Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mycorrhizal status of forest trees grown in urban and rural environments in Poland

Mycorrhizal status of mature forest trees (horse chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum L.; white poplar, Populus alba L.; black poplar, P. nigra L.) was investigated in urban habitats under different intensity of anthropogenic pressures (restricted root zone, soil compaction, low air and soil humidity), compared to trees grown in rural environments that were used as reference biological material. Horse chestnut roots were colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and the two poplar species (white poplar and black poplar) were dually colonized by AM and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, regardless of habitat, except P. nigra grown close to a trafficked street, which had only ECM associations. The AM colonization of horse chestnut roots was higher in May than October, regardless of habitat and showed a tendency to be lower in the roots of trees from urban environments, however, only mycorrhizal frequency differed significantly between the urban habitat and the reference plot. In roots of two poplar species the intensity of AM colonization was significantly lower in disturbed urban habitats than in the rural sites. ECM colonization of white poplar did not differ between the urban and rural environments, and in black poplar roots it was lower at the city sites than in the reference plot. Significantly lower levels of available magnesium and total carbon was recorded in soils at the urban sites compared to reference plots. The concentrations of the other macro- and microelements did not differ significantly. A tendency to reduced water content in two of three urban sites was also recorded. The results indicated that mycorrhizal fungi native of urban habitats are able to develop effective symbiosis with mature tree roots and they suggested that environmental factors, such as availability of water and nutrient and carbohydrates production and allocation, are the most important factor influencing the mycorrhizal colonization of urban trees.
Algorithms for Stem Mapping by Means of Terrestrial Laser Scanning

Terrestrial laser scanning is an active remote-sensing technique, which has the potential to provide detailed spatial data for various applications in the fields of forestry and nature conservation. This study introduces algorithms and methods to extract individual tree parameters – such as tree location, stem diameter at breast height (DBH), and tree height – in automatic manner from terrestrial laser scanning data. The efficiency of the algorithms was tested on laser scanning data collected in a permanent sampling plot in the Hidegvíz-völgy forest reserve. The accuracy of the derived individual tree parameters was validated against tree metrics yielded by traditional field methods.
Low-temperature anomalies in disordered solids: a cold case of contested relics?

ABSTRACT Amorphous solids manifest puzzling effects of mysterious degrees of freedom that give rise to a heat capacity and phonon scattering in great excess over what would be expected for a solid that has a unique vibrational ground state. Of particular conceptual importance is the apparent near universality of phonon scattering in amorphous solids made by quenching a liquid. To rationalise this universality, scale-free scenarios have been proposed that either hinge on there being long-range interactions between bare structural degrees of freedom or that invoke long-range criticality stemming from the emergence of marginally stable vibrational modes. In a contrasting, local scenario, the puzzling low-temperature degrees of freedom are, instead, weakly-interacting, strongly anharmonic degrees of freedom each of which involves the motion of a few hundred particles. In this scenario, the universality of phonon scattering comes about because the characteristic energy scale of the local anharmonic resonances and the strength of their interaction with phonons are both set by the glass transition temperature , while their concentration is set by the cooperativity size for dynamics at . The nanoscopic length is manifested in vibrational excitations of the spatial boundary of the resonances, which underlie the so-called Boson peak, and very deep, topological midgap electronic states in glassy semiconductors, which are implicated in a number of strange optoelectronic phenomena in amorphous chalcogenides. I discuss the merits of the above scenarios when confronted with experimental data. Graphical Abstract
Intellectual Property and the Economics of Product Differentiation

The literature applying the economics of product differentiation to intellectual property has been called the most important development in the economic analysis of IP in years. Relaxing the assumption that products are homogeneous yields new insights by explaining persistent features of IP markets that the traditional approaches cannot, challenging the extent to which IP allows rightsholders to earn monopoly profits, allowing for sources of welfare outside of price-quantity space, which in turn opens up new dimensions along which intellectual property can compete. It also allows for equilibria with different welfare characteristics, making the tendency towards systematic underproduction more contingent and suggesting a broader range of policy options for promoting optimality. This Chapter reviews the economics of product differentiation, examining both the monopolistic competition and spatial competition lines of this scholarship. It then surveys the literature applying these approaches to patent, copyright, and trademark.
Design, Fabrication, Testing and Modeling of a Vaporizing Liquid Micro-Propulsion System

In the last decade, CubeSat development has shown the potential to allow for low-risk, low-cost space missions. To further improve the capabilities of CubeSats in large scale missions, a novel micro-propulsion system is being developed at Delft University of Technology. The system is based on a Vaporizing Liquid Microthruster (VLM), which is manufactured by means of Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology. It aims to achieve a specific impulse of 100 s and thrust of 1.4 mN, using water as propellant. This paper presents a status update of the development project. Design solutions are shown to circumvent manufacturing tolerances in the wafer-bonding and sealing of the interfaces of the VLM. Secondly, performance analysis based on a 1D-flow approximation is shown to provide a useful tool to quickly predict VLM performance. Next, a detailed design of the propellant storage tank for the CubeSat micro-propulsion system is presented. Finally, the test plan and test setup for the VLM are elaborated, presenting solutions to determine chamber temperature and pressure without directly sensing it.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS ON AMYLOSE CONTENT BY DNA MARKERS THROUGH BACKCROSS POPULATIONS OF RICE ( Oryza sativa L.)

