Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NEUSTONIC ICHTHYOPLANKTON IN THE NORTHERN REGION OF THE CALIFORNIA CURRENT ECOSYSTEM

Analysis of ichthyoplankton data collected off Washington, Oregon, and northern California during the 1980s indicates a neustonic assemblage offish eggs, larvae, and juveniles. This assemblage is most diverse over the shelf and continental slope. Diel variation in the occurrence and abundance of certain species of fish larvae in the neuston samples is striking. Three categories are apparent among the neustonic ichthyoplankton. Obligate members include larvae and early juveniles of nine species that occurred permanently and almost exclusively in the neuston but were scarce or absent in subsurface samples. Other taxa of larvae and juveniles were abundant at the surface only at night and are identified as facultative members of the neuston. Several taxa of fish eggs were abundant in the neuston; they seem to accumulate at the surface because of positive buoyancy. They are considered strays in the neuston. Fish larvae in the neuston were larger overall than those deeper in the water column; this is advantageous in terms of seeking prey and avoiding predators. Juveniles were also common in the neuston, but recently hatched larvae were largely absent. Several factors may limit the successful habitation of the neuston by fish eggs and larvae: high levels of damaging UV radiation, intensive wave action, a reduced biota, enhanced visibility to predators, and larval dispersal. However, adaptations to these potentially adverse factors are apparent among the species. Advantages to a neustonic existence may include enhanced growth, reduced levels of predation, and suitable concentrations of food. The main reason that larvae and juveniles of certain species select the neuston as a suitable ecological niche is probably the unique trophic conditions that prevail in this biotope.
Hypoxiainducible Factor 1.

Hypoxiainducible factor 1(HIF1) is a nuclear factor whose production and DNA binding activity is induced by hypoxia in a variety of cell types, which is composed of two different subunits: 120 ku HIF1α and 91～94 ku HIF1β. HIF1, as a hypoxia inducible transcription factor, promotes the expression of erythropoietin gene and glycolytic enzymes gene etc. in response to hypoxia which maintain the oxygen homeostasis. 
Extreme returns in a shortfall risk framework

One of the most important aspects in asset allocation problems is the assumed probability distribution of asset returns. Financial managers generally suppose normal distribution, even if extreme realizations usually have an higher frequency than results in the case of normally distributed returns. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we propose and solve an asset allocation problem with shortfall constraint, evaluating the exact risk-level for managers in the case of misspecification of tails behaviour. In particular, in the optimisation problem, we assume that returns are generated by a multivariate Student-t, when in reality returns come from a multivariate distribution where each marginal is a Student-t with different degrees of freedom; this method permits us to value the effective risk for managers. In the case analysed, it is also interesting to observe that a multivariate density with different marginal distributions produces a shortfall probability and a shortfall return level that can be approximated adequately by assuming a multivariate Student-t in the optimisation problem. The present approach could be an important instrument for investors who require a qualitative assessment of the reliability and sensitivity of their investment strategies when their models are potentially misspecified. * GRETA (Venice). ** GRETA (Venice) and University of Venice. ** GRETA (Venice) and University of Venice. Extreme Returns in a Shortfall Risk Framework
Root System and Water Use Patterns of Different Height Sunflower Cultivars

Dwarf sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars have agronomic and management benefits over conventional standard height sunflower cultivars. However, the effects of reduced plant stature on root systems and water extraction characteristics are not known. Therefore, field trials were conducted at two locations in western Canada during 1994 and 1995 to compare root system characteristics and water extraction patterns of dwarf hybrids [two Sunwheat hybrids: Sunwheat-101' (SW-101) and Sunwheat-103' (SW-103)], and dwarf open pollinated cultivars [two Sunola cultivars, AC-Aurora' (Aurora) and AC-Sierra' (Sierra)] with standard height hybrids (IS-6111 and SF-187). Reducing plant height reduced rooting depth (by 0.20 to 0.60 m), root length density (by 6.6 m m -2 ) and root distribution in SW-103 compared with IS-6111, while no differences were observed in these traits between IS-6111 and Aurora. The soil water depletion front velocities of sunflower cultivars were influenced by accumulated heat units suggesting a temperature effect on rooting characteristics. IS-6111 (0.14 to 0.19 cm growing degree d -1 ) and Aurora (0.15 to 0.17 cm growing degree d -1 ) had significantly higher depletion front velocities compared with SW-103 (0.09 to 0.11 cm growing degree d -1 ). Greater soil water depletion by standard height hybrids in agronomy trials (average 59 and 79 mm more compared with dwarf hybrids and dwarf open pollinated cultivars, respectively) was attributed to deeper rooting depth (average 0.2 and 0.4 m more compared with dwarf hybrids and dwarf open pollinated cultivars, respectively) and more efficient water extraction, although a longer growth duration may also have been a factor.
Pet animal activity assessment using three-dimensional accelerometry

