Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Development of the Foregut in the Chick Blastoderm 2. The Morphogenetic Movements

The first of this series of papers (Bellairs, 1953) outlined the morphological changes occurring in the endoderm of the chick up to the stage of about ten pairs of somites; it also showed that the presumptive foregut area in the primitive streak stage blastoderm lies around the anterior end of the primitive streak, and at a slightly later stage around the head process. The present paper is concerned with the pattern of morphogenetic movements which occur in the endoderm during the early stages of foregut development. The technique involved the use of carbon marks upon the exposed endoderm of blastoderms grown dorsal side downwards in tissue culture by the watchglass method (Waddington, 1932; Bellairs, 1953). During the period of development investigated an expansion of the blastoderm as a whole took place over the plasma clot; the use of external reference points was therefore essential, although even with such aids it was not always possible to tell whether certain displacements of marked cells were in fact merely the expression of a general expansion or were due to a specific morphogenetic migration.
Secondary Traumatic Stress in NICU Nurses: A Mixed-Methods Study

Background: Secondary traumatic stress is an occupational hazard for healthcare providers who care for patients who have been traumatized. This type of stress has been reported in various specialties of nursing, but no study to date had specifically focused on neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses. Purpose: (1) To determine the prevalence and severity of secondary traumatic stress in NICU nurses and (2) to explore those quantitative findings in more depth through nurses' qualitative descriptions of their traumatic experiences caring for critically ill infants in the NICU. Methods: Members of NANN were sent e-mails with a link to the electronic survey. In this mixed-methods study, a convergent parallel design was used. Neonatal nurses completed the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS) and then described their traumatic experiences caring for critically ill infants in the NICU. SPSS version 24 and content analysis were used to analyze the quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. Results: In this sample of 175 NICU nurses, 49% of the nurses' scores on the STSS indicated moderate to severe secondary traumatic stress. Analysis of the qualitative data revealed 5 themes that described NICU nurses' traumatic experiences caring for critically ill infants. Implications for Practice: NICU nurses need to know the signs of secondary traumatic stress that they may experience caring for their critically ill infants. Avenues for dealing with the stress should be provided. Implications for Research: Future research with a higher response rate to increase the external validity of the findings to the population of neonatal nurses is needed.
Residency effects in animal contests

The question of why territorial residents usually win asymmetrical owner-intruder contests is critical to our understanding of animal contest evolution. Game theory suggests that, under certain conditions, residency could be used as an arbitrary means of contest settlement in a manner analogous to tossing a coin. Key empirical support for this idea is provided by a study on the speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria); however, this result has proven controversial. We show conclusively that residency does not serve as an arbitrary cue for contest settlement in this species. By means of a series of manipulative experiments, conducted on two phenotypically divergent populations of P. aegeria, we also rule out the recently presented alternative that contests are settled due to resource-correlated asymmetries in thoracic temperature. Our results instead suggest that more intrinsically aggressive males accumulate as residents and continue to win due to the self-reinforcing effect of prior winning experience. Truly arbitrary contest settlement may be rare or non-existent in the wild.
Confidence images for MR spectroscopic imaging

Automated spectral analysis and estimation of signal amplitudes from magnetic resonance data generally constitutes a difficult nonlinear optimization problem. Obtaining a measure of the degree of confidence that one has in the estimated parameters is as important as the estimates themselves. This is particularly important if clinical diagnoses are to be based on estimated metabolite levels, as in applications of MR Spectroscopic Imaging for human studies. In this report, a standard method of obtaining confidence intervals for nonlinear estimation is applied to simulated data and short‐TE clinical proton spectroscopic imaging data sets of human brain. So‐called “confidence images” are generated to serve as visual indicators of how much trust should be placed in interpretation of spatial variations seen in images derived from fitted metabolite parameter estimates. This method is introduced in a Bayesian framework to enable comparison with similar techniques using Cramer‐Rao bounds and the residuals of fitted results. Magn Reson Med 44:537–545, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using Treebank , Dictionaries and GLARF to Improve NomBank Annotation

