Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence of direct cardiac damage following high-intensity exercise in chronic energy restriction

Rationale: Following prolonged endurance events such as marathons, elevated levels of cardiospecific biomarkers are commonly reported. Although transiently raised levels are generally not considered to indicate clinical myocardial damage, comprehension of this phenomenon remains incomplete. The popularity of high-intensity interval training highlights a paucity of research measuring cardiac biomarker response to this type of exercise. This a posteriori case report discusses the elevation of cardiac troponins (cTn) associated with short interval, high-intensity exercise. Patient concerns: In this case report, an apparently healthy 29-year-old recreationally active female presented clinically raised cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels (>0.04 ng/mL), after performing high-intensity cycle ergometer sprints. As creatine kinase (CK) is expressed by multiple organs (e.g., skeletal muscle, brain, and myocardium), cTnI assays were performed to determine any changes in total serum CK levels not originating from skeletal muscle damage. Diagnosis: A posteriori the individual's daily energy expenditure indicated chronically low-energy availability. Psychometric testing suggested that the individual scored positive for disordered eating, highly for fatigue levels, and low in mental health components. Outcomes: The current case report provides novel evidence of elevated cTnI occurring as a result of performing short duration, high intensity, cycle ergometer exercise in an individual with self-reported chronically depleted energy balance. A schematic to identify potentially “at risk” individuals is presented. Lessons: Considering this as a case report, results cannot be generalized; however, the main findings suggest that individuals who habitually restrict their calorie intake below their bodies’ daily energy requirements, may have elevated biomarkers of exercise induced myocardial stress from performing high-intensity exercise.
Response to Letter by Dr .

Thanks for giving us the opportunity to comment on the interesting letter by Drs. Santana-Mora and SantanaPenin concerning our recent paper in Pain Medicine [1]. The letter touches upon some arguments that are worthy to be discussed, and has merits in pointing out the need for designing further studies on the electromyographic (EMG) properties of jaw muscles. We thank the authors for their interest in our work.
Reactive hyperemia in capillaries of red and white skeletal muscle.

Reactive hyperemia was examined in individual capillaries of the red anterior (ALD) and white posterior (PLD) latissimus dorsi muscles of the anesthetized chicken following total blood flow occlusion of 3.5-180 s in length. Capillary red cell velocities were measured by the dual-slit photometric technique. The control capillary velocities in the ALD and PLD were 0.56 +/- . 03 (SE) and 0.34 +/- . 03 mm/s, respectively. With increasing occlusion lengths, the reactive hyperemia peak velocity, hyperemia duration, and excess flow were found to increase progressively in both muscles suggesting a metabolic origin for the response. The ALD showed a greater peak reactive hyperemia flow than the PLD following occlusion lengths of 7-60 s and a greater excess flow following occlusion lengths of 15 s and longer. However, when these data were normalized to control velocities by calculating the peak-to-control velocity ratio and percent flow debt repayment, no significant differences were found between the two muscles. Furthermore, the reactive hyperemia durations were similar in the two muscles at each occlusion length. These data demonstrate that reactive hyperemia is similar in two muscle types which are known to differ considerably in resting metabolism and anaerobic capacity.
Fertilizer nitrogen isotope signatures

There has been considerable recent interest in the potential application of nitrogen isotope analysis in discriminating between organically and conventionally grown crops. A prerequisite of this approach is that there is a difference in the nitrogen isotope compositions of the fertilizers used in organic and conventional agriculture. We report new measurements of δ15N values for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and present a compilation of the new data with existing literature nitrogen isotope data. Nitrogen isotope values for fertilizers that may be permitted in organic cultivation systems are also reported (manures, composts, bloodmeal, bonemeal, hoof and horn, fishmeal and seaweed based fertilizers). The δ15N values of the synthetic fertilizers in the compiled dataset fall within a narrow range close to 0‰ with 80% of samples lying between−2 and 2‰ and 98.5% of the data having δ15N values of less than 4‰ (mean=0.2‰ n=153). The fertilizers that may be permitted in organic systems have a higher mean δ15N value of 8.5‰ and exhibit a broader range in δ15N values from 0.6 to 36.7‰ (n=83). The possible application of the nitrogen isotope approach in discriminating between organically and conventionally grown crops is discussed in light of the fertilizer data presented here and with regard to other factors that are also important in determining crop nitrogen isotope values.
Regression Methods for Stochastic Control Problems

