Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Geometric Structure of the H∞ Central Controller

Abstract This paper shows that the controllable and unobservable subspaces of the H ∞ central controller for a linear continuous-time system can be characterized by the image and kernel spaces of two matrices Z L and W L , where Z L and W L are positive semidefinite solutions of two pertinent Lyapunov equations whose coefficients involve X ∞ and Z ∞ , the stabilizing solutions of two celebrated algebraic Riccati equations used in solving the H ∞ control problem. Furthermore, under this characterization, it is shown that the unobservable subspace of the central controller contains the intersection of Ker X ∞ and the unobservable subspace of the plant. In addition, it is also shown that the central controller's controllable subspace is a subspace of the sum of Im Z ∞ and the plant's controllable subspace. A numerical example is also given for illustration. In terms of geometric language, all the results and proofs given are clear and simple.
DIABETES MELLITUS AND ITS ORAL COMPLICATIONS: A BRIEF REVIEW

Oral health is an integral part of systemic and nutritional health and plays a significant role in the maintenance of optimum general health status. Several factors affect oral health including metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this review is to gather and highlights various studies concerning diabetes mellitus and its potential effects on oral health. The englishlanguage MEDLINE publications (experimental, observational and clinical studies) from 1966 through January 2006 having relation with Diabetes mellitus and oral health were reviewed. A total of 54 publications were evaluated based on their relevance, strength and quality of design and methods; and 32 publications were selected for this review. The body of short, long and epidemiological literature suggests that the most frequently reported symptoms in diabetic patients in relation to oral cavity are; poor oral hygiene, inflammation ofgums (gingivitis), oral candidiasis, calculus and pockets formation, dental caries, non carious tooth surface loss, peri-apical abscess, taste impairment, burning mouth syndrome, rhomboid glossitis, denture stomatitis, angular cheilitis, hyposalivation, halitosis and oroantral fistula. Based on the literature reviewed; it could be concluded that diabetes mellitus can cause all the above stated oral conditions.
Photoresponse analysis and pixel shape optimization for CMOS active pixel sensors

In this work, a semi-analytical model, based on a thorough analysis of experimental data, is developed for photoresponse estimation of a photodiode-based CMOS active pixel sensor (APS). The model covers the substrate diffusion effect together with the influence of the photodiode active-area geometrical shape and size. It describes the pixel response dependence on integration photocarriers and conversion gain and demonstrates that the tradeoff between these two conflicting factors gives an optimum geometry enabling extraction of maximum photoresponse. The parameter dependence on the process and design data and the degree of accuracy for the photoresponse modeling are discussed. Comparison of the derived expression with the measurement results obtained from a 256/spl times/256 CMOS APS image sensor fabricated via HP in a standard 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS process exhibits excellent agreement. The simplicity and the accuracy of the model make it a suitable candidate for implementation in photoresponse simulation of CMOS photodiode arrays.
Empirical Mode Decomposition of the stator start-up current for rotor fault diagnosis in asynchronous machines

This paper investigates a novel approach for rotor fault diagnosis in asynchronous machines. Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is applied to the measured start-up current. More specifically, the space vector of the stator start-up current is decomposed into complex intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) in order to analyze the asynchronous machine's transient. It is shown that in the case of rotor fault a particular IMF arises which characterizes the presence of the fault. The instantaneous frequency and the amplitude of the IMF can be used for an efficient fault diagnosis.
Cellwise robust regularized discriminant analysis

Quadratic and linear discriminant analysis (QDA and LDA) are the most often applied classification rules under normality. In QDA, a separate covariance matrix is estimated for each group. If there are more variables than observations in the groups, the usual estimates are singular and cannot be used anymore. Assuming homoscedasticity, as in LDA, reduces the number of parameters to estimate. This rather strong assumption is however rarely verified in practice. Regularized discriminant techniques that are computable in high dimension and cover the path between the 2 extremes QDA and LDA have been proposed in the literature. However, these procedures rely on sample covariance matrices. As such, they become inappropriate in the presence of cellwise outliers, a type of outliers that is very likely to occur in high‐dimensional datasets. In this paper, we propose cellwise robust counterparts of these regularized discriminant techniques by inserting cellwise robust covariance matrices. Our methodology results in a family of discriminant methods that (1) are robust against outlying cells, (2) cover the gap between LDA and QDA, and (3) are computable in high dimension. The good performance of the new methods is illustrated through simulated and real data examples. As a by‐product, visual tools are provided for the detection of outliers.
Intelligent cooperative manipulation system using dynamic force simulator

