Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PREPARATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM NIOSOMAL FORMULATIONS

E-mail: marwahelmyabdallah@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: Incorporation of drugs into non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) during their manufacture affords a possible method of achieving controlled release. The aim of this study is to formulate niosomes as carriers for delivery of diclofenac sodium (DCS). Niosomes are prepared with a series of sorbitan monoesters (Span 20, 40, 60, and 80) and sorbitan tri-oleate (Span 85) and co-surfactants of polyoxyethelene fatty acid esters (Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80), with or without cholesterol and charged lipids like stearylamine or dicetylphosphate. The prepared niosomes were evaluated for the entrapment efficiency (EE %) and in-vitro release rate of DCS. Niosomes formed of Span 60 gave the highest EE %, followed by Span 40, 20, 80 and 85. It was also found that increasing the total lipid concentration resulted in an increase in the EE %. However, the amount of encapsulated DCS (mg) per mmole lipid decreased. Increasing the concentration of DCS was accompanied by a slight increase in the EE % and a great increase in the entrapment efficiency expressed as mg/mmole lipid. Niosomes prepared by ether-injection method and reverse-phase evaporation method resulted in a marked increase in the EE % compared to those prepared by hand-shaking method. It was demonstrated that the uses of co-surfactants like different types of Tween with Chol in a molar ratio of 25:25:50 caused an increase in the EE %. Niosomes prepared from Span 40 and 60 showed the slowest release rate than those prepared from Span 20, 80 and 85. However, the incorporation of co-surfactants into niosomes resulted in a greater decrease in the release rate of DCS from niosomal vesicles.
Care : Physician and Nursing Interactions and the Foundation of a Successful Unit

This chapter examines collaborative care by considering meanings of collaborative care, the makeup of the critical care team, forms of communication, and team effort. Meanings associated with collaborative care are explored, with particular reference to benefits of collaborative care within the critical care context. The various interdisciplinary health professionals who make up the critical care team are described, including medical and nursing personnel, physician assistants, pharmacists, respiratory therapists, social workers, occupational therapists, physical therapists, and nutritionists. The forms of communication that take place in critical care settings are identified, including critical care rounds, clinical handovers, and admission and discharge practices. Also important is the team effort that needs to be employed for orientation of new team members, patient monitoring and observation, and communication with patients’ families.
Emergency Shelter Resource Allocation and Location Analysis

This paper formulates a mixed-integer facility location model to optimize emergency shelter location and resource allocation based on a set of existing candidate shelters. This model minimizes network access time between an affected census block and a potential emergency shelter, the operating costs of a shelter as a function of shelter capacity, and the cost of not accommodating all evacuees with emergency shelter capacity at the planning stage. A sensitivity analysis of the model examines the impact of the model parameters, finding that assumptions about the number of evacuees and the importance of providing capacity for all evacuees at the planning stages significantly impact solutions. The results indicate that there is room for additional efficiency in prioritizing resource allocation to emergency shelters in a comprehensive plan. Even under the most extreme modeling circumstances (half of the population seeking shelter) only 78% of candidate shelters are recommended to be in operation, due to a spatial mismatch between population and shelter capacity. The sensitivity analysis and case study show that not only does the total number of shelters vary under different scenarios, but also the distribution in the sizes of recommended shelters. A case study for the state of Connecticut was conducted for a category 4 hurricane storm surge affecting the entire coastline of the state to demonstrate applicability of the model and potential uses of the results.
Some Generative Mechanisms of Intellectual Production. The three markets theory

In this contribution, the author tests empirically the three markets’ hypothesis developed by Ben-David and Boudon on the basis of data on intellectual production in the field of social sciences and humanities in Morocco. The article highlights the mathematical models of the intellectual production that are found to be different from those that characterize production in the natural sciences. One important conclusion the author comes up with in his study is that « Matthew effect», identified by Merton for the natural sciences, is nonexistent in the social sciences and humanities. Production in these latter disciplines does not fit in this effect according to which the act of publishing once increases the probability of publishing a second time and so on. Such an absence of cumulative process is accounted for based on the structure of market supply and demand of intellectual products as well as the increasingly tenuous role played by the scientific community.
Helicobacter Pylori and Steps for its Elimination: A Review

The only host for H. pylori is human and it is found to be present in stomach, duodenum, oesophagus and rectum. H. pylorus is responsible for causing chronic infections and therefore its complete eradication from the society is very much essential. This article therefore aims to review the recent treatment options prevalent for the eradication of this dreadful disease.
High‐Temperature Thermoelectric Behaviors of Fine‐Grained Gd‐Doped CaMnO3 Ceramics

