Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pathogénicité des Escherichia coli producteurs de Shiga-toxines (STEC) des produits laitiers : diversité génétique et impact des globules gras du lait

La pathogenicite des souches d'Escherichia coli producteurs de Shiga-Toxines (STEC) dans les fromages est peu connue a ce jour et bien que la prevalence des STEC dans les matrices au lait cru soit elevee, le nombre de cas epidemiologiques lies a leur consommation reste rare. L'objectif de la these est d'apporter des elements de comprehension de cette pathogenicite en axant nos travaux sur (i) la caracterisation genetique de souches isolees de produits laitiers, (ii) l'etude de l‘inhibition de l'adhesion des EHEC grâce aux globules gras du lait et des fromages au lait cru. Les donnees de l'etude sur la diversite genetique par PFGE d'une Une collection de souches de STEC isolees de produits au lait cru presentent une grande diversite de profils de macrorestriction reveles par electrophorese en champ pulse (PFGE). L'analyse de leur profil de virulence par approche rt-qPCR a montre que, a l'exception de quelques genes (stx1/2 chez les STEC O26:H11 et les genes stx1, nleF et Z6065 chez les STEC O157:H7), ces souches isolees de produits laitiers possedent le patrimoine genetique propre a declencher les pathologies a EHEC. Des associations entre les globules gras et les EHEC ont ete mise en evidence par microscopie a epi fluorescence. Nos travaux ont egalement montre une inhibition de l‘adhesion de deux souches EHEC a des entherocytes en culture (modele in vitro). Enfin, des tests d‘adhesion des EHEC dans une matrice fromagere appauvrie ou non en globules gras, en modele souris ont ete realises. Les donnees ont montre que la presence de globules gras induit un retard d‘excretion des EHEC d‘un jour. Les globules gras induisent egalement une variation du site d‘implantation (de 6 cm) au niveau du colon. Nos travaux apportent des connaissances sur la pathogenicite des STEC issus de produits laitiers. Neanmoins, des etudes complementaires sont necessaires pour statuer sur la pathogenicite des STEC isoles de fromages au lait cru et apporter des reponses concretes aux industriels de cette filiere et aux instances decisionnelles pour l‘etablissement d‘une eventuelle reglementation.
Urinary analysis of oxidative DNA damage: Lessons from lesions

A role for oxidative DNA damage has been implicated in many diseases, including the major pathologies such cancer and heart disease. The assessment of damage in biological matrices, such as DNA, serum and urine, is vital to understanding this role and devising intervention strategies. Despite the numerous techniques to measure oxidative DNA damage products in urine, what these measurements truly represent seems unclear. Sources of urinary lesion may include the diet, cell death, and of most interest, DNA repair. Were it possible to exclude the two former contributions, a urinary assay for DNA repair would be invaluable in the study of DNA damage and disease. Significant work still needs to be performed to examine these three parameters and hence further elucidate the kinetics of lesion formation and clearance in vivo. Upon establishment of these details, urinary oxidative DNA damage measurements may become more than a reflection of generalised oxidative stress. Studies from our laboratory, and others, are making appreciable progress towards the interpretation of urinary lesion measurements and the development of urinary repair assays.
Comparison between bactofugation and microfiltration regarding efficiency of somatic cell and bacteria removal

Traditionally bactofugation is applied in cheese processing to reduce the levels of bacterial spores and to prevent late blowing of cheese by Clostridium tyrobutyricum. An alternative for removal of microorganisms is the use of microfiltration (MF). The efficiency of both methods to remove bacteria, bacterial spores and somatic cells has been investigated in various studies. It was demonstrated that MF is more effective than bactofugation. MF alone will reduce the total bacterial count by 99.3-99.99%, and remove 99.1-99.99% of the aerobic spores and 99.1-99.9% of the anaerobic spores. The reported efficiency of bactofugation is for total bacterial count 86.0-92.0%, for aerobic spore removal 94.1-97.7% and for anaerobic spore removal 97.4-98.7%. MF not only offers the dairy industry possibilities to improve yield and quality of cheese and many other dairy products but also to develop new products, for example, 'raw milk' cheese, extended shelf-life milk.
Comparative Analysis Of Real Time RT-PCR And Virus Isolation For Detection And Subtyping Of A(H1N1)Pdm09 Influenza Virus

