Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lattice instabilities in metallic elements

Most metallic elements have a crystal structure that is either body-centered cubic (bcc), face-centered close packed, or hexagonal close packed. If the bcc lattice is the thermodynamically most stable structure, the close-packed structures usually are dynamically unstable, i.e., have elastic constants violating the Born stability conditions or, more generally, have phonons with imaginary frequencies. Conversely, the bcc lattice tends to be dynamically unstable if the equilibrium structure is close packed. This striking regularity essentially went unnoticed until ab initio total-energy calculations in the 1990s became accurate enough to model dynamical properties of solids in hypothetical lattice structures. After a review of stability criteria, thermodynamic functions in the vicinity of an instability, Bain paths, and how instabilities may arise or disappear when pressure, temperature, and/or chemical composition is varied are discussed. The role of dynamical instabilities in the ideal strength of solids and in metallurgical phase diagrams is then considered, and comments are made on amorphization, melting, and low-dimensional systems. The review concludes with extensive references to theoretical work on the stability properties of metallic elements.
Diagnostic Performance of Kato Katz Technique and Point-of-Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen Rapid Test in Diagnosing Schistosoma mansoni Infection in HIV-1 Co-Infected Adults on the Shoreline of Lake Victoria, Tanzania

Background: The diagnostic performance of the Kato Katz (KK) technique and the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) test in detecting S. mansoni infection in the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection has remained inconclusive. The present cross-sectional survey compared the diagnostic performance of the KK technique and the POC-CCA test in diagnosing S. mansoni infection in an adult population co-infected with HIV-1 in northwestern Tanzania. Methods: Single urine and stool samples from 979 adults were screened for S. mansoni infection using both the KK technique and POC-CCA tests. To compare the performance of the two diagnostic tests a combined artificial gold standard was created, based on either an egg-positive KK technique or a POC-CCA-positive test. Results: Based on the KK technique, the prevalence of S. mansoni was 47.3% (463/979, 95% CI: 44.2–50.4), as compared to 60.5% by the POC-CCA test (592/979; 95% CI: 57.4–63.5). The overall sensitivity and specificity of the POC-CCA test were 92.5% (95% CI: 89.4–94.9) and 73.3% (95% CI: 69.6–76.8), respectively. In the HIV-1 seropositive group, the sensitivity and specificity of the POC-CCA test were 78.1% (95% CI: 60.0–90.7) and 45.9% (95% CI: 35.8–56.3). Using a combined gold standard, the sensitivity of the POC-CCA test increased to >90% in both subgroups whereas that of the KK technique in the HIV-1 seropositive group was low (49.5%; 95% CI: 39.6–59.5). Conclusion: In the presence of HIV-1 co-infection, the KK technique attained a very low sensitivity. The POC-CCA test offers the best option for the rapid screening of S. mansoni infection in communities with a high prevalence of HIV-1 infection.
lectrochemical actuation of nickel hydroxide / oxyhydroxide at ub-volt voltages inWa

The development of materials capable of actuating at low triggering voltages is crucial for applications such as compact prime movers for soft, micro robots. In this paper, the electrochemical actuation of Ni(OH)2/NiOOH in alkaline environment at low voltages is demonstrated and studied for the first time. Specifically, sub-micron layers of Ni(OH)2/NiOOH deposited on Ni films a few microns thick by anodic electrodeposition were found to undergo reversible contraction by ∼0.1% in an alkaline solution under lectrochemical actuators
Composition and Function of Extracellular Matrix in Development of Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM), surrender of muscle fibers, the amount of which is just <5%, appeals less attention in the field of skeletal muscle physiology. Thus, at one time, the function of skeletal muscle ECM was arbitrarily considered as general structural support that is typical in other tissues. However, an increasing number of recent evidences have indicated that the ECM plays a critical role in muscle fiber force transmission, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and polarization of cells. Alterations of molecules within the ECM are involved in fibrosis, muscle aging, regeneration, and myopathies. In this chapter, we review the composition and func‐ tions of ECM in skeletal muscle development.
Spesialundervisning – bilder fra skole-Norge: En studie av spesialundervisnings dynamikk i grunnopplæringen

