Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of formulating diets with digestible amino acids and enzyme supplementation on the chemical composition of breast muscles in two broiler genotypes

Th e experiment was carried out on ISA 215 and Ross 308 broilers. Within each genotype, two hundred 21-day-old chickens were allocated to 4 groups of 50 birds (5 replicates of 5 males and 5 females per group). From days 22 to 42 of life the birds of both crosses were given two barley-based diets containing a high proportion of rapeseed meal and a mix of legume seeds. Th e formulation of the diet was based on total (TAA) or digestible amino acids (DAA), and diets were prepared with or without supplementing a commercial enzyme preparation containing β-glucanase, cellulase, xylanase, α-amylase and protease. Compared with ISA, Ross birds had lower (P<0.01) body weight (BW) gains, but greater breast muscle yield (151 vs 162 g/kg BW; P<0.01) and lower fat content in this muscle (10.6 vs 9.9 g/kg; P<0.01). In ISA broilers, there was an increase in the level of muscle fat in the birds receiving the DAA diet. Th e signifi cant interaction showed that the level of C18:0 acid increased in ISA females fed the DAA diet. Th e enzyme supplement increased (P≤0.05) the crude protein (CP) content and reduced (P≤0.01) the proportion of fat in ISA broilers (particularly in females; P<0.05). Th e muscle lipids of ISA chickens fed the enzyme-supplemented diet contained more C18:1 (particularly males; P<0.05) and total monounsaturated FA (P≤0.01). Ross chickens responded to the formulation based on DAA with an increase in the CP and dry matter content in the breast muscle (P≤0.01). Th e tendency towards reduced fat levels in the Ross birds fed the DAA diet was signifi cant for females (interaction; P<0.05). In contrast to ISA, in Ross birds added enzymes did not signifi cantly aff ect the proportions of the analysed muscle components.
The Status of the Cryptic Bat Species, Myotis mystacinus and Myotis brandtii in Ireland

The recent identification of Myotis brandtii in Ireland raised the possibility that many roosts previously identified as M. mystacinus had the potential of being misidentified M. brandtii. Thus, the distribution and population estimates for M. mystacinus may have been over-estimated, while M. brandtii may have been under-estimated. Results from an all Ireland genetic survey of known M. mystacinus maternity roosts confirm that no long term misidentification has taken place. All specimens caught and sampled were M. mystacinus. Additonally, no further records of M. brandtii were found during six nights of woodland trapping using the acoustic lure. While the status of M. mystacinus in Ireland is now listed as ‘least concern’ in the Irish Red List, M. brandtii is listed as ‘data deficient’ and cannot currently be considered a resident species
Prepuberal development of the pig ovary and its relation to stimulation with gonadotropic hormones

Corey ( '30), working with the rat, and Wislocki ( '31), with the rabbit, determined the approximate age at which these animals first gave marked rcsponses to gonad-stimulating hormones. A correlation of the findings of the above workers with the studies of Hargitt ( '30) and Allen ('04) on the postnatal iievelopnient of the ovary in the respective species indicates that the time of first typical rcsponses to stiinulatioii coincides with the appearance of well-formed antra in the follicles of the ovary. Preliminary to studies o n experimental ovulation in the immature sow, it was deemed necessary to determine the approximate age and weight of the aninials at the time the successive stages of follicular development occur and also the ability of the ovary to respond to gonad-stimulating influences while in the different stages.
The Indeterminacy of Ecological Interactions as Perceived Through Perturbation Experiments

Press perturbation experiments, in which individuals of a particular species are continually added to or removed from an ecosystem and the responses of other species' densities are observed, are discussed in the context of whole systems. When the sizes of direct interactions are determined to within an order of magnitude, the long—term outcomes of press pertubations are highly indeterminate, in terms both of whether species densities increase or decrease and of which interactions have the largest effects. It is emphasized that short—term observations of systems subject to press perturbations (e.g., toxin additions to ecosystems, or experimental manipulations of species using exclosures) are not useful for estimating long—term impacts. The difference between long— and short—term responses is detailed, and a rule of thumb is given for what constitutes "long—term" in this context.
Morphological and ancient DNA analyses reveal inaccurate labels on two of Buller's bird specimens

Historical museum skins are an important genetic resource for taxonomic, phylogeographic and conservation genetic research. However, their utility can be compromised by errors in specimen labels concerning taxonomic identity, collection locality and collector. Here we use morphological comparisons and ancient DNA analysis to show that two Auckland Island Shags (Leucocarbo colensoi) in the Sir Walter Buller collection of the Canterbury Museum, New Zealand, are mislabelled. Given that Buller was able to identify these taxa prior to their supposed collection dates, it suggests erroneous labelling and/or poor record keeping. Despite the importance of Buller's collections for ornithological research, our findings reinforce previous conclusions that caution is required when utilising these avian specimens.
The social transmission of disease between adult male and female reproductives of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis

The susceptibility of adult male and female dampwood termites (Zootermopsis angusticollis) to an infection carried by a mate was studied by exposing dealates to a 4 × 107 or a 6 × 104 spores/ml solution of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Following exposure to spores, male and female dealates were paired randomly in four treatments: (1) male and female exposed to spores; (2) male exposed to spores/female exposed to a control solution lacking fungal spores; (3) male exposed to a control solution/female exposed to spores and (4) male and female exposed to a control solution. Males and females exposed to 4 × 107 spores/ml acquired and transmitted the infection to their unexposed mate, and had significantly lower survival relative to controls. When males and females were exposed to 6 × 104 spores/ml, however, there were no significant differences in survivorship among the four treatments. Therefore, at the lower pathogen load, dealates were able to control infection. To compare the susceptibility of exposed adults in the absence of social interactions, the survivorship of male and female dealates maintained in isolation following exposure to the lethal spore concentration (107 spores/ml) was recorded. Male and female adults maintained in isolation had 1.5 times the hazard ratio of death of paired adults, suggesting that mate allogrooming and other social exchanges decreased disease susceptibility.
Spatial overlap enhances geographic range size conservatism

Phylogenetic conservatism or heritability of the geographic range sizes of species has been predicted to occur because of the phylogenetic conservatism of niche traits. However, evidence for range size conservatism is mixed, and even when statistically significant is often rather weak and of questionable biological importance. Here, we test the prediction that such conservatism will be more strongly expressed when the amount of spatial overlap between sister species increases. We used the global distributions of 1136 avian species ( � 10% of extant members of this Class), and tested the conservatism of geographic range sizes using the coefficients of correlation between values for pairs of sister species. We used a null model to test whether the range sizes of sister species were more similar to one another than expected by chance. We found that sister species showed a significant positive relationship between their geographic range sizes whatever the degree of spatial overlap. However, as predicted, the level of conservatism increases with the level of range overlap between sister species. More precisely, the strong increase in the coefficient of correlation between sister species’ range sizes when we add species with some range overlap to the pool of pairs without any such overlap indicates an important threshold effect. These results suggest that niche conservatism is more likely to lead to marked heritability of the range sizes of species when similar niche traits are expressed under more similar environmental conditions. These results have significant implications because they suggest 1) that previous analyses of conservatism of range sizes have been confounded by the level of spatial overlap, and 2) that closely related species experiencing similar conditions may tend to expand or restrict their geographic ranges in parallel when faced with climate change.
Investigations of the influence of carbon starvation on the carbohydrate storage compounds (trehalose, glycogen), viability, adenylate pool, and adenylate energy charge in Cellulomonas sp. (DSM20108)

During conditions of energy and carbon excess Cellulomonas sp. accumulates intracellularly two different carbohydrate storage products in different relative concentrations: trehalose and glycogen. During carbon starvation these compounds are degraded at different rates and are therefore characterized metabolically by different half-life periods (glycogen 1.6 h, trehalose 34 h). Other parameters which bear some relation to viability during conditions of stress are compared with these half-life periods. The half-life period of the adenylate energy charge ECA (52 h) is similar to the trehalose half-life period, and it is concluded that it is trehalose which is essential for long-term survival while glycogen is used in the very early stages of carbon starvation to produce energy for metabolism under these conditions. Evidence is presented that two mechanisms are active for the stabilization of the intracellular adenylate energy charge: specific excretion and adenylate degradation.
Growth response and changes in starch formation as a result of imazethapyr treatment of soybean (Glycine max L.)

Decreased dry weight, increased fresh weight, and increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.15) and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL; EC 4.3.1) activities were found in imazethapyr-treated roots and shoots of soybean compared to untreated controls. In the treated seedlings, glucose content increased while starch decreased, giving rise to a decline in the sum of free and allocated glucose. Moreover, ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase activity (RUBISCO; EC 4.1.1.39) decreased in the treated shoots. The exogenous application of a mixture of valine, leucine, and isoleucine with the herbicide treatment prevented the effects on glucose and starch contents and on RUBISCO activity, but not on fresh and dry weight or PAL and TAL activities. These findings suggest that the former are a consequence of the herbicide inhibition of the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids, while the latter could be stress symptoms. Keywords: Imazethapyr; Glycine max; carbohydrates; stress symptoms
Assignment1 of homologous genes, Peli1/PELI1 and Peli2/PELI2, for the Pelle adaptor protein Pellino to mouse chromosomes 11 and 14 and human chromosomes 2p13.3 and 14q21, respectively, by physical and radiation hybrid mapping

