Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of aerosol wind tunnel and its application for evaluating the performance of ambient PM10 inlets

Abstract Size selective particulate matter (PM) sampling inlets play an important role in ambient PM measurement. Improper design of the sampling inlets results in collecting of PM with undesired size, which leads to significant errors in the measurement of ambient PM concentrations. Therefore, the performance of PM inlets should be carefully evaluated in a proper environment prior to their field of applications. In this study, a new aerosol wind tunnel system was designed to evaluate the performance of ambient PM 10 inlets and evaluated for the uniformity of wind speed distribution and aerosol concentration. In addition, a custom–made PM 10 inlet was tested in the aerosol wind tunnel to determine its 50% cutoff diameter. Results of the wind speed distributions show that the percentage deviations from the mean wind speeds at any measurement point are less than 10% with turbulence intensity of less than 5% for three different wind speed levels (0.57 m/s, 2.22 m/s, and 6.67 m/s). Results from the aerosol concentration measurements show that the percentage deviations from the mean aerosol concentrations at any measurement point are less than 10% for three different wind speed levels, which meets the aerosol wind tunnel performance specifications specified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Results from PM 10 inlet performance tests show that the 50% cutoff diameters of the PM 10 inlet are 10.0 μm, 10.3 μm, and 10.0 μm at wind speeds of 0.57 m/s, 2.22 m/s, and 6.67 m/s, respectively. The PM 10 inlet is characterized to meet the performance specifications for PM 10 inlets, 10.0±0.5 µm, specified by the U.S. EPA. The results indicate that the newly developed aerosol wind tunnel meets the performance requirements for evaluating the performance of PM 10 size selective inlets.
Exploring Small Bite-Angle Ligands for the Rhodium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroacylation of β-S-Substituted Aldehydes with 1-Octene and 1-Octyne

A comparative study of seven crystallographically characterized rhodium precatalysts, which contain a variety of chelating diphosphine ligands, for the hydroacylation of 1-octyne or 1-octene with 2-(methylthio)benzaldehyde has been undertaken. These studies show that the best performing catalyst for 1-octyne, [Rh(L)(η6-C6H5F)][BArF4], L = iPr2PNMePiPr2, delivers alkyne selective hydroacylation with high efficiencies at low loadings (1 mol %, 2.0 M aldehyde, 25 °C, ToN = 100, 97% conversion in 5 min), and also shows high selectivity for the linear product. Experiments suggest that the alkyne selectivity arises from the alkyne being more competitive for metal binding compared to the alkene. Labeling experiments using the [Rh(tBu2PCH2PtBu2)(η6-C6H5F)][BArF4] system, that gives the final product in a linear:branched ratio of 6:1, indicate that the pathway that produces the branched product operates via an irreversible hydride insertion. Intermediate acyl hydride complexes, [Rh(L)(H)(COC6H4SMe)(acetone)][BArF4.
Biospheric CO2 emissions during the past 200 years reconstructed by deconvolution of ice core data

Measurements on air trapped in old polar ice have revealed that the pre-industrial atmosphere contained 280 ppm of CO 2 and that δ I3 C of atmospheric CO 2 decreased by about 1.1 ‰, until 1980. These measurements show that considerable amounts of non-fossil CO 2 must have already been emitted into the atmosphere in the 19th century. Quantitative estimates of the emission rates were performed by deconvolving the CO 2 and δ I3 C records, using models of the global carbon cycle (box-diffusion and outcrop-diffusion ocean, four-box biosphere). Depending on the structure of the ocean submodel, deconvolution of the CO 2 record yields a cumulative non-fossil production of about 90 to 150 Gt C until 1980, of which more than 50% were released prior to 1900. According to the model results, the net non-fossil production rate was roughly constant in the 19th and the first part of the 20th century. In the past 30 years, smaller values are obtained (0-0.9 Gt C yr -1 ) which are at the lower limit or below current ecological estimates for deforestation and land use (1.6 ± 0.8 Gt C yr -l ). The difference might possibly be due to other sinks, e.g., stimulation of plant productivity by the enhanced CO 2 Concentration. Calculated 13 C and 14 C time histories agree well with the observed changes. While the change of the atmospheric CO 2 concentration reflects more the cumulative carbon release, the isotope concentrations are more sensitive to short-term changes of the emission rate. The reason is that the oceanic uptake capacity is smaller for excess CO 2 by the buffer factor of ~10 than for an isotopic perturbation. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1987. tb00278.x
Carbon-Based Materials: Growth, Properties, MEMS/NEMS Technologies, and MEM/NEM Switches

