Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Visualization of turbid two-fluid flows inside microfluidic conduits

Frequency domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) with phase-resolved algorithm is presented to perform highresolution (8 &mgr;m), cross-sectional imaging of structure and velocity in turbid gas-liquid slug flow inside a microtube and turbid liquid-liquid flow inside chaotic mixromixers: a barrier embedded Kenics micromixer and a Kenics micromixer. Slug flow, the most common flow regime in microfluidic gas-liquid two-phase flow, consists of trails of bubbles separated by liquid slugs flowing concurrently and provides significant radial heat and mass transfer. Since interfacial transports are proportional to the interfacial area between two phases, interfacial area concentration defined by interfacial area per unit mixture volume is an important parameter in a biochip with turbid biofluids. All the en face image techniques, such as light microscopy, experience errors in the interfacial area concentration measurement due to light refraction. In addition, they have overlapping depth information from the layers within a laser sheet or a depth of focus of the objective lens. OCT, however, can provide accurate interfacial area concentration in a microtube because it is a cross-sectional imaging technique which dispenses with the refraction correction in the radial direction. Simultaneously, OCT can measure bubble velocity and velocity field inside liquid slugs. The radial liquid velocity was quantified without refraction correction. Two toroidal vortices per liquid slug were visualized which is the essential mechanism for radial heat and mass transfers. The barrier embedded Kenics micromixer and Kenics micromixer are high performance chaotic micromixers with complex three-dimensional geometry. Conventional techniques cannot visualize a cross-sectional mixing pattern in such a complex micromixer. OCT, however, can image the pattern and, thereby, show mixing mechanisms. The barrier embedded Kenics micromixer was proven to have a higher performance by comparison mixing patterns of two micromixers.
Free Radical Polymerization of n-Butyl Methacrylate in Ionic Liquids

Ionic liquids based on imidazolium, pyridinium, and alkylammonium salts were investigated as solvents in free radical polymerization of the model monomer n-butyl methacrylate. The properties of the ionic liquids were systematically varied by changing the length of the alkyl substituents on the cations, and by employing different anions such as tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, tosylate, triflate, alkyl sulfates and dimethyl phosphate. Results were compared to analogous polymerizations in toluene and in bulk. The solvents have no detectable influence on polymer tacticity. However, the molar masses obtained and the degree of polymerization, respectively, are very sensitive to the choice of the solvent. The degrees of polymerization are significantly higher when polymerizations were carried out in ionic liquids compared to polymerization in toluene, and can even exceed the values obtained by bulk polymerization. Imidazolium salts unsubstituted at C-2 result in an increase in the degree of polymerizatio.
Radiative Transitions of Singlet Oxygen: New Tools, New Techniques and New Interpretations

The near‐IR phosphorescence of singlet delta oxygen, O2(a1Δg), has provided a wealth of information since it was first observed in solution‐phase systems. The techniques employed and the quality of the data obtained have unproved significantly over the years that, in turn, presently makes it possible to address a wide variety of problems using both steady‐state and time‐resolved measurements. The development of spectroscopic methods to monitor other transitions in oxygen, specifically those that involve the singlet sigma state, O2(b1σg+), and the incorporation of high‐level computational methods provides access to an even broader range of fundamental issues. The expertise presently available to monitor radiative transitions in oxygen, coupled with the current understanding of the effect of solvent on these transitions as achieved through state‐of‐the‐art theoretical modeling makes it possible to consider the next step forward: the incorporation of spatial resolution and the construction of the singlet oxygen microscope.
Extraction Properties of 1,2,3-Triazole Modified Carbamoylmethylphosphine Oxide in Nitric Acid Media

A novel polyfunctional neutral organophosphorus compound, 2-(diphenylphosphoryl)-N,N-diethyl-3-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)propanamide (I), was synthesized and studied as an extractant for Pd(II), Ln(III), U(VI), and Th(IV) from HNO3 solutions. The influence of aqueous and organic phases on the extraction efficiency was elucidated and stoichiometry of the complexes extracted was determined. The introduction of a 1,2,3-triazole fragment into the methylene bridge of diphenyl(diethylcarbamoylmethyl)phosphine oxide resulted in a considerable increase of the efficiency of Pd(II) extraction. The potentialities of carbon nanotubes impregnated with compound I for the preconcentration of Pd(II) from nitric acid solutions are demonstrated. The introduction of a 1,2,3-triazole fragment into the methylene bridge of a CMPO molecule does not essentially change the extraction efficiency of compound I towards U(VI) and Ln(III) but drastically decreases the Th(IV) extraction and change the order in the extractactability of U(VI) and Th(IV) with this compound from HNO3 solutions.
Hyperbranched aliphatic polyethers obtained from environmentally benign monomer: glycerol carbonate

