Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anatomy, echocardiography, and normal right ventricular dimensions

Often overlooked, and considered the poor relation of the left ventricle, there is increasing interest in the right ventricle particularly with regard to right ventricular failure. Right ventricular function may be impaired as a result of pressure or volume overload, often secondary to right heart valve or muscle pathology. Coronary artery disease may also lead to right ventricular dysfunction when the right coronary artery is occluded. In congenital heart malformations the right ventricle may also be affected, particularly in conditions that have the right ventricle supporting the systemic circulation or it becomes the sole pumping chamber following univentricular repair at surgery. Finally, right-to-left shunting may lead to right ventricular dilatation. Imaging the right ventricle by echocardiography is challenging because of the very particular crescentic shape of the right ventricle wrapping around the left ventricle, but it is important and ought to be part of the standard echocardiographic examination of the heart. To help understand cross sectional imaging of the right ventricle, we first review its location and its component parts, including the tricuspid and pulmonary valves, before discussing echo-anatomic correlations. The right ventricle in the normal heart is the most anteriorly situated cardiac chamber since it is located immediately behind the sternum. It also marks the inferior border of the cardiac silhouette. In contrast to the near conical shape of the left ventricle, the right ventricle is more triangular in shape when viewed from the front and it curves over the left ventricle. When seen from the apex, the right edge of the right ventricle is sharp, forming the acute margin of the heart. In cross section the cavity appears like a crescent. Thus, the curvature of the ventricular septum places the right ventricular outflow tract antero-cephalad to that of the left ventricle’s resulting in a characteristic “cross over” relationship …
Revised structure for the phenazine antibiotic from Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 (NRRL B-15132)

A phenazine antibiotic (mp, 243 to 244 degrees C), isolated in a yield of 134 micrograms/ml from cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 (NRRL B-15132), was indistinguishable in all of its measured physicochemical (melting point, UV and infrared spectra, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data) and biological properties from synthetic phenazine-1-carboxylic acid. Gurusiddaiah et al. (S. Gurusiddaiah, D. M. Weller, A. Sarkar, and R. J. Cook, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 29:488-495, 1986) attributed a dimeric phenazine structure to an antibiotic with demonstrably similar properties obtained from the same bacterial strain. Direct comparison of the physicochemical properties of the authentic antibiotic obtained from D. M. Weller with synthetic phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and with the natural product from the present study established that all three samples were indistinguishable within the experimental error of each method. No evidence to support the existence of a biologically active dimeric species was obtained. Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid has a pKa of 4.24 +/- 0.01 (25 degrees C; I = 0.09), and its carboxylate anion shows no detectable antimicrobial activity compared with the active uncharged carboxylic acid species. These data suggest that phenazine-1-carboxylic acid is probably not an effective biological control agent for phytopathogens in environments with a pH greater than 7.
Amygdaloid efferents through the stria terminalis in the rat give origin to zinc‐containing boutons

Many regions of the basal forebrain are innervated by zinc‐containing axonal boutons. In the present work, the lesion/degeneration method, coupled with histochemical staining for zinc‐containing boutons, was used to determine the origins and efferent pathways of these zinc‐containing projections to the basal forebrain.
17 beta-estradiol prevents osteopenia in the oophorectomized rat treated with cyclosporin-A.

