Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of musculoskeletal pain in primary care

Aims: (1) To determine the proportion of children evaluated for musculoskeletal pain in a paediatric primary care clinic over a three year period; (2) to describe the number of office visits due to musculoskeletal pain; (3) to categorise the more common presenting complaints; and (4) to characterise the aetiology of musculoskeletal pain in a paediatric primary care clinic. Methods: Retrospective chart review of all children ⩾3 and <15 years of age evaluated in an urban paediatric primary care clinic in Madrid between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 1999. Results: (1) A total of 317 children were evaluated for musculoskeletal pain throughout the study. The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain increased as children grew older, from 2.4–5.7% at age 3 to 27.5–36% at age 14. Regression analysis showed that age (OR 1.20) and gender (OR 0.75) were associated with MSP. (2) Musculoskeletal pain was reported in 397 of 6500 office visits (6.1%; 95% CI 5.5 to 6.7%). (3) Arthralgias and soft tissue pain represented 65% of the presenting musculoskeletal complaints. (4) Trauma was the most common aetiology, responsible for 44% of all musculoskeletal pain related office visits. Mechanical/overuse pathology (23.9%) and osteochondroses (10.3%) represented the second and third leading aetiologies. Conclusions: Musculoskeletal pain is a common presenting complaint in primary care. The number of children presenting with musculoskeletal pain increases as they grow older, being particularly frequent among the adolescent population. The spectrum of aetiologies involved is limited, to the extent that three are responsible for almost 80% of cases.
The effects of becoming an entrepreneur on the use of psychotropics among entrepreneurs and their spouses

Aims: Entering entrepreneurship (i.e. becoming an entrepreneur) is known to be a demanding activity with increased workload, financial uncertainty and increased levels of stress. However, there are no systematic studies on how entering entrepreneurship affects the people involved. Methods: The authors investigated prescriptions of psychotropics for 6,221 first-time entrepreneurs from 2001—2004 and their 2,381 spouses in the first two years after becoming entrepreneurs in a matched case-control study using linked data from three Danish national registries: The Danish database for Labor Market Research, the Danish Entrepreneurship database and the Danish Prescription database. Results: Entrepreneurs were more likely to fill prescriptions at pharmacies for sedatives/hypnotics (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.45 [95% CI: 1.26—1.66], p < . 0001). However, they were less likely to fill prescriptions for antidepressants (AOR: 0.74 [95% CI: 0.59—0.92] p = 0.007). Spouses of these entrepreneurs were also more likely to fill prescriptions for sedatives/hypnotics (AOR: 1.36 [95% CI: 1.10—1.67], p = 0.005). No difference in prescription of antidepressants was found for spouses. Conclusions: This study showed that there was a significant relation between entering entrepreneurship and receiving prescriptions for sedative/ hypnotics both among the entrepreneurs themselves and their spouses, suggesting that entering entrepreneurship may be associated with increased stress for both the entrepreneurs and their families.
[Expression of Pax-6 homeobox gene in lens epithelial cells in vitro].

OBJECTIVE To detect the gene expression of Pax-6 in cultured lens epithelial cells (LECs) of mouse in vitro in order to study the gene factor that maintains the LECs characteristics. METHODS Cultured the LECs (passage 1 to 3) were used in the study, the expression of Pax-6 gene in LECs was demonstrated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemical staining and Western blot. RESULTS The mRNA of Pax-6 gene was positive in primary culture, the first and second passage of LECs using RT-PCR. The protein of Pax-6 gene was also positive in Western blot and immunohistochemical staining, but it was weak positive in the third passage of LECs and none in all passages of negative control groups. CONCLUSION The LECs are positive for the gene of Pax-6. The normal expression of Pax-6 gene is vital for maintaining the LECs characteristics.
A High Prevalence of Biochemical Evidence of Vitamin B12 or Folate Deficiency does not Translate into a Comparable Prevalence of Anemia

Based on biochemical evidence, a high prevalence of biochemical evidence of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency has been reported in a number of areas in the world. The evidence that these biochemical abnormalities lead to a comparable prevalence of anemia is reviewed. The overall contribution of vitamin B12 deficiency to the global burden of anemia is probably not significant, except perhaps in women and their infants and children in vegetarian communities. In developed countries, folate-deficiency anemia is uncommon. In some developing countries, this anemia is still seen, but there are no comprehensive data on the relative prevalence compared with anemia due to malaria, iron-deficiency, hemoglobinopathy, and HIV disease. It seems unlikely that folate deficiency makes a major contribution to the burden of anemia in developing countries. Iron-deficiency anemia may coexist with vitamin B12 and especially folate deficiency, and may confound the hematological features of the vitamin deficiencies whose prevalence would then be underestimated. Supplementation of the diet of pregnant women with folic acid can virtually eliminate folate-deficiency anemia in these women. There are very few data on the hematological effect of vitamin B12 supplementation or fortification at the population level. The addition of vitamin B12 to the supplementation of the diet of pregnant women with iron and folic acid does not produce an increased hematological response, at least in nonvegetarian populations. There are numerous reports of the effect of folic acid fortification of food on tests of folate status, but only a single published report on the hematological response was found.
The LuxS family of bacterial autoinducers: biosynthesis of a novel quorum‐sensing signal molecule

Many bacteria control gene expression in response to cell population density, and this phenomenon is called quorum sensing. In Gram‐negative bacteria, quorum sensing typically involves the production, release and detection of acylated homoserine lactone signalling molecules called autoinducers. Vibrio harveyi, a Gram‐negative bioluminescent marine bacterium, regulates light production in response to two distinct autoinducers (AI‐1 and AI‐2). AI‐1 is a homoserine lactone. The structure of AI‐2 is not known. We have suggested previously that V. harveyi uses AI‐1 for intraspecies communication and AI‐2 for interspecies communication. Consistent with this idea, we have shown that many species of Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria produce AI‐2 and, in every case, production of AI‐2 is dependent on the function encoded by the luxS gene. We show here that LuxS is the AI‐2 synthase and that AI‐2 is produced from S‐adenosylmethionine in three enzymatic steps. The substrate for LuxS is S‐ribosylhomocysteine, which is cleaved to form two products, one of which is homocysteine, and the other is AI‐2. In this report, we also provide evidence that the biosynthetic pathway and biochemical intermediates in AI‐2 biosynthesis are identical in Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, V. harveyi, Vibrio cholerae and Enterococcus faecalis. This result suggests that, unlike quorum sensing via the family of related homoserine lactone autoinducers, AI‐2 is a unique, ‘universal’ signal that could be used by a variety of bacteria for communication among and between species.
Carbon Emissions, Firm Size, and Corporate Governance Structure: Evidence from the Mining and Agricultural Industries in Indonesia

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between firm size, corporate governance, and carbon emission disclosure (CED) in Indonesia, a country with rich natural resources. This study focused on the mining and agricultural industries to better capture the disclosure behavior of companies directly engaged in natural resources. Using a sample of 305 firm-year observations of listed firms in Indonesia spanning from 2011 to 2016, the results show that larger firms and firms with larger board sizes are more likely to have higher disclosure on CED. We also showed that firms with a higher percentage of independent commissioners and directors are less likely to disclose information related to carbon emissions. These findings indicate that a greater number of commissioners and directors sitting on the board will stimulate a firm’s decision to make a higher number of disclosures related to carbon emissions. However, the increased percentage of independent commissioners and directors will cause more conservative disclosure outcomes to the firms. In addition, firms in the mining industry are more likely to have a higher level of CED relative to firms in the agricultural industry. These findings remained robust even after we corrected the standard errors.
Pancreatic B-cell dysfunction and glucose toxicity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes

Regulation of insulin secretion in response to feeding is determined by the direct actions of glucose and amino acids on the pancreatic B-cell together with indirect effects mediated by activation of hormonal and neural arms of the entero-insular axis (Berggren et al. 1992; Morgan, 1992; Have1 et al. 1994; Flatt, 1996). These signals are integrated at the level of the pancreatic B-cell such that insulin is secreted to regulate nutrient metabolism and glucose homeostasis appropriately. In non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), defects in insulin action and the mechanisms that regulate insulin secretion are key to the glucose intolerance and metabolic disarray associated with the disease (Kahn & Porte, 1990; Leahy, 1990 Flatt et al. 1992). Possible molecular mechanisms underlying pancreatic B-cell dysfunction in NIDDM include site-specific defects in the stimulus-secretion coupling pathway and alterations in B-cell responsiveness consequent to environmental changes in diabetes. Deleterious effects of hyperglycaemia, so-called glucose toxicity (Unger & Grundy, 1985), represent an important means through which changes in internal environment impair B-cell function and both the secretion and action of insulin. The participation and interaction of site-specific defects and environmental factors in pancreatic B-cell dysfunction of NIDDM are considered in the framework of our current understanding of the regulation of B-cell function and stimulus-secretion coupling (matt, 1992; Flatt & Lenzen, 1994). Particular attention is drawn to the results of our recent and ongoing studies indicating an important role for glycation of functionally-important B-cell proteins in the glucose toxicity and functional demise of insulin-secreting cells.
Origin and diversification of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni

Schistosoma mansoni is the most widespread of the human‐infecting schistosomes, present in 54 countries, predominantly in Africa, but also in Madagascar, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Neotropics. Adult‐stage parasites that infect humans are also occasionally recovered from baboons, rodents, and other mammals. Larval stages of the parasite are dependent upon certain species of freshwater snails in the genus Biomphalaria, which largely determine the parasite's geographical range. How S. mansoni genetic diversity is distributed geographically and among isolates using different hosts has never been examined with DNA sequence data. Here we describe the global phylogeography of S. mansoni using more than 2500 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 143 parasites collected in 53 geographically widespread localities. Considerable within‐species mtDNA diversity was found, with 85 unique haplotypes grouping into five distinct lineages. Geographical separation, and not host use, appears to be the most important factor in the diversification of the parasite. East African specimens showed a remarkable amount of variation, comprising three clades and basal members of a fourth, strongly suggesting an East African origin for the parasite 0.30–0.43 million years ago, a time frame that follows the arrival of its snail host. Less but still substantial variation was found in the rest of Africa. A recent colonization of the New World is supported by finding only seven closely related New World haplotypes which have West African affinities. All Brazilian isolates have nearly identical mtDNA haplotypes, suggesting a founder effect from the establishment and spread of the parasite in this large country.
Cerebral Small Vessel Disease and Association With Higher Incidence of Depressive Symptoms in a General Elderly Population: The AGES-Reykjavik Study.

OBJECTIVE The vascular depression hypothesis postulates that cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) leads to depressive symptoms by disruption of brain structures involved in mood regulation. However, longitudinal data on the association between CSVD and depressive symptoms are scarce. The authors investigated the association between CSVD and incident depressive symptoms. METHOD Longitudinal data were taken from the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study of 1,949 participants free of dementia and without baseline depressive symptoms (mean age: 74.6 years [SD=4.6]; women, 56.6%). MRI markers of CSVD, detected at baseline (2002-2006) and follow-up (2007-2011), included white matter hyperintensity volume, subcortical infarcts, cerebral microbleeds, Virchow-Robin spaces, and total brain parenchyma volume. Incident depressive symptoms were defined by a score ≥6 on the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale and/or use of antidepressant medication. RESULTS Depressive symptoms occurred in 10.1% of the participants. The association for a greater onset of depressive symptoms was significant for participants with 1 standard deviation increase in white matter hyperintensity volume over time, new subcortical infarcts, new Virchow-Robin spaces, 1 standard deviation lower total brain volume at baseline, and 1 standard deviation decreased total brain volume over time, after adjustments for cognitive function and sociodemographic and cardiovascular factors. Results were qualitatively similar when change in the Geriatric Depression Scale score over time was used as the outcome instead of incident depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Most markers of progression of CSVD over time and some markers of baseline CSVD are associated with concurrently developing new depressive symptoms. These findings support the vascular depression hypothesis.
The State of Inpatient Psychiatry for Youth in Ontario: Results of the ONCAIPS Benchmarking Survey.

