Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of the transcription factor NF-kappaB during human mononuclear phagocyte differentiation to macrophages and dendritic cells.

An important role for the Rel/NF-kappaB family of transcription factors in the differentiation process of dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (MAC) was recently suggested by a number of mouse knockout studies but only little information is available for defined populations of human cells. To investigate the role of individual NF-kappaB proteins [p50, p52, p65 (RelA), RelB] in the differentiation of monocyte-derived cell types we analyzed and compared the expression pattern and DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB members in human monocytes (MO), MO-derived MAC, and MO-derived DC. Constitutive expression of p65 and RelB mRNA was found in MO and no significant regulation was observed during differentiation of MO into MAC or immature DC. Only during lipopolysaccharide-induced terminal differentiation of DC was a marked increase in RelB mRNA detected. In DNA binding assays performed with nuclear extracts from blood MO, p50/p50 homodimers were mainly detected, whereas complexes containing p50/RelB and p50/p65 heterodimers were less abundant. DNA-bound protein complexes containing p50/RelB and p50/p65 increased and additional p65/p65 complexes appeared during differentiation of MO into either MAC or immature DC. A strong increase in complexes containing p50/RelB was observed during terminal differentiation of DC. Therefore, gradual differences in the DNA binding activities of different NF-kappaB homo- and heterodimers correlate with differentiation stages of MO, MAC, and DC and are probably important for the biological role of these cells.
Separating the dynamical effects of climate change and ozone depletion. Part I: Southern Hemisphere stratosphere

A version of the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model that is coupled to an ocean is used to investigate the separate effects of climate change and ozone depletion on the dynamics of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) stratosphere. This is achieved by performing three sets of simulations extending from 1960 to 2099: 1) greenhouse gases (GHGs) ﬁxed at 1960 levels and ozone depleting substances (ODSs) varying in time, 2) ODSs ﬁxed at 1960 levels and GHGs varying in time, and 3) both GHGs and ODSs varying in time. The responseof variousdynamical quantities to the GHG and ODS forcings is shown to be additive;that is, trends computed from the sum of the ﬁrst two simulations are equal to trends from the third. Additivity is shown to hold for the zonal mean zonal wind and temperature, the mass ﬂux into and out of the stratosphere, and the latitudinallyaveragedwavedraginSHspringandsummer,aswellasforﬁnalwarmingdates. Ozonedepletion and recovery causes seasonal changes in lower-stratosphere mass ﬂux, with reduced polar downwelling in the past followed by increased downwelling in the future in SH spring, and the reverse in SH summer. These seasonal changes are attributed to changes in wave drag caused by ozone-induced changes in the zonal mean zonal winds. Climate change, on the other hand, causes a steady decrease in wave drag during SH spring, which delays the breakdown of the vortex, resulting in increased wave drag in summer.
[Experimental research on choroidal circulation. 2. Choroidal blood flow increase elicited by electrical stimulation of parasympathetic nerve behind the eyeball in the cat].

The present studies were performed to examine whether the nerves behind the eye ball contain parasympathetic fibers which dilate the choroidal blood vessels. Choroidal blood flow in the cat (20 animals) was measured trans-sclerally with a laser Doppler flowmeter. Cats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg, i.v.) and artificially respirated after injection of pancuronium bromide (0.2 mg/kg/hr, i.v.). Electrical stimulation of the short ciliary nerve as well as of the nerve between the ciliary ganglion and accessory ciliary ganglion, where the sensory nerve is absent, elicited an increase choroidal blood flow in an intensity-dependent manner. Application of capsaicin, which is known to desensitize the polymodal nociceptive C-fibers, to these nerves did not abolish the increase in blood flow in response to electrical stimulation of the short ciliary nerve. Atropine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, and phentolamine, an alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent, had no effect on these responses. The results suggest that the blood flow increase elicited by stimulation of these nerves is mediated via activation of the atropine-resistant parasympathetic vasodilator fibers supplying the choroid in the cat.
Mechanical verification of compiler correctness

