Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Reactivation of the Immune Response in Immunologically Suppressed Animals

Attempts were made to restore antibody production in x-irradiated rats and in rabbits made tolerant to protein antigen by 6-mercaptopurine. A restorative factor from normal spleen cells was analyzed, and the kinetics of restoration, mainly in x-irradiated rats, were studied. Rats, aged 21/2 to 31/2 months, were used in most of the x-irradiation experiments, and sheep red blood cells were used as the test antigen. X irradiation of rats was carried out in most experinents with a total-body dose of 550 r given at a dose rate of 56 r/min. In some experiments the rats were exposed to 500 r. Injections of antigens and the cellular preparations in the reactivation experiments were carried out 24 hr after x irradiation. The cell suspensions were obtained by mechanical dissocation of spleen, liver, regenerating liver (six days after hepatectomy), and thymus. Evaluation of the restoration of agglutinin production in x- irradiated rats showed that normal rat spleen injected with the antigen restored the immune response and that the agglutinins obtained represented antibody formation by the irradiated recipient cells. The restoration was manifested in a shortening of the lag period and in incidence of reactive animals. The restorative activity resides in spleen cell nuclei,more » spleen DNA, and DNase-treated DNA. Studies of changes of DNA content of spleens of irradiated and reactivated animals and of the histologic picture of such spleens indicate that the restorative factors do not elicit a general nonspecific regeneration of the depleted cell population of the antibody-forming organs. Restoration, obtained by similar methods, was also studied in rabbits made tolerant to human serum albumin by 6-mercaptopurine treatment. After a discussion of the results in relation to the clonal concept of antibody formation and suppression, it was concluded that immunologic unresponsiveness is not a result of elimination of immunologically reactive cells but of the presence of nonreactive cells. Two alternative hypotheses are considered: the elective theory, which postulates that every cell is genetically predetermined to form every type of antibody; and the instructive theories of antibody production. Available data favors the elective theory, it is suggested. (BBB)« less
Counting citations in texts rather than reference lists to improve the accuracy of assessing scientific contribution

Being cited is a popular measure of the scientific contribution of a scientific paper and consequently a well-used measure of the academic reputation of the authors, their institutions, and the journal that published it [1–6]. In common citation index systems, like ISIWeb of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, all citations are treated equally. However, all authors would agree that references listed in the bibliography of a paper often differ greatly in their contribution to that paper. Some references are indispensable; they directly stimulate hypotheses or provide essential methods. By contrast, some other references are cited just for background information or are incidentally mentioned. An early analysis of 575 references in 30 articles published in Physical Review has shown that about 40% of the references are perfunctory, which raises doubts about the use of citations as a measure of scientific contribution [7]. To solve this problem, researchers have advocated a different strategy to that of simply counting the references in a bibliography, i.e. content analysis of references [7, 8]. With this approach, the functions of citations are classified by analyzing the contexts in which the references appear. Close reading and expert judgment limit the application of this strategy in large-scale analysis. In recent years, the number of approaches for automatic classification of citations by key words or phrases has grown [9–11]. Here, we present a simple alternative approach to improve the accuracy of citations as a measure of scientific contribution: counting citations in texts. The underlying hypothesis is very simple. Those important references that make a major contribution to a given study appear in the text more frequently, while references providing only background information are mentioned just once in the text. By counting the appearance of each reference in the text, we can obtain a new citation frequency that reflects the scientific contribution of each reference more accurately. We tested our hypothesis by examining first whether closely related references appear more frequently in texts. Then, we tested whether our approach could significantly reduce the typical faults in using citations as a measure of scientific contribution.
Prevalence of post‐traumatic stress disorder among children and adolescents who survive road traffic crashes: A systematic review of the international literature

While road traffic crashes are known to have a significant impact in terms of deaths and hospitalisations, quantifying the burden of psychological sequelae is more challenging. This systematic review critically evaluates published studies designed to estimate the prevalence of post‐traumatic stress disorder among children and adolescents who have survived a road crash. Most studies have focused on injured school‐aged children and adolescents, and estimate the occurrence of this condition to be between 12% and 46% in the first 4 months following crash involvement and between 13% and 25% 4–12 months following the crash. The relatively high prevalence of post‐traumatic stress disorder following one of the commonest causes of injury underscores the need for greater vigilance and active management to mitigate the adverse consequences on the health and development of young crash survivors. The findings also emphasise the important role that child health professionals must play in promoting strategies that prevent road traffic crashes.
Comparison of Fetal and Neonatal Growth Curves in Detecting Growth Restriction

