Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Postoperative Analgesic Effect of Bupivacaine alone and with Dexmedetomidine in Wound Instillation for Lumbar Laminectomy: A Randomized Control Trial

Background: Dexmedetomidine has been used as an effective adjuvant to local anesthetics in peripheral nerve blocks and at the incision site. Aims: We compared the postoperative analgesic effect of bupivacaine alone and in addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine in wound instillation during lumbar laminectomy. Setting and Design: This was a prospective, double-blind, randomized control trial. Subjects and Methods: Sixty adults of the American Society of Anesthesiologists Grade I–II scheduled for elective lumbar laminectomy under general anesthesia were randomly allocated into two groups. Group B (control group) patients received wound instillation with 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine at the end of surgery and Group D patients received 2 μg. kg−1 dexmedetomidine diluted in 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine as instillation over the incision site. If the NRS exceeded “4” at any point of time, rescue analgesia with injection diclofenac 75 mg deep intramuscular was administered. Postoperative pain score, duration of analgesia, total rescue analgesic required in the first 24 h, and side effects were compared between the groups. Results: Demographic data were comparable in both the groups. Duration of analgesia (19.93 ± 3.2 in Group D vs. 12.13 ± 1.8 in Group B) was significantly more in Group D, number of analgesic demands were less in group D as compared to Group B, and total rescue analgesic required (62.51 ± 39.13 vs. 95.68 ± 33.5) was significantly less in Group D as compared to Group B. Conclusions: We conclude that dexmedetomidine 2 μg. kg−1 is an effective adjuvant to bupivacaine for wound instillation in terms of quality and duration of postoperative analgesia following lumbar laminectomy.
Molecular mechanisms of photosynthesis

1. Light and Energy. 2. Organization and Structure of Photosynthetic Systems. 3. History and Development of Photosynthesis. 4. Photosynthetic Pigments-Structure and Spectroscopy. 5. Antenna Complexes and Energy Transfer Processes. 6. Reaction Center Complexes. 7. Electron Transfer Pathways and Components. 8. Chemiosmotic Coupling and ATP Synthesis. 9. Carbon Metabolism. 10. Genetics, Assembly and Regulation of Photosynthetic. Systems. 11. Origin and Evolution of Photosynthesis. Appendix 1. Light, Energy and Kinetics
Capital Budgeting as a Tool of Management Decision Making: A Case Study of National Investment Bank Limited

Sound financial management and decision-making on capital investments are critical to company survival and long-term success. With this truth affirmed by the global financial crisis, this study sets out to examine the capital budgeting tools at National Investment Bank Limited (NIB) in Ghana, adapted for management decision making. It establishes the various capital budgeting techniques used by NIB in undertaking investment projects and how these decisions affects the firm’s value, profit and growth rate. As methodology, the study adopts both primary and secondary sources which are further analyzed with the use of correlation analysis. The findings reveal that there is a positive relationship between the variables and their effects are significant. The study concludes that, the firm used capital budgeting techniques such as Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Profitability Index, Discounted Payback Period, Payback Period and Accounting Rate of Return in order to maximize the firm’s value which is usually affected by the profit and the growth rate. Given the conclusion herein, the study recommends among others that NIB should educate and train their staff on the various capital budgeting tools and the formation of knowledgeable team that will evaluate projects using the capital budgeting tools due to its irreversibility nature, huge investment outlay and its long term effect. Keywords: Capital budgeting, Techniques, Cash Flow, Investments, Decision making, Ghana DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-4-04 Publication date: February 29 th 2020
Effect of Playing Video Game on School Achievement, Aggressive Thought and Social Behaviour of Children in a Selected School, West Bengal

