Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Dialogic Account of Sense-Making in Scientific Argumentation and Reasoning

This article identifies aspects of argumentation in scientific practice that are key for scientific sense-making and articulates how engagement in these aspects happens both inter-mentally (between people) and intra-mentally (an individual's reasoning). Institutionally, peer review exerts critique on new knowledge claims in science and is comprised by a search for errors, which can be expressed as generation and evaluation of alternative possibilities that contrast with the new knowledge claim. Critique influences construction of claims, and this interplay motivates progress in sense-making. A classroom experiment is presented in which a high school physics class simulated the social interactions between authors and reviewers. These students’ subsequent ability to engage in various forms of sense-making is contrasted with a control class that did the same activity but without simulating the relevant social interactions. The results suggest important support for a principled, practice-based way to simulate scientific discourse in classrooms to support sense-making.
Multidimensional two-component Gaussian mixtures detection

Let $(X\_1,\ldots,X\_n)$ be a $d$-dimensional i.i. d sample from a distribution with density $f$. The problem of detection of a two-component mixture is considered. Our aim is to decide whether $f$ is the density of a standard Gaussian random $d$-vector ($f=\phi\_d$) against $f$ is a two-component mixture: $f=(1-\varepsilon)\phi\_d +\varepsilon \phi\_d (.-\mu)$ where $(\varepsilon,\mu)$ are unknown parameters. Optimal separation conditions on $\varepsilon, \mu, n$ and the dimension $d$ are established, allowing to separate both hypotheses with prescribed errors. Several testing procedures are proposed and two alternative subsets are considered.
Effects of ocean acidification over the life history of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite

Increased levels of atmospheric CO2 are anticipated to cause decreased seawater pH. Despite the fact that calcified marine invertebrates are particularly susceptible to acidification, bar- nacles have received little attention. We examined larval condition, cyprid size, cyprid attachment and metamorphosis, juvenile to adult growth, shell calcium carbonate content, and shell resistance to dislodgement and penetration in the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite reared from nauplii in either ambient pH 8.2 seawater or under CO2-driven acidification of seawater down to a pH of 7.4. There were no effects of reduced pH on larval condition, cyprid size, cyprid attachment and metamorpho- sis, juvenile to adult growth, or egg production. Nonetheless, barnacles exposed to pH 7.4 seawater displayed a trend of larger basal shell diameters during growth, suggestive of compensatory calcifi- cation. Furthermore, greater force was required to cause shell breakage of adults raised at pH 7.4, indicating that the lower, active growth regions of the wall shells had become more heavily calcified. Ash contents (predominately calcium carbonate) of basal shell plates confirmed that increased calci- fication had occurred in shells of individuals reared at pH 7.4. Despite enhanced calcification, pen- etrometry revealed that the central shell wall plates required significantly less force to penetrate than those of individuals raised at pH 8.2. Thus, dissolution rapidly weakens wall shells as they grow. The ramifications of our observations at the population level are important, as barnacles with weakened wall shells are more vulnerable to predators.
EXPERIMENTAL ECOLOGY OF DRYAS OCTOPETALA ECOTYPES II. A DEMOGRAPHIC MODEL OF GROWTH, BRANCHING AND FECUNDITY

SUMMARY (1) A general model of plant growth, branching, and seed production is described. The model simulates plant growth by considering the plant to be an assemblage of repeated units (modules). A shoot module, defined as a meristem and associated live leaves, passes through growth, branching, and flowering stages governed by size-dependent transition probabilities. Lefkovitch matrices formed from these transition probabilities are used to project shoot-module population size, and therefore, plant growth. (2) Model parameters were calculated for two ecotypes of Dryas octopetala, a perennial dwarf shrub of circumpolar arctic-alpine distribution. Shoot-module size categories were defined by leaf area. Censuses of tagged shoots in 1979 and 1980 revealed size-dependent growth, branching, and flowering patterns for both ecotypes. (3) Rates of new shoot production increased with shoot size as did the proportion of flowering versus branching shoots. Contrasting patterns of allocation of materials for the two ecotypes maintained positive and comparable rates of vegetative growth for natural populations found in different habitats in the field. (4) A sensitivity analysis showed shoot population growth to be most sensitive to annual growth increments, especially of small shoots, and less sensitive to the rate at which shoots produced 'offspring' shoots. (5) Growth was relatively insensitive to the proportion of shoots which flowered (rather than branched), the number of offspring shoots produced per branching shoot and the number of offspring shoot3 produced per flowering shoot.
High-resolution simulations of planetesimal formation in turbulent protoplanetary discs

