Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BOOK REVIEWS

Children and adolescents growing up in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely, on average, to drop out of high school, have a baby as a teenager, and become involved in delinquent activities. Does living in a neighborhood affect one’s outcomes above and beyond one’s family and individual-level characteristics, and if so, how? How might governments shape policies in order to alleviate the effects of disadvantaged neighborhoods on their residents? These questions have motivated a veritable cottage industry of research studies since at least the origins of the Chicago School, and in earnest since the publication in 1987 of William Julius Wilson’s The Truly Disadvantaged. Social scientists have examined questions pertaining to neighborhood effects from the vantage points of their disciplines, attempting to unwrap the methodological and conceptual puzzles that lie at the heart of how individuals might be influenced by their immediate surroundings. Van Ham, Manley, Bailey, Simpson, and Maclennan have organized their edited volume into 11 chapters (not including their introductory chapter) that address neighborhood effects research in a comprehensive way, making a solid contribution to this literature. They begin with three thoughtful chapters on conceptual and methodological issues, continue with five chapters that present research on neighborhood effects and two chapters that describe proposed innovative research studies, and conclude with a chapter linking research findings and public policy. The introductory chapter clearly lays out the focus of the volume and provides a foundation for understanding the basic methodological conundrums in neighborhood effects research, including how to control for selection bias. Since individuals ostensibly have some level of choice about which neighborhood they live in, researchers have struggled with how to control this selection shaped by individual characteristics (and of course the structural characteristics of the local housing market) in order to measure the “pure” neighborhood effects on individual outcomes. Other researchers (such as Manley and van Ham in this volume) argue that selection should actually be included in models of neighborhood effects rather than being artificially eliminated from the framework. George Galster, an economist who authored the first of three conceptual chapters, is responsible for a large body of careful neighborhood effects research in the United States and beyond. This chapter is a well-organized discussion about the research on mechanisms through which researchers theorize that neighborhoods affect residents. Galster creatively uses a pharmacological metaphor to consider how neighborhoods may cause certain outcomes: for example, how often does the “dosage” of a neighborhood-level variable (such as social interaction or neighborhood institutions) need to be administered for individual outcomes, and how does that vary across outcomes? In Chapter 3, Mario Luis Small and Jessica Feldman argue that researchers ought
RESPONSES OF LARVAL CHORISTONEURA ROSACEANA (HARRIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO A FEEDING STIMULANT

Abstract The commercial feeding stimulant Pheast® was tested in the laboratory to determine its attractive and phagostimulatory effects on larval Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). In choice experiments, larvae were attracted initially to filter paper discs treated with Pheast, but did not remain on or near treated discs. Larvae were not attracted initially to raspberry leaf discs treated with Pheast, but were more likely to stay near treated leaf discs than water-dipped ones. Larvae were neither attracted to nor arrested on whole raspberry leaves treated with Pheast. In no-choice experiments, larvae fed Pheast-treated leaves consumed more leaf tissue than, and grew almost twice as quickly as, larvae fed leaves dipped in water. When larvae were fed leaves treated with Dipel WP (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki) plus 5% Pheast, the mortality was 93% greater than that of larvae fed leaves treated with Dipel WP alone. These results suggest that Pheast has potential to enhance efficacy of B. thuringiensis against C. rosaceana on raspberries in the field. Résumé Les effets attirants et phagostimulateurs du stimulant alimentaire commercial Pheast® sur les larves de Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) ont été étudiés en laboratoire. Dans des expériences de choix, les larves ont d’abord été attirées par des rondelles de papier filtre traitées au Pheast, mais ne sont pas restées sur les rondelles, ni même dans leur voisinage. Les larves n’étaient pas attirées au départ par des rondelles de feuilles de framboisier traitées au Pheast, mais avaient plus tendance à rester dans le voisinage de ces feuilles que dans le voisinage de rondelles de feuilles trempées dans l’eau. Les larves n’étaient pas attirées par des feuilles entières de framboisier traitées au Pheast et n’avaient pas tendance à rester dans leur voisinage. Dans des expériences où il n’y avait pas de choix, les larves nourries de feuilles traitées au Pheast ont consommé plus de tissu foliaire que les larves nourries de feuilles trempées dans l’eau et ont eu une croissance presque deux fois plus rapide. Chez des larves nourries de feuilles traitées au Dipel WP (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki) additionné de 5% de Pheast, la mortalité a été de 93% plus élevée que celle de larves nourries de feuilles traitées au Dipel WP seul. Ces résultats indiquent que l’addition de Pheast a de fortes chances d’augmenter l’efficacité de B. thuringiensis dans la lutte contre C. rosaceana dans les cultures de framboisiers. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
Efeitos da deficiência de água em plantas de Euterpe oleracea (açaí)

