Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
360 Deg. Overview of Fog Computing

: Fog Computing (introduced in 2012) is now considered to be the most prioritized choice for applications of Internet of Things. Fog Computing allows to move a part of the processing in the cloud to the network devices present along the node to the cloud. It makes communications and storage services in proximity to the end user. It is used to well support time dependent, location dependent, massive scale, and latency sensitive applications. Fog computing makes the task laid-back for cloud by filtering the needless data before forwarding the data to the cloud. This paper is assembled into two parts. The first part covers the basic outline and architecture of fog. The second part talks about the working of Fog Computing and its benefits and limitations.
Vad innebär rehabilitering och sjuksköterskans omvårdnad för patienter vid stroke?

Previous research and literature related to nursing roll in stroke rehabilitation stresses that the nurses have a central roll in the rehabilitation process. This central roll implies that the nurse throw education, guidance and emotional support can facilitate that the patients recognise their ability to perform self-care activities. The aim of this interview study was to explore what rehabilitation and nursing care implies for patients with stroke. Data was obtained from eleven patients at two stroke rehabilitation wards, analyzed with content analyze. The result shows that the patients experienced a possibility for an independent life, and nurse's mode of care as diffuse. They asked for more of personal dialog with the nurse. It is important that nurses change their manner, becomes more distinctive in their mode of care if nurses rehabilitative function are going to be fulfilled.
Timely Outpatient Follow-up Is Associated with Fewer Hospital Readmissions among Patients with Behavioral Health Conditions

Background: Hospital readmissions contribute to high health care costs and are an indicator of poor performance. Reducing readmissions through reconnecting patients to primary care after hospitalization is a solution that is particularly relevant to complex patients with behavioral health conditions. We therefore aimed to examine the rate of follow-up visits among patients with behavioral health conditions and to assess the impact of this visit on the subsequent rate of readmission. Methods: In this retrospective, observational study, we analyzed data from low-income uninsured adults with behavioral health conditions (n = 1905) enrolled in a health care coverage program implemented by a California County from 2012 to 2013. We used administrative encounter and eligibility data and 2 logistic regression models to predict the (1) likelihood of a timely follow-up outpatient visit and (2) likelihood of a readmission given a timely outpatient visit. Our outcomes were to calculate the marginal effects of an outpatient visit within 15 days and a readmission within 30 days of the index admission. Results: The 15-day follow-up visit rate was 42% and readmission rate was 13%. Higher severity of illness (2.5%; P = .004; 95% CI, 0.01–0.04) and prior visits to providers (5.8%; P = .000; 95% CI, 0.04–0.08) increased the probability of a follow-up visit within 15 days. Follow-up visits (−2.5%; P = .021; 95% CI, −0.05-0.00) and a shorter index admission (0.5%; P = .039; 95% CI, 0.00–0.01) also reduced the risk of 30-day readmissions. Conclusion: The findings provide evidence that timely linking of behavioral health patients to outpatient care after hospitalization is an effective care transition strategy, as it is likely to reduce readmission rates.
Improving Nitrogen Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Subsurface Drip‐Irrigated Cotton in the Desert Southwest

Declining water availability in the American Southwest continues to generate interest in efficient subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production. Fertigating urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) at low rates with high frequency is an important advantage of SDI. However, N fertilizer management guidelines, specific to SDI cotton are lacking. A 3-yr study was conducted on a Casa Grande sandy loam soil in Maricopa, AZ, USA to test a pre-plant soil profile NO3 test algorithm and a canopy reflectance approach to manage in-season N fertilizer for SDI cotton. Treatments included soil test-based N management, reflectance-based N management, and zero-N at 100 % ET irrigation replacement. A second irrigation level of 70 % ET replacement included just the soil test-based N and zero-N treatments. The five treatments were replicated three times. Soil test-based N treatments received from 172 to 224 kg N ha-1, and reflectance-based N amounts were 112 to 158 kg N ha-1. Nitrogen recovery efficiency (RE) of UAN-N was high with 24 fertigations during 6 wk between first square and mid bloom, ranging from 58 to 93 %. The isotope dilution method estimated similar RE in 2017. Residual post-harvest soil NO3-N was notable only with 70 % irrigation. Lint and seed yields were significantly reduced with the 70 % irrigation treatment compared to 100 % irrigation. The key result of this study is that reflectance-based N management saved 17 to 112 kg N ha-1 without reducing lint yields, compared to the soil test-based N treatment.
Chlorate as a Potential Oxidant on Mars: Rates and Products of Dissolved Fe(II) Oxidation

