Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetic and Epigenetic Control of the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class Ib Gene HLA‐G in Trophoblast Cell Lines

The transcriptional regulation of the major histocompatibility complex class (MHC) Ib gene HLA‐G differs from the classical MHC class I genes. The cis‐acting regulatory elements typical for classical MHC class I promoters are divergent in the promoter of HLA‐G, rendering this gene unresponsive to NF‐κB, IRF‐1, and class II transactivator (CIITA)‐mediated activation pathways. However, as we have previously shown, transactivation of HLA‐G is regulated by CREB‐1. Because CREB‐1 is ubiquitously expressed, this observation does not explain the tissue‐restricted expression of HLA‐G in extravillous cytotrophoblasts. Using HLA‐G‐expressing JEG‐3 cells and HLA‐G‐deficient JAR trophoblast‐derived choriocarcinoma cells as a model, we have investigated the contribution of DNA methylation and histone acetylation in the transcriptional activation of HLA‐G. Despite similar levels of DNA methylation both in JEG3 and JAR cells, we found the levels of histone acetylation in HLA‐G promoter chromatin to be significantly enhanced in JEG3 cells coinciding with HLA‐G expression.
A standardized forearm ischemic exercise test

IN 1958, Huckabeel-3 reported a series of experiments designed to evaluate the important regulatory influences in lactate and pyruvate production. His observations led him to postulate that the degree of tissue anaerobiosis was more closely correlated with “excess lactate” than with blood lactate levels per se. Excess lactate represents a value derived from changes in lactate-pyruvate relations. Although the validity of Huckabee’s concept has been repeatedly challenged, it succeeded in triggering a series of investigations of lactate metabolism in a variety of disease states. Although muscle is the major source of blood lactate, it has only been during the past several years that investigators have concerned themselves with lactate alterations as an indicator of disordered muscle metabolism. In 1951, McArdle reported a patient with myopathy characterized by exertional cramping and failure of lactate elevation after ischemic forearm e~erc ise . ~ He postulated a defect in glycolytic metabolism which was confirmed in 1959 by the simultaneous reports of Schmid and Mahler5 and Mommaerts et a1.6 demonstrating a lack of muscle phosphorylase. During the past ten years, additional reports have described myopathies characterized by insufficient lactate production associated with various other postulated or demonstrated metabolic abnormalities. As might be expected, deficient lactate production occurs in other myopathies associated with defective enzyme activity at various steps in glycolysis such as phosphohexoisomerase7 and phosphofructokin898.8 Normal lactate production usually occurs when there is a deficiency of alpha-1,4-glucosidase,gJO an enzyme presumably located in lysosomes only and not directly involved with anaerobic catabolism. Insufficient lactate production with ischemic forearm exercise also occurs during the acute phase of alcoholic myopathy,ll at which time muscle phosphorylase levels are only occasionally depressed. Impairment of lactate production has been reported in certain of the “mitochondria1 myopathies”l2 but not in others.13 Ionasescu and Luca14J5 have observed depressed lactate production in patients with myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, and polymyositis. Benoit and Watten16 reported similar impairment in three of five patients with idiopathic myoglobinuria. Impaired in vivo lactate production corrected by glucose or fructose administration has been observed in chronic thyrotoxic myopathy,l7 although lactate production by muscle homogenates using several glycolytic substrates was normal. Normal in vivo lactate production returned after the patient became euthyroid. Excessive lactate production with exercise has been observed in several myopathies. In 1963, Kontos et aL18 reported a 54-year-old patient who produced excessive amounts of lactate during exercise. Studies suggested a defect of oxidative metabolism, with an ac-
Multiple Small Heat Shock Proteins in Rhizobia

