Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unique Actions of GABA Arising from Cytoplasmic Chloride Microdomains

Developmental, cellular, and subcellular variations in the direction of neuronal Cl– currents elicited by GABAA receptor activation have been frequently reported. We found a corresponding variance in the GABAA receptor reversal potential (EGABA) for synapses originating from individual interneurons onto a single pyramidal cell. These findings suggest a similar heterogeneity in the cytoplasmic intracellular concentration of chloride ([Cl–]i) in individual dendrites. We determined [Cl–]i in the murine hippocampus and cerebral cortex of both sexes by (1) two-photon imaging of the Cl–-sensitive, ratiometric fluorescent protein SuperClomeleon; (2) Fluorescence Lifetime IMaging (FLIM) of the Cl–-sensitive fluorophore MEQ (6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolinium); and (3) electrophysiological measurements of EGABA by pressure application of GABA and RuBi-GABA uncaging. Fluorometric and electrophysiological estimates of local [Cl–]i were highly correlated. [Cl–]i microdomains persisted after pharmacological inhibition of cation–chloride cotransporters, but were progressively modified after inhibiting the polymerization of the anionic biopolymer actin. These methods collectively demonstrated stable [Cl–]i microdomains in individual neurons in vitro and in vivo and the role of immobile anions in its stability. Our results highlight the existence of functionally significant neuronal Cl– microdomains that modify the impact of GABAergic inputs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Microdomains of varying chloride concentrations in the neuronal cytoplasm are a predictable consequence of the inhomogeneous distribution of anionic polymers such as actin, tubulin, and nucleic acids. Here, we demonstrate the existence and stability of these microdomains, as well as the consequence for GABAergic synaptic signaling: each interneuron produces a postsynaptic GABAA response with a unique reversal potential. In individual hippocampal pyramidal cells, the range of GABAA reversal potentials evoked by stimulating different interneurons was >20 mV. Some interneurons generated postsynaptic responses in pyramidal cells that reversed at potentials beyond what would be considered purely inhibitory. Cytoplasmic chloride microdomains enable each pyramidal cell to maintain a compendium of unique postsynaptic responses to the activity of individual interneurons.
DOES MYA TRUNCATA REPRODUCE AT ITS SOUTHERN DISTRIBUTION LIMIT? PRELIMINARY INFORMATION

Abstract Previous investigations of the bivalve Mya truncata in the Southern North Sea revealed the absence of the 1987 to 2001 y classes. Because the species' southern-most distribution limit is the southern North Sea, at the Frisian Front, we examined if M. truncata was reproductively active in this region. Histologic sections of reproductive tissues from individuals collected between June and April 2002 revealed synchronous gametogenesis with low numbers of vitellogenic oocytes. The low number of ripe oocytes may be one explanation for repeated recruitment failures of this species at this site.
Dopamine neurons gate the intersection of cocaine use, decision making, and impulsivity

Gambling disorder and drug addiction are superficially similar, and highly comorbid. Both clinical populations are highly impulsive and exhibit risky decision-making. Drug-associated cues have long been known to facilitate habitual drug-seeking, and the salient audiovisual cues embedded within modern gambling products may likewise encourage problem gambling. The dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are exquisitely sensitive to drugs of abuse, uncertain rewards, and reward-paired cues, and may therefore be the common neural substrate mediating synergistic features of both disorders. To test this hypothesis, we first gained specific inhibitory control over VTA DA neurons by transducing a floxed inhibitory DREADD (AAV5-hSyn-DIO-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry) in rats expressing Cre recombinase in tyrosine hydroxylase neurons. We then trained rats in our cued rat gambling task (crGT), inhibiting DA neurons throughout task acquisition and performance, before allowing them to self-administer cocaine in the same diurnal period as crGT sessions. The trajectories of addiction differ in women and men, and the DA system may differ functionally across the sexes, therefore we used male and female rats here. We found that inhibition of VTA DA neurons improved decision making and impulse control in males, but surprisingly worsened decision making in females, yet prevented cocaine-induced deficits in decision making in both sexes. Inhibiting VTA DA neurons nevertheless drove both sexes to consume more cocaine. These findings show that chronic dampening of DA signalling can have both protective and deleterious effects on addiction-relevant behaviours, depending on biological sex and dependent variable of interest.
Distillate Flower Abortion in ‘Serr’ Walnut Associated with Reduced Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Concentrations in Wood and Xylem Sap

