Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surrogate-Based Simulation Optimization

Simulation models are widely used in practice to facilitate decision-making in a complex, dynamic and stochastic environment. But they are computationally expensive to execute and optimize, due to lack of analytical tractability. Simulation optimization is concerned with developing efficient sampling schemes -- subject to a computational budget -- to solve such optimization problems. To mitigate the computational burden, surrogates are often constructed using simulation outputs to approximate the response surface of the simulation model. In this tutorial, we provide an up-to-date overview of surrogate-based methods for simulation optimization with continuous decision variables. Typical surrogates, including linear basis function models and Gaussian processes, are introduced. Surrogates can be used either as a local approximation or a global approximation. Depending on the choice, one may develop algorithms that converge to either a local optimum or a global optimum. Representative examples are presented for each category. Recent advances in large-scale computation for Gaussian processes are also discussed.
High-Index Facets Bounded Platinum–Lead Concave Nanocubes with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Properties

High-index facets bounded platinum-based alloy nanocrystals usually exhibit enhanced electrocatalytic activity. However, the high surface energy, thermodynamic instability, and lattice mismatch make it a significant challenge to synthesize well-defined bimetallic nanocrystals with high-index facets. Here we developed a one-step wet-chemical synthesis of uniform PtPb concave nanocubes (CNCs) enclosed by {520} high-index facets. The as-prepared PtPb CNCs exhibited high synthetic yield and highly concave structure with an average size of 14 nm. Moreover, the synergistic effects and exposed {520} facets endowed the PtPb CNCs with excellent stability and electrocatalytic mass activity toward the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), which was 2.16- and 4.62-times higher than PtPb nanocubes (NCs) and commercial Pt/C catalysts, respectively. This work provides a new way for rational design and practical application of efficient catalysts.
Harlequin Syndrome in A Young Adult with Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome Post COVID-19

Harlequin Syndrome in A Young Adult with Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome Post COVID-19 Lerner RK1,7*, Shilo N2,7, Lotan D3,6, Belinson V4, Kogan A5,7, Pessach IM1,7, Haviv Y6,7, Mayan H2,7# and Kassif Y5,7# 1Department of Pediatric intensive care, The Edmond and Lilly Children’s hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel 2Department of Internal Medicine E, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel 3Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel 4Department of Internal Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel 5Department of Cardiac Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel 6Intensive Care Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel 7Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
The Benefits of Rental Assistance for Children’s Health and School Attendance in the United States

Programs that provide affordable and stable housing may contribute to better child health and thus to fewer missed days of school. Drawing on a unique linkage of survey and administrative data, we use a quasi-experimental approach to examine the impact of rental assistance programs on missed days of school due to illness. We compare missed school days due to illness among children receiving rental assistance with those who will enter assistance within two years of their interview, the average length of waitlists for federal rental assistance. Overall, we find that children who receive rental assistance miss fewer days of school due to illness relative to those in the pseudo-waitlist group. We demonstrate that rental assistance leads to a reduction in the number of health problems among children and thus to fewer days of school missed due to illness. We find that the effect of rental assistance on missed school days is stronger for adolescents than for younger children. Additionally, race-stratified analyses reveal that rental assistance leads to fewer missed days due to illness among non-Hispanic White and Hispanic/Latino children; this effect, however, is not evident for non-Hispanic Black children, the largest racial/ethnic group receiving assistance. These findings suggest that underinvestment in affordable housing may impede socioeconomic mobility among disadvantaged non-Hispanic White and Hispanic/Latino children. In contrast, increases in rental assistance may widen racial/ethnic disparities in health among disadvantaged children, and future research should examine why this benefit is not evident for Black children.
Digital core image registration based on SIFT features

In this paper, SIFT features and FLANN matching are applied to digital core image registration to achieve the purpose of fast digital core image registration. In this paper, three groups of digital core images data are used to carry out experiments from different aspects of rotation, brightness, translation and the combination of the three. The experimental results show that the method in this paper can effectively perform digital core image registration.
Neural Quality Estimation with Multiple Hypotheses for Grammatical Error Correction

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) aims to correct writing errors and help language learners improve their writing skills. However, existing GEC models tend to produce spurious corrections or fail to detect lots of errors. The quality estimation model is necessary to ensure learners get accurate GEC results and avoid misleading from poorly corrected sentences. Well-trained GEC models can generate several high-quality hypotheses through decoding, such as beam search, which provide valuable GEC evidence and can be used to evaluate GEC quality. However, existing models neglect the possible GEC evidence from different hypotheses. This paper presents the Neural Verification Network (VERNet) for GEC quality estimation with multiple hypotheses. VERNet establishes interactions among hypotheses with a reasoning graph and conducts two kinds of attention mechanisms to propagate GEC evidence to verify the quality of generated hypotheses. Our experiments on four GEC datasets show that VERNet achieves state-of-the-art grammatical error detection performance, achieves the best quality estimation results, and significantly improves GEC performance by reranking hypotheses. All data and source codes are available at https://github.com/thunlp/VERNet.
The Modern Mathematics of Deep Learning

