Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pain following traumatic brain injury: Assessment and management

Traumatic brain injury is frequently associated with painful complaints immediately after injury and subsequently. Early assessment of possible painful conditions can be made at the time of physical examination in those who are unable to give a history. Non-verbal signs of pain, including withdrawal of a painful limb or body part, irritability or tears should draw the attention of the assessing physician to a peripheral painful site. Treatment of conditions giving rise to pain can be made at this stage. Persistent pain may arise from a combination of physical and psychological factors and is best managed in a multidisciplinary pain clinic. Contributions from physicians in pain management, psychologists, physiotherapists and clinical nurse specialists enable a rehabilitation programme to take place. Treatments include analgesic drugs, graded exercise, cognitive-behavioural therapy, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Rehabilitation of people who have ahead injury and pain takes longer than usual and separate pain management facilities should be developed for this population.
A decomposition-based approach to spreadsheet testing and debugging

Spreadsheets serve as a basis for decision-making processes in many companies and bugs in spreadsheets can therefore represent a considerable risk to businesses. Systematic tests can help to locate such bugs, but providing test cases can be cumbersome and complex for large real-world spreadsheets. To make the specification of test cases easier, we propose to split spreadsheets into smaller logically connected parts (called fragments) which can be individually tested for correctness. We present an algorithmic approach to compute such fragments, which we validated with a laboratory study in the form of a spreadsheet debugging exercise involving 57 subjects. The results show that the fragmentation approach can help to significantly reduce the required efforts to test a spreadsheet.1
Trajectory Prediction for Vectored Area Navigation Arrivals

To maximize the capacity of airports by optimally allocating available resources such as runways, the arrival times of individual aircraft need to be computed. However, accurately predicting arrival times is difficult because aircraft trajectories are frequently vectored off the standard approach procedures. This paper introduces a new framework for predicting aircraft arrival times by incorporating probabilistic information for the types of trajectory patterns that will be applied by human air traffic controllers. The major patterns of the trajectories are identified, and the probabilities of those patterns are computed based on the patterns of the preceding aircraft. The proposed method is applied to traffic scenarios in real operations to demonstrate its performance.
Enhancement of gain and radiation bandwidth for a planar 1-D EBG antenna

This letter describes a technique to increase the radiation bandwidth and the gain of a classical planar electromagnetic band gap (EBG) antenna. Those two parameters are relative to the EBG material but also to the excitation, this second characteristic is studied here. The principle is to excite the EBG structure with several sources (instead of a single one classically). The performances depend on the number of sources and their spacing. Directivity and radiation bandwidth can be increased dramatically with few sources.
Measurement imperfections impact on the performance of digitally predistorted power amplifiers

This paper presents an study of the impact of analog to digital converter (ADC) impairments on digital pre-distortion (DPD) techniques when applied to RF power amplifiers (PA). The DPD technique is described by a memory polynomial model while the ADC impairments are modeled by quantization noise, random jitter, and the integral nonlinearity (INL); thus, summarizing systematic and random nature of ADC imperfect measurements. It is observed that increased jitter will have a negative impact on the modeling but not so much on the output performance from the pre-distorted PA. Moreover, the ENOB can be used as metric for both the quantization noise and integral nonlinearity and there is a value of ENOB which, if exceeded, do not improve the DPD performance; in this paper it is about 8 bits.
The art of grocery shopping on a food stamp budget: factors influencing the food choices of low-income women as they try to make ends meet

