Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Protein Yield of Potato Tuber as Affected by Plant Density and Nitrogen Fertilizer

In order to the study of the effects of plant density and nitrogen fertilizer on yield of protein content in potato tuber (Agria cultivar), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was carried out in Ardabil region in 2009 with three replications. Factors were nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 80, 160 and 200 kg/ha nitrogen) and plant densities (5.5, 7.5 and 11 plant/m 2 ). Results showed that the highest number, dry weight and yield of tuber and protein yield per unit area and the lowest mean tuber weight and protein percent per plant were achieved in density of 11 plant/m 2 . With increasing nitrogen application up to 80 kg/ha, number, dry weight, yield and protein content of tuber per unit area and mean tuber weight per plant, were increased. So, utilization of 80 kg/ha net nitrogen to achieve highest yield and lowest nitrate accumulation, 11 plant/m 2 to gain seed tuber according to reducing tuber weight and size and 7.5 plant/m 2 to eating utilizations, is recommended.
Selective foraging by fish-eating killer whales Orcinus orca in British Columbia

As the apex non-human marine predator, the killer whale Orcinus orca feeds on a wide diversity of marine fauna. Different ecotypic forms of the species, which often exist in sympatry, may have distinct foraging specialisations. One form found in coastal waters of the temperate NE Pacific Ocean, known as the 'resident' ecotype, feeds predominantly on salmonid prey. An earlier study that used opportunistic collection of prey remains from kill sites as an indicator of predation rates suggested that resident killer whales may forage selectively for chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, the largest but one of the least abundant Pacific salmon species. Potential biases in the prey fragment sampling technique, however, made the validity of this finding uncertain. We under- took field studies of foraging behaviour of resident killer whales to resolve this uncertainty and to examine potential variation in prey selection by season, geographical area, group membership and prey availability. Foraging by resident killer whales was found to frequently involve sharing by 2 or more whales. Prey fragments left at kill sites resulted mostly from handling and breaking up of prey for sharing, and all species and sizes of salmonids were shared. Resident killer whale groups in all parts of the study area foraged selectively for chinook salmon, probably because of the species' large size, high lipid content, and year-round availability in the whales' range. Chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta, the second largest salmonid, were also taken when available, but smaller sock- eye O. nerka and pink O. gorbuscha salmon were not significant prey despite far greater seasonal abundance. Strong selectivity for chinook salmon by resident killer whales probably has a significant influence on foraging tactics and seasonal movements, and also may have important implications for the conservation and management of both predator and prey.
Cognitive load and live coding: a comparison with improvisation using traditional instruments

ABSTRACT This paper explores the claim that live coding is a ‘real-time’ improvisatory activity by examining the difference in the temporal frame used by this and traditional instrumental improvisation, for the creation of novel musical expression. It posits the notion that because live coding requires less complex motor skills than instrumental improvisation, it may be less susceptible to certain types of mechanical modes of musical expression which inhibit musical novelty. This hypothesis is developed to include the concept of goal states, models of memory and cognitive load, as a means of mapping this territory and to provide an understanding of the various perceptual domains with which a coder engages during a live extemporised performance. This work will engage in a comparative discourse relating live coding to instrumental improvisation, as a point of departure for the understanding of cognitive functioning in this rapidly developing performance paradigm.
A CA Model for Visual Perception Based On Anatomical Connections

A phenomenological model of visual perceptual dynamics is proposed based upon the cellular automata (CA) which considers the anatomical connections between visual areas of the macaque brain. Some other important characteristics of neural networks of the brain are also included in the model, such as the excitatory-inhibitory ratio of neural populations, synaptic delays, etc. A new form of “geometric mean interaction rules” among neural populations are also introduced which could be considered more realistic than the previous “arithmetic mean-based rules”. This computational model is capable of showing interesting dynamical behaviors, seen in the visual perceptual states of the brain.
Epsilon iron oxide: Origin of the high coercivity stable low Curie temperature magnetic phase found in heated archeological materials