Intelligent cooperative manipulation is proposed as a new paradigm for human-machine interaction and cooperation. Aiming at intelligent assistance of human operators the information and power flow between operator-system-task environment is carefully analyzed using a virtual reality to simulate the task environment. Central issue of this virtual reality is the dynamic force simulator (DFS) for feedback force calculation proposed in this paper. The DFS simulates object dynamics, contact model and friction characteristics of the human hand interacting with objects in the virtual reality. An example shows the efficiency of the proposed realization scheme of the DFS. <<ETX>>
Rapid detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus by using RNA extracted directly from assorted specimens and a one-tube reverse transcription PCR assay

We describe a simple method for the rapid detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) that uses a one-tube reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and total RNA extracted directly from a variety of bovine specimens, including whole blood and tissues. Reagents for both RT and PCR were combined in a one-tube, single-buffer system, and amplification was performed with a single uninterrupted thermal cycling program. Using the novel cationic surfactant tetradecyltrimethylammonium oxalate (Catrimox-14), we consistently extracted RT-PCR-quality RNA from specimens containing blood. Amplification with primers derived from conserved sequences within the BVDV 5'-untranslated region yielded a 244-bp product. Assay specificity was confirmed by ethidium bromide-stained gel electrophoresis and by chemiluminescence-assayed Southern blot hybridizations involving BVDV 5'-untranslated region-specific digoxigenin-labelled cDNA probes. The assay detection level was 0.1 50% tissue culture infectious dose of BVDV when ethidium bromide-stained gel electrophoresis was used and 0.01 50% tissue culture infectious dose of BVDV when Southern blot hybridization was used. Our method is an alternative to the conventional cell culture assays used in a diagnostic laboratory and is an improvement over existing RT-PCR assays for BVDV.
On the quest for currencies of science: Field "exchange rates" for citations and Mendeley readership

Purpose The introduction of “altmetrics” as new tools to analyze scientific impact within the reward system of science has challenged the hegemony of citations as the predominant source for measuring scientific impact. Mendeley readership has been identified as one of the most important altmetric sources, with several features that are similar to citations. In this paper we perform an in-depth analysis of the differences and similarities between the distributions of Mendeley readership and citations across fields. Method We analyze two issues, using in each case a common analytical framework for both metrics: (i) the shape of the distributions of readership and citations, and (ii) the field-normalization problem generated by differences in citation and readership practices across fields. In the first issue we use the Characteristic Scores and Scales method, and in the second the measurement framework introduced in Crespo et al. (2013). Findings There are three main results. Firstly, the citations and Mendeley readership distributions exhibit a strikingly similar degree of skewness in all fields. Secondly, the results on “exchange rates” for Mendeley readership empirically supports the possibility of comparing readership counts across fields, as well as the field normalization of readership distributions using exchange rates as normalization factors. Thirdly, field normalization using field mean readerships as normalization factors leads to comparably good results. Originality These findings open up challenging new questions, particularly regarding the possibility of obtaining conflicting results from field-normalized citation and Mendeley readership indicators; this suggests the need for better determining the role of the two metrics in capturing scientific recognition.
Structural Consequences of a Cancer-causing BRCA1-BRCT Missense Mutation*

The integrity of the carboxyl-terminal BRCT repeat region is critical for BRCA1 tumor suppressor function; however, the molecular details of how a number of clinically derived BRCT missense mutations affect BRCA1 function remain largely unknown. Here we assess the structural response of the BRCT tandem repeat domain to a well characterized, cancer-associated single amino acid substitution, Met-1775 → Arg-1775. The structure of BRCT-M1775R reveals that the mutated side chain is extruded from the protein hydrophobic core, thereby altering the protein surface. Charge-charge repulsion, rearrangement of the hydrophobic core, and disruption of the native hydrogen bonding network at the interface between the two BRCT repeats contribute to the conformational instability of BRCT-M1775R. Destabilization and global unfolding of the mutated BRCT domain at physiological temperatures explain the pleiotropic molecular and genetic defects associated with the BRCA1-M1775R protein.
Obesity, diabetes mellitus and physical activity--metabolic responses to physical training in adipose and muscle tissues.

