Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a dc atmospheric pressure normal glow discharge

Atmospheric pressure dc glow discharges were generated between a thin cylindrical anode and a flat cathode. Voltage–current characteristics, visualization of the discharge and estimations of the current density indicate that the discharge is operating in the normal glow regime. Emission spectroscopy and gas temperature measurements using the 2nd positive band of N2 indicate that the discharge forms a non-equilibirum plasma. Rotational temperatures are 700 K and 1550 K and vibrational temperatures are 5000 K and 4500 K for a 0.4 mA and 10 mA discharge, respectively. The discharge was studied for inter-electrode gap spacing in the range of 20 µm–1.5 cm. It is possible to distinguish a negative glow, Faraday dark space and positive column regions of the discharge. The radius of the primary column is about 50 µm and is relatively constant with changes in electrode spacing and discharge current. Estimations show that this radial size is important in balancing heat generation and diffusion and in preventing thermal instabilities and the transition to an arc.
Selective Separation of Thorium Using Ion Imprinted Chitosan‐Phthalate Particles via Solid Phase Extraction

Abstract We have studied a new method for the preparation of Th(IV)‐imprinted chitosan‐phthalate particles, which can considerably enhance the adsorption capacity and selectivity of thorium ions. In this study, chitosan‐phthalate was used as the complexing monomer, Th(IV) as template, epichlorohydrin as crosslinking agent. Initially, chitosan was modified with phthalic anhydrides and complex formation occured between carboxylic acid functional groups and Th(IV) ions. Secondly, particles were crosslinked with epichlorohydrin. After the removal of Th(IV) ions, thorium solid phase extraction (SPE) on the Th(IV) ion‐imprinted particles from aqueous solutions containing their different amounts, selectivity study of thorium versus other interfering metal ions mixture which are Fe3+, La3+, and Mn2+ and distribution and selectivity coefficients were reported here. A comparison of the selectivity coefficient of Th(IV)‐imprinted chitosan‐phthalate particles with the selectivity coefficient of non‐imprinted polymers showed that the imprinted matrix for Th(IV)/Fe(III), Th(IV)/La(III) and Th(IV)/Mn(II) was 8.35, 8.75 and 10.81 times greater than non‐imprinted matrix, respectively.
Third structure determination by powder diffractometry round robin (SDPDRR-3)

The results from a third structure determination by powder diffractometry (SDPD) round robin are discussed. From the 175 potential participants having downloaded the powder data, nine sent a total of 12 solutions (8 and 4 for samples 1 and 2, respectively, a tetrahydrated calcium tartrate and a lanthanum tungstate). Participants used seven different computer programs for structure solution (ESPOIR, EXPO, FOX, PSSP, SHELXS, SUPERFLIP, and TOPAS), applying Patterson, direct methods, direct space methods, and charge flipping approach. It is concluded that solving a structure from powder data remains a challenge, at least one order of magnitude more difficult than solving a problem with similar complexity from single-crystal data. Nevertheless, a few more steps in the direction of increasing the SDPD rate of success were accomplished since the two previous round robins: this time, not only the computer program developers were successful but also some users. No result was obtained from crystal structure prediction experts.
Preparation, Characterization and Optical Property of Chitosan-Phenothiazine Derivative by Microwave Assisted Synthesis

In this article, we have described microwave assisted synthesis of 3-formyl-10H phenothiazine and preparation of chitosan-phenothiazine derivative film with potential for optical properties in biomedical applications, vis-à-vis it is also important to ensure that chemical processes used in converting biopolymer to useful material through green chemistry approach. From optical properties and biomedical application point of views, it is a benign technique. Chitosan-derivative film was prepared from hydrogel by solution casting method. The prepared chitosan-phenothiazine derivative was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The film was evaluated by XRD, thermal analysis, surface morphology, photoluminescence (PL) spectrscopy and second harmonic generation (SHG) study. Overall, the chitosan-phenothiazine derivative film opens new perspectives to optical material for biomedical applications.
Functionalized Plasmonic-Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Imaging and Detection

