Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fatigue‐induced increase in intracortical communication between mid/anterior insular and motor cortex during cycling exercise

In the present study, intracortical communication between mid/anterior insular and motor cortex was investigated during a fatiguing cycling exercise. From 16 healthy male subjects performing a constant‐load test at 60% peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) until volitional exhaustion, electroencephalography data were analysed during repetitive, artefact‐free periods of 1‐min duration. To quantify fatigue‐induced intracortical communication, mean intra‐hemispheric lagged phase synchronization between mid/anterior insular and motor cortex was calculated: (i) at the beginning of cycling; (ii) at the end of cycling; and (iii) during recovery cycling. Results revealed significantly increased lagged phase synchronization at the end of cycling, which returned to baseline during recovery cycling after subjects’ cessation of exercise. Following previous imaging studies reporting the mid/anterior insular cortex as an essential instance processing a variety of sensory stimuli and signalling forthcoming physiological threat, our results provide further evidence that during a fatiguing exercise this structure might not only integrate and evaluate sensory information from the periphery, but also act in communication with the motor cortex. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to empirically demonstrate that muscle fatigue leads to changes in interaction between structures of a brain’s neural network.
Prediction of Treatment Outcome of Patients with Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders by the Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research

Background: The Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research (DCPR) have been demonstrated to be useful in identifying specific psychological conditions of medical patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of the DCPR in predicting the treatment outcome of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). Methods: FGID outpatients were allocated to improved (n = 65) and unimproved (n = 40) groups on the basis of preestablished criteria following 6 months of treatment. Patients were administered the structured interview for DCPR at baseline and the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale both at baseline and follow-up. Results: In the unimproved patients, the prevalence of the DCPR categories of alexithymia (82.2%) and persistent somatization (72.5%) was significantly higher while health anxiety was more prevalent in improved patients (21.5%). No unimproved patient lacked a DCPR diagnosis while multiple DCPR diagnoses were significantly higher in the unimproved group (90%). In the regression analysis, alexithymia, persistent somatization, a higher number of DCPR diagnoses for each patient and, to a lesser extent, greater symptom severity at baseline were significant predictors of unimprovement. Health anxiety, even after controlling for gastrointestinal symptoms, was a significant predictor of improvement. Conclusion: The ability to predict treatment outcome indicates the clinical utility of the DCPR. Clinicians may improve treatment outcome for FGID patients by identifying particular psychosomatic syndromes (alexithymia, persistent somatization, and health anxiety) and patients with multiple DCPR clusters, and attempting to address specific therapeutic interventions.
Gender differences in leadership – believing is seeing: implications for managing diversity

Purpose – Are there “really” gender differences in leadership? Do beliefs regarding gender differences in leadership differ across cultures? And how do these beliefs influence diversity management? This article aims to demonstrate how different beliefs regarding gender differences and leadership can influence company diversity policies and initiatives.Design/methodology/approach – First, the authors review the research evidence on the relationship between gender and leadership. Then they explore the effects of gender stereotyping. Furthermore, they consider the role of culture on these beliefs. This review serves as the foundation for the discussion of three different perspectives regarding gender and leadership: gender‐blind; gender‐conscious; and perception‐creates‐reality (or believing is seeing). Findings – Adhering to these different paradigms can influence actions taken to managing diversity and human resource policies. Revealing these different paradigms can help companies and managers reassess thei.
DOPAMINE D4 RECEPTOR GENE EXON III POLYMORPHISM AND INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN RESPONSE TO CLOZAPINE

To investigate the relationship between 48 bp variant number tandem repeat polymorphism in dopamine D4 receptor gene and response to clozapine in schizophrenic patients, the authors included 81 inpatients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia and patients meeting criteria for refractory to treatment were excluded. This study found that the frequencies of five 48 bp repeats homozygous genotype and five 48 bp repeats allele were significantly less in the responders than the nonresponders, which divided by improving total schizophrenic symptom. The results of this study suggest that inherited variants of D4 may explain some of the interindividual variation seen in patient response to clozapine.
Analog layout density uniformity improvement using interconnect widening and dummy fill insertion

