Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Emergence of the EU’s Commitment to Human Rights

This chapter discusses the emergence of the European Union's (EU) commitment to human rights. The EU's de facto constitution has not always been endowed with human rights provisions. The original founding Treaties contained no mention of human rights — or ‘fundamental rights’ in EU jargon — and this remained the case until the adoption of the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992. As the pace of integration started to pick up and more policy areas became of EU relevance, human rights have also been gradually brought into the fold. Similarly to other aspects of EU law, judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) have played an important role in establishing the EU's commitment to human rights at the outset of the integration process. Today, the EU is a recognised human rights actor both globally and in Europe and its neighbourhood. It has its own legally binding ‘bill of rights’ in the form of the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights and a dedicated Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA). Nevertheless, like other global political actors, the Union's human rights commitment faces both internal and external pressures from competing objectives, interests, as well as challenges which test the authenticity of its proclaimed human rights identity and aspirations.
Phase transition studies of pure and flux-grown barium titanate crystals

The temperature dependence of the axial lattice spacings of a pure BaTiO3 crystal, grown from a `top-seeded' TiO2-rich melt, is presented for the four phases. This behaviour is compared with that of a crystal grown using a potassium fluoride flux. The lower ferroelectric paraelectric transition temperature and the smaller lattice parameter discontinuities exhibited by the latter crystal are attributed to the incorporation of impurities from the flux.
Electrical model and analysis of the transition from an atmospheric pressure Townsend discharge to a filamentary discharge

This work is a contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms controlling the transition from a Townsend to a filamentary dielectric barrier discharge when the power increases. The approach consists in developing an electrical model of the discharge and the power supply to study the interaction between these two elements. The main components of the discharge model are (i) two Zener diodes whose characteristics depend on the power to take into account the effect of the gas density variation induced by the temperature variation and (ii) a RC circuit describing the memory effect from one discharge to the following one which is due to the metastables and the electrons trapped on the surface of the solid dielectrics. The calculated and measured currents are very similar over all the range of amplitude and frequency allowing to get an atmospheric pressure Townsend discharge. The model also describes the transition to filamentary discharge observed when the excitation frequency increases too much showing that it is due to a very fast variation of the load connected to the power supply. From this understanding, a solution is deduced to increase the maximum power dissipated in the discharge which consists in decreasing the solid dielectric capacitance.
Orthodontic retention procedures: Retrospective statistical study

Objectives. This retrospective study aimed to analyse the orthodontic retention procedures used for the stability of orthodontic treatment results and the prevention of relapse. Material and method. The study was performed over a period of 24 months, analyzing the type of procedures used for orthodontic contention for 124 patients, at age between 14 and 49 years, treated orthodontically with fixed bimaxillary apparatus, the wearing time of these devices being between 24 and 30 months. To these patiens were applied Hawley plate, vacuum-formed retainer and fixed collate retainer, depending on the dento-maxillary abnormalities, orthodontic treatment with or without extractions, dento-periodontal status and existing clinical situation, as well as the collaboration with the patients. Conclusions. To be effective, the restraint must be immediate, correctly applied or used for a long period of time.
Estudio del semiconductor magnético ZnO dopado con Fe obtenido por aleamiento mecánico

The Fe-Doped ZnO system has good properties as a diluted magnetic semiconductor for spintronic applications. In this article, a review of some structural and magnetic properties of Fe-Doped ZnO is presented. Initially, a summary of the basic concepts is made to understand the spintronics concepts and their possible applications and, subsequently, the study of the Fe-Doped ZnO in samples obtained by mechanical alloy under different preparation conditions. Characterizations were made by means of X-ray diffractometry, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The first preparation condition was an increase in the Fe concentration from 3 to 10 at % with 36 hours of milling time and a 15: 1 ball-to-powder weight ratio (BPR). In this case, there was a limited Fe concentration of approximately 5 % that was diluted into the ZnO matrix while the rest of Fe was segregated in the sample. For the second preparation condition, the Fe concentration was fixed at 10% and the milling time was varied. After 24 hours of milling, the sample was consolidated, but the Fe was not completely diluted into the ZnO matrix. Finally, using a 10% Fe concentration and increasing the BPR, all the Fe atoms were diluted in the ZnO phase without the presence of Fe segregates in the sample.
The temperature dependence of the refractive index of silicon at elevated temperatures at several laser wavelengths