Pellino has been identified as a dimerization partner of the Drosophila protein Pelle, a Ser-Thr kinase that is involved in the Toll receptor signaling pathway (Grosshans et al., 1999). The signal transmitted by Toll receptor and Pelle kinase acts on the Dorsal/Cactus complex and determines the dorsoventral axis of the Drosophila embryo, as inferred from the phenotypes caused by mutations in the respective genes, as well as pathogen resistance in the adult (Karin and Hunter, 1995). However, no mutations are known in the Pellino gene. Three mammalian orthologs of Pelle (IRAK-1, Cao et al., 1996; IRAK-2, Muzio et al., 1997; IRAK-M, Wesche et al., 1999) have been identified and several Toll-like receptors (TLR) are known in humans, which are associated with innate immune response (Medzhitov et al., 1997). So far Pellino homologues have been identified in Caenorhabditis elegans (Rich et al., 2000) and the urochordate Ciona intestinalis, in which expression was found in the notochord (Hotta et al., 2000). In the course of the positional cloning of the neurological mutation wobbler of the mouse (Resch et al., 1998) we found an EST homologous to the Drosophila gene coding for Pellino. We therefore isolated cDNAs and characterized the genes of Pellino homologues in man and mouse. Materials and methods
A Case of Pleomorphic Carcinoma of the Pancreas

退形成性膵管癌は膵癌の中では非常にまれで，予後が不良とされている．今回多形細胞型退形成性膵管癌を経験したので報告する．症例は71歳，男性．尿黄染を主訴に当院受診し，閉塞性黄疸，肝障害を認め，精査を目的に入院となった．CT検査では膵鉤部に30mm大の不整形腫瘤を認め，動脈相，平衡相ともlow density areaとして描出された．MRI検査では膵鉤部腫瘤を認め，下部胆管の狭窄がみられた．黄疸の進行のためPTBDを施行した．膵癌の診断でPPPDを施行し，術中に肝転移を認めたが，合併切除した．切除標本では鉤部中心の柔らかい腫瘤で，割面は黄白色で，一部に壊死を認めた．病理組織所見では腫瘍細胞は結合性に乏しく，充実性に増殖し，多辺形細胞主体であるが，多核細胞などの多彩な細胞の混在が目立ち，多形細胞型退形成性膵管癌と診断された．術後合併症は認めなかったが，急速に肝障害，黄疸の進行を認め，術後約1ヵ月後肝不全で死亡した．
Social principles for agricultural extension to assist in the promotion of natural resource management

An understanding of social issues, the social nature of farming, and the social basis of adoption is needed if agricultural extension is to be effective in addressing natural resource management issues, and in promoting sustainability in its triple bottom line conceptualisation. Twenty-seven principles are presented here, with the key principles being: awareness of farming as a social activity; recognition of the social diversity of farmers and the social drivers in agriculture; and the socio-cultural basis of adoption.
THE IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF LEAF AND STEM PORTIONS OF FORAGES

The in vitro dry matter digestibility (I.V.D.) of the immature stems of timothy, orchardgrass, and bromegrass was higher than that of the leaves. However the rate of decline of digestibility with advancing maturity was greater with stems. At head emergence the I.V. D. of the leaves of orchardgrass was similar to that of the stems. Wide differences existed, though, in the I.V. D. of leaf and stem fractions of orchardgrass at more advanced stages of growth. Digestibilities of the plant parts of both timothy and bromegrass were not greatly different at any growth stage.The digestibility of leaves of alfalfa decreased only slightly as the season progressed. However, the I.V. D. of the stems declined rapidly early in the season. Unlike the grasses, the stems of alfalfa never attained as high a digestibility as the leaves at the early growth stages.The crude protein content of both leaf and stem portions of the various grass species was similar.As the season progressed, orchardgrass had the highest leaf to stem ra.
Calibration of Granular Matrix Sensors for Irrigation Management

Granular matrix sensors (GMS) represent an alternative technology for measuring soil water to schedule irrigation. When GMS were tested by drying them to measure changes in electrical resistance with decreasing water content, their resistance response to drying in air in an oven was similar (t = −0.87, 134 df) to that for drying in a field soil, with a response curve that suggested GMS could be used to measure soil water potential (ψ). Granular matrix sensor meter readings were compared with tensiometer, neutron probe, and gravimetric measurements of soil water in the root zone of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank) grown in silt loam. Measurements with GMS were closely related to soil water potential measurements and to soil water measured gravimetrically or by neutron probe [. ]
Social values and the contingent nature of public opinion and attitudes about forests