Cyclosporin-A (CsA) administered to the oophorectomized rat exaggerates the high turnover osteopenia associated with oophorectomy alone. This study investigated whether 17 beta-estradiol replacement could influence the development of osteopenia in the oophorectomized rat treated with CsA. Ninety female Sprague-Dawley rats, approximately 300 g in weight, were divided into 6 groups of 15 each and treated according to the following protocol: group A were sham operated (control), group B underwent oophorectomy (Ox), group C underwent Ox and received CsA (15 mg/kg, by daily gavage) for 28 days (Ox and CsA), group D underwent Ox and received CsA and a 0.1 mg 17 beta-estradiol pellet (EP) implanted sc (Ox, CsA, and EP), group E underwent Ox and received EP (Ox and EP), and group F, which was intact and nonoperated, received CsA (CsA). Rats were weighed and bled on days -7, 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 for measurement of blood ionized calcium, bone Gla protein (BGP), 17 beta-estradiol, and PTH. Bone histomorphometry was determined after double tetracycline labeling. On day 28, serum 17 beta-estradiol was undetectable in groups B (Ox) and C (Ox and CsA), and similar to group A (control) in groups D (Ox, CsA, and EP), E (Ox and EP), and F (CsA). Oophorectomy resulted in a significant gain in weight in groups B (Ox) and C (Ox and CsA), which was prevented by 17 beta-estradiol in groups D (Ox, CsA, and EP) and E (Ox and EP). On day 28, serum BGP levels were higher in groups B (Ox; 73.58 +/- 3.63 ng/ml), C (Ox and CsA; 85.05 +/- 9.88), and F (CsA; 81.35 +/- 3.4) compared to group A (control; 46.07 +/- 5.52; P less than 0.05), while 17 beta-estradiol in groups D (Ox, CsA, and EP; 38.65 +/- 2.85) and E (Ox and EP; 41.89 +/- 1.89) prevented this rise (P = 0.01). BGP levels in group C (Ox and CsA) were higher on days 14 and 21 compared to group B (Ox). Groups D (Ox, CsA, and EP) and E (Ox and EP) had elevated blood ionized calcium levels from day 7 onward. Serum PTH levels were unchanged. Histomorphometric analyses of tibial metaphyses revealed increased parameters of bone formation and resorption, with significant loss of bone volume, in groups B (Ox; 12.03 +/- 1.40%) and C (Ox and CsA; 11.43 +/- 2.20) vs. group A (control; 24.36 +/- 2.37; P less than 0.05). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The spectrum of the S^5 compactification of the chiral N=2, D=10 supergravity and the unitary supermultiplets of U(2,2/4)

The authors calculate the spectrum of the S5 compactification of the chiral N=2, D=10 supergravity theory. The modes on S5 fall into unitary irreducible representations of the D=5, N=8 anti-de Sitter supergroup U(2,2/4). These unitary supermultiplets involve field of spin <or=2 with quantised 'mass' eigenvalues. The massless multiplet contains fifteen vector fields, six self-dual and six anti-self-dual anti-symmetric tensor fields. The fields of the massless multiplet are expected to be those of a gauged N=8 theory in D=5 with a local gauge group SU(4).
Formación para la prevención de la deriva: factor clave para la mejora de las aplicaciones de fitosanitarios. Proyecto TOPPS-Prowadis

Badly maintained spraying equipment and poor knowledge and calibration practices are major reasons for unintended plant protection products (PPP) losses or overuses. Spray drift, leaching, and run-off are diffuse sources of PPP losses to the environment. These losses may lead to the pollution of soil and water (surface water and ground water), and can be minimized by sprayer inspections and good application practices. All these aspects have been officially addressed in the EU Directive for a Sustainable Use of Pesticides (128/2009/CE), where mandatory inspection of sprayers in use and obligatory training of all involved agents has been enforced aiming at reducing risks derived from pesticide use. With the activities developed under the TOPPS project to reduce point source pollution (2005 to 2008), a wide range of successful actions have been developed in many of
Distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptor DmGlu‐A in Drosophila melanogaster central nervous system

L‐glutamate is the excitatory neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions in insects. It may also be involved in neurotransmission within the central nervous system (CNS), but its function therein remains elusive. The roles of glutamatergic synapses in the Drosophila melanogaster CNS were investigated, with focus on the study of DmGluRA, a G‐protein‐coupled glutamate receptor. In a first attempt to determine the function of this receptor, we describe its distribution in the larval and adult Drosophila CNS, using a polyclonal antibody raised against the C‐terminal sequence of the protein. DmGluRA is expressed in a reproducible pattern both in the larva and in the adult. In particular, DmGluRA can be found in the antennal lobes, the optic lobes, the central complex, and the median bundle in the adult CNS. However, DmGluRA‐containing neurons represented only a small fraction of all CNS neurons. DmGluRA immunoreactivity was not detected at the larval neuromuscular junction nor in the body wall muscles. The correlations between DmGluRA distribution and previously described glutamate‐like immunoreactivity patterns, as well as the implications of these observations concerning the possible functions of DmGluRA in the Drosophila CNS, are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:213–225, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Virus-Containing Leukocytes in Polioencephalitis

