Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BRIX refractometric analysis of mammary secretions is a poor predictor of impending parturition in mares

Equine dystocia can rapidly progress to life-threatening neonatal hypoxia and/or maternal trauma. Since the prognosis can often be impro- ved by timely intervention, it is advisable to attend all foalings; tests that reliably predict imminent parturition are therefore invaluable. Sugar (BRIX) refractometry is accepted as a mare-side test for evaluating colostrum quality, and some studs use BRIX refractometry to indicate appro- aching parturition. This study compared the accuracy of BRIX refractometry with those of laboratory analysis of [Ca 2+ ], [Na + ] and [K + ] and the Predict-a-foal TM test for indicating when a mare is or is not about to foal, using mammary secretions collected daily from day 325 of gestation from 30 Dutch Warmblood mares. The mean BRIX score rose progressively as foaling approached in multiparous mares: 5/22 (22%) foaled within 1 night, 8 (36%) within 36h and 11 (50%) within 60 h of achieving a BRIX score of 22%; however, 5 mares (22%) failed to achieve >20% BRIX pre-foaling. Primiparous mares reached a (near) peak BRIX score further in advance of foaling with little subse- quent rise, rendering the test a poor predictor of foaling in maiden mares. Moreover, a Predict-a-foal score of 4 (14/17: 82%) and a [Ca 2+ ] ≥ 7.5 mmol l -1 (20/26: 77%) were better indicators of foaling within 60 h; while below threshold values were reliable indicators that foaling would not occur within 24 h (>95%). Not all mares followed the general rules; one multiparous mare showed negligible pre-foaling chan- ges in milk electrolytes or BRIX, whereas one maiden mare showed repeated inversions of [Na + ] and [K + ] between days 10 and 1 pre-par-tum; in this maiden and a multiparous mare with an early Na-K inversion, [Ca 2+ ] first exceeded 7.5 mmol l -1 9-10 days before foaling.
Psychrotrophic Growth and Thermal Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes as a Function of Milk Composition.

Listeria monocytogenes strains 19111, 19113, 19115, F5027 and F5069 were grown in 11% nonfat milk solids, skim milk and whole milk at 4, 10, 22, and 37°C to determine the influence of temperature and milk composition on growth and thermal resistance. Milk composition affected cellular growth. The psychrotrophic growth of L. monocytogenes serotype 4b strains was enhanced in whole milk when compared to skim milk or 11% NFMS. This enhancement of psychrotrophic growth was not observed for serotype 1 or 3 strains. The stimulatory effect of whole milk on serotype 4b L. monocytogenes strains was most dramatic at 10°C where cells increased from 7.9 × 10° to 5.8 × 106 CFU/ml within 48 h. Milk composition did not affect the thermal resistance of L. monocytogenes . All strains used in this study had a D62.7°C value of 1.0 min or less, therefore, pasteurization as defined by current FDA guidelines should eliminate this organism from raw milk with a large margin of safety. Post-pasteurization contamination of dairy products with L. monocytogenes must be eliminated since the psychrotrophic nature of this organism ensures survival and proliferation during refrigerated storage.
Testing the apparent resistance of three dominant plants to chronic drought on the Colorado Plateau

