Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acidity, nutrient stocks, and organic‐matter content in soils of a temperate deciduous forest with different abundance of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)

The production and composition of leaf litter, soil acidity, exchangeable nutrients, and the amount and distribution of soil organic matter were analyzed in a broad-leaved mixed forest on loess over limestone in Central Germany. The study aimed at determining the current variability of surface-soil acidification and nutrient status, and at identifying and evaluating the main factors that contributed to the variability of these soil properties along a gradient of decreasing predominance of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and increasing tree-species diversity. Analyses were carried out in (1) mature monospecific stands with a predominance of beech (DL 1), (2) mature stands dominated by three deciduous-tree species (DL 2: beech, ash [Fraxinus excelsior L.], lime [Tilia cordata Mill. and/or T. platyphyllos Scop.]), and (3) mature stands dominated by five deciduous-tree species (DL 3: beech, ash, lime, hornbeam [Carpinus betulus L.], maple [Acer pseudoplatanus L. and/or A. platanoides L.]). The production of leaf litter was similar in all stands (3.2 to 3.9 Mg dry matter ha1 y1) but the total quantity of Ca and Mg deposited on the soil surface by leaf litter increased with increasing tree-species diversity and decreasing abundance of beech (47 to 88 kg Ca ha1 y1; 3.8 to 7.9 kg Mg ha1 y1). The soil pH(H2O) and base saturation (BS) measured at three soil depths down to 30cm (010 cm, 1020 cm, 2030 cm) were lower in stands dominated by beech (pH = 4.2 to 4.4, BS = 15% to 20%) than in mixed stands (pH = 5.1 to 6.5, BS = 80% to 100%). The quantities of exchangeable Al and Mn increased with decreasing pH and were highest beneath beech. Total stocks of exchangeable Ca (030 cm) were 12 to 15 times larger in mixed stands (6660 to 9650 kg ha1) than in beech stands (620 kg ha1). Similar results were found for stocks of exchangeable Mg that were 4 to 13 times larger in mixed stands (270 to 864 kg ha1) than in beech stands (66 kg ha1). Subsoil clay content and differences in litter composition were identified as important factors that contributed to the observed variability of soil acidification and stocks of exchangeable Ca and Mg. Organic-C accumulation in the humus layer was highest in beech stands (0.81 kg m2) and lowest in stands with the highest level of tree-species diversity and the lowest abundance of beech (0.27 kg m2). The results suggest that redistribution of nutrients via leaf litter has a high potential to increase BS in these loess-derived surface soils that are underlain by limestone. Species-related differences of the intensity of soiltree cation cycling can thus influence the rate of soil acidification and the stocks and distribution of nutrients.
MODELING THE SOLUBILIZATION PROCESS DURING COFFEE BREWING

Two different processes may be considered in coffee brewing: (1) solubilization of some compounds from the grind into the water, and (2) filtration of the extract through the grind. These two processes have been dissociated in our experimental studie. The results obtained for the first of them, solubilization, will be reported here. Variations in soluble content as a function of time, temperature, proportion of coffee to water were interpreted in relation to a model based on the general equation of diffusion and assuming the grind to be spherical particles suspended in a homogeneous system. Qualitative variations in the chemical composition of the extract have also been determined by some physico-chemical measurements: optical density, titrable acidity, viscosity, caffein content.
PROCESSING and EVALUATION of CARBONATED BEVERAGE FROM JACKFRUIT WASTE (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS)

Edible bulbs of ripe jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) are consumed for their fine taste and pleasant aroma. the edible portion is about 30% by weight. About 50% of fruit, composed of rind and unfertilized floral parts, which are also rich in jackfruit flavor, are usually discarded as waste, because they are fibrous. A process for the preparation of clarified juice has been developed and involves treatment of the jackfruit waste with pectic enzyme at 0.3% concentration (vw), incubation for 2 hat 40C and subsequent filtration, giving about 60% yield of clarified juice having 23° Brix and 0.15-0.20% acidity. Sensory evaluation of ready-to-serve (RTS) beverages (12% juice, 15° Brix sugars and 0.3% acidity) without and with carbonation at 3 levels (CO2 gas pressures 0. 775, 2.092 and 3.685 kg/cm2) by a 15-member trained panel revealed that the product was highly acceptable either without or with carbonation at 0. 775 kg/cm2, compared to higher levels ofcarbonation. It is concluded that preparation of beverage from jackfruit waste as a byproduct, besides processing of bulbs and seeds, brings about the effective utilization of jackfruit to over 80%.
Improving the Precision of Al-Quran Retrieval Using Latent Semantic Indexing with Background Knowledge