Crystalline aggregates of strain MM virus occur in polymorphonuclear leukocytes in association with osmiophilic granular structures which are occasionally membrane-bound. This suggests either a phagocytosis and segregation of virus by leukocytes, analogous to the disposition of bacteria by leukocytes, or a utilization of the leukocyte by the virus as a host cell for virus replication.
Dissociation of gonadotropin-induced ovulation and steroidogenesis in immature rats.

To test the current hypothesis that gonadotropin—stimulated steroidogenesis is necessary for ovulation, we have examined rats treated with aminoglutethimide (AG) or cyanoketone (CK) for effects on ovulation and on plasma progesterone (P) as an index of steroid synthesis. Female Sprague—Dawley rats were injected with 12.5 IU of PMS on day 24 and on day 26 were given 30 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Either AG (5 mg/injection) or saline was administered at 0, 4 and 8 hr following hCG and in other experiments either CK (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 mg) in sesame oil or vehicle alone was given 1 hr before hCG. Blood was collected just before and 10 hr after injection of hCG. AG abolished the hCG—induced rise in plasma P, yet 11/18 rats ovulated compared to 19/20 controls (p < 0.01, X—square), with similar rates of ovulation. The rise in plasma P was not significantly different between control animals and those treated with up to 1.5 mg of CK, but at this dose level only 1 of 7 rats ovulated compared to 6 o.
What's new in the pathogenesis and prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome?

Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed for the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), such as activation of the ovarian renin-prorenin-angiotensin system, release of ovarian cytokines and nitric oxide, but numerous reports now attest to the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an endothelial cell mitogen, as an important mediator of the syndrome. Luteinizing hormone (LH) or human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) regulates VEGF production by the ovary. Formation of multiple follicles, as seen in regimens of ovarian stimulation used for in vitro fertilization (IVF), and intensified sensitivity towards human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG) and hCG, as seen in women with polycystic ovaries (PCO) or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), result in increased serum VEGF concentrations, probably due to enhanced VEGF production by the ovaries. It is possible that the hypersecretion of VEGF in women with PCO is due to an increase in the number of VEGF secreting cells or that the cells individually hypersecrete VEGF. This hypothesis was tested by in vitro studies on granulosa lutein cells. After the cells were stimulated with gonadotrophins and hCG, VEGF production was higher in granulosa cells obtained from women with PCO compared with those obtained from women with normal ovaries under similar culture conditions. The studies performed in vivo and in vitro were consistent with increased VEGF expression as a constitutive feature of PCO. Increased VEGF may be responsible for the fluid shift from the vascular bed to the extravascular space, which characterizes OHSS. Prevention of OHSS focuses on predicting the possibility of developing OHSS. Markers such as serum oestradiol concentrations and number of follicles on the day of hCG administration, the presence of PCO and the number of oocytes retrieved may be subject to inter-observer and inter-operator variations. As individual markers of OHSS, each of these factors predicts less than a quarter of cases of the syndrome. It has been shown that a combination of pretreatment diagnosis of PCO along with number of follicles on the day of hCG administration and ‘VEGF rise’ gives the highest prediction rates for the risk of developing OHSS. Neither pathogenesis nor prevention and treatment of OHSS are specific. Therefore, at present, OHSS remains a condition that cannot be avoided altogether.
A Review of Interoperability Techniques for Models , Data , and Knowledge in Environmental Software

