Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phosphatase activity of external hyphae of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Extraradical hyphae of Glomus intraradices or G. claroideum were extracted from root free sand of two-compartment pot cultures and used to determine fungal phosphatase activity [ p -nitrophenyl phosphate ( p -NPP) hydrolysis]. Enzyme activity was assayed with respect to pH, temperature and different fractions of the hyphae (external soluble, wall-bound and internal phosphatases). The results showed an overall maximum enzyme activity at pH 5·2–5·6 for both fungi, with a possible secondary maximum at pH ≥ 8·8 for G. claroideum . Of the two fungi tested, G. intraradices had the highest external phosphatase activity in two experiments and the same activity in one experiment, reaching 184 μmol p -NPP hydrolysed mg −1 D.W. h −1 . Phosphatase activity at pH 5·2 decreased sharply with temperature, with 4·5 and 10·5% of the enzyme activity remaining at 5 °C relative to that at 37° for G. intraradices and G. claroideum , respectively. Separation of the phosphatase activity into external soluble, wall-bound and internal fractions revealed that up to 70% of the measured activity was associated with the hyphal wall, and the rest with internal structures. Exuded phosphatases were not found in measurable amounts. The implications of these results on possible hyphal utilization of organic P in soil are discussed.
The Earnings of Asian Male Immigrants in the Canadian Labor Market 1

The earnings of Asian-born immigrants in the Canadian labor market declined relative to the earnings of native-born workers between 1981 and 1986. Analysis of the labor market performance of immigrants from four regions of Asia—Southern Asia, South East Asia, Eastern Asia and Western Asia—shows that Asian immigrants are a heterogeneous group. However, changes in the birthplace composition of Asian immigrants cannot explain the fall in the relative earnings of the Asian aggregate. Attention is drawn to the switch in the distribution of immigrants across the admission classes as a possible explanation of this phenomenon.
Short Reviews

Since the discovery in the 1950s of the molecular structure of DNA, researchers have sought to map and manipulate the genes of a multitude of species. Many believe that the holy grail in this quest, a complete map of human genes, will unlock the mystery of human life – to this end billions of dollars are being poured into the Human Genome Project. The zeitgeist is indeed heavily biological – a recent book proclaiming that children are shaped by genes and peers but not by parents (Harris, 1998) became a bestseller, and its author received a prestigious award from the American Psychological Association. Barbara Katz Rothman is one of a number of dissenting social scientists and biologists who warn that, in a social context characterized by racism, androcentrism and powerful private interests, genetic research is potentially a Pandora’s box of plagues and problems. Some of the problems she identifies are indeed disquieting and should compel our attention, which is why I wish this had been a better book. Rothman’s criticisms of genetic research fall into three categories. First, genes exist in an environment, and therefore rarely afford perfect predictability. Second, much current genetic research is bad science. Two types of ‘bad science’ must be distinguished: (1) faulty reasoning; and (2) results too incomplete for reliable prediction. Finally, even with 100 percent predictability, such knowledge would be dangerous in the wrong hands. These arguments are not all equally valid, and Rothman unfortunately confounds them. Despite some flaws there is much of value in this book. Most important, Rothman argues that technology without ethical evaluation can be harmful rather than beneficial. She shows how ideas about genetics are socially embedded, and deplores the undeserved significance attributed to genes, observing that they have replaced religion in our belief system. Indeed, we humans yearn for airtight explanations of ourselves, making predetermination, whether by deity or by genes, an attractive alternative to uncertainty, despite the currently uncertain state of knowledge. Rothman attributes our fixation on genetic causality to a patriarchal world view which sees people as originating from seeds. By contrast, a mother-based perspective would understand people to be products of a complex biopsychosocial interaction – the result of being carried, born and raised in a specific social context. For example, a focus on genetic vulnerability to breast cancer diverts attention away from environmental risks, making breast cancer seem to be entirely a matter of individual bad luck.
POTENCIAL REPRODUTIVO E DE SOBREVIVÊNCIA DE Podisus nigrispinus DALLAS (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) SOBRE Thyrinteina arnobia STOLL (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) E Tenebrio molitor L. (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)

The genus Eucalyptus contains the arboreal species most used to reforestation in the Brazil. Like the plants of this genus presents elevated content of secundarity substances, was waited that they might not cause serious damages to the eucalyptus. However, many insects, principally those of the order Lepidoptera, becomes serious pests in the culture of eucalyptus. The predator Podisus nigrispinus Dallas (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) has been used against herbivorous insects like Thyrinteina arnobia Stoll (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), but there is not data about your establishment in eucalyptus areas. The objective of this work was evaluate the reproductive potential and to perform a analyses of survival of P. nigrispinus on T. arnobia proceeding of eucalyptus and grub Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) proceeding of mass rearing in laboratory. The biologics aspects of P. nigrispinus were better on pupa of T. molitor when compared the individuals create on caterpillar of T. arnobia. Probably, the caterpillar of T. arnobia are kidnapped the secundarity substances from the Eucalyptus plants and using for your defense against predators like P. nigrispinus and, if these naturals enemies are not adapted to these substances, their performance in the pest control and on their own development may be negatively affected.
Diminution of Intracellular Symbiont of Aphid Maintained on Artificial Diet: A Morphological Study

