Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Debugging Translations of Transformer-based Neural Machine Translation Systems

In this paper, we describe a tool for debugging the output and attention weights of neural machine translation (NMT) systems and for improved estimations of confidence about the output based on the attention. We dive deeper into ways for it to handle output from transformerbased NMT models. Its purpose is to help researchers and developers find weak and faulty translations that their NMT systems produce without the need for reference translations. We present a demonstration website of our tool with examples of good and bad translations: http: //attention.lielakeda. lv.
Teachers’ turnover and their job satisfaction at basic education school in some regions in Oman: structural equation modelling approach

This research examines the factors that lead to job satisfaction which can also cause dissatisfaction among the basic education teachers in selected regions at Al-Dzahira, Al-Dakhelya and Muscat in the Sultanate of Oman. It investigates the causes behind the teacher’s low interest towards the teaching profession and the reasons behind the teachers’ unfavourable turnover in these regions. Questionnaires were distributed to 223 selected teachers in the basic education schools in these regions. The principal component analysis was used to determine the best items across their factors and the measurement model for the model-fit as well as indicators and predictors. The path analysis was applied to know the direct-effect of the exogenous on endogenous variables. From the results of factor analysis, it shows that the ‘teaching load’ factor seemed to have the highest item loading followed by the ‘salary’ and the ‘promotion/recognition’ also had very strong items loadings that should be fairly considered. CFA tests also confirmed the same results where the issues related to teaching are the first factors followed by the salary and the promotion that led to the teachers’ turnover and dissatisfaction. The path analysis indicated a direct causality of teaching load and promotion on turnover.
Viability of Crowd-Volunteered Open Research Reviews

In this study, we examine the feasibility of reviewing research publications through crowdsourcing. We propose a post-publication review model where the research materials are posted online for the crowd volunteers to review. One such platform, named PuGLi, is prepared and the data collected from it is analyzed. The analysis raises some interesting questions related to the challenges of attracting crowd volunteers, determining truthfulness of opinions, and obtaining the final judgment from multiple opinions received from the crowd.
Memory Architecture Optimization for Streaming Applications in High-Level Synthesis

Memory Architecture Optimization for Streaming Applications in High-Level Synthesis Jasmina Vasiljević Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto 2017 The parallel processing capabilities of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) make them a suitable architecture for high-performance streaming applications. In recent years, high-level languages and frameworks, such as High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools and FPGAbased OpenCL platforms have improved both productivity and FPGA adoption on a wider scale. However, FPGA designs have an immense design space, and there can be an order of magnitude performance difference between a näıve and an optimized implementation. In terms of memory architecture, the programmer faces the burden of a large number of iterative manual optimizations to achieve high performance. First, to maximize the overall streaming application performance, memory throughput bottlenecks have to be minimized. This is achieved by balancing throughput across many compute blocks and their memories within a streaming application. Second, based on the application’s data access patterns, the programmer has to devise an off-chip memory access strategy, as well as an on-chip buffering strategy. Third, to meet on-chip memory budget requirements, the limited number of Block RAMs (BRAMs) has to be carefully assigned to many application buffers (such as arrays or FIFOs). Motivated by these challenges, the goal of this work is to make memory optimizations easier to achieve when designing streaming applications. We present two frameworks that aid the programmer in exploring and optimizing the large FPGA memory design space: 1) a buffer-to-BRAM mapping tool called MPack, and 2) a library of Stream Memory Components (SMCs). Our frameworks use a divide and conquer approach, where the user optimizes computation and our tools optimize
Breast feeding and asthma in children in Diwanyiah

Background: the protective effect of and the association between breastfeeding and asthma has raised substantial interest and is a subject of debate. Objectives: to study the relationship between asthma and feeding pattern in children up to the age of 12 years in Diwaniah, Iraq with a focus on breast feeding. Patients and methods: this is a prospective study accomplished in the maternity and children teaching hospital in Diwaniah ,Iraq during the period from January 2015 to March 2016. The study involves 1242 patients with the diagnosis of asthma and control group of 1350 healthy infants and children were chosen for comparison. The pattern of feeding and the period of breast feeding in both groups were recorded together with other variables. Results: sixty six percent( 688 out of 1041) of patients with asthma ? 5 years were artificially fed and only 13.5% of them were breast fed. the rate of asthma is significantly less in children with breast feeding especially when the age interval under five years is taken into consideration. Conclusion: early, exclusive and prolonged breastfeeding protects against asthma in children particularly in those less than 5 years of age.
The influence of the cultivation environment on the fragrance of cyclamens

