Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The modern history and evolution of percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

INTRODUCTION Serendipity, innovative physicians, evolving techniques for renal access, and improvements in equipment and radiology led to the evolution of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). METHODS We searched urology texts and the literature for sources pertaining to the history and development of PCNL. RESULTS In 1941, Rupel and Brown performed the first nephroscopy when a rigid cystoscope was passed into the kidney following open surgery. Willard Goodwin, in 1955, while trying to perform a renal arteriogram, placed a needle into the collecting system of a hydronephrotic kidney and performed the first antegrade nephrostogram. He left a tube to drain the kidney, thereby placing the first nephrostomy tube. By 1976, Fernström and Johansson were the first to describe a technique for extracting renal calculi through a percutaneous nephrostomy under radiological control. In 1978, Arthur Smith, would describe the first antegrade stent placement when he introduced a Gibbons stent through a percutaneous nephrostomy in a patient with a reimplanted ureter. Dr. Smith would coin the term "endourology" to describe closed, controlled manipulation of the genitourinary tract. His collaboration with Kurt Amplatz, an interventional radiologist and medical inventor, would lead to numerous innovations that would further advance PCNL. In the 1980s the process of renal access and tract dilation was improved upon and the use of a rigid cystoscope was replaced by offset nephroscopes with a large straight working channel. Radiographic innovations, including improvements in fluoroscopy would further aid in renal access. The development of various lithotripsy devices and the introduction of the holmium laser improved the efficiency of stone fragmentation and clearance. The increased clinical experience and utilization of PCNL would lead to the characterization of stone-free rates and complications for the procedure. CONCLUSION Serendipity, innovations in renal access, optics, radiology, and improvements in lithotripsy all contributed to the modern day PCNL.
An electrically mediated inhibition in goldfish medulla.

1. Passive hyperpolarizing potentials (PHPs) have been recorded intracellularly from goldfish medullary neurons in the vicinity of the Mauthner cell (M-cell). They are evoked when this cell is activated antidromically by stimulation of the spinal cord, and orthodromically via the ipsilateral eighth nerve; when appropriately timed they block or delay spikes induced both directly and transsynaptically. 2. Since the PHPs and the M-cell spike have the same latency, time course, and all-or-none character, they cannot be generated by chemically mediated synaptic transmission. This conclusion is further supported by the evidence that PHP amplitude and time course are independent of membrane potential. 3. The analysis of the mechanism underlying PHP generation has been based on the hypothesis that they are brought about by the extracellular currents flowing to the axon cap during an M-cell action potential. Specifically, it was postulated that some of this current is channeled back to the axon cap region intracellularly through processes of PHP-exhibiting neurons, and that these cells are passively hyperpolarized by the associated inward transmembrane current flow. This model would require that PHP-exhibiting neurons send processes into the axon cap. This hypothesis is confirmed by the following: a) When the PHP is timed to occur during the conductance increase associated with a spike after hyperpolarization, it is reduced, as would be expected for a passive current flow across a membrane resistance. b) PHPs are not found in all medullary neurons in the vicinity of the M-cell, but rather in a specific neuronal population. c) PHP-exhibiting neurons have been identified following Procion yellow injections; as predicted, they issue one process, presumably the axon, which projects toward the M-cell axon cap area. d) The PHP can be stimulated by passing a cathodal current from a microelectrode located in the axon cap; it is not mimicked when the cathodal electrode is moved outside this region. The currents necessary to mimic a PHP are comparable to the estimated current flowing back to the axon cap during an M-cell action potential. 4. The input resistance of PHP-exhibiting neurons is in the range of 4 M alpha, and their estimated specific membrane resistance is in the range of 900-2,000 alpha-cm-2, which is not an unusually low value for neuronal membranes. By contrast, the intracellular channeling of current during a PHP can rather be attributed to a high extracellular tissue resistance within the axon cap, which was found to be at least 2.5 times that of the surrounding medullary tissue.
Dose‐dependent schistosome‐induced mortality and morbidity risk elevates host reproductive effort

