Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sharks, rays and marine protected areas: A critical evaluation of current perspectives

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly advocated for the conservation and management of sharks and rays. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding which species can benefit from MPAs. Meanwhile, area-focused protection targets have spurred recent and rapid gains in the creation of large MPAs, many of which carry vague objectives set by a diverse group of stakeholders with potentially different notions of "success. " Here, we capture and critically evaluate current views on the use of MPAs for shark and ray conservation. Through interviews with scientists, MPA managers, fisheries experts, conservation practitioners, advocates and policy experts (n = 53), we demonstrate a variety of perspectives regarding: (a) the effectiveness of MPAs as a tool for shark and ray conservation; (b) which factors influence the success of MPAs for sharks and rays; and (c) the desired outcomes of these MPAs. While MPAs created specifically for sharks and rays were viewed to be slightly more effective than regular MPAs as a tool for shark and ray conservation, both were generally considered insufficient in isolation. Despite greater emphasis on social success factors (e.g., local support) over biophysical success factors (e.g., size), biological outcomes (e.g., increased abundance) were prioritized over social outcomes (e.g., livelihood benefits). We argue that a stronger focus on achieving social outcomes can enhance the potential for MPAs to benefit sharks and rays. In revealing current thinking regarding the drivers and indicators of MPA success for sharks and rays, the results of this study can inform efforts to conserve and manage these species.
Directed evolution, rational design and mechanistic studies of a phosphohydrolase from Enterobacter aerogenes

GpdQ is a phosphohydrolase from Enterobacter aerogenes whose rare ability to hydrolyse simple diesters of phosphoric acid like dimethyl phosphate and diethyl phosphate first caught the attention and interest of researchers in the 1970s. When GpdQ was characterised further in more recent times, it was found to have an exceptionally broad substrate repertoire. The enzyme has primarily phosphodiesterase activity capable of hydrolysing a wide range of phosphodiesters including glycerophosphodiesters that are believed to be its natural substrates. Additionally, GpdQ has low phosphomonoesterase, phosphotriesterase and phosphonate monoesterase activities. In this study, the promiscuity of GpdQ was exploited and we set out to improve the enzyme’s activity on one of the non-physiological phosphodiesters, bis (p-nitrophenyl) phosphate. Directed evolution was the main strategy used to achieve this goal. After the first four rounds of evolution, the hexameric quaternary structure of the catalytically improved GpdQ mutants was found to have broken down and high activity was associated with the dimer. Rational design was then employed to identify mutations that would promote dissociation and form a stable GpdQ dimer. These rationally-designed mutants were included for gene shuffling from the fifth round of directed evolution onwards. At the end of this study, eight full rounds of evolution were completed. Three GpdQ dimers displaying ~500-fold &cat/Km improvement were successfully engineered. In the course of this work, mutagenesis studies of GpdQ active site residues were also performed. In collaboration with fellow GpdQ investigators in the University of Queensland, the non-identical binding affinities of the two metal-coordinating sites was successfully characterised, providing more insight into the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme. Finally, future research directions are also proposed in order to further characterise the substrate specificity of the mutants with improved bpNPP activity from this study. TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration by author. i Acknowledgements. iii Abstract.v Table of contents. vii List of figures. xii List of tables.xv List of abbreviations and acronyms used in this dissertation.xvii Abbreviations for amino acids.xxi List of publications. xxii
A mixing–isolation–mixing model of speciation can potentially explain hotspots of species diversity

Fromcomparative genomic analyses between species and population genetic analyses within species, He et al. [1] provide convincing evidence that mangrove divergence across the Malacca Straight, separating the Indian and Pacific Oceans at the Malay Peninsula, Southeast Asia, fits a model of speciation occurring over a time span that includes cycles of isolation (allopatry) interspersed by periods ofmixing (gene flow). Key to this demonstration was the known biogeography of the region, and the fact that rises and falls in sea level during the period of divergence and speciation have repeatedly opened and closed the Malacca Straight to migration between the Indian and Pacific Oceans on either side of the Strait. Without this knowledge, it would have simply been concluded that speciation had occurred with gene flow, thus failing to recognize the occurrence of allopatric phases and their likely importance in the build-up of reproductive isolating incompatibilities between taxa [2]. More generally, He et al. [1] show that their proposed mixing–isolation–mixing (MIM)model of speciation can result in a large increase in the number of species that form in areas where impermanent geographical barriers allow recurrent cycles of isolation and mixing to occur. This is the case if speciation occurs after each of several isolation phases, which may explain why hotspots of species diversity occur in some regions where such impermanent geographical barriers (rather than longstanding ones) are present. They further suggest that the MIM mechanism of speciation may explain the occurrence of rapid species radiations in some taxonomic groups. Possible examples include the radiation of cichlid fish in Lake Victoria, East Africa, where repeated cycles in the rise and fall of water levels have occurred during the period that covers this radiation, and the radiation of the plant genus Nigella across the Aegean Archipelago in theMediterranean [3]. The Aegean Archipelago originated∼5Ma, with some islands repeatedly connected and disconnected during the Pleistocene due to falls and rises of sea levels in glacial and interglacial periods, respectively. The terrestrial flora and fauna of this and other continental shelf island archipelagos provide idealmaterial for further testing of the MIMmechanism. The MIM mechanism of speciation is of further relevance to an understanding of hybrid zone formation between taxa that are not fully reproductively isolated from each other. Formation of hybrid zones may occur in either of two ways, by primary intergradation where divergence occurs in the face of gene flow or by secondary contact between populations that diverged in allopatry [4,5]. However, hybrid zones formed in either way exhibit very similar patterns of genetic and phenotypic variation at equilibrium [4,6,7], and, consequently, their exact mechanism of origin cannot be determined in the absence of a historical record. Attempts have been made to reconstruct from genomic data the way in which some hybrid zones have
Motivational Elements of Employees as a Competitive Advantage of Companies in the Conditions of Globalization

