Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PÉCZELY'S LARGE-SCALE WEATHER TYPES AND AIR POLLUTION LEVELS IN SZEGED, SOUTHERN HUNGARY

SUMMARY This paper determines the 13 Peczely’s large-scale weather situations over the Carpathian Basin with the levels of the main air pollutants for the winter and summer months. Based on the ECMWF data set, daily sea-level pressure fields analysed at 00 UTC were prepared for each Peczely-type in order to relate their sea-level pressure patterns to the levels of air pollutants in Szeged. The database comprises daily values of 12 meteorological and 8 pollutant parameters for the period 1997-2001. Concentration of air pollutants occured exclusively during anticyclonic conditions, or anticyclone-ridge situations. Their dispersion can be experienced not only during cyclonic, but also anticyclone-ridge weather types. CO, SO2 and TSP were sensitive to Peczely’s weather classification, while NO2/NO, O3 and O3max were completely insensitive. After all, anticyclonic weather types are determinant in winter, while their role in classifying concentrations of the air pollutants is less predominant during summer.
“Anomalous” Speed Dependence in Polyimide Spin Coating

The thickness of spun films is often represented as inversely proportional to some power of the spin speed. For most materials, this power is found to be one-half. However, polyamic acid solutions show a much stronger dependence, with exponents ranging from about 0.5 to almost 1. A simple model of spin-coating is used to explain this difference. Using coating data for both polyamic acid and photoresist solutions, it is shown that in many experiments the coating process has not reached steady state. When steady state is attained, the speed power is one-half; at shorter times, the power is greater. For some materials, the time required to reach steady state may be 10 min or more.
Photodegradation of Irgarol 1051 in water

Abstract The photodegradation of a novel antifouling agent with high algicidal activity, Irgarol 1051 (2‐methylthio‐4‐tert‐butylamino‐6‐cyclopropylamino‐s‐triazine), has been investigated. Irgarol 1051 is fairly stable toward hydrolysis in water, and has been detected in European coastal and lake waters since its introduction in the late 1980's. Irgarol 1051 dissolved in six different aqueous solutions was exposed to solar irradiation for 6 months. Its rates of photodegradation in natural sea water and river water were much higher than those in pure water and buffered solutions (pH 5, 7, and 9). It appears that unknown photosensitizers in the natural waters accelerated the photodegradation of Irgarol 1051. Three significant photodegradation products ("RT5.8”;, “RT7.8”;, and “RT8.7") were observed. The degradation product RT7.8 was produced just in the natural waters and persisted for only several weeks. The other two degradation products (RT5.8 and RT8.7) were much more stable, even after 6 months irradia.
Nondestructive Analysis for Trace Amounts of Hydrogen

A method is described and demonstrated for a nondestructive determination of the hydrogen content inside materials in sheet form by measurement of the energy‐loss distribution from proton‐proton scattering events. The method is absolutely specific for hydrogen, and has a sensitivity of 1 ppm (atomic), or better. Materials analyzed (with ppm of hydrogen in parentheses) were: Ti (4200), Zr (5000), Al (20), Fe (∼ 10), C (13000), and Teflon (220). In the titanium and zirconium samples, the hydrogen content drops off near the surfaces. The method also detects oil or moisture on surfaces for thicknesses down to about 1 A; all materials studied had such surface films several hundred A thick.
KINETIC MODELING OF HARDWOOD PREHYDROLYSIS. PART III. WATER AND DILUTE ACETIC ACID PREHYDROLYSIS OF SOUTHERN RED OAK

