Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for Improving the Care of the Older Person with Diabetes Mellitus

BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE iabetes mellitus (DM) is highly prevalent and increasing in persons aged 65 and older, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities. Estimates have placed the proportion of adults aged 65 to 74 with physician-diagnosed DM at nearly 25% in some ethnic groups. 1 Estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicate that, in 1998, 12.7% of persons aged 70 and older had a diagnosis of DM, up from 11.6% in 1990. 2 There are also large numbers of older adults, almost 11% of the U.S. population aged 60 to 74, with undiagnosed DM. 1 Older persons with DM have higher rates of premature death, functional disability, and coexisting illnesses such as hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke 3,4 than do those without DM. Older adults with DM are also at greater risk than other older persons for several common geriatric syndromes, such as depression, 5,6 cognitive impairment, 7 urinary incontinence, 8 injurious falls, 9–11 and persistent pain. 12,13 Although there are numerous evidence-based guidelines for DM, few guidelines are specifically targeted toward the needs of older persons 14 and help clinicians prioritize care for the heterogeneous population of older adults they may see in their practices. Moreover, the main emphasis of most DM guidelines is on intensive blood glucose control and prevention of microvascular complications. Although control of hyperglycemia is important, in older persons with DM, greater reduction in morbidity and mortality may result from control of cardiovascular risk factors than from tight glycemic control. Additionally, little is known about how well providers of health care for older persons with DM adhere to recommendations for the screening and treatment of common geriatric syndromes, such as depression, injurious falls, urinary incontinence, cognitive impairment, chronic pain, and polypharmacy, which are more prevalent with DM and may significantly influence quality of life. Although interventions to reduce the incidence of geriatric syndromes and to ameliorate their symptoms have been studied in general populations of older adults, few studies have focused on the identification and treatment of these common syndromes in older adults with DM. Moreover, because conditions such as cognitive impairment, polypharmacy, and injurious falls may interfere with the provision of appropriate DM care, the identification and management of these syndromes may enhance the effectiveness of DM management for the busy primary care provider. The purpose of this guideline is to improve the care of older persons with DM by providing a set of evidencebased recommendations that include DM-specific recommendations individualized to persons with DM who are aged 65 and older and recommendations for the screening and detection of geriatric syndromes. Table 1 summarizes the components of care included in the guidelines and the number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic evidence reviews that were evaluated for the care recommendations.
Morphological study on excitotoxic neurodegeneration of exogenous glutamate in newborn rat brain

Objective:To explore the excitotoxic action of exogenous glutamate on the newborn rat brain cells.Methods:The morphological changes of brain cells in the 7-day-old SD rats were observed with light and electron microscope 2 h,6-8 h,24-28 h after treated with monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) subcutaneously.Results:The cell edema in several brain regions was observed by light microscopy.Under electron microscopy there were 2 type changes of neurons in the hippocampus.The first excitotoxic cell death process was massive swelling of neuronal dendrites and cell bodies accompanied with changes in cytoplasmic organelles,including vacuolation of endoplasmic reticular membranes,initial condensation followed by massive swelling of mitochondria.The nuclear chromatin changes begining with the formation of small clumps of chromatin in a marginal clodkface pattern,finally coalescing into central chromatin masses with irregular contour.The second excitotoxic cell death process was progressive condensation of both the cytoplasm and nucleus with vacuoles in cytoplasm.Conclusion:The exogenous glutamate can cause neuron death in the immature brain.This provide a morphological base for the relevant study on the effect of some food additives on the children brain cells.
Occurrence, Prevention and Limitation of Mycotoxins in Feeds

