Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dietary learning in Samburu

1 Much of our dietary behaviour is learned. In particular, one suggestion is that ‘flavour2 nutrient learning’ (F-NL) influences both choice and intake of food. F-NL occurs when an 3 association forms between the orosensory properties of a food and its postingestive effects. 4 Unfortunately, this process has been difficult to evaluate because F-NL is rarely observed 5 in controlled studies of adult humans. One possibility is that we are disposed to F-NL. 6 However, learning is compromised by exposure to a complex Western diet that includes a 7 wide range of energy-dense foods. To test this idea we explored evidence for F-NL in a 8 sample of semi-nomadic pastoralists who eat a very limited diet, and who are lean and food 9 stressed. Our Samburu participants (N= 68) consumed a sensory-matched portion (400g) 10 of either a novel low (0.72 kcal/g) or higher (1.57 kcal/g) energy-dense semi-solid food on 11 two training days, and an intermediate version on day 3. Before and after each meal we 12 measured appetite and assessed expected satiation and liking for the test food. We found 13 no evidence of F-NL. Nevertheless, self-reported measures were very consistent and, as 14 anticipated, expected satiation increased as the test food became familiar (expected15 satiation drift). Surprisingly, we observed insensitivity to the effects of test-meal energy 16 density on measures of post-meal appetite. To explore this further we repeated a single 17 training day using participants (N= 52) from the UK. Unlike in the Samburu, the higher 18 energy-dense meal caused greater suppression of appetite. These observations expose 19 interesting cross-cultural differences in sensitivity to the energy content of food. More 20 generally, our work illustrates how measures can be translated to assess different 21 populations, highlighting the potential for further comparisons of this kind. 22 23 Dietary learning in Samburu Page 3
Measurement and Instrument Design

The soundness and robustness of research depend on the quality of data collection. An overview of the important considerations when developing an instrument for data collection is presented in this article. These considerations include theoretical issues fundamental to instrument development, conceptual model development, selection of instrument types, questionnaire design and construction, and establishment of reliability and validity.
Stress differentially regulates the effects of voluntary exercise on cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of mice

It has been well‐established that cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus (DG) can be regulated by voluntary exercise. Recent evidence has suggested that the effects of voluntary exercise can in turn be influenced by environmental factors that regulate the amount of stress an animal is exposed to. In this study, we use bromodeoxyuridine and proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry to show that voluntary exercise produces a significant increase in cell proliferation in the adult mouse DG in both isolated and socially housed mice. This effect on proliferation translates into an increase in neurogenesis and neuronal branching of new neurons in the mice that exercised. Although social condition did not regulate proliferation in young adult mice, an effect of social housing could be observed in mice exposed to acute restraint stress. Surprisingly, only exercising mice housed in isolated conditions showed an increase in cellular proliferation following restraint stress, whereas socially housed, exercising mice, failed to show a significant increase in proliferation. These findings indicate that social housing may increase the effects of any stressful episodes on hippocampal neurogenesis in the mouse DG. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rhythm and timing in skill.

The conccpt rrf rhythm pt-rints to diversc phenonlcnil in skilled pcrlormance. A theoretical frame sufficiently general to deal with these is presented, togethcr with data from a variety of skills. It is argued that a motor system, responsible for movernent production, can produce movements that realize given time-scales and hence can act as a timekeeper. In contexts rcquiring ternporal coordination, a more abstract.tirnekeeper, or clock, can provide temporal re ferences for a motor systern or several motor subsystems; this enables complex timing such as is found in musical performance. Skilled movement is teleological in the sense that it aims at targets in space aqd time. Its timing is based on an internal schedule of motor events*the targets o[ rnov€ment-not rnovement onsets: The motor system arranges the latter on considerarions of movcment economy or expre$siveness" Tapping, handwriting, typing, playing music, and speech are examined as instances of skills having a near-miss periodicity.
On the suitability of large switched reluctance machines for propulsion applications

This paper presents an overview of different motors used in various large propulsion applications including mining vehicles, railways, and ships. It has been found that mainly induction and synchronous motors are dominating in this application area at present. This paper discusses advantages and disadvantages of such motors used in large traction applications first and then reviews and reports about the suitability of switched reluctance motors (SRMs) emerging as an attractive alternative for large propulsion applications. From the ongoing research, it has been found that SRMs have many merits and will be a better candidate for the propulsion systems of large vehicles.
Effect of hypoxia upon intracellular calcium concentration of human endothelial cells

Ischemia is a situation occurring in several diseases including myocardial infarction and organ transplantation in which oxygenated blood supply is impaired. Ischemia leads to many cellular and tissue modifications, the most important one being cell death. Several explanations have been proposed to account for these modifications and cell death; among them is calcium overload. However, the influence of calcium concentration on the alteration of endothelial cell functions or viability during ischemia are still unknown. We developed here an in vitro model where human endothelial cell monolayers were submitted to hypoxia with or without reoxygenation and variation in calcium concentration was followed using a specific intracellular probe Fura 2.
Protein kinase C regulates the activity and stability of serotonin N‐acetyltransferase