Abstract Objective Amidst a hunger–obesity paradox, the purpose of the present study was to examine the grocery shopping behaviour and food stamp usage of low-income women with children to identify factors influencing their food choices on a limited budget. Design Focus groups, which included questions based on Social Cognitive Theory constructs, examined food choice in the context of personal, behavioural and environmental factors. A quantitative grocery shopping activity required participants to prioritize food purchases from a 177-item list on a budget of $US 50 for a one-week period, an amount chosen based on the average household food stamp allotment in 2005. Subjects Ninety-two low-income women, with at least one child aged 9–13 years in their household, residing in the Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA. Results Participants' mean age was 37 years, and 76% were overweight or obese (BMI≥25·0kg/m2). Key findings suggest that their food choices and grocery shopping behaviour were shaped by not only individual and family preferences, but also their economic and environmental situation. Transportation and store accessibility were major determinants of shopping frequency, and they used various strategies to make their food dollars stretch (e.g. shopping based on prices, in-store specials). Generally, meat was the most important food group for purchase and consumption, according to both the qualitative and quantitative data. Conclusions Efforts to improve food budgeting skills, increase nutrition knowledge, and develop meal preparation strategies involving less meat and more fruits and vegetables, could be valuable in helping low-income families nutritionally make the best use of their food dollars.
Prevalence of comorbidities in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, overlap syndrome and obesity hypoventilation syndrome

Sleep‐disordered breathing causes a burden to the sufferer, the health care system and the society. Most studies have focused on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); however, the prevalence of comorbidities in patients affected by overlap syndrome (OS) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) has not been carefully evaluated.
Experimental evolution: Assortative mating and sexual selection, independent of local adaptation, lead to reproductive isolation in the nematode Caenorhabditis remanei

Using experimental evolution, we investigated the contributions of ecological divergence, sexual selection, and genetic drift to the evolution of reproductive isolation in Caenorhabditis remanei. The nematodes were reared on two different environments for 100 generations. They were assayed for fitness on both environments after 30, 64, and 100 generations, and hybrid fitness were analyzed after 64 and 100 generations. Mating propensity within and between populations was also analyzed. The design allowed us to determine whether local adaptation was synchronous with pre‐ and postzygotic reproductive isolation. Prezygotic isolation evolved quickly but was unconnected with adaptation to the divergent environments. Instead, prezygotic isolation was driven by mate preferences favoring individuals from the same replicate population. A bottleneck treatment, meant to enhance the opportunity for genetic drift, had no effect on prezygotic isolation. Postzygotic isolation occurred in crosses where at least one population had a large fitness advantage in its “home” environment. Taken together, our results suggest that prezygotic isolation did not depend on drift or adaptation to divergent environments, but instead resulted from differences in sexual interactions within individual replicates. Furthermore, our results suggest that postzygotic isolation can occur between populations even when only one population has greater fitness in its home environment.
A note on acylindrical hyperbolicity of Mapping Class Groups

The aim of this note is to give the simplest possible proof that Mapping Class Groups of closed hyperbolic surfaces are acylindrically hyperbolic, and more specifically that their curve graphs are hyperbolic and that pseudo-Anosovs act on them as loxodromic WPDs.
Investigation of Forward Voltage Uniformity in Monolithic Light-Emitting Diode Arrays

This letter reports the design and fabrication of optimized electrode structures for matrix addressable monolithic light-emitting diode arrays. The variation of forward voltages of LED pixels in the same row are greatly reduced from 2.62 V (81.9%) to 0.02 V (0.6%) in an 8×8 LED array. The LED arrays are designed with 8×8 square pixels, 500×500 μm2 with a 50-μm wide gap in between. A 24×24 large-scale blue LED panel is demonstrated with 0.06 V (1.8%) forward voltage variation by integrating nine LED array modules on a 2.2-cm diagonal silicon-based substrate. With a similar concept, a 30×30 green LED micro-display with scaled pixel pitch shows excellent display uniformity.
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Epidemiology, Pathology, and Pathogenesis ■ Genetic factors, including the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) shared epitope, hormonal factors, and environmental exposures such as tobacco smoke or infectious agents may predispose to the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). ■ The primary target organ in RA is the synovial membrane. Changes include increased cellularity, increased vascularity, and infiltration with immune inflammatory cells. ■ Autoantibodies in RA include rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies. Importance of humoral immunity is demonstrated by the efficacy of anti-B lymphocyte treatment strategies. ■ T cells are involved in RA pathogenesis due to their presence in the synovium, association with HLA, presence of T-cell cytokines, and efficacy of anti-T lymphocyte treatment strategies. ■ Cytokines are critical to RA pathogenesis. Proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL) 1, and IL-6 have proved to be important as treatments, though many others may also play essential roles. ■ Mechanisms that result in destruction of cartilage and bone lead to joint deformities and disability.
ELAZIĞ'DA DOĞU ANADOLU KIZ ÇOCUKLARININ PUBERTAL GELİŞİMİ

