Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The dual premotor model of stuttering and cluttering : a framework

Stuttering and cluttering are disorders of speech fluency, which may occur separately or together. An explanatory model is proposed, the dual premotor model of stuttering and cluttering. A tenet is that speech is a sequential motor behavior, in which each segment (e.g. syllable) requires a "go-signal" for its initiation. For well-learned sequences the basal ganglia seems to have a key role, providing the supplementary motor area (SMA) with timing information, for example indicating that the previous segment has been executed and it is time to release the next segment. The dual premotor model of Goldberg and Passingham states that the brain has two parallel systems for initiation of movements: the medial system (the basal ganglia and the SMA) and the lateral system (the lateral premotor cortex and the cerebellum). The medial system is assumed to be active in spontaneous speech, while the lateral systems tend to be dominant in nonautomatic modes of speech, for example using increased attention to auditory or sensory perception. It is here proposed that both stuttering and cluttering are related to disturbances of the initiation of speech segments, by the medial premotor system. In this way stuttering and cluttering can be regarded as opposite symptoms of the same function, with impaired versus premature initiation of the speech segments. This model implies that impairments of the medial system may be temporarily by-passed by shifting the dominance for speech timing to the lateral system, during certain speech-modes.
Dopamine derivatives and acute kidney injury: the search for the magic bullet continues … and leads to new (magic?) targets.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major medical issue among surgical patients and, even more, among critically ill patients, due to both its high incidence in these populations and its heavy burden of associated morbidity and mortality. Further-more, AKI decreases long-term survival, even after full recovery of renal function, and may impair patient ’ s quality of life due to its after-effects [1]. According to the RIFLE de ﬁ nition [2], AKI may occur in up to 36.7% of patients undergoing major surgery and is associated with an almost 4-fold increase in 90-day mortality [3]. Among intensive care unit (ICU) patients, the incidence of AKI is even higher, ranging between 39.3 and 67% [4 – 6], de-pending in part on the diagnostic criteria used (RIFLE, KDIGO) [7]. Sepsis is the cause of AKI in about one-third of cases [8]. Mortality rate is more than doubled in ICU patients with any stage AKI, while it increases up to 60% in those — about 5 – 6% — requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT)
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI AND ACTINOMYCETES

For studies of the development of saprophytic and pathogenic fungi in liquid culture and in sterile soils, a method for comparing growth rates under varying conditions is lacking. Growth rates of microorganisms which divide by binary fission are readily determined, since the increase in cell numbers is exponential. Thus, a plot of the logarithm of bacterial numbers or activity as a function of time is linear, the slope of the line being a measure of the growth rate. Such estimates can be made by measuring the increase in population, disappearance of substrate, formation of metabolic products, turbidimetrically, or by manometric methods. In the fungi and actinomycetes, the type of vegetative development is of an entirely different character. Proliferation of such filamentous microorganisms is frequently estimated by radial development on an agar surface (Ryan, Beadle, and Tatum, 1943) or by the linear extension of individual hyphae (Smith, 1924; Stadler, 1952). But these methods often do not give a valid comparison of growth rates of different fungi or of the same fungus under varying nutrient conditions because they fail to account for differences in the density of the mycelial mats. The weight of mycelium produced in liquid culture gives a better comparative estimate of proliferation. Since hyphal extension in liquid medium is essentially unrestricted, Emerson (1950) has suggested that the growth of Neurospora crassa in such a medium is three dimensional, and he has obtained a linear relationship between the cube root of mycelium weight and time. The present investigation was undertaken to test the validity of Emerson's findings and to use the data obtained to determine the growth characteristics of a number of filamentous microorganisms. To make the estimation more sensi-
Le positionnement de l'Inde sur le changement climatique

