Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF VAM FUNGI ON PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY IN SOLANUM SURATTENSE L.

In this study six fungal species were isolated from soil samples. Among the six species Glomus fasiculatum and Gigaspora marigarita noted in dominant level. So both are used as bioinoculant and were mass multiplied in onion plant by pot culture. After pot culture, biochemical and antibacterial activity were analysed from the treated plant Solanum surattense . In the phytochemical analysis falvonoids, tannins , terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and saponins were noted. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Solanum surattense against clinical isolates were analyzed and show the more activity noted in K.pneumoniae when compared with Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogens, E.coli respectively.
Predominant Cultivable Microorganisms on the Tongue of Preschool Children

A comprehensive and longitudinal study of the composition of the tongue microbiota in nine healthy, preschool children was performed. Samples were obtained from the dorsal surface of the tongue by scraping it with a sterile tongue blade. Samples were dispersed, diluted and cultivated on non-selective supplemented blood agar and a variety of selective media. Representative colony types were counted, subcultured and microorganisms identified using morphological, physiological, serological and acid end-product analyses. A total of 56 samples and 1654 isolations were made. A very diverse microbiota was isolated from each child. Streptococcus was the predominant genus with S. salivarius and S. mitis the most prevalent members of this genus. Stomatococcus mucilaginosus, Neisseria spp. and Veillonella spp. were also present, demonstrating a high level of persistence. Aerobic and anaerobic gram-negative rods were present in low numbers and members of some species, such as Fusobacteriwn, Haemophilus and Prevotella , were infrequently isolated. Keywords - Tongue, Microbiota, Preschool children, Longitudinal, Indigenous.
Characterization of poplar ZIP family members ZIP1.2 and ZNT1

Regulation of a heavy metal such as zinc (Zn) throughout a plant has been attributed to the Zn transporter gene ZNT1 and other members of the larger ZIP transporter family. However, genes have not been characterized in a high-biomass, perennial, woody species, such as poplar (Populus trichocarpa). The poplar genome was searched for ZIP transporter members and analyzed via a phylogenetic analysis. Afterwards, two of these genes were selected for further characterization via transcriptional analysis. Poplar appears to contain 13 genes with sequence orthology to ZIP family members. Of these 13 genes, only one gene appears to be a close ortholog to the TcZNT1 gene in the hyperaccumulating Thlaspi caerulescens (syn. Noccaea caerulescens). Transcript abundance of this poplar ortholog, PtZNT1, and another ZIP poplar member, PtZIP1.2, generally decreased in stem and root tissue, respectively, as levels of Zn increase in poplar. Furthermore, PtZNT1 promoter abundance does not localize to a specific tissue nor have the overall promoter abundance of TcZNT1 which localizes in vascular tissue. PtZNT1 promoter abundance is stable and active across tissues but at an overall lower level than the hyperaccumulator. These characterizations of ZIP members in poplar may indicate a specifically evolved coordination of tissue specific Zn transporters for regulation of nutrients.
Serological Detection of Beet Western Yellows Luteovirus in the Non‐vector, Brevicoryne brassicae (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The interaction between beet western yellows luteovirus (BWYV) and the aphid species Brevicoryne brassicae was investigated using virus transmission and serological detection experiments. This species failed to transmit a BWYV isolate from infected to healthy oilseed rape plants, although virus was readily detected by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) in single B. brassicae adults. When virus-carrying adults were tested by ELISA after different inoculation access periods, the number of virus-positive individuals decreased after 5 days, whereas with the efficient vector Myzus persicae, virus-positive individuals were found even after 10 days. This confirms the inability of B. brassicae to transmit BWYV, even though it may acquire the virus. It is suggested that B. brassicae, as compared with the efficient vector M. persicae, may serve as an experimental model for studying the mechanisms of the luteovirus-vector specificity Zusammenfassung Serologischer Nachweis des Milden Rubenvergilbungs-Luteovirus im ungeeigneten Vektor Brevicoryne brassicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) Die Beziehung zwischen dem persistentubertragbaren Milden Rubenvergilbungs-Virus (beet western yellows virus, BWYV) und der Aphidenart Brevicoryne brassicae wurde durch Virusubertragungsexperimente und serologischen Nachweis untersucht. Ein BWYV-Isolat aus Raps konnte von dieser Art von infizierten auf gesunde Rapspflanzen nicht ubertragen werden. Jedoch lies sich dieses Isolat durch ELISA in einzelnen B. brassicae-Adulten ohne Schwierigkeit nachweisen. Wenn virustragende Adulte nach verschiedenen Inokulationszeiten durch ELISA getestet wurden, minderte sich die Anzahl positiver Blattlause nach 5 Tagen, wahrend mit der geeigneten Vektorart Myzus persicae noch nach 10 Tagen positive Lause gefunden wurden. Dies bestatigt die Unfahigkeit von B. brassicae zur Ubertragung des BWYV, obwohl diese Art zur Akquisition fahig ist. Es wird vorgeschlagen, das B. brassicae im Vergleich mit der Vektorart M. persicae als experimentelles Modell zur Feststellung der Luteovirus-Vektorspezifizitat bestimmenden Mechanismen dienen konnte.
Supplementation of pig diet with algal fibre changes the chemical and physicochemical characteristics of digesta