Formålet med denne studien er å utforske dette sammensatte og motstridende nåtidsbildet. Vi er på jakt etter spesialundervisningens dynamikk i grunnskolen og i videregående opplæring. Det overordna forskningsspørsmålet er: Hvordan kan spesialundervisningens dynamikk i grunnopplæringen forklares og forstås? To delspørsmål leder inn i studien: • Hvordan beskriver faggruppene i skolen økningen i spesialundervisning, og hvilke forhold mener de bidrar til økningen? • Hvilke mønstre framkommer i beskrivelsene av skolens spesialundervisning, hvilke krefter er i spill og hvilken innvirkning har disse på omfanget av spesialundervisning? Studiens empiriske materiale er framkommet gjennom intervju med fire faggrupper i skolen; lærere, rektorer, PPT og skoleeier. Disse intervjuene er gjennomført høsten 2011 i seks kommuner og to fylkeskommuner. Erfaringer og synspunkt fra faggruppene i disse kommunene og fylkeskommunene representerer et variert bilde av skole-Norge, fra nord til vest og øst, og faggruppenes meninger gir et bredt grunnlag for å utvikle kunnskap om spesialundervisningen i grunnopplæringen. Studien er konsentrert om faggruppene i skolene sine perspektiv på spesialundervisning. Spørsmål om hva elever og foreldre mener om spesialundervisning, inngår ikke i denne sammenhengen. For-målet her er å få del i meninger og refleksjoner til skolens faggrupper og det er derfor valgt en kvali-tativ tilnærming basert på fokusgruppeintervju og kvalitative analyser. Siktemålet er å forstå en kompleks del av skolens virksomhet. Studien tar derfor ikke opp kvantitative størrelser ved skolens spesialundervisning, som effekt av spesialundervisningen for enkeltelever eller omfang av spesialun-dervisning for ulike «vanskegrupper». Presentasjonen av studien er strukturert i seks delkapitler. Innledningsvis, i kapittel 1 presenteres studiens formål og forskningsspørsmålene. I kapittel 2, Inkluderende opplæring og spesialundervis-ning utdypes studiens teoretiske innramming. I kapittel 3 presenteres Forskningsprosessen. Studiens empiriske del består av to analyser. Disse presenteres i kapittel 4 og 5. I kapittel 4, Skolens spesialun-dervisning – et innenfra perspektiv fra fagfolk i åtte kommuner/fylkeskommuner presenteres en em-pirinær analyse av datamaterialet. I kapittel 5, Spesialundervisning – skolens svar på samtidens ut-fordringer vendes blikket fra et innenfra til en utenfra perspektiv. Analysen henter fram generelle forhold ved skolens spesialundervisning og hvordan disse former et samvirkende mønster. I kapittel 6, Spesialundervisning i den inkluderende fellesskolen, sammenfattes studiens svar på spørsmålet om hvordan spesialundervisningens dynamikk i grunnopplæringen kan forklares og forstås.
Bioaccumulation of Trace Metals in Tissues of Rohu Fish for Environmental Risk Assessment

In the present study, the two lakes, Vengaiah lake (Lake A-Sewage polluted receiving discharge from storm water drain) and Yellamallappa Chetty lake (Lake B-Industrially polluted) situated near Krishnarajpuram-Hoskote taluk, Bangalore, Karnataka were selected for analysis of trace metals viz., arsenic, aluminium, cadmium, lead, mercury, iron, copper and zinc in water samples. Muscle and gill tissues of freshwater fish Labeo rohita reared in these water bodies were analysed for bioaccumulation of trace metals. Hebbal fish farm was considered as a reference site (Control site) for water and fish samples. Trace metals were analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and values were compared with those recommended by FAO/WHO in water and fish samples. Trace metals such as Al, As and Hg were detected in the water sampled from lake B which is attributed to the differences in the sources of pollutants. Fish tissues viz., muscle and gills sampled from Lake B exhibited high concentration of Al, Pb and Cd content showing a positive correlation with their concentration in water samples. The remaining metals as Cu, Zn and Fe were detected in water sampled from all water bodies and also in the fish tissues. Gills exhibited higher concentration of metals in fish from lake B. Bioaccumulation of these trace metals in fish tissues may cause potential danger to human health when consumed on regular basis. Thus necessary remedial measures are required to combat water contamination and its management keeping in view the aquatic ecosystem and public health. Values were statistically significant at P < 0.0001.
Role of Fat-Soluble Vitamins A and D in the Pathogenesis of In�uen�a� A �ew Pers�ecti�e

