Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A 3D short-characteristics method for continuum and line scattering problems in the winds of hot stars

Context. Knowledge about hot, massive stars is usually inferred from quantitative spectroscopy. To analyse non-spherical phenomena, the existing 1D codes must be extended to higher dimensions, and corresponding tools need to be developed. Aims. We present a 3D radiative transfer code that is capable of calculating continuum and line scattering problems in the winds of hot stars. By considering spherically symmetric test models, we discuss potential error sources, and indicate advantages and disadvantages by comparing different solution methods. Further, we analyse the ultra-violet (UV) resonance line formation in the winds of rapidly rotating O stars. Methods. We consider both a (simplified) continuum model including scattering and thermal sources, and a UV resonance line transition approximated by a two-level-atom. We applied the short-characteristics (SC) method, using linear or monotonic Bézier interpolations, for which monotonicity is of prime importance, to solve the equation of radiative transfer on a non-uniform Cartesian grid. To calculate scattering dominated problems, our solution method is supplemented by an accelerated Λ-iteration scheme using newly developed non-local operators. Results. For the spherical test models, the mean relative error of the source function is on the 5 − 20% level, depending on the applied interpolation technique and the complexity of the considered model. All calculated line profiles are in excellent agreement with corresponding 1D solutions. Close to the stellar surface, the SC methods generally perform better than a 3D finite-volume-method; however, they display specific problems in searchlight-beam tests at larger distances from the star. The predicted line profiles from fast rotating stars show a distinct behaviour as a function of rotational speed and inclination. This behaviour is tightly coupled to the wind structure and the description of gravity darkening and stellar surface distortion. Conclusions. Our SC methods are ready to be used for quantitative analyses of UV resonance line profiles. When calculating optically thick continua, both SC methods give reliable results, in contrast to the alternative finite-volume method.
Decision Problems for Faulty Channel Machines : A Brief Survey

A channel machine consists of a finite controller together with several fifo channels; the controller can read messages from the head of a channel and write messages to the tail of a channel. In this paper, we focus on channel machines with insertion errors, i.e., machines in whose channels messages can spontaneously appear. Such devices have been previously introduced in the study of Metric Temporal Logic. We consider the termination problem: are all the computations of a given insertion channel machine finite? We show that this problem has non-elementary, yet primitive recursive complexity.
High order approximation of Hodge Laplace problems with local coderivatives on cubical meshes

Abstract. In mixed finite element approximations of Hodge Laplace problems associated with the de Rham complex, the exterior derivative operators are computed exactly, so the spatial locality is preserved. However, the numerical approximations of the associated coderivatives are nonlocal and can be regarded as an undesired effect of standard mixed methods. For numerical methods with local coderivatives, a perturbation of low order mixed methods in the sense of variational crimes has been developed for simplicial and cubical meshes. In this paper we extend the low order method to all high orders on cubical meshes using a new family of finite element differential forms on cubical meshes. The key theoretical contribution is a generalization of the linear degree, in the construction of the serendipity family of differential forms, and this generalization is essential in the unisolvency proof of the new family of finite element differential forms.
Prediction

This chapter first presents a rather personal view of some different aspects of predictability, going in crescendo from simple linear systems to high-dimensional nonlinear systems with stochastic forcing, which exhibit emergent properties such as phase transitions and regime shifts. Then, a detailed correspondence between the phenomenology of earthquakes, financial crashes and epileptic seizures is offered. The presented statistical evidence provides the substance of a general phase diagram for understanding the many facets of the spatio-temporal organization of these systems. A key insight is to organize the evidence and mechanisms in terms of two summarizing measures: (i) amplitude of disorder or heterogeneity in the system and (ii) level of coupling or interaction strength among the system's components. On the basis of the recently identified remarkable correspondence between earthquakes and seizures, we present detailed information on a class of stochastic point processes that has been found to be particularly powerful in describing earthquake phenomenology and which, we think, has a promising future in epileptology. The so-called self-exciting Hawkes point processes capture parsimoniously the idea that events can trigger other events, and their cascades of interactions and mutual influence are essential to understand the behavior of these systems.
Rituximab Maintenance Treatment for a Maximum of 5 Years in Follicular Lymphoma: Final Results of the Randomized Phase III Trial SAKK 35/03

