Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction and Overview

This manuscript is the first chapter from a law school casebook in the Aspen Casebook Series. The casebook, Business Associations: A Systems Approach, is scheduled for publication on September 15, 2020. The book is grounded in the understanding that corporations, partnerships, LLCs, and limited partnerships are fundamentally the same. That is, with only minor exceptions, all can serve the same purposes, and each requires performance of essentially the same functions. Entity laws contain few rules that cannot be changed by provisions in the entities’ fundamental documents. <br><br>As a result, “entity” is the book’s principal concept. The book is organized by the functions performed in each entity: financing; limiting liability; investor decision making; manager decision making; investor litigation; investment transfer; and entity merging, splitting, converting, and changing jurisdictions. (The book also covers the role of entities in society.). As each function is discussed, the differences among entity types are explained. Those difference are remarkably few. As a result, the book’s organization is more efficient than the organization of casebooks that treat each entity type as something entirely new and different. More subjects are covered in fewer pages. <br><br>This chapter introduces business associations as a subject, summarizes the governing law, and introduces the terminology already used by judges and commentators to discuss entities without regard to entity type. The terms include “investors” to mean shareholders, members, or partners; “shares” to mean stock, shares, interests, units, or partnerships; and “fundamental documents” to mean partnership agreements; certificates of organizations and operating agreements; or articles of incorporation, certificates of incorporation, and bylaws. The summary in this chapter makes it possible for the remaining chapters to be covered in any order (modularity). <br><br>The chapter also demonstrates the book’s overall pedagogical approach: simple direct explanations of both the law and the relevant systems, followed by problems that enable students to test their understandings in realistic practice settings.
Roll-Out for Climate Change Mitigation : A Multi-Model Study for Latin

Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva. nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.
DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES FITTING VAST DIMENSIONAL TIME-VARYING COVARIANCE MODELS

Building models for high dimensional portfolios is important in risk management and asset allocation. Here we propose a novel and fast way of estimating models of time-varying covariances that overcome an undiagnosed incidental parameter problem which has troubled existing methods when applied to hundreds or even thousands of assets. Indeed we can handle the case where the cross-sectional dimension is larger than the time series one. The theory of this new strategy is developed in some detail, allowing formal hypothesis testing to be carried out on these models. Simulations are used to explore the performance of this inference strategy while empirical examples are reported which show the strength of this method. The out of sample hedging performance of various models estimated using this method are compared.
Appendix 7 Cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in the setting of mild to moderate heart failure

We investigated the effect of electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure. The study group consisted of 24 patients with mild to moderate heart failure (13 men, mean age 67±7 years, mean peak VO2 16.3±2.8 ml/min/kg) and chronic atrial fibrillation (median duration 19 (1-228) months). Patients were stable on digoxin, diuretics, nitrates and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; no prophylaxis with antiarrhythmics was started after cardioversion. Cardioversion was unsuccessful in 6 patients; of the 18 patients in whom sinus rhythm was obtained 9 had a relapse of atrial fibrillation within 6 weeks after cardioversion. The remaining 9 patients with maintenance of sinus rhythm and the 15 (6+9) patients with atrial fibrillation at follow-up after 6 weeks did not differ with respect to any baseline characteristic, including age, peak VO2, duration of atrial fibrillation, echocardiographic left ventricular and left atrial dimensions, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and norepinephrine. In the patients with maintenance of sinus rhythm, baseline measurements were repeated at follow-up. Peak VO2 did not change significantly (16.7±2.8 to 17.6±3.3 ml/min/kg, P=0.29); also, echo parameters, atrial natriuretic peptide and norepinephrine were not significantly affected. These results indicate that it is difficult to achieve lasting sinus rhythm through electrical cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation and mild to moderate heart failure. Moreover, in patients with maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion no significant benefit in terms of peak VO2, cardiac dimensions, and neurohumoral status is to be expected. Hence, indiscriminate cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in the setting of heart failure does not appear to be useful.
Determining sample size for the morphological assessment of sperm