The water stress resistance of young acai plants Euterpe oleracea Mart. was determined in four-month-old plants, cultivated in punched black plastic bags filled with 7 kg of soil. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse and irrigation was suspended until the photosynthesis drops to zero, after this moment daily irrigation was applied. During this dehydration period photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration were measured daily. Small reductions in stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis were observed from the tenth day and became more pronounced with time. The photosynthetic rate fell to half of its maximum value when the water potential reached -1.9 MPa. After withholding irrigation for 61 days, the water stress was severe enough to reduce photosynthesis to zero; at this time the leaf water potential was -2.5 MPa. Recovery of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration started one day after rewatering and reached values similar to the control after two weeks of daily irrigation (rehydration). An osmotic potential reduction was calculated from leaf pressure-volume data, as a result the estimated osmotic adjustment was 0.29 MPa at zero turgor and 0.36 MPa at full turgor. Such osmotic adjustment indicates an acai adaptation mechanism to moderate water stress.
DEGREE ASPIRATIONS OF TWO-YEAR COLLEGE STUDENTS

The nation's 1,100 public and private two-year colleges play a critical role in providing educational opportunities to a diverse population. Today, a large proportion of students begin their education at two-year colleges and take advantage of the academic transfer function. Many of these students aspire to transfer to four-year colleges or universities to pursue bachelor's degrees. Using the status attainment and undergraduate socialization process frameworks, this study examined the extent to which both internal and external factors influence, or explain, the educational aspirations of students at public and private two-year colleges. Specifically, this study examined a sample of over 13,000 college freshmen students' educational aspirations separately for two groups, students enrolled in public and private two-year colleges around the nation. For each group, analyses addressed the extent to which highest academic aspirations are associated with factors such as background characteristics, high school experiences, and selected affective measures. The findings suggest differences in how these factors operate for students at public and private two-year colleges. Finally, this study raises important policy implications and presents suggestions for future research.
Glyphosate resistance in four different populations of Lolium rigidum is associated with reduced translocation of glyphosate to meristematic zones

Summary Weed populations with resistance to glyphosate have evolved over the last 7 years, since the discovery of the first glyphosate-resistant populations of Lolium rigidum in Australia. Four populations of L. rigidum from cropping, horticultural and viticultural areas in New South Wales and South Australia were tested for resistance to glyphosate by dose–response experiments. All populations required considerably more glyphosate to achieve 50% control compared with a known susceptible population, indicating they were resistant to glyphosate. Translocation of glyphosate within these resistant populations was examined by following the movement of radiolabelled glyphosate applied to a mature leaf. All resistant plants translocated significantly more herbicide to the tip of the treated leaf than did susceptible plants. Susceptible plants translocated twice as much herbicide to the stem meristematic portion of the plant compared with resistant plants. These different translocation patterns suggest an association between glyphosate resistance in L. rigidum and the ability of glyphosate to accumulate in the shoot meristem.
Panfish Use of and Angler Success at Evergreen Tree, Brush, and Stake-Bed Structures

