Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Child labor and associated problems in a rural town in south west Ethiopia

Abstract Background: Child labor is the single most common form of child abuse and neglect in the world today. It includes both paid and unpaid work and activities that are mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children. However, information on the magnitude of the problem is scarce. Objective: To determine the magnitude of child labor and problems associated with it in Shebe rural town, South West Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in January 2001 to assess problems associated with child labor. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire addressed to children between ages 5-14 years inclusive. Systematic sampling technique was used and a total of 289 children were interviewed. Data collected included the sociodemographic characteristics of parents and children, variables on economic activity, schooling, conditions of work, work related injuries as well as abuses and exploitation faced at work. Result: Overall 78.9% of the children were working, either as paid workers (15.3%) or unpaid family workers (63.7%). The common sectors of work were domestic (56.4%) followed by agriculture (11.1%). More girls than boys are working. 31.2% of child workers spent on average more than 8 hours per day. Abuses encountered at work were verbal/emotional (49.6%), physical (27.2%) and sexual (2.2%). Schoolwork had been widely practiced as the result of which 31.7% of the working children had encountered work related injuries, out of which 1.8% had disabilities. Conclusion: The study revealed that child labor was widely practiced. It had affected the children's health and schooling. It had also predisposed them to exploitation and different forms of abuse. Based on these findings recommendations are made. [Ethiop.J.health Dev. 2003;17(1):45-52]
Wound Healing: Evidence-Based Management

I. The Wound Healing Environment Integumentary Anatomy: Skin: The Largest Organ The Wound Healing Process Growth Factors and the Extracellular Matrix in Wound Repair Nutritional Support in Wound Healing Complications in Repair II. Assessing the Patient The General Evaluation Assessing the Circulatory and Neurological Systems Assessing and Controlling Bioburden The Role of Imaging in Wound Care Identification and Management of Atypical Wounds III. General Management Principles in Patients with Wounds Wound Bed Preparation/Debridement Dressings and Skin Substitutes Topical Agents IV. Etiological Considerations in Wound Management Diabetic Foot Ulcerations Diabetes and Wound Care Venous Insufficiency and Ulceration Conservative Management of Arterial Ulceration Lymphedema Complicating Healing Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers Acute Burn Management Rehabilitation of the Burned Individual Managing Wound-Related Pain Surgical Considerations in Wound Care Surgical Management of the Neuropathic Foot Neonatal and Pediatric Issues in Wound Care V. Biophysical Technologies for Wound Healing Endogenous and Exogenous Electric Field Stimulation Pulsed Electromagnetic Field and Radio Frequency Stimulation for Bone and Wound Repair Ultrasound For Wound Bed Preparation and Healing Light Therapies Compression Therapy Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Oxygen Therapy: Management of the Hypoxic Wound Practice Management Documentation for Reimbursement Developing a Clinical Wound Care Program Legal Concepts and Their Impact on Healthcare Providers Appendices Glossary Review Questions
A Second Year in Head Start: Characteristics and Outcomes of Children Who Entered the Program at Age Three. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation

Diallo at the Survey Operations Center and all of the Mathematica field and telephone staff who collected the data. We are also grateful for the contributions of our partners at Juarez and Associates and the Educational Testing Service. Most of all, we offer our gratitude to the staff, families and children of the 60 FACES 2006 programs across the country, who once again opened their doors and shared their time with us.
REVIEW ARTICLE: DEVELOPEMENT AND USING DENGUE VACCINE FOR DENGUE INFECTION VIRUS

