Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Closing the Gap: Understanding Two Year 10 Boys' Difficulties with Comprehension of Latin Stories in a Mixed Comprehensive School

Over the course of the year, it has become clear to me that when students are faced with the task of translating a passage into Latin, a significant amount freeze, panic occurs and they cannot make any sense of what they see in front of them. This is despite a lot of them having a secure grammatical knowledge of the language, which they can recognise perfectly well, when looking at sentences in isolation. This study will be looking at two particular students in a Year 10 class, both of whom score exceedingly low in assessed translations. My study will focus on why there is such a significant gap between their class attainment and their attainment in the translation aspect of assessments and whether this is an isolated phenomenon in their Latin class.
Rikkunshito, an herbal medicine, suppresses cisplatin-induced anorexia in rats via 5-HT2 receptor antagonism.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Chemotherapy with an anticancer agent generally causes gastrointestinal tract disorders such as vomiting and anorexia, but the mechanism remains unclear. Rikkunshito, a kampo preparation, is known to alleviate such adverse reactions. In this study, we attempted to clarify the mechanism. METHODS We investigated the decreases of plasma acylated-ghrelin level and food intake caused by cisplatin, serotonin (5-HT), 5-HT agonists, and vagotomy as well as the decrease-suppressing effects of rikkunshito and 5-HT antagonists. In addition, binding affinities of rikkunshito components were determined in receptor-binding assays using 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors. RESULTS Cisplatin, 5-HT, BW723C86 (5-HT2B-receptor agonist), and m-chlorophenylpiperazine HCl (5-HT2C agonist) markedly decreased plasma acylated-ghrelin levels, although 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 agonists had no effect. In contrast, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C antagonists suppressed the cisplatin-induced decrease of plasma acylated-ghrelin level and food intake. Administration of rat ghrelin improved the cisplatin-induced decrease in food intake. Vagotomy decreased the plasma acylated-ghrelin level, which was decreased further by cisplatin. Rikkunshito suppressed such cisplatin-induced decreases of plasma acylated-ghrelin level and food intake. The suppressive effect of rikkunshito was blocked by a ghrelin antagonist. Components of rikkunshito, 3,3',4',5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone, hesperidin, and iso-liquiritigenin showed a 5-HT2B-antagonistic effect in vitro, and oral administration of rikkunshito suppressed the cisplatin-induced decrease in the plasma acylated-ghrelin level. CONCLUSIONS The cisplatin-induced decreases of the plasma acylated-ghrelin level and food intake are mediated by 5-HT2B/2C receptors and suppressed by flavonoids in rikkunshito.
Report of working group 2: Healthcare needs in the organisation and management of infection

ABSTRACT Clinical microbiology should have a physical presence, but not necessarily on-site diagnostic laboratory facilities, in each hospital to ensure a quality laboratory-based infection service and strong professional interaction with clinicians. The adoption of industrial practices and the introduction of new costly molecular techniques raise the possibility that non-microbiological functions of laboratory management could be left to management professionals. This remains highly controversial; the advantages must be contrasted with the potential to disrupt the traditional managerial responsibility of the microbiologist and the links between the laboratory and clinical staff. Managers and healthcare professionals must resolve this issue, perhaps with the support of the ESCMID. Views varied, according to current professional arrangements and size of the laboratory and population served, on whether there should be a common laboratory for microbiology and other pathology disciplines with joint access to new high-technology techniques, or whether microbiology must continue as a separate facility. Clinical microbiology and infection control were viewed as core services that must be present even in smaller hospitals. Larger community hospitals and teaching centres require a full complement of expertise in laboratory and clinical practice. Integration of these disciplines within a department of infection is an emerging concept. A concern was the shortfall in trained expertise because of the ageing nature of current specialists. The importance of recruiting talented new graduates was emphasised. The importance of this topic led to a recommendation that an ESCMID working party be established to investigate the current arrangements of infection services in Europe and to make recommendations for the future organisation.
Significance of Respirasomes for the Assembly/Stability of Human Respiratory Chain Complex I*