There has been a significant concern regarding the potential health risks for humans and animals via foods and feeds that are contaminated with different agents. Particularly, mycotoxin contamination is of great importance as it is widespread and unpreventable. In both foods and feeds, molds produce secondary metabolites called mycotoxins; these are produced generally after the fungi reach their maturity. Depending on the definition used, hundreds of fungal compounds are recognized as mycotoxins. However, the attention is mainly focused on aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumunisins, and zearalenone which are considered the most important threats for human and animal health. Mycotoxin contamination causes a fundamental problem all over the world including developed countries. Additionally, the economic impact of mycotoxins is another global concern on the agricultural markets. These concerns are based on toxicological data, which show that naturally occurring levels of mycotoxins have adverse effects in farm and laboratory animals as well as humans. The diversity of mycotoxin structures induces various toxic effects. Owing to the significant health risks and economic impacts, considerable investigations are being performed to diminish their harmful effects and to prevent their formation. In order to limit their levels, much research has been focused on detecting the mycotoxins in contaminated food and feedstuffs. This review will focus on information about primary mycotoxins, their occurrence, related regulations, prevention and methods of detection within the light of the current literature.
How to Stabilize the Pulmonary Alveoli: Surfactant or Fibers?

ABSTRACT The frothlike structure of the lung is supported by very little tissue. To ensure patency of the peripheral air spaces requires particular properties of both the fibrous skeleton and the alveolar surface film. The mechanical problem of how surface and tissue forces interact to maintain a large internal lung surface is of great importance for understanding the performance of the lung as a gas exchanger.
Phosphate: the Silent Challenge

Phosphorus (P) is one of the most vital elements for all living organisms which acts as aconstituent of essential biomolecules such as nucleic acids, phospholipids, and phosphosugars,and as a major contributor to almost all metabolic reactions including photosynthesis,respiration, and energy delivery. It is one of the most needed nutrients for plant growth anddevelopment. Despite high levels of P in the soil, plants absorb it only in the soluble inorganicform of free phosphate ion (Pi) which is scarce in soil. Therefore, there has been a large demandfor Pi fertilizers to secure crop yields, yet its deposition in soil and gradual run-off into waterreservoirs lead to chains of events that cause irreversible damages to ecosystems. Researches,including genome-wide data analyses, have revealed interesting molecular aspects of plantadaptive strategies to deal with low Pi concentrations in soil. These include the higherexpression of acid phosphatases and Pi transporters as well as the secretion of organic acids inthe rhizosphere that maintain cellular Pi homeostasis in order to keep metabolic reactionsrunning. Describing the cycle of Pi exchange between physical and biological worlds, the extentto which current agricultural practices are disturbing the cycle, the necessity of introducing lessdestructivemethods of providing Pi, and alternative measures and solutions for sustainableagriculture will be discussed in this review.
Agriotherium schneideri from the Hemphillian of Central Mexico

A well-preserved upper and lower dentition of Agriotherium schneideri from the late Ter­ tiary of Guanajuato, Mexico, permits a better understanding of this poorly known bear. Other North American species have been assigned to this genus, but only A. schneideri is here considered valid. Despite scant material, it appears that this ursid displayed a wide range of variability in its dentition. Paucity of specimens indicates that Agriotherium and its contemporary, Indarctos, were less common in the New World than in the Old World. True carnassials and massive, potentially bone-crushing cheekteeth imply that both genera were active predator-scavengers rather than more passive omnivores with a mostly herbiv­ orous diet. The brief geologic time range of Agriotherium in North America makes it a useful biochronologic marker, albeit on a limited basis due to scarcity of specimens.
Identification of genes controlling milk production in dairy cattle

