Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Internationale Entwicklungen der Evaluierungsmethoden für arbeitsmarktpolitische Programme

"Ziel des Beitrages ist es, internationale Weiterentwicklungen der Evaluationsmethoden fur die Erfolgskontrolle deutscher Arbeitsmarktpolitik nutzbar zu machen. Dabei werden drei Aspekte der Methodenentwicklung betrachtet: 1) Bestimmung und Operationalisierung der Zielkriterien, 2) Evaluationsmethoden zur Ermittlung marginaler Kosten und Ertrage eines Programmes, 3) Evaluationsmethoden, die neben dem zentralisierbaren auch das verstreut vorhandene Wissen der einzelnen Arbeitsmarktakteure nutzbar machen. " Zusammenfassend wird festgehalten, das fur eine effiziente Steuerung der Arbeitsmarktpolitik sowohl die Wirkungsanalyse als auch die Prozesanalyse notwendig sind. (IAB2)
Effects of uniaxial stress on hole subbands in semiconductor quantum wells. II. Numerical results.

Numerical results on valence-subband structures and the hole effective masses are presented for a quantum well under uniaxial stress. For each eigenenergy, the corresponding components of the eigenfunction are calculated. By examining the relative magnitudes of the components of the eigenfunction, we are able to distinguish whether the eigenfunction is heavy-hole-like or light-hole-like, when k is near the Brillouin-zone center, and to assign the eigenenergy accordingly. However, when k is far away from the zone center, all components of the eigenfunction are comparable, because there is strong valence-band mixing, so that we cannot assign the eigenenergies as light-hole-like or heavy-hole-like. We find that when the stress is applied parallel (perpendicular) to the quantum-well layers, valence-band mixing can (cannot) be induced by this external perturbation even if k is near the zone center. Finally, we report that the effective masses of certain subbands can be zero or \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\infty} depending on the directions and the magnitudes of the uniaxial stress.
On-chip jitter-spectrum-analyzer for high-speed digital designs

An on-chip jitter-spectrum analyzer (JSA) implemented in 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS can locate and analyze trouble-spots in on- and off-chip power and clock distribution networks during the actual operations in the field. A feedback design-flow using JSA improves the performance of 1GHz digital LSIs.
Materials fatigue initiates eccentric contraction‐induced injury in rat soleus muscle.

1. The initiation of exercise‐induced muscle injury is thought to be the result of high tensile stresses produced in the muscle during eccentric contractions. Materials science theory suggests that high tensile stresses could initiate the injury during the first eccentric contraction (normal stress theory) or after multiple eccentric contractions (materials fatigue). It was the objective of this study to investigate the two possibilities. 2. Rat soleus muscles (n = 66; 11 protocols with 6 muscles per protocol) were isolated, placed in an oxygenated Krebs‐Ringer buffer at 37 degrees C, and baseline measurements were made. The muscle then performed an injury protocol which consisted of between zero and ten eccentric contractions (muscle starting length = 0.90 soleus muscle length, L0; length change = 0.25 L0; velocity = 1.5 L0/s; peak force = 180% maximal isometric tetanic tension (P0); time between contractions = 4 min; total duration of the injury protocol = 40 min). At the end of the injury protocol, the muscle was incubated in buffer for 1 h; every 15 min, an isometric twitch and tetanus were performed and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was measured. Total muscle [Ca2+] was measured at the end of the incubation. 3. Change‐point regression analysis indicates that at 0 min into the incubation, declines in P0, maximal rate of tension development (+dP/dt), maximal rate of relaxation (‐dP/dt), and muscle stiffness (dP/dx) became significantly greater after eight eccentric contractions (p < or = 0.05). No relation was found between the number of eccentric contractions performed and the LDH activity at 0 min into the incubation, although after 60 min of incubation, LDH activity in the buffer was linearly related to eccentric contraction number (p = 0.01). There was no relationship between total muscle [Ca2+] and eccentric contraction number. These findings support the materials fatigue hypothesis of exercise‐induced muscle injury.
In response: Drug‐resistant epilepsy in adults: outcome trajectories after failure of two medications

