Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recipes for Adapting Pre-trained Monolingual and Multilingual Models to Machine Translation

There has been recent success in pre-training on monolingual data and fine-tuning on Machine Translation (MT), but it remains unclear how to best leverage a pre-trained model for a given MT task. This paper investigates the benefits and drawbacks of freezing parameters, and adding new ones, when fine-tuning a pre-trained model on MT. We focus on 1) Fine-tuning a model trained only on English monolingual data, BART. 2) Fine-tuning a model trained on monolingual data from 25 languages, mBART. For BART we get the best performance by freezing most of the model parameters, and adding extra positional embeddings. For mBART we match or outperform the performance of naive fine-tuning for most language pairs with the encoder, and most of the decoder, frozen. The encoder-decoder attention parameters are most important to fine-tune. When constraining ourselves to an out-of-domain training set for Vietnamese to English we see the largest improvements over the fine-tuning baseline.
Lektionen von Rabenvögeln und Gänsen. Instinkt oder Verstand?

Lange war die geistige Leistungsfähigkeit der Tiere kaum ein Thema (verhaltens)biologischer Forschung. In den vergangenen 20 Jahren setzte sich schließlich die Erkenntnis durch, dass auch kognitive Leistungen als evolutionäre Anpassungen an die ökologische, vor allem aber soziale Umwelt gelten können. Trotzdem entwickelte sich ganz offensichtlich kein “artspezifischer Wildwuchs” in der Differenzierung der kognitiven Bewältigungsstrategien. Man findet erstaunliche zwischenartliche Übereinstimmungen der sozialen Organisation und geistigen Leistungsfähigkeit über weite Bereiche des Wirbeltierstammbaums, etwa zwischen Säugetieren und Vögeln. Dies ist einerseits durch die gemeinsamen ökologisch‐evolutionären Rahmenbedingungen für soziale Systeme, andererseits durch das evolutionär höchst konservative Gehirn der Wirbeltiere zu erklären. So ähneln manche Papageien und Rabenvögel in ihren kognitiven Leistungen den Menschenaffen. Und selbst die Graugänse zeigen eine erstaunlich primatenähnliche soziale Organisation, was noch erhebliche Überraschungen bezüglich der sozialen Kognition dieser bislang kaum als “Hirntiere” bekannten Tiere erwarten lässt.
Paraphrasing vs Coreferring: Two Sides of the Same Coin

We study the potential synergy between two different NLP tasks, both confronting predicate lexical variability: identifying predicate paraphrases, and event coreference resolution. First, we used annotations from an event coreference dataset as distant supervision to re-score heuristically-extracted predicate paraphrases. The new scoring gained more than 18 points in average precision upon their ranking by the original scoring method. Then, we used the same re-ranking features as additional inputs to a state-of-the-art event coreference resolution model, which yielded modest but consistent improvements to the model’s performance. The results suggest a promising direction to leverage data and models for each of the tasks to the benefit of the other.
The effects of privatization on wages and job satisfaction: the case of Ghana

Key words : privatization, wages, job satisfaction, state owned enterprise, Ghana, Africa In this thesis, we examine the impact of privatization on wages and job satisfaction in selected urban-based enterprises in Ghana . The fear and anxiety of workers in state-owned enterprises and recent developments in the corporate world have necessitated the need to examine wages and job satisfaction of workers in various enterprises closely. Decades of economic mismanagement and bad policies in Ghana, beginning in the 1970s led to a steady deterioration of the economy, with the situation reaching a crisis point in the early 1980s. To address the deteriorating situation, policy reforms were initiated in the latter part of 1980s. The main instruments used for the public sector were liberalization of the economy and privatization of state-owned enterprises. Most studies of privatization in Ghana put relatively little emphasis on the labor market. We argue that privatization changes the objectives of a firm from objectives formulated by the state to more narrow, profit oriented ones. We also show that the impact of privatization on wages and job satisfaction is theoretically ambiguous. If the state puts relatively little weight on profit maximization but focuses on welfare instead, wages and satisfaction levels may be higher. If transfer payments in the form of subsidies from the government to state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are high, SOEs can afford to pay higher wages and provide better work conditions than privatized enterprises (PEs). Using data from 300 workers selected from 6 SOEs and 7 PEs, we find that PEs pay higher wages than SOEs. In terms of partial satisfaction levels (work safety, job security and training opportunities), work safety is found not to have improved with privatization. The effects of privatization in Ghana are such that a number of enterprises that have survived have done so by restructuring to reduce cost and to be competitive thus affecting investment in work place safety. Compared with PEs, work safety is perceived as better in SOEs. Job security is found to increase with privatization. In PEs, workers report to be more secure with their jobs than those in SOEs. A possible explanation could be the basic problem in SOEs, where too many workers, especially administrative and clerical level staff are employed. Consequently, the transition from an SOE to a PE is seen as a threat to job security. The results also show that both general and specific training opportunities have not improved with privatization. SOEs offer more training, especially general training than PEs. The hypothesis that there is a discernible increase in overall job satisfaction as a result of privatization cannot be confirmed by our study. The effect of privatization on overall job satisfaction could be due to a mix of positive and negative influences mentioned above, which together lead to statistically insignificant impacts at all degrees of privatization. Thus, our study finds no direct relationship between privatization and overall job satisfaction.
Changes in Organic acid, Mineral, Color, Curcumin and Bitter Substance of Curcuma longa L. and Curcuma atomatica Salib According to Picking Time

Changes in organic acid, mineral, color, curcumin and bitter taste of Curcuma longa L. (autumn woolgeom in Korean) and Curcuma atomatica Salib (spring woolgeom) were investigated according to picking time. Oxalic and lactic acid were gradually increased, and then malic acid and malonic acid were decreased by extending the picking time. Total organic acid was increased by extending the picking time and then decreased after January of the coming year. Minerals were increased by extending the picking time and decreased slightly after the coming year. Hunter color index, L, a and b, was increased by extending the picking time. Contents of curcumin in spring woolgeom was slowly increased by extending the picking time and autumn woolgeom was times higher than spring woolgeom. Intensity of bitter taste in two woolgeoms were not different by picking time and extracting solvents. Bitterness of spring woolgeom was strong as compared to autumn woolgeom.
Meta-Reinforcement Learning for Robotic Industrial Insertion Tasks

Robotic insertion tasks are characterized by contact and friction mechanics, making them challenging for conventional feedback control methods due to unmodeled physical effects. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising approach for learning control policies in such settings. However, RL can be unsafe during exploration and might require a large amount of real-world training data, which is expensive to collect. In this paper, we study how to use meta-reinforcement learning to solve the bulk of the problem in simulation by solving a family of simulated industrial insertion tasks and then adapt policies quickly in the real world. We demonstrate our approach by training an agent to successfully perform challenging real-world insertion tasks using less than 20 trials of real-world experience.
On Forect Conservation: Revisiting Canons and Dogmas in the Conservation-versus-Human Rights Debate

The moral imperative of biodiversity conservation and protection of endangered species resonates with most people, as does the importance of protecting the rights of vulnerable people. To understand the spaces of agreement and dissent, it is important to disentangle the twin moral imperatives of conservation and social justice from the canons and dogmas informing conservation, actual conservation strategies, and the outcomes for humans and non-human species.
Association of peripheral neuropathy with retinopathy in diabetic patients

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus one of the major cause of avoidable blindness where patients with diabetic retinopathy are 25 times more likely to become blind than the non diabetic. Diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy being the major microvascular complications of diabetes, the aim of this study is to determine the association of retinopathy with peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: Study included diabetic patients with age more than 35years of age with a total number of 150 patients attending ophthalmology outpatient department of Saveetha medical college and Hospital. They underwent a detailed ocular examination and fundus examination to know the prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy. Peripheral neuropathy was assessed by doing a nerve conduction velocity of peripheral nerves in all patients. The results were evaluated to ascertain the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and to establish an association with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Results: Among the study population the mean age of the patients was 58+/-8.5 and males were affected more than females. The occurrence of complications increased with an increase in HbA 1c values. The prevalence of diabetic neruropathy was 72% and diabetic retinopathy was 44%. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in individuals with diabetic peripheral neuropathy was 51% which was 1.75 times more than without diabetic neuropathy (29%). This helps us to know the magnitude of problem of diabetic retinopathy and to timely treat it. Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy, Diabetic neuropathy, Correlation, Risk factors.
The effects of nutrient availability on tolerance to herbivory in a brown seaweed

1. Plants can resist herbivory through mechanisms of resistance (traits that reduce the amount of tissue lost to herbivores) and tolerance (traits that reduce the negative effects of herbivory on plant fitness). The expression of such traits requires the allocation of plant resources, and consequently, trade‐offs between tolerance and resistance can occur in plants. For marine algae, little is currently known about the expression of tolerance, the relationship between tolerance and resistance, and the impact of resource availability on these traits.
The identification and characterisation of key genes involved in somatic embryogenesis in wheat (Triticum, aestivum L.)

One of the most remarkable aspects of plants cells is that on application of the plant hormone auxin, they possess the unique ability to de-differentiate and return to embryonic development, via a process known as `somatic embryogenesis' (SE). On removal of auxin these totipotent cells are then capable of re-differentiating and regenerating into full adult plants. Although well characterised physiologically, the molecular mechanisms that regulate this important biological process are still very poorly understood. The research aim of this project was to improve our understanding of SE, by designing a series of cDNA microarray experiments to identify the genetic components responsible for the de-differentiation of somatic cells to an embryonic state and the initiation, development and differentiation of somatic embryos towards adult structures. To achieve this aim, suitable embryogenic and non-embryogenic systems were established and used for subtractive microarray analysis that has identified 701 differentially expressed genes that are specifically related to SE in wheat. Following bioinformatic and expression analysis, 57 of these genes were short listed and further characterised by in situ hybridisation (ISH) to provide further information of their temporal and spatial patterns of expression. A small subset of genes that demonstrated interesting patterns of expression, were further characterised and functionally analysed via RNAi silencing studies. Here it is demonstrated that all of the genes tested for RNAi silencing results in a reduction of the transformation and regeneration efficiencies. Furthermore the targeted silencing of several of these novel genes was shown to have an observable phenotypic effect on the development of somatic embryos and regeneration in wheat. Of particular interest is a wheat gene related to the rice embryo specific protein OSE 731, which appears to play an essential role in the transition of somatic embryos into differentiating adult structures. The silencing of this gene resulted in the continuous proliferation of somatic embryos (SEs) and arrested the development of these SEs into differentiated adult structures.
Characterization of a Cdc42 effector protein (Cep4l) and a novel role for Cdc42 in Xenopus neurogenesis and Fgf signaling

The vegetal cortex of the Xenopus oocyte is enriched for several mRNAs critical for early embryonic developmental processes, including germ layer specification and dorsoventral axis formation. A microarray screen for other vegetally localized RNAs identified several hundred annotated and novel cortex-enriched transcripts, in addition to previously known mRNAs, which may have undiscovered roles in early development. Spatiotemporal expression patterns, and overexpression and knockdown phenotypes were analyzed for two novel transcripts, TRIO and F-actin binding protein (TrioBP) and Cdc42 effector protein 4-like (Cep4l). In addition to a maternal role in gastrulation and anteroposterior axis elongation, Cep4l had additional roles in development after zygotic genes become active. Cdc42 is a member of the Rho GTPase family and regulates several cellular processes, including cell division, wound healing, and migration. Activity and role of Cdc42 is dependent on the specific context of activators, inactivators, and downstream interacting effectors. Cep4l bound Cdc42 through its known Cdc42/Rac-interactive binding (CRIB) domain, and that this activation was necessary for Cep4l function. Overexpression of Cep4l after fertilization resulted in pigment distribution defects, reduced anterior structures, and shortened anteroposterior axis. Cep4l also affected Xenopus primary neurogenesis, causing a preferential increase in primary sensory neurons that could be separated from other morphological effects and did not result from major patterning disruption in the neural plate. This increase was shown to come at the expense of neighboring non-neuronal fates, indicating a role for Ceo4l in neural boundary formation. Morpholino (MO) based depletion of Cep4l protein resulted in shortened anteroposterior axis and a requirement for Cep4l in primary neurogenesis that could similarly be separated from gross morphological effects and without effects on neural
Effects of milking frequency on milk production and histological structure of udder in Zaraibi dairy goats.

This work was carried out on 32 Egyptian Nubian (Zaraibi) goats to investigate both the effect of the milking frequency on milk yield and milk composition and the effect of stage of lactation on histological structure and histochemistry of the secretory mammary cells and its relationship with milk production in Zaraibi goats. Biopsies were taken surgically from the mammary gland from 3 does milked once daily (1x) and 3 does milked twice daily (2x) at the three stages of lactation, early, mid and late, for histological and histochemical studies. The histological structure showed clear differences due to milking frequency and lactation stage, being more developed at early and mid stages and twice daily milking compared to late stage of lactation and once daily milking. The number of the alveolus secretory cells per alveolus increased from the early to the mid stage of lactation by17.6% and then reduced at the late stage by 25% compared to mid stage, while no difference noticed between twice and once daily milking. Once daily milking (1x) reduced milk yield by 6%, and increased fat percentage to 4.0% compared to 3.67% in twice daily milking group (2x). Milk of once milking (1x) group contained higher percentage of total solids 11.38% than twice milking (10.93%), but milk protein and lactose did not differ between 1x and 2x milking. Lactation curve showed 32.2% increase in yield during mid stage than early stage, while late stage attained 61.3% reduction in milk yield compared to mid stage. Protein and lactose percentages did not change throughout different stages of lactation, while fat and total solids percentages showed the highest values at early stage of lactation (4.0 and 11.5%, respectively), and the lowest at mid and late stage of lactation. The total sectional areas (u/plate) of the alveoli were the smallest during late lactation (495399 u /plate) compared to that during early and mid stages of lactation (705206 and 759901u/plate, respectively). Numerous loci of alcaline phosphatase (AP) were apparent on the outer surface of the alveolar secretory cells at the early and mid stages of lactation—reflecting high activity of this enzyme at these two stages. This was accompanied by a high level of milk secretion reaching1778.2±38.9 and 2351.4±68.4 g/head/day, respectively. In contrast, at the late stage of lactation, the size of alveoli was reduced and few alveoli showed weak AP activity. This coincided with the reduction in milk yield (910g/head/day). It could be concluded that stages of lactation influence the cell number and activity of mammary epithelial cells.
Use of fractional polynomial for modelling somatic cell scores in dairy cattle.

INTRODUCTION Somatic cell count (SCC) has been widely advocated as an indicator trait for mastitis. In many countries, SCC is measured on a large scale in national milk recording systems (usually at a monthly basis) and used as an indirect criterion to achieve selection for mastitis resistance (Mrode and Swanson, 1996). Genetic models for SCC are mostly based on lactation average of somatic cell scores (SCS = log transformed SCC to achieve normality of distribution). Use of models for test day observations (Reents et al., 1995) should, however, better account for short term environmental variation and allow to use all information without restriction on the number of records available or length of time intervals. Therefore, genetic evaluation of this trait should be improved. To that respect, test day models may also account more precisely for short time variation of SCC than lactation models and be more efficient to predict clinical cases and infections in general. The purpose of this study was to investigate implementation of test day models for SCS. At this stage our interest was restricted to modelling the average trend of SCS during the lactation. Since many observations are available per animal (about 40), we considered a precise polynomial fit of the data and we used to that purpose the technique of fractional polynomials (Royston and Altman, 1994).
Tumour‐Host Interactions in Vivo

We have earlier shown that coculture of macrophages and cells from a methylcholanthiene‐induced sarcoma (MCI M‐AA) in vitro resulted in macrophage activation and production of type II (gamma) interferon. When ascites fluid from the MCIM‐AA sarcoma (shown previously to activate macrophages in vitro) was added to spleen cell populations from semisyngeneic C3D2 mice in vitro. NK activity was markedly enhanced. After intraperitoneal injection of MCI M‐AA cells or ascites fluid, 4‐ to 12‐fold increased NK cell activity with a peak at 3–5 days could be measured in the spleen cell population and in the non‐adherent peritoneal exudate cell population. The mice injected with tumour cells or ascites fluid developed a pronounced splenomegaly, and maximum spleen size coincided with peak NK activity. Injection of tumour cells or tumour ascites fluid resulted in marked changes in the T‐cell, B‐cell, macrophage, and ‘null’ cell content of ihe peritoneal exudate.
Online positive psychology interventions based on pleasure, engagement, meaning, positive relationships, and accomplishment : measurement, validation of interventions, and exploration of working mechanisms

his thesis aims at extending the knowledge on positive psychology interventions based on Seligman’s (2011) Well-Being Theory that suggested five elements of well-being (i.e., pleasure/positive emotions, engagement, meaning, positive relationships, and accom- plishment). The three main aims of the thesis were: (1) Constructing and validating a measure for the endorsement of positive relationships and accomplishment that could be used along exist- ing measures of pleasure, engagement, and meaning; (2) testing the effectiveness of online interventions based on each of the five components of the Well-Being Theory separately, and examining for whom they work best; and (3) exploring the impact of potential working mech- anisms by comparing the effects of interventions that focus on cognitive or emotional compo- nents of an intervention. Results showed that positive relationships and accomplishment can be assessed inde- pendently, and that they explain additional variance in well-being above pleasure, engagement, and meaning. Further, all interventions lead to an increase in well-being, while the in- terventions work best for those in the middle range of the well-being continuum. Finally, the thesis provides initial findings on the importance of both, emotional and cognitive compo- nents in interventions. In summary, the findings suggest that the Well-Being Theory is a useful framework for developing interventions, and provides further insights in how, and for whom, such inter- ventions work best.
The Integration of Knowledge Resources and Logistic Resilience for Effective Disaster Management

Rapid population growth, changing weather conditions and an increasing number of natural disasters have left human beings more vulnerable and exposed to nature’s onslaught. Disaster Management Organizations (DMOs) need to be more resilient, responsive and effective to counter these natural hazards and should not leave any stone unturned in order to play their pivotal role in rescue, relief and rehabilitation. Organizational knowledge and logistics are two core factors considered most significant in transforming a DMO into a resilient organization that can shoulder its due responsibility in a plausible and desired manner. This paper is an initial attempt that discusses the integration of knowledge resources and logistics to accelerate the process of the said transformation.
An Investigation of the Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Initiative in the Zimbabwean Education System

Since 2015, the Zimbabwean media both electronic and print is awash with the government’s reform in its education system that is inclined on STEM. This is an educational reform process that will be reviewed in 2026. This paper investigates the government’s approach in implementing STEM through curriculum reform in ensuring that graduates are entrepreneurs and not job seekers. The study focused on the identification of the essence of human experiences about STEM in the participants’ responses in the interviews and questionnaires. Twenty senior university managers and fifty STEM beneficiaries who were postindustrial university students were selected as participants. Subsequent policy statements from the education ministries have refined the direction of reform towards STEM. The results revealed that the industrialization of the economy and creation of employment is possible.