Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Altered Expression of Gq/11α Protein Shapes mGlu1 and mGlu5 Receptor-Mediated Single Cell Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate and Ca2+ Signaling

The metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors mGlu1 and mGlu5 mediate distinct inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and Ca2+ signaling patterns, governed in part by differential mechanisms of feedback regulation after activation. Single cell imaging has shown that mGlu1 receptors initiate sustained elevations in IP3 and Ca2+, which are sensitive to agonist concentration. In contrast, mGlu5 receptors are subject to cyclical PKC-dependent uncoupling and consequently mediate coincident IP3 and Ca2+ oscillations that are largely independent of agonist concentration. In this study, we investigated the contribution of Gq/11α protein expression levels in shaping mGlu1/5 receptor-mediated IP3 and Ca2+ signals, using RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi-mediated knockdown of Gq/11α almost abolished the single-cell increase in IP3 caused by mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptor activation. For the mGlu1 receptor, this unmasked baseline Ca2+ oscillations that persisted even at maximal agonist concentrations. mGlu5 receptor-activated Ca2+ oscillations were still observed but were only initiated at high agonist concentrations. Recombinant overexpression of Gqα enhanced IP3 signals after mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptor activation. It is noteworthy that although mGlu5 receptor-mediated IP3 and Ca2+ oscillations in control cells were largely insensitive to agonist concentration, increasing Gqα expression converted these oscillatory signatures to sustained plateau responses in a high proportion of cells. In addition to modulating temporal Ca2+ signals, up- or down-regulation of Gq/11α expression alters the threshold for the concentration of glutamate at which a measurable Ca2+ signal could be detected. These experiments indicate that altering Gq/11α expression levels differentially affects spatiotemporal aspects of IP3 and Ca2+ signaling mediated by the mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptors.
The Evaluation of Semantic Mapping

The increasing of the importance of links in the network of data influences the idea that links should be considered more in the mapping relational to graph model. Semantic abstraction gaps often occur during the mapping process where the link in the real world is mapped as a node in a graph model. This paper focused on evaluating the result of mapping and converting without losing the semantics. We propose the evaluation of our approach by using schema.org as the semantic standard. The experiments in three data sets show that the semantic mapping approach is pretty effective. We obtain quite good score matching without considering the gap index (the average is 0.6922) and with considering the gap index (the average is 0.5264) and the average precision score, 0.7042, is pretty good too.
Incidence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in captive deers at Nagpur.

Veterinary World Vol.2, No.9, September 2009 Introduction A wide range of parasitic spp. were recorded in zoo animals these parasites not only affect the animal help adversely but some time cause mortality, morbidity or both incidence of parasitism in wild animals have been reported from number of places (Chouhan, et.al., 1973, Kashid et.al. 2002, and Maske et.al. 1990). This article focuses on the observation found on parasitism of captive deers of Maharajbag Zoo, Nagpur (Maharashtra). Materials and methods
Climate change and deepening of the North Sea fish assemblage: a biotic indicator of warming seas

Summary 1. Climate change impacts have been observed on individual species and species subsets; however, it remains to be seen whether there are systematic, coherent assemblage-wide responses to climate change that could be used as a representative indicator of changing biological state. 2. European shelf seas are warming faster than the adjacent land masses and faster than the global average. We explore the year-by-year distributional response of North Sea bottom-dwelling (demersal) fishes to temperature change over the 25 years from 1980 to 2004. The centres of latitudinal and depth distributions of 28 fishes were estimated from species-abundance‐location data collected on an annual fish monitoring survey. 3. Individual species responses were aggregated into 19 assemblages reflecting physiology (thermal preference and range), ecology (body size and abundance-occupancy patterns), biogeography (northern, southern and presence of range boundaries), and susceptibility to human impact (fishery target, bycatch and non-target species). 4. North Sea winter bottom temperature has increased by 1·6 ° C over 25 years, with a 1 ° C increase in 1988‐1989 alone. During this period, the whole demersal fish assemblage deepened by ~3·6 m decade ‐1 and the deepening was coherent for most assemblages. 5. The latitudinal response to warming was heterogeneous, and reflects (i) a northward shift in the mean latitude of abundant, widespread thermal specialists, and (ii) the southward shift of relatively small, abundant southerly species with limited occupancy and a northern range boundary in the North Sea. 6. Synthesis and applications. The deepening of North Sea bottom-dwelling fishes in response to climate change is the marine analogue of the upward movement of terrestrial species to higher altitudes. The assemblage-level depth responses, and both latitudinal responses, covary with temperature and environmental variability in a manner diagnostic of a climate change impact. The deepening of the demersal fish assemblage in response to temperature could be used as a biotic indicator of the effects of climate change in the North Sea and other semi-enclosed seas.
Quality of savoy cabbage stored under controlled atmosphere with the addition of essential oils

