Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interspecific Aggression of Resident Broad-Tailed and Migrant Rufous Hummingbirds

During the summer dry season, April-early July, flowers of penstemon (Penstemon barbatus) are virtually the only hummingbird-pollinated flowers seen under the ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa) at 2100 m in Rose Canyon, Santa Catalina Mountains, Pima County, Arizona. Penstemon occur singly or in small clusters of a few plants throughout the ponderosa pine forest, but in some places, especially along roadsides, they grow in large clusters of tens or even hundreds of plants. Broad-tailed Hummingbirds (Selasphorus platycercus) nest commonly in these mountains and are virtually the only hummingbirds which exploit penstemon in Rose Canyon during most of the summer. Our impression is that female Broadtails feed at least as often at scattered penstemon as at large clusters, whereas males are almost always seen feeding at larger clusters. In addition, male Broadtails seem to be aggressive when feeding; a large penstemon cluster seems to be the external reference for a male's intense aggressiveness toward conspecifics of both sexes. Females do not seem to be territorial in this way. Since large penstemon clusters are no doubt more economically defendable (sensu Brown, Wilson Bull. 76:160, 1964) than scattered penstemon, it is not surprising that territorial males are seen almost exclusively at larger clusters. Since penstemon are almost the sole local source of nectar for hummingbirds at this time of year, addition of another hummingbird species to the avifauna would seem to create a situation promoting interspecific territoriality (Orians and Willson, Ecology 45:736, 1964). On 6 July 1971, male Rufous Hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) were seen for the first time of the year in Rose Canyon. These were probably migrating individuals (female Rufous may have been present also). On 10 July, we observed a male Rufous feeding at a roadside penstemon cluster. Soon a male Broad-tail flew in, and the two birds joined in an aerial fight, rising vertically as they swirled around each other. Then the Broad-tail chased the Rufous for
Framework for an Arctic Population Risk Assessment

The Arctic is warming nearly two times the global average rate meaning the ecosystems and human populations are being impacted by climate change at faster rates. We provide a framework for policy makers, stakeholders, and scientists showing Arctic nation and indigenous community risks associated with future climate change. Arctic temperature observations are warming faster than anticipated, showing rates exceeding the “worst-case” scenario (Auger et al., in review [a]). As the Arctic warms, environmental changes, such as permafrost thaw and sea-ice melt, will likely enhance the warming rate. These environmental changes will impact human populations; however, these impacts will not be felt at the same magnitude. We provide a framework for an Arctic Population Risk Assessment (APRA) for nine nations and three indigenous communities displaying risk in the context of future climate. The APRA model is adapted from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (IPCC SREX, 2012), the three levels being: climate hazard (CH), ecosystem exposure (EX), and population vulnerability (PV). Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 projections from seven models of the Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) family are used as indicators for CH (temperature change) and EX (precipitation change and soil temperature) in combination with seven indicators for PV (population density and change, life expectancy, proportion of youth and elderly, education, and economy). Figure 1 (found in Auger et al., in review [b]) shows the results of the risk assessment for the 2090–2099 period. It is evident that the Inuit (northern Canada) and Nenets (northern-central Russia) are the populations most at risk due to future projected change and their increased vulnerabilities. For nations, Alaska and Russia show the highest risk. These populations should expect future climate following at least the RCP 8.5 solutions as the likelihood of enhanced Arctic warming is high during the twenty-first century. Auger et al. (in review [b]) also propose two plausible scenarios (involving methane) that will likely enhance Arctic warming, impacting these populations earlier than the RCP 8.5 2090–2099 projection. Fig. 1. APRA results for 2090–2099. Light to dark red shows level of risk (dark being highest).
Oboe normal mode adjustment via reed and staple proportioning