ABSTRACT Seven genes coding for small heat shock proteins (sHsps) inBradyrhizobium japonicum have been identified. They are organized in five operons that are coordinately regulated by ROSE, a negatively cis-acting DNA element. The deduced sHsps can be divided into two separate classes: class A, consisting of proteins that show similarity to Escherichia coli IbpA and IbpB, and class B, whose members display significant similarity to other sHsps from prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and Edman sequencing revealed the presence of at least 12 sHsps inB. japonicum, indicating a remarkable abundance of sHsps in this organism. Three additional members of class A and two potentially novel heat shock proteins were identified on the basis of their amino termini. The presence of multiple sHsps was also demonstrated for a variety of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium species by immunoblot analysis and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. An extensive database survey revealed that, in contrast to the rhizobia, other bacteria contain maximally two sHsps whereas many plants have been reported to possess a sHsp superfamily.
Preventing necrotizing enterocolitis with standardized feeding protocols: not only possible, but imperative.

Author Affiliations: College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson (Dr Gephart); and Division of Medical Nutrition Education, School of Allied Health Professionals, Univ ersity of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Dr Hanson). Dr Gephart reviewed the literature, conceptualized, and wrote the manuscript. Dr Hanson assisted in the writing of the manuscript, especially the management of feeding intolerance algorithm. The authors wish to thank Joan Smith, RN, NNP-BC, who generously offered her expertise regarding the SFP used in her unit. The authors also thank Ms Ahlem Saleh, research librarian, at the Arizona Health Sciences Library, for assisting in the literature search. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Correspondence: Sheila M. Gephart, PhD, RN, the University of Arizona College of Nursing, PO Box 210203, Tucson, AZ 85721 (sgephart@nursing.arizona.edu). Copyright © 2013 by The National Association of Neonatal Nurses DOI: 10.1097/ANC.0b013e31827ece0a cell transfusions,6 formula feeding,7 and admission to NICUs with high endemic NEC rates,8,9 implying that at least some of the risk factors for NEC are modifiable.10-13 Indeed, in a compelling article, “Can We Cut the Incidence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Half—Today? ” Dr Robert Christensen argued that adopting 2 practices—near-exclusive human milk feeding and the use of standardized feeding protocols (SFPs)—could do just that, yet clinicians must possess the will to do so.14 In a Cochrane systematic review of 18 studies, findings supported that, in general, care directed by practice guidelines effectively changed the process of care and ultimately patient outcomes.15 Does the strength of research evidence support this bold statement? The purpose of this evidence-based practice brief is to describe the evidence and make recommendations for practice and future research.
Immunological Self‐Tolerance: An Analysis Employing Cytokines or Cytokine Receptors Encoded by Transgenes or a Recombinant Vaccinia Virus

The immune system is an endeavor aimed at the identification and neutralization of foreign, potentially noxious agents within the organisms. By inference, this system must have elaborated strategies for accurately discriminating between structures that are a normai part ofthe self and ahen antigenic determinants. Self/ non-self discrimination involves interactions between antigens and polymorphic antigen receptors that serve to specifically recognize, transmit and memorize information pertinent to the ultimate scope ofthe immune system. Immunological recognition molecules, including the T-cell receptor (TCR) and immunoglobulins, are products from genes that recombine during a somatic process in a quasistochastic way, and therefore have random specificities for exogenous and selfantigens. According to current understanding, at least three complementary mechanisms avoid harmful interactions between immune cells and potential target cells of self-recognition. First, the bulk of immature lymphocytes expressing receptors with high afTmity for self antigens are physically eliminated when they develop in their primary organs, that is the thymus for T lymphocytes and the bone
Circulation in the Hands in Hypertension

no general agreement; thus the circulation in the extremities in essential hypertension has variously been described as low (Mendlowitz, 1942; Stewart, Evans, and Haskell, 1946), normal (Pickering, 1936; Stead and Kunkel, 1940), and raised (Abramson and Fierst, 1942). This disparity is at least partly attributable to a failure clearly to distinguish the stage of the disease, although it is over forty years since Volhard and Fahr (1914) drew attention to the red complexion of patients with benign hypertension by contrast with the pallor of those in the malignant phase.
Nucleoside Triphosphate Pool Asymmetry in Mammalian Mitochondria*

Our laboratory has reported that deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools in rat tissue mitochondria are highly asymmetric, with dGTP predominating, and that the imbalance probably contributes toward the high spontaneous mutation rate of the mitochondrial genome. Ferraro et al. (Ferraro, P., Nicolosi, L., Bernardi, P., Reichard, P., and Bianchi, V. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 18586–18591) have challenged these findings, based upon their studies of mouse liver mitochondria. Moreover, they have identified a potential artifact in the DNA polymerase-based assay for dNTPs, based upon overestimation of dGTP when GTP levels in extracts are much higher than dGTP levels. We measured ribonucleoside triphosphate (rNTP) pools in rat mitochondrial extracts and found that GTP pools exceed dGTP pools by 50-fold or less, not enough to interfere with the dGTP assay. Analysis of dNTP pools in state 3 mitochondria, after incubation with ADP and oxidizable substrates, gave similar results. We confirmed our earlier finding that rat mitochondrial dNTP pools are highly asymmetric. dNTP pools in cytosolic extracts are uniformly low, suggesting that the dNTP pool asymmetry arises within the mitochondrion. Moreover, we found rat tissue rNTP pools to be even more highly asymmetric, with ATP, for example, at least 2 orders of magnitude more abundant than CTP in liver extracts. This finding raises the possibility that transcription of the mitochondrial genome is more error-prone than transcription in the nucleus.
Anforderungsverikation von Komponenten- und Konnektormodellen am Beispiel autonom fahrender Autos

Aufgrund des hohen Konkurrenzdrucks in der Automobilindustrie erfolgen Entwicklungen im Bereich des autonomen Fahrens in immer kürzeren Abständen und Funktionen in diesem Gebiet müssen ständig angepasst werden. Die dabei entwickelten Systeme werden immer komplexer und greifen immer tiefer in sicherheitskritische Bereiche ein, somit muss deren Sicherheit validiert werden. Das Ziel ist nicht mehr nur die Unterstützung des Fahrers (Level-3), sondern ein völlig vom Menschen unabhängig fahrendes Auto (Level-5). Die Software hierfür muss ständig weiterentwickelt werden, es ndet also ständig SoftwareEvolution statt. Für die Modellierung eines solchen Systems wird meist Simulink, ein Modellierungstool für C&C (Komponenten und Konnektoren) benutzt. Zur Validierung der Anforderungen können Tests oder auch beschränktes Model-Checking (BMC) genutzt werden. BMC wird oft zur Falsi zierung benutzt, um schnell mögliche Fehler nden zu können ([2], [1]). Dieses Paper stellt ein Verfahren vor, um C&C-Modelle mittels BMC zu validieren. Dabei wird ein Beispiel aus dem Bereich des autonomen Fahrens verwendet.
GFRBS-PHM: A Genetic Fuzzy Rule-Based System for PHM with improved interpretability

This paper presents an approach to predict the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of a generic system when a higher level of interpretability of the prediction model is desired. A set of well known computational intelligence techniques such as Decision Trees, Fuzzy Logic, and Genetic Algorithms is used to generate a hybrid model which is called Genetic Fuzzy Rule-Based System (GFRBS) supported by a Decision Tree. The proposed method automatically generates fuzzy rules and tunes the associated membership functions. Accuracy and improved interpretability are achieved during training since they are coded in the fitness function used by the genetic algorithm. The proposed approach is applied to a case study of degradation of aeronautical engines. The task is to estimate the remaining useful life of a commercial aircraft engine using only historical data gathered by the sensors embedded in the engine.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Self-reported Sexually TransmittedInfections among Adults in the Diepsloot Informal Settlement,Johannesburg, South Africa

