Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of methodologies for signal detection in underwater acoustic noise in shallow tropical waters

Signal detection is important in sonar and underwater digital communication. Optimum signal detection in underwater acoustic noise (UWAN) can be achieved with the knowledge of noise statistics. The assumption of Gaussian noise allows the use of linear correlation (LC) detectors. However, the non-Gaussian nature of UWAN results in the poor performance of such detectors. This study presents an empirical model of the characteristics of UWAN in the shallow waters of an acoustic underwater channel. Four detectors for the detection of known signals in UWAN are compared: locally optimal (LO) detector, sign correlation (SC) detector, LC detector, and the proposed Gaussian noise injection detector (GNID). The performance of the detectors is evaluated according to the detection probability ( ) and receiver operating characteristic curves. Given a probability of false alarm �) rate of 0.01 and of 90 percent, the energy-tonoise ratios of the LO detector, SC detector, GIND, and LC detector are 8.854, 10.8, 10, and 12 dB, respectively. Among the four detectors, the LO detector achieves the best performance, whereas the LC detector shows the weakest performance in the presence of non-Gaussian noise.
Inlet Conditions for Large Eddy Simulation of Gas-Turbine Swirl Injectors

In this paper, we present a novel technique for generating swirl inlets for large eddy simulation. The velocity a short distance downstream of the inlet to the main domain is sampled and the flow velocity data are reintroduced backintothedomaininlet,creatinganinletsectionintegratedintothemaindomaininwhichturbulencecandevelop. Additionally, variable artificial body forces and velocity corrections are imposed in this inlet section, with feedback control to force the flow toward desired swirl, mean, and turbulent profiles. The method was applied to flow in an axisymmetric sudden expansion, with and without swirl at the inlet, and compared against experimental and literature large eddy simulation data and against similar results in the literature. The method generates excellent results for this case and is elegant and straightforward to implement.
Hydrogen storage in carbon nanotubes and related materials

Adsorption of hydrogen at 300 K has been investigated on well-characterized samples of carbon nanotubes, besides carbon fibres by taking care to avoid many of the pitfalls generally encountered in such measurements. The nanotube samples include single- and multi-walled nanotubes prepared by different methods, as well as aligned bundles of multi-walled nanotubes. The effect of acid treatment of the nanotubes has been examined. A maximum adsorption of ca. 3.7 wt% is found with aligned multi-walled nanotubes. Electrochemical hydrogen storage measurements have also been carried out on the nanotube samples and the results are similar to those found by gas adsorption measurements.
State Dependence in Unemployment Among Danish Immigrants

This study examines the extent state dependence among unemployed Danish immigrants in a dynamic discrete choice framework. Three alternative methodologies are employed to control for the problem of the initial condition. The empirical findings show that there is a considerable correlation between the unobserved individual heterogeneity and the initial condition and that the degree of state dependence is overstated if we do not address this problem. The results show that an individual who was unemployed at period “t-1” has 6.5 percentage points higher probability of being unemployed again at period t compared to an individual who was employed at period “t-1”. This average partial effect is the same for western compared to non-western immigrants and women compared to men.
Delving into knowledge modeling software supporting collaborative ontology development

The proficiency of ontologies as the formal explication of knowledge in different domains has motivated numerous software engineers to develop miscellaneous ontology editors. The recent propensity of ontology engineering community, collaborative ontology development, necessitates exclusive ontology platforms supporting collaborative aspects. Although a few research have strived to look over the collaborative ontology editors, they have not determined a complete list of requirements and benchmarks for their investigations. Therefore, collaborative ontology development requirements have been proposed in this research comprehending collaborative methodologies and platforms. Regarding to these touchstones, two existing categories of collaborative ontology editors have been explored here. The most discussed and applied instances of these platforms, wiki-based and non-wiki-based, have been enumerated in this paper too. The itemization, description, and evaluation of platforms can be fruitful for the ontology-based applications in future. The results of this research (in the context of an ongoing EU project) demonstrate that workflow support, reliability of software, and integration/representation/storing of changes are the prominent gaps of current collaborative ontology development platforms. Copyright © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r. l. All rights reserved.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Technical Note : Evaluation of the WRF-Chem “ Aerosol Chemical to Aerosol Optical Properties ” Module using data from the MILAGRO campaign

