Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Soziopragmatische Sprachgeschichtsforschung zum (Mittel-) Neuhochdeutschen: Das 19. Jahrhundert als Wendepunkt der deutschen Sprachgeschichte (特集 社会語用論的ドイツ語史)

1. Bisherige Vorstellungen von der neuhochdeutschen Sprachperiode — und der Stellung des 19. Jahrhunderts darin Es dürfte Einvernehmen darüber herrschen, dass das, was in der deutschen Sprachgeschichtsschreibung als ‚das Neuhochdeutsche‘ bezeichnet wird, lediglich ein Konstrukt ist (wie auch ‚das Althochdeutsche‘ oder ‚das Mittelhochdeutsche‘ Konstrukte sind). Bis in die letzten Jahrzehnte hinein war durchaus umstritten, ab wann das eigentliche ‚Neuhochdeutsche‘ anzusetzen sei. Lange galt die alte Sprachperiodisierung von JACOB GRIMM, der den Beginn des Neuhochdeutschen noch um 1500 (bzw. 1450) ansetzte.1) Die heute übliche Einteilung von SCHERER ([1890] 2001, 109) in vier Epochen, in der er das Neuhochdeutsche erst um 1650 beginnen lässt, konnte sich erst in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jh.s durchsetzen. Das hat freilich nicht sofort ein Interesse am Neuhochdeutschen als einer untersuchungswürdigen Sprachperiode ausgelöst. Wie die übliche Vorstellung vom Nhd. war, hat MATTHEIER (1994: 551) wie folgt paraphrasiert:
AMPK Activation by Metformin Suppresses Abnormal Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Adipose Tissue and Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in Obesity

Fibrosis is emerging as a hallmark of metabolically dysregulated white adipose tissue (WAT) in obesity. Although adipose tissue fibrosis impairs adipocyte plasticity, little is known about how aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling of WAT is initiated during the development of obesity. Here we show that treatment with the antidiabetic drug metformin inhibits excessive ECM deposition in WAT of ob/ob mice and mice with diet-induced obesity, as evidenced by decreased collagen deposition surrounding adipocytes and expression of fibrotic genes including the collagen cross-linking regulator LOX. Inhibition of interstitial fibrosis by metformin is likely attributable to the activation of AMPK and the suppression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad3 signaling, leading to enhanced systemic insulin sensitivity. The ability of metformin to repress TGF-β1-induced fibrogenesis is abolished by the dominant negative AMPK in primary cells from the stromal vascular fraction. TGF-β1-induced insulin resistance is suppressed by AMPK agonists and the constitutively active AMPK in 3T3L1 adipocytes. In omental fat depots of obese humans, interstitial fibrosis is also associated with AMPK inactivation, TGF-β1/Smad3 induction, aberrant ECM production, myofibroblast activation, and adipocyte apoptosis. Collectively, integrated AMPK activation and TGF-β1/Smad3 inhibition may provide a potential therapeutic approach to maintain ECM flexibility and combat chronically uncontrolled adipose tissue expansion in obesity.
[Management of hyperphosphatemia in CKD].

2.2 Na DRC estágios III e IV, a ingestão dietética de P deverá ser mantida em valores que atendam a recomendação de proteínas entre 0,6 e 0,8 g/kg/dia, porém não superior a 700 mg/dia se o P estiver acima dos valores normais e/ou se o paratormônio (PTH) estiver acima do nível recomendado para o estágio da DRC (Opinião). 2.3 Na DRC estágio V D, a ingestão dietética de P deverá estar entre 800 e 1.000 mg/dia, respeitando a recomendação de pelo menos 1,0 g de proteína/kg/dia (50% de proteína de alto valor biológico), desde que o P sérico não esteja abaixo de 3,5 mg/dL (Opinião).
Role of the Intracellular Domain of the Human Type I Interferon Receptor 2 Chain (IFNAR2c) in Interferon Signaling

