Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Artificial synapses using ferroelectric memristors embedded with CMOS Circuit for image recognition

Memristors have attracted attention as devices for brain-inspired computing hardware, such as artificial neural networks [1]. Typical neural networks comprise multiple neurons interconnected via synapses. A synapse modulates the signal transmission strength or “weight” between two neurons. Weight controllability is essential to neural network adaptability. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an artificial synapse that can modulate its own electric conductance, which represents the weights. Some researchers have used two-terminal memristors as synapses [2,3]. However, when using conventional memristors, pulses with complex shapes corresponding to what is learned must be prepared and applied to both terminals simultaneously because of their two-terminal structures [4]. Previously, we showed that a programmable synapse function could be implemented on a three-terminal ferroelectric memristor (3T-FeMEM) fabricated on a single crystal oxide substrate, which enabled simple learning schemes [5]. In this work, synapse chips were fabricated by integrating 3T-FeMEMs on CMOS circuits. We then demonstrated on-chip associative memory function using a neural network circuit with these chips.
Effect of Metallic Composition on Electrical Properties of Solution-Processed Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide Thin-Film Transistors

We report the combinatorial study on surface morphology and electrical properties of solution-processed amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (<i>a</i>- <i>IGZO</i>) thin-film transistors (TFTs). The sol-gel-processed <i>a</i>-<i>IGZO</i> thin films typically have shown an amorphous structure and critical dependence of mobility, carrier concentration, and surface roughness on the <i>In, Ga</i>, and <i>Zn</i> molar ratio in the solution phase. Based on efficient control of the metallic components from the sol-gel process, the solution-processed <i>a</i>- <i>IGZO</i>T FTs with a mobility of 0.5-2 cm<sup>2</sup>/V ·s, on/off current ratio > 10<sup>7</sup>, and a subthreshold slope of as steep as 1.5 V/dec were obtained.
Real-Time Computer Accompaniment of Keyboard Performances

A new and distinct variety of grapevine denominated varietally as "Rouge" generally resembling the Emperor grapevine (unpatented) but characterized as to novelty by producing grapes which are ready for commercial harvesting approximately September 10 to October 15 at Delano, Calif. and which furthermore produce berries which are substantially greater in size and which have a different color than that of the Emperor variety of grapevine.
Reinforcement from pharmacological effects of ethanol in newborn rats.

BACKGROUND The preweanling period in the rat is characterized by acceptance of substantial amounts of ethanol and susceptibility to its reinforcing effects. It has been unclear, however, whether the neurobiological basis of ethanol reinforcement properties at this age is in ethanol's olfactory, gustatory, or pharmacological effects. METHODS The effectiveness of intraperitoneal (ip) ethanol as a reinforcer for newborn (3-hr-old) rats was tested toward separation of the orosensory and pharmacological sources of ethanol reinforcement. Responsiveness to a test nipple by pups given such pairings was compared with that of pups given unpaired presentations of the nipple and ethanol. RESULTS Reinforcement was assessed in terms of response to a surrogate nipple 1 hr after a single pairing of a similar nipple providing water (conditioned stimulus) and ip injection of ethanol (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, or 0.75 g/kg; unconditioned stimulus). Significant effects of ethanol reinforcement occurred with the lower doses (0.125 and 0.25 g/kg); higher doses of ethanol (0.50 and 0.75 g/kg) had no significant reinforcement effect. A second experiment determined that for conditioning with ip ethanol as the unconditioned stimulus, a conditioned stimulus consisting of only ingesting water or only suckling on an empty nipple also yielded significant reinforcing effects of ethanol, although with less strength than their combination. Both reinforcing doses of ethanol, 0.125 and 0.25 g/kg, yielded detectable concentrations of ethanol in the blood 5 min after injection, which were sustained at a significantly lower level 60 min after administration. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that aside from possible, and likely weak, hematogenic sources of gustatory and olfactory attributes of ethanol, the basis of ethanol's reinforcement effect in neonatal rats is primarily pharmacological. For the pharmacological effects of ethanol to be reinforcing for the neonatal rat, concurrent appetitive activity on a nipple providing a fluid may be necessary for a substantial effect with this paradigm.
SCHISTOSOME DERMATITIS IN THE SWAN ESTUARY, WESTERN AUSTRALIA

