Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
American Higher Education and Income Inequality

This paper demonstrates that increasing income inequality can contribute to the trends we see in American higher education, particularly in the selective, private nonprofit and public sectors. Given these institutions’ selective admissions and commitment to socioeconomic diversity, the paper demonstrates how increasing income inequality leads to higher tuition, costs, and financial aid. A numerical example is presented that estimates how much lower tuition, spending (costs), and financial aid would have been if household incomes in the United States had grown by the same aggregate amount between 1971 and 2009, but with no increase in income inequality. The policy implications include the government addressing rising income inequality directly or changing the incentives facing higher education and will be of interest to those concerned with the rising cost of higher education and issues of access and affordability.
Comments by Yunjong Wang, on Sustainable Development and Currency Exchange Rate Behavior

Yunjong Wang: The purpose of this paper is to provide a new measure for gauging a country’s currency or exchange rate instability. Before moving into the technical issues related to the proposed measure, I would like to raise the question of whether the exchange rate variability is bad or not. Simply speaking, two views exist on this question. The first view is that exchange rate variability is inevitable, if the country chooses the free or managed floating system. The country must live with exchange rate fluctuations. Such exchange rate movements send the correct price signals when there is something wrong in the economy or, more specifically, the balance of payments. Thus, exchange rate variability is simply the reflection of economic shocks in the underlying fundamentals. Non-fundamental volatility, so-called noise, simply disappears in the models with rational expectations. Thus, any attempt to manage the exchange rate variability without curing the fundamental problems cannot find validity. On the other hand, the second view is that exchange rates are excessively volatile, perhaps because the foreign exchange market often overreacts to events or changes in macroeconomic fundamentals. Like other financial markets such as stock markets, noises and signals exist in foreign exchange markets. Thus, smoothing operations or throwing sand in the wheel through government intervention to some extent may be justified on the grounds of market failure. According to the second view, mild variations would be acceptable, but wild fluctuations would be hurtful to the economy.
The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships

Theories of international politics and security depend on assumptions about emotion that are rarely articulated and which may not be correct. Deterrence theory may be fundamentally oawed because its assumptions and policy prescriptions do not fully acknowledge and take into account reasonable human responses to threat and fear. Similarly, liberal theories of cooperation under anarchy and the formation of security communities that stress actors’ rational calculation of the beneats of communication and coordination are deacient to the extent that they do not include careful consideration of emotion and emotional relationships. Further, it is no wonder that postconoict peacebuilding efforts too frequently fail and wars reerupt because peace settlements and peacebuilding policies play with emotional are that practitioners scarcely understand but nevertheless seek to manipulate. Systematic analysis of emotion may have important implications for international relations theory and the practices of diplomacy, negotiation, and postconoict peacebuilding. International relations theory has lately tended to ignore explicit consideration of “the passions. ”1 Even realists, who highlight insecurity (fear) and nationalism (love and hate), have not systematically studied emotion. Why this ostensible neglect? 2 First, the assumption of rationality is ubiquitous in inter-
Meeting Urgent Needs with Patient Capital

gies changing the economic landscape. But globalization has also increased the divide between rich and poor, creating a growing sense that something must be done to extend the benefits of the global economy to the 3 billion people—or half the world’s population—who live on less than $3 a day. This glaring inequality is a concern not only for ethical reasons, but also because of the implied economic and security risks associated with such an imbalance. Indeed, the future of capitalism must continue to fuel innovation and productivity while also ensuring opportunity for those at the bottom of the economic pyramid. While the need to address global inequality becomes clearer, philanthropy is also rapidly changing. Foundations like Gates, Google.org, Skoll, Rockefeller and Cisco increasingly are exploring not only how to interact more effectively with markets, but also ways to harness private sector initiative and resources to solve tough, public problems. Moreover, foundations are not alone in this exploration: corporations and individuals are also considering how best to think about their philanthropy as a means of leveraging real change by working across the private, public, and citizen sectors, and promoting market-oriented solutions to solve social problems. Acumen Fund, a nonprofit venture capital fund for the poor established in 2001, reflects the growing interest in using markets to solve tough problems of poverty. The organization received seed financing from Rockefeller Foundation, Cisco Foundation and three Silicon Valley individuals, including Cate Muther (the former senior marketing executive at Cisco and founder of the Three Guineas Fund) and Stuart Davidson (a managing partner for Labrador Ventures)—representing from the start a collaboration among a traditional foundation, a high-tech corporate foundation and individuals. Today, the organization is supported by over 200 individuals, foundations and corporations from around the world who are looking for higher social returns (including the recycling and leveraging of capital) on their philanthropic funding. Jacqueline Novogratz
Price Pass-Through and the Minimum Wage

