly feed conversion ratio during the period from 7-38 days of age compared with those fed the control diet and some other treatment. Combined supplementation of EOs and MCFAs to broiler diets caused significantly improves in performance index during the finisher period compared with those fed diets supplemented with MCFAs alone or the control. Chicks fed experimental diet containing 0.2g EOs/kg diet+ 0.1% MCFAs had significantly higher thymus and spleen% compared with those fed MCFAs alone, EOs alone and the control. Chicks fed diets supplemented with 0.2g EOs/kg diet+ 0.1% MCFAs had higher value of lymphocyte (lower values of eosinophiles, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total lipids, triglycerides and total cholesterol), Chicks fed diet containing 0.1g EOs/kg diet had higher intestinal pH, while; chicks fed diet containing 0.1% MCFAs resulted in the lower intestinal pH values (higher values of total count). The lower value of E.coli (significantly higher lactobacillus count) was obtained for chicks fed diet containing 0.2g EOs/kg diet+ 0.1% MCFAs. Chicks fed with 0.1g EOs/kg diet + 0.1% MCFAs had the highest economic and relative efficiency values during the period from 7 to 38 days.
Feeding Value of Single Cell Protein Produced from Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera ) Fruits for Broiler Chickens

Saudi Arabia produces about 0.5 million tons and about 130,000 tons of poultry meat and eggs respectively per year and depends mainly on imported protein concentrate for feeding these birds. Therefore, it is important to produce poultry feed using locally available materials. The objective of this research was to find the feed value of the microbial protein, produced from date waste to broiler chickens. Experiment was conducted using different levels of single cell protein yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae , (0, 5, 10 and 15 %) in the diets of broiler chickens. Diets were formulated to feed 120 day old broilers. The chicks were randomly distributed in to 12 battery pens each contained 10 chicks. The dietary treatments were assigned to the cages in such a way that each dietary treatment was assigned to 3 battery pens (replicates). Results of the chemical analysis showed that level of the yeast proteinwas 51.88 %. This protein was found to be rich in Lysine (1.02 %). Methionine level of the protein was not as high as the Lysine (0.27 %). Level of fat in the yeast was only 6.41 %; however, its content from Oleic acid was 43.2 %. Linoleic and Linolenic levels were 0.85 and 0.14 %, respectively. Performance of the birds revealed no significant differences(P>0.05) between the control birds and birds on 5 % level of the yeast in terms of final body weight and final cumulative feed conversion . However there was a clear indication that addition of 15 % single cell protein may be harmful to the birds. It was concluded that adding 5 % single cell protein, produced from Date Palm fruit waste to the broilers, produce no adverse effect to the performance of the birds and can be included in their diet.
The Application of Natural Zeolites in Animal Science and Aquaculture

As agriculturalists increase their efforts to expand crop and animal production, numerous mineral materials are receiving greater at tent ion as soil amendments and as dietary supplements in animal husbandry. The zeolite group of minerals stands out among the rest, and its exciting bag of physical and chemical tricks promises to contribute to many areas of agriculture and aquaculture in the ne~t decade. Their abundance and availability has aroused considerable interest in experiment stations of several nations, although the number of publications and amount of "hard" data on their usefulness in agriculture are still small. A review of this subject reveals that both the ion-exchange and adsorption properties of natural zeolites can be exploited to make more efficient use of feed nitrogen in animal nutrition, to reduce intestinal diseases prevalent in young swine and ruminants, to control moisture and ammonia content of animal manure, to purify recirculating hatchery waters in aquaculture, to provide oxygen-enriched air for fish breeding and transportat ion, and to reduce the nitrogen content of feedlotand hatchery-runoff waters. Most of this work has been carried out in Japan where zeolitic tufts have been used for years to control the malodor of animal wastes and to raise the pH of acidic volcanic soils. The addition of about 10% clinoptilolite to the diets of chickens and pigs appears to increase feed efficiency by as much as 25%. Studies in Japan
SUBSTANCES WITH JUVENILE HORMONE ACTIVITY IN CRUSTACEA AND OTHER INVERTEBRATES

1. A new assay for the juvenile hormone of insects is described which permits detection of very small amounts of hormone activity.2. Using this procedure extracts of a variety of invertebrates were assayed for juvenile hormone activity.3. Juvenile hormone activity was detected in Hydrozoa, Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Decapoda, Holothuroidea, and Balanoglossida.4. The richest source of juvenile hormone outside of insects was the eyestalk of Crustacea and it is suggested that the juvenile hormone plays a role in crustacean physiology.5. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the evolution of humoral mechanisms.
Evidence from Horn Morphology on the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)

