Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recent Applications of Spectroscopic and Hyperspectral Imaging Techniques with Chemometric Analysis for Rapid Inspection of Microbial Spoilage in Muscle Foods

Muscle food is one of the most perishable food products because of its vulnerability to microbial spoilage, which can result in critical food safety problems. Traditional techniques for detection and evaluation of microbial spoilage in muscle foods are tedious, laborious, destructive, and time-consuming. In recent years, spectroscopic and imaging technologies have shown great potentials for the assessment of food quality and safety due to their nondestructive, noninvasive, cost-effective, and rapid responsive nature. This review focuses on the applications of several valuable spectroscopic techniques including visible and near-infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and hyperspectral imaging for the rapid and nondestructive detection of microbial spoilage in common muscle foods such as meat, poultry, fish, and related products. Combined with chemometric analysis, such as spectral preprocessing and modeling methods, these potential technologies have been successfully developed for the determination of total viable count, aerobic plate count, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, and lactic acid bacteria loads in muscle foods. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed and some perspectives about future trends are also presented.
Relationship between Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Composition and Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase mRNA Level in Hanwoo Liver and Loin Muscle

The Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase(SCD) is a key enzyme, which converting palmitic acid(16:0) and stearic acid (18:0) to pahnitoleic acid(16:1) and oleic acid(l8:1), respectively. The concentration of oleic acid(18:1) in meat of beef cattle could influence both palatability and perception of meat. This experiment has conducted to determine relationship between the compositions of monounsaturated fatty acids and the SCD mRNA level in bovine liver and loin muscle tissue. The compositions of palmitoleic acid(16:1) and oleic acid(18:1) in loin muscle were 5% and 46% of total lipid and in liver were 2% and 20% of total lipid, respectively. On the other hand, the compositions of palmitic acid(16:0) and stearic acid(18:0) in loin muscle were 25% and 45% of total lipid and in liver were 14% and 43% of total lipid, respectively. The ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids(the desaturation index) was used as a measure of SCD activity in tissues. The average desaturation index in loin muscle was higher about 3.6-fold than that in liver. The desaturation index of oleate/stearate and palmitoleatelpalmitate in loin muscle were higher 8-fold and 1.8-fold than those in liver, respectively, showing that the substrate specificity of SCD enzyme was very different between liver and muscle tissues. To determine whether the composition of monounsaturated fatty acids in liver and muscle are dependent on SCD expression, SCD mRNA level was examined by RT-PCR analysis. The SCD mRNA level in loin muscle was higher about 3-fold than that in liver. Thus, the quantitative relationship between the desaturation index of fatty acid and SCD mRNA was observed in liver and muscle. The difference in the compositions of monounsaturated fatty acids between bovine liver and muscle tissues may be due to different level of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase mRNA.
Altered root traits due to elevated CO2: a meta‐analysis

Aim Plant root traits regulate belowground C inputs, soil nutrient and water uptake, and play critical roles in determining sustainable plant production and consequences for ecosystem C storage. However, the effects of elevated CO2 on root morphology and function have not been well quantified. We reveal general patterns of root trait responses to elevated CO2 from field manipulative experiments. Location North America, Europe, Oceania, Asia. Methods The meta-analysis approach was used to examine the effects of CO2 elevation on 17 variables associated with root morphology, biomass size and distribution, C and N concentrations and pools, turnover and fungal colonization from 110 published studies. Results Elevated CO2 increased root length (+26.0%) and diameter (+8.4%). Elevated CO2 also stimulated total root (+28.8%), fine root (+27.7%) and coarse root biomass (+25.3%), demonstrating strong responses of root morphology and biomass. Elevated CO2 increased the root:shoot ratio (+8.5%) and decreased the proportion of roots in the topsoil (–8.4%), suggesting that plants expand rooting systems. In addition, elevated CO2 decreased N concentration (–7.1%), but did not affect C concentration, and thus increased the C:N ratio (+7.8%). Root C (+29.3%) increased disproportionately relative to root N pools (+9.4%) under elevated CO2. Functional traits were also strongly affected by elevated CO2, which increased respiration (+58.9%), rhizodeposition (+37.9%) and fungal colonization (+3.3%). Main conclusions These results suggest that elevated CO2 promoted root morphological development, root system expansion and C input to soils, implying that the sensitive responses of root morphology and function to elevated CO2 would increase long-term belowground C sequestration.
Performance and Genetic Variance among S1 Lines and Testcrosses of Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic Maize

Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSSC0) maize (Zea mays L.) population has been used in two long-term recurrent selection programs: reciprocal recurrent selection (R) and half-sib followed by S 2 -progeny (S) recurrent selection. Advanced populations after nine cycles of reciprocal recurrent selection [BSSS(R)C9] were evaluated. Objectives of this study were to compare performance and amount of genetic variation present among S 1 lines from BSSSC0, BSSS(R)C9, BS13(S)C3, and BSSS(R)C9×BS13(S)C3 (C3×C9) and, also, to compare performance and genetic variation among test-crosses of the S 1 lines by using two testers of different heterotic background, B73 and Mo17
Diversity at hydrothermal vents

Aim To describe patterns of hydrothermal vent community diversity and dispersion at the intersegment scale (> 100 km). Location The area discussed is an approximately 170 km portion of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, a mid-ocean ridge in the north-east Pacific Ocean. Methods Samples of benthic invertebrates from hydrothermal vents on three segments of the Juan de Fuca are examined for community characteristics such as diversity, abundance and distribution. Results Species richness (55 species) and evenness are low. If the macrofauna only are considered, species richness is about 30% lower than when meiofauna are also considered. The geometric series describes the species-abundance distribution. The relationship between vent species’ distribution and abundance is significantly positive (r2 = 0.818; P < 0.001). Alpha diversity is lower in patchy habitat than continuous habitat and gamma diversity is similar for both habitat types. Beta diversity is higher in patchy habitat. Local diversity is linearly related to regional diversity. Main conclusions Species richness is comparable to other highly disturbed systems. The geometric series species abundance model implies some degree of niche pre-emption in the vent community and is consistent with the suggestion that the geometric series distribution can be found in species-poor environments that experience harsh conditions and are structured by relatively few environmental factors. Species distribution and abundance are highly correlated. The regional species pool affects local vent diversity. Vent diversity studies should be conducted on at least the ridge scale.
Desenvolvimento e avaliação de um protótipo classificador de tábuas usando técnicas de visão artificial

A classe de qualidade de uma peca de madeira serrada e determinada pelos defeitos apresentados e por algumas caracteristicas associadas a eles, como: dimensoes da peca e dos defeitos, posicao dos defeitos, quantidade e tipo. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram desenvolver e avaliar um prototipo para classificacao de tabuas de madeira de eucalipto, com base em imagens digitais, composto por uma esteira rolante onde sao inseridas as tabuas para obtencao das imagens de suas faces. O prototipo pode utilizar tanto a norma da Associacao Brasileira de Normas Tecnicas (ABNT) quanto a norma comercial de uma serraria. O processo pode ser acompanhado no microcomputador, que apresenta em seguida a imagem da tabua com o resultado final de sua classificacao. A taxa de acerto no processo de classificacao foi de 64,3%, usando-se a norma da ABNT, e de 81,0% com o emprego da norma comercial. A produtividade do prototipo desenvolvido foi de 7,9 m3 h-1, na classificacao de madeira serrada de eucalipto.
Growth promotion of crop plants by Methylobacterium organophilum: Efficient bio-inoculant and bio-fertilizer isolated from mud

Nitrogen fixing bacterium was isolated from mud near hot springs located at Unkeshwar in Nanded district, Maharashtra, India. Gram negative, oval rod, motile bacterium using nutrient broth medium from mud samples. Isolate bacterium showed luxuriant growth at 45 o C temperature and pH 8. Isolate also showed growth on Azatobacter-Mannitol agar. The isolated species identified as Methylobacterium organophilum using morphological and biochemical tests. Isolate capable of growth at 5% salt concentration and alkaline pH. Isolate was used as growth promoting agent. Effect of isolate on germination of seeds; their ability of plant growth promotion was also studied. Remarkable growth of Vigna radiate was observed in the presence of isolated thermophilic Methylobacterium sp.
Acrylonitrile as a Carcinogen

Almost a decade has passed since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)' required the performance of oncogenicity studies of acrylonitrile as a provision of the continued listing of acrylonitrile copolymers for use in contact with food. During that time a large body of experimental and epidemiologic data on the carcinogenicity of acrylonitrile has been developed. These data serve as the basis for quantitative risk assessment and the regulation of acrylonitrile as a carcinogen. With the large body of experimental data now in hand and the regulatory positions being established, we have reviewed the current carcinogenicity database for acrylonitrile and how it has been employed in risk assessment processes within the U.S. regulatory bodies. This report summarizes the findings of that review and identifies areas of research that could contribute to better understanding of the carcinogenic risk posed by acrylonitrile.
Differential Cl−/Salt Tolerance and NaCl‐Induced Alternations of Tissue and Cellular Ion Fluxes in Glycine max, Glycine soja and their Hybrid Seedlings

The salt-sensitive Glycine max N23674 cultivar, the salt-born Glycine soja BB52 population, and their hybrid 4076 strain (F5) selected for salt tolerance generation by generation were used as the experimental materials in this study. First, the effects of NaCl stress on seed germination, tissue damage, and time-course ionic absorption and transportation were compared. When qualitatively compared with seed germination appearance in culture dishes, and tissue damages on roots or leaves of seedlings, or quantitatively compared with the relative salt injury rate, the inhibition on N23674 was all the most remarkable. After the exposure of 140 mm NaCl for 1 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 2 days and 4 days, the content of Cl− gradually increased in the roots and leaves of seedlings of BB52, 4076 and 23674. Interestingly, the extents of the Cl− rise in roots of the three experimental soybean materials were BB52 > 4076 > N23674, whereas those in leaves were just on the contrary. Secondly, by using the scanning ion-selective electrode technique (SIET), fluxes of Na+ and Cl− in roots and protoplasts isolated from roots and leaves were also investigated among the three experimental soybean materials. After 140 mm NaCl stress for 2, 4 and 6 days, and when compared with N23674, slighter net Cl− influxes were observed in root tissue and protoplasts of roots and leaves of BB52 and 4076 seedlings, especially at the cellular protoplast level. The results indicate that with regard to the ionic effect of NaCl stress, Cl− was the main determinant salt ion for salt tolerance in G. soja, G. max and their hybrid, and the difference in their Cl−/salt tolerance is mainly attributed to the capacity of Cl− restriction to the plant above-ground parts such as leaves.
Thuidium delicatulum (Hedw.) Schimp. (Thuidiaceae) another bipolar moss disjunct from Subantarctic Marion Island

Thuidium delicatulum (Hedw.) Schimp. is recorded from Marion Island in the Prince Edward Islands Archipelago in the Subantarctic. This is the first report of the genus Thuidium Schimp. from the subpolar region of the Southern Hemisphere and establishes Th. delicatulum as a bipolar species with intermediate localities in the tropical zone, in Central America and the northern and central Andes in South America. The Marion Island plants are described and their ecology and distribution on the island discussed. The world distribution of Th. delicatulum is reviewed and some speculations presented regarding the origin of the Marion Island population. [KEYWORDS: bryophyta; Musci; thuidiaceae; thuidium; subantarctica; Prince Edward islands; Marion Island; Kerguelen Province; distribution; bipolar species]
Mechanisms of epigenetic loss of chromosomes in insects

Chromosome elimination is a widespread developmental phenomenon in insects. The main types of chromosome elimination take place at early embryonic somatic cleavages and at the first male meiotic division. The cellular mechanisms responsible for both elimination types are different but show common aspects in Diptera, notably unusual anaphase behavior of the chromosomes to be eliminated. Chromosome elimination can be parent-of-origin specific, highlighting this phenomenon as an example of genomic imprinting. Keywords: chromosome elimination; Diptera; Sciaridae; Cecidomyiidae; Chironomidae; imprinting
Micropropagation of the wild legume Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. from coastal sand dunes

Micropropagation of the wild legume Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. from coastal sand dunes The wild legume Canavalia rosea (known in India as C. maritima) grows on coastal sand dunes of Southwest India. Anthers and 8 other explant types of this species (tender pods, cotyledons of ripened beans, cotyledons of germinated dry seeds, hypocotyls, young shoot buds, nodes, internodes, and roots) were used for in vitro culture. Among them, cotyledons and hypocotyls of germinated dry seeds showed a positive response. Friable callus production was seen within 4 weeks at the cut ends of cotyledon explants in MS medium fortifed with 1 mg L-1 each of BAP and 2iP. Cotyledon explants of seedlings also showed shoot bud induction in MS medium with 0.5 mg L-1 each of BAP and 2iP. Increased shoot bud induction was seen at elevated concentrations of hormones (7-27%). Hypocotyls inserted upside down on the medium with 1 mg L-1 each of BAP and 2iP, gave rise to leafy shoots within 4 weeks. Solitary or multiple somatic embryos emerged from the 10 week-old calli of cotyledons supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 each of BAP and 2iP. Secondary embryos were also induced in some of the somatic embryos. Hypocotyls excised from 3-5-day-old seedlings in MS medium at low concentrations of auxins, produced roots within 3 weeks. The stem cuttings treated with IBA (0.25 mg L-1) increased the percentage of rooting response. Conventional methods of propagation of C. rosea through seeds may fail due to seed dormancy and mortality of the seedlings under the hostile conditions of coastal sand dunes, thus in vitro and ex vitro culture and hardening techniques may be feasible for rehabilitation. Moreover, such cultured tissues may serve for extraction of secondary metabolites.
Spatial distribution and seed mass variation of Strophostyles helvola along Lake Erie

Field studies were conducted to determine the survival, seed-mass variability, and reproductive strategies of wild bean, Strophostyles helvola (L.) Ell. , plants on the foredunes at Port Burwell Provincial Park along Lake Erie. In spring, a large number of seedlings were found on the drift-line (area of beach where detritis deposits are cast on shore by the waves) and a small number both on the lakeward (mid-beach) and landward (high-beach) ends of the drift-line. Plants growing on the mid-beach were larger and produced a significantly greater number of heavier seeds than those on the drift-line. However, during late fall and winter months, a large proportion of these seeds were moved by wind and wave action to the drift-line. Intraspecific competition was not a limiting factor on the mid-beach; however, on the drift-line, the number of seeds per plant decreased significantly with an increase in density of plants from about 1 to 140/m2, suggesting that intraspecific competition may be an important limiting.
Two new species of Hudsonimyia Roback, 1979 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) from Neotropical Region unveiled by morphology and DNA barcoding

Two new species of Hudsonimyia Roback, 1979 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) are described and illustrated as male, pupa and larva. The generic diagnosis of pupa is emended and keys to males, pupae and larvae of known species are provided. The different life stages for one of the described species were associated by DNA barcodes.
THE INDISPENSIBLE MISSION OF miRNA IN HUMAN DISORDERS

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA molecule which tie to target miRNAs, bringing about translational constraint and gene silencing and are discovered in all eukaryotic cells. Roughly 2200 miRNA genes have been accounted for to exist in the mammalian genome, from which over 1000 have places with the human genome. Numerous major cell abilities, for example expansion, separation, development, and breakdown are known to be controlled by miRNAs. Closeness to different genes in the genome and their areas in introns of coding genes, noncoding genes and exons have been accounted for to have a major impact on the level of gene understandings in eukaryotic cells. MiRNAs are overall preserved in eukaryotic framework and are accepted to be a vital and evolutionary antiquated part of gene regulatory systems. Hence, recently miRNAs have been mulled over as a presumable candidate for inclusion in generally biologic procedures and have been associated in numerous human disorders. KEYWORDS: MicroRNA, miRNA, Human Genome
Excavating in Museums: Notes on Mississippian Hoes and Middle Woodland Copper Gouges and Celts

USEUM CURATION in past decades has often been a rather casual M affair reflecting the particular special interests of the curator, the exigencies of exhibit preparation, administration, and obligations to the public, with much of the assistance deriving from the efforts of enthusiastic but untrained volunteers. In some cases, even, curation has been the role of venerable individuals who have become hallowed by tradition and are renowned for their incredible feats of memory as to the whereabouts of the museum's artifacts. Such persons have rarely been trained in any systematic way, organization has reflected their idiosyncratic views as to what is proper, and their legendary memories have rarely been subjected to any thorough test. Thus, research in museums has often been severely hampered in recent decades by a legacy of chaotic conditions and inadequate catalogues and records. Equally casual then and even today have been the attitudes towards the curation of old accumulations that made up the typical collections of the 19th-century museum. In general, artifacts with what would today be considered inadequate provenience have been given short shrift, being relegated to a reserve for exhibit preparation and source of exchange materials. Frequently, such collections have been recklessly dissipated, with some even having been diverted into the open market where all trace of their existence has vanished as they have moved from collector to collector. Rarely were records kept of the attributes of the specimens, so that their research potential has been destroyed once and for all.
INTRODUCTION: IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF ENZYMES

In the last two decades immunochemists have been concerned with analyzing the interaction between antigen and antibody by physico-chemical means. This approach has been so successful that the tools and methods of chemical physics have become thoroughly integrated into our discipline, We have now entered a new phase in which our attack on longstanding problems is being revitalized and reoriented by a biosynthetic approach. This approach has allowed a concrete attack on such problems as the biological basis of the specificity of antibody and the mechanisms concerned in the synthesis of proteins in general and of antibodies in particular. Our present meeting shows, in all its phases, this new outlook. The study of three-component systems initiated the development of immunochemistry. Determining the amount of antibody, required to neutralize constant quantities of toxin in mixtures injected into animals, led to the first precise measurements of antibody and antigen. However, the complexity of the animal test system, while it permitted the development of a reasonably precise assay method, did not allow a detailed analysis of the kinetics of the system. An early obstacle encountered in the three-component systems arose from the difEculty of isolating macromolecules so that several decades of research were required before purified and defined antigens could be used. This di5culty was overcome some 20 years ago, but a further and greater difficulty of the complex test system remained unresohed. This was that the permeability of membranes, the biological stability of antigens and many other factors play a part in the access of toxin and of antitoxin to the mammalian sites on which the antigens act. Hence detailed analyses, when toxins are used in three-component systems in uivo, are impossible. Further progress in this area has to await the identification of the biochemical principle on which the toxins act. The identification and subsequent purification of the toxin-substrate is needed not only to avoid the complexity of the in uiuo system, but also to permit flexibility of experimentation. However, identification has proved extremely diEcult, and, except in the case of the a-toxin of Clostridium welchiiz02 very little progress has been made. As one consequence of these difEculties, a simplified system, in which only two of the components (antigen and antibody) were involved, engaged the attention of the avant-garde. This led to present knowledge of the nature and specificity of antibody and of the forces which act between antigen and antibody. (See pages 549594,611429,643-673.) While work with toxins in a three-component system was blocked by formidable obstacles, another system of three components-enzyme, anti-