The article analyzes with the analysis of the influence of incentive elements on the motivation of workers to better performance and satisfaction, across the whole active population in the context of the new economy. For specific generations, motivational incentives are diverse. The main reasons of using the award, recognition of the performance and motivation are long-term sustainable good relationships in the workplace, as well as demonstrable work successes and, last but not least, an increase in the success of the whole company. Different incentive elements also used in the Slovak Republic and other European Union countries. A majority motivation characterizes Slovakia through financial evaluation. However, recent years indicate a change of mindset of employers and employees. The population of the Slovak Republic is ageing, the retirement age is increasing, which demographically affects the development of the labour market. The age structure of the society suggests that everyone has a better performance stimulant. Motivating incentives that can offset the employee’s financial remuneration become a competitive advantage for businesses. Recently, the state has been helping businesses to stimulate employees properly through holiday vouchers. In the future, it expected that it would be just incentive elements that will attract potential employees to companies and secondly it will be the financial evaluation of the employee. Slovak society can be inspired in many ways by other European Union countries. In contrast, the Slovak Republic still has many professionals in the areas of health, education, engineering, and many others. The paper points to changes related to the demographic development of the company, the change of motivation for permanent and new employees. The aim is to anticipate the possible development of incentives and the incorporation of new elements of motivation into human resource management in companies. Autoregres prepared in MATLAB. The article deals with the prediction of the selection of individual incentives for specific age groups of employees.
The Mapping for Relationship between Road Accidents and Traffic Congestion for Expressway Management Decision

Traffic congestion and road accidents are part of the major transportation problems across the globe. In a developing country like Malaysia, traffic congestion and road accidents are among serious problem that have impacted many sectors namely economic and social sectors. In this study, the relation between traffic congestion and road accidents is explored based on data collected from main expressway in Klang Valley. The objective of this study is to identify the locational pattern between traffic congestion and road accidents (if there is) as well as to propose method of data collection that provides the information. Descriptive analysis and Management Review: An International Journal, 15(1), 73-92 (June 30, 2020). ISSN: 1975-8480 eISSN: 2714-1047 74 Single Factor ANOVA are used to explore and analyse the primary data set of traffic congestion and the secondary data set on road accidents obtained from the selected Expressway. It is found that heavy traffic congestion occurs the most especially during morning peak hours on weekdays. However, road accident happens randomly at various location and time. From the mapping and test done, it shows there is no significant relation between traffic congestion and road accidents, yet some locations are prone to both traffic congestion and road accidents.
Survey Paper on Reversible Arithmetic Unit Based on Programmable Gate Structure

-Power crisis is a vital problem in today’s world. In recent years, the growing market of electronic systems suffers from power dissipation and delay removal problem. Bennett et al. proved that the one-to-one mapping between the inputs and outputs of reversible circuit drastically reduces the power consumption and delay consumed of a circuit. There are four major design parameters of reversible circuits. First is the gate count which is the number of gate are used in the circuit. Second is the quantum delay. Third is the number of ancilla inputs which are constant inputs which are used to maintain the reversibility of the device. Fourth is the number of garbage outputs i
Fine Dust and Sustainable Supply Chain Management in Port Operations: Focus on the Major Cargo Handled at the Dry Bulk Port

