Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Critical Pedagogy for The Future in Indian Education: A Qualitative Study with Reference to Paulo Freire’s Theory

Introduction Every country develops its system of education in view of its specific, cultural, economic, geographical, political and social scenario. Evidently it does not consider global requirements. In some countries, the disadvantaged are kept ‘submerged’ by the economic, social and political domination of a few, who use the system of education to maintain the ‘culture of silence’ i.e. illiteracy and ignorance, while in others the advance of technology has adversely affected many people. Today, homes and educational institutions from nurseries to universities are greatly affected by cultural invasion that inhibits the creativity of the individual by curbing their expression. Usually, the false conception of education in extending ‘knowledge’ to passive students, surround them with a “barricade” which inhibits creativity. The children increasingly view parent and teacher authoritarianism as inimical to their own freedom. Generally the environment of the home is prolonged in the school as well. Paulo Freire, the Brazilian educationist, has left a significant mark on thinking about progressive practice. Throughout his life and in his work as an organic intellectual and a philosopher, Freire fought fiercely against social oppression and injustices. His Pedagogy of the Oppressed is currently one of the most quoted educational texts (especially in Latin America, Africa and Asia). Freire was able to draw upon and weave together, a number of strands of thinking about educational practice and liberation. He devised and tested an education system and a philosophy of education whose educational thrust centres on the human potential for creativity and freedom in the midst of politico-economic and culturally oppressive structures. Educational practice need not be seen as ‘extension’ but as ‘communication’ where extension is negative in nature and communication positive in nature so that it can create consciousness about the right kind of education, by way of avoiding authoritarian teacher-pupil models, based on actual experience of students and on continual shared investigation, each individual can develop a new awareness of self and begin to look critically at the world through dialogical relationships with others. The teachers can examine issues which students see as significant to their community and then initiating action to influence these events. In view of that, Paulo Freire’s concepts and ideas are closely connected to attributes as a teacher and with today’s education on execution into own students, classroom and teaching styles. To this end, the purpose of paper is to present relevance of critical pedagogy in future in Indian education with special reference to Freire’s model and methodology and its critical appraisals in the present-day context.
Analysis of Farmers' Social Interactions to Apply Principles of Conservation Agriculture in Iran: Application of Social Network Analysis

Implementation of Conservation Agriculture (CA) project is a process of multi-participation that involves actors from agricultural researchers and scientists, extension agents, private consulting firms, pioneer farmers, rural cooperatives, family members, peer farmers, etc. The social interactions between farmers and actors drive the CA development. Therefore, this study analyzes the social network structures and characteristics of various actors by social network analysis in seven processes of applying CA in Iran. The research sample was composed of farmers who participated in the CA project in three provinces of Fars, Golestan, and Khuzestan (n= 133). The research instrument was a questionnaire that was designed as a matrix. The findings showed that pioneer farmers, CA farmers, and family members were the main actors in the farmers' social network. It can be concluded that these actors were the main social power in applying CA principles by farmers and they constituted the main centrality of the farmers' social network. It means that farmers are more likely to interact with local actors, and they interact less with the government and the actors outside the rural community. Therefore, it can be recommended that social power should be identified and project management should be organized through them in attempts to implement CA. _____________________________________________________________________________
The effects of private damage claims on cartel stability: Experimental evidence

Private damage claims against cartels may have negative effects on leniency: whereas whistleblowers obtain full immunity regarding the public cartel fines, they have no or only restricted protection against private third-party damage claims. This may stabilize cartels. We run an experiment to study this issue. Firms choose whether to join a cartel, may apply for leniency afterwards, and then potentially face private damages. We find that the implementation of private damage claims decreases cartel formation but makes cartels indeed more stable. The overall impact of private damage claims is positive: cartel prevalence declines.
Anti-Money Laundering: International Law and Practice of Foreign Countries