A hyperbranched aliphatic polyether with hydroxyl end groups was produced from glycerol carbonate (4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one)—the benign monomer obtained from renewable starting materials: glycerol and dimethyl carbonate. Anionic polymerization of glycerol carbonate, which proceeds with simultaneous decarboxylation, was performed using partially deprotonated trimethylolpropane (TMP) as an initiator. Pendant hydroxyl groups facilitate the ring-opening multibranching polymerization leading to a hyperbranched polyether. 13C NMR analysis of the polymerization products confirmed the presence of linear, dendritic, and terminal repeating units. MALDI-TOF mass spectrum analysis confirmed the presence of TMP and glycerol core containing branched structures as well as a relatively small amount of macromolecules with cyclic groups. The polymers were soluble in water, THF, methanol and DMSO.
Teaching polymers to fold

A new method is presented for predicting folding pathways of polymers. The folding pathway is described as a generic program or sequence of logical steps of such a form that a computer can carry them out to produce a folded structure. A genetic (GA) is used to learn specific sequences or folding pathways that carry a denatured conformation into a target final conformation. The method is demonstrated on a model 2-dimensional polymer for which the global energy minimum is known. The GA learns a program that will fold a denatured polymer into its global energy minimum conformation. 27 refs., 4 figs.
Nonergodicity in path integral molecular dynamics

Molecular dynamics can be used to evaluate the path integral representation of the density matrix. Implicit in this method is the assumption that the dynamical system is ergodic. It is shown here that this is not the case in many systems that are of interest. For example water or liquid neon can not be simulated by this method. Monte Carlo methods do not suffer from this weakness.
Progress and issues in e-beam and other top down nanolithography

In this 60th anniversary year of the American Vacuum Society (AVS), this paper is one in a series of topical reviews of science and technology represented by the various AVS Divisions. The focus of the paper is on trends, frontier advancement, and issues remaining in nanolithography. The manuscript highlights, in particular, the progress made in electron beam lithography system development, advancement in materials and methods used to pattern down to a few nanometers, and the prospects for multiple beam systems as high throughput alternatives. Also discussed are the underlying rationales for observed trends in lithography tool development. Invariably the discussion about emerging lithography solutions bifurcates depending on whether one is examining the roadmap for the silicon integrated circuit industry or everything else. The emphasis here is mostly on everything else but also explores the boundary.
Facile rearrangement and electron transfer of 19-electron radicals from the reduction of the bischelated manganese carbonyl cation Mn(CO)2[PPh2(CH2)2PPh2]2+

The cathodic reduction of the bischelated manganese carbonly cation trans-Mn(CO)/sub 2/(/eta//sup 2/-DPPE)/sub 2//sup +/ (I/sup +/, where DPPE = PPh/sub 2/(CH/sub 2/)/sub 2/PPh/sub 2/) produces the metastable anion Mn(CO)/sub 2/(/eta2/-DPPE)(/eta//sup 1/-DPPE)/sup /minus// (II/sup /minus//) via an overall 2e process at a Pt electrode in either tetrahydrofuran or acetonitrile solution. The unusual observation of a cathodic curve crossing and two isopotential points in the cyclic voltammogram of I/sup +/ can be traced to an electron transfer with II/sup /minus// to afford a pair of neutral radicals, i.e., the 19e I* and the 17e II*. The former (which is also generated during the initial step in the reduction of I/sup +/) is a metastable species and spontaneously extrudes an end of one DPPE ligand to afford the second radical II* with the rate constant k/sub r/ /approximately/ 4 /times/ 10/sup 6/ s/sup /minus/1/. The structures of the anionic and radical intermediates II/sup /minus//, II*, and I* are discussed in the context of their transient electrochemical behavior as well as their /sup 31/P NMR and ESR spectra. The rather slow rate of electron transfer between I/sup +/ and II/sup /minus// is ascribed to steric effects in carbonylmanganese ions encumbered with a pair ofmore » DPPE ligands. 59 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab. « less
Ab initio study of the π‐electron states of trans‐butadiene