Abstract The material selected for artificial structures is usually determined by availability or by the preference of a sponsoring organization. Comparative studies of panfish use of different structure materials and types have been inconclusive, largely because of confounding effects of depth, location within a reservoir, or difference in fish populations. We evaluated the utility of several materials and types in a localized area of an Ohio reservoir. The materials consisted of vertical and prone evergreen trees, a brush pile, and stake beds with 150-mm and 350-mm spacing. Utility was based on fish attraction (determined by pop-net sampling), angler success (determined by controlled angling), and cost ofeach material. Evergreen trees yielded pop-net catches ofbluegills Lepomis macrochirus that were equal to or significantly greater than catches at the other structures. Catches of white crappies Pomoxis annularis were not significantly different between materials during pop-net sampling. Anglers enjoyed.
Resistência de genótipos de feijão-de-corda ao pulgão-preto

The objective of this work was to evaluate cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes for resistance to the black aphid (Aphis craccivora). Experiments, with and without choice, were performed in the greenhouse, at the Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with twenty treatments represented by the genotypes 421-07-44, Chumbinho, Zebu, EPACE 10, Frade Preto, Inhuma, Joao Paulo II, Manteiguinha Maranhao, Pitiuba, Quarenta Dias, Serido, Sete Semanas, TVu 1037, TVu 1888, TVu 310, TVu 36, TVu 408P2, TVu 410 and VITA 7. The genotypes TVu 408P2, TVu 1037 and TVu 410 were less preferred by adults and nymphs of the black aphid in both assays. The genotypes TVu 408P2, TVu 410, TVu 36 and TVu 1037 probably presented antibiosis or antixenosis resistance. The genotype 421-07-44 was susceptible the black aphid.
La Fin de l'Acheuléen en Syrie du Nord, note préliminaire.

Au cours de trois campagnes de prospection dans la Syrie du Nord, des assemblages lithiques comparables les uns aux autres ont ete trouves en surface, soit sur la cote dans la vallee du nahr el Kebir, soit sur l'Oronte autour de Latamne, soit sur l'Euphrate pres de Raqqa. Ils comprennent, entre autres, des nucleus et des eclats levallois, ainsi que de petits bifaces. La typologie et la position geomorphologique de ces assemblages suggerent qu'on se trouve en presence de facies varies d'un Acheuleen final connaissant le debitage levallois. Cela pourrait representer l'origine du Levalloiso-mousterien levantin.
The constraints on cephalopods: why squid aren't fish

The convergent evolution of cephalopods and fish has often been discussed on an anatomical basis, but recent advances in the knowledge of cephalopod life cycles, physiology, and biochemistry suggest that there are constraints on cephalopods that prevent them from competing directly with fish. These advances are reviewed against the background of detailed information on fish from the perspective that the basic inefficiency of the jet-propulsion system has required bioenergetic, physiological, and biochemical adaptations in squid which maximize their metabolic rates. Such "high-energy" adaptations are suggested to have resulted in the short life history and semelparous reproductive patterns that seem to characterize these coleoid cephalopods. Conversely, the physiology and biochemistry offish give them distinct advantages for long lives and iteroparity.
A NONPARAMETRIC TEST OF SYMMETRY VERSUS ASYMMETRY FOR RANKED-SET SAMPLES

This paper introduces a nonparametric test of symmetry for ranked-set samples to test the asymmetry of the underlying distribution. The test statistic is constructed from the Cramér-von Mises distance function which measures the distance between two probability models. The null distribution of the test statistic is established by constructing symmetric bootstrap samples from a given ranked-set sample. It is shown that the type I error probabilities are stable across all practical symmetric distributions and the test has high power for asymmetric distributions.
The Use of Ratios to Compare Volatilities and VaRs

The riskiness of two investments can be compared by looking at the ratio of the respective Value-at-Risk's (VaRs) or the ratio of volatilities. The exact distribution of the ratio of two volatilities calculated from normal observations and an asymptotic confidence interval for the ratio of two VaRs is derived. A simulation study shows good coverage rates for ratios of VaRs calculated from observations from distributions commonly used to model logarithmic returns.
Caracterização citomorfológica, cultural, molecular e patogênica de Rhizoctonia solani Kühn associado ao arroz em Tocantins, Brasil