OBJECTIVE Little is known about inpatient psychiatry settings and the services they provide for children and adolescents in Ontario. This paper provides the first broad description of unit characteristics, services provided, and patient characteristics in these settings. METHOD Nominated representatives from Ontario hospitals with generic mental health beds (i.e., providing inpatient care across diagnostic groups) for children and adolescents were surveyed regarding data from April 2009 to March 2010. Response rate was 93%. Additional data were extracted from the Ontario Network of Child and Adolescent Inpatient Psychiatry Services (ONCAIPS) Directory and Ministry of Health and Long Term Care (MOHLTC) website. RESULTS Settings provided primarily crisis services with some planned elective admissions. Higher rates of involuntary admissions, briefer stays, lower interdisciplinary diversity, and lower occupancy were typical of settings with higher proportions of crisis admissions. Services most commonly provided included stabilization, assessment, pharmacotherapy, and mental health education. Bed numbers provincially, beds per staff, and prominence of suicide risk, mood disorders, and utilization of cognitive and behavioural approaches were comparable to trends internationally. Inter-setting disparities were observed in access to inpatient services for different age and diagnostic groups, and availability of psychiatry and different professions. CONCLUSIONS Lack of consistent performance and outcome evaluation, common measures, availability of psychiatry and interdisciplinary supports, and dissimilar treatments provincially, suggest the need to consider potential improvements through systematic monitoring of setting performance and outcomes, and development of provincial best practice standards for staffing and treatment.
Level of comfort and safety in railway transit

Canada's railway industry has invested more than $20 billion since 1999 to improve the safety of users as a top priority. Although the accident rates have decreased, the users' safety and comfort could still be impacted by vehicle's vibration, air quality, and noise levels. In this regard, comfort and safety are mutually related aspects; worsening of air quality could compromise users' safety from a respiratory health perspective. Further, noise, level of lighting, thermal condition and movement could contribute to hearing problems, visual impairments, bacteria growth, and nausea, respectively. Management of urban transit systems should ensure a convenient transit service with adequate levels of ride and quality (time and cost) as well as users' comfort and safety. This article proposes an approach for measurement of riders' comfort (as it relates to safety) in terms of humidity, temperature, vibration, concentration of CO2, noise, and lighting level based on a set of maximum thresholds identified with respect to public health guidelines. This enables the use of a weighting method to establish an overall network comfort level. Such an index can be used to direct the allocation of investments for improvement of comfort as well as ridership. A case study of several lines in Sydney trains network is presented to illustrate the applicability and usefulness of the proposed approach. Data were collected and analyzed using low-cost technologies such as smart phones and mobile sensors. The comfort factors are measured and reported per train line and then combined to generate an overall comfort index.
Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical evaluation of the effects of extracorporeal shock wave treatment in the hind limbs of horses with experimentally induced suspensory ligament desmitis.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on affected ligaments in the hind limbs of horses with experimentally induced suspensory ligament desmitis by use of ultrasonographic, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical techniques. ANIMALS 10 horses. PROCEDURE Suspensory ligament desmitis was induced in both hind limbs of each horse by use of 2 collagenase injections (administered 2 weeks apart) in each suspensory ligament. Two weeks after the second injection, the right hind limb of each horse was treated with ESWT (3 treatments at 3-week intervals); the left hind limb was not treated (control limb). Periodically during the study, the healing process was monitored ultrasonographically and the proportions of ligaments affected with lesions were assessed. Four weeks after the last ESWT treatment, biopsy specimens were collected from all ligaments for ultrastructural evaluation and immunocytochemical analysis of transforming growth factor beta-1. RESULTS The difference in the proportion of the lesion-affected ligament between ESWT-treated and control limbs was significant (P < 0.05) from 3 weeks after the second ESWT treatment to the end of the study. Compared with control ligaments, ESWT-treated ligaments had more small, newly formed collagen fibrils and greater expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 4 weeks after the last ESWT treatment was administered. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results have indicated that ESWT appears to facilitate the healing process in horses with experimentally induced hind limb suspensory ligament desmitis.
Serum Ferritin Iron, a New Test, Measures Human Body Iron Stores Unconfounded by Inflammation

Serum ferritin protein is an acute phase reactant. We hypothesized that serum ferritin protein generated in response to an inflammatory process would have much less iron (Fe) in it than would “normal” ferritin protein, and therefore measuring serum ferritin iron would assess human body iron status unconfounded by inflammation.
Development of Hollow Microspheres as Floating Controlled-Release Systems for Cardiovascular Drugs: Preparation and Release Characteristics

Hollow microspheres of cellulose acetate loaded with four cardiovascular drugs (nifedipine [NFD], nicardapine hydrochloride [NCD], verapamil hydrochloride [VRP], and dipyridamole [DIP]) were prepared by a novel solvent diffusion-evaporation method. The oil-in-water emulsion prepared in an aqueous solution of 0.05% poly(vinyl alcohol) medium with ethyl acetate, a water-soluble and less toxic solvent, was used as the dispersing solvent. The yield of the microspheres was up to 80%. The microspheres had smooth surfaces, with free-flowing and good-packing properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed their hollow structures, with sizes in the range 489–350 μm. The microspheres tended to float over the gastric media for more than 12 h. The drug loaded in hollow microspheres was in an amorphous state, as confirmed by differential scanning microscopy (DSC). The release of the drugs was controlled for more than 8 h. The release kinetics followed different transport mechanisms depending on the nature of the drug molecules.
Management of placenta praevia and accreta

With the rising incidence of caesarean sections, the numbers of cases of placenta praevia accreta and its complications is continuing to increase. There is a paucity of information about the management of placenta praevia accreta. An Embase and MEDLINE search was performed using the keywords ‘placenta praevia’, ‘placenta accreta’, and ‘placenta praevia and accreta’, from 1978 to 2010. Further articles were identified by cross-referencing. In addition to the above information from the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Guideline on placenta praevia and placenta praevia accreta, RCOG Guideline No. 27 and the Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in the UK were searched. The review discusses the incidence, predisposing factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical implications and management options of this condition. It is concluded that a multidisciplinary team approach is essential to reduce neonatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. The mainstay of treatment is by caesarean hysterectomy, however in carefully selected cases, conservative options may be considered with caution.
Electromagnetic Transient Faults Injection on a Hardware and a Software Implementations of AES

This paper considers the use of electromagnetic pulses (EMP) to inject transient faults into the calculations of a hardware and a software AES. A pulse generator and a 500 um-diameter magnetic coil were used to inject the localized EMP disturbances without any physical contact with the target. EMP injections were performed against a software AES running on a CPU, and a hardware AES (with and without countermeasure) embedded in a FPGA. The purpose of this work was twofold: (a) reporting actual faults injection induced by EMPs in our targets and describing their main properties, (b) explaining the coupling mechanism between the antenna used to produce the EMP and the targeted circuit, which causes the faults. The obtained results revealed a localized effect of the EMP since the injected faults were found dependent on the spatial position of the antenna on top of the circuit's surface. The assumption that EMP faults are related to the violation of the target's timing constraints was also studied and ascertained thanks to the use of a countermeasure based on monitoring such timing violations.