The conventional dummy fill insertion operation is usually conducted by foundries without taking into account circuit performance. In this paper, we propose a graph-based scheme to first modify layout interconnect geometry to improve pattern density uniformity in the analog layouts before the traditional dummy fill insertion process as an optional stage. The original analog constraints can be still preserved thanks to the mechanism of the constraint graphs used to represent the analog layouts. The experimental results show that our proposed method can improve pattern density uniformity by up to 75% for the regular analog layouts.
Mixing deterministic and stochastic propagation for assessing mmWave small-cell networks

Ray-based and hybrid propagation models are today considered as valuable solutions to fulfill 5G wireless channel modeling requirements. They are a complement or alternative to the stochastic approaches when link-level and system-level simulations deal with millimeter-wave (mmWave), ultra-dense deployment and/or large antenna arrays. The present article proposes an extension of an urban ray-based model for the assessment of a 60-GHz outdoor small-cell network. The multi-paths are predicted from interactions with the static environment, but also with randomly-positioned vehicles and user-bodies. Both the vehicles and the user-body generate ray-path blockage, and (in case of the vehicle) new propagation paths. This sometimes affects the cell selection or beam orientation, and significantly changes the received signal strength and inter-cell interference. The user-body blockage is illustrated on two simple use cases (single-cell and two-cell scenarios). Then the impact of both stochastic components is assessed through the performance simulation of a whole mmWave small-cell network.
Kinetics and osmoregulation of Na(+)-and Cl(-)-dependent betaine transporter in rat renal medulla.

Betaine is one of the major organic osmolytes that accumulate in the renal medulla in response to high extracellular tonicity. Recent studies in MDCK cells have shown that betaine is taken up by an Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent transporter located on the basolateral membrane. We demonstrate here the presence of Na(+)-Cl(-)-dependent betaine transporter(s) in tubule suspensions prepared from the rat outer and inner medulla. The betaine transport activity was two to three times higher in the inner medulla compared with the outer medulla. The removal of Na+ and Cl- reduced betaine uptake in the outer medullary tubules by 86% and 82%, respectively. The betaine uptake was decreased by 39% in hypotonic buffer (189 mosmol/ kgH2O) and increased by 82% in hypertonic buffer (545 mosmol/kgH2O), compared with isotonic buffer (308 mosmol/ kgH2O). Kinetic studies of Na(+)-dependent betaine uptake in the outer medullary tubules revealed both a low- and a high-affinity component as follows: low-affinity and high volume component with Michaelis constant (K(m)1) of 8.6 mM and maximal uptake rate (Vmax1) of 112 pmol.microgram protein-1.h-1; and a low-volume and high-affinity component with K(m)2 of 0.141 mM and Vmax2 of 10 pmol. microgram protein-1.h-1. To investigate whether the Na(+)-Cl(-)-dependent betaine transporter is regulated by tonicity in vivo, we quantitated its mRNA in rat renal cortex and outer and inner medulla using both canine and rat Na(+)-Cl(-)-dependent betaine transporter cDNA probes. A single band of 3.0 kb was seen in the Northern blots prepared from both outer and inner medulla, but not in the cortex. Water deprivation for 3 days increased the abundance of this mRNA in the outer and inner medulla by 140% and 170%, respectively, but did not affect its expression in the cortex. In conclusion, Na(+)-Cl(-)-dependent betaine transporter(s) is present in rat outer and inner medullary tubules, and betaine transporter mRNA abundance is regulated by the hydration state in vivo.
Factors controlling cytoplasmic Ca 2+ concentration.

