Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Calculation of HAS-BLED Score Is Useful for Early Identification of Venous Thromboembolism Patients at High Risk for Major Bleeding Events: A Prospective Outpatients Cohort Study

Abstract The aim of this study was prospective evaluation of the performance of the HAS-BLED score in predicting major bleeding complications in a real-world outpatient cohort, during long-term anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism (VTE), treated with a broad spectrum of anticoagulants. We analyzed 111 outpatients objectively diagnosed with VTE and treated long-term with various anticoagulants. Patients were grouped in three cohorts based on the anticoagulant regimen. Calculation of the HAS-BLED score and documentation of bleeding events were performed every 6 months for 1 year. Patients with a HAS-BLED score ≥ 3 had an increased risk for major bleeding events (odds ratio [OR]: 13.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96–692.58, p = 0.028) and a trend to higher risk for minor bleeding events as well (OR: 2.25, 95% CI: 0.87–5.85, p = 0.091) when compared with patients with a HAS-BLED score < 3.This indicates that a HAS-BLED score ≥ 3 allows for identification of patients with VTE on long-term anticoagulation at an increased risk for major bleeding events, irrespective of the anticoagulant agent used.
21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States.

BACKGROUND Extrapolation from studies in the 1980s suggests that smoking causes 25% of deaths among women and men 35 to 69 years of age in the United States. Nationally representative measurements of the current risks of smoking and the benefits of cessation at various ages are unavailable. METHODS We obtained smoking and smoking-cessation histories from 113,752 women and 88,496 men 25 years of age or older who were interviewed between 1997 and 2004 in the U.S. National Health Interview Survey and related these data to the causes of deaths that occurred by December 31, 2006 (8236 deaths in women and 7479 in men). Hazard ratios for death among current smokers, as compared with those who had never smoked, were adjusted for age, educational level, adiposity, and alcohol consumption. RESULTS For participants who were 25 to 79 years of age, the rate of death from any cause among current smokers was about three times that among those who had never smoked (hazard ratio for women, 3.0; 99% confidence interval [CI], 2.7 to 3.3; hazard ratio for men, 2.8; 99% CI, 2.4 to 3.1). Most of the excess mortality among smokers was due to neoplastic, vascular, respiratory, and other diseases that can be caused by smoking. The probability of surviving from 25 to 79 years of age was about twice as great in those who had never smoked as in current smokers (70% vs. 38% among women and 61% vs. 26% among men). Life expectancy was shortened by more than 10 years among the current smokers, as compared with those who had never smoked. Adults who had quit smoking at 25 to 34, 35 to 44, or 45 to 54 years of age gained about 10, 9, and 6 years of life, respectively, as compared with those who continued to smoke. CONCLUSIONS Smokers lose at least one decade of life expectancy, as compared with those who have never smoked. Cessation before the age of 40 years reduces the risk of death associated with continued smoking by about 90%.
Study on the Role of Government in Promoting the Competitiveness of International Trade

In this article, the author studied the role of government in promoting the competitiveness, because we believe the government action would have great influence in promoting the competitiveness of our agricultural products, at the same time make suggestion on government to do the following work: make full use of support policy of agriculture "green box", reform the trade system of agriculture products, strengthen the tactics of answering technical barriers , acquaint with the WTO trade rule, build up the early-warning system and risk guarding system on agricultural production to promote the international competitiveness of Chinese agriculture products.
A Study of Relationship between Liquidity and Profitability of Standard Charterd Bank Pakistan: Analysis of Financial Statement Approach

The purpose of this research paper is to know the relationship between two ratios of the financial statements i.e. profitability and liquidity. The study is focused on the banking sector. The relation is measured by current ratio, quick ratio, and net-working capital. The bank under study is standard chartered bank Pakistan. From the findings of this study we came to conclusion that there is weak positive relation between liquidity and profitability. Quantitative research design is used as tool for the study. To find the relation and strength of the relation correlation and regression are used. So companies need to focus on liquidity management which has a positive relation with the companyâ€™s profitability.
Temel İnsan Sermayesi Modeli: Türkiye Örneği (Basic Human Capital Theory: The Case of Turkey)

