Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Control of wrist position and muscle relaxation by shifting spatial frames of reference for motoneuronal recruitment: possible involvement of corticospinal pathways

It has previously been established that muscles become active in response to deviations from a threshold (referent) position of the body or its segments, and that intentional motor actions result from central shifts in the referent position. We tested the hypothesis that corticospinal pathways are involved in threshold position control during intentional changes in the wrist position in humans. Subjects moved the wrist from an initial extended to a final flexed position (and vice versa). Passive wrist muscle forces were compensated with a torque motor such that wrist muscle activity was equalized at the two positions. It appeared that motoneuronal excitability tested by brief muscle stretches was also similar at these positions. Responses to mechanical perturbations before and after movement showed that the wrist threshold position was reset when voluntary changes in the joint angle were made. Although the excitability of motoneurons was similar at the two positions, the same transcranial magnetic stimulus (TMS) elicited a wrist extensor jerk in the extension position and a flexor jerk in the flexion position. Extensor motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by TMS at the wrist extension position were substantially bigger compared to those at the flexion position and vice versa for flexor MEPs. MEPs were substantially reduced when subjects fully relaxed wrist muscles and the wrist was held passively in each position. Results suggest that the corticospinal pathway, possibly with other descending pathways, participates in threshold position control, a process that pre‐determines the spatial frame of reference in which the neuromuscular periphery is constrained to work. This control strategy would underlie not only intentional changes in the joint position, but also muscle relaxation. The notion that the motor cortex may control motor actions by shifting spatial frames of reference opens a new avenue in the analysis and understanding of brain function.
Association between social support , functional status , and change in health ‐ related quality of life and changes in anxiety and depression in colorectal cancer patients

Research Unit, Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (REDISSEC), Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain Unitat d’Epidemiologia, REDISSEC, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, REDISSEC Barcelona, Spain Public Health Unit. Seville Health District, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health— CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain REDISSEC, Research Unit. Donostia University Hospital/Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain Research Unit. REDISSEC, Hospital of Galdakao, Usansolo, Spain Correspondence Marta González‐Sáenz de Tejada, Research Unit, Basurto University Hospital, Jado 4th floor, Avda. Montevideo 18, Bilbao (Vizcaya) 48013, Spain. Email: marta. gonzalezsaenzdetejada@osakidetza.eus Funding information Carlos III Health Institute, Grant/Award Number: PI09/90397.
Risk of inefficiency on the Chinese index futures market

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the risk of inefficiency of China's stock index futures market by investigating the opportunity and profitability of exchange‐traded fund (ETF) arbitrage. The explanation of behavioral risk to market efficiency is examined.Design/methodology/approach – Based on cost‐of‐carry model, some assumptions about market efficiency were examined, and statistical tests were implemented to support the findings.Findings – In China, borrowing and lending interest rates are quite different; dividends are small and paid in an irregular manner; and short sale cannot be used in arbitrage by all investors. It is found that the Chinese index futures market is far from efficient.Originality/value – With reference to the empirical study, this is believed to be the first application of behavioral study to the study of market efficiency. The analysis of the statistics about Chinese index futures market and the algorithm parameters are very valuable for in‐depth understanding of t.
Intravascular pressure augments cerebral arterial constriction by inducing voltage‐insensitive Ca2+ waves

This study examined whether elevated intravascular pressure stimulates asynchronous Ca2+ waves in cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells and if their generation contributes to myogenic tone development. The endothelium was removed from rat cerebral arteries, which were then mounted in an arteriograph, pressurized (20–100 mmHg) and examined under a variety of experimental conditions. Diameter and membrane potential (VM) were monitored using conventional techniques; Ca2+ wave generation and myosin light chain (MLC20)/MYPT1 (myosin phosphatase targeting subunit) phosphorylation were assessed by confocal microscopy and Western blot analysis, respectively. Elevating intravascular pressure increased the proportion of smooth muscle cells firing asynchronous Ca2+ waves as well as event frequency. Ca2+ wave augmentation occurred primarily at lower intravascular pressures (<60 mmHg) and ryanodine, a plant alkaloid that depletes the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of Ca2+, eliminated these events. Ca2+ wave generation was voltage insensitive as Ca2+ channel blockade and perturbations in extracellular [K+] had little effect on measured parameters. Ryanodine‐induced inhibition of Ca2+ waves attenuated myogenic tone and MLC20 phosphorylation without altering arterial VM. Thapsigargin, an SR Ca2+‐ATPase inhibitor also attenuated Ca2+ waves, pressure‐induced constriction and MLC20 phosphorylation. The SR‐driven component of the myogenic response was proportionally greater at lower intravascular pressures and subsequent MYPT1 phosphorylation measures revealed that SR Ca2+ waves facilitated pressure‐induced MLC20 phosphorylation through mechanisms that include myosin light chain phosphatase inhibition. Cumulatively, our findings show that mechanical stimuli augment Ca2+ wave generation in arterial smooth muscle and that these transient events facilitate tone development particularly at lower intravascular pressures by providing a proportion of the Ca2+ required to directly control MLC20 phosphorylation.
Regulation of erythropoietin production

