Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Infrared Gas Analyzers above a Subalpine Forest in Complex Terrain

Sean P. Burns1,2∗, Stefan Metzger3, Peter D. Blanken2, George Burba4, Edward Swiatek5, Jiahong Li4, Benjamin Conrad5, Hongyan Luo3, and Jeff Taylor3 1National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO 80307 2Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 3National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), Boulder, CO 80301 4LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE 68504 5Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT 84321
Comparisons of Performance Potentials of Silicon Nanowire and Graphene Nanoribbon MOSFETs Considering First-Principles Bandstructure Effects

In this paper, we investigate the performance potentials of silicon nanowire (SNW) and semiconducting graphene nanoribbon (GNR) MOSFETs by using first-principles bandstructures and ballistic current estimation based on the ¿top-of-the-barrier¿ model. As a result, we found that SNW-MOSFETs display a strong orientation dependence via the atomistic bandstructure effects, and SNW-MOSFETs provide smaller intrinsic device delays than Si ultrathin-body MOSFETs when the wire size is scaled smaller than 3 nm. Furthermore, GNR-MOSFETs are found to exhibit promising device performance if the ribbon width is designed to be larger than a few nanometers and a finite band gap can be established.
The Characteristics of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Demonstrating a Positive Reaction in a Scratch Test after 48 Hours against House Dust Mite Antigen

The clinical characteristics of patients in whom an IgE‐mediated reaction against house dust mite (HDM) antigens that contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) remain unclear. This study attempted to elucidate the characteristics of patients who exhibit a positive reaction 48 hr or later against HDM in scratch tests. The reactions after epicutaneous application of the allergen to skin with prior scratching were observed for one week in sixteen AD patients showing positive immediate‐type hypersensitivity reactions for HDM. Fifty percent of the patients demonstrated positive reactions at 48 hours after epicutaneous application of HDM. Significantly higher values were demonstrated in the group positive for HDM after 48 h in serum total IgE, specific IgE for Der f1, and lactate dehydrogenase, peripheral eosinophil counts, eruption score, and the area of eruption than in the group negative for HDM after 48 h. Domestic exposure to Der f1 was also higher in the group positive for HDM after 48 h than in the negative group. These results indicate that the patients in whom the HDM‐induced reaction continuing more than 48 h and contributing to their real eczematous eruptions are characterized by considerably increased levels of specific IgE for HDM antigens, high disease activity in AD, and increased exposure to domestic HDM.
Brain Tumors: Epidemiology and Current Trends in Treatment

Background: Brain tumors represent a group of neoplasms arising from brain tissue, each with their own unique biology, prognosis, and treatment. Included in this group are neoplasms not arising from brain parenchyma, which encompass meningiomas, lymphomas, and metastatic disease from other primary sources (often referred to as secondary brain tumors). Despite the diverse group of neoplasms represented, most intracranial tumors follow similar clinical presentations and diagnostic workups. Methods: This review focuses on primary and secondary brain tumor epidemiology, imaging, and treatment modalities. In addition, we will highlight molecular genetic advances in the field that will help shape future treatment approaches. Results: Although tumors affecting the Central Nervous System (CNS) are relatively uncommon, they are often very difficult to treat and cause disproportionate morbidity and mortality. Many of these neoplasms are universally fatal and our ability to treat both benign and malignant tumors is still in its infancy. Our lack of effective treatment leaves many of our patients with few options. Conclusions: The combination of poor prognosis and lack of therapeutic options make further innovation and investigation a priority to improve clinical outcomes for patients suffering from CNS malignancies.
WWOX: Its genomics, partners, and functions

