Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plastic growth of the herbivorous reef fish Sparisoma viride: field evidence for a trade-off between growth and reproduction

The growth of different Life phases and social categories of the protogynous parrotfish Sparisoma viride was studied on a fringing reef on Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles) using mark-recapture procedures and by taking repeated stereographic measurements of free-swimming fish. Weight-growth was best described by the Putter/von Bertalanffy growth equation for all categories, allowing comparison of specific growth rates (dW/Wdt) using analysis of covariance with W-(1/3) as the covariate. Growth was retarded by Peterson discs, but no effect of fin clips was detected. Adjusted for size differences, growth of juveniles was fastest, followed by sexually inactive terminal phase (TP) males living in groups. Initial phase (IP) females and territorial TP males (spawning daily) showed the lowest growth rates. Growth rate of territorial males was negatively correlated with their average spawning rate. All adult categories showed seasonal variations in growth, the highest rates occurring in the warmest season (August to October). A possible effect of depth on growth is confounded by differences in social and reproductive status. Growth of group TP males showed a weak positive correlation with their condition. Gross growth efficiencies were estimated by combining data on growth and body composition with previously published data on food intake and assimilation. Growth efficiency is highest for protein, ranging from 50.6% of food intake for juveniles to 0.12% for territorial males. Corresponding values are 6.25 to 0.01% for ash-free dry weight and 7.9 to 0.01% for energy. The high abundance of small, sexually inactive group TP males (early sex-changers) in our S. viride population is related to their fast growth. We suggest that these 'bachelors' trade growth against current reproduction and thereby enhance their chance to acquire the status of a territorial male with high reproductive success. Insight into intraspecific variation in growth improves the accuracy of trophodynamic models and increases our understanding of complex Life history patterns in fish.
Relationship between Number of Subjects and Biometric Authentication Equal Error Rates

The relationship between the number of subjects included in a biometric authentication study and biometric performance assesed with equal error rate (EER) is not well studied. In the present paper, we use both synthetic and real data to study this relationship. Although we and others had hypothesized that more information would be required to authenticate more subjects at a given EER, our report does not support this hypothesis, with rare exception. With synthetic data sets of N = 1,000, N= 10,000 and N = 100,000 we found remarkably similar (and specifically not statistically different) EERs. In a real face recognition data set, with data subsets of N = 1,000 subjects and N = 10,000 subjects, we also found very similar EERs. Our evidence indicates that EER does not change as a function of number of subjects, at least in the range of subject numbers studied herein.
ON THE EFFECT OF REFERENCE FRAME MOTION ON INSAR DEFORMATION ESTIMA TES

For processing of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data, precise satellite orbits are required. These orbits are given in a reference frame with respect to which tectonic plates perform a relative motion. Neglecting this motion can cause temporally increasing baseline er- rors that induce large scale error ramps into the inter- ferometric phase. The amount of error depends on the geographical location and is evaluated globally for the ENVISAT orbit. Predicted biases of deformation esti- mates can reach up to 7 mm/a in some areas. Whereas these biases are not separable from actual deformation signals by spatio-temporal correlation properties, they are well predictable and can easily be accounted for. A most simple correction approach consists in compensating the plate motion by modifying orbital state vectors, assum- ing a homogeneous velocity for the whole plate. This approach has been tested on Persistent Scatterer Inter- ferometry (PSI) results over the area of Groningen, the Netherlands. InSAR deformation analysis is based on comparing the measured interferometric phase of two images with the reference phase computed from acquisition geometry. The latter is deduced from precise orbit ephemerides, which are commonly expressed in the International Ter- restrial Reference Frame (ITRF). This frame is a realisa- tion of a global coordinate system and defined by a num- ber of geodetic stations close to the earth surface. To ac- count for secular tectonic motion, not only positions but also linear velocities are attributed to the ITRF stations. A common assumption for InSAR processing is that the reference system of the orbit data does not move with re- spect to the earth surface. However, due to plate tecton- ics, this assumption is not valid at the centimetre level. Observing from a viewpoint on a tectonic plate, the co- ordinate frame of the orbits performs a relative motion in the order of centimetres per year. Neglecting this in In- SAR processing is comparable to making an error in the interferometric baseline, the size of which is increasing with the temporal baseline. The effect on the interfero- metric phase is an almost linear trend in range, suggest- ing a large scale tilt of the surface. In contrast to tem- porally uncorrelated ramps caused by orbital errors, this kind of trend is correlated in time and cannot be sepa- rated from spatio-temporally correlated deformation sig- nals. Hence, it can mistakenly be interpreted as an actual deformation signal in applications where the signal of in- terest is a large scale deformation over a long time period, e. g. , in monitoring interseismic tectonic motions. This contribution investigates the effect of neglecting the relative tectonic motion on InSAR deformation estimates, henceforth referred to as the reference frame effect. Af- ter a brief review on the ITRF and orbit errors in SAR interferometry, the effect will be described in detail and evaluated globally. A simple correction approach will be proposed and applied on ENVISAT PSI results from the Groningen area in the Netherlands.
Low-light Image Enhancement Algorithm Based on Retinex and Generative Adversarial Network