A comparative study for the detection and identification of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses was carried-out on respiratory samples collected during the period 2009-2011 when influenza activity in central Greece was dominated by this virus subtype. We evaluated 1500 nasal and pharyngeal swabs for the presence of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza by virus culture in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells and by real-time RT-PCR assay (rt-RT-PCR). By cell culture, A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were isolated and identified by hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) in 387 samples (26%), while by rt-RT-PCR, A(H1N1)pdm09 RNA sequences were detected and identified in 510 samples (34%). There was found a 100% correlation of virus type and subtype, following testing by both methods. Using cell culture as the gold standard, rt-RT-PCR had a 100% sensitivity and detected an additional 123 (8%) A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in the samples evaluated. The rt-RT-PCR assay, for the detection and subtyping of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses during pandemic influenza activity in central Greece, provided a rapid, sensitive, and low-cost method for the screening and diagnosis of influenza in respiratory samples.
Physiological understanding of host-microbial pathogen interactions in the gut

: The gut epithelial barrier, which is composed of the mucosal layer and the intestinal epithelium, has multiple defense mechanisms and interconnected regulatory mechanisms against enteric microbial pathogens. However, many bacterial pathogens have highly evolved infectious stratagems that manipulate mucin production, epithelial cell–cell junctions, cell death, and cell turnover to promote their replication and pathogenicity in the gut epithelial barrier. In this review, we focus on current knowledge about how bacterial pathogens regulate mucin levels to circumvent the epithelial mucus barrier and target cell-cell junctions to invade deeper tissues and increase their colonization. We also describe how bacterial pathogens manipulate various modes of epithelial cell death to facilitate bacterial dissemination and virulence effects. Finally, we discuss recent investigating how bacterial pathogens regulate epithelial cell turnover and intestinal stem cell populations to modulate intestinal epithelium homeostasis.
A MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE TO HARE BROWSING

The palatability of the birch Betula pendula to the snowshoe hare Lepus timidus differed considerably depending on geographical origin and family. The seedlings of Betula platyphylla were more resistant than any tested seed lot of B. pendula. The preference of hares for birch seed lots and individual seedlings was strongly and negatively correlated with the number of resin droplets on the surface of the bark. There were no indications of a trade-off between growth and defense; on the contrary, the tallest seedlings were also the most resistant. Nor did our material provide any support for the hypothesis of a carbon-nutrient balance; we found no significant decrease in resistance after fertilization of seedlings. Deciduous woody plants of the Holarctic zone are heavily browsed by large
Diversity and population characteristics of woody species in subtropical humid forests exposed to cultural disturbances in Meghalaya, Nnortheast, India

The study was carried out to assess the impact of anthropogenic disturbances of mild intensity on diversity and phytosociological attributes of tree species in two subtropical forest stands, represented by Ialong and Raliang sacred groves in Jaintia hills of Meghalaya, northeast India. A total of 159 woody species (≥ 5 cm dbh) of 107 genera was identified in the two groves spreading over an area of 2 ha. The richness of woody species in 0.5 ha study plots increased from 80-82 in the protected stands to 92-93 in the disturbed stands of the two groves. In case of Ialong sacred grove, their density decreased from 1476 stems ha - 1 in the protected stand to 1340 stems ha - 1 in the disturbed stand whereas, in the Raliang sacred grove, it increased from 938 stems ha-1 in the protected stand to 1308 stems ha-1 in the disturbed stand. The basal area was higher in the undisturbed stands (57 to 71 m 2 ha - 1 ) than the disturbed stands (36 to 49 m 2 h - 1 ) in both the groves. Its distribution in different dbh classes resulted in a J-shaped curve in all but one stand. On the contrary, distribution of both species richness as well a their density in different dbh classes yielded a reverse J-shaped curve. Results revealed that the disturbance of mild intensity, to which these forests were exposed, enhanced species richness without altering tree population structure of the community.
The role of maternal triglycerides in the supply of lipids to the ovine fetus.

