Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Familienpolitische Reformen in Skandinavien - Gleichberechtigung der Geschlechter und Wahlfreiheit der Eltern

In den modernen europäischen Wohlfahrtsstaaten steht die Frage nach einem angemessenen Umgang mit den Bedürfnissen berufstätiger Eltern ganz oben auf der sozialpolitischen Agenda. Themen wie Elternschaft, Kinderbetreuung und Gleichberechtigung sind in den Mittelpunkt oftmals erregter öffentlicher und politischer Debatten gerückt. Diskussionen darüber, welche Familienformen – wenn überhaupt – gefördert werden sollen, reflektieren die Ansicht, was Familie heute ist oder sein sollte, was sie leisten sollte, wer bzw. was zur Familie gehören sollte (Ellingsæter/Leira 2006). Neue Arrangements und Normen, die die Beziehungen zwischen Müttern, Vätern, Arbeitsmärkten und Wohlfahrtsstaaten regeln, stehen der institutionellen Ordnung und den Traditionen des industriellen Zeitalters gegenüber. Der laufende politische Reformprozess ist mit einer Neuverhandlung der Aufgabenverteilung bei der frühkindlichen Betreuung und einer Grenzverschiebung zwischen privater und öffentlicher Sphäre, zwischen Eltern und Staat, verbunden. In diesem Beitrag, der sich den arbeitsund familienpolitischen Reformen der nordischen Länder in den 1990er Jahren widmet, werden die wichtigsten Bestandteile und Ergebnisse dieses Reformprozesses erklärt und diskutiert. Betrachtet werden Dänemark, Finnland, Norwegen und Schweden. Einer der Haupttrends, der sich im Verlauf dieser Reformwelle herausgebildet hat, ist eine verstärkte Betonung der „Wahlfreiheit der Eltern“ als politisches Artet oder institutionalisiert. Die Lektionen des nordischen „familienpolitischen Experiments“, also die verschiedenen politiFamilienpolitische Reformen in Skandinavien – Gleichberechtigung der Geschlechter und Wahlfreiheit der Eltern Anne Lise Ellingsæter Arnlaug Leira
Disruption of the trypanothione reductase gene of Leishmania decreases its ability to survive oxidative stress in macrophages

Parasitic protozoa belonging to the order Kinetoplastida contain trypanothione as their major thiol. Trypanothione reductase (TR), the enzyme responsible for maintaining trypanothione in its reduced form, is thought to be central to the redox defence systems of trypanosomatids. To investigate further the physiological role of TR in Leishmania, we attempted to create TR‐knockout mutants by gene disruption in L.donovani and L.major strains using the selectable markers neomycin and hygromycin phosphotransferases. TR is likely to be an important gene for parasite survival since all our attempts to obtain a TR null mutant in L.donovani failed. Instead, we obtained mutants with a partial trisomy for the TR locus where, despite the successful disruption of two TR alleles by gene targeting, a third TR copy was generated as a result of genomic rearrangements involving the translocation of a TR‐containing region to a larger chromosome. Mutants of L.donovani and L.major possessing only one wild‐type TR allele express less TR mRNA and have lower TR activity compared with wild‐type cells carrying two copies of the TR gene. Significantly, these mutants show attenuated infectivity with a markedly decreased capacity to survive intracellularly within macrophages, provided that the latter are producing reactive oxygen intermediates.
Automatic gazette creation for named entity recognition and application to resume processing

Named entities are important content-carrying units within documents. Consequently named entity recognition (NER) is an important part of information extraction. One fast and accurate approach to NER uses a list or gazette consisting of known instances. Gazette creation problem considers how to automatically create a comprehensive gazette from given unlabeled document repository. We describe an unsupervised algorithm for automatic gazette creation, which is modified from [5]. We propose a fast NER algorithm using large gazette and show that it significantly outperforms a naïve approach based on regular expressions. We describe experimental results obtained by using the system for gazette creation for various resume related named entities (e.g., ORG, DEGREE, EDUCATIONAL_INSTITUTE, DESIGNATION) and the associated NER on a large set of real-life resumes.
Long‐Term Care Insurance with Family Altruism: Theory and Empirics