Abstract We present high resolution computer simulations of dust dynamics and planetesimal formation in turbulence triggered by the magnetorotational instability. Particles representing approximately meter-sized boulders clump in large scale overpressure regions in the simulation box. These overdensities readily contract due to the combined gravity of the particles to form gravitationally bound clusters with masses ranging from a few to several ten times the mass of the dwarf planet Ceres. Gravitationally bound clumps are observed to collide and merge at both moderate and high resolution. The collisional products form the top end of a distribution of planetesimal masses ranging from less than one Ceres mass to 35 Ceres masses. It remains uncertain whether collisions are driven by dynamical friction or underresolution of clumps.
The Finno-Ugric foundations of language teaching

The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship of Finno-Ugric studies and language teaching: What can the Finno-Ugric inheritance or relatedness mean in the practice of teaching and learning Finno-Ugric languages as a second or foreign language? Beyond the background knowledge which is typically incorporated in the academic teaching of the Finno-Ugric languages, questions of the history and relatedness of these languages may surface in connection with two aspects. First, the teaching of the rich and complex morphology and, in particular, morphophonology might profit from excursions into the (pre)history of the language. Second, Finno-Ugric languages are often “othered”, seen as “something different” and contrasted with major (Indo-)European languages. This fact, although it may play a crucial role for the recruitment and motivation of the students, has – like aspects of identity in general – often been ignored in the study of language teaching.
Characterizing the distribution of microbial sulfate reduction in Loki`s Castle hydrothermal system of the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge (AMOR)

Studies on the distribution of microbial sulfate reduction, and its impact on the global carbon and sulfur cycle, have mostly been conducted in shallow and deep-marine sediments. Little is therefore known about the ecological impact that sulfate reducing bacteria have on element cycling in ecosystems that is associated with the nutrient rich hydrothermal sediments. The chemical disequilibrium created by the mixing of hydrothermal fluids and seawater, nourish a diversity of primary producers that provide nutrients for the anaerobic heterotrophic community. Diffuse venting areas, such as the barite field on the eastern flank of the hydrothermal mound at Loki`s Castle, are promising target sites for exploring the impact of biogenic processes as temperatures are within the biological window. This study aims to characterize the distribution of sulfate reducing bacteria at this diffuse venting area by integrating direct measurement of sulfate reduction rates with geochemical analyses of pore fluids and microbiological methods. The spatial distribution of the fluid compositions and flow patterns seems to determine the distribution of the metabolically functional groups in the barite field, and functions as a geochemical constraint on the chemoautotrophic primary production. Hence, the divergent fluid pattern and energy supply determines the organic carbon production, which in turn determines the distribution of the heterotrophic community. This is reflected in the distribution of sulfate reduction, where sulfate reduction rates varied between 6-132 pmol/cm d in substrate-poor parts of the mound to 110 nmol/cm d in substrate-rich sediments. Sulfate reduction rate were also measured in a barite chimney, which was associated with effluent that was characterized by elevated concentrations of methane and H2. The geochemical measurements show a high correlation between the hydrothermal fluid signature, organic carbon production and the distribution of the mesophilic heterotrophic sulfate reducing bacteria. The diffuse venting area displays temperatures that vary between 7.8 °C in the sediments with low activity, to ~20 °C in the chimney effluent. This provides habitable conditions for mesophilic and psychrotolerant members of Desulfobacterales, Desulfarculales and Desulfuromonadales order, which were all affiliated with the Deltaproteobacteria phylum. One psychrophilic sulfate reducing bacteria, Desulfofaba gelida, was detected in sediments that were associated with the lowest rates. The variable CH4 and H2 concentration between areas with high flow rate and low flow rate give strong indications for an additional deep sub-surface sulfate reduction zone, where anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled with sulfate reducing bacteria are an important sulfate sink, in addition to H2 consumption by chemoautotrophic sulfate reducers and/or methanogens at more elevated temperatures.
Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in Italian SMEs

In the Italian contest — during the year 2013 — a survey to 49 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) was conducted in order to examine the development of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) communication tools and to investigate the key characteristics of small business social responsibility. The study verifies also the existence of any changes compared to previous researches on CSR issues in small and medium enterprises. The findings highlight that there is a lack of social accounting mechanisms (ISO14001, EMAS, report, ethic code) in a context characterized by internal reluctance to delegate (SMEs appear to be owner-driven companies) informal consultation and absence of compulsory regulation. The personal choices made by the entrepreneurs/owners play a fundamental role in shaping a responsible corporate strategy and in communicating their social initiatives. The availability of financial resources and skills as well as the absence of specific guidelines (planned for SMEs) can represent an obstacle to adopt the CSR communication tools.
Tourism Development and Strategy for Increasing Numbers of Visitors in Kediri

