Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TERRITORIAL RESPONSES TO SONG PLAYBACK IN ALLOPATRIC AND SYMPATRIC POPULATIONS OF ALDER (EMPIDONAX ALNOR UM) AND WILLOW (E. TRAILLII) FLYCATCHERS

ABSTRACr. - Previous studies have shown little response of territorial Alder (Empidonax alnorum) and Willow (E. traillil) flycatchers to heterospecific song playback within their range of breeding overlap, suggesting the absence of interspecific territoriality. However, the same species clearly exhibit interspecific breeding territories in shared habitats in southern Ontario. Such conflicting observations may have resulted from previous studies being conducted in habitats where only one of the species was present. In an attempt to reconcile these different observations, the responses of both species to heterospecific song playback in sympatric and allopatric populations were compared near Guelph, Ontario. I hypothesized that aggressive responses to heterospecific song should occur only in shared habitats. Both species took significantly less time to approach, moved closer, and spent more time near the sound source, and more frequently elicited aggressive vocalizations in response to heterospecific song in shared habitats. The virtual absence of response by either flycatcher in allopatric populations suggests that both species learn, through coexistence, to recognize the heterospecific song as that of a potential competitor. In addition, the responses of Willow Flycatchers to both con- and heterospecific song were more aggressive than that of the Alder. Recent range expansions of the Willow Flycatcher into areas historically occupied by the Alder Flycatcher may in part be due to interspecific dominance. Received 9 Sept. 1986, accepted 18 Mar. 1987.
Effects of Rhizosphere Carbon Dioxide on the Nutrition and Growth of Peach Trees

Our objectives in this study were to measure the effects of low levels of root system carbon dioxide on peach tree growth (Prunus persica L. Batsch) and nutrient uptake. Using soil and hydroponic systems, we found that increased root CO 2 : 1) increased root growth without increasing shoot growth, 2) increased leaf P concentration, 3) decreased leaf N concentration, and 4) reduced water use relative to air injection or no treatment.
Structural Organization of the Optic Lobe of Grey Breasted Helmeted Guinea Fowl (*Numida Meleagris Galeata*) at Pre-Hatch Study

A total of one hundred and seventy-three fertilized eggs were used for morphometry, gross and histological studies. At day 4 of incubation, the mean body weight of the helmeted guinea fowl embryo was 0.6401 ± 0.0211 g. It was at day 10 of incubation that there was an increase in the whole body weight of the embryo to be 0.8650 ± 0.676 g. The whole brain weight indicated relative increased at day 4 as compared to that of the whole body weight. Graphically, there were steady increase in the body, brain and optic lobe weights. Histologically, cells and neurones that make up the optic lobe is probably as a result of the migration of immature cells from the ventricular neuroepithelium.
Apical growth and modification of the development of primordia during re-flowering of reverted plants of Impatiens balsamina L.

Impatiens balsamina L. was induced to flower by exposure to 5 short days and then made to revert to vegetative growth by return to long days. After 9 long days reverted plants were induced to re-flower by returning them to short days. Petal initiation began immediately and seven primordia already present developed into petals instead of into predominantly leaf-like organs. However, the arrangement of primordia at the shoot apex, their rate of initiation and size at initiation remained unchanged from the reverted apex, as did apical growth rate and the length of stem frusta at initiation. The more rapid flowering of the reverted plants than of plants when first induced, and the lack of change in apical growth pattern, imply that the reverted apices remain partially evoked, and that the apical growth pattern and phyllotaxis typical of the flower, and already present in the reverted plants, facilitate the transition to flower formation.
Comparison of least-squares cross-validation bandwidth options for kernel home-range estimation

