Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Métodos de Pesquisa Directa: Optimização Não Linear

Nonlinear Optimization Problems are usual in many areas such as Engineering, Economics, Chemistry, among others. In these areas it often appears Optimization Problems in which the involved functions (objective and/or constraints) might be non smooth, its derivatives are not know or have complex expressions, or even cases where their analytical expressions can not be determined either due to its complexity or its cost (monetary, computational, time,.). Thus derivative based methods are not the most appropriate for its resolution, and methods that use models to approximate such functions turn out to be sometimes ine ective. In this work were studied, implemented and compared Direct Search Methods, i.e., methods that only need information about the functions values. They advance towards an optimal solution based on the comparison of the functions values in several points, without using derivatives or their approximations or models that approximate the involved functions. Initially it will be presented an overview of methods proposed in the literature. These methods will then be implemented and some modi cations are going to be tested in order to improve their e ciency. For Unconstrained Optimization the classical methods were studied and new methodologies were presented. These methodologies have been presented in recent developments in this area, and the corresponding algorithms were implemented, analysed and compared. The same is applied to the Constrained Optimization, for which were adapted and presented some alternatives with the goal to improve methods already used in Optimization by Direct Search, such asPenalty and Barrier Methods. Some techniques, which were considered as possible alternatives to solve this kind of problems, such as Filter Methods, that avoids the use of Penalty/Barrier functions and the choice of penalty parameters, were also developed. The implementation of these algorithms, using Java Technology, corresponded to the development of an API which was used to perform numerical tests and where the algorithms and its proposed variants are implemented. Key-Words: Nonlinear Optimization, Direct Search Optimization, Penalty or Barrier Methods, Filter Methods.
[Effect of plastic film mulching on soil microbial biomass in spring wheat field in semi-arid loess area].

This paper studied the effect of different periods of plastic film mulching (M0-no mulching, M30-mulching for 30 days, M60-mulching for 60 days, and M-mulching for whole growth period) on soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) of spring wheat field in semi-arid loess plateau. The mean SMBC in 1999 and 2000 was 335.3 and 259.3 mg.kg-1 dry soil, respectively. It was 29.3% higher in 1999 than in 2000. The highest SMBC was recorded at the harvest stage in M treatment for the two years. In 1999, a wet year with more rainfall, the SMBC of M60 and M treatments was significantly higher than those of M0 and M30 in the mid-period of growth, reached its top at the end of the growth period. The highest grain yield was also achieved in M60. It was a dry year in 2000, but rainfall was rich in the latter growth period of spring wheat. SMBC increased at the beginning period of growth, and did not increase during the mid-growth period. It increased again during the latter period of growth, and showed a significant difference among the treatments. At the harvest stage of 2000, SMBC in M0 was the highest among all the treatments. It was similar between M and M60, and lower than that of M30. In the two years, the ratio of C/N ranged between 7.732-9.042, being lower than the threshold of 11.3, and the ratio of C/P was 300.8-719.6, being higher than the threshold of 300. The two parameters showed that the increase of SMBC was inhibited because of the competition of soil available nutrients between soil microbes and crops. These indicated that soil organic matter content was so shortage that it became the key factor to restrict crop productivity. Under this condition, increasing crop productivity through the input of chemical fertilizers would conceal the problem of soil degradation, and result in a further decrease of soil quality. A long term plastic film mulching would make the problem more serious.
Compact Hexaband PIFA Antenna for Mobile Handset Applications

In this letter, a hexaband planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) for mobile handset applications is proposed. Because the proposed antenna is a flat structure, it has a low profile and a simple structure that makes it easy to manufacture. The proposed structure covers the GSM (880-960 MHz), DCS (1710-1880 MHz), PCS (1880-1990 MHz), UMTS (1920-2170 MHz), WiBro (2300-2390 MHz), and Bluetooth (2400-2480 MHz) bands. A stable and omnidirectional radiation pattern with reasonable gains is observed within the operating bandwidth. Simulated scalar electric field distributions and parameter studies are used to analyze the operating principles of the proposed antenna.
Tamoxifen and the female reproductive tract