A human cell line (U5A) lacking the type I interferon (IFN) receptor chain 2 (IFNAR2c) was used to determine the role of the IFNAR2c cytoplasmic domain in regulating IFN-dependent STAT activation, interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) and c-sis-inducible factor (SIF) complex formation, gene expression, and antiproliferative effects. A panel of U5A cells expressing truncation mutants of IFNAR2c on their cell surface were generated for study. Janus kinase (JAK) activation was detected in all mutant cell lines; however, STAT1 and STAT2 activation was observed only in U5A cells expressing full-length IFNAR2c and IFNAR2c truncated at residue 462 (R2.462). IFNAR2c mutants truncated at residues 417 (R2.417) and 346 (R2.346) or IFNAR2c mutant lacking tyrosine residues in its cytoplasmic domain (R2.Y-F) render the receptor inactive. A similar pattern was observed for IFN-inducible STAT activation, STAT complex formation, and STAT-DNA binding. Consistent with these data, IFN-inducible gene expression was ablated in U5A, R2.Y-F, R2.417, and R2.346 cell lines. The implications are that tyrosine phosphorylation and the 462–417 region of IFNAR2c are independently obligatory for receptor activation. In addition, the distal 53 amino acids of the intracellular domain of IFNAR2c are not required for IFN-receptor mediated STAT activation, ISFG3 or SIF complex formation, induction of gene expression, and inhibition of thymidine incorporation. These data demonstrate for the first time that both tyrosine phosphorylation and a specific domain of IFNAR2c are required in human cells for IFN-dependent coupling of JAK activation to STAT phosphorylation, gene induction, and antiproliferative effects. In addition, human and murine cells appear to require different regions of the cytoplasmic domain of IFNAR2c for regulation of IFN responses.
Using response time to speech as a measure for listening effort

Abstract Objective: Speech signals that do not differ in intelligibility might differ in listening effort. This study aimed to investigate the effect of background noise on response time to intelligible speech. Design: We added various amounts of stationary noise to spoken digit triplets and measured the influence of noise on the response time for both an identification and an arithmetic task: Task 1 ‘identify the final digit in a triplet’, and Task 2 ‘calculate the sum of the initial and the final digits in a triplet. ’ Study sample: Twelve normal-hearing participants with a mean age of 30.6 years (range: 28–44 years). Results: Response time increased with lower (i.e. worse) signal to noise ratios for both tasks, even for signal to noise ratios with almost maximum intelligibility (close to 100%). The response time during the arithmetic task was more affected by the noise than during the identification task, but the arithmetic task demonstrated higher variance. Conclusions: The response time to digit triplets reduces significantly for increasing signal to noise ratios, even where speech intelligibility is optimal. These differences in response time might be related to listening effort and as such might be used to evaluate hearing-aid signal processing at positive SNRs.
Cognitive behavioural therapy for men who physically abuse their female partner.

BACKGROUND In national surveys between 10 % and 34 % of women have reported being physically assaulted by an intimate male partner. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or programmes with elements of CBT are frequently used treatments for physically abusive men. Participants either enroll voluntarily or are obliged to participate in CBT by means of a court order. CBT not only seeks to change behaviour using established behavioural strategies, but also targets the thinking patterns and beliefs that are thought to contribute to violence. OBJECTIVES To measure the effects of CBT and similar interventions on men's physical abuse of their female partners. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL), C2-SPECTR, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC, Care Data/Social Care Online, Sociological Abstracts, Criminal Justice Abstracts, Bibliography of Nordic Criminology (all to late 2006), and SIGLE to 2003. Santé mentale au Québec was handsearched from 1976 to 2003 and reference lists of articles. We also contacted field experts and the authors of included studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (including cluster-randomised and quasi-randomised trials) of cognitive behavioural therapy with men who physically abuse their partners and reporting effects on continued violence. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We contacted study authors for additional information. MAIN RESULTS Six trials, all from the USA, involving 2343 people, were included. A meta-analysis of four trials comparing CBT with a no-intervention control with 1771 participants, reported that the relative risk of violence was 0.86 (favouring the intervention group) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 0.54 to 1.38. This is a small effect size, and the confidence interval is so wide that there is no clear evidence for an effect. One study (Wisconsin Study) compared CBT with process-psychodynamic group treatment and found a relative risk of new violence of 1.07 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.68). Even though the process-psychodynamic treatment did marginally better than CBT, this result is also equivocal. Finally, one small study (N = 64) compared a combined treatment for substance abuse and domestic violence (SADV) with a Twelve-Step Facilitation (TSF) group. An analysis involving 58 participants investigated the effect on reduction in frequency of physical violence episodes. The effect size was 0.30 (favouring TSF) with 95% confidence interval from -0.22 to 0.81. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There are still too few randomised controlled effect evaluations to conclude about the effects of cognitive behaviour therapy on domestic violence.
STEM mode in the SEM: A practical tool for nanotoxicology

