Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recoverability of large vs small muscle groups

The purpose of this study was to assess differences in recovery between muscles with larger cross-sectional area (Quadriceps) compared to muscles with smaller crosssectional area (Biceps). Recreationally trained male weight lifters aged 18-30 (n = 9) volunteered in this muscle recovery study. All participants were asked to attend two testing sessions in addition to an initial meeting, all of which took no more than 45mintues per session to complete. After this initial session where the 10 RM in the biceps curl and quadricep extension were determined, participants were scheduled to perform the biceps curl and quad extension for four sets to technical failure in two separate testing sessions with no less than 48 hours in between the testing sessions. Total volume and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) measures were recorded and. The results of a dependent ttest determined there was no significant differences in the TV accumulated between T1 and T2 for the biceps brachii (T8 = -.67, p = .52). The mean biceps TV during pre-test was 2769.8 lbs (SD = 476.87, N = 9), and the post-test biceps TV was 2806.39 lbs (SD = 512.78, N = 9). Similarly, a dependent t-test determined there was no significant differences in the TV accumulated between T1 and T2 for the quadriceps (T8 = -1.449, p = .19). The average quadricep TV during pre-test was 8798.8 lbs (SD = 1669.8, N = 9), and the post-test quadriceps TV was 9290.3 lbs (SD = 1523.5, N = 9). Levene's test for equality of variances was conducted and reached significance for differences in volume accumulations between the biceps (M = 9.82lbs, SD = 1.54) and quads (M = 22.42lbs, SD = 2.01), (F (2,16) = 7.0, p = 0.18). It appears that muscle size has little impact upon the rate of recovery under the conditions of the present study. Under the same conditions, however, there was greater variation in volume accumulation 48 hours post bout in the quadriceps than in the biceps. Future research should focus on further establishing (or refuting) the connection between muscle size and recoverability while employing greater control over confounding variables RECOVERABILITY OF LARGE VS SMALL MUSCLE GROUPS A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Jacob Alan Clark University of Northern Iowa July 2020
5- Yussuff.pmd

Formal and informal cross-border trade in West Africa has increased since the 1990s because of economic liberalization policies, population growth and urbanization. This expansion has been credited with deepening regional integration, improving economic growth and benefiting the population through employment, market and product diversification, increased outlets for goods produced and manufactured in the region and improvements in food availability (Morris and Saul 2000). It has been suggested that trade in non-traditional exports in agricultural products like livestock, fish, handicrafts and manufactured goods will increasingly drive sustained economic growth in West Africa. This implies the importance of strong connections between trade and other sectors of West African economies, particularly agricultural production and processing, fisheries and manufacturing (ECOWAS-WAEMU 2006). Informal trade is an integral but unrecognized component of Africa’s economy. Evidence shows that, on the average, sixty per cent of African trade is informal (Ackello-Ogutu 1998; Morris and Saul 2000). This is because Informal trade in Africa has persisted despite the efforts made to graft it into formal economy in developing countries (Olutayo 2005). Goldberg and Pavenik (2003) define the informal economy as the sector of the economy that does not comply with the labour market legislation and does not provide workers’ benefits. Informal trade here means trade that is not recorded officially by customs at borders; but it does not necessarily mean illegal trade. The history of cross-border trade exchange is tied up with the emergence, about twenty years ago, of f loating exchange rates and the Eurobond market
On the impact of using mixed real number representations in a graphics pipeline

: This paper aims to analyse how the accuracy of rendering 3D models on 2D surfaces is affected by using different real number representation inside different stages of a graphics pipeline. Also, an optimal format that would not alter the ﬁnal product in a signiﬁcant way was a target of our research. Additionally, a great number of 2D projections for each 3D Model is targeted. In order to achieve our goals, we have modiﬁed an own software implementation of the OpenGL ES 1.1 speciﬁcation so that it could be easily speciﬁed which real number formats are used in each stage.
Improving Part-of-speech Tagging by using Resolution Information for Individual Ambiguous Word

