Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Probing Behaviors of Empoasca fabae and E. kraemeri (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars of Common Beans

The probing behaviors of two leafhoppers, Empoasca fabae (Harris) and E. kraemeri (Ross & Moore), feeding on susceptible (‘Porrillo Sintetico’) and resistant (‘EMP-84‘) Common beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. , were studied using an AC electronic monitoring system (EMS) (McLean & Kinsey 1964). The behaviors of the two species were generally similar. For both species, three probing behaviors were dominant in duration and number of probes: (1) multiple-cell laceration probing, represented by the Ia waveform, (2) singlecell puncture probing, Ib and (3) still-stylet ingestion, Ic. On the susceptible cultivar, multiple-cell laceration was dominant for both species, in duration and number of probes. Both species made more probes, all of medium to long duration, in interveinal areas. When feeding on veins, they chose larger over smaller veins and made fewer probes (all of short duration). However, E. kraemeri made significantly more, short-duration laceration probes than did E. fabae . When feeding on the resistant and susceptible cultivars was Compared, there was no significant difference in the duration of probing by an average insect in either species. Yet, there were significant differences in types of probing behavior exhibited on the two hosts, primarily because of a decrease in the number of short-duration probes containing multiple-cell laceration probing on the resistant cultivar, ‘EMP-84’. There was also a proportionate increase in the number of longer probes containing single-cell puncture probing and still-stylet ingestion. Fewer mechanical punctures were made and, possibly, less saliva was injected into ‘EMP-84’ than ‘Porrillo Sintetico’ plants. Thus, on ‘EMP-84’, a switch in behavior occurred from multiple-cell laceration probing, which was more abundant on the susceptible cultivar and may be more damaging, to still-stylet ingestion or Single-cell puncture probing, currently thought to be less damaging probing styles. The results show that Empoasca spp. leafhoppers did not reject the resistant plant, nor to our knowledge, was the resistant plant itself tolerant to the effects of feeding in the customary sense. Instead, ‘EMP-84’ may exhibit a new mechanism of tolerance, wherein the attacking leafhoppers were stimulated to feed in a less damaging manner.
Metal tolerance in Agrostis scabra from the Sudbury, Ontario, area

Acid, metal-contaminated soils are frequently colonized by plant species that have evolved tolerance to metals. Agrostis scabra (tickle grass) grows at several such sites in the Sudbury area. To test whether these populations were tolerant to metals, three experiments were performed. A hydroponic root growth experiment, in which clonal ramets from contaminated and uncontaminated sites were grown in metal-amended nutrient solutions, showed that plants from the Sudbury area had greater tolerance indices than those from outside Sudbury. A seed-based hydroponic experiment, where seeds were germinated in metal solutions, showed that metal-tolerance indices calculated from root growth were mostly greater for populations from Sudbury but that leaf growth was not a good indicator of metal tolerance. A seed-based soil-bioassay experiment, in which seeds were germinated on soils covered with filter paper, showed that seeds from contaminated sites performed better on contaminated soil and a 50:50 soil mixture (conta.
Operative and Standard Operative Temperature: Tools for Thermal Energetics Studies

Operative and standard operative temperatures, Te and Tes) are pseudo-temperatures denning “environmental temperature. ” They have numerous applications, including extending the Scholander model ofthermoregulation to complex thermal environments. They may be calculated or measured directly using taxidermic mounts or models. Theory suggests that the distribution and structure of insulation, as well as the external size, shape and color ofthe animal, influence both Te and Tes. Experimental studies confirm this, and emphasize the effect of the regional distribution of insulation. Comparisons of various methods for determining Te and Tesindicate greatest accuracy for mounts. Uncertainties in calculations based on micrometeorology data make the use of mountsas a control essential. Rugged models, if carefully designed and exhaustively tested against mounts, might be used in place of mounts for some studies.
Pollen morphology of Browneopsis (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae), and its evolutionary significance

Abstract The pollen of the bat- and moth-pollinated Browneopsis is spheroidal to oblate-spheroidal in shape, 3- or 4-colporate or 3- or 4-porate, with verrucate ornamentation. Three types are recognised: (1) 3-colporate with long, distinct colpi and verrucae interspersed with dense adpressed clavae or fine verrucae; (2) 3- or 4-colporate with short, indistinct colpi and irregularly shaped verrucae interspersed with a fine reticulum; (3) 4-porate with large scattered verrucae interspersed with adpressed clavae. There is a trend from colporate to porate pollen which is reflected in the petals which range from well-developed to rudimentary. The closely related bird-pollinated genus Brownea has distinctly different pollen which is prolate to prolate-spheroidal in shape, 3-colporate and with striate, striate-reticulate or reticulate ornamentation. The pollen morphology of the two genera is discussed in relation to pollination biology.
Karyology of Sequoia sempervirens: Karyotype and Accessory Chromosomes

Sequoia sempervirens is a species that has interested both scientist and non-scientist for many years. Certainly the size and age reached by individual trees make a lasting impression on everyone that observes the towering stands of coast redwood. No other species of plant is capable of reaching their height. In studying its ancestry, investigators have been intrigued and baffled by its apparent polyploid condition and by the lack of close relatives of either living or fossil types. Although there has been some confusion in the past regarding absolute chromosome numbers, several investigators (Hirayoshi and Nakamura 1943, Yasui 1946, Stebbins 1948, Fozdar and Libby 1968) have now recorded values of either n=33 or 2n=66. As a result, S. sempervirens is considered to be hexaploid (x=11). This is quite unique in that only 11 of the hundreds of species of gymnosperms alive today are considered to be true polyploids and only three of these are tree species (Khoshoo 1959). Sequoia in the only polyploid gymnosperm above the tetraploid level and certain evidence indicates it has been a hexaploid at least since the Tertiary (Miki and Hikita 1951). Unfortunately little information is available about the karyotype or other karyological features. Past studies were designed primarily to obtain chromo some counts and the published data either lack accompanying photomicro graphs or drawings, or the figures presented are very difficult to interpret. In this paper, a detailed description of the karyotype of Sequoia sempervirens is presented along with evidence of the presence of accessory chromosomes.
New perspectives on chrononutrition

ABSTRACT Chrononutrition proposes that nutrients or meal timing per se could affect the circadian clock system, and that the desynchronization of biological rhythms could negatively influence timing and food choices. Research in this area has suggested that mealtime, energy distribution throughout the day, nocturnal eating and food ingestion frequency may influence nutrient metabolism, being associated with metabolic and nutritional diseases. Given the growing amount of evidence linking the circadian clock system to metabolic and nutritional health, circadian organization seems to be clinically important in the understanding of diseases such as obesity and, maybe, in the nutritional treatment of them. Thus, chrononutrition emerges as an important tool to enhance the metabolic and nutritional health of particular population groups (e.g. shift workers) and in the treatment of diseases such as obesity. For this reason, the area needs to be further explored.
Physical Characteristics of a Composite Film of Soy Protein Isolate and Propyleneglycol Alginate

Different levels (5, 10, 15, 17.5 or 20% w/w of solid) of propyleneglycol alginate (PGA) were incorporated into soy protein isolate (SPI) films to form biodegradable composite films with modified physical properties. Color of the SPI films was affected (P<0.05) by the incorporation of PGA. Tensile strength increased (P<0.05) with addition of PGA up to 17.5%, while the percentage elongation at break decreased with incorporation of PGA of higher levels. Water vapor permeability and water solubility also decreased by adding PGA up to 10%, but further addition of PGA increased values for these properties. Results suggest that the site of reaction with PGA on the protein chain may become saturated with PGA at the 10% level.
BOOK REVIEWS

Colin Williams’ global study of trends in the nature of work will be an invaluable resource for all those involved in career guidance, as well as other forms of counselling that help people make choices about lifestyle and work-life balance. It will be a particularly important read for those training careers advisers, or managing the development of labour market intelligence in career guidance and counselling services, whatever client groups they are working with, and wherever in the world they are based. Drawing on a substantial body of evidence derived from numerous national and international research projects, Williams addresses in a scholarly but very accessible manner many of the popular myths about the future of work that have underpinned and as I have argued elsewhere distorted career guidance and wider employment policies (Colley, 2000, 2007). At the same time, he paints a detailed and well-evidenced picture of diverse ways in which opportunities for work are developing in different economic and social sectors and in different geographical regions. The book is divided into three main sections. Part I discusses dominant perspectives on the direction of work. Williams helpfully summarises and reviews the major narratives which he claims are often mistaken as ‘facts’ in this sphere. First, the ‘formalisation thesis’ presents work as increasingly being formalised and the informal economy as in demise. Second, the ‘commodification thesis’ argues that work is increasingly organised through the market sector rather than by the state or by communities. Third, the ‘globalisation thesis’ insists that these trends are taking place within an open and de-regulated world economy. Together, he argues, these present a dominant narrative which is one-dimensional and rigidly linear, and which risks becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy. Yet there is little evidence supporting this view of universal ‘progress’ anywhere in the world: in fact there is considerable diversity in the way that work is developing, not only across different regions, but within them. He also challenges as unnecessarily fatalistic the view that global capitalism is increasingly and inevitably penetrating every corner of economic life. In Part II, Williams critiques dominant views about the future of employment, looking at the binary oppositions so often drawn between industrial and postindustrial society, between manufacturing economies and the ‘knowledge economy’/ ‘information society’, between Fordism and post-Fordism, and between bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic work organisations and careers. These changes, he argues, are British Journal of Guidance & Counselling Vol. 36, No. 3, August 2008, 331 339
BIENES FUNERARIOS DEL CEMENTERIO CHINCHORRO MORRO 1: DESCRIPCIÓN, ANÁLISIS E INTERPRETACIÓN

En este trabajo se describen los contextos funerarios asociados a 134 individuos del cementerio chinchorro Morro 1 (5.400-3.700 a.p.), localizado en el extremo norte de Chile. Se identificaron 301 bienes funerarios, los cuales muestran una clara tendencia a ser depositados con mayor frecuencia entre los individuos con momificacion natural (n = 184/2,3 especimenes por individuo) y los tratados con patina de arena (n = 39/2,1 especimenes por individuo). En contraste, los individuos con momificacion artificial muestran una menor cantidad y variedad de bienes asociados (n = 23/0,6 especimenes por individuo). Se encontraron ademas 55 registros culturales ubicados en sectores disturbados, sin asociacion a cuerpos especificos. Los bienes funerarios corresponden a: (1) vestimenta y adornos corporales (faldellines, cobertores pubicos, collares, cintillos y gorros); (2) instrumentos para la explotacion de los recursos marinos: de caza (cabezales, barbas y astiles de arpon), de pesca (anzuelos y sedales de fibra vegetal, y pesas liticas), de recoleccion (chopes o desconchadores de hueso y bolsas redes); (3) instrumentos relacionados con las actividades de caza terrestre (estolicas, lanzas y dardos); (4) material miscelaneo: bolsitas de cuero, cubiletes y punzones de hueso, brochas y esteras vegetales, cesteria, aguja, alfileres, limas, pieles de camelido, ave y lobo marino. Aquellos bienes vinculados con las practicas de caza son significativamente mas frecuentes que los de pesca y recoleccion. Las mujeres estan asociadas con mas implementos de pesca (anzuelos, pesas y sedales) mientras los hombres se asocian con mas implementos de caza (astiles y barbas para arpones). Esta distribucion de los bienes funerarios parece reflejar un cierto orden social respecto a los roles sexuales al interior de la sociedad chinchorro. Finalmente se discuten aspectos mas generales relacionados con la cronologia del sitio, intercambio con cazadores andinos, dieta, subsistencia y origenes de las poblaciones arcaicas.
A redescription of Chaoyangia beishanensis (Aves) and a comprehensive phylogeny of Mesozoic birds

We review the enigmatic Chaoyangia beishanensis, one of the earliest birds described from the Jiufotang Formation, north-eastern China, and the first to be identified as an ornithurine (Aves: Ornithothoraces) and thus a member of the clade that includes living birds. A complete discussion of the validity of this taxon, which once included the holotype of Songlingornis, is provided, along with a revised diagnosis. The morphology of Chaoyangia is described, including extensive comparison with better known, recently discovered ornithurines as well as several other groups of Mesozoic birds (Confuciusornithiformes, Sapeornithiformes, Enantiornithes). Although preserved information is limited, the large number of fused sacral vertebrae and presence of a distal dorsal process on the ischium are among the features supporting early hypotheses that the only known specimen of Chaoyangia represents an ornithurine. Unique among ornithurines, Chaoyangia possesses two dorsal processes on the ischium, and thus remains a valid taxon. We include this taxon in a cladistic analysis to test morphological hypotheses regarding its systematic position. Although the results of the analysis are highly resolved and support the referral of Chaoyangia and Zhongjianornis to Ornithurae, support for the tree overall is very low. Recently discovered taxa have blurred the once clear morphological gap separating the two ornithothoracine clades (Ornithurae and Enantiornithes), and thus the increase in taxonomic diversity has caused a decrease in the stability of hypothetical&break; relationships.
Opposing effects of grazing and nutrients on diversity

Conceptual models predict counteractive effects of herbivores and nutrient enrichment on plant diversity and reversed effects of grazers under different nutrient regimes. I tested these hypotheses in 11 field experiments with periphyton communities in three different aquatic habitats (a highly eutrophic lake, an meso-eutrophic lake, and an meso-eutrophic part of the Baltic Sea coast) and in different seasons. Grazer access and nutrient supply were manipulated in a factorial design. Species richness and evenness were chosen as response variables. Both manipulated factors had significant and contrasting effects on diversity, with variable effect strength between sites and seasons. From the two aspects of diversity, evenness well reflected the changes in community composition. Fertilization tended to increase the dominance of few species and thus to decrease evenness, whereas grazers counteracted these effects by removing dominant life forms. The response of species richness was not as expected, since grazers decreased richness throughout, whereas nutrients had weaker effects but tended to increase richness. Species richness rather reflected changes in periphyton architecture. Grazers reduced algal richness presumably by co-consumption of rare species in the tightly connected periphyton assemblages, whereas enrichment may increase richness by providing more structure via increased dominance of filamentous species. Although grazer and nutrient effects on richness and evenness were opposing, there was no change in the effect of one factor by manipulation of the other.
Fossil Hydrophilid Beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) of the Late Oligocene Rott Formation (Germany)

Fossil water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) of the latest Oligocene Rott Formation are revised, based on the examination of the type specimens, as well as numerous additional material from Statz (Los Angeles) and Kastenholz (Bonn) collections. Seven hydrophilid species are recognized, five of which are reliably attributed to the following genera: Berosus morticinus (von Heyden and von Heyden, 1866), Paracymus excitatus (von Heyden and von Heyden, 1866), Paracymus sp. , Hydrobiomorpha fraterna (von Heyden, 1859), and Hydrophüus rottensis (Statz, 1939). Coccinella? protogaeae Germar 1837 is attributed to the subtribe Hydrophilina, and Cymbiodyta? austera Statz 1939 to the subfamily Hydrophilinae. Hydrous ebeninus Statz 1939 and Paracymus excitatus (form 3) are excluded from the Hydrophiloidea. Berosus capitatus Statz 1939 is synonymized with Berosus morticinus, and Hydrous neptunus von Heyden and von Heyden 1866 with Hydrobiomorpha fraterna. Lectotypes of Philydrus morticinus von Heyden and von Heyden 1866 and Hydrous ebeninus Statz 1939 are designated. The significance of the hydrophilid fossils for paleoecological reconstructions of the former Rott Lake is briefly discussed.
The K/Na replacement and function of antioxidant defence system in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars

Abstract Salinity is one of the major constrains restricting crop productivity. Sugar beet is one crop species grown mainly on salinity-affected soils. In a preliminary experiment in this work, the effect of different NaCl concentrations was studied on the growth of six cultivars of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in hydroponic medium. After selection of two contrasting cultivars, growth, sodium accumulation and distribution among leaf fractions as well as the functional significance of the antioxidant defence system under mild (50 mM) and severe salinity (200 mM) were investigated. NaCl treatment exerted either a stimulatory or an inhibitory effect on shoot growth, depending on concentration and cultivar. Higher growth improvement under mild salinity was observed in cultivar IC simultaneous with higher tolerance to severe saline treatment. Although two tested cultivars did not differ in Na concentration of leaves, its distribution among leaf fractions (apoplasmic fluid, cell wall, and cell sap) responded differentially to salinity treatment. Under mild salinity, proportional Na in cell sap of cultivar IC was greater than that of cultivar 7233, leading to greater replacement of K by Na in the former cultivar. In leaves of 7233, in contrast, proline was the major osmoticum. Activity of H2O2-scavenging enzymes (APX, CAT, and POD) was induced by salinity, keeping H2O2 concentration low under mild but not severe salinity. Shoot and root concentration of superoxide radicals was related to differential response of cultivars to salinity, i.e. IC was much more protected against superoxide radicals because of higher SOD activity than was 7233. Activity of nitrate reductase was reduced by both salinity levels and caused reduction of total free amino acids and protein concentrations. Results suggested that the main cause of cultivar difference is higher replacement of K by Na and allocation of more Na to the symplasm under mild salinity, and an indigenously higher protection against superoxide radicals under severe salinity.
Characteristics of Woody Cover Used by Brown Madtoms and Pirate Perch in Coastal Plain Streams

Abstract We measured or described microhabitat characteristics of woody debris accumulations (i.e., structural complexity, cavity space, stein diameter, suspended and benthic leaves, depth, inside and outside flow, undercut bank, and lateral position) found in headwater coastal plain streams of central Louisiana. Debris characteristics at sites used as diurnal cover by adult brown madtoms Noturus phaeus and pirate perch Aphredoderus sayanus were compared with characteristics at unoccupied debris sites. Woody debris used by brown madtoms was characterized as having greater cavity space, structural complexity, and suspended leaves. Additionally, brown madtoms more frequently occupied debris areas located beneath undercut banks or next to areas of high flow. Of all the habitat variables, undercut bank and cavity space showed the strongest relationship with the presence of brown madtoms in woody debris. Brown madtoms demonstrated no significant difference in use of debris characteristics between small (34–83 .
Host Tree Location Behavior of a Tropical Vine (Monstera gigantea) by Skototropism

Although still about 30 percent too lowfor population stability, productivity of California brown pelicans at their two northern colonies has improved significantly since 1971. Numbers of adults breeding probably reflect food supplies and recruitment from more successful colonies to the south, but improvingfledging rates (up to 0.9 young per nest in 1974) reflect better egg survival and improving eggshell condition, with declining DDE contamination in anchovies, their majorfood source.
Ranking the ecological causes of dispersal in a butterfly

Dispersal, i.e. movements potentially leading to gene flow, is central in evolutionary ecology. Many factors can trigger dispersal, all linked to the social and/or the environmental context. Moreover, it is now widely demonstrated that phenotypes with contrasted dispersal abilities coexist within populations of a same species. The current challenge is to elucidate how social and environmental factors will influence the dispersal decision of individuals with distinct phenotypes. We have used the Metatron, a unique experimental mesocosm dedicated to the study of dispersal within fragmented landscapes, to analyze the relative and interactive roles played by ten potential dispersal triggers in experimental two-patch metapopulations of butterflies. We demonstrate in our model species that some factors (flight performance and wing length) have direct effects on emigration decision, others act only through interactive effects (sex ratio), while a third class of factors presents both direct and interactive effects (weather conditions, habitat quality and sex). We also show that disperser and resident individuals have distinct behavioral and morphological attributes, revealing the existence of a dispersal syndrome. Finally, our results also suggest that the environmental context, and especially weather conditions and habitat quality, prevails over social factors and individual phenotypes in butterflies' decision to disperse. Our approach is applicable to many species facing medium to strong environmental fluctuations, and constitutes a new way to master the idiosyncrasy of the dispersal process. Our framework should also help prioritize the factors responsible for populations' spatial distribution, which is obviously crucial in the current era of global changes.