The demand of the untrained skeletal muscle to produce additional mechanical work by utilizing more nutrients is the origin of the structural and metabolic adaptation of the muscle. The expanding capillary surface, in response to a lower vascular resistance during repeated contraction, enables the different fibre types to increase their oxygen extraction, and to adapt their uptake of substrates (glucose, FFA). The muscle fibre types in humans are selectively recruited for differing work intensity but the oxidative potential (SDH) increases in all types with long-term physical training. Details of the mechanism by which insulin promotes glucose uptake are unclear but there is some evidence that the hormonal stimulation involves cellular uptake of the insulin-receptor complex of the membrane. Hypoxia and raised cytoplasmic levels of calcium in muscle cells after work exert an insulin-like action on glucose uptake, which may be ascribed to the intracellular acidity. --The interrelationship between glucose and FFA oxidation is in part regulated by known key enzymes of the contracting muscle, but the exact extramuscular substrate mobilization appears to require both hormonal and supplementary feed-back control in storage organs. --During prolonged muscular exercise, the successive utilization of carbohydrate and fat from endogenous and exogenous stores can, however, in principle be attributed to known hormonal regulation. --Oral intake of glucose solution before and during work evokes a prolonged glucose utilization with relative hyperinsulinemia and hypoglucagonemia, preventing hepatic glycogenolysis. A prerequisite for successful endurance training is the improved capacity to use FFA as substrate. The necessary lipolysis in adipocytes is mainly mediated by an increased cellular exposure and sensitivity to catecholamines, but the delayed adaptation of the fat cells to their hormonal environment, especially insulin, in relation to the progress of the training is likely to modify the lipolytic response.
Operating conditions that affect the resistance of lactic acid bacteria to freezing and frozen storage.

Thermophilic lactic acid bacteria exhibit different survival rates during freezing and frozen storage, depending on the processing conditions. We used a Plackett and Burman experimental design to study the effects of 13 experimental factors, at two levels, on the resistance of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus to freezing and frozen storage. The resistance was evaluated by quantifying the decrease of acidification activity during freezing and throughout 8 weeks of storage. Acidification activity after freezing and frozen storage was affected by 12 experimental factors. Only the thawing temperature did not show any significant effect. S. thermophilus was more resistant than L. bulgaricus and the cryoprotective effect of glycerol during freezing and storage was confirmed. The temperature and duration of the cryoprotection step influenced acidification activity following the freezing step: the lower the temperature and the shorter the duration, the higher the activity. Acidification activity after storage was affected by several experimental factors involved in the fermentation stage: use of NaOH instead of NH4OH for pH control, addition of Tween 80 in the culture medium, and faster cooling led to better cryotolerance. Resistance to freezing and frozen storage was improved by using a high freezing rate and a low storage temperature. Finally, this study revealed that the conditions under which lactic acid bacteria are prepared should be well controlled to improve their preservation and to limit the variability between batches and between species.
Trends in incidence and prognosis for head and neck cancer in the United States: A site‐specific analysis of the SEER database

Despite recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck cancer, there has been little evidence of improvement in 5‐year survival rates over the last few decades. To determine more accurate trends in site‐specific outcomes as opposed to a more general overview of head and neck cancer patients, we analyzed the site‐specific data collected in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results—SEER Public‐Use Database 1973–1999. Based on the selection criteria, 96,232 cases were evaluated for trend analysis in incidence, clinical stage, treatment and 5‐year survival. During the period 1973–1999, site‐specific incidence rates for head and neck cancer changed significantly. Site‐specific analysis of survival from 1974–1997 showed significant improvements in 5‐year survival rates for cancers of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx (38.1% to 56.7% for nasopharynx, p < 0.001; 36.3% to 49.1% for oropharynx, p = 0.001 and 28.3% to 33.3% for hypopharynx, p = 0.015). The prognosis for early‐stage salivary gland cancer during 1983–1997 and late‐stage larynx cancer during 1974–1997 also demonstrated improvement (82.7% to 88.5%, p = 0.012 and 22.2% to 38.3%, p = 0.013, respectively). On the other hand, the prognosis for regional stage oral cavity cancer as well as early‐stage larynx cancer patients declined during 1983–1997 (49.2% to 43.8%, p = 0.032 and 82.3% to 74.3%, p = 0.002, respectively). Site‐specific changes in treatment and staging were also noted. Site‐specific analysis allows for a more accurate description of incidence, staging, treatment, and prognostic trends for head and neck cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Particle decays during the cosmic dark ages

We consider particle decays during the cosmic dark ages with two aims: (1) to explain the high optical depth reported by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), and (2) to provide new constraints to the parameter space for decaying particles. We delineate the decay channels in which most of the decay energy ionizes and heats the intergalactic medium gas [and thus affects the cosmic microwave background (CMB)], and those in which most of the energy is carried away—e.g. photons with energies 100 keV<~E<~1 TeV—and thus appears as a contribution to diffuse x-ray and gamma-ray backgrounds. The new constraints to the decay-particle parameters from the CMB power spectrum thus complement those from the cosmic x-ray and gamma-ray backgrounds. Although decaying particles can indeed produce an optical depth consistent with that reported by WMAP, in so doing they produce new fluctuations in the CMB temperature and polarization power spectra. For decay lifetimes less than the age of the Universe, the induced power spectra generally violate current constraints, while the power spectra are usually consistent if the lifetime is longer than the age of the Universe.
Comportamento da energia no Algoritmo de Colônia de Formiga para predição de estruturas de proteínas

