Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
INTESTINAL PARASITES IN OVERSEAS AND HOME SERVICE TROOPS OF THE U. S. ARMY: WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO CARRIERS OF AMEBIASIS

The intermingling of men from the tropics and of troops which had seen service in regions where amebic dysentery is widely endemic with our own troops on the western front during the war has opened possibilities of increased infections by Endamoeba dysenteriae and other intestinal parasites. This is especially possible in cases of dust-borne, fly-borne or water-borne infections in which ova or cysts from the stools of infected men find their way into the food or water of troops in the trenches or in the even more exposed conditions attending a rapidly advancing army. EXAMINATIONS FOR INTESTINAL PARASITES Examinations of 1,200 men of the United States army who had been in overseas services, and of 300 men from home service troops, have made possible the following preliminary account of the relative degrees of infection in these two groups of men. This work has been carried on at the Army Laboratory,
Epithelial phenotype as a predictive marker for response to EGFR‐TKIs in non‐small cell lung cancer patients with wild‐type EGFR

Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) has profound impacts on cancer progression and also on drug resistance, including epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs). Nowadays, there is still no predictive biomarker identified for the use of EGFR‐TKIs in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with wild‐type EGFR. To clarify the role of EMT phenotype as a predictive marker for EGFR‐TKI, we performed a retrospective study in 202 stage IV or recurrent NSCLC patients receiving gefitinib or erlotinib therapy from June 2008 to September 2012 in our institute. Clinical data and EGFR mutational status were collected, while epithelial, epithelial to mesenchymal, not specified or mesenchymal phenotype were classified according to EMT markers such as E‐cadherin, fibronectin, N‐cadherin and vimentin by immunohistochemistry. Epithelial phenotype was more frequently found in patients with EGFR mutation (p = 0.044). Epithelial phenotype was associated with a significantly higher objective response rate (23.5 vs. 11.1 vs. 0.0 vs. 2.4%, p = 0.011), longer progression‐free survival (4.4 vs. 1.9 vs. 1.7 vs. 1.0 months, p < 0.001) and longer overall survival (11.5 vs. 8.9 vs. 4.5 vs. 4.9 months, p < 0.001) compared to epithelial to mesenchymal, not specified and mesenchymal phenotype in the wild‐type EGFR subgroup. In the subgroup with EGFR mutation, the trend remained but without a statistically significant difference. In conclusion, epithelial phenotype was more likely expressed in patients with EGFR mutation and was associated with a better outcome in advanced NSCLC patients with wild‐type EGFR, which indicates that the EMT phenotype might be a potential marker to guide EGFR‐TKI therapy in this population.
On Death and Dying: What the Dying Have to Teach Doctors, Nurses, Clergy and Their Own Families.

Death is an awesome, dreadful event, ubiquitously feared and, hence, denied and avoided. Faced with its imminence, however, the dying blot out its reality entirely only at great cost. To fail to confront it at all is to stifle that life which remains and to block the development of adaptive processes. Those who must deal with dying patients—their families and we in the helping professions—must face this problem too. If we give in to our own anxious wishes to escape, the cost to the patient will be high. When we turn away, does this not convey that the problem is too awful to permit any kind of real adaptation? And who can face death without the support of other human beings who are interested and concerned? It is to help us to deal with this problem that this book was written. For some years, the author has inter
Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus Strains to Broadband Visible Light

The phototoxic effect of illumination with broadband visible light on the viability of two Staphylococcus aureus strains was examined in the present study. A difference in the light sensitivity of the two strains was found. Illumination of the tested strains with a fluence rate of 180 J cm−2 caused a reduction of up to 99.8% in the colony count of one of the strains (the “sensitive” strain). Illumination of the other strain (the “resistant” strain) resulted in a 55.5% reduction in viability. Proliferation of both strains was observed at low fluence rates of light. The phototoxic effect was found to be dependent on oxy radical production. The light‐sensitive strain produced higher amounts of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals than the “resistant” strain. Adaptation to oxidative stress was exhibited only by the “resistant” strain. The “sensitive” strain produced ten times more endogenous porphyrins and secreted almost nine times more porphyrins than the resistant strain. Furthermore, the “resistant” strain produced twice as many carotenoids that protect the strain from illumination than the “sensitive” strain. These results indicate that high intensities of visible light cause bacterial photoeradication, a reaction which may assist wound healing by killing the infecting bacteria. On the other hand, low intensities of white light were found to enhance bacterial proliferation and thus prolong wound infection.
Genetic determination of immune responses to Newcastle disease virus vaccine in chickens