The objective of this research was to determine the influence of controlled atmosphere and controlled atmosphere with the addition of tea tree or cardamom essential oil on the kinetics of changes in vitamin C content, chlorophyll pigments and on the total number of microorganisms and anaerobic titre during storage of two cultivars of savoy cabbage: 'OWASA and 'WIROSA. The cabbage was stored at 0-1°C under controlled atmosphere (CA) composed of 4% CO 2 , 3% O 2 and 93% N 2 , in CA with the addition of tea tree oil (oil 1) or cardamom essential oil (oil 2) at the concentration of 15 ppm, and in the air (K). It was proved that, irrespective of the presence of an essential oil, CA slowed down the degradation of vitamin C and chlorophyll pigments in the stored vegetables. The controlled atmosphere prolonged the period when vegetables maintained their high biological value during cold storage. The tea tree essential oil added to CA improved the general microbiological quality of the stored cabbage, causing a reduction in the total number of microorganisms by two logarithmic units after 1-2 months of storage, while the cardamom essential oil decreased it by one logarithmic unit related to CA free from essential oil.
The impact of Negative to Positive Training Dataset Ratio on Atrial Fibrillation Classification Machine Learning Algorithms Performance

With the few numbers of cardiologists in Indonesia who not evenly distributed, especially in rural areas, there has been a lot of smart telehealth specifically developed for heart monitoring using ECG. Many techniques have been developed to improve the accuracy of this device by using datasets that are mostly imbalanced, more positive data than negative. This paper presents the comparison of negative to positive training dataset ratio on atrial fibrillation classification machine learning algorithms performance. An AliveCor ECG recording dataset is train with deep neural networks, support vector machine and logistic regression as classifier with three different ratios, 1:1, 1:5 to 1:All. Results show an increase in classifier performance along with the increasing number of negative data.
The three–dimensional leading–edge vortex of a ‘hovering’ model hawkmoth

Recent flow visualisation experiments with the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, revealed small but clear leading-edge vortex and a pronounced three-dimensional flow. Details of this flow pattern were studied with a scaled-up, robotic insect ('the flapper') that accurately mimicked the wing movements of a hovering hawkmoth. Smoke released from the leading edge of the flapper wing confirmed the existence of a small, strong and stable leading-edge vortex, increasing in size from wingbase to wingtip. Between 25 and 75 per cent of the wing length, its diameter increased approximately from 10 to 50 per cent of the wing chord. The leading-edge vortex had a strong axial flow veolocity, which stabilized it and reduced its diamater. The vortex separated from the wing at approximately 75 per cent of the wing length and thus fed vorticity into a large, tangled tip vortex. If the circulation of the leading-edge vortex were fully used for lift generation, it could support up to two-thirds of the hawkmoth's weight during the downstroke. The growth of this circulation with time and spanwise position clearly identify dynamic stall as the unsteady aerodynamic mechanism responsible for high lift production by hovering hawkmoths and possibly also by many other insect species.
Visualizing Endocrinology in the Classroom

As science educators, we are continually searching for new, innovative experiments that foster the development of critical thinking skills. The literature indicates that inquiry-based learning via hands-on experimentation motivates students in the sciences to think more critically and this results in improved comprehension (George et al. 1996; Glasson & McKenzie 1997). In the field of endocrinology, there appears to be a real need for experiments that involve critical and analytical thinking through hands-on experimentation to illustrate important aspects of hormone action. This report describes an inquiry-based laboratory experiment that examines the effects of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (aMSH) on skin pigmentation in Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog). This laboratory experiment is unique because students are able to observe oLMSH stimulating the darkening of skin pigmentation in the classroom. In addition, the experiment can be completed in one laboratory period with minimal equipment and setup, is inexpensive, and requires no animal sacrifice. There are five objectives to the experiment.
Trait variability and stress: canalization, developmental stability and the need for a broad approach

Trait variability (particularly fluctuating asymmetry) may provide a general measure of environmental stress applicable across taxa but consistent empirical support is lacking. Historically, stress effects were considered to act independently on trait canalization, developmental noise and trait size. However, in trait comparisons these processes are often assumed to be associated. Here we reconsider this issue and implications for detecting stress effects using trait variability. Published studies that consider multiple environments report little association between the effects of environmental variation on trait canalization and on developmental noise measured as fluctuating asymmetry, sug-gesting that environmental effects often act independently on these processes. To further test the usefulness of trait variability as an indicator of stress, comparisons across environ-ments should take a broad approach and report on several measures of trait variability, rather than focusing on only one index of fluctuating asymmetry as is commonly done.
Differences in Temperature Dependence of Early Development of Sea Urchins with Different Growing Seasons