Low-light image enhancement is generally regarded as a challenging task in image processing, especially for the complex visual tasks at night or weakly illuminated. In order to reduce the blurs or noises on the low-light images, a large number of papers have contributed to applying different technologies. Regretfully, most of them had served little purposes in coping with the extremely poor illumination parts of images or test in practice. In this work, the authors propose a novel approach for processing low-light images based on the Retinex theory and generative adversarial network (GAN), which is composed of the decomposition part for splitting the image into illumination image and reflected image, and the enhancement part for generating high-quality image. Such a discriminative network is expected to make the generated image clearer. Couples of experiments have been implemented under the circumstance of different lighting strength on the basis of Converted See-In-the-Dark (CSID) datasets, and the satisfactory results have been achieved with exceeding expectation that much encourages the authors. In a word, the proposed GAN-based network and employed Retinex theory in this work have proven to be effective in dealing with the low-light image enhancement problems, which will benefit the image processing with no doubt.
Antibacterial Effect of Honey on Staphylococci Species Isolated

The inhibitory and bactericide effect of 4 sort of honey (forest honey, poly-flower honey, linden tree honey and acacia honey) on some staphylococci species (Staphylococcus aureus 4 strains, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus xilosus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus chromogenes and Staphylococcus sciuri) isolated from humans and animals was tested in this experiment. For the tests the following methods were used: difusimethrical method in Mueller-Hinton agar, dilution methods in liquid medium in order to determinate M.I. C. and M.B.C. Species S. aureus, S. xilosus and S. intermedius were sensitive to all the honey types tested, the highest inhibitory diameter areas (30-40 mm) being obtained for forest honey followed by poly-flower honey (maximum 30 mm). S. hominis, S. chromogenes and S. sciuri were not as sensitive to honey activity, obtaining reduced inhibition areas. Staphylococci species used in the experiment were sensitive to ampicillin and ceftiofur but resistant to penicillin, enrofloxacin, tetraciclin, gentamicin and kanamicyn. The results obtained are sugesting that forest honey and poly-flower honey honey had good antibacterial effect on the species tested, similar to the best antibiotics
Utilizing the Instability in Weakly Supervised Object Detection

Weakly supervised object detection (WSOD) focuses on training object detector with only image-level annotations, and is challenging due to the gap between the supervision and the objective. Most of existing approaches model WSOD as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem. However, we observe that the result of MIL based detector is unstable, i.e., the most confident bounding boxes change significantly when using different initializations. We quantitatively demonstrate the instability by introducing a metric to measure it, and empirically analyze the reason of instability. Although the instability seems harmful for detection task, we argue that it can be utilized to improve the performance by fusing the results of differently initialized detectors. To implement this idea, we propose an end-to-end framework with multiple detection branches, and introduce a simple fusion strategy. We further propose an orthogonal initialization method to increase the difference between detection branches. By utilizing the instability, we achieve 52.6% and 48.0% mAP on the challenging PASCAL VOC 2007 and 2012 datasets, which are both the new state-of-the-arts.
Aerosol Characteristics in the Northern Territory of Australia During the Dry Season With an Emphasis on Biomass Burning

Abstract : Results are presented on the atmospheric aerosol derived from aircraft measurements in the vicinity of Jabiru in Kakadu National Park during June and September 2003. The focus of the measurements was on the biomass burning aerosol (smoke) which is ubiquitous throughout the Northern Australian dry season (June - October). Data were also obtained on the coarse mode aerosol which is composed mainly of sea salt and soil. A comprehensive characterization was made of the aerosol microphysics, chemistry and optical properties. Additional ground based measurements were made at Jabiru to more fully characterize the chemistry of the boundary layer aerosol. A range of instrumentation was used including particle sizing instruments mounted inside the aircraft and two external aerosol spectrometer probes which were used to measure the aerosol number size distribution. Additional instrumentation included a filter-sampler to collect particles for chemical analysis, a nephelometer to measure the aerosol scattering coefficient, an absorption photometer to measure the absorption coefficient and various meteorological sensors. Results show clear differences between the beginning and the end of the dry season most notably in terms of smoke concentration aloft and the relative abundance of fresh and aged smoke. The vertical aerosol profiles changed markedly between months primarily due to the difference in mixing depth.
Generation of Pseudo Code from the Python Source Code using Rule-Based Machine Translation

