Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magnetoelectric behavior of Terfenol-D composite and lead zirconate titanate ceramic laminates

Five magnetoelectric laminates of polymer-bonded Terfenol-D magnetostrictive composite (i.e., volume fractions (V/sub p/) ranging from 0.16 to 0.48) and lead zirconate titanate (PZT-5H) piezoelectric ceramic were fabricated. The measured quasistatic magnetoelectric voltage coefficient (/spl alpha//sub E/) increased gradually with increasing V/sub p/ and approached saturation for V/sub p/>0.4 due to increased elastic modulus and piezomagnetic coefficient of the magnetostrictive phase. A maximum /spl alpha//sub E/ of 2.7 V/cm/spl middot/Oe was observed at a magnetic bias field (H/sub Bias/) of 53 kA/m for the laminate with V/sub p/=0.48. /spl alpha//sub E/ was found to be a fairly linear function of H/sub Bias/ at 100-220 kA/m bias for all V/sub p/ values. d/spl alpha//sub E//dH/sub Bias/ as a function of H/sub Bias/ was found to increase with increasing V/sub p/ for H/sub Bias/ values of 100-220 kA/m.
Der "Gender Pay Gap" in Führungspositionen der Privatwirtschaft in Deutschland

Obwohl eine Vielzahl an Studien zum geschlechtsspezifischen Verdienstunterschied und dessen Erklarung existiert, konzentrieren sich bisher nur vergleichsweise wenige auf den "gender pay gap" in Fuhrungspositionen, der im Fokus dieses Beitrags steht. In der hoch selektiven Gruppe der Fuhrungskrafte in der Privatwirtschaft in Deutschland unterscheiden sich die Geschlechter in ihrer Humankapitalausstattung kaum, so dass der uber eine Oaxaca/Blinder-Dekomposition ermittelte Unterschied in den Brutto-Monatsverdiensten hieruber nur sehr unzureichend zu erklaren ist. Die Einbeziehung von Variablen zur geschlechtsspezifischen Segregation auf dem Arbeitsmarkt sowie haushaltsbezogener Kontrollvariablen fuhrt zunachst dazu, dass der "gender pay gap" zu uber zwei Dritteln erklart werden kann. Das tatsachliche Ausmas der Nachteile von Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt wird erst unter Berucksichtigung von Selektionseffekten in eine Fuhrungsposition sichtbar: Unter Einbezug von Selektionseffekten (Heckman-Korrektur) konnen die in den Verdienstschatzungen berucksichtigten Merkmale den "gender pay gap" nur noch zu einem Drittel erklaren. Zudem wird deutlich, dass Frauen auch innerhalb der Frauenberufe weniger verdienen als Manner (allokative Diskriminierung). Der zwei Drittel umfassende nicht erklarte Anteil am "gender pay gap" ("Resteffekt") reprasentiert die unbeobachtete Heterogenitat. Hierzu gehoren zum Beispiel gesellschaftliche und kulturelle Rahmenbedingungen sowie Strukturen und Praktiken auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und in Unternehmen, die zum Nachteil von Frauen wirken und den Aufstieg in eine Fuhrungsposition erschweren.
Relative Importance of Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide in Regulating the Acth Response to Immune and Non-Immune Signals

The present work investigated the effect of nitric oxide (NO) or carbon monoxide (CO) in the ACTH response to an immune signal [the intravenous injection of interleukin-1β (IL-1β)] or to a neurogenic stressor (mild intermittent inescapable footshocks). The arginine derivative Nωnitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME), which non-specifically inhibits NO formation induced by all constitutive forms of NO synthase (NOS), significantly augmented the effect of IL-1β, but blockade of CO formation with metalloporphyrins was without effect. On the other hand, L-NAME blunted the effect of shocks on the early phase of ACTH release, while we had reported earlier that metalloporphyrins exerted a similar effect. This effect was mimicked by blockade of neuronal (n) NOS by Nω-Propyl-L-arginine (PA), although the resulting decrease in hormone levels was less than that induced by L-NAME. These results indicate that endogenous NO, but not CO, interferes with ACTH released by a peripheral immune signal. In contrast, NO formed by nNOS enhances the ability of shocks to induce ACTH secretion.
Equivariant operads , string topology , and Tate cohomology