Three species of sea urchin, Hemicentrotus puicherrimus, Anthocidaris crassispina, and Hemicen trotus depressus, inhabit the tidal areas around the Mi saki Marine Biological Station, on the Pacific coast of Japan. These sea urchins have different breeding seasons and hence their embryos show differences in tempera ture sensitivity. In this study, differences in the tempera ture dependence oftheir embryogenesis were examined. It was found that the upper and lower limits of the opti mal temperature range for embryogenesis in each animal were species-specifically determined, and that the range ofseawater temperature during the breeding season was within this optimal temperature range. A quasi-linear re lationship was obtained between temperature and rela tive developmental velocity, which was defined as the ra tio against the maximal velocity attained at the highest temperature within the optimal temperature range. Based on this result, a form ofgraphical analysis was de vised to represent the differences in species-specific de velopmental temperature sensitivity. The physiological and ecological significance of species-specific tempera ture sensitivity was also discussed.
Modelling the effects of recent changes in climate, host density and acaricide treatments on population dynamics of Ixodes ricinus in the UK

Summary 1. A population model for the tick Ixodes ricinus, the most significant vector of pathogens in Europe, is used to explore the relative impact of changes in climate, host density and acaricide-treated hosts on tick abundance and seasonality. 2. A rise in temperature of the sort witnessed since 1989 speeds up the inter-stadial development of ticks, thereby reducing the cumulative effect of constant daily mortality rates and potentially raising population levels. The predicted earlier onset of tick-questing activity in the spring, due to stage-specific temperature thresholds, could increase contact between ticks and humans during recreational visits to the countryside in spring holidays. These tick population effects vary geographically with background climate. 3. The significant increase in deer abundance across Europe, including the UK, in recent decades is predicted to drive tick population increases, the effect varying with the initial density of hosts. In areas only recently colonized by deer, tick numbers are predicted to rise dramatically (given suitable climatic conditions). Where host densities are already high, however, further increases may reduce numbers of questing ticks; unfed ticks leave the questing population more rapidly, even though the overall tick population (and therefore pathogen transmission potential) increases. 4. Culling high-density deer populations as a control measure could, therefore, initially cause an apparent increase in questing ticks, with the predicted long-term population trajectory depending on the severity of the cull. 5. Conversely, the further addition of large hosts (e.g. sheep) would effectively reduce the number of questing ticks and therefore the risk to humans. If such sheep were treated with acaricide, tick populations are predicted to decrease rapidly, to an extent that depends on the relative abundance of wild (untreated) and treated hosts. Tick control in designated areas may be achieved by using sheep in this way as ‘lethal mops’, as used to occur in the past when sheep were regularly dipped. 6. Synthesis and applications. Both abiotic and biotic environmental changes witnessed recently could have contributed to apparent increases in tick populations, especially where these environmental factors were limiting in the past. The release of additional hosts treated with long-lasting acaricide is potentially an effective control strategy.
Growth, Survivorship and Reproduction of Daphnia middendorffiana in Several Arctic Lakes and Ponds

The growth, survivorship and reproduction of Arctic region Daphnia middendorffiana was investigated in several lakes and ponds on the tundra in northern Alaska and additionally in a laboratory study. Growth rate equations, reproduction rates and survivorship under natural conditions were determined. The natural environments differed in the available resources; investigations were made in undisturbed oligotrophic lakes, lakes undergoing nutrient manipulations, lakes recovering from nutrient manipulation, and a small human-created pond. The lakes also differed in the presence or absence of fish. The results indicated that resource availability affected the growth, survivorship and reproduction of D. middendorffiana. The lake with the highest resources produced the greatest reproduction and growth. The environments with the lowest resources had the least reproduction. Secondly, resource level was observed to influence life history choices. Under low resource conditions D. middendorffiana produced ephippia at first reproduction rather than neonates. Third, the results also indicated that refuge from predation significantly affects the distribution of D. middendorffiana. Lakes that contain fish do not support significant populations of D. middendorffiana, although the growth and survivorship studies indicate they could do well in those environments.
βLactam Antibiotics and βLactamases: Two Sides of a Continuing Story

