Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STATISTICAL THEORY OF CHAIN CONFIGURATION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH POLYMERS

Polymeric molecules composed of long, primary valence chains can assume numerous configurations made possible by quasi-free rotation about single carbon to carbon bonds within the chain skeleton. The development of a statistical mechanical theory of chain configuration, baaed on the pioneering work of Eyring,' Guth and Mark2 and Kuhn3 has been particularly successful in explaining rubber-like elasticity of a number of substances composed of very long-chain molecules. In the undeformed state the chains assume configurations approximating closely to their most probable configuration. Deformation results in a displacement of chain configurations. Thus deformation is accompanied by a decrease in entropy, which is the major factor responsible for rubber-like elasticity. Another phenomenon closely related to elastic deformation is that of limited swelling of cross-linked, or vulcanized, high polymers in contact with solvents. The network structure is expanded by the dissolved solvent up to the point where the elastic forces in the chains of the network become counterbalanced by the tendency toward dilution by solvent. Various theories of chain configuration and t.heir application to the deduction of relations between elastic properties and structure will be reviewed in the course of the following discussion. Special attention will be devoted to the effects of low chain flexibility due to hindered rotation about single bonds of the chain. A new model for network polymer structures which provides an alternate procedure for deriving elastic characterktics will be described.
Seasonal patterns and sexual differences in the feeding ecology of arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii plesius)

Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii plesius) were studied in southwestern Yukon during the summers of 1977, 1978, and 1979. Samples of feces were collected from every adult captured every 2 weeks in 1978. Legumes were predominant in the diet until the fall, when squirrels switched to Artemisia. Females switched to Artemisia 1 month earlier than males, which correlates with the females' earlier entry into hibernation. Low abundance of legumes in areas in which squirrels preferred to feed indicated that squirrels fed selectively, although proximity of burrows also influenced selection of feeding sites.
Variabilidade genética de acessos silvestres e comerciais de Passiflora edulis Sims. com base em marcadores RAPD

There are a great diversity of colors, sizes and aromas of fruits in wild accessions of P. edulis in Brazilian Savannah. These accessions are also important resistance sources against illness which can be incorpored in passionfruit breeding programs. In this work, the objetive was to evaluate the genetic variability in wild and commercial P. edulis accessions using RAPD markers. The genomic DNA of each accession was extracted and amplified using thirteen decamer primers (OPD-04, OPD-07, OPD-08, OPD-16, OPE-18, OPE-20, OPF-01, OPF-14, OPG-05, OPG-08, OPH-04, OPH-12 and OPH-16) to obtain RAPD markers. These markers were transformed in binary matrix data to estimate genetic distances among accessions and to perform cluster and graphical dispersion analysis. A total of 187 markers were generated, and only 28 (14.97%) of them were monomorphic. The genetic distances among the 15 P. edulis accessions varied from 0.091 to 0.496. The molecular markers demonstrated the high genetic variability of the wild and commercial P. edulis accessions. The accessions with yellow fruits presented greater genetic distances in relation to the accessions with purple fruits. Lower genetic distances were verified among the accesses of the same geographical origin.
Effects of climate change on the distribution of Iberian tree species

ABSTRACT Question: Will the predicted climate changes affect species distribution in the Iberian Peninsula? Location: Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Methods: We modelled current and future tree distributions as a function of climate, using a computational framework that made use of one machine learning technique, the random forest (RF) algorithm. This algorithm provided good predictions of the current distribution of each species, as shown by the area under the corresponding receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Species turnover, richness and the change in distributions over time to 2080 under four Intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) scenarios were calculated using the species map outputs. Results and Conclusions: The results show a notable reduction in the potential distribution of the studied species under all the IPCC scenarios, particularly so for mountain conifer species such as Pinus sylvestris, P. uncinata and Abies alba. Temperate species, especially Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea, were also predicted to suffer a reduction in their range; also submediterranean species, especially Q. pyrenaica, were predicted to undergo notable decline. In contrast, typically Mediterranean species appeared to be generally more capable of migration, and are therefore likely to be less affected. Nomenclature:Amaral Franco (1990), Govaerts & Avishai (2002) for Quercus pubescens.
The Role of Relationship Marketing, and Satisfaction As Variable Mediation: Study at Bank BPR UMKM East Java in Surabaya

