Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Use of Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans to suppress the effects of ochratoxicosis on the immune system of broiler chicks

1. The objective of this study was to determine whether the dietary inclusion of Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans (TRM) could suppress the detrimental effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) on the immune system of broiler chicks. 2. Six experimental treatments were tested in 300 1-d-old broiler chicks. Treatments included addition to a standard broiler ration of neither OTA nor TRM (Diet 1), OTA alone (500 μg/kg), OTA plus TRM at three inclusion rates (104 CFU/g of feed, 105 CFU/g, 106 CFU/g) and TRM alone at 105 CFU/g of feed. The ration was fed to chicks for 42 d. 3. Blood samples were collected at d 10, 20, 30 and 40 and macrophages and heterophils were isolated. The following variables were determined in macrophages and heterophils activated by phorbol myristate acetate (65 μM): cell viability, total cell-associated urokinase-plasminogen activator (u-PA), membrane-bound u-PA, free u-PA binding sites and superoxide production. 4. There was a decrease in the viability of macrophages and heterophils from chicks receiving OTA-contaminated feed compared to the viability of cells from control birds at d 40. Dietary TRM completely blocked the effect of OTA on cell viability; all three inclusion rates were equally effective. There was a decrease in total cell-associated and membrane-bound u-PA in macrophages and heterophils of chicks receiving OTA-contaminated feed compared to the corresponding values in control birds for heterophils at d 30 and 40 and for the macrophages at d 40. 5. Similarly, dietary TRM abolished the effect of OTA on total cell-associated and membrane-bound u-PA activity. All three inclusion rates of yeast were equally effective. Heterophils, but not macrophages, isolated from chicks receiving OTA-contaminated diet produced less superoxide anion compared to all other diet groups at d 30 and 40. 6. The immune system is a primary target of OTA toxicity in broilers: several functional properties of macrophages and heterophils were depressed in chicks fed OTA-contaminated feed. There was a delay of 30 d before the immunosuppressive effect became apparent. The dietary inclusion of TRM completely blocked the detrimental effects of OTA on several immune properties in broilers.
Socially just triple-wins? : an evaluation of projects that pursue climate compatible development goals in Malawi

Climate compatible development (CCD) is gaining traction as a conceptual framework for mainstreaming climate change mitigation and adaptation within development efforts. So far, the social justice implications of pursuing CCD goals in different settings have not been comprehensively considered. Social justice research can facilitate understanding of whether and how development, mitigation and adaptation are prioritised, balanced and experienced through CCD. It can also uncover CCD ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ across governance levels and (spatial and temporal) scales. This thesis develops a conceptual model to guide social justice evaluations that considers both issues of procedure (participation and recognition) and distribution. It is used to guide analysis of two projects in Malawi that pursue CCD triple-wins across development, mitigation and adaptation. A mixed methods research design enabled exploration of the social justice implications of project design, implementation and project outcome distributions. Overlap existed between stakeholders’ ‘revealed’ priorities for CCD, but donor power over project design processes encouraged some stakeholders to suppress their preferences. Donor recognition patterns were assimilated within design processes, with other stakeholders’ participation constrained. Poor alignment with contextual power meant implementation processes had only limited success in facilitating procedural justice for local people, especially the most vulnerable households. Findings show that CCD must understand, manage and challenge visible, hidden and invisible forms of power in order to facilitate widespread procedural justice opportunities during design and implementation. Projects achieve CCD triple-wins, but auxiliary benefits and negative side-effects have also been experienced by professional stakeholders and local people, respectively. Outcomes have been experienced unevenly within and between stakeholder groups and serve to worsen inequalities in target villages. Depending on its design and implementation, CCD can create multi-level, cross-scalar patterns of interrelated social justices and injustices. Recommendations are presented to encourage the former and avoid the latter.
Head Start – Media Literacy in Hungarian Education Policy (1990-1995)