Data on pubertal development in 498 healthy, well devel­ oped school girls from cross-sectional study in Elazığ, Eastern Turkey are reported. Breast and pubic hair development are classified according to Marshall and Tanner, and Winter crite­ ria. The initiation of breast development (the onset of puberty) was ll.4±0.23 (inean±SEM) years, that of pubic hair develop­ ment was H.0±0.21 years and that of the occurrence of in en arche was I3.0±0.10 years. The completion of breast and pubic hair development occurred at 14.7±0.23 and 15.0±0.21, re­ spectively. On average the breast and pubic hair reached the adult stage 3.3 and 4.0 years after they began to develop, re­ spectively. The occurrence of menarche was 1.5 and 2.0 years after beginning to development the breast and pubic hair, re­ spectively.
Yersinia enterocolitica: serotypes and biotypes isolated from humans and the environment in Quebec, Canada

Thirty-one strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated from food and surface water. During the period of January 1975 to June 1977, 157 strains from 143 human cases were also isolated. Among the different serotypes from nonhuman sources, serotypes 6,30 and 4,32 were the most common. Serotype 4,32 was present only in food and not in water. Serotype 3 was isolated only from humans. Among the different serotypes from human cases, 73.9% belonged to serotype 3. Only serotype 3 was isolated from children under 4 years old. The presence of other serotypes increased and that of serotype 3 decreased in frequency as the age progressed. No serotype 3 was isolated from human cases aged 50 years and more.
Liver stiffness predicts liver-related complications and mortality in HIV patients with chronic hepatitis C on antiretroviral therapy

Background:Liver disease is currently one of the leading causes of death in HIV individuals. Hepatic fibrosis largely mediates this effect and infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common cause. Few studies have examined so far the predictive value of liver fibrosis staging on mortality and liver decompensation in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Methods:A prospective programme of liver fibrosis assessment using transient elastometry has been ongoing at our institution since 2004. Data from all HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who underwent a transient elastometry examination and have at least 18 months of follow-up were selected for the current analysis. Results:A total of 545 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients were examined (mean age 41 years, 71% men, 81% IDUs, mean BMI 23.3 kg/m2, HBsAg+ 4.2%, alcohol abuse 8.4%, mean CD4 cell count 519 cells/&mgr;l). The mean follow-up was 70.9 ± 15.7 months. During follow-up, 12 patients (2.2%) died, four of them due to hepatic complications. Liver-related events (ascites, encephalopathy, oesophageal varices or hepatocellular carcinoma) appeared in 53 patients (10%). In the multivariate analysis, baseline liver stiffness was the strongest predictor of liver-related complications [odds ratio (OR) 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.16, P < 0.0001] and of all-cause mortality (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01–1.19, P = 0.02). The achievement of sustained virological response following peginterferon/ribavirin therapy during the study period was protective against the development of liver-related events (OR 0.02, 95% CI 0–0.23, P = 0.01). Conclusion:Liver fibrosis staging, as measured by transient elastometry, predicts liver-related complications and all-cause mortality in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients on antiretroviral therapy.
Seasonality and Photoperiodism in Fungi

This review gives a retrospective of what is known about photoperiodism in fungi, which is largely based on reports about seasonal spore concentrations. Relatively few species have been investigated under laboratory conditions, so that our knowledge whether seasonal reproduction in fungi is mainly a direct response to environmental conditions or whether it involves a photoperiodic machinery with memory capacities and a relationship to the circadian system is extremely limited. To form a basis for further experimental endeavors into fungal photoperiodism, we review the reports about endogenous rhythms and photobiology. Finally, we will look at the possibilities of using the fungal circadian model system of Neurospora crassa for future work on photoperiodism.
`I Can Actually Exercise If I Want To; It Isn't As Hard As I Thought'

