Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Characteristics of Strains of Escherichia coli Isolated from Milk and Feces of Cows on Dairy Farms in Trinidad.

The prevalence, counts, and characteristics of Escherichia coli isolated from bulk milk, composite milk, and feces of dairy cows in eight milking centers were determined. The microbial quality of water used during milking was also investigated. Of a total of 175 bulk milk samples studied, 83 (47.4%) contained E. coli compared to only 14 (4.9%) of 287 composite milk samples and the difference was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001; χ2). The ranges in mean counts of E. coli per milliliter of bulk milk and composite milk were 8.4 × 103 to 2.0 × 105 and 2.1 × 101 to 2.0 × 102, respectively. The prevalences and mean counts of E. coli and mean pH values for bulk milk from farms with and without subclinically mastitic cows were not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05; χ2). A total of 204 (65.2%) of 313 fecal samples of dairy cows were positive for E. coli . Of the samples of water used during milking collected from 171 dairy farms, 80 (46.8%) were free of coliforms while 59 (34.5%), 12 (7.0%), and 8 (4.7%) had ranges of coliform counts per 100 ml of 1 to 50, 51 to 100, and over 250, respectively. Twenty-six (27.7%) and 17 (18.5%) of 94 strains of E. coli isolated from bulk milk were enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and verocytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) strains, respectively. Compared with 204 fecal strains of E. coli , 16 (7.8%) and 68 (35.6%) were EPEC and VTEC strains, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.01; χ2). Similarly, the difference in prevalence of resistance to one or more of nine antimicrobial agents between bulk milk isolates (69.6%) and fecal isolates (25.9%) was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001; χ2), and resistance to ampicillin was the most prevalent type of resistance for strains of E. coli from bulk milk isolates. It was concluded that the relatively high counts of toxigenic E. coli in bulk milk originating from dairy farms in Trinidad could pose a health risk to consumers. The poor microbial quality of water used on farms may be an important source of contamination of milk.
Selected candidate genes affecting milk fatty acids

Cow´s milk consisted of relatively high quantity of saturated fatty acids (about 70%), which are considered less beneficial health. The content of more desirable fatty acids is about 25% (monounsaturated) and 5% (polyunsaturated). The aim of this research was to find ways how to increase the content of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat. One of the ways how to alter the content of fatty acids is the monitoring of candidate genes and their polymorphism. Therefore, the manuscript deals with selected candidate genes, particularly DGAT1 , SCD1 and FASN , which are associated with fatty acid biosynthesis. The results suggest that observing of this issue could be helpful for improving the quality of milk fat.
SPERM AGGLUTINATION AND FERTILIZATION

In a recent paper on "Cluster Formation of Spermatozoa Caused by Specific Substances From Eggs" Loeb ('I4) has presented a criticism of my theory of fertilization (Lillie '13b and '14), based on observation of the California sea-urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. My own observations were made on Arbacia punctulata of Massachusetts, and it would appear that part at least of Loeb's criticism was due to certain differences in the two forms, for he has now stated (Loeb, I914b, p. 318, footnote) that the "cluster formation" of the spermatozoa may find its explanation "on the assumption of an agglutination at least in the case of Arbacia," as I maintained; it is therefore not a "tropistic reaction" as he thought probable from his observations in California. This was one of the chief differences of
Investigation of Epstein-Barr Virus-Host Interactions during Latent and Lytic Infection

Epstein-Barr virus is a gammaherpesvirus that latently infects more than 90% of the adult population and persists for the life of the host. The viral life cycle consists of both lytic and latent phases, which are characterized by the expression of specific viral genes. Latency is associated with several types of cancer such as the epithelial cancers nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and 10% of gastric carcinomas. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is the only viral nuclear protein expressed during both the lytic and latent phases of the viral cycle. In this study I used a proteomics approach to profile EBNA1-host protein interactions in nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma cells in the context of latent and lytic EBV infection. I identified several interactions that occur in both modes of infection, including a previously unreported interaction with nucleophosmin (NPM1) and RNA-mediated interactions with several heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) and La protein. Additionally, NPM1 is recruited by EBNA1 to the FR element and is required for EBNA1-mediated transcriptional activation. I also studied the ability of individual lytic and latent EBV proteins to induce DNA damage, which has previously been shown to contribute to EBV infection. I identified 15 lytic proteins that induce damage and conducted proteomic analysis of eight proteins. I identified several interactions between viral
Temporal variability in assimilation of basal food sources by an omnivorous fish at Patos Lagoon Estuary revealed by stable isotopes (2010–2014)