This paper studies long-term care (LTC) insurance in the presence of family altruism. In the first, theoretical, part of the paper, we explore whether and how family solidarity affects the application to LTC of Arrow’s (1963) theorem of the deductible, which is shown to apply in models without family by a number of papers. We consider two tyes of family altruism, perfect and imperfect, and find that Arrow’s theorem generally holds, even though some departures from the standard model and some differences between the types of altruism exist. Oour analysis highlights a complex interplay between parents’ insurance and their children’s aid, which implies that a number of intuitive conjectures are not always verified. For instance, while one would expect the deductible to be increasing in the child’s degree of altruism, this is unambiguously verified only under certain conditions. Given the ambiguity of some results, in the second part of the paper, we resort, more generally, to an empirical test of the relation between LTC insurance and children’s altruism using the data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Our findings suggest that children’s altruism has a negative impact on parents’ LTC insurance purchases, even though some results also point to this relationship being more complex than one might think.
Determinants and Consequences of Nonprofit Transparency

Using a sample of over 14,000 industry-diverse nonprofit organizations, this study documents the key characteristics and consequences of organizations providing better and more information to stakeholders, that is, more transparent charities. In particular, we find evidence consistent with organizations that have stronger governance, better performance, and more professional staff being associated with greater transparency. In addition, we find that organizations that are more reliant on contributions, and those located in states that require public disclosure of their audited financial statements are also more transparent. After controlling for the likelihood of being transparent, we then test whether funders respond to more transparency by increasing their funding to organizations that provide more information. Here, we hypothesize and find that the level of transparency is associated with greater future contributions. Moreover, we find that organizations with better performance to report accrue incrementally more future contributions. Overall, our results support the assertion that transparency in the nonprofit sector is value added to key stakeholders.
Difference of the Absolute Differences - A New Method for Motion Detection

This article presents a new method, which reduces costs and processing time for spatial object motion detection by focusing on the bare-hand motion that mimics computer mouse functions to allow the user to move the mouse pointer in real-time by the motion of his/her hand without any gloves worn, any object carried, or any key hit. In this article, the study of this topic is from the viewpoint of computer vision and image processing. The principals of the difference of the absolute differences (DAD) are investigated. A new method based on the DAD principles, which is conceptually different from all the existing approaches to spatial object motion detection, is developed and applied successfully to the bare-hand motion. The real- time implementation of the bare-hand motion detection demonstrates the accuracy and efficiency of the DAD method.
Serum Chemistry Comparisons Between Captive and Free-ranging Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)

Abstract Serum chemistry analyses were compared between captive and free-ranging giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) in an attempt to better understand some of the medical issues seen with captive giraffes. Illnesses, including peracute mortality, energy malnutrition, pancreatic disease, urolithiasis, hoof disease, and severe intestinal parasitism, may be related to zoo nutrition and management issues. Serum samples were collected from 20 captive giraffes at 10 United States institutions. Thirteen of the captive animal samples were collected from animals trained for blood collection; seven were banked samples obtained from a previous serum collection. These samples were compared with serum samples collected from 24 free-ranging giraffes in South Africa. Differences between captive and free-ranging giraffes, males and females, and adults and subadults were analyzed by using a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial and Fisher's least significant difference for mean separation; when necessary variables were ranked and analyzed via analysis of variance. Potassium and bilirubin concentrations and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were different between captive and free-ranging giraffes, but all fell within normal bovid reference ranges. The average glucose concentration was significantly elevated in free-ranging giraffes (161 mg/dl) compared with captive giraffes (113 mg/dl). All giraffes in this study had glucose concentrations higher than bovine (42–75 mg/dl) and caprine (48–76 mg/dl) reference ranges. Differences were also seen in lipase, chloride, and magnesium though these findings are likely not clinically significant. There were no differences detected between sexes. Adults had higher concentrations of potassium, total protein, globulins, and chloride and higher gamma glutamyltransferase activities, whereas subadults had higher concentrations of phosphorus. Within the captive group, nonimmobilized animals had higher concentrations of total protein and globulins. Captive giraffe diets need further investigation to determine if the differences seen in this study, especially glucose and bilirubin concentrations and ALT activities, may result in some health problems often seen in captive giraffes.
Logistic time constant of isovolumic relaxation pressure-time curve in the canine left ventricle. Better alternative to exponential time constant.

