Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Occurrence of Downy Mildew of Vegetable Soybean and Its Detection by PCR

Lai, P. S. , Lien, T. J., Chen, R. S. , and Tsay, J. G. * 2004. The occurrence of downy mildew of vegetable soybean and its detection by PCR. Plant Prot. Bull. 46: 155-162 Downy mildew, a consistently occurring foliar disease of soybean, caused some defoliation, reduces seed quality and size, and may lower yield. Kaohsiung No.5, a new cultivar of vegetable soybean, developed in 1996, was found that downy mildew infected not only leaves but also pods and seeds in spring season from 2000 to 2001. This study confirmed that the stained pods and seeds of vegetable soybean that was caused by P. manshurica. The sequence data showed only 1 % nucleotide difference in the ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 sequences of Peronospora manshurica in this study and P. manshurica from NCBI accession no. AB021711 posted by Saito, M. in 1999. A specific detection method based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for identification of P. manshurica. Samples were subjected to 30 cycles of amplification. Each cycle consisted of denaturation for 1 min at 92℃, annealing for 45s at 55℃, and primer extension for 30s at 72℃. Amplified product of DNA was examined in an agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. With the primer pair PM3/PM4, an expected 283-bp fragment was amplified only from vegetable soybean pods infected with P. manshurica, but not
COMMENTARY Stress-Induced Apoptosis and the Sphingomyelin Pathway

The sphingomyelin pathway is a ubiquitous, evolutionarily conserved signaling system initiated by hydrolysis of the plasma membrane phospholipid sphingomyelin to generate the second messenger ceramide. Sphingomyelin degradation is catalyzed by acid and neutral sphingomyelinase (SMase) isoforms. Most, if not all mammalian cells, appear capable of signaling though the sphingomyelin pathway. Diverse receptor types and environmental stresses utilize the sphingomyelin pathway as a downstream effector system. In some cellular systems, ceramide initiates differentiation or cell proliferation, while in other systems, ceramide signals apoptosis. Recent investigations link the activation of neutral SMase to the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) cascade and pro-inflammatory responses, and acid SMase to the stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase (SAPK/JNK) cascade and apoptotic responses. Environmental stresses act directly on membrane to activate acid pH-dependent sphingomyelinase (ASMase), whereas cytokine receptors signal ASMase activation through motifs termed death domains. The present review focuses on mechanisms of activation of ASMase and on ceramide signaling of the apoptotic response. BIOCHEM PHARMACOL 53;5:615-621, 1997. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
Effects of elevated CO2 on early life history development of the yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi, a large pelagic fish

An increasing number of studies have examined the effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ocean acidification on marine fish, yet little is knownabout the effects on large pelagic fish.Wetested the effects of elevated CO2 on the early life history development and behaviour of yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi. Eggs and larvae were reared in current day control (450 matm) and two elevated CO2 treatments for a total of 6 d, from 12 h post-fertilization until 3 d post-hatching (dph). Elevated CO2 treatments matched projections for the open ocean by the year 2100 under RCP 8.5 (880 matm CO2) and a higher level (1700 matm CO2) relevant to upwelling zones where pelagic fish often spawn. There was no effect of elevated CO2 on survival to hatching or 3 dph. Oil globule diameter decreased with an increasing CO2 level, indicating potential effects of elevated CO2 on energy utilization of newly hatched larvae, but other morphometric traits did not differ among treatments. Contrary to expectations, there were no effects of elevated CO2 on larval behaviour. Activity level, startle response, and phototaxis did not differ among treatments. Our results contrast with findings for reef fish, where a wide range of sensoryand behavioural effects have been reported.Wehypothesize that the absence of behavioural effects in 3 dph yellowtail kingfish is due to the early developmental state of newly hatched pelagic fish. Behavioural effects of high CO2 may not occur until larvae commence branchial acid–base regulation when the gills develop; however, further studies are required to test this hypothesis. Our results suggest that the early stages of kingfish development are tolerant to rising CO2 levels in the ocean.
Kannenpflanzen. Insektenfressende Standortspezialisten und biogeographische Indikatoren

