Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resting heart rate changes after endurance training in older adults: a meta-analysis.

PURPOSE Question remains regarding endurance training and changes in resting heart rate (HR) among older individuals. The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine the effects of controlled aerobic training on resting HR among sedentary older adults. METHODS Studies were identified by a systematic computer database search, hand article search, and cross-reference. The inclusion criteria were (i) controlled clinical trials, (ii) endurance exercise as the only intervention, (iii) a nonexercise control group, (iv) within-group mean ages of subjects > or = 60 yr, (v) a measure of changes in resting HR, (vi) studies published in English journals. RESULTS Outcome was derived from 13 studies with a total of 651 individuals in 14 control (N = 241) and 16 exercise groups (N = 410). The pooled standardized effect size by a fixed-effect model showed an upper moderate effect of -0.58 +/- 0.08 (mean +/- SEM, 95% CI = -0.74 to -0.42). This homogeneity effect was statistically significant (P = 0.001). The magnitude of net change averaged -6 bpm (-2 to -12 bpm), representing an 8.4% reduction. Greater and statistically significant decrease of resting HR among the elderly was found in the studies with training length more than 30 wk. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analytic investigation supports the efficacy of endurance exercise training in decreasing HR at rest in older adults. This training induced adaptation may have protective benefits for cardiovascular aging. A longer exercise training length, probably more than 30 wk, may be needed for older individuals to be more effective in terms of resting HR reduction.
Secrecy Energy Efficiency Maximization in Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper, we investigate a tradeoff between the secrecy rate (SR) and energy efficiency (EE) in an underlay cognitive radio network that consists of a cognitive base station (CBS), a cognitive user (CU), a primary user (PU), and multiple eavesdroppers (EDs). By using a so-called secrecy EE (SEE), which is defined as the ratio of SR to the total power consumption of CBS, as the design criterion, we formulate an SEE maximization (SEEM) problem for the CBS-CU transmission under the constraints of the transmit power of CBS, the SR of CU, and the quality-of-service (QoS) requirement of PU. Since the formulated optimization problem with a fractional objective function is non-convex and mathematically intractable, we first convert the original fractional objective function into an equivalent subtractive form, and then develop a method of combining the penalty function and the difference of two-convex functions (D.C.) approach to obtain an approximate convex problem. Based on this, an optimal beamforming (OBF) scheme is finally proposed to obtain the optimal solution. Furthermore, to reduce the computational complexity, we design a zero-forcing-based beamforming (ZFBF) scheme to achieve a sub-optimal solution to the SEEM problem. Simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed SEE oriented OBF and ZFBF schemes over conventional SR maximization and EE maximization schemes.
The interaction of trunk-load and trunk-position adaptations on knee anterior shear and hamstrings muscle forces during landing.

CONTEXT Because anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries can occur during deceleration maneuvers, biomechanics research has been focused on the lower extremity kinetic chain. Trunk mass and changes in trunk position affect lower extremity joint torques and work during gait and landing, but how the trunk affects knee joint and muscle forces is not well understood. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of added trunk load and adaptations to trunk position on knee anterior shear and knee muscle forces in landing. DESIGN Crossover study. SETTING Controlled laboratory environment. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Twenty-one participants (10 men: age = 20.3 +/- 1.15 years, height = 1.82 +/- 0.04 m, mass = 78.2 +/- 7.3 kg; 11 women: age = 20.0 +/- 1.10 years, height = 1.72 +/- 0.06 m, mass = 62.3 +/- 6.4 kg). INTERVENTION(S) Participants performed 2 sets of 8 double-leg landings under 2 conditions: no load and trunk load (10% body mass). Participants were categorized into one of 2 groups based on the kinematic trunk adaptation to the load: trunk flexor or trunk extensor. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We estimated peak and average knee anterior shear, quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius forces with a biomechanical model. RESULTS We found condition-by-group interactions showing that adding a trunk load increased peak (17%) and average (35%) knee anterior shear forces in the trunk-extensor group but did not increase them in the trunk-flexor group (peak: F(1,19) = 10.56, P = . 004; average: F(1,19) = 9.56, P = . 006). We also found a main effect for condition for quadriceps and gastrocnemius forces. When trunk load was added, peak (6%; F(1,19) = 5.52, P = . 030) and average (8%; F(1,19) = 8.83, P = . 008) quadriceps forces increased and average (4%; F(1,19) = 4.94, P = . 039) gastrocnemius forces increased, regardless of group. We found a condition-by-group interaction for peak (F(1,19) = 5.16, P = . 035) and average (F(1,19) = 12.35, P = . 002) hamstrings forces. When trunk load was added, average hamstrings forces decreased by 16% in the trunk-extensor group but increased by 13% in the trunk-flexor group. CONCLUSIONS Added trunk loads increased knee anterior shear and knee muscle forces, depending on trunk adaptation strategy. The trunk-extensor adaptation to the load resulted in a quadriceps-dominant strategy that increased knee anterior shear forces. Trunk-flexor adaptations may serve as a protective strategy against the added load. These findings should be interpreted with caution, as only the face validity of the biomechanical model was assessed.
A comparison of the systemic bioactivity of inhaled budesonide and fluticasone propionate in normal subjects.