Effects of protein kinase C on protein stability and activity of rat AANAT were investigated in vitro and in vivo. When COS‐7 cells transfected with AANAT cDNA were treated with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA), both the activity and protein level of AANAT were increased. These effects of PMA were blocked by GF109203X, a specific inhibitor of PKC. Moreover, PMA increased the phosphorylation of AANAT and induced the formation of AANAT/14‐3‐3ζ complex. PMA did not affect the basal level of cAMP and did not involve the potentiation of the cAMP production by forskolin, indicating that PKC‐dependent activation of adenylyl cyclase was excluded in transfected COS‐7 cells. To identify which amino acids were phosphorylated by PKC, several conserved Thr and Ser residues in AANAT were targeted for site‐directed mutagenesis. Mutations of Thr29 and Ser203 prevented the increase of enzymatic activity and protein level mediated by PMA. To explore the nature of AANAT phosphorylation, purified rat AANAT was subjected to in vitro PKC kinase assay. PKC directly phosphorylated the rat recombinant AANAT. The phosphopeptides identified by mass spectrometric analysis, and western blotting indicated that Thr29 was one of target sites for PKC. To confirm the effects of the physiological activation of PKC, rat pineal glands were treated with α1‐adrenergic specific agonist phenylephrine. Phenylephrine caused the phosphorylation of endogenous AANAT whereas GF109203X or prazosin, an α1‐adrenergic‐specific antagonist, markedly inhibited it. These results suggest that AANAT was phosphorylated at Thr29 by PKC activation through the α1‐adrenergic receptor in rat pineal glands, and that its phosphorylation might contribute to the stability and the activity of AANAT.
In Search of Information That Confirms a Desired Self-Perception: Motivated Processing of Social Feedback and Choice of Social Interactions

The present studies examined how the motivation to see oneself as characterized by desirable attributes may influence feedback seeking and social preferences. In Study 1, participants were first led to believe that extraversion or introversion is conducive of success. Next, they received false feedback about themselves, related to extraversion and to introversion. In a surprise recall, extraversion-success participants remembered extraversion feed-back more accurately and introversion feedback less, compared to introversion-success participants. Study 2 examined preferences for others as potential sources of feedback. The findings revealed that extraversion-success participants preferred others who perceived them as extraverted, whereas introversion-success participants preferred others who perceived them as introverted. Thus, people appear to rely on how others regard them to realize a desired self-perception. These processes, oriented more toward social and interpersonal aspects of the self, complement the more intrapersonal processes of motivated self-perception studied in the past.
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary arterial hypertension: a review of the literature and novel therapeutic approaches

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is defined as pulmonary hypertension (PH) caused by single or recurrent pulmonary emboli and is characterized by chronic obstruction of the pulmonary arteries leading to increased vascular resistance and PH. Also, progressive remodeling may occur in occluded and nonoccluded territories. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and risk factors could improve diagnosis and allow appropriate interventions. Pulmonary endarterectomy is an established approach and is considered the definitive treatment for chronic PH, resulting from thromboembolic disease. Furthermore, percutaneous transluminal pulmonary angioplasty is technically feasible, especially for those with peripheral-type of the disease. In addition, several agents, including prostanoids, endothelin receptor antagonists and phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, have been tested in selected patients yielding promising results. Several novel agents are under investigation, and extensive research is currently in progress aiming to resolve uncertainties in the understanding and treatment of the disease.
High prevalence of celiac disease in patients with type 1 diabetes detected by antibodies to endomysium and tissue transglutaminase.

OBJECTIVE To establish the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in children with type 1 diabetes in British Columbia. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two hundred thirty-three children with type 1 diabetes were prospectively screened for CD using blind testing with the current 'gold standard', immunoglobulin A endomysium antibody (EmA), and the novel immunoglobulin A tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibody. Those children with positive results were offered small bowel biopsy; a gluten-free diet was recommended if CD was confirmed. RESULTS Nineteen children were positive for EmA and had an elevated tTG level. One patient from this group was already known to have CD, and the other 18 patients consented to biopsy. One biopsy was normal, three biopsies demonstrated elevated intraepithelial lymphocyte counts with normal morphology and 14 biopsies had morphological changes consistent with CD. Growth parameters were normal in all patients, and nine of 19 children who were positive for EmA were asymptomatic. Seven patients had mild elevation of tTG levels alone. Two children from this latter group had normal biopsies, and five declined biopsy. CONCLUSIONS At least 14 new cases of CD were detected in addition to four known cases, yielding an overall biopsy-confirmed prevalence of CD of 7.7% (18 of 233). The present study confirms that CD is as prevalent in the pediatric type 1 diabetic population in British Columbia as it is in Europe. Serological screening of these children is important because many children have no symptoms or signs suggestive of CD. This study suggests that tTG serology may also be useful in monitoring response and compliance with a gluten-free diet.
Characterization of recombinant human autoantibody fragments directed toward the autoantigenic U1‐70K protein

