Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Fecal Coliform Concentrations in Water and in Sediment at Various Geographical Locations on Georgian Bay, Ontario, Canada

ABSTRACT This study surveyed 10 different geographical locations on Georgian Bay, Ontario, Canada, and compared the levels of water quality indicators throughout an 11-week period in the summer of 1994. Of the four indicator microorganisms studied (fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), fecal coliforms/E. coli appeared to be the most sensitive to changes in the surrounding environment. Fecal coliforms and E. coli were deemed to be good indicators of the relationship between human health and ecosystem health. A number of environmental variables were found to affect fecal coliform/E. coli concentrations in water and in sediment, including location, objective measure of fetch values (indicating the amount of water exchange), wind velocity, wave action, percentage of organic carbon in sediment (which is related to fetch), and boat number (again related to fetch). No effect on the indicator microorganism concentration was observed for week number, number of swimmers, number of cottages, water temperature, and rainfall.
Bacterial roles in the formation of high‐molecular‐weight dissolved organic matter in
estuarine and coastal waters: Evidence from lipids and the compound‐specific
isotopic ratios

High‐molecular‐weight dissolved organic matter (HMW‐DOM, > 1,000 Daltons) is actively involved in the global biogeochemical cycling of many elements, but its carbon sources and detailed formation pathways are still not well understood. In this study, we measured bulk stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios, lipid composition, and compound‐specific carbon isotopic ratios of HMW‐DOM samples collected from four U.S. estuaries (Boston Harbor/Massachusetts Bay, Delaware/Chesapeake Bay, San Diego Bay, and San Francisco Bay). Analytical results show (1) a fraction of HMW‐DOM (lipid associated) in estuarine and coastal waters is derived from bacteria and phytoplankton; (2) this fraction of HMW‐DOM is formed by various release processes of bacterial membrane components and bacterial reworking of phytoplanktonderived material; (3) this fraction of HMW‐DOM is generally present in all samples from different coastal systems despite variable organic matter inputs and environmental conditions, suggesting an important bacterial role in HMW‐DOM formation.
Effect of an Intertidal Mudflat on Plankton of the Overlying Water Column

The influence of a small tidal mudflat on the plankton of overlying waters was investigated by sampling flooding and ebbing waters. The mudflat depleted floodwaters of plankton during spring and summer. Removals of phytoplankton increased as the season progressed, indicating consumption as a function of activity of benthic filter feeders. Some zooplankton were removed from flooding waters in a similar seasonal pattern. We have demonstrated input of planktonic carbon to mudflats and indicated that mudflat organisms may consume significant portions of both primary and secondary planktonic production.
Interpretation of Fate and Guilt in Armenian and European Epics

The subject of the current article is that, for the first time in the study, the issues of the relationship between fate and sin in European-Armenian heroic epics were analyzed using historical, comparative methods. Perceptions of both fate and guilt are quite different in French, German, Spanish and Armenian epics. This approach examines the works of epic heritage, not so much external plot similarities and differences but internal worldview perceptions. The purpose of the study is to reveal the internal commonalities and peculiarities between European and Armenian epics. As a result, the authors put forward the thesis that, in European epics, fate is alienated from a person and is personified in “Sasna Tsrer”, it originates from the individual and returns to him and is not personified. As a result, in European epics, guilt is seen as a consequence of an act; in “Sasna Tsrer”, guilt is a state that turns into a national destiny.
Robust Scheduling for Wireless Charger Networks

In this paper, we deal with the problem of Robust schedUling for wireLess charger nEtworks (RULE),i.e., given a number of rechargeable devices, each of which may drift within a certain range, and a number of directional chargers with fixed positions and adjustable orientations distributed on a 2D plane, determining the orientations of the wireless chargers to maximize the overall expected charging utility while taking the charging power jittering into consideration. To address the problem, we first model the charging power as a random variable, and apply area discretization technique to divide the charging area into several subareas to approximate the charging power as the same random variable in each subarea and bound the approximation error. Then, we discretize the orientations of chargers to deal with the unlimited searching space of orientations with performance bound. Finally, by proving the submodularity of the problem after the above transformations, we propose an algorithm that achieves $\left(\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\ -\ \epsilon\right)$-approximation ratio. We conduct both simulation and field experiments, and the results show that our algorithm can perform better than other comparison algorithms by 103.25% on average.
Mycorrhiza and seedling establishment in a subarctic meadow: Effects of fertilization and defoliation

