Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Age-Related Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid γ-Aminobutyric Acid Concentration

Summary: The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of aging on brain γ-aminobutyric acid metabolism. We measured the cerebrospinal fluid γ-aminobutyric acid concentration in subjects of various ages, including healthy volunteers and patients without neurological or psychiatric disease. The cerebrospinal fluid γaminobutyric acid concentration was determined by radiolabelled receptor assay using [3Hty-aminobutyric acid. Cerebrospinal fluid γ-aminobutyric acid was significantly higher in the control group (20s and 30s) than in the groups of subjects in their 50s, 60s, 70s and 80s. There was a significant negative correlation between cerebrospinal γ-aminobutyric acid concentration and age (p < 0.01). These data suggest that dysfunction of brain γ-aminobutyric acid metabolism increases with age, and that the various symptoms caused by abnormal γ-aminobutyric acid metabolism in the brain are therefore more likely to appear in elderly people.
Discharge training and counseling: Functional autonomy and post-discharge problems of elderly patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery Taburculuk eğitimi ve danişmanlik: Koroner arter baypas greft ameliyati geçiren yaşli hastalarin fonksiyonel otonomileri ve taburculuk sonrasi sorunl

Background:­ This study aims to investigate the possible effect of discharge training and counseling on functional autonomy and post-discharge problems of the elderly patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods: This randomized-controlled study was conducted in 36 patients (18 patients in the control group and 18 patients in the study group) aged 65 years and above who underwent elective CABG at a university hospital in Turkey. Data were collected by using three questionnaires and Functional Autonomy Measurement System. The control group receiving routine nursing care was assessed preoperatively and at the end of ninth week after surgery. The study group receiving discharge training and counseling by the investigator was assessed preoperatively and in the second and 10 th post-discharge days and at the end of ninth week after surgery. Results:­ The postoperative functional autonomy levels of the study group and control group were -8.8±4.5 and -13.5±8.5, respectively. The control group experienced seven of a total of 11 problems compared to the study group after discharge. There was a statistically significant difference in shoulder, up and low back or neck pain between the groups (p<0.05). Conclusion:­Our study results showed that discharge training and counseling given to the elderly patients undergoing CABG surgery had a positive impact on increasing their functional autonomy and decreasing post-discharge problems. Therefore, the institutions are recommended to set up homecare department and to offer discharge training and counseling service taking the functional autonomy levels of elderly patients into consideration.
The target-incentive system vs. the price-incentive system under adverse selection and the ratchet effect

In a dynamíc, adverse selection lype of principal-agent relationship, where the principal is committed over time to a particular incentiue sysrem (wilh fixed structure but variable parameters) but not to any interlemporal incentiue scheme (with both fixed structure and parameters), the ratchet eliect arises but varies with ditTerent incentive systems. We show that, compared with using prices as the sole planning mode, the principal can attenuate the ratchet elTect by stipulating targets as well. As a result, the target-incentive system entails higher expected welfare than the price-incentive system in a perfect Bayesian equilibrium.
Analysis of Progress Towards a Comprehensive System of Marine Protected Areas in Brazil

Brazilian marine ecosystems face great threats while retaining outstanding biological features. A gap analysis was conducted to evaluate how well marine protected areas (MPAs) in Brazil meet conservation objectives for representation, connectivity, and risk-spreading. The performance of the MPAs was evaluated by overlaying maps of ecosystem and management and calculating the size of no-take areas and the distances between them. All objectives were far from fully attained. Currently, the protection of the marine environment is poor, with less than 1.9% of Brazil's marine jurisdiction within MPAs and 0.14% within no-take areas. Also, only 23% of the ecosystems met the minimal number of replicates required by the risk-spreading objective. More positively, just over half (51%) of the no-take areas are a desirable distance apart. Our study highlights that a systematic expansion of MPAs in Brazil is urgently needed to move toward an ecologically representative and functioning MPA system.
Chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence. A new chemiluminescent reaction path for organic peroxides