The U1‐70K protein is specifically bound to stemloop I of the U1 small nuclear RNA contained in the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (U1 snRNP), which is involved in the splicing of pre‐mRNA. All components of the U1 snRNP complex, including the U1‐70K protein, are important autoantigens in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Here we describe for the first time the selection and characterization of recombinant human anti‐U1‐70K single chain autoantibody fragments (anti‐hU1‐70K scFv) from autoimmune patient‐derived phage display antibody libraries. All scFv specifically recognize parts of the hU1‐70K protein and its apoptotic 40‐kDa cleavage product. In Western blotting assays a number of scFv preferentially recognize the 40‐kDa apoptotic cleavage fragment of the U1‐70K protein, suggesting a possible involvement of this apoptotic cleavage product in the autoimmune response of patients. The germ‐line gene usage of these recombinant autoantibodies was also determined. Using several U1‐70K deletion and point mutants of both human (h) and Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) origin, it was established that the U1‐70K epitope that is recognized by the anti‐hU1‐70K scFv is located within the RNA binding domain.
Leptin Stimulates Growth Hormone Secretion via a Direct Pituitary Effect Combined with a Decreased Somatostatin Tone in a Median Eminence-Pituitary Perifusion Study

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of recombinant human leptin on growth hormone (GH) secretion in perifused anterior pituitary slices from adult pigs. Anterior pituitary slices from sows were perifused and treated with recombinant human leptin (10 nM) and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH; 1 nM). In some experiments, pituitary slices were coincubated with stalk median eminence (SME). In a subset of the coincubation experiments, immunoneutralization of endogenous GHRH and somatostatin (SRIH) release was performed with antisera to GHRH and SRIH. Leptin increased GH secretion in pituitary slices alone (up to 100% vs. control at 40 min) as well as in pituitary slices coincubated with SME (up to 122% vs. control at 40 min). A significant difference was observed in GH secretion from pituitary slices when the tissue was coincubated with leptin and GHRH at a low concentration (0.1 nM), but not when GHRH was used at 1 and 10 nM. Furthermore, anti-SRIH antiserum increased GH release from pituitary slices in coincubation experiments with SME. Finally, SRIH secretion was significantly reduced by leptin (down by 35% vs. control from 0 to 30 min of treatment) in cultured SME. These data show that leptin is effective in stimulating GH secretion by acting at two different levels: (1) it stimulates GH secretion directly from pituitary slices, and (2) it reduces SRIH tone from the median eminence and, indirectly, increases GH secretion from the pituitary. These results support the hypothesis that leptin may be an interesting hormonal mediator of growth and related metabolic effects by acting directly on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
Patients’ Role in Their Own Safety—A Systematic Review of Patient Involvement in Safety

It is necessary to evaluate progress in the area of patient safety. However, although there has been an increase in number of quality and safety related studies have increased, the topics of patient involvement and patient safety are not automatically linked. The aim of this systematic review was to identify and evaluate the evidence contributed by studies of patient involvement in the provision of safe care. Inclusion criteria were studies undertaken to promote involvement in safety, covering patients’ attitudes, unsafe and safe care, risk reduction and handover practices during discharge from hospital to primary care. The results revealed three themes: satisfaction with and need for knowledge about healthcare and the health system, sharing responsibility and accountability for safety and the need to overcome language barriers to prevent harm and error. In conclusion, there is an increased focus on the role of the patient in the provision of safe care. Existing evidence is related to medication rather than patients’ capability and willingness to be involved. It is recommended that patient participation in the provision of safe care should be explored in relation to phenomena such as trust, responsibility, shared decision-making and powerlessness. It is also important to investigate the patient’s role with respect to patient rights.
Tyydyttyneen rasvan saanti suomalaisilla aikuisilla - Finravinto 2012 -tutkimus

Työikäiset suomalaismiehet saavat keskimäärin 15 % ruokavalionsa tyydyttyneestä rasvasta lihaja makkararuoista (kuvio 1). Tyydyttynyt rasva tulee lihan omasta rasvasta ja ruoanvalmistuksessa käytetystä rasvasta tai muista rasvapitoisista raaka-aineista. Voista ja voita sisältävistä rasvaseoksista saatiin lähes 15 % tyydyttyneestä rasvasta. Juustoilla on myös suuri merkitys tyydyttyneen rasvan saannissa.
A study on biometric and multi-modal biometric system modules, applications, techniques and challenges