Abstract Question: How does changing resource availability induced by fertilization and defoliation affect seedling establishment and mycorrhizal symbiosis in a subarctic meadow? Location: 610 m a.s. l. , Kilpisjärvi (69°03′ N, 20°50′ E), Finland. Methods: A short-term full-factorial experiment was established, with fertilization and defoliation of natural established vegetation as treatments. Seeds of two perennial herbs Solidago virgaurea and Gnaphalium norvegicum were sown in natural vegetation and their germination and growth followed. At the final harvest we measured the response in terms of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization, biomass and nitrogen concentration of the seedlings and the established vegetation. Results: Germination rate was negatively affected by defoliation in the unfertilized plots. The shoot biomass of S. virgaurea seedlings was reduced by the defoliation and fertilization treatments, but not affected by their interaction. In G. norvegicum, the germination rate and the seedling shoot biomass were negatively correlated with moss biomass in the plots. In the established plants the arbuscular colonization rate was low and defoliation and fertilization treatments either increased or did not affect the colonization by AM fungi. In the seedlings, the colonization rate by AM fungi was high, but it was not affected by treatments. Both seedlings and established plants were colonized by dark septate fungi. Conclusions: Reduction of plant biomass by herbivores can have different effects on seedling growth in areas of high and low soil nutrient availability. The weak response of AM colonization to defoliation and fertilization suggests that AM symbiosis is not affected by altering plant resource availability under the conditions employed in this study. Abbreviations: AM = arbuscular mycorrhizal; DS = dark septate. Nomenclature: Hämet-Ahti et al. 1998 (vascular plants).
Dietary Saponin, a Factor Which May Reduce Liver and Serum Cholesterol Levels

ABSTRACT SERUM or liver cholesterol levels have been reported to be reduced by feeding high percentages of lipotropic agents (Okey et al., 1954; Gadea, 1952) by excluding dietary fat (Swell et al., 1955) or by the feeding of phytosterols (Peterson et al., 1952; Alfin-Slater et al., 1954). Some investigators have noted a slight to moderate decrease (Barber et al., 1955; Best et al., 1954; Joyner et al., 1954) and others have found no effect (Friedman et al., 1955; Wilkinson et al., 1955) in the plasma cholesterol after ingestion of sitosterols. It has been suggested (Friedman et al., 1956) that the latter may even initiate atherosclerosis. It is well known that saponins complex cholesterol (Schoenheimer et al., 1934) and it has been shown that the saponin initiated hemolysis of blood was inhibited by cholesterol in vitro (Sole, 1954). Cholesterol has also been used as a means of purifying saponin; for example, alfalfa .
Effect of Crinipellis perniciosa Infection on Abscission of Cacao Cotyledons, Reserve Mobilization and Dry Matter Partitioning

Infection by Crinipellis perniciosa on cacao seedlings prevented the abscission of cotyledons which normally abscise within 32-61 days from seed sowing. The early growth and development of control and artificially inoculated seedlings was investigated for root dry mass (RDM), shoot dry mass (SDM), shoot-to-root ratio (SRR), total dry mass (TDM), cotyledonary dry mass (CDM) and cotyledonary water content (CWC). Cotyledonary reserve mobilization was estimated at 69 and 56% at 5 weeks and 79 and 64% at 8 weeks in control and infected seedlings, respectively. Infection induced the enlargement of tissues but was not accompanied by an increase in dry mass. Infection both delayed and reduced the utilization of cotyledonary food reserves resulting in slower accumulation of RDM, SDM and TDM culminating in a reduction of growth by a factor of 1.6 at 8 weeks. However, the SRR of inoculated plants was similar to that of control plants, suggesting that the balance between the root and shoot systems exists which is unchanged by the effect of the pathogen. CWC was decreased upon senescence to an average of 65% at abscission. The prevention of cotyledonary abscission in infected seedlings is suggested to be due in part to the CDM remaining above a critical level of 20% of the initial CDM. The implication of this response in relation to the infection biology of the pathogen is discussed.
Recent advances in therapeutic applications of human peptide transporters

This review is an update of the review published in this journal in 2002. Over the past two years a number of studies have investigated peptide transporter (mainly hPEPT1) substrate binding. Cysteine scanning mutagenesis has revealed important information about structural aspects of the PEPT1 pro-tein. Pharmaceutical formulation strategies have been investigated in order to increase oral absorption of PEPT1 substrates by maintaining controlled pH conditions. New research disciplines, such as pharmacogenomics/genetics, have also had an impact on the field. Variations in the genes SLC15A1 and SLC15A2, coding for hPEPT1 and hPEPT2, respectively, have been investigated. The recent advances within the understanding of PEPT1 substrate pharmacophore properties, PEPT1 structure and population genet-ics, are reviewed and their possible significance in drug design, drug delivery and pharmacokinetics are discussed.
Comparison of Normal and High Available Phosphorus Corn With and Without Phytase Supplementation in Diets for Male Large White Turkeys Grown to Market Weights 1

Large White turkeys were fed diets containing either normal yellow dent corn (YDC) or a corn mutation containing low phytate phosphorus and high available phosphate corn (HAPC). Diets were considered nutritionally adequate in all respects with various degrees of reduction in available phosphorus content ( - 0.0, - 0.05, - 0.10 or - 0.15% of NRC (1994) recommendations for different feeding periods). These diets were fed with or without the addition of 1000 U/kg of phytase enzyme (Natuphos , BASF), resulting in ® a total of 16 dietary treatments. Each treatment was assigned to three pens of 20 male turkeys from day-old to 20 wk of age. Body weight, feed consumption, and tibia ash were determined at 28 d intervals during the study. Male turkeys fed diets with HAPC did not differ significantly in BW or feed conversion (FC) from those fed diets with YDC, and had significantly higher tibia ash at 4, 8, and 12 wk of age. Addition of 1000 U/kg of phytase resulted in significantly higher BW at 4, 8, 12, and 16 wk of age as compared to unsupplemented controls with no significant differences in FC. The addition of phytase significantly improved tibia ash at every age. Dietary phosphorus content had no effect on BW or FC at any age. Reduction of phosphorus generally did not impair tibia ash until reduction of 0.15% below NRC (1994) recommendations. Addition of phytase aided in overcoming the reduction in phosphorus content. The combination of HAPC, addition of phytase, and reduction in dietary phosphorus content should aid in reducing phosphorus excretion without impairing performance.
Influence of in ovo inoculation with various nutrients and egg size on broiler performance

Abstract This study evaluated the influence of inoculation of different nutrients into eggs of 18-d-old broiler embryos. On d 18 of incubation, before transferring, eggs were injected with a solution containing either maltose, a multivitamin supplement, zinc-glycine, glutamine, a mixture containing all these elements, or sodium chloride (control). After hatching, 2,400 male broiler chicks were placed in an experimental broiler house and distributed into 60 floor pens in a completely randomized design comprising a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement of treatments (2 egg weights × 6 solutions), for a total of 12 treatments. Birds and feed consumption were measured weekly. At 42 d of age, 3 birds per replicate pen were randomly selected for processing. Birds derived from heavier eggs had greater hatchability and hatching weight. At 42 d of age, birds from heavier eggs had higher BW, carcass weight, and breast meat weight. The livability of birds derived from heavy eggs was higher at 7 and 14 d of age. The in ovo inoculation of the nutrients to 18-d-old embryos did not influence live performance or carcass traits. The technique of in ovo inoculation of certain nutrients may be used in industrial poultry production, but further studies are required to define the best solutions or mixture of nutrients to be used.
Differential reaction in Pinus spp. to inoculation by various isolates of Ascocalyx (Gremmeniella) abietina

