Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hot Carriers in Quantum Wells for Photovoltaic Efficiency Enhancement

In a hot carrier solar cell, the steady-state carrier population is hot relative to the surrounding lattice. This requires an absorber material which restricts carrier-phonon interaction and, therefore, reduces entropic loss during thermalization. The limiting efficiency of these devices approaches 85%: the Carnot limit for a solar energy collector. A spectroscopic analysis of GaAsP/InGaAs quantum well structures shows that carrier cooling in single quantum well samples is dominated by the rate of radiative recombination, leading to unprecedented carrier cooling lifetime (τ = 5.8 ±0.1 ns). This exceptional lifetime arises due to state saturation, frustrating the carrier scattering processes. A steady-state carrier population temperature >100 K above the lattice temperature is measured under illumination equivalent to 10 000 Suns. We calculate the projected efficiency >40% for a device with these characteristics, amounting to a 3% efficiency enhancement over equivalent single-junction devices.
Comparison of the prevalence and characteristics of food hypersensitivity among adolescent and older women.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although food hypersensitivity is a public health concern, its documentation among the elderly is limited. The current study aims to compare the prevalence and characteristics of food hypersensitivity among adolescent women between aged 18-24 with among older women >50 years of age. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN 660 female university students between the ages of 18 and 24 who volunteered were enrolled as adolescent subjects. 470 women >50 years old who visited the Health Care Centre of Kyoto Katsura Hospital for health check-ups were enrolled as the older subjects. A questionnaire created by ourselves asking the presence of food hypersensitivity, symptoms, causative food, personal or family history of other allergic disorders was distributed. RESULTS The prevalence of food hypersensitivity was statistically similar between adolescent (8.2%) and older women (8.9%). Among them, only 24.1% of the adolescent women and 26.2% of the older women had been diagnosed by physicians as having food allergy. The main causative foods (fruits, shellfish and fish) and the manifestations relating to food hypersensitivity were almost identical between adolescent and older women. In both adolescent and older women, food hypersensitivity positive group showed significantly higher prevalence of personal or family history of allergic disorders than that in food hypersensitivity negative group. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that food hypersensitivity in older women should be given more attention because the prevalence of this condition was as common as that in adolescent women.
Paradoxical Ca2+ Rises induced by Low External Ca2+ in Rat Hippocampal Neurones

Confocal Ca2+ imaging of rat hippocampal slices shows a paradoxical effect of acute reductions of the [Ca2+]o. Upon slice perfusion with low‐Ca2+ media, a prompt intracellular Ca2+ rise selectively occurs in neurones. This response is observed only in slices challenged with agonists of group I metabotropic glutamate or M1 muscarinic receptors. In contrast, the intracellular Ca2+ level of non‐stimulated neurones is insensitive to reductions of [Ca2+]o. The phenomenon is observed in 20–25 % of cultured cortical neurones. Evidence is provided demonstrating that: (1) this paradoxical response is not due to a non‐specific decrease in divalent cation concentration but it is selectively activated by a reduction in [Ca2+]o, being maximal with [Ca2+]o between 0.25 and 0.5 mm; (2) upon maximal stimulation, 70–90 % of CA1‐CA3 pyramidal neurones sense a reduction in [Ca2+]o; a weaker response is observed in neurones from the neocortex, whereas neurones from the dentate gyrus and granule cells from the cerebellum fail to respond; (3) conditions that elicit paradoxical Ca2+ responses cause depolarisation and increase the firing rate of hippocampal neurones; (4) paradoxical Ca2+ rises depend, primarily, on Ca2+ influx through L‐type voltage‐operated Ca2+ channels and to a lesser extent on release from intracellular Ca2+ stores. Inhibition of phospholipase C or protein kinase C failed to suppress the neuronal response, whereas a selective inhibitor of the Src‐family of tyrosine kinases abolishes the paradoxical neuronal Ca2+ rise. A model is presented to explain how this response is elicited by contemporaneous reduction of the [Ca2+]o and metabotropic receptor stimulation; implications for the pathophysiology of the CNS are also discussed.
Community Supports for Individuals with Challenging Behavior after Brain Injury: An Analysis of the New York State Behavioral Resource Project

