Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative Analysis of AODV, OLSR, TORA, DSR and DSDV Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are autonomous and decentralized wireless systems. Mobile Ad hoc Network is a collection of mobile nodes in which the wireless links are frequently broken down due to mobility and dynamic infrastructure. Routing is a significant issue and challenge in ad hoc networks. Many Routing protocols have been proposed so far to improve the routing performance and reliability. This research paper describes the characteristics of ad hoc routing protocols Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), Optimized link State Routing (OLSR), Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) based on the performance metrics like packet delivery fraction, Average delay, Normalized Routing load, Throughput and Jitter under low mobility and low traffic network as well as under high mobility and high traffic network. Results show that AODV has maximum throughput under low traffic and DSDV has maximum throughput under high traffic. As network becomes dense OLSR, DSR and DSDV perform well in terms of Throughput than AODV and TORA. TORA performs well in dense networks in terms of packet delivery fraction but at the same time Normalized Routing load of TORA is maximum among all the protocols in both the networks. DSDV has least Normalized Routing load in both low and high traffic. OLSR and DSDV give the least Jitter and Average Delay in both networks.
Shortest Path Algorithm and its implementation

Shortest Path problems are among the most studied network flow optimization problems, with the interesting applications in the range of fields. The shortest path algorithms are applied automatically to find the directions between the physical locations, In the driving directions on their web mapping websites like MapQuest or Google Maps. In a networking or telecommunications mindset, the shortest path problem is sometimes called as min-delay path problem and usually tied with a widest path problem. For example, the algorithm seeks the shortest (mindelay) widest path, or widest shortest (min-delay) path. Many problems are framed as a form of the shortest path for some suitably substituted notions of addition along a path and taking the minimum. The general approach to these is to consider as the two operations to be those of a semiring. Semiring multiplication is done along the path, and the addition is between the paths. This general framework is known as the algebraic path problem. Most of the classic shortest-path algorithms (and new ones) are formulated as the solving linear systems over the algebraic structures. Shortest path problems form the foundation of an entire class of optimization problems that are solved by a technique called column generation. Examples include vehicle routing problem, survivable network design problem, amongst others. In such problems there is a master problem (usually a linear program) in which each column represents a path (think of a path in a vehicle routing problem as one candidate route that a vehicle takes, think of a path in a network design problem as a possible route over which a commodity can be is sent between a source and a destination). The master problem is repeatedly solved. Each time, using the metrics of the solution, a separate problem (called the column-generation sub problem) is also solved. This problem turns out to be a shortest path problem (usually with side constraints or negative arc lengths rendering the problem NPHard). If a new useful path is obtained, it is added to the original master problem which is now re-solved over a larger subset of paths leading to better (lower cost, usually) solutions.
Ein neuartiger Prozess zur Herstellung vakuumgekapselter MEMS-Mikroscannerspiegel auf Waferebene

Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung eines neuartigen Herstellungprozess fur vakkuumgekapselte Mikroscanner auf Waferebene. Neben der Herstellung der eigentlichen Scanner-Spiegel wird das Packaging-Konzept sowie die Integration geeigneter optische Beschichtungen erlautert. Der Prozess erlaubt den Betrieb der Bauteile in stark reduzierten Umgebungsdrucken und ermoglicht auf diese Weise durch hohe mechanische Gutefaktoren grose Scanwinkel und hohe Resonanzfrequenzen.
Energy resources management for more sustainable distribution systems: an intelligent approach

Energy Resources Management can play a very relevant role in future power systems in SmartGrid context, with high penetration of distributed generation and storage systems. This paper deals with the importance of resources management in incident situation. The system to consider a high penetration of distributed generation, demand response, storage units and network reconfiguration. A case study evidences the advantages of using a flexible SCADA to control the energy resources in incident situation.
An Efficient Hybrid Model in Analyzing Nonlinearly Loaded Dipole Antenna above Lossy Ground in the Frequency Domain

Abstract ─ In this paper, a hybrid model is proposed for including lossy ground effect on scattering response from nonlinearly loaded dipole antenna. In this model, at first the input admittance and induced current at dipole antenna situated over lossy ground are efficiently modeled based on the fuzzy inference concepts. Volterra series model is then applied to compute the induced voltage across nonlinear load at different frequency harmonics. Numerical examples show not only the accuracy of the proposed hybrid model but also a high computational efficiency in comparison with previous hybrid models.
Chemometric Evaluation of the Colour and Smoke Aroma in Oriental Tobaccos Based on the Polyphenol and Valeric Acid Cultivar Characteristics as Influenced by the Genotype

