Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heterochronies in skull development of Lake Tana large African barbs (Labeobarbus; Cyprinidae; Teleostei)

Summary Large African barbs (genus Labeobarbus) of Lake Tana (Ethiopia) form a species flock, which includes 15 species differing in biology, ecology, and shape features, including skull proportions. Early craniogenesis was studied in three species of Lake Tana barbs: L. intermedius, a proposed ancestor of Tana species flock, L. brevicephalus, a small-sized and early-maturating barb, and L. megastoma, a large-sized, piscivorous species. The general sequence of cranial cartilage and bone appearance is the same for the barb species studied. However, they differ greatly in temporal pattern of craniogenesis. As compared to L. intermedius, bony skull development is accelerated relative to chondrocranial development in L. brevicephalus and retarded in L. megastoma. These differences in temporal pattern of craniogenesis are proposed to account for the different cranial proportions displayed by these barbs.
Within-Tree Variation in Wood Fibre Biometry And Basic Density of the Urograndis Eucalypt Hybrid (Eucalyptus Grandis × E. Urophylla)

Within-tree variations in fibre length, width, wall thickness and wood basic density of Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla (urograndis) were studied in five 6.8-yr-old seedling trees and five 5.6-yr-old trees from one clone from Brazil. Samples were taken at 5%, 25%, 35%, 55%, 65% and 90% of stem height and five radial positions (10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of radius). The tree average fibre length, width and wall thickness were in seed and clone trees: 0.955 mm and 1.064 mm, 18 μm and 20 μm, 3.6 μm and 4.4 μm respectively. The axial variation of fibre dimensions was very low, while there was a consistent but small increasing trend from pith to periphery. The basic density ranged from 397–464 kg/m3 to 486–495 kg/m3 respectively in seedling and clone trees with a low variation along the stem. In comparison with other eucalypt pulpwood, e.g. E. globulus, the urograndis hybrid showed similar fibre dimensions and lower basic density. Overall the within-tree variation of these wood properties was low and age had a small impact on the variation of density and fibre dimensions.
Oviposition and feeding behavior of the maize borer, Chilo partellus, in response to eight essential oil allelochemicals

Eight essential oil compounds were evaluated against the maize borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), to determine their influence on oviposition and feeding behavior. Thymol was the most active compound against C. partellus when evaluated as an oviposition deterrent (ODI50 = 1.36 mg ml−1), an ovicide (LC50 = 2.06 mg ml−1), or a feeding deterrent (FI50 = 141.8 μg cm−2) in laboratory experiments. The results corroborated with greenhouse experiments, in which egg laying on maize plants was inhibited significantly when the treatment was 15 times the concentration used in the laboratory experiments. However, there was neither any correlation between oviposition deterrence and feeding inhibition, nor between oviposition deterrence and ovicidal action. Apparently, toxicity per se or ovicidal action does not play any role in choice of oviposition in C. partellus. This was more obvious when the efficacy of compounds was compared in greenhouse experiments where ODI values and number of eggs laid on the treated leaves did not differ significantly in choice and no‐choice situations. Apparently, toxicity plays an important role in predicting host plant choice, but behavioral response in terms of oviposition preference is independent of toxic action, particularly for non‐host toxins. Thus, the same compounds affecting oviposition behavior on the one hand and having ovicidal or feeding deterrent properties on the other could be useful in field situations in any area‐wide integrated pest management model.
Life history of Dohrniphora cornuta (Bigot) (Diptera: Phoridae), a filth-inhabiting humpbacked fly.

