Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efeito da época de inoculação do vírus do mosaico das nervuras por Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) no desenvolvimento e na produção do algodoeiro

Aphis gossypii Glover is the vector of the Cotton Vein Mosaic Virus (CVMV), which causes serious damages to cotton. This work was carried out in a greenhouse at UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, in Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, to evaluate the effect of inoculation date of the CVMV on growth and yield of cotton plants. Cotton plants of cultivar CNPA ITA 90 at 20, 27, 34, 41, 48 and 55 days after the emergency (DAE) received one wingless viruliferous adult of A. gossypii, which remained confined in the plants for 48h. The percentage of plants with the symptoms of the disease and its influence in the phenological aspects of cotton plant were evaluated. The age of the plants did not influence the transmission efficiency of CVMV by A. gossypii. Percentages of plants showing disease symptoms varied from 40% to 65% when inoculated at 20 and 48 DAE, respectively. Plant height was reduced in 54.5% when they were infected 20 DAE and 1.3% when infection occurred at 55 DAE, as compared to the control. The number and diameter of the bolls were also influenced by the age the plants were infected. Plants inoculated 20 DAE did not produce cotton. Plants inoculated 55 DAE produced 20.7 g of cotton/plant, significantly less than control plants (35.9 g/plant). The severity of the symptoms was directly associated to the age the plants were infected with CVMV.
Application of Backpropagation Prediction Methods on Land Deformation Results Using the DInSAR Method

Dolok Sanggul District is located at 2°09’- 2°16’ North Latitude and 98°41’ - 99°49’ East Longitude. Dolok Sanggul Subdistrict is above about 1300 to 1,450 meters from sea level according to data from the Statistics Agency of Humbang Hasundutan Regency in 2017. This area is located in the southern part of the Lake Toba area, where this area is a plateau and hilly with a land slope of up to >75%. Due to these conditions, the Dolok Sanggul area was chosen as a review area in land monitoring research. Deformation refers to changes in soil face that occur such as a decrease or increase in soil level. From the results of the land deformation research using the DInSAR method obtained 3. The deformation value that occurred in the Dolok Sanggul area in the 4 years was −3,695 cm. The minus value signifies the deformation that occurs is the ground face strike (subsidence). After the deformation value is obtained, the deformation prediction is carried out by Backpropagation method with training error value obtained was 0.033 and the testing error was 0.285.
In situ and in vitro nutritional evaluation of rumen-protected lipids

Riassunto Valutazione di lipidi rumino-protetti in situ e in vitro. E’ stata determinata la degradabilità ruminale in situ e la digeribilità in vitro di sette diversi integratori lipidici rumino-protetti mediante saponificazione. La degradabilità ruminale è risultata bassa (inferiore al 40% dopo 48 ore di incubazione) ed inversamente proporzionale al contenuto in ceneri dei prodotti, mentre la digeribilità in vitro non è risultata correlata alla composizione dei lipidi rumino-protetti, al loro profilo acidico o alla degradabilità ruminale.
On the causes of spiral grain in corewood of Radiata pine

Summary Spiral grain in radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) is mainly a defect of corewood and is seldom strongly developed in wood occurring more than 10 growth layers from the pith. Development of spirality in this species can be explained in terms of spiral flow of metabolites induced by the phyllotaxy of the vascular supplies to short shoots (the “needle traces”). Experiments are described in which spiral girdling and similar techniques are used to change the orientation of newly formed xylem elements so that they are in alignment with the altered direction in which metabolites and growth substances flow. By these means grain angles as large as 45° to the stem axis have been produced within one season's growth. Lesser but highly significant changes of grain angle have been brought about by modifying the dimensions and phyllotactic patterns of needle traces. The experimental trees have provided outstanding material for studying the anatomical bases of these changes which indicate an extremely plastic r.
Programming and control for skill-based robots

Abstract This paper considers programming and control of skill-based robots. Robot skills are used to integrate and synchronize robot actions and sensor data in a consistent way. Skill-based approach provides a framework for configurable robot systems, enabling quick setups and start-ups of applications. In the paper we will introduce skill programming and skill control concepts in more detail and how they relate to usage of models and sensors. We will also give a practical example for programming and implementing skills for a grinding application.
Plantas medicinais de Minas Gerais, Brasil

This study is based on interviews during 1983 -1988 of people who use and market medicinal plants in the state of Minas Gerais in south east on Brazil. The aim is to preserve popular local knowledge regarding the use of plants for medicinal purposes. The popular common name, the medical prescription and methods of preparation, the plant part use and the frequency with each plant was cited in the interview samples, are described for each species. The profession, age and social condition are given for each interviewee. A total of 84 cities were visited, resulting in the collection of 5000 dried herbarium specimes which have been classified into 311 species of 246 genera and 84 families, according to the most recent taxonomic nomencIature. This study permits constant revision and updating and serves as a basis for the choice of species with pharmacological, parasitological and therapeutic potential.
Latitudinal pattern in body size in a cockroach, Eupolyphaga sinensis

Body size of insects with flexible life cycles is expected to conform to the saw‐tooth model, a model in which the relationship between size and developmental time depends on length of the growing season. In species with high variability in terms of voltinism, however, more complex patterns can be expected. Few empirical studies have demonstrated the existence of such relationships, or whether climatic factors contribute to these relationships. In this study, we investigated the geographic variation in body size of the Chinese cockroach, Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker (Blattaria: Polyphagidae), which has a variable life cycle length. The sizes of adults – collected from 14 localities ranging from temperate to subtropical zones in China – were measured, using body length, body width, and pronotum width as parameters. The relationship between size, latitude, and climate factors (encompassing 10 variables) was then investigated. We found that the body size of E. sinensis varied considerably with latitude: cockroaches were larger at low and high latitudes, but smaller at intermediate latitudes. Thus, the relationship between climate and body size conformed to a saw‐tooth pattern. Results indicate that two factors were significantly associated with body size clines: season length and variability in life cycle length. Our results also demonstrated that climatic factors contribute to latitudinal clines in body size, which has important ecological and evolutionary implications. It can be expected that global climate change may alter latitudinal clines in body size of E. sinensis.
Evaluation of Triflumuron, a benzoylphenylurea derivative, on Tenebrio molitor pupae (Col., Tenebrionidae): effects on cuticle

Abstract: Triflumuron (TFM), a benzoylphenylurea (BPU) derivative, exhibited insecticidal activity when injected to newly ecdysed pupae of Tenebrio molitor. Mortality occurs by defect in adult ecdysis. Treatment resulted in a significant increase in the duration of pupal stage and caused a reduction in both cuticle thickness and incorporation of 14C‐labelled precursor into chitin compared to controls. Moreover, TFM reduced the amount of cuticle chitin without any significant effect on protein level. Thus, TFM acts by preventing the chitin biosynthesis confirming the primary mode of action of the BPU insecticides.
A Panel ARDL Analsis of the Productivity of Key Economic Sectors Contributing to Local Economic Growth in an Emerging Country

Abstract It has become precise and indisputable that the South African economic growth has been stagnant. Despite this stagnant growth, the productivity of key sectors is supposed to alleviate some of the challenges of the South African economy. The aim of this study is to identify the key sectors that may assist in boosting economic growth at a local level. This study employed three estimators (PMG, MG and DFE) of a panel autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) to analyse the short- and long-run effects of various sectors’ productivity on economic growth in a South African district. By employing annual data from 1996 to 2015, 6 sectors (construction, finance, trade, community service, manufacturing, transport, mining and tourism) from four municipalities in South Africa were analysed. Results show that the productivity of the construction, transport, trade, manufacturing and finance sectors influence economic growth positively in the long-run. However, the productivity of the mining and tourism sectors negatively affect economic growth in the long-run. Short-run results reveal that, in the short-run, the productivity of all sectors, except trade and transport, contribute positively to local economic growth. This study recommends that the government improves the production methods and invests in infrastructure and skills development to advance the productivity of the mining and tourism sectors.
THE BACTERIAL INDUCTION OF HOMOGRAFT SENSITIVITY

Immunization of rabbits with Group A Type 12 streptococcal cell membranes has elicited serum antibodies which have the ability to cause rapid rejection of skin allografts in guinea pigs. Intradermal injection of such antisera has resulted in skin reactions characterized by prominent polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltrates, similar to those noted in the Arthus reaction. The combined use of membrane antisera and epinephrine has resulted in hemorrhagic necrosis of the skin of guinea pigs. The ability of membrane antisera to exert these effects appears to be dependent upon the presence in the host tissues of antigen(s) shared by or cross-reacting with streptococcal membrane antigens. Such cross-reacting antigens may have a group distribution in the outbred guinea pig population. The results highlight the potential biological importance of antigens present in the Group A streptococcal membrane in the induction of altered tissue reactivity in the mammalian host.
Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. in Spain

Abstract We studied the chemical composition of the essential oil of Spanish populations of Thymbra capitata. The production from different parts and their antioxidant capacity were compared both during flowering and during fruiting over three years, from wild and cultivated material. 38 components were identified: highlighting aromatic monoterpenes (carvacrol ≥ 66%; p-cymene, 7.39.2%), monocyclic monoterpenes (y-terpinene, 3.4–11.2%; α-terpinene, 0.3–2.0%), bicyclic monoterpenes (α-thujene, 0.9–2.0%; α-pinene, 0.7–1.4%, camphene, 0.2–0.9%), acyclic monoterpene (myrcene, 1.7–2.4%) and sesquiterpenes as (E)-caryophyllene (1.0–2.0%). A very high lipophilic antioxidant activity was measured with no significant differences between the flowering and fruiting stage.
Feeding behavior of the Neotropical freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro (Elasmobranchii: Potamotrygonidae)

