Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Economic Valuation of Private Sector Waste Management Services

This paper reports a study regarding households’ willingness to pay for private sector solid waste management services. The data originated from a contingent valuation survey conducted in 224 households in Ilorin in southwest Nigeria and was analysed using tobit and censored least absolute deviations models. The use of a robust and consistent estimator to model zero willingness to pay responses was discussed. The results show that the respondents were willing to pay more than one percent of their household income per year. Their willingness to pay amount was influenced by income, education, activities of sanitary inspectors, house type and occupation. The censored least absolute deviations model outperformed the tobit model. We suggest that government agencies should be actively involved in monitoring activities of private firms regarding provision of waste management services. The findings from this study can help policy-makers in designing a more sustainable waste management strategy in southwest Nigeria, as well as in other developing countries.
DESIGN OF A LOW ENERGY ION BEAM FACILITY

A small electrostatic ring, and associated electrostatic injection beamlines, are being designed and developed. The ring will make possible a variety of experiments using a choice of many types of recirculating ions (e.g., from protons, H , and antiprotons up to and including large charged biomolecules). A reaction microscope will be incorporated into the ring to enable differential ionization experiments between the recirculating ion beam and gas jet targets. Two injection sections have been designed to cover a variety of ion sources. The facility will be portable to enable it to be moved between facilities and beamlines and it will be unique due to its combination of design elements, flexible beam properties, energy (ca 3-30 keV) and type of circulating particles. In this paper, we give an update on this project.
A Protease-Dependent Mechanism for Initiating T-Dependent B Cell Responses to Large Particulate Antigens

Ab production is critical for antimicrobial immunity, and the initial step in this process is the binding of Ag to the BCR. It has been shown that small soluble proteins can directly access the lymph node follicles to reach naive B cells, but virus particles must be translocated into follicles via subcapsular sinus macrophages. In this article, we explore how large particulate Ags generate humoral immune responses. Ag-specific follicular B cells rapidly acquired Ag, presented peptide:MHC class II ligands, and produced T-dependent Ab responses following s.c. injection of 1-μm, Ag-linked microspheres, despite the microspheres being confined to the subcapsular sinus. The mechanism of Ag acquisition did not require dendritic cells, subcapsular sinus macrophages, or B cell movement to the subcapsular sinus. Rather, B cell Ag acquisition was protease-dependent, suggesting that some protein Ags are cleaved from the surface of particles to directly initiate humoral immune responses.
Megaloblastic anemia during primidone (mysoline) therapy.

In the past two years, 15 cases of megaloblastic anemia occurring in patients undergoing anticonvulsant treatment with either diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) sodium or primidone (Mysoline) have been described in the British literature. A patient presenting a similar syndrome came under our care in 1954. Report of a Case A 48-year-old single woman, complaining of fits, was first seen in the clinic of the New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center in 1940. Examination revealed partial hemiparesis of the right side with associated muscle atrophy and flexion deformities of the limbs. The tentative diagnosis established was that of idiopathic epilepsy (grand mal and petit mal) and hemiparesis secondary to a birth injury. Therapy with phenobarbital was instituted and there was some diminution in the intensity of the sporadic seizures. Between 1940 and 1946, the patient received at one time or another various combinations of phenobarbital, sodium bromide, diphenylhydantoin, and trimethadione (Tridione) (table 1).
NHE 3 phosphorylation at serines 552 and 605 does not directly affect NHE 3 activity

Kocinsky HS, Dynia DW, Wang T, Aronson PS. NHE3 phosphorylation at serines 552 and 605 does not directly affect NHE3 activity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 293: F212–F218, 2007. First published April 4, 2007; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00042. 2007. —Direct phosphorylation of sodium hydrogen exchanger type 3 (NHE3) is a well-established physiological phenomenon; however, the exact role of NHE3 phosphorylation in its regulation remains unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether NHE3 phosphorylation at serines 552 and 605 is physiologically regulated in vivo and, if so, whether changes in phosphorylation at these sites are tightly coupled to changes in transport activity. To this end, we directly compared PKA-induced NHE3 inhibition with site-specific changes in NHE3 phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, PKA was activated using an intravenous infusion of parathyroid hormone in Sprague-Dawley rats. In vitro, PKA was activated directly in opossum kidney (OKP) cells using forskolin and IBMX. NHE3 activity was assayed in microvillar membrane vesicles in the rat model and by Na uptake in the OKP cell model. In both cases, NHE3 phosphorylation at serines 552 and 605 was determined using previously characterized monoclonal phosphospecific antibodies directed to these sites. In vivo, we found dramatic changes in NHE3 phosphorylation at serines 552 and 605 with PKA activation but no corresponding alteration in NHE3 activity. This dissociation between NHE3 phosphorylation and activity was further verified in OKP cells in which phosphorylation clearly preceded transport inhibition. We conclude that although phosphorylation of NHE3 at serines 552 and 605 is regulated by PKA both in vivo and in vitro, phosphorylation of these sites does not directly alter Na /H exchange activity.
Implementation complexity analysis of normalized threshold generalized selection combining

