Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PR-LRU: A Novel Buffer Replacement Algorithm Based on the Probability of Reference for Flash Memory

NAND flash memory has many advantages, including a small form factor, non-volatility, and high reliability. However, problems caused by physical limitations, such as asymmetric I/O latencies and out-of-place updates, still need to be resolved. By using a probability of reference (PR) to select a candidate page as the victim page, this paper presents a novel buffer replacement algorithm called PR least recently used to enhance the flash memory performance. To predict whether a page may be referenced in the future, three variables are used to calculate a page’s PR. In addition, we improve the performance overhead of the number of write operations, the hit ratio, and the runtime using a novel PR strategy. The algorithm is implemented and tested on the flash simulation platform Flash-DBSim. The results indicate that our algorithm provides improvements of up to 7% for the hit ratio with an improvement of up to 36.7% for the overall runtime compared with other approaches.
Testbed for combination of local sensing with geolocation database in real environments

This article describes an experimental testbed that combines wireless microphone sensors with a web-based terrestrial digital video broadcasting geolocation database and a program making and special events spectrumbooking platform. Software defined radio and Internet technologies are the enabling tools in use. The key sensing techniques are identified and implemented. Test trials in a real scenario have shown that the platform was able to receive information from a DVB-T geolocation database and a PMSE spectrum-booking platform, updating the list of vacant channels with blind sensing techniques. The proposed method has shown capabilities to protect primary users of interferences from secondary users of the spectrum.
Effect of isolation rearing on the expression of AMPA glutamate receptors in the hippocampal formation

Reduced glutamatergic signaling may contribute to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Glutamatergic synapses might be the site of primary abnormalities in this disorder with the dopaminergic changes being secondary to altered glutamatergic transmission. Isolation rearing of rats from weaning has been used as an experimental model for affective disorders like schizophrenia. In this immunohistochemistry study we evaluate the changes in the expression of GluR1 and GluR2 AMPA receptors in the hippocampus, amygdala and entorhinal cortex induced by isolation rearing. Two groups of Wistar rats (grouped and isolated, n = 6/each) were used. Isolation rearing induced a significant decrease in GluR1- and GluR2-immunopositive cells in the hippocampus. For GluR1 the reduction was 31% in the hilus of dentate gyrus (p = 0.02) and 47% in CA3 (p = 0.002). For GluR2 the reduction was 52% in the hilus of dentate gyrus (p < 0.0001) and 29% in CA1 (p = 0.002). Isolation rearing induced a non-significant decrease in GluR1-immunopositive cells in the basolateral amygdala (p = 0.066) while no alteration was found in the lateral nucleus (p = 0.657). For GluR2 no changes were induced by isolation in both nuclei of the amygdala. In the entorhinal cortex no apparent difference was seen in GluR1- or GluR2-immunopositive cells when isolated reared rats were compared to grouped rats. The results suggest that isolation rearing from weaning induces changes on the expression of AMPA glutamate receptors in the hippocampus similar to those reported for postmortem human brains with schizophrenia. These findings also contribute to additional evidence for using isolation rearing of rats from weaning as an animal model for schizophrenia.
Fractional frequency reuse for interference management in LTE-advanced hetnets

Improvement of cell coverage and network capacity are two major challenges for the evolving 4G cellular wireless communication networks such as LTE-Advanced networks. In this context, hierarchical layering of cells with macro base stations coexisting with low-power and shortrange base stations (corresponding to picocells or femtocells) in a service area is considered to be an efficient solution to enhance the spectralefficiency of the network per unit area. Also, such a hierarchical cell deployment, which is referred to as a heterogeneous network, or Het- Net, provides significant improvement in the coverage of indoor and cell edge users and ensures better QoS to the users. Interference mitigation between different layers is one of the key issues that needs to be resolved for successful deployment of HetNets. To this end, fast frequency response, FFR, is considered to be an efficient intercell interference coordination technique for OFDMA-based HetNets. This article focuses on evaluating three state-of-the-art FFR deployment schemes: strict FFR, soft FFR, and FFR-3 schemes for OFDMA-based two-tier HetNets comprising macrocells overlaid with femtocells. Also, a variation of the FFR-3 scheme, which is referred to as the optimal static FFR (OSFFR) scheme, is proposed. A broad comparison among all these FFR schemes is performed by using Monte Carlo simulations considering performance metrics such as outage probability, average network sum rate, and spectral efficiency. Simulation results show that, the average gains in spectral efficiency (b/s/Hz) of the network are significantly higher for the proposed scheme when compared to the strict FFR, soft FFR, and FFR-3 schemes.
Toward Ubiquitous LBS: Multi-Radio Localization and Seamless Positioning

