Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tunnel Field-Effect Transistors: Prospects and Challenges

The tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) is considered a future transistor option due to its steep-slope prospects and the resulting advantages in operating at low supply voltage (VDD). In this paper, using atomistic quantum models that are in agreement with experimental TFET devices, we are reviewing TFETs prospects at LG = 13 nm node together with the main challenges and benefits of its implementation. Significant power savings at iso-performance to CMOS are shown for GaSb/InAs TFET, but only for performance targets which use lower than conventional VDD. Also, P-TFET current-drive is between 1× to 0.5× of N-TFET, depending on choice of IOFF and VDD. There are many challenges to realizing TFETs in products, such as the requirement of high quality III-V materials and oxides with very thin body dimensions, and the TFET's layout density and reliability issues due to its source/drain asymmetry. Yet, extremely parallelizable products, such as graphics cores, show the prospect of longer battery life at a cost of some chip area.
Methyl Jasmonate Induces Enhanced Podophyllotoxin Production in Cell Cultures of Thracian Flax (Linum thracicum ssp. thracicum)

The Linum thracicum ssp. thracicum cell lines developed in this study are a feasible source for the sustainable production of podophyllotoxin, a lignan with an aryltetralin skeleton that is used for the manufacture of the chemotherapeutic drugs etopophos and teniposide. We used mass spectrometry to confirm the presence of the aryltetralin lignan in the thracian flax cell cultures. Next, we explored how changes in the culture medium influenced the podophyllotoxin content. Out of six developed cell lines, four were selected for further experiments and challenged with elicitors. The selected cell lines clustered into two groups: developed in full strength medium (Li) vs developed in half strength medium (HS). While podophyllotoxin production in the Li cell lines was boosted by 80% upon administration of the elicitor methyl jasmonate, the HS lines produced high amounts of the target metabolite triggered by reduced concentration of nutrients and were only slightly influenced by the elicitor.
The outcome of living donor liver transplantation with prior spontaneous large portasystemic shunts

We investigated the outcome of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) with prior spontaneous large portasystemic shunts. Thirty‐three patients of 155 patients (21.2%) undergoing LDLT had spontaneous large portasystemic shunts. Portal venous hemodynamics, surgical procedures for shunts, and morbidity and mortality rates were investigated in three types of shunts: splenorenal shunt (SRS group; n = 11), shunt derived from coronary vein (CVS group; n = 6) and umbilical vein shunt (UVS group; n = 15). The two groups of patients (SRS/CVS) received prophylactic surgical repair of shunts during LDLT except for one patient in the SRS group. The flow direction of main portal vein and grade of steal of superior mesenteric vein flow by shunt were significantly different among three groups. No significant differences were observed among three groups in operative parameters, hospitalization and morbidity except for postoperative portal complication. There was no significant difference in the actuarial survival rate among three groups of SRS, CVS and UVS (81.8% vs. 83.3% vs. 86.6% at 1 year respectively). In the SRS group, two patients had postoperative steal of graft portal venous flow by residual SRS that needed further treatment. The outcome of LDLT with prior spontaneous large portasystemic shunts is satisfactory, despite the complexity of the transplant procedures.
Minimizing scheduling overhead in LRE-TL real-time multiprocessor scheduling algorithm

In this paper, we present a modification of Local Remaining Execution-Time and Local time domain (LRE-TL) real-time multiprocessor scheduling algorithm, aimed at reducing the scheduling overhead in terms of task migrations. LRE-TL achieves optimality by employing the fairness rule at the end of each time slice in a fluid schedule model. LRE-TL makes scheduling decisions using two scheduling events. The Bottom (B) event, which occurs when a task consumes its local utilization thus; it has to be preempted in order to resume the execution of another task, if any, or to idle the processor if none exist. The Critical (C) event occurs when a task consumes its local laxity which means that the task cannot wait any more and has to be scheduled for execution immediately otherwise, it will miss its deadline. Event C always results in a task migration. We have modified the initialization procedure of LRE-TL to make sure that tasks which have higher probability of firing a C event will always be considered for execution first. This will ensure that the number of C events will always be at the minimum; thereby reducing the number of task migrations.
Liver–kidney recipients with chronic viral hepatitis C treated with interferon‐alpha

Antiviral therapy with interferon‐alpha (IFN‐alpha) and pegylated IFN‐alpha (PEG‐IFN‐alpha) for chronic hepatitis C (HCV)‐infected kidney recipients remains controversial. IFN‐alpha is not recommended in most cases because it induces severe acute graft rejection. However, IFN‐alpha, as PEG‐IFN‐alpha, is associated with a more pronounced immune response, and is well tolerated in HCV‐infected liver recipients without causing graft rejection. In combined liver–kidney transplant (LKT) recipients, IFN‐alpha has been occasionally used and appears to be well tolerated. All LKT recipients with a functioning kidney and liver having a HCV replication and who needed IFN‐alpha therapy have been included in the study. The occurrence of liver and/or renal acute rejection as well as the HCV replication has been collected. A total of 12 LKT patients treated with PEG‐IFN‐alpha plus ribavirin have been studied. No acute rejection was observed. Renal function remained stable during and after discontinuing treatment, without any graft dysfunction. Two patients had a partial viral response and four had a sustained viral response. All patients, whatever their viral response, had decreased liver‐enzyme levels. Response to PEG‐IFN‐alpha therapy was correlated with steroid dose and transaminase level when PEG‐IFN‐alpha was started. These data suggest that the combination therapy of PEG‐IFN‐alpha plus ribavirin did not have a higher risk of acute kidney‐graft rejection after liver–kidney transplantation.
Pyrolysis oil upgrading for co-processing in standard refinery units

This thesis considers the route that comprises the upgrading of pyrolysis oil (produced from lingo-cellulosic biomass) and its further co-processing in standard refineries to produce transportation fuels. In the present concept, pyrolysis oil is produced where biomass is available and then transported to a central upgrading unit. This unit is located next or inside a standard petroleum refinery, enabling the use of existing facilities. The obtained product can be further distributed using existing distribution networks. The present thesis describes and discusses pyrolysis oil upgrading by high pressure thermal treatment (HPTT) and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), and its subsequent co-processing in lab-scale refinery units. The oil produced by HPTT had higher energy density than the feed due to its lower oxygen and water content. Conversion and transfer of water soluble organics to the oil phase was observed, increasing the energy recovery in the final product. However, severe and fast polymerisation was also observed. This polymerisation created a product with high coking tendency that could not be co-processed in lab-scale refinery units. HDO of pyrolysis oil (and fractions obtained by adding water to it) also created an oil with lower oxygen and water content. However, during HDO, polymerisation was avoided. HDO oils (with high remaining oxygen content) produced at different conditions and from various pyrolysis oil fractions, could be co-processed with Long Residue in a lab-scale catalytic cracking unit. The resulting yields to gasoline and light cycle oil (diesel precursor) were near the same as obtained using the pure fossil reference feed. The presence of such fossil co-feed enabled hydrogen transfer reactions from the fossil feed to the HDO oils components and appeared to be crucial to obtain a good product distribution. Co-processing HDO oils with straight run gas oil in a lab-scale hydrodesulphurisation unit was performed without operational problems, but competition between oxygen and sulphur removal reactions was detected. Dedicated HDO experiments showed that mass transfer resistances can limit the extent of the hydrotreating reactions (favouring in this way the extent of undesired polymerisation reactions, thus deteriorating product quality) and need careful consideration when designing demo units and industrial HDO reactors.
Studies of the Mortality of Atomic Bomb Survivors.Report 12, Part I. Cancer: 1950–1990

This continues the series of periodic general reports on cancer mortality in the cohort of A-bomb survivors followed by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation. The follow-up is extended by the 5 years 1986–1990, and analysis includes an additional 10,500 survivors with recently estimated radiation doses. Together these extensions add about 550,000 person-years of follow-up. The cohort analyzed consists of 86,572 subjects, of which about 60% have dose estimates of at least 0.005 Sv. During 1950–1990 there have been 3086 and 4741 cancer deaths for the less than and greater than 0.005 Sv groups, respectively. It is estimated that among these there have been approximately 420 excess cancer deaths during 1950–1990, of which about 85 were due to leukemia. For cancers other than leukemia (solid cancers), about 25% of the excess deaths in 1950–1990 occurred during the last 5 years; for those exposed as children this figure is nearly 50%. For leukemia only about 3% of the excess deaths in 1950–1990 occurred in the last 5 years. Whereas most of the excess for leukemia occurred in the first 15 years after exposure, for solid cancers the pattern of excess risk is apparently more like a life-long elevation of the natural age-specific cancer risk. Taking advantage of the lengthening follow-up, increased attention is given to clarifying temporal patterns of the excess cancer risk. Emphasis is placed on describing these patterns in terms of absolute excess risk, as well as relative risk. For example: (a) although it is becoming clearer that the excess relative risk for those exposed as children has declined over the follow-up, the excess absolute risk has increased rapidly with time; and (b) although the excess relative risk at a given age depends substantially on sex and age at exposure, the age-specific excess absolute risk depends little on these factors. The primary estimates of excess risk are now given as specific to sex and age at exposure, and these include projections of dose-specific lifetime risks for this cohort. The excess lifetime risk per sievert for solid cancers for those exposed at age 30 is estimated at 0.10 and 0.14 for males and females, respectively. Those exposed at age 50 have about one-third these risks. Projection of lifetime risks for those exposed at age 10 is more uncertain. Under a reasonable set of assumptions, estimates for this group range from about 1.0–1.8 times the estimates for those exposed at age 30. The excess life-time risk for leukemia at 1 Sv for those exposed at either 10 or 30 years is estimated as about 0.015 and 0.008 for males and females, respectively. Those exposed at age 50 have about two-thirds that risk. Excess risks for solid cancer appear quite linear up to about 3 Sv, but for leukemia apparent nonlinearity in dose results in risks at 0.1 Sv estimated at about 1/20 of those for 1.0 Sv. Site-specific risk estimates are given, but it is urged that great care be taken in interpreting these, because most of their variation can be explained simply by imprecision in the estimates.
Discrimination of Falls and Blows in Blunt Head Trauma: Systematic Study of the Hat Brim Line Rule in Relation to Skull Fractures

Abstract: In the discrimination of falls from blows in blunt head trauma, the hat brim line rule is one of the most often used criteria. The present study assesses the validity of the hat brim line rule for skull fractures and looks at other possible criteria. All autopsy cases were retrospectively analyzed on a 5‐year period. Cases selected consisted of downstairs falls (n = 13), falls from one’s own height (n = 23), and homicidal blows (n = 44). Results show that fractures above the hat brim line are more in favor of blows, while fractures in the hat brim line zone are more difficult to distinguish. The majority of fractures were located on the left side for homicidal blows and on the right side for falls. A higher average number of lacerations was revealed for homicidal blows. In conclusion, this study establishes three criteria in favor of blows: (i) localization of a wound above the hat brim line; (ii) left side lateralization; and (iii) a high number of lacerations.
Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. The DECODE study group. European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Diabetes Epidemiology: Collaborative analysis Of Diagnostic criteria in Europe.

BACKGROUND The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommend that fasting glucose alone with the oral glucose tolerance test should be used to diagnose diabetes mellitus. We assessed mortality associated with the ADA fasting-glucose criteria compared with the WHO 2 h post-challenge glucose criteria. METHODS We assessed baseline data on glucose concentrations at fasting and 2 h after the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test from 13 prospective European cohort studies, which included 18,048 men and 7316 women aged 30 years or older. Mean follow-up was 7.3 years. We assessed the risk of death according to the different diagnostic glucose categories. FINDINGS Compared with men who had normal fasting glucose (< 6.1 mmol/L), men with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus by the ADA fasting criteria (> or = 7.0 mmol/L) had a hazard ratio for death of 1.81 (95% CI 1.49-2.20); for women the hazard ratio was 1.79 (1.18-2.69). For impaired fasting glucose (6.1-6.9 mmol/L), the hazard ratios were 1.21 (1.05-1.41) and 1.08 (0.70-1.66). For the WHO criteria (> or = 11.1 mmol/L), the ratios for newly diagnosed diabetes were 2.02 (1.66-2.46) in men and 2.77 (1.96-3.92) in women, and for impaired glucose tolerance (7.8-11.1 mmol/L) were 1.51 (1.32-1.72) and 1.60 (1.22-2.10). Within each fasting-glucose classification, mortality increased with increasing 2 h glucose. However, for 2 h glucose classifications of impaired glucose tolerance, and diabetes, there was no trend for increasing fasting glucose concentrations. INTERPRETATION Fasting-glucose concentrations alone do not identify individuals at increased risk of death associated with hyperglycaemia. The oral glucose tolerance test provides additional prognostic information and enables detection of individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, who have the greatest attributable risk of death.
Induction of mycobacterial proteins during phagocytosis and heat shock: a time interval analysis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis survives macrophage bactericidal activities by mechanisms that may include induction of stress proteins. We sought to determine whether the synthesis of any mycobacterial proteins is increased during phagocytosis and whether any of these proteins are also up‐regulated during heat shock. Protein synthesis by M. tuberculosis H37Ra during phagocytosis by the mouse macrophage cell line IC‐21, and during heat shock at 45 and 48 °, was monitored at various time intervals using 35S‐labeled methionine/cysteine and sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Our data suggest the existence of certain common elements in the stress response of mycobacteria to the three stress stimuli. This apparent similarity was best characterized by the up‐regulation of a 25‐kDa protein after exposure to each of the stress conditions. Furthermore, this 25‐kDa protein and a 37‐kDa protein that was also synthesized during phagocytosis appeared to be extracellular because they were preferentially solubilized when infected macrophages were lysed with 0.5% NP‐40. J. Leukoc. Biol. 55: 633–641; 1994.
Market Expectations and RMB Appreciation

This paper develops a framework to analyze how markets expectations and their influencing factors work on RMB fluctuations. Using the method of two-stage least square, the paper concluded that market expectations are one of the important factors that driving the strong RMB during the period of Jan. 2001 to June 2009. The appreciation of RMB in the previous period consolidated the confidence of market expectations on RMB appreciation in this period. However, central banks foreign market intervention and the latest RMB exchange rate regime reform depressed the market expectation on RMB appreciation.
Homomorphic image encryption

This paper presents a new homomorphic image cryptosystem. The idea of this system is based on encrypting the reflectance component after the homomorphic transform and embedding the illumination component as a least significant bit watermark into the encrypted reflectance component. A comparison study is held between the RC6 block cipher algorithm and the chaotic Baker map algorithm for the encryption of the reflectance component. We present a security analysis for the proposed cryptosystem against the entropy, brute-force, statistical, and differential attacks from a strict cryptographic viewpoint. Experimental results verify and prove that the proposed homomorphic image cryptosystem is highly secure from the cryptographic viewpoint. The results also prove that this cryptosystem has a very powerful diffusion mechanism (a small change in the plain text makes a great change in the cipher image). The homomorphic encryption using RC6 algorithm is more secure than that using the chaotic Baker map algorithm but not robust to noise. Thus, the proposed homomorphic cryptosystem can be used in different applications, depending on the core algorithm used.
Overview of new antiobesity drugs

A short overview of new drugs approved for the treatment of obesity (lorcaserin, phentermine/topiramate combination) as well as those with a perspective for approval as antiobesity drugs (cetilistat, naltrexone/bupropion combination, liraglutide) is presented. All these drugs produce significant weight loss accompanied by reductions in cardiometabolic health risks. Although the adverse events were rather rare and tended to decrease with the duration of treatment with most of these medications, the drug-specific safety concerns should be seriously considered. In order to ensure an appropriate, efficient and safe implementation of novel antiobesity drugs into the comprehensive treatment of obesity, it will be necessary to establish a network of physicians and other health-care providers well educated in obesity management.
Crash To Not Crash: Playing Video Games To Predict Vehicle Collisions

Today’s vehicle collision prediction algorithms are rule-based, and have not benefited from the recent developments in deep learning. This is because it is almost impossible to collect a large amount of collision data from the real world. To address this challenge, we collect a large accident data set using a popular video game named GTA V. Using this accident data set, we develop efficient prediction algorithms based on modern CNN architectures. The performances of our algorithms are compared with the simple rule-based algorithms. We observe that the best CNN-based algorithm among several variants achieves the prediction accuracy of 96.2% while the best rule-based one achieves the accuracy of 89.6%. We also show that our approaches can identify the source of danger when a collision is predicted. Moreover, our approaches are shown to learn how the wheel angles, vehicle orientations, and distances affect the collision probability.
Thin-Film-Integrated Power Inductor on Si and Its Performance in an 8-MHz Buck Converter

This paper presents a microinductor fabricated on silicon using electrochemical techniques that has high efficiency in a low power dc-dc converter. Small signal measurements show a flat frequency response up to 20 MHz with a self resonant frequency of 130 MHz. The inductance at low frequency is approximately 440 nH with a dc resistance of 0.5 Omega , and a high quality factor of 11.7 at 5.5 MHz. The current handling capability test shows less than 10% decrease in inductance at 500-mA current. The performance of the microinductor has been compared to a conventional chip inductor in a commercially available 8-MHz buck converter. The converter maximum efficiency when using the microinductor is shown to be approximately 3% lower than the one using the conventional discrete chip inductor. However, the profile of the microinductor is much lower than that of the discrete chip inductor. The maximum efficiency of the microinductor in the converter is estimated to be approximately 92%.
Multilingual Word Sense Disambiguation and Entity Linking

Nowadays the textual information available online is provided in an increasingly wide range of languages. This language explosion clearly forces researchers to focus on the challenging problem of being able to analyze and understand text written in any language. At the core of this problem lies the lexical ambiguity of language, an issue which is addressed by two key tasks in computational lexical semantics: multilingual Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) and Entity Linking (EL). WSD (Navigli, 2009) is a historical task in Computational Linguistics aimed at explicitly assigning meanings to word occurrences within text, while EL (Erbs et al., 2011; Rao et al., 2013; Cornolti et al., 2013) is a recent task focused on finding mentions of entities within a text and linking them to the most suitable entry in a knowledge base, if one exists. The two main differences between WSD and EL are in the kind of inventory used, i.e. dictionary vs. encyclopedia, and the assumption that the mention is complete or potentially incomplete, respectively. Notwithstanding these differences, the tasks are pretty similar in nature, in that they both involve the disambiguation of textual fragments in a given language according to a reference inventory. Nevertheless, the research community has tackled the two tasks separately, often duplicating efforts and solutions. Moreover, the vast majority of the state-of-the-art approaches only marginally take into account languages different from English. In this tutorial, we present the two tasks of multilingual WSD and EL, by surveying the challenges involved and the most effective solutions, both in isolation by illustrating the state of the art in the two fields, and when the tasks are addressed in a unified, multilingual way. In particular, this tutorial covers three key aspects of the multilingual WSD and EL tasks:
Upper airway · 1: Allergic rhinitis and asthma: united disease through epithelial cells

The relationship between allergic rhinitis and asthma is now established, and most of the clinical, epidemiological and biological data recommend integrated management. Epithelial cells represent the first barrier of the upper and lower respiratory tracts and thus are logical targets for a comprehensive integrated therapeutic approach. This review discusses rhinosinusitis as a co-morbid condition, a precipitating or triggering condition, and an epiphenomenon as an integrated part of the disease. A better understanding and a more pragmatic method of diagnosis and management is needed using cost-effective long-term strategies.