ABSTRACT Estuarine systems are characterized by complex physicochemical and hydrological changes occurring across multiple scales, which determine spatiotemporal variation in distribution and abundance of consumers and their resources. However, little is known about the effects of these biophysical interactions on the interannual dynamics of estuarine food webs. In this work, a five-year stable isotope data set was used to investigate interannual variability in trophic links between basal production sources (seagrass, macroalgae, saltmarsh, particulate organic matter in suspension and in the sediment) and an omnivorous fish (Jenynsia multidentata) in a subtropical estuary emptying in the Southwestern Atlantic. The isotopic variability (δ13C, δ15N) of basal sources and the consumer was analysed seasonally on a mudflat from 2010 to 2014. Jenynsia multidentata showed significant interannual variation in their trophic links with primary producers. In most seasons and years, the consumer relied heavily on benthic-associated food resources, but shifted to pelagic food resources during certain seasons. A ‘green tide’ caused by a massive bloom of vicariant macroalgae occurred on the mudflat, but our findings suggested that the carbon-derived portion of this basal production source was not assimilated by J. multidentata. Instead, seagrass was the most assimilated benthic basal food source in most seasons and years. These results suggest that the intensity of benthic and pelagic trophic pathways sustaining estuarine consumers are not static, but change in response to intra- and interannual variation in the availability of basal production sources. Our findings reinforce the need to account for interannual trends in availability of resources when modelling estuarine food web dynamics.
Anticonvulsant and Analgesic Properties of Leaf and Root Extracts of Newbouldia laevis

Extracts of various parts of Newbouldia laevis are used traditionally in Eastern Nigeria in management and treatment of several diseases, including some neurological disorders. This study investigated anticonvulsant and analgesic potentials of leaf and root extracts. The extracts were prepared with deionized water and ethylacetate. Extracts doses of 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg kgG b.wt. were used for the investigations. Anticonvulsant potential of the extracts against pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion was tested in albino rats, by measuring time for convulsion onset, duration of convulsion and plasma glucose and Ca levels before, during and after convulsion, using diazepam as standard. The hot plate method was used to investigate the analgesic property of the extracts using morphine sulphate as standard. Pretreatment of the animals with different doses of the extracts delayed the onset of convulsion in a dose-dependent manner. Convulsion was not observed in 800 mg kgG b.wt. of Deionized Water Leaf (DWL) extract and in diazepam pretreated groups. The extracts decreased significantly (p<0.05) the severity of convulsion and prolonged the duration of convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazole. The plasma concentration of glucose and Ca decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the test groups through the course of convulsion, while they did not change significantly (p>0.05) in the non-convulsed groups. All the extracts at all doses and 4 mg kgG of morphine sulphate (an analgesic) showed a significant (p<0.05) percentage inhibition against hot plate induced pain. The difference between the analgesic potentials of 800 mg kgG of DWL extract and 4 mg kgG morphine sulphate was not significant (p>0.05). These findings indicate that the extracts may be effective in management/treatment of convulsion and pains.
Assisted migration within species range ignores biotic interactions and lacks evidence

In the context of climate change, many plant species may have problems adapting or dispersing rapidly enough to keep pace with changing environmental conditions. Given these potential problems, some experts argue against using local plant ecotypes for ecosystem restoration. Instead, they propose to use foreign ecotypes that are adapted to the predicted climate in an approach called assisted migration within species range or predictive provenancing. I argue that such actions may cause a mismatch in biotic interactions and have negative effects on other organisms. As such, assisted migration should only be considered in cases when the local ecotypes would fail to ensure ecosystem services. In fact, there is little experimental evidence on the assisted migration approach so far, and what little there is does not seem to support its use. Even in altered climates, local ecotypes mostly performed equally well or better than foreign ones selected for their adaptations to these climates. The reason is that even if adaptation to climate plays a role, this factor may be overridden by other drivers of local adaptation, such as soil or biotic interactions. Despite assisted migration being a popular concept that is repeatedly commended in scientific literature and propagated among practitioners, it should not be considered a universal tool to improve restoration outcomes during climate change. Given the lack of hard experimental data, I call for large‐scale multispecies experimental studies that will provide the necessary evidence to derive general guidelines and recommendations for management of ecosystems during climate change.
COUNTER BASED LOW POWER CMOS TEMPERATURE SENSOR FOR LOW-FREQUENCY APPLICATIONS

We Propose a completely coordinated temperature sensor for batteryworked, ultra-low power exhibited RFID application. Senor task depends on temperature independent /dependent current sources that are utilized with oscillator and counters to produce a Digital temperature code. Dissimilar to Conventional temperature sensors are based on band gap reference and ADC that expend extensive measure of energy. An improved counter approach is utilized here rather than the regularly utilized complex devastation channel strategies. This approach is fitting for applications that have low examining rate of the temperature. The outline accomplishes one degree precision over the range 0°C to 85°C which is appropriate for generally applications. Utilizing such approach save power and area. With a specific end goal to expand the temperature affectability and dynamic range a supply voltage of 1V is utilized, The sensor is actualized in 0. 18μm CMOS and keeping in mind that devouring low power. Temperature sensor has a 10 bit digital output code over a temperature scope of 0oC to 85oC.
LAB bacteriocin applications in the last decade

