Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
children and adolescents of a p Prevalence and associated factors of dental erosion in rivate dental practice

Background. The prevalence of dental erosion seems to be rising in young populations, particularly among individuals of higher socioeconomic status. Aim. To assess the prevalence and associated factors of dental erosion in children and adolescents of a private dental practice. Design. A total of 232 participants, aged 2–20 years, were examined. Dietary habits, oral hygiene, and medical data were collected from dental records. Logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results. Dental erosion prevalence was of 25.43% and was highest on the occlusal surfaces (76%).
Going Deeper : Global Sequencing Approaches Identify Numerous sRNA Candidates and Place Riboregulators Centrally into Posttranscriptional Regulatory Networks

Bacterial pathogens must endure or adapt to different environments and stresses during transmission and infection. Posttranscriptional gene expression control by regulatory RNAs, such as small RNAs and riboswitches, is now considered central to adaptation in many bacteria, including pathogens. The study of RNA-based regulation (riboregulation) in pathogenic species has provided novel insight into how these bacteria regulate virulence gene expression. It has also uncovered diverse mechanisms by which bacterial small RNAs, in general, globally control gene expression. Riboregulators as well as their targets may also prove to be alternative targets or provide new strategies for antimicrobials. In this article, we present an overview of the general mechanisms that bacteria use to regulate with RNA, focusing on examples from pathogens. In addition, we also briefly review how deep sequencing approaches have aided in opening new perspectives in small RNA identification and the study of their functions. Finally, we discuss examples of riboregulators in two model pathogens that control virulence factor expression or survival-associated phenotypes, such as stress tolerance, biofilm formation, or cell-cell communication, to illustrate how riboregulation factors into regulatory networks in bacterial pathogens.
Electrical Power From Nanotube and Graphene Electrochemical Thermal Energy Harvesters

Nanocarbon‐based thermocells involving aqueous potassium ferro/ferricyanide electrolyte are investigated as an alternative to conventional thermoelectrics for thermal energy harvesting. The dependencies of power output on thermocell parameters, such as cell orientation, electrode size, electrode spacing, electrolyte concentration and temperature, are examined to provide practical design elements and principles. Observation of thermocell discharge behavior provides an understanding of the three primary internal resistances (i.e., activation, ohmic and mass transport overpotentials). The power output from nanocarbon thermocells is found to be mainly limited by the ohmic resistance of the electrolyte and restrictions on mass transport in the porous nanocarbon electrode due to pore tortuosity. Based on these fundamental studies, a comparison of power generation is conducted using various nanocarbon electrodes, including purified single‐walled and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (P‐SWNTs and P‐MWNTs, respectively), unpurified SWNTs, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and P‐SWNT/RGO composite. The P‐SWNT thermocell has the highest specific power generation per electrode weight (6.8 W/kg for a temperature difference of 20 °C), which is comparable to that for the P‐MWNT electrode. The RGO thermocell electrode provides a substantially lower specific power generation (3.9 W/kg).
Investigation of Wear Behaviour of Sewn Assemblies of Viscose Linings with Different Treatment

Different types of chemical treatment of textile are widely applied in advanced textile. Finishing of textile can provide additional functional properties for products or/and to improve the appearance of final product as well as to improve their mechanical properties. In this research the influence of the industrial treatment of viscose linings on the parameters of fabric surface friction, on fabric surface appearance as well as on the slippage resistance of yarns at a seam was investigated. Raw, dyed, dyed and softened, dyed and non-slip finished plain weaved linings were investigated. The slippage resistance of yarns at a seam in woven fabrics was evaluated according to standard EN ISO 13936-1:2004. The friction was investigated according to the standard DIN 53375 in a fabric-fabric friction pair. Surface of raw, dyed, dyed and softened viscose lining was investigated using SEM. The obtained results have shown that the friction parameters as well as the parameters of seam slippage resistance of dyed or dyed and softened fabrics were higher than the ones of raw fabric. The highest differences in those parameters were obtained for lining that was dyed and treated with non-slip finishing. That type of finishing influenced the break of lining yarns without typical to the other investigated linings slipping near a stitching line. http://dx.doi. org/10.5755/j01.ms.17.2. 485
Estimating the Gains from Trade in Limit Order Markets

