Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Presynaptic AMPA receptor-mediated modulation of GABA release from cerebellar molecular layer interneurons

Presynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors that modulate neurotransmitter release are widespread in the central nervous system, yet their regulation and mechanism of action are poorly understood. Indeed, their presumed dependence on transmembrane auxiliary proteins, which profoundly shape the behaviour of somatodendritic receptors, is an open question. The trafficking and function of postsynaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) is regulated by transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs). I examined the role of TARPs at presynaptic sites in cerebellar molecular layer interneurons (MLIs). The reduction in evoked GABA release triggered by glutamate spillover from climbing fibres, and the increased quantal release following AMPA application, were markedly attenuated in stargazer mice lacking the prototypical TARP stargazin (γ-2). 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), a partial agonist at TARP-associated AMPARs, had comparable effects on release that were also abolished in stargazer mice. These findings were replicated in dissociated Purkinje cells with adherent synaptic boutons, demonstrating the presynaptic locus of modulation. The absence of AMPAR-mediated effects in recordings from stargazer dissociated Purkinje cells, suggests that presynaptic AMPARs do not function without γ-2-association. This contrasts to postsynaptic and extrasynaptic AMPARs in MLIs that can function TARPless, or in association with TARP γ-7, respectively. Mechanistically, presynaptic AMPARs predominantly modulate release through regulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs). Pre-incubation of acutely dissociated Purkinje cells with either the specific VGCC blocker ω-Agatoxin-IVA, or the slow binding Ca2+ chelator, ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), revealed that AMPARs mainly regulate the activity of P/Q- and/or N-type VGCCs coupled to the active zone in the microdomain. In addition, treatment with the Ca2+-permeable AMPAR blocker, philanthotoxin-433, suggested that direct Ca2+ influx through the AMPAR channel may further contribute to effects on release at MLI – MLI boutons. My findings identify γ-2 as a crucial subunit for presynaptic AMPAR-mediated modulation of GABA release that occurs via regulation of VGCCs remote from active zones.
ESSAY REVIEW

Taylor and Francis Ltd CGSE116695.sgm 10.1080/14767720500167124 Globalisation, Society and Education 476-7724 (pri t)/1476-7732 (onl ne) Book Rev ew 2 05 & Francis Group Ltd 30 000July 2005 itaStei er-Kha si gs174@columb a.edu Local meanings, global schooling: anthropology and world culture theory Kathryn Anderson-Levitt (Ed.), 2003 New York and London, Palgrave Macmillan £14.92, 263 pp. ISBN 0-4039-6162-X (hbk), 0-4039-6163-8 (pbk)
A study of distilled water and zamzam water as dielecric dense patch antenna at 5 GHz

This paper was performed in order to study about distilled water and zamzam water which act as dielectric dense (DD) patch antenna at 5 Ghz applications. This antenna is proposed and designed using FR-4 substrate that sandwiched together to perform DD structure. The proposed antennas employ simple rectangular structure that fed with inset feeder surround by electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure.In order too enhance the gain, superstrate is applied on top of the antenna. This antenna offers a wideband return loss of more than -10dB between 4.41-5.52Ghz (around 22.2%) which can be applied in 5 Ghz applications. Details of DD water antenna of center frequency for 5 Ghz is presented and discussed.
The effect of rumen protected L-carnitine on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics and blood metabolites in Iranian fat-tailed Ghezel lambs.

The effect of dietary protected L-carnitine on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics and blood metabolites of fat-tailed Ghezel lambs were studied. Twenty four ram lambs (180±30 d) were randomly allotted to four groups. The lambs were housed in individual cages and had free access to feed and water. The animals were fed diets containing 0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 g/d rumen protected L-carnitine. Dry mater intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and blood cholesterol, glucose and urea were measured. After 80 d fattening period, the lambs were slaughtered and weight of hot and cold carcasses, tail fat, visceral fat, pelvic fat, back fat thickness, kidney, kidney fat, heart, heart fat, and lungs was determined for each group. Back fat thickness and the cross sectional area of the Longissimus dorsi muscle were measured at 12/13 rib. Meat samples were taken between rib 9 to 13 for determination of meat colour and contents of protein, fat, moisture and malondialdehyde. The highest level of L-carnitine increased visceral fat percentage in carcass (P<0.05). Meat colour was improved (P<0.05) by L-carnitine feeding. Plasma cholesterol concentration on d 40 of the fattening period decreased (P<0.05) in animals receiving 1.5 g/d L-carnitine; however, on d 80, it increased to level recorded on d 0. Other characteristics were not significantly affected by L-carnitine feeding. We concluded that L-carnitine at the current levels had no significant effect on growth; however, meat texture was improved at the rate of 1.0 g/d L-carnitine.
Telemedicine in the Era of COVID-19