Ce texte vise a decrire le positionnement de l'Inde vis-a-vis du changement climatique dans le but de cerner les marges de manœuvres existantes dans la contribution de l'Inde a l'atteinte d'un accord international lors de la COP 21 a Paris en 2015. Les premiere et seconde parties montrent respectivement les defis d'une Inde a la fois fortement exposee aux impacts du changement climatique et dont le developpement economique est rendu dependant du developpement resilient d'un secteur energetique. La troisieme partie explique en quoi le positionnement historique de l'Inde dans les negociations internationales sur les questions d'equite a bloque l'emergence de politiques climatiques en Inde jusqu'a 2007. Neanmoins, depuis la preparation de la Conference de Copenhague, l'Inde s'est engagee dans des politiques climatiques que nous decrivons. Enfin, nous decrivons en quoi la position actuelle de l'Inde dans les negociations internationales en amont de la COP21 s'est recemment refermee.
A full complement of receptors in immune complex diseases.

In this issue of the JCI, Shushakova et al. (1) describe experimental results that provide a direct link between the C5a anaphylotoxin and the IgG Fc receptors (FcγRs) in mediating immune complex–triggered (IC-triggered) inflammatory disease. Using a murine lung model of IC-induced inflammation, the authors demonstrate that C5a, acting through the C5a receptor (C5aR), exacerbates inflammation in part by altering the ratio of activation to inhibitory FcγR expression on alveolar macrophages, enhancing the former and suppressing the latter, thereby optimizing the ability of alveolar macrophages to respond to ICs and trigger cyto-kine release and neutrophil chemo-taxis. C5a now joins the ranks of other regulators of FcγR expression, such as IFN-γ and intravenous im-munoglobulin (IVIG), in modulating IC-induced inflammation by acting on the primary IC targets, the FcγRs. What makes this observation worthy of comment is the historical context of IC-mediated inflammation and the confusion that has surrounded the basic mechanism of this fundamental immunological reaction, the Arthus reaction.
Rapid Onset Psychosis after Reduction of the Risperidone Dose

Hyperprolactinemia is a common side effect when treating schizophrenic patients with conventional as well as second generation antipsychotics. Highly potent dopamine D 2 -receptor antagonistic antipsychotics such as risperodone [4] can cause severe serum prolactin elevations [1] by reversing dopaminergic inhibition and may be associated with a higher rate of pituitary gland tumours [5]. Aripiprazole as a partial D 2 -receptor agonist [2] could be useful in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced prolactinemia as it has been shown to produce signiﬁ cant reductions of serum prolactin levels [3]. Ms. K. , a 39-year-old, single woman from Kazakhstan, was admitted to the hospital with acute psychotic symptoms including auditory hallucinations, paranoid delusions, psychomotor agitation, sleeplessness and disorganized thoughts. There had been no history of psychiatric illness to this date. She denied thoughts of suicide. Ms K. had noticed a decline of sight of her left eye and left visual ﬁ eld three years prior to admission. The MRI of her brain in 2003 reported a pituitary gland adenoma with a degree of optic chiasm compression. She had been treated with the dopamine agonist bromocriptine (2.5 mg) but ceased to take her medicine two months before the psychotic episode. On admittance, laboratory results revealed a serum prolactin level of 39160 mU / L. An additional MRI showed no progression of the tumour. Ms K. did not have galactorrhea or mastopathy but reported missing her menses for a couple of weeks. Risperidone (2 mg) was administered for one week but then switched to aripiprazole because of the contraindication. Under risperidone and bromocriptine
[Comparison of daily intake of lutein+zeaxanthin, serum concentration of lutein/zeaxanthin and lipids profile between age-related macular degeneration patients and controls].

