Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The equilibrium distribution for a class of multi-dimensional random walks

In previous papers, it has been proved that the equilibrium distribution of homogeneous, nearest-neighboring random walks on a two-dimensional grid can be constructed explicitly through a compensation procedure if and only if there are no transitions to the North, North-East and East for points in the interior. In the present paper the extension to N-dimensional random walks is investigated. It appears that for higher dimensions the same condition should be satisfied for each plane in the grid space. Since induction with respect to the dimension is applied. the step from dimension 2 to dimension 3 is worked out in detail. For the proof of the if-part the condition is added that the random walk satisfies the so-called projection property on the boundaries. For 3-dimensional random walks, the eqUilibrium distribution appears to be the sum of six alternating series of binary trees of product forms. These analytic results make it possible to develop efficient numerical procedures. Such procedures are sketched in the paper. As a numerical illustration, the procedures are applied to the model of a 2 x 3 switch.
Bayesian Logistic Regression for Small Areas with Numerous Households

We analyze binary data, available for a relatively large number (big data) of families (or households), which are within small areas, from a population-based survey. Inference is required for the finite population proportion of individuals with a specific character for each area. To accommodate the binary data and important features of all sampled individuals, we use a hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression model with each family (not area) having its own random effect. This modeling helps to correct for overshrinkage so common in small area estimation. Because there are numerous families, the computational time on the joint posterior density using standard Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods is prohibitive. Therefore, the joint posterior density of the hyper-parameters is approximated using an integrated nested normal approximation (INNA) via the multiplication rule. This approach provides a sampling-based method that permits fast computation, thereby avoiding very time-consuming MCMC methods. Then, the random effects are obtained from the exact conditional posterior density using parallel computing. The unknown nonsample features and household sizes are obtained using a nested Bayesian bootstrap that can be done using parallel computing as well. For relatively small data sets (e.g., 5000 families), we compare our method with a MCMC method to show that our approach is reasonable. We discuss an example on health severity using the Nepal Living Standards Survey (NLSS).
German Robots - The Impact of Industrial Robots on Workers

We study the impact of rising robot exposure on the careers of individual manufacturing workers, and the equilibrium impact across industries and local labor markets in Germany. We find no evidence that robots cause total job losses, but they do affect the composition of aggregate employment. Every robot destroys two manufacturing jobs. This accounts for almost 23% of the overall decline of manufacturing employment in Germany over the period 1994 - 2014, roughly 275,000 jobs. But this loss was fully offset by additional jobs in the service sector. Moreover, robots have not raised the displacement risk for incumbent manufacturing workers. Quite in contrast, more robot exposed workers are even more likely to remain employed in their original workplace, though not necessarily performing the same tasks, and the aggregate manufacturing decline is solely driven by fewer new jobs for young labor market entrants. This enhanced job stability for insiders comes at the cost of lower wages. The negative impact of robots on individual earnings arises mainly for medium-skilled workers in machine-operating occupations, while high-skilled managers gain. In the aggregate, robots raise labor productivity but not wages. Thereby they contribute to the decline of the labor income share.
New ways of integrating material knowledge into the design process

dge about materials into the design process. This means that the traditional design process model, where the selection of materials takes place after the design of form and function – based on technical performance, no longer apply. Accordingly the approach in this paper is to view information about materials through the perspective of organizational memory and technology brokering. This paper is build upon two cases from the design studio: designaffairs GmbH. The study reveals how the designers use socio-cultural tendencies to select specific materials before the products form and function are designed. The materials are selected based on the visual and haptic qualities of the materials rather than technical data. One of the cases further illustrates three types of material search strategies, which the designers apply in the early phases of the design process.
National contributions to observed global warming

There is considerable interest in identifying national contributions to global warming as a way of allocating historical responsibility for observed climate change. This task is made difficult by uncertainty associated with national estimates of historical emissions, as well as by difficulty in estimating the climate response to emissions of gases with widely varying atmospheric lifetimes. Here, we present a new estimate of national contributions to observed climate warming, including CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and land-use change, as well as methane, nitrous oxide and sulfate aerosol emissions While some countries’ warming contributions are reasonably well defined by fossil fuel CO2 emissions, many countries have dominant contributions from land-use CO2 and non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions, emphasizing the importance of both deforestation and agriculture as components of a country’s contribution to climate warming. Furthermore, because of their short atmospheric lifetime, recent sulfate aerosol emissions have a large impact on a country’s current climate contribution We show also that there are vast disparities in both total and per-capita climate contributions among countries, and that across most developed countries, per-capita contributions are not currently consistent with attempts to restrict global temperature change to less than 2 °C above pre-industrial temperatures.
Oxidative Damage in Erythrocytes of Rats after 1 and 2 Weeks of Exposure to Chromium (VI): Protective Effect of Selenium

Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), an environmental pollutant, induces oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential protective effect of Selenium (Se) against erythrocyte damages induced by K2Cr2O7 in adult rats at the end of the 1st and 2th weeks of treatment. Animals were randomly divided into four groups of six each: group I served as controls which received distilled water, group II received in drinking water K2Cr2O7 alone (700 ppm); group III received both K2Cr2O7 in drinking water and Se via diet (0.5 Na2SeO3 mg/kg of diet); group IV received Se (0.5 mg/kg of diet). All groups were killed after one and two weeks of treatment. Blood samples were collected in order to determinate some biochemical parameters. Rats exposed to K2Cr2O7 showed an increase in malondialdehyde levels, protein carbonyl and advanced oxidation products and a decrease of AChE activity, glutathione, non-protein thiol and vitamin C levels. While the activities of SOD and GPx increased. We noticed a decline in catalase activity after 1 and 2 weeks of bichromate exposure. Co-administration of Se restored the parameters indicated above to near-normal values. Therefore, our investigation revealed that selenium could be a useful element preventing K2Cr2O7-induced erythrocyte damages.
Beyond axial symmetry: An improved class of models for global data

An important class of models for data on a spherical domain, called axially symmetric, assumes stationarity across longitudes but not across latitudes. The main aim of this work is to introduce a new and more flexible class of models by relaxing the assumption of longitudinal stationarity in the context of regularly gridded climate model output. In this investigation, two other related topics are discussed: the lack of fit of an axially symmetric parametric model compared with a non‐parametric model and to longitudinally reversible processes, an important subclass of axially symmetric models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Labour Market Modelling within a DSGE Approach

The goal of this paper is to find a suitable way of modelling the main labour market variables in the framework of the CNB's core DSGE model. The model selection criteria are: the predictive ability for unemployment, the change in the overall predictive ability in comparison to the baseline model and the extent of the required model change. We find that the incorporation of a modified Gali, Smets and Wouters (2011) labour market specification allows us to predict unemployment with an acceptable forecast error. At the same time it leads to a moderate improvement in the overall predictive ability of the model and requires only minor adjustments to the model structure. Thus, it should be preferred to more complicated concepts that yield a similar improvement in predictive ability. We also came to the conclusion that the concept linking unemployment and the GDP gap is promising. However, its practical application would require (additional) improvement in the accuracy of the consumption prediction. As a practical experiment, we compare the inflation pressures arising from nominal wages and the exchange rate in the baseline model and in alternative specifications. The experiment is motivated by the use of the exchange rate as an additional monetary policy instrument by the CNB since November 2013 in an environment of near-zero interest rates and growing disinflationary pressures. We find that the baseline model tends to forecast higher nominal wage growth and lower exchange rate depreciation than the models with more elaborate labour markets. Therefore, the alternative models would probably have identified an even higher need for exchange rate depreciation than the baseline model did.
Public Service Ethics By State Apparatus In Indonesia: A Critical Reflection

Public service should be understood as a set of efforts by state apparatus for fulfilling public needs to realize general welfare. General welfare is not realized due to the bad public service by state apparatus as corruption, indolent administrative service, discriminative and not smooth goods service, threatened people security and solidarity. Poor public service is opposed to morality. Public service ethics discourse is directed to improve poor public service by state apparatus as normative rules and code of conduct. Public service ethics fail to improve the poor public service. This research, with title Public Service ethics by State Apparatus in Indonesia: A Critical Reflection is reinterpreted to find out the new meaning of public service ethics. This research is focused on research matter dealing with public service, state apparatus, general welfare, and ethics. This research is carried out with library study which focus on the books and journals. Research analysis is focused on verstehen analysis to understand the public service ethics by state apparatus as found in books and journals. Facts and thoughts of the authors are interpreted through hermeneutic method and trying to find the new meaning of public service ethics. This research finds out that public service ethics deals not only with normative rule or code of ethics, but also with goal dimension, act dimension, and institutional dimension. In this perspective, ethics means as the goal of good life with and for others in just institution. Public service ethics is directed to construct the good life with and for others in just institution. Domination structure in institution dimension is the fundamental reasons of poor public service. Public service ethics constructs the good life with and for others in just institution by dismantling domination structure in public service as new habit in micro individual domain, remuneration improvement, retrospective justice, democratic relation among state apparatus, restructured public service organization as bureaucratic reformation, local autonomy in messo domain of organization, power rationalization, and discursive democracy with law protection of whistleblower, citizen charter, public choice model, civil society empowerment, and subsidiary principle in macro domain political system. Key words : public service, state apparatus, domination structure and ethics
The post-acquisition performance of acquired companies: Evidence from the Republic of Serbia