DAGNON, S. and D. DIMANOV, 2007. Chemometric evaluation of the colour and smoke aroma in oriental tobaccos based on the polyphenol and valeric acid characteristics as influenced by the genotype. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 13: 459-466 The influence of polyphenols and valeric acids of Oriental tobacco cultivars on the colour of dry tobacco and the aroma of tobacco smoke was studied by applying a chemometric approach. A group of Djebel basma genotypes and a local cultivar Djebel 576 used as a standard were involved in the study. To obtain primary data on the polyphenol pattern related to colour estimation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used, whereas capillary gas chromatography (CGC) was applied to get information on valeric acid content, related to aroma characteristics. Regression models involving the polyphenol data and the isovaleric acid content were used for colour and aroma estimation, respectively. The HPLC data were processed by means of pattern recognition method (PRM) and the similarity indexes (Is, %) between the selection lines, as well as between them and the standard, were calculated. It was established that all cultivars are distinct from the standard in the polyphenol pattern. The data obtained for the Oriental tobaccos studied point that the colour of dry tobacco and the aroma of tobacco smoke are determined by the genotype-specific composition of the polyphenol complex and of the valeric acids, varying in the different cultivars. The chemometric evaluation of tobacco colour and smoke aroma allows predicting the improved quality characteristics of the selection line L 3 with respect to the standard Djebel 576 and the other genotypes.
CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND LOYALTY THEIR ANALYSIS ROMANESCU

Any company should carry out at the same time certain activities with a view to attract customers and retention, investing various resources, depending on the level of development of the company, of the product/service and of the market. This article refers to the analysis strategies implemented by the managers with a view to attract new customers, but also for the maintenance of the existing, more exactly ma intaining those customers who are included in the portfolio company. Conclusion resulting from this material makes a de marcation between the two strategies customer-facing and implemented by company managers, more exactly which is the mo t important strategy for developing their own business. This Article plays a model for the assessment of custom er sa isfaction, which is applicable within the framework of a company who wishes to be successful on the ma rket action and be competitive.
Discussion and future perspectives

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Two-Dimensional Principal Component Analysis and Its Extensions

Normally in Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (Sirovich & Kirby, 1987; Turk & Pentland, 1991), the 2D image matrices are firstly transformed to 1D image vectors by vectorization. The vectorization of a matrix is the column vector obtain by stacking the columns of the matrix on top of one another. The covariance or scatter matrix are formulated from the these image vectors. The covariance matrix will be well estimated if and only if the number of available training samples is not far smaller than the dimension of this matrix. In fact, it is too hard to collect this the number of samples. Then, normally in 1D subspace analysis, the estimated covariance matrix is not well estimated and not full rank.
Effect of the Prandtl number in the parameterization of vertical mixing in an OGCM of the tropical Pacific

Inclusion of the Prandtl number variation with stratification in a vertical mixing scheme helps to improve the simulation of the tropical Pacific using an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) significantly, by mitigating various persistent problems of the OGCM such as the warm and cold biases in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific, the too weak and deep Equatorial Undercurrent and the insufficient zonal slope of the thermocline. It also makes the distributions of temperature and zonal velocity along the equator more realistic. A similar test with a different vertical mixing scheme supports the generality of the results.
Rupture Studies on Kokum Wax Coated Urea Briquettes

Applying a coating on the commercially available urea briquettes by materials such as kokum wax can assist in slowing down the dissolution of urea from briquettes in wet soils and hence the loss of urea-N occurring by various mechanisms can be minimized. Since Kokum wax coatings succumbed to rupture in wet soils, stability of the coating was assessed by subjecting coated briquettes to urea release in water. Results indicated that both observed lag period and time taken for rupture increased with increasing coating thickness. Time required for rupture increased relatively rapidly with increasing coating thickness than the lag period. Strength of the coating material, if enhanced by methods such as crosslinking, can delay the onset of rupture initiation.
Learning about the Match Quality: Information Flows and Labor Market Outcomes of Skill Groups

Workers with higher skills (more education) have lower unemployment rates, lower probabilities of separating from their jobs, and lower probabilities of losing their jobs conditional on tenure. This paper analyzes to what extent these differences can come from variations in the speed of learning about the suitability of an employee for the job (match quality) by skill. The speed of learning would affect labor market outcomes not only directly, but also through affecting firms' selectiveness in choosing whom to hire.
Viviane Sergi project-based work Thrilled by the discourse , suffering through the experience : Emotions in