The literature on the life history and immature stages of Dohrniphora cornuta, a synanthropic, filth-inhabiting, humpbacked fly, is reviewed and summarized, and observations on laboratory rearings are presented. Adult females and larvae consume many kinds of dead and decaying animal and plant tissues, but apparently both are facultative predators ofinsects when other foods are not available. Adult males are apparently nectar feeders, and they are much shorter lived than females. Pest status, reproductive behavior, and life history parameters are compared with other phorid species, and the evolution ofnon-genitalic sexual structures is discussed. Dohrniphora cornuta (Bigot) is one ofthe more conspicuous and widespread species of Phoridae, although Schmitz (1951) stated that in Europe adults are found only during warm periods, and the species seems to prefer warmer regions. According to Borgmeier's (1968) world catalog, its distribution is cosmopolitan, and it has mas­ queraded under at least 13 species names and 4 generic names. Many anecdotal reports of food sources and breeding sites have appeared in the literature, and they leave little doubt that Schmitz (1951) was correct in referring to the larvae as indis­ criminate saprophages, although they sometimes exhibit facultative predatory be­ havior. Medical, veterinary, and economic aspects of the species' life history are evident from its generally synanthropic tendencies (Bohart and Gressitt, 1951; Schmitz, 1951; Weiss, 1911) and from reports of adult females biting man (Schmitz, 1938, 1951) and of larvae causing myiasis in cattle (Patton, 1922), living in human excre­ ment (Skidmore, 1978) and other types of filth (Bohart and Gressitt, 1951), and helping to stabilize psychodid populations through predation and competition in a trickling filter sewage bed (Kloter et al., 1977). Recently, specialists at a United States Food and Drug Administration laboratory in Los Angeles, California, performed a filth extraction procedure on hermetically sealed barbecue sauce imported from the Republic of China that yielded an adult phorid, which was identified as a male D. corn uta by B. V. Brown (University of Alberta) (J. Madenjian, pers. comm.). Larvae ofDohrniphora corn uta have been found in many kinds ofdecaying plant and animal tissues. Disney (1983) reported the species breeding in compost, and Kloter et al. (1977) reported larvae feeding on fresh cow manure and the film that develops in sewage beds. Reports have been published of larvae found in decaying onions (Johannsen, 1935), of specimens reared from cow peas (Malloch, 1912), and of the species breeding'in rotting rice bran (Disney, 1983). Schmitz (1951) made mention oflarvae found in melons and wasp nests. Jones (1918) reported the species breeding in insect remains in pitcher plants (Sarraceniaj/ava L.), and he reared the species on dead grasshoppers (Bohart and Gressitt (1951) reported that D. corn uta
Educational Services in Narrative Museum Taking as an Example Basteja, the Historical Museum in Stargard

The aim of the article is the analysis of the educational services provided by a museum taking as an example the historical museum Basteja in Stargard, in Poland (West Pomeranian Region). This institution could be considered exemplary for the new type of modern museum – the narrative museum. It is situated in one of the lesser towns of Poland. The article enumerates the main educational services, focusing on historical ones. It tells how it is important to build local social awareness and to instill the historical knowledge especially to the young generation living in the small communities.
From Pectinate to Divaricate: The Promise of NGS Genome Skimming for Phylogenetic Systematics of Oreocarya (Boraginaceae)

OF THE THESIS From Pectinate to Divaricate: The Promise of NGS Genome Skimming for Phylogenetic Systematics of Oreocarya (Boraginaceae) by Lee Austin Ripma Master of Science in Biology with a Concentration in Evolutionary Biology San Diego State University, 2014 Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is enabling plant systematists to capture orders of magnitude more sequence data for phylogenetic studies. As systematists grapple with how to best apply NGS to their taxa of interest, a deluge of review papers, methods, and analytic tools makes choosing the right method difficult. Oreocarya, a genus of 63 species in the Boraginaceae, is a good example of a group with few genomic resources and a lack of species-level resolution. Traditional methods, using PCR and Sanger sequencing of a few molecular markers, have failed to resolve species-level relationships. To test the utility of using NGS genome skimming for systematic studies within Oreocarya, 100-bp single-end Illumina reads were generated for 20 taxa (including two outgroups) in half of an Illumina HiSeq 2000 lane, resulting in 1.7-9 million reads per sample. A combination of de novo and reference-guided assemblies were used to recover the nuclear ribosomal cistron, the plastome, and nine mitochondrial genes; these data were used to infer phylogenies using Maximum Likelihood, Bayesian Inference and species-tree methods. Additionally, NGS data were used to inform future studies in Oreocarya, by identifying published conserved single-copy orthologous low-copy nuclear genes (LCNG), and calculating multiplexing levels. Although genome skimming provides a much-improved primary data collection method for phylogenetic resolution at the species level, and is suitable for systematic revision of Oreocarya at the sectional level; targeting of LCNG holds the most promise for a well-resolved phylogeny of Oreocarya in the future.
Three essays in Empirical Finance

