Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Host Responses and Nematode Dispersion in Pinus strobus and P. densiflora Infected with the Pine Wood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

The pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle, causes serious mortality of Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii Parl. , and Japanese red pine, P. densi flora Sieb. et Zucc. , in Japan. The inoculation test revealed that P. thunbergii and P. densiflora were susceptible to the infection of B. xylophilus, and some Pinus spp. including eastern white pine, P. strobus L. , were resistant1,2). Pine wilt disease caused by B. xylophilus is characterized by rapid loss of xylem water con ductivity. Increase in resistance to water flow in P. thunbergii and blockage of xylem water conduction in P. densiflora following the nematode inoculation were reported3,4). Relationship between wilt-resistance and blockage of water conduction, however, has not documented. Cotton plant infected with Verticillium dahliae Kleb. or Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chit. produces terpenoid aldehydes, gossypol and related compounds, as the results of host responses5-8). These compounds are considered to be involved in the mechanism of resist ance, and are detected with SbCl3 reagent by specific coloration. SbCl3 reaction was found in Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L. , inoculated with B. xylophilus9). In this report, we compare P. strobus with P. densiflora in reference to the relationships between nematode dispersion and SbCl3 reaction or blockage of water conduction in the early stage of the infection. B. xylophilus (isolate S-10) was reared on Botrytis cinerea Pers. growing on potato dextrose agar at 25 C. Six-year-old P. strobus and 5-year-old P. densiflora seedlings growing in a nursery were used. Three or 4-year-old branches of P. strobus and 2 or 3-year-old ones of P. densiflora were inoculated with the nematode on July 14 or 15, 1984. A water suspension of nematodes, 1,800 nematodes in 0.2ml, were introduced into cotton placed in a shallow, 1-2cm long, slit on the branch, and the inoculation site was wrapped with parafilm. Inoculated branches were cut off 5, 10 and 15 days after inoculation. At each sampling
Effect of Sodium Nitrite and Sodium Lactate on the Growth Rate of Lactic Acid Spoilage Bacteria Isolated from Cured Meat Products

食肉製品の変敗・酸敗原因菌として分離された乳酸菌3株 (L. viridescens PSC-Y510101, L. mesenteroides PSC-Y539901, E. faecalis PSC-Y520101) に対する亜硝酸ナトリウムおよび乳酸ナトリウムの影響について, ソーセージの系で調査した. その成績は以下のとおりであった. 1. 食肉製品中での乳酸菌の増殖速度は, 亜硝酸ナトリウムおよび乳酸ナトリウムを含まない系ではL. mesenteroidesが最も速く, 10℃ で9日目に生菌数は9. 1×105cfu/gとなった. また, L. viridescensとE. faecalisは, 保存9日目の生菌数はそれぞれ1. 7×105 cfu/g, 7.4×104 cfu/gであった. 2. 亜硝酸ナトリウムを200ppm添加すると, いずれの乳酸菌も増殖は遅れ, 1.0×105 cfu/gオーダーに達するまでの期間は, 添加しないものに比べてL. viridescensでは9日, L. mesenteroidesでは4日, E. faecalisでは15日延長した. 3. 乳酸ナトリウムの添加量の増加に伴い, いずれの乳酸菌の増殖も遅くなり, L. viridescensとL. mesenteroidesの生菌数が1.0×105 cfu/gオーダーに達するまでの期間は添加しないものに比べて, 1%の添加で2～3日, 2%では8～9日延長された. 一方, E. faecalisは1%の添加でも30日目になっても1. 2×104 cfu/gであり, 2%の添加では30日間生菌数の増加は認められなかった. 4. 亜硝酸ナトリウムと乳酸ナトリウムを併用した場合には2%乳酸ナトリウム添加でL. viridescensおよびL. mesenteroidesの生菌数の増加が顕著に遅れた. E. faecalisは, 乳酸ナトリウムの1%添加で30日間保存しても生菌数は1. 8×102 cfu/gであった. 5. 供試したソーセージの残存亜硝酸根は42. 3～46. 2ppmであった. また, 乳酸ナトリウム含量は1%添加区で0. 95～0.96%, 2%添加区で1. 94～1.97%であり, pHは5. 69～5. 72であった.
Endocrinology: Prostaglandin F2α stimulates release of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 from cultured human granulosa-luteal cells