Objective: To articulate a framework for supporting individuals with behavioral challenges following brain injury, to describe a state-funded clinical intervention program established to provide community support to individuals with challenging behaviors following brain injury using such a framework, to present data from which it can be concluded that such a program is cost-effective, and to offer policy recommendations. Design: Retrospective analysis of cost data and living arrangements for individuals with behavioral challenges served for a period of 3–4 years through the New York State Home and Community-Based Services Traumatic Brain Injury (HCBS-TBI) Waiver program and the State Behavioral Resource Project. Subjects: 80 individuals with TBI and severe behavioral challenges that included criminal behavior, physical threats, assault and physical aggression, sexually inappropriate behavior, substance abuse, refusal to participate in intervention programs, and psychiatric disturbances, all of whom were at least 2 years postinjury (&OV0398; = 7.33 years postinjury). Results: The majority of individuals (82% of the 1996 cohort; 89% of the 1997 cohort) with challenging behaviors were living successfully in their home communities 3–4 years after the initiation of behavioral supports. In addition, the costs of serving these individuals decreased in the first year of community integration and for that last year that a cost analysis was completed. Conclusions: Many individuals with behavioral impairments can be supported successfully in community settings, so long as those supports are flexibly implemented to meet the changing needs of those individuals. Moreover, even with intensive supports, it is cost-effective to serve this population in the community.
Mre11 Deficiency in Arabidopsis Is Associated with Chromosomal Instability in Somatic Cells and Spo11-Dependent Genome Fragmentation during Meiosis

The Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex is involved in many aspects of chromosome metabolism. Aberrant function of the complex is associated with defects in the DNA checkpoint, double-strand break repair, meiosis, and telomere maintenance. In this article, we report the consequences of Mre11 dysfunction for the stability of mitotic and meiotic chromosomes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Although plants homozygous for a T-DNA insertion in a conserved region of the MRE11 gene are viable, they exhibit growth defects and are infertile. Analysis of mitotic chromosomes prepared from the mutant plants revealed abundant dicentric chromosomes and chromosomal fragments. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that anaphase bridges are often formed by homologous chromosome arms. The frequency of chromosome fusions was not reduced in mre11 ku70 double mutants, suggesting that plants possess DNA end-joining activities independent of the Ku70/80 and Mre11 complexes. Cytogenetic examination of pollen mother cells revealed massive chromosome fragmentation and the absence of synapsis in the initial stages of meiosis. The fragmentation was substantially suppressed in mre11 spo11-1 double mutants, indicating that Mre11 is required for repair but not for the induction of Spo11-dependent meiotic DNA breaks in Arabidopsis.
Vinorelbine versus paclitaxel for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a performance status of 2.

AIM The purpose of this study was to compare two single agents paclitaxel (intravenous) versus vinorelbine (oral) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with performance status (PS):2. PATIENTS AND METHODS The patients were randomized to receive either oral vinorelbine 60 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, 15 every 4 weeks for 4 cycles (group A) or paclitaxel 90 mg/m(2) intravenously for 1 h on days 1, 8, 15 every 4 weeks for a total of 4 cycles (group B). RESULTS Among the 74 eligible patients (36 in arm A and 38 in arm B) in arm A, two (6%) had a partial response (95% CI, 0.7-18.7) and 5 (14%) had stable disease (95% CI, 4.7-29.5). In arm B, five (13%) had a partial response (95% CI, 4.4-28.1) and 7 (18%) had stable disease (95% CI, 7.7-34.3). No significant difference was found in terms of clinical benefit between the two groups after two cycles of treatment except for appetite in favour of paclitaxel (p=0.01). Median survival was 3.1 months (95% CI, 2.2-4.0) for arm A and 5.1 months (95% CI, 2.7-7.6) for arm B (p=0.95). Toxicity was mild and only alopecia was more profound in the patients of arm B (p=0.008). CONCLUSION No significant difference was found in clinical benefit between PS:2 NSCLC patients treated with either vinorelbine or paclitaxel.
What is Ebola?

