Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NEUROLOGICAL FACTORS IN COGNITIVE AGING

In the past century, average life expectancy in the United States increased by approximately 30 years, primarily because of reduced mortality from common conditions in early and midlife. As a result, there has been a substantial increase in the proportion of older people in the population, and this proportion is expected to further increase in the first half of the current century as the post–World War II generation ages. With the aging of the population, common chronic conditions of old age have come to pose an increasing public health burden. In particular, cognition-impairing conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease that are relatively uncommon before age 65 have now become leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, identifying factors that may prevent or delay age-related cognitive decline is of great public health importance. The central premise of this chapter is that age-related cognitive decline represents the interaction of experiential and genetic risk factors with multiple age-associated neuropathologic processes taking place in brains with differing structural and functional characteristics prior to old age. According to this view, age-related loss of cognition is not a normal developmental process or an inevitable outcome of old age but rather the result of different age-related neuropathologic lesions accumulating at different rates in different brain regions of individuals with differing vulnerabilities to the lesions; that is, risk factors may contribute to loss of cognition either by affecting the accumulation of common neuropathologic lesions or by somehow affecting the ability to maintain function despite accumulating pathology. To the extent that this view is valid, understanding the neurobiologic pathways linking risk factors to age-related loss of cognition is likely to be critical to research on prevention. The remainder of this chapter is divided into three parts. In the first section, I describe four neuropathologic lesions that are common findings on postmortem examinations of the brains of old people and discuss their distribution and relation to cognition in people with and without dementia. In the second section, I consider selected predictors of age-related cognitive decline and propose different neurobiologic bases for the associations. In the final section,
Hyman P . Minsky ” Anno 2004 n . 1 Fiscal Transfers and Distributive Conflict in a Simple Endogenous Growth Model with Unemployment Luigi Bonatti

In the simplified formal treatment proposed in this paper, a decrease in a policy parameter—the ratio of total tax revenues to GDP—can monotonically increase long-term growth rate and may lead to a higher employment level. This notwithstanding, the paper shows that the redistributive implications of such a decrease may induce the wage earners to oppose it. As a consequence, policy makers reflecting social preferences may undertake redistributive transfers generating persistent unemployment and lowering growth even if commitment technologies allowing them to follow pre-announced tax policies were feasible. JEL CLASSIFICATION NUMBERS: E25, H20, I38, O41.
An Economist's Perspective on the Theory of the Firm

An outsider to the field of economics would probably take it for granted that economists have a highly developed theory of the firm. After all, firms are the engines of growth of modern capitalistic economies, and so economists must surely have fairly sophisticated views of how they behave. In fact, little could be further from the truth. Most formal models of the firm are extremely rudimentary, capable only of portraying hypothetical firms that bear little relation to the complex organizations we see in the world. Furthermore, theories that attempt to incorporate real world features of corporations, partnerships and the like often lack precision and rigor, and have therefore failed, by and large, to be accepted by the theoretical mainstream. This Article attempts to give lawyers a sense of how economists think about firms. It does not pretend to offer a systematic survey of the area; rather, it highlights several ideas of particular importance, and then explores an alternative theoretical perspective from which to view the firm. ' Part I introduces various established economic theories of
Mark-to-Market, Loan Retention, and Loan Origination

We study the effects of mark-to-market accounting (MTM) for banks following the originate-to-distribute lending model. Banks have expertise in originating loans but it is costly for them to retain the loans on their books. We study how the accounting measurement of the retained loans affects the banks' origination and retention decisions. We show that, relative to historic cost accounting (HC), MTM has three consequences. First, it improves the accuracy of loan valuation ex post. Second, it forces banks to retain more risk exposure on their own books. Finally, it can reduce ex-ante origination efforts and lower the average quality of loans in the economy. To the extent that lower loan quality and banks' excessive risk exposure are two important ingredients for the recent financial crisis, we identify one mechanism through which MTM could contribute to financial crises.
The metabolic basis for the obesity paradox in heart failure

A higher body mass index (BMI) carries a survival benefi t in patients with heart failure. Data from more than 28 000 patients with heart failure support the view that the optimal BMI ranges between 30 and 35 kg/m 2 as opposed to the common belief that weight loss and being slim is generally good. In chronic diseases such as heart failure, chronic kidney disease, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, this assumption no longer holds true, a phenomenon called the “obesity paradox”, and weight loss is no longer advisable. The origin of this clinical observation is not entirely clear, but some factors may have an infl uence: obese patients with heart failure are on average younger, have better nutritional status and appetite, present at an earlier stage of the disease, are less catabolic, have lower levels of natriuretic peptides and have higher muscle mass. An optimal BMI has not been defi ned, and it is not clear if fat mass is as benefi cial as muscle mass when looking at absolute BMI values. Heart Metab; 2013;61:4–7
A copula‐graphic estimator for the conditional survival function under dependent censoring

