Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The chicken embryo and its micro environment during egg storage and early incubation

When egg storage periods are prolonged (>7 days), hatchability and chick quality declines. The reason for this decline has been investigated, but is still not completely understood. At oviposition the developmental stage of the chicken embryo varies and so do the total number of viable cells. During storage, changes can occur in the embryo. Embryo viability at the end of storage seems to be dependent on the number of viable cells and the developmental stage of the embryo at oviposition. When the hypoblast is completely formed (during the quiescent developmental stage), the embryo seems to be more able to endure prolonged storage periods than embryos that are less or more advanced. During storage, changes also occur in egg characteristics such as albumen viscosity, albumen pH and yolk pH. There appears to be an interaction between albumen pH and embryo viability during early incubation and perhaps also during storage. An albumen pH of 8.2 seems to be optimal for embryo development. Albumen pH may influence embryo viability, but embryo viability may in turn, affect albumen pH. It has been hypothesised that an embryo in which the hypoblast is completely formed is better able to provide an effective barrier between the internal embryo and the exterior (yolk and albumen) and/or is better able to produce sufficient amount of carbon dioxide, which will reduce the pH level in the micro environment of the embryo to the optimal pH of 8.2. It appears that, to maintain hatchability and chick quality after prolonged storage periods, embryonic development should be advanced to the stage in which the hypoblast is completely formed or the atmosphere during storage and early incubation should be altered in such a way that albumen pH is maintained at the optimal level of 8.2.
The importance of housing and neighbourhood resources for urban microbusinesses

ABSTRACT Economic research has rarely considered the significance of the home and neighbourhood context of where business owners live for their business. Conversely, urban and neighbourhood research has overlooked how housing and neighbourhood shape business and entrepreneurship outcomes. This paper investigates the importance of housing and neighbourhood resources for microbusinesses using a random sample of microbusinesses in Edinburgh (UK) including those that are informal and home-based, and various characteristics of the neighbourhood in which the business owner lives were attached to the survey records. The data capture whether business owners have business premises outside their homes, and have used neighbourhood contacts, housing equity or space in the house for their business. In short, housing and neighbourhood resources are used by a large majority (82%) of microbusinesses. The findings challenge a number of common assumptions on the separation of commercial and residential functions, how neighbourhoods feature in the evolution of businesses, the nested conceptualization of home within a neighbourhood and on the nature of home-based businesses. It is concluded that multi-use (rather than mixed-use) neighbourhood planning would help foster more flexible and dynamic use of neighbourhoods and urban districts, although recognizing that this is a political issue.
Effect of the Atlantic hurricanes on the oceanic meridional overturning circulation and heat transport

Hurricanes have traditionally been perceived as intense but relatively small scale phenomena, with little effect on the large scale climate system. However, recent evidence has suggested that hurricanes could play a much more significant role in global climate. Here we prescribe Atlantic hurricanes in a global coupled climate model to show that, climatically, the strong hurricane winds can strengthen the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) that is responsible for an increased northward meridonal heat transport (MHT), and the hurricane rainfall tends to weaken the MOC and to reduce the MHT. The net effect of the hurricanes on the MOC and MHT depends on the outcome of these two competing processes. This result implies that hurricanes may indeed play an important role in the coupled climate system and need to be studied further in high resolution global coupled models.
Soil organic carbon, biochar, and applicable research results for increasing farm productivity in Western Australian agriculture

The conversion of vegetative biomass waste to bioch ar (biologically derived charcoal) is a source of carbon (C) that can be used to increase t he level of soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural soils. This review collates available research into the effects of biologically derived C species with respect to the direct and in direct effects on agricultural productivity and their potential for use in Western Australian a gricultural systems. There is a growing need to quantify the effect of biochar applications for agro-ecological purposes and to verify biosequestered C for climate change mitigation acti vities. This work provides quantitative assessment of safe biochar application rates and ex amines the present levels of scientific uncertainty surrounding the efficacy and reliabilit y of applying biochar to soils in relation to crop productivity.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PALAEOGENOMICS HOW A YOUNG DISCIPLINE REVOLUTIONISED THE STUDY OF THE PAST

