Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparación de tres técnicas de trazado retrógrado para la identificación del origen espinal del nervio ciático en ratón.

En el presente trabajo se compararon tres tecnicas para la aplicacion de dos tipos de trazadores retrogrados fluorescentes (Dil y Fluorogold), con el fin de identificar las neuronas motoras y sensoriales que contribuyen con fibras al nervio ciatico en ratones adultos. Se ensayo la aplicacion de cristales directamente en el nervio, la inyeccion intraneural y la impregnacion del nervio seccionado usando una camara de silicona. La localizacion especifica de las neuronas motoras en la medula espinal y las neuronas sensoriales en los ganglios de la raiz dorsal que aportan al nervio ciatico de raton se logro aplicando el Fluorogold mediante una camara en el cabo proximal de los nervios previamente seccionados. Al utilizar el trazador Dil, la misma tecnica no permitio hacer la identificacion especifica de las neuronas. Se encontro que al nervio ciatico de raton podrian contribuir el ganglio de la raiz dorsal mas rostrales que los informados para ratas. Estos resultados muestran que la metodologia de aplicacion de neurotrazadores en capsula y la descalcificacion de tejidos es util para la localizacion de neuronas de ganglios de raiz dorsal y de la medula espinal que componen el nervio ciatico de raton adulto, lo que en el futuro permitira obtener mayor informacion sobre la neuroanatomia basica del raton.
Thrombosis in diabetes: a shear flow effect?

Cardiovascular events are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Type 2 diabetes (T2D). This condition is associated with heightened platelet reactivity, contributing to increased atherothrombotic risk. Indeed, individuals with diabetes respond inadequately to standard antiplatelet therapy. Furthermore, they often experience recurrent events as well as side effects that include excess bleeding. This highlights the need for identification of novel regulators of diabetes-associated thrombosis to target for therapeutic intervention. It is well established that platelet aggregation, a process essential for thrombus formation, is tightly regulated by shear stress; however, the mechanisms underlying shear activation of platelets, particularly in the setting of diabetes, are still poorly understood. This review will address the limitations of current diagnostic systems to assess the importance of shear stress in the regulation of thrombus formation in T2D, and the inability to recapitulate the pro-thrombotic phenotype seen clinically in the setting of T2D. Moreover, we will discuss recent findings utilizing new technologies to define the importance of shear stress in thrombus formation and their potential application to the setting of diabetes. Finally, we will discuss the potential of targeting shear-dependent mechanisms of thrombus formation as a novel therapeutic approach in the setting of T2D.
Prevention effectiveness: A guide to decision analysis and economic evaluation

prevention effectiveness 101 cdc prevention effectiveness a guide to decision analysis and prevention effectiveness a guide to decision analysis and public health 101 – prevention effectiveness resources and chapter 18: public health policy for cervical cancer methods for conducting economic evaluation for tobacco understanding cost-effectiveness analysis in health care phfm training economic evaluation book list methods for systematic reviews of economic evaluations for economic costs of diabetes missouri objectives evaluations of healthcare investments smoking-attributable mortality, morbidity, and economic fundamentals of economic evaluation for public health an overview of economic evaluation methodologies and economic evaluation and hiv prevention decision making methodological approaches for c effectiveness and c u economic evaluation in health care world bank smoking-attributable mortality, morbidity, and economic chapter 5. cost-effectiveness of prevention, screening bicycle helmet effectiveness in preventing injury and death economic evaluation enhances public health decision making guide to analyzing the cost-effectiveness of community morbidity and mortality weekly report understanding and using the economic evidence 2002 keystone rv manual browserfame curriculum vitae cora roelofs department of work reading into writing a guide to composing subiuk unit 16 economic evaluation 090128 the price of prevention: cost effectiveness of biomedical this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 73 tm 76 centers for disease control and prevention tactics and economics of wildlife oral rabies vaccination logic models, performance measures and metrics an philips toaster manual browserfame county of los angeles – department of health services assessing the effectiveness of disease and injury economic evaluation in health care world bank costs and cost -effectiveness: terms & nbs applications making the business case for smoking cessation programs heart disease overview pulaski county health guidelines for the economic evaluation of health agec 596c fall 2007 dr. s. chen the economics of health cost estimation methods: strategies and examples for handbook of economic analysis of investment operations the application of the oecd model tax convention to recommendations for the evaluation and prioritization of who guide to cost-effectiveness analysis who
Magma oceans as a critical stage in the tectonic development of rocky planets