A comparison between observed aerosol optical properties from the MILAGRO field campaign, which took place in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) during March 2006, and values simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-Chem) model, reveals large differences. To help identify the source of the discrepancies, data from the MILAGRO campaign are used to evaluate the “aerosol chemical to aerosol optical properties” module implemented in the full chemistry version of the WRF-Chem model. The evaluation uses measurements of aerosol size distributions and chemical properties obtained at the MILAGRO T1 site. These observations are fed to the module, which makes predictions of various aerosol optical properties, including the scattering coefficient, Bscat; the absorption coefficient,Babs; and the single-scattering albedo, $ 0; all as a function of time. Values simulated by the module are compared with independent measurements obtained from a photoacoustic spectrometer (PAS) at a wavelength of 870 nm. Because of line losses and other factors, only “fine mode” aerosols with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm are considered here. Over a 10-day period, the simulations of hour-by-hour variations of Bscat are not satisfactory, but simulations of Babsand$ 0 are considerably better. When averaged over the 10-day period, the computed and observed optical properties agree within the uncertainty limits of the measurements and simulations. Specifically, the observed and calculated values are, respectively: (1) Bscat, 34.1±5.1 Mm−1 versus 30.4 ±3.4 Mm−1; (2) Babs, 9.7±1.0 Mm−1 versus 11.7 ±1.2 Mm−1; and (3) $ 0, 0.78±0.05 and 0.74 ±0.03. The discrepancies in valCorrespondence to: J. C. Barnard (james.barnard@pnl.gov) ues of$ 0 simulated by the full WRF-Chem model thus cannot be attributed to the “aerosol chemistry to optics” module. The discrepancy is more likely due, in part, to poor characterization of emissions near the T1 site, particularly black carbon emissions.
Consecutive renal biopsy in a cohort of patients with lupus nephritis of the Colombian Caribbean

Background: Renal biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis and classification of lupus nephritis (LN). However, a consecutive biopsy can predict the clinical course and optimize the therapeutic strategies. Objectives: To compare the histopathological findings with clinical responses. Patients and Methods: Thirty patients with active LN were included. Renal biopsies were performed at the time of diagnosis and subsequently under clinical criteria according to consensus of Spanish Society of Nephrology. The response to treatment was defined as complete response, partial responder or non-responder. The histological change in second biopsy towards LN classes I, II or III/IV-C was defined as histological response (HR). Results: In initial renal biopsy, 28 (93%) patients showed proliferative LN; III-A or A/C (n; 7), IV-A or A/C (n: 19) and mixed; III+IV/V (n; 2). LN class V was presented in two cases. The clinical response was; complete response (10%), partial response (20%), and non-response (70%). HR was manifested in 37% and non-histologic response in 63% of patients. Around 33% of patients with complete response/partial response showed active lesions in the consecutive renal biopsy. Conclusions: In Colombian Caribbean, LN is aggressive and refractory to treatment. The consecutive renal biopsy allowed to demonstrate the persistence of the activity of the lesion in almost half of the patients, which may provide additional information to create better response criteria. The consecutive renal biopsy is a tool that allows improving the evaluation of the response to treatment in the LN.
A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase

1. NEILSON A.H. & LEWIN R.A. 1974. The uptake and uti­ lization of organic carbon by algae: an essay in compar­ ative biochemistry (including the addenda by N.J. Antia). Phycologia 13: 227-264. 2. PROCfOR V.W. 1975. The nature of charophyte species. Phycologia 14: 97-113. 3. HOEK C. VAN DEN 1975. Phytogeographic provinces along the coasts of the northern Atlantic Ocean. Phycologia 14: 317-330. 4. JO HANSEN H. W. 1976. Current status of generic concepts in coralline algae (Rhodophyta). Phycologia 15: 221-244. 5. W YNNE M.J. & LoISEAUX S. 1976. Recent advances in life history studies of the Phaeophyta. Phycologia 15: 435452. 6. STARKS T.L. , SHUBERT L.E. & T RAINOR F.R. 1981. Ecol­ ogy of soil algae: a review. Phycologia 20: 65-80. 7. MOESTRUP 0. 1982. Flagellar structure in algae. A review with observations particularly on the Chrysophyceae, Phaeophyceae (Fucophyceae), Euglenophyceae and Reck­ ertia. Phycologia 21: 427-528. 8. WOELKERLING WM J. 1983. The Audouinella (Acrochae­ tium-Rhodochorton) complex (Rhodophyta): present per­ spectives. Phycologia 22: 59-92. 9. STEIN J.R. & BORDEN c.A. 1984. Causative and beneficial algae in human disease conditions: a review. Phycologia 23: 485-50 1. 10. HOSHAW R. W. & MCCOURT R.M. 1988. The Zygnema­ taceae (Chlorophyta): a twenty-year update of research. Phycologia 27: 511-548. II. ANTIA N.J., H ARRI SON P.J. & OLIVEIRA L. 1991. The role of dissolved organic nitrogen in phytoplankton nutrition, cell biology and ecology. Phycologia 30: 1-89. 12. KAPRAUN D.F. 1993. Karyology of marine green algae. Phycologia 32: 1-21.
Response of isoprene emission to ambient CO2 changes and implications for global budgets

We explore the potential role of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) on isoprene emissions using a global coupled land–atmosphere model [Community Atmospheric Model–Community Land Model (CAM–CLM)] for recent (year 2000, 365 ppm CO2) and future (year 2100, 717 ppm CO2) conditions. We incorporate an empirical model of observed isoprene emissions response to both ambient CO2 concentrations in the long‐term growth environment and short‐term changes in intercellular CO2 concentrations into the MEGAN biogenic emission model embedded within the CLM. Accounting for CO2 inhibition has little impact on predictions of present‐day global isoprene emission (increase from 508 to 523 Tg C yr−1). However, the large increases in future isoprene emissions typically predicted in models, which are due to a projected warmer climate, are entirely offset by including the CO2 effects. Projected global isoprene emissions in 2100 drop from 696 to 479 Tg C yr−1 when this effect is included, maintaining future isoprene sources at levels similar to present day. The isoprene emission response to CO2 is dominated by the long‐term growth environment effect, with modulations of 10% or less due to the variability in intercellular CO2 concentration. As a result, perturbations to isoprene emissions associated with changes in ambient CO2 are largely aseasonal, with little diurnal variability. Future isoprene emissions increase by more than a factor of two in 2100 (to 1242 Tg C yr−1) when projected changes in vegetation distribution and leaf area density are included. Changing land cover and the role of nutrient limitation on CO2 fertilization therefore remain the largest source of uncertainty in isoprene emission prediction. Although future projections suggest a compensatory balance between the effects of temperature and CO2 on isoprene emission, the enhancement of isoprene emission due to lower ambient CO2 concentrations did not compensate for the effect of cooler temperatures over the last 400 thousand years of the geologic record (including the Last Glacial Maximum).
On the progenitor of the Type IIP SN 2013ej in M74.

