Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inference of Program Properties with Attribute Grammars, Revisited

A programming language is an essential ingredient for writing concise, maintainable, and error-free computer programs. A compiler takes a text written in such a language and compiles into machine instructions, and is usually implemented as a number of traversals over the abstract syntax of the program. Attribute Grammars (AGs) are a powerful tool for the description of such traversals and thus the implementation of a compiler: AGs offer aspect-oriented programming, abstraction over common traversal patterns, and automatic inference of a sound and efficient traversal algorithm. Over the years, computer languages have become more complex and harder to implement. Notoriously difficult to implement is type checking or type inference, which for complex languages is not only specified in terms of the abstract syntax but also in terms of the inferred types, and requires traversals that are hard to describe in general, and in particular with AGs. The reason is that the traversals mutually depend on types, which are not known apriori, thus the traversal represents some strategy that decides during the process in which order type information is collected and processed. In this thesis, we investigated the application of attribute grammars to the description of inference algorithms, with the goal of being able to describe such algorithms while retaining the good properties of AGs. To this end, this thesis builds on higher-order attribute grammars to describe traversals over semantics instead of syntax, conditional attribute grammars to describe the decisions to be made during the inference process, and ordered attribute grammars to express inference strategies. Visits, a concept from ordered attribute grammars, play an essential role in our work. A visit to a node in the abstract syntax tree represents a unit of evaluation. We make visits explicit in our AG descriptions so that we can express the order of evaluation and conditionally iterate visits. Moreover, we show that on top of visits, we can express decision points, and present a stepwise evaluation strategy that allows us to explore alternative choices until reaching a decision. Our work is a conservative extension of attribute grammars, and preserves their good aspects. We declaratively express properties of the evaluation order, while keeping the automatic scheduling of attribute computations. Our work integrates well with various attribute grammar extensions, such as parallel evaluation. In particular, our work facilitates an integration with dependently typed programming, which paves the way to prove and enforce the correctness of compilers described with attribute grammars.
Predictive residential energy management with photovoltaic power generation and battery energy storage

Over the course of the past decade, South African national energy utility Eskom has increased its average electricity rate more than fourfold as it finds itself in financial difficulty, brought about by a myriad causes. During the same time period, the cost of solar photovoltaic arrays and battery energy storage has fallen by more than two thirds. In this thesis, a residential energy management system which incorporates small-scale solar photovoltaic power generation and battery energy storage is developed. The primary goal of the system is to increase self-sufficiency of a given household through management of the battery energy storage unit and two controllable loads: an air-handling unit and an electric water heater. Such a system would be able to shield residences, at least in part, from the energy utility’s ongoing challenges. A grid-connected household, featuring each of the controllable electrical entities mentioned, as well as a photovoltaic array, and a generic non-controllable load is described. Due to the intermittent nature of solar radiation, potential solar power generation is inevitably lost because of power supply-demand misalignment. Model predictive control, a popular process-control technique, is exerted over the residential system in pursuit of resolving this misalignment. At a sampling time of ten minutes, a predictive controller capable of an hour (or six steps) of model-based foresight is formulated and tested in simulation. A rules-based hierarchical controller is used as baseline against which the predictive control scheme is evaluated. The controller’s ability to reduce solar power curtailment is confirmed by evaluating its performance with relevant data from each of the four seasons (from September 2017 to August 2018), for prediction horizons one through six. ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za
CrossTalk opposing view: Guyton's venous return curves should not be taught

The thesis of this essay is that Guyton’s model of the systemic circulation has been so misinterpreted by Guyton and others that it generates more confusion than insight. Because of the capacitance of arteries and veins, blood pressure will attain a finite value if blood flow is quickly stopped without a change in vascular tone. This static pressure is called the ‘mean systemic pressure’ PMS. Guyton devised an experimental preparation in open chest dogs where an external artificial pump drew blood from the right atrium and delivered it to the pulmonary artery. The output flow rate of the pump was manually adjusted by raising and lowering a collapsible tube (Starling resistor) at the inlet (right atrial) side of the pump. In this way the steady state cardiac output flow of the left ventricle was set as the independent experimental variable. In other words, the artificial pump opened the circuit of the circulation and haemodynamically isolated the right atrium from the heart so that the systemic circulation could be studied in quasi-isolation. As will be explained, the confusion over Guyton’s results and
Analysis of human herpesvirus 6 U3 gene, which is a positional homolog of human cytomegalovirus UL 24 gene.

