Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial Medicines Consumption in Eastern Europeand Central Asia – An Updated Cross-National Study and Assessment of QuantitativeMetrics for Policy Action

Introduction: Surveillance of antimicrobial medicines consumption is central to improving their use and reducing resistance rates. There are few published data on antibiotic consumption in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. To address this, 18 non-European Union (EU) countries and territories contribute to the WHO Regional Office for Europe (WHO Europe) Antimicrobial Medicines Consumption (AMC) Network. Objectives: (i) Analyze 2015 consumption of J01 class antibacterials for systemic use from 16 AMC Network members; (ii) compare results with 2011 data and 2015 ESAC-Net estimates; (iii) assess consumption against suggested indicators; (iv) evaluate the impact of planned changes to defined daily doses (DDDs) in 2019 for some commonly used antibiotics; and (v) consider the utility of quantitative metrics of consumption for policy action. Methods: Analysis methods are similar to ESAC-Net for EU countries. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and DDD methodology were used to calculate total consumption (DDD/1000 inhabitants/day [DID]), relative use measures (percentages), extent of use of WHO Watch and Reserve group antibiotics and impact of DDD changes. Findings: Total J01 consumption in 2015 ranged 8.0–41.5 DID (mean 21.2 DID), generally lower than in 2011 (6.4–42.3 DID, mean 23.6 DID). Beta-lactam penicillins, cephalosporins, and quinolones represented 16.2–56.6, 9.4–28.8, and 7.5–24.6% of total J01 consumption, respectively. Third-generation cephalosporins comprised up to 90% of total cephalosporin consumption in some countries. Consumption of WHO Reserve antibiotics was very low; Watch antibiotics comprised 17.3–49.5% of total consumption (mean 30.9%). Variability was similar to 2015 ESAC-Net data (11.7–38.3 DID; mean 22.6 DID). DDD changes in 2019 impact both total and relative consumption estimates: total DIDs reduced on average by 12.0% (7.3–35.5 DID), mostly due to reduced total DDDs for commonly used penicillins; impact on rankings and relative use estimates were modest. Discussion: Quantitative metrics of antibiotic consumption have value. Improvements over time reflect national activities, however, changes in total volumes may conceal shifts to less desirable choices. Relative use measures targeting antibiotics of concern may be more informative. Some, including WHO Watch and Reserve classifications, lend themselves to prescribing targets supported by guidelines and treatment protocols.
Variation From an Unknown Source: Large Inter-individual Differences in Migrating Black-Tailed Godwits

Variation in migratory behavior is the result of different individual strategies and fluctuations in individual performances. A first step toward understanding these differences in migratory behavior among individuals is, therefore, to assess the relative contributions of inter- and intra-individual differences to this variation. We did this using light-level geolocators deployed on the breeding grounds to follow continental black-tailed godwits (Limosa limosa limosa) throughout their south- and northward migrations over multiple years. Based on repeated tracks from 36 individuals, we found two general patterns in godwit migratory behavior: First, migratory timing in black-tailed godwits varies mostly because individual godwits migrate at different times of the year. Second, individuals also exhibit considerable variation in timing within their respective migratory windows. Although the absolute amount of inter-individual variation in timing decreased over the course of northward migration, individual godwits still arrived at their breeding grounds across a span of more than 5 weeks. These differences in migratory timing among individuals are larger than those currently observed in other migratory bird species and suggest that the selective forces that limit the variation in migratory timing in other species are relaxed or absent in godwits. Furthermore, we could not attribute these individual differences to the sex or wintering location of an individual. We suggest that different developmental trajectories enabled by developmental plasticity likely result in these generally consistent, life-long annual routines. To investigate this possibility and to gain an understanding of the different selection pressures that could be acting during migration and throughout a godwit's life, future studies should track juvenile godwits and other migratory birds from birth to adulthood while also manipulating their spatiotemporal environment during development.
Enhanced Anaerobic Biodegradation of Benzoate Under Sulfate-Reducing Conditions With Conductive Iron-Oxides in Sediment of Pearl River Estuary