The use of tamoxifen among women with breast cancer or at high risk of the disease has greatly expanded over the past several decades. Tamoxifen has a complex effect on the female reproductive tract and several tamoxifen-associated changes have been described among tamoxifen users. These include endometrial thickening, cervical and endometrial polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial adenocarcinoma, uterine sarcoma, increase in the size of uterine leiomyomata, exacerbation of endometriosis and ovarian cysts. The most common uterine change associated with tamoxifen is endometrial polyps. The annual incidence of endometrial cancer among women on tamoxifen is 2 per 1000 and seems to be related to the cumulative tamoxifen dose. It is not clear whether endometrial cancer occurring among women on tamoxifen is of worse prognosis than endometrial cancer occurring among women not receiving tamoxifen. Tamoxifen is associated with several sonographic changes which make the use of ultrasound in surveillance of these patients difficult. There is no indication to implement routine screening for endometrial cancer among all women on tamoxifen. However, endometrial biopsy, preferably via hysteroscopy, should be considered in women with uterine bleeding.
Les héritages du passé peuvent-ils expliquer les performances actuelles des firmes ?

Deux mesures de performances des maisons d’opera : l’autonomie financiere et le taux de remplissage des salles, sont utilisees pour differencier l’echantillon de 62 compagnies en deux groupes dont on analyse la fonction discriminante. Les plus performantes sont celles qui disposent des salles les plus grandes et qui sont le moins soumises aux regles et traditions heritees du passe. Ce ne sont pas l’apprentissage et la memorisation qui sous-tendent la performance mais le « desapprentissage » et l’innovation.
Locked Jaw Syndrome in Dogs and Cats: 37 Cases (1998–2005)

A consecutive series of cases of dogs and cats with locked jaw syndrome (inability to open or close the mouth) are reported in this study. Dogs were significantly overrepresented (84.0 %) and adult dogs were more frequently affected (81.0 %). Temporomandibular joint ankylosis due to fracture was the most common cause (54.0 %) of locked jaw syndrome. Additional potential causes of locked jaw syndrome are masticatory muscle myositis, neoplasia, trigeminal nerve paralysis and central neurological lesions, temporomandibular joint luxation and dysplasia, osteoarthritis, retrobulbar abscess, tetanus, and severe ear disease. Treatment of locked jaw is directed towards the primary cause. It is important to treat the tonic spasm in order to minimize periarticular fibrosis. Surgical intervention is recommended for temporomandibular joint ankylosis. Masticatory muscle myositis treatment is initiated by gradually opening the mouth, with medical treatment based on immunosuppressive therapy. Fracture and masticatory muscle myositis are associated with a relatively good prognosis in regard to short-term outcome as compared to animals with central neurologic lesions or osteosarcoma which have a poor prognosis.
Subset selection in multiple linear regression: An improved Tabu search

This paper proposes an improved tabu search method for subset selection in multiple linear regression models. Variable selection is a vital combinatorial optimization problem in multivariate statistics. The selection of the optimal subset of variables is necessary in order to reliably construct a multiple linear regression model. Its applications widely range from machine learning, timeseries prediction, and multi-class classification to noise detection. Since this problem has NP-complete nature, it becomes more difficult to find the optimal solution as the number of variables increases. Two typical metaheuristic methods have been developed to tackle the problem: the tabu search algorithm and hybrid genetic and simulated annealing algorithm. However, these two methods have shortcomings. The tabu search method requires a large amount of computing time, and the hybrid algorithm produces a less accurate solution. To overcome the shortcomings of these methods, we propose an improved tabu search algorithm to reduce moves of the neighborhood and to adopt an effective move search strategy. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, comparative studies are performed on small literature data sets and on large simulation data sets. Computational results show that the proposed method outperforms two metaheuristic methods in terms of the computing time and solution quality.
The Eternal system: an architecture for enterprise applications