: Maternal and fetal blood samples were obtained for up to 20 min after the injection of an emulsion of 14C-labelled glycerol tripalmitate into the circulation of pregnant ewes. No evidence was obtained for the direct transfer of intact triglycerides across the placenta. Results obtained suggest that there was a very rapid uptake of the triglyceride from the maternal circulation followed by hydrolysis and release of free fatty acids back into the maternal circulation.
Human Sperm Competition

Sperm competition occurs when a female copulates with two or more males within a sufficiently brief time period, resulting in the sperm of the different males competing to fertilize ova. In this chapter, we present the evidence of sperm competition in humans. We review the literature indicating anatomical, psychological, and physiological adaptations to human sperm competition. These adaptations include traits that produce prudent sperm allocation, copulatory interest, forced in-pair copulation, sexual fantasy, female orgasm, and semen-displacing copulatory behavior. Given the evidence of apparently convergent adaptations to sperm competition in humans and nonhumans, we conclude that sperm competition has been a important selection pressure that shaped human nature. Keywords: sperm competition; humans; evolutionary psychology; comparative psychology
Blubber cortisol qualitatively reflects circulating cortisol concentrations in bottlenose dolphins

Stress hormones, released into circulation as a consequence of disturbance, are classically assayed from blood samples but may also be detected in a variety of matrices. Blubber and fecal samples can be remotely collected from free-ranging cetaceans without the confounding hormone elevations associated with chase, capture, and handling required to collect blood samples. The relationship between cortisol concentrations in circulation with that of blubber and feces, however, is unknown. To assess these associations, we elevated cortisol by orally administering hydrocortisone for five days in five bottlenose dolphins. Voluntary blood and fecal samples were collected daily; blubber biopsies were collected on day one, just prior to hydrocortisone administration, and days three and five of hydrocortisone administration. We evaluated subsequent changes in several circulating stress hormones as well as cortisol and glucocorticoid metabolites in blubber and feces, respectively. There was a significant association between cortisol levels in serum and in blubber (F1,12.7 = 14.3, P < 0.01, mR2 = 0.57) despite substantial variability in blubber cortisol levels. Counterintuitively, fecal cortisol metabolite levels were inversely related to serum cortisol. The relationship between serum and blubber cortisol levels suggests blubber samples from remote sampling may be useful to detect stress loads in this species.
Mechanisms for competitively reducing ruminal methanogenesis

Methane production is the principal end use of hydrogen gas derived by phosphoroclastic reactions or the release of protons from reducing equivalents by hydrogenases in the rumen. It should therefore be possible to reduce methanogenesis by (1) inhibiting H2 liberating reactions, (2) promoting alternative reactions which accept H+ during reoxidation of reducing equivalents, and (3) promoting alternative H2-using reactions. Strategies to reduce methanogenesis by these means are discussed. Particular attention is given to increasing synthesis of propionate and long chain fatty acids in the rumen, to acetogenesis, and to the actions of chemicals such as monensin and dietary fatty acids.
Multiple Structural Colors of the Plumage Reflect Age, Sex, and Territory Ownership in the Eurasian Magpie Pica pica

Abstract. The role of structural coloration, which is produced by the optical interactions among micro- and nanostructures in the feather barb or barbules, is still unclear in the context of sexual or social signaling, because the mechanism of color production is complex and the factors affecting it are not fully documented. We investigated whether structural colors represent class signals related to age, sex, and territory ownership in a social, sexually monochromatic species, the Eurasian Magpie Pica pica. We examined the reflectance spectra from white scapulars, bluish iridescent secondary and greenish iridescent tail plumage, as well as size of white scapular patch. Significant color differences between age classes were found in all measured plumage parts, with adults having plumage with higher color score, that is brighter, shorter wavelength-directed, and more saturated color, than young magpies. Color differences between males and females and between breeding adults (territorial owners) and non-breeding adults were only detected in the tail plumage. Size of white scapular patch did not differ between age and sex classes. Color differences among individuals belonging to different social classes may lessen agonistic confrontations. Sex differences in coloration may enable prompt sex recognition and thus facilitate pair formation. Higher tail color scores of adults, particularly males, support previous suggestions that the tail characteristics of avian species with relatively long tails represent a visual signal of the bearer's quality.
The Alaska Arctic Vegetation Archive (AVA-AK)

