Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Structure and Concentration of Gibberellins on the Growth of Cucumber Seedlings

1. Growth of cucumber seedlings grown in Petri dishes on filter paper wetted with various gibberellin solutions was studied. 2. Gibberellin A4 was significantly more active than were gibberellin A1, A2, and A3 in promoting hypocotyl elongation of seedlings grown in light. 3. The potassium, sodium, and zinc salts of gibberellin A3 were as active as the free acid. 4. The butyl cellosolve ester of gibberellin A3 was almost as active as the free acid, but the methyl, butyl, and octyl esters were relatively inactive. 5. The hypocotyls of light- and dark-grown seedlings responded to a concentration of potassium gibberellate as low as 3 x 10-6 M. The optimal concentration was 7 x 10-4 M in dark and 3 x 10-3 M in light. Increasing the concentration above the optimum decreased the stimulation effects, and the highest concentrations retarded growth. 6. The effects of potassium gibberellate on the radicles varied according to concentration and light conditions. Stimulation was observed in light at 3 x 10-6 M and in dark from 3 x 10-6 to 3 x 10-4 M and from 3 x 10-3 to 6 x 10-3 M. Retardation was observed from 3 x 10-5 to 4 x 10-3 M in light and at 7 x 10-4 M in dark. The highest concentrations had no effect on root length.
Crosslines A and B as candidates for the fluorophores in age- and diabetes-related cross-linked proteins, and their diacetates produced by Maillard reaction of α-N-acetyl-L-lysine with D-glucose

A pair of novel fluorophores (N-diacetates of crosslines A and B), (3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(1S or 1R,2S,3R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl]-1,7-bis[6-(N-acetyl-L-norleucyl)]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,7-naphthyridinium chloride and its epimer, were isolated from the Maillard reaction mixture of α-N-acetyl-L-lysine and D-glucose, and their properties are similar to those of fluorophores in age- and diabetes-related cross-linked proteins, and a pair of homologues derived from n-pentylamine.
Selective expression of the chicken platelet‐derived growth factor α (PDGFα) receptor during limb bud development

Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) affects proliferation and differentiation of chicken limb bud mesoderm in vitro. However, no PDGF receptor has been characterized in the chicken wing bud in vivo. In this study, we used reverse transcription PCR (rtPCR), Northern blot analysis, and Western blot analysis to identify a molecule, in the developing wing bud, which represents the chicken homolog of the PDGFα receptor. The chicken PDGFα receptor mRNA was present in both mesoderm and ectoderm and all stages of the developing limb bud examined. Cultured limb bud mesoderm also expressed the PDGFα receptor transcript. In addition, the PDGFα receptor protein was present in whole limb buds and cultured limb bud mesoderm. Expression of the PDGFα receptor in cultured mesoderm was independent of the presence of ectoderm cells. The relative sizes of both the mRNA and protein for the PDGFα receptor in the chicken limb bud were similar to mammalian counterparts. Using similar approaches, neither the mRNA nor protein representing the chicken homolog of the PDGFβ receptor was detected. These data demonstrate for the first time that a PDGFα receptor is present in the embryonic chicken limb bud and may help regulate growth and differentiation of the embryonic limb. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethical decision-making among professional accountants in Nigeria: the influence of ethical ideology, work sector, and types of professional membership

