Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The international expansion of emerging-economy firms : The influence of path-breaking change and its antecedents

This dissertation introduces mechanisms that explain the international expansion of emerging-market multinational enterprises (EM MNEs) into advanced economies. It aims to provide a theoretical explanation of global champions from emerging economies. We propose path-breaking change as a complementary view that is the driver of emerging-economy firms’ international expansion into advanced economies. We argue that path-breaking change is a prerequisite before emerging-economy firms build and, in turn, leverage their ownership advantages in advanced economies. In addition, we further investigate the antecedents of path-breaking change. Building upon the upper-echelon theory, we assert that the composition of a top management team (TMT) and a board of directors (BOD) have an impact on the extent of a firm's path-breaking change. We argue that foreigners and executives with international exposure may bring new knowledge and introduce new management practices to their organizations. They may usesuch knowledge and skills to transform firms into more market-oriented entities. However, success in the domestic market may prevent a firm from changing. Firms tend to build their capabilities upon their historical path trajectory. Hence, market leadership position, conglomerate diversification, and government ties deter firms from venturing into advanced economies
Selective removal of micro-corrugation by anisotropic wet etching

We conducted an investigation to find a corrugation removal mechanism selectively by anisotropic wet etching to reduce a periodic corrugation, called “scalloping”, formed on the sidewalls of microstructures by Deep Reactive Ion Etching (D-RIE). We analyzed the corrugation removal mechanism by using an etching distribution pattern, and then conducted several equations to predict the corrugation removal time by the etching. We experimentally tried to perform a selective removal of the corrugation by using 50% KOH (40 deg-C). The corrugation formed on Si{100} sidewall surfaces gradually reduced in size with the advance of the etching, and it was completely removed after5.0 min of etching. The necessary etching time and shape change of the corrugation removal were coincident with the results conducted by the distribution pattern of the etching.
The European Central Bank: A Bank or a Monetary Policy Rule

A European central banking institution will be an essential feature of the final stage of the European Economic and Monetary Union. The EC Committee of Central Bank Governors has recently produced a Draft Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank. The draft Statute mandates the maintenance of price stability as the explicit primary objective of the ECB. and the necessary monetary functions and operations of the system are defined in accordance with standard practice. The maintenance of a stable financial and payments system, however. is not an explicit objective of the ECB. and only limited banking functions are admitted as one of the system's tasks. The draft Statute clearly subscribes to a "narrow" concept of the System of Central Banks with a single objective-monetary stability-rather than a "broad" concept with the additional objective of financial-market stability. In this paper we examine the consequences of a "narrow" central banking system for Community financial markets, We conclude that in the absence of such banking functions it will be necessary to slow or even prevent the ongoing development of Community-wide liquid. securitized financial markets, supported by a large-volume wholesale payments system. Instead, the historically prevalent bank-intermediated financial system will have to be maintained to lower the likelihood of liquidity crises that demand central bank intervention.
INHIBITION OF SOME HEPATIC GLYCOSIDASES BY THE DISECO NUCLEOSIDE, 4-AMINO-3-(D-GLUCOPENTITOL-1-YL)- 5-MERCAPTO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE AND ITS 3-METHYL ANALOG

ABSTRACT The in vivo and in vitro effects of 4-amino-3-(D-glucopentitol-l-yl)-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole and its 3-methyl analogue on α- and β-glucosidases, β-glucuronidase as well as α-amylase have been investigated. α-Glucosidase is the enzyme that is markedly affected in vivo and in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. The compounds showed a reversible inhibition of a competitive type for α-glucosidase. Moreover, they exert a relatively potent inhibition on α-glucosidase with a Ki magnitude of 3.6×10−4, 9.5×10− 5 M.
Optimal Capital Structure of Banks with Contingent Capital: A Structural Model

This paper justifies, in an agency context, the existence of hybrid securities appeared very recently on the organized market: the cocos (contingent convertible bonds). Like the straight debt, they make it possible to profit from tax benefits of debt. And, like stocks, they provide protection against financial distress. Although cocos cannot completely protect banks against bankruptcy, they reduce significantly their probability of failure independent of regulator actions. The structural model shows that the cocos allow an increased valorization of the banks without jeopardizing their stability. However, it should pay special attention to their design under penalty of not being able to provide an efficient mean of financing to investors. Particular attention should be paid to the fixing of the value of the trigger. Its optimal value is highly dependent on the environment (structure and amount of bankruptcy costs, intensity of the dilution of shareholder claims, tax environmental and so on).
Package fatigue reliability of the stacked chip BGA evaluated by optimal equivalent solder

