Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predators induce interspecific herbivore competition for food in refuge space

Resource competition among herbivorous arthropods has long been viewed as unimportant because herbivore populations are controlled by predators. Although recently resurrected as an organizing force in arthropod communities on plants, there is still general agreement that resource competition among herbivores is reduced by predators. Here we show the reverse: predators induce interspecific resource competi-tion among herbivores. We found that thrips larvae (Frankliniella occidentalis) use the web produced and inhabited by the spider mite Tetranychus urticae as a refuge from predation by the phytoseiid mite Neoseiulus cucumeris. Thrips larvae prefer clean plant parts, but move into the web upon perceiving volatile cues associated with thrips and predators. This behaviour leads to lower predation risk, but also to reduced developmental rate and lower production of thrips larvae due to competition with spider mites. In addition, thrips larvae consume spider-mite eggs. Thus, predators induce interspecific competition and intraguild predation among herbivores within refuge space, even when host plants have an overall green appearance.
A White Dwarf with Transiting Circumstellar Material Far outside the Roche Limit

We report the discovery of a white dwarf exhibiting deep, irregularly shaped transits, indicative of circumstellar planetary debris. Using Zwicky Transient Facility DR2 photometry of ZTF J013906.17+524536.89 and follow-up observations from the Las Cumbres Observatory, we identify multiple transit events that recur every ≈107.2 days, much longer than the 4.5–4.9 hr orbital periods observed in WD 1145+017, the only other white dwarf known with transiting planetary debris. The transits vary in both depth and duration, lasting 15–25 days and reaching 20%–45% dips in flux. Optical spectra reveal strong Balmer lines, identifying the white dwarf as a DA with and . A Ca ii K absorption feature is present in all spectra both in and out of transit. Spectra obtained during one night at roughly 15% transit depth show increased Ca ii K absorption with a model atmospheric fit suggesting [Ca/H] = −4.6 ± 0.3, whereas spectra taken on three nights out of transit have [Ca/H] of −5.5, −5.3, and −4.9 with similar uncertainties. While the Ca ii K line strength varies by only 2σ, we consider a predominantly interstellar origin for Ca absorption unlikely. We suggest a larger column density of circumstellar metallic gas along the line of site or increased accretion of material onto the white dwarf’s surface are responsible for the Ca absorption, but further spectroscopic studies are required. In addition, high-speed time series photometry out of transit reveals variability with periods of 900 and 1030 s, consistent with ZZ Ceti pulsations.
LEGUME NITROGEN FIXATION AND SOIL ABIOTIC STRESS: FROM PHYSIOLOGY TO GENOMICS AND BEYOND

Legumes are important components of the nitrogen cycle on land. Agricultural systems have traditionally relied much on legumes for nitrogen input because many species are able to establish symbioses with diazotrophic bacteria (rhizobia) and thus trade metabolites and reduced compounds. Photosynthates produced in the leaves are allocated to the root nodule to supply the bacteroids with carbon, in exchange for reduced nitrogen (ammonia) produced by the rhizobia from atmospheric nitrogen. Despite its major significance to plant breeding and sustainable agriculture, the impact of abiotic stresses on nodule development and stability and on symbiotic nitrogen fixation remains poorly understood, particularly at the molecular level. However, the study of model legume species and the development of a plethora of resources, particularly the elucidation of the genome sequences of three legume species, are now revealing many traits of agricultural importance in legumes as well as other aspects that are not easily studied in other plant models, such as Arabidopsis or rice. In this chapter, we will discuss the effects of abiotic stresses, such as drought, phosphate deficiency and aluminium toxicity, on symbiotic nitrogen fixation and provide perspectives on molecular approaches to the analysis of stress responses in legumes.
Neuronal muscarinic responses: role of protein

