Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance of an Eddy Diffusivity-Mass Flux Scheme for Shallow Cumulus Boundary Layers

Comparisons between single-column (SCM) simulations with the total energy‐mass flux boundary layer scheme (TEMF) and large-eddy simulations (LES) are shown for four cases from the Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS) 2006 field experiment in the vicinity of Houston, Texas. The SCM simulations were run with initial soundings and surface forcing identical to those in the LES, providing a clean comparison with the boundary layer scheme isolated from any other influences. Good agreement is found in the simulated vertical transport and resulting moisture profiles. Notable differences are seen in the cloud base and in the distribution of moisture between the lower and upper cloud layer. By the end of the simulations, TEMF has dried the subcloud layer and moistened the lower cloud layer more than LES. TEMF gives more realistic profiles for shallow cumulus conditions than traditional boundary layer schemes, which have no transport above the dry convective boundary layer. Changes to the formulation and its parameters from previous publications are discussed.
Freedom from within : seeking generating sets for free groups

Since the 1870's, mathematicians have had only one real tool to help identify when a group contains free subgroups: the Klein Criterion. While powerful and elegant, there are cases when this theorem does not prove helpful. In order to apply it, we must have a candidate set that could generate a free group. This is no longer the case. The Sunic Criterion is a new theorem discovered by Zoran Sunic in 2013, and it does not require us to have a candidate for a generating set beforehand! In theory, this could allow mathematicians access to a host of groups which until now have been out of reach. In this thesis we use this new theorem to reprove that certain groups contain free subgroups and expand upon it showing that it can also be used to nd explicit generating sets for locally free groups. Having done this, we nd explicit generat- ing sets for locally free subgroups in PSL2(Z) and Aut(R+): We also explore the conditions of this new theorem. 5
Strategies to enhance the safety profile of xenotransplantation: minimizing the risk of viral zoonoses

Purpose of reviewPig-to-human xenotransplantation has taken steps closer to reality through advances in animal engineering to address immunological as well as microbial problems. The most highlighted problem in xenotransplantation safety has been the potential risk for zoonotic infection mediated by porcine endogenous retroviruses. Safety issues regarding viral zoonosis, particularly porcine endogenous retroviruses, are summarized and commented upon. Recent findingsSeveral molecular, transgenic strategies to provide safer transplant source animals with less porcine endogenous retrovirus infectivity have been developed. A genomics approach by selective breeding and porcine endogenous retrovirus loci knockout is at least theoretically possible. For other viruses, advances have been made in technologies for virus discovery and identification. SummaryThe consequences of possible zoonoses in xenotransplantation are largely unknown. Further work to identify and control potential zoonotic agents based on recent progress will improve the safety profile of xenotransplantation. Advances made should be subjected to cautious testing in well controlled, preclinical and clinical experiments.
CTGE-ILP: Correlative Term Graph-Based Extended ILP

Now it is much more prevalent to mine complex data in the fields of data mining and the main methods include the experience and technology of no-structer data mining. On account of the flexible practicability and broad appliance of graph theory and technology, the research of graph-based data mining has presently been becoming an important direction in this domain. In this paper, knowledge discovery researching was studyed throgh the technology of correlative graphbased data mining. The concept of CTGEILP(Correlative Term Graph-based Extended Inductive Logic Programming) and the correlative term graph were bring forward, and then discussing the reasoning technology by combining correlative term graph theory and inductive logic programming technic. Next we design the technology of refutable consequence in CTGE-ILP and the corresponding algorithm. At last an prototype integrating both the idea and technic above was opened up and turned out its validity via the data demonstration.
Trends in fatal and non‐fatal coronary heart disease events in Finland during 1991–2001