Oxychlorine species are globally widespread across the Martian surface. Despite their ubiquitous presence, the ability of oxychlorine species to serve as oxidants on Mars has largely been unexplored. While perchlorate is kinetically inert, chlorate may be a critical Fe(II) oxidant on Mars. However, the timescale over which chlorate may oxidize Fe(II) and the mineral products formed in Mars‐relevant fluids are unclear. Fe(II) oxidation by chlorate was thus investigated in magnesium chloride, sulfate, and perchlorate fluids under neutral to acidic conditions for different total Fe(II) and background salt concentrations. The results show near‐complete Fe(II) oxidation within approximately 2 to 4 weeks, accompanied by formation of the Fe(III) minerals goethite, lepidocrocite, akaganeite, and jarosite. The Fe(II) oxidation rate and the mineral products depend on Fe(II) concentration, the composition and concentration of the background salt, and the acidity of the solution. Calibration of an existing rate law to lower temperatures well reproduces the observed oxidation kinetics in all fluid compositions and allows prediction of the rate of Fe(II) oxidation by chlorate under diverse Mars‐relevant conditions. Rate comparisons demonstrates that chlorate can oxidize Fe(II) substantially faster than O2 and on similar or shorter timescales than ultraviolet light. Notably, chlorate causes rapid oxidation under acidic conditions, unlike other oxidants. Chlorate may thus represent an important abiotic Fe(II) oxidant on Mars. The expected coassociation of chlorate with perchlorate may allow for its percolation into the subsurface during brine migration, leading to oxidation in regions that are cutoff from ultraviolet radiation and atmospherically derived oxidants.
Advances in entomological laser radar

During the past decade, the authors have developed and applied optical remote sensing instrumentation for in situ remote surveillance and quantification of the aerofauna. The sparse structure of aerofauna makes optical focusing challenging, but the authors solved this issue through applying the century old Scheimpflug condition. With this approach, the authors have managed to reduce size, cost and complexity of atmospheric lidars and accomplished an effective tool for ecological entomology capable of counting thousands of insects per hour. Due to the high sensitivity and resolution in time and space, the authors can retrieve target modulation signatures in the kHz range for target classification purposes. As opposed to the cm waves in entomological radar, the authors rely on near infrared (IR) light ∼1 μm. This allows superior beam quality, negligible ground clutter and applications close over ground or within vegetation structure. Near IR light can assess both molecular and microstructural properties of the target through differential absorption and depolarisation. Here the authors give the background of entomological lidar, summarise the authors’ recent progress and put it in context with contemporary work. The authors outline applications, ongoing activities and state of the art. The authors discuss future prospects and challenges.
Comparisons of Ocean Radiative Transfer Models With SMAP and AMSR2 Observations