L'effet pathogene de 4 isolats, d'Ascolcalyx abietina a ete mesure par la longueur du chancre sur differentes especes hotes (Pinus pinaster, P. nigra et P. pirea) dans des conditions de climat et de station constantes. Les tiges sont inoculees au stade haut perchis. L'espece la moins resistante est Pirus pirea et la plus resistante P. pinaster. Le type d'isolat et la situation geographique ont aussi une influence
Reciprocal Innervation of Antagonistic Muscles. Fourteenth Note.-On Double Reciprocal Innervation

I. Reflex excitation and inhibition when brought to play simultaneously on the motoneurones of an extensor muscle can be so balanced that there results in the muscle a contraction , the degree of which evidences algebraic summation is obtainable not only in the decerebrate animal but also in the purely spinal, for instance, after decapitaion. This circumstance much facilitates the physiological study of the phenomenon. In other words, the grading (fig.1) of reflex contraction of the extensor by varying intensity of inhibition acting along with reflex excitation can be studied in the animal freshly made spinal as well as in the animal in the decerebrate condition. The muscle which I have chiefly employed in the purely spinal preparation is the isolated extensor of the knee in the decapitated cat. A difference does indeed exist between the reactions of the preparation in the decapitated and in the decerebrate condition. In the decapitated preparation, as in the decerebrate, the reflex effect of any inhibitory afferent is easily seen if stimulation of that afferent is employed concurrently with stimulation of an excitatory afferent. If however the inhibitory afferent is stimulated during the ordinary resting condition of the preparation, there is usually no change in the muscle to show that the inhibitory afferent is producing any effect at all (fig. 2). This is because the extensor muscle in the decapitated preparation is not exhibiting tonus and lies relaxed, therefore affording no background of contraction against which an inhibitory reflex can reveal itself by causing relaxation. Even in this condition it can, however, easily be shown that the inhibitory afferent is then really producing a state of inhibition in the preparation, although that state is not made evident by any further relaxation. If a stimulus sufficient to cause reflex contraction of the muscle be applied to the excitatory afferent while the inhibitory afferent, although apparently without effect, is being stimulated, the excitatory afferent is found to be ineffective (or only partially effective) then; but it, immediately becomes effective (or more effective) on withdrawal of the concurrent inhibitory stimulation (fig. 2).
History of myopia research in Szczecin after World War II

In the conducted examinations we determined that the leading center in myopia research after World War II in Poland is the Pomeranian Medical Academy (Pomeranian Medical University). In Szczecin after the World War II, various areas of ophthalmology developed significantly. Particularly intense development occurred in the field of myopia. In the conducted studies, attention was paid to epidemiology, clinical trials, surgical and conservative treatment, as well as the publication of review articles on myopia. The research findings of scientists from Szczecin were published all over the world in many prestigious journals. Their works were mostly known in the field of myopia occurrence, as well as surgical and conservative myopia treatment. The results obtained allowed the development of new methods of myopia management. The Pomeranian Medical Academy (Pomeranian Medical University) was the leading center in Poland conducting research on myopia. The researchers working in this center dealt with epidemiology, pathogenesis as well as the possibilities of surgical and conservative myopia treatment. They also pointed to the potential of using the results of experimental studies in the treatment of progressive myopia. Based on the scientific achievements of researchers of the Polish medical community after World War II, it can be assumed that in the future, scientific research will focus on the pathogenesis and treatment of myopia. The doctors place great hope on genetic treatment in inhibiting myopia progression.
Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Facilitates Antigen-stimulated Ca2+ Influx in RBL-2H3 Mast Cells via a Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate-sensitive Ca2+Entry Mechanism*