The main motivations for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) in dairy cattle are based not only on the biological interest to understand the complex genetic architecture of trait variation but also on applying genomic information to practical breeding schemes in order to enhance selection programs. The use of molecular genetic information in marker assisted selection (MAS) would be most effective if the genetic architecture of quantitative traits of interest is understood completely. This level of understanding seems to be remote. With the current mapping approaches it is possible to detect QTL that have major effects on trait variation but the true challenge is the identification of gene(s) and nucleotide variant(s) underlying the QTL effect. In this study QTL affecting milk production traits (milk yield, protein yield, fat yield, protein content and fat content) were mapped in Finnish Ayrshire dairy cattle. A whole genome scan was conducted by 12 half-sib families in a graddaughter design. A male genetic linkage map covering all 29 autosomes was constructed by genotyping 150 markers in these families. The map was utilised in interval mapping using a multiple marker regression approach. The empirical significance thresholds were estimated by permutation. The genome scan based on single chromosome analysis uncovered two significant QTL at 5% genome-wise significance, and 14 suggestive QTL at 5% chromosome-wise significance. This approach was extended to analyse multiple chromosomes simultaneously using the 14 suggestive QTL as cofactors in order to increase the power and the precision of QTL detection. The analysis revealed in total 31 genome-wise significant QTL (Pgenome < 0.0029). One of the highest test statistics observed in the initial genome scan was detected on chromosome 20. Two candidate genes that have important roles in mammary gland physiology were mapped to the region of interest – the genes encoding receptor molecules of growth hormone (GHR) and prolactin (PRLR). The potential roles of GHR and PRLR in milk production was studied in two populations, in Dutch Holstein-Friesian and in Finnish Ayrshire. Sequence analysis revealed four missense mutations in GHR (F279Y, N528T, A541S, S555G) and two in PRLR (S18N, L186P). In both breeds the GHR F279Y polymorphism was clearly associated with milk yield and composition. It was considered unlikely, however, that F279Y accounts for the entire chromosome 20 QTL effect. In Finnish Ayrshire the QTL effect was partly explained by another polymorphism, PRLR S18N. The results provide strong evidence that the effect of PRLR S18N is distinct from the GHR F279Y effect. In particular, F279Y has the highest influ-
Disinfection of Orange Seeds to Reduce Citrus Canker Dissemination and Improve Germination

We evaluated chemo and thermotherapy for decontaminating orange seeds against the bacteria Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), a quarantine and economically important disease worldwide. We infected orange (cv. Valencia ) seeds with bacterial inoculum and studied the potential of three different methods i.e. surface sterilization with bleach, disinfection with plant preservative mixture, and hot water treatment to eliminate the bacteria. Our findings showed that the hot water, bleach (NaOCl), and a commercially available mixture of antifungal and antibacterial compounds known as Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM) were very effective in eliminating most bacterial contamination from orange seeds. Our results also showed that treatment with bleach and hot water treatment enhanced seed germination and seedling vigor. Germination rate ranged from 18.51 to 77.78%, 7.41 to 62.96% and 13.33 to 66.67% for bleach, PPM and hot water treatments, respectively. Seedling height ranged from 4.28 to 6.63cm, 4.17 to 5.94cm and 3.42 to 5.99cm for bleach, PPM and hot water treatment, respectively. Findings of this study will provide impactful and practical methods for an economical and robust seed decontamination method.
FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF SOME ATMOSPHERIC DATA FROM PASTAZA, ECUADOR

– A new method for calculating fractal dimension (FD) of temporal data series is applied to four climatic quantities: accumulated rainfall, relative humidity, mean temperature and evaporation. The data were recorded regularly, each month, for over 30 years (January 1974 – September 2005) in Ecuador, Pastaza Province. Results show a clear, statistically significant rise in FD of rainfall, a somewhat more complicated profile for evaporation (rise, superimposed on a long period oscillation), while for humidity and temperature sharp changes of FD were observed with no conclusive trends. Correlation analysis of fractal dimension for six possible pairs of data series revealed significant negative correlation in two pairs: FD rainfall – FD temperature and FD humidity – FD evaporation. Clustering of fractal data was observed in all six correlation plots, but it is not clear to what extent they are a consequence of the mentioned sharp changes of FD in two of the series. Although this approach seems to be promising, additional research is necessary to reach a more conclusive interpretation of the results.
Avian influenza viruses in shorebird hosts at the Delaware Bay migratory stopover site