Anaerobic biodegradation of aromatic compounds under sulfate-reducing conditions is important to marine sediments. Sulfate respiration by a single bacterial strain and syntrophic metabolism by a syntrophic bacterial consortium are primary strategies for sulfate-dependent biodegradation of aromatic compounds. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of conductive iron oxides to facilitate the degradation of aromatic compounds under sulfate-reducing conditions in marine sediments, using benzoate as a model aromatic compound. Here, in anaerobic incubations of sediments from the Pearl River Estuary, the addition of hematite or magnetite (20 mM as Fe atom) enhanced the rates of sulfate-dependent benzoate degradation by 81.8 and 91.5%, respectively, compared with control incubations without iron oxides. Further experiments demonstrated that the rate of sulfate-dependent benzoate degradation accelerated with increased magnetite concentration (5, 10, and 20 mM). The detection of acetate as an intermediate product implied syntrophic benzoate degradation pathway, which was also supported by the abundance of putative acetate- or/and H2-utilizing sulfate reducers from microbial community analysis. Microbial reduction of iron oxides under sulfate-reducing conditions only accounted for 2–11% of electrons produced by benzoate oxidation, thus the stimulatory effect of conductive iron oxides on sulfate-dependent benzoate degradation was not mainly due to an increased pool of terminal electron acceptors. The enhanced rates of syntrophic benzoate degradation by the presence of conductive iron oxides probably resulted from the establishment of a direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) between syntrophic partners. In the presence of magnetite, Bacteroidetes and Desulfobulbaceae with potential function of extracellular electron transfer might be involved in syntrophic benzoate degradation. Results from this study will contribute to the development of new strategies for in situ bioremediation of anaerobic sediments contaminated with aromatic compounds, and provide a new perspective for the natural attenuation of aromatic compounds in iron-rich marine sediments.
A Comparative Evaluation of Advanced Fault Detection Approaches for PV Systems

Even with the consistent growth in global photovoltaic (PV) capacity, the necessity for fault detection in PV systems has not been widely addressed regardless of its importance. With International Electrotechnical Commission, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and National Electric Code protection standard recommendations for PV systems being vulnerable to fault occurrences, advanced detection techniques are inevitable in PV systems to avail guaranteed protection from electric shocks and fire hazards. Even though numerous fault detection techniques have been conceptualized in last few years, these techniques are yet to be classified and quantified in a common platform. Hence, this paper takes up an initiative to study, classify and analyze the advanced fault detection approaches available in literature. Each fault detection technique is segregated based on the detection approach and are reviewed with respect to: types of faults detected; detection time; sensor requirement; procedural complexity; detection variables; and level of protection achieved. Furthermore, a compatibility study is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of advanced fault detection techniques for protection against line-line, line-ground, and arc faults that are most common in PV systems. Overall, this investigation serves as a valuable reference for researchers to improve fault detection possibilities in PV systems.
South Africa After Paris—Fracking Its Way to the NDCs?

South Africa faces the triple challenge of (a) fueling its economic development by meeting the rapidly growing energy demand; (b) increasing the reliability of its power system; and (c) letting domestic greenhouse gas emissions peak between 2020 and 2025 in line with its pledge to the UNFCCC under the Paris agreement. Recently discovered domestic shale gas reserves are currently under evaluation as a potential new energy source, to provide clean, reliable and cheap electricity while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. But, the impact of shale gas on greenhouse gas emissions is far from settled. In order to evaluate if shale gas can play a viable role in solving South Africa’s energy dilemma, we apply a country-level version of the integrated assessment model MESSAGE to analyze and quantify the interdependence between shale gas extraction and climate change mitigation e_ort regarding the South African energy pathways and its domestic greenhouse gas emissions. Our results illustrate, that low cost shale gas can lower the overall energy system costs compared to the no-shale-gas counterfactual. At the same time, a system with abundant low cost natural gas from shale sources requires a stronger carbon price signal compared to the no-shale-gas scenarios in order to achieve the same desired mitigation goals. Therefore, reaching the mitigation goals might be more economically achievable utilizing low cost shale gas in combination with a more stringent climate policy measure compared to a no-shale-gas scenario.
Low-Complexity Joint Extrapolation-MUSIC-Based 2-D Parameter Estimator for Vital FMCW Radar

In this paper, a low-complexity joint extrapolation-multiple signal classification (MUSIC)-based 2-D parameter estimator is proposed for vital frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar. Recently, an FMCW radar, which can detect the distance and vital Doppler information, has been considered for vital non-contact radar. In the conventional FMCW radar system, fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based algorithms with low complexity are used to extract multiple parameters. However, the resolution and accuracy of an FFT-based parameter estimator are considerably low. Thus, 2-D high-resolution algorithms, such as the 2-D estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques and 2-D MUSIC, have been suggested as an alternative method. However, a large computation power is required compared with the FFT-based methods. Therefore, this paper proposes a 2-D parameter estimator that combines extrapolated FFT and MUSIC to reduce the computational load for vital detection. The proposed method uses an extrapolated FFT to overcome the disadvantages of the low-resolution FFT for the distance information, and then, the 1-D MUSIC algorithm is applied to the Doppler domain direction only for the extracted magnitude and phase information of the target’s extrapolated FFT results. Hence, the proposed algorithm combines the advantages of FFT and MUSIC. The performance of the proposed estimation is compared with that of other algorithms using Monte Carlo simulation results. The root-mean-square error of the proposed method is compared with that of 2-D MUSIC with various parameters. To verify the performance of the proposed combination method, the FMCW radar was used, and its performance was verified in an indoor environment.
Robust Robot Pose Estimation for Challenging Scenes With an RGB-D Camera