The US22 gene family was first discovered in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and contains several conserved amino acid motifs. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) also encodes several genes belonging to the US22 family, including the U3 gene (a positional homolog of HCMV UL24). Because the gene products of the US22 gene family function as gene regulators in general, we analyzed the HHV-6A U3 gene. Six transcripts with different molecular weights of 7.5-1.8 kb were detected by Northern blot analysis using a U3-specific probe. Sequence analyses of the respective cDNA clones and primer extension experiments revealed that the U3 gene encoded the 2.0- and 3.5-kb transcripts and had no splicing within the U3 gene region. By immunofluorescence testing using antibodies raised to a fusion protein of MBP (maltose-binding protein) and U3, the U3 viral antigen was detected as early as 24 h p.i. in HHV-6A-infected U373 cells. The antigens were found in cytoplasmic granules, preferentially in the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, cotransfection assay using a luciferase gene expression system revealed that the U3 gene product was capable of activating the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat promoter in CV1 cells.
EXPLORING FIRM-LEVEL BARRIERS TO THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Circular economy is a concept that unites sustainable development with vast economic potential. Research shows that companies that operate a circular business model can save resources and gain a competitive advantage while also reducing their environmental impact. Despite these benefits, not many companies are operating a circular business model today. There is a need to better understand what deters companies from becoming increasingly circular. In this study, conducted together with the research institute RISE Viktoria, we aim to elicit, organise and describe barriers that are inhibiting companies from reaching increased circularity. To do this, we conduct a structured literature study where known barriers are presented. This is followed by two case studies of Volvo Cars Corporation and Hr Björkmans Entrémattor, where we identify and explain barriers that inhibit new circular initiatives. The report contributes with an overview of barriers that are known by research today, and rich in-context descriptions of important barriers. Among other things, our findings show there is a lack of financial justifications for remanufacturing, and that procurement and outsourcing of design activities makes remanufacturing difficult. Further, we also show how an increase in circularity can contribute to more complex operations.
Effect of human papillomavirus type 16 oncogenes on MAP kinase activity

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signal transduction pathway is an intracellular signaling cascade which mediates cellular responses to growth and differentiation factors. The MAP kinase pathway can be activated by a wide range of stimuli dependent on the cell types, and this is normally a transient response. Oncogenes such as ras, src, raf, and mos have been proposed to transform cells in part by prolonging the activated stage of components within this signaling pathway. The human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenes E6 and E7 play an essential role in the in vitro transformation of primary human keratinocytes and rodent cells. The HPV type 16 E5 gene has also been shown to have weak transforming activity and may enhance the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated signal transduction to the nucleus. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of the oncogenic HPV type 16 E5, E6, and E7 genes on the induction of the MAP kinase signaling pathway. The E5 gene induced an increase in the MAP kinase activity both in the absence and in the presence of EGF. In comparison, the E6 and E7 oncoproteins do not alter the MAP kinase activity or prolong the MAP kinase activity induced with EGF. These findings suggest that E5 may function, at least in part, to enhance the cell response through the MAP kinase pathway. However, the transforming activity of E6 and E7 is not associated with alterations in the MAP kinase pathway. These findings are consistent with E5 enhancing the response to growth factor stimulation.
Cutting World Hunger in Half

To reach the Millennium Development Goal of halving hunger by 2015, the Millennium Project9s Task Force on Hunger recommends seven mutually reinforcing actions: political action; national policy reforms; increased agricultural productivity for food-insecure farmers; improved nutrition for the chronically hungry; productive safety nets for the acutely hungry; improved rural incomes and markets; and restored natural resources essential for food security. The Task Force concludes that "it can be done"-the Hunger MDG can be attained. In this Policy Forum, the task force chairmen explain why achieving that goal will require unprecedented levels of effort, but it is well within the reach of our technical and financial capabilities.
Secure process migration in cloud for load balancing and energy efficiency

Cloud computing is the latest trend in the world of computers. Virtualisation is the building block for cloud. In IAAS, cloud resources are allocated to the user in the form of virtual machines (VMs). VMs generally have lower resources and have a good chance of getting overloaded. Overload can happen in terms of CPU, memory or IO. All these three resources are divided among the different VMs running on a physical machine. So even if a physical machine is not overloaded, a VM running on it may get overloaded. Considering the nature of the loads, this paper proposes a load balancing solution on basis of CPU, memory and IO using process migration between the VMs of the cloud. The approach balances the load in such a way that the use of energy efficiency techniques like DVFS can be maximised. Due to the multi-tenant model of the cloud, a lot of new security issues have come up. Process migration also presents new security issues. This paper identifies such security issues and proposes solution to them. A proof of concept is provided which demonstrates the feasibility of the approach by proving that improved response times can be achieved even at lower energy consumptions.
Metabolomic profiling of cardiac substrate utilization: fanning the flames of systems biology?

