Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Collaborative Client-Side DNS Cache Poisoning Attack

DNS poisoning attacks inject malicious entries into the DNS resolution system, allowing an attacker to redirect clients to malicious servers. These attacks typically target a DNS resolver allowing attackers to poison a DNS entry for all machines that use the compromised resolver. However, recent defenses can effectively protect resolvers rendering classical DNS poisoning attacks ineffective. In this paper, we present a new class of DNS poisoning attacks targeting the client-side DNS cache. The attack initiates DNS poisoning on the client cache, which is used in all main stream operating systems to improve DNS performance, circumventing defenses targeting resolvers. Our attack allows an off-path attacker to collaborate with a piece of an unprivileged malware to poison the OS-wide DNS cache on a client machine. We developed the attack on Windows, Mac OS, and Ubuntu Linux. Interestingly, the behaviors of the three operating systems are distinct and the vulnerabilities require different strategies to exploit. We also generalize the attack to work even when the client is behind a Network Address Translation (NAT) router. Our results show that we can reliably inject malicious DNS mappings, with on average, an order of tens of seconds. Finally, we propose a defense against this type of poisoning attacks.
Estrogenic activity in five United Kingdom rivers detected by measurement of vitellogenesis in caged male trout

It was recently demonstrated that most, if not all, effluents of sewage‐treatment works (STWs) in the United Kingdom are estrogenic to fish. As many STWs discharge into rivers, it is possible that some stretches of rivers downstream of where the effluent enters might also be estrogenic. To assess this possibility, the induction of vitellogenin synthesis in caged male trout placed at various distances downstream of the effluent entry point was used as a biomarker of estrogen exposure. Individual discharges into five rivers in England were studied. In four cases, fish placed in the neat effluent, or close to where it entered a river, showed very marked and rapid increases in their plasma vitellogenin concentrations, demonstrating that the effluent was estrogenic. In two of these four cases, none of the downstream sites were estrogenic, whereas in one of the four, fish placed at a site 1.5 km downstream did respond by synthesizing appreciable amounts of vitellogenin, although sites further downstream were not estrogenic. The situation in the fourth river was quite different; not only was the effluent extremely estrogenic (a maximum vitellogenin response in the mg/ml range was attained), but so were all the other study sites on the river, the last of which was 5 km downstream of where the effluent entered. This particular river receives trade effluent from wool‐scouring mills, which contains much higher concentrations of alkylphenolic chemicals than any of the other discharges studied. It is suggested that these chemicals probably account for the estrogenic activity of this river. The final (fifth) river showed no estrogenic activity, not even in the neat effluent. This discharge comes from a very small STW, which receives no trade waste, and one or both of these factors may account for why the effluent (and hence the river) was not estrogenic.
Pigment Variations in Anacystis nidulans Induced by Light of Selected Wavelengths *

Growth of Anacystis nidulans in wavelengths of light predominantly absorbed by chlorophyll a causes dramatic lowering of the chlorophyll content with only small changes in phycocyanin and carotenoids. Steady‐state growth under red photographic safe lamps produces cells with 1/4 of the chlorophyll content of cells grown under low intensities of white (tungsten) illumination. Pigment analyses permit resolution of in vivo absorption spectra into spectra of the component pigments and also the fractional absorption vs wavelenth. Even in normally pigmented cells phycocyanin is the major collector of light quanta for photosynthesis. The observed pigment control is viewed as a special case of intensity control which has chromatic character by virtue of the presence of two different pigment systems linked to the two light reactions of photosynthesis.
Indoor Positioning System using Ultrasound

