Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interorganizational Relationships in Marketing: A Critical Review and Research Agenda

Over recent decades, the area of marketing interorganizational relationships (IORs) has received increasing attention from both academics and practitioners, even if a comprehensive portrayal of past research is still lacking. Hence, the aim of the present paper is to review the literature on marketing IORs in order to develop a framework meant to organize the different contributions in this area and suggest new paths for future research. The analysis suggests that three main streams of research can be identified with regard to the type of relationship between variables investigated by each article. Moreover, taking into account the purpose of the IOR, common patterns within each stream may be identified. A critical analysis of articles grounded on both the streams and the purpose of marketing IORs suggests there are still substantial gaps in knowledge, which open new paths for future research regarding both methodological issues and hot topics.
Hierarchical Representation of Multistep Tasks in Multiple-Demand and Default Mode Networks

Task episodes consist of sequences of steps that are performed to achieve a goal. We used fMRI to examine neural representation of task identity, component items, and sequential position, focusing on two major cortical systems—the multiple-demand (MD) and default mode networks (DMN). Human participants (20 males, 22 females) learned six tasks each consisting of four steps. Inside the scanner, participants were cued which task to perform and then sequentially identified the target item of each step in the correct order. Univariate time course analyses indicated that intra-episode progress was tracked by a tonically increasing global response, plus an increasing phasic step response specific to MD regions. Inter-episode boundaries evoked a widespread response at episode onset, plus a marked offset response specific to DMN regions. Representational similarity analysis (RSA) was used to examine representation of task identity and component steps. Both networks represented the content and position of individual steps, however the DMN preferentially represented task identity while the MD network preferentially represented step-level information. Thus, although both MD and DMN networks are sensitive to step-level and episode-level information in the context of hierarchical task performance, they exhibit dissociable profiles in terms of both temporal dynamics and representational content. The results suggest collaboration of multiple brain regions in control of multistep behavior, with MD regions particularly involved in processing the detail of individual steps, and DMN adding representation of broad task context. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Achieving one's goals requires knowing what to do and when. Tasks are typically hierarchical, with smaller steps nested within overarching goals. For effective, flexible behavior, the brain must represent both levels. We contrast response time courses and information content of two major cortical systems—the multiple-demand (MD) and default mode networks (DMN)—during multistep task episodes. Both networks are sensitive to step-level and episode-level information, but with dissociable profiles. Intra-episode progress is tracked by tonically increasing global responses, plus MD-specific increasing phasic step responses. Inter-episode boundaries evoke widespread responses at episode onset, plus DMN-specific offset responses. Both networks represent content and position of individual steps; however, the DMN and MD networks favor task identity and step-level information, respectively.
Association Between moleculars and Osteoporotic Fracture Risk:A systematical review

Osteoporosis is a systemic chronic skeletal disease, which is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk to osteoporotic fractures (OFs). OFs are associated with high mortality and morbidity, and seriously affect the life quality of patients. Osteoporosis is prevalent in the middle-aged and elderly population, especially the postmenopausal women. With population aging, osteoporosis becomes a world-wide serious public health problem. Early recognition of the high-risk population followed by timely and efficient intervention and/or treatment is important for preventing OFs. In light of the high heritability and complex pathogenesis of OP, comprehensive consideration of significant biological/biochemical factors is necessary for accurate risk evaluation. For this purpose, we reviewed recent research progress on moleculars which are diagnostic and/or predictive of OFs risk. Future integrative analyses and systematic evaluation of these moleculars may facilitate developing novel methodologies and/or test strategies, i.e., biochips, for early recognition of osteoporosis, hence to contribute to preventing OFs in the world.Osteoporosis, which is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk to osteoporotic fractures (OFs), is prevalent in the middle-aged and elderly population, especially in the postmenopausal women. We focused on several types of important molecules, including proteins/peptides, RNAs, lipids, to gain comprehensive understanding and to generate novel perspectives in predicting and diagnosing OFs.
Detrimental characteristics of climate change on livestock production and reproduction

Agriculture and animal rearing are the most important resources of income for the farmers and indirectly have a big share in the economy of a country. Pakistan is one of the 16 regarding countries most vulnerable to environment change. Climate changes is one of the main threats affecting the sustainability of the livestock production system, which further leads to affects the other different factors associated with the animal health, production, reproduction and its adaptability. Dairy sector is the most susceptible segment to the climate change. A widely used as a parameter for the measurement of thermal stress in animals is temperature humidity index (THI). The health status of dairy animals and decreases in their milk production and reproductive performance are adversely affected by environmental stress, which results in the massive economic losses. Alteration in the temperature, humidity, rainfall and atmospheric carbon dioxide are expected via global climate change. The dairy sector is more prone to climate change and global warming where it is most oftenly affected by the temperature and humidity such as temperature humidity index (THI). The combined effect of high temperature and high humidity results in adverse effects on reproductive performance of farm animals. Among the major environmental factors affecting the livestock production system includes temperature, relative humidity (RH), solar radiation, precipitation and wind speed. The heat stress play major role in the declining of fertility in lactating dairy cows and reducing the conception rate. The management strategies such as microclimatic modification, improved housing and management intervention, usage of fogger and sprinkler with or without fan, nutritional and feeding management, feeding strategies and changing in reproductive protocol like artificial insemination protocol are to be strictly followed to improve the adverse effects of heat stress on production and reproduction in dairy animals during the summer season.
Brain-Switches for Asynchronous Brain–Computer Interfaces: A Systematic Review