We showed that the human respiratory chain is organized in supramolecular assemblies of respiratory chain complexes, the respirasomes. The mitochondrial complexes I (NADH dehydrogenase) and III (cytochrome c reductase) form a stable core respirasome to which complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) can also bind. An analysis of the state of respirasomes in patients with an isolated deficiency of single complexes provided evidence that the formation of respirasomes is essential for the assembly/stability of complex I, the major entry point of respiratory chain substrates. Genetic alterations leading to a loss of complex III prevented respirasome formation and led to the secondary loss of complex I. Therefore, primary complex III assembly deficiencies presented as combined complex III/I defects. This dependence of complex I assembly/stability on respirasome formation has important implications for the diagnosis of mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders.
Six2 Plays an Intrinsic Role in Regulating Proliferation of Mesenchymal Cells in the Developing Palate

Cleft palate is a common congenital abnormality that results from defective secondary palate (SP) formation. The Sine oculis-related homeobox 2 (Six2) gene has been linked to abnormalities of craniofacial and kidney development. Our current study examined, for the first time, the specific role of Six2 in embryonic mouse SP development. Six2 mRNA and protein expression were identified in the palatal shelves from embryonic days (E)12.5 to E15.5, with peak levels during early stages of palatal shelf outgrowth. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) showed that Six2 protein is abundant throughout the mesenchyme in the oral half of each palatal shelf, whereas there is a pronounced decline in Six2 expression by mesenchyme cells in the nasal half of the palatal shelf by stages E14.5–15.5. An opposite pattern was observed in the surface epithelium of the palatal shelf. Six2 expression was prominent at all stages in the epithelial cell layer located on the nasal side of each palatal shelf but absent from the epithelium located on the oral side of the palatal shelf. Six2 is a putative downstream target of transcription factor Hoxa2 and we previously demonstrated that Hoxa2 plays an intrinsic role in embryonic palate formation. We therefore investigated whether Six2 expression was altered in the developing SP of Hoxa2 null mice. Reverse transcriptase PCR and Western blot analyses revealed that Six2 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated in Hoxa2−/− palatal shelves at stages E12.5–14.5. Moreover, the domain of Six2 protein expression in the palatal mesenchyme of Hoxa2−/− embryos was expanded to include the entire nasal half of the palatal shelf in addition to the oral half. The palatal shelves of Hoxa2−/− embryos displayed a higher density of proliferating, Ki-67 positive palatal mesenchyme cells, as well as a higher density of Six2/Ki-67 double-positive cells. Furthermore, Hoxa2−/− palatal mesenchyme cells in culture displayed both increased proliferation and elevated Cyclin D1 expression relative to wild-type cultures. Conversely, siRNA-mediated Six2 knockdown restored proliferation and Cyclin D1 expression in Hoxa2−/− palatal mesenchyme cultures to near wild-type levels. Our findings demonstrate that Six2 functions downstream of Hoxa2 as a positive regulator of mesenchymal cell proliferation during SP development.
Histologic Outcomes of Excised Moderate and Severe Dysplastic Nevi