In the field of corpus annotation, it is common to annotate text multiple times and then adjudicate the results. The resulting annotation is generally regarded as more consistent and more accurate than the results of a single pass. However, it is also very expensive to annotate in this way. Given text corpora that are annotated by many different research groups, another source of comparison is available: annotation of other linguistic information on the same corpora. By exploiting violations of expected relationships between the two annotation schemes, likely errors can be detected. This paper describes such an effort involving the NomBank annotation of noun arguments in the Wall Street Journal Corpus. These techniques made it possible to complete NomBank annotation efficiently and accurately.
Periorbital Mohs Reconstruction: Characterization of Tumor Histology, Anatomic Location, and Factors Influencing Postoperative Complications

BACKGROUND When addressing skin malignancies of the periorbita, it is important to limit the excision of healthy tissue and preserve normal anatomic features while minimizing complications. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify perioperative risk factors associated with postoperative complications in a single-surgeon cohort. METHODS This was a retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent periorbital Mohs reconstruction by a single surgeon at a teaching institution from 2008 to 2012. Demographics, patient and tumor characteristics, reconstructive technique, and postoperative complications were reviewed. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify perioperative risk factors associated with postoperative complications. RESULTS A total of 135 patients met the inclusion criteria. Local tissue rearrangement was performed for 74% of reconstructions, followed by full-thickness skin graft (FTSG) (20%) and cheek rotational flap (6%). Complications occurred in 23% of reconstructions, and 19% of complications required secondary surgery. Two variables were significantly associated with primary complications (p < .05): FTSG (p = .0017) and lid graft donor site (p = .0006). Reconstruction of a multisubunit defect trended toward a significant association with complications (p = .1005). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that FTSG and lid graft, in particular, result in a higher overall rate of complications when controlling for defect size.
The Leber Congenital Amaurosis Protein AIPL1 Modulates the Nuclear Translocation of NUB1 and Suppresses Inclusion Formation by NUB1 Fragments*

Mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein-like 1 (AIPL1) cause the blinding disease Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). The similarity of AIPL1 to AIP has led to suggestions that AIPL1 could function in a similar manner to AIP in facilitating protein translocation and as a component of chaperone complexes. AIPL1 interacts with the cell cycle regulator NEDD8 ultimate buster protein 1 (NUB1). As AIPL1 is predominantly cytoplasmic and NUB1 is predominantly nuclear, we tested the hypothesis that AIPL1 could modulate the nuclear translocation of NUB1. Co-transfection of AIPL1 with GFP-NUB1 resulted in a shift of GFP-NUB1 subcellular distribution toward the cytoplasm. Interestingly, AIPL1 was able to act in a chaperone-like fashion to efficiently suppress inclusion formation by NUB1 fragments. Co-transfection of AIPL1 with GFP-NUB1-N and GFP-NUB1-C resulted in an AIPL1-dependent suppression of GFP-NUB1-N perinuclear inclusions and GFP-NUB1-C intranuclear inclusions leading to the redistribution of these fragments in the cytoplasm. This chaperone-like function of AIPL1 was specific for NUB1, since AIPL1 was unable to suppress the inclusion formation by unrelated aggregation-prone proteins and AIP had no effect on NUB1 localization or inclusion formation. We examined the effect of a range of pathogenic and engineered mutations on the ability of AIPL1 to modulate NUB1 localization or inclusion formation. With the exception of W278X, which formed non-functional SDS-insoluble inclusions, all of the pathogenic mutations studied were soluble and could modulate NUB1 with varying efficiency compared with the wild-type protein. The effect of AIPL1 on NUB1 required the C-terminal region of AIPL1, as engineered C-terminal truncation mutations had no effect on NUB1. These data show that AIPL1 can modulate protein translocation and act in a chaperone-like manner and suggest that AIPL1 is an important modulator of NUB1 cellular function.
A deletion at the UL/IR junction reduces pseudorabies virus neurovirulence

