Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Carriage of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy Chinese and Vietnamese children in Hong Kong

Nasopharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae was studied in 621 healthy Chinese children and 300 healthy Vietnamese children aged from 2 months to 5 years in Hong Kong. The carriage rate of H, influenzae type b in Vietnamese children was 1.3% (CI 0.04‐2.63%); it was zero in Chinese. The carriage rate of non‐typable H. influenzae was 5.8% (CI 1.4‐7.6%) in Chinese and 65.4% (CI 58.9‐69.8%) in Vietnamese. The carriage rates of S. pneumoniae were 10.8% (CI 8.3‐13.2%) and 55.7% (CI 50.1‐61.3%) in Chinese and Vietnamese children, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to search for factors associated with differences in carriage rates of both H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae between Chinese and Vietnamese children. Although older age, smaller living area and parental smoking were associated with higher carriage rates, these could not explain the remarkably low carriage rates of both bacteria in Chinese children.
Improving Keyword Match for Semantic Search

Semantic search can be divided into three steps. Keyword matching, the first step, significantly impacts the search results, since the following steps are based on it. In this paper, we propose a keyword matching methodology that aggregates relevance scores of the related text to define the score of an object. Validity of the approach is shown by experiments performed with three public data sets and the detailed analysis of the results.
Southern Hemisphere and Deep-Sea Warming Led Deglacial Atmospheric CO2 Rise and Tropical Warming

Establishing what caused Earth's largest climatic changes in the past requires a precise knowledge of both the forcing and the regional responses. We determined the chronology of high- and low-latitude climate change at the last glacial termination by radiocarbon dating benthic and planktonic foraminiferal stable isotope and magnesium/calcium records from a marine core collected in the western tropical Pacific. Deep-sea temperatures warmed by ∼2°C between 19 and 17 thousand years before the present (ky B.P.), leading the rise in atmospheric CO2 and tropical–surface-ocean warming by ∼1000 years. The cause of this deglacial deep-water warming does not lie within the tropics, nor can its early onset between 19 and 17 ky B.P. be attributed to CO2 forcing. Increasing austral-spring insolation combined with sea-ice albedo feedbacks appear to be the key factors responsible for this warming.
Routing with energy considerations in mobile ad-hoc networks

A new routing method for improved quality of service in mobile ad hoc networks is presented. The route selection takes into consideration an estimate for the duration of the transmission, the energy life of each node in the network, and an estimate of the energy consumption on each node along the path. The routing approach guarantees the shortest feasible data transmission subject to the accuracy of estimating the energy-related functions. The worst case time complexity of the proposed method is O(c*m+c*n log n), where c* is the number of different capacities on the links of the network, m is the number of links, and n is the number of nodes in the network. Experimental results are given which support the applicability of the presented approach.
Na+ Transport in Hypertension

Several different lines of argument lead to the conclusion that the Na+ ion is important in hypertension. These include dietary and epidemiological studies, studies on the isolated cells and tissues of hypertensive subjects, and the association of the genetic predisposition to hypertension with abnormalities of cellular Na+ handling. In isolated cells, the most convincing abnormalities have been shown in the Na+ pump, where there is also evidence of a circulating inhibitor of the pump in essential hypertension, although the nature of the agent is still uncertain. The genetic association between essential hypertension and Na+ transport is best represented by alterations in Na(+)-Li+ countertransport in hypertensive subjects and their near relatives, although interpretation is rendered more complex by the influence of nongenetic factors on this system. The demonstrated differences between hypertensive and nonhypertensive subjects in the cellular handling of Na+ have not been integrated into a totally convincing explanation of the ultimate mechanism of the condition. Attention has focused on the possible mechanisms whereby an increase in intracellular Na+ may increase the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ in the vascular smooth muscle, which is presumed to be a necessary precondition to a chronically elevated peripheral vascular resistance.
Historical Development of Public Opinion

