Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Size and asymmetry: are there costs to winning the royalty race?

Body size and morphology are key fitness‐determining traits that can vary genotypically. They are likely to be important in social insect queens, which mate in swarms and found colonies independently, but genetic influences on queen morphology have been little investigated. Here, we show that the body size and morphology of queens are influenced by their genotype in the leaf‐cutting ant Acromyrmex echinatior, a species in which certain lineages (patrilines) bias their development towards reproductive queens rather than sterile workers. We found no relationship between the queen‐worker skew of patrilines and the size or morphology of queens, but there was a significant relationship with fluctuating asymmetry, which was greater in more queen‐biased patrilines. Our results suggest that queen‐biased patrilines do not incur a fitness cost in terms of body size, but may face more subtle costs in developmental stability. Such costs may constrain the evolution of royal cheating in social insects.
Neurofuzzy identification of an autonomous underwater vehicle

Neurofuzzy modelling is ideally suited to many nonlinear system identification and data modelling applications. By combining the attractive attributes of fuzzy systems and neural networks transparent models of ill-defined systems can be identified. Available expert a priori knowledge is used to construct an initial model. Data modelling techniques from the neural network, statistical and conventional system identification communities are then used to adapt these models. As a result accurate parsimonious models which are transparent and easy to validate are identified. Recent advances in the datadriven identification algorithms have now made neurofuzzy modelling appropriate for high-dimensional problems for which the expert knowledge and data may be of a poor quality. In this paper neurofuzzy modelling techniques are presented. This powerful approach to system identification is demonstrated by its application to the identification of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV).
Do chronic workplace irritant exposures cause asthma?

Purpose of reviewThe present review summarizes the recent literature on the relation between chronic workplace irritant exposures and asthma, focusing on exposures of low to moderate levels. We discuss results from epidemiological surveys, potential biological mechanisms, and needs for further research. These aspects are largely illustrated by studies on exposure to cleaning products. Recent findingsRecent results from nine population-based and workplace-based epidemiological studies, mostly cross-sectional, found an increased risk of both new-onset and work-exacerbated asthma among participants exposed to moderate level of irritants and/or cleaning products. SummaryEvidence of a causal effect of chronic workplace irritant exposure in new-onset asthma remains limited, mainly because of a lack of longitudinal studies and the difficulty to evaluate irritant exposures. However, recent epidemiological studies strengthen the evidence of an effect of chronic exposure to irritants in work-related asthma. The underlying mechanism remains unknown but may be related to oxidative stress, neurogenic inflammation and dual irritant and adjuvant effects. However, disentangling chronic irritant effects from either acute irritant-induced asthma or immunological low molecular weight agent-induced asthma is difficult for some agents. Further research is needed to improve assessment of irritant exposures and identify biomarkers.
Potential for virus transfer between the honey bees Apis mellifera and A. cerana

Viruses seem to play a key role in European honey bee, Apis mellifera health, and have a much broader host spectrum than previously thought. Few studies have investigated interspecific virus transfer within the genus Apis. The introduction of A. mellifera into Asia exposed endemic Apis species to the risk of obtaining new viruses or viral strains and vice versa. To investigate the potential for host shifts, virus prevalence and sequences were monitored over three years in single and mixed-species apiaries hosting introduced A. mellifera and endemic Apis cerana. Deformed wing virus (DWV), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), and sacbrood virus (SBV) were found, but not KBV, VDV-1, ABPV, or CBPV. Virus infections and prevalence were generally lower in A. cerana compared to A. mellifera, and varied over the years. The sequence data provided evidence for interspecific transfer of IAPV, BQCV, and DWV, but SBV strains seem to be species specific. Prevalence and sequence results taken together indicate that interspecific transfers of viruses are rare, even if honey bees are kept in close proximity. We discuss the pattern observed in the context host specificity and resistance. Our understanding of the extent of these exchanges is limited by a lack of knowledge on the mechanisms of adaptation of viruses to different hosts.
Labour markets and the choice of technology in an open developing economy

This article highlights economic factors determining the choice of technology and openness in an intertemporal context in the presence of institutional constraints in the labour market. It considers the case in which a ‘more aggressive’ development strategy involves an investment in a modern technology. This technology raises the degree to which real wages and productivity depend on external factors while at the same time it also raises the expected value of real income. In the absence of such investment, production takes place in a traditional sector, using a technology that limits exposure to external shocks. The analysis evaluates the dependence of the choice of technology on the volatility of the shocks affecting the economy, the expected productivity gains, the investment cost associated with the modern technology, and the attitude towards risk. The dependence of openness, investment, and real wages on the attitude towards risk is derived for such an economy. The analysis also discusses the interacti.
A Comparison of two Properties of Hints in Individual Problem Solving.

