Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Beziehungen zwischen “verfügbarem” Bodenphosphat und den Phosphatblattgehalten von Tectona grandis (Teak) in Westafrika

Auf einem breiten Spektrum von Boden in westafrikanischen Teakplantagen (Tectona grandis L.) wurden signifikante Beziehungen zwischen den P-Blattgehalten von Tectona grandis und den Ergebnissen der P-Bodenanalysen nachgewiesen, wenn nicht ausschlieslich sehr ton- oder humusarme Boden (< 15% T bzw. < 1% C) zur Beurteilung vorlagen. Von allen untersuchten Extraktionsmethoden (P-H2O, P-Mehlich, P-CAL, P-Bray-1, P-Soltanpour, P-Dabin, P-Resin, P-H2SO4, P-550, P-org) eignen rich am besten das nach Verbrennen bei 550 °C in 1 n H2SO4 aufgenommene Phosphat (P-550, r = 0.548***, n = 63) und die Methode Bray-1 (r = 0.305***, n = 63). Ersteres beinhaltet zu 80-90% die organische P-Reserve und wird zur Abschatzung der Phosphorversorgung empfohlen. Die Ergebnisse multipler Korrelationen ergaben eine Signifikanzsteigerung (R = 0.794***, R2 = 0.63, n = 58) gegenuber der einfachen Korrelation unter Einbeziehung von P-Bray (positiv), dem Sandgehalt der Oberboden (negativ) und deren pH-Wert (positiv). Eine ausreichende Versorgung der Teakbaume (Blattgehalt: 0.2% P) liegt in der Regel vor ab 300-320 kg P pro ha und 15 cm (das heist ab ca. 150 mg P/kg in skelettfreien Oberboden (P-550)) im Untersuchungsgebiet zwischen Benin und Liberia. Relationships between “available” soil phosphorus and foliar phosphorus content of Tectona grandis (teak) in West-Africa Significant relationships were analysed between the foliar phosphorus content of Tectona grandis L. and the topsoil phosphorus contents on a broad range of soils in West African plantations of Tectona grandis L. (teak), except for soils very poor in clay or organic matter (< 15% T or < 1% C). Of all methods used (P-H2O, P-Mehlich, P-CAL, P-Bray-1, P-Soltanpour, P-Dabin, P-Resin, P-H2SO4, P-550, P-org) the fraction of soil P (P-550) dissolved in 1 n H2SO4 after dry ashing at 550 °C (r = 0.548***, n = 63) and the method of Bray-1 (r = 0.505***, n = 63) show the best results. The first reflects 80-90% of the organic P content and is recommended for the evaluation of the phosphorus supply. Using multiple correlation analysis we found a highly significant relationship (R = 0.794***, R2 = 0.63, n = 58) between foliar P as depending variable and P-Bray (positive), the soil sand content (negative) as well as soil pH (positive). A sufficient phosphorus supply of teak foliage (0.2% P) occured at soil levels of 300-320 kg P per ha and 15 cm (or more than 150 mg P/kg in topsoils free of stones (P-550)) in the studied area between Benin and Liberia.
Simulation of the methane steam re-forming process in a catalytic Pd-membrane reactor

Methane steam re-forming is one of the most important chemical processes in hydrogen and syngas production. Simulation of reactors with parallel-flow and counterflow configuration has been performed to study the methane steam re-forming reaction in a packed-bed inert membrane reactor (PBIMR). In this kind of reactor complete methane conversion can be achieved by means of the total removal of hydrogen from the reaction products. In the model a dense Pd membrane was simulated, assuming an infinite permselectivity to hydrogen. Membrane reactor performance was compared to that of a conventional fixed-bed reactor. The effect on the degree of conversion was analyzed for different parameters such as temperature, reactor pressure, feed and sweep flow rate, feed molar ratio, membrane thickness, and space velocity. Comparison with experimental data of Shu et al. (1994) showed a good agreement. An analysis of the results indicated that the choice of operating conditions requires a complex process strategy.
Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in Midwestern United States cattle

