Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
‘An Apple a Day’?: Psychiatrists, Psychologists and Psychotherapists Report Poor Literacy for Nutritional Medicine: International Survey Spanning 52 Countries

Nutritional interventions have beneficial effects on certain psychiatric disorder symptomatology and common physical health comorbidities. However, studies evaluating nutritional literacy in mental health professionals (MHP) are scarce. This study aimed to assess the across 52 countries. Surveys were distributed via colleagues and professional societies. Data were collected regarding self-reported general nutrition knowledge, nutrition education, learning opportunities, and the tendency to recommend food supplements or prescribe specific diets in clinical practice. In total, 1056 subjects participated in the study: 354 psychiatrists, 511 psychologists, 44 psychotherapists, and 147 MHPs in-training. All participants believed the diet quality of individuals with mental disorders was poorer compared to the general population (p < 0.001). The majority of the psychiatrists (74.2%) and psychologists (66.3%) reported having no training in nutrition. Nevertheless, many of them used nutrition approaches, with 58.6% recommending supplements and 43.8% recommending specific diet strategies to their patients. Only 0.8% of participants rated their education regarding nutrition as ‘very good. ’ Almost all (92.9%) stated they would like to expand their knowledge regarding ‘Nutritional Psychiatry. ’ There is an urgent need to integrate nutrition education into MHP training, ideally in collaboration with nutrition experts to achieve best practice care.
Acidity and the multiphase chemistry of atmospheric aqueous particles and clouds

The acidity of aqueous atmospheric solutions is a key parameter driving both the partitioning of semi-volatile acidic and basic trace gases and their aqueous-phase chemistry. In addition, the acidity of atmospheric aqueous phases, e.g., deliquesced aerosol particles, cloud, and fog droplets, is also dictated by aqueous-phase chemistry. These feedbacks between acidity and chemistry have crucial implications for the tropospheric lifetime of air pollutants, atmospheric composition, deposition to terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems, visibility, climate, and human health. Atmospheric research has made substantial progress in understanding feedbacks between acidity and multiphase chemistry during recent decades. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on these feedbacks with a focus on aerosol and cloud systems, which involve both inorganic and organic aqueous-phase chemistry. Here, we describe the impacts of acidity on the phase partitioning of acidic and basic gases and buffering phenomena. Next, we review feedbacks of different acidity regimes on key chemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics, as well as uncertainties and chemical subsystems with incomplete information. Finally, we discuss atmospheric implications and highlight the need for future investigations, particularly with respect to reducing emissions of key acid precursors in a changing world, and the need for advancements in field and laboratory measurements and model tools.
The Low Temperature Oxidation of DME and Mutual Sensitization of the Oxidation of DME and Nitric Oxide: Experimental and Detailed Kinetic Modeling

Abstract The oxidation of dimethylelher (DME) has been studied experimentally at low-temperature {550-800 K) in a jet-stirred reactor operating at I atm. The mutual sensitization of the oxidation of dimethyl-ether and NO was also studied. It was shown that above 600 K, NO enhances the oxidation of DME in the cool flame regime and yields methylformate (not formed without NO) whereas NO is oxidized to NO2 Below 600 K, the oxidation of DME was inhibited by NO. A detailed chemical kinetic model was developed to simulate the present experiments and the ignition of DME/air mixtures in shock tube at 13 and 40 atm. A good agreement between the experimental results and the modeling was generally obtained. According to the proposed kinetic mechanism, in the present conditions, the mutual sensitization of the oxidation of DME and NO proceeds through the following sequence: DME + OH →CH 3OCH2(R); R + O2→ RO2; R O2 + NO → RO + N O2; RO → methylformate + H; RO + O2 → methylformate + H O2; H O2 + NO → OH + N O2 The inhibition of DME oxidation below 600 K is due to R O2 + NO -→ R O2 + N O2 that reduces the production of OH by competition with the isomerization R O2 → Q O2H responsible for chain-branching: Q O2H + O2 → O2Q O2H → H O2QO + OH; Q O2H → 2CH2O + OH; H O2QO → OQO + OH.
Calculation of diffraction line profiles from specimens with dislocations. A comparison of analytical models with computer simulations