Abstract : Tropical and subtropical countries are regions with high incidence of dengue infection. Dengue virus infection is estimated to cause 300 million new infections in one year and approximately 1 million severe cases with 2 + 5% deaths. The case of dengue in Indonesia has continued to increase since 1968 until 1980 where all provinces in Indonesia have been affected by the dengue virus. Dengue virus is a virus carried by the Aedes aegypti mosquito in its salivary gland. The virus which is a family group of Flaviviruses has four homologous serotypes, namely DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4, which can cause dengue infection in individuals. Currently there is a shift in the target population from children to adults. This is a problem that needs to be resolved by the government and the community itself. Solution to overcome this, the government needs early prevention efforts to reduce the severity of dengue infection by developing and researching dengue vaccines. Currently a vaccine has been found that can be used as prophylaxis for dengue virus, namely Dengvaxia. This vaccine has been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as prophylaxis for dengue infection, but Dengvaxia is only used in areas that are very endemic to dengue fever. The Indonesian Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BPOM RI) has also approved the use of Dengvaxia as an indication of prevention of dengue infection since August 31, 2016. This vaccine has been approved globally only given to individuals aged between 9-16 years. Keyword : dengue virus, dengvaxia vaccine, Aedes aegypti, endemic
Cranial sonography as diagnostic tool for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in premature neonates

Background: Perinatal asphyxia plays a major role in neonatal morbidity and death throughout the world. An estimated 130 million infants are born each year, of which 4 million die within first 28 days of life. Pakistan has the third highest neonatal death rate in the world with incidence of prenatal asphyxia reaching up to 9%. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is the standard imaging modality in such cases, but a good correlation between cranial sonography and MRI of brain has been reported. The aim of this study was to determine diagnostic accuracy of cranial sonography in detection of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in clinically suspected premature neonates. Patients and methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging between March-August, 2017. Total 303 premature neonates were included in the study hospitalized in Neonatology unit of the hospital with clinical suspicion of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Transcranial sonography (CUS) was performed in first month of life and findings were recorded. Then 1.5 Tesla MRI machine was used for imaging brain using T1-weighted, T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences. The sonographic results were then compared with MRI findings. Results: The mean age of mothers was 29.3years. The mean gestational age at birth was 33.9weeks. In this study, there were 157 (51.8%) males and 146 (48.2%) female neonates. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and diagnostic accuracy of cranial sonography were 97.8%, 96.0%, 97.2%, 96.8% and 97.0%, respectively taking MRI as gold standard
Silenciament gènic de CD40 en al•lo i autoimmunitat. Estudi de la resposta immuno inflamatòria en models animals

Lupus nephritis (LN) is an autoimmune disorder in which co-stimulatory signals have been involved. Here we tested a cholesterol-conjugated-antiCD40-siRNA in a model of LPS to check its in vivo potency, tissue distribution, and biological effects. Then, we report the effects of Chol-siRNA in an experimental model of mice with established lupus nephritis. Our results show an evident delivery of the compound to renal, spleen and hepatic tissues regardless of administration route (I.V/I.P). The CD40-mRNA suppressive effects of our Chol-siRNA on renal and hepatic tissue were remarkably sustained over a 5-7 days after a single preliminary dose of CholsiRNA. The intra-peritoneal administration of Chol-siRNA to NZB/WF1 mice resulted in a reduction of anti-DNA antibody titers, and histopathological renal scores as compared to untreated animals. The higher dose of CholsiRNA prevented the progression of proteinuria as effectively as cyclophosphamide, whereas the lower dose was as effective as CTLA4. CholsiRNA markedly reduced insterstitialCD3+ and plasma cell infiltrates as well as glomerular deposits of IgG and C3. Circulating soluble CD40 and activated splenic lymphocyte subsets were also strikingly reduced by Chol-siRNA. Our data show the potency of our compound for the therapeutic use of anti-CD40siRNA in human LN and other autoimmune disorders. Silenciament gènic de CD40 en al·lo i autoimmunitat. Estudi de la resposta immuno inflamatòria en models animals.
Survival and Prognostic Predictors of Primary Arteriovenous Fistula for Hemodialysis

