Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Free Space Optical Communication System With And Without Pointing Errors

From several years Free Space Optical (FSO) Communication system has become more and more interesting and also which can be used as an exchange or alternative to radio frequency (RF) communication system. In this paper the effect of atmospheric turbulence mainly called pointing error on Free Space Optical communication system is investigated. The end to end capacity of dual hop Free Space Optical communication system assuming that the channel state information is only known at the receiver part. The performance of the considered system is mainly affected by misalignment fading, atmospheric turbulence induced fading, pointing errors. Numerically evaluated and computer simulation results are further provided to demonstrate the comparison of Free Space Optical communication system with and without pointing errors in dual amplify and forward relayed system over turbulence channel. For high speed and fast proof communication, Free Space Optical communication has introduced. The research community have attracted to their ability to attain high data rates (multiple gigabits) under unlicensed spectrum along with low installation and operational cost. FSO can also be used as a backup link, also can be used as a backhaul traffic between the base stations and main switching centres and HDTV transmission. FSO mainly needs a direct Line Of Sight (LOS) technology that utilizes the light to transfer the data between source and receiver. Free Space Optical system which is mainly affected by several atmospheric conditions such as scattering, absorption and turbulence. The decrease in overall performance and the increase in error rate is mainly due to the fluctuation that is caused by the signal that propagates through the point to point wireless optical channel. Fluctuations are mainly caused by the aerosol scattering caused by rain, fog, snow. The major issue of a FSO system is that it is highly depended on pointing performance. The misalignment between source and destination of free space optical
Aptitude and potential of forest species for their implementation in silvopastoral systems in the Atlantic Forest region, Southeast Brazil sub-region

Based on species characterization and literature review information about „silvopastoral systems in the Atlantic Forest region, Southeast-Brazil“ was systematized. A list of native forest species, occurring in Rio de Janeiro, with positive characteristics for silvopastoral systems has been built, their main characteristic as family, genus, species, common name, wood density and common uses were also described. Those forest species have been reclassified according to their specific aptitudes for silvopastoral systems in i) forest species with high adaptation to special soil and radiation conditions, ii) forest species with positive physiological characteristics; iii) forest species with secondary production; iv) forest species with aptitude for ornamentation; v) forest species and their wood quality. Based on this classification the species were prioritized in a general ranking.
School quality, achievement bias, and dropout behavior in Egypt

School quality and grade completion are shown to be directly linked, leading to very different perspectives on educational policy in developing countries. Unique panel data on primary school age children in Egypt permit estimation of behavioral school dropout models. Students perceive differences in school quality, measured as expected achievement improvements in a given school, and act on it. Specifically, holding constant the student's own ability, achievement and earnings prospects, a student is much less likely to remain in school if attending a low quality school rather than a higher quality school. This individually rationale behavior suggests that common arguments about a trade-off between quality and access to schools may misstate the real issue and lead to public investment in too little quality. Further, because of this behavioral linkage, there is an achievement bias such that common estimates of rates of return to years of school will be over stated. The paper demonstrates the analytical importance of employing output-based measures of school quality.
First Millimeter Detection of the Disk around a Young, Isolated, Planetary-mass Object

OTS44 is one of only four free-floating planets known to have a disk. We have previously shown that it is the coolest and least massive known free-floating planet (∼12 ) with a substantial disk that is actively accreting. We have obtained Band 6 (233 GHz) ALMA continuum data of this very young disk-bearing object. The data show a clear unresolved detection of the source. We obtained disk-mass estimates via empirical correlations derived for young, higher-mass, central (substellar) objects. The range of values obtained are between 0.07 and 0.63 (dust masses). We compare the properties of this unique disk with those recently reported around higher-mass (brown dwarfs) young objects in order to infer constraints on its mechanism of formation. While extreme assumptions on dust temperature yield disk-mass values that could slightly diverge from the general trends found for more massive brown dwarfs, a range of sensible values provide disk masses compatible with a unique scaling relation between and M* through the substellar domain down to planetary masses.
Improving Personal Product Recommendation via Friendships’ Expansion

The trust as a social relationship captures similarity of tastes or interests in perspective. However, the existent trust information is usually very sparse, which may suppress the accuracy of our personal product recommendation algorithm via a listening and trust preference network. Based on this thinking, we experiment the typical trust inference methods to find out the most excellent friend-recommending index which is used to expand the current trust network. Experimental results demonstrate the expanded friendships via superposed random walk can indeed improve the accuracy of our personal product recommendation.
The habitat preferences of Newfoundland woodland caribou across range components and scales: implications for management