We describe the new field of mathematical analysis of deep learning. This field emerged around a list of research questions that were not answered within the classical framework of learning theory. These questions concern: the outstanding generalization power of overparametrized neural networks, the role of depth in deep architectures, the apparent absence of the curse of dimensionality, the surprisingly successful optimization performance despite the non-convexity of the problem, understanding what features are learned, why deep architectures perform exceptionally well in physical problems, and which fine aspects of an architecture affect the behavior of a learning task in which way. We present an overview of modern approaches that yield partial answers to these questions. For selected approaches, we describe the main ideas in more detail.
Empathy and Our Contentment, Cooperation, and Compassion

Empathy is the cornerstone of healthy relationships and the ability to navigate complex social situations. The cognitive system that produces empathy, the left ventral striatum, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and supplemental motor area, motivates cooperation with others. Indications that empathy is on the decline should concern each individual because it is essential for our social and emotional wellbeing. Without empathy, we lose the ability to be compassionate. Empathy is many things, explaining why it can produce contradictory outcomes simultaneously. The evolutionary mandate of empathy might be the source of racial strife as well as the key to achieving racial harmony.
Bringing Down the Door-to-needle Time: Patient Thrombolysed in 6 Minutes-A Case Report.

INTRODUCTION It has been clearly established that thrombolysis using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is strongly beneficial for acute stroke patients. The sensitivity of brain tissue to ischemia causes this time dependence on the effectiveness of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Early recognition of stroke and activation of a stroke alert/code are imperative to treat acute stroke patients effectively and to realize positive outcomes. CASE PRESENTATION A 68-year-old man with right-sided weakness arrived at our emergency room and was thrombolysed in 6 minutes from time of arrival, after ruling out all contraindications. CONCLUSION The case and our rapid thrombolysis protocol that helped in achieving the 6-minute door-to-needle time are described. A structured protocol is recommended to reduce door-to-needle times for thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke.
Effectiveness and safety of aspirin combined with letrozole in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Meta-analysis was used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of aspirin combined with letrozole in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS Through comprehensive searches of the China Knowledge Network (CNKI), the VIP database (VIP), the Wanfang database, the China Biomedical Database (CBM), PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, the clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published on aspirin combined with letrozole in the treatment of PCOS were collected. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the included studies were screened and quality evaluated, and RevMan 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 10 RCTs and 948 patients with PCOS were included. Meta-analysis results showed that compared with letrozole monotherapy, aspirin combined with letrozole could significantly increase the thickness of the endometrium [MD=1.98, 95% CI: 1.63-2.34, P<0.00001], cervical mucus scores (MD =1.65, 95% CI: 1.32-1.98, P<0.00001), the ovulation rate (OR=3.50, 95% CI: 2.08-5.91, P<0.00001), the number of mature follicles (MD=0.65, 95% CI: 0.51-0.78, P<0.00001), and the pregnancy rate (OR=3.06, 95% CI: 2.28-4.12, P<0.00001), and significantly reduced the abortion rate (OR=0.20, 95% CI: 0.11-0.38, P<0.00001). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the 2 groups (OR=0.76, 95% CI: 0.44-1.32, P=0.33). CONCLUSIONS Aspirin combined with letrozole in the treatment of PCOS is safe and effective. Due to the limitations in the number and quality of the included studies, further verification with multi-center, large-sample, high-quality RCTs is still needed.
Attack Resilient Trust and Signature-based Intrusion Detection Systems

Wireless sensor networks have been widely applied in many areas due to their unique characteristics. These have exposed them to different types of active and passive attacks. In the literature, several solutions have been proposed to mitigate these attacks. Most of the proposed solutions are too complex to be implemented in wireless sensor networks considering the resource-constraint of sensor nodes. In this work, we proposed a hierarchical trust mechanism based on clustering approach to detect and prevent denial of service attacks in wireless sensor networks. The approach was validated through simulation using Network Simulator (NS2). The following metrics were used to evaluation the proposed scheme: packet delivery ratio, network lifetime, routing delay, overhead, and number of nodes. The proposed approach is capable of detecting compromised sensor nodes vulnerable to a denial of service attacks. Moreover, it is able to detect all sensed data that have been compromised during transmission to the base station. The results show that our method can effectively detect and defend against denial of service attacks in sensor wireless sensor networks.
Managing the first 120 min of cardiogenic shock: from resuscitation to diagnosis