A recombinant pseudorabies virus (PRV), designated LLT beta delta 2, which contains a 3-kbp deletion spanning the junction of the unique long and internal repeat sequences was constructed. Compared with the parental strain and a virus rescued for the deleted sequences, LLT beta delta 2 exhibited similar replication characteristics in tissue culture. When inoculated intranasally in swine, LLT beta delta 2 was significantly reduced in virulence and did not produce neurological signs characteristic of PRV infection. LLT beta delta 2 replicated efficiently at the site of inoculation and in peripheral nervous tissues, but replication was restricted in the central nervous system. These results indicate the presence of a PRV neurovirulence determinant in the vicinity of the junction.
The Canadian French Hearing in Noise Test

English and French represent the two official languages of Canada. During the last census, 23.2% of Canadians identified French as their mother tongue (Statistics Canada, 2001). Unfortunately, until recently, there were no reliable, standardized, and efficient tools for the assessment of sentence-length speech intelligibility in noisy listening conditions to serve this segment of the Canadian population. This report summarizes the development of a Canadian French version of the HINT. A more detailed description can be found in Vaillancourt et al (2005).
Regulatory T cells: from the bench to the clinic and back

Purpose of review The main objective of this review is to briefly highlight how we gradually came to understand regulatory T cells (Tregs) and forkhead box p3 (FoxP3) biology, including their function and regulation. We will also discuss how this knowledge is being translated into the clinical setting and the significant challenges that need to be overcome. Recent findings CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs are key players in immune regulation. Their deficiency and dysfunction have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. This has led towards extensive work across the years to figure out the biology and suppressive mechanisms of these cells. Furthermore, Tregs’ ability to suppress immune responses makes the idea of their utilization in adoptive immunotherapy appealing. Work has been underway to establish ideal methods to integrate Tregs into the management of autoimmune diseases and alloimmunity, either by treatment with IL-2 or infusion of ex-vivo expanded Tregs. Despite Tregs’ scarcity and increased tendency for Activation-induced cell death, many groups have developed effective methods to expand them ex vivo. Summary Although clinical trials are ongoing to test the safety and efficacy of regulatory cells in transplant recipients, it is vital to continue exploring the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control their stability and homeostasis.
No-Slip Motion of a Spherical Magnet on the Top of a Conductive Plate

The trajectory of a spherical magnet that rolls without slipping on a conductive plate is modeled. A time-stepping T⃗ - Ω method is used to find the electromagnetic force and the torque on the magnet. Since the degrees of freedom involve both the position and the direction of magnetization of the spherical magnet, the motion here cannot be reduced to the calculation of a single friction force coefficient. The trajectory of the spherical magnet is computed and compared with our experimental data.
Toxic effects of arsenic on semen and hormonal profile and their amelioration with vitamin E in Teddy goat bucks

The present environmental study has been planned to investigate the toxic effects of arsenic on reproductive functions of Teddy bucks as well as to examine whether these toxic effects are ameliorated by vitamin E. Sixteen adult Teddy bucks were divided randomly into four equal groups A, B, C and D with following treatment: A (control), B (sodium arsenite 5 mg kg−1 BW day−1), C (vit E 200 mg kg−1 BW day−1 + Arsenic 5 mg kg−1 BW day−1) and D (vit E 200 mg kg−1 BW day−1). This treatment was continued for 84 days. Semen quality parameters were evaluated weekly. Male testosterone, luteinising hormone (LH), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and cortisol levels were measured through enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after every 2 weeks. The data were subjected to two‐way analysis of variance followed by Duncan test for multiple comparisons. Semen evaluation parameters were reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in arsenic‐treated animals. The serum hormonal profile of testosterone, LH and FSH was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in arsenic group, while the serum level of cortisol was increased. Vitamin E alleviated the toxic effects of arsenic on semen and hormonal parameters. It may be concluded from this study that sodium arsenite causes major toxicity changes in semen and hormonal profile in Teddy goat bucks and vitamin E has ameliorative effects on these toxic changes.
Heat Stress and/or Endotoxin Effects on Cytokine Expression by Human Whole Blood

