Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phasing of nucleosomes in SV40 chromatin reconstituted in vitro.

Phasing of nucleosomes on SV40 DNA was studied by the reconstitution of chromatin from SV40 DNA form I and core histones. The reconstituted chromatin sedimented with increasing S values as the histone : DNA ratios increased, and the buoyant densities in CsCl decreased concomitantly. The average repeat lengths of nucleosomes in the chromatin reconstituted at ratios of 1.0 and 1.5 were estimated to be 168 and 143 base pairs, respectively, by electrophoretic analysis of DNA fragments generated by micrococcal nuclease digestion. The chromatin generated a series of DNA bands that differed in size by about 10 nucleotides upon DNase I digestion followed by heat-denaturation. Phasing of nucleosomes was probed by the use of single-site restriction endonucleases, EcoRI, BamH1, BglI, and HpaII: the latter two cleave DNA at and near the origin of DNA replication and transcription. The form I DNA in the chromatin reconstituted at ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 was cleaved up to 60 to 80%, 20 to 60%, and 0 to 10%, respectively. Although the frequency of cleavage by these enzymes was not very different at the ratio 0.5, the BglI site became relatively more susceptible than the other sites at the ratio 1.0. At the ratio 1.5, the DNA was almost resistant to these enzymes, though a significant amount (10%) was cleaved by BglI. These results suggest that the origin is the site unfavorable for nucleosome phasing although the region can be almost completely covered with nucleosomes at higher histone : DNA ratios. The fraction of chromatin immunoprecipitated with anti-T serum after in vitro T antigen binding also decreased with increase in the histone : DNA ratios. The results suggest that T antigen binds preferentially to the internucleosomal region. T antigen preferentially bound to the chromatin reconstituted with the DNA fragment containing the origin. Inefficient phasing of nucleosomes at the origin of DNA replication may facilitate the binding of T antigen to the origin.
Anticonvulsant properties of BIBP3226, a non‐peptide selective antagonist at neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors

Several lines of evidence indicate that neuropeptide Y (NPY)‐mediated neurotransmission in the hippocampus is altered by limbic seizures. The functional consequences of this change are still unresolved and clearly depend on the type of NPY receptors involved. We have investigated the role of NPY Y1 receptor subtypes, which are enriched in the dentate area of the hippocampus, on EEG seizures induced by a local injection of 0.04 μg kainic acid in rats.
Factors Associated with Wrist Pain in the Young Gymnast

We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 52 nonelite gymnasts (32 girls, 20 boys; average age, 11.8 years) to assess their history of training and wrist pain within the last 6 months. An intensity index was created using the number of training hours per week and the athletes' skill levels. Wrist pain was prevalent in 38 (73%) of the gymnasts. Gymnasts with wrist pain were older (12.6 years versus 9.7 years; P = 0.0002), trained more hours per week (13.5 versus 7.7; P = 0.0002), trained at a higher skill level (P = 0.01), and began training at an older age (7.0 years versus 5.1 years; P = 0.006). Analysis of intensity versus age suggested that a threshold of training intensity may be important in the development of wrist pain. Logistical regression found these factors to be independently associated with wrist pain: intensity (P = 0.036), age >10 years (P = 0.018), age <14 years (P = 0.016), and the age of initiation of training (P = 0.020). This study demon strates that wrist pain is a common problem among nonelite young gymnasts. Training intensity, relative to the age of the participant and the age when training was initiated, appears to be an important determinant of the development of wrist pain in this population.
Polarization-independent acoustooptically tuned spectral filter with frequency shift compensation

A new polarization-independent tunable spectral filter based on the combination of a single isotropic acoustooptic cell and a pair of conventional diffraction gratings is suggested and investigated. The filter features narrow bandwidth, frequency shift compensation, and low polarization dependence. Using standard AMTIR-1 chalcogenide glass acoustooptic modulator with frequency 40-77 MHz and ruled diffraction gratings with 600 grooves/mm, a 3-dB bandwidth of 1.1 nm, and a tuning range of 16 nm were obtained. Tuning range can be increased by the use of acoustooptic cell with increased center frequency or diffraction grating of a lower dispersion. Inserting the filter inside a laser cavity, continuous-wave tunable generation of Er-doped fiber laser with maximum output power 3 mW was realized. When a Fabry-Perot etalon (0.166-nm free spectral range, 40% reflectance) was inserted into laser cavity, the linewidth was observed to be less than 0.05 nm.
GAL4 interacts with TATA-binding protein and coactivators

