Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determinação da pureza varietal de sementes de soja com o auxílio de marcadores moleculares microssatélites

Environmental factors contribute for production of soybean seeds with different characteristics from the standard pattern of a determined variety. DNA markers can contribute for the identification of genetic seed purity, once these type of markers are not influenced by the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluated a method for analysis of soybean seed genetic purity by using microsatellites markers. DNA samples from soybean seeds considered atypical by the visual method were analyzed by microsatellites and compared with the typical variety pattern. DNA samples were analyzed in bulks, reducing costs but keeping the same precision as the one obtained in the individual analysis. From eleven seed lots classified as contaminated by the visual method, and therefore eliminated through certification, only four were shown to present a number of contaminating seeds above the accepted limit trough DNA analysis.
The relative profitability of particulate- and filter-feeding in the herring, Clupea harengus L.

Analysis of laboratory video-recordings of herring feeding by biting and filtering on Calanus finmarchicus and three sizes of Artemia enabled the capture rates of the two methods to be estimated at different prey concentrations. At low concentrations the fish feed by selective capture of individual particles, but the capture rate achievable by this method is constrained by the maximum rate at which they can bite. Filter-feeding is not subject to this constraint because capture rate is directly proportional to prey concentration and above a critical prey concentration its capture rate exceeds that of biting. The possession of two feeding methods allows the fish to maximize prey intake over a wide range of concentrations and the phenomenon of switching between feeding methods can be explained by their relative profitabilities at different concentrations. The observation that less than 50% of fish are filtering when capture rates by the two methods are equal suggests that filtering is energetically more costly than biting. Estimates of the energy cost of filtering indicated that it may be from 1.4 to 4.6 times higher than that of biting.
Experimental control of floral reversion in isolated shoot apices of the long-day plant Silene coeli-rosa

The fate of shoot meristems of the long day (LD) plant Silene coeli-rosa in culture was examined (complete, reverted or arrested flowers) to establish whether these different patterns were related to a particular stage of morphogenesis and the extent to which the fate of the pattern was regulated by either added plant growth regulators (PGRs) or changing the carbohydrate source in the medium. In particular, the frequency of reversion was measured to test the stability of the determined state for each whorl. The plants were given various inductive treatments (4–7 LD, 7 LD + 1 to 3 SD) and the apices were explained onto Murashige-Skoog medium supplemented with 3% sucrose (controls) ± IAA, ± kinetin, ± GA3 or onto the basal medium containing 1 or 3% sucrose, glucose or fructose or 7% sucrose. The apices were examined 12 weeks later. When the data were pooled from all inductive treatments, IAA resulted in more reversions, GA3 caused more arrested flowers while kinetin hardly affected the pattern of meristem fate compared with the controls. However, each PGR treatment did not perturb the pattern of organ formation for those apices that formed either arrested or complete flowers. The time for determination (days) of the earlier formed whorls (determination times for the controls in brackets): sepals (2), stamens 1–5 (3) and petals (3), was shortened by about a day in all PGR treatments whereas the corresponding times for the later formed whorls: stamens 6–10 (4) and carpels (4), were either lengthened to 5 days or unaffected. The response of the apices to the various sugars was simply a reflection of concentration. Hence, more complete flowers formed at 7 or 3% and more flowers were arrested at 1 % regardless of the sugar moiety. However, the frequency of reversion was similar on each of the media. Pooling all data from all treatments enabled a statistical analysis of the pattern of reversion and the pattern of arrest. Reversion was more common from apices which exhibited the later-formed whorls (stamens 6–10 and carpels) than from the earlier whorls. Moreover, the stronger the inductive treatment the less frequent was reversion. The most common stage of arrest was at the stamen 6–10 whorl and this was particularly so for the GA3 treatment. The data indicated that reversion could occur from any whorl, which suggests that determination of each whorl is independent of the next. This conclusion is underlined by the more frequent occurrence of reversion from the carpel whorl. However, the longer the inductive treatment the less likelihood of reversion; this suggests that in Silene, the floral stimulus is required continuously to stabilise the determined state of each whorl and to ensure smooth completion of floral morphogenesis.
Links between the abundance and distribution of birds

The relationship between overall abundance, local abundance and distribution is examined for several taxonomic groups of birds in Britain. Among closely-related species, all three measures were correlated: those species with the highest overall numbers also had the highest local numbers and the widest distributions. Within each group, the relationship between overall abundance and distribution was extremely tight (with all the species points close to the trend line) in plots of log distribution (numbers of 10 km squares occupied) against log numbers. The pattern held in summer and winter, and in both resident and migratory species. Moreover, species which, over a period of years, underwent marked change in status showed parallel changes in both breeding numbers and distribution, and followed the pattern found from comparisons between related species. Conversely, species which changed little in numbers over a period of years also changed little in extent of distribution. An explanation of the findings is proposed, based on density-dependent growth of local numbers and dispersal. The relevance of the findings to the limitation of geographical ranges is discussed. The distributional extent of many species seems to depend primarily on their overall numbers, rather than vice versa.
Degree of prevalence of different song types of chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs L.) in populations of the European Russia

