Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Moving Ahead with Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Nutrition: Need to Integrate Actions

This Supplement is the second in a series devoted to focusing attention on the need to improve maternal, infant, and young child nutrition (MIYCN) across the different stages of the key “window of opportunity” from preconception through pregnancy, the period of exclusive breastfeeding (0 to 6 months), and the target age for complementary feeding (6 to 24 months). It brings together a broad range of expertise from around the world. These papers are linked to an international dialogue to build support for MIYCN programs in a series of meetings, including those held at the Micronutrient Forum in Beijing in 2009 and the International Congress of Nutrition in Bangkok in 2009. As with last year’s Supplement [1], this volume covers topics such as how to enhance women’s nutrition, improve breastfeeding practices, and optimize the composition of complementary foods. Additionally, this Supplement includes papers discussing evaluations of programmatic interventions and why integrating child nutrition with early child development interventions can have multiple benefits for child growth and development. The role of policy, such as changes in the international Codex Alimentarius guidelines, is also highlighted. Although action is needed at each of the above stages of the life cycle, it is imperative that we find means to integrate actions to achieve greater impact and efficiency. For example, production of fortified foods that can be used for both pregnant women and young children, with minor changes in micronutrient content and serving sizes, will help address problems of anemia and other micronutrient deficiencies in both target groups, as well as low body mass index in women and stunting in children [2, 3]. Such efforts can also help to reduce costs of products and facilitate their manufacture and distribution through public–private partnerships. Linking messages on the need for iron supplementation to reduce anemia before and during pregnancy with information on immediate and exclusive breastfeeding, delayed cord clamping, and how to improve maternal–child interaction can have longlasting impacts on both maternal health and child development. Similarly, combining behavior change approaches for enhancing complementary feeding and encouraging simple play activities can help enhance child growth and development. We hope that soon we will have illustrations of how such actions have been integrated at large scale.
Use of the Westmead PTA scale to monitor recovery of memory after mild head injury

Study objective: Duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is an important index of severity of head injury. Retrospective assessment of PTA duration is arguably unreliable. Existing objective measures of PTA duration are designed for use over a 24-hour timeframe and, therefore, are not useful for assessing PTA following mild head injury (MHI). A revised version of the Westmead PTA scale was developed for assessing patients with MHI in the Emergency Department (ED) at hourly intervals. The objective of this study was the field testing of this scale in EDs and assessment of validity and reliability of test items. Methods: The scale contained 12 items, assessing orientation, memory for a face and name in a photograph and three pictures of objects. This revised scale, administered by nursing staff, was completed at least four times at hourly intervals by 147 adults with MHI in the ED and again at follow-up 1 week later. It was also completed by 109 demographically similar controls. Results were compared with Glasgow Coma scores and retrospective estimates of PTA duration based on patient report and medical records. Results: Thirty-six per cent of MHI participants made errors on the scale in the ED, a significantly greater proportion than in MHI or controls at follow-up. Removal of the items 5 (day of week) and 9 (recall of name of face in photograph) improved the validity of the measure significantly. Scores correlated significantly with Glasgow Coma Scale scores and estimated duration of PTA. Conclusion: The Westmead Scale (minus items 5 and 9) is a valid measure of PTA duration in adult patients with MHI in ED. Its use will allow for more appropriate timing of discharge and accurate prognostic information.
Explaining racial differences in prostate cancer in the United States: Sociology or biology?

Black men in the United States have the highest incidence and mortality from prostate cancer in the world. Even after adjusting for stage at diagnosis, black men have higher mortality rates than white men. Multiple reasons have been postulated to explain these findings including access to care, attitudes about care, socioeconomic and education differences, differences in type and aggressiveness of treatment, dietary, and genetic differences. While each reason may contribute to the higher incidence or higher mortality, likely combinations of reasons will best explain all the findings. Racial differences in socioeconomic status have been well established and we review the significance of these findings in relationship to prostate cancer. Also, with recent advances in the understanding of genetic variation in the human genome, in general, and in the genes involved in pathways relevant to prostate cancer biology, in particular, a number of genes with alleles which differ in frequency between black and white men have been proposed as a genetic cause or contributor to the increased prostate cancer risk in black men. However, the clinical significance of these genetic differences is not fully known. Finally, we conclude with some thoughts as to how to integrate the findings from sociological as well as biological studies and touch upon methods to reduce the disparate burden of prostate cancer among blacks in the United States. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compact Q-switched high repetition rate Nd:YLF laser with 100 mJ pulse energy for airborne lidars

A compact laser for airborne lidar was developed. Laser wavelength is 1047 nm and it's suggested further to pump SHG and FHG. Pulse energy is 100 mJ Q-switched, repetition rate is 250 Hz. We use efficient pump system with 67% absorption efficiency, fluid coolant for laser rods and laser diodes. The laser head volume is 5 cube decimeter.
After the Great Recession: Unions’ Views on Transnational Interests and Cooperation

The aim is to describe and explain the similarities and differences between European trade unions concerning their views on transnational union interests and cooperation in the wake of the Great Recession. We do this by analyzing 221 responses from a European-wide web/postal survey distributed in 2015–2016 to union officials representing staff in employment sectors such as transport, metal and mining, construction, health care, and banking and finance. We find only limited sectoral differences, despite the varied impact of the Great Recession. The main findings are that unions in crisis-ridden southern European countries express a stronger orientation toward transnational union interests and cooperation. Unions in the northern and western European center express a weaker transnational orientation, in line with a renationalization strategy typically expressed in the form of national competitive corporative arrangements. This shows the importance of different institutional resources for unions across the various European industrial relations regimes.
Introduction of a new and multilateral approach in rapid health impact assessment of development projects: A case study of saman sport-tourism project

Background and purpose: Health Impact Assessment (HIA) evaluates positive and negative consequences of development on human health, which is recently proposed in Iran. Human health involves a wide range of factors, therefore, predicting and estimation of their effects require convenient and efficient tools. Materials and methods: In this case study, data was collected and a database on regional health status was created. The research was then carried out in three main stages, including 1- assessment of the epidemiology of important diseases and health risks, 2- health impact assessment of the project via micro-activities, 3-assessment of impacts on three health components, including physical health, metaphysical health, and socio-economic and cultural factors. After assessing negative and positive effects, scoring was performed based on a multidisciplinary panel of experts. Results: According to the final scores calculated, most concerns were associated with diarrheal diseases, intestinal parasites, conjunctiva, and leishmaniasis. On the other hand, preventing and reducing the likelihood of illness due to lack of awareness and the challenge of new people in the region call for extensive cultural and social planning. Conclusion: Quantitative, accurate, rapid, and reliable results of multilateral approach matrix, were able to predict positive and negative effects, thereby leading to an integrated management solutions to mitigate the negative impacts and improving the quality of the project. Implementation of the project proposed was found to be non-problematic while carrying out corrective actions and authorized health monitoring program. © 2018, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cybersecurity and Information Sharing: Legal Challenges and Solutions

While considerable debate exists with regard to the best strategies for protecting America’s various cyber-systems and promoting cybersecurity, one point of general agreement amongst cyber-analysts is the perceived need for enhanced and timely exchange of cyber-threat intelligence both within the private sector and between the private sector and the government. This report examines the various legal issues that arise with respect to the sharing of cybersecurity intelligence, with a special focus on two distinct concepts: (1) sharing of cyberinformation within the government’s possession and (2) sharing of cyber-information within the possession of the private sector.
CAPITAL ASSET PRICING WITH ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION

This paper attempts to bridge the gap between rational expectations equilibrium analysis and the standard CAPM. It finds that although the market portfolio is not mean-variance efficient under asymmetric information, the security market capital line still exists. Moreover, this security market line is determined by the Information-adjusted Average Market Portfolio (IAMP) such that the expected rate of return to an asset equals the product of IAPM’s return and the asset’s beta with respect to the IAMP. The paper also investigates Bayesian decision-making based on lognormal prior and lognormal signals, which overcomes a major technical difficulty in asset pricing under asymmetric information.
Cash posters in the lab

Our paper reproduces the cash posters framework aI€ la Homans (1953, 1954) in a laboratory setting with a twofold aim: first of all, it explores the gift-exchange between employers and employees, both in terms of wage- effort and in terms of effort-potential leniency in punishment; secondly, it investigates whether employeesâ€™ behavior is driven also by solidarity concerns towards their unlucky peers. We propose a novel experimental design with a modified version of the gift-exchange game with real effort, punishment, and multiple rounds (Fehr et al., 1997): each employer is matched with two employees and she has the possibility to punish each of them if their individual production is lower than that asked. Each employeeâ€™s production risks to be reduced by a random intervention and, in our treatment, each employee has the possibility to renounce to a part of his production to give it to his coworker in need. Our data support the well-known relation between wage and effort, but suggest that employers are not willing to overlook employees non-compliance, neither when employees exerted high effort in the past, nor when their coworkers exert high effort. In our treatment, employees not only exploit the possibility to help their needy peers, but they tend also to exert higher effort towards their employers. Consequently, the employers are those who earn more from employeesâ€™ solidarity, and the gap in earnings between employers and employees becomes even greater in our treatment.
Polymorphic microsatellite markers for population analysis of a tephritid pest species, Bactrocera tryoni

To obtain a set of microsatellite markers for the Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni, a genomic library was screened with a number of simple repeat oligonucleotide probes. Sequencing recovered 22 repeat loci. The microsatellite sequences were short, with repeat numbers ranging from five to 11. Of these, 16 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer sets yielded amplifiable products, which were tested on 53 flies from five widely separated sites. All loci showed polymorphism in the population sample, with the number of alleles ranging from two to 16. Several dinucleotide repeats showed alleles separated by single‐base differences and multiple steps, suggesting a mutation process more complex than the stepwise mutation model.
Impedance of planar diode with a resonant-tunnel border

The RTB planar diode shows a negative active impedance component (ReZ <; 0) in the range of wide frequencies. Frequencies corresponding to ReZ → 0 for analyzed microstructures (when S ~ 10<sup>-6</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>), remain within the range up to 100 . 300 GHz.
Evaluation of health information system in Iraq

Background: Health information systems in most countries are inadequate in providing the needed management support and the current health information systems are therefore widely seen as management obstacles rather than as tools, the current study is an attempt to assess the behavioral and organizational determinants of Health information system performance in Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a total of 189 respondents selected from six Iraqi governorates were interviewed. The Organizational and Behavioral Assessment Tool was used to measure the behavioral and organizational determinant of Health information system performance, it is one of the PRISM package tools that are used to assess the Health information system performance. Results: The overall mean confidence for Health information system tasks was 69.41%, while for tasks competence, it was 37.1% and that of motivation level was 43.4%. The total score of promoting a culture of information was 63.96% with department provide reward for a good work revealed a total percent of 56.83%. Conclusion: It can be concluded that overall mean confidence for Health information system tasks is generally high compared to a low competency level for Health information system tasks, with a negative motivation feeling among respondents. Date Submitted:16/6/2014 Date Accepted:15/12/2014 Address for Correspondence: Dr Mazin Gh Alrubaey, Dep. Of community medicineAl-Mustansyria Medical College
Candida albicans and virulence factors that increases its pathogenicity

Candida albicans are yeasts frequently human commensal and it is the main cause of different forms of oral, superficial or systemic candidiasis. The transformation from a harmless commensal to a virulent pathogen under the conditions of a dysfunctional host defense system is attributable to an extensive repertoire of selectively expressed virulence determinants. Several virulence factors contribute to the pathogenicity of C. albicans, including the ability to adhere to epithelial cells through production of hydrolytic enzymes, hemolytic factors and germ tubes formation. Cell surface hydrophobicity, also is considered important virulence factor, which increased the ability of mycelia-phase Candida cells to adhere to host tissues and for resistance to phagocytic killing. Additionally biofilm formation, which consists of a complex community of cells embedded in a matrix of extracellular polysaccharides that also promotes resistance to antimicrobial agents. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is a comprehensive analysis of virulence factors that increases the pathogenicity of C. albicans.
Measuring brain glucose phosphorylation with labeled glucose.

This study tested whether glucose labeled at the C-6 position generates metabolites that leave brain so rapidly that C-6-labeled glucose cannot be used to measure brain glucose phosphorylation (CMRGlc). In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, the parietal cortex uptake of [14C]glucose labeled in the C-6 position was followed for times ranging from 10 s to 60 min. We subtracted the observed radioactivity from the radioactivity expected with no loss of labeled metabolites from brain by extrapolation of glucose uptake in an initial period when loss was negligible. The observed radioactivity was a monoexponentially declining function of the total radioactivity expected in the absence of metabolite loss. The constant of decline was 0.0077. min-1 for parietal cortex. Metabolites were lost from the beginning of the experiment. However, with correction for the loss of labeled metabolites, it was possible to determine an average CMRGlc between 4 and 60 min of circulation of 64 +/- 4 (SE; n = 49) mumol.hg-1.min-1.
Development of wide-band middle ear transmission in the Mongolian gerbil.

UNLABELLED Stapes vibrations were measured in deeply anesthetized adult and neonatal (ages: 14 to 20 days) Mongolian gerbils. In adult gerbils, the velocity magnitude of stapes responses to tones was approximately constant over the entire frequency range of measurements, 1 to 40 kHz. Response phases referred to pressure near the tympanic membrane varied approximately linearly as a function of increasing stimulus frequency, with a slope corresponding to a group delay of 30 micros. In neonatal gerbils, the sensitivity of stapes responses to tones was lower than in adults, especially at mid-frequencies (e.g., by about 15 dB at 10-20 kHz in gerbils aged 14 days). The input impedance of the adult gerbil cochlea, calculated from stapes vibrations and published measurements of pressure in scala vestibuli near the oval window [E. Olson, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103, 3445-3463 (1998)], is principally dissipative at frequencies lower than 10 kHz. CONCLUSIONS (a) middle-ear vibrations in adult gerbils do not limit the input to the cochlea up to at least 40 kHz, i.e., within 0.5 oct of the high-frequency cutoff of the behavioral audiogram; and (b) the results in both adult and neonatal gerbils are inconsistent with the hypothesis that mass reactance controls high-frequency ossicular vibrations and support the idea that the middle ear functions as a transmission line.
Landscape for HIV rapid diagnostic tests for HIV self-testing

This report presents the potential for HIV self-testing to contribute to achieving global 90–90–90 targets for treatment access by 2020 (1), provides projections of the demand for and supply of HIV rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for self-testing and summarizes the emerging market landscape for self-testing. This information will likely be useful for manufacturers, donors, national programmes, researchers and many other global health stakeholders who are exploring the potential role of HIV self-testing. The projections and estimates rely on data from a number of sources. The projected demand for HIV RDTs for professional use are based on the World Health Organization (WHO) forecast (2) that is based on the number of HIV testing events reported through the Global AIDS Response Progress Reporting (GARPR) and the number of HIV RDTs procured for professional use reported through the WHO Global Price Reporting Mechanism (GPRM) and Supply Chain Management System (SCMS). The projected demand for HIV RDTs for self-testing is based on a model using the current forecast for professional-use RDTs and applying various scenarios derived from existing literature and research on the use of HIV self-testing. The information on the market of HIV RDTs for professional use, as well as how many are procured and at what price base, is based on reports from the WHO Prequalification of In Vitro Diagnostics (IVDs) Programme and the UNITAID and the Price and Quality Reporting (PQR) mechanism from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund). The estimated price and procurement of HIV RDTs for self-testing was based on manufacturer reports and were limited to products with approval from a stringent regulatory authority, defined as founding members of the Global Harmonization Task Force (GHTF).
Polarization Mode Dispersion of Installed Fibers

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD), a potentially limiting impairment in high-speed long-distance fiber-optic communication systems, refers to the distortion of propagating optical pulses due to random birefringences in an optical system. Because these perturbations (which can be introduced through manufacturing imperfections, cabling stresses, installation procedures, and environmental sensitivities of fiber and other in-line components) are unknowable and continually changing, PMD is unique among optical impairments. This makes PMD both a fascinating research subject and potentially one of the most challenging technical obstacles for future optoelectronic transmission. Mitigation and compensation techniques, proper emulation, and accurate prediction of PMD-induced outage probabilities critically depend on the understanding and modeling of the statistics of PMD in installed links. Using extensive data on buried fibers used in long-haul high-speed links, the authors discuss the proposition that most of the temporal PMD changes that are observed in installed routes arise primarily from a relatively small number of "hot spots" along the route that are exposed to the ambient environment, whereas the buried shielded sections remain largely stable for month-long time periods. It follows that the temporal variations of the differential group delay for any given channel constitute a distinct statistical distribution with its own channel-specific mean value. The impact of these observations on outage statistics is analyzed, and the implications for future optoelectronic fiber-based transmission are discussed
Core competences and franchisor reactivity in times of crisis: the franchisees’ point of view [Compétences clés et réactivité du franchiseur en période de crise : Le point de vue des franchisés]

The franchise system is based on the assistance from franchisor to the franchisee. Nevether-less, this relationship can be questioned in times of economic crisis. From the theoretical framework of resources and competences and the triple role of the franchisor (network architect, operations coordinator and facilitator of the franchisor) as the network's broker, this research seeks to explain the determinants of the franchisor reactivity in times of crisis, from the point of view of its franchisees. Results show that the strategic and relationship skills are the most important factors explaining franchisor reactivity. However, confidence in the loyalty of the franchisor is negatively correlated with perceived franchisor reactivity.