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a significant cause of morbidity among sexually active adults with multiple consequences including enhancing HIV transmission. Objective: To determine the prevalence of self-reported sexually transmitted infections and associated risk factors among adults in Diepsloot informal settlement, Johannesburg, South Africa. Design: This is a cross sectional study involving secondary analysis of data collected in a survey among adults living in Diepsloot in 2013. Data from 3953 respondents was analysed. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression modelling was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the association between selfreported STI status and socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Results: Of the 3953 participants, 2481 (62.8%) were female. Self-reported prevalence of STIs was 20.4% (n=808). Among the study participants, 815 (25.9%) people were HIV positive and of these 19.9% reported an STI. Being single [Odds Ratio (OR) 1.82, (95% CI 1.08, 3.05)], prior exposure to gender based violence or sexual assault (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.39, 3.63), alcohol use (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.04, 2.16), and having not utilised healthcare services in the past 2 years (OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.44, 3.68) were associated with increased odds of self-reporting an STI. HIV negative status was associated with reduced odds of self-reporting an STI (OR = 0.26, 95% CI 0.14, 0.50) Conclusion: The estimated prevalence of self-reported STIs among adults aged 20 to 82 years in Diepsloot, indicates a substantial burden of STIs in this population. The close connection between HIV status, history of gender based violence/sexual assault and utilisation of healthcare services underscore the need to scale up behavioural interventions coupled with targeted screening of at risk populations to simultaneously reduce the occurrence of genderbased violence and prevent the transmission of STIs including HIV.
Functions, regulation and cellular localization of plant cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors

The cell cycle is regulated by the cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK), and CDK inhibitors can bind to CDKs and inhibit their activities. This review examines plant CDK inhibitors, with particular emphasis on their molecular and cellular functions, regulation and cellular localization. In plants, a family of ICK/KRP CDK inhibitors represented by ICK1 is known and another type of CDK inhibitor represented by the SIMESE (SIM) has recently been reported. Considerable understanding has been gained with the ICK/KRP CDK inhibitors. These plant CDK inhibitors share only limited sequence similarity in the C‐terminal region with the KIP/CIP family of mammalian CDK inhibitors. The ICK/KRP CDK inhibitors thus provide good tools to understand the basic machinery as well as the unique aspects of the plant cell cycle. The ICK/KRP CDK inhibitors interact with D‐type cyclins or A‐type CDKs or both. Several functional regions and motifs have been identified in ICK1 for CDK inhibition, nuclear localization and protein instability. Clear evidence shows that ICK/KRP proteins are important for the cell cycle and endoreduplication. Preliminary evidence suggests that they may also be involved in cell differentiation and cell death. Results so far show that plant CDK inhibitors are exclusively localized in the nucleus. The molecular sequences regulating the localization and functional significance will be discussed.
A Phylogenetic Analysis of 34 Chloroplast Genomes Elucidates the Relationships between Wild and Domestic Species within the Genus Citrus

Citrus genus includes some of the most important cultivated fruit trees worldwide. Despite being extensively studied because of its commercial relevance, the origin of cultivated citrus species and the history of its domestication still remain an open question. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of the chloroplast genomes of 34 citrus genotypes which constitutes the most comprehensive and detailed study to date on the evolution and variability of the genus Citrus. A statistical model was used to estimate divergence times between the major citrus groups. Additionally, a complete map of the variability across the genome of different citrus species was produced, including single nucleotide variants, heteroplasmic positions, indels (insertions and deletions), and large structural variants. The distribution of all these variants provided further independent support to the phylogeny obtained. An unexpected finding was the high level of heteroplasmy found in several of the analyzed genomes. The use of the complete chloroplast DNA not only paves the way for a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within the Citrus genus but also provides original insights into other elusive evolutionary processes, such as chloroplast inheritance, heteroplasmy, and gene selection.
Distinct neuroinflammatory profile in post-mortem human Huntington's disease

Neuroinflammation is a prominent feature of many neurodegenerative diseases, however, little is known about neuroinflammation in Huntington's disease. We used quantitative real time-PCR to compare the expression level of neuroinflammation-associated mediators in the striatum, cortex, and cerebellum from post-mortem Huntington's disease patient samples with controls. We found increased expression of several key inflammatory mediators, including CCL2 and IL-10, specifically in the striatum of Huntington's disease patients, the main area affected by this pathology. Remarkably, we also found upregulation of IL-6, IL-8, and MMP9, in the cortex and notably the cerebellum, a brain area commonly thought to be spared by Huntington's disease. Our data suggest that neuroinflammation is a prominent feature associated with Huntington's disease and may constitute a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
Acquiring Commonsense Knowledge about Properties of Concepts from Text

