Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
B 1.2 Physiologische und psychologische Grundlagen der Fahrsicherheit und Fahreignung

Das Anforderungsprofil konstituiert sich aus den Anforderungen, die die Verkehrssituation und das Fahrzeug an den Fahrer stellen. Es lassen sich nach dem hierarchischen Modell von KESKINEN 4 wesentliche Anforderungsbereiche unterscheiden: 1. Fahrzeugbeherrschung; 2. Meistern von Verkehrssituationen; 3. Bewaeltigen der Anforderungen im Fahrtverlauf; 4. Sicherheitsorientierte Einstellungen und Handlungen. Das Leistungsprofil wird durch die physische und psychische Leistungsfaehigkeit beziehungsweise -kapazitaet, die Leistungsreserve und die Leistungsbereitschaft determiniert. Die Frage, die sich die Verkehrsmedizin stellt, lautet, ob ein Verkehrsteilnehmer eine ausreichende Leistung erbringen kann, um den Anforderungen, denen er sich aussetzt, in einem noch tolerierbaren Mass gerecht zu werden. Die Moeglichkeit, die ein Verkehrsteilnehmer hat, Einfluss auf das Anforderungsprofil zu nehmen, wird mit dem Begriff Kompensation umschrieben. Fuer den Erhalt der Fahrsicherheit koennen Kompensationen von Beeintraechtigungen vorrangig auf der strategischen oder taktischen Ebene erfolgen, da die Notwendigkeit der operationellen Kompensation ja gerade verhindert werden soll. Die Begutachtungs-Leitlinien zur Kraftfahrereignung geben in Kapitel 2.6 eine Uebersicht ueber verschiedene Kompensationsbereiche. Demnach kann die Kompensation von chronischen Eignungsmaengeln durch Arzneimittelbehandlung von Krankheiten, technische oder medizinisch-technische Massnahmen und psychische Qualitaeten erfolgen. Vor dem Hintergrund der physischen, intellektuellen und psychischen Grundlagen kann dann von Fahrunsicherheit gesprochen werden, wenn das Leistungsprofil nicht durch eine hinreichende Kompensation auf ein derartiges Niveau gehoben werden kann, dass das Anforderungsprofil in der konkreten Situation erfuellbar wird. Von fehlender Fahreignung ist auszugehen, wenn fuer die zu erwartenden Anforderungen ein adaequat kompensiertes Leistungsprofil nicht dauerhaft zur Verfuegung gestellt werden kann. Zur Gesamtaufnahme siehe ITRD D353923. (KfV/A)
Blood Groups of Primates: Present Status, Theoretical Implications and Practical Applications: A Review

The studyof blood groupsof primate animals dates back to 1911 when von Dungern and Hirszfeld [10] described their finding of the A antigen on chimpanzee red cells. Investigation of the A-B-O blood groups was expanded to several other primate species by the discovererof human blood groups, Karl Landsteiner and his pupil Miller [28]. A new impulse in the study of primate blood groups resulted from the discovery in 1940, by Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener, of the Rh factor of man, defined by antibodies in the sera of laboratory animals immunized with the red cells of rhesus monkeys [29]. This discovery was to be one f the most important chapters in the historyof human blood groups. However, until the early 1960's little was known about the blood groups of nonhuman primates despite their importance. Two reviews of the subject from the early 1960's [17,27] cited the relatively small number of only 66 papers from the period from1911 to 1962. Several of these papers reported findings on only a single animal, or claimed results that were later disproved. Alexander S. Wiener authored 16 of the publications, ie, 25 %, and these reported data were fully confirmed by later studies.
DNA Methylation Mediated Downregulation of miR-449c Controls Osteosarcoma Cell Cycle Progression by Directly Targeting Oncogene c-Myc

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of gene expression, and they have broad roles in the pathogenesis of different diseases including cancer. Limited studies and expression profiles of miRNAs are available in human osteosarcoma cells. By applying a miRNA microarray analysis, we observed a number of miRNAs with abnormal expression in cancerous tissues from osteosarcoma patients. Of particular interest in this study was miR-449c, which was significantly downregulated in osteosarcoma cells and patients, and its expression was negatively correlated with tumor size and tumor MSTS stages. Ectopic expression of miR-449c significantly inhibited osteosarcoma cell proliferation and colony formation ability, and caused cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Further analysis identified that miR-449c was able to directly target the oncogene c-Myc and negatively regulated its expression. Overexpression of c-Myc partially reversed miR-449c-mimic-inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation. Moreover, DNA hypermethylation was observed in two CpG islands adjacent to the genomic locus of miR-449c in osteosarcoma cells. Conversely, treatment with the DNA methylation inhibitor AZA caused induction of miR-449c. In conclusion, our results support a model that DNA methylation mediates downregulation of miR-449c, diminishing miR-449c mediated inhibition of c-Myc and thus leading to the activation of downstream targets, eventually contributing to osteosarcoma tumorigenesis.
Media Mirror

While techniques for constructing photomosaics are well known, there has only been little work in constructing mosaics on video sequences [Klein et al. 2002]. However, since we restrict ourselves to utilizing only the latest (“live”) frames of video, the optimization problem becomes much more tractable, as the working dataset is much smaller (~256). Template matching is performed on decimated proxies of all video sources on the graphics hardware. A slight amount of luminance correction is applied to each tilewe find that this combined with a distance function that is weighed towards chroma components, works well.
Origin and magnitude of 'designer' spin-orbit interaction in graphene on semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides

We use a combination of experimental techniques to demonstrate a general occurrence of spin-orbit interaction (SOI) in graphene on transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) substrates. Our measurements indicate that SOI is ultra-strong and extremely robust, despite it being merely interfacially-induced, with neither graphene nor the TMD substrates changing their structure. This is found to be the case irrespective of the TMD material used, of the transport regime, of the carrier type in the graphene band, and of the thickness of the graphene multilayer. Specifically, we perform weak antilocalization measurements as the simplest and most general diagnostic of SOI, and show that the spin relaxation time is very short in all cases regardless of the elastic scattering time. Such a short spin-relaxation time strongly suggests that the SOI originates from a modification of graphene band structure. We confirmed this expectation by measuring a gate-dependent beating, and a corresponding frequency splitting, in the low-field Shubnikov-de Haas magneto-resistance oscillations in high quality bilayer graphene on WSe$_2$. These measurements provide an unambiguous diagnostic of a SOI-induced splitting in the electronic band structure, and their analysis allows us to determine the SOI coupling constants for the Rashba term and the so-called spin-valley coupling term, i.e., the terms that were recently predicted theoretically for interface-induced SOI in graphene. The magnitude of the SOI splitting is found to be on the order of 10 meV, more than 100 times greater than the SOI intrinsic to graphene. Both the band character of the interfacially induced SOI, as well as its robustness and large magnitude make graphene-on-TMD a promising system to realize and explore a variety of spin-dependent transport phenomena, such as, in particular, spin-Hall and valley-Hall topological insulating states.
Os sistemas de incentivo e de compensação de desempenho : um estudo em empresa vecendora do premio nacional da qualidade

A questao do comportamento das pessoas no ambiente de trabalho, que envolve motivacao, satisfacao, bem-estar e, consequentemente a compensacao pelos desempenhos alcancados tem se constituido numa das preocupacoes dos administradores atuais. De fato, o envolvimento e a estimulacao da forca de trabalho, bem como os mecanismos de compensacao de desempenho assumem importância como um dos fatores determinantes do sucesso de uma organizacao. Dentro desse contexto, surge a discussao sobre o direcionamento dado pelo Premio Nacional da Qualidade (PNQ) para essas questoes. Nesse sentido, esta dissertacao apresenta os resultados dos principais programas desenvolvidos para atender aos requisitos do PNQ, bem como avalia em que medida essas iniciativas estao fundamentadas em teorias da motivacao e principios da Qualidade: Em suma, analisa se a adocao dos criterios do PNQ tem levado as empresas a desenvolver praticas eficazes de incentivo e compensacao de desempenho dos funcionarios. Para isso, uma pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada, utilizando-se, como estudo de caso, uma empresa vencedora do PNQ. Adicionalmente, com vistas a embasar o estudo, este trabalho apresenta uma analise das principais aplicacoes das teorias da motivacao no ambiente empresarial, bem como a maneira pela qual a motivacao e vista pelas principais escolas de administracao. Apresenta, ainda, o posicionamento das principais correntes da Qualidade, no que diz respeito a essas questoes e a forma como o PNQ examina os esforcos para se construir e manter um ambiente de trabalho capaz de atrair e reter profissionais competentes, alem de reconhecer as contribuicoes individuais e em equipes. Abstract
Homodimerization of the β2-Adrenergic Receptor as a Prerequisite for Cell Surface Targeting*

Although homodimerization has been demonstrated for a large number of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), no general role has been attributed to this process. Because it is known that oligomerization plays a key role in the quality control and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export of many proteins, we sought to determine if homodimerization could play such a role in GPCR biogenesis. Using the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) as a model, cell fractionation studies revealed that receptor homodimerization is an event occurring as early as the ER. Supporting the hypothesis that receptor homodimerization is involved in ER processing, β2AR mutants lacking an ER-export motif or harboring a heterologous ER-retention signal dimerized with the wild-type receptor and inhibited its trafficking to the cell surface. Finally, in addition to inhibiting receptor dimerization, disruption of the putative dimerization motif, 276GXXXGXXXL284, prevented normal trafficking of the receptor to the plasma membrane. Taken together, these data indicate that β2AR homodimerization plays an important role in ER export and cell surface targeting.
Substrate Specificity of the Streptococcal Cysteine Protease*

The streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB) is an important factor in mediating Streptococcus pyogenesinfections. SpeB is the zymogen of the streptococcal cysteine protease (SCP), of which relatively little is known regarding substrate specificity. To investigate this aspect of SCP function, a series of internally quenched fluorescent substrates was designed based on the cleavage sites identified in the autocatalytic processing of SpeB to mature SCP. The best substrates for SCP contain three amino acids in the nonprimed position (i.e. AIK in P3-P2-P1). Varying the length of the substrate on the primed side of the scissile bond has a relatively lower effect on activity. The highest activity (k cat/K M = 2.8 ± 0.6 (105 ×m −1s−1) is observed for the pentamer 3-aminobenzoic acid-AIKAG-3-nitrotyrosine, which spans subsites S3 to S2′ on the enzyme. High pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses show that the substrates are cleaved at the site predicted from the autoprocessing experiments. These results show that SCP can display an important level of endopeptidase activity. Substitutions at position P2 of the substrate clearly indicate that the S2 subsite of SCP can readily accommodate substrates containing a hydrophobic residue at that position and that some topological preference exists for that subsite. Substitutions in positions P3, P1, and P1′ had little or no effect on SCP activity. The substrate specificity outlined in this work further supports the similarity between SCP and the cysteine proteases of the papain family. From the data regarding the identified or proposed natural substrates for SCP, it appears that this substrate specificity profile may also apply to the processing of mammalian and streptococcal protein targets by SCP.
Non‐coding RNAs: regulators of disease

For 50 years the term ‘gene’ has been synonymous with regions of the genome encoding mRNAs that are translated into protein. However, recent genome‐wide studies have shown that the human genome is pervasively transcribed and produces many thousands of regulatory non‐protein‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, PIWI‐interacting RNAs and various classes of long ncRNAs. It is now clear that these RNAs fulfil critical roles as transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulators and as guides of chromatin‐modifying complexes. Here we review the biology of ncRNAs, focusing on the fundamental mechanisms by which ncRNAs facilitate normal development and physiology and, when dysfunctional, underpin disease. We also discuss evidence that intergenic regions associated with complex diseases express ncRNAs, as well as the potential use of ncRNAs as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Taken together, these observations emphasize the need to move beyond the confines of protein‐coding genes and highlight the fact that continued investigation of ncRNA biogenesis and function will be necessary for a comprehensive understanding of human disease. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heidegger and the Problem of Modern Moral Philosophy

ii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: The Question Concerning Heidegger’s Ethics 20 Premodern Ethics 29 The Fragmentary Ethos of the Enlightenment 52 The Question of Heidegger’s Ethics 69 Chapter 3: Heidegger’s Destruction of Modern Moral Philosophy 78 Heidegger’s “Violent” Interpretation of Aristotle’s Ethics 83 Critiques of Heidegger’s Supposed Radical Individualism 108 Critiques of Heidegger’s Supposed Nihilism 129 Concluding Remarks on the Supposed Moral Bankruptcy of Heidegger’s ‘Ethics’ . 144 Chapter 4: How Heidegger’s Vision of Ethics Hears the Callings of an Ethos 147 Heidegger’s Anti-Individualism 156 Authentic Historicity and Ethical Relativism 179 Authenticity as a Call for an Ethical Transformation 205 Chapter 5: Heidegger’s Ethics is First Philosophy 210 Heidegger’s Rejection of the Is-Ought Distinction 219 The Virtues of Heidegger’s Post-Humanist Ethics 228 Critical Assessment of Heidegger’s Ethics 242 References 248
Ataques de denegación de servicio a baja tasa contra servidores

En el trabajo se presenta un estudio sobre las posibilidades de que un potencial atacante dispone para la ejecucion de ataques de denegacion de servicio contra servidores utilizando una baja tasa de trafico. Se presentan los detalles de diseno de los ataques, particularizados tanto para servidores iterativos como concurrentes. Se realiza una evaluacion del rendimiento de los mismos, mediante entornos de simulacion, entornos reales y el desarrollo de un modelo matematico analitico. Finalmente, se realiza un analisis de las posibles mejoras y variantes que el atacante podria imprimir a su tecnica de ataque.
Higher-order structure of interphase chromosomes and radiation-induced chromosomal exchange aberrations

Purpose : To discuss the effects of chromosome structure on the inter- and intrachromosomal exchanges in the framework of the model, which argues that the higher-order chromosome structure contains 10-30 Mbp loop clusters (micelles). Results and conclusions : Intermicelle contacts determine exchangetype chromosome aberrations. Ratios of inter- to intrachromosomal exchanges calculated in the model are similar to the experimental data (literature) for human lymphocytes and flat fibroblasts. The frequency of interchanges is affected by nuclear shape; this might explain the greater number of interchanges observed in 3-D spherical lymphocytes vs. that in 2-D flat fibroblasts. Chromosome configuration (linear vs. folded Rabl) affects the pattern of micelle contacts. The model predicts that chromosomes in haploid Tradescantia microspores have the folded Rabl orientation; this explains quantitatively the low value of the ratio of dicentrics to centric rings observed in these cells.
TMP: Tele-Medicine Protocol for Slotted 802.15.4 With Duty-Cycle Optimization in Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

Recently, adaptive duty cycle-based medium access control (MAC) protocols based on the IEEE 802.15. 4 standard have been proposed to address the quality of service (QoS) requirements, including a specified and combined set of time bounded data transmission services, data rate, reliability, and energy consumption for wireless body area sensor networks. However, the current protocols suffer limitations in the context of providing a combined set of QoS. Moreover, for efficient energy consumption, these protocols adjust duty cycle values on estimations, such as active periods, buffer occupancy, and collision rates. These estimations consume resources in terms of delay and energy, which makes them hardly acceptable for medical applications. In this context, we propose a tele-medicine protocol (TMP) under the IEEE 802.15. 4 slotted CSMA/CA with beacon enabled mode on the basis of a novel idea which combines two optimizations methods, i.e., MAC layer parameter tuning optimization and duty cycle optimization. The TMP duty cycle is adjusted by three factors: offered network traffic load, delay-reliability factor, and superframe duration. The proposed protocol provides the required set of QoS (delay, reliability, and efficient energy consumption) at the same time for patient monitoring applications. Performance of the proposed protocol is computed on the basis of average end-to-end delay, reliability, packet delivery ratio, collision rate, and energy consumption by varying the number of nodes and offered network traffic. The TMP performed well in terms of delay, reliability, energy consumption, and collision rate in comparison of the other existing protocols under the constraints of patient monitoring applications.
Rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus in cell cultures by immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibodies

Peroxidase-labeled monoclonal antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus were used for immunoperoxidase staining (IPS) of cell cultures inoculated with nasopharyngeal aspirates. Cells were grown in 24-well plates, and specimens were inoculated by low-speed centrifugation. Cultures were incubated for 2 days at 37 degrees C and then fixed, stained, and observed by light microscopy. IPS was compared with standard virus isolation by using cultures of human diploid fibroblasts and Vero, HEp-2, and HeLa cell lines for RSV and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells for influenza A virus; these cultures were inoculated with specimens that were previously stored at -70 degrees C. Of 40 known RSV-positive specimens, 30 were found to be positive on reinoculation by both methods, and an additional 5 specimens were found to be positive by IPS only. Of 190 specimens tested for influenza A virus, 14 were positive by IPS and in tubes, and a further 8 specimens were positive by IPS only. IPS was also compared with direct detection of viral antigens in nasopharyngeal aspirates by a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA). Fresh nasopharyngeal aspirates were inoculated into human diploid fibroblasts and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and tested for RSV and influenza A virus, respectively, by IPS. Of 110 specimens tested for RSV, 37 were positive in total, 32 were positive by IPS, and 33 were positive by TR-FIA. Of 150 specimens tested for influenza A virus, 39 were positive in total, 35 were positive by IPS, and 34 were positive by TR-FIA. IPS of cultures inoculated by centrifugation and incubated for 2 days is a sensitive method for the diagnosis of respiratory virus infections, and 24-well plates allow for the easy processing of a large number of specimens.
The International Journal of Biostatistics Sample Size Estimation for Repeated Measures Analysis in Randomized Clinical Trials with Missing Data

In designing longitudinal studies, researchers must determine the number of subjects to randomize based on the power to detect a clinically meaningful treatment difference and a proposed analysis plan. In this paper, we present formulas for sample size estimation and an assessment of statistical power for a two-treatment repeated measures design allowing for subject attrition. These formulas can be used for comparing two treatment groups across time in terms of linear contrasts. Subjects are assumed to drop out of the study at random so that the missing data do not alter the parameters of interest.
Une nouvelle approche non-linéaire pour la segmentation phonétique

Le potentiel du Formalisme Multiechelles Microcanonique (FMM) dans l'identification des frontieres de transition du signal de parole a deja ete demontre dans nos travaux anterieurs, en developpant une methode originale de segmentation phonetique. Le FMM repose sur une evaluation precise des exposants de singularite (EdS). Dans ce papier, apres avoir decrit en detail un algorithme pour l'estimation precise des EdS dans le cas d'un signal 1D, nous introduisons une nouvelle methode qui utilise mieux les EdS pour ameliorer la precision de la segmentation: d'abord le signal original et une version filtree sont utilises pour determiner un ensemble de frontieres candidates; ensuite un test d'hypothese est effectue sur la distribution des EdS du signal d'origine pour selectionner les frontieres definitives. Nous evaluons la performance de ce nouvel algorithme sur la base TIMIT. Les resultats montrent qu'une amelioration considerable des performances de segmentation est realisee.
Disparities in Diagnosis and Access to Health Services for Children with Autism: Data from the National Survey of Children's Health

Objective: Earlier assessment of autism improves outcomes. In addition, children with autism have significant need for medical care. Therefore, identification of factors associated with delays in the early diagnosis of autism and with decreased access to care has the potential to lead to interventions that will improve health and well-being. The aim of this study was to determine whether differences occur in the age-specific prevalence of autism or in access to health care in children of traditionally underserved populations. Method: Data from the National Survey of Children's Health of 2003/2004 were used. Diagnosis of autism and its severity were based on parental report. Results: The prevalence of autism was lower for Latinos (26/10,000) than for non-Latinos (51/10,000). Whites and blacks had comparable rates. The lowest preschool rate of autism (16/10,000) occurred in poor children. Latinos and poor families rated their children's autism as more severe. Being black, Latino, or poor was associated with decreased access to services, while having Medicaid or State Children's Health Insurance Program was linked with better access to some services. Conclusions: Disparities in the prevalence and parent-reported severity of autism and in access to health care were found for children with autism. Programs for children in general (e.g., universal screening for autism) and programs that target traditionally underserved groups of children, their families, and their health care providers should be tested and implemented to optimize case finding of children with autism and to eliminate disparities in access to care and to early intervention.