Abstract. Cattle fecal material has been shown to be a major reservoir for the foodborne pathogen Escherichia coli O157. Contaminated fecal material that comes into contact with the hide can lead to contamination of the carcass at slaughter. Thus, it is essential to minimize the prevalence of E. coli O157 in cattle feces in order to minimize the number of contaminated meat products. The Midwestern United States has variable weather patterns and is home to a large percentage of cattle used in the beef industry. The objective of this study was to determine if a prevalence difference of E. coli O157 exists among different Midwestern cattle herds and to assess fecal shedding in the winter and spring. Five Midwestern herds entering a single feedlot in Nebraska were sampled in February and May. Fecal samples (n=50) from each herd were collected and processed by multiple culture-dependent methods. Results of this study indicated that there was no difference in prevalence rates by location but a prevalence rate difference between seasons. The May sampling had an overall feedlot E. coli O157 prevalence rate of 0.32, while the February sampling had a 0.04 prevalence rate. Further studies need to focus on determining differences in prevalence rates by location as well as assess the effect seasonality has on prevalence and risk of infections.
Time-resolved transmittance for the noninvasive determination of tissue optical properties

Time-resolved measurements of femtosecond light pulses transmitted through turbid biological media were performed to determine the optical absorption and scattering coefficients. A simple model based on the time-dependent diffusion equation allows us to calculate analytical expressions for the spatially-integrated time-resolved transmittance in terms of the interaction coefficients of the tissue slab. We derived the optical coefficients by fitting the diffusion solution to the experimental data of the spatially integrated time-resolved diffuse transmittance for different boundary conditions at the turbid medium-air interface.
Die reaktion zwischen gebranntem kaolin und kalk in wäßriger lösung. ii. die reaktionsprodukte im zusammenhang mit dem system kalk–kieselsäure–tonerde–wasser

Das Reaktionsprodukt der Umsetzung zwischen gebranntem Kaolin und Kalk in wasriger Losung wurde durch Vergleich mit Reaktionen zwischen Calciumaluminat, Kalk und Kieselsol als ein Gemisch von 3 CaO · 2 SiO2 • aq und einem bisher unbekannten kristallinen Bodenkorper, vermutlich von der Zusammensetzung 2 CaO · Al2O3 SiO2 aq, identifiziert.
Correlation for the Effective Gas Diffusion Coefficient in Carbon Paper Diffusion Media

The understanding of mass transport limitations in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells is crucial in the research and progress of this technology. The structure of the components, specifically the as diffusion layer (GDL), of PEM fuel cells, is complex. Thus, for the purpose of simulating mass transport in the GDL, the effect of the structure on the diffusion coefficient is taken into account by introducing an effective diffusion coefficient. The effective diffusion coefficient of a gas is lower than its corresponding bulk diffusion coefficient due to the presence of a solid matrix in the porous materials. Currently, the Bruggeman approximation is the most widely used correlation for estimating the effective diffusion coefficient in the GDL. Other semiempirical models are also available. However, these correlations overestimate the effective diffusion coefficient due to the assumptions on which they are based. In this study, correlations for the through-plane and in-plane diffusibility in the GD.
Interannual variability of total ozone and its relation with the Asia Pacific Wave

Abstract Analysis of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis wind data shows the presence of a stationary Rossby wave in the lower stratosphere during May. This wave is seen prominently below 70 hPa level, confined between 10°N and 50°N latitudes and has a zonal wave number of 6 or 7. It is an extension into the stratosphere of the Asia Pacific Wave (APW) of the troposphere documented by Joseph and Srinivasan (1999). As in the troposphere, in the lower stratosphere this wave shows a phase shift of 20° longitude between deficient and excess Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) years. This wave has maximum amplitude at about 200 hPa. The amplitude of the wave decreases both above and below 200 hPa level. The large-amplitude portion of this wave is thus situated in the break region between the tropical and extratropical tropopauses around 30°N latitude. It is suggested that this large-amplitude APW exchanges the tropical and extratropical airmasses through the tropopause break, making the APW signature seen in the satellite monitored total ozone (TOMS data). APW is found to exist in the following monsoon season (June to September) with the same phase as in May and its signature is also seen in that season in total ozone.
Environmental Factors and Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) in Shrimp Ponds in Viet Nam: Practices for Reducing Risks

