Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing the potential of beef cattle farming as contributor to income of communal households of Chief Albert Luthuli municipality in Mpumalanga province, South Africa

The study was conducted across four rural communities of Chief Albert Luthuli municipality in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa. The objective of the study was to assess the contribution of beef cattle farming to household income in Chief Albert Luthuli municipality of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Data were analyzed descriptively. Simultaneously, multiple regression analysis was used to determine the factors affecting the contribution of beef cattle in household income in the study area. Results showed that 50% each of both the male and female farmers were engaged in beef cattle farming. 50.5% of respondents were more than 51 years old and therefore not in productive age with 40% of respondents aged between 41 - 50 years old. 7% of respondents have 1 - 2 dependents, while 11.5% of respondents have 3 - 4 dependents and 35.5% have more than 4 dependents. However, 46% of respondents have other dependents which they did not specify. 22.5% of respondents have 1-10 years of beef cattle farming experience while 14% have 11 - 12 years of experience. However, 21% of respondents have more than 20 years of experience and 39.5% have 50 - 60 years of experience on beef cattle farming. 40.5% of respondents acquired grade 11 or below and 45% of respondents had no school education, elementary school, junior high school, and senior high school. The contribution of beef cattle farming to household’s income in communal areas of Chief Albert Luthuli is 19%. Also, number of beef cattle and age of mortality hold significant influence on the farmer’s income from beef cattle.
EFFECT OF NATURAL ANTIOXIDANT OF CAKE QUALITY DURING STORAGE

In this study, both the methanol extraction of sage leaves and clove buds were added as natural antioxidant at concentraction 100, 200 and 300 ppm from butter weight using in cake production. The cake produced was storage at room temperature for 8 weeks. Butter stability was measured by Rancimat apparatus. Also, peroxide value, acid value and thiobarbituric acid value were measured. Sensory evaluation was measured directly after baking (before storage) and at the end of storage period. Rancimat results showed that increasing natural antioxidant concentration led to longer butter stability and retarded rancidity than control. At the same time sage leaves extraction was much effectiveness for period long butter stability compared to clove buds extraction. Also the results revealed that the more concentration of natural antioxidants increased the peroxide value, acid value and thiobarbituric aicd value decreased compared to control. Sensory evaluation in zero time indicated improvement in taste, flavor, texture and tenderness while color values were decreased with increasing sage and clove extraction compared to control. After 8 weeks of storage sensory evaluation scores were generally decreased.
Parental beliefs and experiences regarding involvement in intervention for their child with speech sound disorder