1. Choi H, Hayat MJ, Zhang R, et al. Drug-resistant epilepsy in adults: outcome trajectories after failure of two medications. Epilepsia 2016;57:1152–1160. 2. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2000;342:314–319. 3. Choi H, Heiman GA, Munger Clary H, et al. Seizure remission in adults with long-standing intractable epilepsy: an extended followup. Epilepsy Res 2011;93:115–119. 4. Engel J Jr, McDermott MP, Wiebe S, et al. Early surgical therapy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy: a randomized trial. JAMA 2012;307:922–930. 5. Choi H, Sell RL, Lenert L, et al. Epilepsy surgery for pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy: a decision analysis. JAMA 2008;300:2497–2505. 6. Englot DJ, Hinkley LB, Kort NS, et al. Global and regional functional connectivity maps of neural oscillations in focal epilepsy. Brain 2015;138:2249–2262. 7. Helmstaedter C, Kockelmann E. Cognitive outcomes in patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006;47(Suppl. 2):96–98. 8. Engel J Jr. Why is there still doubt to cut it out? Epilepsy Curr 2013;13:198–204. 9. Englot DJ, Ouyang D, Garcia PA, et al. Epilepsy surgery trends in the United States, 1990–2008.Neurology 2012;78:1200–1206. 10. Engel J Jr, Wiebe S, French J, et al. Practice parameter: temporal lobe and localized neocortical resections for epilepsy: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, in association with the American Epilepsy Society and the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Neurology 2003;60:538–547.
How a complex life cycle can improve a parasite's sex life

How complex life cycles of parasites are maintained is still a fascinating and unresolved topic. Complex life cycles using three host species, free‐living stages, asexual and sexual reproduction are widespread in parasitic helminths. For such life cycles, we propose here that maintaining a second intermediate host in the life cycle can be advantageous for the individual parasite to increase the intermixture of different clones and therefore decrease the risk of matings between genetically identical individuals in the definitive host. Using microsatellite markers, we show that clone mixing occurs from the first to the second intermediate host in natural populations of the eye‐fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. Most individuals released by the first intermediate host belonged to one clone. In contrast, the second intermediate host was infected with a diverse array of mostly unique parasite genotypes. The proposed advantage of increased parasite clone intermixture may be a novel selection pressure favouring the maintenance of complex life cycles.
A Psychometric Study of the Adult Attachment Interview : Reliability and Discriminant Validity

The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) stimulates Ss to retrieve and evaluate attachmentrelated autobiographical memories and has increasingly been used to predict the quality of parent—child interactions and infant—parent attachment relationships. Its reliability and discriminant validity, however, have not yet been examined. In this study, 83 mothers were interviewed twice, 2 months apart, by different interviewers so that the instrument's test—retest reliability and potential interviewer effects can be evaluated. To examine the AAI's discriminant validity, we administered tests for autobiographical memory, intelligence, and social desirability. The reliability of the AAI classifications was quite high over time (78% on the level of the 3 main categories; κ = .63) and across interviewers. The unresolved category was less stable. The AAI classifications turned out to be independent of non-attachment-related memory, verbal and performance intelligence, and social desirability.
Electrical spiking in bacterial biofilms

In nature, biofilms are the most common form of bacterial growth. In biofilms, bacteria display coordinated behaviour to perform specific functions. Here, we investigated electrical signalling as a possible driver in biofilm sociobiology. Using a multi-electrode array system that enables high spatio-temporal resolution, we studied the electrical activity in two biofilm-forming strains and one non-biofilm-forming strain. The action potential rates monitored during biofilm-forming bacterial growth exhibited a one-peak maximum with a long tail, corresponding to the highest biofilm development. This peak was not observed for the non-biofilm-forming strain, demonstrating that the intensity of the electrical activity was not linearly related to the bacterial density, but was instead correlated with biofilm formation. Results obtained indicate that the analysis of the spatio-temporal electrical activity of bacteria during biofilm formation can open a new frontier in the study of the emergence of collective microbial behaviour.
Transferable Antibiotic Resistance

