Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development and psychometric evaluation of a three-dimensional Gambling Motives Questionnaire.

AIMS This study was designed to develop and evaluate a self-report measure of gambling motives. Participants A community-recruited sample of 193 gamblers (70% male; mean age = 35.5 years) were selected to fill two groups according to scores on the South Oaks Gambling Screen: probable pathological gamblers (PPG; n = 154) and non-pathological gamblers (NPG; n = 39). MEASURES Participants completed a novel 15-item measure of gambling motives called the Gambling Motives Questionnaire (GMQ), which was modeled after the original Drinking Motives Questionnaire, as well as a variety of gambling behavior and problem criterion measures. RESULTS An exploratory principal components analysis revealed three intercorrelated factors tapping enhancement (ENH), coping (COP), and social (SOC) motives, respectively. Each GMQ subscale showed good internal consistency (alphas > 0.80). The PPG group scored higher on all three scales than the NPG group, with larger differences for ENH and COP. In line with the clinical literature, PPG women scored higher than PPG men on the COP subscale but also, unexpectedly, on the SOC subscale. In concurrent validity analyses, ENH consistently predicted greater gambling behavior, and COP and ENH consistently predicted more severe gambling problems. With gambling behavior levels controlled, only COP remained a significant predictor of gambling problem severity. Finally, gender interacted with gambling motives in predicting gambling problem severity: COP predicted gambling problems more strongly in women, whereas ENH predicted gambling problems more strongly in men. CONCLUSIONS The GMQ appears to be a promising tool for both research and clinical applications with problem gamblers.
Rare steroid receptor-negative basal-like tumorigenic cells in luminal subtype human breast cancer xenografts

There are two major subtypes of human breast cancers: the luminal, estrogen, and progesterone receptor-positive, cytokeratin 18-positive (ER+PR+CK18+) subtype, and the basal ER−PR−CK18−CK5+ subtype. Tumor-initiating cells (CD44+) have been described for human breast cancers; whether these are common to the two subtypes is unknown. We have identified a rare population of cells that are both CD44+ and ER−PR−CK5+ in luminal-like ER+PR+ T47D human breast tumor xenografts. The tumor-isolated CD44+ cell fraction was highly enriched for clonogenic (in vitro culture) and tumorigenic (in vivo reimplantation) cells compared with the CD44− cell fraction. Rare ER−PR−CK5+ cells were present within CD44+-derived colonies. Tumor-isolated cells placed in minimal media also contained rare ER−PR−CK5+ cells at early time points (<10 cells); however, this population did not expand with increasing colony size. The number of ER+PR+CK5− cells, conversely, increased linearly with colony growth. Similary, tumors originating in vivo from CD44+ cells contained a rare static ER−PR−CK5+ population, an intermediate ER−PR−CK5− population, and an expanding ER+PR+CK5− population. Putative ER+PR+CK5+ transitional cells could be seen only in colonies or tumors treated with a progestin. We propose that luminal ER+PR+ breast tumors contain a minor ER−PR−CK5+ population that has the capacity to generate the majority of ER+PR+CK18+CK5− cells. Luminal breast cancers are treated with endocrine therapies that target ER. The rare ER−PR−CK5+ progenitor cells would escape such treatments and survive to repopulate the tumor.
The role of personality dispositions to risky behavior in predicting first-year college drinking.

