Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Isolation, Purification, and Characterization of an Arabinogalactan from a Red Wine

A polysaccharide originating from grape was purified from a young red wine by affinity, gel permeation, and ion exchange chromatography. Methylation structural analysis and enzymatic degradation by an α-L-arabinofuranosidase showed that this polysaccharide is an arabino-3,6-galactan built of (1 → 3)-galactan inner chains carrying (1 → 6)-galactan chains heavily substituted at positions 3 and 4 by single terminal α-L-arabinofuranose residues. This wine arabinogalactan has a low viscosity and a weight-average molecular weight (MW) of 178000.
I. Light and Dark Adaptation of Vertebrate Rods and Cones

Rods and cones in Necturus respond with graded hyperpolarization to test flashes spanning about 3.5 log units of intensity. Steady background levels hyperpolarize the rods, and the rod responses become progressively smaller as background level is increased. In cones, higher background levels reduce the effectiveness of test flashes, so higher ranges of test intensities are required to elicit the full range of graded responses. When backgrounds are terminated, cones return rapidly, but rods return slowly to the dark potential level. The effects of backgrounds on both rods and cones can be observed at intensities that cause negligible bleaching as determined by retinal densi- tometry. During dark adaptation, changes are observed in the rods and cones that are similar to those produced by backgrounds. Receptor sensitivities, derived from these results, show that rods saturate, cones obey Weber's law, and sensitization during dark adaptation follows a two-phase time-course.
KADAR HEMATROKRIT, GLUKOSA DAN UREA DARAH SAPI JAWA YANG DIBERI PAKAN KONSENTRAT DENGAN TINGKAT YANG BERBEDA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh tingkat pemberian konsentrat yang berbeda terhadap pemanfaatan pakan oleh ternak melalui kadar hematokrit, glukosa dan urea darah. Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 12 ekor sapi Jawa jantan umur 1,5-2 tahun dengan kisaran bobot badan 200-325 kg (rata-rata 262,5 kg). Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak kelompok dengan 3 perlakuan dan 4 kelompok. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah dengan pemberian pakan 30, 50, dan 70% dari kebutuhan. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan uji F dan apabila terdapat perbedaan dilanjutkan dengan uji wilayah-berganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa kadar glukosa darah pada sapi Jawa antar perlakuan tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05), dengan rata-rata kadar glukosa pada 0 jam (sebelum makan) adalah 53,54 mg/dl, sedangkan pada 3, 6 dan 9 jam setelah pemberian pakan masing-masing adalah 51,11; 63,61; dan 54,93 mg/dl. Hasil yang sama diperoleh juga pada kadar urea darah (P>0,05%), dengan rata-rata pada 0 jam (sebelum makan) adalah 29,92 mg/dl, darah pada sapi Jawa yang diberi pakan konsentrat dengan tingkat yang berbeda pada 3, 6 dan 9 jam setelah pemberian pakan masing-masing adalah 26,49; 26,25 dan 48,51 mg/dl. Konsentrat juga tidak membedakan kandungan hematokrit darah antar perlakuan (P>0,05%), dengan rata-rata pada awal perlakuan adalah 36,83%, sama persis dengan nilai pada akhir perlakuan, yaitu 36,83%. Disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh tingkat pemberian konsentrat yang berbeda terhadap kadar hematokrit, glukosa dan urea darah pada sapi Jawa.
Bacterial diversity in roots of conventional and genetically modified hybrid maize

Cultivated surfaces of genetically modified (GM) crops increased year by year, becoming in 2012 more extensive in developed than in industrialized countries. Furthermore, it has been postulated that the plant is which leads to the selection of the microorganisms on its root exudates, creating specific conditions which in turn regulate the specific microbial structure of each plant. In this study, our main objective was to examine whether the introduction of transgenic maize herbicide-tolerant plants will impact the microbial structures that inhabit at the rhizosphere and rhizoplane with respect to conventional hybrid maize plants. Bacterial populations were determined (CFU/g) using four different semi-selective media. The bacterial genera isolated from the rhizoplane and rhizosphere were identified by sequencing its 16S ribosomal DNA. Although minor differences were found in bacterial populations, our results indicated that there was not a strong change of the microorganisms populations that interact at the rhizosphere of an either conventional hybrid or genetically modified maize. However, we found some bacteria that were only isolated in the either genetically modified [Chryseobacterium sp. (4.39%) and Micrococcus sp. (3.72%)] or conventional maize [Sphingobium sp. (13.17%) and Microbacteriumsp. (14.81%)].
Dynamics of vegetation in an atlantic forest fragment in northeastern Brazil

