Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
LARGE-SCALE SIMULTANEOUS INFERENCE WITH APPLICATIONS TO THE DETECTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION WITH MICROARRAY DATA

An important problem in microarray experiments is the detection of genes that are differentially expressed in agiven mumber of classes. We consider a straightforward and easily implemented method for estimating the posterior probability that an individual gene is null. The problem can be expressed in a two-component mixture framework, using an empirical Bayes approach. Current methods of implementing this approach either have some limitations due to the minimal assumptions made or with more specific assumptions are computationally intensive. By converting to a z-score the value of the test statistic used to test the significance of each gene, we can use a simple two-component normal mixture to model adequately the distribution of this score. In the context of the application of this approach to a well known breast cancer data set, we consider some of the issues associated with the problem of the detection of differential expression, including the case where there is need for the use of an empirical null distribution in place of the standard normal (the theoretical null) and the case where none of the genes might be differentially expressed. We also describe briefly some initial results on a cluster analysis approach to this problem, which attempts to model the joint distribution of the individual gene expressions. This latter approach thus has to make distributional assumptions which are note necessary with the former approach based on the z-scores. However, in the case where the distributional assumptions are valid, it has the potential to provide a more powerful analysis.
Sero-Surveillance and Control of Bovine Brucellosis in Akshayakalpa Dairy Farms in Karnataka, India

Brucellosis is a disease of domestic animals with serious zoonotic implications in humans, causing huge economic losses to the livestock industry. The present study was conducted to find the prevalence of brucellosis in Akshayakalpa organic dairy farms. Seventeen pooled milk samples from different herds contributing to the farm were collected and subjected to milk ring test (MRT), among these seven samples were found to be positive. Individual animal milk samples were collected from the positive herds and subjected to MRT again. Further, serum samples of all MRT positive animals were screened by Rose bengal plate agglutination test (RBPT) and indirect ELISA. Prevalence rate of brucellosis was found to be 11.08%, 20.40% and 38.77% by MRT, RBPT and indirect ELISA, respectively. Farmers were educated about the risk of disease and it’s public health significance and all the affected animals were isolated. By the consent of farmers the management of the farm culled all the ten infected animals which were positive by all the above tests and financial compensation was provided to the affected farmers. Since then, the farm has adapted regular screening of new animals before introducing it to the herd and all the animals contributing to farms are free from brucellosis. In conclusion, MRT, RBPT and indirect ELISA in combination can be used for diagnosis of brucellosis and test and slaughter policy is the best method of choice to control the infection if the sizes of the positive reactors are less.
Study on the Credit-based System with Chinese Characteristics from the Perspective of System Analysis

There are two kinds of disputes in the creditbased system with Chinese characteristics: namely the theory of transition and the theory of innovation. Through the analysis from the institutional level, this system is the rational choice and institutional innovation of the college teaching management system in the transitional period, or a temporary equilibrium in the supply and demand of the institutional structure, of which the reason is that the reality of China's national conditions, social economy, education mode and educational resources determine the state of institutional equilibrium. Under the formal institutional framework, the exploration of the system innovation of the credit-based system in China from the five aspects of independent choice + limited choice, class tutor system + system of counselors, class teaching system + course class system, professional registration fee system + course credit fee system and the credit authentication system + credit transfer system is helpful to construct the teaching management system of modern university in our country and promote the "chain effect" in the reform of the internal system of colleges and universities. Keywords—credit-based system; contention focus; basis of reality; system innovation
A Holistic Approach to Cognitive Coordination

A new holistic approach defining and dealing with coordination in smart environments is presented. Coordination has been studied for many years, but a holistic approach from a generic theoretical model to a pervasive application has never been proposed. Our approach defines a generic model in order to understand and develop coordination aspects at a high level of abstraction. The model should help to analyse and design context-, activityand situation-aware applications for smart environments. But, it should also be generic enough to be applicable to other problem domains. In this paper we focus only on the modelling part. Our model is built of an abstraction continuum, starting with the notion of entity, interaction, evolution and rules. The notion of enactive entity is introduced on the most abstract level of the continuum. It encompasses consciousness and intentional behaviour, thus leading to cognitive coordination.
SOCIAL PABTICIPATION AMONG PRE-SCHOOL CHILDEEN

GENETIC Sociology is as yet a little developed field of science. Investigators of social behavior have overlooked the period when adjustment to the group is first acquired and praticed. In so doing, they have ignored a source that ought to contribute not only to the explanation of child behavior, but to the understanding of adult group habits which persist from childhood. By the time individuals have acquired their "human nature", their overt group responses are determined by such a multiplicity of factors such as customs, mores, traditions, social controls, past experience in groups, emotions and native equipment, that many scientists have despaired of ever finding any uniformities in their behavior. The genetic approach to the study of social motivation and adjustment promises to reveal group behavior which is only slightly affected by these complex social factors. The reactions of children are more or less spontaneous and overt and therefore perceptible to investigators. Most of the investigations on the genesis of social behavior that have been made up to the present time are to be found in the psychological and educational rather than in the sociological literature. Throughout the literature which deals with the subject of the behavior of young children are scattered varied and often contradictory theories and generalizations regarding social development, traits, and habits. In the first place, there is no uniformity in the use and meaning of the term "social". Very often a moral or ethical connotation is expressed or implied. Sometimes altruistic behavior is regarded as synonymous with social. Then again, self-sufficiency in group life is conceived of as "social behavior". Occasionally, "social" is employed to denote "play" behavior. More recent scientific approaches usually use the term synonymously with "group" without reference to the subjective and moral elements involved.
Fabrication of SiO2-based microcantilevers by anisotropic chemical etching of (100) single crystal Si

The undercutting process of thermal SiO2 microcantilevers with different orientations on (100) Si wafer was studied. The silicon substrate was removed by anisotropic chemical etching with a 25 wt. % aqueous solution of TMAH or a 30 wt. % aqueous KOH solution at 80 °C. It was found that 〈110〉 oriented cantilevers were undercutting frontally along the length and 〈100〉 oriented cantilevers experience undercutting along the width of the cantilever, which is a less time consuming pro- cess. The studies showed that the 〈100〉 orientation of SiO2 microbridges enables theirs fabrication on a (100) oriented Si substrate.
Global NO x emission estimates derived from an assimilation of OMI tropospheric NO 2 columns

Abstract. A data assimilation system has been developed to estimate global nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emissions using OMI tropospheric NO 2 columns (DOMINO product) and a global chemical transport model (CTM), the Chemical Atmospheric GCM for Study of Atmospheric Environment and Radiative Forcing (CHASER). The data assimilation system, based on an ensemble Kalman filter approach, was applied to optimize daily NO x emissions with a horizontal resolution of 2.8° during the years 2005 and 2006. The background error covariance estimated from the ensemble CTM forecasts explicitly represents non-direct relationships between the emissions and tropospheric columns caused by atmospheric transport and chemical processes. In comparison to the a priori emissions based on bottom-up inventories, the optimized emissions were higher over eastern China, the eastern United States, southern Africa, and central-western Europe, suggesting that the anthropogenic emissions are mostly underestimated in the inventories. In addition, the seasonality of the estimated emissions differed from that of the a priori emission over several biomass burning regions, with a large increase over Southeast Asia in April and over South America in October. The data assimilation results were validated against independent data: SCIAMACHY tropospheric NO 2 columns and vertical NO 2 profiles obtained from aircraft and lidar measurements. The emission correction greatly improved the agreement between the simulated and observed NO 2 fields; this implies that the data assimilation system efficiently derives NO x emissions from concentration observations. We also demonstrated that biases in the satellite retrieval and model settings used in the data assimilation largely affect the magnitude of estimated emissions. These dependences should be carefully considered for better understanding NO x sources from top-down approaches.
Comparison of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from patients with and without cystic fibrosis

Abstract Its rising incidence, virulence factors and antibiotic resistance rate makes it difficult to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. The aim of this study was to compare virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis (CF) and other lower respiratory tract infections. Isolates from patients (n=125) were divided into two groups. The isolates in the first group were from CF patients (n=64). And in the other group isolates were from lower respiratory tract samples, from patients that did not have CF (n=61). The antibiotic susceptibility tests were done by using disc diffusion method. As phenotypic tests; DNase, protease, elastase, hemolysis, and motility test were performed. The mucoid form of P. aeruginosa was detected in 29.7% of CF patients’ isolates, whereas in the other group (non-CF) this rate was 9.8% (p=0.011). Motility in the CF patients’ isolates was lower (84.4%) then the other group (96.7%). The presence of DNase was significantly low in CF patients’ isolates when compared to the other group (p=0.009). When the antibiotic resistance was compared; ceftazidime, imipenem and meropenem and piperacillin resistance was found significantly low in CF patients compared to isolates from the other group (p≤0.05). Information about virulence factor patterns and antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis and the patients without cystic fibrosis can prevent the unnecessary usage of antibiotics and lead the way to new approaches in treatment.
Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) project in Manica, Mozambique: baseline survey report