We use natural seeing imaging of SN 2013ej in M74 to identify a progenitor candidate in archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) + Advanced Camera for Survey images. We find a source coincident with the supernova (SN) in the F814W filter within the total 75 mas (∼3 pc astrometric uncertainty; however, the position of the progenitor candidate in contemporaneous F435W and F555W filters is significantly offset. We conclude that the ‘progenitor candidate’ is in fact two physically unrelated sources; a blue source which is likely unrelated to the SN, and a red source which we suggest exploded as SN 2013ej. Deep images with the same instrument on board HST taken when the SN has faded (in approximately two year's time) will allow us to accurately characterize the unrelated neighbouring source and hence determine the intrinsic flux of the progenitor in three filters. We suggest that the F814W flux is dominated by the progenitor of SN 2013ej, and assuming a bolometric correction appropriate to an M-type supergiant, we estimate that the mass of the progenitor of SN 2013ej was between 8 and 15.5 M⊙.
Active galactic nuclei at z ∼ 1.5 – I. Spectral energy distribution and accretion discs

The physics of active super massive black holes (BHs) is governed by their mass (M_BH), spin (a*) and accretion rate ($\dot{M}$). This work is the first in a series of papers with the aim of testing how these parameters determine the observable attributes of active galactic nuclei (AGN). We have selected a sample in a narrow redshift range, centered on z~1.55, that covers a wide range in M_BH and $\dot{M}$, and are observing them with X-shooter, covering rest wavelengths ~1200-9800 \AA. The current work covers 30 such objects and focuses on the origin of the AGN spectral energy distribution (SED). After estimating M_BH and $\dot{M}$ based on each observed SED, we use thin AD models and a Bayesian analysis to fit the observed SEDs in our sample. We are able to fit 22/30 of the SEDs. Out of the remaining 8 SEDs, 3 can be fit by the thin AD model by correcting the observed SED for reddening within the host galaxy and 4 can be fit by adding a disc wind to the model. In four of these 8 sources, Milky Way-type extinction, with the strong 2175\AA\ feature, provides the best reddening correction. The distribution in spin parameter covers the entire range, from -1 to 0.998, and the most massive BHs have spin parameters greater than 0.7. This is consistent with the "spin-up" model of BH evolution. Altogether, these results indicate that thin ADs are indeed the main power houses of AGN, and earlier claims to the contrary are likely affected by variability and a limited observed wavelength range.
Distinguishing Attacks from Legitimate Traffic at an Authentication Server

Online guessing attacks against password servers can be hard to address. Approaches that throttle or block repeated guesses on an account (e.g., three strikes type lockout rules) can be effective against depth-first attacks, but are of little help against breadth-first attacks that spread guesses very widely. At large providers with tens or hundreds of millions of accounts breadth-first attacks offer a way to send millions or even billions of guesses without ever triggering the depth-first defenses. The absence of labels and non-stationarity of attack traffic make it challenging to apply machine learning techniques. We show how to accurately estimate the odds that an observation x associated with a request is malicious. Our main assumptions are that successful malicious logins are a small fraction of the total, and that the distribution of x in the legitimate traffic is stationary, or very-slowly varying. From these we show how we can estimate the ratio of bad-to-good traffic among any set of requests; how we can then identify subsets of the request data that contain least (or even no) attack traffic; how these least-attacked subsets allow us to estimate the distribution of values of x over the legitimate data, and hence calculate the odds ratio. A sensitivity analysis shows that even when we fail to identify a subset with little attack traffic our odds ratio estimates are very robust.
ontrasting predation services of predator and omnivore iversity mediated by invasive ants in a tropical groecosystem

CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410 Saint-Pierre, Réunion, France Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97410 Saint-Pierre, Réunion, France CIRAD, UPR GECO, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France CATIE, Departamento de Agricultura y Agroforesteria, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba 30501, Costa Rica CNRS, Université de Lille – Sciences et Technologies, UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, SPICI Group, F-59655 illeneuve d’Ascq, France
Numerical study of anomalous absorption of O mode waves on magnetic field‐aligned striations

Simple expressions that describe mode conversion and anomalous absorption of ordinary (O) mode waves injected at angles between the vertical and magnetic zenith to upper hybrid (UH) oscillations in the presence of field‐aligned density striations are presented. The absorption takes place in a region above the UH resonance layer where the striations allow trapped eigenmodes, leading to excitation of large‐amplitude UH waves. The derivation of the expressions is guided by dimensional analysis and numerical simulations. The results are relevant in interpreting high‐latitude heating experiments where anomalous absorption due to striations plays a crucial role.
Education Outcomes, School Governance and Parents'Demand for Accountability: Evidence from Albania

