Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
[Young football players aerobic perfomance in sub-maximum exercise with exhaustion at a moderate altitude without acclimation: experience in El Condor].

ANTECEDENTS With the same intensity of sub-maximum effort, the concentration of serum (LS) or muscular lactate is higher in Hypoxia conditions, or exercise at an altitude without acclimation, in relation with normoxia or at sea level (MSL). The highest level of lactate after fatigue or in a test of strict anaerobic condition, would not be modified when altitude changes without previous acclimation. OBJECTIVE To abtain local data about the magnitude of the affect in SL of a effective altitude at 1,700 meters without acclimation, as a parameter of aerobic performance of young soccer players of our environment who live and train at sea level. VOLUNTEERS AND METHODS Self-controlled experimental test with a number of 10 volunteers (16 - 18 years-old), soccer players of lower leagues from an important local sport club. Two tests in a cycle ergometer of a graded physical effort until fatigue, the first one in the Center of High Performance at MSL (474 meters) and the second one in the town El Condor (EC; 2.220 meters), province of Cordoba. Exercise Protocol: warm-up 2', 30 Km/h with 50W; 3consecutive steps of 3' + 50W each one; final phase 30 Km/h of 200W until fatigue and/or symptoms or maximum time of 15'. SL and HR measurement: basal; the last 30" of every step and in fatigue. SL determination with Accusport. Two-tailed paired test. RESULTS 1 volunteer dropped out befote completion in EC (n=9). Mean basal SL 2.1 mmol/L at MSL and EC (p=0.897). Mean difference (MD) EC vs. MSL +/- Standard error of 0.5 +/- 0.2 (p=0.033), 0.9 +/- 0.3 (p=0.008) and 0.6 +/- 0.3 mmol/L (p=0.103) in steps 1, 2, 3 respectively of sub-maximum effort. In fatigue (the highest level), Mean SL and Confidence Interval (CI) 95% of 7.6 (6.5-8.8) and 9.5 (7.8-11.2) mmol/L at MSL and EC respectively (p=0.030). Heart Rhythm (HR) without changes in EC in relation to MSL. 66% with a greater Borg scale and 33% of dizziness at EC. CONCLUSION At an effective altitude at 1,700 meters without acclimation we can verify a lower aerobic performance with a subjective perception of a greater effort intensity, and neurological symptoms of hypoxia can be objectified in one-thirds of the cases.
Conflict and Control

Four types of individual partner violence are identified based on the dyadic control context of the violence. In intimate terrorism, the individual is violent and controlling, the partner is not. In violent resistance, the individual is violent but not controlling; the partner is the violent and controlling one. In situational couple violence, although the individual is violent, neither the individual nor the partner is violent and controlling. In mutual violent control, the individual and the partner are violent and controlling. Evidence is presented that situational couple violence dominates in general surveys, intimate terrorism and violent resistance dominate in agency samples, and this is the source of differences across studies with respect to the gender symmetry of partner violence. An argument is made that if we want to understand partner violence, intervene effectively in individual cases, or make useful policy recommendations, we must make these distinctions in our research.
On performance prediction of an iterative multi-antenna receiver

We use the statistical properties of a frequency-selective single-input multiple-output channel to predict the distribution of the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) at the output of an iterative equalizer. The SINR distribution is then used to derive the distribution of the variance of the soft demapped bit log likelihood ratios (LLRs). Extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts establish a relationship between the LLR variance and mutual information. Thus, by comparing the semi-analytically calculated LLR variance distribution at the demapper output to a previously measured EXIT chart of a turbo decoder, we can reliably estimate the expected frame error ratio. This prediction method is extended for the Chase combining hybrid automatic repeat-request protocol.
Sustained Perceptual Deficits from Transient Sensory Deprivation