"This baseline report has been developed for an impact evaluation of a social and behaviour change communication (SBCC) project implemented by the World Food Programme (WFP) in Mozambique's Manica province and funded through the European Union's MDG1c initiative. The intervention's overall goal is to improve children's health and nutrition by promoting good practices in the areas of maternal care and nutrition, infant and young child feeding, malaria prevention, and water, sanitation and hygiene. The intervention builds on two components: i) interpersonal communication, consisting of the training of community health committee members who in turn train community members; and ii) mass media communication, consisting of short-duration radio spots, broadcast by community radio stations that participated in corresponding capacity development activities. Overall, the project is expected to reach around 44,640 individuals through the interpersonal communication component and 379,000 individuals through the mass media component". (â€¦)
Relation between Teaching Methods Versus Academic Achievement of Students

─ The objective of the investigation was to examine the relation between teaching methods/approaches and the academic achievements taken by the students. The goals of the study were to clarify the relation between Single-Subject and multi-subjects teaching methods and students’ academic success. The respondents of the study were fifty students of 5th class and 20 teachers of Primary Schools. While the effects of these teaching approaches on students were assessed by carrying out preand posttests. The answers of teachers were assessed through Mean and standard deviation while students’ performances were appraised using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The findings of the study depicted that single-subjects-teaching have positive but not meaningful relationship to the academic success of students while multi-subject-teaching approach had significant and positive relationship to the academic success of students. It was suggested that the present approach of multi-subject-teaching should be continued with some adaptations and more trainings should be organized to provide teachers with increased teaching knowledge.
Organic farming: As a climate change adaptation and mitigation strategy

Organic farming, as an adaptation strategy to climate change and variability, is a concrete and sustainable option and has additional potential as a mitigation strategy. The careful management of nutrients and carbon sequestration in soils are significant contributors in adaptation and mitigation to climate change and variability in several climate zones and under a wide range of specific local conditions. Organic farming, as a systematic approach for sustained biological diversity and climate change adaptation through production management, minimizing energy randomization of nonrenewable resources; and carbon sequestration is a viable alternative. The purpose of potential organic farming is therefore, to attempt a gradual reversal of the effects of climate change for building resilience and overall sustainability by addressing the key issues. Research is needed on yields and institutional environment for organic farming, as a mitigation and sequestration potential.
Conformism and Social Connections: An Empirical Analysis of Self-Commitment to Food Purchase

Recent years registered a renewed interest in social interactions. However, due to some well-known identification problems, empirical estimation of peer effects remains quite problematic. To overcome problems of this kind, a database providing detailed information on the sequential structure of choices is analyzed. Observations refer to the deposit of money in a personal account devoted to the purchase of food at campus refectories. A clear tendency to conform to directly observed deposits is registered in the data. Furthermore, higher conformism is observed among mutually acquainted individuals.
Diet of stocked and wild trout, Salmo trutta: Is there competition for resources?

A b s t r a c t . Stocked and wild trout diet was assessed in two north-eastern Portugal headstreams during the summer season of three successive years (2000 to 2002). Significant differences were detected in the diet composition between stocked (age 1 + ) trout and distinct sizeclass of wild trout. Stocked fish showed preference, almost exclusively, for food items captured near the surface (primarily terrestrial adult insects), emergent pupae and subimagos. In contrast, young-of-year (YOY) wild trout fed predominantly on the most available aquatic prey taxa such as Chironomidae (Diptera) larvae and Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) nymphs; however, Trichoptera larvae were not taken. Wild trout preference changed from benthic aquatic invertebrates to terrestrial origin organisms and this ratio increased with size, suggesting an ontogenetic diet variation. Significant diet overlap was only detected between stocked and dominant wild trout, which were not displaced from the energetically profitable areas. Therefore, this study showed the absence of an evident competition for food in both streams, even when trout density was largely augmented by stocking activity. However, since no obvious benefits on space and time were obtained, stocking must be carefully evaluated and alternative approaches considered, like habitat improvement and adequate fisheries management, in order to increase the natural productivity of these systems.
Private Transfer Choices under Uncertainty in Human Capital

We develop a theoretical model for parental behavior regarding land inheritance, accounting for consumption and savings strategies. We identify two types of modeling: one with, and another without, strategic behavior. In the first model, we assume that children do not act strategically towards their parent. We find that the child with the highest return to human capital is more likely to receive a larger share of the land if the difference in offspring's returns is large. In the second model, we allow for each child to influence parent's optimal choice of bequest by providing services to the latter. We illustrate that the child's strategy for service provision is sufficient to assure that the one providing more assistance will receive a larger share of the bequest in a Nash equilibrium. We conclude by illustrating our theoretical model with some empirical analysis using longitudinal data for the rural Brazilian Amazon.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTIC OF GZO FILM FABRICATED BY RF MAGNETRON SPUTTERING

This paper investigate the dependence of film thickness onto characteristic of Gallium doped Zinc Oxide (GZO). GZO films were deposited on a glass substrate by RF Magnetron Sputtering using GZO ceramic target with 99.99% purity. Thicknesses were altered by varying the deposition time from 10 min to 50 min meanwhile the sputtering power, argon flow and target distance were fixed in order to investigate the influence of film thickness to the growth characteristic, structural, optical properties and surface morphology of the films. Sputtering was performed with RF power of 100 watt and the argon flow was set at 10 sccm. GZO thin films on various thicknesses range from 130 nm to 460 nm were successfully deposited onto glass substrate with the crystallite grain size in range of 20.63 nm to 22.04 nm with the optical transmittance above 85 %.
Humberto Maturana’s view on the theory of evolution. From autopoiesis to natural drift metaphor

Today in the scientific circle Humberto Romensin Maturana is considered the creator of the so-called Santiago School of Biology (also known as Biology of Cognition). Biology of Cognition is a research programme seeking an explanation of the phenomenon of cognitive functions of living organisms through the concepts of self-organization (from dynamical systems theory) and structural coupling (from cybernetics). Maturana’s novel view is based upon research conducted with such prominent scientists like Warren McCulloch, Francisco J. Varela or Heinz von Foerseter. After many years of study of complex organic systems the research resulted in formulation of the following theories: autopoiesis of living systems (with F. J. Varela) and the evolutionary metaphor of natural drift (with J. Mpodozis). Theory of autopoiesis (self-production) shows how organic cells organize themselves in producing inner organic self components needed for maintaining homeostatis, natural barriers and remaining cognitive at the molecular level. By contrast, the metaphor of natural drift can be understood as the history of diversification and adaptation of species in relation to many structural levels of the environment. The following article constitutes a brief introduction to a critical way of thinking of the said Chilean theoretical biologist and philosopher, established during his long-lasting research. The paper will outline the basic concepts and theoretical implications relevant to modern biological sciences, with particular emphasis on the classical theory of evolution.
Solar-Wind Renewable Energy System for Off-Grid Rural Electrification in Ecuador

The increasing world population, and therefore the increasing of the energy demand bring us to the scenario in which the energetic solutions have to be supported by the renewable energy sources, i.e., solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, etc. Due to the geographic location of Ecuador, these types of energy sources can be considered during the analysis, design and implementation of a rural electrification system. An off-grid electrification is helpful, especially for providing electrical energy in remote areas. The purpose of this work is to analyze and propose a suitable energetic off-grid system solution for rural electrification in a selected county placed in Ecuador. This study is based on in-situ measurements of energy consumption as well as on the quantification of possible energy sources, i.e., solar and wind energy. This analysis is carried out with the help of a simulation tool. Considering the real obtained data, the electric load profile for a community is estimated and a complete system is proposed. Additionally, technical and economic details of a Wind-Solar
Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı ile Depresyon Arasındaki İlişki: “Üniversite Gençliği Üzerine Bir Saha Araştırması”

Sosyal medya gunumuzde gencler arasinda son derece yaygin ve populerligi gunden gune artan bir iletisim ortamidir. Insanlarin , kendi kisisel sayfasi uzerinden ilgilerini ortaya koyabilmelerine, cesitli uygulamalar sayesinde karsilikli iletisimde bulunabilmelerine, enformasyon elde etmelerine, arkadasliklar kurabilmelerine, fotograf ve goruntulerini diger insanlarla paylasabilmelerine veya/ve kisisel bilgileri hakkinda insanlara veri sunabilmelerine imkân saglayan sosyal medya; bilincsiz ve asiri kullanildiginda, bagimlilik olusturabilmektedir. Bir davranissal bagimlilik turu olarak sosyal medya bagimliligi ile iliskili bircok faktor vardir. Bu arastirmada sosyal medya bagimliligi ile depresyon arasindaki iliskinin ortaya cikarilmasi amaclanmistir. Saha arastirmasi yonteminin kullanildigi calismada veriler; 303 universite ogrencisinden, yuz yuze gorusme teknigiyle elde edilmistir. Arastirma sonucunda sosyal medya bagimliligi ile depresyon arasinda pozitif anlamli korelasyon tespit edilmistir. Şiddetli depresyon belirtisi gosterenler; normal ve hafif duzey depresyona sahip olanlara nazaran, daha yuksek sosyal medya bagimlilik puanina sahiptirler.