A large investment is made in the development, testing, validation and veri cation of source code for critical applications. But there remains a semantic gap between the source code produced and the object code which is executed. Standards for the development of critical systems recognize this, and mandate either the use of a trusted compiler (one that has been proven to produce correct object code) or the demonstration that the object code is a correct re nement of the source code (a lengthy and complex process). This thesis examines: 1. the extent to which tool support is an essential ingredient in proofs of compiler correctness; 2. the extent to which these proofs may be automated; 3. the relationship between the complexity of the source language and the proof e ort required; 4. the scalability of a mechanical method of compiler veri cation. To do this, we present the development of the proof of correctness of a compiler for a small imperative language Tosca, targeted at an imaginary assembler Aida. The work presented here is an extension of the Z speci cation and hand proof presented in Stepney's book \High Integrity Compilation | A Case Study", recasting the speci cation and proofs within the framework of the PVS speci cation and veri cation system from SRI International. We also assess the lessons learnt in the translation of a hand treatment of the problem in a partial logic, to an automatic treatment in a total logic with a richly expressive type system; from hand proof to automatic checking, and the inter-relationship between the speci cation and the ability to automate the proof process.
The clinical success of all-ceramic restorations.

BACKGROUND The authors conducted a comprehensive literature review to compile and compare clinical evidence for the treatment of teeth using all-ceramic restorations. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED The authors searched the English-language peer-reviewed literature using MEDLINE and PubMed with a focus on research published between 1993 and 2008. They also conducted a hand search of relevant dental journals. They reviewed randomized controlled trials, nonrandomized controlled studies, longitudinal experimental clinical studies, longitudinal prospective studies and longitudinal retrospective studies. RESULTS Evidence suggests that for veneers, intracoronal restorations and complete-coverage restorations for single-rooted anterior teeth, clinicians may choose from any all-ceramic system on the basis of esthetic needs (many systems have had greater than 90 percent success at six years). Well-studied molar restorations include those made of alumina and, increasingly, zirconia and bonded lithium disilicate. Reasonable evidence has shown the effectiveness of anterior three-unit fixed partial dentures made of lithium disilicate, alumina and zirconia. For three-unit restorations involving a molar, expert consensus suggests that only zirconia-based systems are indicated. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Available evidence indicates the effectiveness of many all-ceramic systems for numerous clinical applications. Bonding has been shown to increase clinical success. Studies of zirconia prostheses indicate problems with porcelain cracking.
Pattern Formation in Keller-Segel Chemotaxis Models with Logistic Growth

In this paper, we investigate pattern formation in Keller–Segel chemotaxis models over a multidimensional bounded domain subject to homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. It is shown that the positive homogeneous steady state loses its stability as chemoattraction rate χ increases. Then using Crandall–Rabinowitz local theory with χ being the bifurcation parameter, we obtain the existence of nonhomogeneous steady states of the system which bifurcate from this homogeneous steady state. Stability of the bifurcating solutions is also established through rigorous and detailed calculations. Our results provide a selection mechanism of stable wavemode which states that the only stable bifurcation branch must have a wavemode number that minimizes the bifurcation value. Finally, we perform extensive numerical simulations on the formation of stable steady states with striking structures such as boundary spikes, interior spikes, stripes, etc. These nontrivial patterns can model cellular aggregation that develop th.
A study of practical biological phantoms with simple instrumentation for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT)