A qualitative study nested within a randomized controlled trial explored obese adolescents' experiences of participation in an exercise therapy intervention. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants assigned to exercise therapy. Participants' reported feeling more energetic during and after exercise, than before. Many participants reported feeling happy/happier and expressed feeling better about themselves as individuals after the intervention. Most participants felt more confident in their ability to exercise regularly. Greater emphasis needs to be placed upon educating obese adolescents about the wide range of health benefits that exercise can provide, and that weight loss, while important, is only one such benefit.
Contractions of a human skeletal muscle at different temperatures.

1. Influence of temperature on electrically evoked twitch contractions and maximal voluntary contractions was studied in human first dorsal interosseus muscle. The range of the muscle temperature was 35‐12 degrees C. 2. The maximal twitch tension decreased by about 50% in cooling from 35‐12 degrees C; the tension decrease was more pronounced below 25 degrees C. The temperature coefficients (Q10 values) estimated for muscle temperatures of 35‐25 degrees C were 1.43 for time‐to‐peak and 1.7 for half‐time of relaxation. 3. The maximum voluntary tension remained relatively constant on cooling to 25 degrees C but decreased by about 30% on cooling to 12‐15 degrees C. The normalized rate of tension rise in voluntary contractions was largely independent of temperature. 4. Results are discussed in relation to previous work on temperature and muscle contraction in humans and in animals.
Neuroprotection by the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist dexmedetomidine in a focal model of cerebral ischemia.

BACKGROUND Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist, decreases central sympathetic activity and reduces the anesthetic requirement of halothane. Preliminary studies show that dexmedetomidine improves the outcome from ischemic injury and, therefore, may have potential therapeutic value. METHODS The authors studied 14 rabbits that underwent a 2-h occlusion of the left internal carotid, anterior cerebral, and middle cerebral arteries, followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Ten minutes after occlusion, the animals were treated with either normal saline (n = 7) or dexmedetomidine (n = 7) using a computer-controlled infusion rate calculated to maintain a steady state plasma concentration. Halothane concentration was reduced by 50% for dexmedetomidine-treated animals to maintain a comparable level of anesthesia. Somatosensory evoked potentials were used to confirm adequate ischemia, and injury was assessed by histopathology. RESULTS There were significant differences in the area of ischemic neuronal damage between the groups in the cortex (halothane alone, 38.2 +/- 6.0% SEM vs. halothane plus dexmedetomidine, 20.0 +/- 2.7% SEM, P = 0.018), but not in the striatum (halothane alone, 68.7 +/- 12.6% SEM vs. halothane plus dexmedetomidine, 43.5 +/- 15.9% SEM, P = 0.24), nor in physiologic parameters. Dexmedetomidine plasma levels obtained every 90 min showed a mean of 4.0 +/- 0.15 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study indicate that postischemic administration of dexmedetomidine, in a dose that reduces the anesthetic requirements by 50%, has a neuroprotective effect in this model of focal cerebral ischemia.
Characterizing adolescent prescription misusers: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE To examine the risk factors associated with adolescent (ages 12-17) misuse of opioids, stimulants, tranquilizers, and sedatives using a nationally representative sample. The characteristics associated with symptoms of abuse and/or dependence related to prescription medication misuse among adolescents were also analyzed. METHOD These questions were addressed using the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Screening and full interview response rates were 91% and 76%, respectively, and data from 18,678 adolescents were used. Regression analyses, using population-based weights, were performed to identify characteristics associated with past year misuse of prescription medications and the presence of past year abuse or dependence symptoms related to misuse. RESULTS Among adolescents, 8.2% misused a medication and 3.0% endorsed symptoms of a substance use disorder related to prescription medication misuse in the past year. The predictors of misuse from multivariate analyses were poorer academic performance (odds ratio [OR] 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.37-3.52), past year major depression (OR 3.1, 95% CI 2.62-3.74), higher risk-taking levels (OR 3.6, 95% CI 3.13-4.20), past year use of alcohol (OR 7.3, 95% CI 6.19-8.59), cigarettes (OR 8.6, 95% CI 7.43-9.91), marijuana (OR 9.9, 95% CI 8.53-11.44), or past year use of cocaine or an inhalant (OR 10.7, 95% CI 8.98-12.72). Past year major depression (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.03-2.25), past year cocaine or inhalant use (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.21-2.41), or >or=10 episodes of past year prescription misuse (OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.13-4.17) was associated with having symptoms of abuse of or dependence among adolescent prescription medication misusers. CONCLUSIONS These risk factors could help clinicians identify those at risk for significant problems due to prescription misuse, allowing for prevention or early treatment in this population.
Efficient net extraction for restricted orientation designs [VLSI layout]

