Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Combinatorics of open covers (IX): Basis properties

We introduce the concepts of diagonalization basis property and strong diag- onalization basis property. For appropriate spaces having these properties we show that the classical selection properties are equivalent to certain basis properties of the spaces. In partic- ular, these equivalences hold for various metrizable spaces. The Sorgenfrey line, which is not metrizable, has the diagonalization basis property and thus our results also apply in this case. We calculate critical selection cardinals for subspaces of the Sorgenfrey line.
Progressive Cerebral Arteriopathy – Moyamoya Disease: A Report of Two Cases with Different Clinical Presentation

Abstract Moyamoya disease is a chronic and unusual cerebrovascular disorder characterized by progressive stenosis and occlusion of the distal portions of internal carotid arteries and its main branches within the circle of Willis. Posterior circulation (vertebral and basilar arteries) may also be affected; however, this presentation is uncommon. As well as stenosis of the terminal portion of intracranial arteries, it is seen the development of a network of collateral vessels abnormally dilated at the base of the brain with an aspect of a “puff of smoke,” whose term in Japanese is described as “moyamoya. ” The present study aims to report two consecutive cases of patients who presented to our service with different clinical manifestations. Further investigation with digital subtraction angiography showed a moyamoya pattern.
A biogeographical approach to plant invasions: the importance of studying exotics in their introduced and native range

1 Most theory and empirical research on exotic invasions is based on the assumption that problematic exotics are much more abundant in the regions where they invade than in the regions where they are native. However, the overwhelming majority of studies on exotic plants have been conducted solely within the introduced range. With few exceptions, ecologists know surprisingly little about the abundance, interaction strengths and ecosystems impacts of even the best‐studied exotics in their native range. 2 We argue that taking a biogeographical approach is key to understanding exotic plant invasions. On a descriptive level, unambiguous quantification of distributions and abundances of exotics in native and introduced ranges are crucial. Experiments conducted at a biogeographical scale are also necessary to elucidate the mechanisms that enable highly successful exotics to occur at substantially higher abundance in their introduced vs. native communities. 3 We summarize the leading hypotheses for exotic plant success. We assert that tests of these major hypotheses for invasions (the natural enemies, evolution of invasiveness, empty niche and novel weapons hypotheses) require comparative biogeographical approaches. 4 In addition to focusing on comparative work in the native and introduced range, we also suggest other approaches that could yield important insight into processes that influence exotic success. 5 Increased understanding of invasions has the potential to provide unique insight into fundamental ecological theory, including that on individualistic‐holistic structure, the role of trophic interactions in population regulation, and the importance of co‐evolution in communities.
Shakespeare: The Comedies

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The Determinants of EU Processing Trade

This paper assesses the determinants of European outward and inward processing trade. Thereby, it distinguishes between size, relative factor endowment, (other) cost factors and infrastructure variables. Using a large panel of bilateral processing trade flows of the EU12 countries at the aggregate level over the period 1988-1999, we find that infrastructure variables, relative factor endowments and other cost variables are important determinants for the EU's outward processing trade. Costs also play a key role for the EU's inward processing trade. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2005.
A New Stochastic Kriging Method for Modeling Multi-Source Exposure–Response Data in Toxicology Studies

One of the most fundamental steps in risk assessment is to quantify the exposure–response relationship for the material/chemical of interest. This work develops a new statistical method, referred to as SKQ (stochastic kriging with qualitative factors), to synergistically model exposure–response data, which often arise from multiple sources (e.g., laboratories, animal providers, and shapes of nanomaterials) in toxicology studies. Compared to the existing methods, SKQ has several distinct features. First, SKQ integrates data across multiple sources and allows for the derivation of more accurate information from limited data. Second, SKQ is highly flexible and able to model practically any continuous response surfaces (e.g., dose–time–response surface). Third, SKQ is able to accommodate variance heterogeneity across experimental conditions and to provide valid statistical inference (i.e., quantify uncertainties of the model estimates). Through empirical studies, we have demonstrated SKQ’s ability to efficiently model exposure–response surfaces by pooling information across multiple data sources. SKQ fits into the mosaic of efficient decision-making methods for assessing the risk of a tremendously large variety of nanomaterials and helps to alleviate safety concerns regarding the enormous amount of new nanomaterials.
8 Hippocampal region