Os algoritmos de otimizacao computacional sao frequentemente usados na resolucao de problemas complexos. Neste trabalho o algoritmo de otimizacao estudado foi o Algoritmo de Colonia de Formiga (ACO) com backtracking. Este algoritmo foi aplicado ao problema de predicao de estruturas de proteinas, considerado um problema de alta complexidade. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar o ACO para encontrar uma solucao para o problema e analisar o comportamento da energia durante o processo de predicao, comparando estes resultados com a literatura.
The sensitivity of various serologic tests in the diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Sensitivity indices for various serologic tests in the diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) were determined from RMSF surveillance data collected at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) during 1981-1984. During these 4 years, a total of 4,141 cases of RMSF in the U.S. were reported to CDC. Case report forms, which include information on dates and results of serologic testing, were received for 3,567 of these cases; 1,774 were laboratory-confirmed according to criteria published previously by CDC. Sensitivity indices for the Weil-Felix (Proteus OX-19, OX-2), indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA), latex agglutination (LA), complement fixation (CF) and indirect hemagglutination (IHA) tests were examined by analyzing cases confirmed by other means, in which data concerning the test in question were available. Analysis of serum pairs for a 4-fold or greater increase in antibody titer or a minimum diagnostic titer indicated high sensitivity indices for IHA (96%) and IFA (94%), but lower sensitivity indices for OX-19 (70%), OX-2 (47%), CF (63%) and LA (71%). IFA and IHA appear to be the most sensitive serologic tests currently in use for the diagnosis of RMSF.
Nocifensor System of Nerves (II)*

2. We have used it as one dose a day, from 16 to 50 units, in forty-two insulin patients of all grades of severity. In all cases the urine passed twenty-four hours afterwards can be made sugar-free and the blood sugar normal or nearly so. In many severe cases hyperglycaemia and glycosuria after carbohydrate meals, especially breakfast, cannot be controlled by such a dose of zinc protamine insulin alone, but can be better regulated by the addition of a suitable dose of soluble insulin injected in the same syringe. 3. The adjustment of diet, the dosage of insulin, and the possibility and prevention of hypoglycaemia are discussed. We consider that careful study of each case is essential.
Propositionalism about intention: shifting the burden of proof

ABSTRACT A widespread view in the philosophy of mind and action holds that intentions are propositional attitudes. Call this view ‘Propositionalism about Intention’. The key alternative holds that intentions have acts, or do-ables, as their contents. Propositionalism is typically accepted by default, rather than argued for in any detail. By appealing to a key metaphysical constraint on any account of intention, I argue that on the contrary, it is the Do-ables View which deserves the status of the default position, and Propositionalism which bears the burden of proof. I go on to show that this burden has not been met in the literature.
“ARTERIAL EMBOLECTOMY” *

-Several tentative attempts to this end were made during th" first decade of this century (Lejar, 1902; Moynihan, 1903; Sampson Handley, 1907 Proust and Lecene, 1908 Carrel and Leriche, 1909), but without success. At the turn of the first decade Carrel's experimenLal work on the surgery of the blood vessels demonstrated that, given a careful techniquie, very fine silk suture material, and the use of anticoagulants in the wound, vessels could be incised and closed again without thrombosis at the suture line. His work, and that of. others in the same field, paved theway for successful embolectomy, and it was but a matter of opportunity before some more venturesome surgeon would be able to claim a success. This fell to the lot of Labey, who in 1911 removed an embolus arrested for six hours in the femoral artery. Since that date numerous cases have been put on record, some successfull, others not, and at the present day embolectomy can be regarded as a standardized and useful addition to surgery. This is in no small degree due to the Swedish surgical school, led by Einar Key, whose masterly papers in 1922 and 1927 laid the foundations on which all else has been built up. In recording my own successfuil case in 1925 I was able to collect from the literature seventy-three cases, of which twenty-eight had done well. Since then the literature has grown prodigiously, and important analyses have been made by Petitpierre (118 cases, 1928), H. E. Pearse (296 cases, 1933), and Max Danzis (detailed analysis of all cases reported, 1922-32). The time has arrived when general compilations have done their very useful work in driving home the lessons of embolectomy: future general studies