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) infants with abnormal pulsatility index of the umbilical artery according to the neonatal birth weight/gestational age standards and the intrauterine growth charts. METHODS: We analyzed 53 pregnancies with severe IUGR classified as group 2 (22 IUGR: abnormal pulsatility index and normal fetal heart rate) and group 3 (31 IUGR: abnormal pulsatility index and fetal heart rate). Neonatal birth weight/gestational age distribution, body size measurements, maternal characteristics and obstetric outcome, and neonatal major and minor morbidity and mortality were compared with those obtained in 79 singleton pregnancies with normal fetal growth and pulsatility index, matched for gestational age (appropriate for gestational age [AGA] group). Differences were analyzed with the &khgr;2 test and the Student t test. Differences between means corrected for gestational age in the different groups were assessed by analysis of covariance test. A P<. 05 was considered significant. RESULTS: At delivery, using the neonatal standards, 25 of 53 (47%) IUGR showed a birth weight above the 10th percentile (IUGRAGA), whereas in 28, birth weight was below the 10th percentile (IUGR small for gestational age [SGA]—IUGRSGA). All body size measurements were significantly higher in AGA than in IUGRAGA and IUGRSGA. Forty-nine of 79 (62%) AGA and 49 of 53 (92%) IUGR were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (P<.001). One of 79 (1%) AGA and 6 of 53 (11%) IUGR newborns died within 28 days (P<.02). Major and minor morbidity was not different. CONCLUSION: This study shows that neonatal outcome is similar in IUGR of the same clinical severity, whether or not they could be defined AGA or SGA according to the neonatal standards. Neonatal curves are misleading in detecting low birth weight infants and should be used only when obstetric data are unavailable. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II
Sexual Preferences and Partnerships of Transgender Persons Mid- or Post-Transition

ABSTRACT The process of gender transition has varying effects on various aspects of sexuality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of transitioning on transgender persons’ sexual preferences and partnerships. Data were collected through an anonymous online survey. Questions focused on timing of gender transition in relation to change in sexual preference. Transgender individuals have a variety of sexual partners, predominantly cisgender, and may change sexual preference when they transition. Transitioning can be associated with having no primary sexual partner, despite past sexual partnerships. Length of time between identifying as transgender and starting the transition might be associated with changing sexual partner preference, particularly in transgender women. The emerging trends of sexual partnerships and changing sexual preferences related to the transition in this study warrant further investigation. These data provide more understanding of the relationship between transitioning and sexual preferences and partnerships.
Current British veterinary attitudes to perioperative analgesia for cats and small mammals

In March 1996, a questionnaire was sent to 2000 veterinary surgeons primarily involved in small animal practice to assess their attitudes to perioperative analgesic therapy in dogs, cats and other small mammals. This paper is concerned only with the data relevant to cats, analgesic monitoring, continuing education and, to a limited extent, small mammals. The veterinary surgeons considered that pain was a consequence of all the surgical procedures specified. Analgesics were administered by 94 per cent of them to cats undergoing orthopaedic surgery, by 72 per cent for the repair of a ruptured diaphragm, by 56 per cent for laparotomy, by 26 per cent for ovariohysterectomy, by 16 per cent for castration and by 39 per cent for dental work. Women and more recent graduates assigned higher pain scores to the procedures, and there was a significant correlation between the pain score and the number of veterinary surgeons who routinely gave analgesic, resulting in women and more recent graduates being more likely to treat the pain with analgesics. The majority of the veterinarians performed surgery on small mammals, but on average only 22 per cent gave perioperative analgesics, and the number giving analgesics varied with the species of small mammal. The perioperative monitoring of animals was largely delegated to nursing staff
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals’ Perceptions of American Religious Traditions

ABSTRACT The cumulative alienation sexual minorities experience from American mainline religious groups may leave them feeling disillusioned and even hostile toward the religious organizations that have historically rejected them. However, research to date has not explored sexual minorities’ perceptions of religious traditions in the United States. The current study examines the variations between lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults’ (LGB) perceptions of whether religious traditions are friendly/neutral or unfriendly toward the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) population. Using data from the Pew Research Center 2013 Survey of LGBT Adults, the author conducts separate binary logistic regression analyses examining whether four religious traditions—evangelical Protestantism, the Catholic Church, the Jewish religion, and mainline Protestantism—are generally perceived as friendly/neutral or unfriendly toward LGBT people. The findings from this study offer rare insight on sexual minorities’ perceptions of major religious traditions and illustrates that sexual minorities have a complex relationship with religion.
Trans fatty acids in the Nordic countries