Gd-doped CaMnO3 were synthesized by two methods: a coprecipitation route and a conventional solid-state reaction. The ceramic samples obtained by the coprecipitation method possess nanometer-scale grains but the grain sizes by the solid-state reaction route are several micrometers. Our results show that the electrical conductivity is slightly decreased with a decreasing grain size, which indicates that fine-grained ceramics can maintain good electrical property. However, thermal conductivity values of the fine-grained sample are relatively low due to the enhancement of grain boundary scattering. The highest dimensionless figure of merit ZT=0.24 has been obtained at 973 K in the air for fine-grained Ca0.96Gd0. 04MnO3, suggesting that they can be a promising candidate of n-type material for high-temperature thermoelectric application.
Enhanced spontaneous emission in a photonic-crystal light-emitting diode

We report direct evidence of enhanced spontaneous emission in a photonic-crystal (PhC) light-emitting diode. The device consists of p-i-n heterojunction embedded in a suspended membrane, comprising a layer of self-assembled quantum dots. Current is injected laterally from the periphery to the center of the PhC. A well-isolated emission peak at 1. 3μm from the PhC cavity mode is observed, and the enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate is clearly evidenced by time-resolved electroluminescence measurements, showing that our diode switches off in a time shorter than the bulk radiative and nonradiative lifetimes.
BORON DEPLETION CONTROLLED BY THE BREAKDOWN OF TOURMALINE IN THE MIGMATITE ZONE OF THE AOYAMA AREA, RYOKE METAMORPHIC BELT, SOUTHWESTERN JAPAN

A drastic drop of whole-rock boron contents is observed across the tourmaline-out isograd located near the schist–migmatite boundary of the Aoyama area, Ryoke metamorphic belt, southwestern Japan. The variation in whole-rock boron contents corresponds well with the modal proportion of tourmaline; most of the boron is contained in tourmaline in the upper-amphibolite-facies metasedimentary rocks. The drastic drop in whole-rock boron contents, from 10–79 to X □AlNa −1 Mg −1 exchange is insignificant in tourmaline, whereas the Al 2 Mg −1 Si −1 , AlOMg −1 (OH) −1 and CaMg 2 X □ −1 Y Al −2 or CaMgO X □ −1 Y Al −1 (OH) −1 exchanges are important. The amount of the X -site vacancy is controlled by the incorporation of Ca into tourmaline.
Auto-Fluorescence Spectroscopic Analysis of Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Rat Tissues Treated by Pentoxifylline

Fluorescence Spectroscopy is an emerging technology with potential applications in the discrimination of cancer and noncancerous tissues. The difference arises due to the active nature of the endogenous fluorophores such as tryptophan, collagen, flavin, NADH, porphyrin etc. The fluorescence of the endogenous molecules plays an important role in analyzing the tumor growth activity. In the present work, the auto fluorescence spectra are measured at the emission wavelength from 300 – 500 nm range for tryptophan fluorescence as tryptophan is found to be the most effective fluorophores in the analysis of rat tissues. The aim of the present work is to analyze the tumor activity in the tissue samples of the animal rat for three different organs namely liver, kidney and heart. In each type of sample, the analysis has been carried out in three different conditions; normal, tumor induced, and tumor treated samples. In all these cases, the action of carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) in inducing tumor in the above mentioned organs has been investigated. Pentoxifylline is the drug chosen for the treatment of tumor. The tissue samples are analyzed at the excitation wavelength of 280 nm, which produces fluorescence maxima peak at 334 nm wavelength that corresponds to tryptophan fluorescence. It is observed that in all the three tissue samples, the effect of CCl4 in inducing cancer is predominant. However, on treating with pentoxifylline, liver and kidney tissues responded well than heart tissue.
Dielectrophoretic deformation of thin liquid films induced by surface charge patterns on dielectric substrates

We studied the deformation of thin liquid films induced by surface charge patterns at the solid–liquid interface quantitatively by experiments and numerical simulations. We deposited a surface charge distribution on dielectric substrates by applying potential differences between a conductive liquid droplet and a grounded metal plate underneath the substrate that was moved in a pre-defined trajectory. Subsequently, we coated a thin liquid film on the substrate and measured the film thickness profile as a function of time by interference microscopy. We developed a numerical model based on the lubrication approximation and an electrohydrodynamic model for a perfect dielectric liquid. We compared experiments and simulations of the film deformation as a function of time for different charge distributions and a good agreement was obtained. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of the width of the surface charge distribution and the initial film thickness on the dielectrophoretic deformation of the liquid film. We performed a scaling analysis of the experimental and numerical results and derived a self-similar solution describing the dynamics in the case of narrow charge distributions.
A Systematic Literature Review

