Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global transformations versus local dynamics in Istanbul Planning in a fragmented metropolis

Istanbul, as the greatest metropolis of Turkey and one of the great cities of the world, has been rapidly transforming in recent years. This paper analyzes various aspects of this transformation to lead to an understanding of an appropriate strategy for metropolitan governance. Recent politicial developments indicate an apparent fragmentation of Istanbul citizens into segments with different expectations and life-styles that make new strategies of governance urgent and vital, yet harder. Istanbul is an arena waiting for the invasion of different citizen groups with different ethnic, religious and communal backgrounds. Although Turkish urban policy has never been welfare-oriented, market and outward orientation has never been so dominant. Policy issues seem to help the articulation with the world economy and to make Istanbul more attractive for foreign capital. Urban politics and government cover only a limited area of urban dynamics in Istanbul. A new approach to governance requires a strategic change in the state of mind of elected municipal officials towards the integration of various communities into governing practices, regardless of their bases of formation. Recent developments give clues about the governance potential in Turkish metropolises. Istanbul, with its urgent problems, may constitute a case study for other cities in Turkey.  2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Incorporation of presleep stimuli into dream contents: evidence for a consolidation effect on declarative knowledge during REM sleep?

Presleep stimuli to be retained for further recall is often incorporated into dream contents. To establish whether processing for insertion into dream contents may improve consolidation, we compared the retention rate at delayed recall of contents resulting from incorporation of presleep sentence‐stimuli with those of other contents of the same dream experiences. We hypothesized that association with a cognitive task of recall facilitates access to recently acquired items of declarative knowledge such as presleep stimuli, and triggers the deep elaboration of their semantic features, which involves rehearsal. Twelve subjects were given a task of delayed recall for three nonsense sentences delivered once a time before each of the sleep (re‐)onsets over an experimental night. After each awakening in rapid eye movement sleep, subjects were asked to report dream experience and recall the sentence to be retained. In the morning, after spontaneous awakening, subjects were unexpectedly requested to again report their dream experiences and to recall the stimuli. Two pairs of judges independently identified possible incorporations of the stimuli, and parsed dream reports into propositional content units. The proportion of night reports with at least one incorporation of the stimulus delivered (i.e. valid incorporations) was higher than that of reports with contents similar to a stimulus(‐i) not yet delivered (forward pseudo‐incorporations) or delivered prior to an earlier sleep period (backward pseudo‐incorporations). The proportion of content units common to night and morning reports (considered to be better consolidated) was significantly higher for incorporated contents than for other contents, including pseudo‐incorporated contents. Instead, the retention at morning recall of words of sentence‐stimuli corresponding to incorporated contents was not significantly higher than that of other words. The better retention of incorporated contents provides a partial confirmation (that is, limited to the output of the processing) that a generation effect, which benefits retention of actively processed information, is operative during sleep as well as in waking.
Demotivators of software process improvement: an empirical investigation

We have conducted an empirical study with 23 Vietnamese software practitioners to determine Software Process Improvement (SPI) demotivators. We have compared the demotivators identified by the Vietnamese practitioners with the demotivators identified by UK practitioners. The main objective of this study is to provide SPI managers with insight into the nature of factors that can hinder the success of a SPI program, so that SPI managers can better manage those demotivators to maximize practitioners' support for an SPI program. We used face-to-face questionnaire-based survey sessions for gathering data. We also asked the participants to rank each identified SPI demotivator on a five-point scale (high, medium, low, zero or do not know) to determine the perceived importance of each demotivator. From this, we proposed the notion of ‘perceived value’ associated with each identified demotivator. Our findings identify the ‘high’ and ‘medium’ perceived value demotivators that can undermine SPI initiatives. The findings also show that there are differences in SPI demotivators across practitioners' groups (i.e., developers and managers) and across organisational sizes (i.e. large and small-to-medium). Moreover, our results reveal the similarities and differences between SPI demotivators as perceived by practitioners in Vietnam and the United Kingdom. The findings are expected to provide SPI managers with insight to design and implement suitable strategies to deal with the identified SPI demotivators. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conduction characteristics of transformer oil-based nanofluids

The DC conduction of transformer oil and transformer oil-based nanofluids were investigated with increasing electric field strength in this paper. The results show that entire process of conduction can be divided into three stages, including resistance stage, tunneling stage and space-charge limited stage. Further analysis indicate that the generation and movement mechanism of carriers are different at these three stages. At low electric field stage, the addition of nanoparticles increases the density of carriers. At medium electric field stage, the thickness of the potential barrier is increased after adding nanoparticles and electrons are captured by nanoparticles. At high electric field stage, the electrons produced by ionization are constantly being caught and released by shallow traps.
Microphysical Parameterization of Arctic Diamond Dust, Ice Fog, and Thin Stratus for Climate Models.

