Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Environmental and Physiological Factors on Milk Yields and Compositions of Holstein Cows in Korea

Factors associated with milk urea nitrogen on milk yield and milk composition were investigated in this study regarding feeding management and physiological status of lactating cows. The data for 3 years between 1999 and 2002 for this study were collected from 129,645 cows by Korean Agricultural Cooperatives Federation. The objectives of this study were to describe the relationships between milk urea concentrations and seasonal factors, cow factors and production of milk, milk fat, protein and somatic cell score(SCS). Milk urea was highest in summer and it also showed a nonlinear association with milk yield. Milk yield was higher at milk urea concentrations of 21 24mg/dl, however it decreased at higher level of milk urea concentrations than 24mg/dl. Milk urea was higher with increased parities of cows and in particular, at 3 to 4 parities. There was a negative association between milk urea and SCS in milk. SCS in milk was lowest at milk urea concentrations of 21 24mg/dl. Milk fat and milk protein were greatly affected by days in milk(DIM), year of birth, season and milk urea concentrations, respectively. While milk urea increased in summer, milk fat and protein were decreased. Milk protein decreased according to longer days in milk. With regard to the influences of parity, milk protein in overall was negatively correlated to milk urea in all lactations, however the extent of decrease of milk protein at high concentrations of milk urea was bigger at third lactation. The balanced supply of energy and protein to the animals might have greatly affected the urea concentrations and protein content of milk.
Variabilité génétique de la réponse du métabolisme carboné du chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur L. ) à des teneurs croissantes en CO2

183 chenes pedoncules plein-freres ont ete exposes durant un an a 380 ou 680 vpm de [CO2] en serre. Les echanges gazeux et la croissance ont ete mesures a differentes dates. Des dosages biochimiques sur l'appareil photosynthetique et des mesures de discrimination contre le 13C ont egalement ete realisees. La croissance plus elevee des individus sous fort [CO2] est liee a une meilleure efficience d'utilisation de l'eau grâce a une diminution de la conductance stomatique. La photosynthese est stimulee transitoirement bien que l'azote soit redirige vers d'autres processus physiologiques. Plusieurs zones du genome presentent un nombre important de QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) lies a des caracteres differents. Plusieurs QTLs ont montre une reponse specifique a la variation de [CO2] atmospherique. Cette approche represente une nouveaute dans le domaine de la biologie integrative et les premiers resultats obtenus presagent de grandes potentialites pour les prochaines experimentations.
The effects of physical activity calorie equivalent labeling on dieters' food consumption and post‐consumption physical activity

Effective body weight management requires dieters to engage in healthy eating and physical activity. This research explores the influences of physical activity calorie equivalent (PACE) labeling on dieters' food consumption and post‐consumption physical activity. PACE indicates the amount of physical activity required to burn off food energy intake. This labeling aims to raise awareness on energy balance by highlighting an immediate link between food intake and exercise. This research shows that when exposed to PACE labeling, dieters (but not non‐dieters) reduce their food consumption, increase their post‐consumption physical activity, and are considerably motivated to achieve energy balance. This occurs because PACE labeling active energy balance‐goal for dieters and influences their food consumption and subsequent physical activity. Implications for consumer well‐being and policymakers are discussed.
Achieving Adaptive Governance of Forest Wildfire Risk Using Competitive Grants: Insights From the Colorado Wildfire Risk Reduction Grant Program

Competitive grants are increasingly used to induce proactive collaborative action by a range of actors to reduce forest wildfire risks. Given the rigidity of past wildfire risk governance, it is important to assess the adaptability of competitive grants as a new governance approach. Adaptive governance theory is used as a lens to assess the adaptability of the Colorado Wildfire Risk Reduction Grant (WRRG) program, which awards funds to successful applicants to reduce fuel on non-federal lands at a community scale. Four best practices from the theory were applied: participation of and collaboration among diverse actors; co-production of knowledge and learning toward adaptive management; cross-scale interactions and fit between the scale of governance and the scale of the ecological problem; and the capacity for innovation and re-organization. Using data and information about the WRRG structure and processes, awarded grantees from the first five granting cycles from 2013 to 2016, our direct participation-observation as part of the Advisory Committee, and results from the WRRG effectiveness monitoring report, we examine the extent to which the WRRG program exhibited adaptive governance attributes. For each adaptive governance attribute, we found evidence of factors facilitating and frustrating adaptiveness of the WRRG program. We situate our findings within the broader context of using competitive grants as a forest wildfire risk governance approach and address additional directions for adaptive governance research.
Cytokine and Oxidative Stress, Indicator of Mastitis