Local residents living adjacent to ports are directly affected by the fine dust generated from the port operations. There is a need to prepare detailed measures according to cargo type given the high correlation between the types of dust-producing cargo primarily managed at ports and local industries. This study attempts to establish the attributes of the cargo handled at ports and the relationship between supply chains built for local key industries and the air quality of the local community. It aims to ascertain which cargo needs managing preemptively at the local level, based on the major cargo types handled in a port. A correlation analysis and Granger causality test were performed to investigate the causality between the factor of cargo and fine dust concentrations. The results in this study indicate the necessity for intensive management of scrap metal cargo among the major cargo handled at the target port, which confirms the large effect of management on fine dust reduction, as well as on reduction efficiency. The results suggest requirements to expand the regulations on the emissions of supply chains by cargo type, not by industry type. Additionally, it is required to minimize the blind spots of management and form an eco-friendly supply chain by introducing green technology. The preparation of emission control measures is also necessary. The findings provide useful insights for the sustainable operations of the local supply chain around the target port and will help the strategic agenda for future improvement.
The Pandemic and Gender Inequality in Academia

ABSTRACT Has the pandemic exacerbated gender inequality in academia? We provide real- time evidence by analyzing 1.8 million tweets from approximately 3,000 political scientists, leveraging their use of social media for career advancement. Using automated text analysis and difference-in-differences estimation, we find that although faculty members of both genders were affected by the pandemic, the shift to remote work caused women to tweet less often than their male colleagues about professional accomplishments. We argue that these effects are driven by the increased familial obligations placed on women, as demonstrated by the increase in family-related tweets and the more pronounced effects among junior academics. Our evidence demonstrating the gendered shift in professional visibility during the pandemic provides the opportunity for proactive efforts to address disparities that otherwise may take years to manifest.
Hemiarthroplasty in failed intertrochanteric fracture-A case report

Introduction: Intertrochanteric fractures in elderly are very common, mostly caused by trivial fall. Majority of these fractures are treated by internal fixation. Failed fixation or unstable fractures with severe osteoporosis require hip arthroplasty. Case report: We present here a 74-year female patient with reverse oblique, comminuted fracture with failed internal fixation managed with calcar substituting long stem bipolar prosthesis with one year follow up with good functional result. Conclusion: Arthroplasty is an effective salvage option for elderly patients with osteoporotic unstable intertrochanteric fractures leading to early ambulation and fewer complications.
Impact of Socio – Economic Status in Language Development of Children in Primary Schools in Mitrovica

DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.24018/ejbmr.2020. 5.4. 370 Vol 5 | Issue 4 | July 2020 1 Abstract— The focus of this research is to understand the impact that socio-economic status has on the linguistic development of children in primary schools in Mitrovica. The research focused on four schools in Mitrovica , primary school "Musa Hoti", P.S. "Andon Zako Çajupi", P.S. "Jusuf Rexha", P.S. "Fazli Greiçevci", for pupils from 1st to 5th grade. The selection of schools was done in a planned manner. The sample selected for this research is 100 pupils of these four systematically selected schools. In addition to the students, the research also includes 25 randomly selected parents. The instrument used for the study is a questionnaire that contains questions about children's language development and questions about socio-economic status. The questions are scaleddown type with the scale, ordinal and nominal scale. The data were analyzed by the Statistical Packet of Social Sciences SPSS 21, for which some analyzes were used: frequency analysis, regression analysis and reliability analysis.In this paper it was assumed that the high socio-economic status positively influences the linguistic development of children in elementary schools. Thus, based on the findings of the research according to the frequency analysis and regression analysis, this hypothesis is proved.
Sedimentation Dynamics of Colloidal Formulations through Direct Visualization: Implications for Fuel Cell Catalyst Inks

Quantitative appraisal of real-world colloidal systems in their native state is key for knowledge-based nanoparticle formulations. Analytical centrifugation (AC) is touted as a quantitative methodology examining settling and creaming of dispersions, but an understanding of the main transmission readout is often nonintuitive and complex. Herein, we introduce a new visualization technique, called transmittograms, that readily depicts the time-resolved settling behavior of solid–liquid dispersions, measured by AC. We validate the utility of transmittogram analysis using silica particles. Further, we demonstrate the strength of the approach to study the nanoscale dynamics in complex fuel cell inks.
Parameter Design Oriented Analysis of the Current Control Stability of the Weak-Grid-Tied VSC

This paper studies the dynamic behaviors of weak-grid-tied VSCs with simplified transfer functions, which provides an accurate stability analysis and useful indications for tuning system parameters. A reduced-order multi-input multi-output (MIMO) transfer function that contains four single-input single-output (SISO) transfer functions for the weak-grid-tied VSC is first presented. It is found that the four SISO transfer functions share the same equivalent open-loop transfer function, i.e., the same stability conclusion. The Bode plots of the equivalent open-loop transfer function show that the inner current loop behaves as a band-pass filter whose maximum gain is approximately at the frequency of the PLL's bandwidth. By stability criterion, the harmonic amplification and instability occur when its maximum gain exceeds 0 dB caused by high PLL's bandwidth, large grid impedance or high active power. It is also found that the target system is less stable when it works as an inverter than as a rectifier, due to the risk of the local positive feedback in the inverter mode. An effective criterion is further proposed to guide the selection of a proper PLL's bandwidth to ensure the stability of the VSC system. Simulation results validate the correctness of the analysis and the efficacy of the criterion.
Evaluating assembly and variant calling software for strain-resolved analysis of large DNA viruses

