Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nano-patterned honey incorporated silk fibroin membranes for improving cellular compatibility

The desirable properties of a matrix for tissue engineering applications appears to shift from a minimal model of supporting cell growth to a more inclusive role as a matrix to trigger the regeneration process. This requirement has propelled efforts towards bio-functionalization of matrices both by chemical and textural modification of most advanced materials, including silk. Amongst different biomaterials, silk fibroin (SF) has been extensively used for various tissue engineering applications, because of its low immunogenicity and good mechanical strength, although low biological activity and a poor biodegradability rate has remained its major limitation for use in regenerative medicine. In the present study, the physical as well as biological properties of SF have been improved by incorporation of honey, a natural healing agent. Honey-blended SF films (HSF) demonstrated increased mechanical strength together with enhanced wettability, swelling ability and degradability without hampering the original mechanical and biological properties of both honey and SF. In addition, parallel-aligned nanostructures were produced over native SF and HSF using soft lithography to form two-dimensional nano-patterned membranes. HSF films demonstrated enhanced surface roughness in flat membranes and even more so in nano-patterned membranes when compared with native SF membranes which are essential for cellular adhesion and proliferation. Furthermore, biocompatibility and cellular behavior such as adhesion, proliferation, spreading and interaction of 3T3 fibroblast cells were improved using HSF when compared with using native SF membranes. Thus, HSF membranes with enhanced bio-physical properties are a potential material for use in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications.
Mechanistic Investigation into the Light Soaking Effect Observed in Inverted Polymer Solar Cells Containing Chemical Bath Deposited Titanium Oxide

In the glass–indium tin oxide (ITO)/titanium oxide (TiOx)/regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxylenethiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS)/Au cell (TiOx cell), which contains amorphous titanium oxide prepared by chemical bath deposition and dried at 150 °C, a light soaking effect has been observed upon irradiation with white light. In contrast, in ITO/titanium oxide (TiO2)/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Au cell (TiO2 cell), which contains anatase titanium oxide prepared by heat treatment at 450 °C, the maximum power conversion efficiency was obtained just after irradiation with white light. The number of P3HT+• cation radicals in the quartz–ITO/TiOx and TiO2/P3HT:PCBM substrates was estimated by ESR measurements at room temperature upon irradiation with white light. It increased gradually with an increase in irradiation time for the TiOx substrate but increased only slightly just after light irradiation for the TiO2 substrate.
Interfacial energy consideration in the organization of a quantum dot–lipid mixed system

We propose a theoretical model for a quantum dot (QD)–lipid mixed system based on a simple geometrical assumption for a single-component lipid (DOPC) monolayer deformation profile. In this system, there are two possible states: a quantum dot–liposome complex (QLC) state where QDs are incorporated into the lipid bilayer of the liposome, and a quantum dot–micelle complex (QMC) state where an individual QD is covered by a lipid monolayer. In this model, the elastic deformation energy of the QLC is smaller (larger) than that of the QMC for the QD size smaller (larger) than a certain critical size. Therefore, the QLC is a more stable state than the QMC for the QD size smaller than a certain critical size. The prediction shown in this model is very consistent with our recent experimental results. To our knowledge, this is the first theoretical model that predicts the size dependence of the stability of the QD in the lipid bilayer.
Sputter deposition of platinum films in argon/oxygen and neon/oxygen discharges

We have investigated the resistivity, crystallography, and chemistry of films sputter deposited from a platinum target in argon and neon discharges containing small amounts of oxygen. The results presented here indicate that the oxidation behavior of platinum is strongly dependent upon the type of rare gas used for the deposition. A comparison of the dependence of platinum‐oxygen bond formation on cathode voltage and deposition rate suggests that oxide formation in the films is controlled by a reaction which occurs at the target surface and is enhanced when neon carrier gas is used. A large increase in resistivity above that of bulk platinum metal is always correlated with platinum‐oxygen bond formation in the film.
EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT OF CELLULOSIC MATERIALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

ABSTRACT At the high drying rates now obtainable in high intensity drying; solids may reach quite high temperatures for very short drying times. Frequently the temperature stability of solids precludes measurement of their adsorption equilibrium moisture content at these elevated temperatures. A thermodynamic method is presented for calculating equilibrium moisture content at high temperature from measurements made at low temperature. The method, based on Gibbs surface excess free energy theory, involves no parameters requiring experimental measurement and eliminates the need for empirical extrapolations. Although demonstrated for three fibrous cellulosic materials, viscose yarn, cotton and kraft wood pulp, the procedure is applicable to any absorbent - water system. The examples show that the method is practical and convenient for application.
Determination of optical parameters of Ga0.75In0.25Se layered crystals

The optical properties of the Ga0.75In0. 25Se crystals have been investigated by means of transmission and reflection measurements in the wavelength range of 380–1100 nm. The analysis of the results performed at room temperature revealed the presence of optical indirect transtions with band gap energy of 1.89 eV. The variation of the band gap energy as a function of temperature was also studied in the temperature range of 10–300 K. The rate of change of band gap energy (γ = –6.2 × 10–4 eV/K) and absolute zero value of the band gap (Egi(0) = 2.01 eV) were reported. The wavelength dependence of the refractive index was analyzed using Wemple and DiDomenico, Sellmeier and Cauchy models to find the oscillator energy, dispersion energy, oscillator strength and zero‐frequency refractive index values. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Statistical crystallography Structure of random cellular networks

Abstract The methods of statistical mechanics are applied to the structure of random, space-filling, cellular structures (foams, metallurgical grain aggregates, biological tissues). Microreversibility of the structural properties under elementary transformations is demonstrated. Detailed balance correlates the shapes of neighbouring cells, in the form of Aboav's law, derived here in two or three dimensions. Maximum entropy inference under a few constraints yields structural equations of state, relating the size of cells to their topological shape. The ‘ideal’ structure corresponds to the minimal number of constraints, and has Lewis's law as its equation of state. Metallurgical aggregates are influenced by an additional constraint, and have a different equation of state. The relevant most probable distributions of cell sizes and shapes are given.
Photoionization measurement of the triplet lifetime of benzene

The lifetime of triplet benzene produced by laser excitation of the 6/sup 1/ level of the S/sub 1/ state in a supersonic beam has been measured by photoionization with an ArF excimer laser. This collision-free lifetime pertaining to the vibrationally unrelaxed triplet was found to be 470 +- 50 ns. Measurement of a component of the photoion signal due to decay of S/sub 1/ permitted, in addition, an estimate of the quantum yield for intersystem crossing.
Effect of High Temperature on the Change in Color, Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties of Spruce Wood

Summary In this study the effect of high temperature on mechanical properties, dimensional stability and color of spruce was investigated. Wood specimens conditioned at different relative humidities (50, 65, 80 and 95%) were subjected to heat treatment at 200°C for 2, 4, 8, 10 and 24 h and at 100, 150 and 200°C for 24 h. Color changes were measured in the Minolta Croma-Meter CR-300 color system. Bending strength and modulus of elasticity were determined according to DIN 52186. The results show that heat treatment mainly resulted in a darkening of wood tissues, improvement of the dimensional stability of wood and reduction of its mechanical properties. The darkening accelerated generally when treatment temperature exceeded approximately 200°C. Most of the darkening occurred within the first 4 h of exposure. For the specimens heated to high temperatures, the average decrease in bending strength was about 44–50%, while modulus of elasticity was reduced by only 4–9%. We found that treatment time and temperature were more important than relative humidity regarding the color responses. Strong correlations between total color difference and both modulus of elasticity and bending strength were found. Thus, the color parameters can be estimated quantitatively and used as a prediction of wood strength.
Doping of Polyaniline by Transition-Metal Salts

Complexes of some transition-metal salts and emeraldine base of polyaniline were synthesized and characterized by UV−vis−IR spectroscopy, morphology studies, and conductivity measurements. Depending on the inorganic salt used, two extreme cases of doping were distinguished. The first regime of doping resulted in films of grained morphology, with a relatively high conductivity of up to 10-1 S/cm and electronic absorption spectra showing features of both pseudo-protonic doping and oxidation of the polymer backbone. IR absorption spectra were consistent with interaction of the benzenoid groups of the polymer with metal cations. The second regime of doping resulted in a smoother film morphology without grains, but with poor conductivity, normally not more than 10-3 S/cm, and higher solvent concentration in the film. Electronic and IR absorption spectra were consistent with pseudo-protonation of the polymer backbone. On the basis of the obtained data, a model of the macromolecular polyaniline−transition-metal .
Change in Microstructure Parameters of Porous Media Over Representative Elementary Volume for Porosity

The concept of representative elementary volume (REV) is critical to understand and predict the behavior of effective properties of complex heterogeneous materials in a multiscale manner. Porosity is usually used to define the REV of a given material, if porosity is stationary over consecutive volumetric increments, the sample is considered as REV regardless of the behavior of other microstructure properties. To investigate this common assumption, the change of key microstructure parameters such as local void ratio, sphericity, angularity, and coordination number of particles was computed over different volumes of REV for porosity. X-ray computed tomography was used to obtain three-dimensional volumes of natural sand packed at four different particle fragments. Efficient and robust algorithms were used to compute the microstructure properties from three-dimensional images. Findings revealed that the REVmin for porosity may not be adequate to be considered as a REV for parameters such as particle size distribution, local void ratio and coordination number. The REVmin for these parameters was observed to be larger than the REVmin for porosity.
Dispersion of denatured carbon nanotubes by using a dimethylformamide solution

The dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in liquid plays an important role in fundamental research and applied science. The most common technique applied to disperse CNTs is ultrasonication. The surfactants used for CNT dispersion are ethanol, sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DATB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (NaDDBS). This paper presents the dispersion of denatured CNTs by using a dimethylformamide (DMF) solution. The DMF is adsorbed on the surface of the nanotubes by a hydrophobic or π–π interaction. Ultrasonication helps DMF debundle the nanotubes by Coulombic or hydrophilic interaction, allowing the Van der Waals forces among the individual nanotubes to be overcome. UV–Vis spectra of dispersed CNTs in solution showed a maximum at 260 nm and decreased from UV to near IR. The vibration properties of the carbon samples were characterized with Raman spectroscopy, which illustrated the D and G bands of denatured CNTs at 1354 and 1581 cm−1, respectively, different from the values of 1352 cm−1 and 1580 cm−1, respectively, for undenatured CNTs. Finally, the interaction between surfactants and nanotubes was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Mechanisms Causing Capacity Loss on Long Term Storage in NiMH System

Capacity recovery after long term storage and loaded storage is a critical issue with the NiMH system since its inception. A measurable loss in capacity is observed when cells are stored for long periods of time or discharged deeply to zero volts. The different mechanisms that are known to cause self discharge and capacity loss after storage and loaded storage will be the focus of this paper. Capacity loss after long term storage involves two main events. One is self discharge which causes the open circuit voltage(OCV) of the cell to drop. Self discharge is caused by decomposition of NiOOH, migration of metal ions and possible degradation of separator. Self discharge can be prevented by using separators which are stable at high temperatures and pH and have good ion trapping capability. Various separator types and treatments can play an important role in inhibiting metal ions from migrating thus reducing self discharge. Self discharge during storage causes a severe suppression in the voltage of the foam positive electrode. This drop in voltage causes a breakdown of the cobalt conductive network in the nickel positive electrode. Reduction of high valence cobalt(III) which forms the electrode's conductive network takes place at these low voltages. A permanent breakdown in the conductive network results in low efficiency of the cell on consecutive charge and discharge cycles. In addition, the cobalt in its lower valence states can migrate away from the electrode into the separator causing shorts. These events effect the charge and discharge efficiency of these cells thereby resulting in capacity loss. Various mechanisms causing self discharge which affect capacity recovery after long term storage and loaded storage are discussed in this paper.
Molecular mechanisms of selenium tolerance and hyperaccumulation in Stanleya pinnata - eScholarship

United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Water Management Research Division, Parlier, California 93648 (J.L.F.); California State University Fresno, Center for Irrigation Technology, Fresno, California 93740 (J.L.F.); Biology Department (J.L.F., C.F.Q., J.J.C., D.V.H., E.A.H.P.-S.) and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture (C.S.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523; National Institute for Environmental Studies, Environmental Biology Division, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8506, Japan (M.T.); Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (J.D., S.P.M.); Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (S.C.F., M.A.M.); and Department of Biology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina 29526 (D.V.H.)
Phase transitions in smectogenic liquid crystal 4-butoxybenzylidene-4′-butylaniline (BBBA) doped by multiwalled carbon nanotubes

The phase transitions in smectogenic liquid crystal BBBA (4-butoxybenzylidene-4′-butylaniline) doped by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NTs) were studied by methods of optical transmission, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), measurement of electrical conductivity and analysis of microscopic images. The concentration of NTs was varied within 0–1% wt. Non-monotonous (extremal) changes in temperature, enthalpies and half-width of the DSC peaks of transitions between different phases (smectics, nematic, isotropic) were observed for NT concentrations between 0.05 and 0.1% wt. A noticeable increase of electrical conductivity σ in the same concentration interval evidenced the presence of percolation transition and formation of conductive NT networks. The detailed analysis of σ behavior in the whole concentration interval 0–1% wt revealed the presence of a fuzzy type percolation with multiple thresholds in the studied BBBA + NT suspensions. The percolation behavior was strongly dependent on the temperature, and a noticeable step-like drop of σ in the vicinity of isotropic-nematic transition was observed after the multiple heating–cooling cycles.
Electron density of the two‐dimensional electron gas in modulation doped layers

The electron density of the two‐dimensional electron gas in modulation doped structures is calculated as a function of the doping density in (Al,Ga)As, the thickness of the undoped (Al,Ga)As layer, the lattice temperature, and other device parameters. The results of the calculation show that the depletion approximation is not accurate enough and that the Fermi–Dirac statistics (rather than the Boltzmann statistics) should be used in the calculation. A simple analytical model which takes these factors into account is shown to be in good agreement with our computer calculations and experimental data. The obtained results may be used to evaluate the maximum intrinsic transconductance and the maximum gate voltage swing for the modulation doped field effect transistors.
Electronic structure and energy band gap of poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene) investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy

The electronic structure of poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) film on a Au-coated Si substrate was investigated by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). From the UPS measurement, we obtained the ionization potential (Ip) of the PFO film, Ip=5.60±0.05 eV. From the XPS shake-up peaks of the C1s core level, we estimated the electron energy band gap (Eg) of the film, Eg=3.10±0.10 eV. By comparing the Eg with the optical absorption gap, we found that the value of Eg is closer to the optical absorption maximum than to the optical absorption edge. Therefore, we suggest that the optical absorption maximum may be a better approximation than the optical absorption edge in estimating Eg.
Preparation of Conjugated p-Aminobenzamidine on Thermosensitive Poly(NIPAM) by Irradiation Grafted Process

A thermosensitive polymer that can either be soluble or insoluble in water was synthesized by electron beam irradiation N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and β-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) without the presence of initiator. The polymer was then reacted with p-aminobenzamidine (PABA) using water-soluble carbodiimide (WSC) to introduce an affinity ligand. Radiation grafting of poly(NIPAM) and conjugation of ligand was successfully completed. It was found that the graft reaction could be done at higher dose and carboxyl group was introduced during irradiation of samples in air. Production and precipitate of the carboxylated poly(NIPAM) were investigated. Some results of direct radiation polymerization in this system are also given. The effect of radiation characteristics such as irradiation dose on the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and conjugation of PABA on the prepared poly(NIPAM) has also been investigated. The precipitate of the grafted polymer has thermal sensitivity and their LCST is close to 35°C.
Iron-containing nanomaterials: synthesis, properties, and environmental applications

Available data on the iron-containing nanomaterials are reviewed. Main attention is paid to the following themes: synthetic methods, structures, composition and properties of the nano zerovalent iron (NZVI), and polymorphic forms of iron oxides and FeOOH. Synthetic methods summarized here include a series of physico-chemical methods such as microwave heating, electrodeposition, laser ablation, radiolytical techniques, arc discharge, metal-membrane incorporation, pyrolysis, combustion, reverse micelle and co-deposition routes. We have also included a few “greener” methods. Coated, doped, supported with polymers or inert inorganic materials, core–shell nanostructures, in particular those of iron and its oxides with gold, are discussed. Studies of remediation involving iron-containing nanomaterials are discussed and special attention is paid to the processes of remediation of organic contaminants (chlorine-containing pollutants, benzoic and formic acids, dyes) and inorganic cations (Zn(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II)) and anions (nitrates, bromates, arsenates). Water disinfection (against viruses and bacteria), toxicity and risks of iron nanomaterials application are also examined.
Determination of the Conduction Band Electron Effective Mass in Hexagonal GaN

The electron effective mass in hexagonal GaN films grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy on sapphire substrates is determined by cyclotron resonance experiments. Its value is m p* = 0.22±0.005 m o. Taking polaron effects into account the band edge mass is m b* = 0.20±0.005 m o. From the resonance linewidth a mobility of 3500 cm2/Vs at 6 K is obtained.
Alkaloide in Tabernaemontana-Arten, XI [1]. Untersuchung der Alkaloide von Tabernaemontana quadrangularis — (20R)-20-Hydroxyibogamin, ein neues Alkaloid aus T. quadrangularis / Alkaloids in Tabernaemontana Species, XI [1]. Investigation of the Alkaloids from Tabernaemontana quadrangularis — (20R)-20

Abstract From the methanolic extract from the roots of T. quadrangularis we isolated 14 alkaloids (1-14) and deduced their structures. All the alkaloids are of the ibogamine-type or im-mediately related to it; (20R)-20-hydroxyibogamine (5) was found for the first time as a natural product.
Full Engine Cycle CFD Investigation of Effects of Variable Intake Valve Closing on Diesel PCCI Combustion and Emissions

A full-cycle three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model coupled with detailed chemical kinetics has been developed to investigate the effect of late intake valve closing (IVC) on combustion and emission characteristics in a diesel engine with premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion. The application of late IVC was demonstrated to provide efficient control of ignition timing and significant reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions by decreasing the effective compression ratio and increasing premixing, but it possibly led to increases of hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions due to low combustion temperature and insufficient oxygen amount. Parametric studies by varying intake pressure, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate and start of injection (SOI) timing with varied IVC timing were conducted to explore the potential of late IVC for emission reduction in diesel PCCI engines. The results showed that, with assistance of increasing intake pressure, late IVC could reduce NOx, soot, HC, and CO emissions simultaneously. A certain EGR rate and optimized SOI timing were always necessary to maintain satisfactory NOx and soot emissions for diesel PCCI combustion.