Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinetic studies on curing of hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene prepolymer-based polyurethane networks

Hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) prepolymer prepared by free-radical mechanism at Chemical Engineering Complex, Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, Thiruvananthapuram was reacted with toluene diisocyanate (TDI), a curative at varying stoichiometric ratios (r = [NCO]/ [OH]) equal to 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, and 1.1 at a constant temperature of 70°C. The increased rate of viscosity of polyurethane networks formed was used to calculate the rate constant. Similarly, the rate of change of viscosity of curing networks at different r values (0.7–1.1) and temperature intervals (30–70°C) was used to calculate activation energy. The results of the curing networks showed that the rate constant at r > 0.9 is constant and the rate of decrease of activation energy is lower at r ≤ 1; thereafter, it becomes quite significant. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 842–846, 2002
Growth and Characterization of Gallium-Doped ZnO Films for α -Particle Scintillators

Gallium-doped ZnO (ZnO:Ga) films for an α-particle scintillator were grown on a sapphire (0001) substrate by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. Spectral analysis shows that the photoluminescence and scintillation properties of ZnO:Ga films under α-particle radiation can be remarkably improved by a post rapid thermal annealing process and also by increasing the film thickness. The surface morphology, crystallinity, and scintillation properties of ZnO:Ga thin films were further improved by in situ growth interruption during the two-step growth process.
Management of Flow Table of SDN for Proactive Eviction Using Fuzzy Logic

With the development of Software Defined Network (SDN), numerous researches have been conducted for improving the performance of SDN. In SDN flow table is used in OpenFlow switch for the routing of the packets. Due to the space limitation of flow table and switch capacity, various issues need to be resolved for effectively dealing with a large number of flows. The existing schemes typically employ a reactive approach such that evicted entries are decided only when timeout or table miss occurs. In this paper a novel proactive eviction scheme is proposed which employs hidden Markov model (HMM) to predict the probability of table miss of the entries. If the probability exceeds the preset threshold, fuzzy logic is used to select the entries for eviction considering match priority, idle time, and the number of unmatched flows via a new notion called eviction index. The proposed scheme is for efficient flow entry eviction before table miss actually occurs, which eventually increases the speed of flow management in SDN switch. Computer simulation reveals that the proposed scheme increases the match probability and prediction accuracy, and reduces the number of misses at least 10% compared to three existing entry eviction schemes.
Effect of soft-segment CH2/O ratio on morphology and properties of a series of polyurethane elastomers

A series of six thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers were synthesized from a 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) chain extender, with poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO), poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO), poly(hexamethylene oxide) (PHMO), poly(octamethylene oxide) (POMO), poly(decamethylene oxide) (PDMO), and poly(1,6-hexyl carbonate)diol (PCDO) macrodiol soft segments. The soft-segment molecular weights employed were similar (approximately 1000 g/mol) and each polyurethane contained 55% (w/w) of the soft-segment macrodiol. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques were employed to characterize the morphology. Tensile and Shore hardness tests were also performed. Materials were tested in the as-molded, solvent-cast, and annealed states. It was found that the polyurethanes produced from macrodiols with the highest CH2/O ratio displayed greater hard-domain crystallinity, a higher degree of phase separation, and the greatest hardness, stiffness, and opacity. POMO- and PDMO-based polymers displayed evidence of paracrystallinity in the soft domains. The PCDO-based material displayed a higher degree of phase mixing compared to the polyether-based materials. Annealing increased hard-domain crystallinity in all the polyether-based materials. The solvent-cast POMO- and PDMO-based materials had poor mechanical properties and were difficult to cast. The materials containing macrodiols with the lowest CH2/O ratio were more readily solvent-cost and produced strong, useful films. Morphologies of the solvent-cast materials differed greatly from those of the molded materials. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rectifications