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the survival and prognostic predictors of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) among patients undergoing AVF creation. The significant predictors were incorporated into a prognostic model to determine its prognostic performance for five-year AVF survival. Materials and Methods: Data on 290 patients who underwent first-time AVF creation and who had been followed up for at least 5 years or until AVF failure were reviewed. The Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards model were generated to determine the AVF survival and associated prognostic predictors. Significant predictors were used to derive a prognostic model. Results: The mean age of the patients was 59.7±14.6 years, and the 5-year AVF survival rate was 34.5%. Three features were found to be independent prognostic factors for the five-year AVF survival: old age, diabetes mellitus, and prior central venous catheter placement. These three significant factors were integrated into a prognostic scoring model that ranged from zero to five points. According to this model, the patients whose scores were 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 or more had five-year AVF survival rates of 60.0%, 45.3%, 36.6%, 15.0%, and 2.9%, respectively. Conclusion: The five-year survival rate of AVFs was modest, and a prognostic model could excellently estimate the five-year AVF survival.
The Comorbidity of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Peripheral Artery Disease – A Systematic Review

Abstract The comorbidity of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is obvious from a clinical point of view, especially as smoking is an important risk factor for both. Another factor connecting these two clinical conditions is chronic inflammation, which plays a crucial role in their pathophysiology. The aim of this study was to present the prevalence of COPD in patients with PAD, as well as the prevalence of PAD in COPD patients confirmed in all patients by two reliable methods: spirometry and ankle-brachial index (ABI), respectively. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched to identify the potentially eligible publications from the previous 10 years. The published characteristics of different PAD and COPD populations were analyzed. A database search identified 894 records. Reliable criteria of both COPD and PAD diagnosis were used only in seven publications. The prevalence of PAD among patients with COPD ranged from 8.5 to 81.4%. The severity of the disease and the exclusion of nonsmokers or symptomatic patients from the analyses were important factors affecting this parameter. The prevalence of COPD in patients with PAD was measured reliably only in one study and assessed as 27.2%. The comorbidity of COPD and PAD is a relatively common occurrence. There are very few publications addressing this issue based on reliable diagnostic criteria, especially in the field of PAD. In the case of COPD and PAD patients, spirometry and ABI measurements are worth considering as noninvasive screening tests for COPD and PAD, respectively.
Psychological Functioning of Adolescents from Violent Families

Abstract Objective. The aim of the study was to determine the association of family violence with the functioning of the family system, psychological functioning and development of specific characteristics of the adolescents who grew up in a violent families. Methods. The study was carried out on a sample of 308 adolescents, aged 15–18, divided in a FV group of adolescents coming from dysfunctional families (n=68) adolescents who grew up inviolent families and were exposed to family violence, which was reported and processed, and a control group (n=240) adolescents from families in which according to the CPRS-R Questionnaire there was not found any form of violence, alcoholism or any other psychosocial pathology. FACES III Scale and Questionnaire for the examination of psychosocial characteristics of the adolescents and family (Revised CPRS-R) were used for measuring dimensions of family functioning, Cybernetic model of personality dimensions (CON-6) for conative functioning of the adolescents, Теst for reasoning images (TRI) for measuring intellectual development and the Scale of Latent Maturity (SLM) for determining the level of psychological maturity. The data were processed by using linear regression analysis. Results. Family functioning disorders caused by family violence were significantly and highly associated with psychological functioning of the adolescents: concern about family relationships (β =-.968), need for professional help (β =-.873), cooperation with people (β =.523), orientation towards the future (β =.669), latent maturity (β =.618), psychosomatic reactions (β =-.509), dissociative reactions (β =-.591), excused absence from school (β =.618), unexcused absence from school (β =-.824), memory disorders (β =-.541), night fears (β =−722), running away from home (β =-.569), breaking rules and getting punished at school (β =-.569), conflicts with peers (β =−.460). Conative functioning of the adolescents exposed to a violent family environment showed a pathological form of functioning in dissociative, anxiety reactions and social adaptability. Conclusion. Exposure of adolescents to a violent family environment was associated with changes in psychological functioning, development of specific personality characteristics and risk of developing internalized and externalized symptoms when it came to socialadaptation, anxiety and dissociative reactions. The mediators between family violence and psychological functioning and development of the adolescents was family cohesion and disorders within the marital dyad.
Medicinal Plants in Breast Cancer Therapy

