Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An automatic classifier for exam questions with WordNet and Cosine similarity

The learning objectives, learning activities and assessment are very much interrelated. Assessment helps to evaluate students learning achievement. Poorly designed assessments usually fail to examine the achievement of intended learning outcome of a course. There are different taxonomies that have been developed to identify the level of the assessment being practiced such as Bloom's and SOLO. In this research we have studied the use of WordNet with Cosine similarity algorithm for classifying a given exam question according to Bloom's taxonomy learning levels. WordNet similarity algorithm depends on the extracted verbs from exam question. Cosine similarity algorithm was based on identification of question patterns of exam question. It consists of tag pattern generation module, grammar generation module, parser generation and cosine similarity checking module. This algorithm was helpful to classify the exam question where verbs were not present in exam questions. Exam questions taken from courses at the Department of Computing and Information Systems at Wayamba University were used as a basis for a performance comparison, with the autonomous system providing classifications that were consistent with those provided by domain experts on approximately 71% of occasions.
Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Digital Wavelength Switching in V-Coupled-Cavity Semiconductor Laser

The static and dynamic characteristics of digital wavelength switching in a novel V-coupled-cavity semiconductor laser is investigated. In contrast to previously investigated Y-laser, the V-shaped coupler can realize not only an optimum coupling coefficient but also a ¿-phase difference between the cross-coupling and self-coupling coefficients, which results in a high single-mode selectivity. It is shown that while switching to an optimal current value results in the maximal output power and maximal side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR), the digitally wavelength switchable laser has a good tolerance on the accuracy of the switching current. For a current deviation corresponding to ±25% of the channel spacing, the SMSR only degrades by about 5.2 dB, while the wavelength varies by only ±0.01 nm from the set value for the case of 0.8 nm channel spacing. The dynamic properties including the switching transients and switching delay are also investigated and discussed.
HIGHLIGHTED TOPIC Fatigue Mechanisms Determining Exercise Performance Convective oxygen transport and fatigue

During exercise, fatigue is deﬁned as a reversible reduction in force- or power-generating capacity and can be elicited by “central” and/or “peripheral” mecha- nisms. During skeletal muscle contractions, both aspects of fatigue may develop independent of alterations in convective O 2 delivery; however, reductions in O 2 supply exacerbate and increases attenuate the rate of accumulation. In this regard, peripheral fatigue development is mediated via the O 2 -dependent rate of accumu- lation of metabolic by-products (e.g., inorganic phosphate) and their interference with excitation-contraction coupling within the myocyte. In contrast, the develop- ment of O 2 -dependent central fatigue is elicited 1 ) by interference with the development of central command and/or 2 ) via inhibitory feedback on central motor drive secondary to the peripheral effects of low convective O 2 transport. Changes in convective O 2 delivery in the healthy human can result from modiﬁ-cations in arterial O 2 content, blood ﬂow, or a combination of both, and they can be induced via heavy exercise even at sea level; these changes are exacerbated during acute and chronic exposure to altitude. This review focuses on the effects of changes in convective O 2 delivery on the development of central and peripheral fatigue.
Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism stratified according to their presenting syndromes.

PURPOSE The purpose of this investigation is to determine the characteristics of the history, physical examination, chest radiograph, and ECG, and the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) lung scan probability in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) stratified according to their presenting syndrome. BACKGROUND In considering a possible diagnosis of acute PE, it is helpful to consider the patient in terms of the presenting syndrome (pulmonary infarction, isolated dyspnea, or circulatory collapse). In assessing the possibility of acute PE, it would be more useful to know the detailed characteristics of the particular syndrome rather than the clinical characteristics of all patients with PE. METHODS Patients described in this investigation participated in the national collaborative trial of the Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED). All had PE diagnosed by pulmonary angiography. None had prior cardiopulmonary disease. All examinations and laboratory tests were obtained within 24 h of the pulmonary angiogram and most were within 12 h of the pulmonary angiogram. RESULTS Among patients with the pulmonary infarction syndrome, 14 of 119 (12%) had neither dyspnea nor tachypnea. Some patients with circulatory collapse did not have dyspnea, tachypnea, or pleuritic pain. A normal ECG was more prevalent among patients with pulmonary infarction syndrome, 45 of 97 (46%), than among patients with isolated dyspnea syndrome, 2 of 21 (10%) (p<0.01). A PaO2 >80 mm Hg was also more prevalent in patients with the pulmonary infarction syndrome, 27 of 99 (27%), than in patients with the isolated dyspnea syndrome, 2 of 19 (11%). A high-probability V/Q lung scan was less prevalent among the pulmonary infarction group, 38 of 119 (32%), than the isolated dyspnea group, 20 of 31 (65%) (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Many of the findings in the various syndromes of PE can be understood in terms of the severity of PE as it increases from mild with the pulmonary infarction syndrome to moderate with the isolated dyspnea syndrome to severe with circulatory collapse. The prevalence of various clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with the syndrome of pulmonary infarction, isolated dyspnea, or circulatory collapse may give clues to the diagnosis or suggest characteristics that may reduce the likelihood of inadvertently discarding the diagnosis of PE.
Metabolism of corticosterone in mammalian and avian intestine.

