Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Silicon-mediated plant disease resistance: advance and perspectives

【Objectives】It is well documented that silicon( Si) has beneficial effects on disease and pest resistance of plant species,but the mechanism has not been illuminated clearly and definitely. We summarized new advance and perspectives about the interrelation and mechanisms of plant silicon nutrient and disease development in this article. We aimed to provide theoretical support through adjusting plant nutrient to increase disease resistance of plant. 【Contents】Plant-available Si in soil includes silicic acid in soil solution and silicic slats which transform to silicic acid easily and the concentration of plant-available Si in soil is 50-260 mg /kg. Although Si has not been recognized as an essential element for plant growth,its beneficial effects have been demonstrated for a wide variety of plant species under abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Silicon can increase the resistance of plant disease,suchas rice blast,rice sheath blight,rice bacterial leaf blight,rice brown spot,powdery mildew and so on. In regard to mechanisms of silicon-mediated plant resistance to pathogen,three kinds of mechanisms have been proposed. The first hypothesis proposed is mechanical or physical barrier,which claims that silicon application leads to more intensive cell silicification,as well as the formation of cuticle-Si double layer and papilla on rice leaf epidermis cells thus impeding pathogen penetration. The second mechanism is that silicon application induces more phytoalexins accumulation in plant epidermal cells. Meanwhile,it is found that silicon application enhanced the activities of chitinase,peroxidase,polyphenoloxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase. With the development of molecular technique,more studies involve using gene microarray to analyze the interaction between silicon application and pathogen inoculation on the transcriptional profile of plant. It seems to suggest that Si-treated plants react to pathogen inoculation through the up-regulation of defense- and pathogenesis-related genes. When plant suffers disease stress,Si could induce plant produce some signals such as acetic acid,jasmonic acid and active oxygen which make plant at pre-activated condition. However,further studies are needed for exploring the detailed mechanisms by which Si mediates plant stress-signaling transduction. 【Conclusions】Application of Si fertilizer to fields is an environmentally-friendly alternative approach to control plant disease,especially in soils where plantavailable Si is very low. Si inhibits plant disease through biochemical reaction and the role of Si as physical barrier.Silicon may have interaction with the key stress-signaling transduction system,further studies are needed for exploring the detailed mechanisms of Si mediating plant stress-signaling transduction.
Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Drought Resistance of Shrub Seedlings

The physiological and biochemistry indices of Syringa oblate,Caranana microphylla,Spiraea ussuriensis sprayed four contents of different plant growth regulators including ascorbic acid,salicylic acid and paclobutrazol in the course of seedling were measured by means of the simulated pot experiments.Index of drought resistance(IDR)and some statistical methods were used in the study on comprehensive evaluation of all the seedlings'drought resistance.The results showed that the three kinds of plant growth regulators could obviously increase the abilities of drought resistance of all the shrub seedlings by different ways.The most suitable treatment was suggested as followed: 11.50mmol/L ascorbic acid for Syringa oblate,8.50mmol/L ascorbic acid for Caranana microphylla and 0.07mmol/L salicylic acid for Spiraea ussuriensis.
Investigation on 12 Phases of Hero's Journey in RCT3 Game Story

Recently, embedding method of a story into a game has gathered much attention than ever. In this study, the 12 phases of Hero's Journey, which was suggested by Joseph Campbell and was highlighted in the area of movies and myths, has been analysed at a point of Christoper Vogler. Since a gamer is not just only a player but also a story-teller in a game, the story experienced by the player enjoying the game was examined and correlated with the 12 phases of Campbell. The game RCT3, a construction/management simulation game ,produced by Atari, was studied. The 12 phases of Campbell was applicable to game story.
Paralysis After Lumbar Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injection in the Absence of Hematoma

Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Abstract Paraplegia after interlaminar epidural steroid injection is a rare event and has typically been described after epidural hematoma or direct spinal cord injury. We present a case of an 87-yr-old man who experienced transient lower limb weakness after a lumbar interlaminar epidural steroid injection due to an alternative cause, congestive myelopathy related to an underlying vascular malformation, namely, a spinal dural arteriovenous fistula. This is a poorly recognized and potentially treatable cause of progressive myelopathy. We present this case and review the literature on paraplegia after epidural steroid injection due to spinal dural arteriovenous fistula. Notably, this case of paralysis occurred in association with the lowest volume of epidural injectate reported in the literature to date (4 ml); importantly, this volume is consistent with the current clinical practice guideline standards for the safe performance of interlaminar epidural steroid injections. Physicians should be aware of this potential complication of epidural steroid injection and remain vigilant for the possibility after a procedure, even when performed according to current practice standards.
Chapter 8:Detoxification Strategies for Mycotoxins in Plant Breeding

Many plant pathogenic fungi produce secondary metabolites that are toxic to animals (mycotoxins). Some of these toxins act as virulence factors, facilitating host plant colonization. Detoxification of mycotoxins in plants reduces mycotoxin exposure; for mycotoxins involved in pathogenesis, it also improves plant resistance to fungal infection. Enzymatic activities of plants towards fungal toxins are limited. The detoxification of HC toxin, destruxin B, fusaric acid, oxalate and deoxynivalenol by plants was studied most extensively. While the detoxification of HC toxin and destruxin B efficiently protects certain crops from the fungal diseases in which these toxins are involved, detoxification of fusaric acid and oxalate in plants is limited. Detoxification of deoxynivalenol by glycosylation is an important resistance mechanism of cereal plants against Fusarium head blight. Enhancement of plant detoxification activities towards fungal toxins by genetic engineering was suggested at Kinki University in Osaka in the 1980s. Since then, genetically modified model plants and crops detoxifying numerous fungal toxins have been generated and studied. Maize plants detoxifying fumonisins and wheat plants detoxifying deoxynivalenol were tested most extensively. The implementation of these developments in plant production and the resulting health benefits for consumers and farm animals have been obstructed by opposition to genetically modified crops.
Effectiveness of an online suicide prevention program for college faculty and students

Abstract Objective: Suicide prevention programs help college staff and students identify students at-risk for suicide. Kognito is an online, simulation-based suicide prevention program. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate Kognito’s effectiveness in changing suicide prevention attitudes and behavior. Participants: 170 college students and 140 college staff completed the training module and three surveys. Methods: College staff and students from 24 public, private, and community colleges and universities in Maryland completed Kognito modules and pre-, post-, and 3-month follow-up assessments. Results: Both college staff and students exhibited significant improvements in reported Preparedness, Likelihood, and Self-Efficacy in gatekeeper attitudes. Students reported significant gains in gatekeeper intervention behaviors. Conclusions: The current results suggest that Kognito is associated with attitudinal change for college staff and students, but only college students demonstrated statistically significant behavioral impact for both being more likely to ask about suicide and refer peers to counseling.
Research Advances on Schizothorax Prenanti in China

Schizothorax prenanti inhabited with relatively low temperature,is an important commercial fish living in the upper reaches of Rangtze River in China.Due to over-fishing and construction of hydropower stations in the Yangtze River and its tributaries,its wild population has undergone a dramatic decline in numbers.In this study,the biological characters,nutrient content analysis,physiological and biochemical characters,genetic diversity and artificial reproduction of the fish are introduced in order to provide important information for conserving and restoring the wild populations of S.prenanti.
Effect of chronic stress on expression and secretion of seminal vesicle proteins in adult rats