A brain–computer interface (BCI) has been extensively studied to develop a novel communication system for disabled people using their brain activities. An asynchronous BCI system is more realistic and practical than a synchronous BCI system, in that, BCI commands can be generated whenever the user wants. However, the relatively low performance of an asynchronous BCI system is problematic because redundant BCI commands are required to correct false-positive operations. To significantly reduce the number of false-positive operations of an asynchronous BCI system, a two-step approach has been proposed using a brain-switch that first determines whether the user wants to use an asynchronous BCI system before the operation of the asynchronous BCI system. This study presents a systematic review of the state-of-the-art brain-switch techniques and future research directions. To this end, we reviewed brain-switch research articles published from 2000 to 2019 in terms of their (a) neuroimaging modality, (b) paradigm, (c) operation algorithm, and (d) performance.
Genomic approach to organ-specific growth control

Growth is a fundamental aspect of life cycle of all organisms. Development of multicellular organisms requires generation of an individual with optimally sized, interdependent organs from a single cell. Body size varies highly in most animal groups, such as mammals. Moreover, growth of a multicellular organism is not uniform enlargement of size, but different body parts and organs grow to their characteristic sizes at different times. Currently very little is known about the molecular mechanisms governing this organ-specific growth. The genome sequencing projects have provided complete genomic DNA sequences of several species over the past decade. The amount of genomic sequence information, including sequence variants within species, is constantly increasing. Based on the universal genetic code, we can make sense of this sequence information as far as it codes proteins. However, less is known about the molecular mechanisms that control expression of genes and about the variations in gene expression that underlie many pathological states in humans. This is caused in part by lack of information about the second genetic code that consists of the binding specificities of transcription factors and the combinatorial code by which transcription factor binding sites are assembled to form tissue-specific and/or ligandregulated enhancer elements. Our hypothesis is that growth in vivo is controlled by direct integration of ligandregulated and tissue-specific transcription factor signals on enhancer elements of critical growth regulatory genes, such as the Myc genes. This thesis presents a high-throughput assay for determining transcription factor binding specificities, which was then used to measure the DNA-binding profiles of transcription factors involved in growth control. We developed ‘enhancer element locator’, a computational tool, which can be used to predict functional enhancer elements. A genome-wide prediction of human and mouse enhancer elements generated a large database of enhancer elements. This database can be used to identify target genes of signaling pathways and to predict activated transcription factors based on changes in gene expression. Predictions validated in transgenic mouse embryos revealed the presence of multiple tissue-specific enhancers in mouse cand N-Myc genes, which has implications on organ specific growth control and tumor type specificity of oncogenes. Furthermore, we were able to locate a variation in a single nucleotide that carries a susceptibility to colorectal cancer to an enhancer element and propose a mechanism by which this single-nucleotide polymorphism might be involved in generation of colorectal cancer.
Modeling the Human Prothrombinase Complex Components

Thrombin generation is the culminating stage of the blood coagulation process. Thrombin is obtained from prothrombin (the substrate) in a reaction catalyzed by the prothrombinase complex (the enzyme). The prothrombinase complex is composed of factor Xa (the enzyme), factor Va (the cofactor) associated in the presence of calcium ions on a negatively charged cell membrane. Factor Xa, alone, can activate prothrombin to thrombin; however, the rate of conversion is not physiologically relevant for survival. Incorporation of factor Va into prothrombinase accelerates the rate of prothrombinase activity by 300,000-fold, and provides the physiological pathway of thrombin generation. The long-term goal of the current proposal is to provide the necessary support for the advancing of studies to design potential drug candidates that may be used to avoid development of deep venous thrombosis in high-risk patients. The short-term goals of the present proposal are to (1) to propose a model of a mixed asymmetric phospholipid bilayer, (2) expand the incomplete model of human coagulation factor Va and study its interaction with the phospholipid bilayer, (3) to create a homology model of prothrombin (4) to study the dynamics of interaction between prothrombin and the phospholipid bilayer.
Genetic and molecular investigation of compatible plant-virus interactions

