Lipid rafts and caveolae : from membrane biophysics to cell biology

1 Lipid Rafts, Caveolae, and Membrane Traffic (Doris Meder and Kai Simons). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Basic Organization Principles of a Cell Membrane. 1.3 Evidence for Phase Separation in Model Membrane Systems: Liquid-Ordered and Liquid-Disordered Phases. 1.4 Evidence for Phase Separation in Cell Membranes: The "Raft Concept". 1.5 Raft Domains are Clustered to Exert their Function. 1.6 The Apical Membrane of Epithelial Cells: A Percolating Raft Membrane at 25 oC. 1.7 Caveolae: Scaffolded Membrane Domains Rich in Raft Lipids. 1.8 Caveolae and Lipid Rafts in Membrane Traffic. Abbreviations. References. 2 The Forces that Shape Caveolae (Pierre Sens and Matthew S. Turner). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Physical Modeling of Lipid Membranes. 2.3 Caveolae as Invaginated Lipid Rafts. 2.4 Membrane Inclusions. 2.5 Caveolae as a Thermodynamic Phase Separation of Membrane Proteins. 2.6 Caveolae and Membrane Tension: Mechano-Sensitivity and Mechano-Regulation. 2.7 Conclusions. Abbreviations. References. 3 The Biophysical Characterization of Lipid Rafts (Pranav Sharma, Rajat Varma, and Satyajit Mayor). 3.1 Introduction: The Fluid Mosaic Model and Membrane Domains. 3.2 The Origin of the Raft Hypothesis. 3.3 The Role of Lipid-Anchored Proteins in the Development of the Membrane Raft Hypothesis. 3.4 The Case For and Against DRMs as Evidence for "Rafts" in Cell Membranes. 3.5 Why Are Biophysical Studies Useful for Understanding Lipid Rafts? 3.6 Diffusion-Based Measurements. 3.7 Proximity Measurements. 3.8 Conclusions. Abbreviations. References. 4 The Role of Caveolae and Noncaveolar Rafts in Endocytosis (Bo van Deurs, Frederik Vilhardt, Maria Torgersen, Kirstine Roepstorff, Anette M. Hommelgaard, and Kirsten Sandvig). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Caveolae are Largely Immobile, Nonendocytic Membrane Domains. 4.3 Caveolae May Show Local, Short-Range Motility: A Role in Transendothelial Transport? 4.4 An Internalization Wave of Caveolae can be Stimulated by Virus. 4.5 Role of Caveolae in Endocytosis of Cholera Toxin. 4.6 A Small Fraction of Caveolae may become Constitutively Internalized. 4.7 Caveosomes: Intracellular Caveolin-Associated Structures. 4.8 The Role of Dynamin in Caveolar Function. 4.9 Caveolin Immobilizes Rafts/Caveolar Invaginations. 4.10 A 2005 Consensus Model for Caveolar Endocytosis. Acknowledgments. Abbreviations. References. 5 Role of Cholesterol in Signal Transduction from Caveolae (Christopher J. Fielding and Phoebe E. Fielding). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Lipids of Caveolae. 5.3 Proteins in Caveolae. 5.4 The Caveolin Scaffold Hypothesis. 5.5 FC Binding by Proteins Including Caveolin. 5.6 FC in Caveolae: Effects of Depletion and Loading. 5.7 FC Changes in Caveolae: Effects of Signal Transduction. 5.8 Summary. Abbreviations. References. 6 Phosphorylation of Caveolin and Signaling from Caveolae (Cynthia Corley Mastick, Amy Sanguinetti, Haiming Cao, and Suhani Thakker). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Signaling Pathways Leading to Caveolin Tyrosine Phosphorylation. 6.3 Signaling Pathways Downstream of Caveolin Tyrosine Phosphorylation. 6.4 Summary. Abbreviations. References. 7 Role of Lipid Microdomains in the Formation of Supramolecular Protein Complexes and Transmembrane Signaling (Gyorgy Vamosi, Andrea Bodnar, Gyorgy Vereb, Janos Szollosi, and Sandor Damjanovich). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Biophysical Strategies for Studying the Lateral Organization of Membrane Proteins. 