The avian blood fluke, Austrobilharzia terrigalensis (Trematoda; Schistosomatidae), is recorded in Western Australia for the first time, and is implicated as the cause of dermatitis among users of the Swan estuary in Perth. Quantitative data provided by a questionnaire sent to affected people showed that infection occurred from November to March in the shallows throughout the “middle” estuary and that children from five to 14 years old were most frequently affected. Most cases of dermatitis were contracted between 11 a.m. and 12 noon—the time of day when the emergence of A. terrigaiensis cercariae from the intermediate host, Velacumantus australis, reaches a peak. Exposure times varied considerably, but were generally between 30 and 90 minutes, with dermatitis appearing 12 to 24 hours later. The lesions, which were sometimes widespread over the body and itched severely, persisted for one to two weeks and longer if they were secondarily infected. Approximately 38% of affected people consulted doctors about their condition. These results are discussed in relation to findings on the ecology of the parasite's intermediate and definitive hosts.
Arca: A Local Network File Server

Distributed systems can be built to a client-server model in which one of the important servers is the file server, consisting of at least one processor and disk drive, attached to the network with the sole purpose of storing information on behalf of its clients. In the Department of Computing at Lancaster University a file server which is connected to both of their networks has been designed and built: an Ethernet-type network (called Strathnet, of local design) and a Cambridge Ring type network. The Arca File Server is based on work started at Cambridge University. This paper describes the background of file servers for local networks and the design and implementation of the system.
Naltrexone attenuates amphetamine‐induced locomotor sensitization in the rat

Amphetamine, and other stimulants, readily induces behavioral sensitization, an effect hypothesized to reflect neurobiological changes that may underlie certain aspects of drug addiction. Apart from the effects on the dopamine system, previous studies have also shown that amphetamine interacts with other neurotransmitters, including the endogenous opioid system. The unselective opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (NTX) modulates amphetamine‐induced effects in both laboratory animals and humans. To further examine this interaction, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of NTX on the expression of locomotor sensitization and conditioned locomotor response in animals previously conditioned with amphetamine. Sensitization was induced by repeated administration of amphetamine (2 mg/kg) for 10 consecutive days. After a 10‐day drug‐free period, the rats were administered NTX (3 mg/kg) 30 minutes prior to the administration of a challenge dose of either amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) (test for drug‐induced sensitization) or saline (test for conditioned locomotor response). NTX had no effect on acute amphetamine‐induced locomotor activity or on general locomotor activity in animals without a history of amphetamine conditioning. However, animals previously conditioned with amphetamine showed a sensitized locomotor response to the amphetamine challenge following the 10‐day drug‐free period. This sensitized response was significantly inhibited by NTX pre‐treatment. In addition, NTX pre‐treatment blocked the conditioned locomotor response when the amphetamine‐conditioned animals were placed in the previously amphetamine‐paired context. This study showed that NTX attenuates drug‐ and cue‐induced locomotor behavior in amphetamine‐conditioned animals, supporting recent clinical findings that indicated a potential role of NTX as a treatment for amphetamine dependence.
A time-to-digital converter using vernier delay line with time amplification technique

The paper presents a vernier delay line (VDL) type of time to digital converter (TDC) using time amplification technique. The proposed time amplifier (TA) architecture is aim to provide larger input range and higher gain. Simulation results indicated that the maximum deviation between ideal and actual TA transfer curve has been reduced to about 30ps, and the input range and gain are 160ps and 16 respectively. The TDC has maximum sampling rate of about 50Msps when using 200MHz reference clock and the time resolution of 39ps with the differential non-linearity (DNL) within −0.6 and 1 LSB, and the integral non-linearity (INL) within −1.4 and 1 LSB. The TDC is realized using the CMOS 0.18um 1P6M technology.
Vascular parkinsonism in moyamoya: Microvascular biopsy and imaging correlates

