Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Explication and sharing of design knowledge through a novel product design approach

At the beginning of the 21st century, the emergence of knowledge management is viewed as a natural evolution. Knowledge management is defined as the formal management of knowledge for facilitating creation, access, and reuse of knowledge, typically by using advanced technology. To be easily communicated and shared, tacit knowledge has to be explicated as explicit knowledge (e.g., in product specification or a scientific formula or production rules); and this explicit knowledge has to be shared as applicable data through the use of information technology. Product design is such a business process that a great part of the design knowledge is often a tacit type, being difficult to share, or available only in forms of natural language documents. However, the expertise recorded in these documents is an essential resource of successful competition in the market. This paper presents a knowledge explication and sharing approach; specifically focusing on the knowledge management of modular product design. The solution approach involves modeling modular products, formulating the explicit knowledge, discovering new design knowledge with data mining, and sharing the knowledge with web services technology. The proposed approach is to be applied to an actual case of motherboard design/assembly in one of the largest PC manufacturing enterprises
Psychosocial intervention trials: another challenge in measuring complexity

In 2005, three Editorials were published in Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences (Geddes, 2005; Stroup, 2005; Walwyn & Wessley, 2005) which stated the need to improve the quality of clinical trials in psychiatry. The general conclusion was that – although 60 years after Bradford Hill’s pioneering work, the randomised controlled trial (RCT) had remained the major method for evaluating treatment effectiveness – it had become necessary to develop more large-scale, easier to conduct and more realistic RCTs to detect smaller but still clinically important effects. Thus, the issue of how best to deal with the complexity of interventions in the mental health care field was already appearing at the horizon of epidemiological psychiatric research.
The Impact of Central Blood Pressure Levels on the Relationship Between Oscillometric and Central Blood Pressure Measurements: A Multicenter Invasive Study

The aim of this study was to investigate impact of central blood pressure (BP) levels and sex on the difference between central and upper arm oscillometric BP values. Oscillometric arterial BP measurements of 675 patients were simultaneously compared with values measured from the ascending aorta. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to systolic BP levels. The upper arm oscillometric device overestimated systolic BP (SBP) at low and medium BP levels but it underestimated SBP at high BP level. As for the effect of sex on differences in central and oscillometric BP, SBP was overestimated to a lesser degree in women than in men at low BP levels, but it was more highly underestimated in women than in men at high BP levels. The difference between oscillometric upper arm BP and aortic BP was directly affected by the patient's central BP level. In addition, the difference between central and oscillometric BP was also affected by sex factor.
Pulmonary Hypertension in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Report of a Case with Intimal Sclerosis of the Pulmonary and Digital Arteries

P LEU R ALE F F U S ION, pulmonary fibrosis and granulomata of the lungs have been reported in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The pulmonary lesions in Caplan's syndrome have also received considerable attention. On the other hand, disease of the pulmonary blood vessels in association with rheumatoid arthritis is rare and received no mention in the most recent survey of the systemic manifestations of this disease (Sinclair & Cruickshank, 1956). In the case to be described, pulmonary hypertension accompanied by obliterative disease of the small pulmonary arteries and arterioles was associated with active rheumatoid arthritis and acrocyanosis resulting from obstruction of the small digital vessels. As far as can be determined, this association has not previously been described in detail. Wade and Ball (1956), in a series of ten cases of pulmonary hypertension, describe two patients in whom there was evidence of disease of the digital arteries. Both presented with Raynaud's phenomenon. One patient, with active rheumatoid arthritis and a positive RoseWaaler test, is still alive. In this instance, Wade and BaIl inferred that a pulmonary arteritis of a type described in other organs in rheumatoid disease (BaIl, 1954; Cruickshank, 1954) could account for the pulmonary hypertension. Arteritis of this type has been reported by Konn (1956) in a single case of rheumatoid arthritis with pulmonary hypertension. In Wade and Ball's second patient the Rose-Waaler test was negative and there was no evidence of rheumatoid arthritis, but post-mortem examination revealed concentric intimal arterial sclerosis in the digital and pulmonary vessels, very like those found in the case reported here. The lesions were thought, by Wade and Ball, to resemble the changes present in some cases of scleroderma and to be similar to a form of disseminated arterial intimal fibrosis described by Whitely and Wilson (1952). Pulmonary hypertension resulting from involvement of the small blood vessels has been described in polyarteritis nodosa (Wood, 1952), in disseminated lupus erythematosus (Aitchison & Williams, 1956) and in rheumatic fever (Lustok & Kuzma, 1956). In one case of dermatomyositis Caldwell and Aitchison (1956) reported clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension. In several connective tissue disorders acrocyanosis or Raynaud's phenomenon may be prominent early in the disease. Raynaud's phenomenon has also been described in 'primary' pulmonary hypertension (LinenthaI, 1942; Taft & Mallory, 1946; Wade & Ball, 1956). With these considerations in mind, the presence of severe changes in the pulmonary and digital arteries in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis is of considerable interest.
Chromosomal aberrations in hepatocellular carcinomas: Relationship with pathological features

Fluorescence in situ hybridization performed on tissue sections can reveal chromosomal abnormalities related to histopathological features. This technique was performed on serial frozen sections from seven normal livers and 29 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) using pericentromeric repeat‐specific probes for chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 16, and 17. For each HCC and each probe, the percentage of cells showing one, two, or more than two signals was counted and compared with the distribution in the normal liver. According to these results, HCCs were categorized as monosomic, disomic, or polysomic (more than two signals) for the chromosome tested. These data were compared with the main histopathological characteristics of HCC. Chromosome gains were very common, preferentially affecting chromosome 1 (23 of 27 cases, 85%), chromosome 16 (16 of 27 cases, 59%), chromosome 7 (16 of 29 cases, 55%), chromosome 6 (15 of 29 cases, 52%) and chromosome 8 (14 of 29 cases, 48%). Monosomy was seen more rarely, affecting preferentially chromosome 16 (19%), chromosome 17 (14%), and chromosome 4 (10%). A significant correlation was observed between aneusomy of chromosome 4 and tumor size (P < .05) or the presence of vascular embolism (P < .05). In conclusion, chromosomal gains are frequent genetic events in human HCC. A significant association between a gain in chromosome 4 and large tumor size or vascular embolism suggests that this genetic abnormality is a late event in liver carcinogenesis.
Characteristics of all-optical ultrafast gate switches using cascade of second-harmonic generation and difference frequency mixing in quasi-phase-matched lithium niobate waveguides

In all-optical gate switches that employ the cascade of second-harmonic generation and difference frequency mixing in quasi-phase-matched (QPM) lithium niobate (LN) devices, walkoff between the fundamental and second-harmonic pulses causes crosstalk of the switch. We numerically calculate the switching performance of QPM-LN waveguide devices with consideration for the crosstalk effect, and discuss the favorable choice of the nonlinear optical tensor element for the LN crystal. In the analyses, the device length is maximized for a given bit rate under the condition that the crosstalk is maintained below a critical level that is determined by the allowable power penalty for the switched signal. It is shown that the time offset between the gate and signal pulses can compensate for the walkoff, and can significantly improve the switching efficiency. In ultrafast operation beyond 1 Tbps, the use of the nonlinear optical tensor element d/sub 31/ is found to be favorable when compared to the use of the commonly used maximum tensor element d/sub 33/.
Bora and the Kinase Aurora A Cooperatively Activate the Kinase Plk1 and Control Mitotic Entry

A central question in the study of cell proliferation is, what controls cell-cycle transitions? Although the accumulation of mitotic cyclins drives the transition from the G2 phase to the M phase in embryonic cells, the trigger for mitotic entry in somatic cells remains unknown. We report that the synergistic action of Bora and the kinase Aurora A (Aur-A) controls the G2-M transition. Bora accumulates in the G2 phase and promotes Aur-A–mediated activation of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), leading to the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and mitotic entry. Mechanistically, Bora interacts with Plk1 and controls the accessibility of its activation loop for phosphorylation and activation by Aur-A. Thus, Bora and Aur-A control mitotic entry, which provides a mechanism for one of the most important yet ill-defined events in the cell cycle.
Evaluation of the Vitek 2 AST-N269 Card for Detection of Meropenem Resistance in Imipenem-Susceptible Meropenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

In a recent article, Harino et al. evaluated the ability of several commercial automated susceptibility testing systems for the detection of the meropenem resistance of imipenem-susceptible meropenem-resistant (ISMR) Klebsiella pneumoniae due to the production of both CTX-M-2 and IMP-6 (1). They reported that the Vitek 2 AST-N124 card was unreliable for the detection of ISMR Klebsiella pneumoniae because of falsely low meropenem MICs. …
Calcium homeostasis and modulation of synaptic plasticity in the aged brain

The level of intracellular Ca2+ plays a central role in normal and pathological signaling within and between neurons. These processes involve a cascade of events for locally raising and lowering cytosolic Ca2+. As the mechanisms for age‐related alteration in Ca2+ dysregulation have been illuminated, hypotheses concerning Ca2+ homeostasis and brain aging have been modified. The idea that senescence is due to pervasive cell loss associated with elevated resting Ca2+ has been replaced by concepts concerning changes in local Ca2+ levels associated with neural activity. This article reviews evidence for a shift in the sources of intracellular Ca2+ characterized by a diminished role for N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors and an increased role for intracellular stores and voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels. Physiological and biological models are outlined, which relate a shift in Ca2+ regulation with changes in cell excitability and synaptic plasticity, resulting in a functional lesion of the hippocampus.
Fine needle aspiration of the solitary pulmonary nodule.

Percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy is a well-established method of obtaining cytologic and histologic samples from a pulmonary nodule. Properly performed, needle biopsy is a simple and safe procedure. Pneumothorax is the most common complication, which, if symptomatic or large, is easily treated by chest tube insertion or aspiration. Minor hemorrhage and hemoptysis is the other common complication, which is rarely serious. Rare complications include air embolism and needle tract metastases. Needle biopsy has a high sensitivity and specificity for malignancy. For benign lesion, a specific diagnosis is less common, although with core needle biopsy, the yield of a specific benign diagnosis is increased.
Bivariate versus univariate ordinal categorical data with reference to an ophthalmologic study

The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy is a population-based epidemiological study carried out in Southern Wisconsin during the 1980s. The resulting data were analysed by different statisticians and ophthalmologists during the last two decades. Most of the analyses were carried out on the baseline data, although there were two follow-up studies on the same population. A Bayesian analysis of the first follow-up data, taken four years after the baseline study, was carried out by Angers and Biswas [Angers, J.-F. and Biswas, A. , 2004, A Bayesian analysis of the four-year follow-up data of theWisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. Statistics in Medicine, 23, 601–615. ], where the choice of the best model in terms of the covariate inclusion is done, and estimates of the associated covariate effects were obtained using the baseline data to set the prior for the parameters. In the present article we consider an univariate transformation of the bivariate ordinal data, and a parallel analysis with the much simpler univariate data is carried out. The results are then compared with the results of Angers and Biswas (2004). In conclusion, our analyses suggest that the univariate analysis fails to detect features of the data found by the bivariate analysis. Even an univariate transformation of our data with quite high correlation with both left and right eyes is inadequate.
The Role of the Orbitofrontal Cortex in Sensory‐Specific Encoding of Associations in Pavlovian and Instrumental Conditioning

Abstract: A wide variety of associative learning tasks have been employed to assess the functional role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and related structures in learning. Many of these tasks were designed to assess the learning of highly specific associations between Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (or instrumental responses) and the sensory properties of reinforcement (i.e., sensory‐specific associations). Current research suggests that OFC lesions impair behavioral control by these sensory‐specific associations in unconditioned stimulus (US) devaluation, differential outcome, and Pavlovian‐to‐instrumental transfer experiments. In addition, although the OFC has been shown to be important in conditioned reinforcement but not in potentiated feeding tasks, versions of these tasks that assess control by sensory‐specific associations have either not been run or they have not examined the effects of OFC lesions. Thus, firm conclusions from conditioned reinforcement and potentiated feeding studies cannot yet be drawn. Furthermore, studies examining the OFC's involvement in reversal learning have also suggested that associations between stimuli and reinforcement importantly depend upon a functioning OFC, possibly because this structure is needed to generate outcome expectancies useful in the computation of prediction errors ultimately used to “update” associations elsewhere (e.g., basolateral amygdala). Other work has shown that both original and reversed sensory‐specific associations can control performance after different time delays following reversal learning. This suggests that structures outside of the OFC may be involved in the storage of originally acquired associations. Overall, this review makes clear that the OFC plays an important role in the encoding of sensory‐specific associations in a wide variety of learning tasks.
Hot Spots Light up the Recurrent Excitation Hypothesis of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Commentary Development of acquired temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is accompanied by selective cell loss and reorganization of excitatory synaptic circuits in key brain regions. Of particular research focus, the axons of granule cells in the dentate gyrus (i.e., mossy fibers) have long been known to sprout collaterals and form new excitatory synapses with other granule cells after an epileptogenic insult. Thus, so-called “mossy fiber sprouting” (MFS) is associated with the formation of new, recurrent, excitatory circuits amongst granule cells, capable of supporting seizure-like activity in the dentate gyrus. The longstanding hypothesis that MFS and synaptic reorganization in the dentate gyrus serve as a potential substrate for seizure generation or propagation is intuitive and attractive to many research scientists. However, efforts to correlate the degree of MFS with seizure frequency have met with mixed results and more often than not have been inconclusive. Moreover, the loss of large numbers of hilar neurons and CA3 pyramidal cells—the typical targets of mossy fibers—during TLE acquisition complicate understanding of the functional significance of MFS as it relates to hippocampal excitability. Among the hypotheses to explain the lack of a strong relationship between inner molecular layer MFS and seizure susceptibility include the concepts that 1) the relationship is nonlinear (i.e., some quantitatively or spatially relevant “threshold” for new connections might be necessary to support seizure-like activity); 2) newly sprouted axons form synapses with inhibitory neurons, activation of which serves to shunt some excitatory activity expressed after epilepsy development; 3) mossy fiber reorganization occurs in the hilus (e.g. onto ectopic granule cells or granule cell hilar basal dendrites); and 4) axon sprouting occurs in neurons other than granule cells, contributing cumulatively to the positive feedback circuit that may underlie seizures. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and credible results consistent with many of these hypotheses have been published. The study by Zhang et al. extends previous work showing that granule cells make new connections with other granule cells in the pilocarpine-treated rat model of TLE by identifying and mapping new recurrent excitatory connections onto granule cells arising from CA3 and hilar regions. Normally, granule cells are sparsely interconnected, and occasional projections from CA3 pyramidal cells to the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus have been shown (1). Excitatory hilar mossy cells project to granule cells, but their axons tend to project to septotemporally distant hippocampal levels and are thus not prominent in terms of local connections (2). Axon sprouting in any of these cell types after epiIncreased Excitatory Synaptic Input to Granule Cells From Hilar and CA3 Regions in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.
Glioneuronal Phenotype in a Diencephalic Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma

We report the presence of divergent populations of cells in a hypothalamic/chiasmatic pilomyxoid astrocytoma of an 11-month-old male, exhibiting differential immunohistochemical localizations for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and synaptophysin. The tumor cells were negative for Neu-N and neurofilament protein. Ultrastructurally, the tumor comprised 2 cell types, one with features attributable to a neuronal phenotype alongside cells exhibiting an overt astroglial phenotype. This composite organization was confirmed by confocal microscopy, which revealed 2 distinct, albeit tightly interwoven, populations of GFAP and synaptophysin-labeled tumor cells. Our results indicate that a subset of the so-called pilomyxoid astrocytomas of the hypothalamic/chiasmatic region may represent phenotypically mixed glioneuronal neoplasms distinct from the pilocytic astrocytomas.
In-Plane Resistivity Anisotropy in an Underdoped Iron Arsenide Superconductor

De-Twinning a Superconductor Insight into the mechanism of electrical transport in a solid can often be gained by measuring its resistivity along different spatial directions. However, iron-based superconductors form numerous twin boundaries where two different orientations of a crystal meet, and so the measured resistivity along any in-plane direction will be averaged over these orientations. Chu et al. (p. 824) were able to “de-twin” the compound Ba(Fe1−xCox)2As2, enabling unambiguous measurements of its normal-state resistivity along the in-plane lattice axes. Differences were observed in the resistivity values along the two axes, which suggests that the breaking of the symmetry of the lattice and electron subsystems occur simultaneously. Electronic ordering coincides with a lattice structural transition in an exotic superconductor. High-temperature superconductivity often emerges in the proximity of a symmetry-breaking ground state. For superconducting iron arsenides, in addition to the antiferromagnetic ground state, a small structural distortion breaks the crystal’s C4 rotational symmetry in the underdoped part of the phase diagram. We reveal that the representative iron arsenide Ba(Fe1−xCox)2As2 develops a large electronic anisotropy at this transition via measurements of the in-plane resistivity of detwinned single crystals, with the resistivity along the shorter b axis ρb being greater than ρa. The anisotropy reaches a maximum value of ~2 for compositions in the neighborhood of the beginning of the superconducting dome. For temperatures well above the structural transition, uniaxial stress induces a resistivity anisotropy, indicating a substantial nematic susceptibility.
Past the Point of Speeding Up: The Negative Effects of Workload Saturation on Efficiency and Patient Severity

Service organizations face a trade-off between high utilization and responsiveness. High utilization can improve financial performance, but causes congestion, which increases throughput time. Employees may manage this trade-off by reducing processing times during periods of high workload, resulting in an inverted U-shaped relationship between utilization and throughput time. Using two years of inpatient data from 203 California hospitals, we find evidence that patient length of stay (LOS) increases as occupancy increases, until a tipping point, after which patients are discharged early to alleviate congestion. More interestingly, we find a second tipping point—at 93% occupancy—beyond which additional occupancy leads to a longer LOS. These results are indicative of a workload-related “saturation effect” where employees can no longer overcome high workload by speeding up. Our data suggest that the saturation effect is due to an increase in the workload requirements of the remaining patients. Collectively, w.
Facts, fallacies, and fancies of nerve conduction studies: Twenty‐first annual Edward H. Lambert lecture

Optimal application of the nerve conduction study depends on an understanding of the principles and a recognition of the pitfalls of the technique. The conventional methods deal primarily with distal nerve segments in an extremity. Other techniques allow one to assess nerve segments in less accessible anatomical regions, to improve the accuracy in precisely localizing a focal lesion, and to increase sensitivity in detecting subclinical abnormalities. Despite certain limitations, these methods can provide diagnostically pertinent information if they are used judiciously in appropriate clinical contexts. I wish to review the fundamental concepts of nerve stimulation techniques and their proper applications in the clinical domain. The discussion primarily relates to the importance of reproducibility of various measures and pitfalls in the evaluation of conduction block. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 20: 777–787, 1997