Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Managing Software Defects

Developers use bug tracking systems to manage the defects that arise during software development. Those systems allow the users to submit reports that describe the failure and the possible causes that led to the error. Bug trackers have evolved and adapted their interfaces to guide the user through the submission of relevant information. However, despite the refinement of the interfaces and improvements, such as the gathering of metadata describing the runtime context, the description of a defect is still composed of plain text. This representation allows flexibility in describing a defect, but the information included in the report is hard to extract and interpret, thus representing an ineffective and unintuitive method to precisely describe a problem. Our work aims to improve the workflow of developers in dealing with bug reports. This begins with promoting a bug report -- often considered as a side effect of the development process -- to independent entity with specific properties that can be exploited to describe and understand a system. We believe that, by automating the steps that lead to the creation of a bug report, we can generate meaningful information that can be automatically elaborated to produce insightful views on the failure environment, like interactive visualizations or linking with artifacts produced during development, and aid the interpretation of a bug report. Finally, we want to integrate the reporting process with elements from game design theory, to stimulate interaction between developers and people in the community and create fruitful cooperation in software ecosystems.
FACTORS PREDISPOSING TO POSTOPERATIVE PAIN AND PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS A Study of Male Patients undergoing Elective Gastric Surgery

SUMMARY In 50 male patients the relationship was assessed between preoperative factors, including personality and pain threshold, and postoperative pain and pulmonary changes. There were highly significant correlations between neuroticism scores and postoperative changes. Patients with a low neuroticism score were likely to have less pain, less impairment of pulmonary vital capacity and a lower incidence of postoperative complications. Analysis of extraversion scores was less conclusive. A high psychoticism score was associated with a high neuroticism score, but psychoticism did not otherwise affect the results. There was no significant correlation between preoperative pain threshold and postoperative factors. The analyses of the effect of the non-psychological preoperative factors on postoperative pain severity and pulmonary complications showed less significant results than those with neuroticism. Pulmonary complications were higher in those patients with pre-existing chest disease and the incidence of postoperative pain appeared lower in those patients who had received intraoperative analgesia. Close correlation was found between the postoperative subjective assessment of pain and vital capacity impairment. The patient's neuroticism score warrants greater attention in studies of postoperative pain.
A bilinear interpolation mean shift small target tracking algorithm

It is difficult to track targets in grayscale videos especially for small targets because of the lack of the target image information. A tracking algorithm was proposed to track small targets in grayscale videos whose size was from 7×7 pixels to 25×25 pixels. The algorithm included six steps: (1) enlarge the target and the surrounding region by bilinear interpolation; (2) enhance the target features of the enlarged region by histogram equalization; (3) expand the single grayscale video into three channel video by pixel gradient; (4) establish the target model and the target candidates by kernel density estimation in the enlarged and equalized image space; (5) obtain the target location in the enlarged image by mean shift method; and (6) transform the location of target from the enlarged image to the original image. The time complexity of the proposed algorithm is O(n). The experimental results showed that the algorithm was able to track the small targets steadily, accurately and quickly. The deviation of target location was zero for most frames and no more than 2 pixels for a few frames in which the target rotated at a large angle. The time spent in tracking the small target in a frame was 15 or 16 ms for the two testing cases in this study.
Age and exercise induced changes in glutathione metabolism of male albino rats

In the present study the effect of exercise on age‐induced alterations in glutathione metabolism has been investigated in the tissues of male albino rats. The activity of antioxidant enzymes of glutathione‐S‐transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, enzymes of oxidative metabolism glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and reduced glutathione, a biological antioxidant, were estimated in selected tissues. These enzymes showed a general decline with advancement of age. Further, endurance exercise increased the activity of these enzymes in both young and aged rats in all the three tissues studied. The increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and the GSH‐GSSG redox cycle during exercise training suggests a novel defensive mechanism in response to increased free radical production during aging.
A survey on packet scheduling over DVB-S2 through GSE encapsulation

A key features of the second generation for video broadcasting (DVB-S2) is the adoption of Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) technology and Generic Stream Encapsulation (GSE) standards. In order to increase the system performance up to the Shannon limit a suitable resource management (RRM) exploiting this key features is a needed. Packet scheduling mechanisms particularly play a fundamental role to guarantee a better RRM, because they are responsible for choosing, with a fine time how to distribute the satellite resources among different terrestrial stations, taking into account channel condition and the quality-of-service requirements. This goal should be accomplish by providing, at the same time, an optimal trade-off between spectral efficiency, given the limited resources on satellite systems, while granting the requirements for quality-of-service. In this context, this paper provides an overview on the key issues that arise with the use of ACM technology and GSE encapsulation in the design of a scheduler to allocate satellite resources. Moreover, a survey on the most recent scheduling techniques is reported, including a comparison between different approaches presented in literature.
Comparison of polypropylene and silicone Ahmed valve survival 2 years following implantation in the first 2 years of life

