Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Folate metabolism in humans.

Several lines of evidence have linked flate metabolism to the expression of the fragile site at Xq27. Sutherland (1979) observed that expression of this marker depends on the composition of the culture medium and that deficiency of folic acid and thymidine promotes expression of the fragile site in lumphocytes, as does the addition of methotrexate. Several investigators (Glover, 1981; Tommerup et al, 1981) independently showed that expression of the fragile site can be elicited by adding 5-fluorodexyuridine, an inhibitor of thymidylate synthase to culture medium containing folic acid but not thymidine. Indeed, Lejeune (1981) has claimed sucessful treatment of males with fragile X syndrome, the administration of folic acid and folinic acid (5-formyltetrahydrofolate) leading to decreased expression of the Xq27 fragile site and greatly reduced aggressiveness. These and other studies have stimulated persons of diverse backgrounds to ocnfront complicated aspects of folate metabolism. The information that follows is intended to facilitate discusion and investigation in the context of the fragile X syndrome. The history of folic acid can be said t date from the description by Channing in 1842 of severe, rapidly progressive and sometimes fatal anemia of pregnancy. In a series of studies begun in 1930, Lucy Wills observed that the diets of mothers of premature infants in India were usually markedly deficient in a vitamin that later proved ot be folic acid. Folic acid was first isolated and specifically maned in 1941 by investigators who prepared it from spinach leaves. It was first synthesized in 1946 and given the chemical designation pteroylglutamic acid. Syntheitic folic acid is now prepard in commercial quantities but is an unnatural substance. Biologically active folates are derivatives of tetrahydrofolate (THF) shown in Fig. 1. The has three major components, namely, the pteridine ring, the p-aminobenzoate protion and an L-glutamyl residue. The similarity of the sulfonamides ot the aminobenzoate protion of THF is the basis for the lethal effects sulfonamides have on microorganinsms, this treatment interfering with synthesis of folates. THF is the parent compound of all biologically active folates and is simply folic acid reduced on the pteridine ring at positons 5,6, 7 and 8 (Fig. 1). Two protions of the THF molecule are especially important to its functions. The nitrogen atoms at positions 5 or 10 or both carry the substituents that make up the one-carbon pool. Of these compounds, 5-methylTHF is the main serum and tissue form of folate, while, in most tissues, there are in addition lesser amounts of 10-formylTHF and still smaller amounts of 5,10-methyleneTHF, THF itself and other folate compounds. Very few of these folates are stable enough to be useful under clinical and cell folinic acid or leucovorin. This stable folate can be prepared in large quantities and can be given t patients orally or parenterally.
The Effect of Various Oxygen Tensions on The Synthesis and Degradation of Bone Collagen in Tissue Culture.∗

Summary The effect of various oxygen tensions on the synthesis and degradation of bone collagen has been studied biochemically in tissue culture. The incorporation of H3-proline from the tissue culture medium into collagen H3-hydroxyproline has been used as an index of collagen synthesis, and the release of hydroxyproline into the tissue culture medium as an index of collagen degradation. The results show that at low oxygen tensions the rate of collagen synthesis exceeds that of degradation. At higher oxygen tensions, both the rates of synthesis and degradation increase. At an oxygen tension of 50%, the rates of synthesis and degradation are approximately equal. Under the latter conditions evidence is also presented which suggests that the bone collagen present in the calvaria at the time of explantation is more susceptible to resorption than the collagen synthesized during culture.
A 60 GHz diversity LNA in 0.18ìm SiGe

A combination low noise amplifier (LNA) and diversity switch (diversity LNA) is presented, allowing the switching between two spatially separated antennas to improve the received SNR in a multipath environment. This 60 GHz diversity LNA has a simulated gain of 14.3 dB and noise figure o f8.9 dB. It is suitable for diversity of reception implementation for a complete system-on-chip (SOC) in the 60 GHz band.
A Haplotype-Based Method for QTL Mapping of F 1 Populations in Outbred Plant Species

