Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Responses of Antioxidant System against the Heavy Metal-Induced Stress in Tomato

Plants maintain their life cycles under the various environmental conditions such as oxidative stress induced by heavy metals. Accumulation of metal ions in plants causes the formation of free radicals and stimulates the antioxidative defense systems. In this study, the activities of APX, POD, and SOD are investigated in the leaves and roots of tomato cultivated under the heavy metal-induced stress. The activities of APX, POD, and SOD exhibited remarkable induction with the treatment of Cd, Cu and Pb (10, 20 and 50 ppm) in the leaves of tomato compared to control plants except for 50 ppm Pb. In roots, APX activity changed depending on the heavy metal types and concentrations, while Cd clearly increased it with stress conditions, but Cu decreased in tomato compared to control. The activity of POD clearly exhibited that the all doses of heavy metals reduced the enzyme activity in roots polluted with heavy metals. The treatment of Cd (10, 20 and 50 ppm) significantly increased the activity of SOD, however, Cu showed the opposite effect which significantly decreased with increasing doses in roots compared to uncontaminated plants. Also, roots from plants grown on the high concentration of Pb (20 and 50 ppm) induced the activity of SOD. Briefly, it is clear responses which Cd significantly raised the activities of APX and SOD in leaves and roots of tomato. The decreases caused by these metals in the activity of POD and Cu in the activities of APX and SOD in roots of tomato can be clarified by the result of heavy metal-induced the over production of free radical.
Repellers for real analytic maps

Abstract The purpose of this note is to prove a conjecture of D. Sullivan that when the Julia set J of a rational function f is hyperbolic, the Hausdorff dimension of J depends real analytically on f. We shall obtain this as corollary of a general result on repellers of real analytic maps (see corollary 5).
Constrained Partial Group Decoding With Max–Min Fairness for Multi-Color Multi-User Visible Light Communication

Consider a fixed orientation multi-user visible light communication (VLC) system with multi-color light emitting diodes (LEDs) where each transmitter serves a user with limited coordination impeding transmitter-side beamforming. In this paper, a multi-layer coding and constrained partial group decoding (CPGD) method is proposed to tackle strong color interference and increase the system throughput. After channel model formulation, user information rates are allocated and decoding order for all the received data layers is obtained by solving a max-min fairness problem using a greedy algorithm. An achievable rate is derived under the truncated Gaussian input distribution. To reduce the decoding complexity, a map on the decoding order and rate allocation is constructed for all positions of interest on the receiver plane parallel to the transmitter plane, and its size is reduced by a clustering algorithm. Meanwhile, the symmetrical geometry of LED arrays is exploited. Finally, the transmitter-user association problem is formulated and solved by a genetic algorithm. It is observed that the system throughput increases as the receivers are slightly misaligned with corresponding LED arrays due to the reduced interference level, but decreases afterwards due to the weakened link gain.
When Location Does Not Matter: Membership and Networking in Online Communities of Software Developers

Following the discussion on the role of Internet in the formation of ties across space, this paper seeks to supplement recent findings on location-dependent preferential attachment online. For this purpose, instead of looking at egonetworks, we look at networks of online communities specifically aimed at development of location-independent ties. The paper focuses on professional communities of software developers. The data are obtained automatically from the VKontakte social networking site. Evidence suggests that membership, friendship, commenting and liking ties are overwhelmingly cross-city
Circulation changes and nutrient concentrations in the late Quaternary Aegean Sea: A nonsteady state concept for sapropel formation

sapropel-forming conditions, we identify the start of ‘‘seasonal’’ stratification and highlight a lag in d 18 O response of the planktonic foraminifer N. pachyderma to termination T1b as identified in the d 18 O record of G. ruber. By use of a simple model we determine that this offset cannot be a function of bioturbation effects. The lag is of the order of 1 kyr and suggests that isolation of intermediate/deep water preceded the start of sapropel formation by up to 1.5 kyr. Using this discovery, we propose an explanation for the major unresolved problem in sapropel studies, namely, the source of nutrient supply required for export productivity to reach levels needed for sustained sapropel deposition. We suggest that nutrients had been accumulating in astagnant basin for 1–1.5 kyr and that these accumulated resources wereutilized duringthe deposition of S1. In addition, we provide a first quantitative estimate of the diffusive (1/e) mixing timescale for the eastern Mediterranean in its ‘‘stratified’’sapropel mode, which is of the order of 450 years. INDEX TERMS: 1050 Geochemistry: Marine geochemistry (4835, 4850); 3030 Marine Geology and Geophysics: Micropaleontology; 3339 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Ocean/atmosphere interactions (0312, 4504); 4267 Oceanography: General: Paleoceanography; 4870 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Stable isotopes; KEYWORDS: sapropel, Mediterranean, Holocene, foraminifera, climate variability
Concentrations of total phenols and antioxidant activity in apple do not differ between conventional and organic orchard management

