Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Binary Code Similarity

Binary code similarityapproaches compare two or more pieces of binary code to identify their similarities and differences. The ability to compare binary code enables many real-world applications on scenarios where source code may not be available such as patch analysis, bug search, and malware detection and analysis. Over the past 22 years numerous binary code similarity approaches have been proposed, but the research area has not yet been systematically analyzed. This article presents the first survey of binary code similarity. It analyzes 70 binary code similarity approaches, which are systematized on four aspects: (1) the applications they enable, (2) their approach characteristics, (3) how the approaches are implemented, and (4) the benchmarks and methodologies used to evaluate them. In addition, the survey discusses the scope and origins of the area, its evolution over the past two decades, and the challenges that lie ahead.
Deep Generative Model for Sparse Graphs using Text-Based Learning with Augmentation in Generative Examination Networks

Graphs and networks are a key research tool for a variety of science fields, most notably chemistry, biology, engineering and social sciences. Modeling and generation of graphs with efficient sampling is a key challenge for graphs. In particular, the non-uniqueness, high dimensionality of the vertices and local dependencies of the edges may render the task challenging. We apply our recently introduced method, Generative Examination Networks (GENs) to create the first text-based generative graph models using one-line text formats as graph representation. In our GEN, a RNN-generative model for a one-line text format learns autonomously to predict the next available character. The training is stopped by an examination mechanism checking validating the percentage of valid graphs generated. We achieved moderate to high validity using dense g6 strings (random 67.8 +/- 0.6, canonical 99.1 +/- 0.2). Based on these results we have adapted the widely used SMILES representation for molecules to a new input format, which we call linear graph input (LGI). Apart from the benefits of a short compressible text-format, a major advantage include the possibility to randomize and augment the format. The generative models are evaluated for overall performance and for reconstruction of the property space. The results show that LGI strings are very well suited for machine-learning and that augmentation is essential for the performance of the model in terms of validity, uniqueness and novelty. Lastly, the format can address smaller and larger dataset of graphs and the format can be easily adapted to define another meaning of the characters used in the LGI-string and can address sparse graph problems in used in other fields of science.
Three Dimensional Sums of Character Gabor Systems

In deterministic compressive sensing, one constructs sampling matrices that recover sparse signals from highly incomplete measurements. However, the so-called square-root bottleneck limits the usefulness of such matrices, as they are only able to recover exceedingly sparse signals with respect to the matrix dimension. In view of the flat restricted isometry property (flat RIP) proposed by Bourgain et al., we provide a partial solution to the bottleneck problem with the Gabor system of Legendre symbols. When summing over consecutive vectors, the estimate gives a nontrivial upper bound required for the bottleneck problem.
Flexibility of Lyapunov exponents with respect to two classes of measures on the torus

Abstract We consider a smooth area-preserving Anosov diffeomorphism $f\colon \mathbb T^2\rightarrow \mathbb T^2$ homotopic to an Anosov automorphism L of $\mathbb T^2$ . It is known that the positive Lyapunov exponent of f with respect to the normalized Lebesgue measure is less than or equal to the topological entropy of L, which, in addition, is less than or equal to the Lyapunov exponent of f with respect to the probability measure of maximal entropy. Moreover, the equalities only occur simultaneously. We show that these are the only restrictions on these two dynamical invariants.
Calibration of the angular momenta of the minor planets in the solar system

Aims. We aim to determine the relative angle between the total angular momentum of the minor planets and that of the Sun-planets system, and to improve the orientation of the invariable plane of the solar system. Methods. By utilizing physical parameters available in public domain archives, we assigned reasonable masses to 718 041 minor planets throughout the solar system, including near-Earth objects, main belt asteroids, Jupiter trojans, trans-Neptunian objects, scattered-disk objects, and centaurs. Then we combined the orbital data to calibrate the angular momenta of these small bodies, and evaluated the specific contribution of the massive dwarf planets. The effects of uncertainties on the mass determination and the observational incompleteness were also estimated. Results. We determine the total angular momentum of the known minor planets to be 1.7817 × 1046 g cm2 s−1. The relative angle α between this vector and the total angular momentum of the Sun-planets system is calculated to be about 14.74°. By excluding the dwarf planets Eris, Pluto, and Haumea, which have peculiar angular momentum directions, the angle α drops sharply to 1.76°; a similar result applies to each individual minor planet group (e.g., trans-Neptunian objects). This suggests that, without these three most massive bodies, the plane perpendicular to the total angular momentum of the minor planets would be close to the invariable plane of the solar system. On the other hand, the inclusion of Eris, Haumea, and Makemake can produce a difference of 1254 mas in the inclination of the invariable plane, which is much larger than the difference of 9 mas induced by Ceres, Vesta, and Pallas as found previously. By taking into account the angular momentum contributions from all minor planets, including the unseen ones, the orientation improvement of the invariable plane is larger than 1000 mas in inclination with a 1σ error of ∼50−140 mas.
Polarization of radio relics in galaxy clusters