This paper tests a textbook consequence of competitive markets: that an industry-wide increase in the price of labor is passed on to consumers through an increase in prices. Using several data sources on restaurant prices, I explore the price impact of minimum-wage hikes in Canada and the United States. Particular attention is paid to the timing of these price responses to gauge the stickiness of minimum-wage cost shocks. I find that restaurant prices generally rise with changes in the wage bill and that this response is concentrated in the quarter surrounding the month during which the legislation is enacted.
Is Australia Faking It? The Kyoto Protocol and the Greenhouse Policy Challenge

While Australia has signed both the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, it has failed to ratify the latter. It is nevertheless committed to meeting its 8 Kyoto target for greenhouse gas emissions, and argues that it is on track to doing so. This paper examines Australia's non-ratification politics and greenhouse policy efforts in an attempt to explain its contrary position of resisting Kyoto, yet embracing and pursuing its emission reduction targets. Australia's behavior as a carbon-intensive nation is highly significant in the global context, and this paper focuses on the domestic factors of interests, ideas and institutions, while also considering international factors in trying to explain Australia's non-ratification of Kyoto and climate change policy development. It finds that while ideas and institutions have been modifying influences in the domestic context, political and economic interests have dominated Australia's greenhouse policy.
Measuring Market Integration: Foreign Exchange Arbitrage and the Gold Standard, 18791913

A major question in the literature on the classical gold standard concerns the efficiency of international arbitrage. Authors have examined efficiency by looking at the spread of the gold points, gold point violations, or the flow of gold, or by tests of various asset market criteria, including speculative efficiency and interest arbitrage. These studies have suffered from many limitations, both methodological and empirical. We offer a new methodology for measuring market integration based on nonlinear theoretical models and threshold autoregressions. We also compile a new, high-frequency series of continuous daily data from 1879 to 1913. We can derive reasonable econometric estimates of the implied gold points and price dynamics. The changes in these measures over time provide an insight into the evolution of market integration.
Still the Best Medicine, Even in a War Zone

In recent years medical clowning has been an effective tool used in the treatment of people suffering from acute and post-traumatic stress disorder in war zones and in the wake of natural disasters. Clown Doctors in the Barzilai Medical Center in southern Israel, near the Gaza border, encounter ASD/PTSD patients from both sides of the conflict.
Artistic Experiments on Telematic Nets: Recent Experiments in Multi-User Virtual Environments in Brazil

The author explores the transformation and derivations in the field of artistic experimentation on the Net. The article examines the accomplishments artists have made with the new poetics of the dynamic universe of telematic art, expressed in contemporary artistic production. The text introduces five distinctive projects in multi-user virtual environments that were recently produced in Brazil and then places the projects within the more general context of art on the Net.
Noninstructional Spending Improves Noncognitive Outcomes: Discontinuity Evidence from a Unique Elementary School Counselor Financing System

Children's noncognitive skills, mental health, and behavior are important predictors of future earnings and educational attainment. Their behavior in the classroom also affects their peers' behavior and achievement. There is limited prior evidence, however, concerning the impact of school resources on student behavior. Some elementary schools employ counselors whose primary purpose is to help improve students' behavior, mental health, and noncognitive skill acquisition. This article estimates regression discontinuity models exploiting Alabama's unique financing system for school counselors. Alabama fully subsidizes counselor appointments for all elementary schools, with the number of appointments based on schools' prior year enrollments using discrete enrollment cutoffs. The results suggest that greater counselor subsidies reduce the frequency of disciplinary incidents but do not strongly influence mean student achievement test scores. Increases in counselors moderate relatively severe behavioral problems without necessarily improving systemic behavior affecting classroom learning.
Inequality and Crime

This paper considers the relationship between inequality and crime using data from urban counties. The behavior of property and violent crime are quite different. Inequality has no effect on property crime but a strong and robust impact on violent crime, with an elasticity above 0.5. By contrast, poverty and police activity have significant effects on property crime, but little on violent crime. Property crime is well explained by the economic theory of crime, while violent crime is better explained by strain and social disorganization theories.
Time to Replace Globalization with Localization

