Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Risk of highly resistant bacteria importation from repatriates and travelers hospitalized in foreign countries: about the French recommendations to limit their spread.

The rapid development of transport and communication, environmental exchanges, and migration of populations creates opportunities for the spread of infectious diseases. The emergence and spread of pathogenic and epidemic pathogens is a major emerging phenomenon of the past 30 years. Some species of bacteria have become resistant to multiple antibiotics and, sometimes, to all antibiotics available: multidrug‐resistant bacteria (MDR), extensively drug‐resistant bacteria (XDR), or pan drug‐resistant bacteria (PDR). 1–3 These terminologies have drawn attention to the evolution of multidrug resistance and the potential difficulties in treating bacterial infections now and in the future. 4 The very high levels of resistance that are currently observed result from massive exposure to antibiotics, to which humans and animals have been subjected over the past 50 years. 5 Resistance to antibiotics concerns not only pathogens but also, and probably even more importantly, the commensally bacteria colonizing individuals (humans and animals). These are less easily detected because the carriage is asymptomatic. More than 80 million foreign visitors travel in France each year. In the same period, 19.4 million French peoples travel to foreign countries, more often in Europe. 6 In addition, 1.4 million French peoples live in foreign countries (i.e., 48% Europe, 20% America, 15% Africa, 8.5% in Asia‐Oceania, and 6.6% in the Near and Middle East). 7 The repatriation of French patients from foreign hospitals, but also health care provided to foreigners traveling in France, whatever their nationality, then expose the French population to highly resistant bacteria acquired in high resistance prevalent areas. The risk of the emergence and spread of highly resistant bacteria from migration has been recently evaluated in France because sporadic or limited epidemic situations have occurred in the recent past with pathogens such as Clostridium difficile ribotype 027, 8,9 carbapenemase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE), 10–12 vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus (VRE), 13,14 or multidrug‐resistant Acinetobacter … Corresponding Author: Didier Lepelletier, MD, PhD, Unite de Gestion du Risque Infectieux ‐ Service de Bacteriologie‐Hygiene, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, F‐44093 Nantes Cedex 01, France. E‐mail: didier.lepelletier{at}chu-nantes.fr
Endocarditis in an urban hospital in the 1990s.

OBJECTIVES To analyze the clinical characteristics and outcome of 159 consecutive patients with endocarditis who presented to an inner-city hospital from 1990 onward and to elucidate the most current problems and advances in the management of endocarditis. METHODS One hundred eighty-two consecutive cases (in 159 patients) met diagnostic criteria for endocarditis, including histopathologic evidence or multiple positive blood cultures without another primary source, and appropriate signs or symptoms. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed for 171 cases, and 36 patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography. RESULTS Sixty-seven percent of the patients were known drug users; more than 80% of these were positive for human immunodeficiency virus. Fever, malaise, and fatigue occurred in more than 95%, but other signs were neither sensitive nor specific, and classic microvascular phenomena were uncommon. Blood cultures were positive in 96%, all 7 patients with negative cultures had received prior antibiotic therapy. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism, and a significant increase in S aureus infections was noted for tricuspid endocarditis (chi 2 = 71.07, P = .003). The mitral (n = 51) and tricuspid (n = 49) valves were the most common sites of infection. Underlying heart disease was only identified in one fourth of the cases. Transesophageal echocardiography identified vegetation in 34 of 36 studies, 16 of which had negative transthoracic echoes. Five of 6 patients with documented abscesses died within 7 months. A systemic embolism occurred in nearly a third (n = 51) of the cases. Large vegetations (> 20 mm) were significantly correlated with an increased frequency of embolization (chi 2 = 6.77, P = .009), but vegetation mobility was not. Cardiac surgery was performed in 24 patients; there were 2 perioperative deaths. CONCLUSIONS The changing clinical spectrum of endocarditis exemplified in our series has important implications for diagnosis and management. Close attention to appropriate risk factors can contribute to optimal management of those factors and improve prognosis.
Machine Learning Paradigms for Next-Generation Wireless Networks

