Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
[Genotyping of West Nile fever virus strains circulating in southern Russia as an epidemiological investigation method: principles and results].

AIM Characteristic of West Nile fever (WNF) virus strains circulating in southern Russia. MATERIALS AND METHODS WNF RNA was amplified directly from clinical samples, mosquitoes and bird tissues by PCR, nucleotides were sequenced directly and analyzed comparatively. RESULTS Related but different genovariants of WNF lineage 1a--"Volgograd" and "Astrakhan"--circulated during WNF outbreaks of 1999 and 2000-2003 in Volgograd and Astrakhan regions. In 2005 "Volgograd" WNF variant emerged in Astrakhan region and along with "Astrakhan" variant caused a new morbidity increase. In 2004 in sera of 2 WNF patients from Rostov region WNF lineage 2 RNA was detected, this was the first WNF clinical case caused by WNF lineage 2 outside of Africa. WNF outbreak in Volgograd region in 2007 was caused by this unique WNF lineage that may preliminary be called Russian. Finally, during a major WNF outbreak in 2010 in Volgograd and Rostov regions in clinical samples only russian genovariant WNF lineage 2 RNA was detected again. CONCLUSION After emergence of a certain WNF genovariant the virus is capable of persisting in natural foci in southern Russia. A near disappearance of one of the WNF clones by substitution or displacement with another maybe possible. Determination of genetic characteristics of WNF strains circulating in Russia is an important element of WNF epidemiological surveillance and control of this disease.
Facilitating emergence of an ICT industry cluster

Michael Porter and others suggest that the interactive dynamics between industrially related organizations within a circumscribed geographic area can help to form an “industry cluster”, where the dynamics helps them to substantially improve their international competitiveness compared to organizations working in isolation. Following suggestions based on a paradigm of organizational emergence, the authors have intervened in their local area to see if they can crystallize the emergence of an industry cluster to address the ICT needs of organizational knowledge management. Although the ultimate success of the interventions remains to be demonstrated, this paper outlines the theoretical framework, some interventions, and the results of these interventions towards formation of an active cluster. We have observed that some low cost interventions appear to successfully build the kinds of interpersonal knowledge transfer relationships that historical studies suggest facilitate the emergence of successful clusters.
2015 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Management of Adult Patients With Supraventricular Tachycardia: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society.

Preamble e472 1. Introduction e473 2. General Principles e475 3. Sinus Tachyarrhythmias e480 4. Nonsinus Focal Atrial Tachycardia and MAT e481 5. Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia e482 6. Manifest and Concealed Accessory Pathways e483 7. Atrial Flutter e485 8. Junctional Tachycardia e487 9. Special Populations e487
THE METHOD OF CHABAUTY AND COLEMAN WILLIAM MCCALLUM AND

This is an introduction to the method of Chabauty and Coleman, a p-adic method that attempts to determine the set of rational points on a given curve of genus g ≥ 2. We present the method, give a few examples of its implementation in practice, and discuss its effectiveness. An appendix treats the case in which the curve has bad reduction. 1. Rational points on curves of genus ≥ 2 We will work over the field Q of rational numbers, although everything we say admits an appropriate generalization to a number field. Let Q be an algebraic closure of Q. For each finite prime p, let Qp be the field of p-adic numbers (see [Kob84] for the definition). Curves will be assumed to be smooth, projective, and geometrically integral. Let X be a curve over Q of genus g ≥ 2. We suppose that X is presented as the zero set in some P of an explicit finite set of homogeneous polynomials. We may give instead an equation for a singular (but still geometrically integral) curve in A; in this case, it is understood that X is the smooth projective curve birational to this singular curve. Rational points on X can be specified by giving their coordinates. (A little more data may be required if a singular model for X is used.) Let X(Q) be the set of rational points on X. In 1922 L. Mordell [Mor22] conjectured that X(Q) is finite, and in 1983 this was proved by G. Faltings [Fal83]. Thus we have the following well-defined problem: Given X of genus ≥ 2 presented as above, compute X(Q). An argument of A. N. Parshin (see [Szp85]) shows that Faltings’ proof can be adapted to give an upper bound on the cardinality of X(Q). But Faltings’ proof is still ineffective in the sense that it does not provide an algorithm for finding the points in X(Q), even in principle. In fact, it is not known whether any algorithm is guaranteed to solve this problem. Even the case g = 2 seems hard. Nevertheless there are a few techniques that can be applied: see [Poo02] for a survey. On individual curves these seem to solve the problem often, perhaps even always when used Date: June 14, 2010. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 11G30; Secondary 14G05, 14K20.
An electrophysiological study of chemical and electrical synapses on neurones in the parasympathetic cardiac ganglion of the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus: evidence for intrinsic ganglionic innervation.

