Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolución de la relacion banca-industria en España

Definir el papel que juega el sistema financiero en general, y los bancos en particular, a la hora de facilitar las inversiones y crecimiento de las empresas, impulsar la adopcion de innovaciones tecnologicas y las mejoras en la productividad, o en la mejor supervision de la actuacion de los directivos ha sido siempre un tema que ha generado encendidos debates y para el que se han elaborado numerosas comparaciones internacionales. Se observan dos soluciones extremas a este problema: por un lado, el modelo anglo-americano, con mercados financieros importantes e instituciones financieras no tan involucradas en la propiedad o financiacion de las empresas; y por otro lado el modelo germano-japones, con un numero reducido de bancos, de tamano importante y que han jugado un papel mas activo en la supervision y control de las entidades no financieras con las que colaboran. El caso espanol correspondia, tradicionalmente, a una situacion intermedia con bancos importantes pero no excesivamente involucrados y con la presencia de mecanismos de mercado de una cierta importancia, especialmente cuando lo comparabamos con la situacion presente en otros paises europeos. En este trabajo intentamos ver hasta que punto los bancos siguen siendo importantes en la financiacion de las empresas, analizando sus participaciones accionariales y determinando hasta que punto son accionistas activos y alternativos al mercado. En este sentido, una de las preguntas claves consiste en entender que ha pasado con la estructura de propiedad de las empresas espanolas y, en particular, de aquellas que cotizan en bolsa. Este es un elemento crucial ya que en la mayoria de paises europeos es habitual una estructura de propiedad altamente concentrada y donde la caracterizacion de los grandes accionistas resulta relevante. Otra cuestion que merece nuestra atencion es la evolucion de las grandes empresas de propiedad estatal, que durante la ultima decada han experimentado importantes procesos de privatizacion, por otro lado generalizados en todas las economias. Los sectores de la energia, telecomunicaciones y transporte, entre otros, han visto cambios dramaticos en su propiedad. Dado su importante peso especifico en la economia y mercados nacionales, analizaremos como ha afectado dicha privatizacion a los diferentes mecanismos de gobierno, la eficiencia y el valor de las empresas.
Uncertainty Management in the Unit Commitment Problem

Uncertainty in power systems operations has been traditionally managed by multistage decision making and operating reserve requirements. A familiar example of multistage decisions is day-ahead unit commitment and real-time economic dispatch. An alternate approach for managing uncertainty is a stochastic formulation, which allows the explicit modeling of the sources of uncertainty. This paper compares stochastic and reserve methods and evaluates the benefits of a combined approach for the efficient management of uncertainty in the unit commitment problem. Numerical studies show that unit commitment solutions obtained for the combined approach are robust and superior with respect to the traditional approach in terms of both economics and reliability metrics.
The role of dynamic subtraction MRI in detection of hepatocellular carcinoma.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of dynamic subtraction magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS MR images of 32 patients with cirrhosis were retrospectively investigated. The standard sequence images of the patients were evaluated for detection of HCC, and then the subtracted images of dynamic contrast-enhanced series were evaluated. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of standard technique and additional use of subtracted images were investigated. RESULTS In detection of at least one HCC, standard protocol was useful in 14 of 17 (82.3%) patients; by additional use of subtraction imaging all 17 (100%) patients with HCC were detected. For detection of the correct number of HCC tumors, standard protocol was found to have 61.5% sensitivity, 78.9% specificity, and 71.8% accuracy. The use of subtracted images increased the sensitivity to 85.7%, specificity to 83.3%, and accuracy to 84.3%. CONCLUSION Subtraction is a simple automatic procedure that is commonly available in most MRI systems. The use of subtraction of dynamic contrast-enhanced series facilitates the detection of HCC in disorganized architecture of cirrhotic livers.
Impaired Very Long-chain Acyl-CoA β-Oxidation in Human X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Fibroblasts Is a Direct Consequence of ABCD1 Transporter Dysfunction*