Citation: Amjad Islam Aqib and Iqra Muzammil. “Cytokine and Oxidative Stress, Indicator of Mastitis”. EC Veterinary Science 5.4 (2020): 60-61. Mastitis can be illustrated as inflammation of mammary glands, characterized by pathological changes in udder, increased leukocytes, chemical and organoleptic changes in milk of infected animals. In mastitis, immune cells of the body identify invading pathogens which upon activation discharge inflammatory mediators like cytokines, prostaglandins and nitric oxide to produce inflammation. Following parameters (Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), Super oxide dismutase (SOD) and Super oxide dismutase (SOD) act as biomarkers to diagnose mastitis [1]. Cytokine and oxidative stress are not only considered better indicators of mastitis but also serve as a useful prophylactic and therapeutic measure to minimize the productivity losses taking place owing to mastitis [2]. Cytokines include tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-12 (IL-12), responsible for inflammation of mammary glands by priming of leukocytes to induce increased response to microbial pathogens. Activation of systemic inflammatory response cause increase in body temperature, increased heart rate, reduced feed intake and produce clinical signs of disease [3].
Hybrid Prediction Method for Wind Speed Combining Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition and Bayesian Ridge Regression

In recent years, with the rapid development of wind power generation, some problems are gradually highlighted. At present, one of the essential methods to solve these problems is to predict wind speed. In this paper, a hybrid BRR-EEMD method is proposed for short-term wind speed prediction based on the Bayesian ridge regression prediction method and ensemble empirical mode decomposition. We use ensemble empirical mode decomposition of the hybrid method to decompose complex time series of wind speed into several relatively milder, more regular, and stable subsequences. Then each subsequence is carried out by using the Bayesian ridge regression method. The value of each subsequence is predicted by it. Finally, the value of multiple subsequences is fused to form the prediction results of the original complex time series of wind speed. In order to verify the proposed method comprehensively, this paper selects two data to test. According to the results, predicted values have shown higher accuracy compared with the various prediction methods. Therefore, the hybrid BRR-EEMD method is accurate and effective in predicting wind speed, which has practical significance and potential value.
Effects of Crossbreed Method on Meat Quality in Pigs

A total of 80 pigs were used to investigate the effect of crossbred method on meat quality. Crossbred pigs were alloted into one of two experimental groups[T1 : Landrace Yorkshire Duroc(LYD) and T2: Yorkshire Berkshire Berkshire(YBB)]. Crossbred pigs were slaughtered at approximately 110kg live weight, and pH, cooking loss, texture, shear force, color(CIE ), fatty acid composition and sensory evaluation were measured in pork loin. Crude fat percentage was higher in YBB, whereas protein was higher in LYD than that for the other groups. Shear force was lower in YBB than LYD, but, pH and water-holding capacity were not significantly different. In meat color, was higher in YBB than LYD, whereas and were not significantly different between breeds. Hardness, adhesiveness and gumminess of YBB were significantly lower than LYD. Saturated fatty acid of YBB was lower than that for LYD and essential fatty acid was higher in YBB. In sensory evaluation of cooked meat, color, marbling score and overall acceptability were significantly higher in YBB, Aroma, flavor, taste, juiciness and overall acceptability of YBB were significantly higher than LYD in fresh meat. In conclusion, the overall meat quality was better in YBB than that for LYD.
Saliency Detection based on spectra Destiny Peaks Clustering

Saliency detection mapping the whole salient object by simulating the human visual system is one of the fundamental problems in computer vision. In this paper we proposed a novel method to map the spatial vector features of image points to spectra, and decompose an image into large scale perceptually homogeneous elements for efficient salient region detection, using spectra destiny peaks clustering. a multi-layer saliency mapping is built based the size of regions, The final saliency map is intergraded in a hierarchical model. This method can overcome the common problem in saliency detection that the detection accuracy could be adversely affected if salient foreground or background in an image containing small-scale high-contrast regions. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms are improved greatly.
Neural stem cells restore myelin in a demyelinating model of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease

Gruenenfelder et al. report that direct neural stem cell transplantation in an animal model of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease restores normal myelin in the face of competition from myelin-competent mutant oligodendrocytes. These data have implications for other fatal leukodystrophies with relatively normal myelin development.
Evaluating sources of scientific evidence and claims in the post-truth era may require reappraising plausibility judgments

Abstract When individuals have questions about scientific issues, they often search the Internet. Evaluating sources of information and claims they find has become more difficult in the post-truth era. Students are often taught source evaluation techniques, but the proliferation of “fake news” has resulted in a misinformation arms race. As searchers get more sophisticated identifying misleading information, so do purveyors of information who intend to mislead. We draw on a theoretical model of plausibility judgments and current theory and research in source evaluation to suggest that the post-truth era elevates the need for critical evaluation of online information about scientific issues. We argue that explicitly reappraising plausibility judgments may be a crucial addition to evaluating the connections between sources of information and knowledge claims. Individuals who search for and read a scientific article online should ask themselves: Is this explanation plausible, and how do I know?
The Implementation of Inherent Strategies on Children with and without Language Delay: SNARC Effect and Chunking Effect

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © 2020 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology The Implementation of Inherent Strategies on Children with and without Language Delay: SNARC Effect and Chunking Effect
Transport phloem: low profile, high impact.