1. The cardiac ganglion of the mudpuppy is situated on a thin sheet of tissue. Two nerve cell types can be distinguished readily in the living preparation ‐ principal cells and smaller interneurones which synapse with the principal cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate synaptic transmission and the functional organization of neuronal connections of ganglion cells with intracellular micro‐electrodes. 2. Stimulation of the preganglionic, vagus, nerves evoked a large excitatory response in principal cells. About three quarters of these neurones were innervated by a single vagal axon. The remaining cells received two or more preganglionic nerve fibres. 3. The quantum content of vagal excitatory post‐synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) was measured. Normally, the e.p.s.p. was suprathreshold and consisted of about twenty‐two quanta, whereas only about nine quanta were required to reach threshold and initiate an action potential. 4. Intracellular stimulation of principal cells evoked e.p.s.p.s in neighbouring principal cells. The responses were blocked by cholinergic antagonists. These potentials were caused by excitation of principal cell axon collateral synapses. 5. Principal cells also formed electrical junctions with each other. These electrical junctions were very weak. Although they transmitted slow potential changes, only a small response was recorded in one cell when an electrically coupled neighbouring cell fired an impulse. The resistance of the electrical junction between principal cells was calculated to be about 5‐8 X 10(8) omega. 6. Stable penetrations of interneurones were only rarely achieved, making it difficult to study their functional relationship to principal cells. Action potentials were recorded from interneurones in a few instances. 7. These data demonstrate that parasympathetic ganglion cells in the heart of the mudpuppy receive innervation from more than one source involving both chemical and electrical synapses, and that some of the synapses are intrinsic to the ganglion.
Differences in the central anorectic effects of GLP-1 and exendin-4 in rats Running title : Central GLP-1 and exendin-4

This is an uncopyedited electronic version of an article accepted for publication in Diabetes. The American Diabetes Association, publisher of Diabetes, is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it by third parties. The definitive publisher-authenticated version will be available in a future issue of Diabetes in print and online at http://diabetes.diabetesjournals. org. Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online September 9, 2009
Deoxyribonucleic acid homologies among some bacteria

The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-agar method has been employed to demonstrate homologies among the DNA's of several members of the Enterobacteriaceae (B. J. McCarthy and E. T. Bolton, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 50:156,1963). This work used the extent of reaction (binding) of radiolabeled DNA fragments to a series of DNA-agars as the index of polynucleotide homology. Competition experiments, in which a large excess of unlabeled DNA fragments comshown in Table 1. Specificity of the technique was assured by control experiments in which the background binding of Escherichia coli B fragments and Salmonella typhimurium strain LT2 fragments to agar containing no DNA was 0.4 and 0.25%, respectively. In addition, DNA fragments from Brucella neotomae, an organism unrelated to the Enterobacteriaceae, were unable to compete with E. coli fragments for sites on E. coli DNA-agar (Table 1, bottom line).
Axenic Cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica (National Institutes of Health strain 200) has been maintained in axenic culture through 50 transfers over a period of 6 months. The medium used is diphasic and contains a cell-free extract of chick embryo which is essential for growth. Inocula of 50,000 amoebas yield 150,000 to 200,000 organisms in 72 hours of incubation at 35�C. An extract prepared from boiled embryos supports growth equally well.
Drinking behaviour in rats treated with isoprenaline, angiotensin II or angiotensin antagonists

1. Isoprenaline hydrochloride injected subcutaneously in rats given a choice test of 1·8% NaCl and water, first induced saline intake which started immediately and was almost concluded in 15 min, followed by a copious water intake. When either saline or water were given in a separate test, saline intake surpassed the water intake in the first 15 min.
Assessment of Memory Complaint in Age-Associated Memory Impairment: The MAC-Q

Few brief self-report memory questionnaires are available, and none has been well validated. We designed a brief questionnaire, the MAC-Q, to assess age-related memory decline. Validity and reliability of the MAC-Q were assessed in 232 subjects meeting diagnostic criteria for age-associated memory impairment (AAMI). Concurrent validity of the MAC-Q was supported by a significant correlation (r = .41, p < .001) with a lengthy, well-validated memory questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis indicated that memory test scores were significant predictors of MAC-Q scores. MAC-Q scores were not predicted by Hamilton Depression Scale scores, suggesting that memory complaint in AAMI is not related to affective status. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the MAC-Q were satisfactory. Our data support the validity and reliability of the MAC-Q, a new brief memory questionnaire. The MAC-Q is of particular relevance to the assessment of AAMI, but should also prove useful in any clinical or research setting requiring a brief index of memory complaint.
L‐type amino acid transporter 1 as a potential molecular target in human astrocytic tumors

