Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
European Monetary Union: An Old Keynesian Guide to the Issues

The countries of the European Economic Community (EEC) are currently deciding on whether to establish a European Monetary Union (EMU) in which all countries use a common currency. At the moment, it looks as if EMU will go ahead. However, there are still doubts in many countries (particularly the UK) about the merits of EMU, as well as doubts as to whether governments will be able to satisfy the self-imposed Maastricht Treaty fiscal requirements. For these reasons, EMU remains an open policy question. EMU has both political and economic ramifications. The former concern the consolidation of European identity, and the strengthening of political links between European community member countries. About this aspect, the current paper has nothing to contribute. Instead, it focuses exclusively on the economic issues raised by EMU. The cost-benefit calculus of EMU membership hinges on questions regarding: 1) the 'effectiveness' of sovereign monetary policy, 2) the 'feasibility' of sovereign monetary policy, 3) the value of exchange rates as an instrument of macroeconomic adjustment, 4) the extent to which the economies of the EMU constitute an optimum currency area, and 5) the 'institutional design' that will inform the proposed European Central Bank's (ECB) policies, procedures, and regulations.
Stability and dynamics of the edge pedestal in the low collisionality regime: physics mechanisms for steady-state ELM-free operation

Understanding the physics of the edge pedestal and edge localized modes (ELMs) is of great importance for ITER and the optimization of the tokamak concept. The peeling–ballooning model has quantitatively explained many observations, including ELM onset and pedestal constraints, in the standard H-mode regime. The ELITE code has been developed to efficiently evaluate peeling–ballooning stability for comparison with observation and predictions for future devices. We briefly review recent progress in the peeling–ballooning model, including experimental validation of ELM onset and pedestal height predictions, and nonlinear 3D simulations of ELM dynamics, which together lead to an emerging understanding of the physics of the onset and dynamics of ELMs in the standard intermediate to high collisionality regime. We also discuss new studies of the apparent power dependence of the pedestal, and studies of the impact of sheared toroidal flow. Recently, highly promising low collisionality regimes without ELMs have been discovered, including the quiescent H-mode (QH) and resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) regimes. We present recent observations from the DIII-D tokamak of the density, shape and rotation dependence of QH discharges, and studies of the peeling–ballooning stability in this regime. We propose a model of the QH-mode in which the observed edge harmonic oscillation (EHO) is a saturated kink/peeling mode which is destabilized by current and rotation, and drives significant transport, allowing a near steady-state edge plasma. The model quantitatively predicts the observed density dependence and qualitatively predicts observed mode structure, rotation dependence and outer gap dependence. Low density RMP discharges are found to operate in a similar regime, but with the EHO replaced by an applied magnetic perturbation.
Imaging lithospheric structure of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis: New insights from receiver function analysis

We employ the P and S receiver function technique to data from the 44 seismic stations deployed in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis to investigate the crustal thickness, the average Poisson's ratio, and the depth of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB). The observed crustal thickness exhibits an overall NE‐deepening trend, varying from 55 to 75 km. Two anomalous areas lie in the west and east of the Namche Barwa syntaxis characterized by thinner and thicker crust, respectively. The average Poisson's ratios within the study area are low in the north and moderate elsewhere with some high values in the south, consistent with felsic and intermediate rocks forming the crust. Our migrated images reveal that (1) the LAB of the Tibetan plate exists at relatively shallow depths (~110 km) and exhibits a gap beneath the Namche Barwa syntaxis, which may have formed by the delamination of mantle lithosphere due to local mantle upwelling, and (2) the LAB of the Asian plate is observed at a depth of ~180 km, which implies that the Asian plate has advanced southward to about 30°N under the Lhasa terrane. Our results provide new insights into the understanding of continental subduction and lithospheric deformation of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis.
Financial Reporting Quality, Does Monitoring Characteristics Matter? An Empirical Analysis of Nigerian Manufacturing Sector.

This study examines monitoring characteristics and financial reporting quality of the Nigerian listed manufacturing firms. Financial reporting quality is represented with earnings management using the modified Dechow and Dichev’s (2002) model. Using 32 firms-years longitudinal paneled of 160 observations, panel OLS is estimated and controlled for fixed/random effects. The result shows a significant positive relationship between monitoring characteristics and financial reporting quality. The Hausman specification test shows that the panel result after controlling for random, best suits the population as the fixed effect hypothesis was rejected by the Wald/Ch2 test. Of the control variables both returns on assets and return on equity are significant. Leverage, independent directors, audit committee, institutional, block and managerial shareholdings are all significant implying monitoring characteristics is influencing financial reporting quality of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria. What left to be done therefore is for the shareholders of the firms to ensure that the board of directors in Nigerian manufacturing firms should be composed in such a way as to ensure diversity of experience without compromising, compatibility, integrity, availability and independence and uphold debt to enable them check mate the manipulative accounting by management when preparing financial statements.
Solving a Closed-Loop Location-Inventory-Routing Problem with Mixed Quality Defects Returns in E-Commerce by Hybrid Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm

This paper presents a closed-loop location-inventory-routing problem model considering both quality defect returns and nondefect returns in e-commerce supply chain system. The objective is to minimize the total cost produced in both forward and reverse logistics networks. We propose a combined optimization algorithm named hybrid ant colony optimization algorithm (HACO) to address this model that is an NP-hard problem. Our experimental results show that the proposed HACO is considerably efficient and effective in solving this model.
Electrical and optical properties of poly(aniline-co-8-anilino-1-napthalene sulphonic acid) — A material for ESD applications

The homopolymer of aniline (An) and its copolymer with 8-anilino-1-napthalene suplhonic acid (8-ANSA) was synthesized by chemical oxidative as well as electrochemical polymerization process in the presence of para -toluene sulphonic acid (PTSA) as a dopant. The spectral, thermal, morphological and electrochemical properties of PTSA doped polyaniline and its copolymer (An-co-8-ANSA) were studied and compared to elucidate the effect of the inclusion of 8-ANSA in the copolymer feed. The resultant copolymer showed better solubility and processibility but this approach usually results in the lowering of conductivity, hence the ratio of aniline and 8-ANSA in the copolymer feed was selected to 80:20. The room temperature conductivity of the PTSA doped polyaniline (PANI-PTS) and poly(An-co-8-ANSA) in 80:20 was found to be in the order of 1.74 S/cm to 9.77×10 -1 S/cm, respectively. Conductivity mechanism of charge transport has been investigated in the range 30-300K. In the temperature range 30-70 K, copolymer showed tunneling mechanism. However, above 70 K conductivity attributes to Mott ’ s variable range hopping (VRH) mechanism . The electrochemical behaviour of the polymers was studied by cyclic voltametry. The structure of the copolymer is characterized by 1 H NMR spectroscopy, UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy. Electrostatic charge dissipation (ESD) of the conducting copolymer blend was also studied by blending of 1% of PTSA doped polyaniline and poly(aniline-co-8-ANSA) with LDPE which shows a static decay time of 0.1 to 0.25 sec on dissipating the charge from 5000 to 500 V.
Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Consumer Prices in Ghana: Evidence from Structural Vector Auto-Regression

This paper develops a Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) model for the Ghanaian economy to estimate the pass-through effects of exchange rate changes to consumer prices. The model incorporates the special features of the Ghanaian economy, especially its dependence on foreign aid and primary commodity exports for foreign exchange earnings. The findings show that the pass-through to consumer prices, although incomplete, is substantially large. This suggests that exchange rate depreciation is a potentially important source of inflation in Ghana. Using variance decomposition analyses, it is found that monetary expansion has been more important in explaining Ghana’s actual inflationary process than the exchange rate depreciation. One policy implication of these findings is that policies that aim at lowering inflation must focus on monetary and exchange rate stability.
FROM AN ORIENTATION SURVEY AT THE CENTRAL MANITOBA ( AU ) MINESITE ( NTS 52 L / 13 ) by

A new project to establish the trace-element content of abandoned minesite tailings and determine the potential for phytoremediation of these sites and production of bio-ores, through the identification of hyperaccumulator plant species, has been initiated at the Central Manitoba (Au) minesite in southeastern Manitoba (Fig. GS-28-1). The first phase of this project has established the trace-element characteristics of tailings at the minesite through multi-element analysis of samples collected from three 1 m deep, hand-augered profiles. Results indicate that a partial extraction at pH 2–3 liberates a wide range of base and precious metals from the tailings at the minesite, and that these metals provide the focus for the future development of a bio-ore. Ten plant species were planted on three experimental sites on mine tailings. The survival rate and amount of extracted base and precious metals should indicate plant species suitable for phytoremediation and phyto-extraction.
Why do fishers fish where they fish? Using the ideal free distribution to understand the behaviour of artisanal reef fishers

We used the theory of the ideal free distribution (IFD) as a framework to understand the mechanisms underlying fishing site selection by Anguillian artisanal fishers exploiting shallow-water coral reefs. Contrary to the predictions of IFD, fishers did not distribute themselves so that average reward was equal among fishers using different fishing methods or among fishers using the same method. In addition, fishing pressure did not increase with resource availability. Key assumptions of the IFD were not met. The distribution of Anguillian fishers was not "ideal" because lack of knowledge prevented fishers from choosing fishing grounds with the greatest rewards. Not all fishers sought to maximise profit. In addition, all fishers were not "free" to distribute themselves among reefs owing to variation in social, economic, and physical characteristics of fishers that constrained fisher movements and ability to extract resources. This study shows that as a null model the IFD is useful to frame studies designed .
Proposing an Appropriate Soil Water Content Estimation Technique for Iran