The astonishing observation that the human heart beats ≈100000 times a day and cycles through up to 30 kg of ATP daily (the energy required to climb a ≈100-story building) vividly illustrates the pertinence of energy metabolism to both cardiac health and disease.1,2 A key determinant of the efficient energy generation capacity of the heart is the pattern of cardiac substrate utilization.3,4 Although studies, such as the seminal coronary sinus sampling observations made by Richard Bing and colleagues5 that delineated the patterns of cardiac substrate metabolism, have informed our understanding of cardiac biology,3,4 their greatest limitation derives from the small number of “biased” candidate metabolites they have surveyed. Metabolomics, which seeks to comprehensively analyze and dynamically quantify many of the metabolites in biological samples, may thus be regarded as the logical sequitur to traditional substrate studies.6 Metabolomic studies, ranging from the assessment of atrial tissue in atrial fibrillation7 to peripheral blood and coronary sinus sampling in stress-induced cardiac ischemia8 and myocardial infarction,9 have accordingly already yielded insights into the metabolic sequelae of these disorders.10 Article p 1736 This application of “systems biology” approaches11 to disentangle the complex biological variation underlying health and disease (eg, genome, transcriptome, proteome, “posttranslation-ome,” metabolome, and intestinal bacterial microbiome and environment) is one of the principal aims of contemporary biology. Metabolomics is exemplary in this regard, because the convergence of the different levels of biological organization onto a relatively small number of known and phylogenetically conserved metabolites (≈3000 in total) renders the metabolome more tractable and temporally/functionally closer to disease than analyses based on the other “-omics. ”6,10 Having emerged from the metabolic control theory of the 1960s, it is only with advances in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) that metabolomics has recently …
Metastases in mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: quantitative and qualitative assessment with STIR turbo spin-echo MR imaging.

PURPOSE To evaluate short inversion time inversion-recovery (STIR) turbo spin-echo (TSE) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for detection of metastases in lymph nodes by using quantitative and qualitative analyses. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred ten patients (68 men and 42 women) with non-small cell lung cancer who ranged in age from 36 to 82 years (mean age, 64 years) were examined with respiratory-triggered STIR TSE MR imaging. Ratios of signal intensity in a lymph node to that in a 0.9% saline phantom (lymph node-saline ratios [LSRs]) for all lymph nodes were classified into three groups according to nodal short-axis diameter. LSRs of each group were compared by using pathologic diagnosis as the standard of reference. For quantitative analysis, the LSR threshold value for a positive test was determined on a per-node basis and tested for ability to enable a correct diagnosis on a per-patient basis. For qualitative analysis, signal intensities of lymph nodes were assessed by using a five-point visual scoring system. Results of quantitative and qualitative analyses were compared on a per-patient basis with McNemar testing. RESULTS In 110 patients, 92 of 802 lymph nodes were pathologically diagnosed as containing metastases, while 710 lymph nodes did not contain metastases. Mean LSR in the lymph node group with metastasis was higher than that in the group without metastasis (P <.05). When an LSR of 0.6 was used as the positive-test threshold at quantitative analysis, sensitivity was 93% (37 of 40 patients) and specificity was 87% (61 of 70 patients) on a per-patient basis. With a score of 4 as the positive-test threshold at qualitative analysis, sensitivity was 88% (35 of 40 patients) and specificity was 86% (60 of 70 patients) on a per-patient basis. There was no significant difference (P >.05) between results of quantitative and those of qualitative analysis. CONCLUSION Quantitative and qualitative analyses of STIR TSE MR images enable differentiation of lymph nodes with metastasis from those without. Qualitative analysis can substitute for quantitative analysis of STIR TSE MR imaging data.
Isolation of preribosomes from HeLa cells and their characterization by electrophoresis on uniform and exponential-gradient-polyacrylamide gels.

New methods are presented for the isolation of nucleoli and the extraction of intact preribosomes under mild conditions avoiding EDTA and high salt buffers. These nucleolar preribosomes were characterized by an improved technique of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis which gives better resolution than sedimentation analysis for both ribonucleoprotein particles and free-RNA molecules. Thus, the 50-S native-ribosomal subunit could be separated from its 55-S precursor containing 32-S pre-RNA, and another nucleolar precursor, a “70-S” particle, could be identified. The separation technique newly developed is disc electrophoresis using exponential polyacrylamide gels. The resolution with these gels is greater than that with uniform gels over a wider range of molecular weights. The final resolution is independent of the volume in which the sample is loaded and the diffusion of molecules during migration is eliminated. Molecular weights of RNA molecules can be estimated in exponential gels as in uniform gels. Electrophoresis in quartz tubes allows the direct scanning of ultraviolet absorbance during and after the run. As all handling is thus avoided, gels of very low concentration can be used.
bro {beta}-lactamase and antibiotic resistances in a global cross-sectional study of Moraxella catarrhalis from children and adults.