A method is presented for the calculation of diffraction line profiles using Monte Carlo simulation. The method is used to calculate diffraction line profiles for specimens with some idealized distributions of dislocations. The results have been compared with analytical expressions available for these special dislocation distributions. This comparison has been used to validate some essential assumptions made in the derivation of the analytical expressions. In general, very good agreement has been found. Thus, the proposed method is shown to be a valuable tool for diffraction line profile analysis.
Electron Beam Grafted Polymer Adsorbent for Removal of Heavy Metal Ion from Aqueous Solution

Abstract An electron beam grafted adsorbent was synthesized by post irradiation grafting of acrylonitrile (AN) on to a non‐woven thermally bonded polypropylene (PP) sheet using 2 MeV electron beam accelerator. The grafted poly(acrylonitrile) chains were chemically modified to convert a nitrile group to an amidoxime (AMO) group, a chelating group responsible for metal ion uptake from an aqueous solution. The effect of various experimental variables viz. dose, dose rate, temperature, and solvent composition on the grafting extent was investigated. PP grafted with the amidoxime group (AMO‐g‐PP) was tested for its suitability as an adsorbent for removal of heavy metal ions such as Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Cd2+ from aqueous solution. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used to investigate the type of adsorption of these ions. The adsorption capacities of the adsorbent for the metal ions were found to follow the order Cd2+>Co2+>Ni2+>Mn2+. The kinetics of adsorption of these ions indicated that the rate of adsorption of Cd2+ was faster than that of other ions studied.
St Kilda 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment SITE INFORMATION Country : United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( UK ) Inscribed in : 1986 Criteria

This volcanic archipelago, with its spectacular landscapes, is situated off the coast of the Hebrides and comprises the islands of Hirta, Dun, Soay and Boreray. It has some of the highest cliffs in Europe, which have large colonies of rare and endangered species of birds, especially puffins and gannets. The archipelago, uninhabited since 1930, bears the evidence of more than 2,000 years of human occupation in the extreme conditions prevalent in the Hebrides. Human vestiges include built structures and field systems, the cleits and the traditional Highland stone houses. They feature the vulnerable remains of a subsistence economy based on the products of birds, agriculture and sheep farming. © UNESCO
Morphological and biochemical changes after intravenous injection of gold nanoparticles

Advances in nanotechnology applications in medicine, including enhanced cancer therapy cause necessity investigation of nanoparticles toxicity. Herein, we report results encompassing the histological examination of tissues and biochemical tests of blood plasma after intravenous injection of gold nanoparticles. Besides of this, we analyzed passive accumulation of nanoshells in the tumor.
Solid-State Effects in Spin Transitions: Influence of Iron(II) Dilution on the Magnetic and Calorimetric Properties of the Series [FexNi1-x(4,4'-bis(1,2,4-triazole))2(NCS)2].cntdot.H2O

The effects of metal dilution on the spin-crossover behavior of [Fe(btr) 2 (NCS) 2 ]-H 2 O (btr=4,4'-bis(1,2,4-triazole)) have been studied in the mixed-crystal series [Fe x Ni 1-x (btr) 2 (NCS) 2 ]-H 2 O, using magnetic and calorimetric measurements. These compounds have a two-dimensional structure, and the thermally-induced spin-crossover process may present a hysteresis effect. Iron(II) dilution tends to smooth the transition curves. Moreover, when x changes from 1.00 to 0.26, the transition temperature varies from 121 to 132 K in the cooling mode and from 145 to 132 K in the heating mode
Rain drop size distribution (DSD) in Tropical Region of Akure South-Western Nigeria Using Micro Rain Radar Data

