Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifying importance and scaling effects of atmospheric deposition of inorganic fixed nitrogen for the eutrophic Black Sea

Abstract. Wet atmospheric depositions have been collected in a rural (Katsiveli) and urban (Sevastopol) location at the Crimean coast of the Black Sea from 2003 to 2008. Samples, 217 from Katsiveli and 228 from Sevastopol, have been analysed for inorganic fixed nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium). Data have revealed almost equal contributions of ammonium (44–45 %) and nitrate (52–53 %) and minor contribution of nitrite (2–4 %) for both rural and urban samples. The volume weight mean concentration of inorganic fixed nitrogen (IFN) in urban samples (2.51 mg N L−1) is about 2-fold of that content in rural samples (1.16 mg N L−1). Seasonal variations in volume weight mean monthly concentrations have been revealed for both locations with maximum concentrations in winter and minimum values in summer, but intra-annual variations are statistically significant for only urban samples. The average annual deposition of IFN with atmospheric precipitations on the surface of the Black Sea is about 0.31 × 106 t N yr−1 (0.75 t N km−2 yr−1), which is on average 39 % of the riverine input. It does vary in space and time. The relative importance of the atmospheric input increases from coastal to open areas and from winter to summer. Deposition of IFN with wet atmospheric precipitations proportionally increases the concentration of chlorophyll a, as it is traced from satellite data. The traced increase in the concentration of chlorophyll a has reached 1.5-fold for mesoscale processes. In case of individual rain events supporting up to 50–60 mg N m−2, the influence of IFN deposition is up to 5 % at the north-western shelf of the Black Sea, where most of the river-born IFN is loaded. In the central areas of the sea, where the amount of IFN in summer is low, the contribution of individual rainfall can reach 35 %. The input of IFN to the Black Sea has potential to enhance 2-fold the level of primary production.
Current Advances in Neurofeedback Techniques for the Treatment of ADHD

Neurofeedback (NF) or electroencephalogram (EEG) biofeedback is a biofeedback for the brain where the values of specific physiological variables or cognitive functions are voluntarily modified using the biosignals recorded from and feedbacked to the subject. This technique has been extensively investigated as a therapeutic modality for attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, a reliable efficient clinical protocol has not been proposed. fMRI-NF and EEGNF have shown promising potentials to be used as clinical treatments for ADHD and other cognitive disorders. The present study reviews the basic principles, recent advances and clinical considerations of NF techniques for ADHD.
The Parameter Space of Graphene Chemical Vapor Deposition on Polycrystalline Cu

A systematic study of the parameter space of graphene chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on polycrystalline Cu foils is presented, aiming at a more fundamental process rationale in particular regarding the choice of carbon precursor and mitigation of Cu sublimation. CH4 as precursor requires H2 dilution and temperatures ≥1000 °C to keep the Cu surface reduced and yield a high-quality, complete monolayer graphene coverage. The H2 atmosphere etches as-grown graphene; hence, maintaining a balanced CH4/H2 ratio is critical. Such balance is more easily achieved at low-pressure conditions, at which however Cu sublimation reaches deleterious levels. In contrast, C6H6 as precursor requires no reactive diluent and consistently gives similar graphene quality at 100–150 °C lower temperatures. The lower process temperature and more robust processing conditions allow the problem of Cu sublimation to be effectively addressed. Graphene formation is not inherently self-limited to a monolayer for any of the precursors. Rathe.
Metformin in gestational diabetes mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a state of impaired glucose tolerance with onset or first recognized during pregnancy. Treatment of GDM is important, since adequate treatment reduces maternal and neonatal adverse effects. GDM is associated with an elevated risk of maternal blood pressure problems during pregnancy, cesarean deliveries and it raises the risk of type 2 diabetes later in life. The fetus has an increased risk of macrosomia, delivery complications and neonatal hypoglycemia. Medication is needed if adequate glycemic control is not achieved by diet. Insulin is the traditional medication for GDM but metformin as an oral drug has been suggested to be an alternative. Metformin crosses the placenta, but the transfer mechanism is not clear.
Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis in the Vicinity of the Phase Transition of a 2 D Transverse Ising Model

