Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Glucose signalling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Glucose is not only a proper carbonic source for growing and sprouting of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it also functions as a molecule signalling for regulating physiological operations of the yeast. Yeast cells exploit a variety of mechanisms in order to control glucose levels in their habitats for which they are responsible and provide quick responses in relation to the available glucose changes in the environment. The glucose signalling pathways are cAMP/PKA (consisting of Ras and the model Gpr1/Gpa2), Rgt2/Snf3‐Rgt1 and the main repressor pathway containing Snf1. The pathway of cAMP/PKA, shows an outstanding role in response to the changes of available glucose and the initiation of signalling processes, is also responsible for the growth induction and meiosis. Rgt2/Snf3‐Rgt1 has a significant role in the regulation of gene expression required for glucose uptaking. Snf1, at first rate, is essential for the adaptation of yeast cells to the glucose limitation and the growth in the substitute carbonic source, and second for the cellular responses to different environmental tensions. In the present paper, the pathways involved in glucose‐sensing and signalling mechanisms are reviewed.
Paclobutrazol and Reduced Humidity Improve Resistance to Wilting of Micropropagated Grapevine

Plantlets of Vitis vinifera L. 'Moscato Bianco' were grown in vitro in cellulose plugs (Sorbarods) saturated with a modified Murashige and Skoog rooting medium. Both the inclusion of 0.5-l mg paclobutrazol /liter in the rooting medium and the use of culture vessels that reduce the relative humidity from 100% to 94% improved resistance of plantlets to wilting after transplanting. Maximum benefit was obtained with a combination of paclobutrazol and reduced humidity; it resulted in smaller sto- matal apertures, shorter stems, reduced leaf area, and more and thicker roots. Chem- ical names used: (2RS, 3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1- yl) pentan-3-01 (paclobutrazol).
Association analysis of stem solidness and wheat stem sawfly resistance in a panel of North American spring wheat germplasm.

ABSTRACT The expanding geographical range of wheat stem sawfly (WSS) damage, coupled with the limited number of effective control measures, calls for a need to better characterize and explore the genetic variability for resistance in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm from North America. An association-mapping analy-sis for stem solidness and wheat stem sawfly resistance was conducted using a set of 244 elite spring wheat lines from 10 North American breeding programs. Three previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance were confirmed, including QTL for stem solidness, heading date, and stem cutting. Three new QTL on chromosomes 2A, 3A, and 5B were identi-fied to be associated with larval mortality and a QTL associated with early stem solidness was identified on chromosome 5D. Genetic variation for late stem solidness is mainly determined by the solid-stem QTL on chromosome 3B, while variation for early solidness is affected by chro-mosomal regions on 1B, 3B, and 5D. potential sources of a novel resistance mechanism caus-ing larval mortality were identified among the panel lines. Favorable alleles for stem solidness and other resistance traits are available within North American wheat germplasm, but only Montana and South Dakota breeding programs appear to have favorable alleles for all QTLs detected in this study. Improvements in wheat stem sawfly management, for both historically impacted areas and for regions first experienc-ing damage, may be obtained using alleles that already exist in elite germplasm.A. C. Varella, J.D. Sherman, N.K. Blake, H.Y. Heo, J. Kalous, J.M. Martin, and L.E. Talbert, Dep. of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717; D.K. Weaver, and M.L. Hofland, Dep. of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717; S. Chao, USDA–ARS, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Fargo, ND 58102; K.D. Kephart, Southern Agric. Res. Center, 748 Railroad Hwy. , Huntley MT 50037. Received 31 Dec. 2014. Accepted 14 Mar. 2015. *Corresponding author (usslt@montana.edu).
Biodiversity - political responsibilities and agendas for research and conservation

