Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bodies do Matter: Rethinking Anatomical Pedagogy, from the Scalpel to the Mouse: A Review.

Address for Correspondence: Dr.(Mrs) Subhra Mandal, MD (Anatomy), Associate Professor, Medical College Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Contact No.: +919477458100 E-Mail: drsuvramandal@gmail.com Anatomy and dissection have long been considered a cornerstone in medical education, irrespective of nation, racial background or medical school. By learning gross anatomy, medical students get a first “impression” about the structure of human body which is the basis for understanding pathologic and clinical problems. Anatomy teaching methodology has been revolutionized in the 2Ist century, due to time constraints, less availability of cadavers, stress on computer aided learning, scarcity of qualified teachers, changes in the demands of medical profession and neglect of vertical integration of anatomy teaching. Until recently, dissection and didactic lectures were its sole pedagogy, worldwide. But over the last few decades, traditional anatomy teaching based on topographical structural anatomy taught in lectures and gross dissection classes has been replaced by a vivid range of study modules like problem based learning(PBL) and computer assisted learning(CAL),and curricula integration. Though the anatomy curriculum is undergoing international reformation but it lacks uniformity among institutions. The available modern international literature, describing various methodologies for teaching/learning anatomy conclude that Anatomists are constantly debating over the following questions-How much to teach, when to teach and how to teach gross anatomy. We endeavor to answer these questions and contribute to the debate on the ideal methodology for teaching /learning anatomy. Alternative strategies and resources are also discussed so that we can re establish more effective teaching /learning tools while maintaining the beneficial values of orthodox dissection . If we are not concentrating on optimum anatomy education, it will inevitably lead to incompetent anatomists and healthcare professionals, leaving patients to face unwanted consequences of medical error.
Foods for the prevention of diabetes: how do they work?

With the diabetes epidemic reaching menacing proportions worldwide, there is an urgent need for the development of cost‐efficient prevention strategies to be effective at the population level. Great potential in this direction lies in properly designed, large‐scale dietary interventions. The macronutrient composition and the caloric content of our diet are major determinants of glucose homeostasis and there is a continuously growing list of foods, nutrients or individual compounds that have been associated with an increased or reduced incidence of diabetes mellitus. These include fat, carbohydrates, fibre, alcohol, polyphenols and other micronutrients or individual dietary compounds, which have been shown to either promote or prevent a progression towards a (pre‐)diabetic state. This review aims to briefly summarize relevant epidemiological data linking foods to diabetes and to provide insights into the mechanisms through which these effects are mediated. These include improvement of insulin sensitivity or promotion of insulin resistance, regulation of inflammatory pathways, regulation of glucose transport and tissue glucose uptake, aggravation or attenuation of postprandial glycaemia/insulinaemia, interactions with hormonal responses and β‐cell‐dependent mechanisms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperacute rejection of a bovine pericardial prosthesis.

Aortic valve replacement has become a straightforward operation, accompanied by low mortality rates. In the elderly and childbearing populations, the use of bioprosthetic valves has supplanted that of mechanical prostheses. We present the case of a patient with a newly implanted bovine heterograft in which hyperacute fibrin deposition developed, resulting in outflow obstruction and cardiac decompensation.
Are professional handball players at risk for developing a glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in their dominant arm?