The anatomy of the hippocampal region has been studied intensely in rodents since Cajal (1911) and his pupil, Lorente de N6 (1934), carried out their classic slUdies using the Golgi method. In recent years, the cytoarchitecture and connections of the hippocampal region have been further elucidated by the work of Blackstad (1956, 1958), Raisman et al. (1965, 1966) and Hjorth-Simonsen (1972, 1973) using lesion methods. Meibach and Siegal (1975, 1977a, b), Swanson and Cowan (1975, 1976, 1977) and Steward (1976) used physiologic transport methods to study hippocampal connections. Finally, Swanson et al. (1981) used refinements of axonal tracing techniques and double-labeling methods to add to the literature on hippocampal anatomy. These studies, and many others, have contributed to make the rat hippocampal region one of the best known neural structures. The hippocampal region occupies most of the ventroposterior and ventro­ lateral walls of the cerebral cortex. All the major components of the hippo­ campal region can be viewed simultaneously in sections taken in the horizontal plane. Fig. I is a Nissl stained section which corresponds closely to Plate 60 of the stereotaxic atlas of Paxinos and Watson (1982). In proceeding from the rhinal fissure (RF) to the medial cortical edge, one finds six distinct structures (separated by dashed lines): entorhinal cortex (EntL, EntI, EntM, area 28), parasubiculum (PaS, area 49), presubiculum (PrS, area 27), subiculum proper (S), fields CA1-CA3 in Ammon's horn (Amn), and dentate gyrus (DG). The hippocampus (Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus) extends anteriorly beneath the corpus callosum to the posterior level of the septal nuclei. A rudiment of the hippocampal region extends in a small dorsomedial ridge above the corpus callosum (indusium griseum) into the anteromedial septal region (dorsal tenia tecta). The rudiment continues anteroventrally to mingle with medial parts of the anterior olfactory nucleus (ventral tenia tecta). In this chapter, I will discuss
Measuring value creating growth

’Growth’ as a concept is often not very well understood. Growth may be measured in a variety of ways (e.g., growth in turnover, earnings, earnings per share, assets, and shareholders equity). Investors and other capital providers generally find it attractive to invest in ‘growth firms. ’ For instance, earnings per share (EPS) figures are widely published and used by investors. An increase in EPS is seen as a signal of improved profitability. Likewise, growth in earnings measures such as EBIT, EBITA, EBITDA etc. seem to indicate that firms are value creating. Our paper discusses if and under what conditions growth in accounting variables (accounting numbers and financial ratios) is value creating. We find that growth in one-periodic earnings measures does not necessarily create wealth for shareholders. Only growth in economic income is value creating. Our analysis also provide evidence that users of accounting information should be aware of the quality of growth and distinguish between growth based on transitory vs. permanent components of earnings. Our analysis finally documents that growth in earnings per share or return on equity caused by share repurchases has no economic significance.
Les mouvements de la parole : de l'articulation à la gestuelle

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Les mouvements de la parole : de l’articulation à la gestuelle Alain Ghio, Marion Tellier
The SNePS Acting System

In UBGCCS-88, we presented propositional network representations for plans and acts to be used in the design of cognitive agent that can discuss, understand, and use its representations. The current version of the SNePS acting system can understand natural language utterances about a blocksworld. In this paper we present the architecture of this system. It includes the natural language understanding and generation components, the SNePS representations, the acting executive, the SNePS inference package, and the SNePS Belief Revision system. Several results obtained from the design and use of each of these components will be presented. Also, we will discuss specific research issues exposed by this study that we are currently working on.
The marine snail, Cerithidea californica, matures at smaller sizes where parasitism is high

I investigated life-history and parasitism in the salt marsh snail, Cerithidea californica. Latitude and growing conditions were important factors determining maturation size. After accounting for environmental variation, there was a negative association between the maturation size of snails and the prevalence of parasitic castration by larval trematodes. As predicted by life-history theory, this may represent an adaptation against parasitism that is similar to previous observations of life-history adaptations in species subject to predation or disturbance. However, it was unclear whether this adaptation was due to phenotypic plasticity or genetic differences among populations resulting from natural selection so I conducted a reciprocal transplant between sites with high and low prevalence and found source population differences in maturation size
A comprehensive study of the SX Phoenicis star BL Camelopardalis

