Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can irrelevant but salient visual cues compensate for the age-related decline in cognitive conflict resolution?—An ERP study

We studied a Posner-type gaze-cued version of a Simon task to characterize age-related changes in visuospatial attention and inhibitory control. Earlier results had indicated that the direction of gaze is a strong social cue that speeds response times; so we wondered whether, as a task-irrelevant stimulus, it could compensate for age-related impairment of inhibitory processes in the elderly. Our results assessed the Simon effect by: reaction time, error rate, the P3 component and the lateralized readiness potential (LRP). We found that the Simon effect was larger in the older group confirming an increased sensitivity to interference and also suggesting a decreased inhibitory control in older adults. LRP results showed that aging and stimulus-response incongruency delayed the selection of the responses–indexed by longer s-LRP latency data–, and also decreased the efficiency of motor inhibition in the Simon task–the s-LRP amplitude of both wrong- and correct-side activation was larger in older adults, and the latency difference of these two components was longer in this age-group. Also a larger N2pc amplitude in the congruent, compared to incongruent gaze condition, showed an increased visuospatial attention when the gaze-cueing drew attention to the target stimulus. This gaze-cueing could not be ignored and hence it modified task processing in the older age group, which was evident in the incongruent Simon condition where the congruent gaze increased older adults’ reaction time and their error rate; but there was no difference observed in the congruent Simon condition. Since the anticipated facilitation of reaction times did not occur, we suggest that general slowing and decreased inhibitory functions in the elderly caused the social cue not to be a supporting stimulus but rather to be a further burden on their cognitive processing.
Extending the Cluster Map Algorithm using Automated Cluster Identifier

Abstract The increasing demand for data in many applications has led to the existence of large datasets causing the need for clustering techniques to become an important challenge. Several clustering algorithms exist for processing large dataset such as representative-point-based labelling (RPBL) and centroid-based labelling (CBL) which are based on the very rough distribution of cluster boundary. The cluster map (CM) algorithm improves the precession of clustering algorithms by allowing the user to define and redefine clusters. User interaction is the main problem with the CM algorithm because most systems do not allow user interaction. This paper proposes a cluster identifier (CI) algorithm which automates the user role in the CM algorithm. CI defines clusters, assigns a unique identifier for each cluster and labels the outliers with special identifiers to distinguish them from clusters. Experimental results demonstrate that automating user role in the CI algorithm produces comparable results to those generated by the CM algorithm.
Histochemical characterization of myotomal muscle in the grass pickerel, Esox americanus vermiculatus (LeSeuer), and the muskellunge, E. masquinongy (Mitchell)

A histochemical study of the myotomal muscles in the grass pickerel, Esox americanus vermiculatus, and the muskellunge, E. masquinongy, was performed using actomyosin ATPase and NADH diaphorase activities. Three fibre types, i.e., red, white and pink were distinguished on the basis of their enzyme activities. White muscle fibres comprised the bulk of the myotomal musculature. The relative proportion of red muscle fibres was greater in the caudal region than in more anterior regions of the body. Pink fibres formed only a few layers between red and white. These findings are discussed in relation to the possible functional significance of the muscle fibre types in swimming and feeding behaviour in these species.
Mycoprotein and health