A major goal in understanding eukaryotic gene regulation is to identify the target(s) of transcriptional activators. Efforts to date have pointed to various candidates. Here we show that a 34-amino-acid peptide from the carboxy terminus of GAL4 is a strong activation domain (AD) and retains at least four proteins from a crude extract: the negative regulator GAL80, the TATA-binding protein (TBP), and the putative coactivators SUG1 and ADA2. TFIIB was not retained. Concentrating on TBP, we demonstrate in in vitro binding assays that its interaction with the AD is specific, direct, and salt stable up to at least 1.6 M NaCl. The effects of mutations in the GAL4 AD on transcriptional activation in vivo correlate with their affinities to TBP. A point mutation (L114K) in yeast TBP, which has been shown to compromise the mutant protein in both binding to the VP16 AD domain and activated transcription in vitro, reduces the affinity to the GAL4 AD to the same degree as to the VP16 AD. This suggests that these two prototypic activators make similar contacts with TBP.
Placage de Déplacement Tridimensionnel par Pixel pour le Rendu Temps Réel. (Per-Pixel Three-Dimensional Displacement Mapping for Real-Time Rendering)

De nos jours, les images de synthese occupent une place de plus en plus importante dans des domaines aussi varies que l'ingenierie ou le divertissement. Le materiel informatique a enormement evolue ces dernieres annees afin de pouvoir suivre cette tendance. Cependant, le materiel ne peut satisfaire seul aux exigences, en terme de qualite et d'interactivite, que requierent les nouvelles applications. D'ou l'interet d'algorithmes permettant d'optimiser le temps d'execution et l'occupation memoire de telles applications, et notamment celles qui necessitent une interactivite avec l'utilisateur. Le placage de deplacement tridimensionnel par pixel est une nouvelle technique qui permet d'enrichir visuellement les scenes 3D, en simulant les mesostructures (microreliefs) presentes sur de nombreux types de surface. Cette amelioration s'effectue sans modification de la definition geometrique des objets 3D, et s'appuie uniquement sur le placage de textures dediees a cet effet. Cette technique contribue ainsi a eviter la saturation du pipeline graphique que peut provoquer le traitement d'un tres grand nombre de primitives graphiques. Dans le meme esprit, la technique de modelisation et rendu a base d'images, qui est une extension du placage de deplacement 3D par pixel, permet de creer et d'afficher des objets 3D dans leur integralite, sans passer par le traditionnel maillage polygonal. Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommes interesses a l'une des meilleures techniques pour le placage de deplacement 3D par pixel. Il s'agit de la technique de tracage de cones, dont nous avons pu faire passer les algorithmes de pretraitement des textures d'une complexite quadratique a une complexite lineaire. Nous avons egalement propose un nouvel algorithme permettant la prise en charge des textures rectangulaires, car elles etaient tres mal gerees par les methodes existantes. Nous avons aussi developpe une nouvelle approche qui rend possible la synchronisation temps reel entre la modification de l'echelle du microrelief et son ombrage. Cette these introduit notamment le placage d'extrusion et de revolution. Il s'agit d'une nouvelle technique de modelisation et rendu a base d'images. L'approche que nous avons adoptee permet de creer des geometries sans maillage, par extrusion ou par revolution d'une forme de base, stockee sous forme d'une image 2D binaire. Ce type de geometrie est tres utilise en modelisation 3D, et particulierement dans la creation d'environnements architecturaux. La technique proposee est tres performante, que ce soit en terme d'interactivite, ou en terme de qualite visuelle.
Changes in Central Arterial Pressure Waveforms during the Normal Menstrual Cycle