Seaweed extracts, because of their physicochemical characteristics and potential nutritional value, could provide a new source of dietary fibre. This study investigated changes in seaweed fibres (physicochemical and fermentative properties) in different digestive sites and their effects on digesta (viscosity and hydration properties). Sixteen pigs were adapted to a test diet supplemented with 5% algal fibre (either Palmaria palmata (PP), a poorly viscous soluble xylan; or Eucheuma cottonii (EC), a partly insoluble carrageenan; or Laminaria digitata (LD), a highly viscous soluble alginate) or 5% cellulose (reference fibre). PP did not modify the characteristics of digesta and was fermented in the caecum (pH 6.1 ± 0.4; short-chain fatty acids measured in digesta, 1409 ± 691 µmol g−1 dry matter). EC and LD were mainly insoluble in the stomach, becoming soluble in the intestine; EC was slightly fermented in the colon, giving a low concentration of short-chain fatty acids (303 ± 122 µmol g−1 dry matter). Supplementation of the diet with alginate (LD) increased 3.5-fold the ileal viscosity of digesta and their hydration capacity in the ileum and colon. Thus the physicochemical properties of pig digesta largely depend on the physicochemical properties of the ingested seaweed fibre, the pH and ionic conditions prevailing in the gut, and their fermentability. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
The DNA damage response: nucleic acid regulation in sequence

markdownabstract__Abstract__ Novel technologies and their applications fuel new insights and discoveries in any field of molecular life sciences, medicine, molecular epidemiology and biotechnology. One of those revolutions represents technologies that monitor a (nearly) complete class of biomolecules in a process of interest. These data-dense technologies have been designated omics technologies, in which the suffix -omics refers to the respective technologies monitoring (I) DNA in the context of complete genomes (genomics), (II) genome-wide RNA transcript expression levels representing the transcriptome (transcriptomics), (III) global protein and/or posttranslational modifications (PTMs), designated the proteome (proteomics), or (IV) nearly all cellular metabolites, named the metabolome (metabolomics). The principle of both proteomics and metabolomics relies on mass differences measured with great accuracy by mass spectrometry due to protein/metabolite levels or the presence of PTMs. Sophisticated and stringent isolation methods of PTMs and stable isotope labelling of amino acids allowing quantitative analysis of protein samples have further propelled proteomics technology. The genome and transcriptome have been extensively investigated by microarray technology over the past decade. Microarrays are based on comparative hybridization of fluorescently labeled DNA or cDNA (in case of RNA expression) under stringent conditions to capture probes (complementary oligonucleotides) printed on a solid surface. This allows the analysis of (tens of) thousands of molecules simultaneously, revolutionizing the scale and depth in which DNA and RNA could be investigated. The recent emergence of next generation sequencing (NGS) has further changed the landscape of genome and transcriptome analysis. NGS, also named massive parallel sequencing, can sequence hundreds of millions DNA molecules simultaneously. A single NGS run can sequence the human genome ∼37 times in 27h, thereby tremendously facilitating whole genome (re)sequencing projects and genome analyses such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), mutation, insertion/deletion and DNA methylation detection. In addition, NGS can map protein–DNA and DNA–DNA interactions at nucleotide resolution. Transcriptomics of large and small RNAs can be performed by simultaneously sequencing millions of cDNA molecules. Since NGS does not rely on capture probe design and their presence on arrays, novel non-coding RNAs, splice variants, post-transcriptional modifications and nascent RNA synthesis can be quantitatively analysed. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of omics technologies to understanding the DNA damage response (DDR), with the emphasis on genomics and transcriptomics in particular by NGS technologies, and the future prospective of omics research in the DDR research field.
Genetic parameters of fertility traits and their correlation with production, type, workability, liveweight, survival index, and cell count