In this article, we study emotional processes associated with the project management discourse. Employing a constructionist approach where emotions are experienced within an ordering discursive context, the study identifies four distinct emotional processes associated with the invocation of the project management discourse in daily work practices. From a study of theatre and opera house employees, we suggest that the project management discourse tends to normalize feelings of rigidity and weariness in project-based work, while emphasizing projects as extraordinary settings creating thrill and excitement. Moreover, we argue that this discourse is invoked in ways that lead individuals to internalize emotional states related to chaos and anxiety, while ascribing feelings of certainty and confidence to external organizational norms and procedures. The study highlights how employees construct project-based work as a promise of exciting adventures experienced under conditions of rational control, but also how the negative and suppressed aspects of project-based work are constructed as inevitable and to be endured. Through these emotional processes, the project management discourse is sustained and reinforced. Corresponding author: Johann Packendorff, Department of Industrial Economics and Management, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Lindstedtsvägen 30, Stockholm 10044, Sweden. Email: johann.packendorff@indek.kth. se 520022 HUM0010.1177/0018726713520022Human RelationsLindgren et al. research-article2014 at Kungl Tekniska Hogskolan on April 10, 2014 hum.sagepub. com Downloaded from
Past observation driven changing regime time series models for Forecasting Inﬂation

In this paper we propose two time series models for inﬂation modelling. In both models the previous observation plays an important role for the dynamic structure. In the ﬁrst model we have time-varying autoregressive parameters, which are dependent on the previous observation. The second model is a mixture model, where the regime probabilities are dependent on the previous observation. We compare the forecasts with a random walk model and a time-invariant autoregressive speciﬁcation. Both models provide solid density forecasts. We ﬁnd that combining the two models with an equal-weighing scheme, signiﬁcantly improves the forecast quality.
Antioxidant Activities of Beverage Concentrates and Purees

This study investigated the physicochemical properties (pH, Brix), total phenol content, antioxidant activities (DPPH radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)), and nitrite scavenging activity of beverage concentrates and purees. All concentrates and purees were produced from natural materials and have been used as the main ingredients in health-related beverages. Our results show that the pH values and Brix of all concentrates and purees ranged from 2.81 to 5.12 and 1.70 to 70.30 Brix, respectively. The highest total phenol content (182.71 mg GAE/mL), DPPH radical scavenging activity (69.88%) and nitrite scavenging activity (28.19%) were obtained from acai berry puree. The concentrate from wild blueberry had the highest ORAC value (27,514 μM TE/mL). Among the correlation coefficient data, the total phenol content exhibited a high correlation coefficient (r=0.9099) and DPPH radical scavenging activity. These results suggest that concentrates and purees from natural materials contribute to antioxidant activities in healthy beverages.
CONTROL OF Z-SOURCE PHOTOVOLTAIC INVERTER CONSTANT-FREQUENCY HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROL

The main objective of this project is to control Z-source photovoltaic inverter for grid- connected application based on constant-frequency hysteresis current control. Due to the particularity of the shoot-through operating state in z-source inverter, the boosting characteristic of shoot-through vector and performance of voltage control are analyzed. The shoot-through vector control is inserted to the hysteresis grid-connected control.This control technology not only preserves the advantages of quick dynamic response, high tracking precision and stability quality but also overcomes the shortcomings of switching loss and difficulties in filter design caused by non-constant switching frequency. The correctness of theory analysis is validated by simulation results.
Trade Facilitation and the Extensive and Intensive Margins of Trade

Exploring the link between trade facilitation and the extensive and intensive margins of trade, the paper has two aims. The first and main objective is to investigate whether the extensive margin of trade in homogeneous and differentiated goods is affected in the same way by cross-border trade transaction costs. The second objective is to compare the implications for the extensive and intensive margins to ascertain the margin at which these transaction costs matter the most, again controlling for the type of goods being traded. Very detailed mirror data on imports to EU countries from developing countries in 2005 is utilized to decompose these countries’ exports into its extensive and intensive margins. Using the number of days needed to export a good as a proxy for trade transaction costs, econometric evidence is found that there is a significant and negative association between export transaction costs and the extensive margin for differentiated goods: developing countries with high transaction costs will export significantly fewer differentiated goods. However, no such negative effect on the extensive margin is found for homogeneous goods. Comparing the two margins’ effects, evidence is found that, for differentiated goods, the extensive margin is more negatively affected by export transaction costs than the intensive margin. Results also indicate that to the extent that there is an overall negative trade effect on homogeneous goods from export transaction costs, this negative effect stems from effects on the intensive margin.
Digital Image Correlation accuracy: influence of kind of speckle and recording setup