Parental beliefs and experiences regarding involvement in speech intervention for their child with mild to moderate speech sound disorder (SSD) were explored using multiple, sequential interviews conducted during a course of treatment. Twenty-one interviews were conducted with seven parents of six children with SSD: (1) after their child’s initial assessment, (2) during intervention and (3) at the conclusion of an intervention block. Qualitative analysis of the interviews revealed several factors that influenced the parents’ beliefs and experiences. These included: (1) their motivation to do the right thing by their child; (2) their expectations of parent/professional roles; (3) their interactions with their child in the experience; (4) their interactions with the speech language therapist (SLT); and (5) the nature of the child’s difficulties. The parents in the study wanted to be involved in their child’s intervention but were reluctant to participate in intervention sessions. This preference appeared to be influenced by prior expectations of parent/professional roles and a belief that they would ‘interfere’ in the session. Additionally, whilst they appreciated being asked for their opinion regarding intervention goals and activities, the parents had a preference for the therapist to take the lead. Parental belief in the SLT as the expert influenced this preference, but the SLTs’ beliefs and practice may also have played a role. The less pervasive nature of the child’s difficulties influenced the form of service preferred by the parents. Most particularly, the parents were more eager to work with their child at home and had a more marked preference for intervention sessions with the SLT to focus on their child rather than their family than did parents of children with pervasive disabilities investigated in other studies. The findings of the study have implications for how therapists may best work with families of children with less pervasive difficulties in intervention.
Phylogenetic analyses reveal reliable morphological markers to classify mega‐diversity in Onthophagini dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Based largely on homoplastic characters of external morphology, the current systematics of the tribe Onthophagini and allied dung beetle lineages is unstable, contradictory, and thus inefficient. A number of recently proposed molecular phylogenies conflict strongly with each other and with formal classification, and none of them provides new tools for the improvement of dung beetle systematics. We explored the source of these inconsistencies by performing an independent, morphology‐based phylogenetic analysis of the “Serrophorus complex”, one of the most systematically confusing knots among the onthophagines, that involves 52 species from various genera of Onthophagini and allied tribes. The phylogenetic pattern revealed conflicts with existing classifications and with most of the earlier molecular phylogenies. However, it was largely congruent with the molecular phylogeny (Evolution 2005, 59, 1060), using the largest gene sampling thus far. All current competing phylogenetic hypotheses were evaluated against each other, and the degree of their biogeographic plausibility was used as an additional evaluative criterion. Of the 91 morphological characters involved in our analyses, traits belonging to the endophallic sclerites of the aedeagus had a very strong phylogenetic signal. Terminology of these endophallic characters was established and their morphology was studied in detail, illustrated, and presented as a tool for further practical use. The enormous variety of shapes of the lamella copulatrix within the Onthophagini and allies present a methodological problem in character coding for phylogenetic analyses. Based on the performance of alternative coding approaches, it is argued that a seemingly less informative absence/presence coding scheme would be a better choice. The phylogenetic structure of the Serrophorus complex has been largely resolved, and some taxonomic changes improving its systematics are recommended. © The Willi Hennig Society 2011.
Age and Reasons for First Dental Visit and Knowledge and Attitude of Parents Toward Dental Procedures for Puducherry Children Aged 0–9 years

Background: The first dental visit provides the dentist an opportunity to advise parents on prevention of oral diseases and also allows for early detection of caries and arrest of its progression. The first dental visit should occur no later than 12 months of age. However, parents fail to give importance to primary dentition as they feel that they are temporary. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the age of first dental visit and most common reasons for the visit among children aged 0–9 years and to examine the knowledge and attitude of their parents toward treatment procedures for children, taking into account their socioeconomic and educational status. Materials and Methods: After obtaining informed consent from parents, sociodemographic data that included age and gender of the child, educational status, occupation of parents, and annual family income were collected. A validated questionnaire was given to the parents. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics (proportion) was used to report the data. To examine differences in knowledge and attitudes among different socioeconomic and educational groups, chi-square test was used with P value <0.05. Results: A total of 300 completed questionnaires were analyzed. Age of first dental visit was 6–9 years (57%) and the most common reason for the visit was decayed teeth (33%). The overall attitude of parents toward treatment procedures for children was good in spite of low levels of knowledge about primary teeth and role of the pedodontist. Conclusions: It is necessary to promote early dental visits by providing education on perinatal and infant oral healthcare to the healthcare professionals dealing with children. It is also important to promote awareness regarding the maintenance of primary dentition.
Dietary supplementation with probiotics regulates gut microbiota structure and function in Nile tilapia exposed to aluminum

