Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of the Changjiang River on the light absorption properties of phytoplankton from the East China Sea

Phytoplankton light absorption properties were in- vestigated at the surface and subsurface chlorophyll a max- imum (SCM) layer in the East China Sea (ECS), a marginal sea which is strongly influenced by the Changjiang dis- charge in summer. Results from ECS were compared with those from the Tsushima Strait (TS) where the influence of Changjiang discharge is less. The probable controlling fac- tors, packaging effect (cell size) and pigment composition of total chlorophyll a (Tchl a)-specific absorption coeffi- cient (a ph ()) were examined by the corresponding mea- surements of pigments identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. We observed distinct phytoplankton size structure and thereby absorption properties between ECS and TS. At the surface, mixed populations of micro-, nano- and pico-phytoplankton were recorded in ECS while pico- phytoplankton dominated in TS, generating a lower aver- age a ph () in ECS than in TS. Within SCM, average a ph () was higher in ECS than in TS because of the dominance of nano- and micro-phytoplankton in ECS and TS, respec- tively. By pooling surface and SCM samples, we found reg- ular trends in phytoplankton size-fraction versus Tchl a; and correlations between a ph () and Tchl a consistent with pre- vious observations for the global ocean in TS but not in ECS. In ECS phytoplankton size-fraction was not correlated with Tchl a, which consequently caused poor relationships be- tween a ph () and Tchl a. The abnormal values mainly orig- inated from the surface low-salinity waters and SCM wa- ters beneath them. At high Tchl a, a ph () of these samples was substantially higher compared to the values in TS and from the global regressions, which was attributable to the lower micro-phytoplankton fraction, and higher nano- and/or pico-phytoplankton fractions in ECS. These observations in- dicated that the distinct light absorption properties of phyto- plankton in ECS were possibly influenced by the Changjiang discharge. Our findings imply that general bio-optical algo- rithms proposed based on the correlations between a ph () and Tchl a or the patterns in size-fraction versus Tchl a are not applicable in ECS, and need to be carefully considered when using these general algorithms in river-influenced re- gions.
Cognitive and language development in preterm infants Desenvolvimento cognitivo e linguagem em prematuros

Purpose: To correlate aspects of cognitive and language development in preterm infants of 24 and 42 months of chronological age. Methods: A quantitative, analytical, and cross-sectional study was conducted between February and December 2012. The sample comprised ten preterm infants with a chronological age ranging between 24 and 42 months. These children were subjected to the Bayley Scales of Infant Development – III and evaluated according to cognitive, receptive, and expressive language subscales. Results: A statistical significance was observed when correlating chronological and corrected age with the age of cognitive and language development. In the correlation of chronological age with cognitive and language abilities, a statistical significance was observed regarding the ability to grasp and handle objects, and in the construction and object permanence capacity. In the correlation of developmental age with cognition and language abilities, a statistical significance was observed in all cognitive abilities. A significant correlation was not observed between ages of expressive language development and receptive language ability. Conclusion: A correlation between chronological and corrected ages with the ages of cognitive and language development was confirmed. Receptive and expressive language abilities showed a distinct development; however, they were dependent on the cognition.
Alda-1, an aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 agonist, improves long-term survival in rats with chronic heart failure following myocardial infarction

Alda-1, an aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) agonist, has been demonstrated to reduce injury caused by acute myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemia/reperfusion. The present study aimed to investigate whether oral administration of Alda-1 improved long-term survival of rats with chronic heart failure (CHF) post-MI. MI model rats treated daily with Alda-1 exhibited an increase in 20-week survival rate compared with untreated MI rats. Alda-1 treatment decreased the heart weight/body weight ratio, collagen volume, left ventricular (LV) internal diameter at the end of diastole and LV internal diameter at the end of systole, while increasing LV ejection fraction with evident LV fractional shortening. Myocardial cell apoptosis index, the activity of caspase-3 and the expression of cleaved-caspase-3 were also reduced by Alda-1 treatment. The protective effects of Alda-1 were associated with reduced 4-hydroxynonenal accumulation. The results of the present study revealed that the long-term treatment with Alda-1 prevented the progression of ventricular remodeling and improved the long-term survival of rats with CHF post-MI.
SF-Net: Learning Scene Flow from RGB-D Images with CNNs