ABSTRACT In Tocantins State, Northern Brazil, the incidence of Rhizoctoniasheath blight on rice is important, causing significant yield losses on ricecrops under irrigation. The main objective of this research was todetermine the anastomosis group (AG) of R. solani associated with ricein that area, testing the hypothesis that these isolates are from the AG-1 IA, which is also associated with the soybean leaf blight occurringin wet areas of Northern Brazil. All the four rice isolates werecharacterized, by hyphal fusion, as AG-1 IA. By culturalcharacterization, based on basal temperatures for mycelial growth(minimum, optimum and maximum), the rice isolates had growthprofile similar to the tester isolates AG-1 IA, AG-1 IB and AG-1 IC.The rice isolates were characterized as autotrophic for thiamine, aswell as the AG testers AG-1 IA, IB, IC, AG-4 HGI and the soybean leaf Souza, E.C. , Kuramae, E.E. , Nakatani A.K. , Basseto, M.A., Prabhu, A.S. , Ceresini, P.C. Citomorphological, cultural, molecular and pathogen icalcharacterization of
Hysteresis behaviour of different magnetorheological elastomer models: modelling and simulation

Smart materials are materials by which their properties can be altered due to external stimuli such as temperature, pressure, and magnetic field. Magnetorheological Elastomer (MRE) is a type of smart composite material consisting of a polymer matrix embedded with ferromagnetic particles. In the presence of an external magnetic field, its mechanical properties such as stiffness change due to the interaction between the magnetic particles. Vibration isolation has been of interest to researchers for decades. In this work, simulation studies were done by utilizing different MRE models from the literature such Bignham, Bouc-Wen, Modified Bouc-Wen, Dahl and Hysteresis models on a base motion isolation (base excitation) system in order to understand the characteristics of MRE. Results showed that as the magnetic field increases, the stiffness of MRE increases significantly. Shifting in the natural frequency of the system from the transmissibility curve was observed for all models which lead to vibration isolation.
The turnover of organic carbon and nitrogen in soil.

Although the decomposition of plant material in soil is an extremely complex process, relatively simple models can give good fits to the decay process. Thus a two-compartment model gives a close representation, over the first few years, of the decay of 14 C-labelled plant material in soil. A model containing a single homogeneous humus compartment decomposing by a first-order process is surprisingly useful for soil organic nitrogen over periods measured in decades. More sophisticated multicompartmental models are now widely used to represent turnover in soil. One of these, the Rothamsted turnover model, is described in detail and shown to give a useful representation of data from the Rothamsted long-term field experiments.
Evaluating conservation spending for species return: A retrospective analysis in California

Conservation spending in California, USA exceeds conservation expenditures in many countries. To date, there has been no objective method to assess the efficiency of such spending for achieving species conservation outcomes. We conducted the first such retrospective analysis of conservation spending, examining the distribution of $2.8 billion spent on land protection by the state of California and partners from 1990 to 2006. Using a return on investment algorithm with species protection as the sole objective, we describe a “cost‐efficient” funding scenario that would have protected four times more distinct species and three times more threatened and endangered species compared to the observed allocation. Differences between the species‐diversity spending and the observed spending patterns reflect the myriad funding objectives, beyond protecting species, of the state. Identifying cost‐effective conservation strategies are essential given the need to maintain species diversity in the face of global change.
Rheological Properties of Serum with Nanoparticles