Identifying a person is a challenging job in our regular life. The conventional methods includes the password, ID cards, etc [1]. But these identities can easily be misused, lost or shared. To overcome the above limitations of the conventional methods, biometric system has been introduced. The biometric system plays an important role in providing high-security applications such as border control, immigration etc. This paper provides the detailed study of various modules, applications, methods and challenges of the multimodal biometric system.
Bactericidal activity of human lactoferrin: influence of physical conditions and metabolic state of the target microorganism

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein that is bactericidal against Streptococcus mutans and several other microorganisms. In this study, the influence of several physical conditions as well as the metabolic state of S. mutans on lactoferrin susceptibility were investigated. After exposure to lactoferrin, a 15-min lag period occurred before the initiation of killing, indicating that a two-step process is involved in lactoferrin killing. Cultures harvested during the early exponential phase were very sensitive to lactoferrin, whereas cultures harvested in the early stationary phase were markedly more resistant. The rate of killing was dependent on temperature; there was no loss of viability at 2 degrees C. Killing occurred at pH 5.0 to 6.0 in water and 20 mM glycine, but did not occur at any pH in 50 mM sodium phosphate or N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer. Addition of exogenous ferrous or ferric ions did not reverse or prevent lactoferrin killing, nor did addition of 1 mM magnesium chloride.
One Plus One Makes Three (for Social Networks)

Members of social network platforms often choose to reveal private information, and thus sacrifice some of their privacy, in exchange for the manifold opportunities and amenities offered by such platforms. In this article, we show that the seemingly innocuous combination of knowledge of confirmed contacts between members on the one hand and their email contacts to non-members on the other hand provides enough information to deduce a substantial proportion of relationships between non-members. Using machine learning we achieve an area under the (receiver operating characteristic) curve () of at least for predicting whether two non-members known by the same member are connected or not, even for conservative estimates of the overall proportion of members, and the proportion of members disclosing their contacts.
Dynamics of small-molecule glass formers confined in nanopores.

We report a comparative neutron scattering study of the molecular mobility and nonexponential relaxation of three structurally similar glass-forming liquids, isopropanol, propylene glycol, and glycerol, both in bulk and confined in porous Vycor glass. Confinement reduces molecular mobility in all three liquids, and suppresses crystallization in isopropanol. High-resolution quasielastic neutron scattering spectra were fit to Fourier transformed Kohlrausch functions exp[-(t∕τ)(β)], describing the α-relaxation processes in these liquids. The stretching parameter β is roughly constant with wavevector Q and over the temperature range explored in bulk glycerol and propylene glycol, but varies both with Q and temperature in confinement. Average relaxation times are longer at lower temperatures and in confinement. They obey a power law ∝ Q(-γ), where the exponent γ is modified by confinement. Comparison of the bulk and confined liquids lends support to the idea that structural and∕or dynamical heterogeneity underlies the nonexponential relaxation of glass formers, as widely hypothesized in the literature.
The Ah locus: genetic differences in toxicity, cancer, mutation, and birth defects.

Following a general introduction of our present-day understanding of the P450 gene superfamily, a brief historical and chronological account of the Ah locus is given: first, description of the Cyp1a1 enzyme activity; next, characterization of the Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 enzyme protein; then, molecular biological studies of the Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 mRNAs and genes; and finally, experimental details about the Ah receptor
Insulator-to-Metal Crossover in the Normal State of La2-xSrxCuO 4 Near Optimum Doping.

A 61-T pulsed magnetic field suppresses superconductivity in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ single crystals and reveals an insulator-to-metal (IM) crossover for both in-plane resistivity ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{ab}}$ and $c$-axis resistivity ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}$ at a Sr concentration near optimum doping ( $x\ensuremath{\simeq}0.16$). The IM transition is unusual in that all underdoped samples ( $xl0.16$) show low-temperature insulating behavior, even in samples with linear- $T$ ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{ab}}$ above ${T}_{c}$ and apparently large ${k}_{F}l$.
Hybrid-molecular-dynamics algorithms for the numerical simulation of quantum chromodynamics.

We discuss two algorithms for the numerical simulation of SU(3) lattice gauge theory with dynamical quarks. Both are based on the hybrid stochastic method of Duane and Kogut. They provide a relatively rapid evolution of the gauge fields through configuration space and good control of errors. One of the algorithms allows the simulation of arbitrary numbers of quarks. Tests of the algorithms are presented as well as initial data from a study of the thermodynamics of quarks and gluons with Kogut-Susskind fermions.
Elementary axioms for categories of classes

We axiomatize a notion of "classic structure" on a regular category, isolating the essential properties of the category of classes together with its full subcategory of sets. Like the axioms for a topos, our axiomatization is very simple, but has powerful consequences. In particular, we show that our axiomatized categories provide a sound and complete class of models for intuitionistic Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory.