Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Studies to enhance dissolution properties of carbamazepine

Carbamazepine a dibenzapine derivative with structural resembling to the tricyclic antidepressant, it is used to control some types of seizures in the treatment of epilepsy. It is also used to relieve pain due to trigeminal neuralgia. One of the major problems with this drug is its very low solubility in biological fluids, which results into poor bioavailability after oral administration. Hence present study was carried out to enhance dissolution properties of carbamazepine. Physical mixtures and solid dispersions of carbamazepine were prepared to enhance its water solubility. Physical mixtures and solid dispersions of carbamazepine were prepared by using polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-30, polyethylene glycol 4000 and polyethylene glycol 6000 as water-soluble carrier at various proportion (1:0.1, 1:0.2, 1:0.4, 1:0.6, 1:0.8, by weight) by employing solvent evaporation method. The drug release profile was studied according to USP XXIII monograph in 1% sodium lauryl sulphate solution. It was found that the dissolution rate and the dissolution parameters of the drug from the physical mixture as well as solid dispersion were higher than those of the intact drug. The degree of the dissolution rate enhancement depended on the nature and the amount of the carrier, i.e., the higher amount of the carrier used, the higher dissolution rate was obtained except for polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-30 and PEG 4000 solid dispersions. Among carrier studied solid dispersion of Carbamazepine: PVP K-30 at 1:0.2 (drug:carrier ratio) gave highest dissolution. The increase in dissolution rate of the drug may be due to increase wettability, hydrophilic nature of the carrier and also possibility due to reduction in drug crystalinity.
EFEITO DA FORMA FÍSICA E DO VALOR DE ENERGIA METABOLIZÁVEL DA DIETA SOBRE O DESEMPENHO DE FRANGOS DE CORTE

O presente trabalho buscou avaliar o desempenho zootecnico de frangos de corte da linhagem ROSS, do 1o ao 49o dia de idade, submetidos a racoes com diferentes densidades energeticas e formas fisicas (farelada e peletizada). O experimento foi conduzido nos meses de Agosto e Setembro de 1999, no aviario experimental da Cooperativa Agricola Consolata Ltda. , em Cafelândia (PR). Num delineamento em blocos casualizados, foram testados os tratamentos: T1  racao farelada, com energia metabolizavel media de 3137,5 kcal/kg; T2  racao farelada, com 3100 kcal/kg; T3  racao peletizada, com 3100 kcal/kg e; T4  racao peletizada, com 3062,5 kcal/kg. Nao foram observadas diferencas significativas (P > 0,05) ao variar-se o nivel energetico das dietas. Racoes peletizadas proporcionaram as aves: maior conversao alimentar e mortalidade no periodo total (1 a 49 dias de idade) (P Effect of dietary ration type and metabolizable energy value on performance of broilers Abstract The main aim of the present research work was to carry a zootechnic evaluation of broilers of the Ross lineage from the 1st up to the 49th day of age. in regard to the different types of ration - branny and pelleted - and different energy densities. The experiment was carried out during August and September 1999 at the Cooperativa Agricola Consolata Ltda (Cafelândia, PR - experimental aviary. The experiment was delineated in casually blocks with the following treatments: T1 - branny ration an average of metabolizable energy of 3137.5 kcal/kg; T2 - branny ration with 3100 kcal/kg; T3 -pelleted ration with 3100 kcal/kg; and T4 - pelleted ratio with 3062.5 kcal/kg. No significant differences were observed (P > 0.05) in regard to the variation of the diets energy levels. Pelleted rations, on the other hand, provided to the birds greater alimentary conversion as well as mortality during the whole period of 1 up to 49 days of age (P
Structural relaxation in viscous glycerol: Coherent neutron scattering

Structural relaxation in viscous glycerol has been followed from 5.9 ps to 3.7 ns by coherent neutron scattering around the structure factor maximum. In a 100 K interval, the line shape of the decay function shows no significant temperature dependence; the mean relaxation time scales accurately with viscosity. Interparticle correlations decay slower and with less stretching than self correlations at similar wave numbers.
Silicalite-1 Crystals Etched with Hydrofluoric Acid Dissolved in Water or Acetone

Highly siliceous (Si/Al ≈ 350) MFI-type crystals of various sizes and morphologies were etched with HF dissolved either in water or in acetone. The highest concentration of HF used was 4 wt % in water and 5.5 wt % in acetone with etching time shorter than 1 h. After rapid etching, the lateral faces of coffin-shaped crystals exhibited differently resistant triangular areas. Slow etching lasting weeks or months was performed in 100× diluted solutions and provided oriented rectangular pits corresponding to the point-group symmetry of MFI structure. Our coffin-shaped crystals were found to be twins of lateral faces as {100} consisting of two pyramidal segments ingrown to the crystal bed. Inner resistant triangle skins were found in calcined crystals indicating preferential deposition of organic residues on the segment interface. Such skins also appeared in small flat monocrystals at the top of the calcined polycrystalline layer. They seem to be analogous to those found in coffin-shaped crystal twins. Etching .
Bi2O2CO3/BiOI Photocatalysts with Heterojunctions Highly Efficient for Visible-Light Treatment of Dye-Containing Wastewater

Bi2O2CO3/BiOI composites were fabricated at room temperature for the first time by a facile method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–vis DRS), and nitrogen adsorption–desorption techniques were employed to characterize the physiochemical properties of the composites. The photocatalytic activities of Bi2O2CO3, BiOI, and Bi2O2CO3/BiOI were evaluated through the photocleaning of wastewater which contained rhodamine-B, methylene blue, crystal violet, or a mixture of them under visible-light irradiation (λ ≥ 420 nm). The photocatalytic activity of Bi2O2CO3/BiOI is much higher than that of its components. Moreover, the composite shows good photostability and recyclability. The excellent catalytic efficiency of the Bi2O2CO3/BiOI composite is deduced closely related to Bi2O2CO3/BiOI heterojunctions whose presence is generally regarded to be a favorable factor for the s.
Impedance of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Fibers

Impedance measurements of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) fibers were carried out in the frequency range of 20−106 Hz at temperatures 4.2 < T < 300 K and in the range of applied bias voltage 0−5 V. It was found that in the low frequency range (f ˜ 1–20 kHz) at low temperatures and at bias voltage U > 2 V sign of the imaginary part of impedance was changed from negative to positive, indicating the existence of the crossover from capacitive reactance to inductive one. This crossover was induced by the decrease of height of the energy barriers between nanotubes at the increase of bias voltage. As a result decrease of the impedance of the fibers is accompanied by the rising of the role of kinetic inductance of separate nanotubes.
Monomolecular condensation of DNA by cationic detergents

Controlling the size of condensed DNA particles is a key determinant for their diffusion in vivo as well as for gene delivery to target cells. Towards this goal, DNA molecules were compacted individually by cationic thiol-detergents into discrete nanometric entities. These particles were then stabilized by air-induced dimerization of the detergent into a disulfide lipid on the template DNA. Using a tetradecane-cysteine-ornithine (C 14 COrn) detergent, a solution of 5.5 Kb plasmid DNA was thus converted into a monodisperse population of 35-nm particles. The stability of the complexes, as well as their size, morphology and transfection efficiencies were investigated. Surprisingly, the electrophoretic mobility of the quasi-neutral condensed DNA was found higher than that of the extended DNA polyanion. The diameters of particles resulting from the condensation of DNA of various sizes was measured by dynamic light scattering and found to vary as the cubic root of the DNA size. In an attempt to extend their biodistribution and to target tumour cells, we have prepared folate-poly(ethylene oxide)-coated particles that were shown to bind to the cell-surface folate receptor.
Spectroscopic Study of DNA Hydrolysis, DNA Intercalative, and Electrostatic Interaction Activity Exerted by Drug Based Coordination Compounds†

Our work emphasized on synthesizing and characterizing neutral mononuclear copper(II) complexes with second generation fluoroquinolone drug ciprofloxacin (CFL) and some bipyridine derivatives (An) of type [Cu(CFL)(An)Cl]·2H2O. The DNA binding free energies were evaluated by studying the effect of salt concentrations on DNA binding. DNA interactions were investigated by using DNA melting temperature studies, viscosity measurements, absorption titration, and gel electrophoresis experiments. Also superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity (IC50 values) and antibacterial activity of metal complexes were studied. To validate the proper mechanistic pathway for plasmid DNA cleavage, gel electrophoresis experiments were carried out in presence of radical scavenging agents. The bactericidal activity of metal complexes was evaluated in terms of colony forming unit.
Analysis of Salt Accumulation in a Forward Osmosis System

An important issue concerning performance of forward osmosis (FO) systems is salt accumulation in the retentate. This occurs due to the highly retentive FO membrane and reverse diffusion of draw solutes. In this study, experimental data from an osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR), which epitomizes a challenging application for FO, was analyzed to investigate longer term effects of the above issue. It was found that salt accumulation is controlled by three factors: membrane, influent, and process. The role of the membrane is application-dependent and significant only when influent osmotic pressure is smaller or in the same order of magnitude as the salt to water permeability ratio (B/A). The study also shows that an experimental duration of 3 × solids retention time (SRT) is necessary for adequate study of salt accumulation in FO systems. Analysis of the B/A ratio provided fundamental information into system behavior. A reducing B/A could be associated with the formation of a mild secondary foulant layer, whereas an increasing B/A was observed for more severe fouling cases and indicated further flux reducing mechanisms. The study makes clear that knowledge of factors affecting salt accumulation is essential for optimization of FO systems.
EFFECT OF MERCURY TOXICITY ON HYPOCOTYL ELONGATION AND CELL WALL LOOSENING IN PHASEOLUS SEEDLINGS

The effect of heavy metal mercury on hypocotyl elongation growth and cell wall loosening in young Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings was studied in light. The study was done with five different concentrations (0.01 mM, 0.05 mM, 0.1 mM, 0.2 mM, and 0.4 mM) of mercury in the presence of distilled water (DW) or gibberellic acid (GA3 200 μM). Mercury was given in the form of mercuric chloride. Growth in terms of length and fresh weight and changes in pectic polysaccharides and xyloglucan (low and high) content was studied at an interval of 12 h from germination to 110 h segments. All concentrations of mercury inhibited hypocotyl length in both DW and GA3 treatments. However, the length and fresh weight of hypocotyl in GA3 "treatment was more than that of DW treatment. The pectic polysaccharide content was high initially, which showed a gradual decline up to 40 h in both the treatments and in all concentrations of mercury. The treatment, which resulted in minimum growth, had maximum content and vice-versa; however, though a concentration dependent trend was not visible, a clear inverse correlation between pectic polysaccharide content and hypocotyl length was observed, thus supporting the conclusion that pectic polysaccharides may be involved in cell wall loosening. Both low and high molecular weight xyloglucan were high initially at 8 h and showed a decreasing trend till 110 h. Low levels were maintained between 40 h–110 h. The xyloglucan content showed an inverse correlation with hypocotyl elongation growth. High molecular xyloglucan content was more than that of low molecular weight xyloglucan. Inhibitory effect was "concentration dependent and it was more pronounced at higher concentrations. It appears that mercury affected cell division in the apical meristem, thus affecting directly the auxin synthesis, which in turn affected the degradation of xyloglucan. This resulted in inhibition of hypocotyl elongation growth. It appears that GA3 to a certain extent reduces the toxic effects of mercury.
Tuning the crystal morphology and size of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 in aqueous solution by surfactants

Herein we report a facile synthesis method using surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a capping agent for controlling the crystal size and morphology of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) crystals in aqueous systems. The particle sizes can be precisely adjusted from ca. 100 nm to 4 μm, and the morphology can be changed from truncated cubic to rhombic dodecahedron.
Postcranial Morphology of Adalatherium hui (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

ABSTRACT The holotype and only known specimen of Adalatherium hui from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar preserves the first postcranial skeleton for the Gondwanatheria. It represents only the fourth Mesozoic mammaliaform described from articulated postcranial material from Gondwana (the others being the morganucodontans Megazostrodon and Erythrotherium and the stem therian Vincelestes). The postcranial skeleton of Adalatherium is virtually complete, and its preservation is exceptional; even costal cartilages and manual and pedal sesamoids are preserved. Adalatherium exhibits a variety of derived and plesiomorphic traits, probably reflective of a long evolutionary history in geographic isolation on Madagascar. Among the bizarre features are a mediolaterally compressed and anteroposteriorly bowed tibia, an unusually high number of trunk vertebrae (at least 16 thoracic and 12 lumbar vertebrae), a short tail, and a trochleated navicular facet on the astragalus. Aside from these features, Adalatherium displays derived and plesiomorphic characteristics in its pectoral girdle: the coracoid is well developed and contributes to half of the glenoid fossa, a separate procoracoid is absent, and the sternoclavicular joint appears to have been mobile. A ventrally facing scapular glenoid and the well-developed humeral trochlea suggest a relatively parasagittal forelimb posture. Notable features of the hind limb and pelvic girdle include a large obturator foramen similar in size to that of therians, a large parafibula, and the presence of epipubic bones. Articulation between the pelvic girdle and hind limb is in contrast to that between the pectoral girdle and the forelimb in that it is indicative of a sprawling posture.
Intramolecular cyclization–decyclization of new sterically hindered diiminophenol. Synthesis and coordination abilities

The new sterically hindered benzoxazole I was synthesized by the reaction of 3-(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)butan-2-one and 2-amino-4,6-di-tert-butylphenol. It is shown that compound I is in equilibrium with the open enamine form in solution. The coordination abilities of I have been studied. The ligand I is shown to demonstrate either a neutral coordination type in complex with cadmium iodide or monoanionic type in cadmium complexes obtained by the interaction of I with Me2Cd.
A DNS Investigation of the Effect of Yield Stress for Turbulent Non-Newtonian Suspension Flow in Open Channels

The use of fixed-shape open channels in industrial processes is common in the mineral processing industry. With lack of fundamental understanding about the mechanisms involved in how a turbulent flow of a non-Newtonian carrier fluid transports suspension particles, direct numerical simulation may come into the research as a validation tool. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the turbulent flow of non-Newtonian fluids in an open channel is modeled using a spectral element-Fourier method. The simulation of a yield-pseudoplastic fluid using the Herschel-Bulkley model agrees qualitatively with experimental results from field measurements of mineral tailing slurries. The simulation results over-predict the flow velocity by approximately 40% for the cases considered, however, the source of the discrepancy is difficult to ascertain. The effect of variation in yield stress, flow behavior index, and assumed flow depth are investigated and used to assess the sensitivity of the flow to these physical parameters. This methodology is seen to be useful in designing and optimizing the transport of slurries in open channels.
Computer simulation of the hydrophobic hydration of convex surfaces of large radius

Three hemispherical objects of radius 6.5, 9.3 and 12.2 Å were constructed from tessellated icosahedra where the vertices were hydrophobic ‘atoms’. These objects were hydrated and molecular dynamics simulations were performed on the solvated system. Analysis of the trajectories demonstrated that water molecules around convex solutes possess different configurations and exhibit different translational and rotational dynamics from water molecules in the bulk region. No qualitative difference was observed in the alteration of these structural and dynamic properties as the hemispheres became larger.
Bioreduction of Hexavalent Chromium in Flow-Through Quartz Sand Columns

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) contamination of soil and groundwater is a major environmental concern for some industrial sites and most of the U.S. Department of Energy sites. Cr(VI) is toxic and fairly mobile in groundwater. Bioreduction of Cr(VI) to less toxic and less mobile Cr(III) is considered to be a feasible option. Among the Cr(VI) reducing bacteria, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (MR-1) has been shown to be effective in metal reduction under anaerobic conditions. Data on bioreduction of Cr(VI) by MR-1 in a flow-through soil column that better approximates the subsurface condition are not available. The objective of this research project was to study the bioreduction of Cr(VI) by MR-1 in a continuous-flow quartz sand column system. MR-1 was found to be very effective in reducing Cr(VI) to Cr(III) for concentrations ranging from 0.055 mM (2.85 mg∕L) to 0.006 mM (0.31 mg∕L) . The amount of Cr(VI) reduced prior to its breakthrough was found to be inversely proportional to its concentration in the feed du.
Controls of microalgal biomass and lipid production in municipal wastewater‐fed bioreactors