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Computer visualizations: Factors that influence spatial anatomy comprehension

Computer visualizations are increasingly common in education across a range of subject disciplines, including anatomy. Despite optimism about their educational potential, students sometime have difficulty learning from these visualizations. The purpose of this study was to explore a range of factors that influence spatial anatomy comprehension before and after instruction with different computer visualizations. Three major factors were considered: (1) visualization ability (VZ) of learners, (2) dynamism of the visual display, and (3) interactivity of the system. Participants (N = 60) of differing VZs (high, low) studied a group of anatomical structures in one of three visual conditions (control, static, dynamic) and one of two interactive conditions (interactive, non‐interactive). Before and after the study phase, participants' comprehension of spatial anatomical information was assessed using a multiple‐choice spatial anatomy task (SAT) involving the mental rotation of the anatomical structures, identification of the structures in 2D cross‐sections, and localization of planes corresponding to given cross‐sections. Results indicate that VZ had a positive influence on SAT performance but instruction with different computer visualizations could modulate the effect of VZ on task performance. Anat Sci Educ. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.
Use of individual feedback during human gross anatomy course for enhancing professional behaviors in doctor of physical therapy students

Medical professionals and public consumers expect that new physical therapy graduates possess cognitive, technical, and behavioral skills required to provide safe and high‐quality care to patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if a repertoire of ten professional behaviors assessed at the beginning of doctorate of physical therapy education and before the first significant clinical internship could be enhanced in a semester course in gross human anatomy using individual formative feedback. During the human anatomy course, 28 first‐year physical therapy students completed six biweekly, anonymous self‐ and peer assessment surveys that targeted ten professional behaviors important to physical therapists. All professional behaviors were assessed using a five‐point Likert scale. Feedback reports occurred at week eight (mid‐semester) and week 16 (end‐of‐semester) and comprised the direct intervention components of this study. At the midpoint of the semester, professional behavior scores and narrative comments from weeks two, four, and six were compiled and shared with each student by one of three faculty members in a feedback session. Students then submitted biweekly self‐and peer professional behavior assessments (weeks 10, 12, and 14) for the remainder of the human anatomy course. Differences between preintervention and postintervention scores for each of the ten professional behaviors were compared using the Wilcoxon signed‐ranks test. Upon receiving mid‐semester individual feedback, students demonstrated significant improvement in each of the ten professional behaviors. Results from this study indicated a gross anatomy laboratory dissection experience during the first academic semester provided an effective opportunity for teaching and assessing professional behaviors of doctoral students in physical therapy. Anat Sci Educ 6: 324–331. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
Valores normais das velocidades de condução nervosa em um grupo de 101 pessoas

Motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities were analysed in a group of 101 normal Brazilians. The normal values were obtained considering the group age, the distal and proximal segments of each nerve, the differences in the right and left side for each nerve. A significant decline in the conduction was found for the elderly aged group.
A functional model of the digital extensor mechanism: Demonstrating biomechanics with hair bands

The action of muscles about joints can be explained through analysis of their spatial relationship. A functional model of these relationships can be valuable in learning and understanding the muscular action about a joint. A model can be particularly helpful when examining complex actions across multiple joints such as in the digital extensor mechanism of the hand. A functional model using two hair bands representing the components of the digital extensor mechanism is described. Through superimposition of the model over one's digit, the combined actions of metacarpophalangeal joint flexion and interphalangeal joint extension are clearly demonstrated. The model provides a conceptual demonstration to enhance understanding of this unique combination of muscle actions about multiple joints. Anat Sci Educ, 2010. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Criptococose disseminada em lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem inflammatory disease, in which infection is responsible for high rates of mortality. The use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy contributes to this high incidence of infections. Although bacteria are the most common agents, a wide variety of pathogens has been reported. This article reports a case of SLE in a 15 years-old boy with disseminated criptococosis (central nervous system, lungs and kidneys) and presumptive tuberculous encephalitis. The coexistence of infection by Cryptococcus and SLE is described in the literature, but the combination of this with tuberculous encephalitis is uncommon. The potential risk of infection in immunosuppressed SLE patients should alert the physician to adopt early diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aiming at an extended spectrum of pathogens.
Responses to odors in occupational environments