These authors produce a good deal of evidence that this sequence of events may occur in other conditions, such as in the pharmacological state of vitamin-D overdosage. ' a " Intestinal compensation" for high urinary-calcium loss must normally be occurring all the time, since different normal adults may have consistently different urinary calcium outputs, ranging from 50 mg. in some cases to 400 mg. per day in others. These great individual variations of urinary calcium in normal adults, the relative constancy of urinary-calcium excretion in each subject over long periods under normal conditions, and the extremely small changes produced in urinary calcium by great changes in calcium intake, have been fully attested on a large scale by Knapp,6 Nicolaysen et al.,' and Hodgkinson and Pyrah. ' Yet, whatever the natural level of urinary calcium may be, each normal adult maintains a net bodily balance for calcium when considered over long periods. Thus his intestinal absorption must be naturally compensating and attuning itself to the level of urinary loss. The absorptive calcium " barrier " is therefore controlled by the urinary output. However good or poor this general theory may turn out to be, it must surely be clear that over-absorption cannot be the primary lesion of calcium metabolism in sarcoidosis. We believe it to be a compensatory phenomenon. -We are, etc., W. P. U. JACKSON. C. P. DANCASTER. Department of Medicine, Medical School, Observatory, Cape Province, South Africa.
An hybrid architecture for active and incremental learning: the self-organizing perceptron (SOP) network

This paper describes a new hybrid architecture for an artificial neural network classifier that enables incremental learning. The learning algorithm of the proposed architecture detects the occurrence of unknown data and automatically adapts the structure of the network to learn these new data, without degrading previous knowledge. The architecture combines an unsupervised self-organizing map with a supervised perceptron network to form the self-organizing perceptron network.
Commentary: do older men and women gain equally from improving childhood conditions?

The relationship between early and late mortality within cohorts has been well-established. 1–4 Catalano and Bruckner add evidence that birth cohorts subjected to higher mortality ‘than expected’ before age 5 have higher mortality ‘than expected’ after age 5. 5 Their contribution employed evidence from three countries to document a link between cohort mortality at younger and older ages. Methods developed for time-series analysis were used to correct for trends, cycles, and autocorrelation. After eliminating the effect of a common trend, this analysis further supports the link between early and late life mortality in cohorts. A novel aspect finding is a sex difference: the link between mortality before age 5 and later age mortality is stronger for men than for women. The authors suggest that this might be due to the ‘relative resiliency’ of females compared to males across the ages.
Experimental Investigation of Superconducting Linear Compressor (SCLC) for Pulse Tube Refrigerator (PTR)

This research paper focuses on the development of the Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) system. The system includes an innovative cold compression concept by introducing a superconducting linear compressor (SCLC). As one of the key goals of this research, the working gas (helium) is to be compressed directly at cryogenic temperature. The mechanical work (pressure-volume (PV) work) can be directly transmitted to the PTR system without experiencing precooling process. The unique feature of this paper is to utilize a high-temperature superconductor (HTS) coil instead of using metallic conductor coil for a linear motor. By implementing a HTS linear motor to the cold compressor, the ohmic loss can be inherently eliminated, so that the higher motor efficiency can be expected. In this research paper, the experimental validation as a proof of concept is carried out. The HTS linear motor operates at 50 Hz without creating overheat problem. The SCLC stably generates the PV work at the temperature of liquid nitrogen and it is subsequently transmitted to the compression volume of the PTR. The whole PTR system, therefore, can readily operate between 80 and 20 K with the cooling capacity of 0.26 W.
Physicochemical and kinetic properties of the Mn2+-dependent adenylyl cyclase of the human testis.

The present study shows the presence of a soluble Mn2+-dependent adenylyl cyclase (AC) in the human testis and some physicochemical and kinetic properties have been examined. The results can be summarized as follows: 1) At 35 C the AC activity was constant as a function of incubation time for at least 60 min and proportional to protein concentration ranging from 10–150 jug protein per assay tube. 2) Enzyme activity was maintained for at least 24 h at 4 C; at 35 C, however, a marked loss of activity (approximately 40%) was observed after 2 h. At higher temperatures (above 45 C) the activity was destroyed completely after a few minutes. 3) The AC exhibited a pHoptimum around pH 7.5 and increasing ionic strength (0–0.4 M NaCl/KCl) apparently had no significant effect on enzyme activity. 4) Free cysteinyl thiol groups are required for enzyme activity: alkylating agents (N-ethylmaleimide, 0.8–6.0 mM) and reducing agents (β-mercaptoethanol, 1–5 mM) enhanced AC activity. 5) The Mn2+-dependent AC activity was ins.
Effect of broiler breeder age on pancreas enzymes activity and digestive tract weight of embryos and chicks