Abstract The addition of a transmitted electron detector to a scanning electron microscope (SEM) allows the recording of bright and dark field scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) images and the corresponding in-lens secondary electron images from the same region of a thin sample. These combined imaging techniques have been applied here to the analysis of ultrathin sections of cells exposed in vitro to nanomaterials for toxicology investigation. Electron microscopy in general permits the exact nature of the interaction of nanomaterials and cells to be elucidated, and in addition the use of STEM mode in the SEM enables the easy identification and exclusion of artefacts produced by ultramicrotome sectioning. The imaging and analysis obtained by using the STEM mode in the SEM configuration from three different nanomaterial systems of importance (iron oxide nanoparticles, single-walled carbon nanotubes and cadmium selenide quantum dots) indicate that it is a simple, practical and cost-effective tool for nanotoxicological research.
Loss optimization of a 10 MW class HTS synchronous generator based wind turbines

In this paper, the performance analysis of a 10 MW class high temperature superconducting (HTS) synchronous generator for wind turbines applications is discussed. The proposed generator using HTS excitation field winding is modeled and simulated under full load condition. Also, the losses of the generator especially iron losses and copper losses using analytical and finite element method (FEM) calculations are evaluated. Also, the stator back yoke height according to optimum value of the generator losses and weight through sensitivity analysis are optimized. Consequently, the electrical efficiency of the wind turbine generator is calculated and the superiority of the proposed 10 MW class HTS generator will be concluded.
Inhibition of NADPH oxidase protects against metastasis of human lung cancer by decreasing microRNA-21

The objective of this study was to detect the effect of NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibition on metastasis of lung cancer. Primary human lung cancer cells were isolated from surgical tissues using the Cancer Cell Isolation Kit. Invasion was detected using the BD Biocoat Matrigel Invasion Chamber assay. Expressions of microRNA-21 (miR-21), PTEN, MMP9, and p47phox were detected by qPCR. Groups of nude mice were challenged with A549 cells with or without DPI and detected for tumor metastasis and survival. NOX inhibition in human lung cancer cells significantly reduced their invasive potential in vitro. NOX inhibition in vivo led to decreased metastasis of human lung cancer and prolonged the survival time of tumor-bearing nude mice. Further, NOX inhibition resulted in decreased expression of miR-21 in human lung cancer cells. Increased expression of miR-21 abrogated the effect of NOX inhibitor on metastasis of human lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Decreased expression of miR-21 facilitated the effect of NOX inhibitor on metastasis of human lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, increased expression of PTEN and decreased expression of MMP9 were observed in human lung cancer cells in response to NOX inhibition. Finally, close correlations of miR-21 expression levels with NADPH oxidase expression level and differentiation state of tumor cells were observed in lung cancer patients. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase protected against metastasis of human lung cancer cells by decreasing miR-21 expression, which could facilitate the understanding of lung cancer pathogenesis and provided clues for the development of novel therapeutics for lung cancer patients.
Amplitude modulated model for analyzing non-stationary speech signals

