Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adam Smith and Three Theories of Altruism

Smith advanced a particular view of altruism that should prove to be relevant to the modern literature on the subject. It provided the backbone of his critique of three different theories. These three theories have been reincarnated in three modern approaches : Robert Axelrod’s “egoistic”, Gary Becker’s “egocentric”, and George Herbert Mead and Robert Frank’s ”altercentric” views. Axelrod’s approach repeats the failing, which Smith found in Mandeville’s. Becker’s theory echoes the shortcoming, which Smith identified in Hobbes’. Mead/Frank’s view duplicates the fault, which Smith uncovered in the approach of Francis Hutcheson and other figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.
Profiles of Smallholder Dairy Farmers Groups after Volcanic Eruption Damage in Indonesia : A Case Study of Sleman Regency, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (Communities and Livelihood Strategies in Developing Countries)

Merapi Mountain eruption has damaged farming activities including livestock farming, mostly caused by hot cloud of smoky ashes. This paper tries to describe the profiles of smallholder dairy farmer groups in Sleman Regency, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province (here after DIY Province) after the eruption. Field survey and focus group discussion were conducted to find the fact and the real situation of the farmers groups. Dairy farmers in group has colony housing for their cows together in a large dairy shed with individual responsibility on feeding and maintaining their cattle. Groups can purchase feed (concentrates) from cooperatives and sell to its members. Milk production from cows was sold to cooperative depend on its criteria and price. In order to recover after disaster, the three dairy farmers groups join GAPOKTAN to get assistance and funding from government for recovery after the disaster. GAPOKTAN help the groups in the population of their cattle, empowerment of the group, and develop their group’s organization. The assessment of dairy farmers group performance is needed to improve further the linkages of other institutions to support and drive group’s farming activity in terms of improving value chain of their milk production.
Análisis de cuantificación de plomo en suelos de parques recreacionales de la ciudad de Lima - Perú

Los Grandes Parques de Lima Metropolitana (GPLM) son areas verdes donde habitan diversidad de especies de origen vegetal y animal. Los GPLM, areas recreacionales localizadas en la cuenca del rio Rimac considerados en este estudio fueron los siguientes: Bosque El Olivar (12o06´04´´S, 77o02´05´´O), Campo de Marte (12o04´06´´S, 77o02´29´´O), Pentagonito (12o06´01´´S, 76o59´35´´O), Zoologico de Huachipa (12o00´52´´S, 76o53´52´´O), Las Leyendas (12o07´14´´S, 77o05´12´´O) y Kennedy (12o07´18´´S, 77o01´49´´O). La presencia del plomo en los suelos representa un peligro potencial para la salud de los habitantes y usuarios, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigacion fue cuantificar el contenido total de plomo en los suelos de los GPLM. Para ello, se realizaron muestreos de identificacion, analisis fisicos (textura) y quimicos (pH, conductividad electrica, materia organica, capacidad de intercambio) en muestras de suelos de cada parque. En aquellos parques que presentaron contaminacion por plomo se realizo un muestreo de detalle con analisis adicionales de plomo total. Los valores promedio de plomo total en los suelos de los GPLM Bosque El Olivar (170 ppm Pb), Campo de Marte (226 ppm Pb) y Pentagonito (159 ppm Pb) se encontraron por encima de lo permitido por los Estandares de Calidad Ambiental (ECA-Peru:140 ppm). En el parque Las Leyendas se determino que ocho de las 98 hectareas estaban contaminadas (234.5 ppm Pb) y en el Zoologico de Huachipa 0.7 de las 11 hectareas (266 ppm Pb) sobrepasaron el limite ECA; mientras que el parque Kennedy no sobrepaso los valores de ECA (56-78 ppm Pb).
Age-dependent heavy metal content in muscle tissue of brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus, Le Suerur, 1819)