Extensive ab initio configuration interaction calculations were carried out on the π‐electron states of trans‐1,3‐butadiene. A double‐ζ contracted Gaussian basis set, augmented with two diffuse 2p π functions on each carbon atom, was used in the calculations, which were based on a frozen σ core obtained from a ground‐state SCF calculation. All excitations fro and to π orbitals were included in the CI treatment. Natural orbitals were obtained for many of the wavefunctions,and their spatial extenty was determined. Only five of the calculated excited states were found to have a valencelike charge distribution (computed vertical excitation energies in eV are given in parentheses): 1 3Bu (3.45), 13Ag(5.04), 21Ag(6.77), 33Bu (8.08), and 15Ag (9.61). These states all correlate with the valence N and T states of ethylene and can be readily described in terms of the ’’two‐vinyl model’’ as either N T (the first two) or TT (doubly excited, the last three). Except for the doubly excited 21Ag, all low‐lying singlet ex.
Zinc and Cadmium Uptake by Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens Grown in Nutrient Solution

Phytoremediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soils can be an inexpensive means to remove hazardous metals from soil. Two metallophytes, Thlaspi caerulescens (J. & C. Presl, a Zn and Cd hyperaccumulator) from Prayon, Belgium, and a Zn-tolerant ecotype of bladder campion [Silene vulgaris (Moench.) Garcke L. ] from Palmerton, PA, were compared with tomato [Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten, metal intolerant] in nutrient solution to characterize Zn and Cd uptake and tolerance. Zinc and Cd were added to solutions at a 50:1 molar ratio to simulate concentrations often found on contaminated sites. Seven treatment concentrations were used, ranging (in half-log increments) from 3.16 μM Zn+0.063 μM Cd to 10000 μM Zn+200 μM Cd. Thlaspi caerulescens showed much greater tolerance to Zn/Cd treatments than the other species, with toxicity stress only apparent at the 10000 μM Zn/200 μM Cd treatment. In this treatment, shoot concentrations of Zn and Cd were 33600 and 1140 mg kg -1 , respectively. Thlaspi caerulescens was also more effective at translocating both Zn and Cd from solution to shoots. Zinc concentration in shoots of T. caerulescens was higher than the other species at all Zn/Cd treatments. Cadmium concentration in shoots of T. caerulescens were significantly higher than in bladder campion only at the 316 μM Zn/6.32 μM Cd treatment. This genotype of T. caerulescens may not hyperaccumulate Cd. However, extreme Zn and Cd uptake and tolerance is evident in T. caerulescens, with 725 000 mg Zn kg -1 and 1000 mg Cd kg -1 before yield is reduced. Results suggest that T. caerulescens may be a candidate for the phytoremediation of Zn-contaminated soils
Microscopic Definition of Polymer Entanglements

The dynamics of polymer melts and concentrated solutions is notoriously slow due to the fact that long polymer chains cannot cross each other and therefore find themselves entangled. This popular belief is very difficult to quantify and convert into a mathematical model because there is still no clear definition of what entanglement really is. In this paper we propose to define entanglement as a persistent contact between mean paths of the chains. In molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of well-entangled linear chains we discovered that such very tight and long-lived contacts exist in significant numbers. Moreover, once such contact is formed, it exists at every time step of the simulation until its destruction, which allows one to define its lifetime. We study several properties of individual entanglements and discover several unexpected features not taken into account in the tube theory or slip-links models. We believe that our simple and versatile definition opens the way to the truly microscopic unders.
Place de l'Auditory-Verbal Therapy dans la prise en charge orthophonique française des enfants sourds implantés précocement