With an ever stronger influence over culture, politics and society at large, (social) media has made its way into classrooms in many countries across the globe through media literacy education. At the core of media literacy stands the need to educate students in a century of media culture. Media literacy education has a fairly long history in Hungary, compared to other neighbouring countries. Its roots can be found in the aesthetics classes of the 1960s, but as a subject, media literacy was introduced in 1996. Hungary is in the fortunate position thus of having an optional subject to explore the role of mass-media in society for over 20 years now. This article aims to investigate the very first steps of media literacy education in terms of educational policy-making. For doing so, the article builds upon interpretive policy analysis and expert interviews and sheds light over how a very modern field of study appeared in Hungarian public education.
Supporting quantitative assessment of requirements in Goal Orientation

Goal-Orientation provides a rich framework for reasoning about systems during the Requirements Engineering (RE) phase. While critical properties like safety or security can require formal semantics, performing quantitative reasoning on semi-formal models in a much more lightweight approach reveals to be sufficient in many projects. Most of the time, existing RE tools only target specific quantification scenarios or do not provide easy mechanisms for implementing them. In order to demonstrate the ability to provide mechanisms that are both generic and powerful, we developed an extension of the Objectiver tool in three directions: (1) internal reasoning capabilities on AND-OR goal/obstacles structures, (2) close integration with an external spreadsheet application and (3) model export for building assessment tools using model-driven engineering techniques. We also demonstrate how our approach can cope with a variety of industrial scenarios requiring some form of quantification such as risk analysis, selection of design alternatives, effort estimation, and assessment of customer satisfaction.
A Bayesian ranking and selection problem with pairwise comparisons

We consider a ranking and selection problem where sampling of two alternatives at once is required for learning about the true performances of the individual alternatives. The true performance of an alternative is defined as its average probability of outperforming the other alternatives. We derive and numerically compare four different solution approaches. Two Knowledge Gradient sampling policies are compared with a pure exploration policy and with a knockout tournament. The knockout tournament serves as a natural benchmarking approach with respect to pairwise comparisons, and determines the sampling budget provided to the other approaches. Our numerical results show that the Knowledge Gradient policies outperform both knockout tournament and pure exploration, and that they lead to significant improvements already at a very small number of pairwise comparisons. In particular we find that a nonstationary Knowledge Gradient policy is the best of the considered approaches for ranking and selection with pairwise comparisons.
Gastrointestinal symbionts of chimpanzees in Cantanhez National Park, guinea‐bissau with respect to habitat fragmentation

One of the major factors threatening chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Guinea‐Bissau is habitat fragmentation. Such fragmentation may cause changes in symbiont dynamics resulting in increased susceptibility to infection, changes in host specificity and virulence. We monitored gastrointestinal symbiotic fauna of three chimpanzee subpopulations living within Cantanhez National Park (CNP) in Guinea Bissau in the areas with different levels of anthropogenic fragmentation. Using standard coproscopical methods (merthiolate‐iodine formalin concentration and Sheather's flotation) we examined 102 fecal samples and identified at least 13 different symbiotic genera (Troglodytella abrassarti, Troglocorys cava, Blastocystis spp., Entamoeba spp., Iodamoeba butschlii, Giardia intestinalis, Chilomastix mesnili, Bertiella sp., Probstmayria gombensis, unidentified strongylids, Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides fuelleborni, and Trichuris sp.). The symbiotic fauna of the CNP chimpanzees is comparable to that reported for other wild chimpanzee populations, although CNP chimpanzees have a higher prevalence of Trichuris sp. Symbiont richness was higher in chimpanzee subpopulations living in fragmented forests compared to the community inhabiting continuous forest area. We reported significantly higher prevalence of G. intestinalis in chimpanzees from fragmented areas, which could be attributed to increased contact with humans and livestock. Am. J. Primatol. 75:1032–1041, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mental Disorders Among Frequent Attenders in Primary Care: A Comparison With Routine Attenders

