Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sipunculan larvae and "cosmopolitan" species.

Sipuncula is a relatively small taxon with roughly 150 recognized species. Many species are geographically widespread or "cosmopolitan. " The pelagosphera larvae of some species are estimated to spend several months in the plankton. However, recent molecular evidence suggests that many of the "cosmopolitan" species actually represent species-complexes, some not even monophyletic. Herein, we present data on three sipunculan species with different developmental modes that occur both in the Sea of Japan and in the Northeast Pacific. The development of the three species-Phascolosoma agassizii, Thysanocardia nigra, and Themiste pyroides-is exceptionally well studied in both regions of the Pacific. Significant differences have been observed between the two regions with respect to egg size, developmental mode, and developmental timing. In general, eggs are larger and development slower in the Northeast Pacific when compared with the Sea of Japan. These differences have been explained as a result of phenotypic plasticity exhibited under different environmental conditions, in particular temperature, but we show that the populations of all three species are also remarkably distinct genetically and that gene flow between the two regions is extremely unlikely. In Thysanocardia nigra, we even found two very distinct genetic lineages within the same location in the Northeast Pacific. The amount of genetic divergence between populations from the Sea of Japan and those from the Northeast Pacific is not correlated with developmental mode. Themiste pyroides, the species with the most abbreviated development, actually has the least degree of genetic divergence between the regions. Analyses of molecular variance show that the majority of the observed variation in all three species is between the regions. We conclude that all three "cosmopolitan" species actually represent complexes of cryptic or pseudo-cryptic species. These examples demonstrate that a solid taxonomic framework based on molecular and morphological evidence is a prerequisite for evaluating relationships between dispersal capabilities, species' ranges, and the connectivity of populations.
Prevalence of domestic violence among patients attending a hospital emergency department

Abstract: A cross‐sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of domestic violence victims among patients using emergency services at Sydney's Royal North Shore Hospital, in an affluent urban area of New South Wales. This study used a self‐administered questionnaire (used in a similar study at the Royal Brisbane Hospital) to investigate the history of domestic violence among patients attending the emergency department during 64 randomly selected nursing shifts in October‐November 1994. Adult domestic violence was reported by 19.3 per cent of females and 8.5 per cent of males, confirming the results of the Brisbane study. Evidence for underreporting was found: 4 per cent of females and 6.3 per cent of males who did not report being victims revealed experiences of abuse on nine measures of types of violence, including six taken from the Conflict Tactics Scale. Results supported evidence from other studies suggesting that experience of abuse as a child is a risk factor for being in abusive relationships as an adult. In the past, comparison of results has been limited because of variation in definitions of domestic violence; this has been overcome by intentional replication of the Brisbane study. The study was enhanced by inclusion of patients from non‐English‐speaking backgrounds and a cohort of parents of children attending. Similar prevalence estimates were found in these groups. Results have implications for the detection and treatment of victims of domestic violence across all strata of society and have potential to raise awareness and affect attitudes towards this significant community problem.
Dietary Intake of Whole Grains

Objective: The objective of this study was to provide national estimates of whole-grain intake in the United States, identify major dietary sources of whole grains and compare food and nutrient intakes of whole-grain consumers and nonconsumers. Methods: Data were collected from 9,323 individuals age 20 years and older in USDA’s 1994–96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals through in-person interviews on two non-consecutive days using a multiple-pass 24-hour recall method. Foods reported by respondents were quantified in servings as defined by the Food Guide Pyramid using a new database developed by the USDA. Whole-grain and nonwhole-grain servings were determined based on the proportion, by weight, of the grain ingredients in each food that were whole grain and nonwhole grain. Sampling weights were applied to provide national probability estimates adjusted for differential rates of selection and nonresponse. Then, t tests were used to assess statistically significant differences in intakes of nutrients and food groups by whole-grain consumers and nonconsumers. Results: According to the 1994–96 survey, U.S. adults consumed an average of 6.7 servings of grain products per day; 1.0 serving was whole grain. Thirty-six percent averaged less than one whole-grain serving per day based on two days of intake data, and only eight percent met the recommendation to eat at least three servings per day. Yeast breads and breakfast cereals each provided almost one-third of the whole-grain servings, grain-based snacks provided about one-fifth, and less than one-tenth came from quick breads, pasta, rice, cakes, cookies, pies, pastries and miscellaneous grains. Whole-grain consumers had significantly better nutrient profiles than nonconsumers, including higher intakes of vitamins and minerals as percentages of 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances and as nutrients per 1000 kilocalories, and lower intakes of total fat, saturated fat and added sugars as percentages of food energy. Consumers were significantly more likely than nonconsumers to meet Pyramid recommendations for the grain, fruit and dairy food groups. Conclusion: Consumption of whole-grain foods by U.S. adults falls well below the recommended level. A large proportion of the population could benefit from eating more whole grain, and efforts are needed to encourage consumption.
Sinomenine protects against ischaemic brain injury: involvement of co‐inhibition of acid‐sensing ion channel 1a and L‐type calcium channels

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sinomenine (SN), a bioactive alkaloid, has been utilized clinically to treat rheumatoid arthritis in China. Our preliminary experiments indicated that it could protect PC12 cells from oxygen‐glucose deprivation‐reperfusion (OGD‐R), we thus investigated the possible effects of SN on cerebral ischaemia and the related mechanism.
Effect of sodium hypochlorite on dentin bonding in primary teeth.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on the shear bond strength (SBS) using three bonding systems in primary dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-five sound extracted primary molars were selected. The crowns were longitudinally sectioned, embedded in polystyrene resin, and flattened until a dentin surface was reached. The samples were assigned to 6 groups (n = 15): G1, Single Bond (SB); G2, NaOCl + SB; G3, Prime & Bond 2.1 (PB); G4, NaOCl + PB; G5, Clearfil SE Bond (CSE); G6, NaOCl + CSE. All the adhesive systems were applied according to the manufacturers' instructions, except for the application of 10% NaOCl solution for 60 s in groups 2, 4 (after acid etching), and 6 (before applying adhesive system). The composite resin was placed in increments in a mold and light cured for 20 s. The samples were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 h and submitted to SBS testing with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The failure sites were observed with SEM. The data were treated with ANOVA and Tukey's tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between the groups with or without treatment of the substrate with NaOCl, regardless the material used. The SBS averages in MPa (+/-SD) were: G1: 15.8(1.9)a; G2: 14.6(1.3)a; G3: 10.2(0.7)a; G4: 9.9(0.2)a; G5: 13.3(1.2)a; and G6: 10.7(1.0)a. There was a statistically significant difference between the materials (SB > or = CSE > or = PB). Mixed failure was the failure type most frequently observed for all groups. CONCLUSION Dentin surface treatment with NaOCl did not affect the resin-dentin bonding strength in primary teeth.
Pre‐differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells in combination with a microstructured nerve guide supports peripheral nerve regeneration in the rat sciatic nerve model

Many bioartificial nerve guides have been investigated pre‐clinically for their nerve regeneration‐supporting function, often in comparison to autologous nerve transplantation, which is still regarded as the current clinical gold standard. Enrichment of these scaffolds with cells intended to support axonal regeneration has been explored as a strategy to boost axonal regeneration across these nerve guides Ansselin et al. (1998). In the present study, 20 mm rat sciatic nerve defects were implanted with a cell‐seeded microstructured collagen nerve guide (Perimaix) or an autologous nerve graft. Under the influence of seeded, pre‐differentiated mesenchymal stromal cells, axons regenerated well into the Perimaix nerve guide. Myelination‐related parameters, like myelin sheath thickness, benefitted from an additional seeding with pre‐differentiated mesenchymal stromal cells. Furthermore, both the number of retrogradely labelled sensory neurons and the axon density within the implant were elevated in the cell‐seeded scaffold group with pre‐differentiated mesenchymal stromal cells. However, a pre‐differentiation had no influence on functional recovery. An additional cell seeding of the Perimaix nerve guide with mesenchymal stromal cells led to an extent of functional recovery, independent of the differentiation status, similar to autologous nerve transplantation. These findings encourage further investigations on pre‐differentiated mesenchymal stromal cells as a cellular support for peripheral nerve regeneration.
Income Velocity and Institutional Change: Some New Time Series Evidence, 1870-1986

This paper applies tests of cointegration to assess whether institutional factors, in addition to income and an interest rate, explain the long-run behavior of velocity. Over a century of annual data from five industrialized countries are used. Institutional characteristics make a significant contribution to the determination of velocity in all the countries considered. One generally rejects the hypothesis of cointegration between velocity and its traditional determinants but the same hypothesis cannot be rejected when velocity is also a function of institutional change proxies. Tests of coefficient stability also reinforce the validity of the institutional change hypothesis of velocity. Copyright 1993 by Ohio State University Press.
Appointing Female CEOS in Risky and Precarious Firm Circumstances. A Review of the Glass Cliff Phenomenon