Micro- or nanoelectromechanical system (MEMS/NEMS) is a multidisciplinary field, which has witnessed explosive growth during the past decades. The current materials for MEMS are dominated by Si thanks to the fully based technology for CMOS. However, Si has its own intrinsic limitations such as poor mechanical or tribological properties and poor thermal stability. Carbon-based materials such as diamond, carbon nanotube, and graphene possess excellent properties such as low mass, high Young's modulus, high thermal conductivity, hydrophobic surface, and tailorable electronic configuration, which make these materials promising for MEMS/NEMS applications with diverse and much better performance than Si. In this review, we describe the recent progress of carbon-based materials for MEMS/NEMS with focus on diamond, carbon nanotube, and graphene. The growth of these carbon materials is briefly described and only selected properties are discussed with respect to MEMS/NEMS applications. The fabrication process for suspended structures of these materials toward MEMS/NEMS is comprehensively reviewed from the recent literatures. Special attention is devoted to the state-of-the-art of MEM/NEM switches based on these carbon materials, one of the most important fields in MEMS/NEMS. Finally, the application of carbon-based MEM/NEM switches to microwave field is critically analyzed.
RELATING ORGANIC MATTER AND CLAY CONTENT TO THE MULTISPECTRAL RADIANCE OF SOILS

The correlation between spectral response (relative reflectance) from soils and the organic matter and clay content was investigated. Statistical models were developed that can utilize data obtained from an airborne multispectral scanner to estimate the quantity of organic matter and clay in the surface soil. These models can be implemented on a digital computer to produce maps delineating soils with different levels of organic matter or clay content.
Million-fold acceleration of a Diels-Alder reaction due to combined Lewis acid and micellar catalysis in water

The effect of micelles of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), dodecyl heptaoxyethylene ether (C12E7), and copper and zinc didodecyl sulfate (M(DS)2) on the Diels−Alder reaction of 3-(para-substituted phenyl)-1-(2-pyridyl)-2-propen-1-ones 1a−g, containing neutral, cationic, or anionic substituents, with cyclopentadiene (2) has been studied. In the absence of catalytically active transition-metal ions, micelles invariably retard the reaction. This can be rationalized on the basis of different binding locations of the reaction partners in the micelle. These binding sites have been probed using solubilizate-induced aromatic shifts in the 1H NMR spectrum of the surfactant and paramagnetic counterion-induced relaxation enhancements of the 1H NMR signals of the solubilizate. In contrast to SDS, CTAB, and C12E7, Cu(DS)2 micelles catalyze the Diels−Alder reaction between 1 and 2 with extremely high efficiency, leading to rate enhancements up to 1.8 × 106 compared to the uncatalyzed.
Nonlinear Closure Relations for Electron Transport in Hydrodynamical Models

Closure relations problem of hydrodynamical models in semiconductors is considered by expressing third- and fourth-order closure relations for the moments of the distribution function in terms of second-order Lagrange multipliers using a generalized Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution function within information theory. Calculation results are commented and compared with others to justify the accuracy of the approach developed in this paper. The comparison involves, in the first part with good agreements, the closure relations results obtained within extended thermodynamics which were checked by means of Monte Carlo simulations, in the second part, the results obtained by Grad's method which expands the distribution function up to fourth-order in Hermite polynomials. It is seen that the latter method cannot give any restriction on closure relations for higher-order moments, within the same conditions proposed in our approach. The important role of Lagrange multipliers for the determination of all closure relations is asserted.
The South African rainfall enhancement programme: 1997-2001

This paper provides a summary of the South African Rainfall Enhancement Programme (SAREP) that was conducted in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. SAREP included an operational cloud-seeding campaign based on the South African developed hygroscopic flare-seeding technology which ran from December 1997 to the end of December 2000. In addition, a radar-based storm climatology was compiled using data collected during the period October 2000 to April 2001. During the cloud-seeding campaign 95 storms were seeded of which 37 were selected for treatment early in their lifetimes. This subset allowed a 'time of origin' analysis to quantify the seeding effect on radar-estimated rainfall. The Thunderstorm Identification Tracking Analyses and Nowcasting (TITAN) software was upgraded as part of SAREP for such an analysis. It was found that seeded storms on average produced twice the radar-determined rainfall that their controls produced. The cost for the additional rainfall was determined to be about R0.04/m 3 . The radar-based storm climatology for the 10 000km 2 target area was compiled using storm lifetime of 15 min and 30 dBZ radar reflectivity as the TITAN storm-tracking thresholds. It was found that more than 2 000 of these radar storm tracks affected the target area during the 7 months from October 2000 to April 2001. By comparing these radar storm tracks with those that were seeded, it was possible to identify the 290 radar storm tracks that could have been regarded as legitimate candidates for seeding. Based on the preliminary findings of this study, it is suggested that if 75 of the legitimate candidate storms in the specific target area are seeded, a marked (~10%) increase in area rainfall over the target area could be realised. This would have considerable socio-economic benefits. It is recommended that further development of this technology should remain a high priority in an integrated water resource management plan for South Africa.
Chemical composition of the leaf essential pil of Terminalia catappa L. growing in southwestern Nigeria

The essential oil from the leaves of Terminalia catappa L. growing in southwestern Nigeria has been obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The leaf oil was dominated by (Z)-phytol (41.2%), palmitic acid (11.0%), and (E)-nerolidol (4.7%). Alkane hydrocarbons (25.5%) made up a significant portion of the leaf oil composition. The composition of Nigerian T. catappa leaf oil is qualitatively similar to previous reports of T. catappa from Taiwan, but with significant quantitative differences.
Size-Dependent Phase Transition of Diamond to Graphite at High Pressures

Size-dependent phase transition of nanosize diamond particles (NDPs) to graphite was found in the course of studies of high pressure high temperature (HPHT) induced transformations of NDPs at 8 GPa and in the temperature range of 873−1623 K. Analysis of the products of HPHT treatment of powder NDPs (with the mean size of 4.5 nm) by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning (SEM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopies, and Raman spectroscopy have shown that at 8 GPa the increase of the treatment temperature results in a gradual enlargement of NDPs. According to XRD data, the temperature increase from 873 to 1473 K at the treatment time of 60 s gives rise to NDP mean size enlargement from initial 4.5 to 8.8 nm. However, the largest NDPs can reach the sizes of 13.5−14.0 nm at 1473 K, as measured directly from TEM images. At 1623 K, size-dependent phase transition of diamond to graphite has been observed. By applying the Arrenius equation to the particle mean size versus treatment temperature plot, activation e.
Infinite simple 3D cubic lattice of identical resistors (two missing bonds)

An infinite regular three-dimensional network is composed of identical resistors each of resistance R joining adjacent nodes. What is the equivalent resistance between the lattice site r i and the lattice r j site, when two bonds are removed from the perfect network? Three cases are considered here, and some numerical values are calculated. Finally, the asymptotic behavior of the equivalent resistance is studied for large distances between the two sites.
Water Management in PEMFCs Using Absorbent Wicks

A water management strategy for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) using different kinds of absorbent wicks was investigated. Through this technology, water produced by the electrochemical reaction is transported to the inlet region of the reactant gas and used to humidify the dry reactant gas on the cathode side. For the thin membrane (Nafion 112) used, the back-diffusion of water from the cathode to the anode is sufficient to humidify dry hydrogen and to prevent drying out of the anode in the counterflow mode. Due to an improved water distribution in the whole region of the cell, PEMFC with superabsorbent wicks can be operated without external humidification of the reactant gases and still outperform the common one without wicks operated with dry or humidified gases. The performance of the cell with superabsorbent sponge was stable under high-current-density conditions (I = 1.2 A/cm2), and little performance degradation was observed over a 120 h investigation period when both dry hydrogen and dry air were fed.
Determine the optimal monetary and fiscal policy rules in economy of Iran

The aim of this study is to determine the optimal monetary and fiscal policy rules to stabilize production, inflation and income distribution under carrying out energy prices reform scheme. In this regard, using the optimal control theory, a loss function of the monetary and fiscal policymakers which including inflation rate, output gap rate, the Gini coefficient, the deviation of the volume of liquidity growth and the deviation of the volume of government spending growth from the previous period, were minimized using the three constraint equations of Phillips, aggregate demand and income distribution curves. the optimal monetary and fiscal policy rules were derived under carrying out energy prices reform scheme. By solving constraints optimization problem with optimal rules in a macroeconomic model, the optimal values from 5981 to 5988 were predicted. The results suggest that using the optimal monetary and fiscal policy rules, we can improve the performance of the goal macroeconomics variables under carrying out energy prices reform scheme. By adopting optimal rules, inflation, as one of the important problems of the economy of Iran, can be controlled accompanied by to improve in the performance of macroeconomic variables such as economic growth and income distribution. JEL: Q89 ،C15 ،E15 ،E19
Solution-Deposited Amorphous Titanium Dioxide on Silicone Rubber: A Conformal, Crack-Free Antibacterial Coating

Controlled formation of thin oxide films on polymers provides an increasingly important tool for modifying the polymer interface without changing its bulk properties. The successful application of a titania thin film by liquid phase deposition (LPD) from water under near-ambient conditions onto polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates has been achieved. This offers a convenient, non-line-of-sight-limited method for imparting titania-like properties to the surface of the PDMS elastomer. Conditions have been found for priming the surface of the PDMS to provide for good adhesion of the oxide layer and a suitable combination of film deposition and film drying conditions are described that provide a conformal crack-free titania coating on the PDMS. This is the first report of LPD oxide formation on an elastomer. The application of such titania coatings to controlling bacterial adhesion and growth on the polymer surface is also described. The adhesion of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria to the modifi.
Nitrogen uptake by natural populations of phytoplankton and primary production in the Pacific Ocean: Regional variability of uptake capacity†

Uptake of nitrogenous nutrients (ammonium, nitrate, and urea) and inorganic carbon by natural populations of phytoplankton in surface waters of the Pacific Ocean was measured by a 13C-15N dual tracer technique. Regional variability of uptake capacity and its correlation with environmental parameters were examined. The uptakes proceeded linearly with time for at least 3 h. Half-saturation constants for uptake of ammonium, nitrate, and urea were generally low (about 0.1 pg-atom N liter-‘). The maximum uptake rate of nitrate was well correlated with the uptake of inorganic carbon; these two rates expressed on a chlorophyll a basis were relatively lower at higher latitude stations. Maximum uptake rates of ammonium and urea clearly covaried with the ambient water temperature. The estimated turnover times of ammonium at subtropical and tropical stations ranged from 1 to 3 days. The contribution of uptake in the dark was larger at low latitude stations. Regional variation of uptake capacity is correlated with temperature and possibly light, but not with nutrient supply.
Temperature and magnetic field dependence of the electronic excitations in the nickel chain compound NINO

Temperature and magnetic field dependent absorbance spectra were taken on the Ni chain compound NINO (Ni(C3H10N2)2NO2(ClO4)) in the range from 8,500 to 25,000 cm. The identification of an effective C4v symmetry about the nickel ions is supported by assignment of the low temperature absorbance bands. The intensity of many bands is found to be temperature dependent, and in several bands, a shift to higher energy is observed at lower temperatures. A correlation is noted between the field dependence of the spin forbidden electronic transitions and the magnetic properties of NINO. Below a crossover magnetic field, Hc ≈ 10 T, the absorbance is nearly constant; above Hc, the intensity of the spin forbidden transitions decreases linearly with increasing field. A qualitative explanation for the suppression of the spin forbidden transitions above Hc is suggested.
Dibromido[(S,S)-ethylenediamine-N,N′-di-2-(3-cyclohexyl)propanoato]platinum(IV): synthesis, characterization, and DFT calculations

Bromido complex of platinum(IV) with (S,S)-ethylenediamine-N,N′-di-2-(3-cyclohexyl)propanoic acid was synthesized. The reaction was performed in water solution in the presence of lithium hydroxide. In this reaction system, (S,S)-ethylenediamine-N,N′-di-2-(3-cyclohexyl)propanoic acid exists as the dicarboxylato anion and coordinates as a tetradentate ONNO ligand. The complex was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The sym-cis configuration has been elucidated using DFT calculations.
Simulations of Compressible, Diffusive, Reactive Flows with Detailed Chemistry Using a High-Order Hybrid WENO-CD Scheme

A hybrid weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO)/centered-difference (CD) numerical method, with low numerical dissipation, high-order shock-capturing, and structured adaptive mesh refinement (SAMR), has been developed for the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the multicomponent, compressive, reactive Navier-Stokes equations. The method enables accurate resolution of diffusive processes within reaction zones. This numerical method is verified with a series of one- and two-dimensional test problems, including a convergence test of a two-dimensional unsteady reactive double Mach reflection problem. Validation of the method is conducted with experimental comparisons of three applications all of which model multi-dimensional, unsteady reactive flow: an irregular propane detonation, shock and detonation bifurcations, and spark ignition deflagrations. The numerical approach combines time-split reactive source terms with a high-order, shock-capturing scheme specifically designed for diffusive flows. A description of the order-optimized, symmetric, finite difference, flux-based, hybrid WENO / centered-difference scheme is given, along with its implementation in a high-order SAMR framework. The implementation of new techniques for discontinuity flagging, scheme-switching, and high-order prolongation and restriction is described. In particular, the refined methodology does not require upwinded WENO at grid refinement interfaces for stability, allowing high-order prolongation and thereby eliminating a significant source of numerical diffusion within the overall code performance. A minimally reduced irregular detonation mixture mechanism (22 species and 53 reversible reactions) is developed and combined with the WENO-CD numerical method to accurately model two-dimensional hydrocarbon (propane) detonations with detailed chemistry and transport. First of its kind, resolved double Mach reflection (DMR) detonation simulations with a large hyrdocarbon mixture are presented. Detailed discussions and comparisons of the influence of grid resolution, lower-order numerical methods, and inviscid approximations are made in addition to the detailed presentation of fluid dynamics found in an unsteady, highly unstable, reactive DMR simulation. Also conducted are direct experimental comparisons to soot foils and schlieren images with an unresolved large-scale propane detonation channel simulation. The numerical method is also applied to the DNS of two other problems, detonation/shock bifurcations and spark ignited deflagrations. Through the resolution of viscous/diffusive scales, new insights into how a bifurcated foot develops after a detonation end wall reflection, and how geometry can influence the development of a flame kernel after spark ignition are found.