The hormone erythropoietin (Epo) maintains red blood cell mass by promoting the survival, proliferation and differentiation of erythrocytic progenitors. Circulating Epo originates mainly from fibroblasts in the renal cortex. Epo production is controlled at the transcriptional level. Hypoxia attenuates the inhibition of the Epo promoter by GATA‐2. More importantly, hypoxia promotes the availability of heterodimeric (α/β) hypoxia‐inducible transcription factors (predominantly HIF‐2) which stimulate the Epo enhancer. The HIFs are inactivated in normoxia by enzymatic hydroxylation of their α‐subunits. Three HIF‐α prolyl hydroxylases (PHD‐1, ‐2 and ‐3) initiate proteasomal degradation of HIF‐α, while an asparaginyl hydroxylase (‘factor inhibiting HIF‐1’, FIH‐1) inhibits the transactivation potential. The HIF‐α hydroxylases contain Fe2+ and require 2‐oxoglutarate as co‐factor. The in vivo response is dynamic, i.e. the concentration of circulating Epo increases initially greatly following an anaemic or hypoxaemic stimulus and then declines despite continued hypoxia. Epo and angiotensin II collaborate in the maintenance of the blood volume. Whether extra‐renal sites (brain, skin) modulate renal Epo production is a matter of debate. Epo overproduction results in erythrocytosis. Epo deficiency is the primary cause of the anaemia in chronic kidney disease and a contributing factor in the anaemias of chronic inflammation and cancer. Here, recombinant analogues can substitute for the hormone.
Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations of Phenobarbital in Infants Given Single Doses

Plasma phenobarbital concentration has been followed after the administration of single doses to 33 infants over six months of age, orally in 19 cases and intramuscularly in 14. The doses were increased during the course of the investigation until plasma concentrations over 15μg/ml were achieved. Generally, the plasma concentration increased rapidly during the first two hours after administration. Irrespective of route of administration, the peak concentration (in μg/ml) was found to be approximately 1. 6× the dose (in mg/kg).
Personal information and reference management: Librarians' increasing creativity

Purpose – This column seeks to explore the potential of personal information management (PIM) and reference management to offer more than easy citation of information sources and the creation of bibliographies. The emphasis is on the role librarians and information professionals (hereafter referred to only as librarians) can play in raising awareness of the potential of PIM and reference management and issues to be considered. The end goal is increasing quality, productivity, collaboration and creativity in the use of information. Over the next few issues, the column will share impressions from personal research in the field of information behaviour and PIM, analysis from the subject literature, exploration of the software as such, and trends noted through various means.Design/methodology/approach – The column will be written against the background of research from information behaviour, information organisation, PIM and information curation, as well as alerts on software development in this regard and so.
Librarians alert: How can we exploit what is happening with personal information management (PIM), reference management and related issues?

Purpose – This column aims to explore the potential of personal information management (PIM) and reference management. It seeks to focus on how librarians can stay alert on new developments regarding PIM and related issues such as plagiarism, reference techniques, information literacy and information behaviour. It also tries to stimulate interest in looking for hidden gems that can be of value in their careers as well as those of library users by considering the innovative and creative use of PIM, e.g. by also monitoring the potential of mind maps and concept maps. Design/methodology/approach – The column is written against the background of research from information behaviour, PIM, information curation, alerts on software development and related issues, and also social bookmarking. Findings – There are many ways in which librarians can stay abreast of what is happening with PIM, reference management and related issues. There are also many things to note such as improvement of the software, uses of PIM and reference management, teaching skills in PIM and reference management, ways of sharing information, linking to innovation and creativity, and linking to information literacy and information behaviour. Originality/value – Although much has been published on developments in PIM and reference management, the author is not aware of other attempts to link alerting services on PIM and reference management to go beyond developments in software.
Developmental changes in propagation patterns and transmitter dependence of waves of spontaneous activity in the mouse cerebral cortex