J. Ame Abstract. Abortion of distillate flowers (PFA) in a protandrous cultivar of walnut (Juglans regia L. cv. Serr) was increased by N deficiency. Starch and N concentrations in wood of 2-year-old twigs decreased to minimal levels during abortion of distillate flowers. Nitrogen reserves in woody tissues were reduced by foliar N deficiency, as were concentrations of sugars and N in vacuum-extracted xylem sap. Abortive distillate flowers ceased growth before spur leaves reached 50% of full expansion. PFA may result from transient deficiencies of C and N during the spring flush of growth. Depletion of storage C and N was accentuated before maturation of distillate flowers in this cultivar by the metabolic demands of many catkins, spur growth, and leaf expansion.
Late Embryogenesis Abundant Protein–Client Protein Interactions

The intrinsically disordered proteins belonging to the LATE EMBRYOGENESIS ABUNDANT protein (LEAP) family have been ascribed a protective function over an array of intracellular components. We focus on how LEAPs may protect a stress-susceptible proteome. These examples include instances of LEAPs providing a shield molecule function, possibly by instigating liquid-liquid phase separations. Some LEAPs bind directly to their client proteins, exerting a holdase-type chaperonin function. Finally, instances of LEAP–client protein interactions have been documented, where the LEAP modulates (interferes with) the function of the client protein, acting as a surreptitious rheostat of cellular homeostasis. From the examples identified to date, it is apparent that client protein modulation also serves to mitigate stress. While some LEAPs can physically bind and protect client proteins, some apparently bind to assist the degradation of the client proteins with which they associate. Documented instances of LEAP–client protein binding, even in the absence of stress, brings to the fore the necessity of identifying how the LEAPs are degraded post-stress to render them innocuous, a first step in understanding how the cell regulates their abundance.
Safety and nutritional value of a dried killed bacterial biomass from Escherichia coli (FERM BP‐10942) (PT73 (TM)) as a feed material for pigs, ruminants and salmonids

Abstract PT73 (TM) is a dried, heat‐inactivated bacterial biomass used as a feed material produced from an Escherichia coli K‐12 strain, which was genetically modified to overproduce threonine. The recipient organism E. coli MG 1655 is considered to be safe. The traits introduced in the final modified strain E. coli FERM BP‐10942 are mainly limited to the overproduction of threonine. No full‐length antibiotic resistance genes or other sequences of concern remain in the modified strain. In conclusion, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP): does not identify risks for human and animal health or the environment from this biomass regarding the genetic modification of the strain. The proposed recommended use level for dairy cows (8% PT73 (TM) of feed dry matter (~ 7% in complete feed)) and salmonids (13%) is considered safe for these target animals. The conclusion form dairy cows could be extended to other ruminants (from the beginning of rumination). Complete feed for pigs for fattening may contain up to 10% PT73 (TM). The toxicological data indicate effects of PT73 (TM) on blood coagulation and liver, which are considered to be adverse. As a consequence, the FEEDAP Panel is unable to conclude on the safety for the consumer of products derived from animals receiving feed containing PT73 (TM). PT73 (TM) is not considered a skin/eye irritant but should be considered as a potential skin and respiratory sensitiser. Moreover, any exposure of users to dust from the product via the inhalation route should be considered a serious risk. The FEEDAP Panel considers that substitution of PT73 (TM) for other protein‐rich feed materials will not adversely affect the environment.
Bacteria in Crohn's disease: mechanisms of inflammation and therapeutic implications.