Amylose content is one of the important traits of grain quality properties of rice. Recently, a polymorphic microsatellite sequence closely linked to the Wx gene was reported. For this purpose, the genotype of Hoa lai and Khao Dawk Mali 105 with low amylose content (16.8% and 19.2%, respectively) was crossed with genotype IR64 with medium amylose content (20-25%), and 120 BC 2F2 were developed. These BC showed normal distribution for amylose content. The parental genotypes were analyzed with 20 SSR primers in chromosome 6. One primer pair for the locus wxF-R showed association with amylose content. This was further confirmed through selective genotyping. The co- segregation data on the molecular marker (wxF-R) and amylose content on 120 BC 2F2 were analyzed by means of a single marker linear regression approach. Significant regression suggested linkage between wx and a QTL for amylose content. The results showed that this marker linked to QTLs accounted for the R 2 value of 0.179. This suggested that the wx linked to QTLs contributed to 17.9% of the total in AC content among the BC 2F2 (IR64 / Hoa Lai). The R 2 value of 0.197 suggested that the wx linked to QTLs contributed to 19.7% of the phenotype variation in AC content among the BC 2F2 (IR64 / Khao Dawk Mali 105. This marker might be useful in marker-assisted breeding to improve rice genotype with intermediate and low amylose.
GENERALIZED ANALYTICAL DESIGN OF BROADBAND PLANAR BALUNS BASED ON WIRE-BONDED MULTICONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION LINES

A novel generalized design procedure of broadband planar baluns based on wire-bonded multiconductor transmission lines (MTL) is presented hereby based on analytical equations. The proposed balun consists of two parts. The flrst one is an in-phase power divider, which equally splits the input power through its two outputs. The later are two MTLs with wire bonding between alternate conductors conflgured to introduce +90 and i90 degrees phase shift respectively, so that the balanced output signal has a 180 degree phase difierence. In that sense, new closed-form design equations in order to calculate the design parameters of both multiconductor elements are obtained. These equations allow the proper dimensions of both MTLs to be computed irrespective of both the number of conductors and the coupling factor, and therefore, to determine the performance of the balun. The design procedure for wire-bonded MTL baluns has been assessed by means of full-wave electromagnetic simulations and by experimental work. In addition, the very good agreement between the theoretical results and measurements makes possible to deflne a time-saving design methodology.
Book Review: Negroes in Cities: Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Change

chaplains, and social workers who deal with dying patients, and for courageous patients and families, the authors' findings provide a context within which interactional responses can be anticipated and manipulated compassionately. Controlling the awareness of dying is clearly shown to be more complex than controlling the interaction between doctor and patient. The authors' theoretical constructs, which can be applied generally to other types of interaction, should be of special interest to social work researchers.
High Speed and Energy Efficient Carry Skip Adder Operating Under a Wide Range of Voltage Levels

In this paper, we present a carry skip adder (CSKA) structure that has a higher speed yet lower energy consumption compared with the conventional one. The speed enhancement is achieved by applying concatenation and incrementation schemes to improve the efficiency of the conventional CSKA (Conv-CSKA) structure. In addition, instead of utilizing multiplexer logic, the proposed structure makes use of AND-OR-Invert (AOI) and OR-ANDInvert (OAI) compound gates for the skip logic. The structure may be realized with both fixed stage size and variable stage size styles, wherein the latter further improves the speed and energy parameters of the adder. Finally, a hybrid variable latency extension of the proposed structure, which lowers the power consumption without considerably impacting the speed, is presented.
Understanding Sensemaking Using Functional Architectures

This paper outlines similarities between sensemaking theory and the ACT-R cognitive architecture. We analyze a functional model that interprets geospatial imagery data implemented in the ACT-R cognitive architecture. We also discuss how the various cognitive mechanisms of the functional model fit within sensemaking theory, and finally how an analysis of these mechanisms may give rise to cognitive biases.
Women Empowerment in Different Household Issues of Bangladesh