The apple is one of the most widely consumed fresh fruits in the world. It constitutes a major contribution of phytochemical compounds to the diet, which are associated with a reduced risk to develop degenerative diseases. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of conventional and organic management of apple cultivation, the stage of development and sunburn damage on polyphenol concentrations, antioxidant activity and pigments in three apple cultivars. Two experiments were carried out during the 2009/2010 season to study (1) the effect of the type of management and the development stage of the fruit during the season on the concentration and content of total and specific phenolics, antioxidant activity in the whole fruit, and pigments (chlorophylls, carotenoids and anthocyanins) in the peel of cvs. Gala (Galaxy and Brookfield), Granny Smith and Fuji (Raku Raku and Stripped) and (2) the effect of the type of management and the presence of sunburn at harvest on phenolics concentrations and antioxidant activity in both the whole fruit and peel, as well as pigments in peel, in two cultivars. Phenolics concentrations and antioxidant activity increased in the first weeks of fruit development and then decreased until harvest. The concentration of chlorophyll and carotenoids tended to decrease throughout the season, while anthocyanin concentration increased. In the case of tissue damaged by sunburn, phenolics concentrations and antioxidant activity were higher in damaged fruit, while changes in pigment concentrations varied according to the cultivar. The practices of conventional and organic management did neither influence significantly phenolics and pigments concentrations and antioxidant activity, except at certain stages of fruit development.
Tracing aspect-oriented patterns for identifying feature dependency inconsistencies in software product lines

Features implementing the functionality in a software product line (SPL) often interact and depend on each other. It is hard to maintain the consistency between feature dependencies on the model level and in the actual implementation over time, resulting in inconsistent SPL with less ability for inclusion and exclusion of features during product derivation. We describe our initial results when working with feature dependencies implemented as aspectoriented patterns and the related inconsistencies. Our aim is to improve feature dependency analysis for inconsistency identification between traceable modeled artefacts in SPL. In this research work we argue that traceability can facilitate identification of feature dependency inconsistencies. We report our experience of feature dependency inconsistency scenarios on different abstraction levels and our intended approach using traceability modeling to analyze feature dependency inconsistencies in the context of an existing scientific calculator product line.
Reflective properties of white sea ice and snow

Abstract. White ice (ice with a highly scattering granular layer on top of its surface) and snow-covered ice occupy a large part of the sea ice area in the Arctic, the former in summer, the latter in the cold period. The inherent optical properties (IOPs) and the reflectance of these types of ice are considered from the point of view of the light scattering and radiative transfer theories. The IOPs – the extinction and absorption coefficients and the scattering phase function – are derived with the assumption that both the snow cover and the scattering layer of white ice are random mixtures of air and ice with the characteristic grain size significantly larger than the wavelength of incident light. Simple analytical formulas are put forward to calculate the bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF), albedo at direct incidence (the directional–hemispherical reflectance), and albedo at diffuse incidence (the bihemispherical reflectance). The optical model developed is verified with the data of the in situ measurements made during the R/V Polarstern expedition ARK-XXVII/3 in 2012.
RE-EXAMINATION OF A NEAR TRUISM

Of particulzr interest in the realm of curriculum theories is a new (or renewed) call for "integrated curriculum. " In fact, in many educational circles, it appears to be an orthodox assumption that integrating the curriculum is what educators should be about. However, well-substantiated arguments against subject matter based curriculum are not offered, and well-articulated rationales for integrated curriculum are not offered. Some attempt to articulate as clearly as possible the character of "integrated curriculum" and "interdisciplinary curriculum" is necessary for understanding proposed curriculum models of either or both. Curriculum models typically suggested by integrationists fall into one of two categories: those that purport to be child centered; and those that attempt to "draw in" content from various subject areas as befits the central focus. Teachers' experiences in elementary and secondary classrooms suggest that the lack of background in academic subject matter remains a problem with many teachers, and that many teachers teach in less than desirable conditions. Decisions to make significant curriculum shifts or curriculum focus shifts should be made only after careful consideration of what the problems are, how they came about, and how the changes will alter things. (Fifteen references are attached.) (RS) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** INTEGRATING THE CURRICULUM: RE-EXAMINATION OF A NEAR TRUISM
Structure of Offshore Flow