Purpose of reviewThere is mounting evidence that the presence of airborne chemicals that produce odor and irritation can be a significant impediment to a productive and healthy workforce, even among individuals without chemical sensitivity. Recent findingsStudies investigating odor and irritant-induced symptoms in occupational environments suggest that poor indoor air quality, coupled with psychosocial factors such as the work environment, personality and stress, can lead to the development of building-related complaints and exacerbate chemical intolerance and symptoms. The practice of introducing pleasant odors in the workplace to improve productivity and mood is not well supported by current research. SummaryManaging the response to odors and irritants in the workplace is critical to maintaining the health and well being of workers. There is a critical need for regulatory organizations in the United States and elsewhere to harmonize guidelines for occupational exposure limits. In addition, management must engage in risk communication and education of workers in order to ensure that misperception of risk from odors does not lead to illness and loss of well being.
Transformation of a cadaver population: Analysis of a South African cadaver program, 1921–2013

Anatomy has served as a cornerstone in the training of various allied and clinical disciplines and has traditionally been based on dissection of the human body. Thus, to pursue this method of teaching and learning, access to cadavers is of continuing importance. Over a significant period of time unclaimed cadavers have performed an essential role in the teaching of anatomy in South Africa and in Africa. As recent cadaver numbers were declining at the School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg and difficulty in procurement was being experienced, the purpose of this study was to critically evaluate the composition of our cadaver population over time so as to provide possible strategies to arrest the decline. A retrospective, quantitative analysis of cadaver records from the School of Anatomical Sciences between 1921 and 2013 was undertaken. Analysis included a comparison of Poisson counts and Fischer's exact test. A significant decrease in the number of cadavers received during the period 2000–2013 and a slow bequest program over the same period of time has led to concerns about the sustainability of teaching anatomy through dissection. Decreases in the numbers of males and cadavers of the black population group occurred between 1990 and 2013, and of bequests from 2000 to 2013. An influence on the cadaver population from a changing political climate and change in socioeconomic status of part of the population was perceived. Changes in sex and population group of the cadavers may have a long‐term effect on teaching and research. Anat Sci Educ 8: 445–451. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
Development and assessment of a new 3D neuroanatomy teaching tool for MRI training

A computerized three‐dimensional (3D) neuroanatomy teaching tool was developed for training medical students to identify subcortical structures on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) series of the human brain. This program allows the user to transition rapidly between two‐dimensional (2D) MRI slices, 3D object composites, and a combined model in which 3D objects are overlaid onto the 2D MRI slices, all while rotating the brain in any direction and advancing through coronal, sagittal, or axial planes. The efficacy of this tool was assessed by comparing scores from an MRI identification quiz and survey in two groups of first‐year medical students. The first group was taught using this new 3D teaching tool, and the second group was taught the same content for the same amount of time but with traditional methods, including 2D images of brain MRI slices and 3D models from widely used textbooks and online sources. Students from the experimental group performed marginally better than the control group on overall test score (P = 0.07) and significantly better on test scores extracted from questions involving C‐shaped internal brain structures (P < 0.01). Experimental participants also expressed higher confidence in their abilities to visualize the 3D structure of the brain (P = 0.02) after using this tool. Furthermore, when surveyed, 100% of the students in the experimental group recommended this tool for future students. These results suggest that this neuroanatomy teaching tool is an effective way to train medical students to read an MRI of the brain and is particularly effective for teaching C‐shaped internal brain structures. Anat Sci Educ 8: 502–509. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists.
A Call for Considering Color Vision Deficiency When Creating Graphics for Psychology Reports