This paper explores the post-acquisition performance of acquired companies in the Republic of Serbia, and whether company size is a factor of postacquisition performance. The data were collected from 91 managers in 10 acquired companies in Serbia. The acquiring companies came from Germany, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, Norway, Greece, and Serbia. The results of the analysis show that 70% of managers believed that there had been improvement in post-acquisition performance. The improvement in performance was achieved for the most part by cost reduction. The results of this study indicate that there are statistically significant differences between large, medium, and small companies. Large companies had the best improvement in financial performance, and medium companies were the best regarding improvement of non-financial performance.
Food security and nutritional status of women selected from a rural area in South India

Nutritional status is directly related to health of population and is influenced by levels of education, standard of living and social status. The present investigation was carried out with an interest to collect data regarding the nutritional and food security status of women selected from a village in Mysuru district situated in South India. A total of 500 healthy female subjects belonging to the age group of 20-40 years were recruited for the study using purposive sampling. The required information such as anthropometric measurements and dietary assessment, dwelling facilities, agriculture related information, live stock raising, etc. were collected using suitable tools and techniques. Results showed that majority of subjects belonged to low income group and availed facilities under different welfare schemes. A total of 13.8% of respondents were engaged in agriculture and the rest procured food items from external sources. Cereals and pulses were major agricultural produce. Most of it was sold and a small portion retained for household use. The common live stocks seen in the households were goat (6%), sheep (7.8%), hen (14%), cow (2.2%) and buffalo (0.4%), respectively. Using body mass index and waist-hip ratio as criteria only 37.5 and 32% of subjects were in normal range and rest were either under or over-nourished. The 24 h dietary recall showed that diets were deficient in protein, dietary fiber and iron. An overall assessment of food security indicated that the diets needed qualitative improvement and despite being engaged in agriculture, protective foods were missing from diets. The diet patterns revolved around the cereals and pulses grown and/or procured through the welfare programs thus compromising the nutritional quality of the diets.
Marine biogeochemical cycling and oceanic CO 2 uptake simulated by the NUIST Climate System Model : NUIST-CSM-2 . 0 . 1

In this study, we introduce and evaluate the performance of the Nanjing University of Information Science & 10 Technology Climate System Model, version 2.0. 1 (hereafter NUIST-CSM-2.0.1) that couples the atmosphere and ocean climate model with a marine biogeochemical component. Compared with available observations and data-based estimates, NUIST-CSM-2.0. 1 reproduces reasonably well large-scale ocean carbon-related fields, including nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, and silicate), chlorophyll, and net primary production. However, some noticeable discrepancies between model simulations and observations are found in the deep ocean and coastal regions. Model-simulated current-day oceanic CO2 uptake compares 15 well with data-based estimates. From pre-industrial time to 2011, the modeled cumulative CO2 uptake is 144 PgC, compared with data-based estimates of 155 ± 30 PgC. Diagnosed from the end of the 140-year benchmark 1% per year CO2 increase simulations, the carbon-climate sensitivity parameter, which represents the sensitivity of integrated oceanic CO2 uptake to CO2-induced warming, is -7.1 PgC/K; The carbon-concentration sensitivity parameter, which represents the sensitivity of integrated oceanic CO2 uptake to an increase in atmospheric CO2, is 0.81 PgC/ppm. For comparison, carbon-climate and 20 carbon-concentration sensitivity parameter diagnosed from CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5) model simulations under the same 1% per year CO2 simulations range from -2.4 to -12.1 PgC/K (with a mean of -7.8 PgC/K) and 0.7 to 0.9 PgC/ppm (with a mean of 0.8 PgC/ppm), respectively. Our results demonstrate that the current version of NUIST-CSM2.0. 1 can be used as a useful tool to investigate the behavior of the ocean carbon cycle and its response to climate change under prescribed atmospheric CO2 concentration scenarios. 25
Outcomes of On-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in Mashhad, Iran

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is considered as an important risk factor for advanced coronary artery disease. This condition can increase the mortality and morbidity in the patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The aim of the study was compared mortality and morbidity after off Pump- CABG surgery between patients with and without the Metabolic syndrome. Materials & Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 patients, who underwent off-pump CABG surgery between October 2014-October 2016. The participants were equally divided into two groups including the patients with and without MS (MS and non-MS, respectively). Results: According to the results, 68 (56.6%) patients were male. Furthermore, out of the 60 participants with MS, 36 (60%) cases were male. The mean ages of the MS and non-MS groups were 64.96±9.6 and 65.62±10.6 P=0.6 years, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of the mortality and morbidity (e.g., surgical wound infection, length of Intensive Care Unit and hospital stay, atrial fibrillation rhythm, and bleeding in the first 24 h). The intubation time in patients with Metabolic Syndrome was significantly higher than patients without Metabolic Syndrome (6.66 ± 1.97 vs 5.83 ± 1.93 respectively; P=0.007) Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome was not associated with higher mortality and morbidity after CABG surgery compare to patients without Metabolic syndrome, although patients with Metabolic syndrome had higher risk for long intubation time.
Engaging the Private Sector for Green Growth and Climate Action: An Overview of Development Co-Operation Efforts

The private sector plays an important role in supporting green growth in developing countries. As a result, there is increasing emphasis for development co-operation providers to integrate private sector engagement (PSE) approaches into their programmes on green growth and climate change. This paper provides an overview of activities in this area, estimating that 22% of climate-related development finance supported PSE activities in 2013. It also presents a stock-taking of efforts to: mobilise private climate investment, promote green private sector development and harness skills and knowledge of private actors. The paper highlights some challenges and lessons learned, such as the need for PSE to target a wider range of environmental issues, the importance of investing in integrated approaches to enable the development of pipelines, and the need to align private sector approaches with national contexts. The findings in this paper contribute to the discussion on how development co-operation providers can improve the effectiveness of PSE approaches to promote green growth and climate action, and may be a useful starting point to guide evidence-based policy relevant research.
Bacteria associated with the extraradical mycelium of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in an As/Cu polluted soil

Synergistic interactions between bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) occur under natural soil conditions; however, in polluted soils there is little information regarding these relationships. Microscopy was used to study the interaction between the hyphae of an AM fungus (Glomus claroideum BEG134 from an As/Cu polluted soil) and bacteria in polluted soil cultures. BacLight (TM) staining showed viable bacteria mainly in the runner hyphae of the fungus associated with plants (Holcus lanatus L.) growing in polluted soils. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that a morphologically different bacterial population was intimately associated with the extraradical mycelium (ERM). Bacteria were embedded in the mucilaginous outer layer, encrusted at the outer layer, between hyphal wall layers, and inside hyphae. Crystals, comprising precipitated metal, were observed outside the ERM. The ecological relevance of this bacteria-AMF interaction is discussed.
MODELING OF SEA SPRAY DROPLETS IN THE OCEAN

Droplets are known to play an important role in momentum, heat, and moisture transfer between the ocean and atmosphere. A lot of scholars and experts aim to investigate the effects of droplets on the climate and make precise forecast for hurricane conditions. So the profiles of droplets concentration at different heights above the sea surface are important. For a better study of the momentum and energy transport among the boundary layer, we also need to know the distribution of droplets with different radii. After wave break, with the coupled effects of inertia, gravity, wind updraught, and turbulent mixing, droplets can be transported to certain heights above the sea surface. In the present study, we develop a modified subgrid-scale flow field model coupled with the large eddy simulation to investigate the profiles of spay droplets concentration after wave break. The results in our simulation show that, the distribution of the droplets with the same radii in vertical direction is roughly Gaussian distribution, and the maximum appears at the height nearly above the significant wave height. For different radii, the concentration of droplets with larger radii can be higher than that of the smaller ones at some heights. Since the droplets in our model only include the spay droplets generated by wave break, the data will not be identical with the measurement in the open ocean and laboratory, which include all the kinds of droplets above the ocean.
"BARBIEBS TO rBADE: BARBIEBS TO GBOWTH."

We study the cxtent to which differences in international trade policies contribute to the significant cross-country disparities in macroeconomic performance. In particular, wc concentrate on the effect of protectionism on generating differences in leveIs (of income and of measured total factor productivity), in growth rates (of output, productivity and inputs), in volatility and in trends (or development traps). We document that these rclationships are strong in cross country data, integrate a Hecksher-Ohlin mode! of international trade into the standard macroeconomic modcl to derive those rclationships analytically, and to quantify them. Our results suggest that a large fraction of the cros::; country variations can be attributed to trade