Advances in understanding thephosphoinositidecycle have helped unravel the chain of events initiated by muscarinic receptor stimulation. Hydrolysis of membrane phosphoinositides generates both diacylglycerol, an activator of protein kinase C, and inositol phosphates. In the nervous system, muscarinic receptors elicit a wide range of electrophysiological responses. Recent studieshave made progress inidentifying which oftheseneuronal muscarinic actions are mediated by activation of protein kinase C. Paradoxically, protein kinaseC alsoexertsa stronginhibitory influence on muscarinic responses. This complex set of actions suggests that in addition to mediating certain muscarinic responses, protein kinase C also blocks signal transduction as part of a feedback mechanism. - ELFAKAHANY,E. E. ; ALGER, B. E. ; LA! , W. S. ; PITLER, T A. ; WORLEY, P. F. ; BARABAN, J. M. Neuronal muscarinic responses: role of protein kinase C. FASEBJ 2: 2575-2583; 1988.
The subcellular organization of itaconate biosynthesis in Aspergillus terreus

A novel assay method for cis-aconitate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.6) has been developed. Differential centrifugation of cell-free extracts of Aspergillus terreus prepared by Novozyme treatment/nitrogen cavitation of itaconate-producing mycelia has shown that cis-aconitate decarboxylase, a key enzyme of itaconate biosynthesis, is localized exclusively in the cytosol. The intracellular localization and maximal activities of nine other enzymes putatively involved in itaconate biosynthesis were examined under both producing and non-producing growth conditions. Two striking differences between growth and production mycelia were observed: (a) cis-aconitate decarboxylase was absent from growing mycelia, and (b) aconitase activity was increased at least two-fold in production mycelia. No significant variations in the maximal activities or intracellular localization were observed for the other enzymes investigated. Mitochondrial and cytosolic isoenzymes of NADP:isocitrate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase were detected by cellulose acetate strip electrophoretic analysis, whereas this analysis detected only single isoenzymes of aconitase and citrate synthase. We therefore propose that in itaconate accumulation cis-aconitate is synthesized in the mitochondrion and then transported to the cytosol where it is converted to itaconate by cis-aconitate decarboxylase.
Identification of Cladosporium delicatulum as a mycoparasite of Taphrina pruni

From 2012 until 2014, surveys and frequent visiting the orchards of Hamedan province, west of Iran, have provided strong evidence for the existence of a mycoparasite. The olive green to dark brown velvet colonies, which were observed on infected fruit with Taphrina pruni, Pocket Plum gall, were collected. Morphological characteristics were investigated on Synthetic Nutrient Agar medium. A portion of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene was amplified by using the EF1-526-F and EF1-156-R primers and then sequenced. A mycoparasitic ability was performed by spraying a conidial suspension of Taphrina pruni (1 × 105 spores/mL) and sterile water on leaves. Symptoms appeared in 4–5 days of post-inoculation. The leaves were examined by a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope, and the results of examinations revealed that Cladosporium delicatulum, which had never been reported as a mycoparasite, was in Taphrina pruni.
Unravelling the sources and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in lotic aquatic ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) constitutes a large proportion of the organic carbon in all aquatic ecosystems and is often a significant carbon resource for heterotrophic microorganisms. Diverse sources, compositional complexity and multiple transformation pathways have made it difficult to generalize about the bioavailability of this material. Recently, there has been dramatic progress in identifying sources of DOM, describing its composition and tracing its movement through microbial food webs. A number of conceptual, mechanistic and empirical approaches have been proposed to synthesize this rapidly expanding body of knowledge. This paper reviews these approaches, and some general hypotheses for focusing future research are proposed. As a first step in synthesizing the available information, predictions are made about how variability in sources, hydrology and biotic removal interact to generate temporal and spatial patterns in DOM from a stream’s headwaters to a large river.
Advanced Networking Technology for Energy Delivery Systems