Limitation of water resources is one of the major factors in the agricultural development of Iran. In recent years. Iran suffers from increases water consumption and drought conditions, This is why efficient water management in agriculture production becomes an inevitable requirement. One of the main aspects of water management in agriculture production is operating any type of irrigation system efficiently. A good on-farm irrigation water management requires a routine monitoring of soil water content (SWC). Recently a substantial number of different experimental methods in categories of direct, indirect, ground based and remote sensing have been developed to determine the SWC, and a large body of knowledge is now available on theory and applications. The need for indirect ground-based automatic methods for obtaining water content or indices of water content is evident when the time and labor involved in direct sampling is considered. In view of Iran conditions, selecting the best soil water measurement technology for the optimal management of irrigation system is a challenge for managers and the decision makers. This research aims to (i) compile the available ground based SWC measurement methods and discuses along with their advantages and their limitations, (ii) propose a technique that will be most useful for Iran condition. Considering regional parameters of Iran, these researchers found tensiometers as a proper technique for good water management. This technique with lower price in addition with other advantages could be more effective in development of Iran Agricultural Mechanization.
The causes of crime and violence : a guide for empirical researchers

To facilitate comparisons across the case studies being commissioned for the causes of crime and violence project, some preliminary analyses should be common across all the studies in the project. All possible sources should be considered at this point, even in the cases where, because of possible limitations of the data, some sources will not be used in the statistical analysis of the causes of crime. This analysis should include a detailed international comparative analysis of the types of data sources available in several countries. There are two functions of this study. The first is to measure violent crime in each country or city and its trend over time. The second is to address the causes of violent crime. In addition, all the studies should shed some light on the particular causes of violent crime in their countries by comparing them to other countries. A final data source is the offender survey. This type of survey can both be taken through traditional survey methods where respondents are asked if they have been arrested (or less reliably if they have committed a crime). The presentation of the available sources of crime, victimization, and offender’s data should be summarized by means of a table including four columns: data source, coverage, description, and observations.
Biotic and Abiotic Stressors In Plant Molecular Breeding vis-à-vis Sustainable Molecular Farming Strategies For Food Security: Threats, Opportunities and Challenges Ahead in Indian Perspectives.

We are currently in the midst of the “GOLDEN AGE” of plant biology rather to say “PLANT SCIENCES”. Our sincere thanks be extended to the stimulus and support provided by the widespread inventions and applications of empowered techniques from all other interdisciplinary branches of science (Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics etc) to plant scientists. We the plant biologists can now boast of claiming us as “the ablest” to elucidate and solve the hardcore challenges of ‘crop science’. In today’s world every nation has been revamping their present modus operandi to save the biodiversity resources. Biodiversity caters the feedstock for the biotechnology industries in all countries. Though the developed countries are rich in formulating the research methodologies automatically seek the resources, to supplement their demands, from the third world countries. Obviously serious debates and confrontations are getting mightier which only can and must be resolved amicably irrespective of all sorts of compulsions. This paper aims to explore the key issues raising a current debate for the protection of plant varieties, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), unethical access of biological resources by various multinational companies without prior informed consent (PIC) and no benefit sharing with the concerned communities along with mindless exploitation of wild flora and fauna have become a serious threat for our rich agro-biodiversity, agricultural systems, ecology, soil fertility etc. Positive steps should be taken to arrest the present disturbing trend assuring food security for all.
Development of Cluster Integration in Agricultural Sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan

This article contains an overview of the cluster approach methods, the author analyzes the existing forms of cooperation between agricultural enterprises, distinctive features of territorially-industrial clusters from other forms of organization of production in the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan. We studied the experience of developed countries on the formation of the cluster system, government regulation, which allowed substantiating the necessity of formation and suggesting a mechanism of interaction between participants of geographical industrial cluster in agriculture. The main factors that justify the need for the development of cluster integration and formation of territorial and sectoral clusters in the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan are studied. Keywords: Intersectorial integration, agricultural sector, economic relations, development, economic growth, industrial clusters JEL Classifications: O21, Q13, Q18
Post-weaning performance and carcass characteristics of steer progeny from different suckler cow breed types

