Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF BORON TO THE GROWTH AND FRUITING OF THE TOMATO.

A question that frequently arises in connection with elements regarded necessary for plant growth is whether or not a particular element is an essential plant food or merely a stimulating substance. Is its role that of a catalyzer, or is it actually incorporated into the tissues as an integral part of the plant? These questions are more applicable to such elements as manganese, copper, zinc and boron than to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which have been recognized for many years as essential nutrient units. The elements of both groups have at times been considered toxic, at others as stimulating. Here again confusion exists, for the question of toxicity seems to depend upon circumstances. Thus BRENCHLEY (1) points out that "Typical nutrient salts are toxic when they are applied singly to the plant in certain concentrations, the toxic power decreasing and the nutritive function coming into play more fully on the addition of other nutrient salts. " Some elements which are toxic in high concentrations contribute to increased plant growth when their solutions are properly diluted. It is apparent then that no sharp distinction can be drawn between toxic elements, and nutrient elements, or stimulating elements if such exist. The distinction is a question rather of quantity than of kind, which should be considered in connection with other factors such as the presence of other elements. BRENCHLEY (1) has divided the class of elements that are toxic in high concentrations into two groups: " (1) Those that apparently become indifferent in high dilutions and never produce any increase in plant growth; (2) Those that are either essential for growth, or at least cause increased development, when applied in sufficiently small quantities. The former group may be legitimately regarded as toxins; the latter presents more difficulty and even now their function is not settled. It is not clear whether they stimulate the protoplasm or in some way hasten the metabolic processes in the plant, whether they help roots in their absorbent work, or whether they are simple nutrients needed only in infinitesimal quantities. " Boron without a doubt belongs in the second group. Its role in the plant is not known although several investigators have shown that its presence is essential for the normal growth of many plants. WARINGTON (7) states, "The fact that boron can be detected in the stem, leaves, and pods of the broad bean implies that the element becomes distributed throughout
Peripheral blood stem cells versus bone marrow in pediatric unrelated donor stem cell transplantation.

To the editor: The relative benefits and risks of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) versus bone marrow (BM) for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) are still a matter of highly controversial debates. [1][1][⇓][2]–[3][3] The first randomized study comparing the 2 stem cell
Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy: diagnosis with high-resolution CT.

OBJECTIVE Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy is a form of childhood interstitial lung disease originally reported as persistent tachypnea of infancy. Reports of small series of cases and anecdotal experience have suggested that this disorder may have a consistent CT pattern. The purpose of this study was to review the CT findings in children with neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy to determine the findings at high-resolution CT, the diagnostic accuracy of CT compared with biopsy, and interrater reliability. MATERIALS AND METHODS Images from 23 CT examinations of children with biopsy-proven neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy and six CT examinations of children with other childhood interstitial lung diseases were reviewed by two pediatric radiologists with special expertise in thoracic imaging. Identifying digital data were removed, and images were reviewed without clinical data. A CT assessment form was completed for each patient. RESULTS Ground-glass opacification was the most common finding in patients with neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy. The right middle lobe and lingula were most commonly involved. Air trapping with a mosaic pattern was the second most common finding. Interrater reliability was very good with a kappa value of 0.93. The sensitivity and specificity of CT in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy were at least 78% and 100%. CONCLUSION Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy can have a characteristic appearance on high-resolution CT scans, the imaging findings being useful in differentiating neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy from other types of childhood interstitial lung disease. The appearance aids radiologists in suggesting a specific diagnosis but does not exclude this diagnosis; in 17-22% of cases, the readers in this study did not suggest the diagnosis of neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy when it was present.
'Man grabs shark with bare hands, blames vodka': on sharks, stereotypes, speciesism, and the late Steve Irwin.

Speciesism can be defined as the belief that non-human animals warrant no place, status or recognition in the world other than what is arbitrarily decreed for them by humans, whose material and other interests as the dominant species will always take precedence. Like most other '-isms', the power of speciesism lies in its generally taken-for-granted, uncritically accepted, nature. In this paper, I examine the influence of this pervasive mentality in two otherwise quite unrelated incidents, one involving an unknown ex-fisherman from a peripheral part of South Australia, the other centred on one of the country's best known environmental entrepreneurs who lived in the public eye, as well as three shark attacks which took place in different locations on the Australian coastline. In conclusion, I suggest that the distinction between endangered and non-endangered animals is also speciesist in character, and should be critically assessed in that light, rather than being held up as a sign of enlightenment where environmental matters are concerned.
The state of ergonomics for mobile computing technology.