First and second parity data on calving interval (CI, days), survival to next lactation (Surv, scored 1 or 0), calving to first service interval (CFS, days), 25-day first service non-return rate (FNRR, scored 1 or 0), and insemination or submission rate (InsemR, scored 1 or 0) of Holstein-Friesian cattle were analysed using a sire model to estimate genetic parameters. The estimated genetic parameters were used to obtain predicted transmitting ability (PTA) of sires for fertility traits and Surv, including 6-week pregnancy rate (6-w PR). PTA for 6-w PR was calculated based on an estimated heritability of 0.07 and genetic and environmental correlations with the other fertility traits and Surv. In addition, approximate genetic correlations of fertility traits and Surv with milk yield, type traits, workability (likability, milking speed, temperament), survival index (a measure of survival calculated from estimated breeding values on survival, likability, and type traits), bodyweight, and cell count were estimated. Heritability (h 2 ) of fertility traits was 2-4% in the first parity and 1-2% in the second parity. Genetic correlations between fertility traits were generally higher in magnitude than environmental correlations, particularly in the first parity. The difference in PTA between the best and worst sires was high (21 days in CI and 21% in 6-w PR), showing the scope for selection. Approximate genetic correlations between fertility and most traits that are currently evaluated were low to moderate. Milk, protein and fat yield, body size, overall type, mammary system, udder texture, muzzle width, angularity, body depth, chest width, foot angle, and rear attachment width were unfavourably correlated (0.1-0.5) with most fertility traits. Fat and protein % were favourably correlated with both CI and 6-w PR (~0.2). Pin set was moderately favourably correlated (0.28) with 6-w PR. Surv was favourably (positively) correlated with temperament, likability, and survival index (~0.5). The wide variation in particular in CI and 6-w PR between bulls and the generally unfavourable approximate genetic correlations of fertility traits with most traits for which selection is currently practiced suggest that genetic evaluation for fertility should be introduced. AR Fe rt t t ry M. H am et al
Patterns of Leaf Development and Herbivory in a Tropical Understory Community

Most plant-herbivore studies have demonstrated that young leaves are pre- ferred over mature leaves, and that the majority of lifetime damage occurs during the 1 st mo. In spite of this, we know little about how young leaves are defended. Young leaves are an ephemeral resource, and herbivore damage may be reduced by (1) producing leaves at times of low herbivore abundance, (2) synchronous leaf production, or (3) rapid leaf expansion. To address these hypotheses I examined patterns of leaf phonology, leaf ex- pansion, and herbivory in saplings of 32 species in a Panamanian lowland moist forest. Leaf phonology ranged from continuous to highly synchronous, and mean monthly damage rates varied from 6 to 60%. Within species, leaves produced during the dry season, a period of relatively low insect abundance, received less damage than leaves produced during the wet season. Leaves produced during synchronous flushes received less damage than leaves produced out of synchrony. Species with continuous or synchronous leaf pro- duction had lower damage rates than intermediate species, but growth rates and survi- vorship were not correlated with leaf production. It appears that higher damage rates in intermediate species may be compensated by reduced investment in chemical defenses compared with continuous species, and a less restricted growing season and reduced storage costs compared with synchronous species. Previous studies have identified leaf expansion rate as an important young leaf defense, but in this study there was no correlation between expansion rate and herbivory.
Mate Density, Predation Risk, and the Seasonal Sequence of Mate Choices: A Dynamic Game

We describe and analyze a computer-simulation model of mate choice, featuring two different quality groups (based on offspring per mating) in each sex. Mating between quality groups results from two-dimensional random encounter and mutual assent, where assent reflects an attempt to maximize expected lifetime reproductive success, E(LRS). Premating predation (via random encounter with predators) and other mortality also influence E(LRS). Given potentially conflicting optimal choices, the model finds the evolutionarily stable patterns of choosiness for the four quality groups. When there are multiple mating episodes by individuals through the season, the resulting dynamic game is solved to obtain a seasonal pattern of mate choice and reproduction. The model generates seven different mating patterns among quality groups. These patterns imply different opportunities for selection, as indicated by the variance components of normalized lifetime reproductive success, var(LRS). The changes in E(LRS), var(LRS), and mating patterns in response to different densities of predators and of potential mates are explored in detail. Decreasing predation risk or increasing mate availability tends to increase E(LRS), choosiness, and assortative mating. Var(LRS) and thus the opportunity for selection for mate quality is highest at intermediate densities of predators and of potential mates. When density remains constant throughout the mating season, choosiness increases late in the season, a time at which less of the potential E(LRS) is jeopardized by the greater predation risk associated with choosiness. Reproductive success of the low-quality group of the less choosy sex is particularly sensitive to changes in density and other parameters. When seasonal density patterns of predators and potential mates are predictable, these low-quality individuals should do better and may thus be more numerous when mate densities are high and predator densities are low, or when predator densities are high and mate densities are low, than for other combinations of relative densities.
Winter Wheat and Red Clover Intercrop Response to Tillage and Compost Amendment

