Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Condensed Introduction to the Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Energy Conversion Systems

The increase in wind power penetration, at 456 GW as of June 2016, has resulted in more stringent grid codes which specify that the wind energy conversion systems (WECS) must remain connected to the system during and after a grid fault and, furthermore, must offer grid support by providing reactive currents. The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) WECS is a well-proven technology, having been in use in wind power generation for many years and having a large world market share due to its many merits. Newer technologies such as the direct drive gearless permanent magnet synchronous generator have come up to challenge its market share, but the large number of installed machines ensures that it remains of interest in the wind industry. This paper presents a concise introduction of the DFIG WECS covering its construction, operation, merits, demerits, modelling, control types, levels and strategies, faults and their proposed solutions, and, finally, simulation. Qualities for the optimal control strategy are then proposed. The paper is intended to cover major issues related to the DFIG WECS that are a must for an overview of the system and hence serve as an introduction especially for new entrants into this area of study.
Diversity of spatial organisation in Europe based on land cover and land use

Information about land cover and land use is recognized by decision-makers as crucial for spatial analysis at different territorial levels. Within the European Commission Services, as well as different European organisations, there is a growing need to use spatial analysis for integrated environmental assessment, mainly assessing impact of policy against regional development, planning, and agriculture. In all cases a key reference data is complete, reliable, and up to date land cover and land use data. That is why in the middle 80s of the 19th century the European Commission implemented CORINE 34 EL ̄BIETA BIELECKA Program. The main goal of that program was to establish an information system on the state of the European environment. Since then, information on land cover and land use in Europe was updated twice, in the years 2000 and 2006. As the diversity of land cover and land use reflects differentiation in spatial organisation, this data is of utmost importance for monitoring spatial organisation in Europe especially in the geographical context. The article presents the source databases storing information concerning land cover/use and land cover change and shows some examples how land cover change reflects the differences in spatial organisation within Europe, as well as impact of policy against particular land cover types e.g. arable lands, forests, artificial surfaces. It is mainly based on the research works carried out by author as well as on EEA reports. The three major processes of changes in land cover and in spatial organisation are analysed in more detail, both at the European level and Poland. These are: development of urban and other artificial land, decreases in the agricultural area resulting from a range of changes in use, and increases in the area of forest and decreases in the area of natural land.
A Kinetic Study for In-vitro Intestinal Uptake of Monosaccharide across Rat Everted Gut Sacs In the Presence of Some Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants

Enicostemma hyssopifolium (EH), Eugenia jumbolana (EJ), Tinospora cordifolia (TC), Gymnema sylvestre (GS), and Trigonella foenum (TF) are traditional antidiabetic medicinal plant used in India. An everted rat gut sac technique was used to investigate the effect of aqueous extracts of these plants on kinetic parameters of D (+) glucose. Everted guts were mounted in a gut sac bath and aqueous extracts were added to the mucosal medium at varying substrate concentrations. Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and maximal velocity (Vmax) were calculated in the presence and absence of drug. It was observed that aqueous extract of EJ, TC, GS and TF significantly reduced Vmax of D (+)-glucose uptake by 40.09, 28.67, 83.67 and 34.5 μM hr -1 respectively, whereas Km remained unaltered suggested a non-competitive type of inhibition was present.
What Drives the Relationship Between Inflation and Price Dispersion? Market Power vs. Price Rigidity

Recent monetary search and Calvo-type models predict that the relationship between inflation and price dispersion is U-shaped, implying an optimal rate of inflation above zero. Moreover, monetary search models emphasize a critical dependence of the real effects of inflation on sellersâ€™ market power, whereas Calvotype models suggest that the degree of price rigidity significantly affects the inflation - price dispersion nexus. Using a new set of highly disaggregated sectoral price data from a panel of European countries, this paper contributes to the literature by testing the empirical relevance of these two theoretical predictions. In line with monetary search theory, a U-shaped profile is found, provided that markups are sufficiently high, but the relationship breaks down under a more competitive environment. Contrarily, no evidence is found to support the contentions of Calvo-type models: U-shaped effects of inflation occur in product sectors with sticky as well as highly flexible prices.
The physical, physiological, and biological effects of qigong therapy

