Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Liaison, élision et enchaînement : le rôle de la phonologie et du lexique chez les enfants au début de l’école primaire

Dans l'acquisition du francais, l’enfant recoit comme input une langue orale ou les frontieres entre les mots sont masquees par des phenomenes consonantiques comme la liaison (les [le] + ours [uʁs] => [le.zuʁs]), l’elision (le [lə] + ours [uʁs] => [luʁs]) et l’enchainement (la [la] + petite [pə.tit] + orange [] => [la-pe.ti.t). Cet effet de masquage donne lieu a des erreurs de mauvaises segmentations a partir de l'âge de 2 ans (p.ex. de(s)[n]elephants [de.ne. le. fɑ] pour des[z]elephants [de.ze. le. fɑ] ou u(n)[O]avion [ɛ a. vjɔ] pour un[n]avion [ɛ. na. vjɔ]). Entre 4 et 5 ans ces productions fautives diminuent avant de disparaitre a l’âge de 6 ans (Basset, 2000). Deux explications ont ete donnees pour expliquer ce pattern de developpement : une explication lexicale (Chevrot et al., 2013) ou la frequence lexicale des mots est la base pour determiner leurs frontieres ; une explication phonologique autosegmentale (Wauquier, 2009) qui met en relation la stabilisation du lexique avec l'acquisition phonologique. Dans cette etude nous cherchons d'evaluer de maniere detaillee l’importance relative de la phonologie et des connaissances lexicales de 43 enfants francais a l’entree du CP et d'analyser les problematiques causees par les phenomenes consonantiques de liaison, d’elision et d’enchainement dans cette phase d'acquisition. Les resultats d'une tâche de denomination guidee montrent que les enfants de 6 ans et demi ont encore des problemes avec le calcul des frontieres des mots en francais au debut de l'ecole primaire. De plus dans nos donnees, la frequence lexicale des mots tests ne resulte pas correlee au nombre d'erreurs. Les fautes residuelles dans la tâche sont donc consecutives a un probleme phonologique et pas exclusivement lexical. Le role prioritaire de la phonologie a l'entree de l'ecole primaire est en accord avec les conclusions de Sprenger-Charolles (1994) qui proposent que la premiere phase d’apprentissage de la lecture et de l'ecriture repose essentiellement sur une analyse phonologique independante de la frequence lexicale.
Real time threat detection system in cloud using big data analytics

The network data is the information generated over the network and this data is always under the cyber attack. The cyber criminals try to steal the useful information of someone's personal data or the organizations confidential data. In cloud applications, huge amount of data is processed in cluster of computers and stores the data at Common storage which is always under the threat of the cyber attacks. The data generation over cloud is increasing rapidly and it is huge in amount such data is called as big data. This big data is more vulnerable to cyber attacks. Due to big data's properties such as volume, variety, velocity it is very difficult to detect the attacks using traditional detection system. In this paper we proposed the threat detection system which uses big data technologies to analyze huge data and detects the cyber attacks over cloud networks in less time.
Visual Stimulation System to Detect Eye Movements

This paper presents design of a luminous ocular stimulation system to measure ocular movements. The system shows 13 red color stimulus from 0 to plusmn60deg in horizontal, vertical and oblique directions. A main characteristic of the system is that it works with white environment light. When sense the ocular movements it uses photo resistances to record the reflex from the sclera and iris, which is illuminated by a LED ultra shine. To get the correspondent graphic of eyes movements it builds the software CARMO (Captura, Analisis y Registro de Movimientos Oculares) in a visual environment. CARMO obtains the digital signal of the variations from photo resistances. The response magnitude is obtained in an interval from 0 to 5 Vp with a sampling time of 1,6 mS. CARMO storages the information and allows calculate the latencies time
Mechanism of genome interrogation: How CRISPR RNA-guided Cas9 proteins locate specific targets on DNA