OBJECTIVE To compare the daily intake of lutein+zeaxanthin, serum concentrations of lutein, zeaxanthin and serum lipids between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients and controls. METHODS AMD was diagnosed and graded according to the fundus morphology and the standard of age-related eye disease study (AREDS). In the study, 51 subjects with early AMD, 51 with medium AMD and 51 without AMD as controls were recruited. Food frequency questionnaires were used to calculate the daily intake of lutein and zeaxanthin. The concentrations of serum lutein and zeaxanthin were measured by HPLC and the concentrations of serum lipids including serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were measured by Roche full-automatic biochemical analyzer. RESULTS The daily intake of lutein+zeaxanthin, the concentrations of serum lutein and serum zeaxanthin of the subjects with medium AMD were 7 870.458 μg/d, 0.180 μmol/L, 0.029 μmol/L respectively, which were all significantly lower than those of the controls (11 297.959 μg/d, 0.285 μmol/L, 0.044 μmol/L, P<0.05); The concentrations of serum HDL of the subjects with early and medium AMD were (1.29±0.27) mmol/L and (1.16±0.30) mmol/L respectively, both of which were significantly lower than that of the controls [(1.45±0.35) mmol/L, P<0.001]. CONCLUSION The development of AMD might be affected by the daily intake of lutein+zeaxanthin and the serum concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin. The concentration of serum HDL might be related to the occurrence of AMD.
The use of aldehydes to show a relationship between host and parasite antigens at the surface of adult male Schistosoma mansoni

Summary An indirect radiolabelled antibody method has been developed to measure the effects of aldehydes on the amount of antigen detectable at the surface of adult male Schistosoma mansoni. Incubation of schistosomes in formaldehyde (0·01–10% wt/vol.) or glutaraldehyde (0·01–0·1% wt/vol.) was found to result in increased exposure of parasite antigens with a concomitant decrease in the amount of surface located host RBC antigens. Those concentrations of formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde which were most effective in removing or displacing host antigens were also most able to expose parasite antigens. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that host antigens mask parasite antigens at the surface of the adult schistosome.
The emergence of specialized pastoralism in the southern Levant

Abstract This paper investigates a number of models concerning the development of specialized pastoralism in the Old World. Hypotheses are tested by comparing a wide range of environmental variables with settlement pattern data collected along the Wadi Be'er Sheva and the lower Wadi Besor in the Negev desert of Israel. It is suggested that specialized pastoralism emerged in conjunction with local population growth and with changes in 4th millennium agro‐technology.
Sony ARW2 Compression: Artifacts And Credible Repair

Although most cameras produce JPEG-encoded images ready for viewing, many also offer the ability to save the digitized, but otherwise unprocessed, sensor data in a file so that more sophisticated processing can be applied later. For recent Sony cameras, the raw data is encoded in a format known as ARW (Alpha RaW). Controversially, ARW version 2.0 and later employ lossy compression for 32x1-pixel blocks, combining a non-linear reduction of value range and a form of delta encoding. This compression has been associated with occasionally severe visual artifacts. In this paper, the artifacts observed with real cameras using this compression scheme are characterized and several algorithms for credible repair of those artifacts, including computational texture synthesis, are presented and experimentally eval-
SAR-EDU - A German education initiative for applied Synthetic Aperture Radar remote sensing

With the enhancing availability and variety of space borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and a growing number of analysis algorithms the need for a vital user community is increasing. Therefore the German Aerospace Center (DLR) together with the Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena (FSU) and the Technical University Munich (TUM) launched the education initiative SAR-EDU. The aim of the project is to facilitate access to expert knowledge in the scientific field of radar remote sensing. Within this effort a web portal will be created to provide seminar material on SAR basics, methods and applications to support both, lecturers and students.
Distributed coordination in multi-agent control systems through model predictive control

This work concerns multi-agent control systems where the agents coordinate their actions without the help of a central coordinator. Each agent uses a model predictive control (MPC) strategy, viewing in uences from neighbor subsystems as bounded disturbances in its local model. Agents exchange predictions of the bounds on their future state trajectories and incorporate this information into their local MPC problems. Minimax optimization is used to minimize the worst-case performance, and some additional constraints are incorporated to guarantee the feasibility of control actions. Parameterized feedback control policies are introduced in the MPC optimization to reduce conservativeness. The principal contributions of the proposed research are: A framework for multi-agent coordinated control systems with MPC strategy; A one-step delayed information exchange for coordination; Viewing interactions among subsystems as bounded disturbances with updated information; A new MPC optimization problem to incorporate bounded disturbances and model uncertainties; Introducing parameterized feedback policy in the MPC optimization to reducing conservativeness; The application of a set approximation algorithm for the proposed distributed control scheme; Computing the corresponding -control invariant sets; Incorporating set-membership estimation into the scheme to accommodate the uncertainties in state estimation; Information compensation for the time mismatch in asynchronous control; Techniques to compute the reachable sets for hybrid systems; Demonstration of the proposed framework for two application examples: generation control in power systems and plant-wide control in chemical plants.
Bone mineral status in growth hormone-deficient males with isolated and multiple pituitary deficiencies of childhood onset.

In order to determine whether growth hormone (GH) deficiency of childhood onset affects the adult bone mineral status, we assessed bone mineral content (BMC) by photon absorptiometry in 30 full-grown GH-deficient men (8 with isolated GH deficiency and 22 with multiple pituitary deficiencies; 28 previously treated with GH) and in 30 male controls matched for age (within 4 yr) and height (within 10 cm). Forearm BMC was measured by single photon absorptiometry just proximally of the distal one third of the nondominant forearm (PBMC-2 in arbitrary units and PBMC/bone width (BW) after normalization for bone width) and at a more distal site, close to the carpal joint (DBMC-2 and DBMC/BW). Lumbar BMC was measured by dual photon absorptiometry and reported as total BMC for L2-L4 (LBMC in g) and after normalization for projected area (LBMD in g/cm2). The patients had a significantly lower BMC, both at the forearm (P less than 0.0001) and at the lumbar spine (P less than 0.005): 35.7 +/- 1.0 vs. 50.0 +/- 1.6 and 36.9 +/- 1.2 vs. 52.8 +/- 1.9 (mean +/- SEM) for PBMC-2 and DBMC-2 in patients and controls, respectively; 1.36 +/- 0.03 vs. 1.70 +/- 0.04 and 1.07 +/- 0.03 vs. 1.35 +/- 0.04 for PBMC/BW and DBMC/BW; 34.00 +/- 1.08 vs. 42.02 +/- 1.27 g for LBMC and 0.886 +/- 0.016 vs. 0.976 +/- 0.018 g/cm2 for LBMD. Both the patients with isolated GH deficiency and the patients with multiple pituitary deficiencies were osteopenic when compared to their respective controls (P less than 0.01 to P less than 0.0001 for the patients with multiple deficiencies; statistical significance reached for PBMC-2, DBMC-2, and DBMC/BW only, P less than 0.05, in the small group of patients with isolated GH deficiency). For the patients (n = 19) who had at least three serial measurements over a period of 6 to 28 months, no decrease in BMC was detected. Our findings indicate that men with GH deficiency of childhood onset present with a low adult bone mass, despite prior GH substitution in most of these subjects. The observations of a more pronounced bone mineral deficit at the forearm (20-30% lower mean values, depending on the type of measurements) than at the lumbar spine (9-19%) and the findings of osteopenia in both the patients with isolated GH deficiency and multiple pituitary deficiencies, support the view that GH deficiency per se is responsible for part of the observed deficit. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Discriminative Analysis Dictionary Learning

Dictionary learning (DL) has been successfully applied to various pattern classification tasks in recent years. However, analysis dictionary learning (ADL), as a major branch of DL, has not yet been fully exploited in classification due to its poor discriminability. This paper presents a novel DL method, namely Discriminative Analysis Dictionary Learning (DADL), to improve the classification performance of ADL. First, a code consistent term is integrated into the basic analysis model to improve discriminability. Second, a triplet constraint-based local topology preserving loss function is introduced to capture the discriminative geometrical structures embedded in data. Third, correntropy induced metric is employed as a robust measure to better control outliers for classification. Then, half-quadratic minimization and alternate search strategy are used to speed up the optimization process so that there exist closed-form solutions in each alternating minimization stage. Experiments on several commonly used databases show that our proposed method not only significantly improves the discriminative ability of ADL, but also outperforms state-of-the-art synthesis DL methods.
Successful treatment of extensive splanchnic arterial and portal vein thrombosis associated with ulcerative colitis

