Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Re-Examination of the Light Scattered by Gases in Respect of Polarisation. I. Experiments on the Common Gases

In an earlier paper I showed that the light scattered by gases free of dust was not perfectly polarised, but that a residual defect of polarisation remained, which was characteristic for each gas. This was an entirely new field of investigation, and the experimental methods for detecting and measuring a very minute effect had to be worked out. As is the universal experience, many improvements suggested themselves in the course of the work, and after an interval it was decided to repeat a part of it again, with many modifications in detail, designed to give the most accurate numerical results that seem at present obtainable. This has now been done, with results which, speaking generally, confirm the earlier investigation, except in one important particular. It was decided to limit the present investigation to the permanent gases, thus excluding the vapours of organic substances. The latter are inevitably absorbed by the blacking which it is necessary to use on the inside of the vessel, and when the substance under investigation is changed they may come off and give rise to contamination. Moreover, there is the tendency of some of these substances to form fogs under the influence of light. It would have been premature to include them in a first attempt to establish accurate methods. Pioneer determinations were given in the former paper, and are believed to be substantially correct.
Synthesis of Novel Discotic Hexa-Peri-Hexabenzocoronene Derivatives and the Influence of Substituents on Properties

Due to hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC)’s perfect structural and their promising electronic and optoelectronic properties, the novel derivatives of HBC have continuously attracted interest. Hexaphenylbenene, as a necessary precursor to synthesize HBC, is affected by the substituents during dehydrocyclization. New synthetic strategy of some HPC derivatives with long-chain ester groups is described. Their structures were established by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) and infrared spectrometry (IR), ultraviolet-visible spectrograph (UV-vis). The results indicate that the substituents play an important role on oxydehydrogenation of HPCs.
Predicting Generalization in Deep Learning via Metric Learning - PGDL Shared task

The competition "Predicting Generalization in Deep Learning (PGDL)" aims to provide a platform for rigorous study of generalization of deep learning models and offer insight into the progress of understanding and explaining these models. This report presents the solution that was submitted by the user \emph{smeznar} which achieved the eight place in the competition. In the proposed approach, we create simple metrics and find their best combination with automatic testing on the provided dataset, exploring how combinations of various properties of the input neural network architectures can be used for the prediction of their generalization.
ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSE AND EFFECTS OF PART DEFECTS IN ABS SAMPLES MADE USING ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

This study highlights the cause and effects of part defects in ABS-Based samples using an additive manufacturing process. The parameters that were investigated include build orientation, infill pattern, number of contours, airgap, road width and annealing as a post-processing parameter. Samples were made, and their compressive strength was tested. Additionally, the tested samples were investigated using optical microscopy and the classification of their defects was done. This study is unique in investigating the effect of stress relief annealing along with build process parameters. Furthermore, the various defects associated with compressive failure in additively manufactured artefacts were categorized and a cause and effect diagram was derived which would enable designers to predict the areas of failure of a part.
Robot-Based Indoor Positioning of UHF-RFID Tags: The SAR Method With Multiple Trajectories

This article presents the application of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) localization method for indoor positioning of ultrahigh-frequency (UHF)-radio frequency identification (RFID) tags when the robot-mounted reader antenna moves along multiple trajectories. By properly combining the phase data associated with a set of multiple paths, the whole length of the combined synthetic apertures enlarges, and then, the localization accuracy may improve. Besides, during consecutive inventory rounds, several tag position estimates are available, and they can be profitably combined to minimize the localization uncertainty. Different combination approaches are investigated to determine the best choice to improve the localization performance. The method capabilities are discussed through numerical analysis by considering different configurations of the multiple apertures and different measurement uncertainty sources. Finally, the proposed localization method is validated through an experimental analysis carried out with commercial RFID hardware and a robotic wheeled walker, in an indoor scenario, by employing different types of tags. The knowledge of the reader/robot trajectory required by the SAR method is here achieved with an optical system.
Amplification and noise in high‐pressure scanning electron microscopy

High‐pressure scanning electron microscopy (HPSEM) is a promising new family of techniques. The present knowledge of these techniques is reviewed and a new set of criteria developed for optimizing signal detection in HPSEM with a view to preserving specimen integrity. For this purpose, amplification of contrast signals generated in HPSEM was examined by computing the effect of ionization over a range of pressures and biasing fields, routinely used for this technique. The influence of secondary ionization due to ion impact was included in the calculations. To check the calculated results, the experiments were performed in the HPSEM apparatus in a nitrogen atmosphere. A divergence between the experimental values and the calculated values was found. This was removed by taking into account the effect of recombination of charge carriers. Inductive currents generated in the HPSEM environment are transient and do not affect the conclusions of this study. The gas pressure, biasing fields and beam current for preserving specimen integrity and obtaining good micrographs were selected from the data. Experimental measurements of noise are reported, and criteria for optimizing the signal‐to‐noise ratio for performing HPSEM are discussed. The application of these criteria has shown that specimen current detection can be more advantageous than other methods and configurations of detection and was capable of obtaining high/medium‐resolution micrographs.
Formation of model polar stratospheric cloud films