Trans fatty acids (TFA) comprise a variety of positional isomers, mainly with 18 carbon atoms and one double bond (C18:1). They are found in foods of ruminant animal origin and in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. The isomeric composition of TFA in animal and vegetable foods differs, but no definite differences have been documented between the metabolic and health effects of the different isomers. In the Nordic countries the intake of TFA has declined during the past 1015 years, mainly through reduced use of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. TFA are mainly found in foods that contain far higher amounts of saturated fatty acids (SFA). The proportion of SFA plus TFA should be kept to one-third of total dietary fatty acids. The problem of excessive consumption of these unfavourable fatty acids should be managed with food-based dietary guidelines in agreement with the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations.
Object of Desire Self-Consciousness Theory

In this article, the authors discuss the construct of object of desire self-consciousness, the perception that one is romantically and sexually desirable in another's eyes. The authors discuss the nature of the construct, variations in its expression, and how it may function as part of a self-schemata or script related to romance and sexuality. The authors suggest that object of desire self-consciousness may be an adaptive, evolved psychological mechanism allowing sexual and romantic tactics suitable to one's mate value. The authors also suggest that it can act as a signal that one has high mate value in the sexual marketplace. The authors then review literature (e.g., on fantasies, on sexual activity preferences, on sexual dysfunctions, on language) suggesting that object of desire self-consciousness plays a particularly important role in heterosexual women's sexual/romantic functioning and desires.
The Relation Between Stress and Sexual Function and Satisfaction in Reproductive-Age Women in Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study

The present study aimed to evaluate the relation between stress and different aspects of female sexual function and satisfaction. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 228 reproductive-age women who were referred to the public Health Centers in Ahvaz, Iran. All eligible participants were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire, the Female Sexual Function Index, and the Perceived Stress Scale. The data were analyzed using independent t test, Pearson correlation, and logistic regression. The mean score of stress was 32.9 (SD = 4.7) in the normal sexual function group and 33.3 (SD = 5.5) in the unfavorable sexual function group. There was a significant correlation between stress and sexual function score, sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, lubrication, sexual pain, and satisfaction (p <.001). Spouses’ education (OR = 0.15, CI [0.02, 0.97], p =.04) and frequency of sexual intercourse per week (OR = 1.8, CI [1.3, 2.5], p <.001) had a significant relation with stress. There is a significant relation between women's perceived stress and sexual function and satisfaction. Further analytical studies are needed to show the harmful effects of stress on women's sexual activity and satisfaction.
Behavior Problems and Psychiatric Diagnoses in Girls with Gender Identity Disorder: A Follow-Up Study

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the presence of clinical range behavior problems and psychiatric diagnoses in 25 girls referred for gender identity disorder (GID) in childhood (mean age: 8.88 years) at the time of follow-up in adolescence or adulthood (mean age: 23.2 years). At follow-up, three (12%) of the girls were judged to have persistent GID based on DSM-IV criteria. With regard to behavior problems at follow-up, 39.1% of the girls had a clinical range score on either the Child Behavior Checklist or Adult Behavior Checklist as rated by their mothers, and 33.3% had a clinical range score on either the Youth Self-Report or the Adult Self-Report. On either the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents or the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, the girls had, on average, 2.67 diagnoses (range: 0–10); 46% met criteria for three or more diagnoses. From the childhood assessment, five variables were significantly associated with a composite Psychopathology Index (PI) at follow-up: a lower IQ, living in a non-two-parent or reconstituted family, a composite behavior problem index, and poor peer relations. At follow-up, degree of concurrent homoeroticism and a composite index of gender dysphoria were both associated with the composite PI. Girls with GID show a psychiatric vulnerability at the time of follow-up in late adolescence or adulthood, although there was considerable variation in their general well-being.
Perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana in vitro de Staphylococcus aureus isolado de mastite subclínica bovina

Eighty-three strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis were studied in order to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial sensibility. Using agar diffusion technique, 79 (95%) strains were resistant to penicillin G and 73 (88%) to ampicillin. Against for the others tested drugs 83 (100%) were sensitive to cephalothin, 79 (95%) to enrofloxacin, 77 (93%) to tetracycline, 76 (92%) to erythromycin and clindamycin, and 65 (78%) to gentamicin. samples From those animals with recent intramammary infection, 91 and 87% strains were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin, while from chronic infection 100 and 89% were resistant to those drugs, respectively. There was significant difference among the effectiveness of penicillin and ampicillin (P<0.01) for chronic infection category. Resistance to two antibiotics simultaneously was the most frequent with the profile penicillin+ampicillin observed in 55 (66%) of the studied strains. The results showed that resistance to penicillins frequently occurs in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle herds in the municipality of Garanhuns, PE, Brazil.
Bridging the Research/Practice Gap: Human Factors Practitioners' Opportunity for Input to Define Research for the Rest of the Decade