Objective—To analyse the trends in fatal and non‐fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) events in Finland during an 11‐year period 1991–2001. Design—Data on hospitalizations due to CHD in the Hospital Discharge Register were linked to the National Causes of Death Register in order to produce a Cardiovascular Disease Register including data on 271 771 events in 234 244 individuals. Results—The annual average decline in the age‐standardized CHD mortality rate was 5.2% (95% CI, −5.6, −4.8%) among men and 6.1% (−6.6, −5.6%) among women. The incidence of first myocardial infarction declined annually on average by 5.5% (−5.9, −5.1%) from 1991 to 1997 and by 2.4% (−3.0, −1.7%) from 1998 to 2001 among men. The respective changes among women were −5.9% (−6.5, −5.2%) and −1.7% (−2.7, −0.6%). The number of hospitalizations due to unstable angina pectoris increased between 1991 and 1996 (p=0.0002) and remained stable for the rest of the study period. Conclusions—The Cardiovascular Disease Register is a powerful tool for epidemiological monitoring of cardiovascular diseases in Finland.
Inositol Phospholipid Hydrolysis by Rat Sciatic Nerve Phospholipase C

Rat sciatic nerve cytosol contains a phosphodiesterase of the phospholipase C type that catalyzes the hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids, with preferences of phospha‐tidylinositol 4′‐phosphate (PIP) > phosphatidylinositol (PI) « phosphatidylinositol 4′, 5′‐bisphosphate (PIP2), at a pH optimum of 5.5–6.0 and at maximum rates of 55, 13, and 0.7 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Analysis of reaction products by TLC and formate exchange chromatography shows that inositol 1, 2‐cyclic phosphate (83%) and diacylglycerol are the major products of PI hydrolysis. [32P]PIP hydrolysis yields inositol bisphosphate, inositol phosphate, and inorganic phosphate, indicating the presence of phosphodiesterase, phosphomonoesterase, and/or inositol phosphate phosphatase activities in nerve cytosol. Phosphodiesterase activity is Ca2+‐dependent and completely inhibited by EGTA, but phosphomonoesterase activity is independent of divalent cations or chelating agents. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (ly‐soPC) inhibit PI hydrolysis. They stimulate PIP and PIP2 hydrolysis up to equimolar concentrations, but are inhibitory at higher concentrations. Both diacylglycerols and free fatty acids stimulate PI hydrolysis and counteract its inhibition by PC and lysoPC. PIP2 is a poor substrate for the cytosolic phospholipase C and strongly inhibits hydrolysis of PI. However, it enhances PIP hydrolysis up to an equimolar concentration.
Relationships between static bifurcations and constrained optima

In this paper we establish relationships between static bifurcations of a dynamical system and solutions of a constrained optimization problem, in which the equilibrium equations of the system appear as equality constraints. The results obtained apply to any system of ordinary differential (and possibly algebraic) equations. Application of these results to electrical power systems is discussed. The relationship between loadability limits and bifurcation points is examined and an illustrative example is given.
p53 and BCL-2 Over-Expression Inversely Correlates with Histological Differentiation in Occupational Ethmoidal Intestinal-Type Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma

Despite their histological resemblance to colorectal adenocarcinoma, there is little information on the molecular events involved in the pathogenesis of intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinoma (ITACs). The aim of this paper is to evaluate the possible role of TP53 and Bcl-2 gene defects in ITAC by investigating the immunohistochemical expression of TP53 and Bcl-2 gene products in a group of ethmoidal ITACs associated with occupational exposure. A retrospective study on 15 patients with pathological diagnosis of primary ethmoidal ITAC was conducted. Representative formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded block from each case was selected for immunohistochemical studies using the antibodies against p53 and Bcl-2. Clinical-pathological data were also correlated with the staining results. The results of immunohistochemical examination demonstrated that poorly differentiated cases showed a higher percentage of p53 and Bcl-2 expressing cells in comparison to well-differentiated cases. No correlation was found with other clinico-pathological parameters, including T, stage and relapses. The relationship between up-regulation of p53 and Bcl-2 and poorly differentiated ethmoidal adenocarcinoma suggests a role of these genes, in combination with additional genetic events, in the pathogenesis of ITAC.
Large–scale geographical variation confirms that climate change causes birds to lay earlier

Advances in the phenology of organisms are often attributed to climate change, but alternatively, may reflect a publication bias towards advances and may be caused by environmental factors unrelated to climate change. Both factors are investigated using the breeding dates of 25 long–term studied populations of Ficedula flycatchers across Europe. Trends in spring temperature varied markedly between study sites, and across populations the advancement of laying date was stronger in areas where the spring temperatures increased more, giving support to the theory that climate change causally affects breeding date advancement.
ADAPTIVE TECHNIQUE FOR HIGH SPEED MOBILE ENVIRONMENT USING TFT-OFDM