L‐type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is a Na+‐independent neutral amino acid transport agency and essential for the transport of large neutral amino acids. LAT1 has been identified as a light chain of the CD98 heterodimer from C6 glioma cells. LAT1 also corresponds to TA1, an oncofetal antigen that is expressed primarily in fetal tissues and cancer cells. We have investigated for the first time, the expression of the transporter in the human primary astrocytic tumor tissue from 60 patients. LAT1 is unique because it requires an additional single membrane spanning protein, the heavy chain of 4F2 cell surface antigen (4F2hc), for its functional expression. 4F2hc expression was also determined by immunohistochemistry. Kaplan‐Meier analyses demonstrated that high LAT1 expression correlated with poor survival for the study group as a whole (p < 0.0001) and for those with glioblastoma multiforme in particular (p = 0.0001). Cox regression analyses demonstrated that LAT1 expression was one of significant predictors of outcome, independent of all other variables. On the basis of these findings, we also investigated the effect of the specific inhibitor to LAT1, 2‐aminobicyclo‐2 (2,2,1)‐heptane‐2‐carboxylic acid (BCH), on the survival of C6 glioma cells in vitro and in vivo using a rat C6 glioma model. BCH inhibited the growth of C6 glioma cells in vitro and in vivo in a dose‐dependent manner. Kaplan‐Meier survival data of rats treated with BCH were significant. These findings suggest that LAT1 could be one of the molecular targets in glioma therapy. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alterations of the RANKL pathway in blood and bone marrow samples of prostate cancer patients without bone metastases

The receptor activator of the NF‐kB ligand (RANKL) pathway is a key mediator of prostate cancer (PC)‐induced bone disease. However, little is known about this pathway in patients with non‐metastatic PC. We aimed to investigate whether changes of RANKL, its inhibitor osteoprotegerin (OPG) and bone marrow‐mesenchymal stromal cells (BM‐MSCs) occur in PC patients without manifest bone metastases.
Discovering personality types and diversity based on software team roles

Human aspects in software engineering play key role in composing effective team members. However, to date there is no general consensus on the effective personality types and diversity based on team roles.Thus, this paper aims to discover relationships between personality types and diversity based on two software team roles–team leader and programmer.A rule-based approach by using rough set technique was used to discover patterns of the data selected.The results revealed that extrovert personality type is dominant for both software team roles for effective team.The results of this study provide useful rules for decision makers to understand and get insight into selecting effective team members that lead to producing high quality software.
Effects of muscle length on an increased stretch reflex in children with cerebral palsy

No inhibitory influence of length on the increased stretch reflex was found in the internal gastrocnemius muscle of 19 cerebral palsied children. A facilitory influence of length was found in at least five patients in which quantitative data were obtained. These results were compared with previous data on a facilitory influence in the hamstrings and inhibitory influence in quadriceps muscles.
Carboxylated nanodiamonds are neither cytotoxic nor genotoxic on liver, kidney, intestine and lung human cell lines

Abstract Although nanodiamonds (NDs) appear as one of the most promising nanocarbon materials available so far for biomedical applications, their risk for human health remains unknown. Our work was aimed at defining the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of two sets of commercial carboxylated NDs with diameters below 20 and 100 nm, on six human cell lines chosen as representative of potential target organs: HepG2 and Hep3B (liver), Caki-1 and Hek-293 (kidney), HT29 (intestine) and A549 (lung). Cytotoxicity of NDs was assessed by measuring cell impedance (xCELLigence® system) and cell survival/death by flow cytometry while genotoxicity was assessed by γ-H2Ax foci detection, which is considered the most sensitive technique for studying DNA double-strand breaks. To validate and check the sensitivity of the techniques, aminated polystyrene nanobeads were used as positive control in all assays. Cell incorporation of NDs was also studied by flow cytometry and luminescent N–V center photoluminescence (confirmed by Raman microscopy), to ensure that nanoparticles entered the cells. Overall, we show that NDs effectively entered the cells but NDs do not induce any significant cytotoxic or genotoxic effects on the six cell lines up to an exposure dose of 250 µg/mL. Taken together these results strongly support the huge potential of NDs for human nanomedicine but also their potential as negative control in nanotoxicology studies.
Biomechanical Comparison of Effects of Supraspinatus Tendon Detachments, Tendon Defects, and Muscle Retractions

