Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cratering on Gaspra

Abstract Galileo flyby images of 951 Gaspra show a crater population dominated by fresh craters several hundred meters in diameter and smaller. They must represent a production population because their spatial density is low (few overlaps) and because degraded craters are underabundant; equilibrium may be attained at diameters near to or below the resolution limit of the best image. We have counted, measured, and classified craters from the highest resolution, “high phase” image, which shows >600 craters in 90 km2. The differential population index (0.2–0.6 km) for the fresh, obvious craters is very “steep” (−4.3 ± 0.3). It probably reflects the index of asteroidal projectiles; it is much steeper than the theoretical value of −3.5 for collisional equilibrium. Gaspra's crater population differs from that observed on Phobos but resembles those observed on the Moon and Mars at these sizes (consistent also with the near-Earth asteroid population). Gaspra's fresh craters are superposed on a landscape that appears “smoothed” at a vertical scale of hundreds of meters. Some “soft,” subdued crater-like features, commonly ∼>500 m across, are visible. Some of these are associated with the linear grooves on Gaspra and may be endogenic features. Many others are probably pre-existing impact craters deeply blanketed or otherwise much degraded. Gaspra's largest-scale shape is highly irregular, perhaps faceted. The biggest facet exceeds the largest crater (relative to body radius) ever observed on a satellite or expected from collisional fragmentation models. Facets cannot be successive crater-forming impacts; later scars would have destroyed earlier ones. Far-encounter images show a more lumpy than faceted visage of Gaspra; two craters are ∼3 km in diameter, but not even half the radius of Gaspra. We expect that Gaspra was created by collisional fragmentation of a larger parent body. Its gross configuration may reflect collisional spallation of the parent. Certainly, megaregolithic processes of reaccumulation and blanketing and/or shaking are evident, due to subsequent sub-catastrophic collisions. Gaspra's subdued craters peek through the effects of the last such collision. That smoothed surface has been cratered ever since by the steep production function, which, however must become shallower again below 10 m. Since the overall density of fresh craters is low, Gaspra must be relatively youthful. Scaled to a calculated 0.5 Gyr age for bodies of its size, based on asteroid collision models and assuming that Gaspra does not have metallic strength, its cratering lifetime is ∼0.2 Gyr, with large modeling uncertainties. The cumulative volume of all visible craters could create a regolith only
Radio Continuum Imaging of High-redshift Radio Galaxies

We present sensitive radio continuum observations at high resolution of 37 radio galaxies at z > 2. The observations were made with the Very Large Array (VLA) at 4.7 and 8.2 GHz, with typical resolutions of 0. ″45 and 0. ″25, respectively. Images of total and polarized intensity, and spectral index, are presented. Values for total and polarized intensity, and values of rotation measures, are tabulated for the hot spots in each source. The positions of the radio nuclei are tabulated along with a variety of other source parameters. Analysis of the polarization data reveals large rotation measures (RMs) towards seven sources. We argue that the RMs are due to magnetized, ionized gas local to the radio sources. The magnitude of the RMs are in excess of 1000 rad m-2 (rest frame) for these sources. Drawing an analogy to a class of lower redshift radio galaxies with extreme RMs, we speculate that these sources may be at the centers of dense X-ray emitting cluster atmospheres.
Quantum Theoretic QSAR of Benzene Derivatives: Some Enzyme Inhibitors

Our previously developed approach to the development of QSAR equations for benzene derivatives, originally for phenylalkylamine hallucinogens, has been applied to four new systems: sulfonamide inhibitors of the enzymes carbonic anhydrase, thrombin, trypsin, and Clostridium histolyticum collagenase. The novel features involve the energies and nodal orientations of π-like orbitals, and an allowance for the symmetry of the benzene nucleus. The resulting equations give better fits, better predictivity and are more easily interpretable than those resulting from traditional QSAR methods.
Design and simulation of an inductive link using fully integrated receiver coil in biomedical implants

In this paper, an inductive link using an on-chip stacked square receiver coil (outer diameter of approximately 6 mm) is presented. An SOS (silicon on sapphire) process is employed to enhance the biocompatibility and to ensure a possible maximum power transfer. The capacitor used to build the LC tank for the receiver coil is also integrated on chip. With a carrier frequency of approximately 13MHz, the power module was able to reach 21% power transfer efficiency. With no requirement for external capacitors, this finding has shown the potential of fully integrated components with ultra-small size in the application of energy transfer in the field of biomedical implants.
Spectral Methods - Part 2: A comparative study of reduced order models for moisture transfer diffusive problems

