Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anoxia-evoked changes in intracellular pH in acutely dissociated adult rat hippocampal neurons

The ratiometric fluorophore, 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) was utilized to measure pH; in acutely dissociated adult rat hippocampal CA1 neurons in response to periods of anoxia of 3, 5 and 10 min duration. At 37°C, in the presence or absence of HC0 3 " , the pH s response to anoxia was characterized by three phases: i) during the anoxic period, there was an intracellular acidification; ii) in the continued absence of oxygen, there was a rise in pHj toward pre-anoxic pHj values; and iii) in the immediate post-anoxic period, there was an intracellular alkalinization above pre-anoxic pHi values. These changes were not secondary to anoxia-evoked changes in intracellular free Ca concentration. r Next, the mechanisms underlying the anoxia-evoked changes in pH ; were examined. In addition to supporting the established roles of ,an increased rate of ATP hydrolysis and intracellular lactate accumulation, evidence is presented that a decreased activity of the Na7H + exchanger contributed to the production of the intracellular acidification observed during an anoxic period. The rise in pHj observed in the continued absence of oxygen was attributed, at least in part, to activation of a Zn-sensitive, voltage-dependent proton conductance. Finally, an increased activity of the Na7H + exchanger contributed to the production of the post-anoxic alkalinization. Reductions in extracellular pH and ambient temperature were found to attenuate the post-anoxic activation of Na7H + exchange, as was an inhibitor of P K A . The pHi changes characterized in the present study may determine, at least in part, neuronal viability following an anoxic insult.
Ptarithmetic

The present article introduces ptarithmetic (short for “polynomial time arithmetic”) — a formal number theory similar to the well known Peano arithmetic, but based on the recently born computability logic instead of classical logic. The formulas of ptarithmetic represent interactive computational problems rather than just true/false statements, and their “truth” is understood as existence of a polynomial time solution. The system of ptarithmetic elaborated in this article is shown to be sound and complete. Sound in the sense that every theorem T of the system represents an interactive number-theoretic computational problem with a polynomial time solution and, furthermore, such a solution can be effectively extracted from a proof of T . And complete in the sense that every interactive number-theoretic problem with a polynomial time solution is represented by some theorem T of the system. The paper is self-contained, and can be read without any prior familiarity with computability logic. MSC: primary: 03F50; secondary: 03F30; 03D75; 03D15; 68Q10; 68T27; 68T30
Eggshell Pigments–from Formation to Deposition

The earliest avian eggshells probably lacked pigmentation but, in part to help protect the eggs from predators, many species of bird have evolved a diverse range of coloured shell markings. However, the wide variation in shell colour and pigment pattern arise out of probably no more than three molecules, protoporphyrin, biliverdin and zinc biliverdin chelate. These molecules are constructed from four pyrrole rings (tetrapyrroles) but, while their synthesis pathways are well defined, the site(s) of shell pigment synthesis is less well defined. It is probable that biliverdin is synthesised in the uterus. While there is evidence that protoporphyrin is also synthesised in the uterus the evidence for this is more circumstantial. What is known is that pigment is secreted from the surface epithelial cells of the uterus into the uterine fluid and hence onto the shell. It is notable that the protoporphyrin content the uterine tissue of white-egg laying birds is not dissimilar to that of brown-egg laying birds, the control mechanisms being exerted at the level of protoporphyrin release from the surface epithelial cells into the lumen of the uterus. Similarly white-shelled eggs are not necessarily devoid of pigment. While pigment is normally concentrated on the outer surface of the shell there are many species of bird that incorporate pigment into the outer half or third of the shell. This has stimulated research into potential functional roles for shell pigments, including substituting for calcium carbonate when calcium is limiting and improving shell strength through ‘lubricating’ the calcite crystals.
Left/right difference in the course and division of the pulmonary arterial branches in the lung upper lobe: A study using human embryos and early fetuses

Although left/right differences in a configuration of the pulmonary artery (PA) and its branches are well known, there is little information as to when and how such differences are established. Examination of serial sagittal sections of 25 embryos and fetuses at 6–7 weeks of gestation demonstrated that, at O’Rahilly stages 18–20, the right earliest first branch of PA originated in the anterior side of the upper lobar bronchus and overlay the upper bronchi, in contrast to the left branch which was located posteriorly and constricted medially by the upper posterior bronchus B1 + 2b. The right earliest branch was most likely to correspond to the future superior trunk, while the left branch might be a lingual artery. At stages 21–23, the upper posterior parenchyma was still underdeveloped in the left lung, since the ductus arteriosus and the left common cardinal vein seemed to make the left upper thoracic cavity narrow. Conversely, in the right lung, the thick S2 seemed to require a double arterial supply from both the superior and inferior arterial trunks. On the left, A3 originated at the lung apex and took a long descending course along the lung anterior surface. This high position of A3 might soon be corrected by an increased volume of S3. Overall, in contrast to the lower and middle lobes, early‐developed branches of the PA did not accompany upper segmental and subsegmental bronchi. A mechanism “differential growth” seemed to explain how to correct the fetal morphology to provide the adult morphology with variations.
Aspects zoonotiques des infections à transmission vectorielle: -EN- Zoonotic aspects of vector-borne infections -FR- -ES- Aspectos zoonóticos de las infecciones transmitidas por vectores

Vector-borne diseases are principally zoonotic diseases transmitted to humans by animals. Pathogens such as bacteria, parasites and viruses are primarily maintained within an enzootic cycle between populations of non-human primates or other mammals and largely non-anthropophilic vectors. This ‘wild’ cycle sometimes spills over in the form of occasional infections of humans and domestic animals. Lifestyle changes, incursions by humans into natural habitats and changes in agropastoral practices create opportunities that make the borders between wildlife and humans more permeable. Some vector-borne diseases have dispensed with the need for amplification in wild or domestic animals and they can now be directly transmitted to humans. This applies to some viruses (dengue and chikungunya) that have caused major epidemics. Bacteria of the genus Bartonella have reduced their transmission cycle to the minimum, with humans acting as reservoir, amplifier and disseminator. The design of control strategies for vectorborne diseases should be guided by research into emergence mechanisms in order to understand how a wild cycle can produce a pathogen that goes on to cause devastating urban epidemics.
Early Experience in Habitat Choice by Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)

The importance of early experience and maternal influence on the return of humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) to traditional feeding grounds has been documented through individual return rates and population genetics. Studies to date, however, have concentrated on large-scale geographic regions (i.e., Gulf of Maine) and have not compared returns to specific sites in these traditional feeding grounds. Between 1982 and 1990, I sighted 93 humpback mother-offspring pairs in which the calf was resighted after weaning. Observations took place at two sites in the southern Gulf of Maine: Stellwagen Bank and Jeffreys Ledge. Return rate to each area was significantly higher if the whale was originally sighted there as a calf (79.4% versus 50.0% on Stellwagen Bank; 71.7% versus 38.8% on Jeffreys Ledge), and no difference was found between male and female offspring. Results indicated that early experience was important in a humpback whale's subsequent choice of local habitat and regional feeding area.
Resistance to anti‐CD45RB‐induced tolerance in NOD mice: mechanisms involved

Abstract While great advances have been made in the success of islet transplantation to cure autoimmune diabetes, this protocol remains limited by our inability to induce donor‐specific tolerance within the recipient. The profound resistance of the NOD mouse to tolerance‐inducing regimens that are routinely successful in other strains further defines the imposing barriers that must be surmounted. Herein, we have assessed the utility of anti‐CD45RB therapy to induce tolerance to allografts in C57BL/6 and NOD‐strain mice. We find that, as with other therapies, NOD mice are also resistant to this manipulation, despite robust tolerance induction in the comparison strain. Analysis of cell surface markers revealed a number of changes within the B lymphocyte compartment following contact with antibody and alloantigen in the B6 strain. The absence of reciprocal changes within the NOD lymphocyte compartment suggests that B cells might contribute to the mechanism of action of this therapy and to the resistance to immunological tolerance noted in the NOD strain.
Altered fibrinolysis and platelet function in the development of vascular complications of diabetes

Despite remarkable progress in the reduction of microvascular complications with stringent glycemic control, complications attributable to macroangiopathy continue to exert a profound toll in patients with diabetes. Impaired fibrinolysis, augmented thrombosis, and corresponding changes in the proteolytic system within vessel walls may contribute directly or indirectly through mechanisms potentially independent of the deranged intermediary metabolism typical of diabetes. The possibility that precursors of insulin or insulin itself contribute to some of the pathogenetic derangements has been implicated by observations in vitro and in vivo and merits consideration to identify additional pharmacologic targets that will facilitate prevention or retardation of macroangiopathy.
Dynamics of nutrient supply to sprouts from the roots and soil during sprouting of Quercus aquifoliodes shrublands, western Sichuan, China.