The refractive index of silicon has been measured at elevated temperatures at several different laser wavelengths of the HeNe and the Ar+ cw lasers. This data, along with the reinterpretation of polarization modulation ellipsometry data, shows that the refractive index is linear with temperature (from 25 to ∼750 °C) and that the temperature coefficient of the refractive index increases as the wavelength of light decreases.
Beschreibung der Arbeitsaufgabe mit einer Traktor-Anbaugeräte-Kombination als Basis für die Automatisierung in der Landtechnik

This paper presents a 3-level model describing the work task of an operator performing field work with a tractor-implement combination. Taking the process step “stubble cultivating” as an example, this model is developed in course of a holistic approach of the work task itself. Based on the 3-level model, an outlook how it could be utilized as a basis for the development of advanced technology to further automate a tractor-implement combination is presented.
The effects of oleuropein on lung and heart injury in cecal ligation and puncture - induced sepsis

1Kastamonu University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Kastamonu, Turkey 2Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Pharmacy Faculty, Department of Pharmacognosy, Agri, Turkey 3Ataturk University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Pathology, Erzurum, Turkey 4Kafkas University, Medicine Faculty, Department of Histology and Embriology, Kars, Turkey 5Ataturk University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Erzurum, Turkey
Biofilm Formation and Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida Isolates fromOral Cavity of Denture Wearer and Free Denture Individuals

Aims: The aim of the current study was to examine the differences, if any, in the capabilities of forming biofilms to isolate types of Candida from dental wearers compared to individuals who have natural teeth, as this attribute of oral Candida species isolates from oral cavities of denture wearer and normal people has not been examined before. Also determine the species distribution and antifungal sensitivity to isolated Candida. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 104 denture wearers patients and 108 individuals without dental prosthesis. Salivary samples were collected using the oral rinse technique. Then they were cultured and identified by standard methods. After that the isolated Candida species were tested for biofilm production by the phenotypic method i.e. Tissue culture palate methods (TCPM). Finally, antibiogram susceptibility pattern of oral Candida species was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and fluconazole. Results: The most common yeast was C. albicans (37.7%), followed by C. krusei (18.9%), while C. tropicalis was 9.4% and C. glabrata was 1.88%. Also, there was an increase in the percentage of Candida albicans among the dentist (65.4%) compared to the members of the free dentures (11.1%). There were significant quantitative differences in biofilm formation between Candida species isolates from denture patients compared to isolates from denture-free individuals (54.2% versus 19.2%) (p = 0.001). The rate of formation of biofilms was 47.9% for all types of Candida and it was found that biofilm formation occurs more frequently among C. tropicals (70%) than C. albicans (48.75%). All Candida species isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B and ketoconazole while resistance to fluconazole was found in 25% of C. krusei and C. tropicalis and only in 5% of C. albicans isolates. Conclusion: The present study proved that C. albicans is still the major isolate from oral cavity, but non-albicans spp. colonization is raised; denture was factor for oral colonization of Candida species, and biofilm formation. The C. tropicalis were more biofilm producers compared to C. albicans. The species isolated in the current study are less susceptible to fluconazole and drug resistant factor in the Candida species isolates was found to be associated with Candidal biofilm formation.
Superior adsorption capacity of hierarchical iron oxide@magnesium silicate magnetic nanorods for fast removal of organic pollutants from aqueous solution

Novel hierarchical core–shell iron oxide@magnesium silicate magnetic nanorods (HIO@MgSi) were fabricated via a versatile sol–gel process through hydrothermal reaction. They contain magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) cores and hierarchical shells (MgSi) made of ultrathin nanosheets (ca. 5 nm). Using methylene blue as a model compound, the HIO@MgSi nanorods showed fast adsorption kinetics and a superb adsorption capacity. 99.3% of methylene blue was adsorbed onto the surface of the HIO@MgSi nanorods in 40 min contact time. A maximum adsorption capacity of 2020.20 mg g−1 was achieved after 4 h. This study indicated that HIO@MgSi nanorods can be used as a potential super adsorbent to remove cationic organic pollutants effectively and rapidly from large volumes of industrial wastewater or drinking water.
Improving farm practices and productivity through training needs assessment of sugarcane farmers: the case of Davao Mill District, the Philippines

