Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Possible presynaptic actions of 2‐amino‐4‐phosphonobutyrate in rat olfactory cortex

1 The effect of 2‐amino‐4‐phosphonobutyrate (APB) on facilitation at the lateral olfactory tract (LOT)‐superficial pyramidal cell synapse of the olfactory cortex has been studied by recording the relative changes in amplitude of the N‐waves evoked on stimulation of the LOT by pairs of stimuli. 2 Although APB (0.01 to 5 mm) reduced the amplitude of the conditioning response there was an overall increase in facilitation over conditioning intervals of up to 1700 ms which was concentration‐dependent and inversely related to the concentration of extracellular calcium (1.25 to 5 mm). 3 The l‐(+)‐isomer of APB was more potent than the d‐(–)‐form in increasing synaptic facilitation. 4 The potassium channel blockers 4‐aminopyridine (0.25 mm), 3,4‐diaminopyridine (0.1 mm), tetraethylammonium (10 mm) and catechol (1 mm) all reduced facilitation but failed to antagonize the increase in facilitation produced by APB (1 mm). In contrast, all 4 drugs antagonized APB‐induced reductions in the amplitude of the conditioning response. 5 APB (1 mm) significantly reduced the K+‐evoked release of endogenous aspartate and glutamate but not of γ‐aminobutryic acid from slices of olfactory cortex. 6 It is suggested that APB reduces the amplitude of the conditioning response and increases synaptic facilitation by reducing transmitter release from the LOT terminals. The mechanism is unlikely to involve activation of terminal potassium currents.
Visualization of parental HSV‐1 genomes and replication compartments in association with ND10 in live infected cells

The relative location of active and repressed genes within the nucleus is becoming recognized as a significant factor in the control of gene expression. We have developed systems to visualize parental and replicated herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) amplicon genomes in association with PML nuclear bodies (ND10) in live cells. Plasmids containing viral replication and packaging signals, a gene expressing enhanced yellow fluorescent protein linked to the tetracycline repressor DNA binding domain and 14 copies of the tetracycline operator sequence were used to produce amplicon genomes packaged into normal viral particles. The frequency of the juxtaposition of viral genomes and ND10 was substantially increased by inclusion of an active HSV‐1 Early gene transcription unit, indicating that the association is neither random nor passive. Furthermore, the ND10‐associated genomes preferentially progressed to form viral replication compartments. Thus, active viral transcription contributes to the efficiency of viral genome association with ND10, and this in turn increases the probability that the genome will engage in active DNA replication. These studies in live cells provide a novel insight into virus–ND10 interactions and provide compelling visualization of their functional relevance.
[Opinion survey on the use of assisted reproductive technologies applied to inhabitants of Santiago, Chile].

BACKGROUND Advances in reproductive medicine and the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have a great impact in the lives of people and the conformation of their families. AIM To report the results of an opinion survey applied to inhabitants of Santiago, Chile about the use of ART to conceive. MATERIAL AND METHODS A survey was designed and applied to a random representative sample of 1.500 people between the ages of 18 and 65 in the 34 municipalities of Santiago. RESULTS Eighty eight percent of respondents support the use of medical assistance to conceive children. Wide approval exists for the use of in vitro fertilization (IVF) by heterosexual couples, even when not married (85.9%) and by single women (70.4%), by both mole and female participants of every socioeconomic level, age group and religious affiliation. Support decreases significantly when the use of IVF is considered for post-menopausal women (35.1 %) and by same-sex couples (26.6%). CONCLUSIONS Results of this survey indicate that the majority of inhabitants in Santiago favor the use of ART, including IVF. This support decreases significantly for elderly women and homosexual couples.
Acute Systemic Complications of Convulsive Status Epilepticus—A Systematic Review

Objectives: Status epilepticus is a neurologic emergency with high morbidity and mortality requiring neurointensive care and treatment of systemic complications. This systematic review compiles the current literature on acute systemic complications of generalized convulsive status epilepticus in adults and their immediate clinical impact along with recommendations for optimal neurointensive care. Data Sources: We searched PubMed, Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane library for articles published between 1960 and 2016 and reporting on systemic complications of convulsive status epilepticus. Study Selection: All identified studies were screened for eligibility by two independent reviewers. Data Extraction: Key data were extracted using standardized data collection forms. Data Synthesis: Thirty-two of 3,046 screened articles were included. Acute manifestations and complications reported in association with generalized convulsive status epilepticus can affect all organ systems fueling complex cascades and multiple organ interactions. Most reported complications result from generalized excessive muscle contractions that increase body temperature and serum potassium levels and may interfere with proper and coordinated function of respiratory muscles followed by hypoxia and respiratory acidosis. Increased plasma catecholamines can cause a decay of skeletal muscle cells and cardiac function, including stress cardiomyopathy. Systemic complications are often underestimated or misinterpreted as they may mimic underlying causes of generalized convulsive status epilepticus or treatment-related adverse events. Conclusions: Management of generalized convulsive status epilepticus should center on the administration of antiseizure drugs, treatment of the underlying causes, and the attendant systemic consequences to prevent secondary seizure-related injuries. Heightened awareness, systematic clinical assessment, and diagnostic workup and management based on the proposed algorithm are advocated as they are keys to optimal outcome.
A Compass for Navigating Sharing Economy Business Models

The sharing economy has emerged in recent years as a disruptive approach to traditional business models. Drawing on a multi-year research program and a design-based methodology, this article introduces a framework and generative tool called the Sharing Business Model Compass. As an actionable framework, the Compass helps elucidate the multiple, innovative forms sharing economy businesses are adopting. As a generative tool, it enables entrepreneurs, investors, incubators, and incumbents interested in entering the sharing economy to create, present, and evolve a compelling sharing business model as well as evaluate its extent of robustness.
Frequencies of poor metabolizers of cytochrome P450 2C19 in esophagus cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer and bladder cancer in Chinese population.

AIM To investigate the association between cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) gene polymorphism and cancer susceptibility by genotyping of CYP2C19 poor metabolizers (PMs) in cancer patients. METHODS One hundred and thirty-five cases of esophagus cancer, 148 cases of stomach cancer, 212 cases of lung cancer, 112 cases of bladder cancer and 372 controls were genotyped by allele specific amplification-polymerase chain reaction (ASA-PCR) for CYP2C19 PMs. The frequencies of PMs in cancer groups and control group were compared. RESULTS The frequencies of PMs of CYP2C19 were 34.1%(46/135) in the group of esophagus cancer patients, 31.8%(47/148) in the stomach cancer patients, 34.4%(73/212) in the group of lung cancer patients, only 4.5%(5/112) in the bladder cancer patients and 14.0%(52/372) in control group. There were statistical differences between the cancer groups and control group (esophagus cancer, chi(2)=25.65, P<0.005, OR=3.18, 95%CI=2.005-5.042; stomach cancer, chi(2)=21.70, P<0.005, OR=2.86, 95%CI=1.820-4.501; lung cancer, chi(2)=33.58, P<0.005, OR=3.23, 95%CI=1.503-6.906; bladder cancer, chi(2)=7.50, P<0.01, OR=0.288, 95%CI=0.112-0.740). CONCLUSION CYP2C19 PMs have a high incidence of esophagus cancer, stomach cancer and lung cancer, conversely they have a low incidence of bladder cancer. It suggests that CYP2C19 may participate in the activation of procarcinogen of esophagus cancer, stomach cancer and lung cancer, but may involve in the detoxification of carcinogens of bladder cancer.
Management and Outcome of Patients with Transient Ischemic Attack Admitted to a Stroke Unit

Background: The way in which patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) are investigated and treated varies substantially worldwide. There are no data on the management and outcome of TIA patients admitted to a stroke unit. We assessed to what extent rapid management of TIA patients admitted to a stroke unit led to specific treatments which can prevent stroke and evaluated the early risk and predictors of stroke in these patients. Methods: From January 2003 to November 2005, 203 consecutive patients with a recent (<48 h) TIA were admitted to our stroke unit. All patients had a diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) on admission, a standardized etiological workup, and were followed up to 3 months. Results: The median (interquartile range) time from TIA onset to admission to the stroke unit was 12 h (5–25). DWI revealed acute lesions in 64 patients (32%). Of the 203 patients, 147 (72%) were treated by antiplatelet therapy and 56 (28%) with high doses of heparin, soon after their admission. In addition, 7 patients (3%) had a carotid revascularization. The risk of stroke was 2.5% (95% CI, 0.3–4.7) at 1 week, and 3.5% (1.0–6.1) at 3 months. In multivariate analysis, a score ≧5 at the previously validated ABCD score (HR = 5.0; 1.0–25.8; p = 0.06) and the presence of DWI abnormalities (HR = 10.3; 1.2–86.7; p = 0.03) were independent predictors of stroke at 3 months. Conclusion: Early management of TIA in a stroke unit leads to specific treatments in a significant proportion of cases. The presence of acute lesions on DWI and the ABCD score predict the 3-month risk of stroke after TIA.
The YfiD protein contributes to the pyruvate formate‐lyase flux in an Escherichia coli arcA mutant strain

The product of yfiD gene is similar to pyruvate formate‐lyase (PFL) activase and it has been reported to activate PFL by replacing the glycyl radical domain. To quantitate the effect of YfiD on the cell metabolism in microaerobic cultures, glucose‐limited chemostat cultures were conducted with Escherichia coli yfiD mutant and yfiDarcA mutant strains. The microaerobic condition was controlled by purging the culture media with 2.5% O2 in N2. The intracellular metabolic flux distributions in these cultures were estimated based on C‐13 labeling experiments. By comparing with the flux distributions in wild‐type E. coli and the arcA mutant, it was shown that YfiD contributes to about 18% of the PFL flux in the arcA mutant, but it did not contribute to the PFL flux in wild‐type E. coli. It was also shown that the cell used both PFL and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) to supplement the acetyl‐coenzyme A (AcCoA) pool under microaerobic conditions. The flux through PDH was about 22–30% of the total flux toward AcCoA in the wild‐type, the yfiD mutant and yfiDarcA mutant strains. Relatively higher lactate production was seen in the yfiDarcA mutant than the other strains, which was due to the lower total flux through PFL and PDH toward AcCoA in this strain. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97:138–143. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thymus-Dependent Memory Phenotype CD8 T Cells in Naive B6.H-2Kb−/−Db−/− Animals Mediate an Antigen-Specific Response against Listeria monocytogenes1

B6.H-2Kb−/−Db−/− (DKO) mice have greatly reduced numbers of mature CD8αβ T cells in their periphery. However, these non-class Ia-selected CD8αβ T cells are able to mediate immune responses to a number of pathogens. Approximately 60% of the CD8αβ T cells in the spleen and peripheral lymph nodes of naive DKO mice display a memory (CD44high) phenotype. To investigate the origins of these non-class Ia-selected CD8αβCD44high cells, we traced the phenotype of recent thymic emigrants and found that most were CD44low. We also determined whether their appearance was thymus dependent and found that only a small percentage of non-class Ia-selected CD8αβCD44high cells develop in a thymus-independent pathway. Functionally, CD8αβCD44high cells from DKO mice are able to secrete IFN-γ in response to IL-12 and IL-18 in the absence of cognate Ag. When challenged with anti-CD3 in vivo, nearly half of these cells produce IFN-γ within 3 h. When purified CD8αβCD44high cells from Thy1.2. DKO mice were transferred into Thy1.1 DKO recipients and then challenged with Listeria monocytogenes, an Ag-specific anti-L. monocytogenes response was observed 6 days later. Our data suggest that non-class Ia-selected CD8αβCD44high cells in naive animals can respond rapidly to Ag and play a role in the innate as well as the early phase of the acquired immune response.
Factors associated with adolescent overweight/obesity in Ho Chi Minh city.

OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with overweight/obesity among adolescents in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. METHODS In 2004, a cross-sectional survey was conducted using multi-stage cluster sampling. Weight and height of 2 678 students from 31 junior high schools in Ho Chi Minh City were measured. Dietary intake and physical activity were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire and a physical activity questionnaire. Parental, household and neighbourhood characteristics were also collected. Factors associated with overweight/obesity in adolescents were modelled using hierarchical, multivariate logistic regression. "Survey commands" in STATA were used to account for the multi-stage cluster sampling design. RESULTS After adjusting for other study factors, the odds of overweight/obesity was significantly higher for male gender (OR=3.1, 95% CI: 1.8, 3.8), younger age (OR=3.4, 95% CI: 2.1, 5.3), schools located in wealthy districts (OR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.8, 3.4), higher family economic status (OR=1.9, 95% CI: 1.1, 4.9), higher parental education (OR=2.0, 95% CI: 1.4, 2.9), overweight or obese parents (OR=3.5, 95% CI: 1.7, 7.0), more time spent watching TV (OR=4.3, 95% CI: 1.3, 14.7), frequent consumption of soft drinks (OR=3.0, 95% CI: 1.6, 5.3) and more time studying after class (OR=2.9, 95% CI: 1.7, 4.9). The odds of overweight/obesity was lower with the availability of fruit at home (OR=0.5, 95% CI: 0.3, 0.7), frequent consumption of fruit/vegetables (OR=0.3, 95% CI: 0.2, 0.4) and being physically active (OR=0.5, 95% CI: 0.4, 0.8). CONCLUSIONS Family/parental factors as well as children's lifestyle should be taken into account when planning interventions to prevent adolescent obesity.
The relation between corporate governance mechanisms, executive compensation and audit fees: Evidence from Iran

This paper aims to investigate the effects of some corporate governance mechanisms and executive compensation on audit fees in an emerging market. ,The study population consists of 540 observations and 90 listed companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2009-2014. The statistical model used in this study is a multivariate regression model; besides, the statistical technique used to test the hypotheses proposed in this research is panel data. ,The changes in the value of a CEO’s own firm stock option portfolio, in thousands of rials (Iran’s currency), for a 0.01 change in stock return volatility and stock price are defined as Vega and Delta, respectively. The results demonstrated that there is a positive association between audit fees and delta, but not Vega; this means that a fee premium is linked to CEO Delta incentives. The findings show that Iranian companies pay more audit fees when they give managers more rewards. In addition, the results show that there is not a significant relationship between fees resulting from audit risk and Delta and Vega incentives of the board. Inconsistent with agency theory, the authors found that the independence of board members did not have any effect on audit fees. As a final point, the outcomes of the paper demonstrate that managers who invest in companies under their own management do not have any impact on the amount of audit fee. To put it another way, there is not any significant connection between the board ownership and audit fees. ,This is one of the most important studies that simultaneously surveys the impacts of corporate governance mechanisms and executive compensation in the Iranian audit market. The results of this study will reveal more than the role of corporate governance mechanisms for society and users of financial statements because as tools on the CEO actions, they always have to pay attention to the implementation of corporate principles in the economic entity’ operation. ,The present study has examined the relationship between two cases of corporate governance mechanisms named the board independence and the board ownership with audit fees in a country where, to the authors’ knowledge as in most other developing markets, such a relationship has not been a subject of empirical research. Moreover, the use of a two-dimensional measure of executive compensation, namely, Delta and Vega incentives, primarily considering research undertaken in an emerging market, as a valuable contribution may be observed.
Undiagnosed hyperglycemia in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics.

BACKGROUND The use of atypical antipsychotics has been associated with abnormalities of glucose metabolism in patients with schizophrenia. This study was designed to determine the proportion of undiagnosed hyperglycemia in patients receiving a broad range of atypical antipsychotics. METHOD All outpatients treated at an urban Veterans Affairs medical center who received a prescription for clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, or ziprasidone were identified, and an attempt was made to obtain a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test. Testing took place October 2000 to November 2002. Patients previously diagnosed as diabetic were excluded. RESULTS Of the 647 patients who received antipsychotic prescriptions and were not diagnosed as diabetic, 494 (76.4%) had a random glucose result, while 153 (23.6%) had an FPG result. Within the FPG group, 107 (69.9%) had a normal FPG level, while 46 (30.1%) had an abnormally elevated FPG. There were no differences between these 2 groups in terms of race/ethnicity, age, body mass index, or comorbid diagnoses. However, significantly more patients receiving clozapine were found to have occult hyperglycemia (p = .001); no significant differences in the percentage of patients with FPG levels > or = 100 mg/dL and those with FPG levels < 100 mg/dL were observed for any of the other medications. CONCLUSION Hyperglycemia is common in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics and thought to be euglycemic. Screening for elevated FPG is indicated for patients receiving atypical antipsychotics.
Ephrin B2/EphB4 Mediates the Actions of IGF‐I Signaling in Regulating Endochondral Bone Formation

Ephrin B2/EphB4 mediates interactions among osteoblasts (OBs), osteoclasts (OCLs), and chondrocytes to regulate their differentiation. We investigated the role of ephrin B2/EphB4 signaling in mediating the anabolic effects of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) on those cells and overall endochondral bone formation. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the expression of ephrin B2 in OBs, OCLs, and osteocytes, and the expression of EphB4 in OBs and osteocytes was dramatically decreased in global IGF‐I knockout mice. Inactivation of EphB4 by EphB4 small, interfering RNA (siRNA) in cultured bone marrow stromal cells significantly decreased the mRNA levels of OB differentiation markers and abolished the stimulatory effects of IGF‐I on these markers. Blocking the interaction of EphB4 and ephrin B2 in the OB‐OCL cocultures with the EphB4 specific peptide TNYL‐RAW or deletion of ephrin B2 in OCL prior to coculture led to fewer and smaller tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)‐positive cells, decreased expression of OB differentiation markers, and blunted response to IGF‐I for both OCL and OB differentiation. In the growth plate, both ephrin B2 and EphB4 are expressed in late stage proliferating and prehypertrophic chondrocytes, and their expression was decreased in mice lacking the IGF‐I receptor specifically in chondrocytes. In vitro, blocking the interaction of EphB4 and ephrin B2 in chondrogenic ATDC5 cells with TNYL‐RAW significantly decreased both basal and IGF1‐induced expression of type II and type X collagen. In the cocultures of ATDC5 cells and spleen cells (osteoclast precursors), TNYL‐RAW decreased the numbers of TRAP‐positive cells and the expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) and receptor activator of NF‐κB (RANK), and blocked their stimulation by IGF‐I. Our data indicate that IGF‐I/IGF‐IR signaling promotes OB, OCL, and chondrocyte differentiation via ephrin B2/EphB4 mediated cell‐cell communication. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Using meal-based self-monitoring of blood glucose as a tool to improve outcomes in pregnancy complicated by diabetes.

OBJECTIVE To review the importance of controlling blood glucose levels and the role of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in the management of pregnancy complicated by diabetes. METHODS This report describes the relationship between hyperglycemia and maternal and neonatal complications, reviews the utility of meal-based SMBG in modifying food choices and adjusting insulin doses, and proposes an algorithm to achieve normoglycemia in pregnancies complicated by diabetes. RESULTS The risk of diabetes-related complications in pregnancy is more strongly associated with 1-hour postprandial plasma glucose concentrations than with fasting plasma glucose levels. SMBG strategies that incorporate postprandial glucose testing provide better glycemic control and greater reductions in risk of complications than does preprandial glucose testing alone. Although the optimal timing and frequency of SMBG remain controversial, available clinical evidence supports testing 4 times per day (before breakfast and 1 hour after each meal) in women with gestational diabetes managed by medical nutrition therapy only and 6 times per day (before and 1 hour after each meal) in pregnant women treated with insulin. CONCLUSION Meal-based SMBG is a valuable tool for improving outcomes in pregnancy complicated by diabetes. The lessons learned in this setting should have relevance to the general population of patients with diabetes, in whom microvascular and macrovascular complications are the outcomes of importance.