Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic adjustment of lexical processing in the lexical decision task: Cross-trial sequence effects

There has been growing interest in dynamic changes in the lexical processing system across trials, which have typically been assessed via linear mixed effect modelling. In the current study, we explore the influence of previous trial lexicality and previous trial perceptual degradation on the effect of lexicality and degradation on the current trial. The results of analyses of three datasets (two previously published studies and a new study) provide evidence for a robust four-way interaction among previous trial lexicality and degradation and current trial lexicality and degradation effects. Discussion emphasizes how priming of relevant dimensions (clear vs. degraded or word vs. nonword) within the experimental context modulates the influence of degradation on the current trial as a function of lexicality. These results suggest that in lexical decision there are robust lingering effects of the previous stimulus and response that carry over to the current stimulus and response, and participants cannot tune task-related systems to only the present trial. Importantly, although these complex relationships are theoretically important regarding lexical and decision level processes, these complexities also reinforce Keith Rayner’s emphasis on on-line eye-tracking measures during reading as the most straightforward window into word-level processes engaged during reading.
Listeners learn phonotactic patterns conditioned on suprasegmental cues

Language learners are sensitive to phonotactic patterns from an early age, and can acquire both simple and 2nd-order positional restrictions contingent on segment identity (e.g., /f/ is an onset with /æ/but a coda with /ɪ/). The present study explored the learning of phonototactic patterns conditioned on a suprasegmental cue: lexical stress. Adults first heard non-words in which trochaic and iambic items had different consonant restrictions. In Experiment 1, participants trained with phonotactic patterns involving natural classes of consonants later falsely recognized novel items that were consistent with the training patterns (legal items), demonstrating that they had learned the stress-conditioned phonotactic patterns. However, this was only true for iambic items. In Experiment 2, participants completed a forced-choice test between novel legal and novel illegal items and were again successful only for the iambic items. Experiment 3 demonstrated learning for trochaic items when they were presented alone. Finally, in Experiment 4, in which the training phase was lengthened, participants successfully learned both sets of phonotactic patterns. These experiments provide evidence that learners consider more global phonological properties in the computation of phonotactic patterns, and that learners can acquire multiple sets of patterns simultaneously, even contradictory ones.
Diminished central nervous 5‐HT neurotransmission and mood self‐ratings in children and adolescents with ADHD: no clear effect of rapid tryptophan depletion

Research on 5‐HT‐functioning in adult patients and healthy subjects using rapid tryptophan depletion (RTD) has indicated weak but stable effects on mood ratings. Altered mood in children and adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can confound the differential diagnosis between severe ADHD and mood disorders such as pediatric bipolar disorder. The present study investigated the effects of RTD induced lowered central nervous 5‐HT‐levels on mood self‐ratings in children with ADHD.
Pulse pressure and isolated systolic hypertension: Association with microalbuminuria

Pulse pressure and isolated systolic hypertension: Association with microalbuminuria. Background The long-term risk of end-stage renal disease is high in persons with isolated systolic hypertension, that is, those with an elevation of pulse pressure and not of diastolic pressure. Other data suggest that pulse pressure is a predictor of the hypertension-induced organ damage. Microalbuminuria is considered an early sign of glomerular damage caused by hypertension. The study shows the relationship of pulse pressure and isolated systolic hypertension to microalbuminuria in nondiabetic subjects. Methods This is a cross sectional analysis for a population sample of 677 men and 890 women, aged 45 to 64 years, who were without diabetes mellitus and macroalbuminuria. Data collection included: overnight urinary albumin and creatinine excretion; fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol, and creatinine; creatinine clearance; and blood pressure, weight, height, medical history, and smoking habit. Pulse pressure was calculated as systolic minus diastolic pressure. Isolated systolic hypertension was defined as systolic pressure ≥140 mm Hg in persons not on antihypertensive drugs and with diastolic pressure Results Pulse pressure and isolated systolic hypertension were significantly related to urinary albumin excretion and the prevalence of microalbuminuria in univariate and multivariate analyses. Controlling for gender and other variables, the risk of microalbuminuria was 1.71 with a 15 mm Hg higher pulse pressure (95% CI, 1.31 to 2.22) and 4.95 in the presence of isolated systolic hypertension (95% CI, 3.15 to 7.76). Conclusions In nondiabetic, middle-aged adults, pulse pressure and isolated systolic hypertension are directly related to microalbuminuria, independent of diastolic pressure and other correlates.
The impact of emotion on numerical estimation: A developmental perspective