The WW domain‐containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) spans one of the most active common fragile sites (CFSs) involved in cancer, FRA16D. WWOX encodes a 46‐kDa protein that contains two N‐terminal WW domains and a central short‐chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) domain. Through its WW domain, Wwox interacts with its partners and modulates their functions. Our data indicate that Wwox suppresses the transactivation function of several transcription factors implied in neoplasia by sequestering them in the cytoplasm. Work from our laboratory and other research groups have demonstrated that Wwox participates in a number of cellular processes including growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and tumor suppression. Targeted deletion of the Wwox gene in mice causes increased spontaneous and chemically induced tumor incidence supporting bona fide tumor suppressor function of WWOX. Moreover, generation of the Wwox‐deficient mice uncovers, at least in part, some of the physiological in vivo functions of the WWOX gene. This review focuses on recent progress that elucidates Wwox functions in biology and pathology. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 737–745, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been associated with the insulin‐resistance syndrome, at present defined as the metabolic syndrome, whose limits were recently set. We assessed the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in 304 consecutive NAFLD patients without overt diabetes, on the basis of 3 or more criteria out of 5 defined by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (waist circumference, glucose, high‐density lipoprotein [HDL]‐cholesterol, triglycerides, and arterial pressure). The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increased with increasing body mass index, from 18% in normal‐weight subjects to 67% in obesity. Insulin resistance (Homeostasis Model Assessment method) was significantly associated with the metabolic syndrome (odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5‐4.2; P < .001). Liver biopsy was available in 163 cases (54%). A total of 120 patients (73.6%) were classified as having nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); 88% of them had a metabolic syndrome (vs. 53% of patients with pure fatty liver; P < .0001). Logistic regression analysis confirmed that the presence of metabolic syndrome carried a high risk of NASH among NAFLD subjects (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.2‐8.9; P = .026) after correction for sex, age, and body mass. In particular, the syndrome was associated with a high risk of severe fibrosis (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.1‐11.2; P = .032). In conclusion, the presence of multiple metabolic disorders is associated with a potentially progressive, severe liver disease. The increasing prevalence of obesity, coupled with diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and ultimately the metabolic syndrome puts a very large population at risk of forthcoming liver failure in the next decades. (Hepatology 2003;37:917‐923.)
Development of microglia in the prenatal rat hippocampus

The distribution and appearance of microglial cell precursors in the prenatal hippocampus were examined in embryonic day 14 (E14) to E21 rats by nucleoside diphosphatase histochemistry. For comparison, the differentiation of astroglial cells was analyzed from E17 by vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry.
Housing Instability and Concurrent Substance use and Mental Health Concerns: An Examination of Canadian Youth.

OBJECTIVE Though previous research has identified the high burden of mental health and addiction (MHA) concerns among precariously housed youth, earlier studies have not examined differences in MHA concerns among housing insecure Canadian youth across sectors. This study examines this issue using the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs Short Screener (GAIN-SS) in a cross-sectoral sample of Canadian youth. METHOD A total of 2605 youth ages 12 to 24 seeking services across sectors completed the GAIN-SS and a sociodemographic form. The analyses described demographic variables and sector of presentation, then evaluated internalizing, externalizing, substance use, and crime/violence concerns based on housing status. RESULTS While many precariously housed youth presented through the housing/outreach/support sector, 33.6% presented to other sectors. Housing groups endorsed comparably high levels of internalizing and externalizing problems. However, precariously housed youth reported higher rates of problematic substance use (OR = 1.54; 95% CI 1.25, 1.88; p < 0.01) and crime/violence issues (OR = 1.95; 95% CI 1.54, 2.46; p < 0.01). Precariously housed youth were 48% more likely to endorse concurrent disorders (OR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.21, 1.82; p < 0.01), which was largely driven by the high rate of concurrent disorders among precariously housed females. CONCLUSIONS Since precariously housed youth with multiple clinical needs presented across sectors, attention must be given to screening for both housing stability and MHA and building stronger cross-sectoral partnerships. The findings should encourage systematic screening, MHA training and capacity building within housing sectors as well as integrated services across all youth-serving organizations.
A comparison of two primary care trials on tennis elbow: issues of external validity

Objective: To assess clinical heterogeneity across two studies with respect to study population, interventions, and outcome measures, and to evaluate the influence of these sources of heterogeneity on the results of the studies. Methods: The individual patient data were used from two randomised controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of conservative treatments in patients with tennis elbow in primary care. Patients were allocated at random to treatment with steroid injection, wait and see policy, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, placebo tablets, or physiotherapy. Outcome measures included severity of the main complaint, inconvenience of the elbow complaints, pain during the day, elbow disability, pain-free grip strength, and global improvement. All outcomes were assessed at 1, 6, and 12 months after randomisation. Results: The two study populations were similar with respect to age, sex, comorbid neck/shoulder complaints, and baseline scores for the severity of pain. However, significant differences were observed for employment status, duration of elbow complaints, dominant side affected, previous history of elbow complaints, and use of analgesics. Local injections differed between the two studies with respect to volume, number, and steroid preparation. However, after 1, 6, and 12 months, the treatment effects of steroid injections were very similar between the study populations. Conclusions: Despite large differences in study population at baseline, the responses to steroid injections were remarkably similar. Also the responses to other conservative interventions and the placebo treatment were very consistent, suggesting a uniform course of a tennis elbow and a lack of influence of clinical heterogeneity.
[Comorbidity in adolescence: simultaneous declaration of depressive, eating, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and use of psychoactive substances in the general population of 17 year old students in a big city].

