Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Defoliation pattern, foraging behaviour and diet selection by lactating dairy cows in response to sward height and herbage allowance of a ryegrass-dominated pasture

The effects of sward surface height (SSH) and daily herbage allowance (HA) on the defoliation pattern and grazing mechanics of early lactation dairy cows grazing on irrigated perennial ryegrass–white clover pasture were studied. The hypothesis tested was that SSH and HA affect intake and diet selection through their effects on the pattern of defoliation which is influenced by the resistance to prehension bites. Factorial combinations of two initial SSH (14 and 28 cm) and two daily HA (35 and 70 kg DM cow )1 d )1 ) were examined in a replicated experiment. The peak longitudinal tensile force required to break the sward portion encompassed in a 100 cm 2 area [bite fracture force (BFF100)] was measured as an index of the resistance to prehension. The volume of herbage defoliated and herbage intake increased with SSH (P <0 AE05) and HA (P <0 AE01). Corresponding to an increase in HA from 35 to 70 kg DM cow )1 d )1 , there was a proportional increase in the total defoliation area (TDA) and intake by 0AE24 and 0AE55 in the short sward compared with 0AE16 and 0AE32 in the tall sward respectively. The results of this experiment suggest that a consistent spatial pattern of reduction of the canopy exists during defoliation by cows and that the volume of sward canopy defoliated is the major variable affecting herbage intake. The BFF increased down the sward profile at a rate that was higher (P <0 AE05) for the taller sward than for the shorter sward. It is proposed that a relatively lower resistance to prehension in the short sward compared with the tall sward explains the greater proportionate increase in TDA and intake corresponding to an increase in HA. The rate at which BFF100 increases down the sward profile is suggested as a sward physical variable that can influence the defoliation process. The estimated time and energy costs of prehension bites are discussed in the context that larger bites are handled more efficiently than smaller bites.
Purification and characterization of ATP sulfurylase from the extremely thermophilic archaebacterial sulfate‐reducer, Archaeoglobus fulgidus

ATP sulfurylase (sulfate adenylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.4) was isolated from the recently described extremely thermophilic sulfate-reducing archaebacterium Archaeglobus fulgidus. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and FPLC on Phenyl-Sepharose Fast Flow, Mono-Q and Superose 6. The Mr of ATP sulfurylase was estimated at 150 000 by analytical gel filtration on Superose 6. The enzyme exhibited a strong tendency to form catalytically active trimers. The enzyme preparation gave two bands with molecular weights of 50 000 and 53 000 on analysis of SDS-PAGE, suggesting an α2β structure of the monomer. The pH-optimum for activity was 8.0 and the optimum reaction temperature was 90°C. The apparent Km values for adenylylsulfate and yrophosphate were 0.17 mM and 0.13 mM, respectively. The pI of the archaebacterial ATP sulfurylase was 4.3.
Cell Wall Composition of Olives

Cell walls of olives (Olea europaea L.), Hojiblanca and Manzanilla, were isolated and fractionated into polysaccharides, and compositions compared. Pectic and hemicellulosic fractions were purified by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, and neutral sugar and uronic acid composition determined. Differences occurred between cultivars and seasons: Manzanilla had higher pectic polysaccharides and lower xylans. Hojiblanca showed similar but lesser differences. Arabinans were the main neutral pectic polysaccharides with arabinose > 80%. Homogalacturonans and rhamnogalacturonans were > 50% of the acidic pectic fractions. Degree of esterification and molecular weights were related to extracting solvent. Xyloglucans and galactoglucomannans were neutral hemicelluloses with molecular weights ≅ 260 kD. Glucuronoarabinoxylans had higher molecular weights (up to 400 kD). Acidic xylans were important in the pulp.
Effects of Abscisic Acid Injection on Sugar and Organic Acid Contents of Citrus Fruit.