The period since the introduction of p-lactam antibiotics for therapeutic purposes has been characterized by a number of phases during which the incidence of resistant bacteria causing clinical infections has been high. Initially, penicillin-resistant staphylococci were the problem; more recently, it has been the resistant gram-negative bacteria, including anaerobes, that have given cause for concern. Thus novel p-lactam antibiotics with activity against the resistant organisms have been developed. For the staphylococci methicillin, oxacillin, and cloxacillin were introduced, and for gram-negative species, cefuroxime and cefoxitin. Cefoxitin is particularly useful for treatment of infections due to anaerobes and ampicillin-resistant isolates of Escherichia coli. In all cases the best way to achieve efficacy against resistant bacteria seems to have been to design antibiotics that are insensitive to hydrolysis by p-lactamases. Penicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Over the years the greatest threat to the therapeutic value of 38-lactam antibiotics has come from /3-lactamases. This problem was first illustrated by the resistance of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to penicillin G and to penicillin V. When these two antibiotics were first introduced into clinical use in the early 1940s, the majority of clinical isolates of S. aureus were sensitive to them; indeed, levels of drug in blood many times higher than the MIC were easily obtainable in patients. During the period 19421958, however, the situation changed, and the incidence of penicillin-resistant S. aureus increased in hospitals, finally reaching a value of >70% of all staphylococcal isolates (figure 1)[1]. Typically, all of these isolates owed their resistance to the production of a j-lactamase that rapidly hydrolyzed both penicillin G and penicillin V. There were two further features of interest during these early years. First, penicillinase production was not confined to a limited number of staphylococcal strains; a wide range of isolates, most belonging to phage group III, were encountered during this period. Second, although abundant in hospitals, resistant staphylococci were rel
MYCOTOXIGENIC FUNGI, MYCOTOXINS, AND MANAGEMENT OF RICE GRAINS

Mycotoxin contamination in certain agricultural commodities has been a serious concern for human and animal health. Mycotoxins are substances produced mostly as secondary metabolites by filamentous fungi that grow on seeds, grains, and feed in the field, or in storage. The major mycotoxin-producing fungi are species of Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Aflatoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, ochratoxins, cyclopiazonic acid, patulin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, citrinin, gliotoxin, and sterigmatocystin are some of the important mycotoxins. This paper reviews the mycotoxigenic fungi, their levels of mycotoxins, and their management by using botanicals, microbiologicals, and cooking methods in rice. The data from detailed investigations on rice seeds and grains help to provide safe grains for consumption and export, and prioritize future research programs.
Isolation and phylogenetic diversity of members of previously uncultivated ε-Proteobacteria in deep-sea hydrothermal fields

We report the successful cultivation and partial characterization of novel members of ɛ-Proteobacteria, which have long been recognized solely as genetic signatures of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) from a variety of habitats occurring in deep-sea hydrothermal fields. A newly designed microhabitat designated ‘in situ colonization system’ was used for enrichment. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the rDNA of the isolates, most of these represent the first cultivated members harboring previously uncultivated phylotypes classified into the Uncultivated ɛ-Proteobacteria Groups A, B, F and G, as well as some novel members of Group D. Preliminary characterization of the isolates indicates that all are mesophilic or thermophilic chemolithoautotrophs using H2 or reduced sulfur compounds (elemental sulfur or thiosulfate) as an electron donor and O2, nitrate or elemental sulfur as an electron acceptor. The successful cultivation will enable the subsequent characterization of physiological properties and ecological impacts of a diversity of ɛ-Proteobacteria in the deep-sea hydrothermal environments.
To be or not to be what you eat: regulation of stoichiometric homeostasis among autotrophs and heterotrophs

Homeostasis of element composition is one of the central concepts of ecological stoichiometry. In this context, homeostasis is the resistance to change of consumer body composition in response to the chemical composition of consumer's food. To simplify theoretical analysis, it has generally been assumed that autotrophs exhibit flexibility in their composition, while heterotrophs are confined to a constant (strictly homeostatic) body composition. Yet, recent studies suggest that heterotrophs are not universally strictly homeostatic. We examined the degree to which autotrophs and heterotrophs regulate stoichiometric homeostasis (P:C, N:C, N:P, or %P and %N). We conducted a quantitative review and meta-analysis using 132 datasets extracted from 57 literature sources which examined the dependence of organismal stoichiometry on resource stoichiometry. Among individual datasets, there was a wide range of responses from strictly homeostatic to non-homeostatic. Even within heterotrophic organisms, varying levels of homeostasis were observed. Comparing the degree of homeostasis between organisms based on large-scale habitat types using meta-analysis indicated some significant differences between groups. For example, aquatic macroinvertebrates were significantly more homeostatic in terms of P:C than terrestrial invertebrates. Our meta-analysis also confirmed that, with regard to N:P, heterotrophs are significantly more homeostatic than autotrophs. Furthermore, our analysis indicated that the homeostasis parameter 1/H, despite being a potentially useful predictive metric, has to be utilized with caution since it oversimplifies some important aspects of the responses of organisms to elemental imbalances. This critical evaluation of stoichiometric homeostasis contributes to a better understanding of many food-web interactions, which are commonly driven by elemental imbalances between consumers and their resources.
Deletion of the Ca2 -activated potassium (BK) -subunit but not the BK 1-subunit leads to progressive hearing loss

*Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tübingen Hearing Research Center, Molecular Neurobiology and ¶Molecular Genetics, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; ‡Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; §Institute of Physiology II and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tübingen Hearing Research Center, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstrasse 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Physiology II, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany