Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Negative Surprise on Hedonic Adaptation

After some time using a product or service, the consumer tends to feel less pleasure with consumption. This reduction of pleasure is known as hedonic adaptation. One of the emotions that interfere in this process is surprise. Based on two experiments, we suggest that negative surprise – differently to positive – influences with the level of pleasure foreseen and experienced by the consumer. Study 1 analyzes the influence of negative (vs. positive) surprise on the consumer’s post-purchase hedonic adaptation expectation. Results showed that negative surprise influences the intensity of adaptation, augmenting its strength. Study 2 verifies the influence of negative (vs positive) surprise over hedonic adaptation. The findings suggested that negative surprise makes adaptation happen more intensively and faster as time goes by, which brings consequences to companies and consumers in the post-purchase process, such as satisfaction and loyalty.
Bridging the gaps: a global review of intersections of violence against women and violence against children

Background The international community recognises violence against women (VAW) and violence against children (VAC) as global human rights and public health problems. Historically, research, programmes, and policies on these forms of violence followed parallel but distinct trajectories. Some have called for efforts to bridge these gaps, based in part on evidence that individuals and families often experience multiple forms of violence that may be difficult to address in isolation, and that violence in childhood elevates the risk of violence against women. Methods This article presents a narrative review of evidence on intersections between VAC and VAW – including sexual violence by non-partners, with an emphasis on low- and middle-income countries. Results We identify and review evidence for six intersections: 1) VAC and VAW have many shared risk factors. 2) Social norms often support VAW and VAC and discourage help-seeking. 3) Child maltreatment and partner violence often co-occur within the same household. 4) Both VAC and VAW can produce intergenerational effects. 5) Many forms of VAC and VAW have common and compounding consequences across the lifespan. 6) VAC and VAW intersect during adolescence, a time of heightened vulnerability to certain kinds of violence. Conclusions Evidence of common correlates suggests that consolidating efforts to address shared risk factors may help prevent both forms of violence. Common consequences and intergenerational effects suggest a need for more integrated early intervention. Adolescence falls between and within traditional domains of both fields and deserves greater attention. Opportunities for greater collaboration include preparing service providers to address multiple forms of violence, better coordination between services for women and for children, school-based strategies, parenting programmes, and programming for adolescent health and development. There is also a need for more coordination among researchers working on VAC and VAW as countries prepare to measure progress towards 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
Characteristic Research of Bearing Currents in Inverter-Motor Drive Systems

To gain better velocity modulation function and reduce the switch loss, the PWM voltage usually possesses very high frequency and dv/dt in inverter fed induction motor system. The common mode coupling current in the common mode coupling circuit will come into being inside the motor when this style PWM voltage acts on the winding of induction motor. The common mode coupling current component which crossed the motor bearing will give rise to damage to the bearing. This paper gives a measure method for the bearing currents of induction motor, divides the two kinds of bearing currents, conduction mode bearing current and discharge mode bearing current by experiment, analyzes the characteristic of the two kinds of bearing currents and their relation to common mode voltage, common mode current and shaft voltage. The experiment result shows that the conduction mode bearing currents appear chiefly at low motor speeds and is characterized by its occurrences in synchronization with the edges of common mode voltage pulse. Its value is small and the damage to the bearings is negligible. The discharge mode bearing current appears chiefly at high motor speeds. Its occurrences are not necessarily in synchronization with the edges of the common mode voltage pulses. Contrarily, the largest peak current usually occurs sometime during the interval of the highest level of common mode voltage. Its value, contrary to the conduction mode bearing current, is large and it is the main factor caused the bearings to be damaged
Comparison of designed and randomly generated catalysts for simple chemical reactions

There has been recent success in designing enzymes for simple chemical reactions using a two‐step protocol. In the first step, a geometric matching algorithm is used to identify naturally occurring protein scaffolds at which predefined idealized active sites can be realized. In the second step, the residues surrounding the transition state model are optimized to increase transition state binding affinity and to bolster the primary catalytic side chains. To improve the design methodology, we investigated how the set of solutions identified by the design calculations relate to the overall set of solutions for two different chemical reactions. Using a TIM barrel scaffold in which catalytically active Kemp eliminase and retroaldolase designs were obtained previously, we carried out activity screens of random libraries made to be compositionally similar to active designs. A small number of active catalysts were found in screens of 103 variants for each of the two reactions, which differ from the computational designs in that they reuse charged residues already present in the native scaffold. The results suggest that computational design considerably increases the frequency of catalyst generation for active sites involving newly introduced catalytic residues, highlighting the importance of interaction cooperativity in enzyme active sites.
Query Completion Using Bandits for Engines Aggregation

