Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Minimize Low-Order Harmonics in Low-Switching-Frequency Space-Vector-Modulated Current Source Converters With Minimum Harmonic Tracking Technique

Gate turnoffs (GTOs) are usually used in high-power current source converters (CSCs), i.e., rectifiers and inverters. Space vector modulation (SVM) technique for CSC is established by dividing ac-side line current cycle into six sectors. Each sector is divided into a certain number of SV cycles. SV cycle is divided into three states: two active and one zero state. For low switching frequency as required by GTOs, the SVM technique generates fifth and seventh harmonics (HD5-7) in the CSC ac-side current. Minimal reduction in HD5-7 was achieved with certain states sequence inside the SV cycle. Moderate reduction in HD5-7 was obtained by calculating states on -times at once in the middle of each SV cycle. In this paper, larger reduction in HD5-7 at CSC ac-side current is achieved by new techniques for calculating states on-times. First, two straightforward techniques are proposed. One calculates states on-times from SVM equations in the middle of each state on-time. The other calculates all states on -times when the state changes from one active state to the other. Both techniques are effective in reducing HD5-7. Then, minimum harmonics tracking (MHT) technique for calculating states on-times in SVM CSC is proposed. Tracking technique adjusts states on-times once per four ac-side line current cycles to give the least HD5-7. In CSC with a large overlap period, power factor affects HD5-7, so two-variables MHT technique for both active states on-times inside SV cycle is proposed to give the least HD5-7. Also, a variable perturbation tracking technique is proposed to reduce transient time with unperturbed steady-state operation. Finally, experimental investigations and obstacles are introduced.
Comparison of Changes in the Interstitial Cells of Cajal and Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase-positive Neuronal Cells With Aging Between the Ascending and Descending Colon of F344 Rats

Background/Aims Neuronal degeneration and changes in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are important mechanisms of age-related constipation. This study aims to compare the distribution of ICCs and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) with regard to age-related changes between the ascending colon (AC) and descending colon (DC) in 6-, 31-, and 74-week old and 2-year old male Fischer-344 rats. Methods The amount of fecal pellet and the bead expulsion times were measured. Fat proportion in the muscle layer of the colon was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression were analyzed with Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Isovolumetric contractile measurements and electrical field stimulation were used to assess smooth muscle contractility. Results Colon transit and bead expulsion slowed with senescence. Fat in the muscle layer accumulated with age in the AC, but not in the DC. The proportion of KIT-immunoreactive ICCs in the submucosal and myenteric plexus was higher in the DC than in the AC, and it declined with age, especially in the AC. In contrast, the proportion of NOS-immunoreactive neurons in the myenteric plexus was higher in the AC than in the DC, and both decreased in older rats. Nitric oxide levels declined with age in the DC. Muscle strip experiments showed that the inhibitory response mediated by nitric oxide in the circular direction of the DC was reduced in 2-year old rats. Conclusion The AC and DC differ in their distribution of ICCs and nNOS, and age-related loss of nitrergic neurons more severely affects the DC than the AC.
Guidebook for Evaluating Fuel Purchasing Strategies for Public Transit Agencies

This report is a guidebook for public transit agency professionals on how to identify and evaluate risks and uncertainties with respect to fuel prices, and describes tools and techniques for minimizing the impact of these uncertainties over time. This guidebook introduces the concept of fuel price risk management to public transit agencies, identifying alternative purchasing strategies and outlining steps necessary to implement an effective risk management program. It defines and evaluates alternative cost-effective fuel purchasing strategies designed to benefit public transportation agencies of varying sizes, and it provides a management framework to assist transit agencies through the fuel purchasing process. While using this guidebook, it is important to recognize that “risk management” is distinct from “removal of risk. ” It does not assure the lowest fuel prices; rather, it seeks to control the impact of price swings on overall transit system operating budgets.
Do HPV‐negative cervical carcinomas exist?

Based on improvements in HPV detection technology, it appears that an almost 100% HPV association is reached for cervical cancer, as demonstrated in an accompanying paper in this issue of the Journal. Factors which may explain the rare cases in which no HPV DNA is detectable include: improper sampling; disruption of HPV by integration events; the existence of still unidentified HPVs; sensitivity of the method; and the mechanism of transformation. Finally, epidemiological studies identifying HPV independent risk factors are necessary to answer the question of whether HPV independent pathways exist for cervical carcinogenesis. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-glucoside transporters under different growth conditions