Backgrounds and aims Aluminum contamination of water is becoming increasingly serious and threatens the health status of fish. Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM639 was previously shown to be a potential probiotic for alleviation aluminum toxicity in Nile tilapia. Considering the significant role of the gut microbiota on fish health, it seems appropriate to explore the relationships among aluminum exposure, probiotic supplementation, and the gut microbiota in Nile tilapia and to determine whether regulation of the gut microbiota is related to alleviation of aluminum toxicity by a probiotic in Nile tilapia. Methods and results The tilapia were assigned into four groups, control, CCFM639 only, aluminum only, and aluminum + CCFM639 groups for an experimental period of 4 weeks. The tilapia in the aluminum only group were grown in water with an aluminum ion concentration of 2.73 mg/L. The final concentration of CCFM639 in the diet was 108 CFU/g. The results show that environmental aluminum exposure reduced the numbers of L. plantarum in tilapia feces and altered the gut microbiota. As the predominant bacterial phyla in the gut, the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria in aluminum-exposed fish were significantly elevated and lowered, respectively. At the genus level, fish exposed to aluminum had a significantly lower abundance of Deefgea, Plesiomonas, and Pseudomonas and a greater abundance of Flavobacterium, Enterovibrio, Porphyromonadaceae uncultured, and Comamonadaceae. When tilapia were exposed to aluminum, the administration of a probiotic promoted aluminum excretion through the feces and led to a decrease in the abundance of Comamonadaceae, Enterovibrio and Porphyromonadaceae. Notably, supplementation with a probiotic only greatly decreased the abundance of Aeromonas and Pseudomonas. Conclusion Aluminum exposure altered the diversity of the gut microbiota in Nile tilapia, and probiotic supplementation allowed the recovery of some of the diversity. Therefore, regulation of gut microbiota with a probiotic is a possible mechanism for the alleviation of aluminum toxicity in Nile tilapia.
Peso-Dollar Forward Market Analysis: Explaining Arbitrage Opportunities during the Financial Crisis

Using a vector error correction model I test whether shocks in the funding liquidity conditions in the U.S. and Europe separately explain deviations from the covered interest parity (CIP) between the U.S. Dollar and the Mexican Peso. I find that: (1) Apparent deviations from the CIP seem to be persistent, unless a closer measure to the true costs of funding for the agents is considered. (2) A stable long-run equilibrium relation emerges when I include the effects of funding liquidity shocks stemming from the U.S. and Europe. (3) The exchange rate forward premium adjusts towards a long-run equilibrium relation given by the CIP. (4) Surprisingly, the yield on 1-month Mexican CETEs has its own stochastic trend despite the strong relation between the U.S. and Mexico's economies. (5) Analysis confirms that both future and spot exchange rates are affected by shocks stemming from the U.S. Treasury Bills, the funding liquidity in the U.S. and Europe, and the Mexican CETEs.
On Consistency of Absolute Deviations Estimators of Convex Functions

When estimating an unknown function from a data set of n observations, the function is often known to be convex. For example, the long-run average waiting time of a customer in a single server queue is known to be convex in the service rate (Weber 1983) even though there is no closed-form formula for the mean waiting time, and hence, it needs to be estimated from a data set. A computationally efficient way of finding the best fit of the convex function to the data set is to compute the least absolute deviations estimator minimizing the sum of absolute deviations over the set of convex functions. This estimator exhibits numerically preferred behavior since it can be computed faster and for a larger data sets compared to other existing methods (Lim & Luo 2014). In this paper, we establish the validity of the least absolute deviations estimator by proving that the least absolute deviations estimator converges almost surely to the true function as n increases to infinity under modest assumptions.
GEOTHERMAL MAPPING IN THE HRÓMUNDARTINDUR AREA, SW-ICELAND

A geological map is the foundation on which a geothermal exploration programme needs to be based. All other data need to be interpreted in view of the observed or known geological features. During geothermal exploration, geological maps should emphasize young igneous rocks that could act as heat sources at depths, the distribution and nature of fractures and faults, and the distribution and nature of hydrothermal alteration. A geothermal map of the Hromundartindur area, SW-Iceland is presented. Hromundartindur is part of the Hengill active central volcanic complex. The aim of the study was to familiarize the author with geothermal mapping in young volcanic terrain, including tectonic structures, hydrology and hydrothermal manifestations. Field observations were interpreted in view of the geothermal manifestations mapped. The most prominent manifestations occur in the northwest part of the field area, apparently connected to the volcanic fissures of two volcanic formations, the older Hromundartindur eruptive fissure of late Pleistocene age and the much younger Tjarnarhnukur volcanic vent/fissure of early Holocene age. The widespread hydrothermal manifestations range from slightly altered host rocks (soil, scree, Hromundartindur hyaloclastite) to host rocks completely transformed to hydrothermal clays. These manifestations are active (hot) and extinct (cold), the extinct ones bearing witness to former activity and indicated separately on the geothermal map. Isotherms were mapped within the warm (>15°C) and hot (>50°C) fields, within which many hot springs, mud pits, steam vents and warm springs occur.
Combining emissions trading and emissions taxes in a multi-objective world

