Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Activation regimens to prepare bovine oocytes for intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Activation of bovine oocytes to produce a single haploid pronucleus in preparation for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has been investigated with various combinations of ionomycin and 6‐dimethylaminopurine (DMAP). Effects were evaluated by immunocytochemical staining, chromosomal analysis and assessment of development in vitro. Oocytes matured in vitro were exposed to: ionomycin alone (single or repeated treatments, Groups 1 and 2 respectively), ionomycin followed by DMAP (immediately or after a 3‐h delay, Groups 3 and 4), or no treatment (control, Group 5). They were then co‐cultured in M199 with bovine oviductal epithelial cells. Activation rates were not significantly different among groups but significantly fewer oocytes in Group 3 extruded a second polar body than in Groups 1, 2, and 4. Most parthenotes (60% to 80%) in Groups 1, 2, and 4 were haploid, whereas 82% in Group 3 were mixoploid or polyploid. Most of the parthenotes (88%) in Group 4 formed a single pronucleus besides extruding the second polar body and were therefore more suitable for ICSI than those of Groups 1 and 2 in which condensed chromosomes predominated. The respective rates of oocyte cleavage in Groups 1 to 4 were 24%, 36%, 70%, and 75%; corresponding blastocyst rates were 1%, 5%, 17%, and 8%. There were significantly fewer cells in the parthenotes of Groups 1, 2, and 4 than of Group 3, or of embryos produced by in vitro fertilization. Thus, delaying the addition of DMAP after ionomycin decreases chromosomal abnormalities and produces a high proportion of activated oocytes suitable for ICSI. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 50:485–492, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary hypertension in infancy and childhood

In this review, we discuss current concepts in the pathogenesis and management of pulmonary hypertension affecting infants and children, with special focus on left-to-right shunting, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and primary pulmonary hypertension. In patients of these ages, functional aspects, such as an imbalance between vasoconstricting and vasodilating mechanisms, and morphological alterations of the vessel wall, contribute to the pulmonary hypertension. In the past decades, strategies have emerged for treatment that are targeted at the pathophysiological basis. Thus, in patients with left-to-right shunting and pulmonary hypertension after intra-cardiac repair, treatment with nitric oxide has been introduced effectively, while treatment with prostanoids, such as iloprost, is under investigation. In patients with pulmonary hypertension and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, therapeutic strategies focus on the underlying chronic lung disease and use of vasodilators. The pathogenesis of primary pulmonary hypertension in children remains as yet unclear, although treatment with prostanoids has proven effectively to improve the long-term prognosis.
Cryptosporidium Taxonomy: Recent Advances and Implications for Public Health

SUMMARY There has been an explosion of descriptions of new species of Cryptosporidium during the last two decades. This has been accompanied by confusion regarding the criteria for species designation, largely because of the lack of distinct morphologic differences and strict host specificity among Cryptosporidium spp. A review of the biologic species concept, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and current practices for Cryptosporidium species designation calls for the establishment of guidelines for naming Cryptosporidium species. All reports of new Cryptosporidium species should include at least four basic components: oocyst morphology, natural host specificity, genetic characterizations, and compliance with the ICZN. Altogether, 13 Cryptosporidium spp. are currently recognized: C. muris, C. andersoni, C. parvum, C. hominis, C. wrairi, C. felis, and C. cannis in mammals; C. baïleyi, C. meleagridis, and C. galli in birds; C. serpentis and C. saurophilum in reptiles; and C. molnari in fish. With the establishment of a framework for naming Cryptosporidium species and the availability of new taxonomic tools, there should be less confusion associated with the taxonomy of the genus Cryptosporidium. The clarification of Cryptosporidium taxonomy is also useful for understanding the biology of Cryptosporidium spp. , assessing the public health significance of Cryptosporidium spp. in animals and the environment, characterizing transmission dynamics, and tracking infection and contamination sources.
Alcoholism and alcoholic organ damage and genetic polymorphisms of alcohol metabolizing enzymes in Chinese patients