Important biotechnological processes depend on the efficient fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts of starch hydrolysates rich in maltose and maltotriose. The rate-limiting step for fermentation of these α-glucosides is the transport across the plasma membrane of the cells. In order to contribute to a better understanding of maltose and maltotriose metabolism by S. cerevisiae, we analyzed the expression of the main α glucoside transporter genes in two different yeast strains grown on media with glucose, maltose or maltotriose as carbon source. Although both yeast strains have higher αglucoside transport activity during growth on maltotriose, our results show similar expression levels of the analyzed genes on either maltose or maltrotriose media. Thus, our results indicate that, although the transport capacity of maltotriose grown cells is higher than that of maltose grown cells, maltotriose cannot be considered a better inducer of αglucoside transporter genes.
Poor glucose control in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 'safe' hemoglobin A1c values in the first trimester of pregnancy

Objective: To observe glycemic excursions, measured continuously over 24 h, in relation to hemoglobin A1c values in the first trimester of pregnancy of women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods: The MiniMed Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS) was used to obtain glucose values every 5 min during 24 h. Hemoglobin A1c was determined at the end of the continuous glucose recording and 6-12 weeks after the continuous glucose recording. Results: Continuous glucose recordings were obtained in 13 women between 7 and 15 weeks of gestation. Nine patients had hemoglobin A1c levels of ≤ 7.0% (< 1% above the upper limit of normal range) while up to 41.3% of the readings had values of < 3.9 mmol/l (70 mg/dl) and up to 52.8% of the readings had values of > 7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl). Conclusions: Hemoglobin A1c does not reflect the complexities of glycemic control in women with type 1 diabetes who are considered to have accomplished tight glycemic control in the first trimester of pregnancy.
President Kennedy and Addison's disease.

To the Editor:— Following publication I have received 38 unsolicited letters from lay persons, apparently based on newspaper articles, many enclosing clippings. Twenty were anonymous and hostile! The other 18 were complimentary and signed. Reprint requests have been mostly from practitioners, not associated with institutions. Only a few have been on preprinted request cards. Of the 125 requests, nine are twopage letters from former interns and residents who had been clinically associated with the Kennedy case some time previously. Others were from eminent authorities, one of whom says he was at one time Kennedy's personal physician. All agree with the diagnosis. No adverse criticism has been received from a physician.
Towards a Sustainable Health Care Financing in Ghana: Is the National Health Insurance the Solution?

As part of rejuvenated efforts at pursuing sustainable health care financing options that promote universal coverage, Ghana has adopted a National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) to provide financial access and universal coverage for health care, which is key in promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health interventions for all at an affordable cost. However, since its operationalization in 2004, the policy is facing a lot implementation challenges that are threatening its viability. Our research investigates the financial sustainability of the scheme. This qualitative study was conducted between July, 2013 and July, 2014. Ten in-depth interviews were conducted with officials connected with the NHIS selected across the Ashanti and the three Northern regions of Ghana. Additionally, ten focus group discussions were also conducted and this was complemented by analysis of policy documents. The study reveals that the sustainability of the scheme is threatened by lack of funds which has resulted in indebtedness to service providers. Out-of-pocket payment has been re-introduced by service providers and in some cases, NHIS card holders who are unable to make upfront payment are rejected at health facilities. The study posits that the trend is likely to continue and perhaps even escalate unless a well planned policy intervention to refit the scheme is adopted and competently implemented.
Balanced filters with wideband common mode suppression using dual-mode ring resonators

Two novel balanced filters with wideband common mode suppression using dual-mode ring resonators are proposed in this paper. Two and four transmission zeros close to the passband are realized to improve the selectivity for the differential mode. In addition, over 20-dB common mode suppression can be realized from 0 GHz to 5f0 (f0 is the center frequency of the passband), due to the all-stop transmission characteristic of the open/shorted coupled lines. To verify the presented concepts, two prototypes ( εr=2.65, h=1.0 mm) with 3-dB fractional bandwidths of 22.9% and 21.9% for the differential mode are designed and fabricated. The theoretical and measured results agree well and show good in-band filtering performance and high selectivity.
Semantic data containers for realizing the full potential of system wide information management

In order to unleash the full potential of System Wide Information Management (SWIM), the BEST project (Achieving the Benefits of SWIM by Making Smart Use of Semantic Technologies) proposes the semantic container approach which shields service and application developers from the complexities of data provisioning in Air Traffic Management (ATM). In combination with SWIM, semantic containers facilitate the emergence of a marketplace of value-added information services, and allow for complex derivation chains of data sets. Along these derivation chains, existing data are intelligently filtered and prioritized as well as combined and annotated with additional information.
An automatic transcription system for Turkish music

This study presents an automatic transcription system for Turkish music for the first time in literature. We first discuss the characteristics of Turkish music that are taken into consideration in the design of the system. Then, the following signal processing components of the system are described briefly in relation to each other and explaining their function in the system: f0 estimation, automatic tonic detection and makam recognition based on pitch distributions, frequency and duration quantization.
Survie de la jeune entreprise : une étude de cas sur la base des relations interpersonnelles