We highlight the first case to our knowledge of vascular parkinsonism with angiographic moyamoya and functional imaging correlates. In addition, transmission electron microscopy of the cutaneous vasculature revealed the mean smooth muscle cell layer of the terminal arterioles to be significantly higher compared with ischemic stroke patients classified by vascular risk factors. Smooth muscle cell thickness was also greater in those with small vessel and large vessel strokes compared with cardioembolic strokes. The marked cutaneous arteriolar smooth muscle cell hypertrophy may be a useful surrogate marker for those at risk of developing angiographic moyamoya.
Electric field-induced color switching of luminescence from ZnO nanoparticle/polymer nanostructure

We report on reversible switching induced by an electric field between blue-green and red cathodoluminescence (CL) in the ZnO:Mg nanoparticles/poly(4,4'-diphenylene diphenylvinylene) (PDPV) nanostructure. It has been found that PDPV-ZnO:Mg nanostructures shows the CL emission maximum in the blue-green region without an electric field. The positive bias voltage suppressed the blue-green emission and shifted the emission maximum to the red region. The mechanism for the formation of the exited states in PDPV-ZnO:Mg nanostructures is discussed. It implies the presence of radiative recombination channels, which can be adjusted by a biased voltage to the free carrier depletion or accumulation mode.
Reading comprehension and its relationship with working memory capacity when reading horizontally scrolling text

The horizontally scrolling format, where text is presented in a single line drifting right to left, is relatively commonly used to display text on digital screens. This format presents a potentially challenging reading situation as the text must be followed smoothly to the left (to track individual words) while rightward eye movements are made as usual to progress through the text. This conflict may reduce attention allocated to upcoming text. Returning to previously encountered text is also more difficult with this format. Here, a sustained reading comprehension task was used to compare performance with horizontally scrolling and multi-line static text formats. Results showed that literal comprehension can be reasonably well maintained with scrolling text, although small decrements are seen at faster scrolling rates. However, they indicated that this format makes it more difficult to answer questions requiring an inference to be made. The contribution of working memory capacity and the impact of display speed on these effects were considered. These findings have implications for the application of this format in digital media and also more widely for the conditions required for successful in-depth reading comprehension with any text format.
The contribution of different prion protein types and host polymorphisms to clinicopathological variations in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects the central nervous system. In this respect, it can be considered alongside the more frequently occurring neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease is perhaps the paradigmatic protein misfolding disorder, so comparisons between the mechanisms involved in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and other neurodegenerative diseases associated with protein misfolding (such as the tauopathies and synucleinopathies) may also be informative. Like many of these diseases, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease occurs sporadically or can, more rarely, be associated with mutations. However, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease can also be acquired and is experimentally transmissible. These properties have had profound public health implications and made the disease of interest to virologists, in addition to those interested in protein misfolding disorders and neurodegeneration. The possible causes for the pronounced phenotypic variation among different forms of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease are beginning to become understood, and these appear to depend in large measure on the genetics of the host (specifically the sequence of the prion protein gene, PRNP) and the epigenetic aspects of the agent (thought to be a misfolded and aggregated form of the PRNP gene product, termed a prion). This review will examine whether this model in its present form has sufficient complexity and subtlety to account for the clinicopathological variation evident in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and will outline the ways in which a more complete and informative molecular definition of human prions are currently being sought. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three Unique Interstitial Macrophages in the Murine Lung at Steady State