Frequent attenders account for a large proportion of primary care (PC) contacts, referrals, and prescriptions. Psychosocial and emotional distress is related to the high use of health services. Few studies have focused on the association between mental disorders assessed using structured interviews and frequent use of PC services. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with frequent attendance at primary healthcare units, focusing specifically on mental disorders. A two-phase screening epidemiological study comparing frequent attenders and routine attenders in five primary health care units was designed. Three hundred eighteen frequent attenders and 203 patients who attended the same units on a routine basis were compared. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from statistical records and medical charts. Patients with a total score equal or higher than 7 points on the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) were interviewed using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. All the scores obtained on the GHQ were statistically different in the two populations. Frequency of mental disorders also differed significantly between both groups, with somatoform and affective disorders being the most prevalent ICD-10 categories among frequent attenders. The presence of depressive disorders and somatoform disorders is the most powerful predictive factor for frequent attendance. High comorbidity was found among frequent attenders with somatoform disorder. Frequent attendance at primary healthcare units is associated with depressive and somatoform disorders. Psychiatric comorbidity could be a confounder, particularly because affective and somatoform disorders often overlap in PC patients.
[Construction eukaryotic plasmids of the ureI and ctB-ureI and profile its' expression in cell].

AIM To construct the ureI and ctB-ureI eukaryotic expression plasmid with pIRES-RD2 and study the expressing characters of those plasmids in HEK 293. METHODS We got the ureI and ctB-ureI gene from the procaryotic expression plasmid pET32a(+)-ureI and pET32a(+)-ctB-ureI by restriction enzyme BglII and XhoI, respectively.The pET32a(+)-ctB-ureI had been designed that ureI fused with Cholerae toxin B gene (ctB) at the 5'terminal of ureI to increase the immunogenicity of ureI, and then inserted those gens to eukaryotic expression plasmid pIRES-RD2 by ligase. After sequenced, the pIRES-RD2-ureI and pIRES-RD2-ctB-ureI were identical with the targets. These plasmids were transfected HEK293T cell strain by Lipofetmiane 2000. Then studied the transfection ratio of those cells by Fluorescence microscope, studied the expression features and the immunoreactivity of those cells by Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemisty with the special antibodies. RESULTS Fluorescence microscope showed about 80% cells had been transfected the target plasmids, and Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemisty demonstrated that the transfected cells expressed the recombinant proteins which located at the cytoplasm of HEK 293 strain after 48-72 hours. And the expressed products could react with the special antibodies, respectively. CONCLUSION We successfully constructed the ureI and ctB-ureI eukaryotic expression plasmid with pIRES-RD2, which were pIRES2-DsRed2-ureI and pIRES2-DsRed2-ctB/ureI. Both these two plasmids could express ureI or ctB-ureI in HEK 293 cell, and the expressed products had immunoreactivity, respectively.
Spatiotemporal Satellite Image Fusion Through One-Pair Image Learning

This paper proposes a novel spatiotemporal fusion model for generating images with high-spatial and high-temporal resolution (HSHT) through learning with only one pair of prior images. For this purpose, this method establishes correspondence between low-spatial-resolution but high-temporal-resolution (LSHT) data and high-spatial-resolution but low-temporal-resolution (HSLT) data through the superresolution of LSHT data and further fusion by using high-pass modulation. Specifically, this method is implemented in two stages. In the first stage, the spatial resolution of LSHT data on prior and prediction dates is improved simultaneously by means of sparse representation; in the second stage, the known HSLT and the superresolved LSHTs are fused via high-pass modulation to generate the HSHT data on the prediction date. Remarkably, this method forms a unified framework for blending remote sensing images with temporal reflectance changes, whether phenology change (e.g., seasonal change of vegetation) or land-cover-type change (e.g., conversion of farmland to built-up area) based on a two-layer spatiotemporal fusion strategy due to the large spatial resolution difference between HSLT and LSHT data. This method was tested on both a simulated data set and two actual data sets of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer acquisitions. It was also compared with other well-known spatiotemporal fusion algorithms on two types of data: images primarily with phenology changes and images primarily with land-cover-type changes. Experimental results demonstrated that our method performed better in capturing surface reflectance changes on both types of images.
Association of a baculovirus-encoded protein with the capsid basal region.

