Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parenting Interventions for Mothers With Problematic Substance Use: A Systematic Review of Research and Community Practice

Women with problematic substance use are frequently referred to interventions to promote positive parenting. Parenting interventions that attend to the unique risks faced by this population may enhance engagement and outcomes. While reviews of extant parenting interventions in the research literature have been undertaken, no studies have examined parenting interventions being implemented in community practice and the extent to which these are informed by current research. We systematically compared parenting interventions offered in 12 maternal substance use treatment programs in one Canadian province with those described in the research literature (K = 21). Few parenting interventions were replicated, either within or across the two samples. However, parenting interventions within both samples were largely similar in their objectives. Across both research and community samples, approximately half of the interventions were developed or adapted for a problematic substance use population. Parenting knowledge, psychosocial risk, and maternal emotional regulation were most commonly addressed. Risks pertaining to the impact of drug craving and substance-related changes in neurobiology associted with parenting were less commonly addressed. Findings highlight current strengths and limitations of parenting interventions within research and community settings, with recommendations offered for future research and knowledge translation.
Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Small Incision Sutureless Intrastromal Lamellar Keratoplasty (SILK) for Corneal Transplantation in Keratoconus.

PURPOSE To describe a femtosecond laser-assisted small incision sutureless intrastromal lamellar keratoplasty in an eye with severe keratoconus and report on the outcome with a 1-year follow-up. METHODS A 20-year-old man with a history of keratoconus presented for evaluation at the Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal. The patient had previously undergone a deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty in the left eye. Examination of the right eye revealed an uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of counting fingers with a manifest refraction of -5.00 -3.50 × 170, giving a corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) of 20/80. Thinnest pachymetry was 425 µm and progression of both anterior and posterior corneal elevation tomography and maximum keratometry was noted compared to examination 2 years prior. The VisuMax femtosecond laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) was used to prepare the donor and recipient cornea. The donor graft was inserted into the recipient through the 3-mm small incision. No sutures were applied. RESULTS At 2 weeks postoperatively, UDVA was 20/50 with a manifest refraction of -1.00 -5.00 × 145 (20/32). One year postoperatively, UDVA was 20/80 with a manifest refraction of -2.50 -3.50 × 125 (20/40-2), with the maximum keratometry decreasing from 64.08 to 56.74 diopters. CONCLUSIONS This femtosecond laser-assisted sutureless intrastromal corneal transplantation technique may provide an option to improve the quality of vision for some patients with keratoconus, affording a simpler postoperative follow-up course compared to traditional anterior lamellar or full-thickness corneal transplantation. [J Refract Surg. 2019;35(10):663-671. ].
Mechanisms, Applications, and Challenges of Insect RNA Interference.

The RNA interference (RNAi) triggered by short/small interfering RNA (siRNA) was discovered in nematodes and found to function in most living organisms. RNAi has been widely used as a research tool to study gene functions and has shown great potential for the development of novel pest management strategies. RNAi is highly efficient and systemic in coleopterans but highly variable or inefficient in many other insects. Differences in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) degradation, cellular uptake, inter- and intracellular transports, processing of dsRNA to siRNA, and RNA-induced silencing complex formation influence RNAi efficiency. The basic dsRNA delivery methods include microinjection, feeding, and soaking. To improve dsRNA delivery, various new technologies, including cationic liposome-assisted, nanoparticle-enabled, symbiont-mediated, and plant-mediated deliveries, have been developed. Major challenges to widespread use of RNAi in insect pest management include variable RNAi efficiency among insects, lack of reliable dsRNA delivery methods, off-target and nontarget effects, and potential development of resistance in insect populations. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Entomology, Volume 65 is January 7, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews. org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Serum Hepcidin to Prohepcidin Ratio in Children with Iron Deficiency Anemia.