From an operad C with an action of a group G, we construct new operads using the homotopy fixed point and orbit spectra. These new operads are shown to be equivalent when the generalized G-Tate cohomology of C is trivial. Applying this theory to the little disk operad C2 (which is an S1-operad) we obtain variations on Getzler’s gravity operad, which we show governs the Chas–Sullivan string bracket. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000) 55N91 · 55P43 · 55P92 · 55R12 · 14D22 · 18D50
A model of the equivalent impedance of the coupled winding-load system for a domestic induction heating application

In this paper, an analytical model of the equivalent impedance of a planar circular induction system is derived. The considered induction system is composed of an n-turn planar winding loaded by a metallic material, and its equivalent impedance consists of the series connection of an equivalent resistor and inductor. The influence of the number of turns, the load electromagnetic properties, the frequency of the excitation currents and the geometrical dimensions is studied. Furthermore, the frequency-dependent resistance of windings, including both skin and proximity effects, is also included in the model. Validation of the proposed model is carried out through experimental measurements.
Determinantes del ahorro interno y ajuste estructural en el Perú, 1990-1995

La economia peruana crecio sostenida y establemente desde los anos cincuenta hasta mediados de los anos setenta; a partir de entonces tuvo un decaimiento que duro hasta fines de los anos ochenta, epoca en la cual el PBI por persona decayo a niveles del ano sesenta. Una de las principales causas del crecimiento y crisis fue la inversion, cuya evolucion explica lo que sucedio con el producto. A partir de 1991 se ha observado una recuperacion del crecimiento, sostenido nuevamente por el aumento de la inversion (Gonzales 1996). El problema es que el ahorro interno fue relativamente suficiente para financiar la inversion solo hasta inicios de los anos sesenta; posteriormente -y hasta hoy- el Peru ha necesitado de mayor ahorro externo para crecer. En consecuencia, tiene una insuficiencia cronica de ahorro interno en relacion a la inversion, pese a tener una tasa de ahorro promedio de 18.9, moderada para los estandares latinoamericanos.
Doctors' stories: the narrative structure of medical knowledge

at the same time fundamental public criticism of it and a need for alternative therapies (cf. pp. 31 9f.). Labisch sees two ways out of this situation: a new concentration on medicine as an art that deals with human beings, and permanent ethical self-contemplation. This comprehensive and concise history of health in the modem period can contribute to a better informed and more objective debate on the future role of medicine in society. It is an example of the practical functions that medical and social historiography may have today.
General optimal substation coverage algorithm for phasor measurement unit placement in practical systems

The primary objective of the conventional optimal phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement problem is the minimisation of the number of PMU devices that, when placed in a power system, measure all bus voltages. However, due to advancements in the field of relay technology, digital relays can now act as PMUs. This has significantly reduced device costs. Moreover, although the goal is to observe all the buses, the devices themselves can only be placed in substations, whose upgrade costs are much higher than those of the devices. Considering these factors, the approach proposed here simultaneously optimises the number of substations where traditional PMUs and dual-use line relay PMUs can be placed. The general optimal substation coverage (GOSC) algorithm presented in this study is also able to incorporate practical requirements such as redundancy in the measurement of critical elements of the system, and estimation of the tap ratios of the transformers present. Simulation results indicate that the GOSC algorithm provides significant techno-economic benefits.
Lung and liver changes due to the induction of cirrhosis in two experimental models.