Microbial agents are implicated in each of the most prevalent etiologic hypotheses of Crohn's disease. Although chronic infection with a specific, persistent pathogen cannot be excluded, it is more likely that Crohn's disease is caused by an overly aggressive immune response to normal commensal enteric bacteria. The complex, predominantly anaerobic microbiota in the distal ileum and colon provide a constant source of antigens and adjuvants that stimulate chronic immune-mediated inflammation in genetically susceptible hosts. Host genetic susceptibility in the form of defective mucosal barrier funcion, bacterial killing or processing can lead to enhanced exposure to luminal bacteria and their immunologically active components, whereas defective immunoregulation can lead to lack of appropriate immunosuppression. Either process can lead to overly aggressive T-cell responses to normal bacteria that causes tissue damage. Transient infection with pathogenic organisms could serve as environmental triggers to initiate inflammatory responses that are perpetuated in susceptible hosts by commensal microbial antigens. In addition, commensal bacteria such as Escherichia coli recovered from the ileum of patients with recurrent Crohn's disease after resection can contain virulence factors that mediate epithelial attachment, invasion, and resistance to killing. Finally, Western diet, antibiotic use, hygiene, and public health practices may have altered the balance of beneficial versus aggressive microbial species. Crohn's disease patients exhibit enhanced humoral and T-cell responses to common commensal bacterial and fungal antigens. These observations may help identify clinically relevant patient subsets and suggest novel therapeutic approaches to restore a beneficial balance of enteric microbiota, enhanced microbial killing, and inhibit aggressive T-cell responses to microbial antigens.
A length-based multispecies model for evaluating community responses to fishing

Quantitative ecosystem indicators are needed to fulfill the mandate for ecosystem-based fisheries manage- ment. A variety of community metrics could potentially be used, but before reference levels for such indices can be established the sensitivity of candidate indices to fishing and other disturbances must be determined. One approach for obtaining such information is to test candidate indicators with models that mimic real ecosystems and can be manipu- lated experimentally. Here we construct a size-based multispecies model of a community of fish species that interact by predation. The model was parameterized for 21 fish species to obtain a predation-regulated community. Following an analysis of the sensitivity of the model to parameter uncertainty, we tested the sensitivity of community-level indicators to increasing levels of fishing mortality (F). Abundance and biomass spectra were sensitive to fishing mortality, with the slope decreasing with increasing F. Species diversity size spectra were also very sensitive to F, with diversity in the largest size classes declining rapidly. In contrast, k-dominance curves were less sensitive to fishing pressure. Impor- tantly, however, although most community-level metrics showed clear trends in response to fishing, single-species de- clines in spawning stock biomass were the most sensitive indicators of fishing effects.
Coactivation of β-Adrenergic and Cholinergic Receptors Enhances the Induction of Long-Term Potentiation and Synergistically Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in the Hippocampal CA1 Region

Interactions between noradrenergic and cholinergic receptor signaling may be important in some forms of learning. To investigate whether noradrenergic and cholinergic receptor interactions regulate forms of synaptic plasticity thought to be involved in memory formation, we examined the effects of concurrent β-adrenergic and cholinergic receptor activation on the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal CA1 region. Low concentrations of the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (ISO) and the cholinergic receptor agonist carbachol had no effect on the induction of LTP by a brief train of 5 Hz stimulation when applied individually but dramatically facilitated LTP induction when coapplied. Although carbachol did not enhance ISO-induced increases in cAMP, coapplication of ISO and carbachol synergistically activated p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p42 MAPK). This suggests that concurrent β-adrenergic and cholinergic receptor activation enhances LTP induction by activating MAPK and not by additive or synergistic effects on adenylyl cyclase. Consistent with this, blocking MAPK activation with MEK inhibitors suppressed the facilitation of LTP induction produced by concurrent β-adrenergic and cholinergic receptor activation. Although MEK inhibitors also suppressed the induction of LTP by a stronger 5 Hz stimulation protocol that induced LTP in the absence of ISO and carbachol, they had no effect on LTP induced by high-frequency synaptic stimulation or low-frequency synaptic stimulation paired with postsynaptic depolarization. Our results indicate that MAPK activation has an important, modulatory role in the induction of LTP and suggest that coactivation of noradrenergic and cholinergic receptors regulates LTP induction via convergent effects on MAPK.
Effect of chemical inhibitors and storage temperature on the quality of fresh-cut potatoes

