Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Cycloheximide and Ganglioside GM1 on the Viability of Retinotectally Projecting Ganglion Cells Following Ablation of the Superior Colliculus in Neonatal Rats

The time‐course and extent of death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following ablation of the superior colliculus (SC) in neonatal Wistar rats has recently been described [Harvey, A. R. and Robertson, D. (1992) J. Comp. Neurol. , 325, 83–94]. Normal and pyknotic nuclei of retinotectally projecting ganglion cells were visualized using the fluorescent retrograde tracer diamidino yellow (DY), which had been injected into the SC at P2 (day of birth = P0), 2 days prior to tectal removal. The present report sets out to determine whether cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, or ganglioside GM1 reduced this lesion‐induced RGC death. All surgery was carried out under ether anaesthesia; DY was injected into the left SC at P2 and the injected area was removed at P4. Cycloheximide (20‐500 ng) was injected into the vitreous chamber of the right eye immediately after the lesion and again 11 ‐12 h later. In some rats, cycloheximide administration was delayed until 12 h after the SC ablation. Control rats received SC lesions alone or lesions plus sham eye injections of saline. Different doses of GM1 were applied i.p. or intraocularly. Rats were perfused 24 h after the SC lesion, at the time of peak RGC death. Retinae of lesion only or sham eye injected rats contained ‐11% pyknotic RGCs and the density of normal RGCs was ‐3400/mm2. The rate of pyknosis in cycloheximide treated retinae was reduced to ‐3%. Normal RGC density in these retinae was ∼5500/mm2, similar to that found in retinae of unlesioned animals. Delaying the application of cycloheximide significantly reduced its effectiveness in preventing RGC death. GM1 treatments had no, or only minor, impact on RGC pyknosis 24 h after SC removal. The data are consistent with the proposal that RGC death after neonatal loss of central target sites is an active process that requires protein synthesis. It is therefore possible that, in the developing mammalian visual system, target‐derived neurotrophic factors maintain RGC viability by suppressing some form of endogenous suicide program within the neurons.
Asian roots of the Malagasy; A linguistic perspective

The idea that Malagasy is related to the languages of insular Southeast Asia is very old. It can be traced back to 1603, when Frederick de Houtman published his Spraeck ende Woordboeck, inde Maleysche ende Madagaskarsche talen. This work was basically a textbook for those interested in learning Malay, but it also contained a Malay-Malagasy Dutch wordlist which clearly demonstrated some of the similarities between Malay and Malagasy. But, as Dahl points out, although De Houtman provided ample evidence for the idea, he did not state in so many words that there was a relationship between Malagasy and other Austronesian languages. It is therefore the Portuguese Luis Mariano to whom the credit should go for being the first to observe that there is a linguistic relationship between Malagasy and the languages of Southeast Asia. Mariano mentioned that the Malagasy came partly from 'Malacca', and partly from
Fuzzy clustering method based on set pair analysis and Optimal Fuzzy Equivalent Matrix for flood classification

In order to reflect different importance of each index in flood classification, fuzzy analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the weights of flood classification indexes with reason, set pair analysis was used to construct fuzzy similar matrix R, and then a fuzzy clustering method based on Set Pair Analysis and Optimal Fuzzy Equivalent Matrix, named SPA-OFEM for short, was established. The applied results show classification results are reasonable and high precision, the optimal fuzzy equivalent matrix Q can improve matrix transitive degree of R and reduce distortion problem of transitive closure method, and clustering results of history flood samples can be obtained directly based on Q. SPA-OFEM is a simple and effective improved fuzzy clustering method; it can be widely applied in management of flood disaster.
Différenciation lymphocytaire B et lymphomes B périphériques