Abstract When pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, were raised on an artificial diet which mimics the amino acid composition of the total tissue of aphids, their intracellular symbionts in the bacteriocyte gradually decreased in number as the host generation proceeded, accompanied with a decrease of the host's fecundity. It is possible that host sacrificed its symbionts to supplement the artificial diet that is nutritionally deficient. This inevitably incurs aposymbiosis, which will, in turn, lead to the host's sterility, as observed repeatedly.
Application of dual-beam and split-beam target tracking in fisheries acoustics

Dual-beam and split-beam acoustical techniques were originally developed to provide direct in situ measurements of the target strength of individual fish and plankton. The amount of information that can be extracted from these acoustic systems can be significantly increased when the techniques are used in conjunction with ping-to-ping target tracking. For example, target tracking can be used to isolate multiple target-strength measurements from an individual fish or plankton. These measurements can then be averaged to provide a lower variance estimate of the target strength. The measurement of the angular location of the target provided by split-beam systems further enhances the usefulness of tracking. The angular data measured on subsequent pings can be used to resolve returns from single and multiple targets and estimate the direction and speed of the fish as they pass through the beam. Information on fish speed and direction is particularly useful for fixed location acoustic studies. This paper uses a combination of actual data, simulation results, and analysis to describe the various applications and expected performance of acoustic systems that combine dual-beam and split-beam techniques with target tracking.
Genetics of Entamoeba: Characterization of Two New Parasitic Strains which Grow at Room Temperature (and at 37°C)*

SYNOPSIS. Of set-era1 strains of Eiztarnocha isolated from human patients diagnosed to have mild. chronic amebiasis, two strains (AG and JA) Were found to have the ability to grow well at room temperature, in addition to growing at 37°C. Subsequent genetic analysis has shown these two strains to be very closely related to the well-known “Laredo strain of Entamoeba histolytica. ” The implications of the marked differences from “true”E. histolitica are discussed.
Effect of DBD plasma on human cells in presence of osmolytes and denaturant

ABSTRACT Non thermal plasma is emerging as a novel tool for the treatment of living tissues for biological and medical purpose. In this study we described the effect of DBD (dielectric barrier discharge) plasma on both cancer and normal cell line in presence of osmolytes. Osmolytes having unique protective metabolic roles and also found in animal body, they are acting as antioxidants, providing redox balance, detoxifying sulfide, protect macromolecules, enhance protein folding and regulate cell volume. Based on these interesting properties of osmolytes, non thermal plasma in presence of osmolytes appears to provide a new outlook. Results of this study reveals that osmolytes in presence of plasma act as protecting agent for normal cells however, not to cancer cells in the presence of plasma. The main goal of this study is to protect normal cells from the toxic effect of DBD plasma. INTRODUCTION Non thermal plasma (a ionized gas) is emerging as a novel tool for the treatment of living tissues for biological and medical purposes [1-6]. Plasma contains free charges (electron, ions), free radicals, excited molecules, UV photons and generates transient electric fields. Several previous studies have been demonstrated the efficacy of sterilization by plasma application and more recently, some studies have shown an antitumor effect of plasma
Cooperative Enhancement Of Reproductive Success in Tropical Wren Societies

Stripe—backed Wrens, Campylorhynchus nuchalis, live in cooperative groups of up to 14 adults in which all members share in defense of the common territory, in construction and defense of roosting and breeding nests, and in the care of young produced by a single breeding pair. A 5—yr study of a completely marked population of 25—30 groups in the Venezuelan savanna shows that breeders (principals) assisted by two or more nonreproductive auxiliaries have much greater reproductive success than those with less help. Per capita production of independent juveniles in higher, as well. Only groups with at least two auxiliaries successfully rear two clutches in a season. The proportion of nesting attempts successful in producing fledglings is much higher for groups of four adults or more than for smaller groups, probably because of lesser predation on the nests of large groups. The success of large groups is not likely due to differences in territory quality of breeder experience. Rates of food delivery to nestlings and number of fledglings per successful nest are as high for pairs and trios as for larger groups. However, feeding of nestlings and fledglings by auxiliaries frees the principals from these tasks and probably makes multiple successful clutches possible. Auxiliaries directly defend the breeding nest from predators and competitors, although the principle male is most active in defense. Feeding efforts of auxiliaries are probably linked to increased nesting success primarily through enabling the principal male to defend the nest better. Aid—giving by auxiliaries is explained (1) by its effectiveness in improving the reproductive success of close kin through reducing risk of predation for nestlings, (2) by the probability of reciprocation of such effective help, and (3) by the low productivity of breeding outside a large established group. Data from this population of wrens constitute some of the strongest evidence to data that group defense against predators can provide the impetus for cooperative breeding.
The Role of Microarthropods in Decomposition and Mineralization Processes