Net extraction is crucial in VLSI design verification. Current algorithms for net extraction do not exploit the fact that the number, c, of different orientations of the line segments or polygons in a practical VLSI mask design is small relative to the number, n, of segments or polygon edges. Instead they rely on computing all intersections in the input and hence take time that is at least proportional to the number of intersections. In this paper we develop and implement a practical algorithm for net extraction that runs in O(cn log n) time and O(n) space, which is optimal for fixed c. The algorithm uses only integer operations and is, as a result, numerically stable. Experiments indicate that the algorithm will outperform existing algorithms on practical VLSI designs. We expect that the techniques presented will be useful in other VLSI/CAD problems that operate with restricted orientation geometries.
Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture.

CONTEXT Vertebral fractures significantly increase lifetime risk of future fractures, but risk of further vertebral fractures in the period immediately following a vertebral fracture has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of further vertebral fracture in the year following a vertebral fracture. DESIGN AND SETTING Analysis of data from 4 large 3-year osteoporosis treatment trials conducted at 373 study centers in North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand from November 1993 to April 1998. SUBJECTS Postmenopausal women who had been randomized to a placebo group and for whom vertebral fracture status was known at entry (n = 2725). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Occurrence of radiographically identified vertebral fracture during the year following an incident vertebral fracture. RESULTS Subjects were a mean age of 74 years and had a mean of 28 years since menopause. The cumulative incidence of new vertebral fractures in the first year was 6.6%. Presence of 1 or more vertebral fractures at baseline increased risk of sustaining a vertebral fracture by 5-fold during the initial year of the study compared with the incidence in subjects without prevalent vertebral fractures at baseline (relative risk [RR], 5.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1-8.4; P<.001). Among the 381 participants who developed an incident vertebral fracture, the incidence of a new vertebral fracture in the subsequent year was 19.2% (95% CI, 13.6%-24.8%). This risk was also increased in the presence of prevalent vertebral fractures (RR, 9.3; 95% CI, 1.2-71.6; P =.03). CONCLUSION Our data indicate that women who develop a vertebral fracture are at substantial risk for additional fracture within the next year.
Hormone synthesis and release from human fetal adenohypophyses in vitro.

ABSTRACT The hormone synthesis and release in vitro from the adenohypophysis of 40 normal human fetuses was studied by radioimmunoassay and protein incorporation of C14-l-leucine. Within the first 20 days in vitro, the release of GH, prolactin (PRL), LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH and MSH decreased to low or undetectable levels. The production of PRL and MSH, after the initial fall, spontaneously increased with time in culture to sustained and elevated levels. For all the hormones the quantity released was related to the gestational age of the donor fetus. In the cases of LH and FSH the hormonal release was not only related to the age of the fetus but also to the sex. The duration of FSH release in vitro was significantly longer (p > 0.005) for female pituitary cultures than for males. The release of pituitary hormones was detected as early as 5 weeks fetal life. In some fetuses, abnormal release of certain hormones in vitro could be relatd to demonstrable fetal abnormalities. These results indicate that the fetal pi.