Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On Detecting Hidden Wireless Cameras: A Traffic Pattern-based Approach

Wireless cameras are widely deployed in surveillance systems for security guarding. However, the privacy concerns associated with unauthorized videotaping, are drawing increasing attention recently. Existing detection methods for unauthorized wireless cameras are either limited by their detection accuracy or requiring dedicated devices. In this paper, we propose <monospace>DeWiCam</monospace>, a lightweight and effective detection mechanism using smartphones. The basic idea of <monospace>DeWiCam</monospace> is to utilize the intrinsic traffic patterns of flows from wireless cameras. Compared with traditional traffic pattern analysis, <monospace>DeWiCam</monospace> is more challenging because it cannot access the encrypted information in the data packets. Yet, <monospace>DeWiCam</monospace> overcomes the difficulty and can detect nearby wireless cameras reliably. To further identify whether a camera is in an interested room, we propose a human-assisted identification model. Extension functions of <monospace>DeWiCam</monospace> further enable the video resolution and audio channel inference to provide extra protection. We implemented <monospace>DeWiCam</monospace> on the Android platform and evaluated it with extensive experiments on 20 cameras. The evaluation results show that <monospace>DeWiCam</monospace> can detect cameras with an accuracy of 99 percent within <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.7\;\mathrm {s}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>. </mml:mo><mml:mn>7</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.277778em"/><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="cheng-ieq1-2900919.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>.
Morphological and molecular data support reinstatement of Spiridens muelleri Hampe (Bryophyta: Hypnodendraceae), a Lord Howe Island endemic

Abstract. For more than 75 years, the Lord Howe Island moss Spiridens muelleri Hampe has been considered conspecific with Spiridens vieillardii Schimp. , originally described from New Caledonia. A comparison of morphological characters not previously considered, along with DNA sequences from three chloroplast loci (trnL–trnF, rps4–trnS, rpl32–trnL) and ITS-2 of nuclear rDNA, supports their recognition as separate species.
The Role of Alpha Atrial Natriuretic Hormone in Pneumonectomy: An Experimental Study

Methods: A total of 20 New Zealand rabbits were used in the study. The mean weight of the rabbits was 1.831 g. The subjects were divided into four groups with five in each group. The first group was given 3 mL/kg/h of crystalloid; the second group was given 10 mL/kg/h of crystalloid; the third group was given 3 mL/kg/h of colloid; the fourth group was given 10 mL/kg/h of colloid. Blood samples were preoperatively collected from the jugular vein. Posterolateral thoracotomy was applied to all subjects. The hilus was tied and cut en bloc with 2/0 silk, and pneumonectomy was performed. All groups received infusion for 3 h. Following infusion, blood samples from the contralateral jugular vein were collected at postoperative 3 h. Preand postoperative α-ANH levels were compared.
The ecology and taxonomy of halobacteria

Abstract Archaebacterial halophiles dominate naturally occurring brines as the concentration of salts approaches saturation. Although only 4 genera of these bacteria have been recognised ( Halobacterium, Halococcus, Natronobacterium, Natronococcus ), chemotaxonomic studies indicate that there are 4 or 5 additional distinct groups. Archaebacterial halophiles are extremely physiologically versatile, some examples being capable of an anaerobic fermentative mode of growth, others of growth linked to the reduction of sulphur compounds. Many strains contain retinal-based pigments producing light-mediated movements of ions across the cell membrane, that in some cases can be harnessed for energy generation. However, it is likely that under normal conditions, an aerobic, chemoorganotrophic mode of nutrition is adopted.
Reducing the pathogenicity of BmNPV in silkworms using silver nanoparticles

This study examined the efficacy of silver nanoparticles colloid (AgNPC) in reducing the pathogenicity of the Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) nuclear polyhydrosis virus (BmNPV) in silkworms. We found that the survival rate of the infected silkworms improved significantly, from 22 to 67%, following treatment with AgNPC. However, AgNPs caused clumping of hemocytes in vivo and this was associated with slight weight loss and reduced cocoon size in the treated silkworms. The adherence of silver nanoparticles to the virus or hemocytes caused them to aggregate. In addition, by catalyzing the generation of free radicals, silver nanoparticles can perforate and break up the virus capsids, proteins, and DNA of the BmNPVs, thus restraining their pathogenicity and improving the survival capacity of infected silkworms.
Algorithm Architecture Co-design for Dense and Sparse Matrix Computations