AIMS US college student drinking is associated with enormous risks to health, safety and productivity. Recent advances in personality research that have delineated multiple, separate dispositions to engage in risky behaviors may help to clarify the personality contribution to risk for this problem. DESIGN The authors compared the prospective roles of sensation seeking, lack of planning, lack of perseverance, negative urgency and positive urgency (dispositions to engage in rash action when in an unusually negative or positive mood, respectively) in predicting increases in drinking frequency, drinking quantity and negative outcomes from consumption across the first year of college. SETTING University of Kentucky campus. PARTICIPANTS A total of 418 first-year US college students enrolled in an Introduction to Psychology course during the first assessment; 293 participants completed both phases of the study. MEASUREMENTS Participants completed self-report measures of personality and drinking behavior twice during the first year of college [the UPPS-R Impulsive Behavior Scale, positive urgency measure (PUM) and Drinking Styles Questionnaire (DSQ)]. FINDINGS Whereas sensation seeking related to increases in the frequency with which college students drank alcohol, positive urgency predicted increases in (i) the quantity of alcohol students consumed at any given drinking episode and (ii) negative outcomes experienced from drinking. CONCLUSIONS It appears that although sensation seeking is a risk factor for participation in drinking behaviors, risk for increased quantity of consumption and its negative outcomes may be more a function of dyscontrol stemming from high positive mood for college students.
Functional Composite Materials Based on Chemically Converted Graphene

Graphene, a one‐atom layer of graphite, possesses a unique two‐dimensional structure and excellent mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Thus, it has been regarded as an important component for making various functional composite materials. Graphene can be prepared through physical, chemical and electrochemical approaches. Among them, chemical methods were tested to be effective for producing chemically converted graphene (CCG) from various precursors (such as graphite, carbon nanotubes, and polymers) in large scale and at low costs. Therefore, CCG is more suitable for synthesizing high‐performance graphene based composites. In this progress report, we review the recent advancements in the studies of the composites of CCG and small molecules, polymers, inorganic nanoparticles or other carbon nanomaterials. The methodology for preparing CCG and its composites has been summarized. The applications of CCG‐based functional composite materials are also discussed.
Human cytomegalovirus uses two distinct pathways to enter retinal pigmented epithelial cells

Human cytomegalovirus infects multiple cell types, including fibroblasts and epithelial cells. It penetrates fibroblasts by fusion at the cell surface but is endocytosed into epithelial cells. In this report, we demonstrate by electron microscopy that the virus uses two different routes to enter retinal pigmented epithelial cells, depending on the cell type in which the infecting virus was produced. Virus produced in epithelial cells preferentially fuses with the plasma membrane, whereas fibroblast-derived virus mostly enters by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Treatment of epithelial cells with agents that block endosome acidification inhibited infection by virus produced in fibroblasts but had only a modest effect on infection by virus from epithelial cells. Epithelial cell-generated virions had higher intrinsic “fusion-from-without” activity than fibroblast-generated particles, and the two virus preparations triggered different cellular signaling responses, as evidenced by markedly different transcriptional profiles. We propose that the cell type in which a human cytomegalovirus particle is produced likely influences its subsequent spread and its contribution to pathogenesis.
Green stone beads at the dawn of agriculture

The use of beads and other personal ornaments is a trait of modern human behavior. During the Middle and Upper Paleolithic periods, beads were made out of shell, bone, ivory, egg shell, and occasionally of minerals. During the transition to agriculture in the Near East, stone, in particular green stone, was used for the first time to make beads and pendants. We observed that a large variety of minerals of green colors were sought, including apatite, several copper-bearing minerals, amazonite and serpentinite. There seems to be an increase with time of distance from which the green minerals were sought. Because beads in white, red, yellow, brown, and black colors had been used previously, we suggest that the occurrence of green beads is directly related to the onset of agriculture. Green beads and bead blanks were used as amulets to ward off the evil eye and as fertility charms.
The Homo floresiensis cranium (LB1): Size, scaling, and early Homo affinities