Next-generation wireless networks are expected to support extremely high data rates and radically new applications, which require a new wireless radio technology paradigm. The challenge is that of assisting the radio in intelligent adaptive learning and decision making, so that the diverse requirements of next-generation wireless networks can be satisfied. Machine learning is one of the most promising artificial intelligence tools, conceived to support smart radio terminals. Future smart 5G mobile terminals are expected to autonomously access the most meritorious spectral bands with the aid of sophisticated spectral efficiency learning and inference, in order to control the transmission power, while relying on energy efficiency learning/inference and simultaneously adjusting the transmission protocols with the aid of quality of service learning/inference. Hence we briefly review the rudimentary concepts of machine learning and propose their employment in the compelling applications of 5G networks, including cognitive radios, massive MIMOs, femto/small cells, heterogeneous networks, smart grid, energy harvesting, device-todevice communications, and so on. Our goal is to assist the readers in refining the motivation, problem formulation, and methodology of powerful machine learning algorithms in the context of future networks in order to tap into hitherto unexplored applications and services.
MR imaging of the postoperative knee

Advances in orthopedic and arthroscopic surgical procedures of the knee such as, knee replacement, ligamentous reconstruction as well as articular cartilage and meniscus repair techniques have resulted in a significant increase in the number of patients undergoing knee arthroscopy or open surgery. As a consequence postoperative MR imaging examinations increase. Comprehensive knowledge of the normal postoperative MR imaging appearances and abnormal findings in the knee associated with failure or complications of common orthopedic and arthroscopic surgical procedures currently undertaken is crucial. This article reviews the various normal and pathological postoperative MR imaging findings following anterior and posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and posterolateral corner reconstruction, meniscus and articular cartilage surgery as well as total knee arthroplasty with emphasis on those surgical procedures which general radiologists will likely be faced in their daily clinical routine. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Angina pectoris occurring during granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor‐combined preparatory regimen for autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in a patient with acute myelogenous leukaemia

We describe a patient with acute myelogenous leukaemia who developed angina pectoris during pre‐transplant conditioning for autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT); the conditioning regimen consisted of cytotoxic drugs in combination with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF). Neutrophilia and hypercoagulability were observed at the time of angina pectoris. Recurrence of angina pectoris was not seen after nitrate and aspirin therapy. Exercise stress testing performed after PBSCT suggested the presence of myocardial ischaemia. Therefore cases at risk of vascular events should be carefully managed with prophylactic treatment during G‐CSF administration.
A possible water tree initiation mechanism for service-aged XLPE cables: Conversion of electrical tree to water tree

In this paper, the conversion of electrical tree to water tree is found in a cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable, and a possible conversion mechanism is presented. An electrical-tree initiation experiment was performed under AC voltages in XLPE cable specimens. After that, a 390-hour accelerated water-tree aging experiment was performed for the specimens, and water trees at the tips of the electrical tree were observed in the slices by an optical microscope. Also, to further understand and confirm the conversion, similar experiments were performed, and the same conversion phenomenon was observed in XLPE block specimens. Depending on the geometric size observed in water-tree cable slices, the 2D simulation model, including an electrical tree and a water tree, was constructed for electric field simulation. According to the results of electric field simulation, the electrical trees can be directly initiated at microscopic defects in service XLPE cables under the effect of transient over voltages. After initiation of the electrical tree, the forked branches can reduce the electric field around the tips of the electrical tree. When the over voltages disappear and moisture invades, the tips of the electrical tree can become the initiation sites of water trees because of stagnant propagation of the electrical tree. For this reason, the conversion of electrical tree to water tree is possible for service-aged cables, and these water trees even can make the electric field uniform at the tips of electrical tree.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Isatin-based Mannich Bases