Water and sediment quality in shrimp ponds in Soc Trang, Bac Lieu and Ca Mau provinces in the Mekong River Delta, Viet Nam did not differ ( P > 0.05) between ponds containing AHPND-infected shrimp and those with AHPND-free shrimp. However, there was evidence of wide-spread pollution in the sampling area, pond management procedures were often deficient, and general water quality conditions in some ponds were suboptimal. Farms in the study area take in water from the same canals into which they discharge effluent, favouring cross-contamination spread of shrimp diseases among farms. The risk of AHPND in shrimp ponds could be lessened by improvements in biosecurity and pond management that would result from adoption of good aquaculture practices (GAPs) described herein.
Reaction of rice husk ash with OPC and portlandite

Sandwiches made of pelleted rice husk ash (RHA) and an OPC/hydrated lime mixture were immersed in distilled water for 7 and 28 days at 25° and 40 ± 1°C to study interdiffusion occurring during pozzolanic reaction. For this purpose BSE microphotographs and chemical image maps for Si, Ca, K, Na, Fe, Al and S were made across the reaction interface of pellets. Furthermore, porosities of RHA pellets were determined. BSE and Ca maps show the formation of a reaction product layer within the space formerly occupied by RHA. This layer is composed of C-S-H and is thicker in RHA/hydrated lime (125–150 μm) than in RHA/OPC (20–40 μm) pellets after 7 days. Its thickness does not much increase after 7 days. In a fixed time, reaction extends to greater depth at 20°C than 40°C, indicating that the pozzolanic reaction rate is not accelerated by temperature in this range.
Effect of Free Radical Activation for Low Temperature Si to Si Wafer Bonding

In this study, a comparison of different surface treatments for direct Si to Si wafer bonding is reported. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic Si wafers have been exposed to a range of pretreatments, involving oxygen and nitrogen radical activation before in situ wafer bonding in vacuum. After low temperature annealing at 200 and 300°C, the formation of voids has been observed by using scanning acoustic microscope inspection. A comparison of the bonding energy has been conducted and analyzed as a function of the surface treatments. Our experiments demonstrate that the remote plasma pretreatment is a very suitable process for surface modification of hydrophilic and hydrophobic Si to Si direct wafer bonding.
Catalytic asymmetric epoxidation and kinetic resolution: modified procedures including in situ derivatization

The use of 3A or 4A molecular sieves (zeolites) substantially increases the scope of the titanium(IV)-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of primary allylic alcohols. Whereas without molecular sieves epoxidations employing only 5 to 10 mol % Ti(O-i-Pr)/sub 4/ generally lead to low conversion or low enantioselectivity, in the presence of molecular sieves such reactions generally lead to high conversion (>95%) and high enantioselectivity (90-95% ee). The epoxidations of 20 primary allylic alcohols are described. Especially noteworthy are the epoxidations of cinnamyl alcohol, 2-tetradecyl-2-propen-1-ol, allyl alcohol, and crotyl alcohol - compounds which heretofore had been considered difficult substrates for asymmetric epoxidation. In the case of allyl alcohol, the use of cumene hydroperoxide substantially increases both the reaction rate and the conversion, even in the absence of molecular sieves. In general, enantioselectivities are slightly depressed (by 1-5% ee) relative employing 50-100 mol % Ti(O-i-Pr)/sub 4/. The epoxidation of low molecular weight allylic alcohols is especially facilitated and, in conjunction with in situ derivatization, provides for the synthesis of many epoxy alcohol synthons which were previously difficult to obtain. The kinetic resolution of four secondary allylic alcohols with 10 mol % Ti(O-i-Pr)/sub 4/ is also described. The role of molecular sieves in the reaction andmore » the effects of variation in reaction stoichiometry, oxidant, and tartrate are discussed. « less
Humidity Swelling/Deswelling Hysteresis in a Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Film

We demonstrate that polyelectrolyte multilayer film (PEM) systems constructed using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) exhibit significant swelling/deswelling hysteresis in humid air environments, swelling less upon absorption of water from a dry state than upon deswelling from a hydrated (≈100% RH) state. The hysteretic swelling, measured utilizing in-situ reflectometry, is reproducible over multiple absorption−desorption cycles and is essentially absent in spin-coated films of either pure polyelectrolyte. Kinetic swelling measurements support the notion that the structural response to humidity in PEMs can occur over two distinct regimes: an initial swelling response on the order of seconds to minutes as water enters the film and a longer time scale structural relaxation on the order of hours to days. While the structural relaxation appears to influence the magnitude of the hysteresis effect, it cannot account for it entirely; rather, upon l.
Modelling the Split of Horizontal Annular Flow at a T-Junction