ABSTRACT Objectives: Overhead athletes, such as baseball players, have been shown to have adaptive changes in the shoulder range of motion (ROM) of their dominant arm. Professional handball players are a unique subtype of overhead athletes with very different demands from baseball players. The aim of this study was to determine if professional handball players demonstrate differences in shoulder ROM between their dominant and non-dominant arm and try to relate them with new variables. Methods: Fifty professional male handball players were included and completed a questionnaire regarding age at which they started to play, number of hours they practice a week, field position and arm dominance. ROM measurements were performed including forward flexion (FF), external rotation with the shoulder in abduction (ABER) and with adducted arm (ADER) and internal rotation with shoulder in abduction (IR). Statistical analysis was performed to determine differences in ROM between the dominant and non-dominant shoulder and if there is a relationship between these differences and shoulder load or field position. Results: The dominant arm showed decreased internal rotation (47 vs. 56 degrees, p < 0.001) and increased external rotation both with the arm abducted (99 vs. 88 degrees, p < 0.001) and at the side (62 vs 57 degrees, p = 0.001). This was not correlated with shoulder load for any movement (FF, p = 0.980; ABER, p = 0.741; ADER, p = 0.803; IR, p = 0.085) but was dependent on field position with first line players showing the highest internal rotation deficit (13 degrees vs. 6–7 degrees in the other field positions, p = 0.013). Conclusion: This study showed that professional male handball players with a first line position have a significant risk for developing a glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, similar to the phenomenon seen in baseball pitchers.
The Neurocognitive Phenotype of Female Carriers of Fragile X: Additional Evidence for Specificity

The specificity of the neurocognitive profile among women with the fragile X gene, in relation to cytogenetic expression, was examined among 22 women with ≥2% expression, 35 0% obligate carriers, and 60 controls. Measures were obtained for intellectual ability; achievement; and verbal, nonverbal, memory, and executive functions. Findings show that no group consistently demonstrated global deficits in the verbal, nonverbal or memory domains. In contrast, even when controlling for the effects of IQ, the expressing women exhibited (1) deficits on measures of executive function, (2) deficits in measures of attention and visual-spatial skills, and (3) enhanced performance on verbal, but not figural, memory. No deficits were seen among obligate carriers. This study supports the notion that executive function deficits and/or visual-spatial skills may account for the behavioral and cognitive manifestations of fragile X. J Dev Behav Pediatr 14:328–335, 1993. Index terms: fragile X, cognitive, executive function, frontal lobe, neuropsychological.
Controls Over Leaf Litter and Soil Nitrogen Fixation in Two Lowland Tropical Rain Forests

Global comparisons suggest that rates of N fixation in tropical rain forests may be among the highest on earth. However, data supporting this contention are rare, and the factors that regulate N fixation within the biome remain largely unknown. We conducted a full‐factorial (N × P) fertilization experiment in two lowland tropical rain forests in Costa Rica to explore the effects of nutrient availability on rates of free‐living N fixation in leaf litter and soil. P fertilization significantly increased N fixation rates in both leaf litter and soil, and the effect was dependent on sampling date. Fertilization with N did not affect rates of N fixation at any time. In addition, variation in N fixation rates measured in unfertilized plots at four sampling time points suggested seasonal variability in N fixation: leaf litter N fixation ranged from 0.36 kg/ha/yr in the dry season to 5.48 kg/ha/yr in the wet season. Soil N fixation showed similar patterns ranging from a dry season low of 0.26 kg/ha/yr to a wet season high of 2.71 kg/ha/yr. While the observed temporal variability suggests potential climatic control over free‐living N fixation in these forests, data suggest that neither soil nor leaf litter moisture alone regulate N fixation rates. Instead, we hypothesize that a combination of ample C availability, low leaf litter N:P ratios, and high rainfall coincide during the latter portions of the rainy season and drive the highest free‐living N fixation rates of the year.
Hospital mortality for patients with bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To evaluate the relationship between hospital mortality and bloodstream infections due to Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING A 1,400-bed, university-affiliated urban teaching hospital. PATIENTS Between December 2001 and September 2002, 314 patients with bacteremia due to S aureus or P aeruginosa were prospectively evaluated. INTERVENTION Prospective patient surveillance and data collection. RESULTS Thirteen patients (4.1%) received inadequate initial antibiotic treatment. Fifty-four patients (17.2%) died during hospitalization. Hospital mortality was statistically greater for patients with bloodstream infections due to P aeruginosa (n = 49) compared to methicillin-sensitive S aureus (MSSA) [n = 117; 30.6% vs 16.2%, p = 0.036] and methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) [n = 148; 30.6% vs 13.5%, p = 0.007]. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified the lack of response to initial medical treatment (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.83 to 3.94; p = 0.010) and endocarditis (AOR, 4.62; 95% CI, 2.45 to 8.73; p = 0.016) as independent determinants of hospital mortality. Patients with bloodstream infections due to P aeruginosa were statistically more likely to be nonresponders to early medical treatment compared to patients with MSSA (73.5% vs 11.1%, p < 0.001) and MRSA (73.5% vs 16.9%, p < 0.001) bloodstream infections. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that bloodstream infections due to P aeruginosa have a greater risk of hospital mortality compared to bloodstream infections due to S aureus despite adequate antibiotic treatment.
The Pathwise Semi-Blind Algorithm for Downlink DS-CDMA Systems Using Antenna Arrays