On 23 March 2014, the World Health Organization first announced a new Ebola virus outbreak that started in December 2013 in the eastern part of the Republic of Guinea. Human infections shortly emerged in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria. On 30 September 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed through laboratory testing the first Ebola virus infection diagnosed in the USA, in a patient who travelled from West Africa to Texas. On 6 October 2014, the first human infection occurring outside of Africa was reported, in a Spanish nurse who treated two priests, both of whom died, and on 23 October 2014, the first human infection was reported in New York City. To date, the 2014 Ebola virus outbreak is the longest, largest, and most persistent one since 1976, when the virus was first identified in humans, and the number of human cases exceeded, as of mid‐September 2014, the cumulative number of infections from all the previous outbreaks. The early clinical presentation overlaps with other infectious diseases, opening differential diagnosis difficulties. Understanding the transmission routes and identifying the natural reservoir of the virus are additional challenges in studying Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks. Ebola virus is as much a public health challenge for developing countries as it is for the developed world, and previous outbreaks underscored that the relative contribution of the risk factors may differ among outbreaks. The implementation of effective preparedness plans is contingent on integrating teachings from previous Ebola virus outbreaks with those from the current outbreak and with lessons provided by other infectious diseases, along with developing a multifaceted inter‐disciplinary and cross‐disciplinary framework that should be established and shaped by biomedical as well as sociopolitical sciences.
Infant sleep and feeding.

OBJECTIVE To conduct an integrated review of the literature on the relationship between infant sleep and feeding; hence, health care providers have accurate information to provide anticipatory guidance to parents making decisions regarding feeding and sleeping. DATA SOURCES Computerized searches of MEDLINE and CINAHL databases, as well as references lists from published articles on infant sleep and feeding methods from 1982 to 2007. Search terms were "infant sleep" and "infant feeding. " STUDY SELECTION Literature was selected from refereed publications in the areas of nursing, medicine, psychology, sociology, and lactation. A total of 48 publications were used in this review. DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted using keywords pertinent to infant sleep parameters and the relationship to feeding method. A total of 161 articles were reviewed for inclusion, and only 37 met inclusion criteria. Eleven additional articles were retrieved from the references of these 37 articles. DATA SYNTHESIS Articles that focused on early infant sleep development and sleep were utilized. Those that focused exclusively on premature or older infants or toddlers or whose primary focus was on sudden infant death syndrome were excluded. CONCLUSIONS Infants have unique sleep patterns causing adjustment for new parents. Sleep is biopsychosocially influenced, and the interactions between parent and baby have a profound effect on the sleeping and feeding methods and patterns of the infant. When health care providers appreciate these influences and individual nuances of infant sleep, they can share information to appropriately guide and reassure the developing family.
Cross-modality interaction between EEG signals and facial expression

Learning meaningful representation of cross-modality embedding is at the heart of multimodal emotion recognition. Previous studies report that electroencephalogram (EEG) signals recorded from scalp contain electromyogram (EMG) artifacts. Even though the EMG signals from facial expressions are valuable for emotion recognition they are considered to be unwanted signals for brain computer interfaces. In this work, we aim to develop a model to represent and separate the cross-modality interference between facial EMG and EEG signals. We designed a novel protocol and collected signals during acted and spontaneous expressions and action units to identify their artifacts in all the possible combinations. In future, we will develop a model to predict facial expression artifact in EEG signals. Finally, we will develop a hybrid emotion recognition system which will be able to consider or remove the interference between EEG signal and facial expression. The proposed techniques will be validated on the existing databases and our novel database.
Dorsal hippocampal lesions impair appetitive classical conditioning to localized cues