CONTEXT To evaluate lung and liver changes in two experimental models using intraperitoneal carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and bile duct ligation (BDL). methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into a control group (CO) and an experimental group (EX). We evaluated the liver transaminases (AST, ALT, AP), arterial blood gases (PaO2, PCO2 and SpO2) and lipid peroxidation by TBARS (substances that react to thiobarbituric acid) and chemiluminescence. We also evaluated the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and histology of lung tissue and liver. RESULTS There were significant differences in AST, ALT, ALP and PaO2 between CO group and EX group (P<0.05). The levels of TBARS, chemiluminescence and activity of enzyme superoxide dismutase were increased to different degrees in the CCl4 groups: CO and in the BDL -EX (P<0.05, respectively). In the lung histology, an increase in the wall thickness of the pulmonary artery and a diameter reduction in the CCl4 animal model were observed: comparing CO group with EX group, we observed a reduction in thickness and an increase in the diameter of the artery wall lung. CONCLUSION Both experimental models have caused liver damage and alterations in the artery wall that are associated with major changes in pulmonary gas exchange.
Exploring the evolutionary history of centrosomes

The centrosome is the main organizer of the microtubule cytoskeleton in animals, higher fungi and several other eukaryotic lineages. Centrosomes are usually located at the centre of cell in tight association with the nuclear envelope and duplicate at each cell cycle. Despite a great structural diversity between the different types of centrosomes, they are functionally equivalent and share at least some of their molecular components. In this paper, we explore the evolutionary origin of the different centrosomes, in an attempt to understand whether they are derived from an ancestral centrosome or evolved independently from the motile apparatus of distinct flagellated ancestors. We then discuss the evolution of centrosome structure and function within the animal lineage.
Extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms of axon regeneration: the need for spinal cord injury treatment strategies to address both

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes disturbances in motor and sensory functions leading to paralysis, the severity of which depends on the spinal level of the injury. Traumatic lesions of spinal cord axon projection tracts are untreatable in human patients, although numerous research groups worldwide are studying putative treatment strategies. Both extrinsic factors in the environment of the axons as well as intrinsic factors in the neurons themselves play important roles in the regeneration process (Chew et al., 2012). The peripheral nervous system (PNS) provides a good example where the extrinsic and intrinsic factors play optimally together to allow regeneration. Schwann cells dedifferentiate and form new endoneurial tubes for the axons to grow through. Together with macrophages they clear the debris and produce growth factors and cytokines that positively stimulate the neurons. In parallel, the neurons intrinsically react to the injury by activating a regeneration-associated gene expression program. Most PNS axons produce a new growth cone and start growing within 3 hours (Bradke et al., 2012), eventually reinnervating their targets. In contrast, the projection neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) do not spontaneously activate regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) (van Kesteren et al., 2011). The axons first die back several hundreds of micrometers, tend to make retraction bulbs rather than growth cones, and seem unable to navigate in the correct direction (Bradke et al., 2012). Those CNS axons that do regenerate encounter a highly inhibitory scar that further blocks their growth (Fawcett et al., 2012). So, in the CNS both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms negatively influence regeneration. This is further corroborated by the observation that some spinal cord axons are able to regenerate through a peripheral nerve graft (van Kesteren et al., 2011) indicating again that the PNS environment is favorable to growth. However, the majority of injured neurons in the spinal cord do not regenerate spontaneously, so that peripheral nerve grafts still need to be combined with treatments such as cAMP, increasing the intrinsic regeneration capacity (Bunge, 2008). In this paper, I will address the extrinsic and intrinsic regeneration mechanisms with respect to treatments for SCI.
Triangle Finding and Listing in CONGEST Networks