DETERMINATION GENETIQUE DES REACTIONS IMMUNITAIRES AU VACCIN CONTRE LE VIRUS DE LA MALADIE DE NEWCASSTLE CHEZ LES POULETS Resume Une etude a ete menee a l'Universite Sokoine afin d'examiner le controle genetique de la reaction immunitaire des poulets au vaccin contre le virus de la maladie de Newcastle. L'etude portait sur les poulets locaux de la Tanzanie (LL), les hybrides Rhode Island Red (EE) et leurs croisements reciproques (LE et EL). L'ecotype local avait les titres d'anticorps moyens les plus eleves suite a une premiere vaccination, puis avant et apres une deuxieme vaccination ; tandis que la race exotique avait les titres les plus faibles pour toutes les trois periodes susmentionnees. Quant aux poulets croises, ils etaient entre les deux genotypes parentaux, mais les differences entre l'ecotype local et les croisements n'etaient pas significatives a l'exception du titre d'anticorps de la premiere vaccination. Les estimations de l'heritabilite pour le titre d'anticorps variaient entre 0,27 ± 0,06 et 0,39 ± 0,09 ; 0,17 ± 0,03 et 0,32 ± 0,11 ; 0,18 ± 0,08 et 0,28 ± 0,08 pour le titre d'anticorps apres la premiere vaccination, puis avant et apres la deuxieme vaccination respectivement. Il n'y avait pas de coefficients de correlation importants entre les titres d'anticorps pour les trois periodes precitees, et entre les titres d'anticorps et les poids vifs des poulets. D'apres ces resultats, il est conclu qu'une nette amelioration de l'etat immunologique d'une bande de poulets contre la maladie de Newcastle pourrait etre obtenue par le biais de la selection et du croisement. Summary A study was conducted at Sokoine University of Agriculture to investigate the genetic control of immune response of chickens against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. The study involved local chickens from Tanzania (LL), Rhode Island Red derivative hybrids (EE), and their reciprocal crosses (LE and EL). The local ecotype had the highest mean antibody titres following primary vaccination, as well as prior to (residual) and after secondary vaccination, while the exotic breed had the lowest titres in all three measuring periods. The crossbred chicks were found to be intermediate between the two parental genotypes, but the differences between the local ecotype and the crosses were not significant except for the primary vaccination antibody titre. Heritability estimates for antibody titre ranged from 0.27 ± 0.06 to 0.39 ± 0.09, 0.17 ± 0.03 to 0.32 ± 0.11, and 0.18 ± 0.08 to 0.28 ± 0.08 for antibody titre following primary vaccination, prior to, and after secondary vaccination, respectively. There were no significant correlation coefficients between antibody titres at different periods of measurement, nor between antibody titres and body weights of chickens. From these results it is concluded that substantial improvement in immunological status of a stock against Newcastle disease could be achieved through both selection and crossbreeding. Bull Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr. Vol.52(3) 2004: 186-197
Caffeine and Energy Drinks

RECENT RESEARCH HAS INDICATED THAT ENERGY DRINKS ARE THE MOST POPULAR SUPPLEMENT BESIDES MULTIVITAMINS IN THE AMERICAN ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT POPULATION. MORE THAN 30% OF ALL AMERICAN MALE AND FEMALE ADOLESCENTS USE THESE SUPPLEMENTS ON A REGULAR BASIS. ENERGY DRINKS ARE ALSO REPORTED TO BE THE MOST POPULAR SUPPLEMENT (41.7% OF THE 403 ATHLETES SURVEYED) AMONG YOUNG (17.7 ± 2.0 YEARS) ELITE BRITISH ATHLETES. THIS BRIEF REVIEW WILL EXAMINE THE EFFICACY OF THESE ENERGY DRINKS REGARDING PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS AND METABOLIC ENHANCEMENT. IN ADDITION, ISSUES RELATING TO THE SAFETY OF ENERGY DRINK CONSUMPTION WILL ALSO BE DISCUSSED.
Die neurologische Untersuchung – eine bleibende Kunst?

