Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Orofacial Clefts and Material Deprivation in Wales

Objective: This study investigated the relationship between material deprivation and the incidence of orofacial clefts (OFC) in South, West, and Central Wales, U.K. Design and Setting: The South, West, and Central Wales Orofacial-Cleft Register served as the primary data source for the study. Data on all children born with an orofacial cleft between 1982 and 2003 were geocoded to one of 844 geographic wards. National census data, similarly geocoded, served as the population denominator. Townsend's index of material deprivation was used to assign wards to one of seven levels of deprivation. This permitted investigation of the association of orofacial clefts with material deprivation. Results: Between 1982 and 2003, there were 831 babies born with an orofacial cleft, equating to 109 clefts per 100,000 live births. The incidence of orofacial clefts ranged from 82 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [C.I.] 64 to 102 per 100,000) in babies born to mothers residing in the least deprived areas to 127 per 100,000 (95% C.I., 112 to 144 per 100,000) in those living in the most deprived areas, a significant linear trend being apparent (p < .001). A statistically significant risk of 1.55 (95% C.I., 1.18 to 2.04) for orofacial clefts was apparent between most and least deprived septiles of deprivation. Conclusions: This study provides further evidence of an association between material deprivation and orofacial clefts. Further work is required to elicit the degree to which potential risk factors contribute to this association and to determine how deprivation predisposes to orofacial clefts.
Value Transformation in the Mobile Service Ecosystem: A Study of App Store Emergence and Growth

The mobile service ecosystem is in a state of fundamental and rapid transformation. Fueled by enormous revenue opportunities enabled by the emergence of smartphones, improvements in mobile network infrastructure, and an explosive global growth of and demand for mobile applications, significant changes in industry structure, collaboration, and dynamics have been observed, with new players entering the ecosystem and traditional players reshaping their roles. One new player---the mobile app store---is playing a particularly transformative role in how value is created, delivered, distributed, and consumed. This paper examines the emergence and growth of mobile app stores in the mobile service ecosystem. Based on theories of technology platforms, strategic networks, and business ecosystems, we first visualize the evolving interfirm network structure of value cocreation in the mobile service ecosystem. Second, drawing on theories of service science and the economics of digital goods, we investigate through a comprehensive field study in what ways mobile app stores are transforming value creation. Together, these two analysis perspectives provide important insights to the evolution of the mobile service ecosystem. We conclude the paper with a discussion of theoretical and managerial implications as well as future research opportunities.
Comparison of preservation methods for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli producing heat-labile enterotoxin

Ten strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli producing heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) were preserved under 12 different conditions. After 1 month, 9 months, and 3 years of preservation, the cultures were recovered and examined for LT production. Preservation of the cultures on Dorset Egg Medium at 4 degrees C and preservation by freezing the cell suspensions in tryptic soy broth with 20% glycerol were found to be suitable preservation methods; all strains were alive for 3 years and had a minimum loss of LT production.
The Benefits, Science and Persuasive Technology of Successful eHealth Behavioral Interventions EFFECTIVE USE OF EVIDENCE-BASED SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES TO CHANGE HEALTH BEHAVIOR

The US Healthcare system faces urgent challenges: cut costs, improve care, and prevent and manage disease. In the midst of this turbulence and turmoil, individuals and employers are seeking more effective healthcare solutions at more accessible prices. Successful healthcare industry innovations will help consumers, employers, insurers, and healthcare providers deliver improved care at a more affordable price. ORCAS is a health innovation company focused on developing effective, engaging electronic programs that improve people’s health. Some ORCAS programs are for employee assistance programs (EAPs) while others are delivered directly to the consumer. Because all ORCAS programs are delivered electronically, the price per user is far less than health interventions that are delivered in person.
Special considerations in breast cancer risk and survival

Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that breast neoplasia appears to be a hormone‐dependent process that may also be influenced by dietary factors in many women. Conflicting reports on the relationship between exogenous hormones and the development, progression, and recurrence of breast cancer are critically examined in this report. The absolute breast cancer risk associated with either hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptive use has not been clearly defined. Data from some large prospective studies have actually documented lower mortality rates for women taking hormone replacement compared with those for women who did not have hormone replacement therapy. In this regard, age, duration of use, and preexisting breast cancer risk factors must be taken into account. Although the results of two major prospective clinical trials addressing the role of timing of surgery within the menstrual cycle are forthcoming, the majority of studies have found no consistent association between timing of surgery and breast cancer survival. Recently reported prospective randomized data showing that selective‐estrogen‐receptor‐modulators can act as effective chemoprevention agents in women at increased risk for breast cancer development are presented. Finally, information regarding the effect of dietary manipulation on breast cancer risk and survival is reviewed. J. Surg. Oncol. 1999;71:250–260. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relaxation of water protons in the intra‐ and extracellular regions of blood containing Gd(DTPA)

The magnetic field dependence of the longitudinal relaxation rates 1/T1 (NMRD profiles) of blood and plasma from rabbits before and after injection of Gd(DTPA) are reported as a function of magnetic field strength from 0.01 to 50 MHz. Over 100 values along the time‐dependent magnetization were recorded for each 1/T1 and analyzed for multiple exponentials. From these data, which indicate a single exponential, from the measured Gd content of each sample, and the NMRD profiles, we show that Gd is in the extracellular space only and is present as rotationally mobile Gd(DTPA), uncomplexed with protein or blood cells; and that the water protons exchange rapidly between the intra‐ and extracellular regions. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
Potential of Millets: Nutrients Composition and Health Benefits

Millet grains have substantial benefits as a draught resistant crop, yield good productivity in the areas with water scarcity, possesses remarkable edible & nutritive values, and ease of processing & food manufacturing. Agriculture & Food security policymakers of developing countries should give due attention in promoting the research work & projects for studying the processing, food manufacturing, improvement in nutritive values and potential health benefits of the millet grains to promote their utilization as food in respective countries. Most of the developing countries have already started working in the field of improvement of edible potential of millet grains. Millet oil could be a good source of linoleic acid and tocopherols. Millet is an alkaline forming grain that is gluten-free. Millets are also rich sources of phytochemicals and micronutrients, play many roles in the body immune system. Millets have nutraceutical properties in the form of antioxidants which prevent deterioration of human health such as lowering blood pressure, risk of heart disease, prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, decreasing tumor cases etc. Other health benefits are increasing the time span of gastric emptying, provides roughage to gastro intestine. Millet is an alkaline forming food. Alkaline based diet is often recommended to achieve optimal health. In developing country, cereal-based foods have low bioavailability of minerals like iron, zinc initiate critical problem for infants and young children. Food processing techniques are used to enhance nutritional quality, improve the digestibility and bioavailability of food nutrients with reducing anti-nutrients. This study undertakes to concern and developing specific agenda for these crops which must be recognized as an important food and introduce the millets as a nutritious food, fulfillment of the nutritional need of global population and combat malnutrition.
Ionic Substitutions in Non-Apatitic Calcium Phosphates

Calcium phosphate materials (CaPs) are similar to inorganic part of human mineralized tissues (i.e., bone, enamel, and dentin). Owing to their high biocompatibility, CaPs, mainly hydroxyapatite (HA), have been investigated for their use in various medical applications. One of the most widely used ways to improve the biological and physicochemical properties of HA is ionic substitution with trace ions. Recent developments in bioceramics have already demonstrated that introducing foreign ions is also possible in other CaPs, such as tricalcium phosphates (amorphous as well as α and β crystalline forms) and brushite. The purpose of this paper is to review recent achievements in the field of non-apatitic CaPs substituted with various ions. Particular attention will be focused on tricalcium phosphates (TCP) and “additives” such as magnesium, zinc, strontium, and silicate ions, all of which have been widely investigated thanks to their important biological role. This review also highlights some of the potential biomedical applications of non-apatitic substituted CaPs.
Germinal center development

Summary: Using a set of surface markers Including igD and CD38, human tonsillar B cells were classified into discrete subpopulations. Molecular and functional analysis allowed us to identify: i) two sets of naive B cells (Bml and Bm2); ii) germinal center founder cells (Bm2′); iii) an obscure population of germinal center B cells, displaying a high load of somatic mutations in IgV genes, Cμ to Cδ switch and preferential Igλ light chain usage: these cells may represent the precursors of normal and malignant IgD‐secreting plasma cells; iv) the centroblasis (Bm3) in which somatic mutation machinery is activated; v) the centrocytes (Bm4) in which isotype switch occurs; vi) the memory B cells. The characterization of these sub‐populations showed that: i) programmed ceil death is set before somatic mutations, possibly providing an efficient way for affinity maturation; ii) only high affinity centrocytes are allowed to switch isotype; iii) CD40‐hgation inhibits plasmacytic differentation of mature B lymphocytes; Iv) memory B cells preferentially differentiate into plasma cells; v) IgD isotype switch occurs in normal B cells; vi) receptor editing may be induced by somatic mutations in germinal centers. We also characterized two types of antigen ‐presenting cells in germinal centers: follicular dendritic cells that select high affinity B cells, and a new subset of germinal center dendritic cells that activate germinal center T cells.
Topical CPP-ACP crèmes: beyond caries prevention