The scent of scented cyclamen flowers weakens when the plants are displayed for long periods, and this phenomenon is affected by the environment in which the plants are displayed. Counteracting environmental effects on scent intensity requires an understanding of floral scent emission during display. Here, we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and sensory analysis to evaluate the influence of light intensity on floral scent emission from scented cyclamens kept indoors and in a greenhouse. For the greenhouse cyclamen, odour intensity was nearly constant throughout the study period. In contrast, the odour intensity of the indoor plants had decreased by 13 days after flowering, and the odour intensities of the indoor and greenhouse cyclamen differed significantly. Rank correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between odour intensity as determined by sensory analysis and the total amount of volatile compounds released as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. That is, the sensory analysis results could be explained in terms of the emission amounts of odour compounds.
Quantification of Polymer Interactions in Bacterial Adhesion

Adhesion of bacteria to solids is governed by van der Waals, electrostatic, and acid−base (hydrophobic) interactions, which are combined in an extended DLVO model (DLVO−AB) and by interactions of bacterial surface polymers with the solid surfaces. A method to calculate polymer interactions was not available yet, and their existence had been inferred only qualitatively from the deviation of the actual adhesion from DLVO−AB-based expectations. Here, we present attempts (i) to quantify polymer interactions from this deviation and (ii) to calculate them independently as the sum of repulsive and attractive contributions. Repulsion was assumed to result from the resistance of the polymer layer against compression. Its calculation was most sensitive to the packing density of the polymers in the cell envelope. Attraction was assumed to origin from polymer adsorption to the surface and was calculated on the basis of adsorption data of isolated surface polymers. Comparison of total interaction energy curves with ad.
Potential information and target variables for UK monetary policy

The relationship between traditional monetary policy goal variables (nominal GDP, real GPD and the inflation rate) and a number of financial market variables is investigated. The question examined is which if any of these financial market variables (monetary aggregates, interest rates and interest rate spreads) are potentially useful as either information variables or intermediate targets. While the implications concerning the usefulness of the financial variables considered are pessimistic concerning nominal GDP, more robust relationships are found for real GDP and inflation. The latter finding is of interest given the current UK monetary policy strategy of inflation targeting. Our results are, however, more supportive of the usefulness of several financial variables as information variables than as intermediate targets.
Does a Large Minimum Price Variation Encourage Order Exposure

Does a Large Minimum Price Variation Encourage Order Exposure? The minimum price variation (tick) affects order exposure. Traders who display their orders risk being front-run. In markets that enforce time precedence, the tick makes front-running expensive. It sets the price of obtaining order precedence through price priority when another trader has time precedence. This paper examines order, quotation, and transaction data from the Paris Bourse and the Toronto Stock Exchange to characterize the relation between tick size and order exposure. The results show that traders display more size when the tick is large and when intraday volatility is small. The topic is particularly timely given recent regulatory interest in reducing tick sizes.
Shaping More Sustainable Communities: a Case Study in Urban Water Management

The motivation for this study was to consider how communities might take a more integrated and systematic approach to meeting the challenges of water management in New Zealand, and achieve more sustainable systems. The specific challenges facing a community pursuing sustainable urban water management objectives were examined and solutions sought and tested. Urban water systems, in particular, are under increasing pressure to meet the expectations of communities, with water managers required to articulate sensible management initiatives that secure water supplies and protect water for its intended use, now and in the future. Despite policy and regulation intended to advance outcomes and integrate efforts within the complex area of urban water management, fragmented approaches persist, while a pattern of decline in the quality of New Zealand's water resources remains a cause for concern. Nearly half of urban rates collected in New Zealand apply to water and wastewater management. Thus, this study is concerned with understanding the critical constraints to achieving healthier, more sustainable urban water systems that are affordable for New Zealand communities. The thesis demonstrates the methodology by focusing on Kapiti, a settlement north of Wellington, which has been debating and responding to water quality and security issues for more than a decade. Subsequent to a piloted investigation, a methodological framework was proposed, based on integrating three near complementary perspectives. The Theory of Constraints (TOC) was used with a Stakeholder Typology to identify system stakeholders, capturing and representing their perspectives with Intermediate Objective (IO), Current Reality Tree (CRT) and Prerequisite Trees (PRT), while Causal Loop Diagrams (CLDs) from Systems Dynamics were constructed with some participants to explore and circumvent potential negative outcomes. The combined framework provided a source of deep insights into the challenges, dilemmas, potential solutions and side effects facing resource managers and other stakeholders in an urban water system under pressure from population growth and climatic/topographical conditions. It is possible that the combined theoretical framework can be applied to other resource management cases. The use of the Stakeholder Typology to complement TOC provided a tactical element not routinely evident in systems studies, valuing the experiential and historical perspectives of those who might otherwise be treated as being outside the system, their perspectives marginalised or ignored. The TOC framework offered a logic-based means to identify and invalidate a critical assumption that peak demand would reduce to a level predicted by system managers. Further, the TOC tools were used to focus on and agree the set of conditions necessary to deal with the demand constraint and meet the system goal agreed by the stakeholder participants.
A hybrid method for solutes in complex solvents: Density functional theory combined with empirical force fields