Many drylands, including the south‐western United States, are projected to become more water‐limited as these regions become warmer and drier with climate change. Such chronic drought may push individual species or plant functional types beyond key thresholds leading to reduced growth or even mortality. Indeed, recent observational and experimental evidence from the Colorado Plateau suggests that C3 grasses are the most vulnerable to chronic drought, while C4 grasses and C3 shrubs appear to have greater resistance. The effects of chronic, or press‐drought are predicted to begin at the physiological level and translate up to higher hierarchical levels. To date, the drought resistance of C4 grasses and C3 shrubs in this region has been only evaluated at the community level and thus we lack information on whether there are sensitivities to drought at lower hierarchical levels. In this study, we tested the apparent drought resistance of three dominant species (Pleuraphis jamesii, a C4 rhizomatous grass; Coleogyne ramosissima, a C3 drought‐deciduous shrub; and Ephedra viridis, a C3 evergreen shrub) to an ongoing experimental press‐drought (‐35% precipitation) by comparing individual‐level responses (ecophysiology and growth dynamics) to community‐level responses (plant cover). For all three species, we observed consistent responses across all hierarchical levels: P. jamesii was sensitive to drought across all measured variables, while the shrubs C. ramosissima and E. viridis had little to no responses to the experimental press‐drought at any given level. Synthesis. Our findings suggest that the apparent drought resistance at higher hierarchical levels, such as cover, may serve as good proxies for lower‐level responses. Furthermore, it appears the shrubs are avoiding drought, possibly by utilizing moisture at deeper soil layers, while the grasses are limited to shallower layers and must endure the drought conditions. Give this differential sensitivity to drought, a future with less precipitation and higher temperatures may increase the dominance of shrubs on the Colorado Plateau, as grasses succumb to chronic water stress.
Strategies individuelles d'hivernage chez la becasse des bois Scolopax rusticola

Scolopax rusticola. In order to survive throughout the winter, birds have to solve an adaptive trade-off between the need to feed and predator avoidance. In the case of Woodcock, this trade-off is articulated around habitat selection. The risk of predation is higher in meadows used at night than in forests, but food biomass (earthworms) is ten times more abundant in meadows than in forests. Radio tracking highlighted two overwintering strategies. A third of Woodcocks remained in a unique site throughout the winter, while the rest visited several sites, alternatively or successively. The choice of strategy seems to depend on the foraging efficiency of each individual and their ability to escape predators. The use of meadows at night, which varies among individuals, provides another explanation to the starvation / predation trade-off. Most Woodcocks were active during the day (in forest) and at night (in meadows), but some of them were completely diurnal and stayed in the forest at night. The decision to use meadows at night seemed to be taken every evening, depending on foraging success of during the day in the forest. Following a successful feeding day, in a good patch of food, the individual would not take the risk to fly to meadows. As the patch started to get depleted, the individual need could not be satisfied and it was forced to fly to meadows at night (where there is always enough food) and/or change its diurnal site. Therefore, the trade-off between feeding and predation risk depends on the efficiency of the individual at finding a good foraging patch in the forest and to exploit it optimally during the day.
Taxonomic composition and ploidy level among European water frogs (Anura: Ranidae: Pelophylax) in eastern Hungary

The western Palaearctic water frogs in the genus Pelophylax comprise several distinct species and three hybridogenetic hybrid forms. In this study, we focus on the Pelophylax esculentus complex, which consists of two sexual species, Pelophylax ridibundus and Pelophylax lessonae, and their hybridogenetic hybrid, Pelophylax esculentus. Specifically, we investigated taxonomic composition and ploidy level of water frogs sampled in three different types of wetland habitats in the Hortobagy National Park (HNP), eastern Hungary. Using variation in serum albumin intron 1 (SAI-1) and 15 microsatellite loci, we detected the presence of all members of the P. esculentus complex in the studied localities. In one locality, all three taxa occurred syntopically, while in others water frog populations consisted of P. ridibundus and P. esculentus exclusively. The genomic composition of the 63 examined hybrid specimens analysed with microsatellites showed the occurrence of diploid genotypes only. We used a population genetic approach (allelic richness, gene diversity, multilocus genotypes and multilocus disequilibrium) to infer the breeding system of water frogs at HNP. Our data indicate that at least in two populations, hybrids form gametes with clonally transmitted P. ridibundus genome and produce a new hybrid generation by mating with P. lessonae.
Key Steps during Barley Malting That Influence the Concentration of Flavor Compounds

The production of the three potential flavor compounds 5-methyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (MHF), 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMHF), and 5(or 2)-ethyl-2(or 5)-methyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (EMHF) during the malting of barley was investigated. Malts were germinated for different lengths of time and kilned using a variety of regimes. The hot-water extracts of the malts were extracted with methyl acetate and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It was demonstrated that both germination and kilning were essential for the formation of MHF and DMHF, as neither green malt, raw barley, nor kilned raw barley contained these flavor compounds. EMHF was not detected in any of the samples tested. The levels of MHF and DMHF detectable in the malt were shown to increase as the length of germination increased up to 66 hr, after which the furanone content declined. Low-temperature kilning gave rise to little or no furanones, as did roasting over short periods. However, if the green malt was stewed before roasting, the levels of DMHF in the hot-water extracts increased to above that of the aroma threshold in water. The highest concentration of MHF was 19% of its aromas threshold.
Melanin and the abrasion resistance of feathers