Playing video game affect children and youth not only by displacing time they spend doing homework or sleeping but also by influencing beliefs and behaviours . A descriptive study was conducted to identify the effect of playing video game on school achievement, aggressive thought and social behaviour of children in selected school, West Bengal. A descriptive correlative research design was adopted for the study. 120 mothers and their children were selected by using non-probability convenience sampling technique. Interview schedule for mothers was developed to collect demographic data & social behaviour and school achievement of children and Normative belief aggression scale was used to identify aggressive thought of children. Study finding revealed that there was 51.67% (62) children who play video game and among them 54.84% children play violent video game. 36.20% (21) children who do not play video game improved school performance where as 19.35% (12) children who play video game improved school performance. 62.08% (36) children who do not play video game always having helping attitude towards friends/neighbours where as 51.61% (32) of the children who play video game always having helping attitude towards friends/neighbors. 8.62% (5) children who do not play video game sometimes use bad language where as 19.35% (12) children who play video game sometimes use bad language. In 69.35% (43) children who play video game aggressive thought were present. Children who play video game are having 0.99 times more risk of getting poor school achievement, 1.31 times more risk of getting aggressive thought and 0.69 times more risk of getting poor social behaviour than those children who do not play video game. Therefore the study concluded that playing video game has effect on school achievement, aggressive thought and social behaviour of children.
The genetics of inflorescence architecture in Hordeum

The barley (Hordeum vulgare) spike exists in two alternative forms: six‐rowed or two rowed. The genetic basis of this difference lies in the single gene Vrs1, the recessive allele of which is responsible for the six‐rowed phenotype. The gene encodes a homeodomain‐leucine zipper I class transcription factor. Its paralog HvHox2 is well conserved among the cereals, whereas Vrs1 acquired its function after the speciation of barley. To determine whether it is the mode of expression or neofunctionalization which accounts for the action of Vrs1, a comparative analysis was carried out between HvHox2 and Vrs1. This revealed that HvHOX2 and VRS1 share the same transcriptional activation activity. In situ hybridization analysis showed that HvHox2 mRNA is concentrated in the vascular bundles of the immature spike, whereas Vrs1 message is deposited exclusively in the pistil, lemma, palea, and lodicule of the lateral spikelets. The transcript abundance of Vrs1 was over 10‐fold higher than that of HvHox2 during the pistil developmental stage, suggesting that the key function of Vrs1 is to inhibit gynoecial development. An analysis of six‐rowed spike mutants which are non‐allelic to vrs1 showed that Vrs1 was up‐regulated by Vrs4, whereas HvHox2 expression was not. These data demonstrate that it is most likely a divergence in gene expression which has determined the function of Vrs1.
The synthesis of a DHAD/ZnAlTi-LDH composite with advanced UV blocking and antibacterial activity for skin protection

Skin wounds are particularly vulnerable and susceptible to bacterial infection. Unfortunately, the abuse of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of a number of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the past few decades. Moreover, secondary damage of the fragile new tissue around the wound caused by high-energy ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been rarely noticed. To address these problems, herein, we present an alternative strategy to overcome drug-resistant bacteria and UV damage by taking advantage of dehydroabietic acid derivatives (DHADs) and layered double hydroxides (LDHs). DHAD, synthesized from dehydroabietic acid (DHA) through a series of reactions, was assembled with ZnAlTi-LDH to obtain a DHAD/ZnAlTi-LDH composite. The results showed that DHAD/ZnAlTi-LDH has a prominent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capacity, and both Gram-negative and positive bacteria can be killed under visible light irradiation. At the same time, it can effectively shield the skin from UV rays. In vitro and vivo experiments confirmed that the composite has great promise for bactericidal applications, UV blocking and wound healing.
A data-driven approach to the semantics of iconicity in American Sign Language and English

abstract A growing body of research shows that both signed and spoken languages display regular patterns of iconicity in their vocabularies. We compared iconicity in the lexicons of American Sign Language (ASL) and English by combining previously collected ratings of ASL signs (Caselli, Sevcikova Sehyr, Cohen-Goldberg, & Emmorey, 2017) and English words (Winter, Perlman, Perry, & Lupyan, 2017) with the use of data-driven semantic vectors derived from English. Our analyses show that models of spoken language lexical semantics drawn from large text corpora can be useful for predicting the iconicity of signs as well as words. Compared to English, ASL has a greater number of regions of semantic space with concentrations of highly iconic vocabulary. There was an overall negative relationship between semantic density and the iconicity of both English words and ASL signs. This negative relationship disappeared for highly iconic signs, suggesting that iconic forms may be more easily discriminable in ASL than in English. Our findings contribute to an increasingly detailed picture of how iconicity is distributed across different languages.
Complete mitogenome of the shortfin spiny eel, Notacanthus bonaparte (Elopomorpha; Notacanthiformes)