This article the author analyzes the issues of responsibility for the legalization of income derived from criminal activity (money-laundering) in international legal acts and legislation of foreign countries. The author studied this crime through the prism of Uzbek law. The legalization of proceeds derived from criminal activities is a criminal socially dangerous act representing imparting a lawful type to the origin of money or other property by transferring or exchanging it, non-disclosure or concealment of the true nature, source, location, method disposition, movement, rights with respect to money or other property or its accessories if money or other assets derived from criminal activity.
The Experience, Dilemma, and Solutions of Sustainable Development of Inclusive Finance in Rural China: Based on the Perspective of Synergy

Inclusive finance is an important development direction in the future of finance. The development of inclusive finance in China’s rural areas has provided valuable experience as well as exposing the various limitations of sustainable development. One of the key reasons for such limitations is the existence of cooperative resistance from multiple parties in the finance system. In this study, relevant data from the World Bank Inclusive Finance Database 2011–2017 and the CBRC Website were selected to analyze the current development level of inclusive finance in China in order to perform longitudinal time and horizontal international comparisons. The article summarizes the Chinese experience with inclusive finance and points out the dilemma of sustainable development. Then, based on the new perspective of synergy, the article breaks down financial institutions by type and provides an analysis of the cooperative resistance among the three major parties considering their behavioral motivations. Finally, we put forward the corresponding countermeasures to the dilemma of the sustainable development of inclusive finance in rural China by numerical simulations.
Pre- and Post Exercise Changes of Salivary Cortisol as a Response to Heavily Training among Students of Physical Education College in Karbala

994 2014 September 17 Accepted 2014 April 21 Received Abstract Background: Cortisol, the principal glucocorticoid in humans, plays a major role in metabolism and immune function. A cute exercise induces a change in plasma cortisol concentrations, which is dependent on the type of exercise. Several studies have investigated the effect of both acute and chronic resistance exercise on adrenocortical function. Objective: This study was designed to determine the level of salivary cortisol as a stress related hormone during preand postexercise in college studentathletes. Materials and Methods: 10 males subjects (college studentathletes) were measured for height, weight, the general features of the participants are: Mean ±SD Age (year) 22 ± 2.79 Weight (Kg) 70.5±8.46, Height (Cm) 175.34±7.12, Three milliliters of un-stimulated total saliva was collected via passive drooling, at the beginning of each testing session (without stimulation, by spitting directly into a plastic tube), 5 min before, 5 min after the end of the match. Results: The results showed a significant increase the salivary cortisol level between post and preexercise and there was a strong association between increase salivary cortisol concentration and heavier exercise. Conclusions: During the course of a competitive season collegiate soccer players are exposed to a number of physical and psychological stressors from practice, conditioning, and competition. The ability of players to recover following such activities can ultimately affect the ability of the performance for ensuring physical activity.
Nutritional status of marine mammals

The nutritional status indicator signals short term changes in food supply for the seals. Only grey seals have been used in the current evaluation and found not to achieve GES in the time period 2008 and later. In order to be applicable in the whole HELCOM area, the indicator includes all species of seals that occur in the Baltic Sea, however data has so far been insufficient for evaluations using the other seal species or other marine mammals.
Imitation Learning of Factored Multi-agent Reactive Models

We apply recent advances in deep generative modeling to the task of imitation learning from biological agents. Specifically, we apply variations of the variational recurrent neural network model to a multi-agent setting where we learn policies of individual uncoordinated agents acting based on their perceptual inputs and their hidden belief state. We learn stochastic policies for these agents directly from observational data, without constructing a reward function. An inference network learned jointly with the policy allows for efficient inference over the agent's belief state given a sequence of its current perceptual inputs and the prior actions it performed, which lets us extrapolate observed sequences of behavior into the future while maintaining uncertainty estimates over future trajectories. We test our approach on a dataset of flies interacting in a 2D environment, where we demonstrate better predictive performance than existing approaches which learn deterministic policies with recurrent neural networks. We further show that the uncertainty estimates over future trajectories we obtain are well calibrated, which makes them useful for a variety of downstream processing tasks.
Schizophrenia: Early Recognition and Prevention