The integration of quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis into breeding strategies rather than being seen as separated processes has been proposed to increase the power and accuracy of QTL detection and to allow the two activities to be joined. The main objective of this research is to develop a specific scheme for mapping QTL in actual breeding F 1 populations of outbred plant species with a high degree of accuracy. The proposed method groups populations by common founders and statistically associates founder-origin probabilities that trace the common founder haplotypes in a given region of the progeny genome with the phenotypic expression, using a linear model with a structured covariance matrix. The method was applied to computer simulated data sets, corresponding to five F 1 populations of 100 individuals each obtained from the crosses of a common founder with several other founders. We are currently using this scheme with cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) crosses, using selected clones resistant to specific diseases to widen the genetic base of disease resistance. The results indicate that the position and effect of QTLs in the common founder, that explain each at least 14% of the phenotypic variance, can be estimated with good precision and accuracy. The theoretical assumptions on which this approach was developed render the method appropriate for outbred plant species that are highly heterozygous, which is often the case in tropical tree crops like cocoa, and have phenotypic traits that show few interlocus interaction effects.
Effects of chromatic illumination on cyanobacterial phycobilisomes. Evidence for the specific induction of a second pair of phycocyanin subunits in Pseudanabaena 7409 grown in red light.

Pseudanabaena 7409 is a chromatically cyanobacterium which photocontrols the synthesis of both phycoerythrin and phycocyanin [Tandeau de Marsac (1977) J. Bacteriol. 130, 82--91]. Phycobilisomes, isolated from cells grown in either green or red light, have been dissociated and the component biliproteins purified and characterized. Phycobilisomes isolated from cells grown in green light were composed of allophycocyanin B, allophycocyanin, two phycocyanin subunits (one alpha-type and one beta-type subunit), phycoerythrin and eight uncolored polypeptides. When dissociated phycobilisomes were chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose at pH 5.5, most of the phycocyanin was recovered as part of a large (17.3 S) multiprotein complex with phycoerythrin (molar ratio 1 : 1). This complex also contained five of the uncolored polypeptides found in intact phycobilisomes isolated from cells grown in green light. Phycobilisomes isolated from cells grown in red light were composed of allophycocyanin B, allophycocyanin, four phycocyanin subunits (two alpha-type and two beta-type subunits), and six uncolored polypeptides. When these phycobilisomes were dissociated, the phycocyanin was recovered as a large (21.0 S) multiprotein complex which was composed of the four phycocyanin subunits types and four uncolored polypeptides. This complex was morphologically identical to the rod-like stacks of discs about 6 x 12 nm which form the peripheral rods of intact phycobilisomes. Each of the four phycocyanin subunits found in the complex isolated from the phycobilisomes of cells grown in red light was purified to homogeneity and characterized. Amino acid compositions of the four subunits indicated that each subunit was a unique gene product. Two of the subunits of the complex were apparently identical to those of the phycocyanin purified from phycobilisomes isolated from cells grown in green light. These studies suggest that one pair of phycocyanin subunits was synthesized constitutively (i.e. irrespective of the light wavelength to which the cells were exposed during growth) while the synthesis of the second pair of phycocyanin subunits was specifically induced during growth in red light.
The Patellar Insertion of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament in Children: A Cadaveric Study

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) patellar insertion in skeletally immature anatomic specimens. Methods: Nine pediatric cadaveric knee specimens were examined through gross dissection. Metallic markers were placed at the MPFL patellar insertion footprint. Computed tomographic scans for each specimen were analyzed. The MPFL insertion footprint width, patellar height, and patellar width were measured. The distance from the MPFL insertion footprint center to the midline of the patella was assessed. The proportion of the patella that the MPFL footprint inserted upon was calculated. Results: The mean width of the MPFL patellar insertion footprint was 12 mm (range, 8 to 18 mm). The mean patellar height was 31 mm (range, 20 to 48 mm). The mean patellar width was 27 mm (range, 21 to 39 mm). The center of the MPFL insertion footprint was found to be a mean 4.7 mm (range, −2 to 10.5 mm) above the midline of the patella, with insertion centers occurring both above and below the midline. The MPFL insertion footprint spanned a mean 41% (24% to 63%) of the longitudinal width of the patella. Conclusions: Most adult studies report the MPFL insertion on the upper 1/2 to 2/3 of the patella. This series of skeletally immature subjects demonstrated that the center of the MPFL insertion was above and below the midpoint of the patella. The MPFL insertions of some of the younger specimens did extend into the distal 1/3 of the patella. The insertion of the older specimens was found in the proximal 2/3 of the patella, a similar location to most previous adult anatomic studies. Clinical Relevance: This research suggests that the MPFL insertion on the patella may be at slightly different locations in some skeletally immature subjects compared with adults. The specimens dissected in the present study showed more variability than previously published reports, with some insertions extending into the distal 1/3 of the patella in the youngest subjects. These dissections may be useful to surgeons performing MPFL reconstructions in skeletally immature patients.
Autologous Fat Grafting in the Treatment of Fibrotic Perioral Changes in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis

Autologous fat tissue grafting (AFTG) has been successfully used in the treatment of different sclerotic conditions, including localized scleroderma. Patients with advanced systemic sclerosis (SSc)-related perioral thickening and mouth opening limitation are candidates for this therapeutic approach. AFTG of the lips was performed to improve mouth opening in patients with SSc. We enrolled in the study 20 female patients with diffuse SSc (median age 35 ± 15 years and 11 ± 10 years of disease duration). Two-milliliter fractions of autologous fat drawn from trochanteric or periumbilical areas were injected in eight different sites around the mouth. Baseline and after-treatment mouth opening changes were assessed by measuring interincisal distance and oral perimeter, while skin hardness was tested by digital durometer. Pre- and posttreatment modifications of microvascular architecture were assessed by counting capillaries in the inferior lip videocapillaroscopy (VC) images and by scoring the microvascular density (MVD) in anti-CD34/CD31 immunohistochemical (IH) stained perioral skin biopsy sections. Similarly, histological sections were examined to evaluate dermoepidermic junction (DEJ) modifications. Three months after treatment, both the interincisal distance and oral perimeter significantly increased (p < 0.001). At the same time, a significant skin neovascularization became evident, both considering the VC images (p< 0.001) and MVD scores in IH sections (p< 0.0001). Finally, some skin histological aspects also improved, as shown by the significant changes in DEJ flattening scores (p < 0.0001). The present study suggests that, in patients with SSc, AFTG can improve mouth opening and function, induce a neovascularization, and partially restore the skin structure.
Surveillance for West Nile virus in British birds (2001 to 2006)

WEST Nile virus (wnv) is an arbovirus of the genus Flavivirus (family Flaviviridae), which is transmitted and amplified in enzootic cycles between avian hosts and many species of mosquito vectors ([Higgs and others 2004][1]). At least 59 mosquito species have been identified as vectors for wnv,
FIBROSpect II: a potential noninvasive test to assess hepatic fibrosis

Many forms of liver disease may ultimately lead to fibrosis of the liver, the most advanced state being cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is a morphologic disease that eventually results in a functional change of the liver. It is generally not accompanied by signs or symptoms early in its course, and is often diagnosed late when signs of liver failure become overt. Imaging studies may suggest cirrhosis, but only if there have been gross changes in the appearance of the liver, and this is often not the case. The only way to diagnose cirrhosis reliably has been through direct histologic examination of liver tissue. The drawback to histologic diagnosis has been the risks and discomfort associated with liver biopsy. Hesitation to perform the procedure also exists due to lack of experience of many practitioners and the low reimbursement rates for a procedure that is viewed as time consuming and potentially dangerous. The search for noninvasive modalities to assess fibrosis through biochemical and other means has begun. Several markers are currently under investigation, many of which are combined with clinical assessment and other biochemical parameters, to establish the presence of liver fibrosis. FIBROSpect II is an example of a commercially available assay that employs a combination of three markers to distinguish between no, minimal and advanced fibrosis.
Skull showing Absence of Coronal Suture.