Assisting users by suggesting completed queries as they type is a common feature of search systems known as query auto-completion. A query auto-completion engine may use prior signals and available information (e.g., user is anonymous, user has a history, user visited the site before the search or not, etc.) in order to improve its recommendations. There are many possible strategies for query auto-completion and a challenge is to design one optimal engine that considers and uses all available information. When different strategies are used to produce the suggestions, it becomes hard to rank these heterogeneous suggestions. An alternative strategy could be to aggregate several engines in order to enhance the diversity of recommendations by combining the capacity of each engine to digest available information differently, while keeping the simplicity of each engine. The main objective of this research is therefore to find such mixture of query completion engines that would beat any engine taken alone. We tackle this problem under the bandits setting and evaluate four strategies to overcome this challenge. Experiments conducted on three real datasets show that a mixture of engines can outperform a single engine.
Role of Quercetin in Preventing Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Injury in Rats

In hepatic toxicity induced in rats by two injections of thioacetamide (TAA, 350 mg/kg with an interval of 8 hr), the action of quercetin was investigated. After 96 hr, TAA administration resulted in hepatic necrosis, significant increases in serum transaminase activity, and increases in hepatic lipoperoxidation. Thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity also showed changes in antioxidant enzymes in the liver of rats, with alterations in p-ERK 1/2 (phosphorylated extracellular-signal related kinase 1/2) as well as an imbalance between proapototic protein Bax and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression. With administration of the flavonoid quercetin (50 mg/Kg i.p.) for four consecutive days following TAA, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity were close to normal values in rats. Histological findings suggested that quercetin had a preventive effect on TAA-induced hepatic necrosis. Quercetin treatment caused significant decreases in lipid peroxide levels in the TAA-treated rats, with some changes in antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Quercetin also inhibited the change of the p-ERK1/2 by TAA and significantly prevented the increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, thus preventing apoptosis. Findings indicate that quercetin may have a preventive effect on TAA-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating the oxidative stress parameters and apoptosis pathway.
An ACT-like Domain Participates in the Dimerization of Several Plant Basic-helix-loop-helix Transcription Factors*

The maize basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factor R belongs to a group of proteins with important functions in the regulation of metabolism and development through the cooperation with R2R3-MYB transcription factors. Here we show that in addition to the bHLH and the R2R3-MYB-interacting domains, R contains a dimerization region located C-terminal to the bHLH motif. This protein-protein interaction domain is important for the regulation of anthocyanin pigment biosynthesis by contributing to the recruitment of the C1 R2R3-MYB factor to the C1 binding sites present in the promoters of flavonoid biosynthetic genes. The R dimerization region bares structural similarity to the ACT domain present in several metabolic enzymes. Protein fold recognition analyses resulted in the identification of similar ACT-like domains in several other plant bHLH proteins. We show that at least one of these related motifs is capable of mediating homodimer formation. These findings underscore the function of R as a docking site for multiple protein-protein interactions and provide evidence for the presence of a novel dimerization domain in multiple plant bHLH proteins.
Vesicle exocytosis stimulated by α‐latrotoxin is mediated by latrophilin and requires both external and stored Ca2+

α‐Latrotoxin (LTX) stimulates massive neurotransmitter release by two mechanisms: Ca2+‐dependent and ‐independent. Our studies on norepinephrine secretion from nerve terminals now reveal the different molecular basis of these two actions. The Ca2+‐dependent LTX‐evoked vesicle exocytosis (abolished by botulinum neurotoxins) is 10‐fold more sensitive to external Ca2+ than secretion triggered by depolarization or A23187; it does not, however, depend on the cation entry into terminals but requires intracellular Ca2+ and is blocked by drugs depleting Ca2+ stores and by inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC). These data, together with binding studies, prove that latrophilin, which is linked to G proteins and inositol polyphosphate production, is the major functional LTX receptor. The Ca2+‐independent LTX‐stimulated release is not inhibited by botulinum neurotoxins or drugs interfering with Ca2+ metabolism and occurs via pores in the presynaptic membrane, large enough to allow efflux of neurotransmitters and other small molecules from the cytoplasm. Our results unite previously contradictory data about the toxin's effects and suggest that LTX‐stimulated exocytosis depends upon the co‐operative action of external and intracellular Ca2+ involving G proteins and PLC, whereas the Ca2+‐independent release is largely non‐vesicular.
No Place for Law and Economics: The Controversy over Railroad Regulation before the Hepburn Act

Abstract At the turn of the 20th-century railroad regulation was hotly debated in the United States. Railways were accused of abusing of their monopolistic position, in particular by discriminating rates. Public opinion’s pressure for tighter regulation led to the 1906 enactment of the Hepburn Act, which strengthened the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission. American economists actively participated in the debate. While most of them sided with the pro-regulation camp, the best economic analysis came from those who used the logic of modern law and economics to demonstrate how most railroads’ practices, including rate discrimination, were simply rational, pro-efficiency behavior. However, as relatively unknown Chicago University economist Hugo R. Meyer would discover, proposing that logic in public events could at that time cost you your academic career.
Sister chromatid exchange analysis.

Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) represent the interchange of DNA replication products at apparently homologous chromosomal loci. These exchanges presumably involve DNA breakage and reunion, and SCE analysis affords an excellent opportunity for cytological detection of DNA interchange. During the past few years, SCE analysis has come into use as a sensitive means of monitoring DNA damage. Much of this activity has been due to the development of BrdU-dye techniques for SCE detection, which are simpler to use than autoradiography [1], the method initially employed. Early interest in SCE formation has been reinforced by an emerging correlation between the ability of various agents to induce SCEs and the activity of these agents as mutagen-carcinogens. Additional studies have detected abnormalities in SCE formation in a number of heritable human diseases which are characterized by a putative DNA repair defect and a predisposition for the development of neoplasia. Although the actual mechanism of SCE formation remains to be elucidated, the widespread occurrence of SCEs represents an important clue in the investigation of structure-function relationships in the chromosomes of higher organisms. This review will briefly discuss methods for SCE detection, as well as both basic and practical aspects of SCE analysis.
Smoking as a risk factor for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 24 prospective cohort studies.

OBJECTIVES We evaluated the relationship between smoking and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. METHODS We pooled data from 24 cohort studies enrolling 21 579 prostate cancer case participants for a general variance-based meta-analysis. Summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated separately for mortality and incidence studies. We tested the robustness of effect measures and evaluated statistical heterogeneity with sensitivity analyses. RESULTS In the pooled data, current smokers had no increased risk of incident prostate cancer (RR = 1.04; 95% CI = 0.87, 1.24), but in data stratified by amount smoked they had statistically significant elevated risk (cigarettes per day or years: RR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.46; pack years of smoking: RR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.22). Former smokers had an increased risk (RR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.16). Current smokers had an increased risk of fatal prostate cancer (RR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.19). The heaviest smokers had a 24% to 30% greater risk of death from prostate cancer than did nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS Observational cohort studies show an association of smoking with prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Ill-defined exposure categories in many cohort studies suggest that pooled data underestimate risk.
CONTINUOUS NEUROMONITORING USING TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER REFLECTS BLOOD FLOW DURING CARBON DIOXIDE CHALLENGE IN PRIMATES WITH GLOBAL CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA

OBJECTIVEAt present, there is no consensus on the optimal monitoring method for cerebral blood flow (CBF) in neurointensive care patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether continuous transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring with modulation of partial pressure of CO2 reflects CBF changes. This hypothesis was tested in 2 pathological settings in which cerebral ischemia can be imminent: after an episode of cerebral ischemia and during vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. METHODSSixteen cynomolgus monkeys were divided into 3 groups: 1) chemoregulation in control animals to assess the physiological range of CBF regulation, 2) chemoregulation during vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 3) chemoregulation after transient cerebral ischemia. We surgically placed a thermal CBF probe over the cortex perfused by the right middle cerebral artery. Corresponding TCD values were acquired simultaneously while partial pressure of CO2 was changed within a range of 25 to 65 mm Hg (chemoregulation). A correlation coefficient of CBF with TCD values of greater than r equals 0.8 was considered clinically relevant. RESULTSCBF and CBF velocity correlated strongly after cerebral ischemia (r = 0.83, P < 0.001). Correlations were poor in chemoregulation controls (r = 0.2) and in the vasospasm group (r = 0.55). CONCLUSIONThe present study provides experimental support that, in clearly defined conditions, continuous TCD monitoring combined with chemoregulation testing may provide an estimate of CBF in the early postischemic period.
Housing First for People with Severe Mental Illness Who are Homeless: A Review of the Research and Findings from the at Home—Chez soi Demonstration Project

Objective: To provide a review of the extant research literature on Housing First (HF) for people with severe mental illness (SMI) who are homeless and to describe the findings of the recently completed At Home (AH)–Chez soi (CS) demonstration project. HF represents a paradigm shift in the delivery of community mental health services, whereby people with SMI who are homeless are supported through assertive community treatment or intensive case management to move into regular housing. Method: The AH–CS demonstration project entailed a randomized controlled trial conducted in 5 Canadian cities between 2009 and 2013. Mixed methods were used to examine the implementation of HF programs and participant outcomes, comparing 1158 people receiving HF to 990 people receiving standard care. Results: Initial research conducted in the United States shows HF to be a promising approach, yielding superior outcomes in helping people to rapidly exit homelessness and establish stable housing. Findings from the AH–CS demonstration project reveal that HF can be successfully adapted to different contexts and for different populations without losing its fidelity. People receiving HF achieved superior housing outcomes and showed more rapid improvements in community functioning and quality of life than those receiving treatment as usual. Conclusions: Knowledge translation efforts have been undertaken to disseminate the positive findings and lessons learned from the AH–CS project and to scale up the HF approach across Canada.
Microdialysis Reveals Changes in Extracellular Opioid Peptide Levels in the Amygdala Induced by Amygdaloid Kindling Stimulation

Enkephalins released in basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in response to electrical stimulation were determined in amygdala kindled and nonkindled freely moving rats using microdialysis. Enkephalin release was enhanced after a single and repetitive electrical stimulation (233 and 130% above control levels, respectively) in nonkindled rats. In fully kindled rats, the extracellular enkephalin levels decreased (35% below the control levels) within the first 20 min after onset of stage V kindled seizures, reaching baseline level 40 to 60 min following the generalized seizure activity. HPLC analysis identified the majority of recovered immunoreactive material from the amygdala as Met-enkephalin. On the basis of our results it is suggested that the enhanced enkephalin release in the amygdala during the early kindling stages might have a suppressive effect which may represent a homeostatic mechanism to avoid the spread of the afterdischarge to other structures. The decreased extracellular level of enkephalin in the amygdala after stage V kindled seizures could reflect a general impairment of inhibitory mechanisms in this structure with subsequent production of seizure activity.
BARTER, A DIMENSION OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

Design allows numerous products to be presented to consumers in a variety of forms. Mass production of these products causes environmental problems. To solve these problems, there are various designs based on the perspective of the object. For example, the size of the objects can be reduced to use less materials, or made more durable so that they can be kept longer by the consumer, or green materials are used to avoid harming the environment when they are discarded. However, using design to solve problems caused by design cannot reverse the waste generated by mass production. In bartering, the relationship between the objects and the people is once again being taken seriously. Hidden behind bartering is the complicated interaction between the people and the objects. People who engage in bartering can transform what people generally see as waste or ordinary objects into bargaining chips that can be exchanged with other products. Through bartering, they not only prevent the lives of some objects from ending prematurely due to people’s preference for new objects, but also let them continuously reveal their value and achieve the purpose of sustainability. Sustainable design aims to meet the requirements of economy, society, and ecology. In industrial design, usually, it reaches those goals through design using materials which can be recycled, shortening the manufacturing process, or considering the needs of the third world. This study adopted qualitative research to understand how users engage in bartering without using money transactions. This process allows the objects that are separated from the mainstream market mechanism to circulate between people and extend their life cycle. This study also clearly describes the characteristics of the exchanging process, hoping that such a sustainability rooted in the society can be adopted by designers and put into their thoughts about sustainable design. Through the concept of cherishing, sharing, and community, with the aid of networking technology, the objects are allowed to circulate longer among various people to reduce the generation of waste products and achieve sustainability more effectively.
Ovulation, pregnancy, placentation and husbandry in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)

The African elephant reproduces so efficiently in the wild that overpopulation is now a serious problem in some game parks in Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa. The female reaches puberty between 10 and 12 years of age in the wild and, when in captivity, shows oestrous cycles of 14–15 weeks duration. She readily conceives a singleton in the wild yet her uterus has the capacity for twins. She shows a gestation length of 22 months and, in the wild, shows a population density and feed dependent intercalving interval of 4–8 years. The trophoblast erodes the lumenal epithelium of the endometrium and stimulates upgrowths of blood vessel-containing stromal villi, which develop eventually into the broad, tightly folded lamellae of the zonary, endotheliochorial placenta. Significant quantities of leaked maternal erythrocytes and ferric iron are phagocytosed by specialized trophoblast cells in the haemophagous zones at the lateral edges of the placental band. Although the placenta itself is endocrinologically inert, the foetal gonads, which enlarge greatly during the second half of pregnancy can synthesize 5α-dihydryoprogesterone and other 5α pregnane derivatives from cholesterol and pregnenolone. These products may synergize with progestagens secreted by the 2–8 large corpora lutea which are always present in the maternal ovaries throughout gestation to maintain the pregnancy state.