Summary Mycoprotein is a high protein, high fibre, low fat food ingredient derived from fermentation of the filamentous fungus Fusarium venenatum. Interest in the putative role of mycoprotein in lowering blood cholesterol concentrations, reducing energy intakes and controlling blood sugar levels has generated a small number of human studies investigating the effects of mycoprotein on cholesterol reduction, satiety and insulinaemia/glycaemia. In today's ‘obesogenic’ environment, in which there is an abundance of foods high in fat and/or sugar available to consumers, there is growing interest in foods that are both nutritious and satiating, but that are of low-energy density, and are low in saturates, salt and sugar. Mycoprotein has a favourable fatty acid profile (being relatively low in saturates), a fibre content that is comparable with other vegetarian protein sources, and a naturally low sodium content. Mycoprotein is a good source of zinc and selenium but the levels of iron and vitamin B12 in mycoprotein are low in comparison to red meat. A small number of studies investigating the cholesterol-lowering effects of mycoprotein have been carried out among normo- and hypercholesterolaemic adults. The published studies to date have a number of limitations (including small sample sizes and short study durations), but overall the studies report statistically significant reductions in total cholesterol amongst hypercholesterolaemic subjects (in the order of 4–14%). These results look promising in terms of the ability of mycoprotein to contribute modest but meaningful effects on blood cholesterol concentrations, as part of a varied and balanced diet. However, the exact amount of mycoprotein that would need to be consumed in free-living populations to have meaningful effects on cholesterol is a candidate for further confirmatory research. A number of studies have investigated the effects of mycoprotein in comparison with other protein sources on satiety. Several studies suggest that the effects of mycoprotein on satiety are greater than an equivalent amount of chicken but it is unclear what mechanism underlies this. The studies conducted so far are relatively small, and carried out under controlled conditions, so it is difficult to extrapolate the results to larger free-living populations. The promotion of mycoprotein could potentially be useful, alongside other strategies, in the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes, as it appears to show beneficial effects on glycaemia and insulinaemia in the small number of studies where this has been investigated. More research is needed to better understand the mechanism of action whereby mycoprotein influences glycaemia and insulinaemia, and whether there is any dose-dependent effect. This paper reviews the published evidence for mycoprotein and the topics above, draws interim conclusions about the role of mycoprotein in human health and identifies areas for future research.
Plant sterols: biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition.

Plant sterols are an essential component of the membranes of all eukaryotic organisms. They are either synthesised de novo or taken up from the environment. Their function appears to be to control membrane fluidity and permeability, although some plant sterols have a specific function in signal transduction. The phytosterols are products of the isoprenoid pathway. The dedicated pathway to sterol synthesis in photosynthetic plants occurs at the squalene stage through the activity of squalene synthetase. Although the activity of 3-hydroxymethyl-3-glutaryl coenzyme A (HGMR) is rate-limiting in the synthesis of cholesterol, this does not appear to be the case with the plant sterols. Up-regulation of HGMR appears to increase the biosynthesis of cycloartenol but not the Δ5-sterols. A decline in sterol synthesis is associated with a suppression of squalene synthetase activity, which is probably a critical point in controlling carbon flow and end-product formation. The major post-squalene biosynthetic pathway is regulated by critical rate-limiting steps such as the methylation of cycloartenol into cycloeucalenol. Little is known about the factors controlling the biosynthesis of the end-point sterol esters or stanols. The commonly consumed plant sterols are sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol which are predominantly supplied by vegetable oils. The oils are a rich source of the steryl esters. Less important sources of sterols are cereals, nuts and vegetables. The nutritional interest derives from the fact that the sterols have a similar structure to cholesterol, and have the capacity to lower plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Since the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease have been dramatically reduced using cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins), the interest in plant sterols lies in their potential to act as a natural preventive dietary product. Stanols (saturated at C-5) occur in low amounts in the diet and are equally effective in lowering plasma cholesterol and do not cause an increase in plasma levels, unlike the sterols which can be detected in plasma. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
On Unbounded Zero-One Knapsack With Discrete-Sized Objects

Abstract This paper presents an approximated solution for an unbounded knapsack problem where the sizes of objectsare discrete values: maxzn(M)=1n∑i=1npixis.t. ∑i=1ncixi≤β0nxi∈{0,1}∀i=1,. , where pis are the profits that are uniformly distributed random variables in [0,1]. The sizes cis are discrete random variables which are distributed uniformly in {1/M, 2/M,…, (M-1)/M, 1}. zn(M) is the total profit to be maximized. Assuming that M is large, it is found that the optimal profit zn(M) is approximately equal to 2β0/3(1−0.3062(βM)−1) An example from auction is used to explain and illustrate the use of the derived solution in estimating the profit.
Torrubiella pruinosa, a teliomorph of an entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella versicolor of mango hopper (Idioscopus clypealis) from India

