Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stressful life events and previous episodes in the etiology of major depression in women: an evaluation of the "kindling" hypothesis.

OBJECTIVE Although previous evidence has suggested that the etiologic role of stressful life events in major depression is reduced in recurrent versus first-onset cases, this question deserves reexamination because of potential methodological limitations of the previous studies. METHOD Members of female-female twin pairs from a population-based registry (N=2,395), who were interviewed four times over a period of 9 years, formed a study group that contained 97,515 person-months and 1,380 onsets of major depression. Discrete-time survival, proportional hazards model, and piece-wise regression analyses were used to examine the interaction between life event exposure and number of previous depressive episodes in the prediction of episodes of major depression. RESULTS For those with zero to nine previous depressive episodes, the depressogenic effect of stressful life events declined substantially with increasing episode number. However, the association between stressful life events and major depression was not substantially influenced by additional episodes. This pattern of results was robust to the addition of indices of event severity, measures of genetic risk, and restriction to independent stressful life events. The same pattern was also seen upon examining within-person changes in number of episodes. CONCLUSIONS The association between previous number of depressive episodes and the pathogenic impact of stressful life events on major depression is likely causal and biphasic. Through approximately nine episodes, the association between stressful life event exposure and risk of major depression progressively declines but is largely unchanged with further episodes. These results are consistent with the kindling hypothesis but suggest a threshold at which the mind/brain is no longer additionally sensitized to the depressive state.
The Relationship Between Teacher Sign Skills and Student Evaluations of Teacher Capability

This study examines the extent to which deaf students' perceptions of their teachers' effectiveness and ease of communication in the classroom are related to the teachers' sign skills. Thirty-three faculty, teaching a variety of courses at the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID), were rated on "teaching effectiveness" and "communication ease" by their students over a 2-year period. Faculty sign proficiency was evaluated independently using the Sign Communication Proficiency Interview (SCPI). Results indicate a moderate relation between students' perceptions of communication ease and teaching effectiveness, and a weak relation of these two variables to the teachers' assessed level of sign skill. The data also show that the students could clearly differentiate three levels of teacher sign skill in the classroom. Results are discussed in relation to the component parts of effective communication from the perspective of students in the classroom.
Letter. The crystal structure of bartelkeite, with a revised chemical formula, PbFeGeVI(Ge2 IVO7) (OH)2·H2O, isotypic with high-pressure P21/m lawsonite

Abstract Bartelkeite from Tsumeb, Namibia, was originally described by Keller et al. (1981) with the chemical formula PbFeGe3O8. By means of electron microprobe analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy, we examined this mineral from the type locality. Our results show that bartelkeite is monoclinic with space group P21/m, unit-cell parameters a = 5.8279(2), b = 13.6150(4), c = 6.3097(2) Å, β = 127.314(2)°, and a revised ideal chemical formula PbFeGeVIGe2IVO7(OH)2·H2O (Z = 2). Most remarkably, bartelkeite is isostructural with the high-pressure P21/m phase of lawsonite, CaAl2Si2O7(OH)·H2O, which is only stable above 8.6 GPa and a potential host for H2O in subducting slabs. Its structure consists of single chains of edge-sharing FeO6 and Ge1O6 octahedra parallel to the c-axis, cross-linked by Ge22O7 tetrahedral dimers. The average bond lengths for the GeO6 and GeO4 polyhedra are 1.889 and 1.744 Å, respectively. The Pb atoms and H2O groups occupy large cavities within the framework. The hydrogen bonding scheme in bartelkeite is similar to that in lawsonite. Bartelkeite represents the first known mineral containing both 4- and 6-coordinated Ge atoms and may serve as an excellent analog for further exploration of the temperature-pressure-composition space of lawsonite.
Divergence of Sentiment and Stock Market Trading

This paper introduces the concept of divergence of sentiment to the behavioral finance literature. We measure the distance between people with positive and negative sentiment on a daily basis for 20 countries by using data from status updates on Facebook. The prediction is that a higher divergence of sentiment leads to more diverging views on prospects and risks, and thus to more diverging views on the value of a stock. In line with this prediction, divergence of sentiment is positively related to trading volume. We further predict and find a positive relation between divergence of sentiment and stock price volatility. The observed relations are stronger when individual investors are more likely to trade. We compare the effect of our country-specific measures to a global measure of divergence of sentiment. We find that the separate effects of country-specific and global divergence measures depend on a country's level of market integration.
COMBINING PHYLOGENETIC AND ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION INTO A NEW INDEX OF HOST SPECIFICITY