11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11betaHSD) catalyzes the conversion of the glucocorticoids, corticosterone and cortisol, to the respective derivatives 11-dehydrocorticosterone and cortisone. The recent findings underline the importance of this enzyme in excluding glucocorticoids from mineralocorticoid receptors. In the present study, 11betaHSD activity was compared in the intestine of herbivorous (guinea pig), omnivorous (rat), and granivorous (hen) animals, i.e., in animals in which the Na+ transport either is or is not regulated by aldosterone under normal conditions and in which the plasma levels of individual glucocorticoids are different. Slices of various intestinal segments were incubated in the presence of corticosterone or 11-dehydrocorticosterone, and the steroids were extracted and analyzed by HPLC. In the mammalian intestine, the activity of 11betaHSD was very low (approaching zero) in aldosterone-insensitive segments (duodenum, jejunum) but significant activity was revealed in aldosterone-sensitive segments (ileum, cecum, and proximal and distal colon). In comparison with the rat, the guinea pig large intestine exhibited significantly higher activity of 11betaHSD. There was no detectable reductase activity (conversion of 11-dehydrocorticosterone to corticosterone) in any intestinal segments of either species. Unexpectedly, no 11betaHSD activity was observed in the avian intestine. It was found that, in contrast to the mammalian intestine, corticosterone was metabolized to 20-dihydrocorticosterone while 11-dehydrocorticosterone was converted to 11-dehydro-20-dihydrocorticosterone. The distribution of 20-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20HSD) activity in the avian intestine was homogenous along the intestine and did not correlate with the mineralocorticoid sensitivity of intestinal segments. To trace different cosubstrate dependence of 11betaHSD and 20HSD, homogenates of ileum and distal colon were incubated with NAD+/NADH or NADP+/NADPH, respectively. In accordance with slice experiments mammalian intestine displayed only oxidation of corticosterone to 11-dehydrocorticosterone and NAD+ preference. In avian intestine, the metabolite formed from corticosterone was 11-dehydrocorticosterone in the presence of NAD+ or NADP+ whereas in the presence of NADPH 11-dehydro-20-dihydrocorticosterone and 20-dihydrocorticosterone were formed. Given the wide similarity between mineralocorticoid regulation of epithelial transport in mammals and birds, the unexpected finding of differences in the metabolism of corticosterone suggests that role of 20HSD is to allow aldosterone occupancy of mineralocorticoid receptors.
A comparison of rocuronium and lidocaine for the prevention of postoperative myalgia after succinylcholine administration.

The incidence of postoperative myalgia (POM) after succinylcholine administration has been reported to range from 5% to 83%. The administration of small doses of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants or lidocaine before the administration of succinylcholine has been shown to decrease the incidence and severity of POM experienced by patients. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the severity of POM in subjects receiving pretreatment with rocuronium or lidocaine. Seventy-four subjects were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind investigation to measure the effect of pretreatment modalities on the incidence and severity of myalgia following succinylcholine administration. Pretreatment consisted of either lidocaine, 1.5 mg/kg, or rocuronium, 0.03 mg/kg. Myalgia was measured using a 4-point ordinal scale. Ordinal and nominal data were analyzed using a chi 2 test and the Fisher exact test. A P value of less than . 05 was considered significant. Data for 53 subjects were included in the analysis. Of the lidocaine group, 21 (72%) of 29 reported no myalgia at 48 hours compared with only 9 (38%) of 24 in the rocuronium group (P = 0.023). Satisfaction was similar between the groups. Based on the results of this study, pretreatment with lidocaine may provide better relief from myalgia than rocuronium at 48 hours after surgery.
Opioid receptors John McDonald BSc

