Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction to generalized type systems

Abstract Programming languages often come with type systems. Some of these are simple, others are sophisticated. As a stylistic representation of types in programming languages several versions of typed lambda calculus are studied. During the last 20 years many of these systems have appeared, so there is some need of classification. Working towards a taxonomy, Barendregt (1991) gives a fine-structure of the theory of constructions (Coquand and Huet 1988) in the form of a canonical cube of eight type systems ordered by inclusion. Berardi (1988) and Terlouw (1988) have independently generalized the method of constructing systems in the λ-cube. Moreover, Berardi (1988, 1990) showed that the generalized type systems are flexible enough to describe many logical systems. In that way the well-known propositions-as-types interpretation obtains a nice canonical form.
O-Plan: Demonstration Guide

grant number gr/f36545 { uk Information Engineering Directorate project number ied 4/1/1320) funded a collaborative project with icl, Imperial College and other partners in which the O-Plan architecture was used to guide the design and development of a planner with a exible temporal logic representation of the plan state. A number of other research and development contracts placed with aiai have led to research progress on the O-Plan prototype. O-Plan is a valuable asset of the Artiicial Intelligence Applications Institute and must not be used without the prior permission of a rights holder. Please contact aiai for more information.
Human First‐Trimester Fetal MSC Express Pluripotency Markers and Grow Faster and Have Longer Telomeres Than Adult MSC

The biological properties of stem cells are key to the success of cell therapy, for which MSC are promising candidates. Although most therapeutic applications to date have used adult bone marrow MSC, increasing evidence suggests that MSC from neonatal and mid‐gestational fetal tissues are more plastic and grow faster. Fetal stem cells have been isolated earlier in development, from first‐trimester blood and hemopoietic organs, raising the question of whether they are biologically closer to embryonic stem cells and thus have advantages over adult bone marrow MSC. In this study, we show that human first‐trimester fetal blood, liver, and bone marrow MSC but not adult MSC express the pluripotency stem cell markers Oct‐4, Nanog, Rex‐1, SSEA‐3, SSEA‐4, Tra‐1‐60, and Tra‐1‐81. In addition, fetal MSC, irrespective of source, had longer telomeres (p < .001), had greater telomerase activity (p < .01), and expressed more human telomerase reverse transcriptase (p < .01). Fetal MSC were also more readily expandable and senesced later in culture than their adult counterparts (p < .01). Compared with adult MSC, first‐trimester fetal tissues constitute a source of MSC with characteristics that appear advantageous for cell therapy.
Phase II study of combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) in patients with advanced anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC).

5580 Background: CA4P is the first tubulin-binding vascular disrupting agent tested in the clinic. Phase I studies were devoid of significant myelosuppression, DLT included cardiovascular side effects, and there was demonstrable activity in ATC (Cancer Res 2002; 62:3408; Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:96). METHODS Patients with metastatic ATC, good performance status, normal ECG and cardiac function, and no prior therapy for disseminated disease were eligible for study. CA4P at a dose of 45 mg/m2 was administered as 10-minute IV infusion on days 1, 8 and 15 every 28 days (1 cycle) until progression of disease. RESULTS A total of 18 patients (pts) (11M/7F), median age 62 (range 40-71 yrs), received a total of 55.67 cycles of treatment. Therapy was well tolerated with mild to moderate nausea, vomiting, headache, and tumor pain (3 pts with grade 3) all of which essentially resolved within first 24 hrs. There was no clinically meaningful myelosuppression or cardiac toxicity. No objective responses were seen; 6 pts with stable disease and 12 pts progressed. Median progression free survival (PFS) was 7.4 wks (range 2-84+ wks); with 28% of pts progression free > 3.0 mos. (12.0+, 14.3, 15.3, 25.6 and 84.0+ wks). Pts without bulky disease tended to do better. Fourteen pts have died; 4 are alive; and 2 are alive and on-study at 12.0+ and 84.0+ wks. Median survival is on the order of approximately 20 wks. CONCLUSIONS Approximately a quarter of patients treated with single-agent CA4P experience greater than 3 mos. freedom from progression. Combined modality strategies with CA4P and either chemotherapy and other targeted agents or with radiation are warranted. [Supported in part by a clinical grant from OXiGENE, Inc., Waltham, MA and NIH grant nos. M01 RR-00080]. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Theoretical hierarchy of adaptive ego mechanisms: a 30-year follow-up of 30 men selected for psychological health.