Reduced exposure to solar radiation, leading to a de�ciency of vitamin D and hence impaired innate immunity, has been suggested as a trigger for in�uen�a viral replication and as an explanation of seasonal in�uen�a. Although this hypothesis accounts for many unexplained facts about the epidemiology of in�uen�a, gaps remain in understanding the pathogenesis and manifestations of the disease. Several observations suggest a role for vitamin A compounds (retinoids) in the disease. is paper presents a newmodel of the etiopathogenesis of in�uen�a, suggesting that host resistance and susceptibility depend importantly on the ratio of vitamin D to vitamin A activity. Retinoid concentrations within normal physiological limits appear to inhibit in�uen�a pathogenesis whereas higher background concentrations (i.e., very low vitamin D :A ratios) increase the risk of severe complications of the disease. ere is also evidence that in�uen�a-induced or preexisting liver disease, diabetes, and obesity worsen the severity of infection, possibly via liver dysfunction and alterations in retinoid metabolism. emodel could be tested by determining the presence of retinoids in the secretions of patientswith in�uen�a and by studies of retinoid pro�les in patients and controls. Potential strategies for prevention and treatment are discussed.
High bandwidth nano-positioner: A robust control approach

This article presents the design, identification, and control of a nano-positioning device suited to image biological samples as part of an atomic force microscope. The device is actuated by a piezoelectric stack and its motion is sensed by a linear variable differential transformer. It is demonstrated that the conventional proportional-integral control architecture does not meet the bandwidth requirements for positioning. The design and implementation of an H∞ controller demonstrates substantial improvements in the positioning speed and precision, while eliminating the undesirable nonlinear effects of the actuator. The characterization of the resulting device in terms of bandwidth, resolution, and repeatability provided illustrates the effectiveness of the modern robust control paradigm.
Theory of the forced wetting transition

We consider a solid plate being withdrawn from a bath of liquid which it does not wet. At low speeds, the meniscus rises below a moving contact line, leaving the rest of the plate dry. At a critical speed of withdrawal, this solution bifurcates into another branch via a saddle-node bifurcation: two branches exist below the critical speed, the lower branch is stable, the upper branch is unstable. The upper branch eventually leads to a solution corresponding to film deposition. We add the local analysis of the upper branch of the bifurcation to a previous analysis of the lower branch. We thus provide a complete description of the dynamical wetting transition in terms of matched asymptotic expansions.
Effects of Desire for Control on Attributions and Task Performance

The relationships among individual differences in desire for control, attributions for success and failure, and performance on an achievement task were examined. In Experiment 1, undergraduates' desire for control levels, attributions for a midterm exam, and performance on a subsequent exam were assessed. In Experiment 2, attributions for and performance on a laboratory task were examined. In both experiments, desire-for-control level and perceived performance on the first task predicted attributions for that task and performance on the second task. However, analyses of covariance suggest that the relationship between desire for control and performance may not be mediated by the attributions. Instead, a reactance interpretation, based on high-desire-for-control individuals' high motivation to overcome the challenge of failure, seems best able to account for the findings.
Can ozone be used to control the spread of freshwater aquatic invasive species