Abstract: With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the shifting of clinical care to telemedicine visits has been hastened. Because of current limitations in resources, many elective surgeons have been forced to venture into utilizing telemedicine, in which the standards for orthopaedic examinations have not previously been fully developed. We report our experience with protocols and methods to standardize these visits to maximize the benefit and efficiency of the virtual orthopaedic examination. At the time of scheduling, patients are asked to prepare for their virtual visit and are given a checklist. In addition to confirming audiovisual capabilities prior to the visit, patients are given specific instructions on camera positioning, body positioning, setting, and attire to improve the efficiency of the visit. During the examination, digital tools can be utilized as needed. In the setting of outpatient injury evaluations, a systematic virtual examination can aid in triaging and managing common musculoskeletal conditions. With the rapid incorporation of telehealth visits, as well as the unknown future with regard to the pandemic, the utilization and capabilities of telemedicine will continue to expand. Future directions include the development of validated, modified examination techniques and new technology that will allow for improved interactive physical examinations, as we rapidly move forward into the realm of telemedicine due to unexpected necessity.
Exploration of Gaps between Intended and Enacted Physics Curriculum: Teachers' Professional Development Perspective.

Teachers’ professional development is the primary element of curriculum implementation. Professionally trained teachers use appropriate teaching methods, instructional materials and assessment techniques during teaching. Current study was conducted to explore gaps between intended and enacted national curriculum for physics regarding teachers’ professional development for curriculum implementation. Sample of the study consisted of 361 physics teachers working in public sector secondary schools of province of Punjab by applying stratified multistage random sampling technique. Data were collected by administering self-developed questionnaire with 11 items at five-point Likert type rating scale. Reliability of questionnaire was ensured by calculating Cronbach’s Alpha scores; . 846. Collected data were entered in SPSS and mean, percentage, standard deviation and independent sample t-test were applied. Results showed only 34 % teachers were provided with training on curriculum implementation. Results showed no significant difference between urban and rural secondary school teachers’ professional development for curriculum implementation; urban secondary schools’ teachers were provided same professional development as well as rural teachers for physics curriculum implementation. Study recommends that secondary school teachers may be provided with the training for physics curriculum implementation focusing teaching methods, use of instructional materials, practical work and formative assessment techniques stated in national curriculum document 2006.
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

Many physiological systems rely on hormones to communicate and time cellular and tissue-level functions. Most endocrine systems are dynamic and governed by complex regulatory systems and/or feedback mechanisms to generate precise patterns and modes of hormone release in order to optimize control of physiological and cellular processes. This Special Issue focuses on hormone release patterns (ultradian, infradian, pulsatile, circadian), with a special emphasis on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis as well as melatonin release, and how these patterns of hormone secretion change during life stages and disease. circadian rhythms, primarily illustrated by the clock genes BMAl1 and CLOCK, in the regulation of the HPG axis and reproductive hormone release. The authors discuss how molecular clock transcription factors contribute to the function of multiple reproductive tissues and cell types throughout the body, including specific hypothalamic neuronal populations, the pituitary, uterus, ovary, and testis.
Guideline-conform translation and cultural adaptation of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III into German

Objective: Age-related disorders, such as dementia, significantly contribute to the global burden of disease. Adequate screening in the primary care setting is critical for early detection and proper management. The Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III (ACE-III) is an open-source neuropsychological test with superior diagnostic quality in comparison to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Our aim was to perform a guideline-conform English-German translation and cultural adaptation of the ACE-III in order to enable implementation in German-speaking countries. Methods: The translation and cultural adaptation were performed in accordance with the “Principles of Good Practice for the Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Measures” from the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcome Research (ISPOR) (Wild et al. 2005). Four separate English-German translations were compiled into one German consensus translation, which was then translated back into English and compared to the original English version. After comparison, the German consensus translation was revised with emphasis on the identified differences between the English original version and the English translated version. This revised German consensus translation was subsequently evaluated for clinical applicability on a 5-point scale (0 – not applicable; 5 – applicable without any restrictions) by 20 practitioners experienced in the field of neuropsychological testing, using an anonymized, paper-based 22-item survey. Results: Nineteen of the 20 practitioners (95.0%) rated the German ACE-III translation as overall applicable. The median rating was 4.0 [IQR (4.0/5.0)]. When evaluating survey items assessing the applicability of the individual 19 subtests of the ACE-III, all of them (100%) were rated as applicable with a median rating of 4.5 [IQR (4.1/4.9)]. Conclusion: The German ACE-III translation in its current form is generally applicable and can be utilized for clinical and scientific purposes.
Understanding the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone–SARS-CoV axis: a comprehensive review