The ego mechanisms of defense (both "coping" and "defensive") were observed in the life-styles of 30 men over a 25-year period of prospective follow-up. The results suggest that most ego mechanisms of defense, although first described in pathologically abnormal populations, can be observed in an adult population specially selected for "health. " For some individuals a fixed constellation of defensive styles persisted for decades. For others, choice of ego mechanism appeared to evolve parallel to a maturing life adaptation. Because of prolonged follow-up it was possible to define with some assurance the relative success of occupational, marital, and medical adaptation. Theoretically mature choices of ego mechanisms appeared clinically correlated with the more successful life adjustments.
Structure and Coloring of Graphs with Only Small Odd Cycles

In this paper we investigate the role that odd cycles play in graph structure and in graph coloring. We focus on graphs with only small odd cycles and examine how the absence of large odd cycles affects graph structure. For a number of classes of such graphs, we provide full structural characterizations. Based on this structural analysis, we develop efficient and optimal graph coloring algorithms. For example, for graphs whose only odd cycles are 3-cycles and 5-cycles, we show how to color them optimally using 3, 4, 5, or 6 colors in $O(E)$ time.
Hypermethylated APC DNA in plasma and prognosis of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) locus on chromosome 5q21-22 shows frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in esophageal carcinomas. However, the prevalence of truncating mutations in the APC gene in esophageal carcinomas is low. Because hypermethylation of promoter regions is known to affect several other tumor suppressor genes, we investigated whether the APC promoter region is hypermethylated in esophageal cancer patients and whether this abnormality could serve as a prognostic plasma biomarker. METHODS We assayed DNA from tumor tissue and matched plasma from esophageal cancer patients for hypermethylation of the promoter region of the APC gene. We used the maximal chi-square statistic to identify a discriminatory cutoff value for hypermethylated APC DNA levels in plasma and used bootstrap-like simulations to determine the P: value to test for the strength of this association. This cutoff value was used to generate Kaplan-Meier survival curves. All P values were based on two-sided tests. RESULTS Hypermethylation of the promoter region of the APC gene occurred in abnormal esophageal tissue in 48 (92%) of 52 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma, in 16 (50%) of 32 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and in 17 (39.5%) of 43 patients with Barrett's metaplasia but not in matching normal esophageal tissues. Hypermethylated APC DNA was observed in the plasma of 13 (25%) of 52 adenocarcinoma patients and in two (6.3%) of 32 squamous carcinoma patients. High plasma levels of methylated APC DNA were statistically significantly associated with reduced patient survival (P =.016). CONCLUSION The APC promoter region was hypermethylated in tumors of the majority of patients with primary esophageal adenocarcinomas. Levels of hypermethylated APC gene DNA in the plasma may be a useful biomarker of biologically aggressive disease in esophageal adenocarcinoma patients and should be evaluated as a potential biomarker in additional tumor types.
Nonenzymatic Glycation of Platelet Proteins in Diabetic Patients

Atherosclerosis and associated thromboembolic dis­ orders are prevalent in diabetes mellitus. 1 These major complications are thought to be related, in part, to enhanced platelet function. The increased sensitivity of platelets from poorly controlled diabetics to aggregating agents and the increased binding of fibrinogen to acti­ vated platelets from diabetic patients have been corre­ lated with thromboxane A 2 formation and blood glucose levels. 2,3 In this report, we investigated the nonenzyma-tion glycation of platelet proteins from diabetic platelets.
Knowledge on Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra with emphasis on its importance as a non-timber forest product in South and southern Africa: A Summary