An open reading frame homologous to AcMNPV ORF9 (ORF1629) was characterized in the Orgyia pseudotsugata multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (OpMNPV). Sequence analysis indicated that the OpMNPV homolog (called ORF2) encoded a protein predicted to contain 545 amino acids with a molecular weight of 61 kDa. The first 80 amino acids did not have a counterpart in the AcMNPV homolog. The remainder of the ORF was poorly conserved with 29% amino acid identity overall with the AcMNPV ORF. However, the amino terminal 150 amino acids of AcMNPV ORF9 demonstrated about 45% amino acid sequence identity with OpMNPV ORF2 and conserved runs of proline residues were present in internal regions of both molecules. Transcriptional mapping indicated the ORF2 transcripts were initiated at a late promoter sequence, ATAAG, beginning about 24 hr p.i. These transcripts terminated near the 3' end of the ORF2 reading frame. Antibodies were produced against a fusion protein derived from the bacterial gene encoding the maltose binding protein and most of the ORF2 sequence. These antibodies reacted with a protein of 69 kDa on Western blots and the protein was found to be associated with virions isolated from both polyhedra and budded virus. The OpMNPV ORF2 antiserum also reacted with the AcMNPV ORF9 gene product. Immunoelectron microscopic analyses indicated that ORF2 was associated with the ends of the capsids which contain the basal structure. This end appears to be oriented away from both the virogenic stroma and membranes involved in intranuclear envelopment. In addition, as virions bud from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, this end also appears to be oriented away from the nuclear membrane.
Themes and tools of maritime transport research during 2000-2014

ABSTRACT This study examines how maritime transport has been researched through a comprehensive review of papers published in 19 transportation journals over the period 2000–2014. Systematic investigation shows that Maritime Policy & Management plays a prominent role in publishing maritime transport research. At the same time, ‘shipping’ is a dominant research area, with ‘port management, service, performance, efficiency and competitiveness’; ‘shipping market, industry, freight rate and economic impact’; and ‘terminal studies’ as the most popular topics. Nevertheless, few efforts have investigated ‘shipping finance’; ‘shipping service’; or ‘port risk and security. ’ Since 2000, the use of quantitative analysis techniques has steadily increased in maritime transport to help participants make decisions scientifically. We here present the major data analysis techniques and highlight some limitations regarding their application. Thus, we provide a better understanding of how maritime transport research has been undertaken in a quantitative manner.
Design of experiment approach for formulating multi-unit colon-targeted drug delivery system: in vitro and in vivo studies

Abstract Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to develop systematically optimized multiunit formulation for colon targeted delivery of metronidazole (MTZ) by employing design of experiment (DoE) and evaluate it for in vitro as well as in vivo drug release study. Methods: Core of mini-tablets of MTZ was prepared using drug along with suitable swelling agents to provide pH sensitive pulsatile drug delivery. Eudragit® S 100 (ES) and ethyl cellulose (EC) were used as coating polymers to prevent initial drug release in gastric region. The coating composition was systematically optimized using 32-full factorial design and optimized formulation was evaluated in vitro and then in vivo, to confirm colon targeting ability of the developed system. Stability study of optimized formulation was performed for 6 months as per ICH guidelines. Results: The optimized coating composition was selected from the results of design batches. The optimized formulation showed 6.99 ± 1.5% drug release up to 5 h and 100% drug release within 7.2 ± 0.2 h indicating pH sensitive pulsatile behavior of formulation. Similar drug release profile was observed while performing in vivo study in rabbits with a lag time of 4 h and Cmax of 190 ± 4.9 ng/ml being achieved after 7 h. Stability study indicated insignificant difference in properties of tablets and their drug release patterns. Conclusion: Optimization of coating composition (EC and ES) and thickness could offer pH sensitive pulsatile release of drugs at colon. Furthermore, in vivo results confirmed the successful development of colon targeted formulation of MTZ.
Alcohol‐withdrawn animals have a prolonged increase in dopamine D2High receptors, reversed by general anesthesia: Relation to relapse?