We have analyzed a simple theoretical model of an oboe, having a truncated conical air column of variable length and a reed assembly consisting of a tapered neck leading to a closed, cylindrical cavity. Proportions are chosen for this assembly so that its input admittance at the bottom of the neck is very closely the same function of frequency as the admittance of the missing conical segment at the apex of the air column for frequencies below the tone‐hole cutoff. The most important requirements are that the reed assembly by itself possess the same volume and lowest‐mode frequency as the missing apex. The intervals between the first‐mode frequency and the below‐cutoff frequencies of the second, third, and fourth modes of the model instrument can be made harmonic to within five cents as the length of the air column is varied to sweep the first mode through an octave range. We have investigated the effects of small variations in the proportions of the reed assembly on the natural frequencies of the model instrument. The results provide practical guidance for adjustment of the reed structure of a real oboe to special features of its own not‐quite‐conical acoustical behavior.
Prey Capture by the Crab Spider Misumena vatia (Clerck) (Thomisidae) on Three Common Native Flowers

I compared the capture methods and prey of crab spiders Misumena vatia (Clerck) hunting on pasture rose (Rosa carolina L.), common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) and goldenrod (Solidago j? ncea Ait.). Individual spiders occupied milkweed and goldenrod inflorescences significantly longer than rose flowers. They also captured significantly larger biomasses of prey on milkweed and goldenrod than on rose. During the day, spiders captured a larger biomass of prey on goldenrod than on milkweed; however, when nighttime captures on milkweed (entirely moths) were added, it was the most profitable feeding site. The low captures of prey on pasture rose were partly a consequence of the short period during which it attracted insects each day. Overall, bumblebees (Bombus spp.) were the most important prey in terms of biomass, although small syrphid flies (Toxomerus marginatus) were the most frequently captured prey. The only other frequently captured items were honeybees (Apis mellifera) and moths, both primarily on milkweed. Only on milkweed was there sign of nocturnal hunting. Spiders hunting on roses invested considerable time finding new flowers each day and also took longer to process prey than did spiders on other flowers.
Merinos Melezi Koyunlarda Baz› Biyokimyasal Kan Parametreleri ‹le Verim Aras›ndaki ‹liflkiler* I-Eritrosit Potasyum ve Glutatyon

To determine the relationship between biochemical parameters and production traits in sheep, 111 sheep raised in Band›rma Sheep Research Institute were used as living material. Blood samples of 31 Hampshire Down x Merino, 33 Dorset Down x Merino, 27 German Black Headed x Merino and 20 Border Leicester x Merino crosses were taken. The levels and types of blood glutathione (GSH) and erythrocyte potassium (K + ) were determined. Correlations between some production traits such as greasy fleece weight and lamb birth weight were estimated. Statistical significance was found in greasy fleece weight and high glutathione (GSHH) and low potassium (LK) SBA x Merino crosses, but in Dorset Down x Merino crosses only low glutathione (GSHh) type was shown to have significance with regards lamb birth weight.
Aircraft Recognition from Remote Sensing Images Based on Machine Vision

Due to the poor evaluation indexes such as detection accuracy and recall rate when Yolov3 network detects aircraft in remote sensing images, in this paper, we propose a remote sensing image aircraft detection method based on machine vision. In order to improve the target detection effect, the Inception module was introduced into the Yolov3 network structure, and then the data set was cluster analyzed using the k-means algorithm. In order to obtain the best aircraft detection model, on the basis of our proposed method, we adjusted the network parameters in the pre-training model and improved the resolution of the input image. Finally, our method adopted multi-scale training model. In this paper, we used remote sensing aircraft dataset of RSOD-Dataset to do experiments, and finally proved that our method improved some evaluation indicators. The experiment of this paper proves that our method also has good detection and recognition ability in other ground objects.
Data and Knowledge Bases with Incomplete Information in a Set of Strings Framework