The introduction of aquatic invasive species to non-native habitats can cause negative ecological effects and also billions of dollars in economic damage to governments and private industries. Once aquatic invasive species are introduced, eradication may be difficult without adversely affecting native species and habitats, urging resource managers to find preventative methods to protect non-invaded areas. The use of ozone (O3) as a non-physical barrier has shown promise as it is lethal to a wide range of aquatic taxa, requires a short contact time, and is relatively environmentally safe in aquatic systems when compared to other chemicals. However, before O3 can be considered as an approach to prevent the spread of aquatic invasive species, its effects on non-target organisms and already established aquatic invasive species must be fully evaluated. A review of the current literature was conducted to summarize data regarding the effects of O3 on aquatic taxa including fish, macroinvertebrates, zooplankton, phytoplankton, microbes, and pathogens. In addition, we assessed the practicality of ozone applications to control the movement of aquatic invasive species, and identified data gaps concerning the use of O3 as a nonphysical barrier in field applications.
Measuring the e ff ects of temperature rise on Mediterranean shell fi sh aquaculture

Shellfish aquaculture represents a worldwide valuable segment of the aquaculture market, spreading along the Mediterranean coasts, and is sensitive to the still unforeseen, poorly-known effects of climate change. Threats due to temperature rise can threaten the deployment and development of this sector, up until now recognised as the best candidate to mitigate the effects of fishery overexploitation. Here, we investigate the effects of temperature increase on the model species, Mytilus galloprovincialis, measuring outcomes from valve fragility (thickness) and condition index. Evidence of a reduction in the thickness of valves and the modulation condition of the mussels along with temperature increase have been gathered from simulations of a natural temperature gradient changing along latitude (the Italian Peninsula) and temperature risen (mesocosm trial). The obtained results offer a baseline to help the next generation of managers and stakeholders when assessing the reliability and feasibility of shellfish culture in a changing sea that can generate undetected and underestimated impacts on
Analysis and evaluation of interleaving techniques in forward converters

Analysis, design and evaluation of different interleaving techniques for the forward power converter are presented. Specifically, the performance of the one-choke interleaving approach is compared with the two-choke interleaving approach. The results of the analysis are verified experimentally on two 5 V/20 A interleaved DC/DC power converters. The analysis, design and evaluation results can be extended to any number of interleaved power converters.
The Biophysics of 3 D Cell Migration

Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems have gained increasing interest not only for 3D migration studies but also for their use in drug screening, tissue engineering, and ex vivo modeling of metastatic behavior in the field of cancer biology and morphogenesis in the field of developmental biology. The goal of studying cells in a 3D context is to attempt to more faithfully recapitulate the physiological microenvironment of tissues, including mechanical and structural parameters that we envision will reveal more predictive data for development programs and disease states. In this review, we discuss the pros and cons of several well-characterized 3D cell culture systems for performing 3D migration studies. We discuss the intracellular and extracellular signaling mechanisms that govern cell migration. We also describe the mathematical models and relevant assumptions that can be used to describe 3D cell movement. 549 Click here to view this article's online features: • Download figures as PPT slides • Navigate linked references • Download citations • Explore related articles • Search keywords ANNUAL REVIEWS Further A nn u. R ev . B io ph ys . 2 01 8. 47 :5 49 -5 67 . D ow nl oa de d fr om w w w . a nn ua lr ev ie w s. or g A cc es s pr ov id ed b y Jo hn s H op ki ns U ni ve rs ity o n 06 /1 9/ 18 . F or p er so na l u se o nl y. BB47CH25_Wirtz ARI 21 April 2018 8:42
ON METRIC SPACES VIA HYPERBOLIC FILLINGS

We give a new characterization of (homogeneous) Triebel-Lizorkin spaces Ḟ p,q(Z) in the smoothness range 0 < s < 1 for a fairly general class of metric measure spaces Z. The characterization uses Gromov hyperbolic fillings of Z. This gives a short proof of the quasisymmetric invariance of these spaces in case Z is Q-Ahlfors regular and sp = Q > 1. We also obtain first results on complex interpolation for these spaces in the framework of doubling metric measure spaces.
Hierarchical Grasp Detection for Visually Challenging Environments

Robotic grasping is a widely studied topic, and many different approaches exist [1], [2]. However, many of these approaches rely on having accurate position information for the target object, which is not always feasible in real-world scenarios. This is especially true for unstructured warehouse picking, which presents many perception challenges such as occlusion, clutter and the inability of visual sensors to accurately perceive certain types of objects. While there are pose estimation strategies based on model fitting [3] and shape completion [4], these are not robust to major occlusion or a complete absence of accurate visual information. To address these real-world issues, we have developed a grasp detection system which uses a hierarchy of three different strategies to operate successfully under varying levels of visual uncertainty. The system was used as part of our winning entry to the Amazon Robotics Challenge (ARC) [5].
A Fuel-Efficient Conflict Resolution Maneuver for Separation Assurance