1977. Marine fish communities, p. 451-492. In ronment of Amchitka Island, Alaska. TID-267 12, M. L. Merritt and R. G. Fuller [eds.], The enviNational Technical Information Service, Springronment of Amchitka Island, Alaska. TID-267 12, field, VA. National Technical Information Service, SpringYOSHIDA, H. , AND H. YAMAGUCHI. 1985. Distribufield, VA. tion and feeding habits of the pelagic smooth WHITE, C. A. , F.S. L. WILLIAMSON AND W. B. EMISON. lumpsucker, Aptocyclus ventricosus (Pallas), in the 1977. Avifaunal investigations, p. 227-260. In Aleutian Basin. Bull. Fat. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. M. L. Merritt and R. G. Fuller [eds.], The envi36(4):200-209.
Prevalence of Thermophilic Campylobacter and their Antimicrobial Resistance Profile in Food Animals in Lare District, Nuer Zone, Gambella, Ethiopia

Background: Campylobacters are the most common food borne zoonotic pathogens isolated from stools of patients with gastroenteritis worldwide. Despite Campylobacters with resistance to antimicrobial agents have been reported worldwide, the situation seems to deteriorate more rapidly in developing countries, where there is widespread and uncontrolled use of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify Campylobacter species and determine their antimicrobial resistance patterns from various food animals. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Lare district, Nuer Zone from April 2014 to February 2015. Isolation and identification of Campylobacter species from feces of various food animals were performed using standard bacteriological procedures. Antimicrobial resistance tests were performed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data were cleaned and entered into a computer and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to test the differences between proportions, and P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 368 fecal samples processed, the rate of recovery of Campylobacters was 208 (56.5%); of which 174 (83.7%) were found to be C. jejuni, 27(12.9%) were C. coli and 7 (3.4%) were found to be C. lari. The overall antibiotic resistance profile showed that 46.6-82.2% of resistance was observed in C. jejuni and 0-29.6% of resistance was observed in C. coli isolates. The rate of multi-drug resistance was between 46.6-80.5% among C. jejuni. Multidrug resistant strains among C. coli were not observed. Conclusions: The presence of drug resistant strains among the isolates revealed that humans are at risk from a variety of sources with potential for severe disease consequences. Therefore, the development of antibiotic-resistant strains needs better surveillance programs and monitoring of the use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine in the area.
Cold Acclimation of Asparagus Seedlings Subjected to Low Temperatures or Water Stress

Three- to 4-month-old seedlings of an improved selection of Asparagus officinalis L. cv. Mary Washington were artificially hardened and crowns subjected to controlled freezing tests. Two low-temperature acclimation regimes were used. The first was 3C for 0, 1, or 2 weeks before freezing at 0, −5, or − 10C; the second, 3C for 0, 1.5, or 3 weeks, followed by freezing at 0, −2.5, −4.5, −6.5, or −8.5C. Regrowth tests showed that hardiness increased with 2 and 3 weeks of acclimation, with tolerance to −5 and −6.5C, respectively. Water-stressed seedlings (relative water content at 57%) withstood exposure to −5C, but not to −6.5C; rehydrated crowns and well-watered controls were hardy to −3.5C.
Association of cytoskeletal proteins in the membrane-bound polysome fraction from peas using conventional polysome isolation buffers

A high ionic strength buffer (buffer A), commonly used for the isolation of undegraded polysomes from plants, and a low ionic strength buffer (CSBS), developed to isolate large fragments of the plant cytoskeleton, were compared for their ability to retain various components in 27,000 × g pellet. F-actin, the cytoskeleton proteins, and many polysomes were present in similar amounts in pellets of tissue isolated in CSBS with or without the neutral detergent, polyoxyethylene tridecylether (PTE) and in buffer A, but much less was present in buffer A with PTE. Increasing concentrations of KCl in CSBS without PTE caused little release of polysomes and cytoskeleton proteins from the pellet, while KCl with PTE caused release of both polysomes and cytoskeleton proteins
Escherichia coli O157: H7 Acid Tolerance and Survival in Apple Cider.