An increase in predation following forestry is thought to be the main cause for the decline of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). Identifying and protecting important habitats within caribou ranges can be used for conservation of this species. In this thesis, we constructed core areas of Newfoundland woodland caribou using both an objective and an arbitrary method, identified important habitats in different spatial and temporal components of caribou ranges, and determined if habitat preference and the proportion of cutovers changed across the range components. In addition, we determined the stand characteristics preferred by the caribou within coniferous forests (CF) and whether the cutovers regenerate into forests of similar value as those preferred by caribou. We found that the core areas defined using an arbitrary method was half the size of the core areas defined using the objective method and bogs and CF had the highest selectivity index across all of the range components. The preference for each habitat and the proportion of cutovers changed across the temporal yet not the spatial components of the range. Within the core areas, CF were used in similar proportion as cutovers however, the CF used by the caribou did not share the same characteristics with any of the cutover age categories. These results suggest that the use of arbitrary cores may underestimate the core areas and that caribou have seasonal habitat requirements. In addition, caribou utilize both cutovers and CF despite each habitat having different stand characteristics.
Performance Comparison of Collaborative-Filtering Approach with Implicit and Explicit Data

Challenge in developing a collaborative filtering (CF)-based recommendation system is the problem of cold-starting of items that causes the data to sparse and reduces the accuracy of the recommendations. Therefore, to produce high accuracy a match is needed between the types of data and the approach used. Two approaches in CF include user-based and item-based CFs, both of which can process two types of data; implicit and explicit data. This work aims to find a combination of approaches and data types that produce high accuracy. Cosine-similarity is used to measure the similarity between users and also between items. Mean Absolute Error is also measured to discover the accuracy of a recommendation. Testing of three groups of data based on sparseness results in the best accuracy in an explicit data-based approach that has the smallest MAE value. The result is that the average MAE value for user based (implicit data) is 0.1032, user based (explicit data) is 0.2320, item based (implicit data) is 0.3495, and item based (explicit data) is 0.0926. The best accuracy is in the item-based (explicit-data) approach which is the smallest average MAE value.
Relationship between Diabetic Retinopathy and HbA1c in Type 2 Diabetics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Introduction: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is emerging fastly as one of the commonest causes of blindness. Globally in developed countries over 2.5 million people are blind due to diabetes. The relationship between DR and HbA1c level have been studied by many authors, and almost all the studies were in accord that elevated HbA1c level is significantly associated with the development of DR. However, this relationship has not been studied among type 2 diabetics residing outside the main cities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 327 type 2 diabetics attending the primary healthcare centers in Al-Majmaah City, KSA. The data was collected using systematic random sampling technique using direct investigation method. Results: The mean age of the patients was 54.95 ± 11.65 years. Majority of the patients were males (n=201; 61.4%) as compared to females (n=126; 38.6%). A significant difference was observed in the mean HbA1c level and DR, showing that HbA1c was significantly raised in patients having DR (p<0.001). Result of logistic regression analysis further showed that patients who have uncontrolled diabetes (high HbA1c levels) have 66.61% chance of developing the DR. Conclusion: There is a strong relationship between HbA1c level and DR. The healthcare provider should empower the patients with knowledge regarding diabetes, its complications and make lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, and weight loss, etc.). The retinal screening should be carried out routinely under the supervision of ophthalmologist.
Weakly nonlinear Prandtl model for simple slope flows

The Prandtl model couples, probably in the most succinct way, basic boundary‐layer dynamics and thermodynamics for pure anabatic and katabatic flows over inclined surfaces by assuming a one‐dimensional steady‐state balance between buoyancy and turbulent friction. Although the classic Prandtl model is linear, having an a priori assigned vertically constant eddy diffusivity and heat conductivity, K, in this analytic work we partly relax both of these restrictions. The first restriction is loosened by using a weakly nonlinear approach where a small parameter, ε, controls feeding of the flow‐induced potential temperature gradient back to the environmental potential temperature gradient, because the former, below the katabatic jet, can be 20–50 times stronger than the latter, background or free‐flow gradient. An appropriate range of values for ε, controlling the weak nonlinearity for pure katabatic flow, is provided. In this way, the near‐surface potential temperature gradient becomes stronger and the corresponding katabatic jet somewhat weaker (at a slightly lower height) than that in the classic Prandtl solution. The second restriction is partly relaxed by using a prescribed, gradually varying K with distance from the underlying surface, all within the usual validity of the zero‐order Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation to solve the coupled differential equations. The new model is compared with the glacier wind data from the Pasterze experiment (PASTEX‐94), Austria. Further discussion includes gradient Richardson number consideration and an application to simple anabatic flows. The model may be applied for estimation and interpretation of the wind affecting glacier mass balance and air pollution.
THE CRITERION OF SUPERNOVA EXPLOSION REVISITED: THE MASS ACCRETION HISTORY