Description of research activity: This research activity is to develop and demonstrate new technology (Raincoat) and associated tools to support an adaptive monitoring environment based on the use of SDN to enhance the grid resiliency to variety of attack models. We will develop an SDN-based approach and algorithms to continuously mislead an attacker into designing ineffective attack strategies, thereby exposing the attacker presence in the system and preventing system damage. We plan to integrate this approach with an adaptive intrusion detection system such as Bro. To validate our approach, we will use a cyber-physical testbed (which we developed prior to this activity) which integrates the simulation of SDN-based communication network and the power grid, and enables validation of methods, algorithms and tools we will develop for system monitoring and response to accidental failures and malicious attacks.
Intra- and Intergeneric Similarities of Agrobacterium Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Cistrons

We prepared hybrids between 14C-labeled ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) from either Agrobacterium tumefaciens ICPB TT111 or A. rhizogenes ICPB TR7, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from a great variety of reference gramnegative and gram-positive bacteria. Each hybrid was described by (i) its T m(e) the temperature at which 50% of the hybrid was denatured, and (ii) percentage of rRNA binding, i.e., micrograms of 14C-labeled rRNA duplexed per 100 μg of filter-fixed DNA. Each taxon occupied a definite area on the rRNA similarity map. The size and shape of this area depended on the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of the taxon. There appeared to be a correlation between Tm(e) of the heterologous hybrids and the overall phenotypic similarities of the organisms and taxa involved. Tm(e) values above 65°C were taxonomically most meaningful. DNA: rRNA hybridizations condensed all strains from a genus in one narrow cluster; the method had little resolution to distinguish species within a genus, but it seemed to be a very useful approach to detect remote relationships at the inter- and suprageneric level, for taxonomic and identification purposes. The hybrid parameters of Azotomonas fluorescens, Mycoplana bullata, Mycoplana dimorpha, Phyllobacterium, two misnamed “Chromobacterium lividum” strains from leaf-nodulating plants, two misnamed agrobacteria from the Baltic Sea, and a few misnamed “Achromobacter” strains were all in the vicinity of Agrobacterium and Rhizobium. We suggest that all of these organisms are remote relatives and belong in the family of the Rhizobiaceae. Azotomonas insolita NCIB 9749 is misnamed; it is an Agrobacterium. Several organisms which had been misnamed Agrobacterium formed DNA: rRNA hybrids with properties outside the Agrobacterium area.
An entrained circadian cycle of peak activity in a population of hibernating bats

Abstract Biological rhythms exist in many diverse forms of life. Individuals must remain entrained to environmental changes to survive. Some hibernating mammals maintain biological rhythms even during deep torpor; however, cues used for entrainment are poorly understood. We studied activity in an assemblage of hibernating Myotis bats (mainly M. nattereri) inhabiting a temperate maritime climate over 3 consecutive winters using ultrasound detectors and a series of active infrared motion detectors. Here we demonstrate that the timing of peak activity changed as day length changed over winter, but nevertheless remained entrained to a time close to dusk that would be most advantageous for winter foraging. Diurnal activity was infrequent throughout winter. There was an increase in activity at higher hibernaculum temperatures, particularly as temperatures rose above the lower threshold for insect flight (6–10°C). Finally we show that ultrasound detectors and infrared motion detectors produce broadly comparable measures of bat activity within a hibernation site.
Genetics and domestic cattle origins

Genetics has the potential to provide a novel layer of information pertaining to the origins and relationships of domestic cattle. While it is important not to overstate the power of archeological inference from genetic data, some previously widespread conjectures are inevitably contradicted with the addition of new information. Conjectures regarding domesticated cattle that fall into this category include a single domestication event with the development of Bos indicus breeds from earlier Bos taurus domesticates; the domestication of a third type of cattle in Africa having an intermediate morphology between the two taxa; and the special status of the Jersey breed as a European type with some exotic influences. In reality, a wideranging survey of the genetic variation of modern cattle reveals that they all derive from either zebu or taurine progenitors or are hybrids of the two. The quantitative divergence between Bos indicus and Bos taurus strongly supports a predomestic separation; that between African and European taurines also suggests genetic input from native aurochsen populations on each continent. Patterns of genetic variants assayed from paternally, maternally, and biparentally inherited genetic systems reveal that extensive hybridization of the two subspecies is part of the ancestry of Northern Indian, peripheral European, and almost all African cattle breeds. In Africa, which is the most extensive hybrid zone, the sexual asymmetry of the process of zebu introgression into native taurine breeds is strikingly evident. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The regional variation of aboveground live biomass in old‐growth Amazonian forests