한국어의 정보처리과정에서 형태소 분석과 품사 태깅 은 가장 기본이 되는 처리과정이다 형태소 분석은 어 . 절 단위로 분리된 입력 문장에 대하여 각 어절이 분석 할 수 있는 모든 품사 정보를 나타내어 주는 과정이다. 각 어절의 형태소 분석 결과는 여러 개의 분석 결과를 가질 수 있으며 이를 중의성 을 갖 , ( , ambiguity) 重義性 는 어절이라 한다 이런 중의성을 갖는 형태소 분석 어 . 절을 구문 분석 정보 검색 기계 번역 등의 여러 자연 , , 언어처리 응용 분야에 사용한다면 정확한 결과를 얻기 , 힘들다 예를 들면 어절 나는 은 나 대명사 는 조 . , ‘ ’ ‘ [ ]+ [ 사 와 나 동사 는 어미 그리고 날 동사 는 어 ]’ ‘ [ ]+ [ ]’ ‘ [ ]+ [ 미 의 형태로 형태소 분석된다 문장 나는 하늘을 ]’ . “ 나는 새를 보았다 에서 첫 번째 어절은 나 대명사 . ” ‘ [ ]+ 는 조사 의 형태소 분석 결과를 선택해야 하고 세 [ ]’ , 번째 어절은 날 동사 는 어미 의 형태소 분석 결과 ‘ [ ]+ [ ]’ 를 선택하여야 한다 이처럼 형태소 분석 결과의 중의 . 성을 해소하고 문맥에 맞는 적합한 품사를 결정하는 , 작업을 품사 태깅 이라고 한다 (part-of-speech tagging) . 이렇게 형태소 분석 결과에 대해 품사 태깅을 함으로 써 형태소 분석 결과를 이용하는 자연언어처리응용 분 야의 시스템에서 보다 정확한 결과를 얻을 수 있다. 또한 품사 태깅의 성능이 다른 응용 시스템의 성능에 , 영향을 미치기 때문에 품사 태깅의 성능을 향상시킬 필 요가 있다. 기존의 품사 태깅 방법에는 통계적 접근법 과 규 [1-6] 칙 기반 접근법 및 복합적 접근법 이 있다 [7-9] [10-18] . 통계적 접근법은 대량의 태그 부착 말뭉치로부터 추 출한 통계 정보를 이용하여 품사 태깅을 수행하기 때문 에 확장성이 좋고 적용범위가 넓으며 전체적인 정확성 , 이 비교적 높다는 장점이 있다 그러나 말뭉치에 의존 . 적이고 의미 있는 통계 정보를 추출하기 위해서는 일 , 정 크기 이상의 태그 부착 말뭉치가 구축되어 있어야 하기 때문에 말뭉치 구축에 시간과 노력이 많이 요구 , 되고 말뭉치가 편중되어 있거나 불충분한 경우에는 통 , 계 자료 부족 으로 인하여 신뢰도가 (data sparseness) 떨어진다는 단점이 있다. 이와 달리 규칙 기반 접근법은 언어 정보를 생성 규 칙의 형태로 표현하여 품사 태깅을 수행하기 때문에, 어절별 중의성 해소 정보를 이용한
Saliva cell type DNA methylation reference panel for epidemiology studies in children

Saliva is a widely used biological sample, especially in pediatric research, containing a heterogenous mixture of immune and epithelial cells. Associations of exposure or disease with saliva DNA methylation can be influenced by cell-type proportions. Here, we developed a saliva cell-type DNA methylation reference panel to estimate interindividual cell-type heterogeneity in whole saliva studies. Saliva was collected from 22 children (7-16 years) and sorted into immune and epithelial cells, using size exclusion filtration and magnetic bead sorting. DNA methylation was measured using the Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip. We assessed cell-type differences in DNA methylation profiles and tested for enriched biological pathways. Immune and epithelial cells differed at 164,793 (20.7%) DNA methylation sites (t-test p < 10-8). Immune cell hypomethylated sites mapped to genes enriched for immune pathways (p < 3.2 x 10-5). Epithelial cell hypomethylated sites were enriched for cornification (p = 5.2 x 10-4), a key process for hard palette formation. Saliva immune and epithelial cells have distinct DNA methylation profiles which can drive whole saliva DNA methylation measures. A primary saliva DNA methylation reference panel, easily implemented with an R package, will allow estimates of cell proportions from whole saliva samples and improve epigenetic epidemiology studies by accounting for measurement heterogeneity by cell-type proportions.
Appearance-Based Loop Closure Detection in Real-Time for Large-Scale and Long-Term Operation