La caracteristique des organes lymphoides secondaires est l'existence d'une compartimentation de la reponse immune B secondaire. Ainsi, les follicules primaires et le manteau (ou couronne folliculaire) des follicules secondaires correspondent a des lymphocytes B IgM+ IgD+ recirculants, les foyers B-blastiques a l'initiation d'une reponse immune B T-dependante dans les territoires T des organes lymphoides secondaires. Les centres germinatifs des follicules secondaires contiennent des lymphocytes B commis dans la reponse immune B secondaire et soumis d'abord a un processus de mutations somatiques des regions variables des genes des immunoglobulines et a la commutation isotypique (stade centroblaste), puis a la selection par l'antigene (stade centrocyte) presente par les cellules folliculaires dendritiques. La zone marginale contient le compartiment lymphocytaire B memoire. De fait, on distingue une phase « pre-centre germinatif », une phase correspondant au passage dans le centre germinatif et une phase « post-centre germinatif ». Ces trois phases de la reponse immune B T-dependante repondent a des compartiments lymphocytaires B differents qui peuvent etre caracterises au plan immunophenotypique et moleculaire (i.e. presence de mutations somatiques des genes des immunoglobulines et du gene bcl6). Les lymphomes B tendent actuellement a etre classes en fonction de leur equivalent non tumoral chaque fois que cela est possible. Notamment la reconnaissance du stade pre-centre germinatif, centre germinatif, ou post-centre germinatif est une donnee importante dans le demembrement de ces entites. Les lymphomes du manteau correspondent a un stade pre-centre germinatif. La leucemie lymphoide chronique derive d'un precurseur post-centre germinatif dans 50 % des cas, et est alors de meilleur pronostic que les cas derivant d'un precurseur pre-centre germinatif. Les lymphomes lymphoplasmocytaires et les lymphomes de la zone marginales sont post-centre germinatif. Les lymphomes folliculaires et les lymphomes de Burkitt ont pour origine une cellule B du centre germinatif. La plupart des lymphomes B diffus a grandes cellules semblent derives d'une cellule B du centre germinatif ou sont a un stade post-centre germinatif. Cependant, les lymphomes B diffus du mediastin pourraient correspondre a un lymphocyte B pre-centre germinatif. Les lymphomes hodgkiniens une origine lymphocytaire B et recouvrent deux entites : le lymphome hodgkinien a predominance lymphocytaire, lequel correspond a une cellule B du centre germinatif selectionne positivement par l'antigene, et la maladie de Hodgkin classique, dont l'equivalent non tumoral serait un lymphocyte B du centre germinatif ayant subi un rearrangement non fonctionnel du gene des immunoglobulines et anormalement rescape de l'apoptose. Ces exemples montrent l'importance des relations entre la differenciation lymphocytaire B et la lymphomagenese B dont les mecanismes moleculaires dependent sans doute du stade de differenciation du lymphocyte non tumoral subissant le premier evenement de transformation.
Comparative study of lipid profile in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus and obese non diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder affecting the people all over the world. Obesity is a physiological variant which leads to various pathological complications including Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and dyslipidemia are considered as independent risk factors for coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. Present study is to compare lipid profile in Type 2 diabetics with obesity and non diabetic obese people, the control group. This study enrolled 50 obese Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and 50 obese non diabetic controls of age 35-65 yrs with good glyceamic control. Patients with BMI (Body Mass Index) > 30 were selected. Fasting blood samples were collected and different lipid fractions along with fasting blood glucose were estimated by enzymatic method. Statistical analysis was carried out using standard deviation and chi-square from which ‘p’ value is derived, ‘p’ value <0.05 is significant. Among 50 obese diabetic patients total cholesterol levels were increased in 28 patients, triglyceride levels were raised in 32 patients; LDL-C levels were increased in 25 patients and HDL-C levels were decreased in 19 patients. This showed significantly high triglycerides, high VLDL-C, high LDL-C and low HDL-C in type 2 diabetes mellitus with obesity when compared to control group; there was no significant change in total cholesterol levels between the two groups. This study showed strong evidence of Type -2 diabetes mellitus associated with obesity leading to high levels of lipids which aggravate the atherogenic process, leading to increased morbidity and significant mortality compared to non diabetes obese population. As diabetes is a chronic disease intensive and prolonged medical management is required along with hypolipidaemic drugs.
Challenging behaviour and psychiatric disorder in intellectual disability