 Abstract — Incompleteness of information about monitored objects is immanent property of many information processing systems. That is why databases with incomplete information (DBI) modeling is constantly actual area of the theoretical computer science as well as foundation of efficiency of DBI-centered software and hardware. This article describes an approach to such modeling, the main feature of which is representation of the DBI as a finite set of so-called incomplete (N) facts being sentential forms (SF) of context-free grammar, which set of rules form metadatabase (MDB). Relation of the mutual informativity on the N-facts set is defined, and set-theoretical, mathematical and operational semantics of the DBI data manipulation language (DML) are described, as well as generalized model of the associative storage and access supporting N-facts handling. Augmented Post systems being knowledge representation model associated with mentioned DBI are introduced.
Status of the Development of a Vapor Chamber with Phase Change Material-Based Wick Structure

A traditional vapor chamber operates very similar to a heat pipe, and usually consists of a sintered wick structure, a working fluid in saturation state, and an envelope that serves as mechanical structure. These devices are typically used in high heat flux applications, where effective heat spreading is crucial. The Phase Change Material (PCM) vapor chamber is based on similar principles, except that the design has been altered with innovative features to support thermal storage requirements. The PCM vapor chamber consists of a packed bed of microencapsulated PCM particles surrounded by a two-phase working fluid. The microencapsulated PCM particles serve two functions. First, they act as a highly effective thermal storage medium. Second, the packed microencapsulated PCM particles serve as a wick structure for capillary pumping of the two-phase working fluid for effective liquid return. In comparison to the traditional approach of designing PCM heat sinks, the PCM vapor chamber eliminates the need for embedding high thermal conductivity metal fins or carbon foams to transfer heat into bulk PCM, which typically consumes at least 50% of the system mass. In addition, the PCM vapor chamber can serve as either a stand-alone thermal capacitor or a dual thermal capacitor/heat exchanger capable of heat transfer from surface to surface. This paper describes the novelty of the concept and the status of the development of the vapor chamber with PCM based wick structure.
Effect of heat on the proteins of groundnut and Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum).

Groundnut meal was dry roasted at 120 degree C for 10-30 min and Bengal gram dhal at 75 degree C for 30 min or 100-160 degree C for 10 min. Treatment above 120 degree C and 10 min was likely to denature the proteins (indicated by a lowering of N solubility in water and NaCl solution) and reduce nutritive value, while a low roasting temp. produced a product with bland flavour. Drastic heat treatments considerably reduced the available lysine, thiamin and riboflavin contents in both materials. Autoclaving of groundnut meal at atm. pressure or at 1 or 2 kg/cm-2 for 30 min also greatly decreased N solubility in water and NaCl solution.
COMPUTER MODELING OF STENT DEPLOYMENT AND PLAQUE PROGRESSION IN THE CORONARY ARTERIES

In this study stent deployment modeling with plaque formation and pro- gression for specific patient in the coronary arteries are described. State of the art method for the reported investigations of blood flow in the stented arteries is described. In the met- hod section, image segmentation method for arteries with stent is shortly described. Blood flow simulation is described with Navier-Stokes and continuity equation. Blood vessel tis- sue is modeled with nonlinear viscoelastic material properties. The coupling of fluid dynamics and solute dynamics at the endothelium was achieved by the Kedem-Katchalsky equations. The inflammatory process is modeled using three additional reaction-diffusion partial differential equations. Coupled method with mixed finite element and DPD (Dissi- pative Particle Dynamics) method is presented. In the results section, the examples with rigid and deformable arterial wall with stented and unstented arteries are presented. Effecti- ve stress analysis results for stent deployment have been shown. It can be seen that stent reduces wall shear stress significantly after deployment which is caused by opening the artery and reducing the narrowing. Some results for stent deployment model obtained with solver developed under PAK software package. These computer models can make better understanding and preparation of the surgeons for stent deployment in everyday clinical practice.
Tracking the Progression & Influence of Beta-Amyloid Plaques Using Percolation Centrality and Collective Influence Algorithm: A Study using PET images

