Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and risk factors of anaemia in paediatric patients in South-East Nigeria

Background. The causes of anaemia have regional variations, and further variation is expected among paediatric hospital patients. How­ever, the prevalence of anaemia and its contributing risk factors among paediatric patients remain understudied in South-East Nigeria. Methods. The study involved 286 anaemic (haemoglobin (Hb) ≤10 g/dL) and 295 non-anaemic preschool children attending a hospital outpatient department. A clinical research form was used to document demographic data, anthropometric measurements, disease details and packed cell volume. Common anaemia risk factors previously documented were studied. The prevalence rates of the independent variables were calculated and level of significance was determined, using χ 2 . Results. The prevalence of anaemia was 49.2%, with the highest prevalence among children <12 months old ( p =0.009). There was a significant association between anaemia and maternal education above primary education ( p =0.01), but there was no association with socioeconomic status ( p =0.7) or nutritional status ( p =0.1). The prevalence of the major risk factors among anaemic children was: malaria parasitaemia 48.3% ( p =0.03), iron deficiency 42.3% ( p =0.001), glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency 24.8% ( p =0.02), HIV seropositivity 13.3% ( p =0.02), sickle cell anaemia 2.4% ( p =0.3) and helminth infection 1.1% ( p =0.32). Conclusions. Malaria and iron deficiency remain common among ill children <5 years old who are anaemic. The treatment of these con­ditions should be considered when managing an anaemic ill child in order to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Panoramic radiograph a valuable diagnostic tool in dental practice-Report of three cases

Many pathologic conditions remain asymptomatic and observed only when they cause soft or hard tissue expansion or is secondarily infected. Routine panoramic views very often reveal hidden lesions other than those related to the patient’s chief complaint. The present case series reports three cases wherein pathologic conditions remain undetected due to lack of appropriate radiographic evaluation even after multiple dental procedures.
Efecto del tratamiento antibiótico inicial adecuado sobre la mortalidad en pacientes en estado crítico con bacteriemia por Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Introduccion. La bacteriemia es una de las infecciones hospitalarias de mayor mortalidad, especialmente en las unidades de cuidados intensivos, donde es mas frecuente. P seudomonas aeruginosa es uno de los causantes de bacteriemia mas agresivos. Objetivo. Evaluar la asociacion entre el tratamiento antibiotico inicial y la mortalidad hospitalaria en estos pacientes. Materiales y metodos. Se trata de un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo multicentrico realizado entre 2005 y 2008. Se considero tratamiento adecuado aquel iniciado en las primeras 48 horas del diagnostico que incluyera, al menos, una dosis de antibiotico intravenoso al que P. aeruginosa fuera sensible y hubiera sido suministrado en la dosis y frecuencia recomendadas. El desenlace principal fue la mortalidad hospitalaria en un lapso de 30 dias. Se hizo pareo segun grado de exposicion usando indices de propension y, posteriormente, analisis parametrico de supervivencia. Resultados. Se incluyeron 164 pacientes. La mediana de edad y la clasificacion del APACHE II ( Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II ) fue de 56 y 13, respectivamente. Se identifico la fuente de la bacteriemia en 68,3 % de los casos, y la mas frecuente fue el tracto respiratorio; 44 % de los pacientes recibio tratamiento inadecuado, y la resistencia bacteriana fue la principal variable asociada. La proporcion de incidencia de sepsis grave, choque septico, falla organica multiple y muerte en el lapso de 30 dias fue de 67,7, 50, 41,5 y 43,9 %, respectivamente. El tratamiento adecuado se asocio a una prolongacion del tiempo hasta el evento (razon de tiempo ajustada, 2,95, IC95%, 1,63 a 5,33). Conclusion. El tratamiento antibiotico inicial adecuado es un factor protector contra la mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes con bacteriemia por P. aeruginosa .
Reacciones adversas medicamentosas en pacientes que consultaron a instituciones prestadoras de servicios en Pereira, Colombia

