Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CAPÍTULO 1 | CHAPTER 1 A BIODIVERSIDADE TERRESTRE E DULÇAQUÍCOLA DOS ARQUIPÉLAGOS DA MADEIRA E DAS SELVAGENS TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY OF THE MADEIRA AND SELVAGENS ARCHIPELAGOS

Resumo 1. As ilhas atlânticas dos Açores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canárias e Cabo Verde constituem uma das regiões da Europa mais ricas em diversidade de fungos, plantas e animais. Desde 2004 que a inventariação detalhada da diversidade destas ilhas tem sido um dos principais objectivos dos projectos ATLÂNTICO e BIONATURA (incluídos no projecto EU INTERREG IIIB). Este livro é a mais recente contribuição destes projectos, apresentando uma lista de todos os fungos, flora e fauna terrestre conhecida, incluindo a dulçaquícola, para dois arquipélagos atlânticos (Madeira e Selvagens). 2. A lista abrange o arquipélago da Madeira, constituído por duas ilhas de maiores dimensões (Madeira e Porto Santo) e três pequenas, cujo conjunto constitui as Desertas (Ilhéu Chão, Deserta Grande e Bugio), e ainda o arquipélago das Selvagens, formado por duas pequenas ilhas (Selvagem Grande e Selvagem Pequena) e um ilhéu (Ilhéu de Fora). Abstract 1. The Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary Islands and Cape Verde are among the richest regions in Fungi, plant and animal diversity in Europe. The main objectives of the EU INTERREG IIIB projects ATLÂNTICO and BIONATURA have been, since 2004, to carry out a detailed inventory of the terrestrial Fungi, Flora and Fauna of these archipelagos. This book, encompassing a checklist of all the known terrestrial and freshwater Fungi, Flora and Fauna of Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos is the latest contribution towards that goal. 2. The geographic scope of this checklist includes the Madeira archipelago, composed of two large islands (Madeira and Porto Santo) and three small islands, which are globally named Desertas (Ilhéu Chão, Deserta Grande and Bugio), and the archipelago of Selvagens with two small islands (Selvagem Grande and Selvagem Pequena) and one islet (Ilhéu de Fora). CAPÍTULO 1 | CHAPTER 1
Predictive Factors for Smartphone Dependence: Relationship to Demographic Characteristics, Chronotype, and Depressive State of University Students

We investigated factors contributing to smartphone dependence. To 196 medical university students, we administered a set of self-reporting questionnaires designed to evaluate demographic characteristics, smartphone dependence, chronotype, and depressive state. Smartphone dependence was evaluated using the Wakayama Smartphone-Dependence Scale (WSDS) with 3 subscales: Subscale 1, immersion in Internet communication; Subscale 2, using a smartphone for extended periods of time and neglecting social obligations and other tasks; Subscale 3, using a smartphone while doing something else and neglect of etiquette. Multiple regression analyses revealed that living in a family, eveningness, and presence of depression were associated with Subscale 1, that living in a family and eveningness were also associated with Subscale 2, and that being a man was associated with Subscale 3. These findings suggest that smartphone dependence can be predicted by factors such as gender, mode of residence, chronotype, or depressive state.
The Emotions: From the (Inter)Personal to the Normative Dimension

Recent debate in the intersection between philosophy and cognitive sciences have underlined the relevance of emotions in our lives. Emotions seem to play several different roles: from our inner and personal experience of the world, especially in all its alleged value aspects, to our relations to others. Yet, philosophical and scientific debate has not reached a consensus on what emotions are and on their specific contribution to our personal and social lives. In this introductory chapter we present the different debates on emotions this issue focuses on and we briefly summarize the papers collected here.
Performance of pullet chicks fed different levels of dietary fibre and enzyme.