Non‐technical summary It is not well understood how all of the connections among neurons required for the brain to process information are established during development. It has recently become apparent that waves of spontaneous electrical activity spread across large groups of neurons during early brain development and that these waves of activity are crucial for correct development of brain circuitry. In this paper, we show that waves of spontaneous electrical activity propagate across the mouse cerebral cortex, beginning on the day before birth and continuing through the first 12 postnatal days. These waves are initiated at specific locations in the cortex, which do not change during the period of wave generation. Identity of the neurons that initiate the waves, however, does change during this time. This work indicates that even though spontaneous electrical activity occurs during a short contiguous period of development, the mechanisms underlying that activity change.
Time-course analysis of CD25 and HLA-DR expression on lymphocytes in interferon-β1b-treated multiple sclerosis patients

To identify immunological markers that could be used to monitor relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) course/activity during interferon beta 1b (IFNβ1b) therapy, we longitudinally studied HLA-DR and CD25 expression by T lymphocytes in 15 IFNβ1b-treated RRMS patients. Peripheral blood T cell subsets were analysed before therapy (T0), and after 1 (T1), 2 (T2), 3 (T3), 6 (T4) and 12 (T5) months after therapy initiation. HLADR expression and the CD3+HLA-DR+ T cell number showed a peculiar trend in almost all (14/15) the patients: a significant decrease at T1 and T2 followed by a return to pre-treatment levels from T3 to T5. At T1 and T2, eight patients showed an up-regulation of CD25 on CD4, as well as an increase in the CD4+CD25+ cell number. However, a marked, significant reduction of this T cell subset was observed in all the patients at T3, followed by the progressive return to pre-treatment values from T4 to T5. All the patients developed anti-IFNβ1b `binding' antibodies within the first three months of therapy. Our findings demonstrate that: (1) the expression of HLA-DR and CD25 on T cells, as well as the number of circulating CD3+HLA-DR+ and CD4+CD25+ cells, are only transiently reduced in vivo in IFNβ1b-treated RRMS patients, (2) the expression of HLA-DR and CD25 on T lymphocytes cannot be used to monitor MS course/activity during IFNβ1b therapy, (3) the long-lasting beneficial effect of IFNβ1b on RRMS reported in the literature cannot be explained by the down-regulation of MHC class II antigens and/or interleukin-2 receptor expression induced by this cytokine.
Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in African adults infected with human immunodeficient virus: double blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety.

BACKGROUND Data on the efficacy of trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) in HIV-infected adults, particularly in Africa, are limited. This study evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of TIV in HIV-infected adults. METHODS In Johannesburg, South Africa, we undertook a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 506 HIV-infected adults. Subjects included 157 individuals who were antiretroviral treatment (ART) naive and 349 on stable-ART. Participants were randomly assigned to receive TIV or normal saline intramuscularly. Oropharyngeal swabs were obtained at illness visits during the influenza season and tested by shell vial culture and RT PCR assay for influenza virus. Immune response was evaluated by hemagglutinin antibody inhibition assay (HAI) in a nested cohort. The primary study outcome involved vaccine efficacy against influenza confirmed illness. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00757900. RESULTS The efficacy of TIV against confirmed influenza illness was 75.5% (95% CI: 9.2%-95.6%); with a risk difference of 0.18 per 100 person-weeks in TIV recipients. Among TIV recipients, seroconversion, measured by HAI titers, was evident in 52.6% for H1N1, 60.8% for H3N2, and 53.6% for influenza B virus. This compared with 2.2%, 2.2%, and 4.4% of placebo recipients (P < .0001). The frequency of local and systemic adverse events post-immunization was similar between study groups. CONCLUSIONS TIV immunization is safe and efficacious in African HIV-infected adults without underlying co-morbidities. Further evaluation of effectiveness is warranted in severely immunocompromized HIV-infected adults and those with co-morbidities such as tuberculosis.
Epidemiology of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) deaths in the United States, April-July 2009.

During the spring of 2009, pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus (pH1N1) was recognized and rapidly spread worldwide. To describe the geographic distribution and patient characteristics of pH1N1-associated deaths in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention requested information from health departments on all laboratory-confirmed pH1N1 deaths reported from 17 April through 23 July 2009. Data were collected using medical charts, medical examiner reports, and death certificates. A total of 377 pH1N1-associated deaths were identified, for a mortality rate of . 12 deaths per 100,000 population. Activity was geographically localized, with the highest mortality rates in Hawaii, New York, and Utah. Seventy-six percent of deaths occurred in persons aged 18-65 years, and 9% occurred in persons aged ≥ 65 years. Underlying medical conditions were reported for 78% of deaths: chronic lung disease among adults (39%) and neurologic disease among children (54%). Overall mortality associated with pH1N1 was low; however, the majority of deaths occurred in persons aged <65 years with underlying medical conditions.
Der monoklonale Antikörper HMB-45 in der Diagnostik intraokularer Melanome

: 69 eyes, which had to be enucleated because of an uveal melanoma, were investigated immunohistologically. HMB-45-antigen, which is supposed to be highly specific for melanocytic tumours, was found in 68 cases (sensitivity 99%) with a monoclonal antibody. S 100-antigen was positive in 63 cases (sensitivity 91%) using a polyclonal antibody. The addition of HMB-45-immunohistochemistry to routine histological diagnostic procedures is valuable, when a non-melanocytic uveal tumour cannot be ruled out or when the degree of melanoma-invasion has to be determined with greater accuracy. At the site of melanoma-invasion changes of cellular reactivity seem to occur, as 11 of the 69 studied tumours (16%) showed an increased HMB-45-expression in this area. HMB-45-antigen was detectable even in paraffin embedded material obtained from eyes enucleated 30 years ago.
Global boundaries, task processes and IS project success: a field study

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to better understand how global boundaries affect global information system (IS) project success and which mediating process variables increase the chance of success.Design/methodology/approach – Based on the literature on IS success and global teams, an input‐process‐output framework is adopted to develop the research model for the study. This research is based on semi‐structured interviews with 22 global IS project managers. An attribution analysis is used to identify common themes and patterns of the interview results.Findings – Global IS project managers identified time separation and cultural differences as the most significant barriers to project success. Our findings suggest that effective teams were able to overcome these barriers to achieve success, but this success was achieved through the implementation of special coordination, communication and cognitive processes tailored to help teams overcome global barriers and through considerable additional cost and .
Risk factors for severe illness with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in China.

BACKGROUND Data on risk factors for severe outcomes from 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection are limited outside of developed countries. METHODS We reviewed medical charts to collect data from patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed 2009 H1N1 infection who were identified across China during the period from September 2009 through February 2010, and we analyzed potential risk factors associated with severe illness (defined as illness requiring intensive care unit admission or resulting in death). RESULTS Among 9966 case patients, the prevalence of chronic medical conditions (33% vs 14%), pregnancy (15% vs 7%), or obesity (19% vs 14%) was significantly higher in those patients with severe illness than it was in those with less severe disease. In multivariable analyses, among nonpregnant case patients aged ≥ 2 years, having a chronic medical condition significantly increased the risk of severe outcome among all age groups, and obesity was a risk factor among those <60 years of age. The risk of severe illness among pregnant case patients was significantly higher for those in the second and third trimesters. The risk of severe illness was increased when oseltamivir treatment was initiated ≥ 5 days after illness onset (odds ratio, 1.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-1.67). For persons <60 years of age, the prevalence of obesity among case patients with severe illness was significantly greater than it was among those without severe illness or among the general population. CONCLUSIONS Risk factors for severe 2009 H1N1 illness in China were similar to those observed in developed countries, but there was a lower prevalence of chronic medical conditions and a lower prevalence of obesity. Obesity was a risk factor among case patients < 60 years of age. Early initiation of oseltamivir treatment was most beneficial, and there was an increased risk of severe disease when treatment was started ≥ 5 days after illness onset.
Bringing lost sheep into the fold: questioning the discourse of the digital divide

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critique the discourse of the digital divide and to propose ways of responding to digital inequalities.Design/methodology/approach – Illustrations of arguments are based on reviews of academic literature, projects reports, policy documents and research findings from the Penceil project, and are informed by critical theory. The research consisted of 47 semi‐structured interviews and action research involving designing an e‐literacy curriculum and running a course based on it.Findings – A discourse of missed opportunities and “being left behind”, present in policy statements and popular media, leads to objectifying non‐users of information and communication technologies (ICT) as “others”. This discourse is often internalised by non‐users, but it does not necessarily lead to positive actions, leaving some feeling inadequate. So far initiatives seeking to address the digital divide have had moderate success. To respond to digital exclusion we need to oppose the unchec.
Contextualising the IT artefact: towards a wider research agenda for IS using institutional theory

Purpose – This paper sets out to examine the use of institutional theory in information systems research. It also seeks to consider recent debates within information systems, that the field should develop its own social theories. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate that IS researchers need to engage more fully with the institutional theory literature as the body of work is conceptually rich and is more appropriately used to analyse and understand complex social phenomena.Design/methodology/approach – Reviewing the institutionalist literature from the field of IS, the paper shows that most accounts engage in empirically testing institutionalist concepts, rather than analysing the richness of these concepts to further develop and build the theory.Findings – The paper finds that most institutionalist accounts within information systems research adopt an organisational unit of analysis as opposed to a multi‐level approach which encompasses societal and individual levels. Research further shows more stu.