In many parts of the world, the use of Tooth Mousse and Tooth Mousse Plus (also known as MI Paste and MI Paste Plus in North America) has been a well established part of clinical practice for more than a decade. Underpinning these products is a large body of refereed papers and conference presentations as well as systematic reviews, the highest form of evidence in the pyramid of evidence-base practice. For example, a 2006 systematic review focused on chewing gums and lozenges enriched with CPP-ACP (Yengopal & Mickenautsch, 2006), identified over 120 journal articles, which included laboratory trials and animal studies as well as clinical trials and numerous in situ clinical studies. A 2009 meta-analysis identified more than 120 journal articles on CPP-ACP technology, which included animal model studies, in situ clinical studies, and randomized clinical trials, many of which were on the use of Tooth Mousse/MI Paste. A 2012 textbook chapter authored from our group identified that by the end of 2010, nine clinical trials of Tooth Mousse had been conducted across a range of locations around the globe which had shown regression of white spot lesions. Other studies have shown benefits in terms of caries reversal, caries prevention and altered plaque ecology in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment, (He et al. 2010; Roberston et al. 2011; Akin et al. 2012; Wang et al. 2012; Uysal et al. 2012) results which are consistent with our current understanding of the various mechanisms by which Tooth Mousse affects the ionic and microbial aspects of the oral environment The purpose of this article is to summarize the recent research effort over the past decade which underpins the current clinical applications of Tooth Mousse (TM) and its related fluoride-containing counterpart, Tooth Mousse Plus (TMP).
Investigation of Gait in Elderly Subjects Over 88 Years of Age

To evaluate senile gait patterns in octagenarians and nonagenarians, we provided a standardized questionnaire on gait disabilities to 153 elderly subjects over 88 years of age. Subjects represented a relatively healthy subgroup of noninstitu-tionalized residents who participated in a gerontological survey of all inhabitants of the city of Leiden who were 85 years of age or older. Of the 142 subjects who responded to this questionnaire, 87 persons (61 %) claimed distinct diseases as a cause of gait impairment. Forty-two of the remaining 55 persons were investigated neurologically and received a standardized assessment of gait. Twenty-five persons (18% of all responders) had a completely normal gait, whereas a wide spectrum of gait abnormalities—mainly with ataxic features—was encountered in the remaining persons. It is concluded that a surprisingly high number of very old community residents can have a completely normal gait. Gait disorders in this age group are most frequently associated with common distinct diseases. In addition, many elderly have a gait disturbance of variable clinical nature and unclear pathologic basis, which may represent the “idiopathic senile gait. ” U Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1992;5:78–84).
Using Segmentation and Prototyping in Engaging Politically-Salient Climate-Change Household Segments

Targeting messages to the different segments of a population is necessary to achieve support for policy addressing climate change. Finer segmentation and archetypal prototyping may be advantageous to provide an in-depth understanding of the most politically-salient segments. The research, conducted in Australia, used quantitative analysis to identify subsegments and prototypical respondents, followed by Jungian-style in-depth interviews to reveal the responses of segment representatives to different marketing stimuli. The results suggest that there are challenges in achieving majority support for action against climate change, but there are archetypal words and images that may garner action.
Estudo de eventos amparado em métricas contábeis

The event study on accounting based measures investigates the existence of abnormal corporate events performance (profits) after the occurrence of some abnormal corporate events. This type of study is documented in many empirical papers in the area of Accounting and Finance and it can be applied in many situations such as initial public offers – IPO’s, mergers and acquisitions – M&A’s, payment of dividends, stock splits, share repurchases, seasoned equity offers – SEO’s, etc. Occasional abnormal returns, detected by an event study on stock returns (market expectation), can be corroborated by real gains on operational performance (event study on accounting based measures), in order to identify the economic fundamentals that justify the behavior of the stocks (abnormal returns x abnormal operational performances). This essay aims to explore the intrinsic characteristics of the models used to detect abnormal operational performances (event study on accounting based measures), since there is a considerable variety of accounting measures and benchmarks that can be used as well as statistical tests that can be applied, which can influence the results.
Town centre management: how theory informs a strategic approach

Town centre management has gained recognition as a mechanism for urban renewal. The partnership between the private (mainly retailers) and the public (local authority) sectors has become accepted as a vital ingredient in achieving vitality and viability. The town centre management model has evolved from a tactical to a strategic role. This paper considers how current theory can inform the task of creating sustainable competitive advantage for an urban area. It discusses how the frameworks of partnership and services marketing should be adapted in order to meet the needs and expectations of today's consumer. The conclusion outlines how the management of urban areas can be more effective, now that the concept of town centre management has matured.
Molecular Cloning of Chromosome I DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Characterization of the 54 kb Right Terminal CDC15‐FLO1‐PHO11 Region

Gene density near the ends of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes is much lower than on the rest of the chromosome. Non‐functional gene‐fragments are common and a high proportion of the sequences are repeated elsewhere in the genome. This sequence arrangement suggests that the ends of chromosomes play a structural rather than a coding role and may be analogous to the highly repeated heterochromatic DNA of higher organisms. In order to evaluate the function of the ends of S. cerevisiae chromosomes, the rightmost 54‐kb of DNA from chromosome I was investigated. The region contains 16 open reading frames (ORFs) and two tRNA genes. Gene‐disruption studies indicated that none of these genes are essential for growth on rich or minimal medium, mating or sporulation. In contrast to the central region where 80% of the genes are transcribed when cells are grown on rich medium, only seven ORFs and the two tRNA genes appeared to produce transcripts. Six of the transcribed ORFs were from the centromere‐proximal part of the region, leaving the rightmost 35‐kb with only a single sequence that is transcribed during vegetative growth. Two genes located 3 and 10‐kb from the chromosome I telomere are almost identical to two genes located somewhat further from the chromosome VIII telomere. Surprisingly, the chromosome VIII copies were transcribed while the chromosome I genes were not. These results suggest that the chromosome I genes may be repressed by a natural telomere position effect. The low level of transcription, absence of essential genes as well as the repetitive nature of these sequences are consistent with their having a structural role in chromosome function. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Consumer Decision-making Styles on Online Apparel Consumption in India

The Internet has become a popular channel during the last decade for shopping and is adding value to the retailing world. India’s e-commerce market is also growing in all product categories. Consumer spending at apparel websites is rising, and it is presenting a tough revenue war in this segment, which had traditionally been dominated by physical stores. Previous researchers have applied the consumer style inventory (CSI) by Sproles and Kendall (1986) for assessing the consumer decision-making styles. But there is a paucity of studies on analyzing the impact of CSI on online apparel purchase. Profiling consumer decision-making styles in an online context has importance to marketers, consumer affairs specialists and advertisers to determine the behavioural patterns and is also important for the market segmentation. The present research aims to examine the influence of consumer decision-making styles on the possibility to engage in online shopping of apparels. This study clarifies the relationship between each decision style category and online shopping consumption in Indian context with empirical evidence to enrich the literature.
Declining foliar and litter d 15 N diverge from soil , epiphyte and input d 15 N along a 120 000 yr temperate rainforest chronosequence

• Patterns in the natural abundance of nitrogen (N) isotopes (N and N) can help in the understanding of ecosystem processes along environmental gradients, because some processes fractionate against the heavier isotope. We measured dN in many components of the Franz Josef soil chronosequence in New Zealand to see how each component varied along the sequence and within sites, and to see what this variation can tell us about how ecosystem processes such as N losses change with soil age. • We analyzed dN in foliage from 18 woody species, abscised leaves from seven woody species, three soil horizons, bryophytes, lichens, bulk deposition, and nodules from the N-fixing tree Coriaria arborea (Coriariaceae). • Foliar dN varied significantly across plant species. Foliage and bulk litter became N-depleted as soil age increased. Soil N from organic and mineral horizons was significantly more N-enriched than bulk litter N at each site. Increasing precipitation also decreased foliar and soil dN. • Comparing input and whole ecosystem dN revealed limited evidence for net fractionation during N losses. These trends are consistent with some combination of increasing fractionation during plant N uptake, mycorrhizal transfer, withinplant processing, and soil decomposition as soils age.
Are Big 4 Audit Fee Premiums Always Related to Superior Audit Quality? Evidence from India’s Unique Audit Market

In this study we examine the fee premiums earned by Big 4 auditors (B4As) in India. We then try to determine the primary cause of the fee premiums in an Indian context. The B4As charge fee premiums for two primary reasons. First they are considered to be a potential indemnifier of losses for the stakeholders of the company. Second they provide a better quality of audit which improves the quality of reported earnings. Since the legal regime in India in significantly less stringent and the risk of auditor litigations is relatively low, B4A premiums in India are most likely to be driven by the need for superior audit quality. The results of our analysis indicate that B4As earn significantly higher fees than Non-Big 4 auditors (NB4As) in India. However there is no difference in the quality of audit provided by the B4As and NB4As as evidenced by the quality of reported earnings. Our results also indicate that B4As earn significantly higher abnormal fees. However, unlike the results of prior research, such abnormal fees are not associated with reduction in the quality of audit and reported earnings. After eliminating the two primary causes of B4A fee premiums, we posit that the need for B4As in India is primarily driven by the need to “signal” a superior quality of reported information.