The demand for LBS is increasing continuously, which makes ubiquitous LBS the future trend for the development of position technology. To realize ubiquitous LBS, multiple existing radio localization technologies should be combined for the purpose of better performance. Meanwhile, veritable ubiquitous LBS is hard to achieve without seamless positioning technology. In this article, two aspects of ubiquitous LBS technologies, multi-radio localization and seamless positioning, are analyzed. The key points of these two technologies are illustrated. The future development trend in ubiquitous LBS is also estimated based on the technical features of the existing localization technologies.
On wasps and club dinners

Francis Ysidro Edgeworth could be termed a Victorian gentleman polymath: born on the family's estate in Edgeworthstown, Ireland, and a trained classicist and barrister, he was capable of both working as a Lecturer in Greek and deriving in 1883 (using what we now call a Bayesian argument) “what may the earliest appearance in any form of the Student's t distribution” 1 . His unusual second name arose from his Catalan refugee mother, whom his father is reputed to have met on the steps of the British Museum.
VeShare: a D2D infrastructure for real-time social-enabled vehicle networks

Vehicular social networks require real-time communication and are highly dynamic due to vehicle movement. In this article, we present a novel architecture, called VeShare, to support highly dynamic and time-sensitive social behaviors in vehicle networks. VeShare clearly separates a vehicle network into control and data planes. The control plane is managed by the cellular infrastructure. It manages the social networks over time and makes various decisions necessary for data transfer. The data plane simply forwards data, following the decision from the control plane. The clear separation of the control and data planes allows efficient social group management and data transfer. We highlight the benefits of this framework using a case study and outline a number of research challenges.
Knowledge, attitude, and practice on emergency contraceptives among female university students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Background: Unwanted pregnancy followed by unsafe abortion can be avoided by using different contraceptive methods, including emergency contraceptives. Information on knowledge, attitude and practice of emergency contraceptives among women is particularly important because of high rates of teenage and unwanted pregnancies as well as soaring STI and HIV/AIDS rates. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of emergency contraceptives among young females. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 774 female students at Addis Ababa University and Unity University College from January to September 2005. Results: About 43.5% (95% CI 40.0 - 47.0%) of the students said that they have heard about emergency contraceptives. When asked about specific types of emergency contraceptives, among those who have ever heard of emergency contraceptives, 279 (82.8%) mentioned pills and 115 (34.1%) mentioned intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs). About 53% (95% CI 49.1-56.1%) of the students had positive attitude towards emergency contraceptives and only 4.9% (95% CI 3.4-6.4%) respondents reported that they had used emergency contraceptive methods previously. Conclusion: The study has shown that there is low level of knowledge and practice of emergency contraceptives among female university students. The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development Vol. 21 (2) 2007: pp. 111-116
Burning issues in the meta-analysis of pharmaceutical trials for depression

During the last decade a number of meta-analytic studies have been published and they triggered a debate on the true clinical usefulness of antidepressants. The current article comments on problems within the randomized controlled trials design, the study samples, the psychometric scales, the methods of meta-analysis, the interpretation of the results, and the reporting of conflicts of interest. Although the meta-analyses published so far agree that medication works in severe depression, they question its efficacy in mild cases. However, several methodological issues should be clarified before conclusions are definite. Different methods give different results and similar results seem to entertain a variety of interpretations. In the future it is important to address all of these problems, and to improve methodology on the basis of clinically informed choices. Otherwise, meta-analysis risks alienation from clinical reality and thus risks becoming the 21st century psychoanalysis.
Can formulation affect tryptophan depletion results? Hints from studies in experimental panic

Rationale: Acute Tryptophan Depletion (ATD) is a specific serotonergic challenge tool. Central serotonergic effects of different ATD procedures are possibly not those that are usually assumed. Objectives: In this paper we review data of ATD in an experimental fear model to investigate whether and how methodological differences may affect fear outcomes. Next we point to discrepancies of studies in our laboratory in order to test the hypotheses formulated in the review. Methods: Literature was searched in PubMed and MEDLINE and studies of our laboratory were compared. Results: Eight studies were included in the review: five in patients with panic disorder, three in healthy individuals. Methodologically the studies in our laboratory were quite similar except for the applied ATD mixtures. Conclusions: ATD exerts fear-enhancing effects in patients with panic disorders, more than in healthy individuals. However, our findings are inconclusive. The discrepant findings of studies in our laboratory can possibly be explained by differences in the ATD mixtures used. We suggest mechanisms as to how these might have affected the central availability of tryptophan and hence serotonin.
Uplink Shared Resource Scheduling for Device-to-Device Underlay Communication with Least Transmission Power Resource Selection and Guaranteed Link Quality