THE skull described herein is that of a female who belonged to the dark Dravidian race inhabiting Southern India and was aged about 30. The contour of the cranial vault is a broad ovoid with the broad pole in front and the narrow pole behind, the reverse of the " modal " outline generally met with in the skulls of the department.
Fault masking as a service

In SOA, composite services depend on a set of partner services to perform their tasks. These partner services may become unavailable because of system and/or network faults, leading to an increased error rate for the composite service. In this paper, we propose an approach to prevent the occurrence of errors that result from the unavailability of partner services. We introduce an external Web service, dubbed Fault Avoidance Service (FAS), to which composite services can register at will. After registration, FAS periodically checks the partner links, detects unavailable partner services, and updates the composite service with available alternatives. Thus, in case of a partner service error, the composite service will have been updated before attempting an ill‐destined request. We provide mathematical analysis regarding the error rate and the false positive rate with respect to the monitoring frequency of FAS for two models. We obtained empirical results by conducting several tests on the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud to evaluate our mathematical analyses. We also introduce an industrial case study for improving the quality of a service‐oriented system from the broadcasting and content delivery domain. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas/particle partitioning of total alkyl nitrates observed with TD‐LIF in Bakersfield

Limitations in the chemical characterization of tropospheric organic aerosol (OA) continue to impede attempts to fully understand its chemical sources and sinks. To assess the role of organic nitrates in OA, we used a new thermal dissociation‐laser induced fluorescence‐based (TD‐LIF) technique to obtain a high‐time‐resolution record of total aerosol organic nitrates (hereafter ΣANsaer) at the Bakersfield, CA supersite during the 2010 CalNex campaign. The TD‐LIF measurements compare well with Fourier transform infrared measurements from collocated filter samples. These measurements show that ΣANs are a ubiquitous component of the OA with the –ONO2 subunit comprising on average 4.8% of the OA mass. Scaling this fraction by an estimate of the organic backbone mass yields an estimate that 17–23% of OA molecules contain nitrate functional groups. Measurements of both total ΣAN (gas + aerosol) and ΣANaer show that on average 21% of ΣANs are in the condensed phase, suggesting atmospheric organic nitrates have similar volatilities to analogous non‐nitrate oxidized organic compounds. The fraction of ΣAN that is in the condensed phase increases with total OA concentration, providing direct evidence from the atmosphere that absorptive partitioning into OA has some control over the ΣAN phase partitioning. The specific molecular identity of the ΣAN is incompletely understood. Both biogenic hydrocarbons and long chain alkanes are calculated to be significant sources of low volatility nitrates in Bakersfield, and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to an electrospray ionization high‐resolution quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer measurements confirm the existence of particulate nitrooxy organosulfates derived from gas‐phase oxidation of both isoprene and monoterpenes.
A novel design of stator Ferrite PM single phase doubly salient small motor: FEM characterization and controlled dynamics

The present paper introduces a novel two coil 1 phase stator Ferrite PM motor [1]. The main targets are reduced material and fabrication costs in a robust topology at 90% efficiency for a 35W, 1600 rpm case study. Due to complicated flux lines (with tapered airgap for self-starting) and magnetic saturation, direct FEM characterization (preliminary design) was applied. Matlab Simulink modeling for controlled dynamics which made use FEM imposed cogging torque, emf and inductance with rotor position waveforms proved smooth motor starting to rated speed for speed performance, full load in both open loop (V/f) and close loop control.
Live Attenuated Mumps Virus Vaccine. 1. Vaccine Development

Summary The development and testing of an attenuated live mumps virus vaccine designated Jeryl Lynn strain, level B, is described. The virus was attenuated by passage in embryonated hens' eggs and in cell cultures of chick embryo and the vaccine was tested for safety and potency by procedures consistent with contemporary standards for live measles virus vaccine. The vaccine was used as a dried product and was sufficiently stable both in dried form and on rehydration to permit use in routine practice. It was possible to distinguish the attenuated virus from a “virulent” mumps virus strain based on cyto-pathic effect and on titer obtained in tests in primary human amnion and in chick embryo cell cultures but not in cultures of monkey kidney or HeLa or stable human amnion (WISH). It was not possible to distinguish the level B Jeryl Lynn virus from less attenuated level A virus in cell culture but the level B virus did induce considerably less antibody in monkeys than did level A. Both the level A and level B vaccines were highly immuno-genic for man. A review was made of additional data published elsewhere in which it was shown that the B level vaccine was highly efficacious in preventing natural mumps and that the virus was neither excreted from vaccinated persons nor was it contagious to susceptible contacts. All of 10 lots of human immune globulin of diverse source tested contained mumps neutralizing antibody in the range of titer of 1:64 to 1:2048 with a median of 1:256.
The ras oncogene-mediated sensitization of human cells to topoisomerase II inhibitor-induced apoptosis.

BACKGROUND Among the inhibitors of the enzyme topoisomerase II (an important target for chemotherapeutic drugs) tested in the National Cancer Institute's In Vitro Antineoplastic Drug Screen, NSC 284682 (3'-hydroxydaunorubicin) and NSC 659687 [9-hydroxy-5,6-dimethyl-1-(N-[2(dimethylamino)ethyl]carbamoyl)-6H-pyrido -(4,3-b)carbazole] were the only compounds that were more cytotoxic to tumor cells harboring an activated ras oncogene than to tumor cells bearing wild-type ras alleles. Expression of the multidrug resistance proteins P-glycoprotein and MRP (multidrug resistance-associated protein) facilitates tumor cell resistance to topoisomerase II inhibitors. We investigated whether tumor cells with activated ras oncogenes showed enhanced sensitivity to other topoisomerase II inhibitors in the absence of the multidrug-resistant phenotype. METHODS We studied 20 topoisomerase II inhibitors and individual cell lines with or without activated ras oncogenes and with varying degrees of multidrug resistance. RESULTS In the absence of multidrug resistance, human tumor cell lines with activated ras oncogenes were uniformly more sensitive to most topoisomerase II inhibitors than were cell lines containing wild-type ras alleles. The compounds NSC 284682 and NSC 659687 were especially effective irrespective of the multidrug resistant phenotype. The ras oncogene-mediated sensitization to topoisomerase II inhibitors was far more prominent with the non-DNA-intercalating epipodophyllotoxins than with the DNA-intercalating inhibitors. This difference in sensitization appears to be related to a difference in apoptotic sensitivity, since the level of DNA damage generated by etoposide (an epipodophyllotoxin derivative) in immortalized human kidney epithelial cells expressing an activated ras oncogene was similar to that in the parental cells, but apoptosis was enhanced only in the former cells. CONCLUSIONS Activated ras oncogenes appear to enhance the sensitivity of human tumor cells to topoisomerase II inhibitors by potentiating an apoptotic response. Epipodophyllotoxin-derived topoisomerase II inhibitors should be more effective than the DNA-intercalating inhibitors against tumor cells with activated ras oncogenes.
Arsenic, Reactive Oxygen, and Endothelial Dysfunction

Human exposure to drinking water contaminated with arsenic is a serious global health concern and predisposes to cardiovascular disease states, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and microvascular disease. The most sensitive target of arsenic toxicity in the vasculature is the endothelium, and incubation of these cells with low concentrations of arsenite, a naturally occurring and highly toxic inorganic form of arsenic, rapidly induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation via activation of a specific NADPH oxidase (Nox2). Arsenite also induces ROS accumulation in vascular smooth muscle cells, but this is relatively delayed because, depending on the vessel from which they originate, these cells often lack Nox2 and/or its essential regulatory cytosolic subunits. The net effect of such activity is attenuation of endothelium-dependent conduit artery dilation via superoxide anion–mediated scavenging of nitric oxide (NO) and inhibition and downregulation of endothelial NO synthase, events that are temporally matched to the accumulation of oxidants across the vessel wall. By contrast, ROS induced by the more toxic organic trivalent arsenic metabolites (monomethylarsonous and dimethylarsinous acids) may originate from sources other than Nox2. As such, the mechanisms through which vascular oxidative stress develops in vivo under continuous exposure to all three of these potent arsenicals are unknown. This review is a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms that mediate arsenic effects associated with Nox2 activation, ROS activity, and endothelial dysfunction, and also considers future avenues of research into what is a relatively poorly understood topic with major implications for human health.