18 The sea surface temperature (SST), ocean wind speed (OWS) and sea surface salin19 ity (SSS) are fundamental variables for understanding, monitoring and predicting the 20 state of the ocean and atmosphere. The analysis of these ocean parameters from pas21 sive microwave satellite measurements requires a Radiative Transfer Model (RTM). In 22 this study, we compare three ocean RTMs from 1.4 to 89 GHz. A dataset of satellite ob23 servations from SMAP and AMSR2 collocated with surface and atmospheric parame24 ters from ECMWF ERA-Interim and Mercator reanalysis has been developed. The se25 lected ocean RTMs are: LOCEAN a physical model with parameters adjusted to L-band 26 measurements, FASTEM (FAST microwave Emissivity Model) a fast parameterized model, 27 and RSS (Remote Sensing Systems) an empirical model fitting satellite observations. Global 28 systematic errors between simulations and observations tend to increase with frequency, 29 and are generally higher at horizontal than at vertical polarizations. Then, the analy30 sis focuses on the accuracy of the RTMs as a function of the key ocean variables, SST, 31 SSS, and OWS. Major discrepancies are found at frequencies above 1.4 GHz, for OWS 32 higher than 7 m/s, with the LOCEAN and the FASTEM models, with differences strongly 33 increasing with increasing OWS. Cold SSTs are identified as a source of disagreement 34 between the simulations and the observations, regardless of the model. This is a criti35 cal issue, especially at 6 GHz which is the key channel for the SST analysis from satel36 lite. The present study is the first step toward the development of a new physically-based 37 community model. 38 Plain Language Summary 39 The sea surface temperature, ocean wind speed, and sea surface salinity are fun40 damental variables for understanding, monitoring and predicting the state of the ocean 41 and atmosphere. The analysis of these ocean parameters from passive microwave satel42 lite measurements requires a radiative transfer model. In this study, we compare three 43 different ocean radiative transfer models from 1.4 to 89 GHz. The analysis focuses on 44 the accuracy of the radiative transfer models as a function of the key ocean variables. 45 Major discrepancies with the observations are found at frequencies above 1.4 GHz, for 46 wind speeds higher than 7 m/s, for two of the three models. Cold sea surface temper47 atures are also identified as a source of disagreement between the simulations and the 48 observations, regardless of the model. The present study is the first step toward the de49 velopment of a new physically-based community sea surface emissivity model. 50
Export Flux, Biogeochemical Effects, and the Fate of a Terrestrial Carbonate System: From Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary to the East China Sea

Seasonal variations in the transports of total alkalinity (TAlk) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the Lower Changjiang (Yangtze) River/Estuary to the East China Sea were investigated based on a series of field surveys in 2015–2017, including monthly samplings at Datong Station and seasonal mapping cruises in the Changjiang Estuary and the adjacent northwestern East China Sea. In comparison with historical data sets, the Changjiang TAlk flux varied around a nearly stable average over the past 55 years. This is much different from some American rivers, where TAlk export fluxes increased for a century long. To assess effects of riverine carbonate inputs on coastal carbonate chemistry, we compared several cases showing freshwater‐dilution‐induced decline in coastal aragonite saturation state (Ωarag), including rainwater dilution and riverine water dilution. Without riverine carbonate inputs, the effect of a unit of salinity decrease (due to rainwater dilution) on Ωarag was expected to be counteracted by a DIC removal of 10 μmol/kg relative to the baseline value along relevant conservative mixing line, when coastal Ωarag was close to a critical value of 1.5. Considering terrestrial carbonate inputs from Changjiang, however, the freshwater‐dilution‐induced coastal Ωarag suppression decreased by 12%. Our data also showed that more than 10% of wet‐season DIC flux discharged from the Changjiang Estuary was sequestered by biological activities in nearshore areas, while the TAlk flux was rarely affected. This biological alteration effectively transformed the terrestrial carbonate system from a feature of DIC:TAlk >1.0 to the usual seawater feature of DIC:TAlk <0.9.
On the measurement of seismic traveltime changes in the time–frequency domain with wavelet cross-spectrum analysis