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to examine the competitve growth of films representative of polar stratospheric clouds. These experiments show that either crystalline nitric acid trihydrate ([beta]-NAT) or amorphous films with H[sub 2]O:HNO[sub 3] ratios close to 3:1 formed at temperatures 3-7 K warmer than the ice frost point under stratospheric pressure conditions. In addition, with higher HNO[sub 3] pressures the authors observed nitric acid dihydrate (NAD) formation at temperatures warmer than ice formation. However, their experiments also show that NAD surfaces converted to [beta]-NAT upon exposure to stratospheric water pressures. Finally, the authors determined that the net uptake coefficient for HNO[sub 3] on [beta]-NAT is close to unity, whereas the net uptake coefficient for H[sub 2]O is much less. 13 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
The Competition between Spin Orbit Coupling and Conjugation in Alkyl Halides and its Repercussion on their Photoelectron Spectra

A crude molecular orbital model for alkyl halides is proposed, which provides a semi-quantitative rationalization for the following experimental observations: (a) In the photoelectron spectra of alkyl halides RX (symmetry C8) the lone pair band is split into two components, separated by a gap Δ. This gap is equal to the splitting associated with spin-orbit coupling in systems where X lies on a symmetry axis of order n ≥ 3. (b) The vibrational pattern of the two components indicates substantial conjugation between R and X. (c) Notwithstanding (b), the gap Δ is largely independent of the type of alkyl group R. (d) For strongly conjugating alkyl groups (e. g. R = cyclopropyl) the first component of the lone pair band (i. e. the one at lower ionization potential) broadens while the one at higher potential sharpens up.
A 10-W X-Band Class-F High-Power Amplifier in a 0.25-μm GaAs pHEMT Technology

In this article, a design methodology is presented to realize integrated class-F high-power amplifiers (HPAs). A harmonic-control network (HCN) is proposed to present short- and open-circuit impedances to each transistor employed in the output stage of the HPA at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${2}f_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${3}f_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> frequencies. The HCN absorbs the parasitic capacitance of the transistor and lends itself to be absorbed in the matching and power combiner networks, reducing the die area of the HPA. A proof-of-concept 9.7–10.3-GHz class-F HPA was designed and implemented in a 0.25-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> GaAs pHEMT technology with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\text {DD}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 6 V. The designed HPA consists of two amplifying stages, and its output stage includes 16 transistors in parallel to provide 39–40-dBm output power. The class-F HPA achieves a 10-W output power and a peak power added efficiency (PAE) of 63% for pulsed-mode operation with a pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 1 kHz and a duty cycle of 10%. The measured peak output power and PAE in the continuous-wave (CW) operation are 9.3 W and 58%, respectively.
Wet Oxidation and Catalytic Wet Oxidation

This review article explores three major aspects of the wet oxidation (WO) and catalytic wet oxidation (CWO) processes (with the major focus being on WO and CWO, using air or oxygen as an oxidant). These aspects are (a) the fundamental chemistry of WO/CWO; (b) important aspects of catalysts, with regard to the CWO process; and (c) engineering aspects of the WO/CWO process. The applications of WO and CWO technology to treat industrial wastewater clearly illustrate the potential of these processes for treating wastewater from a wide number of industries. WO/CWO is a fertile area of research with significant scope for further research and innovation, particularly in the areas of catalyst development, the understanding of catalytic mechanisms, and the fundamental chemistry that occurs during WO/CWO. Selected examples of findings to date are discussed in this review.
Calculating the Flexure Resistance of Bulk Solids Transported on Belt Conveyors

Belt conveyors are used extensively in the mining and mineral processing industries to transport bulk solid. As industry demands arise and conveying technology improves, belt conveyor installations are becoming progressively longer and belt speeds significantly faster. With longer conveying distances it becomes increasingly important to accurately calculate the motion resistances at the design stage, with the view of minimising these resistances to improve the efficiency of the installation. The motion resistances that occur along the length of the conveyor are known as the main resistances and include the belt and bulk solid flexure resistance, the rotational resistance of the idler rolls and the indentation rolling resistance of the conveyor belt.
CSR and Firm Reputation from Employee Perspective