With the end of Dennard scaling and Moore’s law, architects have moved towards heterogeneous designs consisting of specialized cores to achieve higher performance and energy efficiency for a target application domain. Applications of linear algebra are ubiquitous in the field of scientific computing, machine learning, statistics, etc. with matrix computations being fundamental to these linear algebra based solutions. Design of multiple dense (or sparse) matrix computation routines on the same platform is quite challenging. Added to the complexity is the fact that dense and sparse matrix computations have large differences in their storage and access patterns and are difficult to optimize on the same architecture. This thesis addresses this challenge and introduces a reconfigurable accelerator that supports both dense and sparse matrix computations efficiently. The reconfigurable architecture has been optimized to execute the following linear algebra routines: GEMV (Dense General Matrix Vector Multiplication), GEMM (Dense General Matrix Matrix Multiplication), TRSM (Triangular Matrix Solver), LU Decomposition, Matrix Inverse, SpMV (Sparse Matrix Vector Multiplication), SpMM (Sparse Matrix Matrix Multiplication). It is a multicore architecture where each core consists of a 2D array of processing elements (PE). The 2D array of PEs is of size 4×4 and is scheduled to perform 4×4 sized matrix updates efficiently. A sequence of such updates is used to solve a larger problem inside a core. A novel partitioned block compressed sparse data structure (PBCSC/PBCSR) is used to perform sparse kernel updates. Scalable partitioning and mapping schemes are presented that map input matrices of any given size to the multicore architecture. Design trade-offs related to the PE array dimension, size of local memory inside a core and the bandwidth between on-chip memories and the cores have been presented. An optimal core configuration is developed from this analysis. Synthesis results using a
Nitric Oxide Induces Phytoalexin Accumulation in Potato Tuber Tissues

We investigated whether nitric oxide (NO) radical could induce phytoalexin production. Treatment of potato tuber tissues with l-hydroxy-2-oxo-3,3-bis(2-aminoethyl)1-triazene (NOC-18), an NO-releasing compound, induced the accumulation of the potato phytoalexin rishitin. This induction was inhibited by carboxy-2-phe nyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-l-oxyl-3-oxide (carboxy-PTIO), an NOspecific scavenger, or by Tiron, a radical scavenger, suggesting a phytoalexin inducing activity for NO.
Growth and chemical composition of carrots as influenced by the time of sowing and harvest

Summary The effects of the time of sowing on growth and chemical composition of carrots grown from May to November were studied during 3 years. Delaying sowing for 1 or 2 months after the beginning of May resulted in a reduction in the growth of both roots and foliage and gave roots with lower dry-matter content and glucose/fructose ratio but higher amounts of hexoses, total nitrogen and amino nitrogen in root dry matter. Sowing date had no influence on the concentration of sucrose, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in root dry matter up to 137 days from sowing. Carotene decreased only after the last sowing. Sucrose concentration of the roots increased throughout the periods studied irrespective of the time of sowing. The longer the growing period the higher was the sucrose concentration. The concentration of hexoses decreased from the first harvest at 70 days to reach a constant level at about 130 days from sowing. The results did not indicate the presence of a well-defined stage of biochemical maturity in the autumn when carrot roots are expected as most suitable for harvest and subsequent long-term storage.
Effects of phytase on bioavailability of phosphorus in soybean meal-based diets for Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

: Two experiments were conducted with flounder to examine phytase pretreatment or dietary phytase supplement for improving phosphorus (P) utilization of soybean meal (SBM) or soy protein concentrate (SPC). In experiment I, three SBM based-diets, SBM (basal), phytase-supplemented SBM (supplement), and phytase-pretreated SBM (pretreatment), were fed to flounder, and digestibilities of P, gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) were measured by an indirect method. In experiment II, three SPC based-diets including P-supplemented mineral mixture (control), P-free mineral mixture (unsupplemented), or P-free mineral mixture supplemented with phytase (supplement) were fed to flounder for 50 days, and growth, whole-body P composition, and plasma mineral concentration were determined. In experiment I, a significantly higher absorption of P was found in fish fed the pretreatment or supplement diet compared to the fish fed the basal diet. In experiment II, the growth of fish fed the supplement diet was comparable to that of the control and better than that of fish fed the unsupplemented diet. Whole-body P retention and plasma P concentrations of supplement-fed fish were significantly higher than those of fish fed the unsupplemented diet. These results suggest that phytase supplementation to the SBM- or SPC-based diets improves phytase-bound P availability for Japanese flounder.
Potential Winter Hosts of Soybean Aphid

