Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ti+ and Mg+ Ion Beam Extraction from the Modified Bernas Ion Source

The korea multi-purpose accelerator complex (KOMAC) has a metal-ion-beam irradiation facility (150 keV/1 mA) equipped with a Bernas ion source. Metal-ion beams such as Cr + , Fe + , Co + , and Cu + have been successfully extracted from our facility. Recently, some research groups have requested us to irradiate Ti + and Mg + ions into materials. These two kinds of ions have never been provided before. In response to these requests, we carried out the extraction of Ti + and Mg + beams at our facility. The vaporization temperatures of TiCl(III) and MgCl(II) under a pressure of 10 −4 Torr were less than 300 °C and more than 600 °C, respectively. In this study, optimal extraction conditions for Ti + and Mg + ion beams were acquired successfully. To confirm the fluences of the Ti + and the Mg + beams, we prepared a silicon wafer sample and a gallium nitride (GaN) sample. Ti + ions were irradiated with a current density of ∼6 μA/cm 2 onto a silicon wafer sample for 90 min, and the dose was 1.68 × 10 16 ions/cm 2 , we measured by using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) analysis. Mg + ions implanted in GaN were confirmed by using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). The depth and the concentration of Mg + ions at the peak were found to be 130 nm and 7.4 × 10 19 ions/cm 3 , respectively. We would expect the newly extracted Ti + and Mg + ions to be helpful for research in the fields of material science and condensed matter physics.
THE SYSTEMATICS OF A SMALL SPINELESS DESMODESMUS SPECIES, D. COSTATO‐GRANULATUS (SPHAEROPLEALES, CHLOROPHYCEAE), BASED ON ITS2 rDNA SEQUENCE ANALYSES AND CELL WALL MORPHOLOGY 1

Desmodesmus species taxonomy is one of the most long‐standing issues in green microalgal systematics due to problems associated with phenotypic plasticity. Whereas more recent species descriptions and identifications are mainly based on cell wall structures and the use of cultures, comparisons with molecular phylogenies are largely lacking. In this study, the phylogenetic relationships between 22 clones identified as Desmodesmus costato‐granulatus (Skuja) E. H. Hegew. were assessed using ITS2 rDNA sequence data in combination with cell wall morphology. The unrooted ITS2 phylogeny showed that the clones cluster into five groups, which also differ in their cell wall structures. Therefore, the taxon is split into five species: D. costato‐granulatus, D. elegans, D. fennicus, D. regularis, and D. ultrasquamatus. Compared with other Desmodesmus species, intraspecific sequence variation is extensive and may contain additional (pseudo)cryptic diversity. Compensatory base changes were near‐absent within the species and varied from one to 11 between species. Relationships among the species were unresolved. Despite this, they clustered together with the two other Desmodesmus species having a combination of small and large warts in a well‐supported lineage. Remarkably, ITS2 sequence variation in this lineage is as high as between all other included Desmodesmus species, even though the morphology of its members is rather uniform.
Development of the Decomposer Food-Web, Trophic Relationships, and Ecosystem Properties during a Three-Year Primary Succession in Sawdust

There has been considerable interest in characterising the general properties of food-webs and trophic interactions but little is known as to how these develop along successional gradients. From a field study we determined how the decomposer food-web develops during a three-year primary succession of sawdust. Microfloral and microfaunal groups increased over the initial 1-2 years of the study and then reached a state of «dynamic equilibrium». During this period of longer-term stability there was considerable short-term instability, with severe oscillations most likely attributable to predator-prey cycles involving nematodes, bacteria and fungi. Populations of top predatory nematodes closely mirrored those of the bacterial-feeding cephalobid nematodes three months earlier, indicative of a strong trophic association. Other relatively close linkages were also detected, but the majority of links involving nematodes appeared weak, suggesting that the distribution of food web interaction strengths is strongly skewed. Food chain length and food-web complexity increased over the fist three months of the study but remained invariant thereafter, demonstrating that connectedness approaches to food-webs are extremely insensitive to primary succession. While some of our findings were in broad agreement with Odum's theory of ecosystem succession (e.g. initial biomass buildup, development of connectedness food-web properties), others were not. These included: colonisation early in the succession by the largest organisms in the food-web (mites and Collembola); little difference in early colonising ability between nematodes with r-selected and K-selected traits: a short-term «instability» of microflora and microfauna later in the succession indicative of high nutrient exchange rates; and a detectable rise in the microbial respiration:biomass ratio over the final year probably due to nutrient limitation. Consideration of trophic dynamics aided the understanding of successional trends, and an appreciation of the complex patterns of (trophic) species interactions appears necessary for a more complete interpretation of the patterns and mechanisms of ecosystem succession
Hydraulic Conductivity, Xylem Cavitation, and Water Potential for Succulent Leaves of Agave deserti and Agave tequilana