&NA; The current paradigm in macrophage biology is that some tissues mainly contain macrophages from embryonic origin, such as microglia in the brain, whereas other tissues contain postnatal‐derived macrophages, such as the gut. However, in the lung and in other organs, such as the skin, there are both embryonic and postnatal‐derived macrophages. In this study, we demonstrate in the steady‐state lung that the mononuclear phagocyte system is comprised of three newly identified interstitial macrophages (IMs), alveolar macrophages, dendritic cells, and few extravascular monocytes. We focused on similarities and differences between the three IM subtypes, specifically, their phenotype, location, transcriptional signature, phagocytic capacity, turnover, and lack of survival dependency on fractalkine receptor, CX3CR1. Pulmonary IMs were located in the bronchial interstitium but not the alveolar interstitium. At the transcriptional level, all three IMs displayed a macrophage signature and phenotype. All IMs expressed MER proto‐oncogene, tyrosine kinase, CD64, CD11b, and CX3CR1, and were further distinguished by differences in cell surface protein expression of CD206, Lyve‐1, CD11c, CCR2, and MHC class II, along with the absence of Ly6C, Ly6G, and Siglec F. Most intriguingly, in addition to the lung, similar phenotypic populations of IMs were observed in other nonlymphoid organs, perhaps highlighting conserved functions throughout the body. These findings promote future research to track four distinct pulmonary macrophages and decipher the division of labor that exists between them.
Brain superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal paralytic disorder of unknown cause. Recent evidence implicated the role of free radicals in the death of motor neurons in this disease. To investigate this hypothesis further, we measured the activity of the main free radical scavenging enzymes copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in postmortem brain samples from 9 patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and from 9 control subjects. We examined samples from the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex, a region affected in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and from the cerebellar cortex, a region not affected. The two groups did not differ in age or postmortem delay. In the precentral gyrus from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis samples, glutathione peroxidase activity as measured by spectrophotometric assay (13.8 & 2.6 nmol/min/mg protein [mean & standard error of mean]) was reduced significantly compared to the activity in the precentral gyrus from control samples (22.7 & 0.5 nmol/min/ mg protein). In contrast, glutathione peroxidase activity was not significantly altered in the cerebellar cortex from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients compared to controls. Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase (corrected or not corrected for citrate synthase), and catalase were not significantly altered in the precentral gyrus or cerebellar cortex in the patient samples. This study indicated that glutathione peroxidase activity is reduced in a brain region affected in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, thus suggesting that free radicals may be implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Identiﬁcation and Characterization of a Peptide with Afﬁnity to Head and Neck Cancer

Combination therapy has improved the quality of life for patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCCs) but has not decisively changed prognosis. Targeted therapies, which enhance accumulation of the drug in the tumor, may be re-alized using tumor-speciﬁc binding peptides. This paper identiﬁes and characterizes an HNSCC afﬁne peptide. Methods: From a phage library comprising 10 9 different displayed peptides, 1 peptide was enriched after 5 in vitro selection rounds on HNO223 tumor cells. Subsequently, the gained peptide sequence H 2 N-SPRGDLAVLGHKY-CONH 2 (HBP-1) was synthe- sized as an amide and labeled with 125 I. In vitro studies for binding kinetics and competition were performed with 5 different HNSCC cell lines. Furthermore, the stability of the peptide was evaluated in human serum. The in vivo biodistribution of 131 I-labeled peptide was determined in HNSCC tumor–bearing nude mice. The results were further validated in human HNSCC tumor tissue sections using ﬂuorescence-labeled HBP-1. Competition experiments were performed to determine the binding sequence and validate the target. Results: The HBP-1 motif was enriched in 62% of all phages sequenced. Labeled 125 I-HBP-1 showed binding to 5 different HNSCC cell lines and a maximum binding to HNO97 cells, with 11% of the applied dose per 10 6 cells and an inhibitory concentration of 50% of 38.9 nM. Stability experiments in human serum showed a half-life of 55 min. In 2 different HNSCC tumor xenografts, 131 I-HBP-1 accumulated rapidly, with stable uptake until 45 min after intravenous application. Peptide immunohistochemistry of HNSCC tissue sections exhibited tumor staining by HBP-1, whereas normal tissue remained negative. Sequence mutation and competition experiments revealed that the intrinsic RGD motif in combination with the intrinsic LXXL motif is responsible for the binding ability of HBP1. The RGDLXXL sequence within this peptide is known and indicates that binding occurs via the a v b 6 rather than the a v b 3 integrin. Conclusion: Within the sequence of HBP-1 is a RGDLXXL motif, and most likely it is targeting the a v b 6 receptor of the integrin family of cell adhesion receptors. HBP-1 represents a promising lead structure for the development of targeted therapies or diagnostic procedures in patients with HNSCC.
Respiratory Viruses in Invasively Ventilated Critically Ill Patients—A Prospective Multicenter Observational Study