16-electrode phantoms are developed and studied with a simple instrumentation developed for electrical impedance tomography. An analog instrumentation is developed with a sinusoidal current generator and signal conditioner circuit. Current generator is developed with modified Howland constant current source fed by a voltage controlled oscillator and the signal conditioner circuit consisting of an instrumentation amplifier and a narrow band pass filter. Electronic hardware is connected to the electrodes through a DIP switch based multiplexer module. Phantoms with different electrode size and position are developed and the EIT forward problem is studied using the forward solver. A low frequency low magnitude sinusoidal current is injected to the surface electrodes surrounding the phantom boundary and the differential potential is measured by a digital multimeter. Comparing measured potential with the simulated data it is intended to reduce the measurement error and an optimum phantom geometry is suggested. Result shows that the common mode electrode reduces the common mode error of the EIT electronics and reduces the error potential in the measured data. Differential potential is reduced up to 67 mV at the voltage electrode pair opposite to the current electrodes. Offset potential is measured and subtracted from the measured data for further correction. It is noticed that the potential data pattern depends on the electrode width and the optimum electrode width is suggested. It is also observed that measured potential becomes acceptable with a 20 mm solution column above and below the electrode array level.
Hemispheric Language Dominance in Children Demonstrated by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The objective of this study was to demonstrate hemispheric language dominance in normal children. Fifteen normal children were evaluated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using an age-related silent word spelling paradigm. The data were analyzed with the cross-correlation method, and lateralization indices were calculated in language regions as determined by Talairach coordinates. Activation foci were detected in the left inferior frontal area and were strongly lateralized, with language lateralization indices of 0.74 ± 0.21 (age 7-12 years, nine subjects), and 0.79 ± 0.18 (13-18 years, six subjects). The indices were similar to those for adults (0.83 ± 0.21, four subjects). Our study established that language is strongly lateralized to the left hemisphere in children as young as 7 years of age. (J Child Neurol 1999;14:78-82).
Endothelial Cell-Mediated Antigen Presentation

Immune recognition of endothelial cells (ECs) has been implicated in a number of vascular diseases. Although ECs have been shown to stimulate T lymphocytes in vitro, these conditions were not physiological, and it remained unclear what occurred in vivo. Antigen presentation by ECs in vivo was tested using transgenic mice that express a protein antigen (ß-galactosidase, ß-gal) exclusively in their ECs. This transgenic approach avoided potentially inflammatory manipulations. Transgenic mice responded to immunization with the antigen (protein or DNA) with strong B and T cell-mediated immunity. No effects of the immune response on the vessels in vivo could be detected, and ECs continued to express ß-gal. Skin grafts from transgenic mice onto nontransgenic mice suffered a type of vascular rejection, strongly suggesting that specific lymphocytes in hosts recognize and respond against ß-gal+ ECs in the skin grafts. However, heart transplants containing ß-gal+ ECs were accepted indefinitely by nontransgenic hosts. Moreover, skin grafts with ß-gal+ ECs were accepted onto hosts with hearts containing ß-gal+ ECs, suggesting that the immune system had recognized and learned to tolerate the heart ECs. The implications for transplantation and persistent infection are discussed.
Tianjinese Lexical Tone , Tone Sandhi , and Prosody : Amplitude-f 0 Dependency under Prominence in Mandarin

In Tianjin Mandarin, f0 and amplitude track together on low (L) tone T1, low rising (LH) tone T3, and high falling (HL) tone T4, as is claimed to be true generally of Standard Mandarin (see Yip 2002). In contrast, lexical high tone T2 f0 tracks least systematically with amplitude, whereas tonesandhi derived high tones on T3 and T2 co-vary with amplitude most consistently. The tone sandhi induced insertion of T2 high f0/db pitch accent between adjacent low tones co-occurs with phrase level prominence on the disyllabic word or phrase in which it appears. These facts are consistent with other evidence in Tianjinese of H pitch accent surfacing before L tones: f0 on neutral tone 0 before L Tone 1 and LH Tone 3 syllables is high, on hypothesis in the same phrasal environments, and f0/amplitude excursions on T3 before L T1 often are as well. These data support the author’s hypothesis (Davison in press) that a high f0/db pitch accent marks intonational phrase, contrary to the prevailing assumption that lexical tone languages such as Chinese do not permit phrasal pitch accents internal to intonational phrases.
FGF signaling pathways in endochondral and intramembranous bone development and human genetic disease.