During the last few decades, developing countries in the world has been going through an intensive transformation process related to change in demographic and in the use of human capital. These changes have important implications for women empowerment which they tend to systematically alter the marginal utility of consumption over the life cycle. Considering this view, this cross sectional study was aimed to find out the level of women empowerment in purposively selected areas of Bangladesh. A total 206 married women were interviewed face to face using structured questionnaire. To assess the level of women empowerment, a series of questions were asked with a view to assessing the level of participation in different household and family matters. On the basis of 18 variables, a composite level of women empowerment was assessed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using computer simulation and categorized into three groups. It was found that 40% had poor level of empowerment, 19% had fair and 41 had good level of women empowerment. Bi-variate analysis revealed that level of women empowerment was found to be high among the respondents living in urban areas, less number of children, religion Islam, higher level of education of husband and wife, working status of husband and wife, monthly family income and living in pucca house condition (p 0.05). Though the study had some limitations, but the study finding would be helpful for policymakers concerning implementing the programme for empowering women through different intervention programmes. Key words: Women Empowerment, Household Decision Making, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i2. 3591 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(2) 2008 41-45
Simple High Efficiency Full-Bridge DC-DC Converter using a Series Resonant Capacitor

This paper presents a simple high efficiency full-bridge DC-DC converter using a series resonant capacitor. The proposed converter achieves the zero voltage switching of the primary switches under a wide range of load conditions and reduces the high circulating current in the freewheeling mode using the leakage resonant inductance and the series resonant capacitor. Thus, the proposed converter overcomes the drawbacks of the conventional full-bridge DC-DC converter and improves its overall system efficiency. Its structure is simplified by using the leakage inductance of the transformer as the resonant inductance and omitting the DC output filter inductance. Also it can operate over a wide range of input voltages. In this paper, the operational principle, analysis and design example are described in detail. Finally, the experimental results from a 650W (24V/27A) prototype are demonstrated to confirm the operation, validity and features of the proposed converter.
Asymptotic agreement in distributed estimation

Each of several agents updates his estimate of the same random variable whenever he makes a new observation or receives the estimate made by another agent. In turn, each agent transmits his estimate to a randomly chosen subset of the other agents. A subset of agents forms a communicating ring if for every pair \underline{m}, \underline{p} of ring members, there is a sequence of ring members \underline{m} = \underline{m}_{1}, \underline{m}_{2}, . , \underline{m}_{n+1} = \underline{p} such that \underline{m}_{i} sends his estimate to \underline{m}_{i+1} infinitely often. If each ring member knows that he is a ring member, then the estimates of all the ring members asymptotically agree. However, this common limit can depend upon the order in which estimates are transmitted.
Towards the Validation of Dynamical Models in Regions where there is no Data

The creation of computer models is often driven by the need to make predictions in regions where there is no data (i.e. extrapolations). This makes validation challenging as it is difficult to ensure that a model will be suitable when it is applied in a region where there are no observations of the system of interest. The current paper proposes a method that can reveal flaws in a model which may be difficult to identify using traditional approaches for model calibration and validation. The method specifically targets the situation where one is attempting to model a dynamical system that is believed to possess time-invariant calibration parameters. The proposed approach allows these parameters to vary with time, even though it is believed that they are time-invariant. The of such an analysis is to identify key discrepancies - indications that a model has inherent flaws and, as a result, should not be used to influence decisions in regions where there is no data. The proposed method isn't necessarily a predictor of extrapolation performance, rather, it is a stringent test that, the authors believe, should be applied before extrapolation is attempted. The approach could therefore form a useful part of wider validation frameworks in the future.
Pinar Topal Fiscal stimulus and labor market flexibility SAFE Working

This paper investigates whether a fiscal stimulus implies a different impact for flexible and rigid labour markets. The analysis is done for 11 advanced OECD economies. Using quarterly data from 1999 to 2013, I estimate a panel threshold structural VAR model in which regime switches are determined by OECD’s employment protection legislation index. My empirical results indicate significant differences between rigid and flexible labour markets regarding the impact of the fiscal stimulus on output and unemployment. While the impulse response of real GDP to a government spending shock is positive and more effective in flexible labour markets, it has less impact in the rigid ones. Moreover, it is found that a fiscal stimulus leads to higher overall unemployment in highly regulated countries. JEL codes: E62, H30, J01, J08
Internal Compact Quad-Band Diversity Antenna for Next Generation Mobile Handsets Applications

