Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Racial and Ethnic Differences in ADHD Treatment Quality Among Medicaid-Enrolled Youth

This study provides the most comprehensive examination of racial/ethnic differences in ADHD treatment continuity and care quality to date among Medicaid-enrolled youth. OBJECTIVES: We estimated racial/ethnic differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) care quality and treatment continuity among Medicaid-enrolled children. METHODS: Using Medicaid data from 9 states (2008 to 2011), we identified 172 322 youth (age 6 to 12) initiating ADHD medication. Outcome measures included: (1) adequate follow-up care in the (a) initiation and (b) continuation and maintenance (C&M) treatment phases; (2) combined treatment with medication and psychotherapy (versus medication alone); (3) medication discontinuation; and (4) treatment disengagement (ie, discontinued medication and received no psychotherapy). Logistic regressions controlled for confounding measures. RESULTS: Among those initiating medication, three-fifths received adequate follow-up care in the initiation and C&M phases, and under two-fifths received combined treatment. Compared with whites, African American youth were less likely to receive adequate follow-up in either phase (P < .05), whereas Hispanic youth were more likely to receive adequate follow-up in the C&M phase (P < .001). African American and Hispanic youth were more likely than whites to receive combined treatment (P < .05). Over three-fifths discontinued medication, and over four-tenths disengaged from treatment. Compared with whites, African American and Hispanic children were 22.4% and 16.7% points more likely to discontinue medication, and 13.1% and 9.4% points more likely to disengage from treatment, respectively (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Care quality for Medicaid-enrolled youth initiating ADHD medication is poor, and racial/ethnic differences in these measures are mixed. The most important disparities occur in the higher rates of medication discontinuation among minorities, which translate into higher rates of treatment disengagement because most youth discontinuing medication receive no psychotherapy.
Ubiquitin-related network underlain by (CAG)n loci modulate age at onset in Machado-Joseph disease.

1 Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China 2 Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China 3 Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China 4 Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China 5 Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, P. R. China 6 Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China 7 School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China 8 State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P. R. China 9 IBMC Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação na Saúde; and ICBAS; Univ. Porto, Portugal 10 Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute & Houston Methodist Research Institute, R11-117, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA 11 National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China 12 Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China 13 Parkinson’s Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, P. R. China 14 Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China 15 Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China 16 Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, 830011, P. R. China
Research Note - Perceived Firm Attributes and Intrinsic Motivation in Sponsored Open Source Software Projects

Voluntary contributions are crucial to the success of open source software OSS projects. Firms sponsoring OSS projects may face substantial challenges in soliciting such contributions, since volunteer participants are neither regulated by an employment contract nor offered financial incentives. Although prior work has shown the positive impact of motivation on the effort expended by volunteer participants, there is limited understanding of how specific firm attributes shape volunteers' intrinsic motivation. We offer a theoretical model of how the perceived community-based credibility and openness of the sponsoring firm have a positive impact on the intrinsic motivation of volunteer participants. The model is explored using survey data on volunteer participants from two sponsored OSS projects. Results show that a sponsoring firm's community-based credibility OSS developers' perception of its expertise and trustworthiness and openness its mutual knowledge exchange with the community strengthen the volunteer participants' social identification with the firm-sponsored community, which in turn reinforces their intrinsic motivation to participate. Moreover, the perceived community-based credibility of a sponsoring firm directly enhances volunteer participants' intrinsic motivation, whereas perceived openness fails to affect motivation without the mediating mechanism of social identification. Implications for firms seeking voluntary contributions for their sponsored OSS projects are discussed.
Performance Obstacles of Intensive Care Nurses

Background: The work environment of intensive care nurses may have substantial impact on both nursing outcomes and patient safety. The factors in a nurse's immediate work environment, in the local work context, have not been studied in detail to provide useful, specific information for work redesign efforts to improve nurse's work and patient safety. Performance obstacles are the factors that hinder intensive care nurses' capacity to perform their jobs and that are associated closely with their immediate work environment. Objectives: To identify the performance obstacles experienced by intensive care nurses in their work environment. Methods: A multisite, cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected using a 36-item questionnaire and analyzed using univariate statistical analysis. The frequencies of performance obstacles reported by intensive care nurses were computed. Results: Nurses (n = 272) from 17 intensive care units (ICUs) of seven hospitals in Wisconsin participated in the study. The most frequently experienced performance obstacles included noisy work environment (46%), distractions from families (42%), hectic (40%) and crowded work environments (37%), delay in getting medications from pharmacy (36%), spending considerable amount of time teaching families (34%), equipment not being available-someone else using it (32%), patient rooms not well-stocked (32%), insufficient workspace for completing paperwork (26%), seeking for supplies (24%) or patients' charts (23%), receiving many phone calls from families (23%), delay in seeing new medical orders (21%), and misplaced equipment (20%). Discussion: Intensive care nurses experience a variety of performance obstacles in their work environment. Future research should investigate the impact of various performance obstacles on nursing workload, nursing quality of working life, and quality and safety of care, as well as the impact of interventions aimed at redesigning the work system of ICU nurses to remove performance obstacles.
The menu complexity of "one-and-a-half-dimensional" mechanism design

We study the menu complexity of optimal and approximately-optimal auctions in the context of the "FedEx" problem, a so-called "one-and-a-half-dimensional" setting where a single bidder has both a value and a deadline for receiving an [FGKK16]. The menu complexity of an auction is equal to the number of distinct (allocation, price) pairs that a bidder might receive [HN13]. We show the following when the bidder has $n$ possible deadlines: - Exponential menu complexity is necessary to be exactly optimal: There exist instances where the optimal mechanism has menu complexity is $2^n-1$. This matches exactly the upper bound provided by Fiat et al.'s algorithm, and resolves one of their open questions [FGKK16]. - Fully polynomial menu complexity is necessary and sufficient for approximation: For all instances, there exists a mechanism guaranteeing a multiplicative (1-\epsilon)-approximation to the optimal revenue with menu complexity $O(n^{3/2}\sqrt{\frac{\min\{n/\epsilon,\ln(v_{\max})\}}{\epsilon}}) = O(n^2/\epsilon)$, where $v_{\max}$ denotes the largest value in the support of integral distributions. - There exist instances where any mechanism guaranteeing a multiplicative $(1-O(1/n^2))$-approximation to the optimal revenue requires menu complexity $\Omega(n^2)$. Our main technique is the polygon approximation of concave functions [Rote19], and our results here should be of independent interest. We further show how our techniques can be used to resolve an open question of [DW17] on the menu complexity of optimal auctions for a budget-constrained buyer.
Post-stroke depression and functional outcome: a cohort study investigating the influence of depression on functional recovery from stroke

Objective: To investigate the influence of depression on functional recovery after stroke. Design: Multicentre cohort study of 85 patients admitted for clinical rehabilitation. A two-stage case-finding procedure was used to identify patients with depression. For the control group, consecutive nondepressed stroke patients were enrolled. Patients were interviewed at 3–6 weeks and six months after stroke onset. Setting: Three rehabilitation centres in the vicinity of Amsterdam. Main outcome measures: Functional outcome was determined by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and the Rehabilitation Activities Profile (RAP). Results: The prevalence of depression (35%) was comparable with the findings of earlier studies in other settings. Patients classified as depressed according to DSM III R criteria (American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders) had a significantly lower functional score, both at onset and after follow-up (FIM and RAP). There was, however, no significant difference in functional improvement between the depressed and the nondepressed group. Mean functional improvement in the six patients treated with antidepressants was 30% better than in the untreated (depressed) patients; numbers were too small for the results to attain statistical significance. Subset analysis showed a significantly higher outcome for nondepressed patients for the FIM subitems personal care and transfers. However, functional improvement was not significantly different for any of the subitems in depressed versus nondepressed patients. Conclusion: Stroke patients with depression have significantly lower functional scores both at onset and after six months. Our results suggest under-recognition of post-stroke depression and a possible beneficial effect of antidepressant medication in depressed stroke patients. Further studies are required to determine the effect of antidepressants.
Spoligotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Amhara Region, Ethiopia

The aim of this study was to characterize Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates circulating in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Sputum samples were collected from new pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients in the Region. Genotyping of mycobacterial DNA was performed by spoligotyping and isolates were assigned to families using the SpolDB4 and the model‐based program ‘Spotclust’. A high level of diversity was found among the 237 isolates. Sixty‐five different spoligopatterns were obtained. The T (30.8%), Central Asian (CAS; 21.1%) and U (17.7%) families were the predominant isolates comprising 69.6% of the total strains. Eighty‐five per cent of the U lineage belonged to Spoligo‐International‐Type (SIT) 910 and SIT 1729. Only a few of these strains are included in SpolDB4 to date. Of the total strains, 41 (17.3%) were unique and have not been described in SpolDB4 to date. This study indicated that the TB epidemic in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, is characterized by the circulation of numerous M. tuberculosis strain families. The high proportion of SIT 910 and SIT 1729 strains may indicate an increase in the importance of these lineages in the transmission of TB in the study region.
Hip, knee, and foot pain during pregnancy and the postpartum period.

BACKGROUND Although much has been written about low back pain during pregnancy, there are few studies regarding leg, foot, and hip pain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characterize the nature of lower extremity pain in women of child-bearing age and to assess the impact of recent pregnancy on these symptoms. METHODS In this case-control study, 107 consecutive postpartum women (case subjects) and 91 nulliparous women (controls) completed a questionnaire regarding hip, knee, and foot pain and potentially influencing factors. RESULTS Postpartum subjects had more symptoms of leg and foot pain than did the controls (56% vs 37%; odds ratio [OR]=2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 4.7). A significant majority of pain (82%, P<.05) began during the second and third trimesters. Postpartum subjects also had a significantly higher prevalence of hip pain (38% vs 23%; OR=3.2; 95% CI, 1.4 to 7.0) and foot pain (31% vs 22%; OR=2.2; CI, 1.1 to 4.5). History of previous pain complaints also were found to be risk factors for lower extremity pain during pregnancy for case subjects and in the past year for controls. There was a trend toward older age as a risk factor as well. Multiple pain complaints were more common among case subjects than among controls. CONCLUSIONS Lower extremity pain is common in women of childbearing age. Pregnant and postpartum women are more likely to develop new lower extremity symptoms than are nulliparous women. The timing of symptom onset in mid- to late pregnancy may suggest that biomechanical factors play a larger role than hormonal influences. Regular exercise appears to be neither protective against nor a risk factor for lower extremity pain during pregnancy.
Percutaneous aortocerebral angiography. A diagnostic and physiologic method.

This report is of a new standardized method of radiographic visualization of the arch of the aorta, its branches, all the cerebral arteries, cerebral veins, and jugular veins. It is performed, usually under local anesthesia, by percutaneous puncture of the femoral artery for insertion of a plastic catheter. The catheter is advanced under fluoroscopic control to the arch of the aorta. The contrast medium is then injected while serial radiographs or motion pictures are made. This method is useful in cases in which aneurysm, stenosis, occlusion, malformation, or displacement of the affected vessels is suspected. It is also of value for study of the rates of blood flow within individual areas anywhere in the brain. In experienced hands it is safe and reliable and causes the patient little discomfort. History The technic of introduction of large-bore catheters into the aorta via percutaneous puncture of the femoral artery has been described by Seldinger (1) and Prioton (2) and modified and reported in detail b.
An investigation of usability of common crosstalk models in respect to DSL loop qualification

This paper investigates a usability of several common crosstalk models in respect to DSL loop qualification. Short overviews of both common crosstalk models and testing procedures are introduced. A comparison of crosstalk which is calculated from observing models and obtained by testing of real system is done. Based on that, the possibilities of loop qualification using crosstalk models are discussed.
Decision strategies in endodontics: on the design of a recall program.

In order to diagnose periapical pathosis in endodontically treated teeth, a recall program based on clinical and radio-graphic examination has to be established. Since different observation periods have been recommended before treatment results are classified as successes and failures, various approaches to such programs are possible. However, substantial interindividual variations have been demonstrated in radiographic diagnosis of periapical disease. Therefore, in the present study 2 diagnostic criteria were used within each program. The recall strategies were evaluated using formal decision analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis. This investigation showed that the best strategy would be to examine the patients 1 year after endodontic treatment. Patients with clinical and/or radiographic signs of periapical disease would be re-examined 3 years later. At this point any suspicion of periapical pathosis would lead to re-treatment of the tooth.
Detection of Alicyclobacillus species in fruit juice using a random genomic DNA microarray chip.

This study describes a method using a DNA microarray chip to rapidly and simultaneously detect Alicyclobacillus species in orange juice based on the hybridization of genomic DNA with random probes. Three food spoilage bacteria were used in this study: Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius, Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, and Alicyclobacillus cycloheptanicus. The three Alicyclobacillus species were adjusted to 2 × 10(3) CFU/ml and inoculated into pasteurized 100% pure orange juice. Cy5-dCTP labeling was used for reference signals, and Cy3-dCTP was labeled for target genomic DNA. The molar ratio of 1:1 of Cy3-dCTP and Cy5-dCTP was used. DNA microarray chips were fabricated using randomly fragmented DNA of Alicyclobacillus spp. and were hybridized with genomic DNA extracted from Bacillus spp. Genomic DNA extracted from Alicyclobacillus spp. showed a significantly higher hybridization rate compared with DNA of Bacillus spp. , thereby distinguishing Alicyclobacillus spp. from Bacillus spp. The results showed that the microarray DNA chip containing randomly fragmented genomic DNA was specific and clearly identified specific food spoilage bacteria. This microarray system is a good tool for rapid and specific detection of thermophilic spoilage bacteria, mainly Alicyclobacillus spp. , and is useful and applicable to the fruit juice industry.
[Occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a poorly understood disease].

INTRODUCTION According to several recent population-based studies 15-20% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is work related. BACKGROUND The occupational fields in which a causal relationship is established are the mining industry, construction and public works, iron and steel, textiles, grain (silo workers), dairy and pig farming. The main causative substances are silica, coal dust, cotton dust, grain dust and endotoxins. VIEWPOINT Knowledge of the occupational causes of COPD is important for both prevention and compensation. CONCLUSIONS The undertaking of a complete and rigorous occupational questionnaire is essential for all patients with COPD.
MODEL OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF SECOND LANGUAGE PHONEMES

The paper presents a vowel classification model that explicitly predicts vowel identification by second language (L2) learners based on the phonological map of their first language (L1). The model represents vowels in formant space by polar coordinates with the mid-range of the formants as the origin. The model assumes that category boundaries bisect the angles made by two adjacent category centroids. It further assumes that the probability of an L2 vowel being classified as a L1 vowel depends on the angular difference between the L2 vowel formants and the L1 vowel boundaries. The model was trained on Spanish vowels and tested on English vowels, and it outperformed other models in predicting the behavioral data.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Resistance Mutations in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-HIV-Coinfected Patients Treated for HBV Chronic Infection Once Daily with 10 Milligrams of Adefovir Dipivoxil Combined with Lamivudine

ABSTRACT Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) at a suboptimal concentration for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) (10 mg once daily) can be used to treat hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in HIV-1-HBV-coinfected patients and does not, even in the case of uncontrolled HIV-1 replication, select for either ADV mutations at codons 65 and 70 or any other particular HIV-1 reverse transcriptase resistance profile.
Maximality in the Farsighted Stable Set 1

The vNM stable set of von Neumann and Morgenstern provides a way of imposing credibility on coalitional deviations that is absent from the simpler notion of coalitional stability defined by the core. It is also amenable to the consideration of farsightedness in considering coalitional stability, as proposed by Harsanyi (1974), and more recently re-formulated by Ray and Vohra (2015) in terms of a farsighted stable set. Farsighted dominance considers a sequence of coalitional moves in which each coalition eventually gains at a ‘final’, stable allocation. When there are multiple continuation paths leading from an initial coalitional move, however, the farsighted stable set does not consider the possibility that coalitions that come later in the sequence of moves, even though they eventually gain, are expected to make moves that are not maximal, in the sense that they may do even better by moving elsewhere. This becomes problematic if it makes the initiator worse-off, and it could well make the predictions of the farsighted stable set unreasonable. Dutta and Ray (2015) incorporate maximality by relying on rational expectations regarding the move from one state to another. They show that in simple games the resulting prediction is different from the farsighted stable sets identified in Ray and Vohra (2015). But in addition to maximality they also restrict attention to Markovian expectations, where the expected move from a state is independent of the history. What if expectations can be history dependent? We show that allowing for history dependence makes it possible to support the farsighted stable sets as maximal.
Intraseasonal Forcing of Convection and Lightning Activity in the Southern Amazon as a Function of Cross-Equatorial Flow

Abstract This study focuses on modulation of lightning and convective vertical structure in the southern Amazon as a function of the South American monsoon V index (VI). Four wet seasons (December–March 1998–2001) of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) and Precipitation Radar (PR) data are examined together with two wet seasons (2000–01) of ground-based Brazilian Lightning Detection Network (BLDN) data. These observations are composited by VI phase (northerly or southerly) for a region of the southern Amazon and discussed relative to VI-regime environmental characteristics such as thermodynamic instability and wind shear. Relative comparisons of VI-regime convective properties reveal 1) slightly larger (20%–25%) PR pixel-mean rainfall during periods of northerly VI due to increased stratiform precipitation, 2) a factor of 2 or more increase in lightning flash density and the lightning diurnal cycle amplitude during periods of southerly VI, 3) a factor of 1.5–2 increas.