Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gauge Structure: Local Constructions and a Look Beyond

We discuss the mathematical structures associated with internal gauge symmetry. Specifically, we review of the standard local considerations, centered around the construction of covariant derivatives and curvature (= field strength). We first present those constructions in simple matrix form, then indicate the generalization to general Lie algebras and representations. We emphasize the fundamental nature of parallel transport (≈ “nonintegrable frames”). That leads us into an introductory discussion of discrete gauge groups, gauge theory on discrete spaces, and gauge field topology. Gauge symmetry, in general, involves the possibility of making ordinary symmetry transformations in a space-dependent way. The “space” involved need not be physical space or space-time in the conventional sense. Indeed, we will find that gauge symmetry arises in a natural way for spaces that parameterize families of quantum Hamiltonians, or geometric configurations of a molecule or of a cat, for example. Our modern quantum theories of the strong and of the electroweak interactions – including, of course, as a most important special case electromagnetism (QED) – are based on postulated gauge symmetries. In those cases the symmetry transformations act within internal charge or color spaces. (The precise meaning of this jargon will be defined presently.) These symmetries, and their speculative extension in grand unified theories, might – or might not – have deeper origins in quantum theory and/or geometry, but so far it has been adequate, for a very wide range of practical purposes, to treat them as fundamental.
Antioxidant effect of methanol extracts from lotus plumule and blossom (Nelumbo nucifera Gertn.)

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gertn.) is a major economic aqueous plant in Tainan County. Lotus plumule contains various alkaloids and is used to remove “ heat” or as tranquilizer and antihypertensive agent in folk medicine. Lotus blossom contains alkaloids, organic acids, amino acids, and β-carotenoid and is used to “ warm” kidney and spleen or used as a cardiotonic in folk medicine. In an attempt to assess the possible antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of lotus plumule and blossom, several in vitro assays were conducted. We found that both lotus plumule and blossom possessed strong reducing powers and free radical scavenging abilities. However, only methanol extract of lotus plumule exhibited ferrous ion chelating capabilities, which might contribute to the difference in ant ioxidant activities between lotus plumule and lotus blossom when analyzing the preventive effects on fatty acid peroxidation and plasmid DNA damage. No mutagenicity in the methanol extract of lotus plumule or blossom was found for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100, either in the presence or absence of S9 mix.
Limitations and Flaws of Preclinical Pulmonary Hypertension Studies

Olivier Boucherat, PhD Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center Department of Medicine Université Laval Québec City, Canada Despite advances in our understanding of the disease, significant therapeutic gaps remain for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Indeed, no cure exists yet for this devastating disease, and very few innovative therapies beyond the traditional pathways of endothelial dysfunction have reached late clinical trial phases in PAH. While there are inherent limitations to the currently available animal models of PAH, the delayed translation of innovative therapies to the clinic may also relate to flawed preclinical research methodologies. The present article discusses the limitations and flaws in the design of preclinical PH trials and discusses opportunities to create preclinical studies with improved predictive value in identifying key mechanisms involved in PAH development and progression and guiding early phase drug development in PAH patients. The implementation of rigorous study design will need support not only from researchers, peer reviewers, and editors, but also from academic institutions, funding agencies, and animal ethics authorities.
The Ridesharing Revolution: Economic Survey and Synthesis January 2017

Digital ridesharing platforms, such as Uber and Lyft, are part of a broader suite of innovations that constitute what is sometimes referred to as the sharing economy. In this essay, we provide an overview of current research on the economic efficiency and equity characteristics of ridesharing platforms, and provide a research agenda that includes an examination of the natural evolution toward driverless cars. We have three main findings: first, relatively little is known about either the equity and efficiency properties of ridesharing platforms, but this is likely to change as companies and researchers focus on these issues. Second, we may be able to learn something about the likely diffusion and benefits of these technologies from experience with other policies and technologies. Third, while we believe these platforms will do substantially more good than harm, the measurement, distribution, and size of the gains from these technologies requires further research. * Robert Hahn is professor and director of economics at the Smith School at the University of Oxford, a non-resident senior fellow at Brookings, a senior fellow at the Georgetown Center for Business and Public Policy, and a member of the Technology Policy Institute’s board of academic advisors. Robert Metcalfe is Postdoctoral Research Scholar in Economics at the University of Chicago. We would like to thank Ted Gayer, Jonathan Hall, Scott Kominers, Jonathan Meer, Alex Teytelboym, Scott Wallsten, and Cliff Winston for helpful comments and Julia Schmitz, Brian Campbell and Samantha van Urk for excellent research assistance. The usual caveat applies. The Ridesharing Revolution: Economic Survey and Synthesis Robert Hahn and Robert Metcalfe
Immunoresistance a Major Challenge in Cancer Therapy

CSCs, or Cancer Stem Cells, are a specific group of cells that are present in the tumor mass and, unlike viable tumor cells, they do not need the initiation potential to induce tumor development. CSCs features might be responsible for failed treatment, metastases, recurrence, or even for propagation into more malignant tumors. In this review we analyze the role of CSCs in cancer immunoresistance and discuss the extensive overview of the dynamic interactions in the tumoral microenvironment that implicates CSCs and the host-immune system, which are determinants for successful therapy. Immunotherapies are a series of promising clinical approaches carried out to activate the immune system developed to target specific antigens to induce beneficial clinical responses. Given CSCs’ properties, the difficulty of eliminating these cells increases as they induce poor immune-recognition and active immunosuppression during tumorigenesis. This finally generates immunoresistance that cannot be overcome by traditional cancer therapies and is one main reason for unsuccessful cancer therapy. This is one of the major challenges faced in solid tumors. Finally, we discuss new insights into anti-tumor immunity that focuses on CSCs and on the stemness phenotype and its bi-directional microenvironment interaction.
Isolation and Structure Analysis of a Hetero-Polysaccharide from Angelica sinensis(Oliv)Diels.

OBJECTIVE To characterize the chemical structure of a homogenous polysaccharide ASDII-3-3 purified from Angelica sinensis(Oliv)Diels.METHODS Sugar composition analysis,methylation analysis and NMR were used to determine the structural features.RESULTS The molecular weight of the homogenous polysaccharide was 44 000 dalton estimated by HPGPC,mainly composed of arabinose and galactose,as well as xylose,rhamnose and mannose. The linkage models of arabinose were terminal and 1,5 linked,galactose contained 1,4 and 1,4,6 linked units,xylose was 1,4 linked,rhamnose was 1,2 linked and mannose was terminal.CONCLUSION This polysaccharide is a new hetero-polysaccharide for the first time from Angelica sinensis(Oliv)Diels.
Application of Advance Constrained Simplex Method to an e-SYSTEM Network Design

— e-Science is based on e-System, and has three factors. The first factor is optimization proceeding. Large data are categorized into function data or noise data through an optimization proceeding. The second factor is networking. Information about the categorized function data are spread all over the world though networking. The final factor is modeling, which can be designed from the 2-or 3-demensional view of function data. This study first describes advanced constrained simplex method (advanced complex method). Subsequently, the study shows whether this complex procedure has any problems when used for finding the maximum of a general nonlinear function of several variables within a constrained region described in wireless communication systems, especially for multiple-input multiple-out (MIMO) configuration. Next, advanced constrained simplex method is described, presenting how to resolve the problem of MIMO as well as how to make it efficient, by comparing it with the complex method and classical simplex method using some simulations. The proposed wireless network design can be used as an e-system network design.
Surface wildfire in temperate forests of the Golestan Province, northern Iran

To understand the effect of wildfire on quantity and quality characteristics in the Loveh forest (Golestan Province), a systematic sampling has been designed in a network of 100×100m with circle plots of each 0.1 ha for burned (B) and unburned areas (UB) with 30 sample plots. This study focused on the impact of fire on forest structure and tree species quality in the Loveh forests in northern Iran. The result showed that in the early growth season after fire, trees per ha did not significantly changed. Plant cover decreased and there was a strong negative relationship between the diameter at breast height (DBH) and the percentage of dead trees in the burned area. Classification of burn intensity into 4 classes showed that among the 9 recorded species, in healthy, low burned, medium burned and high burned class's, aggregate percent of fire affected trees showed that hornbeam (52.4%) and chestnut leaved oak (33.78%) had the highest damage. Our results showed that fire led to high damage and killed many trees especially in low diameter classes in this forest. For the future of these stands, it is suggested to focus efforts on salvage and silvicultural practices, because these damaged trees are susceptible to diseases and pests.
ACTIVITY PATTERNS AND SPATIAL RESOURCE SELECTION OF THE EASTERN MASSASAUGA RATTLESNAKE IN NORTHEASTERN INDIANA

The Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake, Sistrurus c. catenatus is being considered for federal listing as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Management planning for this species would greatly benefit from ecological studies conducted at local scales and in habitats where their ecology is not yet well understood. Efforts have been increased to ascertain its ecological requirements and develop proper management approaches for it, especially in habitats not yet well understood. Fens have received relatively little attention thus far in massasauga literature despite the fact that, in some regions, fens may support the largest populations of massasaugas (i.e. Indiana, Casebere 1997). This report details findings from a four-year study (plus the current field season) of the massasauga at Cline Fen in northeastern Indiana. Patterns of movement, macrohabitat and microhabitat use were examined using radio telemetry. The results obtained for this site were also compared to findings by other researchers across the range of the subspecies. Males exhibit the largest home ranges. One of the reasons for this is their tendency to make extensive moves in the summer to find females. Both males and nongravid females typically have two or three activity centers, and they may revisit these areas repeatedly over the activity season. Gravid females have the smallest home ranges, and usually only a single activity center. By late spring they establish themselves at a gestation site where they usually stay at until parturition in August. After giving birth, they show more extensive movements before returning to the hibernaculum. All classes of massasauga are usually, but not always, underground by mid-October. All snakes prefer emergent vegetation for both their home range and their activity centers. Of the emergent vegetation habitats Shore Line was selected the most often with respect to its availability. This is likely due to two reasons. Most importantly, four gravid females used this habitat. Within days of their emergence form hibernation these four females moved to locations along the lake shore where they established gestation sites and remained until early August. Their use, along with the occasional use by others, likely led to the high ranking. In addition, the lake shore also only comprises a small amount of the study site (0.4%) and compositional analysis is susceptible to bias when habitat availability is low. Management efforts should focus on maintaining the early successional stages in the wetlands and their margins. Trees and shrubs should be discouraged, but …
Differing responses of the quasi-biennial oscillation to artificial SO2 injections in two global models

Abstract. Artificial injections of sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) into the stratosphere show in several model studies an impact on stratospheric dynamics. The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) has been shown to slow down or even vanish under higher SO2 injections in the equatorial region. But the impact is only qualitatively but not quantitatively consistent across the different studies using different numerical models. The aim of this study is to understand the reasons behind the differences in the QBO response to SO2 injections between two general circulation models, the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM-110L) and MAECHAM5-HAM. We show that the response of the QBO to injections with the same SO2 injection rate is very different in the two models, but similar when a similar stratospheric heating rate is induced by SO2 injections of different amounts. The reason for the different response of the QBO corresponding to the same injection rate is very different vertical advection in the two models, even in the control simulation. The stronger vertical advection in WACCM results in a higher aerosol burden and stronger heating of the aerosols and, consequently, in a vanishing QBO at lower injection rate than in simulations with MAECHAM5-HAM. The vertical velocity increases slightly in MAECHAM5-HAM when increasing the horizontal resolution. This study highlights the crucial role of dynamical processes and helps to understand the large uncertainties in the response of different models to artificial SO2 injections in climate engineering studies.
Robust feature learning method for epileptic seizures prediction based on long-term EEG signals

Deep learning (DL) has been expensively applied in multiple fields like computer vision, speech recognition and natural language processing. The field of Epileptic seizure prediction didn’t receive the deserved attention by DL community, even though, deep neural networks can handle the challenging task of onsets prediction whilst achieving the highest rates of sensitivity, despite the complex nature of EEG signals. In the literature, this issue was addressed differently most of the time using handcrafted temporal and spectral features, machine learning techniques and rarely deep learning with extracted features. In this paper, we introduce an LSTM model designed to address the chaotic nature of an EEG signal in order to predict pre-ictal and inter-ictal states. Our model is evaluated on the publicly available CHBMIT database. We achieved an average sensitivity rate of 0.84 using a Raw EEG data segment as input to the LSTM model.
Street-level Repression: Protest, Policing, and Dissent in Uganda

In many countries, police are both guardians of public safety and the primary instruments of state repression. Used to quell dissent, excessive police action can drive further collective action, leading to a repression-dissent nexus. Yet does repression spur dissent for all, or only for those already dissenting? We theorize repression by police causes political backlash, decreasing support for police and increasing political dissent. We argue these effects are conditioned by individuals’ proximity to the repressive act and support for the ruling party. Using a nationally representative survey experiment of 1,920 Ugandans, we find robust evidence for political backlash effects of repression across all demographics, regardless of proximity to the event. By examining the politics of policing, we show excessive police violence triggers political backlash, decreasing general support for the security apparatus and increasing willingness to publicly dissent for some populations.
Interaction cubature Kalman ﬁlter and its application

: For the problem of states estimation of nonlinear systems with respect to unknown parameters, a ﬁlter named interaction cubature Kalman ﬁlter(InCKF) is proposed. The novel ﬁlter is consisted of multiple concurrent CKFs interlacing with a maximum posteriori(MAP) estimator. By taking advantage of special properties of second order of Stirling’s interpolation and unscented transformation to approximate nonlinear functions, the unknown parameters are estimated and the performance of InCKF does not depend on the precision of model parameters. Furthermore, the states of system are estimated by using the cubature Kalman ﬁlter(CKF). The simulation results show that the InCKF is more accurate and stabilized than the classical method of state augmentation in the situation that model parameters are unknown.
Measurement of support surface efficacy: pressure.

: Two methods can be used to assess the relative pressure-relieving/pressure-reducing effects of clinical support surfaces. The interaction occurring at the interface between the human body and the support surface--known as the interface pressure--can be measured with an interface pressure system. Reactive hyperemia, the physiologic response to pressure, can be measured with thermography and laser Doppler flowmetry. Using mannequins and human subjects that represent typical body types in the older population, a protocol was developed for collecting data on the effects of support surfaces on interface pressure and reactive hyperemia.
Attention Before and After Feature Extraction for Action Recognition

—Two challenges remain in video action recognition: (1) long-range spatial-temporal dependencies play important roles in action recognition, but they are difﬁcult to be captured in a light-weight way; (2) frames that are irrelevant or redundant for action recognition exist in videos, especially in untrimmed videos. In this paper, we introduce a novel network architecture augmented with a frame attention module before feature extraction and a cascaded self-attention module after feature extraction. It can evaluate the importance of each sampled frame and at the same time, capture long-range spatio-temporal dependencies of feature maps in a light-weight way. In the task of 3D feature processing, the proposed cascaded self-attention module costs much less FLOPs than the non-local block. By using efﬁcient networks, we obtain an inference speed up to 400 frames per second. Furthermore, competitive performance with respect to the state-of-the-art methods on datasets UCF101, HMDB51 and Kinetics is demonstrated.
Research progress on exosomes in cardiovascular diseases

AIM:Exosomes are bi-lipid membrane originated in the cell endocytosis system and secreted into the extracellular matrix.The cells secrete exosomes into extracellular matrix to impact target cells with the significant functions of cell-cell information transmission and immunological regulation.Recent studies show that cell-cell communication regulated by exosomes can be found in both physiological and pathological conditions of cardiovascular diseases(CVD). Exosomes derived from many types of cells(such as myocardial cells,endothelial cells and stem cells) play an important regulatory role in the pathogenetic mechanism of CVD.Meanwhile,exosome-based investigations have shown huge potential for the treatment of CVD.This review will focus on the biological characteristics and functions of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of CVD.
Expression of Cdc42 in adriamycin-sensitivity and adriamycin-resistance MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line

Objective To explore the alterations of Cdc42 in adriamycin(Adr)-sensitivity and adriamycin-resistance MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line and the effect of Cdc42 on cells drug resistance.Methods Cdc42 siRNA was transfected into MCF-7/Adr cells.Then,RT-PCR and Western blot were employed to examine the expression of Cdc42 protein and mRNA in MCF-7,MCF-7/Adr and MCF-7/Adr treated with Cdc42 siRNA;and multiple drug-resistance was detected by MTT colorimetric assay.Fluorospectorphotometer was used to detect the concentration of ADM in cells.Results The expression of Cdc42 protein and mRNA in MCF-7/Adr was significantly higher than in MCF-7(P0.05),and MCF-7/Adr treated with siRNA inhibited the expression of Cdc42 protein and mRNA;the IC50 in siRNA group was lower than that in MCF-7/Adr group,and the concentration of ADM in siRNA group was significantly increased.Conclusions Cdc42 siRNA can significantly inhibit the expression of Cdc42 protein and mRNA and reverse multidrug resistance(MDR).
A Study of Semantic Role Labeling using Domain Adaptation Technique for Question

의미역 인식 이란 자연어 문장 (Semantic Role Labeling) 에서 을 인식하는 기술로 문 ‘Who does what to whom’ , 장의 서술어를 중심으로 서술어에 대한 의미적인 역할 예를 들어 행위자 경험자 대상격 도구격 등 을 하는 ( , , , , ) 문장의 부분을 인식하는 것을 말한다 지식을 처리하는 . 응용 서비스가 발달함에 따라서 형태소 분석 개체명 인 , 식 같은 어절 단위 자연어 분석 기술 이외에도 의미역 인식 같은 문장 단위 의미 분석 기술에 대한 수요도 점 점 늘어나고 있는 추세이다. 영어권에서는 를 시작으로 의미역 인식에 CoNLL-2004 관한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있는데 을 , Out of Domain 다루기 시작한 에서는 구구조 기반 학습 데 CoNLL-2005 이터가 구축된 소스 도메인 이 아닌 다른 타 (WSJ corpus) 겟 도메인 에 적용할 경우 이상의 성 (Brown corpus) 10% 능 하락 현상이 일어났고 의존 구분 분석 결과 기반 [1], 의미역 인식을 수행한 에서도 CoNLL-2008 Shared Task 마찬가지로 성능 하락 현상이 발생하였으며 한국어를 [2], 대상으로 한 연구에서도 뉴스 도메인과 위키피디아 도메 인에서 약 정도의 성능 하락 현상이 발생하였다 15% [3]. 이러한 성능 하락 현상을 극복하는 방법은 타겟 도메 인에 대해서도 소스 도메인만큼의 학습 데이터를 구축하 여 타겟 도메인에서도 같은 시스템을 새롭게 구축하는 것이지만 이는 시간과 비용적인 측면에서 장애가 되는 , 요소이다 도메인 적응 기술은 이러 . (Domain Adaptation) 한 문제를 적은 양의 타겟 도메인의 학습 데이터 구축으 로도 소스 도메인에 비해 급격한 성능 하락을 방지하기 위해서 제안되었고 많은 연구가 진행되어 도메인 이식 , , 성을 높이는데 기여하고 있다[4,5,6,7,8]. 심층학습을 적용할 경우 단순한 자질 사용으로 인해 , 형태소 분석 구문 분석과 같은 이전 단계 기술에 대한 , 의존도를 줄여 오류의 여지를 줄이기 때문에 기존 방법 에 비해 도메인 적응성이 올라간다는 연구도 있으나 이 , 는 기존 방법과 비교한 것으로 도메인 적응 알고리즘을 적용할 경우와 비교하지는 않았다[9]. 일반적으로 의미역 인식을 위한 학습 데이터는 정답 후보가 되는 평서문을 중심으로 구축되어 있다 질의응 . 답 시스템에서는 정확한 정답을 찾기 위해서 사용자의 의도가 담겨있는 질문 문장을 정확히 분석하는 것이 중 요하지만 학습 데이터로 사용할 수 있는 질문 문장이 , 부족한 것이 현실이다. 본 논문에서는 기존 한국어 의미역 인식 시스템과 도 메인 적응 기술을 활용하여 한국어 질문 문장에 대한 , 의미역 인식 방법을 제안한다 본 논문의 구성은 다음과 . 같다 장에서는 관련 연구를 소개하고 장에서는 개선 . 2 , 3 하고자 하는 기존 시스템 및 본 논문에서 제안하는 도메 인 적응 기술에 대해 설명하며 장에서는 실험 및 결과 , 4 를 분석하고 마지막으로 장에서 결론을 기술한다 , 5 . 도메인 적응 기술 기반 질문 문장에 대한 의미역 인식 연구
The Impact of Fair Equity Increase in Wages and Compensations on Employees ' Low Absenteeism,Motivation &Attitude: The Case of Multinational Companies in Egypt

This research investigated the impact of fair equity increase in wages and compensations on employees' lowabsenteeism,motivation and attitude. It utilized a mixed methods approach to gather information related to the research.The study involved97-targeted respondents working as HR managers, HR specialists and HR assistantsat multinational companies(MNC) working in various kinds of business in Egypt.The result of this empirical research is that fair equity increase in wages& compensations is associated with a lower level of absenteeism, a higher level of motivation and attitude among employees. Insights could be gained from this study for the development of this research line in future.