1. The aim of this study was to compare the systemic bioactivity of low and high doses of inhaled budesonide and fluticasone propionate given by respective dry powder inhaler devices. 2. A randomised, single blind cross-over design was used in nine healthy subjects who were given 800 micrograms day-1 of budesonide Turbohaler (B800) for 1 week, followed by 1 week of 1600 micrograms day-1 (B1600), or fluticasone Diskhaler 750 micrograms day-1 (F750) for 1 week followed by 1 week of 1500 micrograms day-1 (F1500). There was a 1 week washout between treatments with fluticasone or budesonide. A twice daily dosing regime was used and mouth-rinsing was employed to reduce gut bioavailability as well as to obviate local adverse effects. 3. Parameters of hypothalmic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activity and bone metabolism were measured at baseline (B0/F0), at the end of each week of treatment and after the 1 week washout (F0 or B0). 4. Both fluticasone and budesonide significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated the post tetracosactrin serum cortisol at low and high doses whilst early morning cortisol was unchanged. No dose-response effect was observed with either drug, and there was no significant difference between treatment with fluticasone or budesonide. 5. Neither budesonide nor fluticasone produced significant suppression of plasma osteocalcin, although the higher doses of both drugs significantly reduced fasting urinary calcium levels. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Role of C‐X‐C chemokines as regulators of angiogenesis in lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of malignancy‐related mortality in the U.S. and is predicted to increase over the remainder of this decade. Despite attempts to advance early diagnosis and use combination therapies, the clinical response of this cancer yields an overall 5‐year survival rate of less than 15%. Clearly, new strategies for therapy are indicated. Although carcinogenesis is complex, tumor growth beyond 1–2 mm3 is dependent on angiogenesis. One of the potential mechanisms that allows for tumorigenesis is dysregulation of the balance of angiogenic and angiostatic factors that favors net neovascularization within the primary tumor. Numerous studies have investigated the role of a variety of molecules in the regulation of angiogenesis. Recently, interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), a member of the C‐X‐C chemokine family, has been found to be an angiogenic factor. In contrast, platelet factor 4 (PF4), another C‐X‐C chemokine, has been shown to have angiostatic properties. It is interesting that the major structural difference between IL‐8 and PF4 is the presence of the NH2‐terminal ELR (Glu‐Leu‐Arg) motif that precedes the first cysteine amino acid residue of IL‐8 and is important in ligand/receptor interactions. We hypothesize that angiogenesis associated with tumorigenesis is dependent on members of the C‐X‐C chemokine family acting as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors. This paradigm predicts that the biological balance in the expression of these C‐X‐C chemokines dictates whether the neoplasm grows and develops metastatic potential or regresses. In this review we discuss our recent laboratory findings that support this contention and suggest that further elucidation of the biology of C‐X‐C chemokines in the context of neovascularization of nonsmall cell lung cancer will permit novel targeted therapy aimed specifically at attenuating tumor growth and metastasis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 57: 752–762; 1995.
Importance of Sex Partner HIV Status in HIV Risk Assessment Among Men Who have Sex With Men