Plasmonic-fluorescent composite nanoparticles are considered as unique, multifunctional nanoprobes for plasmon- and fluorescence-based imaging and detection. However, their synthesis is challenging due to fluorescence quenching of the fluorophore by plasmonic particles and most of the successful methods produce composite particles of large size (diameter > 50 nm), which limit their wider applications. Here we report 20-30 nm diameter plasmonic-fluorescent composite nanoparticles with reasonable fluorescence quantum yield (12-16%). These particles are composed of 3-6 nm diameter Au/Ag cores and fluorescein-incorporated polymeric shells. They have high water solubility, good colloidal stability, stable fluorescence properties, and are amenable in deriving various functional nanoprobes. Different functional nanoprobes are derived from these composites and successfully used for fluorescence-based cell labeling as well as plasmon-based detection applications.
Lithium Storage in Carbon Nanostructures

In this review article we discuss the progress of lithium storage in different carbon forms starting from intercalation in graphite to the lithium storage in fullerenes, nanotubes, diamond and most recently, graphene. The recent advances in lithium storage in various novel morphological variants of carbons prepared by a variety of techniques are also discussed with the most important models in literature that have been set out to explain the excess lithium storage. The major emphasis lies on the real structure.
Theoretical Study on the Isomerization Reaction Mechanism of the Chain-Isomers of N9H9

Density functional theory B3LYP method with 6-311++G** basis set has been used to optimize Chain-isomers of N9H9. Sixteen species are found, the structures, stabilities, thermochemical properties, and their tautomerism are studied and discussed. The ten corresponding transition states have been found. The experimental results indicated that the reaction energy barriers of isomerization of these isomers were between 139.56 kJ/mol and 236.67kJ/mol. The activation energies is higher, the isomerization of these isomers is relatively difficult. The isomerization processes of these chain-isomers of N9H9 are all completed by the H transfer.
Movement of pesticides to surface waters from a heavy clay soil

A field experiment at Cockle Park, Northumberland on a clay loam soil (Dunkeswick series) cropped with winter wheat investigated the effects of drainage and season of application on pesticide movement. Isoproturon, mecoprop, fonofos and trifluralin were applied in two consecutive seasons at normal agricultural rates of three hydrologically isolated plots each of 0.25 ha. Two of the plots were mole-drained and the third was an undrained control. Surface-layer flow and drainflow from each plot were monitored at 10-min intervals. Samples of flow were analysed for pesticides to evaluate transport of applied chemicals from the site. Despite widely differing properties (K oc 20-8000 ml g -1 , t 1/2 10-60 days), all four pesticides were found in surface-layer flow and mole drainflow from the site. Maximum concentrations of pesticides in flow ranged from 0.1 to 121 μg litre -1 (aqueous phase) and <0.2 to 48 μg litre -1 (particulate phase). Over two contrasting seasons, total losses of pesticides in flow followed total amounts of flow and were approximately four and five times larger, respectively, in 1990/91 than in 1989-90. The maximum loss occurred from the undrained plot and was 2.8 g isoproturon (0.45% of that applied). Total losses of autumn-applied pesticides from an undrained plot were up to four times greater than losses from a mole-drained plot. Mole drainage decreased movement of pesticides from this slowly permeable soil by reducing the amount of surface-layer flow. Maximum concentrations of mecoprop and isoproturon in drainflow were 10-20 times larger following spring application than after application in autumn. Bypass flow drown soil cracks was an important process by which pesticide was lost from the site, with transport to the drainage system via mole channels (55 cm depth) after less than 0.5 and 6.7 mm net drainage in the two winters
REVIEW OF KERNELS FOR DROPLET-DROPLET INTERACTION, DROPLET-WALL COLLISION, ENTRAINMENT, RE-ENTRAINMENT, AND BREAKAGE

Gas purification is one of the most common and important process steps in combined oil and gas production in order to obtain a product meeting the required export specifications. One of the separation steps is droplet removal, which may be found in several positions in a gas processing train. Gas dehydration, sweetening, and, in particular, compression are very dependent on an almost droplet-free gas. The equipment normally used for this purpose is a so-called scrubber, where the droplets are usually removed in three stages. The process of droplet removal is governed by several physical phenomena, such as droplet-droplet interaction, droplet deposition on dry and wet walls, droplet re-entrainment by the gas flow, coalescence, and breakage. For each of them closure laws are needed, and several kernels have been developed in order to establish in what operational domain and under which specific conditions the various phenomena dominate, can be minimized, or can be eliminated this article is a review of the individual physical processes, and the models developed to describe these including advantages and shortcomings of each of them.
The role of surface tension of spreading droplets in absorption of a herbicide formulation via leaf stomata

