Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GINTATE: Scalable and Extensible Deep Packet Inspection System for Encrypted Network Traffic: Session Resumption in Transport Layer Security Communication Considered Harmful to DPI

Deep packet inspection (DPI) is a basic monitoring technology, which realizes network traffic control based on application payload. The technology is used to prevent threats (e.g., intrusion detection systems, firewalls) and extract information (e.g., content filtering systems). Moreover, transport layer security (TLS) monitoring is required because of the increasing use of the TLS protocol, particularly by hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS). TLS monitoring is different from TCP monitoring in two aspects. First, monitoring systems cannot inspect the content in TLS communication, which is encrypted. Second, TLS communication is a session unit composed of one or more TCP connections. In enterprise networks, dedicated TLS proxies are deployed to perform TLS monitoring. However, the proxies cannot be used when monitored devices are unable to use a custom certificate. Additionally, these networks contain problems of scale and complexity that affect the monitoring. Therefore, the DPI processing using another method requires high-speed processing and various protocol analyses across TCP connections in TLS monitoring. However, it is difficult to realize both simultaneously. We propose GINTATE, which decrypts TLS communication using shared keys and monitors the results. GINTATE is a scalable architecture that uses distributed computing and considers relational sessions across multiple TCP connections in TLS communication. Additionally, GINTATE achieves DPI processing by adding an extensible analysis module. By comparing GINTATE against other systems, we show that it can perform DPI processing by managing relational sessions via distributed computing and that it is scalable.
Reliability of the rectus femoris muscle cross‐sectional area measurements by ultrasonography

The skeletal muscle system can adapt to an external stimulus from either physiological or pathological conditions. This plasticity is measured by imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound. The anatomical cross‐sectional area of a muscle is one of the muscle architecture parameters that relates to the maximum muscle strength. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of anatomical cross‐sectional area rectus femoris measurements, obtained by ultrasound, with two different protocols. Acquisition of four anatomical cross‐sectional area images of the right rectus femoris in two distinct regions (15 cm above the patella and 50% of the thigh length) was performed in 2 days, from a group of 15 young healthy subjects. The cross‐sectional area of each image was measured five times. The reliability of the anatomical cross‐sectional area measures was determined by the coefficient of variation (CV), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and typical error of measurement (TEM). In each protocol, there were no significant differences between the means of anatomical cross‐sectional area in measurements, images and days (P>0·05). The CVs were 8·53% and 8·9%, the ICCs 0·88 and 0·87 and the TEMs 65·59 and 94·25 between the 2 days in the regions of 15 cm and 50% of the thigh length, respectively. The average values of the cross‐sectional area at 50% of the thigh length were significantly higher than those for at 15 cm above the patella (P<0·001). The measurement of rectus femoris anatomical cross‐sectional area by ultrasound proved reliable.
The Origins of the Treatment of Traumatic Spinal Injuries

Background: It is widely acknowledged that Donald Munro in the United States (1936) and Ludwig Guttmann in the United Kingdom (1944) are the founders of the modern treatment of spinal injuries. However, Germany was the birthplace of neuropathology and led the field in neurology and psychiatry. The first effective spinal injury units were established by Wilhelm Wagner in Königshütte, Silesia and Emil Kocher in Bern, Switzerland at the end of the 19th century. Summary: The modern principles of spinal injury treatment emanated from the work carried out by Wagner and Kocher. This knowledge was applied during the First World War in Germany, France, Austria, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Marburg established a unit in Vienna, Dr. and Mrs. Déjerine and their team of French doctors treated casualties from the First World War and, in the United Kingdom, Gordon Holmes, George Riddoch and Henry Head treated soldiers suffering from spinal injuries in specialised units. After the war these units closed down, doctors went back to their previous occupations and the expertise gained was lost or, in the case of Germany, suppressed. It was only in 1939 when Ludwig Guttmann, a Jewish refugee, arrived in the United Kingdom that this specialised knowledge was used to set up satisfactory treatment. Key Messages: Many of the key principles of treatment for spinal injuries were developed at the end of the 19th century and during the First World War but units closed down and the knowledge gained was forgotten. With the advent of the Second World War, German refugees, many of whom had worked in the field of neurology (including Ludwig Guttmann), came to the United Kingdom armed with a thorough training in neurology and rehabilitation and applied these principles to the treatment of spinal injuries for the benefit of the country which gave them refuge.
[Chemoradiotherapy in early stage Hodgkin's lymphoma].