An Indoor Positioning system (IPS) is a system used to locate objects or people within an indoor environment using various technologies. Various technology options for the design of an IPS may be ultrasonic(US), infrared (IR), radio-frequency (RF) based systems which may be radio-frequency identification (RFID), received signal strength (RSS) of RF signals, Bluetooth, wireless local area network (WLAN), ultra-wideband (UWB), camera based vision analysis etc. This paper presents the design of an indoor installable beacon system with the user interface being a hand-held positioning device. The beacon system involves a serial network of ultrasound transceivers within a fixed area of consideration referred by grid matrix. Using TDoA of ultrasound signals and Multilateration algorithms, the position of the object within the grid system can be obtained. This location information can be viewed by the user in a graphical LCD display setup on the handheld device. Keywords--Indoor Positioning system, TDoA, Ultrasonic module HC-SR04, Multilateration
On the anthomedusae Tiaranna rotunda and Modeeria formosa

The history of the medusa Tiaranna rotunda (Quoy & Gaimard) is reviewed. Little has been published on its young stages and its hydroid is unknown. Young specimens of the medusa, caught in the Firth of Clyde, are described and figured. The species Modeeria formosa Forbes is discussed and is shown to have been described from a young specimen of Tiaranna rotunda. By priority the specific name becomes Modeeria rotunda (Quoy & Gaimard), and Modeeria Forbes becomes a senior synonym of Tiaranna Haeckel. The family name Tiarannidae is unchanged. The type-genus is Modeeria, of which the typespecies is M. rotunda. The seasonal occurrence of the medusa is discussed and evidence is adduced supporting the belief that the species is specialized for living in deeper water.
Food Habits of Two Fork-tailed Swifts in Venezuela

Abstract The aerial arthropod prey of Neotropical Palm Swifts (Tachornis squamata) and Lesser Swallow-tailed Swifts (Panyptila cayennensis) in Venezuela included seven Orders and 60 families of insects plus spiders and mites. Diptera were the most numerous prey (>50%) taken by both swifts. Prey size ranged from 0.5 to 7.9 mm and averaged 2.43 and 2.77 mm, respectively. Both prey type and foraging habitat differences of these swifts could be interpreted as mechanisms for resource partitioning.
Spot‐mapping underestimates song‐territory size and use of mature forest by breeding golden‐winged warblers in Minnesota, USA

Studies of songbird breeding habitat often compare habitat characteristics of used and unused areas. Although there is usually meticulous effort to precisely and consistently measure habitat characteristics, accuracy of methods for estimating which areas are used versus which are unused by birds remains generally untested. To examine accuracy of spot-mapping to identify singing territories of golden-winged warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera), which are considered an early successional forest specialists, we used spot-mapping and radiotelemetry to record song perches and delineate song territories for breeding male golden-winged warblers in northwestern Minnesota, USA. We also used radiotelemetry to record locations (song and nonsong perches) of a subsample (n = 12) of males throughout the day to delineate home ranges. We found that telemetry-based estimates of song territories were 3 times larger and included more mature forest than those estimated from spot-mapping. In addition, home ranges estimated using radiotelemetry included more mature forest than spot-mapping- and telemetry-based song territories, with 75% of afternoon perches located in mature forest. Our results suggest that mature forest comprises a larger component of golden-winged warbler song territories and home ranges than is indicated based on spot-mapping in Minnesota. Because it appears that standard observational methods can underestimate territory size and misidentify cover-type associations for golden-winged warblers, we caution that management and conservation plans may be misinformed, and that similar studies are needed for golden-winged warblers across their range and for other songbird species. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Diet of New Mexico Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi obscurus) in the Sierra San Luis and Sierra Pan Duro, México