Objectives: The presence of respiratory viruses and the association with outcomes were assessed in invasively ventilated ICU patients, stratified by admission diagnosis. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Five ICUs in the Netherlands. Patients: Between September 1, 2013, and April 30, 2014, 1,407 acutely admitted and invasively ventilated patients were included. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Nasopharyngeal swabs and tracheobronchial aspirates were collected upon intubation and tested for 14 respiratory viruses. Out of 1,407 patients, 156 were admitted because of a severe acute respiratory infection and 1,251 for other reasons (non–severe acute respiratory infection). Respiratory viruses were detected in 28.8% of severe acute respiratory infection patients and 17.0% in non–severe acute respiratory infection (p < 0.001). In one third, viruses were exclusively detected in tracheobronchial aspirates. Rhinovirus and human metapneumovirus were more prevalent in severe acute respiratory infection patients (9.6% and 2.6% vs 4.5 and 0.2%; p = 0.006 and p < 0.001). In both groups, there were no associations between the presence of viruses and the number of ICU-free days at day 28, crude mortality, and mortality in multivariate regression analyses. Conclusions: Respiratory viruses are frequently detected in acutely admitted and invasively ventilated patients. Rhinovirus and human metapneumovirus are more frequently found in severe acute respiratory infection patients. Detection of respiratory viruses is not associated with worse clinically relevant outcomes in the studied cohort of patients.
ENDOTOXIN-MEDIATED DELAYED ISLET GRAFT FUNCTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED INTRA-ISLET CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND ISLET CELL APOPTOSIS1

Background. Primary nonfunction resulting in immediate graft loss is responsible for the failure of a large number of islet transplants. Evidence is accumulating to single out endotoxin contamination of the various reagents needed for islet isolation as a major cause of early graft loss. Methods. Islets isolated with endotoxin-containing (400 endotoxin units/ml) collagenase type V and “endotoxin-free” (3.1 endotoxin units/ml) Liberase™ were compared. Graft function was assessed using a syngeneic murine model of marginal islet mass transplantation. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production by islets was measured by ELISA in culture supernatants, and quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. Islet cell apoptosis was measured using the annexin assay. Results. Graft function was significantly delayed when islets were isolated with endotoxin-containing collagenase. Addition of endotoxin to the Liberase™ solution similarly delayed graft function. After 18 hr in culture, collagenase-isolated islets released higher amounts of proinflammatory cytokines compared with Liberase™-isolated islets (interleukin-6: 2185±1174 pg/ml vs. 520±201 pg/ml; tumor necrosis factor-&agr;: 304±298 pg/ml vs. 0; IL-1&bgr;: 12.5 pg/ml±12.5 vs. 0). This observation correlated with higher cytokine mRNA expression in collagenase-isolated islets. The percentage of apoptotic islet cells immediately after isolation was 17.2%±9.4 in collagenase-isolated islets and 7.1%±2.1 in Liberase™-isolated islets. Conclusions. We propose that endotoxin contamination is the primum movens of a chain of events that involves intra-islet cytokine production and release and islet cell apoptosis, and endotoxin contamination can ultimately lead to primary nonfunction in vivo. This emphasizes the fact that using endotoxin-free reagents during isolation is a key factor for successful islet transplantation.