The palaeogenomics (ancient DNA) field can be defined as the recovery and analysis of genetic material from the biological remains of the past and has become a powerful scientific field that provides direct information about the evolutionary process through space and time. Palaeogenomic findings, which include complete genomes of extinct hominids and modern humans from the past 50,000 years, have revolutionised our knowledge of human evolution, sometimes even ending archaeological and anthropological debates that had lasted for over a century. Moreover, this revolution has only just begun; soon there will be thousands of ancient genomes within the reach of all researchers. One of the specific features of the field is that this type of analysis requires the use of samples which potentially contain preserved DNA and that these are often unique; it is important to remember that, even though this technique only requires minimal quantities of skeletal material (either teeth or bone), it is still destructive. The state of conservation of these samples, whether they come from museums or directly from excavation sites, strongly depends on the climate conditions (essentially, the thermal conditions) in which it was preserved. The cooler the environment, the higher our chance of being able to use its DNA to go back in time. Under ideal conditions, like those of Siberian frozen soil, we can expect to be able to trace a history of up to a million years. For example, the genome of a Pleistocene equid was found to date back to between 560,000 and 780,000 years). In temperate conditions like those in most of Europe, the current antiquity record is about 430,000 years, but it usually goes back only a few tens of thousands of years. Finally, in very hot climates (where, unfortunately, many key evolutionary processes of the human lineage took place), we would be lucky to be able to rescue even a few thousand years. It is worth noting that these time limits will not improve with any technological advances because, over time, DNA sequences are fragmented into smaller and smaller pieces until they become impossible to attribute with certainty to any particular organism. Another of the differential characteristics of this field is the fact that it developed together with technical breakthroughs, and especially with new MONOGRAPH
Dishonesty and Competition – Evidence from a Stiff Competition Environment

Competitive incentive schemes are widely used to ensure efficient allocation of resources. This builds on the implicit assumption that people behave honestly. Our experimental design allows us to disentangle competitive behavior when dishonest behavior is possible and when it is not. We investigate how the possibility of behaving dishonestly affects the willingness to compete and who the winner is in a stiff competition environment, where the key characteristic is that a marginal performance improvement can have significant impact on the winning probability. Our results show that willingness to compete is not affected by the possibility to behave dishonestly. Efficiency defined as whether the best performing subjects win, on the other hand, was significantly affected since 20% of the winners were not the best performers. Key-words: Competition; dishonesty; experiment. JEL code: C91; D03; D04. a Corresponding author. Department of Management and Engineering, Division of Economics, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden; kinga.posadzy@liu.se b Centre for Languages and Literature, The Faculties of Humanities and Theology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; cmkjosephson@gmail.com c Department of Economics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Management and Engineering, Division of Economics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; peter.martinsson@economics.gu. se
The narrow Fe Kα line and the molecular torus in active galactic nuclei: an IR/X-ray view

The narrow component of the iron K alpha is an almost ubiquitous feature in the X-ray spectra of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and is believed to originate in neutral material, possibly located in the molecular torus. This would imply a tight connection between the Fe K alpha equivalent width (EW) and the physical properties of the torus. In a recent work we have shown that the decrease in the covering factor of the torus with the luminosity, as expected by luminosity-dependent unification models, would be able to explain the decrease in be K alpha EW with the luminosity (i.e. the X-ray Baldwin effect). Recent developments in the study of the mid-IR (MIR) spectrum of AGN allow important parameters of the torus to be deduced, such as its covering factor (f(obs)) and equatorial column density (N-H(T)). by applying clumpy torus models. Using XMM-Newton/EPIC observations of a sample of 24 type-I AGN, we investigate the relation between the physical parameters of the torus obtained by recent MIR works and the properties of the Fe K alpha line. We correct the values of the Fe K alpha LW by taking the inclination angle, the photon index, the equatorial column density, and half opening angle of the torus into account using a physical torus model of X-ray reprocessed radiation. We find that the relation between be K alpha LW and f(obs) shows a slope that is consistent with the expected value, albeit with low statistical significance. A trend that is consistent with the theoretical prediction is also found when comparing the Fe K alpha LW to N. Our work seems to confirm that the bulk of the narrow Fe K alpha line is produced by the same material responsible for the MIR emission.
Band Gaps of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: A Computational Study

Carbon Nanotube (CNT) structures are a recently discovered (1991) phase of carbon first synthesized in the laboratory of Sumio Iijima at Tsukuba[1]. They are known to exhibit a wide variety of electronic properties. They can be purely metallic or semiconducting. Semiconducting nanotubes are of particular interest for their potential industrial applications. In this thesis, results on the electronic properties of carbon nanotubes are presented.
THE OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE CELTIC SEA

In the Celtic Sea, an extensive shallow area bordering the eastern North North Atlantic in 50° N. lat. , we need to know the pattern of the currents, what drives them and what they carry. Our climate is evidence that much warm water is brought to our shores, so that we are concerned with an embayment of what is loosely called the Gulf Stream. Dr J. N. Carruthers has for long stressed "the importance of wind in all studies of marine productivity and has initiated and maintained, with the help of many colleagues, current measurements at light vessels, to be correlated with wind. In the southern North Sea these light vessels are spread over the whole area, but in the Celtic Sea there are relatively few and these are placed where they cannot reflect the current system even a few miles away. We have seen that when the measurements at the Seven Stones Light Vessel were generalized for the whole of Land's End passage they were misleading, although hidden within them was the basis of understanding to be extracted (Cooper, Lawford & Veley 1960). Again, currents at the Coningbeg Light Vessel will in large measure reflect the shape of the Saltees rather than events in the Celtic Sea. Consequently the circulation of the central Celtic Sea cannot be studied by current measurements at light-vessels as in the central North Sea. Though the circulation of the whole of the North Atlantic is wind driven there is very strong intensification of currents on the western side where they persist without regard to local winds. The part played by the earth's rotation in bringing about this western intensification is becoming better understood, largely due to work by Stommel and by Munk (Stommel, 1958). On theoretical grounds Munk has been able to devise a system of gyrals which closely represent events. There is a boundary between two gyrals in about 50° N. lat. , so that if we had no local winds hereabouts and our local circulation was mainly due to ocean-wide causes we should have only trifling currents. There is, however, a North Atlantic drift in a generally north-easterly or easterly direction towards the British Isles and Faroe-Shetland Channel. Within the Celtic Sea most current charts show arrows pointing east towards the English Channel, or with a clockwise curl parallel with the Biscayan coasts of France and then of Spain. Though this is the predominating current system
Driven neutron star collapse: Type I critical phenomena and the initial black hole mass distribution

We study the general relativistic collapse of neutron star (NS) models in spherical symmetry. Our initially stable models are driven to collapse by the addition of one of two things: an initially in-going velocity profile, or a shell of minimally coupled, massless scalar field that falls onto the star. Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) solutions with an initially isentropic, gamma-law equation of state serve as our NS models. The initial values of the velocity profile's amplitude and the star's central density span a parameter space which we have surveyed extensively and which we find provides a rich picture of the possible end states of NS collapse. This parameter space survey elucidates the boundary between Type I and Type II critical behavior in perfect fluids which coincides, on the subcritical side, with the boundary between dispersed and bound end states. For our particular model, initial velocity amplitudes greater than 0.3c are needed to probe the regime where arbitrarily small black holes can form. In addition, we investigate Type I behavior in our system by varying the initial amplitude of the initially imploding scalar field. In this case we find that the Type I critical solutions resemble TOV solutions on the 1-mode unstable branch of equilibrium solutions, and that the critical solutions' frequencies agree well with the fundamental mode frequencies of the unstable equilibria. Additionally, the critical solution's scaling exponent is shown to be well approximated by a linear function of the initial star's central density.
Properties of a new quasi-axisymmetric configuration

A novel, compact, quasi-axisymmetric configuration is presented which exhibits low fast-particle losses and is stable to ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities. The design has fast-particle loss rates below 8% for flux surfaces within the half-radius, and is shown to have a MHD stability limit of a normalized pressure of , where is volume averaged. The flux surfaces at various plasma betas and currents as calculated using the SPEC equilibrium code (Loizu et al 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23 112505) are presented. Neoclassical transport coefficients are shown to be similar to an equivalent tokamak, with a distinct banana regime at half-radius. An initial coil design study is presented to assess the feasibility of this configuration as a fusion-relevant experiment.
ASSESSMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND ENERGY RECOVERY POTENTIAL IN PAKISTAN

This study was conducted to assess existing practices of municipal solid waste management and to estimate energy recovery potential from it. Because of growing amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) has raised many socio-environmental problems on one hand in the Pakistan and country is facing the shortage of energy due to rapidly population growth on the other hand. In this regard, main cities were selected for assessment of existing practices of MSW management. Same time, various samples of solid waste were collected from dumping sites of MSW and analyzed for energy recovery potential. This study shows that there is a large gap in managing MSW properly. Moreover, no any engineered landfill or any other environment friendly treatment facility has been observed for energy recovery purpose throughout the country as compared to the developed nations. On the other hand, the potential of bio-chemical and thermo-chemical conversion for producing energy in terms of power generation has been observed significantly that is about 216kWh/t and 552kWh/t respectively. The MSW have a great tendency to produce energy, which is highly neglected in the Pakistan. Behind this, lack of planning and lesser political concentration have become most responsible factors among all others for improper management of MSW in the country.
GROUPTHINK IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