Sensory pathways display heightened plasticity during development, yet the perceptual consequences of early experience are generally assessed in adulthood. This approach does not allow one to identify transient perceptual changes that may be linked to the central plasticity observed in juvenile animals. Here, we determined whether a brief period of bilateral auditory deprivation affects sound perception in developing and adult gerbils. Animals were reared with bilateral earplugs, either from postnatal day 11 (P11) to postnatal day 23 (P23) (a manipulation previously found to disrupt gerbil cortical properties), or from P23-P35. Fifteen days after earplug removal and restoration of normal thresholds, animals were tested on their ability to detect the presence of amplitude modulation (AM), a temporal cue that supports vocal communication. Animals reared with earplugs from P11-P23 displayed elevated AM detection thresholds, compared with age-matched controls. In contrast, an identical period of earplug rearing at a later age (P23-P35) did not impair auditory perception. Although the AM thresholds of earplug-reared juveniles improved during a week of repeated testing, a subset of juveniles continued to display a perceptual deficit. Furthermore, although the perceptual deficits induced by transient earplug rearing had resolved for most animals by adulthood, a subset of adults displayed impaired performance. Control experiments indicated that earplugging did not disrupt the integrity of the auditory periphery. Together, our results suggest that P11-P23 encompasses a critical period during which sensory deprivation disrupts central mechanisms that support auditory perceptual skills. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sensory systems are particularly malleable during development. This heightened degree of plasticity is beneficial because it enables the acquisition of complex skills, such as music or language. However, this plasticity comes with a cost: nervous system development displays an increased vulnerability to the sensory environment. Here, we identify a precise developmental window during which mild hearing loss affects the maturation of an auditory perceptual cue that is known to support animal communication, including human speech. Furthermore, animals reared with transient hearing loss display deficits in perceptual learning. Our results suggest that speech and language delays associated with transient or permanent childhood hearing loss may be accounted for, in part, by deficits in central auditory processing mechanisms.
Rapid eco-evolutionary responses in perturbed phytoplankton communities

Biodiversity currently faces unprecedented threats owing to species extinctions. Ecologically, compensatory dynamics can ensure stable community biomass following perturbation. However, whether there is a contribution of genetic diversity to community responses is an outstanding question. To date, the contribution of evolutionary processes through genotype shifts has not been assessed in naturally co-occurring multi-species communities in the field. We examined the mechanisms contributing to the response of a lake phytoplankton community exposed to either a press or pulse acidification perturbation in lake mesocosms. To assess community shifts in the ecological response of morphospecies, we identified taxa microscopically. We also assessed genotype shifts by sequencing the ITS2 region of ribosomal DNA. We observed ecological and genetic contributions to community responses. The ecological response was attributed to compensatory morphospecies dynamics and occurred primarily in the Pulse perturbation treatment. In the Press treatments, in addition to compensatory dynamics, we observed evidence for genotype selection in two species of chlorophytes, Desmodesmus cuneatus and an unidentified Chlamydomonas. Our study demonstrates that while genotype selection may be rare, it is detectable and occurs especially when new environmental conditions are maintained for long enough to force selection processes on standing variation.
Benefits of influenza vaccination for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk senior citizens.

