Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of oxidative stress in renal injury related to obesity

The mechanisms linking obesity to kidney damage are unknown. The kidney is a target organ for lesions caused by AGEs. The receptor of AGEs (RAGE) has proinflammatory stimuli and appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of renal disease. Thus, treatment with antioxidants can be beneficial for the prevention and therapy of oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidneys resulting from obesity.
The Role of Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Cancers

Tobacco and alcohol are well-established risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), but it can also develop in individuals not exposed to them. However, only a small proportion of tobacco exposed individuals have developed HNSCC, and there is an emerging tumoral population who lack exposure to these mentioned risk factors, suggesting that others factors can play a role in head and neck carcinogenesis. Over the past two decades, the role of high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) has been studied through several studies worldwide, and data supporting its role as a causative agent in the development and progression of a subset of HNSCC has been controversial, with considerable variability in frequency depending on the population studied, tumor localization, quality of samples and technical resources utilized for HPV detection. As is the case in cervical and anogenital carcinomas, the most frequently detected high-risk HPVs in HNSCC are the 16 and 18 genotypes. The tonsils and oropharynx are the specific sites associated with higher risk of HPV oncogenic transformation, and investigations suggest that HPV infection in these anatomic sites is an independent risk factor for carcinogenesis. The establishment and maintenance of HPV genomes in the squamous epithelium and HPV-related HNSCC cancer is believed to be originated by oncogenic potential of HPV integration into host DNA genome and their ability to manipulate cell cycle regulators, resulting in deregulated expression of oncoproteins such as E6, which promotes degradation of the tumor suppressor protein p53, allowing cells to evade cell cycle checkpoints, and also E7, which binds to retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and could promote the entrance in S1 phase of cell cycle, leading to disruption of normal cell cycle controls. Following cell division, infected cells leave the basal layer, migrate towards the suprabasal regions and begin to differentiate. Increased understanding of cervical pathogenesis has led to confirmation of HPV as an etiological agent for cancers and consequently to the development of preventive vaccines targeting HPV antigens for the control of cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine was developed as a result of the achievement of core technologies able to produce virus-like
Effects of the exchange rate on the adoption of hedge accounting

Under Accounting Statement CPC 38, from 2010 on Brazilian listed companies started adopting standards correspondent to IAS 39 and SFAS 133 regarding hedge accounting, whose disclosure is facultative and, in cash-flow hedge operations, may avoid losses disclosure in the income statements due to deferred values in other comprehensive income (OCI). In this scenario, by means of a statistical analytic model we investigate whether firm’s high financial exposure to currency risk in a high exchange rate volatility environment affects firm’s OCI balances and, in addition to tax-driven decisions, the adoption of hedge accounting from 2010 to 2017. Our results confirm that hedge accounting choice is strongly correlated to earnings smoothing, due to exchange rate losses avoidance in periods of volatility, corroborating earnings management theory and pointing to the necessity of standards improvements.
UNDERSTANDING PATTERNS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 SHEDDING AND COLONISATION IN CATTLE AND THEIR ROLE IN TRANSMISSION

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a human pathogen capable of causing severe disease due to the release of the phage-encoded exotoxin Shiga toxin (Stx). The primary reservoir of E. coli O157:H7 is cattle from which the organism is shed asymptomatically and colonises specifically at the terminal rectum (TR). Prevalence rates in cattle vary and shedding is transient making determination of transmission routes difficult. This thesis aims to gain further understanding of shedding patterns and transmission of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle to inform future control strategies. Rates of E. coli O157:H7 replication in gut contents and exceptional replication rates in TR mucus revealed that passive shedding could explain both low and high faecal counts observed in epidemiological studies and that replication in TR mucus coincides with high rates of attachment to bovine terminal rectum epithelial (BTRE) cells. The rumen was identified as a critical point of control of bacterial numbers which could be exploited in future control strategies which should also consider the potential for passive shedding and environmental replication to maintain E. coli O157:H7 populations on farms in the absence of a colonised animal. Transmission studies showed that while useful for studying colonisation of cattle, Stx- strains of E. coli O157:H7 are unable to transmit effectively compared to Stx+ strains and are not appropriate for use in experimental transmission studies. Differences observed between shedding and transmission of phage type (PT) 21/28 and PT 32 strains could explain why PT 21/28 is more common in cattle and humans. Studies of replication and colonisation of the strains from the transmission studies revealed that PT 21/28 is better able to replicate, attach and increase in number on BTRE cells compared to PT 32 and Stx- W3. These advantages to survival and colonisation indicate how PT 21/28 strains could out-compete other strains to persist in cattle populations.
Characterization and Enhanced Processing of Soluble, Oligomeric gp140 Envelope Glycoproteins Derived from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Primary Isolates

