Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regaining Range of Motion after Shoulder Arthroplasty

Regaining stable glenohumeral range of motion is critically important for improved function after total shoulder arthroplasty. The surgeon's ability to significantly improve stable range of motion depends on the underlying pathologic condition of the bone and soft tissues, surgical technique, and postoperative rehabilitation. For this reason, patient selection and meticulous attention to surgical detail are the keys to success. This article outlines the important surgical techniques necessary to regain stable range of motion after total shoulder arthroplasty, with special emphasis on soft-tissue releases, reconstruction, and balancing.
Bile Acids Trigger GLP-1 Release Predominantly by Accessing Basolaterally Located G Protein–Coupled Bile Acid Receptors

Bile acids are well-recognized stimuli of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. This action has been attributed to activation of the G protein–coupled bile acid receptor GPBAR1 (TGR5), although other potential bile acid sensors include the nuclear farnesoid receptor and the apical sodium-coupled bile acid transporter ASBT. The aim of this study was to identify pathways important for GLP-1 release and to determine whether bile acids target their receptors on GLP-1–secreting L-cells from the apical or basolateral compartment. Using transgenic mice expressing fluorescent sensors specifically in L-cells, we observed that taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) and taurolithocholate (TLCA) increased intracellular cAMP and Ca2+. In primary intestinal cultures, TDCA was a more potent GLP-1 secretagogue than taurocholate (TCA) and TLCA, correlating with a stronger Ca2+ response to TDCA. Using small-volume Ussing chambers optimized for measuring GLP-1 secretion, we found that both a GPBAR1 agonist and TDCA stimulated GLP-1 release better when applied from the basolateral than from the luminal direction and that luminal TDCA was ineffective when intestinal tissue was pretreated with an ASBT inhibitor. ASBT inhibition had no significant effect in nonpolarized primary cultures. Studies in the perfused rat gut confirmed that vascularly administered TDCA was more effective than luminal TDCA. Intestinal primary cultures and Ussing chamber–mounted tissues from GPBAR1-knockout mice did not secrete GLP-1 in response to either TLCA or TDCA. We conclude that the action of bile acids on GLP-1 secretion is predominantly mediated by GPBAR1 located on the basolateral L-cell membrane, suggesting that stimulation of gut hormone secretion may include postabsorptive mechanisms.
Sleep and Asthma

Nocturnal asthma is a significant clinical problem in asthmatics that can lead to sleep disruption, daytime fatigue and hypersomnolence. There is increased sleep latency, reduced sleep efficiency and reduction in slow wave sleep. Circadian changes in airway lumen are exaggerated in nocturnal asthma. Hormonal variations at night, increased airway hyperreactivity with inflammation, decreased lung volume and increased intrathoracic blood volume contribute to the pathophysiology. Nocturnal asthmatics demonstrate a reduction in glucocorticoid receptor binding affinity at night as well as an increase in the glucocorticoid receptor splice variant which reduces the efficacy of steroids. Both the number and physiologic function of beta-2 receptors are significantly decreased from 4 PM to 4 AM in asthmatics with nocturnal worsening compared to non-nocturnal asthmatics and normal controls. Chronotherapeutically administered steroids may have an additional role in control of nocturnal asthma. There is a high prevalence of OSA in patients with asthma. This appears to be bidirectional relationship. Females are affected with both concomitantly more often than males. OSA augments asthmatic inflammation at night. Treatment with CPAP improves asthma control without affecting lung functions or airway hyperreactivity.
RESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF EXTRADURAL ANALGESIA AFTER LOWER ABDOMINAL SURGERY

Blood-gas tensions, FRC and volume of trapped gas (VTG) in the lung were measured in patients on the day before lower abdominal gynaecological surgery, and twice on the day following surgery, before and after establishing lumbar extradural block (EDB) using 0.5% bupivacaine to provide analgesia after operation. FRC and VTG were measured with the closed-circuit helium-dilution technique. Mean VTG was 175 ml before operation and 275 ml after operation. PaO2decreased significantly after operation, and the changes in FRC and VTG that occurred were related qualitatively. EDB did not significantly alter FRC, VTG or PaO2. Individual changes in FRC could not be related to changes in VTG or PaO2. Although EDB provided effective analgesia, the variables measured did not indicate that EDB conferred an immediate respiratory advantage.
A Bayesian Approach to Sparse Model Selection in Statistical Shape Models