A model is presented for the split of annular gas/liquid flow at a horizontal T-junction. It employs a sub-model which assumes a specific fraction of liquid to be entrained as drops, and utilizes film thickness/shear stress relationships and particular forms of velocity profiles within the film to determine the circumferential variation of film flow rate. The model can successfully predict the phase split for large diameter (0.127 m) junctions as well as those with smaller diameters. It is suggested that poorer predictions might be caused by incorrect values of entrained fraction being used. The results of the horizontal annular flow sub-model are used to examine the assumptions of the split model.
Flexible and Highly Sensitive Strain Sensors Fabricated by Pencil Drawn for Wearable Monitor

Functional electrical devices have promising potentials in structural health monitoring system, human‐friendly wearable interactive system, smart robotics, and even future multifunctional intelligent room. Here, a low‐cost fabrication strategy to efficiently construct highly sensitive graphite‐based strain sensors by pencil‐trace drawn on flexible printing papers is reported. The strain sensors can be operated at only two batteries voltage of 3 V, and can be applied to variously monitoring microstructural changes and human motions with fast response/relaxation times of 110 ms, a high gauge factor (GF) of 536.6, and high stability >10 000 bending–unbending cycles. Through investigation of service behaviors of the sensors, it is found that the microcracks occur on the surface of the pencil‐trace and have a major influence on the functions of the strain sensors. These performances of the strain sensor attain and even surpass the properties of recent strain sensing devices with subtle design of materials and device architectures. The pen‐on‐paper (PoP) approach may further develop portable, environmentally friendly, and economical lab‐on‐paper applications and offer a valuable method to fabricate other multifunctional devices.
Kinetics of diffusion‐influenced bimolecular reactions in solution. I. General formalism and relaxation kinetics of fast reversible reactions

A general theoretical framework for treating the kinetics of diffusion‐influenced bimolecular reactions in solution is presented. It is based on a hierachy of phenomenological kinetic equations for the reduced distribution functions of reactant molecules. With this formalism, a perturbation series expression for the rate coefficient for irreversible reactions involving a long‐ranged sink function is derived. For a delta‐function sink, it reduces to that obtained previously by Northrup and Hynes [Chem. Phys. Lett. 54, 244 (1978)]. It is demonstrated that the correctness of the Smoluchowski’s expression for the rate coefficient in the low concentration limit results from a cancellation of errors. For diffusion‐influenced reversible reactions involving a delta‐function sink, explicit expressions for the time‐dependent forward and reverse rate coefficients are derived. Experimental data on the relaxation kinetics of the triiodide ion formation reaction are reinterpreted, and consideration of diffusion effects.
Elastic moduli of advanced orthorhombic binary and ternary metal (V, Ta, Nb) nitrides with the U2S3 structure

The elastic constants and isotropic moduli of a recently synthesized orthorhombic ternary metal nitride are examined using first‐principles calculations. Tantalum nitride has the largest moduli but other metals such as vanadium or niobium are shown to affect the elastic constants. It is suggested that such metals could be incorporated into the Ta–N material and play a critical role in engineering its properties. Low concentrations of V seem especially significant leading to a stabilized metallic material with possible enhancement of hardness relative to Ta2N3. There are significant results between various computational approaches.
Fluorescence microscopic system for detection of microorganisms and organic compounds on Mars

A fluorescence microscopic system has been developing in order to detect living microorganisms, the past microorganisms and organic compounds on Mars, Europe and/or in an extreme environmental condition on Earth. Special fluorescent dyes which have affinity for enzymes, nucleic acids or cell membranes, out of a number of fluorescent dyes, have been selected for identifying microorganisms in soil samples on Mars. It is shown that a single microorganism in soil sample as well as a lump of organic matter can be detected by the present method. In order to decide whether the soil samples at the drilling point are qualified to further fluorescent analysis with staining, the reflecting light from the bottom surface of drilling holes will be measured through optical fibers without the use of fluorescent dyes. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or aggregates of bacteria were clearly visualized by measuring the spectrum of the reflecting light without fluorescent dyes.
Alfalfa Responses to Combined Use of Lime and Limiting Nutrients on an Acidic Soil

An on-farm field experiment was conducted on an acidic soil to investigate the effects of combined use of lime and deficient nutrients on herbage yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Omitting lime and limiting nutrients led to elevated concentrations of aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in alfalfa leaves and stems and caused severe reductions in herbage yield of alfalfa. Combined use of lime (2 t ha−1) and nutrients [phosphorus (P): 20 kg ha−1, sulfur (S): 20 kg ha−1, zinc (Zn): 4 kg ha−1, and boron (B): 2 kg ha−1] had the maximum increase in groundcover, root biomass, nodulation, leaf retention, leaf-to-stem ratio, herbage yield, crude protein, and nutrient composition of alfalfa. These beneficial effects were due to raised soil pH; improved calcium (Ca), P, S, Zn, and B nutrition; and reduced Al, Mn, and Fe toxicity. Aluminium and all the nutrients except copper (Cu) were more concentrated in alfalfa leaves than stems. Aluminum concentration was about three times greater in the lower leaves than in upper leaves. Lower leaves also had much greater concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, and B compared with upper leaves. In contrast, P and Zn concentrations were greater in the upper leaves than in lower leaves. Results suggest that the combined use of lime and all the limiting nutrients may realize potential beneficial effects of alfalfa on acidic soils where more than one essential nutrient is deficient. This may increase growth potential, nitrogen contributions, and groundcover by alfalfa and reduce soil erosion and runoff.
Electrochemical Considerations Regarding General Corrosion of Materials in a BWR Primary Circuit

Electrochemical calculations of 3d-transition metal (Fe, Ni, Co and Cr)-water systems at 558 K were performed to evaluated the general corrosion behavior of materials in a BWR primary circuit. Thermodynamics expressed by Pourbaix diagrams, the solubilities of oxides and the equilibrium activities of H2, O2 and H2O2 in oxide formations, and kinetics determining the corrosion potential and corrosion rate of the materials were evaluated. The results assist recognition of the following corrosion behaviors: 1. Good corrosion resistance of type 304 SS under various water chemistry conditions is due to the properties of NiFe2O4 and (Fe, Ni)Cr2O4; namely wide stable regions and low diffusion coefficients of metal ions and the ability of these oxides to compensate for each others weakness. 2. A typical increase of the corrosion rate of Alloy X750 and Stellite #6 in an oxygenated aqueous environment containing H2O2 is due to the properties of NiO and CoO; namely high solubilities and high diffusion coefficients of .
Interaction between parallel rodlike macroions

This paper gives a very simple method based on the characteristic property of the electric free energy to calculate the repulsive force between parallel rodlike macroions in a solution as a function of the charge density on rods. The total extensive force (∂f/∂X) of an assembly of m rods of length l and charge number n (charge density − neo /l) at small extension X in the absence of low molecular sals is given by where z is the valency of counterions and Q (= neO2/εkTl) is a dimensionless quantity representing the charge density. The repulsion between two parallel rods is given by putting m = 2. At large charge densities the repulsion is very much smaller than the direct coulomb force between charged rods, even at small distances. The addition of low molecular salts does not depress the repulsion appreciably, as long as the average concentration of salt ions is much smaller than the concentration of counterions accumulated in the space between rods. The effect of fluctuation of the coumerion distribution is also analyzed, and it is found that the attractive force due to the ion fluctuation may predominate over the above repulsive force in the case of polyvalent counterions and rods of high charge densities at small distances.
Multispectral Fluorescence Imaging for the Identification of Food Products

A multispectral fluorescence imaging system was tested to identify four food products (maize, pea, soya bean and wheat). The system made it possible to record 12 images for each sample by a combination of various excitation and emission filters. Direct observation of images showed that the fluorescence of the four food products made identification possible, although more than one image was necessary to obtain satisfactory discrimination. The images were linearly combined and the most relevant images for identification were determined using a stepwise discriminant analysis and a mapping of the four food products was obtained. In the segmented images, the percentage of well-classified pixels was up to 98.8% for the four products.