BACKGROUND Dysplastic nevi (DN) have been a matter of controversy since their initial description in 1978 because of differences in the clinical and histological terminology, and large studies on histological outcomes of excising moderate to severely DN have not previously been described. OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical characteristics of DN and histologic outcomes of excised moderate and severe DN. METHODS Retrospective chart review of patients with DN or Clark's nevi at the Dermatology Department at Rutgers–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in Somerset, New Jersey, from January 2009 to June 2012. Three hundred ninety‐three lesions from 380 patients were included in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Histologic results of excised moderate and severe DN. RESULTS Thirty‐four percent of DN were excised because of the presence of moderate or severe atypia, personal history of melanoma, or both. None of the excised lesions showed evidence of melanoma; 81.6% of excisions showed scar or granulation tissue. Only 14% of excised lesions were found to have residual lesions, and 4.4% showed recurrent nevi. CONCLUSION In 134 excisions of moderate to severe DN, no melanoma was identified. Most of the excisions showed scar or granulation tissue. The rate of residual lesions after shave biopsy of moderate or severe DN was lower than after punch biopsy.
Smoking and cancer screening for women ages 42-75: associations in the 1990-1994 National Health Interview Surveys.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have found an association between current smoking and lower rates of mammography and Pap testing. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of smoking status with breast and cervical cancer screening across the 1990-1994 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS). The NHIS provides a consistent set of independent and dependent variables across several surveys, with data collected by a similar in-person interview methodology from year to year. This report employs more databases than have been used in other analyses that have examined associations between smoking and cancer screening. METHODS Data were from the health promotion and cancer control supplements to the 1990-1994 NHIS. The target population was women ages 42-75. Associations were examined between smoking status (never, former, <1 pack/day, >/=1 pack/day) and three screening indicators: ever had a mammogram, mammogram in the past 2 years, and Pap test in the past 3 years. Sample sizes ranged from about 3,000 to over 10,800 depending on the respective NHIS survey and dependent variable. Data analyses were conducted by bivariate and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS Women who smoked >/=1 pack of cigarettes per day were significantly less likely to have had mammography screening in all NHIS surveys, compared to women who never smoked. Adjusted odds ratios were 0.63 to 0.74 for ever had a mammogram, and 0.56 to 0.66 for mammography in the past 2 years. Women who smoked >/=1 pack per day also had lower Pap test rates than women who never smoked in 1992-1994 (adjusted odds ratios of 0.51-0.71). Results for lighter smokers were not as consistent. Former smokers often had significantly higher screening rates than never smokers. CONCLUSIONS Research still needs to identify reasons for lower screening among women who smoke. Factors to explore include the social networks of smokers and broader health behavior patterns. Clinicians should consider heavier smoking as a marker for risk of not obtaining screening and make assessment of screening status a priority at each visit.
Assessing the recreational value of protective forests at Taitung Forest Park in Taiwan

The protective forests in the Taitung Forest Park, Taiwan, are studied to explore the potential recreational benefits in the year 2014. First, the importance performance analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis are first adopted to analyze the relationship between the tourist satisfaction and environmental factors. The contingent valuation method and Tobit regression model are then applied to evaluate the benefits of protective forests. It shows that the willingness to pay price for entrance to the Taitung Forest Park is NT$21.7 for each person. Note that US$1 is around NT$30. The Taitung Forest Park creates a recreational value of NT$12,732,120 per year on average. The research outcomes are crucial for the Taitung Forest Park Administration Office for potential price-making in the future.
Calibration of an automated California Mastitis Test and evaluation of milk viscosity as a new indicator trait for udder health in innovative breeding programmes

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Eigenschaften des neuen Merkmals ‚drain time‘, das mithilfe eines automatisierten California Mastitis Tests (CMT) (CellSenseTM, Sensortec/Dairy Automation Ltd., Hamilton, Neuseeland) erfasst wird, zu charakterisieren und dessen Zusammenhang mit wichtigen Produktionskennzahlen, sowie mit der Mastitis bei Milchkühen zu beurteilen. Die Datenerfassung mit CellSenseTM Geräten an Kühen der Rasse Holstein-Friesian erfolgte auf dem Versuchsbetrieb Karkendamm der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel von April 2011 bis Dezember 2012.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND MEASUREMENT: A SURVEY ON THE INTERNATIONAL DEBATE

