Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical solvers for large systems of ordinary differential equations based on the stochastic direct simulation method improved by the Picard and Runge–Kutta principles

— We present a numerical scheme for approximating solutions of large systems of ordinary differential equations which at its core employs a stochastic component. The approach used for this level is called stochastic direct simulation method and is based on path simulations of suitable Markov jump processes. It is efﬁcient especially for large systems with a sparse incidence matrix, the most typical application being spatially discretized partial differential equations, for example by ﬁnite differences. Due to its explicit character, this method is easy to implement and can serve as a predictor for improved approximations. One possibility to reach this is by the Picard principle. Since we have simulated a full path of the corresponding Markov jump process, we can obtain more precise values by using Picard–iterations over small time intervals. This requires the computation of integrals of step–functions, which can be performed explicitly. A further way to increase the precision of the direct simulation method is to use a Runge–Kutta principle. In contrast to the Picard–scheme, here one integrates a polynomial function which interpolates either the values of the original jump process, or the values improved by the Picard iterations, at some equidistant points in the time discretization interval. These integrals can be computed by a proper quadrature formula from the Newton– Cotes family, which is also used in the standard deterministic Runge–Kutta schemes. However, the intermediate values which are plugged into the quadrature formulae are computed in our method by stochastic simulation, possibly followed by a Picard iteration, while in the usual Runge–Kutta methods one uses the well-known Butcher–tableau. We also introduce a time–adaptive version of the stochastic Runge–Kutta scheme. Here we do not take ﬁxed time intervals, but a ﬁxed number of jumps of the underlying process. Depending on the scheme, we may consider intermediate points after the half of this number of jumps. Since in this case the points are not necessarily equidistant in time, we have to compute the corresponding interpolation polynomial and its integral exactly. If high precision is required, this adaptive variant of the stochastic Runge–Kutta method combined with Picard–iterations turns out to be the most effective if compared to the other methods from this family. We illustrate the features of all considered schemes at a standard benchmark problem, a reaction–diffusion equation modeling a combustion process in one space dimension (1D) and two space dimensions (2D).
Predisposing Factors, PerceivedPsychosocial Impact and Myths Associated with Angada

Tobacco use, both smoking and smokeless tobacco, is one of the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. According to WHO, smokeless tobacco is a serious challenge for the developing world. In Ethiopia, there are about 1.1 million smokeless tobacco users. Informed by this fact, the present research aimed to assess the predisposing factors,myths, psychological and social impacts related with angda, smokeless tobacco, use inDessie, Wollo Ethiopia. The research employed qualitative research method. Purposeful sampling particularly snowball samplingwas used to select the participants of the study. In this study a total of 20 participants; 15 men and 5 women were participated. The data was collected by using in-depth interview and non-participant observation. The findingsofthe study identifiedfamily and peers as the main predisposingfactorsfor angdause. The participants of the study indicated that they use angadato be relaxed, to keep alert and concentrated on work, to supplement other drugs and to substitute other drugs.Besides, angadais perceived to be harmless, associated withbetter sex life and can used as traditional healing. In spite of the perceived benefits of angada use, the participants reported that they face multiple psychological, emotional, and social difficulties. KEY-WORDS— smokeless tobacco, angada, qualitative method -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 16-08-2020 Date of Acceptance: 02-09-2020 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEGRATED RESPONSES OF A WILD SPECIES PARIETARIA JUDAICA (L. 1753) TO DIRECT AND INDUCED IRON DEFICIENCY GROWTH CONDITIONS

Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient in plants as it takes part in major metabolic pathways such as photosynthesis and respiration and is linked to many enzymes that accomplish many other cellular functions (DNA synthesis, nitrogen fixation, hormone production). Fe deficiency, a major abiotic stress, reduces crop yields, especially in calcareous soils in which the solubility of Fe is extremely low because of the high soil pH. Parietaria judaica is a wild sinantropic Strategy I plant that implements many integrated mechanisms allowing to successfully complete the life cycle in highly calcareous environments. In this work the main mechanisms by which P. judaica overcomes the low bioavailability of Fe have been identified. P. judaica was subject to direct and induced Fe deficiency growth conditions in hydroponic systems. Strategy I biochemical mechanisms of FeII-reduction and rhizosphere acidification were studied, as well as low organic acids and phenolics in root exudates. It was suggested that the accumulation and exudation of phenolic compounds plays a central role in the adaptive strategy of P. judaica to cope with Fe deficiency conditions. Key enzymes of primary and secondary metabolism were assayed in order to identify the metabolic rearrangement that occurs under Fe deficiency conditions. The data analysed confirm that under Fe deficiency the metabolic rearrangement takes place by modifying allocation of carbon skeletons between primary and secondary metabolism. It was observed that secondary metabolism constitutes the main concern under this stress condition as P. judaica sustains the supply of substrates using non oxidative ways. Phenolic composition was characterized by HPLC analyses in P. judaica focusing on phenolic composition changes due to low Fe availability. Phenolic compounds found in P. judaica belong mainly to the monoand dicaffeoylchinic acids group. The chlorogenic acid was resulted the most sensible component under Fe deficiency stress. Morphological and architectural modifications of root system were also analysed. P. judaica changes its root system according to the experimental treatment imposed. The differences found in direct and induced Fe-Deficiency conditions were oriented to increase the root contact surface with the medium. In particular, the root architecture reflected the plant nutritional status.
The effects of food availability and foraging constraint on the life history of a predatory leech, Nephelopsis obscura

Two groups of Nephelopsis obscura, fed ad libitum on Tubifex tubifex, were compared : one was maintained in an environment with a mud substratum (MS leeches) allowing prey anti-predator responses, the other without a substratum (NS leeches) providing prey directy available to the leech. NS leeches showed a 4.7 times higher feeding rate and 3.7 times higher growth rate than MS leeches resulting in NS leeches attaining maturity at a mean size of 750 mg after 85 days compared to a mean size at maturity of 270 mg after 109 days for MS leeches
Implementation of an Inductive Fuzzy Classification Interpreter

An interpreter for the Inductive Fuzzy Classification Language is presented. This thesis explores the advantages offered by by fuzzy set theory over over crisp sets for modelling sets without sharp cutoffs. How fuzzy logic is can be used to model uncertainty is equally analysed. this thesis investigates a practical application of this in the form of fuzzy classification of customer data. The Inductive Fuzzy Classification Process is presented. The induction step is based on deriving fuzzy restrictions from data whose membership functions are inferred from normalised likelihood ratios of target class membership. In the context of this master thesis, an interpreter for the Inductive Fuzzy Classification was developed. This interpreter aims to support the inductive fuzzy classification process in its different stages.
Understanding Concurrent Activities of Human in Daily Lives by Hierarchical Interpretation of Each Body Part

Interpretation of human motion could be the most challenging problems in computer vision research area, because human body as non-rigid articulated object can yield many different poses from a simple movement/gesture to complex and complicated acrobatic motion. Human motion analysis has been applied to the wide spectrum of applications, such as man-machine interaction, surveillance, choreography, sports, medical science, content-based retrieval, video conferencing, etc. Besides as non-rigid articulated objects, some parts of human body are usually occluded (self-occlusion or even occluded by other objects) while being seen from a single point of view. In daily lives, humans also usually wear different clothes (gender, seasons, fashions). Clothing yields another problem in computer vision, particularly for tracking and labeling human body parts. Moeslund and Granum [1] divided a system for analyzing human body motion into initialization, tracking, pose estimation, and recognition. In this paper we only concern with recognition/interpretation of human motion based on angular pose of the major body parts (head, torso, shoulder, upper and lower arms, thigh and calf of the legs), while we assume that pose sequences for any activities are obtained from synthetic animated images. Two typical approaches for interpretation of human motion exist depending on whether the knowledge (model) about the object is a priori known (model-based) or not (motion-based). In model-based recognition, people use motion information to construct geometry structure of the object for recognition, while motion-based recognition directly uses the motion information for recognition. The major drawback of motion-based recognition is view-dependent. It depends on a specific point of view or with a slightly distinct angle. In contrast, geometric model for recognition may not depend on the point of view as long as the geometry structure of the model can be constructed. And also human activity can be perceived as a sequence of poses. This leads to model-based recognition. Occlusion is the one of the main problems in motion analysis. Single camera or multiple camera schemes [6] were used to capture human motion or figure to resolve the problem of occlusion. But this did not guarantee the occlusion will not happen (e.g. for the case human is sitting behind a table). Human can recognize or interpret the action of body parts that can only be seen. Besides that, human action does not always involve all the body parts, for example walking mainly involves only legs, pointing or waving only employs hand(s), etc. Human can perform multiple actions simultaneously as well, i.e., human can do walking while waving, and making a phone call with a mobile phone. Based on these facts and that human activity can be viewed as a sequence of poses [2], we propose a customizable model-based approach for human motion interpretation in daily lives.
A Proposed Mechanism for the Asymmetric Duration of El Nino and La Nina