Parasitism changes the host environment and may influence resource allocation between reproductive effort and somatic maintenance. We characterized the impact of dose‐dependent schistosome exposure and/or infection establishment on intermediate host survival and reproduction. Four matched groups of Biomphalaria glabrata snails were individually exposed to increasing doses of Schistosoma mansoni parasites, with a fifth control group remaining unexposed. Increased mortality was observed amongst both snails infected and also those snails exposed to the parasite but within which infection did not establish, although only exposed but uninfected snails showed a dose‐dependent increase in mortality. Snails also facultatively altered their reproductive output in response to parasite exposure: egg mass production decreased with increasing parasite dose in patently infected snails, whilst, in contrast, exposed but uninfected snails demonstrated a positive association between egg mass production and parasite dose in the post‐patent period. These results uniquely suggest an exposure‐dose‐dependent post‐patent fecundity compensation occurring in relation to the risk of future parasite‐associated mortality.
Enhancing Business Performance throughReligiosity Leaderships Style among the Smalland Medium Enterprises

The objective of the study is to investigate the role of religiosity leaderships style among the top management of halal food and beverages products small and medium sizes manufacturers towards their business performance. Presently, leadership style is one of crucial elements for leaders or managers in the organization to provide business directions, implement strategic plans and motivate employees. Nowadays the importance of leadership not only be influenced by participative, transformational or laissez-faire but the guidance from the religiosity also be equally significant. Usually, leadership practices are influenced by individual’s religious liaison and religiosity practices. In this study, it was intended to fill a gap where a few studies have been done so far on religiosity leadership at SMEs but not particularly in the manufacturing of halal F&B products. Thus, the study proposes a theoretical framework in order to examine the effect of religiosity leadership’s style towards the SMEs’ business performance which moderated by halal entrepreneurial orientation. A quantitative design with a simple random sampling and establishment by emails (online survey questionnaires) will be distributed to 370 SMEs in Malaysia. The data were analyzed by SPSS and Smart SEM-PLS. The finding of the study will indicate that the religiosity leaderships have mixed results. In this context, religiosity leaderships make a significant contribution to SMEs' in a way of increasing business performance at a certain market segmentation.
Atheroemboli to the brain: size threshold for causing acute neuronal cell death.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the dilemma posed by the observations that carotid angioplasty dislodges significant numbers of plaque fragments but is reported to have a low rate of neurologic consequences. We examined the fragments released by ex vivo carotid angioplasty. The smaller and most numerous were separated by size and injected into rats to determine the tolerance of the brain to microemboli. METHODS Ex vivo angioplasty was performed on a total of 20 human carotid plaques removed en bloc. Plaques were placed within polytetrafluoroethylene grafts, and three manipulations were performed: guide wire insertion, 3.5- or 4.0-mm balloon angioplasty, and 5-mm angioplasty with or without a Palmaz stent. After each manipulation, the lumen was flushed, effluent was collected, and fragments were counted under 100x magnification. Using 200-microm and 500-microm micropore mesh, we separated fragments by size into two groups: (1) less than 200 microm and (2) 200 to 500 microm. We then injected rats with saline alone (Group A), with 100 fragments less than 200 microm (Group B), or with 100 fragments 200 to 500 microm (Group C). Animals were euthanized at 1, 3, and 7 days, and brain sections were examined for cell viability and expression of HSP- 72. RESULTS The total number of fragments dislodged from the plaques varied from 30 to 553. The mean number of fragments released with each manipulation was as follows: guide wire passage, 24; initial balloon angioplasty, 97; second balloon angioplasty, 68; and second angioplasty plus stent, 172. Sixteen of the 20 plaques dislodged fragments that were 1 mm or more in greatest dimension. There was no evidence of brain ischemia in Group A at any time. Group B also showed no injury at 1 or 3 days. However, injection of 200- to 500-microm fragments (Group C) caused a scattered pattern of neuronal cell death. At 7 days, brain sections from both Group B and Group C animals had a scattered pattern of ischemic neurons. There were no classic wedge-shaped infarctions. DISCUSSION The brain appears to have a surprising tolerance for microembolization in the acute setting. Thus, carotid angioplasty may dislodge plaque fragments, but there may still be a low incidence of stroke. However, even small plaque fragments, less than 200 microm, may cause neuronal ischemia at later time points. Periprocedural microemboli could cause subtle neurologic dysfunction in late follow-up.
Polarization-Based Angle Sensitive Pixels for Light Field Image Sensors With High Spatio-Angular Resolution