Die neurologische Untersuchung ist eine Herausforderung an den Arzt wie an den Patienten. Das Ziel ist die Erfassung eines Syndroms – und nicht die Diagnose – mit den Werkzeugen der Anamnese und Befunderhebung. Diese werden in groben Zugen, gewichtet, plakativ und gelegentlich provokativ dargestellt.
Students' perceptions of school meals: a challenge for schools, school‐meal providers, and policymakers

School-meal programmes in Germany are of growing public interest and are gaining in importance, not least because of their ability to influence pupils' eating habits and thereby establish sustainable nutrition patterns. It is in this context that it is important to understand adolescents' perceptions of school food in order to enable policymakers, schools and school-meal providers to fulfil their nutritional requirements. Therefore, the aim of this study is to create a theoretical model to measure students' satisfaction and to identify the underlying dimensions. The results show that the main predictors of customer satisfaction are service, quality of food and atmosphere, which underlines and reinforces the importance of service quality. Other factors, such as canteen organisation and the foods' nutritional value, influence satisfaction indirectly. Finally, a higher satisfaction level leads to a higher willingness to participate in school-meal programmes.
Screening for prostate cancer in the US? Reduce the harms and keep the benefit

While the benefit of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) based screening is uncertain, a significant proportion of screen‐detected cases is overdiagnosed. In order to make screening worthwhile, it is necessary to find policies that minimize overdiagnosis, without significantly increasing prostate cancer mortality (PCM). Using a microsimulation model (MISCAN) we project the outcomes of 83 screening policies in the US population, with different start and stop ages, screening frequencies, strategies where the PSA value changes the screening frequency, and strategies in which the PSA threshold (PSAt) increases with age. In the basecase strategy, yearly screening 50–74 with a PSAt of 3, the lifetime risk of PCM and overdiagnosis equals, respectively, 2.4 and 3.8%. The policies that reduce overdiagnosis the most (for maximum PCM increases relative to basecase of 1%, 3%, and 5%, respectively) are with a PSAt of 3, (1) yearly screening 50–74 where, if PSA <1 at age 65 or older, frequency becomes 4 years, with 3.6% (5.9% reduction), (2) 2‐year screening 50–72, with 2.9% (24.3% reduction), and (3) yearly screening 50–70 (PSAt of 4 after age 66), with 2.2% (43.4% reduction). Stopping screening at age 70 is a reasonable way to reduce the harms and keep the benefit. Decreasing the stopping age has a larger effect on overdiagnosis reduction than reducing the screen frequency. Screening policies where the frequency of screening depends on PSA result or in which the PSAt changes with age did not substantially improve the balance of harms and benefits relative to simple yearly screening.
Additional exposure of the Irish adult population to dioxins and PCBs from the diet as a consequence of the 2008 Irish dioxin food contamination incident

In 2008, the discovery of elevated levels of dioxins and PCBs in a porcine fat sample taken as part of the national residues monitoring programme led to the detection of a major feed contamination incidence in the Republic of Ireland. To estimate additional exposure to dioxins and PCBs due to the contamination incident, all data associated with the contamination incident were collected and reviewed. An exposure model was devised that took into account the proportion of contaminated product reaching the final consumer during the contamination incident window and which utilised all additional information that became available after the incident occurred. Exposure estimates derived for both dioxins and PCBs showed that the body burden of the general population remained largely unaffected by the contamination incident and only approximately 10% were exposed to elevated levels of dioxins and PCBs. Whilst this proportion of the population experienced quite a significant additional load to the existing body burden, the estimated exposure values do not suggest that these would be associated with adverse health effects, based on current knowledge. The exposure period was also limited in time to approximately 3 months, following the recall of contaminated meat immediately on detection of the contamination.
Salt tea consumption and esophageal cancer: A possible role of alkaline beverages in esophageal carcinogenesis