Chronic stress (CS) is known to affect men's health especially fertility by reducing semen quality. Although the effects of CS on testicular function and sperm parameters are documented, changes of substances and secreting proteins in the seminal vesicle (SV) have never been reported. This study aimed to demonstrate the alterations of contents and expressions of proteins in seminal vesicle fluid (SVF) under CS. Fourteen adult rats were divided into control and CS groups (n = 7/each). Control rats were not exposed to stressor, while the CS animals were immobilised by restraint cage (4 hr/day) and followed by forced swimming (15 min/day) for consecutive 60 days. Biochemical substances and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in SVF were examined. Expressions of heat‐shock protein 70 (Hsp70), caspases (Casp) 3 and 9, and tyrosine‐phosphorylated (TyrPho) proteins were investigated in seminal vesicle tissue (SVT) and SVF. It was found that CS caused reductions of seminal epithelial height and secreted substance levels. Significantly, MDA levels in SVF and expressions of Hsp70, Casp and TyrPho proteins were increased in of CS animals. It was concluded that CS affected seminal secretion. Low quality of CS seminal plasma may associate with increase of MDA and expressions of secreted proteins.
Children's Oncology Group AALL0434: A Phase III Randomized Clinical Trial Testing Nelarabine in Newly Diagnosed T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

PURPOSE Nelarabine is effective in inducing remission in patients with relapsed and refractory T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) but has not been fully evaluated in those with newly diagnosed disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS From 2007 to 2014, Children's Oncology Group trial AALL0434 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00408005) enrolled 1,562 evaluable patients with T-ALL age 1-31 years who received the augmented Berlin-Frankfurt-Muenster (ABFM) regimen with a 2 × 2 pseudo-factorial randomization to receive escalating-dose methotrexate (MTX) without leucovorin rescue plus pegaspargase (C-MTX) or high-dose MTX (HDMTX) with leucovorin rescue. Intermediate- and high-risk patients were also randomly assigned after induction to receive or not receive six 5-day courses of nelarabine that was incorporated into ABFM. Patients who experienced induction failure were nonrandomly assigned to HDMTX plus nelarabine. Patients with overt CNS disease (CNS3; ≥ 5 WBCs/μL with blasts) received HDMTX and were randomly assigned to receive or not receive nelarabine. All patients, except those with low-risk disease, received cranial irradiation. RESULTS The 5-year event-free and overall survival rates were 83.7% ± 1.1% and 89.5% ± 0.9%, respectively. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates for patients with T-ALL randomly assigned to nelarabine (n = 323) and no nelarabine (n = 336) were 88.2% ± 2.4% and 82.1% ± 2.7%, respectively (P = .029). Differences between DFS in a four-arm comparison were significant (P = .01), with no interactions between the MTX and nelarabine randomizations (P = .41). Patients treated with the best-performing arm, C-MTX plus nelarabine, had a 5-year DFS of 91% (n = 147). Patients who received nelarabine had significantly fewer isolated and combined CNS relapses compared with patients who did not receive nelarabine (1.3% ± 0.63% v 6.9% ± 1.4%, respectively; P = .0001). Toxicities, including neurotoxicity, were acceptable and similar between all four arms. CONCLUSION The addition of nelarabine to ABFM therapy improved DFS for children and young adults with newly diagnosed T-ALL without increased toxicity.
Morphological and Mechanistic Aspects of Thiourea-Induced Acute Lung Injury and Tolerance in the Rat

Thiourea-based molecules cause pulmonary edema when administered to rats at relatively low doses. However, rats survive normally lethal doses after prior exposure to a lower, nonlethal dose; this phenomenon is known as tolerance. The present study investigated the morphological and functional aspects of acute lung injury (ALI) induced by methylphenylthiourea (MPTU) in the Wistar rat and the pulmonary response involved in prevention of the injury. We identified pulmonary endothelial cells as the main target of acute MPTU injury; they exhibited ultrastructural alterations that can result in increased vascular permeability. In tolerant rats, the lungs showed only transient endothelial changes, at 24-hour post dosing, and mild type II pneumocyte hyperplasia on day 7 post dosing. They exhibited glutathione levels similar to the controls and increased expression of flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 (FMO1), the enzyme responsible for bioactivation of small thioureas in the laboratory rat. Incubation of rat pulmonary microsomal preparations with MPTU inhibited FMO activity, indicating that tolerance is related to irreversible inhibition of FMOs. The rat model of thiourea-induced pulmonary toxicity and tolerance represents an interesting approach to investigate certain aspects of the pathogenesis of ALI and therapeutic approaches to lung diseases, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Host phospholipase C‐γ1 impairs phagocytosis and killing of mycobacteria by J774A.1 murine macrophages

Macrophages represent the first line of defense against invading Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In order to enhance intracellular survival, Mtb targets various components of the host signaling pathways to limit macrophage functions. The outcome of Mtb infection depends on various factors derived from both host and pathogen. A detailed understanding of such factors operating during interaction of the pathogen with the host is a prerequisite for designing new approaches for combating mycobacterial infections. This work analyzed the role of host phospholipase C‐γ1 (PLC‐γ1) in regulating mycobacterial uptake and killing by J774A.1 murine macrophages. Small interfering RNA mediated knockdown of PLC‐γ1 increased internalization and reduced the intracellular survival of both Mtb and Mycobacterium smegmatis (MS) by macrophages. Down‐regulation of the host PLC‐γ1 was observed during the course of mycobacterial infection within these macrophages. Finally, Mtb infection also suppressed the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor‐α and chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 5 (RANTES) which was restored by knocking down PLC‐γ1 in J774A.1 cells. These observations suggest a role of host PLC‐γ1 in the uptake and killing of mycobacteria by murine macrophages.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesised from the Vernonia amygdalina shows the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in the mice model

Abstract In this study, we synthesised the zinc oxide nanoparticles from Vernonia amygdalina and evaluated its anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potentials against the different inflammation and pain induced mice model. The synthesised zinc oxide nanoparticles were characterised by UV, SEM, XRD and FTIR techniques. The anti-nociceptive effects of V. amygdalina were examined by different stimuli e.g. acetic acid, glutamate, capsaicin, and formalin-induced nociception in mice. The anti-inflammatory effects of synthesised zinc oxide nanoparticles were assessed by air sack assessment and the level of inflammatory cytokines were studied. The muscle tension of animals were studied through open field assessment. The present study exhibited proficient antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions of the synthesised Zinc oxide nanoparticles from V. amygdalina. The sormulated zinc oxide nanoparticles were appreciably reduced the acetic acid, glutamate, capsaicin, and formalin-induced nociceptive responses in mice. Further the zinc nanoparticles were exhibited the potent anti-inflammatory actions via reducing the inflammatory response and pro-inflammatory cytokines level in the mice. In conclusion, the findings of this study proved the beneficial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles from V. amygdalina against the different pain and inflammation-induced mice. Hence, it was clear that the zinc nanoparticles from V. amygdalina could be promising antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory agent in the future.
Recovery from accumulated strain: the role of daily mood and opportunity costs during a vacation

Abstract Objective Recovery from strains accumulated over longer periods of time is essential for health and well-being. Most people take vacations to ensure that they achieve a state of recovery that will allow them to prevent a state of enduring exhaustion. Extending a recent motivational model of recovery, we examined recovery processes during a vacation. Design In the current daily diary study, 147 university students reported their daily recovery, mood, opportunity costs, and subjective time perception over 21 consecutive days (2342 observations) during the summer break. Results Multilevel analyses showed that students reported higher recovery on days when they were in a better mood and perceived lower opportunity costs than usual. These results held after controlling for the passage of time and well-established covariates of recovery (i.e., psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery, and control). Conclusion Supporting the motivational model of recovery, positive mood, the absence of opportunity costs and, to a lesser degree, the perception of time passing quickly contribute to daily recovery during a vacation. Thus, recovery is not simply the result of elapsed time but also depends on the kinds of experiences people have on a given vacation day.
Structural analysis of resting mouse platelets by 3D-EM reveals an unexpected variation in α-granule shape

Abstract Mice and mouse platelets are major experimental models for hemostasis and thrombosis; however, important physiological data from this model has received little to no quantitative, 3D ultrastructural analysis. We used state-of-the-art, serial block imaging scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM, nominal Z-step size was 35 nm) to image resting platelets from C57BL/6 mice. α-Granules were identified morphologically and rendered in 3D space. The quantitative analysis revealed that mouse α-granules typically had a variable, elongated, rod shape, different from the round/ovoid shape of human α–granules. This variation in length was confirmed qualitatively by higher-resolution, focused ion beam (FIB) SEM at a nominal 5 nm Z-step size. The unexpected α-granule shape raises novel questions regarding α-granule biogenesis and dynamics. Does the variation arise at the level of the megakaryocyte and α-granule biogenesis or from differences in α-granule dynamics and organelle fusion/fission events within circulating platelets? Further quantitative analysis revealed that the two major organelles in circulating platelets, α-granules and mitochondria, displayed a stronger linear relationship between organelle number/volume and platelet size, i.e., a scaling in number and volume to platelet size, than found in human platelets suggestive of a tighter mechanistic regulation of their inclusion during platelet biogenesis. In conclusion, the overall spatial arrangement of organelles within mouse platelets was similar to that of resting human platelets, with mouse α-granules clustered closely together with little space for interdigitation of other organelles.
Music as a coevolved system for social bonding

Abstract Why do humans make music? Theories of the evolution of musicality have focused mainly on the value of music for specific adaptive contexts such as mate selection, parental care, coalition signaling, and group cohesion. Synthesizing and extending previous proposals, we argue that social bonding is an overarching function that unifies all of these theories, and that musicality enabled social bonding at larger scales than grooming and other bonding mechanisms available in ancestral primate societies. We combine cross-disciplinary evidence from archeology, anthropology, biology, musicology, psychology, and neuroscience into a unified framework that accounts for the biological and cultural evolution of music. We argue that the evolution of musicality involves gene–culture coevolution, through which proto-musical behaviors that initially arose and spread as cultural inventions had feedback effects on biological evolution because of their impact on social bonding. We emphasize the deep links between production, perception, prediction, and social reward arising from repetition, synchronization, and harmonization of rhythms and pitches, and summarize empirical evidence for these links at the levels of brain networks, physiological mechanisms, and behaviors across cultures and across species. Finally, we address potential criticisms and make testable predictions for future research, including neurobiological bases of musicality and relationships between human music, language, animal song, and other domains. The music and social bonding hypothesis provides the most comprehensive theory to date of the biological and cultural evolution of music.
Study on Antioxidant Activity in vitro and Protection Against DNA Oxidative Damage of Flavonoids of Artemisia argyi

Flavonoids of Artemisia argyi (FAA) were investigated for their radical scavenging activity in vitro by using four chemiluminescence systems. The results showed that FAA can effectively scavenge O2-·,·OH and H2O2,and reduce or prevent DNA oxidative damage caused by ·OH. The 50% inhibition concentrations(IC50) are 151.17,15.34,0.23 and 15.46 mg/L. Compared with VC,FAA have higher antioxidant activity are effective and multifunctional natural antioxidants and radical scavengers,and are worth further exploiting and utilizing.
Identifying high-risk patients with natural killer/T-cell lymphoma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation

Abstract At present, autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is considered as an optional consolidation therapy for natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL). However, the high-risk patients undergoing ASCT are not clear enough. In this study, 56 patients with advanced staged or relapsed/refractory (R/R) NKTCL undergoing ASCT were reviewed. All patients achieved clinical complete response (CR) before ASCT. The median follow-up time was 36 months (range, 3–192 months). The three-year overall survival (OS) and three-year progression-free survival (PFS) were 70.2% and 56.5%, respectively. The independent prognostic factors for OS included prior testis involvement and pre-ASCT EBV-DNA. Patients without prior testis involvement and negative pre-ASCT EBV-DNA (group A) had better three-year OS (86.3% vs. 47.6%, p < .001) than the rest patients (group B). In conclusion, our study suggests that testis involvement and elevated EBV-DNA might be strong adverse prognostic factors for NKTCL. Patients without the above risk factors are more likely to benefit from ASCT.