Abstract Deep-sea fish taxa are elusive, difficult to study, and in multiple cases, represent taxonomic conundrums. Here, we sequenced the complete mitogenome of the shortfin spiny eel, Notacanthus bonaparte, for the first time using low coverage Illumina Paired-end (PE) sequencing. The shortfin spiny eel belongs to the order Notacanthiformes, a relatively unknown taxon of deep-sea marine fishes mostly benthopelagic and bathydemersal. The total length of the assembled mitogenome is 16,623 bp and displays the expected gene orientation for vertebrate mtDNA. Phylogenetic analyses combining all the available mitogenomes of the order Notacanthiformes were performed. The position of N. bonaparte as a member of the Notacanthidae family was confirmed. This mitogenome provides a valuable baseline for future research of N. bonaparte.
Optimization of the Inoculation Dose of Plant-Growth Promoting Bacteria Azospirillum brasilense Strain CW903 Assessed by Tomato, Red Pepper and Rice under Greenhouse Condition

Inoculation dose of agriculturally important microbes is an important criterion that decides the establishment and hence their effects on plant growth. Effects of the inoculation dose of Azospirillum brasilense strain CW903 on the growth and nutrient absorption of three different crops, tomato, rice and red pepper were assessed under green house condition. Three different concentrations of A. brasilense strain CW903 (, and ) were applied through seed treatment and through the soil near the root zone (1 mL per plant) at 20 and 30 days after sowing. Positive effects on the growth of tomato, rice and red pepper were found at and inoculation doses of A. brasilense strain CW903. The inoculation dose of of A. brasilense strain CW903 recorded the best effects on growth parameters like shoot and root length and the absorption of important nutrients.
The Effect of Irrigation Treatment on the Growth of Lavender Species in an Extensive Green Roof System

In green roofs, the use of plant species that withstand dry arid environmental conditions and have reduced water requirements is recommended. The current study presents the effect of irrigation amount on the growth of four different species of lavender; Lavandula angustifolia, Lavandula dentata var. candicans, Lavandula dentata var. dentata, and Lavandula stoechas established on an extensive green roof system and used in urban agriculture. Two irrigation treatments (high and low) determined by the substrate hydraulic properties were applied. Plant growth studied at regular intervals included measurements of plant height, shoot canopy diameter, plant growth index, shoot dry weight and stomatal conductance. The results were consistent and showed that low irrigation reduced plant growth. With the exception of L. stoechas, the appearance of plants watered with the low irrigation treatment was satisfactory, and their use under low water amount irrigation is supported. Interspecies differences among lavender species were present in both irrigation treatments. Overall, L. dentata var. candicans showed the greatest growth, followed in descending order by L. dentata var. dentata and L. angustifolia. In parallel, for stomatal conductance, L. dentata var. candicans showed the lowest value, similar to L. dentata var. dentata, and L. angustifolia the largest. Differences in plant characteristics and size among the latter three species can be considered in the design of extensive green roof systems. The use of substrate hydraulic properties was shown to be important for irrigation management on extensive green roof systems.
RCC2 Interacts with Small GTPase RalA and Regulates Cell Proliferation and Motility in Gastric Cancer

Background Regulator of chromosome condensation 2 (RCC2), also known as TD-60, is associated with various human malignant cancers. RCC2 has been shown to exhibit guanine exchange factor (GEF) activity and contribute to early mitosis. However, the role and mechanism of RCC2 in gastric cancer remain unclear. Materials and Methods RCC2 expression in gastric cancer was studied using qPCR, Western blotting and immunochemistry staining of clinical specimens, and its roles in the cytobiology, mouse model and related molecular pathways were evaluated using gastric cell lines. Results RCC2 was frequently overexpressed in gastric cancer. RCC2 knockdown significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, which was further confirmed by the RCC2 overexpression results in gastric cancer cells. Moreover, RCC2 knockdown inhibited tumor progression in vivo. Further study revealed the interaction between RCC2 and RalA. The level of RalA-GTP was decreased in gastric cancer cells after RCC2 knockdown, while an increased phosphorylation level in MAPK/JNK was found. Furthermore, the changes in the level of RalA-GTP as well as cell proliferation, migration and invasion abilities were further confirmed using RBC8, a specific small-molecule inhibitor of the intracellular actions of Ral GTPases, in gastric cancer cells. Conclusion RCC2 plays an important role in gastric cancer. RCC2 knockdown inhibits cell growth, cell motility and tumor progression, which may act through RalA and affect the MAPK/JNK pathway.
Mismatch Repair Acts As a Barrier to Homeologous Recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae : A Dissertation