Immune system cytokines induce vascular shock. Tumor necrosis factor-&agr; (TNF-&agr;), interleukin 1&bgr; (IL-1&bgr;), and bacterial endotoxin (E) circulate in human heatstroke to suggest that E release from a heat-damaged gut may stimulate cytokines that contribute to hypovolemia. However, immune activation by heat-induced tissue necrosis might stimulate cytokine generation in the absence of E. To evaluate this potential and heat stress effects on the anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and IL-1 soluble receptor II (IL-1srII), a human whole blood (HWB) model was employed in which the presence or absence of E could be controlled. Using thermoelectric technology to regulate the HWB heat exposures, the temperature modulations of lethal heatstroke were precisely replicated (maximum temperature = 42.4°C ± 0.04°C; thermal area = 52.3°C ± 1.5°C per min). Cytokine and mRNA measurements employed enzyme-linked immunosorbant-based assay systems. Significant elevations in TNF-&agr;, IL-1&bgr;, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-1ra resulted when HWB was exposed to E concentrations (10 ng/ml) reported to circulate in heatstroke. While E-stimulated IL-1ra was significantly decreased by the presence of prior heat stress (PPHS), E-stimulated IL-1&bgr;, TNF-&agr;, and IL-6 were not significantly altered by PPHS, but tended to be elevated. IL-1srII expression was unchanged by PPHS and/or E. PPHS in the absence of E did not induce cytokine responses, nor were there elevations in TNF-&agr; or IL-1&bgr; mRNA. Thus, some factor normally absent under in vitro conditions, like endotoxin, was required to provoke HWB cytokine expressions and the heat stress and E conditions that characterize heatstroke affected HWB cytokine metabolism to favor a proinflammatory environment.
Reproducing low-pitched signals through small loudspeakers

Ever since the invention of the electrodynamic loudspeaker there has been a need for greater acoustical output, especially at low frequencies. From a manufacturer’s point of view it has been desirable for a long time to reduce the size of the loudspeaker (and cabinet). These two demands are physically contradictory. Options are being offered to evoke the illusion of a higher low-frequency response of the loudspeaker while the power radiated by the loudspeaker at those low frequencies remains the same, or is even lower. This is feasible by exploiting certain psychoacoustic phenomena. The required nonlinear signal processing is studied for a number of specific implementations. An elaborate analysis of the outcome of a listening test, aimed at assessing the subjective evaluation of the system presented, employing multidimensional scaling and biplots, is also presented.
Dual‐velocity continuously moving table acquisition for contrast‐enhanced peripheral magnetic resonance angiography

Acquisition of MR angiographic data of the peripheral vasculature during continuous table motion offers certain advantages over fixed station approaches, such as the elimination of wasted time moving between stations and the ability to form a seamless image of the extended field of view. However, it has recently been demonstrated that there is an approximate twofold reduction in contrast bolus velocity as it moves from the thighs to the calves. This can potentially cause a mismatch of the moving table with the contrast peak, resulting in the table outpacing the contrast bolus distally. In this work we describe a modification to the continuous table motion technique allowing two table velocities: a high (ca. 3.6 cm/sec) velocity from the abdomen to the thighs and a low (ca. 1.6 cm/sec) velocity distally. Implications of the nonconstant velocity on k‐space sampling are described, and it is shown that lateral resolution is improved for the low‐velocity region. Correction for table deceleration during the transition time between high and low velocities is demonstrated. Contrast‐enhanced studies in 15 volunteers are free of table‐motion‐related artifact and suggest improved depiction of the contrast bolus distally. Magn Reson Med 53:110–117, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connexin36 is a Negative Regulator of Differentiation in Human Neuroblastoma

Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) and connexins (Cx) have been implicated in carcinogenesis and differentiation. GJIC is often perturbed and connexins are typically downregulated or aberrantly localized in cancer cells, including IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells [6, 7]. Many connexins have been identified as tumor suppressors when overexpressed in cancer cells [6]. For example, overexpression of Cx43 resulted in growth suppression of communication deficient Neuro-2A murine neuroblastoma cells [8]. In addition, connexins have been shown to enhance the differentiation of cancer cell lines [8, 9]. For example, overexpression of Cx32 and Cx43 resulted in enhanced nerve growth factor induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells [10].
Ventrolateral medullary neurones: effects on magnitude and rhythm of discharge of mesenteric and renal nerves in cats.

1. Discharge of whole mesenteric and renal nerves was recorded in eighteen chloralose‐anaesthetized, artificially respired cats. 2. Inhibition of tonic activity of neurones within the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM blockade) by bilateral application of glycine caused significant reductions in discharge of renal and mesenteric nerves, arterial blood pressure and heart rate. The decrease in discharge of renal nerves was significantly greater than that of mesenteric nerves. 3. During the response to glycine application, the spinal cord was transected at the first cervical segment. The magnitude of renal nerve discharge after transection was not different from that during blockade of the RVLM. On the other hand, mesenteric nerve activity increased following spinal cord transection, returning to control levels. 4. Power spectral analysis revealed that mesenteric and renal nerves discharged with periodicities ranging from 1 to 6 Hz. Application of glycine to the RVLM reduced the slow rhythm in firing of mesenteric and renal nerves similarly. Transection of the spinal cord resulted in further reduction in the rhythmicity in discharge of both nerves. 5. The results indicate that excitatory drive from the RVLM is crucial for the maintenance of on‐going discharge of renal, but not of mesenteric nerves. However, such inputs are apparently essential to maintain the slow rhythm in firing of both nerves.
Coarrays in the next Fortran standard

The WG5 committee, at its meeting in Delft, May 2005, decided to include coarrays in the next Fortran Standard. A Fortran Forum article in August 2005 explained the feature, but because many of the details have been changed since then and the features have been split into a core set that is intended for Fortran 2008 and further features that will be defined in a Technical Report, it seems appropriate to describe it afresh. Only the core set is described here. This article is not an official document and has not been approved by J3 or WG5. A Fortran program containing coarrays is interpreted as if it were replicated a fixed number of times and all copies were executed asynchronously. Each copy has its own set of data objects and is called an image. The array syntax of Fortran is extended with additional trailing subscripts in square brackets to give a clear and straightforward representation of access to data on other images. References without square brackets are to local data, so code that can run independently is uncluttered. Any occurrence of square brackets is a warning about communication between images. The additional syntax requires support in the compiler, but it has been designed to be easy to implement and to give the compiler scope both to apply its optimizations within each image and to optimize the communication between images. The extension includes statements for synchronizing images and intrinsic procedures to return the number of images and the index of the current image.
Alterations of p53 gene and Ha‐ras gene are independent events in solar keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma

In order to clarify the multiple‐step progression from solar keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma, aberrations of the p53 gene (exons 2–11) and ras genes (exons 1 and 2) in solar keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma were investigated by polymerase chain reaction and single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis. In a series of Japanese patients, eight of 27 (30%) samples of solar keratosis and three of six (50%) samples of squamous cell carcinoma showed structural abnormalities in the p53 gene. Only one solar keratosis (4%) showed a point mutation in the Ha‐ras gene but not in the p53 gene. Among these cases, no mutation of ras genes could be detected in squamous cell carcinoma. Simultaneous mutation of ras genes and the p53 gene was not detected in any cases of either solar keratosis or squamous cell carcinoma. It is concluded that aberrations of the p53 gene and ras genes are induced through independent processes of ultraviolet irradiation In the course of carcinogenic change from solar keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma.