Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aerial Refueling : Nectar Sugar Fuels Foraging Activity

Foraging hummingbirds and nectar bats oxidize both glucose and fructose from nectar at exceptionally high rates. Rapid sugar flux is made possible by adaptations to digestive, cardiovascular, and metabolic physiology affecting shared and distinct pathways for the processing of each sugar. Still, how these animals partition and regulate the metabolism of each sugar and whether this occurs differently between hummingbirds and bats remain unclear. Kenneth C. Welch, Jr., Alexander M. Myrka, Raafay Syed Ali, and Morag F. Dick Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Center for the Neurobiology of Stress, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada kwelch@utsc.utoronto. ca
Deniability for protocols with shared state with applications to Anonymous Authentication

In this work we propose a different approach to solve the problem of anonymous authentication (Boneh et al. CCS 1999). Instead of the classical solution that uses ring signatures, we directly combine an an anonymous channel with deniable authentication without contradicting anonymity. The classical solution provides anonymity with respect to a set of authorized users, our solution provides anonymity with respect to authorized and no authorized (but maybe authorized for other group) users at the price of a different form of anonimity. We develop new tools to prove deniability of protocols in the Generalized Universal Composability framework (GUC, Canetti et al. TCC 2007). In particular we define deniability for multi party protocols, and show that deniable protocols are exactly those protocols that realize the ideal functionality Fden. This result enable us to prove deniability of many UC and GUC functionalities. We use our new tools to design a functionality for Anonymous Authenticated Channels and design a protocol that realizes it in the GUC framework.
A SURVEY OF ARABIC QUESTION ANSWERING : CHALLENGES , TASKS , APPROACHES , TOOLS , AND FUTURE TRENDS

Arabic is the 6th most important language in the world with more than 300 million speakers. Arabic Question Answering systems are gaining great importance due to the increasing amounts of Arabic content on the Internet and the increasing demand for information that regular Information Retrieval techniques cannot satisfy. In spite of the importance of Arabic Question Answering, there is no survey that covers it. This was the motivation to write this paper. In this survey, different Arabic Question Answering systems are demonstrated and the main Question Answering tasks like Question Analysis, Passage Retrieval, and Answer Extraction are explored. The main challenges of Modern Standard Arabic are also explained and how these challenges are approached and classified. Different QA Tools are investigated and Future trends are also highlighted to guide new research in this area. This survey provides guidance for new research in Arabic Question Answering to get up-to-date knowledge about the state of the art approaches in this area, the tools used and created by researchers to build an Arabic QA system, and the future trends and new directions to focus on.
CARBON ACCUMULATION IN PRISTINE AND DRAINED MIRES by Markku

The carbon accumulation of 73 peat columns from 48 pristine and drained mires was investigated using a total of 367 dates and age-depth models derived from bulk density measurements. Peat columns were collected from mires of varying depth, age, degree of natural state and nutrient conditions in aapa mire and raised bog regions and coastal mires from southern and central Finland and Russian Karelia. Particular attention was paid to the accumulation of carbon over the last 300 years, as this period encompasses the best estimates of the oxic layer (acrotelm) age across the range of sites investigated. In general, drained mires are initially more nutrient-rich than pristine mires. Organic matter decomposes more rapidly at drained sites than at pristine sites, resulting in thinner peat layers and carbon accumulation but a higher dry bulk density and carbon content. The average carbon accumulation was calculated as 24.0 g m-2 yr-1 at pristine sites and 19.4 g m-2 yr-1 at drained sites, while for peat layers younger than 300 years the respective figures were 45.3 and 34.5 g m-2 yr-1 at pristine and drained sites. For the <300-year-old peat layers studied here, the average thickness was 19 cm less and the carbon accumulation rate 10.8 g m-2 yr-1 lower in drained areas than in pristine areas. The amount carbon accumulation of surface peat layers depends upon the mire site type, vegetation and natural state; variations reflect differences in plant communities as well as factors that affect biomass production and decay rates. The highest accumulation rates and thus carbon binding for layers younger than 300 years were measured in the ombrotrophic mire site types (Sphagnum fuscum bog and Sphagnum fuscum pine bog), and the second highest rates in wet, treeless oligotrophic and minerotrophic mire site types. The lowest values of carbon accumulation over the last 300 years were obtained for the most transformed, sparsely forested and forested mire site types, where the water table was lowest. Depending on the nutrient conditions of mires, carbon binding can decrease or increase after drainage. At the most nutrient poor sites, carbon binding can increase after drainage.
ACHENE ULTRASTRUCTURE İN SOME SPECİES OF SENECİO ( ASTERACEAE ) *

The genus Senecio L. belongs to the tribe Senecioneae Cass. of the family Asteraceae (Compositae) which is the richest plant family of Turkey in terms of endemic species. The study was conducted on a total of 6 taxa belonging to Senecio section (Senecio eriospermus DC. subsp. eriospermus, Senecio eriospermus DC. subsp. lorentii (Hochst.) Hamzaoğlu & Budak, Senecio cilicius Boiss. , Senecio hypochionaeus Boiss. subsp. lazicus (Boiss. & Balansa) Hamzaoglu & Budak, Senecio hypochionaeus Boiss. subsp. hypochionaeus, Senecio cariensis Boiss). Achene structure was examined by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in order to identify anatomical and histological modifications and resolve taxonomic problems of the genus. A pericarp differentiated into four main region; the exocarp (outer epidermis), mesocarp, sclerenchyma region and endocarp (iner epidermis). In all the taxa it was observed that there was a thick and darkly stained cuticle layer on the epidermal cells. Senecio cilicius Boiss. and Senecio hypochionaeus Boiss. subsp. hypochionaeus, papillary cuticle was found on the epidermis layer. But in other taxa, papil was not observed on cuticle. Senecio eriospermus DC. subsp. eriospermus was found in the secretory ducts along the achene wall. In the other 5 taxa, no secretory ducts was observed. In the Senecio eriospermus DC. subsp. eriospermus, Senecio eriospermus DC. subsp. lorentii (Hochst.) Hamzaoğlu & Budak and Senecio hypochionaeus Boiss. subsp. hypochionaeus taxa, prismatic shaped crystals were found in mesocarp cells. In other species, crystals were not found in the middle layer or mesocarp cells.
Power Management and Energy Harvesting Techniques for Wireless Sensor Nodes

Wireless Sensor Networks, WSNs, are large networks composed of small sensor nodes, SNs, with limited computer resources capable for gathering, data processing and communicating. Energy consumption represents a barrier challenge in many sensor network applications that require long lifetimes, usually an order of several years. Sensor nodes, as constituents of wireless sensor networks, are battery driven devices and operate on an extremely frugal energy budget. Conventional low-power design techniques and hardware architectures only provide partial solutions which are insufficient for sensor networks with energy-hungry sensors. This paper surveys several techniques used in today’s wireless sensor networks with order to surpass the problem of energy consumption, power management and energy harvesting. It provides an insight into how various power reduction techniques can be used and orchestrated such that satisfactory performance can be achieved within a given energy budget.
Optimization of Hydraulic Servo Parameter for Semi-Solid Machine using Aerotech A3200