The hemicelluloses in wood are more readily hydrolyzed than is cellulose. Because it is advantageous to process the hemicellulose sugars separately from the glucose obtained from the cellulose, most processes for utilizing wood as a source of chemicals and liquid fuels include a prehydrolysis step to remove the hemicelltdose prior to the main hydrolysis of the cellulose to glucose. Kinetic data are required to model the reactions that occur during prehydrolysis so that optimum conditions and product mixes can be predicted. Two promising prehydrolysis methods, the Iotech steam explosion process and the Stake process, are based on water prehydrolysis (autohydrolysis). The kinetics of water and of dilute (5%) acetic acid prehydrolysis of southern red oak wood over the temperature range of 170 to 240 C were investigated. Kinetic parameters were determined that permitted modeling not only of xylan removal from the wood but also of the occurrence of xylan oligosaccharides, free xylose, furfural, and further degradation products in the prehydrolyzate. At lower temperatures (approximately 170 to 200 C), xylan removal could be modeled as the sum of two parallel reactions (one for an easily hydrolyzed portion and one for a more resistant portion of xylan) using the equation derived in Part I. At the highest temperature studied (236.9 C), the removal of xylan from the wood was best modeled as a single reaction with a small fraction of the xylan being essentially nonreactive. The occurrence of xylan oligosaccharides, xylose, furfural, and further degradation products in the prehydrolyzate was modeled as consecutive, irreversible pseudo first-order reactions. A timelag associated with the depolymerization of the xylan oligosaccharides to xylose was accounted for in the model by allowing the apparent rate constant for the formation of xylose to increase exponentially with time to a maximum value. Increasing the temperature decreased the time required for the overall reactions to occur, increased the portion of xylan removed from the wood, and increased the yield of total anhydroxylose units (xylose + xylan oligosaccharides) that were recovered in the prehydrolyzate. Prehydrolysis with dilute acetic acid does not greatly affect the maximum yields of products in the prehydrolyzate over those observed with water prehydrolysis; however, the time to maximum yield decreased. The data presented in this report indicate that, at higher temperatures, water or dilute acetic acid prehydrolysis gives yields comparable to those for dilute sulfuric acid prehydrolysis at 170 C recently reported in the literature. Preliminary results with lignin isolated from the water and acetic acid prehydrolysis residues confirm recent reports that lignins of this type are useful as phenol substitutes in phenolformaldehyde adhesives.
High Incidence of Intramural Thrombus After Overlapping Paclitaxel-Eluting Stent Implantation: Angioscopic and Histopathologic Analysis in Porcine Coronary Arteries

Background—Systematic analysis of in vivo angioscopy and postmortem histopathology for paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) has not been previously reported. We assessed 1-month angioscopic and histopathologic sequelae of overlapping PES in pig coronary arteries. Methods and Results—Overlapping PES and bare-metal stents (BMS; n=9, one pair per pig) were implanted, and animals were euthanized at 1 month. Late lumen loss was reduced in PES compared with BMS (0.46±0.63 mm versus 1.30±0.50 mm; P=0.01). Angioscopically, PES stent struts were clearly visible and accompanied by substantial red material indicating mural thrombi. In contrast, stent struts and mural thrombi were barely visible in BMS (P<0.001 versus PES). Macroscopically, mural thrombi were abundant but distributed irregularly throughout the PES, with greater concentration in overlapping segments. Only occasional mural thrombi were noted for BMS. Microscopically, neointima of BMS was fibrocellular and mature, whereas only a thin layer of immature neointima was seen in PES. Neointimal thickness was less in PES than BMS (0.11±0.07 mm versus 0.33±0.12 mm; P=0.018). Additionally, extensive para-strut and intramural thrombi, red blood cell debris, and minute luminal thrombi were observed in PES. Despite normal angioscopic appearance of both proximal and distal nonstented reference segments, endothelium-dependent relaxation to substance P was notably diminished (PES, 0±7% versus BMS, 10±6%; P=0.007), whereas nitroglycerin response was preserved (PES, 9±5% versus BMS, 12±7%; P=0.34). Conclusions—In the porcine coronary model, overlapping PES is associated with marked intramural thrombi, which was accurately detected on angioscopy at 1 month. Moreover, despite normal luminal angioscopic appearance, adjacent nonstented reference segments demonstrated impaired endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity.
Energy Consumption, Density, and Rehydration Rate of Vacuum Microwave‐ and Hot‐Air Convection‐ Dehydrated Tomatoes

ABSTRACT: Vacuum to lower boiling temperature and microwaves for energy transfer can provide very rapid dehydration at low temperatures. Tomato sections were dehydrated in a batch convection air dryer (AD), a 16 kW vacuum microwave (VM) dryer, or by 1 of 3 combination processes. Drying rate of the 100% VM process was 18 times that of the 100% AD process. Only a slight falling rate effect was noted in VM drying AD and VM in sequence allowed the operator to choose any process time between 0.8 and 14.75 h. In this instance the least energy consumption occurred in the 100% VM process. Lowest energy cost was found for the 70% AD / 30% VM process. These results are expected to be strongly dependent upon the scale and design of dryers. Tomatoes finish-dried by VM exhibited a puffed structure associated with faster rehydration.
Biobased epoxy resin from canola oil