A global/local method along with an optimization algorithm, so called the modified sub-modeling approach of optimal equivalent solder is introduced as a simple but effective approach to predict the deformation and the reliability in the package. The viewpoint of equivalent solder in this method is facilitated to obviously reduce the number of elements/nodes so as to enhance computing accuracy and efficiency. To verify the proposed approach, a model of wire-bonded stacked chip Ball Grid Array (WB-SC BGA) package is simulated for analysis. Comparing the global fine mesh method with the global/local method, it is found that the computing time and the data storage space required for this proposed method are only 18.8% and 9.98% of that by the global fine mesh model. Moreover, under the cyclic thermal loading, the difference of the accumulated strain energy density (SED) between the two models is merely 5.76 % with the coincident trends for each other, which means the adopted method is eligible to replace the global fine mesh method. Finally, the analysis model with design factors optimized can highly improve the fatigue life of solder ball up to 79.4% compared to the baseline model.
The palindromic LTR-LTR junction of Moloney murine leukemia virus is not an efficient substrate for proviral integration

We generated viral constructs to test the hypothesis that the major substrate on retroviral DNA that is utilized for proviral DNA integration is the palindromic sequence, termed the LTR-LTR junction, normally present in circular molecules formed by joining the two termini of linear proviral DNA. Recombinant viral genomes were built which carried a selectable marker and an extra copy of the LTR-LTR junction from a cloned circular provirus. The junction sequence in each case was positioned such that its use during integration would lead to an easily detected, aberrantly integrated proviral DNA. Analysis of DNA from cells infected with the virus constructs showed that the introduced junction sequence is used at least 1,000-fold less efficiently than the natural sequences at the ends of the genome. This suggests that a linear or more exotic DNA intermediate is most likely the true precursor for the integration reaction.
Short Communication: Effect of Timing of Introduction to Pasture Post Calving and Supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Milk Fatty Acid Profiles in Early Lactation Dairy Cows

There is increased public awareness of the effect of dietary fatty acid (FA) profile on human health. Therefore, when devising nutritional management strategies for dairy cows it is important to evaluate the effects of said strategies on the FA profile of the milk. This experiment investigates the effects of two early PP nutritional management strategies (NM); abrupt introduction to pasture (AP) or a total mixed ration for 21 d followed by a gradual introduction to pasture over 7 d (GP), with (Y) or without (C) live yeast (YS) on milk fatty acid (FA) profile. Forty multiparous dairy cows were assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a two (AP vs. GP) by two (Y vs. C) factorial, randomized block design. The experiment was conducted from d 1 to 70 PP. Pasture, TMR and concentrate samples were taken weekly to assess the chemical and FA composition. Milk yield was recorded daily and individual milk samples were collected weekly to determine milk FA composition. There was no interaction between NM strategy and YS supplementation on milk FA. Similarly, YS supplementation did not affect milk FA profile. However, GP had higher concentrations of C10 (P = 0.04), C12 (P = 0.01), C14 (P = 0.02) and medium chain FA (P = 0.02) vs. AP. Whereas AP had higher concentrations of the FA cis-9, C18:1 (P < 0.01), long chain FA (P = 0.1) and unsaturated FA (P = 0.01) and lower concentrations of saturated FA (P = 0.01) vs. GP. These results suggest that abruptly introducing the early lactation dairy cow to a pasture based diets positively alters the FA composition of the milk produced when compared to the milk from a dairy cow gradually introduced to pasture.
Evaluation of serious adverse drug reactions: a proactive pharmacovigilance program (RADAR) vs safety activities conducted by the Food and Drug Administration and pharmaceutical manufacturers.

BACKGROUND The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and pharmaceutical manufacturers conduct most postmarketing pharmaceutical safety investigations. These efforts are frequently based on data mining of databases. In 1998, investigators initiated the Research on Adverse Drug events And Reports (RADAR) project to investigate reports of serious adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and prospectively obtain information on these cases. We compare safety efforts for evaluating serious ADRs conducted by the FDA and pharmaceutical manufacturers vs the RADAR project. METHODS We evaluated the completeness of serious ADR descriptions in the FDA and RADAR databases and the comprehensiveness of notifications disseminated by pharmaceutical manufacturers and the RADAR investigators. A serious ADR was defined as an event that led to death or required intensive therapies to reverse. RESULTS The RADAR investigators evaluated 16 serious ADRs. Compared with descriptions of these ADRs in FDA databases (2296 reports), reports in RADAR databases (472 reports) had a 2-fold higher rate of including information on history and physical examination (92% vs 45%; P<.001) and a 9-fold higher rate of including basic science findings (34% vs 4%; P = .08). Safety notifications were disseminated earlier by pharmaceutical suppliers (2 vs 4 years after approval, respectively), although notifications were less likely to include information on incidence (46% vs 93%; P = .02), outcomes (8% vs 100%; P<.001), treatment or prophylaxis (25% vs 93%; P<.001), or references (8% vs 80%; P<.001). CONCLUSION Proactive safety efforts conducted by the RADAR investigators are more comprehensive than those conducted by the FDA and pharmaceutical manufacturers, but dissemination of related safety notifications is less timely.
PIR1, a Novel Phosphatase That Exhibits High Affinity to RNA·Ribonucleoprotein Complexes*