Synopsis Sclerocarya birrea (marula) forms an integral part of the diet, tradition and culture of rural communities in southern Africa and also is central to various commercial initiatives. This second part of a review on the species provides an overview of current commercial activities, the policy framework within which commercialisation occurs, and future prospects with regard to domestication. Much work has been conducted over the years on the properties of S. birrea fruit, juice, nuts and oil. Despite this research there has been little commercialisation. Two main commercial enterprises trade marula products in South Africa: one, a large corporation, and the other, a rural development project. In Namibia, marula commercialisation is undertaken through a collaborative project between primary producers, a cooperative, contract processors and a local NGO. Commercialisation is influenced by a wide set of customary and government laws which regulate marula use in southern Africa, comprising different tenure systems, access rights, and levels of protection. Strong customary rules can be linked to the long history ofmarula use in the region, with clear evidence of early domestication and the selection of desirable traits by local people. Such knowledge has been applied in the development ofmarula domestication strategies, both by private plant breeders in Israel and southern Africa, and by the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), which works with small-scale farmers to develop agroforestry options. A number of issues are raised by the domestication of marula which relate to intellectual property and benefitsharing. They include the compensation of small-scale farmers and original holders of local knowledge for the commercial use of such knowledge; the impact ofPlant Breeder's Rights on communities using marula; and the possibility of domestication shifting benefits from poorer groups of farmers to richer ones. Current and future commercialisation strategies clearly need to take these factors into account, and to balance associated costs and benefits.
Usefulness of CT and MR imaging in the diagnosis of acute Wernicke's encephalopathy.

OBJECTIVE In this study, we analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of CT and MR imaging in the diagnosis of acute Wernicke's's encephalopathy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Three groups of subjects were studied: 15 patients with acute Wernicke's encephalopathy; 15 asymptomatic alcoholics; and 15 control subjects. Studies included clinical and laboratory examinations as well as CT and MR imaging of the brain. RESULTS On CT scans, two patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy (13%) and no asymptomatic alcoholics showed low-density abnormalities in the paraventricular regions of the thalamus (p = .2414). On MR imaging, increased T2 signal of paraventricular regions of the thalamus was observed in seven patients (46%) with Wernicke's encephalopathy and one asymptomatic alcoholic (6%) (p < .01), and increased T2 signal of periaqueductal regions of the midbrain in six patients (40%) with Wernicke's encephalopathy and one asymptomatic alcoholic (6%) (p < .05). However, no significant differences were observed in the prevalence of mamillary body shrinkage between alcoholics with Wernicke's encephalopathy (six [40%]) and asymptomatic chronic alcoholics (four [27%]). The sensitivity of MR imaging in revealing evidence of this disease was 53% and the specificity, 93%. CONCLUSION MR imaging is useful in confirming the diagnosis of acute Wernicke's encephalopathy. However, the absence of abnormalities on MR imaging does not exclude this diagnosis. CT proved not useful in the diagnosis of Wernicke's encephalopathy.
Raising the Cohesion and Vitality of Online Communities by Reducing Privacy Concerns

ABSTRACT How can the cohesion and vitality of an online community be improved through online privacy management and security policy advocacy? This has long been a goal of service providers and online group managers. However, previous studies have rarely explored the subject of group privacy concerns and their effect on group impression management. This study focuses on how to improve the cohesion and vitality of online communities by reducing group privacy concerns, based on promotive and protective group impression management methods. Two studies were carried out in this research: Study 1 explores the impact of group impression management on the cognition of group member privacy concerns, by means of survey research. Study 2 explores how group impression management affects group privacy behavior, by means of experimental research. The research reveals that group impression management can effectively improve group trust, reduce group privacy concerns, and enhance group cohesion and vitality. It also finds that promotive group impression management is better than protective group impression management at positively improving group trust and reducing group privacy concerns. These results can be used by the operators of online communities to reduce the privacy concerns of group members and to increase their involvement in online activities.
Multi-Edged Wide-Band Rectangular Microstrip Fractal Antenna Array for C- and X-Band Wireless Applications

A low-cost multi-edged rectangular microstrip fractal antenna (RMFA) yielding a huge bandwidth of 8.62GHz has been proposed in this paper. The proposed fractal antenna design constitutes a radiation patch, fed with 50Ω microstrip line and a partial ground plane. The partial ground plane is the combination of shapes of rectangle and three-point arc. The proposed antenna is simulated as well as fabricated. The simulated results using electromagnetic solver software and measured with vector network analyzer bench MS46322A are presented and compared. The various parameters such as return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), antenna impedance, gain, directivity, group delay and phase of S21, radiation efficiency and patterns are presented here. The depth of return loss is improved for a wide range of frequencies. The proposed fractal antenna is further extended to linear array to improve the gain and impedance bandwidth. The simulated and measured results prove the superiority of the proposed antenna.
MOTORIČKE KARAKTERISTIKE, DERMATOGLIFIKA I EGG PERIODI DJEVOJAKA PRIJE I POSLIJE MENAHRE