In this paper we develop several regression algorithms for solving general stochastic optimal control problems via Monte Carlo. This type of algorithms is particularly useful for problems with high-dimensional state space and complex dependence structure of the underlying Markov process with respect to some control. The main idea of the algorithms is to simulate a set of trajectories under some reference measure and to use a dynamic program formulation combined with fast methods for approximating conditional expectations and functional optimizations on these trajectories. Theoretical properties of the presented algorithms are investigated and convergence to the optimal solution is proved under mild assumptions. Finally, we present numerical results showing the efficiency of regression algorithms in a case of a high-dimensional Bermudan basket options, in a model with a large investor and transaction costs.
A global workspace framework for combined reasoning

Artificial Intelligence research has produced many effective techniques for solving a wide range of problems. Practitioners tend to concentrate their efforts in one particular problem solving paradigm and, in the main, AI research describes new methods for solving particular types of problems or improvements in existing approaches. By contrast, much less research has considered how to fruitfully combine different problem solving techniques. Numerous studies have demonstrated how a combination of reasoning approaches can improve the effectiveness of one of those methods. Others have demonstrated how, by using several different reasoning techniques, a system or method can be developed to accomplish a novel task, that none of the individual techniques could perform. Combined reasoning systems, i.e., systems which apply disparate reasoning techniques in concert, can be more than the sum of their parts. In addition, they gain leverage from advances in the individual methods they encompass. However, the benefits of combined reasoning systems are not easily accessible, and systems have been hand-crafted to very specific tasks in certain domains. This approach means those systems often suffer from a lack of clarity of design and are inflexible to extension. In order for the field of combined reasoning to advance, we need to determine best practice and identify effective general approaches. By developing useful frameworks, we can empower researchers to explore the potential of combined reasoning, and AI in general. We present here a framework for developing combined reasoning systems, based upon Baars’ Global Workspace Theory. The architecture describes a collection of processes, embodying individual reasoning techniques, which communicate via a global workspace. We present, also, a software toolkit which allows users to implement systems according to the framework. We describe how, despite the restrictions of the framework, we have used it to create systems to perform a number of combined reasoning tasks. As well as being as effective as previous implementations, the simplicity of the underlying framework means they are structured in a straightforward and comprehensible manner. It also makes the systems easy to extend to new capabilities, which we demonstrate in a number of case studies. Furthermore, the framework and toolkit we describe allow developers to harness the parallel nature of the underlying theory by enabling them to readily convert their implementations into distributed systems. We have experimented with the framework in a number of application domains and, through these applications, we have contributed to constraint satisfaction problem solving and automated theory formation.
Cerebral Resuscitation After Cardiocirculatory Arrest

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation can restore spontaneous circulation in up to 50% of patients suffering from cardiac arrest. However, most of these patients still die during the postresuscitation period. Mortality is largely due to neuronal injury after global cerebral ischemia. There is, therefore, a clear need for therapies, which restore and protect brain function after cardiac arrest. Several years ago, mild therapeutic hypothermia was introduced into clinical practice. It represents the first treatment to improve both survival and neurological outcome of patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, according to randomized clinical trials. In addition to therapeutic hypothermia, various other therapeutic options are currently being investigated experimentally and/or clinically. These include thrombolytic therapy, specific infusion regimens, or antiapoptotic drugs. In this article, we review both the pathophysiological background and the efficacy of different measures that might be useful for cerebral resuscitation.
High-frequency recombination within the gag gene of Rous sarcoma virus

We isolated 28 recombinants of Rous sarcoma virus at early (24 h) and late (7 days) times after infection. These recombinants were selected for wild type in the pol and src genes and analyzed for their env and gag phenotypes. We were unable to show strong linkage between any two markers, including two markers within a single gene (gag).
Predicting the organisational adoption of B2C e-commerce: an empirical study

Purpose – Using the literature on innovation research, this paper proposes to establish and empirically test a prediction model which consists of four major factors in the adoption of online retailing by organisations, namely relative advantage, competitive pressure, channel conflict and technical resource competence.Design/methodology/approach – Data collected from 140 different companies indicate strong empirical support for the model. Relevant hypotheses were derived and tested by logistic regression analysis.Findings – The results revealed that relative advantage, competitive pressure and technical resource competence have positive effects on the adoption of online retailing.Research limitations/implications – The research was conducted in Hong Kong, which may limit the generalisability of the findings.Practical implications – While many studies contribute to an understanding of behaviours of the online market from a consumer perspective, there are few concrete investigations of the organisational vie.
Speech and language impairment and oromotor dyspraxia due to deletion of 7q31 that involves FOXP2