Background: Rotator cuff ruptures are frequently associated with loss of strength of the shoulder. However, the characteristics of the rotator cuff tear that are responsible for the loss of force generation and transmission have not yet been identified. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of supraspinatus tendon detachments, tendon defects, and muscle retractions on in vitro force transmission by the rotator cuff to the humerus. Methods: The rotator cuff tendons from ten cadaver shoulders were loaded proportionally to the respective cross-sectional areas of their muscles. A fiberglass rod was cemented into the medullary canal of the humerus and connected to a three-component load cell for the measurement of the forces transmitted by the rotator cuff to the humerus. This study was performed with the humerus in a hanging arm position and with various sizes of supraspinatus tendon detachments, tendon defects, and muscle retractions. Results: Detachment or creation of a defect involving one-third or two-thirds of the supraspinatus tendon resulted in a minor reduction in the force transmitted by the rotator cuff (≤5%), while detachment or creation of a defect involving the whole tendon resulted in a moderate reduction (11% and 17%, respectively). Simulated muscle retraction involving one-third, two-thirds, and the whole tendon resulted in losses of torque measuring 19%, 36%, and 58%, respectively. Side-to-side repair of the one-third and two-thirds defects nearly restored the force transmission capability, whereas a deficit remained after side-to-side repair following complete resection. Conclusions: Our results support the rotator cable concept and correspond to the clinical observation that patients with a small rupture of the rotator cuff may present without a loss of shoulder strength. Muscle retraction is potentially an important factor responsible for loss of shoulder strength following large rotator cuff ruptures. Clinical Relevance: Supraspinatus muscle retraction diminishes glenohumeral abduction torque significantly more than either a defect in the tendon or a simple detachment of the tendon from the tuberosity. In cases of irreparable defects, side-to-side repair may be worthwhile to restore muscle tension and the integrity of the rotator cable.
Virtual Thrower Versus Real Goalkeeper: The Influence of Different Visual Conditions on Performance

In order to use virtual reality as a sport analysis tool, we need to be sure that an immersed athlete reacts realistically in a virtual environment. This has been validated for a real handball goalkeeper facing a virtual thrower. However, we currently ignore which visual variables induce a realistic motor behavior of the immersed handball goalkeeper. In this study, we used virtual reality to dissociate the visual information related to the movements of the player from the visual information related to the trajectory of the ball. Thus, the aim is to evaluate the relative influence of these different visual information sources on the goalkeeper's motor behavior. We tested 10 handball goalkeepers who had to predict the final position of the virtual ball in the goal when facing the following: only the throwing action of the attacking player (TA condition), only the resulting ball trajectory (BA condition), and both the throwing action of the attacking player and the resulting ball trajectory (TB condition). Here we show that performance was better in the BA and TB conditions, but contrary to expectations, performance was substantially worse in the TA condition. A significant effect of ball landing zone does, however, suggest that the relative importance between visual information from the player and the ball depends on the targeted zone in the goal. In some cases, body-based cues embedded in the throwing actions may have a minor influence on the ball trajectory and vice versa. Kinematics analysis was then combined with these results to determine why such differences occur depending on the ball landing zone and consequently how it can clarify the role of different sources of visual information on the motor behavior of an athlete immersed in a virtual environment.
Too Old For Technology? How The Elderly Of Lisbon Use And Perceive ICT

The elderly have traditionally been an excluded group in the deployment of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Even though their use of ICT is increasing, there is still a significant age-based digital divide. To empower elderly people’s usage of ICT we need to look at their patterns of usage and perceptions. To understand how Portugal’s elderly (65 and above) use and perceive mobile phones, computers and the Internet, we surveyed a random stratified sample of 500 individuals over 64 years of age, living in Lisbon. Of those surveyed, 72% owned a mobile phone, 13% used computers, and 10% used the Internet. The quantitative data was followed-up by ten qualitative (semi-structured) interviews. The implications of the results are discussed herein. Keywords: Elderly, Aging, ICT, Ageism, Digital Divide, Mobile phones, Computers, Internet, Portugal, “faux users”
HLA-DRB1 genes and patients with late onset rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of HLA-DRB*1 genes on susceptibility to and severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients with late onset compared with younger onset disease. METHODS The clinical, biological, and HLA-DRB1 typing characteristics of two groups of patients were studied retrospectively. Group 1 consisted of 262 patients whose disease onset was before or at the age of 60 (young onset RA (YORA)). Group 2 included 60 patients whose illness began after the age of 60 (elderly onset RA (EORA)). RESULTS The shared epitope level was similarly increased in both groups of patients compared with normal controls (195/262 (74%) in group 1 and 43/60 (72%) in group 2 v 645/1609 (40.1%) in controls). No differences were noted between the two groups of patients for each separate disease related allele. In contrast, when studying all HLA-DRB1*04 RA related alleles as a group, these alleles were underrepresented in EORA compared with YORA (22/60 (37%)v 135/262 (52%); odds ratio 2.0; 95% confidence interval 1.0 to 3.3). An inverse trend was seen for HLA-DRB1*01 alleles. There were no differences in biological characteristics or extra-articular manifestations between the patient groups. The differences noted in radiological evaluation or the number of prescribed disease modifying antirheumatic drugs seemed to be linked with differences in disease duration. CONCLUSION HLA-DRB1 RA related alleles influence both EORA and YORA. However, HLA-DRB1*04 RA linked alleles are not as closely associated with RA in the elderly as they are in younger patients. This suggests that the importance of these genes in the susceptibility to RA may be lower in elderly patients.