Human ovarian follicular fluid contains a number of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP) of which IGFBP-3 is the most abundant. IGFBP-3 synthesis is growth hormone-regulated. We studied the effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) on IGFBP-3 secretion by cultured human granulosa-luteal cells from follicular aspirates of women participating in an in-vitro fertilization programme. The IGFBP-3 concentration was measured using a specific monoclonal immunofluorimetric assay. Contrary to a previous report on unstimulated follicles, this study demonstrated a positive correlation between follicular fluid IGFBP-3 concentration and follicular size. PGF2 alpha was found to stimulate in a dose-dependent fashion the secretion of IGFBP-3. Significant (P < 0.05) effects were found at PGF2 alpha concentrations of 10(-8), 10(-7) and 10(-6) M. Because IGFBP-3 inhibits progesterone production stimulated by insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, the PGF2 alpha-induced stimulation of IGFBP-3 production may be one of the mechanisms whereby PGF2 alpha exerts its luteolytic effect via the IGF system.
Combining acoustic and electrical hearing

Objectives/Hypothesis: The concept of combining electrical stimulation for high‐frequency sound with acoustic hearing for low‐frequency information was tested. In addition, whether residual hearing can be preserved when an electrode is placed into the inner ear up to 10 mm and whether place of electrical stimulation influences speech perception were tested. Study Design: A single‐subject clinical trial design was employed. Methods: Six postlingual adults with severe high‐frequency hearing impairment were recruited to participate in the study. A new six‐channel cochlear implant was designed for the clinical trial. The intracochlear electrodes were either 6 or 10 mm in length based on a Nucleus CI‐24 multichannel implant. Monosyllabic word understanding and consonant identification testing in a recorded sound‐only condition were used to assess changes in speech perception. Follow‐up was greater than 12 months. Results: Acoustic hearing was preserved in all six subjects (n = 3,6‐mm electrodes; n = 3,10‐mm electrodes). Preoperative monosyllabic word and sentence scores were unchanged in all subjects following implantation. A 30% to 40% improvement in consonant recognition occurred with the 10‐mm electrode. The subjects with 10‐mm electrodes were able to understand 83% to 90% of the monosyllabic words using the implant plus binaural hearing aids. Scores were more than doubled when compared with preoperative scores with hearing aids only. Conclusion: The human ear has the capability to integrate both acoustic and high‐frequency electrically processed speech information. Placement of a short, 10‐mm electrode does not appear to damage residual low‐frequency inner ear hair cell function, interfere with the micro mechanics of normal cochlear vibration, or decrease residual speech perception. The improvement in speech recognition was due primarily to the increased perception of higher‐frequency consonantal speech cues, and this improvement took several months to become apparent. Such a device can provide a substantial benefit in speech understanding to individuals with severe high‐frequency hearing loss, while still maintaining the benefits of the residual lower‐frequency acoustic hearing. The position of the electrode and the place of frequency information within the cochlea were shown to be important factors in the success of such a device.
Renal Localization and Persistence of Type 12 Streptococcal M-Protein.∗

Summary The findings of Kaplan with regard to the renal localization of Type 12 streptococcal M-protein have been confirmed and extended. It has been shown that this property is not the result of denaturation during preparation. The significance of these findings in regard to hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of acute nephritis is briefly discussed.
The effect of size dependent mortality on colour morphs in male adders, Vipera berus

From 1983 to 1986 we studied, by capture-mark-recapture, male adders in a population on Hallands Vadero, an island in the Kattegat sea. About 50% of the males were melanistic. The mean length of the melanistic males was higher than of the normally coloured males suggesting a faster growth rate of the former. Most large males captured in spring 1985 were emaciated, most likely a result of shortage of prey in 1984. Between 1985-86 the population size decreased by half, and between these years the recaptured males were significantly smaller than those not recaptured, which indicates that the larger males suffered a higher mortality in 1985. We therefore propose that temporal variation in prey abundance could be an important factor in determining the frequency of melanism in adder populations.
Environmental Effects on the Relationship Between the Quantum Yields of Carbon Assimilation and in vivo PsII Electron Transport in Maize

The partitioning of light energy absorbed by photosystem (PS) II in the C4 species maize was investigated under various photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD), temperatures, and intercellular CO2 concentrations. The relationship between the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (¦e) and the quantum yield of CO2 assimilation (ΦCO2) was generally found to be linear, with similar slopes. This indicates that PSII electron transport is tightly coupled to CO2 assimilation such that measurements of ¦e may be used to estimate photosynthetic rates in maize. Coefficients of quenching of PSII chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that, under excessive PPFD or when CO2 assimilation was decreased due to suboptimal or supraoptimal temperature or low Ci, the energy in excess of that needed to drive the reduced rate of PSII electron transport was dissipated via a mechanism known to be correlated to the trans-thylakoid proton gradient (high energy quenching, qE) and a mechanism believed to arise in the PSII antenna chlorophyll (qN(slow)). At suboptimal temperature the energy dissipation was principally at the antenna level and qE was low, while at supraoptimal temperature the reverse was true. The results are discussed relative to coupling of PSII activity to CO2 fixation and mechanisms of energy dissipation in this C4 species.
Measurement-induced improvement in anxiety : Mean shifts with repeated assessment

Some personality test scores improve on retest. Three studies investigated the role of meaning change in producing this phenomenon. In Study 1 multiple versions of a Manifest Anxiety Scale were administered, with counterbalanced item orders. It was found that measurement-induced improvement (a) occurred within a test as well as between test and retest, (b) was unaffected by participants' anxiety scores, and (c) occurred even when the retest contained different items than the first test. Studies 2 and 3 found that as respondents experience more of a test, they are better able to discern its meaning and to use that meaning to interpret an item. These findings indicate that mean shifts in answers from test to retest also occur within a test along with context-induced shifts in meaning.
Effects of Climate Change on Birds

Review of Effects of Climate Change on Birds. —Anders Pape Moller, Wolfgang Fieldler, and Peter Berthold, editors. 2010. Oxford University Press, New York. 321 pp. + 9 color plates. ISBN-978-0-19-956975-5. $117.00 (hard cover).
THTLE: EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS EXTRACT ON SEX HORMONES IN MALE RATS AFTER TREATMENT WITH CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE

Introduction: Cyclophosphamide is an anti-cancer medication used in chemotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Tribulus terrestris on sexual hormones in male rats after treatment with cyclophosphamide. Material and Method: In this experimental study, 56 male rats weighing 200-220 g and aged 10-12 weeks were randomly divided into control, sham control and experimental groups. Experimental group 1 received daily cyclophosphamide 5 mg/kg of body weight intraperitoneally and experimental groups 2 and 3 received daily 20 and 40 mg/kg of body weight Tribulus terrestris extract orally, respectively, and experimental groups 4 and 5 received cyclophosphamide and Tribulus terrestris extract. After eight weeks, sexual hormones were measured and the data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone in a group that had received cyclophosphamide decreased compared to the control group, but they significantly increased in experimental groups 2 and 3 that had received Tribulus terrestris extract compared to the control group. The serum levels of these hormones in experimental groups 4 and 5 that had received cyclophosphamide and Tribulus terrestris extract increased compared to cyclophosphamide group. Conclusion: Tribulus terrestris extract lowered complications of cyclophosphamide on sex hormone producing cells. This effect can be attributed to the antioxidant property of Tribulus terrestris.
Validation of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder ClO measurements