Aim: To compare the 2-year survival rates of polypropylene and silicone Ahmed glaucoma valves (AGVs) implanted during the first 2 years of life. Methods: Retrospective analysis of polypropylene and silicone AGV implantation during the first 2 years of life in children with 2 years’ postoperative follow-up. Patients with prior aqueous drainage device implantation were excluded. Results: Forty-two eyes of 36 children were reviewed. Thirty-one eyes received a polypropylene AGV (six S1, 25 S2), and 11 eyes received a silicone AGV (11 FP7). The average survival time (maintenance of intraocular pressure ⩽22 mm Hg with (or without) medications and without significant complications) was significantly longer (p = 0.001 by the logrank test) for the silicone group (23.36 months, standard error (SE) 1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 20.16 to 24.00 months) than for the polypropylene group (19.10 months, SE 1.53, 95% CI 16.1 to 22.12 months). Cumulative probabilities of survival at 2 years by Kaplan to Meier analysis were 90.9% (SE 8.7, 95% CI 70 to 100%) and 54.8% (SE 8.9, 95% CI 23 to 87%), respectively (p = 0.001 by the logrank test). All eyes implanted with silicone AGVs had the diagnosis of congenital glaucoma, which was independently associated with 2-year survival. Conclusions: Two years after surgery, silicone AGVs survived longer than polypropylene AGVs. However, all eyes that received silicone AGVs in our cohort had congenital glaucoma, which had a better survival than other paediatric glaucoma diagnoses. A study of silicone AGV implantation in other paediatric glaucoma diagnoses is needed to determine whether or not silicone AGVs independently have a better survival after implantation in the first 2 years of life.
Presenting features and early management of childhood intermittent exotropia in the UK: inception cohort study

Aim: To investigate factors associated with early management of intermittent exotropia (X(T)) in hospital eye departments in the UK in a prospective cohort study. Methods: An inception cohort of 460 children aged <12 years with previously untreated X(T) (mean age 3.6 years, 55.9% girls) was recruited from 26 UK hospital children’s eye clinics and orthoptic departments. Participants received a standard ophthalmic examination at recruitment and orthoptic assessment at three-monthly intervals thereafter. The influence of severity of exotropia (control measured by Newcastle Control Score (NCS), and angle of strabismus, visual acuity and stereoacuity) and age on the type of management was investigated. Results: Within the first 12 months following recruitment, 297 (64.6%) children received no treatment, either for impaired visual acuity or for strabismus. Ninety-six (21%) children had treatment for impaired visual acuity. Eighty-nine (19.4%) received treatment for strabismus (22 of whom also received treatment for defective visual acuity); in 54 (11.7%) treatment was non-surgical and in 35 (7.6%) eye muscle surgery was performed. Children with poor (score 7–9) control of strabismus at recruitment were more likely to have surgery than children with good (score 1–3) control (p<0.001). Children who had no treatment were younger (mean age 3.38 years) than those who were treated (mean 4.07 years) (p<0.001). Stereoacuity and size of the angle of strabismus did not influence the type of management received. Conclusions: X(T) can be a presenting sign of reduced visual acuity. Most children with well controlled X(T) receive no treatment within 12 months following presentation.
The effect of socio-economic deprivation on severity of glaucoma at presentation

Objective: To evaluate the influence of socio-economic factors on severity of glaucoma at presentation Methods: All newly diagnosed glaucoma patients at the University Hospitals-NHS, Aberdeen and South Glasgow University Hospitals-NHS, in 2006, were included. Glaucoma was severe at presentation if there was a repeatable visual-field loss with a mean deviation index greater than 12 dB in the Humphreys visual fields test or an absolute paracentral scotoma within the central 5° of the visual fields. Home address was used to determine the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) rank. The SIMD rank, demographics and severity of glaucoma at presentation were investigated using general linear modelling. Results: There were 48 patients with severe glaucoma and 74 patients with non-severe glaucoma. In four, the severity could not be determined. Severity of glaucoma at presentation was significantly associated with SIMD rank, being most severe in patients from areas with the lowest ranks (p = 0.026). Age was a significant factor (p = 0.024), with severe glaucoma being more common in elderly patients. Conclusions: Age and socio-economic deprivation were associated with severity of glaucoma at presentation, with patients from areas of higher socio-economic deprivation presenting with more advanced glaucoma.
Nidek MP-1 microperimetry and Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) in X linked retinoschisis

X linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is a frequent cause of macular dystrophy in males with an estimated prevalence of between 1 in 15 000 and 1 in 30 000. The diagnosis is based on the presence of central and peripheral schisis within the inner retina and supported by electroretinography, which shows a characteristic electronegative response to a bright flash in the dark-adapted state.1 Fundus related perimetry or microperimetry is a useful tool for assessing macular function and mapping central visual fields, scotomas and fixation behaviour.2 The MP-1 microperimeter (Nidek technologies, Padua, Italy) utilises an LCD microperimeter and allows a direct correlation of macular function with pathology. We present an observational study of nine patients (17 eyes) aged between 7.5 years and 20 years (median age 10 years) with XLRS who underwent …
Multichannel cross-layer routing for sensor networks

This paper proposes a new decentralised multi-channel tree building protocol with a centralised controller for the Internet of Things. The protocol alleviates the effect of interference which results in improved network efficiency and stability, and link reliability. The proposal takes into account all available channels to utilise the spectrum and aims to use the spectrum efficiently by transmitting on several channels. The protocol detects which channels suffer interference and changes away from those channels. The algorithm for channel selection is a two-hop colouring protocol that reduces the chances of nearby nodes to transmit on the same channel. All nodes are battery operated except for the low power border router (LPBR). This enables a centralised channel switching process at the LPBR. The protocol is built based on the routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL). In its initial phase, the protocol uses RPL's standard topology formation to create an initial working topology and then seeks to improve this topology by switching channels. The implementation and evaluation of the protocol is performed using the Contiki framework. The experimental results demonstrate an increased resilience to interference and significantly higher throughput making better use of the total available spectrum and link stability.
Does Apo2L/TRAIL play any physiologic role in osteoclastogenesis?

To the editor: Apo2L/TRAIL is a promising new cancer therapeutic with demonstrated efficacy against a variety of malignancies. [1][1] A number of recent studies have demonstrated the ability of different versions of recombinant Apo2L/TRAIL to inhibit both human and mouse osteoclastogenesis, and
Analysis of clinically suspected orbital cavernomas

Background Orbital cavernomas are low-flow vascular malformations that are the most common benign neoplasms of the orbit in adults, typically becoming symptomatic in the middle age. Methods The medical records of six patients with clinically suspected orbital cavernomas receiving elective surgical excision were analysed concerning symptoms, physical findings, treatment results and visual outcome. The pathologic slides were evaluated, and additional immunohistochemical stains were done if necessary to obtain diagnosis. Results Histologic evaluation revealed three of six cases not being cavernomas, although the clinical and macroscopic findings were consistent with orbital cavernomas. Two of them were haemorrhagic lymphangiomas, and one was a solitary fibrous tumour. Conclusions Haemorrhagic lymphangiomas and other vascular tumours may mimic orbital cavernomas regarding anamnesis, radiologic and intraoperative findings and gross examination. Therefore, exact histologic evaluation is necessary to get the correct diagnosis.
Transretinal degeneration in ageing human retina: a multiphoton microscopy analysis

Aim Retinal cell remodelling has been reported as a consistent feature of ageing. However, the degree to which this results in transretinal degeneration is unclear. To address this, the authors used multiphoton microscopy to quantify retinal degeneration in post-mortem human eyes of two age groups. Methods Retinas from six young subjects (18–33 years old) and six older subjects (74–90 years old) were prepared as wholemount preparations. All retinas were stained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and imaged by multiphoton confocal microscopy to quantify neuron densities in the retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL), inner nuclear layer (INL) and outer nuclear layer (ONL). Neurons were counted using automated cell identification algorithms. All retinas were imaged hydrated to minimise tissue artefacts. Results In both groups, 56% of the area within the central 4 mm eccentricity and 27% of the area with eccentricity between 4 mm and 7 mm were imaged. Compared with young subjects, the peak RGCL neuron loss in the aged subjects (25.5%) was at 1 mm eccentricity. INL and ONL neuron densities significantly decreased at 1–2 mm eccentricity (8.7%) and 0.5–4 mm eccentricity (15.6%) respectively (P <0.05). The reduction in neuron density in the INL corresponded, spatially, to the region with the greatest neuron loss in the RGCL and ONL. Conclusions This is the first study to correlate neurodegeneration in different populations of cells in the ageing retinas. These data confirm that the greatest neuronal loss occurs in the RGCL and ONL in human ageing retinas, whereas the INL is relatively preserved.
The impact of diabetic retinopathy: understanding the patient's perspective