The effect of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) injections into citrus fruits in autumn on fruit drop, ABA catabolism, and sugar and organic acid contents were evaluated. Fruit drop increased after ABA injection proportional to the ABA concentration. Ninety-two percent of citrus fruits were retained 16 days after injection with 0.2 μmol ABA per fruit. Injection of 14C-ABA revealed that exogenously applied ABA was catabolized to a level of about 10% in the fruits within four days. Injection of ABA caused an increase in the glucose and fructose concentrations, but had no effect on the organic acid in the juice. ABA appears to play a role in increasing sugar content of fruit juice.
Identification of an animal ω-3 fatty acid desaturase by heterologous expression in Arabidopsis

In animals, fatty acid desaturases catalyze key reactions in the synthesis of arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids. A search of the Caenorhabditis elegans DNA databases, using the sequences of Arabidopsis genes, identified several putative desaturases. Here we describe the characterization of the first of these genes, fat-1. The predicted protein encoded by a fat-1 cDNA showed 32–35% identity with both FAD2 and FAD3 of Arabidopsis. When expressed in transgenic plants, fat-1 resulted in a 90% increase in the proportion of α-linolenic acid in root lipids. Wild-type Arabidopsis incorporated ω-6 fatty acids (Δ8,11,14–20:3 and Δ5,8,11,14–20:4) into membrane lipids but did not desaturate them. By contrast, fat-1 transgenic plants efficiently desaturated both of these fatty acids to the corresponding ω-3 products. These findings indicate that the C. elegans fat-1 gene encodes the first animal representative of a class of glycerolipid desaturases that have previously been characterized in plants and cyanobacteria. The FAT-1 protein is an ω-3 fatty acyl desaturase that recognizes a range of 18- and 20-carbon ω-6 substrates.
Effects of cultivation and cultural practice on root rot of subterranean clover

Field experiments in 1975 and 1976 in south-western Western Australia investigated the effects of various cultivation and cultural practices on the level of root rot of subterranean clover. The treatments produced significant reductions in the levels of both tap and lateral root rot, but these reductions failed to persist beyond the second year after treatment. The best treatments were those of fallowing an area from August to March before cultivation and reseeding, or spring cultivation before sowing to oats followed by a March cultivation and reseeding.
Probability of mutation to multiple virulence and durability of resistance gene pyramids

The purposes of this letter are to demonstrate that empirical data are not supportive of the probabilities hypothesis and to cite evidence countering the assumption of the probabilities hypothesis that mutations to virulence at different loci are necessarily independent. In doing so, rust disease will be used as examples because of the vast literature available on them and because resistance gene pyramids have been associated with an increase in the durability of race-specific resistance to wheat stem rust (.)
FOOD PLANT SPECIFICITY IN NEOTROPICAL RAIN‐FOREST ACRIDIDS

Food selection patterns of acridids in wet tropical forests are discussed in relation to the plant species diversity, and an expected feeding pattern as generalists is suggested. Findings in practice indicated that, on the contrary, the acridids of lowland and lower montane Costa Rican forest are in fact narrow specialists. It is presumed that the high diversity of secondary chemicals, paralleling that of the plant species, makes a generalist strategy impractical. The actual feeding strategy is discussed in relation to other aspects of the life history, and in particular, to problems of mate finding, dispersion, and associated adaptations thought to be related to food‐plant rarity.
Seasonal distribution and density of common dolphins Delphinus delphis off the south-east coast of southern Africa

The seasonal abundance and distribution of common dolphins on the south-east coast of southern Africa, between Port Elizabeth and Richards Bay, was studied from aerial sightings made between March 1988 and August 1989. Common dolphins appear to be present between Port Elizabeth and East London throughout the year, but their density there is low. Farther north, along the coasts of Transkei and Natal, common dolphins are found only during winter, when they apparently migrate there at the same time as pilchard in the annual Natal "sardine run". Densities off Transkei and Natal are greater than they are off the Eastern Cape, but this may only be an artifact of the narrowness of the continental shelf in the north. Common dolphins have probably adapted to the plentiful food resources provided by the sardine run, and females may use the migration to wean their young and replenish energy reserves before their next pregnancy.
Solvent-free lipase-catalysed synthesis of saccharide-fatty acid esters: closed-loop bioreactor system with in situ formation of metastable suspensions