The aim of this study is to test the effectiveness of Al-Quran precision retrieval using LSI with background knowledge. The primary data used during the testing is the English translation of the Al-Quran where as the English translated hadith is used as the secondary data which acts as the background knowledge. SVD that is an LSI algorithm, indexes training data to be accessed by query. Experiments conducted are encircled around the two models i.e. LSI with the background knowledge and LSI without the background knowledge. The retrieval effectiveness is measured using the standard precision and recall measures
Insight into the Role of Oxygen Diffusion in the Sensing Mechanisms of SnO2 Nanowires

The role of oxygen diffusion in the response of individual SnO2 nanowires to this gas is studied. Different oxygen partial pressures lead to strong changes of their electrical resistance, even at room temperature. Since surface models fail to explain the experimentally observed long‐term resistance transients, it is necessary to make a description of the interaction mechanisms between oxygen species and SnO2 nanowires by taking ion diffusion into account. Our model correctly describes the experimentally measured dependence of the nanowire resistance with oxygen partial pressure, and it can be applied to the characterization of other metal oxide materials.
Understanding the Gap between Website Value and Consumer Shopping Orientation: An Application of Task-Technology Fit Theory to Online shopping Values

Value judgments, such as functional, emotional, utilitarian, and hedonic values have received considerable attention in recent years. However, research on these interrelationships has been somewhat limited in online shopping, particularly in regards to the gap between website values versus consumer shopping orientations. The purpose of this research is to propose and empirically test a conceptual framework that incorporates the interrelationships of website values, shopping satisfaction, and repurchase intention into framework and validate them in a B2C online shopping context. Specifically, we examine the moderating role of consumer shopping orientations in the impact of website values on shopping satisfaction. Our results suggest that the impact of website values on shopping satisfaction is negatively moderated by consumer shopping orientations. Therefore, functional and emotional values are probably necessary but are an insufficient precondition for cultivating shopping satisfaction. Moreover, consumer hedonic orientation plays a slightly higher influence on shopping satisfaction than utilitarian orientation. Understanding these factors can provide direction for planning website features as well as consumer desired values that will increase shopping satisfaction and repurchase intention.
Self‐Assembled Monolayers on Gold for the Fabrication of Radioactive Stents

An innovative and easily applicable method for the fabrication of radioactive stents, to be used for the treatment of restenosis, is presented. By incorporating the b-emitting radioisotopes 186Re, 188Re, 90Y, or 32P into sulfur-containing adsorbates, it becomes possible to cover a gold surface with a radioactive self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Two methods have been investigated. In the first, SAMs consisting of potentially radioactive rhenium-, yttrium-, and phosphorus-containing adsorbates have been assembled on 2D gold substrates, after which they have been studied by wettability measurements, electrochemistry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The stability of these SAMs under simulated physiological conditions (phosphate buffered saline, PBS solution) for periods up to two months has been demonstrated. Alternatively, potentially radioactive monolayers have been prepared by exposure of SAMs of mono-, bi-, and tridentate ligands to a solution containing a radiometal (rhenium) in order to bind the metal to the monolayer. The polydentate ligands exhibit excellent binding capacity, leading to SAMs containing over 10±10 mol/cm2 of the radiometal, which is more than sufficient to make this system viable for the delivery of therapeutical dosages of radiation.
Effect of TNF-α on uPA and uPA receptor expressionin human gingival fibroblasts