This paper presents a semi-blind algorithm for multiuser interference cancellation and fading amplitude estimation for downlink MIMO DS-CDMA systems with multipath fading channels. Taking advantage of the space-time information of the parametric multipath channel, the proposed algorithm first uses a space-time channel decoupler to suppress multiuser interference and then decomposes the channel into a set of parallel subchannels each containing the signal of the desired user on an individual multipath. Two criteria, the complementary orthogonal projection (COP) and the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR), are employed by the space-time decoupler to achieve interference suppression and signal separation. The fading amplitudes can then be estimated from the eigen space of the output of the space-time channel decoupler. It follows that the signal of interest can be maximally combined in a pathwise manner and then differentially decoded.
Polarization of cell growth in yeast.

The actin cytoskeleton provides the structural basis for cell polarity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as most other eukaryotes. In Part I of this two-part commentary, presented in the previous issue of Journal of Cell Science, we discussed the basis by which yeast establishes and maintains different states of polarity through &Rgr; GTPases and cyclin-dependent protein kinase signaling. Here we discuss how, in response to those signals, the actin cytoskeleton guides growth of the yeast cell. A polarized array of actin cables at the cell cortex is the primary structural determinant of polarity. Motors such as class V myosins use this array to transport secretory vesicles, mRNA and organelles towards growth sites, where they are anchored by a cap of cytoskeletal and regulatory proteins. Cortical actin patches enhance and maintain this polarity, probably through endocytic recycling, which allows reuse of materials and prevents continued growth at old sites. The dynamic arrangement of targeting and recycling provides flexibility for the precise control of morphogenesis.
Strong quantum-size effects in a layered semiconductor: MoS2 nanoclusters.

High-quality, size-selected, nano-size (2--15 nm[plus minus]10%) clusters of MoS[sub 2] have been successfully grown inside inverse micellar cages and their optical properties have been studied. These clusters exhibit (1) large blueshifts in the optical-absorption features with decreasing cluster size due to quantum confinement, affording great tailorability in the absorption thresholds and (2) a demonstration of the crossover from bandlike (solid) to moleculelike spectra as the size of the clusters becomes smaller than that of the exciton in the bulk.
Antiangiogenic therapy through copper chelation