Recently amplitude modulated (AM) model in presence of additive white noise was used to analyze certain non-stationary speech data. It is observed that the assumption of white noise may not be proper in many cases. In this article, we consider the AM signal model in presence of stationary noise. We consider the least squares estimators and the estimators obtained by maximizing the Periodogram function. The two estimators are asymptotically equivalent. We study the theoretical properties of both estimators and observe their performances through numerical simulations. One speech data is analyzed and it is observed that the performance of the proposed estimators is quite satisfactory.
Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease — A Modifiable Risk Factor in a Growing High Cardiovascular Risk Population

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has become a modern day epidemic, affecting millions of people around the globe. It has grown parallel to the rising epidemic of obesity, leading to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Currently, DM is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and subsequent end stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring renal replacement therapy. Although statistics indicate a leveling off in the incidence of ESRD among diabetics, these statistics do not hold true for some of the most vulnerable populations such as minority populations.
Spore Density of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi is Fostered by Six Years of a No-Till System and is Correlated with Environmental Parameters in a Silty Loam Soil

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play major roles in nutrient acquisition by crops and are key actors of agroecosystems productivity. However, agricultural practices can have deleterious effects on plant–fungi symbiosis establishment in soils, thus inhibiting its potential benefits on plant growth and development. Therefore, we have studied the impact of different soil management techniques, including conventional moldboard ploughing and no-till under an optimal nitrogen (N) fertilization regime and in the absence of N fertilization, on AMF spore density and soil chemical, physical, and biological indicators in the top 20 cm of the soil horizon. A field experiment conducted over six years revealed that AMF spore density was significantly lower under conventional tillage (CT) combined with intensive synthetic N fertilization. Under no-till (NT) conditions, the density of AMF spore was at least two-fold higher, even under intensive N fertilization conditions. We also observed that there were positive correlations between spore density, soil dehydrogenase enzyme activity, and soil penetration resistance and negative correlations with soil phosphorus and mineral N contents. Therefore, soil dehydrogenase activity and soil penetration resistance can be considered as good indicators of soil quality in agrosystems. Furthermore, the high nitrate content of ploughed soils appears to be detrimental both for the dehydrogenase enzyme activity and the production of AMF spores. It can be concluded that no-till, by preventing soil from structural and chemical disturbances, is a farming system that preserves the entire fungal life cycle and as such the production of viable spores of AMF, even under intensive N fertilization.
Quasi-square wave converters-modeling and performance benefits of GaN over Silicon

This paper presents an accurate loss model of a Quasi-Square Wave (QSW) buck converter and analyzes the efficiency benefits of GaN FETs over Silicon super-junction FETs. A design methodology and optimization strategy is presented while accounting for the FET Figures-of-Merit (FoM). The model uses computational techniques to account for non-linear device capacitances and precisely predicts the FET on times, resonant intervals and switching frequency required for ZVS operation. Analyses show the FET RDS,ON-QOss FoM has the maximum impact in the efficiency affecting both FET and inductor losses and a FoM dependent optimal RDS,ON exists for which the FET conduction losses balance the inductor losses. The loss model is validated by two QSW buck converters designs operating at 36W using GaN and Silicon FETs, each optimized to maximize their end-to-end efficiencies.
Soil spectroscopy: an opportunity to be seized