The response of pullet chicks to varying levels of dietary fibre and supplementary enzyme was investigated for 8 weeks using 120 three weeks old Harco black pullet chicks. The chicks were randomly divided into 8 groups of 15 birds each and assigned to 8 energetic (11.78-11.96 MJ/Kg ME) and nitrogenous (20% crude protein) diets in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement involving four fibre levels (5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0%) and two enzyme levels (0 and 0.25%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times with 5 birds per replicate. Results showed that while body weight gain of chicks that were fed diets without supplementary enzyme decreased significantly (P<0.01) as the dietary fibre level increased beyond 6% level, average daily feed intake increased significantly (P<0.01) at the 7 and 8% dietary fibre levels. Chicks fed 6% crude fibre diet with enzyme supplementation had significantly (P<0.01) higher average daily weight gain, final body weight and protein efficiency ratio and lower (P<0.01) cost of feed per kg weight gain than those fed the control diet. It was concluded that 6% crude fibre can be included in pullet chicks’ diet without supplementary enzyme and 8% crude fibre with supplementary enzyme for normal growth of chicks.
Land air surface scheme (LAPS) for use in urban modelling

Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models in connection with increasing capacities of computers in the last years have considerably increased the spatial (vertical and horizontal) resolution and practically become close to mesoand local-scale models. Nevertheless, in most NWP models, urban and non-urban areas are treated rather similarly, through similar sub-surface, surface and boundary layer formulations. No different/additional mechanisms or physics exist to account for specific urban dynamics and energetics and for their impact on atmospheric boundary layer. So, it is important to develop parameterizations of the urban effects in NWP models. The improvement of the urban meteorological forecast is also very important for the air pollution forecasting. The objective of this study is the modification of the Land Air Parameterization Scheme [Mihailovic, 1996] to include the parameterization of the urban effects. To this end, the original scheme was developed to take into account the complexity of urban surfaces through the new definition of wind profile over heterogeneous surface. The general equation for the wind speed profile depending on effective or aggregated values of roughness length and displacement height was used. To examine the model behavior, the numerical experiment for different parts of a hypothetical urban area has been performed. The results are in good agreement with the previous experimental observations. It was found that the most urbanized part of the city is the warmest, with a large sensible heat flux, large heat storage and weak latent heat flux. Simulated surface temperatures have shown the existence of urban heat island phenomenon.
Minority Stressors and Psychological Distress in Transgender Individuals

This study tested direct and indirect associations between minority stressors and psychological distress in a large, geographically diverse sample of transgender individuals (N = 1,207). Transgender individuals were recruited for an online, cross-sectional survey using targeted sampling. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model, which was based on Hatzenbuehler’s (2009) integrative mediation framework. Expectations of rejection, self-stigma, and prejudice events were all associated with psychological distress, and these relationships were partially accounted for by rumination. This model had good fit (Tucker-Lewis Index = .96, Comparative Fit Index = .98, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = .05, 90% CI [.05, .06]) and explained 54.5% of the variance in psychological distress and 29.3% in rumination. This is the first study to examine a model of minority stress and psychological distress that includes rumination and all four minority stressors from Meyer’s (2003) framework in a large sample of transgender individuals. Results indicate a strong relationship between minority stressors and psychological distress among transgender people, and that these relationships are partially explained by rumination. Results need to be considered in relation to the cross-sectional nature of the design and the possible role for additional variables. Future research should investigate these findings using designs that provide tests of causality.
Population genetic keys to speciation

Based on the notions of Mendelian population and biological species, the commonly proposed pathways of speciation are discussed with respect to the roles played by reproductive isolation as well as pre- and postzygotic incompatibility. It is emphasized that evolutionarily meaningful analyses of speciation processes require consideration of the conditions for establishment of the various mechanisms of isolation and incompatibility, which, in turn, necessitates specication of appropriate modes of inheritance of these mech- anisms. Properties desirable for genetic models of speciation are derived and compared with existing models. A general result on the joint evolution of underdominance in tness and positive assortative mating is used to evaluate the signicance of hybrid disadvantage and prezygotic incompatibility in speciation. The conclusions from this evaluation are compared with observations published in an analytical review of studies on incompatibil- ities among Drosophila species and with the results of a genetic analysis in two lacewing species presented as evidence for sympatric speciation.
Causal Nexus between Inflation and Economic Growth of Japan