Abstract Species and cultivars of the genus Rhamnus and related genera in the Rhamnaceae were tested for their suitability as overwintering hosts of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The tests were carried out in outdoor cages during the fall through spring of 2002–2003 and 2003–2004. Response of the aphid to the hosts varied from successful overwintering on three Rhamnus hosts to complete rejection of all species in other genera. Fall migrants (gynoparae), egg layers (oviparae), males and eggs were found on the exotic Rhamnus cathartica (L.), and native Rhamnus alnifolia L’Héritier and Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. In the spring eggs hatched, colonies developed and spring migrants were produced on these hosts. Other Rhamnus spp. were accepted by fall migrants and some level of colony development occurred, but no overwintering eggs were deposited on them. The phenology of the production of the various morphs, egg deposition, and egg hatch are documented on the suitable hosts. The implications of our findings on soybean aphid ecology and management are discussed.
Effects of a belowground mutualism on an aboveground mutualism

Studies of multitrophic interactions between below- and aboveground communities have generally focused on soil organisms and antagonists of plant shoots and leaves (herbivores). Despite the widespread occurrence of plant mutualists below- and aboveground which can occur on the same host plant, the potential for interactions between them has not been considered. Here we demonstrate that aboveground plant mutualists, insect pollinators, are strongly influenced by belowground plant mutualists, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the roots of Chamerion angustifolium increased pollinator visitation and per cent seed set of this plant in the field by up to two times compared with non-mycorrhizal plants. We propose that interactions between belowground and aboveground mutualisms are widespread and may play important functional roles in populations and communities.
A concise synthesis of α-D-ribofuranosyl alkylphosphonates Putative substrate intermediates for the carbonphosphorous lyase system

Carbonphosphorous lyase is a multienzyme system found in many species of bacteria that is distinguished by its ability to hydrolyze a broad array of unactivated alkylphosphonates. α-D-Ribofuranosyl alkylphosphonates are potential metabolic intermediates generated by the carbonphosphorous lyase pathway. Here we describe a facile synthesis of α-D-ribofuranosyl alkylphosphonates using β-D-ribofuranosyl trichloracetimidate as a glycosyl donor.Key words: carbonphosphorous lyase, phn operon, phnN, phosphonates, glycosyl trichloroacetimidate donor, α-D-ribofuranosyl ethylphosphonate.
EFFECTS OF GRADED LEVELS OF DIETARY FISH OIL ON THE YIELD AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF BREAST MEAT IN BROILER CHICKENS

SUMMARY An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of adjusting the fish oil (FO) and poultry fat (PF) balance in broiler chicken diets on the resulting yield and fatty acid (FA) composition of the meat. Two hundred and forty 21-d-old broilers were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary groups, 3% PF, 2% PF + 1% FO, 1% PF + 2% FO, or 3% FO, over a 21-d growth period. Yields and FA composition were then determined. The highest final BW, highest daily BW gain, and best FCR were recorded for the 1% PF + 2% FO dietary group, followed by 3% FO group (P < 0.01). By supplementing the diets of these birds with FO, the FA composition of the breast tissue was altered and the long-chain n-3 FA contents (C22:6n-3, C22:5n-3, and C20:5n-3) increased. In addition, with increasing levels of FO in the broiler diets, the ratios of total saturated FA to polyunsaturated FA, monounsaturated FA to polyunsaturated FA, and n-6 to n-3 in the breast meat were decreased.
Evaluation of protocorm formation in meristematic regions of roots and leaves of Miltonia spectabilis moreliana (Orchidaceae)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2.4-D and BAP on protocorm formation in meristematic regions of root and leaf of Miltonia spectabilis moreliana, and to test the effect of sucrose concentrations and pH levels on the growth of protocorms. Root and leaf segments of in vitro- germinated plants were cultured in MS/2 culture medium supplemented with 2.4-D and BAP, and kept in the dark for 210 days. The combination of 3 mg.L -1 2.4-D and 1 or 3 mg.L -1 BAP provided the best results. The concentrations of 15 and 30 g.L -1 sucrose, independently of the pH, were more efficient for the in vitro culture of this species, as they promoted an increase in the number and length of roots, height, and fresh weight of the plantlets. The pH was significant only in combination with 15 g.L -1 sucrose for the length of the largest root and fresh weight.
Purification and characterization of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase from the green alga Chlorella fusca

Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR, EC I.18.1.2) from the green algae Chlorella fusca Shihira et Kraus 211–15, was purified to homogeneity. The molecular mass was 36.8 kDa as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme exhibits the typical spectrum of a flavoprotein with an absorption maximum at 459 nm and an A273/459 ratio of 7.2. It contains one mol of FAD per mol of protein and the calculated extinction coefficient is 9.8 mM cm−1. Four different forms of the purified enzyme were detected by isoelectric focusing (pI between 5.4 and 5.9), even when protease inhibitors were used during the first steps of the purification. Kinetic parameters were determined for several FNR-catalyzed reactions. NADP+ photoreduction gave comparable rates when either ferredoxin or flavodoxin was used.
Quantifying habitat structure: surface convolution and living space for species in complex environments

Habitat complexity is often used to explain the distribution of species in environments, yet the ability to predict outcomes of structural differences between habitats remains elusive. This stems from the difficulty and lack of consistency in measuring and quantifying habitat structure, making comparison between different habitats and systems problematic. For any measure of habitat structure to be useful it needs to be applicable to a range of habitats and have relevance to their associated fauna. We measured three differently-shaped macrophyte analogues with nine indices of habitat structure to determine which would best distinguish between their shape and relate to the abundance and rarefied species richness of their associated macroinvertebrate assemblages. These indices included the physical, whole-plant attributes of surface area (SA) and plant volume (PV), the interstitial space attributes of average space size and frequency (ISI), average refuge space from predation (Sp/Pr), and total refuge space (FFV), and the degree of surface convolution at a range of scales (i.e. the fractal dimension at four spatial scales: 7.5×, 5×, 2.5× and 1× magnification). We found a high degree of inter-correlation between the structural indices such that they could be organised into two suites: one group describing interstitial space and surface convolution at coarse scales, the other describing whole-plant attributes and surface convolution at fine scales. Two of these indices fell into both suites: the average refuge space from predation (Sp/Pr) and the fractal dimension at 5× magnification. These two measures were also strongly related to macroinvertebrate abundance and rarefied species richness, which points to their usefulness in quantifying habitat structure and illustrates that habitat structure depends not just on shape, but on the space associated with shape.
Early pregnancy diagnosis on large dairy farms and its role in improving profitability. Literature review

The authors reviewed the factors related to the accuracy of the early pregnancy diagnosis methods used on dairy farms, and summarized the results of the studies on the production and economic consequences of early pregnancy diagnosis. Transrectal ultrasonography and pregnancy-associated glycoprotein tests allow for accurate diagnosis about one week earlier than rectal palpation. Therefore, the breeding interval can be shortened and days open can be reduced. However, a drawback of the early diagnosis is that a larger proportion of the naturally occurring pregnancy losses is observed. Since iatrogenic pregnancy loss is more costly than the increase in the number of open days, it is important to use a diagnostic method with high sensitivity and negative predictive value. The economic advantage of early pregnancy diagnosis is higher in herds with poor reproductive performance. Higher cost per day open and larger herd size result in shorter payback time of the investments in early pregnancy diagnosis methods.
Soybean expansion and agriculture diversity in Argentina

Se ha propuesto que el incremento en el cultivo de soja (Glycine max) que ha ocurrido en la Argentina durante las ultimas dos decadas esta asociado a un empobrecimiento de la diversidad de la agricultura. En este trabajo evaluamos esta hipotesis a traves de estimar los cambios en la superficie cultivada, en la identidad y magnitud de la dominancia en terminos de la proporcion del area sembrada con el cultivo principal, y en la diversidad de cultivos a lo largo del periodo 1961-2006. La superficie total cultivada de nuestro pais se ha incrementado aproximadamente 45% desde 1990 hasta 2006, en coincidencia con la gran expansion del cultivo de soja, que ha reemplazado al trigo (Triticum spp.) como cultivo dominante. En 2006, la soja represento alrededor de 50% de la superficie cultivada en la Argentina. Ningun otro cultivo alcanzo en las ultimas cinco decadas semejante dominancia. Distintos estimadores indican que, asociado a este incremento de la dominancia de la soja, la diversidad de cultivos del campo argentino ha decrecido >20% durante el periodo 1990-2006. Ademas de la expansion de la frontera agricola y de la perdida de biodiversidad por destruccion de ecosistemas naturales, nuestros resultados ponen en evidencia una tendencia hacia la homogeneizacion del paisaje agricola. De continuarse un aumento en la dominancia del cultivo de soja es probable que se profundicen los multiples costos ambientales, sociales y economicos asociados a una menor diversidad de cultivos en nuestro pais.
Co-segregation analysis of cadmium and zinc accumulation in Thlaspi caerulescens interecotypic crosses.

• Cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi caerulescens varies among ecotypes. Here we investigated segregation of Cd and zinc (Zn) accumulation in F2 crosses between high (Ganges) and low (Prayon) Cd-accumulating ecotypes. • Accumulation was measured in plants grown in compost treated with 5 and 100 mg kg-1 Cd and Zn, respectively, and in hydroponics with 50 m Zn and 10 or 50 m Cd. Another hydroponic experiment examined the relationship between Cd tolerance and accumulation. • Parental phenotype distributions for shoot metal concentrations were distinct for Cd, but not consistent for Zn. Shoot Cd and Zn in F2 s varied continuously, with significant transgression for Zn in all treatments. Shoot Cd correlated strongly with shoot manganese (Mn), and to a lesser degree with shoot Zn. Shoot Cd concentrations in the Cd nontolerant F2 s were lower than, or similar to, those in the Cd-tolerant F2 s. • We conclude that Cd and Zn accumulation is governed by multiple genes, and that Cd tolerance and accumulation are independent traits in T. caerulescens. Two uptake systems with distinctive affinities for Cd, Zn and Mn are proposed.
THE RETENTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF UREA IN THE ELASMOBRANCHII

The high urea content (2·0 and 2·5 per cent.) that characterises the blood, body fluids and tissues of the Elasmobranchii owes its origin to the relative impermeability of the gills and integument to this substance, and to the circumstance that the urea is actively conserved by the elasmobranch kidney.
In situ measurements of turbulence in fish shoals

Turbulence was measured in situ within shoals of juvenile perch Perca fluviatilis with a self‐contained autonomous microstructure profiler near an artificial reef in Lake Constance, Germany. Depth‐averaged dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) correlated with the density of shoaling fish, providing evidence for fish‐induced turbulence in a large and stratified lake. The observed range and the depth‐averaged values of TKE dissipation rates associated with fish‐generated turbulence were comparable with magnitudes of turbulence typically caused by internal waves or wind forcing. Enhanced turbulence within fish shoals could only be observed during periods of low background turbulence and high fish abundance. The observed rates of dissipation of TKE are about two orders of magnitude smaller than production rates of TKE estimated from empirical models on the basis of observed fish size and swimming speed.
Accumulation of Aluminium by Anabaena cylindrica into Polyphosphate Granules and Cell Walls: an X-ray Energy-dispersive Microanalysis Study

Summary: X-ray microanalysis of thin cryosections of the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica showed that aluminium was rapidly taken up and accumulated into polyphosphate granules. In addition, aluminium was found in the cell walls but could not be detected in the cytoplasm. The concentration of phosphorus in the medium affected the accumulation pattern; more aluminium was bound in the polyphosphate granules and in the cell walls after growth in phosphorus-rich medium. The accumulation of aluminium in these structures may function as a detoxification mechanism. Treatment with aluminium for 24 h did not cause any significant changes in the elemental composition of polyphosphate granules or cell walls.