It is still not clear why some alcoholic patients acquire certain organ‐specific complications of alcoholism whereas other alcoholic patients acquire different ones. As we know the liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and cytochrome P4502E1 (P4502E1) are polymorphic at the ADH2, ADH3, and ALDH2 loci and the 5′‐flanking region of the P4502E1. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between Chinese alcoholic patients with cirrhosis and acute pancreatitis by studying the genetic polymorphisms of ADH2, ADH3, ALDH2, and P4502E1. Genotyping of ADH2, ADH3, ALDH2, and P4502E1 was performed using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) methods on peripheral white blood cell DNA from 75 alcoholic cirrhotic patients, 48 acute alcoholic pancreatitis patients, 19 heavy drinkers without liver disease or pancreatitis, and 235 controls. The results showed that the frequencies of the alleles ADH2*1 and ALDH2*1 in the alcoholic cirrhotic patients were significantly higher than those in the nonalcoholic controls. In acute alcoholic pancreatitis patients, only the frequency of allele ALDH2*1, not ADH2*1 was significantly higher than in the nonalcoholic controls. The allele frequency of ADH2*1 in acute pancreatitis patients was significantly lower (P < .01) than in alcoholic cirrhotic patients. The daily amount of alcohol consumption was significantly lower in patients with acute pancreatitis than in patients with cirrhosis (P < .0005). The genotype distributions of P4502E1, detected by RsaI and PstI, were not different among alcoholic cirrhotic patients, alcoholic pancreatitis patients, heavy drinker, and nonalcoholic controls. In conclusion, ALDH2*1 is the most important alcohol metabolizing gene affecting predisposition to alcoholism whereas the ADH2*2 gene may influence susceptibility to acute alcoholic pancreatitis. The patients with alcohol‐induced cirrhosis and with alcohol‐induced acute pancreatitis are of two different subpopulations.
Cloning and Sequencing of Wee 1 from the Ovary of the Gynogenetic Japanese Silver Crucian Carp (ginbuna) [ Carassius auratus langsdorfi ]

Wee 1 is one of the genes which regulates the cell cycle. cDNA encoding a Wee1-homolog has been isolated from Japanese silver crucian carp (ginbuna) by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. The cDNA obtained from the ovary tissue encoded a protein of 526 amino acids and the deduced amino acid sequence showed high homology (69.9%) with Xenopus laevis Wee1 in the protein kinase domain. A phylogenetic analysis among Wee1 amino acid sequences from various organisms showed that the crucian carp Wee1 was closely related to Xenopus Wee1 and human Wee1B. The vertebrate Wee1s were classified into two types: the meiotic type and the mitotic type. The crucian carp Wee1 described here belonged to the meiotic type. Furthermore, a long-PCR technique allowed us to isolate the wee 1 gene of almost full length. The wee 1 gene was about 6.3 kbp in length and contained 12 exons, with the open reading frame starting at the second exon.
Firm Size, Corporate Debt, R&D Activity, and Agency Costs: Exploring Dynamic and Non-Linear Effects

This paper empirically investigates firm-specific determinants of agency costs, a relatively new and unexplored area in corporate finance. We estimate dynamic agency costs models, linking debt, firm size, and R&D activity to agency costs for a panel of U.S. information and communication technology (ICT) firms over 1990-2013. We adopt the Blundell and Bond (1998) two-step system GMM technique, which explicitly accounts for persistence, endogeneity, and unobservable firm heterogeneity. We provide the first evidence that our inverse proxy for agency costs, namely asset turnover (Ang, et al., 2000), exhibits an inverted U-shaped relationship with debt and a U-shaped relationship with firm size and R&D activity. These findings imply that agency costs experience a minimum value (in case of debt) and a maximum value (in case of firm size and R&D activity) and, therefore, that agency costs are higher at both low and high levels of debt, and lower at both low and high levels of firm size and R&D activity. We find that the level of debt of the average firm in the sample falls below the level that minimizes agency costs. We also document that, consistent with the agency literature, short-term debt provides an additional effective monitoring mechanism to alleviate agency costs. Our findings reveal that agency costs are dynamic in nature, mean-reverting, and persistent over time. This notion confirms the Florackis and Ozkan (2009) conjecture that managers behave as though an optimal level of agency costs exist that they pursue. Finally, we find a positive association between firm profitability and agency costs and a negative association between agency costs and firm growth. Extensive additional analysis confirms the robustness of our results.
A word-based soft clustering algorithm for documents