This study aims to evaluate the link between economic growth and consumer price index (CPI) in Japan for the period of 1980-2014. Initial series were adjusted for stationarity using the Augmented Dickey- Fuller (ADF) test for unit root followed by the application of Johansen Co-integration Test in order to examine the long-run relationship among the variables, while the causalities were evaluated using Granger Causality model. The empirical results reveal that economic growth and CPI are co-integrated and thus exhibit a long-run relationship between the variables. The Granger causality test supports bi-directional causality between economic growth and CPI in Japan. The paper adopts a time series framework of the Vector Error Correlation Models (VECM) to study the dynamic relationship between economic growth and consumer price index for Japan.
The zero temperature coefficient in junctionless nanowire transistors

This Letter presents an analysis of the zero temperature coefficient (ZTC) bias in junctionless nanowire transistors (JNTs). Unlike in previous works, which had shown that JNT did not present a ZTC point, this work shows that ZTC may occur in JNTs depending mainly on the series resistance of the devices and its dependence on the temperature. Experimental results of drain current, threshold voltage, and series resistance are presented for both long and short channel n and p-type devices.
Comparison of 3D and 4D CBCT for the Localization of Moving Targets

xii CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 STEREOTACTIC BODY RADIATION THERAPY . 1 1.2 IMAGE GUIDED RADIATION THERAPY . 3 1.3 FAN BEAM AND CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY . 5 1.4 RESPIRATORY MOTION MANAGEMENT IN FAN BEAM AND CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY . 7 1.5 MOTIVATION FOR RESEARCH . 14 1.6 HYPOTHESIS AND SPECIFIC AIMS . 15 CHAPTER 2: METHODS AND MATERIALS . 17 2.1 DYNAMIC RESPIRATORY MOTION PHANTOM . 17 2.1.1 PATIENT-SPECIFIC RESPIRATORY MOTION MODELS . 19 2.2 AIM 1, MEASUREMENT OF MOTION AMPLITUDE AND TUMOR SIZE . 23 2.3 AIM 2, LOCALIZATION ERROR OF 3D AND 4D CBCT FOR UNCHANGED PATIENT RESPIRATORY BEHAVIOR . 25 2.3.1 REFERENCE IMAGE ACQUISITION . 25 2.3. 2 TREATMENT PLANNING . 31 2.3. 3 CBCT ACQUISITION . 32 2.3. 4 REGISTRATION METHODS . 33 2.3. 5 REPRODUCIBILITY OF PHANTOM SETUP . 35 2.3. 6 SUMMARY . 36 2.3. 7 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS . 36 2.4 AIM 3, LOCALIZATION ERROR OF 3D CBCT AND 4D CBCT WITH CHANGES IN PATIENT RESPIRATORY BEHAVIOR . 37 2.4. 1 MODELING CHANGES IN RESPIRATORY MOTION . 37 2.4. 2 SUMMARY . 37 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . 38 3.1 AIM 1 . 38 3.1.1 AMPLITUDE MEASUREMENT RESULTS . 38 3.1.2 AMPLITUDE MEASUREMENT DISCUSSION . 43 3.1.3 SPHERE MEASUREMENT RESULTS . 46 3.1.4 SPHERE MEASUREMENT DISCUSSION . 47
Least Significant Bit and Discrete Wavelet Transform Algorithm Realization for Image Steganography Employing FPGA