By performing neutrino-radiation hydrodynamic simulations in spherical symmetry (1D) and axial symmetry (2D) with different progenitor models by Woosley & Heger from 12 to 100 M⊙, we find that all 1D runs fail to produce an explosion and several 2D runs succeed. The difference in the shock evolutions for different progenitors can be interpreted by the difference in their mass accretion histories, which are in turn determined by the density structures of progenitors. The mass accretion history has two phases in the majority of the models: the earlier phase, in which the mass accretion rate is high and rapidly decreasing, and the later phase, with a low and almost constant accretion rate. They are separated by the so-called turning point, the origin of which is a change of the accreting layer. We argue that shock revival will most likely occur around the turning point and hence that its location in the M ˙ – L &ngr; ? > plane will be a good measure for the possibility of shock revival: if the turning point lies above the critical curve and the system stays there for a long time, shock revival will obtain. In addition, we develop a phenomenological model to approximately evaluate the trajectories in the M ˙ – L &ngr; ? > plane, which, after calibrating free parameters by a small number of 1D simulations, reproduces the location of the turning point reasonably well by using the initial density structure of progenitor alone. We suggest the application of the phenomenological model to a large collection of progenitors in order to infer without simulations which ones are more likely to explode.
Effects of World Price and Oil Export Price Increases in the Framework of One-sector and Two-Sector Stylized Models

Interesting stylized models that discuss the implications of the oil boom or oil export price increase on an oil-rich economy must involve a tension between effects that tend to boost oil sector and harm non-oil sector and effects that vice versa tend to boost non-oil sector and harm oil sector. This paper explores such models and examines at large the implications of the oil export price increase through the prism of interaction between these two effects. This paper applies the 1-2-3-model of Devarajan et al. (1990) and develops two stylized models that examine the effects of the world price increase and oil export price increase on the economy respectively. A central feature of the developed stylized models is that they can distinguish between the two effects generated by the oil export price increase, namely the balance-of-trade effect and the import-competing effect. The balance-of-trade effect shows the response of the economy to the oil export price increase, depending on whether the economy runs a trade surplus or a trade deficit in the benchmark equilibrium, with the import-competing effect set equal to one. It shows conditions that cause changes in the producers’ real costs and hence determines which sector grows and which sector shrinks in the wake of the oil export price increase. The import-competing effect, under the assumption that trade is balanced, shows the effect of the variation in the Armington elasticity of substitution between oil goods in the second model and non-oil goods in the third model. It shows how competition between imported and import-competing goods affects producers’ real costs and hence determines which sector grows and which sector shrinks in the wake of the oil export price increase.
The effect of worker remittances on economic growth: An ARDL approach

Worker remittances are the main source of financial flow to any economy. This study intended to scrutinize the effect of remittance inflow on Pakistan’s economy over the period 1976- 2016 by employing autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique; because this method has been recently developed and has different advantages as compared to time series methods. ARDL method was applied to scrutinize the long run and the short run effect of worker remittances on Pakistan’s economy. This study concluded that Pakistan’s economy is positively affected by remittance inflow, foreign direct investment and the gross domestic saving in the long run, while Pakistan’s economy negatively affected by inflation and consumption in the long run. Remittances received from immigrant support economic growth in Pakistan because remittances inflow is mostly utilized for investment purpose. To further improve the economic development of Pakistan’s economy, it is suggested that policy maker in Pakistan encourage and motivate migrants to send remittances through proper channels to Pakistan, so that these inflows of remittances be used in such profitable investments that help to improve economic growth.
Workplace Violence in Work Environments against Gender Violence

We aimed to describe and analyze the subjective experiences concerning workplace violence in a group of 20 workers. The scenario chosen shows a paradoxical situation: violence in environments where people work against gender violence. A qualitative method was used and the instrument chosen was the semi-structured interview. The results indicate a reproduction of violence within these work contexts, which manifests itself mainly in a psychological way and whose causes are subject to social, institutional and personal variables. From this research, several notable theoretical and methodological phenomena emerge, as well as the need for profound reflections based on the academic approaches to workplace violence.
A CHARACTERIZATION FOR METRIC TWO-DIMENSIONAL GRAPHS AND THEIR ENUMERATION