PEYER, B. 1968. Comparative odontology. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, 347 pp. POCOCK, R. I. 1918. On the external characters of the lemurs and of Tarsius. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1918:19-53. ROSE, K. D. , A. WALKER, AND L. L. JACOBS. 1981. Function of the mandibular tooth comb in living and extinct mammals. Nature, 289:583-585. ROSENBERGER, A. L. , AND E. STRASSER. 1985. Toothcomb origins: support for the grooming hypothesis. Primates, 26:73-84. STEIN, M. R. 1936. The myth of the lemur's comb. Amer. Nat., 70:19-28. TsujI, K. , AND I. NARUSE. 1985. Behavior characteristics in the domesticated house musk shrew, Suncus murinus. Pp. 459-475, in Suncus murinus: biology of the laboratory shrew (S. Oda, J. Kitoh, K. Ota, and G. Isomura, eds.). Japan Sci. Soc. Press, Tokyo, 535 pp. WHARTON, C. H. 1950. Notes on the life history of the flying lemur. J. Mamm. , 31:269-273. Wi6HRMANN-REPENNING, A. 1984a. Vergleichend anatomische Untersuchungen am Vomeronasalkomplex und am rostralen Gaumen verschiedener Mammalia. Teil I. Gegenbaurs Morphol. Jahrb. , 130:501-530 (in German, English summary). 1984b. Vergleichend anatomische Untersuchungen am Vomeronasalkomplex und am rostralen Gaumen verschiedener Mammalia. Teil II. Gegenbaurs Morphol. Jahrb. , 130:609-637 (in German, English summary).
Predation on aphids in California’s alfalfa fields

Alfalfa fields in two climatically different regions were sampled for aphids and their natural enemies throughout 3 years (1957-1959). The fields were under an integrated control program and therefore received minimum amounts of insecticides. The four imported parasites of the spotted alfalfa aphid and the pea aphid were not yet important in the study area, so predators were mainly responsible for the high degree of naturally occurring biological control. By pooling the data of entire regions, it was possible to follow changes in populations of these mobile predators more accurately than is possible from surveys of single fields because short-distance migration resulting from harvesting practices as well as uneven distribution could be neglected. Coccinellids and hemerobiids, two oligophagous groups, were closely linked in a density-dependent fashion to the aphid populations. This is a good indication that these predators (especially the lady beetles) are able to control the aphids. The more polyphagous predators, the chrysopidae and Hemiptera, become important in the control of the aphids only when the dominant coccinellids are inactive because of diapause or when lack of aphids for reproduction prompts the beetles to leave the fields. When aphid development exceeds the lady beetles’ momentary capacity for increase, however, syrphids are able to take a large toll. Furthermore, several species having similar biologies were found to replace each other throughout the year. Finally, the phenologies of the species could be explained by their biologies (diapause, temperature thresholds, ovipostional behavior).
Pitch of Periodic Pulses without Fundamental Component

The pitch of a periodic pulse train is matched to that of another train whose fundamental component of frequency is rejected. Three modes of pitch perception are found. The first obtains for pulse rates less than 100 pps. Here, in a manner similar to that found previously for unfiltered stimuli, the pitches are matched to equate pulse rate, regardless of the polarity patterns of the trains. The second mode occurs for fundamental frequencies in the approximate range 200–500 cps. Here there is a decided tendency to equate fundamental frequencies. The third mode is manifested for fundamental frequencies of the order of 1000 cps and higher. In this range subjects tend to equate the fundamental of the matching tone to the lowest spectral component present in the matched stimulus. Between the modes, transition regions exist in which the pitch assignment generally is difficult and uncertain. The stimuli are studied with an electrical analog of the basilar membrane. Waveforms of membrane displacement and first sp.
Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Activities of Active Materials Derived from Triticum aestivum Sprouts

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of 3 extracts derived from wheat sprouts (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat sprouts’ phenolic compounds had the highest antioxidant activities according to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) racial scavenging and super oxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity assays. Furthermore, the water extracted phenolic compounds of wheat sprouts showed moderate growth inhibition against Actinomyces viscosus, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus salivarius, all oral bacteria. The phenolic compounds, (ferulic acid and sinapic acid, in particular) showed the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, according to DPPH racial scavenging, SOD-like activity, and paper-disc agar-diffusion assays.
Integration of Fly Baits, Traps, and Cords to Kill House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and Reduce Annoyance