Automated separation assurance algorithms are envisioned to play an integral role in accommodating the forecasted increase in demand of the National Airspace System. Developing a robust, reliable, air traffic management system involves safely increasing efficiency and throughput while considering the potential impact on users. This experiment seeks to evaluate the benefit of augmenting a conflict detection and resolution algorithm to consider a fuel efficient, Zero-Delay Direct-To maneuver, when resolving a given conflict based on either minimum fuel burn or minimum delay. A total of twelve conditions were tested in a fast-time simulation conducted in three airspace regions with mixed aircraft types and light weather. Results show that inclusion of this maneuver has no appreciable effect on the ability of the algorithm to safely detect and resolve conflicts. The results further suggest that enabling the Zero-Delay Direct-To maneuver significantly increases the cumulative fuel burn savings when choosing resolution based on minimum fuel burn while marginally increasing the average delay per resolution.
Effects of dietary probiotic, prebiotic and butyric acid glycerides on performance and serum composition in broiler chickens

An experiment on ROSS 308 male broilers was conducted to evaluate probiotic (Primalac), prebiotic (Fermacto) and butyric acid glycerides (Baby C4) on broiler performance and serum composition. Seven hundred and four day-old broilers were randomly distributed in a 222 factorial arrangement with two levels of probiotic, prebiotic and butyric acid glycerides. Eight treatments with four replicates each with 22 birds per pen were used. Three-way interaction between dietary treatments were observed for final body weight (P weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio between supplementary treatments and control group were significantly different (P for total cholesterol (P supplementary treatments and control group were significantly different (P treatment when compared to control group (P>0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation improved the body weight, feed conversion ratio, HDL/LDL ratio and decreased feed intake, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and cholesterol/HDL ratio in the serum of broiler chickens.
Probabilistic Bounded Relative Error Property for Learning Rare Event Simulation Techniques

In: Proceedings Winter Simulation Conference , 9-12 December 2012, pages 387-398. In rare event simulation, we look for estimators such that the relative accuracy of the output is ''controlled'' when the rarity is getting more and more critical. Different robustness properties have been defined in the literature, that an estimator is expected to satisfy. Though, those properties are not adapted to estimators for which the estimators come from a parametric family and the optimal parameter is learned and random. For this reason, we motivate in this paper the need to define probabilistic robustness properties, because the accuracy of the resulting estimator is therefore random. We especially focus on the so-called probabilistic bounded relative error property. We additionally provide sufficient conditions, both in general and Markov settings, to satisfy such a property, illustrate them and simple but standard examples, and hope that it will foster discussions and new works in the area.
Regression Analysis of Top of Descent Location for Idle-thrust Descents

In this paper, multiple regression analysis is used to model the top of descent (TOD) location of user-preferred descent trajectories computed by the flight management system (FMS) on over 1000 commercial flights into Melbourne, Australia. In ad- dition to recording TOD, the cruise altitude, final altitude, cruise Mach, descent speed, wind, and engine type were also identified for use as the independent variables in the regression analysis. Both first-order and second-order models are considered, where cross-validation, hypothesis testing, and additional analysis are used to compare models. This identifies the models that should give the smallest errors if used to predict TOD location for new data in the future. A model that is linear in TOD altitude, final altitude, descent speed, and wind gives an estimated standard de- viation of 3.9 nmi for TOD location given the trajectory parame- ters, which means about 80% of predictions would have error less than 5 nmi in absolute value. This accuracy is better than demon- strated by other ground automation predictions using kinetic mod- els. Furthermore, this approach would enable online learning of the model. Additional data or further knowledge of algorithms is necessary to conclude definitively that no second-order terms are appropriate. Possible applications of the linear model are de- scribed, including enabling arriving aircraft to fly optimized de- scents computed by the FMS even in congested airspace.