Cet article s’interesse aux conditions de survie d’une jeune entreprise a partir de l’etude de la construction/destruction des liens sociaux unissant l’equipe entrepreneuriale. Beaucoup de travaux portent sur l’utilisation du reseau social pour le developpement des entreprises, mais quels sont les risques lies a la mobilisation du reseau social pour trouver les bons associes pour une creation d’entreprise ? La construction et le renforcement des liens entre les associes s’averent etre des facteurs importants pour la survie et la reussite d’une jeune entreprise, notamment dans le cadre de la survie de l’equipe entrepreneuriale.
Cenozoic seawater Sr/Ca evolution

Records of seawater chemistry help constrain temporal variations in geochemical processes that impact the global carbon cycle and climate through Earth's history. Here we reconstruct Cenozoic seawater Sr/Ca (Sr/Casw) using fossil Conus and turritellid gastropod Sr/Ca. Combined with an oxygen isotope paleotemperature record from the same samples, the gastropod record suggests that Sr/Caswwas slightly higher in the Eocene (∼11.4 ± 3 mmol/mol) than today (∼8.54 mmol/mol) and remained relatively stable from the mid‐ to late Cenozoic. We compare our gastropod Cenozoic Sr/Casw record with a published turritellid gastropod Sr/Casw record and other published biogenic (benthic foraminifera, fossil fish teeth) and inorganic precipitate (calcite veins) Sr/Caswrecords. Once the uncertainties with our gastropod‐derived Sr/Casw are taken into account the Sr/Casw record agrees reasonably well with biogenic Sr/Caswrecords. Assuming a seawater [Ca] history derived from marine evaporite inclusions, all biogenic‐based Sr/Casw reconstructions imply decreasing seawater [Sr] through the Cenozoic, whereas the calcite vein Sr/Casw reconstruction implies increasing [Sr] through the Cenozoic. We apply a simple geochemical model to examine the implications of divergence among these seawater [Sr] reconstructions and suggest that the interpretation and uncertainties associated with the gastropod and calcite vein proxies need to be revisited. Used in conjunction with records of carbonate depositional fluxes, our favored seawater Sr/Ca scenarios point to a significant increase in the proportion of aragonite versus calcite deposition in shelf sediments from the Middle Miocene, coincident with the proliferation of coral reefs. We propose that this occurred at least 10 million years after the seawater Mg/Ca threshold was passed, and was instead aided by declining levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
MICROFILAMENTS IN THE POLAR LOBE CONSTRICTION OF FERTILIZED EGGS OF ILYANASSA OBSOLETA

GARY W. CONRAD, DANIEL C . WILLIAMS, F. RUDOLF TURNER, KENNETH M. NEWROCK and RUDOLF A. RAFF. From the Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine 04672, and Department of Zoology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401 . Drs. Conrad and Williams are from Kansas State University and Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory . Drs . Turner, Newrock, and Raff are from Indiana University.
Perineural Injection of Morphine Fails to Relieve Postoperative Pain in Humans

Ten patients scheduled for bilateral foot surgery were given general anesthesia plus ankle blocks. One side was blocked with 0.02% morphine and the other with 0.9% saline. A second group of 10 patients for bilateral foot surgery had one side blocked with 0.02% morphine and the other with 0.01% morphine. A within-patient blind comparison of postoperative analgesia between the two sides was performed by nurse observers, using categorical and visual analogue scales for both pain intensity and pain relief. Postoperative analgesia recorded by the nurse observer was not significantly different between morphine and saline. Similarly, there was no significant difference in postoperative analgesia between legs blocked with the higher or lower dose of morphine. Thus, perineural morphine does not relieve postoperative pain at doses equivalent to 2–4 mg in a 70-kg man.
Cancer Events After Acute or Chronic Exposure to Sulfur Mustard: A Review of the Literature

Background: Sulfur mustard (SM) has been considered as a carcinogen in the laboratory studies. However, its carcinogenic effects on human beings were not well discussed. The main purpose of our study is to assess carcinogenesis of SM following acute and/or chronic exposures in human beings. Methods: The valid scientific English and Persian databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, IranMedex, and Irandoc were searched and the collected papers reviewed. The used keywords were in two languages: English and Persian. The inclusion criteria were the published original articles indexed in above-mentioned databases. Eleven full-texts out of 296 articles were found relevant and then assessed. Results: Studies on the workers of the SM factories during the World Wars showed that the long-term chronic exposure to mustards can cause a variety of cancers in the organs such as oral cavity, larynx, lung, and skin. Respiratory system was the most important affected system. Acute single exposure to SM was assumed as the carcinogenic inducer in the lung and blood and for few cancers including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusions: SM is a proven carcinogen in chronic situations although data are not enough to strongly conclude in acute exposure.
Engine and radiator: fetal and placental interactions for heat dissipation

The ‘engine’ of fetal metabolism generates heat (3‐4 W kg‐1 in fetal sheep) which has to be dissipated to the maternal organism. Fetal heat may move through the amniotic/allantoic fluids to the uterine wall (conductive pathway; total conductance, 1.1 W degrees C‐1 kg‐1) and with the umbilical arterial blood flow (convective pathway) to the placenta. Because resistance to heat flow is larger than zero fetal temperature exceeds maternal temperature by about 0.5 degree C (0.3‐1 degree C). Probably 85% of fetal heat is lost to the maternal organism through the placenta, which thus serves as the main ‘radiator’. Placental heat conductivity appears to be extremely high and this may lead to impaired heat exchange (guinea‐pig placenta). A computer simulation demonstrates that fetal temperature is essentially clamped to maternal temperature, and that fetal thermoregulatory efforts to gain thermal independence would be futile. Indeed, when the late gestational fetus in utero is challenged by cold stress, direct and indirect indicators of (non‐shivering) thermogenesis (oxygen consumption, increase of plasma glycerol and free fatty acid levels) change only moderately. In prematurely delivered lambs, however, cold stress provokes summit metabolism and maximum heat production. Only when birth is imitated in utero (by cord clamping, external artificial lung ventilation and cooling) do thermogenic efforts approach levels typical of extra‐uterine life. This suggests the presence of inhibitors of thermogenesis of placental origin, e.g. prostaglandins and adenosine. When the synthesis of prostaglandins is blocked by pretreatment with indomethacin, sheep fetuses react to intra‐uterine cooling with vigorous thermogenic responses, which can be subdued by infusion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Since the sheep placenta is known to produce sufficient amounts of PGE2, it seems that the placenta controls fetal thermogenic responses to some extent. This transforms the fetus into an ectothermic organism, and yet allows the newborn the full exploitation of thermoregulatory responses typical of endothermic animals.
The science behind skin care: Cleansers

Two of the most important skin care categories with profound dermatologic implications are cleansers and moisturizers. Cleansers are composed of alkaline soaps or the less barrier‐damaging synthetic detergents, known as syndets. The lower skin irritation and dryness found with syndets are related to their reduced tendency to cause protein denaturation due to the charge density of protein‐bound micelle‐like surfactant aggregates. Many cleansing formulations are available for purchase to meet hygiene needs varying by sex, age, ethnicity, occupation, environment, personal preferences, and the presence or absence of skin disease. This discussion covers the science of skin cleansing.
Defect in regulatory B-cell function and development of systemic autoimmunity in T-cell Ig mucin 1 (Tim-1) mucin domain-mutant mice

Tim-1, a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, consists of an IgV domain and a mucin domain. The IgV domain is essential for binding Tim-1 to its ligands, but little is known about the role of the mucin domain, even though genetic association of TIM-1 with atopy/asthma has been linked to the length of mucin domain. We generated a Tim-1–mutant mouse (Tim-1Δmucin) in which the mucin domain was deleted genetically. The mutant mice showed a profound defect in IL-10 production from regulatory B cells (Bregs). Associated with the loss of IL-10 production in B cells, older Tim-1Δmucin mice developed spontaneous autoimmunity associated with hyperactive T cells, with increased production of IFN-γ and elevated serum levels of Ig and autoantibodies. However, Tim-1Δmucin mice did not develop frank systemic autoimmune disease unless they were crossed onto the Fas-mutant lpr mice on a C57BL/6 background. Tim-1Δmucinlpr mice developed accelerated and fulminant systemic autoimmunity with accumulation of abnormal double-negative T cells and autoantibodies to a number of lupus-associated autoantigens. Thus, Tim-1 plays a critical role in maintaining suppressive Breg function, and our data also demonstrate an unexpected role of the Tim-1 mucin domain in regulating Breg function and maintaining self-tolerance.
Supplement to “ The Multiple Quantile Graphical Model ”

If the conditional quantiles satisfy QU |V,W (α) = QU |W (α) for all α ∈ [0, 1], then the conditional CDF must obey the same property, i.e., FU |V,W (t) = FU |W (t) for all t in the support of U . This is simply because any CDF may be expressed in terms of its corresponding quantile function (i.e., inverse CDF), as in FU |V,W (t) = sup{α ∈ [0, 1] : QU |V,W (α) ≤ t}, and the right-hand side does not depend on V , so neither can the left-hand side. But this precisely implies that the distribution of U |V,W equals that of U |W , i.e., U and V are conditionally independent given W . We note that the converse of the statement in the lemma is true as well, by just reversing all the arguments here.