Transport phloem in veins, petioles, stems, and roots makes up the major part of the phloem stretch. Nevertheless, the transport trajectory has gained a much less distinct profile than the phloem zones involved in loading and unloading in sources and sinks. Yet, the tasks of transport phloem may be
Control of muscle protein degradation and steady-state poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase concentration by calpain

approved: Neil E. Forsberg The first goal of this study was to understand the role of calpains in skeletal muscle protein degradation in cultured cells. We have developed a genetic approach to inhibit endogenous calpain activity through over-expressing dominant negative m-calpain (DN), antisense m-calpain (AS) and calpastatin inhibitory domain (CID). We observed that, under conditions of accelerated degradation (serum withdrawal), inhibition of m-calpain through DN-m-calpain over-expression caused a 30 % inhibition of total protein degradation whereas CID over-expression reduced degradation by 63 %. These constructs did not significantly affect degradation in the presence of serum. These data indicate that calpains participate in the accelerated degradation associated with serum withdrawal. Inhibition of calpain also stabilized nebulin, a major structural protein of the sarcomere. These observations indicate that calpains play significant roles in muscle protein turnover. Finally, over-expression of antisense m-calpain caused a transient reduction in m-calpain concentration after which normal m-calpain concentration was quickly re-established. These observations indicate that m-calpain is a short half-life protein in muscle cells. The second goal of this study is to investigate the role of calpain in the mediation of PARP protein level in differentiating myoblasts. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, catalyzed by PARP, is involved in various physiological events, such as DNA excision repair, DNA recombination, DNA replication, cell differentiation, cell growth and transformation, and apoptosis. A protease participating in PARP turnover could be a significant regulator to Redacted for privacy the events which PARP is involved. A relationship between apoptosis and myofibrillar protein degradation via a common protease might suggest the basis for muscle wasting and atrophy which characterize in many muscle diseases. We established a genetic approach to inhibit endogenous calpain activity through over-expressing calpastatin inhibitory domain (CID). We observed that (1) inhibition of calpain activity increased PARP concentration when post-confluent myoblasts were cultured with 2 % HS medium, an inducer of differentiation and (2) inhibition of calpain activity prevented PARP degradation induced by A23187 and etoposide in differentiating myoblasts. These data demonstrate that calpain is involved in regulation of PARP in cultured cells. Control of Muscle Protein Degradation and Steady-state Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Concentration by Calpain
Biochemistry and functional analysis of exopolysaccharide production in Lactobacillus johnsonii

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) produce unique exopolysaccharides (EPS) that are important in food industry but they also play critical role in bacterial interactions during colonisation of the gastrointestinal tract. The role of this layer in the virulence of pathogenic bacteria has been well described but the biological importance of the EPS layer of probiotic bacteria have not been studied to the same extent. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the structure, biosynthesis mechanism and the biological role of the EPS produced by a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785 that is able to competitively exclude Clostridium perfringens from gastrointestinal tract. L. johnsonii harbours an eps gene cluster and a spontaneous mutation in the phosphoregulatory system of this cluster resulted in a colony switch from a rough morphology to a smooth one; similarly deletion of the epsE gene, that encodes the putative priming glycosyltransferase of the EPS biosynthesis, caused a huge increase in aggregation of L. johnsonii, which were shown to be related with EPS production levels. Structural analysis of the purified EPS showed that L. johnsonii could produce two types of EPS: EPS-1 and EPS-2. EPS-1 is a branched dextran with the unusual feature that every backbone residue is substituted with a 2-linked glucose unit and EPS-2 is composed of four glucose and two galactose units with a novel structure. Several mutants were generated with deletion of individual genes in eps cluster or the entire cluster to study the EPS biosynthesis mechanism. The ΔepsE mutant produced only EPS-1 but not EPS-2 whilst the deletion of the putative transcriptional regulator, epsA, and the entire eps cluster resulted in an acapsular phenotypes. These alterations in the cell surface of EPS specific mutants were demonstrated by differences in binding of an anti-wild type L. johnsonii antibody. The loss of the EPS layer increased the adhesion and autoaggregation properties of L. johnsonii in vitro but EPS layer was found to be protective against several antimicrobials and environmental stress conditions. Additionally EPS layer was shown to be important on physicochemical properties and biofilm formation of L. johnsonii. Furthermore the in vivo persistence properties of acapsular mutant and wild type were assessed in a mouse model and no difference was detected in their persistence. Finally, several glycosyltransferases within the eps cluster were expressed, activity assays were performed and a potential glycosyltransferase was biochemically characterised.
Prediction of corn (Zea mays) yield loss from early observations of the relative leaf area and the relative leaf cover of weeds