The foliar absorption by field bean (Vicia faba L.) of triclopyrtriethylamine from solutions containing an organosilicone surfactant, «Silwet L-77» at 0, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 ml litre -1 , was investigated using fluorescence and radiotracer studies. Physical characteristics such as formulation surface tension and contact angles of droplet formed on the field bean leaf were determined and combined to obtain a critical surface tension value (γ critical ) of 19.5-22.9 mN m -1 for the adaxial leaf surface. The apparent surface tensions of the three formulations containing L-77 were equivalent and low, an average of 22 mN m -1 , which would be sufficiently low to permit stomatal infiltration
Self-trapped state and phonon localization in TiO2 quantum dot with a dipole layer

The discrete phonon spectra of TiO2 quantum dot with a dipole layer is reported. The absorption intensities of different LO phonons are related to the phonon‐electron coupling in accord with the prediction of the continuum polarization model. The two‐phonon bound state appeared due to the localization effect. The optical absorption of the self‐trapped state [reported in Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 1826 (1991)] may be related to the strong electron‐phonon interaction in this system, i.e., a bipolaronic state might form with the presence of surface donor.
Intensities of 4f-4f transitions in glass materials

In this article we review some of the basic aspects of rare earth spectroscopy applied to vitreous materials. The characteristics of the intra-atomic free ion and ligand field interactions, as well as the formalisms of the forced electric dipole and dynamic coupling mechanisms of 4f–4f intensities, are outlined. The contribution of the later mechanism to the 4f–4f intensities is critically discussed, a point that has been commonly overlooked in the literature of rare earth doped glasses. The observed correlation between the empirical intensity parameter Ω 2 and the covalence of the ion first coordination shell is discussed accordingly to the theoretical predictions.
Synthesis and characterisation of Ni(OH)2 nanosheets by simple route at low temperature

Abstract A new and facial method to directly synthesise stable and crystalline pure phase Ni(OH)2 nanosheets was developed using cationic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide). The advantages of the method are facile synthesis, low temperature (room temperature and 60°C) and low cost. The results revealed that all the products were flake-like nanosheets with typical length in the range of several hundreds of nanometres and width in the range of several to several tens of nanometres. A possible formation mechanism is preliminary proposed for the formation of the nanostructure. It is considered that this simple aqueous solution synthetic route can be applied as a general method for the preparation of other metal hydroxides with nanosheets.
Stimuli-responsive aqueous micelles from an ABC metallo-supramolecular triblock copolymer

A metallo-supramolecular ABC triblock copolymer containing a bis(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)-ruthenium(II) complex as a supramolecular connection between the constituting poly(styrene)-block-poly-(2-vinylpyridine) diblock and poly(ethylene oxide) block (PS 32-b-P2VP 13-[Ru]-PEO 70) has been prepared. This copolymer was further utilized in order to prepare aqueous micelles consisting of a PS core, a pH-sensitive P2VP shell, and a PEO corona. The accordingly formed micelles have been characterized by a combination of dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Spherical micelles and a minor fraction of bigger aggregates were observed by these three independent techniques. The pH sensitivity of the P2VP shell could be demonstrated and the reversibility of the metallo-supramolecular complex investigated utilizing a strong competitive ligand.
Deteksi Emosi pada Twitter Menggunakan Metode Naïve Bayes dan Kombinasi Fitur

Emosi bersifat umum dan penting dalam kehidupan yang membentuk perilaku manusia. Mendeteksi emosi memberikan peranan penting dalam berbagai aspek karena dapat diterapkan dalam berbagai bidang seperti pengambilan keputusan, memprediksi keadaan emosi manusia, memberikan review terhadap kualitas produk, melacak dukungan pada masalah politik, dan mengenali gangguan depresi seseorang. Mengidentifikasi emosi dapat menggunakan data tekstual yaitu berupa teks, karena teks dapat digunakan untuk berkomunikasi dan menyampaikan informasi. Salah satu media sosial yang digunakan untuk bertukar informasi adalah Twitter. Twitter berisi informasi tentang sikap serta keadaan emosi seseorang. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan deteksi emosi pada Twitter untuk menentukan emosi seseorang dengan menggunakan metode Naive Bayes dan kombinasi fitur. Penelitian ini digunakan beberapa model klasifikasi Naive Bayes yaitu Bernoulli Naive Bayes untuk tipe data biner dan Multinomial Naive Bayes untuk tipe data diskrit, kombinasi fitur yang digunakan pada penelitian yaitu fitur linguistik, fitur ortografik, dan kombinasi fitur N-gram. Hasil akurasi terbaik didapatkan pada pengujian kombinasi fitur N-gram sebesar 0,555, sedangkan hasil akurasi pada pengujian kombinasi fitur sebesar 0,5317 yang meliputi fitur linguistik, fitur ortografik, dan fitur N-gram memiliki nilai akurasi lebih baik dibandingkan pengujian dengan fitur tunggal dan lebih rendah dibandingkan pengujian kombinasi fitur N-gram. Hal ini dikarenakan pengaruh dari fitur linguistik, fitur ortografik, dan fitur N-gram. Penggabungan kombinasi fitur ini bisa menutupi kelemahan masing-masing fitur yang bisa meningkatkan akurasi walaupun peningkatannya tidak terlalu signifikan
Volatile Components of Mabolo (Diospyros blancoi A. DC.) Grown in Cuba