OBJECTIVE: Describing adverse drug reactions (ADR) and analyzing the factors associated with their appearance in patients attending two hospitals' emergency services. METHODS: Descriptive, medicine-surveillance study of people consulting the emergency service at the Rosales hospital and the basic total health attention unit in Pereira, Colombia, between July and September 2005 for any symptom related to taking medicine. Naranjo's Adverse Drug Reaction probability scale was used. RESULTS: A total of 91 patients were found; 62,6 % were women having an average age of 36,3+/-22,4 (range 0-85). Antibiotics (24,2 %) NSAIDs (17,6 %), analgesics (9,9 %) and antidiabetic agents (8,8 %) were the most used drugs. 39,6 % of the patients only used one medicine; the average of drugs per patient was 2,4+/-1,5. Self-medication was present in 25,3 %. The most common ADRs arose from urticaria (31,9 %), hypoglycaemia (8,8 %), gastritis (6,6 %), angioedema (5,5 %) and anaphylaxis (4,4 %). 13,2 % of ADRs were serious and 54,9 % were avoidable. 14,3 % of ADRs were classified as being definite and 75,8 % probable. Only 14,3 % of patients had a past history of ADR. The average cost of being attended was US$ 78,1 dollars. Analgesic use was associated with anaphylaxis, antibiotics with urticaria whilst NSAIDs was associated with gastritis and gastrointestinal bleeding, antidiabetic agents with hypoglycaemia, antipsychotic and antidepressants agents with neurological symptoms and warfarin with bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: The most important ADR-associated risk factors in patients attending emergency services were determined. Special care must be paid to patients using NSAIDs, warfarin, metoclopramide, metamizole, antipsychotic and antidepressants agents, antidiabetic agents and antibiotics, having a past history of ADR, being more than 55 years old and presenting urticaria, digestive and/or neurological symptoms
Understanding the Maze of Nutrition Symbols and Nutrition Labeling Systems

First, there were nutrition labels. Then came nutrition claims, which point to a food's particular nutrition property.1 Now, in an attempt to simplify food products' nutritional qualities even more for consumers, a variety of nutrition symbols and nutrition labeling systems are being developed by health experts, grocery stores, and food manufacturers. This article reviews these nutrition labeling systems to help diabetes dietitians and other health care providers help their clients maximize their use of these systems to make healthier food choices. Nutrition labeling is based on the premise that providing consumers more information can help them understand the nutrient content of foods, which will lead them to improve their purchase decisions and eat a healthier diet.2-5 Consumers prefer nutrition labeling that is easy to interpret and use.6 Although the appearance of calories and number of servings on a food label may seem straightforward to the average consumer, it is still complex; consumers struggle to make sense of calories in the context of individual differences of energy expenditure6 and number of calories in a portion.7 Nutrition information can also be confusing when it comes to specific nutrients, as is the case with fats. Although knowledge about trans fats has reached a similar level as knowledge about saturated fat and resulted in improved self-reported behaviors related to grocery shopping, consumers still struggle to properly identify food sources of trans fats.8 As a result of consumer confusion, organizations are trying to create new ways to help consumers weave through the maze of nutrition information at the grocery store. Although the expectation is that these new labeling systems will help consumers purchase and eat more nutritious foods, there is no clear evidence to date of their positive effect on the improvement of dietary patterns.5 Table …
Plasma β-Endorphin Response to Exercise in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure

Objective To determine whether the net release of β-endorphin during exercise, similar to that of norepinephrine, is related to functional disability in patients with congestive heart failure. Background : Plasma β-endorphin and norepinephrine levels are elevated at rest in patients with heart failure, reflecting a functional disability. The net release of β-endorphin during exercise in patients with heart failure is unknown. Methods We measured plasma β-endorphin and norepinephrine levels (respectively: radioimmune and radioenzymatic assay) at rest and during graded exercise testing in 28 patients with congestive heart failure (Weber's class A, 10; B, 9; and C, 9) and in 9 normal subjects. Results At rest, plasma β-endorphin levels were higher in patients in classes B and C than in normal subjects (p Conclusions In patients with congestive heart failure, the net release of plasma p-endorphin during exercise is decreased, like norepinephrine, and reflects a functional disability.
A Test of Sharkey and Singelis' (1995) Model of Self-Construal and Embarrassability: Situational versus Dispositional Factors

Sharkey and Singelis (1995) tested a model of embarrassment focusing on strength of independent self-construal, sensitivity to evaluation, and strength of interdependent self-construal. Their findings indicated social anxiety and self-construal explained 28% of the variance in embarrassability. Separately, social anxiety contributed 5.8%, with independent and interdependent self-construal explaining 6.6 and 5.2%, respectively, thus supporting the model. Sharkey and Singelis used Modigiliani's (1968) Embarrassability Scale, which focuses on embarrassing situations. The current study repeated the analysis but measured embarrassability as a disposition on a sample of Black African (59.8%), Colored (6.1%), Asian/Indian (5.9%), and White (28.2%) first-year psychology students (139 men, 485 women) between 18 and 51 years old (M = 19.5, SD = 2.9). The three constructs together explained about 47% of dispositional embarrassability. Social anxiety explained 25% of the variance, when controlling for independent and interdependent self-construal. Sharkey and Singelis' model may be more applicable to the explanation of situational embarrassability than dispositional embarrassability.
Lower-Right and Upper-Left Biases within Upper and Lower Visual Fields in a Circular Array Task