Rigid robot pose estimation with an RGB-D camera has attracted substantial research attention recently for the reason that the RGB-D camera can capture RGB and depth information simultaneously. Despite the huge progress that has been made, there are still some unresolved issues like the pose estimation in texture-less or structure-less scenes. Aiming at this problem, this paper presents a robust real-time pose estimation method with an RGB-D camera for texture-less and structure-less scenes. Our contributions are threefold. First, we present an improved ORB algorithm for extracting reliable inliers, in which adaptive threshold setting method of FAST corners decision is proposed for extracting sufficient keypoints. In addition, an effective inliers refinement method, based on motion smoothness consistency constraint, is introduced for obtaining fine inliers. Second, based on the characteristics of RGB-D camera, this paper proposes a novel hybrid reprojection errors optimization model (HREOM) to estimate pose by concurrently minimizing 3D-3D and 3D-2D reprojection errors. Third, we carry out comprehensive experiments on TUM public datasets to demonstrate the robustness, accuracy, and real-time of the proposed system. The quantitative evaluations show that our system can extract sufficient inliers in those extreme scenes. Furthermore, our method performs as good as or better than other state-of-the-art solutions. Notably, our system can operate in the texture-less and structure-less environment, while other methods are prone to failure.
Simulation of Blood Particle Separation in a Trapezoidal Microfluidic Device by Acoustic Force

Nowadays, the importance of the blood particles separation is undeniable in medical fields and there are different sorts of separation methods accordingly. Acoustic cell separation is chosen in this paper. Also, numerical methods have been used to study the effect of geometrical factors on the separation of the particles before spending time and expenses in a trial and error manner experimentally. We have implemented a plenary finite-element-based simulation of separating blood particles such as white blood cells and platelets in an acoustic field using standing surface acoustic waves. In this paper, unlike previous works in which the channel is rectangular; the channel is trapezoidal in order to make the separation more efficient. By changing the trapezoidal leg angle, WBC’s distance from the midline will be different. The designed device is a bio-MEMS channel containing two inlets which are for the sheath flow and for the blood particles, a trapezoidal main channel, and three outlets. Two aluminum interdigital transducers are located on the LiNbO3 substrate. For creating the acoustic force, we have applied an alternating voltage to transducers. Blood particles will be moved toward the acoustic nodes because of the positive acoustic contrast factor. Since acoustic radiation force depends on the size of the particles and their compressibility, cells can be sorted according to their diameter and compressibility; hence, particles will be separated. For optimizing the device, we have changed the trapezoidal channel angle, the input voltage, and the flow rate.
The finite element method for electromagnetic modeling

Chapter 1. The nodal finite element method (J.L. Coulomb). Chapter 2. Static formulations, P. Dular (F. Piriou). Chapter 3. Dynamic formulations (Z. Ren, F. Bouillault). Chapter 4. Mixed formulations (B. Bandelier, F. Rioux). Chapter 5. Material behavior laws (F. Ossart, F. Bouillault, A. Lebouc, G. Meunier, F. Piriou). Chapter 6. Thin regions (C. Guerin). Chapter 7. Infinite domain (X. Brunotte). Chapter 8. Circuit equations coupled problems (G. Meunier, Y. Lefevre, P. Lombard, Y. Lefloch). Chapter 9. Movement (V. Leconte). Chapter 10. Symmetrical components in field problems (J. Lobry, E. Nens, C. Broche). Chapter 11. Magneto-thermal coupling (M. Feliachi, J. Fouladgar). Chapter 12. Magneto-mechanical coupling (Y. Lefevre, G. Reyne). Chapter 13. Magneto-hydro-dynamical coupling (F. Plunian, P. Masse). Chapter 14. Mesh generation (Y. Du Terrail Couvat, F.X. Zgainski, Y. Marechal). Chapter 15. Optimization (J.L. Coulomb). Chapter 16. From thermodynamic principles to Maxwell equations (V. Mazauric). List of Authors. Index.
GR-PMS: A Geomagnetism-Based Real-Time Positioning Mechanism of Smart Phones