One promising method of increasing effect of cytotoxin for cancer treatment is to encapsulate the medicine into tailor made nanoparticles prior to injection into the circulatory system. The encapsulation of cytotoxin limits exit of the drug out of the blood vessel to healthy cells. However, the blood vessels around many tumors are leaky, and here the nanoparticles can escape the vessels and accumulate in the cancerous tissue. Such targeted drug delivery strategies may potentially allow for safer and more efficient treatments of cancer. Since one of the most limiting factors of today's cancer cure is the number of cytotoxin treatments a body may be able to tolerate, this would have significant impact on many patient's ability to heal. When adding nanoparticles to the circulatory system it is necessary to understand all perspectives that may affect the blood behavior. In the experiments presented here blood serum with various concentrations and sizes of nanoparticles have been investigated. The key objective has been to determine if the flow properties of the serum changes with particle fraction, size and material within the realistic concentrations. INTRODUCTION The development of nanoparticle-based drug formulations opens new opportunities to address and treat challenging diseases such as cancer and infectious diseases. Encapsulation of drugs into nanoparticles (NPs) ranging from 50 to 300 nm can potentially solve several issues associated with conventional therapeutic agents, including their poor water solubility, nonspecific distribution, systemic toxicity, and low therapeutic efficacy (Shi et al 2017, Lammers et al 2010). Over the past several decades, remarkable progress has been made in the development and application of engineered NPs to treat diseases more effectively, and several products of drug-loaded NPs have already reached the market. A large range of materials, chemistries and formulation technologies are currently being investigated for making NP-based medicines. Due to their versatility and stability, synthetic polymer NPs are frequently used as drug delivery vehicles offering unique customization of many key properties like hydrophobicity and molecular weight. They can increase stability of drugs, they possess controlled release properties and they allow for high drug loading and encapsulation efficiency (Soppimath et al 2001). One very interesting polymer, poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA) has for a decade been utilized at SINTEF for nanoencapsulation of various drugs and dyes for both treatment and diagnosis using SINTEF-proprietary emulsion-based encapsulation technology ([Patent], WO 2014/191502-family). These PACA nanoparticles are currently being used in in Rheological Properties of Serum with Nanoparticles Yrr Mørch1, Benjamin Werner2, Jan David Ytrehus1, and Arild Saasen3 1SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway 2NTNU, Trondheim, Norway 3UiS, Stavanger, Norway ANNUAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORDIC RHEOLOGY SOCIETY, VOL. 26, 2018
Plant Responses to Flooding of Soil

Flooding of soil rapidly depletes soil oxygen and alters plant metabolism, thereby inhibiting growth. Reduced growth is preceded by stomatal closure; reduced photosynthesis, carbohydrate translocation, and mineral absorption; as well as altered hormone balance. Flood tolerance varies widely among plant species, cultivars, and ecotypes and is associated with both morphological and physiological adaptations. (Accepted for publication 22 July 1983)
Safety-Guaranteed Real-Time Trajectory Planning for Underwater Vehicles in Plane-Progressive Waves

Trajectory planning is a central task for operating autonomous underwater vehicles. However, strong disturbances in underwater environments such as currents and waves can cause large deviations between a planned trajectory and the vehicle, resulting in obstacle collision. In this paper, we address this problem by modelling wave disturbances first as a time- varying and position-independent and then as a time-varying and position-dependent function. A Hamilton-Jacobi differential game formulation is then used to compute a value function and level set. Obstacles in an environment are subsequently augmented by this set, and model predictive control is then used for trajectory planning whilst guaranteeing safety. We find that modelling disturbances in this way results in less-conservative safety-guaranteed trajectory planning compared to the case of time-invariant disturbances.
United Nations Contributions to the Worldwide Development of Astronomy a

ABSTRACT: The United Nations in cooperation with the European Space Agency organized a unique series of annual Workshops on Basic Space Science since 1991 for the benefit of astronomers and space scientists in Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, and Western Asia. The merits and accomplishments of these Workshops and their regional follow‐up projects are reviewed in this paper.
PRICE FORECASTING AND UNIT COMMITMENT IN ELECTRICITY MARKETS

Traditionally, unit commitment in power systems was a centralized optimisation problem most often solved with classical mathematical programming techniques. In restructured electricity markets where multiple generating companies compete to supply demand, unit commitment is still a relevant issue but tends to take a different form since bidding into a market may require all companies to solve their individual unit commitment problem without having full knowledge of the system. In this paper, we present how agent-based modelling may be applied to analyze such a situation and how it may capture the impact on the system of the imperfect knowledge of all producers.