Salt tea is the most commonly used beverage in Kashmir, India, where esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common cancer. Salt tea is brewed in a unique way in Kashmir, usually with addition of sodium bicarbonate, which makes salt tea alkaline. As little information about the association between salt tea drinking and ESCC was available, we conducted a large‐scale case‐control study to investigate this association in Kashmir. We recruited 703 histologically confirmed cases of ESCC and 1664 controls individually matched to cases for age, sex, and district of residence. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Participants who consumed >1,250 ml day−1 showed an increased risk of ESCC (OR = 2.60, 95% CIs = 1.68–4.02). Samovar (a special vessel for the beverage preparation) users (OR = 1.77, 95% CIs 1.25–2.50) and those who ate cereal paste with salt tea (OR = 2.14, 95% CIs = 1.55–2.94) or added bicarbonate sodium to salt tea (OR = 2.12, 95% CIs = 1.33–3.39) were at higher risk of ESCC than others. When analysis was limited to alkaline tea drinkers only, those who both consumed cereal paste with salt tea and used samovar vessel were at the highest risk (OR = 4.58, 95% CIs = 2.04–10.28). This study shows significant associations of salt tea drinking and some related habits with ESCC risk.
Analysis of industry-generated data. Part 1: A baseline for the development of a tool to assist the milk industry in designing sampling plans for controlling aflatoxin M1 in milk

The presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk was assessed in Italy in the framework of designing a monitoring plan actuated by the milk industry in the period 2005–10. Overall, 21 969 samples were taken from tankers collecting milk from 690 dairy farms. The milk samples were representative of the consignments of co-mingled milk received from multiple (two to six) farms. Systematic, biweekly sampling of consignments involved each of the 121 districts (70 in the North, 17 in the Central and 34 in the South regions of Italy). AFM1 concentration was measured using an enzyme-linked immunoassay method (validated within the range of 5–100 ng kg−1) whereas an HPLC method was used for the quantification of levels in the samples that had concentrations higher than 100 ng kg−1. Process control charts using data collected in three processing plants illustrate, as an example, the seasonal variation of the contamination. The mean concentration of AFM1 was in the range between 11 and 19 ng kg−1. The 90th and 99th percentile values were 19–34 and 41–91 ng kg−1, respectively, and values as high as 280 ng kg−1 were reached in 2008. The number of non-compliant consignments (those with an AFM1 concentration above the statutory limit of 50 ng kg−1) varied between 0.3% and 3.1% per year, with peaks in September, after the maize harvest season. The variability between different regions was not significant. The results show that controlling the aflatoxins in feed at farm level was inadequate, consequently screening of raw milk prior to processing was needed. The evaluation of the AFM1 contamination level observed during a long-term period can provide useful data for defining the frequency of sampling.
Effect and Mechanism of a New Photodynamic Therapy with Glycoconjugated Fullerene

When irradiated, fullerene efficiently generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is an attractive photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Ideally, photosensitizers for PDT should be water‐soluble and tumor‐specific. Because cancer cells endocytose glucose more effectively than normal cells, the characteristics of fullerene as a photosensitizer were improved by combining it with glucose. The cytotoxicity of PDT was studied in several cancer cell lines cultured with C60‐(Glc)1 (d‐glucose residue pendant fullerene) and C60‐(6Glc)1 (a maltohexaose residue pendant fullerene) subsequently irradiated with UVA1. PDT alone induced significant cytotoxicity. In contrast, PDT with the glycoconjugated fullerene exhibited no significant cytotoxicity against normal fibroblasts, indicating that PDT with these compounds targeted cancer cells. To investigate whether the effects of PDT with glycoconjugated fullerene were because of the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2), NaN3 was added to cancer cells during irradiation. NaN3 extensively blocked PDT‐induced apoptosis, suggesting that PDT‐induced cell death was a result of the generation of 1O2. Finally, to investigate the effect of PDT in vivo, melanoma‐bearing mice were injected intratumorally with C60‐(Glc)1 and irradiated with UVA1. PDT with C60‐(Glc)1 suppressed tumor growth. These findings indicate that PDT with glycoconjugated fullerene exhibits tumor‐specific cytotoxicity both in vivo and in vitro via the induction of 1O2.
Identification of HERC5 and its potential role in NSCLC progression