Abstract The horizontal and vertical structure of the mean flow and turbulent fluxes are examined using aircraft observations taken near a barrier island on the east coast of the United States during offshore flow periods. The spatial structure is strongly influenced by the surface roughness and surface temperature discontinuities at the coast. With offshore flow of warm air over cool water, the sea surface momentum flux is large near the coast and decreases rapidly with increasing offshore distance or travel time. The decrease is attributed to advection and decay of turbulence from land. The rate of decrease is dependent on the characteristic timescale of the eddies in the upstream land-based boundary layer that are advected over the ocean. As a consequence, the air–sea momentum exchange near the coast is influenced by upstream conditions and similarity theory is not adequate to predict the flux. The vertical structure reveals an elevated layer of downward momentum flux and turbulence energy maxima over .
Isolation and Screening of Indigenous Bambara Groundnut (Vigna Subterranea) Nodulating Bacteria for their Tolerance to Some Environmental Stresses

Environmental stresses are important limiting factors for crops production. The aim of this experiment is to isolate Legume Nodulating Bacteria (LNB) obtained from root nodules of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.) plants and evaluate their performance under some environmental constraints. Samples were collected in Cameroon from three location sites of the Humid-forest zone: Logbessou in the Littoral region; Mfoua in the South and Boga in the Centre region. Nodulation of bambara groundnut was examined in plastic bags and root nodules were collected from seedling. After their isolation, the bacteria were confirmed as LNB by re-nodulating Macroptilium atropurpureum. The morphological, cultural and phenotypic characteristics (utilization of carbon, tolerance to salt, pH, aluminium) of isolates were determined. The results obtained were analyzed statistically by ANOVA using the software SPSS analysis version 11.5. Duncan test was used to measure the difference among the means at a level of p<0.05. A collection of 18 isolates was obtained on Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar medium. Authentication experiments, confirmed that the majority of the isolates (66.67%) were LNB due to their ability to infect the host plant. Bambara groundnut isolates are different morphologically. Dendrogram of the phenotypic characteristics showed that, below the boundary level of 50% average similarity, isolates fell into at least three distinct groups. All isolates showed fast-growing capacity. Most isolates (66.67%) were able to grow in a medium with pH as low as and Al concentration of 50 µM (58.33 %). Some isolates (50%) showed weak growth capacity at 4% NaCl. The bambara groundnut isolates tested were able to use a broad range of carbohydrates as sole source of carbon. The isolates from the present study may be useful to increase the symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legume.
Fuels planning: Managing forest structure to reduce fire hazard

Prior to the 20th century, low intensity fires burned regularly in most arid to semiarid forest ecosystems, with ignitions caused by lightning and humans (e.g., Baisan and Swetnam 1997, Allen et al. 2002, Hessl et al. 2004). Low intensity fires controlled regeneration of fire sensitive (e.g., grand fir [Abies grandis]) species (Arno and Allison-Bunnell 2002), promoted fire tolerant species (e.g., ponderosa pine [Pinus ponderosa], Douglas-fir) [Pseudotsuga menziesii], maintained an open forest structure (Swetnam et al. 1999), reduced forest fuel loads, decreased the impacts of insects, and maintained wildlife habitat for species that require open stand structures (Fule et al. 1997, Kalabokidis et al. 2002). Fire exclusion has caused the accumulation of understory vegetation and fuels, greater continuity in vertical and horizontal stand structure, and increased potential for crown fires (Dodge 1972, van Wagner 1977, Arno and Brown 1991, Agee 1993).
A Software Tool for Analyzing Building Airflow and Airborne CBR Agent Concentrations | NIST

Contaminant concentrations that result within buildings in response to airborne chemical, biological and radiological (CBR) events are due to a complex interaction between the building construction, ventilation system performance and weather conditions. The analysis of such events requires a tool that can address this complex interaction on a whole-building scale. CONTAM is a public domain multizone airflow and contaminant transport software tool developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. CONTAM provides the ability to define building models that capture the multizone nature of building airflows including the impacts of ventilation systems, contaminant source and removal mechanisms, and weather conditions. The program has been applied over the past decade for both design and analysis of building systems in the areas of indoor air quality, building ventilation, smoke management, and more recently, CBR-related events. This paper will present an overview of the CONTAM program and its applicability to building-related CBR events.
Do Nonprofits Treat Their Employees Differently? Incentive Pay and Health Benefits