Context. BL Cam is an extreme field multiperiodic short-period low-metallicity high-amplitude SX Phe-type variable where its probably complex pulsational content is subject of controversies. Aims. A comprehensive study has been carried out to investigate the nature and pulsational properties of this object. Methods. The analysis is based on new photometric data collected during the last few years at different sites, as well as on all available previously published data. Frequency analyses have been performed on a number of reliable data sets to analyse the pulsational content. In addition, the classical O−C method was used to study the behaviour of the main period. Results. Our frequency analysis confirms some aspects on the multiperiodicity of BL Cam, previously found by other authors, showing a number of secondary modes close to the main frequency f0 = 25.5769 cd −1 . The secondary modes present eventual amplitude variations. However, the main frequency exhibits no significant changes in its amplitude and seems to correspond to the fundamental mode of radial pulsation. Abrupt changes sometimes observed in the light curves could be due to spurious activity on or close to the star’s photosphere. We confirm the existence of a secondary frequency at 31.6 or 32.6 cd −1 , with variable amplitude, and with the possibility of both frequencies being intrinsic to the star. More than one hundred of new times of light maxima have been determined in the present work. These together with those available in the literature allow us a more discriminating analysis of the O–C diagram. This shows that the observed variations of the main period can be described by two terms: (i) a secular increase of the main period at a rate of dP/Pdt = 117(±3) × 10 −9 yr −1 ; and (ii) a perturbation from a companion star in a rather eccentric orbit with a period of 10.5(±0.2) yr causing a light time semi-amplitude of 148(±12) s.
Parallel architectures for entropy coding in a dual-standard ultra-HD video encoder

The mismatch between the rapid increase in resolution requirements and the slower increase in energy capacity demand more aggressive low-power circuit design techniques to maintain battery life of hand-held multimedia devices. As the operating voltage is lowered to reduce power consumption, the maximum operating frequency of the system must also decrease while the performance requirements remain constant. To meet these performance constraints imposed by the high resolution and complex functionality of video processing systems, novel techniques for increasing throughput are explored. In particular, the entropy coding functional block faces the most stringent requirements to deliver the necessary throughput due to its highly serial nature, especially to sustain real-time encoding. This thesis proposes parallel architectures for high-performance entropy coding for high-resolution, dual-standard video encoding. To demonstrate the most aggressive techniques for achieving standard reconfigurability, two markedly different video compression standards (H.264/AVC and VC-1) are supported. Specifically, the entropy coder must process data generated from a quad full-HD (4096x2160 pixels per frame, the equivalent of four full-HD frames) video at a frame rate of 30 frames per second and perform lossless compression to generate an output bitstream. This block will be integrated into a dual-standard video encoder chip targeted for operation at 0.6V, which will be fabricated following the completion of this thesis. Parallelism, as well as other techniques applied at the syntax element or bit level, are used to achieve the overall throughput requirements. Three frames of video data are processed in parallel at the system level, and varying degrees of parallelism are employed within the entropy coding block for each standard. The VC-1 entropy encoder block encodes 735M symbols per second with a gate count of 136.6K and power consumption of 304.5 pW, and the H.264 block encodes 4.97G binary symbols per second through three-frame parallelism and a 6-bin cascaded pipelining architecture with a critical path delay of 20.05 ns. Thesis Supervisor: Anantha P. Chandrakasan Title: Joseph F. and Nancy P. Keithley Professor of Electrical Engineering
OOT OF T RUST AND C HALLENGES

Trusted Computing intends to make PC platform trustworthy so that a user can have level of trust when working with it. To build a level of trust TCG gave specification of TPM, as integral part of TCB, for providing root(s) of trust. Further TCG defined Dynamic Root of Trust Measurement in Trusted Computing systems in its specification as a technology for measured platform initialization while system is in running state. The DRTM approach is contrary to Static Root of Trust Measurement where measurements are taken during boot process. In this study, since this technology was first introduced, we list and discuss upon publically available open source solutions that either implement DRTM or are applications of these DRTM based solutions. Further, the challenges faced by the DRTM technology along with observations from authors are listed.
Observation of entanglement between a single trapped atom and a single photon

conducting solid inner core can only vary on the much longer magnetic diffusion timescale rather than the shorter timescale of fluid motions in the outer core. This effectively anchors the magnetic field and stabilizes it against the rapid fluctuations in the outer core, allowing the field to maintain a more stable dipole. If the region interior to the convecting shell is fluid instead of solid, then it can respond to electromagnetic stress through fluid motion and is not constrained by the stabilizing effects of a solid conducting core. As the fluid inner region is not in solid-body rotation, the axisymmetrizing effect of strong differential rotation is suppressed. Also, the magnetic field that penetrates the inner region can vary by moving the fluid instead of only through magnetic diffusion. This reduction in stability, combined with the smaller length scales of the thin shell, promote the creation of higherdegree, non-axisymmetric structure in our numerical models with stably stratified fluid interiors. As the stabilizing effects of the inner core are a result of its solid state and conductivity, our theory predicts that a dynamo operating in a thin shell surrounding an electrically insulating solid inner core would also produce non-dipolar, non-axisymmetric fields. We have created numerical dynamos operating in a thin shell (similar radius to our convecting shell surrounding the stably stratified interior) surrounding a large solid inner core with a much smaller electrical conductivity than the outer core (inner to outer core conductivity ratios of 0.1–0.0001), and found that they do produce non-dipolar, non-axisymmetric magnetic fields, as predicted. Future missions to Uranus and Neptune to study further these planets’ magnetic fields and internal properties could determine the validity of our model. More accurate surface power spectra extending out to higher degree and order could be produced with magnetic-field measurements acquired closer to the planets with more global spatial distribution. These spectra could then be compared to our numerical model to assess the model’s validity. The evolution in time of the magnetic fields could also be compared to our numerical model by examining the changes in the fields since the Voyager II observations. Although no missions to Uranus and Neptune are currently planned, the upcoming data from MESSENGER and Cassini (on the magnetic fields of Mercury and Saturn, respectively) will provide tests of the implication of our results: convective-region geometry is an important factor in determining magnetic-field morphology, albeit in a different context from this study. A
Age spot or youthful marking: Origin of Reiner Gamma