Abstract We examined the diet of New Mexico Ridge-nosed Rattlesnakes (Crotalus willardi obscurus) from the Sierra San Luis and the Sierra Pan Duro in the northern Sierra Madre Occidental, México. All snakes included in this study were encountered during August, September, and October in 2003 and 2004. Including recaptures of previously captured individuals, 107 of 199 snakes contained at least one prey item. We examined 103 prey items from 92 of these snakes; some snakes contained multiple prey items. Approximately two-thirds of prey items were ectotherms (54.4% lizards and 13.6% scolopendromorph centipedes); birds (21.4%) and mammals (10.7%) were also taken. The diet of juvenile snakes (n = 32) consisted primarily of lizards (62.5%) and centipedes (25.8%), although large juveniles also consumed mammals (6.3%) and passerine birds (6.3%). Adult snakes (n = 71) fed primarily on lizards (50.7%) and passerine birds (28.2%) but also consumed mammals (12.7%) and centipedes (8.4%). Crotalus willardi in the Sierra San Luis and Sierra Pan Duro consumed more birds than has been reported from C. willardi in nearby populations and continued to consume centipedes as adults. Resumen Examinamos la dieta de la New Mexico Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi obscurus) en la Sierra San Luis y la Sierra Pan Duro en el norte de la Sierra Madre Occidental, México, de serpientes colectadas en los meses de agosto, septiembre y octubre en 2003 y 2004. Capturamos 199 serpientes contando capturas y recapturas. Y de ellas 107 contenían restos de por lo menos una presa. Examinamos 103 restos de presas provenientes de 92 serpientes; algunas serpientes presentaban restos de múltiples presas. Aproximadamente dos tercios de las presas fueron ectotermos (54.4% lagartijas y 13.6% ciempiés); también fueron consumidas aves (21.4%) y mamíferos (10.7%). La dieta de las serpientes juveniles (n = 32) consistió principalmente de lagartijas (62.5%) y ciempiés (25.8%), aunque los juveniles grandes también consumieron mamíferos (6.3%) y aves paseriformes (6.3%). Las serpientes adultas (n = 71) se alimentan principalmente de lagartijas (50.7%) y aves paseriformes (28.2%), aunque también consumieron mamíferos (12.7%) y ciempiés (8.4%). Las serpientes en la Sierra San Luis y la Sierra Pan Duro consumieron más aves de lo que ha sido reportado para las poblaciones cercanas y los adultos continúan alimentándose de ciempiés.
Influence of freeze/thaw cycling on the mechanical performance of resistance-welded carbon fibre/polyphenylene sulphide composite joints

This study evaluates the effects of freeze/thaw cycles on the mechanical performance and failure mode of resistance-welded carbon fibre/polyphenylene sulphide composite joints. Dry and moisture-saturated joints are subjected to 1000 temperature cycles varying between –40°C and 82°C. A silane coating is applied on the stainless steel mesh heating element to improve its adhesion with the polyphenylene sulphide polymer. Results show the limited impact that freeze/thaw cycles have on the lap shear strength of joints welded without any coating on the heating element. The silane coating improves the lap shear strength by 32% when no freeze/thaw cycles are applied to the joints. This improvement of 32% reduces when joints are subjected to freeze/thaw cycles but the mechanical performance remains superior to that of joints welded using uncoated heating element. Fracture surfaces show that fibre/matrix and stainless steel/matrix interfaces are both affected by the environmental conditions although it does not translate into lower lap shear strength.
Biologia do jundiá Rhamdia quelen (Teleostei, Pimelodidae)

The jundia, Rhamdia quelen, occurs from Southern Mexico to Central Argentina, and the husbandry of this species is spreading in Southern Brazil. Consequently, the aim of this review is to present the available data of the biology of this species. R. quelen can reach 50cm of length and 3kg of weight, presents a nocturnal habit and lives in placid and deep waters of the rivers. Fingerlings support 10 seawater, up to 9g/l table salt and 4.0 - 8.5 pH range, with best growth at 8.0 - 8.5 pH range. It is an eurytermal species. This fish is omnivorous, but prefers fish. The sexual maturity is reached in the first year of life, and it is ovuliparous and in the natural environment the schools spawn in clean and calm waters with rocky bottom. There is no parental care. This species shows two reproductive peaks/year (spring and summer) and multiple spawning. The induced spawning had good results with human chorionic gonadotrofin (HCG) or pituitary extract. The embriological development of R. quelen is fast, and the larval development occurs in three to five days. The best feeding ration to the larvae of R. quelen is based on soybean lecithin, cattle liver and yeast. Several pathogenic bacteria and digenetic trematoda were identified in R. quelen. To improve the use of this species in fish culture, additional studies about physico-chemical parameters of the water, feeding rations and growth in captivity are essential.
The Little Man Who Wasn't There.