BACKGROUND Vaccination rates for healthy senior citizens are lower than those for senior citizens with underlying medical conditions such as chronic heart or lung disease. Uncertainty about the benefits of influenza vaccination for healthy senior citizens may contribute to lower rates of utilization in this group. OBJECTIVE To clarify the benefits of influenza vaccination among low-risk senior citizens while concurrently assessing the benefits for intermediate- and high-risk senior citizens. METHODS All elderly members of a large health maintenance organization were included in each of 6 consecutive study cohorts. Subjects were grouped according to risk status: high risk (having heart or lung disease), intermediate risk (having diabetes, renal disease, stroke and/or dementia, or rheumatologic disease), and low risk. Outcomes were compared between vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects after controlling for baseline demographic and health characteristics. RESULTS There were more than 20000 subjects in each of the 6 cohorts who provided 147551 person-periods of observation. The pooled vaccination rate was 60%. There were 101 619 person-periods of observation for low-risk subjects, 15 482 for intermediate-risk, and 30 450 for high-risk subjects. Vaccination over the 6 seasons was associated with an overall reduction of 39% for pneumonia hospitalizations (P<.001), a 32% decrease in hospitalizations for all respiratory conditions (P<.001), and a 27% decrease in hospitalizations for congestive heart failure (P<.001). Immunization was also associated with a 50% reduction in all-cause mortality (P<.001). Within the risk subgroups, vaccine effectiveness was 29%, 32%, and 49% for high-, intermediate-, and low-risk senior citizens for reducing hospitalizations for pneumonia and influenza (for high and low risk, P< or =.002; for intermediate risk, P = .11). Effectiveness was 19%, 39%, and 33% (for each, P< or =.008), respectively, for reducing hospitalizations for all respiratory conditions and 49%, 64%, and 55% for reducing deaths from all causes (for each, P<.001). Vaccination was also associated with direct medical care cost savings of $73 per individual vaccinated for all subjects combined (P = .002). Estimates of cost savings within each risk group suggest that vaccination would be cost saving for each subgroup (range of cost savings of $171 per individual vaccinated for high risk to $7 for low risk), although within the subgroups these findings did not reach statistical significance (for each, P> or =.05). CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that healthy senior citizens as well as senior citizens with underlying medical conditions are at risk for the serious complications of influenza and benefit from vaccination. All individuals 65 years or older should be immunized with this vaccine.
Inotropic and arrhythmogenic effects of potassium‐depleted solutions on mammalian cardiac muscle.

1. We have investigated the electrical and mechanical effects of reducing the bathing K concentration, K0, over the range from 4‐0 mM in guinea‐pig papillary muscle and in sheep Purkinje fibres. 2. In papillary muscle, reducing K0 to zero produces a negative shift in the resting potential and an initial increase in action potential duration. An increase of twitch tension ensues, followed by a reduction in actin potential duration and, eventually, an increase in tonic tension. This increase in tonic tension is often accompanied by a decrease of twitch tension. Finally, transient depolarizations and after contractions are produced. 3. In voltage clamped Purkinje fibres, K0 reduction decreases the slope conductance at the more negative potentials and reduces the pace‐maker current, iK2. Twitch tension increases rapidly and voltage dependent tonic tension develops. After even very short exposures to very low K0 (1 mM and below), an oscillatory transient inward current and accompanying aftercontraction can be seen. The oscillatory transient inward current and aftercontraction are similar to those described for cardiotonic steroid intoxication by Kass, Lederer, Tsien & Weingart (1978). 4. Prolonged exposure to 0 K0 leads to the development of a slow current ‘creep'. This current is activated by depolarization and has a reversal potential of ‐6.7 +/‐ 3.5 mV. The development of this creep current is accompanied by an increasing ‘creep’ in tonic tension with the same time course. On repolarization both the current creep and creep in tension recover with time courses still similar to each other. 5. Fluctuations appear in both the tension and current records during exposure to low K0. The tension and current fluctuations have similar principal frequencies (about 1 Hz). 6. Ca0 removal, substituting Ba0 for Ca0 or adding Mn0 (2 mM) can each remove the transient inward current, aftercontraction, fluctuations of current and tension, and creep current as well as the increase of twitch and tonic tension. 7. Replacing Ca0 by Sr0 leads to an increased inotropic effect of low K0 with altered kinetics and appears to abolish the transient inward current, aftercontraction and fluctuations of current and tension. 8. It is concluded that Ca1 plays a central role in the inotropic and arrhythmogenic effects of low K0. Possible mechanisms of Ca1 control are discussed in light of the results that have been presented.
Creating Healthy Schools: An Analysis of the Federal School Wellness Mandate