Network analysis allows investigators to explore the many facets of brain networks, particularly the proliferation of disease using graph theory to model the disease movement. The disruption in brain networks in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is due to the abnormal accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles. In this study, the potential use of percolation centrality to study the movement of beta-amyloid plaques, as a feature of given PET image-based networks, is studied. The PET image-based network construction is possible using the public access database - Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, which provided 1522 scans, of which 429 are of AD patients, 583 of patients with mild cognitive impairment, and 510 of cognitively normal. For each image, the Julich atlas provides 121 regions of interest/network nodes. Additionally, the influential nodes for each scan are calculated using the collective influence algorithm. Through this study, it is possible to use percolation centrality values to indicate the regions of interest that reflect the disease's spread and show potential use for early AD diagnosis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows the regions of interest for which percolation centrality is a valid measure, irrespective of the tracer type. A multivariate linear regression between the percolation centrality values for each of the nodes and psychometric assessment scores reveals that models Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores performed better than ones with Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPIQ) scores as the target variable. Similar to ANOVA, the multivariate linear regression yields regions of interest for which percolation centrality is a good differentiator. Finally, a ranking of the regions of interest is made based on the collective influence algorithm to indicate the anatomical areas strongly influencing the beta-amyloid network.
Ethoxyethanol behavioral teratology in rats.

: 2-ethoxyethanol, a solvent developed for nitrocellulose and also used in lacquers, dyes, varnish removers, and in numerous industrial processes, was evaluated for possible functional effects in offspring of rats exposed during gestation. A dose finding study revealed that no offspring survived inhalation exposure (7 hours/day) from gestation days 7-13 or 14-20 at 900 ppm, and there were approximately 34 percent neonatal deaths even after prenatal exposure to 200 ppm-the current Federal occupational standard. Consequently, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 100 ppm ethoxyethanol for 7 hours/day on gestation days 7-13 or 14-20. The only effect observed in the mothers was slightly prolonged gestation in he mothers exposed on days 14-20 of gestation (p less than .001). Behavioral testing of offspring from dams exposed to ethoxyethanol on gestation days 7-13 revealed: (a) impaired performance on a rotorod test of neuromuscular ability (p = .002); (b) prolonged latency of leaving the start area of an open field (p = .009); and (c) marginal superiority in avoidance conditioning begun on day 34 of age (p = 061). Offspring from dams exposed to ethoxyethanol on gestation days 14-20: (a) were less active than controls in a running wheel (p = 0.32), and (b) received an increased number and duration of shocks in avoidance conditioning begun on day 60 of age (p = .004). Neurochemical evaluation of whole-brain samples from newborn pups revealed significantly decreased levels of norepinephrine in offspring from both exposure periods (p less than .01). In regional analyses of brains from 21-day-old offspring of dams exposed to 100 ppm ethoxyethanol on gestation days 7-13, the cerebrum had significant elevations in acetylcholine (p less than .01), norepinephrine ( p less than .01), and dopamine (p less than .05), the cerebellum had nearly a 3-fold increase in acetylcholine (p less than .01); the brainstem had an increase in norepinephrine (p less than 0.01); and the midbrain had excesses of acetylcholine (p less than .01), norepinephrine (p less than .05) and protein (p less than .05). In brains from 21-day-old offspring of dams exposed to ethoxyethanol on gestation days 14-20, the cerebrum had significant elevations in acetylcholine, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (p less than .05). Overall, the results indicate that there are behavioral and neurochemical alterations in offspring of rats following prenatal exposure to 100 ppm ethoxyethanol.
DNA Patterns Localization Using a Dedicated Dot-Plot and Image Analysis

DNA repeats are believed to play significant roles in genome evolution and diseases. Many of the methods for finding repeated sequences are part of the digital signal processing (DSP) field and most of these methods use distances, similarities and consensus sequences to generate candidate sequences. This paper presents results obtained using a dedicated numerical representation with a mapping algorithm (using DNA distances and consensus types) and a custom dot-plot analysis (using similarities to represent DNA patterns) combined with image processing techniques, to visual isolate the position of DNA patterns with different lengths. The final images that best put in evidence the presence of repeated sequences were obtained using weighted cosine cross-correlation, Jukes-Cantor distance and Motyka similarity.
Title : Obesity promotes glucocorticoid-dependent muscle atrophy in male C 57 BL / 6 J mice