This research focuses on the importance of corporate social responsibility in building the company’s reputation. Experts have studied CSR as an antecedent of a company’s reputation, but the mechanisms underlying this process are rarely explored. Therefore, to fill this research gap, we demonstrate CSR’s implementation combined with organizational justice based on discrepancy and equity theory. This study involved 210 employees in a family company. The study’s analysis method uses Structural Equation Model (SEM), SmartPLS, with a five-step measurement and analysis procedure. The variables in this study are CSR implementation, organizational justice, employee trust, firm reputation, organizational objectiveness, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and job performance. The results found that some of the direct relationships stated were not significant, but all demonstrations of indirect links were substantial. Besides, optimal CSR and organizational justice provide a reliable and positive domino effect in increasing the role and consequences of employee trust and firm reputation. The findings in this study confirm that upstream-downstream job performance causality can be successfully achieved if job satisfaction has been realized, job satisfaction can be achieved if organizational commitment can also be recognized, and organizational commitment can be developed. Reflection and influence, rather than organizational attractiveness becomes essential.
3-D-Printed Compact Bandpass Filters Based on Conical Posts

This article presents different physical arrangements of filters using conical posts as the basic element of design. The proposed resonator is similar to that of the classical combline filter, however, in this case, a conical post (truncated cone) is exploited. A hollowed enclosure is positioned on top of a rectangular metallic cavity for housing the upper part of the conical resonating post. Considering that the post upper radius is smaller than the post lower radius, an enclosure having the same dimensions as the resonating post can be taken. This results in a housing that can also work as an additional resonator for another cavity. As a result, cavities can be piled in a vertical arrangement and the conical post of each cavity is also used for housing the post of the cavity below it. Mixed vertically and/or horizontally arrangements are also feasible. More compact structures can be achieved with the possibility to obtain different footprints while maintaining similar unloaded $Q$ -factors than conventional combline filters. The structure also has the advantage of having a wider spurious-free range than the classical combline filter configuration (cylindrical post inside a rectangular cavity). Enhanced responses with higher rejections are also possible thanks to the introduction of transmission zeros. Several different filter configurations are presented in this article: 3-order filter and 4-order filter. The design procedure is explained for both of them. A 4-order filter has been manufactured using additive manufacturing techniques and measured in order to validate the proposed structure.
Effect of Brand Image and Promotion on the Decision to Use Shipping Services from PT Pos Indonesia, Medan Kesawan Branch with Trust as an Intervening Variable

In the era of globalization, business competition in the shipping service sector has increased significantly. This is influenced by the increasing needs of the community, and also influenced by the development of online shops or e-commerce that use goods delivery services. North Sumatra is one of the developing provinces in Indonesia, with the development of North Sumatra Province, goods delivery services have become a promising business area. PT Pos Indonesia is a state-owned company engaged in postal services. PT Pos Indonesia is very helpful in various needs, for example for the delivery of raw materials for processed food from Medan to several cities in Java. This situation also shows that the growth of online shops in Medan is experiencing good development because online stores are the biggest contributor to the running of the delivery service business. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of brand image and promotion on the decision to use shipping services from PT Pos Indonesia, Medan Kesawan Branch with trust as an intervening variable. The population in this study are all customers who have used PT Pos Indonesia, Medan Kesawan Branch and the number of population is unknown, therefore the determination of the sample using the Malhotra formula as many as 115 customer respondents who have used the services of PT Pos Indonesia. Data analysis was performed using PLS-SEM. The results showed that brand image, promotion and trust directly had a positive and significant effect on the decision to use shipping services, then indirectly brand image and promotion had a positive and significant effect on the decision to use shipping services through trust.
Preparation and characterization of carboxymethyl polyvinyl alcohol–graphite nanosheet composites

Carboxymethyl polyvinyl alcohol (CMPVA) was prepared by introducing carboxymethyl groups to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with chloroacetic acid. Graphite nanosheets (NanoG) were obtained by treating expandable graphite at a high temperature in a muffle furnace, and then sonicating it in an aqueous ethyl alcohol solution. Nanocomposites of CMPVA with NanoG were prepared by dispersing NanoG in a CMPVA aqueous solution with the aid of sonication and then casted on plastic film to remove water. Carboxymethyl groups were proved to be linked to PVA by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and the degree of carboxymethyl substitution on the PVA was 2.77% determined by conductometric titration. Experimental results show that carboxylate anions in introduced carboxymethyl groups facilitate the dispersal of NanoG with positive charges in the CMPVA solution. The CMPVA matrix was detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR spectra to be less crystal, into which NanoG tend to disperse. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the structure of the graphite and morphology of the composites to prove that NanoG was 40–70 nm thick. The percolation threshold of CMPVA/NanoG composites at room temperature was as low as 0.80 wt%. POLYM. COMPOS. , 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Hyperbranched Polytriazoles: Click Polymerization, Regioisomeric Structure, Light Emission, and Fluorescent Patterning