Heat shock protein 101 (HSP101) has been implicated in tobamovirus infections by virtue of its ability to enhance translation of mRNAs possessing the 5′ Ω leader of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Enhanced translation is mediated by HSP101 binding to a CAA-repeat motif in TMV Ω leader. CAA repeat sequences are present in the 5′ leaders of other tobamoviruses including Oilseed rape mosaic virus (ORMV), which infects Arabidopsis thaliana. HSP101 is one of eight HSP100 gene family members encoded by the A. thaliana genome, and of these, HSP101 and HSP98.7 are predicted to encode proteins localized to the cytoplasm where they could potentially interact with TMV RNA. Analysis of the expression of the HSP100s showed that only HSP101 mRNA transcripts were induced significantly by ORMV in A. thaliana. The induction of HSP101 mRNA was also correlated with an increase in its protein levels and was independent of defense-related signaling pathways involving salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, or ethylene. A. thaliana mutants lacking HSP101, HSP98.7, or both supported wild-type levels of ORMV replication and movement. Similar results were
Metabolomics of bilharziasis

i OPSOMMING. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. v LIST OF FIGURES. xi LIST OF TABLES. xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. xiv CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION. 1 CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW. 6 2.1 Bilharziasis. 6 2.1. 1 The history of bilharziasis and its geographical distribution. 6 2.1. 2 Bilharziasis in South Africa. 12 2.2 Life-cycle and physiology of the parasite. 14 2.3 Pathological characteristics of bilharziasis infection. 19 2.3. 1 The stage of infection during which the schistosomes are puncturing the skin. 19 2.3. 2 The stage of migration. 19 2.3. 3 The stage of egg-laying. 20 2.3. 4 Stage of cicatrization. 20 2.3. 5 Stage of malignant change. 21 2.4 Diagnosis of bilharziasis. 22 2.4. 1 Parasitological methods. 22 2.4. 2 Immunological methods. 23 2.5 Metabolomics approaches to investigate disease perturbations. 24
Review on the Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment of Metallic Materials in Automotive Applications

With the development of society, every year there are increasing demands in the automotive industry on cost savings, environmental safety, reduction of raw material consumption, performance improvement, material life cycle and recycling of components. In this review, emphasis is given on ferrous and non-ferrous alloys, which are used as components, where both groups can be treated by deep cryogenic treatment (DCT). DCT has shown to increase hardness, tensile strength and wear resistance, reduce density of defects in crystal structure, improve toughness and corrosion resistance. Though, some researchers also reported results that showed no change in material properties, or even deterioration of material properties, when subjected to DCT. This additionally points out to lack of consistency and reliability of the DCT process, which is needed for its successful incorporation in automotive applications. However, to prove with certainty the resulting outcome on the material properties and knowledge about the reasons for the variation of this effect on metallic materials, further approach and testing with different variables should be conducted in the future. This review provides a synopsis of different approaches of DCT on different materials for automotive applications in order to indicate effects on the material performance during DCT.
Bioclimate and reproductive potential at the cold limit of European deciduous tree species

Most plant physiological processes act on micro-geographic scales within meters or less and on temporal scales of minutes or less. Yet, most studies relating species distribution to climate used typical resolutions of kilometers and months at best. Commonly available climate records from weather stations or freely available coarse-resolution geographic climatic layers thus, do not reflect local climatic conditions. The deviation between meteorological data and on-site conditions were shown to potentially exceed the extent of the worst projections of climate warming. In this study we selected sites where eight temperate deciduous tree species are growing at their cold upper elevational and latitudinal limits in the Swiss Alps (from 1165 m a.s.l to 1804 m a.s.l.) and in Sweden (from 58◦18’ N to 59◦27’ N). At each site, temperature was recorded for 1-2 years in different conditions: at understorey height (50 cm), 2-m above ground, in the top of tree canopies and at 10 cm depth in the soil. We compared these biologically meaningful temperatures with the closest weather station data after correction for elevation. The data evidence that in mountain terrain, scaling from weather station data to on-site forest conditions requires month-specific lapse rates of temperatures, separated for means and extremes (e.g. minima). Besides best elevation-correction procedures, monthly absolute minimum temperatures of weather station data remained 1.4 ± 0.2 K (mean ± se, 12 sites) cooler than in situ conditions during growing season (2.0 ± 0.2 K cooler hereafter). At the time when 2-m air temperature reached its absolute monthly minimum, temperature in the top of the tree canopy was found 0.4 ± 0.1 K colder (mean ± se, 12 sites) during growing season and 0.9 ± 0.1 K hereafter. These systematic deviations of low temperature extremes from those predicted from weather stations close the gap between geographical range limits of species, their physiological limits (e.g. freezing resistance) and meteorological information. The “thermal niche” concept of species range limits needs to account for such deviations of life conditions from meteorological data, should the niche boundaries have a functional meaning rooted in plant biology.
Effets écotoxicologiques de nanoparticules de dioxyde de cérium en milieu aquatique : d’une évaluation en conditions monospécifiques à l’étude de chaînes trophiques expérimentales en microcosme