The vast majority of the energy and nutrients that is obtained by plants eventually becomes incorporated in dead organic matter or detritus (78, 108). Both the disappearance of this material (i.e. decomposition) and the release of the inorganic elements that are bound in detritus (i.e. mineralization) are critical to the continued productivity of terrestrial ecosystems (95). The accu­ mulation of dead organic matter not only locks away plant nutrients, but in certain ecosystems it reduces the amount of energy available for plant metabo­ lism and photosynthesis because of the insulating and shading effects of litter (41, 66). As a result, terrestrial decomposition and mineralization processes have been the subject of a considerable scientific effort by biochemists, soil scientists, bacteriologists, mycologists, invertebrate zoologists, and ecolo­ gists. A massive literature on this subject is available, and two extensive reviews have been published in the last decade (27, 93). The concept that soil fauna regulates the decomposition process has become increasingly popular (7, 22, 23, 117) in spite of the fact that the amount of soil metabolism (C02 production) that can be attributed to all soil animals is 10% or less of the total amount (12, 71, 72, 77). Fungi and bacteria are directly responsible for most of the organic matter breakdown, but a diverse assemblage of protozoans, nematodes, annelids, and arthropods greatly influence the functioning of the decomposer flora as a direct and indirect result of their feeding activities. This review examines the importance of one component of the soil fauna, the microarthropods, in decomposition and mineralization processes. A previous
GENE FREQUENCY COMPARISONS BETWEEN SUNFISH (CENTRARCHIDAE) POPULATIONS AT VARIOUS STAGES OF EVOLUTIONARY DIVERGENCE

Avise, J. C. and M. H. Smith (Department of Zoology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602) 1977. Gene frequency comparisons between sunfish (Centrarchidae) populations at various stages of evolutionary divergence. Syst. Zool. 26:319-335. -A total of 11-15 genetic loci encoding enzymes and other proteins has been assayed in populations belonging to 20 taxa of the North American sunfish in the family Centrarchidae. Four stages of evolutionary divergence are recognized among these taxa by systematists. We have determined mean levels of genetic differentiation, D, between populations at each of these stages: geographic populations, D = 0.024 + 0.003; subspecies, D - 0.171 + 0.004; species, D = 0.626 + 0.028; genera, D = 1.340 + 0.064. D estimates the number of electrophoretically detectable codon substitutions per locus accumulated since populations separated from a common ancestor. Mean genetic distance among centrarchids increases dramatically through the various stages of evolutionary divergence. Different subspecies of Lepomis macrochirus exhibit about an 8-fold increase in genetic distance over geographic populations belonging to a subspecies. Species of the genus Lepomis are completely distinct in allelic composition at nearly 50 percent of loci, on the average, despite their ability to produce viable and sometimes fertile hybrids. Species belonging to different centrarchid genera have accumulated more than one allelic substitution per locus, on the average. Among the centrarchids prezygotic reproductive isolating barriers may have preceded the development of significant postzygotic isolating mechanisms. Nonetheless, mean levels of genetic divergence between centrarchid taxa are similar to those other animal taxa of corresponding rank characterized by different modes of reproductive isolation. Amounts and patterns of genetic divergence are employed to infer probable evolutionary relationships among the Centrarchidae. A great deal of evolutionary information is contained within even a relatively small number of genes. [Electrophoresis; genetic distance; sunfish; Centrarchidae. ]
Genetic characterization of autochthonous grapevine cultivars from Eastern Turkey by simple sequence repeats (SSRs)