Groupwise registration of point sets is the fundamental step in creating statistical shape models (SSMs). When the number of points on the sets varies across the population, each point set is often regarded as a spatially transformed Gaussian mixture model (GMM) sample, and the registration problem is formulated as the estimation of the underlying GMM from the training samples. Thus, each Gaussian in the mixture specifies a landmark (or model point), which is probabilistically corresponded to a training point. The Gaussian components, transformations, and probabilistic matches are often computed by an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. To avoid over- and under-fitting errors, the SSM should be optimized by tuning the required number of components. In this paper, rather than manually setting the number of components before training, we start from a maximal model and prune out the negligible points during the registration by a sparsity criterion. We show that by searching over the continuous space for.
Fast Nonadaptive Deterministic Algorithm for Conflict Resolution in a Dynamic Multiple-Access Channel

A classical problem in addressing a decentralized multiple-access channel is resolving conflicts when a set of stations attempt to transmit at the same time on a shared communication channel. In a static scenario, i.e., when all stations are activated simultaneously, Komlos and Greenberg [IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 31 (1985), pp. 302--306] in their seminal work showed that it is possible to resolve the conflict among $k$ stations from an ensemble of $n$, with a nonadaptive deterministic algorithm in time $O(k + k \log(n/k))$ in the worst case. In this paper we show that in a dynamic scenario, when the stations can join the channel at arbitrary rounds, there is a nonadaptive deterministic algorithm guaranteeing a successful transmission for each station in only a slightly bigger time: $O(k\log n\log\log n)$ in the worst case. This almost matches the $\Omega(k\log n/\log k)$ lower bound by Greenberg and Winograd [J. ACM, 32 (1985), pp. 589--596] that holds even in much stronger settings: for adaptive algor.
The Effectiveness of Resistance Exercises Performed on Unstable Equipment

summary The performance of resistance exercises on unstable equipment has increased in popularity, despite the lack of research supporting their effectiveness. Resistance exercise performed on unstable equipment may not be effective in developing the type of balance, proprioception, and core stability required for successful sports performance. Free weight exercises performed while standing on a stable surface have been proven most effective for enhancing sports related skills.
Pasireotide Therapy of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1–Associated Neuroendocrine Tumors in Female Mice Deleted for an Men1 Allele Improves Survival and Reduces Tumor Progression

Pasireotide, a somatostatin analog, is reported to have anti-proliferative effects in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). We therefore assessed the efficacy of pasireotide for treating pancreatic and pituitary NETs that develop in a mouse model of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Men1+/− mice were treated from age 12 mo with 40 mg/kg pasireotide long-acting release formulation, or PBS, intramuscularly monthly for 9 mo. The Men1+/− mice had magnetic resonance imaging at 12 and 21 mo, and from 20 mo oral 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine for 1 mo, to assess tumor development and proliferation, respectively. NETs were collected at age 21 mo, and proliferation and apoptosis assessed by immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assays, respectively. Pasireotide-treated Men1+/− mice had increased survival (pasireotide, 80.9% vs PBS, 65.2%; P < .05), with fewer mice developing pancreatic NETs (pasireotide, 86.9% vs PBS, 96.9%; P < .05) and smaller increases in pituitary NET volumes (pre-treated vs post-treated, 0.803 ± 0.058 mm3 vs 2.872 ± 0.728 mm3 [pasireotide] compared with 0.844 ± 0.066 mm3 vs 8.847 ±1.948 mm3 [PBS]; P < .01). In addition, pasireotide-treated mice had fewer pancreatic NETs compared with PBS-treated mice (2.36 ± 0.25 vs 3.72 ± 0.32, respectively; P < .001), with decreased proliferation in pancreatic NETs (pasireotide, 0.35 ± 0.03% vs PBS, 0.78 ± 0.08%; P < .0001) and pituitary NETs (pasireotide, 0.73 ±0.07% vs PBS, 1.81 ± 0.15%; P < .0001), but increased apoptosis in pancreatic NETs (pasireotide, 0.42 ± 0.05% vs PBS, 0.19 ± 0.03%; P < .001) and pituitary NETs (pasireotide, 14.75 ± 1.58% vs PBS, 2.35 ± 0.44%; P < .001). Thus, pasireotide increased survival and inhibited pancreatic and pituitary NET growth, thereby indicating its potential as an anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic therapy.
Effective Behavior of a Free Fluid in Contact with a Flow in a Curved Porous Medium