This study presents evidence that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) plays a concerted role with phospholipase Cγ in initiating antigen-mediated Ca2+ signaling in mast cells via a phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3)-sensitive Ca2+ entry pathway. Exogenous PI(3,4,5)P3 at concentrations close to its physiological level induces instantaneous Ca2+ influx into RBL-2H3 cells. This PI(3,4,5)P3-induced intracellular Ca2+ increase is independent of phospholipase C activity or the depletion of internal stores. Moreover, inhibition of PI3K by LY294002 or by overexpression of the dominant negative inhibitor Δp85 suppresses the Ca2+ response to the cross-linking of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI). Concomitant treatment of RBL-2H3 cells with LY294002 or Δp85 and 2-aminoethyl diphenylborate, a cell-permeant antagonist of d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, abrogates antigen-induced Ca2+ signals, whereas either treatment alone gives rise to partial inhibition. Conceivably, PI(3,4,5)P3-sensitive Ca2+ entry and capacitative Ca2+ entry represent major Ca2+ influx pathways that sustain elevated [Ca2+] i to achieve optimal physiological responses. This study also refutes the second messenger role ofd-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate in regulating FcεRI-mediated Ca2+ response. Considering the underlying mechanism, our data suggest that PI(3,4,5)P3directly stimulates a Ca2+ transport system in plasma membranes. Together, these data provide a molecular basis to account for the role of PI3K in the regulation of FcεRI-mediated degranulation in mast cells.
Distribution of Sodium, Potassium and Chloride in the Ophiuroid, Ophiocomina Nigra (Abildgaard)

Echinoderms are not generally considered to experience significant dilution of the surrounding medium in their usual marine habitats and so it is to be expected that, due to the absence of any obvious excretory organ, the ionic composition of the body fluid would be similar to that of the ambient sea water. In general this has been confirmed by previous workers for many species of echinoderm. Binyon (1966) lists the results of workers who have determined osmotic pressure and/or ionic concentrations in the perivisceral and/or ambulacral fluids of many echinoderms. With reference to the perivisceral fluid in asteroids there is usually a small excess of potassium (9–16%) which is maintained in the more euryhaline species and in those acclimatized to reduced salinity. Generally, the chloride content is similar to, or a little higher than, that in the surrounding sea water. In echinoids there is little difference in the potassium content and chloride concentrations with respect to sea water though there may be a small increase in the former ion. In the holothurians, there is little regulation of potassium ions. Such concentrations which have been determined for the chloride ion in this group are found to be a little higher than in sea water. The sodium concentration in the perivisceral fluids of echinoderms tends to be similar to, or slightly lower than, that in the surrounding sea water. However in the ambulacral fluids of the water vascular system it has been shown that the potassium concentration is 20–90% higher in some species of asteroids and echinoids (Robertson, 1949; Binyon, 1962,1966). The fluids of the water vascular system of echinoderms, analysed to date, have concentrations of sodium ions lower than in the ambient sea water. From the available evidence, there appears to be little difference between environmental and ambulacral chloride concentrations.
Behavioral Syndromes: An Integrative Overview

A behavioral syndrome is a suite of correlated behaviors expressed either within a given behavioral context (e.g., correlations between foraging behaviors in different habitats) or across different contexts (e.g., correlations among feeding, antipredator, mating, aggressive, and dispersal behaviors). For example, some individuals (and genotypes) might be generally more aggressive, more active or bold, while others are generally less aggressive, active or bold. This phenomenon has been studied in detail in humans, some primates, laboratory rodents, and some domesticated animals, but has rarely been studied in other organisms, and rarely examined from an evolutionary or ecological perspective. Here, we present an integrative overview on the potential importance of behavioral syndromes in evolution and ecology. A central idea is that behavioral correlations generate tradeoffs; for example, an aggressive genotype might do well in situations where high aggression is favored, but might be inappropriately aggressive in situations where low aggression is favored (and vice versa for a low aggression genotype). Behavioral syndromes can thereby result in maladaptive behavior in some contexts, and potentially maintain individual variation in behavior in a variable environment. We suggest terminology and methods for studying behavioral syndromes, review examples, discuss evolutionary and proximate approaches for understanding behavioral syndromes, note insights from human personality research, and outline some potentially important ecological implications. Overall, we suggest that behavioral syndromes could play a useful role as an integrative bridge between genetics, experience, neuroendocrine mechanisms, evolution, and ecology.