Die tropische Pflanzenfamilie der Kannenpflanzen – einzige Gattung ist Nepenthes mit knapp 70 Arten – sichert ihre Stickstoffversorgung durch den Fang und die enzymatische Verdauung von Insekten (Karnivorie). Dazu sind die Blätter dieser Pflanzen zu tüten‐ oder kannenförmigen Fallgruben umgestaltet. Das untere Drittel dieser Kannen ist angefüllt mit einer wäßrigen Verdauungsflüssigkeit mit Enzymen zur Eiweißzerlegung, die von speziellen Drüsen der Kanneninnenwand abgesondert werden. Andere Enzyme, die von Bakterien ausgeschieden werden, welche im Verdauungssaft leben, vollenden den Abbau der nach der Eiweißspaltung vorliegenden Oligopeptide bis hin zu den resorbierbaren Aminosäuren. Eine Reihe von Mükkenlarven, Milben, Spinnen und Einzellern lebt in und von dem so an Stickstoffverbindungen angereicherten Kannensaft, ohne von dessen Verdauungsenzymen beeinträchtigt zu werden. Damit stellen die Nepenthes‐Kannen eigenständige Klein‐Ökosysteme dar mit einer, je nach Art, unterschiedlich komplexen Hierarchie des Nahrungsnetzes.
Effects of cage encrustation by the bryozoan Plumatella casmiana on production of channel catfish

Abstract Fouling by the bryozoan Plumatella casmiana was observed on cages in which channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were being reared for a strain evaluation study at the Fish Farming Experimental Station, Stuttgart, Arkansas. Channel catfish growth was inversely correlated with encrustation. The extent of the encrustation was inversely related to pond water depth and to the distance of the cage from the pond water supply inlet. Fish growth was reduced in the cages most heavily fouled, which were in the shallowest water and nearest the water inflow.
Allocation under multiple resource constraints

Models of reproductive ecology and life history usually resort to arguments of optimal or ESS allocation of a single limiting resource. Yet real organisms may be limited by multiple resources. We present a verbal-graphical method for analysing allocation problems under multiple resource constraints, focusing on an example of allocation to two structures or functions, subject to two resource constraints. The logic behind this intuitive model is justified by an analytical model, which is applied to a sex allocation example. The evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) or optimal allocation will usually depend on which constraints are limiting at the ESS. For example, if the carbon : nitrogen ratio required to produce seeds differs from that required to produce pollen, the ESS numbers of seeds and pollen grains will differ depending on which resource is limiting (and take on yet another value if both resources are limiting at the ESS). We show how to determine whether one, the other or both constraints are limiting at the ESS. The degree of difference in the ESS allocation under different constraints is determined by the degree of difference in the ‘resource recipes’ of the structures or functions in question. ESS allocations to structures or functions are predicted to be more sensitive to changes in resource availability when both constraints are limiting than when only one is limiting. In contrast, ESSs are predicted to be more sensitive to changes in fitness equation parameters when one resource is limiting than when both are limiting. Nutrient manipulation experiments are suggested that can test the importance of these ideas. Plastic developmental responses in resource acquisition may result in multiple resource constraints frequently being binding at ESSs. To the degree that resources are substitutable, rather than being required in specific ratios, multiple resource allocation problems can be rephrased as single resource problems.
KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS TIKUS DAN CECURUT DI GUNUNG UNGARAN JAWA TENGAH