Qigong is a Chinese traditional practice that has been developed for thousands of years. One of its purposes is to improve and sustain health. Research has also shown that Qigong is effective in improving many health outcomes. Many research gaps exist, especially concerning study design and investigations into the physiological and biological effects of Qigong practice. To fill in the knowledge void, this review focuses on the state of qigong research regarding its physical, physiological, and biological effects. Our findings suggest that far-infrared, bio magnetic, and neurological applications are common measurements in understanding the physical effects of Qigong. Heart rate variations, pulse, and blood pressure changes are also commonly used in measuring physiological effects of Qigong. Last, biological effects of Qigong may include biochemical parameters, glucose, and immune parameters, among others. More methodological rigorous research exploring the particular physiological and biological pathway of Qigong practice and health outcomes is needed. Future research should also closely examine the feasibility and adaptability of Qigong therapy while evaluating the effects of Qigong versus other forms of mind-body exercise. Last, researchers, health providers and community leaders should investigate and improve the physical and psychosocial health and health behaviors of minority populations through culturally appropriate and adaptable exercises like Qigong.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Suppressant-Enhanced Overpressure in the FAA Aerosol Can Simulator

The fire suppressant CF3Br has been banned for most applications but it is still used in come critical applications for which suitable replacements have not yet been found. One such application is the suppression of cargo-bay fires in aircraft. Recently, the agents C2HF5 (pentafluoroethane, HFC-125), and bromotrifluoropropene (C3H2F3Br, 2-BTP) have been evaluated in a mandated Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) test, in which a simulated explosion of an aerosol can must be suppressed by the agent. Unfortunately, unlike CF3Br, either agent, when added at approximately one-half their inerting concentration, created a higher over-pressure in the test chamber than in tests with no agent present (thus failing the test). Similar combustion enhancement has been described in other experiments for certain conditions; however, explanation of the phenomena is lacking. As a first step in understanding this surprising result, the thermodynamics of the chemical systems are examined to predict the over pressure. For all of the cases examined, the over-pressure was predicted well by assuming that the fuel-agent-air ratio is that which produces the peak temperature, or peak CO2. The details of the three chemical systems are examined to provide insight into the anomalous behavior.
On the Relationship Between Stock Option Compensation and Equity Values: a Note

We present a model where increasing employee participation in stock option scheme leads to higher performance but with a cost to shareholders. We show that firms with higher market values per employee are more likely to have option schemes and they offer stock options to a broader group of employees. The model yields empirical predictions that are consistent with the stock option boom of late 1990s and their reduced popularity after the stock market downfall. JEL Classification: J33, M52
Further Insights into Cholinergic EGF Receptor Transactivation in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes

Acetylcholine and its receptors are not only essential for the nervous system but also act as mediators of cell communication between non-neuronal cells. Signal transduction after cholinergic stimulation is mediated by two types of receptors. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ion channels, whereas the muscarinic receptors belong to the group of G protein-coupled receptors. Their activation can lead to initiation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade which contributes to cell survival, differentiation and other important cellular responses. In the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, muscarinic receptors mediate the transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to facilitate the activation of the MAP kinases ERK1/2 and the protein kinase Akt. This transactivation process includes a triple-membrane-passing signal, the details of which are here studied in more detail. We show that the matrix metalloproteases MMP-2 and MMP-9 are not involved, neither are the members of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) family ADAM10 and ADAM17. Furthermore, the EGFR most likely forms homodimers to facilitate its function in cholinergic signaling in HaCaT cells.
Modified dilution technique to estimate viral versus grazing mortality of phytoplankton: limitations associated with method sensitivity in natural waters

This study tested the validity of the modified dilution method approach to partition nat- ural phytoplankton mortality into grazer versus virus-induced fractions. A series of experiments was conducted weekly between August and October 2005 from an offshore site in the western English Channel. The phytoplankton community during this period was dominated numerically by Syne- chococcus spp. and picoeukaryotes. Despite highly significant regression results, no discernible viral lysis of Synechococcus spp. or picoeukaryote populations was apparent during the 3 mo period. Microzooplankton grazing was the major source of mortality for Synechococcus spp. and picoeukary- otes during this time. Statistical analysis indicates that, using our experimental design, the modified dilution approach was not sensitive enough to be able to measure significant viral lysis during the experimental period. Sensitivity analysis indicated that viral mortality occurred at rates of <0.1 d -1 . Methodological impacts on phytoplankton growth rates may also have affected the ability to measure virus-induced mortality of picoeukaryotes, as there was increasing suppression of picoeukaryote growth rate in relation to dilution with the 30 kDa filtrate and a corresponding depression of quan- tum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) in the 30 kDa dilutions compared to the 0.2 µm series. The implications and limitations of the dilution approach for estimating viral versus grazing mortality of natural phytoplankton populations are discussed.
Alternatives to Methyl bromide in Strawberry Production in the United States of America and the Mediterranean Region

