Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of Pressurized Cooking and Freezing Technique to Improve the Quality of Instant Ledok

Ledok is atraditional non-rice, forage-like food from Nusa Penida Island, Klungkung regency, Bali Province, Indonesia. The main ingredients of Ledok are corn and cassava tubers, which are frequently mixed with red beans, peanuts and vegetables. To be accepted as a commercial food product, in-depth research into the formulation, process engineering, quality control, shelf life and marketing are required. In this research, optimization of the preliminary cooking process using a pressurized cooking treatment (pressure cooker) with a variation of 6–12 min cooking time followed by freezing at -20 o C for 24–72 hr was carried out to improve the quality of instant Ledok. The objectives of this research were to study the effect of pressurized cooking and the freezing time on the quality of instant Ledok and to determine the appropriate pressurized cooking and freezing time of instant Ledok. The analysis performed in this research included analysis of yield, water absorption, cooking time and proximate analysis. The results indicated that the longer the pressurized cooking and freezing time, the smaller the yield, the greater the absorption of water and the shorter the cooking time. The results of proximate analysis indicated that the variation in pressurized cooking and freezing time did not affect the levels of protein, fat, crude fiber, ash and carbohydrate content of instant Ledok. The most appropriate cooking and freezing times that resulted in the best quality characteristics of instant Ledok were 12 min pressurized cooking time and 72 hr freezing time.
Ultralow voltage resonant tunnelling diode electroabsorption modulator

Embedding a double barrier resonant tunnelling diode (RTD) in a unipolar InGaAlAs optical waveguide gives rise to a very low driving voltage electroabsorption modulator (EAM) at optical wavelengths around 1550 nm. The presence of the RTD within the waveguide core introduces high non-linearity and negative differential resistance in the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of the waveguide. This makes the electric field distribution across the waveguide core strongly dependent on the bias voltage: when the current decreases from the peak to the valley, there is an increase of the electric field across the depleted core. The electric field enhancement in the core-depleted layer causes the Franz-Keldysh absorption band-edge to red shift, which is responsible for the electroabsorption effect. High-frequency ac signals as low as 100 mV can induce electric field high-speed switching, producing substantial light modulation (up to 15 dB) at photon energies slightly lower than the waveguide core band-gap energy. The key difference between this device and conventional p-i-n EAMs is that the tunnelling characteristics of the RTD are employed to switch the electric field across the core-depleted region; the RTD-EAM has in essence an integrated electronic amplifier and, therefore, requires considerably less switching power.
Innovation and research in organic farming: a multi-level approach to facilitate cooperation among stakeholders.

A wider range of stakeholders is expected to be involved in organic research. A decision-support tool is needed to define priorities and to allocate tasks among institutions. Based on research and management experience in organic research, the authors have developed a framework for experimental and research projects. The framework is based on a multi-level approach. Each level is defined according to the directness of the innovation impact on the organic systems. The projects carried out for each level were assessed over a ten- year period. Two applications are presented: analysis of crop protection strategies in horticulture and plant breeding programmes. When combined with four development models of organic farming, this multi-level analysis appears to be promising for defining research agendas.
Monometal and Competitive Adsorption of Cd, Ni, and Zn in Soil Treated with Different Contents of Cow Manure

This study was conducted to assess the monometal and competitive adsorption of Cd, Ni, and Zn in the soil incubated with different contents of decayed cow manure (: 0, : 25, and : 50 tha−1) for 90-d at 25°C. Sorption isotherms were characterized using the linear Freundlich equation. Most sorption isotherms were well described by the Freundlich equation (maximum and minimum ) and the monometal and competitive adsorption isotherms of Zn, Cd, and Ni followed the L-curve type (L-2). Results showed that the mono- and multimetal sorption amounts increased with an increase in organic amendment content as the sorption capacities for Cd, Ni, and Zn followed the following sequence: . This sequence was consistent with the CEC and particularly pH for the three soils. All soils showed greater sorption capacity for Zn than the other trace elements as the sorption sequence in was , while in both and was . Therefore, the metal-binding sites in OM were more selective for Zn and Ni than Cd. Competition significantly reduced metals , especially for Cd and Ni.
CARBON DIOXIDE EFFLUX RESPONDS TO LAND-USE CHANGES IN THE SUB-URBAN REGIONS OF NANJING , CHINA