This paper discusses the causal relationship between relationship marketing, service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty of Bank BPR UMKM East Java in Surabaya. One model is proposed to examine the role of relationship marketing, and satisfaction as a mediation variable on indirect relationship of service quality, relationship marketing and loyalty. The population in this research is the customer of BPR Bank of UMKM East Java in Surabaya. From the test results in the model in this study, with Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), structural equation model analysis (SEM), convenience sampling method and software Amos 22, on 160 respondents. The results showed that the research model was accepted with determinant coefficient (R2) of 90.7%. Research also shows that service quality influences relationship marketing, and customer satisfaction. Service quality has no significant effect on customer loyalty. Relationship marketing affects customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Customer satisfaction affects customer loyalty. Customer satisfaction is a positive mediation variable on the relationship of service quality with loyalty. Relationship marketing is a positive mediation variable on the relationship of service quality with loyalty. Customer satisfaction is also a positive mediation variable on marketing relationships with customer loyalty.
Rice bran protein‐based edible films

The development of degradable and edible films from protein sources has drawn significant attention for the utilisation of natural resources as well as for the alleviation of the environmental burden. Rice bran protein (RBP) was applied to protein film preparation in this study. The protein solutions were casted on plastic tissue culture dishes with glycerol as a plasticiser after heat treatment. Functional properties of the films were then measured. The puncture strength (PS) of RBP films increased up to pH 8.0 and then decreased. PS of protein films depends on the degree of protein purity, quality and composition. Higher concentration of glycerol weakened the films. The pH affected the water solubility of RBP films and the films showed least solubility at pH 3.0. RBP could be utilised in the preparation of degradable protein-based films. The RBP-based film had functional properties comparable to those of the soy protein-based ones.
Enzymes of ornithine-arginine metabolism in trypanosomatids of the genus #Phytomonas#

Trypanosomatids recently isolated from the plants Euphorbia pinea, E. characias, E. hyssopifolia, Manihoi esculenta (cassava) and Lycopersicon sp. (tomato) plus the McGhee-Postell isolate of Phytomonas davidi have been examined for the presence of enzymes of ornithine-arginine metabolism. Arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) was not detected in the flagellates examined whereas arginine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.6) and citrullinehydrolase (EC 3.5.1.20) were present in all organisms. Phytomonas davidi and the isolate from E. hyssopifolia, besides these enzymes, also had ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3). The enzymic constitution of these flagellates is compared from a taxonomic standpoint to that of previously studied trypanosomatids.
Effects of enzyme associations on bread dough performance. A response surface analysis/ Efectos de las asociaciones enzimáticas sobre la calidad funcional de masas panarias. Análisis de superficies de respuesta

Effects of starch (bacterial α-amylase and NMYL) and non-starch (xylanase PTP, lipase NVZ and glucose-oxidase GLZ) degrading enzymes on dough quality parameters (rheological, fermentative, textural and thermal characteristics) were determined by means of the response surface methodology to a central composite design of white wheat dough samples. PTP showed linear, interactive and/or quadratic significant effects on most functional properties. Higher dosages of PTP yielded softer and less adhesive doughs with higher gas retention capability but with weakened gluten and poorer machinability (stickier). Negative linear and positive quadratic effects of PTP were observed on dough hardness and derived mechanical properties gumminess and chewiness. Optimized dosage of 30 mg/100g flour led to improved handling and fermentative dough characteristics and avoided excessive dough hardness and stickiness. The simultaneous presence of PTP and NVZ decreased fermentation time and increased dough extensibility. The combination of both PTP and NMYL and / or incorporation of NVZ decreased dough resilience, which corresponded to a greater extensibility and a lower dough consistency. Although GLZ addition induced some desirable effects on the final dough volume and the amylose-lipid complexation, the incorporation of the pair PTP/GLZ into dough formulas is not recommended because of the reduction of the induced softening effect of PTP. A significant negative and quadratic effect of NMYL addition was observed for the enthalpy of dissociation of the amylose-lipid complex. Incorporation of this enzyme up to 30 mg/100 g flour did not significantly decrease values for this thermal property. No criteria for optimum dosage of NVZ were established, and it is recommended that doses higher than those recommended by the manufacturer (5 mg/100 g of flour) be used.
A Conservative Procedure for the Estimation of Multiple Insemination in Drosophila

For certain Drosophila females, observation of the genotypes at an autosomal locus of a sample of their progeny confirms that they used the sperm from at least two males in fertilizing their offspring. In addition to these observably multiply mated females there are other females whose multiple matings are not apparent in the progeny sample. We relate the observed level of concurrent multiple paternity (CMP) to the true level of CMP by a multiplier which depends only on the gene frequencies and the progeny sample size. The simplicity of the relation between observed and estimated actual CMP is purchased at the cost of ignoring sperm displacement and triple mating. We argue that the resulting estimate still errs on the conservative side.
The Prevalence of Vaginal Candida Colonization among Female Students in Bingham University