The appropriate boundary condition between an unconfined incompressible viscous fluid and a porous medium is given by the law of Beavers and Joseph. The latter has been justified both experimentally and mathematically, using the method of periodic homogenization. However, all results so far deal only with the case of a planar boundary. In this work, we consider the case of a curved, macroscopically periodic boundary. By using a coordinate transformation, we obtain a description of the flow in a domain with a planar boundary, for which we derive the effective behavior: The effective velocity is continuous in normal direction. Tangential to the interface, a slip occurs. Additionally, a pressure jump occurs. The magnitude of the slip velocity as well as the jump in pressure can be determined with the help of a generalized boundary layer function. The results indicate the validity of a generalized Beavers-and-Joseph-type law, where the geometry of the interface has an influence on the slip and jump constants.
A Linearly Convergent Variant of the Conditional Gradient Algorithm under Strong Convexity, with Applications to Online and Stochastic Optimization

Linear optimization is many times algorithmically simpler than nonlinear convex optimization. Linear optimization over matroid polytopes, matching polytopes, and path polytopes are examples of problems for which we have simple and efficient combinatorial algorithms but whose nonlinear convex counterpart is harder and admits significantly less efficient algorithms. This motivates the computational model of convex optimization, including the offline, online, and stochastic settings, using a linear optimization oracle. In this computational model we give several new results that improve on the previous state of the art. Our main result is a novel conditional gradient algorithm for smooth and strongly convex optimization over polyhedral sets that performs only a single linear optimization step over the domain on each iteration and enjoys a linear convergence rate. This gives an exponential improvement in convergence rate over previous results. Based on this new conditional gradient algorithm we give the first.
A randomized controlled trial of a reduced daily dose of zidovudine in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Abstract Background. The initially tested dose of zidovudine for the treatment of patients with advanced disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) was 1500 mg. Although this dose is effective, it is associated with substantial toxicity. Methods. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a reduced dose, we conducted a randomized controlled trial in 524 subjects who had had a first episode of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The subjects were assigned to receive zidovudine in either a dose of 250 mg taken orally every four hours (the standard-treatment group, n = 262) or a dose of 200 mg taken orally every four hours for four weeks and thereafter 100 mg taken every four hours (the low-dose group, n = 262). Results. The median length of follow-up was 25.6 months. At 18 months the estimated survival rates were 52 percent for the standard-treatment group and 63 percent for the low-dose group (P = 0.012 by the log-rank test). At 24 months the estimated survival rates were 27 percent for the st.
Why women fail to breast-feed: a prospective study from booking to 28 days post-partum

In order to ascertain the reasons for low uptake of breast-feeding and to suggest strategies for improvement, 576 mothers attending an antenatal booking clinic were given a questionnaire on their feeding intentions and followed up until 28 days post-partum, Intention to bottle-feed increased with parity [p0 (31%), pi (45%), p2 (58%)] as mothers who were previously undecided or who tried and failed to breast-feed reverted to feeding with a bottle. Primagravida who were influenced by outside sources, either professional (e.g. GPs), or non-professional (e.g. relatives, the media) were more than twice as likely (2.2, CI 1.8-2.7) to breast-feed than those who were not. At birth 272 mothers breast-fed (47%) which at discharge fell to 244 (42%). Intending breast-feeders were more likely to fail if given a general anaesthetic (2.33, CI 1.2–4.5), or if they complemented with dextrose (1.94, CI 1.1–3.4). Twenty three per cent (56) of mothers who were breast-feeding at discharge gave up before 28 days post-partum. The babies of mothers who gave up because of perceived poor weight gain did not significantly differ in weight from those whose mothers continued to breast-feed. Whilst many mothers have decided to bottle-feed before entering hospital, the success of those who wish to breast-feed is greatly influenced by medical and midwifery practice.
Onset and Heterogeneity of Responsiveness to FSH in Mouse Preantral Follicles in Culture