AIM To determine whether the following symptoms: depressive symptoms, eating disorder symptoms and obsessive-compulsive symptoms among adolescents in Kraków secondary schools are associated with an increased risk of psychoactive substance use. METHOD A representative sample of the population of Kraków secondary school pupils was tested. A two-stage draw method identified a group of 2034 2nd form pupils of all types of secondary schools: grammar schools, technical schools and vocational schools (17-year olds). They were tested using the following screening questionnaires: Beck Depression Scale, EAT-26 eating disorders scale, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (Leyton) scale and the author's drug questionnaire. RESULTS The incidence of depressive symptoms among boys and girls is associated with an increased risk of alcohol use (74.8% among depressive boys versus 65.8% in the depressive group of girls), cigarette smoking (42.7% vs. 46.7%) and drug use (29.0% vs. 18.6%). All of the relationships are statistically significant in both sexes. 41.7% depressive boys admit to smoking, vs. only 32.6% in the non-depressive group. In the girls' group, these relationships are as follows: 46.7% versus 32.1%. The relationships are statistically significant in both sexes. The incidence of eating disorder symptoms among boys and girls is associated with a higher risk of alcohol use (respectively: 73.5% vs. 61.9%), cigarette smoking (42.1% vs. 46.9%), and drug use (31.6% versus 21.5%). Compared with a group of young people without eating disorder symptoms, the relationships are of statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Comorbidity of the following symptoms was found: depressive symptoms, eating disorder symptoms, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and symptoms of psychoactive substance use. The presence of depressive symptoms increases the risk of the use of psychoactive substances, especially alcohol and tobacco, to a lesser extent--drugs, both in the boys and in the girls. The presence of eating disorder symptoms increases the risk of smoking and drug use among both boys and girls.
The development of monoclonal antibodies for the therapy of cancer.

Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were first described by Köhler and Milstein in 1975. Not only did this discovery lead to a Nobel prize, but it created an enormous scientific field that has now become a multimillion dollar industry. Mabs made the transition from laboratory reagents to clinical diagnostics very quickly. However, their development as therapeutic agents was, as predicted, more costly and time-consuming. Indeed, clinicians and scientists were required to learn a new set of rules for using these large, immunogenic, targeted agents in humans. Nevertheless, in 1997 the first Mab was licensed in the U.S. and several others will soon follow. In this review, we discuss Mab-based strategies for the treatment of cancer. We compare native, fragmented, recombinant and chimeric antibodies, bispecific antibodies, immunoconjugates, and immunoliposomes. The rationale for their development, their advantages, their in vitro and in vivo performance, and their clinical usefulness are discussed.
Development of branchline coupler using parallel coupled transmission lines

This paper investigates the development of branchline coupler using parallel coupled transmission lines on planar microstrip using CST Studio Suite 2010 design tool. This project operates within 4 GHz to 8 GHz frequency band. Two designs are proposed in this project which are basic branch line coupler and branch line coupler with parallel line feeding technique. The main purpose of this study is to improve bandwidth while compare the performance of both designed coupler. The designs are then investigated using CST Microwave Studio simulation tool. The designs are fabricated on microstrip printed circuit board and measured using vector network analyzer. The simulated and experimental results of both developed couplers are compared and analyzed. The overall simulated percentage bandwidth of the proposed coupler is covered from 4 to 8 GHz with percentage bandwidth of 32.32%.
Identification as a deterrent for security enhancement in cognitive radio networks

Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) are prone to emerging coexistence security threats such as Primary User Emulation Attack (PUEA). Specifically, a malicious CRN may mimic licensees’ (Primary Users (PUs)) signal characteristics to force another CRN to vacate its channels thinking that PUs have returned. While existing schemes are promising to some extent on detecting PUEAs, they are not able to prevent the attacks. In this article, we propose a PUEA Deterrent (PUED) algorithm that can provide PUEAs' commission details: offender CRNs and attacks’ time and bandwidth. There are many similarities between PUED and Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) in terms of: deterrence strategy, reason for use, surveillance characteristics, surveillance outcome, and operation site. According to the criminology literature, robust CCTV systems have shown a significant reduction in visible offences (e.g. vehicle theft), reducing crime rates by 80%. Similarly, PUED will contribute the same effectiveness in deterring PUEAs. Furthermore, providing PUEAs’ details will prevent the network’s cognitive engine from considering the attacks as real PUs, consequently avoiding devising unreliable spectrum models for the attacked channels. Extensive simulations show the effectiveness of the PUED algorithm in terms of improving CRNs’ performance.
Parameter Extraction and Analysis of Pentacene Thin Film Transistor with Different Insulators