The bail-in mechanism limits government’s assistance to banks by restricting the access of equity and unsecured debt to rescue plans in favor of banks. I analyze the salient events regarding both the legislative process and the impositions of bail-in on specific distressed banks; I test if these indications of authorities’ commitment towards the bail-in principle were credible enough to induce a repricing of existing bonds that reflects increased expectations of bail-in. Heterogeneous and staggered difference-in-differences tests illustrate that positive (negative) indications of commitment increased (reduced) the difference in yield between unsecured (i.e., bailinable) and secured (i.e., non-bailinable) bonds. Placebo tests suggest that the possible banking distresses induced by bail-in impositions do not drive these results. In fact, the bail-in does not affect the cost difference between bonds with the same bailinable status and different exposure to distress. A triple-differencing framework suggests that bail-in events increased investors’ incentives to incorporate a bank’s risk while pricing its securities, in line with an improvement of market discipline. Norwegian School of Economics, Department of Finance. Raffaele.Giuliana@nhh.no. This paper has benefited from discussions with Elena Carletti, Paolo Colla, Ettore Croci, Espen Eckbo, Angela Gallo, Ian Marsh, Tom Meling Grimsvedt, Tommaso Oliviero, Giovanni Petrella, Giovanni Walter Puopolo, Andrea Resti, Lucio Sarno, Andrea Sironi, Francesc Tous Rodriguez, Paolo Volpin, Alberto Zazzaro and, especially, my thesis advisers Michael Kisser, Marco Pagano and Karin Thorburn. I am also grateful for comments from seminar participants at Cass (London), Cattolica (Milan), ESBF Conference (London), IRMC (Florence), CSEF (Naples), NHH (Bergen) and EFMA (Athens). Discussant Kebin Ma has provided invaluable insights. All errors are my own.
Effects of habitat amount and isolation on biodiversity in fragmented traditional orchards

1. Habitat fragmentation is a major threat to biodiversity and can lead to the loss of both species and ecosystem services, but fragmentation effects vary greatly between studies and studied organisms. Understanding the distinct effects of habitat amount and isolation at the patch and landscape scale may account for some of this variation. 2. We studied biodiversity in 30 traditional orchards that were selected for independent variation in habitat amount and habitat isolation at the patch and landscape scale. We analysed species richness and abundance of snails, beetles, true bugs, spiders and breeding birds that avoid open farmland but occur in woody vegetation types. Additionally, the abundances of nine single species were analysed using specific habitat definitions. 3. Surprisingly, the effects of habitat isolation were more important than the effects of habitat amount. Effects at the patch scale were more frequent than landscape-scale effects. 4. Spider species richness decreased with increasing patch-scale habitat amount. Abundance of the weevil Phyllobius oblongus increased with landscape-scale habitat amount. Negative effects of patch isolation were greater for predatory birds and spiders, while the predominately herbivorous beetles, true bugs and snails were less affected. Species richness of birds, spiders and beetles, and abundance of birds, Cyanistes caeruleus, Parus major and Fringilla coelebs, decreased with increasing patch-scale habitat isolation. In contrast, species richness of spiders and beetles increased with increasing landscape-scale habitat isolation. 5. Synthesis and applications. The effects of habitat fragmentation differed between taxonomic groups, with stronger and more consistent responses in birds than invertebrates. Our understanding of fragmentation effects may be biased due to the dominance of bird studies in the literature, and further invertebrate studies are encouraged. Landscape management to improve biodiversity or ecosystem services requires a group-specific approach and coordinated priority setting. High habitat connectivity benefited wood-preferring birds, spiders and beetles, lending support to national initiatives for increased habitat connectedness. The negative effects of patch isolation were greater for natural pest regulators, birds and spiders than for herbivorous beetles and bugs.
Multicentric morphometric study of sexual dimorphism in body of first sacral vertebra of dry human sacra in Central India region