—In appearance-based localization and mapping, loop closure detection is the process used to determinate if the current observation comes from a previously visited location or a new one. As the size of the internal map increases, so does the time required to compare new observations with all stored locations, eventually limiting real-time processing. This paper presents a real-time loop closure detection approach for large-scale and long-term operation. The approach is based on a memory management method, which limits the number of locations used for loop closure detection so that the computation time remains under real-time constraints. The idea consists of keeping the most recent and frequently observed locations in a Working Memory (WM) used for loop closure detection, and transferring the others into a Long-Term Memory (LTM). When a match is found between the current location and one stored in WM, associated locations stored in LTM can be updated and remembered for additional loop closure detections. Results demonstrate the approach’s adaptability and scalability using ten standard data sets from other appearance-based loop closure approaches, one custom data set using real images taken over a 2 km loop of our university campus, and one custom data set (7 hours) using virtual images from the racing video game “Need for Speed: Most Wanted”.
Chapter 9 Arctic Ice Shelf Ecosystems

Arctic ice shelves are microbial ecosystems with a rich biodiversity. Until recently, polar ice shelves were seen as mostly abiotic glaciological features, however they are oases for life, with snow, meltwater pools and sediments providing cryohabitats for microbiota. The biological communities are composed of diverse forms of microscopic life, including cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, viruses, algae, other protists and microfauna, and occupy a variety of habitats: supraglacial meltwater lakes, englacial microhabitats within the ice and snow and planktonic environments in ice-dammed, epishelf lakes. These habitats are defined by seasonal light availability, cold temperatures and nutrient poor conditions. In the supraglacial pools, production is dominated by benthic microbial mat assemblages that have diverse stress adaptation systems and that use internal nutrient recycling and scavenging strategies. Despite short growth periods and perennial low temperatures, biomass accumulations are considerable, with a striking diversity of lightharvesting, UV-protection and other accessory pigments. The chemical characteristics such as conductivity and origin of salts are defined by the underlying ice types, and microbial mat studies from adjacent habitats show a high resilience to solute concentration during freeze-up. The structural integrity of these cryoecosystems is dependent on ice, and they are therefore vulnerable to climate change. Many of these unique Arctic ecosystems have been lost by ice shelf collapse over the last two decades, and they are now on the brink of complete extinction. A.D. Jungblut (*) Centre d’Études Nordiques (CEN), Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS) and Département de Biologie, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK e-mail: a.jungblut@nhm.ac. uk D. Mueller Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada e-mail: derek.mueller@carleton.ca W.F. Vincent Centre d’Études Nordiques (CEN), Takuvik Joint International Laboratory and Département de Biologie, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada e-mail: warwick.vincent@bio.ulaval. ca
Minimal sufficiency with covert even

Exclusive particles (e.g. just) express exclusivity inferences by negating focus alternatives to the sentence theymodify. Grosz (2012) observes that they can sometimes give rise to what he callsminimal sufficiency readings, which seem to affirm, rather than negate, focus alternatives. Grosz proposes to analyze them in terms of the rank-order reading, a kind of scalar reading of exclusive particles that is independently attested. Coppock & Beaver (2014) put forward a similar analysis based on their unified semantics for different uses of exclusive particles. We point out that these previous accounts fail to capture the distribution of minimal sufficiency readings, in particular, the relevance of distributivity, and propose an alternative analysis where the scalar component of the minimal sufficiency reading comes from a covert version of even, rather than from the exclusive particle itself. Empirical support for this comes from the generalization that an overt even can be added to sentences that have minimal sufficiency readings without changing the meaning, but not to sentences that do not allow for minimal sufficiency readings. We argue that our account not only captures the distribution of the minimal sufficiency reading, but also derives the inferences involved in the minimal sufficiency reading compositionally together with the standardly assumed semantics for exclusive
Time Series Classification of Vibration Data Using Attractors Made from Multidimensional Space by Convolutional Neural Network