Background Changes in estradiol and progesterone during the human menstrual cycle may impact vascular and cardiac function. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) hormones increase during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and may antagonize the vascular effects of estradiol. This study was designed to investigate central arterial changes, cardiac function, and RAAS activity in response to gonadal steroid variations during the menstrual cycle. Methods We studied 15 women during the follicular and midluteal phases with determination of estradiol, progesterone, hormones of the RAAS, and spot urine sodium and creatinine levels. Central pulsatile hemodynamics was evaluated using calibrated carotid tonometry and central aortic Doppler flow. Systolic ejection period (SEP) and systolic pressure time integral (SPTI) were computed from carotid pressure waveforms. Results Levels of estradiol, progesterone, and RAAS hormones were higher in the luteal phase. SEP and SPTI were lower during the luteal phase, whereas central and peripheral blood pressures and measures of arterial stiffness were unchanged between the two phases. The urine sodium-to-creatinine ratio was similar at both phases. Conclusion Central arterial stiffness does not differ between the follicular and midluteal phases of the menstrual cycle in healthy women, despite significant changes in estradiol and progesterone levels. Systole was shortened during the midluteal phase. RAAS activation during the luteal phase may be responsible for a lack of the expected estradiol-mediated reduction in arterial stiffness between the two phases of the menstrual cycle. Because load was unchanged, the decrease in SEP and SPTI may represent a direct effect of estrogen, progesterone, or RAAS activation on ventricular function.
Lithium dilution measurement of cardiac output and arterial pulse waveform analysis: an indicator dilution calibrated beat-by-beat system for continuous estimation of cardiac output.

Lithium dilution cardiac output (LiDCO trade mark; LiDCO, London, UK) is a minimally invasive indicator dilution technique for the measurement of cardiac output. It was primarily developed as a simple calibration for the PulseCO trade mark (LiDCO, London, UK) continuous arterial waveform analysis monitor. The technique is quick and simple, requiring only an arterial line and central or peripheral venous access. These lines would probably already have been inserted in critical care patients. A small dose of lithium chloride is injected as an intravenous bolus, and cardiac output is derived from the dilution curve generated by a lithium-sensitive electrode attached to the arterial line. Studies in humans and animals have shown good agreement compared with results obtained with other techniques, and the efficacy of LiDCO trade mark in pediatric patients has also been proven. Compared with thermodilution, lithium dilution showed closer agreement in clinical studies with electromagnetic flow measurement.PulseCO trade mark is a beat-to-beat cardiac output monitor that calculates stroke volume from the arterial pressure waveform using an autocorrelation algorithm. The algorithm is not dependent on waveform morphology, but, rather, it calculates nominal stroke volume from a pressure-volume transform of the entire waveform. The nominal stroke volume is converted to actual stroke volume by calibration of the algorithm with LiDCO trade mark. Initial studies indicate good fidelity, and the results from centers in the United States and the United Kingdom are extremely encouraging. The PulseCO trade mark monitor incorporates software for interpretation of the hemodynamic data generated and provides a real-time analysis of arterial pressure variations (ie, stroke volume variation, pulse pressure variation, and systolic pressure variation) as theoretical guides to intravascular and cardiac filling.
Global Oral Health Inequalities

The birth prevalence of orofacial clefts, one of the most common congenital anomalies, is approximately one in 700 live births, but varies with geography, ethnicity, and socio-economic status. There is a variation in infant mortality and access to care both between and within countries, so some clefts remain unrepaired into adulthood. Quality of care also varies, and even among repaired clefts there is residual deformity and morbidity that significantly affects some children. The two major issues in attempts to address these inequalities are (a) etiology/possibilities for prevention and (b) management and quality of care. For prevention, collaborative research efforts are required in developing countries, in line with the WHO approach to implement the recommendations of the 2008 Millennium Development Goals (www.un.org/millenniumgoals). This includes the “common risk factor” approach, which analyzes biological and social determinants of health alongside other chronic health problems such as diabetes and obesity, as outlined in the Marmot Health inequalities review (2008) (www.ucl.ac.uk/gheg/marmotreview). Simultaneously, orofacial cleft research should involve clinical researchers to identify inequalities in access to treatment and identify the best interventions for minimizing mortality and residual deformity. The future research agenda also requires engagement with implementation science to get research findings into practice.
Design, testing and comparison of P&O, IC and VSSIR MPPT techniques

