Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Guidelines on Peanut Allergy and Peanut Introduction in Infants: A Review

Importance The reported prevalence of peanut allergy among children in the United States has increased more than 3-fold in the last 20 years. Medical guidelines on the introduction of peanut as well as other allergenic foods have evolved with the emerging evidence that an early introduction to these foods is more beneficial than a delayed introduction. This review highlights the studies that have led to the evolving guidelines on peanut introduction in infants. Observations The prevalence of peanut allergy has increased despite the publication of guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2000, which recommended a delayed introduction of peanut. Since the 2000 guidelines, studies have provided evidence to support an earlier rather than delayed introduction. As a result, the American Academy of Pediatrics updated their guidelines in 2008 to promote peanut introduction during infancy. Current evidence continues to support the benefits of an earlier rather than delayed introduction. Conclusions and Relevance Over the years, guidelines on the introduction of peanut have evolved, and recent literature suggests that an earlier rather than delayed introduction is beneficial to prevent peanut allergies in infants.
Soil carbon stocks and carbon sequestration rates in seminatural grassland in Aso region, Kumamoto, Southern Japan

Global soil carbon (C) stocks account for approximately three times that found in the atmosphere. In the Aso mountain region of Southern Japan, seminatural grasslands have been maintained by annual harvests and/or burning for more than 1000 years. Quantification of soil C stocks and C sequestration rates in Aso mountain ecosystem is needed to make well‐informed, land‐use decisions to maximize C sinks while minimizing C emissions. Soil cores were collected from six sites within 200 km2 (767–937 m asl.) from the surface down to the k‐Ah layer established 7300 years ago by a volcanic eruption. The biological sources of the C stored in the Aso mountain ecosystem were investigated by combining C content at a number of sampling depths with age (using 14C dating) and δ13C isotopic fractionation. Quantification of plant phytoliths at several depths was used to make basic reconstructions of past vegetation and was linked with C‐sequestration rates. The mean total C stock of all six sites was 232 Mg C ha−1 (28–417 Mg C ha−1), which equates to a soil C sequestration rate of 32 kg C ha−1 yr−1 over 7300 years. Mean soil C sequestration rates over 34, 50 and 100 years were estimated by an equation regressing soil C sequestration rate against soil C accumulation interval, which was modeled to be 618, 483 and 332 kg C ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Such data allows for a deeper understanding in how much C could be sequestered in Miscanthus grasslands at different time scales. In Aso, tribe Andropogoneae (especially Miscanthus and Schizoachyrium genera) and tribe Paniceae contributed between 64% and 100% of soil C based on δ13C abundance. We conclude that the seminatural, C4‐dominated grassland system serves as an important C sink, and worthy of future conservation.
Spatial relationship between climatologies and changes in global vegetation activity

Vegetation forms a main component of the terrestrial biosphere and plays a crucial role in land‐cover and climate‐related studies. Activity of vegetation systems is commonly quantified using remotely sensed vegetation indices (VI). Extensive reports on temporal trends over the past decades in time series of such indices can be found in literature. However, little remains known about the processes underlying these changes at large spatial scales. In this study, we aimed at quantifying the spatial relationship between changes in potential climatic growth constraints (i.e. temperature, precipitation and incident solar radiation) and changes in vegetation activity (1982–2008). We demonstrate an additive spatial model with 0.5° resolution, consisting of a regression component representing climate‐associated effects and a spatially correlated field representing the combined influence of other factors, including land‐use change. Little over 50% of the spatial variance could be attributed to changes in climatologies; conspicuously, many greening trends and browning hotspots in Argentina and Australia. The nonassociated model component may contain large‐scale human interventions, feedback mechanisms or natural effects, which were not captured by the climatologies. Browning hotspots in this component were especially found in subequatorial Africa. On the scale of land‐cover types, strongest relationships between climatologies and vegetation activity were found in forests, including indications for browning under warming conditions (analogous to the divergence issue discussed in dendroclimatology).
Characterizing the Pattern of Anomalies in Congenital Zika Syndrome for Pediatric Clinicians

Importance Zika virus infection can be prenatally passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that intrauterine Zika virus infection is a cause of microcephaly and serious brain anomalies, but the full spectrum of anomalies has not been delineated. To inform pediatric clinicians who may be called on to evaluate and treat affected infants and children, we review the most recent evidence to better characterize congenital Zika syndrome. Observations We reviewed published reports of congenital anomalies occurring in fetuses or infants with presumed or laboratory-confirmed intrauterine Zika virus infection. We conducted a comprehensive search of the English literature using Medline and EMBASE for Zika from inception through September 30, 2016. Congenital anomalies were considered in the context of the presumed pathogenetic mechanism related to the neurotropic properties of the virus. We conclude that congenital Zika syndrome is a recognizable pattern of structural anomalies and functional disabilities secondary to central and, perhaps, peripheral nervous system damage. Although many of the components of this syndrome, such as cognitive, sensory, and motor disabilities, are shared by other congenital infections, there are 5 features that are rarely seen with other congenital infections or are unique to congenital Zika virus infection: (1) severe microcephaly with partially collapsed skull; (2) thin cerebral cortices with subcortical calcifications; (3) macular scarring and focal pigmentary retinal mottling; (4) congenital contractures; and (5) marked early hypertonia and symptoms of extrapyramidal involvement. Conclusions and Relevance Although the full spectrum of adverse reproductive outcomes caused by Zika virus infection is not yet determined, a distinctive phenotype—the congenital Zika syndrome—has emerged. Recognition of this phenotype by clinicians for infants and children can help ensure appropriate etiologic evaluation and comprehensive clinical investigation to define the range of anomalies in an affected infant as well as determine essential follow-up and ongoing care.
Review: Imidapril in Heart Failure

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors improve the prognosis in mild, moderate and severe heart failure, as well as preventing the onset of heart failure in patients with chronic asymptomatic left-ventricular dysfunction and in those with reduced ejection fraction after myocardial infarction (MI). Imidapril is a long-acting ACE inhibitor that is rapidly converted in the liver to its active metabolite, imidaprilat. Maximum plasma concentrations of imidapril and imidaprilat are achieved after 2 and 5—6 hours, respectively, with corresponding elimination half-lives of 1.1—2.5 and 10—19 hours. Imidapril is used in the treatment of hypertension, chronic heart failure, acute MI and diabetic nephropathy. In patients with mild-tomoderate chronic heart failure, imidapril 10 mg once-daily increased exercise time and physical working capacity, decreased plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide levels and reduced blood pressure. It also improved left ventricular ejection fraction, being significantly more effective than bisoprolol, in patients with acute MI. Imidapril is well tolerated and preliminary studies suggest it has an advantage over captopril and enalapril in terms of a lower incidence of cough. In conclusion, imidapril is a well-investigated versatile ACE inhibitor for the treatment of a range ofACE inhibitor for the treatment of a range of cardiovascular diseases.
Mosquitoes Bite More Than Once

Ronald Ross discovered that the plasmodium parasite--'Laveran's germ'--was transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes to human beings to cause malaria. This discovery won him a Nobel Prize in 1902, but the route to this success was by no means clear. He was an indifferent student, he liked to write novels and poems and only just managed to gain a medical qualification. Fortuitously he was mediocre enough to enter the least prestigious section of the Indian Medical Service, which put him directly in contact with the parasites that were to become his passion. Despite honours being showered on him, life after the Prize also was not straightforward, he was irrascible and his innovative mathematical and economic approaches to disease control were overlooked.
Growing biodiverse carbon‐rich forests

Regrowing forests on cleared land is a key strategy to achieve both biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation globally. Maximizing these co‐benefits, however, remains theoretically and technically challenging because of the complex relationship between carbon sequestration and biodiversity in forests, the strong influence of climate variability and landscape position on forest development, the large number of restoration strategies possible, and long time‐frames needed to declare success. Through the synthesis of three decades of knowledge on forest dynamics and plant functional traits combined with decision science, we demonstrate that we cannot always maximize carbon sequestration by simply increasing the functional trait diversity of trees planted. The relationships between plant functional diversity, carbon sequestration rates above ground and in the soil are dependent on climate and landscape positions. We show how to manage ‘identities’ and ‘complementarities’ between plant functional traits to achieve systematically maximal cobenefits in various climate and landscape contexts. We provide examples of optimal planting and thinning rules that satisfy this ecological strategy and guide the restoration of forests that are rich in both carbon and plant functional diversity. Our framework provides the first mechanistic approach for generating decision‐makingrules that can be used to manage forests for multiple objectives, and supports joined carbon credit and biodiversity conservation initiatives, such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation REDD+. The decision framework can also be linked to species distribution models and socio‐economic models to find restoration solutions that maximize simultaneously biodiversity, carbon stocks, and other ecosystem services across landscapes. Our study provides the foundation for developing and testing cost‐effective and adaptable forest management rules to achieve biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and other socio‐economic co‐benefits under global change.
Aerobic vs. anaerobic scope: sibling species of fish indicate that temperature dependence of hypoxia tolerance can predict future survival

The temperature dependence of aerobic scope has been suggested to be a major determinant of how marine animals will cope with future rises in environmental temperature. Here, we present data suggesting that in some animals, the temperature dependence of anaerobic scope (i.e., the capacity for surviving severe hypoxia) may determine present‐day latitudinal distributions and potential for persistence in a warmer future. As a model for investigating the role of anaerobic scope, we studied two sibling species of coral‐dwelling gobies, Gobiodon histrio, and G. erythrospilus, with different latitudinal distributions, but which overlap in equal abundance at Lizard Island (14°40′S) on the Great Barrier Reef. These species did not differ in the temperature dependence of resting oxygen consumption or critical oxygen concentration (the lowest oxygen level where resting oxygen consumption can be maintained). In contrast, the more equatorial species (G. histrio) had a better capacity to endure anaerobic conditions at oxygen levels below the critical oxygen concentration at the high temperatures (32–33 °C) more likely to occur near the equator, or in a warmer future. These results suggest that anaerobic scope, in addition to aerobic scope, could be important in determining the impacts of global warming on some marine animals.
Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder During Pregnancy and Cases of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.

Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder During Pregnancy and Cases of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome To the Editor During the last 2 decades, use of prescription opioids and heroin increased throughout the United States. As use of licit and illicit opioids grew among pregnant women, cases of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) surged nearly 5-fold nationwide.1 In their article, Brown et al2 described the rapid rise of NAS diagnoses in Kentucky from 2008 to 2014, growing at a rate twice the national mean. The authors raised the concern that state and federal public health interventions implemented to combat opioid use disorder during the study period may not have been effective, given that rates of NAS did not decrease. Efforts to expand treatment options, including opioid agonist therapy for pregnant women with opioid use disorder with methadone and buprenorphine, may in fact increase the number of cases of NAS, but this should still be considered a treatment success. An important limitation of this study, which relies on infant hospital discharge records, is that there is no way to identify whether infants were exposed in utero to opioid treatment or to illicit opioids. Methadone and buprenorphine reduce cravings and decrease the stressful cycle of withdrawal and intoxication for the mother and fetus. Because of this, treatment of pregnant women with opioid use disorder with opioid agonist therapy has shown to have improved maternal outcomes (eg, reduction in overdose risk and reduction in relapse risk) and infant outcomes (eg, higher birth weights and longer gestation). 3,4 The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the American Academy of Pediatrics both published statements supporting the use of opioid agonist therapy during pregnancy.3-5 National and state policies that increase maternal access and engagement in treatment should be promoted, even if it means a transient increase in cases of NAS. As treatment options for pregnant women become more available and the number of cases of NAS in Kentucky and across the country grow, additional research is needed to understand factors that predict the severity of NAS, to standardize infant treatment protocols, and to support and families affected by substance use including those in recovery.
Autumn warming reduces the CO2 sink of a black spruce forest in interior Alaska based on a nine‐year eddy covariance measurement

Nine years (2003–2011) of carbon dioxide (CO2) flux were measured at a black spruce forest in interior Alaska using the eddy covariance method. Seasonal and interannual variations in the gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) were associated primarily with air temperature: warmer conditions enhanced GPP and RE. Meanwhile, interannual variation in annual CO2 balance was controlled predominantly by RE, and not GPP. During these 9 years of measurement, the annual CO2 balance shifted from a CO2 sink to a CO2 source, with a 9‐year average near zero. The increase in autumn RE was associated with autumn warming and was mostly attributed to a shift in the annual CO2 balance. The increase in autumn air temperature (0.22 °C yr−1) during the 9 years of study was 15 times greater than the long‐term warming trend between 1905 and 2011 (0.015 °C yr−1) due to decadal climate oscillation. This result indicates that most of the shifts in observed CO2 fluxes were associated with decadal climate variability. Because the natural climate varies in a cycle of 10–30 years, a long‐term study covering at least one full cycle of decadal climate oscillation is important to quantify the CO2 balance and its interaction with the climate.
The magnitude of injury problems among child labourers in a rural community of Bangladesh: findings from an injury surveillance system.

BACKGROUND Child labour is an important topic in contemporary society. In this study we have tried to explore the magnitude of injury problems among child labourers in Bangladesh using an injury surveillance system. METHODS An injury surveillance system (ISS) was performed under the Prevention of Child Injuries through Social intervention and Education (PRECISE) project in Bangladesh during 2006-2010 in three sub-districts covering a population of more than 700,000. We used the ISS for assessing child labour. Appropriate epidemiological methods were considered in the study. RESULTS Considering the reported main occupation of the children, 30% of children from the surveillance households were identified as child labourers. More than two thirds of child labourers were educated to primary or secondary level. The majority of boys worked as unskilled labourers and girls were employed in domestic work. The incidence of injury and deaths among child labourers was estimated as 24 per 100,000 children years. More than 19 injury related illnesses of moderate to severe intensity were found among 1000 child labourers in a year. Fractures, sprains, dislocations, cuts/wounds, animal bites, abrasions or lacerations, burns, head injuries and internal organ injuries are most common among child labourers. CONCLUSIONS Working children are at risk of injury, death and illness in Bangladesh. Child labourers are now even more clearly tied to quantified morbidity and mortality.
The Formation of Hydroxyapatite-Ionomer Cements at 38°C

This study describes the formation of a calcium polyacrylate-hydroxyapatite cement. Our hypothesis was that calcium phosphates would rapidly hydrolyze in the presence of polyacrylic acid (PAA) to form a cement. PAA, tetracalcium phosphate (TetCP), and dicalcium phosphate (DCP) were reacted together and formed calcium polyacrylate (CPA) and hydroxyapatite (HAp) within 10 h at 38°C, resulting in hardened masses. Reaction times increased with decreasing (HA preactants)/PAA ratios. In the first of three reaction stages, the pH increased while CPA and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) formed. Two steady-state pH conditions occurred during the second stage as TetCP reacted with DCPD and DCP. The first steady-state pH was the result of DCPD and TetCP reacting at near-equilibrium conditions. The second steady-state pH resulted as the reaction became limited by DCP dissolution. The third, diffusionally controlled, stage occurredas DCP and previously formed HA preacted to produce calcium-deficient HAp (Ca/P=1.5). The emphasis of this investigation was to establish the mechanistic path involved and the rate-limiting steps of the reaction.
Evaluation of Combination Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Varicella Vaccine Introduction in Australia

Importance Incorporating combination vaccines, such as the measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine, into immunization schedules should be evaluated from a benefit-risk perspective. Use of MMRV vaccine poses challenges due to a recognized increased risk of febrile seizures (FSs) when used as the first dose in the second year of life. Conversely, completion by age 2 years of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella immunization may offer improved disease control. Objective To evaluate the effect on safety and coverage of earlier (age 18 months) scheduling of MMRV vaccine as the second dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) in Australia. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective active sentinel safety surveillance comparing the relative incidence (RI) of FSs in toddlers given MMRV and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and a national cohort study of vaccine coverage rates and timeliness before and after MMRV vaccine introduction were conducted. All Australian children aged 11 to 72 months were included in the coverage analysis, and 1471 Australian children aged 11 to 59 months were included in the FS analysis, with a focus on those aged 11 to 23 months. Main Outcomes and Measures MMRV vaccine safety, specifically, the RI of FSs after MMRV vaccine at age 18 months, compared with risk following MMR vaccine and vaccine uptake for 2-dose MCV and single-dose varicella vaccine, focusing on timeliness. Results Of the 1471 children, the median age at first FS was 21 months (interquartile range [IQR], 14-31 months). Three hundred ninety-one children were aged 11 to 23 months and had at least 1 FS included in the analysis; of these, 207 (52.9%) were male. A total of 278 children (71.1%) had received MMR followed by MMRV vaccine, 97 (24.8%) had received MMR vaccine only, and 16 (4.1%) had received neither vaccine. There was no increased risk of FSs (RI, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.55-2.13) in the 5 to 12 days following MMRV vaccine given as the second MCV to toddlers. Febrile seizures occurred after dose 1 of MMR vaccine at a known low increased risk (RI, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.71- 4.29). Following program implementation, 2-dose MCV coverage at age 36 months exceeded that obtained at age 60 months in historical cohorts recommended to receive MMR vaccine before school entry, and on-time vaccination increased by 13.5% (from 58.9% to 72.4%). Despite no change in the scheduled age of varicella vaccine, use of MMRV vaccine was associated with a 4.0% increase in 1-dose varicella vaccine coverage. Conclusions and Relevance To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence of the absence of an association between use of MMRV vaccine as the second dose of MCV in toddlers and an increased risk of FSs. Incorporation of MMRV vaccine has facilitated improvements in vaccine coverage that will potentially improve disease control.