Following thirty years of discussion of the “glass ceiling,” recent empirical research has focused on the relatively new phenomenon of women on the board of directors — the so-called “glass cliff. ” This refers to a form of gender discrimination in which women are more often appointed to leadership positions in risky and precarious business circumstances than their male counterparts. Highlighting the key findings of current quantitative and qualitative research, this literature review assesses existing support for the glass cliff hypothesis and the limitations of empirical research and recommendations. Most of the included studies find support for the glass cliff, in which “think crisis, think female” stereotypes complement the traditional “think leadership, think male” approach. As archival and other studies have been conducted predominantly in Anglo-American countries, future research should extend to other methods and settings. In contrast to the recent literature, the present review draws a clear distinction between archival, experimental and qualitative research, so increasing interest and relevance for practitioners, regulators and researchers.
Bernoulli Particle Filter with Observer Control for Bearings-Only Tracking in Clutter

The context is autonomous bearings-only tracking of a single appearing/disappearing target in the presence of detection uncertainty (false and missed detections) with observer control. The optimal tracking method for this problem in the sequential Bayesian estimation framework is the Bernoulli filter. Observer control is based on previously acquired measurements and is formulated as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) where future actions are ranked according to their associated reward. The paper develops a sequential Monte Carlo implementation of the Bernoulli filter and the reward based on an information theoretic criterion.
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with septic shock

Objective: To investigate the effect of early administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on hospital mortality in nonneutropenic patients with septic shock, excluding patients with melioidosis. Design: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial. Setting and Patients: Adult patients with septic shock admitted to the Royal Darwin Hospital Intensive Care Unit. Interventions: Patients were randomized to receive G-CSF or placebo intravenously daily for 10 days, in addition to routine management of septic shock. Measurements: Primary outcome was hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included intensive care unit mortality, intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, ventilator hours, and time to resolution of shock. Patient comorbidities, baseline and daily physiology, and organ function were collected. Results: Of 166 patients enrolled, 83 were allocated to receive G-CSF (81 included in analysis) and 83 were allocated to receive placebo. At baseline, 30% of patients had diabetes, 18% were known to have renal impairment or failure, and 38% had a history of hazardous alcohol use. The two groups had similar comorbidities at baseline and a similar severity of illness. The in-hospital mortality was 27% in the G-CSF group and 25% in the placebo group. Secondary end points were not different between groups. There was a higher rate of new organ failure in G-CSF–treated patients than placebo-treated patients (50% vs. 33%, p = .03), most of which was accounted for by new liver dysfunction (11% vs. 1%, p = .007). There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients with troponin I of >0.08 mg/L (78% vs. 66%, p = .09), and the prevalence of acute myocardial infarction (6% vs. 4%, p = .55) was not different during the study. The median peak troponin I level was higher in the G-CSF group (0.5 vs. 0.14 mg/L, p = .007), but baseline levels were not available. Conclusion: G-CSF does not improve outcomes in patients with septic shock, excluding melioidosis. Increased hepatic dysfunction and higher peak troponin levels in patients receiving G-CSF have not been reported in previous clinical trials and warrant further investigation.
The subjective meaning of sleep quality: a comparison of individuals with and without insomnia.

STUDY OBJECTIVES "Sleep quality" is poorly defined yet ubiquitously used by researchers, clinicians and patients. While poor sleep quality is a key feature of insomnia, there are few empirical investigations of sleep quality in insomnia patients. Accordingly, our aim was to investigate the subjective meaning of sleep quality among individuals with insomnia and normal sleepers. DESIGN Cross sectional between groups (insomnia vs. good sleeper). Analyses were conducted across three outcome variables: (1) a "Speak Freely" procedure in which participants' descriptions of good and poor sleep quality nights were analysed, (2) a "Sleep Quality Interview" in which participants judged the relative importance of variables included in previous research on sleep quality and (3) a sleep quality diary completed over seven consecutive nights. SETTING University Department of Psychiatry. PARTICIPANTS Individuals with insomnia (n = 25) and normal sleepers (n = 28). INTERVENTIONS N/A. RESULTS Both the insomnia and normal sleeper groups defined sleep quality by tiredness on waking and throughout the day, feeling rested and restored on waking, and the number of awakenings they experienced in the night. The insomnia group had more requirements for judging sleep to be of good quality. CONCLUSION The meaning of sleep quality among individuals with insomnia and normal sleepers was broadly similar. A comprehensive assessment of a patient's appraisal of their sleep quality may require an assessment of waking and daytime variables.
Sentiment Analysis on Viral Issues in Social Media