Pseudo code is one of the valuable artifacts to comprehending the complex program codes. Most of the source code still has no equivalent pseudo code, due to the time-consuming process of writing pseudo codes. In this work, we have developed an approach to generate pseudo code from the python source code. In the first step, we convert python code into XML code for better code information extraction. Next, Important information extracted from the XML code, which later on used to generate actual pseudo code with the help of pseudo code templates. Initial performance results have been discussed in this paper.
Quantitative Comparison of Time‐Dependent Treemaps

Rectangular treemaps are often the method of choice to visualize large hierarchical datasets. Nowadays such datasets are available over time, hence there is a need for (a) treemaps that can handle time‐dependent data, and (b) corresponding quality criteria that cover both a treemap's visual quality and its stability over time. In recent years a wide variety of (stable) treemapping algorithms has been proposed, with various advantages and limitations. We aim to provide insights to researchers and practitioners to allow them to make an informed choice when selecting a treemapping algorithm for specific applications and data. To this end, we perform an extensive quantitative evaluation of rectangular treemaps for time‐dependent data. As part of this evaluation we propose a novel classification scheme for time‐dependent datasets. Specifically, we observe that the performance of treemapping algorithms depends on the characteristics of the datasets used. We identify four potential representative features that characterize time‐dependent hierarchical datasets and classify all datasets used in our experiments accordingly. We experimentally test the validity of this classification on more than 2000 datasets, and analyze the relative performance of 14 state‐of‐the‐art rectangular treemapping algorithms across varying features. Finally, we visually summarize our results with respect to both visual quality and stability to aid users in making an informed choice among treemapping algorithms. All datasets, metrics, and algorithms are openly available to facilitate reuse and further comparative studies.
Rural school in the Tenza Valley, rural education and agroecology reflections on rural “development”

The municipality of Sutatenza (Boyaca), constitutes an important reference for rural education in Colombia due to “Radio Sutatenza” (Educational Radio) and the People’s Cultural Action in the mid-twentieth century. Currently, in the same town, a process called the Campesina Community School del Valle de Tenza has been brewing, under an agroecological approach, guided in its work to the cultural and productive Andean farmers, their families and their young people to cultivate in them a return the field. This article addresses this educational experience for contrasting approaches of “development” with the perceptions and visions that emerge from the rural world, without being radically different, it raises important questions for the call for and controversy of development, from the local.
Exploring the topology of small-world networks

3 1. Background. 4 1.1 Introduction . 4 1.2 Basic graph concepts . 5 2. Project Description. 6 2.1 Properties of Small-world Networks 6 2.2 Experiment environment . 8 2.3 Applied Models . 9 2.4 The Evolution of Small-world Networks . 13 3. Implementation 14 3.1 Software tools . 14 3.2 Algorithms 17 4. Experiments . 19 4.1 Movie-Actor graphs 19 4.2 Erdös-Rényi random graphs . 24 4.3 Watts-Strogatz Small-world graphs . 27 4.4 A. -L. Barabási Scale-free graphs . 31 4.5 Jon Kleinberg graphs 33 4.6 Movie-Actor networks vs. Models . 42 5. Analysis of Results 43 5.1 Movie-Actor Network . 43 5.2 Models . 43 5.3 Movie Actor Network vs. Models . 46 5.4 Conclusions . 46 6. Problem Encountered . 47 6.1 DFS Implementation . 47 6.2 Diameter of Large Graphs . 47 6.3 Directed vs. Undirected Graphs . 47 6.4 Movie-Actor Network Analysis 48
Sacred Groves of West Bengal: A Model of Community Forest Management