With the rapid development of depth sensors, RGB-D data has become much more accessible. Scene ﬂow is one of the fundamental ways to understand the dynamic content in RGB-D image sequences. Traditional approaches estimate scene ﬂow using registration and smoothness or local rigidity priors, which is slow and prone to errors when the priors are not fully satisﬁed. To address such challenges, learning based methods provide an attractive alternative. However, trivially applying CNN-based optical ﬂow estimation methods does not produce satisfactory results. How to use deep learning to improve the estimation of scene ﬂow from RGB-D images remains unexplored. In this work, we propose a novel learning based framework to estimate scene ﬂow, which takes both brightness and scene ﬂow losses. Given a pair of RGB-D images, the brightness loss is used to measure the disparity between the ﬁrst RGB-D image and the deformed second RGB-D image using the scene ﬂow, and the scene ﬂow loss is used to learn from the ground truth of scene ﬂow. We build a convolutional neural network to simultaneously optimize both losses. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets show that our method is signiﬁcantly faster than existing methods and outperforms state-of-the-art real-time methods in accuracy.
The color of refractory organic carbon

Organic matter studies find an echo within different topics such as biogeochemical cycles, processes occurring in continental surfaces, anthropogenic activities, climate science, earth and planetary sciences, etc. Today’s challenges include finding and developing the most appropriate method(s) supporting the differentiation and characterisation of various types of recalcitrant organic matter in modern environments. In this study, we focus on combustion residues and coals as these two types of organic matter contain a significant amount of so-called recalcitrant organic carbon (black carbon and fossil organic carbon). Both these materials are ubiquitous, broadly stem from the same living organisms and have similar polyaromatic structures. In this respect, we tested a spectrophotometry method, classically used for sedimentology, as a very fast method for preliminary investigations. Analyses were performed with a wide range of standards and referenced samples. The results discriminate three different spectral signatures related to the degree of transformation of organic matter related to the degree of aromaticity ( i.e. carbonisation). Using calibration curves, total organic carbon content can be estimated in experimental mixes with mineral matter and in a real context using subsurface sample (Gironville 101 borehole, Paris Basin, France). This method has particularly high sensitivity to very low organic matter content and is shown to be promising for a rapid evaluation of the organic carbon content.
Test of GOCE EGG Data for Spacecraft Positioning

Consisting of three pairs of accelerometers, the gradiometer is an ideal sensor for passive navigation. This paper proposes the use of gravity gradients for spacecraft positioning and the real-world GOCE EGG data are tested to investigate the feasibility. The basic observation equation is first formulated by considering white noise only, and a Least-Square position searching method is developed. The raw GGT measurements are preprocessed before the test in order to remove the low-frequency errors. By using a 120-degree EGM2008 gravity model as a reference map, position solutions with an accuracy of hundreds of meters are obtained. A further semi-simulation study shows that an accuracy of tens of meters could be achieved with a better gradiometer.
Molecular Layer Deposition of Hybrid Organic−Inorganic Alucone Polymer Films Using a Three-Step ABC Reaction Sequence

Thin film growth using molecular layer deposition (MLD) or atomic layer deposition (ALD) is based on sequential, self-limiting surface reactions. In this work, MLD is used to grow a hybrid organic−inorganic polymer film based on a three-step ABC reaction sequence using trimethylaluminum (TMA), ethanolamine (EA), and maleic anhydride (MA) as the reactants. This three-step ABC sequence avoids the use of homobifunctional organic precursors by employing a homotrifunctional inorganic reactant (TMA), a heterobifunctional organic reactant (EA), and a ring-opening organic reactant (MA). The resulting hybrid organic−inorganic polymer film is an alucone with an approximate formula of (−AlCH3−OCH2CH2NH−C(O)CHCHCOO−)n. The growth of this ABC alucone film was monitored using in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements at 90−170 °C. The three sequential surface reactions displayed self-limiting growth. The FTIR difference spectra monitored the absorbance from the surface species during the three surface reac.
Modulating the Photoluminescence of Bridged Silsesquioxanes Incorporating Eu3+-Complexed n,n′-Diureido-2,2′-bipyridine Isomers: Application for Luminescent Solar Concentrators

Two new urea-bipyridine derived bridged organosilanes (P5 and P6) have been synthesized and their hydrolysis–condensation under nucleophilic catalysis in the presence of Eu3+ salts led to luminescent bridged silsesquioxanes (M5-Eu and M6-Eu). An important loading of Eu3+ (up to 11%w) can be obtained for the material based on the 6,6′-isomer. Indeed the photoluminescence properties of these materials, that have been investigated in depth (photoluminescence (PL), quantum yield, lifetimes), show a significantly different complexation mode of the Eu3+ ions for M6-Eu, compared with M4-Eu (obtained from the already-reported 4,4′-isomer) and M5-Eu. Moreover, M6-Eu exhibits the highest absolute emission quantum yield value (0.18 ± 0.02) among these three materials. The modification of the sol composition upon the addition of a malonamide derivative led to similar luminescent features but with an increased quantum yield (0.26 ± 0.03). In addition, M6-Eu can be processed as thin films by spin-coating on glass subst.
Multiblock structured grids for direct numerical simulations of transonic wing sections