The skeletal remains of a diminutive small-brained hominin found in Late Pleistocene cave deposits on the island of Flores, Indonesia were assigned to a new species, Homo floresiensis [Brown P, et al. (2004) A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature 431: 1055–1061]. A dramatically different interpretation is that this material belongs not to a novel hominin taxon but to a population of small-bodied modern humans affected, or unaffected, by microcephaly. The debate has primarily focused on the size and shape of the endocranial cavity of the type specimen, LB1, with less attention being paid to the morphological evidence provided by the rest of the LB1 cranium and postcranium, and no study thus far has addressed the problem of how scaling would affect shape comparisons between a diminutive cranium like LB1 and the much larger crania of modern humans. We show that whether or not the effects of its small cranial size are accounted for, the external cranial morphology of the LB1 cranium cannot be accommodated within a large global sample of normal modern human crania. Instead, the shape of LB1, which is shown by multivariate analysis to differ significantly from that of modern humans, is similar to that of Homo erectus sensu lato, and, to a lesser extent, Homo habilis. Our results are consistent with hypotheses that suggest the Liang Bua specimens represent a diminutive population closely related to either early H. erectus s. l. from East Africa and/or Dmanisi or to H. habilis.
Selective Dichroic Patterning by Nanosecond Laser Treatment of Ag Nanostripes

Authors thank the Projects FUNCOAT CONSOLIDER-INGENIO CDS2008 – 0023, MAT2007 – 65764, MAT2010-18447, MAT2010-21228, CEN2007 – 2014, P09-TEP-5283, Domingo Martinez Foundation, and Juan de la Cierva Grant No JCI-2009 – 05098 for J.T.
Interventions with injection drug users in Ukraine.

AIMS To assess the effectiveness of a brief human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and counseling intervention compared to a more time-consuming and expensive street-based intervention with injection drug users (IDUs). DESIGN Cross-over experimental design in which 900 IDUs were recruited, followed by a 'wash-out' period with no recruitment, a reversal of intervention assignment areas and an additional recruitment of 900 IDUs with baseline and 6-month follow-up assessments. SETTING Kiev, Odessa and Makeevka/Donesk Ukraine. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1798 IDUs. MEASUREMENTS HIV testing and audio computer-assisted self-interview (ACASI) data on socio-demographics, drug use and injection and sex-related risk behaviors. FINDINGS Participants in both conditions reduced their injection and sex risks significantly; however, there was little difference in outcomes between conditions. IDUs who knew they were HIV-infected at baseline were significantly more likely to practice safe sex than those unaware or HIV-negative; those who first learned that they were infected at baseline changed their safe sex practices significantly more than those who already knew that they were infected at baseline and those who were HIV-negative. Younger IDUs and those injecting for a shorter period of time reported higher injection and sex risk behaviors following interventions. CONCLUSIONS Awareness of HIV infection by street-recruited drug injectors is associated with reduced sex risks. Additional interventions are required for younger IDUs and those injecting for shorter periods of time.
Transparent Flexible Organic Transistors Based on Monolayer Graphene Electrodes on Plastic

There has been much interest in graphene-based electronic devices because graphene provides excellent electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. [ 1 ] In this sense, organic electronic devices using graphene electrodes have attracted considerable attention, and several reports have described the use of graphene source/drain electrodes in organic fi eld-effect transistors (OFETs). [ 2 ] One of the ultimate goals in the fabrication of OFETs using graphene electrodes lies in the fabrication of fl exible and transparent organic transistors, assembled on plastics substrates, that maintain their high performance under ambient conditions. However, no reports have described the fabrication of organic transistors assembled on plastic substrates because the synthesis of either graphene or reduced graphene oxide requires high-temperature fabrication processes. Another important goal in the context of fabricating organic electronic devices with graphene electrodes lies in the fabrication of highly transparent graphene electrodes that cover large areas. Graphene transmittance decreases linearly as the number of layers increases in n-layer graphene. [ 3 ] Thus, the use of monolayer graphene is necessary to achieve high transparency in graphene electrodes, provided that the conductivity of the graphene is suffi cient for device electrode applications. Another merit of monolayer graphene is its extremely low thickness (3–4 Å). Source/drain electrodes in staggered bottomcontact FET structures should be thin to ensure step coverage of the active layer during sequential transistor fabrication. [ 4 ] For this reason, one-atom-thick monolayer graphene provides ideal source/drain electrodes for effi cient charge injection. Recently, several groups succeeded in fabricating high-quality/largearea graphene with preferential monolayer thickness using a
Association between tobacco control policies and smoking behaviour among adolescents in 29 European countries.

