Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inmunoprofilaxis contra la infección por Salmonella enteritidis en pollos de engorda mediante el uso de linfocinas

SE INVESTIGO EL EFECTO DEL TRATAMIENTO PROFILACTICO DE POLLOS DE ENGORDA CON PRODUCTOS SOLUBLES DE LINFOCITOS T ESTIMULADOS CON CONCANAVALINA-A, PROCEDENTES DE AVES INMUNIZADAS CON EIMERIA TENELLA, SOBRE LA INVASION DE ORGANOS POR SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS. LOS POLLOS FUERON ASIGNADOS DE MANERA ALEATORIA EN TRES GRUPOS: A) GRUPO EXPERIMENTAL (TRATADO, INFECTADO CON S. ENTERITIDIS); LAS AVES FUERON INYECTADAS INTRAPERITONEALMENTE AL DIA DE EDAD CON LINFOCINAS PROCEDENTES DE AVES INMUNIZADAS CON EIMERIA TENELLA. TREINTA MINUTOS DESPUES DE LA INYECCION DE LINFOCINAS, LAS AVES FUERON DESAFIADAS VIA ORAL CON 105 UNIDADES FORMADORAS DE COLONIA DE S. ENTERITIDIS; B) GRUPO TESTIGO POSITIVO (NO TRATADO, INFECTADO CON S. ENTERITIDIS); Y C) GRUPO TESTIGO NEGATIVO (NO TRATADO, NO INFECTADO CON S. ENTERITIDIS). TODAS LAS AVES FUERON SACRIFICADAS 24 HORAS DESPUES DEL DESAFIO Y SE REALIZO CULTIVO BACTERIOLOGICO A PARTIR DE HIGADO, BAZO Y TONSILAS CECALES. LA ADMINISTRACION DE LINFOCINAS REDUJO SIGNIFICATIVAMENTE (P 0.05). ESTOS RESULTADOS DEMUESTRAN QUE EL TRATAMIENTO PROFILACTICO CON LINFOCINAS PROCEDENTES DE AVES INMUNIZADAS CON EIMERIA TENELLA REDUCE LA INVASION A ORGANOS POR S. ENTERITIDIS, PERO NO IMPIDE LA COLONIZACION INTESTINAL EN POLLITOS DE ENGORDA.
Rainfall distribution is the main driver of runoff under future CO2‐concentration in a temperate deciduous forest

Reduced stomatal conductance under elevated CO2 results in increased soil moisture, provided all other factors remain constant. Whether this results in increased runoff critically depends on the interaction of rainfall patterns, soil water storage capacity and plant responses. To test the sensitivity of runoff to these parameters under elevated CO2, we combine transpiration and soil moisture data from the Swiss Canopy Crane FACE experiment (SCC, 14 30–35 m tall deciduous broad‐leaved trees under elevated CO2) with 104 years of daily precipitation data from an adjacent weather station to drive a three‐layer bucket model (mean yearly precipitation 794 mm). The model adequately predicts the water budget of a temperate deciduous forest and runoff from a nearby gauging station. A simulation run over all 104 years based on measured sap flow responses resulted in only 5.5 mm (2.9%) increased ecosystem runoff under elevated CO2. Out of the 37 986 days (1 January 1901–31 December 2004), only 576 days produce higher runoff in the elevated CO2 scenario. Only 1 out of 17 years produces a CO2‐signal >20 mm a−1, which mostly depends on a few single days when runoff under elevated CO2 exceeds runoff under ambient conditions. The maximum signal for a double preindustrial CO2‐concentration under the past century daily rainfall regime is an additional runoff of 46 mm. More than half of all years produce a signal of <5 mm a−1, because trees consume the ‘extra’ moisture during prolonged dry weather. Increased runoff under elevated CO2 is nine times more sensitive to variations in rain pattern than to the applied reduction in transpiration under elevated CO2. Thus the key driver of increased runoff under future CO2‐concentration is the day by day rainfall pattern. We argue that increased runoff due to a first‐order plant physiological CO2‐effect will be very small (<3%) in a landscape dominated by temperate deciduous forests, and will hardly increase flooding risk in forest catchments. Monthly rainfall sums are unsuitable to realistically model such CO2 effects. These findings may apply to other ecosystems with comparable soil water storage capacity.
Relationship of Muscle Apolipoprotein E Expression with Markers of Cellular Stress, Metabolism, and Blood Biomarkers in Cognitively Healthy and Impaired Older Adults

Background: Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have reduced lipid-stimulated mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle. A major risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele, is implicated in lipid metabolism and is associated with metabolic and oxidative stress that can result from dysfunctional mitochondria. Heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) is protective against these stressors and is elevated in the AD brain. Objective: Our goal was to characterize skeletal muscle ApoE and Hsp72 protein expression in APOE4 carriers in relationship to cognitive status, muscle mitochondrial respiration and AD biomarkers. Methods: We analyzed previously collected skeletal muscle tissue from 24 APOE4 carriers (60y+) who were cognitively healthy (CH, n = 9) or MCI (n = 15). We measured ApoE and Hsp72 protein levels in muscle and phosphorylated tau181 (pTau181) levels in plasma, and leveraged previously collected data on APOE genotype, mitochondrial respiration during lipid oxidation, and VO2 max. Results: Muscle ApoE (p = 0.013) and plasma pTau181 levels (p < 0.001) were higher in MCI APOE4 carriers. Muscle ApoE positively correlated with plasma pTau181 in all APOE4 carriers (R2 = 0.338, p = 0.003). Hsp72 expression negatively correlated with ADP (R2 = 0.775, p = <0.001) and succinate-stimulated respiration (R2 = 0.405, p = 0.003) in skeletal muscle of MCI APOE4 carriers. Plasma pTau181 negatively tracked with VO2 max in all APOE4 carriers (R2 = 0.389, p = 0.003). Analyses were controlled for age. Conclusion: This work supports a relationship between cellular stress in skeletal muscle and cognitive status in APOE4 carriers.
FACTORS CORRELATED WITH FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF WOLVES IN AND NEAR GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA

Abstract We examined prey selection, search distance (measured as km traveled/kill), and spatial use of recolonizing wolves (Canis lupus) in a multi-prey system in northwestern Montana, USA, and southeastern British Columbia, Canada, from 1986 to 1996. Our objective was to explore factors affecting these parameters to better understand wolf–prey relationships of recolonizing wolves. Within white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) winter ranges, wolves selectively killed elk (Cervus elaphus) over deer. Number of wolves (r = 0.67, P = 0.03), year (r = 0.68, P = 0.02), and possibly human hunter-days/elk harvested (r = 0.55, P = 0.08) were positively correlated with variation in proportion of deer killed by wolves annually. Outside of severe winters, white-tailed deer, elk, and moose (Alces alces) appeared to be equally vulnerable to wolf predation. Search distance of wolves varied by up to 12 times annually. Snow depth (r = 0.73, P = 0.03) and proportion of total kills by wolves that were deer (r = 0.66, P = 0.06) were negatively correlated with the annual variation in the total search distance of wolves. Search distance per wolf was correlated negatively with year (r = 0.66, P = 0.06) and exponentially with hunter-days/elk harvested (r = 0.70, P = 0.04). Space use by wolves may have been in response to local changes in deer abundance. Wolves appeared to select the most profitable prey species. Severe winters and wolf selection for deer, coinciding with a decrease in elk numbers, increased wolf hunting efficiency by reducing search distance. Further research is needed to determine whether reduced search distance equates to increased kill rates by wolves in this system. Based on the time, expense, and difficulty of gathering data on wolf search distance in this sytem, however, we recommend against assessing impacts of wolves on prey via measuring kill rate. Rather, we suggest monitoring impacts of recolonizing wolves by directly assessing cause-specific mortality and recruitment rates of prey species.
Beringia as a glacial refugium for boreal trees and shrubs: new perspectives from mapped pollen data

Aim Beringia, far north‐eastern Siberia and north‐western North America, was largely unglaciated during the Pleistocene. Although this region has long been considered an ice‐age refugium for arctic herbs and shrubs, little is known about its role as a refugium for boreal trees and shrubs during the last glacial maximum (LGM, c. 28,000–15,000 calibrated years before present). We examine mapped patterns of pollen percentages to infer whether six boreal tree and shrub taxa (Populus, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Betula, Alnus/Duschekia) survived the harsh glacial conditions within Beringia.
Change in flight initiation distance between urban and rural habitats following a cold winter

Adaptation to proximity of humans should be particularly advantageous during adverse environmental conditions because the ability to withstand proximity to humans allows for exploitation of abundant food. We carried out flight initiation distance experiments in 207 bird species in 7 pairs of urban–rural areas from northern to southern Europe before and after the extremely cold winter of 2009–2010. Flight initiation distance in different species of birds on average became shorter after the cold winter, but only in resident urban populations (frequently exposed to humans) and not in migratory or rural populations of the same species. There were independent partial effects of human population density with an increase in flight initiation distance from before to after the cold winter of 2009–2010 at low population densities and a decrease at high population densities, and there was an independent effect of latitude with the flight initiation distance increasing from 2009 to 2010 at low latitudes and decreasing from 2009 to 2010 at high latitudes. The difference in flight initiation distance before and after the cold winter increased with severity of the winter across different study areas. Therefore, the difference in flight initiation distance between urban and rural habitats increased after the cold winter, especially in areas with the coldest winter weather. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a behavioral component of urbanization is due to reduced flight initiation distance in urban environments and suggest that weather conditions (i.e., cold winters) have played an important role in the process of urbanization.
Bacteriological Quality of Farmed Freshwater Fish and Shellfish Meant for Export

Bacteriological screening of 48 samples comprising of 12 samples of headless and 6 samples of whole prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ), 24 samples of processed rohu and 6 samples of whole rohu ( Labeo rohita ) obtained from fish processing factories of Kakinada and Mumbai were screened for aerobic plate count (APC) and for pathogens including Salmonella sp. , Vibrio cholerae , Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes . The samples of processed rohu (steak) obtained in four different batches (18, samples) were of good bacteriological quality. The APC was 20 cfu/g). However, no other pathogens were detected in any of the samples. APC was > 105 cfu/g in 33% of whole rohu samples obtained from Kakinada. £. coli (<20 cfu/g) was detected in 80% of the samples. However, all the samples were free from Salmonella, V. cholerae, S. aureus and L monocytogenes . APC was found to be greater than 106 cfu/g in 33% samples of whole prawn; however, APC in headless prawn was <106 cfu/g. Salmonella contamination was found in 33% samples of whole and 42% samples of headless prawn when tested biochemically. However, serological testing of the presumptive positive isolates showed that whole prawn samples were free from Salmonella but 42% samples of headless prawn were positive and serotypes were S. typhimurium and S. worthington . E. coli was detected in 50% the samples of whole prawn, and 25% of the samples of headless prawn (<20 cfu/g). All the samples were free from V. cholerae , S. aureus and L. monocytogenes . The results suggested the need for implementation of good hygienic practices including HACCP and GMP for the improvement of microbial quality of aquacultured fishery products to meet international quality standards.
Natural scalp hair regression in preclinical stages of male androgenetic alopecia and its reversal by finasteride.

Using contrast-enhanced phototrichogram (CE-PTG) at monthly intervals during 48 months, we measured the duration of the hair cycle, i.e. anagen, catagen and telogen at the exclusion of exogen. Exogen, a recently identified phase of the hair cycle, is characterized by weakening of anchorage of the club hair to the surrounding epithelium. The processing of the club hair terminates at the time of exogen hair release, i.e. hair shedding. We combined a noninvasive exogen sampling before each CE-PTG so that the area contained only anagen, catagen and telogen hair or empty follicular openings. During the first 24 months of this study, natural regression of hair cycling in early i.e. preclinical stages of androgenetic alopecia (AGA) in androgen sensitive areas was documented. Shortening of the hair cycle of thicker hair characterized progression of AGA. During the next 24 months, finasteride (1 mg/day) was introduced into the system. Shortening of the hair cycle was reversed by finasteride in androgen sensitive sites as long as the affected follicle was able to produce a thick hair fiber at the time of treatment initiation. Compared to the baseline period, responding follicles did not produce thicker hair. On average, they initiated active growth more rapidly by reducing the duration of the lag phase by 40%. The duration of the anagen phase of thick hair showed an average 23% increase. In this particular experiment, the already miniaturized follicles producing thinner hair (
Susceptibility of Two European strains of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) to Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Fenvalerate, λ-cyhalothrin, Permethrin and Phoxim

Susceptibility of two French strains of stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) to six insecticides was assayed, using an exposure technique (1-hour contact) with treated filter papers. Three replicates per insecticide, per concentration (10 concentrations per insecticide), per fly strain (ENVT, Cabanac) and fly category (blood-engorged – non-bloodengorged) were performed using a total of 14,400 adult flies in this trial. The LD 50 and LD 90 are higher for the blood-engorged flies than the non-blood-engorged flies for both strains of S. calcitrans. The LD 90 (mg/ m²) of the engorged flies for both strains were respectively: cypermethrin (637.9,
Variação floral e biologia reprodutiva de Manettia cordifolia Mart. (Rubiaceae)

Rubiaceae e a maior familia que contem especies distilicas dentre as Angiospermas. A distilia nessas especies pode apresentar variacoes de diferentes formas e graus, originando derivacoes como homostilia, monomorfia e dioicia. Este estudo tem objetivo de descrever a biologia floral, a polinizacao e o sistema reprodutivo de Manettia cordifolia Mart. O estudo foi realizado na Estacao Ecologica do Panga e margens do Rio Uberabinha (Uberlândia, MG) e complementado com observacoes de material botânico depositado em herbarios. Manettia cordifolia e uma liana com flores tipicamente ornitoflias. Seu polinizador principal foi o beija-flor Phaetornis pretrei. A especie nao foi considerada distilica, apesar de estar dentro de genero considerado distilico. Suas caracteristicas indicam ocorrencia de monomorfismo longistilico, provavelmente derivado de um ancestral distilico, nao sendo encontrados individuos brevistilos. Os testes de polinizacoes controladas indicam que a especie e auto-incompativel e nao apomitica. O crescimento do tubo polinico ate o ovario apos autopolinizacao e similar ao observado em flores longistilas de especies verdadeiramente distilicas. A interpretacao dos resultados e dificultada pela ausencia de informacoes sobre o controle genetico da heterostilia nas Rubiaceae.
Glucocorticoids Pharmacology: Past, Present and Future

Glucocorticoids (GCs) constitute the most important and widely prescribed class of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs. Since their first clinical use more than half a century ago, they have been employed for therapeutic treatment in a variety of diseases such as atopic disorders, autoimmune diseases and cancer. Their efficacy is related to their capability to reduce the expression and activity of many pro-inflammatory agents, that is named "transrepression". Unfortunately, they also induce serious adverse effects, in particular upon high dosage and prolonged usage, many of which are due to the transcription of genes involved in metabolic processes, that is called "transactivation". This discrepancy is the driving force for discovery of novel safer GC receptor ligands, such as selective GCs receptor agonists (SEGRAs) able to induce transrepression, whilst avoiding transactivation. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the above-mentioned mechanisms at the basis of GCs action and to summarize the results obtained with SEGRAs in terms of efficacy versus side effects and discuss the opportunities and challenges that this class of ligands might offer for clinical arena.
The occurrence of slender leaf pieces on the larval cases of Brachycentrus Curtis, 1834 (Trichoptera: Brachycentridae)

Abstract. Cases of final instar larvae of Brachycentrus kuwayamai Wiggins, Tani and Tanida, 1985 and B. americanus (Banks, 1899) (Brachycentridae) were observed in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Their cases were four-sided, tapered, and constructed of transversely arranged, narrow pieces of plant materials. Slender leaf pieces were fastened longitudinally on cases of final instar larvae of B. kuwayamai, but not on those of B. americanus. In B. kuwayamai, occurrence of the long pieces was variable in populations, with only 1–4 pieces on 32% of the larvae at one site, but 4–18 pieces on 100% of the larvae at another site. The longest attached piece was 3×the case length, and 23 pieces was the most found attached to a single case. This is the first report of attachment of long vegetal pieces to larval cases in the Brachycentridae.
EVOLUTIONARY MODELLING FROM FAMILY DIVERSITY

The Fossil Record 2 database of the times of first and last appearance of plant and animal families can be searched on the Internet. To demonstrate how these data can be used we have compared the output for mammals and angiosperms with plots from other databases. Interestingly, the same trends are also evident in these plots. We have also used this search facility to test the hypothesis that some groups of organisms diversify quickly and decline slowly. We propose a modified logistic curve to model the global trajectory of the diversification pattern that mimics a bell-shaped curve. The diversification pattern fluctuates around the global trajectory until its eventual extinction unless the organisms are exposed to a considerable amount of external perturbation. When the current global trajectory shows a clear downward trend the final extinction date of the group of organisms can be predicted assuming there are no large external perturbations in the future. However, the diversity curve from North American Pleistocene mammal data suggests that a mass extinction caused by human perturbation has already begun.
Aislamiento y caracterización de micromicetos biodegradadores de polietileno