The highly magnetic (field magnitudes of 50 nT at 18 km altitude) Reiner Gamma albedo feature on the near side of the moon has been explained in terms of differential space weathering of an old feature, or a recent cometary impact. We investigated this feature using magnetometer data from Lunar Prospector. The minimum magnetization necessary to explain the magnetic field observations varies from 100 A/m for a 10 m thick layer, to 1 A/m for a 1 km thick layer. Magnetic sources appear to lie within a few km of the surface, and be magnetized in a north‐south direction. The strength of the magnetization appears spatially related to the albedo of the feature. These constraints point towards an ancient origin for the magnetic field signal (possibly due to basin impact ejecta), and the origin of the albedo feature as a consequence of retarded ageing under the umbrella of the Reiner Gamma mini‐magnetosphere.
Adults returning to study mathematics

This chapter focuses on adults learning mathematics in two distinct sections; adults learning mathematics in the workplace and community; and adults engaged in further studies (e.g. university or vocational studies) including bridging mathematics. In this review, research available on adults in basic numeracy education through to those gaining access to or supported at university study involving mathematics in a variety of forms is investigated. Consideration is also given to relevant definitions of adult, mathematics and numeracy, and to the relationship between research into learning and research into teaching practices or curriculum design. It is concluded that the area of adults learning mathematics is still under-theorised and under-researched at a time when 21st century needs demand a population with increasing numeracy-based skills and knowledge.
Auswirkungen des Hierarchieabbaus auf die Performance von Schweizer Unternehmen

In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten ist ein Trend hin zu flacheren Organisationen mit weniger Hierarchieebenen zu verzeichnen gewesen. Eine Verringerung der Anzahl an Führungsstufen kann sowohl positive als auch negative Auswirkungen auf den wirtschaftlichen Erfolg eines Unternehmens haben. Der resultierende Nettoeffekt bleibt zunächst theoretisch unklar. Daher verwendet die vorliegende Studie einen für Firmen in der Schweiz repräsentativen Datensatz und untersucht die direkten Auswirkungen des Hierarchieabbaus auf den Unternehmenserfolg auf empirische Art und Weise. Mittels Regressionen der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate sowie des Verfahrens des propensity score matching findet diese Studie heraus, dass der Hierarchieabbau den späteren Unternehmenserfolg signifikant erhöht. Daraus kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass flachere hierarchische Strukturen den Unternehmen ermöglichen, ihre komparativen Vorteile in der heutigen schnelllebigen und wissensintensiven Marktumgebung besser zu realisieren.
THE CASE FOR THE DUAL HALO OF THE MILKY WAY

Carollo et al. have recently resolved the stellar population of the Milky Way halo into at least two distinct components, an inner halo and an outer halo. This result has been criticized by Schönrich et al., who claim that the retrograde signature associated with the outer halo is due to the adoption of faulty distances. We refute this claim, and demonstrate that the Schönrich et al. photometric distances are themselves flawed because they adopted an incorrect main-sequence absolute magnitude relationship from the work of Ivezić et al. When compared to the recommended relation from Ivezić et al., which is tied to a Milky Way globular cluster distance scale and accounts for age and metallicity effects, the relation adopted by Schönrich et al. yields up to 18% shorter distances for stars near the main-sequence turnoff (TO). Use of the correct relationship yields agreement between the distances assigned by Carollo et al. and Ivezić et al. for low-metallicity dwarfs to within 6%–10%. Schönrich et al. also point out that intermediate-gravity stars (3.5 ⩽log g < 4.0) with colors redder than the TO region are likely misclassified, with which we concur. We implement a new procedure to reassign luminosity classifications for the TO stars that require it. New derivations of the rotational behavior demonstrate that the retrograde signature and high velocity dispersion of the outer-halo population remain. We summarize additional lines of evidence for a dual halo, including a test of the retrograde signature based on proper motions alone, and conclude that the preponderance of evidence strongly rejects the single-halo interpretation.