AIMS To investigate the associations between well-known, cost-effective tobacco control policies at country level and smoking prevalence among 15-year-old adolescents. DESIGN Multi-level modelling based on the 2005-06 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study, a cross-national study at individual level, and with country-level variables from the Tobacco Control Scale and published country-level databases. SETTING Twenty-nine European countries. PARTICIPANTS A total of 25 599 boys and 26 509 girls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported regular smoking defined as at least weekly smoking, including daily smoking (dichotomous). FINDINGS Interaction effects between gender and smoking policies were identified, therefore boys and girls were analysed separately. Large cross-national differences in smoking prevalence were documented. Intraclass correlations (ICC) of 0.038 (boys) and 0.035 (girls) were found. In the final multi-level model for boys, besides the significance of the individual variables such as family affluence, country-level affluence and the legality of vending machines were related significantly to regular smoking [b(country affluence) = -0.010; b(partial restriction vending machines) = -0.366, P < 0.05]. Price policy was of borderline significance [b(price policy) = -0.026, P = 0.050]. All relationships were in the expected direction. The model fit is not as good for girls; only the legality of vending machines had a borderline significance in the final model [b(total ban vending machines) = -0.372, P = 0.06]. CONCLUSIONS For boys, some of the currently recommended tobacco control policies may help to reduce smoking prevalence. However, the model is less suitable for girls, indicating gender differences in the potential efficacy of smoking policies. Future research should address this issue.
High‐Strength Carbon Nanotube Fibers Fabricated by Infiltration and Curing of Mussel‐Inspired Catecholamine Polymer

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have received extensive attention due to their extraordinary properties in electronic conduction, [ 1 ] heat transfer, [ 2 ] and mechanical strength. [ 3 ] Materials with unparallel performance, such as super-strong, lightweight e-textiles, can be fabricated from CNTs, suggesting a future revolution in materials science. Thus, the emerging CNT technology will largely depend on the development of effective spinning and post-spinning processes to realize such unprecedented materials. Two widely implemented strategies for fabricating CNT fi bers are in-solution [ 4–7 ] and solid-state spinning techniques. The in-solution spinning of CNTs can produce continuous CNT fi bers; however, homogeneous dispersion of CNTs in the solvent is necessary for proper spinning. Moreover, the properties of the CNT fi bers strongly depend on the methods of CNT dispersion. An alternative strategy is solid-state spinning, [ 8–17 ] which allows avoidance of CNT dispersion in solvents and for various post-spinning processes to be applied with ease. Twisting, [ 10–16 ] densifi cation, [ 9 , 18 ] and infi ltration [ 8 , 19,20 ] are examples of post-spinning processes, and the main purpose of the spinning and post-spinning processes is to enhance the mechanical properties of CNT fi bers. Despite the effort that has been made, however, fabrication of strong CNT fi bers remains a great challenge.
Unusual presentation: fracture neck femur in 18 months old child

An 18 months old child was brought to the emergency department with alleged history of trauma due to hit by two wheeler and sustained injury over right hip. Child was not able to move the right lower limb. Physical examination of child revealed contusion over right hip region and injury over perineal region. There was no active vaginal bleeding. Rest of the systemic examination was normal. Routine blood was normal. On X-ray of pelvis with both hip showed fracture of neck femur on right side without any pelvic injury. Patient was treated with hip spica cast and complete bed rest for 1 month. After 1 month of the treatment, on follow-up the patient was able to weight bear and fractured was united on X-ray.
Top‐Gate Organic Field‐Effect Transistors with High Environmental and Operational Stability