Magma oceans are a common result of the high degree of heating that occurs during planet formation. It is thought that almost all of the large rocky bodies in the Solar System went through at least one magma ocean phase. In this paper, we review some of the ways in which magma ocean models for the Earth, Moon and Mars match present-day observations of mantle reservoirs, internal structure and primordial crusts, and then we present new calculations for the oxidation state of the mantle produced during the magma ocean phase. The crystallization of magma oceans probably leads to a massive mantle overturn that may set up a stably stratified mantle. This may lead to significant delays or total prevention of plate tectonics on some planets. We review recent models that may help alleviate the mantle stability issue and lead to earlier onset of plate tectonics. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Earth dynamics and the development of plate tectonics’.
Kuru and its contribution to medicine

The solution of kuru led us to the solution of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and to the elucidation, in humans and other species, of previously unknown mechanisms of infection. These require very close three-dimensional matching, which determines infectious nucleant or prion activity. Evidence for nucleation processes is found widely in the organic and inorganic worlds and in the interactions between them: in the formation of amyloid fibrils; in the biochemistry of silicon; in cave formations deep in the Earth; and in outer space. Kuru in its location in Papua New Guinea has also led to an understanding of the cultural achievements of the Palaeo-Melanesians, with deep roots in human history.
Cannabidiol and palmitoylethanolamide are anti-inflammatory in the acutely inflamed human colon.

OBJECTIVE We sought to quantify the anti-inflammatory effects of two cannabinoid drugs, cannabidiol (CBD) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), in cultured cell lines and compared this effect with experimentally inflamed explant human colonic tissue. These effects were explored in acutely and chronically inflamed colon, using inflammatory bowel disease and appendicitis explants. DESIGN Caco-2 cells and human colonic explants collected from elective bowel cancer, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or acute appendicitis resections, and were treated with the following drug treatments: vehicle, an inflammatory protocol of interferon γ (IFNγ) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα; 10 ng/ml), inflammation and PEA (10 µM), inflammation and CBD (10 µM), and PEA or CBD alone, CBD or vehicle were added simultaneously with IFNγ. Nine intracellular signalling phosphoproteins were determined by multiplex. Inflammatory cytokine secretion was determined using ELISA. Receptor mechanisms were investigated using antagonists for CB1, CB2, PPARα, PPARγ, TRPV1 and GPR55. RESULTS IFNγ and TNFα treatment increased phosphoprotein and cytokine levels in Caco-2 cultures and colonic explants. Phosphoprotein levels were significantly reduced by PEA or CBD in Caco-2 cultures and colonic explants. CBD and PEA prevented increases in cytokine production in explant colon, but not in Caco-2 cells. CBD effects were blocked by the CB2 antagonist AM630 and TRPV1 antagonist SB366791. PEA effects were blocked by the PPARα antagonist GW6471. PEA and CBD were anti-inflammatory in IBD and appendicitis explants. CONCLUSION PEA and CBD are anti-inflammatory in the human colon. This effect is not seen in cultured epithelial cells. Appropriately sized clinical trials should assess their efficacy.
Effect of new synthetic PEGylated ferulic acids in comparison with ferulic acid and commercial surfactants on the properties of wheat flour dough and bread.

BACKGROUND Ferulic acid esterified with poly(ethylene glycol) with three different average molecular weights (200, 400 and 1000 g mol(-1)) was studied in bread-making. The effects of these antioxidants on the properties of wheat flour dough and bread were analysed and compared with those obtained with ferulic acid and two commercial surfactants, the diacetyl tartaric acid ester of mono- and diglycerides and sodium stearoyl lactylate. Farinographic and alveographic methods as well as weight, volume and bread firmness measurements were used for this purpose. RESULTS Similar to ferulic acid, when the PEGylated derivatives were implemented in the dough (5000 ppm), it accelerated the breakdown of the dough and decreased its rheological properties. However, the important diminution of loaf volume, observed when dough supplemented with ferulic acid was baked, was avoided. That decrease in volume was related to the inhibition of the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) by the unesterified ferulic acid. Moreover, two of the PEGylated ferulic acids even contributed to an increase of loaf volumes (5-6%) and demonstrated crumb softener properties. CONCLUSION The addition of ferulic acid to wheat flour dough caused the inhibition of the yeast, which resulted in decreased bread volume. That effect could be avoid by the esterification of ferulic acid with poly(ethylene glycol).
β-Mannanase production by Aspergillus niger BCC4525 and its efficacy on broiler performance.