Over the last decade the identification of mutations in the receptors for fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) has defined essential roles for FGF signaling in both endochondral and intramembranous bone development. FGF signaling pathways are essential for the earliest stages of limb development and throughout skeletal development. In this review, we examine the role of FGF signaling in bone development and in human genetic diseases that affect bone development. We also explore what is presently known about how FGF signaling pathways interact with other major signaling pathways that regulate chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Overview of skeletal development Skeletal elements are formed through two distinct developmental processes. Endochondral ossification gives rise to long bones that comprise the appendicular skeleton, facial bones, vertebrae, and the lateral medial clavicles. Intramembranous ossification gives rise to the flat bones that comprise the cranium and medial clavicles. Both types of ossification involve an initial condensation of mesenchyme and the eventual formation of calcified bone. However, intramembranous bone formation accomplishes this directly, whereas endochondral ossification incorporates an intermediate step in which a cartilaginous template regulates the growth and patterning of the developing skeletal element. Development of endochondral bones initiates shortly after the formation of the limb bud with the condensation of loose mesenchyme, marked by expression of type
Should the results of the HOPE study affect nephrological practice? For the HOPE investigators.

The renin‐angiotensin system (RAS ) is well known evidence of coronary heart disease, >25% because of for its role in blood pressure and electrolyte and diabetes plus one other risk factor and the rest (about volume homeostasis. Experimental evidence from 10%) because of peripheral vascular disease or stroke. recent years linked the RAS with inflammatory pro- The active treatment was added to any other drugs the cesses; the stimulation of interstitial fibrosis and of patient needed. At the end of the trial, about 80% of mesangial sclerosis may be taken as examples in neph- the patients were on antiplatelet drugs and about rology [1,2]. In a more general perspective, the RAS 40‐50% each on betablockers, on calcium antagonists was shown experimentally to promote the initiation and on lipid lowering drugs. and progression of atherosclerosis by its proinflammatory and pro-coagulatory actions. In accordance with this notion, epidemiologial evidence associ- What was found? ated activation of the RAS with a higher prevalence of atherosclerotic complications in hypertensive Vitamin E was without any eVect on outcomes. On patients [3,4]. Obviously, ACE inhibitors interfere also Ramipril, a total of 653 (14.1%) patients reached a with kinins. It is therefore entirely possible that stimu- primary end-point and 824 (17.7%) on placebo (relative lation of bradykinin contributes to the eVects of ACE risk, RR, 0.78, P<0.001). Ramipril significantly inhibitors [5]. (P<0.01) reduced myocardial infarction (9.9 vs The HOPE study tested the hypothesis that inhibi- 12.2%), cardiovascular death (6.1 vs 8.1%), stroke (3.4 tion of the RAS and stimulation of bradykinin by the vs 4.9%), revascularization procedures (16.0 vs 18.6%), ACE inhibitor Ramipril would reduce cardiovascular and diabetic complications (6.2 vs 7.4%, P=0.03). events in patients at high cardiovascular risk—includ- Unexpectedly, diabetes mellitus was diagnosed de novo ing predominately normotensive patients [6‐9]. The during the trial less frequently in patients on Ramipril ambition to go from experimental evidence to clinical (n=105) than in patients on placebo (n=154, relative investigation was prompted by the success of ACE risk 0.68, P=0.002). The major problem associated inhibitor treatment in patients with reduced left ventri- with Ramipril was a 5% rate of cough. It appeared cular function [10]. In the latter patients the ACE that the relative benefit of Ramipril became greater inhibitors, unexpectedly, appeared to reduce not only with time and was evident in all pre-defined subgroups. the frequency of cardiac failure but also the rate of Such groups included hypertensive (47% of the populamyocardial infarction [10]. tion), diabetic (38%), male and female patients (26%), those with microalbuminuria (21%) and those without known cardiovascular disease. Treating 1000 patients What was done?
High-power-density versatile DC-DC converter for environmentally friendly data centre

An approach to realize a high-power-density versatile DC-DC converter was proposed for the future 380 V DC distribution network in data centres. The series-parallel circuit topology of 48 V DC-DC converters was applied to develop a 384 V DC-DC converter. Availability of the proposed approach is verified by the high-power-density converter design methodology. To confirm the validity, a prototype of a non-isolated 32 V-48 V boost converter with the efficiency of more than 99 % and the power density of more than 10 W/cm3 was fabricated by using commercially available Gallium Nitride (GaN) power devices. The fabricated converter is commonly available for various converter applications in the 380 V DC network, and this contributes to realize future environmentally friendly data centres.
Web Traffic Latency: Characteristics and Implications