Over the past several years, great progress has been made in the development of organic fi eld-effect transistors (OFETs). Prototypes of electronic devices such as drivers for fl at-panel displays, [ 1 ] complementary circuits, [ 2 , 3 ] radio-frequency identifi cation tags, [ 4 ] and chemical or biological sensors [ 5 , 6 ] have already been demonstrated. While charge-carrier mobility values have improved [ 2 , 3 , 7–9 ] with comparable values for both n and p -channel transistors, long-term environmental and operational stability remain two major issues that need to be resolved before OFETs can realize their full commercial potential. Recently, much effort has been devoted to improve the stability of OFETs. [ 10–18 ] For instance, to improve the environmental stability of OFETs, air-stable organic semiconductors have been synthesized [ 10 , 11 ] or encapsulation layers have been developed. [ 12 , 13 ] On the other hand, achieving operational stability is still a major challenge faced by OFETs as well as other fi eld-effect transistor (FET) technologies, such as those based on a -Si:H, poly-Si, and metal-oxide semiconductors. The operational stability of a FET is in general related to dipolar orientation and charge trapping/de-trapping events at all its critical interfaces and in the bulk of the semiconductor and gate dielectric. [ 14–18 ] The degradation of the performance of a FET during operation is refl ected by changes of its current-voltage characteristics that result from changes of mobility ( μ ), of threshold voltage ( V th ), or variations of the capacitance density ( C in ) of the gate dielectric. The dynamics of the physical and/or chemical mechanisms producing these changes, intrinsic or extrinsic, affect the performance of a FET on different time scales. [ 14 ] The stability of a FET is determined by the total effects produced by several physical and/or chemical processes, but in general, one tends to dominate over the others. This has caused current approaches to improve the stability to focus on mitigating individual processes. [ 15–18 ] Furthermore, the stability of OFETs has been primarily evaluated in devices with a bottom-gate geometry. OFETs with a top-gate geometry are relatively rare because the choice of gate dielectric material is limited since its deposition can potentially damage the organic semiconductor layer underneath. The use of an amorphous fl uoropolymer, CYTOP,
Biomimetic Smart Interface Materials for Biological Applications

Controlling the surface chemical and physical properties of materials and modulating the interfacial behaviors of biological entities, e.g., cells and biomolecules, are central tasks in the study of biomaterials. In this context, smart polymer interface materials have recently attracted much interest in biorelated applications and have broad prospects due to the excellent controllability of their surface properties by external stimuli. Among such materials, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and its copolymer films are especially attractive due to their reversible hydrogen‐bonding‐mediated reversible phase transition, which mimics natural biological processes. This platform is promising for tuning surface properties or to introduce novel biofunctionalities via copolymerization with various functional units and/or combination with other materials. Important progress in this field in recent years is highlighted.
Kinetic analysis of a complete poxvirus transcriptome reveals an immediate-early class of genes

Vaccinia virus is the prototypic orthopoxvirus and was the vaccine used to eradicate smallpox, yet the expression profiles of many of its genes remain unknown. Using a genome tiling array approach, we simultaneously measured the expression levels of all 223 annotated vaccinia virus genes during infection and determined their kinetics. For 95% of these genes, significant transcript levels were detected. Most remarkably, classification of the genes by their expression profiles revealed 35 genes exhibiting immediate-early expression. Although a similar kinetic class has been described for other virus families, to our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of its existence in orthopoxviruses. Despite expression levels higher than for genes in the other three kinetic classes, the functions of more than half of these remain unknown. Additionally, genes within each kinetic class were spatially grouped together in the genome. This genome-wide picture of transcription alters our understanding of how orthopoxviruses regulate gene expression.
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase is a gut mucosal defense factor maintained by enteral nutrition

Under conditions of starvation and disease, the gut barrier becomes impaired, and trophic feeding to prevent gut mucosal atrophy has become a standard treatment of critically ill patients. However, the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of enteral nutrition have remained a mystery. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrate that the brush–border enzyme, intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), has the ability to detoxify lipopolysaccharide and prevent bacterial invasion across the gut mucosal barrier. IAP expression and function are lost with starvation and maintained by enteral feeding. It is likely that the IAP silencing that occurs during starvation is a key component of the gut mucosal barrier dysfunction seen in critically ill patients.