The ability to precisely edit and modify genome opens endless opportunities to investigate fundamental properties of living systems as well as to advance various medical techniques and bioengineering applications. This possibility is now close to reality due to a recent discovery of the adaptive bacterial immune system, which is based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated proteins (Cas) that utilize RNA to find and cut the double-stranded DNA molecules at specific locations. Here we develop a quantitative theoretical approach to analyze the mechanism of target search on DNA by CRISPR RNA-guided Cas9 proteins, which is followed by a selective cleavage of nucleic acids. It is based on a discrete-state stochastic model that takes into account the most relevant physical-chemical processes in the system. Using a method of first-passage processes, a full dynamic description of the target search is presented. It is found that the location of specific sites on DNA by CRISPR Cas9 proteins is governed by binding first to protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequences on DNA, which is followed by reversible transitions into DNA interrogation states. In addition, the search dynamics is strongly influenced by the off-target cutting. Our theoretical calculations allows us to explain the experimental observations and to give experimentally testable predictions. Thus, the presented theoretical model clarifies some molecular aspects of the genome interrogation by CRISPR RNA-guided Cas9 proteins. Insert Received for publication Date and in final form Date.
Cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity after inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in conscious goats

1 The role of nitric oxide in the cerebral circulation under basal conditions and after vasodilator stimulation was studied in instrumented, conscious goats, by examining the action of inhibiting endogenous nitric oxide production with NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME). 2 In 6 unanaesthetized goats, blood flow to one brain hemisphere (electromagnetically measured), systemic arterial blood pressure and heart rate were continuously recorded. l‐NAME (35 mg kg−1 by i.v. bolus) decreased resting cerebral blood flow by 43 ± 3%, increased mean arterial pressure by 21 ± 2%, and decreased heart rate by 41 ± 2%; cerebrovascular resistance increased by 114 ± 13% (P < 0.01); the immediate addition of i.v. infusion of l‐NAME (0.15–0.20 mg kg−1 during 60–80 min) did not significantly modify these effects. Cerebral blood flow recovered at 72 h, arterial pressure and cerebrovascular resistance at 48 h, and heart rate at 6 days after l‐NAME treatment. 3 A second treatment with l‐NAME scheduled as above reproduced the immediate haemodynamic effects of the first treatment, which (except bradycardia) reversed with l‐arginine (200–300 mg kg−1 by i.v. bolus). 4 Acetylcholine (0.01–0.3 μg), sodium nitroprusside (3–100 μg) and diazoxide (0.3–9 mg), injected into the cerebral circulation of 5 conscious goats, produced dose‐dependent increases in cerebral blood flow, and decreases in cerebrovascular resistance; sodium nitroprusside (30 and 100 μg) also caused hypotension and tachycardia. 5 The reduction in cerebrovascular resistance from resting levels (in absolute values) to lower doses, but not to the highest dose, of acetylcholine was diminished, to sodium nitroprusside was increased, and to diazoxide was unaffected after l‐NAME, compared to control conditions. The effects on cerebrovascular resistance to acetycholine normalized within 24 h and to sodium nitroprusside within 48 h after l‐NAME treatment. 6 This study provides information about the evolution of the changes in cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity after inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide in conscious animals. The results suggest: (a) endogenous nitric oxide is involved in regulation of the cerebral circulation by producing a resting vasodilator tone, (b) the cerebral vasodilatation to acetylcholine is mediated, at least in part, by nitric oxide release, and (c) inhibition of nitric oxide production induces supersensitivity of cerebral vasculature to nitrovasodilators.
Skin Tone Based Secret Data Hiding in Images Using Wavelet Transform

Biometric feature accustomed implement steganography is skin tone region of pictures. Here secret information is embedded inside skin region of image that may offer a wonderful secure location for information activity. For this skin tone detection is performed exploitation HSV (Hue, Saturation and Value) colour area to boot secret information embedding is performed exploitation frequency domain approach – DWT (Discrete rippling Transform), DWT outperforms than DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform). Secret data is hidden in one in all the high frequency sub-band of DWT by tracing skin pixels therein sub-band. Four bit secret key and cropping results into associate degree increased security than activity information without cropping i.e. in whole image therefore cropped region works as a key at secret writing aspect. This study shows that by adopting an object orienting steganography mechanism, in the sense that, we have a tendency to track skin tone objects in image, we get a higher security
Protection of DNA during early development: adaptations and evolutionary consequences