Clinical HIV risk assessments have not typically integrated questions about sex partners' HIV status with questions about condom use and type of sex. Since 2001, we have asked all men who have sex with men (MSM) evaluated in an urban sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic how often in the preceding 12 months they used condoms for anal sex with partners who were HIV-positive, HIV-negative, and of unknown HIV status. Overall, MSM displayed a pattern of assortative mixing by HIV status, particularly for unprotected anal intercourse (UAI). Nevertheless, 433 (27%) of 1580 MSM who denied knowing they were HIV-positive and 93 (43%) of 217 HIV-positive MSM reported having UAI with a partner of opposite or unknown HIV status. Among men who denied previously knowing they were HIV-positive, 24 (9.6%) of 251 MSM who reported having UAI with an HIV-positive partner or partner of unknown HIV status compared with 11 (1.7%) of 620 MSM who denied such exposure tested HIV-positive (odds ratio = 5.8, 95% confidence interval: 2.8–12.1). UAI with an HIV-positive partner or partner with unknown HIV status was 69% sensitive and 73% specific in identifying men with previously undiagnosed HIV infection; UAI regardless of partner HIV status was 80% sensitive but only 45% specific. The positive predictive value was highest for risk assessments that included partner HIV status. Integrating questions about anal sex partner HIV status and condom use identifies MSM at greatest risk for HIV acquisition and transmission. These risk criteria might be effectively used to triage MSM into more intensive prevention interventions.
α-Conotoxin MII Blocks Nicotine-Stimulated Dopamine Release in Rat Striatal Synaptosomes

Activation of presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) can induce the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine in the CNS. Accumulating evidence suggests that distinct nAChR subtypes are involved; however, it has been difficult to determine the subunit composition of these receptors, in part because of the lack of a sufficient variety of selective nAChR ligands. We present experimental data that at least two different nAChR complexes are involved in dopamine release, one of which has an α3/β2 subunit interface. The recently discovered peptide α-conotoxin MII is a potent and selective inhibitor of rat nAChRs containing an interface formed by α3 and β2 subunits. We used this peptide to examine nicotine-stimulated release of dopamine from rat striatal synaptosomes and of norepinephrine from hippocampal synaptosomes. MII (100 nm) blocks 34–49% of the nicotine-stimulated dopamine release, but not dopamine release evoked by elevated [K+]. Furthermore, two peptides structurally related to α-conotoxin MII, namely α-conotoxin MI (selective for α1β1γδ nAChRs) and α-conotoxin ImI (selective for α7-containing nAChRs), have no effect on nicotine-stimulated dopamine release. The results indicate that one third to half of the dopamine release in the striatal preparation is mediated by nAChRs with an α3/β2 subunit interface. In contrast, ≤10% of nicotine-stimulated release of norepinephrine from hippocampal synaptosomes is modulated by nAChRs with α3/β2 subunit interfaces.
The incidence of concussion in youth sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective To conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the incidence of concussion in youth athletes. Specifically, we estimate the overall risk of concussion in youth sports and compare sport-specific estimates of concussion risk. Design Systemic review and meta-analysis. Data sources A search of Medline, Embase (1980 through September 2014), and SportDiscus (1985 through September 2014) supplemented by manual searches of bibliographies and conference proceedings. Inclusion criteria We included studies if they met the inclusion criteria of study design (prospective cohort study), relevant sports identified from the literature (eg, American football, rugby, hockey, lacrosse, soccer/football, basketball, baseball, softball, wrestling, field hockey, track, taekwondo, volleyball and cheerleading), population (males and females ≤18 years old), and outcome (concussion). Results Of the 698 studies reviewed for eligibility, 23 articles were accepted for systematic review and 13 of which were included in a meta-analysis. Random effects models were used to pool overall and sport-specific concussion incidence rates per 1000 athlete exposures (AEs). The overall risk of concussion was estimated at 0.23 (95% CI 0.19 to 0.28). The three sports with the highest incidence rates were rugby, hockey and American football at 4.18, 1.20 and 0.53, respectively. Lowest incidence rates per 1000 AEs occurred in volleyball, baseball and cheerleading at 0.03, 0.06 and 0.07, respectively. Quality of the included studies varied, with the majority of studies not reporting age and gender-specific incidence rates or an operational definition for concussion. Conclusions There are striking differences in the rates of incident youth concussion across 12 sports. This systematic review and meta-analysis can serve as the current sport-specific baseline risk of concussion among youth athletes.
Accelerometer and GPS-Derived Running Loads and Injury Risk in Elite Australian Footballers