Morphologic assessment of spermatozoa is an integral component in the analysis of semen. Whether a technician rapidly screening semen quality at a commercial stud, a veterinarian performing breeding soundness examinations, a clinician at a reference andrology laboratory providing auditing or diagnostic services, or a researcher evaluating morphology as a part of a fertility study, it is important to make an informed decision regarding the number of spermatozoa to include in the morphology assessment. Application of basic statistical principles such as the nature of proportions, level of confidence in an observed value, and the interaction of sample size with precision, can and should be used in the decision process. This paper outlines in detail the application of these statistical principles in relation to the morphologic assessment of spermatozoa. Guidelines on how these principles can be utilized in practical situations are discussed. Additionally, methodologies for comparison of results within and between laboratories (an area easily prone to misinterpretation) are reviewed. It is hoped that through the use of these fundamental statistical principles, this paper will bring clarity and delineation to the science of quantifying the morphology of spermatozoa. # 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Functional interactions between Dlx 2 and lymphoid enhancer factor regulate Msx 2

Dlx2, Lymphoid Enhancer Factor (Lef-1) and Msx2 transcription factors are required for several developmental processes. To understand the control of gene expression by these factors, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays identified Msx2 as a downstream target of Dlx2 and Lef-1. Dlx2 activates the Msx2 promoter in several cell lines and binds DNA as a monomer and dimer. A Lef-1 bcatenin-dependent isoform minimally activates the Msx2 promoter and a Lef-1 b-catenin-independent isoform is inactive, however co-expression of Dlx2 and both Lef-1 isoforms synergistically activate the Msx2 promoter. Co-immunoprecipitation and protein pull-down experiments demonstrate Lef-1 physically interacts with Dlx2. Deletion analyses of the Lef-1 protein reveal specific regions required for synergism with Dlx2. The Lef-1 b-catenin binding domain (bDB) is not required for its interaction with Dlx2. Msx2 can auto-regulate its promoter and repress Dlx2 activation. Msx2 repression of Dlx2 activation is dose-specific and both bind a common DNA-binding element. These transcriptional mechanisms correlate with the temporal and spatial expression of these factors and may provide a mechanism for the control of several developmental processes. We demonstrate new transcriptional activities for Dlx2, Msx2 and Lef-1 through protein interactions and identification of downstream
Assessment of Social Vulnerability for Efficient Management of Urban Pluvial Flooding in the Lagos Metropolis of Nigeria

Flooding of pluvial origin has been pervasive in the Lagos area of Nigeria, and threatens significant human populations and urban assets, resulting in large scale economic losses. Unfortunately, investigating especially the human impacts of this hazard is often hampered by the dearth of quality datasets. This study was designed to construct indices of social vulnerability (SocVI) to pluvial urban flooding in the Lagos areas, using available demographic datasets. This will facilitate knowledge transfer and policy development towards mitigating the human impacts of flooding which is a crucial concern in environmental studies, earth sciences, disaster prevention and flood risk management research. Social vulnerability was conceptualised in terms of exposure, susceptibility and lack of coping capacity, whilst nine indicators were normalised, aggregated and ranked using combined UNDP’s Human Development Index and Patnaik and Narayana methodologies. Results reveal high indices of social vulnerability to pluvial flooding in three local government areas of Lagos Alimoso, Agege and Kosofe. The study also identifies patterns of vulnerability based on individual social components. Gender variation, socio-economic status, and family structure were found to have significant impacts on the overall index. In addressing the challenges of pluvial urban flooding in Lagos, this study recommends prioritizing resources and intervention, especially in relation to building effective coping capacity in those areas that indicate higher social vulnerabilities to the hazard. This study, by constructing new SocVI, has demonstrated the potential in freely available datasets to investigate social vulnerability for Lagos.
Inshore resources management and conservation : current trends and alternate strategies

The characteristics of Pacific Island inshore fisheries that have to be borne in mind in any consideration of management and conservation are: that they are carried out mainly by Pacific Islanders themselves; that they involve a very wide range of species and methods; that the majority of the total catch still does not enter the cash economy; that a broad crosssection of society participates in fisheries (including both men and women); and that Pacific Island communities in general have a much stronger proprietary or custodial attitude t o marine resources than most other societies (even in cases where ownership of resources has been officially assumed by the state). There are of course other distinguishing characteristics of Pacific Island inshore fisheries, but these are the key factors to consider in management.
Running head : REVISION BIAS The Revision Bias