Gunung Ungaran sebagai salah satu habitat alami tikus dan cecurut yang masih tersisa di Jawa Tengah mengalami alih fungsi lahan. Hal ini akan mengganggu populasi tikus dan cecurut di Kawasan Gunung Ungaran. Pentingnya fungsi tikus dan cecurut sebagai anggota rantai makanan serta penyebar biji belum adanya penelitian mengenai keanekaragaman jenis tikus dan cecurut di Gunung Ungaran menyebabkan pentinganya penelitian mengenai keanekaragaman jenis tikus dan cecurut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui tingkat keanekaragaman jenis tikus dan cecurut yang ada di Kawasan Gunung Ungaran. Adanya data keanekaragaman ini dapat dijadikan dasar dalam menentukan kebijakan pengelolaan lahan dan konservasi tikus dan cecurut di Gunung Ungaran. Waktu penelitian ini adalah bulan Maret-April 2015 di tiga lokasi yaitu daerah kebun teh, hutan primer, dan area perbatasan antara kebun teh dan hutan primer. Metode yang digunakan adalah Single Capture Live Trap yang dipasang pada sebuah transek dengan jarak antarjebakan adalah 10 m dan dipasang selama tiga malam. Hasil pengkajian diidentifikasi dan dianalisis menggunakan Indeks Keanekaragaman Shanon Wiener, Indeks Dominansi, Indeks Kemerataan, serta Indeks Similaritas Sorenson. Hasil penelitian ini mendapatkan lima jenis tikus yang termasuk anggota Famili Muridae antara lain Chiropodomys gliroides, Leopoldamys sabanus, Rattus exulans, Rattus tiomanicus, dan Niviventer fulvescens, dan dua jenis cecurut yaitu Hylomys suillus yang merupakan Famili Erinaceidae dan Suncus murinus yang merupakan anggota Famili Soricidae. Keanekaragaman jenis tikus paling tinggi berada di area perbatasan (H’= 1.31), sedangkan keanekaragaman jenis cecurut paling tinggi berada di kebun teh (H’= 0.69). Tingginya keanekaragaman jenis tikus dan cecurut di area tersebut dikarenakan melimpahnya sumber makanan dan kondisi lingkungan yang sesuai. Berdasarkan hasil dan kendala yang dihadapi selama pengambilan data keanekaragaman tikus paling tinggi berada di area perbatasan antara kebun teh dan hutan primer sedangkan keanekaragaman cecurut paling tinggi paling tinggi berada di kebun teh. Saran yang dapat diberikan dari penelitian ini antara lain adanya penelitian mengenai tikus dan cecurut di habitat permukiman serta persawahan.
Feature Voting for Object Localization via Density Ratio Estimation

Support vector machine (SVM) classifiers have been widely used for object detection. These methods usually locate the object by finding the region with maximal score in an image. With bag-of-features representation, the SVM score of an image region can be written as the sum of its inside feature-weights. As a result, the searching process can be executed efficiently by using strategies such as branch-and-bound. However, the feature-weight derived by optimizing region classification cannot really reveal the category knowledge of a feature-point, which could cause bad localization. In this paper, we represent a region in an image by a collection of local feature-points and determine the object by the region with the maximum posterior probability of belonging to the object class. Based on the Bayes’ theorem and Naive-Bayes assumptions, the posterior probability is reformulated as the sum of feature-scores. The feature-score is manifested in the form of the logarithm of a probability ratio. Instead of estimating the numerator and denominator probabilities separately, we readily employ the density ratio estimation techniques directly, and overcome the above limitation. Experiments on a car dataset and PASCAL VOC 2007 dataset validated the effectiveness of our method compared to the baselines. In addition, the performance can be further improved by taking advantage of the recently developed deep convolutional neural network features.
Assessment of genetic diversity of Clarias batrachus using RAPD markers in three water bodies of Bhopal

To assess the extent of genetic diversity within and between three populations of the catfish, Clarias batrachus, an analysis for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variations were carried out. Five out of ten random primers produced constant and reproducible pattern of RAPD products. These five primers produced 72 scorable DNA fragments out of which 68 (86.66%) were polymorphic. Populations showed significant differences in their degree of polymorphism. Differences however, were observed in the primers in producing similarities in the populations.
The myrmecofauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Hungary: an updated checklist

The last checklist of Hungarian myrmecofauna was published at the end of the 1990s. Since then, several taxonomic and faunistic changes have occurred. The following article provides an updated checklist of Hungarian ants containing 126 species, five of which are found exclusively indoors. Six new species of the Hungarian myrmecofauna are reported (Temnothorax albipennis, T. jailensis, Tetramorium sp. D, Tapinoma melanocephalum, Plagiolepis pallescens, and P. ampeloni), and a few species are deleted from the list. Finally, we offer a brief descriptive comparison of the Hungarian myrmecofauna with the ant fauna of the surrounding countries.
The efficacy of anti-mycotoxin feed additives in preventing the adverse effects of wheat naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on performance, intestinal barrier function and nutrient digestibility and retention in weanling pigs