Purpose of review To critically review recent publications on the relationship between challenging behaviour and psychiatric disorder in people with intellectual disabilities. Recent findings Although a number of recent studies have highlighted possible similarities in the aetiology of challenging behaviour and psychiatric disorder, these findings need to be viewed with caution as they do not constitute evidence that the two phenomena are equivalent. While research into their possible interrelationship has produced equivocal findings, there are a number of theoretical perspectives that have been tested to some degree by empirical studies. Intervention studies that attempt to explore these perspectives are rare, however, and there is some evidence that people with complex mental health and behavioural needs are receiving far from optimal treatment. Summary The relationship between challenging behaviour and psychiatric disorder has yet to be adequately explored in the research literature. While both undoubtedly coexist in some people with intellectual disability, available research suggests that it is unlikely that disturbances in psychiatric functioning will underpin the majority of challenging behaviours. Evidence to link specific patterns of behaviour with particular disorders also remains elusive. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
Research of Plant-Leaves Classification Algorithm Based on Supervised LLE

A new supervised LLE method based on the fisher projection was proposed in this paper, and combined it with a new classification algorithm based on manifold learning to realize the recognition of the plant leaves. Firstly，the method utilizes the Fisher projection distance to replace the sample's geodesic distance, and a new supervised LLE algorithm is obtained . Then, a classification algorithm which uses the manifold reconstruction error to distinguish the sample classification directly is adopted. This algorithm can utilize the category information better，and improve recognition rate effectively. At the same time, it has the advantage of the easily parameter estimation. The experimental results based on the real-world plant leaf databases shows its average accuracy of recognition was up to 95.17%. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i6. 2680
Patients with mental illness: general nurses' attitudes and expectations.

AIM To measure the emotional reactions and expectations of 64 nurses in a general hospital to vignettes describing patients with unstable diabetes and a co-morbid psychiatric diagnosis. METHOD A small scale questionnaire survey was used in a within-groups design. RESULTS Findings suggest that the nurses in the sample were fearful of people with a mental health problem. They were wary of possible unpredictable behaviour. Qualified staff generally felt better equipped to cope with such patients, depending on their psychiatric experience. CONCLUSION General/adult nurses who have had more exposure to patients with mental health problems during their initial training are more likely to feel adequately prepared for managing people with mental health problems.
The Role of Cognitive Age as predictor of Individual differences and Use of E-Health by the Elderly

eHealth initiatives are constantly evolving to support consumers in taking active control of their health and well being through access to health information via the Internet. Although particularly elderly people could benefit from eHealth, they often resist using new technologies. However, research indicates that elderly cannot be considered as a homogenous group. In this regard, prior research considers three individual IT-related traits, namely computer anxiety, personal innovativeness in IT, and computer self-efficacy as important determinants influencing individuals’ technology acceptance and use. Especially computer self-efficacy has been found to play a key role in elderly’s technology acceptance decisions. However, as it is commonly assumed that older people think they are too old to use novel technologies, it is suggested they have expectations about their abilities and their age perceptions that may be interrelated. Consequently, we seek to explore the role of cognitive age in individual IT-related traits and their effect on the use of eHealth by the elderly.
Design-oriented substrate noise coupling macromodels for heavily doped CMOS processes

Macromodels for substrate noise coupling in heavily doped substrates have been developed. These models are simple and express the substrate coupling directly as a function of the spacing between the injection and sensing contacts. The models require only six parameters that can be readily extracted from a few device simulations and measurements. The model is validated for a 2 /spl mu/m and a 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS process where it is shown that the simple model predicts the noise coupling accurately.
Harmonic analysis: Comparison between different modulation strategies for three phase inverter connecting Distributed Generation