: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is widely recognized as the key technology for the next generation broadband wireless communication (BWC) systems. The high spectral efficiency, reliable performance over fast fading channels is becoming more and more important for OFDM-based Broadband Wireless Communication systems. The time domain synchronous OFDM (TDS-OFDM) has higher spectral efficiency than the standard cyclic prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), but suffers from severe performance loss over high speed mobile channels since the required iterative interference cancellation between the training sequence (TS) and the OFDM data block, for the application of compressed sensing (CS) to the estimation of doubly selective channels within pulse-shaping multicarrier systems (which include orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems as a special case. Thus, the fundamentally distinct OFDM-based transmission scheme called time-frequency training OFDM (TFT-OFDM) is proposed, whereby every TFT-OFDM symbol has training information both in the time and frequency domains. The grouped pilots in TFT-OFDM occupy only about 3% of the signal bandwidth with high spectral efficiency as well as good performance over fast time-varying channels. The efficiency of the proposed approach is illustrated in a simulation environment that allows for a flexible, structured, and comparative performance evaluation.
Members of the Evolutionarily Conserved PMT Family of ProteinO-Mannosyltransferases Form Distinct Protein Complexes among Themselves*

Protein O-mannosyltransferases (PMTs) initiate the assembly of O-mannosyl glycans, an essential protein modification. Since PMTs are evolutionarily conserved in fungi but are absent in green plants, the PMT family is a putative target for new antifungal drugs, particularly in fighting the threat of phytopathogenic fungi. The PMT family is phylogenetically classified into PMT1, PMT2, and PMT4 subfamilies, which differ in protein substrate specificity. In the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as in many other fungi the PMT family is highly redundant, and only the simultaneous deletion of PMT1/PMT2 and PMT4 subfamily members is lethal. In this study we analyzed the molecular organization of PMT family members in S. cerevisiae. We show that members of the PMT1 subfamily (Pmt1p and Pmt5p) interact in pairs with members of the PMT2 subfamily (Pmt2p and Pmt3p) and that Pmt1p-Pmt2p and Pmt5p-Pmt3p complexes represent the predominant forms. Under certain physiological conditions, however, Pmt1p interacts also with Pmt3p, and Pmt5p with Pmt2p, suggesting a compensatory cooperation that guarantees the maintenance ofO-mannosylation. Unlike the PMT1/PMT2 subfamily members, the single member of the PMT4 subfamily (Pmt4p) acts as a homomeric complex. Using mutational analyses we demonstrate that the same conserved protein domains underlie both heteromeric and homomeric interactions, and we identify an invariant arginine residue of transmembrane domain two as essential for the formation and/or stability of PMT complexes in general. Our data suggest that protein-protein interactions between the PMT family members offer a point of attack to shut down overall proteinO-mannosylation in fungi.
COPULA DENSITY , NONPARAMETRIC MODELING

In addition to solving problems “retail” (one at a time for one client/collaborator), academic statistics should aim to solve problems “wholesale”(algorithms and computer code that can be applied for many clients). We call this approach to teaching and practice SMART COMPUTATIONAL STATISTICS = united data science algorithms providing methods for Small Data and Big Data. It practices that the goal of computing is insight (from graphical presentations) rather than numbers (especially accurate numbers which can be suboptimal (right answer to wrong question)). Our extensive theory simultaneously extends and integrates traditional (classical) statistical methods, treats multivariate discrete and continuous variables, parametric and nonparametric modeling, classification and measuring dependence relationships of (X,Y ) where X can be a high dimensional vector of features and Y a scalar variable to predict or classify. The goal of this paper is to gently introduce many basic concepts: quantile; mid-distribution; mid-quantile; comparison density; comparison distribution; skew-G distribution; LP coefficients, moments, co-moments; orthonormal score functions series density estimation; custom construction of mid-distribution based score functions; comparison probability version of Bayes theorem; copula density function series nonparametric estimation. The practice of these algorithms is illustrated with examples of real data.
Use of the NucliSENS EasyQ HPV assay in the management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Persistent infection by high‐risk human papillomavirus is a necessary cause for cervical cancer. DNA‐based human papillomavirus (HPV) assays show high sensitivity but poor specificity in detecting high‐grade cervical lesions. Assays detecting mRNA of the oncoproteins E6 and E7 show higher specificity but lack either detection of all high‐risk genotypes or the ability to specify the detected genotypes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of the NucliSENS EasyQ HPV assay in comparison with the Hybrid Capture 2 test (HC2) and the CLART Human Papillomavirus 2 assay (CLART), using a clinical cut‐off of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse. In the 554 studied women, the lowest HPV positivity rate was detected for NucliSENS EasyQ HPV assay (55.1%), while HC2 and CLART showed similar results (HC2: 77.4%; CLART: 78.0%). In comparison with the other tests, the NucliSENS EasyQ HPV assay showed a lower clinical sensitivity (79.3% vs. 96.4% for HC2 and 95.9% for CLART) but a higher clinical specificity (72.6% vs. 42.8% for HC2 and 42.5% for CLART). Detection of E6/E7 mRNA transcripts may provide a higher specificity for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 lesions or worse, since the oncogenic potential of HPV infection depends on the over‐expression of these two oncoproteins. J. Med. Virol. 85:1235–1241, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maternal obesity and risk of cesarean delivery: a meta‐analysis

Despite numerous studies reporting an increased risk of cesarean delivery among overweight or obese compared with normal weight women, the magnitude of the association remains uncertain. Therefore, we conducted a meta‐analysis of the current literature to provide a quantitative estimate of this association. We identified studies from three sources: (i) a PubMed search of relevant articles published between January 1980 and September 2005; (ii) reference lists of publications selected from the search; and (iii) reference lists of review articles published between 2000 and 2005. We included cohort designed studies that reported obesity measures reflecting pregnancy body mass, had a normal weight comparison group, and presented data allowing a quantitative measurement of risk. We used a Bayesian random effects model to perform the meta‐analysis and meta‐regression. Thirty‐three studies were included. The unadjusted odd ratios of a cesarean delivery were 1.46 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.34–1.60], 2.05 (95% CI: 1.86–2.27) and 2.89 (95% CI: 2.28–3.79) among overweight, obese and severely obese women, respectively, compared with normal weight pregnant women. The meta‐regression found no evidence that these estimates were affected by selected study characteristics. Our findings provide a quantitative estimate of the risk of cesarean delivery associated with high maternal body mass.
Artepillin C and Other Herbal PAK1‐blockers: Effects on Hair Cell Proliferation and Related PAK1‐dependent Biological Function in Cell Culture

PAK1 (RAC/CDC42‐activated kinase 1) is the major oncogenic kinase, and a number of herbal PAK1‐blockers such as propolis and curcumin have been shown to be anti‐oncogenic and anti‐melanogenic as well as anti‐alopecia (promoting hair growth). Previously, we found several distinct PAK1‐inhibitors in Okinawa plants including Alpinia zerumbet (alpinia). Thus, here, we tested the effects of these herbal compounds and their derivatives on the growth of cancer or normal hair cells, and melanogenesis in cell culture of A549 lung cancer, hair follicle dermal papilla cell, and B16F10 melanoma. Among these herbal PAK1‐inhibitors, cucurbitacin I from bitter melon (Goya) turned out to be the most potent to inhibit the growth of human lung cancer cells with the IC50 around 140 nM and to promote the growth of hair cells with the effective dose around 10 nM. Hispidin, a metabolite of 5,6‐dehydrokawain from alpinia, inhibited the growth of cancer cells with the IC50 of 25 μM as does artepillin C, the major anti‐cancer ingredient in Brazilian green propolis. Mimosine tetrapeptides (MFWY, MFYY, and MFFY) and hispidin derivatives (H1–3) also exhibited a strong anti‐cancer activity with the IC50 ranging from 16 to 30 μM. Mimosine tetrapeptides and hispidin derivatives strongly suppressed the melanogenesis in melanoma cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of the isiA Gene across Cyanobacterial Strains: Potential for Probing Iron Deficiency

ABSTRACT The use of isiA expression to monitor the iron status of cyanobacteria was investigated. Studies of laboratory cultures of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 showed that isiA expression is dependent on the organism's response to iron deficiency; isiA expression starts as soon as a decline in the rate of growth begins. isiA expression is switched on at concentrations of iron citrate of less than 0.7 μM. A PCR method was developed for the specific amplification of the iron-regulated isiA gene from a variety of cyanobacteria. After we developed degenerate primers, 15 new internal isiAfragments (840 bp) were amplified, cloned, and sequenced from strains obtained from algal collections, from new isolates, and from enriched field samples. Furthermore, isiA expression could be detected by means of reverse transcription-PCR when enriched field samples were exposed to restricted iron availability. These results imply that determining the level of iron-regulated isiAexpression can serve to indicate iron deficiency in cyanobacterial samples of differing origins from the field.
Subtype-Independent Immature Secretion and Subtype-Dependent Replication Deficiency of a Highly Frequent, Naturally Occurring Mutation of Human Hepatitis B Virus Core Antigen

ABSTRACT The most frequent mutation of the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) core antigen occurs at amino acid 97. Recently, a phenylalanine (F)-to-leucine (L) mutation at this position (mutant F97L) in HBV surface antigen subtype ayw has been shown to result in an immature secretion phenotype, which is characterized by the nonselective export of an excessive amount of virions containing minus-strand, single-stranded HBV DNA. While subtype aywmutant F97L has been found in Europe, the major reservoir of HBV resides in Asia and Africa. We report here that the immature secretion phenotype indeed can be found in an HBV strain (subtypeadr) prevalent in Asia, changing from an isoleucine (I) to a leucine (mutant I97L). Despite its immature secretion phenotype, theadr variant I97L replicates as well as its parentaladr wild-type I97I, supporting the conclusion that the extracellular phenotype of immature secretion is not a consequence of the intracellular HBV DNA replication defect. Further studies demonstrated that it is the acquisition of a leucine, rather than the loss of a wild-type amino acid at codon 97, that is important for immature secretion. We conclude that immature secretion is a subtype-independent phenotype and deficiency in intracellular DNA synthesis is a subtype-dependent phenotype. The former is caused by thetrans-acting effect of a mutant core protein, while the latter by a cis-acting effect of a mutated nucleotide on the ayw genome. These immature secretion variants provide an important tool for studying the regulation of HBV virion assembly and secretion.
Event-Driven Energy Trading System in Microgrids: Aperiodic Market Model Analysis With a Game Theoretic Approach

This paper presents the design of an event-driven energy trading system among microgrids. Each microgrid can be either a provider or a consumer depending on the status of its energy generation and local demands. Under this approach, an aperiodic market model is newly proposed such that trading occurs when one of the consumers requests energy from the trading market. To promote the trading system, a consumer-side reward concept is introduced. The consumer makes a decision on the size of the posted reward to procure energy depending on its required energy level. Providers then react to this posted reward by submitting their energy bid. Accordingly, the posted reward is allocated to the providers in proportion to their energy bids. Moreover, for practical concerns, a transmission and distribution loss factor is considered as a heterogeneous energy trading system. The problem is then formulated as a non-cooperative Stackelberg game model. The existence and uniqueness of Stackelberg equilibrium (SE) are shown and the closed form of the SE is derived. Using the SE, an optimal trading algorithm for microgrids is provided. The stability of the energy trading system is verified due to the unique SE. In this approach, no expected waiting time for trading is required for sustaining an energy trading market.
Energy Channeling LED Driver Technology to Achieve Flicker-Free Operation With True Single Stage Power Factor Correction

A conventional single stage ac–dc LED driver usually produces significant twice-line-frequency ripple current when a high power factor is achieved. The ripple current causes a lighting flicker of the LEDs. In this paper, an energy channeling ripple cancellation LED driver is proposed. It achieves true single stage power conversion, maintains a high power factor while significantly removing the twice-line-frequency ripple current – flicker free LED driving. An 8.5 W, 50 V/0.17 A Buck–Boost experimental prototype has been built to verify the proposed method.