Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microform bed clusters: are they preferred habitats for invertebrates in a flood‐prone stream?

SUMMARY 1. Microform bed clusters are bedform microunits in streams. They consist of an obstacle clast (a large surface stone) against which other stones are stacked in a specific manner. Stream ecologists have suggested that these clusters are better flood refugia and more valuable habitats for invertebrates than single surface stones because of their higher stability during high-flow events and their greater diversity of microhabitats available for colonisation. 2. To test these predictions in the Schmiedlaine, a flood-prone prealpine stream, we sampled invertebrates on clustered and single stones on a total of seven occasions including before and after a moderate spate, two major floods and a minor spate. We also monitored surface particle stability during the second major flood and the minor spate. 3. Before the second flood (return period 1–2 years), we determined the exact positions of 60 clusters (60 obstacle clasts with 136 associated smaller particles) and 50 single stones in a 250-m reach. We sampled the fauna on stones in the clusters, on well-embedded single stones, and on loose single stones. Only six obstacle clasts and one single stone remained after the flood, implying movement of almost the entire surface layer. Therefore, we sampled the invertebrates on stones in newly formed clusters, on well-embedded and single loose stones 3 and 11 days after the flood. The minor spate, in contrast to the second flood, moved only one of 495 monitored surface particles. 4. Three days after the flood, invertebrate density on clustered stones and both single stone categories were similar and equalled 34% of the mean pre-flood density. Eight days later, density had almost doubled. The relatively high survival and rapid recovery suggest that invertebrates found refugia during the flood. However, the very low stability of clusters and single stones implied that surface particles were unimportant as refugia. 5. Total invertebrate density and taxon richness were never higher on clustered than on single stones (regardless of the timing of sampling relative to the last previous high-flow event). Densities of the seven most common taxa and invertebrate community structure were also generally similar between particle types. We conclude that microform bed clusters cannot be regarded as more valuable invertebrate habitats than single surface stones in the Schmiedlaine.
Correlation of vitamin D levels in children to the risk of dental caries: A Meta-analysis

Objective To systematically evaluate the relationship between vitamin D levels and dental caries risk in children. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Wanfang Digital Journal Full-text Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and database for Chinese Technical Periodicals (VIP) till Mar. 2019 were searched for the studies to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D levels in children and the risk of dental caries. Two evaluation staff independently selected the literature, extracted data and evaluated the bias risk of the study. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata15.1 software. Pooled relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by random-effects models. Results A total of 14 studies were included in 10 articles, with high methodological quality. Of the 14 studies, 6 cross-sectional studies were grade A, 3 cohort studies were grade A, 4 case control studies were grade B, and one Mendel randomized study was Grade A. A total of 12 596 subjects were included, among them 5338 were caries patients, the caries rate was 42.38%; Among 1075 cases of shortage in vitamin D, 512 were caries patients, the caries rate was 47.63%; Among 3676 cases of deficiency in vitamin D, 1580 were caries patients, the caries rate was 42.98%; Among 7845 cases with normal level of vitamin D, 3246 were caries patients, the caries rate was 41.38%. Meta-analysis showed that the suboptimal vitamin D level in children increased the risk of caries by 11% (RR=1.11, 95%CI: 1.01-1.21) with statistical significance (P=0.03). The results of subgroup analysis showed that, according to the study type, 4 case-control studies showed that the suboptimal vitamin D level in children increased the risk of caries by 61% (RR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.09~2.39, P=0.01); 6 cross-sectional studies and 3 cohort studies showed no significant difference in the correlation between the suboptimal vitamin D level and the risk of dental caries. According to the age of the subjects, lack or deficiency of vitamin D level increased the risk of caries by 74% in deciduous teeth group (RR=1.74, 95% CI: 1.37-2.21) with statistical significance (P<0.01). There were no significant difference in the correlation between lack or deficiency of vitamin D level and the risk of dental caries in groups of constant teeth period and replacement teeth period. Conclusion The vitamin D levels in children is associated with the risk of dental caries, and vitamin D shortage or deficiency may increase the risk of dental caries. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn. 0577-7402.2020. 02.14
History of Periodontal Dressing

The aim of this review article is to have a thorough knowledge about different types of periodontal dressings. Periodontal surgeries cause tissue injury, triggering hemorrhage & leading to blood clot. Blood clot consists of inflammatory cells & prevents bacterial colonization/wound infection that requires time to heal. For protection of such wounds various dressings have been suggested in the past.with the purpose of immobilizing the tissue and eradication of pain. These days application of periodontal dressing after periodontal therapy has been utilized not only for surgical but for non-surgical mechanical therapy as well. Periodontal dressing has 3 classification 1) zinc oxide eugenol, 2) zinc oxide non-eugenol 3) other types.
Fire-smart forest management: A pragmatic approach to sustainable forest management in fire-dominated ecosystems

Sustainable forest management in many of Canada's forest ecosystems requires simultaneously minimizing the socioeconomic impacts of fire and maximizing its ecological benefits. A pragmatic approach to addressing these seemingly conflicting objectives is fire-smart forest management. This involves planning and conducting forest management and fire management activities in a fully integrated manner at both the stand and landscape levels. This paper describes the concept of fire-smart forest management, discusses its need and benefits, and explores challenges to effective implementation. Key words: forest fire management, fire-smart forest management, landscape fire assessment, sustainable forest management
Biology of Conchyloctenia hybrida (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) on Solanum campylacanthum subsp. panduriforme

ABSTRACT The biology of the afrotropical Conchyloctenia hybrida Boheman on Solanum campylacanthum subsp. panduriforme was studied under laboratory conditions in South Africa. Papery oothecae contained between 2 and 10 eggs. Adults displayed vigorous feeding, high fertility, longevity, as well as careful choice of oviposition site. Construction of oothecae was highest at the junctions of main and lateral veins on abaxial leaf surfaces facing upwards or downwards and adaxial surfaces facing downwards. The period from oviposition to adult eclosion ranged between 37 and 42 d at 25°C. Adults had an even sex ratio. After a preoviposition period of 34 d, females deposited 3 to 48 oothecae in 4 to 91 d. The mean longevity of females and males was 168 and 165 d, respectively. The net replacement rate was 50.14, the intrinsic rate of natural increase was 0.97 per month, the mean generation time was 4 mo, and doubling time was 0.71 mo. Daily consumption rate of leaves increased rapidly in late larval instars and was highest for adults. Adults underwent a series of elytral color changes corresponding with age and physiological state. Mature adults characterized by hardened metallic-colored elytra had a higher winter survival rate than young adults with soft, nonmetallic elytra.
Assessment of Harran Plain Groundwater in Terms of Arsenic Contamination

Suda ozellikle yeralti suyunda arsenik (As) kirliligi, major saglik sorunlarina yol acmaktadir. Arsenik konsantrasyonu icme suyunda dusuk konsantrasyonda bulunsa bile ciddi saglik etkilerine sebep olabilir ve bunun sonucunda son zamanlarda As giderim metotlari onem kazanmistir. Bu calismada, Ortadogu’nun en buyuk yeralti suyu rezervlerine sahip olan Harran Ovasi’nda yer alan on kuyuda Ekim ve Mart aylarinda As konsantrasyonu izlenmistir. Bu calismanin temel amaci, As ile kirlenmis bir yeralti suyunun dogru aritim metoduyla iyilestirilmesi icin uygun aritim metodunu secmektir. Analizlere gore, As konsantrasyonunu sinir degerini (10 ppb) asan hicbir kuyu yoktur. Sonuclar gostermektedir ki, Ekim ayindaki As konsantrasyonu Mart ayindakinden daha dusuktur. Mart ayinda, en yuksek As konsantrasyonu Yaygili kuyusunda 4,12 ppb olarak tespit edilmistir. Ozanlar kuyusu Ekim ve Mart aylarinda <0,5 ppb degerleriyle en dusuk As konsantrasyonuna sahiptir. Ekim ayinda en yuksek As konsantrasyonu 2,39 ppb olup Camlidere kuyusundadir. Camlidere ve Yaygili kuyulari icin As giderim metotlari arastirilmis ve giderim metotlari (koagulasyon ve flokulasyon, adsorpsiyon, membran prosesleri, ileri oksidasyon prosesleri, elektrokoagulasyon, biyocar) tartisilmistir. Degerlendirmenin sonunda, en iyi As giderim metodunun avantajlari dusunuldugunde biyocar uygulamasi olabilecegi ongorulmektedir.
Effects of leaf‐matter incorporation on Aphelenchoides composticola (Nematoda), mycofloral composition, mushroom compost quality and yield of Agaricus bisporus

Summary Incorporation of dried leaves of Azadirachta indica, Cannabis sativa, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Ricinus communis at 3 kg per 100 kg of dry wheat straw prior to composting had several effects. When compared with controls, treated composts exhibited a higher temperature during composting, a higher nitrogen content and a neutral pH. The treatments resulted in enhanced populations of thermophilic fungi and mesophilic antibiotic-producing fungi, but reduced numbers of mesophilic competitor/pathogenic moulds. Populations of the mycophagous nematode, Aphelenchoides composticola were reduced below economic injury level in dried leaf treated composts. Compost obtained from C. sativa and R. communis treatments were more rapidly colonised by the mushroom mycelium (Agaricus bisporus) than that from any other treatment. When compared with compost treated with carbofuran R. communis, C. sativa and A. indica treatments significantly increased mushroom yield by 19.4, 8.1 and 6.5% and by 108.5, 88.7 and 85.9% when compared with the control. Yield from the E. tereticornis treatment was also higher than the control but lower than that of the nematicide treatment.
Wnt Signaling Stimulates Osteoblastogenesis of Mesenchymal Precursors by Suppressing CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein α and Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ*

Mesenchymal precursor cells have the potential to differentiate into several cell types, including adipocytes and osteoblasts. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling shifts mesenchymal cell fate toward osteoblastogenesis at the expense of adipogenesis; however, molecular mechanisms by which Wnt signaling alters mesenchymal cell fate have not been fully investigated. Our prior work indicates that multipotent precursors express adipogenic and osteoblastogenic transcription factors at physiological levels and that ectopic expression of Wnt10b in bipotential ST2 cells suppresses expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and increases expression of Runx2, Dlx5, and osterix. Here, we demonstrate that transient activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling rapidly suppresses C/EBPα and PPARγ, followed by activation of osteoblastogenic transcription factors. Enforced expression of C/EBPα or PPARγ partially rescues lipid accumulation and decreases mineralization in ST2 cells expressing Wnt10b, suggesting that suppression of C/EBPα and PPARγ is required for Wnt/β-catenin to alter cell fate. Furthermore, knocking down expression of C/EBPα, PPARγ, or both greatly reduces adipogenic potential and causes spontaneous osteoblastogenesis in ST2 cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, suggesting that Wnt signaling alters the fate of mesenchymal precursor cells primarily by suppressing C/EBPα and PPARγ.
TURKISH EFL STUDENTS’ CONCEPTIONS ON ACCENT

Bu calisma 20 kisiden olusan bir grup Ingilizce ogrencisinin aksan algilarini irdelemektedir. Her bir katilimci Amerika, Ingiltere, Hindistan ve Cin’den farkli aksanda konusmacilari dinlemistir. Katilimcilar aksanlari belirlemeye calismis, bu aksanlara dair egilimlerini beyan etmis ve her bir aksanla ilgili goruslerini ifade etmislerdir. Katilimcilarla bire bir mulakat yapilip farkli aksanlar konusundaki gorusleri alinmistir. Katilimcilarin cogu Ingilizceyi anadil konusmacisi gibi konusmayi istedigini ileri surmustur. Calismanin bulgulari ilgili alandaki arastirmacilar icin onemli kaynak teskil edecektir.
Endophytic colonisation of tobacco, corn, wheat and soybeans by the fungal entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota, Hypocreales)

We demonstrate the effectiveness of three inoculation methods (foliar spray, seed immersion and root immersion) in establishing fungal the entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana as an endophyte in tobacco, corn, wheat and soybean. Colonisation of leaves by B. bassiana was assessed 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-inoculation. There were significant differences (p < 0.001) in endophytic colonisation among the different inoculation techniques.
Studies on the Change of Chlorophyll a and b Contents Due to Projected Materials and Some Environmental Conditions

The problem of chlorophylls plays an important role in biology and applied science in connection with carbon assimilation. Especially the most parts of agricultural productions depend on this problem through photosynthe sis. The authors have taken an interest in this problem since many years ago, and reported a device of calculation for the relative contents of rice leaf pigments obtained from sample amount and coloured area by means of paper chromatography (Katayama and Shida 1957). Applying this method to various strains and lines of rice and sweet potato, it was observed that contents were different due to the kind of materials and the intensity of carbon assimilation which related to the chlorophyll b content (Katayama and Shida 1961 a, b). Now our attention have been directed to the change of chlorophyll a and b contents, and their contents were measured by using electrospectrophotometer. The ratio of chlorophyll a and b contents is considered generally to be a ratio of 3:1. However, it is possible to assume that the contents of chloro phyll a and b will change in their absolute amount and also in their ratio a/b according to the kind of materials or to the different developmental stages as well as fertilizers, chemicals, moisture and other environments. In this paper the content of chlorophyll a and b is measured under various con ditions of plants and their changes obtained experimentally are reported.
Changes in soil organic carbon under biofuel crops

One potentially significant impact of growing biofuel crops will be the sequestration or release of carbon (C) in soil. Soil organic carbon (SOC) represents an important C sink in the lifecycle C balances of biofuels and strongly influences soil quality. We assembled and analyzed published estimates of SOC change following conversion of natural or agricultural land to biofuel crops of corn with residue harvest, sugarcane, Miscanthus x giganteus, switchgrass, or restored prairie. We estimated SOC losses associated with land conversion and rates of change in SOC over time by regressing net change in SOC relative to a control against age since establishment year. Conversion of uncultivated land to biofuel agriculture resulted in significant SOC losses – an effect that was most pronounced when native land was converted to sugarcane agriculture. Corn residue harvest (at 25–100% removal) consistently resulted in SOC losses averaging 3–8 Mg ha−1 in the top 30 cm, whereas SOC accumulated under all four perennial grasses, with SOC accumulation rates averaging <1 Mg ha−1 yr−1 in the top 30 cm. More intensive harvests led to decreased C gains or increased C losses – an effect that was particularly clear for residue harvest in corn. Direct or indirect conversion of previously uncultivated land for biofuel agriculture will result in SOC losses that counteract the benefits of fossil fuel displacement. Additionally, SOC losses under corn residue harvest imply that its potential to offset C emissions may be overestimated, whereas SOC sequestration under perennial grasses represents an additional benefit that has rarely been accounted for in life cycle analyses of biofuels.
The structure and function of ten Western North American grasslands: III. Net primary production, turnover and efficiencies of energy capture and water use

(1) Levels of net primary production and the efficiencies of energy capture and water use were investigated in six grassland types encompassing ten western North American grasslands. Emphasis was placed on between-site analysis to show the importance of abiotic variables in the functioning of the ecosystem at the producer level. (2) Above-ground primary production (ANP) ranged from 54 to 523 g m -2 yr -1 . Average ANP for grazed grasslands was 212 compared to 236 g m -2 yr -1 for ungrazed grasslands (P ≤ 0.05). (3) There was an apparent linear increase in ANP with increasing precipitation up to approximately 500 mm yr-1. Likewise, ANP increased linearly with increases in both growing-season and annual actual evapotranspiration. (4) Net root production (RP) ranged from 148 to 641 g m -2 yr -1 . The RP was significantly higher on grazed treatments compared to ungrazed grasslands. In general, RP increased with decreasing levels of long-term mean annual temperature. (5) Total net primary productivity (TNP) ranged from 225 to 1425 g m -2 yr -1 . Approximately 46% and 58% of the variability in TNP were explained by annual precipitation in ungrazed and grazed grasslands, respectively. (6) Generally, the warmer grasslands had higher rates of turnover of crown material than did cooler grasslands. As annual usable incident solar radiation and annual actual evapotranspiration increased, so the rate of crown-turnover increased. (7) The average rate of turnover of root material was 0.18, 0.30 and 0.49 for the mixed-grass, tallgrass and shortgrass prairies, respectively. There was a positive curvilinear relationship between root turnover and total annual usable incident solar radiation. (8) Efficiency of energy capture in TNP ranged from 0.12% to more than 1.4% for both ungrazed and grazed grasslands. It appears that plant communities dominated by cool-season species were comparable to or more efficient in energy capture than the communities dominated by warm-season plants. Grasslands having higher efficiencies of water use for TNP also had greater efficiency of energy capture. Consequently, these two important functional properties of the producer system are positively related.
A Deficiency of Available Choline in Soybean Oil and Soybean Oil Meal

Abstract JUKES (1940a, b) found 25 to 40 percent of soybean oil meal to be a satisfactory source of choline for the prevention of perosis. The amount of total choline in soybean oil meal as given by Engel (1942) is sufficient to satisfy the chick’s requirement for choline, if the total choline were available. Berry et al. (1943) have presented data indicating the lack of an adequate amount of available choline for rapid growth in rations containing approximately one-third soybean oil meal. In studies on whey solubles, choline was the limiting factor in the rations used. Jukes (1942) used expeller processed soybean oil meal. Communication with the processor indicates that the soybean oil settlings or “foots” were added back to the meal at the time that Jukes obtained his meal. The settlings from soybean oil are known to be rich in lecithin, from which choline is derived (Record and Bethke, 1942).
Long-Term Follow-Up Of Dynamic Cranioplasty For Brachycephaly - Non-Syndromal Bicoronal Synostosis

We followed up 10 patients whose non-syndromal bicoronal synostosis had been operated on with a dynamic cranioplasty technique developed by this craniofacial unit in 1992. With this technique, the growth of the brain is redirected in an anteroposterior direction as wire-mediated compression and restraint are exerted on the transverse and vertical dimensions of the skull. The mean operating time was 160 minutes (range 120-275) and mean stay in the intensive care unit was 36 hours (range 23-58). There was no operative mortality and few complications. The surgical results were assessed objectively by analysis of cephalometric tracings. The mean (SD) cephalic index was 87.6 (4.9) preoperatively and 77.7 (1.8) postoperatively (p = 0.001). The modified Whitaker scale was used as a subjective outcome measurement, and nine patients were classified as Whitaker grade 1 (no additional surgery). One patient required additional intracranial surgery. A questionnaire was sent to all families to obtain an additional subjective measurement of outcome. Parents' satisfaction was high. We conclude that dynamic cranioplasty is a safe and efficient operation for treatment of brachycephaly.
The Introduction of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout into a Previously Fishless Lake: Feeding Habits and Effects upon the Zooplankton and Benthic Community

Abstract The introduction of lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi Richardson) into previously fishless, Granite lake, Washington in 1987, drastically reduced the density of larval Chaoborus trivittatus in 1988. Chaoborus trivittatus was reduced from a mean summer density of 650/m2 in 1987 to a mean summer density of 10/m2 in 1988. Chaoborus trivittatus and Daphnia pulicaria were the most important prey items of the trout. Although D. pulicaria was equally important in the trout diet, its density following trout introduction did not change. Two factors may explain the lack of D. pulicaria decline. First, size-selective predation from trout was not intense enough to remove the largest D. pulicaria, which likely had the highest fecundity. Secondly, any predation effect the trout had upon D. pulicaria was offset by the lack of C. trivittatus predation on D. pulicaria, due to the precipitous decline of C. trivittatus. During the decline of C. trivittatus, no significant changes in the density.
Maternal depression and increased fetal activity

Pregnant women with ( n = 45) and without ( n = 45) symptoms of depression (CES-D score of 16 or more) were provided ultrasound examinations during the second and third trimesters. An analysis of variance on the cross-sectional data yielded a significant diagnosis by gestational month interaction effect ( P < 0·05). The fetuses of depressed mothers spent significantly more time being active during the fifth, sixth and seventh gestational months than fetuses of non-depressed mothers. A stepwise regression analysis revealed that 35% of the variance in time being active could be accounted for by the combined depression and trait anxiety scores of the mothers. These findings suggest that maternal depression correlated with increased fetal activity. These data also highlight the need for research on the potential effects of stress hormones on fetal activity.