A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of broiler breeder age on the development of the digestive tract of embryos and chicks. Fertilized eggs Cobb from 30 and 60 week-old broiler breeder was utilized in this experiment. The results showed that eggs from older (60 weeks of age) broiler breeders were heavier (p = 0.001) than those from younger (30 weeks of age) broiler breeder. In addition, older broiler breeder had larger (p = 0.001) embryos showing a higher yolk sac (p = 0.001) and higher gastrointestinal tract relative weight (p = 0.007) than those from younger broiler breeder. The activities of pancreatic lipase and trypsin enzymes were also higher in embryos from older broiler breeder than those from younger broiler breeder (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). Nevertheless, at the seven-day-old chick, no difference was observed in relative weight of gastrointestinal tract or pancreatic lipase and trypsin activities between older and younger broiler breeder age. However chicks from older broiler breeder were heavier than those from younger broiler breeder (p = 0.005). These data suggest that broiler breeder age is important on grower and on the development of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreatic lipase and trypsin activities of embryo. However after one week of hatching the morphophysiological difference disappear.
Urticaria, Fever, and Hypofibrinogenemia

retinoic acid orphan receptor-dependent mechanisms that limit their expansion. Immunity 2012;36:201–14. 12. Mills KH. Induction, function and regulation of IL-17-producing T cells. Eur J Immunol 2008;38:2636–49. 13. Aerts NE, de Knop KJ, Leysen J, Ebo DG, Bridts CH, Weyler JJ, et al. Increased IL-17 production by peripheral T helper cells after tumour necrosis factor blockade in rheumatoid arthritis is accompanied by inhibition of migration-associated chemokine receptor expression. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010;49:2264–72. 14. Maggi L, Santarlasci V, Capone M, Rossi MC, Querci V, Mazzoni A, et al. Distinctive features of classic and nonclassic (Th17 derived) human Th1 cells. Eur J Immunol 2012;42:3180–88. 15. Maggi L, Capone M, Giudici F, Santarlasci V, Querci V, Liotta F, et al. CD4 CD161 T lymphocytes infiltrate Crohn’s diseaseassociated perianal fistulas and are reduced by anti-TNFlocal therapy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012;161:81–6. 16. Annunziato F, Cosmi L, Liotta F, Maggi E, Romagnani S. Defining the human T helper 17 cell phenotype. Trends Immunol 2012;33:505–12.
Botulinum toxin as a treatment for tardive dyskinesia

Two older female patients with a history of psychotic depression were treated with a combination of an antipsychotic and an antidepressant. Both developed persistent tardive dyskinesia with severe tongue protrusion. Botulinum toxin was injected into the genioglossal area and the embarrassing tongue protrusion practically disappeared. Both patients chose to continue taking botulinum toxin. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC ORAL OESTROGENS IN NORMAL MEN AND PATIENTS WITH PROSTATIC CARCINOMA: LACK OF GONADOTROPHIN SUPPRESSION BY CHLOROTRIANISENE

The effects of the oral synthetic oestrogens, diethylstiboestrol and chlorotrianisene, have been studied in healthy male volunteers and in patients with prostatic carcinoma. The plasma levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone decreased significantly during treatment with diethylstilboestrol. Although plasma levels of testosterone decreased during treatment with chlorotrianisene, levels of follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones were not significantly suppressed. This pattern of response was observed both in healthy males and in patients with prostatic carcinoma, regardless of whether chlorotrianisene was used as the primary therapy in the latter group or following therapy with diethylstilboestrol or orchidectomy. The capacity of the sex steroid binding globulin for testosterone was increased following prolonged administration of both agents. It is concluded that suppression of plasma testosterone levels observed during chlorotrianisene therapy is the result of a direct effect on the testis and that this agent may be of value in studies of gonadotrophin physiology.
MECHANISMS OF STEROID ACTION AND RESISTANCE IN INFLAMMATION MAP kinase phosphatase 1: a novel mediator of biological effects of glucocorticoids?

Synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) potently inhibit the expression of pro-inﬂammatory genes and are widely used in the treatment of inﬂammatory diseases. However, some patients are resistant to the therapeutic e ﬀ ects of GCs, and many su ﬀ er deleterious side e ﬀ ects from these drugs. Furthermore, the precise mechanisms by which GCs inhibit pro-inﬂammatory gene expression remain unclear. A number of recent papers report that GCs induce the sustained expression of MAP kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 1 (MKP-1), a negative regulator of MAPK signal transduction pathways. The potential relevance of MKP-1 to some of the biological e ﬀ ects of GCs is discussed.
Resilient bulk data distribution – increasing data survivability in volatile peer-to-peer networks

Bulk data distribution systems based on peer-to-peer technology have increased in popularity over the years and make up a fair share of the network bandwidth utilization on the Internet today. While the systems provide cheaper and better scaling means of distributing data, peer-to-peer technology also brings with it a set of problems related to data survival. Without dedicated servers, the systems themselves must be better at providing data survival guarantees. For this paper, I have compared five different data encoding and distribution strategies with respect to their abilities to prevent loss of data in an attack against individual peers in the network. Simulations were used to ease a comparison and make all other factors equal in a way that would have been difficult in real systems. From the simulations I conclude that by adopting known codings from the field of data transmissions, the resistance to attacks can be improved. How much improvement can be expected is still an open question, but my results indicate that, at least for some forms of attacks, the number of peers that need to be targeted in an attack might be increased by an order of magnitude. Störningstålig datadistribution – skydd av data i icke-hierarkiska nät
Cardiac Mass and Function, Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness and Lipoprotein (a) Levels in Children and Adolescents with Type I Diabetes Mellitus of Short Duration

OBJECTIVE To evaluate cardiac mass and function, carotid intima-media thickness, and serum lipid and lipoprotein (a) (Lpa) levels in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) of short duration. BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus has been found to be an important risk factor for macrovascular disease in adults. Increased serum lipids and Lpa levels have been reported in adolescents with type 1 DM; atherosclerotic vascular lesions involving a combination of fatty degeneration and vessel stiffening of the arterial wall and myocardial involvement impairing diastolic function may be present in adolescents and young adults with type 1 DM. DESIGN/METHODS Twenty children and adolescents (10 males, 10 females) diagnosed with type 1 DM before 3.4 +/- 3.3 years with a mean age of 11.9 +/- 3.6 years were studied; their HbA1c levels were 8.0 +/- 1.9%. Twenty healthy non-diabetic controls, 10 males and 10 females, aged 12.1 +/- 3.4 years, matched for height and weight, participated in the study. Fasting blood samples were obtained for lipid and Lpa analysis. Patients underwent transthoracic M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation for measurement of left atrial and ventricular dimensions and left ventricular (LV) wall thickness and mass. Stroke volume and cardiac output were measured using pulsed Doppler echocardiography; carotid intima-media thickness was measured using high-resolution mode B ultrasound. RESULTS Interventricular septal thickness (7.1 +/- 1.8 vs 7.0 +/- 1.5 mm), LV posterior wall thickness (7.1 +/- 1.4 vs 7.5 +/- 2.0 mm) and LV mass after correction for body surface area (70.6 +/- 27.4 vs 70.7 +/- 18.0 g/m2) were similar in patients and controls. Similarly, the LV ejection fraction at rest was similar in patients and controls (69.9 +/- 2.3 vs 70.0 +/- 0.6%), as were pulmonary venous flow velocities (0.56 +/- 0.09 vs 0.55 +/- 0.10 m/s for diastolic peak velocity, 0.54 +/- 0.08 vs 0.50 +/- 0.09 m/s for systolic peak velocity and 0.17 +/- 0.07 vs 0.19 +/- 0.05 m/s for atrial reversal filling). Carotid intima-media thickness (0.60 +/- 0.02 and 0.59 +/- 0.02 mm for the right and left carotid artery) was similar to that of controls (0.60 +/- 0.03 and 0.61 +/- 0.02 mm for the right and left carotid artery). Low density lipoprotein cholesterol and Lpa levels were increased in patients compared to controls (113.2 +/- 26.0 mg/dl and 20.1 +/- 11.7 mg/dl in patients vs 90.4 +/- 14.3 mg/dl and 9.8 +/- 2.9 mg/dl in controls; p <0.01), while total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and serum triglyceride concentrations were similar to those in controls. CONCLUSIONS Although children and adolescents with type 1 DM seem not to show alterations in cardiac mass and function or early atherosclerotic changes in the first few years after diagnosis, their cardiovascular risk is increased as they present with dyslipidemia at an early stage of the disease.