The researches on time series data analysis have been actively conducted in recent years. This data has various characteristics, such as oscillating regularly and irregularly. Chaos theory mainly handles irregularly oscillating data. The theory deals with a phenomenon that appears in a part of a dynamical system. It shows a complicated state that cannot be predicted due to numerical errors. Unpredictability is not random and follows deterministic rules. However, because it cannot be obtained by the integration method, the methods for observing other phenomena are required. One of them is the time delay coordinate system which is a kind of chaos theory [1]. By using this method, 1-dimensional data (1d-data) can be converted into multidimensional data such as 2-dimensional data (2d-data) and three-dimensional data. It is applied in various fields such as cranial nerve system and engineering system. In recent years, the researches on time series data analysis using Neural Networks (NN) such as 1-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1d-CNN) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) has been actively performed [2]. The reason why NN attract attention is that NN can learn and recognize input information by itself. However, even if these models are used, it is difficult to analyze time series data with very irregular vibrations. It is impossible for NN to learn the numerical and time series characteristics of the data. Therefore, it is necessary for NN to preprocess this data. In order to solve this problem, this study extends the data to multidimensional data using the time delay coordinate system. The objective is to find regularity that NN can easily learn from time series data with irregular vibrations.
Uma nova abordagem de cancro baseada na teoria das células estaminais

Stem cells are being intensively studied because, in addition to therapeutic weapons, they can also be targets in treatment strategies of many diseases, namely in cancer, where they have an important etiologic role. Classical regulatory pathways of stem cells are deregulated in several tumours, strengthening the role of these cells in the carcinogenesis process. The mammary gland is a good model for studying carcinogenesis because of its unique anatomic, functional and pathologic characteristics. There are several exceptional experimental models used in etiologic, pathophysiologic, diagnostic and therapeutic research in cancer using this complex organ. After isolation of tumoural stem cells in the haematopoietic system, the breast and brain were the organs whose solid tumours were studied in order to isolate stem cells. In this article, a monoclonal theory of cancer is presented, supported by the stem cell theory and by extensive experimental work. Stem cells mutations would be in the origin of the most aggressive and undifferentiated tumors, whereas tumours with better prognosis would be originated in more differentiated progenitor cells. The higher aggressiveness of the former could be explained by expression of MDR proteins in stem cells. The protective role of pregnancy in breast cancer, would in the light of the exposed theory, be explained by the inhibitory influences of differentiated tissue. The isolation of tumour stem cells, combined with profound knowledge of cancer regulatory pathways, may lead us to develop, in the short future, specific therapeutic strategies that could transform cancer into a treatable or chronic disease. Uma nova abordagem de cancro baseada na teoria das células estaminais New insights on cancer based on the stem cells theory Filipe Martins *, Maria Botelho**, António Cabrita***, Carlos Freire-de-Oliveira**** Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra (HUC), Centro de Investigação em Meio Ambiente, Genética e Oncobiologia (CIMAGO), Instituto de Biofísica e Biomatemática do Instituto Biomédico de Investigação em Luz e Imagem (IBILI), Instituto de Patologia Experimental (IPE), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra (FMUC) * Interno Complementar de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia dos HUC, Bolseiro da Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Investigador do CIMAGO, IBILI e IPE-FMUC ** Directora do Instituto de Biofísica e Biomatemática do IBILI, Professora Catedrática da Faculdade de Medicina de Coimbra, Vicepresidente e Investigadora do CIMAGO *** Director do IPE, Professor Auxiliar da Faculdade de Medicina de Coimbra, Investigador do CIMAGO **** Director do Serviço de Ginecologia, HUC, Professor Catedrático da Faculdade de Medicina de Coimbra, Presidente e Investigador do CIMAGO INtRODUÇÃO As stem cells, ou células mãe, intervêm no processo de transformação neoplásica e, à luz do que se vai conhecendo sobre essa participação, espera-se que venham a ser úteis para o diagnóstico e também para o tratamento. Estas células apresentam uma capacidade ilimitada de proliferar, autorenovação e plastici-
The E↵ect of Time-To-Degree on Labor Market Outcomes

