Cyanobacterial toxins of drinking water supplies : cylindrospermopsins and microcystins

Preface Acknowledgements Introduction References TOXIC CYANOBACTERIA AND THEIR IDENTIFICATION The Origins of Cyanobacteria Cyanobacterial Organisms Classification and Nomenclature Molecular Taxonomy References TOXIN CHEMISTRY AND BIOSYNTHESIS Chemistry of Cylindrospermopsins Synthesis of Cylindrospermopsin Biosynthesis of Cylindrospermopsin Chemistry of Microcystins Synthesis of Microcystins Biosynthesis of Microcystins: Biochemical Approaches Molecular Genetic Approaches References CYANOBACTERIAL ECOLOGY Cyanobacteria in Freshwater Light Buoyancy Nutrients: Phosphorus Nitrogen Distribution of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii(Nostocales) Ecology of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Cylindrospermopsin Production by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Cylindrospermopsin Production by Other Cyanobacterial Species Production of Other Toxins by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Distribution of Microcystis aeruginosa Distribution of Other Microcystin-Producing Species of Cyanobacteria Ecology of Microcystis aeruginosa Ecology of Planktothrix Species and Anabaena flos-aquae Ecology of Microcystin Production Nodularia spumigena and Nodularin Production References CYANOBACTERIAL POISONING OF LIVESTOCK AND PEOPLE Livestock and Wildlife Poisoning by Cyanobacterial Toxins Human Poisoning by Cyanobacterial Toxins Waterborne Poisoning in Brazil Gastrointestinal Illness Associated with Cyanobacteria in the US Gastroenteritis Associated with Cyanobacteria in Africa Liver Damage Associated with Microcystis aeruginosa in Australia Recreational Poisoning in the UK and US The Dialysis Tragedy in Brazil Palm Island Poisoning by Cylindrospermopsin in Australia Conclusions References CYLINDROSPERMOPSIN TOXICITY Toxicity of Cylindrospermopsin: Whole-Animal Studies Oral Toxicity of Cylindrospermopsin: Studies of the No Observed Adverse Effect Level Cylindrospermopsin Uptake and Excretion Mechanism of Cylindrospermopsin Toxicity Inhibition of Protein Synthesis Cytochrome P450 in Cylindrospermopsin Toxicity DNA Damage, Chromosome Damage, and Carcinogenicity Micronucleus Formation in the Presence of Cylindrospermopsin Whole-Animal Carcinogenicity Assessment of Carcinogenicity Teratogenicity, Immunotoxicity, and Reproductive Injury References MICROCYSTIN TOXICITY Acute Toxicity of Microcystin to Rodents Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity Determination of the No Observed Adverse Effect Level for Microcystin in Mice Large-Animal Toxicity Determination of the No Observed Adverse Effect Level of Microcystin in Pigs Toxicokinetics of Microcystin Conjugation and Excretion of Microcystin Studies with Isolated Hepatocytes Mechanisms of Microcystin Toxicity Microcystin and Phosphatase Inhibition Cytoskeletal Effects Nuclear Actions of Microcystin Microcystin and Apoptosis Cell-Cycle Effects of Microcystin Tumor Promotion by Microcystin Carcinogenesis, Liver Damage, and Cancer in China Microcystin: Teratogenesis and Reproductive Toxicity Conclusion References RISK AND SAFETY OF DRINKING WATER: ARE CYANOBACTERIAL TOXINS IN DRINKING WATER A HEALTH RISK? Risk Assessment and Legislation What Is a Risk, and How Can It Be Assessed? Risk Management Risk and Chemical Safety in Drinking Water - Cyanobacterial Toxins as Toxic Chemicals The Tolerable Daily Intake Determination of a Guideline Value for Cylindrospermopsin The Tolerable Daily Intake and Drinking Water Guideline Value for Microcystin Cylindrospermopsins and Microcystins as Carcinogens? Cylindrospermopsin - Is It a Carcinogen? Microcystins and Nodularins - Are They Carcinogens? Chronic Lifetime Dose, Intermittent Acute Doses, and Recreational Exposures References MONITORING OF RESERVOIRS FOR TOXIC CYANOBACTERIA AND ANALYSIS OF NUTRIENTS IN WATER Monitoring Sites Monitoring Frequency Parameters for Monitoring - Predictive Parameters Parameters for Monitoring - Identity and Number of Cyanobacterial Cells Sampling Cell Counting, Measurement, and Chlorophyll-a Analysis Chlorophyll-a Analysis Fluorescence Measurement of Cyanobacterial Concentration in Reservoirs Monitoring by Genetic Methods References DETECTION AND ANALYSIS OF CYLINDROSPERMOPSINS AND MICROCYSTINS Toxin Concentration In Vivo Rodent Toxicity Assays Cylindrospermopsin Bioassay and Analysis Cell-Based and Cell-Free Toxicity Measurement of Cylindrospermopsin ELISA of Cylindrospermopsin Instrument-Based Techniques for Cylindrospermopsin High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Microcystins and Nodularins: Bioassay and Analysis Sample Collection and Handling for Microcystins Bioassays for Microcystins and Nodularins ELISA for Microcystins and Nodularins Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay for Microcystins and Nodularins HPLC for Microcystins and Nodularins Microcystins and Nodularins in Tissue Samples Analytical Problems and Challenges References PREVENTION, MITIGATION, AND REMEDIATION OF CYANOBACTERIAL BLOOMS IN RESERVOIRS Nutrient Reduction Phosphorus Reduction Catchment Management Nitrogen Reduction Reservoir Remediation Destratification Flow Phosphorus Precipitation, Sediment Capping, and Dredging Algicides Biological Remediation References WATER TREATMENT Processes for Removing Cyanobacterial Toxins from Drinking Water Supplies Water Filtration, Coagulation, and Clarification Activated Carbon Ozonation and Chlorination Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis Slow Sand Filtration Membrane Filtration Conclusions References EMERGING ISSUES Ecological Issues Health Issues Water Treatment References INDEX