In response to the ‘2011 Agenda Consultation’, the IASB launched in July 2013 a call for a new Discussion Paper on the ‘ Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting ’. This article aims to offer a contribution to the debate on the effectiveness of the theme of ‘ Measurement’ , by investigating the use of the current evaluation models in the literature and practice of Financial Reporting. The article proposes at first a historical survey both of the international debate on Fair Value Accounting vs. Historical Cost Accounting and of the Italian theories on the valuation. Later the paper proposes some considerations about the key questions related to Measurement and the possible policy implications of the main research finding, by conceptualising a ‘mixed’ system combining fair value Accounting and historical cost Accounting to try giving a more rational base to the financial reports.
Analysis Of The Link Between Economic Growth And Energy Consumption In Togo [Analyse Du Lien Entre Croissance Economique Et Consommation D'Energie Au Togo]

The purposes of this paper are to analyze empirically the nexus between energy consumption per capita and Togo's economic growth with a model that relies on an augmented neoclassical production function and to test the causality between that energy consumption and the economic growth. The data cover the period 1972-2013. The methodological approach is based on the cointegration and the causality tests.The results obtained indicate that the impact of energy consumption per capita on economic growth is positive and significant at 1% level. The results indicate also the existence of causality and show that Togo's economic growth causes a rise in energy consumption per capita according to Granger.
Connections between the human gut microbiome and gestational diabetes mellitus

Abstract The human gut microbiome can modulate metabolic health and affect insulin resistance, and it may play an important role in the etiology of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Here, we compared the gut microbial composition of 43 GDM patients and 81 healthy pregnant women via whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing of their fecal samples, collected at 21–29 weeks, to explore associations between GDM and the composition of microbial taxonomic units and functional genes. A metagenome-wide association study identified 154 837 genes, which clustered into 129 metagenome linkage groups (MLGs) for species description, with significant relative abundance differences between the 2 cohorts. Parabacteroides distasonis, Klebsiella variicola, etc., were enriched in GDM patients, whereas Methanobrevibacter smithii, Alistipes spp. , Bifidobacterium spp. , and Eubacterium spp. were enriched in controls. The ratios of the gross abundances of GDM-enriched MLGs to control-enriched MLGs were positively correlated with blood glucose levels. A random forest model shows that fecal MLGs have excellent discriminatory power to predict GDM status. Our study discovered novel relationships between the gut microbiome and GDM status and suggests that changes in microbial composition may potentially be used to identify individuals at risk for GDM.
Arts-Based Social Inclusion: An Investigation of Existing Assets and Innovative Strategies to Engage Immigrant Communities in Philadelphia

This document reports on a study of the role that arts and culture play in Philadelphia’s migrant communities—that is, Puerto Rican and foreign-born residents and their families, including children born in the U.S. The project explored the concept of “arts-based social inclusion”—the idea that organizations and artists use culture and the arts as a means to improve the life circumstances of new Philadelphians and integrate them more fully into community life. The study confirmed arts-based social inclusion is a productive perspective with which to make sense of this work. The report examines the changing presence of the foreign-born in Philadelphia from 2000 to 2007 as a context for the study. Fieldwork was conducted during spring and summer of 2010. Two cross-cutting themes emerged from interviews with practitioners. First, a cultural perspective provides a broader, multidimensional way—beyond economic need—of thinking about the process of social inclusion. Second, cultural practitioners working with migrant communities repeatedly run up against conventional notions about nonprofit organizational structure and capacity. The report articulates a five-part typology of countermodels pursued by cultural practitioners: cultural space development, community organizing, institutional networks, school-based programming, and culturally-sensitive social service. The conclusion offers guidelines for philanthropy interested in building the arts' capacity to engage immigrants that's grounded on a holistic, community-based approach. Lastly, the authors propose an evaluation framework based on the “capabilities approach” to welfare and wellbeing that is closely identified with the European discussion of social inclusion. Disciplines Civic and Community Engagement | Other Arts and Humanities | Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures | Social Statistics Comments The research and findings are based on a 2010 pilot study conducted by SIAP in collaboration with the Stockton Rush Bartol Foundation and with support by the William Penn Foundation. This research report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn. edu/siap_social_inclusion/1 Arts-based social inclusion: An investigation of existing assets and innovative strategies to engage immigrant communities in Philadelphia Prepared by Mark J. Stern and Susan C. Seifert For the William Penn Foundation
Estrogen Metabolite 16&agr;-Hydroxyestrone Exacerbates Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Type II–Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Through MicroRNA-29–Mediated Modulation of Cellular Metabolism