As new compounds are being evaluated for use in clinical trials involving antiangiogenic therapies, two important factors must be considered. Independent of clinical efficacy, the potential drug must be cost-effective and have reasonable ease of production. The compound endostatin (Entremed, Inc.) has recently completed two Phase I trials with minimal toxicity to the patients treated [1,2]. However, due to the difficulty and expense of producing large quantities of a recombinant protein, Entremed Inc. has experienced financial difficulties [3]. As this company’s fate indicates, a drug must not only be clinically effective, but must also possess reasonable production economics. Another interesting component of compound development is selectivity. Highly selective antiangiogenic compounds such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU-5416 are being replaced by less selective compounds such as SU-6668, which acts on a broader spectrum of tyrosine kinase receptors [4]. This move towards using less selective antiangiogenic compounds is based on preclinical models that demonstrate both better clinical efficacy when using less specific molecules and low response rates from the more selective compounds. With the aim of further examining broadly-acting antiangiogenic agents, the authors are currently evaluating new classes of agents that preferentially bind copper and inhibit angiogenesis. Copper has been known to be a significant target for antiangiogenic therapy for a number of years [5]. Recently, through the use of molecular techniques, the target enzymes that utilise copper as a cofactor are being elucidated. This review will describe the historical use of anticopper therapy for the treatment of Wilson’s disease and evaluate some of the new anticopper compounds currently under consideration for use in antiangiogenic therapy.
Humanized Tau Mice with Regionalized Amyloid Exhibit Behavioral Deficits but No Pathological Interaction

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) researchers have struggled for decades to draw a causal link between extracellular Aβ aggregation and intraneuronal accumulation of microtubule-associated protein tau. The amyloid cascade hypothesis posits that Aβ deposition promotes tau hyperphosphorylation, tangle formation, cell loss, vascular damage, and dementia. While the genetics of familial AD and the pathological staging of sporadic disease support this sequence of events, attempts to examine the molecular mechanism in transgenic animal models have largely relied on models of other inherited tauopathies as the basis for testing the interaction with Aβ. In an effort to more accurately model the relationship between Aβ and wild-type tau in AD, we intercrossed mice that overproduce human Aβ with a tau substitution model in which all 6 isoforms of the human protein are expressed in animals lacking murine tau. We selected an amyloid model in which pathology was biased towards the entorhinal region so that we could further examine whether the anticipated changes in tau phosphorylation occurred at the site of Aβ deposition or in synaptically connected regions. We found that Aβ and tau had independent effects on locomotion, learning, and memory, but found no behavioral evidence for an interaction between the two transgenes. Moreover, we saw no indication of amyloid-induced changes in the phosphorylation or aggregation of human tau either within the entorhinal area or elsewhere. These findings suggest that robust amyloid pathology within the medial temporal lobe has little effect on the metabolism of wild type human tau in this model.
Laser and electron‐beam powder‐bed additive manufacturing of metallic implants: A review on processes, materials and designs

Additive manufacturing (AM), also commonly known as 3D printing, allows the direct fabrication of functional parts with complex shapes from digital models. In this review, the current progress of two AM processes suitable for metallic orthopaedic implant applications, namely selective laser melting (SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM) are presented. Several critical design factors such as the need for data acquisition for patient‐specific design, design dependent porosity for osteo‐inductive implants, surface topology of the implants and design for reduction of stress‐shielding in implants are discussed. Additive manufactured biomaterials such as 316L stainless steel, titanium‐6aluminium‐4vanadium (Ti6Al4V) and cobalt‐chromium (CoCr) are highlighted. Limitations and future potential of such technologies are also explored. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:369–385, 2016.
The role of low‐molecular‐weight heparins in cardiovascular medicine

Low‐molecular‐weight heparins (LMWHs) have been shown to be as effective and safe as unfractionated heparin (UFH) for acute phase treatment of acute coronary syndrome in the absence of ST‐elevation [unstable angina/non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI)]. LMWHs have practical advantages over UFH, including usual lack of requirement for laboratory monitoring of the anticoagulant response because of their favourable pharmacokinetic properties, and thus represent a simpler and more cost‐effective option in clinical practice. The LMWH dalteparin has been shown to provide extended therapy benefit to high‐risk UA/NSTEMI patients and can provide a protective bridge until revascularization. While revascularization procedures are now an established intervention for patients with UA/NSTEMI, a new approach for patients who cannot undergo immediate catheter intervention is to continue with medical treatment until revascularization is possible. LMWHs are currently being investigated for use in the catheterization laboratory, in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention procedures, and in conjunction with thrombolytics for treatment of acute myocardial infarction.
Categorización de las ilustraciones presentes en libros de texto de Tecnología