Background: Follicular lymphoma is usually a disase with a prolonged course and a chemotherapy-free regimen might be a favourable treatment strategy. SAKK 35/03 investigated two different durations of rituximab maintenance (5 years vs. 6 months) in patients with follicular lymphoma after induction with 4 weekly doses of rituximab monotherapy. With a median follow-up of 6.4 years we were not able to show a benefit with long-term rituximab maintenance up to five years in event-free survival (EFS) or overall survival (OS ). Here we report the final results with a median follow-up of 10 years. Methods: 270 patients (median age 57 years: range 25-82) with untreated, relapsed, stable or chemotherapy resistant follicular lymphoma were treated with 4 doses of rituximab monotherapy in weekly intervals (375 mg/m²). Patients achieving at least a partial response were randomly assigned to receive maintenance therapy with one infusion of rituximab every 2 months, either on a short-term schedule (four administrations) or a long-term schedule (maximum of five years or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity). The primary endpoint was EFS . Progression-free survival (PFS), OS, and toxicity were secondary endpoints. Comparisons between the two treatment arms were performed using the log-rank test for survival endpoints. Results: 165 patients were randomly assigned to short-term (n=82) or long-term (n=83) maintenance. At a median follow-up period of 10 years, the median EFS is 3.4 years (95% CI 2.1-5.5) in the short-term arm and 5.3 years (95% CI 3.5-7.5) in the long-term arm. Using the pre-specified log-rank test this difference is statistically not significant (p=0.39 ). There is no significant difference in PFS and OS. Median OS in the short-term arm is 11.0 years (95% CI 11.0, NA ) and not reached in the long-term arm (p=0.80). The incidence of subsequent cancers increased in both arms over time, nine patients developed a subsequent cancer in the short-term maintenance arm and 10 in the long-term maintenance arm. There was no major additional toxicity with longer follow-up. Conclusions : Even with a long follow-up of 10 years we were not able to show a significant benefit of long-term compared to short-term rituximab maintenance in EFS, PFS and OS. Treatment strategies and study designs need to take these results into consideration in order to guarantee optimal medical and scientific results. Zucca: Celltrion: Consultancy; AstraZeneca: Consultancy. Ghielmini:Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau.
MODEL EPIDEMI SEIR PADA PENYEBARAN PENYAKIT CAMPAK DENGAN PENGARUH VAKSINASI

Penelitian ini membahas model matematika untuk penyebaran penyakit campak. Model matematika yang digunakan berupa model epidemi SEIR dengan laju kelahiran diasumsikan sama dengan laju kematian. Sebagai upaya dalam mencegah penyebaran penyakit campak maka dalam model juga diperhatikan faktor vaksinasi. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana menurunkan model epidemi SEIR pada penyebaran penyakit campak dengan pengaruh vaksinasi, bagaimana menentukan titik kesetimbangan dan analisis kestabilan pada penyebaran penyakit campak dengan pengaruh vaksinasi, bagaimana simulasi model dan interpretasi perilaku model pada penyebaran penyakit campak dengan pengaruh vaksinasi menggunakan program Maple. Metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis masalah adalah dengan studi pustaka. Langkah-langkah yang dilakukan adalah menentukan masalah, merumuskan masalah, studi pustaka, analisis pemecahan masalah, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Sebagai hasil penelitian, model yang diperoleh adalah Dari model tersebut diperoleh dua titik kesetimbangan yaitu titik kesetimbangan bebas penyakit dan titik kesetimbangan endemik. Analisis yang dilakukan menghasilkan angka rasio reproduksi dasar Setelah dianalisis kestabilan pada titik kesetimbangan, titik kesetimbangan bebas penyakit akan stabil asimtotis untuk . Sedangkan titik kesetimbangan endemik akan stabil asimtotis untuk . Selanjutnya, untuk mengilustrasikan model tersebut maka dilakukan simulasi model dengan menggunakan program Maple. Untuk vaksinasi yang dilakukan belum berhasil membuat penyakit menghilang karena nilai . Untuk berhasil membuat penyakit menghilang dari populasi karena nilai
Multilevel evolutionary developmental optimization (MEDO): A theoretical framework for understanding preferences and selection dynamics