Commonsense knowledge plays an important role in various areas such as natural language understanding, information retrieval, etc. This paper presents a method for acquiring commonsense knowledge about properties of concepts by analyzing how adjectives are used with nouns in everyday language. We firstly mine a large scale corpus for potential concept-property pairs using lexico-syntactic patterns and then filter erroneously acquired ones based on heuristic rules and statistical approaches. For each concept, we automatically select the commonsensical properties and evaluate their applicability. Finally, we generate commonsense knowledge represented with explicit fuzzy quantifiers. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
A Cooperative Relay Scheme for Secondary Communication in Cognitive Radio Networks

In cognitive radio networks, secondary users (SUs) opportunistically exploit the spectrum unutilized by primary users (PUs). In this paper, we study the secondary communication where secondary transmitters and receivers have different available spectrum. Considering the spectrum diversity and the space distance between different PUs, we introduce cognitive relay node into the secondary communication and propose a novel Cooperative Relay Scheme (CRS) to increase the SINR at secondary receivers. A novel Opportunistic Sharing Scheme (OSS) is also proposed for the secondary transmitters to share the spectrum of relay nodes. We model it with a non-cooperative game, and study the performance of competition of SUs. The Nash equilibrium and Pareto efficiency of this game is presented. Simulations show that CRS can increase SINR at secondary receivers under proper configurations.
Phase III study of letrozole versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: analysis of survival and update of efficacy from the International Letrozole Breast Cancer Group.

PURPOSE To analyze overall survival (OS) and update efficacy data for letrozole versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy in postmenopausal women with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS This multicenter phase III trial randomly assigned 916 patients with hormone receptor-positive or unknown tumors letrozole 2.5 mg (n = 458) or tamoxifen 20 mg (n = 458) daily until disease progression. Optional cross-over was permitted at the treating physician's discretion. This report updates efficacy at a median follow-up of 32 months. RESULTS The superiority of letrozole to tamoxifen was confirmed for time to progression (median, 9.4 v 6.0 months, respectively; P <.0001), time to treatment failure (median, 9 v 5.7 months, respectively; P <.0001), overall objective response rate (32% v 21%, respectively; P =.0002), and overall clinical benefit. Median OS was slightly prolonged for the randomized letrozole arm (34 v 30 months, respectively). Although this difference in OS is not significant, survival was improved in the randomized letrozole arm over the first 2 years of the study. Approximately one half of the patients in each arm crossed over. Total duration of endocrine therapy ("time to chemotherapy") was significantly longer (P =.005) for patients initially on letrozole (median, 16 months) than for patients initially on tamoxifen (median, 9 months). Time to worsening of Karnofsky performance score was significantly delayed with letrozole compared with tamoxifen (P =.001). CONCLUSION This study documents the superiority of letrozole over tamoxifen in first-line endocrine therapy in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer.
The Relation between the Response to “Train‐of‐four” Stimulation and Receptor Occlusion during Competitive Neuromuscular Block

The responses to a train of four indirect stimuli at 0.5-second intervals were examined in the cat and the dog during recovery from neuromuscular block produced by d-tubocurarine. The relation of the twitch responses during the train to the fractional receptor occlusion by the competitive neuromuscular blocking agent was measured. The response to the fourth stimulus in the train returns to normal when about 25–30 per cent of the receptors have become available. Thus, the train of four is slightly more sensitive to receptor occusion than the single twitch, which returns when 20–25 per cent of the receptors are free. However, 50 per cent of the receptor pool must be available before fade in response to a 100/see tetanic stimulus lasting 5 seconds returns to normal. Thus, the response to tetanic stimulation at 100/see is a considerably more sensitive indicator of receptor block than either the twitch response or the fade in a train of four twitches.