Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constraining earthquake source inversions with GPS data: 2. A two‐step approach to combine seismic and geodetic data sets

We present a new method to combine static and wavefield data to image earthquake ruptures. Our combined inversion is a two‐step procedure, following the work of Hernandez et al. (1999), and takes into account the differences between the resolutions of the two data sets. The first step consists of an inversion of the static field, which yields a map of slip amplitude. This inversion exploits a special irregular grid that takes into account the resolution of the static data. The second step is an inversion of the radiated wavefield; it results in the determination of the time evolution of slip on the fault. In the second step, the slip amplitude is constrained to resemble the static slip amplitude map inferred from the GPS inversion. Using this combined inversion, we study the source process of the 2004 M6 Parkfield, California, earthquake. We conclude that slip occurred in two main regions of the fault, each of which displayed distinct rupture behaviors. Slip initiated at the hypocenter with a very strong bilateral burst of energy. Here, slip was localized in a narrow area approximately 10 km long, the rupture velocity was very fast (≥3.5 km/s), and slip only lasted a short period of time (<1 s). Then the rupture proceeded to a wider region 12–20 km northwest of the hypocenter. Here, the earthquake developed in a more moderated way: the rupture velocity slowed to ∼3.0 km/s and slip lasted longer (1–2 s). The maximum slip amplitude was 0.45 m.
IMPACT OF PHASING OUT MILK QUOTAS ON STRUCTURE AND PRODUCTION OF FINNISH DAIRY SECTOR

We evaluate impacts of milk quota abolition in Finland where production costs and producer price of milk are among the highest in the EU. We analyse several price scenarios for dairy products corresponding to 10-30% reductions in raw milk prices in the EU following milk quota expansion of 2% per year. The sector model includes 18 dairy products and regions and other agricultural activities. Armington -assumption is used in modelling foreign trade. Trade of milk quotas and structural change are endogenous in the model. The results suggest that 10-15% reductions in the EU milk prices would result in less than 10% decrease in Finnish dairy production. Investments to large farm units would still increase. However, if the EU milk prices decreased by 15-20% production would fall by 10-22%. Overall it seems that milk quota abolition is not likely to result in any drastic downscaling of dairy sectors in Finland.
Learning under ambiguity: An experiment using initial public offerings on a stock market

This paper studies the effect of learning new information on decision under uncertainty.Using ambiguity models, we show the effect of learning on beliefs and ambiguity attitudes. We develop a new method to correct beliefs for ambiguity attitudes and decompose ambiguity attitudes into pessimism (capturing ambiguity aversion) and likelihood insensitivity. We apply our method in an experiment using initial public offerings (IPOs) on the New York Stock Exchange. IPOs provide a natural decision context in which no prior information on returns is available. We found that likelihood insensitivity decreased with information, but pessimism was unaffected. Subjects moved in the direction of expected utility with more information, but significant deviations remained. Subjective probabilities,corrected for ambiguity attitudes, were well calibrated and close to market data.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE MINERALS COMPOSITION OF THE FLESH OF RED AND YELLOW FRUITS OF TERMINALIA CATAPPA

The analyses of mineral composition of red and yellow fruits varieties of Terminalia catappa using standard analytical apparatus, reagents and procedures gave the following results on dry weight basis: K (1980.20mg and 1809mg), Na (17.82mg and 17.33mg), Ca (143.47mg and 143.30mg), Mg (40.39mg and 48.50mg), P (13.20mg and 13.20mg), Fe (5.50mg and 3.98mg), Cu (0.25mg and 0.43mg), Mn (3.09mg and 1.02mg), S (70.50mg and 50.47mg) and Zn (1.28mg and 1.42mg) for red and yellow fruits respectively. On the other hand Cd, Cr, Co and Pb were not detected on both fruits which indicate that both fruits are safer for human consumption. Therefore, from these results it can be recommended that red and yellow fruits of T.catappa l. are good sources of K, Mg Mn, Na, Ca, Cu, Fe and S but poor sources of P and Zn.
PERFORMANCE AND PROSPECTS OF BEPCII

BEPCII, the major upgrades of BEPC (Beijing Electron Positron Collider), is a double-ring e and e factory-like collider, working at the beam energy range from 1 GeV to 2.1 GeV and being optimized at 1.89 GeV with the design luminosity of 1 10cm s . It has been in user-operation since Sept. 2009, delivering beams to both high energy physics and synchrotron radiation experiments. Peak luminosity is gradually enhanced to 2/3 of the design value under the efforts of commissioning and hardware improvements. In this paper, the accelerator physics study accompanied with the luminosity evolution will be given and the key components of some hardware systems will be described. The operation performance of the machine is summarized, and the future of BEPCII is foreseen.
RANCIMAT TEST FOR MEASURING THE OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF COOKING OILS UPON PROLONGED FRYING: SHORT COMMUNICATION