Steganography is the science that deals with conveying secret information by embedding into the cover object invisibly. In steganography, only the authorized party is aware of the existence of the hidden message to achieve secret communication. The image file is mostly used cover medium amongst various digital files such as image, text, audio and video. The proposed idea of this research work is to develop the robust image steganography. It is implemented using Least Significant Bit and Discrete Wavelet Transform techniques for digital image signal to improve the robustness & evaluate the performance of these algorithms. The parameters such as mean square error (MSE), bit error rate (BER), peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and processing time are considered here to evaluate the performance of the proposed work. In the proposed system, PSNR and MSE value ranges from 42 to 46 dB and 1.5 to 3.5 for LSB method respectively. For DWT method these results are further improved as it gives higher PSNR values between 49 to 57 dB and lower MSE values 0.2 to 0.7.
MOTHERS, FATHERS, AND CHILDREN: REGIONAL PATTERNS IN CHILD-PARENT RESIDENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Important features of the African extended family system are child fostering and nonmaternal residence. Children were found to be much more likely to live with the mother than with anyone else if the child did not live in a couple household. Children not living with either parent were more likely to be raised by relatives. Data from the Demographic and Health Survey were used to examine the patterns and incidence of parent-child residence in Sub-Saharan Africa the factors determining fostering and the social and demographic factors influencing the likelihood of different living arrangements. Fostering can be voluntary or arise from a crisis. Findings indicated that countries varied in their extent of fostering: 3% in Sudan and 27% in Namibia. Fostering may have also declined over time. West Africa contrary to popular belief was not found to have higher levels of fostering. Boys were less likely to be fostered than girls. The likelihood of being fostered increased with increasing age. There appear to be more reasons for fostering as the child grows older. Children of younger mothers were more likely to be fostered. The number of children in the family and the likelihood of being fostered varied by country. There was no connection between a countrys having high fertility rates and having high levels of fosterage. Children whose mothers have a primary or secondary education are more likely to be fostered than uneducated mothers except in Namibia and Malawi. Women in the labor force are more likely to foster out their children and parents desire for their childrens education may influence the likelihood of fostering. Education could also reflect openness to new ideas or awareness of the influences of the environment on children. Resource deprivation can be a push factor in increasing the likelihood of fostering. Rural children are more likely to be fostered. Namibia has the highest levels of fosterage and children living with mothers only a country with high labor migration. Children are more likely to be fostered if mothers are dead. Sex differences in fostering varied by country. Younger children were more likely to be living with their mother than in any other living arrangement. Urban/rural residence and type of living arrangement varied by country.
"Tacit Knowledge: Revisiting the epistemology of knowledge"

The concept of tacit knowledge encompasses all of the intricacy of the different experiences that people acquire over time, and which they utilize and bring to bear in carrying out tasks effectively, reacting to unforeseen circumstances, or innovating. The intuitive nature of tacit knowledge, its particular context, and the difficulty of expressing it in words call into question the very foundation of the notion of competency and its value in education. What parameters might be used to clarify tacit knowledge and its place within so-called “organizational” knowledge? Certain characteristics of tacit knowledge may contribute new considerations to the ongoing debate as to the true nature of competency.
Changes to Tensile Strength and Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness in Neutron Irradiated Carbon Nanocomposites

Abstract : Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI-SE) and tensile strength of nanocomposites containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are investigated following neutron irradiation. This nanocomposite material consists of two plies of MWNTs in an epoxy resin, and 4 plies of an E-glass substrate. EMI-SE measurements over the X-band frequency spectrum and monotonic tension tests to determine Young's Modulus were performed before and after irradiation on the nanocomposite material. The nanocomposite and the MWNT plies were irradiated to a total fluence of 1.4 x 1014 1 MeV (Si-eq) n/cm2. The nanocomposites showed an average increase of 8 dB in shielding effectiveness after irradiation. However, the increase was not permanent with a return to pre-irradiation values after approximately 10 days at ambient temperature and pressure. The tensile strength and Young's Modulus showed an 8% and 10% increase, respectively, following irradiation. This small increase is a result of the neutron induced embrittlement of the nanocomposite. Raman spectra of the MWNT plies showed a 150% increase in the D/G peak ratios after irradiation. This indicates damage in the plies due to neutron interactions in the MWNTs that does not lead to a commensurate reduction in EMI-SE or tensile strength in the nanocomposite material.
Ecological Sources of Selection on Avian Sounds