Things change. Things also get changed—often. Why? The obvious reason is that revising things makes them better. In the current research, we document a less obvious reason: Revising things makes people think they are better, absent objective improvement. We refer to this phenomenon as the revision bias. Nine studies document this effect and provide insight into its psychological underpinnings. In Study 1, MBA students perceived their revised resumes to be of higher quality the more they differed from their original versions, but this perception was not justified: observers judged originals (inaccurately) labeled as revisions to be superior to revisions (inaccurately) labeled as originals. Study 2 pinpoints the direction of the effect: revisions are appealing, as opposed to originals being unappealing. Moreover, the revision bias holds in a variety of settings in which the revision is devoid of objective improvement: when revisions are trivial (Study 3A), incidental (Study 3B), non-existent (Study 3C), and even objectively worse than the original (Study 3D). Study 4 directly tests the self-fulfilling nature of the revision bias, testing whether mere revision framing leads people to become less critical of the experience—in this study, less sensitive to possible bugs while playing an otherwise identical “revised” video game—and whether this mediates the effect of revision framing on positive evaluations. Studies 5A and 5B offer further support by testing whether the revision bias is accentuated when people engage in a holistic processing style, whether measured as an individual difference (Study 5A) or experimentally induced (Study 5B).
Tele-opthalmology in the Community Pharmacy Setting: A Novel Model of Care

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a retinal vascular disorder characterized by changes in the blood vessels of the retina that begins without symptoms and can advance to blurry vision, dark or floating spots, difficulty differentiating colors, and/ or problems focusing. Blindness and vision impairment in adults due to DR are highly prevalent and disabling conditions in the US, affecting at least 3.3 million people over age 65. The number of people with DR will increase more than three-fold by 2050, creating an immense and costly public health problem. In 2004, for example, blindness from DR accounted for approximately $500 million in direct medical costs, and exponentially more in indirect costs to society. Clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of these treatments led the American Academy of Ophthalmology and the American Diabetes Association to recommend that all patients with diabetes have annual dilated fundus examinations (DFEs) to reduce their risk of vision loss. In addition, Healthy People 2010 goals encourage 75% of all persons with diabetes to have a DFE. New effective treatment can also slow the rate of progression of retinopathy. Despite this fact, only 50% to 60% of adults with diabetes follow this recommendation and an estimated 50% of patients are diagnosed too late for treatment to be effective. 13-15
Preterm birth – a risk factor for type 2 diabetes ? The Helsinki Birth Cohort Study

Understanding risk factors and complications associated with early-onset type 2 diabetes (T2DM) continues to be a major research issue. This year we learn that women with T2DM likely suffered from sexual abuse in their childhood. This is extremely important to remember each time an obese child is evaluated in a clinic. Beyond stopping the current insult, awareness and early intervention may prevent increased weight gain and future morbidity. Regarding the early development of diabetes complications, we learn for the first time about cognitive abnormalities presenting among adolescents with T2DM, even after short disease duration and moderate metabolic control. Prematurity has been added to the long list of risk factors of early-onset T2DM. Contrasting with this long-term effect, a longitudinal study of adolescent males found the risk of diabetes to be mainly associated with increased body mass index (BMI) close to the time of diagnosis, and not to their degree of obesity during adolescence. Finally, two articles suggesting a model for the link between obesity, insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, as well as a possible intervention in the signaling pathway, were published this year. A newly discovered mechanism elucidates the regulation of the cascade of genes leading to the development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The significance of fasting insulin levels as well as the reproducibility of the oral glucose tolerance test in obese children have been challenged. The surprising results of a school intervention program for diabetes risk reduction are presented. A strong association was demonstrated between elevated non-HDL levels and the metabolic syndrome. The current guidelines for the screening of dyslipidemia are being questioned; in a large cohort study it was found that current practice misses a considerable number of individuals with abnormal LDL levels. This year the Cochrane Library published a review on the safety and benefits of statin treatment in children. In addition, we learn about the effect of maternal hyperlipidemia during pregnancy on fetal programming of hyperlipidemia later in life.
Lifelong Wellbeing in the World Well-Being Indices Comparative Analysis : Russia and Foreign Countries

Using the OECD’s data, we study well-being indices comparison main areas for Russia and economically developed countries. The tendency of unleading countries to find mechanisms of economic growth by the welfare various aspects impact is noted. We used the method of complex efficiency estimation to solve the problem of economic well-being analysis. We assessed the effectiveness and optimality of economic well-being of the population. The effectiveness assessment of economic well-being in Russia revealed a significant gap from foreign countries by most indices. The optimality assessment of economic well-being did not reveal any major differences in values between men and women both in Russia and in foreign countries, but allowed to establish a greater gap between the values of indicators of leading and lagging groups in Russia than in other countries. Indicators ratio of lagging groups in Russia with foreign countries was worse than the ratio of indicators at the entire population level. The results of the economic well-being analysis are advisable to consider in the process of state regulation in Russia. State support of social services should be a priority of social and economic policy on the federal and regional authorities. Our analysis justifies the recommendation to reduce the gap between rich and poor groups of Russia's population by using various regulatory tools, including a progressive scale for a number of taxes. © 2016 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy. org.uk
Data-driven, Bottom-up, Asynchronous approach to Federated Machine Learning for Fairness and Scalability