El Niño and La Niña exhibit significant asymmetry not only in their spatial structure but also in their duration. Most El Niños terminate rapidly after maturing near the end of the calendar year, whereas many La Niñas persist into the following year and often reintensify in boreal winter. Through atmospheric general circulation model experiments, it is shown that the nonlinear response of atmospheric deep convection to the polarity of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies causes an asymmetric evolution of surface wind anomalies over the far western Pacific around the mature phase of El Niño and La Niña. Because of the eastward displacement of precipitation anomalies in the equatorial Pacific during El Niño compared to La Niña, surface winds in the western Pacific are more affected by SST forcing outside the equatorial Pacific, which acts to terminate the Pacific event.
Chemical composition and source attribution of submicron aerosol particles in the summertime Arctic lower troposphere

Abstract. We use airborne measurements of aerosol particle composition to demonstrate the strong contrast between particle sources and composition within and above the summertime Arctic boundary layer. In-situ measurements from two complementary aerosol mass spectrometers, the ALABAMA and the HR-ToF-AMS, with black carbon measurements from an SP2 are presented. Particle composition analysis was complemented by trace gas measurements, satellite data, and air mass history modeling to attribute particle properties to particle origin and air mass source regions. Particle composition above the summertime Arctic boundary layer was dominated by chemically aged particles, containing elemental carbon, nitrate, ammonium, sulfate, and organic matter. From our analysis, we conclude that the presence of these particles was driven by transport of aerosol and precursor gases from mid-latitudes to Arctic regions. Particularly, elevated concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, and organic matter coincided with time spent over vegetation fires in northern Canada. In parallel, those particles were largely present in high CO environments (> 90 ppbv). Additionally, we observed that the organic-to-sulfate ratio was enhanced with increasing influence from these fires. Besides vegetation fires, particle sources in mid-latitudes further include anthropogenic emissions in Europe, North America, and East Asia. The presence of particles in the Arctic lower free troposphere correlated with time spent over populated and industrial areas in these regions. Further, the size distribution of free tropospheric particles containing elemental carbon and nitrate was shifter to larger diameters compared to particles present within the boundary layer. Moreover, our analysis suggests that organic matter when present in the Arctic free troposphere can partly be identified as low-molecular weight dicarboxylic acids (oxalic, malonic, and succinic acid). Particles containing dicarboxylic acids were largely present when the residence time of air masses outside Arctic regions was high. In contrast, particle composition within the marine boundary layer was largely driven by Arctic regional processes. Air mass history modeling demonstrated that alongside primary sea spray particles, marine-biogenic sources contributed to secondary aerosol formation by trimethylamine, methanesulfonic acid, sulfate, and other organic species.
Service Quality of mHealth: development and validation of a hierarchical model using PLS

Advancing research on service quality requires clarifying the theoretical conceptualization and empirical validation of an integrated service quality model. The purpose of this research is to facilitate and elucidate practical issues and decisions related to the development of a hierarchical service quality model in mobile health (mHealth) services research.Theoretically, it extends this line of research by reframing service quality as a reflective, hierarchical construct and modeling its impact on satisfaction, intention to continue using and quality of life. Methodologically, it confirms that PLS path modeling can be used to estimate the parameters of a higher order construct and its association with outcome constructs in a nomological network. Overall, our findings confirm that service quality is the third-order reflective hierarchical construct model with strong positive effects on satisfaction, continuance intentions and quality of life in the context of mHealth services. Finally, the study discusses the implications of hierarchical service quality modeling in electronic markets and highlights future research directions. Service Quality of mHealth Platforms, page 2/34
Facilitating the restoration of aquatic plant communities in a Ramsar wetland

Human activities such as land clearing and intensive land use around water bodies, particularly wetlands, have a detrimental impact on water quality and quantity, aquatic plant communities, and associated wetland fauna. Lake Alexandrina and Lake Albert are internationally significant Ramsar wetlands located at the terminus of the Murray River, Australia's longest river system. Agriculture, water regulation, and extraction and droughts have had a detrimental impact on native plant communities in the lakes. We studied the influence of young (<1–3 years) and old (8–11 years) plantings of a native sedge (bulrush), Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, to facilitate the establishment of aquatic plant communities in comparison with remnant and control sites. We also measured how planting structure (height, stand width, and stem density) changed with age in comparison with remnant sites. Results suggest that as plantings age they get substantially wider and have a greater maximum height, although do not reach similar stand widths by 11 years when compared to remnant areas. However, old plantings do not differ from remnant habitats in relation to aquatic plant species richness, counts of aquatic plants, and community composition. Young plantings have substantially less abundant and diverse plant communities, but are developing on a similar trajectory to old plantings. It is likely that planting sedges along lake shorelines causes a breakwater effect that facilitates the recolonization of wetland plants between the planted area and the water's edge. Management agencies should consider restoring native sedges to increase aquatic biodiversity, and potentially reduce erosion.
Involvement of the County Government in Human Resource Management towards the Provision of ECDE Services: A Case Of Kakamega County: Kenya