This study describes selection derived from habitat acoustics on the physical structure of avian sounds. Sound propagation tests were made in forest, edge, and grassland habitats in Panama to quantify pure tone and random noise band sound transmission levels. The sounds of bird species in each habitat were analyzed to determine the emphasized frequency, frequency range, and sound type (whether pure tonelike or highly modulated). Forest habitats differ from grass and edge in that a narrow range of frequencies (1,585-2,500 Hz) has lower sound attenuation than lower or higher frequencies. Attenuation increases rapidly above 2,500 Hz. Bird sounds from species occurring at the lower forest levels were found to be predominantly pure tonelike with a frequency emphasized averaging 2,200 Hz, conforming to the predictions based on sound propagation tests. The edge habitat is characterized by a wide range of frequencies having a generally similar attenuation rate. Pure tone and random noise band sounds did not differ in attenuation rates. The sounds of edge birds have high variance in the frequency-emphasized component, and more are composed of both modulated and pure tone elements to a greater extent than forest or grassland species. It is suggested that this variance is a reflection of a relative lack of selection pressure from habitat acoustics. Grassland propagation tests showed a positive correlation between increasing frequency and increasing attenuation. It is hypothesized that information transfer may be based on temporal aspects of the signal since these are less distorted in temperature- and wind-speed-stratified open environments.
Towards Implicit Contextual Integrity ( Position Paper )

Many real incidents demonstrate that users of Online Social Networks need mechanisms that help them manage their interactions by increasing the awareness of the different contexts that coexist in Online Social Networks and preventing users from exchanging inappropriate information in those contexts or disseminating sensitive information from some contexts to others. Contextual integrity is a privacy theory that expresses the appropriateness of information sharing based on the contexts in which this information is to be shared. Computational models of Contextual Integrity assume the existence of well-defined contexts, in which individuals enact pre-defined roles and information sharing is governed by an explicit set of norms. However, contexts in Online Social Networks are known to be implicit, unknown a priori and ever changing; users’ relationships are constantly evolving; and the norms for information sharing are implicit. This makes current Contextual Integrity models not suitable for Online Social Networks. This position paper highlights the limitations of current research to tackle the problem of exchanging inappropriate information and undesired dissemination of information and outlines the desiderata for a new vision that we call Implicit Contextual Integrity.
Bulk-rock Major and Trace Element Compositions of Abyssal Peridotites: Implications for Mantle Melting, Melt Extraction and Post-melting Processes Beneath Mid-Ocean Ridges

This paper presents the first comprehensive major and trace element data for � 130 abyssal peridotite samples from the Pacific and Indian ocean ridge–transform systems. The data reveal important features about the petrogenesis of these rocks, mantle melting and melt extraction processes beneath ocean ridges, and elemental behaviours. Although abyssal peridotites are serpentinized, and have also experienced seafloor weathering, magmatic signatures remain well preserved in the bulk-rock compositions. The better inverse correlation of MgO with progressively heavier rare earth elements (REE) reflects varying amounts of melt depletion. This melt depletion may result from recent sub-ridge mantle melting, but could also be inherited from previous melt extraction events from the fertile mantle source. Light REE (LREE) in bulk-rock samples are more enriched, not more depleted, than in the constituent clinopyroxenes (cpx) of the same sample suites. If the cpx LREE record sub-ridge mantle melting processes, then the bulk-rock LREE must reflect post-melting refertilization. The significant correlations of LREE (e.g. La, Ce, Pr, Nd) with immobile high field strength elements (HFSE, e.g. Nb and Zr) suggest that enrichments of both LREE and HFSE resulted from a common magmatic process. The refertilization takes place in the ‘cold’ thermal boundary layer (TBL) beneath ridges through which the ascending melts migrate and interact with the advanced residues. The refertilization apparently did not affect the cpx relics analyzed for trace elements. This observation suggests grain-boundary porous melt migration in the TBL. The ascending melts may not be thermally ‘reactive’, and thus may have affected only cpx rims, which, together with precipitated olivine, entrapped melt, and the rest of the rock, were subsequently serpentinized. Very large variations in bulk-rock Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta ratios are observed, which are unexpected. The correlation between the two ratios is consistent with observations on basalts that DZr/DHf < 1 and DNb/DTa < 1. Given
Working Paper Anchors for Inf lation Expectations

We identify credible monetary policy with first, a disconnect between inflation and inflation expectations and second, the anchoring of the latter at the inflation target announced by the monetary authorities. We test empirically whether this is the case for a number of countries that have an explicit inflation target and therefore include the Euro Area. We find that for the last 10 year period, the two series are less dependent on each other and that announcing inflation targets help anchor expectations at the right level.