‎The textit{metric dimension} of a connected graph $G$ is the minimum number of vertices in a subset $B$ of $G$ such that all other vertices are uniquely determined by their distances to the vertices in $B$‎. ‎In this case‎, ‎$B$ is called a textit{metric basis} for $G$‎. ‎The textit{basic distance} of a metric two dimensional graph $G$ is the distance between the elements of $B$‎. ‎Giving a characterization for those graphs whose metric dimensions are two‎, ‎we enumerate the number of $n$ vertex metric two dimensional graphs with basic distance 1‎.
Performance of Porous Pavement Containing Different Types of Pozzolans

Underlying fabrics can change the appearance, function and quality of the garment, and also add so much longevity of the garment. Nowadays, with the increasing use of various types of fabrics in the garment industry, their resistance to bagging is of great importance with the aim of determining the effectiveness of textiles under various forces. The current paper investigated the effect of underlying on the bagging behavior of denim fabrics. The experiments carried out on four different denim fabrics as the main components including cotton, polyester and lycra, as well as three types of adhesive interlining and three common lining as the underlying components. The adhesive interlining was added to the fabric by using a fusing machine, and the lining was sewn to the fabric. The bagging behavior was assessed by extraction of the residual bagging height using the image processing method and the bagging fatigue percentage by stress-strain diagram. The results showed that with the addition of adhesive interlining and lining to the fabric, the bagging fatigue percentage increased. The lining sewn to the fabric reduced the residual bagging height. Also, the friction between the face fabric and the lining was an important factor that, the bagging fatigue percentage increased with increasing the friction, regardless of the fabric material.
LINKAGES BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND FDI IN CEE COUNTRIES

This paper examines linkages among foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in 11 countries from Central and Ea stern Europe (CEE) for the period of 1997 – 2014. Findings from panel data n lysis suggest that the relative size of economic growth indicators affect FDI of CEE countries. This result holds for both contemporaneous and lagged re lationships. FDI has an impact on economic growth, and this effect is stren gthened by financial market development. The efforts of CEE countries increase the economic growth and beneficial spillover effects from FDI to local econ omies should be concentrated on the support of the development of local financia l m rkets.
School, State and Sangha in Burma

This article explores by means of an historical descriptive analysis of schooling in Burma the merits of historical descriptive analysis in comparative education. It demonstrates how control over schooling is likely to relate to state legitimacy. Prior to the nineteenth century, the supervision of teaching in Burma was undertaken not by the state but rather by the monasteries of the Theravada Buddhist order, the Sangha. The monastic schools were widespread and they served as an important legitimising device for both the Sangha and the Buddhist state, which were engaged in a competitive partnership. During the nineteenth century, the British colonial administration demolished the pre-existing socio-political structures that assured the Sangha its authority, and permitted alternative forms of public instruction. The teaching role of the Sangha was diminished, however not destroyed, and it continuously resisted the British intrusion. Following independence, rather than re-invest authority over schooling in the Sangha, the new state instead expanded its mandate over public instruction as a means to inculcate the 'national idea'. In the present day, schooling is subject to the dictates of an autocratic military regime, and the Sangha has been forced into a subordinate role in support of nationalist objectives, in contrast to its earlier powerful part in structural opposition to the state.
Effect of cycloheximide on senescence and post-harvest performance of Ranunculus asiaticus L. flowers.

The effect of pretreatment with different concentrations of cycloheximide (CHI) on senescence and postharvest performance of isolated flowers of Ranunculus asiaticus was examined. At a particular threshold concentration CHI delays senescence and above which it prevents flower opening and promotes senescence. The fact that cycloheximide delays petal/sepal senescence demonstrates the synthesis of particular proteins probably enzymes, responsible for degradation of cellular constituents, executes the cell death programme in flower petals. Pretreatment of flowers with CHI at 0.01 and 0.05 mM concentrations was found to delay visible signs of senescence, maintain high fresh and dry mass of flowers and lower electrical conductivity of ion leachates. An increase in soluble protein content was observed with a concomitant decrease in specific protease activity and α-amino acid content, besides improving postharvest performance. Pretreatment of flowers with 0.05 mM CHI for 1h can be used as an effective treatment to improve postharvest longevity in this flower system.