ABSTRACT In the early 2000s, the expectations about bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LABs) were aimed at food applications. However, the effectiveness of bacteriocins against undesirable micro-organisms opened endless possibilities for innovative research. In the present review, we collected a database including 429 published papers and 245 granted patents (from 2004 to 2015). Based on bibliometric analysis, the progress of bacteriocin research in the last 11 years was discussed in detail. It was found that 164 patents were granted in 2010–2015, which is equivalent to 60% in comparison with previous years (i.e. only 81 patents were granted in 2004–2009). Currently, the research on bacteriocins is still gaining importance. In the realm of therapeutic strategies, about a 37% of the published research was focused on biomedical applications in the last decade. This vein of research is currently seeking for alternative solutions to problems such as cancer, systemic infections, oral-care, vaginal infections, contraception and skincare. On the other hand, food preservation, bio-nanomaterial and veterinary applications represent 29%, 25% and 9%, respectively. All this technology is being applied and will surely grow in the future, since about 31% of the patents granted since 2004 are focused on the biomedical area, 29% on food preservation, 5% on veterinary use; whereas 13% and 16% correspond to patents granted on production–purification systems and recombinant proteins or molecular modifications in the producer strains. This review contributes to the analysis of recent LAB bacteriocin applications and their role in safety, quality and improvement of human health.
Biting rhythms of some anophelines in central Gujarat.

: A total of 41,552 anophelines comprising 16 species were collected during 70 all-night bovine-bait collection carried out in six villages of Kheda district, Gujarat. Anopheles subpictus, An. varuna, An. culicifacies, An. stephensi and An. vagus had unimodal biting rhythms. Most feeding occurred during the early night with occasional increase during pre-dawn/dawn hours. An. pallidus exhibited bimodal biting rhythm with two well-defined peaks. An. turkhudi, An. tessellatus, An. fluviatilis, An. aconitus, An. annularis; An. barbirostris and An. nigerrimus had multimodal biting rhythms or were arthymic. An. culicifacies, An. varuna, An. aconitus and An. tessellatus exhibited a marked seasonal shift in feeding activities with most biting occurring at dusk in colder months and late at night during warmer months.
A new turtle taxon (Podocnemidoidea, Bothremydidae) reveals the oldest known dispersal event of the crown Pleurodira from Gondwana to Laurasia

Pan-Pleurodira is one of the two clades of extant turtles (i.e. Testudines). Its crown group, Pleurodira, has a Gondwanan origin being known from the Barremian. Cretaceous turtle fauna of Gondwana was composed almost exclusively of pleurodires. Extant pleurodires live in relatively warm regions, with a geographical distribution restricted to tropical regions that were part of Gondwana. Although pleurodires were originally freshwater forms, some clades have adapted to a nearshore marine lifestyle, which contributed to their dispersal. However, few lineages of Pleurodira reached Laurasian regions and no representatives have so far been described from the pre-Santonian of Laurasia, where the continental and coastal Cretaceous faunas of turtles consist of clades exclusive to this region. A new turtle, Algorachelus peregrinus gen. et sp. nov., is described here from the southern Laurasian Cenomanian site of Algora in Spain. Numerous remains, including a skull and well-preserved postcranial specimens, are attributed to this species. The abundant shell elements, much more numerous than those known in most members of pleurodiran clade Bothremydidae, allow its variability to be studied. The new taxon represents the oldest evidence of the occurrence of Pleurodira in Laurasia, and is the oldest genus of the abundant and diverse Bothremydodda so far described. Factors such as the relatively high Cenomanian temperatures, the adaptation of this Gondwanan clade to coastal environments, and the geographical proximity between the two landmasses may have contributed to its dispersal. This finding shows that the first dispersals of Pleurodira from Gondwana to Laurasia occurred much earlier than previously thought. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8FD358A5-53BD-4308-828A-AC6802184185
An Assay to Study Botrytis cinerea-infected Grapevine Leaves Primed with Pseudomonas fluorescens