This paper presents a new angle sensitive pixel design for use in light field image sensors. This new pixel, referred to as the macro-pixel, is comprised of seven sub-pixels, and can determine the light angles in the range from -45° to +45°. The range of detectable angles is only limited by the presence of routing metals in the vicinity of the pixels. Each macro-pixel captures incident light angle through the aid of sub-wavelength metallic structures at its focal plane. Unlike previous designs that needed a large number of sub-pixels to determine a limited range of the incident angles, the presented design requires only half as many sub-pixels while offering a comparatively large angle detection range.
Progressive stroke in pontine infarction

Objective – The pathogenesis of isolated pontine infarctions is still unclear, being attributed both to small or large vessel disease. The extension of infarcted tissue to the pons surface has been indicated as a possible marker of basilar branch atheromatous disease and some neuroimaging evidence confirms this finding.
The Ties that Bind: Knowledge-Seeking Networks and Auditor Job Performance

The dissemination of knowledge in audit firms is a critical process that has gone relatively unexamined by researchers. Using social network analysis to quantify the knowledge-seeking networks in a Big 4 audit firm in the U.S., we examine the association between the types and patterns of knowledge-seeking ties and individual auditor performance. Our initial finding is that auditor job performance is negatively associated with the number of knowledge-seeking ties. Further, our analyses demonstrate that this negative association is being driven by explicit knowledge-seeking rather than tacit knowledge-seeking activities and is stronger for higher-ranked auditors. Thus, knowledge-seeking by auditors may come at a cost, particularly when that knowledge is codifiable and when the seeking is done by those at higher levels of the firm. We also find that tacit knowledge-seeking ties to managers can be beneficial for auditor performance, and tacit knowledge-seeking ties to senior managers and partners is sometimes detrimental (particularly when sought by lower-ranked auditors). In sum, this suggests that who is seeking knowledge and who is being sought for knowledge are both important for performance. Our findings may assist researchers to better understand how auditors leverage their social connections to learn, which in turn may affect audit efficiency and effectiveness. Further, audit firms might benefit from better understanding the consequences of knowledge-seeking from different sources and use this understanding to make decisions that maximize desirable information flows.
Empirical Analysis of Cash Dividend Capability of China's Listed Home Appliance Companies based on Free Cash Flow