Epoxidized canola oil (ECO)-based thermoset epoxy resins were formulated with phthalic anhydride (PA) as the curing agent for different ratios of ECO to PA (1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2 mol/mol) at curing temperatures of 155, 170, 185, and 200°C. The gelation process of the epoxy resins and the viscoelastic properties of the systems during curing were studied by rheometry, whereas the dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of the cured resins were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry. We found that the thermomechanical properties of the resins were not strongly dependent on the curing temperature of the resin, although elevated temperatures significantly accelerated the curing process. However, an increase in the curing agent (PA) amount significantly altered both the reaction rate and the thermomechanical properties of the final resin. Thus, in the ECO/PA system, the selection of the combination of the curing temperature and the molar ratios of the curing agent could be used to design thermoset resins with unique thermomechanical properties. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40142.
The two-point capacitance of infinite triangular and honeycomb networks

The capacitance between arbitrary two sites (vertices) in infinite triangular and honeycomb networks is studied by using Green’s function. Recurrence formulas for capacitance between arbitrary sites of the triangular lattice are obtained. The capacitance for the honeycomb lattice is shown to be expressed in terms of the one for the triangular lattice.
Molybdenum Oxide on Fe2O3 Core–Shell Catalysts: Probing the Nature of the Structural Motifs Responsible for Methanol Oxidation Catalysis

A series of MoOx-modified Fe2O3 catalysts have been prepared in an attempt to make core–shell oxidic materials of the type MoOx/Fe2O3. It is conclusively shown that for three monolayers of Mo dosed, the Mo stays in the surface region, even after annealing to high temperature. It is only when the material is annealed above 400 °C that it reacts with the iron oxide. We show by a combination of methods, and especially by XAFS, that at temperatures above 400 °C, most of the Mo converts to Fe2(MoO4)3, with Mo in a tetrahedral structure, whereas below that temperature, nanocrystalline MoO3 is present in the sample; however, the active catalysts have an octahedral MoOx layer at the surface even after calcination to 600 °C. This surface layer appears to be present at all temperatures between 300 and 600 °C, and it is the nanoparticles of MoO3 that are present at the lower temperature that react to form ferric molybdate, which underlies this surface layer. It is the MoOx layer on the Fe2(MoO4)3 underlayer that makes the surface active and selective for formaldehyde synthesis, whereas the iron oxide surface itself is a combustor. The material is both activated and improved in selectivity due to the dominance of the methoxy species on the Mo-doped material, as opposed to the much more stable formate, which is the main intermediate on Fe2O3.
Cantilever effects on electrostatic force gradient microscopy

The effects of the cantilever on electrostatic force microscopy are discussed. Numerical calculations of the electrostatic potential distribution and force gradient for typical experimental geometries are presented. A simple analytical relation between the calculated force gradients with and without cantilever is found. The main effect of the cantilever is to reduce the electric field in the tip–sample gap and, as a consequence, the force gradient can be strongly reduced. This effect can be very important for dielectric films while it can be neglected for metallic samples.
Role of Hydroxypropylcellulose in Free Radical Induced Reactions of the Anthraquinone Based Textile Dye, Uniblue A

Radical reactions that involve one-electron reduction and oxidation of the anthraqui none based dye, Uniblue A, are studied by pulse radiolysis in the presence and absence of hydroxypropyl cellulose, a water soluble cellulose model. The dye is readily reduced by e aq - and 2-propanol radicals in aqueous solution. A comparison of the transient spectrum obtained in the reaction of the dye molecules and hydroxyl radicals with those from the reaction with one-electron oxidants, such as SO4 *- and N3*, suggests that hydroxyl radicals react by means of both electron-transfer and adduct formation. In radiolytic experiments where the concentration of hydroxypropyl cellulose greatly exceeds that of Uniblue A, hydroxyl radicals react exclusively with the soluble cellulose to generate cellulose radicals. Subsequent reaction of the cellulose radicals with Uniblue A leads to the formation of the one-electron oxidized form of the dye.
Influence of Hydrolysis Mechanisms on Molybdate Sorption Isotherms Using Chitosan