ABSTRACT Although color vision deficiency (CVD) is fairly common, it is often not adequately considered when data is presented in color graphics. This study found that CVD tends to be mentioned neither in the author guidelines of psychology journals nor in the standard publication manuals of the field (e.g., the publication manuals of the American Psychological Association and the American Medical Association). To illustrate the relevance of this problem, a panel of scholars with CVD was used to evaluate the color figures in three respected psychological science journals. Results suggested that a substantial proportion of those figures were needlessly confusing for viewers with CVD and could have been easily improved through simple adjustments. Based on prior literature and on feedback from the panelists, recommendations are made for improving the accessibility of graphics in psychology reports.
Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV transfusion‐transmitted infections in the 21st century

In the past, transfusion‐transmitted virus (TTV) infections were not uncommon. In recent years with advanced technologies and improved donor screening, the risk of viral transfusion transmission has been markedly reduced. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have all shown marked reduction in transmission rates. However, the newer technologies, including nucleic acid technology (NAT) testing, have affected the residual rates differently for these virally transmitted diseases. Zero risk, which has been the goal, has yet to be achieved. False negatives still persist, and transmissions of these viruses still occur, although rarely. It is known that HBV serological testing misses some infected units; likewise, HBV NAT–negative units have also been known to transmit the virus. Similarly, HIV minipool NAT–negative units have transmitted HIV, as recently as 2007; likely, these transmissions would have been prevented with single‐unit NAT testing. Newer technologies, such as pathogen inactivation (PI), will (ideally) eliminate these falsely test negative components, regardless of the original testing method used for detecting the viruses.
Out with .05, in with Replication and Measurement: Isolating and Working with the Particular Effect Sizes that are Troublesome for Inferential Statistics

ABSTRACT It is difficult to obtain adequate power to test a small effect size with a set criterion alpha of 0.05. Probably an inferential test will indicate non-statistical significance and not be published. Rarely, statistical significance will be obtained, and an exaggerated effect size calculated and reported. Accepting all inferential probabilities and associated effect sizes could solve exaggeration problems. Graphs, generated through Monte Carlo methods, are presented to illustrate this. The first graph presents effect sizes (Cohen's d) as lines from 1 to 0 with probabilities on the Y axis and the number of measures on the X axis. This graph shows effect sizes of . 5 or less should yield non-significance with sample sizes below 120 measures. The other graphs show results with as many as 10 small sample size replications. There is a convergence of means with the effect size as sample size increases and measurement accuracy emerges.
Implementation and modification of an anatomy‐based integrated curriculum

Morehouse School of Medicine elected to restructure its first‐year medical curriculum by transitioning from a discipline‐based to an integrated program. The anatomy course, with regional dissection at its core, served as the backbone for this integration by weaving the content from prior traditional courses into the curriculum around the anatomy topics. There were four primary goals for this restructuring process. Goal 1: develop new integrated courses. Course boundaries were established at locations where logical breaks in anatomy content occurred. Four new courses were created, each containing integrated subject content. Goal 2: establish a curriculum management team. The team consisted of course directors, subject specialists, and a curriculum director. This team worked together to efficiently manage the new curriculum. Goal 3: launch contemporary examination and question banking methods. An electronic system, in which images could be included, was implemented for examinations and quizzes, and for storing and refining questions. Goal 4: ensure equitable distribution of standardized examinations and course grading systems among all courses. Assessments included quizzes, in‐course examinations, and National Board of Medical Examiners® (NBME®) Subject Examinations. A standard plan assigned the contribution of each to the final course grade. Significant improvement was seen on subject examinations. Once the obstacles and challenges of integration were overcome, a robust and efficient education program was developed. The curriculum is expected to continue evolving and improving, while retaining full regional dissection as a core element. Anat Sci Educ 10: 262–275. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
A MICRO-ORGANISM WHICH APPARENTLY HAS A SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIP TO ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER: A PRELIMINARY REPORT

Since the spring and summer of 1906, bodies which I have referred to in my notes as "diplococcoid bodies," and sometimes short bacillary forms, have been found with considerable constancy in the blood of guinea-pigs and monkeys which were infected with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. They have also been seen in the blood of man but not so frequently. Much more time has been spent on the blood of the experimental animals than on that of man in view of the fact that it could always be obtained in fresh condition. The form most commonly found is that of two somewhat lanceolate chromatin-staining bodies, separated by a slight amount of eosin-staining substance. The preparations of Giemsa, as furnished by Grubler, has been used almost exclusively, and with variations in the technic the intermediate substance may stain faintly blue. In spite of the constancy with which these bodies were found, it