[Abstract] Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is susceptible to an array of diseases among them the grey mold caused by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea that decreases grape productivity and quality. To ensure a satisfactory yield and harvest quality numerous chemical fungicides are required, but they have serious drawbacks. One alternative is the use of beneficial bacteria to improve plant health. Pseudomonas fluorescens has been shown to trigger a plant-mediated resistance response in aboveground plant tissues against fungal, oomycete, bacterial, and viral pathogens. Triggered plant resistance exploits mechanisms of the plant immune system through a priming state that provides plants with enhanced capacity for rapid and strong activation of defense responses after pathogen infection, resulting in a lower fitness-cost. The primed responses by beneficial bacteria include induced expression of defense-related genes, cell wall reinforcement, and the production of secondary metabolites after pathogen infection. In this protocol, we describe the experimental design to evaluate the priming state of grapevine plants by the beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens PTA-CT2 and their resistance level to Botrytis cinerea according to Verhagen et al. (2011) and Gruau et al. (2015).
Assessment of Preliminary in Vitro Probiotic Characterstics of the Folate Producing Yogurt Starter Culture Streptococcus and Lactobacillus Species

This study aimed at assessing the probiotic potential of two folate producing strains Streptococcus thermophilus NCIM 2904 and L. helveticus NCIM 2733, yogurt starter culture by in vitro tests. S. thermophilus was better able to survive at pH 1 and 2% bile salt with a positive bile salt hydrolase activity, good cell surface hydrophobicity, moderate antimicrobial activity against almost all the tested clinically important indicator strains except Shigella flexneri and sensitivity to most of the clinically important antibiotics. On evaluation gastric acidity tolerance, S. thermophilus showed viable count of 4.7±0.56 log c.f. u. ml -1 after 3 h of incubation at pH low as 1.0 indicated good degree of acid tolerance whereas L. helveticus showed very less tolerance as viable count was found to be 2.35±0.35 log c.f. u. ml -1 . For intestinal adaptability, S. thermophilus showed better survival than L. helveticus at 2% bile as viable count was 7.15±0.2 log cfu mL -1 and 4.8±0.14 log cfu mL -1 respectively. S. thermophilus showed better percentage of cell surface hydrophobicity i.e. 19.2 % with xylene than n-hexadecane indicating ability to adhere to intestinal cells. Although both the strains were observed to possess essential probiotic properties, L. helveticus showed less probiotic potential than S. thermophilus in almost all the in vitro evaluation test. Thus the strains may be used as novel probiotics only after further in vivo tests and clinical trials on animal models.
Chapter 18 Nutritional Evaluation of Egg Compounds

As a result of the changes in living conditions and progress in nutritional research we have come to expect something different from our diet in recent decades. Despite all the changes, a balanced diet still forms the basis of a healthy diet. But what is a balanced diet? It can be characterized as the intake of appropriate types and amounts of food and drink to supply nutrients and energy for the maintenance of our bodies’ cells, tissues, and organs, and to support normal growth and development. It is simply a diet that meets nutritional needs adequately while not providing any macroor micronutrients in excess. The evaluation of eggs in human nutrition has typically been dominated by the high cholesterol content in eggs and the consequences of high cholesterol consumption. Recent studies, however, indicate that cholesterol from eggs does not have a negative effect on serum cholesterol levels (Hu et al. 1999, 2001). It is time, therefore, for a re-evaluation of eggs in nutrition, focusing on the nutritional content and extending to functional substances found naturally in eggs, or with which eggs might be fortified.
Effects of ecosystem disturbance on zoobenthos of a river in Western Nigeria

An investigation on the macrobenthic invertebrates of Gbaagbaa River was carried out from February to June 2005 from three stations to assess the environmental impacts associated with the macrobenthic fauna community. Water chemistry samples were collected on monthly basis while, benthic macrofauna was sampled fortnightly by using the Ekman Grab for shallow water bodies. The estimated values for pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand were within the range of most tropical freshwater bodies. A total of 39 taxa (species) from 35 genera comprising 2,739 individuals were collected from the study area. The dominant groups were Diptera, Odonata, Ephemeroptera and Decapoda while Hempitera, Lepidotera and Amphibia (tadpoles) constituted the rare groups. Taxa richness was highest at Station 3 (5.37) and least at Station 2 (4.42). While, evenness values ranged from 0.77 at Station 2 to 0.89 at Station 3 and relative abundance was least (24.72%) at Station 2 and highest (49.29%) at Station 3. Fauna occurrences in the three stations were significantly similar as revealed by soreness quotient. Positive significant correlations were established between Diptera and all the other groups ( P<0.05 ) except for between Trichoptera and Lepidoptera. Low number of taxa and individuals were recorded for the study period. Keywords: Benthic invertebrates, species composition, abundance, ecosystem, Gbaagbaa River
Fact sheet -- Impact of increased feed intake during late gestation on reproductive performance of gilts and sows

Disclaimer Scientific manuscripts published in the Journal of Swine Health and Production are peer reviewed. However, information on medications, feed, and management techniques may be specific to the research or commercial situation presented in the manuscript. It is the responsibility of the reader to use information responsibly and in accordance with the rules and regulations governing research or the practice of veterinary medicine in their country or region.