Importance Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been declared a global pandemic with significant morbidity and mortality since first appearing in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. As many countries are grappling with the onset of their epidemics, pharmacotherapeutics remain lacking. The window of opportunity to mitigate downstream morbidity and mortality is narrow but remains open. The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is crucial to the homeostasis of both the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 utilises and interrupts this pathway directly, which could be described as the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone–SARS-CoV (RAAS–SCoV) axis. There exists significant controversy and confusion surrounding how anti-hypertensive agents might function along this pathway. This review explores the current state of knowledge regarding the RAAS–SCoV axis (informed by prior studies of SARS-CoV), how this relates to our currently evolving pandemic, and how these insights might guide our next steps in an evidence-based manner. Observations This review discusses the role of the RAAS–SCoV axis in acute lung injury and the effects, risks and benefits of pharmacological modification of this axis. There may be an opportunity to leverage the different aspects of RAAS inhibitors to mitigate indirect viral-induced lung injury. Concerns have been raised that such modulation might exacerbate the disease. While relevant preclinical, experimental models to date favour a protective effect of RAAS–SCoV axis inhibition on both lung injury and survival, clinical data related to the role of RAAS modulation in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 remain limited. Conclusion Proposed interventions for SARS-CoV-2 predominantly focus on viral microbiology and aim to inhibit viral cellular injury. While these therapies are promising, immediate use may not be feasible, and the time window of their efficacy remains a major unanswered question. An alternative approach is the modulation of the specific downstream pathophysiological effects caused by the virus that lead to morbidity and mortality. We propose a preponderance of evidence that supports clinical equipoise regarding the efficacy of RAAS-based interventions, and the imminent need for a multisite randomised controlled clinical trial to evaluate the inhibition of the RAAS–SCoV axis on acute lung injury in COVID-19. The interplay of SARS-CoV-2 with the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system probably accounts for much of its unique pathology. Appreciating the degree and mechanism of this interaction highlights potential therapeutic options, including blockade (ARBs). https://bit.ly/3aue4tS
Assessment of Cortical Auditory Function Using Electrophysiological and Neuropsychological Measurements in Children with Bone-Anchored Hearing Aids

Children suffering from conductive or mixed hearing loss may benefit from a bone-anchored hearing aid system (BAHA Attract implantable prosthesis). After audiological rehabilitation, different aspects of development are improving. The objective of this case report is to propose a comprehensive framework for monitoring cortical auditory function after implantation of a bone-anchored hearing aid system by using electrophysiological and neuropsychological measurements. We present the case of a seven-year-old boy with a congenital hearing loss due to a plurimalformative syndrome, including outer and middle ear malformation. After the diagnosis of hearing loss and the audiological rehabilitation with a BAHA Attract implantable prosthesis, the cortical auditory evoked potentials were recorded. We performed a neuropsychological evaluation using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition, which was applied according to a standard procedure. The P1 latency was delayed according to the age (an objective biomarker for quantifying cortical auditory function). The neuropsychological evaluation revealed that the child's working memory and verbal reasoning abilities were in the borderline range comparing with his nonverbal reasoning abilities and processing abilities, which were in the average and below-average range, respectively. Cortical auditory evoked potentials, along with neuropsychological evaluation, could be an essential tool for monitoring cortical auditory function in children with hearing loss after a bone-anchored hearing aid implantation.
Nose-to-brain delivery of antipsychotics using nanotechnology: a review