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of urbanization on soil carbon dioxide efflux. We investigated how the soil environment affects the soil carbon dioxide efflux in native grassland, residential lawns and agricultural land. Continuous measurements of the soil carbon dioxide efflux were made once a week for a 10-week period during July-September 2013 in Nanjing China. Our results demonstrated that the soil carbon dioxide efflux significantly decreased during the10-week period in the three land-use types. Soil carbon dioxide efflux in urban lawns was the highest among the three land-use types in the following order: residential land > agricultural land > native grassland. The soil water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), the labile organic carbon (LOC), and the basal respiration, as covariates, did not significantly influence the soil carbon dioxide efflux. The soil temperature and land-use type had significant contributions to the carbon efflux. A higher soil temperature in the lawns was attributed to the urban heat island effect. Our data suggest that human-induced land-use changes, such as urbanization and agricultural practice, could enhance the local soil carbon dioxide emissions, especially when urban development increased the local soil temperature.
1 # 172 AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PRESENT : Topo-geometric Properties from the Invention of Geometrical Notation to Non-Standard Variation in Architecture and Design

As digital technologies revolutionise the ways in which buildings are produced there is a growing risk for architecture to become a practice without a theory. Space syntax has contributed to architectural research, through the description of systematic relationships between patterns of use and spatial phenomena. Yet, in the last three decades it has primarily leaned towards a theory of the city1. These are studied as the collective products of society that are either selforganising (cities), or operate independently of the agency of their architects (buildings). Yet, from the viewpoint of architecture as a social discipline, there is a need to describe buildings and their relationship to the city not simply as the emergent products of society but also as products of design. This type of study requires theories and tools that describe topo-geometric properties, or the interaction of spatial with geometrical patterns. It also needs to combine historical research with morphological analysis. In this paper I explore the relationship between topology and geometry through three key periods of Western architectural production: first, the classical invention of geometric notations in architectural drawings; second, the shift of emphasis by modern architects to movement and visual information, freeing architecture from constraints of axial geometrical planning; finally, the end of geometric and notational limitations on the variability of forms with the rise of digital technology. Rather than providing a comprehensive account of architectural design, this paper aims to understand the morphological traditions from which contemporary architectural spaces and forms derive. I argue that as much as space has been a silent instrument in architectural discourse, so has geometry been a silent conductor in Hillier and Hanson’s theory of spatial configuration. Aside to tools for topo-geometric analysis, we need theoretical accounts of the ideas we ‘think with’, bringing space syntax and contemporary architecture into the historical and morphological tradition.
Design and Implementation of Digital Radio Communications Link for Platoon Control Experiments

This report discusses the design and implementation of inter-vehicle communication systems used in the longitudinal control platoon experiments conducted by PATH (Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways). In the first section of the report, the inter-vehicle communication links implemented in both the two and four vehicles platoon experiments are examined. Lastly, this report investigates some possible future improvements of the communication link used for platoon control experimentation.
Energy Detection Approach for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Systems

Because a large number of licensed users have occasionally used their allocated bandwidth in recent years, efficient use of frequency band is a vital issue. While licensed users continue to use this bandwidth for publishing, unused bands can be allocated for reuse to provide broadband network services. These empty bands are described as white space and cover a large part of the bandwidth. It is possible to activate this great potential by cognitive radio technology. In this study, energy detection technique was used to detect unused bands. With this technique, it is determined which frequency band is suitable and there will be done appropriately the assignment of the second user.
Comparison of extensive or semi-intensive feeding for Anatolian water buffalo

st - 2 nd months of their lactation. The buffaloes were divided into 2 groups, an extensive group (A) and a semi-intensive group (B) each group consisting of 12 buffaloes. Compared to the A group, the B group consumed more total dry matter (P<0.05; 13.17 vs. 11.12 kg day -1 ) and produced more milk day -1 (P<0.05; 7.34 vs 4.42 kg day -1 ). In the milk samples which were taken from the group A had higher (P<0.05) milk fat percentage than group B (milk fat=8.03 and 5.80 %, respectively). The somatic cell count (SCC) (44.7 and 60.3 x log10 mL -1 ), SNF (10.29 and 10.18 %) and protein percentages of milk (4.95 and 4.96 %) were similar for both groups.
Is biology boring? Student attitudes toward biology

The study examines the interests and attitudes of school students toward biology: through their interest in out-of-school activities and their attitude towards lessons as measured by interest, importance and difficulty. Biology lessons were relatively popular with the greatest preference found among students learning zoology. Girls showed significantly greater interest in biology than boys. This difference was highest among grade five (age 10–11) students when learning botany. Girls assessed biology as more important and less difficult than boys. Biology-related hobbies, films and books received greater attention (10-21%) than other activities and were significantly related. However, fifth grade students (both boys and girls) exhibited difficulties in learning botany and interest in biology decreased with age.
Financial Sophistication and the Distribution of the Welfare Cost of Inflation