Abstract Saccharide-fatty acid esters – biodegradable, biocompatible and non-ionic bio-based surfactants derived from inexpensive renewable agricultural sources, utilized in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, have been synthesized under solvent-free conditions using a closed-loop system operated under continuous recirculation consisting of a reservoir, a peristaltic pump and a packed-bed bioreactor containing immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML). Metastable suspensions of saccharide crystals were formed through continuous stirring in the reservoir with an in-line filter of 180 µm normal size preventing larger crystals from clogging the tubing. The initial reaction medium consisted of oleic acid/fructose-oleic acid esters 95/5 w/w, with saccharide added periodically to the reservoir to replace consumed acyl acceptor substrate. The liquid-phase water concentration was retained at a previously determined optimal value of ∼0.4 wt % through free evaporation of the co-product, water, in the reservoir during the initial phase of the reaction, and N2(g) bubbling and vacuum pressure after 40 h of reaction. After 200 h, the reaction mixture contained 84 wt % ester, of which 90% of the ester consisted of monoester. Equivalently, the productivity was 0.195 mmolEster h− 1 gRML− 1. The resultant technical grade product can potentially be used directly, without further purification. A mathematical model based on mass balances and a zeroth-order kinetic model was successfully developed to predict the concentration of substrates (oleic acid and saccharide) in the reservoir during the time course of reaction.
ADAPTATION OF UNICELLULAR ALGAE TO IRRADIANCE: AN ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIES

SUMMARY 157INTRODUCTION 158AN. ^LYTICAL METHODS 159LIGHT HARVESTING BY MICROALGAE 160RANGE OF PHOTON FLUX DENSITIES ALLOWING GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS INPHOTOTHOPHIC MICROALGAE (GENOTYPIC ADAPTATION) 163 Growth 163Photosynthesis 165Photoinhibition 165 PHENOTYPIC ADAPTATION 168 Changes in amounts of pigments 168Interpretation of the effects of pigment changes: models 169Observed changes in P vs I curves 170 ENERGETIC CONSIDERATIONS 174 General 174Reduction of capital costs 175Reduction of maintenance costs 175Energetic costs of changing the photosyothetic apparatus 177S2-S3 decay 177Proton leakage due to passive uniport 178 PHYLOGENETIC ASPECTS OF DIFFERENCES IN LIGHT RESPONSES OF MICROALGALPHOTOSYNTHESIS AND PHOTOLITHOTROPHIC GROWTH 178 Phylogenetic diflerences in photosynthetic structures 178Comparison of tbe photosynthetic characteristics of green algae and otherpbototrophs 180 ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 182ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 185REFERENCES 185 SUMMARY Analysis of data in the literature relating to micrcalgal adaptations to different photon fluxdensities indicates that different algal classes have significantly different ligbt requirennents forgrowth and photosynthesis. Although there is some variability within each class, dinoflagellatesand blue-green algae generally photosynthesize and grow best at low photon flux densities.Diatoms also tend to be able to grow at very low photon flux densities (growth for some specieshas been reported at less than 1 fi.E m"' s~'). Comparison of the photon flux densities at whichphotoinhibition occurs in dinoflagellates and diatoms suggests that the former often experiencephotoinhibition at comparatively low irradiances. In contrast, diatoms often can toleraterelatively high light environments. This tolerance of a large absolute range of photon fluxdensities may, in part, explain why diatoms are often associated with spring blooms. Green algae* New address; Department of Botany, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083 Australia.0028-646X/83/020157 + 35 S03.00/0 © 1983 The New Phytologist
Glass Transition and Thermal Stability of Lactase in Low‐Moisture Amorphous Polymeric Matrices