The extent to which teachers and school directors are held to account may play a central role in determining education outcomes, particularly in developing and transition countries where institutional deficiencies can distort incentives. This paper investigates the relationship between an expanded set of school inputs, including proxies for the functionality of"top-down"and"bottom-up"accountability systems, and education outputs in Albanian primary schools. The authors use data generated by an original survey of 180 nationally representative schools. The analysis shows a strong negative correlation between measures of top-down accountability and students'rates of grade repetition and failure in final examinations, and a strong positive correlation between measures of top-down accountability and students'excellence in math. Bottom-up accountability measures are correlated to various education outputs, although they tend lose statistical significance once parent characteristics, school resources and top-down accountability indicators are considered. An in-depth analysis of participatory accountability within the schools focuses on parents'willingness to hold teachers to account. Here, the survey data are combined with data from lab-type experiments conducted with parents and teachers in the schools. In general, the survey data highlight problems of limited parental involvement and lack of information about participatory accountability structures. The experiments indicate that the lack of parental participation in the school accountability system is owing to information constraints and weak institutions that allow parent class representatives to be appointed by teachers rather than elected by parents.
On Villani's Conjecture Concerning Entropy Production for the Kac Master Equation

In this paper we take an idea presented in recent paper by Carlen, Carvalho, Le Roux, Loss, and Villani and push it one step forward to find an exact estimation on the entropy production. The new estimation essentially proves that Villani's conjecture is correct, or more precisely that a much worse bound to the entropy production is impossible in the general case.
What is the management of apnoea in birth asphyxia ?

Birth asphyxia is a global problem. Each year worldwide 4 million children die in the neonatal period. [1] It is estimated 23% of these deaths are due to birth asphyxia. [1] 99% of these deaths occur in low and middle income countries. [1] Birth asphyxia has a wide spectrum of severity but the most severely affected infants have high rates of mortality and/or significant neurodisability. Discussions regarding birth asphyxia have been hampered by the lack of a clear definition of the condition. However in broad terms it refers to infants thought to have suffered some hypoxic, ischaemic insult either antenatally, perinatally or in the immediate post natal period that leads to a depressed condition at birth requiring resuscitation. Apnoea may occur initially or later in the course as a complication of the ensuing encephalopathy and multi-organ dysfunction. The management of the initial apnoea in resource rich countries has focused on the use of basic resuscitation using bag-mask ventilation, oxygen and subsequent ventilation. All elements of resuscitation equipment and particularly oxygen may not be available in the resource poor setting and resuscitation with air has been studied. The management of apnoea after the initial resuscitation period in the asphyxiated neonate has been little studied. This review will examine the available evidence for the management of apnoea in birth asphyxia.
A Potential Role of Ivacaftor in Non-Cystic Fibrosis Lung Diseases

The goblet cells and submucosal glands produce and secret mucus. The secreted mucins consist of water (97%) and solids such as mucins, lipid, DNA (3%) [1]. There are 17 genes encoding mucins, ten of which are encoded for membrane-bound mucins and the remaining are encoded for secreted mucins [1]. The N-terminal and C-terminal of mucins contain cysteine-rich domains. These domains are covalently linked through disulfide bonds to form dimers, which further multimerized to form polymers of the mucus gel layer [2]. It is important to recognize that mucins undergo the posttranslational modification process i.e. O-glycosylation. The glycan side-chains of the mucins bind large amounts of liquid and serve as a liquid reservoir for the periciliary layer. The depth of this liquid layer is critical for the mucociliary clearance system as hydration of the mucous layer lining the airway mucosal epithelium affects its viscoelastic property. The layer of mucus moves upward from the lower to the upper respiratory track by the action of cilia. Together with cilia, it entraps and removes foreign materials, therefore the mucus layer functions as a basic defense system of the respiratory system.