Abstract Colby, MJ, Dawson, B, Heasman, J, Rogalski, B, and Gabbett, TJ. Accelerometer and GPS-derived running loads and injury risk in elite Australian footballers. J Strength Cond Res 28(8): 2244–2252, 2014—The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between overall physical workload (global positioning systems [GPS]/accelerometer) measures and injury risk in elite Australian football players (n = 46) during a season. Workload data and (intrinsic) injury incidence were monitored across preseason and in-season (18 matches) phases. Multiple regression was used to compare cumulative (1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-weekly loads) and absolute change (from previous-to-current week) in workloads between injured and uninjured players for all GPS/accelerometer-derived variables: total distance, V1 distance (total distance above individual's aerobic threshold speed), sprint distance, force load, velocity load, and relative velocity change. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to determine the relative injury risk. Cumulative loads showed the strongest relationship with greater intrinsic injury risk. During preseason, 3-weekly distance (OR = 5.489, p = 0.008) and 3-weekly sprint distance (OR = 3.667, p = 0.074) were most indicative of greater injury risk. During in-season, 3-weekly force load (OR = 2.530, p = 0.031) and 4-weekly relative velocity change (OR = 2.244, p = 0.035) were associated with greater injury risk. No differences in injury risk between years of Australian Football League system experience and GPS/accelerometer data were seen. From an injury risk (prevention) perspective, these findings support consideration of several GPS/accelerometer running load variables in Australian football players. In particular, cumulative weekly loads should be closely monitored, with 3-weekly loads most indicative of a greater injury risk across both seasonal phases.
Practitioner review: Effective ingredients of prevention programs for youth at risk of persistent juvenile delinquency--recommendations for clinical practice.

BACKGROUND There is a lack of knowledge about specific effective ingredients of prevention programs for youth at risk for persistent delinquent behavior. The present study combines findings of previous studies by examining the effectiveness of programs in preventing persistent juvenile delinquency and by studying which particular program, sample, and study characteristics contribute to the effects. Information on effective ingredients offers specific indications of how programs may be improved in clinical practice. METHOD A literature search in PsychINFO, ERIC, PubMed, Sociological Abstracts, Criminal Justice Abstracts, and Google Scholar was performed. Only (quasi)experimental studies and studies that focused on adolescents at risk for (persistent) delinquent behavior were included. Multilevel meta-analysis was conducted on 39 studies (N = 9,084). Participants' ages ranged from 6 to 20 years (M = 14 years, SD = 2.45). RESULTS The overall effect size was significant and small in magnitude (d = 0.24, p < .001). Behavioral-oriented programs, focusing on parenting skills training, behavioral modeling, or behavioral contracting yielded the largest effects. Multimodal programs and programs carried out in the family context proved to be more beneficial than individual and group-based programs. Less intensive programs yielded larger effects. CONCLUSIONS Prevention programs have positive effects on preventing persistent juvenile delinquency. In order to improve program effectiveness, interventions should be behavioral-oriented, delivered in a family or multimodal format, and the intensity of the program should be matched to the level of risk of the juvenile.
Home telemonitoring for respiratory conditions: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES To provide a systematic review of home telemonitoring for respiratory conditions and to present evidence on its effects in relation to data quality, patient medical condition, utilization of health services, feasibility and use, and economic viability. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review of the literature to identify peer-reviewed articles that reported effects of home telemonitoring for patients with respiratory conditions. METHODS A literature search was conducted on Cochrane and MEDLINE (1966-2007) databases using the following keywords: pulmonary, respiratory, asthma, lung, telemonitoring, telecare, telehealth, telehomecare, and home monitoring. RESULTS Twenty-three studies were found that presented effects of telemonitoring for various pulmonary conditions. Good levels of data validity and reliability were reported, when assessed. However, little quantitative evidence exists about its effects on patient medical condition and utilization of health services. Positive effects on patient behavior were consistently reported. Only 2 studies performed a detailed cost analysis of this approach. CONCLUSIONS Home telemonitoring of respiratory conditions results in early identification of deteriorations in patient condition and symptom control. Positive patient attitude and receptiveness of this approach are promising. However, evidence on the magnitude of clinical and structural effects remains preliminary, with variations in study approaches and an absence of robust study designs and formal evaluations. Assessment of providers' attitudes toward telemonitoring and its effect on their workload is necessary.
High Percentage of Regulatory T Cells before and after Vitamin B12 Treatment in Patients with Pernicious Anemia