SUMMARY The rapidly dividing cleavage stages of embryos do not have the typical responses to cell damage, such as induction of the heat shock response, use of mitotic checkpoints, or use of apoptosis to eliminate severely damaged cells. This could create problems with integrity of DNA, but the solution in these embryos appears to be a “be prepared” approach, in which specific adaptations are used to minimize DNA damage during cleavage and the use of apoptosis at the mid‐blastula transition to remove any cells that were nevertheless damaged. It has been assumed that this approach has evolved because of the advantage of rapid production of a motile larvae. Alternatively, this particular approach may have the selective advantage of increasing mutation rate when there are greater environmental stresses. This could provide more variants on which selective pressures could act and thus accelerate evolution during environmentally stressful periods.
Evaluation du potentiel méthanogène des fourrages naturels consommés par les zébus peuls du Nord Sénégal en saison sèche

Les experiences menees au Senegal pour estimer de maniere indirecte les emissions de methane par les zebus Gobra au cours de la saison seche, nourrissaient plusieurs objectifs : caracteriser l'evolution qualitative des regimes alimentaires des animaux, evaluer le potentiel methanogene de ces regimes, et identifier des indicateurs indirects de la production de methane. Pour parvenir a ces objectifs 4 zebus ont ete suivis 1 une journee chacun au cours de 4 periodes reparties de mai a juillet. La composition botanique, la composition biochimique (SPIR) de chaque regime puis leur fermentation in-vitro ont ete determinees ainsi que l'analyse biochimique des feces par SPIR. Nos travaux ont mis en evidence des changements saisonniers de regime alimentaire en termes de composition botanique et biochimiques, et d'emission de methane. Ces variations semblent dues a la qualite des pâturages et a la consommation par les animaux de litiere au sol qui diminuerait la production de CH4. L'incorporation croissante des ligneux aux regimes alimentaires ne parait pas affecter la production de CH4. Notre etude n'a pas permis d'identifier des indicateurs indirects de l'emission de methane par les zebus parmi les parametres biochimiques analyses. Les resultats obtenus seront la base de futures etudes dont les resultats serviront de reference pour les modeles predictifs d'emission de GES. Cette analyse constituant une etude preliminaire a des travaux plus consequents sur le meme theme, elle repond donc aux objectifs de standardisation de la methode a laquelle elle etait destinee. (Resume d'auteur)
Protein stability and resistance to oxidative stress are determinants of longevity in the longest-living rodent, the naked mole-rat

The widely accepted oxidative stress theory of aging postulates that aging results from accumulation of oxidative damage. Surprisingly, data from the longest-living rodent known, naked mole-rats [MRs; mass 35 g; maximum lifespan (MLSP) > 28.3 years], when compared with mice (MLSP 3.5 years) exhibit higher levels of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and DNA oxidative damage even at a young age. We hypothesize that age-related changes in protein structural stability, oxidation, and degradation are abrogated over the lifespan of the MR. We performed a comprehensive study of oxidation states of protein cysteines [both reversible (sulfenic, disulfide) and indirectly irreversible (sulfinic/sulfonic acids)] in liver from young and old C57BL/6 mice (6 and 28 months) and MRs (2 and >24 years). Furthermore, we compared interspecific differences in urea-induced protein unfolding and ubiquitination and proteasomal activity. Compared with data from young mice, young MRs have 1.6 times as much free protein thiol groups and similar amounts of reversible oxidative damage to cysteine. In addition, they show less urea-induced protein unfolding, less protein ubiquitination, and higher proteasome activity. Mice show a significant age-related increase in cysteine oxidation and higher levels of ubiquitination. In contrast, none of these parameters were significantly altered over 2 decades in MRs. Clearly MRs have markedly attenuated age-related accrual of oxidation damage to thiol groups and age-associated up-regulation of homeostatic proteolytic activity. These pivotal mechanistic interspecies differences may contribute to the divergent aging profiles and strongly implicate maintenance of protein stability and integrity in successful aging.
NMR Studies Demonstrate a Unique AAB Composition and Chain Register for a Heterotrimeric Type IV Collagen Model Peptide Containing a Natural Interruption Site*