We examine how nonprofit, public, and for-profit establishments vary in the provision of health benefits and insurance and performance-based incentives using the 2002 National Organization Survey of establishments in the United States. We found that in comparison to for-profit firms, both nonprofit and public organizations are less likely to use performance-based incentives, although they provide their employees with better health benefits and insurance. Sectoral differences in the provision of health benefits and insurance and use of performancebased incentives persist after controlling for correlates of sector that predict these outcomes, including establishment size, independence of establishment, market competition, establishment age, and unionization. We also found trade-offs between the provision of health benefits and insurance and use of performance-based incentives. Our results are generally consistent with the prediction from agency theory and also consistent with a view that
Business Students' Attitudes towards Consumerism, Marketing Practices and Government Regulations: A Comparative Study of Poland and Turkey

Consumerism has received a certain amount of attention in marketing literature however attention has been mostly focused on consumerism issues in developed countries. The purpose of this research is to study and compare attitudes towards consumerism in two developing countries; Poland and Turkey. Paper and pencil questionnaires were distributed to business students at a Polish university and a Turkish university. The data were analyzed to make comparisons between the attitudes of university students towards consumerism, marketing practices and government regulations in Poland and Turkey. The empirical findings of the two quantitative studies indicate both significant differences and similarities between Poland and Turkey. This paper presents an initial focus on an important area of consumerism research, by comparing quantitative results of two developing countries.
Stable derived functors, the Steenrod algebra and homological algebra in the category of functors

We present a very short way of calculating additively the stable (co)homology of Eilenberg–MacLane spaces K(Z/p, n). Our method depends only on homological algebra in appropriate categories of functors. Introduction. In the present paper we compute the stable homology of the Eilenberg–MacLane space K(Z/p, n). Of course the answer has been known for years and not the answer but the method is important here. We start our calculation from the point where the problem was approached classically—from the homotopical equality K(Z, n) = SP∞Sn and its mod p version. This leads to the interpretation of the stable homology of K(Z/p, n) in terms of stable derived functors in the sense of Dold–Puppe of symmetric power functors (also very classical). But then we use a more modern interpretation of these stable derived functors as Tor groups in the abelian category of functors from sets to Z/p-vector spaces. Then surprisingly the main result is derived from the properties of Koszul and de Rham sequences relating symmetric and exterior power functors. There are several reasons for writing this note. First of all we present a very short “stable” calculation of the stable homology of K(Z/p, n). Classically calculations followed the following route: first one had to do them unstably for all n and then to analyse the stabilization process to check which classes survive. It was always lengthy and complicated. Here we skip the unstable part. It seems to us that this point of view on the Steenrod algebra can be fruitful and we are going to explore it in further papers. Secondly we show that the “shape” of the Steenrod algebra (dimensions of 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 55P20; Secondary 55S10, 55U99, 18G15. The author was partially supported by the Polish Scientific Grant (KBN) 2 P03A 002 18.
Currency Crises, Sunspots and Exchange-Rate Overshooting

This paper provides a macroeconomic framework for theoretical and empirical analysis of the role of sunspots and shock-dependent expectations in currency crises. The model distinguishes between macroeconomic fundamentals and shock expectations as cause of currency crises. It is assumed that good prices are sticky so that the economy responds to information through the exchange rate or, when it is fixed or managed, through the interest rate. I argue that, under certain conditions, pessimistic expectations can be strong enough to self-validate and bring about crises.
The current rules on bluetongue vaccination in EU: from the origin to date

The Council Directive 2000/75/EC lays down controlling rules and measures to contrast and to eradicate bluetongue disease, including rules on the establishment of protection and surveillance zones and the use of vaccines against bluetongue. In the past years, only sporadic incursions of certain serotypes of the bluetongue virus were recorded in EU. However, after the adoption of the Directive, and particularly after the introduction into the Union of bluetongue viruses serotypes 1 and 8 in the years 2006-2007,the infection has become more widespread in EU, with the potential of becoming endemic in certain areas. The rules of vaccination against bluetongue laid down in Directive 2000/75/EC are based on the experience of the use of so-called “modified live vaccines”, or “live attenuated vaccines” that were the only available vaccines when the Directive was adopted. The use of those vaccines may lead to an undesired local circulation of the vaccine virus, also in unvaccinated animals. In recent years inactivated vaccines against bluetongue, which does not pose a risk for unvaccinated animals, have been introduced. The widespread use of these vaccines, during a vaccination campaign, led to a significant improvement in the disease situation. It’s now widely accepted that vaccination with inactivated vaccines is the preferred tool for the control of bluetongue and prevention of this clinical disease in EU. In order to ensure the better control of the bluetongue virus spread, the Authors underline the necessity to amend the current rules on vaccination to take account of recent technological developments in vaccine production.