The relative leaf area of weeds is a good predictor of the outcome of weed-crop competition. However, this variable has not been used in decision-making tools for integrated weed management because leaf area cannot be measured quickly. A powerful image analysis system for measuring leaf cover (the vertical projection of plant canopy on the ground) has been developed and validated. This research was conducted to compare the efficiency of weed relative leaf area and relative leaf cover in predicting corn yield loss. Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 using varying densities of common lambsquarters, barnyardgrass, common lambsquarters plus barnyardgrass, and a natural weed community. Corn grain yield and biomass loss varied with weed infestation type and year. Values of the relative damage coefficient of weeds (q) were smaller in 1997 compared with 1996. For both years, the relative leaf area of weeds was an adequate predictor of corn yield loss (r 2 varied from 0.61 to 0.92). The precision of the predictions was not influenced by the leaf area sampling period (four- or eight-leaf stage of corn). In general, smaller values of q and m (predicted maximum yield loss) were obtained as a consequence of using the relative leaf cover of weeds in model fitting. However, percentages of variation explained by the model (from 0.67 to 0.90) were similar to values obtained with the relative leaf area. On the basis of the residual mean squares, neither of the variables could be declared superior to the other in yield loss prediction. The development of weed control decision-making tools using the relative leaf cover of weeds may require improvements prior to being used in weed management systems. Such improvements would include use of appropriate sampling and image-processing techniques, development and validation of empirical models specific to individual situations, and proper identification of the crop growth stage at which leaf cover must be assessed.
Oxidative stability and shelf life of avocado oil extracted cold and hot using discard avocado (Persea americana)

During the last years, the world avocado trade is on the rise, however, approximately 20% of the production is rejected for low caliber. This avocado discarded by low caliber can be used in the elaboration of other products, to give it added value. The objective of this study was to determine the shelf life of Hass avocado oil, type of discard, obtained by: (a) Drying by stove/Soxhlet (b) Lyophilized/Expeller. For the physicochemical characterization of the oil, density, melting point, acidity index, refractive index, iodine index and peroxide index were determined. The induction time was carried out by the RANCIMAT method, for which three temperatures of 140 °C, 160 °C and 180 °C were used and the shelf life of the oil was obtained by extrapolation at 25 °C. The results indicate that there is a significant statistical difference in the physicochemical characteristics of both oils. The shelf life was for the oil obtained by drying stove/Soxhlet 5.94 years and for the oil obtained by freeze-dried/Expeller 4.41 years, since both oils had a high content of unsaturated fatty acids 16.98% and 17.12%, respectively. In conclusion, it is possible to reduce post-harvest losses by obtaining avocado oil with high nutritional and functional qualities.
Influences of Environmental Factors for the Character Expression of the Nineteen Kinds of Near-Isogenic Dwarf Lines : Genetical studies on rice plant LXXXV

Title Influences of Environmental Factors for the Character Expression of the Nineteen Kinds of Near-Isogenic Dwarf Lines : Genetical studies on rice plant LXXXV Author(s) MURAI, Masayuki; KINOSHITA, Toshiro Citation Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, 61(2), 187-199 Issue Date 1983-03 Doc URL http://hdl.handle. net/2115/12980 Type bulletin (article) File Information 61(2)_p187-199.pdf
COVID‐19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University

Abstract Starting from the spring of 2020, the outbreak of the COVID‐19 caused Chinese universities to close the campuses and forced them to initiate online teaching. This paper focuses on a case of Peking University's online education. Six specific instructional strategies are presented to summarize current online teaching experiences for university instructors who might conduct online education in similar circumstances. The study concludes with five high‐impact principles for online education: (a) high relevance between online instructional design and student learning, (b) effective delivery on online instructional information, (c) adequate support provided by faculty and teaching assistants to students; (d) high‐quality participation to improve the breadth and depth of student's learning, and (e) contingency plan to deal with unexpected incidents of online education platforms.
Byte-Pair and N-Gram Convolutional Methods of Analysing Automatically Disseminated Content on Social Platforms

In this experiment, an efficient and accurate network of detecting automatically disseminated (bot) content on social platforms is devised. Through the utilisation of parallel convolutional neural network (CNN) which processes variable n-grams of text 15, 20, and 25 tokens in length encoded by Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) (Gage, 1994), the complexities of linguistic content on social platforms are effectively captured and analysed. With validation on two sets of previously unexposed data, the model was able to achieve an accuracy of around 96.6% and 97.4% respectively — meeting or exceeding the performance of other comparable supervised ML solutions to this problem. Through testing, it is concluded that this method of text processing and analysis proves to be an effective way of classifying potentially artificially synthesized user data — aiding the security and integrity of social platforms.