The study of cellular Ca $^{2+}$ exchange in smooth muscle has been severely limited by extensive extra-cellular Ca $^{2+}$ binding. This problem was solved by using La $^{3+}$ to trap Ca $^{2+}$ inside the cells while displacing extracellular bound Ca $^{2+}$ . It was then shown that cytoplasmic Ca $^{2+}$ could be raised by Ca $^{2+}$ influx during high K $^+$ depolarization, Na $^+$ elimination and high pH. Ca $^{2+}$ influx was inhibited by other multivalent cations, local anaesthetics and low pH. In the rabbit aortae norepinephrine and angiotensin increase cytoplasmic Ca $^{2+}$ by release from intra-cellular membrane surfaces. In this same smooth muscle relaxation is brought about by intracellular Ca $^{2+}$ binding. Evidence from vascular, uterine and intestinal smooth muscle demonstrates that the large transmembrane Ca $^{2+}$ gradient depends on cellular [ATP] but not on the Na $^+$ gradient. ATP depletion abolishes the Ca $^{2+}$ gradient by increasing Ca $^{2+}$ influx.
Serum Thyroid Hormone Levels in Preterm Infants Born before 33 Weeks of Gestation and Association of Transient Hypothyroxinemia with Postnatal Characteristics

ABSTRACT Background: Fetal thyroid function and the hypothalamopituitary-thyroid axis continue to mature throughout pregnancy. Therefore, thyroid hormone levels of premature infants differ from those of mature ones. Our primary objective was to evaluate the reference values of serum thyroid hormones in preterm infants born before 33 wk gestation. The second objective was to define a cut-off value for transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity (THOP) according to gestational age and association of THOP with postnatal characteristics in these infants. Subjects and methods: We recruited a cohort of 200 infants (26–32 wk gestation) admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICU) between March 2008 and February 2009. We assessed serum levels of thyroid hormones and thyrotropin (TSH), at 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-4th wk of life. Thyroid-binding globulin (TBG), thyroglobulin (Tg), and urinary iodine values were also measured at the 1st wk of life. The infants were divided into two groups according to gestational ages; group 1: 26-29 wk and group 2: 30-32 wk. Association of THOP with postnatal characteristics of these infants were evaluated. Results: TT4 and TT3 values steadily increased from 1st wk to 3rd-4th wk while FT4 value did not significantly changed. FT3 value slightly decreased from 1st wk to 2nd wk and not significantly changed after this period. TSH value steadily decreased from 1st wk to 3rd-4th wk. For all postnatal ages, TT4, TT3, and FT3 values were lower in the lower gestational age group, while there was no significant difference for FT4 and TSH values between two gestational age groups. THOP rate decreased from first wk (24.0%, n=47) to 3rd-4th (14.0%, n=24) in all infants. When adjusted for age, THOP was associated with need for mechanical ventilation (P=0.03, OR:0.65, CI 95% 0.4-0.9) and for having respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (P=0.02, OR:0.61 CI95%: 0.4-0.9). Longer hospital stay (P=0.006, OR:0.96, CI 95% 0.94-0.99) was also found to be associated with THOP. Conclusions: In preterm infants below 30 wk, thyroid hormones were lower and urinary iodine values were higher compared to infants with older gestational age. THOP at the first wk of life may convey important prognostic information about neonatal morbidity and length of hospitalization stay.
Dispersed Information and Confounding Dynamics

We study Rational Expectations equilibria in dynamic models that feature dispersed information and signal extraction from endogenous variables. We demonstrate the advantages of solving these models in the space of analytic functions. Existence and uniqueness restrictions are derived, along with analytical characterizations of the equilibria that generalize the celebrated Hansen-Sargent optimal prediction formula. An important property of the equilibria is a dynamic response of endogenous variables to economic shocks that displays waves of optimism and pessimism which are not present in the full information counterpart. These dynamics arise entirely due to incomplete information and the corresponding optimal signal extraction formulas. We refer to these dynamics as confounding. We show how our approach permits closed-form expressions for higher-order beliefs and can be used to solve a variety of dispersed informational setups.
Wealth Inequality and Health: A Political Economy Perspective