The purpose of this session(s) is to attempt a novel forum for bridging the researcher/practitioner dichotomy that divides the human factors professional community. The objective of this session(s) is to convene a group of attendees to formulate a detailed list of critical human factors research needs. Attendees will suggest and discuss critical needs they have for human factors data, research, and analyses. The purpose of discussion will be to embellish and clarify initial suggestions, rather than to limit or discourage specific suggestions. This is not a forum for researchers to discuss their work, but rather a forum for practitioners to discuss their current work and the informational needs that serve as barriers to their effectiveness. Individual Technical Groups co-sponsored component discussions as a means for targeting their application areas of interest. The Strategic Planning Focus Groups held at the 1995 Annual Meeting served as the model for interaction among attendees. A publication will be produced following the Annual Meeting which identifies critical human factors research needs, based on direct input from industry practitioners– the direct consumers of such research. As such, it differs from similar publications extant (e.g., those of the National Research Council) which are driven by researchers' perceptions of research needs. By using the interactive “focus group” format that was so successful at the 1995 Annual Meeting, it is anticipated that this session will be able to make great strides toward bridging the research/practice gap that currently exists in the human factors profession.
The Effect of ROM Exercise on Rats with Denervation and Joint Contracture

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is an effect of ROM exercise on rats with denervation and joint contracture. [Methods] Fifteen female 8-week old Wistar rats were used. For seven out of the fifteen rats, the left hind limbs were used as control limbs (group 1), and the right hind limbs (group 2) were fixed continuously with white tape in full plantar flexion for one week. The remaining eight rats received bilateral sciatic neurectomies. The left hind limbs (group 3) were fixed continuously with white tape in full plantar flexion for one week. The right hind limbs (group 4) were fixed in full plantar flexion with white tape that was removed daily from the second through the seventh experimental days. After the tape was removed the foot was held in dorsiflexion by a spring balancer for 30 minutes. After the ROM exercise session was completed, the white tape was reapplied, again with the ankle fixed in full plantar flexion. [Results] Before the experiment, there were no significant differences among the groups. After the experiment: compared to group 1, ROM in group 2 and group 3 was significantly increased; compared to group 2, ROM in group 3 and group 4 was significantly decreased; and compared to group 3, ROM in group 4 was significantly decreased. [Conclusion] ROM exercise was effective for preventing ROM limitation. These results suggest that ROM exercise is effective for preventing joint limitation in rats with denervation and joint contracture.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms are associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease in renal transplantation

Aim: Nitric oxide (NO), produced by the polymorphic endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3), plays an important role in endothelial function. The aim was to determine the effect of NOS3 polymorphisms on hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in renal allograft recipients.
Influence of haemodialysis on early markers of atherosclerosis

Introduction: End‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients treated by haemodialysis (HD) have impaired endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation and increased intima‐media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery The aim of the study was to analyse the relationships between parameters of chronic HD treatment and non‐invasive assessments of preclinical atherosclerosis (endothelial dysfunction and carotid IMT) in ESRD patients on HD.
Effects of alcohol consumption on blood pressure in hypertensive women

ABSTRACT Background: Problem drinking carries significant health burdens, including an increased risk of hypertension. The effect of chronic alcohol intake on blood pressure (BP) in women is understudied and poorly understood. Objectives: We sought to examine the relationships between drinking habits and BP in hypertensive women. Methods: We analyzed drinking habits in 113 women followed in the Brigham and Women's Hospital Hypertension Clinic for at least one year. Results: Among these women with well-controlled hypertension, baseline diastolic BP was significantly lower in moderate drinkers compared with women who rarely or never drank. Changes in both systolic and diastolic BP over 12 months showed a significant negative association with changes in percent drinking days. In contrast, there was a trend toward higher baseline systolic BP among those women who consumed more drinks per drinking day. Conclusions: Among these women with controlled hypertension, our data failed to demonstrate an association between drinking beyond recommended limits and higher disease burden. These findings parallel the widely reported difference between drinking frequency, associated with a host of positive health outcomes, and drinking intensity, associated with negative outcomes. Novel to this report is an observed reduction in blood pressure over the one-year follow-up period accompanying an increased drinking frequency in treated hypertensive women. Cautions include the suggestion that a greater number of drinks per drinking day was associated with higher baseline pressure. These data imply that drinking within sensible limits has no negative impact on chronic hypertension. In fact, for women with well-controlled hypertension, such a habit may impart benefit.