Radio emission in the form of giant radio relics is observed at the periphery of galaxy clusters. This non-thermal emission is an important tracer for cosmic ray electrons and intracluster magnetic fields. One striking observational feature of these objects is their high degree of polarization, which provides information on the magnetic fields at the relics’ positions. In this contribution, we test if state-of-the-art high resolution cosmological simulations are able to reproduce the polarization features of radio relics. Therefore, we present a new analysis of high-resolution cosmological simulations to study the polarization properties of radio relics in detail. In order to compare our results with current and future radio observations, we create mock radio observations of the diffuse polarized emission from a massive galaxy cluster using six different projections, for different observing frequencies and for different telescopes. Our simulations suggest that, due to the effect of Faraday rotation, it is extremely difficult to relate the morphology of the polarized emission for observing frequencies below 1.4 GHz to the real magnetic field structure in relics. We can reproduce the observed degree of polarization and also several small-scale structures observed in real radio relics, but further work would be needed to reproduce some large-scale spectacular features as observed in real radio relics, such as the ‘Sausage’ and ‘Toothbrush’ relics.
Online Non-Monotone DR-submodular Maximization

In this paper, we study fundamental problems of maximizing DR-submodular continuous functions that have real-world applications in the domain of machine learning, economics, operations research and communication systems. It captures a subclass of non-convex optimization that provides both theoretical and practical guarantees. Here, we focus on minimizing regret for online arriving non-monotone DR-submodular functions over down-closed and general convex sets. First, we present an online algorithm that achieves a 1/e-approximation ratio with the regret of O(T^{3/4}) for maximizing DR-submodular functions over any down-closed convex set. Note that, the approximation ratio of 1/e matches the best-known guarantee for the offline version of the problem. Next, we give an online algorithm that achieves an approximation guarantee (depending on the search space) for the problem of maximizing non-monotone continuous DR-submodular functions over a general convex set (not necessarily down-closed). To best of our knowledge, no prior algorithm with approximation guarantee was known for non-monotone DR-submodular maximization in the online setting. Finally we run experiments to verify the performance of our algorithms on problems arising in machine learning domain with the real-world datasets.
MPEG-H Audio for Improving Accessibility in Broadcasting and Streaming

Broadcasting and streaming services still suffer from various levels of accessibility barriers for a significant portion of the population, limiting the access to information and culture, and in the most severe cases limiting the empowerment of people. This paper provides a brief overview of some of the most common accessibility barriers encountered. It then gives a short introduction to object-based audio (OBA) production and transport, focusing on the aspects relevant for lowering accessibility barriers. MPEG-H Audio is used as a concrete example of an OBA system already deployed. Two example cases (dialog enhancement and audio description) are used to demonstrate in detail the simplicity of producing MPEG-H Audio content providing improved accessibility. Several other possibilities are outlined briefly. We show that using OBA for broadcasting and streaming content allows offering several accessibility features in a flexible manner, requiring only small changes to the existing production workflow, assuming the receiver supports the functionality.
Photon-matter quantum correlations in spontaneous Raman scattering

We develop a Hamiltonian formalism to study energy and position/momentum correlations between a single Stokes photon and a single material excitation that are created as a pair in the spontaneous Raman scattering process. Our approach allows for intuitive separation of the effects of spectral linewidth, chromatic dispersion, and collection angle on these correlations, and we compare the predictions of the model to experiment. These results have important implications for the use of Raman scattering in quantum protocols that rely on spectrally unentangled photons and collective excitations.
Lift-the-flap: what, where and when for context reasoning

Context reasoning is critical in a wide variety of applications where current inputs need to be interpreted in the light of previous experience and knowledge. Both spatial and temporal contextual information play a critical role in the domain of visual recognition. Here we investigate spatial constraints (what image features provide contextual information and where they are located), and temporal constraints (when different contextual cues matter) for visual recognition. The task is to reason about the scene context and infer what a target object hidden behind a flap is in a natural image. To tackle this problem, we first describe an online human psychophysics experiment recording active sampling via mouse clicks in lift-the-flap games and identify clicking patterns and features which are diagnostic for high contextual reasoning accuracy. As a proof of the usefulness of these clicking patterns and visual features, we extend a state-of-the-art recurrent model capable of attending to salient context regions, dynamically integrating useful information, making inferences, and predicting class label for the target object over multiple clicks. The proposed model achieves human-level contextual reasoning accuracy, shares human-like sampling behavior and learns interpretable features for contextual reasoning.
Response of Growth and Leaf Yield of Adansonia Digitata Seedlings to Soil Amendments and Harvesting Regimes