Triangle-free graphs play a central role in graph theory, and triangle detection (or triangle finding) as well as triangle enumeration (triangle listing) play central roles in the field of graph algorithms. In distributed computing, algorithms with sublinear round complexity for triangle finding and listing have recently been developed in the powerful CONGEST clique model, where communication is allowed between any two nodes of the network. In this paper we present the first algorithms with sublinear complexity for triangle finding and triangle listing in the standard CONGEST model, where the communication topology is the same as the topology of the network. More precisely, we give randomized algorithms for triangle finding and listing with round complexity O(n2/3(log n)2/3) and O(n3/4log n), respectively, where n denotes the number of nodes of the network. We also show a lower bound Ω(n1/3/log n) on the round complexity of triangle listing, which also holds for the CONGEST clique model.
A New Evolutionary Algorithm for a Class of Nonlinear Bilevel Programming Problems and Its Global Convergence

When the leader's objective function of a nonlinear bilevel programming problem is nondifferentiable and the follower's problem of it is nonconvex, the existing algorithms cannot solve the problem. In this paper, a new effective evolutionary algorithm is proposed for this class of nonlinear bilevel programming problems. First, based on the leader's objective function, a new fitness function is proposed that can be easily used to evaluate the quality of different types of potential solutions. Then, based on Latin squares, an efficient crossover operator is constructed that has the ability of local search. Furthermore, a new mutation operator is designed by using some good search directions so that the offspring can approach a global optimal solution quickly. To solve the follower's problem efficiently, we apply some efficient deterministic optimization algorithms in the MATLAB Toolbox to search for its solutions. The asymptotically global convergence of the algorithm is proved. Numerical experiments on 25 test problems show that the proposed algorithm has a better performance than the compared algorithms on most of the test problems and is effective and efficient.
Novel structure of deep trench capacitor with higher breakdown and higher capacitance density for Low Dropout Voltage regulator

This paper discusses a novel structure of deep trench capacitor with breakdown voltage of 10V and capacitance density of 527nF/mm2, serving for Low Dropout Voltage regulator in IC power management. The structure is presented using 3D & 2D Sentaurus Synopsys simulation, with RIE etching and high quality LPCVD is deployed on the equivalent process. Higher breakdown is achieved by choosing low-k, high band-gap dielectric material. Higher capacitance density is achieved by implementing deeper trench using state of the art etching technology with aspect ratio of 1:50. After forming trench in a 75 μm deep trench in an Arsenic doped silicon substrate, an oxide growth of 5 nm is presented following by continuous LPCVD of 0.5 μm polysilicon and 10 nm oxide, stacked 3 times. The LPCVD polysilicon is arsenic-doped to form a good electric conductivity and to reduce ESR. A further study on RF performance shows an effective result on ESR and ESL.
Sigma S-Dependent Antioxidant Defense Protects Stationary-Phase Escherichia coli against the Bactericidal Antibiotic Gentamicin

ABSTRACT Stationary-phase bacteria are important in disease. The σs-regulated general stress response helps them become resistant to disinfectants, but the role of σs in bacterial antibiotic resistance has not been elucidated. Loss of σs rendered stationary-phase Escherichia coli more sensitive to the bactericidal antibiotic gentamicin (Gm), and proteomic analysis suggested involvement of a weakened antioxidant defense. Use of the psfiA genetic reporter, 3′-(p-hydroxyphenyl) fluorescein (HPF) dye, and Amplex Red showed that Gm generated more reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mutant. HPF measurements can be distorted by cell elongation, but Gm did not affect stationary-phase cell dimensions. Coadministration of the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) decreased drug lethality particularly in the mutant, as did Gm treatment under anaerobic conditions that prevent ROS formation. Greater oxidative stress, due to insufficient quenching of endogenous ROS and/or respiration-linked electron leakage, therefore contributed to the greater sensitivity of the mutant; infection by a uropathogenic strain in mice showed this to be the case also in vivo. Disruption of antioxidant defense by eliminating the quencher proteins, SodA/SodB and KatE/SodA, or the pentose phosphate pathway proteins, Zwf/Gnd and TalA, which provide NADPH for ROS decomposition, also generated greater oxidative stress and killing by Gm. Thus, besides its established mode of action, Gm also kills stationary-phase bacteria by generating oxidative stress, and targeting the antioxidant defense of E. coli can enhance its efficacy. Relevant aspects of the current controversy on the role of ROS in killing by bactericidal drugs of exponential-phase bacteria, which represent a different physiological state, are discussed.
Clustered somatic mutations are frequent in transcription factor binding motifs within proximal promoter regions in melanoma and other cutaneous malignancies