In this study, a series of isatin-based Mannich bases were prepared and their biological activity was evaluated. Schiff bases of isatin were synthesized by condensation of the keto group of isatin with different aromatic primary amines. The NMannich bases of the above Schiff bases were synthesized by reaction of the acidic imino group of isatin with formaldehyde and secondary amine. The chemical structures of the title compounds have been confirmed and elucidated by means of their physical and spectral data respectively. The compounds were tested for their possible antibacterial, analgesic and antiinflammatory activities by the standard methods. Among the tested compounds, the compound containing the chloro group showed significant biological activity. These pilot studies demonstrate the usefulness of isatin-based Mannich bases.
1400W Is a Slow, Tight Binding, and Highly Selective Inhibitor of Inducible Nitric-oxide Synthase in Vitro and in Vivo*

N-(3-(Aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine (1400W) was a slow, tight binding inhibitor of human inducible nitric- oxide synthase (iNOS). The slow onset of inhibition by 1400W showed saturation kinetics with a maximal rate constant of 0.028 s−1 and a binding constant of 2.0 μM. Inhibition was dependent on the cofactor NADPH. L-Arginine was a competitive inhibitor of 1400W binding with a Ks value of 3.0 μM. Inhibited enzyme did not recover activity after 2 h. Thus, 1400W was either an irreversible inhibitor or an extremely slowly reversible inhibitor of human iNOS with a Kd value ≤ 7 nM. In contrast, inhibition of human neuronal NOS and endothelial NOS (eNOS) was relatively weaker, rapidly reversible, and competitive with L-arginine, with Ki values of 2 μM and 50 μM, respectively. Thus, 1400W was at least 5000-fold selective for iNOS versus eNOS. This selectivity was similar to that observed in rat aortic rings, in which 1400W was greater than 1000-fold more potent against rat iNOS than eNOS. Finally, 1400W was greater than 50-fold more potent against iNOS than eNOS in a rat model of endotoxin-induced vascular injury. Thus, the potency and selectivity of 1400W inhibition of iNOS both in vitro and in vivo were far greater than of any previously described iNOS inhibitor.
Receiver design for multi-antenna wireless communications

Algorithm choices and corresponding VLSI architectures for spatial multiplexing receivers in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems are described in this paper. Implementations of linear and successive interference cancellation receivers are compared to implementations of maximum likelihood (ML) decoders that attain optimum bit error rate performance. The presented designs provide reference for the true silicon complexity of the algorithms under consideration and help to identify the limits with respect to practical implementations.
The influence of object pre-exposure on two-year-olds' disambiguation of novel labels

We investigated whether manipulating the perceived novelty of nameless objects would influence two-year-olds' tendency to map novel words to these objects. In Experiment 1, children who had been pre-exposed to target nameless objects were more likely to map novel words onto those objects than children who were not pre-exposed to the objects or children who were pre-exposed to non-target members of the nameless object categories. In Experiment 2, children who were pre-exposed to a nameless object were more likely to assign the novel label to that object than to either a familiar object or an unfamiliar object that had not been pre-exposed. The results of these studies suggest that reducing the novelty of nameless objects increases two-year-olds' tendency to map a novel word to a nameless object.
The effect of sulphadiazine, proguanil and 2:4-diamino-6:7-diisopropylpteridine upon gametocyte production in Plasmodium gallinaceum (Brumpt, 1935)

In strains of Plasmodium gallinaceum passaged by blood-inoculation, through young birds treated with small, but effective doses of proguanil, sulphadiazine or 2:4-diamino-6:7-diisopropylpteridine, the numbers of gametocytes produced were much greater than in the parent strain passaged by the same method. The effect of the drugs upon gametocyte production appears to be a long term one, since no change in gametocyte numbers was observed in birds treated with proguanil or sulphadiazine for only a few days. The relationship of these drugs to nuclear division and the synthesis of nucleic acids is discussed in the light of the observed increase in gametocyte-production in drug-treated strains of P. gallinaceum.
Engineering the cascoded NMOS output buffer for maximum V/sub t1/

