Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Red Squirrel Responses to Spruce Cone Failure in Interior Alaska

Observations were made on a red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) population in mature white spruce (Picea glauca) forest near Fairbanks, Alaska, during 2 years of spruce cone crop failure (July, 1964, to April, 1966). An adequate supply of old spruce cones, cached in previous years, was available during the first winter. A 67-percent drop in numbers of the squirrel population followed the second crop failure with the remaining squirrels utilizing spruce buds as their primary food during the winter. Stomach analyses revealed spruce seed, when available, as the major constituent in the diet. In its absence, utilization of mushrooms in summer and spruce buds in winter is heavy. Feeding trials conducted with captive red squirrels in March, 1965, and April, 1966, showed that about 194 old spruce cones per day were necessary to sustain a squirrel, approximately 35 percent more than for cones from the current year's crop. Three squirrels survived for 8 days on a diet of only white spruce buds. Excavation of middens revealed up to 8,500 old, cached cones per midden, despite a crop failure. Squirrels may cut and cache 12,000 to 16,000 cones, the excess accruing annually, eventually creating a supply sufficient to maintain the squirrels through a winter following a cone crop failure. This paper presents some aspects of red squirrel ecology during two consecutive years of cone crop failure in a mature white spruce forest in interior Alaska. The work was part of a study aimed at determining the ecological relationships of red squirrels to the production and supply of white spruce seed in interior Alaska. Because red squirrels utilize large quantities of white 1 Financed by the U. S. Forest Service's Northern Forest Experiment Station (Contract No. 12-11010-1650) and the Alaska Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. 2 Present address: Department of Zoology, Canterbury University, Christchurch, New Zealand. s so e aspects of red spruce seed as the major constituent of their diet during years of normal cone production (Brink 1964), this study was oriented to determine food habits in the absence of a fresh supply of cones. One phase deals with observations of natural conditions on a study area within a mature white spruce forest. The second phase consists of a series of feeding trials conducted with captive red squirrels. The feeding trials were set up in such a way that the data would be directly comparable to those obtained by Brink and Dean (1966). Of the many persons who aided in the study, special thanks go to Dr. Frederick This content downloaded from 157.55. 39.208 on Fri, 14 Oct 2016 04:09:41 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms 306 Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 32, No. 2, April 1968 C. Dean, Head, Department of Wildlife Management, University of Alaska; Dr. David R. Klein, Leader, Alaska Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit; Samuel J. Harbo, biometrician, Department of Wildlife Management, University of Alaska; and Robert A. Gregory of the Northern Forest Experiment Station at College, Alaska.
Generation of Functional Mouse Hippocampal Neurons

Primary culture of mouse hippocampal neurons is a very useful in vitro model for studying neuronal development, axonal and dendritic morphology, synaptic functions, and many other neuronal features. Here we describe a step-by-step process of generating primary neurons from mouse embryonic hippocampi (E17.5/E18.5). Hippocampal neurons generated with this protocol can be plated in different tissue culture dishes according to different experimental aims and can produce a reliable source of pure and differentiated neurons in less than one week. This protocol covers all the steps necessary for the preparation, culture and characterization of the neuronal culture, including the illustration of dissection instruments, surgical procedure for embryos’ isolation, culturing conditions and assessment of culture’s purity and differentiation. Evaluation of neuronal activity was performed by analysis of calcium imaging dynamics at six days in culture.
MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS AND SPECIES VALIDITY OF GENUS EUCHILOGLANIS (SILURIFORMES:SISORIDAE)IN CHINA

The delimitation between Euchiloglanis davidi and Euchiloglanis kishinouyei has not been clear all the time. In the present paper, we studied inter specific and intra specific variations of E.davidi and E.kishinouyei by principal component analysis and 548bp mtDNA 16S rRNA sequences analysis. 35 characters were measured and 34 among them were analyzed using multivariate morphometrics for 80 specimens of the genus Euchiloglanis . We amplified and sequenced the mtDNA 16S rRNA gene fragments in 10 individuals of Euchiloglanis . Sequences were read from one strand (L strand) and aligned using Clusta1X 1.8 program and SEAVIEW program. Pairwise sequence comparisons to determine the amount of variation were performed using MEGA 2 1. According to the results of principal component analysis and p distance,the species validties were evaluated. The results showed that: (1)the diagnostic characters between E. davidi and E.kishinouyei ,such as anterior position of ventral fins, its origin being always nearer or not to lower angle of gill opening than to anal fin ,maxillary barbells extending beyond or not to gill opening,were correlated. However, specimens could not be distinguished definitely according to these differences because of the overlap in characters;(2)there were differences among populations from different localities,but no definite correlation to the tributary of Jinshajiang River could be found;(3)the genetic distance was very small between E.davidi. and E.kishinouye ,and it was only 0 075% on average;(4)Only 2 variation loci were detected and the mutation rate was 0.365%;(5)the genetic distance was also small among the genus Euchiloglanis , ranging from 0—0.381% and 0.069% on average.Based on these results, Euchiloglanis species in China is suggested as only one species,and E.kishinouyei is argued as a synonym of E.davidi .
La régionalisation de l'expression de gènes cardiaques : implications pour la morphogenèse du coeur.

Le coeur des vertebres est forme a partir de compartiments morphologiquement distincts qui sont decelables chez l'embryon precoce et qui se remodelent ensuite au cours de la cardiogenese. Des etudes de transgenese chez la souris ont mis en evidence des differences transcriptionnelles inattendues entre differentes parties du coeur, y compris les regions droite et gauche. Une telle regionalisation est aussi decelee, souvent de maniere transitoire, pour certains genes endogenes. Les molecules de signalisation ainsi que les facteurs de transcription eventuellement impliques dans ces phenomenes commencent a etre identifies et leur role mis en evidence par mutagenese. La regionalisation du myocarde apparait des l'inflexion du tube cardiaque qui recoit des informations de position selon l'axe antero-posterieur puis des signaux de lateralisation responsables de l'asymetrie. Les souris transgeniques qui revelent cette regionalisation permettent une analyse fine de la contribution des differentes regions du coeur embryonnaire a la constitution du coeur adulte. Chez certaines souris mutantes, qui se presentent comme des modeles de malformations cardiaques congenitales chez l'homme, le suivi du developpement cardiaque permet de rattacher ces malformations a des interactions aberrantes entre les divers compartiments cardiaques.
Volatile phenolics in Teran PTP red wine

The volatile phenolics, 4-ethylphenol, 4-vinylphenol, 4-ethylguaiacol and 4-vinylguaiacol were quantified in Teran PTP wines that were produced in the Kras winegrowing district. The compounds were determined by using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry after extraction with diethylether. Three years monitoring (2011, 2012, 2013 vintages) showed that all four undesirable compounds were identified in Teran PTP wines, however their content did not influence significantly the sensory characteristics of the wine. The average contents gained over the three-year period (2011-2013; n=82) were 153±193 µg L -1 for 4-ethylphenol, 1265±682 µg L -1 for 4-vinylphenol, 69±94 µg L -1 for 4-ethylguaiacol and 128±106 µg L -1 for 4-vinylguaiacol. 7.3 % of samples showed contents of 4-ethylphenol above the odour threshold values. For 4-vinylphenol, 4-ethylguaiacol and 4-vinylguaiacol that percentage was 98.8 %, 25.6 % and 91.5 %, respectively.
Effects of Insecticides on Immature and Adult Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Israel

A bioassay confining Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) to insecticide-treated kidney bean leaves in a modified Munger cell was used to test the effects of insecticides on fecundity, feeding activity, and mortality. Adult thrips were exposed to various concentrations of abamectin, carbosulfan, methiocarb, monocrotophos, methamidophos, cypermethrin, and acrinathrin; and immature thrips were exposed to abamectin, carbosulfan, methiocarb, and acrinathrin. Cypermethrin had no direct effect on adult thrips at concentrations up to 2,000 ppm. Carbosulfan had the highest efficacy against adults in terms of suppression of feeding activity and fecundity, and the lowest LC 90 (11.3ppm). Additionally, F. occidentalis were collected from flower greenhouses in 4 locations where growers reported problems controlling their populations; thrips were tested with abamectin, carbosulfan, and methiocarb. At only 1 collection site was there moderate resistance to carbosulfan and methiocarb; moderate resistance to abamectin was observed only in immature thrips from 1 site.
Determining the foraging potential of oilseed rape to honey bees using aerial surveys and simulations

