Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incentives and reflective equilibrium in distributive justice debates

For the last thirty years one of the dominant economic policies has been the cutting of the top marginal tax rates. While this policy has been partly motivated by the self-interest of high income earners, it also has had considerable theoretical support from a wide range of distributive justice theorists starting with John Rawls’ A Theory of Justice in 1971. Rawls argued that if the incentives created by inequality maximized the position of the least advantaged then they were morally justified. There have been many variants of this position since. The most common theme of them is that incentives to work harder and innovate, although creating inequality, are morally justified because of the greater good generated by the resultant increase in GDP. The main policy instrument available to governments to create such incentive has been the cutting of the top marginal income rates and this has been done systematically across all industrialized nations.The method of wide reflective equilibrium requires us to use the best consensus from economics in our reasoning about distributive justice. The systematic cutting of tax rates over thirty years has provided a reasonable experiment on the thesis that such cutting provides an overall increased labor supply and resultant increase in GDP. The suggestion of this paper is that a reasonable consensus can now be reached that, over the ranges of inequality and GDP that we have had over the last 50 years and are likely to have over the next 50 years, such incentives do not provide the claimed benefits. Hence, we are getting increased inequality for no compensating benefit.
A High Performance Energy-Efficient Architecture for Portable Wireless Devices based on Folded Tree and Multi-Bit Flip-Flop Merging Technique

Wireless data communication are an essential component of mobile computing with the help of wireless sensornodes. Due to their limited energy supply from batteries, the low power design have become inevitable part of today’s wireless devices. Power has become a burning issue in VLSI design. In modern integrated circuits, the power consumed by clocking gradually takes a dominant part. Reducing the power consumption not only enhance battery life but also avoid overheating problem. By employing a more appropriate Processing Element(PE), the power consumption is significantly reduced. In this paper the novel method for low power design is achieved by using Folded Tree Architecture (FTA) and Multi-Bit Flip-Flop Merging (MBFM) technique for on-the-node data processing in wireless sensor networks using Parallel Prefix Operations (PPO) and data locality in hardware. Besides power reduction the objective of minimizing area and delay is also considered. Keywords— Folded Tree Architecture, Parallel Prefix Operation,Multi-Bit Flip-Flop Merging, Processing Element, Wireless SensorNetwork.
First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications

Vertebrates from the Triassic Period have broadly disparate tooth shapes and dentition patterns, the result of intense morphospace experimentation following the Permo-Triassic extinction. Here, we describe fragmentary tooth-bearing jaw elements of the rare Gondwanan Middle Triassic taxon Palacrodon that represent first occurrences from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in northeastern Arizona. These specimens come from two notably diverse macrovertebrate and microvertebrate assemblages, the “coprolite layer” horizon in Petrified Forest National Park, and the Placerias Quarry near St. Johns, Arizona. Palacrodon is diagnosed by the presence of acrodont maxillary and dentary dentition of labiolingually-widened, bulbous teeth, which are fused to one another mesiodistally, and are pyramidal in lateral view. We agree with previous workers and refer Palacrodon to Diapsida based on the presence of a posterior jugal spur and a quadrate that has a quadratojugal foramen and a concave posterior surface. Formerly known only from the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone in southern Africa and Antarctica, the presence of Palacrodon in the Norian of North America represents a temporal range extension of at least 15 million years and represents the first tetrapod genus known to be present in the Karoo Basin, Fremouw Formation, and the Upper Triassic of the southwestern United States. Range extensions such as this suggest that some vertebrate biostratigraphic hypotheses for the Triassic may be less robust than previously believed and subject to significant sampling biases.
Anti-Spam Approaches: Analyses and Comparisons

The e-mail system is one of the most common communication platforms these days. The term spam refers to unsolicited bulk e-mail that people do not want to receive. Today, it is gradually becoming a serious problem that results in significant costs both to e-mail recipients and to ISPs (Internet Service Providers). Furthermore, spam may open the door to security and privacy threats. More and more people have become concerned about the issue and are making efforts to develop various anti-spam approaches, some of which are in-process proposals, while others are currently in use. In this article, we analyze key anti-spam approaches, including filtering, remailers, e-postage, Hashcash, and sender authentication. We discuss their advantages and disadvantages in various aspects. Furthermore, we define our evaluation criteria and compare the anti-spam approaches based on those criteria. These include: cost to adopt, cost for standards and infrastructures, robustness, effectiveness in reducing spam, user convenience and transparency, and e-mail transferring performance. We believe that this paper can serve as a basis for improving existing anti-spam techniques and for exploring the optimum solutions to combating spam in the future. Technical details of each anti-spam approach are not discussed in-depth in this article because of space limitations. Keyword: Anti-spam, junk e-mail, spam.
An evaluation of the contribution of pharmacysales data for purposes of public health

The contribution of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines sales data from pharmacies for public health (PH) has previously attracted interest in the UK. In this study, data for several OTC medicines were utilised to explore their contribution to (a) understand the impact of medicine reclassification or increased regulation on supply and (b) the surveillance of infectious diseases in the community in Wales. Following the reclassification of ophthalmic chloramphenicol (June 2005) an increase in primary care supply (OTC + prescription) of 54% (47,026 units) in eye drops and 29% (15,657 units) in eye ointment were observed (2004 to 2010). Despite this increase the items of eye drops prescribed were similar 12 months before and five years after the reclassification. The impact of regulatory changes concerning the non-prescription sale of opioid-containing analgesics was studied. In the 12 months following September 2009 legislative changes there was a significant fall in sales of codeine- and dihydrocodeinecontaining solid oral dosage forms (p<0.05). Similarly, following the pack size restriction of non-prescription pseudoephedrine and ephedrine products (April 2008), significant (p<0.05) year-on-year reductions in the total weight of pseudoephedrine sold were observed. Sales of non-prescription ophthalmic chloramphenicol were monitored on a small area basis in two areas with known outbreaks of infective conjunctivitis. In both areas sales data did not demonstrate the required sensitivity. When monitoring seasonal influenza, significant positive correlations were observed between cough/cold/flu medicines sales and indicators of influenza activity in Wales. In alignment with the professional standards for PH practice for pharmacy produced by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society, the work undertaken demonstrated a number of potential uses of medicines sales data for PH. Routine data collection, particularly if captured at time/point of sale, would further enhance its usefulness in detecting and tracking PH incidents.
Diseño de controladores LQR/LQG para su aplicación en sistemas de pilas de combustible tipo PEM

Se presentan aportes y soluciones de control en el campo de sistemas de celdas de combustible PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane). Con base en el estudio de un modelo dinamico no lineal de un sistema de celdas de combustible PEM de laboratorio y sus componentes asociados (compresor de aire, humidificadores, lineas de calentamiento, valvulas, etc.), se trabaja en el diseno de un sistema de control de estequiometria de oxigeno en los canales de catodo. A partir del modelo linealizado del sistema, se disenan controladores del tipo LQR/LQG que dan solucion al problema de control de flujo de aire en los canales de catodo.
Satellite‐based estimates of reduced CO and CO2 emissions due to traffic restrictions during the 2008 Beijing Olympics

During the 2008 Olympics, the Chinese government made a significant effort to improve air quality in Beijing, including restrictions on traffic. Here we estimate the reductions in carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions resulting from the control measures on Beijing transportation. Using MOPITT (Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere) multispectral satellite observations of near‐surface CO along with WRF‐Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry) simulations for Beijing during August, 2007 and 2008, we estimate changes in CO due to meteorology and transportation sector emissions. Applying a reported CO/CO2 emission ratio for fossil fuels, we find the corresponding reduction in CO2, 60 ± 36 Gg[CO2]/day. As compared to emission scenarios being considered for the IPCC AR5 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 5th Assessment Report), this result suggests that urban traffic controls on the Beijing Olympics scale could play a significant role in meeting target reductions for global CO2 emissions.
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF COMMUNICATIONS’ DIGITAL AGE

Abstract This paper reviews the history of the digital age of communications that began with the invention of the stored program computer in 1948 and is today realised by the World Wide Web, super fast broadband and the smart phone. Taking a predominantly UK focus, the paper examines the key technological advances that were made, where they occurred and what archaeological evidence remains of their existence. The paper begins by examining how digital technology was applied to the telephone network, how that network then provided the means by which early computers could be connected together, and from there to subsequently offer access to information services. Packet switching, the home computer, modems, optical fibre and the Internet are reviewed in terms of their importance in the creation of and growth in the World Wide Web. Finally, the application of digital technology to the mobile phone is discussed in terms of the development of mobile networks and the evolution of the handset into today’s smart phones. The paper concludes by recognising that much of the archaeological evidence of communication’s digital age has already been lost and that urgent action is needed to put in place appropriate preservation strategies.
Illustrating the Importance of Including the Views and Experiences of Users and Carers in Evaluating the Effectiveness of Drug Treatments for Dementia

Undertaking a literature review revealed that when evaluating the effectiveness of the drug treatments for dementia few studies purposefully explore the views of users and carers. Their views are mainly derived from secondary analysis of conventional scientific evidence. Where the views of users and carers were explored it was discovered that they evaluate the effectiveness of the drug treatments in terms of quality of life. On its own, the conventional scientific approach of using outcome measures to evaluate the effectiveness of drugs is not sufficiently relevant or meaningful to users and carers. Findings from a study exploring the views of users and carers also demonstrate that professionals are willing to utilize the users’ and carers’ evaluations of the drug treatments for dementia. We suggest that reliable and valid measures are developed which explicitly explore the views of users and carers. This will go towards ensuring clinical trials are relevant and meaningful to the users and carers and not to professionals alone.
Central Russia agroecosystem monitoring with CO2 fluxes analysis by eddy covariance method

The eddy covariance (EC) technique as a powerful statistics-based method of measurement and calculation the vertical turbulent fluxes of greenhouses gases within atmospheric boundary layers provides the continuous, long-term flux information integrated at the ecosystem scale. An attractive way to compare the agricultural practices influences on GHG fluxes is to divide a crop area into subplots managed in different ways. The research has been carried out in the Precision Farming Experimental Field of the Russian Timiryazev State Agricultural University (RTSAU, Moscow) in 2013 under the support of RF Government grant # 11.G34. 31.0079, EU grant # 603542 LUС4С (7FP) and RF Ministry of education and science grant # 14-120-14-4266-ScSh. Arable Umbric Albeluvisols have around 1% of SOC, 5.4 pH (KCl) and NPK medium-enhanced contents in sandy loam topsoil. The CO 2 flux seasonal monitoring has been done by two eddy covariance stations located at the distance of 108 m. The LI-COR instrumental equipment was the same for the both stations. The stations differ only by current crop version: barley or vetch and oats. At both sites, diurnal patterns of NEE among different months were very similar in shape but varied slightly in amplitude. NEE values were about zero during spring time. CO 2 fluxes have been intensified after crop emerging from values of 3 to 7 µmol/s∙m 2 for emission, and from 5 to 20 µmol/s∙m 2 for sink. Stabilization of the fluxes has come at achieving plants height of 10-12 cm. Average NEE was negative only in June and July. Maximum uptake was observed in June with average values about 8 µmol CO 2 m −2 s −1 . Although different kind of crops were planted on the fields A and B, GPP dynamics was quite similar for both sites: after reaching the peak values at the mid of June, GPP decreased from 4 to 0.5 g C CO 2 m -2 d -1 at the end of July. The difference in crops harvesting time that was equal two weeks did not significantly influence the daily GPP patterns. Cumulative assimilation of CO 2 at the end of the growing season was about 150 g C m −2 for both sites. So the difference in NEE was the consequence of essentially higher respiration rates in case of vetch and oats (about 350 g C m −2 ) comparing to barley (250 g C m −2 ) that needs additional research. The results have shown high daily and seasonal dynamic of CO 2 emission too as a result of different and contrasted conditions: crop type, crop development stage, soil moisture and air temperature. Obtained unique for Russian agriculture data are useful for land-use practices environmental assessment, for soil organic carbon dynamics analysis and agroecological evaluation.
A wide-range delay-locked loop with a fixed latency of one clock cycle

A delay-locked loop (DLL) with wide-range operation and fixed latency of one clock cycle is proposed. This DLL uses a phase selection circuit and a start-controlled circuit to enlarge the operating frequency range and eliminate harmonic locking problems. Theoretically, the operating frequency range of the DLL can be from 1/(N/spl times/T/sub Dmax/) to 1/(3T/sub Dmin/), where T/sub Dmin/ and T/sub Dmax/ are the minimum and maximum delay of a delay cell, respectively, and N is the number of delay cells used in the delay line. Fabricated in a 0.35 /spl mu/m single-poly triple-metal CMOS process, the measurement results show that the proposed DLL can operate from 6 to 130 MHz, and the total delay time between input and output of this DLL is just one clock cycle. From the entire operating frequency range, the maximum rms jitter does not exceed 25 ps. The DLL occupies an active area of 880 /spl mu/m/spl times/515 /spl mu/m and consumes a maximum power of 132 mW at 130 MHz.
Relationships within the Acanthocolpidae Lühe,1906 and their place among the Digenea

The phylogeny of the Acanthocolpidae, a family of marine fish parasites, was assessed using SSU and LSU rDNA and combined sequences of thirteen putative species. Cableia pudica is found to be a basal monorchiid, not an acanthocolpid. The remaining species form a monophylum only if the marine mammal parasite, the brachycladiid Zalophotrema hepaticumis included. The Acanthocolpidae comprises two clades (Zalophotrema(Pleorchis, Tormopsolus)) and (Stephanostomum). Some morphological similarities were detected between Zalophotremaand Pleorchis, but Tormopsolusis morphologically more similar to Stephanostomum. Nine species of the large genus Stephanostomumwere studied, including two species from two host species each, and the relationships inferred from the analysis of sequences were poorly reflected in morphological or biological characteristics. Evidence from sister taxa indicates that the parasites of piscivorous marine mammals, the Brachycladiidae, are derived from piscivorous marine fish parasites.
A Mathematical Approach to the Analysis and Design of Internal Control Systems

T HE problems of designing and evaluating internal control systems have concerned accountants and auditors for many years. Until recently little attention has been paid to the possibility of applying mathematical modeling techniques to these problems. Perhaps the closest thing to an analytical technique in this field is the internal control questionnaire in wide use among auditors. However, the nominal measures generated by such questionnaires are of dubious value for purposes of developing comprehensive models of internal control systems. Evidence of this statement is provided by the failure of one such approach to germinate following its exposure over a decade ago.1 Recent accounting literature has examined mathematically the subject of control in accounting.2 However, many of these presentations have centered around the concept of feedback. While this is certainly a vital management control concept, its usefulness in connection with traditional analysis of internal control is yet to be demonstrated. The American Institute of CPA's has demonstrated the accounting profession's concern over the subject of internal control by issuing a number of pronouncements relating to this subject over the past several years. The most recent of these pronouncements, Statement on Auditing Procedure No. 54, was issued in November of 1972.3 This statement reiterates support for such methods of internal control evaluation as questionnaires, checklists and flowcharts, appropriately supplemented by the auditor's judgment. The purposes of this paper are (1) to describe a means of representing internal control in mathematical terms, (2) to demonstrate how such mathematical representations may be useful to controllers and auditors in designing and evaluating internal control systems, and (3) to discuss the implications of this approach for future research in accounting and auditing. As
Yoga for carers of addicted patients: a carer's self-report

Caring for those addicted to drugs and/or alcohol can adversely affect carers and this can manifest as stress, anxiety, depression, insomnia, substance misuse and a range of physical health problems. In most health care settings, be it primary care or secondary care, more often than not carers’ needs go undetected and hence untreated. In the case report below we illustrate how weekly yoga classes helped a carer (of an addict) cope better. In light of the numerous benefits of yoga to carers of addicts (as described below) we call on drug and alcohol services to incorporate this simple and inexpensive intervention into their treatment programmes. KEY WORDS : Yoga; Carers; Drug addiction
A Memory-Based Tagger for Polish

We present and evaluate a tiered memory-based tagger for Polish. The tagger is tested on two manually annotated corpora and achieves state-of-the-art results. We also show that the tagger used in a simple voting ensemble allows to achieve a significant increase in accuracy as compared to previous experiements in voting.
FOREIGN RESERVE CHANGES, DOMESTIC CREDIT AND OUTPUT IN NIGERIA: ANY CAUSALITY?

This study considered the causality that exist among foreign reserve changes, domestic credit and output in Nigeria. There was a robust review of relevant literature. The estimated empirical model of this study leaned on the reviewed literature to mimic the works of Arshad (2008) for Pakistan, Iwedi (2012), Oluitan (2012) for Nigeria. The Granger causality test results indicated that unidirectional causality runs consistently from domestic credit to foreign reserve across the examined lags. This implies that domestic credit causes total reserve and the converse does not exist. The results also revealed that, output Granger causes total domestic credit at lags one and two. The reverse of this unidirectional causality does not hold. At lag three, causality does not exist between the duos. No causality occurred between domestic credit and output across the three lags. On the basis of the empirical findings of this study, the authors recommended that the authorities concerned should have eye on the foreign reserve whenever they intent to tinker the size of the domestic credit. A reasonable size of output should be maintained in readiness for the time(s) when scaling up domestic credit makes economic sense.
FTY720, a new immunosuppressant,as rescue therapy in mouse cardiac transplantation

AIM: FTY720 is a new synthetic immunosuppressive agent which has a unique mechanism of action and induceslong-term graft acceptance in rat and dog allotransplantation as prophylactic administration. The present studyinvestigated whether FTY720 was able to rescue ongoing acute rejection of solid organ transplants in a mouseheterotopic cardiac transplantation model. METHODS: BALB/c hearts were heterotopically grafted in C57BL/6mice. FTY720, at the doses of 0.5, 1, and 5 mg.kg^-^l.d^-^1 or vehicle was administered to recipients once daily by oralgavage from d 3 to d 7 after transplantation. Histological changes of grafts, and the lymphocyte number in theperipheral blood and the peripheral lymph nodes were determined on d 5 after transplantation. RESULTS: FTY720prolonged the median graft survival time dose-dependently and significantly. Histological evaluation revealed lesslymphocytic infiltration in cardiac allografts treated with FTY720. Moreover, FTY720 remarkably lowered thenumber of peripheral blood lymphocytes but significantly increased the lymphocyte number in the mesentericlymph nodes and the peripheral lymph nodes. CONCLUSION: FTY720 used orally as rescue therapy significantlyextended allograft survival in mouse heterotopic cardiac transplantation.
Protein synthesis in cowpea mosaic virus-infected cowpea protoplasts: Further characterization of virus-related protein synthesis

Summary Inoculation of cowpea protoplasts with purified middle component of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) did not result in the production of newly induced virus-related proteins. In contrast, infection of protoplasts with purified bottom component produced virus-related polypeptides with mol. wt. 170×103, 112 × 103, 110 × 103, 84 × 103 and 30 × 103, but not the virus capsid proteins. These results suggest that CPMV B-RNA specifies one or more early functions, one of which is the replicase function, while M-RNA encodes the virus coat proteins. Attempts to elucidate the mechanism by which the virus-specific proteins are synthesized were inconclusive. No precursor-product relations could be demonstrated and virus subgenomic messengers were not observed. Some kind of processing was nonetheless found to occur with the small virus capsid protein:several discrete oligopeptides were successively cleaved from this protein after assembly into the virion particle.