The topic of wage differentials is a frequently problem in the labor markets of developing countries such as Turkey. These wage differentials can arise from the market imperfections as well as the individual quality differences. Individual wage differences are arise from the differences at the rural and urban areas employees’ access to the education, the health services and the level of development and the other reasons. Wage differences arising from the individual quality differences find a large place in The Human Capital Theory. These quality differences reflect on wages over time and lead to income differences between the individuals. The aim of this study is to analyze income differences between male and female employees for public and private sector in rural and urban areas in Turkey. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Quantile Regression (QR) Models results by using TURKSTAT’s Household Labor Force Survey micro data set of 2011 are comparatively discussed. Number of studies that have been made in the literature under the QR model and wage differentials in the labor market has limited. This study will contribute to the limited literature in terms of basic human capital as well as the extended models.
Beta-adrenergic receptors in corpora lutea from different stages of the estrous cycle in conscious and slaughtered cattle.

The overall objective of this study was to determine the pattern of beta-adrenergic receptors in bovine luteal membranes obtained from slaughtered and from conscious cattle on different days of the estrous cycle. Two approaches were used with respect to the CL collection. In the first approach, CL (n = 20) were obtained from animals slaughtered in a local abattoir. The day of the estrous cycle was estimated based on the morphology of luteal tissue and follicles present. Using 3H-dihydroalprenolol (3H-DHA) as a ligand, we were unable to find specific binding in any of the tissues examined. Therefore, for the second approach we decided to collect CL from mature heifers or cows under local anesthesia on Days 4 (n = 15), 8 (n = 7), 12 (n = 6), and 16 (n = 3) of the estrous cycle by means of colpotomy or by lumbar incision. This procedure was chosen to reduce the influence of stress factors before CL collection. In these samples, specific beta-adrenergic binding sites were found and they varied during the estrous cycle. Maximal binding (Bmax; fmol/mg of protein) was highest on Day 4 (178.3 +/- 15.2); it then decreased significantly (73.2 +/- 14.7, 40.1 +/- 5.5, 10.8 +/- 0.8) on Days 8, 12, and 16, respectively. The dissociation constant (Kd; nM), which followed the same pattern, was 52.0 +/- 14.4, 16.3 +/- 3.9, 14.9 +/- 3.2, and 7.6 +/- 4.0) on the same days, respectively. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of wheat bran and energy restriction on onset of puberty, cell proliferation and development of mammary tissue in female rats.

Delayed onset of puberty and mammary development is assumed to reduce the risk of mammary cancer. An animal experiment was performed to investigate the influence of dietary fiber, which is known to affect hormonal balance, on these characteristics. Forty-five immature female rats were randomized into three groups, which were fed ad libitum a low-fiber diet (less than 0.5% dietary fiber based on white wheat flour), a high-fiber diet (9.2% dietary fiber based on wheat bran), or an energy-restricted low-fiber diet providing 90% of the energy of the ad libitum low-fiber diet. Energy intake in the second and third groups was similar. Wheat bran slightly delayed onset of puberty, whereas restricted energy intake delayed onset of puberty by about six days. At 48-58 days of age, 14 rats of the low-fiber group, 10 of the high-fiber group and 7 of the restricted group were in cycle. Development of mammary tissue was rudimentary in rats of the energy-restricted low-fiber group, stronger in the high-fiber group and strongest in the ad libitum low-fiber group. Cell proliferation in mammary tissue was similar for both groups fed ad libitum, but significantly lower in the restricted group. Peroxidase activity, a biomarker for estrogenicity, was lower in the high-fiber group than in the two low-fiber groups. It is concluded that wheat bran and, even more effectively, an imposed restricted energy intake delays onset of puberty and mammary development. This shortens the time for mammary cells to be initiated to tumor cells and hence reduces the risk of mammary cancer development. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
THE EVOLUTION OF DISPERSAL IN A LEVINS' TYPE METAPOPULATION MODEL