Tumor necrotizing factor-alpha (TNF-α) is thought to be an important inflammatory cytokine in the progression of periodontitis. Plasminogen activator (PA) /plasmin cascade plays an important role in the inflammatory process through the activation of metalloprotease. The binding of urokinase-type PA (uPA) to its receptor(uPAR) has been proposed as an important feature of cellular processes requiring extracellular matrix degradation. The uPAR attaches on the cell surface with a glycosylphophatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and serves to localize and accelerate the proteolysis cascade. However, the relation of TNF-α and (PA)/plasmin cascade activation by uPAR in periodontitis is not clear.In this study, we primary-cultured human-gingival-tissue-derived fibroblasts (hGF) and examined the effect of TNF-α on uPA and uPAR expression in hGF. PA activities in the conditioned medium and cell lysates of hGF were increased by TNF-α treatment. In addition, PA activity released by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, which detaches the GPI anchor, was also increased by TNF-α treatment. Furthermore, TNF-α increased the mRNA levels of both uPA and uPAR by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. These findings suggest that the enhancement of uPA and uPAR expressions by TNF-α may play an important role in the progression of periodontitis through pericellular proteolysis.
Polyelectrolyte electrostatics: Salt dependence, entropic, and enthalpic contributions to free energy in the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann model

Using the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) equation, expressions for the nonspecific salt dependence of the free energy, and the entropic and enthalpic contributions to the electrostatic free energy of a polyelectrolyte are derived. The results are generalized for any number and valence of mobile ions, and now permit a more rigorous treatment of the salt dependence of polyelectrolyte–ligand binding using the PB equation. The salt dependence of the electrostatic free energy depends on an “osmotic pressure like” term identified previously [K. Sharp and B. Honig (1990), Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 94, pp. 7684–7692], which in turn depends on the integrated excess/deficit of all mobile ion species around the polyelectrolyte. For the simple salt case (two ions only) this expression is equivalent to that derived previously [H. Eisenberg (1976), Biological Macromolecules and Polyelectrolytes in Solution, Clarendon. Oxford] in terms of Donnan, or preferential interaction coefficients. Moreover, since all ions enter into the PB expression for the salt dependence of the free energy in an identical way, it is equally applicable to polyelectrolytes with charge of one sign (e.g., nucleic acids), with oppositely charged groups (such as proteins), and even polyelectrolytes that have no net charge, for which the Donnan coefficient is ill‐defined. The distribution of counterions around three simple polyelectrolyte geometries—spherical, cylindrical, and planar—was examined. In each case the excess number of counterions associated with the polyelectrolyte is not constant, but increases with decreasing salt. Although a limiting value is reached at low salt for a cylinder, in agreement with the limiting law condensation models, for the spherical geometry the number of associated counterions decreases to zero, while for the planar case it increases to 100%. For the cylindrical case Donnan coefficients agree closely with those computed previously by Monte Carlo simulations [M. C. Olmstead, C. F. Anderson, and M. T. Record (1991) Biopolymers, Vol. 31, pp. 1593–1604]. An all atom B‐DNA model shows about 5% less accumulation of counterions than a cylinder, due to the helical charge arrangement and groove structure. The entropic and enthalpic contributions to the salt‐dependent free energy of a cylinder were examined in the PB model. In addition to the well known ion cratic (redistribution) entropy, there are significant contributions from electrostatic enthalpy, and from dielectric entropy (water re‐orientation due to the electrostatic field from polyelectrolyte charges and salt ions). The latter entropy contribution has not previously been taken into account in salt‐dependent polyelectrolyte phenomena, but at higher salt concentrations (> 0.01M), this can be as large as the cratic entropy contribution. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Cadmium Complexes with Thiophenedicarboxylate and Bipyridine‐like Ligands

Two new coordination polymers [Cd(tdc)(bpy)(H2O)]n (1) and [Cd(tdc)(phen)]n (2) (H2tdc = thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) have been synthesized under hydrothermal condition. Their crystal structures have been established by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. Complex 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Fdd2 with a = 14.757(7), b = 45.38(2), c = 10.518(5) A, V = 7044(6) A3, Z = 16; 2 in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 7.262(1), b = 21.970(2), c = 10.051(1) A, β = 105.01(1)°, V = 1548.8(2) A3, Z = 4. Both of them are double-stranded chains and further assembled into three-dimensional networks by π-π stacking interactions. 1 and 2 are stable in air, and show blue photoluminescence at 415 nm and 410 nm, respectively.
Preparation and Properties of LiF-doping LiFePO4/C Anode Material