Aim: To determine the prevalence of vaginal Candida colonization among female students in Bingham University. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in Bingham University, Auta balefi, Karu LGA, Nasarawa State between the months of March and July 2015. Research Hypothesis: The prevalence of Candida albicans is not significantly high in the high vagina swab of most females; therefore the null hypothesis will be that the prevalence of Candida albicans is highly significant in the high vagina swab of most females. Materials and Methods: High vagina swab of ninety six female students was collected and screened for the presence of Candida albicans. Questionnaires were issued to obtain demographic information. Inoculation was carried out on Sabourad Dextrose Agar, incubated for 48 hours at 37oC and positive growth was checked for on Corn Meal Agar after 72 hours of incubation at 37oC, positive growth was identified further by the use of the germ tube test using human serum and incubated between 2 to 4 hours. Original Research Article Maikenti et al.; BMRJ, 12(2): 1-7, 2016; Article no.BMRJ. 22843 2 Results : Ninety six females were screened and 25(26.0%) was infected. This reveals that the prevalence of Candida albicans was highly significant at X =1.758, df = 2 at . 05, P =. 05. The highest prevalence was recorded among female students within the age group of 16-20 years, (15.6%). Conclusion: This study reveals that candidiasis caused by C. albicans is a major health challenge among female students. Therefore the practice of good personal hygiene is highly recommended in order to prevent the spread of the infection.
Conservation genetics of black and white ruffed lemurs, Varecia variegata, from Southeastern Madagascar

The black and white ruffed lemur, Varecia variegata, which is endemic to Madagascar, is under the threat of extinction due to the loss and fragmentation of its natural habitat, a consequence of deforestation. Behavioural researchers studying a population of V. variegata inhabiting the Manombo Special Reserve, noted that over a 4‐year period, none of the family groups within the reserve produced offspring while those in neighbouring populations had been reproductively successful. Inbreeding depression was postulated as the trigger for this occurrence. However, another explanation exists. A cyclone, striking the region in 1997, destroyed a large percentage of the mature fruit‐producing trees that V. variegata relied upon as a food source, which is likely to have produced a nutritional deficit. A panel of 25 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was utilised to assess the genetic diversity within four V. variegata populations, including individuals from Manombo and three other populations in southeastern Madagascar. The data revealed that the level of genetic diversity apparent within the Manombo population is comparable to the other groups studied. Therefore, it seems probable that genetic factors are not responsible for the recent lack of reproductive success on the part of the V. variegata at Manombo Special Reserve.
Studies on the production of volatile fatty acids from grass by rumen liquor in an artificial rumen: I. The volatile acid production from fresh grass

1. A study has been made over two growing seasons of the volatile fatty acid production from ley grass obtained from a single area of one field, under the action of rumen liquor in vitro. 2. The acida estimated were acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric and caproic. On only one occasion did the last named appear in measurable amount. 3. The main acid produced in early stages of the year is acetic acid, but as the season advances propionic acid becomes the acid of major production. 4. In parallel cellulose runs it was found that propionic acid was invariably produced in greater amount than any other acid. 5. An attempt has been made to eliminate, by using cellulose as a standard, the effects of using different rumen liquor samples. 6. The dried samples, corresponding to the fresh material, were invariably found to yield acetic acid in greater proportion than propionic acid. The average percentages of acids obtained from the dried grass were similar to those found by other workers. It is suggested that the variations between the fresh and dried grass results are due to changes in carbohydrate content resultant upon storage of the latter.
Abomasal Infusion of Choline and Methionine with or Without 2-Amino-2-Methyl-1-Propanol for Lactating Dairy Cows,

Abstract Effects of abomasal infusion of choline and methionine either alone or with infused 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, an inhibitor of choline synthesis, were investigated in lactating dairy cows. Four rumen-fistulated mature Holstein cows were utilized in a single reversal experiment with 5-wk periods. Cows were fed total mixed rations containing 40% corn silage and 60% concentrate on a DM basis. Cows were infused continuously with 2 L/d of water to which either 30 g/d choline or 45.6 g/d methionine were mixed and infused during wk 2 through 5. During wk 4 and 5, 40 g/d 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol were added in addition to choline or methionine in both treatments. Infusions of choline and methionine resulted in similar DM intakes and daily milk production of cows. However, cows infused with choline had . 45 and . 14 percentage units higher milk fat and milk protein compared with those of cows infused with methionine. Addition of the inhibitor to the methionine infusion depressed milk and 4% FCM yield of cows by 1.5 and 3.2 kg/d when compared with choline plus inhibitor. Milk protein was reduced by . 30 percentage units. These results suggest that methionine functions as a methyl donor for choline synthesis.
Eventos externos e internos da infecção de larvas e ninfas de Rhipicephalus sanguineus por Metarhizium anisopliae