Abstract We study the evolution of the dispersal rate in a metapopulation model with extinction and colonization dynamics, akin to the model as originally described by Levins. To do so we extend the metapopulation model with a description of the within patch dynamics. By means of a separation of time scales we analytically derive a fitness expression from first principles for this model. The fitness function can be written as an inclusive fitness equation (Hamilton's rule). By recasting this equation in a form that emphasizes the effects of competition we show the effect of the local competition and the local population size on the evolution of dispersal. We find that the evolution of dispersal cannot be easily interpreted in terms of avoidance of kin competition, but rather that increased dispersal reduces the competitive ability. Our model also yields a testable prediction in term of relatedness and life-history parameters.
ONTOGENETIC VARIATION IN PATTERNS OF PHENOTYPIC INTEGRATION IN THE LABORATORY RAT

I used confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the ability of causal developmental models to predict observed phenotypic integration in limb and skull measures at five stages of postnatal ontogeny in the laboratory rat. To analyze the dynamics of phenotypic integration, I fit successive age‐classes simultaneously to a common model. Growth was the principal developmental explanation of observed phenotypic covariation in the limb and skull. No complex morphogenetic model more adequately reconstructed observed covariance structure. Models that could not be interpreted in embryological terms, coupled with a growth component, provide the best models for observed phenotypic integration.
Serum uric acid and the risk for hypertension and Type 2 diabetes in Japanese men: The Osaka Health Survey

Objective To investigate the association of serum uric acid level with the risk for hypertension and Type 2 diabetes. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Work site in Osaka, Japan. Participants A total of 6356 Japanese men, aged 35–60 years with systolic blood pressure < 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg, normal glucose intolerance, and no history of hypertension or diabetes at baseline. Main outcome measures Blood pressure was measured by standard techniques, using 160/95 mmHg for diagnosis of hypertension. Type 2 diabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level ⩾ 126 mg/dl or a 2 h post–loaded plasma glucose level ⩾ 200 mg/dl. Results During the 61 716 person–years follow-up period, we confirmed 639 cases of hypertension and 454 cases of Type 2 diabetes. Serum uric acid level was associated with an increased risk for hypertension but not for Type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for known risk factors, including daily alcohol consumption, the serum uric acid level was associated with an increased risk for hypertension; the relative risks for hypertension were 1.00 for quintile 1 of the serum uric acid level, 1.24 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.94–1.65] for quintile 2, 1.34 (CI, 1.03–1.76) for quintile 3, 1.76 (CI, 1.35–2.29) for quintile 4, and 2.01 (CI, 1.56–2.60) for quintile 5 (P for trend < 0.001). Even among both non-drinkers and lean subjects, serum uric acid level was associated with an increased risk for hypertension. Conclusions Serum uric acid level was associated with an increased risk for hypertension but not for Type 2 diabetes.
Risk Factors for Household Transmission of Community-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a community pathogen. Community-associated (CA) MRSA infections have occurred among multiple members of a household. We describe the incidence of and risk factors for MRSA colonization among household contacts of children with CA-MRSA infections. Methods: MRSA-infected children <18 years of age who lacked established healthcare-associated MRSA risk factors were identified through surveillance at 12 Minnesota hospital laboratories. Nasal swab specimens and information on medical history and hygiene behaviors were collected from case-patients and enrolled household contacts during home visits. S. aureus isolates obtained from nasal cultures were screened for oxacillin resistance. Results: In all, 236 households consisting of 236 case-patients and 712 household contacts were enrolled. Home visits were conducted on an average of 69 days after the onset of symptom in case-patients (range: 16–178 days). Twenty-nine (13%) case-patients and 82 (12%) household contacts had MRSA nasal colonization. Nasal MRSA colonization in ≥1 household contact occurred in 58 (25%) households. Household contacts who assisted the case-patient to bathe or who shared balms/ointments/lotion with the case-patient were more likely to be colonized (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), whereas those who reported using antibacterial versus nonantibacterial soap for hand washing were less likely to be colonized (P < 0.05) with MRSA clonally related to the case-patient infection isolate. Conclusions: Only 13% of case-patients had MRSA nasal colonization on an average of 69 days after their initial MRSA infection. CA-MRSA colonization may be short-lived or may occur at non-nasal sites. One quarter of households had at least one household contact colonized with MRSA. Modifiable behaviors, such as sharing personal items, may contribute to transmission.
Interaction between short‐ and long‐latency components of the human stretch reflex during sinusoidal stretching.