L’ecotoxicite de nanoparticules de dioxyde de cerium (CeO2 NP) en milieu dulcaquicole a ete evaluee a l’aide (i) d’essais monospecifiques standardises et (ii) de chaines trophiques experimentales exposees en microcosme. Aucune toxicite n’a ete observee chez Nitzschia palea et Chironomus riparius en conditions monopsecifiques. Une inhibition de croissance a ete observee chez les amphibiens Xenopus laevis et Pleurodeles waltl. , ainsi qu’une toxicite aigue chez le xenope et une genotoxicite dose-dependante chez le pleurodele. Les expositions en microcosme ont mis en evidence une toxicite aigue chez le pleurodele, des modifications des communautes bacteriennes, une diminution de la decomposition de la litiere, ainsi que des effets teratogenes chez le chironome. Les effets observes varient suivant la nature des CeO2 NP etudiees. L’utilisation d’un systeme biologique complexe permet l’etude des mecanismes de toxicite dans des conditions plus representatives des conditions environnementales.
Sap velocity as an indicator of diurnal and long- term hydraulic resistance changes in mature 'Walker' hybrid poplar trees 1

Hydraulic resistance directly limits sap flow in trees so that understanding water-use patterns in poplar trees requires knowledge about diurnal and long-term changes in resistances in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Granier thermal dissi- pation probes were used for continuous measurements of sap velocity (V) changes over time and whole-tree water-use patterns in the main stems of 'Walker' hybrid poplar trees. When atmospheric demand was low, V depended only on solar radiation (Rg) and vapour pressure difference (VPD). However, on warm, sunny days, midday V decreased, despite a constant leaf water potential (� l) of -1.5 MPa. Because bulk soil water potential (� s) did not change significantly, the constantl implied that the water potential difference (�� ) remained diurnally constant. Although stomatal control would explain changes in V when VPD was low, an increase in hydraulic resistance was required to explain the decrease in V when VPD was high. Xylem cavita- tion was ruled out as a cause because the apparent increase in resistance reversed in late afternoon, while VPD was still high. Mid-August irrigation immediately increased daily V, which was attributed to a change in �� because of less negatives . A gradual increase in sap flow over two weeks following irrigation implied a decrease in plant hydraulic resistance, most likely attributable to new root growth. It was concluded that hydraulic resistance changes, both diurnal and in the longer term, oc- curred primarily at the rhizosphere or root level.
Contribution of Connectivity Assessments to Green Infrastructure (GI)

A major goal of green infrastructure (GI) is to provide functional networks of habitats and ecosystems to maintain biodiversity long-term, while at the same time optimizing landscape and ecosystem functions and services to meet human needs. Traditionally, connectivity studies are informed by movement ecology with species-specific attributes of the type and timing of movement (e.g., dispersal, foraging, mating) and movement distances, while spatial environmental data help delineate movement pathways across landscapes. To date, a range of methods and approaches are available that (a) are relevant across any organism and movement type independent of time and space scales, (b) are ready-to-use as standalone freeware or custom GIS implementation, and (c) produce appealing visual outputs that facilitate communication with land managers. However, to enhance the robustness of connectivity assessments and ensure that current trends in connectivity modeling contribute to GI with their full potential, common denominators on which to ground planning and design strategies are required. Likewise, comparable, repeatable connectivity assessments will be needed to put results of these scientific tools into practice for multi-functional GI plans and implementation. In this paper, we discuss use and limitations of state-of-the-art connectivity methods in contributing to GI implementation.
Antimicrobial Metal Nanomaterials: From Passive to Stimuli‐Activated Applications

The development of antimicrobial drug resistance among pathogenic bacteria and fungi is one of the most significant health issues of the 21st century. Recently, advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of nanomaterials, particularly metals that exhibit antimicrobial properties. These metal nanomaterials have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional antimicrobial therapies. In this review, a broad overview of metal nanomaterials, their synthesis, properties, and interactions with pathogenic micro‐organisms is first provided. Secondly, the range of nanomaterials that demonstrate passive antimicrobial properties are outlined and in‐depth analysis and comparison of stimuli‐responsive antimicrobial nanomaterials are provided, which represent the next generation of microbiocidal nanomaterials. The stimulus applied to activate such nanomaterials includes light (including photocatalytic and photothermal) and magnetic fields, which can induce magnetic hyperthermia and kinetically driven magnetic activation. Broadly, this review aims to summarize the currently available research and provide future scope for the development of metal nanomaterial‐based antimicrobial technologies, particularly those that can be activated through externally applied stimuli.