Most cancer DNA sequencing studies have prioritized recurrent non-synonymous coding mutations in order to identify novel cancer-related mutations. Although attention is increasingly being paid to mutations in non-coding regions, standard approaches to identifying significant mutations may not be appropriate and there has been limited analysis of mutational clusters in functionally annotated non-coding regions. We sought to identify clustered somatic mutations (hotspot regions across samples) in functionally annotated regions in melanoma and other cutaneous malignancies (cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and Merkel cell carcinoma). Sliding window analyses revealed numerous recurrent clustered hotspot mutations in proximal promoters, with some specific clusters present in up to 25% of cases. Mutations in melanoma were clustered within ETS and Sp1 transcription factor binding motifs, had a UV signature and were identified in other cutaneous malignancies. Clinicopathologic correlation and mutation analysis support a causal role for chronic UV irradiation generating somatic mutations in transcription factor binding motifs of proximal promoters.
Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications of Nanotechnology in Dermatology and Cosmetics

Nanoscience is the branch of science pertaining to the study of minute particles on an atomic or molecular scale, whose size is measured in nanometers. A nanometer represents one billionth of a meter (i.e., 10-9 m). Nanotechnology is an emerging branch of engineering that involves the use of particles on a nanoscale (1-100 nm). Thus, the application of nanotechnology in the field of dermatology is the Nanodermatology. Nanodermatology represents one of the most emerging fields for which an increasing interest is rising among scientists as well as pharmaceutical companies. Nanotechnology has revolutionized the treatment of several skin diseases. It is effective in targeted delivery of active medicaments and cosmetic ingredients. The skin forms the first point of contact for a diverse number of nanomaterials. Nanomedicine in dermatology has opened a new era in the diagnosis and treatment of various skin disorders. Possible applications of nanotechnology in dermatology and cosmetics include sunscreens, moisturizers, anti-aging formulations, phototherapy, ani-sepsis, vaccines, skin cancers, hair and nail care, etc. In this review after an introduction of nanotechnology, author has described various types of nanoparticles followed by various possible indications of nanotechnology in dermatology and cosmetics. An account on safety of nanoparticles has also been added to the review.
Global Dissection of Alternative Splicing in Paleopolyploid Soybean[W]

Through comprehensive analyses, this study reveals that a large number of genes are alternatively spliced in the soybean genome and that variations in gene structure, genomic environment, and gene transcriptional level may play important roles in regulating alternative splicing. Alternative splicing (AS) is common in higher eukaryotes and plays an important role in gene posttranscriptional regulation. It has been suggested that AS varies dramatically among species, tissues, and duplicated gene families of different sizes. However, the genomic forces that govern AS variation remain poorly understood. Here, through genome-wide identification of AS events in the soybean (Glycine max) genome using high-throughput RNA sequencing of 28 samples from different developmental stages, we found that more than 63% of multiexonic genes underwent AS. More AS events occurred in the younger developmental stages than in the older developmental stages for the same type of tissue, and the four main AS types, exon skipping, intron retention, alternative donor sites, and alternative acceptor sites, exhibited different characteristics. Global computational analysis demonstrated that the variations of AS frequency and AS types were significantly correlated with the changes of gene features and gene transcriptional level. Further investigation suggested that the decrease of AS within the genome-wide duplicated genes were due to the diminution of intron length, exon number, and transcriptional level. Altogether, our study revealed that a large number of genes were alternatively spliced in the soybean genome and that variations in gene structure and transcriptional level may play important roles in regulating AS.