The welfare cost of anticipated inflation is quantified in a calibrated model of the U.S. economy that exhibits tractable equilibrium dispersion in wealth and earnings. Inflation does not generate large losses in societal welfare, yet its impact varies noticeably across segments of society depending also on the financial sophistication of the economy. If money is the only asset, then inflation hurts mostly the wealthier and more productive agents, while those poorer and less productive may even benefit from inflation. The converse holds in a more sophisticated financial environment where agents can insure against consumption risk with assets other than money.
Spiritual Care in Practice . Case Studies in Healthcare Chaplaincy . An Analysis , Commentary and the Implications for Person-Centered Healthcare

At the 37th Assembly of the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 1984 [1], a historic decision was taken to adopt Resolution WHA 37.13 [2], which made the spiritual dimension of the human person a prominent component of the strategies for health of WHO Member States. The Resolution [3] explicitly understood this dimension “to imply a phenomenon that is not material in nature but belongs to the realm of ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that have arisen in the minds and conscience of human beings, particularly ennobling ideas”. It formally considered that the realization of the health ideals that form the moral basis of the goal of health for all by the Year 2000, would itself contribute to people's feelings of wellbeing and it acknowledged that the spiritual dimension of human existence plays a great role in motivating peoples’ achievement in all aspects of life. The Resolution concluded by inviting Member States to consider including a spiritual dimension of wellbeing within their strategies for health, in accordance with their social and cultural situations [3], but the WHO stepped back from undertaking a formal revision of its own classical definition of health. It was not until 22 January 1998, some fourteen years later, that the Executive Board of WHO adopted a Resolution (EB101.R2) recommending that the World Health Assembly reconsider the WHO’s definition of health. Here, the proposal was to revise the WHO definition from “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” to “Health is a dynamic state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” [4] (italicisations mine). The 52 World Health Assembly was held one year later, from 17 25 May 1999, but the proposed re-definition of health was not scheduled for discussion, due to opposition from some delegates arguing for further time to consider matters of definition and translation. Here, Masako Nagase provides an interesting account of the reasons that contributed to the disagreement among committee members of the Health Science Council [5]. Nevertheless, a further and more formal recognition by the WHO of the relevance of spiritual care had become available, with the following text frequently cited:
Feuds in the Laboratory? A Social Dilemma Experiment

Punishing free riders might promote cooperation, but it can also lead to feuds. We use a public good game with punishment opportunities to investigate whether the threat of feuds is e¢ ciency enhancing. Treatments di¤er with respect to whether a punish- ment can trigger a feud. In the main treatment (Feud) the number of punishment stages is endogenously determined and avoiding revenge is impossible. Participants are generally found to employ strategies that avoid the break out of feuds. While the possibility of a feud a¤ects punishment and contribution patterns, total earnings are not signi? cantly di¤erent from that in treatments where punishment opportunities do not exist or where punishment opportunities exist, but there is no possibility of escalation.
DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM: FOODIES COMMUNITY STRATEGY FOR CULINARY TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN BALIKPAPAN

This study aims to analyze the strategic position of the Balikpapan Foodies community for the development of culinary tourism in Balikpapan, and to formulate Balikpapan Foodies community strategy for the development of culinary tourism in Balikpapan. This research uses QSPM method (Quantitative Method of Strategic Planning). QSPM is a method for determining alternative strategic priorities obtained from SWOT analysis (Stengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats). The results show that Balikpapan Foodies position is in Quadrant II (grow and build), which is community growth strategy. The strategy means that to optimize the role of Balikpapan Foodies for the development of culinary tourism in Balikpapan, it is necessary to strengthen the members, institutional, and creativity of community programs to develop culinary tourism in Balikpapan. Alternative strategy for the development of culinary tourism conducted by the Balikpapan Foodies community successively is develop a local culinary tourism promotion program in Balikpapan (6,899), educate business actors in the promotion and development of culinary products (6.79), establish cooperation with culinary business actors and tourism agencies (6.638), developing Balikpapan Foodies (6.438), organizing and executing the Balikpapan Foodies (5.865) organizational functions, and strengthening the Balikpapan Foodies institution with a regular program of members (5,567).
Carbonaceous chondrites: tracers of the prebiotic chemical evolution of the Solar System

The astrobiological relevance of carbonaceous chondrites is reviewed. It is argued that the primitive meteorites called carbonaceous chondrites provide a unique source of information about the materials and conditions in the Solar System during the earliest phases of its history, and its subsequent evolution. Presolar dust grains extracted from the carbonaceous chondrites provide direct information on the previous generations of stars that provided the materials present for planet formation. The organic material found in carbonaceous chondrites consist of amino acids, carboxylic acids and sugar derivatives. Part of the amino acids found show L-enantiomeric excesses, which indicates that homochirality on Earth could be a direct result of input from meteoritic material to the early Earth.
A Conceptual Framework for Circular Design