Synthesis of hyperbranched poly(1,2,3-triazole)s (hb-PTAs) has been a challenge: the AB2 monomers were inclined to self-oligomerize, and their Cu(I)-catalyzed click polymerizations failed to yield soluble polymers. We tackled the challenge in this work and succeeded in generating hb-PTAs with regioregularity, processability, and functionality. We took an A2 + B3 approach and used diazides 2 and triyne 3 as monomers, which are free of self-oligomerization concerns. Thermal polymerizations of 2 and 3 produced regiorandom polymers (hb-r-P1) with high molecular weights in high yields. Metal-mediated regioselective polymerizations afforded soluble 1,4- and 1,5-linked polymers (hb-1,4-P1 and hb-1,5-P1), presenting the first examples of regioregular hb-PTAs with macroscopic processability. The reactions were affected by substrate and catalyst: electron-rich alkyne generally slowed down the cycloaddition reaction, while ruthenium catalysts (Cp*Ru(PPh3)2Cl and [Cp*RuCl2]n) exhibited higher substrate tolerance than.
Mechanism of irregular crack-propagation in thermal controlled fracture of ceramics induced by microwave

Microwave cutting glass and ceramics based on thermal controlled fracture method has gained much attention recently for its advantages in lower energy-consumption and higher efficiency than conventional processing method. However, the irregular crack-propagation is problematic in this procedure, which hinders the industrial application of this advanced technology. In this study, the irregular crack-propagation is summarized as the unstable propagation in the initial stage, the deviated propagation in the middle stage, and the non-penetrating propagation in the end segment based on experimental work. Method for predicting the unstable propagation in the initial stage has been developed by combining analytical models with thermal-fracture simulation. Experimental results show good agreement with the prediction results, and the relative deviation between them can be <5% in cutting of some ceramics. The mechanism of deviated propagation and the non-penetrating propagation have been revealed by simulation and theoretical analysis. Since this study provides effective methods to predict unstable crack-propagation in the initial stage and understand the irregular propagation mechanism in the whole crack-propagation stage in microwave cutting ceramics, it is of great significance to the industrial application of thermal controlled fracture method for cutting ceramic materials using microwave.
MODELLING OF HIGH-PRESSURE PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN SYSTEMS OF INTEREST IN THE FOOD ENGINEERING FIELD USING THE PENG-ROBINSON EQUATION OF STATE WITH TWO DIFFERENT MIXING RULES

ABSTRACT In this work, thermodynamic models for fitting the phase equilibrium of binary systems were applied, aiming to predict the high pressure phase equilibrium of multicomponent systems of interest in the food engineering field, comparing the results generated by the models with new experimental data and with those from the literature. Two mixing rules were used with the Peng-Robinson equation of state, one with the mixing rule of van der Waals and the other with the composition-dependent mixing rule of Mathias et al. The systems chosen are of fundamental importance in food industries, such as the binary systems CO2-limonene, CO2-citral and CO2-linalool, and the ternary systems CO2-Limonene-Citral and CO2-Limonene-Linalool, where high pressure phase equilibrium knowledge is important to extract and fractionate citrus fruit essential oils. For the CO2-limonene system, some experimental data were also measured in this work. The results showed the high capability of the model using the composition-dependent mixing rule to model the phase equilibrium behavior of these systems. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The use of the Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) in description of phase equilibrium of systems at high pressure has been largely reported in the scientific literature. On the other hand, the low prediction capability of the PR-EOS to thermodynamic properties of polar multicomponent systems has been provided with the development and application of new mixing rules. The main purpose of the present work was to study a thermodynamic model to correlate systems of interest in the food engineering field, applying the PR-EOS to a composition-dependent mixing rule, by comparing the results with those represented by the classical mixing rule of van Der Waals (PR-EOS). In spite of the large interest in applying supercritical technology in obtaining highly purified extracts from food, available data from systems at high pressure related to food process, and passable to be modeled, are scarce in the literature. Therefore, the investigation of simple and effective models on the description of these systems is of great importance and is a valuable tool in the study of the high-pressure systems behavior in the food processing field.