We report detailed clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular findings in a girl with a deletion of chromosome 7q31‐q32. This child has a severe communication disorder with evidence of oromotor dyspraxia, dysmorphic features, and mild developmental delay. She is unable to cough, sneeze, or laugh spontaneously. Her deletion is on the paternally inherited chromosome and includes the FOXP2 gene, which has recently been associated with speech and language impairment and a similar form of oromotor dyspraxia in at least three other published cases. We hypothesize that our patient's communication disorder and oromotor deficiency are due to haploinsufficiency for FOXP2 and that her dysmorphism and developmental delay are a consequence of the absence of the other genes involved in the microdeletion. We propose that this patient, together with others reported in the literature, may define a new contiguous gene deletion syndrome encompassing the 7q31‐FOXP2 region. Cytogenetic and molecular analysis of this region should be considered for other individuals displaying similar characteristics. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From Clinical Trials to Real-World Practice: Use of Atypical Antipsychotic Medication Nationally in the Department of Veterans Affairs

Background.Although clinical trials evaluate pharmacotherapeutic interventions under highly controlled conditions, there remains a need to evaluate medication use in actual practice. Methods.Patients prescribed atypical antipsychotic medications in the VA system during a 4-month period in 1999 (n = 73,981) were classified into 32 groups on the basis of clinical diagnosis and recent level of inpatient use. Variation was e-amined across groups in drug costs, agents, dosages, and duration of use. The potential impact of these medications on VA costs was estimated by calculating medication costs and subtracting estimated inpatient savings. Results.A majority of patients were diagnosed with schizophrenia (57.2%), but substantial off-label use of these medications to treat other psychiatric illnesses was also evident (42.8%). Compared with published trials reporting average annual costs from $3,000 to $7,000, average annualized pharmacy costs were only $1,395 per patient because of a 58.5% VA price discount; relatively low dosing, especially for people with diagnoses other than schizophrenia; and medication prescription coverage for only 75% of the days in the study period. The sample averaged only 6.96 inpatient days; as a result, potential inpatient savings were limited. Assuming 0% to 18% inpatient savings, annual net drug costs are estimated to range from $500 to $1,152 per patient. Conclusions.Medication costs in actual practice can be substantially lower than in clinical trials. Atypical antipsychotic medications in actual VA practice incur net costs estimated at $500 to $1,152 per patient per year with substantial variation across clinical subgroups.
Comment on: emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria during selective decontamination of the digestive tract on an intensive care unit.

Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Gorizia, Italy; Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Getafe, Getafe, Madrid, Spain; Department of Intensive Care, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Liverpool and Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Treatment of depression with antiglucocorticoid drugs.

OBJECTIVE The theoretical and empirical rationales for the potential therapeutic use of antiglucocorticoid agents in the treatment of depression are reviewed. METHOD Individual case reports, case series, open-label, and double-blind, controlled trials of the usage of cortisol-lowering treatments in Cushing's syndrome and major depression are evaluated and critiqued. RESULTS In each of the 28 reports of antiglucocorticoid treatment of Cushing's syndrome, antidepressant effects were noted in some patients; the largest two series document a response rate of 70% to 73%. Full response, however, was at times erratic and delayed. Across the 11 studies of antiglucocorticoid treatment of major depression, some degree of antidepressant response was noted in 67% to 77% of patients. Antidepressant or antiobsessional effects of antiglucocorticoid augmentation of other psychotropic medications have also been noted in small studies of patients with treatment-resistant depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS These promising results with antiglucocorticoid treatment must be interpreted cautiously because of the small sample sizes and heterogeneity of the studies reviewed, the bias favoring publication of positive results, and the open-label nature of most of the studies. Although definitive controlled trials remain to be conducted, there is a consistent body of evidence indicating that cortisol-lowering treatments may be of clinical benefit in select individuals with major depression and other hypercortisolemic conditions.
Marital Conflict and Children's Adjustment: The Mediating and Moderating Role of Children's Coping Strategies.