Human skeleton and its remains are important material for racial, genetic, anthropological and forensic investigations. Sacrum being the last skeletal remains proves important in sex determination & identification of deceased. The first sacral vertebra is last to decay in the sacrum. This study is to validate the selected morphometric parameterss and indices related to first sacral vertebra and thus sex determination by the available part of human sacrum. Multicentric study on 282 dry human sacra in central india region was conducted after due permission of institution ethics committee. Transverse, anterio-poeterior diameter of S-1 was measured and Index of S-1 was calculated. Mean value of transverse diameter of first sacral vertebra is 4.78 and 4.46 and Anterio-posterio diameter is 3.07 and 2.89 for male and female sacra with t-value of 4.8839 and 4.2262 respectively & P-value highly significant. Mean value for Index of S-1 for male and female is 8.4429 and 8.9327 respectively with t-value 0.0568. This multicentric study provides morphometric values of first sacral vertebra that can be used for determination of sex and forensic identification in Central India region. Morphometric indicators of first sacral vertebra can be used for the anatomical and forensic purpose where partial or broken sacra is only skeletal remains. Keywords: First sacral vertebra, S-1, Sacrum, Identification point, Demarking point.
Method development for serial-extraction of contaminants in fish followed by species comparison of PCB 153 levels in Tench and Roach from Källby waste water treatment pond

Two studies were performed in this paper. The first study was a method development examining the possibilities to do a serial extraction of lipids, PCB 153, NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) from a single sample. Five different treatments were tested with three replicates from each individual fish. All samples were first freeze-dried and then the following treatments were executed: First sample series were only cut and PCB-extracted, second sample series were cut, lipid-extracted and PCB-extracted, third sample series were homogenized, filtered, lipid-extracted and PCB-extracted, forth sample series were homogenized, freeze-dried, lipid-extracted and PCB-extracted and the fifth sample series were homogenized, membrane-extracted, freeze-dried, lipid-extracted and PCB-extracted. The treatments were assessed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer post hoc tests. Results showed that there was a significant effect of type of treatment (p=0.008) to the amount of extracted lipids. Filtering treatment had a high standard deviation and low mean lipid yield implying that the method is inappropriate for analytical studies. Freeze-drying was the best treatment after cutting with almost as high lipid yields as the cutting treatment. The full membrane extraction treatment however had a low lipid yield. A possible explanation is that the lipids were hydrolyzed from the acid HP-LPME-treatment and therefore partly dissolved in the water phase. However this demands further research and modeling. The second study was a species comparison of PCB 153 concentrations in roach and tench from Kallby sewage treatment pond. The study’s main aim was to assess two species with different feed and foraging behaviour’s tendency to accumulate PCBs. Lipids and PCB were extracted using the cutting treatment (as above) and the results were then analysed for difference using a Mann-Whitney test. The stable isotopes ∂13C and ∂15N were also measured and analysed using two sample, unpaired, t-tests. Result showed that both ∂13C and ∂15N were higher in the tench. The species comparison showed no significant results although after lipid normalization the roach indicated higher concentrations of PCB 153 with a p-value of 0.072. The higher concentration of PCB in roach could not be explained although one study in Poland assessing mercury had found similar results (Misztal-Szkudlinska, 2008). Therefore the results are believed to be an effect of either inter- and intra-species variations or possibly experimental flaws such as failure in assessing PCB yield from tench or insufficient amount of replicates.
STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE POSTPARTUM BODY CONDITION IN BEEF CATTLE

