Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sports-Related Injuries in Youth Athletes: Is Overscheduling a Risk Factor?

Objective:To examine the association between “overscheduling” and sports-related overuse and acute injuries in young athletes and to identify other potential contributing factors to create a working definition for “overscheduling injury. ” Design:Survey. Setting:Six university-based sports medicine clinics in North America. Participants:Athletes aged 6 to 18 years (13.8 ± 2.6) and their parents and pediatric sports medicine-trained physicians. Interventions:Questionnaires developed from literature review and expert consensus to investigate overscheduling and sports-related injuries were completed over a 3-month period. Main Outcome Measures:Physician's clinical diagnosis and injury categorization: acute not fatigue related (AI), overuse not fatigue related (OI), acute fatigue related (AFI), or overuse fatigue related (OFI). Results:Overall, 360 questionnaires were completed (84% response rate). Overuse not fatigue-related injuries were encountered most often (44.7%), compared with AI (41.9%) and OFI (9.7%). Number of practices within 48 hours before injury was higher (1.7 ± 1.5) for athletes with OI versus those with AI (1.3 ± 1.4; P = 0.025). Athlete or parent perception of excessive play/training without adequate rest in the days before the injury was related to overuse (P = 0.016) and fatigue-related injuries (P = 0.010). Fatigue-related injuries were related to sleeping ≤6 hours the night before the injury (P = 0.028). Conclusions:When scheduling youth sporting events, potential activity volume and intensity over any 48-hour period, recovery time between all training and competition bouts, and potential between-day sleep time (≥ 7 hours) should be considered to optimize safety. An overscheduling injury can be defined as an injury related to excessive planned physical activity without adequate time for rest and recovery, including between training sessions/competitions and consecutive days.
CHANGES IN THE BRAIN IN PYEMIA AND IN SEPTICEMIA

The central nervous system is frequently affected in pyemia and in septicemia. Since these morbid conditions have been studied mainly clinically, a study of the pathologic changes in the central nervous system in these diseases may prove of interest. With this in view, two cases were studied: one of acute hematogenous infection ( Staphylococcus pyogenes-aureus ) and another of unknown etiology. REPORT OF CASES Case 1. —History. —A white girl, aged 8, admitted to Cook County Hospital (Dr. McNally's service) on March 30, 1925, complained of pain and swelling of the right ankle of about one week's duration. There was no history of any previous illness. Examination. —The patient was poorly nourished and appeared desperately ill. The temperature was 103 F. , the pulse rate 140 and the respiration rate 30. The scalp was normal. The pupils were regular and reacted normally to light and in accommodation. The scleras were slightly jaundiced, and the
Cardio-ankle vascular index value in dyslipidemia patients affected by cardiovascular risk factors

ABSTRACT Background: Increased arterial stiffness is an independent cardiovascular risk factor in smokers or patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is an index of arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis. One of the most important risk factors of the causes of atherosclerosis is dyslipidemia(DLP). However, there was a little research about which influence factors such as: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking could contribute to the atherosclerosis in the subjects withDLP. Methods: A total of 649 subjects with DLP (Male328/Female321) from Vascular Medicine of Peking University Shougang Hospital were examined, with a median age of 66 and 5–95 percentile range 47.0–83.5 years. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG) were analyzed by colorimetric enzymatic assays with the use of an auto analyzer (HITACHI-7170, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). CAVI was measured by VS-1000 apparatus. Results: CAVI correlated significantly with age (p<0.001), Systolic (p<0.001) blood pressure(BP), Total cholesterol (p<0.001), LDL-cholesterol (p<0.001),Triglycerides (p<0.001) . There was no significant difference in CAVI between smokers and non-smokers (p = 0.08) and between statin-treated subjects than in those without statins (p = 0.247). CAVI was significantly higher in subjects with hypertension than in the normotensive group (p<0.001) and in mellitus subjects than in those without mellitus (p<0.001);however, CAVI values adjusted for age was higher only in hypertension than in the normotensive group (p<0.001). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that CAVI value in DLP patients is not significantly affected by diabetes mellitus and smoking, but is increased by hypertension.
Cellular features of psoriatic skin: Imaging and quantification using in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy

In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a novel, exciting imaging technique. It provides images of cell‐and tissue structures and dynamics in situ, in real time, without the need for ex vivo tissue samples. RCM visualizes the superficial part of human skin up to a depth of 250 μm. In psoriasis, an erythematosquamous skin disease, we evaluated well known histological features of stable psoriasis vulgaris (PP) with RCM. RCM images were correlated to morphological and cell biological findings in routine HE and immunohistochemical stained histology with CD3 and antifilaggrin antibodies.
Awareness on Food Additives and Purchase of Processed Foods containing Food Additives in Middle School Students