Abstract Infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause severe complications in immunocompromised individuals and congenitally infected children. Characterizing heterogeneous viral populations and their evolution by high-throughput sequencing of clinical specimens requires the accurate assembly of individual strains or sequence variants and suitable variant calling methods. However, the performance of most methods has not been assessed for populations composed of low divergent viral strains with large genomes, such as HCMV. In an extensive benchmarking study, we evaluated 15 assemblers and 6 variant callers on 10 lab-generated benchmark data sets created with two different library preparation protocols, to identify best practices and challenges for analyzing such data. Most assemblers, especially metaSPAdes and IVA, performed well across a range of metrics in recovering abundant strains. However, only one, Savage, recovered low abundant strains and in a highly fragmented manner. Two variant callers, LoFreq and VarScan2, excelled across all strain abundances. Both shared a large fraction of false positive variant calls, which were strongly enriched in T to G changes in a ‘G.G’ context. The magnitude of this context-dependent systematic error is linked to the experimental protocol. We provide all benchmarking data, results and the entire benchmarking workflow named QuasiModo, Quasispecies Metric determination on omics, under the GNU General Public License v3.0 (https://github.com/hzi-bifo/Quasimodo), to enable full reproducibility and further benchmarking on these and other data.
Biotécnicas da reprodução aplicada aos bubalinos (Bubalus Bubalis)

The buffalo breeding is spreading worldwide due to the superiority which may have in relation to other domestic ruminants, especially the adaptation of different climatic conditions of the Brazilian territory, and to produce meat and milk to supply the needs of the national business market, providing great contribution to the supply of family demands. The livestock use of buffaloes is characterized by the good reproductive efficiency and fast body weight gain, and this genetic potential can be multiplied faster by reproductive biotechniques, Buffalo’s national and international business markets requires superior genetically animals. Therefore, due to the importance of buffalo breeding for the country, the aim of this review is to describe some aspects of reproductive physiology and the use of reproductive biotechniques in this species, to promote improvements to the genetic selection and performance of these animals.
A Reviewof QPX Disease In Thenorthernquahog(= Hard Clam)Mercenaria mercenaria

ABSTRACT QPX (Quahog Parasite Unknown), a thraustochytrid, is the source of morbidity and mortality in hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria along the northeast coast of North America. The QPX organism is a facultative pathogen that results in disease in clams held at high densities and salinities. The disease most commonly causes losses in two-year-old aquacultured clams. In some locations, nodules and swellings containing QPX can be identified in the mantle often in areas adjacent to the siphon. Histologically, the organism is surrounded by thick mucus that inhibits phagocytosis by the clam's inflammatory cells especially during the spring and fall when the clam's immune system is less active. Variability in severity of infection and morbidity has been associated with origin of the brood stock with juvenile clams from southern U.S. brood stock being the most affected.
Coverage and use of long-lasting insecticide treated nets in Kpone-on-Sea Township, Accra, Ghana: A cross-sectional study

Background: Long lasting insecticide-treated mosquito nets (LLINs) are currently one of the most viable options to prevent malaria transmission in Africa. In Ghana, the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) has embarked on a universal coverage strategy to ensure that all members of the population sleep under an LLIN regardless of age or sex. Objective:This study assessed the NMCP’s LLINs distribution and hanging campaign in Kpone–on–Sea Township. It sought to establish the coverage of LLINs in the community and its usage by children< 5 yr. old and in pregnant women. Methods: The cross-sectional study involved 400 households with heads of the households or their representatives as respondents. Data was collected through questionnaire interviews and observational checklists. Frequency tables were used to indicate proportions and Chi Square test for associations. Results: Of the 400 households (represented by a head of the household or an adult representative), 93.30% owned any type of mosquito net and 83.75% owned LLINs and 74.92% used it. Households with children less than 5 yr.old accounted for 69.25% regarding ownership and 69.40% regarding usage. LLINs possession by pregnant women was 84.80% whiles usage was 72.30%. The study also indicated that 73.70% of respondents had good knowledge of malaria, 21.30% had very good knowledge and 5.01% had low knowledge. Furthermore, 89.50% of the respondents had knowledge of LLINs. Conclusion: The general coverage of LLINs in the community was 83.75% and usage was 74.92% 7 mosafter a free distribution and hanging campaign. This provides a useful assessment of NMCP’s LLINs campaign in this community and suggests ways for improvement.