LiFe(PO4)1–x F x /C was successfully composited using a mechanical activation-carbon thermal reduction process using LiF as the doped fluoride source, and x was 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04. In this article, material testing used scanning electron microscopy, X-ray crystal diffraction analysis, specific surface area analysis, cyclic voltammograms, and the ac impedance test. The results showed that when x = 0.03, LiFe(PO4)0.97F0.03/C material showed good capability in regard to charge and discharge, and cycle performance was good. The specific surface area was 84.27 m2/g, which was created by the mechanical activation-carbon thermal reduction process. The initial discharge of LiFePO4 synthesized under such conditions was 153.278 mA h/g (0.1C and 2.5–4.2 V). Compared with less doped LiFePO4/C material, the discharge-specific capacity of the material was 127.351 mA h/g under the same conditions. This increases by 20.34% for the initial time cycle, and after 20 circulations, the capacity was 151.512 mA h/g.
Calcium absorption efficiency and calcium requirements in children and ,2

Optimizing bone mass of young adults is im- portant in the prevention ofosteoporosis in later life. To achieve maximal peak bone mass, dietary calcium and its absorption need to be sufficient for skeletal growth and consolidation and for obligatory losses in urine, feces, and sweat. Direct measure- ments ofskeletal accretion, obligatory losses, and ofdietary cal- cium and absorption in children and adolescents have either not been done or are incomplete. From the measurements avail- able and from extrapolated data in adults, it appears likely that many children and adolescents are not absorbing sufficient cal- cium in relation to their intake to achieve maximal bone mass. AmJC/inNutr 199l;54:261S-5S.
Trace element determination of single fluid inclusions in quartz by laser ablation ICP-MS

Single fluid inclusions in quartz from a Pb-Zn-Ag carbonate replacement deposit were selected for trace element determination by laser ablation ICP-MS. Spikes in element intensities were noted between first breached fluids versus subsequent analyses, suggesting that accurate element concentrations may not be determined in smaller fluid inclusions when only one analysis is obtained before the fluid is exhausted. Elemental concentrations in the fluid inclusions were determined by external standardisation using solutions sealed in microcapillary tubes. Standards and single natural inclusion analyses give repeatabilities (%RSD) of ˜ 20% for Rb and Sr. Rubidium and strontium concentrations range from 0.56-5.07 μg ml-1 and 1.12-27.4 μg ml-1, respectively, whereas Zn and Ag are below detection limits (< 10 ng ml-1). The results suggest that nearly all Zn and Ag are removed by the time hydrothermal fluids precipitate gangue minerals. Des inclusions fluides provenant de quartz issus de mineralisations a Pb-Zn-Ag par remplacement de carbonates ont ete selectionnees pour l'analyse in situ des elements en trace par ICP-MS a ablation laser. Des sauts d'intensite ont ete observes sur les signaux elementaires lors de l'analyse de la premiere fraction de fluide extraite, par comparaison aux analyses suivantes. D'apres cette observation, il ne serait pas possible d'obtenir des concentrations elementaires justes sur les tres petites inclusions, si une seule analyse peut etre realisee avant que l'inclusion ne soit videe de son contenu. Les concentrations elementaires dans les inclusions fluides ont ete obtenues par calibration externe a l'aide de solutions scellees dans des tubes microcapillaires. Les analyses de standards et d'inclusions fluides individuelles naturelles donne des repetabilites (%ETR) de ˜ 20% pour Rb et Sr. Les concentrations en rubidium et strontium varient dans une fourchette de 0.56-5.07 μg/ml et de 1.12-27.4 μg/ml, respectivement, alors que le Zn et l'Ag sont en dessous des limites de detection (< 10 ng/ml). Les resultats suggerent que pratiquement tout le Zn et l'Ag ont dejaete extraits du fluide hydro-thermal lorsque les mineraux de la gangue precipitent.
Nanostructured Bi(1−x)Gd(x)FeO3 – a multiferroic photocatalyst on its sunlight driven photocatalytic activity