Abstract : The thermal decomposition of diphenoylperoxide in the presence of certain aromatic hydrocarbons generates benzocoumarin and light corresponding to the fluorescence spectrum of the hydrocarbon. It is shown that this chemiluminescence does not result from conventional energy transfer from some electronically excited peroxide decomposition product to the aromatic hydrocarbon. Instead, the chemiluminescence is initiated by electron transfer from the hydrocarbon to the peroxide followed by rapid decarboxylation and back electron transfer to form the electronically excited hydrocarbon. The yield of light from this process is quite high. It is suggested that a similar mechanism may be operating in several previously described chemiluminescing systems. (Author)
Formal to Casual- Usage of Laptop Among Students- An Eye Opener

The number of college students using laptops is on the rise so is the musculoskeletal disorders reported. This research tries to understand whether university students in India have the same discomfort level as reported in prior studies. The study tries to evaluate the role of parameters like postural adaptation, time related parameters like duration of laptop usage, frequency of rest breaks and the predisposition of MSD among the students. And it is found that neck pain is the most common pain among Indian college students. And that MSD is caused by poor postural adaptation, time spent on the laptop as well as lack of proper ergonomic knowledge.
Exploring Saturation of Themes and Spatial Locations in Qualitative Public Participation Geographic Information Systems Research

Use of public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) studies that collect local knowledge in a spatial format is increasing as a tool in natural resources management. Qualitative PPGIS studies have been conducted as individual interviews, as workshops, and in focus groups. As the number of qualitative PPGIS studies increases, so does the need to understand their quality. Saturation, the point when the researcher determines that the collection of additional data will provide minimal new information as it relates to a particular issue, directly reflects on the validity of the study. While the concept of saturation is well established, it is still inconsistently assessed and reported. Furthermore, how saturation applies to qualitatively collected spatial data has not been addressed. A method is presented to assess spatial saturation of qualitative PPGIS data from 19 focus groups that were conducted to investigate important places for recreation, livelihoods, and the environment in the Florida Panhandle.
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

There are a plenty of unexploited resources that lies underwater that covers almost 75% of the earth.In order to utilise them,the ﬁeld of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN) is attracting the researchers to extend their thoughts in this field. The wireless sensor networks are heavy networks that consist of small low cost sensors that have a large amount of solving ability and energy resources which can be applicable in any type of irregular environments irrespective of changing conditions. Keeping in view of the real-time remote data transferring requirements, underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASN) has been recognised as a preferred network because it satisfies all aspects of data transfer. In UASN, the required availability and recycling of energy resources along with specified utilisation of data with the help of utilized sensor nodes for energy requirements that are necessary are done for the development of further theories in these contexts. Due to these causes, the maximum underwater resources utilisation techniques mainly depends on UAN (Underwater Acoustic Networks). Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) suitable for applications on submarine detection and monitoring,where nodes collect data with a mobile autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) via optical communications, and applied accordingly to deal with further approaches. They provide continuous monitoring for various applications like ocean sampling network, pollution monitoring, submarine detection, disaster prevention etc.This paper particularly deals with a brief collection of the UWSN applications and some of the algorithms for the path finding in order to pass maximum valued information(VOI) among the different nodes.
DISTRIBUTION OF MATING TYPE ALLELES AND FERTILITY OF MAGNAPORTHE ORYZAE ISOLATES IN SOUTH INDIA.