Purpose of review Cardiogenic shock continues to carry a high mortality, and recent randomized trials have not identified novel therapies that improve survival. Early optimization of patients with confirmed or suspected cardiogenic shock is crucial, as patients can quickly transition from a hemodynamic shock state to a treatment-resistant hemometabolic shock state, where accumulated metabolic derangements trigger a self-perpetuating cycle of worsening shock. Recent findings We describe a structured ABCDE approach involving stabilization of the airway, breathing and circulation, followed by damage control and etiologic assessment. Respiratory failure is common and many cardiogenic shock patients require invasive mechanical ventilation. Norepinephrine is titrated to restore mean arterial pressure and dobutamine is titrated to restore cardiac output and organ perfusion. Echocardiography is essential to identify potential causes and characterize the phenotype of cardiogenic shock. Coronary angiography is usually indicated, particularly when acute myocardial ischemia is suspected, followed by culprit-vessel revascularization if indicated. An invasive hemodynamic assessment can clarify whether temporary mechanical circulatory support is necessary. Summary Early stabilization of hemodynamics and end-organ function is necessary to achieve best outcomes in cardiogenic shock. Using a structured approach tailored to initial cardiogenic shock resuscitation may help to demonstrate benefit from novel therapies in the future.
Experimental liver models: From cell culture techniques to microfluidic organs‐on‐chip

The liver is one of the most studied organs of the human body owing to its central role in xenobiotic and drug metabolism. In recent decades, extensive research has aimed at developing in vitro liver models able to mimic liver functions to study pathophysiological clues in high‐throughput and reproducible environments. Two‐dimensional (2D) models have been widely used in screening potential toxic compounds but have failed to accurately reproduce the three‐dimensionality (3D) of the liver milieu. To overcome these limitations, improved 3D culture techniques have been developed to recapitulate the hepatic native microenvironment. These models focus on reproducing the liver architecture, representing both parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells, as well as cell interactions. More recently, Liver‐on‐Chip (LoC) models have been developed with the aim of providing physiological fluid flow and thus achieving essential hepatic functions. Given their unprecedented ability to recapitulate critical features of the liver cellular environments, LoC have been extensively adopted in pathophysiological modelling and currently represent a promising tool for tissue engineering and drug screening applications. In this review, we discuss the evolution of experimental liver models, from the ancient 2D hepatocyte models, widely used for liver toxicity screening, to 3D and LoC culture strategies adopted for mirroring a more physiological microenvironment for the study of liver diseases.
The emerging role of FTY720 as a sphingosine 1‐phosphate analog for the treatment of ischemic stroke: The cellular and molecular mechanisms

Finding novel and effective drugs for the treatment of ischemic stroke is warranted because there is not a definitive treatment for this prevalent disease. Due to the relevance between the sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) receptor and several neurological diseases including ischemic stroke, it seems that fingolimod (FTY720), as an agonist of S1P receptor, can be a useful therapeutic strategy in these patients. FTY720 is the first oral drug approved by the US food and drug administration for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Three important mechanisms for neuroprotective effects of FTY720 have been described. First, the functional antagonistic mechanism that is associated with lymphopenia and reduced lymphocytic inflammation. This effect results from the down‐regulation and degradation of lymphocytes' S1P receptors, which inhibits lymph node lymphocytes from entering the bloodstream. Second, a functional agonistic activity that is mediated through direct effects via targeting S1P receptors on the membrane of various cells including neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and endothelial cells of blood vessels in the central nervous system (CNS), and the third, receptor‐independent mechanisms that are displayed by binding to specific cellular proteins that modulate intracellular signaling pathways or affect epigenetic transcriptions. Therefore, we review these mechanisms in more detail and describe the animal model and in clinical trial studies that support these three mechanisms for the neuroprotective action of FTY720 in ischemic stroke.
Spin pairing, electrostatic and dipolar interactions influence stacking of radical anions in alkali salts of 4,5-dichloro-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,2-dicarbonitrile (DDQ)