Rain drop size distribution and some associated rain parameters such as the rain rates (R), liquid water content (M), and the falling velocities (W) as observed using a vertically pointing Micro Rain Radar (MRR) at the Department of Physics, the Federal University of Technology Akure (7o15 ́N, 5o15 ́E), a tropical location in Nigeria were analyzed in this study. The parameters were measured from the ground level to a height of 4.8 km above sea level with a vertical resolution of 0.16 km and over a total of 30 range gates with 1-minute integration time. The measurements covered a period of four years (2008-2011). The study established relationships between all the parameters and the results shows typical values for negative exponential rainfall drop size distribution (DSD) similar to that of Marshall-Palmer for both stratiform and convective rain. At 0.01% of time, the measured rain rate was underestimated by 35% when compared with the ITU-R recommendation for this region and it was observed that over 85% of the total rainfall in this part of the world is stratiform while the remaining 15% are convective except for the month of October which is the peak of the rainy season in the year where a high number of convective rain is observed. The results of this study may assist to improve the design and planning of terrestrial and satellite radio communication system in this location.
Effect of reaction atmosphere on combustion synthesis of Ti2AlN

Combustion synthesis of Ti2AlN was carried out in air and pressurised N2 respectively. The reaction atmosphere had an evident effect on the phase composition and microstructure of the products. By combustion synthesis in 2 MPa N2, Ti2AlN was synthesised as the major product, but in the samples prepared in air, Ti2AlN was obtained only as a minor phase, and the predominant phases were Ti–Al intermetallics. The reaction mechanism has been studied, suggesting that TiN is a key intermediate in the formation of Ti2AlN. It is proposed that, in the combustion synthesis of Ti2AlN, the flux of N2 plays an important role in determining both reaction kinetics and phase composition of the products.
In Situ X‐Ray Absorption Near‐Edge Spectroscopic Study of the Cathodic Reduction of Artificial Iron Oxide Passive Films

Galvanostatic reduction of Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} and Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} sputter-deposited thin films was investigated as a model for reduction of the passive film on iron. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy was used to perform in situ measurements of the valence state and dissolution (thinning rate) of the films during reduction. In borate buffer, the reduction of Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} takes place in two stages. The first reduction stage, a consecutive two-step reaction, is a gradual lowering of the average valence in the Fe-oxide (conversion of Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} into an oxide with a stoichiometry close to Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}). This is followed by a second reductive dissolution step which can be approximated by a reaction scheme: Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} {yields} Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} {yields} Fe{sup 2+} (aq). In the second stage, after complete conversion of the Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}, the charge passed is used completely for reductive dissolution of the remaining Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} layer, leading to a corresponding increase in the thinning rate. Reduction of Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} sputter-deposited films is identical to the second stage of Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} reduction. In 0.1 M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}, the reduction mechanism is similar to that in borate buffer, except thatmore » chemical dissolution of the surface layer of Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} competes with reductive dissolution. In 0.1 M NaOH, no dissolution takes place; instead, there is a solid-state reaction in which the oxides are reduced to a solid Fe(II) film, possibly Fe(OH){sub 2}. From comparison of these findings with literature data on natural passive films on iron, various controversial interpretations of the cathodic reduction treatment on a natural passive films on iron can be clarified. « less
Derivative Spectrophotometric and HPLC Validated Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Metformin and Glibenclamide in Combined Dosage Form

The aim of the present Study was to develop a simple and rapid method for determination of metformin (MET) and glibenclamide (GLB) ) in Pharmaceutical dosage form. A high-performance liquid chromatographic, fist and second derivative spectrophotometric methods used for the simultaneous determination of MET and GLB. The first derivative amplitudes at 236 nm and 275.7 nm were selected for the assay of MET and GLB, respectively. Calibration curves were established at 5–120 µg/ml -1 for and 1–20 µg/ml -1 , with limits of detection of 0. 21µg/ml -1 and 0.29 µg/ml -1 and limits of quantification of 0.64µg/ml -1 and 0.89 µg/mL -1 for MET and GLB, respectively. The second derivative amplitudes at 244.6 nm and 229 nm were selected for the assay of MET and GLB, respectively. Calibration curves were established at 5–120 µg/ml -1 for and 1–20 µg/ml -1 , with limits of detection of 0.46 µg/ml -1 and 0.30 µg/ml -1 and limits of quantification of 0.1. 41µg/ml -1 and 0.91 µg/ ml -1 for MET and GLB, respectively. In the HPLC method separation was performed by using C18 reversed phase column and a mobile phase of acetonitrile: 0.05 M KH2PO4 (60:40v/v) adjusted by phosphoric acid to pH 3, at flow rate of 1 ml/min and the detection wavelength were 210 nm and 238 nm ,the retention time was found to be 3.145 and 7.792 min, linearity over the concentration ranges of 5–75 µm/ml -1 and 2-45 µg/ml -1 , with limits of detection of 0.64 µm/l -1 and 0.02 µg/ml -1 and limits of quantification of 1.95 µg/l -1 and 0.07 µg/ml -1 for MET and GLB, respectively. The methods were also applied for the determination of MET and GLB in the presence of their degradation products formed under variety of stress conditions. Proposed methods were validated for precision, accuracy, linearity range, robustness and ruggedness.
Strategy to improve the characterization of chitosan for sustainable biomedical applications: SAR guided multi-dimensional analysis

The biopolymer chitosan has shown great potential for a tremendous number of applications despite the fact that typical chitosan preparations are always mixtures of different chemical entities, natural impurities and process-induced impurities. However, chitosan preparations described in the literature or offered on the market are analytically highly undefined. Here we propose a T-SAR (thinking in terms of structure-activity-relationships) guided multi-dimensional analysis of distinct chitosan preparations with the aim a) to obtain the information needed for the production of reproducible chitosan preparations and b) to predict biological effects and technological properties of certain chitosan preparations. First, a physico-chemical description (molecular weight (MW), polydispersity (MW/MN), fraction of acetylation (FA), pattern of acetylation (PA), hydrodynamic radius (Rh), intrinsic viscosity ([η])) of six selected samples was done. Furthermore chitosan properties like solubility, crystallinity, conformation (Mark-Houwink-plot) and impurities of all the chitosan preparations from different origins were determined and biological effects were also analyzed using test systems with two different bacteria (Escherichia coli, Vibrio fischeri). It was found that the presence of HCl enabled the water solubility of chitosan, while chloride-free chitosan was only soluble in acetic acid. The pattern of acetylation PA showed no impact on this behavior. The analyzed biological effects revealed growth inhibition within 30 minutes for E. coli and a decreased bioluminescence for V. fisheri (IC50 = 0.035 w%). Thus, the strategy to check biological effects within a multi-dimensional analysis kit proved to be effective for detecting general structure-property-relationships of chitosan in relation to its biological effects.
Characterisation of Glass Transition of Durum Wheat Semolina using Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Abstract The glass transition of wheat durum semolina was characterised at different moisture contents using modulated differential scanning calorimetry. The total, reversing and non-reversing heat flows were quantified during heating, cooling and re-heating. An endothermic peak was observed on the non-reversing heat flow during first heating and was not greatly affected by changes in moisture content (below 20 g water/100 g dry matter). This peak was associated with endothermic relaxation of the protein fraction in wheat semolina. An endothermic baseline shift was observed on the reversing heat flow during first heating, cooling and re-heating. The temperature at baseline shift decreased (from 110 °C to 27 °C) when moisture content increased (from 6% to 27% db). The measured heat capacity change (0·10–0·25 J/g/°C) was not significantly affected by moisture content. This endothermic baseline shift was presumed to be the glass transition of amorphous polymers in wheat durum semolina. The plasticising effect of water on the glass transition temperature (Tg) was described using Gordon Taylor and Kwei models and compared with Tg of the main wheat components.
Effects of shadowing on photovoltaic module performance

A procedure of simulation and modelling PV modules' performance, working partially shadowed, is presented. Several shadow rates have been tested on a single cell forming part of a PV module having 36 solar cells serially connected, and the influence of shadow rate in most of the important PV module characteristic parameters has been evaluated.The correlation between PV module output lowering due to shadowing and the variation of resistive losses is also reported. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermoluminescence study of the amorphisation of hexagonal ice by irradiation at 77 K