OBJECTIVES To compare and contrast the geographic and demographic distribution of bro beta-lactamase and antibiotic MIC(50/90) for 1440 global Moraxella catarrhalis isolates obtained from children and adults between 2001 and 2002. METHODS One thousand four hundred and forty M. catarrhalis isolates originating from seven world regions were investigated. The isolates were recovered from 411 children <5 years of age and 1029 adults >20 years of age. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was performed to determine bro prevalence and to distinguish between bro types. MIC values of 12 different antibiotics were determined using the CLSI (formerly NCCLS) broth microdilution method. RESULTS Of the 1440 isolates, 1313 (91%) possessed the bro-1 gene and 64 (4%) possessed the bro-2 gene. Additionally, the prevalence of bro positivity between the child and adult age groups was significantly different (P < 0.0001), though bro-1 and bro-2 prevalences within age groups were not significantly different. Consistently higher beta-lactam MICs were observed for M. catarrhalis isolates originating in the Far East. Significant correlations in MICs were observed for several antibiotic combinations, including all five beta-lactams with each other, and among the two quinolones. CONCLUSIONS The worldwide prevalence of bro gene carriage in clinical isolates of M. catarrhalis is now approaching 95%, with children significantly more likely to harbour bro-positive isolates than adults. Further, statistically significant differences in the distribution of beta-lactam MICs were observed between different world regions, particularly with respect to the Far East.
Browsing behaviour in complex ungulate multi-species systems in Southern Sweden

In recent years several of the ungulate species present in Sweden have increased in both densities and distribution. Browsing pressure has mainly been attributed to moose but recent research shows that with more complex ungulate ecosystems new interactions and connections might emerge. This thesis serves to investigate the im-pact of multi-species ungulate communities on browsing pressure in boreal forests and semi-open landscapes in southern Sweden. In this study the effect of ungulate species densities, richness and feeding strategy on browsing pressure were analyzed. This study uses data collected within the ongoing environmental analysis project “ref-erence areas for management of ungulates in southern Sweden”. Total weighted browsing pressure, tree species specific browsing pressure and ungulate densities were monitored. The data was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. Final model selection was done using Akaike information criterion (AIC). In order to in-clude different ungulate species in the same models ungulate densities were trans-formed into moose equivalents. GLMM models showed that ungulate species rich-ness, ungulate density and ungulate feeding strategy all have a significant effect on browsing pressure. Ungulate species richness had a negative impact on browsing pressure which likely means that increased interspecific competition could cause a decrease in browsing pressure. Ungulate total density had a positive effect on brows-ing pressure, which was not unexpected given previous research on the subject. Feed-ing strategy was found to have some, although weak indications that it could be a contributing factor to browsing pressure. In all the final models moose had a rela-tively large positive estimate, which agree with previous studies that moose is one of the main perpetrators behind browsing pressure carried out by ungulates in Sweden. To conclude there are clear indications that new interactions and connections will emerge with changing ungulate populations.
Termite-Resistant Heartwood : The Effect of the Non-Biocidal Antioxidant Properties of the Extractives (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Due to a need to develop more environmentally benign methods to control termites, many researchers have studied extractives isolated from naturally resistant heartwood and some plants. While it has long been recognized that extractives affect termite feeding, the relationship between total extractives, extractive types and termite resistance remains unclear. Generally, researchers have proposed that the extractives are toxic and/or repel termites. We recently hypothesized that both the toxicity and antioxidant properties of extractives affect termites. In this paper we report on continued studies with a benign antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Use of an artificial and non-toxic antioxidant allowed us to definitively test our hypothesis without the use of natural extractives where the test results would be confounded by both toxicity and antioxidant properties. Southern pine (Pinus spp.) [SP] blocks were treated with 0, 1,2, 4, and 6% BHT, with these blocks exposed to two termite species using a no-choice test. With Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar (Eastern subterranean termite), a 2% treatment resulted in 0.9% mass loss, only slight attack and 100% termite mortality. BHT also affected Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Formosan subterranean termite), with a 4% treatment resulting in only 3.3% mass loss, no attack on any wafers and 100% termite mortality. An initial field test at Viance's Hilo Formosan Termite Test Site using SP blocks treated with 0,1,2 and 3% BHT showed that treatment with 2 and 3% BHT greatly reduced Formosan degradation after six months of exposure. We conclude that treating wood with the non-toxic and artificial antioxidant BHT at a sufficient level reduces subterranean termite attack and subsequent damage. Furthermore, this study suggests that the well-known antioxidant properties of extractives in termite resistant heartwood, along with the extractives' inherent toxicity, affect subterranean termites.