Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficient Closure Conversion in Lang F Student :

Higher-order programming languages treat functions as first class values, in that functions are treated the same as other values. This treatment allows functions to be passed as arguments to and returned from other functions, leading to the notion of “higher-order functions,” that is, those that take functions as parameters or return functions as values. Many functional programming idioms rely on these first-class and higher-order functions to perform basic programming tasks. For example, the commonly used map function (which can be found or easily implemented in almost any functional language) takes as arguments a function f and a list ` and returns a new list `′, which is constructed by applying f to each element of `. While these high-level language features allow a more abstract, expressive manner of writing programs, they are typically not available in languages targeted by compilers for higher-order languages. To properly implement first-class functions in lower-level languages, a data structure called a closure is used to model these lexically-scoped, first-class functions. The lower-level languages (e.g. C, assembly, JVM bytecode) typically targeted by compilers of higher-order languages typically do not support nested or first-class functions. As a result, compiling a a higher-order language (e.g. ML, Scheme, Haskell) to one of these lower-level languages requires source translations that do two things. First, to preserve the meaning of programs with nested, lexically-scoped functions, the program undergoes a process called closure conversion. In this process a referencing environment is constructed for each function that maps the function’s free variables to their bound values [4]. All references within the function body to free variables are then made to instead reference the function’s environment. The new function code (or a pointer to it) is then packaged with its referencing environment into a data structure called a closure [3] [7]. A second translation, sometimes referred to as lambda lifting, is also performed to hoist each newleyclosed function to the top level scope of the program, thus eliminating nested scopes. Each function called at runtime will then require its referencing environment me made available, either by loading the environment onto the stack [3], or by providing a pointer to a heap-allocated environment data structure, as described in this work. Since function calls and returns are used heavily in higher-order programs, there have been a number of methods reported to optimize these through more efficient closure representations [2] [5] [6]. Simple attempts at optimization, like using so-called linked closures can yield modest reductions in memory usage, as demonstrated in this work, but can cause “space leaks” to occur when used with simple, although admittedly contrived examples as demonstrated in this work as well as by Shao and Appel [6], and in real programs, such as compilers [6].
Czynniki różnicujące wysokość rekompensaty w przypadku uniemożliwienia korzystania z Wielkopolskiego Parku Narodowego

Celem pracy było określenie czynników różnicujących wysokość rekompensaty w przypadku uniemożliwienia korzystania z Wielkopolskiego Parku Narodowego. Materiały źródłowe do realizacji postawionego problemu pozyskano podczas badań w formie wywiadu standaryzowanego, przeprowadzonego w latach 2012–2013 wśród mieszkańców miejscowości położonych w obrębie gmin, w których zlokalizowany jest WPN oraz mieszkańców Poznania bezpośrednio sąsiadujących z tymi gminami. Zakres pracy obejmował analizę materiału zebranego od 1400 respondentów podczas wywiadów standaryzowanych. Ankieta składała się z trzech części. W pierwszej pytania dotyczyły ogólnych informacji o WPN (stan wiedzy, częstotliwość odwiedzin, znaczenie WPN dla odwiedzających, preferowany typ lasu), druga zawierała pytania dotyczące skłonności respondentów do ponoszenia kosztów na rzecz środowiska (dobrowolne przeznaczenie środków pieniężnych za możliwość korzystania z walorów WPN lub ewentualna rekompensata za uniemożliwienie z korzystania z Parku, alternatywnie jeżeli respondent nie zadeklarował żadnej kwoty to czy byłby skłonny pracować na rzecz WPN w formie wolontariatu). Natomiast trzecia część obejmowała charakterystykę socjoekonomiczną ankietowanych (płeć, wiek, zawód, dochód netto na osobę w rodzinie, wykształcenie, miejsce zamieszkania). Zebrane wyniki poddane zostały weryfikacji, w wyniku której wyeliminowano ankiety nie zawierające odpowiedzi na kluczowe pytania. Ostatecznie przygotowano uporządkowaną, zweryfikowaną macierz z odpowiedziami ankietowanych, w skład której weszły rezultaty z 577 wywiadów. W pracy zastosowano model logitowy do określenia czynników różnicujących skłonność do ponoszenia kosztów na rzecz parku. Z otrzymanych rezultatów wynika, że rekompensaty za uniemożliwienie korzystania z WPN nie oczekują turyści odwiedzający i świadomi jego walorów przyrodniczych, natomiast oczekują rekompensaty osoby starsze, które mieszkają w bliskiej odległości, oraz charakteryzują się niskim dochodem netto na osobę.
Mitigating “No trouble found” component returns