BACKGROUND Hepcidin is produced in hepatocytes as a precursor form that needs to be converted to a mature hepcidin to be active. In iron deficiency anemia (IDA), the synthesis of hepcidin is inhibited; however, it is not clear how the maturation of hepcidin precursor is affected. To assess the relative maturity of serum hepcidin in the setting of IDA, we compared the ratio of mature hepcidin to prohepcidin in children with different iron statuses. METHODS A total of 51 children (age: 0.6~18.2 yr) with normal renal function and C-reactive protein levels were enrolled. Based on hemoglobin levels and iron status, the subjects were classified as control (n=29), iron deficiency without anemia (n=6), and IDA (n=16). Serum concentrations of hepcidin and prohepcidin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Hepcidin was positively correlated with hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, iron, transferrin saturation, and ferritin, and negatively correlated with total iron binding capacity and transferrin. IDA patients had lower levels of prohepcidin [4.7(1.9~21.7) vs 34.6(11.0~140.4) ng/mL, p<0.001] and hepcidin [9.6(3.3~39.5) vs 75.2(19.9~256.4) ng/mL, p<0.001] than control subjects. Hepcidin was strongly correlated with prohepcidin (r=0.991, p<0.001). As compared with control subjects, the hepcidin to prohepcidin ratio was lower in those with IDA (1.89±0.24 vs 2.11±0.18, p=0.009) or low serum ferritin. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that inhibited maturation, as well as inhibited synthesis, may contribute to low hepcidin level in IDA.
Quantitative analysis of the substrate specificity of human rhinovirus 3C protease and exploration of its substrate recognition mechanisms.

Human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV 3C-P) is a high-value commercial cysteine protease that could specifically recognize the short peptide sequence of LEVLFQ↓GP. In here, a strategy based on our previous Yeast Endoplasmic Reticulum Sequestration Screening (YESS) approach was developed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a model microorganism, to fully characterize the substrate specificity of a typical human virus protease, HRV 3C-P, in a quantitative and fast manner. Our results demonstrated that HRV 3C-P had very high specificity at P1 and P1'positions, only recognizing Gln/Glu at P1 position, and Gly/Ala/Cys/Ser at P1' position, respectively. Comparably, it exhibited efficient recognition of most residues at P2' position, except Trp. Further biochemical characterization through site mutagenesis, enzyme structural modeling, and comparison with other 3C proteases indicated that the S1 pocket of HRV 3C-P was constituted by neutral and basic amino acids, in which His160 and Thr141 specifically interacted with Gln or Glu residues at substrate P1 position. Additionally, the stringent S1' pocket determined its unique property of only accommodating residues without or with short sidechains. Based on our characterization, LEVLFQ↓GM was identified as a more favored substrate than the original LEVLFQ↓GP at high temperature, which might be caused by the conversion of random coils to β-turns in HRV 3C-P along with the temperature increase. Our studies prompted a further understanding of the substrate specificity and recognition mechanism of HRV 3C-P. Besides, the YESS-PSSC combined with enzyme modeling strategy in this study provides a general strategy for deciphering the substrate specificities of proteases.
Comparing Rates of Adverse Events and Medical Errors on Inpatient Psychiatric Units at Veterans Health Administration and Community-based General Hospitals

Objective: There is limited knowledge about how general hospitals and Veterans Health Administration (VHA) hospitals fare relative to each other on a broad range of inpatient psychiatry-specific patient safety outcomes. This research compares data from 2 large-scale epidemiological studies of adverse events (AEs) and medical errors (MEs) in inpatient psychiatric units, one in VHA hospitals and the other in community-based general hospitals. Method: Retrospective medical record reviews assessed the prevalence of AEs and MEs in a sample of 4371 discharges from 14 community-based general hospitals (derived from 69,081 discharges at 85 hospitals) and a sample of 8005 discharges from 40 VHA hospitals (derived from 92,103 discharges at 105 medical centers). Rates of AEs and MEs across hospital systems were calculated, controlling for relevant patient and hospital characteristics. Results: The overall rate of AEs and MEs in inpatient psychiatric units of VHA hospitals was 7.11 and 1.49 per 100 patient discharges; at community-based acute care hospitals, these rates were 13.48 and 3.01 per 100 patient discharges. The adjusted odds ratio of a patient experiencing an AE and a ME at community-based hospitals as compared with VHA hospitals was 2.11 and 2.08, respectively. Conclusion: Although chart reviews may not document the complete nature and outcomes of care, even after controlling for differences in patient and hospital characteristics, psychiatric inpatients at community-based hospitals were twice as likely to experience AEs or MEs as inpatients at VHA hospitals. While community-based hospitals may lag behind VHA hospitals, both hospital systems should continue to pursue evidence-based improvements in patient safety. Future research aimed at changing hospital practices should draw on established strategies for bridging the gap from research to practice in order to improve the quality of care for this vulnerable patient population.
Viscoelastic relaxation of cellulose nanocrystals in fluids: Contributions of microscopic internal motions to flexibility.

We report the viscoelastic relaxation mechanisms of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) dispersed individually in fluids. Linear viscoelasticity and flow birefringence of softwood and tunicate CNC/glycerol dispersions in the dilute regime were measured. The obtained results were then compared with molecular theories for linear viscoelasticity of rigid rods and semiflexible rods at infinite dilution by taking length distributions of CNCs into account. Although CNCs are traditionally regarded as rigid Brownian rods, the viscoelastic relaxation was not explained solely by the rotational motions of rods. Alternatively, molecular theories for semiflexible rods well described the viscoelastic behavior; the CNCs showed additional relaxation modes derived from microscopic internal motions including "tension" and "curvature", which originated from the finite flexural rigidity. Birefringence relaxation of the CNCs was dominated by the rotational motions of rods. Length distribution functions of the CNCs were thus calculated from the birefringence relaxation and agreed well with their microscopy-determined histograms.
MANAGEMENT OF TRACHEOBRONCHIAL INJURY: CASE PRESENTATION AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Tracheobronchial injuries are uncommon and their successful diagnosis and treatment often requires high level of suspicious. Surgical repair should be individualized for each type of injury. This article reviews diagnosis and management of traumatic injuries to the trachea and major bronchi. From March 1991 to March 2003, twenty-seven patients with major airway trauma were managed in Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. Afterwards these patients were prospectively studied, for a period of 10 years. The mechanism of injury was blunt trauma in 13 patients, stab wound in 6, gunshot in 2 and iatrogenic in 6. Two patients had associated esophageal injury. Twenty-one patients were male and 6 were female. Eight patients had major bronchial injury, 13 had cervical tracheal injury and 6 had mediastinal tracheal injury. Six patients had re-implantation of main bronchus (5 right and 1 left), and two patients had repair of bronchus with concomitant bi-lobectomy in one of them. In cases of tracheal injury, 12 patients had primary repair of trachea with distal tracheostomy in two. However, 7 patients were managed conservatively with later sleeve resection of trachea and laryngotracheal anastomosis in three patients. Three patients died. Tracheobronchial injury is extremely challenging due to its early threat to life. A high level of suspicious and the liberal use of bronchoscope are critical in the diagnosis of tracheobronchial injuries. Avoidance of iatrogenic complications, primary repair and liberal use of autogenous tissue for wrapping or buttressing increases success rate.
School-Located Influenza Vaccination: Do Vaccine Clinics at School Raise Vaccination Rates?

BACKGROUND Only half of US schoolchildren receive influenza vaccine. School-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) might raise vaccination rates but conducting flu vaccine clinics at schools is challenging to implement. We compared 2 school-based programs designed to raise influenza vaccination rates: parent reminder/educational messages sent to parents from schools which is a low-intensity intervention vs the combination of reminder/educational messages plus SLIV clinics which is a high-intensity intervention. METHODS We assigned 36 schools (6 school districts, 2 per group) to 3 groups: (1) control, ie, no SLIV and no parent reminder/education, (2) parent reminder/education emailed by schools, and (3) parent reminder/education plus SLIV clinics. Some schools had SLIV clinics in prior years. Health department nurses conducted SLIV clinics. RESULTS Among 24,832 children at 36 schools, vaccination rates were control (51.3%), parent reminder/education-only (41.2%), and reminder/education + SLIV (58.7%). On multivariate analyses which controlled for vaccination in prior seasons, children in reminder/education + SLIV schools had higher vaccination rates (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.10-1.47), but children in reminder/education-only schools had lower rates (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.75-1.00) than children in control schools. CONCLUSIONS Parent reminder/education combined with SLIV clinics raise vaccination rates, but parent reminder/education alone does not.
Effect of floristic composition and configuration on plant root mycobiota: a landscape transposition at a small scale.

Fungal communities in the root endosphere are heterogeneous at fine scale. The passenger hypothesis assumes that this heterogeneity is driven by host plant distribution. Plant composition and host plant configuration should then influence root fungal assemblages. We used a large-scale experimental design of 25 mixtures of grassland plants. We sampled Brachypodium pinnatum in each mesocosm, and used amplicon mass-sequencing to analyze the endospheric mycobiota. We used plant distribution maps to assess plant species richness and evenness (heterogeneity of composition); and patch size and the degree of isolation of B. pinnatum (heterogeneity of configuration) on fungal community assembly. The Glomeromycotina community in B. pinnatum roots was not related to either floristic heterogeneity or productivity. For Ascomycota, the composition of OTU (operational taxonomic unit) was driven by plant evenness while OTU richness decreased with plant richness. For Basidiomycota, richness increased with host plant aggregation and connectivity. Plant productivity influenced Ascomycota, inducing a shift in OTU composition and decreasing evenness. Plant heterogeneity modified root mycobiota, with potential direct (i.e., host preference) and indirect (i.e., adaptations to abiotic conditions driven by plant occurrence over-time) effects. Plant communities can be envisioned as microlandscapes consisting of a variety of fungal niches.
Effects of being watched on self-referential processing, self-awareness and prosocial behaviour

Reputation management theory suggests that our behaviour changes in the presence of others to signal good reputation (audience effect). However, the specific cognitive mechanisms by which being watched triggers these changes are poorly understood. Here we test the hypothesis that these changes happen because the belief in being watched increases self-referential processing. We used a novel deceptive video-conference paradigm, where participants believe a video-clip is (or is not) a live feed of a confederate watching them. Participants completed four tasks measuring self-referential processing, prosocial behaviour and self-awareness under these two belief settings. Although the belief manipulation and self-referential effect task were effective, there were no changes on self-referential processing between the two settings, nor on prosocial behaviour and self-awareness. Based on previous evidence and these findings, we propose that further research on the role of the self, social context and personality traits will help elucidating the mechanisms underlying audience effects.
General health & psychological distress in children with temporomandibular disorder.

INTRODUCTION Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are an heterogeneous group of disorders affecting temporomandibular joints (TMJ), masticatory muscles, or both. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between general health and psychological distress variables and the clinical diagnosis of TMD in children between 8 - 13 years old. Moreover, it will be underlined the different perception of psychological distress existing between patients and their parents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were divided in two groups: the "case group", which includes patients with TMD, and the "control group", which included patients asymptomatic for TMD. The "case group" is composed by 29 patients, while the "control group" is composed by 22 patients. The patients were asked to fill in a questionnaire called Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), to evaluate general health and psychological condition and, eventually, the presence of symptoms of stress, anxiety and/or depression. The CHQ is 87 - item questionnaire developed in USA specifically for children. RESULT As widely reported during the present work, the link between TMD and psychological distress is existing and quite strong, because of lack of number of patients many aspects worth of attentions have not been analyzed as they deserved. CONCLUSION That's way the conclusion must lead to the proposal of going on with the present study following, possibly, some aspects of research as an increase of the number of patients involved in the study; Individuate possible elements, internal and external, that could strongly influence differences between patient's results and parent's results, etc.
A three‐dimensional potential of mean force to improve backbone and sidechain hydrogen bond geometry in Xplor‐NIH protein structure determination

We introduce a new hydrogen bonding potential of mean force generated from high‐quality crystal structures for use in Xplor‐NIH structure calculations. This term applies to hydrogen bonds involving both backbone and sidechain atoms. When used in structure refinement calculations of 10 example protein systems with experimental distance, dihedral and residual dipolar coupling restraints, we demonstrate that the new term has superior performance to the previously developed hydrogen bonding potential of mean force used in Xplor‐NIH.
Thoracic adaptations for ventilation during locomotion in humans and other mammals

ABSTRACT Bipedal humans, like canids and some other cursorial mammals, are thought to have been selected for endurance running, which requires the ability to sustain aerobic metabolism over long distances by inspiring large volumes of air for prolonged periods of time. Here, we tested the general hypothesis that humans and other mammals selected for vigorous endurance activities evolved derived thoracic features to increase ventilatory capacity. To do so, we investigated whether humans and dogs rely on thoracic motion to increase tidal volume during running to a greater extent than goats, a species that was not selected for endurance locomotion. We found that while all three species use diaphragmatic breathing to increase tidal volume with increasing oxygen demand, humans also use both dorsoventral and mediolateral expansion of the thorax. Dogs use increased dorsoventral expansion of the thorax, representing an intermediate between humans and goats. 3D analyses of joint morphology of 10 species across four mammalian orders also showed that endurance-adapted cursorial species independently evolved more concavo-convex costovertebral joint morphologies that allow for increased rib mobility for thoracic expansion. Evidence for similarly derived concavo-convex costovertebral joints in Homo erectus corresponds with other evidence for the evolution of endurance running in the genus Homo. Highlighted Article: Experimental and comparative data show that humans and other animals selected for long-distance running convergently evolved adaptations to augment diaphragmatic breathing with thoracic movements.
Effects of Anthocleista djalonensis root extracts on reproductive hormones and testicular marker enzymes in adult male Wistar rats

This study evaluated the effect of methanol and aqueous ethanol root extracts (200 mg/kg body weight) of Anthocleista djalonensis on sex hormone concentrations and testicular marker enzymes of adult rats after 60 days of administration followed by 60 days of treatment withdrawal. The results showed no significant changes in testosterone and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) levels during the 60 days of extract treatment. Interestingly, 60 days after treatment withdrawal, there was an increase in intratesticular and serum testosterone and serum FSH in the methanol but not aqueous ethanol extract post‐treatment groups. Intratesticular 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD) activity remained unaffected while that of 17β‐HSD increased slightly during treatment of both extracts and the increase reached a statistical significance level (p < .05) during post‐treatment. Gamma‐glutamyltranspeptidase activity in the testis of the methanol but not aqueous ethanol extract‐treated animals remained high during post‐treatment compared to initial treatment values. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts showed that phenol and flavonoid constituents were higher in the methanol than the aqueous ethanol extract and has higher antioxidant activity. Altogether, post‐treatment effect of the extract on the testis was more effective than treatment‐related effect and the methanol extract appears to have better and consistent effects on the investigated parameters probably due to higher antioxidant activity conferred to it by its phenolic and flavonoid contents.
Risk factors for disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

In this retrospective study of a randomised trial of simtuzumab in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), prodromal decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) was significantly associated with increased risk of mortality, respiratory and all-cause hospitalisations, and categorical disease progression. Predictive modelling of progression-free survival event risk was used to assess the effect of population enrichment for patients at risk of rapid progression of IPF; C-index values were 0.64 (death), 0.69 (disease progression), and 0.72 (adjudicated respiratory hospitalisation) and 0.76 (all-cause hospitalisation). Predictive modelling may be a useful tool for improving efficiency of clinical trials with categorical end points.