Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trkb-IP3 Pathway Mediating Neuroprotection in Rat Hippocampal Neuronal Cell Culture Following Induction of Kainic Acid

Background Following brain injury, development of hippocampal sclerosis often led to the temporal lobe epilepsy which is sometimes resistant to common anti-epileptic drugs. Cellular and molecular changes underlying epileptogenesis in animal models were studied, however, the underlying mechanisms of kainic acid (KA) mediated neuronal damage in rat hippocampal neuron cell culture alone has not been elucidated yet. Methods Embryonic day 18 (E-18) rat hippocampus neurons were cultured with poly-L-lysine coated glass coverslips. Following optimisation, KA (0.5 μM), a chemoconvulsant agent, was administered at three different time-points (30, 60 and 90 min) to induce seizure in rat hippocampal neuronal cell culture. We examined cell viability, neurite outgrowth density and immunoreactivity of the hippocampus neuron culture by measuring brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), γ-amino butyric acid A (GABAA) subunit α-1 (GABRA1), tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), and inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R/IP3) levels. Results The results revealed significantly decreased and increased immunoreactivity changes in TrkB (a BDNF receptor) and IP3R, respectively, at 60 min time point. Conclusion The current findings suggest that TrkB and IP3 could have a neuroprotective role which could be a potential pharmacological target for anti-epilepsy drugs.
Evaluation of the Effect of Nanosilica on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Metal–Metal and Metal–Glass Canola-Based Polyurethane/Nanosilica Adhesives

Nanocomposites with different concentration of nanofiller were prepared by adding nanosilica to the canola-based polyurethane matrix via in situ polymerization. The effect of nanosilica on the mechanical properties of adhesives was evaluated by tensile tests. Adhesive characteristics on metal–metal and metal–glass bondings were also evaluated by lap shear strength tests. Incorporation of nanosilica into the canola-based polyurethane enhanced both tensile and lap shear strength of synthesized adhesives. Also the effect of nanoparticles on glass transition temperature and thermal stability was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The increase of nanosilica content in the polyurethane adhesives, thermal property of the nanocomposites improved. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Update on pathogenesis, diagnostics and therapy of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the most common cause of chronic liver disease. Increasing prevalence of NAFLD in children may be the cause of unfavorable metabolic implications and development of end stage liver disease. NAFLD is a “multiple-hit” disease mediated by several metabolic, environmental, genetic and microbiological mechanisms. Additionally, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation predispose to progressive liver damage. According to current guidelines, liver biopsy is an imperfect gold standard for NAFLD diagnosis, but due to its invasive character its use is limited in children and it should be performed only in children who need exclusion of coexisting diseases. Noninvasive methods should be preferred and current research is focused on serum markers and novel imaging or elastographic techniques. Therapeutic approaches for NAFLD are currently focused on lifestyle modification, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and the gut microbiome. However, a number of clinical studies on novel therapeutic molecules are ongoing.
First record of the genus Fagineura Vikberg & Zinovjev (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) with descriptions of two new species from China

Abstract Fagineura Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2000 is recorded from China for the first time. Two species of Fagineura are described as new, F.flactoserrulasp. n. and F.xanthosomasp. n. A key to the species of Fagineura worldwide is provided, now including four species. In addition, a simple phylogenetic analysis of Fagineura species is provided, based on sequences of the COI and NaK genes.
Hydrogel 3D printing with the capacitor edge effect

The capacitor edge effect can pattern liquids for 3D printing of various hydrogels. Recent decades have seen intense developments of hydrogel applications for cell cultures, tissue engineering, soft robotics, and ionic devices. Advanced fabrication techniques for hydrogel structures are being developed to meet user-specified requirements. Existing hydrogel 3D printing techniques place substantial constraints on the physical and chemical properties of hydrogel precursors as well as the printed hydrogel structures. This study proposes a novel method for patterning liquids with a resolution of 100 μm by using the capacitor edge effect. We establish a complete hydrogel 3D printing system combining the patterning and stacking processes. This technique is applicable to a wide variety of hydrogels, overcoming the limitations of existing techniques. We demonstrate printed hydrogel structures including a hydrogel scaffold, a hydrogel composite that responds sensitively to temperature, and an ionic high-integrity hydrogel display device. The proposed technique offers great opportunities in rapid prototyping hydrogel devices using multiple compositions and complex geometries.
Introduction