Homeologous recombination refers to genetic exchanges between DNA partners containing similar but not identical DNA sequences. Heteroduplex intermediates in such exchanges are expected to contain multiple DNA mismatches at positions of sequence divergence and hence are potential targets for mismatch correction. Thus recombination of this type is of particular interest in understanding the role of DNA mismatch correction on recombination fidelity. Previous studies that examined this question in prokaryotic systems suggested that mismatch repair acts as a barrier to recombination between diverged sequences. The central hypothesis of this thesis is that mismatch correction acts as a barrier to homeologous recombination in yeast. The objectives of these studies was to elucidate the role of mismatch correction in homeologous recombination as a means of dissecting its mechanism in eukaryotic organisms. To examine homeologous genetic events in yeast, I developed an in vivo assay system to evaluate recombination between diverged DNA sequences. A homeologous gene pair consisting of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SPT15 and its Schizosaccharomyces pombe homolog were present as a direct repeat on chromosome V, with the exogenous S. pombe sequences inserted either upstream or downstream of the endogenous S. cerevisiae gene . Each gene carried a different inactivating mutation, rendering this starting strain Spt15 - . Recombinants that regenerated SPT15 function were identified by genetic selection and the rates of recombination in different backgrounds were compared. The homeologous mitotic recombination assay was utilized to test the role of S. cerevisiae mismatch repair genes PMS1, MSH2 and MSH3 on recombination fidelity. In strains wild type for mismatch repair, homeologous recombination was reduced 150-180 fold relative to homologous controls, indicating that multiply mispaired sequences act in cis as part of an inhibitory mechanism. In the upstream orientation of the homeologous gene pair, msh2 or msh3 mutations resulted in 17-fold and 9.6-fold elevations in recombination and the msh2 msh3 double mutant exhibited an 43-fold increase, implying that each MSH gene can function independently in trans to prevent homeologous recombination. Homologous recombination was not significantly affected by the msh mutations. In the other orientation, only msh2 strains were elevated (12-fold) for homeologous recombination. A mutation in MSH3 did not affect the rate of recombination in this orientation. Surprisingly, a pms1 deletion mutant did not exhibit elevated homeologous recombination in either case. Next, I investigated whether mismatch correction acts as a specific or general obstacle to homeologous recombination by blocking one or many exchange pathways. To answer this question, I performed structural analysis on numerous recombinant products…
Does Gross Margin Examination Reduce Re-excision Rate in Breast Conservation for Invasive Carcinoma? CALLER Review.

Objective Determine if Gross Margin Examination reduces margin re-excision rate. Our institutional practice is to perform Gross Margin Examination (GME) with Real-time re-excision (RRE) for all breast conservation specimens with Invasive Carcinoma. Materials and Methods Chart review was done to determine if this practice is helpful. 51 CALLER charts were reviewed from December 2016 to December 2017. Results Thirty-three underwent margin RRE based on the GME. 11 had cancer in the re-resected margin, 6 of which were cleared with the RRE. The other 5 were reoperated on to clear the margin because on final pathology a margin other than the re-resected margin was positive for malignancy. GME was helpful in preventing reoperation in 55%. None of the remaining 22 patients receiving were found to have a positive margin on final pathology, with 1.6 margins on average re-resected. 13/18 patients did not have RRE and had a final clear margin, but of the other 5, final margin was positive for DCIS in 2 and Invasive Cancer in 3. GME missed invasive disease at the margin in 3 of these 18 patients. Conclusion GME was helpful in preventing reoperation in 6 of 11 patients who would have had a positive margin. However, this resulted in the unnecessary removal of additional normal breast tissue in 22 patients. 3 patients' positive margins were missed with GME and required reoperation. 13 patients were able to avoid re-excision and 11 were able to clear their margin in real-time, improving outcomes 24/51 patients. GME therefore does appear useful.
Common Generative Adversarial Network Types and Practical Applications