When entering a new world of work, a person will begin to try to adapt to the new environment, system and people within the scope of his work. In this case, it is necessary to support colleagues in the adaptation process. When a person does not get support and feels that no one cares about him, it can affect the quality of a person's performance in carrying out his duties. Therefore, we conducted this literature research to find answers about the effect of peer support on job quality. This article aims to systematically review the effect of peer support on job quality. We identify topics related to articles through Google Scholar, Proquest, and Inovbiz databases. Based on the results of research that has been carried out by researchers in five journals that are our references, it can be concluded that the results of the Systematic Literature Review or SLR show that the support of colleagues It is very much needed by an employee in order to support the quality of his performance in a company and the support of colleagues has been proven to have an effect on the performance of employee duties.
Temperature Variations and N/O in the Orion Nebula from HST Observations

Using the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) and the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) on the Hubble Space Telescope, we measured the flux of the N II] (2s2p35S2 → 2s22p23P2,1) lines at λvac = 2143.45, 2139.68 Å in the Orion Nebula—the first detection of these lines in an H II region. In order to assess the N+/O+ ratio, we also measured the flux of the [O II] (2p3 2Po1/2,3/2→2p3 4So3/2) lines at λvac = 2471.05, 2471.12 Å. In addition, with the FOS, other emission lines were measured in the same aperture in order to assess the average electron temperature and mean-square temperature variation (t2) in the N+ region, as well as the N+/O+ ratio. When we require that the empirically determined values be equal for (N+/O+)uv (obtained from the N II] 2142 and [O II] 2471 lines) and (N+/O+)opt (obtained from the [N II] 6585 and [O II] 3728 lines), we obtain the following. For the (N+, O+) zone, the average electron density is ~7000 cm-3, the average electron temperature is 9500 K, t2 = 0.032, and N+/O+ = 0.14. By comparing our FOS observations to predicted fluxes, utilizing our two previous photoionization models, we are able to derive the N/O ratio. There is fairly good agreement between (N/O)uv and (N/O)opt as derived from the two models with a range between 0.13 and 0.18. This range also encompasses our model-derived values for (N/O)ir (0.17-0.18), which fit the observed far-infrared line ratio [N III] 57 μm/[O III] 52 μm. The empirically derived N+/O+ value requires a correction for the possibility that the N+ and O+ regions are not identical. Our overall results place the gas-phase Orion N/O ratio in the range 0.13-0.18, which is somewhat higher than solar.
ORAL HEALTH FORM HIVE: POTENTIAL USES OF PROPOLIS IN DENTISTRY

Propolis is a resinous yellow brown to dark brown substance that honey bees (Apis mellifera) collect from tree buds, sap flows, shrubs or other botanical sources to seal up their hives and uses it as draught-extruder for beehives. The main pharmacologically active constituents present in propolis are flavonoids, phenolics and other various aromatic compounds. Flavonoids are well known plant compounds that have antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proprieties. Current research involving Propolis in dentistry covers many fields, particularly in cariology, oral surgery, periodontics and endodontics due to its properties, especially its biocompatibility. This paper is an attempt to review various applications of propolis in dentistry.
Effect of starvation on RNA, DNA and protein content of laboratory-reared larvae and juveniles of Solea solea

Using analyses of individuals, dry weight, RNA, DNA and protein content were measured on the same samples to assess the nutritional status of laboratory-reared larvae and juveniles of Solea solea (L.). During the early life of S. solea, 2 growth periods could be distinguished by dry weight measurements and biochemical composition analysis. After metamorphosis, dry weight, RNA, DNA and protein content per individual increased more slowly than before metamorphosis. RNA, DNA and protein were strongly positively correlated to dry weight of fed larvae. Starvation led to immediate loss of weight and to decrease in RNA and protein content, while DNA amount per individual remained roughly constant. Percentage of protein relative to dry weight was always lower in starved larvae or juveniles than in fed ones. DNA and RNA percentages decreased after metamorphosis, but remained always higher in starved than in fed fish. The RNA:DNA ratio continuously decreased during starvation and could be used to discriminate starving from feeding larvae after a few days. However, the RNA:DNA ratio of fed larvae showed relatively large fluctuations during larval development, and its decrease during starvation was strongly dependent upon the ontogenetic stage. The increase of DNA relative to dry weight was also dependent upon the developmental stage of starved larvae, but was much more stable in fed larvae and juveniles. Percentage of DNA can be used to define critical levels (3 % before metamorphosis, 1.5 % after it) above which larvae are undergoing starvation. The usefulness of the RNA:DNA ratio or DNA percentage as indices of nutritional condition is discussed.
A Quantile Regression Approach to Measuring the Educational Effect on Body Mass Index

