Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic Grading of Programming Assignments: An Approach Based on Formal Semantics

Programming assignment grading can be time-consuming and error-prone if done manually. Existing tools generate feedback with failing test cases. However, this method is inefficient and the results are incomplete. In this paper, we present AutoGrader, a tool that automatically determines the correctness of programming assignments and provides counterexamples given a single reference implementation of the problem. Instead of counting the passed tests, our tool searches for semantically different execution paths between a student's submission and the reference implementation. If such a difference is found, the submission is deemed incorrect; otherwise, it is judged to be a correct solution. We use weakest preconditions and symbolic execution to capture the semantics of execution paths and detect potential path differences. AutoGrader is the first automated grading tool that relies on program semantics and generates feedback with counterexamples based on path deviations. It also reduces human efforts in writing test cases and makes the grading more complete. We implement AutoGrader and test its effectiveness and performance with real-world programming problems and student submissions collected from an online programming site. Our experiment reveals that there are no false negatives using our proposed method and we detected 11 errors of online platform judges.
CLASSIFICATION OF SCAB– AND OTHER MOLD–DAMAGED WHEAT KERNELS BY NEAR–INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Scab (Fusarium head blight) is a disease that causes wheat kernels to be shriveled, underweight, and difficult to mill. Scab is also a health concern because of the possible concomitant production of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. Current official inspection procedures entail manual human inspection. A study was undertaken to explore the possibility of detecting scab-damaged wheat kernels by a near-infrared (NIR) diode array spectrometer. Wheat kernels from three categories (sound, scab-damaged, and mold-damaged) were visually inspected by and furnished by the USDA Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA). The reflectance spectrum of each intact kernel was collected at 6-nm increments over a 940 to 1700 nm region. Exhaustive searches of the best combination of individual wavelengths, best difference of wavelengths, best ratio, and combinations thereof were performed on a set of 100 kernels from each of the three categories. The best modeling classification occurred for precisely aligned kernels using a combination of kernel mass and the difference in log(1/R) at two wavelengths, 1182 and 1242 nm. When applied to a test set, the classification model correctly identified the intended category with 95% accuracy. The most difficult to classify conditions were scab-damaged vs. mold-damaged and mold-damaged vs. sound. When scab-damaged and mold-damaged kernels were combined into one category, the overall accuracy for a two-category (sound vs. damaged) classification model was between 95% and 98%, depending on the kernel orientation scheme and inclusion of kernel mass. The achieved accuracy levels demonstrate the feasibility of using NIR reflectance spectroscopy with as few as two wavelengths to assist in wheat grading and commercial sorting.
Profitability of Various Energy Supply Systems in Light of Their Different Energy Prices and Climate Conditions

The majority of the single-family houses in Sweden are affected by deteriorations in building envelopes as well as heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. These dwellings are, therefore, in need of extensive renovation, which provides an excellent opportunity to install renewable energy supply systems to reduce the total energy consumption. The high investment costs of the renewable energy supply systems were previously distinguished as the main barrier in the installation of these systems in Sweden. House-owners should, therefore, compare the profitability of the energy supply systems and select the one, which will allow them to reduce their operational costs. This study analyses the profitability of a ground source heat pump, photovoltaic solar panels and an integrated ground source heat pump with a photovoltaic system, as three energy supply systems for a single-family house in Sweden. The profitability of the supply systems was analysed by calculating the payback period (PBP) and internal rate of return (IRR) for these systems. Three different energy prices, three different interest rates, and two different lifespans were considered when calculating the IRR and PBP. In addition, the profitability of the supply systems was analysed for four Swedish climate zones. The analyses of results show that the ground source heat pump system was the most profitable energy supply system since it provided a short PBP and high IRR in all climate zones when compared with the other energy supply systems. Additionally, results show that increasing the energy price improved the profitability of the supply systems in all climate zones.
Predicting the Influence of Rain on LIDAR in ADAS

While it is well known that rain may influence the performance of automotive LIDAR sensors commonly used in ADAS applications, there is a lack of quantitative analysis of this effect. In particular, there is very little published work on physically-based simulation of the influence of rain on terrestrial LIDAR performance. Additionally, there have been few quantitative studies on how rain-rate influences ADAS performance. In this work, we develop a mathematical model for the performance degradation of LIDAR as a function of rain-rate and incorporate this model into a simulation of an obstacle-detection system to show how it can be used to quantitatively predict the influence of rain on ADAS that use LIDAR.
use iterative error feedback [ 12 ] to optimize the shape parameters of a grayscale morphable model from a single input image