centuries, both in amedicinal and ‘recreational’ manner. Indeed, findings of fossilized opium poppy seeds dating as far back as 30 000 yr ago suggest the use of opium by Neanderthal man. In 1799, Friedrich Serturner discovered the major active ingredient of opium, which he named morphine and opioid pharmacology was born. Morphine and its derivates are used today for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. It is now understood that morphine and other opioid drugs act on an endogenous opioidergic system, which is not only involved in setting pain (nociceptive) threshold and controlling nociceptive processing but also participates in modulation of gastrointestinal, endocrine and autonomic function, as well as a possible role in cognition. Evidence for the existence of multiple opioid receptor subtypes arose from work identifying the different anatomical location and pharmacological profiles of compounds that were eventually used to name them, i.e. morphine (mu), ketocyclazocine (kappa) and vas deferens (delta). Recently, a fourth opioidlike receptor has been included in the opioid receptor family and is termed the nociceptin orphanin FQ peptide receptor. Receptor nomenclature has changed numerous times but current International Union of Pharmacology (IUPHAR) opinion is MOP (mu), KOP (kappa), DOP (delta) and NOP for the nociceptin orphanin FQ peptide receptor. All four are G-protein-coupled receptors sharing the similar seven transmembrane topology (Fig. 1). Other receptor subtypes have been suggested (e.g. sigma receptor) but have been dismissed based on a lack of naloxone sensitivity.
Comparison of Stability of Proximal Crescentic Metatarsal Osteotomy and Proximal Horizontal “V” Osteotomy

Proximal metatarsal osteotomies are often performed in patients with hallux valgus and significant metatarsus primus varus. The crescentic osteotomy is popular; however, some authors have reported malunion of the metatarsal shaft caused by dorsal angulation of the osteotomy in a significant number of cases. Recently, proximal transverse “V” osteotomies have been reported to have good results, with rapid healing and no dorsal malunions. We compared the stability of a transverse, proximal “V” osteotomy, using two 0.062-inch K-wires or a 3.5-mm cortical screw for fixation, with that of the proximal crescentic osteotomy, using a 3.5-mm cortical screw fixation. The three osteotomy/fixation techniques were performed on 30 fresh-frozen cadaver feet. The specimens were loaded to failure at the fixation site by applying a load through the plantar surface of the first metatarsal head. Force versus displacement curves were obtained to calculate the failure load and stiffness. Statistical differences among the three groups were determined by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test and the standard t-test. The “V” osteotomy/screw group was more stable than either the “V” osteotomy/pin group or the crescentic osteotomy/screw group. Differences in failure strength between the “V”/screw group and the other two groups were significant at the P < . 01 level and the differences in stiffness were significant at the P = . 05 level. No statistical differences were found between the “V”/pins and the crescentic/screw groups.
Cooperative spectrum sensing for RF-energy harvesting cognitive Radio networks

This article studies the impact of Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting on the design and performance of cooperative spectrum sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs). While recent literature have primarily focused on mode selection and sensing-throughput optimization at the terminal level; this article discusses the challenges of mode selection in infrastructure networks, like IEEE 802.22 and 802.11af, using cooperative spectrum sensing. In particular, we develop two distributed mode selection strategies that cater for the time-varying needs of the network terminals. It is shown that these strategies give adequate flexibility to the network without jeopardising throughput. Computer simulations are used to show the advantages of the proposed strategies compared to the conventional decision-based cooperative spectrum sensing.
New approaches in breast cancer management: sentinel node biopsy and intraoperative radiotherapy.

Breast cancer is presenting earlier, and treatment is becoming less invasive. We review two recent changes in the approach to management. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a minimally invasive technique to identify the first draining lymph node in direct communication with the primary tumor; it enables "selective lymphadenectomy. " Axillary lymph node dissection is reserved as a therapeutic procedure only for proven node positive patients. The concept has been validated, the techniques have been optimized, and randomized controlled trials have confirmed lower morbidity without compromising regional control compared with conventional treatment. The procedure is considered by many as the standard of care for staging the axilla in early breast cancer, although several unanswered questions remain. Adequate training and experience in the technique are vital to ensure high sentinel node identification and low false negative rates. Intraoperative radiotherapy is an attractive concept that enables delivery of single fraction radiotherapy in the operating room immediately after resection of the primary tumor. It is convenient for patients and appears effective in pilot studies. Partial breast irradiation to the index quadrant has been practiced for many years in the form o brachytherapy. Trials are under way comparing intraoperative radiotherapy with conventional external bea irradiation. Intra-operative radiotherapy should not be used outside of clinical trials until the results of the current randomized trials are known.
Continuous cell lines from the Muscovy duck as potential replacement for primary cells in the production of avian vaccines

ABSTRACT Veterinary vaccines contribute to food security, interrupt zoonotic transmissions, and help to maintain overall health in livestock. Although vaccines are usually cost-effective, their adoption depends on a multitude of factors. Because poultry vaccines are usually given to birds with a short life span, very low production cost per dose is one important challenge. Other hurdles are to ensure a consistent and reliable supply of very large number of doses, and to have flexible production processes to accommodate a range of different pathogens and dosage requirements. Most poultry vaccines are currently being produced on primary avian cells derived from chicken or waterfowl embryos. This production system is associated with high costs, logistic complexities, rigid intervals between harvest and production, and supply limitations. We investigated whether the continuous cell lines Cairina retina and CR.pIX may provide a substrate independent of primary cell cultures or embryonated eggs. Viruses examined for replication in these cell lines are strains associated with, or contained in vaccines against egg drop syndrome, Marek's disease, Newcastle disease, avian influenza, infectious bursal disease and Derzsy's disease. Each of the tested viruses required the development of unique conditions for replication that are described here and can be used to generate material for in vivo efficacy studies and to accelerate transfer of the processes to larger production volumes.
Progress in polycrystalline HgI/sub 2/ used for X-ray imaging detectors