What is motivation and how does it work? Where do goals come from and how do they vary within and between species and individuals? Why do we prefer some things over others? MEDO is a theoretical framework for understanding these questions in abstract terms, as well as for generating and evaluating specific hypotheses that seek to explain goal-oriented behavior. MEDO views preferences as selective pressures influencing the likelihood of particular outcomes. With respect to biological organisms, these patterns must compete and cooperate in shaping system evolution. To the extent that shaping processes are themselves altered by experience, this enables feedback relationships where histories of reward and punishment can impact future motivation. In this way, various biases can undergo either amplification or attenuation, resulting in preferences and behavioral orientations of varying degrees of inter-temporal and inter-situational stability. MEDO specifically models all shaping dynamics in terms of natural selection operating on multiple levels--genetic, neural, and cultural--and even considers aspects of development to themselves be evolutionary processes. Thus, MEDO reflects a kind of generalized Darwinism, in that it assumes that natural selection provides a common principle for understanding the emergence of complexity within all dynamical systems in which replication, variation, and selection occur. However, MEDO combines this evolutionary perspective with economic decision theory, which describes both the preferences underlying individual choices, as well as the preferences underlying choices made by engineers in designing optimized systems. In this way, MEDO uses economic decision theory to describe goal-oriented behaviors as well as the interacting evolutionary optimization processes from which they emerge. (Please note: this manuscript was written and finalized in 2012.)
Spectral Evolution and Radial Dust Transport in the Prototype Young Eruptive System EX Lup

EX Lup is the prototype of a class of pre-main-sequence eruptive stars defined by their repetitive outbursts lasting several months. In 2008 January–September EX Lup underwent its historically largest outburst, brightening by about 4 mag in visual light. In previous studies we discovered ongoing silicate crystal formation in the inner disk during the outburst, but also noticed that the measured crystallinity fraction started decreasing after the source returned to the quiescent phase. Here we present new observations of the 10 μm silicate feature, obtained with the MIDI and VISIR instruments at Paranal Observatory. The observations demonstrate that within five years practically all crystalline forsterite disappeared from the surface of the inner disk. We reconstruct this process by presenting a series of parametric axisymmetric radiative transfer models of an expanding dust cloud that transports the crystals from the terrestrial zone to outer disk regions where comets are supposed to form. It is possible the early Sun also experienced similar flare-ups, and the forming planetesimals might have incorporated crystalline silicate material produced by such outbursts. Finally, we discuss how far the location of the dust cloud could be constrained by future James Webb Space Telescope observations.
C A ] 2 3 Se p 20 09 Hilbert scales and Sobolev spaces defined by associated Legendre functions Vı́ctor Domı́nguez

In this paper we study the Hilbert scales defined by the associated Legendre functions for arbitrary integer values of the parameter. This problem is equivalent to study the left–definite spectral theory associated to the modified Legendre equation. We give several characterizations of the spaces as weighted Sobolev spaces and prove identities among the spaces corresponding to lower regularity index.
Progress for Precision for Br-a01 with Overlapp Measure

A large class of unsupervised algorithms for Word Sense Dis ambiguation (WSD) is that of dictionary-based methods. Various algorit hms have as the root Lesk’s algorithm, which exploits the sense definitions in the dicti onary directly. Our approach uses the lexical base WordNet for a new algorithm originated in Lesk’s, namelychain algorithm for disambiguationof all words (CHAD). We show how translation from a language into another one and also text entailment verificat ion could be accomplished by this disambiguation.
Efficient Computation for Centered Linear Regression with Sparse Inputs.

Regression with sparse inputs is a common theme for large scale models. Optimizing the underlying linear algebra for sparse inputs allows such models to be estimated faster. At the same time, centering the inputs has benefits in improving the interpretation and convergence of the model. However, centering the data naturally makes sparse data become dense, limiting opportunities for optimization. We propose an efficient strategy that estimates centered regression while taking advantage of sparse structure in data, improving computational performance and decreasing the memory footprint of the estimator.
A Menagerie of SU(2)-Cyclic 3-Manifolds

We classify $SU(2)$-cyclic and $SU(2)$-abelian 3-manifolds, for which every representation of the fundamental group into $SU(2)$ has cyclic or abelian image, respectively, among geometric 3-manifolds that are not hyperbolic. As an application, we give examples of hyperbolic 3-manifolds that do not admit degree-1 maps to any Seifert Fibered manifold other than $S^3$ or a lens space. We also produce infinitely many one-cusped hyperbolic manifolds with at least four $SU(2)$-cyclic Dehn fillings, one more than the number of cyclic fillings allowed by the cyclic surgery theorem.
Disentangling The Spatial Structure And Style In Conditional VAE

This paper proposes a structure in conditional variation autoencoder (cVAE) to disentangle the latent vector into a spatial structure and a style code, complementary to each other, with the one $( z_{s})$ being label relevant and the other $( z_{u})$ irrelevant. Different from traditional cVAE, our network maps the condition label into its relevant code zs through a separated module. Depending on whether the label directly relates to the image spatial structure or not, zs output from the condition mapping module is used either as the style code with the two spatial dimension of $1 \times 1$, or as the spatial structure code with a single channel. Based on the input image and its corresponding zs, the encoder provides the posterior distribution close to a common prior regardless of its label, thus zu sampled from it becomes label irrelevant. The decoder employs zs and zu by two typical adaptive normalization modules to reconstruct the input image. Results on two datasets with different types of labels show the effectiveness of our method.
J ul 2 01 0 Practically Stabilizing Atomic Memory ( Extended Abstract )

A self-stabilizing simulation of a single-writer multi-re ader atomic register is presented. The simulation works in asynchronous message-passing systems, and al lows processes to crash, as long as at least a majority of them remain working. A key element in the simulat ion is a new combinatorial construction of a bounded labeling scheme that can accommodate arbitrary labels, i.e., including those not generated by the scheme itself. Sackler School of Mathematics and Blavatnik School of Compu ter Science, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel. Ema il: nogaa@tau.ac.il. Research supported in part by an ERC advanced grant, by a USA-Israeli BSF grant, by the Israel Sci ence Foundation. Department of Computer Science, Technion, 32000, Israel. E mail: hagit@cs.technion. ac.il. Research supported in part by theIsrael Science Foundation (grant number 953/06). Contact author. Department of Computer Science, Ben-Gurio n University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel. Email : dolev@cs.bgu. ac.il. The work started while this author was a visiting professor at LIP6. Research supported in part by the ICT Programme of the European Union under contract numbe r FP7-215270 (FRONTS), Microsoft, Deutsche Telekom, US Air-Force and Rita Altura Trust Chair in Computer Sciences. LIP6, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6/INRIA, 7606 , France.
Structural and nanochemical properties of 
AlOx
 layers in 
Al/AlOx/Al
-layer systems for Josephson junctions

The structural and nanochemical properties of thin $AlO_x$ layers are decisive for the performance of advanced electronic devices. For example, they are frequently used as tunnel barriers in Josephson junction-based superconducting devices. However, systematic studies of the influence of oxidation parameters on structural and nanochemical properties are rare up to now, as most studies focus on the electrical properties of $AlO_x$ layers. This study aims to close this gap by applying transmission electron microscopy in combination with electron energy loss spectroscopy to analyze the structural and nanochemical properties of differently fabricated $AlO_x$ layers and correlate them with fabrication parameters. With respect to the application of $AlO_x$ as tunnel barrier in superconducting Josephson junctions, $Al/AlO_x/Al$-layer systems were deposited on Si substrates. We will show that the oxygen content and structure of amorphous $AlO_x$ layers is strongly dependent on the fabrication process and oxidation parameters. Dynamic and static oxidation of Al yields oxygen-deficient amorphous $AlO_x$ layers, where the oxygen content ranges from x = 0.5 to x = 1.3 depending on oxygen pressure and substrate temperature. Thicker layers of stoichiometric crystalline $\gamma-Al_2O_3$ layers were grown by electron-beam evaporation of $Al_2O_3$ and reactive sputter deposition.
$p$-Laplacian problems involving critical Hardy-Sobolev exponents

We prove existence, multiplicity, and bifurcation results for $p$-Laplacian problems involving critical Hardy-Sobolev exponents. Our results are mainly for the case $\lambda \ge \lambda_1$ and extend results in the literature for $0<\lambda<\lambda_1$. In the absence of a direct sum decomposition, we use critical point theorems based on a cohomological index and a related pseudo-index.
Characterizing Distribution Equivalence for Cyclic and Acyclic Directed Graphs

The main way for defining equivalence among acyclic directed graphs is based on the conditional independencies of the distributions that they can generate. However, it is known that when cycles are allowed in the structure, conditional independence is not a suitable notion for equivalence of two structures, as it does not reflect all the information in the distribution that can be used for identification of the underlying structure. In this paper, we present a general, unified notion of equivalence for linear Gaussian directed graphs. Our proposed definition for equivalence is based on the set of distributions that the structure is able to generate. We take a first step towards devising methods for characterizing the equivalence of two structures, which may be cyclic or acyclic. Additionally, we propose a score-based method for learning the structure from observational data.
Learning to Manipulate Deformable Objects without Demonstrations

In this paper we tackle the problem of deformable object manipulation through model-free visual reinforcement learning (RL). In order to circumvent the sample inefficiency of RL, we propose two key ideas that accelerate learning. First, we propose an iterative pick-place action space that encodes the conditional relationship between picking and placing on deformable objects. The explicit structural encoding enables faster learning under complex object dynamics. Second, instead of jointly learning both the pick and the place locations, we only explicitly learn the placing policy conditioned on random pick points. Then, by selecting the pick point that has Maximal Value under Placing (MVP), we obtain our picking policy. This provides us with an informed picking policy during testing, while using only random pick points during training. Experimentally, this learning framework obtains an order of magnitude faster learning compared to independent action-spaces on our suite of deformable object manipulation tasks with visual RGB observations. Finally, using domain randomization, we transfer our policies to a real PR2 robot for challenging cloth and rope coverage tasks, and demonstrate significant improvements over standard RL techniques on average coverage.
Sketch-Fill-A-R: A Persona-Grounded Chit-Chat Generation Framework

Human-like chit-chat conversation requires agents to generate responses that are fluent, engaging and consistent. We propose Sketch- Fill-A-R, a framework that uses a persona-memory to generate chit-chat responses in three phases. First, it generates dynamic sketch responses with open slots. Second, it generates candidate responses by filling slots with parts of its stored persona traits. Lastly, it ranks and selects the final response via a language model score. Sketch-Fill-A-R outperforms a state-of-the-art baseline both quantitatively (10-point lower perplexity) and qualitatively (preferred by 55% in head-to-head single-turn studies and 20% higher in consistency in multi-turn user studies) on the Persona-Chat dataset. Finally, we extensively analyze Sketch-Fill-A-R’s responses and human feedback, and show it is more consistent and engaging by using more relevant responses and questions.