An analysis of large and complex systems such as environmental systems linked to socioeconomic systems usually requires several simulation models. These simulation models must be able to interface with each other in the conceptual level but there may also be some overlap in their application domains. The way simulation models are used normally generates large amounts of data, which need to be explored or mined for the analysis and possible decision process. We propose a set of knowledge-based agents, which share a common ontology to aid in the modeling and analysis in large and complex systems. An agent is an active software entity, which is designed for a certain task or tasks. The main requirements for such knowledge-based agents include ontology representation and storage, communication capabilities, and data inspection tools. For example an agent should be able to actively study, e.g., a hard disk volume for available information, discuss the findings with a knowledgeable person, and then produce and communicate a report. The paper discusses the theoretical, technological, and other implications of the proposed approach versus other paradigms. In particular we are interested in using XML as the main tool for ontology representation and in supporting more than one level of conceptualization of the problem domain. Some technologies, notably application servers, also implement some services, which could be utilized for ontology sharing and agent communication. Benefits and constraints of these are discussed.
Acquired resistance to HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG and increased metastatic potential are associated with MUC1 expression in colon carcinoma cells

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a molecular chaperone required for the stability and function of many proteins. The chaperoning of oncoproteins by HSP90 enhances the survival, growth, and invasive potential of cancer cells. HSP90 inhibitors are promising new anticancer agents, in which the benzoquinone ansamycin 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) is currently in clinical evaluation. However, the implications of acquired resistance to this class of drug remain largely unexplored. In the present study, we have generated isogenic human colon cancer cell lines that are resistant to 17-AAG by continued culturing in the compound. Cross-resistance was found with another HSP90 inhibitor 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin. The resistant cells showed obvious morphology changes with a metastatic phenotype and significant increases in migration and adhesion to collagens. Western blotting analysis of epithelial–mesenchymal transition molecular markers found that expression of E-cadherin downregulated, whereas expression of N-cadherin and &bgr;-catenin upregulated in the resistant cells. Mucin 1 (MUC1) has been reported to mediate metastasis as well as chemical resistance in many cancers. Here, we found that MUC1 expression was significantly elevated in the acquired drug resistance cells. 17-AAG treatment could decrease MUC1 more in parental cells than in acquired 17-AAG-resistant cells. Further study found that knockdown of MUC1 expression by small interfering RNA could obviously re-sensitize the resistant cells to 17-AAG treatment, and decrease the cell migration and adhesion. These were coupled with a downregulation in N-cadherin and &bgr;-catenin. The results indicate that HSP90 inhibitor therapies in colon carcinomas could generate resistance and increase metastatic potential that might mediated by upregulation of MUC1 expression. Findings from this study further our understanding of the potential clinical effects of HSP90-directed therapies in colon carcinomas.
NTTMU-SCHEMA BeCalm API in BioCreative V . 5

With the emerging of new experimental techniques, there has been a remarkable increase in the amount of available biomedical data. Process ing and mining large volumes of data in chemistry has now presented a challengin g issue. In order to deal with the challenge, we developed SCHEMA (Sparkb sed CHEMicAl entity recognizer), a robust and efficient chemical entity reco gnition system on top of Apache Spark. SCHEMA is developed by following the asynchronous queue design pattern, which has been employed in service -orient d architecture for providing scalable and resilient services. SCHEMA that can retrieve patents in a form of unstructured free text from different websites and recognize chemical named entities described in them. To programmatically interact with SCHEMA, a restful Web application programming interface is provided . By using the custom request tests of the BeCalm (Biomedical annotation metaserver) platform, the test results illustrated that SCHEMA can process 5,00 0 patients within 5 minutes, indicating an average of only 0.06 second for processing one patent including the data fetch and analysis time.
Brain mitochondrial complex I inactivation by oxidative modification.