Abstract : HIV-1 first interacts with host cells through its envelope glycoprotein (Env), the major target of neutralizing antibodies. The biologically relevant form of Env is an oligomer, both in its presentation to the immune system and in virus entry. Also, native Env is cleaved into its gp120 and gp41 non-covalently associated subunits. Env-based vaccines have thus far failed to efficiently generate broadly cross-reactive, neutralizing antibodies towards primary isolates. Possible explanations for their failure are either they were derived from laboratory-adapted strains or they have not preserved the conformational structures necessary to elicit broadly reactive responses. Producing a broadly effective Env-based vaccine is also potentially complicated by the existence of multiple HIV-1 genotypes. Here, I have constructed a panel of truncated env genes from primary isolates of several different HIV-1 clades. Recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing these genes produce a secreted Env known as gp140. These gp140s were characterized by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and size exclusion chromatography analyses to determine oligomeric status and degree of processing. While most processed gp140s dissociated to monomeric forms, there was evidence that certain isolates could retain gp120 in an oligomer. A large scale purification scheme was developed using lentil lectin affinity and size exclusion chromatographies to prepare gp140 oligomers. Pre- and post-production processing enhancers (furin and plasmin) were examined as means to bolster the amount of processed gp140, and reducible crosslinkers were employed to analyze the ability of processed gp140 to maintain oligomeric forms. The antigenic properties of the gp140s, both cleaved vs. uncleaved, and crosslinked vs. non-crosslinked, were analyzed by immunoprecipitation with a panel of well-characterized human and mouse antibodies.
Biochemische Charakterisierung von PpoA aus Aspergillus nidulans

In the present work Psi-factor- producing oxygenases from Aspergillus nidulans, so called Ppo-enzymes have been studied and characterized. These enzymes are known to possess regulatory functions with respect to the fungal development and mycotoxin production. Bioinformatic analysis predicted two different heme domains for Ppo-enzymes: a fatty acid heme dioxygenase/peroxidase domain in the N-terminal region and a cytochrome-P450 domain in the C-terminal region. In order to study the biochemical properties of PpoA and PpoC, a heterologous E. coli expression system and a protein purification protocol have been established. While PpoA was purified to homogeneity in high amounts, PpoC appeared to be instable and lost its catalytic activity within a few minutes. PpoA was identified as a homotetrameric ferric heme protein that catalyzes the oxidation of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The presence of the thiolate ligated heme of the cytochrome-P450 domain was confirmed on the basis of sequence alignments, a characteristic heme-CO-spectrum and EPR-spectroscopy. Studies on the reaction mechanism showed that PpoA uses two different heme domains to catalyze two separate reactions. In a first reaction step linoleic acid is oxidized within the N-terminal fatty acid heme dioxygenase/peroxidase domain to (8R)-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid. A tyrosyl-radical is formed during this reaction that abstracts an H-atom from C-8 of the fatty acid yielding a carbon-centered radical which in turn reacts with molecular dioxygen and the intermediate product (8R)-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid is formed. In the second reaction step, 8-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid is isomerized within the P450 heme thiolate domain to 5,8-dihydroxyoctadecadienoic acid. In contrast to PpoA PpoC harbors only the N-terminal fatty-acid-heme-dioxygenase/peroxidase domain and catalyzes mainly the dioxygenation of linoleic acid at the C-10 yielding 10-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid and the corresponding hydroxyl-derivative. No isomerase activity was detected. Additionally, 10-HPODE was converted at low rates into 10-KODE (10-keto-octadecadienoic acid) and 10-HODE (10-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid). In parallel, decomposition of 10-HPODE into 10-ODA (10-octadecynoic acid) and volatile C-8 alcohols that are, among other things, responsible for the characteristic mushroom flavor was observed. By using site-directed mutagenesis it was demonstrated that both enzymes share a similar mechanism for the oxidation of linoleic acid ; they both use a conserved tyrosine residue for catalysis and the directed oxygenation at the C-8 and C-10 is most likely controlled by a conserved amino acid residue in the dioxygenase domain that shields either the C-8 or C-10 of the fatty acid from molecular oxygen.
Fungicides, Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitors

Tricyclazole, pyroquilon, phthalide, and carpropamid are melanin biosynthesis inhibitors (MBIs) that are used as fungicides for the control of the rice blast disease. The primary targets of these chemicals are enzyme(s) in the biosynthesis pathway of a fungal melanin, the dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin. DHN melanin is a black pigment synthesized through the pentaketide pathway that includes fusion of five isoprenyl units, two sets of alternating reduction and dehydration steps, and polymerization of 1, 8-dihydroxynaphthalene. Tricyclazole, pyroquilon, and phthalide inhibit the reduction step(s), and carpropamid inhibits the dehydration steps. MBIs inhibit the rice blast disease without fungicidal activity. This selective activity of MBIs may offer advantages over conventional fungi toxic chemicals which act on biochemical processes common to many nontarget organisms in the environment. We describe the following information of the four MBIs; nomenclature, physical properties, agricultural uses, mode of action, metabolism and environmental fate, toxicology and safety aspects. To explain the superior features of MBIs, we provide the detailed mode of action of these chemicals. Keywords: melanin biosynthesis inhibitor; rice blast fungus; Pyricularia oryzae; Magnaporthe grisea; hydroxynaphthalene reductase; scytalone dehydratase
Biology of Female Cancers

Introduction to the Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer, S.P. Langdon and W.R. Miller Introduction to Breast Cancer, A.P.M. Forrest Hormonal, Growth Factor, and Cytokine Control of Breast Cancer, W.R. Miller and S.P. Langdon Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes in Breast Cancer, R.A. Walker Biological Basis for Therapy in Breast Cancer, D.A. Cameron and R.C. F. Leonard Ovarian Cancer-An Introduction, H. Gabra and J.F. Smyth Hormonal, Growth Factor, and Cytokine Control of Ovarian Cancer, S.P. Langdon, B.J.B. Simpson, J.M.S. Bartlett, and W.R. Miller Oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes in Ovarian Cancer, C.M. Steel and H. Gabra Ovarian Cancer: Biological Basis of Therapy, J.S. Beesley, K.V. Ferry, S.W. Johnson, A.K. Godwin, and T.C. Hamilton Biological Strategies in the Therapy of Gynecologic Cancers, J.M. Mathis, C.Y. Muller, V.E. von Gruenigen, and D.S. Miller Endometrial Cancer: An Introduction, R.J.B. King Endometrial Carcinoma: Steroid Hormones, Growth Factors, and Cytokines, P.G. Satyaswaroop and S. Tabibzadeh Alterations of Oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes in Endometrial Cancer, A. Berchuck, A. Evans, and J. Boyd Cervical Cancer and Its Precursors-An Introduction, T.C. Wright and T.W. Park Cervical Cancer: Hormones, Growth Factors, and Cytokines, R. Leake Oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes in Cervical Cancer, C. Busby-Earle Vulval Neoplasia, G. Smart, M.J. Arends, and A. Al-Nafussi Gestational Trophoblastic Disease, G.L. Mutter Hereditary Aspects of Female Cancers, A.P. Shapter, A. Berchuck, and B.Y. Karlan
Consumer Perception Towards Brand Extension

This study attempts to examine consumer evaluation of brand extension in the Nepalese brand context. Major objective of the study was to how consumer perceives brand evaluation in Nepal. Two hundred convenient samples were taken in this study. Structured questionnaires were designed to collect data. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis was used to summarize the data, to check the relation and to test the hypotheses. The research confirmed moderate correlation among brand extension with all the predictors like parent brand reputation, brand consistency, complementary features, substitutability features, transferability features, consumer innovativeness and consumer/user status.
Activity of lignin biosynthesis enzymes during fibre ring and shell formation of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) fruit - tenera variety.