The aim of this review is to describe the effect of nutritional and management strategies on body condition and postpartum reproductive and productive performance in beef cattle. Beef cattle ESTRATEGIAS PARA MEJORAR LA CONDICION CORPORAL POSTPARTO EN VACAS DE CARNE David Giraldo Arana1 Luis Fernando Uribe Velasquez2 1 Programa de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia. Correo electronico: davidgiar@hotmail.com 2 Profesor Asociado, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas. Correo electronico: lfuribe@ucaldas. edu.co ISSN 1657-9550 Recibido: enero 27 de 2012 Aceptado: abril 24 de 2012 Biosalud, Volumen 11 No. 1, enero junio, 2012. pags. 71 89 72 David Giraldo Arana, Luis Fernando Uribe Velasquez Biosalud, Volumen 11 No. 1, enero junio, 2012. pags. 71 89 ISSN 1657-9550 experience a negative energy balance during postpartum, losing body condition. Follicular development, pregnancy rate, fertility, intervals from labor-first estrus, labor-conception and labor interval are superior in cows with moderate body condition during postpartum compared to thin cows. Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated lipids, allows earlier resumption of ovarian cyclicity, regardless their energetic contribution. Protein supplementation helps to maintain or improve body condition during postpartum, maximizing the ruminal environment and animal digestive efficiency. Early weaning and restricted sucking have been used in extensive breeding systems, since the implementation of such strategies is relatively easy. These activities have effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian and reduce milk production thus allowing the improvement of body condition and the restarting of ovarian activity, also optimizing the results of treatments with progestogens when they are used alternately. In conclusion, appropriate postpartum body condition is essential in order to ensure the reproductive performance of beef cattle. The use of lipid and protein supplementation during postpartum improves body condition and optimizes the reproductive performance of beef cattle. Management strategies such as early weaning are effective, but their use is restricted only when nutritional sources are scarce or the application of nutritional strategies is not possible.
PENGARUH TANGGUNGJAWAB LINGKUNGAN, LEGITIMASI, DAN PELUANG DAYA SAING TERHADAP PENERAPAN ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING PADA RUMAH SAKIT DI KOTA JAYAPURA

Environmental accounting is a term that related to how management of an organisation in doing their daily operation has an obligation to protect the environment, which also could affecting the interest parties in making decision regarding the performace of the organisation, legitimation and opportunities for competitiveness. This research aims to examine whether environmental responsibility, legitimation and opportunities for competitiveness affecting the implementation of environmental accounting at hospitals in Jayapura city. In this research, the employees of the five (5) hospitals that located in Jayapura city are concluded as research population. The sample of the population in this research is limited solely on the type of certain person who could provide particular information that could assist this research. The Quantitative approaches have been used in this study with 40 respondents as a research sampling. The result of this study has provide empirical evidence that environmental responsibility and opportunities for competitiveness in partial have significant affects on the implementation of environmental accounting. However, legitimation has not significant affect on the implementation of environmental accounting. Due to limitation of number of research sample that is collected, therefore the independent variable and the dependent variabel in this research is transformed to enhance the measurement level of ordinal scale to an interval scale. Then, the Method of Succesive Intervals is used as a tool to enhance the measurement level from ordinal scale to an interval scale that can be used as a data input in SPSS analysis.
Socio-Economic Disparities in US Healthcare Spending: The Role of Public vs Private Insurance

In the US healthcare system, patients of different socio-economic status (SES) often receive disparate treatment for similar conditions. Prior work documents this phenomenon for particular treatments/conditions, but we take a system-wide view and examine socioeconomic disparities in spending for all medical conditions at the 3-digit ICD-9 level. We also compare SES spending gradients for those covered by private vs. public insurance (Medicare). Using data on adult respondents from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2000-14, we estimate multivariate regressions for individual medical spending (total and out-of-pocket) controlling for medical conditions, demographics, health, and insurance, separately by sex, education, and age. Within age-sex categories, we assess how spending on each condition varies with education (a proxy for SES). In the predominantly privately insured population aged 24-64, system spending for several of the most socially costly conditions is strongly increasing in education (e.g., breast cancer for women and chest symptoms for men). These disparities are not explained by differences in health, insurance status, or ability-to-pay, suggesting they arise due to discrimination. However, we find no positive SES gradients for individuals over 64 covered by the public Medicare program, suggesting that Medicare plays an important role in improving equity.