Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Derived Life History Characteristics Constrain the Evolution of Aquatic Feeding Behavior in Adult Amphibians

Initial descriptions of aquatic prey capture in adult amphibians only included species that use suction feeding (i.e., capture prey from beyond the jaw tips by generating flow into the buccal cavity). However, later surveys of amphibian feeding found many species that feed in water using alternative methods of prey capture (e.g., jaw or tongue prehension). These contrasting results raise the question of why suction feeding has evolved in the adult stage of some aquatic amphibians but not in others. Here, we propose the hypothesis that the emergence of derived life history patterns can constrain the evolution of aquatic feeding behavior in adults. Specifically, we hypothesize that the loss of characteristics needed for effective suction feeding in larvae appears to lower the probability that suction feeding will subsequently evolve in adults. New data on the aquatic feeding behavior of frogs, salamanders, and caecilians are combined with data and phylogenies from the literature to test this hypothesis. The results of a concentrated changes test and the statistical comparison of multiple independent transitions to aquatic feeding in adults are consistent with the hypothesis. Adults capable of suction feeding have evolved mainly in clades that possess a larval life stage with suction feeding, while clades that lack larvae or that have specialized larval feeding behavior (e.g., suspension feeding or oviductal feeding) are less likely to produce taxa with suction feeding adults. The loss of morphological features rather than the loss of motor patterns associated with suction feeding seems to have driven this evolutionary pattern.
Superdomain dynamics in ferroelectric-ferroelastic films: Switching, jamming, and relaxation

Recent experimental work shows that ferroelectric switching can occur in large jumps in which ferroelastic superdomains switch together, rather than having the numerous smaller ferroelectric domains switch within them. In this sense, the superdomains play a role analogous to that of Abrikosov vortices in thin superconducting films under the Kosterlitz-Thouless framework, which control the dynamics more than individual Cooper pairs within them do. Here, we examine the dynamics of ferroelastic superdomains in ferroelastic ferroelectrics and their role in switching devices such as memories. Jamming of ferroelectric domains in thin films has revealed an unexpected time dependence of t−1/4 at long times (hours), but it is difficult to discriminate between power-law and exponential relaxation. Other aspects of this work, including spatial period doubling of domains, led to a description of ferroelastic domains as nonlinear processes in a viscoelastic medium, which produce folding and metastable kinetically limi.
Genetic Consequences of Population Reduction and Geographic Isolation in the Critically Endangered Frog, Rana sevosa

Abstract Anthropogenic habitat fragmentation and reduction are major causes of population declines and extinction. As these processes intensify, our ability to rescue imperiled taxa is critically dependent on an understanding of historical, demographic, and genetic parameters of diminishing populations. We assessed the effects of recent geographic isolation and population reduction on genetic variability for endangered Dusky Gopher Frogs, Rana sevosa. Only two populations of R. sevosa exist, each is geographically isolated and restricted to a single breeding pond, and one of them may have gone locally extinct. Therefore, we studied the largest and perhaps only population of R. sevosa. The only option for comparison to non-isolated populations was of its ecologically similar sister species (other Gopher Frogs, R. capito) and of the sister species to R. sevosa and R. capito (Crawfish Frogs, R. areolata). Variation in seven microsatellite DNA loci was assessed for each population to determine the effects of isolation and population bottleneck on R. sevosa. In comparison to the average non-isolated population, R. sevosa had significantly lower genetic variation and a strong signature of population bottleneck. In fact, R. sevosa had HO that was 72%, HE that was 81%, and A that was 61% of the average non-isolated population. Results indicated a severe, negative genetic consequence of recent population reduction and geographic isolation via lack of gene flow, enhanced effects of drift, and inbreeding. Extensive demographic data have been collected for R. sevosa beginning when the species was rediscovered in 1987 and continuing through our study. These previously collected demographic data aid in interpretation of our genetic data and discussion of implications for conservation and management.
I Can See on My Feet While Walking: Sensitivity to Translation Gains with Visible Feet