The use of wastewater as a nutrient source for algal growth as a biodiesel feedstock could increase the viability of this process and reduce wastewater discharge of nitrogen‐ and phosphorus‐bearing compounds. In this study, four algal bioreactors were fed continuously with municipal wastewater effluent over a 6‐month period; these were monitored weekly to determine algal biomass and lipid production, nutrient removal, and carbon and nutrient availability. Algal biomass production ranged from 0.78 to 15.9 g dry weight m−2 d−1 over the experimental period. Algal reactors removed 19% of dissolved nitrogen and 43% of dissolved phosphorus from wastewater effluent. A stoichiometric analysis of particulates revealed that algal biomass had far lower C:P ratios (67:1) and N:P ratios (6:1), but higher C:N ratios (17:1), than Redfield values. These data suggest that the algae produced were rich in phosphorus, and that nitrogen was likely to be growth‐limiting in these systems. Nonetheless, numerous studies suggest that algal biomass can be enhanced by providing CO2 in excess of normal atmospheric concentrations, and that algal biofuel production can contribute to CO2 sequestration efforts. To optimize nutrient removal in wastewater‐fed algal reactors, and to determine the potential for CO2 sequestration, future reactor engineering research should continue to incorporate the expertise of ecological stoichiometry. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2012
Preparations and Photocatalytic Properties of Visible-Light-Active Zinc Ferrite-Doped TiO2 Photocatalyst

A visible-light-active TiO2/ZnFe2O4 photocatalyst was prepared by liquid catalytic phase transformation and the sol−gel method. The diffuse reflection spectra results show that TiO2/ZnFe2O4 photocatalyst can absorb visible light. The photocatalytic experimental result demonstrates that TiO2/ZnFe2O4 powder can effectively photodegrade methyl orange under visible light irradiation. The analysis of XRD indicated that the highly dispersed ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles prevented the formation of the rutile phase to some extent. A transmission electron microscope was used to characterize the structure of the photocatalyst, indicating that the ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles are highly dispersed among TiO2 nanoparticles. In TiO2/ZnFe2O4 photocatalyst, the relatively narrow bandgap ZnFe2O4 as the light-absorbing semiconductor and the wide bandgap titanium oxide formed a coupled semiconductor system resulting in an efficient primary charge separation and photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. The effect of calcina.
Organophosphorus Compounds. I. 2-Chloroalkylphosphonic Acids as Phosphorylating Agents

Alcohols and phenols are phosphorylated in high yield by reaction with various 2-chloroalkylphosphonic acids at 20-50°C in the presence of three or more molar equivalents of cyclohexylamine or triethylamine, the other products being the corresponding alk-1-ene and chloride ion. The reaction probably proceeds by attack of an ROH molecule on the phosphorus atom of a doubly-ionized phosphonate group. 2-Chlorodecyl-, 10-carboxy-2-chlorodecyl-, and 2-chloro-octylphosphonic acid decompose rapidly in neutral solution giving chloride ion, phosphate ion, and the corresponding alk-1-ene. In the absence of hydroxylic compounds, 2-chlorodecylphosphonic acid is decomposed by cyclohexylamine to dec-1-ene and a product which appears to be N-cyclohexylphosphoramidate; t-amines and also aniline cause dehydrohalogenation to dec-1-enylphosphonic acid. The proton magnetic resonance spectra of most of the phosphorus-containing substances described herein are recorded.
The meliacins (limonoids). Biosynthesis of nimbolide in the leaves of Azadirachta indica

Feeding experiments with the leaves of Azadirachta indica have shown that euphol is more efficiently incorporated into the meliacin (limonoid) nimbolide than are its isomers butyrospermol (Δ7), tirucallol (Δ8; 20α-H) and Δ7-tirucallol.