The combination of emissions trading and emissions taxes is usually rejected as redundant or inefficient. This conclusion is based on the restrictive assumption that both policies are exclusively meant to control pollution. However, particularly taxes may pursue a variety of other policy objectives as well, such as raising fiscal revenues or promoting equity. Multiple objectives may justify multiple policies. In this case, welfare losses with respect to pollution control may be traded off by benefits from attaining other policy objectives. Consequently, pragmatic policy recommendations have to be based on an in-depth understanding of interactions in the policy mix. This article makes three contributions that are relevant in this respect. (1) The most important factors distorting pollution abatement under the policy mix are identified. This insight is required to estimate the actual extent of inefficiency in controlling pollution, and to compare it with benefits of attaining other objectives of the tax. (2) The policy mix is not only compared to the unrealistic ideal of an efficient single emissions trading scheme but also to a suboptimal heterogeneous emissions tax. It is shown that if the tax is required to address multiple policy objectives, the implementation of an emissions trading scheme in addition may in fact increase the efficiency of pollution control. (3) It is demonstrated that welfare losses can be minimized within a policy mix by modifying emissions trading design.
INPOP06: a new numerical planetary ephemeris

INPOP06 is the new numerical planetary ephemeris developed at the IMCCE-Observatoire de Paris. INPOP (Integrateur Numerique Planetaire de l’Observatoire de Paris) is a numerical integration of the motion of the nine planets and the Moon fitted to the most accurate available planetary observations. It also integrates the motion of 300 perturbing main belt asteroids, the rotation of the Earth and the Moon libration. We used more than 55 000 observations including the latest tracking data of the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Mars Odyssey (Odyssey) missions. The accuracy obtained with INPOP06 is comparable to the accuracy of recent versions of the JPL DE ephemerides (DE414, Standish 2003, JPL IOM, 312N, 03; Konopliv et al. 2006, Icarus, 182, 23) and of the EPM ephemerides (EPM2004, Pitjeva 2005, Sol. Syst. Res., 39, 176).
Determination of multiple organochlorine pesticide residues in shrimp using modified QuEChERS extraction and gas chromatography

Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in shrimp is very important to ensure the consumer’s safety and to fulfill the importer’s demand. Therefore, a simple and efficient multiple organochlorine pesticide residues analytical method using quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) extraction technique and Gas Chromatography coupled with Electron Capture Detector (ECD) has been developed and validated for the determination of 19 organochlorine pesticides (α- BHC, δ- BHC, β- BHC, γ- BHC, Heptachlor, Aldrin, Heptachlor Epoxide, γ- Chlordane, α- Chlordane, α- Endosulfan, 4,4 DDE, Dieldrin, Endrin, 4,4 DDD, β- Endosulfan, 4,4 DDT, Endosulfan sulphate, Methoxychlor, and Endrin Ketone) in shrimp. The method was validated by evaluating the accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). The average recoveries of the selected pesticides ranged from 84% to 106% with RSDr ≤ 14% in four fortification levels of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg kg-1. The linearity was ≥ 0.996 for all of the selected pesticides with matrix matched calibration standards. The LOD ranged from 0.003 to 0.009 mg kg-1 and the LOQ was 0.05 mg kg-1. This method was applied successfully for the residue analysis of 40 shrimp samples collected from different regions in Bangladesh.SAARC J. Agri. , 16(1): 81-93 (2018)
Exposure to waves enhances the growth rate and nitrogen status of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera

The influence of wave-exposure on the growth and erosion rates of Macrocystis pyrifera was determined in Paterson Inlet, Stewart Island, New Zealand, for each season of 2002. During autumn, following a period of low seawater nitrogen, sites that received significant amounts of oscil- latory flow from waves exhibited higher frond growth rates than at wave-sheltered sites. Blade and stipe growth rates at wave-exposed sites were at a yearly maximum during this period, and were 4.3 and 1.6 times higher respectively than at wave-sheltered sites where growth was at a yearly mini- mum. During this time C:N ratios and nitrogen concentrations of blade tissues indicated that the nitrogen status of frond apices, where the majority of growth occurs, was greater at wave-exposed sites than at wave-sheltered sites. During periods when kelp tissue nitrogen levels are low, but some inorganic nitrogen is available in the water column, oscillatory flow may enhance nutrient uptake by M. pyrifera by increasing the flux of nutrients into kelp canopies and by reducing the size of diffusion boundary layers at the kelp surface. Exposure to waves also modified the seasonal pattern of M. pyrifera growth by ameliorating the negative effect of low seawater nitrogen concentrations during summer and autumn. Blade and stipe growth was relatively steady at wave-exposed sites during the study period, while wave-sheltered sites had distinct seasonal patterns with low growth during summer and autumn, increasing through winter to spring maxima. In this system, water motion influences the growth rates of M. pyrifera only at specific times of year; when tissue nitrogen levels are low but some inorganic nitrogen is available in the water column.
Selection and socialization effects of Greek affiliation on heavy drinking across the transition to college and into the college years: the effects of personality traits and drinking norms

Although heavy drinking among fraternity and sorority members is well documented, it is less clear whether the Greek environment facilitates heavy drinking or whether heavy drinkers select into Greek environments. Moreover, mechanisms underlying the relation between Greek environment and drinking rarely have been studied. Selection and socialization effects of Greek affiliation on drinking and the effects of personality traits and peer drinking norms on those associations were investigated using longitudinal data throughout the transition to college (N = 2,376). Latent growth models supported both selection and socialization effects; individuals who involved in heavier drinking at precollege were more likely to join Greek organizations and in turn Greek members increased heavy drinking more than nonmembers, even after the selection effect was controlled. Extraversion was associated with Greek affiliation independent of precollege drinking, whereas the effect of novelty seeking on Greek affiliation was partially mediated by heavier precollege drinking. Peer drinking norms mediated the effect of Greek affiliation on drinking only during the first semester of college. These selection and socialization processes were largely invariant across gender. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
Immunohistochemistry Evaluation of TGF-β1, SOX-9, Type II Collagen and Aggrecan in Cartilage Lesions Treated with Conditioned Medium of Umbilical Cord Mesencyhmal Stem Cells in Wistar Mice (Rattus novergicus)

Currently, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells have the potential to be used as treatment options for any cartilage lesion. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of conditioned medium from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSC) on damaged cartilage through the expression of proteins TGF-β1, SOX-9, type II collagen and aggrecan, which are known to be related to chondrogenesis. UC-MSC were isolated from 19-days-pregnant Wistar mice and were cultured using the standard procedure to obtain 80% confluence. Subsequently, the culture was confirmed through a microscopic examination that was driven to be an embryoid body to obtain a pre-condition medium. This research utilized 3-month-old male Wistar mice and was categorized into 6 groups (3 control and 3 treatment groups). Each animal had surgery performed to create a femur condyle cartilage defect. The treatment groups were administered a dose of stem cells at 1 mL/kg. Next, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to examine the expression of TGF-β1, SOX-9, type II collagen and aggrecan in the 2 nd , 3 rd , and 4 th month of evaluation. The results were analyzed statistically using ANOVA test. For each of the treatment groups, there was increased expression (p < 0.05) in all proteins TGF-β1, SOX-9, type II collagen and aggrecan when compared with control groups at the 2 nd , 3 rd , and 4 th month of evaluation. Pre-conditioned medium from UC-MSC potentially increases the expression of TGF-β1, SOX-9, type II collagen and aggrecan in the damaged cartilage of Wistar mice.