Stock Price of GREE Electric Appliance, Inc. fell sharply without cash dividends distributed in GREE annual report on April 25, 2018. Based on fee cash flow and surplus free cash flow, this paper presents the evaluation criteria of dividend capability. Using the detailed data of sampled China’s listed home appliance companies, free cash flows, surplus free cash flows, and their cumulative values are computed. The capabilities of cash dividends are judged and comparatively analyzed. The results show that white goods companies have the best capabilities of cash dividends. Especially, the GREE’s cash dividend capability is investigated based on free cash flow. The results reveal that GREE has good cash dividend capability without diversified development. The forced dividends under CSRC leads to “Ponzi dividends”, and discourage from the promotion of core competitiveness and the development of listed companies to a certain extent.
Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND The newer 5-ASA preparations were intended to avoid the adverse effects of SASP while maintaining its therapeutic benefits. The efficacy and safety of 5-ASA preparations have been evaluated in numerous clinical trials that have often lacked sufficient statistical power to arrive at definitive conclusions. Previously, it was found that newer 5-ASA drugs in doses of at least 2g/day, were more effective than placebo but no more effective than SASP in inducing remission in ulcerative colitis. This updated review includes more recent studies and evaluates the effectiveness, dose-responsiveness, and safety of 5-ASA preparations in terms of more precise outcome measures. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy, dose-responsiveness and safety of the newer release formulations of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) compared to placebo or sulfasalazine (SASP) for the induction of remission in active ulcerative colitis. SEARCH STRATEGY A computer-assisted literature search for relevant studies (1981-2003) was performed using MEDLINE, BIOS, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, the Cochrane IBD group specialized trials register and the Science Citation Index, followed by a manual search of reference lists from previously retrieved articles, review articles, symposia proceedings, and abstracts from major gastrointestinal conferences. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies were accepted for analysis if they were randomized, double-blinded, and controlled clinical trials of parallel design, with treatment durations of a minimum of four weeks. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Based on an intention to treat principle, the outcomes of interest in the treatment of active disease were the failure to induce global/clinical remission, global/clinical improvement, endoscopic remission, or endoscopic improvement. MAIN RESULTS 5-ASA was superior to placebo with regard to all measured outcome variables. For the failure to induce global/clinical improvement or remission, the pooled Peto odds ratio was 0.51 (95% CI, 0.35 to 0.76). A dose-response trend for 5-ASA was also observed. When 5-ASA was compared to SASP, the pooled Peto odds ratio was 0.87 (CI, 0.63 to 1.21) for the failure to induce global/clinical improvement or remission, and 0.66 (CI, 0.42 to 1.04) for the failure to induce endoscopic improvement. SASP was not as well tolerated as 5-ASA. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS The newer 5-ASA preparations were superior to placebo and tended towards therapeutic benefit over SASP. However, considering their relative costs, a clinical advantage to using the newer 5-ASA preparations in place of SASP appears unlikely. This review updates the existing review of oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis which was published in the Cochrane Library (Issue 2, 2003).
ATTITUDES OF PHYSICIANS IN THE TREATMENT OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE IN OLDER ADULTS

nant of MMSE score, a model adjusted also for this variable was used for AD patients. Results of statistical analysis are presented in Table 1. As expected, in normal older subjects both age and education were significantly related to the MMSE score, presenting, respectively, a negative and a positive correlation. In AD patients, the model unadjusted for CDR showed a positive relationship of similar magnitude for education, whereas age was not a significant correlate of MMSE score. After adjusting for CDR, however, age was positively and significantly correlated with MMSE score. These results suggest that the influence of age and education on cognitive performance is different in AD patients compared with normal subjects, not only in terms of quantity but also quality. In the multiple regression model unadjusted for clinical severity, age is not correlated to MMSE score, indicating that older AD patients are not more cognitively impaired than younger. Furthermore, adjusting for clinical severity, we found a positive relation of age with MMSE score, suggesting a more profound cognitive disruption in younger AD patients. This finding is in agreement with previous reports of increased aggressiveness of AD in young subject^^^^ and a more severe language impairment in earlyonset patients. ’ Education was not significantly correlated to MMSE in the model adjusted for CDR and age, probably because the education effect is overcome by that of CDR. The study indicates that the interaction of cognitive performance with age and education observed in normal populations is not valid in the course of dementia. Furthermore, data seem to support the view that age is an important source of cognitive heterogeneity in Alzheimer’s disease.
[The proarrhythmic effects of autoantibody against beta1 adrenergic receptor].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution characteristics of autoantibody against beta1 adrenergic receptor (beta1 AR) in the sera of arrhythmia patients and whether the autoantibody could induce arrhythmia. METHODS Healthy subjects and patients with arrhythmia or coronary artery disease were chosen. The autoantibody against beta1 AR in the sera was screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IgG in the positive autoantibody sera from arrhythmia patients were purified and administrated to normal rats; then the ECGs were dynamic monitored. RESULTS The positive rate of autoantibody against beta1 AR in arrhythmia patients was 52.8%, which was significantly higher than that in coronary heart disease group (24%, P < 0.01) and healthy people group (5%, P < 0.01), respectively. Moreover, the autoantibody against beta1 AR could lead to the occurring of arrhythmia in normal rats, most of which were ventricular arrhythmia. CONCLUSION In the sera of arrhythmia patients, the autoantibody against beta1 AR has a high titer and it could lead to the arrhythmia of rats in vivo.
Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor Inhibits Infection of Monocytes and Lymphocytes with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 but Does Not Interfere with Transcytosis of Cell-Associated Virus across Tight Epithelial Barriers