Worldwide population is becoming increasingly sedentary and obese. Similar concerns are being extended to companion animals whose incidence in countries like the United States has surpassed half of the entire pet dog’s population. As the most common pets’ disorder, obesity is known to predispose a range of serious medical conditions, meaning that its importance should not be underestimated. As in humans, dog obesity has two cornerstones, an inadequate dietary regime and the lack of physical activity, existing on the latter a lack of quantitative and pragmatic tools to assess energy expenditure during animal exercise and the consequent impact on weight loss. This work aims to build an algorithm capable of both qualifying and quantifying dog physical activity while only using a 3-axis accelerometer. The qualification is made into one of five pre-defined levels (stop, walk, trot, run, intense run) and the quantification by converting the activity into a number of calories. That is accomplished by the creation of two main features, being the first a canine pedometer capable of accounting the number of steps given by the animal in any environment and the second a relation between acceleration and spent calories.
2. RESEARCH DIRECTLY LINKED WITH GPELF ACTIVITIES (OPERATIONAL RESEARCH): 2.1 ESSENTIAL TOOLS—DIAGNOSTICS

1) Develop effective, practical strategy for defining in field settings the areas and individuals with levels of L. loa microfilaremia so high as to be dangerous if MDA for concurrent LF were to be initiated (novel tool; novel approach with available tools), 2) Define the comparative accuracy of available diagnostics (antigen, antibody, DNA) and strategies for monitoring the progress of LF elimination programs and for deciding both when to stop MDAs and how to initiate surveillance to detect potential recrudescence; a) involves determining limits of sensitivity and specificity of available tests, b) requires longitudinal studies using all diagnostic tools concurrently and in both highand low-prevalence areas where LF elimination programs are underway, 3) Take advantage of new technologies to improve userfriendliness and efficiency of the LF diagnostics currently available (e.g., isothermal polymerase chain reaction [PCR], multiplex antibody or PCR kits, use of oral fluids or urine for diagnostic tests), 4) Validate sampling strategies for testing both vector and human populations for LF infection or exposure to infection.
Wheat cultivars vary widely in their responses of grain yield and quality to short periods of post-anthesis heat stress

Short periods of high temperature (> 35oC) are common during the post-anthesis period in Australian wheat crops and have recently been shown to significantly reduce grain yield and quality. In view of this, 75 cultivars of wheat were screened for tolerance to 3 days of high temperature (max. 40oC). Detailed results for grain yield and quality are presented for five wheat cultivars in order to illustrate the wide range of responses to short periods of high temperature. Individual kernel mass decreased by up to 23%, depending on variety, and the gliadin : glutenin ratio altered in the range -9 to +18% in response to high temperature treatment, also depending on variety. Noodle swelling power was significantly affected by heat in two cultivars, but there was no significant change due to heat in the apparent amylose content in any variety. The marked response of several yield and quality components to a heat treatment lasting only ca 5% of the grain-filling period suggests that starch and protein synthesis do not immediately andlor fully recover from short, severe heat stress. In addition, we conclude that wheat shows considerable genetic variability in tolerance to short periods of high temperature for both grain yield and quality.
Marine Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Aconcagua- Neuquén Basin, Argentina and Chile

This review provides updated information on the stratigraphy and ammonoid biostratigraphy of the marine Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous of the Aconcagua-Neuquén Basin of Argentina and Chile. The ammonoid faunal affinities and the level of confidence in correlation with the Mediterranean standard zones are also discussed here.
Molecular Systematics, Evolution, and Population Biology in the Mustard Family (Brassicaceae)

The present review summarizes results from the past decade on the systematics, population genetics, and evolutionary biology of the mustard family, Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). The research of various authors is discussed and presented in the context of ongoing and accumulating studies. The review is useful in view of the immensely increasing work on Arabidopsis thaliana, the model species of plant molecular biology, and on important crop plants such as species of Brassica. Traditional and molecular-based phylogenies are critically discussed, new generic alignments are proposed, and groups in need of molecular studies are identified. Unfortunately, knowledge obtained from molecular genetics and development of A. thaliana is only very slowly creeping into the systematics of Brassicaceae. Future directions of research should move beyond assessing generic relationships or limits, and should also address character development and evolution, the molecular basis of various homoplastic characters, the nature of the genome, and many other new challenges that are emerging from detailed molecular studies of A. thaliana.
Influence of Posterior Pituitary Extracts on Sodium Balance in Normal Subject and in Patient with Diabetes Insipidus

In the normal subject anti-diuretic extracts of the posterior pituitary cause an increase in the excretion of sodium and chlorine with the result that the balance for these elements becomes negative. 1 , 2 In Fig. 1 we have presented data on a normal subject (male, 25 years old) which shows the same thing. The patient with diabetes insipidus (male, 19 years old), on the other hand, behaves differently. The same dose of posterior pituitary extract as given the normal caused no increase in sodium chloride excretion although a marked anti-diuresis resulted (Fig. 1). The days upon which “Pituitrin” (Surgical, 0.5 cc. twice daily) was administered are indicated in solid black. In the normal subject there was no appreciable reduction in urine volume the rate being about 1.5 liters per day without the extract and 1.2 to 1.4 liters per day when “Pituitrin” was given. In the patient with diabetes insipidus the specific anti-diuretic effect was obvious. The daily urine output was reduced from around 8 to 3 liters per day with a corresponding decrease in the fluid intake. Both subjects received a constant diet during the period of observations and for several days preceding. The data in Fig. 1 assumes a constant excretion in the stool of the various elements each day. Although we know that this is not absolutely true we have data which shows that the variations are such as to have no influence upon the picture presented here. The urinary excretion in these cases is therefore a good measure of the mineral balance. In the normal it happens that the chlorine does not follow the sodium as closely as it might because this subject had 5 gm. of KCl added to his diet each day and the percentage variation in chloride excretion is consequently less than in sodium excretion, with the same absolute change in both. Unlike the normal the sodium balance does not become negative in diabetes insipidus as a result of “pituitrin” therapy. In this patient it happens that it actually becomes positive, at least for 4 days and although not a constant result in this condition it is frequently the case.
Studies on the trematode family Brachycoeliidae, II. Revision of the genera Glypthelmins (Stafford, 1900) Stafford, 1905, and Margeana Cort, 1919; and the description of Reynoldstrema n.gen. (Glypthelminae n.subfam.).

This paper represents the second of a monographic series on the trematode family Brachycoeliidae Johnston, 1912. In Part I (Cheng, 1957) the author referred to this family of flukes as members of the subfamily Brachycoeliinae Looss, 1899; however, at that time he stated that he agreed with Fuhrmann (1928) ". in retaining Brachycoeliinae as a subfamily under Dicrocoeliidae until additional evidences can indicate differently. " Since the appearance of Part I, the life history of Brachycoelium obesum Nicoll, 1914 has been satisfactorily established and that of B. salamandrae (Frolich, 1789) has been partially established. The information obtained from these life cycles strongly suggest that the subfamily Brachycoeliinae should be granted independent status as the family Brachycoeliidae as suggested by Johnston (1912), since the life histories of the Brachycoelium spp. indicate the presence of only one intermediate host (the entire life histories will be published at a later date) which differs sharply from the life cycles of either the Dicrocoeliidae or the Plagiorchiidae where two intermediate hosts exist. Since Rankin's (1944) description of the life cycle of Glypthelmins quieta contained only one intermediate host, this further suggests the close relationship between Glypthelmins and Brachycoelium, hence the author has chosen to assign the genera covered in Part I and those included in Part II as members of the independent family Brachycoeliidae. Inasmuch as the members of the genus Brachycoelium are different from those of Glypthelmins and Margeana (see Cheng, 1957) the author has chosen to retain the subfamily Brachycoeliinae Looss, 1899 under Brachycoeliidae to include Brachycoelium and has erected the Glypthelminae n. subfam. , also unider Brachycoeliidae, to include Glypthelmins, Margeana and Reynoldstrema. This present paper consists of a revision of Glypthelmins (Stafford, 1900) Stafford, 1905, the re-establishment of Margeana Cort, 1919 as a valid genus, and the description of Reynoldstrema n. gen. The descriptions of the various species of the genera considered, have been restricted to the essentials for the sake of brevity. The original type drawings have been included to aid in the diagnosis of specimens. The genera Glypthelmins and Margeana are extremely closely
Etude de la fréquence des déficits enzymatiques de la bêta-oxydation mitochondriale des acides gras chez les patients adultes ayant présenté des morts subites cardiaques inexpliquées

Les troubles du rythme ventriculaire graves sur coeur sain representent environ 5 a 10 cas pour 100000 patients. Les anomalies de l'oxydation des acides gras pourraient expliquer certains cas de morts subites cardiaques inexpliquees. Cependant, ces etiologies sont rarement recherchees lors du bilan initial. Nous avons etudie 18 patients ayant presente une mort subite cardiaque inexpliquee ayant beneficie de l'implantation d'un defibrillateur automatique implantable. Nous n'avons pas pu mettre en evidence avec certitudes d'anomalies de la beta oxydation. Il existe cependant un doute sur un possible deficit en CPT II (carnitine palmitoyl transferase detype II) chez un patient. D'autres part, certains patients presenteraient des signes modestes de dysfonction mitochondriale pouvant expliquer certains cas d'arythmie ventriculaire. Il serait certainement interessant d'evaluer ces hypotheses sur des etudes de plus grande ampleur
Identification of Molecular Markers Linked to the Pm6 Gene Conferring Powdery Mildew Resistance in Wheat

