Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Product Hopping 2.0: Getting the FDA to Yank Your Original License Beats Stacking Patents

Introduced in 1995, extended-release oxycodone (OxyContin) became a blockbuster drug for its manufacturer Purdue Pharma. Fifteen years later, the company secured FDA approval of an abuse-resistant formulation of this product (OxyContin OP). In 2013, just as its contested patents on OxyContin expired, Purdue managed to persuade the agency to withdraw its license for the original formulation, which prevented the introduction of generic copies of the older version that otherwise would have undercut sales of OxyContin OP. Pharmaceutical manufacturers routinely introduce new and improved versions of successful drugs as their patents on older products wind down and generic rivals prepare to enter the market. The recent experience with the reformulation of OxyContin represents an extreme variant of such arguably anticompetitive behavior. By virtue of the FDA’s withdrawal of the license for OxyContin, patients who derive no benefit from the abuse-resistant features will not enjoy the option of using cheaper generic versions of the older product, instead having to pay a premium for the new formulation over the next decade or so. The agency’s decision may well make sense in this context, but, to the extent that it signals a more general willingness to act favorably upon withdrawal requests by license holders whenever they introduce modified versions of their products, the FDA may have given brand-name drug manufacturers a powerful new mechanism for further delaying generic entry that entirely escapes antitrust scrutiny.
Principles of Hotel Front Office Operations

Introduction to the hospitality industry organization of a hotel the accommodation product and hotel guest the front office dept basic reservation activities reservation systems and documents check-in of new arrivals other duties of the reception dept front office accounting check-out and settlement of accounts credit control sundry guest services handling corporate and group sales dealing with guest's problems yield management.
nfarct Resorption , Compensatory Hypertrophy , nd Differing Patterns of Ventricular Remodeling ollowing Myocardial Infarctions of Varying Size avid

OBJECTIVES We sought to identify advantages of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in studying postinfarction ventricular remodeling. BACKGROUND Although sequential measurements of ventricular volumes, internal dimensions, and total ventricular mass have provided important insights into postinfarction left ventricular remodeling, it has not been possible to define serial, directionally opposite changes in resorption of infarcted tissue and hypertrophy of viable myocardium and effects of these changes on commonly used indices of remodeling. METHODS Using gadolinium-enhanced MRI, the time course and geometry of changes in infarcted and noninfarcted regions were assessed serially in dogs subjected to coronary occlusion for 45 min, 90 min, or permanently. RESULTS Infarct mass decreased progressively between three days and four to eight weeks following coronary occlusion; terminal values averaged 24 3% of those at three days. Radial infarct thickness also decreased progressively, whereas changes in circumferential and longitudinal extent of infarction were variable. The ability to define the circumferential endocardial and epicardial extents of infarction allowed radial thinning without epicardial expansion to be distinguished from true infarct expansion. The mass of noninfarcted myocardium increased by 15 2% following 90-min or permanent occlusion. However, the time course of growth of noninfarcted myocardium differed systematically from that of infarct resorption. Measurements of total ventricular mass frequently failed to reflect concurrent changes in infarcted and noninfarcted regions. Reperfusion accelerated infarct resorption. Histologic reductions in nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratios corresponded with increases in noninfarcted ventricular mass. CONCLUSIONS Concurrent directionally opposite changes in infarcted and noninfarcted myocardium can be defined serially, noninvasively, and with high spatial resolution and full ventricular coverage following myocardial infarction. (J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:2124–31) © 2004 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation
Regional Trade Policy Options for Tanzania: The Importance of Services Commitments

Despite the growing importance of commitments to foreign investors in services in regional trade agreements, there are no applied general equilibrium models in the literature that assess these regional impacts. This paper develops a 52 sector applied general equilibrium model of Tanzania with foreign direct investment, and uses that model to assess Tanzania's regional and multilateral trade options. The model incorporates the features of the modern theory of international trade that has shown empirically that trade and foreign direct investment can increase productivity, and trade and foreign direct investment with technologically advanced countries is especially valuable for that purpose. To assess the sensitivity of the results to parameter values, the model is executed 30,000 times, and the results are reported as confidence intervals of the sample distributions. The analysis finds that a 50 percent preferential reduction in the ad valorem equivalents of barriers in all business services by Tanzania with respect to its African regional partners would be slightly beneficial for Tanzania. But wider liberalization, with larger partners or multilaterally, it will yield much larger gains due to providing access to a much wider set of service providers. Finally, the results show that the largest gains in services would be derived from reduction of regulatory barriers that are geographically non-discriminatory.
Key point descriptor based copy and move image forgery detection system

In recent years Image forgery plays important role in many areas like Internet, Forensic department, Passports, License, and Educational certificates etc. Several types of Image forgeries are available such as copy-move, copy-paste, cut-copy. In our work we focused on copy-move image forgery. To identify the forgery region in an image we proposed the adaptive over segmentation and key point matching algorithm. Lots of researchers already proposed algorithm for copy move forgery scheme. But still now the computational complexity is high. It can be reduced in our work by dividing image into non overlapping blocks of image region. The blocks of SIFT features are matched with neighboring block features and locate the forgery region. The experimental shows that we achieved high recall rate under different transform (DCT, SVD, FMT).
Industrial development and evaluation of new protein sources: Micro-organisms

Animals normally eat the food provided by the environment in which they live. Intensive animal rearing practices have broken this pattern and animals now eat what is considered to be best by man, in both a nutritional and economic sense. Likewise, individual human populations have their own traditional dietary patterns which are dependent upon the availability of natural raw materials, imported products and the eating habits of the population. Micro-organisms have played an important part in the development of dietary practices particularly for the human and, increasingly so, for the animal. Foodtreatment processes have evolved which utilize either the separated products of fermentation (e.g. beer) or, alternatively, a composite of fermented substrate together with the appropriate micro-organisms, which may be a yeast, fungus or bacterium (e.g. cheese and yogurt). Usually the quantity of micro-organisms present in the food is relatively small. During the last 50 years there has been an increasing tendency to use the cultivated micro-organism as a food source.
Static and dynamic NMR properties of gas-phase xenon

This thesis presents computational studies of both the static and dynamic parameters of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of gaseous xenon. First, state-of-the-art static magnetic resonance parameters are computed in small xenon clusters by using methods of quantum chemistry, and second, time-dependent relaxation phenomena are investigated via molecular dynamics simulations at different experimental conditions. Based on the underlying quantum and classical mechanics concepts, computational methods represent a procedure complementary to experiments for investigating the properties of atoms, molecules, clusters and solids. Static NMR spectral parameters, chemical shift, shielding anisotropy and asymmetry parameter, nuclear quadrupole coupling, and spin-rotation coupling, are calculated using different electronic structure methods ranging from the uncorrelated Hartree-Fock method to correlated second-order Moller-Plesset many-body perturbation, complete/restricted active space multiconfiguration self-consistent field, and to coupled-cluster approaches. The bond length dependence of these properties is investigated in the xenon dimer (Xe2). A well-characterized property in experimental NMR, the second virial coefficient of nuclear shielding, is theoretically calculated by a variety of methods and convincingly verified against experimental findings. Here, it is mandatory to include effects from special relativity as well as electron correlation. As a side result, a purely theoretical potential energy curve for Xe2, comparable to best experimental ones, is calculated. A pairwise additive scheme is established to approximate the NMR properties in differently coordinated sites of xenon clusters Xen (n = 2 − 12). Especially the pairwise additive chemical shift values are found to be in close agreement with quantum-chemical results and only a small scaling factor close to unity is needed for the correct behavior. Finally, a dynamical magnetic resonance property, the experimental nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate R1 of monoatomic Xe gas due to the chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) mechanism is validated from first principles. This approach is based on molecular dynamics simulations over a large range of temperatures and densities, combined with the pairwise additive approximation for the shielding tensor. Therein, the shielding time correlation function is seen to reflect the characteristic time scales related to both interatomic collisions and cluster formation. For the first time, the physics of gaseous xenon is detailed in full in the context of CSA relaxation.
Distraction Hypothesis in Attitude Change: Effects of Effectiveness

A recent study by Festinger and Maccoby (1964) demonstrated that distraction raises the effectiveness of a communication. This effect may obtain because the distraction interferes with (subvocal) counter-arguing or because the distraction requires more effort to listen and thus arouses dissonance. The present experiment was designed to test these alternative hypotheses, Ss were exposed to 4 counter-attitudinal communications. Interference during the communication and credibility of the communicator were orthogonally manipulated. The distraction hypothesis predicted that high interference would increase communication effectiveness most under high credibility of the communicator. The effort hypothesis predicted that the greatest increase due to high interference would obtain when the communicator was low in credibilty. The results supported the distraction hypothesis. In addition, interference reduced communication effectiveness under low credibility. The implication of these results for the distraction hypothesis and the effort hypothesis was discussed.
Subcutaneous terbutaline in children with chronic severe asthma *

A continuous subcutaneous infusion of terbutaline (CSIT) was used to treat 8 children with chronic severe asthma who continued to experience frequent symptoms, despite treatment with regular oral prednisolone. Five patients experienced a symptomatic improvement from CSIT, leading to a reduction in regular medication. Three patients did not experience any lasting benefit from CSIT. The most common side effects were related to the infusion site (bruising and local infection).
Firm growth and productivity growth: evidence from a panel VAR

This article offers new insights into the processes of firm growth by applying a reduced-form Vector Autoregression (VAR) model to longitudinal panel data on French manufacturing firms. We observe the co-evolution of key variables such as growth of employment, sales and gross operating surplus, as well as growth of multifactor productivity. It seems that employment growth is negatively associated with subsequent growth of productivity. This latter result, however, is sensitive to our choice of productivity indicator, i.e. multifactor productivity or labour productivity.
Normally-off GaN MIS-HEMT with improved thermal stability in DC and dynamic performance

We report normally-off Al2O3/AlGaN/GaN metal-isolator-semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistor (MIS-HEMT) with improved thermal stability in DC and dynamic performance. The MIS-HEMTs featuring a partially recessed (Al)GaN barrier were realized by a fluorine-plasma implantation/etch technique. Both the well-controlled slow dry etching for gate recess and implanting fluorine ions into the AlGaN barrier are carried out with CF4 plasma at a relative high RF driving power. The partially recessed barrier leads to improved thermal stability, while the fluorine implantation can convert the device from depletion-mode to enhancement-mode without completely removing the barrier and sacrificing the high mobility heterojunction channel. From room temperature to 200 °C, the device exhibits improved thermal stability with a small negative shift of VTH (~0.5 V) that is attributed to the high-quality dielectric/F-implanted-(Al)GaN interface and the partially recessed barrier.
An Educational Case Study in Protocol Verification and Distributed Observation

This paper describes a case study presented to students in computer science during a course on formal techniques for protocol validation. The course teaches some basic notions on specification, simulation, verification, testing and distributed observation. The case study is the classical alternating-bit protocol. The exercise first consists of some simple modeling and simulation of the specification and verification of some basic service properties. It is then followed with the problem of observation of distributed executions of the protocol. This kind of experiment was found to be useful for students, since they gain an understanding of the importance and necessity of formal methods for protocol validation.
A Bicistronic DNA Vaccine Containing Apical Membrane Antigen 1 and Merozoite Surface Protein 4/5 Can Prime Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses and Partially Protect Mice against Virulent Plasmodium chabaudi adami DS Malaria

ABSTRACT The ultimate malaria vaccine will require the delivery of multiple antigens from different stages of the complex malaria life cycle. In order to efficiently deliver multiple antigens with use of DNA vaccine technology, new antigen delivery systems must be assessed. This study utilized a bicistronic vector construct, containing an internal ribosome entry site, expressing a combination of malarial candidate antigens: merozoite surface protein 4/5 (MSP4/5) (fused to a monocyte chemotactic protein 3 chemoattractant sequence) and apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) (fused to a tissue plasminogen activator secretion signal). Transfection of COS 7 cells with bicistronic plasmids resulted in production and secretion of both AMA-1 and MSP4/5 in vitro. Vaccination of BALB/c mice via intraepidermal gene gun and intramuscular routes against AMA-1 and MSP4/5 resulted in antibody production and significant in vitro proliferation of splenocytes stimulated by both AMA-1 and MSP4/5. Survival of BALB/c mice vaccinated with bicistronic constructs after lethal Plasmodium chabaudi adami DS erythrocytic-stage challenge was variable, although significant increases in survival and reductions in peak parasitemia were observed in several challenge trials when the vaccine was delivered by the intramuscular route. This study using a murine model demonstrates that the delivery of malarial antigens via bicistronic vectors is feasible. Further experimentation with bicistronic delivery systems is required for the optimization and refinement of DNA vaccines to effectively prime protective immune responses against malaria.
High‐output cardiac failure in a fetus with thanatophoric dysplasia associated with large placental chorioangioma: Case report

Placental chorioangioma is an angioma arising from chorionic tissue. Fetal thanatophoric dysplasia is a lethal skeletal dysplasia due to mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene. These two conditions are rare and their coexistence in a given fetus is even rarer. We present a case of a fetus with thanatophoric dysplasia having high‐output cardiac failure due to a large placental chorioangioma. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
How to select immotile but viable spermatozoa on the day of intracytoplasmic sperm injection? An embryologist's view

A viable spermatozoon is the prerequisite for initiating fertilization in intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Usually motility is the primary sign used to determine a sperm's viability. However, in every in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratory cases are observed in which none or only few spermatozoa are motile. This can occur in treatment cycles involving ejaculated samples but is most common in cases where surgically extracted testicular spermatozoa are used. To aid in selection, several techniques have been developed to identify viable spermatozoa from the immotile fraction. Amongst the more commonly used approaches are (i) the hypo‐osmotic swelling test (ii) chemical substances for induction of tail movements (iii) the sperm tail flexibility test and (iv) laser‐assisted immotile sperm selection. All can be used routinely in an IVF laboratory with each having both strengths and weaknesses. It is the purpose of this short review to focus on the technical issues involved in the performance of each of these techniques and to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
Structural basis for recognition of the translocated intimin receptor (Tir) by intimin from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli

Intimin is a bacterial adhesion molecule involved in intimate attachment of enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli to mammalian host cells. Intimin targets the translocated intimin receptor (Tir), which is exported by the bacteria and integrated into the host cell plasma membrane. In this study we localized the Tir‐binding region of intimin to the C‐terminal 190 amino acids (Int190). We have also determined the region's high‐resolution solution structure, which comprises an immunoglobulin domain that is intimately coupled to a novel C‐type lectin domain. This fragment, which is necessary and sufficient for Tir interaction, defines a new super domain in intimin that exhibits striking structural similarity to the integrin‐binding domain of the Yersinia invasin and C‐type lectin families. The extracellular portion of intimin comprises an articulated rod of immunoglobulin domains extending from the bacterium surface, conveying a highly accessible ’adhesive tip' to the target cell. The interpretation of NMR‐titration and mutagenesis data has enabled us to identify, for the first time, the binding site for Tir, which is located at the extremity of the Int190 moiety.
Steady State Thermal Analyses of SCEPTOR X-57 Wingtip Propulsion

Electric aircraft concepts enable advanced propulsion airframe integration approaches that promise increased eﬃciency as well as reduced emissions and noise. NASA’s fully electric Maxwell X-57, developed under the SCEPTOR program, features distributed propulsion across a high aspect ratio wing. There are 14 propulsors in all: 12 high lift motor that are only active during take oﬀ and climb, and 2 larger motors positioned on the wingtips that operate over the entire mission. The power electronics involved in the wingtip propulsion are temperature sensitive and therefore require thermal management. This work fo-cuses on the high and low ﬁdelity heat transfer analysis methods performed to ensure that the wingtip motor inverters do not reach their temperature limits. It also explores diﬀerent geometry conﬁgurations involved in the X-57 development and any thermal concerns. All analyses presented are performed at steady state under stressful operating conditions, therefore predicting temperatures which are considered the worst-case scenario to remain conservative.
Yen Bloc or Dollar Bloc: Exchange Rate Policies of the East Asian Economies

One finds evidence of regional trading blocs, even after correcting bilateral trade flows for the influence of distance, GNPs, and other economic variables (which most other studies have not done). In this paper we also find a role for bilateral exchange rate variability in the equation. Some will suggest that the bias toward intra-regional trade is increasing in East Asia, that the yen is playing a greater role in the region, and that a movement by some Asian countries toward the yen and away from the dollar is a contributing factor to the diversion of trade flows. We find no evidence to support this hypothesis or its components however. We find relatively little evidence that East Asian countries are assigning increased weight to the yen in their exchange rate policies, despite a gradual increase in regional use of the yen as an invoicing currency. We also find that all of the increase in intra-regional trade in the 1980s can be attributed to rapid growth in East Asia; there is no evidence of an intensifying bias toward intra-regional trade as there is in Europe and the Western Hemisphere. Rather, East Asian countries are found to be strongly linked to North America. Finally, the effect of exchange rate stability on bilateral trade flows, though apparently significant statistically, may be due to reverse causality. Section 1: Introduction