Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The serum level of midkine, a heparin-binding growth factor, as a tumor marker

Midkine (MK) is a heparin-binding growth factor distinct from ﬁbroblast growth factors. Serum levels of MK were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay using afﬁnity-puri-ﬁed anti-human MK antibody. Elevated levels of MK were frequently observed in sera from patients with various carcinomas including lung carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma, colon carcinoma and esophageal carcinoma. Most patients with lung carcinoma showed high MK serum values. In colorectal carcinoma, some correlation was observed between high MK value and tumor invasion. Surgical removal of carcinomas invariably resulted in decreases in the MK level. Determination of serum MK may be useful as an aid in initial screening of certain carcinomas, such as lung carcinoma.
Mt Galeras: activities and lessons to be learned

Galeras, a volcano in the south of Colombia, has historically been very active. Nevertheless, the memory of the tragic eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in 1985 caused great anxiety in the surrounding region as the first signs of reawakening were perceived in early 1989. Decision makers were unprepared as they tried to organize their communities. The media were obsessed with another potential tragedy, the community scared and disorientated. Banks, businesses and traders—seriously affected by the uncertainties of the situation—forced the regional and local authorities to ignore the volcano activity. The relationship between scientists, the authorities and the community suffered from inappropriate management of the situation. Seismic swarms that could be felt and eruptions that were observed in 1993 helped to focus the minds of all involved. Recently, the relative quietness of the volcano has allowed scientists, the authorities and the community to achieve remarkable results. Awareness of the hazards is now growing among the community. Policies need to be implemented while the volcano is dormant.
Evidence from ocean islands suggesting movement in the Earth

Oceanic islands increase in age from the mid-ocean ridges towards continents and the andesite line reaching a maximum known age of Upper Jurassic. The Seychelles appear to be a continental fragment. Several pairs of lateral aseismic ridges extend from islands on the mid-ocean ridge to adjacent continents. Their continental junctions mark points on opposite coasts which would also fit if the continents were reassembled according to the criteria used by Wegener. As Holmes has shown each pair of ridges tends to have distinctive chemical characteristics. One possible explanation is that convection currents in the mantle rising along the mid-ocean ridges and sinking beneath trenches have carried the crust apart across the Atlantic, India and East Pacific Oceans. The lateral ridges may be approximately streamlines. Although Darwin showed that most volcanic islands sink, a few have been uplifted. Most of these lie a few hundred kilometres in front of deep trenches, suggesting that they may be on the crest of a standing wave in front of the trenches and that the crust is rigid. Of eleven straight chains of young islands in the Pacific ten get older away from the East Pacific Ridge. They could also be streamlines, fed by lava rising from deep within convection cells with stagnant cores. The regularity of ridges suggests non-turbulent flow.
On the structure of tilt grain boundaries in cubic metals I. Symmetrical tilt boundaries

An atomistic study of tilt grain boundary structures in f.c. c. metals has been made. The principal aim of this study is to understand the structure of long-period (‘general’) tilt boundaries. Boundaries for which Σ< 491 were considered, where Σ is the reciprocal density of coincidence sites. The work is presented in three parts. In this paper three series of atomistic studies of symmetrical tilt boundaries in aluminium and copper are reported. One of the main objectives is to determine whether the stress fields of localized grain boundary dislocations exist in boundaries deviated far from any short-period boundary orientations. On the basis of the results of these studies, a new structural classification of grain boundaries is introduced. Certain boundaries are found to be the fundamental structural elements of other boundaries nearby in the misorientation range. Boundaries that consist of contiguous sequences of one type of fundamental structural elements are called favoured; all other boundaries are called non-favoured. Itis found that favoured boundaries are not always associated with the lowest possible values of Σ and that the same boundaries are not necessarily favoured in all metals with the same crystal structure. With use of the pair interactions to calculate the atomic level stress tensor, the hydrostatic stress fields of the boundaries are displayed. In all cases considered the stress fields of distinct, localized intrinsic grain boundary dislocations were found in non-favoured boundaries. The concept of continuity of boundary structure with misorientation is introduced. It is shown that continuity of boundary structure requires unique boundary structures at all misorientations. With use of this concept it is demonstrated how one can predict the atomic structure and stress field of any non-favoured boundary between two known, successive favoured boundaries. It is also found that an isolated discontinuous change in boundary structure between two successive favoured boundaries may exist, depending on their translation states. Some earlier atomistic studies of tilt boundaries in f.c. c. and b.c.c. metals are reinterpreted in the light of this work.
The behaviour of an assembly of rotund, rigid, cohesionless particles. II