Direct numerical simulations of transitional and turbulent flows around airfoils at moderate and high Reynolds number require large and complex grids consisting of billions of grid points. Advances in computational resources towards exa-scale computing (1018 floating point operations per second) and powerful algorithms that aim to exploit the full potential of modern high-performance computing architectures allow an increase of size and complexity of such simulations. However, high-order numerical methods for structured curvilinear grids require continuous metric terms up to the second order of derivatives or higher. An evaluation of the requirements on grid-generation tools, stressing scalability, precision and flexibility, suggested the need for handcrafted grids. In the present contribution, we outline a method based on polynomial functions and identify the benefits of such techniques for large structured multi-block high-fidelity grid generation around airfoil geometries, also providing an open-source tool for airfoils with sharp as well as blunt trailing edges.
Multivariate Modeling and Analysis of Regional Ocean Freight Rates

In this paper, we propose a new multivariate model for the dynamics of regional ocean freight rates. We show that a cointegrated system of regional spot freight rates can be decomposed into a common non-stationary market factor and stationary regional deviations. The resulting integrated CAR process is new to the literature. By interpreting the common market factor as the global arithmetic average of the regional rates, both the market factor and the regional deviations are observable which simplifies the calibration of the model. Moreover, forward contracts on the market factor can be traded in the Forward Freight Agreement (FFA) market. We calibrate the model to historical spot rate processes and illustrate the term structures of volatility and correlation between the regional prices and the market factor. Our model is an important contribution towards improved modelling and hedging of regional price risk when derivative market liquidity is concentrated in a single global benchmark.
Turtles, Locks, and Bathrooms: Understanding Mental Models of Privacy Through Illustration

Abstract Are the many formal definitions and frameworks of privacy consistent with a layperson’s understanding of privacy? We explored this question and identified mental models and metaphors of privacy, conceptual tools that can be used to improve privacy tools, communication, and design for everyday users. Our investigation focused on a qualitative analysis of 366 drawings of privacy from laypeople, privacy experts, children, and adults. Illustrators all responded to the prompt “What does privacy mean to you? ” We coded each image for content, identifying themes from established privacy frameworks and defining the visual and conceptual metaphors illustrators used to model privacy. We found that many non-expert drawings illustrated a strong divide between public and private physical spaces, while experts were more likely to draw nuanced data privacy spaces. Young children’s drawings focused on bedrooms, bathrooms, or cheating on schoolwork, and seldom addressed data privacy. The metaphors, themes, and symbols identified by these findings can be used for improving privacy communication, education, and design by inspiring and informing visual and conceptual strategies for reaching laypeople.
Conservation and divergence in modules of the transcriptional programs of the human and mouse immune systems

Studies in mouse have shed important light on human hematopoietic differentiation and disease. However, substantial differences between the two species often limit the translation of findings from mouse to human. Here, we compare previously defined modules of co-expressed genes in human and mouse immune cells based on compendia of genome-wide profiles. We show that the overall modular organization of the transcriptional program is conserved. We highlight modules of co-expressed genes in one species that dissolve or split in the other species. Many of the associated regulatory mechanisms – as reflected by computationally inferred trans regulators, or enriched cis-regulatory elements – are conserved between the species. Nevertheless, the degree of conservation in regulatory mechanism is lower than that of expression, suggesting that distinct regulation may underlie some of the conserved transcriptional responses.
A lattice grain model of hillslope evolution

Abstract. This paper describes and explores a new continuous-time stochastic cellular automaton model of hillslope evolution. The Grain Hill model provides a computational framework with which to study slope forms that arise from stochastic disturbance and rock weathering events. The model operates on a hexagonal lattice, with cell states representing fluid, rock, and grain aggregates that are either stationary or in a state of motion in one of the six cardinal lattice directions. Cells representing near-surface soil material undergo stochastic disturbance events, in which initially stationary material is put into motion. Net downslope transport emerges from the greater likelihood for disturbed material to move downhill than to move uphill. Cells representing rock undergo stochastic weathering events in which the rock is converted into regolith. The model can reproduce a range of common slope forms, from fully soil mantled to rocky or partially mantled, and from convex-upward to planar shapes. An optional additional state represents large blocks that cannot be displaced upward by disturbance events. With the addition of this state, the model captures the morphology of hogbacks, scarps, and similar features. In its simplest form, the model has only three process parameters, which represent disturbance frequency, characteristic disturbance depth, and base-level lowering rate, respectively. Incorporating physical weathering of rock adds one additional parameter, representing the characteristic rock weathering rate. These parameters are not arbitrary but rather have a direct link with corresponding parameters in continuum theory. Comparison between observed and modeled slope forms demonstrates that the model can reproduce both the shape and scale of real hillslope profiles. Model experiments highlight the importance of regolith cover fraction in governing both the downslope mass transport rate and the rate of physical weathering. Equilibrium rocky hillslope profiles are possible even when the rate of base-level lowering exceeds the nominal bare-rock weathering rate, because increases in both slope gradient and roughness can allow for rock weathering rates that are greater than the flat-surface maximum. Examples of transient relaxation of steep, rocky slopes predict the formation of a regolith-mantled pediment that migrates headward through time while maintaining a sharp slope break.
Modeling of the Hydrogen Lyman Lines in Solar Flares

The hydrogen Lyman lines (91.2 nm < λ < 121.6 nm) are significant contributors to the radiative losses of the solar chromosphere, and they are enhanced during flares. We have shown previously that the Lyman lines observed by the Extreme Ultraviolet Variability instrument onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory exhibit Doppler motions equivalent to speeds on the order of 30 km s−1. However, contrary to expectations, both redshifts and blueshifts were present and no dominant flow direction was observed. To understand the formation of the Lyman lines, particularly their Doppler motions, we have used the radiative hydrodynamic code, RADYN, along with the radiative transfer code, RH, to simulate the evolution of the flaring chromosphere and the response of the Lyman lines during solar flares. We find that upflows in the simulated atmospheres lead to blueshifts in the line cores, which exhibit central reversals. We then model the effects of the instrument on the profiles, using the Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) instrument's properties. What may be interpreted as downflows (redshifted emission) in the lines, after they have been convolved with the instrumental line profile, may not necessarily correspond to actual downflows. Dynamic features in the atmosphere can introduce complex features in the line profiles that will not be detected by instruments with the spectral resolution of EVE, but which leave more of a signature at the resolution of the Spectral Investigation of the Coronal Environment instrument onboard the Solar Orbiter.
Genome-wide histone modification patterns in Kluyveromyces Lactis reveal evolutionary adaptation of a heterochromatin-associated mark

The packaging of eukaryotic genomes into nucleosomes plays critical roles in all DNA-templated processes, and chromatin structure has been implicated as a key factor in the evolution of gene regulatory programs. While the functions of many histone modifications appear to be highly conserved throughout evolution, some well-studied modifications such as H3K9 and H3K27 methylation are not found in major model organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while other modifications gain/lose regulatory functions during evolution. To study such a transition we focused on H3K9 methylation, a heterochromatin mark found in metazoans and in the fission yeast S. pombe, but which has been lost in the lineage leading to the model budding yeast S. cerevisiae. We show that this mark is present in the relatively understudied yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, a Hemiascomycete that diverged from S. cerevisiae prior to the whole-genome duplication event that played a key role in the evolution of a primarily fermentative lifestyle. We mapped genome-wide patterns of H3K9 methylation as well as several conserved modifications. We find that well-studied modifications such as H3K4me3, H3K36me3, and H3S10ph exhibit generally conserved localization patterns. Interestingly, we show H3K9 methylation in K. lactis primarily occurs over highly-transcribed regions, including both Pol2 and Pol3 transcription units. We identified the H3K9 methylase as the ortholog of Set6, whose function in S. cerevisiae is obscure. Functionally, we show that deletion of KlSet6 does not affect highly H3K9me3-marked genes, providing another example of a major disconnect between histone mark localization and function. Together, these results shed light on surprising plasticity in the function of a widespread chromatin mark.
Living Like A Monk: Motivations and Experiences of International Participants in Templestay

The perception and traditional role of Buddhist monasteries has dramatically shifted from sacred religious sites toward sites for the provision of temple stay programmes (hereafter, simply Templestay), a hybrid form of leisure and recreational dwelling that transcends religious boundaries (Kaplan, 2010; Song et al., 2015). Templestay originated in order to respond to a shortage of lodging establishments when Korea cohosted the 2002 World Cup Soccer Games. Surprisingly, an estimated 1,000 internationals took part in this program, over a 42-day period, in conjunction with the World Cup (Kaplan, 2010). In order to provide authentic cultural experiences of sacred places, extensive efforts were made to promote sustainable tourism that benefited both tourists and the national image. The program plays a significant role in transforming the identity of Korean temples from mainly being a spiritual complex, of a specified religion, to being inclusive illustrations of Korean national heritage and culture (Kaplan, 2010). More specifically, Templestay enables participants to fully engage in collective religious, cultural, educational, spiritual, and leisure activities (Choe, Blazey, and Mitas, 2015).