The obligatory role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in normal development and function of ovarian antral follicles is well recognized, but its function in preantral growth is less clear. The specific objective of this study was to investigate the response, in culture, to FSH of mouse preantral follicles of increasing size, focusing particularly on growth rate and gene expression. Preantral follicles were mechanically isolated from ovaries of C57BL/6 mice, 12 to 16 days postpartum, and single follicles cultured for up to 96 hours in medium alone (n = 511) or with recombinant human FSH 10 ng/mL (n = 546). Data were grouped according to initial follicle diameter in 6 strata ranging from <100 to >140 μm. Follicles of all sizes grew in the absence of FSH (P < 0.01, paired t test). All follicles grew at a faster rate (P < 0.0001) in the presence of 10 ng/mL FSH but larger follicles showed the greatest change in response to FSH. Even the smallest follicles expressed FSH receptor messenger RNA (mRNA). FSH-induced growth was inhibited by KT5720, an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA), implicating the PKA pathway in FSH-induced follicle growth. In response to FSH in vitro, FSH receptor mRNA (measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction) was reduced (P < 0.01), as was Amh (P < 0.01), whereas expression of StAR (P < 0.0001) and the steroidogenic enzymes Cyp11a1 (P < 0.01) and Cyp19 (P < 0.0001) was increased. These results show heterogeneous responses to FSH according to initial follicle size, smaller follicles being less FSH dependent than larger preantral follicles. These findings strongly suggest that FSH has a physiological role in preantral follicle growth and function.
Immunocytochemical Localization and Serologic Detection of Transforming Growth Factor β1

Objective To determine the presence of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) and inflammatory cell markers (HLA-DR and Factor XIIIa) and to compare these with the presence of type I procollagen, in clinically uninvolved and involved skin from patients with different subsets of systemic sclerosis (SSc), and to analyze circulating levels of TGF beta 1 in SSc patients. Methods TGF beta 1, HLA-DR, Factor XIIIa, and type I procollagen were detected in skin biopsy sections using a biotin-streptavidin-peroxidase system. Levels of circulating TGF beta 1 were measured using a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Results Patients with active diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) showed minimal TGF beta 1 but significant type I procollagen staining in involved skin, while the clinically uninvolved skin of these patients showed moderate extracellular and intra-epidermal TGF beta 1 immunoreactivity. Patients with limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) showed elevated TGF beta 1 staining in both involved and uninvolved skin, as well as procollagen staining. Significant TGF beta 1 reactivity, HLA-DR and Factor XIIIa immunoreactivity, numerous inflammatory cells, and procollagen staining were seen in specimens from patients with morphea. Sequential biopsies suggested the presence of cytokine activity at the earliest stages of disease, which was not maintained with progression of sclerosis. Among the disease groups studied, elevated levels of circulating TGF beta 1 were seen only in patients with morphea. Conclusion The pattern of TGF beta 1 staining in dermal sections from patients with dcSSc, lcSSc, and morphea suggests that this cytokine is important in the pathogenesis of scleroderma. Furthermore, the presence of TGF beta 1 prior to the onset of fibrosis indicates an early involvement of this growth factor, possibly in the inflammatory stage of the disease.
Reconstruction of a Fully Anisotropic Elasticity Tensor from Knowledge of Displacement Fields

We present explicit reconstruction algorithms for fully anisotropic unknown elasticity tensors from knowledge of a finite number of internal displacement fields, with applications to transient elastography. Under certain rank-maximality assumptions satisfied by the strain fields, explicit algebraic reconstruction formulas are provided. A discussion ensues on how to fulfill these assumptions, describing the range of validity of the approach. We also show how the general method can be applied to more specific cases such as the transversely isotropic one.
Short-Term High-Fat Diet Increases Leptin Activation of CART Neurons and Advances Puberty in Female Mice