In recent years there has been considerable emphasis placed upon the importance of understanding "forest values. " This article has two interrelated objectives: 1) to provide a discussion of some of the methodological issues to be considered in conducting social survey research on forest values, opinions, and attitudes; 2) to provide an analysis that illustrates how values underlie opinions and attitudes about clearcutting and visual quality. In the first part of this paper a critical overview of using social science to investigate forest values is undertaken. For illustrative purposes, aesthetic values, clearcutting, and visual aspects of forest management are focussed upon. The concept of "values" is critically examined. The importance of understanding the connection between values and opinions/attitudes is discussed. Some problems with defining "the public" are described, and the need to explore intergroup differences with regard to environmental issues is stressed. In part two of the paper an analysis .
Active Pollination of Ficus sur by Two Sympatric Fig Wasp Species in West Africa

Ceratosolen silvestrianus and C. arabicus are two species of agaonine fig wasps that co‐occur in the figs of Ficus sur in West Africa. Our work in the Ivory Coast shows that both are active pollinators, and that they may be found together in the same syconia. In our study area, C. silvestrianus is much more abundant than C. flabellatus. We found no competitive effect for oviposition sites on C. silvestrianus, and hypothesize that habitat preferences allow the coexistence of two sympatric active pollinators in the same Ficus host in the Ivory Coast.
Influence of tree species and salvaged soils on the recovery of ectomycorrhizal fungi in upland boreal forest restoration after surface mining

Surface mining in the Canadian boreal forest involves the removal of vegetation and soils, resulting in the local loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi are critical to ecosystem processes; however, their recovery following reclamation is not well understood. This study investigated the importance of reclamation cover soils (forest floor material, peat, and subsoil) and tree seedling species (Populus tremuloides Michx., Pinus banksiana Lamb., and Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in structuring the community composition of EM fungi. We used 1-year-old seedlings to assay cover soils in the field for 3 months, and grew seedlings in each of the cover soils in a growth chamber assay for 5 months. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling indicated host identity structured the community composition of EM fungi in the field, while both host identity and cover soil influenced the composition of EM fungi in the growth chamber. However, pre-colonization of seedlings by nursery fungi complica.
A proposed role of oxalic acid in wood decay systems of wood-rotting basidiomycetes

The possible roles of oxalic acid, veratryl alcohol, and manganese were investigated in relation to lignin biodegradation by white-rot basidiomycetes. Oxalate inhibited both lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese-peroxidase (MnP). and was decarboxylated by the mediation of veratryl alcohol and Mn. Oxalate was shown to regulate the mineralization of lignin in the in vivo system of Phanerochaete chrysosporium . In the brown-rot wood decay process, oxalic acid may serve as an acid catalyst as well as an electron donor for the Fenton reaction, to breakdown cellulose and hemicellulose. Oxaloacetase and glyoxylate oxidase may play a key role in production of oxalic acid by white-rot and brown-rot basidiomycetes such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Coriolus versicolor and Tyromyces palustris . A possible role of oxalate metabolism is discussed in relation to the physiology of wood-rotting fungi.
Biological estimation of oestrogenic activity in red clover (Trifolium pratense): relative potencies of parts of plant and changes with storage

Summary Immature ovariectomized mice were used to compare the oestrogenic activities of different parts of the same clover plants; to estimate the relative potencies of biochanin A, genistein and diethylstilboestrol; and to compare the effects of different methods of storage on the oestrogenic potency of red clover leaf and petiole. Test materials were incorporated in the diet fed to the mice and the uterine weight response was used to measure oestrogenic activity. With material harvested at four different times, the leaf or leaf and petiole had the highest activity; small and large stem fractions of the plant were both relatively less active, and blossom and seed head were inactive. Comparison of successive estimates of the relative potency of isoflavones and diethylstilboestrol indicated that the relative responsiveness to the two types of oestrogen did not remain constant. Thus comparisons of estimates of oestrogenic activity of plant material, obtained in terms of diethylstilboestrol in different experiments, could be invalid. The potencies of alcohol, acetone and freeze-dried preparations were compared after storage for 18, 115, 212 and 230 days. Of the procedures tested, the most satisfactory was that in which fresh material was placed in 95% alcohol and the liquor and residue dried and stored at room temperature over concentrated sulphuric acid at reduced pressure.
Time‐Dependent Absorption in Deposit Feeders

Deposit feeders obtain food from sediments consisting mostly of indigestible mineral grains. In order to procure the required energy and nutrients, these animals must process enormous quantities of sediment (Canunen 1980b). The necessarily rapid processing rates limit the amount of time material may remain in the gut. Many deposit feeders have gut residence times of 30 minutes or less. Juvenile Streblospio benedirti can have gut residence times as low as 4 minutes (T. Forbes, pers. com.). Since digestion is a time-dependent process, gut residence time is likely to control absorption of ingested food, particularly when the food is difficult to digest. While the amount of material absorbed will increase with increasing gut residence time, it is likely to do so at a reducing rate (Sibly and Calow 1986). Therefore there will be a tradeoff between the efficiency and speed of digestion.