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of ethical ideological orientation (moral idealism and moral relativism), work sector and types of professional membership on the ethical decision-making (EDM) process of professional accountants in Nigeria. ,The study obtained primary data from 329 professional accountants with the aid of a structured questionnaire containing four scenarios of ethical dilemmas. The data were analysed using descriptive statistical analysis, independent sample t-test, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression techniques. ,The results revealed both idealistic and relativistic moral orientation among the accountants surveyed with a higher mean score (>4.0) recorded for moral idealism. Moral idealism was found to have a positive influence, while moral relativism a negative influence on the three stages (ethical recognition, ethical judgement and ethical intention) of EDM examined. Professional accountants with idealistic orientation showed a higher disposition towards making ethical decisions in situations involving ethical dilemmas than those tending towards relativistic orientation. The results also revealed that work sector (private or public) and types of professional membership play significant roles in predicting the EDM process of professional accountants in Nigeria. ,The study provides empirical evidence that could be used to support educational and legislative efforts in enhancing the moral ideological orientation of professional accountants, which will, in turn, enhance their EDM processes. The findings could be used to enhance ethics instructions and training of current and prospective professional accountants in educational settings, especially in countries such as Nigeria where there is yet to be a discrete ethics course in the curriculum for accounting undergraduate degree programmes. Professional accounting bodies in Nigeria and other developing countries could use the evidence in this study to strengthen the ethics code for professional accountants. ,The study is unique in focussing on professional accountants in developing countries using Nigeria to represent developing countries with high corruption profile and weak institutions and governments and, as such, it contributes to the scarce research output on accounting ethics in developing countries.
Are green turtles globally endangered

Aim To examine the exploitation, recovery and current status of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) nesting at Ascension Island. Location Ascension Island (UK) (7°57′ S, 14°22′ W), South Atlantic Ocean. Methods We analysed records of the harvest of green turtles nesting at Ascension Island between 1822 and 1935, illustrating the decline in numbers over this period. Using a deterministic age-class structured model we predict the initial number of breeding females present in the population prior to the recorded harvest and compare this to our estimate of the current population based upon our recent annual surveys (1999–2004). Results Prior to 1822 we estimate the nesting population of green turtles to have been at least 19,000–22,000 individuals in order for the population to have survived the level of harvest recorded. From recent data (1999–2004), we estimate the current breeding population of green turtles at this site to be 11,000–15,000 females. Our results illustrate a dramatic recovery of the population, which is still increasing exponentially and shows no evidence of slowing, suggesting it has not reached 50% of its carrying capacity. Main conclusions We estimate that, since the 1970s, the Ascension Island population of green turtles has increased by 285% and question the recent listing of this species as endangered by the IUCN (World Conservation Union), in particular in the Atlantic Ocean, where 75% of the populations assessed by the IUCN are increasing. Indeed, we estimate the global population of this species to be in excess of 2.2 million individuals. We suggest that the IUCN's global listing process detracts attention from those populations that are truly threatened with extinction and should not, in its present form, be applied to globally distributed long-lived species such as marine turtles.
Influence of Daily Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density on Foliar Carbon Metabolite Levels in Nitrogen-Limited Soybean Plants

A study was undertaken to examine how the daily photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), during prolonged inorganic nitrogen (N) limitation of vegetative soybean plants, influenced the magnitude of leaf photosynthate partitioning into starch and sucrose as well as into anaplerotic products, e.g., phosphoenolpyruvate and malate. Glycine max cv. Williams plants were grown from emergence to preflowering (≈27-32 d) under either N-Sufficient (N-Suff) conditions (14.5 mM NO- 3 plus NH+ 4) or N-limited (N-Lim) conditions (3.0 mM NO- 3 plus NH+ 4). N-Suff and N-Lim plants were grown from emergence in the growth chamber with daily PPFD of 500 or 750 μmol photons m-2 s-1. Measurement of foliar gas exchange revealed that regardless of the PPFD level, net photosynthesis (Pn) rate in mature leaflets of N-Suff plants was 1.2 times greater than those of N-Lim plants. Additionally, Pn rate in N-Suff leaflets, as well as N-Lim leaflets, was 1.4 times greater for plants grown at 750 compared with those grown at 500 μmol photons m-2 s-1. Regardless of the daily PPFD level, foliar stomatal conductance was higher in N-Suff compared with N-Lim leaves, but this did not appear to be a factor influenced by higher light in N-Lim plants. The shoots of N-Suff and N-Lim plants grown in the higher light accumulated ≈1.7 and 1.6 times more dry matter, respectively, than their counterparts grown at lower light energy. Further, both N-Suff and N-Lim plants grown at the higher light energy displayed at least two times higher root mass. In both N-Suff and N-Lim plants, higher daily PPFD, compared with lower PPFD level, resulted not only in higher starch and sucrose accumulation but also in a more rapid daily rise in malate levels and higher malate net accumulation rates. During prolonged N limitation of soybean plants in elevated PPFD, foliar starch and sucrose accumulation was predominant over anaplerotic metabolites. It was concluded that in spite of N limitation, soybean plants growing in elevated PPFD displayed a more active foliar starch and sucrose accumulation as well as a more active anaplerotic anabolism than the lower-PPFD-adapted plants, in part because the higher rate of photosynthesis supplied higher levels of carbon metabolites.
Problem Analysis and Requirement of Biology Materials by E-Module Based on Android in SMAN 3 Padang