En este trabajo se realiza una descripcion desde la linguistica textual de los elementos principales de un texto que permite incluir a las ilustraciones como uno de los elementos que forman el paratexto. Para categorizar las ilustraciones presentes en tres libros de texto de Tecnologia se seleccionan las imagenes de un conjunto de temas relativos a la generacion y distribucion de la energia electrica. Los libros estan destinados al tercer ciclo de la Educacion General Basica del Sistema Educativo argentino y se utiliza una taxonomia propuesta por Perales y Jimenez (2002). Este instrumento sirve para el analisis del componente iconico y ha sido validado para categorizar las ilustraciones de textos de ciencias. En este trabajo se aplica a libros de texto de Tecnologia como forma de acercamiento al estudio de un area nueva en la educacion argentina. Se analizan los resultados obtenidos y se extraen conclusiones respecto a la aplicacion del instrumento en textos de Tecnologia.
Side effects of therapy of hepatitis C and their management

Interferon and ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C produces a number of well‐described side effects that are dominated by fatigue, influenza‐like symptoms, hematologic abnormalities, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Combination therapy with pegylated interferons (peginterferon alfa‐2a and alfa‐2b) yields an adverse event profile similar to standard interferon, although the frequency of certain adverse events may vary by preparation. Premature withdrawal from therapy due to adverse events was required in 10% to 14% of participants in registration trials of these agents. Most adverse events were safely and effectively managed by dose reduction using predetermined criteria. The most common indications for dose reduction were hematologic abnormalities, such as anemia and neutropenia, with the latter more frequent in peginterferon treatment arms. Recent data suggest that maintaining adherence to a prescribed treatment regimen can enhance antiviral response. Strategies to maximize adherence are being developed and, in the future, may include early identification of and therapy for depression and the selective use of hematopoietic growth factors to ameliorate hematologic abnormalities.
The differential responding of college students to subtle and obvious MCMI subscales.

This study investigated the differential responding of 49 male and 92 female college students to subtle and obvious MCMI scale items. It had been predicted that item subtlety would be correlated positively with item endorsement. This prediction was supported across all 175 MCMI items (r = .34). In addition, subjects endorsed a greater percentage of subtle than obvious subscale items for eight Basic Personality scales and two of three Pathological Personality scales. However, this pattern was not consistent for the nine Symptom Disorder scales. It also had been predicted that gender would moderate subjects' differential responding to subtle and obvious items, whereby males would show a greater tendency than females to endorse relatively more subtle than obvious items. This prediction was not supported.
Picture Based Food Recommendation

Das Teilen von Fotos ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil in sozialen Medien geworden. Gerade das Phänomen Food Porn, Fotos von schmackhaft angerichteten Speisen, erlebt in den letzten Jahren einen regelrechten Boom. Der in diesem Paper vorgestellte Prototyp eines bildbasierten RecommenderSystems nutzt solche Fotos als Inund Output. Der Nutzerinput besteht lediglich aus einem “like” oder “dislike” eines Food Porn-Fotos. Der Recommender soll Kochideen generieren und Rezepte vorschlagen, die dem aktuellen Appetit des Nutzers auf Essen entsprechen, indem er Vorlieben erlernt. Die Datengrundlage schafft ein in das System integrierter Crowdsourcing-Ansatz zum Sammeln von Tags zu den Fotos. Die gängigsten Gamification-Features dienen der Motivation der User, am Aufbau des Datensatzes mitzuwirken. In einer tagebuchähnlichen Langzeitstudie wurden das RecommenderKonzept und die Gamification-Features untersucht und erfolgreich validiert. Künftiges Forschungsinteresse könnte auf der Weiterentwicklung und Evaluation des Recommender-Algorithmus und der Anwendung an sich sowie der Umsetzung als native mobile App liegen.