Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High Performance Tri-Gate Extremely Thin-Body InAs-On-Insulator MOSFETs With High Short Channel Effect Immunity and  $V_{\rm th}$  Tunability

We have investigated the effects of the tri-gate channel structure on electrical properties of extremely thin-body (ETB) InAs-on-insulator (-OI) MOSFETs. It was found that the tri-gate structure provides significant improvement in short channel effect (SCE) control even in ETB-OI MOSFETs by the simulation. We have fabricated and demonstrated tri-gate InAsOI MOSFETs with fin width of the top surface down to 40 nm. The tri-gate ETB InAs-OI MOSFETs shows better SCEs control with small effective mobility (μeff) reduction. Thus, we have demonstrated the operation of sub-20-nm-channel length (Lch) InAs-OI MOSFETs. The 20-nm-Lch InAs-OI MOSFETs show good electrostatic with subthreshold slope of 120 mV/decade and drain induced barrier lowering of 110 mV/V, and high transconductance (Gm) of 1.64 mS/μm. Furthermore, we have realized a wide-range threshold voltage (Vth) tunability in tri-gate InAs-OI MOSFETs through back bias voltage (VB) control.
Deformability of human red blood cells exposed to a uniform shear stress as measured by a cyclically reversing shear flow generator

Red blood cells (RBCs) suspended in a dextran solution were at first loaded with a uniform shear stress of 21, 43 and 64 Pa for the duration of 0, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min, respectively, followed with measurement of the dynamic deformation in terms of stretching and recovery, using a cyclically reversing sinusoidal shear flow with the peak stress of 128 Pa at 2 Hz. The L/W value, where L and W were the major and minor axis length of the RBC images, was derived to compare the effects of the uniform shear stress level and the exposure time. The exposure to the uniform shear stress of 21 Pa for the duration of as long as 60 min caused statistically insignificant L/W change in comparison to the control RBCs with L/W of 4.6 ± 0.1. The exposure to 43 and 64 Pa for longer than 45 and 20 min, respectively, induced statistically significant change in the maximal L/W when compared to that of 21 Pa (p < 0.05). The composition of the maximal L/W values varied depending on the stress level and exposure time; with 21 Pa, the majority of cells exhibited the maximal L/W larger than 4.0 and few cells less than 2.0, whereas with the increase in the stress level to 43 and 64 Pa, cells having less than 2.0 exceeded 50%. Cyclic reversing shear flow is a useful means to measure dynamic deformation capability of RBCs which may be sub-hemolytically sheared without lysis.
A receptor kinetic model of a vascular neuroeffector.

The alpha adrenergic control of a propagating vascular smooth muscle, the isolated portal vein of the rat, was analyzed. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether a single model of the receptor-agonist reaction would quantitatively account for responses both to nerve stimulation and to exogenous norepinephrine (NE). The dissociation constant of the receptor-agonist complex was found to be 1.26 x 10-6 M. Receptor kinetics and an expression relating fractional receptor occupancy to response gave a theoretical dose-response curve for exogenous NE which was consistent with the experimental resuits. Transmitter concentrations at the receptors, 1000 a from the sites of neural release, were calculated by applying the diffusion equation and were found to be characterized by peaks exceeding 10-5 M. Theoretical frequency-response curves could be calculated by considering the qualitative properties of these transmitter peaks and the agonist receptor relation developed for exogenous NE. Consistency between theoretical and experimental frequency-response curves was obtained under conditions where the NE peaks caused high levels of initial receptor occupancy. This suggests that a single receptor-agonist reaction can determine alpha adrenergic responses of this neuroeffector both to exogenous NE and to nerve stimulation despite the obvious difference in the distribution of the agonist.
A VCO in 65 nm technology for very accurate sensing applications

In this paper a temperature sensor in 65 nm technology is presented. All blocks are implementable on chips as it was the goal from the beginning to have a "Sensor on a Chip" as outcome of the design. The general block diagram of the system shows that it can be used for any other purpose by changing the sensing part and making it a linear one. The sensor assumed to be usable for a control system and the output of a system is Frequency! It works at frequency range of 26 GHz to 31 GHz which represents a resolution of 50 MHz/°C. The range for temperature is 100 °C to 190 °C. For sure this range can be improved by using other sorts of sensing parts than what is used for this research. The main part of the circuit is a VCO which consumes 17 mW at the highest frequency and a phase noise of −106.8 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset.
Factors that Affect Patients' Decision-Making about Mastectomy or Breast Conserving Surgery, and the Psychological Effect of this Choice on Breast Cancer Patients