The Alaska Arctic Vegetation Archive (AVA-AK, GIVD-ID: NA-US-014) is a free, publically available database archive of vegetation-plot data from the Arctic tundra region of northern Alaska. The archive currently contains 24 datasets with 3,026 non-overlapping plots. Of these, 74% have geolocation data with 25-m or better precision. Species cover data and header data are stored in a Turboveg database. A standardized Pan Arctic Species List provides a consistent nomenclature for vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens in the archive. A web-based online Alaska Arctic Geoecological Atlas (AGA-AK) allows viewing and downloading the species data in a variety of formats, and provides access to a wide variety of ancillary data. We conducted a preliminary cluster analysis of the first 16 datasets (1,613 plots) to examine how the spectrum of derived clusters is related to the suite of datasets, habitat types, and environmental gradients. We present the contents of the archive, assess its strengths and weaknesses, and provide three supplementary files that include the data dictionary, a list of habitat types, an overview of the datasets, and details of the cluster analysis.
Characteristics of a Virus Isolated from Cutured Eel Showing Congestion of Central Venous Sinus in Gill Filaments

In June 1987, an epizootic characterized by congestion of central venous sinus in gill filaments occurred in cultured eel Anguilla japonica in Kochi Prefecture. In this study, virological investigation of the epizootic was carried out. Inocula prepared from the head including the gill and the whole fish, respectively showed cytopathic effect (CPE) in EK-1 and CHSE-214 cells at 18-30•Ž within 2-6 days after inoculation. Electron micrographs revealed hexagonal particles of an average 63 nm diameter. Replication of the virus was not inhibited by 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. The virus was resistant to pH 3, ether and chloroform and was stable at 56•Ž for 30 min, respectively. The virus was neutralized by antisera against eel virus European EVE (•†5 ND50) and yellowtail ascites virus YAV (•†51ND50). The virus replicated in EK-1, CHSE214, RTG-2, BF-2, FHM and EPC cell lines at 18•Ž. The virus replicated at temperatures between 15-30•Ž. The virus did not have lethal effect for eel (mean weight 5 and 130g) by injection, whereas congestion of central venous sinus in gill filaments was observed on the injected fish on the 7th day after injection. The virus could not be reisolated from all the injected fish. In view of the results, the virus is similar to birnavirus such as EVE and YAV. The relationship between the virus and the epizootics has to be investigated further. 1987年6月 に高知県土佐市の養鰻場において,鰓 弁 中心静脈洞の うっ血,腹 部の発赤な どを特徴 とす る疾 病が発生 した。 病魚の症状 は,原 因不明の いわゆ る鰓 弁充血症1)のそれ に類似 してい た。 そこで,著 者 らは本病魚 につ いて ウイルス学的検討 を行 った ところ,病 魚 の鰓 を含む頭部 か らビルナ ウイ ル スが分離 されたので,そ の ウイルスの性状 な らびに 病原性について報告 す る。 受 領 日:1988(S63)年9月26日 索 引 語:ウ ナ ギ/ウ イ ル ス の性 状/病 原 性 連 絡 先:〒783高 知 県 南 国 市 物 部 乙200高 知 大 学 農 学 部 楠 田理 一 Address:R.KUSUDA, Fish Disease Lab. , Fac. Agri. , Kochi Univ., Nankoku, Kochi 783
Clinical case report of oesophagostomiasis in captive Hamadryas Baboon ( Papio Hamadryas ) in Ethiopia

Oesophagostomum spp is a nodule causing nematode found in livestock and primate species in Sub-Saharan Africa. The L3 infectious larvae invade the colonic wall, forming nodules in which the larvae continue their development. It can be a serious zoonotic risk in some areas in Africa. Primates are natural hosts for the parasite and do in general not show any symptoms. We present here a clinical case of Oesophagostomiasis in a captive hamadryas baboon ( Papiohamadryas ) in Ethiopia who died of acute peritonitis as a result of the infection with the parasite. Post-mortem was performed and colon tissue analyzed by cytology. This case highlights the importance of Oesophagostomiasis in captive baboons that undergo stress full events and the need for adequate management. Keywords : PapioHamadryas , Oesophagostomiasis, Ethiopia
The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom

1. Introductory remarks 2. Convolvulacaea 2. Scrophulariaceae, Gesneriaceae, Labiatae, etc. 4. Cruciferae, Papaveraceae, Resedaceae, etc. 5. Geraniaceae, Leguminosae, Onagraceae, etc. 6. Solanaceae, Primulaceae, Polygoneae, etc. 7. Summary of the heights and weights of the crossed and self-fertilised plants 8. Difference between crossed and self-fertilised plants in constitutional vigour and in other respects 9. The effects of cross-fertilisation and self-fertilisation on the production of seeds 10. Means of fertilisation 11. The habits of insects in relation to the fertilisation of flowers 12. General results Index.
Reducing rumen methane emissions through elimination of rumen protozoa

Methanogens living on and within rumen ciliate protozoa may be responsible for up to 37% of the rumen methane emissions. In the absence of protozoa, rumen methane emissions are reduced by an average of 13% but this varies with diet. Decreased methane emissions from the protozoa-free rumen may be a consequence of: (1) reduced ruminal dry matter digestion; (2) a decreased methanogen population; (3) an altered pattern of volatile fatty acid production and hydrogen availability; or (4) increased partial pressure of oxygen in the rumen. The decline in methanogenesis associated with removal of protozoa is greatest on high concentrate diets and this is in keeping with protozoa being relatively more important sources of hydrogen on starch diets, because many starch-fermenting bacteria do not produce H2. Because protozoa also decrease the supply of protein available to the host animal, their elimination offers benefits in both decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and potentially increasing livestock production. Strategies for eliminating protozoa are reviewed. None of the available techniques is considered practical for commercial application and this should be addressed.
Male territoriality, female range use, and spatial organisation of capercaillie Tetrao urogallus leks

This paper compares spacing behaviour of male and female capercaillie Tetrao urogallus in the German Alps, to those reported from the boreal zone, and discusses their implications for models of lek evolution. Based on 23 males and 13 females radio-tracked during April-May 1988–1992, the size, arrangement, and overlap of home ranges of males, and home ranges, lek visitation, and location of nest sites of females are described in relation to habitat, lek location, and the birds' age. Independently of sex and age, capercaillie preferred old forest habitats. With the exception of juveniles and some subadults that used large home ranges and visited several leks, males occupied permanent but overlapping territories clumped within 1 km of lek centres. Territorial traits were most pronounced in the oldest, dominant males: they used the smallest territories closest to the lek centre, used the central parts of their territories exclusively and showed the strongest site tenacity; nevertheless they tolerated subordinates within their territories. Females stayed farther from leks than males, most visited several leks, and nested at random distances from leks. Independently of habitat, multi-lek females used larger home ranges than single-lek females. The great variation in female home range size did not agree with Bradbury's hotspot and female-preference hypotheses, indicating that female home range size may be unsuitable in revealing clues about lek evolution in capercaillie.
Habitat modification as a means of restoring crested auklet colonies

Seabirds that forage in dense groups can be especially vulnerable to anthropogenic threats at sea. To mitigate these threats to populations, nesting habitat restoration may be a viable option by reducing negative density dependence. Accordingly, we undertook a before-after control-impact (BACI) experiment to test whether habitat modification could be an effective means of restoring nesting habitat of crested auklets (Aethia cristatella) breeding on Gareloi Island, Alaska, USA. Despite supporting large numbers of crevice-nesting auklets, many lava flows at Gareloi Island are in a stage of late vegetative succession that may prevent birds from accessing subterranean nesting habitat. We hypothesized that crested auklet density is highest in unvegetated blocky and porous lava, and predicted that removing vegetation from the surface would allow new recruits to secure previously unavailable nesting sites. In 2009 and 2010, we delineated 34 200-m2 plots throughout the southeast colony at Gareloi, and color marked a subset of crested auklets landing in each plot to measure movement and abundance. We removed vegetative overgrowth and peat from half of each plot at the end of the 2009 (4 plots) and 2010 (30 plots) breeding seasons. Before and after vegetation removal, we counted the number of active nesting sites and calculated the ratio of banded to un-banded breeders on the surface of each plot half. Overall, active nesting sites, number of individuals on the surface, and number of breeders landing did not increase after vegetation removal. However, among banded individuals that moved among plot halves, birds were 1.7 times more likely to move to a de-vegetated plot half. Based on our experimental results, we found no evidence that vegetation removal increased crested auklet numbers at Gareloi Island, and thus in the short term this may not be a viable option for increasing crested auklet abundance. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.