Frost-seeding red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) into winter cereals is an effi cient establishment method, although performance under contrasting soil management practices remains unclear. Wheat and intercropped red clover productivity were evaluated in intensive tillage (IT), moderate tillage (MT), and no tillage (NT) with and without compost amendment in a corn (Zea mays L.)– soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ]–winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and red clover rotation between 2005 and 2010. Wheat yields were not affected by tillage system and averaged 3.80 Mg ha−1 but were 10% higher in compost amended soil compared to no compost. Red clover plant density and dry matter (DM) at cereal grain harvest averaged 127 plants m−2 and 32 g m−2 and were not affected by tillage or amendment treatments. Maximum wheat canopy light interception was attained in late May to early June and ranged from 84 to 91% and typically exceeded 77% light interception for at least 22 d. Red clover root DM increased on average 378% between wheat harvest and 40 d after harvest compared with a 64% average increase in red clover root length. Red clover shoot:root averaged 8.5 at wheat harvest compared with 11.2 40 d after wheat harvest. Producers using this wheat and red clover intercrop should expect no difference in wheat yield or red clover productivity when using IT, MT, or NT. B.C. Blaser, Dep. of Agricultural Sciences, Room 114G Agriculture and Natural Sciences Bldg. , West Texas AM J.W. Singer, USDA-ARS National Lab. for Agriculture and the Environment, 2110 University Blvd., Ames, IA 50010; L.R. Gibson, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., Johnston, IA 50131. Mention of trade names or commercial products is solely for the purpose of providing specifi c information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Received 16 May 2011. *Corresponding author (wondayen88@yahoo.com). Abbreviations: DM, dry matter; IPAR, intercepted photosynthetically active radiation; IT, intensive tillage; LAI, leaf area index; MT, moderate tillage; NT, no tillage; PAR, photosynthetically active radiation. Published in Crop Sci. 52:320–326 (2012). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2011.05. 0268 Published online 13 Oct. 2011. © Crop Science Society of America | 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Development of the Ciliary Pattern of the Oral Apparatus of Tetrahymena thermophila1

The sequence of formation and ciliation of basal bodies and the subsequent organization of compound ciliary structures of the oral apparatus of Tetrahymena thermophila was reanalyzed with the aid of scanning electron microscopy of cells in which the epiplasmic layer was exposed, as well as by light microscopy of protargol-impregnated specimens. This combination of methods allowed the delineation of numerous steps in the patterning of the oral ciliature, some of which have received little or no previous attention. Highlights include: the initial formation of “strings” of nonciliated new basal bodies in juxtaposition to relatively few basal bodies of the stomatogenic kinety; generation of basal body pairs, roughly oriented along the anteroposterior axis of the cell, that later align side-by-side to assemble promembranelles; condensation and reorientation of promembranelles simultaneous with addition of a third row of basal bodies anterior to the original two rows; production of a very short fourth row of basal bodies at the anterior right end of each developing membranelle; generation of the outer basal body row of the undulating membrane (UM) after alignment of the inner row, with transient ciliation of the inner row preceding permanent ciliation of the outer row; limited basal body resorption at the ends of membranelles; and sculpturing of the right ends of membranelles by a movement of basal bodies associated with formation of the ribbed wall adjacent to the UM. In the old anterior oral apparatus a repetition of the processes of generation of a new outer UM row and sculpturing of right ends of membranelles takes place in synchrony with the corresponding events in the oral primordium, following prior shedding of the old outer UM row and loss of the sculptured pattern in association with temporary regression of the ribbed wall micro-tubules. Oral development is complex, with different processes involved in the assembly of the membranelles and the UM, and with a sequence of distinct events involved in the generation of each of these structures. Speaking comparatively, membranelle development follows the same pathway in many, perhaps all, ciliates in which these structures or their homologues develop from a common stomatogenic field.
Causes for culling first calving cows on farms with different levels of production

It is general knowledge that management influences results in cattle production to the highest extent, and that the culling of cows is a very good indicator of the success of farm management. A comparison of results of culling for first calving cows on farms with various levels of production in 2011 established differences both for the number of culled animals and the reasons for culling. On farms with higher levels of production, the share of first calving cows in overall culling was 25.9% or 4.5% less than on farms with a lower level of production, i.e. 4.8% less died, and 0.7% first calving cows had to be slaughtered, while 5.6% more first calving cows were culled for economic reasons. At both levels of production, dominant reasons for culling were diseases of the legs and hoofs, which can be linked to the tie stall system (more pronounced on farms with higher production) and metabolic disorders (more dominant on farms with lower production). Reproduction was a more considerable problem on farms with higher milk production, while culling due to selection was more pronounced on farms with lower production. In early lactation of first calving cows, regardless of the level of production, dominant reasons for culling on farms are leg and hoof problems and metabolic disorders (total: 55% i.e. 55.9%). When reasons for culling of first calving cows after 100 days of lactation are investigated, on farms with high production the significance of diseases of legs and hoofs remains almost unchanged, but culling due to reproduction grows to 28%. On farms with lower production, culling due to leg and hoof diseases is considerably reduced after 100 days of lactation, however culling due to selection is tripled (62%).