M ANY AMERICAN AUTHORS of biology textbooks, discussing early ideas on heredity and development, tell us about the theory of preformation, which was prevalent in the 17th and 18th centuries. This theory maintained that the adult animal is already preformed in either the sperm or the egg. The growth of the embryo was simply the exfoliation of organs already present in microscopic form. The animalculists believed that the embryo was preformed in the egg. To enrich their discussion of preformation, American writers use as evidence the writings of two 17th-century scientists, Nicolas Hartsoeker and "Dalenpatius" (a pseudonym) who reported having seen a little man, or "homunculus," inside a sperm. The modern books usually include the drawings (fig. 1) of these two scientists. We are apparently to conclude that these two researchers were victims of their imaginations or of primitive microscopes.
Effects of Diets with or without Menhaden Fish Meal and Oil on Egg Size, Hatchability, and Fry Size for Rosy Red Fathead Minnow

Abstract Fathead minnow Pimephales promelas represent 20% of total baitfish sales in the USA. Fathead minnow spawn in captivity, but the effects of diet on reproduction are virtually unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the main and interactive effects of dietary protein sources (plant versus animal) and lipid sources (poultry versus fish oil) on fathead minnow broodstock and egg and larval quality. Broodstock of the rosy red variety of fathead minnow were stocked into 24 outdoor pools and fed practical diets containing 10% lipid as poultry fat or menhaden fish oil in combination with animal proteins (poultry and fish meal) or plant proteins. Fish received the diets for 2 months before spawning, which began in late February. Eggs were collected from spawning substrates seven times during the spawning season and egg diameter was determined each time. Hatching percentage and larval length were determined during three of the sampling periods, and fatty acid composition was determined once (M.
Cell wall metabolism in ripening fruit. VIII. Cell wall composition and synthetic capacity of two regions of the outer pericarp of mature green and red ripe cv. Jackpot tomatoes

Pericarp discs were excised from mature green and red ripe tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Jackpot) fruit and kept in sterile tissue culture plates for 4 days, including 2 days of incubation with D-[U- 13 C]-glucose. Cell walls were prepared and differentially extracted with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (CDTA), Na 2 CO 3 , 4 M KOH and 8 M KOH. Cell wall noncellulosic neutral sugar (NS) composition and cell wall synthetic capacity (i.e. incorporation of density label into cell wall sugars) were determined by using a gas chromatograph coupled to a flame ionization detector and a mass spectrometer, respectively. In the crude cell wall, there was significantly less galactose (Gal) and glucose (Glc) in the outer 2-mm pericarp region, including the cuticle, compared to the inner' 2-mm region immediately below it (closer to the locules). In the CDTA-soluble pectin, rhamnose (Rha), arabinose (Ara) and Gal accounted for approximately 90% of the total NS. The ratios of these sugars were very similar in the total ( 12 C plus 13 C) sugars, and also in the newly synthesized ([ 13 C]-labeled) sugars, suggesting that newly synthesized NS associated with the chelator-extractable pectic fraction has a composition very similar to that of preexisting NS. In the 4 M KOH-soluble material, xylose (Xyl) and Glc accounted for approximately 70% of the total NS. The ratio of these sugars was very similar in the total sugars, but much lower in the newly synthesized portion. This suggests that the hemicellulosic polymers synthesized during the ripening process are different in type and/or proportion from those present in the developing fruit. Because the outer pericarp of tomatoes contains at least two distinct tissue types and these have a distinct cell wall composition, analysis of tomato cell wall polysaccharide composition by homogenization of the entire outer pericarp will obscure subtle changes associated with ripening/softening within specific tissue types.
An intersterility group of Heterobasidion annosum specialized to Abies alba

A third intersterility group of H. annosum in Europe has been identified from Italy. It is specialized to Abies alba. , and hence is called the F (fir) group. It is closely related to the European S group, but is sexually incompatible with the geographically adjacent S population occurring in the Alps.
Performance and physiological responses of milk-fed calves to coated calcium butyrate supplementation