1. Using wrist muscles, the subdivision of the human stretch reflex into separate components was examined with small amplitude sinusoidal stretching of relatively high frequency (10‐40 Hz). The reflex was evoked by angular rotation of the wrist (below 1 deg amplitude), applied via the hand during maintained voluntary contraction of the muscle studied; both flexors and extensors were tested. 2. The reflex response was recorded electromyographically rather than mechanically. For each condition, the surface EMG was rectified and averaged to give a cycle average showing the mean response evoked by a cycle of stretching. The cycle average was fitted with a sinusoid, the amplitude and phase of which were used to assess the reflex; their value reflects the combined action of its various sub‐components. Fourier analysis gave similar results (the EMG was then rectified but not averaged). 3. The amplitude of the reflex response typically fell to a minimum in the region of 20‐25 Hz. The phase lag of the response in relation to the stimulus increased approximately linearly with frequency, except in the region of the amplitude minimum. Here the lag tended to remain constant, or to decrease slightly; this created a discontinuity between the upper and lower limbs of the phase plot. 4. Such effects are attributed to an interaction between two components of the reflex that differ in latency by 20‐25 ms. These would progressively change their relative phase as the frequency increased. At first they would come to interfere with each other, but then the more delayed reflex produced by a given cycle of stretching would begin to sum with the shorter latency reflex evoked by the next stretch. 5. At high and low frequencies the cycle averages were normally well fitted by a single sinusoid. Around 20‐25 Hz, however, they typically showed appreciable harmonic distortion, with the second harmonic larger than the fundamental. The cycle average then showed two separate responses per cycle of stretching. These were considered to represent the uncancelled non‐linear residua of separate components of the reflex response. Their relative timing shifted appropriately with change of frequency. 6. These ‘double responses’ are unlikely to be due to mechanical resonance. First, the relative sizes of the two components could be altered by the reflex action of cutaneous afferents. Second, the same pattern of behaviour was found when the mechanical stimuli were applied directly to the tendon of flexor carpi radialis while the hand remained fixed. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Ultrasound-guided technology versus neurostimulation for sciatic nerver block: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Sciatic nerve block is widely used for anesthesia and analgesia in lower limb surgery, traditional method used for sciatic nerve block is nerve stimulation guidance. Whether the use of ultrasound-guided technology can increases the success rate of sciatic nerve block and provide other benefits are not defined. This meta-analysis was aimed to clarify this issue. METHOD We searched Pubmed, the Cochrane library and Google Scholar. A total of 10 RCTs met our inclusion criteria. The patients included underwent ultrasound-guided or nerve stimulation guidance for sciatic nerve block. We compared the success rate, vascular puncture, the time of procedure and Success rate of catheter placement. RESULTS Ultrasound-guided technology, compared with nerve stimulation for sciatic nerve block, provided higher success rate. [RR = 1.22 95% CI: 1.04-1.42, P = 0.01], Ultrasound guidance also reduce the risk of vascular puncture. [RR = 0.13 95% CI: 0.02-0.97, P = 0.05]. However, the success rate of catheter placement [RR = 1.1095% CI: 0.93-1.29, P = 0.27] and the time of performing sciatica never block [RR = -0.17 95% CI: -1.61-1.27, P = 0.82] did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS Compared to traditional nerve stimulation guidance, ultrasound guidance for sciatic nerve may improve the success rate of block and reduce the risk of vascular puncture.
A fitness function for evolutionary mutation testing of object-oriented programs