Abstract – Hydraulics machines are important parts in semi solid metal forging machine, to form the workpiece by pressing. Semi-solid machine positioning movements are required to have a high accuration, to get the high accuracy of the movement system a servo hydraulic control is added ,which consist of servo valve and digital controller (Aerotech A3200). The digital control parameters (kpos, kp, ki) are used to enhanced the hydraulic movement. To get the effect of the control parameters of the plant (hydraulic servo), a mathematical approach is used for simulation in matlab. In this research, study was done by optimize kp and ki parameters of the control system. Prior to the optimization, simulation was conducted using matlab. Where the simulated testing is using the input unit (step) and frequency (bode) to predict the circumstances that occurred to the plan which is then compared with experimental results. a step response was simulated in matlab to analyze the error of the hydraulic system. Having obtained the minimum error from adjusting kp and ki in matlab, a trend graphic error was used as a guideline to adjust parameter in actual system. The last step is to implement and adjust kp/ki in actual system and measure the real position error.Based on this research, it concluded that the error before adjustment are 0.6118-1.2642 mm for autotune parameter kp 3500000, ki 50000. The result of average error in this experiments after adjustment are 0.017-0.166 mm for parameter kp 250000, ki 10000. Keywords - Hydraulic Servo, Aerotech A3200, Step response, Bode plot, Semi-Solid Machine .
Velocity jump process · Transport equations · Brownian limit · Non-Markov correlated random walk · Mean squared displacement · Effective diffusion 1

There are various cases of animal movement where behaviour broadly switches between two modes of operation, corresponding to a long-distance movement state and a resting or local movement state. Here, a mathematical description of this process is formulated, adapted from Friedrich et al. (Phys Rev E, 74:041103, 2006b). The approach allows the specification any running or waiting time distribution along with any angular and speed distributions. The resulting system of integro-partial differential equations is tumultuous, and therefore, it is necessary to both simplify and derive summary statistics.An expression for themean squared displacement is derived, which shows good agreement with experimental data from the bacterium Escherichia coli and the gull Larus fuscus. Finally, a large time diffusive approximation is considered via a Cattaneo approximation (Hillen in Discrete Continuous Dyn Syst Ser B, 5:299–318, 2003). This leads to the novel result that the effective diffusion constant is dependent on the mean and variance of the running time distribution but only on the mean of the waiting time distribution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11538-015-0083-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Please email lead author regarding access to raw data. B Jake P. Taylor-King jake.taylor-king@sjc.ox. ac.uk 1 Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK 2 Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands 3 SpaceTimeLab, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
EVALUATION OF A HIGH RESOLUTION ATMOSPHERIC URBAN-SCALE ( CANOPY ) MODEL FOR ENERGY APPLICATIONS IN STRUCTURED AREAS

A reliable estimation of the energy consumption of buildings including the short term prediction (1-4 days) of air conditioning loads, requires the use of trustworthy predictions of meteorological parameters such as temperature, solar radiation and vector rate at a very high spatial resolution i.e. hundreds of meters over the built-up areas. The use of atmospheric mesoscale models (computational cells in the order of kilometres) provides very sparse information since the extent of urban areas is practically covered by less than ten computational cells in most applications. On the other hand, the implementation of these standards in high resolution requires an understanding of the physical configurations of the pattern when the distance between the computing nodes approaches the main scale of the phenomena one wishes to forecast. The current work is part of a project the aim of which is the development and evaluation of a high resolution atmospheric urban-scale model to simulate the aerodynamic and thermal effects of urban surface characteristics on the atmosphere and provide detailed meteorological parameters required for energy studies in structured areas. The model is based on a microscale Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) type numerical model. It will be applied to a large area of Kozani city instead of the typical application in isolated streets or buildings, which is frequently met in the literature. This model will be coupled with a mesoscale atmospheric model which will provide the boundary conditions to the CFD model. For this purpose the Atmospheric Pollution Model (TAPM) will be used within the research effort. In the present paper, the evaluation of TAPM at very high spatial resolution is presented. Control runs of the model developed were carried out over the wider area of Kozani, and the results were evaluated according to observed measurements of surface meteorological parameters.
The disruptive power of RCTs 1 July 30 , 2019