The overall ESD performance of CMOS integrated circuits is often limited by the ESD robustness of the lateral NPN (LNPN) bipolar transistor parasitic to the NMOS output buffer. In this paper, we investigate layout and bias options for maximizing the lateral NPN bipolar trigger voltage V/sub t1/ of the cascoded NMOSFET output buffer. Based on experimental data and device simulations, we demonstrate: (1) how bipolar turn-on characteristics change with buffer layout; and (2) how V/sub t1/ may be significantly increased by applying bias to the upper NMOSFET gate. Example circuits which produce these preferential ESD bias conditions are shown.
Comparative Safety of Bone Remodeling Agents with a Focus on Osteoporosis Therapies

This article reviews the different treatments currently available for osteoporosis and examines the benefits and adverse events that are associated with each. While emphasizing safety considerations, this review summarizes the following treatments for osteoporosis: calcium supplements, fluoride, hormone replacement therapy, raloxifene, bisphosphonates, salmon calcitonin, and calcitriol. Before prescribing any of these agents, the clinician should review the risk/benefit profile of each drug in the context of the individual patient's history, concomitant diseases, concurrent medications, and general physical condition.
14-3-3 Binding and Phosphorylation of Neuroglobin during Hypoxia Modulate Six-to-Five Heme Pocket Coordination and Rate of Nitrite Reduction to Nitric Oxide*

Background: Neuroglobin protects neurons from hypoxia; however, the underlying mechanisms for this effect remain poorly understood. Results: Hypoxia increases neuroglobin phosphorylation, binding to 14-3-3, and nitrite reduction to form nitric oxide. Conclusion: Hypoxia-dependent post-translational modifications to neuroglobin regulate the six-to-five heme pocket equilibrium and heme access to ligands. Significance: Hypoxia-regulated neuroglobin may contribute to the cellular adaptation to hypoxia. Neuroglobin protects neurons from hypoxia in vitro and in vivo; however, the underlying mechanisms for this effect remain poorly understood. Most of the neuroglobin is present in a hexacoordinate state with proximal and distal histidines in the heme pocket directly bound to the heme iron. At equilibrium, the concentration of the five-coordinate neuroglobin remains very low (0.1–5%). Recent studies have shown that post-translational redox regulation of neuroglobin surface thiol disulfide formation increases the open probability of the heme pocket and allows nitrite binding and reaction to form NO. We hypothesized that the equilibrium between the six- and five-coordinate states and secondary reactions with nitrite to form NO could be regulated by other hypoxia-dependent post-translational modification(s). Protein sequence models identified candidate sites for both 14-3-3 binding and phosphorylation. In both in vitro experiments and human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells exposed to hypoxia and glucose deprivation, we observed that 1) neuroglobin phosphorylation and protein-protein interactions with 14-3-3 increase during hypoxic and metabolic stress; 2) neuroglobin binding to 14-3-3 stabilizes and increases the half-life of phosphorylation; and 3) phosphorylation increases the open probability of the heme pocket, which increases ligand binding (CO and nitrite) and accelerates the rate of anaerobic nitrite reduction to form NO. These data reveal a series of hypoxia-dependent post-translational modifications to neuroglobin that regulate the six-to-five heme pocket equilibrium and heme access to ligands. Hypoxia-regulated reactions of nitrite and neuroglobin may contribute to the cellular adaptation to hypoxia.
A mathematical model of hepatitis B virus transmission and its application for vaccination strategy in china.