c Whashington State University, 405 Johnson Hall, PO Box 646420, Pullman, WA 99164-6420 USA d World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, PO Box 30677, 00100 Nairobi Kenya e Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy * Corresponding author. Via Enrico Fermi 2749 e TP 280, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy. Tel. : +39 0332 78 3682; fax: +39 0332 78 6394. E-mail addresses: marco.nocita@jrc.ec. europa.eu; marco.nocita@gmail.com
Local production of B lymphocyte stimulator protein and APRIL in arthritic joints of patients with inflammatory arthritis.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether synovial fluid (SF) levels and cell-surface expression of B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) protein and SF levels of APRIL are elevated in patients with inflammatory arthritis (IA). METHODS Same-day blood and SF samples from 89 patients with 103 knee effusions (81 knees with IA and 22 with noninflammatory arthritis [NIA]) were evaluated for BLyS protein and APRIL levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood and SF mononuclear cells were double-stained for surface BLyS protein and surface CD14 (monocyte marker) and were analyzed by flow cytometry. Complete blood cell counts and SF nucleated cell counts were performed by the clinical hematology laboratory. RESULTS BLyS protein levels were higher in SF than in corresponding serum samples from both IA and NIA patients. SF BLyS protein levels, but not surface expression of BLyS protein, were disproportionately elevated in IA patients. APRIL levels were higher in SF than in corresponding serum samples from most IA patients but not NIA patients. SF BLyS protein and APRIL levels correlated with each other, and each correlated with SF monocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, and total nucleated cell counts. Although SF and serum BLyS protein levels correlated with each other, SF and serum APRIL levels did not, suggesting that SF BLyS protein levels are more dependent upon systemic factors than are SF APRIL levels. Moreover, in 8 patients who underwent sequential arthrocenteses, changes in SF BLyS protein levels did not immutably parallel changes in SF APRIL levels, indicating their differential regulation. CONCLUSION BLyS protein and APRIL are locally produced in inflamed joints. Their respective SF levels are differentially regulated, suggesting that they serve different functions. Together, their local production may foster survival and/or expansion of B cells that produce pathogenic autoantibodies and/or promote local T cell activation and consequent joint destruction.
Effects of stimulus variability on speech perception in listeners with hearing impairment.

Traditional word-recognition tests typically use phonetically balanced (PB) word lists produced by one talker at one speaking rate. Intelligibility measures based on these tests may not adequately evaluate the perceptual processes used to perceive speech under more natural listening conditions involving many sources of stimulus variability. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of stimulus variability and lexical difficulty on the speech-perception abilities of 17 adults with mild-to-moderate hearing loss. The effects of stimulus variability were studied by comparing word-identification performance in single-talker versus multiple-talker conditions and at different speaking rates. Lexical difficulty was assessed by comparing recognition of "easy" words (i.e., words that occur frequently and have few phonemically similar neighbors) with "hard" words (i.e., words that occur infrequently and have many similar neighbors). Subjects also completed a 20-item questionnaire to rate their speech understanding abilities in daily listening situations. Both sources of stimulus variability produced significant effects on speech intelligibility. Identification scores were poorer in the multiple-talker condition than in the single-talker condition, and word-recognition performance decreased as speaking rate increased. Lexical effects on speech intelligibility were also observed. Word-recognition performance was significantly higher for lexically easy words than lexically hard words. Finally, word-recognition performance was correlated with scores on the self-report questionnaire rating speech understanding under natural listening conditions. The pattern of results suggest that perceptually robust speech-discrimination tests are able to assess several underlying aspects of speech perception in the laboratory and clinic that appear to generalize to conditions encountered in natural listening situations where the listener is faced with many different sources of stimulus variability. That is, word-recognition performance measured under conditions where the talker varied from trial to trial was better correlated with self-reports of listening ability than was performance in a single-talker condition where variability was constrained.
Integrating Mathematical and Symbolic Models Through AESOP: An Expert for Stock Options Pricing

This paper reports on an effort to integrate symbolic and mathematical models to tailor the output of a mathematical model to the particular domain of a decision maker. AESOP combines the Black-Scholes model of stock options pricing with an expert system; the integrated model is designed for use by an options specialist on the American Stock Exchange. The specialist makes a number of adjustments to the output of the mathematical model; the purpose of the symbolic model is to make as many of these modifications as possible automatically. The paper reports on the development and structure of AESOP and presents data on its use.