We present a method for identifying and estimating the gains from trade in limit order markets and provide new empirical evidence that the limit order market is a good market design. The gains from trade in our model arise because traders have different valuations for the stock. We use observations on the traders’ order submissions and the execution and cancellation histories of the traders’ order submissions to estimate the distribution of traders’ unobserved valuations for the stock. We use the parameter estimates for our model to compute the current gains from trade in the limit order market and the gains from trade that the traders would attain in a perfectly liquid market.
Working with Non-NDF Carbohydrates with Manure Evaluation and Environmental Considerations

The non-NDF carbohydrates (NFC) are an important source of energy in the rations of high producing cows, however they vary in their effects on performance. Starch in particular has been associated both with the potential for high production, as well as with problems related to ruminal acidosis (Sutton et al., 1987; Nocek, 1997) which leads to impaired health and production. Understanding how the array of NFC fit within the total ration picture, and how they differ in the nutrients they supply to the animal, will give a better sense of how we should use them in ration formulation.
1 3 Dp rinting of bio-inspired composites

Optimized for millions of years, natural materials often outperform synthetic materials due to their hierarchical structures and multi-functional abilities. They usually feature a complex architecture that consists of simple building blocks. Indeed, many natural materials such as bone, nacre, hair, and spider silk, have outstanding material properties, making them applicable to engineering applications that may require both mechanical resilience and environmental compatibility. However, such natural materials are very difficult to harvest in bulk, and may be toxic in the way they occur naturally, and therefore it is critical to use alternative methods to fabricate materials that have material functions similar to material function as their natural counterparts for large-scale applications. Recent progress in additive manufacturing, especially the ability to print multiple materials at upper micrometer resolution, has given researchers an excellent instrument to design and reconstruct natural-inspired materials. The most advanced 3D-printer can now be used to manufacture samples to emulate their geometry and material composition with high fidelity. Its capabilities, in Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. Received August 27, 2015; Accepted manuscript posted January 4, 2016. doi:10.1115/1.4032423 Copyright (c) 2016 by ASME Ac ce pt ed M an us cr pt N ot C op ye di te d Downloaded From: http://biomechanical.asmedigitalcollection. asme.org/ on 01/11/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use 2 combination with computational modeling, have provided us even more opportunities for designing, optimizing and testing the function of composite materials, in order to achieve composites of high mechanical resilience and reliability. In this review article, we focus on the advanced material properties of several multi-functional biological materials and discuss how the advanced 3Dprinting techniques can be used to mimic their architectures and functions. Lastly, we discuss the limitations of 3D-printing, suggest possible future developments, and discuss applications using bio-inspired materials as a tool in bioengineering and other fields.
Rapid yet accurate measurement of mass diffusion coefficients by phase shifting interferometer

The technique of using a phase-shifting interferometer is applied to the study of diffusion in transparent liquid mixtures. A quick method is proposed for determining the diffusion coefficient from the measurements of the location of fringes on a grey level picture. The measurement time is very short (within 100 s) and a very small transient diffusion field can be observed and recorded accurately with a rate of 30 frames per second. The measurement can be completed using less than 0.12 cc of solutions. The influence of gravity on the measurement of the diffusion coefficient is eliminated in the present method. Results on NaCl-water diffusion systems are presented and compared with the reference data.
A study on the Relationship of the weight pattern with the socioeconomic status among adolescents school going children in an Indian Metropolitan City

Objective: The last two decades have witnessed an increase in health care costs due to obesity and related issues among children and adolescents. Childhood obesity is a global phenomenon affecting all socio-economic groups, irrespective of age, sex or ethnicity. The study was done to find the the prevalence of obesity and overweight and their association with socioeconomic status (SES) and the risk factors. Materials and Methods: School based cross sectional study carried out over a period of 4 months in three schools of East Delhi. The study was carried out in 629 school children of 10–18 years of age and belonging to different socioeconomic statuses in schools in East Delhi. The obesity and overweight were considered using an updated body mass index reference. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to determine the Socio-economic status and life style factors. Results: The prevalence of overweight among children was higher in middle socioeconomic status groups as compared to high socioeconomic class in both boys and girls whereas the prevalence of obesity was higher in high Socio economic status group as compared to middle socioeconomic group. The prevalence of obesity as well as overweight in low SES group was the lowest as compared to other group. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the prevalence of overweight and obesity varies remarkably with different socioeconomic development levels. Received: 27-22017
Cotton, War and Growth in Chad, 1960-2000

Revised version: 11 July 2002 Acknowledgements : This paper was partly written while Jean-Paul Azam was visiting N’Djamena, during 20-30 January 2001. We wish to thank Etienne Moïta, deputy general secretary of the presidency, for an illuminating discussion spanning the whole post-independence period, as well as Georges Diguimbaye, for his long and rich memory. Written comments by Steve O’Connell were very helpful, and are also gratefully acknowledged, without implicating.
Ju n 20 18 A GEOMETRIC INVARIANT OF 6-DIMENSIONAL SUBSPACES OF 4 × 4 MATRICES

Let R denote a 6-dimensional subspace of the ring M4(k) of 4 × 4 matrices over an algebraically closed field k. Fix a vector space isomorphism M4(k) ∼= k 4 ⊗ k. We associate to R a closed subscheme XR of the Grassmannian of 2-dimensional subspaces of k , where the reduced subscheme of XR is the set of 2-dimensional subspaces Q ⊆ k 4 such that (Q ⊗ k) ∩ R 6= {0}. Our main result is that if XR has minimal dimension (namely, one), then its degree is 20 when it is viewed as a subscheme of P via the Plücker embedding. We present several examples of XR that illustrate the wide range of possibilities for it; there are reduced and non-reduced examples. Two examples involve elliptic curves: in one case, XR is a P -bundle over an elliptic curve, the second symmetric power of the curve; in the other, it is a curve having seven irreducible components, three of which are quartic elliptic space curves, and four of which are smooth plane conics. These two examples arise naturally from a problem having its roots in quantum statistical mechanics. The scheme XR appears in non-commutative algebraic geometry: under appropriate hypotheses, it is isomorphic to the line scheme L of a certain graded algebra determined by R. In that context, it has been an open question for several years to describe such L of minimal dimension, i.e., those L of dimension one. Our main result implies that if dim(L) = 1, then, as a subscheme of P under the Plücker embedding, deg(L) = 20.
Epstein – Barr virus-associated gastric cancer

Introduction: Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer all over the world. Unfortunately, several gastric cancers are diagnosed in an advanced stage and chemotherapy and/or target therapies remain the only options to treat patients. Areas covered: Herein we evaluate the new molecular proposal of gastric cancer classification, offering the possibility to recognize different pathogenetic mechanisms and molecular biomarkers potentially useful for target therapies. Expert commentary: The possibility of introducing new specific tests for identification of molecular biomarkers critical for targeted therapies response represents the new frontier in the selection of gastric cancer patients to improve their survival. Besides HER2, already used in clinical settings as a target biomarker for biological therapy in gastric cancer patients with tissue cancer cells overexpressing HER2, other promising target biomarkers which are deregulated in gastric cancer, such as MET and FGFR, could be identified in tissue and then used for therapeutic purposes. In addition immunotherapy represents the most promising possibility of advanced gastric cancer treatment. In particular, as in other solid tumors, PD-1/PDL1 pathway has emerged in several clinical trials as an interesting therapeutic target. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 12 October 2016 Accepted 27 February 2017
Labor Market Reforms, Growth, and Unemployment in Labor-Exporting MENA Countries

This paper studies the impact of labor market policies on growth and unemployment in labor-exporting MENA countries. The analysis is based on a framework that captures many of the main features of the labor market in these countries. We conduct a variety of policy experiments, including a reduction in payroll taxation, cuts in public sector wages and employment, an increase in employment subsidies, a reduction in trade unions’ bargaining power, and a composite reform program. A number of specific policy lessons are drawn from our simulations. Our broad message is that in order to foster growth and job creation in the region, labor market reforms must not be viewed in isolation but rather as a component of a comprehensive program of structural reforms aimed at exploiting policy complementarities.
The Weight of Economic Growth and Urbanization on Electricity Demand in UAE

This study aims to explore the relationship between economic growth, urbanization, financial development and electricity consumption in case of United Arab Emirates. The study covers the time period of 1975-2011. We have applied the ARDL bounds testing to examine long run relationship between the variables in the presence of structural breaks. The VECM Granger causality is applied to investigate the direction of causal relationship between the variables. Our empirical exercise found cointegration between the series in case of United Arab Emirates. Further, results reveal that inverted U-shaped relationship is found between economic growth and electricity consumption i.e. economic growth raises electricity consumption initially and declines it after a threshold level of income per capita. Financial development adds in electricity consumption. The relationship between urbanization and electricity consumption is also inverted U-shaped. This implies that urbanization increases electricity consumption initially and after a threshold level of urbanization, electricity demand falls. The causality analysis finds feedback hypothesis between economic growth and electricity consumption i.e. economic growth and electricity consumption are interdependent. The bidirectional causality is found between financial development and electricity consumption. Economic growth and urbanization Granger cause each other. The feedback hypothesis is also found between urbanization and financial development, financial development and economic growth and same is true for electricity consumption and urbanization.
The University of Chicago Patchy Reaction ‐ Diffusion and Population Abundance : The Relative Importance of Habitat

A discrete reaction-diffusion model was used to estimate long-term equilibrium populations of a hypothetical species inhabiting patchy landscapes to examine the relative importance of habitat amount and arrangement in explaining population size. When examined over a broad range of habitat amounts and arrangements, population size was largely determined by a pure amount effect (proportion of habitat in the landscape accounted for 196% of the total variation compared to ! 1% for the arrangement main effect). However, population response deviated from a pure amount effect as coverage was reduced below 30%–50%. That deviation coincided with a persistence threshold as indicated by a rapid decline in the probability of landscapes supporting viable populations. When we partitioned experimental landscapes into sets of “above” and “below” persistence threshold, habitat arrangement became an important factor in explaining population size below threshold conditions. Regression analysis on below-threshold landscapes using explicit measures of landscape structure (after removing the covariation with habitat amount) indicated that arrangement variables accounted for 33%–39% of the variation in population size, compared to 27%–49% for habitat amount. Thus, habitat arrangement effects became important when species persistence became uncertain due to dispersal
Topical Review on Adventitious Root Physiology The Physiology of Adventitious Roots 1

Adventitious roots are plant roots that form from any nonroot tissue and are produced both during normal development (crown roots on cereals and nodal roots on strawberry [Fragaria spp.]) and in response to stress conditions, such as flooding, nutrient deprivation, and wounding. They are important economically (for cuttings and food production), ecologically (environmental stress response), and for human existence (food production). To improve sustainable food production under environmentally extreme conditions, it is important to understand the adventitious root development of crops both in normal and stressed conditions. Therefore, understanding the regulation and physiology of adventitious root formation is critical for breeding programs. Recent work shows that different adventitious root types are regulated differently, and here, we propose clear definitions of these classes. We use three case studies to summarize the physiology of adventitious root development in response to flooding (case study 1), nutrient deficiency (case study 2), and wounding (case study 3).
A New Method for Ordering Fuzzy Number

Ranking fuzzy numbers is an important aspect of decision making in a fuzzy environment. In fuzzy decision making problems, fuzzy numbers must be ranked before an action is taken by a decision maker. This article is about ranking Fuzzy numbers and describes a ranking method for ordering ܮ fuzzy numbers based on the area of fuzzy numbers. This method is simple in evaluation and can rank various types of ܮ fuzzy numbers and also crisp numbers which are considered to be a special class of fuzzy numbers.
, Roman Camarda and Michael Lagunoff Glucose for Efficient Replication Vaccinia Virus Requires Glutamine but Not

Viruses require host cell metabolism to provide the necessary energy and biosynthetic precursors for successful viral replication. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a member of the Poxviridae family, and its use as a vaccine enabled the eradication of variola virus, the etiologic agent of smallpox. A global metabolic screen of VACV-infected primary human foreskin fibroblasts suggested that glutamine metabolism is altered during infection. Glutamine and glucose represent the two main carbon sources for mammalian cells. Depriving VACV-infected cells of exogenous glutamine led to a substantial decrease in infectious virus production, whereas starving infected cells of exogenous glucose had no significant impact on replication. Viral yield in glutamine-deprived cells or in cells treated with an inhibitor of glutaminolysis, the pathway of glutamine catabolism, could be rescued by the addition of multiple tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. Thus, VACV infection induces a metabolic alteration to fully rely on glutamine to anaplerotically maintain the TCA cycle. VACV protein synthesis, but not viral transcription, was decreased in glutamine-deprived cells, which corresponded with a dramatic reduction in all VACV morphogenetic intermediates. This study reveals the unique carbon utilization program implemented during poxvirus infection and provides a potential metabolic pathway to target viral replication.
ARE ULTRA-FAINT GALAXIES AT z = 6–8 RESPONSIBLE FOR COSMIC REIONIZATION? COMBINED CONSTRAINTS FROM THE HUBBLE FRONTIER FIELDS CLUSTERS AND PARALLELS

We use deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the Frontier Fields to accurately measure the galaxy rest-frame ultraviolet luminosity function (UV LF) in the redshift range z ∼ 6–8. We combine observations in three lensing clusters, A2744, MACS 0416, and MACS 0717, and their associated parallel fields to select high-redshift dropout candidates. We use the latest lensing models to estimate the flux magnification and the effective survey volume in combination with completeness simulations performed in the source plane. We report the detection of 227 galaxy candidates at z = 6–7 and 25 candidates at z ∼ 8. While the total survey area is about 4 arcmin2 in each parallel field, it drops to about 0.6–1 arcmin2 in the cluster core fields because of the strong lensing. We compute the UV LF at z ∼ 7 using the combined galaxy sample and perform Monte Carlo simulations to determine the best-fit Schechter parameters. We are able to reliably constrain the LF down to an absolute magnitude of MUV = −15.25, which corresponds to 0.005 L⋆. More importantly, we find that the faint-end slope remains steep down to this magnitude limit with &agr; = − 2.04 − 0.17 + 0.13 . > We find a characteristic magnitude of M ⋆ = − 20.89 − 0.72 + 0.60 ? > and log(ϕ⋆) = − 3.54 − 0.45 + 0.48 . > Our results confirm the most recent results in deep blank fields but extend the LF measurements more than two magnitudes deeper. The UV LF at z ∼ 8 is not very well constrained below MUV = −18 owing to the small number statistics and incompleteness uncertainties. To assess the contribution of galaxies to cosmic reionization, we derive the UV luminosity density at z ∼ 7 by integrating the UV LF down to an observational limit of MUV = −15. We show that our determination of log(ρUV) = 26.2 ± 0.13 (erg s−1 Hz−1 Mpc−3) can be sufficient to maintain reionization with an escape fraction of ionizing radiation of fesc = 10%–15%. Future Hubble Frontier Fields observations will certainly improve the constraints on the UV LF at the epoch of reionization, paving the way to more ambitious programs using cosmic telescopes with the next generation of large aperture telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope and the European Extremely Large Telescope.