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the response to and toxicities of chemo-radiotherapy (CT-RT) in patients with early stage Hodgkin lymphoma treated in our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective study of 42 patients with early stage Hodgkin lymphoma treated between 2002 and 2007. RESULTS The age of patients ranges from 11 to 57 with a mean of 30.7 years; the sex-ratio is 0.8 (19 males and 23 females). There are 33 cases of nodular-sclerosing Hodgkin lymphoma, 6 of mixed cellularity, one lymphocyte-rich, one interfollicular and one granulomatous. As for the stages, 31 Hodgkin lymphomas are stage IIA, 6 stage IA, 3 bulky and 2 stage IAe. The ABVD protocol was given to 38 patients, the VBVP to 3 patients and the ABV to one patient. IFRT was used with dose ranging from 19.8 to 39.6 Gy. The acute toxicity of chemotherapy was hematologic only, grade 1 anemia accounting for 11.1% and grade 2 anemia for 14.8%, grade 1 leukopenia for 51.8%, grade 2 leukopenia for 333% and grade 3 leukopenia for 14.8%. Dysphagia, radiodermitis and radiomucositis were seen after radiotherapy, accounting for 16.5%, 4.6% and 9.1% respectively. No long-term toxicity of the combined therapy was found. During the follow-up period, one relapse occurred and no death was reported. CONCLUSION The overall survival (OS), the disease free survival (DFS) and the toxicities of the combined therapy CT-RT of the patients with early stage Hodgkin lymphoma stage IA and IIA treated in our institution were similar to those seen in the literature.
Pulses with fixed magnitude and variable phase response profiles

The Shinnar‐Le Roux (SLR) method of pulse envelope design provides for the generation of nearly arbitrary magnitude response profiles with such great efficiency that the pulse envelopes may often be calculated at the time of sequence initiation. A significant limitation of the method is that it provides only limited control of the phase of the response profile. In the current manuscript it is demonstrated that the phase of the response profile can be modulated without affecting the magnitude profile by replacement of some of the roots of the SLR polynomials with one over their complex conjugate. This method allows interactive tailoring of the phase profile to the user's needs. Although the method does not allow for the optimization of arbitrary phase profiles, a variety of pulses, which are of general utility, have been generated. Some of these pulses and their response profiles are presented.
How Menopause Symptoms and Attitude Impact Korean Women's Quality of Life After Adjuvant Treatment for Breast Cancer

Background: Attitudes toward menopause vary across cultures and influence women's experiences of menopausal symptoms, possibly leading to reduced posttreatment quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of menopausal symptoms and attitudes on health-related quality of life in breast cancer survivors who were premenopausal at the time of diagnosis. Methods: A total of 139 women receiving chemotherapy with/without endocrine therapy were assessed with self-report questionnaires of established reliability and validity. Hierarchical regression was conducted to assess the impact of menopausal symptoms and attitudes on quality of life, while controlling for demographic characteristics. Results: Overall, participants endorsed more than half of 46 symptoms, most at the level of mild symptoms, and most reported a less positive attitude toward menopause. Lower quality of life was significantly predicted by more menopausal symptoms endorsed and more negative attitudes when controlling for demographic factors associated with quality of life (R2 = 26.1%). Most participants experienced change from premenopause to postmenopause after the completion of adjuvant chemotherapy with or without tamoxifen. Conclusions: The results suggest that more menopausal symptoms and negative attitudes toward menopause may affect health-related quality of life considerably in chemotherapy-treated Asian breast cancer survivors. Implications for Practice: Healthcare professionals should develop a better understanding of the effects of menopausal symptoms and attitudes on quality of life by using a culturally relevant perspective based on patients' sociocultural backgrounds. Furthermore, these findings help healthcare professionals communicate with their Asian clients in a more informed way and provide culturally appropriate and individualized care.
Transcranial direct current stimulation over premotor cortex modifies the excitability of the ipsilateral primary motor and somatosensory cortices

Purpose: Our aim was to study whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over premotor cortex (PM) can modify the excitability of the ipsilateral primary motor (M1) and somatosensory (S1) cortices via cortico-cortical connectivity. Methods: Ten subjects received, anodal, cathodal and sham tDCS (1mA) over left PM for 15min. PM was determined to be 2cm anterior and 3cm medial to the hotspot of right first dorsal interosseus muscle. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from right first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscle with transcranial magnetic stimulation over left M1. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to right median nerve stimulation were also recorded from left C3'. Both MEPs and SEPs were recorded before, immediately after and 15min after tDCS. Results: The amplitudes of MEPs after anodal tDCS were shown to decrease while those of SEPs tended to increase. In contrast, the effects of cathodal tDCS were opposite to those of anodal tDCS. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) revealed that a significant interaction among INTERVENTION (anodal, cathodal) × TIME (before, after, after15min) on both MEPs (p ≪ 0.01) and SEPs (p ≪ 0.05). Discussion: We infer that decreased MEP amplitudes resulted from inhibitory input to M1 from PM with anodal tDCS over PM, whereas the opposite effect was mediated from PM to M1 with cathodal tDCS. It is likely that changes in S1 excitability reflect the alternation of input-output modulation between M1 and S1. Conclusion: tDCS is useful for modulating the excitability of PM with which plastic functions of M1 and S1 can be assessed.
THE HIDE-AND-SEEK GAME: MEN’S PERSPECTIVES ON ABORTION AND CONTRACEPTIVE USE WITHIN MARRIAGE IN A RURAL COMMUNITY IN ZIMBABWE