The purpose of this study was to provide informations on what middle school students know and think about food additives, and their purchase behavior of processed foods containing food additives. The data were gathered by questionaries from 360 students attending in the 3 randomly selected middle schools around Gyeonggi Province. The valid 340 out of 360 questionaries were analysed by SPSS/WIN 12.0. As a result, the middle school students showed low interest in 4 kinds of representative food additives such as synthetic seasoning, artificial sweetener, artificial dye, and synthetic preservative. They thought that the food additives is necessary but not improve the quality of food, and may have harmful effects on health. The students who has mother of university graduate, and taught by text book A showed the highest interest. Most students rarely checked the indication of food additives on the processed food package, and they hardly put any effort to avoid the processed foods containing food additives. According to the results of this study, the students were not aware and did not know about the food additives enough, and needs to be educated more and in detail in home economics class.
CD38 and CD157: A long journey from activation markers to multifunctional molecules

CD38 (also known as T10) was identified in the late 1970s in the course of pioneering work carried out at the Dana‐Farber Cancer Center (Boston, MA) that focused on the identification of surface molecules involved in antigen recognition. CD38 was initially found on thymocytes and T lymphocytes, but today we know that the molecule is found throughout the immune system, although its expression levels vary. Because of this, CD38 was considered an “activation marker,” a term still popular in routine flow cytometry. This review summarizes the findings obtained from different approaches, which led to CD38 being re‐defined as a multifunctional molecule. CD38 and its homologue CD157 (BST‐1), contiguous gene duplicates on human chromosome 4 (4p15), are part of a gene family encoding products that modulate the social life of cells by means of bidirectional signals. Both CD38 and CD157 play dual roles as receptors and ectoenzymes, endowed with complex activities related to signaling and cell homeostasis. The structure‐function analysis presented here is intended to give clinical scientists and flow cytometrists a background knowledge of these molecules. The link between CD38/CD157 and human diseases will be explored here in the context of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myeloma and ovarian carcinoma, although other disease associations are also known. Thus CD38 and CD157 have evolved from simple leukocyte activation markers to multifunctional molecules involved in health and disease. Future tasks will be to explore their potential as targets for in vivo therapeutic interventions and as regulators of the immune response. © 2013 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Prevention, Adaptation, and Threat Denial: Flooding Experiences in the Netherlands

Delta areas such as the Netherlands are more and more at risk of future flooding due to global climate change. Motivating residents living in flood‐prone areas to effectively cope with local floods may lead to minimization of material losses and loss of life. The aim of this research was to investigate whether the extent to which residents had been exposed to flooding in the past was a key factor in motivating residents to effectively cope with future flooding. We also focused on the psychological variables that mediated this relationship. We conducted a survey (N = 516) among flood victims and nonvictims. We assessed subjective experiences due to past flooding, affective and cognitive appraisals, and coping responses. Results show that victims reported stronger emotions (negative and positive), and the receipt of more social support due to past flooding than did nonvictims. Moreover, victims worry more about future flooding, perceive themselves as more vulnerable to future flooding, perceive the consequences of future flooding as more severe, and have stronger intentions to take adaptive actions in the future than nonvictims. Structural equation modeling reveals that the latter effect was fully mediated by specific experiences and appraisals. Insights into factors and processes that have the potential to motivate residents to effectively cope with future floods may prove helpful in developing interventions to inform residents how to act effectively in case of an imminent flood.
Etiologic Factors in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

The etiology of idiopathic scoliosis is still unsolved, despite extensive research. This paper analyzes the different factors of relevance. Recent investigations have convincingly demonstrated the hereditary traits of idiopathic scoliosis. In the adolescent group a specific growth pattern has also been demonstrated, while muscular factors and biochemical changes of connective tissues are somewhat more uncertain. A significant number of patients demonstrate asymmetries in the vestibular apparatus and electroencephalographic abnormalities. Because of the essential role of the vestibular and central nervous systems in the postural equilibrium, functional asymmetries or minor pathologic changes in these structures might also be factors of importance. It is our view that adolescent idiopathic scoliosis should be regarded as a multifactorial disease. Combining the findings in recent investigations, a possible model for the pathogenesis of the disease is outlined.
Hyperglycemia : Effect on Outcome fter Infant Congenital Heart Surgery

Background. Studies demonstrate that cardiopulmonary ypass (CPB) causes intraoperative and postoperative hyerglycemia. Hyperglycemia has been associated with moridity and mortality after infant cardiac surgery. We studed the effects on early postoperative outcomes of glucose GLU) changes during and after pediatric cardiac surgery. Methods. The records of 144 infants less than 10 kg ho underwent CPB for a variety of congenital cardiac rocedures were reviewed. The GLU values (at multiple ntervals during and after surgery), age, weight, CPB ime, ultrafiltration volume, and risk adjustment for ongenital heart surgery (RACHS-1) score were recorded. nivariate and multivariate linear and binary logistic egression were used to examine the dependence of the
Models and Strategies for Factor Mixture Analysis: An Example Concerning the Structure Underlying Psychological Disorders