The identification of epsilon iron oxide (ɛ‐Fe2O3) as the low Curie temperature high coercivity stable phase (HCSLT) carrying the remanence in heated archeological samples has been achieved in samples from two archeological sites that exhibited the clearest evidence of the presence of the HCSLT. This uncommon iron oxide has been detected by Confocal Raman Spectroscopy (CRS) and characterized by rock magnetic measurements. Large numbers of ɛ‐Fe2O3 microaggregates (in CO) or isolated clusters (in HEL) could be recognized, distributed over the whole sample, and embedded within the ceramic matrix, along with hematite and pseudobrookite and with minor amounts of anatase, rutile, and maghemite. Curie temperature estimates of around 170°C for CO and 190°C for HEL are lower than for pure, synthetic ɛ‐Fe2O3 (227°C). This, together with structural differences between the Raman spectra of the archeologically derived and synthetic samples, is likely due to Ti substitution in the ɛ‐Fe2O3 crystal lattice. The γ‐Fe2O3‐ɛ‐Fe2O3‐α‐Fe2O3 transformation series has been recognized in heated archeological samples, which may have implications in terms of their thermal history and in the factors that govern the formation of ɛ‐Fe2O3.
Lightweight peer-to-peer secure multi-party VoIP protocol

Multi-party voice-over-IP (MVoIP) services provide economical and convenient group communication mechanisms for many emerging applications such as distance collaboration systems, on-line meetings and Internet gaming. In this paper, we present a light peer-to-peer (P2P) protocol to provide MVoIP services on small platforms like mobile phones and PDAs. Unlike other proposals, our solution is fully distributed and self-organizing without requiring specialized servers or IP multicast support.
Impacts of Uncertainty in Energy Modelling Widely Used in Aggressive Energy Efficiency Regulations

Building Assessment Tools (BATs) are widely used to estimate the performance of building and to assist designers in making decisions. As building codes and rating systems move from prescriptive to performance-based metrics, BATs are increasingly used to show compliance. BATs use computational methods and the results are mostly in a single annualised metric. However, the scientific community has shown that aleatory factors such as occupant behaviour and weather make the potential energy use of a building far from being a single deterministic value. Also, it is known that there is a significant deviation between predicted (at design stage) and actual energy use in buildings. These variations reduce the credibility of the predictions, questioning the acceptance of BATs results without considering underlying errors. This problem is amplified in under-policed construction sectors. India is one such example, where the adoption of Energy Conservation Building Code is becoming mandatory and one of its compliance method is based on BATs. Our work, therefore looks at the uncertainty in a typical multi-storey commercial office building’s performance in Delhi and shows implications of variable inputs in the results. The paper first reviews the use of BATs and existing studies on simulation uncertainty. Then uncertainty is evaluated in energy simulation of a sample building, including effects of inconsistent construction practices. EnergyPlus is then fed values sampled (by Monte-Carlo method) from probability distribution functions of inputs (building fabric and operational parameters). Further sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the results is performed. From the 3500+ simulations, the most sensitive inputs found were Wall U-values, cooling setpoints and infiltration. The variation in cooling demand and discomfort hours is more than three times between best and worst cases.
International Financial Reporting Standards Or Nothing How Prepared Is Nigeria

The study assesses the level of Nigeria's preparedness in adopting the new financial reporting language as an emerging capitalmarket. The paper is library based and relied extensively on secondary data obtained from literature search in the world wide wave on the current global trend sweeping the financial reporting land scape code named: International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). By adopting the standards, Nigeria has embraced IFRS in order to participate in the benefits it offers, including attracting foreign direct investment, reduction of the cost of doing business, reduction of information asymmetry and cross border listing among others. The challenges ahead for Nigeria include but not limited to the development of a legal and regulatory framework, awareness campaign for the perceive benefits in IFRS, and training of both academic and professional. Recommendations include the creation of conducive environment (physical and regulatory): objectivity in educational policy by government,' train the trainer' for Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria (FRCN) personnel, academicians and professional accountants, establishment of an independent body of experts to monitor and enforce compliance of accounting and auditing standards
Email as co-habitat in distributed organisations

Email has now become so ubiquitous that it has surpassed its early role as an asynchronous communication tool. Having contributed to the rise of the distributed organisation, email is being used in diverse ways and for purposes for which it was not intended. It is no longer a technology of individual habitats, but one where members of distributed organisations co-habit. This paper charts the study of email management, from early investigations of personal approaches to handling email overload, through to a review of software applications designed to ameliorate this. It suggests that while email has been appropriated for information and knowledge management, there has been minimal analysis of this beyond the individual. Therefore, it presents a case study of a distributed organisation, detailing the process by which email was leveraged for organisational knowledge through the design of an application that enabled visualisation of email data.
On the sedimentological origin of down‐core variations of bulk sedimentary nitrogen isotope ratios

[1] The bulk sedimentary nitrogen isotopic composition of two cores from nearby sites on the northern slope of the South China Sea (Site 17940 and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1144) differs by up to >2‰ during the last glacial period. Given their close proximity, both core sites are located in the same biogeographic zone and nutrient regime, and it is thus unlikely that this offset is due to a true gradient in surface ocean conditions. In an attempt to resolve this offset, we have investigated the possible effects of two sedimentological parameters that can affect bulk sedimentary δ15N, namely, the variable contribution of inorganic N to bulk N in the sediment and the grain-size dependence of bulk δ15N. We find that neither effect, singly or in combination, is sufficient to explain the significant δ15N offset between the two down-core records. By elimination the most likely explanation for the observed discrepancy is a different origin of both the organic and inorganic nitrogen at each site. This study adds to the growing body of evidence highlighting the complex nature and origin of the sedimentary components in sediment drifts, such as ODP Site 1144.
Empirical Study of Relationship between Money Supply and Inflation Based on Data from New Standardised Reporting Format

This study is based on data obtained from the new standardised reporting format introduced by International Monetary Fund. The empirical estimation of relationship between money supply and inflation leads to development of a model, which can be used by policy makers while formulating monetary policy. This model is based on new standardised reporting format, which has a broader approach in terms of capturing monetary aggregates in a country. Thus, as opposed to findings of many earlier studies, which used non-standardised data, this paper shows that an increase in money supply leads to an increase in consumer price index. ly. Finally, the study found that the RGDP of trade partner and bilateral real exchange rate are not statistically significant. empirical evidence linking bank customers’ participation in financial ads to their attitude. Managerially, this study informs bank managers regarding effective management of financial advert contents in order to influence bank customer’s attitude towards financial adverts.
Pathogenic mechanisms in microvillus inclusion disease

Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is one of the most severe congenital diarrheal disorder affecting young children and is characterized by MYO5B mutations, impaired brush border development and severe chronic secretory diarrhea. The aim of this study was to investigate the link between the loss of myosin Vb function and intestinal epithelial barrier function. We found that loss of myosin Vb expression or function in the epithelial cells of MVID duodenum and colon and in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells impaired the trafficking of claudin-1 to tight junctions, but did not affect other examined tight junction-or adherens junction-associated proteins. The resultant intracellular retention of claudin-1 was not accompanied by an enhanced paracellular permeability to macromolecules. These data indicate that myosin Vb controls the trafficking of claudin-1, but that an intestinal epithelial barrier defect by means of a macromolecular leak flux mechanism is not likely to account for the chronic diarrhea in MVID patients.
How does Brand Extension Affect Brand Image ? A study of Iran Market

The present article seeks to scrutinize the impact of brand extension on its current image and gives us a synopsis of an empirical model consist of five main parameters influencing brand association, extension congruency and brand attitudes in terms of FMCG and services sectors. Using random categorical-sampling, 391 observations have been made and the model has been appraised through path analysis method. The results substantiate the effect of extension attitude upon brand image, whereas initial brand associations and perceived fit between new products and other goods (category fit) or brand image (image fit) can improve consumer’s attitudes. Furthermore, the article explicates that initial image is the single vital parameter influencing the final image when extension process is accomplished.
Redefining youth activism through digital technology in Singapore

This article examines the relationship between youth, digital technology and civic engagement, within the context of the authoritarian democracy of Singapore. In-depth interviews with 23 young activists were conducted to provide information regarding the emergence of digital activism. The findings are presented in three parts. First, the article explains how activism has been understood in the Singaporean context, and how young activists understand, appropriate or reject this concept. Through this exercise of (re)defining activism, we are able to see how ICT goes beyond its function as a tool, and for young activists becomes an important component of their political lexicon. Second, the article examines generational shift through the young activists’ own accounts of their parents and seniors, including how the prominence of ICT differs between older and younger activists. Third, it explores current use of ICT in activism, examining different types of technology and their advantages and shortcomings.
The role of Calotropis procera in phenytoininduced toxicity in the postnatal developing cerebellum of Wistar rats - histological and gross morphometric studies