One Educational scholar once admonished us to make little sacrifices in the early years of the child because it pays great dividends in adulthood. This is because Early Childhood Development Education (ECDE) laysa stable foundation for every child‟s life and future dreams. Early years determine a child‟s responsibility, intellectual capabilities and personal abilities. Many states globally plus the Kenya government have equally recognized the importance of Early Childhood Development as one of the most important levers for not only accelerating the attainment of Education for All (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goals but also the Social Development Goals (SDGs). However, the Early Childhood Education function was devolved in line with the new Kenyan constitution promulgated in 2010. The rest of the levels such as; primary, secondary and other tertiary institutions remained under the management of the central Government. This study therefore, sought to establish the involvement of the County Government in the human resource management towards the provision of Early Childhood Education services in Kakamega county; Kenya. The objectives that governed the study were; To examine the role of the county government in supervision of ECDE services and human resource development in the provision of services in ECDE centers. The study was guided by the “General system Theory” propounded by Ludwig Van Bertalanffy. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the study. The research designs used were descriptive survey and Ex –post facto.Target population was 820 public ECDE centers. The sample was 72 Early Childhood Centers. Data was collected using observation checklists, questionnaires, and the interview schedules. Pilot study was carried out in two schools in Vihiga County. Data collected was coded and analyzed using SPSSS and findings given in means, averages and diagrams. The findings of the study revealed that there was little supervision of the ECDE centers though supervisors were employed by the county government in each public ECDE center and sub-county respectively. The county government had also employed and deployed teachers to each public ECDE centre. To realize its supervisory role, the County Government should ensure there is proper supervision and coordination of ECDE centers on regular basis besides ensuring that personnel concerned with ECDE affairs have better terms of service.
⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ ∂ ∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂ ∂ − ∂ ∂

To evaluate accurately water-level profile in rivers in real-time, we present a new assimilation technique of water-level profile for 1-D unsteady flow analysis. In the present method, the observed water-level data at several points are interpolated and extrapolated to the streamwise direction with satisfying 1-D momen-tum equation and continuity equation. To confirm the fundamental performance of the present method, we apply the present method to water-level data at several points which are given from the simulation for a river-flow computation and observation at actual river under high-flow conditions. The results indicate that applying the present method to the water level data at appropriate intervals based on river channel condi-tions, accurately water-level profile is evaluated. Furthermore, the present method is applicable to the observed water-level data in actual river with compound channel.
The Stochastic Geometric Machine Model

This paper introduces the stochastic version of the Geometric Machine Model for the modelling of sequential, alternative, parallel (synchronous) and nondeterministic computations with stochastic numbers stored in a (possibly infinite) shared memory. The programming language L(D! 1), induced by the Coherence Space of Processes D! 1, can be applied to sequential and parallel products in order to provide recursive definitions for such processes, together with a domain-theoretic semantics of the Stochastic Arithmetic. We analyze both the spacial (ordinal) recursion, related to spacial modelling of the stochastic memory, and the temporal (structural) recursion, given by the inclusion relation modelling partial objects in the ordered structure of process construction.
a phonological processing test in Arabic

The present study reportson the development and standardization of a test of phonological processing in Arabic, a language that has been less researched in terms of reading processes potentially due to the limited number of standardized tools. The test includes measures of phonological awareness, phonological memory and rapid naming, and ameasure of nonword reading to link with (phonological) decoding skills in reading. Primary and middle school versions of the test showed good levels of reliability and variability in children’s performance within and across grades, suggesting that thetest can reliably differentiate children with differing levels of phonological skills across the target population.Findings are discussed in relation to Arabic language and literacy, theories of phonological processing and issues related to the teaching of the Arabic orthography.
On curvature decreasing property of a class of navigation problems

In Finsler geometry the flag curvature is an important quantity because it is a natural extension of the sectional curvature in Riemannian geometry. This note gives flag curvature a decreasing property via some navigation problems. As an application, we prove some rigidity results for Finsler metrics with special flag curvature properties.