Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Membrane properties of the somatic muscle (obliquely striated muscle) of the earthworm.

1. The membrane properties of the longitudinal muscle fibre of the earthworm Pheretima communissima were investigated by intra- and extracellular stimulating methods. 2. The membrane potential was -35.4 mV. , and spontaneous discharges with overshoot (mean +18 mV.) and after-hyperpolarization (-60 mV.) were recorded. 3. Tetrodotoxin (10 -7 g./ml.) blocked nervous activity but did not influence the spontaneous discharges or the spikes elicited in the muscle fibre by intracellular stimulation. 4. The critical membrane potential required to elicit a spike was not constant, and the falling phase of the spikes was markedly dependent on the level of the membrane potential. 5. The chronaxie, measured from the intensity-duration relation to elicit a spike by intracellular stimulation, was 55 msec. 6. When nervous activity was excluded the propagation of excitation in longitudinal muscles was decremental.
Parliamentary Oversight of Independent Regulatory Authorities in India

Independent regulatory authorities have become an important component of the governance landscape in India and elsewhere. Some regulators have achieved useful outcomes in India. However, the creation of independent sectoral regulators in India has not been accompanied by critical reflection on their role, or attention to the political, legal and institutional contexts within which they operate. Lessons can be learnt from mature regulatory policy countries, such as the USA, the UK and Australia, that the regulatory environment needs to be constantly evaluated to make sure it is keeping pace with the changing technology, business environment and consumer needs and demands. Despite the number of bodies in India that are involved or responsible for regulatory reform, there is one function that seems to be missing and that is of a central oversight function. Most countries have an explicit whole of government regulatory policy and an oversight body, sometimes more than one, that is/are responsible for embedding some of the systemic tools across different parts of the government machinery.
Redundant Via Insertion Based on SCA

The redundant via (RV) insertion is a widely used technique to enhance chip reliability. However, inserting an RV adjacent to a single via (SV) may create extra critical area (CA) between nets and worsen the circuit's yield. In this paper, we present a short CA (SCA)-constrained RV insertion method for yield optimization with a consideration of the SCA. First, we find the candidate ranges of the SVs, judge whether they can be inserted by RVs, and set the values of their corresponding direction marks and weight. Then, we update the direction marks and the weight of the candidate ranges. Finally, according to the direction marks and the weight of the candidate ranges, we determine the optimization sequence of the candidate ranges and complete the insertion of the RVs. The simulation results show that our method can get a high insertion rate and a good control of the incremental SCA between nets for yield.
Properties of single nerve fibres that evoke blood flow changes in cat dental pulp

Single nerve fibres innervating tooth pulp were isolated from filaments dissected from the inferior alveolar nerve in 17 anaesthetized cats. The fibres were studied to determine whether electrical stimulation of single units produced detectable changes in pulpal blood flow. Single pulpal nerve fibres were electrically stimulated at just above their thresholds and blood flow was recorded with a laser‐Doppler flow meter from the pulp of the ipsilateral canine. The thresholds of single fibres in dissected filaments were determined either by recording antidromic action potentials from the tooth or by using a novel technique based on collision. Units that produced blood flow changes were further characterized by recording their response to hot, cold, osmotic and hydrostatic pressure, and mechanical stimulation of exposed dentine and to drying the dentine. Of 93 units isolated, 14 produced changes in pulpal blood flow when stimulated electrically at 1 or 10 Hz. All had conduction velocities (0.8–2.0 m s−1) in the C‐fibre range. Ten produced vasodilatation and the remaining four, vasoconstriction. Five of the fibres that produced vasodilatation also responded to the hot stimulus, suggesting that they may form part of an axon reflex or similar mechanism. The four vasoconstrictor units did not respond to any form of stimulus other than electrical and were presumed to be sympathetic post‐ganglionic fibres.
Safety of UVA-Riboflavin Cross-Linking of the Cornea