This paper explores in details the capabilities of two model reduction techniques - the Spectral Reduced Order Model (Spectral-ROM) and the Proper Generalised Decomposition (PGD) - to numerically solve moisture diffusion problems. Both techniques assume separated tensorial representation of the solution by a finite sum of function products. The Spectral-ROM fixes a set of spatial basis functions to be the Chebyshev polynomials and then, a system of ordinary differential equations is built to compute the temporal coefficients of the solution using the Galerkin projection method, while the PGD aims at computing directly the basis of functions by minimising the residual. Both approaches are compared for three different cases: i) linear transfer; ii) parametric problems and iii) nonlinear diffusive transfer. Results have highlighted that both numerical techniques provide accurate solution and enable to reduce significantly the order of the model, allowing a fast computation of physical phenomena such as the moisture buffer effects that occur in porous building materials. For the linear and nonlinear cases, the Spectral-ROM error decreases faster than the one for the PGD. Moreover, fewer modes are required for the Spectral to compute a solution with equivalent accuracy. However, for the parametric case, the PGD computed a reduced order model whose outputs depend not only on the coordinates of space and time x and t, but also on the coordinate of the parameter belonging to a defined interval. On the other hand, the outputs of the Spectral-ROM depend only on the coordinates of space and time. The solution of the parametric problem is obtained by computing the solution for each numerical value of a given parameter within the defined interval.
Merck's recall of rofecoxib--a strategic perspective.

When Merck announced the voluntary withdrawal of Vioxx on September 30, 2004, its stock price collapsed, wiping out more than a quarter of the company's market value in a single day. Felix Oberholzer-Gee and S. Noorein Inamdar discuss Merck's business strategy.
Multi-Channel Coherent Radar Depth Sounding of Jakobshavn Isbræ and its catchment

Glaciers and ice sheets play a significant role in climate research due to their potential effect on sea level rise. Scientists modeling ice sheets are currently limited by the lack of data for key study areas. One of the most important parameters controlling glacier flow is bed topography. For this reason, over the past five years the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS) has developed a series of airborne ice penetrating radar systems to aid in mapping bed topography. In 2008, CReSIS collected airborne radar data over a 320 km × 160 km grid in the Jakobshavn catchment, West Greenland, using a Multi-Channel Coherent Radar Depth Sounder. This data grid was processed using a synthetic aperture algorithm to perform along track migration. The resulting data set was loaded into Seismic Micro-Technology's Kingdom Suite Software package. The bed return, as well as several internal layers, was interpreted in order to produce a map for glacier modeling applications. We were able to image the main Jakobshavn Isbræ channel; in addition two tributary channels were discovered. The internal layer interpretation reveals evidence that ice flow within the catchment of Jakobshavn Isbræ differs significantly from what is predicted by most models.
The First High-Resolution X-Ray Spectrum of Cygnus X-1: Soft X-Ray Ionization and Absorption

We observed the black hole candidate Cyg X-1 for 15 ks with the High-Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer aboard the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. The source was observed during a period of intense flaring activity, so it was about a factor of 2.5 brighter than usual, with a 0.5-10 keV (1-24 Å) luminosity of 1.6 × 1037 ergs s-1 (at a distance of 2.5 kpc). The spectrum of the source shows prominent absorption edges, some of which have a complicated substructure. We use the most recent results from laboratory measurements and calculations to model the observed substructure of the edges. From the model, we derive a total absorption column of (6.21 ± 0.22) × 1021 cm-2. Furthermore, the results indicate that there are ~ 10%-25% abundance variations relative to solar values for neon, oxygen, and iron. The X-ray continuum is well described by a two-component model that is often adopted for black hole candidates: a soft multicolor disk component (with kT = 203 eV) and a hard power-law component (with a photon index of ~2). Comparing the fit results to those of the hard and soft states, we conclude that the source was in a transitional state. Finally, the spectrum also shows the presence of faint emission lines, which could be attributed to highly ionized species.
Analysis of Driver Drowsiness Detection System by using Soft Computing

This report presents an automatic drowsy driver recognition and accident prevention system that is based on facial expressions changes. The key reason of traffic incidents could be because of drowsiness due to the number of years driving. Examining the facial expression can provide offer the prediction of driver’s drowsiness to create the caution for the driver. Therefore, this report presents the drowsiness recognition approach for applying in vehicles. Our approach is accomplished by having a driver’s facial image, searching the facial characteristics by image handling and analyzing the driver’s drowsiness stage by utilizing hybrid technique.
System for Storage and Management of EEG/ERP Experiments - Generation of Ontology

This paper shortly describes the system, which provides the possibility to store and manage data and metadata from EEG/ERP experiments. The system is planned to be registered as a source of neuroscience data and metadata. It is one of the reasons we need to provide the system ontology. The scientific papers often describe the domain by using a semantic web language and consider this kind of domain modelling as a crucial point of software solution. However, real software applications use up the underlying data structures such as relational database and object classes. That is why the fundamental differences in semantics between common data structures (relational database, object oriented code) were summarized. The existing tools in semantic web domain were studied and partially tested. The first transformations from the system relational database and object oriented code were performed.
Intelligent multi-agent system for smart microgrid energy management

In this paper, an intelligent energy management is presented for distributed structure such as a smart microgrid MG that can operate in islanded or connected mode with the main grid. To model this MG, a multi-agent is proposed. This system is based on wind power prediction and fuzzy logic control for storage device. The goal of the MAS is to control the amount of power delivered or taken from the main grid in order to reduce the cost and maximise the benefit, to achieve the mentioned goal, the neural network is proposed to predict the amount of electricity that will be produced for the next hour and fuzzy logic control for the battery to taking a reasonable decision about storing or selling electricity, finally and for the simulation, the jade platform has been used to show the impact of using the proposed system.
Neoadjuvant therapy with interleukin-12-loaded polylactic acid microspheres reduces local recurrence and distant metastases.

BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that the intratumoral injection of biodegradable polylactic acid microspheres that were loaded with interleukin (IL)-12 can induce a systemic antitumor immunity. We sought to investigate the clinical potential as neoadjuvant therapy. METHODS Mice were inoculated with 5 x 10(7) Line-1 cells subcutaneously. Six days later, a single intratumoral injection of IL-12- or BSA-loaded microspheres were given; 14 days later, autopsy was performed to document metastases. Mice were inoculated with 5 x 10(7) Line-1 cells and 10 days later either treated with IL-12- or BSA-loaded microspheres or resected. Treated tumors were resected 6 days after treatment. Mice were observed 45 days for local recurrence before autopsy. RESULTS Intratumoral injection of IL-12 microspheres resulted in significant suppression of tumor growth compared with controls (599 +/- 255 mm(3) vs 1591 +/- 372 mm(3); P =. 001) and pulmonary metastases (0.4 vs 3.8 nodules per mouse; P =.003). Given before the operation, IL-12-loaded microspheres both decreased the local recurrence rate (100% to 40%) and pulmonary metastases (5.2 vs 0.6 nodules per mouse; P =.06). Earlier resection did not improve local recurrence or distant metastases. CONCLUSIONS Intratumoral injection of IL-12-loaded polylactic acid microspheres promotes the development of systemic antitumor immunity that can eradicate micrometastases. As a neoadjuvant therapy, this can result in decreased local and distant recurrence.
Effect of microbial cell‐free meat extract on the growth of spoilage bacteria

Aims: This study examined the effect of microbial cell‐free meat extract (CFME) derived from spoiled meat, in which quorum sensing (QS) compounds were present, on the growth kinetics (lag phase, and growth rate) of two spoilage bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Serratia marcescens.
Evidence supporting a tethered tracking model for helicase activity of Escherichia coli Rho factor.

Transcription termination factor Rho of Escherichia coli has an ATP-dependent RNA.DNA helicase activity that presumably facilitates RNA transcript release from the elongation complex. This helicase activity is unidirectional (5' to 3') and is stoichiometric, with one RNA molecule released per Rho hexamer in vitro. A simple RNA tracking model postulates that after Rho's initial binding, it translocates preferentially toward the 3' end of the RNA. Nitrocellulose filter binding studies combined with RNase H cleavage are inconsistent with this simple tracking model. Instead, they support a model in which Rho forms tight primary binding interactions with the recognition region of the RNA and remains bound there while transient secondary RNA binding interactions coupled to ATP hydrolysis serve to scan along the RNA to contact the RNA.DNA helix. This "tethered tracking" model is consistent with other properties of Rho factor, including the presence of two classes of RNA binding sites on the Rho hexamer and the 1:1 stoichiometry in the Rho helicase assay.
Platelets are not critical effector cells for the time course of murine passive crescentic glomerulonephritis

Although platelets are well-known effector cells of inflammatory renal disease, clinical studies were not able to establish platelet inhibition as an effective therapy. Our previous studies using Vasodilator stimulated Phosphoprotein- and P2Y1-deficient mice suggested some early, but no long-term effects of platelets in passive crescentic glomerulonephritis. To define the role of platelets for this disease model, passive crescentic glomerulonephritis was induced in 72 C57Bl/6 mice by intraperitoneal injection of sheep anti-rabbit glomerular basement membrane antibody on 2 consecutive days. Platelets were depleted using anti-glycoprotein Ibα antibodies (p0p3/p0p4) every 4th day. Mice treated with equal amounts of sterile Phosphate buffered solution or rat-IgG served as controls. Blood, urine, and tissues were harvested on days 3 and 28. Renal tissue sections were evaluated after immunostaining using (semi)quantitative and computer-assisted image analysis. Compared to controls, efficient depletion was achieved as indicated by a markedly prolonged bleeding time and a more than 90% reduction in platelet counts (800/nl vs. 42/nl; P < 0.001). Functional (creatinine-clearance and proteinuria) parameters demonstrated no significant differences between the groups. Neither parameters of renal injury (glomerulosclerosis and fibrosis) nor glomerular/tubulointerstitial matrix expansion (by collagen IV staining), glomerular capillary rarefaction (lectin staining), and the glomerular/tubulointerstitial proliferative response (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) demonstrated any differences between platelet-depleted mice and PBS- or rat-IgG-treated nephritic mice at any time point. Despite effective platelet inhibition/depletion, neither the short- nor long-term course of passive crescentic nephrotoxic nephritis was affected. These data indicate that platelets play a minor role during the time course of this disease model in the mouse.
Prostaglandin Endoperoxide H Synthases (Cyclooxygenases)-1 and −2*

Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases (PGHSs) catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid and O2 to PGH2, the committed step in prostanoid biosynthesis (Fig. 1) (1). Before 1991, only one PGHS had been described, the isozyme now called PGHS-1, COX-1 (for cyclooxygenase-1) or the constitutive enzyme. At that time Simmons and Herschman and their colleagues discovered mRNAs whose expression was induced in chicken and mouse fibroblasts in response to src and tumor-promoting phorbol esters, respectively, and which encoded proteins having 60% amino acid sequence identity with PGHS-1. Subsequent work has shown that the new protein, called PGHS-2, COX-2 or the inducible isoform, is very similar to PGHS-1 in structure but differs substantially from PGHS-1 with respect to its pattern of expression and its biology. The reason for the existence of the two PGHS isozymes is unknown. However, PGHS-1 and -2 are often coexpressed in the same cell and may act as parts of separate prostanoid biosynthetic systems that function somewhat independently to channel prostanoids to the extracellular milieu and the nucleus, respectively. PGHS-1 and -2 are interesting in the context of both structural biology and enzymology in that they are homodimeric, heme-containing, glycosylated proteins with two catalytic sites. Moreover, the enzymes have a novel mechanism for membrane attachment; they are anchored to one leaflet of the lipid bilayer through the hydrophobic surfaces of amphipathic helices rather than through transmembrane motifs typical of many integral membrane proteins. The isozymes are also important pharmacologically as targets of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (2). For example, aspirin acts via PGHS-1 to inhibit platelet thromboxane A2 formation and as a clinical consequence lowers the relative risk for mortality from cardiovascular disease (3). PGHS-2 is the relevant target of NSAIDs acting to inhibit inflammation (4, 5), fever (5), pain (4), and probably colon cancer (6–8). NSAID therapy may even retard the development of Alzheimer’s disease (9) although it is not clear which PGHS isozyme may be involved. In this review we compare and contrast PGHS-1 and -2 in the context of the regulation of expression of the two enzymes, the mechanisms of enzyme catalysis, and the biological significance of having two PGHSs.
Effect of level of supplemental chromium on performance, serum constituents, and immune status of stressed feeder calves.

The effects of level of supplemental Cr from high-Cr yeast on performance, blood chemistry profile, morbidity, and immune status were investigated using 84 Charolais-crossed steer calves in a completely randomized design. Calves of 236-kg average weight, after transportation from Saskatchewan to Ontario, were randomly assigned to four treatments; 0, . 2, . 5, and 1 ppm of supplemental Cr, incorporated into a corn-silage diet. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture at d 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 and analyzed for metabolites, minerals, immunoglobulins, hematocrit (Hct), and leucocyte counts. Hemagglutinating antibody titers to human red blood cells (HRBC) were quantified after immunizations on d 0 and 14. Contact sensitivity after sensitization and challenge with dinitrochlorobenzene was also measured. A 27% increase (P < .05) in ADG was observed at d 30 for calves that were fed . 2 and 1 ppm of supplemental Cr. Dry matter intake also increased (P < .05) for the . 2- and 1-ppm Cr treatments. A linear decrease (P < .05) in serum cortisol with increasing Cr level was observed at d 28. Chromium supplementation decreased (P < .05) morbidity, as well as rectal temperatures at d 2 and 5. Peak primary antibody titers to HRBC (P < .05) and immunoglobulin G1 concentrations (P = .06) at d 14 were higher for steers that received the Cr supplementation. However, Cr treatment had no effect on expression of contact sensitivity. Chromium supplementation increased (P < .05) Hct on d 14 and 21 and serum Ca and Mg on d 7. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Unit of analysis errors should be clarified in meta-analyses

EDITOR—Weingarten et al present a comprehensive study in what is a complex area of research.1 We were, however, unclear whether any of the included primary studies had unit of analysis errors and how the authors dealt with such studies in their meta-analysis. Unit of analysis errors occur in cluster randomised trials when individual patients' data …