* Khaled Fathy 1 and Prashanthi S. K. 2 . 1. Genetics Department, Molecular Genetics Lab. , Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44519, Egypt. 2. Department of Biotechnology, IABT, University of Agricultural sciences, Dharward, Karnataka, 580005, India. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History
Strong spin-orbit coupling and magnetism in (111) 
(La0.3Sr0.7)(Al0.65Ta0.35)O3/SrTiO3

Strong correlations, multiple lattice degrees of freedom, and the ease of doping make complex oxides a source of great research interest. Complex oxide heterointerfaces break inversion symmetry and can host a two dimensional carrier gas, which can display a variety of coexisting and competing phenomena. In the case of heterointerfaces based on SrTiO$_3$, many of these phenomena can be effectively tuned by using an electric gate, due to the large dielectric constant of SrTiO$_3$. Most studies so far have focused on (001) oriented heterostructures; however, (111) oriented heterostructures have recently gained attention due to the possibility of finding exotic physics in these systems due their hexagonal surface crystal symmetry. In this work, we use magnetoresistance to study the evolution of spin-orbit interaction and magnetism in a new system, (111) oriented (La$_{0.3}$Sr$_{0.7}$)(Al$_{0.65}$Ta$_{0.35}$)/SrTiO$_3$. At more positive values of the gate voltage, which correspond to high carrier densities, we find that transport is multiband, and dominated by high mobility carriers with a tendency towards weak localization. At more negative gate voltages, the carrier density is reduced, the high mobility bands are depopulated, and weak antilocalization effects begin to dominate, indicating that spin-orbit interaction becomes stronger. At millikelvin temperatures, and gate voltages corresponding to the strong spin-orbit regime, we observe hysteresis in magnetoresistance, indicative of ferromagnetism in the system. Our results suggest that in the (111) (La$_{0.3}$Sr$_{0.7}$)(Al$_{0.65}$Ta$_{0.35}$)/SrTiO$_3$ system, low mobility carriers which experience strong spin-orbit interactions participate in creating magnetic order in the system.
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCES OF AGRICULTURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES

The strong impact of agriculture on the environment has caused the integration of environmental objectives into the Common Agricultural Policy. In parallel with the development of CAP, attempts have been made to make agricultural production more ecologically oriented. The subject of this paper explores the environmental performance at the level of the European Union, with special emphasis on the environmental performance of the agriculture. The environmental performances of agriculture will be analyzed on the basis of the data on Environmental Performances Index (EPI) for the issue area – Agriculture. The aim of this research is to classify the European Union countries into homogenous groups according to the level of achieved environmental performance of agriculture.
A SECURITY PARADIGM FOR PAAS CLOUDS

The paper proposes a novel comprehensive security paradigm for PaaS clouds where the customer programs are treated as separate processes instead of web service threads, which is the current method. The cloud customer has more flexibility on her programs and data on this new approach. The programs, together with their respective data, are isolated within process containers, which are encrypted storage entities carefully designed to enforce access control, secrecy, integrity and service level agreements.
Characterization of a catalyst-based conversion technique to measure total particulate nitrogen and organic carbon and comparison to a particle mass measurement instrument