With VLSI scaling, “no trouble found” or NTF parts passing at the component level, but failing at board level manufacturing testing have increased due to the dominance of soft defects over hard defects. An analysis of networking and DSP NTF components shows outlying behavior in not only product parameters but also on-die process parameters revealing new mitigation opportunities. The resulting yield hit is demonstrated to be minor <;0.5% to catch NTFs that can be >50% component with high debug cost.
Changes of the p16 gene but not the p53 gene in human chondrosarcoma tissues

The role of two important tumour suppressor genes, p16 and p53, was evaluated in cartilaginous tumour tissues. Genomic DNA from 22 chondrosarcomas, 5 benign chondroid tumours, 1 sample of reactive proliferative cartilage and 2 samples of normal cartilage were analysed using polymerase chain reaction, single strand conformational polymorphism, DNA sequencing and methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction. The p16 gene was found to be partly methylated in 5 high‐grade chondrosarcomas and homozygously deleted in 1 chondrosarcoma. Moreover, a polymorphism was detected in 3 malignant tumours, but not in benign tumours or normal cartilage. Analysis of the p53 gene revealed an unchanged structure in all samples. These findings show a role for p16, but not p53, in chondrosarcoma. Int. J. Cancer 85:782–786, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calculus of Variations A Gamma-convergence approach to the Cahn – Hilliard equation

We study the asymptotic dynamics of the Cahn–Hilliard equation via the “Gamma-convergence” of gradient flows scheme initiated by Sandier and Serfaty. This gives rise to an H1-version of a conjecture by De Giorgi, namely, the slope of the Allen–Cahn functional with respect to the H−1-structure Gamma-converges to a homogeneous Sobolev norm of the scalar mean curvature of the limiting interface. We confirm this conjecture in the case of constant multiplicity of the limiting interface. Finally, under suitable conditions for which the conjecture is true, we prove that the limiting dynamics for the Cahn–Hilliard equation is motion by Mullins–Sekerka law. Mathematics Subject Classification (1991) 35Q99 · 35B25 · 35B40 · 49J45 · 80A22 · 82C26
Surplus Free Cash Flow and the Effect of Corporate Governance on the Informativeness of Earnings

This study examines whether the association between selected governance variables and earnings informativeness depends on surplus free cash flow agency problem in the Malaysian environment, where concentrated shareholding by family members is common and minority investor protection is relatively weak. Our results find that boards with a higher proportion of independent directors and competent audit committees are more likely to report informative earnings numbers. We also demonstrate that firms with independent chairman, small boards, and high surplus free cash flow experience informative earnings figures. However, in contradiction to our expectation are the negative influence of audit committee meetings, audit committee competence, and shareholding by executive directors when agency problems of surplus free cash flow are high. The findings of this study serve as a wake-up call to policy makers to consider strengthening law and developing financial market infrastructures so that minority shareholders can resort to legal and market tools to protect their interest. We also suggest regulatory bodies to design corporate governance code that is suitable for Malaysian environment and can help regaining investors’ confidence towards accounting and financial information.
Event detection using trigger chain

This paper describes a new architecture for event detection from text documents. The proposed system correctly identifies the sentences that describe an event of interest, using trigger chain to extract its participants. It exploits supervised method for identifying the lexical chains from the raw sentences adopted as a training data. Lexical chain holds the set of semantically related words of a document from which it was obtained. The proposed system learns lexical chain, prepositions, and types of named entities from the training data to construct a trigger chain. It identifies events using this trigger chain. The entire architecture is divided into three tasks namely; natural language pre-processing, trigger chain construction and event identification.
Diesel Exhaust Enhanced Susceptibility to Influenza Infection is Associated with Decreased Surfactant Protein Expression

We have previously shown that exposure of respiratory epithelial cells to diesel exhaust (DE) enhances susceptibility to influenza infection and increases the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon (IFN)-β. The purpose of this study was to confirm and expand upon these in vitro results by assessing the effects of DE exposure on the progression of influenza infection and on development of associated pulmonary immune and inflammatory responses in vivo. BALB/c mice were exposed to air or to DE containing particulate matter at concentrations of 0.5 or 2 mg/m3 for 4 h/day for 5 days and subsequently instilled with influenza A/Bangkok/1/79 virus. Exposure to 0.5 mg/m3 (but not the higher 2-mg/m3 dose) of DE increased susceptibility to influenza infection as demonstrated by a significant increase in hemagglutinin (HA) mRNA levels, a marker of influenza copies, and greater immunohistochemical staining for influenza virus protein in the lung. The enhanced susceptibility to infection observed in mice exposed to 0.5 mg/m3 of DE was associated with a significant increase in the expression of IL-6, while antiviral lung IFN levels were unaffected. Analysis of the expression and production of surfactant proteins A and D, which are components of the interferon-independent antiviral defenses, showed that these factors were decreased following exposure to 0.5 mg/m3 of DE but not to the higher 2-mg/m3 concentration. Taken together, the results demonstrate that exposure to DE enhances the susceptibility to respiratory viral infections by reducing the expression and production of antimicrobial surfactant proteins.
A Procedural Framework for Hybrid Decentralized Decision Problem Solving

Abstract Mathematics, Operations Research, Computer Sciences and Artificial Intelligence have contributed ideas and techniques to solve decision models since the middle of the last century. Recently, an enforced trend towards the integration of different techniques has been initiated. Hybrid approaches, in which different decision making agents cooperate for solving one decision model are investigated. This article proposes a procedural framework for setting up distributed decision making algorithms using two or even more decision making agents. We propose generic procedures for a hybrid distributed decision making. As an example, we describe a matheuristic, which combines a metaheuristic with an analytical optimization algorithm for solving a multiple constrained decision making model of a decision problem from logistics.
Healing , the Individual Search for Meaning , and Modernity

FINAL TEXT (as delivered 23 Sept, 2007) I have been asked to speak on “Healing, the Individual Search for Meaning, and Modernity”. This is a fascinating topic that connects with my own research on several levels. As some of you know, my first ethnographic fieldwork was an investigation of Sekai Kyusei-kyo, one of the 700 or so new religions founded in Japan in the 20 century – and a religion for which spiritual healing is of core importance. I have more recently been identified as a sociologist of religious individualism, and that in two senses. First, I have done quite a bit of work on the phenomenology of religious experience – that is to say, religion as it appears in the subjective consciousness of individuals. Second, I have written about radical Catholic activists, whose interior religious lives are so important that they will not let their own church speak for them in religious matters. Furthermore, my current intellectual project involves what is happening to religion in late modernity – a topic on which there are many opinions and few firm conclusions. With this work on spiritual healing, religious individuality, and the nature of late modernity, I seem to have written on all three aspects of my assigned title. Fortunately, I have some new things to say about these topics, and I have taken the opportunity of this seminar to develop my ideas about them. What I present to you today is thus new thinking, at least for me. It is therefore somewhat tentative. It is, however, formed enough to be worth presenting for your discussion. I must remind you, however, that I teach in a department of Sociology and Anthropology and I am trained in both disciplines. This predisposes me to identify and expose people’s cultural assumptions – including scholars’. There is a reason that cartoon anthropologists are so often portrayed bathing in native’s stewpots: people don’t like us because we disturb what they think sacred. If you are looking for someone to recite for you what you already think you know, then I’m the wrong guy. If, however, you want your sacred concepts dug up, turned over, and perhaps built into something more worthy, then I’ll try to serve. Let me take a moment to set a context for my remarks. The overall topic of this seminar is “the interface between spirituality and healing”. This sounds straightforward, until one examines the words a bit more closely. As one of my mentors used to say, some terms are “oblong blurs”: they have a meaning, but no one can quite say what that meaning is or identify the exact object to which the term refers. ‘Spirituality’ is one such blur. When we use
Application of bus-tie HTS-FCL on 154kV buses in the Korean Power System

This paper proposes the bus-tie application scheme of HTS-FCL (high temperature superconducting fault current limiter). The reduced amount of fault current by HTS-FCL is different by where the HTS-FCL is located. Therefore the inflow ratio of fault current (IRFC) is suggested to consider the effect of HTS-FCL's location. The proposed scheme was applied to the Korean Power System of 2010, and fault currents were calculated and analyzed with this coefficient. Simulations show that the location with high IRFC is adequate to install HTS-FCL but more considerations of other things are required to determine the location and capacity of HTS-FCL.
The Devil ’ s Right Hand : An Investigation on Malware-oriented Obfuscation Techniques

Malicious software, also known as malware, represents the profitable art of destruction, as it is able to do any kind of harm to a system in a stealthy manner as well as to hide its existence. Furthermore, its rise has prevailed and there is no end in sight. Its most valuable tool, obfuscation, is mainly responsible for this achievement. Obfuscation techniques are applied to protect assets of malware for a limited time. In this article we look at the origins of obfuscation and its significance in malware design. In addition, we also highlight why it is important to continuously investigate obfuscation techniques and why we need a means to measure their effectiveness in evading detection mechanisms.
Model and Criteria for the Automated Refactoring of the UML Class Diagrams

Many papers have been written on the challenges of the software refactoring. The question is which refactorings can be applied on the modelling level. Based on the UML model, for example. With the aim of evaluating this possibility the algorithm and the software tool of automated UML class diagram refactoring were introduced. The software tool proposed reduces the level of the UML class diagram complexity metric.
Bactericidal Activity of Quinupristin-Dalfopristin against Staphylococcus aureus: Clindamycin Susceptibility as a Surrogate Indicator