Torrubeilla pruinosa, a teliomorph of an anamorphic entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella versicolor on mango hopper (Idioscopus clypealis) was observed. On the infected mango hopper, tiny pin head signs of ascomata were observed. Ascomata of T. pruinosa is pale brown or tawny brown, crowded, immersed in stroma, wall dark golden brown, 260–320 × 230–260 μm, asci clavate, hyaline and thin walled. The ascospores of T. pruinosa are fusiform, distoseptate with a faint tint of pigmentation, 17.5–25.0 × 5.0–7.5 μm. The anamorph stage of H. versicolor fungal hyphae is hyaline, septate and profusely branched, and conidiogenous (phialides) cells are hyaline, pear-shaped and smooth-walled with single or double sterigmata and rarely, multiple sterigmata. Each sterigmata bears single conidia which are hyaline, oval to pear-shaped.
Morphological and physiological responses of Porphyra suborbiculata Kjellman (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) blades from five localities

Abstract Archeospore germlings of five strains of Porphyra suborbiculata from tropical to sub-tropical (Ilocos Norte, Philippines and Shangwei, China, respectively) and warm-temperate waters (Kagoshima and Enoshima, Japan and Tongyoung, South Korea) were cultured under two photoperiod regimes (14L:10D and 10L:14D) and different temperature conditions (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C) at 60–80 umol m-2 s-1 photon flux density in the laboratory. The blades of the Philippines and China strains grew at 15–30°C with optimum growth at 20–25°C under both photoperiods, while the strains from Japan and Korea tolerated a temperature range of 10–25°C under both photoperiods and grew best at 10–20°C under SD conditions. The specimens from the Philippines and China had varying blade shapes in culture while the Japanese and Korean strains had prominent round to ovoid blades and linear to lanceolate blades under long and short day-length conditions, respectively. Archeospore liberation was observed earlier in higher temperatures for all strains, regardless of photoperiod. Sexual reproduction occurred within the optimum growth conditions (20–25°C for the samples from the Philippines and China, and 10–20°C for the warm temperate samples) of all strains under both photoperiods. The Philippines specimens had blade spores that developed directly into ‘‘spoke-like conchosporangia’’ restrictively at 30°C, without observed fertilization. The appearance of 2–3-celled marginal denticulation generally occurred earlier at higher temperature under longday conditions. The Chinese strain had a smooth-edged shape, denticulate cell margin and contrasting cell number (4–5 cells) at 25°C. Porphyra suborbiculata exhibits wide geographic distribution, and the temperature and photoperiod tolerance shown here could imply adaptation and differentiation within a species to varying environmental conditions.
MicroRNA Gene Interaction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Dataset

All microRNAs (miRNAs) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) study were collected from public databases such as miRBase, mir2Disease, and Human miRNA and Disease Database (HMDD). These miRNA datasets were used for target identification; these sets of miRNAs were expressed in brain specific parts of brain such as midbrain, cerebellum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus. Gene’s information and sequences were collected from NCBI and KEGG databases. All miRNAs were used for target prediction against 35 ALS associated genes. Three programs were used for target identification, namely, miRanda, TargetScan, and PicTar. The dataset contained information about miRNA targets sites identified by each program. Intersection studies of three programs such as miRanda versus TargetScan, miRanda versus PicTar, and TargetScan versus PicTar were carried out with all datasets. Target sites identified by each program were further explored for distribution of target sites across 35 genes in 5′ UTR, CDS, and 3′ UTR for miRNAs expressed in midbrain, cerebellum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus as predicted. Dataset was also used for calculation of multiplicity and coopretivity; this information was then used for construction of complex gene-microRNA interaction map.
Dirunal leaf movement, chlorophyll fluorescence and carbon assimilation in soybean grown under different nitrogen and water availabilities

Diurnal heliotropic leaf movements, photosynthetic gas exchange, and the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of unrestrained and horizontally restrained leaves from soybean (Glycine max cv. Cumberland) plants grown in two different water and two different nitrogen treatments were measured. Leaves of plants grown in low water or low nitrogen availability treatments displayed more pronounced diaheliotropism (solar tracking) in the afternoon and a longer period of paraheliotropism (light avoiding) at midday relative to those of well-watered, high-nitrogen-grown plants. Photosaturated photosynthetic rates and the photon flux required to saturate photosynthesis were reduced by water stress and nitrogen deficiency. Compared to horizontal leaves, irradiance on orienting leaves was nearer to the breakpoint of the photosynthetic light response curve, where photosynthesis is co-limited by ribulose biphosphate regeneration and carboxylation. This would increase the carbon return on investments of nitrogen into photosynthesis. A positive linear relationship between Fv/Fm and quantum yield of photosynthesis was measured. Leaves of low-nitrogen-grown plants had earlier and more prolonged reductions in Fv/Fm at midday compared to leaves of high nitrogen grown plants of the same water treatment. Within the same water and nitrogen treatment, horizontally restrained leaves had lower midday Fv/Fm in relation to orienting leaves. Nitrogen deficiency and water stress enhanced this difference such that horizontally restrained leaves of low water and low nitrogen grown plants had earlier and longer midday depressions in Fv/Fm.
LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE RETRIEVAL BY RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION AND SINGLE CHANNEL ALGORITHMS USING LANDSAT-8 SATELLITE DATA

Land surface temperature (LST) is the key parameter which in land surface processes, energy balance, crop evapotranspiration, water allocation and planning from small to larger extant on globe. Now a day, LST retrieval algorithms become a research interest globally using various satellite data at different spatial resolution. In the present study, the main aim is to retrieve land surface emissivity and temperature over the parts of North India using Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) based method and Single Channel (SC) method for the Rabi season using Landsat-8 thermal infra-red sensor (TIR) data. The main task in LST retrieval is removing the atmospheric attenuation effects and calculation of land surface emissivity (LSE) with vegetation variability which was incorporated in LSE. So, NDVI was estimated as proxy of vegetation which is varied with crop cover. Upwelling and downwelling path radiance with atmospheric transmittance are estimated from MODTRAN model for TIRS. These radiances were incorporated in estimation of complex process of LSE. RTE and SC algorithms assimilate the thermal radiance measured at sensor level, accompany with emissivity. Mean LST varied from 302.3°K to 276.5°K and 307.7°K to 282.0°K derived from RTE method and SC method, respectively for all kind of land covers available in the study area. NDVI values were compared with respective LST values for understanding the LST association with NDVI. A strong negative correlation was observed between NDVI and LST (R 2 = 0.80 for RTE method and R 2 = 0.84 for SC method), especially in vegetated areas. However, calculation of emissivity due to change in vegetation with spatial scale is complex and matter of future research studies.
The effects of activity, temperature and mass on the respiratory metabolism of the squid, Illex illecebrosus

Oxygen consumption was measured in squid (Illex illecebrosus) ranging from 42·7 to 443·0 g. Ambient temperature increased from 8·3 °C to 18·2 °C during the experimental period. Resting rates were calculated by correcting for the percentage of time not spent in the resting posture. A 100 g squid resting at 13 °C has a predicted oxygen consumption of 31·3 ml/h, while a continuously swimming squid has an oxygen consumption of 125·0 ml/h. Oxygen consumption is almost directly proportional to body size. A 10° increase in environmental temperature would increase oxygen consumption for a squid of given mass by 6·7 times.
Anatomical Changes on Charring Six African Hardwoods

Charcoal often retains sufficient qualitative anatomical features for the family and genus of the wood to be identified. During the charring process however, considerable and sometimes unexpected changes in quantitative characters occur, which are of particular importance to species identification and ecological wood anatomy. Comparative measurements were made using charred and uncharred trunkwood from six common southern African savanna trees. SampIes were charred for 30 minutes at either 400 or 700°C. Charcoal yield and significant quantitative changes in vessel diameter and ray cells are related both to wood anatomy and to the process of combustion. Differences observed on charring were most closely correlated with the nature and quantity of the fibres. Axial parenchyma cells expanded after charring at both temperatures.
Seed Predation by Animals