The survival of two Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43889 and 43895) and a control strain E. coli was compared in apple cider and in Trypticase soy broth (TSB) adjusted to low and high pH. The O157:H7 strains were detectable in apple cider after 14 to 21 days at 4°C, whereas the control strain could not be detected (> 4-log reduction) after 5 to 7 days. During the first 14 days of storage at 4°C, the levels of strain 43889 decreased by ~3 logs, whereas levels of strain 43895 were unchanged. Survival of O157:H7 strains and the control strain were unaffected by the presence of potassium sorbate or sodium benzoate, except in one instance. Sodium benzoate caused a decrease of 57% in strain 43895 after 21 days, but ~104 CFU/ml still remained. In TSB adjusted to pH 2, 3, 4, 11 or 12, strain 43895 was again the more resistant of the O157:H7 strains, both of which were more durable than the control strain. The O157:H7 strains (especially strain 43895) withstood pH 2 with a minimal drop in CPU after 24 h, whereas no viable organisms were detectable after this time at pH 12. At these extremes of pH, survival was generally greater at 4°C than at 25°C. Despite differences between strains, these results show that E. coli O157:H7 is exceptionally tolerant of acid pH.
Interactive effects of climate change and fire on metapopulation viability of a forest-1 dependent frog in south-eastern Australia 2 Running head : Fire and climate change influence population viability 3

20 Climate change directly affects the suitability of habitats for species, but also indirectly alters 21 natural disturbances such as fire, which can negatively impact species’ persistence. 22 Developing accurate predictions of climate change impacts requires estimates of the 23 interactive effects of climate and disturbance regimes at both population and landscape 24 scales. Here we couple a habitat suitability model with a population viability model to 25 examine the interactive effects of climate change and altered fire regimes on a fire26 responsive frog species across its geographic range in south-eastern Australia. By 2100, we 27 predict expected minimum abundances (EMA) to decline by 66% (under GFDL-CM2 A1FI 28 climate projections) or 87% (CSIRO Mk3.5 A1FI) in the absence of fire. Increased frequency 29 of low-intensity fires reduced EMA by less than 5%, whereas increased frequency of high30 intensity fires reduced EMA by up to 40% compared with the no-fire scenario. While shifts in 31 fire regimes are predicted to impact metapopulation viability, these indirect effects of fire 32 are far less severe than the direct impact of climate change on habitat suitability. Exploring 33 the interactive impacts of climate change and altered disturbance regimes can help 34 managers prioritize threats across space and time. 35 36
Molecular markers and genetic base broadening in Lycopersicon spp

Genetic variability utilised in modern crops is limited because of bottlenecks produced during the domestication process, breeding new cultivars outside the native region and past selection pressures. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is one of many autogamous crop species in which germplasm has been severely reduced by these processes. The concept of genetic base broadening has been introduced to mitigate this lack of diversity in modern crops, with the aim to utilise more effectively the rich genetic resources available in wild relatives, old varieties, and landraces. This presentation reviews the evolution of F 2 populations using molecular marker approaches in three genepools created from different specific and inter-specific crosses. Molecular markers used include as Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellites, and were analysed by Popgene programme version 1.31. Analysis involved 15 RADP and 12 microsatellite polymorphic primers. Bands were scored and produced a genetic distance matrix, heterozygosity and gene diversity index. Results demonstrated both the lack of variability within L. esculentum accessions and the huge amount of genetic resources available useful for breeding. The richness of available gene pools in wild relatives, make these plants an interesting case for study of genetic base broadening programmes to assure better responses in future breeding generations to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Evaluasi Aktivitas Antioksidan Senyawa 4-[(E)-2-(4-okso-3-fenilkuinazolin-2-il)etenil]-benzensulfonamida Dan Analognya