We used brown bullheads (Ictalurus nebulosus) from Milicz Ponds in our study. The authors examined the impacts of age, body length, body weight, and the condition of the fish on concentrations of metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn) in their muscle tissue (n=62). The metal contents in muscle tissue increased in the order from Cd < Ni < Pb < Cu < Zn and amounted to 0.0177, 0.0754, 0.1121, 0.1979, 4.7358 mg/kg of wet weight respectively. Also, the bioconcentration factors (BCF) were calculated based on the metal contents in muscle tissue, water and bottom sediment. The obtained results allow us to conclude that the metal concentrations in muscle tissue decrease with age (for Pb and Zn, the correlation is highly statistically significant, with the p value ≤0.01). A relationship between body length and weight and Zn content (p≤0.01) was confirmed, as well as between the condition of the fish (expressed by Fulton’s condition factor) and Cd and Cu concentrations (p≤0.05).
Fresh groundwater resources in a large sand replenishment

Abstract. The anticipation of sea-level rise and increases in extreme weather conditions has led to the initiation of an innovative coastal management project called the Sand Engine. In this pilot project a large volume of sand (21.5 million m3) – also called sand replenishment or nourishment – was placed on the Dutch coast. The intention is that the sand is redistributed by wind, current, and tide, reinforcing local coastal defence structures and leading to a unique, dynamic environment. In this study we investigated the potential effect of the long-term morphological evolution of the large sand replenishment and climate change on fresh groundwater resources. The potential effects on the local groundwater system were quantified with a calibrated three-dimensional (3-D) groundwater model, in which both variable-density groundwater flow and salt transport were simulated. Model simulations showed that the long-term morphological evolution of the Sand Engine results in a substantial growth of fresh groundwater resources, in all adopted climate change scenarios. Thus, the application of a local sand replenishment could provide coastal areas the opportunity to combine coastal protection with an increase of the local fresh groundwater availability.
Effects of Growing Location on Response of Protein Polymerization to Increased Nitrogen Fertilization for the Common Wheat Cultivar Soissons: Relationship with Some Aspects of the Breadmaking Quality

A French soft wheat cultivar, Soissons, was grown in 20 locations and treated by the application of various nitrogen fertilizations at different stages. Phosphate sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extraction and size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) combined with nitrogen determination were used to quantify different protein pools according to SDS solubility and apparent molecular size : F i , F 1 , F 2 , F 3 , and F 4 (glutenin macropolymers, large SDS-soluble polymers [MW > 500 kDa], small SDS-soluble polymers [MW 100-500 kDa], gliadins, and albumins-globulins, respectively). The yields, the quality properties, and the amounts of all the protein fractions were affected more strongly by the nitrogen treatment than by the environmental factor, whereas the kernel weight, the protein proportion of three glutenin polymer fractions (F i %, F 1 %, and F 2 %) and (F 1 + F 2 ) / F i ratio appeared to be influenced only by the environmental factor. The differences in the distribution between SDS-soluble (F 1 + F 2 ) and SDS-insoluble glutenin polymers (F i ) resulted in a different contribution to the potential breadmaking quality properties. These results suggest that the baking strength of wheat flour is not only determined by the quantity of total glutenin polymers or macro-polymers, but also by the polymerization mode and the distribution of polymers between the SDS-extractable polymers and SDS-unextractable polymers. Environmental factors appear to be the main origin of the differences in the polymerization modes and in the polymer distribution.
Evaluation of a Peripherally-Located Instrument Landing Display Under Dual-Task Conditions

Previous research found that a peripherally-located instrument landing system (ILS) embedded in a head-up display (HUD) supported equal or better control of glide-path during simulated approach and landing than the traditional centrally-located MIL-STD ILS. Here, we used a dual-task paradigm to examine whether gains in landing precision with the peripheral ILS are also accompanied by a reduction in mental workload. Participants controlled glide-path during simulated instrument landings while simultaneously performing a secondary task monitoring a head-down engine display for fault states. We varied the type of ILS (peripheral vs. MIL-STD) and assessed mental workload using the NASA-TLX and primary and secondary task performance measures: glide-path errors and engine-fault detection sensitivity, respectively. We found equivalent glide-path errors for the two displays, but the peripheral ILS produced lower subjective estimates of mental workload and significantly less dual-task decrement in engine-monitoring sensitivity, indicating that this display affords effective glide-path control with lower reduced mental demand.
Distributed Firewall For MANETs