ABSTRACT In the present study, we demonstrate that recombinant human secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (rhSLPI) inhibits infection of lymphocyte- and monocyte-derived tumor cell lines and peripheral blood lymphocytes with laboratory-adapted isolates and with the primary isolate, NDK, of free human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In contrast, rhSLPI did not exhibit inhibitory activity toward transcytosis of cell-associated HIV-1 through a tight monolayer of endometrial epithelial cells. These observations indicate that the inhibitory effect of SLPI is restricted to free HIV-1 in corporal fluids.
Maternal carriage and neonatal colonisation of group B streptococcus in eastern Turkey: prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial resistance

Our object is to determine the prevalence of group B streptococcus (GBS) carriage among pregnant women, the neonatal colonisation rate and the antimicrobial susceptibility to formulate a policy for treatment and prevention regarding perinatal GBS diseases in eastern Turkey. A total of 150 pregnant women were screened for GBS colonisation. Samples were collected from the vagina and the rectum of pregnant women, and the ear canal, throat and umbilicus of the neonates of colonised mothers. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was also investigated. GBS was isolated in at least one specimen from the 150 women in 48 cases; it was estimated that, overall, about 32% of the pregnant women and 17.3% of overall newborns were colonised with GBS. The overall rate of GBS vertical transmission was 54.2% in this study. Maternal colonisation rate was significantly higher in younger ages (p < 0.01) when maternal age of 20 years was taken as a cut‐off point. All isolates were found to be sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin and vancomycin. Resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin were found to be 13.5 and 2.7%, respectively.
Modelling and Simulation of Frequency Modulated Radio Channel Using Matlab and Simulink

This research presents a step by step approach in modelling and simulation of Frequency Modulated (FM) radio channel using MATLAB and SIMULINK. FM radio channels are designed to allow carrier frequencies between 88 and 108MHz. Building Frequency modulated radio channels is quite a demanding task. This is because hit and trial experimentation are too costly and problems encountered in such designs looks too complicated to be analyzed. Buying the real network devices and tools required to establish or deploy a complete system is very costly. To overcome these problems, researchers and software engineers developed different system simulation tools that can help design and simulate a complete network system before embarking on the actual prototype. The results obtained from the simulated models prove the capability of MATLAB and SIMULINK as a tool for adequately predicting performance and behaviour. Keywords—Frequency, Channel, MATLAB, SIMULINK, Modulation, Radio
Privacy Design in Online Social Networks: Learning from Privacy Breaches and Community Feedback

The objective of this paper is to systematically develop privacy heuristics for Online Social Network Services (SNS). In order to achieve this, we provide an analytical framework in which we characterize privacy breaches that have occurred in SNS and distinguish different stakeholders’ perspectives. Although SNS have been criticized for numerous grave privacy breaches, they have also proven to be an interesting space in which privacy design is implemented and critically taken up by users. Community involvement in the discovery of privacy breaches as well as in articulating privacy demands points to possibilities in user-driven privacy design. In our analysis we take a multilateral security analysis approach and identify conflicts in privacy interests and list points of intervention and negotiation. In our future research, we plan to validate the usefulness as well as the usability of these heuristics and to develop a framework for privacy design in SNS.