: Document clustering is an important tool for applications such as Web search engines. It enables the user to have a good overall view of the information contained in the documents. However, existing algorithms suffer from various aspects; hard clustering algorithms (where each document belongs to exactly one cluster) cannot detect the multiple themes of a document, while soft clustering algorithms (where each document can belong to multiple clusters) are usually inefficient. We propose WBSC (Word-based Soft Clustering), an efficient soft clustering algorithm based on a given similarity measure. WBSC uses a hierarchical approach to cluster documents having similar words. WBSC is very effective and efficient when compared with existing hard clustering algorithms like K-means and its variants.
Measuring Human Capital

Students around the world are going to school but are not learning -- an emerging gap in human capital formation. To understand this gap, this paper introduces a new data set measuring learning in 164 countries and territories. The data cover 98 percent of the world's population from 2000 to 2017. The data set will be publicly available and updated annually by the World Bank. The paper presents several stylized facts in a first application of the data: (a) although enrollment has increased worldwide, learning has stagnated; (b) girls outperform boys on learning -- a positive gender gap -- in contrast to a negative gender gap observed for schooling; (c) learning is associated with growth on a global scale; (d) associations with growth are heterogenous; and (e) human capital accounts for up to a third of cross-country income differences -- a middle ground in the recent development accounting literature. These stylized facts demonstrate the potential of the data to reveal new insights into the relationship between human capital and economic development.
Dominant and Recessive Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis Mutations of Kidney Anion Exchanger 1 Induce Distinct Trafficking Defects in MDCK Cells

Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), a kidney disease resulting in defective urinary acidification, can be caused by dominant or recessive mutations in the kidney Cl–/HCO3– anion exchanger (kAE1), a glycoprotein expressed in the basolateral membrane of α‐intercalated cells. We compared the effect of two dominant (R589H and S613F) and two recessive (S773P and G701D) dRTA point mutations on kAE1 trafficking in Madin‐Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. In contrast to wild‐type (WT) kAE1 that was localized to the basolateral membrane, the dominant mutants (kAE1 R589H and S613F) were retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in MDCK cells, with a few cells showing in addition some apical localization. The recessive mutant kAE1 S773P, while misfolded and largely retained in the ER in non‐polarized MDCK cells, was targeted to the basolateral membrane after polarization. The other recessive mutants, kAE1 G701D and designed G701E, G701R but not G701A or G701L mutants, were localized to the Golgi in both non‐polarized and polarized cells. The results suggest that introduction of a polar mutation into a transmembrane segment resulted in Golgi retention of the recessive G701D mutant. When coexpressed, the dominant mutants retained kAE1 WT intracellularly, while the recessive mutants did not. Coexpression of recessive G701D and S773P mutants in polarized cells showed that these proteins could interact, yet no G701D mutant was detected at the basolateral membrane. Therefore, compound heterozygous patients expressing both recessive mutants (G701D/S773P) likely developed dRTA due to the lack of a functional kAE1 at the basolateral surface of α‐intercalated cells.
Campylobacter enteritis outbreaks associated with drinking raw milk during youth activities. A 10-year review of outbreaks in the United States.