Schizophrenia is a heterogenous disorder presenting as episodes of psychosis against a background of cognitive, social, and functional impairments. Schizophrenia, a multifaceted neuropsychiatric disorder, is affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide. Its onset is the result of a complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. The clinical staging model of psychotic disorders implies that early successful treatment may improve prognosis and prevent progression to more severe stages of disorder. So, prevention and early intervention of schizophrenia are correlated with the prodromal phase, especially with “at risk mental state” (ARMS) and the prediction of their transition to a full-blown psychotic disorder. The psychosis prodrome includes nonspecific signs and symptoms (such as depressed mood, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and deterioration in role functioning), “basic symptoms” (thought interference, disturbance of receptive language, and visual perception disturbance), attenuated or subthreshold psychotic symptoms, neurocognitive deficits, and neurobiological changes measured via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Increasing improvements in the identification of those truly at “high risk” for psychotic disorder have paved the way of early intervention strategies in this population and increased the possibility of minimizing distress and disability and delaying or even preventing the onset of an evident psychotic disorder. The treatment (antipsychotic medication, psychological and social interventions) for young people who meet ARMS criteria should not only focus on the symptoms that constitute the ARMS criteria but also address the broader range of difficulties with which the young person might present. There are some ethical issues to consider when selecting specific treatment options, and the potential risks of treatment have to be balanced against the potential benefits.
Strategies to optimize renoprotective therapy in proteinuric renal patients

Data of numerous clinical trials show that lowering of blood pressure is pre-requisite for reducing the rate of renal function loss in chronic renal disease. There is impressive evidence supporting that blood pressure lowering obtained by intervention in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has an additive renoprotective effect over reduction of blood pressure alone, both in diabetic and non-diabetic renal diseases. The main evidence for renoprotective action of RAAS blockade is provided by its consistent antiproteinuric action, which cannot completely be attributed to the reduction in blood pressure. Proteinuria reduction during therapy is the single most important factor predicting the renal prognosis, independent from the class of drugs used. As a consequence, residual proteinuria predicts residual renal risk. Moreover, as proteinuria has been linked to an elevated cardiovascular risk, residual proteinuria predicts residual cardiovascular risk as well. In this thesis, different strategies directed to better reduction of residual proteinuria have been tested for the sake of better long-term protection. Despite effectiveness of these strategies on group level, not in all patients optimal levels of residual proteinuria could be achieved, as individual factors seem to determine the therapy response. In this chapter, the putative factors for therapy resistance are discussed. Experimental data from studies in rats suggest a specific involvement of intrarenal factors in therapy resistance. These factors comprise, among others, pre-existing renal damage and renal angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. Identification of such factors in individual renal patients provides insight in mechanisms by which renoprotective strategies fail to overcome therapy resistance. This prompts for a dual approach to improve renoprotection, namely unravelling these specific intrarenal mechanisms on the one hand, and development of better strategies for early detection of renal risk on the other hand .
Activation Analysis of a Byte-Based Deep Neural Network for Malware Classification

Feature engineering is one of the most costly aspects of developing effective machine learning models, and that cost is even greater in specialized problem domains, like malware classification, where expert skills are necessary to identify useful features. Recent work, however, has shown that deep learning models can be used to automatically learn feature representations directly from the raw, unstructured bytes of the binaries themselves. In this paper, we explore what these models are learning about malware. To do so, we examine the learned features at multiple levels of resolution, from individual byte embeddings to end-to-end analysis of the model. At each step, we connect these byte-oriented activations to their original semantics through parsing and disassembly of the binary to arrive at human-understandable features. Through our results, we identify several interesting features learned by the model and their connection to manually-derived features typically used by traditional machine learning models. Additionally, we explore the impact of training data volume and regularization on the quality of the learned features and the efficacy of the classifiers, revealing the somewhat paradoxical insight that better generalization does not necessarily result in better performance for byte-based malware classifiers.
Comment on: “Capital Controls and Monetary Policy Autonomy in a Small Open Economy” by J. Scott Davis and Ignacio Presno∗

Before the Great Recession hit the world economy in 2008, the widespread consensus among policy makers and researchers that more open international capital markets were desirable. As a result, most countries in the world removed restrictions to inward and outward capital flows. The 2008 crisis has changed things quite dramatically, and the movement toward more open capital markets not only has stopped, but also has reversed, and, for the first time since the late 1970s, we are observing a prolonged reduction in world capital openness. Figure 1 shows these patterns by plotting the average, across all countries in the world, of the Chinn-Ito index (see Chinn and Ito, 2006) which measures de-jure restrictions to international capital flows. The 2008 crisis and the subsequent retrenchment in capital mobility has spurred a growth in work that reassesses why and how capital controls might be desirable. The paper by Davis and Presno (DP henceforth) belongs to this literature, and in particular focuses on whether and ∗The views expressed herein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis or the Federal Reserve System.
Impact of Reward System on Employee Performance: A Case Study of Normet Ltd.

