Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Euler-Lagrange Verfahren zur Simulation tropfenbeladener Strömung in einem Verdichtergitter

Bei modernen Gasturbinen ist die Wassereindusung im kompressorseitigen Ansaugkanal mittlerweile weit verbreitet. Zielsetzung ist die Kompensation witterungsbedingter Leistungsschwankungen bzw. eine gezielte Leistungssteigerung. Bei High-Fogging-Systemen gelangen Tropfen in den beschaufelten Bereich des Verdichters und fuhren dort zu anspruchsvollen technischen Problemstellungen. So beeinflusst das eingeduste Wasser die Zu- und Abstromcharakteristik der in der Regel im trockenen Zustand ausgelegten Verdichterstufen, was schlieslich zu einer Reduktion des Stufen- und Gesamtwirkungsgrades fuhren kann. Weiterhin konnen die auf rotierende Bauteile auftreffenden Tropfen erosive Schaden verursachen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Programm entwickelt, welches uber einen Euler-Lagrange-Ansatz ermoglicht, Partikel- oder Tropfenbewegungen unter den in Axialverdichtern von Gasturbinen vorherrschenden Hochgeschwindigkeitsbedingungen zu simulieren. Es werden dabei nahezu alle relevanten Phanomene, wie turbulente Dispersion von Tropfen, Einfluss von Tropfenverformungen auf das Bewegungsverhalten, stromungsinduzierter Sekundarzerfall, Zerfall von Tropfen an festen Oberflachen sowie Tropfenverdampfung berucksichtigt. Das entwickelte Programm kommuniziert mit dem kommerziellen Stromungsloser CFX 5.7. 1 uber die dort zur Verfugung gestellte Nutzer-Schnittstelle. Dadurch sind voll gekoppelte Rechnungen moglich, bei denen die Tropfenphase das Stromungsbild des Kontinuums beeinflusst. Das Programm selbst bleibt dabei speichertechnisch eigenstandig, was Vorteile in der Modellierung von Zerfallsprozessen von Tropfen mit sich bringt, da Speicher entsprechend der Anzahl bei einem Zerfall entstehender Sekundartropfen dynamisch allokiert werden kann. Der Loser der Bewegungsgleichung und die implementierten Modelle zeichnen sich durch Stabilitat, Effizienz, und grostmogliche Flexibilitat aus. So werden beispielsweise neben rein hexaedrischen Rechennetzen auch Tetraedernetze mit prismatischen Wandschichten, oder Kombinationen aus Gittern mit den Elementtypen Hexaeder, Prisma, Pyramide und Tetraeder beherrscht. Die implementierten Modelle werden verschiedenen Validierungstests unterzogen bevor im letzten Teil der Arbeit der Kaskadenprufstand des Laboratoriums fur Stromungsmaschinen der Helmut-Schmidt-Universitat / Universitat der Bundeswehr Hamburg numerisch untersucht wird. Neben einer gesamtheitlichen Betrachtung des Kanals, werden Teileinheiten sowohl mit, als auch ohne Wassereindusung gesondert untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchungen steht das Verhalten der Tropfen im Stromungsnahfeld der Schaufeln. Im Vergleich mit den am Laboratorium durchgefuhrten experimentellen Untersuchungen geben die Rechnungen Ruckschlusse auf den Einfluss der oben erwahnten Phanomene.
Longitudinal colour doppler study of superficial lymph nodes in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients on chemotherapy.

AIMS/METHODS A longitudinal study of 22 malignant lymph nodes by colour Doppler (CD) and/or colour power (CP) ultrasonography was undertaken in 12 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients to delineate changes in vascularity, and correlate this response with clinical outcome. RESULTS Reduced vascularity in response to chemotherapy was shown to be a positive prognostic sign. CONCLUSIONS More persistent nodal vascularity may signify a less favourable prognosis.
Chemical characterization of an antimicrobial substance produced by Lactobacillus reuteri