The need to improve the farm practices and productivity in the Davao mill district was examined through Training Need Assessment. The aim is to develop a well-designed and need-based training program for its sugarcane farmers. A two-stage stratified random sampling technique was employed to select 112 respondents. A well-structured questionnaire was used and data were analyzed using Likert Scale and multiple regression analysis. The areas of training needs identified for sugarcane production were on the application/computation of chemical fertilizer, soil fertility management, selection of varieties, seizing fertilization and irrigation before harvesting, managing disease control and designing a weed control program. The information on the processing of sugar, the current situation of the sugarcane industry in the domestic and world markets, and farm plan and budgeting were also identified. For other crop production, the training needs were on swine, corn production and poultry raising. Farmers also need training on product quality and packaging and marketing for muscovado, vinegar and wine making for their source of livelihood. The relational analysis showed a positive and significant relationship between age and access to high yielding varieties with training needs expressed by the farmers on sugarcane production. Training could be more effective by targeting older farmers as they seemed to be more receptive to technology although young farmers also need to be trained due to succession in sugarcane farming. The study recommends to assess the interventions given to the Davao MDDC particularly the nursery farms under the Rapid Propagation and Distribution Program of SRA especially on the accessibility of HYV seeds. It also recommends for SRA and the Davao MDDC to increase extension contact and develop training modules and re-orient training schedules with training needs expressed by the farmers to improve the farm practices and productivity in the study area.
Behavioural Macro-Financial Cycles

of Behavioural Macro-Financial Cycles Alfred Fitzgerald Lake In the first chapter I study the optimal inflation expectations that it is possible for agents to estimate and the difference between these and rational expectations. It is typically not feasible for an agent with a macroeconomic sample of realistic length to estimate a conditionally unbiased predictor of future variables, such as rational expectations. It is also often not optimal, in terms of forecast error, to minimise the conditional biases imposed, as using statistically simple expectations will often reduce forecast variance sufficiently to outweigh forecast bias. I therefore introduce optimal feasible expectations, the expectations that are predicted to minimise the relevant measure of forecast error out of the set of expectations that agents can estimate, as a realistic alternative to infeasible rational expectations. I then empirically estimate the optimal conditional biases when forecasting US inflation using a factor weighted ridge approach. I find it is optimal to impose large conditional biases: one should essentially only use information on past changes in price indices, despite several other variables and factors having economically and statistically significant associations with future inflation. I then compare these to the conditional biases in US household forecast surveys. I find that many of the conditional biases are similar, although households also make errors that reduce their forecast performance compared to feasible empirical alternatives. Therefore a combination of optimal feasible expectations and behavioural errors appear to explain US household inflation forecasts.
Aetiologies of Chronic Emaciation: Trematodiasis and Secondary/Concurrent Organ Compromise in Off-Take Cattle in Ibadan Metropolis

Aims: The primary aim of the investigation was to determine the trend and most significant cause of chronic emaciation and cachexia in off take cattle in Ibadan metropolis; and evaluate clinicopathologic findings. Study Design: The study was a prospective one. In this particular study, causative factors of chronic emaciation were examined. The purposive sampling technique was used for this study. Samples were collected from 100 chronically emaciated off take cattle of different breeds, sexes and ages, not less than 2 years old. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, between September, 2019 and December, 2019. Original Research Article Akhaine et al.; AJRAVS, 6(1): 42-56, 2020; Article no.AJRAVS. 59639 43 Methodology: The diagnostic protocol of complete physical examination; and comprehensive laboratory investigations such as parasitology, haematology, serum chemistry and urinalysis, etc., were followed as a minimum. Results: The study revealed a trend of aetiologies of emaciation with trematodiasis due to Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum as primary causes. Secondary and concurrent organ dysfunctions were important findings. The haematologic parameters of packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), neutrophil and platelet count were statistically significant (p<0.05) with differences between the mean values of emaciated cases and control subjects. The serum chemistry parameters of albumin, globulin, bilirubin, aspartate amino transferase (AST) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) were statistically significant (p<0.05) with differences between the mean values of emaciated cases and control subjects. Conclusion: The study established trematodiasis with secondary or concurrent organ compromise as one of the important aetiologies of chronic emaciation and cachexia in cattle in Ibadan metropolis. The increasing prevalence of dicrocoeliasis as revealed in the study should be of epidemiological and clinical relevance to livestock health institutions and large animal practitioners in northern Nigeria where these animals are sourced.
Enhancement of P3HT/PCBM Photovoltaic Efficiency Using the Surfactant of Triblock Copolymer Containing Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and Poly(4-vinyltriphenylamine) Segments

In this study, the well-defined coil−rod−coil triblock copolymer poly(4-vinyltriphenylamine)-b-poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-poly(4-vinyltriphenylamin) (PTPA-P3HT-PTPA) was used as a surfactant for P3HT/PCBM (1:1) based solar cells. The power conversion efficiency of the device was enhanced from 3.9 to 4.4% in the presence of the 0−5% PTPA-P3HT-PTPA under illumination of AM 1.5G (100 mW/cm2). The morphology variation and the balance of the hole/electron mobility accounted for such enhancement. In the P3HT/PCBM/PTPA-P3HT-PTPA ternary blends, the fiber-like structure was observed for surfactant ratios of 0−5%, while a sphere-like nanostructure was observed for the surfactant ratio of 1.5%. The sphere-like nanostructure led to a smaller domain size and enhanced interfacial area for charge separation as compared to the fiber-like structure. On the other hand, the increased hole mobility in the blend with the addition of PTPA-P3HT-PTPA resulted in the balanced hole and electron mobility (μe/μh ∼1.7 in comparison to.
Pattern formation in thin polymer films by spatially modulated electric fields

We present a theoretical model and experimental data describing the response of a thin liquid polymer film to a heterogeneous electric field. The theory predicts two different regimes separated by a distinct boundary: in one regime the film is characterized by steady-state low amplitude surface modulations following the periodicity of the electric field, in the other regime the film breaks up into pillars centered around the region of highest field strength. The theoretical analysis describes the film destabilization in terms of two dimensionless variables, which fully describe the low amplitude limit. The corresponding experimental system was realized with a photo-structured epoxy resin covering the top electrode and thin polystyrene films that were destabilized by the applied electric field and characterized by AFM after quenching. Theoretical and experimental results allow us to determine the destabilization conditions and to identify the experimental variables that characterize film destabilization. The theoretical framework provides a tool for the experimentalist to predict in detail the structures generated by film destabilization, thereby enabling a new way of ‘soft-lithography’.
AI evaluation campaigns during robotics competitions: the METRICS paradigm

Competitions are a proven and cost-effective method to quickly develop new disruptive technologies for new markets. However, artificial intelligence and robotics competitions are usually organized independently, in silos. To get the most out of competitions, evaluation of robots should be modular (tasks are designed to assess independently different technological building blocks of the robotic systems) and open (evaluation tools and data must be publicly and freely available online). This not only meets the benchmarking needs of end users (mostly interested in performance measurements of the complete system), but also those of integrators and developers of intelligent components (camera, lidar, radar, actuators, etc.). With this objective in mind, the H2020 METRICS project (2020-2023) organizes competitions in four application areas (Healthcare, Infrastructure Inspection and Maintenance, Agri-Food, and Agile Production) relying on both physical testing facilities (field evaluation campaign) and virtual testing facilities (data-based evaluation campaign) to mobilize, in addition to the European robotics community, the artificial intelligence one. This article presents this approach, which aims to go beyond the METRICS project and pave the way for a new robotics and artificial intelligence competition paradigm.
Habitual Physical Exercise and Osteoarthritis of the Knee in Female

The study aimed to evaluate the association of recreational (habitual) physical activities with the osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee in the female. The case-control study was carried out at the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka in the year 2016 and 2017. The total participants were 174 female selected purposively with the age range of 40 – 70 years, among them 87 were the cases with OA of the knee, and the same number of the same age group were included as the control without OA of the knee. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. High level of physical activities (20 or more miles per week) was associated with OA of the knee, whereas moderate level of physical activities (10-20 miles/per week) and low level of physical activities (<10miles/per week) had no significant association with the OA of the knee. This study reveled the relationship of the physical activity and OA of the knee. Continue physical activity according to the public health guideline, may eliminate this such physical problem for the general health promotion and particularly to prevent the OA of the knee. Bangladesh Med J. 2019 Sep; 48 (3): 39-42