Rivest Wells (2001) showed that in situations where the dependence between a lifetime and a censoring variable can be modeled by a given Archimedean copula, the copula‐graphic estimator of Zheng Klein (1995) has an explicit form. The authors extend this work to the fixed design regression case. They show that the copula‐graphic estimator then has an asymptotic representation and a Gaussian limit. They also assess the influence of a misspecified copula function on the performance of the estimator. Their developments are illustrated with data on the survival of the Atlantic halibut.
Photosynthetic performance of two freshwater red algal species

Abstract Photosynthetic performances of two freshwater red algal populations from freshwaters of the Carpathian basin were measured in this study. Populations were collected from different habitats: Bangia atropurpurea from Lake Balaton and Batrachospermum gelatinosum from the Tapolca stream. Their photosynthesis was studied in a wide range of temperature (5–35 °C) and light intensity (0–1150 μmol m−2 s−1) in a photosynthetron. We found both species’ photosynthesis maxima at 25 °C but B. atropurpurea had significantly higher photosynthetic production. Low and medium values were calculated for the species’ photoadaptation parameters. Compensation light intensities determined in this study were similar to those obtained in previous studies. Both species utilized light efficiently; photoinhibition was detected only at two measuring temperatures for Bangia and at four measuring temperatures for Batrachospermum. P-T characteristics of the species revealed that both have temperature optima at 25 °C under high and medium light intensities but there are no such remarkable optima at low irradiance. The biomass specific respiration of both species increased with increasing temperature. We confirmed the good light utilization of these red algal species but found temperature optima higher than reported previously.
Quality of Visualization : The Bake Off

Quality of visualization (QoV) has always been the main catalyst that motivates research and development in visualization. However, whenever we start to discuss QoV, the term becomes elusive. We often appear to have diffident emphases. Whilst many of us have developed algorithms and techniques for improving QoV, some have conducted empirical studies to evaluate QoV and a few have proposed metrics for measuring QoV. Some of us have believed that QoV is determined by the effectiveness of information delivery, whilst others have focused on the best user experience. This panel brings together four established visualization scientists, who represent four different schools of thought on QoV respectively. By building on their wealth of expertise and experience, they will present their definition of QoV, their understanding of principal means for measuring, evaluating and improving QoV. This panel will facilitate a timely discussion on QoV in VisWeek 2012, which will likely signify the scholarly transformation of the field of visualization towards a mature discipline.
User stories as actives for game development

Despite the lack of research in project management and software engineering for game development, recent studies have already proven that agile methodologies are very adequate for this purpose. The focus on individuals, communication and reactive iterations such as described by SCRUM and Extreme Programming are very fitting to game development scenarios, where multi-disciplinary teams are frequent and requirements can be very subjective. To further support these methodologies, this work proposes a new purpose to user stories, an already common practice in agile development. By using user stories in addition to minimum set of key information dubbed the ”three Rs”: related, responsible and result; this paper describes a flexible form of documentation, that can aggregate value to the project and provide an easy channel of communication between involved parties.
Rank reduction of correlation matrices by majorization

A novel algorithm is developed for the problem of finding a low-rank correlation matrix nearest to a given correlation matrix. The algorithm is based on majorization and, therefore, it is globally convergent. The algorithm is computationally efficient, is straightforward to implement, and can handle arbitrary weights on the entries of the correlation matrix. A simulation study suggests that majorization compares favourably with competing approaches in terms of the quality of the solution within a fixed computational time. The problem of rank reduction of correlation matrices occurs when pricing a derivative dependent on a large number of assets, where the asset prices are modelled as correlated log-normal processes. Such an application mainly concerns interest rates.
Enterprise ' s Environmental Cost Management under Stakeholders ' Game

With the intensification of global environmental problems and the enhancement of environmental awareness, the environmental impact of enterprise economic activities has been paid more and more attention by the international community. How to realize the coordinated development of environment, economy and society has become the key issue in the development of the world today. But the effect of enterprise environmental cost management is still not satisfactory. This is due to the environmental impact of enterprise environmental management by many factors. Therefore, based on the stakeholder perspective, chooses the behavior subject the consumer, which is closely related to the enterprise's interest, and constructs the enterprise and the consumer model to study the key influencing factors of the enterprise environmental cost management, and provides an effective solution to the current problem of governance failure Strategy recommendations.
The Perspectives Of Teachers And Mothers On Peer Relations Of Preschoolers

This study compares the views of preschool teachers against those of preschoolers’ mothers’ towards the peer relations of preschoolers to determine the similarities and differences. The early childhood years are vital for the establishment of peer groups; thus, both preschool teachers and families are hold responsible for supporting social interactions among peers. Perspectives about peer relations of preschoolers may be detrimental on teachers' and parents' acts concerning the current phenomenon. Therefore, understanding the perspectives of those agents is important in providing appropriate education. The research employed a basic qualitative research design in order to understand the particular viewpoint. Interviews were used to learn about participants’ viewpoints, experiences and meaning making about the current phenomenon. While mothers view teachers as the first responsible agent for supporting peer relations, teachers also considered families as the most responsible agent. Teachers mostly mentioned about family and child oriented factors related with peer relations while mothers reflected teacher, child and peer oriented factors. Lastly, teachers and mothers reflected their views on challenges/concerns related with peer relations. Teachers need to use family as a source of knowledge about children and study with them collaboratively and consistently to create mutual ways of supporting children’s peer relations, which will contribute to children’s long-term development and learning. Furthermore, teachers need to be in consistent contact with the parents of children to support preschoolers' peer relations. © 2019 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy. org.UK
The evolution of writhe in kink-unstable flux ropes and erupting filaments

The helical kink instability of a twisted magnetic flux tube has been suggested as a trigger mechanism for solar filament eruptions and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). In order to investigate if estimations of the pre-emptive twist can be obtained from observations of writhe in such events, we quantitatively analyze the conversion of twist into writhe in the course of the instability, using numerical simulations. We consider the line tied, cylindrically symmetric Gold–Hoyle flux rope model and measure the writhe using the formulae by Berger and Prior which express the quantity as a single integral in space. We find that the amount of twist converted into writhe does not simply scale with the initial flux rope twist, but depends mainly on the growth rates of the instability eigenmodes of higher longitudinal order than the basic mode. The saturation levels of the writhe, as well as the shapes of the kinked flux ropes, are very similar for considerable ranges of initial flux rope twists, which essentially precludes estimations of pre-eruptive twist from measurements of writhe. However, our simulations suggest an upper twist limit of ∼6π for the majority of filaments prior to their eruption.
A Sensitive Period of Peer-Social Learning

A critical period has been found in various sensory-motor learning system, for instance, vision, auditory, somatosensory, and language development. This report provides evidence that there may be a sensitive period also in peer-social learning. For consideration of brain toxicology during development, we should know the transient neurobiological process when gene-environment interaction is crucial for development and vulnerability to stress over lifelong. Here we developed an animal model (Gallus gallus domesticus) to study behavioral development of socialization with peers. By a multivariate analysis using principal components analysis, we found that there existed a sensitive period in which social environment was essential for peer social affiliation developmental. The behavioral features of this sensitive period learning were suggested in the head rotation and frequency of freezing in the meeting context with unfamiliar peers. This pre-clinical model of a sensitive period learning may contribute to develop orthomolecular therapy, behavioral and cognitive intervention for social disabilities in developmental psychiatry.
Excessive Internet Use among European Children

The term “excessive Internet use” is often associated with determining pathological extensive Internet usage, which could be also called “online addiction”. Such excessive presence online is usually defined by the following components used for determining other addictive behaviours: salience, mood change, conflicts, tolerance, relapse, reinstatement and withdrawal symptoms. The described behaviour may lead to a social, mental and also physical impairment of children and youth. In this chapter, we introduce and show the prevalence of five dimensions of excessive Internet use among European children. We also analyse its relation to other psychosocial variables, such as self-efficacy, peer problems, and other kinds of risky behaviour offline and online, i.e. cyberbullying and meeting strangers online.
Athens Institute for Education and Research ATINER ATINER ' s Conference Paper Series BIO 2015-1659

Hyperlipidemia is one of the many risk factors involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases. As a consequence of hyperlipidemia treatment, a high demand for new oral antihyperlipidemic drugs is required. The present study was designed to investigate the potential effect of a novel compound N-[4benzoylphenyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide on diet-induced hyperlipidemic (prepared by mixing cholesterol 0.5%, 0.25 % cholic acid, 20% fat and 2% corn oil with standard powdered animal food for two months) , triton-induced hyperlipidemic (by intraperitoneal injection of Triton WR-1339 250 mg/kg body weight) and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats (150 mg/kg body weight injected intraperitoneally). Lipid profiles [Total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)] in all groups showed significant (p < 0.05) changes (±) before treatment. After 24 hrs of treatment with N-[4-benzoylphenyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide (15 mg/kg body weight), there was a significant decrease (p <0.05) in serum cholesterol level 60%, triglyceride 33-45%, LDL 32% and an increase in HDL 58% levels. Nevertheless, antihyperlipidemic fenofibrate used as standard reference showed parallel results to the novel compound. In addition, body weight of diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats decreased about 20%. On the other hand, the novel compound showed no significant effect on the glucose levels of hyperglycemic rats. In conclusion, the results indicate that N-[4-benzoylphenyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide possesses significant antihyperlipidemic activity and may conserve a promising potential effect in the treatment of hyperlipidemia correlated to heart diseases.
2 . 1 Finite Horizon Problems

2 Markov Decision Process The Mathematical Model 2 2.1 Finite Horizon Problems . 3 2.2 Infinite Horizon Problems . 4 2.2.1 Discounted reward . 4 2.2.2 Total Reward . 5 2.2.3 Average reward . 5 2.3 Deterministic Dynamic Programming . 6 2.4 Main modeling elements in MDP . 6
Emerging roles of vitamin D in various spectra of diseases

Vitamin D has been found to be useful for a number of conditions. Various studies have found it useful in different disorders to varying degree. It is being prescribed very frequently in clinical practice. So, we decided to conduct review to clarify its role in prevention and treatment of different disorders. We found more than thousand articles and reviewed relevant literatute from databases like Cochrane, Pubmed, Medline that tested role of this vitamin in various spectra of diseases. We found vitamin D to be efficacious in conditions like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis; but its role in treatment of certain conditions like multiple sclerosis, cognition needs to be assessed further studies.
Biofilm Production by Various Candida Species Isolated From Various Clinical Specimens

Background: Candida is one of the most frequently encountered opportunistic fungi that cause severe infection in humans. Incidence of candidiasis is increasing worldwide. The ability of Candida albicans to form biofilms and adhere to host tissues and biomaterial surfaces is an important factor in its pathogenesis. One of the main characteristics of biofilms is their resistant to broadspectrum anti-microbial drugs. Biofilm formation can act as a reservoir of agents, allow co-infection with other pathogens. The aim of the study was to know the biofilm formation by various Candida species isolated from various clinical specimens. The study was carried out over a period of 1 year from January 2015 to December 2015 at the Department of Microbiology, MGM Medical College and Hospital, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai. A total 100 candida strains were isolated from various clinical specimens. Speciation of candida was done by standard yeast identification protocol and Hichrom Candida agar. Biofilm formation was detected by tube method and microtitre plate method. Out of total 100 candida strains studied, biofilm production was seen in 58/100 (58%) isolates by microtitre plate method. While comparing tube method of biofilm production with microtitre plate method, microtitre plate method detected 5 more biofilm producers than tube method. Conclusion: Candida has certain species which have the capability to produce high grade of biofilm and others which produce low grade of biofilms. We can conclude that microtitre plate assay is seen to be the most sensitive and specific method to detect the biofilm production as compared to tube method.
Color Contrast Theory as a Path to Improved Visualization of Scientific Data

A critical component in rendering scientific data is mapping colors to scalar variables. Much of the work in this area has been motivated by perceptual principles, leading to calls for better color scales than the often used rainbow scale [3]. Approaches to designing color scales tend to be motivated by principles of perception and digital color spaces, and this has had a broad and positive impact on how we look at data. To extend this impact, our team is motivated from historical principles of artistic color theory, and draws upon expertise across several disciplines to achieve color scales that are ∗e-mail:figs@cat.utexas. edu e-mail:dhr@lanl.gov e-mail:joanne@lanl.gov e-mail:gda@tacc.utexas. edu e-mail:jahrens@lanl.gov grounded in color theory, are computable, and which strive for maximum clarity within a constrained color space. In particular, our color scales simultaneously manipulate hue, saturation and value, and incorporate other principles of color theory, to create highly perceptible contrast in our data visualizations.