Lactobacillus reuteri converts glycerol into a potent cell growth inhibitor. This substance, termed reuterin, inhibits the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as yeasts, fungi, and protozoa. Semipreparative chromatography was used to purify reuterin, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to establish the molecular weight as well as the molecular functionality of the reuterin molecule. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of purified reuterin carried out with deuterium oxide confirmed the presence of two three-carbon compounds, beta-hydroxypropionaldehyde and the corresponding hydrated acetal, and a six-carbon cyclic dimer of the aldehyde. Further nuclear magnetic resonance studies with deuterated methanol revealed that in this solvent the compound existed as a three-carbon compound in a methoxy form. Trimethylsilyl derivatives of reuterin were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and a molecule was identified which had a molecular weight corresponding to a disilylated dimeric structure. On the basis of the above information, reuterin was determined to be an equilibrium mixture of monomeric, hydrated monomeric, and cyclic dimeric forms of beta-hydroxypropionaldehyde. This was subsequently confirmed by chemical synthesis.
Bayesian multivariate meta‐analysis with multiple outcomes

There has been a recent growth in developments of multivariate meta‐analysis. We extend the methodology of Bayesian multivariate meta‐analysis to the situation when there are more than two outcomes of interest, which is underexplored in the current literature. Our objective is to meta‐analyse summary data from multiple outcomes simultaneously, accounting for potential dependencies among the data. One common issue is that studies do not all report all of the outcomes of interests, and we take an approach relying on marginal modelling of only the reported data. We employ a separation prior for the between‐study variance–covariance matrix, which offers an improvement on the conventional inverse‐Wishart prior, showing robustness in estimation and flexibility in incorporating prior information. Particular challenges arise when the number of outcomes is large relative to the number of studies because the number of parameters in the variance–covariance matrix can become substantial and there can be very little information with which to estimate between‐study correlation coefficients. We explore assumptions that reduce the number of parameters in this matrix, including assumptions of homogenous variances, homogenous correlations for certain outcomes and positive correlation coefficients. We illustrate the methods with an example data set from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CANDIDAL INFECTION: EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND RECENT ADVANCES FOR DIAGNOSIS.

Candidiasis is the commonest fungal disease in human being. The causative agent of the disease is Candida albicans and nonalbicans Candida. Candida has 163 acknowledged anamorphic species, present on the different habitat out of which following species are C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis, C. lusitaniae, C. kefyr, C. rugosa, C. dubliniensis and C. viswanathii known to causing disease in human beings. The virulence factors of the C. albicans have the great role in the pseudohyphae formation by attached with epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Now a day various techniques like PCR, Candida Detection System, CAND-TEC and Dot Immunobinding Assay are available for detection of candidiasis from various clinical samples.
Increased dietary calcium and small bowel resection have opposite effects on colonic cell turnover

Oral supplements of calcium reduce the mitogenic effects of fatty acids and bile acids on large bowel mucosa. The cytokinetic effects of intraluminal calcium were tested in normal and adapting colonic epithelium. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 60) weighing 356·7 ± 24·9 g were submitted to either an 80 per cent jejuno‐ileal resection or simple transection and resuture of the jejunum. Within each group, half the animals had 24 g/l calcium lactate added to the drinking water. Seven weeks postoperatively crypt cell production rate (CCPR) was determined in the lower descending colon. Among controls with transection CCPR was 4·49 cells crypt−1 h−1; calcium supplements reduced this figure by 26 per cent (P < 0·05). As expected jejuno‐ileal resection increased CCPR (by 51–61 per cent), but again calcium reduced this response by 31 per cent (P < 0·02). Increased dietary levels of calcium thus inhibit colonic cell turnover and blunt the adaptive response to massive enterectomy, conceivably by binding tropic factors such as bile acids.
Neural mechanisms of feature extraction for the analysis of shape and behavioral patterns