Abstract Combinations of commercial fly baits, traps, and cords were evaluated for integration into a fly management system. Imidacloprid granular and sprayable baits caused house fly, Musca domestica L. , mortality at a faster rate than methomyl granular fly bait; however, the methomyl granular bait had the highest overall mortality at 24 h. Commercial fly traps had a variety of designs that resulted in differences in efficiency for retaining house flies. Among 6 commercial traps tested, the Trap n' Toss™ (Farnam Companies, Inc., Phoenix, AZ) captured the most flies, and the design was selected for our field cage studies. These cage studies with flies (~300) determined that without treated cord or attractant, fly traps captured and killed 5% of the fly population; whereas, fly traps with attractant captured and killed only 14% of the population in the first 24 h. A 46-cm cord (6 mm diam.) dipped in 2.5% imidacloprid was looped around a fly trap (identical to the Trap n' Toss), and the trap was baited with commercial fly attractant. The addition of the bait-treated cord killed 60 - 70% of flies at 24 h and 84 - 90% at 48 h. However, bait-treated fly cords used alone killed 70% of flies at 24 h and 94% at 48 h and demonstrated the relatively poor efficiency of commercial fly traps. Fly annoyance was eliminated by the high fly mortality resulting from the use of bait-treated cords. Bait-treated cords can be used to improve the efficiency of fly management programs, either in conjunction with commercial fly traps or alone.
Speciation and diversity in Ordovician invertebrates: filling niches quickly and carefully

experienced a sharp permanent rise in diversity. The increase resulted in a steadystate within the first 7.5 x 105 yr, and the steady-state was maintained for the rest of the period. The rise in diversity was not due to adaptive radiation, but to a broad invasion of the previously depauperate environment by established taxa which produced new species in it. Two models of speciation make opposite predictions about how the rate of speciation should vary with diversity. One, geographical speciation, predicts that speciation rate should be positively correlated with diversity. The other, competitive speciation, predicts an inverse correlation, especially in the vicinity of the steady-state.
Putting the ‘Indo’ back into the Indo-Pacific: resolving marine phylogeographic gaps

Abstract. The Indo-Pacific is an extremely large marine realm that unites two oceans via a restricted Coral Triangle corridor, which was historically subjected to lowered sea levels during global glaciation. Although a strong phylogeographic focus on the Central and West Pacific has produced a large body of research, the Indian Ocean has been largely neglected. This may have serious consequences, because the Indian Ocean hosts a large number of marine centres of endemism, yet a large number of nations rely on its marine resources. We examine reasons for this neglect and review what is known about this region and its connectivity to the Indo-West Pacific. We draw attention to the ‘Leeuwin Effect’, a phenomenon where the southward flow of the Leeuwin Current is responsible for transporting larval propagules from the Coral Triangle region down the coast of Western Australia, resulting in broader Indo-West Pacific rather than Indian Ocean affinities. Given challenges in accessing infrastructure and samples, collaboration will inevitably be key to resolving data gaps. We challenge the assumption that the peak of shallow-water marine biodiversity is solely centred in the Coral Triangle, and raise awareness of a seemingly forgotten hypothesis promoting a secondary peak of biodiversity in the western Indian Ocean.
A Note on the Poisson Distribution in Integrated Pest Management

Bliss and Fisher (1953) reported that both plant and animal populations have been observed to agree substantially with the negative binomial distribution (i.e., a clumped dispersion) at high population densities and with the Poisson distribution (i.e., a random dispersion) at low densities. Entomologists may fail to detect agreement with the Poisson when sampling studies are conducted among relatively high densities where an abundance of insects can be captured conveniently. However, I expect the Poisson to be encountered frequently as entomologists in integrated pest management research sample to determine non-economic insect densities. Recent examples where pest insects at densities near or below their economic thresholds appeared to be dispersed at random include Limonius spp. and Conoderus spp. wireworms in soil (Onsager 1969, Onsager and Day 1975), green cloverworm on soybean (Pedigo et al. 1972), velvet bean caterpillar on soybean (Strayer et al 1977), grasshoppers on rangeland (Onsager 1977), and red-backed cutworm on mint (Danielson and Berry 1978).
Biological Control of Leaf Spot Disease by a Few South Indian Medicinal Ferns

Background: Leaf spot is a common disease in agriculture which results in severe yield loss. This harmful disease is caused by a phyto-pathogenic bacteria namely Xanthomonas campestris which is a multi-antibiotic resistant bacterium. Many vegetable and cash crops are severely affected by the leaf spot disease which is caused by X. campestris. These bacteria have acquired resistance to many synthetic pesticides. Pathovars of Xanthomonas are reported to have developed resistance to kanamycin, ampicillin, penicillin and streptomycin. Considering the resistant potency of X. campestris , there is an urgent need for alternative agents for the management of this pathogenic microorganism. Pteridophytes (ferns) are one of the oldest land plant groups on earth and constitute a vast group of vascular cryptograms. Ferns are also show medicinal utility and many of them have been used medicinally from ancient time. The rich diversity of Indian medicinal ferns has been evaluated for their antimicrobial properties, and this may prove benefi cial for mankind. All the parts including rhizome, stem, fronds, pinnae and spores contain antimicrobial and medicinal potency. Hence, in the current study we report the antibacterial activity of ten south Indian medicinal ferns towards X. campestris. Methods: X. campestris was isolated from the infected plant leaves of agricultural fi elds in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. The isolation was performed by serial dilution and plating technique on mTBM medium. The isolate was identifi ed on the basis of its morphology and biochemical properties. The isolate was checked for the drug susceptibility by disc diffusion method. Results: X. campestris was found sensitive toward kanamycin (15.70±0.85) and neomycin (16.23±0.47) but resistant to amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, and penicillin. The antibacterial activity of fi ve solvent extracts of ten medicinal ferns collected from the Western Ghats of south India was checked by agar disc diffusion method on MH agar medium. The methanol extracts of all the ferns displayed antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. Phytochemical analysis of all the extracts revealed that the antibacterial activity may be due to the presence of alkaloids, fl avonoids and phenolic compounds. Conclusions: According to the results of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and RPI (Relative Percentage Inhibition) values, ferns extracts could be used as bio control agents for the management of pathogenic bacteria X. campestris .
Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta), Forest Fragments, and Community-Level Conservation in South-Central Madagascar