Background— Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a proliferative disease of the pulmonary vasculature that preferentially affects women. Estrogens such as the metabolite 16&agr;-hydroxyestrone (16&agr;OHE) may contribute to PAH pathogenesis, and alterations in cellular energy metabolism associate with PAH. We hypothesized that 16&agr;OHE promotes heritable PAH (HPAH) via microRNA-29 (miR-29) family upregulation and that antagonism of miR-29 would attenuate pulmonary hypertension in transgenic mouse models of Bmpr2 mutation. Methods and Results— MicroRNA array profiling of human lung tissue found elevation of microRNAs associated with energy metabolism, including the miR-29 family, among HPAH patients. miR-29 expression was 2-fold higher in Bmpr2 mutant mice lungs at baseline compared with controls and 4 to 8-fold higher in Bmpr2 mice exposed to 16&agr;OHE 1.25 &mgr;g/h for 4 weeks. Blot analyses of Bmpr2 mouse lung protein showed significant reductions in peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-&ggr; and CD36 in those mice exposed to 16&agr;OHE and protein derived from HPAH lungs compared with controls. Bmpr2 mice treated with anti–miR-29 (20-mg/kg injections for 6 weeks) had improvements in hemodynamic profile, histology, and markers of dysregulated energy metabolism compared with controls. Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells derived from Bmpr2 murine lungs demonstrated mitochondrial abnormalities, which improved with anti–miR-29 transfection in vitro; endothelial-like cells derived from HPAH patient induced pluripotent stem cell lines were similar and improved with anti–miR-29 treatment. Conclusions— 16&agr;OHE promotes the development of HPAH via upregulation of miR-29, which alters molecular and functional indexes of energy metabolism. Antagonism of miR-29 improves in vivo and in vitro features of HPAH and reveals a possible novel therapeutic target.
Chronic health conditions in adult survivors of childhood cancer.

BACKGROUND Only a few small studies have assessed the long-term morbidity that follows the treatment of childhood cancer. We determined the incidence and severity of chronic health conditions in adult survivors. METHODS The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study is a retrospective cohort study that tracks the health status of adults who received a diagnosis of childhood cancer between 1970 and 1986 and compares the results with those of siblings. We calculated the frequencies of chronic conditions in 10,397 survivors and 3034 siblings. A severity score (grades 1 through 4, ranging from mild to life-threatening or disabling) was assigned to each condition. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios, reported as relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), for a chronic condition. RESULTS Survivors and siblings had mean ages of 26.6 years (range, 18.0 to 48.0) and 29.2 years (range, 18.0 to 56.0), respectively, at the time of the study. Among 10,397 survivors, 62.3% had at least one chronic condition; 27.5% had a severe or life-threatening condition (grade 3 or 4). The adjusted relative risk of a chronic condition in a survivor, as compared with siblings, was 3.3 (95% CI, 3.0 to 3.5); for a severe or life-threatening condition, the risk was 8.2 (95% CI, 6.9 to 9.7). Among survivors, the cumulative incidence of a chronic health condition reached 73.4% (95% CI, 69.0 to 77.9) 30 years after the cancer diagnosis, with a cumulative incidence of 42.4% (95% CI, 33.7 to 51.2) for severe, disabling, or life-threatening conditions or death due to a chronic condition. CONCLUSIONS Survivors of childhood cancer have a high rate of illness owing to chronic health conditions.