Glucocorticoids promote muscle atrophy by inducing a class of proteins called atrogenes, resulting in reductions in muscle size and strength. In this work, we evaluated whether a mouse model with pre-existing diet-induced obesity had altered glucocorticoid responsiveness. We observed that all animals treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone had reduced strength, but that obesity exacerbated this effect. These changes were concordant with more pronounced reductions in muscle size, particularly in Type II muscle fibers, and potentiated induction of atrogene expression in the obese mice relative to lean mice. Furthermore, we show that the reductions in lean mass do not fully account for the dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance observed in these mice. Together these data suggest that obesity potentiates glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy.
Developmental cycle of Coxiella burnetii: structure and morphogenesis of vegetative and sporogenic differentiations

Coxiella burnetii is a gram-variable obligate intracellular bacterium which carries out its development cycle in the phagolysosome of eucaryotic cells. Ultrastructural analysis of C. burnetii, in situ and after Renografin purification, by transmission electron microscopy of lead-stained thin sections has revealed extreme pleomorphism as demonstrated by two morphological cell types, a large cell variant (LCV) and a small cell variant (SCV). Potassium permanganate staining of purified rickettsiae revealed a number of differences in the internal structures of the cell variants. (i) The outer membrane of the sCV and LCV were comparable; however, the underlying dense layer of the SCV was much wider and more prominent than that of the LCV. The periplasmic space of the SCV was not readily visualized, whereas the periplasmic space of the LCV was apparent and resembled that of other gram-negative bacteria. (ii) Complex internal membranous intrusions which appeared to originate from the cytoplasmic membrane were observed in the SCV. The LCV did not harbor an extensive membranous system. (iii) Some LCVs contained a dense body in the periplasmic space. This endogenous structure appeared to arise in one pole of the LCV as an electrondense "cap" formation with the progressive development of a dense body approximately 130 to 170 nm in diameter which was eventually surrounded by a coat of at least four layers. Our observations suggest that the morphogenesis of C. burnetii is comparable, although not identical, to cellular differentiation of endospore formation. A developmental cycle consisting of vegetative and sporogenic differentiation is proposed.
A Review of Roof and Pond Rainwater Harvesting System: The Design, Performance and Way Forward

This paper reviews the design and component of two types of RWHS, namely roof harvesting system (RHS) and pond harvesting system (PHS). The performance in terms of quantity and quality of collected rainwater and energy consumption for RWHS with different capacities were evaluated, as well as the benefits and challenges particularly in environmental, economic and social aspects. Presently, RHS is more commonly applied but its effectiveness is limited by its small scale. The PHS is of larger scale and has greater potentials and effectiveness as an alternative water supply system. Results also indicate the many advantages of PHS especially in terms of economics, environmental aspects and volume of water harvested. While RHS may be suited to individual or existing buildings, PHS has greater potentials and should be applied in newly developed urban areas with wet equatorial climate.
Ultraviolet Light Management in Building Integrated Solar Lighting Systems

Reflected sunlight from building integrated heliostat systems contains many of the same ultraviolet (UV) light hazards present in sunlight. Heliostat light is not the same as sunlight however, and the general public is unlikely to be able to accurately assess the nature of the hazard and choose the appropriate radiation protection strategies. Therefore, a number of standard risk management practices are discussed for effectively managing the hazards. Maximum irradiance levels for continuous exposure are calculated for a range of heliostat mirror materials as a function of solar spectrum. Higher irradiance levels are also possible by switching the system off for some time in the middle of the day. The addition of spectrally selective filters is discussed as a means of increasing irradiance from the heliostat without increasing the hazard. A range of additional options are discussed that encourage radiation safety and enhance the effectiveness of the heliostat.