The modern agricultural landscape is characterised by large areas of monoculture, including fields of mass-flowering crops. These may benefit bees by providing abundant forage, but may cause harm if the fields are treated with insecticides. Here, we investigated the potential exposure of honeybee colonies to pesticides in flowering oilseed rape (OSR) in England using a combination of aerial photographs and geographical modelling. Aerial photographs were used to detect and map fields of blooming OSR in eight areas across England where OSR is grown. We determined the distance to the nearest OSR field for randomly chosen positions (i.e., potential hive locations) using a digital map made of each area. The proportion of colonies within foraging range to the nearest OSR field in each area was then calculated using published data on honeybee foraging distances obtained by waggle dance decoding. We found that the distribution of distances to the nearest OSR field varied greatly among study areas, ranging from almost all colonies being within range to almost all being out of range (6–79% were within median foraging distance). In one study area, we examined changes over a 4-year period and found little year-to-year variation due to crop rotation (23–36% within median foraging distance). Our specific results show that exposure in England to OSR and to any chemicals used in treatment varies greatly among areas. Overall, our methodology provides a novel way of quantifying the exposure of bee colonies or other central place foragers to a particular crop or land-type at a landscape level.
STRATEGI CUSTOMER RELA TlONSHIP MANAGEMENT

Company website is a marketing tools wich has function for spreading information about company products to attract new customers and also for keeping the relationship with the customer to get the their loyalty. This reseach purpose is applying a method in the making' of company website, so this application can produce a company website wich function is for not only spreading company information but also making relationship with customer. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is developing because of the requirement to maintain customer relationship. The using of CRM strategy in making company website can realize websites function as. a marketing tools which attracting new customer and keeping old customer. This research is conducted using three main steps of CRM strategy that are customer porto folio analysis, resources development, and website development. After all those steps, website evaluation is carried out using Software Usability Measurement Inventory (SUMI) questionnaire to evaluate user satisfaction. In this paper, application of CRM strategy in developing company education website was equipped with facilities that give value for the customers, therefore the company website could attract new customers, and also increase old customer loyalty. Website evaluation using SUMI questionnaire in SMGS website shows that the users of SGMS website are satisfied. It is shown by each categories score dan global score that are higher than average standard scores. Efficiency score is 90, affect score is 80, helpfullness score is 80, learnability score is 90, control score is 65 dan global score is 83 compare to average standard score is 50.
Direct marketing and the use of individual-level consumer information: Determining how and when “privacy” matters

The desire to maximize marketing effectiveness and reduce communication costs has increased direct marketers’ reliance on computerized databases, customized persuasion, and other consumer information intensive strategies and tactics (28,541. The belief that the success of marketing efforts is positively related to the amount and specificity of individual-level consumer information (7), however, has raised questions about how far companies should be allowed to go in learning about or attempting to persuade consumers (6.40). In the process, privacy has become widely evoked, but often elusive concept. This article develops a framework for addressing privacy concerns that arise when direct marketers utilize consumer information. It does so by identifying the underlying dimensions of the privacy construct and examining the relationships between those dimensions and direct marketers’ consumer information practices. This approach not only helps identify situations when privacy matters. But suggests productive strategies and tactics for alleviating consumer concerns related to the use of individual-level consumer information.
Effect of β-Aminopropionitrile and Ascorbate on Fibroblast Migration