Undergraduate time-to-degree functions as a proxy for speed of learning. This proxy can a↵ect future labor market outcomes by influencing productivity. This paper examines the role of an exogenous shock of the changes in US college enrollment rates on undergraduate time-to-degree. A subset of the data collected from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, reported time-to-degree between 2002 and 2008. Outcomes were measured from immediately after graduation to five years later. Instrumenting on colleges’ average time-to-degree isolates the pure e↵ect of time-to-degree on labor market outcomes. Extending time-to-degree negatively a↵ects labor market outcomes. The increase in time-to-degree results in diminishing returns to learning. The e↵ect on labor market outcomes only occurs in the first two periods after graduation. The recent changes in college enrollment rates can depress labor market success.
Habitat Preferences, Distribution and Seasonality of the Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) in a Montane Tropical Rain Forest, Vietnam

In this paper, the butterfly community of the Tam Dao montane rain forest in northern Vietnam is described ecologically and biogeographically. A negative correlation between the size of species geographic range and maturity of the successional stage of its preferred habitat was found. This means that butterflies confined to the climax forest tend to have a small range of distribution of endemitic type, whereas species associated with disturbed ruderal and similar habitats are much more widely distributed. Within the forest, understorey species are most habitat specific and endemitic, with the most important conservation value. Canopy fauna is much more heterogeneous and diverse, containing also non-forest components. The pronounced temporal change in the forest community is determined by the relatively higher seasonality of species with biogeographical affinities to the seasonal 'East Himalayan' region. Apart from this historical component, the irregular migratory behaviour and response to the seasonal change in local environmental factors seem to be important. In the ruderal habitat, butterflies with large geographic range tend to have the highest population sizes; the reverse is true for the forest community. Differences in current and historical habitat commonness and disturbance intensity are proposed to explain this pattern. The present investigations of the butterfly community indicate the great importance of the Tam Dao rain forest for preservation of the biodiversity on frontiers between the Oriental and Palaearctic Regions.
Modeling of A Transport Network and its Spectral Analysis

In the present paper, we study a regular triangle bi-directed transport network by the approach of the operator semigroup theory and linear operator spectral theory. First we established a model of the partial differential equations for the transport problem. And then we prove the well-posedness of the network system. By the detailed spectral analysis of the system operator, we prove that the spectrum of the system operator is composed of isolated eigenvalue of finite multiplicity, all root vectors are incomplete in the state space. Finally, we discuss some operation strategies for the transport networks based on the spectral distribution. Key–Words: triangle transport network, semigroup theory, spectral analysis, operation strategies.
Pigment Fluorescence Signatures as an Index to the Taxonomic Structure of Phytoplankton Communities

Abstract : The spatial distribution and taxonomic composition of phytoplankton communities are important determinants of the structure of marine ecosystems and the optical environment of the sea. In oceanic waters the dominant photoautotrophs are picoplankton cyanobacteria. Dominant photoautotrophs in coastal waters, in contrast, are frequently larger diatoms, dinoflagellates and prymnesiophytes. The optical environment of Case 2 waters is shaped by the absorption and scattering of the larger phytoplankton with pigment signatures and cell, or colonial, morphologies that are distinct from the oceanic picoplankton in Case 1 waters (Kirk, 1994). Biological oceanographers have developed a variety of methods to map the spatial distribution of taxonomic groups in natural plankton communities. The classical approach of microscopic enumeration of preserved samples is now supplemented by molecular biological and molecular phylogenetic techniques adapted from medical research (Long, 1998). Furthermore, the distinct pigment composition of individual phytoplankton taxonomic classes can be used as pigment 'biomarkers' to qualitatively map the abundance of phytoplankton classes with high performance liquid chromatography. Fluorescence characteristics of phytoplankton classes have also been utilized in both microscopic and flow cytometric methods to identify taxa in natural communities (Wood et al., 1985). These methods are, however, mainly applied to discrete samples collected at specific locations and depths. Since the optical, physical, chemical and biological properties in the ocean vary over a wide of temporal and spatial scales (Bidigare et al., 1992), in situ observations are needed at frequent intervals in time and space to determine relationships between the abiotic and biological processes.