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are increasingly used in military tactical situations and in civil rapiddeployment networks, including emergency rescue operations and ad hoc disaster-relief networks. The flexibility of MANETs comes at a price, when compared to wired and basestationbased wireless networks: MANETs are susceptible to both insider (compromised node) and outsider attacks due to the lack of a well-defined perimeter in which to deploy firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and other mechanisms commonly used for network access and admission control. In this paper, we define a distributed firewall architecture that is designed specifically for MANETs. Our approach harnesses and extends the concept of a network capability, and is especially suited for environments where the communicating nodes have different roles and hence different communication requirements, such as in tactical networks. Our model enforces communication restrictions among MANET nodes and services, allowing hopby-hop policy enforcement in a distributed manner. We use a “deny-by-default” model where compromised nodes have access only to authorized services, without the ability to disrupt or interfere with end-to-end service connectivity and nodes beyond their local communication radius. Our simulations show that our solution has minimal overhead in terms of bandwidth and latency, works well even in the presence of routing changes due to mobile nodes, and is effective in containing misbehaving nodes.
Resources in unexpected places: Social cohesion and successful community internet

The assumption that internet access is a means of building stronger communities is commonly found in a number of sectors, such as in New Zealand government social services policy. In response to this assumption, case study research examined the experience of free home internet access among families participating in New Zealand's Computers in Homes (CIH) scheme in low socioeconomic Auckland school communities between 2003 and 2005. The goal of the study was to assess how internet access and social cohesion are related in a free home internet scheme. Data from 22 participants at Case A and Case B over two waves of research showed internet use declined across the group as a whole. This negative overall outcome was mitigated not only by a range of positive experiences and some individual 'high-connector' internet users, but also evidence that greater social cohesion was associated with the activities and interpersonal influence of confident internet users at Case A. Here, significantly greater retention of ongoing internet use also occurred. Thus a positive relationship existed in this research between internet access and social cohesion in one case study of two, where conditions included the presence of opinion leaders and social solidarity. A key finding of the study is therefore that ongoing internet use may be more successfully embedded in a setting where social cohesion is more readily apparent at the time that a free internet scheme is implemented. The Computers in Homes concept extends participants' social experiences of community through the way it is structured and implemented, creating opportunities for face to face social interaction and support. In combination with the mobilising behaviours of leader figures, these social experiences may be factors associated with longer term viability of a free home internet scheme as much as the presence of the internet itself. This paper responds in particular to the conference theme of 'expecting the unexpected'. Contrary to expectation, at Case A top down stakeholder dynamics and confused accountability when external agencies are involved did not appear to harm longer term project viability. This paper explores possible reasons for this contradiction.
Quantitative Genetics of reaction norms

A model of the quantitative genetics of phenotypically plastic characters is developed. When genotype-environment interaction is present, and the allelic effects contributing to any two traits are linear functions of the environment, the additive genetic variances of, and additive genetic covariance between, traits become quadratic functions of the environmental variable. The additive genetic covariance will in general change sign over some range of the environmental variable. The conditions of the mathematically special case, where additive genetic covariance has the same sign in all environments, imply structure in the pleiotropic effects of any alleles, i.e. developmental constraints can prevent additive genetic covariance changing sign. Mathematical independence of polygenic effects between traits represents in this model a lack of developmental constraints and leads to sign change in the additive genetic covariance over environments.
Interneuron NMDA receptors change the gear of motor learning in the cerebellar machine