Abstract A parameterization is described for low-level clouds that are characteristic of the Arctic during winter. This parameterization simulates the activation of aerosols, the aggregation/coalescence, and the gravitational deposition of ice crystals/water droplets and the deposition/condensation of water vapor onto ice crystals/water droplets. The microphysics scheme uses four prognostic variables to characterize clouds: ice water content, liquid water content, and the mean diameter for ice crystals and for water droplets, and includes prognostic supersaturation. The parameterization simulates stable clouds where turbulence and entrainment are weak, like ice fogs, thin stratus, and diamond dust. The parameterization is tested into the Local Climate Model (LCM), which is the single column version of the Northern Aerosol Regional Climate Model (NARCM). NARCM is a regional model with an explicit representation of the aerosol physics and with the physics package of the Canadian Climate Center General Circu.
Infection of mouse blastocysts with SV40 DNA: normal development of the infected embryos and persistence of SV40-specific DNA sequences in the adult animals.

In SV40-transformed culture cells, viral-specific sequences have been found to be covalently linked to host sequences (Sambrook et al. 1968). The most appealing interpretation to explain the presence of SV40-specific sequences in adult mice following infection at the preimplantation stage would be to assume that the viral DNA was integrated at this early stage of development into the host genome and was thus conserved during further development. However, our results do not exclude an extrachromosomal existence of the SV40 genome, for example, as an independently replicating plasmid or as a lytic infection in a few permissive cells. So far our attempts to demonstrate autonomous SV40 DNA replication in early mouse embryos have been unsuccessful. We plan to investigate whether the SV40-specific information can be genetically transmitted from the infected mice to their offspring; chromosomal integration would be proven if transmission of SV40 DNA occurred in accordance with simple Mendelian expectations. The injection of mouse blastocysts with purified SV40 DNA did not detectably interfere with normal development of the embryos to healthy adult mice, which were still tumor-free at one year of age. This was not due to the trivial possibility that the viral DNA did not successfully infect and was eliminated from the injected embryos, as virus-specific DNA sequences were detected in 40% of the infected year-old animals, or in about 25% of DNA preparations extracted from some of their tissues (Table 1). It is nevertheless possible that the animals may not have been old enough to exhibit tumorigenesis of SV40 origin; to test this possibility, the experiment will have to be repeated for longer survival periods. The absence of any obvious signs of expression of viral genetic functions, i.e., tumor formation, up to one year of age of the host is reminiscent of the "cryptic transformants" described earlier (Smith et al. 1972) which harbor SV40 information but behave essentially like normal untransformed cells. Whether transcription or translation of the virus gene can occur in infected mice is presently an open question. Testing for expression of an integrated viral genome in diverse differentiated tissues may provide a useful model system to study the regulation of differentiation. These matters are currently being investigated.
Crystalline surface layers in procaryotes

as S-layers [31, 35, 71, 75, 75b, 76, 80]) have been observed in an ever-increasing number of procaryotes. S-layers composed of protein or glycoprotein subunits are an almost universal feature of archaebacterial cell envelopes. They are also found in gram-positive and gram-negative eubacterial species representing nearly all phylogenetic lines (for compilations, see references 75, 75a, and 76). Paracrystalline layers similar to S-layers have been detected in bacterial sheaths (35, 69, 83), as crystalline outer membrane protein (cOmp) of gram-negative eubacteria (2, 16, 18, 33a), in spore coats, and in cell walls of eucaryotic algae (64). This minireview will focus on the more important and interesting developments of the last years. Other reviews (2, 8, 31, 38, 71, 75, 80; S. F. Koval, Can. J. Microbiol., in press) and the proceedings of a recent workshop on S-layers (75b) are recommended for a further introduction to the field.
The importance of lymph node retrieval and lymph node ratio following preoperative chemoradiation of rectal cancer

Preoperative chemoradiation (CRT) for rectal cancer decreases the number of examined lymph nodes (NELN) found in the resected specimen. However, the prognostic role of lymph node evaluation including overall numbers and the lymph node ratio (LNR) in patients having preoperative CRT have not yet been defined. The study has assessed the influence of CRT on the NELN and on lymph node number and LNR on the survival of patients with rectal cancer.
Associated with Poor Prognosis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignant tumour of adult kidney (Eble et al., 2004), and RCC’s histopathology is subdivided into various categories, which clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common pathological category, accounting for 70-80% of all RCCs (Young et al., 2001; Matsuura et al., 2011). In the last decades, there have been immense improvements in the treatment of ccRCC, but approximately 30% of the patients would develop to metastatic after surgical therapy (Janzen et al., 2003; Cohen et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2011). Although some environmental and genetic factors have been found to
Rat Model of Borna Disease Virus Transmission: Epidemiological Implications

ABSTRACT Rapid transmission of Borna disease virus occurred upon cohabitation of persistently infected and naive rats. Infectious virus, which was abundantly present in fresh urine samples of carrier rats, entered the brains of recipient rats via the olfactory route. Thus, susceptible farm animals possibly acquire the virus from persistently infected rats.
For Calculating Osmolality, the Simplest Formula is the Best

Plasma osmolalities were measured in 100 normal, 100 general hospital and 100 intensive care patients, and compared with the osmolalities calculated from the plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, glucose and urea, using five different published formulae. The mean osmolar gaps in the 100 consecutive intensive care patients and the 100 general hospital patients were not significantly different from the mean osmolar gap in the 100 normal individuals. The formula which gave the least difference between the measured and calculated osmolality was 2 × Na + urea + glucose, where the concentrations of sodium, urea and glucose were measured in mmol/l.
Attitudes towards microbicide use for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy.

UNLABELLED Background Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common reproductive tract infection (RTI) and is a significant risk factor for preterm birth. Microbicides could be an option for the prevention and treatment of BV in pregnancy, and understanding use of the product will be crucial. The present study explored attitudes of women in the third trimester of pregnancy regarding topical microbicide use for the prevention and treatment of BV. METHODS Twenty-six women in their third trimester were interviewed regarding their knowledge and beliefs about RTIs during pregnancy and attitudes concerning the use of topical microbicides for prevention and treatment of BV. RESULTS Participants had a mean age of 24.9 years, were largely under-represented minorities and the majority had had past pregnancies. Participants had knowledge and experience with RTIs but not BV. They were open to the use of microbicides for prevention or treatment of BV, but believed that women requiring treatment would be more motivated. Rationales for acceptability were most commonly related to the baby's health. Practical issues that may interfere with use were often, but not always, related to pregnancy. There was a range of attitudes about partner involvement in decision-making and the practicalities of product use. CONCLUSION Pregnant women are knowledgeable about RTIs but not necessarily BV. The women in this study found microbicide use acceptable, particularly for treatment. To improve acceptability and use, education would be needed about BV and possible complications, how to overcome practical problems and the value of involving partners in the decision.
Cerebrovascular ischemic changes associated with fetal posterior cerebral artery- descriptive retrospective study with magnetic resonance imaging and angiography of brain

Objectives: Circle of Willis, the main collateral pathway for cerebral circulation, is complete in only a portion of the population. There are many variations in the Circle of Willis. Fetal posterior cerebral artery, which is defined as posterior cerebral artery arising from internal carotid artery, is a common variant of the Circle of Willis. Though association between the fetal posterior cerebral artery and ischemia have been studied, no specific study has been conducted in the Indian population. We aim to identify the incidence of small and large vessel strokes in patients with fetal posterior cerebral artery using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) of brain in the Indian population. Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed MR angiographies of the brain performed in our institution, in order to assess the posterior cerebral circulation and its association with small ischemic changes and large vessel strokes. Results: 92 of the 140 patients (65%) with fetal posterior cerebral artery (PCA) had small vessel ischemic changes. 72 patients (51.4%) had large vessel infarcts in any of the vascular territories. 35% of the patients included in this study showed infarcts in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory and 15 % showed infarcts in the PCA territory. Conclusion: Higher incidence of MCA infarcts in our study probably suggests that PCA cannot aid in collateral formation cases of reduced flow across the internal carotid artery and that fetal PCA could be an important risk factor in cerebrovascular ischemic diseases.
Microsatellite variation and population structure of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) in Scandinavia

Several recent studies have found amphibian populations to be genetically highly structured over rather short geographical distances, and that the rate of genetically effective dispersal may differ between the sexes. However, apart from the common frog (Rana temporaria) little is known about the genetic structuring and sex‐biased dispersal in northern European amphibians. We investigated the patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation within and among Scandinavian populations of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) using microsatellite markers. The genetic diversity within local R. arvalis populations was not a simple linear negative function of latitude but a convex one: genetic diversity peaked in mid‐latitude populations, and declined thereafter dramatically towards the north. The average degree of genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.14) was lower than that observed for the common frog (FST = 0.21), though the pattern of isolation by distance was similar for both species. Contrary to common frogs, no evidence for female‐biased dispersal was found. The results reinforce the view that amphibian populations are—in general—highly structured over relatively small geographical distances, even in comparatively recently colonized areas.
Vitamin D Status, Autonomic Nervous System Activity, and Cardiometabolic Risk