This paper reports on a thermoluminescence study of D2O ice Ih. A sample of hexagonal (Ih) ice is irradiated by a 100 MeV X-ray source at 77 K. The emission spectrum that is measured immediately after the end of the irradiation process has the thermoluminescent behaviour of amorphous ice. The kinetic transition is followed to the stable form, taking place at 85 K. The relaxation time of the transition is of the order of 5 minutes. It is concluded that, due to irradiation, a few outer layers of ice Ih are converted to the low-density amorphous form of ice, which then converts to cubic ice. Although complex to quantify, thermoluminescence appears to be, in the present study, particularly sensitive to the time evolution of irradiated samples.
Crystal growth of C60 thin films on layered substrates

The process of the C60 thin film crystal growth on layered materials such as MoS2 and mica is studied in detail with a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and reflection high‐energy electron diffractometry, and is compared to that on alkali‐halide (NaCl) substrates. AFM shows that a single crystal containing triangle‐shaped grains of 1–2 μm size with a (111) surface terrace is grown on the MoS2 substrate over a large area through a layer‐by‐layer process, while the grains on mica are 200–400 nm in size and distribute with some disorder in the orientation. The epitaxial characteristics of the C60 crystal growth on these layered substrates are discussed in comparison with that on alkali‐halides.
The Nashville air pollution study

Eighty‐four persons with bronchial asthma were selected for a daily follow‐up study in Nashville, Tennessee, in an effort to determine whether they showed variation in the frequency and severity of their attacks which could be associated with variation in their exposure to environmental air pollutants. The aerometric data used for the yearlong study were unusually plentiful. The most striking finding of the multivariate analysis was the role of the variable, day of study. The next most important variable was the sulfur dioxide level in the atmosphere. A number of significant limitations of the data were noted.
Time-resolved photoelectrochemical measurements and photovoltaic efficiency of electrochemically self-assembled ZnO-dye electrodes

Dye-modified ZnO thin films were prepared by electrochemically induced crystallization from aqueous mixtures of zinc nitrate and water-soluble dyes. A direct crystallization of semiconductor/ dye composites without heat treatment is seen as a significant advantage of this method. Moreover, characterization of these materials has revealed ordered growth of ZnO crystallites as well as formation of ordered dye assemblies, thus characterizing this method as electrochemical self-assembly. The photoelectrochemical properties of these unique ZnO-dye thin film electrodes were investigated in photocurrent transient measurements in the ms-regime and by steady- state voltammetric measurements. Two sets of electrodes are discussed, employing either metal complexes of tetrasulfophthalocyanines (TSPcMt; Mt = Zn, Al, Si) or the xanthene dye Eosin Y. For aggregates of TSPcMt on ZnO, efficient charge-transfer to the electrolyte is found, leading to low surface charging and low surface recombination of photogenerated holes with electrons from the ZnO, at however, rather low injection efficiencies of electrons into the conduction band of ZnO. This efficiency was higher for adsorbed monomers of TSPcMt leading to a considerably higher quantum efficiency of the photocurrent in spite of increased surface charging and recombination of holes. Higher photocurrents were observed for ZnO sensitized with monomers of Eosin Y caused by both, efficient electron transfer from the dye to ZnO as well as hole transfer from the dye to the electrolyte. Not only dye molecules which were directly accessible from the electrolyte, but also those which were enclosed within matrix cavities proved to be photoelectrochemically active.
Late-Transition-Metal Complexes with Bisazaferrocene Ligands for Ethylene Oligomerization

Herein we report the synthesis, characterization, and ethylene polymerization properties of novel C2-symmetric and unsymmetric bisazaferrocene complexes with late-transition-metal Ni(II) and Pd(II). In the designed complexes, the two sp2-hybridized nitrogen atoms in the azaferrocene rings coordinate to the transition metals with the azaferrocene architecture presenting pentamethyl or pentaphenyl cyclopentadiene (Cp* or Cp°) rings above and below the coordination plane for the purpose of preventing the associative chain transfer processes of ethylene from the axial faces. The Ni(II) and Pd(II) complexes were prepared and characterized by mass spectrometry (MS), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Upon activation with methylaluminoxane (MAO), the bisazaferrocene complexes with NiBr2 (2a) and PdCl2 (2b) showed very low activities toward ethylene polymerization. Well-defined preactivated bisazaferrocene-Pd(II) complexes (5 and.