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of recognized outbreaks of Campylobacter enteritis associated with drinking raw milk during youth activities. DESIGN Retrospective survey of 51 state and territorial health departments. SETTING The 50 United States and the Territory of Puerto Rico. POPULATIONS Persons in preschool through college. MEASUREMENT Information was obtained for all Campylobacter outbreaks associated with consumption of raw milk during youth activities from 1981 through 1990 that were investigated by state and territorial health departments. RESULTS Twenty outbreaks were identified in 11 states. Four hundred fifty-eight outbreak-associated cases occurred among 1013 persons who drank raw milk, with an overall attack rate of 45%. At least one outbreak was reported for each year of the 10-year period. Fourteen outbreaks (70%) occurred among children in kindergarten through third grade, compared with one outbreak (5%) among fourth through sixth graders. The remaining five outbreaks (25%) occurred in mixed groups of children and teenagers. Only nine (60%) of 15 outbreaks identified from 1981 through 1988 were reported to the Campylobacter national surveillance system maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CONCLUSION Drinking raw milk on school field trips or other youth activities continues despite the occurrence of multiple Campylobacter outbreaks documented from this practice. Such illnesses can be prevented by educating dairy farmers and officials of schools and youth organizations about the hazards of drinking raw milk. Public health organizations need to develop and implement such educational programs.
Optical two-photon absorption in GaAs measured by optical pump-terahertz probe spectroscopy

A novel scheme of optical pump-THz probe experiments was used to study the nonlinear absorption in GaAs. The crystal was excited by ultrashort laser pulses with wavelength 810 nm and fluences up to 4.2 mJ/cm/sup 2/, for which the single-photon absorption (SPA) saturates and the two-photon absorption (TPA) dominates. The TPA coefficient /spl beta/ and its anisotropy were determined.
Aerodynamics and pollen ultrastructure in Ephedra.

UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Pollen dispersal is affected by the terminal settling velocity (Ut) of the grains, which is determined by their size, bulk density, and by atmospheric conditions. The likelihood that wind-dispersed pollen is captured by ovulate organs is influenced by the aerodynamic environment created around and by ovulate organs. We investigated pollen ultrastructure and Ut of Ephedra foeminea (purported to be entomophilous), and simulated the capture efficiency of its ovules. Results were compared with those from previously studied anemophilous Ephedra species. • METHODS Ut was determined using stroboscopic photography of pollen in free fall. The acceleration field around an "average" ovule was calculated, and inflight behavior of pollen grains was predicted using computer simulations. Pollen morphology and ultrastructure were investigated using SEM and STEM. • KEY RESULTS Pollen wall ultrastructure was correlated with Ut in Ephedra. The relative proportion and amount of granules in the infratectum determine pollen bulk densities, and (together with overall size) determine Ut and thus dispersal capability. Computer simulations failed to reveal any functional traits favoring anemophilous pollen capture in E. foeminea. • CONCLUSION The fast Ut and dense ultrastructure of E. foeminea pollen are consistent with functional traits that distinguish entomophilous species from anemophilous species. In anemophilous Ephedra species, ovulate organs create an aerodynamic microenvironment that directs airborne pollen to the pollination drops. In E. foeminea, no such microenvironment is created. Ephedroid palynomorphs from the Cretaceous share the ultrastructural characteristics of E. foeminea, and at least some may, therefore, have been produced by insect-pollinated plants.
Active for Life: A Work-based Physical Activity Program

Background The American Cancer Society's Active for Life is a worksite wellness program that encourages employees to be physically active. This paper reports the experience of implementing Active for Life in a worksite setting and its longer-term impact on physical activity. Context The Active for Life intervention was provided to employees at Group Health Cooperative, a nonprofit health care system in the Pacific Northwest with 9800 employees. Methods Posters, newsletters, health fairs, and site captains promoted enrollment in Active for Life. Interventions included goal-setting, self-monitoring, incentives, and team competition. Preprogram and postprogram changes in physical activity were assessed at baseline, 10 weeks, and 6 months. Consequences Active for Life was offered to 3624 employees, and 1167 (32%) enrolled; 565 (48%) completed all three surveys. At 10 weeks, all physical activity measures increased significantly. The proportion of employees meeting the guideline of the Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention for physical activity increased from 34% to 48% (P < .01). At the 6-month follow-up, the frequency of exercising enough to work up a sweat (P < .01) remained significantly increased, but other measures of physical activity declined toward baseline. Interpretation A 10-week worksite program implemented at multiple facilities increased physical activity by the end of the intervention, but these changes were not sustained over time. Future interventions might include extending the length of the program, repeating the program, or adding larger economic incentives over time. Any such alternative models should be carefully evaluated, using a randomized design if possible.
The Importance of Aesthetics in Body Dysmorphic Disorder