In radiotracking studies, kernel estimation commonly is used to calculate an animal's utilization distribution from location data. A major limitation of kernel-based methods is their high sensitivity to bandwidth values. Least-squares cross-validation (LSCV) is the recommended default bandwidth selection method in ecological literature and is widely available in home-range software. However, various forms of the LSCV method may perform differently in terms of bias and precision. We used simulations to compare the performance of several LSCV forms, including the commonly used scaling approach, as well as sphering, bivariate score function, and univariate alternatives. We combined 2, 4, or 16 bivariate normal distributions and generated sample sizes of 50 or 150 points from each mixture distribution. We calculated absolute bias in home-range size estimates at contours of 99, 95, 75, 50, and 25%. Using the Volume of Intersection (VI) Index, we examined surface fit between each estimated and true distribution. All LSCV forms generally were better than the reference bandwidth. No LSCV option was uniformly best, but the scaling and sphering approaches were slightly better across all contours. Univariate LSCV was similar to other options at outer contours and in surface fit but performed worse at inner contours and was most inconsistent. Using the global versus largest local minimum was unimportant in our comparisons. Although differences among LSCV options were small, these differences could add to variability of kernel estimates across studies. Further evaluation of "second generation" methods (e.g., plug-in approaches) is warranted.
Comparison of EB and Fraser Enrichment Broths for the Detection of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in Raw-Milk Dairy Products and Environmental Samples.

This study is a comparison of the isolation frequency of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes from selected naturally contaminated dairy products, especially soft smear-ripened cheeses from raw milk and samples of feces and rinse samples from the udder taken on the farm, by using an enrichment broth (EB) recommended by the International Dairy Federation and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (IDF and FDA) or Fraser broth as the selective enrichment. Detection and identification were carried out according to the IDF protocols and a polymerase chain reaction technique. Listeria spp. were detected in 39.8% of the 570 samples while 15.3% were positive for L. monocytogenes . For cheese and curd samples, Fraser enrichment broth gave a statistically significant higher recovery for all Listeria spp. (26 to 21 %) as well as for L. monocytogenes in particular (9 to 1.4%). For raw milk and samples taken from feces and the udder rinse no significant difference was found between EB and Fraser broth. A combination of both enrichments resulted in an increase of recovery over all matrices by 15%.
33. The eggshell as a barrier to contamination

During the course of evolution, the avian egg has developed a wide variety of physical and chemical barriers to protect the embryo from invading pathogens. Avian reproduction, as well as food safety for the unfertilized table egg, is dependent on these barriers. Bacterial contamination is a major concern for unfertilized eggs that are meant for human consumption. The avian eggshell, and the associated cuticle and shell membranes, are the egg’s first line of defense against contamination. Although the eggshell is mainly calcium carbonate, it has an associated organic matrix for which transcriptomics and proteomics analyses have revealed proteins/genes that provide antimicrobial protection, or influence shell strength and cuticle quality. This chapter will review the barrier function of the eggshell and the proteins involved in defense of the egg to resist contamination. Further understanding of these proteins and genes will inform selection strategies to enhancement the egg’s innate antimicrobial activity as well as strengthen the physical barriers that prevent bacterial entry.
Size-specific food selection and growth in benthic whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus (L.), in a subarctic lake

The summer diet of benthic whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus (L.)) was studied in an\ oligotrophic subarctic lake. The fish were caught with bottom gill net series during two open-water seasons in 1982-1983. Planktonic crustaceans, especially cladocerans, were the most common food of small ( 220 mm). The use of zoobenthos increased and that of insect pupae decreased towards the autumn in every size group of fish. Differences were significant within large fish (p < 0.001). Stomach fullness and the frequency of empty stomachs varied markedly from year to year; fluctuations were more pronounced in the larger fish. Between the smallest fish (< 150 mm) and the other size-groups a clear difference was present in the percentage of plankton food (p < 0.001), suggesting the presence of only minimal food competition. Improved growth of fish longer than 150 mm indicated a favorable effect of the diet shift. After the length of 200 mm was attained the diet similarity between size-groups was pronounced. Slow growth was probably caused by intraspecific food competition. After the fish attained the length of 240 mm rapid improvement in growth was observed.
A Study on the Human Resource Utilization through Neuroeconomics

Human Resource Utilization includes courses taught in the fields of Neurology, Business Administration, Management and Information Sciences etc., and the Economic Man is characterize as being rational and selfish in traditional economics theories, therefore, the human beings’behavior in decision making is usually base on maximizing profits. However, in reality many decisions are made irrationally by the human beings. The present study explores this aspect with Human Resource Utilization and Neuroeconomics, and explains human beings’behavioral decision through theories of the latest knowledge of Neurology and Cognitive Psychology. It is suggested that the human being’s behavioral decision is affected by a combination of brain function and brain utilization, and the human resource utilization element is always more important in affecting the human beings’decision than that of the reality factor.
Generalized paradoxical effects in excitatory/inhibitory networks

An inhibition-stabilized network (ISN) is a network of excitatory and inhibitory cells at a stable fixed point of firing rates for a given input, for which the excitatory subnetwork would be unstable if inhibitory rates were frozen at their fixed point values. It has been shown that in a low-dimensional model (one unit per neuronal subtype) of an ISN with a single excitatory and single inhibitory cell type, the inhibitory unit shows a “paradoxical” response, lowering (raising) its steady-state firing rate in response to addition to it of excitatory (inhibitory) input. This has been generalized to an ISN with multiple inhibitory cell types: if input is given only to inhibitory cells, the steady-state inhibition received by excitatory cells changes paradoxically, that is, it decreases (increases) if the steady-state excitatory firing rates decrease (increase). We generalize these analyses of paradoxical effects to low-dimensional networks with multiple cell types of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The analysis depends on the connectivity matrix of the network linearized about a given fixed point, and its eigenvectors or “modes”. We show the following: (1) A given cell type shows a paradoxical change in steady-state rate in response to input it receives, if and only if the network with that cell type omitted has an odd number of unstable modes. Excitatory neurons can show paradoxical responses when there are two or more inhibitory subtypes. (2) More generally, if the cell types are divided into two nonoverlapping subsets A and B, then subset B has an odd (even) number of modes that show paradoxical response if and only if subset A has an odd (even) number of unstable modes. (3) The net steady-state inhibition received by any unstable mode of the excitatory subnetwork will change paradoxically, i.e. in the same direction as the change in amplitude of that mode. In particular, this means that a sufficient condition to determine that a network is an ISN is if, in response to an input only to inhibitory cells, the firing rates of and inhibition received by all excitatory cell types all change in the same direction. This in turn will be true if all E cells and all inhibitory cell types that connect to E cells change their firing rates in the same direction.
Use of dietary fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed for the production of safe broiler lean meat

An experiment was conducted for a period of 28 days to determine the dietary effect of fenugreek seeds (FGS) on the productive and economic performances of broilers. A total of 400 day-old Hubbard Classic straight run broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 5 isonitrogenous and iso-caloric dietary treatment groups, each having 80 chicks in 4 replications of 20 numbers, in a completely randomized design (CRD). Broilers were fed ad libitum on either basal diet with (positive control) or without (negative control) 0.1% antibiotic (used as antibiotic growth promoter; AGP) or basal diet containing 1.0%, 2.0% or 3.0% FGS. There were no differences in live weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the treatment groups for broilers up to 14 days of age (P>0.05). Broilers fed on the diet containing FGS exhibited significantly better productive performances than those fed on AGP (P<0.01). However, the highest productive performances were recorded for the 2.0% FGSfed broilers in all treatment groups, followed by broilers received 1.0% and 3% FGS (P<0.01). Inclusion of dietary FGS at 2% level resulted in higher dressed carcass, breast, thigh and drumstick meat weight compared to any other level of the FGS inclusion in broiler diet (P<0.01). Unlike the AGP, addition of 2% FGS to the diet significantly reduced abdominal fat (P<0.01). With regard to economic performance, broilers fed on diet containing 2% FGS fetched highest profit in the dietary treatment groups. Inclusion of FGS in broiler diet resulted in lower feed cost and higher profit compared to the inclusion of AGP in the diet. It may be concluded that supplementation of FGS in diets may be useful for efficient and economic production of broiler. The inclusion of FGS at 2% level in broiler diet may be profitable in the production of lean meat of broilers. Res. Agric. , Livest. Fish.3(2): 305-314, August 2016
DENGUE VIRUS - A REVIEW

Dengue virus (DENV 1-4) represents a major emerging arthropodborne pathogen. All four DENV serotypes are prevalent in the (sub) tropical regions of the world and infect 50–100 million individuals annually. Whereas the majority of DENV infections proceed asymptomatically or result in self-limited dengue fever, an increasing number of patients present more severe manifestations, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. In this review we have summarized the DENV organization, replication, clinical manifestations and pathogenesis with emphasis on the arthralgia.
Enzymatic Analysis of Yeast Cell Wall-Resident GAPDH and Its Secretion

Eukaryotic cells secrete many proteins, including many proteins that do not follow the classical secretion pathway. Among these, the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is unexpectedly found in the walls of yeasts and other fungi and in extracellular space in mammalian cell cultures. ABSTRACT In yeast, many proteins are found in both the cytoplasmic and extracellular compartments, and consequently it can be difficult to distinguish nonconventional secretion from cellular leakage. Therefore, we monitored the extracellular glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity of intact cells as a specific marker for nonconventional secretion. Extracellular GAPDH activity was proportional to the number of cells assayed, increased with incubation time, and was dependent on added substrates. Preincubation of intact cells with 100 μM dithiothreitol increased the reaction rate, consistent with increased access of the enzyme after reduction of cell wall disulfide cross-links. Such treatment did not increase cell permeability to propidium iodide, in contrast to effects of higher concentrations of reducing agents. An amine-specific membrane-impermeant biotinylation reagent specifically inactivated extracellular GAPDH. The enzyme was secreted again after a 30- to 60-min lag following the inactivation, and there was no concomitant increase in propidium iodide staining. There were about 4 × 104 active GAPDH molecules per cell at steady state, and secretion studies showed replenishment to that level 1 h after inactivation. These results establish conditions for specific quantitative assays of cell wall proteins in the absence of cytoplasmic leakage and for subsequent quantification of secretion rates in intact cells. IMPORTANCE Eukaryotic cells secrete many proteins, including many proteins that do not follow the classical secretion pathway. Among these, the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is unexpectedly found in the walls of yeasts and other fungi and in extracellular space in mammalian cell cultures. It is difficult to quantify extracellular GAPDH, because leakage of just a little of the very large amount of cytoplasmic enzyme can invalidate the determinations. We used enzymatic assays of intact cells while also maintaining membrane integrity. The results lead to estimates of the amount of extracellular enzyme and its rate of secretion to the wall in intact cells. Therefore, enzyme assays under controlled conditions can be used to investigate nonconventional secretion more generally.
Roles of signaling compounds and WRKY31 in the defense of Pinus massoniana L. against Dendrolimus punctatus

Dendrolimus punctatus is an important pest affecting Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) forests and can cause serious economic and ecological losses. WRKY transcription factors play important roles in coping with various environmental stresses. In particular, recent studies have shown that WRKY transcription factors play an important role in plant responses against herbivorous insects. However, the mechanisms underlying the actions of these genes in the defense responses of P. massoniana L. are still unclear. Our previous study provided evidence that WRKY may play an important role in the insect resistance of P. massoniana L. In this study, application of semiochemicals such as exogenous hormones and Ca2+ by spraying increased the concentrations of endogenous hormones, terpenoid synthases, and volatile substances in P. massoniana L. and effectively improved its resistance to D. punctatus. After analyzing the WRKY family of P. massoniana L. , the PmWRKY31 gene was selected and studied. Yeast two-hybrid assays showed that the LP8 gene interacted with PmWRKY31. Fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that after treatment with exogenous hormones and Ca2+, the expression levels of the PmWRKY31 gene, hormonal signal–related genes, and terpene biosynthetic pathway–related genes were significantly increased, whereas the expression of the LP8 gene was decreased. Therefore, the PmWRKY31 and LP8 genes affected downstream gene expression by positively and negatively regulating the hormone signaling pathways, respectively. This result provides theoretical support for the involvement of WRKY transcription factors in the insect resistance of P. massoniana L. through their regulation of hormone signaling.
Kecerdasan emosi lelaki dalam novel-novel terpilih Anwar Ridhwan dan Haruki Murakami: Kajian perbandingan / Maznida Mahadi