Abstract The chemical composition of the volatile compounds of mabolo fruit (Diospyros blancoi A. DC.) was studied by GC and GC/MS. Ninety-six compounds were identified, of which the composition of the fruit was characterized by the existence of many esters, particularly benzyl butyrate (33.9% of the total composition), butyl butyrate (12.5%) and (E)-cinnamyl butyrate (6.8%).
Influence of growth temperature and scandium concentration on piezoelectric response of scandium aluminum nitride alloy thin films

The authors have investigated the influence of growth temperature and scandium concentration on the piezoelectric response of scandium aluminum nitride (ScxAl1−xN) films prepared by dual reactive cosputtering. The piezoelectric response strongly depends on the growth temperature and scandium concentration. The piezoelectric response of the films prepared at 400 °C gradually increases with increasing scandium concentration. On the other hand, the piezoelectric response of the films prepared at 580 °C drastically decreases and increases in the scandium concentration from 30% to 40%. We think that the drastic change of the piezoelectric response is due to the disordered grain growth.
Zur Methodik der Bestimmung und Bewertung des Chlorophyll‐a in Oberflächengewässern

Die verbesserte Methode der Chlorophyll-a (CHA)-Bestimmung im Aceton-Extrakt nach Filtration mit Whatman GF/C Glasfiltern oder Membranfiltern wird als Standardmethode der Wasseruntersuchung empfohlen. Die Membranfilter werden mit Karborundumpulver zerrieben. Die Vorteile der Verwendung von Glasfiltern werden gezeigt. Die parallele Bearbeitung von 150 Proben mit zwei verschiedenen Berechnungsverfahren zeigte systematische Unterschiede. Die Beziehung von CHA zum Gesamt- oder Phosphatphosphor in verschiedenen Oberflachengewassern entspricht einer logistischen Kurve. Bei Uberschreitung einer bestimmten Phosphorkonzentration scheint die Menge an CHA nicht weiter zu steigen. In seichten, wenig truben bzw. wenig gefarbten Gewassern scheint die CHA-Asymptote hoher zu liegen als in tiefen (tiefer durchmischten) bzw. truben und gefarbten Gewassern. Die trophischen Grenzen lassen sich auf Grund verschiedener Phasen der logistischen Kurve mathematisch festlegen. Moglichkeiten der Vorhersage von CHA-Konzentrationen und Abschatzung der CHA-Anderungen bei Zuwachs oder Ruckhaltung von Phosphor werden mittels der logistischen Beziehung diskutiert.
Phosphate adsorption capacity testing of natural and industrial substrates in view of application in swimming and fish pond water treatment systems

AbstractSeveral substrates have been examined on their phosphate sorption capacity. Wollastonite powder exhibited the highest removal capacity. At all phosphate concentrations (0.1–20 mg P/l) the removal was above 82%, with a maximum of almost 96%. The uptake rate was high in the first hour of the batch test and increased with increasing concentration. The wollastonite granules did not take up phosphate at concentrations below 2 mg P/l. At higher concentrations the removal fluctuated between 82 and 96%. Slag exhibited a high absorbing capacity (up to 86%) at concentrations starting from 2 mg P/l. Other materials (ceramic cylinders with active micro-organisms, porphyry and scoria) that were studied did not exhibit phosphate uptake. From this study it is concluded that, of all the substrates studied, wollastonite powder has the highest phosphate removing capacity. The slag has a lower removal capacity, but is a more coarse material and is thus less prone to clogging. As such it can be concluded that combini.
Au-Cu alloy nanocluster doped SiO2 films by sol-gel processing