Purpose: To study potential damage to ocular tissue during corneal collagen cross-linking (X-linking) by means of the riboflavin/UVA (370 nm) approach. Methods: Comparison of the currently used technique with officially accepted guidelines regarding direct UV damage and the damage created by the induced free radicals (photochemical damage). Results: The currently used UVA radiant exposure of 5.4 mJ/cm2 and the corresponding irradiance of 3 mW/cm2 is below the known damage thresholds of UVA for the corneal endothelium, lens, and retina. Regarding the photochemical damage caused by the free radicals, the damage thresholds for keratocytes and endothelial cells are 0.45 and 0.35 mW/cm2, respectively. In a 400-μm-thick cornea saturated with riboflavin, the irradiance at the endothelial level was 0.18 mW/cm2, which is a factor of 2 smaller than the damage threshold. Conclusions: After corneal X-linking, the stroma is depopulated of keratocytes ∼300 μm deep. Repopulation of this area takes up to 6 months. As long as the cornea treated has a minimum thickness of 400 μm (as recommended), the corneal endothelium will not experience damage, nor will deeper structures such as lens and retina. The light source should provide a homogenous irradiance, avoiding hot spots.
Power Distance as a National Culture Observed in Organizational Scope

"Objective – Cultural factors have significant roles in creating behavior in an organization. This research claims that national culture like power distance that is usually measured in a national scope actually can have a better result when it is measured in the organizational scope. The goal of this research is to find out the level of power distance among private lecturers in Banjarmasin, Indonesia, and compare it to Hofstede’s power distance for the whole country. Methodology/Technique – This research uses explanatory research that tries to understand the degree of power distance among private university lecturers in Banjarmasin. The populations used were all lecturers in private colleges in Banjarmasin City. The samples used were 86 lecturers who have become a lecturer for at least 2 years. The analysis is done through a descriptive quantitative method measuring the level of power distance among lecturers in Banjarmasin and with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to understand which indicators that have the strongest influence in creating power distance culture among lecturers in Banjarmasin. Findings – The results of the research show that power distance culture is low among the lecturers in Banjarmasin City, with indicator “The level of authority used by the leader” as the lowest factor. The result also finds that the indicator “subordinates Exclusion in decision-making” as the strongest indicator to form power distance culture. Novelty – This research conducted in the context of Indonesia using primary data. "
Biotests and biosensors in ecotoxicological risk assessment of field soils polluted with zinc, lead, and cadmium

The combined chemical and ecotoxicological hazard evaluations study was conducted on 60 smelter‐influenced soils containing 1 to 13, 50 to 653, and 100 to 1,198 mg/kg of Cd, Pb, and Zn, respectively. For these soils (liquid‐to‐soil ratio = 10), water extractability of Zn, Cd, and Pb was less than 0.19% (median values). Acetic acid (0.11 M) extracted 23, 9.7, and 0.7% of Cd, Zn, and Pb, respectively. Although heavy metal concentrations in the studied soils were high, the toxic effects of water extracts were observed only in few samples and in few biotests (algae Selenastrum capricornutum and metal detector assay). For most of the aquatic test organisms (e.g., crustaceans, photobacteria), the bioavailable concentrations of metals in soil‐water extracts were either subtoxic, or the adverse effects were compensated by soil nutrients, etc. However, analysis of the soils with recombinant Cd sensor Bacillus subtilis (pTOO24) showed that about 65% of these apparently subtoxic samples contained bioavailable Cd when analyzed in the suspension assay (detection limit 1.5 mg Cd/kg soil), indicating the desorption of Cd induced by direct contact of bacteria with soil particles. The median bioavailable fraction of Cd (1%) was 23‐fold lower than the fraction extracted by acetic acid. The Pb‐Cd sensor Staphylococcus aureus (pT0024) detected bioavailable Pb only in the suspensions of five of the most lead‐polluted soils (>417 mg Pb/kg): the median bioavailability of Pb was 0.42%. Consequently, the hazard assessment relying on total metal levels in soils should be revised by critical comparison with data obtained from bioassays. Development and use of biosensors (excellent tools for mechanistic studies and signaling hazard already at subtoxic level) should be encouraged.
Développement et validation expérimentale d’observateurs des forces du contact pneumatique/chaussée d’une automobile

La connaissance de la dynamique d'un vehicule et de son environnement est un enjeu majeur. L'objectif de cette these est de developper des observateurs d'etat permettant d'estimer des variables liees a l'adherence du contact pneumatique/chaussee. Differentes methodes d'observation sont proposees afin de reconstruire les efforts des pneumatiques et l'angle de derive d'une automobile. Ces algorithmes d'estimation sont concus pour etre fonctionnels en cas de situation de conduite critique, notamment lors de fortes accelerations laterales ou lorsque l'adherence de la chaussee varie. Outre une description des techniques d'observation mises en oeuvre, cette etude presente d'importantes phases de validation par la simulation et l'experimentation. Ce travail a abouti a la conception d'un module temps reel embarque qui a pu etre evalue relativement a des mesures des forces des roues.
Corticosteroid responses to milieu therapy of chronic schizophrenics.

OVER the past two decades, it has been well established in both animals and man that emotional distress can stimulate adrenal cortical activity through neuroendocrine pathways. In man, however, emotional distress is regarded as being closely regulated by ego defenses (in a manner perhaps analogous to a buffer system). It appears useful, then, to study both the dimensions of affect state and ego defensive functions as a system, in psychoendocrine investigations in man. This paper will report on corticosteroid excretion in four chronic schizophrenic men during a year's course of intensive milieu therapy. Changes in affect state and in corticosteroid excretion will be related to alterations in the psychosocial equilibrium maintained by these chronic patients. The present study grows out of previous work by Sachar et al 1,3,4 which described changes in corticosteroid excretion in acutely schizophrenic men as they moved through clinical phases in their
An Assessment of Testing Variables in Non-Native Russian Stress Placement.

This paper reports on a series of tests made to determine if a correlation exists between modes of testing and the ability of Russian language students to place stress correctly. The fundamental question to be answered by this investigation was whether or not written tests provide a valid measurement of students' acquisition of Russian stress parameters. Recent advances in autosegmental phonology suggest that stress of the type found in Russian can be expressed by a principles and parameters model (Halle 5, 28-29). In order to test non-native acquisition of this model, it is necessary first to determine the validity of various testing modes. In addition, from a purely pedagogical point of view this investigation seeks to provide empirical evidence bearing on the question of how to test student control of stress. Jarvis (325) found an "almost complete absence of research on testing in Russian language instruction. " This investigation seeks to begin to address this shortage by providing a measurement of two types of tests (written vs. oral) and of two modalities (discrete vs. context bound). It was hypothesized that no significant difference would be observed in the results achieved in relationship to test type or test modality. This hypothesis was based on the assumption that knowledge of stress locus is more or less constant, and that the type or mode of testing should therefore have an insignificant influence on students' abilities to produce correctly stressed words. Contrary to the hypothesis, it was found that a significant variation does occur in the results obtained both for test type and test modality. Further, it was discovered that there appears to be a gap between correctly stressing discrete words and stressing words in context.
4-Port quadri-polarization diversity antenna with a novel feeding network

A novel planar antenna with quadri-polarization diversity, including a pair of orthogonal linear polarizations and a pair of orthogonal circular polarizations is presented in this paper. The antenna comprises two square patch resonators and a feeding network with 4 input ports. Antenna polarization diversity can be achieved by selecting different inputs, which can generates right-handed circular polarization, left-handed circular polarization, horizontal linear polarization and vertical linear polarization. The proposed design does not need PIN diodes and DC biasing circuits, which makes it suitable to be used in higher frequency applications where lump elements are difficult to be utilized. This novel antenna provides potential polarization diversity features for wireless local area networks and multiple-input multiple-output systems. Details of the antenna design are shown, and the measurement and simulation results are also provided to validate the proposed idea.
HDL2 of heavy alcohol drinkers enhances cholesterol efflux from raw macrophages via phospholipid-rich HDL 2b particles.

BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption is associated with increased serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and a decreased risk for the development of atherosclerosis. However, the effects of heavy alcohol intake on reverse cholesterol transport, one of the key anti-atherogenic processes related to HDL, are poorly known. METHODS The ability of total HDL as well as HDL(2) and HDL(3) subclasses to promote cholesterol efflux from (3)H-cholesterol-labeled RAW 264.7 macrophages was studied among 6 heavy alcohol drinkers and 6 controls. Distribution of HDL subclasses was analyzed by 4 to 30% native gradient gels. Serum phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activities were analyzed among several other biochemical measures. RESULTS Cholesterol efflux to HDL(2) of heavy drinkers was 22% (p = 0.025) higher relative to controls. The increase in HDL(2) phospholipids, with a concomitant 2-fold (p = 0.055) increase in large HDL(2b) particles, was associated with enhanced cholesterol efflux to HDL(2). Interestingly, the cholesterol efflux to HDL(3) did not differ between the 2 study groups. These findings may be partially explained by a decreased CETP activity (-26%, p = 0.037) and an increased PLTP activity (39%, p = 0.045) in heavy drinkers. CONCLUSIONS The increased cholesterol efflux potential of HDL(2) is most likely an anti-atherogenic feature linked to heavy alcohol consumption. The cholesterol efflux and HDL phospholipids also associated strongly within the whole study group (r(s) = 0.910, p <or= 0.01) suggesting a common pathway of enhanced cholesterol efflux via enlarged phospholipid-rich HDL particles.
Mind that abides : panpsychism in the new millennium

1. Contributors 2. Acknowledgements & dedication 3. Introduction 4. 1. Panpsychism in history: An overview (by Skrbina, David) 5. Part I. Analysis and science 6. 2. Realistic monism: Why physicalism entails panpsychism, and on the Sesmet theory of subjectivity (by Strawson, Galen) 7. 3. Halting the descent into panpsychism: A quantum thermofield theoretical perspective (by Globus, Gordon G.) 8. 4. Mind under matter (by Coleman, Sam) 9. 5. The conscious connection: A psycho-physical bridge between brain and pan-experiential quantum geometry (by Hameroff, Stuart R.) 10. 6. Can the panpsychist get around the combination problem? (by Goff, Phil) 11. 7. Universal correlates of consciousness (by Deiss, Stephen) 12. 8. Panpsychism, the Big-Bang-Argument, and the dignity of life (by Spat, Patrick) 13. Part II. Process philosophy 14. 9. Back to Whitehead? Galen Strawson and the rediscovery of panpsychism (by Basile, Pierfrancesco) 15. 10. Does process externalism support panpsychism? The relational nature of the physical world as a foundation for the conscious mind (by Manzotti, Riccardo) 16. 11. The dynamics of possession: An introduction to the sociology of Gabriel Tarde (by Debaise, Didier) 17. 12. Finite eventism (by Carlson, Carey R.) 18. Part III. Metaphysics and mind 19. 13. Zero-person and the psyche (by Harman, Graham) 20. 14. "All things think:" Panpsychism and the metaphysics of nature (by Grant, Iain Hamilton) 21. 15. 'Something there? ' James and Fechner meet in a Pluralistic Universe (by Solhdju, Katrin) 22. 16. Panpsychic presuppositions of Samkhya metaphysics (by Manjaly, Jaison A.) 23. 17. The awareness of rock: East-Asian understandings and implications (by Parkes, Graham) 24. 18. Why has the West failed to embrace panpsychism? (by Mathews, Freya) 25. 19. Minds, objects, and relations: Toward a dual-aspect ontology (by Skrbina, David) 26. References 27. Index
Adaptive mechanisms of mitochondria in response to exercise.