The paper deals with the results of a study performed by RSE, in the frame of the Research Fund for the Italian Electrical System, and Politecnico di Milano focused on the evaluation of the harmonic impact in the distribution networks caused by the Distributed Generation, generally connected through Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). In particular the two-level three phase Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) inverter configuration has been investigated and the Fourier series analysis of the output voltage, has been evaluated. To reduce the harmonic impact of the inverters connected at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) the interleaved inverters configuration has also been analysed.
The Role of 17 B -Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases in Modulating the Activity of 2-Methoxyestradiol in Breast Cancer Cells

The bis -sulfamoylated derivative of 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeOE2), 2-methoxyestradiol-3,17- O,O-bis -sulfamate (2-MeOE2 bis MATE), has shown potent antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activity in vitro and inhibits tumor growth in vivo . 2-MeOE2 bis MATE is bioavailable, in contrast to 2-MeOE2 that has poor bioavailability. In this study, we have examined the role of 17 B -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 B -HSD) type 2 in the metabolism of 2-MeOE2. In MDA-MB-231 cells, which express high levels of 17 B -HSD type 2, and in MCF-7 cells transfected with 17 B -HSD type 2, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that a significant proportion of 2-MeOE2 was metabolized to inactive 2-methoxyestrone. Furthermore, MCF-7 cells transfected with 17 B -HSD type 2 were protected from the cytotoxic effects of 2-MeOE2. In contrast, no significant metabolism of 2-MeOE2 bis MATE was detected in transfected cells and 17 B -HSD type 2 transfection did not offer protection against 2-MeOE2 bis MATE cytotoxicity. This study may go some way to explaining the poor bioavailability of 2-MeOE2, as the gastrointestinal mucosa expresses high levels of 17 B -HSD type 2. In addition, this study shows the value of synthesizing sulfamoylated derivatives of 2-MeOE2 with C17-position modifications as these compounds have improved bioavailability and potency both in vitro and in vivo . (Cancer Res 2006; 66(1): 324-30) using a reversed-phase HPLC method. Extracted samples were reconstituted in mobile phase and injected on to a C3-phenyl column (250 (cid:3) 5 mm, 5 A mol/L) purchased from Phenomenex (Cheshire, United Kingdom). The agents were separated from other medium components using an isocratic mobile phase consisting of 58% methanol in 0.02 mol/L ammonium sulfate containing 1 mmol/L sodium azide. Analysis was done with a photodiode array detector set at 285 nm. Statistics. All experiments were done in triplicate and data presented are representative of one of three such experiments, all errors shown are the mean F SD. Student’s t test was used to assess the significance of the differences in cell proliferation.
Reversal of Obesity- and Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance with Salicylates or Targeted Disruption of Ikkβ

We show that high doses of salicylates reverse hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia in obese rodents by sensitizing insulin signaling. Activation or overexpression of the IκB kinase β (IKKβ) attenuated insulin signaling in cultured cells, whereas IKKβ inhibition reversed insulin resistance. Thus, IKKβ, rather than the cyclooxygenases, appears to be the relevant molecular target. Heterozygous deletion (Ikkβ +/−) protected against the development of insulin resistance during high-fat feeding and in obese Lepob/ob mice. These findings implicate an inflammatory process in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and identify the IKKβ pathway as a target for insulin sensitization.
Lapita and Western Pacific Settlement: Progress, prospects and persistent problems

Lapita pottery and its associated antiquity and significance first began to be revealed in stratigraphically controlled archaeological excavations some 55 years ago (Gifford and Shutler 1956). Since that time it has remained a central focus for Pacific archaeologists (Clark et al. 2001; Kirch 1997; Sand 2003; Spriggs 1990a) and has subsequently led to the definition of a cultural complex that is associated with an archaeological horizon that can be identified from Island New Guinea to Samoa (Golson 1971:75). Reading through earlier general summary articles (Golson 1971; Green 1979; Kirch 1988) one is struck by both the increased progress but also the continuing complications in the understanding of the Lapita phenomenon. The papers published in this volume reflect on a broad range of interrelated themes including Lapita origins, chronology, patterns of settlement, migration, interaction and exchange, sampling strategies and ceramic analyses; all of which relate to aspects highlighting both advances and impediments associated with Lapita research.
Composition and properties of a highly purified toxohormone preparation.