Redirected walking allows users to explore immersive virtual environments by real walking even when the physical tracking space is limited. Redirected walking is usually implemented via translation gains, rotation gains, and curvature gains, while previous research was focused on identifying detection thresholds for such manipulations. To our knowledge, all previous experiments were conducted without a visual self-representation of the user in the virtual environment, in particular, without showing the user's feet. In this paper, we address the question if the virtual self-representation of the user's feet changes the detection thresholds for translation gains. Furthermore, we consider the influence of the holisticness of the visual stimulus, i. e. , the type of virtual environment. Therefore, we conducted an experiment to identify detection thresholds for translation gains under three different conditions: (i) without visible virtual feet and (ii) with visible virtual feet both in a high fidelity visually rich virtual environment, and (iii) with visible virtual feet in a low cue virtual environment. The results revealed the range of detection thresholds for translations gains, which cannot be detected by the user when the feet are visible. Furthermore, the results show a significant difference between the two types of environment. Our findings suggest that the virtual environment is more important for manipulation detection than the visual self-representation of the user's feet.
The Transcriptomic Responses of Pinus massoniana to Drought Stress

Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) is a major fast-growing timber species planted in southern China, a region of seasonal drought. Using a drought-tolerance genotype of Masson pine, we conducted large-scale transcriptome sequencing using Illumina technology. This work aimed to evaluate the transcriptomic responses of Masson pine to different levels of drought stress. First, 3397, 1695 and 1550 unigenes with differential expression were identified by comparing plants subjected to light, moderate or severe drought with control plants. Second, several gene ontology (GO) categories (oxidation-reduction and metabolism) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways (plant hormone signal transduction and metabolic pathways) were enriched, indicating that the expression levels of some genes in these enriched GO terms and pathways were altered under drought stress. Third, several transcription factors (TFs) associated with circadian rhythms (HY5 and LHY), signal transduction (ERF), and defense responses (WRKY) were identified, and these TFs may play key roles in adapting to drought stress. Drought also caused significant changes in the expression of certain functional genes linked to osmotic adjustment (P5CS), abscisic acid (ABA) responses (NCED, PYL, PP2C and SnRK), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging (GPX, GST and GSR). These transcriptomic results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of drought stress adaptation in Masson pine.
New insights into global patterns of ocean temperature anomalies : implications for coral reef health and managementgeb

Results Our analyses found both global variation in temperature anomalies and fine-grained spatial variability in the frequency, duration and magnitude of temperature anomalies. However, we discovered that even during major climatic events with strong spatial signatures, like the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, areas that had high numbers of anomalies varied between years. In addition, we found that 48% of bleaching-related anomalies and 44% of disease-related anomalies were less than 50 km, much smaller than the resolution of most models used to forecast climate changes.
Might a Systematic Reading of theThickest GP Patient MedicalRecords Improve ourUnderstanding of FunctionalDisorders

Might a Systematic Reading of the Thickest GP Patient Medical Records Improve our Understanding of Functional Disorders Background: A large proportion of General Practitioners’ (GPs) patients experience health problems for which there are no objective findings indicating a clear diagnosis or an appropriate treatment. Objective: In this study, we examine the medical records of one GP relating to all his patients diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Our aim was to deepen our insight into the concept of ‘functional disorder’ as it presents in general practice.
Humour and laughter as vestiges of evolution

This paper argues in favour of considering humour and laughter as embodied signs of the ancient, sympathetic, figurative mode of the human mind, still working with us in dance, music, singing and literary activity. Starting from steady evolutionary provisos, both the continuity and the departing lines between nonhuman vocalisations and human laughter are considered. Along the Duchenne and non-Duchenne expression types, we analyse the developmental extension of laughter, both social and cognitive, probably under complex imitative forms through millennia until the emergence of articulated languages. Then, we try to explain the particular attachment of humour and laughter to evolutionary achievements in the symbolic domain. Thus, from a cognitive and semiotic framework, here it is argued that the old signal of play and joy might have evolved on a par with full connectivity and unbounded associations promoted by symbolic activity, clinging to new meanings and abilities, but still governed by the conjoined social work of sanction and solidarity, a pattern that humour shows all over around. As a particular reflex of ancient multimodality, laughter (with humour) seems akin to participative, mythical modes of thinking that were in full force and effect at the beginning of human societies, rooted in metaphors and figurativeness. Since both humour and laughter still find their way in the contemporary contexts of free associations, human projections and extended agentivity, they could be properly considered as the embodied, old counterpart of the imaginative dimension of symbolic activity.
Numerical simulation of non‐Fickian transport in geological formations with multiple‐scale heterogeneities