The biochemical basis for alcohol addiction and relapse is not known. Although ethanol promotes the release of dopamine like other drugs of abuse, many unknown factors remain to be investigated concerning the biochemical abnormalities which persist after ethanol drinking and which contribute to alcohol relapse. Although ethanol withdrawal is associated with enhanced sensitivity to dopamine in animals and humans, only minor changes in the striatal density of dopamine D2 receptors have been found in humans, and animals show a small reduction in striatal D2 receptors. But how can dopamine‐related functions be increased in ethanol withdrawal in the face of an unchanged or reduced density of dopamine D2 receptors? Considering that ethanol sensitizes rats to amphetamine, and that the high‐affinity state of D2, or D2High, is markedly increased in striata from amphetamine‐sensitized rats, we measured the density of D2High in striata from rats withdrawn from ethanol. These sites were elevated by 360% (7.2 pmol/g) for at least 8 days after stopping ethanol and returned to normal levels of 2 pmol/g after 2 weeks of ethanol withdrawal. In addition, 1 h of deep general anesthesia given 5 days into withdrawal resulted in a normal level of D2High within 24 h. Because the D2High states are the functional form of D2, their elevated density in ethanol withdrawal may be related to ethanol relapse in humans. General anesthesia may alleviate aspects of alcohol or amphetamine abuse or psychosis associated with elevated D2High. Synapse 52:77–83, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long-Term Anaerobic Survival of the Opportunistic Pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa via Pyruvate Fermentation

ABSTRACT Denitrification and arginine fermentation are central metabolic processes performed by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa during biofilm formation and infection of lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis. Genome-wide searches for additional components of the anaerobic metabolism identified potential genes for pyruvate-metabolizing NADH-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA), phosphotransacetylase (pta), and acetate kinase (ackA). While pyruvate fermentation alone does not sustain significant anaerobic growth of P. aeruginosa, it provides the bacterium with the metabolic capacity for long-term survival of up to 18 days. Detected conversion of pyruvate to lactate and acetate is dependent on the presence of intact ldhA and ackA-pta loci, respectively. DNA microarray studies in combination with reporter gene fusion analysis and enzyme activity measurements demonstrated the anr- and ihfA-dependent anaerobic induction of the ackA-pta promoter. Potential Anr and integration host factor binding sites were localized. Pyruvate-dependent anaerobic long-term survival was found to be significantly reduced in anr and ihfA mutants. No obvious ldhA regulation by oxygen tension was observed. Pyruvate fermentation is pH dependent. Nitrate respiration abolished pyruvate fermentation, while arginine fermentation occurs independently of pyruvate utilization.
Achieving a High-Reliability Organization Through Implementation of the ARCC Model for Systemwide Sustainability of Evidence-Based Practice

High-reliability health care organizations are those that provide care that is safe and one that minimizes errors while achieving exceptional performance in quality and safety. This article presents major concepts and characteristics of a patient safety culture and a high-reliability health care organization and explains how building a culture of evidence-based practice can assist organizations in achieving high reliability. The ARCC (Advancing Research and Clinical practice through close Collaboration) model for systemwide implementation and sustainability of evidence-based practice is highlighted as a key strategy in achieving high reliability in health care organizations.
The emergence of the 'common management' approach to international watercourse governance and its significance for environmental protection

The emergence of the 'common management' approach to international watercourse governance and its significance for environmental protection Author(s) McIntyre, Owen Publication date 2016-10-31 Original citation McIntyre, O. 'The emergence of the ‘common management’ approach to international watercourse governance and its significance for environmental protection', in Scarborough V. (ed.), Water History and Humanity. Paris: UNESCO. In press. Type of publication Book chapter Rights © The Author; UNESCO Item downloaded from http://hdl.handle. net/10468/3021