Despite a plethora of studies on income inequality and health, researchers have been unable to make any firm conclusions as a result of methodological and theoretical limitations. Within this body of research, there has been a call for studies of wealth inequality and health. Wealth is far more unequally distributed than income and is conceptually unique from income. This paper discusses the results of bivariate cross-sectional analyses of the relationship between wealth inequality (Gini coefficient) and population health (life expectancy and infant mortality) in 14 wealthy countries. The results confirm that wealth inequality is associated with poor population health. Both unweighted and weighted correlations between wealth inequality and health are strong and significant, even after controlling for a variety of potential aggregate-level confounders, including gross domestic product per capita, and after excluding the United States, the most unequal country. The results are strongest for female life expectancy and infant mortality. The author outlines potential pathways through which wealth inequality might affect health, using specific countries to illustrate. The article concludes with policy recommendations that could contribute to a more equitable distribution of wealth and, ultimately, decreased health disparities.
SWOG S0910: a phase 2 trial of clofarabine/cytarabine/epratuzumab for relapsed/refractory acute lymphocytic leukaemia

Precursor B‐acute lymphoblastic leukaemias (pre‐B ALLs) comprise the majority of ALLs and virtually all blasts express CD22 in the cytoplasm and on the cell surface. In the present study (Southwestern Oncology Group S0910), we evaluated the addition of epratuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against CD22, to the combination of clofarabine and cytarabine in adults with relapsed/refractory pre‐B ALL. The response rate [complete remission and complete remission with incomplete count recovery] was 52%, significantly higher than our previous trial with clofarabine/cytarabine alone, where the response rate was 17%. This result is encouraging and suggests a potential benefit to adding epratuzumab to chemotherapy for ALL; however, a randomized trial will be needed to answer this question.
Immobilization of the Plug Domain Inside the SecY Channel Allows Unrestricted Protein Translocation*

The SecYEG complex forms a protein-conducting channel in the inner membrane of Escherichia coli to support the translocation of secretory proteins in their unfolded state. The SecY channel is closed at the periplasmic face of the membrane by a small re-entrance loop that connects transmembrane segment 1 with 2b. This helical domain 2a is termed the plug domain. By the introduction of pairs of cysteines and crosslinkers, the plug domain was immobilized inside the channel and connected to transmembrane segment 10. Translocation was inhibited to various degrees depending on the position and crosslinker spacer length. With one of the crosslinked mutants translocation occurred unrestricted. Biochemical characterization of this mutant as well as molecular dynamics simulations suggest that only a limited movement of the plug domain suffices for translocation.
Two‐dimensional 1H‐nmr studies on the lac repressor DNA binding domain: Further resonance assignments and identification of nuclear overhauser enhancements

The assignments of several 1H lines in the spectrum of the lac repressor DNA‐binding domain (or “headpiece”) are documented. These new assignments complement those obtained in a previous study [E.R. P. Zuiderweg, R. Kaptein, and K. Wüthrich (1983) Eur. J. Biochem. 137, 279] and were made from pure absorption phase two‐dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement (2D NOE) spectra and 1H 2D double‐quantum spectra of this protein. Based on the complete set of resonance assignments, a large number of interresidue NOEs are identified; these are documented and their relation with distance constraints is discussed. The identification of these NOEs is a prerequiste for the determination of the spatial structure of this protein, for which no crystallographic data are available.
The influence of linguistic context on young children's understanding of homophonic words

ABSTRACT This study investigates young children's understanding of homophones in two different linguistic contexts. Research has shown that children interpret homophones according to their ‘primary’ sense even though this is inappropriate to the linguistic context. The present study investigates the influence of different contexts on their interpretations of homophones. A picture test, similar to the British Picture Vocabulary Scale (BPVS), was devised, depicting ten homophones in both their primary and secondary senses. Forty-eight children who were in matched pairs following the BPVS pre-test and whose ages ranged from three to six were asked to select the picture which showed the homophone, first when the homophone was in no linguistic context, and secondly following one of two conditions of the same story which differed according to the richness of context provided. Results showed that those children assigned to story B, the expanded version with full linguistic details and explanations of the words it contained, were more able to identify correctly the secondary meanings of the homophones intended than those children given story A, the unexpanded version. Analyses of variance showed both a significant age trend and a story-type effect. These results are interpreted as showing that the linguistic context is an important factor in young children's understanding of word meaning.
Initiation of Leading-Edge-Vortex Formation on Finite Wings in Unsteady Flow