It is critical to understand WWW latency in order to design better HTTP protocols. In this study we c haracterize Web response time and examine the eeects of proxy caching, network bandwidth, traac load, persistent connections for a page, and periodicity. Based on studies with four workloads, we show that at least a quarter of the total elapsed time is spent on establishing TCP connections with HTTPP1.0. The distributions of connection time and elapsed time can be modeled using Pearson, Weibul, or Log-logistic distributions. Response times display strong daily and weekly patterns. We also characterize the eeect of a user's network bandwidth on response time. Average connection time from a client via a 33.6 K modem is two times longer than that from a client via switched Ethernet. We estimate the elapsed time savings from using persistent connections for a page to vary from about a quarter to a half. This study nds that a proxy caching server is sensitive to traac loads. Contrary to the typical thought about Web proxy caching, this study also nds that a single stand-alone squid proxy cache does not always reduce response time for our workloads. Implications of these results to future versions of the HTTP protocol and to Web application design are discussed.
Compartmental infections of the hand

Suppurative conditions of the hand-wrist compartments result in a “vicious circle” of infection and increase in compartmental pressure that reduces perfusion of soft tissues and facilitates spreading of the infection. We have assessed the outcome of such infections in relation to the infecting pathogen, delay in diagnosis, and method of treatment. Fifty-nine patients were treated with drainage, irrigation, and antibiotics and followed up for 6–58 (median 18) months. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 29 of 39 cultures (74%) that grew pathogens. At the latest follow-up results were excellent in 49 cases. Sixteen required reoperation or readmission. There was a significant association between final range of movement (ROM) and extent of infection (p=0.01). The type of pathogen was also significantly associated with a worse outcome (p=0.03 for ROM, p=0.04 for DASH). These infections have poor results when treatment is delayed or inadequate, as a result of the extended infection, inadequate drainage or inappropriate antibiotic treatment of certain types of bacteria.
Endomyocardial Biopsy Guided by Electroanatomic Voltage Mapping in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report

A positive endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is a major diagnostic criterion for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Nevertheless, its sensitivity is low due to the focal nature of the disease. Moreover, myocardial samples are usually taken from the uncommonly involved interventricular septum to minimize the risk of perforation. In this report, we describe a novel bioptical approach for ARVC diagnosis guided by the identification of right ventricle (RV) affected regions by means of electroanatomical voltage mapping.
Exploitation of Plasmid pMRC01 To Direct Transfer of Mobilizable Plasmids into Commercial Lactococcal Starter Strains

ABSTRACT Genetic analysis of the 60.2-kb lactococcal plasmid pMRC01 revealed a 19.6-kb region which includes putative genes for conjugal transfer of the plasmid and a sequence resembling an origin of transfer (oriT). This oriT-like sequence was amplified and cloned on a 312-bp segment into pCI372, allowing the resultant plasmid, pRH001, to be mobilized at a frequency of 3.4 × 10−4 transconjugants/donor cell from an MG1363 (recA mutant) host containing pMRC01. All of the resultant chloramphenicol-resistant transconjugants contained both pRH001 and genetic determinants responsible for bacteriocin production and immunity of pMRC01. This result is expected, given that transconjugants lacking the lacticin 3147 immunity determinants (on pMRC01) would be killed by bacteriocin produced by the donor cells. Indeed, incorporation of proteinase K in the mating mixture resulted in the isolation of transformants, of which 47% were bacteriocin deficient. Using such an approach, the oriT-containing fragment was exploited to mobilize pRH001 alone to a number of lactococcal hosts. These results demonstrate that oriTof pMRC01 has the potential to be used in the development of mobilizable food-grade vectors for the genetic enhancement of lactococcal starter strains, some of which may be difficult to transform.