Globalization is occurring increasingly at the expense of social, environmental and labor improvements, and is causing rising inequality for most of the world. Localization, by contrast, is a process that reverses the trend of globalization by discriminating in favor of the local. The policies bringing about localization are those which increase control of the economy by communities and nation states. The result should be an increase in community cohesion, a reduction in poverty and inequality, and an improvement in livelihoods, social infrastructure and environmental protection, and hence an increase in the all-important sense of security.
The View from the Periphery: The English Comparative Correlative

The English comparative correlative construction (e.g., The more you eat, the fatter you get) embeds like an ordinary CP, and each of its clauses displays an ordinary long-distance dependency. However, the connection between the two clauses is not ordinary: they are connected paratactically in syntax, but the first clause is interpreted as if it were a subordinate clause. The construction's mixture of the general and the idiosyncratic at all levels of detail challenges the distinction between core and periphery in grammar and the assumption that some level of underlying syntax directly mirrors semantic structure.
Korean (and Japanese) Morphology from a Syntactic Perspective

This article concentrates on Sells's (1995) arguments against the syntactic view that words are built in the syntax, and it develops a syntactic account that yields a parsimonious account of the properties of morphological units. Inflected words in Korean (and Japanese) are derived syntactically from head-initial structures by phrasal movement. Properties of words follow from regular syntactic principles and phonological properties of affixes. Agreement can be triggered under piedpiping. Word structure interacts with scope (Lee 2004, 2005), arguing for the presence of case affixes in the narrow syntax.
Making the Law of the Jungle: The Reform of Forest Legislation in Bolivia, Cameroon, Costa Rica, and Indonesia.

In the debate over the forest, policy research organizations have concentrated on uncovering the causes of deforestation and recommending measures to develop them sustainably. This article examines the conditions under which those prescriptions find their way into public policy, specifically, into reforming forest laws. We argue that this is a political rather than technocratic process that requires knowing the principal actors, their interests, and their power resources. The combination of these factors and, therefore forest policy outcomes, varies across our cases. However, similar combinations in other cases should have comparable results. We found that actors who dominated the policy process in the early stages, such as the World Bank, lost significant ground in the later stages, in part because legislatures were an important policy-making arena and legislators had significant impact on outcomes. The latter was surprising because one tends to assume the executive branch is the principal locus of policy-making in developing countries.
A Geriatric Peace? The Future of U.S. Power in a World of Aging Populations

In the coming decades, the most powerful states in the international system will face a challenge unlike any experienced in the history of great power politics: significant aging of their populations. Global aging will be a potent force for the continuation of U.S. economic and military dominance. Aging populations are likely to produce a slowdown in states' economic growth at the same time that governments will face substantial pressure to pay for massive new expenditures for elderly care. This economic dilemma will create such an austere fiscal environment that the other great powers will lack the resources necessary to overtake the United States' huge power lead. Moreover, although the U.S. population is growing older, it is doing so to a lesser extent and less quickly than all of the other major actors in the system. Consequently, the economic and fiscal costs created by social agingas well as their derivative effects on military spendingwill be significantly lower for the United States than for potential competitors. Nevertheless, the United States will experience substantial new costs created by its own aging population. As a result, it will most likely be unable to maintain the scope of its current international position and will be less able to realize key international objectives, including preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, funding nation building, and engaging in military humanitarian interventions.
Schizophrenia and Narrative in Artificial Agents

Artificial-agent technology has become commonplace in technical research from com-puter graphics to interface design and in popular culture through the Web and computer games. On the one hand, the population of the Web and our PCs with characters who reflect us can be seen as a humaniza-tion of a previously purely mechanical interface. On the other hand, the mechanization of subjectivity carries the danger of simply reducing the human to the machine. The author argues that predominant artificial intelligence (AI) ap-proaches to modeling agents are based on an erasure of subjectivity analogous to that which appears when people are subjected to institutionalization. The result is agent behavior that is fragmented, depersonalized, lifeless and incomprehensible. Approaching the problem using a hybrid of critical theory and AI agent technology, the author argues that agent behavior should be narratively under-standable; she presents a new agent architecture that struc-tures behavior to be comprehen-sible as narrative.
A Measure of Comovement for Economic Variables: Theory and Empirics

This paper proposes a measure of dynamic comovement between (possibly many) time series and names it cohesion. The measure is defined in the frequency domain and is appropriate for processes that are costationary, possibly after suitable transformations. In the bivariate case, the measure reduces to dynamic correlation and is related, but not equal, to the well known quantities of coherence and coherency. Dynamic correlation on a frequency band equals (static) correlation of bandpass-filtered series. Moreover, long-run correlation and cohesion relate in a simple way to co-integration. Cohesion is useful to study problems of business-cycle synchronization, to investigate short-run and long-run dynamic properties of multiple time series, and to identify dynamic clusters. We use state income data for the United States and GDP data for European nations to provide an empirical illustration that is focused on the geographical aspects of business-cycle fluctuations.
Can Maternity Benefits Have Long-Term Effects on Childbearing? Evidence from Soviet Russia

Abstract This paper quantifies the effects of Russia’s 1981 expansion in maternity benefits on completed childbearing. The program provided one year of partially paid parental leave and a small cash transfer upon a child’s birth. I exploit the program’s two-stage implementation and find evidence that women had more children as a result of the program. Fertility rates rose immediately by 8.2% over twelve months. The increase in fertility rates not only persisted for the ten-year duration of the program, but it reflected large increases in higher-order births to older women who already had children before the program started.
Monetary Policy Spillovers across the Pacific when Interest Rates Are at the Zero Lower Bound*

To conduct monetary policy effectively, central banks need to understand the transmission of monetary policy into financial markets. In this paper we investigate the effects of Japanese and U.S. monetary policy shocks on their own asset markets, and the spillovers into each other's markets. Because short-term nominal interest rates have been effectively zero in Japan since January 1998 and in the United States from late 2008, however, monetary policy shocks cannot be quantified by considering observable changes in short-term market interest rates. Therefore, in our analysis we use a shadow short rate―a quantitative measure of overall conventional and unconventional monetary policy that is estimated from the term structure of interest rates. Our results suggest that the operation of monetary policy at the zero lower bound of interest rates alters the transmission of shocks. In particular, we find a limited response of exchange rates during the first episode of unconventional monetary policy in Japan but a significant impact since 2006.
Demographic Challenges for a Rising China

Looking into the near future, China faces immense demographic challenges. Prolonged sub-replacement fertility has created irreversible conditions for rapid aging of the population, and massive migration to cities has left many villages populated by elderly farmers with no adult children to support them. Soaring divorce rates and high levels of residential dislocation have eroded family stability. To a large extent, government policies created to accelerate economic growth inadvertently fostered these demographic challenges, and now the country is facing the negative consequences of interventions that previously spurred double-digit growth. Legacies of Confucian familism initially blunted pressures on families. Filial sons and daughters sent back remittances, parents cared for migrants' children and invested in their children's marriages, and families with four grandparents, two parents, and one child (4+2+1) pooled resources to continuously improve a family's material well-being. But now the demographic challenges have further intensified and the question arises: can the state adopt new policies that will allow the prototypical 4+2+1 families created by the one-child policy to thrive through 2030?
Enjoying the Fruits of Their Labor: Redirecting Exports to Asian Consumers

There has been an explosion in the amount of parts and components traded within East Asian production networks. The People's Republic of China (PRC) has emerged as the final assembly point for the goods produced. These goods then flow primarily outside of the region. When the global financial crisis (GFC) occurred, the decrease in Western demand led to a synchronized decline in Asian exports. If more final goods could flow to Asian consumers, it would provide insurance against another slowdown in the rest of the world. This paper uses a gravity model to investigate if emerging Asia is importing fewer consumption goods than predicted. The results indicate that since the GFC, the PRC and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have imported more final goods than expected. Nevertheless, their consumption imports per capita are orders of magnitude lower than those of developed economies. This highlights the need for further growth in emerging Asia.
AudiOh: Appropriation, Accident and Alteration

The major theme of the author's work as a sound artist and musician has been the appropriation and alteration of sound and its existing reproduction systems. The three projects discussed here use familiar devices in ways that both usurp and extend their inherent characteristics and imperfections. As ideas, these projects all re-examine the use of the ready-made, be it with objects or with sounds. The author's piece entitled Recorded Delivery appropriated a sound-activated Dictaphone to trace the journey of a parcel through the post. His invention of the Tri-Phonic Turntable allowed him to manipulate and accidentally discover new sounds buried within any vinyl terrain. Lastly, for his Wow 7" project, he cut the music eccentrically onto the record surface to induce fluctuations in the sound playback and thus fundamentally alter its audible and visual nature.