Background: ABCD1 is a peroxisomal ABC transporter whose dysfunction causes X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). Results: β-Oxidation of C26:0 and C22:0 acyl-CoA esters is impaired in X-ALD. ABCD3 accounts for residual β-oxidation activity in X-ALD fibroblasts. Conclusion: ABCD1 mediates very long-chain acyl-CoA ester β-oxidation without need for additional re-esterification by an acyl-CoA synthetase. Significance: Our study provides proof of deficient acyl-CoA ester β-oxidation in X-ALD. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), an inherited peroxisomal disorder, is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding the peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCD1 (adrenoleukodystrophy protein, ALDP). Biochemically, X-ALD is characterized by an accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids and partially impaired peroxisomal β-oxidation. In this study, we used primary human fibroblasts from X-ALD and Zellweger syndrome patients to investigate the peroxisomal β-oxidation defect. Our results show that the degradation of C26:0-CoA esters is as severely impaired as degradation of unesterified very long-chain fatty acids in X-ALD and is abolished in Zellweger syndrome. Interestingly, the β-oxidation rates for both C26:0-CoA and C22:0-CoA were similarly affected, although C22:0 does not accumulate in patient fibroblasts. Furthermore, we show that the β-oxidation defect in X-ALD is directly caused by ABCD1 dysfunction as blocking ABCD1 function with a specific antibody reduced β-oxidation to levels observed in X-ALD fibroblasts. By quantification of mRNA and protein levels of the peroxisomal ABC transporters and by blocking with specific antibodies, we found that residual β-oxidation activity toward C26:0-CoA in X-ALD fibroblasts is mediated by ABCD3, although the efficacy of ABCD3 appeared to be much lower than that of ABCD1. Finally, using isolated peroxisomes, we show that β-oxidation of C26:0-CoA is independent of additional CoA but requires a cytosolic factor of >10-kDa molecular mass that is resistant to N-ethylmaleimide and heat inactivation. In conclusion, our findings in human cells suggest that, in contrast to yeast cells, very long-chain acyl-CoA esters are transported into peroxisomes by ABCD1 independently of additional synthetase activity.
Bilobalide ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative damage in HepG 2 cells by the induction of Nrf 2-dependent HO-1 expression through PI 3 K / Akt and P 38 pathways

Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic damage induced by various factors. Bilobalide (BB) is a compound extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaf. It has been reported for its anti-oxidative activity and has been tested to treat brain damage. However, it has not been studied whether BB possesses hepatoprotective activity though regulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) which is a key antioxidant defense against reactive oxygen species. In this study, HepG2 cells were stimulated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to induce cellular oxidative damage, and were treated with different concentrations of BB. The viability of the cells and the leakage of ALT and AST were detected to evaluate cell damages. Levels of H2O2, MDA and 8-OHdG in HepG2 cell lysates were measured to assess the cellular oxidative stress. Besides, the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and HO-1 (mRNA and protein) were detected. The results showed that BB attenuated the cellular damage, inhibited the oxidative stress, and increased the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in the CCl4-stimulated HepG2 cells. Yet, the cytoprotective effects of BB were abolished by a HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP). In addition, Nrf2 knockdown with siNrf2 blocked the induction of HO-1 expression by BB. Furthermore, LY294002 (a PI3K/Akt inhibitor) and SB203580 (a p38 inhibitor) significantly reversed the up-regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 expression and the cytoprotection by BB. Our findings indicated that the hepatoprotective effects of BB were associated with the Nrf2 mediated HO-1 expression. And PI3K/Akt and p38 pathways were involved in the hepatoprotective effects and the regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling by BB. BB may be a useful agent for the treatment of oxidative stress-induced hepatic damage.
NROI watermarking of medical images for content authentication

Medical image is usually comprised of region of interest (ROI) and non region of interest (NROI). ROI is the region that contains the important information from diagnosis point of view so it must be stored without any distortion. We have proposed a digital watermarking technique which avoids the distortion of image in ROI by embedding the watermark information in NROI. The watermark is comprised of patient information, hospital logo and message authentication code, computed using hash function. Earlier BCH encryption of watermark is performed to ensure inaccessibility of embedded data to the adversaries.
Accounting for the Ca(2+)‐dependent kinetics of single large‐conductance Ca(2+)‐activated K+ channels in rat skeletal muscle.