Global and national authorities have devised international conventions and national strategies for biodiversity management which commit them to a variety of courses of action in diversity inventory and management. In many instances these refer to "species", displaying a naivety about the nature of "species" and our knowledge of species' taxonomy and diversity. Questions arise about the relative importance of species and this has led to an unfortunate concatenation between the research and management agendas relating to endangered species and those concerning multi-species assemblages. There are compelling reasons for preserving functional ecosystems and the biodiversity they contain: for the maintenance of ecological services, as repositories of biological information, and as a reflection of human conscience and responsibility. Although useful concepts have been defined for evaluating species within such species sets ("keystone species", "guilds", "indicator species", etc.) we lack basic information on the numbers of species within assemblages, which of these species play "keystone" roles, what proportion of any particular ecological guild is vital, and what biological species or sets of species are proper surrogates for measures of overall diversity. A national research agenda must be set which matches national and international commitments with respect to biodiversity and the crucial lack of knowledge in these areas. We need a national strategy for the design and funding of such research activities. Biodiversity management demands a landscape approach, already well developed in Australia, and an on-going involvement of government in overseeing and directing activities.
Free sugars of wheat aleurone cells

The sugars extracted from de-fatted contents of the aleurone cells of wheat, accounted for 10% of the dry weight of the material. After separation by gel-filtration and paper chromatography, the components were identified as 42% sucrose, 31 % raffinose, 20% neo-kestose, and 6% fructosyl raffinose, with traces of two other oligosaccharides, one of which was probably stachyose. Monosaccharides, maltose, and higher oligosaccharides which occur in other parts of the grain, were absent.
Cultivar development of allogamous crops

Objectives of this review were to present the state of the art of the technologies used to develop cultivars in allogamous species, excluding the perennial and asexually propagated species. It was reviewed the genetic structure of these species and its relationship with the development of cultivars, the technologies used to develop hybrids and improved open-pollinated varieties and their F1´s, and the impact of the biotechnology and the mixed models on the development of cultivars. A summary of results from the researches developed in the maize breeding project at the Department of Genetics of the Agriculture College "Luiz de Queiroz" will be presented.
Quantum Auctions Tad Hogg

We present a quantum auction protocol using superpositions to represent bids and distributed search to identify the winner(s). Measuring the final quantum state gives the auction outcome while simultaneously destroying the superposition. Thus non-winning bids are never revealed. Participants can use entanglement to arrange for correlations among their bids, with the assurance that this entanglement is not observable by others. The protocol is useful for information hiding applications, such as partnership bidding with allocative externality or concerns about revealing bidding preferences. The protocol applies to a variety of auction types, e.g., first or second price, and to auctions involving either a single item or arbitrary bundles of items (i.e., combinatorial auctions). We analyze the game-theoretical behavior of the quantum protocol for the simple case of a sealed-bid quantum, and show how a suitably designed adiabatic search reduces the possibilities for bidders to game the auction. This design illustrates how incentive rather that computational constraints affect quantum algorithm choices.
Affinage et qualité du Gruyère de Comté. V. Influence de l'affinage sur la teneur en composés volatils

Vingt-quatre fromages de type Gruyere de Comte ont ete analyses. Ces fromages proviennent d'une meme fromagerie et correspondent a 6 groupes de 4 fromages issus d'une meme fabrication, a savoir, 3 fabrications d'hiver et 3 fabrications d'ete. Les 4 fromages sont affines dans 4 caves differentes. 103 composes ont ete identifies avec certitude, appartenant aux classes de composes suivantes: des hydrocarbures aliphatiques et terpeniques, des methylcetones saturees et insaturees, des aldehydes satures, des alcools primaires et secondaires satures, des esters et des lactones. Une analyse de variance univariable montre que l'effet saison est preponderant, ce qui est confirme par une analyse en composantes principales, qui a permis de separer les echantillons en deux groupes, les fromages d'ete, d'une part, et les fromages d'hiver de l'autre. Les hydrocarbures sesquiterpeniques sont caracteristiques des fabrications d'ete et les esters sont plus abondants en hiver. Les differences entre les affineurs sont moins marquees que celles dues a la saison. Une analyse de variance univariable effectuee sur chacune des saisons montre que les fromages affines a une temperature basse (10 OC) pendant 9 mois renferment des composes volatils presents en plus faible quantite que les fromages affines pendant 4 mois a une temperature de 16 a 18 oc. Une analyse discriminante pas a pas montre qu'en hiver, 7 variables suffisent a discriminer les 4 affineurs. Ce sont la nonanone-2, le cresol, l'hexanoate de butyle, le dodecanoate d'ethyle, l'octen-l-ol-3, l'octanol-2 et la o-dodecalactone. En ete, 9 variables permettent cette meme discrimination : la tridecanone-2, le nonanol-2, l'acetophenone, le nonanal, l'acetate de butyle, le l3-phenyl-ethanol et un inconnu.
Calcium Regulation in Plant Cells and its Role in Signaling

Regulation of cellular Ca2+ is an essential cell function that is accomplished by a complex of processes collectively called the Ca2+ homeostat. This review discusses some of the progress that has been made in identifying the compo­ nents of the Ca2+ homeostat in plants-pumps, secondary transporters, and ion channels-as well as progress in characterizin g the operation of the homeostat
Testing hypotheses on distribution shifts and changes in phenology of imperfectly detectable species

With ongoing climate change, many species are expected to shift their spatial and temporal distributions. To document changes in species distribution and phenology, detection/non‐detection data have proven very useful. Occupancy models provide a robust way to analyse such data, but inference is usually focused on species spatial distribution, not phenology. We present a multi‐season extension of the staggered‐entry occupancy model of Kendall et al. (2013, Ecology, 94, 610), which permits inference about the within‐season patterns of species arrival and departure at sampling sites. The new model presented here allows investigation of species phenology and spatial distribution across years, as well as site extinction/colonization dynamics. We illustrate the model with two data sets on European migratory passerines and one data set on North American treefrogs. We show how to derive several additional phenological parameters, such as annual mean arrival and departure dates, from estimated arrival and departure probabilities. Given the extent of detection/non‐detection data that are available, we believe that this modelling approach will prove very useful to further understand and predict species responses to climate change.
Using Factor Analytic Models for Joining Environments and Genotypes without Crossover Genotype × Environment Interaction

Genotype x environment interaction variability can be due to crossover interaction (COI) or to non-COI. Statistical methods for detecting and quantifying COl and for forming subsets of environments and/or genotypes with negligible COI have been based on fixed effects linear-bilinear models. Linear mixed models and the factor analytic (FA) variance-covariance structure offer a more realistic and effective approach for quantifying COI and forming subsets of environments and genotypes without COI. The main objectives of this study are (i) to present an integrated methodology for clustering environments and genotypes with negligible COI based on results obtained from fitting FA to multi-environment trial (MET) data; and (ii) to detect COI using predictable functions based on the linear mixed model with FA and Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) of genotypes. Two CIMMYT maize (Zea mays L.) international METs are used to illustrate the method for searching for subsets of environments and genotypes with negligible COI. Results from both data sets showed that the proposed method formed subsets of environments and/or genotypes with negligible COI. The main advantage of the integrated approach is that one unique linear mixed model, the FA model, can be used for (i) modeling the association among environments; (ii) forming subsets of environments without COI; (iii) grouping genotypes into non-COI subsets; and (iv) detecting COI using the appropriate predictable function.
Genetic Effects of Interferon and Ribavirin in Albino Mice

