Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of microwaves on constituents and antioxidant power of essential oils of Zataria multiflora and Syzygium aromaticum

Background: Hydrodistillation is a current method to extract plant essential oils which is time consuming. It has been proposed that use of microwaves instead of direct heat could decrease the time of distillation. In this study, the effect of microwaves on chemical profile and antioxidant activity of Zatariam multiflora and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils in comparison to current hydrodistillation method was evaluated. Materials and methods: In this study, Zataria multiflora and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and microwave assisted hydrodistillation method. Chemical profile of essential oils were determined by GC MASS. Their antioxidant activity in inhibition of free radicals were evaluated by DPPH method. Results: Microwave decreased the amount of thymol and eugenol in Zataria multiflora and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils respectively. Also, the antioxidant activity of essential oils extracted by microwaves decreased in comparison to current hydrodistillation method. Conclusion: According to the results, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of essential oils before using microwaves to extract essential oils in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. However, in order to confirm the effect of microwave waves on plant essential oils, study on more plant samples is essential.
Challenges in ration formulation in pasture-based milk production systems

The profitability of temperate dairy systems in southern Australia and New Zealand is underpinned by the efficient use of the home-grown feed-base and purchased supplements. While there are well established principles on which to devise nutritionally balanced rations for ruminants, it is evident that in grazing systems the variable supply of nutrients from forage often results in suboptimal performance compared with predicted responses. This review discusses the key factors likely to directly affect responses to supplementation in grazing systems, namely pasture supply, nutritive characteristics and intake, feeding systems, substitution, associative effects and nutrient synchrony. Intake is the primary driver for metabolisable energy (ME) and nutrient supply and uncertainties on the actual ME and nutrients supplied by pasture will remain due to variability within and between pasture types and within paddocks. It is suggested that improvements in ration formulation will require a better understanding of the kinetics of intake and digestion within the rumen and of nutrients supplied to the tissues from grazed pasture with and without supplements. Research which clearly elucidates which mechanism or mechanisms determine substitution rates with concentrate and forage supplements would be valuable. Such knowledge could also be used to develop feeding strategies that result in a reduction in the degree of substitution and, in turn, lead to higher DM and ME intake compared with existing feeding practices. This in turn would lead to a better understanding of associative effects and nutrient synchrony with benefits in better design of rations and feed-use efficiency.
Robust Bi-Stochastic Graph Regularized Matrix Factorization for Data Clustering

Data clustering, which is to partition the given data into different groups, has attracted much attention. Recently various effective algorithms have been developed to tackle the task. Among these methods, non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool. However, there are still some problems. First, the standard NMF is sensitive to noises and outliers. Although <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\ell _{2,1}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:msub><mml:mi>ℓ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="wang-ieq1-3007673.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> norm based NMF improves the robustness, it is still affected easily by large noises. Second, for most graph regularized NMF, the performance highly depends on the initial similarity graph. Third, many graph-based NMF models perform the graph construction and matrix factorization in two separated steps. Thus the learned graph structure may not be optimal. To overcome the above drawbacks, we propose a robust bi-stochastic graph regularized matrix factorization (RBSMF) framework for data clustering. Specifically, we present a general loss function, which is more robust than the commonly used <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_2$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:msub><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="wang-ieq2-3007673.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L_1$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:msub><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="wang-ieq3-3007673.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> functions. Besides, instead of keeping the graph fixed, we learn an adaptive similarity graph. Furthermore, the graph updating and matrix factorization are processed simultaneously, which can make the learned graph more appropriate for clustering. Extensive experiments have shown the proposed RBSMF outperforms other state-of-the-art methods.
Clumped Isotope Paleothermometry: Principles, Applications, and Challenges

Clumped isotopes geochemistry measures the thermodynamic preference of two heavy, rare, isotopes to bind with each other. This preference is temperature dependent, and is more pronounced at low temperatures. Carbonate clumped isotope values are independent of the carbonate δ 13 C and δ 18 O, making them independent of the carbon or oxygen composition of the solution from which the carbonate precipitated. At equilibrium, it is therefore a direct proxy for the temperature in which the carbonate mineral formed. In most cases, carbonate clumped isotopes record the temperature of carbonate formation, irrespective of the mineral form (calcite, aragonite, or bioapatite) or the organism making it. The carbonate formation temperatures obtained from carbonate clumped isotope analysis can be used in conjunction with the δ 18 O of the same carbonate, to constrain the oxygen isotope composition of the water from which the carbonate has precipitated. There are, however, cases of deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium, where both clumped and oxygen isotopes are offset from the expected values. Such carbonates must be characterized and calibrated separately. For deep-time applications, special care must be paid to the preservation of the original signal, in particular with respect to diagenetic alteration associated with atomic scale diffusion that may be undetectable by common tests for diagenesis.
An alternative method for handling and marking small carnivores without the need for sedation

Wildlife Society Bulletin 2005, 33(1):313–316 Peer edited To facilitate the safe handling and study of specific species, researchers commonly use 2 distinct methods of restraining animals. The most frequently used method is to utilize apparatus that physically restrict the movements of animals being handled. The design, utility, and application of these devices vary significantly among workers and largely depend on the procedure to be undertaken (e.g., species identification, fur or toe clipping) and the size of the target organism (Twigg 1977). For example, simple plastic-and-wire-mesh cones are routinely used to subdue rodents while more elaborate and robust cage “crushes” are required to pacify larger mammals (Fowler 1978, Schaffer et al. 1998). Under certain circumstances (e.g., when extracting blood samples) it may be necessary for researchers to opt for the second restraint method, chemical sedation. This method is generally deemed desirable in situations where complex and invasive procedures are likely to cause significant harm if they are undertaken on a conscious and potentially mobile animal (Rolston 1992, Osofsky and Hirsch 2000). During most field-based research on animals, it is essential to accurately mark individuals. Subcutaneous Passive Integration Tags (PIT tags) provide an extremely reliable and long-lasting method of individually marking mammals (Schooley et al. 1993). However, insertion of such tags in small to medium-sized carnivores in the field can require use of chemical sedatives to reduce the risk of injury to both animals and workers (e.g. Birks et al. 1999). Avoiding the use of sedatives has several advantages to researchers working in the field. First, licenses to sedate animals (and associated training courses) would no longer be required. Second, the amount of equipment required in the field also could be greatly reduced. Finally, animal processing times could be greatly reduced and animals could be immediately released back into their ranges after handling and tagging. We describe an alternative method of safely handling a small carnivore (the western polecat, Mustela putorius) in a controlled manner in order to insert PIT tags without the use of sedatives. Due to the propensity of this particular mustelid to bite defensively and to utilize its anal glands to produce a strongly pungent odor when stressed, 2 key objectives of this study were to establish a practical handling method that avoided potential injury to the handler while avoiding undue stress to the animal during handling.
Unsupervised Multi-class Sentiment Classification Approach

: Real-time and accurate multi-class sentiment classification serves as a tool to gauge public user experiences and provide a decision-making basis for timely analysis. In the field of sentiment classification, there is an urgent need for an accurate and efficient multi-class sentiment classification method. With the aim to overcome the drawbacks of the existing methods, we propose a novel, unsupervised multi-class sentiment classification method called Gaussian mixture model of multi-class sentiment classification (GMSC). Based on the Gaussian mixture model (GMM), the GMSC consists of the following essential phases: first, combining a dictionary with microblog texts to calculate and construct the feature matrix of sentiment for each sample; second, introducing a dimension reduction method to avoid the influence of a sparse feature matrix on the results; third, modeling the multi-class sentiment classification procedure based on GMM; and lastly, computing the probability distribution of different categories of sentiment by using GMM to partition sentiments in microblogs into distinct components and classify them via a Gaussian process regression. The results indicate the GMSC approach’s accuracy is better and manual tagging time is reduced when compared to semi-supervised and unsupervised sentiment classification methods within the same parameters.
Reconstructing, Investigating the Reliability and Validity and Scoring the Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test

Aim: The aim of the present study was to reconstruct determining validity, and score The Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test fourth edition (SDRT4) in the sixth grade students. Methods: The population of the study was all sixth grades of the 19 educational districts from Tehran, 571 students (255 boys and 316 girls) were selected by using a random multi-cluster sampling. The data were analyzed. The techniques were item analysis (difficulty index, discriminative index, and loop techniques). Validity, translation validity, content validity, and construct validity (factorial analysis), and reliability (Kuder-Richardson) Results: the exploratory factor analysis determined five factors: declarative knowledge, inferential knowledge, procedural knowledge and visualization knowledge. The reliability of the Stanford diagnostic Reading Test’s subtests by computing the Kuder-Richardson coefficient were 0.778, 0.732 and 0.748 for comprehension subtest, vocabulary subtest and scanning subtest in order. Conclusion: By considering the results of present study, SDRT4 has good reliability and validity and can appropriately diagnose the reading disabled students in the sixth grade.
Modular Detection of Feature Interactions Through Theorem Proving: A Case Study

Feature-oriented programming is a way of designing a program around the features it performs, rather than the objects or files it manipulates. This should lead to an extensible and flexible “product-line” architecture that allows custom systems to be assembled with particular features included or excluded as needed. Composing these features together modularly, while leading to flexibility in the feature-set of the finished product, can also lead to unexpected interactions that occur between features. Robert Hall presented a manual methodology for locating these interactions and has used it to search for feature interactions in email[Hal00]. Li et al. performed automatic verification of Hall’s system using model-checking verifications tools[LKF02a, LKF02b]. Model-checking verification is state-based, and is not well-suited for verifying recursive data structures, an area where theorem-proving verification tools excel. In this thesis, we propose a methodology for using formal theorem-proving tools for modularly verifying feature-oriented systems. The methodology presented captures the essential steps for using modular techniques for modeling and verifying a system. This enables verification of individual modules, without examining the source code of the other modules in the system. We have used Hall’s email system as a test case for validating the methodology.
Rate and Time of Breath in One and Two Skate Cross Country Skiing

Skate cross-country skiing presents a unique human gait where four limbs are usedfor propulsion. Within skate skiing there are two primary techniques, the one andtwo skate. While both involve similar lower body movement, the difference lies inthe upper body movement. In one-skate, poles are planted simultaneously with everyskate stride, while in two-skate, poles are planted with every second skate stride. Ithas been observed that dogs synchronize their breathing cycles with their fore-limbmovements (Bramble and Jenkins, 1993). Here we investigate whether breathing rateis synchronized with poling rate in the two skiing techniques. We hypothesized thatas speed and effort of the skier increase, the rate and timing of breathing becomesdirectly related to the movement of the upper body and the associated poling cycle. Astrain sensing strap was fixed around the chest of 11 trained cross-country skiers. Thismeasured chest expansion due to breathing and was synchronized with force sensingpoles. The tests were done at a constant speed of 12km/hr at increasing grades from0% to 8% in increments of 2%. At each grade, one- and two-skate skiing was performedfor 2 minutes. This gradual increase in grade allowed the breathing timing and rate tobe compared to the upper body poling action for both techniques. We observed thatthe breathing became more synchronized with the poling cycles as effort increased inboth techniques. In the one-skate technique, skiers breathe every second poling cycle.In the two-skate technique at low effort, skiers pole 1.25 times per breath, indicatingthat the breathing and poling cycles are not synchronized. However, at a highest effortof skiing (8% slope), one poling cycle was synchronized with one breath. Skiers werefound to exhale in the early stages of pole ground contact and inhale towards the endof the ground contact and during the pole recovery phase. It appears therefore thatchest compression during poling and chest expansion during recovery are used to helpthe chest musculature in exhaling and inhaling, respectively, thereby saving metabolicenergy for breathing at high efforts of skiing.
Control of differential petiole growth in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plants react quickly and profoundly to changes in their environment. For example, complete submergence and low light intensities induce differential petiole growth, resulting in upward leaf movement (hyponastic growth) in Arabidopsis thaliana. This thesis deals with the physiological-, genetic- and molecular regulation of hyponastic growth to these stimuli. In addition, we describe how a sudden increase in temperature induces hyponastic growth. Conclusively, we gained comprehensive insight in how these abiotic stimuli interact and use light- and hormonal signals to control hyponastic growth. Because different environmental stimuli induce hyponastic growth with remarkable similar kinetics, we hypothesized that the signal transduction routes converge downstream. We followed unbiased approaches; e.g. a forward genetic mutant screen, QTL analysis, and phenotyping of a large set of natural accessions, to isolate novel genetic components involved in the control of hyponastic growth. Among others, this resulted in the isolation of the core cell-cycle regulator CYCLIN-A2 and the LRR-RLK ERECTA as important factors in the control of hyponastic growth. Next to our study on hyponasty, we describe that light intensity and light quality controls compaction of nuclear chromatin. Evidence is provided that this is mediated by photoreceptor proteins (phyB, cry2) and HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6.
The impacts and management of foxes Vulpes vulpes in Australia