For better lung cancer diagnosis and therapy, early detection markers of tumor dissemination are urgently needed, as most lung cancers do not show symptoms until extensive metastasis formation has already taken place. Our previous studies showed that in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) early tumor dissemination is associated with a loss of chromosome 4q12‐q32 and the presence of disseminated tumor cells (DTC) in the bone marrow. In order to identify the potential target gene in this region, a screen for methylation‐dependent expression was performed. Lung cancer cell lines showing a loss of 4q as well as a normal bronchial epithelial cell line as control were treated with 5‐aza‐2'‐deoxycytidine (5‐aza‐CdR) followed by expression profiling. Seven genes within the 4q target region, which have been associated with a positive DTC status before were found to be regulated by hypermethylation. QRT‐PCR in an independent sample set identified HERC5 as a potential target gene. Quantitative methylation analysis of these lung tissue samples revealed that HERC5 promoter hypermethylation was significantly associated with positive DTC status (p = 0.020) and occurrence of brain metastases (p = 0.015). In addition, hypermethylation of the HERC5 promoter in NSCLC was identified as a predictor for poor survival for Stage I adenocarcinoma patients (p = 0.022) and also for poor overall survival in metastatic lung cancer patients (p = 0.028). In conclusion, HERC5 may function as a prognostic marker and is associated with tumor dissemination in lung cancer.
Family Therapy with Ethnic Minorities

PART ONE: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Theoretical Framework for Therapy with Ethnic Minority Families PART TWO: FAMILY THERAPY WITH ETHNIC MINORITIES Asian/Pacific Americans American Indians and Alaskan Natives Hispanic Americans Black Americans PART THREE: CONCLUSIONS Family Therapy with Ethnic Minorities Similarities and Differences
Growing patterns to produce ‘nitrate-free’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

Vegetables can contain significant amounts of nitrate and, therefore, may pose health hazards to consumers by exceeding the accepted daily intake for nitrate. Different hydroponic growing patterns were examined in this work in order to obtain ‘nitrate-free lettuces’. Growing lettuces on low nitrate content nutrient solution resulted in a significant decrease in lettuces’ nitrate concentrations (1741 versus 39 mg kg−1), however the beneficial effect was cancelled out by an increase in the ambient temperature. Nitrate replacement with ammonium was associated with an important decrease of the lettuces’ nitrate concentration (from 1896 to 14 mg kg−1) and survival rate. An economically feasible method to reduce nitrate concentrations was the removal of all inorganic nitrogen from the nutrient solution before the exponential growth phase. This method led to lettuces almost devoid of nitrate (10 mg kg−1). The dried mass and calcinated mass of lettuces, used as markers of lettuces’ quality, were not influenced by this treatment, but a small reduction (18%, p < 0.05) in the fresh mass was recorded. The concentrations of nitrite in the lettuces and their modifications are also discussed in the paper. It is possible to obtain ‘nitrate-free’ lettuces in an economically feasible way. Graphical Abstract
Migration of selected hydrocarbon contaminants into dry pasta packaged in direct contact with recycled paperboard

This paper deals with the migration of selected hydrocarbon contaminants, namely mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH), diisopropyl naphthalenes (DIPN) and polyalphaolefins (PAO) from adhesives into dry semolina and egg pasta packaged in direct contact with recycled paperboard. Migration was monitored during its shelf life (for up to two years) simulating storage in a supermarket (packs on shelves) and conditions preventing exchange with the surrounding environment (packs wrapped in aluminium foil). Migration from the secondary packaging (transport boxes of corrugated board) was also studied for semolina pasta. After 24 months of exposure, semolina pasta stored on shelves reached 3.2 and 0.6 mg kg−1 of MOSH and MOAH, respectively, Migration from the adhesives used to close the boxes and from the transport boxes contributed about 30% and 25% of the total contamination, respectively. The highest contamination levels (14.5 and 2.0 mg kg−1 of MOSH and MOAH, respectively, after 24 months) were found in egg pasta stored on shelves (no adhesives), and seemed due to the highest contribution from the external environment. Graphical Abstract