This paper explores three maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques, i.e. the Incremental Conductance (IC), Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Variable Step Size Incremental Resistance (VSSIR) techniques. The MPPT techniques are firstly simulated on Matlab/Simulink platform. In order to realise the MPPT techniques on simulation, a DC-DC boost converter and PV panel simulation model is required which are also implemented. A cost comparison of the three techniques is conducted as an additional selection criterion between the MPPT techniques. For verification purposes the IC technique is implemented on hardware using the Arduino Leonardo circuit board and tested on the shell solar SQ80 panel.
Exchange between Escherichia coli polymerases II and III on a processivity clamp

Escherichia coli has three DNA polymerases implicated in the bypass of DNA damage, a process called translesion synthesis (TLS) that alleviates replication stalling. Although these polymerases are specialized for different DNA lesions, it is unclear if they interact differently with the replication machinery. Of the three, DNA polymerase (Pol) II remains the most enigmatic. Here we report a stable ternary complex of Pol II, the replicative polymerase Pol III core complex and the dimeric processivity clamp, β. Single-molecule experiments reveal that the interactions of Pol II and Pol III with β allow for rapid exchange during DNA synthesis. As with another TLS polymerase, Pol IV, increasing concentrations of Pol II displace the Pol III core during DNA synthesis in a minimal reconstitution of primer extension. However, in contrast to Pol IV, Pol II is inefficient at disrupting rolling-circle synthesis by the fully reconstituted Pol III replisome. Together, these data suggest a β-mediated mechanism of exchange between Pol II and Pol III that occurs outside the replication fork.
Substrate recognition and selectivity in the type IC DNA modification methylase M.EcoR124I.

The type I DNA modification methylase M.EcoR124I binds sequence specifically to DNA and protects a 25bp fragment containing its cognate recognition sequence from digestion by exonuclease III. Using modified synthetic oligonucleotide duplexes we have investigated the catalytic properties of the methylase, and have established that a specific adenine on each strand of DNA is the site of methylation. We show that the rate of methylation of each adenine is increased at least 100 fold by prior methylation at the other site. However, this is accompanied by a significant decrease in the affinity of the methylase for these substrates according to competitive gel retardation assays. In contrast, methylation of an adenine in the recognition site which is not a target for the enzyme results in only a small decrease in both DNA binding affinity and rate of methylation by the enzyme.
Challenges facing Islamic banks

a. Islamic banking courts: The disputed cases of the Islamic banks are subject to the same legal system and are dealt with the same court and judge as the conventional one while the nature of the legal system of Islam is totally different. To ensure a proper, speedy and supporting Islamic legal system, amendments in existing laws, which are repugnant to injunctions of Islam, are required to promulgate Shariah compliant law for resolution of disputes through special courts.
Learning Objectives.

fibers from the cochlea. Since both cochlear nuclei impinge upon cells in the SOC, it represents the initial site of binaural interaction. The SOC is so named because anatomically it is in a superior position relative to the inferior olivary complex. The term oli-vary is based on the olive-shaped protuberance on the ventral lateral surface of the medulla created by the underlying inferior olivary complex. The SOC extends from the rostral medulla to the caudal pons and is called a complex because it represents many nuclear groups. The SOC can be functionally divided into a feedback system to the cochlea (olivocochlear system), an inhibitory periolivary system and a sound-localization system. Anatomically, there is considerable overlap between these systems. The SOC varies in size and composition among species (Figure 7–1). The main nuclei, the lateral (LSO) and medial (MSO, Figure 7–1, green filled) superior oli-vary nuclei can usually be identified in most species, but the nuclei that surround the LSO and MSO, viz., the periolivary nuclei (Figure 7–1, gray filled), take many forms. The tuning of neurons in LSO is biased towards high frequencies, whereas those in the MSO are biased towards low frequencies (Guinan et al., 1972). Thus, the relative size of the LSO and MSO reflect the animal's frequency range of hearing (Glendenning & Masterton, 1998). So, animals with a hearing bias towards high frequency sounds (e.g., mice and rats) have a large LSO and a small MSO. Animals with good low and high frequency hearing (e.g., cats) have a prominent LSO and MSO. Humans have a hearing bias towards low frequency sounds so the most prominent nucleus is the MSO. n The reader will be able to describe the anatomic divisions of the superior olivary complex (SOC). n The reader will be able to describe the binaural cues and neural circuitry used by neurons in the SOC to localize sounds n The reader will be able to describe the anatomic pathways linking the SOC to the cochlear nuclei, lateral lemniscus, and inferior colliculus. n The reader will be able to describe the frequency bias of the medial superior olive and the lateral superior olive. FunctiOnaL anatOmy OF the superiOr OLivary cOmpLex The superior olivary complex (SOC) is an important relay center for ascending auditory information as it receives projections from the cochlear nucleus, which in turn is the destination of all auditory nerve 7 the superior Olivary complex …
A 3.6-Gb/s 340-mW 16:1 pipe-lined multiplexer using 0.18 /spl mu/m SOI-CMOS technology

