Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expression of IAP‐family proteins in adult acute mixed lineage leukemia (AMLL)

Inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP)‐family proteins suppress apoptotic signaling in normal/neoplastic cells in various settings. To determine the apoptosis‐resistant mechanism in adult acute mixed lineage leukemia (AMLL) with biphenotypic blasts responsible for resistance against chemotherapy, the expression levels of IAP‐family proteins in AMLL bone marrow cells were analyzed by quantitative RT‐PCR. The overall expression levels of IAPs were higher than those in control, AML, and ALL cells. A significant difference for the expression of survivin was observed between AMLL and AML (P < 0.05), and differences between AMLL and ALL were significant for the expression of survivin (P < 0.05), NAIP (P < 0.05), and XIAP (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that higher expression of various IAPs is associated with the chemotherapy‐resistant nature of this specific type of leukemia. Am. J. Hematol. 78:173–180, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrodynamic discrimination of wakes caused by objects of different size or shape in a harbour seal (Phoca vitulina)

SUMMARY Harbour seals can use their mystacial vibrissae to detect and track hydrodynamic wakes. We investigated the ability of a harbour seal to discriminate objects of different size or shape by their hydrodynamic signature and used particle image velocimetry to identify the hydrodynamic parameters that a seal may be using to do so. Hydrodynamic trails were generated by different sized or shaped paddles that were moved in the calm water of an experimental box to produce a characteristic signal. In a two-alternative forced-choice procedure the blindfolded subject was able to discriminate size differences of down to 3.6 cm (Weber fraction 0.6) when paddles were moved at the same speed. Furthermore the subject distinguished hydrodynamic signals generated by flat, cylindrical, triangular or undulated paddles of the same width. Particle image velocimetry measurements demonstrated that the seal could have used the highest velocities and the steepness of the gradients within the wake to discriminate object size, beside the size of counter-rotating vortices and the spatial extension of a wake. For shape discrimination the subject could have used the spatial extension of the whole wake, in addition to the arrangement of the vortices. We tested whether the seal used highest velocities, the steepness of the gradients and the spatial extension of the wake in a second set of experiments by varying moving speed and paddle size, respectively. The subject was still able to discriminate between the respective object sizes, but the minimum detectable size difference increased to 4.4 cm (Weber fraction 3.6). For the shape discrimination task, the seal was only able to distinguish flat from triangular paddles. Our results indicate that the seal's discrimination abilities depend on more than one hydrodynamic parameter.
P2X7 Receptor Channels Allow Direct Permeation of Nanometer-Sized Dyes

P2X receptors are widely distributed in the nervous system, and P2X7 receptors have roles in neuropathic pain and in the release of cytokines from microglia. They are trimeric membrane proteins, which open an integral ion channel when ligated by extracellular ATP. This channel is preferentially permeable to small cations (sodium, potassium, calcium) but also allows permeation of larger cations such as N-methyl-d-glucamine. ATP also leads to entry of fluorescent dyes in many cells expressing P2X7 receptors, but controversy persists as to whether such large molecules pass directly through the open ion channel or enter the cell by a different route. We measured cellular fluorescence and membrane currents in individual human embryonic kidney cells expressing rat P2X7 receptors. Introduction of positive side chains by mutagenesis into the inner half of the pore-forming second transmembrane domain of the receptor (T348K, D352N, D352K) increased relative permeability of chloride ions. It also promoted entry of the large (>1 nm) negative dye fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate while decreasing entry of the structurally similar but positive dye ethidium. Furthermore, larger cysteine-reactive methanethiosulfonates [sulforhodamine-methanethiosulfonate and 2-((biotinoyl)amino)ethyl methanethiosulfonate] reduced both ATP-evoked currents and dye entry when applied to open P2X7[G345C] receptors. The results demonstrate that the open channel of the P2X7 receptor can allow passage of molecules with sizes up to 1.4 nm.
Fault-Secure Multidetector Fire Protection System for Trains

This paper presents the design of a low-cost, robust, and fault-secure fire protection system for trains. This system consists of three temperature detectors and three smoke detectors, whose outputs are connected to a controller. The system produces three warning signals: fire, alarm, and cigarette. The system takes into account the presence or absence of wind and is expected to be extremely useful in cargo trains in developing countries. Also, the probability of false alarms is minimized. Finally, fault-tolerance is introduced into the system, and the increase in reliability is calculated
From Footprints to Animation

A method of using footprints as a basis for generating animated locomotion is proposed. An optimization process is used to maximize the physical plausibility and perceived comfort of a motion which is constrained to match given footprint and timing information. The proposed method creates plausible walking, turning, leaping, and running motions for bipedal figures at interactive rates. Autonomous motions are generated using a planning algorithm which dynamically generates new footprints and the associated new motions.
High on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR): What does it mean, and does it matter?

2013; 109: 347-355. In this issue of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Saucedo et al. (1) demonstrate that the prevalence of high on-treatment platelet reactivity was decreased after changing clopidogrel to prasugrel. It is perhaps appealing that the patients with adverse “high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR)” with clopidogrel was reduced when switched to prasugrel. From a scientific point of view, the meaning of “HPR” is still unclear. This uncertainty is derived from an arguably confusing clinical development history of the thienopyridine-type antiplatelet agents (ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and prasugrel). Indeed, the use of these agents was greatly expanded based on the clinical experience, rather than on their mechanistic understanding. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE)was published in 1996 (2). However, the precise mechanism of antiplatelet action exerted by clopidogrel was clarified only after cloning the target ADP receptor of P2Y12 in 2001 (3). Moreover, the extent of P2Y12 ADP receptor blockade by active metabolite of clopidogrel in an individual patient, which should be a real bio-marker for this drug, has been measured in a very limited number of studies only (4). Nonetheless, some uncertainty remains about how much percentage of P2Y12 receptor should be blocked to achieve appropriate antithrombotic effects in individual patients. Obviously, the goal is not to achieve 100% inhibition of P2Y12 because P2Y12 deficiency manifests as a bleeding disorder (5). Perhaps some focus should be on the drugs per se. Both clopidogrel and prasugrel are pro-drugs. The chemical structure of active metabolite(s) of clopidogrel was detected in 2002 (6). Since the active metabolite(s) of clopidogrel are very labile in character with a reactive thiol function, it is most likely that the majority of produced active metabolite(s) easily binds to P2Y12 receptors on platelets circulating in liver, where it is produced (▶ Figure 1A) Thus, plasma concentrations of active metabolite(s) per se would not necessarily be good pharmaco-dynamic marker(s) for the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel (8). Thus, the extent of P2Y12 receptor blockage, once achieved in the liver circulation, would be the same in platelet circulating in peripheral blood.
The diagnosis and evaluation of dementia and mild cognitive impairment with emphasis on SPECT perfusion neuroimaging

As the world population ages, the incidence of dementing illnesses will dramatically increase. The number of people afflicted with dementia is expected to quadruple in the next 50 years. Since the neuropathology of the dementias precedes clinical symptoms often by several years, earlier detection and intervention could be key steps to mitigating the progression and burden of these diseases. This review will explore methods of evaluating, differentiating, and diagnosing the multiple forms of dementia. Particular emphasis will be placed on the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment—the precursor to dementia. Anatomical imaging; cerebrospinal fluid markers; functional neuroimaging, such as positron emission tomography and single photon emission tomography; and molecular imaging, such as amyloid marker imaging, will be assessed in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Cost will also be a consideration, as the growing population afflicted with dementia represents an increasingly large financial encumbrance to the healthcare systems of every nation. In the face of expensive new markers and limited availability of cyclotrons, single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) provides relatively high sensitivity and specificity at a comparatively low overall cost.
Regulated Formation of Golgi Secretory Vesicles Containing Alzheimer β-Amyloid Precursor Protein (*)

Phorbol esters, activators of protein kinase C (PKC), regulate the relative utilization of alternative processing pathways for the Alzheimer β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) in intact cells, increasing the production of nonamyloidogenic soluble β-APP (sβ-APP) and decreasing that of neurotoxic β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide. The molecular and cellular bases of PKC-regulated β-APP cleavage are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate in a reconstituted cell-free system that activation of endogenous PKC increases formation from the trans-Golgi network of secretory vesicles containing β-APP and that this effect can be mimicked by purified PKC. The results demonstrate directly that PKC is involved in regulation of secretory vesicle formation and provide a mechanism by which PKC may reduce the formation of the Aβ peptide characteristic of Alzheimer disease.
Formal Approaches to Social Procedures

Social procedures that have algorithmic aspects can often be improved by redesign. This holds for voting and other peaceful decision making procedures, for match-making, for auctioning, for fair division of estates, and for many procedures of distributive justice. The algorithmic aspects can be analyzed with formal methods. The term “social software” was coined by Rohit Parikh (2002) for the emerging interdisciplinary enterprise that is concerned with the design and analysis of algorithms that regulate social processes. Such analysis and (re-)design uses methods from logic, game theory and theoretical computer science. The goals of research in formal approaches to social procedures are modeling social situations, developing theories of correctness, and (re-)designing social procedures. Logic, game theory and computer science are not the only disciplines that have something to say about social mechanisms. Such mechanisms are also an object of study in voting theory, in auction theory, in social choice theory, in mechanism design theory, and in algorithmic game theory. Multi-agent interaction at a more abstract level is studied in artificial intelligence and distributed computing, so all these disciplines have something to say about the formal analysis of social interaction.
Bifidobacteriumanimalis subsp. lactis BB-12 Administration in Early Childhood: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Effects on Oral Colonization by Mutans Streptococci and the Probiotic

A randomized clinical trial studied the effects of early ad-ministration of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB-12) on oral colonization of (1) mutans streptococci (MS), and (2) BB-12. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, infants (n = 106) received probiotic bacteria (BB-12 group), xylitol (X group), or sorbitol (S group). Test tablets were administered twice a day (from the age of 1-2 months) with a novel slow-release pacifier or a spoon (daily dose of BB-12 1010 CFU, polyol 200-600 mg). Samples were collected from mucosa/teeth at the age of 8 months and 2 years for BB- 12 determination (qPCR) and plate culturing of MS (MSB, TYCSB), lactobacilli (Rogosa) and yeasts (Sabouraud). The MS levels of the mothers were determined (Dentocult SM Strip Mutans). The baseline characteristics of the three groups were similar. Mean duration of tablet delivery was 14.9 ± 6.7 months. In all groups, >90% of the mothers showed high MS counts (log CFU ≧5). MS colonization percentages of the children at the age of 2 years were rather low (BB-12 group: 6%; X group: 31%; S group: 10%; p < 0.05). The levels of lactobacilli and yeasts did not differ between the groups. BB-12 cell counts barely exceeding the detection limit were found in three of the oral samples of the 8-month-old children; however, the 2-year samples did not contain BB-12. The early administration of BB-12 did not result in permanent oral colonization of this probiotic or significantly affect MS colonization in the children.
Magnetic Field Observations as Voyager 1 Entered the Heliosheath Depletion Region

Unexpected Magnetic Highway The heliopause is thought to separate the heliosphere (the bubble of plasma and magnetic field originating at the Sun) from interstellar plasma and magnetic field. In August last year, the Voyager 1 spacecraft, which was launched 35 years ago, was 18.5 billion kilometers away from the Sun, close to the expected location of the heliopause. Krimigis et al. (p. 144, published online 27 June) report observations of energetic ions and electrons by Voyager 1 that suggest that a sharp and distinct boundary was crossed five times over ∼30 days. Burlaga et al. (p. 147, published online 27 June) found that the magnetic field direction did not change across any of the boundary crossings, indicating that Voyager 1 had not crossed the heliopause but had entered a region in the heliosphere that serves as a magnetic highway along which low-energy ions from inside stream away and galactic cosmic rays flow in from interstellar space. Stone et al. (p. 150, published online 27 June) report the spectra of low-energy galactic cosmic rays in this unexpected region. The Voyager 1 spacecraft entered an unexpected region of the heliosphere at the boundary with interstellar space. Magnetic fields measured by Voyager 1 (V1) show that the spacecraft crossed the boundary of an unexpected region five times between days 210 and ~238 in 2012. The magnetic field strength B increased across this boundary from ≈0.2 to ≈0.4 nanotesla, and B remained near 0.4 nanotesla until at least day 270, 2012. The strong magnetic fields were associated with unusually low counting rates of >0.5 mega–electron volt per nuclear particle. The direction of B did not change significantly across any of the five boundary crossings; it was very uniform and very close to the spiral magnetic field direction, which was observed throughout the heliosheath. The observations indicate that V1 entered a region of the heliosheath (the heliosheath depletion region), rather than the interstellar medium.
RAPD: Robust and adaptive passive human detection using PHY layer information

Wireless device-free passive human detection is an essential primitive for a broad range of applications including asset security, emergency responses, privacy-preserving children and elderly monitoring, etc. Previous works have studied the Channel State Information (CSI) to detect moving humans by comparing static profiles and abnormal profiles, however, few of these profiles have been considered to adaptively updated to accommodate the movement of the mobile devices and day-to-day signal calibration. Moreover, the multi-antennas in MIMO systems has not further exploited to improve the detection accuracy. In this paper, we propose a robust and adaptive passive human detection system (RAPD) using a semi-supervised approach to construct signal profiles, and the profiles can be adaptively update to accommodate the movement of the mobile devices and day-to-day signal calibration. Experimental evaluation in two different scenarios demonstrates that our approach can achieve great performance improvement in spite of environment changes.
Mass anisotropy effects on the thermoelectric figure of merit and Seebeck coefficient

The effects of scattering anisotropy caused by mass anisotropy on the thermoelectric figure of merit and Seebeck coefficient are investigated. The wave-vector-dependent relaxation time is considered to yield transport coefficients. The thermoelectric figure of merit parallel to the conduction layer of a material is shown to decrease as the anisotropy increases. The Seebeck coefficient is shown to be nearly, but not strictly, isotropic
Flow cytometric assessment of hematopoietic cell subsets in cryopreserved preterm and term cord blood, influence of obstetrical parameters, and availability for transplantation

The aim of this study was to characterize the lymphocyte and the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HPC) subsets of cryopreserved premature cord blood (PCB) compared to term cord blood (TCB) by flow cytometry, to study the influence of birth conditions, and to assess its availability for transplantation.
Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Aspects of Idiopathic Myelofibrosis

Idiopathic myelofibrosis is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder in which the characteristic fibroblast proliferation is thought to be a secondary phenomenon resulting from the inappropriate release of megakaryocyte- and/or monocyte-derived growth factors, including PDGF, TGF-β, bFGF and calmodulin. In contrast, the haematopoietic cells are clonal, although the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms remain essentially unknown. Cytogenetic studies have highlighted that 13q–, 20q–, +8 and abnormalities of chromosomes 1, 7 and 9 constitute more than 80% of the chromosomal changes. A third of idiopathic myelofibrosis cases have abnormal karyotypes at diagnosis, a figure that increases if follow-up analyses are performed. Evolution to more complex karyotypes may accompany clinical progression, with abnormalities increasing to around 90% following acute leukaemic transformation. Cytogenetic abnormalities have been associated with prognosis and to a lack of treatment response to androgens. Oncogene mutations are rare and include point mutations in N-RAS, c-KIT and TP53.
Traumatic Suprascapular Nerve Injury at the Notch—A Reason for the Posterior Approach in Brachial Plexus Reconstruction

Abstract Background Optimal dynamic reconstruction of shoulder function requires a functional suprascapular nerve (SSN). Nerve transfer of the distal spinal accessory nerve (dSAN) to the SSN will in many cases restore very good supraspinatus and infraspinatus function. One potential cause of failure of this nerve transfer is an unrecognized more distal injury of the SSN. An anterior approach to this transfer does not allow for visualization of the nerve at the scapular notch which is a disadvantage when compared with a posterior approach to the SSN. Methods All patients of the senior author (S.F.) with traumatic brachial plexus injuries undergoing spinal accessory nerve to SSN transfer via the posterior approach were analyzed. Results Of the 58 patients, 11 (19.0%) demonstrated abnormal findings at the notch. In two of these 11 patients (18.2%), reconstruction was abandoned due to severe injury of the nerve. There was a higher rate of clavicular fractures in patients with SSN injuries at the notch, compared with no SSN injury at the notch (63.6 vs. 12.8%). Conclusion The dSAN to SSN transfer is a reliable reconstruction for restoration of shoulder external rotation and abduction. There is a high proportion of injuries to the nerve at the notch, which can be best appreciated from a posterior approach. The authors, therefore, advocate a posterior approach for this nerve transfer.
Chloride and fluid secretion in polycystic kidney disease.

One of the more remarkable sights in the practice of nephrology is the end-stage kidney in polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Grossly enlarged to four to eight times the size of a normal kidney, its surface is covered with multiple dark and clear cysts ranging in size from microscopic to >6 cm in diameter and containing more than 250 ml of fluid. Sectioning of the kidney reveals that these cysts arise throughout the parenchyma. In fact, fluid trapped within the cysts may constitute more than 75% of the volume of the organ. Despite the spectacular appearance of the kidney and the fact that autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common, potentially lethal genetic diseases known, little systematic research on the cellular mechanisms of the disease was earned out until the past two decades. However, in that period of time, the growth of knowledge of this disease has been almost exponential. Two of the genes involved, PKD1 and PKD2, have been identified and cloned (1-5). Mutations of these genes account for more than 95% of the patient population. The structures of the proteins that the two genes encode have been established, and work to determine their functions is under way (1-5). The accumulation of fluid within the cysts has been shown to be due in large measure to fluid secretion, and the major mechanism driving that secretion, transepithelial chloride secretion, has been identified. Ironically, this contrasts with cystic fibrosis, another genetic disease involving chloride and fluid transport. In the latter disease, chloride secretion is diminished by malfunction of the membrane protein, known as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) (6). In contrast, that same protein functions all too well in ADPKD, and the epithelial cells lining the cysts have reversed their dominant function from absorption of solute and fluid to secretion. The work that has documented this mechanism of fluid secretion by the cystic epithelium is the subject of this review.
HTTP Origin-Bound Authentication (HOBA)

HTTP Origin-Bound Authentication (HOBA) is a digital-signature-based design for an HTTP authentication method. The design can also be used in JavaScript-based authentication embedded in HTML. HOBA is an alternative to HTTP authentication schemes that require passwords and therefore avoids all problems related to passwords, such as leakage of server-side password databases.
An Extended Nonlinear Chirp-Scaling Algorithm for Focusing Large-Baseline Azimuth-Invariant Bistatic SAR Data

For an azimuth-invariant bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BiSAR), not only is the secondary range compression dependent on range, but also the range-cell migration in the range-Doppler domain is nonlinearly dependent on range. To get a better focusing performance, the two range-dependent factors must be taken into account in an imaging algorithm. In this letter, a nonlinear chirp-scaling algorithm is extended for focusing the BiSAR data under a large baseline and a wide range swath. This algorithm leads to more effective processing with computational efficiency, and no interpolation is required.