A method is propounded for describing the state of anisotropy existing in an irregular array of uniform spherical particles, this being in terms of quantities referred to as the mean projected solid paths in the various co-ordinate directions. On the basis of these concepts, expressions are derived for the rates of strain in the principal directions in terms of the frequency and intensity of sliding between particles. It is shown that this analysis gives results for regular arrays corresponding to those obtained by Rowe using a different procedure. Strain rate and stress ratios are derived for certain axially symmetrical states of deformation realized in triaxial tests on assemblies of equal uniform spheres. An upper limit is derived for the maximum stress ratio in terms of the angle of solid friction between particles, the ultimate state of anisotropy being derived by considering the directions of the relative motions that exist between adjacent groups.
A non-Gaussian theory for rubber in biaxial strain. II. Optical properties

The model used is essentially that used in Part I, modified by the introduction of anisotropic optical properties associated with the chain links. Equations are derived for the differences of principal polarizabilities for the biaxially strained network. These are evaluated by numerical computation, as in part I. The variations of polarizability differences with strain are found to follow a very similar pattern to the corresponding principal stresses. Comparisons are made also with the Gaussian optical theory and with a simplified ‘3-chain’ non-Gaussian model analogous to that of James & Guth. The theory predicts one important effect not derivable from the simpler theories.
Non-locality, contextuality and valuation algebras: a general theory of disagreement

We establish a strong link between two apparently unrelated topics: the study of conflicting information in the formal framework of valuation algebras, and the phenomena of non-locality and contextuality. In particular, we show that these peculiar features of quantum theory are mathematically equivalent to a general notion of disagreement between information sources. This result vastly generalizes previously observed connections between contextuality, relat- ional databases, constraint satisfaction problems and logical paradoxes, and gives further proof that contextual behaviour is not a phenomenon limited to quantum physics, but pervades various domains of mathematics and computer science. The connection allows to translate theorems, methods and algorithms from one field to the other, and paves the way for the application of generic inference algorithms to study contextuality. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Contextuality and probability in quantum mechanics and beyond’.
Neutron polarimetry

Zero-field neutron polarimetry is a technique which has recently been developed to allow spherical polarization analysis to be carried out in a neutron scattering experiment. The incident beam polarization can be set to any desired direction and the magnitude and direction of the polarization of the scattered beam determined. The polarimeter exploits the Meissner effect to separate the magnetic fields of the active elements. A precision of ca. 2° in the polarization direction can be obtained with the prototype. Expressions are given for the change in polarization to be expected in diffraction experiments on various types of magnetic structure and the effect of magnetic domains is discussed. Some examples of the application of the technique to magnetic structure determination are given. Effects due to breakdown of the kinematical approximation have been demonstrated. Some ideas for a second generation polarimeter are outlined and new areas of application proposed.
Wavetrains in inhomogeneous moving media

When a slowly varying wavetrain of small amplitude propagates in a general medium, changes of frequency and wavenumber are determined along definite paths known as rays. It is shown that, for a wide class of conservative systems in fluid dynamics changes in amplitude along the rays may be computed from conservation of wave action, which is defined as the wave energy divided by the intrinsic frequency. The intrinsic frequency is the frequency which would be measured by an observer moving with the local mean velocity of the medium. This result is the analogue for continuous systems of the adiabatic invariant for a classical simple harmonic oscillator. If the medium is time dependent or moving with a nonuniform mean velocity the intrinsic frequency is not normally constant, and wave energy is not conserved. Special cases include surface waves on a vertically uniform current in water of finite depth, internal gravity waves in a shear flow at large Richardson number, Alfvèn waves, sound waves, and inertial waves in a homogeneous rotating liquid in geostrophic mean motion.
The instabilities of gravity waves of finite amplitude in deep water I. Superharmonics

In this paper we embark on a calculation of all the normal-mode perturbations of nonlinear, irrotational gravity waves as a function of the wave steepness. The method is to use as coordinates the stream-function and velocity potential in the steady, unperturbed wave (seen in a reference frame moving with the phase speed) together with the time t. The dependent quantities are the cartesian displacements and the perturbed stream function at the free surface. To begin we investigate the ‘superharmonics’, i.e. those perturbations having the same horizontal scale as the fundamental wave, or less. When the steepness of the fundamental is small, the normal modes take the form of travelling waves superposed on the basic nonlinear wave. As the steepness increases the frequency of each perturbation tends generally to be diminished. At a steepness ak ≈ 0.436 it appears that the two lowest modes coalesce and an instability arises. There is evidence that this critical steepness corresponds precisely with the steepness at which the phase velocity is a maximum, considered as a function of ak. The calculations are facilitated by the discovery of some new identities between the coefficients in Stokes’s expansion for waves of finite amplitude.
Fractal modelling, characterization and simulation of particle-size distributions in soil