The factor mixture model (FMM) uses a hybrid of both categorical and continuous latent variables. The FMM is a good model for the underlying structure of psychopathology because the use of both categorical and continuous latent variables allows the structure to be simultaneously categorical and dimensional. This is useful because both diagnostic class membership and the range of severity within and across diagnostic classes can be modeled concurrently. Although the conceptualization of the FMM has been explained in the literature, the use of the FMM is still not prevalent. One reason is that there is little research about how such models should be applied in practice and, once a well-fitting model is obtained, how it should be interpreted. In this article, the FMM is explored by studying a real data example on conduct disorder. By exploring this example, this article aims to explain the different formulations of the FMM, the various steps in building a FMM, and how to decide between an FMM and alternative models.
Treating university students with social phobia and public speaking fears: internet delivered self‐help with or without live group exposure sessions

Background: This study investigated the efficacy of an Internet‐based self‐help program with minimal therapist contact via e‐mail for Swedish university students with social phobia and public speaking fears. The main objective was to test if the Internet‐based self‐help program would be more effective if five live group exposure sessions were added. Methods: Thirty‐eight students meeting the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition criteria for social phobia were randomized into two different treatment groups: Internet delivered cognitive behavior therapy combined with five group exposure sessions (ICBT+ exp) or the Internet program alone (ICBT). Results: Results were analyzed on an intention‐to‐treat basis. Both treatment groups showed significant improvement from pre‐ to post‐test, and from pre‐test to 1‐year follow‐up, on all measured dimensions (social anxiety, general anxiety, depression levels, and quality of life). For both the groups, the average within‐group effect sizes for the primary social anxiety scales, expressed as Cohen's d, were comparable to those seen in traditionally administered cognitive behavioral therapy both at post‐test and at 1‐ year follow‐up. Conclusions: The results suggest that the Internet‐based self‐help program on its own is efficient in the treatment of university students with social phobia. Adding group exposure sessions did not improve the outcome significantly. Depression and Anxiety 25:708–717, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Foundational Issues in Risk Assessment and Risk Management

In spite of the maturity reached by many of the methods used in risk assessment and risk management, broad consensus has not been established on fundamental concepts and principles. The risk fields still suffer from a lack of clarity on many key scientific pillars. The purpose of this article is to point to this situation and through some illustrating examples discuss the challenges that the fields here face. Moreover, the purpose of the article is to reflect on how to improve the present situation and enhance the risk fields. We argue that the establishment of some common scientific pillars as well as a strong and continuous research focus on foundational issues are critical success factors. The article specifically addresses the role of the peer‐reviewed journals and the international standards in the fields. We hope that the article can contribute to a revitalization of the discussion of foundational issues in risk assessment and risk management.
Outcomes in Type 1 Diabetic Pregnancies: A nationwide, population-based study

OBJECTIVE —The aim of this study was to compare pregnancy outcomes in type 1 diabetic pregnancies with the background population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —This nationwide prospective multicenter study took place in eight Danish centers treating pregnant women with type 1 diabetes during 1993–1999. A total of 990 women with 1,218 pregnancies and delivery after 24 weeks ( n = 1,215) or early termination due to severe congenital malformations ( n = 3) were included. Data were collected prospectively by one to three caregivers in each center and reported to a central registry. RESULTS —The perinatal mortality rate was 3.1% in type 1 diabetic pregnancies compared with 0.75% in the background population (RR 4.1 [95% CI 2.9–5.6]), and the stillbirth rate was 2.1% compared with 0.45 (4.7 [3.2–7.0]). The congenital malformation rate was 5.0% in the study population and 2.8% (1.7 [1.3–2.2]) in the background population. Six of the perinatal deaths (16%) were related to congenital malformations. Only 34% of women performed daily home monitoring of blood glucose at conception, and 58% received preconceptional guidance. Pregnancies with serious adverse outcomes (perinatal death and/or congenital malformations) were characterized by higher HbA1c values before and during pregnancy and a lesser degree of maternal self-care and preconceptional guidance. Women who performed daily self-monitoring of blood glucose at any time during pregnancy had lower HbA1c values than women who did not measure their daily profile. Likewise, daily self-monitoring was associated with a reduction in serious adverse outcomes. The caesarean section rate was 55.9 and 12.6%, respectively, and the risk of preterm delivery was 41.7 and 6.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS —Type 1 diabetic pregnancies are still complicated by considerably higher rates of severe perinatal complications compared with the background population, and women with poor self-care are at the highest risk. Adequate glycemic control using daily glucose monitoring before and during pregnancy is a crucial step toward reaching the goals of the St. Vincent declaration.
Small-Cell Lung Cancers in Patients Who Never Smoked Cigarettes