Bu calismada ele alinan Generatif Karsilikli Aglari (Generative Adversarial Networks - GAN), Kisitli Boltzmann Makineleri (Restricted Boltzmann Machines - RBM), Derin Boltzmann Makineleri (Deep Boltzmann Machines - DBM) ve Varyasyonel Otomatik Kodlayicilar (ariational Autoencoders- VAE) gibi genel derin ogrenme algoritmalarinin kisitlamalarinin ustesinden gelmek icin gelistirilmis bircok derin ogrenme yontemi arasinda yer almaktadir. GAN modelleri ve yapilari toplanan veri kumelerinden yeni benzersiz veriler olusturabilir. Bu veri kumeleri kimi zaman binlerce veriden olusabilir, veri kumelerinin icerisinde farkli turde veriler mevcut olabilir. Bu yontemlerin varyasyonlari, cogunlukla goruntu restorasyonu ve goruntu olusturma, sinyal isleme ve siber saldirilarin tespiti gibi derin ogrenme uygulamalari icin kullanilir. Literaturde pek cok farkli GAN modelleri mevcuttur. Bu calismada da, esas olarak En Kucuk Kareler Olusturucu Dusman Aglari (Least Squares Generative Adversarial Networks - LSGAN) ve Derin Konvolusyonel Uretken Dusman Aglari (Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks - DCGAN) olarak adlandirilan iki GAN yontemi uzerine odaklanilmistir. Bu farkli yontemler, geleneksel GAN algoritmasinin performansini iyilestirmek ve cesitli problemlerin farkli gereksinimlerini karsilayarak cozmek icin gelistirilmislerdir. Bu calismada bu yontemlerin mimarileri, kullanilis bicimleri, ozellikleri, sayisal tanimlamalari verilmis ve birbirlerinden farklari aciklanmistir. Bu calismada ayrica her iki GAN yontemi (LSGAN ve DCGAN) icin de, toplanan verilerden yeni ve benzersiz veriler olusturmak icin kullanilan bu algoritmalarin literaturdeki pratik uygulamalari da ele alinmistir. LSGAN icin literaturdeki 5 farkli calisma, DCGAN icin ise literaturdeki 2 farkli calisma ele alinarak incelenmistir. Son olarak, bu yontemlerle elde edilen sonuclar karsilastirilmis ve hangi yontem icin hangi uygulamanin kullanilabilecegi aciklanmistir. Arastirmalardan goruldugu uzere her iki yontemin de uygulanabilecegi problemler birbirinden farklilik gostermektedir.
The jacoona assemblage of the genus Dundubia Amyot & Serville (Homoptera: Cicadidae): a taxonomic study of its species

The species of Orientopsaltria with unicolorous opercula and three related species of Platylomia are transferred to the genus Dundubia and allocated in the ‘Dundubia jacoona assemblage’ pending further investigation. The assemblage comprises eleven species in total; all are found in the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago, Indo-China, and the adjoining parts of China and India. The four species which were until now placed in Orientopsaltria are D. feae (Distant, 1892), D. jacoona (Distant, 1888), D. nigripes (Moulton, 1923), and D. oopaga (Distant, 1881). The three species transferred from Platylomia are D. hainanensis (Distant, 1901), D. nagarasingna Distant, 1881, and D. spiculata Noualhier, 1896. These seven species are all redescribed. Four species are described as new: D. myitkyinensis, D. ayutthaya, D. laterocurvata, and D. sinbyudaw. Seven species are synonymized: O. andersoni (Distant, 1883) with D. oopaga, D. bifasciata Liu, 1940 with O. hastata D. hainanensis, (Moulton, 1923) and D. siamensis Haupt, 1918 with D. spiculata, O. fratercula (Distant, 1912) and D. helena Distant, 1912 with D. nagarasingna, and D. longina Distant, 1917 with D. feae. Lectotypes are designated for the following species: Cosmopsaltria andersoni, C.feae, C. fratercula, C. hastata, C. nagarasingna, C. nigripes, C. oopaga, D. helena, D. longina, and D. spiculata. A key to the males is presented and the distributions of the species are discussed. The relationships of the D. jacoona assemblage with Dundubia, Platylomia, and the remaining species of Orientopsaltria are discussed. The species of the D. jacoona assemblage most likely do not form a monophyletic group on their own but rather with Dundubia s. str.