Since the 19th century the cerebellum has been known for its function in motor control including the maintenance of equilibrium (balance, posture, eye movement), coordination of the timing and force of muscle groups, adjustment of muscle tone, learning motor skills and speech. Supported by the rich connections between the cerebellum, the cerebral cortex and the limbic system, the cerebellum is increasingly recognized for its non-motor functions such as cognition (language and social interaction), motivation and emotions and consequently for its role in autism-spectrum, obsessive–compulsive, attention-deficit hyperactivity and bipolar disorders, and schizophrenia (Schmahmann et al. 2007; Yang et al. 2018). The need for more detailed cellular and molecular analyses of the cerebellar circuitry and plasticity is pressing. As per the adaptive-filter model (Dean et al. 2010), the cerebellar cortex is a signal processing device in which the signal components are carried by the parallel fibres (PFs) directly to the Purkinje cells (PCs) as the sole output neurons, or indirectly through the molecular layer interneurons (MLIs), to de-correlate from an error signal delivered by the climbing fibres (CFs). The PF and CF signals are integrated on the PCs and MLIs. Decorrelation of the signal components and the error signal requires the constant adjustment of the relative weights of the PF–PC synapses depending on the presence or absence of the error signal. The cellular correlate of the temporal weight adjustment is the long-term modulation of synaptic strength that is expressed postsynaptically in the PF–PC synapses. Single PF stimulation evokes long-term potentiation (LTP), but the coactivation of the CFs causes long-term depression (LTD) and thus decorrelation from the error (Dean et al. 2010). While LTD and low-frequency-evoked LTP (1 Hz) are known to be essential for motor learning, their mechanism is different: LTD is NMDA receptor (NMDAR) and nitric oxide (NO) dependent, the 1 Hz stimulation-evoked LTP depends only on NO. This implies an important role of NMDARs and NO in vivo in signal integration. Different studies have debated whether NMDARs are activated on the presynaptic membrane of PFs, the axon terminal and somatodendritic region of MLIs or postsynaptically at the adult CF–PC synapses (older than 2 months). Despite detailed analyses of the cerebellar microcircuits, the precise cellular and subcellular localization of NMDARs and their distinct roles in LTD and motor learning have remained controversial. In this issue of The Journal of Physiology, Kono et al. (2019) provide compelling evidence about the role of NMDARs in cerebellar LTD in vitro and motor learning
Detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma susceptibility with single nucleotide polymorphism analysis using next-generation sequencing technology

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a head and neck cancer with high incidence in South China and East Asia. To provide a theoretical basis for NPC risk screening and early prevention, we conducted a meta-analysis of relevant literature on the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)s with NPC susceptibility. Further, expression of 15 candidate SNPs identified in the meta-analysis was evaluated in a cohort of NPC patients and healthy volunteers using next-generation sequencing technology. Among the 15 SNPs detected in the meta-analysis, miR-146a (rs2910164, C>G), HCG9 (rs3869062, A>G), HCG9 (rs16896923, T>C), MMP2 (rs243865, C>T), GABBR1 (rs2076483, T>C), and TP53 (rs1042522, C>G) were associated with decreased susceptibility to NPC, while GSTM1 (+/DEL), IL-10 (rs1800896, A>G), MDM2 (rs2279744, T>G), MDS1-EVI1 (rs6774494, G>A), XPC (rs2228000, C>T), HLA-F (rs3129055, T>C), SPLUNC1 (rs2752903, T>C; and rs750064, A>G), and GABBR1 (rs29232, G>A) were associated with increased susceptibility to NPC. In our case-control study, an association with increased risk for NPC was found for the AG vs AA genotype in HCG9 (rs3869062, A>G). In addition, heterozygous deletion of the GSTM1 allele was associated with increased susceptibility to NPC, while an SNP in GABBR1 (rs29232, G>A) was associated with decreased risk, and might thus have a protective role on NPC carcinogenesis. This work provides the first comprehensive assessment of SNP expression and its relationship to NPC risk. It suggests the need for well-designed, larger confirmatory studies to validate its findings.
Infall through the evolution of high-mass star-forming clumps