Au−Cu alloy nanocluster formation in silica films has been achieved in the present study by sol−gel processing. A fundamental role for obtaining alloy clusters instead of separation of the metallic species is played by the annealing atmosphere. Annealing in reducing atmosphere (hydrogen-containing) results in Au−Cu alloy formation, whereas air annealing promotes not only Au cluster precipitation and Cu oxidation but also Au−Cu alloy separation in samples previously annealed under reducing atmosphere.
The effects of dopant acids on structure and properties of poly(o‐methoxyaniline)

Poly(o-methoxyaniline) (POMA) was chemically synthesized using ammonium persulfate (APS) as oxidant. Methane sulfonic acid (MSA), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and p-toluene sulfonic acid (pTSA) were used as dopants, under the same reaction conditions. For comparison, undoped POMA was also synthesized. The polymer samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), four-probe conductivity measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron spin resonance (ESR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and determination of specific surface area. The antioxidant activities of POMA were assessed via reaction with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, and the anti-microbial activities were determined as minimum bactericidal concentrations against E. coli 25422 and S. aureus 6838. When doped with relatively strong acids, high yield (above 84%) was achieved, compared to the relatively low yield (45%) when no dopant was present. The conductivity decreased in the order POMA-pTSA > POMA-HCl > POMA-MSA > undoped POMA. A polaron conduction mechanism was supported by FTIR and ESR spectra. The morphology of the polymers was found to be effectively controlled by dopants. All POMA polymers showed strong free radical scavenging ability, which was highly correlated with the specific surface areas of the polymer particles. All the tested samples showed activity against S. aureus 6838, but not at the concentrations tested against E. coli 25422. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Preparation of Al‐doped ZnO films by aqueous solution process using a continuous circulation reactor

The fabrication of Al‐doped ZnO films by an aqueous solution process using a continuous circulation reactor was studied. By heating ZnO‐saturated ammonia solutions containing 2–10 mM Al(NO3)3 with pH 10.7 at 90 °C under ambient pressure, polycrystalline ZnO films with Al content of 1–2 at. % were deposited. The carrier concentration of ZnO films increased with increasing Al content, indicating that Al was successfully incorporated into the ZnO crystals. The Al‐doped ZnO films had carrier concentrations of 1019–1020 cm−3 and mobilities of 0.7–7 cm2/V/s after annealing at 300 °C in air.
SURJECTIVE ISOMETRIES ON $C^{1}[0,1]$ WITH RESPECT TO SEVERAL NORMS (Researches on isometries from various viewpoints)

Let C^{1}[0 , 1 ] be a complex linear space of all continuously differentiable com‐ plex valued functions on the unit interval [0 , 1 ] . We give a characterization of surjec‐ tive, not necessarily linear, isometries on C^{1}[0 , 1 ] with respect to the following norms: \Vert f\Vert_{ $\Sigma$}=\Vert f\Vert_{\infty}+\Vert f'\Vert_{\infty}, \displaystyle \Vert f\Vert_{C}=\sup\{|f(t)|+|f'(t)| : t\in[0, 1]\} and \Vert f\Vert_{ $\sigma$}=|f(0)|+\Vert f'\Vert_{\infty} for f\in C^{1}[0 , 1 ] , respectively.
Adsorption of nucleic acid bases on magnesium oxide (MgO)

Abstract The adsorption of organic molecules on mineral matrices might have played a fundamental role in processes that led to the emergence of life. We investigated the adsorption properties of the nucleobases adenine, cytosine, uracil and hypoxanthine on magnesium oxide (MgO), determining the single solute batch equilibrium adsorption isotherms. Langmuir-type isotherms were fitted to data, assuming a rapid reversible equilibration of adsorption, demonstrated effectively through desorption experiments. The Langmuir equilibrium adsorption constant K and the amount of the solute per unit of adsorbent mass necessary to complete the monolayer b were calculated. The results indicate that MgO is a good adsorbent for nucleobases (adenine > uracil > hypoxantine > cytosine), suggesting a role of metal oxides in concentrating biomolecules in prebiotic conditions that might have favoured the passage from geochemistry to biochemistry.