Abstract. Thanh, B. V. L. , Lessard, M. , Chorfi, Y. and Guay, F. 2015. The efficacy of anti-mycotoxin feed additives in preventing the adverse effects of wheat naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on performance, intestinal barrier function and nutrient digestibility and retention in weanling pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 197-209. This study was designed to determine the effect of feeding deoxynivalenol (DON) contaminated wheat to growing pigs on growth performance, digestibility and retention of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca). Secondly, we wished to evaluate the potential of four commercial anti-mycotoxin additives in preventing the adverse effects of DON. Sixty piglets (6.0 kg body weight) were assigned to six different corn-soybean meal-wheat diets (control diet: <0.5 mg kg-1 DON; contaminated diet (DON-contaminated): 4 mg kg-1; and four contaminated diets supplemented with a different anti-mycotoxin additive: DON+GLUC (glucomannan), DON+YBP (yeast, live bacteria, enzymes, plant extracts), DON+ALU (aluminosilicate) and DON+PC (preservation components). Piglets were housed individually in pens for 7 d and then transferred to metabolic crates for urine and feces collection for 7 d. At the end of these 2 wk, mannitol and lactulose doses were given by oral administration. Urine was collected for 24 h for an evaluation of barrier integrity of intestinal mucosa. The piglets were then euthanatized and intestinal samples collected for morphology studies. Feeding DON-contaminated wheat reduced average daily feed intake, average daily gain and G:F ratio compared with the control diet (P<0.05). Only DON+PC diet restored the growth performance of piglets fed DON-contaminated diet. Daily retention of N and P was not affected by DON contamination or anti-mycotoxin additives, but retention of Ca was higher in piglets fed the DON-contaminated diets than the control diet. DON-contaminated diet reduced digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and fat, villi height in jejunum, and recovery of mannitol and lactulose compared with the control diet (P<0.05). Finally, DON concentrations in serum from piglets fed the DON-contaminated diets were higher than in the control diet (P<0.05). Piglets fed DON-contaminated wheat had reduced growth possibly caused by impaired jejunal morphology and decreased digestibility of energy and fat.
A novel filter-wrapper hybrid gene selection approach for microarray data based on multi-objective forest optimization algorithm

Article history: Received April 5, 2020 Received in revised format: May 9, 2020 Accepted May 29 2020 Available online May 29, 2020 One of the most important solutions for dimensionality reduction in data preprocessing, and improving classification performance is gene selection in microarray data since they usually have several thousand genes with very few samples. Because of these characteristics, the complexity of classification models increases and their efficiency decreases. The gene selection problem inherently pursues two goals: reducing the number of genes and increasing the classification efficiency. Therefore, this paper presents a novel hybrid filter-wrapper solution based on the Fisher-score method and Multi-Objective Forest Optimization Algorithm (MOFOA). In the proposed method, as a preprocessing step, the Fisher-score method selects 500 discriminative genes by removing redundant/irrelevant genes. Then, MOFOA searches to find the subset of optimal genes using concepts such as repository, crowding-distance, and binary tournament selection. Moreover, the proposed method solves the gene selection problem and, at the same time, optimizes the kernel parameters in the SVM classification model. Six microarray datasets were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Afterward, a comparison was made between its results and those of the four multi-objective hybrid methods presented in the literature in terms of classification performance, the number of selected genes, running time, and hypervolume criteria. According to the results, in addition to selecting fewer genes, the proposed solution has achieved greater classification accuracy in most cases and has been able to obtain a performance similar to or better than that of other multi-objective gene selection approaches. by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada 20 20 ©
Effects of Flavonoid Fractions from Calendula officinalis Flowers in Parent and Tamoxifen Resistant T47D Human Breast Cancer Cells