Abstract. The chemical composition of aerosol particles is a key aspect in determining their impact on the environment. For example, nitrogen-containing particles impact atmospheric chemistry, air quality, and ecological N deposition. Instruments that measure total reactive nitrogen ( Nr = all nitrogen compounds except for N2 and N2O ) focus on gas-phase nitrogen and very few studies directly discuss the instrument capacity to measure the mass of Nr -containing particles. Here, we investigate the mass quantification of particle-bound nitrogen using a custom Nr system that involves total conversion to nitric oxide (NO) across platinum and molybdenum catalysts followed by NO−O3 chemiluminescence detection. We evaluate the particle conversion of the Nr instrument by comparing to mass-derived concentrations of size-selected and counted ammonium sulfate ( (NH4)2SO4 ), ammonium nitrate ( NH4NO3 ), ammonium chloride ( NH4Cl ), sodium nitrate ( NaNO3 ), and ammonium oxalate ( (NH4)2C2O4 ) particles determined using instruments that measure particle number and size. These measurements demonstrate Nr -particle conversion across the Nr catalysts that is independent of particle size with 98 ± 10 % efficiency for 100–600 nm particle diameters. We also show efficient conversion of particle-phase organic carbon species to CO2 across the instrument's platinum catalyst followed by a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) CO2 detector. However, the application of this method to the atmosphere presents a challenge due to the small signal above background at high ambient levels of common gas-phase carbon compounds (e.g., CO2 ). We show the Nr system is an accurate particle mass measurement method and demonstrate its ability to calibrate particle mass measurement instrumentation using single-component, laboratory-generated, Nr -containing particles below 2.5 µ m in size. In addition we show agreement with mass measurements of an independently calibrated online particle-into-liquid sampler directly coupled to the electrospray ionization source of a quadrupole mass spectrometer (PILS–ESI/MS) sampling in the negative-ion mode. We obtain excellent correlations ( R2 = 0.99) of particle mass measured as Nr with PILS–ESI/MS measurements converted to the corresponding particle anion mass (e.g., nitrate, sulfate, and chloride). The Nr and PILS–ESI/MS are shown to agree to within ∼ 6 % for particle mass loadings of up to 120 µ g m −3 . Consideration of all the sources of error in the PILS–ESI/MS technique yields an overall uncertainty of ± 20 % for these single-component particle streams. These results demonstrate the Nr system is a reliable direct particle mass measurement technique that differs from other particle instrument calibration techniques that rely on knowledge of particle size, shape, density, and refractive index.
Design and Implementation of Secure LAR Routing Protocol in MANETs

MANET is a collection of mobile nodes connected by wireless links without infrastructure. Due to inherent properties of MANETs like limited resources, dynamic topology, wireless medium, the possibility of attacks is more. So, there is a need for provisioning of security in Manets. Different cryptographic algorithms are investigated and Secure LAR is designed. From the results it is found that Secure LAR(S-LAR) with ECC provides security with minimum energy consumption.
Identificación del polimorfismo genético de aislamientos de Mycobacterium avium subespecie paratuberculosis de caprinos del centro de México* Genetic polimorphisim identification from Mycobacterium avium subspecie paratuberculosis in goats in Central Mexico

Genetic polymorphism of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) from a goat flock located in central Mexico, with clinical-pathological, serological and bacteriological antecedents was determined. For this, the IS900 probe and BstEII restriction enzyme were employed. The Map type identificated belonged to the C1 type, which is the most wide-spread Map type in the world, both in domestic and wild animals. This is the first study indicating the Map type found in Mexico and this technique is suggested as an important tool for the epidemiological study and control of paratuberculosis Johne’s disease in Mexico.
Grant legislation vs. political factors as determinants of soft budget spending behaviors. Comparison between Italian and French regions

This paper analyses intergovernmental transfers in France and Italy to assess to which extent soft budget spending behaviors result from slack in fiscal constraints or from political factors. It innovates on the previous literature, which concentrated on single countries, by adopting a comparative perspective. We estimate two separate but identical autoregressive forecasting models on French and Italian data to evaluate how rules and political factors lead the regional administrators of each country to form their expectations about the amount of transfers they will receive from the central government. This allows to proxy the transfer expectations in both countries and their role in determining soft budget spending behaviors. The estimates indicate that transfer expectations are a quantitatively important component of regional spending in both countries, regardless the different degrees of stringency of grant legislations and the type of grants and expenditures (total, current and capital) examined.
An Examination of Approach Run Kinematics in Track and Field Jumping Events