Sacred groves (or SGs) are distinct patches of vegetation (ranging in size from a small cluster of a few trees to a large forest stand spanning several hundred acres) which are consecrated in the name of local deities or ancestral spirits. Removal of any living things from the SG is a taboo, although dead logs and leaves are sometimes removed from some SGs. This institution is perhaps the best example of indigenous traditional resource use practices promoting conservation of biodiversity.In West Bengal, most SGs are found in the southwestern districts where the tribal populations are the largest, and where industrial development has not expanded enough to expunge indigenous cultural traditions. The indigenous cultural milieu in the region consists of a strong legacy of animistic institutions including SGs. The lack of industrial growth in the region seems to have facilitated the survival of such institutions. Furthermore, most of the forests in the region belong to the Protected Forest category, allowing villagers virtually free access to a wide range of non-timber forest products (NTFP). This relative freedom of the villagers in these districts to harvest and use NTFP seems to have indirectly allowed the local forest-based cultural traditions to persist, in which SGs occupy a significant space.Protected over centuries, SGs are remnants of pristine forests in climax formation (Malhotra et al., 2001). However, our survey of SGs in West Bengal indicates that along with the indigenous flora, non-native trees like guava (Psidrius guajava), Acacia auriculiformes, Ervatamia divaricata and Polyalthia longifolia also occur in the SGs. This indicates that these trees are often planted in the SGs to replace dead trees in the stand, and therefore the biotic composition of SGs is not necessarily pristine, but is a result of continuous human intervention and management.SGs are known to contain many rare and endemic flora. Our inventory of SGs in four randomly selected administrative blocks of three districts of West Bengal has recorded a total of 117 species of angiosperm trees, among which 15 species have become rare in the State forests of southwest Bengal (Table 1). Specimens of an unidentified species of liana and an unidentified tree of Bombycideae family have been recorded from two SGs in Bankura district. SGs also function as important refugia for many animals. At least four resident birds, including the large Indian parakeet, prefer the SGs over other habitats in West Medinipur district of West Bengal (Deb et al. 1997). Conservation of biodiversity in SGs is a consequence of the sacred physical space of the SG, which is communally shared as commons, and used to observe important social ceremonies in indigenous societies. Several cultural festivals are performed in the SG, which also provide a meeting place on various occasions including social gatherings, marriage, after-death rituals, etc. (Deb and Malhotra 1997).
The Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Aquatic Ecosystem: A Comparative Ecotoxicity Study with Test Organisms of Different Trophic Levels

A comprehensive ecotoxicological assessment was carried out with Degussa VP nano TiO 2 suspension applying a bioluminescent bacterium (Aliivibrio fischeri), algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Scenedesmus subspicatus and Chlorella vulgaris), a protozoon (Tetrahymena pyriformis), the water flea (Daphnia magna) and an aquatic macrophyte, Lemna minor. TiO 2 nanoparticles were toxic in the set of the conducted tests, but the toxicity level varied with the organisms and endpoints. According to our results the concentrations, the duration and the mechanisms of exposure are contributing factors to the toxicity of nanoparticles. The Tetrahymena phagocytic activity, the Daphnia heartbeat rate and the Lemna total chlorophyll content as ecotoxicity endpoints showed outstanding sensitivity. These organisms showed significant behavioural and physiological changes when exposed to low TiO 2 nanoparticle concentrations (0.1 and 0.05 µg/L) considered to be lower than the predicted environmental concentration in surface waters. These results reveal the importance of behavioural and physiological assays in assessing the impact of nanoparticles and indicate that nanosized TiO 2 may pose risks to the aquatic ecosystem.
Peskun-Tierney ordering for Markov chain and process Monte Carlo: beyond the reversible scenario

Historically time-reversibility of the transitions or processes underpinning Markov chain Monte Carlo methods (MCMC) has played a key r\^ole in their development, while the self-adjointness of associated operators together with the use of classical functional analysis techniques on Hilbert spaces have led to powerful and practically successful tools to characterize and compare their performance. Similar results for algorithms relying on nonreversible Markov processes are scarce. We show that for a type of nonreversible Monte Carlo Markov chains and processes, of current or renewed interest in the Physics and Statistical literatures, it is possible to develop comparison results which closely mirror those available in the reversible scenario. We show that these results shed light on earlier literature, proving some conjectures and strengthening some earlier results.
Ameliorative Effect of Mepacure Against Rimactazid-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

2 Abstract: Tuberculosis is a dangerous disease and its death toll is increasing year by year. Rimactazid (rifampicin + isoniazid) is one of the effective drugs in the treatment of tuberculosis. However, the use of this drug is associated with toxic reactions in tissues, particularly in the liver. Mepacure (DDB+silymarin) is known to be an effective agent for liver protection and liver regeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective action of mepacure against hepatotoxicity induced by rimactazid drug with respect to the changes in the levels of serum total protein, albumin, total globulins, bilirubin, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, as well as the activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Treatment of rats with rimactazid alone, daily for six weeks, induced hepatotoxicity as evidenced by serum biochemical measurements: total protein, albumin, bilirubin, glucose contents were significantly elevated, and the levels of triglycerides and AST activity were significantly decreased. Co-administration of mepacure was found to significantly ameliorate the rimactazid drug-induced alterations in the levels of total protein, albumin, bilirubin, glucose and triglycerides. However, the concurrent administration of mepacure and rimactazid enhanced the toxic effect induced by rimactazid alone on the level of serum total cholesterol and the activities of AST and ALP. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that mepacure is beneficial against hepatotoxic actions of drug used in chemotherapy of tuberculosis in animal models, at least from the view point of parameters examined in this study.