The human visual system segments 3D scenes in surfaces and objects which can appear at different depths with respect to the observer. The projection from 3D to 2D leads partially to occlusions of objects depending on their position in depth. There is experimental evidence that surface-based features such as occluding contours or junctions are used as cues for the robust segmentation of surfaces. These features are characterized by their robustness against variations of illumination and small changes in viewpoint. We demonstrate that this feature representation can be used to extract a sketch-like representation of salient features that captures and emphasizes perceptually relevant regions on objects and surfaces. Furthermore, this representation is also suitable for learning more complex form patterns such as faces and bodies in different pose. In this thesis, we present a biologically inspired, recurrent model which extracts and interprets surface-based features from a 2D grayscale intensity input image. Based on the neurophysiology of the primate brain, the model is based on few basic processing mechanisms which are reused at several model stages with different parameterization. Furthermore, the architecture is characterized by feedforward and feedback connections which lead to temporal dynamics of model activities. The model simulates the two main processing streams of the primate visual system, namely the form (ventral) and the motion (dorsal) pathway. In the model ventral pathway prototypical views of head and body poses (snapshots) as well as their temporal appearances were learned unsupervised in a two-layer network. In the dorsal pathway prototypical velocity patterns are generated by local motion detectors. These learned patterns are combined into typical motion patterns appearing from head and body movements during establishment of visual contact. Activity from both pathways is finally integrated to extract a combined signal from motion and form features. Based on these initial feature representation we demonstrate a multilayered learning scheme that is capable of learning form and motion features utilized for the detection of specific behaviorally relevant motion patterns (e.g. turn away and turn towards actions of the body). We show that the combined representation of form and motion features is superior compared to single pathway based model approaches.
Rethinking trial strategies for stroke and patent foramen ovale

Purpose of reviewThe cause of stroke remains unknown in roughly one third of patients, despite extensive investigation. The prevalence of patent foramena ovale (PFOs) in the general population is around 25%, but it is doubled in cryptogenic stroke patients. This suggests a causal relationship between PFO and cryptogenic stroke. This has generally been attributed to paradoxical embolism. Regardless of mechanism, nearly 30 000 young patients each year have a cryptogenic stroke and PFO. Optimal management is uncertain. Recent findingsMany physicians recommend PFO closure, an intuitively attractive mechanical solution for stroke prevention. Unfortunately, the benefit of PFO closure in patients with stroke has not been demonstrated. There are ongoing clinical trials comparing the safety and efficacy of PFO closure with that of medical therapy. Interpreting these trials will be complicated by two issues: first, it is unclear whether a patient's PFO is causally related to the event (‘pathogenic’) or not (‘incidental’); and second, recurrent strokes may be due to paradoxical embolism or another stroke mechanism. SummarySubstantial heterogeneity of patients within trials along these two dimensions of risk may make overall trial results difficult to interpret. With appropriate analyses, the trials may be more informative than the overall data may suggest.
A new ad hoc group key agreement scheme

For the characteristics of ad hoc networks, group key management analysis of the current research results and problems, group key management protocol based on NTRU public key cryptosystem was proposed. Trusted center offline to generate key and other initialization parameters for each member of the group. In the group key agreement process useing the NTUR digital signature to realize the user and the private key information authentication. The correctness and security of the protocol are proof‥ In satisfies ad hoc network security conditions, The agreement is simple in design and requires limited calculation and limited storage space etc benefits.
Summary data from the National Inventory of Pharmacists: United States, 1978-79.

Between May 1977 and June 1979, the National Center for Health Statistics conducted an inventory of all licensed pharmacists in the United States. The data -ollection spanned 2 years in an effort to time each te’s survey to correspond with its license renewal eriod for pharmacists. Results from this survey indicate that there were 160,664 licensed pharmacists, of which 112,335 were known to be active in their profession, 20,912 were inactive, and the activity status of 27,417 was unknown (table 1). As seen in this table, the percent of active pharmacists decreases as age increases. For those under age 30, 95 percent were active, while only 47 percent of those 65 years and older were active. This trend occurs among both sexes, although at every age a smaller percent of licensed female pharmacists are active. Table 1 indicates that 21 percent of active pharmacists are under age 30, while 12 percent are age 60 and over. Therefore, there is a sufllcient influx of young pharmacists into the profession to replace the older pharmacists who are most likely to be leaving the profession. In table 2, the activity status for those pharmacists who did not report this information is imputed by apportioning the 27,417 pharmacists with unknown activity status into categories in the same ratio as among the pharmacists whose activity status is known. Of the resulting 135,449 active pharmacists, the largest number is located in the South (43,932). New England s the highest ratio of active pharmacists per 100,000 >pulation (69.0), while the Paciilc division has the owest ratio (55.9).
Norrön poetik och poesi