Host specificity has 2 independent facets: the extent to which different host species are used by a parasite, and the phylogenetic distances among these hosts. Although the number of host species exploited by a parasite commonly is used as a measure of host specificity, it fails to capture ecological and phylogenetic differences among hosts. Here, a new index of host specificity, STD*, is developed and illustrated. This index measures the average taxonomic distinctness among the host species used by a parasite, weighted for the parasite's prevalence in the different hosts. For a given number of host species, the index approaches its minimum value when a parasite achieves high prevalence in a few closely related host species, and the index approaches its highest value when a parasite reaches its highest prevalence values in distantly related host species. Simple hypothetical examples are used to demonstrate the index's computation and some of its properties. The new index is influenced independently both by the taxonomic (or phylogenetic) affinities of a set of host species and by the distribution of prevalence values among these hosts. A single value cannot truly capture all the nuances of a phenomenon as complex as host specificity; nevertheless, the proposed index incorporates the features of specificity that are most relevant to parasitologists and will be a useful tool for comparative studies.
Climatic analysis of the distribution of Fusarium graminearum, F. pseudograminearum and F. culmorum on cereals in Australia

The distributions of Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae), F. pseudograminearum (F. graminearum Group 1) and F. culmorum from cereals in Australia were determined from published survey data and accessions to culture collections. The distributions were analysed in terms of climate, using the climate matching system BIOCLIM. F. graminearum was found mostly in warm temperate to subtropical areas with moderate to high summer rainfall, where mean temperature of the warmest quarter was greater than 18.7°C and rainfall of the warmest quarter was greater than 195 mm. This appeared to be due to the effect of climate on production of maize, the host from which most records were obtained. F. pseudograminearum occurred throughout the main cereal growing areas and its occurrence did not appear to be limited by climate within the Australian grain belt. The distribution of F. culmorum on cereals was more limited than that of F. pseudograminearum. In the southern winter rainfall zone, F. culmorum was restricted to sites with mean summer temperatures less than about 22°C and annual rainfall greater than about 350 mm, whereas in the northern summer rainfall zone F. culmorum was restricted to areas with mean summer temperatures less than about 24.5°C and annual rainfall greater than about 625 mm.
Shifting Frames: Conditional Indirect Effects of Contested Issues on Perceived Effectiveness Through Multiple Emotions

Prior research has found that exposure to news frames can cause emotional responses to political issues. Yet, little is known about how different combinations of news frames and issues relate to discrete emotions and whether these emotions, in turn, affect issue perceptions. The present study investigates these questions by testing whether (a) the effects of news articles, featuring highly versus moderately contested policy issues on perceived policy effectiveness (PPE), are mediated by three discrete emotions (anger, fear, and hope) and (b) if these effects depend on the type of generic news frame used (human interest vs. economic consequences). An online experimental survey (N = 405) demonstrated that the effects of issue contestation on PPE were mediated by hope and anger, but not by fear. These effects were only apparent within a human interest frame. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Multiresolution spectral imaging by combining different sampling strategies in a compressive imager, MR-CASSI

The Coded Aperture Snapshot Spectral Imaging system (CASSI) is a remarkable architecture based on CS theory which senses the spectral scene by using two-dimensional coded focal plane array (FPA) projections. The CASSI system can be characterized by a measurement matrix which can be designed according to the requirements of a particular issue. Traditional approaches require recovering all the data with high resolution which involves a large amount of data and in consequence high costs of transmission and storage. However, in several applications, the data analysis is focused on only specific regions of the images. Therefore, this work proposes a multiresolution compressive architecture (MR-CASSI). MR-CASSI is focused on the most important spatial or spectral areas of the scene to be analyzed without background subtraction, allowing to reduce the amount of data preserving all the scene, selection of these areas of interest is pre-selected. The MR-CASSI is designed from a measurement matrix, such that the system samples the scene to recover multiresolution images low resolution for the background and high resolution for the spatial target or spectral regions. An important aspect of this proposal is that we can estimate multiresolution images without extra processing. From simulation results for the MR-CASSI architecture, it was found that compared to a traditional system, our approach overcomes an average 12dB of PSNR with a low-resolution system by using different decimation factors to obtain multiresolution SI with high-resolution target areas, and the low-resolution background in the reconstructions.
Afrobarometer AFROBAROMETER WORKING PAPERS DO VOTERS HAVE DIFFERENT ATTITUDES TOWARD CORRUPTION ? THE SOURCES AND IMPLICATIONS OF POPULAR PERCEPTIONS AND TOLERANCE OF POLITICAL CORRUPTION