The implementation complexity of normalized threshold generalized threshold generalized selection combining (NT-GSC) is studied via calculating statistics of the number of combined branches. Using the probability space partition approach, the average number of combined branches and the variance on the number of combined branches are derived in compact forms. The resultant formulae is applicable to arbitrary fading channels provided that the independence of the fading is met.
Active PinScreen: Exploring Spatio-Temporal Tactile Feedbackfor Multi-Finger Interaction

Multiple fingers are often used for efficient interaction with handheld computing devices. Currently, any tactile feedback provided is felt on the finger pad or the palm with coarse granularity. In contrast, we present a new tactile feedback technique, Active PinScreen, that applies localised stimuli on multiple fingers with fine spatial and temporal resolution. The tactile screen uses an array of solenoid-actuated magnetic pins with millimetre scale form-factor which could be deployed for back-of-device handheld use without instrumenting the user. As well as presenting a detailed description of the prototype, we provide the potential design configurations and the applications of the Active PinScreen and evaluate the human factors of tactile interaction with multiple fingers in a controlled user evaluation. The results of our study show a high recognition rate for directional and patterned stimulation across different grip orientations as well as within- and between- fingers. We end the paper with a discussion of our main findings, limitations in the current design and directions for future work.
Relationship Between Severity of Gonarthrosis and Cardiovascular Fitness

&NA; Cardiovascular fitness was assessed in 3 groups of patients having varying severity of gonarthrosis. Group I consisted of 16 patients with severe knee symptoms scheduled for total knee arthroplasty. Group II included 17 patients with medically treated osteoarthrosis who were not considered surgical candidates because knee symptoms were not severe. Group III consisted of 14 healthy control patients with no lower extremity arthritis. All patients were evaluated with Hospital for Special Surgery knee scores, Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale questionnaires, and a cardiopulmonary exercise test using semi‐up‐right bicycle ergometry. All patients achieved anaerobic threshold during exercise. Mean (± standard deviation) maximum oxygen consumption (VO2) at peak exercise was 13.9 ± 3.3 for Group I, 16.2 ± 4.1 for Group II, and 21.5 ± 3.9 for Group III. Mean (± standard deviation) Hospital for Special Surgery score was 55 ± 7 for Group I, 70 ± 14 for Group II, and 100 ± 1 for Group III. Lower Hospital for Special Surgery score was associated with lower VO2 at peak exercise, suggesting that inactivity secondary to more severe arthritic symptoms can result in cardiovascular deconditioning. The association between severity of gonarthrosis and cardiovascular deconditioning supports the concept that a regular exercise program should be recommended for patients with arthritis. Also, for patients who are surgical candidates, the practice of delaying total knee arthroplasty may be associated with worsening cardiovascular fitness, particularly when physical activity becomes more limited. The expected longevity of implant function as well as the effect of continued arthritic symptoms on cardiovascular fitness should be considered when determining the optimal time for a patient to undergo total knee arthroplasty.
Risk Management for Computer Security - Protecting Your Network and Information Assets

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Long time follow up of CD28− CD4+ T cells in living kidney transplant patients

Abstract: We previously reported that the CD28− CD4+ T cell subpopulation was expanded in the kidney allograft patients with long graft survival, although these T cells were rarely found in patients with graft survival <5 yr. To understand the CD28− CD4+ T cells in the long‐term acceptance of kidney allografts, we examined functions of this population and performed a 4 yr follow up study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from 47 long‐term living related kidney allograft recipients. CD28+ CD4+ and CD28− CD4+ T cells purified by cell sorting were analyzed for expression of V repertoire. Donor‐specific response was examined in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). A follow up study with long‐term kidney allograft patients was performed for 4 yr about the rate of CD28− CD4+ T cells. Eleven patients were examined by MLRs against donors and third party. Four patients with a marked increase of CD28− CD4+ T cells showed the donor‐specific responses appeared to be lower when compared with third party‐specific responses. Freshly sorted CD28− CD4+ T cells showed a restricted V repertoire, whereas the V usage of CD28+ CD4+ T cells from the same patients was much diversified. Such difference in V repertoire was not evident between the two populations from healthy control. A follow up study showed the ratio of CD28− CD4+ T cells appeared to be lower in patients who were suspected of chronic rejection. These unusual CD4+ T cells might be related to the long‐term acceptance of human transplant allografts.
Generation of Osr1 conditional mutant mice

The Odd‐skipped related 1 (Osr1) gene encodes a zinc finger protein homologous to the Drosophila Odd‐skipped transcription factor. During mouse embryogenesis, Osr1 is expressed in multiple tissues, including the developing heart, kidney, limb, lung, and craniofacial structures. Although characterization of targeted mutant mice has revealed essential roles for Osr1 in heart and kidney development, the embryonic lethality of the Osr1 null mice has hindered investigation of its role in many other developmental processes. We report here the generation of conditional mutant mice containing two loxP sites flanking exon 2 of the Osr1 gene. Mice homozygous for this targeted Osr1 fneo allele are normal and fertile. Crossing the Osr1fneo/fneo mice with the EIIa‐Cre transgenic mice resulted in Cre‐mediated deletion of the loxP‐flanked Exon2 in the germ line and mice homozygous for this deletion recapitulated the Osr1 null mutant phenotypes. The Osr1 fneo conditional mice will be valuable for tissue‐specific analysis of the roles of Osr1 in embryonic and postnatal developmental processes. genesis 49:419–422, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A framework for unsupervised change detection in activity recognition

Purpose This purpose of this paper is to develop a change detection technique for activity recognition model. The approach aims to detect changes in the initial accuracy of the model after training and when the model is deployed for recognizing new unseen activities without access to the ground truth. The changes between the two sessions may occur because of differences in sensor placement, orientation and user characteristics such as age and gender. However, many of the existing approaches for model adaptation in activity recognition are blind methods because they continuously adapt the recognition model without explicit detection of changes in the model performance. Design/methodology/approach The approach determines the variation between reference activity data belonging to different classes and newly classified unseen data. If there is coherency between the data, it means the model is correctly classifying the instances; otherwise, a significant variation indicates wrong instances are being classified to different classes. Thus, the approach is formulated as a two-level architectural framework comprising of the off-line phase and the online phase. The off-line phase extracts of Shewart Chart change parameters from the training data set. The online phase performs classification of new samples and the detection of the changes in each class of activity present in the data set by using the change parameters computed earlier. Findings The approach is evaluated using a real activity-recognition data set. The results show that there are consistent detections that correlate with the error rate of the model. Originality/value The developed approach does not use ground truth to detect classifier performance degradation. Rather, it uses a data discrimination method and a base classifier to detect the changes by using the parameters computed from the reference data of each class to discriminate outliers in the new data being classified to the same class. The approach is the first, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, that addresses the problem of detecting within-user and cross-user variations that lead to concept drift in activity recognition. The approach is also the first to use statistical process control method for change detection in activity recognition, with a robust integrated framework that seamlessly detects variations in the underlying model performance.
The cost of sleep-related accidents: a report for the National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research.

This report, prepared for the National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research, explores the economic implications of sleepiness in relation to accidents. In Part One, I describe the frequency of accidents in the United States and explain a method for estimating the economic cost of these of accidents. Accidents are the fourth leading cause of mortality in the United States, and motor-vehicle accidents represent 51% of total deaths caused by accidents. The method used for calculating the cost of accidents is called "the human capital approach". It is based on the principle that "one person produces a sum of output during his/her life-time, which can be approximated by his/her earnings". It is necessary to understand that this estimate of human value is not intended to reduce human beings to a sum of earnings during his/her lifetime. It does, however, serve as a useful indicator in making decisions regarding public health policy for the country. The results of the total cost of accidents and the relative costs for work-related, home-based and public accidents in 1988 are discussed. In Part Two, I explore the role sleepiness plays in contributing to the total number of accidents. The difficulty of researching this subject is compounded by the fact that reports of rates of accidents related to sleepiness differ significantly from author to author. This is true both for drivers with sleep disorders and those without. We have calculated two different rates for estimating the number of motor-vehicle accidents caused by sleepiness. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Weaknesses of a Remote User Authentication Scheme Using Smart Cards for Multi-Server Architecture

Recently, Lin, Hwang, and Li proposed an efficient remote authentication scheme using smart cards for multi-server architecture based on the geometric property of the Euclidean plane. Herein, we show that their scheme is vulnerable to two forgery attacks and a password-guessing attack, and is not easily repairable. Furthermore, their scheme lacks a proper user eviction mechanism.
Flavor potentiators.

This review provides extensive presentation and evaluation of data relative to flavor potentiation, including the historical, chemical, organoleptic, metabolic, physiological, and consumptive properties of the commonly available flavor potentiators, which are primarily monosodium glutamate and 5'-nucleotides. In addition, their food occurrences, mode of action, manufacturing procedures, and methods of analyses will be discussed. Also, attention will be given to miscellaneous compounds that possess flavor potentiating properties.
Trade-offs between seedling growth and survival in deciduous broadleaved trees in a temperate forest.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS In spatially heterogeneous environments, a trade-off between seedling survival and relative growth rate may promote the coexistence of plant species. In temperate forests, however, little support for this hypothesis has been found under field conditions, as compared with shade-house experiments. Performance trade-offs were examined over a large resource gradient in a temperate hardwood forest. METHODS The relationship between seedling survival and seedling relative growth rate in mass (RGR(M)) or height (RGR(H)) was examined at three levels of canopy cover (forest understorey, FU; small gap, SG; and large gap, LG) and at two microsites within each level of canopy cover (presence or absence of leaf litter) for five deciduous broad-leaved tree species with different seed sizes. KEY RESULTS Within each species, both RGR(M) and RGR(H) usually increased with increasing light levels (in the order FU < SG < LG), whereas little difference was observed based on the presence or absence of litter. Seedling survival in FU was negatively correlated with both RGR(M) and RGR(H) in both LG and SG. The trade-off between high-light growth and low-light survival was more evident in the relationship with LG as compared with SG. An intraspecific trade-off between survival and RGR was observed along environmental gradients in Acer mono, whereas seedlings of Betula platyphylla var. japonica survived and grew better in LG. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here strongly support the idea of light gradient partitioning (i.e. species coexistence) in spatially heterogeneous light environments in temperate forests, and that further species diversity would be promoted by increased spatial heterogeneity. The intraspecific trade-off between survival and RGR in Acer suggests that it has broad habitat requirements, whereas Betula has narrow habitat requirements and specializes in high-light environments.
Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a general population of young adults. Echocardiographic analysis of 4111 subjects in the CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults.

BACKGROUND Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetically transmitted disease and an important cause of morbidity and sudden cardiac death in young people, including competitive athletes. At present, however, few data exist to estimate the prevalence of this disease in large populations. METHODS AND RESULTS As part of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults (CARDIA) Study, an epidemiological study of coronary risk factors, 4111 men and women 23 to 35 years of age selected from the general population of four urban centers had technically satisfactory echocardiographic studies during 1987 through 1988. Probable or definite echocardiographic evidence of HCM was present in 7 subjects (0.17%) on the basis of identification of a hypertrophied, nondilated left ventricle and maximal wall thickness > or = 15 mm that were not associated with systemic hypertension. Prevalence in men and women was 0.26:0.09%; in blacks and whites, 0.24:0.10%. Ventricular septal thickness was 15 to 21 mm (mean, 17 mm) in the 7 subjects. Only 1 of the 7 subjects had ever experienced important cardiac symptoms attributable to HCM, had previously been suspected of having cardiovascular disease, or had obstruction to left ventricular outflow; 4 other subjects had relatively mild systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve that was insufficient to produce dynamic basal outflow obstruction. ECGs were abnormal in 5 of the 7 subjects. Five other study subjects had left ventricular wall thicknesses of 15 to 21 mm that were a consequence of systemic hypertension. CONCLUSIONS HCM was present in about 2 of 1000 young adults. These unique population-based data will aid in assessments of the impact of HCM-related mortality and morbidity in the general population and the practicality of screening large populations for HCM, including those comprising competitive athletes.