We develop a numerical method to model contaminant transport in heterogeneous geological formations. The method is based on a unified framework that takes into account the different levels of uncertainty often associated with characterizing heterogeneities at different spatial scales. It treats the unresolved, small‐scale heterogeneities (residues) probabilistically using a continuous time random walk (CTRW) formalism and the large‐scale heterogeneity variations (trends) deterministically. This formulation leads to a Fokker‐Planck equation with a memory term (FPME) and a generalized concentration flux term. The former term captures the non‐Fickian behavior arising from the residues, and the latter term accounts for the trends, which are included with explicit treatment at the heterogeneity interfaces. The memory term allows a transition between non‐Fickian and Fickian transport, while the coupling of these dynamics with the trends quantifies the unique nature of the transport over a broad range of temporal and spatial scales. The advection‐dispersion equation (ADE) is shown to be a special case of our unified framework. The solution of the ADE is used as a reference for the FPME solutions for the same formation structure. Numerical treatment of the equations involves solution for the Laplace transformed concentration by means of classical finite element methods, and subsequent inversion in the time domain. We use the numerical method to quantify transport in a two‐dimensional domain for different expressions for the memory term. The parameters defining these expressions are measurable quantities. The calculations demonstrate long tailing arising (principally) from the memory term and the effects on arrival times that are controlled largely by the generalized concentration flux term.
In Situ TEM Studies of Li and Na ion Transport and Li/Na-Induced Phase Transitions in Crystalline Materials

1. Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan, United States. 2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan, United States. 3. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States. 4. Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States.
Plug and Prey? Measuring the Commoditization of Cybercrime via Online Anonymous Markets

Researchers have observed the increasing commoditization of cybercrime, that is, the offering of capabilities, services, and resources as commodities by specialized suppliers in the underground economy. Commoditization enables outsourcing, thus lowering entry barriers for aspiring criminals, and potentially driving further growth in cybercrime. While there is evidence in the literature of specific examples of cybercrime commoditization, the overall phenomenon is much less understood. Which parts of cybercrime value chains are successfully commoditized, and which are not? What kind of revenue do criminal business-to-business (B2B) services generate and how fast are they growing? We use longitudinal data from eight online anonymous marketplaces over six years, from the original Silk Road to AlphaBay, and track the evolution of commoditization on these markets. We develop a conceptual model of the value chain components for dominant criminal business models. We then identify the market supply for these components over time. We find evidence of commoditization in most components, but the outsourcing options are highly restricted and transaction volume is often modest. Cash-out services feature the most listings and generate the largest revenue. Consistent with behavior observed in the context of narcotic sales, we also find a significant amount of revenue in retail cybercrime, i.e., business-to-consumer (B2C) rather than business to-business. We conservatively estimate the overall revenue for cybercrime commodities on online anonymous markets to be at least US $15M between 2011-2017. While there is growth, commoditization is a spottier phenomenon than previously assumed.
Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds in fruits of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry genotypes

Mulberries ( Morus spp) are historically grown in particular microclimatic regions in Eastern Anatolia, including Aras valley. In the valley, mulberries are one of the ancient crop and used for several purposes by local people. The aim of the present study was to first time evaluate organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity (TEAC assay, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity). and phenolic compounds of the historical black and white mulberry genotypes growing Aras valley in Turkey. Results showed that, species and genotypes strongly influenced the chemical content and antioxidant capacity ( p <0.05). Malic acid was the main organic acid in all genotypes and ranged from 1.130 to 3.040 g/100 g. Among sugars, fructose and glucose are predominant and were between 4.177 and 7.700 g/100g and 5.337 and 8.573 g/100g in all mulberry genotypes, respectively. The black mulberry genotypes showed remarkably higher antioxidant capacity determined by TEAC assay (10.167 to 14.400 µ mol TE/g) compared to white mulberry genotypes (6.170 to 9.273 µmol TE/g). Chlorogenic acid and rutin was the main phenolic compound.
Evaluation of Enzymes Supplementation in Diets for Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