A modelling of particle–size distribution in soil (PSD) by means of the fractal mass distribution is presented. The model is based on a new interpretation of the invariance of PSD with respect to the scale. It is shown that the modelized PSD can be mathematically determined from soil textural data. Combining some well–founded theoretical results from fractal geometry, the model allows us to simulate the PSD of a given soil and its characterization by means of the entropy dimension. The scaling behaviour of mass–size (or particle–number) distribution empirically shown by different authors, is obtained from the model as a theoretical result. The model allows the testing of the degree of self–similarity of soil PSDs and can be used for predicting soil properties related to the PSD, as well as the characterization of soil textures.
Hepatic histopathological changes of exercise and antioxidant administration on postprandial dysmetabolism.

Metabolic syndrome incidence is increasing, especially in industrialized countries. Lack of exercise and obesity are a major cause of morbidity and mortality at ages becoming younger. Exercise is proven to be a cardiovascular protective factor. Oxidant-antioxidant balance is modified with the advent of any pathological process. The aim of the study was to observe the effect antioxidant administration (coenzyme Q10) has in different types of diet and at different activity status. Research was conducted on male Wistar rats, divided into 12 groups of 10 animals, in two 6 lots stages. Animals received in the first stage the normal diet (I, II), high-sugar diet (III, IV), high-fat diet(V, VI), were carried out daily exercise (II, IV, VI) or were sedentary (I, III, V ). During the second stage, study model conducted in the first stage was added oral coenzyme Q10 gavage(100mg/kgc). After 28 days, the animals were euthanized and the liver was collected. Histopathological examination of liver biopsies not revealed significant changes in terms of steatosis, inflammation or macular degeneration regardless of diet, supplementation with coenzyme Q10 or performing exercise.
Forcing operators on star graphs applied for the cubic fourth order Schrödinger equation

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>In a recent article [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">16</xref>], the authors gave a starting point of the study on a series of problems concerning the initial boundary value problem and control theory of Biharmonic NLS in some non-standard domains. In this direction, this article deals to present answers for some questions left in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">16</xref>] concerning the study of the cubic fourth order Schrödinger equation in a star graph structure <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ \mathcal{G} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>. Precisely, consider <inline-formula><tex-math id="M2">\begin{document}$ \mathcal{G} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> composed by <inline-formula><tex-math id="M3">\begin{document}$ N $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> edges parameterized by half-lines <inline-formula><tex-math id="M4">\begin{document}$ (0,+\infty) $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> attached with a common vertex <inline-formula><tex-math id="M5">\begin{document}$ \nu $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>. With this structure the manuscript proposes to study the well-posedness of a dispersive model on star graphs with three appropriated vertex conditions by using the <i>boundary forcing operator approach</i>. More precisely, we give positive answer for the Cauchy problem in low regularity Sobolev spaces. We have noted that this approach seems very efficient, since this allows to use the tools of Harmonic Analysis, for instance, the Fourier restriction method, introduced by Bourgain, while for the other known standard methods to solve partial differential partial equations on star graphs are more complicated to capture the dispersive smoothing effect in low regularity. The arguments presented in this work have prospects to be applied for other nonlinear dispersive equations in the context of star graphs with unbounded edges. </p>
Unaligned Sequence Similarity Search Using Deep Learning

Gene annotation has traditionally required direct comparison of DNA sequences between an unknown gene and a database of known ones using string comparison methods. However, these methods do not provide useful information when a gene does not have a close match in the database. In addition, each comparison can be costly when the database is large since it requires alignments and a series of string comparisons. In this work we propose a novel approach: using recurrent neural networks to embed DNA or amino-acid sequences in a low-dimensional space in which distances correlate with functional similarity. This embedding space overcomes both shortcomings of the method of aligning sequences and comparing homology. First, it allows us to obtain information about genes which do not have exact matches by measuring their similarity to other ones in the database. If our database is labeled this can provide labels for a query gene as is done in traditional methods. However, even if the database is unlabeled it allows us to find clusters and infer some characteristics of the gene population. In addition, each comparison is much faster than traditional methods since the distance metric is reduced to the Euclidean distance, and thus efficient approximate nearest neighbor algorithms can be used to find the best match. We present results showing the advantage of our algorithm. More specifically we show how our embedding can be useful for both classification tasks when our labels are known, and clustering tasks where our sequences belong to classes which have not been seen before.
Extending simple drawings with one edge is hard