Tourism is one source of local revenue. The key to improve quality of tourism destination is effective strategy to develop tourism sectors. To develop tourism sector, one should emphasize on adequate maintenance of tourism destination and management. Studies have been conducted in Kediri analyzing how potential the area was for tourism destination. It was expected that number of visitors and local revenue would increase by describing both internal and external factors supporting the tourism sector in the area. The study was a descriptive study that employed mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative). The data analysis methods were SWOT analysis followed by weighing using IFAS-EFAS analysis. The findings were (a) the government of Kediri should build shopping center that highlighted the local wisdom and more shopping centers more particularly in tourist destination that had no “something to buy” yet, (b) launch various tourism programs, (c) spread information about tourism in Kediri more widely, and (d) involve various types of mass media for promoting the tourism spots in Kediri. It was predicted that the strategy of which purpose was improving quality of tourism spot along with the continuous development plan would improve tourism sector in the area. Once targeted number of visitors had been achieved, the local revenue of Kediri would increase simultaneously. Recommendation strategy is Aggressive Maintenance strategy, where institutions or organizations responsible for the tourism destination develop the area actively and aggressively. We recommend the procedures of the Aggressive Maintenance to develop logic and analytical concepts, as well as make analysis and conceptualize short and long-term priorities. Keywords : Kediri, SWOT, Tourism Development.
Weather extremes from anthropogenic global warming Special Issue- Global warming

Although sea levels are predicted to rise 1 to 2 meters by 2100, the more immediate effects of global warming are weather extremes. The number of natural disasters since 1996 costing $1 billion or more doubled compared with the previous 15-year period. Extreme summer heat anomalies now cover about 10% of land area, up from 0.2% in 1950-1980. The human influence on global warming is evident from climate data and physical modeling. Since the beginning of the industrial era, carbon dioxide (CO2) increases correlate with those of temperature. Carbon dating shows that the CO2 increase is from burning ancient fossil fuels. Increasing CO2 and other greenhouse gases blanket and warm the earth’s surface, allowing less heat to reach the stratosphere, which is cooling. This is consistent with satellite measurements showing that solar irradiance is not changing. The present CO2 rate increase of 2 ppm/year is 300 times higher than the rate at which the earth recovered from the ice age 18,000 years ago. Without the radiative forcing of noncondensing persistent CO2, the terrestrial greenhouse would collapse, plunging the global climate into an icebound earth state. Will new technologies lower our carbon emissions in time to prevent more weather extremes? Electric cars now get the equivalent of 100 miles per gallon. The cost of electricity from solar photovoltaic cells has reached grid parity.
Organizational and Pedagogical Conditions for Training Teachers under Distance Education Framework.

Distance education in a professional higher school is of particular importance in terms of fundamental changes in modern educational institutions. This form of training together with the expansion of information technologies can effectively solve the problem of training students and life-long learning. Distance education is able to solve the problem of teacher training more effectively than any other method of education. In the same context, the opportunities of distance education to develop verbal and cogitative activities and information culture are considered. As a result of the use of network principles, the integrity of educational institutions can be effectively guaranteed and realized in continuity of principles and approaches to the management of different functional and territorial subsystems, and in the more distant future its equitable integration into the world community.
Proliferation and rooting of wild cherry: The influence of cytokinin and auxin types and their concentration

EMTREE drug terms: 2 isopentenyl adenine; 6 n benzyladenine; adenine derivative; arylacetic acid derivative; auxin; cytokinin; indoleacetic acid; indolebutyric acid; kinetin; unclassified drug EMTREE medical terms: article; cherry; concentration (parameters); controlled study; in vitro propagation; nonhuman; plant breeding; Prunus; prunus avium; root development; root length; rooting; sprouting Species Index: Prunus avium
Concentrations and stable carbon isotope compositions of oxalic acid and related SOA in Beijing before, during, and after the 2014 APEC