Aims Sprouting is an efficient mechanism for forest regeneration to regain lost biomass after disturbances,and it is the main regeneration mechanism of some Quercus forests.Our objective was to study(a) root and sprout growth dynamics of Q.aquifoliodes shrubs after coppicing and(b) the supply of nutrients from the roots and the soil to the new sprouts.Methods The sites selected were located on Zheduo Mountain of western Sichuan on the south-eastern fringe of the Tibetan Plateau.Post-fire,approximately 30-year Q.aquifoliodes shrubs were cut and sprouts and roots were sampled at 0,30,60,90,120,150 and 180 days after coppicing.The roots were separated into fine roots( 2.5 mm),medium roots(2.5-5.0 mm),coarse roots( 5.0 mm),and taproot.Root biomass was investigated by excavating whole root systems and sprout biomass by harvesting.The concentrations of nutrient elements were determined by conventional methods.Nutrient supply to sprouts from the root and the soil was calculated based on change in nutrient content of the roots with time and accumulation of nutrients in the sprouts.Important findings The mean aboveground and belowground biomass of Q.aquifoliodes shrubs was(11.25 ± 0.92) and(34.85 ± 2.02) t·hm-2,respectively,giving a dry weight root:shoot ratio of 3.10. The biomass of sprouts linearly increased during the course of sprouting.Maximum biomasses of living fine and medium roots occurred in summer.No significant variation was observed for the stump and taproot biomasses.N and P concentrations in fine and medium roots increased in the first 60 days after harvesting;however,the stump,coarse roots and taproot decreased in N,K and Ca concentration.Of all nutrients,Mg showed the greatest variation in the root system.The root system stored much of the nutrient content.The soil,stump,coarse roots and taproots are the main nutrient sources for the initial growth of sprouts between harvesting and 120 days.All nutrients allocated to the sprouts,excluding K,were supplied by the soil between harvesting and 60 days.K was the nutrient most dependent on root reserves for the initial growth of sprouts.K,followed by Mg and Ca,is the nutrient most dependent on root reserves for sprout growth between 60 and 120 days,and the relative contribution of root to sprout P and Mg was very small in this period.Except for K,the soil is an important nutrient source between 120 and 180 days.The management of Q.aquifoliodes shrubs should focus on the protection of underground root systems.
Development and characterization of a liposomal subunit vaccine against Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

This thesis is concerned with the development and characterization of a subunit vaccine against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The major gonococcal outer membrane protein, Protein I (Por), was selected as the subunit component because it is antigenically conserved between gonococcal strains. Isolated proteins, however, often do not elicit a protective immune response, either because they are not efficiently taken up by antigen presenting cells (APC) or because antibodies generated against the denatured protein do not recognize the native conformation. In the present research, therefore, Protein I was reconstituted into liposomes. These lipid bilayer structures should be capable of maintaining Por in its native conformation and may be efficiently accumulated by APC. The protein reconstitution process was characterized with regard to the efficiency of protein insertion and the ease of detergent removal. Subsequently, the Por proteoliposomes were characterized as to their size, lamellarity, Por orientation in the bilayer and antibody binding efficiency. The detergents octyl glucopyranoside (OGP) and sodium cholate were compared with respect to efficiency of detergent removal and protein incorporation. The rate of OGP removal was greater than for cholate during dialysis. During OGP-mediated reconstitution, essentially complete protein incorporation was achieved at a protein-lipid ratio of 0.01:1. It was observed, however, that the degree of protein incorporation was dependent on the initial protein-lipid ratios. Increasing the concentration of Por protein relative to phospholipid in the reconstitution mixture resulted in inefficient protein incorporation at ratios of 0.02:1 or higher. Reconstitution studies using cholate indicated that protein insertion into liposomes was less efficient than during OGP-mediated reconstitution at the same initial protein-lipid ratios. Subsequent experiments examined Por reconstitution into liposomes consisting of a
Isolation and characterization of bacteria from the deep sea and their potential to produce bioactive natural products