ABSTRACT Introduction Orally-administered antipsychotics are effective in the management of psychosis-related disorders although generation-specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs) significantly hinder clinical outcomes, driven by issues such as patient non-compliance. Direct nose-to-brain (N2B) delivery of antipsychotics via the olfactory epithelium could avert peripheral ADRs by maximizing cerebral drug concentrations, and reducing drug levels in the periphery. However, there exist physicochemical challenges related to psychotropic drugs, alongside biochemical barriers associated with targeting the olfactory region. Nanotechnological approaches present a viable strategy for the development of intranasal antipsychotic formulations where drug stability, mucosal absorption and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-bioavailability can be optimized. Areas covered This review explores the unique anatomical features of the nasal cavity as a pathway for antipsychotic drug delivery to the brain. Nanocarrier-based approaches to encapsulate antipsychotics, and enhance stability, absorption and bioavailability are explored. The aim of this review is to determine current knowledge gaps for direct N2B psychotropic drug delivery, and identify clinically acceptable strategies to overcome them. Expert opinion The olfactory epithelium may be the most effective and direct administration route for antipsychotic delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). This research is novel and has the potential to revolutionize the mode of delivery of neurological medicines to the CNS in the future.
Brief Cognitive Tests for Distinguishing Clinical Alzheimer-Type Dementia From Mild Cognitive Impairment or Normal Cognition in Older Adults With Suspected Cognitive Impairment

Background The accuracy and harms of brief cognitive tests for identifying clinical Alzheimer-type dementia (CATD) are uncertain. Purpose To summarize evidence on accuracy and harms of brief cognitive tests for CATD in older adults with suspected cognitive impairment. Data Sources Electronic bibliographic databases (from inception to November 2019) and systematic review bibliographies. Study Selection English-language, controlled observational studies in older adults that evaluated the accuracy of brief cognitive tests (standalone tests; memory, executive function, and language tests; and brief multidomain batteries) for distinguishing CATD from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or normal cognition as defined by established diagnostic criteria. Studies with low or medium risk of bias (ROB) were analyzed. Data Extraction Two reviewers rated ROB. One reviewer extracted data; the other verified extraction accuracy. Data Synthesis Fifty-seven studies met analysis criteria. Many brief, single cognitive tests were highly sensitive and specific for distinguishing CATD from normal cognition. These included standalone tests (clock-drawing test, median sensitivity 0.79 and specificity 0.88 [8 studies]; Mini-Mental State Examination, 0.88 and 0.94 [7 studies]; Montreal Cognitive Assessment, 0.94 and 0.94 [2 studies]; and Brief Alzheimer Screen, 0.92 and 0.97 [1 study]), memory tests (list delayed recall, 0.89 and 0.94 [5 studies]), and language tests (category fluency, 0.92 and 0.89 [9 studies]). Accuracy was lower in distinguishing mild CATD from normal cognition and distinguishing CATD from MCI. No studies reported on testing harms. Limitations Studies were small. Few test metrics were evaluated by multiple studies. Few studies directly compared different tests, scores, cut points, or test combinations. Conclusion Many brief, single cognitive tests accurately distinguish CATD from normal cognition in older adults but are less accurate in distinguishing mild CATD from normal cognition or CATD from MCI. No studies reported on testing harms. Primary Funding Source Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (PROSPERO: CRD42018117897).
Molecular Features of the Serrated Pathway to Colorectal Cancer: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

Serrated lesions are the precursor lesions of a new model of colorectal carcinogenesis. From a molecular standpoint, the serrated pathway is thought to be responsible for up to 30% of all colorectal cancer cases. The three major processes of this molecular mechanism are alterations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, production of the CpG island methylation phenotype, and generation of microsatellite instability. Other contributing processes are activation of WNT, alterations in the regulation of tumor suppressor genes, and alterations in microRNAs or in MUC5AC hypomethylation. Although alterations in the serrated pathway also contribute, their precise roles remain obscure because of the various methodologies and definitions used by different research groups. This knowledge gap affects clinical assessment of precursor lesions for their carcinogenic risk. The present review describes the current literature reporting the molecular mechanisms underlying each type of serrated lesion and each phenotype of serrated pathway colorectal cancer, identifying those areas that merit additional research. We also propose a unified serrated carcinogenesis pathway combining molecular alterations and types of serrated lesions, which ends in different serrated pathway colorectal cancer phenotypes depending on the route followed. Finally, we describe some key issues that need to be addressed in order to incorporate the newest technologies in serrated pathway research and to improve overall knowledge for developing specific prevention strategies and new therapeutic targets.
Seasonality of postoperative pneumonia after coronary artery bypass grafting: A national inpatient sample study

The development of postoperative pneumonia following cardiac surgery is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, seasonal variation as a risk factor for the development of postoperative pneumonia remains to be investigated. We sought to investigate whether patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) during “flu season” (Fall and Winter months) at increased risk of postoperative pneumonia.