Abstract. To ensure good air quality for the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit, stringent emission controls were implemented in Beijing and its surrounding regions, leading to a significant reduction in PM2.5 loadings. To investigate the impact of the emission controls on aerosol chemistry, high-volume PM2.5 samples were collected in Beijing from 8 October to 24 November 2014 and determined for secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA, i.e., SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+), dicarboxylic acids, keto-carboxylic acid, and α-dicarbonyls, as well as stable carbon isotope composition of oxalic acid (C2). Our results showed that SIA, C2, and related secondary organic aerosols in PM2.5 during APEC were 2–4 times lower than those before APEC, which is firstly ascribed to the strict emission control measures and secondly attributed to the relatively colder and drier conditions during the event that are unfavorable for secondary aerosol production. C2 in the polluted air masses, which mostly occurred before APEC, are abundant and enriched in 13C. On the contrary, C2 in the clean air masses, which mostly occurred during APEC, is much less abundant but still enriched in 13C. In the mixed type of clean and polluted air masses, which mostly occurred after APEC, C2 is lower than that before APEC but higher than that during APEC and enriched in lighter 12C. A comparison on chemical composition of fine particles and δ13C values of C2 in two events that are characterized by high loadings of PM2.5 further showed that after APEC SIA and the total detected organic compounds (TDOC) are much less abundant and fine aerosols are enriched with primary organics and relatively fresh, compared with those before APEC.
Relativistic Disc lines

Broad emission lines, particularly broad iron-K lines, are now commonly seen in the X-ray spectra of luminous AGN and Galactic black hole binaries. Sensitive NuSTAR spectra over the energy range of 3-78 keV and high frequency reverberation spectra now confirm that these are relativistic disc lines produced by coronal irradiation of the innermost accretion flow around rapidly spinning black holes. General relativistic effects are essential in explaining the observations. Recent results are briefly reviewed here.
Effect of Salt Stress on Some Growth Indicators and Cellular Components of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) Callus

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) at the concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% on the callus cells. The Iraq wheat variety was grown in vitro for the purpose of knowing the effect of salt stress on some indicators and cellular components of callus by using a randomized complete design, at the laboratories of tissue culture propagation date palm unit in the College of Agriculture / University of Kufa during the period 2014-2015. Fresh and dry weight, the rate of absolute growth, percentage of dry matter of callus, content of the callus cells of proline, total soluble carbohydrates, sodium and potassium ions, effectiveness of the enzymes catalase and peroxidase study shock salt proteins in callus were determined as indicators of the effect of NaCl on the callus culture cells in the above salty medium and the results can be summarized, to control treatment achieved the highest average of (fresh callus weight, dry callus weight, the absolute growth rate of potassium ion), which was (0.0805 g, 6.13 mg, 3.147 mg / day and 1.125%) respectively, while the conc. 1.5% NaCl gave highest average in callus content of (proline, total soluble carbohydrates, sodium ion, the effectiveness of Catalase and Peroxidase enzyme and Salt shock proteins), which (0.134 mg / g, 2.9527 mg / g, 0.1050%, 0.1510 Micromol / protein / min, 0.1127 Micromol / protein / min and the emergence of small molecular weights), respectively.
Prevalence and risk factors of dyslipidemia among male industrial workers in India

Dyslipidemia is elevation of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), or both, or a low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or high low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels that contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis of the arterial vessel walls is the most important underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and dyslipidemia is a major and primary risk factor of atherosclerotic CVD.
What is the Impact of Public Care on Children's Welfare? A Review of Research Findings from England and Wales and their Policy Implications

Abstract The outcomes for children in public care are generally considered to be poor. This has contributed to a focus on reducing the number of children in care: a goal that is made explicit in the provisions of the current Children and Young Persons Bill. Yet while children in care do less well than most children on a range of measures, such comparisons do not disentangle the extent to which these difficulties pre-dated care and the specific impact of care on child welfare. This article explores the specific impact of care through a review of British research since 1991 that provides data on changes in child welfare over time for children in care. Only 12 studies were identified, indicating a lack of research in this important area. The studies consistently found that children entering care tended to have serious problems but that in general their welfare improved over time. This finding is consistent with the international literature. It has important policy implications. Most significantly it suggests that attempts to reduce the use of public care are misguided, and may place more children at risk of serious harm. Instead, it is argued that England and Wales should move toward a Scandinavian system of public care, in which care is seen as a form of family support and is provided for more rather than fewer children and families.
Co-culture: A great promising method in single cell protein production

The term single cell protein (SCP) refers to the dried microbial cells or total protein extracted from pure microbial culture (algae, bacteria, filamentous fungi and yeasts) which serves as food or/and feed supplements. Different substrate and fermentation optimizations are being carried out to maximize SCP production. However, little attention was given to coculturing. SCPs are produced better using coculture than monoculture. This paper reviews the positive roles of coculture in SCP production. First, it results in better saccharification of substrates and efficient carbon source utilization. Second, filling substrate utilization gap is another contribution of coculture. Third, it upgrades biomass and enrich SCP with nutrients than monoculture. Fourth, it reduces fermentation time and production cost by reducing cost of substrate treatment. Key words: Single cell protein, biomass, coculture, monoculture, mixed culture.