During 2006-2008, shorebirds and gulls were sampled at Delaware Bay during spring migration stopover and tested for avian influenza viruses (AIV) infection and antibodies by virus isolation in eggs and a commercial blocking ELISA, respectively. AIV were isolated from five of 13 species, and antibodies were detected in eight of nine species. At least 12 HA subtypes, all nine NA subtypes, and 30 subtype combinations were identified; these varied by year. Subtype diversity, as measured by the Shannon Index, was lowest in 2006 and highest in 2008. Ninety percent of 190 AIV isolations were from Ruddy Turnstones; prevalence varied by year and was lowest in 2007. Ruddy Turnstones also had the highest antibody prevalence among shorebird species. Red Knots had a low infection prevalence but a high antibody prevalence, suggesting previous infection prior to arrival at Delaware Bay. Sanderlings had both low infection and antibody prevalence suggesting rare exposure or resistance to AIV infection. Gulls had significantly higher antibody prevalence than shorebirds but few isolates were recovered, suggesting either endemicity or a previous infection prior to shorebird arrival. Controlling for year and date effects, odds of infection were higher in Ruddy Turnstones with heavier-thanexpected mass, small body size, and in females. Although more study is needed, we speculate that AIV transmission among Ruddy Turnstones is linked to higher feeding and mass gain rates or to longer times-in-residence at Delaware Bay. Between-year differences in prevalence and subtype patterns might reflect partial population immunity to previously encountered AIV.
PROFILING THE INTRINSIC SEQUENCE SPECIFICITY OF PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASES

ii Dedication . iv Acknowledgments. v Vita . vi List of Tables . xii List of Figures . xiv Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 1.1. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase . 1 1.2. PTP Catalytic Domain Structure . 1 1.3. PTP Catalytic Mechanism. 2 1.4. PTP Cellular Functions . 3 1.5. PTP Substrate Specificity . 4 1.6. Approaches to Discover New PTP Substrates . 6 1.6. 1. Methods to Determine PTP Substrate Specificity . 8 1.6. 2. PTP Substrate Library and Screening . 9
Status of Danaus plexippus Population in Arizona

ABSTRACT. We report results of a ten year study to understand the distribution, breeding and migration of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) in Arizona. We observed breeding and migratory monarch populations throughout the state and small overwintering aggregations in some locations. Migration occurred to known migration destinations in both California and Mexico. We found that the destination is not random. Wind significantly affects whether migrating monarchs are recovered. This study provides new insights into the breeding, overwintering and migratory strategies of Arizona monarchs.
Plant quality of three pine species of "Morelia" nursery at Michoacán state

The quality of the plant influences the survival of forest plantations during the establishment, which at the national scope is around 38 %, after one year. The aim of this study was to determine this condition in the forest nursery “Morelia” in Michoacan state. By designing a random sampling with a reliability of 95 %, nine months old specimens of Pinus pseudostrobus, P. greggii and P. michoacana in regard to morphological and physiological characteristics. According to the Robustness Index P. greggii was recorded as low-quality, P. pseudostrobus as medium and P. michoacana as high. In the relationship height: root length, P. pseudostrobus and P. michoacana have high quality and P. greggii behaved in the opposite way. In the dry biomass shoot/dry biomass root ratio, P. pseudostrobus and P. greggii recorded low quality and P. michoacana, high. With Dickson Quality Index, the first two were medium quality and P. michoacana, high. P. greggii showed nitrogen values corresponding to high quality while P. pseudostrobus was medium and P. michoacana; low. In regard to phosphorus, P. greggii had high quality, P. pseudostrobus, medium and P. michoacana; low. As for K, P. pseudostrobus and P. greggii are medium quality and P. michoacana, high. It is concluded that P. pseudostrobus was of average quality in morphology and high in physiology; P. michoacana was high in the first parameter and low in the second and P. greggii behaved the other way around.
What do the terrestrial isopods eaten by some frogs from north-western Romania have to say?