This paper describes the validation of ozone data from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). The MLS ozone retrievals are obtained from the calibrated microwave radiances (emission spectra) in two separate bands, at frequencies near 205 and 183 GHz. Analyses described here focus on the MLS Version 3 data (the first set of files made publicly available). We describe results of simulations performed to assess the quality of the retrieval algorithms, in terms of both mixing ratio and radiance closure. From actual MLS observations, the 205-GHz ozone retrievals give better closure (smaller radiance residuals) than that from the 183-GHz measurements and should be considered more accurate from the calibration aspects. However, the 183-GHz data are less noise limited in the mesosphere and can provide the most useful scientific results in that region. We compare the retrieved 205-GHz ozone profiles in the middle-to lower stratosphere to ozonesonde measurements at a wide range of latitudes and seasons. Ground-based lidar data from Table Mountain, California, provide a good reference for comparisons at higher altitudes. Based on these analyses, comparisons with balloon-borne measurements and others, as well as a detailed budget of estimated uncertainties, MLS results appear to be generally of high quality, with some biases worth mentioning. Results for the lowermost stratosphere (∼50 to 100 hPa) are still in need of improvement. A set of estimated precision and accuracy values is derived for the MLS ozone data sets. We also comment on recent updates in the retrieval algorithms and their impact on ozone values.
VALORES BIOQUÍMICOS SÉRICOS DE TILAPIA DEL NILO (Oreochromis niloticus) EN CULTIVO INTENSIVO SERUM BIOCHEMICAL VALUES F OR NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) CULTURED UNDER AN INTENSIVE SYSTEM

The aim of the study was to evaluate the serum biochemical parameters of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Thai Chitralada lineage, raised under an intensive pisciculture system and captured by the cast net technique. Blood samples from 40 individuals were obtained by caudal venopuncture. Mean body weight was 453 ± 52 g. The serum biochemical parameters evaluated were total protein, albumin, globulins, acid uric, creatinine, urea, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, Ca/P ratio, alkaline phosphatase, and magnesium. In general, the data showed similar parameters in comparison to those established for scale fish, exception of the acid uric.
Some Relationships of Quail and Ground Squirrels in Califorina

Rodents of various genera have been known to destroy the eggs of groundnesting birds. The valley quail (Lophortyx californica vallicola) in California is a victim, though the extent to which its eggs are preyed upon by various species of rodents has not been accurately determined. The California digger squirrel, or Beechey ground squirrel (Citellus beecheyi beecheyi) and its close relative, the Douglas ground squirrel (Citellus beecheyi douglasii), are suspected of eating enough eggs to actually hold down the population of quail on areas where these squirrels are numerous. The following observations over a period of years strongly indicate this possibility and show the need for careful, detailed field study of the question. During July 1922 a valley quail nest near Amity, Yamhill County, Oregon was robbed when it contained six eggs. The shell fragments were found about a squirrel mound thirty yards away. During the 1932 and 1933 quail nesting seasons, on the Fifield Ranch of the Quinto Land and Cattle Co., in southeastern Santa Clara County, California, seven quail nests from which all eggs had been taken were found, but it was not possible to determine what had robbed the nest. A few squirrels were living close by. During May 1935, on this same ranch, a quail nest, kept under observation, remained intact until nine eggs had been laid. On May 11 it was found to have been robbed. Shell fragments of quail eggs were found at a rock outcropping in a Beechey ground squirrel colony close by. One egg was found in a surface cache made by the squirrels. So far as could be determined from shell fragments, four eggs had been eaten. Again, on this same ranch, on May 12, 1935, a Beechey ground squirrel was observed robbing a mourning dove nest in a blue oak tree on the same
Response of Breeding Florida Grasshopper and Bachman's Sparrows to Winter Prescribed Burning

Populations of Florida grasshopper (Ammodramus savannarum floridanus) and Bachman's sparrows (Aimophila aestivalis) are small and declining. Prescribed burning is the primary management tool used to maintain their grassland habitats, but the effects of this management practice on the breeding density and reproductive success of these populations are poorly understood. We conducted a 3-year spot-mapping study of 3 winter burn classes (0.5-yr, 1.5-yr, and 2.5-yr postfire) in native dry prairie on 2 sites in central Florida to determine the effects of fire management on breeding density and reproductive success of these 2 sparrows. Florida grasshopper sparrow densities were greater on recently burned plots (0.5 yr postburn: x = 4.0 ± 1 territories/10 ha (x ± SE); 1.5 yr postburn x = 3.4 ± 0.8 territories/10 ha) than on plots that had not been burned in 2.5 years (x = 1.8 ± 0.8 territories/10 ha). Grasshopper sparrow reproductive success was also higher in recently burned plots (0.5 yr postburn; x = 1.6 successful territories/plot) than in 2.5-year burn plots (x = 0.6 successful territories/plot). In contrast, Bachman sparrow breeding densities and reproductive success were not affected by fire management rotation. Our results indicate that a fire rotation of ≤3 years is necessary to maintain suitable breeding habitat for Florida grasshopper sparrows but does not appear to negatively affect breeding Bachman's sparrows.
Meningitis.