Mutation testing is a fault based testing technique that helps generating effective test cases for software under test. Mutation testing is computationally expensive by nature, which is the biggest hindrance in getting acceptability in Software industry. Evolutionary testing provides foundation to automate the test case generation process. Using evolutionary testing in conjunction with mutation testing can reduce computational cost and the whole process can be automated to facilitate testers. The existing techniques are incapable of handling object's state problem and they cannot identify logical software bugs that hide themselves in equivalent mutants. Neither they evaluate fitness for object's state variables separately nor do they use control flow for comparison. In this paper we propose a new fitness function for the evolutionary mutation testing that supports all object oriented features, guides the search by considering object's state separately, helps determining infection in the object's state at mutated statement, and reveals potential software bugs masked in equivalent mutants. Our initial experiments show that this novel fitness function can help minimizing mutation testing cost, reducing the number of equivalent mutants, providing better guidance to search, and improving effectiveness of test cases.
[The mediator role of cognitive features in the relationship between adult attachment patterns and psychopathology symptoms: cognitive flexibility].

OBJECTIVE The principle aim of the study is to investigate the mediator role of cognitive flexibility in the known relationship between adult attachment patterns and psychopathology symptoms, including depression, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and social anxiety. Additionally, this study aims to generate integrative data regarding the relationship between early life experiences and psychopathology using a cognitive framework. METHOD There were 992 participants (661 women, 331 men) from 14 different colleges across 9 different provinces and. participants were evaluated using the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale-II, Beck Depression Inventory, the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Structural Equation Modeling and mediator analysis were applied to the data. RESULTS The results showed that there are some partial and full mediator roles of the cognitive flexibility-control in the relationship between attachment anxiety and depression, OCD and social anxiety for both women and men.Cognitive flexibility- control does not mediate the relationship between avoidant attachment and psychopathology symptoms for men, but cognitive flexibility-control has a partial mediator role in the relationship between avoidant attachment and both depression and social anxiety for women. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that cognitive flexibility- control is an important variable in the relationship between attachment patterns and psychopathology symptoms in both women and men.
The internet for medical information about cancer: help or hindrance?

OBJECTIVE The authors tested a strategy for screening Internet sites to identify those that provide scientifically accurate information regarding complementary/alternative medicine treatments commonly used by cancer patients. METHOD Separate Internet searches were conducted for three complementary/alternative medicine treatments: floressence, amalaki, and selenium. Sites (N=194) were assessed according to four criteria: availability of online purchasing, inclusion of patient testimonials, description of the treatment as a "cancer cure," and description of the treatment as "having no side effects. " The presence of any of these criteria was considered a "red flag" denoting questionable scientific accuracy of the site. Sites were categorized based on the number of red flags. MEDLINE searches were performed and peer-reviewed literature used to determine the scientific accuracy of sites. RESULTS Over 90% of the sites for floressence and amalaki had at least one red flag. In these searches, sites with no red flags provided some scientifically accurate information, while sites with red flags provided a large amount of vague and inaccurate information. Less than one-quarter of sites for selenium had at least one red flag, and sites in this search generally provided scientifically accurate information, regardless of the number of red flags. CONCLUSIONS There is a staggering amount of medical misinformation on the Internet. For cancer treatments that have not been rigorously studied, the red flag criteria offer a rapid way of screening Internet sites for likely scientific accuracy. It may be advisable for patients to avoid sites with one or more red flags.