This paper proposes a criterion for initiation of leading edge vortex (LEV) formation on a finite wing in unsteady motion. Previous research has shown that a criterion called Leading Edge Suction Parameter (LESP) can predict the time of LEV formation in unsteady 2D airfoil flows. This research aims at extending the criterion to a 3D wing. An approach has been developed to calculate the spanwise variation of LESP using an unsteady vortex lattice method. Higher-order RANS CFD has been used to study a pitch-up motion for a large range of unswept finite-wing geometries to determine the time instant for LEV initiation. Correlation of the results from the UVLM and CFD analyses is used to study the effectiveness of the LESP criterion for predicting the time instant and spanwise location of LEV formation on the wings. It is shown that, for any given airfoil and Reynolds number, the maximum LESP on a finite wing at LEV initiation is largely independent of wing geometry and pitch-pivot location. Thus the LESP concept holds promise as an LEV initiation criterion for finite wings.
Internet-Based Self-Help Training for Children and Adolescents with Recurrent Headache: A Pilot Study

Abstract We report the results of a randomized controlled trial that compared the efficacy of an internet-based self-help treatment for paediatric headache including chat communication (cognitive-behavioural treatment, CBT) with an internet-based psychoeducation intervention (EDU). In the CBT group, significant pre- to post-treatment decreases were found for headache frequency and pain catastrophizing, but not for headache intensity or duration. In the EDU group none of the variables (frequency, intensity, duration, pain catastrophizing) showed improvement. No significant between group differences were found for headache variables and pain catastrophizing at post-treatment. The patients reported high satisfaction with the internet-based training and a good patient-trainer-alliance. Results were maintained at 6-month follow-up. Due to the small sample size, no general conclusions can be drawn regarding the efficacy of the internet-based training regarding the outcome variables, but the training was well accepted by patients. Further research is necessary to evaluate the therapeutic potential of such interventions.
Physical fitness, body fatness, and physical activity: The Amsterdam Growth and Health Study

The purpose of this study was to examine sex‐specific longitudinal relationships between physical fitness (cardiopulmonary and neuromotor fitness) and body fatness (sum of skinfolds) and to examine the influence of physical activity (weighted activity score) on these relationships. The data were obtained from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study (AGHS), an observational longitudinal study of 98 females and 83 males, with six repeated measurements over a period from 13 to 27 years of age. The longitudinal relationship between body fatness and physical fitness was analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE). For each of the eight fitness items used as outcome variables, standardized regression coefficients were calculated for the relationships with body fatness and for the relationships with physical activity with and without correcting for height and weight. In all analyses, body fatness was inversely related to running speed, standing high jump, leg lift speed, and maximal oxygen uptake. Physical activity was positively related to leg lift speed and maximal oxygen uptake, and only in females to the standing high jump. Thus, body fatness is inversely related to most fitness items, while physical activity is positively related to only several fitness items. Further, body fatness and physical activity are independently related to physical fitness. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 12:593–599, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Macrophage recognition of zymosan particles

Zymosan particles have served as a model for recognition of microbes by the innate immune system for over 50 years. Zymosan induces inflammatory signals in macrophages through Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR6. In addition, phagocytic receptors on macrophages bind zymosan and stimulate particle engulfment. We have further examined the requirements for induction of inflammatory responses such as TNF-α production and NF-κ B activation by zymosan in mouse macrophages. We have observed that direct particle contact is required (excluding a role for soluble components of zymosan preparations) and that contact with a single particle is sufficient to trigger cytokine production. Further, ablation of the Toll-like receptor-stimulating activity of zymosan does not affect the ability of phagocytic receptors to internalise the particle.