Viral meningitis is more common and usually more benign than bacterial meningitis but all cases of suspected meningitis should be managed as though having bacterial meningitis, until proven otherwise. Meningococcal disease is the leading infectious cause of death in early childhood. It presents as bacterial meningitis (15% of cases), septicaemia (25% of cases), or as a combination of the two presentations (60% of cases). [2]See also separate article Sepsis (Septicaemia).
Letters to the Editor

SIR-In his Opinion paper entitled ‘Badgers and bovine T B : a reappraisal of ‘VL/NVL’ infectious cattle,’ Hancox (1996) draws attention to the recent increase in the number of outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis in the UK and to the difficulty, in many cases, of determining the source of infection. In addition to spread of infection from cattle, whether or not they are visibly lesioned, and wildlife, notably badgers, there is a third well-documented reservoir and source of infection ; namely, Homo sapiens. Human tuberculosis, whether due to the human or bovine tubercle bacillus, is a very chronic and biphasic disease, with primary and post-primary forms usually separated by a lengthy latent phase. Most primary lesions are self-healing but reactivation of disease occurs years or decades later in about 5% of those infected. Although primary tuberculosis due to cattle-to-human infection in the UK has been exceedingly rare since the completion of the bovine tuberculosis eradication programme in 1960, reactivation tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis is still encountered. Between 1977 and 1992, strains of Myco. bovis from 260 patients were submitted to the South-East England Regional Tuberculosis Laboratory, representing 1.1% of all bacteriologically proven cases of human tuberculosis in that region (Grange and Yates 1994). The great majority of these patients had British names and were born before 1960, suggesting that they represented reactivation of old infections acquired from tuberculous cattle, either by the direct aerogenous route or (more likely in town dwellers) by consumption of infected milk. The lung was involved in about half the cases and the urinary tract in a further quarter. Thus, human beings are, potentially, a source of infection to cattle in this country. There have been several well-documented instances of cattle being infected by humans in the UK and other European countries. Huitema (1969) reviewed 50 such cases and in 24 of these, the source case had genito-urinary tuberculosis and had infected the animals by urinating on the hay (a common practice, said to add salt to the animals’ diet! ). In the German state of Hessen, in which bovine tuberculosis eradication was completed in 1961, there were 12 reported instances of tuberculous humans infecting herds, with a total of 114 animals in 16 herds being infected, between 1968 and 1972. Nine of the 12 source cases had genito-urinary tuberculosis and one of these infected 48 animals in four different herds (Schliesser 1974). In the same state, over the
Studies on feeding stimulants for jack mackerel - I. Identification of feeding stimulant for jack mackerel in its muscle extract.

The present investigation was conducted to identify the feeding stimulants for jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus by a bioassay method using the synthetic extract, based upon analysis of jack mackerel muscle. The purified casein basal diet flavored with the synthetic extract was readily ingested by the jack mackerel, but the unflavored diet was not ingested at all. By a series of omission tests with the synthetic extract, the nucleotides group was most stimulatory in the three major groups (amino acids, nucleotides, and other bases) examined. Of the nucleotides examined, only inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP) was highly stimulatory, but its activity was interfered with the presence of inosine, adenosine-5'-diphosphate or creatine. From these results, we concluded that IMP is the most effective feeding stimulant for jack mackerel in its muscle extract.
Structural and functional characterization of the Fujinami sarcoma virus transforming protein

The phosphorylation of the Fujinami sarcoma virus transforming protein (FSV P 1 4 0 g a g f p s ) is complex, reversible and affects i ts tyrosine specific protein kinase activity and transforming function. The sites of phosphorylation within FSV pi40 g a S~ f P s have been localized to various regions of the protein using partial proteolysis. The two major phosphotyrosine residues and a major phosphoserine residue are located in the C-terminal portion of the fps region, which contains the kinase active domain. A comparative tryptic phosphopeptide analysis of the gag-fps proteins of three FSV variants shows that the phosphotyrosine containing peptides have similar