The thermal stability of a commercial preparation of neutral lactase (β‐galactosidase) in low‐moisture amorphous polymeric matrices of maltodextrin (MD dextrose equivalent (D.E.) = 10.9) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP; MW 40 000) stored at various temperatures (T) was studied. The main objective was to analyze the usefulness of the glass transition temperature (Tg) as a parameter for predicting the thermal stability of lactase in low‐moisture glass‐forming matrices. Loss of enzyme activity was observed during storage in glassy conditions (either in PVP or MD matrices), suggesting that, although molecular mobility may be significantly decreased in the glassy state, the protein molecule is still mobile enough to lead to enzyme inactivation. The results indicated that the change from the glassy to the rubbery state of the PVP matrix, where the enzyme was embedded, was not reflected in drastic changes in the temperature dependence of the thermal inactivation rate, as expected if it could be only predicted on the basis of physical changes of the matrices. The plasticizing effect of water is not the only factor to take into account when considering enzymatic stability in heated low‐moisture amorphous systems.
Learning Bipedal Locomotion in Task Space

—Recent reinforcement learning (RL) approaches have demonstrated the possibility of generating continuous con-trol policies for bipedal robots. However, most efforts focus on imitating trajectories in the complete robot conﬁguration space, which can make it challenging for learning agents to incorporate primary control interests in task space, such as desired reaction forces or foot placements. In this work, we present an RL approach that leverages domain knowledge to directly learn the mapping from bipedal robot states to desired task space setpoints given an expert trajectory. Speciﬁcally, the agent learns to output foot positions with regard to the ﬂoating base, which are then mapped to joint torques by projecting inverse dynamics into task space. We evaluated the approach using bipedal robot Cassie in simulation and showed the learned policy produces stable gaits and robustness under various disturbances.
Direct Answers in Google Search Results

This study aims to explore Google’s new “featured snippet” (a direct answer that appears in web search results) to better understand the method of extracting and displaying such answers above regular ranked results. The motivation for the study was to investigate form, structure, and relation to query, content, and domain of the direct answer. This study utilized a dataset of 743,798 keywords and the displayed direct answers. It also included web search data for every direct answer, e.g. resulting domain, full URL address and its original ranking, content of the direct answer, and competition (measured as the number of monthly searches for every query). The main finding concerns the form of construction of keywords used in the website content. Keywords should be built in the form of short, two-to-four-word sentences comprising the subject and its attribute. Using relative pronouns, articles, and prepositions, as well as using questions as queries, can help to properly define a query and display the best direct answer. The dataset is relatively small compared to the volume of searches made daily. No other factors were extracted from the URL, and all data concerned the Google search engine only. Implications for webmasters include: keywords used in website content should be close to grammar forms used in queries; use keywords in URLs; write a comprehensive introduction section on the webpage; and use tables and lists HTML markup. The main objective of this study was to examine the structure of the user’s queries which caused in appearing of direct answers. It is comprehensive and based on real data used by web search engine users. The data used to support the findings have been deposited in the Zenodo repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3541092).
Mitigation of Frequency-Hopped Tick Jamming Signals

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) jamming is an evolving technology where new modulations are progressively introduced in order to reduce the impact of interference mitigation techniques such as Adaptive Notch Filters (ANFs). The Standardisation of GNSS Threat reporting and Receiver testing through International Knowledge Exchange, Experimentation and Exploitation (STRIKE3) project recently described a new class of jamming signals, called tick signals, where a basic frequency tick is hopped over a large frequency range. In this way, discontinuities are introduced in the instantaneous frequency of the jamming signals. These discontinuities reduce the effectiveness of ANFs, which unable to track the jamming signal. This paper analyses the effectiveness of interference mitigation techniques with respect to frequency-hopped tick jamming signals. ANFs and Robust Interference Mitigation (RIM) techniques are analysed. From the analysis, it emerges that, despite the presence of frequency discontinuities, ANFs provide some margin against tick signals. However, frequency discontinuities prevent ANFs to remove all the jamming components and receiver operations are denied for moderate Jamming to Noise power ratio $(J/N)$ values, RIM techniques are not affected by the presence of frequency discontinuities and significantly higher jamming power are sustained by the receiver when this type of techniques is adopted.
Extraction of Thermos Cup Contour Based on Optimized Edge Feature and Line Detection