Introduction: In some previous studies, vitamin B12 treatment showed immunomodulatory effects and restored the immunological abnormalities in patients with pernicious anemia (PA). In the present study, peripheral blood T cell subsets, including regulatory T cells (Tregs), were examined before and after vitamin B12 treatment in PA patients. Patients and Methods: The percentages of CD4, CD8, Th1, Th2 and Tregs were examined in 23 PA patients before vitamin B12 treatment, in 23 other PA patients after vitamin B12 treatment and in 28 healthy controls. Results: The mean percentage of CD8+ T cells was significantly higher in the control group (23.0%; 95% CI, 20.4-25.6%) than in the pre- (16.0%; 95% CI, 12.1-20.0%) and posttreatment groups (15.2%; 95% CI, 11.8-18.6%; p < 0.05). The CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly lower in the control group (2.01; 95% CI, 1.66-2.34) than in the pre- (3.45; 95% CI, 2.55-7.80) and posttreatment groups (2.97; 95% CI, 2.22-3.72; p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the mean Th1/Th2 ratio among these groups. There were significant increases in the mean percentage of Tregs in the pre- (6.29%; 95% CI, 5.04-7.54%) and posttreatment groups (7.77%; 95% CI, 6.34-9.20%) compared with the control group (4.18%; 95% CI, 3.92-4.47%; p < 0.05). Conclusions: The percentage of Tregs was significantly higher in PA patients than in normal subjects, and this high Treg percentage was not different before and after vitamin B12 treatment. Other immunological alterations also did not recover after vitamin B12 treatment, so that these immunological changes appear to be the cause of PA and are not induced by vitamin B12 deficiency.
[Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prednisolone following extremely high dosage as prednisolone hemisuccinate].

Plasma levels of prednisolone and prednisolone hemisuccinate of volunteers were measured with HPLC following i.v. injections of 1200 and 75 mg of prednisolone, given as the water-soluble hemisuccinate ester. The hemisuccinate ester is hydrolyzed relatively quickly with a plasma half-life between 18 and 25 min, and the resulting prednisolone has a plasma half-life of 3.5-3.7 h. The dose dependency of the pharmacokinetic parameters indicates a partial saturation of the metabolizing enzymes as consequence of the application of the high dose of prednisolone. In saliva no hemisuccinate could be detected. The prednisolone saliva concentration corresponds with those of non-protein-bound prednisolone in plasma measured at the same time. Only minor quantities of intact ester (1-8%) or intact prednisolone (2-4%) are excreted in urine. Following the application of 1200 mg prednisolone the endogenous cortisol level is partially suppressed only 24 h after the i.v. injection; 48 h later the difference from the basis value is not statistically significant. Leukocytosis and granulocytosis are at maximum 24 h after the injection of the high dose, and after 48 h normal values are observed. Lymphocytes and monocytes fall below normal levels for a longer time after 1200 mg compared to 75 mg, the minimum is between 4 and 8 h. Glucose levels are enhanced dose-dependently. They are normalized even after the extremely high dose at 24 h. Sodium, potassium, calcium, plasma proteins, urea, creatinine, hematocrit and hemoglobin showed no significant differences within 48 h following the injections.