The biomass of tropical forests plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, both as a dynamic reservoir of carbon, and as a source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere in areas undergoing deforestation. However, the absolute magnitude and environmental determinants of tropical forest biomass are still poorly understood. Here, we present a new synthesis and interpolation of the basal area and aboveground live biomass of old‐growth lowland tropical forests across South America, based on data from 227 forest plots, many previously unpublished. Forest biomass was analyzed in terms of two uncorrelated factors: basal area and mean wood density. Basal area is strongly affected by local landscape factors, but is relatively invariant at regional scale in moist tropical forests, and declines significantly at the dry periphery of the forest zone. Mean wood density is inversely correlated with forest dynamics, being lower in the dynamic forests of western Amazonia and high in the slow‐growing forests of eastern Amazonia. The combination of these two factors results in biomass being highest in the moderately seasonal, slow growing forests of central Amazonia and the Guyanas (up to 350 Mg dry weight ha−1) and declining to 200–250 Mg dry weight ha−1 at the western, southern and eastern margins. Overall, we estimate the total aboveground live biomass of intact Amazonian rainforests (area 5.76 × 106 km2 in 2000) to be 93±23 Pg C, taking into account lianas and small trees. Including dead biomass and belowground biomass would increase this value by approximately 10% and 21%, respectively, but the spatial variation of these additional terms still needs to be quantified.
Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.

The practical need to partition the world of viruses into distinguishable, universally agreed upon entities is the ultimate justification for developing a virus classification system. Since 1971, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) operating on behalf of the world community of virologists has taken on the task of developing a single, universal taxonomic scheme for all viruses infecting animals (vertebrate, invertebrates, and protozoa), plants (higher plants and algae), fungi, bacteria, and archaea. The current report builds on the accumulated taxonomic construction of the eight previous reports dating back to 1971 and records the proceedings of the Committee since publication of the last report in 2005. Representing the work of more than 500 virologists worldwide, this report is the authoritative reference for virus organization, distinction, and structure.
Detection of Human Papillomavirus, p53 and c-erbB-2 Protein Expression in Juvenile Laryngeal Papillomatosis: A Report of 2 Cases

The association of human papillomavirus (HPV) with juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis has been well documented. We report two cases of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis and correlated these cases with presence of HPV, p53 and c-erbB-2 proteins. The first case was a one-year-old male patient and the second a six-year-old female patient. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens were tested for the presence of HPV genome by the technique of in situ hybridisation using wide spectrum and type specific biotinylated probes while the immunohistochemical expression of p53 (D07, 1:50) and c-erbB-2 (DAKO A0485, 1:300) proteins were evaluated with commercially available antibodies. Histologically the tumours in both cases showed papillary configuration of squamous papilloma. The first case detected HPV type 6, HPV type 11 and p53 protein expression while the second case showed only HPV type 6. Both cases of HPV showed positive signals confined to the nuclei in the superficial squamous epithelium. The first case showed p53 positivity seen from the basal region up to one third of the epithelium of laryngeal papillomas and the subsequent recent repeat biopsy showed the positivity of p53 had extended throughout the upper layers of the epithelium. Expression of c-erbB-2 protein was not detected in both cases. These findings were similar as in other studies where follow-up of the cases was recommended since they tend to recur
New ABC transporters in multi-drug resistance