Social media is the most effective medium of communication bilaterally over online. Facebook is a platform of choice for a variety of purposes such as communication with family and friends, developing or establishing business and spreading the influence of ideology to attract more followers. Two-way communication in social media is able to effectively promote information sharing, but if the sharing involves non authentic or misinformation disseminated widely, it may create unhealthy situation and potentially threaten the public order. This quantitative content analysis study investigated the influence and relevance of information sources on the distribution of public opinion through the comments on each Facebook‘s post studied using sentiment analysis API webtools. Through sentiment analysis software, sentiment for each comment on the selected Facebook sentiment polarity of the postings will be categorized into positive, negative and neutral sentiment. There were 4 parameters measured as independent variables, namely independent sources, media sources, public opinion source and source from monitoring organization to the dependent variable, public opinion. The case studies were selected from posting related to public order issue. The sample was selected using multistage sampling techniques involves purposive sampling and systematic sampling. The data obtained were analyzed using non-parametric statistical analysis. The results obtained through the five stages of data collection starting from Data Extraction, Language Detection, Data Cleaning and Pre-processing, Translating API and last but not least Sentiment Analysis. The polarity of the sentiment were then categorized into a few categories to investigate further the critical values on the sentiment reveal by the social media users in their comments on a specific facebook posting of the case study. The critical values such as sentiment emotion, comment direction and sensitivity/negativity level could help monitoring bodies to enhance their monitoring effectiveness toward controversial issues and strategizing the action to overcome any unexpected situation before it occurred. Keywords— Public Opinion, Viral Issues, Social Media, Media Surveillance, Viral Postings, Sentiment Analysis, API
Kinetics of mineralization of phenols in lake water

The kinetics of mineralization of phenol and p-nitrophenol in lake water was determined at concentrations from 200 pg/ml to 5 micrograms/ml. The mineralization data were fit by nonlinear regression to equations for 14 kinetic models that describe patterns of biodegradation by nongrowing cells or by microorganisms growing on either the test chemical or other organic substrates. The kinetics od mineralization of phenol in water samples collected in July was best described by first-order models for 0.5 ng of phenol per ml; by Monod-without-growth, logistic, and logarithmic models for 1.0 and 2.0 ng/ml and 5.0 ng/ml to 1.0 micrograms/ml, respectively, if it is assumed that the mineralizing population uses phenol as the sole carbon source for growth; by models (for phenol at concentrations of 2.0 ng/ml to 1.0 micrograms/ml) that assume that the phenol-mineralizing populations do not grow or grow logarithmically or logistically on uncharacterized carbon compounds but metabolize the phenol when present at levels below and above Km, respectively, for that compound; and by a logarithmic model at 5.0 micrograms/ml. Under the test conditions, usually less than 10% of the phenol C that was metabolized was incorporated into microbial cells or retained by other particulate material in the water at substrate concentrations of 10 ng/ml or less, and the percentage increased at higher substrate concentrations. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Peri‐operative pulmonary dysfunction and protection

Pulmonary complications are a major cause of peri‐operative morbidity and mortality, but have been researched less thoroughly than cardiac complications. It is important to try and predict which patients are at risk of peri‐operative pulmonary complications and to intervene to reduce this risk. Anaesthetists are in a unique position to do this during the whole peri‐operative period. Pre‐operative training, smoking cessation and lung ventilation with tidal volumes of 6–8 ml.kg−1 and low positive end‐expiratory pressure probably reduce postoperative pulmonary complications.
Social inclusion affects elderly suicide mortality

ABSTRACT Background: National attitudes towards the elderly and their association with elderly suicide mortality in 26 European countries were assessed, and Eastern and Western European countries compared. Methods: For each country, mean age-adjusted, gender-specific elderly suicide rates in the last five years for which data had been available were obtained from the WHO European Mortality Database. Questions about citizens’ attitudes towards the elderly were taken from the European Social Survey. Correlations between attitudes and suicide rates were analyzed using Pearson's test. Differences between mean scores for Western and Eastern European attitudes were calculated, and data on labor-market exit ages were obtained from the EUROSTAT database. Results: Perception of the elderly as having higher status, recognition of their economic contribution and higher moral standards, and friendly feelings towards and admiration of them are inversely correlated with suicide mortality. Suicide rates are lower in countries where the elderly live with their families more often. Elderly suicide mortality and labor-market exit age are inversely correlated. In Eastern European countries, elderly people's status and economic contribution are seen as less important. Western Europeans regard the elderly with more admiration, consider them more friendly and more often have elderly relatives in the family. The data also show gender differences. Conclusions: Society's attitudes influence elderly suicide mortality; attitudes towards the elderly are more favorable among Western European citizens; and extended labor-market inclusion of the elderly is a suicide-protective factor.