Molybdate sorption using chitosan sorbents has proved to be strictly controlled by the pH of the solution. Sorption isotherms exhibit a sigmoid trend, which has been correlated to the appearance of polynuclear hydrolyzed species, the most favorable species for sorption on chitosan. Sorption capacity exceeds 7 mmol·g−1, which corresponds to a molar ratio between Mo and the amine group significantly higher than 1. The formation of complexes in a pendant fashion and/or the ion-exchange mechanism of polynuclear metal ions are suspected to occur between polynuclear molybdate species and protonated amine groups, though several amine groups can interact with the same polynuclear molybdate group.
Development of an Indicator for Risk of Phosphorus Leaching

Previous work showed that at soil P concentrations below 57 mg 0.5 M NaHCO 3 -extractable P (Olsen P) kg -1 soil, little P was found in drainage waters collected from tile drains set 65 cm below the soil surface in soils from the Broadbalk Continuous Wheat Experiment. Above this soil P concentration (termed the Change-Point) both total P and molybdate-reactive P (MRP) in drainage waters were linearly related to soil Olsen P concentrations. We now need to know if the Change-Point measured on Broadbalk occurs on other soils, and if so, whether a common value applies or if it varies depending upon soil type, management, and site hydrology. We investigated the possibility of 0.01 M CaCl 2 -extractable P being an indicator of the Change-Point. In all the soils studied, we found that the dynamics of P solubility in CaCl 2 dosely resembled the dynamics of P solubility in drainage waters of Broadbalk, since very distinct Change-Points occurred under both conditions. However, Change-Points measured following extraction with CaCl 2 varied widely between soils, from 10 to 119 mg Olsen P kg -1 soil. Lysimeter studies showed, with some exceptions, good agreement between Change-Points measured in drainage water and in 0.01 M CaCl 2 . We therefore suggest that this approach may provide a valid indicator of the soil Olsen P concentration at which significant amounts of P begin to leach from soil to water, provided preferential pathways exist in the subsoil to permit P leaching down the soil profile in drainage water.
Rapid Method for Analysis of Aspirin–Butalbital in Serum Utilizing a Monolithic C18 Column

Abstract A fast and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was developed for the simultaneous determination of aspirin–butalbital in human serum. Serum samples were treated with a solid phase extraction procedure. The analytes were separated using a mobile phase of 90:10 (v/v) 0.1 M aqueous potassium phosphate monobasic (pH 4)‐acetonitrile on a monolithic C18 column with UV detection at 220 nm. Benzoic acid was used as the internal standard (IS). The method was validated over the range of 0.5–100 µg mL−1 for each drug. The method proved to be accurate (percent bias for all calibration samples varied from −13 to 6.6%) and precise (range from 0.1% to 10%). The mean percent absolute recoveries were 104 ± 6.3 for aspirin, 92.6 ± 5.5 for butalbital and 106 ± 6.9 for the internal standard. The assay should be applicable for use in pharmacokinetic studies and routine serum monitoring of these drugs.
Catalyst distribution and carbon nanotube morphology in multilayer forests by mixed CVD processes

Carbon nanotubes can be grown as forests of aligned fibers on a substrate with a catalyst coated prior to or added during synthesis. A major process interruption can initiate the growth of second and successive layers of forest on top or at the base of the existing layers which are thereby lifted up. We report on the generation of multilayer CNT forests where the first forest is generated either by catalyst coinjection (CCI) of ferrocene with hydrocarbon (xylene) or by catalyst predeposition (CPD) of iron followed with hydrocarbon (acetylene). Subsequent layers are then produced by CCI alone to give uniform (all CCI) or mixed (CPD and CCI) structures to study the distribution of the iron catalyst and CNT morphology and to determine whether the CPD forest templates or otherwise influences the growth of subsequent CCI forests. The bottom-up base growth of second and subsequent CCI forests is reaction rate controlled. CCI multilayer forests accumulate catalyst (iron) in a variety of distinct locations. A pre-existing CPD forest modifies subsequent CCI forest initiation, morphology, and catalyst distribution but does not itself accumulate catalyst or change appearance.
Characterising the Local Interstellar Medium using Low-Frequency Pulsar Polarimetry