Many plants suffer very heavy preand/or post-dispersal seed predation by animals. A few exemplary studies (2,18,38,52,74,87, 106, 110, 111, 124, 140, 161, 162, 171, 181, 187, 196, 197, 203, 205, 207, 217, 220, 227) and a variety of shorter reports scattered through the agricultural, botanical, and zoological literature suggest a large and important, yet unexploited, field of study. It is clear that the pattern of seed predation is highly structured and that it co evolved at, the chemical, spatial, and temporal level. It involves all levels of animal-plant interaction from the internal energy budget of indi­ viduals to the entire community (203 ) . Owing to parental and sibling com­ petition, successful development of a seedling may depend on the seed's dis­ persal (101). Equally important, thc seed must escape from the predators at the seed crop and in the parent plant's habitat before and after dispersal (111 ) . The game is played by mobile predators in search of sessile prey; escape is through a single dispersal move, seed chemistry, parental morphol­ ogy and behavior, and evolutionary change. The processes and patterns are:ideal candidates for ecological and evolu­ tionary analyses (83, 111 ) of the typcs traditionally conducted by zoologi­ cally oriented biologists (37, 51,73, 141, 155,156, 182) or applied to plants in general ( 40,116,208,209,241) . Seed predators and leaf eaters are often lumped together in ecological discussions, but they differ in ways especially important in the coevolution of seed predators and seeds: (a) Like leaves, seeds are highly subdivided and small, but unlike leaves and other vegetative parts, they have very high nutrient values per unit volume. ( b) While obvious in large quantities, they may be extremely inconspicuous once dispersed. ( c) Being comparatively dormant, seeds have low self-repair abilities but can contain high concentra­ tions of toxic compounds (secondary substances) with less sophisticated ad­ aptations against self-intoxication than can leaves and meristematic tissues. ( d ) Seed production is not continually required for direct survival of the parent plant; seed timing, quantity, and quality can therefore be manipu­ lated more freely by natural selection than can these traits of leaves and other vegetative parts. (e ) Seeds are not directly replaced· when killed or germinated; once removed, seeds may be absent far longer than edible vege­ tative parts and thus a common plant species may be rare in time,toa seed
Home range, activity and habitat use of european rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in arid Australia : implications for control

The home range, activity and habitat use of wild European rabbits in northern South Australia were compared during winter and summer, and results used to suggest improvements to control techniques. Average home range was significantly smaller in summer (2.1 ha) than winter (4.2 ha) and there was no significant difference between the sexes. Rabbits used both dune and swale habitat but most warrens and more surface fixes were recorded in dune habitat in both seasons. Proportionally more surface fixes were found in swale habitat at night than during the day. The proportion of diurnal fixes on the surface was not significantly influenced by season, averaging 47% in winter and 62% in summer. Only 30% of radio-collared rabbits flushed by humans retreated to warrens. Comparable levels of diurnal surface activity in both winter and summer suggest that the death rate from fumigation or warren destruction may be similar in both seasons. High levels of diurnal surface activity suggest that warren fumigation may be ineffective unless rabbits can first be flushed to their warrens. The use of dogs to flush rabbits before fumigation or ripping should increase the efficacy of control. Activity data suggest that fumigation or ripping should be conducted between 0900 and 1600 hours in winter and 1100 and 1800 hours in summer when radio-collared rabbits were most likely to be down their warrens. Home-range data suggest that the effectiveness of poison baiting may be increased by placing bait lines closer together in summer and, although bait lines should be concentrated in dune habitat, some poison should also be placed in swale feeding areas remote from warrens. The most successful control method for radio-collared rabbits was fumigation with phosphine gas tablets, with 10 of 11 rabbits successfully killed. Pressure fumigation with chloropicrin was also successful but 1080 poisoning and warren destruction using shovels were all relatively unsuccessful.