ABSTRACT Of 516 Staphylococcus aureus strains tested, 97.1% were susceptible to quinupristin-dalfopristin, which was bactericidal for 22 (56%) of the 39 strains tested, comparable to vancomycin. All 17 clindamycin and macrolide-resistant strains were inhibited but not killed by quinupristin-dalfopristin, whereas all 22 clindamycin-susceptible strains (5 were macrolide resistant) were killed.
Software visualization: The educational tool to enhance student learning

Object oriented programming is currently very much in focus and object-oriented languages (such as C++ and Java) are used as the first language to teach programming. The object oriented concepts such as objects and inheritance are difficult for understanding by novice programmers. The visualizations of examples of program code or programming tasks could help students to grasp programming structures more easily. The aim of this paper is to research the possibilities of enhancement of learning Java using the visualization software Jeliot.
Antidumping enforcement in the European Community

In the European Community (EC), as in the United States,"injury"is what antidumping is all about. Antidumping laws are a flexible tool for preventing imports from displacing domestic production in politically influential industries. The vehicle for achieving that goal in the EC, however, is not protectionist rules, as in the United States, but protectionist discretion. The empirical results of this study have implications for EC trade policy after 1992. If protectionist interests demand compensation for the abolition of national protectionist barriers after 1992, EC antidumping measures offer them considerable scope for achieving their goals since measures are largely determined by political discretion. Antidumping measures could therefore become a pinnacle of"Fortress Europe". The results also suggest certain strategic considerations for the trade policy of developing countries. The authors argue that antidumping measures affecting developing countries are concentrated in industries with shifting comparative advantage, such as steel products, basic chemicals, and synthetic fibers. And such protection is more likely in sectors with strong, politically influential interest groups.
Promoting calls to a quitline: quantifying the influence of message theme, strong negative emotions and graphic images in television advertisements

Objective To understand the relative effectiveness of television advertisements that differ in their thematic focus and portrayals of negative emotions and/or graphic images in promoting calls to a smokers' quitline. Methods Regression analysis is used to explain variation in quarterly media market-level per smoker calls to the New York State Smokers' Quitline from 2001 to 2009. The primary independent variable is quarterly market-level delivery of television advertisements measured by target audience rating points (TARPs). Advertisements were characterised by their overall objective—promoting cessation, highlighting the dangers of secondhand smoke (SHS) or other—and by their portrayals of strong negative emotions and graphic images. Results Per smoker call volume is positively correlated with total TARPs (p<0.001), and cessation advertisements are more effective than SHS advertisements in promoting quitline call volume. Advertisements with graphic images only or neither strong negative emotions nor graphic images are associated with higher call volume with similar effect sizes. Call volume was not significantly associated with the number of TARPs for advertisements with strong negative emotions only (p=0.71) or with both graphic images and strong emotions (p=0.09). Conclusions Exposure to television advertisements is strongly associated with quitline call volume, and both cessation and SHS advertisements can be effective. The use of strong negative emotions in advertisements may be effective in promoting smoking cessation in the population but does not appear to influence quitline call volume. Further research is needed to understand the role of negative emotions in promoting calls to quitlines and cessation more broadly among the majority of smokers who do not call quitlines.
Cell populations in skeletal muscle after regeneration.

Much is known of the processes involved in the regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury. Yet in most accounts, the results are expressed in general or relative terms. Thus Adams, Denny-Brown & Pearson (1962) state that provided the architecture of the muscle survives, the reconstruction of ‘considerable lengths’ of muscle fibre is feasible. Wright (1963) makes a plea for the application of quantitation, with the choice of ‘some muscle that is sufficiently small for counting and measuring techniques to be reasonably applicable…’ The web of the fruit bat Eidolon helvum (Kerr) contains a number of small muscles which have proved very suitable for the detailed study, in light and electron microscopy, of muscle regeneration (Church & Noronha, 1965; Church, Noronha & Allbrook, 1966) (Fig. 1 A–D), and for the quantitation of recovering lesions (Church, 1968). Satellite cells (Mauro, 1961), which are possibly the main source of myoblasts in regenerating muscle, have often been observed, yet again their numbers have only been expressed in general terms.
An Ejection Mechanism Design Method for AIM Tools

One of the key advantages of AIM tooling is time savings when producing small batch production quality parts. However, designing suitable ejection mechanisms is becoming a bottleneck. There are two goals of this paper. First, a model is presented that effectively characterizes the stresses on the mold core and part during injection molding. Second, a method is described for ejection system design. Our approach consists of a combination of analytical, computational, and physical experiments. The ejection system design method will first determine the feasibility of ejection for a particular part geometry, then will determine the number, sizes, and locations of ejector pins. Each phase of the method will be formulated into a Compromise Decision Support Problem, a multi-objective optimization problem formulation. An example will be presented to provide an idea of the robustness and the limitations of the method. Preliminary results indicate that this methodology is sound for a simple geometry.