The Eternal system supports networked enterprise applications that must operate continuously 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. Based on the CORBA standard, Eternal provides object replication not only for fault tolerance but also for live software upgrades, as well as resource management facilities. Through the use of interceptors, Eternal renders the object replication transparent to the application, as well as to the ORB and to the operating system. Thus, Eternal works with commercial off-the-shelf CORBA ORBs and standard unmodified operating systems. Eternal handles the difficult issues of object replication, fault tolerance, live upgrades and resource management, thereby allowing the application programmers to focus on the applications.
Descentralización del turismo en Ecuador, el caso de los municipios de Ibarra y Manta

Desde el ano 2000 el Ecuador ha llevado a cabo un proceso de descentralizacion de varios sectores dentro del cual al menos 60 municipios han firmado especificamente el Convenio de Transferencia de Competencias en Turismo. Este hecho responde a la idea ampliamente difundida de que el turismo es una de las estrategias de desarrollo local mas eficiente y rapida. En el contexto global, es frecuente que tanto los gobiernos locales como las comunidades se decidan por la actividad turistica como fuente generadora de ingresos y empleos. Y es justamente este supuesto el que motivo la descentralizacion de este sector en el Ecuador.
Multi-mode and multi-band polar transmitter for GSM, NADC, and EDGE

Operators in North and South America are installing GSM/GPRS/EDGE networks over existing NADC (North American Digital Cellular) network installations. Mobile terminals and handsets are required to operate on all of these modes to support these networks. A further requirement is that these mobile devices have economics nearly identical to single-mode GSM voice handsets. Investigations have shown that polar modulation is a viable approach to meet all of these requirements. Performance measurements of such a polar transmitter are reported.
Zum Einfluß asymmetrischer Besteuerung auf die Vorteilhaftigkeit erfolgsabhängiger Entlohnungsverträge

In diesem Beitrag werden die Effekte symmetrischer und asymmetrischer Besteuerung auf die Vorteilhaftigkeit erfolgsabhangiger und erfolgsunabhangiger Entlohnungsvertrage untersucht. Dazu wird ein binares Agency-Modell verwendet, in das eine proportionale Unternehmenssteuer auf Ebene des Prinzipals und eine ebenfalls proportionale Lohnsteuer auf Ebene des Agenten integriert wird. Die Besteuerung des Agenten bewirkt, das im Erwartungswert ein hoheres Bruttogehalt gezahlt werden musals im steuerfreien Fall, um den Agenten zu einem hohen Arbeitseinsatz anzureizen. Diese Erhohung der Entlohnungskosten bewirkt, dasder Prinzipal nach Steuern tendenziell seltener erfolgsabhangige Entlohnungsvertrage anbieten wird als vor Steuern. Somit wird sich der Prinzipal nach Steuern haufiger mit einem niedrigen Arbeitseinsatz des Agenten zufriedengeben oder ganzlich auf den Einsatz des Agenten verzichten. Die Hohe des Unternehmenssteuersatzes ist dabei irrelevant fur das Zustandekommen oder die Art des Entlohnungsvertrages; es kommt lediglich auf die Hohe der Lohnsteuer an. Eine asymmetrische Besteuerung von Gewinnen und Verlusten auf Unternehmensebene verringert erwartungsgemasdie Zielerreichung des Prinzipals und bewirkt damit, das es tendenziell seltener zu einem Einsatz des Agenten kommt. Ist jedoch der Einsatz des Agenten trotz asymmetrischer Unternehmensbesteuerung vorteilhaft, benachteiligt eine unvollstandige Verlustverrechnung erfolgsunabhangige Entlohnungsvertrage starker als erfolgsabhangige Entlohnungsvertrage. Mit Verlustverrechnungsbeschrankungen wird es deshalb tendenziell haufiger zum Abschluserfolgsabhangiger Entlohnungsvertrage kommen als bei symmetrischer Besteuerung.
Laboratory assessment of the anticoagulant effects of the next generation of oral anticoagulants