Protein tyrosine phosphatases are involved in the regulation of important cellular processes such as signal transduction, cell cycle progression, and tumor suppression. Here we report the cloning and characterization of PIR1, a novel member in the dual-specificity phosphatase subfamily of the protein tyrosine phosphatases. PIR1 also contains two stretches of arginine-rich sequences. We have shown that the recombinant PIR1 protein possessed an intrinsic phosphatase activity on phosphotyrosine-containing substrate. A unique feature of this phosphatase is that it binds directly to RNAin vitro with high affinity. In addition, we have found that PIR1 interacted with splicing factors 9G8 and SRp30C, possibly through an RNA intermediate during a yeast two-hybrid screen. PIR1 exhibited a nuclear-staining pattern that was sensitive to RNase A, but not to DNase I, suggesting that PIR1 in the cells are associated with RNA and/or ribonucleoprotein particles. Furthermore, a fraction of PIR1 showed a speckle-staining pattern that superimposed with that of the splicing factor, SC35. Taken together, our data suggest that PIR1 is a novel phosphatase that may participate in nuclear mRNA metabolism.
The use of unified APC/FD in the control of a metal etch area

An adaptive neural network-based advanced process control software, the Dynamic Neural Controller/spl trade/ (DNC), was employed at National Semiconductor's 200 mm fabrication facility, South Portland, Maine, to enhance the performance of metal etch tools. The installation was performed on 5 identical LAM 9600 TCP Metal etchers running production material. The DNC produced a single predictive model on critical outputs and metrology for each tool based on process variables, maintenance, input metrology and output metrology. Although process metrology is usually measured on only one wafer per lot, the process can be closely monitored on a wafer-by-wafer basis with the DNC models. The DNC was able to provide recommendations for maintenance (replacing components in advance of predicted failure) and process variable adjustments (e.g. gas flow) to maximize tool up time and to reduce scrap. This enabled the equipment engineers to both debug problems more quickly on the tool and to make adjustments to tool parameters before out-of-spec wafers were produced. After a comparison of the performance of all 5 tools for a 2-month period prior to DNC installation vs. a 2-month post-DNC period, we concluded that the software was able to predict when maintenance actions were required, when process changes were required, and when maintenance actions were being taken but were not required. We observed a significant improvement in process C/sub pk/s for the metal etchers in this study.
Improved current collapse in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with 3-dimensional field plate structure

This paper describes significantly suppressed current collapse in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with a 3-dimensional field plate (3DFP) structure. 3DFP consists of a gate field plate deposited on a passivated SiN film and equally-spaced multiple grooves formed by dry-etching of AlGaN/GaN layers, and hence the effective field plate area has been efficiently increased. Optimizing the groove spacing of 3DFP, the device showed almost current collapse-free operation without sacrificing the drain current reduction.
Manajemen Penyelenggaraan Program Pelatihan Masyarakat (Studi di Balai Besar Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Desa Kementerian Dalam Negeri di Malang)

Tujuan negara adalah mensejahterakan rakyatnya melalui pelayanan publik. Kapasitas sumber daya manusia yang rendah menjadi penghambat dalam pelayanan publik. Pengembangan kapasitas dapat dilakukan melalui pelatihan sebagai investasi yang harus ada dalam organisasi. Pengembangan sumberdaya manusia yang dikelola dengan baik penting sebagai sarana mencapai tujuan pembangunan secara efektif. Balai Besar Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Desa di Malang adalah instansi penyelenggara pelayanan publik bidang pelatihan bagi pelayan publik di desa. Penelitian ini memberikan gambaran mengenai manajemen penyelenggaraan program pelatihan masyarakat dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan analisis Straus dan Corbin . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa unsur manajemen telah dilaksanakan dalam penyelenggaraan program pelatihan. Terdapat unsur planing dan organizing dalam tahapan perencanaan, unsur actuating dalam tahapan pelaksanaan pelatihan unsur controlling dalam tahapan penilaian, serta adanya review dan perbaikan pelatihan. Pelayanan publik melalui penyelenggaraan program pelatihan masyarakat bertujuan meningkatkan kapasitas sumber daya manusia utamanya penyelenggara pemerintahan didesa menjadi layanan yang diselenggarakan negara karena jenis layanan tersebut tidak dapat diselenggarakan oleh korporasi maupun pasar dikarenakan manfaat program yang tidak berhubungan langsung dengan kepentingan pasar untuk meraih profit. Program pelatihan masyarakat memberikan penguatan kapasitas masyarakat dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan desa berdasarkan peraturan perundangan yang berlaku. Program pelatihan dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah untuk mencapai tujuan dan misi negara mengacu pada peraturan yang berlaku. Kata kunci: Manajemen, Pelatihan Masyarakat, Pelayanan Publik
An Empirical Analysis of Network Externalities in P2P Music-Sharing Networks

Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks are becoming an important medium for the distribution of consumer information goods. However, there is little academic research into the behavior of these networks. We analyze the impact of positive and negative network externalities on the optimal size of P2P networks. Using data collected from the six most popular OpenNap P2P music-sharing networks between December 19, 2000 and April 22, 2001 we find that additional users contribute value in terms of additional network content at a diminishing rate, while they impose costs in terms of congestion on shared resources at an increasing rate. Using an analytic model, we explore technical solutions to the congestion problem, for example by increasing network capacity. This model suggests that although increasing capacity will allow more users to participate on the network, there may be little incentive for network operators to do so. This is because diminishing positive network externalities imply decreasing content benefits to adding more users. Together these results suggest that the optimal size of a P2P network may be bounded in many common implementations. We conclude by discussing various options to improve network performance including network membership rules and usage-based pricing.
PERFORMANCE OF AGRIBUSINESS COMPANIES-WHAT KIND OF GOVERNING STRUCTURE SHOULD WE ADOPT?

It is already known the fact that the performance of an enterprise is the result of good or bad management. But when we talk about "management" often we overlook, or even worse, we don’t consider such problems associated with the growth strategies of companies, which normally derive from the forms of governance. Surveys made so far lead us to conclude that the actual performance of a large number of enterprises, engaged in various agribusiness industries is highly associated with both the issues mentioned above, and therefore they are the focus of this study. Our goal is that by the conclusions drawn in this paper, can be offered recommendations on growth strategies that enterprises should implement, and more rational governance forms according to industries.
Persian Translation, Internal Consistency and Reliability of Wolf Motor Function Test

Article type: Original Article Background: Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) is used in the assessment of upper extremity motor function in stroke patients. This scale contains 15 items and assesses joint-segment movements and functional tasks. Objectives: Translation and assessment of internal consistency and reliability of the Persian version of WMFT in Iranian stroke patients. Materials and Methods: After translation (based on the international quality of life assessment method), the Persian version of WMFT was used in 56 stroke patients. Item-level internal consistency was assessed using Spearman’s correlation, reliability in frequent tests using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), and internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: Translation was simple in 94.4% of items, and the quality of translation was favorable in 89.7% of cases. A high correlation was observed between the most of items and total WMFT score. Based on ICC, reliability in frequent tests was high (from 0.97 and 0.99). Internal consistency was 0.78 in scores obtained. Conclusion: The Persian version of WMFT has a favorable reliability for use in the assessment and development of rehabilitation programs for improving functional abilities of upper extremities in Iranian stroke patients.
[Effect of Electroacupuncture Intervention on IL-4/STAT 6 and NF-κB p 65 Signaling in Cerebral Cortex in Focal Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Rats].

OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on expression of cerebral cortical interleukin 4 (IL-4), signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT 6) and NF-κB family subunit p 65 in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) rats, so as to explore its mechanisms in reducing cerebral ischemia. METHODS Forty-five male SD rats were randomly divided into sham group (n=15), CIRI model group (n=15), and EA group (n=15). The CIRI model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). EA (1 mA, 2 Hz/100 Hz) was applied to "Baihui"(GV 20) and the left "Hegu" (LI 4)-"Taichong" (LR 3) for 20 min, once every 12 h, three times altogether. The expression levels of p-STAT 6, STAT 6 and NF-κB p 65 in the ischemic cortex were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot, separately, and the content of IL-4 was detected by ELISA. RESULTS Compared with the sham group, cerebral IL-4 content and the expression levels of NF-κB p 65 immunoactivity and protein were significantly up-regulated in the CIRI model group (P<0.001, P<0.01). Following EA intervention, the levels of IL-4, p-STAT 6 expression and ratio of p-STAT 6/STAT 6 were notably increased in the EA group than in the model group (P<0.01),while the levels of cerebral NF-κB p 65 immunoactivity and protein expression were significantly down-regulated (P<0.01,P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS EA of GV 20 and LI 4-LR 3 can up-regulate cerebral cortical IL-4 content and p-STAT 6 expression, and down-regulate NF-κB p 65 expression in CIRI rats, which may contribute to its effect in improving cerebral ischemia by reducing inflammatory injury.
The influence of early modified constraint‐induced movement therapy training on the longitudinal development of hand function in children with unilateral cerebral palsy

There is evidence that modified constraint‐induced movement therapy (mCIMT) has a short‐term positive effect on hand function in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP), but the long‐term effect is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not a single block of mCIMT (2h/d for 2mo) at age 2 to 3 years influences the course of development of bimanual hand function at around 8 years of age.