Identifikacija prve menstruacije u pubertetu važna je za procjenu motornih kvalitete organizma pošto je razvoj organizma rezultat njegovog sazrijevanja. Dermatoglifske karakteristike predstavljaju moguće pokazatelje genetskih predispizicija za osnovne fizičke osobine kao što su snaga, brzina, izdržljiovost, moć i koordinacija. Cilj ovog rada je poređenje motornih i dermatoglifskih karateristika i elektro snimanja mozga kod djevojčica u periodu prije i poslije prve menstruacije. U tu svrhu uzorak se sastojao od 45 djevojčica uzrasta od 10 do 14 godina i 11 mjeseci podjeljenih u dvije grupe, 21 u predmenarhnoj grupi (G1) i 24 u postmenarhnoj (G2). Analizirane varijable su: motorne karakteristike, dermatoglife i EEG (apsolutni alfa i beta talasi), elektrode u frontalnim regijama (F), centralnim (C) i parijetalnim, korištenje KTK protokola, protokol i snimanje spektralne aktivnosti otisaka prstiju kroz EEG. Rezultati pokazuju značajnu razliku u QM4 za p≤0,05 između G1 i G2 grupe, a G2 postiže bolje rezultate. Porećenje rezultata motornih karakteristika, dermatoglifa i elektroencefalografije ukazuju na značajne razlike u spektralnim aktivnostima alfa ritma u djevojčica koje pripadaju grupi nakon menarhe. Treba imati u vidu da u odnosu na motorne karakteristike, dermatoglife i EEG grupe nisu posebno predstavljene. Ipak kade se spoje motorne karakteristike, dermatoglife i EEG grupa prije i poslije menarhe, postoji značajna razlika u odnosu na moždanu aktivnost samo u alfa ritmu i frontalno (F3, FZ, F4) i centralno (C3 i CZ) i u periodu poslije menarhe.
Morphologic Variations of Clinically Normal Mallei and Incudes

Objectives: Various features and shapes of malleus and incus are reported. Partially or unaddressed are their bilateral symmetry, correlation with otitis media, and concordance of features and shapes. Such information may contribute to the understanding of malleus and incus ontogeny and the installation and function of implantable middle ear devices. We sought to address the following hypotheses: (1) a cranium’s malleus and incus have bilateral symmetry, with respect to their features and shapes; (2) features and shapes of malleus and incus are unrelated to the mastoid size indicator of childhood otitis media; and (3) an ear’s malleus and incus have concordant features and shapes (ie, the presence or absence of a feature or shape of a malleus or incus is associated with the presence or absence of another feature or shape in that ear’s malleus or incus). Methods: Postmortem material-analysis prevalence study of 41 adult crania without clinical otitis media. Mastoid sizes were assessed radiographically. Results: Most mallei had lateral processes and inflected manubrium tips. Most incudes had concave superior borders of their short processes, non-notched inferior borders of their short processes, and anteriorly curved anterior edges of their long processes. Only 1 feature, absence of the lateral process of the malleus, was suggested to have a relationship to small mastoid size. Concordance was not found for any shape or feature of the malleus or incus. Conclusion: Clinically normal mallei and incudes have feature and shape variations that are mostly bilaterally symmetric.
Binding of ligand or monoclonal antibody 4B1 induces discrete structural changes in the lactose permease of Escherichia coli.