Device-to-device (D2D) communications in close proximity are essential part of future wireless systems, which can offload congestion of core network and spatially reuse spectrum with little power. However, this technique shall consider limiting transmission accompanied by excessive interference to existed cellular users and other nearby D2D links in the same resource. This study proposes a D2D scheduler, which properly allocates resource and sets transmission power in a dynamic manner for arrivals and departures of D2D traffic sources without degrading cellular uplink performance, while taking spectrum reuse ratio and fairness into account. This study compares several strategies on resource scheduling and assesses their performance on spatial reuse ratio, fairness, throughput, system time, and power consumption with dynamic traffic arrivals. Simulation results show that prioritizing D2D users with the least power consumption brings high spatial reuse ratio under heavy load but possibly results in unfairness to other D2D users. On the other hand, prioritizing D2D users with fewer choices or less throughput results in low spatial reuse ratio, and may saturate the system earlier in heavy load.
Emotion Recognition of Affective Speech Based on Multiple Classifiers Using Acoustic-Prosodic Information and Semantic Labels

This work presents an approach to emotion recognition of affective speech based on multiple classifiers using acoustic-prosodic information (AP) and semantic labels (SLs). For AP-based recognition, acoustic and prosodic features including spectrum, formant, and pitch-related features are extracted from the detected emotional salient segments of the input speech. Three types of models, GMMs, SVMs, and MLPs, are adopted as the base-level classifiers. A Meta Decision Tree (MDT) is then employed for classifier fusion to obtain the AP-based emotion recognition confidence. For SL-based recognition, semantic labels derived from an existing Chinese knowledge base called HowNet are used to automatically extract Emotion Association Rules (EARs) from the recognized word sequence of the affective speech. The maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) is thereafter utilized to characterize the relationship between emotional states and EARs for emotion recognition. Finally, a weighted product fusion method is used to integrate the AP-based and SL-based recognition results for the final emotion decision. For evaluation, 2,033 utterances for four emotional states (Neutral, Happy, Angry, and Sad) are collected. The speaker-independent experimental results reveal that the emotion recognition performance based on MDT can achieve 80.00 percent, which is better than each individual classifier. On the other hand, an average recognition accuracy of 80.92 percent can be obtained for SL-based recognition. Finally, combining acoustic-prosodic information and semantic labels can achieve 83.55 percent, which is superior to either AP-based or SL-Based approaches. Moreover, considering the individual personality trait for personalized application, the recognition accuracy of the proposed approach can be further improved to 85.79 percent.
The thalamic reticular nucleus: A functional hub for thalamocortical network dysfunction in schizophrenia and a target for drug discovery

The thalamus (comprising many distinct nuclei) plays a key role in facilitating sensory discrimination and cognitive processes through connections with the cortex. Impaired thalamocortical processing has long been considered to be involved in schizophrenia. In this review we focus on the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) providing evidence for it being an important communication hub between the thalamus and cortex and how it may play a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We first highlight the functional neuroanatomy, neurotransmitter localisation and physiology of the TRN. We then present evidence of the physiological roles of the TRN in relation to oscillatory activity, cognition and behaviour. Next we discuss the role of the TRN in rodent models of risk factors for schizophrenia (genetic and pharmacological) and provide evidence for TRN deficits in schizophrenia. Finally we discuss new drug targets for schizophrenia in relation to restoring TRN circuitry dysfunction.
Hippocampus and Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: Sclerosis of the cornu Ammonis, or Ammon's horn sclerosis (AHS), is an “often‐described, yet hitherto enigmatic phenomen,” as Spielmeyer described it in 1927. It has been detected in cases with ischemia, anoxia, or hypoglycemia and in more than half of the epileptic brains examined postmortem. Various theories about its pathogenesis have been propounded. Among them, the “Pathoklise” theory of the Vogts and the vascular theory of Spielmeyer et al. had prevailed until recently. In 1953, two articles were published to contribute to the pathogenesis of ictal automatism (a type of complex partial or temporal lobe seizure). One is the incisural sclerosis theory of Penfield et al., and the other is the AHS theory of Sano and Malamud. The former researchers described a diffuse sclerosis of the inferomesial temporal structures without, however, specifically relating it to AHS. They considered it to be the result of localized anoxia of that portion of the brain caused by incisural herniation occurring during parturition. Sano and Malamud maintained that AHS is a result of convulsions, a distinct scar adjacent to which epileptogenic foci may develop in the course of time to cause ictal automatism. The latter theory was corroborated by Sano, Falconer, and other investigators. Falconer expanded the theory to the assertion that not only ictal automatism but other types of intractable epilepsy may be due to “mesial temporal (Ammon's horn) sclerosis. ” The most recent development in the pathogenesis of AHS is the excito‐toxicity theory, i.e., that AHS is caused by excessive excitation of neurons, probably by putative excitatory neurotransmitters, especially glutamate. For this theory, there is a significant body of evidence. Recent developments in glial physiology suggest that the existence of gliosis itself may actively exert a great influence on neurons so that neurons generate high‐frequency synchronous discharges as epileptogenic foci.
Effects of ST1936, a selective serotonin-6 agonist, on electrical activity of putative mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in the rat brain