Background: By use of a publically available database, the effects of education and geography on obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI) were evaluated with a quantile regression approach. The focus of the analysis was on the practical interpretation of the regression results to inform health policy decision makers about the importance of educational attainment for the growing public health issue of obesity in the US, particularly in the Southeast. Methods: With data from the 2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), quantile regressions were employed to estimate the educational effect on BMI while controlling for relevant lifestyle, socioeconomic, geographic, and demographic factors. Results: The findings indicate that education is important, for college graduates have lower BMIs, regardless of their relative weight distribution. Persons with college educations and annual incomes of more than $50,000 had lower BMIs than those without college education and lower income. Also, after controlling for relevant lifestyle, socioeconomic, and demographic factors such as physical activity, education, and income, regional variations are evident. There are higher BMI levels in the South as compared to other regions in the US. Conclusions: For obesity, there are underlying causes and contributing factors, such as educational attainment and the related factor, income, that are not always considered as high priorities for addressing obesity issues. The focus has typically been on lifestyle choices, such as eating habits and physical activity. The present findings promote efforts for ensuring college education for young people to address various public health issues, including obesity. Further, econometric analysis of secondary databases could lead to a better understanding for policy makers in regard to allocation of resources to address educational attainment, recognizing its effect on public health issues such as obesity.
Anti-inflammatory Effect of Dactyloquinone B and Cyclospongiaquinone-1 Mixture in RAW264.7 Macrophage and ICR Mice

Sesquiterpene-quinone is a class of secondary metabolites frequently encountered from marine sponge. The present study was designed to examine the anti-inflammatory action of sponge-derived dactyloquinone B (DQB) and cyclospongiaquinone-1 (CSQ1) mixture using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses. We measured the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 production, which increased by treatment with LPS, were significantly inhibited by DQB and CSQ1 mixture. It also decreased the production of NO production, and iNOS and COX-2 expression. Furthermore, it reduced 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema of ICR mice. These results demonstrate that sesquiterpene-quinone, DQB and CSQ1 mixture, might serve as a chemical pipeline for the development of anti-inflammatory agent. Keywords - Dactyloquinone B, Cyclospongiaquinone-1, Anti-inflammatory effect, Ear edema model
The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning across space and time

Recent empirical studies conducted in disparate ecosystems have shown that greater species diversity has positive effects on ecosystem functioning; however, other studies have found neutral or sometimes negative results. It is still unclear why the relationship between biodiversity and functioning varies among studies, but perhaps, investigating this relationship across spatial and temporal scales will lead to further understanding. One theory predicts that local niche complementarity among species (the partitioning of species based upon niche differentiation) is predicted to positively affect local ecosystem functioning at the local spatial scale. However, more recent theory predicts that greater local diversity may hinder local ecosystem functioning when diversity is enhanced through regional processes. I suggest community assembly as a way to incorporate both the local and regional processes that determine biodiversity and its consequent effects on ecosystem functioning. From this, I propose a hump-shaped relationship between diversity and ecosystem functioning at local spatial scales, but a linear increase of functioning with diversity at regional spatial scales. Thus, species diversity may have different effects on ecosystem functioning across different spatial scales. Species diversity may affect ecosystem functioning differently across time as environmental conditions shift. Through integrating recent theoretical models in ecosystem ecology and empirical examples of food-webs in community ecology, the effects of herbivore diversity on ecosystem functioning (grazing of primary producers) were examined under unchanged (no nutrients added) and changed (nutrients added) environmental conditions. I found that communities with higher species richness and diversity did not significantly differ from lower diversity communities in grazing intensity in the unchanged environments. However, higher diversity communities did have a significant effect on the biomass of primary producers in the nutrient enriched environments, while lower diversity communities did not. This empirical study showed that the functioning of local communities is dependent on the environmental conditions present in the habitat. Overall, this investigation found that the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem functioning may be dependent on spatial scale and environmental changes over time.
In vivo Apoptosis Imaging for Cancer Therapy

Phosphatidylserine is normally retained on the intracellular face of the cell membrane. When cells undergo apoptosis, this distribution is altered, that is, phosphatidylserine is rapidly exposed to the outside of the cell membrane. Actually, not only apoptosis but also other forms of cell death including necrosis, autophagy, and so on, can externalize phosphatidylserine [1]. Therefore, the compounds with high affinity for phosphatidylserine could be carriers in cell death imaging agents. The typical compound is annexin V, which is a 36-kDa human protein with a nanomolar affinity (Kd = 0.1-2 nM) for membrane-bound phosphatidylserine. For that reason, annexin V compounds, which are labeled with raidoisotopes for nuclear medicine imaging, have been developed and evaluated for detection cell death in vivo.