The combination of new-generation low-frequency aperture arrays and advances in signal processing techniques is reinvigorating the field of low frequency pulsar astronomy — an area that has played an important role in early pulsar discoveries and science, however was reduced in prominence in the later decades. One of the reasons for this is the substantial temporal smearing of pulsar signals at the low frequencies due to interstellar medium (ISM) propagation effects. However, from another perspective, the sensitivity of ISM propagation effects to the observing frequency makes low-frequency pulsar observations powerful tools to study ISM properties, such as the electron density distribution and the Galactic magnetic fields. In this thesis, I studied the small-scale structure of the local ISM using new, low-frequency, polarimetric observations of pulsars obtained using the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), which is Australia’s low-frequency (80–300 MHz) precursor to the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project. The MWA is a relatively new instrument, and its high-time and high-frequency resolution mode (voltage capture system) for pulsar observations was commenced in 2014. As a result, gearing up for the research work for this thesis involved further development and testing of the MWA’s pulsar capabilities, especially the verification of its polarimetric calibration and performance. I undertook an initial census of known pulsars in the 170− 200 MHz band of the MWA, where the large field-of-view of the array was exploited at the expense of the achievable sensitivity. This involved the processing of over a Petabyte of data that covered ∼17,000 deg of the sky. This census resulted in a collection of 50 pulsars, including six millisecond pulsars. Combining these detections with published observational data from other telescopes, multi-frequency pulse profiles were constructed for a number of pulsars. These results were then used to improve
Organic photochromism (IUPAC Technical Report)

Abstract This technical report is a general introduction to organic photochromism. The definition of photochromism (PC) is given together with that of words with the ending "chromism", such as thermo-, electro-, piezo-, and tribochromism. Important concepts such as two-photon, gated, dual-mode PC and chirochromism are illustrated. The concept of fatigue (chemical degradation) and the determination of the main photochromic parameters (number of cycles, cyclability, half-life), and the spectrokinetic and mechanistic aspects are discussed. The main families of PC (organic compounds and biological receptors) are illustrated with chemical formulae, and the different types of reactions involved in the photochromic processes (pericyclic reactions, E/Z isomerization, group transfer, etc.) are listed. Some examples of applications to "optical power limiting" substances, photoresponsive materials, and photoswitchable biomaterials are considered.
A new water-soluble macrocyclic host of the cyclophane type: host-guest complexation with aromatic guests in aqueous solution and acceleration of the transport of arenes through an aqueous phase

L'hote etudie est un tetraoxa-1,7,21,27 [7.1. 7.1] paracyclophane contenant 4 cycles spiro piperidiniums: geometrie, agregation en solution aqueuse, formation de complexes avec des arenes et constantes d'association, acceleration du transport des arenes
Persuasion, Politeness and Relational Models

: Politeness Theory, just like Grice’s Cooperative Principle, points out that pragmatic analysis of language behaviour has to be grounded in extra-linguistic facts of social (or even biological) nature. Additionally, despite the slightly misleading label, Politeness Theory provides a sound methodology to explain some persuasive as well as politeness phenomena. In the same vein, the so called Relational Model Theory provides another theoretical framework for the explanation of persuasive phenomena and persuasive language. Both Relational Model Theory and Politeness Theory show that persuasion is also to be understood as a rational response to not-so-rational social and biological needs. In the article an attempt is made to compare the two theories focusing on their explanatory power in reference to language choices aiming at enhancing the persuasive potential of a language message.
Fine Tuning of the Demercaptanization Process in an LPG Extractor

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) demercaptanization by caustic is a widely used process. The basic data for its optimization are not present in the literature, however, recently published performance data of an Iranian refinery filled this gap to some extent. It was helpful in developing semi empirical correlations in our previous work, for quickly predicting mercaptans in the product LPG, using process variables, with reasonable accuracy. The authors carried out simulations based on these correlations to optimize LPG extractor performance by fine tuning process parameters, such as solvent to feed mass flow rate ratio, caustic concentration, and temperature, thereby ensuring optimal loading in downstream oxidizer for better kinetics and thus minimizing the overall operating cost of the LPG treatment unit.