Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inverse modeling of CO2 sources and sinks using satellite data: a synthetic inter-comparison of measurement techniques and their performance as a function of space and time

Abstract. Currently two polar orbiting satellite instruments measure CO2 concentrations in the Earth's atmosphere, while other missions are planned for the coming years. In the future such instruments might become powerful tools for monitoring changes in the atmospheric CO2 abundance and to improve our quantitative understanding of the leading processes controlling this. At the moment, however, we are still in an exploratory phase where first experiences are collected and promising new space-based measurement concepts are investigated. This study assesses the potential of some of these concepts to improve CO2 source and sink estimates obtained from inverse modelling. For this purpose the performance of existing and planned satellite instruments is quantified by synthetic simulations of their ability to reduce the uncertainty of the current source and sink estimates in comparison with the existing ground-based network of sampling sites. Our high resolution inversion of sources and sinks (at 8°x10°) allows us to investigate the variation of instrument performance in space and time and at various temporal and spatial scales. The results of our synthetic tests clearly indicate that the satellite performance increases with increasing sensitivity of the instrument to CO2 near the Earth's surface, favoring the near infra-red technique. Thermal infrared instruments, on the contrary, reach a better global coverage, because the performance in the near infrared is reduced over the oceans owing to a low surface albedo. Near infra-red sounders can compensate for this by measuring in sun-glint, which will allow accurate measurements over the oceans, at the cost, however, of a lower measurement density. Overall, the sun-glint pointing near infrared instrument is the most promising concept of those tested. We show that the ability of satellite instruments to resolve fluxes at smaller temporal and spatial scales is also related to surface sensitivity. All the satellite instruments performed relatively well over the continents resulting mainly from the larger prior flux uncertainties over land than over the oceans. In addition, the surface networks are rather sparse over land increasing the additional benefit of satellite measurements there. Globally, challenging satellite instrument precisions are needed to compete with the current surface network (about 1ppm for weekly and 8°x10° averaged SCIAMACHY columns). Regionally, however, these requirements relax considerably, increasing to 5ppm for SCIAMACHY over tropical continents. This points not only to an interesting research area using SCIAMACHY data, but also to the fact that satellite requirements should not be quantified by only a single number. The applicability of our synthetic results to real satellite instruments is limited by rather crude representations of instrument and data retrieval related uncertainties. This should receive high priority in future work.
Observations of twinning in YBa2Cu3O6 +x, 0 < x < 1, at high temperatures

We report here on the nature of the twinning associated with the tetragonal to orthorhombic I (T/OI) phase transition in YBCO, for temperatures between 500 and 600oC. In situ neutron diffraction measurements show the coexistence of the T and split OI peaks in the vicinity of the transition. However, by direct numerical simulation, we show that this is to be expected from the twinned OI structure when the separation of adjacent twinning planes and the orthorhombicity both approach zero. It is demonstrated that the observed hkl-dependent peak broadening is consistent with this interpretation. A comparison of the measured and simulated peak shapes enables us to make an approximate estimate of the actual twin widths for a given orthorhombicity.
Antioxidant activity of enzymatic system of two different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars growing under salt stress

Soil salinity and semi-arid and arid climate of Pakistan is a major constraint in agriculture and predominantly in foodstuff production. It limits crop yield and use of land previously uncultivated. Wheat is moderately salt tolerant. A great variation was observed between and within the cultivars (genotypes: S-24 salt tolerant and DN-27 salt sensitive) in relationship to the choice of salinity level (control and treatments: in increment of 25 mol/m 3 NaCl/day to a final level of 80 and 160 mol/m 3 NaCl into the nutrient solution) that will be used for screening purpose. Relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index and the activities of some antioxidant enzymes were determined after 20 and 40 days of salt stress exposure. As a result of activity enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase increased in S-24 with the increase of salt stress, while in DN-27 all the enzymes showed constant activity at all the stress levels. Meanwhile, relative water content and membrane stability index decrease the value as well as they increases the stress levels. It can be concluded that all three antioxidant enzymes were limiting factors for these genotypes and these reasons also led to the salt sensitivity in DN-27. Different selection methods should be applied to improve different traits in different conditions in wheat.
Current‐voltage characteristics and interface state density of GaAs Schottky barrier

A density distribution of the interface states in GaAs Schottky barrier was derived for the first time from observed nonideal I‐V characteristics of a GaAs Schottky barrier with an oxidized interface. With increasing forward bias voltage, the ideality factor increases and then decreases after passing a maximum. Fermi level of the interface states shifts with the applied bias in the interfacial layer model adopted for the analysis. The obtained energy level of the interface states is in agreement with a previously reported value. However, the absolute magnitude of the state density is quite small compared with that obtained from the weak dependence of the barrier height on metal work functions. Implications of this result are discussed.
Current Production and Metal Oxide Reduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Wild Type and Mutants

ABSTRACT Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a gram-negative facultative anaerobe capable of utilizing a broad range of electron acceptors, including several solid substrates. S. oneidensis MR-1 can reduce Mn(IV) and Fe(III) oxides and can produce current in microbial fuel cells. The mechanisms that are employed by S. oneidensis MR-1 to execute these processes have not yet been fully elucidated. Several different S. oneidensis MR-1 deletion mutants were generated and tested for current production and metal oxide reduction. The results showed that a few key cytochromes play a role in all of the processes but that their degrees of participation in each process are very different. Overall, these data suggest a very complex picture of electron transfer to solid and soluble substrates by S. oneidensis MR-1.
Hydrophilicity of Silicon Wafers for Direct Bonding

The hydrophilicity of the silicon wafer surface caused by hydroxylgroups and physisorbed water plays an essential role in silicon wafer direct bonding. Different wafer pretreatments from the literature are tested applying the contact angle method for the estimation of the hydrophilicity. Special attention is paid to the RCA clean and ageing processes of the surface. The doping and the orientation of the silicon wafers influence the desorption of water during ageing. The best hydrophilization method forming fully hydrated surfaces with very good long time stability is the plasma activation. Die Hydrophilitat der Siliziumoberflache, hervorgerufen durch Hydroxylgruppen und physiosorbiertes Wasser hat eine grose Bedeutung fur das grosflachige Direktbonden von Siliziumscheiben. Verschiedene Scheibenvorbehandlungen aus der Literatur werden mit Hilfe der Randwinkelmethode getestet. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird der KERN-Reinigung und Alterungsprozessen der Oberflache gewidmet. Die Dotierung und die Orientierung der Scheiben beeinflussen die Desorption von Wasser bei der Alterung. Die beste Methode zur Scheibenhydrophilisierung mit sehr guter Langzeitstabilitat ist die Plasmaaktivierung.
Structure, defects, and strain in silicon-silicon oxide interfaces

The structure of the interfaces between silicon and silicon-oxide is responsible for proper functioning of MOSFET devices while defects in the interface can deteriorate this function and lead to their failure. In this paper we modeled this interface and characterized its defects and strain. MD simulations were used for reconstructing interfaces into a thermodynamically stable configuration. In all modeled interfaces, defects were found in the form of three-coordinated silicon atom, five coordinated silicon atom, threefold-coordinated oxygen atom, or displaced oxygen atom. Three-coordinated oxygen atom can be created if dangling bonds on silicon are close enough. The structure and stability of three-coordinated silicon atoms (Pb defect) depend on the charge as well as on the electric field across the interface. The negatively charged Pb defect is the most stable one, but the electric field resulting from the interface reduces that stability. Interfaces with large differences in periodic constants of silico.
Isotope-edited two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy of trialanine in aqueous solution

Two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy is applied to the amide I mode of trialanine and two of its isotopomers dissolved in heavy water. We use site-directed 13C isotope substitution to change the individual frequencies of the coupled oscillators, and hence to modify specific matrix elements of the molecular Hamiltonian. It is found that all of the results can be well described by an excitonic model for the amide I band, using the same coupling strength and dipole–dipole angle for all three isotopomers. This demonstrates that these two spectral parameters are determined by the secondary structure of the peptide, which remains unchanged upon isotope substitution.
THE TRANSIENT INSTABILITY OF TENSIOMETER READINGS DURING INFILTRATION

Tensiometer readings were taken before, just after, 30 minutes after, and 24 h after an irrigation of 50 mm applied in 90 minutes. Readings before and 24 h after irrigation were normal and stable. Readings taken just after and 30 minutes after irrigation showed variable behavior. At some depths there were changes from negative to positive pressure and at one depth the reverse occurred. At several depths practically no change was observed with time. Soil samples taken before, just after, and 24 h after irrigation showed that 13.5 mm of H2O could be accounted for immediately after irrigation ceased in the 0− to 60-cm depth, but that none could be accounted for 24 h later. Presumably all of it had moved deeper than 60 cm in 24 h. The results suggest that earlier researchers have merely waited to take tensiometer readings until the values stabilized, which missed most of the infiltration. The results also demonstrate the importance of macro-pore flow during infiltration of water. The variable pattern of tensiometer response is ascribed to the random intersection of tensiometer cups by macropores.
An angular singularity-free method for the dynamics of the rovibrational motion of diatomic molecules

An angular singularity-free method for the dynamics of the rovibrational motion of diatomic molecules has been proposed. The present method is based on a formulation that the orientation of a diatomic molecule is expressed by the Cartesian coordinates of the unit vector parallel to the molecular axis. In this light, the present method can be considered as a modification of a method proposed for the rigid rotational motion to the rovibrational motion. Illustrations of the present method have been performed for the classical dynamics of the rovibrational motion of a diatomic molecule, and for the semiclassical dynamics of the collision between an atom and a diatomic molecule, including comparisons with other conventional methods. It is concluded that the present method is free from angular singularity, and that the present method is superior to other conventional methods in view of computational efficiency.
Compost Amendment to Sandy Soil Affects Soil Properties and Greenhouse Tomato Productivity

Sandy soils, with low productivity, could be improved by compost application to sustain crop production. This study aimed to examine the effect of three compost types (vegetable, fruit and yard waste compost, garden waste compost, and spent mushroom compost) on basic properties of a loamy sand and greenhouse tomato productivity. Disturbed and intact soil samples were taken from a decade-long compost field experiment on loamy sand with three compost types at application rate of 30 m3 ha−1 yr−1 (7.5 ton ha−1 yr−1). The soils were characterized for chemical and physical properties. Tomato was planted in a greenhouse using soil samples from the field and vegetative and yield parameters (plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, and fruit yield), water productivity, and harvest index were evaluated. All compost types significantly increased soil total carbon, total nitrogen, pH, electrical conductivity and significantly decreased bulk density, with no effect on plant available water compared to the control. Fresh and dry fruit weights were significantly increased after compost addition. Plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, and total biomass did not significantly improve after compost addition. Spent mushroom compost had greater effect in improving tomato productivity. A decade-long application of composts on loamy sand improved basic chemical and physical properties which were reflected in increased fruit yield in tomato. Since no negative effect of compost was observed, we suggest that sandy soils may serve as a safe end use option for these composts and potentially support crop growth.
The Effect of Water on the Cobalt-Catalyzed Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis

Abstract Carbon isotope transients at reaction steady state are used to examine the effect of water vapor on the amount and reactivity of the surface carbon intermediates involved in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on both a supported and an unsupported cobalt catalyst. Water increases the amount of active surface carbon, present predominantly as monomeric species. This increased surface concentration of monomeric carbon is caused by an acceleration of the CO dissociation rate without a matching reactivity increase in the downstream hydrocarbon synthesis steps. In turn, the proposed monomer dependencies in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis mechanism explain the lower methane selectivity and higher molecular weight products observed at increased water concentrations.
Use of molecular techniques for the analysis of foam-causing bacteria in Al Bireh oxidation ditch, Palestine

Activated sludge foaming, a worldwide problem, usually consists of filamentous bacteria occurring predominantly in the mixed liquor. Because of a lack of pure cultures of most filamentous bacteria and the limited amount of characterisation data, molecular approaches were used to investigate dominant filamentous bacterial strains associated with foaming in Al Bireh Wastewater Treatment Plant in Palestine. Applying denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), 16S rRNA cloning and sequencing showed the dominance of several filamentous bacteria including Microthrix parvicella, Nocardia sp. , Hyphomicrobium facilis, Chloroflexi, Candidates TM7 and Nocardioides oleivorans.
Coated Colloids with Tailored Optical Properties

Tailored optical properties have been imparted to polystyrene (PS) colloids of various sizes by the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of silica-coated gold (Au@SiO2) or silica-coated silver (Ag@SiO2) nanoparticles with different shell thicknesses and an electrostatically bridging polyelectrolyte, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC). The spectral position of the surface plasmon band of the composite colloid spheres is tailored through (i) the type of silica-coated nanoparticles used, (ii) the thickness of the silica shell, and (iii) the number of nanoparticle layers deposited. For thin silica shells ( 18 nm), nanoparticle core−core interparticle interactions are fully prevented and the plasmon band position is unaffected. Additionally, silica dissolution with HF leads .
Synthesis, Spectral Characterization and Evaluation of Pharmacodynamic Activity of Copper and Nickel Complexes of Ethambutol Dihydrochloride

Nickel and copper complexes of ethambutol [EB] were synthesized and characterized. On the basis of spectral and thermal data an octahedral geometry was assigned to the complexes with molecular formulae [Cu(C10 H24 N2 O2)2Cl2] 5H2O and [Ni(C10 H24 N2 O2)2Cl2] 2H2O. Coordination of ethylene diamine derivative to the metal ion was proposed. The anti-tubercular activity of the complexes was evaluated using Lowenstein–Jensen medium and MABA [Microplate Alamar Blue Assay] methods.
On the use of MOZAIC-IAGOS data to assess the ability of the MACC reanalysis to reproduce the distribution of ozone and CO in the UTLS over Europe

MOZAIC-IAGOS data are used to assess the ability of the MACC reanalysis (REAN) to reproduce distributions of ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO), along with vertical and inter-annual variability in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere region (UTLS) over Europe for the period 2003–2010. A control run (CNTRL, without assimilation) is compared with the MACC reanalysis (REAN, with assimilation) to assess the impact of assimilation. On average over the period, REAN underestimates ozone by 60 ppbv in the lower stratosphere (LS), whilst CO is overestimated by 20 ppbv. In the upper troposphere (UT), ozone is overestimated by 50 ppbv, while CO is partly over or underestimated by up to 20 ppbv. As expected, assimilation generally improves model results but there are some exceptions. Assimilation leads to increased CO mixing ratios in the UT which reduce the biases of the model in this region but the difference in CO mixing ratios between LS and UT has not changed and remains underestimated after assimilation. Therefore, this leads to a significant positive bias of CO in the LS after assimilation. Assimilation improves estimates of the amplitude of the seasonal cycle for both species. Additionally, the observations clearly show a general negative trend of CO in the UT which is rather well reproduced by REAN. However, REAN misses the observed inter-annual variability in summer. The O3–CO correlation in the Ex-UTLS is rather well reproduced by the CNTRL and REAN, although REAN tends to miss the lowest CO mixing ratios for the four seasons and tends to oversample the extra-tropical transition layer (ExTL region) in spring. This evaluation stresses the importance of the model gradients for a good description of the mixing in the Ex-UTLS region, which is inherently difficult to observe from satellite instruments.
Heterogeneous Transparent Ultrathin Films with Tunable‐Color Luminescence Based on the Assembly of Photoactive Organic Molecules and Layered Double Hydroxides