Axial hydraulic conductivity (Kh) was measured for fresh, dehydrated, and rehydrated leaves of the Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) leaf succulents, Agave deserti and Agave tequilana. Dehydration of leaves at 35°C for several hours caused Kh to decrease, with a 50% decrease occurring at a leaf water potential of −2.37 MPa for A. deserti and at −1.72 MPa for A. tequilana. When leaves were rehydrated in water, the decrease in Kh was completely reversible, indicating that the decrease under dehydrated conditions was caused by xylem cavitation. During extended drought of potted plants, leaves of A. deserti dehydrated less rapidly than those of A. tequilana, resulting in leaf water potentials of −1.96 MPa and −3.42 MPa, respectively, at 100 d of drought. Also, transpiration decreased 87% at 40 d of drought for A. deserti compared to 97% for A. tequilana. Based on leaf water potentials during drought and leaf vulnerability to cavitation, A. deserti and A. tequilana would experience 41% and 80% decreases in Kh, respectively, at 100 d of drought. The difference between the two species was primarily caused by the higher leaf water potentials of A. deserti compared to A. tequilana, rather than by differences in vulnerability to cavitation. A model of whole‐plant axial hydraulic conductance for A. deserti indicated that, under well‐watered conditions, the leaves had a lower axial hydraulic conductivity than the roots. After 60 d of drought, however, the root hydraulic conductivity was lower than that of the leaves, a phenomenon that would aid in restricting water loss from the plant to the soil during extended drought.
Evidence that actin filaments are involved in controlling the permeability of plasmodesmata in tobacco mesophyll

Summary The role of actin filaments in regulating plasmodesmal transport has been studied by microinjection experiments in mesophyll cells of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun). When fluorescent dextrans of various molecular sizes were each co-injected with specific actin filament perturbants cytochalasin D (CD) or profilin into these cells, dextrans up to 20 kilodalton (kDa) moved from the injected cell into surrounding cells within 3–5 min. In contrast, when such dextrans were injected alone or co-injected with phalloidin into the mesophyll cells, they remained in the injected cells. Phalloidin co-injection slowed down or even inhibited CD- or profilin-elicited dextran cell-to-cell movement. Dextrans of 40 kDa or larger were unable to move out of the injected cell in the presence of CD or profilin. These data suggest that actin filaments may participate in the regulation of plasmodesmal transport by controlling the permeability of plasmodesmata.
New approaches to extensive forest inventory in Western Australia using large-scale aerial photography

Summary With the publication of its 1987 Timber Strategy, the Western Australian Government called for a new strategic-level inventory over 1.3-million hectares of the state's jarrah forests by 1991. The design for this inventory uses two phase or double sampling; the first phase involving intensive systematic sampling by large scale aerial photographs (1:1200) to obtain gross bole volume estimates for the forest and its various subunits, the second phase involving resampling a proportion of the first phase plots on the ground to obtain detailed information for adjusting the first phase photo-estimates and for partitioning gross bole volumes into product classes of various types. Large-scale photographs improve sampling efficiency partly because of their use to obtain precise tree measurements independent of ground control. One method available for such photography uses sequential exposures with a single camera and requires an accurate altimeter and tip/tilt recorder to determine scale and camera-orientat.
A cross‐biome comparison of daily light use efficiency for gross primary production