The advances of technology have brought enormous changes in various fields, one of which is in the field of education. Among students, the use of gadgets (smartphone) carries a very big influence on the activities of students. Smartphones in school need to be maximized. One of the optimizations of the smartphone is the creation of an e-module based on android. E-module based on android expected to be a solution to overcome the problem of students to dependence on the use of the smartphone. The purpose of this preliminary research is to describe the problem and requirement of e-module based android at school. This type of research is descriptive research. The research objects consisted of a biology teacher, syllabus and biology learning material, and students of class XI MIPA in high school. The method used is data collection consisting of the results of the interview, the result of the questionnaire problem, and the requirement. Based on data analysis, the results of this study are 1) students in SMAN 3 Padang are allowed to use the smartphone in school. 2) electronic learning material based android in SMAN 3 Padang is not available yet. 3) student learning outcome is also unsatisfactory 4) students agree if there are learning materials in the form of e-module based android at school. 5) students agree if the e-module based android consists of several components that are arranged systematically. 6) students agree that if the e-module based android equipped with biological material and displayed interesting pictures and videos.
Technological perspectives on the upper paleolithic

This is an extremely complex ﬁeldof research that requires the synthesis of data from multiple lines of inquiry, eachwith its own methodological and theoretical debates. Lithic analysis is criticalbecause stone tools are the ubiquitous class of material culture found on sitesfrom this time period. Therefore, a clear understanding of the internal develop-ments within the ﬁeld of lithic analysis are critical to a comprehensive understand-ing of both the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition and the spread of modernhumans into Europe. Recent research by European archeologists in the study ofUpper Paleolithic bladelets and burins are the latest development of the chaiˆneope´ratoire, or technological approach to lithic analysis. The substantive contribu-tions of these studies and their methodological underpinnings are essential ele-ments of a comprehensive paleoanthropology of the spread of modern humans.There is a long tradition in archeol-ogy of critiquing the concept of thetype, but few can question the useful-ness of typologies for describing vari-ability. In the case of the Upper Paleo-lithic, the wealth of ﬁne-grained ob-servation that forms the basis of thetypological system is impressive (Box1). However, from W. H. Holmes toHarold Dibble, lithic analysts havedemonstrated that typological catego-ries might not be the end result oftool manufacture, but instead be stepsin the process of manufacture anduse.
Parallel expression of αIIbβ3 and αvβ3 integrins in human melanoma cells upregulates bFGF expression and promotes their angiogenic phenotype

Previous studies indicated that transfection of the platelet integrin αIIbβ3 into human melanoma cells expressing integrin αvβ3 promoted their in vivo (but not in vitro) growth and cell survival. To reveal the underlying pathomechanism, we have analyzed the angiogenic phenotype of αIIbβ3 integrin‐transduced human melanoma cells expressing integrin αvβ3. Upon heterotopic or orthotopic (intracutaneous) injections into SCID mice, the αIIbβ3 integrin‐overexpressing clones, ESL, ESH, 19L and 19H, grew more rapidly than the mock transfectant (αvβ3 expressing) clone, 3.1P. Morphometry demonstrated an increased intratumoral microvessel density in 19L and 19H tumors compared to 3.1P. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry indicated that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is constitutively expressed in the majority of the cells of both the mock and the αIIbβ3 integrin‐transfected clones. However, the mock transfectant clone, 3.1P, did not express basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) at protein level (<1%), unlike the αIIbβ3 integrin‐transfected clones, 19L and 19H, (33.9 and 84.1%, respectively). Quantitative PCR analysis of 6 related human melanoma clones with various levels of αIIbβ3 integrin expressions revealed a correlation between the αIIb protein and bFGF mRNA expressions. Furthermore, cDNA microarray analysis of the 19H cells revealed 12 downregulated and 36 upregulated genes [among them 3 upregulated vasculogenic mimicry‐genes (CD34, endothelin receptor B, Prostaglandin I‐2 synthase)] when compared to 3.1P cells. The altered bFGF expression may be influenced by integrin‐linked signaling, since bβ3‐endonexin is upregulated in αIIbβ3‐transfected cells and tyrosine kinase inhibitors downregulate bFGF both at mRNA and protein levels. We propose here that the illegitimate expression of αIIbβ3 integrin in human melanoma cells already expressing αvβ3 integrin may alter their in vivo growth properties due to the modulation of their angiogenic phenotype. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An ultrathin Al2O3 bridging layer between CdS and ZnO boosts photocatalytic hydrogen production