Fresh-cut potato strips were dipped in 1 % N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NALC); 1 % diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and 5 % erythorbic acid - 1 % citric acid (EACA) prior to storage under modified atmosphere at 1 and 6C. Color changes over a 21 day storage period were assessed by tristimulus colorimetry; microbial changes (total aerobic populations, lactic acid bacteria, yeast and mold) by standard microbiological methods; and color, texture, exudation, off odor and integrated quality assessment by a six-member sensory panel. All chemical treatments delayed color changes, microbial growth and sensory alterations in the stored potatoes. However, dipping in EACA was the only treatment that yielded product that compared favorably with freshly prepared potatoes after 14 days at 1C or 7 days at 6C. The effectiveness of all the treatments was strongly affected by storage temperature. Des pommes de terre fraichement coupees sont trempees dans des solutions a 1 % N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NALC), 1 % diethylenetriamine pentaacetique acide (DTPA) et 5 % erythorbique acide - 1 % citrique acide (EACA) avant un entreposage sous atmosphere modifiee a 1 et 6°C. Tous les traitements chimiques retardent les changements de couleur, la croissance microbiologique et les alterations sensorielles pendant le stockage. Leur efficacite est influencee par la temperature. Le trempage par EACA est le plus efficace.
Impact of the Activity of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) Inhabiting Pasture Land in Durango, Mexico

Abstract In this study, I analyzed the diversity of the dung beetle community (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) in relation to its bovine dung-removal efficiency in a cattle ranch with a load of 250 animals currently under holistic resource management. A total of 3,430 individuals of 8 Scarabaeinae species was collected, of which 5 species are abundant in the area: Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche), Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius), Onthophagus mexicanus Bates, O. knulli Howden and Cartwright, and Canthon humectus (Say). Of these 5 species, E. intermedius, D. gazella, and C. humectus were dominant in terms of abundance and biomass. Cattle dung pats were exploited mostly within the first 48 h after deposition. The activity and abundance of dung beetles recorded in the study were insufficient to remove the amount of fresh dung deposited in cattle pastureland.
An experimental test of the genetic component of the ontogenetic habitat shift in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)

Abstract— Fry of the Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, were experimentally stocked into a small fish-free lake to test the hypothesis that the size-dependent habitat shift from the epibenthic to the pelagic habitat is genetically determined. The charr originated from a nearby lake inhabiting predatory brown trout Salmo trutta. The cohort of stocked charr was investigated for three years. The Arctic charr started to exploit the pelagic habitat in their first summer at a size of 7–9 cm in contrast to about 15 cm in the donor lake. In the next two summers, the pelagic fraction of the cohort increased. The main fraction lived in epibenthic areas, utilizing the same prey as pelagic charr. Water temperature moderated the habitat use of juveniles such that they avoided warm (>16°C) waters and resided in cool, deep areas. The result was consistent with the hypothesis of a tradeoff between feeding benefit and the predation risk producing spatial segregation of Arctic charr and demonstrated that the fish can facultatively respond to predation risk and adjust the size at which they migrate to the pelagic zone to feed on zooplankton.
Comportamento ingestivo de novilhos sob suplementação em pastagens de capim-tanzânia sob diferentes intensidades de desfolhação

The objective of this trial was to study the effect of forage defoliation intensity and energy or protein supplementation on chewing activity of beef cattle. Eight Nellore steers fitted with ruminal cannula were used in a rotational grazing system of tanzaniagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) with 33 days of resting and three days of grazing. Additional steers were allowed to access the pasture before those with ruminal cannula to maintain the green dry matter (GDM) residue at 1,000 or 4,000 kg/ha as pre-planned. Steers were divided into two equal groups (1,000 or 4,000 kg GMD/ha) in the paddock and within each group randomly assigned to treatments in two replicated 4 x 4 Latin squares. Treatments were: no supplement (control), 2.24 kg/day of coarsely ground corn (CGC), 2.24 kg/day of steam flaked corn (SFC), or 0.8 kg/day of soybean meal (SBM). In each of the three days of grazing, chewing activity was monitored during 24 h with observations registered every 5 minutes during the day and every 15 minutes at night. Only rumination time was reduced by supplementation. Time spent grazing (470.6 vs. 354.3 minutes/day) and ruminating (408.5 vs. 319.1 minutes/day) were increased while idle time was reduced on steers maintained residue at 1,000 kg GMD/ha compared to those at 4,000 kg GMD/ha. Neither supplementation nor the interaction GDM residue x supplementation significantly affected the eating behavior of steers in this trial. Intensity of forage defoliation was more effective than suplementation on changing chewing activity of steers.
Exploring the Roles of Green Food Consumption and Social Trust in the Relationship between Perceived Consumer Effectiveness and Psychological Wellbeing