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have been the subject of intense scrutiny as potential mediators of clinical drug resistance. Since the identification of MDR1/P-glycoprotein over 15 years ago, it has been recognised that reduced intracellular accumulation of anticancer agents can result in significant degrees of drug resistance. The multi-drug resistance associated protein (MRP1) was the second ABC transporter to be associated with drug resistance, and in the past three years, five additional MRP family members have been recognised. While studies to define the substrate specificity and normal physiology for the new transporters is underway, it appears that the principal function for P-glycoprotein and MRP is protection of the host from xenobiotics. The most recent addition to the list of ABC transporters mediating drug resistance is the half-transporter, MXR/BCRP/ABCP. Overexpression of this transporter is associated with mitoxantrone, anthracycline and camptothecin resistance. The discovery of multiple distinct ABC transporters capable of conferring multi-drug resistance offers the possibility that clinical reversal of drug resistance can be achieved. Studies with P-glycoprotein inhibitors alone have generated mixed results; one potential explanation is that other transporters may be co-expressed. These additional transporters offer new therapeutic targets, as both specific and multi-specific inhibitors should be identified for clinical trials in drug resistance reversal.
Chromosomal aberrations in congenital cardiovascular disorders of man.

The question of genetic etiology always arises in medical cytogenetics in relation to congenital anomalies. Congenital heart defects of man are no exception. In some instances, congenital heart defects have been found among sibs. Tedesco (1933) and Campbell (1949) were inclined to believe that congenital heart defects are caused by genetical abnormalities, though no definite mode of inheritance could be clearly demonstrated. Based on a study of 304 heart patients, Lamy and Schweisguth (1950) arrived at a similar conclusion. Recently, abnormal conditions of chromosomes have been proven to be associated with congenitial heart malformations (Book et al. 1961, Crawfurd 1961, Edwards and Clarke, personal communication). The findings justify the giving of special attention to the relation of chromosomal variations to the cause or rise of certain human congenital heart malformations. The present paper deals with a chromosome study on twenty-two patients with congential heart defects involving atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and heart defect of unknown nature. Some of the patients were found to show complications with other developmental anomalies. Clinical data of each patient under study are listed in Table I, together with sex and age. Diagnosis of the heart defects was made by means of operation, autopsy, cineangiography and/or heart catherization. Cytological findings: The materials for the cytological examinations came from leucocyte cultures of peripheral blood. A method of Hungerford et al. (1959) was used with slight modifications. Chromosome countings were made on ten to thirty cells with clear delineation of chromosomes. Three patients with congenital heart defects associated with Down's syndrome (cases 13, 14 and 15) were characterized by 47 chromosomes. Karyotype analyses of cells with 47 chromosomes revealed that these patients had chromosome no. 21 in a trisomic
PREVALENCIA E INTENSIDAD DE ECTOPARASITOS ASOCIADOS A TADARIDA BRASILIENSIS (GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, 1824) (CHIROPTERA: MOLOSSIDAE) EN CONCEPCION

En este trabajo se presenta el estudio de la prevalencia e intensidad de artropodos ectoparasitos recolectados en 90 ejemplares de Tadarida brasiliensis (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824) capturados en la ciudad de Concepcion, VIII Region-Chile (36°40'S; 73°04'O), desde noviembre del 2000 a marzo del 2001. Los ectoparasitos recolectados fueron una especie de pulga, Sternopsylla distincta (Rothschild, 1903), y tres especies de acaros, Chiroptonyssus robustipes (Ewing, 1925), Ewingana inaequalis (Ewing, 1938) y Notoedres lasionycteris (Boyd & Bernstein, 1950). El 100% de los murcielagos se encontraron parasitados y se les extrajo un total de 3.185 ectoparasitos. C. robustipes fue la especie mas comun con un 100% de prevalencia, seguida de N. lasionycteris, E. inaequalis y S. distincta con prevalencias de 40, 32,24 y 8,89% respectivamente. Tambien la intensidad de infestacion promedio fue mucho mayor para C. robustipes con 34.25 acaros/murcielago, comparado con las otras especies en que la intensidad fue menor al 2%. La prevalencia e intensidad de E. inaequalis y N. lasionycteris fue significativamente mayor en machos, mientras que para S. distincta solo la prevalencia fue levemente mayor en hembras, con lo que se pudo concluir que la prevalencia e intensidad de ectoparasitos aparecen como dependiente del sexo del hospedero en algunas especies de ectoparasitos