This paper is based on a study aimed at understanding the perceptions of men to induced abortion and contraceptive use within marriage in rural Zimbabwe. Two qualitative methods were combined. Men were found to view abortion not as a reproductive health problem for women. Instead, they described abortion as a sign of illicit sexual activity and contraceptive use as a strategy married women use to conceal their involvement in extramarital sexual activity. Men felt anxious and vulnerable for lack of control over women. In the absence of verbal communication on sexual matters, women and men resort to what are called here ‘hide-and-seek’ strategies, where women acquire and use contraceptives secretly while men search for evidence of such use. It is concluded that promoting women’s sexual and reproductive health requires both short- and long-term strategies. The short-term strategy would entail providing women with reproductive technology they can use without risking violence. The long-term strategy would entail understanding men’s concerns and the way these are manifested. In turn this requires the use of methodologies that encourage dialogue with research participants, in order to capture their deep meanings and experiences.
Wind Providing Balancing Reserves: An Application to the German Electricity System of 2025

This paper analyzes the influence of wind turbines as new participants on prices and allocation within balancing markets. We introduce the cost-minimizing electricity sector model ELMOD-MIP, that includes detailed unit-commitment constraints, complex combined heat and power constraints, and minimum bid sizes for balancing capacity reservation. The model also features a novel approach of modeling balancing reservation by considering possible activation costs already during the reservation phase, mimicking the activation anticipation of market participants. The model includes the spot and balancing market of Germany and is applied to scenarios for 2013 and 2025. The results for 2025 show, in comparison to 2013, a price increase for positive and negative reserves, in case no new participants enter the market. With the participation of wind turbines the cost for balancing provision is reduced by 40%, but above 2013 values. The relative cost savings from wind participation are higher for negative reserve provision than positive reserve provision, as wind turbines can use their full capacity if not activated and do not have to be curtailed ex ante. The participation of wind turbines especially reduces the occurrence of peak prices for positive and negative reserves in 2025. This reduction effect occurs even with a relatively low share where wind turbines participate with only five percent of their capacity. Therefore, further fostering the process of allowing wind turbines to participate in the German reserve market seems favorable.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses of chromosome band 1p36 in neuroblastoma detect two classes of alterations

Chromosomal alterations in 1p36 were investigated in 196 neuroblastoma tumors using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Additionally, by using the same technique, it was determined whether MYCN was amplified in 149 of these. The most frequent finding was a deletion in 1p36, leading to monosomy of this region (29 cases, 15%). Furthermore, we found tumors with at least two intact copies of chromosome 1 and additional 1p36‐deleted copies. Altogether, 21 tumors (11%) displayed this imbalance of 1p36. Similar to the cases with deletion, imbalances were predominantly found in stage 4 tumors (81%), and they were significantly associated with an increased patient age (P = 0.01). Nearly all 1p‐deleted tumors showed amplification of MYCN (24/27 analyzed samples, 89%), whereas only 8 of 21 (38%) with imbalance did. Eight cases with imbalance were investigated for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) using microsatellite markers in 1p35–36. Only 4 displayed 1p36 LOH, whereas the remaining 4 were heterozygous. Both patients with deletion of 1p and with imbalance had a poor outcome [3‐year rate of event‐free‐survival (EFS): 33±15% and 41±15%], which was significantly worse compared to the outcome of patients without 1p alterations (3‐year EFS: 70±5%; P = 0.01 and P = 0.0059). We conclude that besides monosomic short arm deletions, imbalance of 1p36 is a strong marker of a poor prognosis in neuroblastoma and not necessarily associated with MYCN amplification and LOH. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Energy-Optimal Control of an Automotive Air Conditioning System for Ancillary Load Reduction