Due to the high re-discovery rate of already known active compounds in recent drug research it appears reasonable to expand the search on unexplored environments with unique living conditions and yet undiscovered organisms. The deep sea demonstrates such a marginally investigated environment harboring presumably undiscovered bacterial taxa which are adapted to the extreme living conditions in the deep sea environment and which might possess unknown metabolites. The aim of the present thesis was therefore the characterization of deep-sea bacteria with the purpose to find novel and bioactive substances produced by these bacteria. Heterotrophic mesophilic bacterial strains were recovered and phylogenetically characterized from two totally different deep-sea habitats: the extremely oligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean and the Logatchev hydrothermal vent field (LHF) located at 15°N along the Mid Atlantic Ridge. The antimicrobially active bacteria isolated from the hydrothermal environments were mainly assigned to the Gammaproteobacteria. One bioactive strain, M41T, revealed to be a representative of a novel genus and species, Amphritea atlanticaT. This strain was isolated from a mussel field at LHF and physiological analysis showed that it is well adapted to the mesophilic temperatures of hydrothermally influenced environments. In addition, the bacterial community of diffusive fluids emanating out of a mussel field at LHF was investigated. A 16S rRNA gene library was analyzed in combination with functional genes involved in biochemical pathways of CO2 fixation (aclB, cbbM, cbbL) and sulfur oxidation/reduction (soxB, aprA). It turned out, that Epsilonproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria comprise a considerable part of the microbial community in diffuse fluids and have the genetic potential to use different pathways for carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation. The bacterial strains obtained from the Eastern Mediterranean deep sea were also analyzed for specifically adapted bacterial strains and antimicrobial activities. Predominantly Gram-positive strains were isolated from the untreated sediment, while incubation of sediment at in situ pressure revealed that Gammaproteobacteria were enriched at the simulated deep-sea conditions. Bacterial strains affiliating to the genus Micromonospora were selected for further analysis in order to investigate their potential to produce bioactive substances. This led to the discovery and structure elucidation of the novel cytotoxic macrolide levantilide A and a derivative thereof, levantilide B, both of which are produced by a deep-sea Micromonospora strain, strain A77. Thus, the results of the present study demonstrate that deep-sea habitats are a promising source for novel bacterial taxa and for the discovery of new natural products as well.
Nutritional Contents of the Fruits of Ribes diacanthum Pall. and Its Evaluation of Edible Value

Nutrients of Ribes diacanthum Pall.were analyzed.The results showed that the shady dried mature fruits of Ribes diacanthum Pall.contains rich nutritional components such as sugar,crude protein,crude fat,crude fibre,V_C,V_B1,V_B2,V_PP,V_A,V_E,carotene,10 kinds of mineral elements and 18 kinds of amino acid,and is of high level of edible value.This species can be used as a native plant resource which have both ecological and economical function on the sandlot in grassland area of Inner Mongolia.
Evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant properties of some traditional medicinal plants from India

Background: Medicinal plants have been used to prevent and treat various health problems. Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of aqueous and solvent extracts of some selected medicinal plants. Materials and Methods: The disc diffusion method was employed for the determination of antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide reducing and  ‑ carotene/linoleic acid bleaching inhibition assays. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method was employed for the determination of total phenolic contents. Results: Aqueous and solvent extracts of Acacia catechu , A. ferruginea , Adenanthera pavonina, Albizia odoratissima , Anogeissus latifolia , Breynia vitis‑idaea , Salacia oblonga , Senna spectabilis and Solanum indicum showed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Proteus vulgaris , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Salmonella typhi , Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis, and promising antioxidant properties. The antioxidant activities were positively correlated with total phenolic contents. Discussion and Conclusion: The promising antibacterial and antioxidant activities of these plants validated their traditional use in various herbal preparations to treat various ailments associated with pathogenic microbes and oxidative stress. Further investigations such as isolation of active principles and toxicological studies to ascertain the safety, and in vivo experimentations on suitable models are required to explore the therapeutic usage of these plants on humans.
Fat Studies in Poultry 6. Utilization of Fats of Different Melting Points

Abstract DUCKWORTH, Naftalin and Dalgarno (1950) found that the difference in digestibility between low and high melting point fats reported for other animals exists also for the chick. Carver et al. (1955) and Sunde (1956) reported that hydrogenated fat is poorly utilized by the chick. The following experiments were conducted to study the nutritive value for the growing chick of fats of different saturation. The effect of dietary fat level and of feeding surface active agents on the utilization of fat has been studied. Since there is little data available regarding the form in which fatty acids are excreted by the chick, the ratio of split to unsplit fat excreted has been determined. EXPERIMENTAL Experiment 1. The composition of the rations used in the first experiment is shown in Table 1. The basal ration included 12 percent cerelose. In the rations in which fat was included, cerelose was replaced on a …