Three major flavonoid fractions were separated from a methanol extract of Calendula officinalis flowers by preparative TLC. These fractions were evaluated for the inhibition of parent and tamoxifen resistant T47D human breast cancer cells. We also examined the effect of quercetin and isorhamnetin on the growth of parent and resistant T47D cells in the presence and absence of tamoxifen. It was found that quercetin increased cell proliferation of the resistant T47D cells at the presence of tamoxifen but no effect was detected by using quercitin alone. The fractions isolated from Calendula officinalis did not show any inhibitory effects on the cells. Isorhamnetin did not have any proliferative or anti-proliferative activity on the both cell lines.
The costs of mounting an immune response are reflected in the reproductive fitness of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae

We have used Anopheles gambiae, a major vector of malaria in Africa, to test the hypothesis that the operation of a surveillance or immune system against microorganisms and parasites can be costly to the reproductive success of the host. Blood-fed mosquitoes were challenged with an immune elicitor, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and their resultant antimicrobial activity, accumulation of yolk protein in the ovary and egg production was monitored. Humoral activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus was induced by LPS injection in a dose-responsive manner. LPS treatment also caused a concomitant significant reduction in the accumulation of protein in ovaries 24 h after injection and in the production of eggs during the same gonotrophic cycle. Unlike immune stimulation, reduction in reproductive fitness was not dose responsive. Oral administration of LPS also significantly reduced ovarian protein content although we could not detect the presence of anti-M. luteus activity in the gut tissue by using an inhibition zone assay. These findings indicate that immune stimulation imposed reproductive fitness costs on mosquitoes.
The Effect of Brand Image on Consumptive Behavior of Adolescent Girls in Palembang

This study aims to empirically examine and analyze the effect of brand image on the consumptive behavior of adolescent girls in Palembang. The study population was young women aged 10 to 24 who made purchases at malls located in Palembang. The sample studied as research respondents was 100 people with the questionnaire distribution technique used was accidental sampling. The analysis technique used to estimate the research model is Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The estimation results show that the brand image variable has a positive and significant effect on the consumptive behavior of adolescent girls in Palembang.
Biological Control of Stenocarpella maydis in Maize Seed with Antagonistic Streptomyces sp. Isolates

The effectiveness of two Streptomyces sp. isolates, isolated from maize rhizosphere soil and designated as DAUFPE 11470 and DAUFPE 14632, was evaluated in vitro and under greenhouse conditions for control of Stenocarpella maydis in maize seeds. Stenocarpella maydis incidence was detected in all subsamples of disease-free maize seeds by in vitro survey test, and ranged from 10.8% to 65.2%. In a filter paper test with surface-disinfected seeds inoculated with S. maydis, Streptomyces sp. isolates DAUFPE 11470 and DAUFPE 14632 significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) the pathogen incidence by 93.2% and 92.3%, respectively. Seed germination in the same treatments was increased by 30.0% and 28.2%, respectively. Treatments of non-disinfected seeds with the isolates DAUFPE 11470 and DAUFPE 14632, under greenhouse conditions reduced disease incidence in the seedlings by 87.3% and 85.6%, respectively. The reductions in disease incidence in surface-disinfected seeds were 85.0% and 83.0% for the same isolates. Seedling emergence significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased in disinfected and non-disinfected seeds inoculated with the Streptomyces sp. isolates. The results indicate the potential of using Streptomyces sp. isolates as an additional tool to control Stenocarpella ear rot by significantly reducing the incidence of S. maydis in maize seeds and seedlings.
Identification of African-Derived Bees in the Americas: A Survey of Methods

Abstract In 1956, honey bees of the African subspecies A. m. scutellata were imported to Brazil, and their descendents subsequently spread to South, Central, and North America. This invasion sparked significant academic controversy, particularly concerning the genetic composition of the expanding population. We review the biogeography and intraspecific phylogeny of Apis mellifera in the Old World as it pertains to African-derived bees in the Americas, the methods used to study gene flow between European-derived and African-derived populations in the New World, and the techniques used in identification of African-derived bees.