This paper explores the transition from a purely deterministic quantum state to a statistical ensemble state. [1] We provide motivation for the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypthothesis (ETH) from basic principles and by simulating a multiple integrable and non-integrable systems. First, in 1D, we take the integrable transverse Ising model and compute the fluctuation in the diagonal elements of the system. Then, we add a longitudinal field to make the system non-integrable, following the example of [2]. Second, we move into 2D, utilizing the added dimensions of the system to break the integrability of the transverse Ising model. Then using this model and the results from [3], we build a compelling case for including the correlation length in the ETH formalism, providing the beginnings of such a formalism with a simple classical model.
LECTURE 4: SYMPLECTIC GROUP ACTIONS

We set S1 = R/2πZ throughout. Let (M,ω) be a symplectic manifold. A symplectic S1-action on (M,ω) is a smooth family ψt ∈ Symp(M,ω), t ∈ S1, such that ψt+s = ψt ◦ ψs for any t, s ∈ S1. One can easily check that the corresponding vector fields Xt ≡ d dtψt ◦ψ −1 t is time-independent, i.e., Xt = X is constant in t. We call X the associated vector field of the given symplectic S1-action. Note that X is a symplectic vector field, i.e., ι(X)ω is a closed 1-form. When ι(X)ω = dH is an exact 1-form, the corresponding symplectic S1-action is called a Hamiltonian S1-action, and the function H : M → R is called a moment map. Note that H is uniquely determined up to a constant. We point out that a symplectic S1-action on (M,ω) is automatically Hamiltonian if H1(M ; R) = 0. In general, ι(X)ω is only a closed form. In this case, one can perturb ω by adding a sufficiently small S1-invariant harmonic 2-form β so that ω + β is still symplectic and S1-invariant, and furthermore, the deRham cohomology class [ω+β] lies in H2(M ; Q). A positive integral multiple of ω+β, ω′ ≡ N(ω+β), is a S1-invariant symplectic form on M such that the deRham cohomology class of ι(X)ω′ lies in H1(M ; Z). Consequently, there exists a smooth function H : M → R/Z such that ι(X)ω′ = dH. Such a circlevalued smooth function H : M → R/Z is called a generalized moment map. As far as the topology of the S1-action is concerned, one may always assume that there is a generalized moment map. LetH be a moment map or generalized moment map of a given symplectic S1-action. We shall make the following two observations.
Culturable Escherichia coli in Soil Mixed with Two Types of Manure

We evaluated the impact of the manure type used in soil–manure mixtures on the detection of culturable E. coli as tested in water quality monitoring. A series of incubation experiments, lasting up to 200 d, allowed evaluation of the potential impact of manure 3 soil interactions on the augmentation of culturable E. coli. Two soil types (sandy loam and a silt loam), two manure types (liquid swine manure and solid beef cattle manure), and three temperature levels (4, 12, and 20C) were investigated. The significance of the presence of competing microorganisms was estimated by comparing results from manure mixtures with sterile and nonsterile soils. Water content in the soil–manure mixtures was maintained close to field capacity to eliminate the specific impact of water availability. We found that culturability of the indicator organism, E. coli, changed with time and was dependent on the type of manure used and its interaction with soil. Escherichia coli could be cultured for a longer time from soils with liquid manure additions. Whereas E. coli numbers were initially higher from soils treated with solid beef cattle manure, their numbers decreased more rapidly and the duration of their apparent survival was shorter. Resilience of culturable E. coli was independent of their initial numbers in manure.
Glyphosate Efficacy on Velvetleaf Varies with Application Time of Day1

Field and growth chamber experiments determined the efficacy of temporal glyphosate applications on velvetleaf. Glyphosate was applied postemergence to velvetleaf periodically before and during light and after dark. In 1999, glyphosate at 840 g ae/ha applied before sunrise and after midday provided 54 and 100% velvetleaf control, respectively. In 2000, glyphosate at 840 g/ha applied before sunrise, midday, and after sunset provided 69, 100, and 37% velvetleaf control, respectively. In the growth chamber, glyphosate at 840 g/ha applied before or after light reduced velvetleaf biomass 15 to 20% or 32 to 47%, respectively, and reduced velvetleaf height 24% or 45 to 54%, respectively. Velvetleaf control was consistently greater with glyphosate applications during light compared with dark, regardless of constant air temperature and relative humidity (growth chamber), dew absence or presence (field and growth chamber), or leaf blade orientation (growth chamber) with natural light–dark movements or a fixed horizontal position. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medic. #3 ABUTH. Additional index words: Application timing, differential response. Abbreviations: DAT, days after treatment; POST, postemergence; PPFD, photosynthetic photon flux density; RH, relative humidity.
Lactate distribution in red blood cells and plasma after a high intensity running exercise in aerobically trained and untrained subjects

To determine endurance capacity and to give specific training recommendations, blood lactate (LA) concentrations are frequently used in performance diagnostics. In blood, LA is stored in red blood cells (RBC) and in plasma. Higher LA uptake by RBC might lead to delayed muscle fatigue since RBC serve as a dilution space for LA and more LA can be taken up by plasma which is released from the working muscle. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of lactate in plasma and RBC in aerobically well-trained athletes (AA) in comparison to an untrained control group (CG). Materials and Methods: 13 AA and 13 CG participated in this study and conducted a high intensive treadmill test consisting of 2x4 minutes of running at 95% of the maximal running velocity with an active break of 4 minutes. Venous blood was drawn before and after the test. LA was measured in whole blood, plasma and RBC. Further, the ratio (LARatio) was calculated using the following formula: LA of RBC / LA of plasma. Results: AA exhibit significantly higher values in VO2peak and maximum running velocity. After the running test, LA in whole blood, RBC and plasma is increased significantly in both groups. No interaction effect (group X time point) was observed in any parameter. Values of LARatio did not show any significant differences. Conclusion: This study showed that the LA distribution in RBC and plasma after a high intensity running test is very similar in well trained endurance athletes and in untrained control subjects. Hence, LA uptake by RBC cannot or only in part be seen as a contributor to aerobic athletic performance.
Draft genomes of Amanita jacksonii, Ceratocystis albifundus, Fusarium circinatum, Huntiella omanensis, Leptographium procerum, Rutstroemia sydowiana , and Sclerotinia echinophila

The genomes of fungi provide an important resource to resolve issues pertaining to their taxonomy, biology, and evolution. The genomes of Amanita jacksonii, Ceratocystis albifundus, a Fusarium circinatum variant, Huntiella omanensis, Leptographium procerum, Sclerotinia echinophila, and Rutstroemia sydowiana are presented in this genome announcement. These seven genomes are from a number of fungal pathogens and economically important species. The genome sizes range from 27 Mb in the case of Ceratocystis albifundus to 51.9 Mb for Rutstroemia sydowiana. The latter also encodes for a predicted 17 350 genes, more than double that of Ceratocystis albifundus. These genomes will add to the growing body of knowledge of these fungi and provide a value resource to researchers studying these fungi.
In the light of new greenhouse technologies: 1. Plant‐mediated effects of artificial lighting on arthropods and tritrophic interactions

This review describes the effects of the current and emerging lighting technologies on plants, and the plant-mediated effects on herbivorous and beneficial arthropods in high-technology year-round greenhouse production, where light quality, quantity and photoperiod differ from the natural environment. The spectrum provided by the current lighting technology, high-pressure sodium lamp (HPSL), differs considerably from that of solar radiation. The major plant-mediated effects on arthropods were predicted to result from (a) extended photoperiods and lower light integrals, (b) the attenuation of ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths, particularly UV-B, (c) the high red: far-red (R : FR) ratio and lower blue : red (B : R) in comparison with solar radiation and (d) the high proportion of yellow wavelengths during winter months. Of these light factors (a–d) (ceteris paribus), (a) and (b) were hypothesised to result in increased performance of herbivores in winter months, whereas the high R : FR ratio decreased herbivore performance or not affected it, at least when interlights are used. The predictions obtained on the basis of this review are also discussed in relation to the modifying factors prevailing in these production environments: enriched CO2 levels, high nutrient amounts, optimised irrigation and temperatures optimal for plants' needs. Based on the carbon/nitrogen and growth/differentiation balance theories, these modifying factors tend to produce plants that allocate most resources to growth at the expense of defensive secondary metabolism and physicochemical defensive structures. At the end, this review discusses knowledge gaps and future research prospects, in which light-emitting diodes, the emerging lighting technology, play an important role by enabling the targeted manipulation of plant responses to different wavelengths.
Carbon dynamics in highly heterotrophic subarctic thaw ponds

Abstract. Global warming has accelerated the formation of permafrost thaw ponds in several subarctic and arctic regions. These ponds are net heterotrophic as evidenced by their greenhouse gas (GHG) supersaturation levels (CO2 and CH4), and generally receive large terrestrial carbon inputs from the thawing and eroding permafrost. We measured seasonal and vertical variations in the concentration and type of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in five subarctic thaw (thermokarst) ponds in northern Quebec, and explored how environmental gradients influenced heterotrophic and phototrophic biomass and productivity. Late winter DOM had low aromaticity indicating reduced inputs of terrestrial carbon, while the high concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) suggests that some production of non-chromophoric dissolved compounds by the microbial food web took place under the ice cover. Summer DOM had a strong terrestrial signature, but was also characterized with significant inputs of algal-derived carbon, especially at the pond surface. During late winter, bacterial production was low (maximum of 0.8 mg C m−3 d−1) and was largely based on free-living bacterioplankton (58 %). Bacterial production in summer was high (up to 58 mg C m−3 d−1), dominated by particle-attached bacteria (67 %), and strongly correlated with the amount of terrestrial carbon. Primary production was restricted to summer surface waters due to strong light limitation deeper in the water column or in winter. The phototrophic biomass was equal to the heterotrophic biomass, but as the algae were mostly composed of mixotrophic species, most probably they used bacteria rather than solar energy in such shaded ponds. Our results point to a strong heterotrophic energy pathway in these thaw pond ecosystems, where bacterioplankton dominates the production of new carbon biomass in both summer and winter.
IN-SYNC. II. VIRIAL STARS FROM SUBVIRIAL CORES—THE VELOCITY DISPERSION OF EMBEDDED PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS IN NGC 1333

The initial velocity dispersion of newborn stars is a major unconstrained aspect of star formation theory. Using near-infrared spectra obtained with the APOGEE spectrograph, we show that the velocity dispersion of young (1–2 Myr) stars in NGC 1333 is 0.92 ± 0.12 km s−1 after correcting for measurement uncertainties and the effect of binaries. This velocity dispersion is consistent with the virial velocity of the region and the diffuse gas velocity dispersion, but significantly larger than the velocity dispersion of the dense, star-forming cores, which have a subvirial velocity dispersion of 0.5 km s−1. Since the NGC 1333 cluster is dynamically young and deeply embedded, this measurement provides a strong constraint on the initial velocity dispersion of newly formed stars. We propose that the difference in velocity dispersion between stars and dense cores may be due to the influence of a 70 μG magnetic field acting on the dense cores or be the signature of a cluster with initial substructure undergoing global collapse.
6 Common Sense Reasoning in Diagnostic Systems

The problem of human reasoning modeling (so called “common sense” reasoning) in artificial intelligence systems and especially in intelligent decision support systems (IDSS) is very actual nowadays [Vagin et al., 2001]. That is why special attention is turned to casebased and analogous reasoning methods and models. The analogies and precedents (cases) can be used in various applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and for solving various problems, e.g., for diagnostics and forecasting or for machine learning. AI experts model case-based reasoning by computers in order to develop more flexible models of search for solutions and learning. Investigation of mechanisms that are involved in the analogous reasoning process is an important problem for the specialists in AI. The analogy can be used in various applications of AI and for solving various problems, e.g., for generation of hypotheses about an unknown problem domain or for generalizing experience in the form of an abstract scheme. The great interest in this problem is caused by the necessity of modeling human reasoning (common sense reasoning) in AI systems and, in particular, in IDSS of real time. Reasoning by analogy is to transfer of knowledge obtained from an object to a less studied one which is similar to the former with respect to some essential properties or attributes. Reasoning of this kind is a source of scientific hypotheses. Thus, analogy-based reasoning can be defined as a method that allows to understand a situation when compared with another one. In other words, an analogy is an inference method that allows to detect likeness between several given objects due to transfer of facts and knowledge valid for both objects, to other objects and to determine means of problem solution or to forecast unknown properties. Case-based reasoning, like reasoning by analogy, is based on analogy; however, there are certain differences in their implementation. In the most encyclopedias, a precedent (from Latin, precedentis) is defined as a case that took place earlier and is an example or justification for subsequent events of this kind. Creating a precedent is to give grounds for similar cases in the future, and establishing a precedent is to find a similar case in the past. The generalized structure of a real-time IDSS (RT IDSS) is represented in Fig. 1 [Vagin et al., 2007].
TJU-TJUT@TRECVID 2015: Surveillance Event Detection

In this paper, we present an event detection system evaluated in 2015 TRECVID-SED. The system consists of two parts: automatic event detection (retrospective) and interactive event detection with human in the loop (interactive). For the retrospective part, an extended spatio-temporal features, MoSIFT, is extracted, and two types of temporal divisions (annotation partition and sliding window) are employed as the detection unit. BoW is used to encode low-level features as the representation of each video segment. In order to deal with the highly imbalanced nature of surveillance data, the system performs detections using the proposed Horizontal SVMs algorithm according to each speciﬁc event and decision-level post processing is used to combine multiple detection scores. For the interactive part, we designed and developed an interactive visual analytics system, which can enable effective rank detection results with score relations and utilize user feedbacks to improve surveillance event detection.
Wettability of Nanostructured Surfaces

There are many studies in literature concerning contact angle measurements on different materials/substrates. It is documented that textiles can be coated with multifunctional materials in form of thin films or nanoparticles to acquire character‐ istics that can improve the protection and comfort of the wearer. The capacity of oxide nanostructures to inhibit fungal development and neutralize bacteria is a direct consequence of their wetting behavior [1–6]. Moreover, the radical modification of wetting behavior of nanostructures from hydrophilic to hydrophobic when changing the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) ambient will be thoroughly discussed. When an implant is introduced inside the human body, its surface is first wetted by the physiological fluids. This further controls the proteins adsorption followed by the attachment of cells to the implant surface. Hence, surface wettability is considered an important criterion that dictates biocompatibility of the implant and could stand for a decisive factor for its long-term stability inside the human body. In Section 1 of this chapter, the reader is briefly introduced to wetting phenomenon, and correlations between well-known Young, Cassie, and Wenzel approaches are made. Next, one of the most spread techniques to measure the wettability of surface, the contact angle measurement, is thoroughly explained and relevant examples are given. Section 2 begins with a summarized table about previous works on synthesis of hydrophobic or hydrophilic nanostructures with a special focus on ZnO, SiOx, TiO2, and DLC materials. A short presentation of the advantages of their synthesis by PLD, sol-gel, thermal evaporation, solution based on chemical approaches, sputtering, and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition will be introduced. © 2015 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Sections 3 includes a brief literature overview on results regarding synthesis by aforementioned techniques of different oxides (ZnO, TiO2, and SiOx) and DLC nanostructures onto textile (polyester, polyamide, cotton/polyester, and poly(lactic acid)) or metallic substrates for medical purposes. The chapter ends with conclusions and references, which include books and review articles relevant to the topics.