The adhesion, germination and colonization of Rhipicephalus sanguineus larvae and nymphs by Metarhizium anisopliae as well as the lesions caused by the fungus were studied. For this purpose, 11 groups of 250 larvae each and 11 groups of 75 nymphs each were bathed during 3 minutes under manual shaking in a 108 conidia/ml suspension. Corresponding control groups were bathed only in the suspension vehicle. Ticks were also submitted to both conventional microscopy and scanning eletronmicrocopy analyses at several post-infection periods (1 and 18 hours and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11 days). Conidial germination occurred in less than 18 hours post-inoculation and the fungus penetration through the tegument into the larvae and nymphs in, respectively, two and three days post-infection. Following penetration, the fungus invaded the body of the ticks and colonized it diffusely without a noticeable predilection for tissue, but no apparent lesions were observed. Death of larvae and nymphs occurred on the 3rd and 4th post-infection days and pathogen sporulation over the dead tick began on the 6th post-infection day.
Time budget differences of high- and low-social rank grazing dairy cows

The aim was to compare the time budgets of high- and low-rank cows that were separated from their herd for grazing between milkings. Twelve cows with greater dominance indices (GR cows) and 12 with lower indices (LR cows) were selected from a herd of 107 Holstein cows. Each group of 12 cows was grazed in a half paddock of 1.5 ha, separated by an electric fence, from 0830 h to 1540 h over 5 days. The behaviours of these cows (grazing, ruminating, standing, lying or walking) were recorded using instantaneous sampling of individual cows within each group throughout the day. GR cows were observed grazing on fewer occasions and walking on fewer occasions (P = 0.0006 and P < 0.0001, respectively) than LR cows, but ruminated more (P < 0.0001). Thus the time budget of high- and low-ranked grazing dairy cows differed even when they grazed separately.
Relationship between the nucleolar cycle and chromatoid body formation in the spermatogenesis of Phrynops geoffroanus (Reptilia Testudines)

Abstract The nucleolus is a distinct nuclear territory involved in the compartmentalization of nuclear functions. There is some evidence of a relationship between nuclear fragmentation during spermatogenesis and chromatoid body (CB) formation. The CB is a typical cytoplasmic organelle of haploid germ cells, and is involved in RNA and protein accumulation for later germ-cell differentiation. The goal of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the nucleolar cycle during the spermatogenesis of Phrynops geoffroanus (Reptilia Testudines), and compare this nucleolar fragmentation with CB formation in this species through the use of cytochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Qualitative analysis showed a fragmentation of the nuclear material after pachytene of the first meiotic division in the primary spermatocytes. Quantitative analysis of the nucleolar cycle revealed a significant difference in the number of nucleoli and in the size of the nucleolus between spermatogonia and early spermatids. Using ultrastructural analysis, we recorded the beginning of the CB formation process in the cytoplasm of primary spermatocytes at the same time as when nuclear fragmentation occurs. In the cytoplasm of primary spermatocytes, the CB was observed in association with mitochondrial aggregates and the Golgi complex. In the cytoplasm of early spermatids, the CB was observed in association with lipid droplets. In conclusion, our data show that the nucleolus plays a role in the CB formation process. During spermatogenesis of P. geoffroanus, the CB is involved in some important biological processes, including acrosome formation and mitochondrial migration to the spermatozoon tail and middle piece region.
Silencing 7 herbivory‐regulated proteins in Nicotiana attenuata to understand their function in plant–herbivore interactions

Summary 1Large-scale transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal that a plant's primary metabolism is reconfigured when herbivores attack. However, unbiased means of evaluating the function of this reconfiguration for the plant–herbivore interaction are lacking. 2The production of secondary metabolites can be genetically silenced for in planta tests of defensive function without dramatically altering growth. This is not possible with primary metabolites, which may also function defensively. 3We test this hypothesis by silencing the expression of genes coding for seven herbivore-induced proteins not known to play obvious defensive roles in the Nicotiana attenuata–Manduca sexta interaction and analysed the performance of plants and insects and traits known to mediate resistance and performance. Silencing genes of up-regulated proteins in N. attenuata tended to benefit larval performance, while silencing genes of down-regulated proteins tended to decrease it: these results are consistent with expectations that herbivory-induced regulation reflects the role of proteins in attacked plants. 4Surprisingly, plant trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPIs) and larval midgut protease activity were not associated with larval performance and neither was the variation in established defence metabolites (nicotine), suggesting greater importance of other metabolites, such as diterpene glycosides. 5We conclude that silencing the genes of proteins differentially regulated during a plant–herbivore interaction and querying each player in the interaction reveals novel functions of genes at an organismic level of analysis and the direct–indirect influence of non-defence proteins in plant–herbivore interactions.