In two experiments a total of 44 steer progeny of spring-calving Charolais (C) and Hereford × Friesian (HF) suckler cows and C sires were slaughtered at approximately 2 years of age. Following weaning they were offered silage and 1 kg of concentrate per head daily during a 5 month winter after which they spent 7 months at pasture. In Experiment 1, animals were given a silage/concentrate diet during a finishing period of either 95 or 152 days. In Experiment 2, steers were offered either a daily diet of silage plus 6 kg of concentrates or concentrates to appetite plus 5 kg of silage (fresh weight) during the final 140-day finishing period. Following slaughter, an 8-rib pistola from each animal was dissected. For the two experiments combined C and HF progeny had carcass weights of 372 and 385 (s.e. 6.1) kg, proportions of carcass as pistola of 467 and 454 (s.e. 2.8) g/kg and pistola meat proportions of 676 and 642 (s.e. 5.1) g/kg, respectively. All fat traits were lower for the C than HF progeny but there was no difference in carcass conformation score. Increasing slaughter weight increased carcass weight (P < 0.001), kidney plus channel fat weight (P < 0.001), and pistola fat proportion (P < 0.001) and decreased the proportions of carcass as pistola (P < 0.05), pistola meat (P < 0.01), and bone (P < 0.05). In conclusion, breed type had no effect on carcass growth but the C progeny had higher meat yield than the HF. Increasing slaughter weight increased fatness and reduced meat yield.
Competition-Based Crowdsourcing Software Development: A Multi-Method Study from a Customer Perspective

Crowdsourcing is emerging as an alternative outsourcing strategy which is gaining increasing attention in the software engineering community. However, crowdsourcing software development involves complex tasks which differ significantly from the micro-tasks that can be found on crowdsourcing platforms such as Amazon Mechanical Turk which are much shorter in duration, are typically very simple, and do not involve any task interdependencies. To achieve the potential benefits of crowdsourcing in the software development context, companies need to understand how this strategy works, and what factors might affect crowd participation. We present a multi-method qualitative and quantitative theory-building research study. First, we derive a set of key concerns from the crowdsourcing literature as an initial analytical framework for an exploratory case study in a Fortune 500 company. We complement the case study findings with an analysis of 13,602 crowdsourcing competitions over a ten-year period on the very popular Topcoder crowdsourcing platform. Drawing from our empirical findings and the crowdsourcing literature, we propose a theoretical model of crowd interest and actual participation in crowdsourcing competitions. We evaluate this model using Structural Equation Modeling. Among the findings are that the level of prize and duration of competitions do not significantly increase crowd interest in competitions.
The New Avalanche-Like Stochastic Model for Parameterization of Seismicity and Its Application to the South Sakhalin Island Seismicity

Seismic process is usually considered as an example of occurrence of the regime of self-organizing criticality (SOC). A model of seismic regime as an assemblage of randomly developing episodes of avalanche-like relaxation, occurring at a set of metastable subsystems, can be the alternative of such consideration. The model is defined by two parameters characterizing the scaling hierarchical structure of the geophysical medium and the degree of metastability of subsystems of this medium. In the assemblage, these two parameters define a model b-value. An advantage of such approach consists in a clear physical sense of parameters of the model. The application of the model for parameterization of the seismic regime of the south part of Sakhalin Island is considered. The models of space changeability of the scaling parameter and of temporal changeability of the parameter of metastability are constructed. The anomalous increase of the parameter of metastability was found in connection with the Gornozavodsk and Nevelsk earthquakes. At the present time, high values of this parameter occur in the area of the Poyasok Isthmus. This finding is examined in comparison with other indications of an increase in probability of occurrence of a strong earthquake in the South Sakhalin region.
SYLLABUS DEVELOPEMNT BY ENGLISH TEACHERS AT GRADE XI OF SMA N 2 SUNGAI PENUH IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2012

Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengembanagn silabus Bahasa Inggris Kelas XI SMA Negeri 2 Sungai Penuh Tahun ajaran 2012/2013 oleh guru bahasa inggris. Selain analisis pengembangan, peneliiti juga menganalisis masalah-masalah yang di hadapi guru didalam mengembangkan silabus pembelajaran. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah 3 orang guru Bahasa Inggris yang sedang mengajar di kelas XI SMA Negeri 2 Sungai Penuh. Data diperoleh dari hasil wawancara. Analisis data menerapkan langkah-langkah yang disusun oleh Gay dan Airasian (2000) yang terdiri atas, pengaturan data, membaca, deskripsi, klasifikasi dan interpretasi. Temuan penelitian ini digambarkan sebagai berikut. Pertama ada beberapa indikator atau komponen-komponen penelitian yang tidak ditemukan di kelas, beberapa lainnya ditemukan tetapi belum sesuai dengan ketentuan-ketentuan seperti yang disarankan para ahli pada Bab dua, dan yang lainnya ada yang sudah sesuai. Kedua, permasalahn yang dihadapi guru dapat dibagi menjadi lima faktor yaitu, faktor materi, media, aktifitas kelas, alokasi waktu, dan sumber belajar. Kata Kunci : S yllabus Development by English Teachers