In vitro oxidation of the brain mitochondrial complex I by the hydroxyl radical generating system ascorbate/Fe(III)/O(2) has been carried out. Complex I inactivation, by oxidation, has been studied using a method based on the resolution of proteins by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE), followed by total protein quantification by staining with Coomassie brilliant blue, in-gel activity quantification, and quantification of oxidized proteins by labelling with DIG-hydrazide and immunodetection with an anti-DIG-AP. Quantification was carried out by densitometry procedure. Our results show that oxidation is a continuous process, increasing rapidly at the beginning, reaching a plateau after 8 h of incubation. There is practically no inactivation until a threshold value of damage is reached. Below this, the complex activity is resistant to the aggression of oxygen-reactive substances and free radicals, but once the threshold value is passed, activity is lost rapidly.
Too many breaks (brakes): Pancreatic β-cell senescence leads to diabetes

Pancreatic β-cells regulate glucose homeostasis by secreting insulin in response to metabolic demands. The generation of these adult endocrine cells predominantly occurs through self-replication rather than through differentiation from their stem-cell progenitors; therefore, regulating cellular division through the cell cycle machinery is an essential component of this process. Arrest of the pancreatic β-cell cycle, which abolishes this replication capability, results in an inability to meet the metabolic demand for insulin, disrupting glucose homeostasis collectively driving type 2 diabetes mellitus-the most common metabolic disease worldwide. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to highlight how upstream cell cycle transcriptional regulators, direct cell cycle modulators, and external stress factors such as DNA damage and genomic instability, influence β-cell replication. We specifically highlight and compare recent animal models created to understand β-cell hyperplasia and hypoplasia as well as offer some insight into potential diabetic therapies.
Primary cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma treated with radiotherapy and methotrexate with development of xanthomas at the sites of prior disease

Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a rare type of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, and the involvement of the ocular adnexa is extremely rare. Secondary xanthoma‐like changes after radiation therapy or chemotherapy have been rarely reported in association with large‐cell T‐cell anaplastic lymphoma. We report one case of a primary C‐anaplastic large cell lymphoma affecting the eyelid with fast progression with multiple nodules in various anatomic sites and development of xanthoma‐like lesions after treatment.
Autism: the management and support of children and young people on the autism spectrum (NICE Clinical Guideline 170)

In August 2013 the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) collaborated with the Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE) to publish a guideline entitled ‘Autism: the management and support of children and young people on the autism spectrum’. It aims to summarise the different ways professionals can provide support, treatment and help for children and young people with autism across the full range of intellectual abilities, from birth until their 19th birthday.1 NICE commissioned the National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health to develop this guideline. A multidisciplinary Guideline Development Group comprising healthcare professionals, patients and carers reviewed the evidence and developed recommendations (box 1). ### Box 1 Resources NICE guidance and full guideline: http://guidance.nice. org.uk/CG170 Information for the public: http://publications.nice. org.uk/managing-autism-in-children-and-young-people-ifp170 NICE Autism Pathway: http://pathways.nice. org.uk/pathways/autism The National Autistic Society—the leading UK charity for people with autism and their families: http://www.autism. org.uk/ Contact A Family—a charity providing peer support for families of disabled children: http://www.cafamily. org.uk/ This is the first national guideline to focus on the management and support of children and young people on the autism spectrum. It should be read in conjunction with ‘Autism: recognition, referral and diagnosis of children and young people on the autism spectrum’ (NICE clinical guideline 128) published in September 2011 and ‘Autism: recognition, referral, diagnosis and management of adults on the autism spectrum’ (NICE clinical guideline 142) published in June 2012.2 ,3
Detection performance of MIMO radar with correlated target scattering coefficient

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radars use spatial diversity to improve the performance of the radar. For MIMO radar with widely separated antennas, target echo signals received by its widely separated antennas may be partially correlated. In this paper, we consider the effect of the correlation of the scattered signals on detection performance. This is achieved by using a finite number of small scatterers model for target. The detection performance of the distributed MIMO radar was analyzed under the Neyman-Pearson criterion when the target scattering set were not strictly independent of each other. We show that the PDF of test statistic is weighted chi-square distributed. An approximate closed form formula is derived to calculate the theoretical probability of detection for the distributed MIMO radar. The detection performance of the algorithm is verified via numerical results.