In this paper, we presented a multiband antenna for next generation of mobile communications.The proposed antenna consistsof one main radiating element and two element elements. The elements are directly connected with the main radiating elements. The designed diversity antenna operates over GPS L1, LTE2500, WiMAX, and HiperLAN bands with below 10 dB isolation over all the operating bands. At the lower resonance frequency (at 1.575 GHz), the antenna is not well matched after rigorous tuning of the antenna parameters. To match the lower resonance, a matching circuit ( -match) is used to obtain the desire impedance matching to cover the GPS L1 band. The -matching circuit consistsof one discrete capacitor and two discrete inductors whichact as highpass matching circuit. The simulated S-parameters, far-field results, and diversity performances are presented.
On the year‐to‐year changes of the Iberian Poleward Current

The results of a 20 year high-resolution simulation that spans from 1989 to 2008 are analyzed to study the year-to-year changes of the Iberian Poleward Current (IPC), and its effects on the temperature and salinity variability on the Western Iberian Margin. The model results are compared with satellite data and with data measured at two moored multiparametric buoys. The model reproduces the events of strong sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies described in the literature, for the northern and western coasts, and it helps to explain the connection between the IPC intensity, temperature, and salinity. By analyzing some specific winters, with different characteristics, it is confirmed that years of stronger IPC result in higher transport of heat and salt, and the development of positive anomalies of temperature and salinity. However, local air-sea fluxes are also important and explain the temperature and salinity anomalies observed in some of the winters. The interplay between the IPC transport, or advection, and the local heat and salt fluxes explain why the temperature and salinity anomalies may be in antiphase or uncorrelated with the IPC magnitude. It is shown that from November to January, the IPC magnitude depends mostly on the intensity of the southerly winds, and it has a significant negative correlation with the NAO index.
Analysis of structural patterns in the brain with the complex network approach

In this paper we study mechanisms of the phase synchronization in a model network of Van der Pol oscillators and in the neural network of the brain by consideration of macroscopic parameters of these networks. As the macroscopic characteristics of the model network we consider a summary signal produced by oscillators. Similar to the model simulations, we study EEG signals reflecting the macroscopic dynamics of neural network. We show that the appearance of the phase synchronization leads to an increased peak in the wavelet spectrum related to the dynamics of synchronized oscillators. The observed correlation between the phase relations of individual elements and the macroscopic characteristics of the whole network provides a way to detect phase synchronization in the neural networks in the cases of normal and pathological activity.
Transforming Growth Factor– Induces Extracellular Matrix Protein Cross-Linking Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) Genes in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells

METHODS. Expression of the five LOX genes (LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4) was examined in cultured human TM cells by using RT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR, and Western immunoblot analysis. TM cells were treated with recombinant TGF 1, -2, and -3, to determine the effects on LOX and LOXL1 to -4 expression. The TM cells were pretreated with TGFBR inhibitors (LY364947, SB431542), canonical Smad signaling pathway (SIS3 or Smad2, -3, and -4 siRNAs) inhibitors, or inhibitors of the non-Smad signaling pathways (SP600125, SR11302), to identify the signaling pathway(s) involved in TGF induction of LOX and LOXL gene and protein expression. A novel LOX activity assay was used to determine the effects of the LOX inhibitor BAPN on tropoelastin cross-linking.
Privacy as a Collective Phenomenon

The problem of online privacy is often reduced to individual decisions to hide or reveal personal information in online social networks (OSNs). However, with the increasing use of OSNs, it becomes more important to understand the role of the social network in disclosing personal information that a user has not revealed voluntarily: How much of our private information do our friends disclose about us, and how much of our privacy is lost simply because of online social interaction? Without strong technical effort, an OSN may be able to exploit the assortativity of human private features, this way constructing shadow profiles with information that users chose not to share. Furthermore, because many users share their phone and email contact lists, this allows an OSN to create full shadow profiles for people who do not even have an account for this OSN. We empirically test the feasibility of constructing shadow profiles of sexual orientation for users and non-users, using data from more than 3 Million accounts of a single OSN. We quantify a lower bound for the predictive power derived from the social network of a user, to demonstrate how the predictability of sexual orientation increases with the size of this network and the tendency to share personal information. This allows us to define a privacy leak factor that links individual privacy loss with the decision of other individuals to disclose information. Our statistical analysis reveals that some individuals are at a higher risk of privacy loss, as prediction accuracy increases for users with a larger and more homogeneous firstand second-order neighborhood of their social network. While we do not provide evidence that shadow profiles exist at all, our results show that disclosing of private information is not restricted to an individual choice, but becomes a collective decision that has implications for policy and privacy regulation. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of thi s work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies ar e not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this n otice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work wned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. T o copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requ ires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from Permissions@acm.or g. COSN’14, October 1–2, 2014, Dublin, Ireland. Copyright 2014 ACM 978-1-4503-3198-2/14/10 . $15.00. http://dx.doi. org/10.1145/2660460.2660470 .