The photocatalytic activity of sol–gel synthesized nanostructured Bi1−xGdxFeO3 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) particles on the degradation of methylene blue (MB) was demonstrated for the first time under sunlight. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies showed that the substitution induced structural changes in 10 and 15% Gd substituted BiFeO3 (BFO). The morphology analysis, by field emission scanning (FESEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), presented the composition driven particle size reduction and morphology changes in BFO from irregular to spherical shape. The band gap estimation by UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy revealed that increasing concentration of Gd significantly reduced the band gap of BFO from 2.38 eV to 2.29 eV. An anomalous magnetic enhancement was observed in Bi0.90Gd0.10FeO3 nanoparticles due to the manifestation of antiferromagnetic (AFM) core–ferromagnetic (FM) shell-like structure, revealed by its M–H hysteresis curve. An increasing trend in the photocatalytic activity of BFO was observed with increasing concentration of Gd. In this case, enhanced photocatalytic activity observed in Bi0.85Gd0.15FeO3 could be due to its increased ferroelectric domains that drive the charge carriers to the catalyst surface–dye interface, leading to more effective degradation of the dye. Conversely, an anomalous photocatalytic activity was observed in Bi0.90Gd0.10FeO3 that should be attributed to its AFM–FM core–shell-like structure.
Nucleophilic substitution sulfonation in emulsions: Formation of sodium benzyl sulfonate

Benzyl bromide was sulfonated at 298 K in emulsions formed with dioctyldimethylammonium bromide, or chloride. If mixing was sufficient, the emulsion was maintained throughout the reaction period. Lower conversions were obtained whenever benzyl bromide phase separated from the mixture. Chloride as surfactant counterion gave higher reaction rate, but decreased the conversion to C7H7SO3−Na+due to formation of benzyl chloride. The conversion to C7H7SO3−Na+ displayed a broad maximum as R2(Me)2−N+Br concentration increased. Except at low concentration, the reaction rate increased with the concentration of Na2SO3 in accord with the SN2 mechanism. The reaction rate increased with the reactant concentrations until interface saturation was achieved, suggesting that product formation did not interfere with the access of the reactants to the interface. Du bromure de benzyle a ete sulfone a 298 K dans des emulsions formees avec du bromure ou du chlorure de dioctyldimethylammonium. Si le melange est suffisant, l'emulsion se maintient tout au long de la periode de la reaction. On obtient des conversions plus faibles lorsque la phase de bromure de benzyle est separee du melange. Le chlorure comme contre-ion donne une plus grande vitesse de reaction mais diminue la conversion en C7H7SO3−Na+ due a la formation de chlorure de benzyle. La conversion en C7H7SO3−Na+ montre un maximum large lorsque la concentration de R2(Me)2N+Br est augmentee. Sauf a de faibles concentrations, la vitesse de reaction augmente avec la concentration de Na2SO3 en accord avec le mecanisme de SN2. La vitesse de reaction augrnente avec les concentrattons de reactif jusqu'a ce que la saturation de l'interface re realise, ce qui suggere que la formation des produits n'interfee pas avec I'acces des reactifs a l'interface.
Chemistry of the rock‐forming silicates: Multiple‐chain, sheet, and framework structures

The crystal chemistry of 16 groups of multiple-chain, sheet, and framework silicates is reviewed. Crystal structure drawings are presented to illustrate crystal chemical features necessary to interpret chemical data for each mineral group. The 16 silicate groups considered in this review are the amphibole; nonclassical, ordered pyriboles; mica; pyrophyllite-talc; chlorite; greenalite; minnesotaite; stilpnomelane; prehnite; silica polymorphs; feldspar; nepheline-kalsilite; leucite-analcite; sodalite group; cancrinite group; and scapolite. Electron microprobe analyses should be augmented by independent determinations of Fe2+/Fe 3+ and H20 for many of the silicate groups discussed and by determinations of CO32-, SO42-, S 2-, and Li in some of the others. However, microprobe data augmented as suggested will still be ambiguous for some of the silicate groups considered here because the structures are not completely determined or are variable, with disparate domains and/or structural modulations, e.g., pyriboles, greenalite, minnesotaite, and stilpnomelane. Nevertheless, the most rigorous way to interpret silicate mineral chemical data is based on the crystal structures involved.