The primary objective of the research study was to investigate the impact of rewards on employee performance on the example of Normet Ltd in Iisalmi, Finland. There were three specific goals for the research: to assess the existing rewards in the company, evaluate the most preferred types of rewards for employees of all levels and make recommendations to the management of Normet on possible improvements for the reward system. The research combined both qualitative and quantitative data collection. The quantitative data was gathered with a specifically created online questionnaire with 91 respondents and a series of individual interviews for the managerial level employees with 8 respondents. The information was analyzed with the help of SPSS software. The researcher conducted frequency analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis. Additionally, the data gathered through individual interviews was analyzed and interpreted using manual thematic technique. The practical part of the study indicated that dependent and independent variables of the research were strongly and positively correlated with each other as the statistical result was close to 0.678 which is close to 1. Moreover, according to the individual interviews it was concluded that only the combination of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards ensures increase and maximization in overall employees’ performance.
The Motor Skills of Adolescents with Hearing Impairment in a Regular Physical Education Environment

With the exception of balance, adolescents with and without hearing impairment (HI) could have similar motor skills. However, the motor proficiency traits in this age group have not been clearly defined under the same integrated Physical Education (PE) environment. This study compared the gross and fine motor skills of twenty four female adolescents (HI group: n = 7; Hearing group: n = 17; age range: 13 – 15 years) in a regular school. Non-significant difference was found in overall gross and fine motor skills (p > .05). However, the HI group scored significantly poorer in kinaesthetic integration than the Hearing group (p ≤ .05). The findings of this study imply poorer balance abilities of adolescents with HI when compared to their hearing peers. Therefore, structured individualised physical activities focusing on balance development in addition to their regular PE lessons are proposed to improve their balance proficiency for better inclusivity.
Using self-assessments and observations to capture non-cognitive skills: Insights from a skills training program in Mozambique

Skills have been a prominent component of the public debate in recent years as jobs evolve and work becomes ever more complex. Non-cognitive skills in particular have captured the attention of researchers and policy makers, due to both their positive effects on educational attainment, labor market success, health, and criminality, and their malleability over the life cycle. While the evidence of the effect on non-cognitive skills has gained attention, their measurement tends to be confined to self-assessment questionnaires, such as the Big Five, or judgment based on observable behaviors, i.e. delinquent behavior (Kautz et al., 2014). The former is rooted in psychologist’s measurement of personality traits and relies on the lexical hypothesis that important traits will be reflected in language (Golsteyn and Schildberg-Hörisch, 2017). However, it is unclear whether these are valid measures, especially among young and vulnerable populations, who might not be used to the type of self-reflection required for a self-assessment. Focusing on a vulnerable, low-literacy population is crucial, as this is arguably the population that can benefit most from improvements in non-cognitive skills. For example, a preliminary evaluation study in France looking at the effect of non-cognitive school-based training found that while teachers observed a substantial improvement in self-discipline among pupils, pupils did not perceive themselves any differently prior to and after the intervention (Algan et al., 2016).
Implementation of STEM and MI Based Physics Learning in Vocational Schools

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of STEM and MI-based physics learning on the cognitive-affective and TEL integrated skills of vocational students. This study uses one group pretest-posttest design research design by giving pretest at the beginning of the meeting and posttest at the end of the meeting. The sample in this study was class X students of computer engineering and informatics skills programs in one private vocational school in Bandung with a total of 29 people. The results showed that the application of physics learning models based on STEM and Multiple Intelligences could improve the cognitive-affective and TEL integrated vocational students' TEL skills in the theme of electric energy conservation.