Abstract Introduction. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in selected kinematics in the long jump, triple jump, and pole vault to highlight the unique movement pattern characteristics in the approach runs utilised in these events. Material and methods. Data were collected during 1 international and 2 national competitions from 36 male athletes (12 in each event) using an Optojump Next system. Results. This study showed the long jumpers achieved the highest mean step velocity, with the pole vaulters showing the lowest velocity. The velocity of the last step before the take-off was greater (p < 0.05) than the velocity of the penultimate step in all groups of athletes. The length of the last step before the take-off was greater (p < 0.01) than the length of the penultimate step in long jump and pole vault athletes compared to the triple jumpers. The long jumpers demonstrated less contact time (p < 0.01) than the pole vaulters. The contact time of the take-off leg was shorter (p < 0.01) compared to that of the non-take-off leg in pole vaulters. The pole vaulters demonstrated less flight time (p < 0.05) compared to the triple jumpers. Lastly, the flight time during the last step before the take-off was shorter (p < 0.01) than the flight time during the penultimate step in all groups. Conclusions. These findings revealed that each of the track and field jumping events required a distinctive approach run. Therefore, training workouts need to be designed specifically to train the unique gait pattern of the long jump, triple jump, and pole vault.
Ecological patterns of phytoplankton assemblages in Lake Garda: seasonal, spatial and historical features

The development of phytoplankton assemblages in the two main basins of the deep (Zmax=350 m) and large (49 km3) subalpine Lake Garda (Northern Italy) was investigated through monthly samplings from 1998 to 2000. The algal development was strongly typified by the alternation, from spring to autumn, of Fragilaria crotonensis and Mougeotia sp. and by the increasing importance of filaments of the complex Planktothrix rubescens/agardhii in summer and autumn. These three “master species” are characterised by higher biovolumes and/or more regular and wide annual development in comparison to the other dominant taxa. The simultaneous application of ordination (NMDS-Non metric Multi Dimensional Scaling) and cluster analysis techniques revealed an ordered and coherent temporal succession of phytoplankton assemblages in the two main basins of the lake. These temporal and spatial regularities arise from the high inertia and resilience against perturbations that characterise the deep and large lakes, and contrast sharply with the less ordered or chaotic and unpredictable seasonal assemblages that may be found in small and shallow lakes. It is stressed that, owing to the use of different methodologies, the modifications of the phytoplankton assemblages in the last fifty years must be interpreted with particular caution. The only demonstrable differences seem to indicate that, with the speeding up of eutrophication processes in the 1960s and 1970s, detectable populations of Planktothrix and irregular increases of Conjugatophyceae (Mougeotia sp., Closterium aciculare) were established. During and after the 1980s, the increase of phosphorus concentrations in the lake and the progression towards more mesotrophic conditions was accompanied by the appearance of further substantial populations of cyanobacteria (Planktolyngbya limnetica, Anabaena lemmermannii). In contrast with these signs of alteration, Fragilaria crotonensis, Asterionella formosa, Ceratium hirundinella and Dinobryon spp. were among the most abundant taxa from the 1950s to the present time. These modifications are largely consistent with the changes observed during the 1990s in consequence of the different extent of the deep vertical mixing. During complete overturn, with the maximum spring replenishment of nutrients in the euphotic layers, a greater development of Mougeotia sp. and Oscillatoriales was observed. The historical trend and the ecological results allowed elucidation of the trophic characteristics of many important species developing in Lake Garda and, in general, in the deep subalpine lakes.
Data assimilation in the geosciences: An overview of methods, issues, and perspectives

We commonly refer to state estimation theory in geosciences as data assimilation (DA). This term encompasses the entire sequence of operations that, starting from the observations of a system, and from additional statistical and dynamical information (such as a dynamical evolution model), provides an estimate of its state. DA is standard practice in numerical weather prediction, but its application is becoming widespread in many other areas of climate, atmosphere, ocean, and environment modeling; in all circumstances where one intends to estimate the state of a large dynamical system based on limited information. While the complexity of DA, and of the methods thereof, stands on its interdisciplinary nature across statistics, dynamical systems, and numerical optimization, when applied to geosciences, an additional difficulty arises by the continually increasing sophistication of the environmental models. Thus, in spite of DA being nowadays ubiquitous in geosciences, it has so far remained a topic mostly reserved to experts. We aim this overview article at geoscientists with a background in mathematical and physical modeling, who are interested in the rapid development of DA and its growing domains of application in environmental science, but so far have not delved into its conceptual and methodological complexities.