The feeding mechanisms of elasmobranchs and their functioning have been receiving growing scientific attention, although less emphasis has yet to be directed towards batoid species. The present study investigated the use of orobranchial musculature during prey capture and processing behavior in Potamotrygon motoro. Ten orobranchial muscle groups were removed to determine their relative biomasses. The kinematics of the musculature was described based on videos of prey capture and manipulation under captive conditions recorded at 250 and 500 field/s. Analyses of the orobranchial musculature indicated that adductor muscles responsible for closing the mouth had high biomasses, which is consistent with their functions related to apprehend and manipulate the prey. The feeding behavior adopted by this ray species showed a sequence of manipulation to crush hard prey as crustaceans (dominant prey category for P. motoro) to facilitate final oral transport. The morphological and behavioral characteristics of P. motoro are essential to fully understanding the mechanisms used in prey capture and processing in environments in which these stingrays occur.
Promoter analysis of OsAMT1;2 and OsAMT1;3 implies their distinct roles in nitrogen utilization in rice

We previously reported two rice ammonium transporter (OsAMT) genes, OsAMT1;2 and OsAMT1;3, which show root-specific expression at the vegetative stage. To further understand the functional differences between the two genes, we used the promoter::gusA reporter gene to investigate their detailed expression patterns. We show that in transgenic rice plants carrying individual 4-kb promoter::gusA fusion genes, the expression of the two genes was confined to roots during the entire plant life cycle, suggesting the housekeeping roles of the two transporters in rice. Detailed observation of the above transgenic lines further shows that OsAMT1;3 was preferentially expressed in the apices of seminal and lateral roots under nitrogendeficient conditions, and was repressed when supplied with ammonium. By contrast, OsAMT1;2 expression was induced most intensely in the root elongation zone under nitrogen-sufficient conditions. These observations suggest that the two genes have distinct roles in nitrogen utilization: OsAMT1;3 appears to function as a nitrogen sensor and OsAMT1;2 as an assimilator. In contrast to 4-kb promoters, gusA-reporter expression was not detected in the roots under both nitrogen-deficient and -sufficient conditions when using individual 2-kb promoter sequences proximal to transcription initiation sites for the two genes, indicating that distal 2kb promoter sequences are essential for the root-specific expression and conditional responsiveness to nitrogen of OsAMT1;2 and OsAMT1;3 genes.
Leaf Ultraviolet Optical Properties Along a Latitudinal Gradient in the Arctic‐Alpine Life Zone

Leaf epidermal transmittance of terrestrial solar ultraviolet-B radiation (295 to 320 nm) was examined along a latitudinal gradient of solar uv-B radiation. In high uv-B radiation zones, e.g., equatorial and tropical regions, mean epidermal transmittance for the species examined was less than 2%. At higher latitudes, mean epidermal transmittance exceeded 5%. Although this latitudinal solar uv-B gradient represents more than a seven-fold difference in daily integrated uv-B irradiance, the calculated mean effective uv-B irradiance at the mesophyll of low-latitude species is not substantially different from that of species at higher latitudes. Species in high uv-B radiation environments appear to attenuate this radiation more effectively than those in lower irradiance environments. In most cases, absorption of uv-B in the epidermis is the major parameter effecting low transmittance. Reflectance from glabrous leaves is generally less than 10%. In some species, pubescent or glaucous leaf surfaces can reflect more than 40% of the uv-B radiation incident on a horizontal leaf, although such surface characteristics do not necessarily indicate high uv-B reflectance. Under controlled conditions, epidermal transmittance in Pisum sativum L. decreased in response to uv-B irradiation. The modification of epidermal transmittance, resulting in lower uv-B irradiance at the mesophyll, may represent a mechanismmore » of plant acclimation to uv-B radiation. Such acclimation may have occurred in several wildland species of temperate-latitude origin that have invaded high uv-B irradiance equatorial and tropical regions. « less
Suplementação de fitase microbiana na dieta de alevinos de jundiá: efeito sobre o desempenho produtivo e as características de carcaça

Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos da adicao de diferentes niveis de fitase na dieta sobre o desempenho produtivo e as caracteristicas de carcaca de alevinos de jundia (Rhamdia quelen). Foram utilizados 208 alevinos com peso vivo inicial medio de 2,92±0,59g, distribuidos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (0, 500, 1.000 e 1.500FTU kg-1) e quatro repeticoes. Na composicao das dietas, foram utilizados somente ingredientes de origem vegetal e o alimento foi fornecido duas vezes ao dia. A cada quinzena, foram avaliados os parâmetros produtivos e, ao termino do periodo experimental (45 dias), foram ainda realizadas avaliacoes nas carcacas. O ganho de peso medio foi significativamente crescente (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos sem adicao de fitase (0 FTU kg-1) e o nivel maximo utilizado (1500FTU kg-1) na dieta, variando de 1,24±0,27g para 1,73±0,23g, respectivamente. A taxa de crescimento especifico tambem teve efeito significativo (P<0,05) nos tratamentos sem fitase e 1.500FTUkg-1, passando de 0,78±0,12% para 1,07±0,11%. Entretanto, o extrato etereo na carcaca foi linearmente decrescente com os niveis de fitase na dieta em todos os tratamentos (P<0,05), reduzindo de 13,54±0,02% (sem fitase) para 10,59±0,10% (1.500FTU kg-1). A inclusao de niveis crescentes de fitase na dieta, ate 1.500FTU kg-1, melhora o desempenho e as caracteristicas de carcaca de alevinos de jundia.
The influence of structural clutter on activity patterns of insectivorous bats

We experimentally tested the hypothesis that three-dimensional structural clutter is a major factor affecting habitat choice by insectivorous bats. To do this we artificially increased clutter at two sites used by bats without affecting prey availability. Our measure of available insect prey did not differ between treatment and control sites, indicating that only the spatial complexity of the habitat type was manipulated. Artificial clutter negatively affected foraging activity by small bats (Myotis spp.), supporting the hypothesis that physical clutter does affect foraging by bats. In direct contrast to our expectation, large bats (Eptesicus fuscus, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasionycteris noctivagans) were apparently unaffected by the clutter treatment. We suggest that this may be an artifact of our experimental design, because our ultrasonic detectors probably recorded large bats flying above the artificial clutter. RCsumC : Nous avons CprouvC l'hypothkse selon laquelle l'encombrement de l'espace tri-dimensionnel est un facteur important dans le choix d'un habitat chez les chauves-souris insectivores. Pour ce faire, nous avons augment6 l'encombrement ii deux sites utilisCs par les chauves-souris, sans toutefois modifier la disponibilitk des proies. Une mesure de la disponibilitb des proies s'est avCrCe semblable aux sites expkrimentaux et aux sites tCmoins, ce qui a confirme que seule la complexit6 spatiale du type d'habitat avait CtC modifiCe. L'encombrement artificiel a nui ii I'activitC de recherche de nourriture de petits verspertilions (Myotis spp.), ce qui corrobore l'hypothhse selon laquelle l'encombrement physique affecte la recherche de nourriture chez les chauves-souris. Contrairement ii nos attentes, cependant, des grandes chauves-souris (Eptesicus fuscus, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasionycteris noctivagans) n'ont pas CtC affectCes par l'encombrement. I1 s'agit probablement d'un artefact relie ii la planification de notre experimentation, sans doute parce que nos dCtecteurs d'ultra-sous ont enregistre le vol des grandes chauves-souris au-dessus de l'encombrement artificiel. (Traduit par la RCdaction)
The Commitments Statement: A New Statement for Creditors

: Much has been written lately concerning the failure of several major corporations to report their financial statuses accurately. Enron, Global Crossing, IBM and others have failed to provide accurate information to their investors and to provide full disclosure of liabilities that would influence the valuation. The present paper is focusing on creditors as a main group of accounting information users, which have been neglected, in field of information presentation. To solve this problem we introduce a new financial statement called “the commitments statement”. In the beginning, we point out financial reporting goals and users` informational needs. Then, we mention the issue, which creditors’ informational needs have not been well provided; and the reasons are explained. We continue with inspection of providing information related to solvency and recognition of financial flexibility of entities. Finally, we introduce “the commitments statement” and explain how to provide this statement. We end with the conclusion section.
Twinning and fetal sex ratio in moose: effects of maternal age and mass

To evaluate hypotheses concerning the effects of maternal characteristics on litter size and offspring sex ratio in a polygynous mammal, we examined how female age and mass affected the number and sex ratio of fetuses in moose (Alces alces). We analysed 420 fetuses collected from 297 females killed in Finland. Females that carried two fetuses were older than females with one fetus, while mass did not affect litter size. Sex ratio was not conclusively linked with maternal quality. The overall lack of difference in the sex ratio (no male bias among fetuses carried by the heaviest females) can be explained by the rather low degree of polygyny and the lack of intense female – female competition for a limited food supply (no female bias among fetuses carried by the heaviest females).