En matiere d’education perceptive et de developpement du langage chez l’enfant sourd, la methode Auditory-Verbal Therapy (AVT) associee a l’implantation cochleaire precoce fait l’unanimite dans de nombreux pays. Malgre ce succes a travers le monde, cette methode commence seulement a faire parler d’elle en France. Ainsi, l’objectif de notre memoire est de determiner la place que les orthophonistes francais pourraient accorder a l’Auditory-Verbal Therapy dans la prise en charge des enfants sourds implantes precocement. Pour cela, nous avons realise une revue de la litterature pour evaluer les fondements de l’Auditory-Verbal Therapy et etudier les resultats de cette methode dans le developpement langagier et cognitif de l’enfant sourd implante precocement. Ensuite, nous avons realise un questionnaire en ligne a destination des orthophonistes francais prenant en charge des enfants sourds pour cibler l’interet qu’ils portent a l’Auditory-Verbal Therapy et definir les benefices que pourrait apporter cette methode a la prise en charge orthophonique francaise des enfants sourds implantes precocement. La revue de la litterature a mis en evidence des resultats remarquables de la methode Auditory-Verbal Therapy permettant a de nombreux enfants sourds implantes precocement d’atteindre les competences langagieres de leurs pairs entendants, et par consequent de s’integrer en milieu scolaire ordinaire et de developper une bonne estime d’eux-memes, malgre une surdite severe a profonde. L’analyse du questionnaire indique que l’AVT apporterait des benefices a la prise en charge orthophonique francaise des enfants sourds implantes precocement et met egalement en evidence un reel interet des orthophonistes francais pour l’Auditory-Verbal Therapy.
Global Warming Potential and Fossil-Energy Requirements of Biodiesel Production Scenarios in South Africa

Life cycle assessment has been used to investigate the global warming potential (GWP) and fossil-energy requirements of the production of biodiesel from canola (oilseed rape), soybean, and sunflower oils in South Africa. The effect of scale and transportation of raw materials and products was investigated, as well as the effect of ploughing grassland and using irrigation to grow oil crops. This research shows that the GWP and fossil-energy requirements of biodiesel produced in South Africa vary widely, depending upon predominantly the crop yield, the requirement for irrigation, and the ploughing of uncultivated land. For the best case scenario, where no uncultivated land is newly ploughed and irrigation is not required, biodiesel has a GWP 20−36% lower than that of the fossil diesel mix currently used in South Africa and a fossil-energy requirement 50−62% lower. However, in the worst case scenario, where oil-seed crops are grown on newly cultivated land requiring substantial irrigation, this paper conclud.
Anatomy, Head and Neck, Subarachnoid Space

Three layers called the meninges encase the brain and spinal cord. From superficial to deep, these layers are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The dura mater is a dense connective tissue layer that is adherent to the inner surface of the skull. Next is the arachnoid mater that is a thin impermeable layer, and the innermost is the pia mater, which is a vascular layer that closely invests over the brain and spinal cord. These membranes define three potential clinically significant spaces: the epidural space, which exists between the skull and the dura mater; the subdural space, found between the dura mater and arachnoid mater; and the subarachnoid space, which is between the arachnoid mater and pia mater. The epidural space in the skull is a potential space, while it is actually present in the spinal cord. The subarachnoid space consists of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), major blood vessels, and cisterns. The cisterns are enlarged pockets of CSF created due to the separation of the arachnoid mater from the pia mater based on the anatomy of the brain and spinal cord surface. The cisterns are created due to the close and firm adherence of the pia mater to the brain and spinal cord surface while rather loosely to the arachnoid mater.
Red diurna de polinización de “Cuabales de Cajálbana”, un matorral xeromorfo sobre serpentina de Cuba occidental

Diurnal pollination network of “Cuabales de Cajalbana”, a serpentine shrubwood in western Cuba Citation: Alameda, D. , Falcon, B. , Rijo, G. , de Vales, D. , Castaneda, A. & Leyva, L.M. 2020. Diurnal pollination network of “Cuabales de Cajalbana”, a serpentine shrubwood in western Cuba. Revista Jard. Bot. Nac. Univ. Habana 41: 25-30. Article history: Received: 6 November 2019. Accepted: 6 December 2019. Online: 3 June 2020. Editor: Jose Angel Garcia-Beltran.
Local stellar kinematics and Oort constants from the LAMOST A-type stars

We estimate the solar peculiar velocities and Oort constants using a sample of 5,627 Atype stars with 3 < 0.6 kpc and |I| < 0.1 kpc, selected from the LAMOST surveys. The radial and tangential velocities of these A-type stars are fitted by using a non-axisymmetric model. The best-fitting result yields the solar peculiar velocities (*⊙ , +⊙,,⊙) = (11.69 ± 0.68, 10.16±0.51, 7.67±0.10) km s−1 and Oort constants = 16.31±0.89 km s−1 kpc−1, = −11.99± 0.79 km s−1 kpc−1, = −3.10± 0.48 km s−1 kpc−1, = −1.25± 1.04 km s−1 kpc−1, respectively. | + | > 4 km s−1 kpc−1 means that there is a radial velocity gradient in the extended local disk, implying the local disk is in a non-asymmetric potential. Using the derived Oort constants, we derive the local angular velocity Ω≈ − = 28.30 ± 1.19 km s−1 kpc−1. By using A-type star sample of different volumes, we further try to evaluate the impacts of the ridge pattern in '-+q plane on constraining the solar motions and Oort constants. As the volume becomes larger toward the anti-center direction, the values of and become larger (implying a steeper slope of the local rotation curve) and the value of +⊙ becomes smaller probably caused by the ridge structure and its signal increasing with distance.
Nanosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy: a comparative view of spectrometers and their applications in organometallic chemistry

Three time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectrometers are described. These instruments are based on (i) a line-tunable CO laser (2000–1550 cm–1), (ii) a continuously tunable semiconductor diode laser (approximately 2250–1900 cm–1) and (iii) a modified and adapted dispersive IR spectrometer with Nernst glower (or globar) which, in principle, could cover all of the mid-IR region. The spectrometers differ in their inherent signal-to-noise ratio and their response. Although the ultimate performance can be achieved with the CO laser, the instruments are complementary, each with its own advantages. The performances of the three TRIR spectrometers were compared in a number of applications in organometallic photochemistry, including the IR detection of molecules in electronically excited states, the kinetic behaviour of intermediates in the reaction of (η5-C5H5)M(CO)4 compounds (M = V, Nb and Ta), an IR study of the photochemical reaction of CpMn(CO)3 within polyethylene film and solvent interactions in supercritical xenon solution and the detection of W(CO)5Xe.
Kinetics of Fecal Coliform Removal in Constructed Wetlands

Major mechanisms influencing the removal of fecal microorganisms in constructed wetlands treating sewage in tropical regions include the effects of temperature, solar radiation, sedimentation, adsorption and filtration. This study aims to develop a model describing the kinetics of fecal coliform removal in free-water-surface (FWS) constructed wetlands. Separate model equations were proposed for removal rate coefficients for each of the major removal mechanisms. The model parameters were assessed from both literature and the performance data of laboratory-scale FWS constructed wetland units planted with cattails ( Typha angustifolia ). The model parameters and the kinetic model were validated with experimental data of two pilot-scale constructed wetlands. Statistical analyses of the calculated and observed performance data of the pilot-scale units revealed good correlation and were without significant practical difference, suggesting the kinetic model was feasible.
Sediment and phosphorus delivery from field to river via land drains in England and Wales. A risk assessment using field and national databases

Abstract. As measures to reduce point source inputs of phosphorus (P) to water have been introduced, the effect of diffuse P has become more evident. Land drains can act as an effective conduit for transfer of sediment and sediment P from agricultural land to surface waters. This article describes the development of a national risk map, identifying areas of agricultural land in England and Wales that are most likely to be prone to such losses. The map is based on data obtained from a variety of sources, including field studies, laboratory‐based rainfall simulation experiments and secondary sources. From these studies, eight factors relating to soil HOST class, rainfall, soil moisture deficit, land use and the type and condition of land drains were identified as influential in the process of sediment and sediment P transfer. Each factor was weighted to provide an estimate of risk and the combined total was used to plot a national risk estimate at a resolution of 25 km2. The exercise suggests that large areas of England and Wales may be at risk of subsurface sediment and sediment P transfer from agricultural land to rivers. The scale of the map is insufficient for planning at the farm level, but further work incorporating similar data and principles could make it more applicable to potential end‐users on the ground.