1. The successful introduction of the red fox Vulpes vulpes into Australia in the 1870s has had dramatic and deleterious impacts on both native fauna and agricultural production. Historical accounts detail how the arrival of foxes in many areas coincided with the local demise of native fauna. Recent analyses suggest that native fauna can be successfully reintroduced to their former ranges only if foxes have been controlled, and several replicated removal experiments have confirmed that foxes are the major agents of extirpation of native fauna. Predation is the primary cause of losses, but competition and transmission of disease may be important for some species. 2. In agricultural landscapes, fox predation on lambs can cause losses of 1–30%; variation is due to flock size, health and management, as well as differences in the timing and duration of lambing and the density of foxes. 3. Fox control measures include trapping, shooting, den fumigation and exclusion fencing; baiting using the toxin 1080 is the most commonly employed method. Depending on the baiting strategy, habitat and area covered, baiting can reduce fox activity by 50–97%. We review patterns of baiting in a large sheep-grazing region in central New South Wales, and propose guidelines to increase landholder awareness of baiting strategies, to concentrate and coordinate bait use, and to maximize the cost-effectiveness of baiting programs. 4. The variable reduction in fox density within the baited area, together with the ability of the fox to recolonize rapidly, suggest that current baiting practices in eastern Australia are often ineffective, and that reforms are required. These might include increasing landholder awareness and involvement in group control programs, and the use of more efficient broadscale techniques, such as aerial baiting.
Regional vertical specialization of the automotive chain in the Central North region of México and its main effects on regional production structure: A spatial approach using an Input-output regional table*

The importance of automotive industry in México since the opening of the Mexican economy in 1994, brought about that the country would be convert in one of the main world exporters. Nevertheless, just a few regions of the nation were specialized in this industry. This is the case of the Central North region of México, which has also been characterized by its high participation in the regional production. Nevertheless, the high dependency of the regional exports from the imports evidences that this industry has vertical specialization because it belongs to a global value chain. Within the region causes are formed two patterns of regional economic growth highly differentiated that make up the structural heterogeneity: The enclave economy and local economic activities.
Proteins P53 and BCL-2 in pathogenesis of missed and spontaneous abortions

Missed and spontaneous abortions are one of the main causes of reproductive losses. [1,2] Except for endocrine disorders and antiphospholipid syndrome, miscarriages can have infection origin, which may induce proinflammatory cytokines production and final result to prostaglandins synthesis. [3] There are some recent data that apoptosis of different origin may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of early miscarriages. [4,5]
Specfficity of expression and effects of eicosanoid

The eicosanoids are a family of oxygen- ated arachidonic acid derivatives that potently medi- ate diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes. Recent research on eicosanoids has re- vealed novel pathways of synthesis, a family of related cell membrane receptors, and distinctive roles in cellular functions. There are two cyclooxygenases that convert arachidonic acid to thromboxane and prostaglandins, one of which is localized in the en- doplasmic reticulum and the other in the nuclear envelope. The cyclooxygenases differ in their suscep- tibility to inhibition by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. The leukotriene-generating pathway consists of a cytosolic perinuclear 5-lipoxygenase, two inte- gral nuclear envelope proteins, termed 5-lipoxy. genase-activating protein and LTC4 synthase, and a cytosolic LTA4 hydrolase. Each protein of the leuk- otriene synthetic pathway is a target for specific pharmacological intervention. Cellular recognition and effects of eicosanoids are mediated by at least 12 different G protein-associated primary receptors, which differ in tissue distribution, signaling mecha- nisms, and cellular behavior, as well as binding speci- ficity. Transient localized increases in tissue concentrations of eicosanoids and the concurrent up- regulation of complementary receptors influence dif- ferentiation, migration, and specific activities of cells in immunity and other integrated physiological re- sponses. -Goetzl, E. J., An, S. , Smith, W. L. Specific- ity of expression and effects of eicosanoid mediators in normal physiology and human diseases. F14SEB J. 9, 1051-1058 (1995)