Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Commentary by Speck

Several decades ago, researchers began identifying the determinants of physical activity (exercise) as a way of understanding individual characteristics of various activity levels. Most samples in early research were White males. When it became apparent in all research that results were not necessarily generalizable to the general population, researchers began including in samples women, ethnic and racial minorities, and participants in varied socioeconomic levels (SES) and across the life span. The article “Rural Women Walking for Health” reports the qualitative results related to physical-activity barriers and motivators in rural women and makes an important contribution to the physical-activity literature. One identified barrier theme was balancing family and self. Perceiving family responsibilities before self is a female gender role similarly experienced by other groups of women, such as single parents and low-SES women. This barrier is expressed in almost all female groups within a larger context, as lack of time and much of the time factor is described as family and domestic responsibilities. This was the greatest barrier for the focus-group women in this study and included time and taking care of family responsibilities before taking care of self. Other barrier themes were chronic illness and the disruptions to routine caused by chronic conditions. Chronic illnesses are prevalent in the general population with a greater prevalence in subgroups of disadvantaged women. Rural women in this sample had higher education levels than the general population (income levels were not reported), indicating that they may have higher SES than rural women in general. It is important to note that the women, in spite of potentially higher SES, did identify illness as a barrier. Break in routine was a theme of relapse and is, in general, evident in the number of women who begin exercise programs and drop out before 6 months; however, this is not necessarily reported as a barrier. Although the categories in this study have different names, the themes are similar to barriers reported by women in general or other specific subgroups. It is reasonable that motivators identified by rural women in the focus groups related to group social support and self-efficacy because both were important components of the intervention. Benefits of group participation are well-known, although there are individual preferences and variations. Western Journal of Nursing Research Volume 30 Number 3 April 2008 317-319 © 2008 Sage Publications 10.1177/0193945907303037 http://wjn.sagepub. com hosted at http://online.sagepub. com
Practice Notes: Strategies in Health Education

s for Practice Notes and all correspondence concerning abstract review should be sent to Lisa D. Lieberman, Healthy Concepts, 29 Ardsley Drive, New City, NY 10956. Submissions can be mailed (include one hard copy and disk in Word format or Word Perfect) or sent by e-mail attachment to llhealth@optonline.net in Word format. Published manuscript length is approximately 300 words (excluding headings and contact information). Submitted manuscripts may be up to 700 words and will be edited for length and clarity. Include the following: name of initiative or program, contact person, sponsoring agency or agencies, address, and phone number. The program description should include the following headings: Objectives, Assessment of Needs, Program Strategy (e.g., risk reduction, community organizing, media advocacy, disease management, policy advocacy, coalition building, social support, etc.), Evaluation Approach, and Implications for Practitioners (including descriptions of any special challenges or unique circumstances that the project has overcome). Authors should not include evaluation results because Practice Notes is intended to describe processes and programs, not to assess outcomes. Submissions will be judged on applicability and utility to the health education practitioner, clarity of objectives, innovativeness and creativity, existence of evaluation plan, and potential replicability. Additional artwork, graphs, or tables may be submitted in camera-ready form.
National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Presentations

m t s p M S o s s resentation 1 eview of Walk-Test Methodology on Overall Performance and ariability of Performance. James E. Graham (University of exas Medical Branch–Galveston, United States). isclosure: None declared. Objectives: To describe differences in walk-test methodology in the ealth care literature and to assess whether these differences affect erformance and/or variability of performance. Design: Systematic iterature review and pooled analysis. Setting: Walk-test literature rom various clinical and laboratory settings. Participants: Patient and control) groups from numerous diagnostic and age categories N 23,631). Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Meaures: Mean walking velocity and velocity coefficient of variation CV) relative to instructions for pace, testing protocol, and distance imed. Results: The most frequent distance utilized was 10m. Nearly 0% of studies did not describe test protocol or instructed pace. nalysis of covariance yielded significant main effects of age and pace or walking velocity, but not CV. No significant differences were bserved between 10-m and 4to 6-m walks for either outcome. onclusions: Walk-test data are not measured or reported uniformly. ace is the single most important methodologic factor influencing elocity. More important, it appears that test protocol may affect linical interpretation. Additional study is necessary to verify the esults of this comprehensive review and analysis. In the interim, a ommon protocol (ie, static start) of practical distance (ie, 4 6m) hould be promoted, with pace being determined by the underlying bjective of the assessment and intervention.
Frecuencia de administración de psicoestimulantes en escolares de primero a sexto básico en Talca Stimulant drugs intake among fi rst to sixth grade schoolchildren in Talca

Background: Stimulant drugs are frequently prescribed in the treatment of Attention-Defi Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children. Drug prescription is associated with children’s age and gender. Chile has few reports of Stimulant drugs prescription and there are no records in our region. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of Stimulant drugs intake in schoolchildren from fi rst to sixth grade in Talca. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study in schoolchildren attending fi rst to sixth grade at urban schools in Talca was performed. The schools were stratifi ed according to socioeconomic status. A list with sex and age of the children was obtained from the headmaster of each school. The information about stimulant drugs prescription was provided by the class teacher or the person in charge of special education. Results: We studied 2,905 children, 1.76% of them were under stimulant drugs, 0.96% took methylphenidate and 0.76% took dexamphetamine. Administration of ADHD drugs was higher in boys than in girls (OR = 5.8; 95% IC: 1.35-4.43), in fourth grade students (OR = 2.3; 95%, IC: 1.26-4.15) and in 11-year-old children (OR = 2,4; 95%, IC: 1,35-4,43). Intake of methylphenidate was higher in the highest socioeconomic status (p = 0.0496), while the highest intake of dexamphetamine was found in the lowest socioeconomic status (p = 0.0014). Discussion: The use of stimulant drugs medication is low in Talca compared to national records. The prescription of these drugs is related to the age, sex of the students while the kind of drug prescribed was related to the socioeconomic status of the child.
Crafting Leaders for Educational Change: Head Teacher's Perspectives about A Tailor Made Professional Development Programme

This research reports a study conducted in Gilgit-Baltistan of Pakistan. The purpose of the study is to explore the CELM experiences of a government school head teacher. A qualitative case study method was used to investigate the subject matter. The participant was selected on the basis of pre-determined criteria that s/he has participated in the whole intervention programme, and completed all the mandatory tasks assigned during the whole intervention period. The findings of the study showed that CELM intervention has been instrumental in bringing about a significant effect on the professional approaches of the head teacher. On one hand he has enriched his professional attitude while on the other hand he is more sensitized towards students’ developmental needs and school development activities. He has initiated various programmes related to community participation, team building and encouraging teachers. Apart from his personal professional growth by acquiring various skills, he has brought about visible changes in school premises. They include initiation of portfolios, creation of learning environment in the classrooms to maximize students’ participation and introduction of new assessment procedures. Since the role of head teacher is directly associated with all the stakeholders of a school community, and success of any initiation depends upon active involvement of head teacher, therefore the study recommends that this aspect must be given extra attention to further strengthen the timely needed capabilities of head teachers. This ultimately can feat students’ performance through developed head teacher’s approaches for effective involvement of all the stakeholders in school improvement matters.
Changes in oral mucosa during CMV infection in patient after renal transplantation

The paper presents the case of pathological changes located at oral mucosa induced by cytomegalovirus (CMV) in a 18-year old girl, the recipient of renal transplant treated with multi-drug immunosupression. We described the characteristic lesions occurred in oral cavity and showed diagnostic methods for the direct identification of viral antigens and genetic material in peripheral blood leucocytes and tissue sections.
Toman's Tuberculosis: Case Detection, Treatment and Monitoring: Questions and Answers

WHO OM AN ’S TUBCULOSIS CASE DECTION , TEATM EN T, AN D M ON ITRIN G The second edition of this practical, authoritative reference book provides a rational basis for the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis. Written by a number of experts in the field, it remains faithful to Kurt Toman’s original question-and-answer format, with subject matter grouped under the three headings Case detection, Treatment, and Monitoring.
Patients with serological markers of coeliac disease but without features of atrophy concerning villi of the small bowel mucosa - own observations Pacjenci z obecnymi serologicznymi markerami celiakii, ale bez zaniku kosmków b³ony œluzowej jelita cienkiego - obserwacje w³asne

Aim: The purpose of the study was to determine the clinical characteristics of patients with positive serological tests for coeliac disease, in whom atrophic lesions of intestinal villi of the small bowel mucosa were not found. Material and methods: The analysis comprised 30 patients, in whom positive IgA and/or IgG anti-endomysial antibodies were detected during the period from 2002 to the present time. Simultaneously performed endoscopic biopsy of the small bowel did not reveal atrophy concerning villi of the small bowel mucosa. Results: The group of patients included 18 females and 12 males aged from 3 to 28 years. Eight patients did not show any gastrological symptoms. Three patients suffered from type 1 diabetes mellitus, two from Duhring’s disease, one from ulcerative colitis, one from Crohn’s disease, one from cystic fibrosis, but 8 patients showed family history loaded with the presence of coeliac disease or Duhring’s disease. Recurrent abdominal pain (in 10 patients), chronic or recurrent diarrhoea (in 9 patients), alternating diarrhoea and constipation (in 1 patient), and constipation (in 2 patients) were the most often reported complaints or symptoms among symptomatic patients. Body mass deficiency occurred in 8 patients, short stature in 3 patients, enlarged abdomen circumference in 1 patient, skin lesions in 1 patient, and deficiency anaemia in 5 patients. A gluten-free diet was applied in 3 patients and clinical improvement was observed as a result. Positive anti-endomysial antibodies at least once were detected in 26 patients, using serum dilution of 1 : 20 or higher. Twenty seven patients did not reveal any histopathological lesions (M0) in a biopsy specimen of the small bowel mucosa, but
Urdu or English as Official Language - Perceptions and Preferences of Students and Teachers

The current study aims to explore the preferences and perceptions of the teachers and students towards Urdu and English as an official language. In a multilingual country like Pakistan, this preference varies from one family to another, one society to another society and from one region to another. A sample population was taken from different schools and colleges of District Pakpattan. Data was collected from 30 teachers and 70 students through a Questionnaire by applying simple random technique. The study reveals that in spite of the fact that Urdu is the National language of Pakistan, students and teachers preferred English language as an official language.
Book Reviews

Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research. Biology and Management 1995. Edited by B. Taylor Bennet, Christine R. Abee and Ray Henrickson. ISBN 0-12-088661-8. Pp XIV+428. San Diego, Academic Press. £92.00 As the editors state in their preface to the latest volume of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine Series this is 'the fust definitive reference source for those who work and care for nonhuman primates (NHPI in biomedical research'. This fact alone should make all those who have NHP in their facilities consider purchase. Purchasers will not be disappointed, as this is an outstanding publication that combines high scholastic standards with pragmatism. In addition, whilst the editors quite reasonably concentrated on the United States perspective regarding legislation, species commonly used and methodology this is appropriately balanced by consideration of both international legislation and guidelines and also information on a wide range of species. This book is suitable for an international audience. The purpose of this volume (I understand a further volume on Diseases is in preparation) is to set the foundation for NHP use in biomedical research by covering Biology and Management. Three chapters on history, legislation and taxonomy provide an essential introduction, they are complemented by a chapter on primate conservation. The broad international perspective is particularly evident in these chapters, and taxonomy is well illustrated with photographs of NHP. Non-reproductive biology is covered in a chapter on functional morphology, which comprehensively reviews anatomy and highlights important differences between primate species. A very readable chapter on the backgrounds and methods for the study of primate behaviour, this is an excellent introduction to a chapter on environmental enrichment and psychological well being. There is a wealth of detailed information on reproduction, illustrated by the fact that together the chapters on Reproductive Biology and Breeding Techniques require 16 pages to list their citations. A genetics chapter includes a review of relevant animal models. Three chapters, on housing, animal identification, and a comprehensive review of.nutrition, complete the non-medical part of this book. Housing methods discussed concentrate on the species and methods commonly used in the United States. Medical and Surgical management is covered in two chapters. The fust is an extensive review, in several sections, of preventative medicine, techniques, care and restraint, the amount of information and citations provided will address many investigators requests for information. The final chaper is an authoritative review of Biosafety issues, invaluable to those directly or indirectly involved in occupational health programmes. The consistently high quality throughout must reflect the method chosen to assemble this book: three experienced editors, selection of expert authors for each chapter and the use of a panel of critical reviewers of similar expertise.
8 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Butylene Glycol, Hexylene Glycol, Ethoxydiglycol, and Dipropylene Glycol

Butylene Glycol, Hexylene Glycol, Ethoxydiglycol, and Dipropylene Glycol are viscous liquids used in the cosmetic industry as humectants, emulsifiers, plasticizers, and solvents. The results of acute, subchronic, and chronic oral toxicity studies using a variety of animal species indicate a low order of toxicity for the Glycols. Results of parenteral injection, inhalation, and acute and subchronic cutaneous toxicity studies likewise support a low order of toxicity. Butylene Glycol, Ethoxydiglycol, and Dipropylene Glycol caused minimal to mild irritation of rabbit skin, whereas Hexylene Glycol was moderately irritating. The Glycols produced mild to severe ocular irritation when tested in rabbits, with Hexylene Glycol producing the most severe irritation. Although undiluted Hexylene Glycol produced severe ocular irritation, a 25 percent aqueous solution produced no signs of irritation. Undiluted Butylene Glycol was not an eye irritant to rabbits but was to humans. Human skin patch tests on undiluted Butylene Glycol and undiluted Hexylene Glycol produced a very low order of primary skin irritation. A repeated insult patch test on Butylene Glycol produced no evidence of skin sensitization. Based on the available data it is concluded the Butylene Glycol, Hexylene Glycol, Ethoxydiglycol, and Dipropylene Glycol are safe as presently used in cosmetics.
Surveying Global and Iranian Food Consumption Patterns: A Review of the Literature

Identifying global and regional food consumption patterns, which vary in different countries, races, social classes, and cultures will be beneficial in training individuals, promoting food literacy, and nutrition policy making. In order to compare Iranian and global food consumption patterns, a number of relevant key terms were selected and the existing quality literature databases (both in English and in Persian) were queried for manuscripts related to the subject. The articles were published until the current time (2014). Manual searches were also performed on regional and national projects in Iran. Finally, out of 65 studies on various food patterns, 39 were recruited. Our findings indicated that per capita calorie consumption in Iran is higher than the recommended daily values. In fact, per capita intakes of bread and rice, oil, and sugar were respectively 5%, 20%, and 38% higher than the rates in the standard food basket. In addition, consumption of milk and dairy products, eggs, and fruits and vegetables was 25%, 20%, and 25% lower than the recommended values, respectively. Changes in global food consumption patterns suggested a nutrition transition leading to serious undesirable effects on people’s health. Therefore, nutrition policy making and planning is needed to focus on controlling the nutrition transition while bearing sociocultural aspects of food consumption in mind.
Eradicating chronic Hepatitis C Viraemia : lessons learnt during the last decade

Over the last decade a better understanding of the mechanism for immune disposal of hepatocytes infected with the Hepatitis C virus enabled the design of antiviral regimens with increasing efficacy. The poor rates of sustained viral clearance initially obtained with recombinant interferon (12%) have now improved to over 70 % with the use of a combination of pegylated interferon and the guanosine analogue ribavarine. The relatively poor response of genotype 1 strains to this regimen continues to challenge scientists and clinicians. This article reviews the theoretical and practical aspects of selection of patients for viral eradication, their management during treatment and subsequent follow-up
Hip Surgery Procedures for Treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome

This technology assessment report is based on research conducted by a contracted technology assessment center, with updates as contracted by the Washington State Health Care Authority. This report is an independent assessment of the technology question(s) described based on accepted methodological principles. The findings and conclusions contained herein are those of the investigators and authors who are responsible for the content. These findings and conclusions may not necessarily represent the views of the HCA/Agency and thus, no statement in this report shall be construed as an official position or policy of the HCA/Agency. The information in this assessment is intended to assist health care decision makers, clinicians, patients and policy makers in making sound evidence-based decisions that may improve the quality and cost-effectiveness of health care services. Information in this report is not a substitute for sound clinical judgment. Those making decisions regarding the provision of health care services should consider this report in a manner similar to any other medical reference, integrating the information with all other pertinent information to make decisions within the context of individual patient circumstances and resource availability.
USE OF COMPUTERS IN UGANDA SCHOOLS

This paper presents a research which was done in Uganda schools over two years. Head teachers, teachers and students were interviewed on the use of computers in their schools and the challenges they met in using them. The students were those admitted in Makerere University in the academic year 2007/2008 and in the universities of Makerere and Kyambogo in the academic year 2011/2012. The head teachers were those who came to the selection exercise of senior one students of the year 2007 in January 2007 and those of the 15 schools sampled in the year 2011. The teachers were those of mathematics who attended the Annual Mathematics' workshop organized by the Uganda mathematics society in 2006 and those teaching in the 15 schools sampled in 2011. Their responses were read and reread through and analyzed qualitatively. The conclusions were that computers are available in Ugandan schools but are more available to teachers than students. Many of the computers are donated, second hand, break down often and cannot be repaired easily. There is need to buy new computers which will stop Uganda from being a dumping area of old computers. Uganda needs a continuous program for training teachers in computer use in teaching the various subjects. It also needs educational software. Schools need to avail teachers time needed for computer use.