Three experiments examined appetitive classical conditioning in rats with small electrolytic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus. In all the experiments, the reinforcer was food delivery and the conditioned response (CR) entry to the food tray; the three experiments differed in the nature of the conditioned stimulus (CS). When this was a small light located inside the food tray, conditioning was impaired in lesioned animals, but when the CS was a general increase in illumination, they learned at the same rate as controls. With a white noise as the CS, learning was significantly faster in lesioned subjects. These data demonstrate that lesions of the dorsal hippocampus can produce impairments in appetitive delay conditioning, but only with certain types of CS. It is suggested that deficits are found with CSs that are localized in space.
Incisional hernia: A 10 year prospective study of incidence and attitudes

Five hundred and sixty‐four patients reviewed 1 year after major abdominal surgery have been studied prospectively by a single observer for 10 years to determine the incidence and significance of incisional hernia. Of 337 (60 per cent) patients completing the 10 year follow‐up 37 (11 per cent) developed an incisional hernia and 13 (35 per cent) of these first appeared at 5 years or later. One in three hernias caused symptoms. The late appearing hernias were smaller than the early ones, and caused little trouble. Of the 18 patients who consulted their general practitioner, 11 had symptoms and of these six (55 per cent) were referred for surgical opinion. Many hernias were diagnosed at routine outpatient follow‐up and were likely to receive treatment from the surgeon. Most symptomatic patients were offered surgery with the remainder usually being offered a corset. In about half our patients (mainly those without symptoms) surgery was refused or advised against although the patients would have accepted it. Recurrence is common after surgical repair (40 per cent) but seems to be related to surgical technique. The possibility of complications occurring from an incisional hernia does not appear to be discussed with patients although obstruction occurred in 14 per cent of our patients with troublesome hernia.
Price Discovery in precious metals market: A study of Gold

Gold is the oldest known precious metal on this earth and for a long time it has been used as a standard currency. The present study has been undertaken with an attempt to analyze whether Indian futures market is playing its role of price discovery in case of gold or not. For the purpose of study, data for spot and futures prices for a period of four and a half years starting from June 2005 to December 2009 has been collected from the website of Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited, India’s largest commodity exchange in terms of value of trading on commodity exchanges in India. Data has been tested for statioanrity and was found non stationary. It was then transformed to make it stationary. On the basis of Johansen’s cointegration test, series of spot and futures prices were found cointgrated. Granger Causality test was applied on stationary data. The results of the study show that futures market in India is performing its role of price discovery in case of Gold. Keywords: Price Discovery, Commodity Market, Granger Causality, Cointegration.
Invited review: climate change impacts in polar regions: lessons from Antarctic moss bank archives

Mosses are the dominant plants in polar and boreal regions, areas which are experiencing rapid impacts of regional warming. Long‐term monitoring programmes provide some records of the rate of recent climate change, but moss peat banks contain an unrivalled temporal record of past climate change on terrestrial plant Antarctic systems. We summarise the current understanding of climatic proxies and determinants of moss growth for contrasting continental and maritime Antarctic regions, as informed by 13C and 18O signals in organic material. Rates of moss accumulation are more than three times higher in the maritime Antarctic than continental Antarctica with growing season length being a critical determinant of growth rate, and high carbon isotope discrimination values reflecting optimal hydration conditions. Correlation plots of 13C and 18O values show that species (Chorisodontium aciphyllum / Polytrichum strictum) and growth form (hummock / bank) are the major determinants of measured isotope ratios. The interplay between moss growth form, photosynthetic physiology, water status and isotope composition are compared with developments of secondary proxies, such as chlorophyll fluorescence. These approaches provide a framework to consider the potential impact of climate change on terrestrial Antarctic habitats as well as having implications for future studies of temperate, boreal and Arctic peatlands. There are many urgent ecological and environmental problems in the Arctic related to mosses in a changing climate, but the geographical ranges of species and life‐forms are difficult to track individually. Our goal was to translate what we have learned from the more simple systems in Antarctica, for application to Arctic habitats.
American Indian/Alaska Native uninsurance disparities: a comparison of 3 surveys.

OBJECTIVES We examined whether 3 nationally representative data sources produce consistent estimates of disparities and rates of uninsurance among the American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) population and to demonstrate how choice of data source impacts study conclusions. METHODS We estimated all-year and point-in-time uninsurance rates for AIANs and non-Hispanic Whites younger than 65 years using 3 surveys: Current Population Survey (CPS), National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), and Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). RESULTS Sociodemographic differences across surveys suggest that national samples produce differing estimates of the AIAN population. AIAN all-year uninsurance rates varied across surveys (3%-23% for children and 18%-35% for adults). Measures of disparity also differed by survey. For all-year uninsurance, the unadjusted rate for AIAN children was 2.9 times higher than the rate for White children with the CPS, but there were no significant disparities with the NHIS or MEPS. Compared with White adults, AIAN adults had unadjusted rate ratios of 2.5 with the CPS and 2.2 with the NHIS or MEPS. CONCLUSIONS Different data sources produce substantially different estimates for the same population. Consequently, conclusions about health care disparities may be influenced by the data source used.
A hybrid method based on MLFS approach to analyze students' academic achievement

How to get the information we need from the existing data, even extract the hidden message, and then transform them into knowledge, is an important skill we must learn in this era. Data mining technology in recent years is increasing attention in various fields, because of its extraordinary process. Usually, when we find more unexpected information, it may have the higher the value. This paper proposed Machine Learning Feature Selection (MLFS) combined with Support Vector Machine (SVM) method to extract and verify the key features that influence students' academic achievement in a Taiwan elementary school, and compare with the listing machine learning algorithms. The collected dataset include the students' graduated grades as decision features, and 15 condition features come from two databases “Student Profile” and “Tutorship Record”. After experiment, we found that when deleting five low influential features the quality and effectiveness of model is better than other conditions. Therefore, the proposed method is effective to enhance the accuracy and the quality of model. Finally, we use other classification algorithms to compare with the proposed method, and having the more accuracy (92.39%).
The regulation of transcription of the gerA spore germination operon of Bacillus subtilis

The gerA operon of Bacillus subtilis 168 comprises three genes concerned with the triggering of spore germination by l‐alanine and its analogues. The expression of this operon has been characterized using chromosomal lacZ fusions to the gerA promoter. The gerA promoter is switched on 2.5–3 hours after the initiation of sporulation, in parallel with glucose dehydrogenase. A high proportion of the gerA‐driven β‐galactosidase detected in sporulating cells is found in the mature spore; the gerA promoter is therefore active in the forespore compartment of the sporulating cell. The gerA promoter is not expressed in spo0, spoII or spoIIIA, B, E and G mutant backgrounds, but is expressed in spoIIICand D and in spoIV and V mutants. The in vivo transcriptional startpoint of the operon has been mapped by primer extension experiments; sequences upstream from this startpoint show significant homology with recognition sequences for RNA polymerase containing σG(EσG). The gerA operon was transcribed in vitro by EσG with a startpoint identical to that used in vivo, and expression of the gerA operon was rapidly induced in vegetative cells by induction of σG synthesis. These data indicate that the gerA operon is an additional member of the σG regulon, which includes a number of genes expressed in parallel only in the forespore compartment of sporulating B. subtilis cells.
Optineurin is potentially associated with TDP‐43 and involved in the pathogenesis of inclusion body myositis

S. Yamashita, E. Kimura, N. Tawara, H. Sakaguchi, T. Nakama, Y. Maeda, T. Hirano, M. Uchino and Y. Ando (2013) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology39, 406–416