7.3 The Immunological Synapse. 7.4 Voltage-Gated K+ Channels in Lipid Rafts: Possible Involvement in Local Regulatory Processes. 7.5 Cell Fusion as a Tool for Studying Dynamic Behavior of Protein Clusters. 7.6 Lipid Rafts as Platforms for Cytokine Receptor Assembly and Signaling. 7.7 Organization and Function of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases is Linked to Lipid Microdomains. Acknowledgments. Abbreviations. References. 8 Caveolin and its Role in Intracellular Chaperone Complexes (William V. Everson and Eric J. Smart). 8.1 Caveolae and Caveolin-1. 8.2 Caveolin Protein Structure, Domains, and Membrane Interactions. 8.3 Caveolin Expression and Localization in the Cell. 8.4 Caveolin Expression and Localization Varies Depending on the Physiological State of Cells in Culture. 8.5 Caveolin-1 Expression Confers a New Level of Regulation. 8.6 Caveolae Cholesterol and Caveolin Localization to Caveolae. 8.7 Caveolin and Cholesterol Cross Membranes During Trafficking. 8.8 Two Chaperone Complexes Regulate a Caveola-Cholesterol Trafficking Cycle. 8.9 Caveolae Linked to Nongenomic Actions and Uptake of Estrogen. 8.10 Protein Acylation and Caveolae. 8.11 Scavenger Receptors Localize to Caveolae. 8.12 Cholesterol Homeostasis Regulates Caveolin Localization and Organization of other Proteins in Caveolae. 8.13 Chaperone Complexes Involved in Cholesterol Transport in Specialized Tissues. 8.14 Caveolin is Linked to Additional Sterol and Lipid Uptake and Trafficking Pathways. 8.15 Conclusions. Abbreviations. References. 9 The Roles of Caveolae and Caveolin in Cell Shape, Locomotion, and Stress Fiber Formation (Sang Chul Park and Kyung A. Cho). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Caveolin and Polarity. 9.3 Caveolin and Rho-family GTPases. 9.4 Caveolin and Focal Adhesion Complex. 9.5 The Dynamics of Caveolin and Actin. 9.6 Caveolae-Dependent Endocytosis via Actin Stress Fiber. 9.7 Summary. Abbreviations. References. 10 Lipid Rafts in Trafficking and Processing of Prion Protein and Amyloid Precursor Protein (Daniela Sarnataro, Vincenza Campana, and Chiara Zurzolo). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Lipid Rafts and Caveolae. 10.3 PrPc and Prion Diseases. 10.4 Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Rafts in APP Trafficking and Processing. 10.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. Abbreviations. References. 11 Caveolae and the Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (Olivier Feron). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Caveolin: A Scaffold for eNOS. 11.3 The Caveolin-eNOS Regulatory Cycle. 11.4 Lipoproteins and Caveolin-eNOS Interaction. 11.5 Angiogenesis and Caveolin-eNOS Interaction. 11.6 Vasodilation, Endothelial Permeability and Caveolin-eNOS Interaction. 11.7 Caveolin-3-eNOS Interaction in Cardiac Myocytes. 11.8 Conclusions. Abbreviations. References. 12 The Role of Caveolin-1 in Tumor Cell Survival and Cancer Progression (Dana Ravid and Mordechai Liscovitch). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 The Caveolin-1 Gene and its Regulation During Differentiation and Transformation. 12.3 Divergent Expression of Caveolin-1 in Human Cancer: The Case of Lung Cancer. 12.4 Actions of Caveolin-1 in Cancer Cells: Effects of Heterologous Expression and Genetic or Functional Suppression. 12.5 Molecular Mechanisms Implicated in the Pro-Survival Action of Caveolin-1. 12.6 The Role of Tyr14 Phosphorylation in Caveolin-1-Mediated Signaling. 12.7 Stress-Induced Changes in Caveolin-1 Expression. 12.8 Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. Abbreviations. References. Index.