Vitamin D and its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are currently a topic of investigation. The objective of this study was to explore the association between vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)) and a cardiometabolic risk score (CMRS) derived from markers of cardiac autonomic nervous system activity, vascular dynamics, and body composition, using an innovative non-invasive technology. We found that individuals who were vitamin D sufficient ((25(OH)D) ≥ 30 ng/ml, n = 51), compared to those who were vitamin D insufficient (<30 ng/ml, n = 44), had significantly higher heart rate variability (as measured by time and frequency domain variables) and lower photoplethysmography analysis markers and CMRS. These outcomes show that vitamin D insufficient subjects had reduced cardio protective parasympathetic nervous system activity, increased endothelial dysfunction, and hence were at greater cardiometabolic risk, implying vitamin D may play a meaningful role in CVD.
Hybrid Coherent/Energy Detection for Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radio (CR) networks require reliable spectrum sensing techniques in order to avoid interference to the primary users of the spectrum. Most existing spectrum sensing techniques are based on simple energy detection. However, in practice, the signals transmitted by primary users usually also contain known symbol such as pilots and preambles for synchronization and channel estimation purposes. Coherent, correlation based spectrum sensing techniques can exploit these known symbols but waste the energy contained in the data symbols. In this paper, we propose a hybrid spectrum sensing scheme which exploits both the pilot and the data symbols transmitted by the primary user. For the practically relevant low signal-to-noise ratio regime, we derive a locally optimal hybrid detection metric, which turns out to be a linear combination of an energy detection metric and a correlation metric. Simulation and analytical results confirm that the hybrid metric outperforms both energy detection and coherent detection even if the pilot positions are not known a priori and have to be estimated by the CR receiver.
“Backfiring” in Spinal Cord Monitoring: High Thoracic Spinal Cord Stimulation Evokes Sciatic Response by Antidromic Sensory Pathway Conduction, Not Motor Tract Conduction

Spinal cord stimulation has been advocated as an alternative to motor cortex stimulation for motor tract activation. To test this theory, evoked responses were recorded from lumbar spinal cord (L2; n = 14), spinal roots (L4-L7; n = 112), peripheral nerves (sciatics; n = 28), and hind limb muscles (n = 28) after epidural stimulation of the T1-T2 segment of the spinal cord in dogs (n - 12), cats (n = 2), and monkeys (n = 2), The spinal response evoked by spinal cord stimulation was resistant to a dorsal hemisectioning (depth, 7–8 mm) of the midthoracic spinal cord. A minimal attenuation of atency and amplitude occurred with dorsal hemlsactioning, suggesting signal transmission through descending or ascending pathways in the ventrolateral and ventral quadrants of the spinal cord. The sciatic nerve response was abolished by a dorsal column transection (depth, 3–4 mm) or ipsilateral lumbar dorsal rhizotomy (four dorsal roots). This shows that the evoked response recorded from the sciatic nerve in our animals was not travelling, as we expected, through the ventral roots, but rather was conducted antidromically through sensory fibers in dorsal roots.
AnaLogic Wave Computers-wave-type algorithms: canonical description, computer classes, and computational complexity

We introduce the AnaLogic Wave Computer in an algorithmic way by introducing the a-recursive functions. We show that elementary waves can be used for practical purposes and describe a new algorithmic thinking, motivated by practical and nature made experience. Next, three types of computational paradigms (Turing machine on integers, Newton machine on reals and CNN Universal Machine on flows) and the respective computational complexities are introduced based on practical and physical measures, along with some of their surprising properties.
Rce1, a novel transcriptional repressor, regulates cellulase gene expression by antagonizing the transactivator Xyr1 in Trichoderma reesei

Cellulase gene expression in the model cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma reesei is supposed to be controlled by an intricate regulatory network involving multiple transcription factors. Here, we identified a novel transcriptional repressor of cellulase gene expression, Rce1. Disruption of the rce1 gene not only facilitated the induced expression of cellulase genes but also led to a significant delay in terminating the induction process. However, Rce1 did not participate in Cre1‐mediated catabolite repression. Electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA) and DNase I footprinting assays in combination with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) demonstrated that Rce1 could bind directly to a cbh1 (cellobiohydrolase 1‐encoding) gene promoter region containing a cluster of Xyr1 binding sites. Furthermore, competitive binding assays revealed that Rce1 antagonized Xyr1 from binding to the cbh1 promoter. These results indicate that intricate interactions exist between a variety of transcription factors to ensure tight and energy‐efficient regulation of cellulase gene expression in T. reesei. This study also provides important clues regarding increased cellulase production in T. reesei.