It is known that mitochondria are unique organelles capable of, depending on the physiological stimuli, changing their number and size 1, . Physical exercise has proved to be a powerful stimulus to mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle, which involves the orchestrated expression of the mitochondrial genome and the nuclear genes that encode mitochondrial proteins . The human mitochondrial genome consists of approximately 1,500 genes, 37 are encoded mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and the rest of the nuclear DNA (nDNK). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a small doublestranded circular molecule containing 16,569 pairs of nucleotides. It encodes 13 subunits of complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, and components necessary for its own mRNA translation: large and small rRNA and 22 tRNA. The process of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is necessary for formation of ATP, which is used for work, heat to maintain body temperature and membrane potential required for ion transport. Mitochondria also generate most of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and electrons involved in their formation are usually derived from the reduced electron carriers of the respiratory chain. If not neutralized (damaged mitochondria are removed by apoptosis), ROS can damage mitochondrial proteins, lipids and nucleic acids which inhibit oxidative phosphorylation 4, . A large number of disorders of oxidative phosphorylation are attributed to mutations, which are more common in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) than in the DNA of chromosomes. These mutations are inherited maternally. However, not all mtDNA mutations and variations are deleterious. About 25% of all mtDNA variations are referred to as adaptive, and in some cases may be an important factor in the individual's predisposition to a better physical condition . This paper is an overview of recent research mitochondrial biogenesis and its adaptive effects to the potential impact of an increase in athlete s endurance.
Ultrastructure of microglia-synapse interactions in the HIV-1 Tat-injected murine central nervous system

The destruction of normal synaptic architecture is the main pathogenetic substrate in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), but the sequence of cellular events underlying this outcome is not completely understood. Our recent work in a mouse model of HAND using a single intraparenchymal injection of the HIV-1 regulatory protein trans-activator of transcription revealed increased microglial phagocytosis that was accompanied by an increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and elimination of dendritic spines in vivo, thus suggesting that microglia-synapse interactions could be dysregulated in HAND. Here, we further examine the relationships between microglia and synaptic structures in our mouse model, at high spatial resolution using immunocytochemical electron microscopy. Our ultrastructural analysis reveals the prevalence of putative microglial filopodial protrusions, which are targeting excitatory and inhibitory synapses, some of which contain phagocytic inclusions at various distances from their distal extremities to the microglial cell bodies. These observations thus suggest that cell-to-cell contacts mediated by microglial filopodia might be a crucial preliminary step in the elimination of synaptic structures in a neuroinflammatory milieu that occurs in HAND.
David A. Karnofsky memorial lecture. Thoughts on chemical therapy

T IS MY FIRST AND VERY GRATEFUL DUTY I to convey my thanks to the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the Karnofsky Memorial Lecture Fund Committee of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center for the unique privilege to pay due tribute to David A. Karnofsky, not only as a pioneer in cancer research and in chemotherapy, but also as an endearing colleague and life-long friend. I also value your honour very specially from the association between my own institution and the Memorial Hospital and SloanKetteripg Institute to which Dave gave so much . devotion, and may we remember here the/enthusiastic zeal of his first chief in that puce, C. P. Rhoads. We recall Dave’s early pareer in Los Angeles and Stanford, his later associations with Harvard and other centres, and his wartime service at Edgewood Arsenal, before he came to give the greatest part of his life’s work in New York City. In memory we carry vivid recollections of his tall figure with that slight stoop, of his utter concern and devotion, and of liis gaiety on the proper occasion. His life was composite of solicitude and compassion on the one hand, and on the other of respect for the underlying science of his craft and profession. I was ever impressed by a predominant characteristic, and one which is none too common today, namely his ideal of total care to the end, something also the creed of another great American, in Sidney Farber.