Leptin is a permissive factor for puberty initiation, participating as a metabolic cue in the activation of the kisspeptin (Kiss1)-gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal circuitry; however, it has no direct effect on Kiss1 neurons. Leptin acts on hypothalamic cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) neurons, participating in the regulation of energy homeostasis. We investigated the influence of a short-term high-fat diet (HFD) on the effect of leptin on puberty timing. Kiss1-hrGFP female mice received a HFD or regular diet (RD) after weaning at postnatal day (PN)21 and were studied at PN28 and PN32. The HFD increased body weight and plasma leptin concentrations and decreased the age at vaginal opening (HFD, 32 ± 0.53 days; RD, 38 ± 0.67 days). Similar colocalization of neurokinin B and dynorphin in Kiss1-hrGFP neurons of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) was observed between the HFD and RD groups. The HFD increased CART expression in the ARC and Kiss1 messenger RNA expression in the anteroventral periventricular (AVPV)/anterior periventricular (Pe). The HFD also increased the number of ARC CART neurons expressing leptin-induced phosphorylated STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) at PN32. Close apposition of CART fibers to Kiss1-hrGFP neurons was observed in the ARC of both RD- and HFD-fed mice. In conclusion, these data reinforce the notion that a HFD increases kisspeptin expression in the AVPV/Pe and advances puberty initiation. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the HFD-induced earlier puberty is associated with an increase in CART expression in the ARC. Therefore, these data indicate that CART neurons in the ARC can mediate the effect of leptin on Kiss1 neurons in early puberty induced by a HFD.
Reproductive Alterations in Chronically Exposed Female Mice to Environmentally Relevant Doses of a Mixture of Phthalates and Alkylphenols

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous compounds that modify hormone biosynthesis, causing adverse effects to human health. Among them, phthalates and alkylphenols are important due to their wide use in plastics, detergents, personal care products, cosmetics, and food packaging. However, their conjoint effects over reproductive female health have not been addressed. The aim of this work was to test the effect of chronically exposed female mice to a mixture of three phthalates [bis (2-ethylhexyl), dibutyl, and benzyl butyl] and two alkylphenols (4-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol) from conception to adulthood at environmentally relevant doses. These EDCs were administered in two doses: one below the minimal risk dose to cause adverse effects on human development and reproduction [1 mg/kg body weight (BW)/d of the total mixture] and the other one based on the reference value close to occupational exposure in humans (10 mg/kg BW/d of the total mixture). Our results show that both doses had similar effects regarding the uterus and ovary relative weight, estrous cyclicity, serum levels of progesterone and 17β-estradiol, and expression of key elements in the steroidogenesis pathway (acute steroidogenic regulatory protein and CYP19A1). However, only the 1-mg/kg BW/d dose delayed the onset of puberty and the transition from preantral to antral follicles, whereas the 10-mg/kg BW/d dose decreased the number of antral follicles and gonadotropin receptor expression. In addition, we observed changes in several fertility parameters in exposed females and in their progeny (F2 generation). In conclusion, our results indicate that chronic exposure to a complex EDC mixture, at environmentally relevant doses, modifies reproductive parameters in female mice.
Escape from Subcellular Domains with Randomly Switching Boundaries

Motivated by various cellular transport processes, we consider diffusion in a potential and analyze the escape time to boundaries that randomly switch between absorbing and reflecting states. Combining disparate tools from PDEs and probability theory, we study both (a) the escape to the boundary in which the entire boundary switches and (b) the escape to one of $N$ small pieces of the boundary that each randomly switch. For (a), we show how the switching boundary affects the classical rate of escape from a potential well. For (b), we significantly generalize a known result for the gated narrow escape problem and give this result an intuitive probabilistic interpretation. In both cases, our results illustrate the complementary perspectives that PDE and probabilistic methods offer escape problems.