Abstract Ascorbate and β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) have direct, but diverse affects on collagen matrix production. Ascorbate is necessary for the intracellular hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues during collagen biosynthesis whereas BAPN inhibits the enzyme lysyl oxidase in the extracellular space thus preventing collagen crosslink formation. To study the influence of these two agents on fibroplasia, an in vitro model was used to analyze fibroblast migration, proliferation, and collagen synthesis. Biopsies of chicken tendon were covered with a fibrin clot to simulate an in vivo wound environment, and then they were exposed to either ascorbate or BAPN for up to 7 days. Fibroblast migration into the fibrin clot was measured using a Zeiss Mopp II planimeter, DNA synthesis by 125IUDR incorporation, and collagen synthesis by [3H]proline incorporation into collagenase-digestible protein. Tendon biopsies treated daily with fresh ascorbate (0.1 mM) had significantly greater fibroblast migration than controls without ascorbate (P < 0.05). Cellular proliferation, collagen synthesis, and total protein synthesis were not significantly altered by ascorbate treatment. In contrast, BAPN inhibited fibroblast migration in a dose-dependent fashion without inhibiting proliferation (0.25 and 0.5 mM), collagen, and noncollagen protein synthesis. Therefore, the effect of BAPN on migration does not appear to be due to generalized cytotoxicity. These combined studies suggest that compounds such as ascorbate and BAPN which can modify collagen may also modify fibroblast migration.
Detection and antibiotic susceptibility of coliform bacteria in fresh vegetables

We have determined the presence of coliform bacteria, as well as their antibiotic susceptibilities, in fresh vegetables. Ten samples of six different fresh vegetables (two kinds of tomato, three of lettuce, and one of carrot) purchased from supermarkets and greengrocer’s shops in Valencia city (Spain) were analyzed. Coliforms were isolated in 50% out of the 60 samples. The identified isolates (n: 45) included mainly species belonging to Klebsiella (n: 15) , Enterobacter (n: 20), and other genera, and only one was identified as Escherichia coli. Most isolates were resistant to ampicillin, and to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; although resistances to other chemoterapeutic agents were sporadic, seven isolates showed multiresistance to three/four/five agents. Therefore, microbial contamination of these products with opportunistic pathogens can be considered as a food safety concern, as consumption of fresh vegetables may represent a potential risk for the consumer health, particularly in debilitated or immunocompromised individuals.
An investigation of cued recall of multiattribute stimuli

Memory performance for sequences of letters positioned in particular spatial locations in a 3 x 3 grid was examined by requiring participants to recall attributes of the target stimuli given 1 or 2 features of the stimuli as cues. Cuing asymmetry was observed between the serial-position curves of object and sequential-order information, and location and sequential-order information, when the stimuli were presented in both the same and different locations. After correcting for response bias, this asymmetry was attenuated for the stimuli presented in different locations and was eliminated for the stimuli presented in the same location. Contrary to the predictions of the fragmentation hypothesis (G. V. Jones, 1976), asymmetry was also observed between object and location information. The roles of spatial location and response bias are offered as explanations for previous contradictory claims for cuing symmetry between item and order information.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the basolateral amygdala are required for both acquisition and expression of conditional fear in rats

Three experiments examined the effects of intra-amygdaloid infusions of an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), on contextual fear conditioning in rats. In Experiment 1, APV infusion into the basolateral amygdala (BLA), before training, disrupted the acquisition of contextual fear. In Experiment 2, APV produced a disruption of both the acquisition and expression of contextual fear. This blockade of contextual fear was not state dependent, not due to a shift in footshock sensitivity, and not the result of increased motor activity in APV-treated rats. In Experiment 3, fear conditioning was not affected by a posttraining APV infusion into the BLA. These results indicate that NMDA receptors in the BLA are necessary for both the acquisition and expression of Pavlovian fear conditioning to contextual cues in rats.
Effects of eukaryotic pathogens (Chytridiomycota and Oomycota) on marine benthic diatom communities in the Solthörn tidal flat (southern North Sea, Germany)