We introduce InverseFaceNet, a deep convolutional inverse rendering framework for faces that jointly estimates facial pose, shape, expression, reflectance and illumination from a single input image. By estimating all parameters from just a single image, advanced editing possibilities on a single face image, such as appearance editing and relighting, become feasible in real time. Most previous learning-based face reconstruction approaches do not jointly recover all dimensions, or are severely limited in terms of visual quality. In contrast, we propose to recover high-quality facial pose, shape, expression, reflectance and illumination using a deep neural network that is trained using a large, synthetically created training corpus. Our approach builds on a novel loss function that measures model-space similarity directly in parameter space and significantly improves reconstruction accuracy. We further propose a self-supervised bootstrapping process in the network training loop, which iteratively updates the synthetic training corpus to better reflect the distribution of real-world imagery. We demonstrate that this strategy outperforms completely synthetically trained networks. Finally, we show high-quality reconstructions and compare our approach to several state-of-the-art approaches.
Unicellular Organisms – The Cambrian Explosion – Nano Machines So Many Moving Parts – How Do They Fit ?

E. coli, have been by far the most extensively studied prokaryote because of their simplicity, and rate and ease with which they reproduce. Their complete genome has been deciphered. Though one might have expected to find far simpler proteins and less complex intermolecular interactions than those observed in eukaryotes, that has not proven to be the case. Electron microscopy has revealed a relatively large collection of DNA molecules in an area termed the nucleoid, located at or near the center of the organism, as well as many small ribosomes in the cytosol. Complex interactive processes between DNA, mRNA, and protein synthesis occur. E. coli have multiple flagella providing impressive mobility. They can react to their environment by moving toward nutrient sources, as well as slowing their metabolic rate when nutrients are scarce. They can reproduce rapidly, undergoing cell division every 20 min. under ideal circumstances. A properly prepared culture media, inoculated with E. coli, when incubated overnight can yield millions of identical living organisms ready for study the following morning.
Expanding the Potential of the Preventive and Law Enforcement Function of the Security Police in Combating Cybercrime in Ukraine and the EU

The research paper deals with the search for practical means of enhancing the functional and organizational capabilities of the security police in combating cybercrime. The research paper separately examines the influence of municipal security police on the cybercrime combating system. It also reveals the interaction of the municipal police with the system of national police authorities. The conclusion is that there is a need to introduce municipal security police in Ukraine to increase the flexibility and mobility of law enforcement agencies in responding to cybercrime, and to enhance the level of protection of municipal property that may be targeted by cybercrimes.
A New Polarization-Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G Applications

This paper presented a new circular polarization reconfigurable antenna for 5G wireless communications. The antenna, containing a semicircular slot, was compact in size and had a good axial ratio and frequency response. Two PIN diode switches controlled the reconfiguration for both the right-hand and left-hand circular polarization. Reconfigurable orthogonal polarizations were achieved by changing the states of the two PIN diode switches, and the reflection coefficient |S11| was maintained, which is a strong benefit of this design. The proposed polarization-reconfigurable antenna was modeled using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. It had a 3.4 GHz resonance frequency in both states of reconfiguration, with a good axial ratio below 1.8 dB, and good gain of 4.8 dBic for both modes of operation. The proposed microstrip antenna was fabricated on an FR-4 substrate with a loss tangent of 0.02, and relative dielectric constant of 4.3. The radiating layer had a maximum size of 18.3 × 18.3 mm2, with 50 Ω coaxial probe feeding.
D PET : Optimization of the Direct Fourier Method of image reconstruction

In order to obtain an estimation for oblique 3D PET data, proper interpolation windows must be designed between the data and image spectra. Such a window must be finite in the time-domain (i.e., the sinc interpolator, while ideal, is not a practical candidate) and have coefficients that maximize the signal-to-noise ratio after filtering. It is shown in this novel algorithm that the parameters of the Modified Kaiser-Bessel function (MKB) can be optimized to afford good image quality without the need to zero-pad or oversample. This optimization was carried out for both the forward projection and reconstruction processes. It was found that the parameter values, and robustness to the extent of zero padding, were different for the two steps.
Non-negative demand in newsvendor models:The case of singly truncated normal samples

This paper considers the classical newsvendor model when demand is normally distributed but with a large coefficient of variation. This leads to observe with a non-negligible probability negative values that do not make sense. To avoid the occurrence of such negative values, first, we derive generalized forms for the optimal order quantity and the maximum expected profit using properties of singly truncated normal distributions. Since truncating at zero produces non-symmetric distributions for the positive values, three alternative models are used to develop confidence intervals for the true optimal order quantity and the true maximum expected profit under truncation. The first model assumes traditional normality without truncation, while the other two models assume that demand follows (a) the log-normal distribution and (b) the exponential distribution. The validity of confidence intervals is tested through Monte-Carlo simulations, for low and high profit products under different sample sizes and alternative values for coefficient of variation. For each case, three statistical measures are computed: the coverage, namely the estimated actual confidence level, the relative average half length, and the relative standard deviation of half lengths. Only for very few cases the normal and the log-normal model produce confidence intervals with acceptable coverage but these intervals are characterized by low precision and stability.
Analysis of Social Influences in the Transition of Czech Students Between Educational Levels and to the Labour Market

Abstract The paper deals with the transition of Czech students of lower secondary schools (ISCED 2A) and vocationally oriented upper secondary schools (ISCED 3A and 3C) between educational levels and to the labour market. The theoretical introduction describes the specifics of career decision making of Czech pupils and synthesizes some important empirical findings on social influences on this decision. The core lies in a survey designed by the National Institute of Education, School Counselling Centre and Centre for Further Education of Teachers. The instrument of data collection was questionnaires for students of final years of lower secondary and upper secondary schools. Data collection took place in 2011 at 40 lower secondary (n=779) and 20 vocationally oriented upper secondary schools (n=442). The paper compares the views of these groups of respondents on student’s autonomy in the choice of further education and occupation, and social influences on students’ career decision-making.
Is this a men’s world? On the need to study descriptive representation of women in lobbying and policy advocacy

ABSTRACT How well are women represented in the world of political advocacy? Despite the important role of interest groups in modern democracies, the demographic composition of the interest group community remains a blind spot in public policy research. Based on data on over 1000 lobbyists in five European countries, we suggest that the share of women in the world of advocacy is significantly lower than in parliaments. We therefore argue that gender biases in political advocacy need to move high up on the research agenda. As key avenues for future studies, we raise the effects these imbalances have on agenda setting and political decision-making, as well as their symbolic effects on female participation and perceived legitimacy. Moreover, we call for research addressing the complex supply and demand-side factors that cause gender inequalities in lobbying to address this problem in practice.
Title Diffusion tensor imaging predicts functional impairment in mild-to-moderate cervical spondylotic myelopathy

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the standard imaging mo dality for the assessment of cervical spinal cord; however, MRI assessment of the spinal cord in cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients has not demonstrated a con siste t association with neurologic function or outcome after surgical or medical intervention. Thu s, there is a need for sensitive imaging biomarkers that can predict functional impairment in patients wi h advanced cervical spondylosis. PURPOSE: To implement diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) as an imaging bi omarker for microstructural integrity and functional impairment in patient s with cervical spondylosis. STUDY DESIGN: Nonrandomized, single institution study. PATIENT SAMPLE: Forty-eight cervical spondylosis patients with or without spinal cord signal change underwent DTI of the spinal cord along with functiona l assessment. OUTCOME MEASURES: Functional measures of neurologic function via modified Jap anese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) score. METHODS: A zoomed-echoplanar imaging technique and two-dimensiona l sp tially selective radiofrequency excitation pulse were used for DTI measurem ent. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial and axial diffusion (AD) coefficie nt, AD anisotropy,j , defined as AD-MD, and the standard deviation (SD) of primary eigenvector orie ntation were evaluated at the site of compression. RESULTS: Results suggest average FA, transverse apparent diffusion coefficient, j , and SD of primary eigenvector orientation at the spinal level of high est compression were linearly correlated with mJOA score. Receiver-operator characteristic analys is suggested FA andj could identify stenosis patients with mild-to-moderate symptoms with a re l tiv ly high sensitivity and specificity. FDA device/drug status: Not applicable. Author disclosures: BME: Grant: National Institutes of Health (NIH/ NINDS 1R01NS078494-01A1) (H over 5 years, Paid directly to i nstitution), National Institutes of Health (NIH/NINDS 1R21NS065 419-01A1) (F over 2 years, Paid directly to institution), NIH/NCI (1R2 1CA167354) (F, Paid directly to institution); Consulting: MedQIA, LLC (B). NS: Grant: National Institutes of Health (NIH/NINDS 1R01NS078494-01 A1) (H over 5 years, Paid directly to institution), National Institute s of Health (NIH/ NINDS 1R21NS065419-01A1) (F over 2 years, Paid directly to i nstitution). JWG: Nothing to disclose. LTH: Grant: National Institutes of Health (NIH/NINDS 1R01NS078494-01A1) (H over 5 years, Paid direct ly to institution), National Institutes of Health (NIH/NINDS 1R21NS0 65419-01A1) (F over 2 years, Paid directly to institution). The disclosure key can be found on the Table of
All-digital power-efficient integrating frequency difference-to-digital converter for GHz frequency-locking

This study presents an all-digital power-efficient integrating frequency difference-to-digital converter (iFDDC) and explores its applications in gigahertz (GHz) frequency-locking. The iFDDC utilises a bi-directional gated delay line (BDGDL) to detect and accumulate the frequency difference between two GHz signals and digitises the result with ultra-low power consumption. The built-in integration of the iFDDC ensures that the in-band quantisation noise of the BDGDL and digital controlled oscillator (DCO) is first-order suppressed. The all-digital realisation of the iFDDC makes it fully compatible with technology scaling. The effectiveness of the proposed iFDDC is verified using the simulation results of a 5 GHz frequencylocked loop designed in a Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 65 nm 1.2 V complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS). The iFDDC consumes only 474 μW, offering the lowest power/frequency efficiency among reported FDDCs. The DCO locks to 5 GHz reference in <10 cycles.
The Performance of Immunocytochemistry Staining as Triaging Tests for High-Risk HPV-Positive Women: A 24-Month Prospective Study

It is urgent to develop an accurate approach to improve the predictive performance of hrHPV-based screening. The aim is to evaluate the performance of p16/Ki-67 and p16/MCM2 staining to triage high-risk human papillomavirus- (hrHPV-) positive women. Cervical specimens were collected from eligible women and tested for hrHPV genotyping, cytology, p16/Ki-67, and p16/MCM2 staining at baseline. Women were invited to participate in follow-up screening by cytology and hrHPV testing at 24 months. Positive women received colposcopy and biopsies. Histopathological diagnoses were the gold standard. 485 women came back for the follow-up screening. The positive rate of p16/Ki-67 was 20.2% and of p16/MCM2 was 27.2%. The positive rates of p16/Ki-67 ( P < 0.001) and p16/MCM2 (P=0.021) were increased by the severity of histopathology findings. Among hrHPV-positive women, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for p16/Ki-67 were 90.9%, 67.0%, 16.5%, and 99.0%, and for p16/MCM2 were 81.8%, 43.1%, 9.4%, and 97.1%. The sensitivity of cytology for triaging hrHPV-positive women were lower than p16/Ki-67 (P=0.012) and p16/MCM2 (P=0.065). The cocktail staining did not add sensitivity to p16/Ki-67 or p16/MCM2 staining alone (P > 0.05), however, cutting down the specificity of p16/Ki-67 staining alone with statistical significance (67.0% vs. 40.2%, P < 0.001). The risk of CIN2+ within 24 months for hrHPV-positive but triaging negative women at baseline was 0.5 (0.1–2.7), 0.7 (0.1–4.1), and 2.4 (1.1–5.0) for p16/Ki-67, p16/MCM2, and cytology, respectively. As an objective and accurate immunocytochemical staining, the p16/Ki-67 and p16/MCM2 dual staining performed better than cytology to triage positive hrHPV. On condition that high-quality cytology is unavailable, immunocytochemical staining by p16/Ki-67 or p16/MCM2 is an option for triaging hrHPV-positive women. The combination of p16/Ki-67 and p16/MCM2 could not improve the accuracy in detecting CIN2+.
Elastic metamaterials and dynamic homogenization: a review

In this paper, we review the recent advances which have taken place in the understanding and applications of acoustic/elastic metamaterials. Metamaterials are artificially created composite materials which exhibit unusual properties that are not found in nature. We begin with presenting arguments from discrete systems which support the case for the existence of unusual material properties such as tensorial and/or negative density. The arguments are then extended to elastic continuums through coherent averaging principles. The resulting coupled and nonlocal homogenized relations, called the Willis relations, are presented as the natural description of inhomogeneous elastodynamics. They are specialized to Bloch waves propagating in periodic composites and we show that the Willis properties display the unusual behavior which is often required in metamaterial applications such as the Veselago lens. We finally present the recent advances in the area of transformation elastodynamics, charting its inspirations from transformation optics, clarifying its particular challenges, and identifying its connection with the constitutive relations of the Willis and the Cosserat types.
METH 1 CILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOGCI : MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE

• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major nosocomial pathogen causing severe morbidity and mortality in many hospitals in Europe, in the United States andworldwide(l). Once these organisms are introduced into an institution they are particular difficult to eradicate (2). Colonization with MRSA is a majorproblemsince 30%-60% of patients who become colonized eventually develop infection (2), and these patients serve as reservoir for further nosocomial spread (3-12).