A simple drawing $D(G)$ of a graph $G = (V,E)$ is a drawing in which two edges have at most one point in common that is either an endpoint or a proper crossing. An edge $e$ from the complement of $ G $ can be inserted into $D(G)$ if there exists a simple drawing of $G' = (V, E\cup \{e\})$ containing $D(G)$ as a subdrawing. We show that it is NP-complete to decide whether a given edge can be inserted into a simple drawing, by this solving an open question by Arroyo, Derka, and Parada.
PSGAN: Pose-Robust Spatial-Aware GAN for Customizable Makeup Transfer

We propose a novel Pose-robust Spatial-aware GAN (PSGAN) for transferring the makeup style from a reference image to a source image. Previous GAN-based methods often fail in cases with variant poses and expressions. Also, they cannot adjust the shade of makeup or specify the part of transfer. To address these issues, the proposed PSGAN includes a Makeup Distillation Network to distill the makeup style of the reference image into two spatial-aware makeup matrices. Then an Attentive Makeup Morphing module is introduced to specify how a pixel in the source image is morphed from the reference image. The pixelwise correspondence is built upon both the relative position features and visual features. Based on the morphed makeup matrices, a De-makeup Re-makeup Network performs makeup transfer. By incorporating the above novelties, our PSGAN not only achieves state-of-the-art results on the existing datasets, but also is able to perform the customizable part-by-part, shade controllable and pose-robust makeup transfer.
Wield: Systematic Reinforcement Learning With Progressive Randomization

Reinforcement learning frameworks have introduced abstractions to implement and execute algorithms at scale. They assume standardized simulator interfaces but are not concerned with identifying suitable task representations. We present Wield, a first-of-its kind system to facilitate task design for practical reinforcement learning. Through software primitives, Wield enables practitioners to decouple system-interface and deployment-specific configuration from state and action design. To guide experimentation, Wield further introduces a novel task design protocol and classification scheme centred around staged randomization to incrementally evaluate model capabilities.
Quantum-inspired algorithms for multivariate analysis: from interpolation to partial differential equations

In this work we study the encoding of smooth, differentiable multivariate functions in quantum registers, using quantum computers or tensor-network representations. We show that a large family of distributions can be encoded as low-entanglement states of the quantum register. These states can be efficiently created in a quantum computer, but they are also efficiently stored, manipulated and probed using Matrix-Product States techniques. Inspired by this idea, we present eight quantum-inspired numerical analysis algorithms, that include Fourier sampling, interpolation, differentiation and integration of partial derivative equations. These algorithms combine classical ideas – finite-differences, spectral methods – with the efficient encoding of quantum registers, and well known algorithms, such as the Quantum Fourier Transform. When these heuristic methods work, they provide an exponential speed-up over other classical algorithms, such as Monte Carlo integration, finite-difference and fast Fourier transforms (FFT). But even when they don't, some of these algorithms can be translated back to a quantum computer to implement a similar task.
Natural Language Adversarial Attacks and Defenses in Word Level

In recent years, inspired by a mass of researches on adversarial examples for computer vision, there has been a growing interest in designing adversarial attacks for Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, followed by very few works of adversarial defenses for NLP. To our knowledge, there exists no defense method against the successful synonym substitution based attacks that aim to satisfy all the lexical, grammatical, semantic constraints and thus are hard to be perceived by humans. We contribute to fill this gap and propose a novel adversarial defense method called \textit{Synonym Encoding Method} (SEM), which inserts an encoder before the input layer of the model and then trains the model to eliminate adversarial perturbations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that SEM can efficiently defend current best synonym substitution based adversarial attacks with little decay on the accuracy for benign examples. To better evaluate SEM, we also design a strong attack method called Improved Genetic Algorithm (IGA) that adopts the genetic metaheuristic for synonym substitution based attacks. Compared with the first genetic based adversarial attack proposed in 2018, IGA can achieve higher attack success rate with lower word substitution rate, at the same time maintain the transferability of adversarial examples.
The Hitchhiker model for Laplace diffusion processes in the cell environment

Aggregation and fragmentation of single molecules in the cell environment lead to a spectrum of diffusivities and to statistical laws of movement very different from typical Brownian motion. Current models of intracellular transport do not explain at a microscopical level the emergence of theses deviations. Employing a many body approach, which we call the Hitchhiker model, we elucidate how the widely observed exponential tails in the particle spreading, i.e. the Laplace distribution and the modulations of the diffusivities, are controlled by size fluctuations of single molecules. By means of numerical simulations Laplace distributions are obtained whether we track one molecule or many molecules in parallel. However, we show that the diffusivity varies significantly depending on which tracking protocol is applied. Using a renewal process in the space of sizes, we quantify to what extent the average diffusivity in the single molecule technique is decreased compared with the ensemble average.