This study conducted to identify and compare the aspects of emotional intelligence between Malay and Japanese men. Emotional intelligence equations and differences are analysed based on the emotional forms and aspects of emotional intelligence emphasized by Daniel Goleman (1995/1999) in the Goleman's Emotional Intelligence Theory. The objective of this study are to identify the emotional forms, to analysis the emotional intelligence and to compare the similarities and differences in emotional intelligence that were found in the characters in the novels of Hari-Hari Terakhir Seorang Seniman (1979/2009) and Penyeberang Sempadan (2012) by Anwar Ridhwan, Kafka on the Shore (2005) and Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage (2014) by Haruki Murakami. The presence of the most powerful and dominant emotions in Malay and Japanese male characters are detected through the analysis table and shown through the pie chart to compare the emotional which are most emphasized by Anwar Ridhwan and Haruki Murakami in all four study novels. The comparison of the emotional intelligence elements in male characters based on two components of Emotional Intelligence introduced by Daniel Goleman. That is personal competence and social efficiency, which divided to five aspects, Self-awareness, Self-regulation, Motivation, Empathy and Social Skills. The findings show that all the novels studied are relevant to the Goleman's Emotional Intelligence Theory and meet the objectives of the study. The Malay and Japanese male characters showed the balance of emotional forms and emotional intelligence. There are no negative emotions detected. The results of these analysis show that Malay and Japanese men show the same strong emotion. There is no major difference between the emotion of Malay and Japanese men characters. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that emotional forms and emotional intelligence aspects exhibited by Malay and Japanese men characters are equivalent.
Genome-enabled inference of functional genetic variants in the face, brain and behavior

Lake Malawi cichlid fishes exhibit extensive divergence in form and function among closely related species separated by a relatively small number of genetic changes. During the past million years, hundreds of species have diversified along an ecological axis in rock vs. sand habitats. We compared the genomes of rock- and sand-dwelling species and asked which genetic variants in which genes differed among the groups. We found that 96% of differentiated variants reside in non-coding sequence but these non-coding diverged variants are evolutionarily conserved. The majority of divergent coding variants are missense and/or loss of function. Regions near differentiated variants are enriched for craniofacial, neural and behavioral functional categories. To follow up experimentally, we used rock- vs. sand-species and their hybrids to (i) clarify the push-pull roles of BMP signaling and irx1b in the specification of forebrain territories during gastrulation and (ii) reveal striking context-dependent brain gene expression during adult social behavior. Our results suggest compelling ties between early brain development and adult behavior and highlight the promise of evolutionary reverse genetics – the identification of functional variants from genome sequencing in natural populations.
The range margins of northern birds shift polewards

The changes in range margins of birds breeding in Finland was analysed from published atlas data for a 12-year period (1974-1979 to 1986-1989). The change in range margin was statistically corrected for changes in species' distribution using linear regression. For species predominantly occurring in southern Finland (n = 116), the expected range margin shift, if their distribution would not have changed, was 18.8 km northwards. Northerly species (n = 34) showed no such significant range margin shift. A similar result was found earlier for UK birds. Recent range margin shifts in birds therefore seem to be a general phenomenon, which may be related to climate change.