Experiment on leaf biomass production of Adansonia digitata L. was carried at the Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies at Nyankpala in the Northern Region of Ghana. The experiment was to determine the effect of rate of NPK fertilizer, leaf defoliation and their interaction on growth and leaf production. The treatments included zeromanure (control), organic manure (sheep manure, poultry manure, and cow dung) which were mixed with soil at the rate of 226.8g/pot before sowing of seeds whilst NPK fertilizer at 11.5g NPK/pot was applied at two weeks after planting (2WAP) and combined with leaf picking every 2, 3 week and zero-harvest (control) starting 6 weeks after transplanting. These treatments were arranged in a 3 x 5 factorial design in three replications. Baobab seeds were direct seeded in pots. Firstly, the response of the parameters to soil amendments followed the gradient: Cow dung > Poultry manure > Sheep manure > NPK > Control. Furthermore, cow dung influenced both plant height and stem girth. Among the fertilizer treatments, 11.5g NPK/pot gave total low yield. Harvesting baobab leaves every three weeks recorded the highest leaf yield. The application of cow dung combined with harvesting regime every 3 weeks supported regular leaf yield of baobab. The findings are in line with the purpose to domesticate baobab seedlings to market garden plants for commercial cultivation. Further studies on the effect of intercropping, plant spacing and integrated pest control on leaf yield and retention should be investigated. Keywords—Cow dung, Poultry manure, Sheep manure, NPK, Leaf retention, Baobab, soil
P 2 X 7 Receptors in Neurological and Cardiovascular Disorders

P2X receptors are ATP-gated cation channels that mediate fast excitatory transmission in diverse regions of the brain and spinal cord. Several P2X receptor subtypes, including P2X7, have the unusual property of changing their ion selectivity during prolonged exposure to ATP, which results in a channel pore permeable to molecules as large as 900 daltons. The P2X7 receptor was originally described in cells of hematopoietic origin, and mediates the influx of Ca and Na and Ca and Na ions as well as the release of proinflammatory cytokines. P2X7 receptors may affect neuronal cell death through their ability to regulate the processing and release of interleukin-1β, a key mediator in neurodegeneration, chronic inflammation, and chronic pain. Activation of P2X7, a key mediator in neurodegeneration, chronic inflammation, and chronic pain. Activation of P2X7 receptors provides an inflammatory stimulus, and P2X7 receptor-deficient mice have substantially attenuated inflammatory responses, including models of neuropathic and chronic inflammatory pain. Moreover, P2X7 receptor activity, by regulating the release of proinflammatory cytokines, may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. Apoptotic cell death occurs in a number of vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and hypertension, and may be linked to the release of ATP from endothelial cells, P2X7 receptor activation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and endothelial cell apoptosis. In this context, the P2X7 receptor may be viewed as a gateway of communication between the nervous, immune, and cardiovascular systems.
POLITICAL ECONOMY OF MULTILATERAL COMMITMENTS ON TRADE IN SERVICES By

Research on the relationship between democracy and trade has so far neglected multilateral negotiations and more generally the content of trade agreements, in particular the market access bindings undertaken by countries. In addition, in spite of their growing importance in international trade as well as in bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations, services have only attracted limited attention from researchers interested in determinants of trade policies and trade cooperation. This paper seeks to further explore these areas. I argue that more democratic polities and countries better endowed in human capital undertake greater market access commitments under the multilateral General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). In contrast to the body of research focusing on the effect of regime type on trade barriers, I do not see that the impact of democracy depends on endowments or levels of development. Endowments also have a direct impact on commitments, with greater human capital endowments translating into greater pressures from domestic interest groups for international commitments. The empirical analysis provides support for these propositions. Results also suggests that relative size, as well as regulatory capacity, are positively linked to GATS commitments. DRAFT: Not for quotation 1 Counsellor, WTO Secretariat. The author is grateful to Rolf Adlung, Nadav Halevi, Eric Leroux, Juan Marchetti, Marcelo Olarreaga, Daniela Persin, Roberta Piermartini, and JP Singh for useful comments. All errors remain those of the author. Views expressed do not represent those of the WTO Secretariat or WTO Members. 2 POLITICAL ECONOMY OF MULTILATERAL COMMITMENTS ON TRADE IN SERVICES
Toward a Structuralist Theory of Mental Representation

Any creature that must move around in its environment to find nutrients and mates, in order to survive and reproduce, faces the problem of sensorimotor control. A solution to this problem requires an on-board control mechanism that can shape the creature’s behaviour so as to render it “appropriate” to the conditions that obtain. There are at least three ways in which such a control mechanism can work, and Nature has exploited them all. The first and most basic way is for a creature to bump into the things in its environment, and then, depending on what has been encountered, seek to modify its behaviour accordingly. Such an approach is risky, however, since some things in the environment are distinctly unfriendly. A second and better way, therefore, is for a creature to exploit ambient forms of energy that carry information about the distal structure of the environment. This is an improvement on the first method since it enables the creature to respond to the surroundings without actually bumping into anything. Nonetheless, this second method also has its limitations, one of which is that the information conveyed by such ambient energy is often impoverished, ambiguous and intermittent.
Use of ethanol production and stillage processing residues for biogas production

In Latvia, ethanol is produced mainly from wheat grains. The production process involves the formation of the by-products of wheat bran, grains residues and stillage. By-products from production of alcohol distilling dregs (stillage) contain much organic matter therefore could be useful for the production of the biogas The product with high protein content usable for feed can be produced from the stillage too. A liquid residue is formed during the production process. Purpose of study is the assessment of the methane volume obtainable from the stillage processing residue mixed with wheat brans and grains residues in anaerobic fermentation process and from wheat brans and grains residues mixed only with inoculum. Investigation was provided in 16 bioreactors operated in batch mode at 38 °C. Stillage processing residues mixed with the wheat brans and inoculum were filled into 4 bioreactors, mixed with grains residues were filled into 4 bioreactors and only inoculum was filled into two bioreactors for control. Wheat brans with inoculum were filled into 3 bioreactors. Into others 3 bioreactors were filled grains residues with inoculum. The yield of biogas from wheat brans was 1.151 L gDOM and methane 0.593 L gDOM after 30 days of anaerobic digestion. The yield of biogas from wheat brans with stillage processing residue was 1.098 L gDOM and methane 0.600 L gDOM. The yield of biogas from grains residues was 0.915 L gDOM and methane 0.451 L gDOM. The yield of biogas from grains residues with stillage processing residue was 1.01 L gDOM and methane 0.523 L gDOM. The study demonstrates that the investigated products are very good raw material for the production of methane. Stillage processing residue acted as a catalyst for the process.
Continuous Multimodal Mobile Authentication : An Exploratory Study

In recent years, an increasing number of people are using mobile devices for secure and private applications, leading researchers and developers to search for advanced authentication methodologies. Continuous authentication using biometrics, while promising, has yet to provide concrete and reliable implementations for consistently identifying a user in a non-obtrusive and efficient way. This study began developing strategies for preprocessing an extensive open-source dataset to provide opportunities for testing different modalities, networks, and fusion techniques. Initial authentication experiments using facial recognition proved promising despite flawed data, while the combined modalities of motion and touch events proved to require more nuanced treatment. The methods and findings of these experiments serve as a foundation, and provide suggestions for future research into the most efficient process to authenticate the identity of mobile device users.
FacialMarionette : An On-Skin Interface for Controlling Facial Expressions and its Applications

In this research, we propose a wearable device named “FacialMarionette’’, which moves the user’s face skin physically and controls his/her facial expressions. In our system, strings are attached above the user’s eyebrows and are pulled with motors to control their location and movement. By using this device, we propose several methods to augment/share our facial expressions. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of this tool and application scenarios. Author
An Analysis on the Satisfaction with the Quality of School Foodservice in Chungbuk Province

The purposes of this study were to identify the students’ perception and to evaluate the satisfaction with the quality of school foodservice in Chungbuk Province. A questionnaire survey of 900 students was conducted and 370 completed questionnaires were available for the purpose of the statistical evaluation. Statistical analyses were performed on the data utilizing the SAS V8.2 program. Importance, performance and satisfaction scale were composed of 5-Likert scales. The main results of this study were summarized as follows: The degree of importance and performance on twenty three attributes and the degree of satisfaction with four dimensions and overall satisfaction were measured according to type of school, location of school, place for eating, type of foodservice system and type of foodservice operation. The importance score was significantly higher than the performance score at all quality attributes except for the food appearance. The performance score of ‘waiting time’ and ‘atmosphere’ was less than 3 point out of 5 scale. The average satisfaction score for the quality dimensions of food, sanitation and service was 3.35, 3.19 and 3.10 point out of 5 scale, respectively. The satisfaction score for dimension of environment was 2.93 point out of 5 scale. The score for overall satisfaction was 3.27 point out of 5 scale. The satisfaction score for elementary school foodservice management was significantly higher than middle and high school foodservices. The satisfaction score for commissary foodservice operations was significantly higher than conventional foodservice operations. Using survey results as a base, the dieticians of school foodservice are required to meet the needs of the students and increase students’ satisfaction.