The use of geomagnetic information as indoor positioning technology based on location fingerprints has shown its unique technical superiority. However, the differences in the built-in geomagnetic sensors in different mobile phones make it difficult to achieve the desired positioning accuracy. In light of this problem, the author of this paper proposes a real-time positioning mechanism of smart phones based on geomagnetism. In an indoor environment with certain stability, a standard sensor of geomagnetism acquisition is used to collect data so that different models of mobile phones can achieve geomagnetic positioning through similarity matching algorithms. The method proposed solves the problem of differences of the builtin sensors of different mobile phones, reduces the time of geomagnetic positioning, improves its accuracy, and reduces the cost.
Analysing discussion forum data: a replication study avoiding data contamination

The widespread use of online discussion forums in educational settings provides a rich source of data for researchers interested in how collaboration and interaction can foster effective learning. Such online behaviour can be understood through the Community of Inquiry framework, and the cognitive presence construct in particular can be used to characterise the depth of a student's critical engagement with course material. Automated methods have been developed to support this task, but many studies used small data sets, and there have been few replication studies. In this work, we present findings related to the robustness and generalisability of automated classification methods for detecting cognitive presence in discussion forum transcripts. We closely examined one published state-of-the-art model, comparing different approaches to managing unbalanced classes in the data. By demonstrating how commonly-used data preprocessing practices can lead to over-optimistic results, we contribute to the development of the field so that the results of automated content analysis can be used with confidence.
Density Peak-Based Noisy Label Detection for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Mislabeled training samples may have a negative effect on the performance of hyperspectral image classification. In order to solve this problem, a new density peak (DP) clustering-based noisy label detection method is proposed, which consists of the following steps. First, the distances among the training samples of each class are calculated using four representative distance metrics, i.e., the Euclidean distance (ED), orthogonal projection divergence (OPD), spectral information divergence (SID), and correlation coefficient (CC). Then, the local density of each training sample can be obtained using the DP clustering algorithm. Finally, a local density-based decision function is used to detect the noisy labels. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated using the support vector machines on several real hyperspectral data sets. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed noisy label detection method indeed helps in improving the classification performance.
Design of PAM-DMT-Based Hybrid Optical OFDM for Visible Light Communications

In this letter, a pulse-amplitude-modulated based hybrid optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (PHO-OFDM) scheme is proposed. We use the high order quadrature-amplitude-modulation to replace the one-dimensional pulse-amplitude-modulated on the even subcarriers for compensating the data capacity weakness of the conventional pulse amplitude modulated discrete multitone (PAM-DMT). The combined time-domain PHO-OFDM signal has a larger amplitude range than the original PAM-DMT but with a reduced peak-to-average power ratio. Besides that, a flexible power allocation method is introduced to the proposed PHO-OFDM systems to fully exploit the whole dynamic range of LEDs. The simulation results show that, under the same average bit rate, the proposed PHO-OFDM scheme has a better bit error rate performance compared with the conventional PAM-DMT scheme, thus demonstrating its application potential in visible light communications.
A Generalized and Mode-Adaptive Approach to the Power Flow Analysis of the Isolated Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids

Hybrid AC/DC microgrids (HMG) are emerging as an attracting method for integrating AC/DC distributed energy resources (DERs). In the isolated hybrid AC/DC microgrid (IHMG), the key problem is how to balance power variation and regulate voltage and frequency. Various energy storage systems (ESS) and interlinking converter (IC) technologies are viable for this application. The present study proposes a novel unified power flow (PF) model which can be applied to compare and analyze the practical operation modes of the IHMG and, further, to evaluate and compare the abilities of the ESS with different connection topologies and ICs with different control approaches to maintain the voltage and frequency stability of the IHMG. Five operation modes of the IHMG are defined and explained. Then, a set of generic PF equations are derived. Moreover, three binary matrices are applied as input parameters of the unified power equations. These matrices enable a single operation mode of the IHMG at a time to be constructed in the power equation. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed scheme are verified against the time domain simulation result. The quasi-steady-state behaviors of multi-DC subgrids IHMG in different modes after a range of load fluctuation are investigated. The results show that the use of multiple grid-forming units in the AC and DC subgrids, when IC adopted normalized.
Design and Magnetic Field Simulation of 3.0T MRI Superconducting Magnet

The 3.0T superconducting MRI system has the advantages of high field strength and high magnetic field uniformity and stability. It has become the mainstream research direction of the modern clinical MRI system. This paper analyzes the research status of the MRI system and designs the superconducting magnet of the 3.0T MRI system according to the six-order coil principle. The Ansoft Maxwell magnetic field simulation software is used to simulate the superconducting magnetic field of the first 3.0T/850 superconducting MRI system magnet, which includes the passive shimming technology and the magnetic field shielding technology. According to the result of simulation analysis, the prototype of 3.0T MRI is build and optimized. Finally, the magnetic field strength, magnetic field uniformity, and magnetic field stability of the prototype are guided to achieve the expected target.