This prospective, longitudinal study examined the role of children's coping strategies in the link between interparental conflict and children's psychological adjustment. Using a sample of 100 parents and children aged 11-14 years, this study investigated children's venting of negative emotion, social support seeking, and problem solving strategies as mediators and moderators of the relationship between marital conflict and child adjustment. Venting negative emotion mediated the long-term effects of marital conflict on children's psychological adjustment. This coping response also moderated the relationship between marital conflict and children's anxiety-depression. The role of non-constructive coping strategies as a mechanism through which marital conflict affects children's psychological well-being is discussed, together with the need for research to identify intervention strategies aimed at improving children's coping efficacy in the context of interparental conflict. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2007.
Performance measurement of IP networks using Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol

The use of real-time multimedia applications in IP networks is continuously increasing with the services provided by the evolving internet infrastructure. Providing Quality of Service (QoS) is important for service providers in terms of real-time voice and video services to meet users' expectations. For this reason, QoS parameters such as network latency, jitter and packet loss must be accurately and precisely measured. The widely used PING protocol for measuring the specified parameters do not give accurate and precise results at the desired level. In this study, it is proposed to use Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol (TWAMP) for measuring the QoS parameters of the IP network. TWAMP is the latest method to fully deliver performance metrics for IP network infrastructure. According to the active measurement method, round trip delay, jitter and packet loss parameters between two end nodes were measured with TWAMP and PING protocols and analyzed by comparing values. As a result of the study, it has been shown that TWAMP protocol recommended for multimedia communication is suitable for measuring service quality of IP Networks.
VERTICAL PRISM ADAPTATION IN ANISOMETROPES*

&NA; In an attempt to understand more fully the phenomenon of prism adaptation, anisometropes were examined at the reading level for the presence or absence of compensation to their induced vertical imbalance. It will be shown that the compensation is approximately equal to the prismatic imbalance, and that there also appears to be a tendency for the compensation to lag behind the amount of prism generated for higher induced prism values.
Sleep disturbances in a young adult population: can gender differences be explained by differences in psychological status?

To study the prevalence of reported sleep disturbances and the association between these complaints and psychological status, 529 randomly selected subjects aged 20-45 years were questioned about their sleep symptoms and psychological status by means of questionnaires. In this young population, feeling refreshed in the morning almost every day was reported by only 15.3%. Females reported a significantly longer mean total sleep time (TST) than males (F: 425 +/- 58 minutes, M: 403 +/- 50 minutes; p < 0.01). Despite this, the difference compared with the reported need of sleep was greater in females (56 +/- 62 minutes) than in males (40 +/- 51 minutes) (p < 0.05). Difficulties maintaining sleep (DMS, > or = 3/week) (F: 20.1%, M: 10.4%; p < 0.01), the absence of feeling refreshed in the morning (F: 36.2%, M: 26.8%; p < 0.05), and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) (F: 23.3%, M: 15.9%; p < 0.05) were significantly more common among females. According to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, females suffered from anxiety more frequently than males (F: 32.8%, M: 18.9%; p < 0.001). An association was found between anxiety and many sleep disturbances. After making adjustments for age, smoking, snoring, gender and psychological status by means of multiple regression, the gender differences mentioned above remained significant. We conclude that despite a longer TST, females report insufficient sleep, EDS, DMS, and the absence of feeling refreshed in the morning more frequently than males. The higher prevalence of anxiety among females alone cannot explain the gender differences in sleep disturbances seen in this population.
Paradigms for Sustainable Development: Implications of Management Theory

We provide a framework for examining the trade-offs between socio-environmental, organizational, and managerial goals. Using this framework we examine management choices under agency and stewardship theories. We advance a theory of social stewardship to explain behavior inconsistent with both agency and stewardship. We illustrate that social stewardship behavior by managers and principals, while best from a societal perspective, is not a viable management approach under current business and regulatory conditions. This conclusion is vital to public policymakers who seek to foster socially desirable behavior by publicly traded companies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Understanding Brand Loyalty in Professional Sport: Examining the Link Between Brand Associations and Brand Loyalty

This paper examines the relationship between brand associations (anything in the consumer's mind linked to a specific team brand) and brand loyalty in US professional sport. To study the relationship between 13 brand association dimensions and brand loyalty, a survey of professional sport consumers was completed (N = 929). Results of multiple regression analysis revealed positive relationships between fan identification, escape, nostalgia, and product delivery, and brand loyalty. Negative relationships were found between tradition, star players, and peer group acceptance, and brand loyalty.