1. The Ca(2+)‐dependent kinetics of large‐conductance Ca(2+)‐activated K+ channels from cultured rat skeletal muscle were studied with the patch clamp technique. Data were collected in the absence of Na+ and Mg2+, which can alter the kinetics. About 2 x 10(5) open and shut intervals were analysed from each of five different excised membrane patches containing a single active channel. Analysis was restricted to activity in the normal mode, which includes 96% of the intervals. 2. The open probability (Popen) and dwell‐time distributions of open and shut intervals were obtained at three to four different [Ca2+]i for each of the channels. Popen data were also obtained from some multichannel patches. 3. Increasing [Ca2+]i increased Popen. At a pH of 7.0 the Hill coefficient was 3.7 +/‐ 0.8 (range of 3.0‐5.0) and a Popen of 0.5 occurred at 14 +/‐ 7 microM [Ca2+]i (K0.5) for data obtained at +30 mV (n = 6). At a pH of 7.2 the Hill coefficient was 3.0 +/‐ 0.5 (range of 2.2‐3.7) and K0.5 was 9 +/‐ 6 microM‐Ca2+ (n = 7). The large standard deviations for K0.5 reflect the observation that fourfold differences in K0.5 could be observed for different channels studied under the same experimental conditions. 4. Hill coefficients that can be greater than 3 suggest that the channel may bind four or more Ca2+ to become fully activated. The binding of four Ca2+ before opening would require a minimum of five shut states. This estimate of the minimum number of shut states is in general agreement with that obtained from the number of exponential components in the dwell‐time distributions of shut intervals. Thus, two different methods give similar estimates of the minimum number of shut states. If the channel can open with different numbers of bound Ca2+, then this could give rise to the three to four open states suggested by the three to four exponential components in the open dwell‐time distributions. 5. Kinetic schemes consistent with the Ca(2+)‐dependent kinetics were developed by simultaneously fitting open and shut dwell‐time distributions obtained at three to four different [Ca2+]i, using maximum likelihood techniques and corrections for missed events. Such simultaneous fitting can provide an increased ability to define models and rate constants. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Estimating seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 among different Middle East and North African male populations residing in Qatar

HSV‐1 epidemiology in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) remains poorly understood. Our study aimed to measure HSV‐1 antibody prevalence (seroprevalence) and its age‐distribution among select MENA populations residing in Qatar. Sera were collected from male blood donors attending Hamad Medical Corporation 2013‐2015. A total of 2,077 sera were tested for anti‐HSV‐1 antibodies using HerpeSelect® 1 ELISA IgG kits (Focus Diagnostics, Cypress, CA). Robust Poisson regression was conducted to estimate adjusted infection prevalence ratios. Country‐specific HSV‐1 seroprevalence was estimated for 10 national populations: 97.5% among Egyptians, 92.6% among Yemenis, 90.7% among Sudanese, 88.5% among Syrians, 86.5% among Jordanians, 82.3% among Qataris, 81.4% among Iranians, 81.4% among Lebanese, 80.5% among Palestinians, and 77.0% among Pakistanis. Age‐specific HSV‐1 seroprevalence was estimated for Egypt, the Fertile Crescent (Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria), and Qatar. Seroprevalence increased with age among Fertile Crescent and Qatari nationals. Seroprevalence increased from 70.0% among those aged ≤ 24 years up to 98.0% among those aged ≥55 years among Fertile Crescent nationals. Seroprevalence was consistently above 90% for all ages among Egyptians. HSV‐1 seroprevalence is high in MENA, though with some variation across countries. The seroprevalence appears to have declined among current young age cohorts compared to its levels a few decades ago.
Propuesta del Modelo de Promoción y Prevención enSalud Oral en el Perú.

Introduccion El ser humano es creador de su realidad social que se traduce en su cultura, es creador de sus oportunidades y de sus problemas, en ese sentido el proceso salud enfermedad lejos de ser un evento probabilistico, ademas obedece a un modelo causal, donde la ciencia aplicada a la realidad (tecnologia) podria jugar a favor de mantener sano al individuo. En salud oral este es el papel de la odontologia basada en evidencias OBE, que segun las ultimas tendencias, busca disminuir la carga de enfermedad y/o secuelas de la misma, desde un enfoque de promocion, prevencion y diagnostico precoz. Actualmente en el Peru, existe el modelo de Atencion Integral de Salud basado en Familia y Comunidad, que toma el problema de salud oral como un objetivo sanitario y lo aborda de manera transversal mediante la Estrategia Sanitaria Nacional de Salud Bucal, pero no es suficiente, se necesita perfilar ademas un modelo que integre las acciones promocionales y preventivas en un modelo de programa nacional a fin de que las actividades (todas) esten articuladas entre ellas bajo un hilo conductor, que sea el “nino”. Es decir el Peru merece tener un modelo, un paquete minimo preventivo, que se le garantice a todos los ninos, antes de que desarrollen caries o para prevenir nuevas caries.
Starvation Survival Response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

ABSTRACT The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis auxotrophs to survive long-term starvation was measured. Tryptophan and histidine auxotrophs did not survive single-amino-acid starvation, whereas a proline auxotroph did. All three auxotrophs survived complete starvation. THP-1 cells were also able to restrict the growth of the tryptophan and histidine auxotrophs.
Multidestination Protocols for Satellite Broadcast Channels

Two retransmission procedures, the go-back- N (GBN) scheme and the selective repeat (SR) scheme, have been analyzed for data transfer from one transmitter to many receivers. We consider transfer of error-controlled bulk data over a satellite broadcast channel. Two retransmission strategies, the dynamic retransmission group reduction (DRGR) technique and the fixed retransmission group (FRG) technique, are proposed. We study the GBN and SR schemes for both strategies. Analytic expressions are derived for the throughput performance of the GBN scheme and of the SR scheme with infinite resources, while discrete event simulation is used to estimate the throughput of the selective repeat scheme with finite resources. Only the SR scheme using the DRGR technique provides acceptable performance for high-speed bulk data transfer. For the DRGR technique, the throughput falls logarithmically with an increase in the number of receivers. In contrast, the throughput for the FRG technique falls exponentially with an increase in the number of receivers.
Negative supercoiling induces spontaneous unwinding of a bacterial promoter.

We have examined the influence of negative supercoiling on the DNA structure of a bacterial promoter (tyrT from Escherichia coli), the transcriptional activity of which is strongly enhanced by torsional stress in vitro. Certain regions of this promoter become sensitive to digestion by single‐strand‐specific S1 nuclease as a consequence of negative superhelicity. These regions occur with high frequency (1 per 30‐50 bp) and are normally centered on a TpA doublet. The major positions of cleavage are located in and around the ‐10 sequence TATGATG, the unwinding of which is a prerequisite for gene expression. An apparently trivial change in the ‐10 sequence from TATGATG to TATGAAG reduces both transcriptional activity and S1 nuclease sensitivity at least 10‐fold. Thus the nuclease sensitivity of the promoter correlates strongly with its biological function; and both of these phenomena correlate with certain sequence‐dependent structural properties of the DNA.
Roles of estradiol and progesterone in regulation of hippocampal dendritic spine density during the estrous cycle in the rat

We have previously shown that the density of dendritic spines on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells is dependent on circulating estradiol and progesterone and fluctuates naturally during the 5 day estrous cycle in the adult rat. To date, however, no detailed characterization of the roles that these hormones play in regulation of spine density has been made. In order to determine the time courses and extent of the effects of estradiol and progesterone on dendritic spine density, we have analyzed the density of dendritic spines on the lateral branches of the apical dendritic tree of Golgi‐impregnated CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells in several experiments. In summary, our findings included the following: (1) Following ovariectomy, circulating estradiol is undetectable within 24 hours; however, spine density decreases gradually over a 6 day period. (2) Spine density does not decrease any further up to 40 days following ovariectomy. (3) Treatment with estradiol alone can reverse the ovariectomy‐induced decrease in spine density. (4) Spine density begins to increase within 24 hours following estradiol benzoate injection in an ovariectomized animal, peaks at 2 and 3 days, then gradually decreases over the next 7 day period. (5) Although free estradiol is metabolized more rapidly than estradiol benzoate, there is no difference in the rate of decrease in spine density following injection of either form. (6) Progesterone has a biphasic effect on spine density in that progesterone treatment following estradiol initially increases spine density for a period of 2 to 6 hours but then results in a much sharper decrease than is observed following estradiol alone. By 18 hours following progesterone treatment, spine density is decreased nearly to 6 day ovariectomy values. (7) Treatment of intact rats with the progesterone receptor antagonist, RU 486, during the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle inhibits the proestrus to estrus drop in spine density. These findings account for both the gradual increase and rapid decrease in spine density which we have previously observed during the estrous cycle and indicate that progesterone in particular may be an important factor in the regulation of rapid morphologic changes which occur naturally in the adult brain. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Publicação Acadêmica de Marketing Esportivo no Brasil

O objetivo desse artigo e analisar os trabalhos academicos de marketing esportivo publicados nos principais periodicos e eventos cientificos brasileiros no periodo de 1994 a 2011. Para tanto realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliografica a partir da qual foram selecionados os artigos que tratavam do tema. Utilizou-se um formulario com 13 variaveis para analisar os 23 trabalhos encontrados. A analise dos dados possibilitou algumas constatacoes: (a) a maioria dos trabalhos foram publicados em eventos cientificos; (b) 85% tiveram como origem instituicoes de ensino das regioes sudeste e sul; (c) estudos exploratorios e empiricos representaram 74% do total; (d) 65% dos artigos foram publicados nos ultimos seis anos; e (e) observou-se uma tendencia a pesquisas relacionadas as escolas de marketing mais tradicionais. Como a pesquisa identificou uma pequena producao academica sobre marketing esportivo no Brasil, o estudo sugere algumas opcoes para incrementar essa producao. DOI: 10.5585/remark.v11i2. 2327
New and additional records of Salmoneus Holthuis, 1955 (Decapoda, Caridea, Alpheidae) from Brazil, with a key to the southern Atlantic species

Duas especies de camaroes Alpheidae do genero Salmoneus Holthuis, 1955, sao registradas para aguas litorais de Sao Sebastiao (SP), sudeste brasileiro. Salmoneus depressus Anker, 2011, previamente conhecida da regiao do Caribe, e registrada pela primera vez para o Brasil e para o Atlântico sul ocidental. Salmoneus ortmanni (Rankin, 1898), conhecida anteriormente de um unico registro confirmado para o Atol das Rocas (03°S), e mencionada aqui para o litoral sudeste do Brasil (23°S). Os registros previos de S. ortmanni para o Brasil referem-se, na realidade, a Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007. Variacoes morfologicas em S. depressus sao discutidas e ilustradas. Fotografias em cor de S. depressus e S. ortmanni obtidas a partir de exemplares vivos sao fornecidas, assim como uma chave para as especies de Salmoneus conhecidas para o Atlântico sul.
A Physical and Scalable – Model in BSIM 3 v 3 for Analog / Digital Circuit Simulation

A new physical and continuous BSIM (Berkeley Short-Channel IGFET Model) I–V model in BSIM3v3 is presented for circuit simulation. Including the major physical effects in state-of-the art MOS devices, the model describes current characteristics from subthreshold to strong inversion as well as from the linear to the saturation operating regions with a single I–V expression, and guarantees the continuities of Ids, conductances and their derivatives throughout allVgs, Vds, and Vbs bias conditions. Compared with the previous BSIM models, the improved model continuity enhances the convergence property of the circuit simulators. Furthermore, the model accuracy has also been enhanced by including the dependencies of geometry and bias of parasitic series resistances, narrow width, bulk charge, and DIBL effects. The new model has the extensive built-in dependencies of important dimensional and processing parameters (e.g., channel length, width, gate oxide thickness, junction depth, substrate doping concentration, etc.). It allows users to accurately describe the MOSFET characteristics over a wide range of channel lengths and widths for various technologies, and is attractive for statistical modeling. The model has been implemented in the circuit simulators such as Spectre, Hspice, SmartSpice, Spice3e2, and so on.