BACKGROUND Before universal infant immunization against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in 1986 China was a region endemic for HBV infection. The prevalence of HBV infection in the population was about 60% and the proportion of chronic HBV carriers around 10%. These HBV carriers could progress to chronic hepatitis B, cirrhosis, and primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Since 1976, large-scale sero-surveys of HBV infection have been carried out and a lot of data have been collected. METHOD This paper describes a mathematical model developed to predict the dynamics of HBV transmission and to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of the vaccination programme. We used a compartment model expressed by a set of partial differential equations based on the characteristics of HBV infection. RESULTS All parameters, expressed in the model as a non-linear function of age and time since vaccination, were estimated using sero-survey data. The model fits well with both pre-vaccination and post-vaccination sero-surveys. The observed and estimated age-specific prevalence rates of HBV infection and HBV carriage agree with each other. According to our model, if all newborns are vaccinated according to schedule, the rate of HBV carriage will decline sharply over time to 0.2% in 70 years. By then, the ratio of acute hepatitis B will be less than 0.5% and the ratio of chronic hepatitis B will be around 5%. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that HBV infection in China can be controlled in just one generation, and eventually eliminated. Our model shows that vaccination coverage is the most important indicator for the elimination of HBV transmission. The higher the vaccination coverage, the better the long-term effectiveness of immunization. Thus, the key to controlling and eliminating HBV transmission in China is to find ways to immunize all infants throughout the country, especially in poor, rural areas.
Comparison of soil microbial community catabolic diversity between rhizosphere and bulk soil induced by tillage or residue retention

The effects of long term no-till and crop residue on soil microbial community catabolic function and relevant carbon cycle in the rhizosphere and bulk soils were assessed in the 10th year of a maize-winter wheat-soybean crop rotation. Conventional and zero tillage were coupled with residue removal and residue retention in a factorial design. Soil microbial community catabolic diversity was determined using Biolog-Eco plate. Average well colour development value (AWCD) of the microbial community in the rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than that in the bulk soil. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MB-C) content of rhizosphere soil under both zero tillage and residue removal treatments were significantly higher than those in the bulk soil. Microbes in bulk soil presented a preferential utilization of diverse carbon sources when crop residue was retained. Zero tillage significantly increased the utilization of most carbon sources of microbial in the rhizosphere compared to conventional tillage. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the distribution of carbon substrate utilization for all treatments suggests that the microbial community catabolic diversity is different between the tillage management treatments and between soil sampling positions. Effects of zero tillage and crop residue retention were different with respect to the microbial catabolic diversity in the rhizosphere and the bulk soil.
Mechanism of anesthesia revealed by shunting actions of isoflurane on thalamocortical neurons.

By using thalamic brain slices from juvenile rats and the whole cell recording technique, we determined the effects of aqueous applications of the anesthetic isoflurane (IFL) on tonic and burst firing activities of ventrobasal relay neurons. At concentrations equivalent to those used for in vivo anesthesia, IFL induced a hyperpolarization and increased membrane conductance in a reversible and concentration-dependent manner (ionic mechanism detailed in companion paper). The increased conductance short-circuited the effectiveness of depolarizing pulses and was the main cause for inhibition of tonic firing of action potentials. Despite the IFL-induced hyperpolarization, which theoretically should have promoted bursting, the shunt blocked the low-threshold Ca2+ spike (LTS) and associated burst firing of action potentials as well as the high-threshold Ca2+ spike (HTS). Increasing the amplitude of either the depolarizing test pulse or hyperpolarizing prepulse or increasing the duration of the hyperpolarizing prepulse partially reversed the blockade of the LTS burst. In voltage-clamp experiments on the T-type Ca2+ current, which produces the LTS, IFL decreased the spatial distribution of imposed voltages and hence impaired the activation of spatially distant T channels. Although IFL may have increased a dendritic leak conductance or decreased dendritic Ca2+ currents, the somatic shunt appeared to block initiation of the LTS and HTS as well as their electrotonic propogation to the axon hillock. In summary, IFL hyperpolarized thalamocortical neurons and shunted voltage-dependent Na+ and Ca2+ currents. Considering the importance of the thalamus in relaying different sensory modalities (i.e., somatosensation, audition, and vision) and motor information as well as the corticothalamocortical loops in mediating consciousness, the shunted firing activities of thalamocortical neurons would be instrumental for the production of anesthesia in vivo.