The Pm6 gene from T timopheevi confers resistance to wheat Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici. A total of 8 RFLP markers were selected for their ability to reveal polymorphism on powdery mildew resistant ‘Prins’ near-isogenic lines (with Pm6) and the recurrent parent Prins. The linkage relationship betWeen the polymorphic markers and Pm6 gene was estimated with a F2 population from cross of NIL with Prins. It was indicated that three markers Xbcd135EcoRV9kb, Xbcd307EcoR18.8kb and Xbcd266EcoRV18kb are closely linked to the gene locus with distances 1.6±1.5cM, 1.6±1.5cM, 4.8±2.6cM, respechvely. Eigteen wheat culhvars or lines reposed as containing Pm6 genes were employed to assess the applicability of the three markers for idenhfication of An6 gene in different genetic background. Results showed that marker Xbcd135-2BL can be used to tag the presence of Pm6 gene introgressed to different wheat genetic background.
Karyotypic Relationships among Elmera, Heuchera, and Tellima (Saxifragaceae)

In the hope of clarifying relationships among Elmera, Heuchera, and Tellima, karyo- types of E. racemosa, nine species of Heuchera, and T. grandiflora were compared. This and a previous study have demonstrated karyotypic constancy in Heuchera; thirteen species of Heuchera, repre- senting all five sections have essentially identical karyotypes. Heuchera and the monotypic genera Elmera and Tellima have distinctive karyotypes, and that of Elmera appears to be most similar to that of Heuchera. Karyological data agree with palynological and flavonoid data, which also indicate that Elmera is distinct from Heuchera and Tellima and should be maintained as a separate genus. Hy-banding revealed prominent centromeric and telomeric heterochromatin, which confirmed the karyotypes proposed based on gross chromosomal morphology and permitted differentiation of several of the shorter chromosome pairs that morphologically are very similar. The relative ease with which chromosomes of Heuchera, Elmera, and Tellima respond to the Hy-banding procedure and the large amounts of heterochromatin present is similar to earlier observations for Mitella, Tiarella, and Tolmiea. This investigation further illustrates the conservative nature of chromosomal evolution in taxa of Saxifrageae characterized by x = 7.
Kauzalno atribuiranje školskog postignuća srednjoškolaca s obzirom na spol i izraženost motiva za postignućem

Sažetak: Ovo je istraživanje primjena Weinerova modela atribucije i pokušaj provjere pretpostavki o utjecaju varijabli spola i motiva za postignućem na preferencije u kauzalnom atribuiranju postignuća. U ispitivanju atribucija školskog uspjeha/neuspjeha koristili smo Skalu za atribuiranje razloga uspjeha/neuspjeha, a izraženost motiva za postignućem ispitivali smo Upitnikom za mjerenje motiva općeg postignuća (MOP). Rezultati 173 srednjoškolaca statistički su obrađeni i interpretirani. Dobiveno je da spol djelomično utječe na atribuiranje školskog postignuća; učenice svoj uspjeh najviše pripisuju aktivnosti i motivaciji, dok učenici nemaju izražene atribucijske preferencije za uspjeh. Kod atribuiranja neuspjeha učenice statistički značajno više od učenika razloge svog neuspjeha pripisuju nedostatku sposobnosti. Izraženost motiva za postignućem, sama po sebi, nema značajan utjecaj na atribuiranje školskog postignuća. Međutim, interakcijski efekt uspjeha i motivacije pokazao se značajnim: visoko motivirani uspješni svoj uspjeh pripisuju vlastitoj aktivnosti i sposobnosti statistički značajno više od nisko motiviranih uspješnih. Nisko motivirani neuspješni svoj neuspjeh statistički značajno više pripisuju nedostatku aktivnosti od visoko motiviranih neuspješnih. Ovi rezultati važni su u planiranju strategije za rad s neuspješnim i nisko motiviranim učenicima.
Columba palumbus cyt b-like Numt sequence : comparison with functional homologue and the use of universal primers

A b s t r a c t. The woodpigeon Columba palumbus has a wide distribution from the Mediterranean region to western Asia. During the amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to assess the degree of differentiation among C. palumbus populations a fragment containing an insertion of 5bp was amplified. The non-functional copy of cytochrome b gene amplified was interpreted as most likely the result of a past transposition into the nuclear genome of a mitochondrial DNA fragment, Numt. To overcome the technical problems, in terms of both PCR co-amplification and sequence analysis, different sets of primers were used and several criteria used for detection of pseudogene amplification were also discussed. The divergence time estimated between the Numt and its functional homologue indicate that the transfer may have occurred between 4.9 and 5.2 MY ago. Data from cytochrome b sequence did not support the existence of a geographically-based divergence among C. palumbus populations, which may indicate the persistence of gene flow.