We present a hybrid method for molecular dynamics simulations of solutes in complex solvents as represented, for example, by substrates within enzymes. The method combines a quantum mechanical (QM) description of the solute with a molecular mechanics (MM) approach for the solvent. The QM fragment of a simulation system is treated by ab initio density functional theory (DFT) based on plane-wave expansions. Long-range Coulomb interactions within the MM fragment and between the QM and the MM fragment are treated by a computationally efficient fast multipole method. For the description of covalent bonds between the two fragments, we introduce the scaled position link atom method (SPLAM), which removes the shortcomings of related procedures. The various aspects of the hybrid method are scrutinized through test calculations on liquid water, the water dimer, ethane and a small molecule related to the retinal Schiff base. In particular, the extent to which vibrational spectra obtained by DFT for the solute can be.
Why are young people with diabetes distressed

1 ISSN 1758-1907 10.2217/DMT.11. 61 © 2012 Future Medicine Ltd Diabetes Manage. (2012) 2(1), 1–4 Recent data from two large international studies (the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study and the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study) have indicated that the lifespan of current young patients with Type 1 diabetes without kidney disease is close to normal. Other data from numerous sources including the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) studies indicate that diabetic kidney disease is becoming less frequent and will only affect a minority of patients with Type 1 diabetes who are now young. Thus, the prognosis for our current cohort of young people with Type 1 diabetes has improved significantly. Why then are they so depressed and anxious? Data from several Australian research studies and surveys consistently indicate that approximately one in three adolescents and young adults with Type 1 diabetes suffer from significant depression, anxiety or disordered eating behavior [1,2]. This is approximately double the background rate of mental-health disorders in age-matched control groups. Mental-health needs, ‘diabetes distress’ or ‘diabetes burn-out’ are also reflected in the ‘Statement of Issues’ by the Australian consumer group, The Type 1 Diabetes Network [101]. Disturbed mental health is arguably now the leading complication of Type 1 diabetes in this younger group. One of the main questions that has been driving our research activities is why? There are plenty of existential reasons as to why young people might feel challenged by life with diabetes. There is the omnipresent, Damoclean threat of hypoglycemia, ongoing painful treatment regimens, perceived dietary restrictions, difficulties in balancing a multidimensional condition that can become unstable without warning with a sprinkling of parental guilt as to the origins of an illness that can’t be adequately explained. These are all strong and unremitting reasons as to why our patients and their parents (mothers in particular) should feel psychologically challenged by Type 1 diabetes. Thankfully the majority appear to be able to cope with this psychic burden, but for some the challenges are too great. These people must be supported for many reasons not the least of which is that ongoing mental-health issues are a strong predictor of sudden death in diabetic patients in their 20s and 30s [3]. We and others have strongly advocated that mental-health screening should be part of routine care for young people with diabetes, particularly before their transition to adult services [4].
Interactive comment on “ Predictions of rainfall-runoff response and soil moisture dynamics in a microscale catchment using the CREW model ” by H . Lee et al

Comment 1: The model relies on an enormous bunch of empirical parameters where many of them have no clear physical meaning. They have to be obtained by calibration based either on measured time series of state variables or on the results of a detailed small scale model. Actually the authors did both and the discrepancies especially of the various 945; and 946; demonstrate that these parameters can hardly be identified.
Climate change and ‘climategate’ in online reader comments: a mixed methods study

Climate change has rarely been out of the public spotlight in the first decade of this century. The high-profile international meetings and controversies such as ‘climategate’ have highlighted the fact that it is as much a political issue as it is a scientific one, while also drawing our attention to the role of social media in reflecting, promoting or resisting such politicisation. In this article, we propose a framework for analysing one type of social media venue that so far has received little attention from social scientists – online reader comments. Like media reporting on climate change, reader comments on this reporting contribute to the diverse, complex and contested discourses on climate change, and can reveal the meanings and discursive resources brought to the ongoing debate by laypeople rather than political elites. The proposed framework draws on research in computer- mediated communication, corpus linguistics and discourse analysis and takes into account both the content of such ‘lay talk’ and its linguistic characteristics within the specific parameters of the web-based context. Using word frequencies, qualitative study of co-text and user ratings, we analyse a large volume of comments published on the UK tabloid newspaper website at two different points in time – before and after the East Anglia controversy. The results reveal how stereotypes of science and politics are appropriated in this type of discourse, how readers’ constructions of climate science have changed after ‘climategate’, and how climate-sceptic arguments are adopted and contested in computer-mediated peer-to-peer interaction.
A harmonised dataset of greenhouse gas emissions inventories from cities under the EU Covenant of Mayors initiative

Abstract. The realization of national climate change commitments, as agreed through international negotiations, requires local action. However, data is still insufficient to make accurate statements about the scale of urban emissions (UNHABITAT, 2011). The need of comparable emission inventories at city level, including smaller cities, is widely recognized to develop evidence-based policies accounting for the relation between emissions and institutional, socio-economic and demographic characteristics at city level. This paper presents a collection of harmonized greenhouse gases (GHG) emission inventories (the "CoM sample 2013") at municipal level directly computed by the cities and towns that participate in the EU Covenant of Mayors initiative. This is the mainstream European movement of local and regional authorities who voluntarily commit to reduce GHG emissions by 20 % or more by 2020. The "CoM sample 2013" ( http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/com/data/index.php? SECURE=123 , doi: 10.2904/EDGARcom2013 ) has been carefully checked to ensure its internal consistency and its congruity with respect to internationally accepted guide values for emission factors. Overall, it provides valuable data for the analysis of the heterogeneity of final energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of cities.
Taking ‘Galton's Problem’ Seriously

This article builds on the recent policy diffusion literature and attempts to overcome one of its major problems, namely the lack of a coherent theoretical framework. The literature defines policy diffusion as a process where policy choices are interdependent, and identifies several diffusion mechanisms that specify the link between the policy choices of the various actors. As these mechanisms are grounded in different theories, theoretical accounts of diffusion currently have little internal coherence. In this article we put forward an expected-utility model of policy change that is able to subsume all the diffusion mechanisms. We argue that the expected utility of a policy depends on both its effectiveness and the payoffs it yields, and we show that the various diffusion mechanisms operate by altering these two parameters. Each mechanism affects one of the two parameters, and does so in distinct ways. To account for aggregate patterns of diffusion, we embed our model in a simple threshold model of diffusion. Given the high complexity of the process that results, strong analytical conclusions on aggregate patterns cannot be drawn without more extensive analysis which is beyond the scope of this article. However, preliminary considerations indicate that a wide range of diffusion processes may exist and that convergence is only one possible outcome.
Sexual differences in life‐history traits in the butterfly Lycaena tityrus: a comparison between direct and diapause development

During direct development the butterfly Lycaena tityrus was previously found to display sex‐related reaction norms in response to temperature. Based on selection for protandry in males and fecundity selection for larger females, males favoured early emergence over large size, leading to a dramatic weight loss at higher temperatures, whereas females maintained similar weights throughout. Because males were able to avoid a weight reduction relative to females in spite of their shorter development at lower temperatures, sexual size dimorphism existed at higher temperatures only. In the present paper we compare sexual differences in life‐history traits in L. tityrus between direct and diapause development at 25 °C. We demonstrate that, regardless of developmental pathway, protandry persisted and relative sexual size dimorphism, with females being larger, remained unchanged. Although diapausing individuals were less time‐constrained, allowing them to grow to considerably higher final weights in both sexes, males were not able to reduce their weight loss relative to females. This is explained by the pressure to gain a developmental advantage solely during post‐diapause development, whereas direct developing males may spread the burden over the whole larval period. Our results highlight the importance of considering sexual differences in selective pressures, which may influence central life‐history traits in manifold ways.