BACKGROUND Mannan is a hemicellulose constituent commonly found in plant-derived feed ingredients. The gum-like property of mannan can obstruct digestive enzymes and bile acids, resulting in impaired nutrient utilisation. In this study, β-mannanase production by Aspergillus niger strain BCC4525 was investigated using several agricultural residues under solid state condition. The biochemical properties of the target enzyme and the effects of enzyme supplementation on broiler performance and energy utilisation were assessed. RESULTS Among five carbon sources tested, copra meal was found to be the best carbon source for β-mannanase production with the maximum yield of 1837.5 U g(-1) . The crude β-mannanase exhibited maximum activity at 80 °C within a broad range of pH from 2 to 6. In vitro digestibility assay, which simulates the gastrointestinal tract system of broilers, showed that β-mannanase could liberate reducing sugars from corn/soybean diet. Surprisingly, β-mannanase supplementation had no significant effect on broiler feed intake, feed conversion rate or energy utilisation. CONCLUSION A high level of β-mannanase was produced by A. niger BCC4525 under solid state condition using copra meal as carbon source. Although the enzyme has the desired properties of an enzyme additive for improving broiler performance, it does not appear to be beneficial.
Pan-Arctic modelling of net ecosystem exchange of CO2

Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of C varies greatly among Arctic ecosystems. Here, we show that approximately 75 per cent of this variation can be accounted for in a single regression model that predicts NEE as a function of leaf area index (LAI), air temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The model was developed in concert with a survey of the light response of NEE in Arctic and subarctic tundras in Alaska, Greenland, Svalbard and Sweden. Model parametrizations based on data collected in one part of the Arctic can be used to predict NEE in other parts of the Arctic with accuracy similar to that of predictions based on data collected in the same site where NEE is predicted. The principal requirement for the dataset is that it should contain a sufficiently wide range of measurements of NEE at both high and low values of LAI, air temperature and PAR, to properly constrain the estimates of model parameters. Canopy N content can also be substituted for leaf area in predicting NEE, with equal or greater accuracy, but substitution of soil temperature for air temperature does not improve predictions. Overall, the results suggest a remarkable convergence in regulation of NEE in diverse ecosystem types throughout the Arctic.
Primoridal germ cell specification: a context-dependent cellular differentiation event

During embryonic development, the foundation of the germline is laid by the specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) from the postimplantation epiblast via bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and WNT signalling. While the majority of epiblast cells undergo differentiation towards somatic cell lineages, PGCs initiate a unique cellular programme driven by the cooperation of the transcription factors BLIMP1, PRDM14 and AP2γ. These factors synergistically suppress the ongoing somatic differentiation and drive the re-expression of pluripotency and germ cell-specific genes accompanied by global epigenetic changes. However, an unresolved question is how postimplantation epiblast cells acquire the developmental competence for the PGC fate downstream of BMP/WNT signalling. One emerging concept is that transcriptional enhancers might play a central role in the establishment of developmental competence and the execution of cell fate determination. Here, we discuss recent advances on the specification and reprogramming of PGCs thereby highlighting the concept of enhancer function.
Interação ensino, serviços e comunidade: desafios e perspectivas de uma experiência de ensino-aprendizagem na atenção básica

Teaching, Care and Community Interaction Practical Activities are curricular modules of the medical course of the State University of Londrina aimed at early introduction of students to the Family Health Program in order to give them the opportunity to understand the determinants of the health-disease process, the importance of health promotion and preventive actions and of the local health services. The activities are developed in the first four years of the medical course in modules of about 140 hours, with sequential contents structured in concept maps ranging from knowledge about the covered neighborhood to medical activities making part of primary care. The most evident results include diversification of the teaching-learning scenario, early contact of the students with the primary care system and development of skills involving the doctor-patient relationship and patient-centered care. Among the challenges is the need to make the work in the local health services more attractive to students, teachers and local health teams.
Neuronal networks and mediators of cortical neurovascular coupling responses in normal and altered brain states

Brain imaging techniques that use vascular signals to map changes in neuronal activity, such as blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging, rely on the spatial and temporal coupling between changes in neurophysiology and haemodynamics, known as ‘neurovascular coupling (NVC)’. Accordingly, NVC responses, mapped by changes in brain haemodynamics, have been validated for different stimuli under physiological conditions. In the cerebral cortex, the networks of excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons generating the changes in neural activity and the key mediators that signal to the vascular unit have been identified for some incoming afferent pathways. The neural circuits recruited by whisker glutamatergic-, basal forebrain cholinergic- or locus coeruleus noradrenergic pathway stimulation were found to be highly specific and discriminative, particularly when comparing the two modulatory systems to the sensory response. However, it is largely unknown whether or not NVC is still reliable when brain states are altered or in disease conditions. This lack of knowledge is surprising since brain imaging is broadly used in humans and, ultimately, in conditions that deviate from baseline brain function. Using the whisker-to-barrel pathway as a model of NVC, we can interrogate the reliability of NVC under enhanced cholinergic or noradrenergic modulation of cortical circuits that alters brain states. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interpreting BOLD: a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience’.
Bioaccessibility of lignans from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) determined by single-batch in vitro simulation of the digestive process.