Summary. In contrast to vitamin K antagonists, which reduce the functional levels of several coagulation factors, the new oral anticoagulants specifically target either thrombin or factor Xa. These new agents have such predictable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics that routine coagulation monitoring is unnecessary. However, there are still some situations in which measurement of anticoagulant effect may be required. The coagulation assays that are used to monitor heparin derivatives or vitamin K antagonists may not always accurately reflect the anticoagulant activity of the new oral anticoagulants, and specialized assays may be needed. In this article, we: (i) identify situations in which assessment of anticoagulant effect may aid treatment decisions; (ii) describe the effects of the new oral anticoagulants on the various coagulation tests; (iii) review the specialized coagulation assays that have been developed to measure the anticoagulant effects of the new oral anticoagulants; and (iv) provide a clinical perspective on the role of coagulation testing in the clinical management of patients treated with the new oral anticoagulants.
Beet Webworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Migration in China: Evidence from Genetic Markers

ABSTRACT Genetic diversity within and among 11 geographic populations of the beet webworm Loxostege sticticalis across five provinces in the northern part of China were evaluated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Five AFLP primer combinations were used on 88 L. sticticalis samples from different locations, detecting a total of 384 polymorphic and 27 monomorphic fragments. Although extensive genetic diversity occurs among individuals from different geographic populations (P = 93.4%, h = 0.398, I = 0.572), the majority of the genetic diversity is within populations and not between populations (GST = 0.196), which agrees well with the results of analysis of molecular variance (84% of the total genetic variation is within populations), indicating high gene flow (NM = 2.046) among natural populations, which are not genetically differentiated. L. sticticalis in northeastern China, northern China, and northwestern China are part of a single large metapopulation. Cluster analyses based on AFLP data were preformed to graphically show groupings between individuals and between populations. Individuals from the same region were not grouped together very well. Eleven subpopulations were clustered into six broad groups, and there was no significant correlation between geographic distance and genetic dissimilarity (r = 0.1236, P = 0.8512). Principle component analysis also indicated a lack of genetic differentiation between the 11 populations. These results indicated that, although high genetic variability existed among individuals, there was little genetic differentiation among geographic populations, which can be explained by the effects of long distance migration of the beet webworm in China and consequent gene flow.
Competition among Hfq‐binding small RNAs in Escherichia coli

A major class of small bacterial RNAs (sRNAs) regulate translation and mRNA stability by pairing with target mRNAs, dependent upon the RNA chaperone Hfq. Hfq, related to the Lsm/Sm families of splicing proteins, binds the sRNAs and stabilizes them in vivo and stimulates pairing with mRNAs in vitro. Although Hfq is abundant, the sRNAs, when induced, are similarly abundant. Therefore, Hfq may be limiting for sRNA function. We find that, when overexpressed, a number of sRNAs competed with endogenous sRNAs for binding to Hfq. This correlated with lower accumulation of the sRNAs (presumably a reflection of the loss of Hfq binding), and lower activity of the sRNAs in regulating gene expression. Hfq was limiting for both positive and negative regulation by the sRNAs. In addition, deletion of the gene for an expressed and particularly effective competitor sRNA improved the regulation of genes by other sRNAs, suggesting that Hfq is limiting during normal growth conditions. These results support the existence of a hierarchy of sRNA competition for Hfq, modulating the function of some sRNAs.
A proactive space for rehabilitation, gaming and multimodal interaction: a poster presentation

Markets are waiting for new, innovative game control techniques from the game industry. At the same time people suffering from stroke or other neurologic problems could benefit from new rehabilitation systems. Education and exhibition can make use of new learning environments. This poster presents a proactive space concept to meet these needs. Proactive Space is a room, where sound, lights and display are controlled based on human location and other controls in the room.
Cytotoxicity of microglia

The most characteristic property of microglia is their swift activation in response to neuronal stress and their capacity for site‐directed phagocytosis. The transformation of microglia into intrinsic brain macrophages appears to be under strict control and takes place if neuronal and/or terminal degeneration occurs in response to nerve lesion. The differentiation of microglia into brain macrophages is accompanied by the release of several secretory products, e.g., proteinases, cytokines, reactive oxygen intermediates, and reactive nitrogen intermediates. Interference with the microglial activation or the productions of cytotoxic metabolites by microglia may thus offer new therapeutic opportunities for the prevention of neuronal cell death in CNS disease.
A developed Ethernet-based communication system for manned submersible vehicle

Undoubtedly the reliability of inter-communication system for manned submersible vehicle, which is working in dangerous and unforeseeable deep-sea circumstance, is crucial to safety of the overall control system. In this paper firstly, traditional inter-communication system for underwater vehicle (UV) is introduced and it has its intrinsic shortcomings. So in order to overcome those shortcomings a developed Ethernet-based inter-communication system has been designed and implemented. Secondly, various network data transmission delay testing on our semi-physical virtual simulation platform verifies the reliability and its performance of the whole network. And control software is also developed and the results of the auto-heading are shown. At last, the results of analysis and test indicate that this Ethernet-based inter-communication system has a good performance and now we are ready to sea experiments for the future.
A low noise and power consumption, high-gain LNA in 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS using transmission lines

A two-stage low-noise amplifier (LNA), designed using GlobalFoundries' 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS process technology for 56–64 GHz applications is presented in this paper. The LNA consists of two cascode stages, with inductive degeneration using short stub transmission lines with a quarter wavelength. The input matching and output matching adopt T-section matching to ensure optimal noise and input matching, while realizing high gain over the desired frequency using the interstage and output matching. The designed LNA uses 7.6 mW of dc power from a 1.5 V supply, while achieving 22.99 dB gain and a noise figure of 4.43 dB at 60 GHz. It is unconditionally stable and has a 3 dB bandwidth of 3.9 dB across the V-band.
A MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR DIACETYLMORPHINE (HEROIN) ADDICTION. A CLINICAL TRIAL WITH METHADONE HYDROCHLORIDE.

A group of 22 patients, previously addicted to diacetylmorphine (heroin), have been stabilized with oral methadone hydrochloride. This medication appears to have two useful effects: (1) relief of narcotic hunger, and (2) induction of sufficient tolerance to block the euphoric effect of an average illegal dose of diacetylmorphine. With this medication, and a comprehensive program of rehabilitation, patients have shown marked improvement; they have returned to school, obtained jobs, and have become reconciled with their families. Medical and psychometric tests have disclosed no signs of toxicity, apart from constipation. This treatment requires careful medical supervision and many social services. In our opinion, both the medication and the supporting program are essential.
Study of R peaks using HRV processor in MATLAB simulink

This paper describes two different models for detecting R peaks in ECG waveform and the comparison between the outputs of these two models has been presented. Peaks of ECG waveform i.e. R peaks are detected using Simulink Models which carries the information about HRV. The precise identification of QRS complex specifically, exact recognition of R Peaks is a key in computer based ECG investigation. ECG waveform is described by time interval between two consecutive R peaks. Using the location of R peaks, RR interval can be calculated and on that basis various heart conditions can also be detected. Further the future work includes implementation of these models on FPGA.
Six Family of Homeobox Genes and Related Mechanisms in Tumorigenesis Protocols

In recent years, the homeobox gene superfamily has been introduced as a master regulator in downstream target genes related to cell development and proliferation. An indispensable role of this family involved in organogenesis development has been widely demonstrated since expression of Six family led to a distinct increase in development of various organs. These functions of Six family genes are primarily based on structure as well as regulatory role in response to external or internal stimuli. In addition to these roles, mutation or aberrant expression of Six family plays a fundamental role in initiation of carcinogenesis, a multistep process including transformation, proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and metastasis. This suggests that the Six superfamily members can be considered as novel target molecules to inhibit tumor growth and progression. This review focuses on the structure, function, and mechanisms of the Six family in cancer processes and possible strategies to apply these family members for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes.