Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dietary and physical activity behaviour among urban adolescents

Objective: To study the dietary and physical activity behavior among affluent adolescents residing in urban city. Methods: Dietary and physical activity behavior of 155 affluent adolescents (11-14 years old) were assessed using questionnaire and 24 hour recall methods. Height and weight of the subjects were measured for BMI assessment. After suitably coding the data means, frequency charts, mean percent adequacy intakes of various food groups and nutrients as well as physical activity pattern were assessed. Results: Skipping of meals, snacking, increased popularity of fast foods and decreased physical activity were common behavior observed among adolescents. The percent adequacy intake (n=50) of food groups was when compared to suggested intakes by ICMR 1989 was low for cereals (80%), pulses (69%), vegetables (52%) and fruits (71%), was adequate for milk and milk products (108%) and was high for sugar (168%) and visible fat/oils (163%). The percent adequacy intake of nutrient when compared to RDA ICMR 1989 was low for energy (87%), protein (78%), iron (73%), intake was adequate for calcium (110%), vitamin A (116%). According to BMI 7% adolescents were overweight, 48% underweight and 45% normal. On an average an adolescent spends 20-22 hours doing sedentary activity and only an hour is spent on moderate activity which further declines as age increases. Conclusion: Inadequate eating behavior and inadequate physical activity among adolescent’s calls for need to develop an intervention programmed for promoting healthy eating, active living and positive body image as part of their life.
Processing of Negation in Sentiment Analysis for the Serbian Language

The different approaches to the processing of negation in sentences written in Serbian and their influence on the sentiment analysis are presented in this paper. Sentiment analysis is still not sufficiently elaborated, especially for resource-limited languages. Processing of negation is important for sentiment analysis and significantly increases its quality. The existing solutions for the Serbian language which describe the sentiment analysis have not quite provided an appropriate and efficient way of processing the negation in sentiment analysis.
The Neurosecretory System in the Head of the Blind Cave Crayfish Cambarus setosus Faxon

The distribution of neurosecretory cells in the head of the blind cave crayfish, Cambarus setosus, was determined. The degen- erate eye in this blind crayfish also was described. The cuticle is thinner at the tip of the eyestalk than elsewhere, suggestive of the previous exist- ence of a cornea. The degenerate optic nerve does not originate in the disrupted hypodermis. A distinct basement membrane marks the proxi- mal border of the degenerate eye. The cuticle has distinct folds in the region of the degenerate eye, suggestive of an earlier facetting. The sinus gland is morphologically the same as that found in eyed cray- fishes. The lamina ganglionaris, medulla externa, and medulla interna show signs of degeneration, the former most of all. In 1890 Parker described the morphology of the degenerate eyes in the blind cave crayfishes Orconectes pellucidus and Cambarus setosus. Since 1890, however, no one has probed further into the structure of the eyestalks of blind crayfishes. The sinus gland, an im- portant neurohemal organ in higher crustaceans with well-developed eyes, has not been described from blind crayfishes. Hanstr6m (1933, 1937), who discovered the sinus gland, described its structure from a wide variety of crustaceans including an eyed crayfish. However, blind cave forms were unavailable to him. Since the early 1950's interest in crustacean neurosecretion has been very high. In spite of this fact, neurosecretion in blind hypogeal species has not been the subject of even one investigation. The distribution of neurosecretory cells in the supraesophageal ganglia of eyed crayfishes has been re- ported by Durand (1956) for Orconectes virilis and by Fingerman and Aoto (1959) for the dwarf crayfish, Cambarellus shufeldti. In a
The role of the HIV-1 protease substrate in therapy resistance

In Switzerland and Germany up to a half of the first-line regimens include protease inhibitors (PIs) [1, 2]. Although in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) most patients under antiretroviral therapy (ART) have suppressed viral loads [3], every third patient is or has been affected by drug resistances [4] which are one of major causes for therapy failure. HIV resistance against PIs is typically characterized by the accumulation of structural alterations in the viral protease (PR). However, a number of cases of clinical therapy failure under PI-containing regimes have been reported, where genotypic resistance testing did not reveal sufficient explanation from information on the PR and regimen compliance [5, 6]. And certain alterations in the natural substrate of the PR, Gag polyprotein, have been associated with the development of PI resistance [7-13]. Nevertheless, until today most algorithms evaluating PI resistances take solely the protease gene itself into account. In the SHCS protease inhibitor use and successful treatment are monitored regularly for all patients and every newly enrolled patient receives a genotypic resistance test. We used in vivo cross-sectional sequence data from SHCS patients to scrutinize PI resistance mutational pathways across Gag and PR. Roles of certain mutations as well as of their interactions were investigated. Here we demonstrate that roughly every fifth of the SHCS patients carries resistance mutations in Gag. And since Gag is not considered by the current genotyping systems the overall level of PI resistance for these patients is underestimated. We report novel Gag mutations of potential clinical relevance and provide additional details on known resistance mutational patterns. Additionally our data support a new potential role of p6 alterations in PI resistance mediated by its phosphorylation. Taken together, our results suggest the relevance of Gag sequence information for the routine genotyping of PI-treated patients of the SHCS.
Sterile Insect Technique and Control of Tephritid Fruit Flies: Do Species with Complex Courtship Require Higher Overflooding Ratios?

Abstract The sterile insect technique (SIT) is widely used to suppress or eradicate tephritid fruit fly pests that threaten agricultural crops. The SIT entails the production, sterilization, and release of large numbers of the target pest species, with the goal of achieving sterile male by wild female matings, which result in infertile eggs and the subsequent reduction of the wild pest population. The success of this control strategy depends, to a large extent, on the ability of released, sterile males to compete successfully against wild males to achieve copulations with wild females. Lance and McInnis (2005) proposed that species with greater male involvement in courtship and mating are less amenable to the SIT than species with simple courtship, because strong artificial selection characteristic of mass-rearing environments is more likely to generate greater behavioral modification to complex than simple courtship and thus to result in increased rejection by wild females. Consistent with Lance and McInnis (2005), the mating competitiveness of mass-reared males of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), a species with complex male courtship, is substantially lower than that of mass-reared males of the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), or the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), two species with very simple male courtship. In light of this difference in mating ability, we tested the prediction that higher overflooding ratios (sterile:wild males; OFR) would be required to control populations of C. capitata than of the Bactrocera spp. Levels of induced egg sterility achieved under different OFRs were compared to the “net sterility target,” computed as the proportional decrease in a lspecies' intrinsic birth rate (realized via SIT) required to balance the intrinsic rate of death and found to be ∼80% for the three species considered. Although the data are scant, they generally support the prediction. For B. cucurbitae, OFRs < 50:1 resulted in egg sterility levels near 80%, whereas in C. capitata similarly high sterility values were achieved only with OFRs >300:1. Likewise, relative to populations in control (untreated) sites, populations in release areas were reduced >99% at OFRs of 50:1–100:1 for B. cucurbitae in Japan compared to reductions for C. capitata of 50–93% at OFRs between 700:1–3,160:1 in Nicaragua and about 80% for OFRs between 100:1–400:1 in Hawaii. The implications of these findings for fruit fly SIT are discussed.
Evaluation and Leadership An Explorative Study of Differences in Evaluative Style

Many large organizations have staff departments where people are being paid to develop, imple­ ment and maintain all kinds of systems that are intended to influence and motivate participants to behave in the best interest of the organization. High investments are made in sophisticated man­ agement control systems, performance evaluation systems, accounting information systems, et cet­ era. But do these systems really affect people in the way that they are intended to? Some early studies (Argyris, 1953; Hopwood, 1972) found that using accounting information for evaluating the performance of subordinate managers could enhance feelings of tension and evoke dysfunctional behaviours such as manipula­ ting accounting information and inferior relation­ ships with peers and superiors. These studies also suggest that participants’ behaviour is not affected by the adequacy of the system only, but as much by how managers use these systems. In the past few decades, many studies have tried to relate the way in which managers evaluate the performance of their subordinates to behavioural and attitudinal outcomes at the subordinate level. Especially the reliance on accounting performance measures (RAPM) in evaluating performance has been a key focus of research. This so-called RAPM liter­ ature, building on studies by Hopwood (1972) and Otley (1978), is problematic in several ways. The main problem is the measurement of one of the key variables in this line of research, i.e. perfor­ mance evaluation style. Performance evaluation style or evaluative style refers to the manner in which superiors evaluate the performance of their subordinates. This paper reports some preliminary findings of a research project exploring differences in how leaders evaluate the performance of subordinates in a Dutch food-processing organization, and the causes and consequences of these differences. The research project aims at identifying and cate­ gorizing different patterns of managers’ evaluative style qualitatively, through interviews with both subordinate managers and their superiors, and quantitatively, administering a paper and pencil survey to all the subordinates in the units of the managers under study. Since the interview data were not available yet for analysis in this paper, the analysis here is limited to a quantitative analysis of how perceived and preferred evaluative style, as indicated by subordinates, relate to each other and to the (perceived) leadership style of their managers (their direct superiors). The data for this analysis were gathered through a question­ naire that was completed by the subordinates wor­ king in the units that were also included in the qualitative part of this study.
Preferentially Expressed in Th2 But Not Th1 Cutting Edge: The Chemokine Receptor CCR8 Is

In this paper we report on the cloning and characterization of mouse CCR8. Like its human homologue, it is predominantly expressed in the thymus. In the periphery, murine CCR8 mRNA was found most abundantly expressed in activated Th2-polarized cells and in NK1.1 1 CD4 1 T cells. Human CCR8 is also preferentially expressed in human Th2-polarized cells and clones. This pattern of expression suggests that CCR8 is part of a Th2-speciﬁc gene expression program. The CCR8 ligands I-309 and its mouse homologue T cell activation gene 3 (TCA-3) are potent chemoattractants for Th2-polarized cells. Taken together, these observations strongly suggest that CCR8 plays a role in the control of Th2 responses, and may represent a potential target for treatment of allergic diseases. The Journal of Immunology, 1998, 161: 547–551.
Some Basic Considerations in the Analysis of Intonation

This paper considers some basic problems inherent in the instrumental analysis of intonation. The problems are illustrated by a detailed analysis of one intonation contour in American English. The material studied consisted of two sets of data. The first set involved sentences recorded by one speaker with determined stress and pitch patterns. These sentences consisted of 1263 CNC words produced in an identical frame, with primary stress and the peak of the intonation contour occurring on the CNC word in the frame. The second set of frame sentences involved 70 minimally different words, uttered by five different speakers of the same general dialect. The fundamental frequency values for the various levels of the intonation contours of the sentences were measured from narrow‐band sound spectrograms, and the measurements were correlated with the segmental phonetic structure of the utterances in which the intonation contours were produced. The intrinsic fundamental frequencies of the various syllable nuclei of.
A perspective on HIV/AIDS: What could the future hold?

First detected a quarter century ago, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has rapidly become the major public health communicable diseases problem globally, with southern Africa responsible for approximately two-thirds of all deaths. The virus, HIV-1, arose from chimpanzees in Africa probably in the early 1930's. Having crossed the species barrier the virus adapted to human-to-human transmission and its subsequent spread was facilitated by the sexual and drug abuse habits of modern society. Important breakthroughs in the control of HIV/AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) have been the development of very high performance diagnostic tests resulting in the virtual elimination of blood transfusion as a route of transmission and, secondly, the advent of some two dozen antiretroviral drugs. Cocktail combinations of these drugs, referred to as HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy), have been successful in halting the progress of the disease in patients for many years. They have also been most successful in preventing mother-to-child transmission of the virus. However, the development of a preventive vaccine, probably the only totally effective option to control the pandemic, has not yet been successful. This has primarily been due to the nature of the virus itself—it is the most highly mutable virus known and consequently its changes in antigenicity have greatly complicated the design of a vaccine. It is likely that a successful vaccine is still at least a decade or two away and other modes of prevention will need to be depended on such as safe sex practises, male circumcision and perhaps, in the near future, effective microbicides.
Incidence in plasma of low level antibodies against three xenotransplantation and immunotherapeutic glycan antigens

Antibodies against xeno-glycan antigens terminating with the saccharides Galα, GalNAcα and Rhaα are ubiquitous in human blood. Although originating as barriers to infection some of these naturally occurring complement-activating antibodies also contribute to disease processes, hinder xenotransplantation and have potential medical roles in immuno-oncotherapy. Because concentration of antibody is important in determining biological activity, there is a need to understand population variation in naturally occurring antibody levels, and to be able to rapidly and accurately determine levels in individuals. Xeno-glycan antigens in the form of function-spacer-lipid constructs were used to modify human red cells (kodecytes) to have on their surface micromolar equivalents of the xeno-glycan antigens Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc, GalNAcα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc and Rhaα. The methodology used was based on a previously validated kodecyte method used for quantifying IgM and IgG ABO human blood group antibodies in undiluted plasma. We tested plasma samples from 100 healthy individuals against these three different xeno-glycan kodecytes with each at three different loading concentrations of antigen to determine relative levels of these antibodies in human plasma. Sixty-one samples were also independently tested by enzyme immunoassay to correlate levels of anti-Galα. Results demonstrate independence between antibody specificities and substantial variation between individuals in levels of these antibodies, with >92% of the population having medium or high levels of at least one specificity. However, of particular importance was that 5–8% of the population had low levels of both IgM and IgG to at least one specificity and these individuals would probably have a poor immediate response when challenged by the corresponding antigen.
The effect of sex ratio and male age structure on reindeer calving

In polygynous ungulates, biologists commonly assume that the role of males in population dynamics is negligible since the male's physiological capacity to inseminate females normally will not be a limiting factor for calving rates. Recently, however, research indicates that the role of males may be more important than previously acknowledged because availability of males may affect conception dates and hence calving dates and synchrony. In many harvested or otherwise managed populations, a sex ratio highly skewed toward females and a young male age structure often exist. Both a skewed sex ratio and male age structure may affect conception times and may delay calving dates. We manipulated the sex ratio and male age structure in herds of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) fenced in large-scale enclosures (14-15 km 2 ). We compared calving rates, dates, and synchrony as well as (1) birth and autumn weights of calves among a skewed sex ratio and yearling males only, (2) a skewed sex ratio and an even male age structure, and (3) an even sex ratio and even male age structure. As predicted, calving dates were earlier in the treatment with an even sex ratio and even male age structure compared to the 2 other treatments. Neither sex ratio nor male age structure impacted calving rates or birth synchrony. Timing of births is important for the survival of newborns, and this should be considered when harvesting or otherwise managing populations of polygynous ungulates.
Whole genome sequencing of California condors is now utilized for guiding genetic management

The California condor is a critically endangered avian species that, in 1982, became extinct in the wild. Its survival has persevered through a captive breeding program and reintroduction efforts within its former range. As of April, 2015, 421 California condors, including 204 flying in the wild constituted the extant population. Concern regarding preservation of genetic diversity and inbreeding, have led to intensive population management supported by molecular genetics research and, more recently, the application of genomic methodologies. 36 complete California condor genomes, representing the whole gene pool of the species, have been sequenced identifying about 4 millions polymorphic sites (SNPs). This has allowed reassessment of kinship among the founder birds, which is now being applied to selecting breeding pairs for the ongoing captive propagation effort. A genetic disease, chondrodystrophy, is inherited consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of transmission in condors. Utilizing whole genome sequencing of affected chicks and their carrier parents, a series of linked markers localized in a 1 Mb region of the condor genome have been employed to detect carrier condors heterozygous for the lethal mutation. This information can be incorporated into population management to reduce the risk of reproductive failure, as reintroduced populations begin to expand.
Influence of pre and postpartum alpha-tocopherol supplementation on milk yield, milk quality, and udder health of Jersey crossbred cows at tropical lower Gangetic region

Background and Aim: Alpha-tocopherol supplementation influences milk yield, milk quality, and udder health of dairy cows, which needs to be investigated for Jersey crossbred cows at hot-humid climate. Therefore, the present study was framed with an objective to study the effect of pre and postpartum Alpha-tocopherol supplementation on milk yield, milk quality, and udder health status of Jersey crossbred cows at tropical climate. Materials and Methods: For this study, 19 similar parity, body condition score, and production level dairy animals were separated randomly into three groups, namely, Control, T1 and T2. Control group (no supplementation) was compared with two treatment groups, namely, T1 and T2. Supplementation of Alpha-tocopherol was done in concentrate fed to the animals (at 1 g/cow/day) 30 days prepartum to 30 days postpartum in T1 and 30 days prepartum to 60 days postpartum in T2 groups. Observations were taken for different parameters up to 5 months of lactation. Results: Statistically analyzed data revealed that overall significantly (p<0.01) more milk production was found in T2, followed by T1 than the control group. Overall significantly (p<0.01) lower somatic cell counts and modified California mastitis tests were recorded in T2, followed by T1 than the control group. Overall significantly (p<0.01), better milk quality in terms of methylene blue reduction test was found in T2, followed by T1 than control groups. Differences in the milk composition of all three groups were non-significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Supplementation of Alpha-tocopherol during prepartum to initial lactation period may enhance milk yield, milk quality, and udder health status of Jersey crossbred cows at the tropical lower Gangetic region.
Neurogenesis from Stem Cells

This review discusses the present field of neurogenesis using adult stem cells. The authors highlight different methods of differentiating adult stem cells into neural cells: Growth factor and chemical induction, transfection, scaffold and/or 3D culture, and bioreactor and external stimuli. These different methods will be discussed using relevant patents and recent (< 5 year) scientific literature. Additionally, the authors present where they believe the future of neurogenesis from stem cells is headed - the use of neural crest stem cells as the ideal cell source for neurogenesis.