Two very different kinds of RCTs are used by economists, although they often get lumped together. The first kind is evaluative, used to assess whether a policy or intervention worked or not. Critics worry that privileging these RCTs over other evaluation methods can narrow knowledge. The second kind of RCT is exploratory, asking how behavior, institutions, and markets react to changing prices, contracts, and other economic features. By disrupting status quo economic conditions through experimental design, these exploratory RCTs open new questions for empirical microeconomics in ways that other methods cannot. One can be ambivalent about putting evaluative RCTs on a pedestal while also encouraging exploratory RCTs. Examples from RCTs of insurance, microcredit and digital money illustrate the arguments.
SELECTING THE FLAVOURING AMONGST MANGO PULP AND SUGAR TREATED CARROT SHREDS FOR DEVELOPING VALUE-ADDED BHAPA DAHI

The idea of conducting the research work was to add value to the fermented dairy product (Bhapa dahi) through flavour enhancement of the product, increasing its consumer appeal as well as enriching the product with β−carotene (a precursor of vitamin A – important for healthy vision and an antioxidant). Incorporation of herbs like ginger and mint at levels of 1.5% by weight in the preparation of frozen yogurt helped in better survival of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the product; the maximum count of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus noted in such product was 70.5 x 107 and 27.0 x 107 cfu/g respectively (Singh et al., 2013).
Reconsidering Returns

Investors’ perception of performance is biased because the relevant measure, returns, is rarely displayed. Major indices ignore dividends, thereby underreporting market performance. Newspapers are more pessimistic on ex-dividend days, consistent with mistaking the index for returns. Market betas should track returns, but track prices more than dividends, creating predictable returns. Mutual funds receive inflows for “beating the S&P 500” price index based on net asset value (also not a return). Investors extrapolate market indices, not returns, when forming annual performance expectations. Displaying returns by default would ameliorate these issues, which arise despite high attention and agreement on the appropriate measure.
Need of elevating the role of shariah board and portraying them significantly on Islamic bank websites: Why and how?

Islamic banking emerged rapidly to fulfil the financial needs of Muslim consumers, by using different viable modes of Islamic financing. These tools of financing were designed to avoid risk-free return, unjustified increase of money on money and uncertainty. To make these tool authentic, in all Islamic bank, Shariah board members are the pillar of the management structure. The presence of renowned scholars in a bank actually helps to increase the worth of a Shariah financial brand as they are the one who oversee and supervise the activities of banks. However, it is noticed that confusion and misperception exist generally about Islamic banks due to lack of devising authentic products, modes of structure and operational default. To identify the customer perception about Shariah scholars, Online Survey was conducted. In total 92 respondents participated. With that, 14 top Islamic bank websites (Bahrain, Lebanon, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Srilanka, Indonesia, Bangladesh, UAE, Pakistan, Malaysia, Kuwait, Jordan, Eygpt, Oman) was observed to figure how they have given importance and exposure to the Shariah board members. The findings suggested that web-marketing could highlight the role of Shariah scholars so that both users and non-users of Islamic banks were able to learn more about the machinery of Islamic financial products. In addition, Shariah board scholars should consciously reconsider and review their past and present approaches so as to perform better in the future.
Biological Populations Obeying Difference Equations : Stable Points , Stable Cycles , and Chaos

For biological populations with nonoverlapping generations, population growth takes place in discrete time steps and is described by difference equations. Some of the simplest such nonlinear difference equations can exhibit a remarkrible spectrum of dynamical behavior, from stable equilibrium points, to stable cyclic oscillations between two population points, to stable cycles with four points, then eight, 16, etc., points, through to a chaotic regime in which (depending on the initial population value) cycles of any period, or even totally aperiodic but bounded population fluctuations, can occur. This rich dynamical structure is overlooked in conventional linearized stability analyses; its existence in the simplest and fully deterministic nonlinear (“density dependent”) difference equations is a fact of considerable mathematical and ecological interest.
Gezgin Satıcı Probleminin İkili Kodlanmış Genetik Algoritmalarla

Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is widely studied and researched problem in combinatorial optimization and global search heuristics. There are many and different solution techniques for different kind TSP's. An important technique for TSP is the genetic algorithms (GA). TSP helps to benchmark and evaluate GAs, which is a heuristics method. In this study, a new genetic algorithm technique has been developed to solve traveling salesman problem. Advantages and disadvantages of this technique has been explained by comparing with existing techniques. The most important novelty of this technique is using a new binary encoded chromosome approach. Conclusion is achieved by presenting some of the conducted experiments.
Linguistic Analysis of Schizophrenia in Reddit Posts

We explore linguistic indicators of schizophrenia in Reddit discussion forums. Schizophrenia (SZ) is a chronic mental disorder that affects a person’s thoughts and behaviors. Identifying and detecting signs of SZ is difficult given that SZ is relatively uncommon, affecting approximately 1% of the US population, and people suffering with SZ often believe that they do not have the disorder. Linguistic abnormalities are a hallmark of SZ and many of the illness’s symptoms are manifested through language. In this paper we leverage the vast amount of data available from social media and use statistical and machine learning approaches to study linguistic characteristics of SZ. We collected and analyzed a large corpus of Reddit posts from users claiming to have received a formal diagnosis of SZ and identified several linguistic features that differentiated these users from a control (CTL) group. We compared these results to other findings on social media linguistic analysis and SZ. We also developed a machine learning classifier to automatically identify self-identified users with SZ on Reddit.
Analyzing predictive models with the help of visualizations

Technology may help people in taking everyday decisions exploiting the power of predictive models. Different models applied on the same dataset may have the same performance but produce different outcomes. Making correct predictions is difficult and “predictive modelers often only explore relatively few models” [2]. The identification of the most accurate model is also challenging [3, 4]. This research aims supporting the analyst to explore, compare models and select the best one for a given dataset, through the use of visualizations. The approach is taking into account Keim’s Visual Analytics Mantra: “Analyze first, show the important, zoom, filter and analyze further, details on demand" [1].
No evidence of sex-specific differences in choice or size of fish caught for chicks or self-feeding among Common Guillemots Uria

Despite slight but significant differences in size of male and female Common Guillemots Uria aalge and previously published sex differences in parental behaviour, foraging ranges and diving behaviour, no evidence of sex-specific differences in choice or size of fish caught for chicks or for self-feeding was found among adults caught in a North Norwegian colony. Introduction Numerous studies have addressed and documented sexual differences in various aspects of foraging behaviour and food provisioning that are not only common among sexually size-dimorphic birds but also among seabirds where this dimorphism is all but absent (Table 1 in Lewis et al. 2002). For example, among the Alcini (guillemots Uria spp., Razorbills Alca torda and Little Auk Alle alle) the sexes are only slightly dimorphic but parental roles are nevertheless skewed. This is most apparent at the end of the nesting period (during which both parents incubate and take care of the chick) when only the male takes the chick to sea and cares for it for several weeks (Gaston & Jones 1998; Harding et al. 2004). However, recent studies have revealed more subtle sex-specific differences among the Alcini with e.g. male Brünnich’s Guillemots Uria lomvia, Razorbills and Little Auks spending more time in the colony, foraging at different times of the day, diving deeper or having longer dive bouts than females (Jones et al. 2002; Paredes et al. 2008; Thaxter et al. 2009; Wojczulanis-Jakubas et al. 2009; Paredes & Insley 2010) and have hypothesised that such differences are related to the partitioning of parental roles during the chick development period. We know of only two studies, however, that have addressed sex-specific differences in prey delivered to chicks: Paredes et al. (2008) who studied Brünnich’s Guillemots and Razorbills and Thaxter et al. (2009) who studied Common Guillemots U. aalge, neither of which found significant differences.This paper carries Thaxter et al.’s (2009) study one step further by investigating not only sex-specific choice of prey brought to Common Guillemot chicks, but also testing whether adult diet is different during the chick-rearing period. Although otherwise very similar in *SEABIRD 23 TXT 18/4/11 10:29 Page 7