The rapid separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers are the essential criteria for high photocatalytic efficiency. Heterostructures (HSs) composed of several semiconductors can take advantage of energy level difference to promote the separation and transfer of photogenerated electrons and holes, where the interface between semiconductors is the most critical position which directly determines the transfer mechanism of photogenerated charge carriers, and ultimately determines the photocatalytic efficiency. Herein, an ultrathin Al2O3 bridging layer is intentionally introduced into the interface between CdS and ZnO by using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method, and the resultant CdS@Al2O3@ZnO catalyst exhibits a significantly enhanced H2 evolution rate (1190 μmol h−1 m−2) and a high apparent quantum efficiency (AQE, 31.14% at a wavelength of 420 nm). It is revealed that the ultrathin Al2O3 bridging layer converts the original Z-scheme mechanism of photogenerated charge carriers in the CdS@ZnO catalyst into a modified type II mechanism in the CdS@Al2O3@ZnO catalyst, where the photogenerated electrons are tunnelled from the CdS core to the ZnO shell and then are depleted by H2O effectively in time to produce H2. Meanwhile, the photogenerated holes are consumed efficiently by the fixed negative charges of Al2O3. Detailed characterization reveals that the lattice mismatch between wurtzite ZnO and wurtzite CdS is effectively passivated by the Al2O3 interlayer, facilitating the uniform deposition of the ZnO layer, which promotes the close contact between interfaces, suppressing the recombination of charge carriers. This work provides a new strategy for controlling the dominant transfer mechanisms of photogenerated electrons and holes in HSs through interface regulation.
Deep Learning on Three-Dimensional Multiscale Data for Next-Hour Tornado Prediction

This paper describes the development of convolutional neural networks (CNN), a type of deep-learning method, to predict next-hour tornado occurrence. Predictors are a storm-centered radar image and a proximity sounding from the Rapid Refresh model. Radar images come from the Multiyear Reanalysis of Remotely Sensed Storms (MYRORSS) and Gridded NEXRAD WSR-88D Radar dataset (GridRad), both of which are multiradar composites. We train separate CNNs on MYRORSS and GridRad data, present an experiment to optimize the CNN settings, and evaluate the chosen CNNs on independent testing data. Both models achieve an area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC) well above 0.9, which is considered to be excellent performance. The GridRad model achieves a critical success index (CSI) of 0.31, and the MYRORSS model achieves a CSI of 0.17. The difference is due primarily to event frequency (percentage of storms that are tornadic in the next hour), which is 3.52% for GridRad but only 0.24% for MYRORSS. The best CNN predictions (true positives and negatives) occur for strongly rotating tornadic supercells and weak nontornadic cells in mesoscale convective systems, respectively. The worst predictions (false positives and negatives) occur for strongly rotating nontornadic supercells and tornadic cells in quasi-linear convective systems, respectively. The performance of our CNNs is comparable to an operational machine-learning system for severe weather prediction, which suggests that they would be useful for real-time forecasting.
Modeling the date of leaf appearance in low‐arctic tundra

One of the reported changes of arctic ecosystems in response to warming climate is the advance of the leaf appearance in spring. Such phenological changes play a role in the structural changes within tundra ecosystem communities. Recently, we developed a model that estimates the leaf appearance date for deciduous trees in taiga. We apply this model to the whole low‐arctic tundra, and we compare the simulated green‐up dates with the green‐up dates obtained from satellite observations and to in situ measurements of deciduous shrub leaf appearance. The model, although calibrated for taiga, performs remarkably well in tundra, with root mean square error ranging between 4 and 8 days for most of the tundra region, the same order as in taiga regions. The results seem to indicate that air temperature is the main factor controlling spring leaf phenology in tundra, just as in taiga, although these results do not permit us to reject soil temperature as the main trigger for leaf appearance in tundra. Because our model performs in tundra as well as in taiga, it can be used across the ecotone, and during a northward migration of the species from the taiga to the low‐arctic region. The leaf appearance model and the satellite observations reveal that leaf appearance has tended to occur earlier by approximately 10 days both in Alaska since 1975, and in west Siberian tundra since 1965.
Nonintrusive Appliance Identification With Appliance-Specific Networks

The problem of noninstrusive load monitoring (NILM) is usually formulated as a single-channel blind source separation task, whose successful solution enable fast and convenient load identification and energy disaggregation. When applied at test time, NILM algorithms aim to identify the operating characteristics of individual appliances from an aggregate power measurement of the entire house. Recent advances in deep learning gave rise to many methods that mostly focus on learning a direct mapping from aggregate measurement to individual appliance power. However, these methods are not only computationally expensive, but they often suffer from overfitting and do not generalize very well. In this article, we propose a novel NILM method that leverages advances in statistical learning that have not been properly applied in this domain before. The proposed method consists of three stages: first, a Bayesian nonparametric learning-based approach for appliance state extraction; second, synthetic minority oversampling technique for data augmentation and mitigating the heavy imbalance in switching events; and third, appliance-specific lightweight long short-term memory networks for status classification for each appliance. We adopt a “differential” input (the difference before and after the switching event) to reduce the complexity of network training and make the proposed method robust to multiappliance switching events. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, achieving superior performance when compared to recent methods. An ablation study is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of each module of our method. Finally, we investigate the quality of generated synthetic samples.
Zur Reform der Einlagensicherung: Elemente einer anreizkompatiblen Europäischen Rückversicherung

Bankeinlagen bis 100.000 Euro sind de jure uberall im Euroraum gleichermasen vor Verlusten geschutzt. De facto hangt der Wert dieser gesetzlichen Haftungszusage unter anderem von der Ausstattung des nationalen Sicherungsfonds und der relativen Grose des Bankensektors in einer Volkswirtschaft ab. Um die Homogenitat des Einlagenschutzes zu gewahrleisten und die Bankenunion zu vollenden, bedarf es einer einheitlichen europaischen Einlagensicherung. Die bestehende implizite Risikoteilung im Euroraum ist ordnungspolitisch nicht wunschenswert. Ferner kann eine explizite und glaubwurdige Zweitsicherung Fehlanreize zur Ubernahme exzessiver Risiken verhindern, bevor es zum Schadensfall kommt. Daher pladiert dieser Beitrag fur ein zweistufiges, streng subsidiar organisiertes Ruckversicherungsmodell: Nationale Erstversicherungen wurden einen festgeschriebenen Teil, die europaische Ruckversicherung nachrangig den Rest der Deckungssumme besichern. Die Ruckversicherung gewahrt diese Liquiditatshilfen in Form von Kassenkrediten. Weil die Haftung auf nationaler Ebene verbleibt, werden Risiken geteilt aber nicht vergemeinschaftet. Marktgerechte Pramien mussen nicht nur das individuelle Risikogewicht einer Bank sondern auch landerspezifische Risikofaktoren berucksichtigen. Zuletzt braucht der Ruckversicherer umfangreiche Aufsichtsrechte, um die Zahlungsfahigkeit der Erstversicherer mit Hinblick auf die nationalen Haftungspflichten jederzeit sicherzustellen.