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning approach that can train a model on a decentralized set of data without the data ever leaving the devices. The predominant FL model in production is the Google FL protocol (GFL), which is a top-down and synchronous and time-division resource allocation system. Despite its many benefits, it has led to multiple challenges, mainly increased bias in selecting training data and challenges in scaling beyond a small number of devices. In this paper, we design and investigate an alternative FL architecture to address the challenges of GFL and at the same time reap the benefits of FL. Our system is a bottom-up data-driven, asynchronous resource allocation system, that maximizes key resources consisting of samples, computation, and bandwidth. Our system can improve fairness and scalability without compromising convergence efficiency.
INHERITED CONTROL AND FIRM PERFORMANCE IN ITALIAN SMEs by

Despite the pervasive presence of family business worldwide, especially among small and medium sized companies, nearly all past studies on family founder succession have focused on large, public companies. We evaluate the issue of the inherited firm control on performance in an economic setting with a large presence of smalland medium-sized private firms run as family businesses. Our paper contributes to the existing literature in three ways. The first concerns the sample characteristics. By focusing on the transfer of business in private SMEs, our study helps to fill a gap in the existing literature that is largely concerned with public companies listed in official market. We set up a unique dataset by matching two different data sources: firstly, a cross-sectional survey dataset collected directly from more than 3,500 companies by means of a questionnaire and, secondly, a company account dataset drawn from Cerved. We merge survey data with balance sheet data in order to perform the econometric analysis. The article’s second contribution is related to the effect on performance caused by the transfer of business within the family. Our major results show i) a founder effect in the Italian manufacturing industry and ii) a large drop in the post-succession performance in family-run businesses. Finally, we provide new evidence on the relationship between pre-succession firm (and industry) characteristics and past succession performance. By using a performance-based control group matching method to control for the effect of a pure mean reverting process in firm performance, we show that the observed large drop in the post-succession company performance is attributable to good performing companies, especially when operating in highly competitive industries. JEL classifications: G32, G34, M13
Migration Perspective and their Effect for the Origin Countries

This study examines the impact of migration perspective on the human capital formation of the origin countries. We use the literature review to identify the main consequence of the brain drain in the origin countries. In this paper we use both the static panel data approach with the fixed effect (FE) and the random effect (RE) and the dynamic panel approach with the GMM in system. So, the empirical results prove that the brain drain has a positive impact for the human capital formation in the origin countries.
OMBO : An efficient Bayesian optimization library for materials cience

In many subfields of chemistry and physics, numerous attempts have been made to accelerate scientific discovery using data-driven experimental design algorithms. Among them, Bayesian optimization has been proven to be an effective tool. A standard implementation (e.g., scikit-learn), however, can accommodate only small training data. We designed an efficient protocol for Bayesian optimization that vailable online xxx eywords: ayesian optimization ython library lobal optimization aterials design employs Thompson sampling, random feature maps, one-rank Cholesky update and automatic hyperparameter tuning, and implemented it as an open-source python library called COMBO (COMmon Bayesian Optimization library). Promising results using COMBO to determine the atomic structure of a crystalline interface are presented. COMBO is available at https://github.com/tsudalab/combo. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
econstor Make Your Publications Visible . A Service of zbw

A growing body of research emphasizes the direct impact of exchange rate movements on the value of U.S. foreign assets. Because a substantial amount of U.S. assets are denominated in foreign currencies, a depreciation of the dollar leads to large capital gains. First, we present a detailed decomposition of the U.S. balance sheet, which exhibits substantial leverage in terms of currencies and across asset categories. The United States holds 50 percent of GDP in foreign-currency assets and is long in FDI (foreign direct investment) and equity positions and short in debt and banking positions. Then, we incorporate these features of international financial integration in a simple general equilibrium model and analyze how they affect the international transmission of monetary shocks. We find that financial integration is a central component of the model, with the valuation gains from an exchange rate depreciation leading to a welfare effect that is at least as large as that stemming from nominal rigidities alone but possibly much larger. We characterize how interdependence is affected by the composition of the portfolio across asset categories and how structural features of the model interact with financial integration.