Recent literature has revealed underestimation effects in numerical judgments when adult participants are presented with emotional stimuli (as opposed to neutral). Whether these numerical biases emerge early in development however, or instead reflect overt, learned responses to emotional stimuli across development are unclear. Moreover, reported links between numerical acuity and mathematics achievement point to the importance of exploring how numerical approximation abilities in childhood may be influenced in real-world affective contexts. In this study, children (aged 6-10 years) and adults were presented with happy and neutral facial stimuli in the context of a numerical bisection task. Results reveal that children, like adults, underestimate number following emotional (i.e., happy) faces (relative to neutral). However, children’s, but not adult’s, responses were also significantly more precise following emotional stimuli. In a second experiment, adult judgments revealed a similar increase in precision following emotional stimuli when numerical discriminations were more challenging (involving larger sets). Together, results are the first to reveal children, like adults, underestimate number in the context of emotional stimuli and this underestimation bias is accompanied with enhanced response precision.
One-year Growth Hormone (GH) Treatment in Children with Non-endocrine Short Stature

The effect of one year of human growth hormone (hGH) treatment on height velocity, height SDS, height velocity SDS and bone age was studied in 71 children with non-endocrine short stature. At the start of hGH treatment, mean chronological age (CA) was 8.75 yr, mean bone age (BA) 6.63, mean height SDS -3.09SD, mean height velocity 4.4 cm/yr, mean height velocity SDS for CA -1.66SD and mean height velocity SDS for BA was -2.19SD. Subjects were divided into four groups: 22 cases with familial short stature (M 14, F 8). 16 cases with SFD short stature (M 11, F 5), 5 cases with both familial and SFD short stature (M 5), and 28 cases with idiopathic short stature (M 20, F 8). There was no significant difference in height SDS, height velocity, mean peak GH and mean sleep GH before treatment among these four groups. The children received rhGH at a dose of 0.5U/kg/week 6-7 times a week subcutaneously.During hGH treatment, 8 cases developed pubertal sign. Since there was no significant difference in the effect hGH treatment between prepubertal group and pubertal group, both group were analyzed together. After one-year hGH treatment, mean height SDS increased significantly to -2.63SD (+0.44SD), mean height velocity to 7M5 cm/yr (+2.63cm/yr), height velocity SDS for CA to+ L62 SD (+3.84SD) and height velocity SDS for BA to +1.63SD (+ 3.845D). There was no significant difference in these values among four groups. During hGH treatment, plasma IGF- I levels increased significantly, but serum osteocalcin levels remained at the same level. Bone age advanced 1.57 years and height age advanced 1.20 years during one-year hGH treatment. The mean ratio of δ bone age/δ height age was 1.34. The effectiveness judged by δheight velocity ≥2cm was 67.6% and that was 62.0% judged by Aheight velocity SDS≥2.5SD. There was no significant difference in these effectiveness among four groups.Short-term hGH treatment was useful in children with non-endocrine short stature. However, long-term effects remained to be clarified.
Breaking magic: Foreign language suppresses superstition

In three studies, we found that reading information in a foreign language can suppress common superstitious beliefs. Participants read scenarios in either their native or a foreign language. In each scenario, participants were asked to imagine performing an action (e.g., submitting a job application) under a superstitious circumstance (e.g., broken mirror, four-leaf clover) and to rate how they would feel. Overall, foreign language prompted less negative feelings towards bad-luck scenarios and less positive feelings towards good-luck scenarios, while it exerted no influence on non-superstitious, control scenarios. We attribute these findings to language-dependent memory. Superstitious beliefs are typically acquired and used in contexts involving the native language. As a result, the native language evokes them more forcefully than a foreign language.
The effects of self-involvement on attention, arousal, and facial expression during social interaction with virtual others: A psychophysiological study

Abstract Social neuroscience has shed light on the underpinnings of understanding other minds. The current study investigated the effect of self-involvement during social interaction on attention, arousal, and facial expression. Specifically, we sought to disentangle the effect of being personally addressed from the effect of decoding the meaning of another person's facial expression. To this end, eye movements, pupil size, and facial electromyographic (EMG) activity were recorded while participants observed virtual characters gazing at them or looking at someone else. In dynamic animations, the virtual characters then displayed either socially relevant facial expressions (similar to those used in everyday life situations to establish interpersonal contact) or arbitrary facial movements. The results show that attention allocation, as assessed by eye-tracking measurements, was specifically related to self-involvement regardless of the social meaning being conveyed. Arousal, as measured by pupil size, was primarily related to perceiving the virtual character's gender. In contrast, facial EMG activity was determined by the perception of socially relevant facial expressions irrespective of whom these were directed towards.
Autism Spectrum Disorders in Infants and Toddlers: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment

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Prejudice and the Medical Profession: A Five-Year Update

Over the past decades the mortality rate in the United States has decreased and life expectancy has increased. Yet a number of recent studies have drawn Americans attention to the fact that racial and ethnic disparities persist in health care. It is clear that the U.S. health care system is not only flawed for many reasons including basic injustices, but may be the cause of both injury and death for members of racial and ethnic minorities. In 2002, an Institute of Medicine (IOM) report requested by Congress listed more than 100 studies documenting a wide range of disparities in the United States health care system. This report found that people belonging to racial and ethnic minorities often receive lower quality of health care than do people of European descent, even when their medical insurance coverage and income levels are the same as that of the latter.
Neural responses to perceiving suffering in humans and animals

The human ability to perceive and understand others' suffering is critical to reinforcing and maintaining our social bonds. What is not clear, however, is the extent to which this generalizes to nonhuman entities. Anecdotal evidence indicates that people may engage in empathy-like processes when observing suffering nonhuman entities, but psychological research suggests that we more readily empathize with those to whom we are closer and more similar. In this research, we examined neural responses in participants while they were presented with pictures of human versus dog suffering. We found that viewing human and animal suffering led to large overlapping regions of activation previously implicated in empathic responding to suffering, including the anterior cingulate gyrus and anterior insula. Direct comparisons of viewing human and animal suffering also revealed differences such that human suffering yielded significantly greater medial prefrontal activation, consistent with high-level theory of mind, whereas animal suffering yielded significantly greater parietal and inferior frontal activation, consistent with more semantic evaluation and perceptual simulation.
Associations between oxytocin-related genes and autistic-like traits

Oxytocin has repeatedly been shown to influence human behavior in social contexts; also, a relationship between oxytocin and the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been suggested. In the present study, we investigated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the oxytocin gene (OXT) and the genes for single-minded 1 (SIM1), aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) and cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) in a population of 1771 children from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS). Statistical analyses were performed to investigate any association between SNPs and autistic-like traits (ALTs), measured through ASD scores in the Autism-Tics, ADHD and other Co-morbidities inventory. Firstly, we found a statistically significant association between the SIM1 SNP rs3734354 (Pro352Thr) and scores for language impairment (p = .0004), but due to low statistical power this should be interpreted cautiously. Furthermore, nominal associations were found between ASD scores and SNPs in OXT, ARNT2 and CD38. In summary, the present study lends support to the hypothesis that oxytocin and oxytocin neuron development may have an influence on the development of ALTs and suggests a new candidate gene in the search for the pathophysiology of ASD.
On the neglected role of stereotypes in empathy toward other-race pain

Recent studies on empathy toward other-race individuals demonstrate a preferential neural response to own-race members’ pain. Based on the observation that existing studies, using different techniques, did not provide a convergent scenario on how implicit racial prejudice relate to empathy in cross-racial contexts, in the current commentary we claim that future efforts in this domain should distinguish between processes of racial prejudice and racial stereotypes. These concepts have been differentiated in social psychology, and two independent measures have been provided to assess them. We propose that these aspects should be taken into further consideration in future studies to fully understand the social neuroscience of empathy in cross-racial contexts.
Investigação epidemiológica de, um novo caso de leishmaniose visceral ocorrido na Grande São Paulo, Brasil

Descreve-se uma investigacao epidemiologica realizada em zona urbana do municipio de Sao Paulo, Brasil, para esclarecer um caso de leishmaniose visceral ocorrido em crianca de 2 anos de idade, nascida e sempre residente no local. Afastou-se a possibilidade de transmissao por via transfusional e por vetor biologico, tendo como base os dados levantados da anamnese do doente, os resultados de inqueritos realizados na area em populacao humana, utilizando testes de imunofluorescencia indireta, hemaglutinacao passiva e intradermoreacao de Montenegro, em populacao canina com o teste de imunofluorescencia indireta, alem de pesquisa entomologica em mata residual.
Nosocomial outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritidis with unusual clinical-epidemiological features