Political tolerance and political perceptions are a nalytically indistinguishable in current literature . In reality, however, individual attitudes toward political corr uption are complicated and contingent on myriad fac tors. This paper makes an important conceptual distinctio between perceptions and tolerance of corruption, and argues that voters form their attitudes toward corr uption based upon their insider or outsider status. More specifically, we draw the distinction between insid ers and outsiders along two dimensions: cost-benefi t instrumentality and affective identity. The former r fers to whether a voter belongs to the patronage etwork of the incumbent, and we posit that a patronage-ins ider is more tolerant of corruption and perceives corruption at a higher level compared to patronage outsiders. On the other hand, affective identity i nvolves whether one shares a partisan or ethnic affiliation with the incumbent. Importantly, we argue that vo ters view corruption through the lens of identity, and t hat partisan and ethnic insiders are more likely to turn a blind eye to corruption. Finally, we argue that in siders’ electoral support of the incumbent is less affected by the consequences of corruption. We test our inside r-outsider framework, as well as its implications f or voting behavior, using recent Afrobarometer data on 18 sub-Saharan African democracies and find fairly strong evidence to support our hypotheses. 1 Paper delivered at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Toronto, Se ptember 3-6. A previous version of the paper was presented at th e 2009 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Scie nc Association, Chicago, April 2-5. We are grateful t o Mike Bratton, Mike Colaresi, Eunyoung Ha, Philip Keefer, and Miriam Golden for their helpful comments.
A family of ATPases involved in active partitioning of diverse bacterial plasmids

Low copy‐number bacterial plasmids F (the classical Escherichia coli sex factor) and prophage P1 encode partitioning functions which may provide fundamental insights into the active processes which ensure that bacterial genomes are segregated to both daughter cells prior to cell division. These partitioning systems involve two proteins: ParA and ParB. We report that IncC from the broad host‐range plasmid RK2 is a member of the family of ParA partitioning proteins and that these proteins (as well as related proteins encoded by plasmids from Agrobacterium tume‐faciens and Chlamydia trachomatis) contain type I nucleotide‐binding motifs. Also, we show that the cell division inhibitor MinD is homologous to members of the ParA family. Sequence comparisons of ParB proteins suggest that they may contain sites for phosphorylation. We propose that ATP hydrolysis by the ParA protein may result in phosphorylation of the ParB protein, thereby causing a conformational shift necessary to separate paired plasmid molecules at the cell division plane.
Benchmark structural control problem for a seismically excited highway bridge—Part I: Phase I Problem definition

This paper presents the problem definition of the benchmark structural control problem for the seismically excited highway bridge. The benchmark problem is based on the newly constructed 91/5 highway over‐crossing in southern California. The goal of this benchmark effort is to develop a standardized model of a highway bridge using which competing control strategies, including devices, algorithms and sensors, can be evaluated comparatively. To achieve this goal, a 3D finite‐element model is developed in MATLAB to represent the complex behavior of the full‐scale highway over‐crossing. The nonlinear behavior of center columns and isolation bearings is considered in formulating the bilinear force–deformation relationship. The effect of soil–structure interaction is considered by modeling the interaction by equivalent spring and dashpot. The ground motions are considered to be applied simultaneously in two directions. A MATLAB‐based nonlinear structural analysis tool has been developed and made available for nonlinear dynamic analysis. Control devices are assumed to be installed between the deck and the end abutments of the bridge. Evaluation criteria and control constraints are specified for the design of controllers. Passive, semi‐active and active devices and algorithms can be used to study the benchmark model. The participants in this benchmark study are required to define their control devices, sensors and control algorithms, evaluate and report the results of their proposed control strategies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on the immobilization antigens of Paramecium. II. Isolation.

Summary Good yields of immobilization antigen have been obtained by extracting paramecia in a dilute salt solution containing 15% alcohol for 1 hr at 2°C. The extract is purified by low pH treatment followed by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate. Data on solubility, electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, along with serologic criteria indicate that the material is relatively pure immobilization antigen.
A CBM policy for systems subject to finite maintenance times

This paper proposes a condition-based maintenance (CBM) policy for a gradually deteriorating system that could only be repaired for finite times. Periodical inspections are performed to measure the degradation level, and the system is preventively or correctively repaired when the level reaches the preventive and failure threshold, respectively. Both preventive and corrective maintenance actions in this paper are considered imperfect. After each maintenance action, the system is restored to a “better than old” state but the effectiveness of maintenance is stochastically reduced as its number increases. In this way, the system can only keep its desired function for a very small period after sufficient number of maintenances. Therefore, the system cannot be in service for infinite duration and its usage life which is defined as number of maintenance actions needs to be determined systematically. In this respect, system service life is jointly optimized with periodical inspection interval and preventive threshold by minimizing life-cycle cost rate. A nonhomogeneous Markov model is developed to describe the evolution of maintained system and corresponding cost function. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the application of this maintenance policy.
5‑FU resistance abrogates the amplified cytotoxic effects induced by inhibiting checkpoint kinase 1 in p53‑mutated colon cancer cells.