With the GREAT receiver at the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), nine massive molecular clumps have been observed in the ammonia $3_{2+}- 2_{2-}$ line at 1.8~THz in a search for signatures of infall. The sources were selected from the ATLASGAL submillimeter dust continuum survey of our Galaxy. Clumps with high masses covering a range of evolutionary stages based on their infrared properties were chosen. The ammonia line was detected in all sources, leading to five new detections and one confirmation of a previous detection of redshifted absorption in front of their strong THz continuum as a probe of infall in the clumps. These detections include two clumps embedded in infrared dark clouds. The measured velocity shifts of the absorptions compared to optically thin \CSEO\ (3--2) emission are 0.3--2.8~km/s, corresponding to fractions of 3\%\ to 30\% of the free-fall velocities of the clumps. The ammonia infall signature is compared with complementary data of different transitions of HCN, HNC, CS, and HCO$^+$, which are often used to probe infall via their blue-skewed line profiles. The best agreement with the ammonia results is found for the HCO$^+$ (4--3) transitions, but the latter is still strongly blended with emission from associated outflows. This outflow signature is far less prominent in the THz ammonia lines, which confirms it as a powerful probe of infall in molecular clumps. Infall rates in the range from 0.3 to 16~$10^{-3}\,M_\odot/$yr were derived with a tentative correlation with the virial parameters of the clumps. The new observations show that infall on clump scales is ubiquitous through a wide range of evolutionary stages, from $L/M$ covering about ten to several hundreds.
INVESTIGATION OF INTERFACES UNDER MECHANICAL AND THERMAL LOADING USING A COHESIVE ZONE MODEL A Dissertation by ÖVÜL

Failures of structures is a great concern of engineering for longer and safer service life. The ability to predict a damage and failure depends on understanding the deformation and stress that develop in the material. Damage (microlevel failures) and failures often initiate at material interfaces. Interactions between different material phases, as well as crack initiation and propagation, make fracture and damage processes very difficult to analyze. The interfaces between dissimilar layers in the functionally graded hybrid material (FGHC) are the most critical for reliability. The use of different processes and materials to fabricate a hybrid material induce mismatch strains, making interfacial failure a primary damage mechanism. As advanced materials are introduced in load bearing structures in aerospace applications to improve performance, maintenance, and manufacturing, designing safe interfaces becomes a paramount goal. Creating seamless interfaces and mechanical locking between metal and polymer matrix composite layers is possible by fabricating a metal surface with various surface features. One of the joining methods is using carbon nanotube grown on the fabric surface, with the subsequent infusion of resin. This method makes use of grown forest of carbon nanotubes using carbon vapor deposition. Experimental techniques are well established for determining interlaminar fracture in composite material systems. The mode I interlaminar fracture toughness can be obtained by the mode I test standard, which uses double cantilever beam specimen. Similarly, mode II and mixed-mode properties are extracted by designated test standards, such as end-notch flexure test and mixed mode bending test. Double cantilever beam test is conducted to explore fracture toughness of hybrid interfaces
Características espectrais e similaridade da camada limite superficial sobre terreno complexo

In this work it is investigated the turbulence characteristics of the surface boundary layer in conditions of not space homogeneity. The main of the work is to analyze the turbulence intensity and the spectra of the vertical velocity component in terms of the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. The results are also compared with those obtained in conditions of space homogeneity. The turbulence data were obtained in two fields campaigns accomplished in a region of complex topography. A 12 m micrometeorological tower equipped with fast and slow response sensors was used in both experiments. The nondimensional functions, φ w = σ w / u * , φ θ = σ θ / | T * | and φe = kz e / u 3 * , did not present a consistent dependence with z/L. Suggesting that local scales should be used for their normalization. The normalized spectrum of the vertical velocity component, fSw ( f ) / u² * φ 2/3 e , was analyzed, for several z/L values in function of the frequency adimensional n = fz / ū . In the high frequency side the spectra converge to a single universal curve that obey the n -2/3 law. However, in the low frequencies side it is not observed a clear separation of the spectra with z/L values.