Visuospatial performance varies along the horizontal and vertical dimensions, resulting in behavioral biases such as pseudoneglect. The interaction between the horizontal and vertical attentional biases was investigated using a novel circular array task capable of conveying relative brightness information across vertical and horizontal dimensions simultaneously. In a novel circular array task comprised of six discs, the grayscale gradient was disrupted by switching two grayscale values within the array. Leftward biases were observed in the lower visual fields and rightward biases in the upper visual fields. More importantly, the magnitude of bias within the upper / lower horizontal dimension altered depending on the relative position of the stimuli along horizontal and vertical axes within each dimension. Manipulating the upper-most and leftward discs yield stronger biases than manipulating rightward discs. Furthermore, stronger biases were observed during bottom and rightward disc manipulation. The upper-left and lower-right biases within the horizontal dimension indicate that the interactions between the horizontal and vertical biases may not rely simply on the dichotomy within the horizontal and vertical dimensions, but also on the relative spatial distribution of stimuli within these dimensions.
Haptic Perception of Rod Length When Exploration is Self-Determined, other-Determined, and Self-other Co-Determined

Previous research has shown that when estimating accuracy of an object property like shape, haptic perception is better when exploration is active rather than passive. To further investigate this finding, participants estimated the length of a rod under differing exploration conditions: self-determined, other-determined, and self-other co-determined. During the self-determined exploration, participants moved their end of the rod while the experimenter held the other end of the rod stationary. During the other-determined exploration, the participant held the rod while the experimenter moved the other end. During the self-other co-determined exploration, both the participant and the experimenter moved the rod at the same time. It was hypothesized that judgments of rod length would be significantly more accurate in the self-determined condition than in the other two conditions. Participants were 10 students (6 men, 4 women; M age = 20.6 yr., SD = 1.8) who judged the lengths of five rods (30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 cm long) under the three exploration conditions. For rod length estimation accuracy, self-determined exploration was better than the other-determined or the self-other co-determined exploration. Superiority of self-determined exploration for judging rod lengths has three alternative explanations: (1) anatomical receptors involved in haptic perception, (2) intention to perceive a certain rod property, and (3) need for cognition.
Effects of Set Configuration of Resistance Exercise on Perceived Exertion

Set configuration refers to the repetitions performed with regard to the maximum possible number of repetitions, a factor affecting RPE that has not been previously studied. This study analyzed the effect of set configuration and muscle mass on RPE. Eight students (M age = 23.7 yr. ± 1.7) completed four sessions corresponding to types of exercise with different amount of muscle mass (bench press and parallel squat) and two set configurations: a session with five sets of repetitions to failure and a cluster session. The cluster session involved the same intensity, volume, and rest than the failure session, guaranteeing the same work-to-rest ratio. RPE was higher in Failure vs Cluster sessions and higher in parallel squat vs bench press. This suggests that set configuration influences RPE. Similarly, RPE can be affected by the muscle mass of the exercise performed.
Entheseal Changes and Functional Implications of the Humeral Medial Epicondyle

Longitudinal rotation of the forearm (pronosupination) is an essential component of human manipulative tasks. The efficiency of this movement is dependent not only on the rotatory muscles but also on several morphological and structural features of the upper limb. In a recent study, we observed that the size and orientation of the humeral medial epicondyle played an important role in forearm rotatory ability. We further observed that the forearm muscular activity, specifically the motion of pronation, promotes radial curvature, which, in turn, enhances rotational efficiency. In this study, we aim to test whether the orientation of the medial epicondyle is an activity-dependent parameter or whether it is an invariable morphological feature characteristic of the human skeleton. We analysed the upper limb entheseal changes in 30 human skeletons and assessed the role of several functional groups in the anteroposterior and proximo-distal orientation of the medial epicondyle. Our results indicate that the orientation of the medial epicondyle is partially an activity-dependent feature basically determined by elbow flexor-extensors and hand and wrist flexors. The orientation of the medial epicondyle towards more posterior and proximal positions causes a gain of efficiency in the pronation range when the elbow is extended and in the supination range when the elbow is flexed. Therefore, we suggest that the medial epicondyle of the humerus is a structure involved in the manipulative capacities of the human upper limb, and its orientation presents a range of variation that may be associated with the functional enhancement of these abilities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Latency of Saccadic Eye Movement during Contraction of Bilateral and Unilateral Shoulder Girdle Elevators

We compared the timed latencies of saccadic eye movement during isometric contraction of the bilateral and unilateral shoulder girdle elevators in a sitting posture. Muscle contraction force was increased in 10% increments from 0% to 60% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of each side. Saccadic latency was measured as the latency to the beginning of eye movement toward the lateral target that was moved at random intervals in 20° amplitude jumps. Eye movement was measured using the electro-oculogram technique. During bilateral contraction, saccadic latency decreased until 30% MVC and then began to increase at 40% MVC During unilateral contraction, saccadic latency decreased until 30% MVC in a similar pattern as in bilateral condition, was constant from 30% MVC to 50% MVC, followed by a slight increase at 60% MVC. The saccadic latencies at 10% and 40–60% MVC were significantly shorter during unilateral contraction than bilateral contraction. Thus, the relative force for producing a marked shortening of saccadic latency is observed within a wider range during unilateral contraction than bilateral contraction.
Personal and Social Bases of Children's Self-Concepts about Physical Movement

This project examined the personal and social bases of children's self-concepts about physical movement. Children completed the Movement Assessment Battery, ASK-KIDS self-concept inventory, personal and social self-categorizations. Participants were girls and boys from 5 to 12 years old. Study 1-(N = 242) confirmed that the ASK-KIDS self-concept inventory could be extended to physical movement for younger and older girls and boys. In Study 2 (N = 42), self-concepts about movement were not necessarily associated with actual performance and personal self-categorizations about oneself as a ‘bookish’ or ‘sporty’ person. In contrast, self-concepts about physical movement were associated with social self-categorizations regarding age and sex. Study 3 (N = 70) confirmed the social basis of children's self-concepts about movement. Self-concepts about physical movement were associated with children's sense of belonging and not with a sense of individuality. The findings have implications for the design of programs that motivate children to participate in physical activities.
Who wants to work in a rural health post? The role of intrinsic motivation, rural background and faith-based institutions in Ethiopia and Rwanda.

OBJECTIVE To understand the factors influencing health workers' choice to work in rural areas as a basis for designing policies to redress geographic imbalances in health worker distribution. METHODS A cohort survey of 412 nursing and medical students in Rwanda provided unique contingent valuation data. Using these data, we performed a regression analysis to examine the determinants of future health workers' willingness to work in rural areas as measured by rural reservation wages. These data were also combined with those from an identical survey in Ethiopia to enable a two-country analysis. FINDINGS Health workers with higher intrinsic motivation - measured as the importance attached to helping the poor - as well as those who had grown up in a rural area and Adventists who had participated in a local bonding scheme were all significantly more willing to work in a rural area. The main result for intrinsic motivation in Rwanda was strikingly similar to the result obtained for Ethiopia and Rwanda combined. CONCLUSION Intrinsic motivation and rural origin play an important role in health workers' decisions to work in a rural area, in addition to economic incentives, while faith-based institutions can also influence the decision.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (DPP IV/CD26)

Dipeptidil-peptidaza IV (DPP IV/CD26) i upalne bolesti crijeva Upalne bolesti crijeva (Crohnova bolest, ulcerozni kolitis, nedeterminirani kolitis) skupina su kroničnih autoimunosnih upalnih bolesti obilježenih ponavljanim upalama različitih dijelova gastrointestinalnog trakta koje su važan javnozdravstveni problem današnjice. Unatoč brojnim temeljnim i kliničkim istraživanjima etiologija ovih bolesti, kao i sama patogeneza upale ostaju nedovoljno razjašnjene. Dosadašnja su istraživanja potvrdila uzročno-posljedičnu vezu između medijatora upalnog odgovora i molekula uključenih u regulaciju njihove biološke aktivnosti, osobito proteaza. Cilj ovoga preglednog rada jest sažeti prikaz dosadašnjih saznanja o različitim aspektima upalnih bolesti crijeva, s posebnim naglaskom na potencijalnu ulogu i uključenost dipeptidil-peptidaze IV, odnosno molekule CD26 (DPP IV/CD26) u mehanizme nastanka upalnih procesa u probavnom sustavu. Dan je i pregled životinjskih modela kolitisa koji su znatno pridonijeli razumijevanju i terapiji ovih bolesti, s osobitim naglaskom na mišji model ulceroznog kolitisa (DSS-kolitis) te Crohnove bolesti (TNBS-kolitis). Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (DPP IV/CD26) Inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, undetermined colitis) are a group of chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases distinguished by recurrent inflammation of various parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) system and presenting a significant public health problem. Despite large basic and clinical research, the aetiology of these diseases and the pathogenesis of inflammation itself remain elusive. Previous studies have confirmed a causal relationship between mediators of inflammatory response and molecules involved in the regulation of their biological activity, especially proteases. The aim of this review is to summarise earlier findings on different aspects of inflammatory bowel diseases, paying particular attention to the involvement of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26 molecule, DPP IV/CD26) in the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory processes in the GI tract. Animal studies of colitis have significantly contributed to the understanding and treatment of these diseases, investigations of ulcerative colitis (DSS-colitis) and Crohn's disease (TNBS-colitis) on the murine model in particular.