Methyl bromide (MB) is a broad-spectrum soil fumigant, which has been critical in strawberry production for forty years. Strawberry and other high-value cash crops benefit from pre-plant soil fumigation with MB and chloropicrin (Pic). Mixtures of these two fumigants work synergistically in controlling a wide range of plant pathogens and pests, including fungi, nematodes, insects, mites, rodents, weeds, and some bacteria. Methyl bromide was listed in 1993 by the Parties of the Montreal Protocol as an ozone-depleting compound. According to the Montreal Protocol, the import and manufacture of MB in the United States of America (USA) and other developed countries will be banned by 2005, after stepwise reductions in 1999, 2001, and 2003. Currently, there is no single registered alternative fumigant for all of the MB uses and there is a need for environmentally sound and economically feasible alternatives. The fumigants 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and Pic in combination with methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) generators have shown to be the most promising alternatives to methyl bromide for strawberry production. Studies with the experimental fumigants methyl iodide and propargyl bromide suggested that these compounds have higher reactivity than MB as stand-alone fumigants. This review evaluates the commercially available and experimental alternatives to MB soil fumigation for strawberry production based on relevant scientific publications, proceedings, and personal communications.
A cross-linguistic overview of vp-anaphora

Traditionally, VP-Anaphora has been treated as a phenomenon particular to English. In recent years, however, several studies have identified structures in languages other than English as VP-Anaphora (hence VPA). In this paper I will discuss some of these studies, and determine what the licensing conditions for VPA are. The organisation of the article is as follows: in section one I will discuss Doron's (1990a,b) treatment of certain structures she classifies as VPA. In section two these will be compared with VPA structures in Chinese, Korean and Japanese. It will appear that they have a different distribution: in the Asian languages there are more environments in which VPA can be licensed than in Hebrew. In section three two questions will be examined: in the first place I will examine what the exact conditions are which license VP-Anaphora, and in the second place there will be a further parametrisation of VP-licensing mechanisms, one that will account for the differences observed between Hebrew on the one hand, and the Asian languages on the other. In that section we will also look at the exact way in which sloppy and strict readings can be realized.
The Science of Sex Appeal: An Evolutionary Perspective

Growing evidence shows that features we find attractive in members of the opposite sex signal important underlying dimensions of health and reproductive viability. It has been discovered that men with attractive faces have higher quality sperm, women with attractive bodies are more fertile, men and women with attractive voices lose their virginity sooner, men who spend more money than they earn have more sex partners, and lap dancers make more tips when they are in the fertile phase of their menstrual cycle. This paper highlights recent evidence showing that the way we perceive other people has been shaped by our evolutionary history. An evolutionary approach provides a powerful tool for understanding the consistency and diversity of mating preferences and behaviors across individuals and cultures.
Currents and turbulence within a kelp forest (Macrocystis pyrifera): Insights from a dynamically scaled laboratory model

The effects of a Macrocystis pyrifera forest on currents and turbulence were investigated in a controlled laboratory setting using a dynamically matched 1/25‐scale model. Two kelp configurations with surface canopies and one without a surface canopy were considered. Profiles of mean velocities and turbulence statistics were measured using acoustic Doppler velocimeters. Since flow within the model kelp forest was very heterogeneous, spatially averaged forms of the governing equations were used for the analysis. Stress gradients were small compared with pressure gradient, drag, and acceleration terms of the momentum budget. A good model for kelp drag is therefore required for simulating flow through a kelp forest, while the model for Reynolds and dispersive stresses is less critical. The bulk drag coefficient is highest at the up‐current end of a kelp forest and decays with down‐current distance as the velocity profile adjusts to the drag profile. Modeling a kelp forest as an array of vertical cylinders underestimates the net drag by a factor of 1.5 to 3 if a substantial surface canopy is present. Turbulence is generated predominantly by small‐scale shear in kelp wakes. Vertical mixing of scalars is expected to be significantly smaller than in the surrounding coastal ocean because of the combination of smaller turbulent eddies and reduced currents. The decrease in horizontal transport and vertical mixing within kelp forests may have important implications for nutrient availability to kelp forest organisms and may affect the dispersal or retention of their larvae and spores.
Implications of Accountants Unethical Behavior and Corporate Failures