Abstract The presence of eukaryotic parasites (i.e. chytridiomycetes and oomycetes) infecting benthic marine diatoms was revealed by a reconnaissance survey in the Solthörn tidal flat (southern North Sea, Germany) followed by 5 months of regular monitoring in order to assess the impact of these zoosporic fungal pathogens on microphytobenthic diatom communities. Additionally, variation of environmental factors such as sediment composition and nutrient concentrations were monitored. Pre-treatment of sediment samples using short ultrasound pulses and gradient centrifugation, in combination with CalcoFluor White, were used for the visualization of both pathogen groups. The highest prevalence of infected benthic diatoms was observed in late September (6.3% of the total benthic diatom community), correlating with the highest abundance of benthic diatoms recorded during the survey (6.5 ± 1.3 × 104 cells cm–2). Most infections were caused by chytrids (up to 99.8%) and, only in a few cases, by oomycetes. The analysis of individual host abundances/infection prevalence showed in most cases a decline in cell numbers of the host species with increasing numbers of the eukaryotic parasite. Several shifts in the diatom community composition were observed. Statistical analysis revealed that the abundance of the benthic diatom hosts and their parasites was related to seasonal variation in temperature, irradiance and nutrient availability, particularly of dissolved inorganic nitrogen.
細菌由来の Chlamydomonas reinhardtii および Alexandrium catenella 接合阻害物質の精製と構造決定

A mating inhibitor which inhibits sexual agglutination and gametic fusion of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and hypnozygote formation of Alexandrium catenella was detected from bacterium strain NT4. The inhibitor (MI) has been successfully purified from a culture supernatant by a combination of Amberlite IRC-50, CM-cellulose 52, and high preformance liquid chromatographies. MI was separated into four derivatives (MI-1, MI-2, MI-3, MI-4), of which MI-1 was identified by spectral analyses (HR-MS, NMR) and chemical degradations to be 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-β-alanyl-2-hydroxy-β-alanyl-3-aminoalanyl-ζ-hydroxy-α, e-diamino-η-azelayl-N-(3-((4-aminobutyl)amino) propyl)glycinamide. This is identical with antibiotic edeine Al, a known inhibitor of DNA synthesis. Bacterial strain NT4 producing the inhibitor was identified as Bacillus brevis.
Applying gene set analysis to characterize the activities of immune cells in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer

Background: Estrogen receptor (ER) is a crucial biomarker for subtyping breast cancer. The present study aimed to understand the influence of infiltrated immune cells to patients’ outcome in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. Methods: Gene expression profiles of three breast cancer cohorts downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were used in this study. We utilized gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to estimate the activities of immune cell infiltration based on 31 published immune gene sets. Each gene set was tested for ER+ associated prognostic value. GSEA was applied to identify biological functions associated with prognostic immune gene sets. Results: Nine subtypes of immune cells showed ER+ specific association with patient survival; seven of them formed two co-activation clusters, including: (I) activated CD4, CD8, effector memory CD4, and (II) regulatory T cell, dendritic cell, eosinophil, and mast cell, substantially representing innate and adaptive immunity. Among them, activated CD8 and mast cell were independent prognostic factors in multivariate Cox regression. Functional annotation analysis revealed their involvement in breast cancer subtyping, relapse, and metastasis. Conclusions: We devised a gene set analysis to comprehensively investigate the involvement of ER specific immune cell activities and prognosis in breast cancer. Our work provides hints of the interaction between infiltrated immune cells and activated oncogene in ER+ breast cancer and may contribute to the biological basis for the development of immunotherapy.
Hemispheric Lateralization of Perception and Memory for Emotional Verbal Stimuli in Normal Individuals

The purposes of this study were to extend the literature on lateralization of perception of emotional verbal stimuli in normal individuals, including a test of both the right hemisphere and valence models, and to investigate predictions from these models regarding lateralization of memory for emotional verbal stimuli in normal individuals, an area that, to our knowledge, has not been investigated. Seventy-nine undergraduates were presented lateralized positive, negative, and neutral English words and nonwords. Participants were then asked to freely recall the presented words and, after a 20-min delay, to recognize the words. Recognition memory data provided strong support for the valence model. In addition, free-recall and perception data provided partial support for this model. The literature on the lateralization of processing emotional verbal and nonverbal material is discussed.