Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Untargeted Metabolomics Profiling and Global Semi-quantitation of a Prescription Chinese Herbal Medicine Formula Yinqiaosan Using UPLC-QTOF-MS with a Single Exogenous Reference Internal Standard

Abstract Yinqiaosan is a classic Chinese herbal medicine formula that has been used to treat various bacterial and viral infections by Chinese medicine doctors for over two centuries. In this work, we developed a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative method for identification, quantitation, and quality assessment of chemical constituents of Yinqiaosan formula in four different preparation forms (i.e., decoction, granule, pill, and tablet), which employed ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with a single exogenous reference internal standard for untargeted metabolomics profiling and global semiquantitative analysis. The use of a single exogenous reference internal standard permitted not only qualitative and quantitative analyses of multiple herbal components in a single instrument run, but also cross-comparison of chemical contents in between all four Yinqiaosan preparation forms. The acquired mass chromatograms were analyzed, quantitated, and compared using multivariate data analysis for similarities and differences of chemical constituents in four Yinqiaosan preparation forms. For the first time, we were able to identify over 100 chemical constituents from each preparation form using the available database. Among the 49 commonly identified compounds in the 4 Yinqiaosan preparation forms, 16 have been reported to have pharmacological activities, which may be used in a network pharmacology study of Yinqiaosan for exploring the underlying mechanism of the herbal formula.
Utilization of Wastewater Management for Sustainable City Environment in Abuja, Nigeria

Wastewater contribute to many damages to the ecosystem and biodiversity, it encompasses domestic, commercial, industrial and agricultural components and also faecal sludge, to prevent this sensitive damage, wastewater need to be well treated before being discharged to the environment or water bodies, otherwise it contributes to some disease outbreak like malaria and typhoid. Extreme poverty with inequality of income, housing system and poor urban planning combined with rapid increase in population mostly found in low/lower class settlement are among those factors contributing to these challenges and this study determines the health and environment impact of untreated wastewater. The comparative study was carried out in two study areas; highbrow areas that makes use of central wastewater treatment plant known as “WUPA” and low/lower income areas that practice open surface wastewater discharge, to determine how frequent both residents treats malaria/typhoid and soil pH value of the study areas also analyzed. In-house survey questionnaire for 300 respondents of children below 12 years was employed which show that average 65% of residents in highbrow areas treated both malaria/typhoid once in 6 Original Research Article Mba et al.; AJEE, 12(3): 15-24, 2020; Article no.AJEE. 55781 16 months, while 64% in the low/lower class areas treated 4 times in 6 months and with an average pH value of 8.18 for highbrow areas and 7.51 for low/lower class areas. This study recommends that government should connect all areas to the treatment plant, implement proper urban planning, awareness and with enforcement.
Inactivation of Salmonella typhimurium by high pressure carbon dioxide

Abstract Thermal inactivation of Salmonella typhimurium was studied under CO2pressures of 15, 30 and 60 atm at 25, 35 and 45°C. Two phases were observed in the destruction curves. The earlier stage was characterized by a slow rate of inactivation in the number of S. typhimurium, which increased sharply at the later stage. It was suggested that the cell death resulted from the lowered pH due to solubilization of CO2. An increase of pressure and/or temperature enhanced the antimicrobial effects of CO2. Salmonella typhimurium suspended in physiological saline (PS) was completely inactivated under 60 atm CO2treatment in 35 and 15 min at 25 and 35°C, respectively. On the other hand, it was completely inactivated when suspended in PS containing brain–heart infusion broth for 140 and 100 min. A minimum D -value was obtained under 60 atm CO2pressure at 45°C. Inactivation rates of S. typhimurium were sensitive to pressure, temperature, exposure time, initial number of cells, and the suspending medium.
Contribution of hydrogen to methane production and control of hydrogen concentrations in methanogenic soils and sediments

Hydrogen is, with acetate, one of the most important intermediates in the methanogenic degradation of organic matter and serves as substrate for methanogenic archaea. Hydrogen should theoretically account for 33% of total methanogenesis when carbohydrates or similar forms of organic matter are degraded. Many methanogenic environments show both much lower and much higher contributions of H2 to CH4 production than is considered normal. While the lower contributions are relatively easily explained (e.g. by the contribution of homoacetogenesis), the mechanisms behind higher contributions are mostly unclear. In methanogenic environments H2 is rapidly turned over, its concentration being the result of simultaneous production by fermenting plus syntrophic bacteria and consumption by methanogenic archaea. The steady-state concentration observed in most methanogenic environments is close to the thermodynamic equilibrium of H2-dependent methanogenesis. The threshold is usually equivalent to a Gibbs free energy of −23 kJ mol−1 CH4 that is necessary to couple CH4 production to the generation of 1/3 ATP. Methanogenesis from H2 is inhibited if the H2 concentration decreases below this threshold. Concentrations of H2 can only be decreased below this threshold if a H2-consuming reaction with a lower H2 threshold (e.g. sulfate reduction) takes over at a rate that is equal to or higher than that of methanogenesis. The instantaneous and complete inhibition of H2-dependent CH4 production that is often observed upon addition of sulfate can only be explained if a comparably high sulfate reduction potential is cryptically present in the methanogenic environment.
Behaviour of subarctic red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi athabascae)

Interactions between pairs of red-backed voles were observed in a neutral observation arena in the summer of 1975 at Heart Lake. Northwest Territories, Canada. Twenty–one behaviours were recorded for each vole and were simplified to six factors of behaviour: amicable, defensive, aggressive, avoidance, subordinate, and fighting. The behaviour of one vole towards another in a trial was classified into defensive, avoidance, amicable, and aggressive types by unweighted pair group method (UPGM) cluster analysis. It was possible to partially predict behaviour on the basis of individual parameters such as: sex, age, and reproductive condition. The relationship between individuals showed better predictability, although the behaviour of each individual was variable. Male–female encounters were generally amicable with the female being dominant. Female–female encounters were similar to male–male encounters; avoidance, defensive, and aggressive behaviour predominated. Dominant females were generally older or in a lat.
Invasion of an old-growth forest in New York by Ailanthus altissima: sapling growth and recruitment in canopy gaps.

areas, relative radial growth rates of saplings throughout Montgomery Place are not strongly affected by light availability. Pole-sized Ailanthus within South Woods exhibit a history of high annual radial growth, with means for individual trees ranging from 1.96-3.70 mm/yr. These results support the hypothesis that Ailanthus established in old-growth gaps can reach the canopy by virtue of rapid growth during a single period of release. Ailanthus thus exhibits a "gap-obligate" strategy of forest recruitment.
Efficacy of Zinc Foliar Application from Different Sources on Productivity and Fruit Quality of Wonderful Pomegranate trees

Nanoparticles (NPs), especially from micronutrients, are recently motivated for replacing their common mineral counterparts. To evaluate their comparative efficacy, this investigation was conducted to estimate the impact of foliar application of zinc through different sources on productivity, fruit quality and improve marketable fruit of “Wonderful” pomegranate trees. The field experiment was performed during two seasons (2017 and 2018) on seven - year old pomegranate trees “Wonderful” cv. , cultivated in a private “Hegazi” farm located at 57 km. from Cairo on the road to Alex. , Egypt. Four sources of zinc named “Zinc Sulphate, Zinc mannitol complex, Bio-Nano zinc (Bio Zn NPs) and Zinc Oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NPs) with four rates from each other were sprayed twice (the first before one week from full bloom and the second after a month from the first). So the experiment included seventeen treatments in a sample study spread in a randomized complete block design by five replicates. Results explicated that the greatest significant values of fruit set% were recorded by Bio Nano Zinc (Bio Zn NPs) treatments especially (400 ppm Bio-Nano Zinc (Bio Zn NPs)). Spraying with (3000, 4000 ppm Zn mannitol complex) and (300, 400 ppm Bio-Nano Zinc (Bio Zn NPs)) showed significantly the greatest values of productivity, improves marketable fruits and fruit quality of “Wonderful” pomegranate trees. So it could be recommended by spraying “Wonderful” pomegranate trees by 3000 ppm Zinc mannitol complex or 300 ppm Bio-Nano zinc (Bio Zn NPs). Another important point is that the application of Bio Zn NPs fertilizer at around 10% from the commercial dose of zinc sulphate resulted in the same results without any change in the productivity, further researches are needed to study a further low level of Zinc Oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NPs) below (100 ppm Zinc Oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NPs)) which may be improving yield and fruit quality
Spatial variability in reef habitat structure in southern central Philippines

This study was conducted to provide information necessary for deriving indicators in reef MPA sites by means of characterizing spatial trends in benthic com­ munity structures in an attempt to provide traces requisite in understanding coral reef dynamics and ultimately, de­ termining supplemental site-specific management approaches. This is part of a 7­year program aimed at con­ serving biological diversity in four focal areas in the Philippines situated at different geographic locations in the country. A total of 126 transects were surveyed in two focal areas, 60 in Surigao del Sur and 66 in Danajon Bank, Bohol, surveyed in June and August 2008, respectively. For both areas, live hard coral cover showed variability among transects within MPA sites (200-400 m apart) as well as between MPA sites (10-60 km apart), although MPA sites located within only a few kilometers from each other tend to be similar in terms of live hard coral coverage. However, a significant degree in variation was observed between MPAs in Surigao del Sur, which have exposed reef systems, compared with those observed in Danajon Bank, Bohol, which are all within a double barrier reef system. In Surigao del Sur, variability in LHC cover between inshore MPAs and island MPAs was also found to be significantly different. Results of spatial correlation between live hard coral and total algal cover between the two focal areas is discussed further.
Blocking a chemical communication between Trichoplax organisms leads to their disorderly movement

ABSTRACT We described an ‘expansion’ phenomenon of the Trichoplax sp. H2. The animals were transferred from algal mats to a Petri dish without food with the subsequent passage into the similar Petri dish. The animals’ motion and receding into the distance at the new place was modelled by the increasing spacing between individuals/objects. A collective behaviour of trichoplaxes was disrupted by the addition of 0.01% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), which assumedly blocked an interaction of signalling molecules with receptors. BSA-treated trichoplaxes demonstrated the stochastic motion that is in a good agreement with the model of independent random particles. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Comparison of the developmental patterns of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase between mung bean and cucumber cotyledons during and following germination

The development of mitochondrial NAD+-malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) in mung bean and cucumber cotyledons was followed. using the antibody raised against it, during and following germination. The developmental patterns were quite different between the two. In cucumber, the content of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase continued to increase through 3–4 days after the beginning of imbibition. This was, at least in part, due to active synthesis of the enzyme protein, and the synthesis seemed to be regulated by the availability of the translatable mRNA for the enzyme. In mung bean, on the other hand, the enzyme was present in dry cotyledons at a rather high concentration, and remained at a constant level between day 1 and day 3 after the reduction of the content to one-half its initial level during the first day. De novo synthesis of the enzyme could not be detected in mung bean cotyledons by pulse-labeling experiment.
Release and refixation of ammonia during photorespiration

Photorespiratory ammonia metabolism in isolated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Viking II) mitochondria was measured using a selective ammonia electrode. The mitochondria showed high rates of ammonia production in the presence of glycine. The isolated mitochondria contained less than 0.02% of the glutamine synthetase activity present in the original homogenate and no significant reassimilation of the released ammonia could be observed with added glutamate or α-ketogluterate. Exogenous added glutamine synthetase did reassimilate the released ammonia. In a recombinated system, with a chlorophyll to mitochondrial protein ratio equal to the ratio in vivo, chloroplasts could very effectively reassimilate the ammonia released in the mitochondria during oxidation of glycine.
Interaction of the Conserved Region 4.2 of ςE with the RseA Anti-sigma Factor*

EςE RNA polymerase transcribes a regulon of folding factors for the bacterial envelope and is induced by physical and chemical stresses. The RseA anti-sigma factor inhibits the activity of EςE RNA polymerase. It is shown here that the N-terminal portion of ςE, residues 1–153, binds core RNA polymerase. RseA interacts with residues 154–191 of ςE, a site that is homologous to region 4, the sigma factor binding site for promoter DNA. Mutations that reduce transcription of EςE RNA polymerase map to ςE residues 178, 181, and 183. Variant ςEproteins with amino acid substitutions at residues 178, 181, or 183 do not associate with RseA. A regulatory mechanism is proposed whereby RseA binds to a C-terminal peptide of ςE and inhibits the transcription of EςE RNA polymerase by blocking promoter recognition.
Muscle and sarcomere lengths in the hind limb of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) during a galloping stride

Rabbits were filmed galloping, and the length changes of the principal hind limb muscles were determined. Sarcomere lengths were measured in carcasses set by rigor mortis in four of the positions adopted during a stride. These sarcomere lengths were measured by means of a diffraction technique, devised for the purpose, using an ordinary microscope. Expected sarcomere lengths for three of the positions were predicted from that observed in the fourth, together with muscle length changes. A theoretical length-tension curve for rabbit muscle was constructed, using A and I filament lengths, it was shown that when the muscles were active, their sarcomere lengths corresponded to the plateau of the length-tension curve.
Preschoolers' extension and export of information from realistic and fantastical stories

How do young children decide which events can happen within fictional stories (extension) and learn new information from these stories (export)? In two studies, we investigate these two issues as well as the influence of story genre (realistic or fantastical) on these processes. Preschoolers ( N = 192) heard either a realistic or fantastical story and were asked (a) whether a target piece of information should be extended to a different situation within the story context and (b) whether that piece of information could be true in real life. Extension and export were not generally affected by genre, but they were affected by the type of information with which children were presented. Adults ( N = 93) responded similarly. These results suggest that children have a mature tendency to expect stories to remain internally consistent and rely on their background knowledge to interpret story events.
Genetic Comparisons of Hatchery and Natural Stocks of Small Endangered Fishes: Leon Springs Pupfish, Comanche Springs Pupfish, and Pecos Gambusia

Abstract We used starch gel electrophoresis to assay 24–28 presumptive gene loci in captive and natural populations of three species of endangered fishes held at the Dexter (New Mexico) National Fish Hatchery. The species included two cyprinodontids, the Leon Springs pupfish Cyprinodon bovinus and Comanche Springs pupfish C. elegans, and a poeciliid, the Pecos gambusia Gambusia nobilis. Hatchery stocks had been founded with 30–80 wild fish and subsequently held in captivity for 6–8 years in 0.1–0.2-hectare ponds where spawning has occurred spontaneously. Heterozygosity and polymorphism of the hatchery stocks were similar to those of the populations from which they were derived. However, the captive populations apparently had lost some rare alleles, probably due to the small sizes of the founding populations. Managers should avoid complacency with small species that spawn spontaneously in hatcheries and, superficially, seem to require little special attention. Minimum requirements for management of such sp.
Dimethylsulfide (DMS), marine biogenic aerosols and the ecophysiology of coral reefs

Abstract. Global climate change and the impacts of ocean warming, ocean acidification and declining water quality are adversely affecting coral-reef ecosystems. This is of great concern, as coral reefs provide numerous ecosystem, economic and social services. Corals are also recognised as being amongst the strongest individual sources of natural atmospheric sulfur, through stress-induced emissions of dimethylsulfide (DMS). In the clean marine boundary layer, biogenic sulfates contribute to new aerosol formation and the growth of existing particles, with important implications for the radiative balance over the ocean. Evidence suggests that DMS is not only directly involved in the coral stress response, alleviating oxidative stress, but also may create an “ocean thermostat” which suppresses sea surface temperature through changes to aerosol and cloud properties. This review provides a summary of the current major threats facing coral reefs and describes the role of dimethylated sulfur compounds in coral ecophysiology and the potential influence on climate. The role of coral reefs as a source of climatically important compounds is an emerging topic of research; however the window of opportunity to understand the complex biogeophysical processes involved is closing with ongoing degradation of the world's coral reefs. The greatest uncertainty in our estimates of radiative forcing and climate change is derived from natural aerosol sources, such as marine DMS, which constitute the largest flux of oceanic reduced sulfur to the atmosphere. Given the increasing frequency of coral bleaching events, it is crucial that we gain a better understanding of the role of DMS in local climate of coral reefs.
Child, Family, and School Behavioral Health Care in the Military Health System

Abstract Army family member health and resilience directly impact soldier readiness and are critical to maintaining a deployable force. Military families face unique stressors, including combat deployments, that can negatively impact child and family functioning. In 2014, the Army implemented the Child and Family Behavioral Health System (CAFBHS), one of 11 standardized behavioral health (BH) programs supporting soldiers and their families. CAFBHS is a comprehensive model of care consisting of five interrelated components that function in a synchronous manner: 1) BH providers located in CAFBHS clinics within Military Treatment Facilities supporting and collaborating with Patient-Centered Medical Homes; 2) School BH that embeds BH providers in on-post schools; 3) Community Outreach which organizes military and civilian resources to support soldiers and families; 4) Standardized evidence-based/informed training curricula for BH providers and primary care managers (PCMs) in treating common pediatric BH disorders; and 5) Regional-level Tele-behavioral Health Consultation in support of PCMs. Patient report of therapeutic alliance is high and outcomes for depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder for adult family members exceed Army standards. This paper describes the implementation of CAFBHS and provides lessons learned to successfully sustain and expand this integrated BH model of care across the military health care system.
Inbreeding depression of mating behavior and its reproductive consequences in a freshwater snail

Theoretical work predicts that the magnitude of inbreeding depression is particularly high in traits that are closely related to fitness. Despite the extensive work on inbreeding depression of male and female reproductive performance, relatively little is known on how inbreeding impairs male and female mating behavior. We studied inbreeding depression of male and female mating behavior in the simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail Physa acuta to test 1) whether there is inbreeding depression of mating behavior, 2) whether the potential of mate competition and mate choice has an effect on the strength of inbreeding depression, 3) whether the magnitude of inbreeding depression differs between both sex functions, and 4) how inbreeding depression of mating behavior translates into inbreeding depression of reproductive success. For this, we compared the mating behavior between selfed (inbred) and outcrossed (outbred) focal snails in a series of mating trials, in which we manipulated experimentally the potential of mate competition and mate choice. Our results provide evidence for moderate inbreeding depression of the number of copulatory encounters, the number of copulations, and the total time spent mating in both sex functions. The magnitude of inbreeding depression did not differ between the levels of competition and between both sex functions. Finally, our results suggest that inbreeding depression of mating behavior only explains a small fraction of the observed inbreeding depression of reproductive success. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to precopulatory sexual selection and sex-specific inbreeding depression.