To test the hypothesis that the physiognomy, structure and dynamics of woody species are influenced by the spatial gradient edge-interior, data were collected from these parameters in 2004, 2007 and 2010 in an Atlantic forest fragment. Species were sampled for the Canopy (DS), with circumference > 15 cm to 1.3 m edge, intermediate and inner (> 150 m from the forest boundary), and analyzed 1,000 m² per site, divided into plots of 10 m², to measure individuals of higher class. In each plot a sub-plot of 5 m² for sampling understory was installed. Branches were collected from three adult individuals from the species to obtain the density of the wood. The number of individuals (NI), basal area (BA), mortality (TM), recruitment rate (TR), periodic annual diameter increment (IPA), loss rate (P) and gain rate (G) Area and basal turnover rates in number of individuals (TN) and basal area (TA) class tree component in the three locations showed no significant edge effect. At the edge, the understory had lower values of NI and AB and higher TM than in the forest interior. Differences between the strata occur regardless of edge sealing, since young plants present in most individuals in the sample class SB, which are more sensitive than adult trees to changes caused by the creation of the edge. Rates of loss and gain of AB and AB turnover in NI and in SB presented higher values than on the DS, which points to a stratum with larger changes. In DS there were no differences in species richness among environments differs from that observed in SB. The floristic composition of the DS in environments closer to the forest limit was quite distinct from that of the interior, indicating that there has been no recovery of floristic composition. All environments SB had low similarity. The edges of the DS and SB had a higher concentration of individuals in class intervals smaller density values timber. The DS has already recovered biomass, although the edge and intermediate environments have not recovered species composition late. The SB still suffers the edge effect. Possibly, the highest concentration of individuals is in class with lower density wood result on edge.
Effect of Growth Retardants on Root Formation and Polyamine Content in Apple Seedlings

Growth retardants [ancymidol (0.1-1.0 mg·liter−1), chlormequat (0.5-500 mg·liter−1), and paclobutrazol (0.1-1.0 mg·liter−1)] reduced shoot extension, promoted root initiation, and increased root weight in apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh ‘York Imperial’). The induction of root formation and increase in root weight were accompanied by a considerable increase in polyamine levels. Daminozide (0.1-250.0 mg·liter−1) and dikegulac (0.25-500 mg·liter−1) also inhibited apple seedling growth; however, these compounds did not promote rooting. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat chloride); butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); 2,3:4,6-bis-O-(l-methylethylidene)-α-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac); β-(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-lH-1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Improvement of Health by Probiotics: The Roles on Human Gut and Immune Modulation

The term probiotic refers to viable, non-pathogenic microorganisms when ingested in an adequate and controlled amount confer health benefits for the host. In present review, the beneficial effect of probiotics to human health is presented. Introduction section discuss details about backgrounds of probiotic, criteria associated with probiotic, mechanisms and beneficial effect on human gut and immune system and beneficial effects of probiotics on health. The review mainly focused on clinical studies with probiotics and different investigations are discussed in detail. On these regard many experimental studies have found that probiotics have specific effects for different diseases that have been studied are presented. This review also gives back ground on different strain of probiotics and introduces some harmful strains and there possible health related consequences.
Impact of Glycine on Antioxidant Defence System in Rats with Alcohol Induced Liver Injury

Glycine is known to have a protective role against alcohol induced liver damage. We studied the effect of administering glycine on tissue lipid peroxidation and enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in experimental hepatotoxic Wistar rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced by administering ethanol (5 g/kg body weight) every day to Wister albino rats for 45 days by intragastric intubation. Glycine administered at a dose (0.6 g/kg body weight) during 45 days of the experiment to rats administered alcohol significantly inhibited the severe oxidative as evidenced by the decreased levels of the liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydroperoxides compared to control. The activities of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants such as reducedglutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the liver were significantly elevated on glycine supplementation as compared to the untreated alcohol fed rats. Thus our study shows that administering glycine to alcohol supplemented rats, markedly reduced the oxidative stress and elevated the enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in the liver.
Probiotics in human health : A current assessment

Microbial cultures have been used for thousands of years in food and alcoholic fermentations, and in the past century have undergone scientific scrutiny for their ability to prevent and cure a variety of diseases. This has led to the coining of the term probiotics. Today probiotics are available in a variety of food products and supplements, and have got wide applications in the control of cholestrol, cancers, allergies, etc. This article discusses the summary of research on the health benefits of probiotics and offers practical information to help health professionals and even the layman.
mole-rats: ultimate and proximate factors Plasticity and constraints on social evolution in African

References http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/368/1618/20120347.full. html#related-urls Article cited in: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/368/1618/20120347.full. html#ref-list-1 This article cites 71 articles, 12 of which can be accessed free Subject collections (601 articles) evolution  (432 articles) ecology  (425 articles) behaviour  Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections Email alerting service here right-hand corner of the article or click Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article sign up in the box at the top
Vascular inflammation and the renin-angiotensin system. Editorial

It is now well established that vascular inflammation is an independent risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. In otherwise healthy patients, chronic elevations of circulating interleukin-6 or its biomarkers are predictors for increased risk in the development and progression of ischemic heart disease. Although multifactorial in etiology, vascular inflammation produces atherosclerosis by the continuous recruitment of circulating monocytes into the vessel wall and by contributing to an oxidant-rich inflammatory milieu that induces phenotypic changes in resident (noninflammatory) cells. In addition, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has important modulatory activities in the atherogenic process. Recent work has shown that angiotensin II (Ang II) has significant proinflammatory actions in the vascular wall, inducing the production of reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules. These latter effects on gene expression are mediated, at least in part, through the cytoplasmic nuclear factor-κB transcription factor. Through these actions, Ang II augments vascular inflammation, induces endothelial dysfunction, and, in so doing, enhances the atherogenic process. Our recent studies have defined a molecular mechanism for a biological positive-feedback loop that explains how vascular inflammation can be self-sustaining through upregulation of the vessel wall Ang II tone. Ang II produced locally by the inflamed vessel induces the synthesis and secretion of interleukin-6, a cytokine that induces synthesis of angiotensinogen in the liver through a janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 pathway. Enhanced angiotensinogen production, in turn, supplies more substrate to the activated vascular RAS, where locally produced Ang II synergizes with oxidized lipid to perpetuate atherosclerotic vascular inflammation. These observations suggest that one mechanism by which RAS antagonists prevent atherosclerosis is by reducing vascular inflammation. Moreover, antagonizing the vascular nuclear factor-κB and/or hepatic JAK/STAT pathways may modulate the atherosclerotic process.
Impact of foraging soldiercrabs (Decapoda: Mictyridae) on meiofauna in a tropical tidal flat

In intenidal areas,ofthe Indo-West-Pacific, foraging soldiercrabs create a disturbed sediment surface covered with pseudofaeca1 peIlets discarded during the feeding process. To investigate the impact of feeding activities of the soldiercrab Mictyris longicarpus (Latreille, 1806) on small infauna, field experiments were carried out in a tropical tidal flat of Northeast Australia. A comparison of meiofaunal abundances in undisturbed sediment and sediment deposited by soldiercrabs after flotation feeding indicated an uptake of certain meiofauna taxa. Significantly reduced numbers of nematodes, copepods and plaLIJelminthes were found both in LIJe pseudofaeca1 pellets discarded by crabs foraging on LIJe surface, and in LIJe sediment deposited as hummocks by subsurface feeding crabs. Ostracods and newly settled bivalve larvae were not separated during flotation feeding, but discarded wiLIJ the pellets. This indicated a soning of food items by their specific density during the flotation feeding process. A caging experiment showed signifieant increases in the abundance of ail meiobenthic taxa when soldiercrabs were excluded. Mechanical disturbance of LIJe sediment 10 simulate sediment scraping by the crabs had no impact on the meiobenthos. Foraging soldiercrabs are important predators on meiofauna and significantly modify the meiofaunal cornmunity in tropical tidal fla
Transformando la representación de los datos para mejorar el clasificador bayesiano simple

El clasificador bayesiano simple se basa en la asuncion de independencia entre los valores de los atributos dado el valor de la clase. Asi pues, su efectividad puede decrecer en presencia de atributos interdependientes. En este articulo se presenta DGW (Dependency Guided Wrapper), un wrapper que utiliza la informacion acerca de las dependencias entre atributos para transformar la representacion de los datos para mejorar la precision del clasificador bayesiano simple. Este articulo presenta una serie de experimentos donde se compara las representaciones de datos obtenidas por el DGW contra las representaciones de datos obtenidas por 12 acercamientos previos, como son la construccion inductiva de productos cartesianos de atributos, y wrappers que realizan busquedas de subconjuntos optimos de atributos. Los resultados de los experimentos muestran que DGW genera representaciones nuevas de los datos que ayudan a mejorar significativamente la precision del clasificador bayesiano simple mas frecuentemente que cualquier otro acercamiento previo. Ademas, DGW es mucho mas rapido que cualquier otro sistema en el proceso de transformacion de la representacion de los datos.
Exo-Polysaccharide Production in Liquid Culture of Pleurotus ferulae

Batch cultures were carried out to optimize the exo-polysaccharide production by liquid cultures of Pleurotus ferulae. Among the various carbon sources, when 5% of glucose was used, the maximum mycelial growth and exo-polysaccharide concentration reached were 8.78 g/l and 3.59 g/l, respectively. Yeast extract and polypeptone were identified as the most suitable nitrogen sources. In particular, when a mixture of 1% of polypeptone and 0.8% of yeast extract was used, 9.52 g/l of mycelial growth and 4.09 g/l of exo-polysaccharide were obtained. In the case of mineral sources, K 2 HPO 4 and MgSO 4 . 7H 2 O were found to be the best mineral sources for mycelial growth and exo-polysaccharide production. Under the optimized culture conditions, the agitation speed and aeration were investigated for mycelial growth and exo-polysaccharide production in a jar fermentor. The maximum mycelial growth and exo-polysaccharide concentration at 1.5 vvm and 200 rpm obtained were 13.2 g/l and 4.95 g/l, respectively, after 10 days of culture, which were 76% and 79% higher than those of the basal medium. The specific growth rate was decreased with the increase of mycelial growth. However, the specific production rate of the exo-polysaccharide was proportionally increased with the specific growth rate. The proposed model profiles showed good agreement with the experimental results for the mycelial growth and exo-polysaccharide production. The specific production rate using the optimized medium was higher than that of basal medium.
Growth performance and Newcastle disease antibody titres of broiler chickens fed palm-based diets and their response to heat stress during fasting

An experiment was conducted to determine the response of male broiler chickens to diets containing either 0 g/kg (control) or 200 g/kg palm kernel meal (PKM), and to heat stress when fasted for various periods (10 h, 7 h,4 h and 0 h) and fed same diets from 35 to 41 days of age. The PKM-based diets were added with high levels of palm oil in replacement for maize. Prior to heat stress, broilers fed the PKM-based diet consumed more food and had poorer food efficiency than those on the control diet. During the 7-d of heat stress, birds fasted for 10 h had the best (P < 0.05) food efficiency but diet had no effect on growth performance. Provision of the PKM-based diet, and food restriction for 10 h and 7 h gave smaller increases in body temperature and mortality in response to the heat stress. While the Newcastle disease antibody titre of the birds fed the PKM-based diet remained constant throughout the 7-d period of heat stress, there was a big (P < 0.05) decline in antibody titres of chicks fed the control diet. Antibody response was not affected by fasting interval.
The determination of the neuronal phenotype

This chapter addresses the following questions: What are the key regulatory genes that specify a neuronal fate and a particular neuronal identity? What do they do? How are they controlled? In addition of identifying key regulatory genes, an attempt is also made to address the “logic” of neuronal determination and differentiation. It argues that current knowledge of the details of the underlying molecular genetic circuitry that determines the identity of any kind of neuron, in any organism, remains sketchy. However, a few general principles are beginning to emerge, particularly the idea that neuronal identity is implemented in series and in parallel in a collection of subprograms, rather than one coordinately active “master” program.
Factors Affecting Goatweed (Scoparia dulcis) Seed Germination

Goatweed seeds require light for germination, with optimum germination occurring at 25/20 or 30/25 C day/night temperatures. Germination was 8.5% 7 days after incubation at 20/15 C. At 15/10 C, no germination occurred, irrespective of the light treatment. Chilling at 4 C for 10 days prior to incubation at 30/25 C did not induce germination of dark-incubated seeds and had no effect on germination of light-incubated seeds. A photoperiod of at least 1 h daily was required to induce germination. Maximum germination, however, occurred with a 9-h photoperiod. Light intensity as low as 25 μE·m–2·s–1 induced germination of goatweed seeds. Germination percentage increased with an increase in light intensity. Treatment with 1 mM gibberellic acid or 10 or 100 mM sodium nitrate or ammonium nitrate solution was effective in enhancing germination of light-incubated seeds, but not in inducing germination of dark-incubated seeds. Ammonium nitrate at 10 and 100 mM was more effective than sodium nitrate at the same concentrations in enhancing germination of goatweed seeds in the light. Ammonium chloride did not increase percent germination over that of seeds incubated in distilled water in the light. Germination percentage was maximum at pH 10 and at osmotic potentials 0.0 MPa.
Development and parasitism of Encarsia hispida (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on Bemisia tabaci biotype B in cotton

The biological control of pests is essential for the use of Integrated Pest Management in agricultural environments. In this context, the objective of this study was to identify biological parameters and quantify the parasitism index of Encarsia hispida on Bemisia tabaci biotype B nymphs in cotton plants. The research was conducted at the Entomology Laboratory of the Federal University of Paraíba, in Areia, Paraíba State, Brazil. For the first bioassay, the treatments consisted of cotton cultivars BRS H8 and BRS Topázio to evaluate the biological development of the parasitoid in its host. In the second bioassay, these cultivars were used to assess the impact of the biological agent in a greenhouse. In the first experiment, there were only female parasitoids with longevity of 24.61 and 22.61 days in BRS H8 and BRS Topázio, respectively. However, they were not statistically different. The life cycle of the parasitoid (egg to adult) was 35.68 and 33.71 days in BRS H8 and BRS Topázio, respectively, and they did not differ from each other. In the second bioassay, there were E. hispida parasitism indexes around 34.33 and 29.63% in BRS H8 and BRS Topázio, respectively. The parasitoid E. hispida develops properly when the nymphs of the host were from the two cotton cultivars. The parasitoid E. hispida has an application potential in the biological control of B. tabaci biotype B whiteflies.
Extrusion processing to improve nutritional and functional properties of corn gluten

Etude de l'effet des conditions d'extrusion de gluten de mais seul ou en melange avec du lactoserum (a pH 3,85 ou 7) sur la digestibilite des proteines, la capacite de retention d'eau et le profil en acides amines
THE EFFECT OF THE COPULATORY PLUG IN THE FUNNEL-WEB SPIDER, AGELENA LIMBATA

Some females of the funnel-web spider, Agelena limbata multiply mate. After copulation, males make a visible copulatory plug which covers the female's genital opening. I assessed the effect of copulatory plugs on the fertilization success of second males, by conducting double mating experiments, using fertile and sterilized males in sequence. When females copulated with only one fertile male, more than 90% of their eggs were fertilized. Some males deposited complete plugs and others incomplete plugs. The relative size of the males to females and absolute male size affected the completeness of plugs. Complete plugs prevented another male's insemination completely, but incomplete plugs allowed insemination by second males. In general, first males had higher fertilization success than second or later males, and copulatory plugs enhanced the first male's advantage.