— This paper presents both analytical modeling and simulations based on finite element method of Pentacene Thin Film Transistors or Organic Thin Film transistors (PTFTs/OTFTs). Analytical modeling approach is introduced by using conventional transistor equations and finite element method using ATLAS two dimensional numerical device simulators. Both the methods shows a good agreement of output characteristic and parameters with experimental results. Further simulation is performed for top contact OTFT devices with different insulator materials while pentacene is used as organic semiconductor (OSC) material. A large variation has been observed for different insulators which insight the importance for right selection of the material during fabrication. It has been observed that the best results can be obtained for Hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ) due to highest dielectric constant. Parameters such as current on-off ratio drain current and transconductance shows a variation of 85% or more for different insulators. However, a minor change is achieved for mobility analysis. This analysis clarifies a number of issues that can help in design and fabrication of devices on flexible substrates. The simulated results are demonstrated in terms of performance parameters such as output and transfer characteristics, drain current, mobility, threshold voltage, I ON / I OFF and transconductance.
Cooperation between Drosophila flies in searching behavior

In Drosophila melanogaster food search behaviour, groups of flies swarm around and aggregate on patches of food. We wondered whether flies explore their environment in a cooperative way as interactions between individual flies within a population might influence the flies' ability to locate food sources. We have shown that the food search behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila is a two‐step process. Firstly, ‘primer’ flies search the environment and randomly land on different food patches. Secondly, the remaining group of flies move to the most favorable food source and aggregate there. We call this a ‘search–aggregation’ cycle. Our data demonstrate that flies do not individually assess all available food resources. Rather, social interactions between flies appear to affect their choice of a specific food patch. A genetic analysis of this ‘search–aggregation’ behavior shows that flies carrying mutations in specific genes (for example, the dunce (dnc) gene which codes for a phosphodiesterase) were defective in this search–aggregation behavior when compared to normal flies. Future investigations of the neuronal signaling involved in this behavior will help us to understand the complexities of this aspect of Drosophila social behaviour.
Optimal guaranteed control for robotic gait

In this paper, An energy-effective gait is designed based on the mechanism of passive dynamic walking using piecewise torque and virtual gravity force method. At the same time, to keep the stability and guarantee the cost of muscle while biped robot walking, the guaranteed cost optimizing problem of the system is investigated. This problem can be solved by using `Multi Virtual Gravity' method. And the stability of these gaits can be guaranteed by optimal guaranteed cost controller based on LMI(Liner Matrix Inequality). Finally, the stability of the closed-loop system are attained and the cost of energy are guaranteed too. Here, the guaranteed cost control with natural-looking passive dynamic walking mechanism is applied to the kneed biped walker system with bended stance knee. This result seems to be novelty.
Advances in allergen immunotherapy: Aiming for complete tolerance to allergens

Allergen-specific immunotherapy is a tolerance-inducing therapy for allergic disease. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) has been used for more than 100 years as a tolerance-inducing therapy for allergic diseases and represents a potentially curative method of treatment. AIT functions through multiple mechanisms, including regulating T and B cell responses, changing antibody isotypes, and decreasing mediator release and migration of eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells to affected tissues. Despite the relative success of AIT, attempts are being made to improve this therapy in order to overcome problems in standardization, efficacy, safety, long duration of treatment, and costs. These have led to the development of biotechnological products with successful clinical results.
Optimizing the FEC Overhead in a 100 GbE PDM-QPSK Digital Coherent Transmission System

The finite electrical bandwidth of digital coherent transceivers together with limited wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) channel spacing constrains the maximum forward error correction (FEC) overhead that can be advantageously applied to fiber optic transmission systems. We investigate through simulations of a 100 GbE system employing coherent polarization division multiplexed quaternary phase shift keying, the impact of these bandwidth constraints on the optimal code rate thereby minimizing the required optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) at the receiver. The optimum FEC overhead is found to increase linearly with available bandwidth and the required OSNR is found to reduce for lower order transponder filters. Fabrication of transmitters with a broader spectral response than their receiver counterpart is found to be advantageous. The optimum electrical bandwidth is found to be approximately half the WDM channel spacing for nonreturn to zero (NRZ) transmission and slightly less for return to zero (RZ). There is shown to be no performance advantage in using RZ over NRZ modulation formats when the optimum FEC overhead and filter bandwidth is employed in each case. Nonlinear simulations demonstrate that transpacific transmission is attainable with a margin that increases as the spectral efficiency is relaxed.