Summary The amino acid and lipide composition of a highly active toxohormone preparation (TH 2 ) from human malignant tissues was investigated. Approximately 80 per cent of the TH 2 could be accounted for as polypeptide, with leucine, alanine, glutamic, and aspartic acid being present in the highest concentrations. The remaining 20 per cent consisted largely of phospholipides. The TH 2 fraction was divided into various subfractions both by paper chromatographic procedure as well as careful fractionation by use of Amberlite XE-64 columns. Most of the subfractions had approximately the same liver catalase-depressing potency as the TH 2 . The N-terminal amino acid of the various subfractions of TH 2 was shown to be arginine. The minimum molecular weights calculated from the N-terminal arginine ranged from 4200 to 6400. It would thus appear that there are several closely related proteolipides of relatively low molecular weight, all possessing toxohormone activity. From this study we believe that toxohormone activity requires the presence of both a polypeptide and a lipide (probably a phospholipide) component. Acid or enzymatic hydrolysis almost completely destroyed the toxohormone activity, indicating that the peptide is essential. Conclusive evidence as to the absolute necessity of a lipide component for toxohormone activity has not been obtained.
Phenol removal from refinery wastewater by mutant recombinant horseradish peroxidase

Application of mutated recombinant horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for phenol removal from refinery effluents is reported. Recombinant HRP produced in Escherichia coli suffers from the disadvantage of lacking glycosylation, which affects its catalytic efficiency and stability toward inactivating parameters such as increased temperature and enhanced amounts of hydrogen peroxide. In the present study, the previously reported variant (in which Asn268 was substituted with Asp, N268D) with improved stability characteristics and catalytic efficiency was used to remove phenol from a petroleum refinery effluent. The presence and removal of phenol was studied by high‐performance liquid chromatography; the precipitated oxidized phenol was also observed and removed from the sample by centrifugation. Results showed that the N268D variant can remove 61%, 67%, and 81% of phenol from effluent in 1, 2, and 16 H, respectively. By exploiting the N268D mutant, removal of 50% phenol could be achieved in 42 Min, which was more than 22 times less than the treatment time required by native recombinant enzyme.
Pre-chemotherapy risk factors for invasive fungal diseases: prospective analysis of 1,192 patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (SEIFEM 2010-a multicenter study)

Correct definition of the level of risk of invasive fungal infections is the first step in improving the targeting of preventive strategies. We investigated the potential relationship between pre-hospitalization exposure to sources of fungi and the development of invasive fungal infections in adult patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia after their first course of chemotherapy. From January 2010 to April 2012, all consecutive acute myeloid leukemia patients in 33 Italian centers were prospectively registered. Upon first admission, information about possible pre-chemotherapy risk factors and environmental exposure was collected. We recorded data regarding comorbid conditions, employment, hygienic habits, working and living environment, personal habits, hobbies, and pets. All invasive fungal infections occurring within 30 days after the first course of chemotherapy were recorded. Of the 1,192 patients enrolled in this study, 881 received intensive chemotherapy and were included in the present analysis. Of these, 214 developed an invasive fungal infection, including 77 proven/probable cases (8.7%). Of these 77 cases, 54 were proven/probable invasive mold infections (6.1%) and 23 were proven yeast infections (2.6%). Upon univariate analysis, a significant association was found between invasive mold infections and age, performance status, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking, cocaine use, job, hobbies, and a recent house renovation. Higher body weight resulted in a reduced risk of invasive mold infections. Multivariate analysis confirmed the role of performance status, job, body weight, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and house renovation. In conclusion, several hospital-independent variables could potentially influence the onset of invasive mold infections in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Investigation of these factors upon first admission may help to define a patient’s risk category and improve targeted prophylactic strategies.