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Primary treatment is surgery, with breast conserving surgery (BCS) being widely used for early-stage disease. Due to changes in body image, depressive symptoms can occur after surgery. Here, we evaluate factors that affect patients’ decision on surgery, and investigate differences in the level of depression after mastectomy or BCS in a population of Turkish patients. Patients and Methods: One hundred breast cancer patients who had undergone mastectomy or BCS and were followed up at our institution between 2007 and 2008 were included. Patients were questioned about their involvement in surgical decision-making. Depression was diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) criteria via a Structural Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID). Severity of depression was evaluated by using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: Patients who were older than 50 years, had more than 1 child, a history of lactation, and a positive family history of breast cancer mostly preferred mastectomy. However, patients who sought a second opinion and further information on BCS preferred BCS (p < 0.005). There was no statistical correlation between marital status, first childbearing age, and educational status and the decision on surgery type (p > 0.005). Mastectomy patients were prone to depression, but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.099). Conclusion: Age, parenthood, lactation, and positive familial history, as well as thorough information about the type of surgery were important factors for the patients’ decision. After breast cancer surgery, patients might experience depression affecting treatment and quality of life. Therefore, adequate information and communication are essential.
Pathogenesis of mucosal disease: a cytopathogenic pestivirus generated by an internal deletion

Cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) arises by RNA recombination in animals persistently infected with noncytopathogenic BVDV. Such animals develop fatal mucosal disease. In this report, the genome of a cytopathogenic BVDV isolate, termed CP9, is characterized. CP9-infected cells contained not only viral genomic RNA of 12.3 kb but also a BVDV-specific RNA of 8 kb. cDNA cloning and sequencing revealed that the 8-kb RNA is a BVDV genome with an internal deletion of 4.3 kb. The 8-kb RNA represents the genome of a typical defective interfering particle (DI), since its replication was strictly dependent on the presence of a helper virus and strongly interfered with the replication of the helper. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that the CP9 virus stock contains two viruses, namely, a helper virus and DI9. While the helper virus alone was noncytopathogenic, the presence of the DI conferred cytopathogenicity. Expression experiments demonstrated that p80, the marker protein of cytopathogenic BVDV, is translated from the defective genome. The occurrence of this cytopathogenic DI is linked to a fatal disease in cattle.
The role of nt590 P21 gene polymorphism in the susceptibility to nasopharyngeal cancer.

AIM The purpose of this study was to assess if the P21 nt590 polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility to nasopharyngeal cancer and with the age at diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the frequency of 3'UTR P21 polymorphisms in blood samples from 102 nasopharyngeal cancer patients and 191 controls, with no known oncologic disease, using PCR-RFLP. RESULTS The polymorphism genotype frequencies were 93.2% (CC), 5.2% (CT) and 1.6% (TT) in the control group and 88.2% (CC), 10.8% (CT) and 1.0% (TT) in the cases group. We found no statistically significant association between the different P21 polymorphism genotypes and risk of nasopharyngeal cancer (p = 0.201). However, approximately a four-fold increased risk of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma in early stages was observed for P21 T carriers (OR = 3.734; 95% IC 1.289-10.281; p = 0.01). Furthermore, our results indicate that the waiting time for onset of neoplasia in T carriers patients was 12.4 years earlier (56.5 years old), comparing with those carrying CC genotype (68.9 years old). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the 3'UTR P21 polymorphism may play an important role in the pathogenesis and initiation, but not in the progression, of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Moreover, the polymorphism seems to contribute to a significantly earlier age at diagnosis.
Antibiotics and upper respiratory infection: do some folks think there is a cure for the common cold.

BACKGROUND Symptomatic treatment is the only recommended therapy for the uncomplicated "common cold. " The purpose of this study was to examine the use of antibiotics and other prescription medications for the common cold in a Medicaid population seen in ambulatory care settings. METHODS A cross-sectional sample of Kentucky Medicaid claims from July 1, 1993, through June 30, 1994, was analyzed. Subjects were patients seen in an ambulatory setting for the common cold, defined as acute nasopharyngitis. A total of 1439 individuals were seen for 2171 separate outpatient and emergency department encounters for the common cold. Outpatient visits accounted for 99% (2144) of the encounters. RESULTS Patients in 35% (752) of the encounters did not fill a prescription for medication, 6% (129) filled a prescription for an antihistamine or other symptomatic medication, and 60% (1290) filled a prescription for an antibiotic for the common cold. Nineteen different antibiotics, 54% of which were amoxicillin, were prescribed for the common cold. Less than 2% of the encounters had a secondary diagnosis of either acute sinusitis or otitis media. These encounters were not more likely than the total sample to receive antibiotics. Adults were more likely than children to receive an antibiotic (P<.001), and urban physicians were more likely than rural physicians to prescribe antibiotics (P=.02). A conservative estimate of the annual cost of antibiotic prescribing for the common cold in the United States was $37.5 million. CONCLUSIONS A majority of persons receiving medical care for the common cold are given prescriptions for an unnecessary antibiotic. Unchecked, this practice may lead to greater antibiotic resistance and unnecessary use of health care resources. Future research should focus on the ability to institute behavioral changes for treatment of the common cold in both closed systems (eg, managed care) and open systems (eg, general community of physicians).
Types of colloid therapy in critically ill patients.

during a difficult endotracheal intubation, he correctly states that patients with difficult airways should be extubated while they are awake (1). Unfortunately, he then goes on to say that patients “will likely not tolerate a LMA before achieving sufficient alertness [to allow safe tracheal extubation]” and uses this assumption to justify attempts to remove the laryngeal mask while leaving the endotracheal tube in situ. It is well known that the laryngeal mask is much better tolerated than an endotracheal tube. We agree with Bogetz (2) that having secured a difficult airway using this technique, the solution to the problem of what to do with the laryngeal mask is quite simply to leave it in situ. The endotracheal tube and the LMA can then be removed together at the end of the procedure with the patient awake. Breen’s maneuver, which carries the risk of dislodging the endotracheal tube, is not easily justified except perhaps in cases in which the LMA would physically obscure the surgical field.
Pre-clinical endodontics: a survey amongst German dental schools.

AIM To evaluate the state and level of pre-clinical endodontic education in German dental schools and to evaluate differences with regard to intensity and extent of teaching, time devoted to teaching pre-clinical endodontics, personnel resources in teaching and technical equipment. METHODOLOGY Twenty-eight questionnaires were e-mailed to those in charge of pre-clinical endodontic education in German dental schools. The extent of education, the student-teacher ratio, the teaching content as well as the application of teaching materials and technologies were asked. If, after 4 weeks, no response had been received, the questionnaire was sent out by e-mail again. In the absence of a reply, a phone call was made to the corresponding university to conduct the survey by phone. RESULTS With feedback from 27 of 28 dental schools, the response rate was 96%. Pre-clinical endodontic education at German universities varied considerably. Theory classes ranged from 5 to 30 h (13.3 h mean), practical classes from 12.5 to 60 h (45.4 h mean). The student to staff ratio varied between 9 : 1 and 30 : 1 (16 : 1 mean). Forty-eight per cent of the universities had a specialist in endodontics or a teacher with a special interest. A dental microscope was available for pre-clinical teaching purposes in 38% of the universities. The majority (63%) of universities taught root canal preparation with rotary nickel titanium instruments. CONCLUSION Pre-clinical endodontic education varied considerably between German universities because of differences in programme design, staff and course content.
The comparision of Coprinus cinereus peroxidase enzyme and TiO2 catalyst for phenol removal

This article investigates phenol removal from an aqueous solution by using enzymatic and photocatalytic methods and the efficiency of these methods has been compared. In enzymatic and photocatalytic methods, Coprinus cinereus, peroxidase enzyme and commercial TiO2 powders (Degussa P-25) in aqueous suspension were used, respectively, in ambient temperature. The effects of different operating parameters such as duration of process, catalyst dosage or enzyme concentration, pH of the solution, initial phenol concentration and H2O2 concentration on both processes were examined. In enzymatic method, efficiency of degradation reached 100% within 5 min, while in the photocatalytic method, the efficiency of degradation reached approximately 70% within 60 min. In photocatalytic method, there is an optimum concentration for catalyst dosage (near 2.0 g/L) to gain 80% efficiency, while in the enzymatic method, increasing the amount of enzyme could lead to an increase in the efficiency up to 100%. Moreover, the optimum pH in enzymatic and photocatalytic methods stood at 8.0 and 7.0, respectively. In both methods, the addition of different amounts of H2O2 increased the degradation efficiency to 100%.
Performance of Selection Combining Amplify-and-Forward Relaying with Adaptive Modulation over Nakagami-m Fading Channels

This paper investigates the performance of selection combining (SC) amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying with adaptive modulation to maximize the spectral efficiency. We derive the closed-form expressions of the average spectral efficiency and the outage probability of the proposed scheme over independent and non-identical Nakagami-m fading channels. The analysis results are verified by using Monte Carlo simulations. Our results indicate that the proposed scheme not only has simplified receiver architecture, but also can offer similarly high spectral efficiency as the MSE-AM scheme proposed in [1], when the relay link is stronger enough than the direct link.
AhZEP1, a cDNA Encoding C2H2-Type Zinc Finger Protein, Induced by Salt Stress in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

The plant C2H2-type zinc finger proteins play important roles in plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. In this study, we isolated the full-length cDNA of a C2H2-type zinc finger protein gene AhZFP1 from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). AhZFP1 encodes a 24.75kDa protein with two C2H2-type zinc finger domains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the AhZFP1 was close to Arabidopsis zinc finger protein AZF2. The semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay revealed that the expression of AhZFP1 was induced by salt stress in peanut roots, stems and leaves. AhZFP1 was the first C2H2-type zinc finger protein gene reported in peanut.
Organochlorine-induced mortality and residues in long-billed curlews from Oregon

The range and population size of the Long-billed Curlew (Numenius americanus) have diminished drastically since the early 1900s; continued loss of breeding and wintering habitats has raised concern for the future of this species (Allen 1980). We investigated organochlorine residues in eggs and tissues of curlews to determine how they were affecting this species. Seven Long-billed Curlew eggs were obtained in 1978 and 1979 near the Umatilla National Wildlife Refuge in Umatilla and Morrow counties, Oregon. The eggs were stored in a refrigerator. External measurements and volumes (by water displacement) were taken and the eggs were opened at their equator. The contents were placed in chemically clean glass jars and were stored in a freezer. From 198 1 to 1983, three adult curlews were picked up by hand by people who observed them undergoing convulsions or erratic behavior; each bird died soon after capture and was turned over to us. They were stored in a freezer and subsequently shipped to the National Wildlife Health Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, for necropsy; the brains were then removed, placed in glass jars, and re-frozen. The eggs and brains were shipped to the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Laurel, Maryland, where they were analyzed for residues of 17 organochlorine pollutants. A gas-liquid chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector was used for the analysis; residues in two of the brains were confirmed on a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (Cromartie et al. 1975, Kaiser et al. 1980). Residue concentrations in eggs were adjusted to a fresh wet weight basis, and concentrations in all samples were not corrected for recovery values determined from experimental samples. The lower level of analytical sensitivity was 0.01 g the three measurements were averaged. The Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology supplied us with eggshell thicknesses of eggs from pre1947 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 563
Integrins interact with focal adhesions through multiple distinct pathways

Integrin signaling involves oligomerization and a transmembrane conformational change induced by receptor occupancy. Previous work has shown that subsets of focal adhesion‐associated proteins are recruited to integrins as a result of clustering, ligand binding, or both. However, it is unclear whether these discrete subsets reflect the differential binding of cytoplasmic proteins to the integrin or whether a single protein or set of proteins binds the integrin and is differentially activated by receptor occupancy or clustering. To address this question, we made mutations of the β1 integrin cytoplasmic domain in the context of a single subunit chimera and studied their activation of various known integrin‐mediated signaling pathways. We show here that the indirect association of the integrin with actin is distinct from its interactions with both preformed focal adhesions and FAK. Therefore, multiple independent signaling pathways exist from the integrin to the focal adhesion, which may reflect the association of independent factors with the integrin β1 cytoplasmic domain. J. Cell. Physiol. 181:74–82, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the stabilisation of unknown steady states of chaotic systems

In this paper we study the problem of stabilisation of unknown steady states of chaotic systems using linear controllers, which has recently received some attention in the physics literature. A complete characterisation of stabilising linear state feedback controllers of minimal dimension is given. For the case of output feedback stabilisation, some partial results are derived. A detailed investigation of the controller implementation using an OGY-type methodology on a controlled Lorenz system is given.
Processing idiothetic cues to remember visited locations: Hippocampal and vestibular contributions to radial‐arm maze performance

This research examined whether rats can use idiothetic cues to form spatial memories in the radial‐arm maze (RM) and whether the hippocampus is involved in such ability. A possible contribution of the vestibular system to RM performance was also investigated. Rats with excitotoxic hippocampal lesions and sham‐operated controls were trained on two versions of the RM task. In the Light condition, a unique visual insert was apposed on each arm floor and rats could choose which arm to enter next by relying on visual and/or idiothetic stimuli. In the Dark condition, the task was administered in darkness and success required processing of idiothetic cues to remember visited locations on the maze. In experiment 1, the performance of lesioned rats was impaired in the Light condition, but both control and lesioned rats learned to avoid already visited arms. In the Dark condition, the performance of controls improved over time whereas a severe deficit was observed in rats with hippocampal lesions. Thus, control rats, but not hippocampal lesioned rats, can form spatial memories by processing idiothetic inputs. Experiment 2 showed that vestibular lesions disrupt performance in both the Light and the Dark conditions and confirmed that rats use idiothetic information, especially vestibular cues, while navigating in the RM. Therefore, cues generated during locomotion play an important role in hippocampal‐dependent spatial memory. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perspectives on the Evolution of Tactile, Haptic, and Thermal Displays

Editors’ Note: To celebrate Presence’s 25th year of publication, we have invited selected members of the journal’s original editorial board and authors of several early articles to contribute essays looking back on the field of virtual reality, from its very earliest days to the current time. This essay comes from founding editorial board member Lynette Jones, who highlights the fundamental research that is still needed to make haptic and thermal devices light, energy efficient and intuitive to use.