This brief paper outlines research in software engineering that matches characteristics of GroupThink. GroupThink is an issue that occurs in groups that leads to incorrect decision-making. GroupThink could be a cause of software defects, project failure rates and other quality issues in software engineering. The root cause of GroupThink is group cohesion. But there are many benefits of group cohesion, so the elimination of group cohesion is not a solution. Much research has been done to determine how to prevent GroupThink without reducing group cohesion. Some solutions to the problem of GroupThink will also be presented. A number of these techniques are included in software engineering best practices, while others should be future research.
Optical coherence tomography study regarding the enamel structure before and after debonding

Orthodontic treatments imply the use of different types of adhesives and brackets. However, concerns have been raised regarding the effect of these treatments on the structure of the involved teeth. The debonding process is especially regarded as a concern: due to the use of different pliers tensile and pulling forces the develop on the surface of the tooth. The finishing bur is also a concern. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), an emerging technology that performs transverse sections of biological systems has been used in order to obtain a more accurate assessment of enamel quality due to its wide applicability and to its non-invasive properties.OCT, analogous to ultrasound imaging(with the difference that it uses light instead of sound), provides cross-sectional images of the tissue structure on the micron scale, in vivo and in real time. Regarding fixed orthodontic treatments, patients are often subjected in the process to a high risk of enamel decalcification and carious processes. Demineralization usually occurs in the area adjacent to the orthodontic bracket location, where bacterial plaque control is difficult. Therefore, in this study we evaluate using OCT the degree of demineralisation produced in the enamel structure, following the removal of the orthodontic bracket. Also, the amount of adhesive remnants after the removal of the adhesive and the finishing of the dental surface with specific instrumentation is evaluated.
Nanosize Effect on the Deliquescence and the Efflorescence of Sodium Chloride Particles

The deliquescence and efflorescence relative humidity values of 6- to 60-nm NaCl particles were measured using a tandem nano-Differential Mobility Analyzer. The deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) increased when the dry particle mobility diameter decreased below approximately 40 nm. The efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) similarly increased. For example, the DRH and ERH of 6-nm particles were 87% and 53%, respectively, compared to 75% and 45% for particles larger than 40 nm. Power law fits describing the nanosize effect are: DRH(d m) = 213 d m −1.6+ 76 and ERH(d m) = 213 d m −1.65+ 44, which are calibrated for 6 < d m < 60 nm with less than 1% RH uncertainty and where d m is the dry particle mobility diameter (nm). Two independent methods were used to generate the aerosol particles, namely by vaporizing and condensing granular sodium chloride and by electrospraying a high-purity sodium chloride aqueous solution, to investigate possible effects of impurities on the results. The DRH and ERH values were the same within experimental uncertainty for the particles generated by the two methods. The physical explanation for the nanosize effect of increasing DRH and ERH for decreasing dry particle mobility diameter is that the free energy balance of NaCl increasingly favors smaller particles (i.e., those without water) because the surface areas and hence surface free energies per particle are less for small, anhydrous particles than for bloated, aqueous particles. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Aerosol Science and Technology for the following free supplemental resources: Graphs and data of the size distribution measurements of the deliquescence- and the efflorescence-mode experiments of the 6-, 8-, 15-, 20-, 30-, and 60-nm dry mobility diameter particles. ]
FDTD Method Investigation on the Polarimetric Scattering from 2-D Rough Surface

A polarimetric scattering from two-dimensional (2-D) rough surface is presented by the flnite-difierence time-domain (FDTD) algorithm. The FDTD calculations with sinusoidal and pulsed plane wave excitations are performed. As the sinusoidal FDTD is concerned, it is convenient to obtain the scattered angular distribution of normalized radar cross section (NRCS) from rough surface for a single frequency. And the advantage of pulsed FDTD is to calculate the frequency distribution of NRCS from rough surface in a scattered direction of interest. A single frequency scattering from rough surface by sinusoidal FDTD is validated by the result of Kirchhofi Approximation (KA). And the frequency response of rough surface by pulsed FDTD is verifled by that of sinusoidal FDTD, which requires an individual FDTD run for every frequency. To save computation time, the MPI-based parallel FDTD method is adopted. And the computation time of parallel FDTD algorithm is dramatically reduced compared to a single-process implementation. Finally, the polarimetric scattering of rough surface with the sinusoidal and pulsed FDTD illumination are presented and analyzed for difierent polarizations.
Research of Big Data Based on NoAQL

In this paper, NoSQL in dealing with large data and related technology advantages do the research. NoSQL studies the related art and a large data, including data consistency theory, large data storage model partitioning strategy and policy data placement, a large data replication technology large data compression techniques, a large data cache . On the basis of the relevant technical studies but also on two popular big data processing methods; MapReduce methods and Dryad methods were studied and compared. Finally, do further research on the advantages of NoSQL handling large data by MongoDB-based log processing system.