Purpose/objective: Emphasis on short term profit and share prices as criteria for the determination of business success have led to attrition of stakeholder trust and unlocked the doors for unethical conducts by professional accountants. Acceptable ethics and encounters of accountants are very critical in the global market place. This study was undertaken to advocate high ethical practices by accountants to protect the interest of the stakeholders. Methodology/approach: A literature review of fifteen scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles on corporate scandals caused by unethical behaviors of corporate leaders and accountants. Findings: (1) Unethical practiced by accountants have unintended consequences globally; (2) The accounting profession has suffered severe image damages as a result of unethical behaviors by corrupt accountants; (3) Unethical behaviors by accountants significantly contributed to the global corporate scandals, the Nigerian banking sector reorganization, and the extinction of some global companies from 2002 - 2009; (4) With the right corrective measures, organizations plagued with scandals can survive ethical challenges; (5) Audit committees oversight functions are critical in preventing corporate scandals; (6) (Un) ethical behaviors by professional accountants, organizational leaders is a tenable leadership theory. Implications/research limitations: This study, grounded in conceptual framework of business ethics, addressed the implications of unethical behaviors by accountants. This research examined the penalties of immoral conducts by accountants and organizational leaders citing Tyco International scandal as case study. Implications are that unethical behaviors by accountants have unintended consequences on stakeholders. Unethical behaviors by accountants contributed to global corporate scandals, the Nigerian banking sector reorganization, and the extinction of some global companies from 2002 – 2009. For imminent studies, effort should be made to include other relevant literature into the study.
APPROACH TO CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CRM)-THE NEW KEY SALES SUCCESS

In this paper I investigate the new role of marketing specialists as customers supporters by understanding their real needs and concerns, ensuring that promises are, effectively and convince, a reality. In the past years there have been considerable changes in the arena battle to win customers and is currently recording a reconceptualization of the notion of selling. In the current business environment, characterized by a competition from increasingly aggressive, the battle to win customers is powerful every day. Companies that enter a new market to compete weakens the existing and solid ones thanks to new ways of doing business and design. It will show that implementing a CRM strategy is not a luxury but a necessity in terms of the XXI century economy wich is "Customer Economy", whose rules are: the client has the power to decide, the relationship with the customer is its most value of the company, personal experience of the client in the relationship with the company is decisive for its success, but will emerge and limitations of this approach. It will customize the application of modern competitive strategies focused on customer relationship management (CRM) in a banking environment, being only able to provide a lasting competitive advantage in the competition
Representing grammar, meaning and knowledge

Among the expertises relevant for successful natural language understanding are grammar, meaning and background knowledge, all of which must be represented in order to decode messages from text (or speech). The present paper is a sketch of one cooperation of grammar and meaning representations -- with some remarks about knowledge representation -- which allows that the representations involved be heterogeneous even while cooperating closely. The modules cooperate in what might be called a PLURALIST fashion, with few assumptions about the representations involved. In point of fact, the proposal is compatible with state-of-the-art representations from all three areas. The paper proceeeds from the nearly universal assumption that the grammar formalism is feature-based and insufficiently expressive for use in meaning representation. It then demonstrates how feature formalisms may be employed as a semantic metalanguage in order that semantic constraints may be expressed in a single formalism with grammatical constraints. This allows a tight coupling of syntax and semantics, the incorporation of nonsyntactic constraints (e.g., from knowledge representation) and the opportunity to underspecify meanings in novel ways -- including, e.g., ways which distinguish ambiguity and underspecification (vagueness). We retain scepticism vis-a-vis more ASSIMILATIONIST proposals for the interaction of these -- i.e., proposals which foresee common formalisms for grammar, meaning and knowledge representation. While such proposals rightfully claim to allow for closer integration, they fail to account for the motivations which distinguish formalisms - elaborate expressive strength in the case of semantic representations, monotonic (and preferably decidable) computation in the case of grammar formalisms, and the characterization of taxonomic reasoning in the case of knowledge representation.
Characterization of MRE11 Mutants Provides Insight into Human Genetic Disease, Cancer, and Clinical Intervention.

x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION, 1 1.1: Damage happens, 1 1.2: The DNA damage response (DDR), 2 1.3: The MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 (MRN) complex: A key regulator of double strand break response signaling and repair, 6 1.4: MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 and ATM dysfunction in human disease, 15 1.5: Insights from murine models of MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 or ATM dysfunction, 18 1.6: MRE11A mutation and oncogenesis, 21 CHAPTER 2: RESULTS, 23 2.1: Meta-analysis of disease-associated MRE11A mutations, 23 2.2: MRE11 mutant selection, 24 2.3: Mutant-expressing MEF creation and validation, 26 2.4: Apical kinase activation and activity, 30 2.5: MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 complex stability, 35 2.6: MRE11 homodimerization and MRE11-NBS1 direct interaction, 42