The induction period or oxidative stability index (OSI) of four parent oils, i.e. palm olein (POo), soyabean oil (SBO), canola oil (CNO) and sunflower oil (SFO) was investigated and to be further compared with that of three binary blends of POo with SBO, CNO and SFO, respectively and one tertiary blend of POo with SBO and CNO. Two oil ratios of 90:10 and 50:50 were prepared for the binary blends of POo + SBO, POo + CNO and POo + SFO while 40:50:10 for POo + SBO + CNO. All the oils were used to fry French fries at 180°C for a total of 72 hr (8 hr daily for nine days) of intermittent frying. The stability of the oil was quantified by using the Rancimat test following the AOCS Official Method Cd 12b-92. Incorporation of POo has generally improved the induction period of the unsaturated oils as compared to their unary forms. Indeed, POo and its blends gave higher induction period after frying for 24 hr. Irrespective of oil types, the induction period was relatively comparable towards the end of frying sessions. The rate of induction period reduction is likely influenced by the presence of tocotrienol homologues in POo and its blends.
Identification of Bioactive Compounds, Quantitative Measurement of Phenolics and Flavonoids Content, and Radical Scavenging Activity of Lygodium circinnatum

Studies have proven that oxidative stress plays a major contribution towards many diseases. The ability of antioxidants status to recover from certain diseases is shown to be important for the improvement of human’s health. Lygodium circinnatum (Lygodiaceae) is used by local Sabahan in treating various diseases. In this study, the presence of bioactive compounds in the aqueous extract of L. circinnatum were chemically tested and has resulted in the detection of these compounds; alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics compound and glycosides. Total content of phenolics and flavonoids were determined by using quantitative measure. In-vitro antioxidant activity was investigated by the method for total antioxidant capacity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity using UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The content of phenolics was 31.84 + 0.24 mg/ml gallic acid equivalent and flavonoids were 63.5 + 1.67 mg/ml catechin equivalent. The IC50 value of L. circinnatum in DPPH assay was 143.76 μg/ml whereas IC50 of standard ascorbic acid was 39.43 μg/ml. The results obtained have shown such important phytochemical properties present in L. circinnatum and is expected to be beneficial in treating diseases where oxidative stress is implicated.
Synoptic analysis of 2000-2005 significant snowfall events on Mt. Kilimanjaro

Ice cores recovered from Mt. Kilimanjaro provide evidence of significant climate changes in the East African region over the past 10,000 years. However, the atmospheric processes that lead to snowfall on Kilimanjaro are poorly understood. Earlier studies have suggested that East African climate is dominated by the seasonal shift of the tropical precipitation bands, yet the key factors causing interannual precipitation variability remain unclear, particularly for the long rains season (March-May). To advance the understanding of modern East African climate, this study used data from a new station on top of Mt. Kilimanjaro and put them into a regional atmospheric circulation context. First, the in situ data were compared to global analysis products for testing their representation of the East African region. Overall, these data showed similar activity during corresponding days of snowfall on Kilimanjaro, indicating that snowfall events are likely related to regional precipitation. Second, the use of various global (re-) analysis products allowed the examination of commonalities between individual precipitation events on Kilimanjaro, and helped to identify the key precipitation-causing processes. Results showed distinct seasonality in precipitation, propagating from west to east during the long rains and east to west during the short rains (OctoberDecember). In addition, high magnitude snowfall events occurred under the conditions of low wind speed and high humidity. Therefore, high magnitude events may be a result of local convection, and these events may represent certain atmospheric conditions favorable for snowfall accumulation, but their representation of overall regional rainfall totals remains uncertain.
Green Florescent Protein as an Indicator to Monitor Membrane Protein Overexpression in Bacteria

The stability of the protein in detergentcontaining solution is the key for its successful crystallisation. Fluorescence-detection size-exclusion chromatography (FSEC) is a potential approach for screening monodispersity as well as the stability of protein in a detergent-containing-solution. In this present study, covalently linked Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) to bacterial nitrate transporters, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Thermus thermophilus, were studied for pre-crystallisation trials by FSEC. Immobilised metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) and gel filtration were employed for their purification. The main objectives of this study were over-expression, detergent screening and crystallisation of nitrate transporter proteins. This study could not produce enough proteins that could realistically be taken forward to achieve the objectives set for this particular research. In future work, different combinations of variables like vectors, tags, creation of mutant proteins, host cells, position of GFP (Nor C-terminal) and/or membrane proteins would be tried to determine the best combination as the principle of technique is still promising.
Un algoritmo multiobjetivo basado en búsqueda dispersa

Este trabajo analiza una adaptacion del algoritmo de busqueda dispersa para la resolucion de problemas de optimizacion multiobjetivo llamada AbYSS (Archive-based hYbrid Scatter Search). AbYSS se considera como un algoritmo hibrido ya que, si bien sigue la estructura de la busqueda dispersa, utiliza operadores de cruce y mutacion tipicos en el campo de los algoritmos evolutivos. Se han estudiado diferentes configuraciones de AbYSS para evaluar su capacidad de busqueda respecto a un conjunto de problemas de prueba. La mejor de estas configuraciones se ha comparado respecto a los dos algoritmos de referencia en el campo, NSGA-II y SPEA2. Los resultados muestran que nuestra propuesta supera a estos dos algoritmos sobre el benchmark utilizado en terminos de convergencia y diversidad en los frentes de Pareto obtenidos.
A Constrained Power Method for Community Detection in Complex Networks

For an undirected complex network made up with vertices and edges, we developed a fast computing algorithm that divides vertices into different groups by maximizing the standard “modularity” measure of the resulting partitions. The algorithm is based on a simple constrained power method which maximizes a quadratic objective function while satisfying given linear constraints. We evaluated the performance of the algorithm and compared it with a number of state-of-the-art solutions. The new algorithm reported both high optimization quality and fast running speed, and thus it provided a practical tool for community detection and network structure analysis.
Beyond the perimeter fence: oil and armed conflict in Casanare, Colombia

Oil and conflict in colombia: the background 5 Oil and the nationalist debate 6 Oil and the colombian economy in times of war 11 Oil and the waging of war: the economisation argument 13 Oil and the waging of war: the contingent contextual factors 17 The Case of Arauca in the 1980s 17 The case of Casanare in the 1990s. 21
Space Leaky Waves Propagating along a Pair of CRLH SIW Lines

A space leaky wave excited on composite rightleft handed substrate integrated waveguide and radiating in a wide frequency band is presented in this paper. The proposed two line array is a good candidate for smart systems of monitoring and tracking applications. The system is composed of two different lines that are placed in parallel on the same substrate. Simulation results show that the first line leaks energy in the band from 6.9 to 11 GHz with a 7.8 GHz broadside radiation frequency and the second line leaks in the band from 8.9 to 13.8 GHz; the related broadside radiation frequency is 10.2 GHz. Complex single/dual scanned beams are obtained in a wide range of angles from –72° to +73°. The simulations were carried out in the CST Microwave Studio and the obtained measurement results match well with the theoretical analysis described in this paper.
The application of multi-parametric block models to the mining process A

A 3D multi-parameter model has application for any major mining venture that requires a detailed understanding of the variability in rock mass conditions. These models give engineers a tool whereby they can assess the spatial variability of the rock mass information and identify opportunities or data-deficient and high risk areas. By having detailed geotechnical information available in a 3D model that can be readily accessed and interpreted, significant production optimization, feasibility studies and planning initiatives can be implemented. From a slope design perspective the model is used to target data-deficient zones and highlight potentially weak rock mass areas. As this can be viewed in 3D, the open pit slopes can then be designed to accommodate the poor quality area before it is excavated. It also follows that geotechnical zones can be readily identified and the slope optimized accordingly. Figure 1 details the development process for multiparameter models. At PPRust the multi-parametric model was used to improve blast fragmentation delivered to the plant as well as the load and haul department. Rather than viewing the drill and blast department as an isolated cost centre and focusing on minimizing drill and blast costs, the study focused on the fragmentation requirements of the comminution and load and haul business areas. It is well understood that chemical energy is the cheapest form of comminution and that major downstream benefits can be derived by increasing drill and blast expenditure. Substantial benefits have been realized in the drill and blast department by developing empirical correlations, which relate the mining rock mass rating (MRMR) values in the multi-parametric model to a blastability index, fragmentation, required powder factor and costs. As the multi-parametric model can predict changes in geotechnical conditions, the blasting parameters can be adjusted in advance to ensure the load and haul and comminution plant’s fragmentation requirements are met. PPRust operates autogenous mills which are sensitive to the fragmentation profile delivered. The harder material occurring in the ore zone has a major impact on the plants performance. Accordingly, this material is identified and additional blast energy is introduced in order to achieve the target fragmentation for the plant. The 3D multi-parametric model allows these optimizations to be undertaken proactively by the drill and blast department.
Breeding for Yield Potential and Stress Adaptation in Cereals

The need to accelerate breeding for increased yield potential and better adaptation to drought and other abiotic stresses is an issue of increasing urgency. As the population continues to grow rapidly, the pressure on resources (mainly untouched land and water) is also increasing, and potential climate change poses further challenges. We discuss ways to improve the efficiency of crop breeding through a better physiological understanding by both conventional and molecular methods. Thus the review highlights the physiological basis of crop yield and its response to stresses, with special emphasis on drought. This is not just because physiology forms the basis of proper phenotyping, one of the pillars of breeding, but because a full understanding of physiology is also needed, for example, to design the traits targeted by molecular breeding approaches such as marker-assisted selection (MAS) or plant transformation or the way these traits are evaluated. Most of the information in this review deals with cereals, since they include the world's main crops, however, examples from other crops are also included. Topics covered by the review include the conceptual framework for identifying secondary traits associated with yield potential and stress adaptation, and how to measure these secondary traits in practice. The second part of the review deals with the real role of molecular breeding for complex traits from a physiological perspective. This part examines current developments in MAS and quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection as well as plant transformation. Emphasis is placed on the current limitations of these molecular approaches to improving stress adaptation and yield potential. The essay ends by presenting some ideas regarding future avenues for crop breeding given the current and possible future challenges, and on a multidisciplinary approach where physiological knowledge and proper phenotyping play a major role.
When Does Aftermarket Monopolization Soften Foremarket Competition?

This paper investigates firms’ abilities to tacitly collude when these firms each monopolize a proprietary aftermarket. When firms’ aftermarkets are isolated from foremarket competition, they cannot tacitly collude more easily than single product firms do. However, when their aftermarket power is contested by foremarket competition as equipment owners view new equipment as a substitute for their incumbent firm’s aftermarket product, the monopoly profit is sustainable among al arger number offirms. More strikingly, as long as existing customers have a shorter market life expectancy than incoming customers, for any discount factor, supranormal profits are sustainable among arbitrarily many firms each selling ex ante identical products. These results suggest the importance of distinguishing between two types of aftermarket power which are often considered to be qualitatively the same. Conditions under which introduction of aftermarket competition hinders firms’ ability to tacitly collude are characterized.
Labor Regulations and the Firm Size Distribution in Indian Manufacturing

We use data from Indian manufacturing to describe the distribution of firm size in terms of employment and discuss implications for public policy, especially labor regulations. A unique feature of our analysis is the use of nationally representative establishment-level data from both the registered (formal) and unregistered (informal) segments of the Indian manufacturing sector. While we find there to be little difference in the size distribution of firms across states believed to have flexible labor regulations versus those with inflexible labor regulations, restricting attention to labor-intensive industries changes the picture dramatically. Here, we find greater prevalence of larger sized firms in states with flexible labor regulations. Moreover, this differential prevalence is higher among firms that commenced production after 1982, when a key aspect of Indian labor regulations was tightened. Overall, our findings are consistent with the argument that labor regulations have affected firm size adversely.
Differences in evaluation of a dog's temperament by individual members of the same household

AbstractA questionnaire is an integral component of methods determining the temperaments of dogs. From the range of questionnaires used for evaluation of a dog’s temperament, we selected C-BARQ. This particular type of questionnaire allowed us to determine the degree of agreement of evaluations of the same dog by individual members of one household. The evaluation included dogs in 29 households with a total of 71 members. The degree of agreement between ratings of individual members of the same household was determined by Intraclass correlations coefficient (ICC). The correlations observed ranged between 0.53 and 0.9, depending on the category. This result is further supported by the results of other studies that showed similar perceptions of the same dog between family members.
Localized quench in 1+1 conformal field theory

We study the boundary dual of AdS3 spacetime with a point particle. Particles in AdS3 generate topological defects, which allows to formulate the geodesic image method for boundary correlators. We propose the generalization of the geodesic recipe to arbitrary time intervals in case of the bulk spacetime deformed by a point particle.
Video inpainting detection using inconsistencies in optical flow

In recent years due to advancement in video and image editing tools it has become increasingly easy to modify the multimedia content. The doctored videos are very difficult to identify through visual examination as artifacts left behind by processing steps are subtle and cannot be easily captured visually. Therefore, the integrity of digital videos can no longer be taken for granted and these are not readily acceptable as a proof-of-evidence in court-of-law. Hence, identifying the authenticity of videos has become an important field of information security. In this thesis work, we present a novel approach to detect and temporally localize video inpainting forgery based on optical flow consistency. The proposed algorithm comprises of two stages. In the first step, we detect if the given video is inpainted or authentic and in the second step we perform temporal localization. Towards this, we first compute the optical flow between frames. Further, we analyze the goodness of fit of chi-square values obtained from optical flow histograms using a Guassian mixture model. A threshold is then applied to classify between authentic and inpainted videos. In the next step, we extract Transition Probability Matrices (TPMs) by modelling the optical flow as first order Markov process. SVM based classification is then applied on the obtained TPM features to decide whether a block of non-overlapping frames is authentic or inpainted thus obtaining temporal localization. In order to evaluate the robustness of the proposed algorithm, we perform the experiments against two popular and efficient inpainting techniques. We test our algorithm on public datasets like PETS and SULFA. The results show that the approach is effective against the inpainting techniques. In addition, it detects and localizes the inpainted frames in a video with high accuracy and low false positives. This Thesis work is dedicated to my parents and sister for their endless love and support.