BACKGROUND Flaxseed is an important source of lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and its aglycone, secoisolariciresinol (SECO). These phenolic compounds can be metabolized to the mammalian lignans enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) by human intestinal microflora. Flaxseed lignans are known for their potential health benefits, which are attributed to their antioxidant and phytoestrogenic properties. The focus of this study was to determine the bioaccessibility of plant and mammalian lignans in whole flaxseed (WF) and flaxseed flour (FF) throughout the entire digestive process. Moreover, the metabolic activity of intestinal microflora was evaluated. RESULTS A single-batch in vitro simulation of the digestive process was performed, including fermentation by the intestinal microflora in the colon. Bioaccessibility was calculated as (free lignan)/(total lignan). In digested WF, the bioaccessibility values of SECO, ED and EL were 0.75%, 1.56% and 1.23%, respectively. Conversely, in digested FF, the bioaccessibility values of SDG, ED and EL were 2.06%, 2.72% and 1.04%, respectively. The anaerobic count and short-chain fatty acids indicate that bacteria survival and carbohydrate fermentation occurred. CONCLUSION The contents of both SDG and ED were significantly higher in digested FF than in digested WF. FF facilitated the action of intestinal bacteria to release SDG and metabolize ED.
Evidence-based practice for children with speech sound disorders: part 1 narrative review.

PURPOSE This article provides a comprehensive narrative review of intervention studies for children with speech sound disorders (SSD). Its companion paper (Baker & McLeod, 2011) provides a tutorial and clinical example of how speech-language pathologists (SLPs) can engage in evidence-based practice (EBP) for this clinical population. METHOD Studies reporting speech sound intervention for children with SSDs published from 1979 to 2009 were identified and coded. RESULTS One hundred thirty-four intervention studies were identified. Intervention typically was conducted by an SLP in a one-to-one individual format for 30- to 60-min sessions 2 to 3 times per week. Total duration of intervention (from assessment to discharge) was reported for 10 studies and ranged from 3 to 46 months. Most studies were either Level IIb (quasi-experimental studies, 41.5%) or Level III (nonexperimental case studies, 32.6%). Single-case experimental design (29.6%) was the most frequently used experimental research design. There were 7 distinct approaches to target selection and 46 distinct intervention approaches, with 23 described in more than 1 publication. Each approach was associated with varying quantities and levels of evidence, according to research design. CONCLUSION Collaborative research reflecting higher levels of evidence using rigorous experimental designs is needed to compare the relative benefits of different intervention approaches.
PRODUCTION OF NONFATAL VASCULAR SCLEROSIS IN RABBITS BY MEANS OF VIOSTEROL (IRRADIATED ERGOSTEROL)

Since the observation that certain substances acquire antirachitic properties following exposure to ultraviolet rays, 1 great interest has centered on the artificial production of vitamin D and on its relationship to the diseases concerned with calcium metabolism. Soon after the initial discoveries, it was established 2 by a series of brilliant investigations that the specific substance activated by irradiation was ergosterol. The efficacy of viosterol (irradiated ergosterol) in the treatment of rickets and osteomalacia was quickly established. In addition, workers 3 studied the effects of this material on normal laboratory animals. They demonstrated that an elevation of the blood calcium occurred and that calcium was deposited in the arterial walls, especially the aorta, and in the muscle of the heart, the wall of the stomach, the lungs and the kidneys. In still other experiments 4 it was shown that even more widespread calcification occurred, and that the animals frequently had
Abandoning and modifying one action plan for alternatives

Visual scenes are often complex and crowded with many different objects. To interact effectively, we must choose one object at a time as a goal for action. Certain external cues can act as a stop signal, quickly cancelling an ongoing action. Less recognized are internal signals. These can come from recent experience, anticipated action outcomes, cognitive states, and when attention is captured by a salient object. These signals elevate one action plan over alternatives and can quickly modify an initial choice. Here, we focus on these internal processes responsible for selecting, abandoning and modifying action plans. We first highlight how the brain resolves competition among multiple action plans. Critical is the existence of parallel motor planning processes, which allow efficient and timely changes. Then, we discuss how the action system interplays with perception, attention and memory processes to bias action selection and suppress or modify erroneous selections. Subsequently, we show how tracking the continuous modification of action trajectories can provide a tool to read out changes in internal cognitive states. Taken together, we shed light on a broader view that sensorimotor networks can continuously modify actions through simultaneous evaluation of alternative activities in concert with widely distributed perceptual and cognitive networks. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness’.