The emergence of chemoresistance is a major limitation of current cancer therapies, and checkpoint kinase (Chk1) 1 positively correlates with resistance to chemo‑ or radio‑therapy. Cancer cells lacking p53 pathways are completely dependent on the S and G2/M checkpoints via Chk1; therefore, Chk1 inhibition enhances the cytotoxicity of DNA‑damaging agents only in p53‑deficient cells. However, little is known about the synergistic effect of Chk1 inhibition with 5‑FU, the most frequently used antimetabolite, in chemoresistant colorectal cells. In this study, we found that 5‑FU induced S‑phase arrest only in p53‑deficient colorectal cancer cells. 5‑FU treatment induced DNA damage and activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and Chk1, leading to S‑phase arrest, and Chk1 inhibition using SB218078 reduced S‑phase arrest and increased apoptosis in the presence of 5‑FU. In contrast, in p53‑deficient, 5‑FU‑resistant (5FUR) colon cancer cells that we developed, 5‑FU enhanced DNA damage but did not induce Chk1/ATM activation or cell cycle arrest. SB218078 in combination with 5‑FU did not induce apoptosis. These results indicate that 5‑FU‑resistance abrogated the anticancer effect amplified by Chk1 inhibition, even in p53‑deficient cancer cells.
Medical imaging with capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducer (cMUT) arrays

Several groups have shown images made with capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducers (cMUTs). This new transducer technology has emerged as a leading research area because these devices are non-resonant and can be integrated with signal processing electronics. We review real time imaging performed with early silicon nitride devices. Then, we present new results from a wafer bonded cMUT probe produced and tested in our lab. These wafer bonded cMUTs show a fractional bandwidth of 130% (3-13 MHz), that covers almost the entire frequency range of interest for medical ultrasound. Further discussion outlines some of the challenges involved and potential solutions for integrating cMUT arrays with medical imagers. A review of some of the models from the literature is also given as a means to optimizing the cMUT design and impedance matching.
Tumor and Stem Cell Biology TheWhite Adipose TissueUsed in Lipotransfer Procedures Is a Rich Reservoir of CD 34 þ Progenitors Able to Promote Cancer Progression

Previous studies have suggested a "catalytic role" in neoplastic angiogenesis and cancer progression for bone marrow–derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC). However, preclinical and clinical studies have shown that the quantitative role of marrow-derived EPCs in cancer vascularization is extremely variable. We have found that human and murine white adipose tissue (WAT) is a very rich reservoir of CD45-CD34þ EPCs with endothelial differentiation potential, containing a mean of 263 times more CD45-CD34þ cells/mL than bone marrow. Compared with marrow-derived CD34þ cells mobilized in blood by granulocyte colony–stimulating factor, purified WAT-CD34þ cells expressed similar levels of stemness-related genes, significantly increased levels of angiogenesis-related genes, and increased levels of FAP-a, a crucial suppressor of antitumor immunity. In vitro, WAT-CD34þ cells generated mature endothelial cells and capillary tubes as efficiently as mature mesenchymal cells. The coinjection of human WAT-CD34þ cells from lipotransfer procedures contributed to tumor vascularization and significantly increased tumor growth andmetastases in several orthotopicmodels of human breast cancer in immunodeficient mice. Endothelial cells derived from human WAT-CD34þ cells lined the lumen of cancer vessels. These data indicate that CD34þ WAT cells can promote cancer progression and metastases. Our results highlight the importance of gaining a better understanding of the role of different WAT-derived cells used in lipotransfer for breast reconstruction in patients with breast cancer. Cancer Res; 72(1); 325–34. 2011 AACR.
Human Infection with a Novel Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus.

To the Editor: Multiple reassortant strains of novel, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses in clade 2.3. 4.4 have recently emerged and spread in Asia, Europe, and North America, giving rise to multiple subtypes (H5N2, H5N5, H5N6, and H5N8). 1–3 We report on a 59-year-old man in Guangzhou, China, with influenza A(H5N6) infection and associated illness. He had a 30-year history of smoking and had stopped smoking in January 2014. He had undergone surgery and chemotherapy for colon cancer, the last chemotherapy dose having been administered in April 2014. During the weeks before illness onset, he regularly purchased and handled live .
Anti‐inflammatory Effects of South American Tanacetum vulgare

In recent years the role of phenolic compounds and sesquiterpene lactones, particularly parthenolide, in the anti‐migraine and anti‐inflammatory effects of Tanacetum parthenium (Asteraceae) has attracted much attention. However, the closely‐related cosmopolitan species T. vulgare has remained outside the mainstream of research in this field.