BACKGROUND The time constant of left ventricular (LV) relaxation derived from a monoexponential model has been widely used as an index of LV relaxation rate or lusitropism, although this model has several well-recognized problems. In the present study, we proposed a logistic model and derived a "logistic" time constant (TL) as a better alternative to the conventional "exponential" time constant (TE). METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 189 beats (147 isovolumic and 42 ejecting beats) were investigated in seven canine excised cross-circulated heart preparations. We found that the logistic model fitted much more precisely all the observed LV isovolumic relaxation pressure-time [P(t)] curves than the monoexponential model (P < .05). The logistic model also fitted well both the time curve of the first derivative of the observed P(t) (dP/dt) and the dP/dt-P(t) phase-plane curve. Like TE, TL indicated that volume loading depressed LV lusitropism and that increasing heart rate and ejection fraction augmented it. TL was independent of the choice of cutoff point defining the end of isovolumic relaxation; TE was dependent on that choice. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the logistic model better fits LV isovolumic relaxation P(t) than the monoexponential model in the present heart preparation. We therefore propose TL as a better alternative to TE for evaluating LV lusitropism.
An Improved Rectangular Cavity Approach for Measurement of Complex Permeability of Materials

An improved rectangular cavity (RC) approach is proposed for the accurate complex permeability determination of materials in the microwave frequency band. The proposed approach assumes the bar-shaped magnetic specimen to be placed along the width of the cavity to increase the sensitivity of the measurement. A generalized closed-form formula is derived accordingly to determine the complex permeability of these bar-shaped samples in terms of the cavity parameters measured under both loaded and unloaded conditions. The proposed formula is found to improve the accuracy of the original RC approach where samples are placed in the H-plane traversing the maximum width of the cavity for permeability measurement. The improvement in accuracy is facilitated by considering the sinusoidal magnetic field variation over the test sample, which is otherwise neglected in most of the earlier approaches. The modified formula is numerically tested for a number of samples having wide range of permeability variations, and the obtained results are typically 40% more accurate than the values obtained using the original formula. Finally, the synthesized magnetic samples, viz., the carbonyl iron-epoxy composite and the manganese ferrite, are measured by placing them inside the fabricated X-band cavity with the help of a vector network analyzer. The proposed approach is quite advantageous for magnetic materials as finite-size samples having sample to cavity volume ratio of less than 3e-3 can be characterized quite accurately with typical errors of 2% and 3% in the real and imaginary parts of the complex permeability, respectively.
Using multiple indicators to evaluate the sustainability of dolphin-based wildlife tourism in rural India