A series of five novel air-stable alkali salts of the 4,5-dichloro-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,2-dicarbonitrile radical anion (DDQ) were prepared and structurally characterised. Four of them (Li, Na and two Cs salts) involve Peierls-distorted π-stacks of radicals, while the K salt-structure comprises equidistant stacks of radicals. Different orientations of radicals in the stacks and different directions of the offset have been observed. For an unambiguous description of the π-stacking geometry of quinones and semiquinone radicals, the geometric parameters calculated by the program PLATON are not sufficient. Therefore, two additional geometric parameters are introduced: δ (torsion angle between molecular axes OC⋯CO of contiguous rings) and e (angle between the molecular axis OC⋯CO and direction of the offset). On the basis of these geometric parameters, the optimal stacking orientations can be quantified and correlated with the polarity and steric effects.
Health-related quality of life in bladder cancer patients: general and cancer-specific instruments. Part 1

Purpose of review Although survival outcomes are the primary outcomes to determine the effectiveness of treatment options, quality of life (QoL) is gaining in importance in addition to classic oncological outcomes. The present review aims to state and critically assess the challenges in health-related QoL (HRQoL) assessment especially in bladder cancer (BC) patients. Recent findings General QoL-instruments do not address concerns specific to cancer patients or BC patients. Domains, such as sexual functioning, embarrassment, self-consciousness, psychological distress, and urinary incontinence, are not adequately covered by any of the available instruments. With these QoL-instruments becoming increasingly specialized, the general aspects of QoL and possible unanticipated adverse effects are no longer likely to be accurately assessed. Sex-specific requirements have not been properly addressed by these QoL-instruments. HRQoL is reported to be lower in the elderly population, which may be due to their associated comorbidities and limitations, rather than treatment-related issues. Summary Due to their specifications, BC-specific instruments need to be used together with general QoL instruments to assess overall well being and disease- and treatment-specific QoL. Assessment of age-specific HRQoL is essential to understanding the QoL burden in each age group. QoL assessment calls for more detailed sex-specific questions to accurately address the HRQoL dimensions in men and women alike.
In Aged Females, the Enhanced Pressor Response to Angiotensin II Is Attenuated By Estrogen Replacement via an Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor-Mediated Mechanism

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Loss of ovarian hormones following menopause contributes to the rise in cardiovascular risk with age. Estrogen plays a protective role against hypertension and end-organ damage by modulating the depressor actions of the AT2R (angiotensin type 2 receptor). Our aim was to determine whether estrogen replacement in aged female mice can lower arterial pressure, improve endothelial function, and reduce organ fibrosis via an AT2R-mediated mechanism. Mean arterial pressure was measured via radiotelemetry in ovary-intact adult (3–4-month-old), aged (16–18-month-old; reproductively senescent) and aged–17β-estradiol (E2)–treated (3 µg/day SC) female mice, which were administered vehicle, Ang II (angiotensin II; 600 ng/[kg·min] SC) or Ang II+PD123319 (AT2R antagonist; 3 mg/[kg·day SC). On day 21 of treatment, aortic endothelium-dependent relaxation and cardiac and renal tissue (fibrosis and gene expression) were analyzed. Basal mean arterial pressure was lower in E2-treated aged mice (89±1 mm Hg, n=20) relative to aged controls (94±1 mm Hg; n=18, P=0.002). The Ang II pressor response was enhanced by ≈20 mm Hg in aged compared with adult females (P=0.01). E2-treatment reduced the Ang II pressor response in aged females (P=0.002), an effect that was reversed by PD123319 in the aged E2–Ang II group (P=0.0009). E2-treatment increased renal AT2R (≈6-fold; P<0.0001) and MasR (Mas oncoreceptor; 2–3-fold, P<0.05) gene expression in aged females. However, neither Ang II–induced endothelial dysfunction nor the age-related increase in renal and cardiac fibrosis was restored by E2-treatment in aged female mice. In conclusion, estrogen replacement in aged females may reduce arterial pressure to levels observed in adult females, via an AT2R-mediated renal mechanism.
Coparenting, Negative Educational Outcomes, and Familial Instability in Justice-involved Families

Incarceration of a parent is associated with negative consequences for children, such as behavioral problems, the development of antisocial personality traits, and decreased educational attainment. Data from the Multi-site Family Study on Incarceration, Parenting, and Partnering was used to analyze four measures of the coparenting relationship in families in which the father is incarcerated and the mother is not, to examine if a higher quality, more cohesive coparenting relationship is associated with fewer adverse childhood experiences for the parents’ shared child. Findings suggest that children of parents who frequently argue about the child are more likely to have ever been suspended or expelled from school and are more likely to have ever had to live outside of the home with a relative, family friend, or foster parents. Clinical implications are discussed, and future directions call for research, practice, and training to improve outcomes for incarcerated coparents and their children.