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Public school policies related to physical activity and eating behaviors have recently become the focal point for policymakers to evaluate the effect of rules and regulations on the childhood obesity epidemic. However, little research has emerged that evaluates policy environments in general or across different geographic locales. The purpose of this research project was to evaluate the strength and comprehensiveness of School Wellness Policies (SWPs) within areas where disparities exist in childhood obesity--rural and city school districts. METHODS: Three city and 5 rural school districts that serve a total student population of 172,392 in 434 schools were selected in a tri-state region, and their respective SWPs were coded with a 96-item tool across 7 policy subgroups to improve access to healthful foods and regular physical activity. Strength, reflecting the degree to which a policy included detailed implementation information, and comprehensiveness, reflecting the breadth of policies, were calculated. Each policy subgroup was assessed on a 0-1 point scale with lower scores representing weak strength or less comprehensiveness. RESULTS: Overall, the SWPs were extremely weak (M=0.24 ± 0.19) and moderately comprehensive (M=0.50 ± 0.15). The strongest and most comprehensive policy subgroup was
Septicemia and meningitis caused by Helicobacter cinaedi in a neonate

Helicobacter cinaedi has been most frequently isolated from rectal swabs of homosexual men with proctocolitis. The microorganism is a normal intestinal inhabitant of hamsters. We report a case of septicemia and meningitis by H. cinaedi in a neonate whose mother cared for pet hamsters during the first two trimesters of her pregnancy. The isolate was detected after 3 days of incubation in a Bact/Alert pediatric blood culture vial and an enrichment broth culture of the cerebrospinal fluid. H. cinaedi should be added to the list of unusual fastidious organisms that cause sepsis and meningitis in the newborn.
Preimplant histologic acute tubular necrosis and allograft outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The influence of deceased-donor AKI on post-transplant outcomes is poorly understood. The few published studies about deceased-donor preimplant biopsy have reported conflicting results regarding associations between AKI and recipient outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS This multicenter study aimed to evaluate associations between deceased-donor biopsy reports of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and delayed graft function (DGF), and secondarily for death-censored graft failure, first adjusting for the kidney donor risk index and then stratifying by donation after cardiac death (DCD) status. RESULTS Between March 2010 and April 2012, 651 kidneys (369 donors, 4 organ procurement organizations) were biopsied and subsequently transplanted, with ATN reported in 110 (17%). There were 262 recipients (40%) who experienced DGF and 38 (6%) who experienced graft failure. DGF occurred in 45% of kidneys with reported ATN compared with 39% without ATN (P=0.31) resulting in a relative risk (RR) of 1.13 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.9 to 1.43) and a kidney donor risk index-adjusted RR of 1.11 (95% CI, 0.88 to 1.41). There was no significant difference in graft failure for kidneys with versus without ATN (8% versus 5%). In stratified analyses, the adjusted RR for DGF with ATN was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.7 to 1.34) for non-DCD kidneys and 1.59 (95% CI, 1.23 to 2.06) for DCD kidneys (P=0.02 for the interaction between ATN and DCD on the development of DGF). CONCLUSIONS Despite a modest association with DGF for DCD kidneys, this study reveals no significant associations overall between preimplant biopsy-reported ATN and the outcomes of DGF or graft failure. The potential benefit of more rigorous ATN reporting is unclear, but these findings provide little evidence to suggest that current ATN reports are useful for predicting graft outcomes or deciding to accept or reject allograft offers.
Reusing a Data-Erased ASE Carrier in a Weak-Resonant-Cavity Laser Diode for Noise-Suppressed Error-Free Transmission

Under injection-locking with downstream amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) carrier spectrally sliced by a 200-GHz arrayed waveguide grating and amplitude-squeezed by a gain-saturated semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), the injection-level-dependent extinction ratio (ER) and bit-error-rate (BER) penalty of a weak-resonant-cavity Fabry-Perot laser diode (WRC-FPLD) upstream transmitter are investigated. By fixing the downstream power at -13 dBm, the downstream ASE data is amplitude-squeezed by the gain-saturated SOA to greatly suppress the ER from 12.6 to 2.2 dB, which improves the BER of upstream data carried by the reused ASE in the WRC-FPLD. By reusing the amplitude-squeezed downstream ASE carrier in the upstream WRC-FPLD, such a single ASE-based bidirectional channelized transmission network provides downstream and upstream receiving sensitivities of <;-27.5 and 21.8 dBm, respectively, at a BER of 10-9 after 25 km transmission.
Using insider research to study teacher engagement with video conferencing in first-year classes