In order to solve the problem that the main contour of thermos cups is hard extracted in complex backgrounds, a method, which combines feature extraction and integration of line detection, is proposed. The Faster-RCNN deep neural network optimized by resnet50 is used first to perform preliminary extraction of the thermos cup region in the image. The anisotropic diffusion filtering based on the improvement of gradient contrast is proposed to solve the interference texture in the extracted region, which can effectively suppress textures based on contour preservation. By analyzing the contour characteristics of the thermos cup, the Hough straight line detection algorithm based on the two-way three-neighborhood grouping and the least square are used to extract contours. The results indicate that this method can effectively extract the main contour of the thermos cup in different scenes.
Table-to-Dialog: Building Dialog Assistants to Chat With People on Behalf of You

Artificial Intelligence (AI) personal assistant has attracted much attention from both academia and industry. Almost all existing AI personal assistants serve as service terminals to chat with human users for certain tasks. We are instead interested in building AI personal assistants for a different yet important dialog scenario, where they chat with people to fulfill specific tasks on behalf of their human users. As the personal assistants are playing a requester role, instead of a service terminal role, the conversation goal becomes delivering or requesting information according to specific user requests precisely and efficiently. The challenge for the conversation policy is that all user requests must be delivered precisely, while the challenge for the response generation is that it’s generally expected for machine generated responses to cover multiple information slots, either requesting or delivering, to make the conversation efficient. In this paper, we present Table-to-Dialogue, a novel approach to address the above challenges when building a requester role AI personal assistant. We employ an encoder-decoder network to learn explicit conversation policy, which generates the corresponding information slots based on the conversation context and the user request table. We further integrate a novel Multi-Slot Constrained Bi-directional Decoder (MS-CBD) into the above encoder-decoder network, to generate machine response according to the multiple slot values and their intermediate representations from the policy decoder. Different from the existing single direction text decoder approaches, MS-CBD leverage the bi-directional context of the response when generating it to enhance the semantic coherence. The experiments shows that our approach significantly outperform the state-of-the-art conversation approaches on automatic and human evaluation metrics.
Remaining Useful Performance Estimation for Complex Analog Circuit Based on Maximal Information Coefficient and Bidirectional Gate Recurrent Unit

Degradation of circuit components are typically accompanied by a deviation in component parameters from their normal values, which can ultimately influence the stable operation of complex analog circuit. To address this concern, remaining useful performance (RUP), regarded as the useful performance from the current time to the end of performance, is an effective way to ensure system safety by providing early warning of failure and enabling forecast maintenance. In this paper, a novel RUP estimation method based on the two-stage maximal information coefficient (TSMIC) and bidirectional gate recurrent unit (Bi-GRU) network is proposed. Initially, the run to failure data of the circuit in real-time is obtained by RT-LAB hardware-in-the-loop. Additionally, to obtain suitable features reflecting degradation trend over cycles, a TSMIC method is proposed to eliminate features hardly changing with degradation cycle in the first stage, mine mutual information between features in the second stage. Furthermore, the linear regression model is used as a performance evaluation to retain the original pattern in the selected features. Through the fusion of the selected multi-features, health indicators of different circuit components are constructed. Ultimately, the deep Bi-GRU unit network, which can extract representative time-series information and explore subtle differences of the degradation cycles, is used to generate prediction results. The proposed framework is verified through a case study on the complex analog circuit, and comparisons with other state-of-the-art methods are presented. The experimental results of the case study show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach.
Qualidade do sêmen em tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), alimentadas com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de vitamina C

Semen quality in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), fed with diets containing different vitamin C levels. Vitamin C acts as cellular protection from damage by free radicals, and vitamin C supplementation is considered essential for most fish species, as they do not synthesize it due to the absence of enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase. Thus, the effect of supplementation with 0, 75, 150 and 225 mg of vitamin C kg -1 of ration was evaluated in the semen quality in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Seminal parameters were not influenced by vitamin C supplementation except progressive motility, which increased linearly with the addition of vitamin C. It was concluded that Nile tilapia reproducers should be supplemented with 225 mg vitamin C kg -1 ration.