Multicolor luminescent films have great potential for use in optoelectronics, solid‐state light‐emitting materials, and optical devices. This work describes a systematic investigation of the ordered assembly of two‐ (blue/green, blue/orange, red/blue, red/green) and three‐color (blue/red/green) light‐emitting ultrathin films (UTFs) by using different photofunctional anions [bis(N‐methylacridinium)@polyvinylsulfonate ion pairs and anionic derivatives of poly(p‐phenylene), poly(phenylenevinylene), and poly(thiophene)] and Mg‐Al‐layered double hydroxide nanosheets as building blocks. The rational combination of luminescent components affords precise control of the emission wavelengths and intensity, and multicolored luminescent UTFs can be precisely tailored covering most of the visible spectral region. The assembly process of the UTFs and their luminescence properties, as monitored by UV–vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, resulted in a gradual change in luminescence color in the selected light‐emitting spectral region upon increasing the number of deposition cycles. X‐ray diffraction demonstrates that the UTFs are periodic layered structures involving heterogeneous superlattices associated with individual photoactive anion–LDH units. These UTFs also exhibit well‐defined multicolor polarized fluorescence with high polarization anisotropy, and the emissive color changes with polarization direction. Therefore, this work provides a way of fabricating heterogeneous UTFs with tunable‐color luminescence as well as polarized multicolor emission, which have potential applications in the areas of light displays and optoelectronic devices.
Spectroscopic and Kinetic Study of the Cl−S(CH3)2Adduct

Time-resolved ultraviolet−visible absorption spectroscopy has been coupled with 248 nm laser flash photolysis of Cl2CO in the presence of DMS (CH3SCH3) (and in some cases O2, NO, or NO2) to generate the Cl−S(CH3)2 radical adduct in the gas phase and study the spectroscopy and kinetics of this species. The Cl−S(CH3)2 adduct was found to possess a strong, broad, unstructured absorption spectrum, extending from ca. 450 nm to below 280 nm with σmax = (3.48 ± 1.04) × 10-17 cm2 molec-1 at λmax ≈ 340 nm. Reaction of the adduct with O2 was not observed, and our data suggest that the rate coefficient for this reaction at 298 K is less than 4 × 10-18 cm3 molec-1 s-1. Rate coefficients for Cl−S(CH3)2 reactions with NO (kNO) and NO2 (kNO2) were measured at 155 Torr total pressure and room temperature, and were found to be kNO = (1.19 ± 0.18) × 10-11 cm3 molec-1 s-1 and kNO2 = (2.70 ± 0.41) × 10-11 cm3 molec-1 s-1, where the uncertainties are estimates of accuracy at the 95% confidence level. The spectroscopic and kin.
Korelasi Nilai Procalcitonin Clearance dengan Angka Mortalitas pada Pasien Sepsis yang Dirawat Di ICU dan HCU RSUP Dr. Moh. Hoesin Palembang

The incidence of sepsis in 2013 was estimated in that there were approximately 20−30 million patients with sepsis with an annual growth rate of 0.66 %. The goal was to determine the correlation value of procalcitonin clearance with mortality in septic patients in the Intensive Care Unit and High care unit.This is was an observational analytic cross sectional studyThe inclusion of criteria were surgical and medical patient who meet the diagnosis of sepsis aged 17−65 years from June 2016 to the number of samples. Blood samples were collected from the median cubital vein or a central venous catheter and then procalcitonin D0 and D48 was examined. Data is presented in descriptive and statistical tests to analyze continuous variables using unpaired T test, data is a dichotomy with chisquare test and lambda test to assess the correlation value of procalcitonin clearance with mortality.The mean value of procalcitonin clearance D0 in living patients is 26.09±21.12 lower than in patients who died of 38.01±14.55. Statistical test result p value =0.159 (no significant difference PCT D0value amongliving and dead patients). The mean value of procalcitonin clearance D48 in living patients is 18.10±15.37 lower than the patients died of 59.74±22.09. Statistical test results obtained p=0.000 (significant difference PCT D48 values among living and dead patients). Results of statistical test by using chi square p value=0,002 with a value of α = 0.05 (p<α) and r = 0,692 (strong 0,6−0,8) indicates that there is a correlation between the value of procalcitonin clearance with mortality in sepsis patients in the Intensive Care Unit and High Care Unit of Dr. Moh. Hoesin Hospital in Palembang.There is a correlation between the value of procalcitonin clearance with mortality in sepsis patients in the Intensive Care Unit and High care unit of Dr. Moh. HoesinHospital in Palembang.