The spatial distribution of temporal variations in seismic wavespeed is key to understanding the sources and physical mechanisms of various geophysical processes. The imaging of wavespeed changes requires accurate measurements of traveltime delays with both high lapse-time and frequency resolutions. However, traditional methods for time-shift estimation suffer from their limited resolutions. In this paper we propose a new approach, the wavelet method, to measure the traveltime changes in the time–frequency domain. This method is based on wavelet cross-spectrum analysis, and can provide optimal time–frequency joint resolution while being computationally efficient. It can deal not only with coda but also dispersive surface waves even in the presence of cycle skipping. Using synthetic coda, we show that the wavelet method can retrieve traveltime shifts more stably and accurately than traditional methods. An application at Salton Sea Geothermal Field indicates that the wavelet method is less affected by spectral smearing and better discriminates dv/v variations at different frequencies. Furthermore, upon investigations on synthetic coda, we illustrate that the bias on dv/v measurements due to changes in source frequency content is likely to be negligible, either with traditional methods or with the new wavelet method. The wavelet method sheds lights on applications of seismic interferometry that aim to locate changes in space.
Direct Online Mass Spectrometry Measurements of Ice Nucleating Particles at a California Coastal Site

The formation of ice in clouds can strongly impact cloud properties and precipitation processes during storms, including atmospheric rivers. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles are relatively inefficient as ice nucleating particles (INPs) compared to mineral dust. However, due to the vast coverage of the Earth's surface by the oceans, a number of recent studies have focused on identifying sources of marine INPs, particularly in regions lacking a strong influence from dust. This study describes the integration, validation, and application of a system coupling a continuous flow diffusion chamber with a single particle mass spectrometer using a pumped counterflow virtual impactor to remove nonnucleated particles and selectively measure the composition of INPs with a detection efficiency of 3.10 × 10−4. In situ measurements of immersion freezing INP composition were made at a coastal site in California using the integrated system. Mineral dust particles were the most abundant ice crystal residual type during the sampling period and found to be ice active despite having undergone atmospheric processing. SSA were more abundant in ambient measurements but represented only a minor fraction of the ice crystal residual population at −31 °C. Notably, the SSA particles that activated were enriched with organic nitrogen species that were likely transferred from the ocean. Calculations of ice nucleation active site densities were within good agreement with previous studies of mineral dust and SSA.
Primary School Students’ Conceptions of Precipitation

ABSTACT. In recent years, various researchers have stated the importance of investigating students’ ideas about everyday and school concept. In this study, the conceptions of precipitation among the fifth grade elementary school students were investigated. Precipitation is widely known as the discharge of water, in different forms, out of the atmosphere upon a land and it is considered one of the complex concepts. The participants of the study were 300 5 grade students chosen from five different elementary schools in Bursa. The data were collected via a questionnaire consisted of 14 questions. Most of the questions were three chose (yes/no/I don’t know) questions, but there was also 3 open-ended questions. The questions included in the questionnaire are divided into three main categories. These read as general questions about precipitation concept, the questions about formation of precipitation and the questions about seasonal and regional distribution of the precipitation.
Using satellite radar interferometry to delineate burn area and detect sediment accumulation, 2018 Montecito disaster, California

The Thomas Fire burned slopes above Montecito, California in December 2017, setting the stage for debris flows and flash floods in response to precipitation that exceeded a threshold intensity and duration. A narrow cold frontal rainband storm occurred on January 9, 2018, that exceeded the threshold and caused a disaster in Montecito, killing 23 people, injuring many others, destroying residential buildings, and community infrastructure. The Geotechnical Extreme Event Reconnaissance (GEER) Association mobilized a team to document the damage and geomorphic effects. The potential value of the European Space Agency Copernicus Sentinel Synthetic Aperture Radar Satellite to detect and quantify erosion and deposition was recognized and an environmental scientist skilled with satellite radar interferometry therefore accompanied the GEER team. The Sentinel satellite data were obtained from satellite passes in late November, late December, and late January, which permitted constructions of interferograms that showed the effect of the fire before the January 9 storm and the effects of the storm. The interferometric results display an exact boundary compared to the burn perimeter determined by fire response teams. An interferometric change model constructed using post-fire pre-storm and post-storm Sentinel synthetic aperture radar scenes shows areas interpreted to be possible deposition and erosion. The immediate post-disaster search, rescue, and recovery activities resulted in substantial sediment removal from deposition areas which could not be captured by the available radar coverage.
Do patients want to participate in medical decision-making? : a critical review of the literature