This paper investigates the behavior of DSE-20 using daily DSE-20 Index and prices of the DSE-20 securities for the period of 2001-2003. A number of studies conducted on return behavior but most of them are on the developed markets and none of them on the Dhaka Stock Exchange. Hence, the existing evidence has limited relevance in identifying the return behavior of DSE-20. For the empirical analysis of this study, ARMA, ARIMA, ACF, PACF, and Dimson’s Market model have been conducted. The ACF and PACF suggest that the DSE-20 return series is a stationary time series. The empirical results also suggest that AR (1) coefficient is not significant and all the evidence is against the weak-form market efficiency and proves that the past price series can be used to predict the future returns. However, the results of the ARIMA imply that the return series are following stationarity. The empirical evidence is consistent with Harvey (1993) and Bekaert (1993), i.e., significant predictability in rates of return. As this study is particularly concentrated on an emerging market, it will help the professionals in further understanding of financial issues in the emerging markets and particularly markets in the Asian region. JEL Classification: G14, G15
Reply to Commentaries

The comments of Emde and Reis are a further confirmation of the self asserting of the paradigm of intersubjectivity in psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. The roots of the paradigm can be traced back to Mead in the field of psychology and to Sullivan in psychoanalysis. But what gives further strength to the intersubjectivity paradigm is the validation that comes from the discovery—in neurobiology—of the mirror system. However, it is important to draw a distinction between a more immediate and automatic mode of interacting with other people and a second mode based on mentalizing, that is, the ability to explain and predict other people's behavior by attributing independent mental states to them. While the first mode of interacting is based on the mirror system, the second one seems to be connected to the Anterior Paracingulate Cortex. Of course these observations have important implications for psychoanalytic theory, not only for the developmental theory but also for the therapeutic technique.
A Rebuttal to Harvey, R. (2016). ‘Risks and Fallacies Associated with Promoting a Legalized Trade in Ivory’ in Politikon 43(2): 215–229

ABSTRACT By framing contemporary policy debates as a superficial choice between two polarised approaches to global ivory trade legality, Harvey [2016. “Risks and Fallacies Associated with Promoting a Legalized Trade in Ivory. ” Politikon 43 (2): 215–229] oversimplifies and mischaracterises the nature of the African elephant conservation and trade regulation problem. Consequently, there is a failure to engage appropriately with the analytical work undertaken by economists and other social scientists since the 1989 ivory ban. Much of this work elucidates deeper institutional complexities relating to elephant management across different scales and geographies and acknowledges it as an issue of political economy as much as one of conservation. Over-simplifying the trade legalisation debate provides a distraction from more fundamental challenges facing the survival of Africa’s elephants. To understand and address these challenges more appropriately, analysts and decision-makers should carefully consider the implications of conflicting values, institutional interplay and economic limits. Most importantly, they should work closer together to identify and resolve outstanding questions of mutual interest.
Inflammatory regulatory network mediated by the joint action of NF-kB, STAT3, and AP-1 factors is involved in many human cancers

Significance In a breast cellular transformation model, we describe the gene regulatory network that is mediated by joint and direct action of three inflammatory transcription factors on hundreds of target genes in various oncogenic pathways. This inflammatory feedback loop and associated network functions in many types of cancer cells and patient tumors. It forms the basis for a “cancer inflammation index” that defines cancer types by functional criteria, and that may be useful for choosing drugs for personalized cancer treatment. Inflammatory tumor cells, via secreted inflammatory molecules, might help recruit immune cells to the site of the tumor. Thus, detailed analysis of an artificial transformation model uncovers the molecular basis of an inflammatory network relevant for many forms of human cancer. Using an inducible, inflammatory model of breast cellular transformation, we describe the transcriptional regulatory network mediated by STAT3, NF-κB, and AP-1 factors on a genomic scale. These proinflammatory regulators form transcriptional complexes that directly regulate the expression of hundreds of genes in oncogenic pathways via a positive feedback loop. This transcriptional feedback loop and associated network functions to various extents in many types of cancer cells and patient tumors, and it is the basis for a cancer inflammation index that defines cancer types by functional criteria. We identify a network of noninflammatory genes whose expression is well correlated with the cancer inflammatory index. Conversely, the cancer inflammation index is negatively correlated with the expression of genes involved in DNA metabolism, and transformation is associated with genome instability. We identify drugs whose efficacy in cell lines is correlated with the cancer inflammation index, suggesting the possibility of using this index for personalized cancer therapy. Inflammatory tumors are preferentially associated with infiltrating immune cells that might be recruited to the site of the tumor via inflammatory molecules produced by the cancer cells.
Crosstalk Between Mammalian Antiviral Pathways

As part of their innate immune response against viral infections, mammals activate the expression of type I interferons to prevent viral replication and dissemination. An antiviral RNAi-based response can be also activated in mammals, suggesting that several mechanisms can co-occur in the same cell and that these pathways must interact to enable the best antiviral response. Here, we will review how the classical type I interferon response and the recently described antiviral RNAi pathways interact in mammalian cells. Specifically, we will uncover how the small RNA biogenesis pathway, composed by the nucleases Drosha and Dicer can act as direct antiviral factors, and how the type-I interferon response regulates the function of these. We will also describe how the factors involved in small RNA biogenesis and specific small RNAs impact the activation of the type I interferon response and antiviral activity. With this, we aim to expose the complex and intricate network of interactions between the different antiviral pathways in mammals.
Brown rat demography reveals pre-commensal structure in eastern Asia before expansion into Southeast Asia