Eight species of terrestrial isopods: Hyloniscus transsylvanicus, Protracheoniscus politus, Porcellium conspersum, Trachelipus wachtleri, T. arcuatus, T. nodulosus, T. rathkei and Armadillidium vul- gare have been identified in the stomach contents of four species of frogs (Rana arvalis, R. dalmatina, Phelophylax. lessonae and P. kl. esculentus). The isopods belong to four ecological categories: paludi- colous, sylvan, praticolous and euritopes, most species being sylvan. The highest number of indi- viduals belongs to A. vulgare. There are differences between the four species of amphibians concern- ing the isopods' consumption, but also within the same species from different habitats. Amphibians from a treeless marsh located far from any forest have preyed upon several sylvan isopods. Perhaps, these have survived in marshes after deforestation due to the colder and moisture climate of the re- gion. It seems that the general ecological conditions of the plain from north-western Romania act upon isopods too, the frogs from plain consuming also isopods generally associated with higher alti- tudes. The differences concerning the intake of isopods are determined by the overall biodiversity of the frogs foraging habitats and possibly by the behaviour of the isopods, the faster species and those which are often hiding being consumed less frequently.
Efecto del calentamiento sobre la ultra estructura del almidón de batata (Ipomoea batatas L.)

En este estudio se caracterizo la morfometria del almidon de batata (Ipomoea batatas L.) empleando los microscopios optico y electronico (SEM). Tambien, se evaluo el efecto del calentamiento sobre la estructura de los almidones mediante el uso de tecnicas con SEM. Los resultados indican que la poblacion granular vario en una amplio rango de tamanos (4,84-25,81 μm) con un valor promedio de 12,53 μm. Los granulos presentaron formas que variaron de redondas y poliedricas pequenas, a grandes en forma de campana. Los granulos mostraron una textura lisa con algunas excoriaciones en la superficie. Las transformaciones principales ocurridas durante el calentamiento se podrian resumir como sigue: primero, hinchamiento granular, seguido por la fusion de la mayor parte de los granulos debido a la solubilidad y a la lixiviacion completa de la amilosa; segundo, la gelatinizacion completa de los granulos y tercero, la transformacion de la organizacion granular en una estructura reticular planar. En esta estructura reticular esta embebido el resto de los granulos hinchados libres de amilosa, que no han perdido su estructura externa. Se observaron estructuras o micro fibrillas que fueron consideradas como moleculas de amilosa, las cuales pudieron ser lixiviadas a traves de los microporos de la superficie granular. Por otra parte, se observo la presencia de los granulos llamados "fantasma". El conocimiento de las caracteristicas y la estructura del almidon de batata facilitarian grandemente su uso. Palabras clave: Ipomoea batatas, microscopia, calentamiento, estructura granular. Effect of heating on the ultra structure of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) starch ABSTRACT The size and morphology of sweet potato (Ipomoea. batatas L.) starch were characterized by using the optic and scanning electronic microscopes (SEM). Also, the effect of heating on the same structure was evaluated with SEM. The results indicated that the granular population varied with an ample diameter range (4.84-25.81μm) and with an average value of 12.53 μm. The granules had small round, polyhedrical and large bell-like forms. The granules showed a smooth texture with some excoriations in their surface. The main transformations involved during the heating could be summarized as follow: first, the maximum granular swelling was reached, followed by the fusion of most of the granules due to the solubilization and complete leaching of the amylose; second, the complete gelatinization of granules, and third, the transformation of the granular organization into planar reticular structure. In this structure, the rest of the amylose-free swollen granules that did not lose the external structure was imbibed. Structures or microfibrills that were considered asamylose molecules were observed. This amylose could be leached out the microspores. Moreover, the presence of "ghost" granules was observed. The knowledge of the properties and the structure of the sweet potato starch would greatly increase its use. Key words: Ipomoea batatas, microscopy, heating, granular structure