By using Cys-scanning mutagenesis with site-directed sulfhydryl modification in situ [Frillingos, S. , & Kaback, H. R. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 3950-3956], conformational changes induced by binding of ligand or monoclonal antibody (mAb) 4B1 in the lactose permease of Escherichia coli were studied. Out of 31 single-Cys replacement mutants in helices I, V, VII, VIII, X, or XI, 4B1 binding alters the reactivity of Val238-->Cys (helix VII), Val331-->Cys (helix X), or single-Cys355 (helix XI) permease with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) in right-side-out membrane vesicles. In addition, site-directed fluorescence spectroscopy shows that mAb 4B1 binding causes position 331 (helix X) in the permease to experience a more hydrophobic environment. In contrast, ligand binding elicits more widespread changes, as evidenced by enhancement of the NEM reactivity of Ala244-->Cys, Thr248-->Cys (helix VII), Thr265-->Cys (helix VIII), Val315-->Cys (helix X), Gln359-->Cys, or Met362-->Cys (helix XI) permease, none of which are altered by 4B1 binding. Furthermore, no effect of 4B1 is observed on the reactivity of Cys148 (helix V), Val264-->Cys, Gly268-->Cys, or Asn272-->Cys (helix VIII), positions which probably make direct contact with substrate. With respect to the N-terminal half of the permease, 4B1 binding causes a small increase in the reactivity of mutants Pro28-->Cys or Pro31-->Cys (helix I), while ligand binding causes much greater increases in reactivity. The findings indicate that 4B1 binding induces a structural change in the permease that is much less widespread than that induced by ligand binding.
Design and implemenatation of a job recommender system

Recommender systems help people to find items of interest by utilizing past user interactions (such as product views, ratings, and purchases). Today many e-commerce sites and large scale web applications use recommender systems and provide their customers personalized products. In this work we will share our recent experience in developing a job recommender system based on collaborative filtering at Kariyer.net. In particular, we will explain how and why we choose the recommender algorithm developed in the system, methods for evaluating success, and the system architecture. We will also mention future work that we plan to pursue for solving the problems we face in practice after this successful first attempt.
Effect of tacrolimus and splenectomy on engraftment and GVHD after bone marrow xenotransplantation in the reciprocal hamster to rat animal models.

Bone marrow transplantation (BMTx) following lethal irradiation is an established modality to induce donor-specific tolerance in the rat to mouse xenogeneic combination.1 The induction of donor-specific tolerance in this model is accompanied by a distinct absence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The latter outcome, however, is not witnessed when BMTx is performed in hamster to rat strain combinations in which, despite splenectomy (Spx), the recipients invariably succumb to lethal GVHD.2 The advent of tacrolimus (TCL, FK 506) as a potent immunosuppressive agent for the prevention and treatment of GVHD in allogeneic BMTx.3,4 prompted us to assess its efficacy on engraftment and GVHD after BMTx in the reciprocal hamster to rat xenograft combination.
Prediction of Graft Dysfunction Based on Extended Criteria Donors in the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score Era

Background. To explain the influence of recipient status combined with the accumulation of extended criteria donor (ECD) variables on the appearance of severe ischemia-reperfusion injury and graft survival in a model for end-stage liver disease (MELD)-based system, we analyzed our most recent consecutive liver transplantations (LTs), dividing them into two periods: 400 LTs (1992–2002; pre-MELD era) and 275 LTs (2002–2007; post-MELD era). Methods. Primary dysfunction (PD) was defined as primary graft failure that required emergency retransplantation or as initial poor function. Donor variables were included in a regression model to assess the probability of PD. Results. Donor age, macrovesicular steatosis more than 30%, and cold ischemia time were associated with allograft dysfunction. Mean probability of PD was 14.8%, 19.2%, 27.5%, and 37.4% for ECD 0, 1, 2, and more than or equal to 3, respectively (P=0.003). Distribution of no-mild, moderate, and severe ischemia-reperfusion injuries among MELD categories was 72.53%, 24.17%, and 3.30% (MELD group=12–19); 56.52%, 36.96%, and 6.5% (MELD group=20–28); and 23.91%, 54.35%, and 21.74% (MELD group ≥29), respectively (P=0.043). The development of PD according to ECD variables was 18.8%, 18.1%, 28.0%, and 35.3% for ECD 0, 1, 2, and more than or equal to 3, respectively (P=0.047). These variables were independent predictors of PD (Cox proportional regression model): ECD 2 (relative risk [RR]=1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.25–1.62), ECD 3 (RR=2.74; 95% CI=2.38–3.13), MELD 21 to 30 (RR=1.89; 95% CI=1.32–2.06), and MELD more than or equal to 30 (RR=3.38; 95% CI=2.43–3.86). Graft survival decreased, whereas MELD and the number of ECD variables increased. Conclusion. The combination of three or more ECD variables and an MELD more than or equal to 29 is the worst scenario for graft success after LT.