BACKGROUND Because mobile computing technologies, such as notebook computers, smart mobile phones, and tablet computers afford users many different configurations through their intended mobility, there is concern about their effects on musculoskeletal pain and a need for usage recommendations. OBJECTIVE Therefore the main goal of this paper to determine which best practices surrounding the use of mobile computing devices can be gleaned from current field and laboratory studies of mobile computing devices. METHODS An expert review was completed. RESULTS Field studies have documented various user configurations, which often include non-neutral postures, that users adopt when using mobile technology, along with some evidence suggesting that longer duration of use is associated with more discomfort. It is therefore prudent for users to take advantage of their mobility and not get stuck in any given posture for too long. The use of accessories such as appropriate cases or riser stands, as well as external keyboards and pointing devices, can also improve postures and comfort. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the state of ergonomics for mobile technology is a work in progress and there are more research questions to be addressed.
Cigarette advertising in Mumbai, India: targeting different socioeconomic groups, women, and youth

Background: Despite a recent surge in tobacco advertising and the recent advertising ban (pending enforcement at the time of this study), there are few studies describing current cigarette marketing in India. This study sought to assess cigarette companies’ marketing strategies in Mumbai, India. Methods: A two week field study was conducted in Mumbai in September 2003, observing, documenting, and collecting cigarette advertising on billboards, storefronts and at point of sale along two major thoroughfares, and performing a content analysis of news, film industry, and women’s magazines and three newspapers. Results: Cigarette advertising was ubiquitous in the environment, present in news and in film magazines, but not in women’s magazines or the newspapers. The four major advertising campaigns all associated smoking with aspiration; the premium brands targeting the higher socioeconomic status market utilised tangible images of westernisation and affluence whereas the “bingo” (low priced) segment advertisements invited smokers to belong to a league of their own and “rise to the taste” using intangible images. Women were not depicted smoking, but were present in cigarette advertisements—for example, a woman almost always accompanied a man in “the man with the smooth edge” Four Square campaign. Advertisements and product placements at low heights and next to candies at point of sale were easily accessible by children. In view of the iminent enforcement of the ban on tobacco advertisements, cigarette companies are increasing advertising for the existing brand images, launching brand extensions, and brand stretching. Conclusion: Cigarette companies have developed sophisticated campaigns targeting men, women, and children in different socioeconomic groups. Many of these strategies circumvent the Indian tobacco advertising ban. Understanding these marketing strategies is critical to mimimise the exploitation of loopholes in tobacco control legislation.
Pengi: An Implementation of a Theory of Activity

AI has generally interpreted the organized nature of everyday activity in terms of plan-following. Nobody could doubt that people often make and follow plans. But the complexity, uncertainty, and immediacy of the real world require a central role for moment-to-moment improvisation. But before and beneath any planning ahead, one continually decides what to do now. Investigation of the dynamics of everyday routine activity reveals important regularities in the interaction of very simple machinery with its environment. We have used our dynamic theories to design a program, called Pengi, that engages in complex, apparently planful activity without requiring explicit models of the world.
Differences in peripheral nerve degeneration/regeneration between wild‐type and neuronal nitric oxide synthase knockout mice

Nitric oxide (NO), a unique biological messenger molecule, is synthesized by three isoforms of the enzyme NO synthase (NOS) and diffuses from the site of production across cellular membranes. A postulated role for NO in degeneration and regeneration of peripheral nerves has been explored in a sciatic nerve model comparing wild‐type mice and mice lacking neuronal NOS after transection and microsurgical repair. In NOS knockout mice, regenerative delay was observed, preceded by a decelerated Wallerian degeneration (WD). In the regenerated nerve, pruning of uncontrolled sprouts was disturbed, leading to an enhanced number of axons, whereas remyelination seemed to be less affected. Delayed regeneration was associated with a delayed recovery of sensor and motor function. In such a context, possible NO targets are neurofilaments and myelin sheaths of the interrupted axon, filopodia of the growth cone, newly formed neuromuscular endplates, and Schwann cells in the distal nerve stump. The results presented suggest that 1) local release of NO following peripheral nerve injury is a crucial factor in degeneration/regeneration, 2) success of fiber regeneration in the peripheral nervous system depends on a regular WD, and 3) manipulation of NO supply may offer interesting therapeutic options for treatment of peripheral nerve lesions. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of Shiga-like toxins by mouse and human intestinal mucus correlates with virulence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O91:H21 isolates in orally infected, streptomycin-treated mice

The enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O91:H21 isolates B2F1 and H414-36/89 are virulent in an orally infected streptomycin-treated mouse model. Previous studies demonstrated that B2F1 and H414-36/89 grow to high levels in mucus isolated from mouse small intestine and colon and that growth in small-intestine mucus is related to virulence. We measured the levels of Shiga-like toxins (SLTs) SLT-IIvha and SLT-IIvhb produced by B2F1 after growth in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth supplemented with mouse intestinal mucus by assaying the cytotoxicity of culture supernatants on Vero cells. Culture supernatants from B2F1 grown in mouse intestinal mucus, but not EHEC strains that produce SLT-II or SLT-IIc, were approximately 35- to 350-fold more toxic for Vero cells than supernatants from B2F1 grown in LB broth. This increased toxicity was not reflected by a concomitant increase in SLT antigen content. Furthermore, when culture supernatants from B2F1 or K-12 strains carrying plasmids encoding SLTs cloned from H414-36/89 or purified SLT-IIvhb from B2F1 were incubated with mouse intestinal mucus, the samples exhibited greater cytotoxicity than when they were incubated with N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer alone. These toxin preparations also showed increased cytotoxicity after incubation with human colonic mucus. In contrast, culture supernatants from LB-grown EHEC isolates that produced SLT-I, SLT-II, SLT-IIc or SLT-IIe did not show increased cytotoxicity after incubation with mouse or human intestinal mucus. The A subunits of purified SLT-II and SLT-IIvhb that had been treated with mouse intestinal mucus or trypsin were cleaved to A1 fragments by the mucus, but trypsin-mediated cleavage, unlike treatment with mouse intestinal mucus, did not result in increased Vero cell cytotoxicity activity. This finding implies that the increased cytotoxicity of SLT-IIvhb detected after incubation with mucus is probably not due to cleavage of the A subunit into the A1 and A2 fragments. Taken together, these results indicate that mouse or human intestinal mucus directly activates SLT-II-related toxins from B2F1 and H414-36/89 and suggest that toxin activation may explain the low 50% lethal doses of B2F1 and H414-36/89 in streptomycin-treated mice.
Frequency of consonant articulation errors in dysarthric speech

This paper analyses consonant articulation errors in dysarthric speech produced by seven American-English native speakers with cerebral palsy. Twenty-three consonant phonemes were transcribed with diacritics as necessary in order to represent non-phoneme misarticulations. Error frequencies were examined with respect to six variables: articulatory complexity, place of articulation, and manner of articulation of the target phoneme; and change in articulatory complexity, place, and manner resulting from the misarticulation. Results showed that target phonemes with high articulatory complexity were most often misarticulated, independent of intelligibility, but low-intelligibility speakers reduced the complexity of target consonants more frequently. All speakers tended to misarticulate to the adjacent place of the target place, but this pattern was most prominent for high-intelligibility speakers. Low- and mid-intelligibility speakers produced more manner errors than high-intelligibility speakers. Based on these results, a two-part model of consonant articulation errors is proposed for CP-associated spastic dysarthia.
Fair Scheduling for Energy Harvesting Nodes

This letter considers the problem of scheduling in the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) multiple-access wireless channel, where the transmitters are energy harvesting nodes (EHNs) that are powered by renewable energy sources (RESs). In this letter the conventional scheduling objective of maximizing rate is augmented by two other objectives, regulating fairness, and stabilization of the stored energy processes of the EHNs. This problem is formulated as a network of energy queues, which represent the batteries. Considering the stochastic nature of the wireless channel and the energy harvesting processes, this letter employs Lyapunov drift plus penalty technique to develop a cross-layer scheduler that operates in a slotted-time and distributed manner. At each epoch it selects an EHN for transmission and computes the transmit power. As an added advantage, the power control algorithm still retains the optimal water-filling solution. Through simulations, the proposed solution is compared against a conventional max-rate scheduler and is shown to better enforce fairness, stabilize the battery levels, and minimize the required battery capacity.
Diet and supplements and their impact on colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is the third commonest cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death among men and women. It has been proposed that dietary factors are responsible for 70-90% of colorectal cancer and diet optimization may prevent most cases. AIM To evaluate the role of dietary components and supplements in colorectal cancer. METHODS Bibliographical searches were performed in Pubmed for the terms "diet and colorectal cancer", "diet and colon cancer", "diet and rectal cancer", "nutrition and colorectal cancer", "probiotics and colorectal cancer", "prebiotics and colorectal cancer", "alcohol and cancer" and "colorectal cancer epidemiology". RESULTS Consumption of processed or red meat, especially when cooked at high temperatures may be associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. The evidence for dietary fibre is unclear but foods that contain high amounts of fibre are usually rich in polyphenols which have been shown to alter molecular processes that can encourage colorectal carcinogenesis. Meta-analyses provide evidence on the benefits of circulating, diet-derived and supplemented, vitamin D and Calcium. We also found that diets rich in Folate may prevent colorectal carcinoma. The evidence on dietary micronutrients such as Zinc and Selenium in association with colorectal cancer is not conclusive. It has been suggested that there may be a direct association between alcohol intake and colorectal cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted a possible protective role of prebiotics and probiotics. CONCLUSIONS The lack of randomized trials and the presence of confounding factors including smoking, physical activity, obesity and diabetes may often yield inconclusive results. Carefully designed randomized trials are recommended.
Probabilistic solution of chaotic dynamical system inverse problems using Bayesian Artificial Neural Networks

This paper demonstrates the application of Bayesian Artificial Neural Networks to Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) inverse problems. We consider the case of estimating an unknown chaotic dynamical system transition model from state observation data. Inverse problems for chaotic systems are numerically challenging as small perturbations in model parameters can cause very large changes in estimated forward trajectories. Bayesian Artificial Neural Networks can be used to simultaneously fit a model and estimate model parameter uncertainty. Knowledge of model parameter uncertainty can then be incorporated into the probabilistic estimates of the inferred system's forward time evolution. The method is demonstrated numerically by analysing the chaotic Sprott B system. Observations of the system are used to estimate a posterior predictive distribution over the weights of a parametric polynomial kernel Artificial Neural Network. It is shown that the proposed method is able to perform accurate time predictions. Further, the proposed method is able to correctly account for model uncertainties and provide useful prediction uncertainty bounds.
Approximate Analytic Solution for the KdV and Burger Equations with the Homotopy Analysis Method

The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is applied to obtain the approximate analytic solution of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) and Burgers equations. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is an analytic technique which provides us with a new way to obtain series solutions of such nonlinear problems. HAM contains the auxiliary parameter , which provides us with a straightforward way to adjust and control the convergence region of the series solution. The resulted HAM solution at 8th-order and 14th-order approximation is then compared with that of the exact soliton solutions of KdV and Burgers equations, respectively, and shown to be in excellent agreement.
Optimal Foraging of Little Egrets and Their Prey in a Foraging Game in a Patchy Environment

We explored the behavioral game between a predator, the little egret (Egretta garzetta), and a prey, the common goldfish (Carassius auratus), in a laboratory theater containing three fish pools. We tested the hypotheses that the egrets maximize their total capture success by responding to the fish’s antipredatory behavior and that the behaviors of both players respond adaptively to the density distribution of fish among the pools. One experiment presented egrets with 15 fish per pool. The second experiment used a heterogeneous environment: pools 1, 2, and 3 had 10, 15, and 20 fish, respectively. Within each pool, fish could move between a safe, covered microhabitat and a risky, open microhabitat. Only the risky habitat had food, so fish were trading off food and safety by allocating the time spent in the two habitats. Egrets spent more total time in pools with more fish and returned to them sooner. Egrets maximized the number of fish they captured by following the matching rule of the ideal free distribution. The fish used the risky but productive habitat 65% of the time during experiments without egrets, but only 9% during experiments with 15 fish and egrets present somewhere in the theater. In addition, with egrets present, fish fine-tuned their behavior by reducing their use of the risky habitat as the egrets increased the frequency of their visits.
Vascular smooth muscle membrane in hypertension.

The title of this article has implications that differ greatly according to the reader's perspective: The clinician needs to know what the cell membrane has to do with elevated arterial pressure; the pharmacologist would like to know about functional abnormalities in this membrane; and the basic biologist is curious about whether these functional abnormalities can be accounted for by known differences at a molecular level. In an attempt to be global in our appeal, we have tried to address each of these three concerns. The elevated arterial pressure of hypertension is usually caused by an increased total peripheral resistance, and the magnitude of a pressor response to a standard pressor stimulus is uniformly greater than normal in hyperten­ sion. For both theoretical and applied reasons, it is important to know whether there are mechanistic differences responsible for these abnormalities among the various types of hypertension. At one level, all types of hypertension are the same in that in all of them arterial pressure and vascular responsiveness are elevated. Yet, as is evident in experimental hypertension, the initiating factors for genetic, renal, and mineralocorticoid hypertensions are entirely different. The relevant question is the relationship of sequences of events leading from the initiating factors to the final common outcomes. Where do these events converge? From the point of view of the current review it is important to ask whether all types of hypertension result from the same vascular changes. At one level this question can be given a convincing affirmative answer. In all types of hypertension, resistance vessels have walls that are thicker than normal. Folkow (1) has established that this characteristic not only increases vascular resistance by
Experimental demonstration of a format-flexible single carrier coherent receiver using data-aided digital signal processing

We experimentally demonstrate the use of data-aided digital signal processing for format-flexible coherent reception of different 28-GBd PDM and 4D modulated signals in WDM transmission experiments over up to 7680 km SSMF by using the same resource-efficient digital signal processing algorithms for the equalization of all formats.