The resent study was conducted to investigate the effects of interferon alfa-2a or -2b separately and in combination with ribavirin in albino mice. Adult male mice were divided into nine groups, the 1 st and 2 nd groups were administered subcutaneously with interferon alfa-2a (0.03 and 0.05 IU/kg/week, respectively), the 3 rd and 4 th groups were administered subcutaneously with interferon alfa-2b (0.03 and 0.05 IU /kg/week, respectively), the 5 th with interferon alfa-2b (0.03and 0.05 IU/kg/week, respectively) plus ribavirin (0.35 mg/kg/day) and the 9 th group was considered as a control group. The treated males with interferons for three months were mated with untreated females. On day 18 of gestation, the pregnant females and treated males were sacrificed and examined for sperm abnormalities, chromosomal aberrations and embryonic malformations. It was found that the separately treatments with interferon alfa-2a and -2b increased significantly the sperm abnormalities and chromosomal aberrations as well as the embryo-toxic effect; that was evident by total number of implantations, dead and live embryos; comparing with the control group. While in the combined treatments with interferon alfa-2a or -2b plus ribavirin, there was a highly significant increase in the sperm abnormalities, chromosomal aberrations, number of implantation, dead and live embryos when compared with the control. From this finding, it was shown that interferon alfa-2a and -2b have significant effects in treated mice and their fetuses. Also, the results of this work indicated that the combination between interferon alfa-2a or -2b plus ribavirin had a highly significant increase in sperm abnormalities, chromosomal aberrations and embryo toxic effects in treated mice and their embryos. (Journal of American Science 2010;6(9):43-51). (ISSN: 1545-1003).
Song strophe‐length and reproductive success in a non‐passerine bird, the Hoopoe Upupa epops

Hoopoe Upupa epops males produce a very simple song, with a repertoire size of one, in which the main difference between different strophes of a male and between the songs of different males is the number of elements they include (strophe-length). In several passerine species it has been shown that strophe-length is a sexually selected trait that reflects male quality and correlates with reproductive success. Here we analyse whether in a non-passerine, the Hoopoe, strophe-length of males is correlated with several variables of their reproductive success. Females paired with males singing long strophes laid their first clutch earlier, produced larger first clutches and laid second clutches after a successful first one more frequently than those paired with males singing short strophes. Moreover, males with long strophes produced more fledglings in their first clutches and in the whole season, partly because they brought more food for the brood than males with short strophes. The relationships found are not mediated by age effects. Previously we have shown that Hoopoe females in the early spring are attracted preferentially to songs with long strophes. Here we show that males singing long strophes also obtain postpairing benefits in terms of reproductive success, and that females paired with these males obtain direct benefits because these males provide greater feeding effort in the second half of the nestling period. These findings support the hypothesis that in the Hoopoe, strophe-length is a sexually selected cue under direct selection.
THE TEMPORAL SCALE OF FORAGING DECISIONS IN BISON

Assessing the temporal scale under which gain is maximized is critical for the understanding of diet choice by animals. Classical foraging theory assumes that animals maximize long-term rates. Few studies have considered several temporal scales concur- rently, however, weakening tests of rate-maximizing models. We used contingency models based on maximization of short-term vs. long-term energy intake by bison (Bison bison). Model predictions were tested against field observations conducted during six periods of 1998: two periods in the winter, one in the spring, and three in the summer. During most of the year, foraging characteristics and plant attributes suggested that intake rate of bison should be limited by ingestion time over short periods of time, and by digestive constraints over long periods of time. Diet predictions varied across temporal scales for four of the six sampling periods. Selecting Agropyron spp. , rather than Carex atherodes, during these periods would result in an increase of daily energy intake by as much as 15 565 kJ (i.e., 7.4% of daily gains) but would necessitate a longer daily foraging time. We observed, instead, that bison preferred C. atherodes to Agropyron spp. , suggesting that patterns of diet selection by bison were more consistent with maximization of short-term than of long- term energy intake. We thus provide some evidence that, contrary to established principles of classic optimality models, the foraging decisions of bison reduce potential long-term gains by maximizing short-term gains.
Population Cycles Revisited