This paper describes the use of insider research in an ongoing project that aims to explore the complex relationships between teachers, pedagogy, and technology within large first-year courses. It outlines the design rationale for the project and describes the methods used to study the engagement of 17 academic staff with video conferencing technology over a five-month period in 2011. Three researchers have occupied the dual roles of research participants (being members of the teaching staff involved with the video conferencing) and researchers; thus, they have been ̳insiders‘ or full participant-observers. After describing the context and methodology, the paper reflects on the use of insider research as an approach to study teacher engagement with e-learning initiatives.
Timing of postmenopausal estrogen for optimal bone mineral density. The Rancho Bernardo Study.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of the timing of initiation and the duration of postmenopausal estrogen therapy on bone mineral density (BMD). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING White, middle-class to upper middle-class community-dwelling women. PARTICIPANTS A total of 740 women aged 60 to 98 years who participated in a study of osteoporosis. MEASUREMENTS Questionnaire, validated medication use, and height and weight. Bone mineral density at the ultradistal radius and midshaft radius using single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) and at the hip and lumbar spine using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). RESULTS Of the 740 women, 69% had used oral estrogen after menopause and 30% were current users. Five groups of estrogen use were identified: never users, past users who started at menopause, past users who started after age 60 years, current users who started after age 60 years, and current users who started at menopause. At all 4 bone sites, current users who started at menopause had the highest BMD levels, which were significantly higher than never users or past users who started at menopause (with 10 years' duration of use). These differences persisted after controlling for all major risk factors for osteoporosis. Among current users, there was no significant difference in BMD levels at any site between those who started estrogen at menopause (with 20 years of use) and those who started after age 60 years (with 9 years of use). CONCLUSIONS Estrogen initiated in the menopausal period and continued into late life is associated with the highest bone density. Nevertheless, estrogen begun after age 60 years and continued appears to offer nearly equal bone-conserving benefit.
Hypocholesterolemic Effect of α-Ketoglutarate in the Mongolian Gerbil 1

Summary In an effort to elucidate the mechanism of the hypocholesterolemic effect of glutamic acid previously demonstrated in the Mongolian gerbil, several amino acid formula diets have been studied. The diets containing amino acids which could be readily converted to α-ketoglutarate were hypocholesterolemic, while the diets containing amino acids not readily converted to α-ketoglutarate were not. The diet containing α-ketoglutarate was the most effective. No significant correlation could be made between the serum cholesterol and the hepatic squalene or cholesterol content. However, the animals with the lowest serum cholesterol levels had correspondingly low hepatic cholesterol levels. The authors thank Miss Carole Williams for her technical assistance and Miss Shannon Smith for the preparation of the manuscript.
Exploring Individual Factors Affecting Business Students’ Willingness to Study Abroad: A Case Study From the Caribbean

ABSTRACT Despite a low rate of student participation in study abroad programs in the Caribbean, there is insufficient research about the individual factors that help determine business students’ willingness to study or to participate in internship programs abroad. This study aims to explore business students’ attitudes toward study abroad. The positive perceptions of students toward study or internship abroad raises questions about individual factors for business students’ outflow to study or participate in an internship abroad. This study also explores business students’ preferences for short- and long-term international study or internship abroad, as well as certification programs in international business. Moreover, it provides some insight into the segments of business students that are more likely to support these programs.
One core-five sheaths coaxial flow formation using multilayer stacked flow focusing structure

This research presents efficient coaxial sheath flow formation using a three-dimensional PDMS device. In the device, one core and five sheaths are simply formed with low diffusion between different samples. Stacking and alignment of six PDMS layers of same structure allowed for fabrication of the proposed 3D device. Only one point alignment of center channel for the sheath provides free from misalignment that was a critical problem of multi-stacked PDMS device. Furthermore, the number of samples is infinitely expandable by increase in the number of stacking layers. The coaxial sheath flow is useful for biological fiber formation which requires multilayer of different materials such as artificial blood vessels or muscles.