I internationell forskning om Nordens historia, sprak och litteratur har studier av eddaoch skaldediktning en viktig placering. Medan skandinavisk forskning har blivit allt mer sallsynt under de senaste decennierna pa ett omrade dar Skandinavien tidigare var framtradande har forskare med engelska och tyska som modersmal intagit de ledande positionerna. Har framstar Margaret Clunies Ross som en av de framsta. Hennes bok om Skaldskaparmal fran 1987 och de tva volymerna med titel Prolonged Echoes fran 1994 och 1998 ar centrala bidrag till de senaste decenniernas forskning om skaldediktning och mytologi. Hennes nya bok narmar sig ater de centrala fragorna som ror den norrona poesin; nu kombinerar hon emellertid sina insikter fran detta omrade, dokumenterade i de tva senare volymerna, med studier i den norrona poetiken, vilket narmast knyter an till boken om Skaldskaparmal. Det ar darmed ingen overraskning att boken i manga avseenden ar stimulerande och intressant, och att den ger insikter i den norrona poesin och poetiken. Samtidigt ar det emellertid en problematisk bok. Den framstar alltfor mycket som en kompilation av ett antal forelasningar, nagot som den i utgangslaget aven tycks ha varit, och i vissa avseenden ger den dessutom ett obearbetat intryck.
Financial Valuation and Risk Management Working Paper No . 702 Exchange Rate Volatility and Productivity Growth : the Role of Liability Dollarization Kenza Benhima First

This paper studies how liability dollarization conditions the effect of exchange rate exibility on growth. It develops a model with creditconstrained rms facing liquidity shocks denominated in tradables while their revenues are both in tradable and nontradables. With frictions in the reallocation between tradables and nontradables, a peg is more growth-enhancing than a oat in countries with dollarized debt because it stabilizes rms' cash ows and therefore allows them to face liquidity shock and complete their innovation process. However, this relative advantage diminishes when dollarization decreases. These theoretical predictions are con rmed by an empirical analysis on a panel of 76 countries spanning 1995-2004: the higher the degree of dollarization, the more negative the impact of exchange rate exibility on growth. The empirical results are robust to various speci cations and to the treatment of endogeneity.
LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING MULTI-AGENT TECHNOLOGY: A PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

Conventional Learning Management System (LMS) lacks automation in the coordination and management of student activities and courses management. This paper presents a conceptual model that applies software agent technology to overcome some of the weaknesses of existing LMSs. The paper discusses the use of software agent technology for assisting instructors to monitor learners’ activities and managing their profiles. The agent analyzes learners’ profiles and recommends the instructors of each learner’s level of interaction with the LMS. These interaction levels serve as indicators for the instructors to gauge the commitment of their students in studying and submitting assignments through the LMS.
SHORT-TERM, LONG-TERM, SOCIAL AND SPATIAL EFFECTS OF INCENTIVES FOR PRO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR: MICRO EVIDENCE FROM A NATURAL FIELD EXPERIMENT

We present evidence from a natural field experiment involving nearly 100,000 individuals on the mechanisms through which offering economic incentives affects pro-social behavior. Subjects offered $5, $10 and $15 gift cards to donate blood were more likely to donate, and more so the higher the reward value. The incentives had a stronger effect on older subjects, on those who had donated more often and more recently, and those with stronger extrinsic motivation; we detected no heterogeneity across gender or blood type. We also find evidence of a social spillover effect whereby subjects who were offered incentives motivated others to donate. Subjects were also more likely to spatially and temporally alter the location of their donations towards the drives offering rewards. However, the temporal effect only reduced donations immediately after the reward offer was removed but did not cause any long-term change in donations. We also find no evidence of reciprocity: subjects who received a reward by surprise were less likely to donate after the intervention than subjects who received no reward. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding and motivating pro-social behavior. * This is a revised version of a paper that was circulated with the title “Rewarding Altruism? A Natural Field Experiment” (NBER w17636). We thank the CEO, Board members, and staff of the Northern Ohio Blood Service Unit of the American Red Cross, in particular Brent Bertram and Barbara Thiel, for their invaluable collaboration. We benefited from the comments of participants at the Advances with Field Experiments workshops (2010 and 2011), the 2010 ASHE conference, the 2011 ASSA meetings, the 2011 Midwest Health Economics Conference, the 2011 SITE workshop in Experimental Economics, the 2011 Southern Ontario Behavioral Decision Research Conference, the 2011 Workshop on Natural Experiments and Controlled Field Studies in Munich, and at seminars at numerous universities: Case Western Reserve, EIEF, Johns Hopkins, Melbourne, Monash, Queensland University of Technology, Stanford, Maryland, Michigan, New South Wales, Queensland, UC San Diego, UC Santa Barbara, Toronto, and Yale. Christian Catalini, Ray Fisman, Alberto Galasso, Uri Gneezy, Sacha Kapoor, Steve Leider, Liz Lyons, Costas Meghir, Philip Oreopoulos, Devin Pope, Joseph Price, Heather Royer and Justin Sydnor gave useful feedback. Soujanya Bulagannawar, Tina Chen, Il Myoung Hwang, Sebastian Maass, Dominic Smith, Sarah Stith and Andrew Zhang provided outstanding research assistance. Funding from the National Science Foundation (Grants #0851587 and #0851602) is gratefully acknowledged.
Medical Applications of Radiation Micro-Force (Invited Presentation)

The general direction of this research is measurement of sound and vibration in response to a micro-force. The main hypothesis is that by measuring the sound and/or vibration resulting from such small forces we will be able to obtain important information about the object. The micro-force, which is in mN range, is produced by the radiation force of ultrasound, and the resulting vibration is in nanometer or angstrom range. The stress field is confined to a small region with a few hundred microns in diameter. We have shown that by measuring the acoustic field resulting from such vibrations, which are in low (kHz) frequency range, we can estimate some of the mechanical properties of objects. We have also used this method to image tissue at high resolutions and detect small particles. This imaging technology promises a wide range of medical applications, including imaging organs, detection of arterial calcifications and breast microcalcifications, and evaluation of the structural integrity of implants.
IL‐17‐producing γδ T cells

IL‐17 is produced not only by CD4+ αβ T cells, but also CD8+ αβ T cells, NKT cells, and γδ T cells, plus some non‐T cells, including macrophages and neutrophils. The ability of IL‐17 to deploy neutrophils to sites of inflammation imparts this cytokine with a key role in diseases of several types. Surprisingly, γδ T cells are responsible for much of the IL‐17 produced in several disease models, particularly early on.
Diversity and Biological Activities of Endophytic Fungi Associated with Micropropagated Medicinal Plant Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench

Echinacea is one of the top ten selling medicinal herbs in Europe and United States. Commercially available formulations may contain different plant parts of three species (Echinacea purpurea, E. pallida, and E. angustifolia). Our study evaluates the diversity of microbial community associated with healthy E. purpurea clones and their ability to produce defense compounds. We recovered and identified thirty-nine fungal endophytes through the molecular methods in 15 distinct phylotypes, which were closely related to species of the following genera Ceratobasidium, Cladosporium Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Glomerella, and Mycoleptodiscus. These taxa were previously reported as decomposer and phytopathogenic fungi. The fungal community associated with two E. purpurea clones showed high richness and dominance indices with different distribution among plant organs. Crude extracts of fungal isolates were tested for antifungal and insecticidal biological activities. A total of 16 extracts (41%) showed antifungal properties; while just the extract of M. indicus exhibited larvicidal activity against A. aegypti. These results suggest that the symbiosis between the endophytic fungal community and micropropagated clones of E. purpurea was re-established after acclimatization to soil and the endophytic fungi produced compounds against phytopathogenic fungi.