ABSTRACT In this research, two well-recognized standard grape cultivars, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, together with eight historical autochthonous grapevine cultivars from Eastern Anatolia in Turkey, were genetically characterized by using 12 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers in order to evaluate their genetic diversity and relatedness. All of the used SSR primers produced successful amplifications and revealed DNA polymorphisms, which were subsequently utilized to evaluate the genetic relatedness of the grapevine cultivars. Allele richness was implied by the identification of 69 alleles in 8 autochthonous cultivars with a mean value of 5.75 alleles per locus. The average expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity were found to be 0.749 and 0.739, respectively. Taking into account the generated alleles, the highest number was recorded in VVC2C3 and VVS2 loci (nine and eight alleles per locus, respectively), whereas the lowest number was recorded in VrZAG83 (three alleles per locus). Two main clusters were produced by using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram constructed on the basis of the SSR data. Only Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot cultivars were included in the first cluster. The second cluster involved the rest of the autochthonous cultivars. The results obtained during the study illustrated clearly that SSR markers have verified to be an effective tool for fingerprinting grapevine cultivars and carrying out grapevine biodiversity studies. The obtained data are also meaningful references for grapevine domestication.
MEASURING BIODIVERSITY VALUE FOR CONSERVATION

Practical approaches to measuring biodiversity are reviewed in relation to the present debate on systematic approaches to conservation, to fulfil the goal of representativeness: to identify and include the broadest possible sample of components that make up the biota of a given region. Rather than adapting earlier measures that had been developed for other purposes, the most recent measures result from a fresh look at what exactly is of value to conservationists. Although debate will continue as to where precisely these values lie, more of the discussion has been devoted to ways of estimating values in the absence of ideal information. We discuss the current principles by assuming that the currency of biodiversity is characters, that models of character distribution among organisms are required for comparisons of character diversity, and that character diversity measures can be calculated using taxonomic and environ
Foresight project on global food and farming futures: application of genetics and genomics to aquaculture development: current and future directions

SUMMARY Global aquaculture production continues to grow rapidly yet a small proportion of the animals and plants being used come from managed breeding and improvement programmes. The biology of aquatic organisms offer many opportunities for rapid genetic gains as new genetic and genomic techniques make the management of improvement programmes feasible in a wider range of species. The current paper describes the application of a wide range of techniques, many unique to aquatic organisms, and their potential to secure aquaculture production in the future.
Over Kanserinde S›cak fiok Proteinleri (HSP) ve Progesteron Reseptörleri (PR)

Heat shock proteins (HSP) and progesterone (PR) receptors in ovarian cancer Heat shock proteins (HSP), are structures thought to have functions similar to those of strong cytokines, which govern interactions between proteins, maintain balance in these interactions and modify their structure. HSP’s identify immune system disease cells intracellularly by developing memory storages and red flags and extracellularly by sending danger signals. HSP’s are classified into two groups according to molecular weight. The small HSP’s, denoted as HSP 27, 60, 70 and 90 have been found to bind to various types of malignant tumors. Interactions with HSP activation factor (AF) have been found to cause steroid hormone receptors i.e. progesterone receptors (PR) to form complexes with HSP’s especially those containing HSP90. Any breakdown in the relationship between progesterone receptors (PR) and HSP, by impairing gene activation affects the formation of malignant growths. The role of HSP’s in cancer is still a mystery. The same HSP can, according to cancer type, lead to positive or negative prognoses.
Not Immune: Access to Substance Abuse Treatment Among Medicaid-Covered Youth With Mental Retardation

Youth with mental retardation* (MR) have experienced increasing levels of participation in community life over the last 30 years. This freedom has facilitated access to community life beyond school settings; it has also created the potential for alcohol and drug use and for the development of substance abuse (SA). Little is known about access to SA treatment for youth with MR—an especially vulnerable population. Through the application of a set of standardized performance measures, this study examines SA treatment access among youth aged 12 to 21 with and without MR (N = 150,009). Guided by Andersen’s sociobehavioral model of health care utilization, multivariate logistic regression analyses modeled SA treatment initiation and engagement. Youth with MR and SA were less likely to initiate or engage in treatment. Engagement among youth with MR and SA was associated with being male and/or non-White. Implications relate to a need for improved treatment access for youth with MR and SA through cross-system collaboration.
Antioxidant Capacity of Tea and Common Vegetables

Previously, some fruits were shown to contain high antioxidant activities. In this paper, we report the antioxidant activities of 22 common vegetables, one green tea, and one black tea measured using the automated oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay with three different reactive species: a peroxyl radical generator, a hydroxyl radical generator, and Cu2+, a transition metal. Based on the fresh weight of the vegetable, garlic had the highest antioxidant activity (μmol of Trolox equiv/g) against peroxyl radicals (19.4) followed by kale (17.7), spinach (12.6), Brussels sprouts, alfalfa sprouts, broccoli flowers, beets, red bell pepper, onion, corn, eggplant (9.8−3.9), cauliflower, potato, sweet potato, cabbage, leaf lettuce, string bean, carrot, yellow squash, iceberg lettuce, celery, and cucumber (3.8−0.5); kale had the highest antioxidant activity against hydroxyl radicals followed by Brussels sprouts, alfalfa sprouts, beets, spinach, broccoli flowers, and the others. The green and black teas had muc.