ABSTRACT It is hypothesized that body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) patients are firstly more “aesthetical,” an attribute much like being musical, which varies between different individuals. This results in a greater emotional response to more attractive individuals and placing greater value on the importance of appearance in their identity compared with healthy individuals. Some BDD patients may have greater aesthetic perceptual skills. This is manifested in their education or training in art and design. Secondly, BDD patients may have higher aesthetic standards than the rest of the population. Their failure to achieve an unrealistic aesthetic standard is at the core of BDD, leading to severe distress and handicap.
Expression of RB2/p130 tumor-suppressor gene in AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: implications for disease pathogenesis.

In this study we examined 21 cases of AIDS-related lymphomas for genomic organization and expression of RB2/p130 oncosuppressor gene and compared the results with the proliferative features of these neoplasms. We found no mutations in the RB2/p130 gene and unusually high percentages of cells expressing nuclear pRb2/p130 in tumors with a high proliferative activity, such as AIDS-related lymphomas. These findings might suggest that a molecular mechanism usually observed in viral-linked oncogenesis could be involved. We performed in vitro and in vivo binding assays to investigate whether the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gene product Tat and Rb2/p130 could interact. The results of these assays revealed that the HIV-1 Tat protein binds specifically to pRb2/p130. This may result in the inactivation of its oncosuppressive properties and the induction of genes needed to proceed through the cell cycle including p107, cyclin A, and cyclin B. Using single-cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, we found HIV-1 DNA in the neoplastic cells of only 2 of the 21 cases examined, whereas PCR on whole tissue revealed HIV-1 DNA in all of the cases. Furthermore, a diffuse and nuclear stain was observed in tissue sections with anti-Tat monoclonal antibody. These findings are in accordance with the notion that soluble Tat protein could function as a biologically active extracellular protein released by infected cells and taken up readily by uninfected B cells. In conclusion, our results seem to suggest that pRb2/p130 oncosuppressor protein may be a target in the interaction between the HIV-1 gene products and host proteins.
Retrograde analyses of spinothalamic projections in the macaque monkey: Input to ventral posterior nuclei

The distribution of retrogradely labeled spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons was analyzed in monkeys following variously sized injections of cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) in order to determine whether different STT termination sites receive input from different sets of STT cells. This report focuses on STT input to the ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL) and the subjacent ventral posterior inferior nucleus (VPI), where prior anterograde tracing studies identified scattered STT terminal bursts and a dense terminal field, respectively. In cases with small or medium‐sized injections in VPL, labeled STT cells were located almost entirely in lamina V (in spinal segments consistent with the mediolateral VPL topography); few cells were labeled in lamina I (<8%) and essentially none in lamina VII. Large and very large injections in VPL produced marked increases in labeling in lamina I, associated first with spread into VPI and next into the posterior part of the ventral medial nucleus (VMpo), and abundant labeling in lamina VII, associated with spread into the ventral lateral (VL) nucleus. Small injections restricted to VPI labeled many STT cells in laminae I and V with an anteroposterior topography. These observations indicate that VPL receives STT input almost entirely from lamina V neurons, whereas VPI receives STT input from both laminae I and V cells, with two different topographic organizations. Together with the preceding observation that STT input to VMpo originates almost entirely from lamina I, these findings provide strong evidence that the primate STT consists of anatomically and functionally differentiable components. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:965–978, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.