Quinazolinone derivative compounds exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activity, including antioxidant. Quinazolinone derivative compound 4 - [(E) -2- (4-oxo-3-phenyl quinazolin-2-yl) ethenyl]-benzensulfonamida and its analogs (2a-f) have been synthesized and demonstrated its activity as a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of compound 4 - [(E) -2- (4-oxo-3-fenilkuinazolin-2-yl) ethenyl] -benzensulfonamida and its analogs with DPPH radical scavenging method, ferric reducing activity potential (FRAP), and phosphomolybdenum method. The experiment revealed that the % inhibition and antioxidant capacity of compound 2c, 2e and 2f were higher compared to compound 2a, 2b and 2d. The DPPH radical scavenging analysis found that the % inhibition of compound 2c, 2e and 2f at high concentration of compound solution (1000 µg/mL) were 4.8 %, 3.46 %, and 3.68 %, respectively. While the total antioxidant capacity of compound 2c, 2e and 2f were recorded 37.93, 33.4, and 46.3 µg ascorbic acid equivalence/mg of compound, respectively. However the antioxidant activity of all synthesized compounds (2a-f) were lower than the standard ascorbic acid.
Culture media for propagation of mammalian cells, viruses, and other biologicals.

: In this brief review, we have illustrated the historical development of the growth media commonly employed for the propagation of cultured mammalian cells. While substantial progress has been achieved, the field may best be described as conservative and pragmatic. To date, the function of many components of the growth medium essential for cellular proliferation and biological production has not been precisely defined at the molecular level. Thus, for most large-scale biological production requirements, as well as for routine cell culture and bench-scale pilot development, the traditional enriched culture medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum represents the most convenient culture system. Many cell types may be more economically grown without reduction in biological yield by substituting alternative mammalian sera. Where reduction of total protein or greater definition of growth medium components outweighs the use of more universally applicable culture media, substitution of serum-free, customized formulations of highly enriched growth medium plus defined growth factors may be of significant utility. Optimization of mammalian cell culture media for large-scale biological production should include the following: An initial time investment to optimize the cell culture medium by enriching intermediary metabolite composition (rather than expecting serum or additional growth factors to perform nutritional functions) may result in higher productivity and reduced cost. When screening potential growth media for biological production applications, proliferative rate should not be the sole criterion for performance. Although rapid, logarithmic growth is advantageous to establish large-scale cultures, the maximal cell density and duration of the viable, productive period must also be weighed. Many cell types generate the highest titers of biological product either at stationary phase or under mildly stressful ("controlled death") conditions suboptimal for cellular replication. Thus, the ultimate determinant of growth medium efficacy is neither the degree of definition of medium composition nor the cellular proliferative rate, but the ability to support synthesis of substantial titers of the desired product at reasonably high purity.
Aphelenchoides iranicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from West Azerbaijan province, Iran

Aphelenchoides iranicus n. sp. is described and illustrated from bark samples of an oak tree ( Quercus sp.) in West Azerbaijan province, north-western Iran. The new species is characterised by body length of 350 (330-383) μm in females and 343 (323-370) μm in males, lip region set off from body contour, lateral fields with three lines, stylet 8 (7-9) μm long with small basal swellings, excretory pore 59 (56-62) μm from anterior end, hemizonid invisible, pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally and extending for 48 (41-54) μm, female tail subcylindrical with many tiny finger-like appendages at the tip, and male with aphelenchoid type spicules 17.6 (17-18) μm long. The new species comes close to nine known species of the genus namely: A. brevicaudatus , A. cibolensis , A. conimucronatus , A. editocaputis , A. montanus , A. pusillus , A. rarus , A. sphaerocephalus and A. vaughani , but differs from them by the number of incisures in the lateral field, shape of tail mucron, stylet length, size of spicules and length of post-vulval uterine sac. Additionally, this species is characterised molecularly and phylogenetically by sequences of the D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S and partial 18S rRNA genes that are unique in relation to the sequences deposited in GenBank.