Vegetation light use efficiency is a key physiological parameter at the canopy scale, and at the daily time step is a component of remote sensing algorithms for scaling gross primary production (GPP) and net primary production (NPP) over regional to global domains. For the purposes of calibrating and validating the light use efficiency (εg) algorithms, the components of εg– absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and ecosystem GPP – must be measured in a variety of environments. Micrometeorological and mass flux measurements at eddy covariance flux towers can be used to estimate APAR and GPP, and the emerging network of flux tower sites offers the opportunity to investigate spatial and temporal patterns in εg at the daily time step. In this study, we examined the relationship of daily GPP to APAR, and relationships of εg to climatic variables, at four micrometeorological flux tower sites – an agricultural field, a tallgrass prairie, a deciduous forest, and a boreal forest. The relationship of GPP to APAR was close to linear at the tallgrass prairie site but more nearly hyperbolic at the other sites. The sites differed in the mean and range of daily εg, with higher values associated with the agricultural field than the boreal forest. εg decreased with increasing APAR at all sites, a function of mid‐day saturation of GPP and higher εg under overcast conditions. εg was generally not well correlated with vapor pressure deficit or maximum daily temperature. At the agricultural site, a εg decline towards the end of the growing season was associated with a decrease in foliar nitrogen concentration. At the tallgrass prairie site, a decline in εg in August was associated with soil drought. These results support inclusion of parameters for cloudiness and the phenological status of the vegetation, as well as use of biome‐specific parameterization, in operational εg algorithms.
Fluorescent Products from Irradiated Amino Acids and Proteins

Upon γ-irradiation, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, serine, arginine, and methionine in aqueous solution formed appreciable amounts of malonaldehyde and small but measurable quantities of fluorescent compounds. The fluorescence yield was dose dependent within the range 100-1000 krads, and was fairly proportional to the amount of malonaldehyde formed. Irradiated amino acids that did not form malonaldehyde did not develop fluorescent products. Spectral characteristics of the fluorescent products and other analytical data suggested the presence of a Schiff-base type linkage, probably formed by conversion of some of the amino acid to malonaldehyde and its subsequent reaction with other amino acid molecules to form a Schiff base. This study shows the possible usefulness of fluorescence measurements to assess radiation damage to amino acids and proteins.
Absolute phase unwrapping with SVM for fringe-projection profilometry

Phase unwrapping is a fundamental task in phase-based profilometry. Existing spatial and temporal approaches are facing challenges such as error propagation and low efficiency. In this study, the authors propose a learning-based method that uses a support vector machine (SVM) to perform phase unwrapping, where the problem is solved as a classification task. To be specific, seven elements, extracted from the captured patterns and the wrapped phase, form the input feature vector and the fringe order is the output class. Besides, a radial basis function kernel SVM is adopted as the model. The proposed method is conducted independently for every pixel, and does not suffer from error propagation in the spatial unwrapping. Moreover, it needs fewer patterns than temporal unwrapping since only one phase map is required. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme produces precise depth maps, which are comparable with the complex quality-guided methods but at a much faster speed.
Effect of ultraviolet radiation on growth and percent settlement of larval Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

Lytechinus variegatus larvae were used to examine the effects of ecologically relevant short-term exposures of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on larval morphology and settlement. A laboratory experiment tested the blastula, gastrula, and early pluteus stages of larval development for susceptibility to damage from exposure to UVR produced by an artificial light source. Larval post-oral arm length and percent settlement were measured to assess UVR effects. Larvae exposed at the blastula and gastrula stages had a reduction in larval post-oral arm length compared with non-exposure controls, while larvae exposed at the early pluteus stage were similar to controls. Larvae exposed in the gastrula stage had a significant reduction in percent settlement compared with controls. Negative consequences from ecologically relevant levels of UVR were differentially dependent on the larval stage at time of exposure suggesting time point in larval development at exposure will be important in interpreting effects on higher levels of biological organization.
Climate change and the future for coral reef fishes

Climate change will impact coral-reef fishes through effects on individual performance, trophic linkages, recruitment dynamics, population connectivity and other ecosystem processes. The most immediate impacts will be a loss of diversity and changes to fish community composition as a result of coral bleaching. Coral-dependent fishes suffer the most rapid population declines as coral is lost; however, many other species will exhibit long-term declines due to loss of settlement habitat and erosion of habitat structural complexity. Increased ocean temperature will affect the physiological performance and behaviour of coral reef fishes, especially during their early life history. Small temperature increases might favour larval development, but this could be counteracted by negative effects on adult reproduction. Already variable recruitment will become even more unpredictable. This will make optimal harvest strategies for coral reef fisheries more difficult to determine and populations more susceptible to overfishing. A substantial number of species could exhibit range shifts, with implications for extinction risk of small-range species near the margins of reef development. There are critical gaps in our knowledge of how climate change will affect tropical marine fishes. Predictions are often based on temperate examples, which may be inappropriate for tropical species. Improved projections of how ocean currents and primary productivity will change are needed to better predict how reef fish population dynamics and connectivity patterns will change. Finally, the potential for adaptation to climate change needs more attention. Many coral reef fishes have geographical ranges spanning a wide temperature gradient and some have short generation times. These characteristics are conducive to acclimation or local adaptation to climate change and provide hope that the more resilient species will persist if immediate action is taken to stabilize Earth’s climate.
Factors that influence the decision of coffee farmers to take credit in North Sumatra