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is a popular optical technique which allows the measurement of displacement and strain fields on an object surface showing a random speckle pattern. To use its extension to 3D cases (called Digital Volume Correlation, DVC), it is often necessary to include particles in the material in order to have a sufficient contrast. However, as these particles are more rigid than the material, it is not sure that the correlation technique is able to follow exactly strains on the speckle pattern made of powder. As the digital recording process by CCD camera and correlation algorithms are the same between 2D and 3D cases, this study is then conducted in 2D cases in order to show the influence of the powder in the speckle pattern on the evaluation of displacement by DIC linked to the choice of the type of interpolation, of CCD cameras and lighting. In displacement tests, only the recording setup seems to have a strong influence on the accuracy of measurements. For strain experiments, powder has an effect on strain measurements over 10%.
Modeling the alongshore current on barred beaches

Mean alongshore currents observed on two barred beaches are compared with predictions based on the one-dimensional, time- and depth-averaged alongshore momentum balance between forcing (by breaking waves, wind, and 10–100 km scale alongshore surface slopes), bottom stress, and lateral mixing. The observations span 500 hours at Egmond, Netherlands, and 1000 hours at Duck, North Carolina, and include a wide range of conditions with maximum mean currents of 1.4 m/s. Including rollers in the wave forcing results in improved predictions of the observed alongshore-current structure by shifting the predicted velocity maxima shoreward and increasing the velocity in the bar trough compared with model predictions without rollers. For these data, wave forcing balances the bottom stress within the surfzone, with the other terms of secondary importance. The good agreement between observations and predictions implies that the one-dimensional assumption holds for the range of conditions examined, despite the presence of small alongshore bathymetric nonuniformities. With stronger bathymetric variations the model skill deteriorates, particularly in the bar trough, consistent with earlier modeling and laboratory studies.
Knowledge Diffusion to Knowledge Dissemination: A Theoretical Study

The purpose of this study is to review the literature to identify the major breakthroughs in the process of knowledge diffusion and dissemination. This will help in ascertaining the future course of action for further research activities. The study was executed by a systematic review of literature available on the subject. About 138 documents were reviewed out of which more than 100 articles are from peer reviewed journals. Thematic search for literature was conducted using the terms like knowledge, knowledge diffusion, diffusion models, collaboration, Scientometrics. E-resources (Springer link, Emraldinsight, Oxford University Press, Jstor, etc., as subscribed the Tata Institute of Social Sciences was searched for literature. The core objectives are to understand the knowledge creation, theories and models of diffusion and dissemination, collaborative modes and quantitative aspects of knowledge diffusion. Based on the objectives following questions were answered that: a) How the knowledge is produced, b) Identification of knowledge diffusion models, c) Aspects of knowledge diffusion and d) The quantitative aspects of knowledge diffusion. The method of the systematic literature review was used to answer the research questions. The major milestone i.e. Theaetetus immortalized, SECI Model, Modes of Formation of Subjects, Diffusion of Innovations, The Epidemic Model, The Bass Diffusion Model, Research Collaboration and Team Science and Bibliometrics & Scientometrics quantitative methods are identified and described. However, this study may not be regarded to have a complete coverage of all the empirical literature on the subject. But, still, it seems to have reviewed the some of the pioneer studies.
The influence of changes in climate and land-use on regeneration dynamics of Norway spruce at the treeline in the Swiss Alps

Recent changes of climate and land-use are often regarded to affect the European Alpine region substantially and to trigger an increase in the elevation of the upper treeline. The patterns of tree invasion on a subalpine meadow at 1900 m a.s. l. in Sedrun, Canton Grisons, Switzerland, were studied in order 1) to reconstruct the process of tree establishment and tree–growth dynamics in space and time, and 2) to evaluate the influence of site properties, land-use change and climate on these processes. Dendroecological analysis of 105 Norway spruce combined with an assessment of 48 vegetation plots and 17 soil profiles revealed that the trees were established in one main period (1965–1980s), starting 15 years after the abandonment of the agricultural use of the meadow, and that there is a pronounced environmental gradient along the forest-meadow ecotone. Tree establishment and height growth were favoured close to the former forest edge, but all saplings irrespective of their distance to the forest edge and their age showed increased radial growth since 1990, coinciding with a period of higher summer temperatures in the region. Therefore, we conclude that the observed tree-line dynamics in Sedrun are the result of both land-use and climate change: Tree establishment was triggered by the abandonment of the agricultural use of the meadow, and strongly favoured by particularly good growing conditions in a warm decade, which illustrates the sensitivity of conifers near the alpine tree-line to temperature fluctuations.