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of coated calcium butyrate (CCB) on calf performance and some blood parameters. Sixteen female Holstein calves with a mean age of 3 ± 1 d were divided into two equal groups and fed a milk replacer supplemented with 3 g of coated calcium butyrate (CCB)/day or with no coated calcium butyrate (NCB). The calves had free access to solid feed and water. Body weight was measured at days 3, 12, 24, 36 and 48 (weaning day). Respiratory rate and rectal temperature (within first 4 weeks of life), feed intake and faecal score (during the whole experimental period) were recorded daily. Rumen fluid was taken for volatile fatty acid (VFA) determination on days 33 and 48, and structural growth (rump height, withers height and hip width) was recorded on days 3, 24 and 48. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 12, 24, 36 and 48. Feed intake, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and structural growth of calves were improved by CCB supplementation. There were no significant differences on rectal temperature, respiratory rate and faecal score between the treatments. Rumen concentration of total VFAs increased and the VFA profile was affected on days 33 and 48 by CCB supplementation. The supplementation of milk replacer of calves with coated calcium butyrate significantly increased serum concentrations of glucose, insulin and β-hydroxybutyrate. Serum concentration of cortisol in the CCB calves was numerically lower than in NCB. In conclusion, supplementation of calves’ milk replacer with the coated calcium butyrate could improve calf performance.
Warm plus cold stratification requirement for dormancy break in seeds of the woodland herb Cardamine concatenata (Brassicaceae), and evolutionary implications

At maturity in mid-May, the physiologically dormant seeds of Cardamine concatenata have fully developed embryos; 59.2% of those sown in a nonheated greenhouse in May germinated the following late February to mid-April. Maximum germination occurred from 7 to 14 March, when mean daily maximum and minimum air temperatures were 14.8 and 3.3 °C, respectively. No additional seeds germinated in two subsequent springs, indicating lack of ability of this species to form a persistent seed bank. Seeds receiving only a cold stratification period germinated to 98% after 28 weeks at 5 °C, whereas those given a warm-stratification pretreatment of 4 weeks at 30:15 °C (max–min) germinated to 100% after only 18 weeks at 5 °C. In the field, warm stratification during summer and autumn would reduce the length of the cold-stratification period required to break dormancy, and thus allow dormancy to be broken during winter. This is only the second report of a woodland herb having physiologically dormant seeds with fully develop.
Overexpression of the OsPDCD5 Gene Induces Programmed Cell Death in Rice

: The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the over expression of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) programmed cell death 5 (OsPDCD5) gene in rice plant. Constitutive expression of OsPDCD5 from the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter induced programmed cell death (PCD) in transgenic rice. Programmed cell death was accompanied by typical features, including inhibition of developmental growth, a reduction of fresh weight, degradation of total protein content, and fragmentation of genomic DNA. These results suggest that OsPDCD5 plays an essential role in the regulation of PCD in rice plants. (Managing editor: Li-Hui ZHAO)
Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine

African traditional medicine is a form of holistic health care system organized into three levels of specialty, namely divination, spiritualism, and herbalism. The traditional healer provides health care services based on culture, religious background, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that are prevalent in his community. Illness is regarded as having both natural and supernatural causes and thus must be treated by both physical and spiritual means, using divination, incantations, animal sacrifice, exorcism, and herbs. Herbal medicine is the cornerstone of traditional medicine but may include minerals and animal parts. The adjustment is ok, but may be replaced with –‘ Herbal medicine was once termed primitive by western medicine but through scientific investigations there is a better understanding of its therapeutic activities such that many pharmaceuticals have been modeled on phytochemicals derived from it. Major obstacles to the use of African medicinal plants are their poor quality control and safety. Traditional medical practices are still shrouded with much secrecy, with few reports or documentations of adverse reactions. However, the future of African traditional medicine is bright if viewed in the context of service provision, increase of health care coverage, economic potential, and poverty reduction. Formal recognition and integration of traditional medicine into conventional medicine will hold much promise for the future.