Venous and arterial thromboembolism is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Arterial thrombosis of the splanchnic region is a rare event with a very high mortality rate. Furthermore, it represents a challenging complication since it tends to be overlooked and misinterpreted as a clinical exacerbation of UC. We present the case of a 62‐year‐old female with pancolonic UC complicated by an extensive arterial thrombosis involving the aorta, the celiac trunk, the hepatic, gastric and splenic arteries and the superior mesenteric artery. A thrombosis of the splenic vein extending into the proximal portal vein was also present. The patient was successfully treated by a combined interventional‐radiological and surgical treatment. We discuss the rationale behind our management of this case and review the literature on splanchnic arterial thrombosis associated with UC.
Study of the influence of fulvic substances on the adsorption of copper(II) ions at the kaolinite surface.

Adsorption and complexation phenomena have been investigated in the ternary system Cu(II)-fulvic acid-kaolinite. The reactions were followed by measuring (a) the concentration of exchanged protons, (b) the free copper concentration using a copper ion selective electrode, and (c) the total dissolved copper concentration by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Fulvic acid concentrations have been determined by UV absorption. The results showed that the fulvic acid adsorption on the kaolinite surface follows a Langmuir isotherm in the concentration range studied, while the copper adsorption follows Freundlich's law. Adsorbed fulvic material leads to an increase in the total quantity of adsorbed Cu(II) on kaolinite, when systems containing equal free copper ion concentrations are compared. This additional adsorbed Cu(II) plays a rather minor role in the total adsorption of Cu(II). A mathematical model is proposed for the interpretation of the data. 47 references.
IoT Community Technologies: Leaving Users to Their Own Devices or Orchestration of Engagement?

Citizens are increasingly crowdfunding IoT based participatory sensing technologies that allow them to collect and share data about the environment. These initiatives are usually referred to as grassroots and are driven by a vision of widening access to tools for political action. In this paper we compare patterns of participation and user experience over 15 months in two distinct communities using ‘Smart Citizen’, a crowdfunded IoT participatory sensing tool. Our studies reveal that technology issues and a lack of reliability of the sensed data hindered user participation. However, in one of the communities, many of these challenges were overcome through orchestrated actions led by community champions. We discuss how crowdfunding doesn’t necessarily translate into active participation and provide guidelines on how to achieve sustained engagement in crowdfunded IoT community sensing projects: enable distributed orchestration provided by local champions, encourage social interactions that embed skills and learning, and facilitate meaningful participation and reward mechanisms among community members.
Theory of higher order interpretations and application to Basic Feasible Functions

Interpretation methods and their restrictions to polynomials have been deeply used to control the termination and complexity of first-order term rewrite systems. This paper extends interpretation methods to a pure higher order functional language. We develop a theory of higher order functions that is well-suited for the complexity analysis of this programming language. The interpretation domain is a complete lattice and, consequently, we express program interpretation in terms of a least fixpoint. As an application, by bounding interpretations by higher order polynomials, we characterize Basic Feasible Functions at any order.
A Privacy Control Theory for Online Environments

Extant literature in Information Systems often reports a significant level of unease among the Internet community with regard to threats to online privacy but fails to identify a comprehensive set of specific online privacy concerns. Moreover, out of the concerns that have been identified by a number of surveys, it is unclear whether any have adequate theoretical foundations. This paper uses the existing privacy literature and in particular the work of two prominent privacy theorists, Westin and Altman, to devise an online privacy model which outlines the components of the online privacy concept and their interdependencies. A theory for online privacy is then derived from this model.