Abstract: The south-central highland region of Madagascar is largely deforested, except for rare, small forest fragments scattered across the landscape. Some of these fragments are now being managed by local community conservation associations, after village residents have seen, first hand, how decades of deforestation and, more recently, climate change in the region have affected their agricultural crops. Furthermore, ecotourism is becoming more common in this area, with the two largest fragments, Anja Community Reserve and the Tsaranoro Valley forest, frequently receiving both Malagasy and foreign visitors. The combination of revenue from such tourism and the prospects of greater food security (by conserving and expanding existing fragments, leading to better soil conditions for nearby crops and rice fields) has resulted in increased fragment preservation over the past few years. We surveyed seven of these fragments in August and September, 2013, with two goals: (1) to evaluate the viability of ring-tailed lemur populations in each fragment in relation to food and water resource availability; and (2) to discuss, with village conservation association leaders, the goals of each association regarding fragment conservation and benefits to local residents. Anja Reserve, operating since 1999, is highly successful, and the association's ecotourism and community development projects have won them national and international recognition. In 2012, village associations Sakaviro Miray, FI.MI. VA Samisorany, and Antokinihoavy-Andranobe received NGO funding to help build a tourism presence in the region, and infrastructure for such activities had begun when we visited these sites in 2013. The Tsaranoro Valley, where three of the fragments are located, is an adventure tourism destination; however, much of the tourism revenue goes to the owners of the trekking camps, although a portion of the funds are donated to the local Association Tantely each year, and these camps also provide jobs for local villagers. Recent efforts are underway to expand these three fragments via reforestation, and to create a corridor between two of them in order to assist with the dispersal of L. catta males, and thus assist with potential population gene flow.
The Essence of 'Plantness'

W HAT iS a plant? In the most basic and fundamental terms, what is it about a plant that makes it a plant and not an animal? Kenneth Wells of the University of California at Davis asked a similar question on his mycology final exam more than 25 years ago, and I found answering it to be an unexpectedly thought-provoking exercise. After attempting to stimulate undergraduates in my introductory botany course with this type of question and receiving disappointing answers, I began to collect the major points I felt should be included, first in outline form and, more recently, in the essay which follows. I believe that the principal factor shaping the evolution of plants and animals is the fundamental difference in their nutritional modes. This has resulted in the differences we now observe between them (Whittaker 1969).
Characteristics of chemical constituents and red pigment of orange adductor muscle of scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis in the Okhotsk Sea and anti-oxidative activity of the pigment

MASANAO NARITA,1TAKASHI MAOKA,2 KOHJI EBITANI3 AND HOYOKU NISHINO4 1Hokkaido Research Organization Abashiri Fisheries Research Institute, Monbetsu, Hokkaido 0940011, 2Research Institute for Production Development Sakyo, Kyoto 6060805, 3Hokkaido Research Organization Central Fisheries Research Institute, Yoichi, Hokkaido 0468555, 4Ritsumeikan University Research Organization of Science and Engineering, Kusatu, Shiga 5258755, Japan
On Quasi-nondivergent Prognostic Equations and their Integration

A general two-dimensional wind-pressure relationship is obtained as the first integral of the so-called “balance equation” which requires the horizontal divergence to remain small as compared with the vertical component of the relative vorticity for the large-scale motions. This wind-pressure relationship is used in determining the initial conditions and in deriving the governing equations. The use of this general system removes the error introduced by the quasi-geostrophic approximation. An influence function is computed for a normal atmosphere. This function represents the reaction of the atmosphere to a point source perturbation and may be used to integrate the three-dimensional governing equation for arbitrary initial disturbances. A set of such functions may be computed, corresponding to different values of the parameter , to meet different situations. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1956. tb01235.x