Various active compounds (or their semi-synthetic derivatives) derived from medicinal plants have been assessed for their efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of breast cancer. Some of these plant species, including Taxus baccata (paclitaxel, docetaxel), Podophyllum peltatum (etoposide), Camptotheca acuminata (camptothecin) and Vinca rosea (vinblastine, vinorelbine) have well recognized antitumour activity in breast cancer, and have been evaluated in clinical trials. For example, results from recent Phase II/III trials have established docetaxel as the most active single agent in the treatment (first or second-line) of advanced metastatic breast cancer. The treatment of breast cancer, the most common malignancy among women worldwide, remains puzzling partly due to the resistance to therapeutics, which associates with the heterogeneity of case clinical presentations, and limits in the current understanding of the pathogenesis of solid cancers. Oxidative stress is closely related to various diseases, including cancer. The human body is exposed to free radicals, which cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress may lead to gene mutations leading to carcinogenesis. Antioxidants are protector of the body, preventing oxidative stress, by stabilizing free radicals. Plants are good and cheap sources for the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress and cancer. Major drawbacks to Antioxidant from plants -based therapy and use in breast cancer are herein briefly discussed.
Investigating the Relationship between Subcortical and Cortical Auditory Processing

The auditory system is highly integrative, with feedforward and feedback connections from periphery to cortex (and stages in between). In order to understand how the different levels of the human auditory system interact, it is necessary to simultaneously measure responses from multiple auditory levels. A novel stimulus was paired with electroencephalography (EEG) in 29 young, normal-hearing participants (17-34 years) to examine interactions among stages of the auditory pathway. Temporal regularity was manipulated by continuously accelerating and decelerating the rate of a click-train stimulus (i.e., ~3.5 Hz frequency modulation of the click rate). Adaptation of the brainstem (cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus) response latencies was observed simultaneously with cortical phase-locking and sustained low frequency activity to the temporal regularity. However, no correlations were found between subcortical adaptation and cortical regularity responses, suggesting that these phenomena may be independent of one another.
Thrombocytopenia and Procedural Prophylaxis in the Era of Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists

Thrombocytopenia is common in patients with advanced liver disease. These patients frequently require invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedures in the setting of thrombocytopenia. A common platelet goal before such procedures is ≥50,000/μL, but target levels vary by provider and the procedure. Platelet transfusion has disadvantages, including safety and cost. No other short‐term options for ameliorating thrombocytopenia before procedures were available until the thrombopoietin receptor agonists were recently approved. Avatrombopag and lusutrombopag can be used in certain patients with thrombocytopenia due to advanced liver disease undergoing elective invasive procedures; these new agents are highly effective in carefully selected patients, and real world data of safety and efficacy are awaited.
Antibiotic therapy of Periodontal Diseases: A modern context