Understanding the impact of a condition from the patient's perspective is important, and different types of patient-reported outcomes or instruments are available to help with this. This review article summarises the current evidence on the impact of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its associated vision impairment on patient-reported outcomes. We have included research that has used a range of outcome measures to assess the impact of DR on generic health-related quality of life, utility, vision-functioning and vision-specific quality of life. This review also offers clarification on frequently misused psychometric terminologies to help clinicians and researchers better understand the literature associated with patient-reported outcome research. Overall, the evidence suggests that DR, particularly in its vision-threatening stages, has a substantial, negative impact on the patient. However, our understanding of the impact of DR is currently restricted due to limitations inherent in currently available patient-reported outcome measures. We conclude by discussing potential directions for future research in this area, such as item banking and computer adaptive testing.
Distributed Energy-Efficient Power Control for Macro–Femto Networks

Femtocell deployment provides a cost- and energy-saving solution for cellular operators. Although energy efficiency is imperative for green communications, most existing works on femtocells focus on interference mitigation and capacity maximization rather than on energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose two energy-efficient power control (EEPC) schemes for downlink transmissions in multichannel macro-femto networks, namely, gradient-based distributed power control (GDPC) and energy-efficient game-based power control (EGPC). In particular, GDPC maximizes energy efficiency by macro base stations (BS) or femto access points (FAPs) operating in a semi-autonomous mode, with partial derivatives and system power information exchanged periodically between neighboring macro BSs or FAPs. To make the power control completely distributed without inter-BS communications, EGPC is further proposed based on game theory, in which each BS updates its power-allocation strategy to maximize its utility. We theoretically prove the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium of the power control game in EGPC. Simulations are carried out based on realistic channel conditions to verify the analytical results and validate the effectiveness of GDPC and EGPC. It is shown that both GDPC and EGPC can effectively improve the system energy efficiency compared with average power allocation (APA) and another two power control schemes (i.e., a distributed power control algorithm and a noncooperative game) and that EGPC can converge to the equilibrium with better performance.
A context-aware handoff scheme and all-ip mobile multicast service for heterogeneous wireless networks

With rapid development of wireless technologies, current user mobile devices can support to access various wireless networks such as Wi-Fi 802.11 Wireless LANs, 3G cellular networks, etc. Due to requirements of multicast mobility for multimedia services, the convergence of wired and wireless network has been a necessary trend in Next Generation Networks (NGN). The issues of multicast and mobility in the heterogeneous networks are very significant. Thus, the paper proposes an integrated framework for mobile nodes (MNs) and core networks to provide a seamless multicast mobility service according user contexts, i.e. user states and network states. The context-aware handoff process including the operations of system discovery, handoff decision, and handoff execution are designed for MNs. In addition, multicast agents (MAs) in the core networks are designed to deal with multicast connection management, which supports all IP multicast connection for multicast supported and non-multicast- supported networks. The prototype of the proposed framework has been implemented and tested. The performance measurements and system evaluation are shown, and the service disruption time during context-aware handoff can be minimized.
Preventing endophthalmitis after cataract surgeries

We congratulate Murjaneh et al for addressing the use of intraoperative antibiotics for prophylaxis against postoperative endophthalmitis.1 Worldwide, there are significant regional variances in the method of prophylactic antibacterial regimens; for example, topical fluoroquinolones are commonly used in the USA, while intracameral cephalosporins are employed widely in Europe.2 In order to provide more data for this discussion, we present the statistics from our private clinical practice, since we have used the same routine for endophthalmitis prevention in our cataract surgeries in the last 5 years. Our routine consists of topical ocular administration of a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone, four times a day, initiating 1 day before the surgery and maintaining in the operative day. After the surgery, the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone is administered …
THE PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE

The manner in which a single injection of S. typhosa endotoxin effects the primary hemolysin response to sheep erythrocytes in the mouse has been shown to depend on the dosage, route, and time of administration of the endotoxin, as well as on the route employed for the injection of antigen. The normal production of antibody, following an intravenous or an intraperitoneal injection of red blood cells, is suppressed if the bacterial lipopolysaccharide is given before and by the same route as the antigen. The response to an intraperitoneal injection of sheep red cells is also inhibited if preceded by an intravenous injection of endotoxin. By contrast, hemolysin formation to intravenous antigen is enhanced considerably by a previous intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin, and the response both to intravenous and to intraperitoneal injections of the antigen increases if the endotoxin is given by the same route either simultaneously or shortly after the foreign red cells. These findings are discussed in regard to the physiological action of bacterial endotoxins and the early events in antibody formation.