La biodegradacion del polietileno por microorganismos es una solucion para la reduccion de la contaminacion por plasticos. En el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados del aislamiento y caracterizacion de cepas de hongos capaces de degradar el polietileno, asi como la determinacion de las condiciones de pH y temperatura en las que se logran la mayor actividad. Los hongos fueron aislados de productos elaborados con polietileno obtenidos de relleno sanitario, la identificacion taxonomica en base a caracteristicas macroscopicas del crecimiento en placa petri y el estudio microscopico empleando la tecnica de microcultivo en lamina. La actividad biodegradadora se determino con la tecnica de Kavelman y Kendrick, a temperaturas entre 20 y 30 °C y a pH 4,5 8,0. Veinte cepas de micromicetos fueron aisladas e identificadas, en 5 (25%) se evidencio la capacidad de biodegradar el polietileno a 20 °C, siendo el pH 6,5 el optimo, la cepa de mayor rendimiento pertenece a la especie de Aspergillus flavus. A temperatura de 30 °C, 6 (30%) cepas evidenciaron actividad degradadora, siendo pH 6,5 el optimo, la cepa de mayor rendimiento fue la misma del caso anterior
RABBIT, CHICKEN, FROG AND FISH SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS'

with Alcian Blue at pH 1.0 or with high iron diamine was not detectable even after the most effective fixativesemployed in this study, viz., Carony’s fixative or buffered HgCh . Phase contrast and polarization microscopy indicated that the transverse bands stained by the reagents employed corresponded to the I bands in agreement with previous electron cytochemical studies of skeletal muscles treated with dialyzed iron at controlled pH. Methylation for 4 hr at 60#{176}C prevented I band staining with Alcian Blue and dialyzed iron in each of the muscles studied. Treatment of muscle sections with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase, testicular hyaluronidase or ribonuclease under optimal conditions did not prevent Alcian Blue staining of I bands. Trypsin treatment of muscle sections did not prevent I band staining except when digestion was prolonged to the point that muscle striations were no longer recognizable. Saponification prior to hyaluronidase treatment reduced I band staining in each of the muscles studied. Saponification alone and saponification prior to neuraminidase digestion left I band alcianophilia intact. It was concluded that myofibrillar I bands of rabbit, chicken, frog and fish skeletal muscles contain acid mucosubstances. It was suggested that in each of these organisms an esterified, hyaluronic acid-like molecule is present within the I bands. Sulfated mucosaccharides occur as additional components in the I bands of fish, chicken and frog skeletal muscles; sulfated mucosaccharides apparently are not present in rabbit muscle I bands. Available evidence indicates that sialomucins are not present in the myofibrils of the organisms studied. The possible functional significance of I band acid mucosubstances in vertebrate skeletal muscles was discussed.
The Effect of Dietary Vitamin C on Carbohydrate Concentrations and Hydrolase Activity, During the Development of Honey Bee Worker Brood

Abstract The colony collapse disorder is a growing problem world-wide. For this reason, we were prompted to search for natural and harmless agents that could improve the living conditions of honey bees. This group of agents includes exogenous antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, which boost natural immunity. We analysed the effect of vitamin C supplementation on carbohydrate metabolism in the developing honey bee worker brood. The total carbohydrate content and the concentrations of glycogen, trehalose, maltotriose, fructose, and glucose were estimated. The correlations between sugar content and the activity of the main hydrolases of carbohydrate metabolism - α-amylase, glucoamylase, trehalase, maltase, and sucrase - were determined. The addition of vitamin C to the diet of wintering bees did not impair their sugar metabolism. Vitamin C supplements exerted a positive effect by significantly increasing glycogen and trehalose concentrations in the initial phase of development and in newly emerged workers. Vitamin C did not induce significant changes in the developmental profile of carbohydrate degrading enzymes, except for the earliest stage of larval development when enzyme activity levels were below those noted in the control group.