This paper describes a 16:1 multiplexer using 0.18 /spl mu/m SOI-CMOS technology. To realize ultra-high-speed operations, the multiplexer adapts a pipeline structure and a phase shift technique together with a selector architecture. This architecture takes advantage of the small junction capacitances of the SOI-CMOS devices. The multiplexer achieves 3.6 Gb/s at a supply voltage of 2.0 V, while dissipating only 30 mW at the core circuit and 340 mW for the whole chip which includes the I/O buffers.
The use of FK 506 in new-onset type I diabetes in man.

“Insulitis” was recognized as a feature of type I diabetes mellitus early in the clinical descriptions, accompanied by pathological examination.1 Thus, an etiologic role for inflammation and immunity in this condition was raised quite early. It is now appreciated that the disease may present abruptly, but studies of patients with new onset diabetes and their family members2–5 have clarified that the destruction of B cells proceeds over months to years. As a direct result of these studies, the current view of the pathogenesis of diabetes is that it features a protracted prodromal phase that occurs after an unknown factor that initiates the autoimmune attack against the B cells.6 During the prodromal period, there is evidence of immune response directed against the B cell and/or its secretory products,7–10 loss of first-phase insulin release, and onset of clinical symptoms when sufficient B-cell destruction occurs. Based on the hypothesis that type I diabetes is, in most instances, an autoimmune disease, clinical trials have been undertaken with immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive treatments. Few studies showed an impact to alter the natural course of the disease, although some agents appeared to prolong and preserve endogenous insulin secretion.11–19 The definitive studies that finally clarified the autoimmune nature of type I diabetes mellitus, and showed an effect of immunosuppression to induce remissions (noninsulin requiring state) in significant numbers of patients and alter the natural course of this disease, were the pilot and randomized trials employing cyclosporine (CyA). 20–22 The long-term outcome of patients who initially achieved a remission has been disappointing, with many patients evolving insulin resistance or showing metabolic deterioration after more than 1 year on immunosuppression.23 Additionally, the studies indicated that the autoimmune process was not permanently interrupted by immunosuppression in that patients who discontinued cyclosporine came out of remission.24 Nevertheless, results of these trials led to the hypothesis that earlier intervention might be more effective in prevention or cure. FK 506 is a powerful new immunosuppressive drug currently under investigation in the field of organ transplantation. It is approximately 100 times more potent an immunosuppressive agent than CyA on a weight basis.25 There is some clinical evidence that it may be useful in the treatment of autoimmune disease in man.26,27 In addition, in vitro studies suggest a favorable profile on islet function,28–30 and it allowed for the first long-term successful outcomes in the field of islet ceil transplantation.31 Moreover, FK 506 prevents the onset of diabetes in well-established animal models of type I diabetes meilitus.32,33 Based on the wealth of clinical information available from the cyclosporine trials, as well as these preliminary encouraging results in animal models, a pilot trial to test the efficacy and safety of this agent in new onset diabetes has recently been undertaken.