When studying song organizations of chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs L.), we find the unique typological parities (ratio) of songs in different local populations of a species-specific area. The degree of prevalence of different chaffinch song types can’t correspond to percentage proceeding from their general (common) number in a population. Thus different areas of Russia are forming original (different) song cultures of chaffinch, consisting of the certain set and a parity (ratio) of song types, frequently including the so-called dialect song forms, that have been observed. The complex interrelation of geographical variability and structural variability of chaffinch song in many respects gives a support in an evolutionary view from the given aspect.
Nutritional Value of Veal Bone Hydrolysate

Industrial veal hydrolysate was produced enzymatically for possible use as a gelatin-replacing ingredient for human consumption. Protein digestibility and nutritional value were determined in vitro and in vivo. Net protein ratio (= 2.65) and true digestibility (= 80.3) were compared with gelatin and caseinate. Protein digestibility was determined by pH-stat method and cell dialysis. Amino acid composition including 4-hydroxyproline, allowed determination of connective tissue, amino acid score and protein digestibility corrected amino acid score. High correlation was found between true digestibility and pH-stat method (R 2 = 0.99). Meaty flavor and gelling properties of veal hydrolysate could make it useful for high-quality soups, sauces and gravies.
Divergence in Gene Expression Is Uncoupled from Divergence in Coding Sequence in a Secondarily Woody Sunflower

Premise of research. The transition from herbaceous annual to woody perennial has occurred numerous times during angiosperm evolution, but the suite of genetic changes that accompanies this life history shift remains poorly understood. Here we analyze genetic sequence and gene expression divergence between the annual Helianthus annuus and a recently diverged woody perennial ecotype from California. Methodology. We grew plants from populations of typical H. annuus and the woody perennial ecotype in a common garden and measured days to flower, mature height, and basal stem density. We looked for evidence of genome size evolution in the woody ecotype using flow cytometry and conducted anatomical observations of stem development in seedlings. We sequenced the aboveground seedling transcriptomes of six individuals of each ecotype and identified genes with high fixation index (FST) and significant divergence in gene expression. Finally, we examined the gene ontology annotation of differentiated genes and assessed the extent of overlap between genes with divergent sequence and those with divergent expression. Pivotal results. Plants from the novel woody ecotype flowered later and were taller at maturity than typical H. annuus plants. Despite differences in the initiation and extent of secondary growth, the two sunflowers were similar in basal stem density at 6 mo. The ecotypes do not differ in genome size. We discovered 575 genes (3.5%) with significantly different expression between the ecotypes and identified seven biological processes associated with divergent gene expression. Surprisingly, only five of the differentially expressed genes were also present among genes with the most coding sequence divergence (top 3.5% of FST distribution). Conclusions. The recent transition in H. annuus from annual to woody perennial has been accompanied by numerous genomic changes, including divergence in gene expression and in coding sequence. These two mechanisms may represent alternative pathways toward the same adaptive optimum, or genes may be constrained to evolve via one mechanism or the other over short timescales.
Influence of Nutrient Supply on Growth, Mineral Nutrients and Carbohydrates in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

We investigated the growth of cucumber plants, the uptake and use of mineral nutrients, such as NO₃? N, NH₄? N, K? , Ca? , Mg? and Na? , absorbed from media solution, and the synthesis and distribution of soluble sugars under nutrient-deficient condition. Difference in plant growth revealed after 20 days of treatment. Nitrate uptake in nutrient-deficient condition was significantly reduced compared with nutrient-normal treatment, and its distribution was primarily in petioles, stem, roots and less inleaves. In contrast, ammonium content was markedly predominated in fast growing organs, and it was significantly different in growing leaves, expanded leaves, and roots under similar growth conditions. K? , lack by deficient nutrient condition, was found in growing leaves. The Ca? content did not show significant difference between treatments and a substantial portion of Ca? remained in petioles. The Mg? content was significantly higher in the leaves of nutrient-normal condition compared with nutrient-deficient condition while significantlylower in stem and roots. The behavior of Na? in plant was similar to K? although its content was relatively little. The highest CO₂ assimilation was observed in fully expanded leaves of nutrient-normal condition, which was 1.7 times higher compared with nutrient-deficient condition. The instantaneous water use efficiency (A/E) and the A/gsratio, which is an index of leaf intrinsic water use efficiency for individual leaves, was 1.2 and 1.1 times higher, respectively. The total soluble sugar (TSS) contents were highest in leaves followed by petioles, stems and roots, and in younger leaves. The growing leaves contained about 7,200 ㎎ ㎏? ¹ of TSS in nutrient-normal condition whereas the TSS contents in nutrient-deficient condition were not significantly different between leaves. The Mg? and NH₄? N were positively correlated with the TSS whereas NO₃? N was negatively correlated.
Developing biodiverse plantings suitable for changing climatic conditions 2: Using the Atlas of Living Australia