Green food consumption is a core issue that contributes to solving environmental pollution and achieving sustainable development. This study aims to investigate the mediating role of green food consumption and social trust in the relationship between perceived consumer effectiveness and psychological wellbeing to provide new insights into green food consumption, based on social ideal theory and social trust theory. Using a sample data of 514 consumers in China, the results of structural equation modeling showed that perceived consumer effectiveness was positively related to psychological wellbeing. Furthermore, green food consumption mediated the relationship between perceived consumer effectiveness and psychological wellbeing. In addition, social trust moderated the relationship between perceived consumer effectiveness and green food consumption. Social trust also moderated the indirect effect of perceived consumer effectiveness on psychological wellbeing through green food consumption. The findings of this study enrich the extant literature relating to green food consumption and have practical implications for business managers and policymakers.
Estimating enteric methane emissions from Chilean beef fattening systems using a mechanistic model

SUMMARY A mechanistic model (COWPOLL) was used to estimate enteric methane (CH4) emissions from beef production systems in Chile. The results expressed as a proportion of gross energy intake (GEI) were compared with enteric fermentation data reported in the last Chilean greenhouse gases inventory, which utilized an earlier the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Tier 2 approach. The simulation analysis was based on information from feedstuffs, dry matter intake (DMI), body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) of steers raised and finished at two research facilities located in Central and Southern Chile, as well as three simulated scenarios for grass-based finishing systems in Southern Chile. Data for feedlot production systems in the central region were assessed by considering steers fed a forage : concentrate ratio of 23 : 77 using maize silage and wheat straw as roughage sources during the stages of backgrounding and fattening. Average DMI were 7·3±0·62 and 9·2±0·55 kg/day per steer for backgrounding and fattening, respectively, whereas ADG were 1·1±0·22 and 1·3±0·37 kg/day for backgrounding and fattening. For the Southern Chilean fattening production systems, the forage : concentrate ratio was 56 : 44 with ryegrass pasture as the sole forage source. In this case, average DMI was 9·97±0·51 and ADG was 1·1±0·24 kg/day per steer. Two of the grass-based scenarios used the same initial BW information as that used for the Central and Southern Chilean systems, but feedlot diets were replaced by ryegrass pasture. The third grass-based scenario used an initial BW of 390 kg. In all the grass-based scenarios an ADG of 0·90 kg/day, with maximum DMI estimated as a proportion of BW (0·01 of NDF, kg/kg BW), was assumed. The results of the simulation analysis showed that emission factors (Y m; fraction of GEI) ranged from 0·062 to 0·079 of GEI. Smaller values were associated with finishing systems that included a lower proportion of forage in the diet due to higher propionate production, which serves as a sink for hydrogen in the rumen. Cattle finished in feedlot systems had an average of 0·062 of GEI lost as CH4, whereas grass-based cattle had losses of 0·079 of GEI. Enteric CH4 emissions for the systems using grass-based and concentrate diets were 261 and 159 g/kg weight gain, respectively. The Chilean CH4 inventory employs a fixed Y m of 0·060 to estimate enteric fermentation for all cattle. This value is lower than the average Y m obtained in the current simulation analysis (0·071 of GEI), which results in underestimation of enteric CH4 emissions from beef cattle. However, these results need to be checked against field measurements of CH4 emissions. Implementation of mechanistic models in the preparation of national greenhouse gas inventories is feasible if appropriate information is provided, allowing dietary characteristics and regional particularities to be taken into consideration.