The functional compartmentation of lignifying enzymes Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), Cinnamyl alcoholNADPHdehydrogenase (CAD) and Peroxidase (POD) during the development of mesocarp, fibre ring and endocarp in tenera variety was established by biochemical analysis. Maximum lignin content was noticed at 8, 12 and 16 weeks after pollination (WAP) in endocarp, mesocarp and fibre ring respectively, suggesting the three different maturation phases of the tissues. The soluble phenols of mesocarp, endocarp and fibre ring at their developmental stages was analysed using reverse phase highperformance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC). Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation demonstrated fhe>differentiation of mesocarp, endocarp and fibre ring tissues and their lignified nature in tenerafruit.The waxing and waning of cinnamic acid content with respect to the lignin synthesis corroborates the biochemical data.
Organic acid exudation associated with aluminium stress tolerance in triticale and wheat

Three triticale cultivars differing in aluminium (Al) stress response, together with 1 Al-tolerant wheat cultivar (Carazinho) and 1 Al-tolerant wheat line (ET3), were used to investigate the root exudation of organic acids during Al stress. The likely relationship of organic acid exudation with Al tolerance, as assessed by root regrowth in nutrient solutions, was also examined. An enzymatic assay was used to detect malate release from both root tips and the whole root system; high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was also used to measure the exudation of organic acids from Al-stressed root tips. The enzymatic assay revealed some associations between Al tolerance and malate efflux from Al-stressed wheat or triticale roots, although Al-tolerant triticale cvv. Tahara and 19th ITSN 70-4 released less malate than the Al-tolerant wheat. HPLC analysis indicated that malate and citrate were not the main exudates related to the different levels of Al tolerance in these triticale cultivars. A yet to be identified organic acid in 19th ITSN 70-4 showed significant concentration differences from 2 other cultivars tested. This study highlighted the importance and necessity of elucidating the biochemical mechanisms involved in Al stress tolerance in triticale and other crops.
The Oncogenic Role of RhoGAPs in Basal-Like Breast Cancer

Abstract : The basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) subtype accounts for a high percentage of overall breast cancer mortality. The current therapeutic options for BLBC are ineffective; hence, elucidating signaling pathways that drive BLBC growth may identify novel targets for the development of effective therapies. Rho GTPases have previously been implicated in promoting tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. These proteins are inactivated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), which have generally been presumed to act as tumor suppressors. Surprisingly, microarray analysis for the expression of Rho GTPase regulators revealed significant upregulation of several RhoGAP genes in BLBCs. The aim of our research is to characterize the role of two of these RhoGAPs, ArhGAP11A and RacGAP1, in BLBC development. In BLBC cell lines, shRNA-mediated knockdown of ArhGAP11A resulted in significant proliferation defects that were caused via p27Kip1-mediated induction of cell cycle arrest. ArhGAP11A was also found to control cell spreading and migration. RacGAP1 depletion significantly retarded BLBC growth but, in contrast to ArhGAP11A, this was due to the combined effects of cytokinesis failure, p21WAF1/Cip1-mediated pRb inhibition, and the onset of senescence. In summary, we have established that ArhGAP11A and RacGAP1 are both critical to in vitro BLBC growth, consistent with an oncogenic role for these GAPs.
A Meta-Analysis of Social Media & Learning Studies in Educational Research

Abstract Understanding the main focus of social media for learning studies and how they are conducted is important to understand where the research is headed. Hence, this study is aimed to explore and analyze state of the art articles that focus on both social media and learning. Meta-analysis is employed as a methodology and 152 articles published between 2008 and 2017 are investigated through content analysis. The results are interpreted with descriptive statistics. As a result, it is found that; (1) most of the studies incorporate Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube for learning, (2) the majority of studies are based on students, (3) quantitative approach using surveys are frequent while case studies and experimental designs are the primary means of research method, (4) higher education is in the focus of the studies, (5) Europe contributed to the literature the most, and (6) the number of studies is increasing throughout the years. Editor: H. Kemal Ilter, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Turkey Received: August 19, 2018, Accepted: October 18, 2018, Published: November 10, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 IMISC Kutlu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Carbon allocation in ectomycorrhizas

Abstract In ectomycorrhizas, mutual benefit between the plant and fungal partners is due to the exchange of plant-derived carbohydrates for amino acids and nutrients supplied by the fungus. Sucrose, the major plant transport carbohydrate, is hydrolysed in the common apoplastic interface, and monosaccharides are taken up by both the fungal partner and root cortical cells. The plant partner reduces its import capacity for monosaccharides in the symbiosis, presumably due to its supply of fungus-derived amino acids. In contrast, the expression of an Amanita muscaria monosaccharide transporter (there is evidence that it is the only one in this fungus) was enhanced approx. 4–6-fold in ectomycorrhizas compared to soil growing hyphae, leading to a significant increase of the fungal monosaccharide import capacity in symbiosis. This strong carbohydrate sink might explain why, in ectomycorrhizas, up to 30% of the total photoassimilate production is transferred to the fungal partner. The plant on the other hand compensates for this carbohydrate loss by increasing its photosynthetic efficiency. Monosaccharides are not only important for fungal growth and function, but also constitute signal molecules that regulate fungal and presumably also plant gene expression in symbiosis. Two types of sugar-controlled gene regulation could be distinguished in the ectomycorrhizal fungus A. muscaria. The first is gene repression. The expression of a phenylalanine ammonia lyase is strongly repressed by external hexoses. This type of monosaccharide-dependent control is possibly regulated by hexokinase as a sensor. The second is gene induction. The expression of an A. muscaria monosaccharide transporter is increased when the external hexose concentration exceeds 5 m M . The sensor as well as the mechanism of this sugar-regulated induction of gene expression is still unknown.
Comparative efficacy of some neonicotinoids and traditional insecticides on sucking insect pests and their natural enemies on Bt-121 cotton crop.

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to determine efficacy of four neonicotinoids viz; nitenpyram 10SL, thiacloprid 480SC,imidacloprid 200SL, acetamaprid 20SL and four traditional insecticides such as profenofos 50EC, methidathion 40EC,bifenthrin 10EC, λ-cyhalothrin 2.5EC at their recommended field doses against sucking insect pests of cotton and theirnatural enemies on cotton variety Bt-121 at a farmers’ field in Multan. The data on post spray number of insect per leafwas taken to find difference among treatments. The results showed that nitenpyram, thiacloprid and imidacloprid weresafer to natural enemies and toxic for the sucking pests as compared to conventional insecticides. The range of percentsurvival of the green lacewings (42.5-87.5 and 37.5-57.5), lady bird beetle (50.0-60.0 and 26.6-46.6) and pirate bug(28.0-60.0 and 24.0-57.0) was in neonicotinoids and conventional insecticide treated plots, respectively. The use ofneonicotinoids for compatibility into integrated pest management is discussed.Key words: predators, OPs, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, sucking insects, Bt cotton, field.
Azadirachta indica (Neem): A Review

Azadirachta indica is variously known as Sacred Tree. Neem seed pulp is useful for methane gas production. Neem is a fast-growing tree that can reach a height of 15–20 m, rarely to 35–40 m. All parts of Neem tree used as anthelmintic, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, contraceptive and sedative. Neem tree is used in many medicinal treatment like skin diseases, healthy hair, improve liver function, detoxify the blood, pest and disease control, fever reduction, dental treatments, cough, asthma, ulcers, piles, intestinal worms, urinary diseases etc. the article is aims to study the medicinal properties of whole Neem plant in various disorders of mankind. Keywords: Azadirachta indica , anti-fungal, medicinal treatment, anti-bacterial Cite this Article Shikha Marwah. Azadirachta indica(Neem): A Review. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacognosy . 2016; 3(2): 11–18p.