Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Failure Behaviors of Multi-Faults Programs: An Empirical Study

Multi-faults contained in a program can manifest themselves as unexpected failure behaviors. Understanding the failure behaviors of multiple faults is essential for enhancing strategies of program debugging, software fault detection and software maintenance. This paper presents an empirical study of the failure behaviors of multi-faults for four industrial software systems. These four software systems contain a total of 128 software faults, which are identified by 3111 test cases. Our observations show that: 1) independent assumption holds true in most cases; 2) less than 3 faults in multi-faults programs are concurrently trigged by one test case; 3) the failure behaviors of multi-faults can mainly be accounted by dominant faults; 4) the interactions of the dominant faults and recessive faults can cause unexpected behaviors of the system.
Two-user dispersive communication channels

The optimum transmitters for maximum information throughput when two independent users share a dispersive channel are investigated. The channel is assumed to be linear and time invariant and is described by a 2 \times 2 matrix of transfer functions. The noise at each receiver is additive and Gaussian and may have a nonwhite spectrum. Assuming naive superposition (the interfering signal is treated as noise) it is shown that for many practical channels, frequency division multiplexing is optimum, and the structure of the optimum transmitters is obtained.
CMV Disease in AIDS Patients: Incidence of CMV Disease and Relation to Survival in a Population-based Study from Oslo

CMV disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with AIDS. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of CMV disease in a well-defined population of AIDS patients with a high rate of autopsy. No such study has previously been published from Scandinavia. A total of 248 patients who developed clinical AIDS in Oslo during the period 1 January, 1983 to 31 December, 1995 were included. Autopsy was performed in 152 of 213 deaths (71.3%). CMV disease was diagnosed in 95 patients. In the autopsy group, 73 patients (48%) had CMV disease, and in 52 of these patients CMV disease was first detected at autopsy. Retinitis was the most frequent manifestation, followed by adrenalitis, pneumonitis, encephalitis and gastrointestinal disease. No intravenous drug users (IVDUs) were diagnosed alive with CMV disease. All patients diagnosed with CMV disease before death had evidence of CMV disease at autopsy despite anti-CMV treatment. CMV disease was associated with increased risk of death. We conclude that CMV disease was frequent in patients with AIDS during the study period, was associated with increased mortality and was often diagnosed too late for the administration of appropriate therapy.
β-Defensins: Multifunctional Modulators of Infection, Inflammation and More?

Defensins comprise one of the largest groups of host defence peptides, present throughout evolution, in fungi and flowering plants as well as in invertebrates and vertebrates. These cysteine-rich, cationic peptides have a common ability to kill a broad range of microorganisms including bacteria, yeast and viruses. As such, they are a strong component of the arsenal that is an organism’s innate immunity. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that antimicrobial action is only one of the numerous roles of these multifunctional peptides. In recent years, the functions of defensins in immunomodulation have been widely investigated, and their involvement in other processes (such as fertility) is becoming evident. This review addresses recent advances in the immunomodulatory activity of β-defensins as well as the involvement of β-defensins in fertility, development, wound healing and cancer.
Efficacy of Ramelteon for delirium after lung cancer surgery.

OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of Ramelteon for the prevention of delirium after lung cancer surgery in elderly patients. METHODS Medical records of patients over 70 years old, who underwent anatomical pulmonary resection for lung cancer at our institution from January 2013 to December 2015, were reviewed. Patients treated in 2013 and 2014 were used as a control group. Ramelteon was administered daily for 7 days after surgery. The incidence of delirium was determined based on the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC). Scores of ≥4 and 1-3 points were used for the diagnoses of delirium and a pre-delirious state, respectively. RESULTS There were 24 patients in the Ramelteon group and 58 patients in the control group. ICDSC scores of ≥4 points were found for no patients in the Ramelteon group and 5 (9%) in the control group, whereas 21 (88%) and 49 (85%) patients, in the respective groups, had ICDSC scores of 0 points. The average incidence of events, associated with delirium, showed a trend of being lower in the Ramelteon group (0.25 ± 0.74 vs 1.58 ± 4.93, P = 0.061), and all events in the Ramelteon group occurred on the day of surgery. Thus, only one day was required for complete recovery from delirium in the Ramelteon group, whereas 8 days were needed in the control group. The peak delirious state occurred after 5 days in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Ramelteon is likely to reduce the incidence and intensity of delirium after surgery for lung cancer in elderly patients.
A dual-ascent procedure for the file allocation and join site selection problem on a telecommunications network

In this paper, a model and a solution procedure is developed for the File Allocation and Join Site Selection Problem with 2-way Join [FAJSP-2], defined on a telecommunications network. This problem attempts to integrate the file allocation and query optimization aspects of a distributed computing system. By allowing for queries that require processing up to two file types, this problem is designed to determine simultaneously the number and location of file types and the location of join operations. This problem is modeled as a mixed-integer linear program, for which a fast dual-ascent approximation procedure is developed. Extensive computational results are presented which demonstrate that our dual-ascent procedure is able to solve even large-scale problems to near optimality quickly.
Laboratory evaluation of leukocyte esterase and nitrite tests for the detection of bacteriuria

We compared the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the 1-min leukocyte esterase test and the test for urinary nitrite alone and in combination as screening tests for bacteriuria in over 5,000 clinical urine specimens. The leukocyte esterase-nitrite combination had a sensitivity of 79.2%, a specificity of 81%, and a negative predictive value of a negative test of 94.5% for specimens with greater than or equal to 10(5) CFU/ml. Although the sensitivity of this test was too low to allow its use as the only screening test for bacteriuria, it may serve as a useful adjunct to culturing and other urine-processing systems in the microbiology laboratory.
Genetic analysis of the Hungarian draft horse population using partial mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequencing

Background The Hungarian draft is a horse breed with a recent mixed ancestry created in the 1920s by crossing local mares with draught horses imported from France and Belgium. The interest in its conservation and characterization has increased over the last few years. The aim of this work is to contribute to the characterization of the endangered Hungarian heavy draft horse populations in order to obtain useful information to implement conservation strategies for these genetic stocks. Methods To genetically characterize the breed and to set up the basis for a conservation program, in the present study a hypervariable region of the mitochrondial DNA (D-loop) was used to assess genetic diversity in Hungarian draft horses. Two hundred and eighty five sequences obtained in our laboratory and 419 downloaded sequences available from Genbank were analyzed. Results One hundred and sixty-four haplotypes and thirty-six polymorphic sites were observed. High haplotype and nucleotide diversity values (Hd = 0.954 ± 0.004; π = 0.028 ± 0.0004) were identified in Hungarian population, although they were higher within than among the different populations (Hd = 0.972 ± 0.002; π = 0.03097 ± 0.002). Fourteen of the previously observed seventeen haplogroups were detected. Discussion Our samples showed a large intra- and interbreed variation. There was no clear clustering on the median joining network figure. The overall information collected in this work led us to consider that the genetic scenario observed for Hungarian draft breed is more likely the result of contributions from ‘ancestrally’ different genetic backgrounds. This study could contribute to the development of a breeding plan for Hungarian draft horses and help to formulate a genetic conservation plan, avoiding inbreeding while.
The core network in absence epilepsy

Objectives: We used EEG-fMRI to study epileptiform activity in a cohort of untreated children with typical absence seizures (AS). Our aim was to identify cortical and subcortical regions involved in spike and wave events and to explore the timing of activity in these regions. Methods: Eleven children with AS confirmed on video-EEG underwent EEG-fMRI. An event-related analysis of epileptiform activity was performed. Regions of interest (ROIs), identified in the event-related analysis, were used to study the time course of the blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) signal prior to and immediately following events of interest in these ROIs. Results: Group analysis confirmed positive BOLD in the thalamus and negative BOLD in the lateral and mesial parietal lobe, caudate nuclei, and additionally the brainstem reticular formation. The event-related time course differed between the thalamus, the parietal cortex, and the pons and caudate nuclei. In the subcortical structures, BOLD signal change occurred at, or immediately after, electrographic onset. Importantly, in the parietal cortex, but not in other cortical regions, there was a subtle BOLD signal increase for 10 seconds prior to the onset of epileptiform activity. Conclusions: In children with typical AS, we have confirmed a core network of structures involved in generalized epileptiform activity that includes the reticular structures of the brainstem. Furthermore, we have identified changes in parietal BOLD signal which precede the onset of epileptiform activity, suggesting the parietal cortex has a role in the initiation of epileptiform activity.
A Mediation Model of Individual Differences in Attitudes toward Affirmative Actions for Women

A mediation model of the relation between gender and attitudes toward affirmative action in favor of working women was tested. Four mediation variables were considered: perceived unfairness in the situation of working women, perceived threat to the non-designated group (men), self-esteem, and gender self-concept (masculinity and femininity). 192 women and 128 men, with differing occupations, participated. Gender affects individuals' attitudes toward affirmative actions for women, mediated by perceived unfairness in the situation of working women, perceived threat to the non-designated group, and feminine self-concept. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Phase Constant Measurement of Periodically Structured Surfaces-The Leaky-Wave Region

We address a practical approach to the dispersion measurement of the phase constant in the leaky-wave region of a periodically structured surface. If the structure is excited by a plane wave impinging from oblique directions, a coupling to the leaky mode supported by the structure can occur, leading to a reduction of the reflectance. Accordingly, by variation of the incident angle and the frequency of the plane wave, the leaky-wave region can be sampled. The dispersion characteristic of the phase constant of the leaky mode can therefore be extracted from the measurement of the reflection behavior at the surface. This method is applied to an example structure, where good agreement between simulation and experimental evaluation was found.
Hypermethylation of the APC (adenomatous Polyposis Coli) gene promoter region in human colorectal carcinoma

Germline mutations of the putative tumor suppressor gene APC are associated in high frequency with the familial adenomatous polyposis, predisposing the patients to colorectal neoplasia. Similarly, sequence analyses have revealed that in more than half of patients with sporadic colorectal carcinoma or adenoma, the APC gene was mutated. By employing genomic sequencing, i.e., base‐specific analysis of methylated cytosines, we show here that the promoter region of the APC gene is heavily methylated at CpG sites in patients with colorectal carcinoma in comparison with normal colonic mucosa and premalignant adenomas. Our results suggest that cytosine methylation of the regulatory sequences of the APC gene could be involved in the progression of human colorectal cancer. Int. J. Cancer 70:644–648, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimisation de la coopération utilisateur/système pour l'apprentissage en-ligne d'un classifieur évolutif

Les interfaces homme-machine tactiles permettent de nouveaux modes d'interaction comme l'utilisation de commandes gestuelles. Afin de memoriser facilement plus d'une douzaine de commandes, il est important de pouvoir les personnaliser. Le classifieur utilise pour reconnaitre les symboles dessines doit donc etre personnalisable, pouvoir s'initialiser a partir de tres peu de donnees, et evolutif, pouvoir s'ameliorer pendant son utilisation. Ces travaux etudient l'importance et les impacts de l'utilisation du rejet pour superviser l'apprentissage en-ligne du classifieur. L'objectif est d'obtenir un systeme de commandes gestuelles gerant au mieux sa cooperation avec l'utilisateur : pour apprendre de ses erreurs sans pour autant le solliciter trop souvent. Il faut donc faire un compromis entre le nombre de sollicitations de l'utilisateur, pour superviser l'apprentissage, et le nombre d'erreurs faites par le systeme, qui necessitent une correction de l'utilisateur.
Mechanical effects and volatile sulfur compound-reducing effects of chewing gums: comparison between test and base gums and a control group.

OBJECTIVE Chewing gum may act as a masking or a therapeutic agent against the different chemical compounds that are responsible for oral malodor. An open-label exploratory study investigated the effect of mastication and aromatic components of chewing gum on reducing oral volatile sulfur compounds. METHOD AND MATERIALS Twelve dental students (5 males and 7 females) acted as their own controls. Toothbrushing stopped 12 hours before observations. Measurements included organoleptic and volatile sulfur compound scores and the pH of the anterior and posterior zones of the dorsal tongue. Measurements were made at 9 AM and 12 PM on 1 day for 3 successive weeks; week 1, no gum (control); week 2, test gum; week 3, unsweetened gum base. This open-label study was then completed by an observer-blind study, according to the same schedule; the recorded measurement was the plaque index. RESULTS The pH, volatile sulfur compounds, and organoleptic scores were similar for all groups. The pH was more basic in the posterior part than in the anterior zone of the dorsal tongue, irrespective of time and presence or absence of chewing gum. In addition, the volatile sulfur compound score rose transiently immediately after the test gum, and the organoleptic score fell in the first hour only after the test gum. The two chewing gum groups seemed to have a greater reduction in plaque index than did the control (no gum) group. CONCLUSION Chewing gum may have a valuable mechanical role in cleaning dental surfaces, and the test gum may temporarily control bad breath. After 3 hours, similar volatile sulfur compound scores were observed for subjects who chewed either test or unsweetened gum base and control subjects.
Evaluación de los niveles de brain derived neutrophic factor y reelina en sangre de cordón umbilical de fetos en relación con percentil al nacimiento y afectación doppler

El bajo peso al nacimiento representa una entidad que afecta al 10% de los embarazos. Se ha estudiado el efecto que el bajo peso tiene en la salud postnatal, sobretodo su influencia en el neurodesarrollo. La clasificacion correcta de la poblacion permite un diagnostico mas preciso. Por este motivo, la primera fase de esta memoria consiste en la identificacion de las variables antenatales maternas influyentes en el peso neonatal asi como la elaboracion de curvas referenciales poblacionales customizadas con dichas variables, para la mejora del diagnostico de las alteraciones de crecimiento. Tras recoger de forma retrospectiva los pesos neonatales y las variables antenatales de los partos ocurridos en el HGUGM durante 6 anos, se ha identificado la raza materna y la paridad como factores antenatales influyentes, a parte del sexo fetal y la edad gestacional, y se han incluido en las tablas referenciales de nuestra poblacion. El modelo obtenido tiene una R2 de 0.192. Por otro lado, para mejorar la comprension de las fases intermedias que ocasionan una alteracion del neurodesarrollo en los RN con bajo peso para la edad gestacional se ha elegido la evaluacion de dos moleculas involucradas en el neurodesarrollo prenatal.
Neurogenic hyperalgesia: the search for the primary cutaneous afferent fibers that contribute to capsaicin-induced pain and hyperalgesia.

1. A local cutaneous injury can produce primary hyperalgesia within the injured area and secondary hyperalgesia in the normal surrounding skin. An intradermal injection of capsaicin in humans causes intense pain and hyperalgesia to heat and to mechanical stimuli in the surrounding skin. Psychophysical studies in humans supported the conclusions that the hyperalgesia was predominantly the secondary type and depended on one set of neurons sensitizing another ("neurogenic hyperalgesia") and that the latter set of neurons is located in the central and not the peripheral nervous system. To further test this hypothesis and to search for peripheral neural mechanisms contributing to the pain and neurogenic hyperalgesia from a local injury, we performed neurophysiological experiments in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and recorded the responses of cutaneous primary afferent fibers to an intradermal injection of capsaicin and to mechanical and heat stimuli delivered before and after the injection. 2. Most C- and A-fiber mechanoheat-sensitive nociceptive afferent fibers (CMHs and AMHs, respectively) responded too weakly or transiently to capsaicin to account quantitatively for the magnitude of capsaicin pain. Of the known primary afferents tested with capsaicin injections, only the responses of heat-selective nociceptors could potentially account for the pain measured psychophysically in the human. In addition, a novel type of primary afferent--tentatively termed "chemonociceptive"--may have contributed as well. 3. Nociceptive fibers did not become sensitized to either mechanical or heat stimulation after an injection of capsaicin either outside, adjacent to, or inside the receptive field (RF); any changes that occurred could not explain the hyperalgesia to mechanical or heat stimuli observed in humans. 4. The depressed responsiveness ("desensitization") of both myelinated and unmyelinated nociceptive fibers in the monkey to heat and/or mechanical stimulation of the injection site after capsaicin was injected inside their RFs correlated with the analgesia observed at the capsaicin injection site in the human. 5. Capsaicin, topically applied to the RF in a vehicle of dimethyl sulfoxide or alcohol, excited CMHs and AMHs and enhanced the responses of some of these fibers to heat and/or to stroking the skin. In some cases, similar results were produced by the vehicle alone. However, capsaicin and not the vehicle lowered the thresholds of some CMHs to heat. Thus the sensitization of CMHs contributes to the primary hyperalgesia known to occur within the area of skin directly exposed to topically applied capsaicin. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Evaluation of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS)

The defense meteorological satellite program (DSMP) successfully launched the F-16 spacecraft carrying the first special sensor microwave imager sounder (SSMIS) on October 18, 2003. SSMIS provides for the first time, atmospheric soundings that are derived by an instrument with a constant viewing geometry, in lieu of the more traditional cross-track, dwell and step-stare instruments such as the heritage DMSP and NOAA AMSU instruments. In addition, the conical scan features constant pixel resolution yielding exciting high resolution imagery. On-orbit SSMIS data indicates that the instrument is generally performing to specification. The presence of unexpected residual calibration anomalies was found during the sensor calibration and validation (Cal/Val) period and attributed to solar illumination of the warm load tines and reflector self-emission. The warm load errors have been partially mitigated and in progress for the reflector emissions. Mitigation appears to be necessary in order to achieve the full utility of SSMIS data, particularly for the atmospheric sounding EDRs and numerical weather prediction.
Physical Basis for CMOS SCR Compact Models

The physical effects that must be included in an accurate model of a silicon-controlled rectifier are discussed and compared with those for bipolar transistors. There are key differences in the modeling of the intrinsic silicon resistances and current gain for the two devices. Proper modeling of the underlying physics results in a compact model that is applicable over a wide range of current levels and is scalable.
Evaluation of a lysis direct plating method for pediatric blood cultures

The Isolator 1.5 Microbial tube (E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del.) is a commercially available blood culture system for use in pediatrics. The methodology is based on blood lysis followed by direct plating of the sample on culture media to detect bacteria and fungi. Comparative recovery rates of pathogens from blood collected in this and a conventional broth system were similar. The Isolator detected 104 of 120 clinically significant isolates, whereas 106 of 120 isolates were detected by the broth system. The major advantage of the Isolator methodology was early detection of septicemia. Initial detection of gram-negative bacteria occurred an average of 14.2 h earlier by the Isolator system than by the conventional broth method. The Isolator also permitted quantitation of bacteremia and fungemia. Probable contaminants were recovered from 10.0% of the cultures processed by the Isolator, but steps which could be taken to minimize this problem were identified. The Isolator is a useful method for pediatric blood cultures.
Nuclear receptor-estrogen complex: relationship between concentration and early uterotrophic responses.

The quantitative relationship between the amount of receptor—estrogen complex in the nuclear fraction of rat uterine cells and the extent of early uterotropic responses was studied in the immature rat. The quantity of nuclear receptor—estrogen complex, R—E, is maximal 1 hr after estradiol treatment. A decrease in nuclear R—E between 1 and 6 hr following estradiol treatment was observed which was dependent on hormonal dosage. During this 5–hr period, 70–80% of the sites were lost from the nuclear fraction following pharmacologic doses (1.0–2.5 μg) while a 7–9% decrease was observed with physiological doses (0.05–0.1 μg). Maximal increases in uterine weight were obtained when levels of nuclear R—E represented only a fraction of the total quantity of receptor in the uterus. However, a high correlation was observed between water imbibition and the quantity of nuclear R—E present at 3 and 6 hr after estradiol injection. In addition, positive correlations were found between the quantity of nuclear R—E and the e.