Background: Heterotrimeric type IV collagen has breaks in the triple-helix repeating Gly-X-Y sequence. Results: NMR studies on a type IV peptide model show heterotrimeric chain selection and register, with new hydrogen bonds formed at an interruption site. Conclusion: Interruption sites may provide a driving force for self-assembly and chain register. Significance: Interruptions can have a positive effect on triple-helix continuity in non-fibrillar heterotrimer collagens. All non-fibrillar collagens contain interruptions in the (Gly-X-Y)n repeating sequence, such as the more than 20 interruptions found in chains of basement membrane type IV collagen. Two selectively doubly labeled peptides are designed to model a site in type IV collagen with a GVG interruption in the α1(IV) and a corresponding GISLK sequence within the α2(IV) chain. CD and NMR studies on a 2:1 mixture of these two peptides support the formation of a single-component heterotrimer that maintains the one-residue staggering in the triple-helix, has a unique chain register, and contains hydrogen bonds at the interruption site. Formation of hydrogen bonds at interruption sites may provide a driving force for self-assembly and chain register in type IV and other non-fibrillar collagens. This study illustrates the potential role of interruptions in the structure, dynamics, and folding of natural collagen heterotrimers and forms a basis for understanding their biological role.
Invasive or noninvasive: understanding brain-machine interface technology.

With this issue of the magazine, we are adding a new feature, "Conversations in BME," in which distinguished academics and researchers discuss a biomedical issue in depth, highlighting pros and cons of different approaches. Our goal for this feature is to promote discussion as a way to facilitate scientific growth in our community and, in particular, among students. Noninvasive and invasive EEG and electrocorticography (ECoG)-base BMIs were used for brain signal processing.
Organo-Silicate Nanocomposites for the Removal of Chlorinated Phenols from Aqueous Media: Kinetics and Environmental Stability

Abstract Organosilicate nanocomposite hexagonal mesostructure (NHMS) was synthesized from dodecylamine and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The nanocomposite (NMCM) of numbers 41, 48, and 50 were synthesized from cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) and (TEOS). The rates, affinity, and stability of these synthetic nanocomposite materials to remove and retain chlorinated phenols from aqueous solution were investigated; all materials have the ability for sorption and retention of 2,4-dichlophenol (2,4-DCP). Batch absorption kinetics indicates that NHMS, NMCM-41, NMCM-48, and NMCM-50 are 1st order reactions, with rate constants of 0.412, 0.296, 0.112, and 0.0161 hr−1, respectively. Average percent 2,4-DCP removal for NHMS, NMCM-41, NMCM-48, and NMCM-50 was 92, 98, 90, and 52%, respectively. Isothermic measurements fit Freundlich and Langmuir models. NHMS and NMCM-41 best fit Langmuir model. Stability of the adsorbents in 0.10 M CaCl2 for 56 days was in the order: NMCM-41 > NHMS > NMCM-50 > NMCM-48.
Telemetry for implantable medical devices: Part 3 - Data telemetry

This three-part article focuses on this power and data telemetry for implantable medical devices (IMDs). It is not restricted to circuit and system descriptions but outlines the background of the application along with typical requirements to motivate why the circuits are being built as found in state-of-theart publications. To cover this wide range of topics, the article is split into three parts. This final (third) part is dedicated to data telemetry concepts for IMDs, which are reviewed in principle, split into electromagnetic and optical approaches, and concluded with a system example realizing some of the aforementioned ideas. Coming back to the original term for telemetry, which was the availability of data from a remote sensor, and extending this to bidirectional data links, while restricting it to wireless operation, we shall summarize a few core requirements and then the possibilities and state of the art for implants. [This article is the third of a three-part series on telemetry for implantable medical devices. Part 1 appeared in the Spring 2014 issue of this magazine (pp. 47–51), and Part 2 appeared in the Summer 2014 issue (pp. 60–63). ]
Multi-azole-resistant strains of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii isolated from a FLZ-resistant strain by culturing in medium containing voriconazole

A Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii strain, NUBS14020, was the first fluconazole (FLZ)-resistant strain isolated from a feline cryptococcosis. Subsequent work demonstrated that multi-azole-resistant strains are readily isolated from FLZ-resistant strains by culturing in medium containing voriconazole (VRZ). The resulting clones were assessed for mutation and expression of known target genes, including the loci encoding lanosterol 14-α demethylase (ERG11), an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter (AFR1), or a multidrug efflux pump (MEP); mutation and/or overexpression of these genes is known to be associated with azole resistance. We also examined the interaction between an efflux blocker (FK506, calcineurin inhibitor) and VRZ in the multi-azole-resistant strains. The ERG11 genes from multi-azole-resistant strains encoded a protein with a G344S substitution. Expression levels of AFR1, ERG11, and MEP in the multi-azole-resistant strains were not higher than those in the VRZ-susceptible parent strain (NUBS14020) when cultured in Sabourad's dextrose broth containing VRZ. Synergistic effects between FK506 and VRC were observed in all of the multi-azole-resistant strains. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the combination of VRZ and FK506 in multi-azole-resistant strains were 4 to 8 times lower that the MICs of VRZ alone. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first report that multi-azole-resistant strains of C. neoformans encode a G344S substitution in Erg11p. Further investigation will be needed to determine the mechanism of multi-azole resistance in C. neoformans, given that feline cryptococcosis due to multi- azole-resistant strains is readily transmitted from cats to humans.
[Validation of the tympanic thermometer in primary care].

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to validate a tympanic thermometer (TT) use in primary care. PATIENTS AND METHODS Validation study phase IV of the tympanic thermometer ThermoScan Pro LT. Measurements are compared to axillary temperature (AT) measured with a glass mercury thermometer. 412 subjects 6 months to 15 years old attended in primary care clinics were studied. Exclusion criteria were middle ear conditions, intense crying or sweating. The highest of the three measurements in each ear was used to calculate sensitivity and specificity of the TT and to analyse the concordance with AT. The impact of ambient temperature, age, gender, cerumen, presence of a febrile condition and the examiner on the results was assessed. RESULTS Sensitivity of TT to detect fever (AT > 38 degrees C) was 89.7% (95% IC: 81.8-97.5) and specificity 90.7% (95% IC: 87.7-93.7). As a mean TT measures 0.5 degree C higher than AT but there was a high dispersion of the data (-1.59-0.6 degrees C). Accuracy of TT was influenced by the sex of the patient (p = 0.029), examiner (p < 0.01), presence of a febrile condition (p < 0.01) and positioning of the patient (p = 0.026). Repeatability coefficient was 0.34 degree C for the right ear and 0.42 degree C for the left. CONCLUSION The sensitivity of the TT to detect fever was adequate, though there was a poor concordance with AT and had an important variation among repeated measurements in the same ear.
Acute patellofemoral pain: aggravating activities, clinical examination, MRI and ultrasound findings

Objective: To investigate acute anterior knee pain caused by overuse in terms of pain location, aggravating activities, findings on clinical examination and ultrasound/MRI examination. To determine if acute anterior knee pain caused by overuse should be classified as a subgroup of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Methods: In a observational study design 30 army recruits with anterior knee pain (mean duration of pain 4 weeks) were examined using the PFPS pain severity scale (PSS), knee pain diagrams, standardised clinical examination, ultrasound and MRI examinations. Results: On PSS typical knee loading activities were the most painful, while sitting with knee bend for prolonged time caused surprisingly little pain. Pain was most commonly perceived in the peripatellar area (25 patients (83%)). The most common site of pain on clinical examination was the peripatellar area (25 patients (83%)), but other synovial covered structures including the fat pad of Hoffa (12 patients (40%)), the medial plica and the joint line (12 patients (40%)) were also involved. Only eight patients (27%) experienced pain on the patellofemoral compression test. Only discrete changes was detected on MRI/ultrasound. Conclusions: Acute anterior knee pain should be regarded as a subgroup of PFPS as both symptoms and clinical examination suggests this. The clinical examination with disseminated pain in all synovial covered structures is consistent with ideas of the importance of synovium in the genesis of pain.