Public opinion, defined for purposes of this historical review as free and public communications from citizen to their government on matters of concern to the nation, is a phenomenon of middle-class civilization. Its attainment of political significance was accompanied and facilitated by certain changes in the economic and convivial institutions of society and by shifts in social stratification. In its early phase public opinion was preoccupied with domestic affairs, but during the French Revolutionary wars and after the Congress of Vienna the utilization of public opinion in international affairs, became generally respectable among statesmen. Effective government by public opinion in the field of foreign affairs today is jeopardized by various specified characteristics of modern democratic civilization.
Assessment of the Role of the Central DNA Flap in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication by Using a Single-Cycle Replication System

ABSTRACT In this study, reverse transcriptase (RT)- and integrase (IN)-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was transcomplemented with Vpr-RT-IN fusion proteins to delineate pol sequences important for HIV-1 replication. Our results reveal that a 194-bp sequence encompassing the 3′end of the IN gene and containing the central DNA flap is necessary and sufficient for efficient HIV-1 single-cycle replication in dividing and nondividing cells. Furthermore, we show that the central DNA flap enhances HIV-1 single-round replication by five- to sevenfold, primarily by facilitating nuclear import of proviral DNA. In agreement with previous reports, our data support a functional role of the central DNA flap during the early stages of HIV-1 infection.
Domain fusion between SNF1‐related kinase subunits during plant evolution

Members of the conserved SNF1/AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) family regulate cellular responses to environmental and nutritional stress in eukaryotes. Yeast SNF1 and animal AMPKs form a complex with regulatory SNF4/AMPKγ and SIP1/SIP2/GAL83/AMPKβ subunits. The β‐subunits function as target selective adaptors that anchor the catalytic kinase and regulator SNF4/γ‐subunits to their kinase association (KIS) and association with the SNF1 complex (ASC) domains. Here we demonstrate that plant SNF1‐related protein kinases (SnRKs) interact with an adaptor‐regulator protein, AKINβγ, in which an N‐terminal KIS domain characteristic of β‐subunits is fused with a C‐terminal region related to the SNF4/AMPKγ proteins. AKINβγ is constitutively expressed in plants, suppresses the yeast Δsnf4 mutation, and shows glucose‐regulated interaction with the Arabidopsis SnRK, AKIN11. Our results suggest that evolution of AKINβγ reflects a unique function of SNF1‐related protein kinases in plant glucose and stress signalling.
Regional and individual variations in the function of the human eccrine sweat gland.

Derived values for sodium concentration of the precursor fluid, free water clearance and counts of the number of active sweat glands were determined on the forehead, forearm and back of 14 subjects. Maximal sweat rate per gland and maximal free water clearance per gland were also calculated. The sodium concentration of the precursor fluid averaged 140 mEq/L. The large variations among our subjects in the maximal sweat rate (SR max) per m 2 and maximal free water clearance (FWC max) per m 2 depended mainly on differences in the functional capacity of individual sweat glands rather than in differences in population. However, regional variations in SR max per m 2 and FWC max per m 2 in each subject depended largely on differences in the population of active sweat glands. A significant correlation was found between secretory (SR max per gland) and reabsorptive capacity (FWC max per gland).
Muscarinic cholinergic receptor M1 in the rat basolateral amygdala: Ultrastructural localization and synaptic relationships to cholinergic axons

Muscarinic neurotransmission in the anterior basolateral amygdalar nucleus (BLa) mediated by the M1 receptor (M1R) is critical for memory consolidation. Although knowledge of the subcellular localization of M1R in the BLa would contribute to an understanding of cholinergic mechanisms involved in mnemonic function, there have been no ultrastructural studies of this receptor in the BLa. In the present investigation, immunocytochemistry at the electron microscopic level was used to determine which structures in the BLa express M1R. The innervation of these structures by cholinergic axons expressing the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) was also studied. All perikarya of pyramidal neurons were labeled, and about 90% of dendritic shafts and 60% of dendritic spines were M1R+. Some dendrites had spines suggesting that they belonged to pyramidal cells, whereas others had morphological features typical of interneurons. M1R immunoreactivity (M1R‐ir) was also seen in axon terminals, most of which formed asymmetrical synapses. The main targets of M1R+ terminals forming asymmetrical synapses were dendritic spines, most of which were M1R+. The main targets of M1R+ terminals forming symmetrical synapses were M1R+ perikarya and dendritic shafts. About three‐quarters of VAChT+ cholinergic terminals formed synapses; the main postsynaptic targets were M1R+ dendritic shafts and spines. In some cases M1R‐ir was seen near the postsynaptic membrane of these processes, but in other cases it was found outside of the active zone of VAChT+ synapses. These findings suggest that M1R mechanisms in the BLa are complex, involving postsynaptic effects as well as regulating release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic terminals. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:1743–1759, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Re: "Total serum testosterone and gonadotropins in workers exposed to dioxin".

Egeland et al. (1) reported significantly low testosterone and high gonadotropin levels in men exposed to dioxin. Noting that this hormone profile is hypothesized to cause low offspring sex ratios (proportions male), I predicted that if dioxin causes the hormone profile associated with it, then exposed workers should produce an excess of daughters after exposure (2). Mocarelli et al. (3) recently reported a highly significant excess of daughters born to parents following such exposure in the Seveso disaster in 1976.1 infer that dioxin was indeed responsible for the hormone profile of men exposed to it as described by Egeland et al. (1).
Cholecystokinin dipeptoid antagonists: design, synthesis, and anxiolytic profile of some novel CCK-A and CCK-B selective and "mixed" CCK-A/CCK-B antagonists.

The design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships (SAR) for the development of selective dipeptoid ligands for both of the cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor subtypes CCK-A and CCK-B are described. The SAR developed is used to design a ligand with equal nanomolar binding affinity for both the CCK-A and CCK-B receptors. Example compounds such as [1R-[1 alpha[R*(R*)],2 beta]]-4-[[2-[[3-(1H-indol-3-yl)- 2-methyl-2-[[[(2-methylcyclohexyl)oxy]carbonyl]amino]-1- oxopropyl]-amino]-1-phenylethyl]amino]-4-oxo-butanoic acid (24c), (1R-trans)-N-[alpha-methyl-N-[[(2-methylcyclohexyl)oxy] carbonyl]-D-tryptophyl]-L-3-(phenylmethyl)-beta-alanine (28i), and N-[alpha-methyl-N-[(tricyclo[3.3.1.1]dec-2-yloxy) carbonyl]-D-tryptophanyl]-L-3-(phenylmethyl)-beta-alanine (30m) are CCK-B selective compounds having CCK-B binding affinities of IC50 = 3.9, 0.34, and 0.15 nM with a CCK-A/CCK-B ratio of 464, 53, and 170, respectively. Other compounds such as (1R-trans)-N-[alpha-methyl-N-[[(2-methylcyclohexyl)oxy]carbonyl]- L-tryptophyl]-D-3-(phenylmethyl)-beta-alanine (281) and N-(alpha-methyl-N-[(tricyclo[3.3.1.1]dec-2-yloxy)carbonyl]-L - tryptophyl]-D-3-(phenylmethyl)-beta-alanine (30p) are CCK-A-selective compounds having CCK-A binding affinities of IC50 = 7.9 and 2.82 nM with a CCK-A/CCK-B ratio of 0.007 and 0.01, respectively. Further to these, (1S-trans)-N-[alpha-methyl-N-[[(2-methylcyclohexyl)oxy] carbonyl]-D-tryptophyl]-L-3-(phenylmethyl)-beta-alanine (28h) is a mixed CCK-A/CCK-B ligand with a CCK-A binding affinity of IC50 = 3.9 nM and a CCK-B binding affinity of IC50 = 4.2, producing a CCK-A/CCK-B ratio of unity. The CCK-B selective compounds are shown to be antagonists in electrophysiological tests on the rat ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus with an equilibrium constant (Ke) value of 2.8 nM for 30m and are also shown to be anxiolytic in the mouse ligh/dark box test with a minimum effective dose of 0.01 mg/kg, sc, for 30m. The CCK-A selective compounds are also shown to be competitive antagonists by the inhibition of CCK-8S-evoked amylase secretion from pancreatic acinar cells with a Ke value of 16 nM for 30p. In electrophysiological tests on the rat dorsal raphé (an area rich in CCK-A receptors) 30p had a Ke value of 12.8 nM. The mixed CCK-A/CCK-B compound 28h showed antagonistic properties in both CCK-A and CCK-B models; thus it inhibited CCK-8S-evoked amylase secretion from pancreatic acinar cells and is anxiolytic in the light/dark box paradigm. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Prevention of Atrial Arrhythmias during DDD Pacing by Atrial Overdrive

We evaluated the effect of atrial overdrive on the incidence of atrial arrhythmias (AA) in 22 patients (67 ± 9 years. 7 women, 15 men) with Chorus 6234 DDD pacemakers. Atrial overdrive was defined as a programmed paced rate 10 ppm faster than the mean ventricular rate stored for the last 24‐hour period in the pacemaker memory. The protocol consisted of three phases of 1 month each. Phase I: observation after discontinuation of antiarrhythmic therapy. Phase II: arrhythmia analysis using the pacemaker memory after programming the lower rate to 55 ppm. The fallback function and histogram data were used to document the number and maximal duration of AA episodes as well as the total AA time in a month. Phase III: atrial overdrive. The mean ventricular heart rate was 65 ± 4 beats/min before atrial overdrive versus 75 ± 5 with atrial overdrive (P = 0.02). At the end of phase II, all patients presented with AA episodes (mean number per patient: 42 ± 78 in one month). In phase III (with atrial overdrive), 14 (64.6%) patients had no recorded AA (group A). In the other eight patients with persistent AA episodes in phase III (group B), there was a significant reduction in the number of AA episodes (90 ± 106 in phase II vs 38 ± 87 in phase III; P = 0.01), their total duration (166 ± 115 in phase II vs 92 ± 134 hours in phase HI; P = 0.03) and their maximal duration (121 ± 103 in phase II vs 85 ± 89 min; P = 0.04). Our short‐term data suggest tliat atrial overdrive prevents or reduces A A episodes and demonstrate the feasibility and need of long‐term studies to determine whether this benefit is sustained.
Low‐dose vasopressin restores diuresis both in patients with hepatorenal syndrome and in anuric patients with end‐stage heart failure

Abstract. Eisenman A, Armali Z, Enat R, Bankir L, Baruch Y (Rambam Medical Center and Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; and INSERM, Necker Hospital, Paris, France). Low‐dose vasopressin restores diuresis both in patients with hepatorenal syndrome and in anuric patients with end‐stage heart failure. J Intern Med 1999; 246: 183–190.
Calidad de la educación superior y desigualdad en los retornos en el Perú, 2012

En este estudio se mide la importancia de la calidad de la educacion superior en los retornos y/o salarios de los trabajadores peruanos. Se encuentra que los trabajadores egresados de universidades de mayor calidad tienen ingresos salariales que en promedio son 80% mayores que sus contrapartes que asistieron a instituciones de menor calidad en el ano 2012. Esta brecha se mantiene independientemente de la carrera que estudiaron.
Chlorine Demand and Inactivation of Fungal Propagules

Conidia of filamentous fungi, vegetative yeast cells, and coliform bacteria were tested to determine their chlorine demand and their sensitivity to chlorine inactivation. Levels of chlorine demand for the various conidia, yeast, and coliforms were, respectively, 3.6 × 10−9 to 3.2 × 10−8, 1.2 × 10−9 to 8.0 × 10−9, and 2.5 × 10−11 to 6.3 × 10−10 mg of chlorine per propagule. Preliminary evidence suggests that the chlorine demand per propagule increases as the number of propagules per milliliter decreases. In general, conidia showed greatest resistance to chlorine inactiviation, followed by the yeast and coliforms. Inactivation by chlorine was influenced by pH, with inactivation (chlorine activity) falling in the order pH 5 > 7 > 8.
A position effect on the expression of a tRNA gene mediated by the SIR genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The SIR genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are responsible for the position-dependent regulation of the a and alpha mating-type genes. Previous work by others has shown that the products of the SIR genes prevent the accumulation of stable transcripts of the a and alpha genes at HML and HMR. Results of this study establish that this regulation is a region-specific effect rather than a gene-specific effect since expression of a tRNA gene placed at HMR is repressed by the products of the SIR genes.
A framework for development of fuzzy GOMS model for human-computer interaction

The objective of this study was to examine usefulness of fuzzy methodologies in the analysis and design of human‐computer interaction. A framework for generalization of the Goals‐Operators‐Methods‐Selection Rules (GOMS) model, and its fuzzy version was proposed. An experimental verification of the fuzzy GOMS model was also provided. A total of six subjects participated in two laboratory experiments. These experiments were performed in order to validate the proposed fuzzy GOMS model for the text editing task described in information processing terms. The subjects were not familiar with the text files to be edited, and the task was performed from the subject's own office and desk. All subjects were familiar with and regularly used the VI screen editor. The experiments consisted of the following steps: (1) the subject performed a familiar text editing task using a screen editor (VI); (2) the methods by which the subject achieved his goals (word location) as well as selection rules were elicited; (3) several .
HybridNet: A Hybrid Neural Architecture to Speed-up Autoregressive Models

This paper introduces HybridNet, a hybrid neural network to speed-up autoregressive models for raw audio waveform generation. As an example, we propose a hybrid model that combines an autoregressive network named WaveNet and a conventional LSTM model to address speech synthesis. Instead of generating one sample per time-step, the proposed HybridNet generates multiple samples per time-step by exploiting the long-term memory utilization property of LSTMs. In the evaluation, when applied to text-to-speech, HybridNet yields state-of-art performance. HybridNet achieves a 3.83 subjective 5-scale mean opinion score on US English, largely outperforming the same size WaveNet in terms of naturalness and provide 2x speed up at inference.
Doubly robust multiple imputation using kernel‐based techniques

We consider the problem of estimating the marginal mean of an incompletely observed variable and develop a multiple imputation approach. Using fully observed predictors, we first establish two working models: one predicts the missing outcome variable, and the other predicts the probability of missingness. The predictive scores from the two models are used to measure the similarity between the incomplete and observed cases. Based on the predictive scores, we construct a set of kernel weights for the observed cases, with higher weights indicating more similarity. Missing data are imputed by sampling from the observed cases with probability proportional to their kernel weights. The proposed approach can produce reasonable estimates for the marginal mean and has a double robustness property, provided that one of the two working models is correctly specified. It also shows some robustness against misspecification of both models. We demonstrate these patterns in a simulation study. In a real‐data example, we analyze the total helicopter response time from injury in the Arizona emergency medical service data.
Training oncoplastic breast surgeons: the Canadian fellowship experience.

BACKGROUND Oncoplastic breast surgery combines traditional oncologic breast conservation with plastic surgery techniques to achieve improved aesthetic and quality-of-life outcomes without sacrificing oncologic safety. Clinical uptake and training remain limited in the Canadian surgical system. In the present article, we detail the current state of oncoplastic surgery (ops) training in Canada, the United States, and worldwide, as well as the experience of a Canadian clinical fellow in ops. METHODS The clinical fellow undertook a 9-month audit of breast surgical cases. All cases performed during the fellow's ops fellowship were included. The fellowship ran from October 2015 to June 2016. RESULTS During the 9 months of the fellowship, 67 mastectomies were completed (30 simple, 17 modified radical, 12 skin-sparing, and 8 nipple-sparing). The fellow participated in 13 breast reconstructions. Of 126 lumpectomies completed, 79 incorporated oncoplastic techniques. CONCLUSIONS The experience of the most recent ops clinical fellow suggests that Canadian ops training is feasible and achievable. Commentary on the current state of Canadian ops training suggests areas for improvement. Oncoplastic surgery is an important skill for breast surgical oncologists, and access to training should be improved for Canadian surgeons.
A theoretical characterization of the multihop wireless communications channel with diversity

This paper provides a theoretical characterization of the multihop wireless communications channel with diversity, wherein intermediate terminals relay information employing spatial diversity techniques. Two channel models are proposed and developed: one where each intermediate terminal combines, digitally decodes, and re-encodes the received signals from all preceding terminals and the other where each intermediate terminal simply combines and amplifies the received signals from all preceding terminals. These models are compared, through analysis and simulations, with the single-hop reference channel on the basis of probability of outage and probability of error. Both models achieve significant gains over the single-hop reference channel, with the amplified relaying model outperforming the decoded relaying model despite noise propagation.