The serotonin-6 (5-HT6) receptor is the most recently discovered serotonin receptor, and it represents an increasingly promising target for improving cognition in both normal and disease states. Recently, a new selective 5-HT6 receptor agonist, 2-(5 chloro-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine (ST1936), with nanomolar affinity for 5-HT6 receptors was described. We performed in-vivo electrophysiological studies to investigate the physiological role of 5-HT6 receptors in the control of the function of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Extracellular single-unit recordings were performed from putative dopamine-containing neurons in the SNc and VTA of anesthetised rats. In the SNc, acute systemic administration of ST1936 had no effects on basal firing activity of these dopamine neurons; however, in the VTA, ST1936 induced either dose-related increases (45% of cells) or decreases in basal activity of these dopaminergic neurons. Local application of ST1936 into the VTA caused excitation in all of the dopamine neurons, but had no effects on non-dopamine VTA neurons. Both effects of systemic and microiontophoretic ST1936 were completely reversed by the potent and selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist 5-chloro-N-(4-methoxy-3-piperazin-1-ylphenyl)-3-methyl-2- benzothiophene-sulfonamide (SB271046). Systemic application of another 5-HT6 agonist, 2-(1-{6-chloroimidazo[2,1-b] [1,3]thiazole-5-sulfonyl}-1H-indol-3-yl)ethan-1-amine (WAY-181187), induced dose-dependent inhibition of these VTA dopaminergic neurons. ST1936 and WAY-181187 appear to have different effects on these VTA dopaminergic neurons, potentially due to different mechanisms of action or to the complexity of 5-HT6 receptor functions. Our data demonstrate the need for further investigations into the use of 5-HT6 receptor agonists to control cognitive disfunction, such as in schizophrenia and depression.
Accelerating Anomaly-Based IDS Using Neural Network on GPU

Recently, anomaly-based intrusion detection system (IDS) is valuable methodology to protect target systems and networks against attacks. Modeling normal system/network behaviors enables anomaly-based IDS (Intrusion Detection System) to be extremely effective methodology to detect both known as well as unknown/new attacks. However, current software-based methods are difficult to process a large amount of data in anomaly-based IDSs and cannot keep up the high-link speeds. The implementations of anomaly-based IDSs on parallel processing platforms are considered as necessary to accelerate speed of the systems. Neural Networks are a good example of parallel computing. In this paper, we used Neural Network technology to classify normal or abnormal behaviors. The parallel nature of Neural Networks has been implemented on GPUs that allows the system to meet a set of requirements such as time constraints management, robustness, high processing speed and re-configurability. Experiments with KDD Cup 1999 network traffic connections which have been preprocessed with methods of features selection and normalization have shown that our work is effective to accelerate intrusion detection in anomaly-based IDS. The result shows that our implementation on GPU is much faster than the implementation on CPU up to 32x.
Electropalatography home training using a portable training unit for Japanese children with cleft palate

The primary objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of electropalatography (EPG) home training using a portable training unit (PTU) for clients with residual articulation disorders. The participants were five Japanese children with cleft lip and palate ranging in age from 8 to 13 years when they began EPG home training. These children had residual articulation disorders caused by abnormal tongue-palate contact, although four of them had received conventional speech therapy for 3 to 8 years before starting EPG training. The WinEPG system (Articulate Instruments, Edinburgh) was used to make recordings during the initial assessment and the monthly follow-up. The participants received EPG training sessions when they attended for their monthly recordings. A training programme was developed for each participant, and they were instructed to carry out their homework assignments using the PTU. After 7 to 9 months of home training, marked changes in the EPG patterns and “centre of gravity” values were observed in four of the five participants. The remaining one participant, who had not experienced speech therapy before, needed a longer period of EPG training to achieve good results. Our preliminary data suggested that EPG home training was effective in school-aged participants who had residual articulation disorders.