DO PATIENTS WANT TO PARTICIPATE IN MEDICAL DECISION-MAKING? A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. Elin E. Lisska and Liana Fraenkel. Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Previous studies have shown that patients’ desire to participate in medical decision¬ making varies enormously and that many patients do not want to participate. Most studies have defined desire to participate in decision-making without differentiating between problem solving tasks requiring medical knowledge and decision-making tasks. The objective of this study was to compile and summarize all data on this topic over the last 25 years and to determine whether patients want to participate. We hypothesized that: 1) the percentage of patients wanting to participate is increased in studies which differentiate between problem-solving and decision-making tasks and 2) most patients are unable to achieve their desired level of participation in clinical encounters. We compiled the results of 75 studies examining patients’ desire to participate, chosen by a systematic approach. We calculated median desire to participate and summarized patients’ and physicians’ views on patient participation. We independently analyzed studies that separated problem-solving tasks requiring medical knowledge from patient decision-making. We compared congruence between patients’ preferred level of participation and patients’ actual level of participation in a clinical decision. The largest proportion (median: 41%) of patients preferred to share decision-making responsibility with their physicians. Twenty-three percent of patients preferred to make their own decisions, while 32% preferred their doctors to make decisions. Twenty-one percent preferred a passive role when problem-solving tasks were eliminated from decisions, as compared to 32% of patients in studies not separating problem-solving tasks (p< 0.001). Less than 50% of patients achieve their desired level of participation in a clinical decision-making encounter; reasons for this discrepancy have not been well studied. The majority of patients wish to be involved in decision-making, especially when they are adequately informed, but desired level of participation varies. Our findings indicate that further work is needed to develop processes to promote shared decision-making in clinical practice.
WATER QUALITY EVALUATION FOR SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION of CROPS GROWN IN SHARKIA GOVERNORATE, EGYPT

Water scarcity may become a real challenge in Egypt in the near future. Samples of irrigation and drainage water were taken monthly from Belbais, El-Qalubia main drains, and ElIsmailia canal to assess water quality and suitability for irrigation purposes. Salinity of water ranged between 0.33 and 2.45 dsm and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) ranged between 3.6 to 15.94. Ranges of heavy metals in mgl were 1.02-6.9 for Fe, 0.05-0.49 for Mn, 0.15-1.1 for Zn, 0.005-0.2 for Cu, 0.004-0.8 for Co, 0.03-0.24 for Ni, 0.001-0.7 for Cd, 0.14-0.84 for B, 0.41-5.7 for Pb, and 0.83-9.2 for NO3, with cases of possible high contents of heavy metals in El-Manzala lake. According to USDA (1954), water class of Belbais and El-Qalubia main drains, and El-Ismailia canal is C3S1 (high salinity, low sodicity). According to Gupta (1984) water class is C3S3 (high salinity, high sodicity). For trace elements and heavy metals based on the recommended maxima of the US committee on water quality, there is no hazard for Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, or Ni, but Cd content exceeded the permissible limits of 0.01 to 0.05 mgl. Manganese exceeded the limit for continuous use in water of Belbais and El-Qalubia main drains; cobalt exceeded the limit in continuous use, but may be used for only 20 years in heavy soils. Other assessments including SAR/ SCAR were also carried out.
Review Modeling of Solid Waste Transportation Routes Using Geographical Information System (GIS)

Waste transportation is a part of complex waste management. Waste transportation will be influenced by the growth of waste. To simplify the implementation of garbage transportation, a waste transportation model is needed. Various wastes transportation models have been developed to explain the process of transporting garbage. The garbage transport model is basically designed to simplify the transportation system so that the behavior of several components in the system can be known. One of the models that can be used in the garbage transportation system is GIS. GIS is a spatial and computerized waste-based modeling, so in era 4.0 this modeling of waste transportation using GIS was needed. This paper aims to discuss the modeling of waste transportation using GIS has been carried out in various regions. The discussion of the paper discusses the use of GIS in waste transportation, a factor that influences GIS in waste transportation.