Abstract Assessing wildlife tourism sustainability in developing countries is crucial, but few studies analyse the sustainability of dolphin-based wildlife tourism in this context. We measure multiple indicators within the human dimensions of wildlife tourism, including tourist visitation numbers, satisfaction, preferences, perceptions, background and specialisation, to ascertain the extent to which the dolphin-watching industry at Chilika Lagoon, in rural India might be considered sustainable. Our methods included participant observation, tourist surveys, and the use of secondary data on visitation over 10 years. We found that the growth rate of tourist visitation over 10 years was beginning to decline. Tourists were mostly inexperienced, and dissatisfied with their dolphin-watching experience. Tourist preferences and perceptions showed useful insights and shortcomings in the way in which the industry was being conducted and managed, and reflected the expectations of non-specialist visitors. Our study highlights drawbacks in the way that wildlife tourism is managed in a rural, developing world context, which draws the sustainability of the dolphin-watching industry in Chilika into question. Future development of an early warning system that addresses combined governance or managerial, social, economic and ecological indicators, and an integrated management plan for conservation and wildlife tourism could contribute to the sustainable management of such industries.
Terminal complement complexes and C1 C1 inhibitor complexes in rheumatoid arthiritis and other artiritic conditions

Terminal complement complex (TCC) and C1r-C1s-C1 inhibitor complex (C1/C1 INH) concentrations were measured in plasma and synovial fluid from patients with arthritis and related to other measures of disease activity. Both TCC and C1/C1 INH concentrations were significantly increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with patients with osteoarthritis (plasma and synovial fluid, P less than 0.05) and normal subjects (plasma only, P less than 0.001). In the patients with RA, there was no correlation between plasma or synovial fluid TCC concentrations and IgM rheumatoid factor, immune complex or C1/C1 INH levels. However, in 10 patients with seronegative RA, C1/C1 INH and immune complex levels correlated significantly in synovial fluid (r = 0.69, P less than 0.05) although not in plasma (r = 0.52). Plasma and synovial fluid TCC and C1/C1 INH concentrations did not differ in rheumatoid patients with severe compared with mild joint disease (categorized by the Ritchie score). These results confirm a role for complement activation in RA but suggest that several mechanisms are involved in its pathogenesis.
Surface Treatment to Enable Low Temperature and Pressure Copper Direct Bonding

One of the major area of interest of the electronics packaging industry is the formation of interconnects between the chips in a 3D package. Copper has been proven to be a suitable candidate for the conductive material in back-end-of-line due to its low electrical resistivity and high electro-migration resistance. Due to this favorable property of copper, it is also used to form microbumps and through silicon vias (TSVs) for 3D stacking. To stack known good dies (KGDs), die-to-die (D2D) and die-to-wafer (D2W) bonding are the traditional approaches used in 3D stacking. Flip chip thermo-compression bonding (TCB) is employed to enable a joint formation between the microbumps of the top chip and the bottom substrate. Most TCB tools are limited by pressure and temperature parameters. High temperature and pressure requirements make the bonding process costly and may cause additional reliability concerns. Good joint formation at low temperature and low pressure is preferred to address these issues for various applications. The aim of this paper is to explore different dry and wet cleaning approach to understand its effect on the copper surface and its effect to enable low temperature (250 °C) and low pressure (~23 MPa) bonding in a cleanroom environment without compromising the joint quality.
Bicuculline‐resistant paired‐pulse inhibition in the rat hippocampal slice

1 An initial observation that paired‐pulse inhibition in hippocampal slices was increased rather than decreased by bicuculline prompted the present study to explore the mechanism underlying bicuculline‐resistant inhibition. 2 In the presence of bicuculline, paired‐pulse interactions were dependent on the interpulse interval (i.p.i.) but a medium‐latency inhibition was consistently observed at an i.p.i. of 300 to 500 ms. 3 The medium‐latency (300 ms) bicuculline‐resistant inhibition produced by paired orthodromic stimuli was substantially reduced by 2‐hydroxysaclofen and was probably largely mediated by GABAB‐receptor activation. Paired‐pulse inhibition produced by an orthodromic/antidromic stimulation sequence was not affected by 2‐hydroxysaclofen suggesting the possibility that the GABAB‐receptors involved in orthodromic inhibition may be located presynaptically on the Schaffer collateral terminals rather than on the postsynaptic surface. The medium latency inhibition was also reduced by baclofen and under some conditions, by adenosine. 4 In addition to the GABAB‐component, a hydroxysaclofen‐resistant depression of postsynaptic excitability contributed to bicuculline‐resistant paired‐pulse inhibition at the 300 ms latency.
Maximizing extraction of botulinum toxin type A from vials.

OBJECTIVES To determine the residual botulinum toxin remaining in vials after using 3 different extraction methods and to analyze the different techniques for measuring extraction efficacy. DESIGN Multicentered comparative study. SETTING Three academic movement disorder clinics. PARTICIPANTS Thirty physicians were randomly surveyed for their botulinum toxin extraction methods. Three physicians evaluated the most common methods. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Amount of toxin left in vials after each extraction method. RESULTS Toxin was least successfully extracted by using the vial inversion method. More toxin was extracted by using the 2-in needle method. The top removal method produced the least waste of toxin but is considered unsafe. CONCLUSIONS The best and safest method for consistently extracting the most botulinum toxin from its vial was to use a long 21-gauge 2-in needle attached to a 3-mL syringe.
The effect of imidazole in endotoxin shock in dogs.

The effect of imidazole, a thromboxane A2 inhibitor, in endotoxin shock in dogs was studied. Thromboxane A2 is a vasoconstrictor and enhances platelet and neutrophil aggregation. The purpose of this study was to examine the hemodynamic modifications of endotoxin shock with imidazole. Thirty dogs were studied, all receiving 1 X 10(8) live Escherichia coli/kg over a 30-minute period. The dogs were divided into three groups of ten dogs each. The first group received no treatment. The second group received a concomitant infusion of imidazole 25 mg/kg per hour. In a third group the imidazole infusion was delayed for 1 hour after the E. coli infusion. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output (CO), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were measured at 30-minute intervals. Hemoglobin (HGB), white blood count (WBC), a-A gradient (a-A grad), A-V 02 difference (AV02 diff), and fluid requirements were measured at 60-minute intervals. The endotoxin shock response in untreated control dogs was characterized by significant changes over time in MAP and SVR (decreased), and CO and a-A grad (increased). The imidazole group was significantly different, as the MAP and SVR did not decrease and the CO did not increase as in the control group. The control group required significantly more fluids than the imidazole group, while the HGB remained stable suggesting more capillary permeability in the control group. The delayed treatment group was statistically similar to the control animals. These data suggest that imidazole significantly modifies the hemodynamic response to endotoxin shock and may reduce the associated capillary permeability. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Recurrent nuclear DNA introgression accompanies chloroplast DNA exchange between two eucalypt species

Numerous studies within plant genera have found geographically structured sharing of chloroplast (cp) DNA among sympatric species, consistent with introgressive hybridization. Current research is aimed at understanding the extent, direction and significance of nuclear (nr) DNA exchange that accompanies putative cpDNA exchange. Eucalyptus is a complex tree genus for which cpDNA sharing has been established between multiple species. Prior phylogeographic analysis has indicated cpDNA introgression into the widespread forest species Eucalyptus globulus from its rare congener E. cordata. In this study, we use AFLP markers to characterize corresponding nrDNA introgression, on both a broad and fine spatial scale. Using 388 samples we examine (i) the fine‐scale spatial structure of cp and nrDNA introgression from E. cordata into E. globulus at a site in natural forest and (ii) broad‐scale patterns of AFLP marker introgression at six additional mixed populations. We show that while E. globulus and E. cordata retain strongly differentiated nuclear gene pools overall, leakage of nrDNA occurs at mixed populations, with some AFLP markers being transferred to E. globulus recurrently at different sites. On the fine scale, different AFLP fragments show varying distances of introgression into E. globulus, while introgression of cpDNA is extensive. The frequency of E. cordata markers in E. globulus is correlated with spatial proximity to E. cordata, but departs from expectations based on AFLP marker frequency in E. cordata, indicating that selection may be governing the persistence of introgressed fragments in E. globulus.