Use of physical vapor deposition (PVD) of polycrystalline HgI/sub 2/ films on Si-TFT arrays brought about a breakthrough in the use of HgI/sub 2/ for large area pixellated X-ray imaging. Latest advances in the deposition process led to full-texture high-density films, with highly orientated crystallites, as evidenced for example by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The good structural data also yielded excellent electrical charge transport properties, which approached those of single crystals. Transient charge transport (TCT) with alpha-particle near-surface absorption was used to measure carrier mobility, trapping time, and surface recombination velocity for each sample. Typical electron and hole mobility of high quality polycrystalline HgI/sub 2/ films were /spl mu//sub n/ = 88 cm/sup 2//V /spl middot/ s and /spl mu//sub p/ = 4.1 cm/sup 2//V /spl middot/ s, respectively. Trapping times were /spl tau//sub n/ /spl cong/ 18 /spl mu/s and /spl tau//sub p/ /spl cong/ 3.5 /spl mu/s, and surface recombination velocities s/sub n/ /spl cong/ 1.4 /spl times/ 10/sup 5/ cm/s and s/sub p/ /spl cong/ 3.7 /spl times/ 10/sup 3/ cm/s. The performance of these detectors as spectrometers in a standard nuclear spectroscopy system was evaluated. We used a gamma source of /sup 241/Am with the characteristic 59.6 keV gamma photo-peak. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the detector photo peak depended on its charge transport properties. High quality polycrystalline HgI/sub 2/ film detectors yield a peak of approximately 38 keV FWHM, while lower quality ones yield a much broader peak of FWHM > 70 keV. Such widths are still inferior to those of a single crystal (typically /spl sim/5 keV), yet the results suggest that further improvement through optimization of manufacturing conditions is possible. The talk reviews our past efforts, recent new results, and plans for the future.
Effects of Two Years of Daily Teriparatide Treatment on BMD in Postmenopausal Women With Severe Osteoporosis With and Without Prior Antiresorptive Treatment

Previous antiresorptive (AR) treatment may influence the response to teriparatide. We examined BMD response and safety in a subgroup of 503 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who received teriparatide for 24 mo. Patients were divided into three groups based on their prior AR treatment: treatment‐naïve (n = 84); pretreated with no evidence of inadequate treatment response (n = 134); and pretreated showing an inadequate response to AR treatment (n = 285), which was predefined based on the occurrence of fractures, persistent low BMD, and/or significant BMD loss while on therapy. Changes in BMD from baseline were analyzed using mixed model repeated measures. Lumbar spine BMD increased significantly from baseline at 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo in all three groups. The mean gain in spine BMD over 24 mo was greater in the treatment‐naïve group (0.095 g/cm2; 13.1%) than in the AR pretreated (0.074 g/cm2; 10.2%; p < 0.005) and inadequate AR responder (0.071 g/cm2; 9.8%; p < 0.001) groups. The corresponding increases in total hip BMD were 3.8%, 2.3%, and 2.3%, respectively. Early decreases in hip BMD in the inadequate AR responder group were reversed by 18 mo of treatment. Increases in BMD between 18 and 24 mo were highly significant. Nausea (13.3%) and arthralgia (11.7%) were the most commonly reported adverse events. Asymptomatic hypercalcemia was reported in 5.0% of patients. Teriparatide treatment for 24 mo is associated with a significant increase in BMD in patients with and without previous AR use. Prior AR treatment modestly blunted the BMD response to teriparatide. Safety was consistent with current prescribing label information.
Superficial Circumflex Iliac Artery Perforator Flap for Reconstruction of Limb Defects

The superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator (SCIP) flap differs from the established groin flap in that it is nourished by only a perforator of the superficial circumflex iliac system and has a short segment (3 to 4 cm in length) of this vascular system. Three cases in which free superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flaps were successfully transferred for coverage of soft-tissue defects in the limb are described in this article. The advantages of this flap are as follows: no need for deeper and longer dissection for the pedicle vessel, a shorter flap elevation time, possible thinning of the flap with primary defatting, the possibility of an adiposal flap with customized thickness for tissue augmentation, a concealed donor site, minimal donor-site morbidity, and the availability of a large cutaneous vein as a venous drainage system. The disadvantages are the need for dissection for a smaller perforator and an anastomosing technique for small-caliber vessels of less than 1.0 mm.