Greg Dening, Beach Crossings: Voyaging Across Times, Cultures, and Self. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. 376 pp. ISBN: 0-81223849-4 (hbk.). Leandro Prados de la Escosura, ed., Exceptionalism and Industrialization: Britain and its European Riuals, 1688-1815. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 352 pp. ISBN: 0-521-79304-1. E. Brooks-Hollifield, Era of Persuasion: American Thought and Culture, 1521-1680. American Thought and Culture Series. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2004. 224 pp. ISBN: 0-7425-3307-7 (hbk.); 0-7425-3308-5 (pbk.). Reimar Schefold, Peter Nas, Gerard Persoon, and Rivke Jaffe, eds, Framing Indonesian Realities: Essays in Symbolic Anthroplogy in Honour of Reimar Schefold. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2003. vi + 420 pp. ISBN: 9-067-18218-4. Ruth Rogaski, Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-Port China. Asia: Local Studies/Global Themes 9. A Philip E. Lilienthal Book in Asian Studies. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004. 415 pp. ISBN: 0-52024001-4 (hbk.).
Substance Use and Involvement in Situations of Violence: A Typological Study of a Brazilian Population-Based Sample

Abstract Substance use in adolescence relates to other problems such as involvement in violence and mental/physical health problems. This study aimed to identify substance use patterns in a considerable sample of Brazilian adolescents and to estimate the magnitude of the relationship between each pattern and violence involvement indicators, as aggressor and/or as victim, and of mental and general health. The data analyzed were collected from 6702 schoolchildren, within the scope of the National Survey of School Health, employing latent class analysis for reports of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and crack cocaine use. The five groups identified were compared regarding their involvement in violence and mental and general health aspects. Abstainers (18%) would neither make use of substances, nor be involved in violence or display health problems. Drinkers (26%) would tend to only make use of alcohol, but would not display the other problems either. Conventional Drug Users (28%) would tend to make use of alcohol and tobacco or alcohol and marijuana and would also be involved in violence, but would not display health problems. Polysubstance Users (23%) would tend to make use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana and would be more frequently involved in violence. Hard Drug Users (5%) would tend to make frequent use of all substances in addition to also being more involved in violence, both as aggressor and victim, and would display mental/general health problems. Our findings reveal different levels of problems and reinforce the importance of varied prevention/treatment policies in order to meet specific demands.
Unimolecular dissociation of energy‐selected methyl formate ion

Fragmentation mechanisms of the methyl formate and methyl formate‐d1 ions have been investigated using threshold photoelectron–photoion coincidence (TPEPICO) mass spectrometry. The breakdown diagrams and ion kinetic energies of fragment ions were measured at internal energies of the molecular ion from 0 to 7 eV, and fragmentation pathways were elucidated. The formation of HCO+ showed a large kinetic isotope effect. The formation of CH3O+ from methyl formate‐d1 is accompanied by a large kinetic energy release, about twice that calculated using quasiequilibrium theory (QET). Its relative abundance in the breakdown curve also appears to be inconsistent with statistical theory. Direct dissociation from an isolated state of the molecular ion was one possible explanation. Slow dissociations were observed for the formation of methanol ions resulting from a migration of the formyl hydrogen while QET predicts no metastable dissociation for this process. Two‐component reaction rates for methanol ion formation sugge.
A new compact UWB traveling-wave antenna based on CRLH-TLs for embedded electronic systems

Design and fabrication of a traveling-wave printed planar composite right/left-handed (CRLH) antenna are presented in this paper. The proposed traveling-wave antenna constructed of four unit cells with b-shaped geometries, which each occupy 2.49 mm length, 6.32 mm width, and 0.8 mm height. In this paper, with designing the optimized b-shaped printed planar structure by the standard manufacturing techniques on the printed circuit boards, which perform the roles of the series left-handed (LH) capacitances (CL), the antenna size, bandwidth, and radiation specifications may be improved to the desirable range. Also, to obtaining the desired results the spiral inductors have been used, which play the roles of the shunt LH inductances (LL). The fabricated antenna with the proposed structure can be covered more from 2 GHz measured impedance bandwidth with minimum of the measured gain and radiation efficiency equal to 6.1 dBi and 52.3%, respectively, which happen at 9 GHz. According to the provided results, the proposed compact ultra-wideband traveling-wave antenna is a potential candidate to use in the embedded electronic systems and portable wireless communication devices.
A structural model of hydrophobically modified urethane-ethoxylate (HEUR) associative polymers in shear flows

This paper describes the rheological behavior of a HEUR (hydrophobic ethoxylated urethane) associative polymer with C16H33 end groups at 2.0 wt % concentration in aqueous solution. Under normal steady shear, this solution exhibits Newtonian behavior at low shear rates and, as the shear rate is increased, passes through a shear-thickening region before exhibiting a sharp decrease in viscosity. Here we report superposition-of-oscillation experiments on steady-shear flows to examine the state of the network structure under different shear conditions. The technique involves applying a steady shear deformation to the fluid, and once the steady state is achieved, a small amplitude oscillation is imposed on the sample to measure the linear viscoelastic properties. We observe that within the shear-thickening region, the plateau modulus is larger than in the Newtonian region, suggesting that shear-thickening is the result of a shear-induced increase in the density of mechanically active chains, which may be due to.
Source and Drain Structures for Suppressing Ambipolar Characteristics of Graphene Field-Effect Transistors

Metal-graphene contact in graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) causes ambipolar characteristics unsuitable for complementary logic circuits. We devised source and drain structures for suppressing these ambipolar characteristics in GFETs. The calculation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the devised structures. Similar structures could be applied to FETs with channels made by narrow-gap materials.
Naturally occurring organic matter as a chemical trap to scan an ecosystem for natural products

A model is proposed that tests an ecosystem for natural products (NPs) using a nonpolar extract of naturally occurring organic matter (NOM), which we demonstrate to be an efficient chemical trap for relatively nonpolar organic molecules. To test the model we collected twenty-six samples of NOM from various locations on the Suwannee River, from its headwaters in the Okeefenokee Swamp to the Gulf of Mexico. We have tentatively identified stearic acid, DDT, chincodine, and a potential precursor to bryostatin. Our data provide evidence that NOM can trap, hold for several decades, concentrate, and transport NP in the environment.
CoWP as a Drift Barrier for Cu Ions Studied by Electric Measurements

Electrical characteristics of self-aligned cobalt-tungsten-phosphide (CoWP) as a copper (Cu) drift barrier for advanced Cu interconnects were investigated using blanket Al/SiO 2 /CoWP/Cu metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structures. The time-dependent dielectric breakdown measurements of the MIM structure under the bias-temperature stress tests demonstrated that the median time-to-failure (MTF) of chemical-vapor-deposited SiO 2 improves by more than 20 times by forming a 10 nm thick CoWP. The improved MTF is comparable to that measured with the reversed-bias stress in which no Cu-ion drift occurs. It is concluded that Cu-ion drift is suppressed by a 10 nm thick CoWP barrier.
Crystal structure of cholesteryl nonanoate

Cholesteryl nonanoate is monoclinic, space group P21, with lattice parameters a= 27.24(1), b= 9.183(3), c= 13.96(2)A, β= 91.52(2)°, and Z= 4 [two independent molecules (A) and (B) in the unit cell]. The crystal structure was determined by Patterson rotation and translation methods, from the X-ray intensities of 2 496 reflections measured by diffractometer and refined by block-diagonal least-squares to R 0.10. Molecules (A) and (B) have almost fully extended conformations, but differ at the ends of the C(17) chains, in the rotations at the ester bonds, and in the nonanoate chains. The molecules are in antiparallel array forming monolayers with thickness d100 27.2 A, and having molecular long axes tilted at ca. 61° with respect to the layer interface. In the interface region, atoms are almost in the liquid state. The crystal structure is unusual in that the nonanoate chains pack with cholesteryl tetracyclic systems and not with each other. Arrangements of this kind are presumed to exist when cholesterol is incorporated within biological membranes.
Molecular silverware. I. General solutions to excluded volume constrained problems

General mathematical solutions to excluded volume constrained problems in computational chemistry are reported. The solutions have been used to create a new family of molecular modeling algorithms to facilitate the study of molecular interactions in condensed phases. The new algorithms, collectively known as Molecular Silverware, are for the most part interactive and designed for packing, solvating, and sampling molecules embedded in simple or complex topological environments. Multifolded, disconnected, or porous molecular structures are permitted. Molecular Silverware assists the preparation of Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations at a small fraction of the total simulation time. Primary targets for applications include the study of molecular recognition mechanisms and the selective binding of DNA, RNA, peptides, saccharides and other biopolymers in solution as well as the prediction of phase separation behavior and physical properties of non‐crystalline condensed phases such as bulk polymers, polymer blends, organic liquids, membranes, micelles, gels, crosslinked networks, glasses, and amorphous heterogeneous catalysts. As a result of this new approach to excluded volume constraints, the computer simulation of noncrystalline condensed phases is no longer hampered by the lack of a general and efficient method for the creation and configurational sampling of small and large molecular assemblies at high densities.
Degradation of Phenol in Aqueous Solution by TiO2 Photocatalyst Coated Rotating-Drum Reactor.

In order to commercialize a photochemical reactor for treatment of biohazard organic compounds in aqueous solution, a film-shaped photocatalyst composed of platinum-loaded TiO 2 /water glass/substrate was fabricated, immobilizing pretreated TiO 2 powders on a substrate plate by a double spread method. A new type of photocatalytic reactor, called a TiO 2 photocatalyst coated rotating-drum reactor, was proposed, in which the surface of the drum is the reaction site so that the photocatalyst can effectively contact aqueous solution and receive light. A experiment in decomposing phenol in an aqueous solution using this reactor was carried out. In consequence, it is shown that phenol can be decomposed in a relatively short time, not only under artificial ultraviolet light, but also under solar light.
6 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels

Voltage-gated sodium channels subserve regenerative excitation throughout the nervous system, as well as in skeletal and cardiac muscle. This excitation results from a voltage-dependent mechanism that increases regeneratively and selectively the sodium conductance of the channel e-fold for a 4–7 mV depolarization of the membrane with time constants in the range of tens of microseconds. Entry of Na+ into the cell without a companion anion depolarizes the cell. This depolarization, called the action potential, is propagated at rates of 1–20 meters/sec. In nerve it subserves rapid transmission of information and, in muscle cells, coordinates the trigger for contraction. Sodium-dependent action potentials depolarize the membrane to inside positive values of about 30–40 mV (approaching the electrochemical potential for the transmembrane sodium gradient). Repolarization to the resting potential (usually between −60 and −90 mV) occurs because of inactivation (closure) of sodium channels, which is assisted in different tissues by variable amounts of activation of voltage-gated potassium channels. This sequence results in all-or-nothing action potentials in nerve and fast skeletal muscle of 1–2 ms duration, and in heart muscle of 100–300 ms duration. Recovery of regenerative excitation, i.e., recovery of the ability of sodium channels to open, occurs after restoration of the resting potential with time constants of a few to several hundreds of milliseconds, depending on the channel isoform, and this rate controls the minimum interval for repetitive action potentials (refractory period). The sodium channel that is responsible for this complex timeand voltagedependent behavior is an integral membrane protein of greater than 200 kDa; it spans the cell’s surface membrane with a large mass located both intracellularly and extracellularly. Five structural properties underlie the complex channel function described above: (1) the pore or permeation path, which connects the outside and inside salt solutions, (2) the narrowest region of the pore, which determines the selectivity for sodium over other physiologically present ions, (3) the gates, which open or shut the channel, i.e., control activation and inactivation, (4) the process that couples the gates to transmembrane voltage, and (5) the various binding sites that allow the modulation of the channel by drugs and natural toxins. Various clinical diseases of the nervous system and muscle result from subtle changes in the channel’s structure and consequent function.
Brownian dynamics: Its application to ionic solutions

The method of molecular dynamics is applied to a solvent‐averaged model of electrolyte solutions, described by a generalized Langevin equation. For Brownian motion without solute–solute interactions, we recover the characteristic features of an infinitely dilute solution. For interacting brownons, the results exhibit a noticeable dependence of the calculated self‐diffusion coefficients on the influence of the Coulomb forces. The model system exhibits ion association when the Coulomb forces are made strong enough.
Structure of a bidisperse polymer brush : Monte Carlo simulation and self-consistent field results

Using the bond-fluctuation model, Monte Carlo simulations are performed for polymer brushes composed of chains of two different chain lengths under good solvent condition. Profiles of monomer density and free end density, chain linear dimensions, and average monomer position along a chain are studied. Quantities measured in the simulations are derived from the analytic self-consistent field (SCF) theory and compared with the simulation data. The structural properties can be quite accurately described by the theory only when both the long and short chains are stretched
Comprehensive studies of pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of indocyanine green and liposomal indocyanine green by multispectral optoacoustic tomography

Real-time and continuous monitoring of systemically administered agents is an important task in pharmaceutical development. Herein, we performed a real-time continuous study of the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of indocyanine green (ICG) and liposomal indocyanine green (Lipo-ICG) in vivo by multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT). By comparing the blood clearance and uptake behavior of these two ICG formulations in liver, spleen, kidney and tumor, we showed that Lipo-ICG prolonged the retention time of ICG in blood, and resulted in enhanced accumulation and retention in liver, spleen, and tumor. The results obtained from the MSOT test provided a comprehensive and continuous view of the metabolic behavior of the injected agents in different formulations. The results may also be helpful for understanding this new imaging technique.
Coping with Incidents: a First Step Towards a Thorough Overhaul

This article focuses on applications of the colour-blind western-oriented work of the famous psychologists Lazarus and Folkman (1966; 1984) on coping and stress. This is done by taking a closer look at different fields of application such as traumatic events and serious crimes. This exercise yields some preliminary conclusions. Firstly, more tailor-made process research into ‘types’ of stressful life events and how to deal with them is desirable. This article contains an example of this, namely traumatic events and serious crimes. My assumption is that serious crime (Steinmetz, 1990) creates a distorted view of the victim’s self, the victim experience and the environment. A second important lesson is that it is far from desirable to rely on one's own strength or resources, on that of family and friends and on victim support (secondary appraisal). The main cause is that western governments and institutions do not serve people with worries and suffering; in fact, They even backfire because governments and institutions distrust citizens. Furthermore, this article looked at the contribution of positive psychology to coping and stress. The good news is that people can also learn from miserable experiences and benefit from them for the rest of their lives. Secondly, from this critical position, we examined how coping and stress manifest in collectivist non-Western countries. In the collectivised non-Western world, the human being and her/his gestalt try to find balance through coping and stress. That balance has to be seen from the perspective of the interdependence of a person with his/her extended family, ancestors, gods and spirits, earth and cosmos. This has implications for what Lazarus and Folkman (1966 and 1984) call primary and secondary appraisal. Finally, a look at neurology was also taken, with the core question of whether neurology provides support for the process-oriented coping models of Lazarus and Folkman. The outcome is yes, for primary appraisal, with the caveat that the area for visual images in the brain lights up and the speech centre is switched off. After all, victims of severe traumatic events relive the images of when the severe trauma occurred and often have no words for what exactly happened at the core of the traumatic experience.