Design has been recognised in the literature as a catalyst to move away from the traditional model of take-make-dispose to achieve a more restorative, regenerative and circular economy. As such, for a circular economy to thrive, products need to be designed for closed loops, as well as be adapted to generate revenues. This should not only be at the point of purchase, but also during use, and be supported by low-cost return chains and reprocessing structures, as well as effective policy and regulation. To date, most academic and grey literature on the circular economy has focused primarily on the development of new business models, with some of the latter studies addressing design strategies for a circular economy, specifically in the area of resource cycles and design for product life extension. However, these studies primarily consider a limited spectrum of the technical and biological cycles where materials are recovered and restored and nutrients (e.g., materials, energy, water) are regenerated. This provides little guidance or clarity for designers wishing to design for new circular business models in practice. As such, this paper aims to address this gap by systematically analysing previous literature on Design for Sustainability (DfX) (e.g., design for resource conservation, design for slowing resource loops and whole systems design) and links these approaches to the current literature on circular business models. A conceptual framework is developed for circular economy design strategies. From this conceptual framework, recommendations are made to enable designers to fully consider the holistic implications for design within a circular economy.
Endogenous Price Flexibility, the Expenditure Switching Effect and Exchange Rate Regime Choice

A dynamic general equilibrium model of a small open economy is presented where agents may choose the frequency of price changes. A fixed exchange rate is compared to inflation targeting and money targeting. A fixed rate generates more price flexibility than the other regimes when the expenditure switching effect is relatively weak, while money targeting generates more flexibility when the expenditure switching effect is strong. These endogenous changes in price flexibility can lead to changes in the welfare performance of regimes. But, for the model calibration considered here, the extra price flexibility generated by a peg does not compensate for the loss of monetary independence. Inflation targeting yields the highest welfare level despite generating the least price flexibility of the three regimes considered.
Maximized Congestion Control in TCP with Multi-Path Support in Wireless Cobweb Network

: Wireless Cobweb Network (WCN)[1] is a group of wireless devices that has function to transfer all data over wireless channel and it is able to self-organized, self-configure network path itself by optimize routing protocol over Layer 2 (MAC Layer). The WCN can be installed by using computer or device with interface base on IEEE 802.11 forming to the WCN. This network can provide services with any content as wiring network. In IEEE 802.11s [2] is standard for Wireless Cobweb Network (WCN) which improve the communication protocol in Layer-2 (MAC Layer), using the Hybrid technic from the advantage of ad-hoc base and tree base for routing with path in WCN. With the wireless network standard came from IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n standard which does not define to build for the WCN and is different from the wireless access network (2G/3G Cellular systems,WLAN hotspot) [1]. Wireless Cobweb Network is consisted of three type of node; Cobweb Portal (CPP), Cobweb Point (CP), Cobweb Access Point (CAP) [1]. All devices came with IEEE802.11 Standard and beyond - i.e., the physical layer link base on CSMA/CA[3] and standard TCP that work well with Wire Topology but may not suitable with WCN and optimize is in required. Regarding TCP/IP Model, many researches are focused to optimize any layers from physical to application. This research would be focused on the method to optimized congestion control in TCP with Multi-Path support over wireless Cobweb network
World Equity Markets: A New Approach for Segmentation (in English)

This paper is an assessment of international equity-market integration and uses an innovative approach to segment equity markets into related geographic areas. The authors´ focus is on the relationships among the returns of the dominant national equity indexes by continent. To understand how these indexes have evolved, the authors will concentrate on a reduced number of dimensions extracted from principal components analysis. They will demonstrate that each one of these components is particularly associated with certain groups of nations and less associated with others.
A Comparative Study of Task-based vs. Task- supported Teaching Approaches in an EFL Context

In spite of the numerous merits of task-based language instruction as claimed by its supporters in the last few decades, task-supported teaching approach as an alternative was introduced. Since then, there have been controversial debates over the superiority of each of these two approaches. Thus, in the current research project, the purpose was to consider these two teaching approaches in the scope of English language teaching, with the purpose of exploring the most efficient one in an Iranian EFL context. To this end, 120 sophomore students, majoring in English language translation course at Islamic Azad University, Shar-e-Qods branch were selected among 4 intact reading comprehension II classes. Next, they were divided into two experimental groups. The first experimental group received task-based instruction and for the second experimental group, task-trusted teaching approach was applied. The results of the data analyses turned out that task-trusted teaching approach was superior to task-based teaching in teaching reading to EFL learners.