A growth trial and digestibility trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of phytase supplemented to practical shrimp feeds. The five weeks growth trial evaluated the effects of phytase supplementation in replete phosphorus (P) diets on the performances and compositions of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. The digestibility trial was conducted to study the combined effects of phytase supplementation levels and diet types on apparent digestibility coefficients of pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. No significant differences were observed in final biomass, final mean weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival across all the treatments. Shrimp reared on the P deficient diet had significantly higher P retention and lower whole body P levels as compared to shrimp fed the other diets. Digestibility was evaluated in a plant-based diet and a fishmeal based diet. There we no effects of diet type so the data was combined. Phytase incorporation at both 500 and 2000 IU/kg improved protein digestibility whereas P digestibility was enhanced only at 2000 IU/kg phytase supplementation.
A modified approach for change detection using change vector analysis in posterior probability space

Abstract. The multispectral and multitemporal data coming from satellites allow us to extract valuable spatiotemporal change. Consequently, Earth surface change detection analysis has been used in the past to monitor land cover changes caused by different reasons. Several techniques have been used for that purpose and change vector analysis (CVA) has been frequently employed to carry out automatic spatiotemporal information extraction. This work describes a modified methodology based on Supervised Change Vector Analysis in Posterior probability Space (SCVAPS) with the final aim of obtaining a change detection map in Blida, Algeria. The proposed technique is a Modified version of Supervised Change Vector Analysis Posterior probability Space (MSCVAPS) and it is applied at the same region that the original technique studied in the literature. The classical Maximum Likelihood classifier is the selected method for supervised classification since it provides good properties in the posterior probability map. An improved method for threshold determination based on Double Flexible Pace Search (DFPS) is proposed in this work and it is employed to obtain the most adequate threshold value. Then, the MSCVAPS approach is evaluated by two cases study of the land cover change detection in the region of Blida, Algeria, and in the region of Shunyi District, Beijing, China, using a pair of Landsat Thematic Mapper images and pair of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper images, respectively. The final evaluation is given by the overall accuracy of changed and unchanged pixels and the kappa coefficient. The results show that the modified approach gives excellent results using the same area of study that was selected in the literature.
Introducing a Developed Model of Reversible Cardiac Arrest to Produce Global Brain Ischemia and Its Impact on Microtubule-Associated Protein Tau Phosphorylation at Ser396

Objective: Brain ischemia is a consequence of stroke and cardiac arrest (CA), leading to short and long-term neurological impact involving cognitive function as well as dementia. An accurate, simple and reproducible model of CA ischemia and reperfusion is valuable in assessing the response to ischemia and therapeutic interventions. In the current study the effectiveness of a reversible model of CA has been assessed through examining the brain response in expressing tau and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein, one of the main hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease. Method: In the current study we used a two phase alternating current (AC)-derived reversible CA to generate global-brain ischemia through ventricular fibrillation (VF)/ventricular standstill followed by defibrillation, mechanical ventilation and standard resuscitation in 26 female adult Sprague Dawley rats. This model mimics CA in humans and allows testing of experimental interventions to restore/ preserve brain function. Two phases of AC (24 Volts (V) followed by 18 V) were applied through a two-ring oesophageal wire. After 2-, 4and 8-minute CA, resuscitation was initiated by ventilation, 8 Joules (J) chest electrical shock in the event of VF, adrenaline injection and manual chest compression. ECG, pulse rate and blood oxygen saturation were recorded during the resuscitation. Tau and p-tau levels were assessed as an indicator of neuronal response to ischemia. Results: Resuscitation outcomes were assessed at 1st and 2nd hour and 4th week of restoration of blood circulation and animal survival. We report an early tau dephosphorylation which was followed by hyperphosphorylation after 4 weeks, while the total tau remained unchanged. Conclusions: This method successfully produced reproducible global brain ischemia generating tau dephosphorylation in shortterm recovery and hyperphosphorylation in long-term recovery. The findings show the efficiency of this technique in providing a tool to study the further neuronal response to ischemic situations and the underlying mechanisms.
Interplay of Magnetic Responses in All-Dielectric Oligomers To Realize Magnetic Fano Resonances

We study the interplay between collective and individual optically induced magnetic responses in quadrumers made of identical dielectric nanoparticles. Unlike their plasmonic counterparts, all-dielectric nanoparticle clusters are shown to exhibit multiple dimensions of resonant magnetic responses that can be employed for the realization of anomalous scattering signatures. We focus our analysis on symmetric quadrumers made from silicon nanoparticles and verify our theoretical results in proof-of-concept radio frequency experiments demonstrating the existence of a novel type of magnetic Fano resonance in nanophotonics.