Summary There has been an increasing investment of taxpayer dollars in revegetation in Australia over the past 20 years, at both federal and state levels. The largest of these, the Australian Government’s Biodiversity Fund, will invest A$946 million to revegetate, rehabilitate and restore landscapes to store carbon, enhance biodiversity and build environmental resilience under climate change. The universal challenge for restoration practitioners working within these programmes is species selection for both current and future environmental conditions at a given site. For policy makers, the challenge is to provide guidelines and tools for this process. The first paper in this series of two papers looked at scientific methods that could provide underpinning knowledge to improve the assessment of species vulnerability to climatic and atmospheric change. In this paper, the publically accessible Atlas of Living Australia is used to demonstrate how revegetation project leaders can assess whether the species and provenances used in their revegetation projects are likely to be suitable for changing environmental conditions. While using the Atlas can assist current selections, ways in which more reliable selections for changing climatic conditions could be made are also outlined.
Periphyton Response in an Industrial Receiving Stream: Lipid-based Physiological Stress Analysis and Pattern Recognition of Microbial Community Structure

Periphyton were collected from three physically similar sites on an industrial receiving stream which differed in their distances from the discharge. Previous studies had established that biological effects diminished with distance downstream from the discharges. In this study, a multivariate analysis of periphyton membrane lipid profiles quantitatively verified site-specific differences in time-independent microbial community structure qualitatively suggested by algal taxonomic analyses. There were no differences in periphyton abundance among sites. Periphyton physiology was evaluated using a 14C-labeled bicarbonate and 3H-labeled amino acids dual-label incubation, with subsequent analysis of carbon partitioning into lipid compartments. Total radiolabel uptake was similar for all sites. Physiological stress was shown to be highest at the site closest to the discharges using a membrane to storage lipid synthetic ratio. High values of this ratio indicated that both the phototrophic and heterotrophic consti.
Cellular lysis in Bacillus subtilis; the affect of multiple extracellular protease deficiencies

Cellular lysis properties of strains of Bacillus subtilis deficient in the synthesis of extracellular proteases was investigated. In all cases, extracellular protease deficiency was found to increase the extent of cellular lysis of batch cultured strains following the transition to stationary phase, the time at which extracellular degradative enzymes are secreted in large quantities. The data indicates that the major extracellular proteases, NprE and AprE, are primarily responsible for the control of this autolytic activity in B. subtilis and has implications for the use of extracellular protease‐deficient strains as hosts for the production of heterologous proteins.
Does Job Satisfaction Provide Better Employee Turnover Intentions? A Study on IT Sector

Many organizations are facing a serious problem of their skilled employee’s turnover irrespective of IT sector, across the nation. This study is an attempt to identify the factors which influence job satisfaction and its relation to the skilled employee turnover intention from IT sector in India. The researcher considered a sample of 102 skilled employees across various companies of IT sector to find out the varied opinions about the levels of satisfaction experienced by them. The researcher adopted non-probability convenience sampling for choosing the respondents from central region of India. Exploratory correlation, reliability analysis, factor analysis, K-Means cluster analysis, t-test and regression were adopted for analysis of the collected data. As a result, three clusters of people influenced by three major factors of job satisfaction were identified. A negative relationship between turnover and job satisfaction was found, which is consistent with many of previous studies conducted in this area.
Male sperm reserves and copulation behaviour in the house sparrow, Passer domesticus

The aim of this study was to measure the rates of sperm utilization and production in male house sparrows, Passer domesticus: this is the first attempt to do this for any wild bird. The number of spermatozoa in the seminal glomera of males on days -1 to +3 (i. e. during their partner’s fertile period) declined significantly throughout the course of the day. Males had about 12.13 × 106 spermatozoa in their seminal glomera at the start of the day and during 16 copulations each day used 10.31 × 106 spermatozoa, which is probably all that was available for ejaculation. Mean ejaculate size was estimated to be 0.64 × 106 spermatozoa. Seminal glomera occur only in passerines and their function is unclear, but our results suggest a new hypothesis: if spermatozoa production and spermatozoa transport to the seminal glomera are limited to a short period during the night, the seminal glomera serve as a daily spermatozoa store.
World Patterns and Amounts of Terrestrial Plant Litter Production