Periodic fluctuations or cycles in populations of small mammals have been widely studied, but much controversy still exists about their causes. Cycles of voles and lemmings are produced by the integrated effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and the problem is to define accurately how these interact. Spacing behavior is a key component of population regulation in voles and lemmings, and this is illustrated most dramatically by the fence effect. We do not know which mechanisms produce changes in social behavior. Phenotypic changes produced by maternal effects or stress are now believed most likely, but there has been too little work done on genetic effects on spacing and we know almost nothing about kin-related social behavior in voles and lemmings. Both predation and food supply may be the extrinsic factors involved in cyclic population dynamics. Single-factor experiments suggest that food shortage by itself does not seem to be a necessary factor for cycles nor does predation, but the interaction between food and predation could be a key variable in understanding how extrinsic factors affect cycles of voles. Cycles of snowshoe hares are caused by an interaction between predation and food supplies, possibly integrated through risk-sensitive foraging. Spacing behavior is not a component of cycles of hares because snowshoe hares differ from voles and lemmings in having no known form of spacing behavior that can produce social mortality. The short-term cycle of voles and lemmings thus seems to have a different explanation from the long-term cycle of snowshoe hares. In some places, lemmings may be locked in a predator-pit at low density. Experimental exclusion of predators improved survival of adults in a population of collared lemmings, but was not sufficient to allow them to escape the predator-pit because of losses of juveniles. Whether cyclic populations of lemmings also fall into a predator-pit in the low phase remains to be determined. The low phase does not occur in every cycle and it is particularly difficult to explain. Progress in analyzing cyclic fluctuations has been made most rapidly when we define clear alternative hypotheses and carry out experimental manipulations on field populations. Much remains to be done on these small mammals.
Lactose fermenting Salmonella Paratyphi A: A case report

Salmonella genusunda 2500’den fazla antijenik tipleri bulunmaktadir. Salmonella Typhi ve Salmonella Paratyphi A, B ve C tifo etkenidirler. Karakteristik olarak bu dort tur de laktozu fermente etmezler. Burada, 12 gunluk ates hikâyesi olan 27 yasinda bir erkek hastanin kanindan izole edilen ve laktozu fermente eden bir S. Paratyphi A olgusu sunuldu. Laktozu fermente eden koloniler Crystal Mac Conkey agar besiyerinde 35°C’de 24 saatlik inkubasyon sonunda izole edildi. Bakteri, koloni morfolojisi, Gram boyama, Oksidaz testi, seker testleri (indol, ure, sitrat, uc-seker-demir) ve API 20E ile adlandirildi. Izole edilen bakteri Salmonella polivalan A-S ve antiserum O2 antiserumlari ile pozitif aglutinasyon reaksiyonu vermesi ile teyit edildi.Laktozu fermente eden S. Paratyphi A susunun taninmasi, atlanmasi veya yanlis tani konmasi acisindan onemlidir. S. Paratyphi A, tifo etkeni olarak S. Typhi’nin yerini almaktadir ve yuksek ilac direncine sahiptir. Bu nedenle yanlis tanidan kacinmak icin, S. Paratyphi A’nin nadiren 24 saatlik Crystal MacConkey agar uzerindeki inkubasyonunda laktozu fermente eden koloniler seklinde ureyebilecegi unutulmamalidir
Migration and Survival of Juvenile Bald Eagles from Arizona

Abstract During 1987–89, we placed VHF transmitters and colored identification bands on 15 nestling Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in central Arizona to determine the direction and extent of their post-fledging migration. Thirteen of the juveniles fledged successfully, and one transmitter failed; 11 eagles survived the post-fledging, premigration period which ranged from 18 to 65 d (mean = 44 d). One eagle was lost by trackers after departure, but 10 monitored eagles traveled north from 925 km to 1955 km before stopping for extended periods or until weather prevented further tracking. Habitats varied among stopping locations and included interior reservoirs and lakes, open ranchland, and the Pacific marine coast. Food at inland destinations included spawning fish (cutthroat trout [Salmo clarki]) and fish carrion (common carp [Cyprinus carpio] and white suckers [Catostomus commersoni]). At least nine of 13 fledged juveniles survived ≥1 yr (69%), and a minimum of six (46%) survived to breeding age.