Introduction: We describe clinical, pathologic, and molecular characteristics of never-smoker patients with small-cell lung cancers (SCLCs). Methods: We identified cases of SCLCs evaluated at our institution from 2005 to 2012. We collected smoking history, demographic, treatment, and survival data. EGFR, KRAS, PIK3CA, ALK testing, RB protein expression, and next generation sequencing were performed on available samples. Results: Two percent (23 of 1040) of patients with SCLCs were never-smokers. Eighty-three percent (19 of 23) had de novo SCLCs, whereas 17% had SCLC transformation as acquired resistance to erlotinib after treatment for EGFR-mutant lung carcinomas. Median survival from SCLC diagnosis was 23 months. Of de novo SCLCs, ALK rearrangement, KRAS mutations, EGFR mutations, and RB loss were identified in zero of five, zero of eight, two of eight, and six of seven, respectively. Two de novo samples underwent next generation sequencing. One had mutations in p53 and RB1 with amplification in TERT, and a second had mutations in CBL and GNAS with amplification in MYCL1. Conclusions: Two percent of patients with SCLCs are never-smokers. Although transformation to SCLC can rarely occur in acquired resistance to erlotinib, 83% of never-smokers with SCLCs had de novo SCLC. RB loss was noted in 86% of cases. Multiplexed genotyping can be performed on tissues to identify potentially actionable oncogenic drivers.
Coronary Artery Spasm Does Not Depend on the Intracellular Calcium Store but Is Substantially Mediated by the Protein Kinase C–Mediated Pathway in a Swine Model With Interleukin-1β In Vivo

Background The intracellular mechanism for coronary artery spasm is still unknown. Since the protein kinase C (PKC)–mediated pathway and Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) are important intracellular mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle contraction, we examined the possible role of these two mechanisms in the pathogenesis of coronary spasm in our swine model in vivo. Methods and Results In 25 pigs, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was applied chronically to the coronary arteries from the adventitia to induce an inflammatory/proliferative lesion. Two weeks after the operation, either intracoronary serotonin or histamine repeatedly induced coronary spasm at the IL-1β–treated site. At those spastic sites, phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate, a PKC-activating phorbol ester, also induced coronary spasm, which was blocked by pretreatment with the PKC inhibitors staurosporine and sphingosine. Serotonin- and histamine-induced coronary spasm was also significantly inhibited by pretreatment with staurosporine, sphingosine, o.
The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is closely related to the metabolic syndrome components

Abstract Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with all features of the metabolic syndrome (MS). This strongly supports the notion that NAFLD may be the hepatic manifestation of the MS. NAFLD is currently the most common cause of abnormal liver function tests and affects approximatively 15-25% of the general population. NAFLD covers a spectrum of liver disease, from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Insulin resistance (IR) has central etiologic roles in the development of MS and NAFLD, usually related to obesity. MS is frequently associated with chronic inflammation, having as principal mediators the adipocytokines and free fatty acids (FFA), but also CRP, TNF-a and IL-6. Chronic inflammation results in more IR and lipolysis of adipose tissue triglyceride stores, in enhanced hepatic glucose and VLDL production. The steatotic liver is thought to be vulnerable to secondary injuries including adipocytokines, mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress which lead to hepatocellular inflammation and fibrosis.
Projections of Future Extreme Weather Losses Under Changes in Climate and Exposure

Many attempts are made to assess future changes in extreme weather events due to anthropogenic climate change, but few studies have estimated the potential change in economic losses from such events. Projecting losses is more complex as it requires insight into the change in the weather hazard but also into exposure and vulnerability of assets. This article discusses the issues involved as well as a framework for projecting future losses, and provides an overview of some state‐of‐the‐art projections. Estimates of changes in losses from cyclones and floods are given, and particular attention is paid to the different approaches and assumptions. All projections show increases in extreme weather losses due to climate change. Flood losses are generally projected to increase more rapidly than losses from tropical and extra‐tropical cyclones. However, for the period until the year 2040, the contribution from increasing exposure and value of capital at risk to future losses is likely to be equal or larger than the contribution from anthropogenic climate change. Given the fact that the occurrence of loss events also varies over time due to natural climate variability, the signal from anthropogenic climate change is likely to be lost among the other causes for changes in risk, at least during the period until 2040. More efforts are needed to arrive at a comprehensive approach that includes quantification of changes in hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, as well as adaptation effects.