The air conditioning (A/C) system is currently the largest ancillary load in passenger cars, with a significant impact on fuel economy and CO2 emissions. Considerable energy savings could be attained by simply adopting supervisory energy management algorithms that operate the A/C system to reduce power consumption of the compressor, while maintaining the cabin comfort requirements. This paper proposes a model-based approach to the design of a supervisory energy management strategy for automotive A/C systems. Starting from an energy-based model of the A/C system that captures the complex dynamics of the refrigerant in the heat exchangers and the compressor power consumption, a constrained multiobjective optimal control problem is formulated to jointly account for fuel consumption, cabin comfort, and system durability. The tradeoff between fuel economy, performance, and durability is analyzed by performing a Pareto analysis of a family of solutions generated using dynamic programming. A forward-looking optimal compressor clutch policy is then obtained by developing an original formulation of Pontryagin's minimum principle for hybrid dynamical systems. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy allows for fuel economy improvement while retaining system performance and driver comfort.
THE ‘INTERIOR WORLD’ OF THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY MALOTI-DRAKENSBERG MOUNTAINS*

Abstract Over the last four decades researchers have cast the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains as a marginal refuge for ‘Bushmen’ amidst constricting nineteenth-century frontiers. Rock art scholarship has expanded on this characterisation of mountains as refugia, focusing on heterogeneous raiding bands forging new cultural identities. Here, we propose another view of the Maloti-Drakensberg: a dynamic political theatre in which polities that engaged in illicit or ‘heterodox’ activities like cattle raiding and hunter-gatherer lifeways set the terms of colonial encounters. We employ the concept of the ‘interior world’ to refigure the region as one fostering subsistence and political behaviours that did not conform to the expectations of colonial authority. Paradoxically, such heterodoxies over time constituted widespread social logics within the Maloti-Drakensberg, and thus became commonplace and meaningful. We synthesise historical and archaeological evidence (new and existing) to illustrate the significance of the nineteenth-century Maloti-Drakensberg, offering a revised southeast-African colonial landscape and directions for future research.
Modular Design and Analysis of Plasma-Driven System With Integrated Resonant Circuit and Capacity Expansion Mechanism

The study proposes a modular design of plasma-driven system with an integrated resonant circuit and regulation mechanism. This design is developed to increase the expansion capability of plasma-driven systems. In the study, step-up transformers are combined with resonant circuits as a hybrid resonant tank, which is then augmented with plasma loads as a module to provide expandable capacities for a system. Analysis of resonant circuit and connected modules is performed to find design parameters. Feedback voltage control and asymmetric pulse width modulation are meanwhile applied to stabilize the system and regulate the plasma generation. To validate this proposed method, the circuit hardware realization has been completed under different scenarios. Test results indicate that this proposed system produces a higher concentration of plasma with an expanded capacity, supporting the feasibility and practicality for plasma industry applications.
Prognosis and monitoring of core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia: current and emerging factors

Core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia (CBF-AML) – including AML with t(8;21) and AML with inv(16) – accounts for about 15% of adult AML and is associated with a relatively favorable prognosis. Nonetheless, relapse incidence may reach 40% in these patients. In this context, identification of prognostic markers is considered of great interest. Due to similarities between their molecular and prognostic features, t(8;21) and inv(16)-AML are usually grouped and reported together in clinical studies. However, considerable experimental evidences have highlighted that they represent two distinct entities and should be considered separately for further studies. This review summarizes recent laboratory and clinical findings in this particular subset of AML and how they could be used to improve management of patients in routine practice.
The role of the post-cardioversion time course of hs-CRP levels in clarifying the relationship between inflammation and persistence of atrial fibrillation

Objectives: Although recent studies suggest that inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF), it remains controversial whether it is a consequence or a cause of the arrhythmia. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Tertiary referral centre. Patients and Interventions: In 52 patients with persistent AF lasting >3 months, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was measured before and after electrical cardioversion. Measurements and Results: All patients were successfully cardioverted to sinus rhythm (SR), but the recurrence rate was 23% at 1 month. Baseline hs-CRP was higher in patients with AF recurrence than in those who remained in SR (0.5 (SD 0.18) mg/dl vs 0.29 (SD 0.13) mg/dl, respectively, p<0.001). Similarly, arrhythmia recurrence was associated with greater left atrial diameters (45.4 (SD 3.3) mm vs 40.7 (SD 3.1) mm, respectively, p<0.001). However, logistic regression analysis showed that hs-CRP was the only independent predictor for AF recurrence (p<0.001). Additionally, patients who were in SR on final evaluation had significantly lower hs-CRP levels than at baseline (0.10 (SD 0.06) mg/dl vs 0.29 (SD 0.13) mg/dl, respectively, p<0.001), while those who experienced AF recurrence had similar values on final and on initial evaluation (0.56 (SD 0.24) mg/dl vs 0.50 (SD 0.18) mg/dl, respectively, p = 0.42). Conclusion: High levels of hs-CRP are associated with an increased risk of AF recurrence after cardioversion. The restoration and maintenance of SR result in a gradual decrease of hs-CRP while AF recurrence has a different effect, suggesting that inflammation is a consequence, rather than a cause, of AF.