Coffee is a national plantation commodity which plays an important role in the Indonesian economy. Capital is a significant issue for smallholder plantations in North Sumatra. The increase in capital is expected to increase coffee production. Capital obtained through credit will meet the need for funds for land preparation, planting, maintenance and harvesting. This study selected 50 respondents consisting of 25 who took credit and 25 farmers who did not take credit. Respondents were chosen purposively, information obtained by interview and using a questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis is used to determine the relationship of the factors analysed in this study and their influence to increase the likelihood of farmers to take credit. The results of the regression analysis showed that the nature of coffee plants, the nature of credit and credit services had a significant effect on the decision of coffee farmers to take credit in North Sumatra, while the personal aspects of farmers did not significantly influence the decisions of coffee farmers in taking credit in North Sumatra.
NOTES ON THE BIONOMICS OF THE MILKWEED BEETLE TETRAOPES TETROPHTHALMUS (FORST.) (CERAMBYCIDAE)

There are several controversial questions in the literature pertaining to the life history of the milkweed beetle, Tetraopes tetrophthalmus. I made an attempt to find the solution to some of these questions during the fall of 1939 and spring and summer of 1940. The results of this study are offered herewith. The milkweed hosts of this insect were abundant along railroads near Urbana, and it was largely in such situations that these investigations were carried out.
Promoting Behavioral Change Using Text Messages: A Case Study of Blackberry Farmers in Ecuador

Abstract This study measures the effect of text message receipt on behavioral change by Ecuadorean blackberry farmers. We examine whether text messages affect knowledge about specific technologies or serve as reminders to farmers to employ practices as part of their crop management strategy. Drawing from well-known theories of behavioral change, we identify pathways relevant to technology adoption. We then describe results from a randomized experiment and measure the impact of the intervention through these pathways. Results suggest that in the blackberry context, timely text messages remind farmers about recommended practices and increase adoption. Effects on knowledge enhancement are not significant.
Seedling Survival of Tropical Tree Species: Interactions of Dispersal Distance, Light-Gaps, and Pathogens

This study tested the hypotheses that seed dispersal enhances seedling survival by (1) escape of distance—dependent or density—dependent mortality or both, and (2) colonization of light—gaps. Spatial patterns of seedling survival for 1 yr in shade and in light—gaps and causes of seedling mortality for the first 2 mo were determined for one tree of each of nine species that use wind dispersal on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Dispersal was advantageous to all nine trees, but for different reasons. The colonization hypothesis was supported by all nine trees. At some time interval during the 1st yr, the escape hypothesis was supported by eight of the nine trees; dispersal away from the parent to shaded conditions lowered the probability of seedling mortality. However, the trees differed greatly in (1) when the dispersal advantage became apparent, (2) whether the advantages persisted through time, (3) the distance at which survival was most enhanced, and (4) the strength of the advantage. By 1 yr only four trees showed a moderate to strong advantage of dispersal to shaded areas; two trees showed a very weak advantage, and three trees showed no advantage. Pathogens caused the largest proportion of deaths among shaded seedlings in six of the nine trees. For the two trees with the strongest support for the escape hypothesis, pathogens caused distance— and/or density—dependent mortality; those trees had high seedling densities near the parent. Four other trees had moderate to high mortality by pathogens, irrespective of dispersal distance; those trees had low seedling densities at all distances from the parent. For these six trees in which pathogens were responsible for the largest proportion of deaths in the shade, this mortality was significantly reduced in light—gaps, even though seedlings occurred in high densities. The study indicates that the location where seedlings survive is greatly influenced by pathogen activity. Only the four trees with moderate to strong support for the escape hypothesis had large numbers of seedlings survive to 1 yr in the shade. Seedling recruitment is expected to occur away from the parent tree, in shaded conditions for trees with distance— and/or density—dependent mortality, and in light—gaps for all trees studied here.