Fossil evidence indicates that the globally distributed brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) originated in northern China and Mongolia. Historical records report the human-mediated invasion of rats into Europe in the 1500s, followed by global spread because of European imperialist activity during the 1600s–1800s. We analyzed 14 genomes representing seven previously identified evolutionary clusters, and tested alternative demographic models to infer patterns of range expansion, divergence times, and changes in effective population (Ne) size for this globally important pest species. We observed three range expansions from the ancestral population that produced the Pacific (diverged ∼16.1 kya), eastern China (∼17.5 kya), and Southeast (SE) Asia (∼0.86 kya) lineages. Our model shows a rapid range expansion from SE Asia into the Middle East and then continued expansion into central Europe 788 yr ago (1227 AD). We observed declining Ne within all brown rat lineages from 150–1 kya, reflecting population contractions during glacial cycles. Ne increased since 1 kya in Asian and European, but not in Pacific, evolutionary clusters. Our results support the hypothesis that northern Asia was the ancestral range for brown rats. We suggest that southward human migration across China between the 800s–1550s AD resulted in the introduction of rats to SE Asia, from which they rapidly expanded via existing maritime trade routes. Finally, we discovered that North America was colonized separately on both the Atlantic and Pacific seaboards, by evolutionary clusters of vastly different ages and genomic diversity levels. Our results should stimulate discussions among historians and zooarcheologists regarding the relationship between humans and rats.
Editorial

Intelligence is very topical. This popularization belongs most recently in the shadow cast by 9/11. But the control of actionable governance-relevant knowledge and its dissemination has been a long-standing focus of top-level policy development. Those who can would control by making the power to know exclusive. As liberal democracies across the world are ramping up intelligence budgets, dismantling the ‘‘wall’’ between criminal and national security information, and downscaling civil liberties, more heat than light is often shed on what intelligence is and how intelligence agencies are structured to operate. This special edition of Policing and Society brings together established and new scholars to advance understanding of the complex relation between intelligence, knowledge, networks and governance. In this introduction, I offer a few words on intelligence and intelligence-led policing.
Understanding plant nitrogen nutrition through a laboratory experiment

Plant nitrogen nutrition is an essential topic in biology that should be included in scientific education. Nitrogen availability is one of the primary limiting factors for plant growth, and these organisms are the primary support for the pluricellular terrestrial life, since they are the fundamental group of autotrophs. For this reason, the use of nitrogen fertilizers is in the basis of the Green Revolution that led to an extraordinary increase in the food production during the twentieth century. To illustrate the importance of plant nitrogen nutrition, a new laboratory experience for students is presented in this manuscript. The aim of the following laboratory teaching activity is training of students through the evaluation of metabolic, biochemical, and molecular markers that are related to the nitrogen nutritional status of plants. For this purpose, cherry tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) were used, since they exhibit rapid growth and good differential biomass accumulation in response to changes in the nitrogen supply. The proposed laboratory experiment enables the development of the entire protocol for postgraduate students or in a reduced version for students from lower educational levels. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(4):450–458, 2019.
Diabetes mellitus comorbidity in patients enrolled in tuberculosis drug efficacy trials around the world: A systematic review

Aims With a prevalence of 16%, diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most frequent non‐communicable comorbidities of tuberculosis (TB). DM is a major risk factor for adverse TB outcomes and may require personalized TB drug dosing regimens. However, information on the inclusion of DM in TB drug trials is lacking. We aimed to assess the percentage of recent TB drug efficacy trials that included DM patients. Methods A systematic review was performed and reported according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Science Direct, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were systematically searched for TB drug trials published between 1 January 2012 and 12 September 2017. Primary outcome was the percentage of TB drug trials performed around the world that included DM patients. Results Out of the included 41 TB drug trials, 12 (29.3%) reported DM comorbidity among the study participants. Nine trials (21.9%) excluded all patients with DM comorbidity, ten (24.4%) excluded only insulin‐dependent or uncontrolled DM, and 10 (24.4%) did not mention whether DM was included or excluded. Of the 12 trials that included DM comorbidity, the majority did not report the diagnostic criteria for DM and none reported outcomes in the DM subpopulation. Inclusion of DM was higher in drug‐resistant‐TB trials (67%, P = .003, vs drug‐susceptible) and trials performed in Asia (60%, P = .006, vs Africa). Conclusions Fewer than 1/3 recent TB drug trials reported the inclusion of DM. To better reflect real‐world DM prevalence and differential TB drug effectiveness, inclusion of DM patients requires increased attention for future TB drug trials.
Adjusting to the transition into assisted living: Opportunities for nurse practitioners.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transition from an independent living residence to assisted living (AL) is challenging. The study purpose was to understand such a transition from the perspective of older women. METHODS A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used to explore how 17 older women living in a Continuing Care Retirement Community, many of whom were recently widowed, experienced this transition. CONCLUSIONS Three major themes emerged from the interviews: preplanning, executing, and adjusting to the transition. Even with facility, family and staff assistance, the transition was challenging, and adjustment was affected when participants had physical or sensory impairments. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Older adult women transitioning to AL settings should be assessed for adjustment to the new setting. Those with sensory, cognitive, emotional, or physical problems will need additional supportive strategies to help with adjustment. With a rapidly expanding population, AL settings offer new opportunities for nurse practitioners to promote the health and well-being of older adults.
Variation of gene expression in plants is influenced by gene architecture and structural properties of promoters

In higher eukaryotes, gene architecture and structural properties of promoters have emerged as significant factors influencing variation in number of transcripts (expression level) and specificity of gene expression in a tissue (expression breadth), which eventually shape the phenotype. In this study, transcriptome data of different tissue types at various developmental stages of A. thaliana, O. sativa, S. bicolor and Z. mays have been used to understand the relationship between properties of gene components and its expression. Our findings indicate that in plants, among all gene architecture and structural properties of promoters, compactness of genes in terms of intron content is significantly linked to gene expression level and breadth, whereas in human an exactly opposite scenario is seen. In plants, for the first time we have carried out a quantitative estimation of effect of a particular trait on expression level and breadth, by using multiple regression analysis and it confirms that intron content of primary transcript (as %) is a powerful determinant of expression breadth. Similarly, further regression analysis revealed that among structural properties of the promoters, stability is negatively linked to expression breadth, while DNase1 sensitivity strongly governs gene expression breadth in monocots and gene expression level in dicots. In addition, promoter regions of tissue specific genes are found to be enriched with TATA box and Y-patch motifs. Finally, multi copy orthologous genes in plants are found to be longer, highly regulated and tissue specific.
Airborne host–plant manipulation by whiteflies via an inducible blend of plant volatiles

Significance Plants respond to herbivory and pathogenic infection with the synthesis of various defense compounds, including volatile compounds that are emitted into the environment. These volatiles can be perceived by neighboring plants and “prime” them for an attack by the specific attacker. We found that whitefly-infested tomato plants release volatiles that prime a defense against pathogens in neighboring plants, which goes at the cost of defenses against insect herbivores, making the neighboring plants more suitable for whitefly development. This apparent ability of whiteflies to manipulate plant defense responses through induced volatile emissions could explain the rapid spread of this invasive pest, and a good understanding of the mechanisms that are involved may lead to novel pest control strategies. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is one of the world’s most important invasive crop pests, possibly because it manipulates plant defense signaling. Upon infestation by whiteflies, plants mobilize salicylic acid (SA)-dependent defenses, which mainly target pathogens. In contrast, jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent defenses are gradually suppressed in whitefly-infested plants. The down-regulation of JA defenses make plants more susceptible to insects, including whiteflies. Here, we report that this host–plant manipulation extends to neighboring plants via airborne signals. Plants respond to insect attack with the release of a blend of inducible volatiles. Perception of these volatiles by neighboring plants usually primes them to prepare for an imminent attack. Here, however, we show that whitefly-induced tomato plant volatiles prime SA-dependent defenses and suppress JA-dependent defenses, thus rendering neighboring tomato plants more susceptible to whiteflies. Experiments with volatiles from caterpillar-damaged and pathogen-infected plants, as well as with synthetic volatiles, confirm that whiteflies modify the quality of neighboring plants for their offspring via whitefly-inducible plant volatiles.
Ethnography and the evocative world of policing (Part II)

In our first, of two, special issues of Policing and Society, we reappraised ethnography as a methodology that has made a profound contribution to our understandings of policing. We presented a series of articles that focused upon police officers and other staff in the police institution, their working practices and cultures via an ethnographic approach. In this second issue, we do not repeat our editorial discussion on the enduring value of ethnography. However, it is noteworthy that in presenting our next set of articles, we sought to broaden our scope to include ethnographic research conducted with pluralised forms of policing. We also move beyond the Anglo-American focus of the previous issue in order to explore the conditions of policing in different parts of the world. Other aims of this issue are to consider policing from the point of view of the policed, and to reflect on our roles and experiences as policing ethnographers. Together, we hope that these articles remind us of the potential for ethnographic research to powerfully reveal the unfamiliar, to unsettle stable images, and attend to questions of perspective.