Leaf and total plant litter amounts worldwide are estimated by climatic curve-fits and mapped by computer using a world climatic data base. Computer planimetry of the maps produced estimates of yearly terrestrial leaf litter (35.1 x 10 to the power of 9t) and total litter production (54.8 x 10 to the power of 9t). This is about 1.3% and 2.0% respectively, of the estimated world totals of detrital soil organic matter. (Refs. 20).
283 TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS OF BIOPSIES DERIVED FROM IN VITRO-PRODUCED BOVINE BLASTOCYSTS IN RELATION TO PREGNANCY SUCCESS AFTER TRANSFER TO RECIPIENTS

Early embryonic mortality is a recognized cause of reproductive failure in cattle leading to the loss of a large number of potential calves, retarded genetic progress, and significant loss of money and time in rebreeding cows. The purpose of this work was to address the relationship between the transcriptional profile of embryos, using the microarray technique, and pregnancy success based on blastocyst biopsies taken prior to transfer to recipients. Biopsies (3 to 40% of the intact embryo) were taken from IVP Day 7 blastocysts (n = 98) and 60 to 70% was transferred to recipients (2-year-old Simmental heifers) after re-expansion. Based on the success of pregnancy, biopsies were pooled in 3 groups: those resulting in no pregnancy (G1), resorption (G2), and calf delivery (G3). Gene expression analysis of these groups of biopsies was performed using a home-made bovine pre-implantation-specific array (with 219 clones) and bovine cDNA array (BlueChip) (with 2000 clones) (Sirard et al. 2005 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 17, 47–57). Approximately 3 µg of amplified RNA from pooled biopsies (10 biopsies each) was used as a template in reverse transcription reactions incorporating amino-modified dUTPs into labeled cDNA using the CyScribeTM post-labelling kit (Amersham Bioscience, Freiburg, Germany). The synthesized cDNAs from all 3 groups were differentially labeled using Cy3 and Cy5 dyes. Slides were scanned using a GenePix 4000B scanner and images were analyzed using GenePix Pro Version 4.0 software (Axon Instruments, Union City, CA, USA). Data were analyzed using Significant Analysis for Microarray (SAM) software (http//www.stst.stanford.edu/tips/SAM). Quantitative real-time PCR was used to confirm the differentially expressed genes revealed by microarray experiments. Results revealed that 52 genes were differentially regulated between G1 and G3, and 58 genes were differentially regulated between G2 and G3. Biopsies resulting in calf delivery were enriched with genes necessary for implantation (COX-2 and CDX2), signal transduction (PLAU), polyamine biosynthesis (ODC1), response to oxidative stress (TXN), growth factor (BMP15), and placenta-specific 8 (PLAC8). Biopsies that ended up with resorption were enriched with transcripts involving protein phosphorylation (KRT8) plasma membrane (OCLN), and glucose metabolism (PGK1, AKR1B1). Biopsies resulting in no pregnancy were enriched with transcripts involving inflammatory cytokines (TNF), protein amino acid binding (EEF1A1), transcription factors (MSX1, PTTG1), glucose metabolism (PGK1, AKR1B1), and CD9, which is an inhibitor of implantation. In conclusion, we generated direct candidates of blastocyst-specific genes that determine the fate of the embryo after transfer.
Impact of seedbed and water level on the establishment of plant species associated with bog pools: Implications for restoration

Our study found that a water level close to the surface and a seedbed composed of bare peat or a Sphagnum carpet favored the germination of vascular species associated with pools in peatlands. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the impact of seedbed and water level on the germination and growth of 7 plant species associated with pools: Carex limosa L. , C. magellanica Lam. ssp. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Hultén, C. oligosperma Michx. , C. pauciflora Lightf. , and Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl from the Cyperaceae family as well as Drosera intermedia Hayne (Droseraceae) and Scheuchzeria palustris L. (Scheuchzeriaceae). The 3 seedbeds tested were 1) bare peat; 2) a carpet of Sphagnum cuspidatum Ehrh. ex Hoffm. and S. fallax (Klinggr.) Klinggr. (Sphagnaceae); and 3) a carpet of Cladopodiella fluitans (Nees) H. Buch (Cephaloziaceae), common bryophytes along pool edges. Seedbeds were combined with 2 water levels (0 and 10 cm below the soil surface) in a complete factorial block design. Germination periods were generally longer when seeds were submitted to drier conditions and placed on C. fluitans carpets. Conditions favoring biomass production were more variable among species. These results will facilitate the identification of the best ecological conditions for successful establishment of pool edge species in the context of restoration projects, thereby increasing biodiversity and ecological value of restored peatlands.