The role of methanolic leaf extracts of Calotropis procera in phenytoin-induced toxicity in the postnatal developing cerebellum of Wistar rat was studied.Forty sexually mature female rats, weighing about 160 g of the Wistar strain were randomly divided into five groups of eight animals per group. They were mated and pregnancy confirmed by the presence of a vaginal plug. The animals were fed with a standard diet of rat pellets and water provided ad libitum. The control animals received water, while the test groups received 50 mg/kg of phenytoin, 300 mg/kg, methanolic extracts of Calotropis procera and 200 mg/kg vitamin C orally, both separately and in combination during and after pregnancy. At the end of the experiment, the offspring for days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 50 post-partum, five per group, were weighed and killed. The brains and cerebella were dissected out and weighed and the cerebella processed for histological studies.In the phenytoin-treated animals the results showed a non significant reduction in the body weight of the animals, P>0.05, and a significant reduction in the brain and cerebellar weights, P<0.05, was observed. The administration of extracts of Calotropis procera and vitamin C reversed these changes when compared with the phenytoin-treated group, but not significantly when compared with the control. Histologically, the outer molecular, Purkinje and inner granular layers of the cerebellar cortex were intact, and in all the groups the external granular layer was not seen on day 21 post-partum.In conclusion, supplementation with methanolic extracts of Calotropis procera reduced the rate at which phenytoin induced toxicity in the postnatal developing cerebellum of Wistar rats.
Improvements of synergetic aerosol retrieval for ENVISAT

The synergetic aerosol retrieval method SYNAER (Holzer-Popp et al., 2002a) has been extended to the use of ENVISAT measurements. It exploits the complementary information of a radiometer and a spectrometer onboard one satellite platform to extract aerosol optical depth (AOD) and speciation (as a choice from a representative set of pre-defined mixtures of water-soluble, soot, mineral dust, and sea salt components). SYNAER consists of two retrieval steps. In the first step the radiometer is used for accurate cloud screening, and subsequently to quantify the aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm and spectral surface brightness through a dark field technique for different pre-defined aerosol mixtures. In the second step the spectrometer is applied to choose the most plausible aerosol mixture through a least square fit of the measured spectrum with simulated spectra using the mixture-dependent values of AOD and surface brightness retrieved in the first step. This method was developed and a first case study evaluation against few (15) multi-spectral ground-based AERONET sun photometer observations was conducted with a sensor pair (ATSR-2 and GOME) onboard ERS-2. Due to instrumental limitations the coverage of SYNAER/ERS-2 is very sparse. Therefore, SYNAER was transferred to similar sensors AATSR and SCIAMACHY onboard ENVISAT. While transferring to the new sensor pair significant improvements in the methodology were made based on a thorough evaluation of the methodology: (1) an update of the aerosol model, (2) improved cloud detection in the tropics and sub tropics, and (3) an enhanced dark field albedo characterization. This paper describes these improvements in detail and assesses their combined impact on the results. After a brief assessment of atmospheric noise impact on comparisons of pixel and station measurements a validation against ground-based measurements establishes error bars for the SYNAER/ENVISAT method version 2.0. A theoretical analysis of the information content with regard to aerosol composition (second retrieval step) is presented to quantify the potential and limitations of this new capability provided by the SYNAER method. Building on this analysis, first seasonal and monthly composition results calculated by applying SYNAER version 2.0 to AATSR and SCIAMACHY are shown to demonstrate the potential of the approach. An inter-comparison to earlier results of SYNAER version 1.0 is made for both the validation and the example datasets.
Title Population demographic history of a temperate shrub, Rhododendron weyrichii (Ericaceae), on continental islands of Japan and South Korea

Continental islands provide opportunities for testing the effects of isolation and migration on genetic variation in plant populations. In characteristic of continental islands is that the geographic connections between these islands, which are currently distinguished by seaways, have experienced fluctuations caused by sealevel changes due to climate oscillations during the Quaternary. Plant populations on the islands have migrated between these islands via the exposed seafloors or been isolated. Here, we examined the demographic history of a temperate shrub, Rhododendron weyrichii, which is distributed in the southwestern parts of the Japanese archipelago and on an island of South Korea, using statistical phylogeographic approaches based on the DNA sequences of two chloroplast and eight nuclear loci in samples analyzed from 18 populations on eight continental islands, and palaeodistribution modeling. Time estimates for four island populations indicate that the durations of vicariance history are different between these populations, and these events have continued since the last glacial or may have predated the last glacial. The constancy or expansion of population sizes on the Japanese islands, and in contrast a bottleneck in population size on the Korean island Jeju, suggests that these islands may have provided different conditions for sustaining populations. The result of palaeodistribution modeling indicates that the longitudinal range of the species as a whole has not changed greatly since the last glacial maximum. These results indicate that exposed seafloors during the glacial period formed both effective and ineffective migration corridors. These findings may shed light on the effects of seafloor exposure on the migration of plants distributed across continental islands.