RESUMEN La etiología microbiana de las enfermedades periodontales provee las bases racionales para el uso de los antibióticos en la terapia periodontal. Desde hace mas de un siglo, el tratamiento de las enfermedades periodontales se ha basado en la hipótesis de placa dental no especificaEsta hipótesis propone que la acumulación de las placas dentales causan las enfermedades periodontales y que su eliminación previene las periodontitis. En esta hipótesis, los tratamientos periodontales se enfocan a la reducción/eliminación de los tej idos inflamados alrededor de los dientes para reducir la profundidad de la bolsa periodontal y facilitar la limpieza de la placa por parte del profesional o del paciente. En contraste con lo anterior, hace 30 años, se empezó a reconocer que las enfermedades periodontales son causadas por bacterias específicas y que los antibióticos pueden reducir o eliminar las infecciones periodontales. Esta nueva tendencia se conoce como la hipótesis de placa dental especifica, cuyo objetivo es el de reducir las bacterias especificas que causan la perdida de los aparatos de unión dento-gingival y dento-alveolar. Existe un claro contraste en el enfoque terapéutico periodontal entre estas dos hipótesis. El enfoque quirúrgico que acompaña la hipótesis de placa dental no específica propone como objetivo principal eliminar el resultado de la infección bacteriana (la bolsa periodontal), mientras la segunda hipótesis tiene como objetivo eliminar la causa (los microorganismos periodontopático). La hipótesis de placa dental específica tiene importantes implicaciones: l)Las enfermedades periodontales pueden ser prevenidas y tratadas sin la necesidad de usar métodos invasivos, costosos y menos predecibles. 2) Las recientes observaciones sobre una posible relación entre la enfermedad periodontal y la enfermedad cardiovascular estaría a favor de la eliminación de los patógenos periodontales. Esta revisión, enfatiza en las evidencias que soportan la hipótesis de placa dental específica y las consideraciones que deben ser tenidas en cuanta cuando se usan antibióticos para tratar las periodontitis.
Assessment of back pain and disability status among automotive industry workers, in Ethiopia

Background: Back pain is a very common public health problem in the manufacturing industry and a major cause of disability that affects work performance and wellbeing. Currently, manufacturing sectors in Ethiopia, including automotive manufacturing is growing well but there is poor culture of work place safety. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of back pain and disability status at Bishoftu automotive industry workers. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 412 workers in a period of February to May 2018. Simple random sampling technique was applied to select participants. Data was collected by face-to-face interview using standard Nordic and Oswestry back pain disability index tools. Analysis was done by using SPSS version 24. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine associations. Results: Prevalence of work related back pain among automotive production factory workers during last 12 months and last seven days were 51.7% and 25% respectively and related disability was 87%. The risk factors of the work related back pain that were identified include; work experience (11-15 years) AOR: 0.02, 95% CI (0.001-0.46), tasks that involve bending and twisting AOR: 2.03, 95% CI (1.19-3.45) and lifting of heavy loads AOR: 4.89, 95% CI (2.83-8.47). Conclusions: High prevalence of back pain among automotive industry workers was seen. Furthermore, this study verified workers with back pain and more specifically those working in tasks that involve with the identified associated risk factors were suffer from disability. The problem should need more attention to promote the health and safety of workers.
Analisis Ketepatan Pemilihan dan Penentuan Regimen Obat pada Pasien Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronis (PPOK)

Penyakit paru obstruktif kronik (PPOK) adalah penyakit kronis paru-paru dengan karakteristik resistensi aliran udara yang benar-benar tidak dapat dipulihkan atau pulih sebagian dan progresif. Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) telah memperkirakan bahwa jumlah kasus COPD akan meningkat dari peringkat 6 pada tahun 1990 menjadi peringkat 3 pada tahun 2020 sebagai penyebab kematian paling umum di dunia, termasuk di Indonesia. Pentingnya menginformasikan keakuratan pemilihan obat dan penentuan regimen adalah untuk meningkatkan rasionalitas obat-obatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran ketepatan pemilihan obat dan penentuan regimen PPOK pada pasien dengan rawat inap COPD Mayor Jenderal H.A Thalib Kab.Kerinci. Jenis penelitian adalah deskriptif, pengambilan data dilakukan secara prospektif melalui rekam medis pasien untuk periode Maret-Mei 2018 dan dengan teknik pengumpulan data dalam bentuk total sampling. Sampel yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi penelitian diperoleh 30 sampel. Pada hasil penyajian data deskriptif, penilaian akurat berdasarkan pemberian obat COPD pada pasien ada pemilihan obat yang tepat yaitu 74,83%, penentuan regimen obat 100% dan evaluasi pemantauan pasien yang diobati COPD sembuh 100%