Literature reports about Norovirus outbreaks, especially in hospitals, have accumulated in the past years, including patients and health workers.This report describes a small outbreak by Norovirus which occurred in USC Urology with unusual clinical-epidemiological features.The clinical course was unusual, as it presented no vomiting and duration of diarrhoea was unusually long (4-6 days) with the lack of involvement of health workers.The search for the virus was done with immunoassay method RIDASCREEN 2a generation on 11/19 patients (58%) with gastroenteritis symptoms, and 3/11 samples (27%) were positive. The molecular investigation by RT/PCR with diagnostic primers JV12 and JV13 on the polymerase region, carried out at the Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, gave negative results while the RT/PCR using primers GIISKR and GIISKF, which amplify a fragment of the capsid region, was positive in 4/11 samples (36%) showing a correlation of 2/4 samples (50%) with RIDASCREEN immunoassay test. Our observations confirm the usefulness of immunoassay tests and the need to extend the molecular methods using different diagnostic primers. In outbreaks of gastroenteritis the microbiologist should consider the detection of Norovirus in diagnostic routine, as a positive result requires prevention measures to avoid also the spreading by droplets when vomiting is present.
Neuroanatomical correlates of individual differences in social anxiety in a non-clinical population

Socially anxious individuals are characterized as those with distorted negative self-beliefs (NSBs), which are thought to enhance reactions of social distress (emotional reactivity) and social avoidance (social functioning). However, it remains unclear whether individual differences in social distress and social avoidance are represented by differences in brain morphometry. To probe into these neural correlates, we analyzed magnetic resonance images of a sample of 130 healthy subjects and used the Connectome Computation System (CCS) to evaluate these factors. The results showed that social distress was correlated with the cortical volume of the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the subcortical volume of the left amygdala, while social avoidance was correlated with the cortical volume of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Additionally, loneliness might mediate the relationship between the amygdala volume and the social distress score. Our results demonstrated that social distress and social avoidance were represented by segregated cortical regions in the healthy individuals. These findings might provide a valuable basis for understanding the stable brain structures underlying individual differences in social anxiety.
Fatores de risco associados a doenças respiratórias em potros Puro Sangue Inglês do nascimento ao sexto mês de vida

Risk factors associated the occurrence of respiratory diseases they were evaluated between 349 Thoroughbred foals, monitored of the birth to the sixth month of life in the region of Bage-RS-Brazil. From the laboratory and clinical evaluation, the frequency of 9.5% (33) of respiratory cases with mortality of 0.57% (2) was recorded. The occurrence of cases was higher in months of summer and foals with age between four and six months were more susceptible (P<0.001). The development of the diseases was influenced (P<0.001) by the breeding system of and management practices that increased the environmental contamination potential. In the evaluation microbiological, , the highest frequency of isolated was of Streptococcus equi (57%), followed by the Rhodococcus equi (17%), lethal in 50% of the cases. No clinic case was associated to the equine influenza virus (EIV) and to the equine herpesvirus (EHV-1-4). The results suggest that connected factors to the management in the breeding of thoroughbred equine are going to contribute decisively for the manifestation of the respiratory disease and alert for the morbidity caused by the equine adenitis and the lethality related to rodococosis.
The overlap between false belief and spatial reorientation in the temporo-parietal junction: The role of input modality and task

ABSTRACT Neuroimaging research has demonstrated that the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) is activated when unexpected stimuli appear in spatial reorientation tasks as well as during thinking about the beliefs of other people triggered by verbal scenarios. While the role of potential common component processes subserved by the TPJ has been extensively studied to explain this common activation, the potential confounding role of input modality (spatial vs. verbal) has been largely ignored. To investigate the role of input modality apart from task processes, we developed a novel spatial false belief task based on moving shapes. We explored the overlap in TPJ activation across this novel task and traditional tasks of spatial reorientation (Posner) and verbal belief (False Belief vs. Photo stories). The results show substantial overlap across the same spatial input modality (both reorientation and false belief) as well as across the common task process (verbal and spatial belief), but no triple overlap. This suggests the potential for an overarching function of the TPJ, with some degree of specialization in different subregions due to modality, function and connectivity. The results are discussed with respect to recent theoretical models of the TPJ.
Norovírus: uma visão geral

Although noroviruses (NoVs) were the first viral agents linked to gastrointestinal disease, for a long time they have been considered secondary cause of gastroenteritis, second to rotaviruses as etiologic agents. The development of molecular techniques in diagnosing NoV provided a clearer insight into the epidemiological impact of these viruses, which are currently recognized not only as the leading cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks, but also as a major cause of sporadic gastroenteritis in both children and adults. This review focuses on the required knowledge to understand their morphology, genetics, transmission, pathogenesis, and control. Since no vaccine is available, prevention of NoV infection relies mainly on strict community and personal hygiene measures.