Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chapter 2 Basics of Ultrathin Metal Films and Their Use as Transparent Electrodes 2 . 1 Definition of Ultrathin Metal Films

The beginning of ‘‘Thin Film Science’’ can possibly be traced back to the observation of Grove [1] in 1852 who noted that metal films are formed by sputtering of cathodes with high energy positive ions. Since then it has come a long way and today it has become a fully-fledged academic discipline which has led to many industrial and household products. There is a phenomenal rise in thin metal films research, like their counterpart dielectric films, due to their extensive applications in electronics, optics, aviation, space science, defence and several other industries [2, 3]. These investigations have led to numerous inventions in the form of active devices and passive components such as piezo-electric devices, sensor elements, storage of solar energy and its conversion to other forms, reflecting and anti-reflecting coatings and many others. Furthermore, due to compactness, better performance and reliability coupled with low cost production, thin film devices and components are preferred over their bulk counterparts [4, 5]. Metal film properties are sensitive not only to their structures but also to many other parameters, including the process by which they are made, deposition conditions, substrates onto which they are deposited and most crucially on their thickness [6–8]. Basic research on thin metal films is generally limited to certain ranges of thickness, typically between a few Angstroms (Å) to about 10,000 Å depending on the properties under investigation. Mathematically, thin films are defined as a homogeneous solid material contained between two parallel planes and extended infinitely in two directions (x, y) but restricted along the third direction (z), which is perpendicular to the x–y plane. The dimension along the z-direction is known as the film thickness. Within the definition of thin films they can be classified according to their thickness as (i) ultrathin, (ii) thin, and (iii) comparatively thicker ones, the last one generally greater than 1000 Å. The first category has thickness in the range of few Å to 100 Å while the second category falls in the regime of 100–1000 Å. UTMFs (B10 nm) find their applications in areas such as magnetic sensors, recording materials, electro-optic and novel
Prospective Payment for CHAMPUS Exempt Services: An Analysis of Children's Hospitals, Substance Abuse Services, and Psychiatric Services

Abstract : In October 1987, the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS) implemented a prospective payment system for covered hospital services, based on diagnosis-related groups (DRGs). CHAMPUS exempted several categories of hospital services from its DRG payment system, including children's hospitals, substance-abuse services, and psychiatric alternatives for extending prospective payment to these services. The study also included an analysis of payment for neonatal services, the results of which will be published in a separate report. The results should be of interest to those conducting research or making policy decisions related to prospective payment systems. The research was initiated in 1987 and was completed in 1989.
Content Recommendation Systems : A Comparison of User-Based and Item-Based Approaches

As databases and server warehouse technologies continue to become more powerful and sophisticated, enormous quantities of data are being stored about users of mobile and web services and their interactions with these platforms. These vast stores of user data can be used to construct recommendation systems that can help connect users to other content that may be useful or interesting to them. Collaborative filtering algorithms provide the backbone for the current state of the art in recommendation systems. Collaborative filtering requires users to express some ratings or preferences on a subset of the available content, and computes recommendations using this data. In this paper, I explore and analyze the Yelp Dataset Challenge dataset, which contains data about users, reviews, and businesses and their characteristics. Using my findings about the structure of the data and statistical measures of the data, I construct two classes of collaborative filtering recommendation systems: user-based systems and item-based systems. By dividing the businesses from each user’s reviews into a training set and test set, I train recommendation systems, generate recommendations, and test their accuracy against content users have already expressed an interest in. The structure of the project lends itself well to dividing development between three main components: the database builder, the analysis engine, and recommendation engine. The system was built using Python 2.7 and the scientific computing modules NumPy and Matplotlib. The software is cross-platform and works both on Windows and Unix-based operating systems. After giving an overview of the system, I propose future directions to build on this work.
Stress suppresses and learning induces plasticity in CA 3 of rat hippocampus : a three-dimensional ultrastructural study of thorny excrescences and their postsynaptic densities Journal Item

Chronic stress and spatial training have been proposed to affect hippocampal structure and function in opposite ways. Previous morphological studies that addressed structural changes after chronic restraint stress and spatial training were based on two-dimensional morphometry which does not allow a complete morphometric characterisation of synaptic features. Here, for the first time in such studies, we examined these issues by using three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions of electron microscope images taken from thorny excrescences of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells. Ultrastructural alterations in postsynaptic densities (PSDs) of thorny excrescences receiving input from mossy fibre boutons were also determined, as were changes in numbers of multivesicular bodies (endosome-like structures) within thorny excrescences and dendrites. Quantitative 3-D data demonstrated retraction of thorny excrescences after chronic restraint stress which was reversed after water maze training, whilst water maze training alone increased thorny excrescence volume and number of thorns per thorny excrescence. PSD surface area was unaffected by restraint stress but water maze training increased both number and area of PSDs per thorny excrescence. In restrained rats that were water maze trained PSD volume and surface area increased significantly. The proportion of perforated PSDs almost doubled after water maze training and restraint stress. Numbers of endosome-like structures in thorny excrescences decreased after restraint stress and increased after water maze training. These findings demonstrate that circuits involving contacts between mossy fibre terminals and CA3 pyramidal cells at stratum lucidum level are affected conversely by water maze training and chronic stress, confirming the remarkable plasticity of CA3 dendrites. They provide a clear illustration of the structural modifications that occur after life experiences noted for their different impact on hippocampal function. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO.
The impact of specialized training for teachers of the deaf to facilitate listening and spoken language skills of children who are deaf or hard of hearing in underdeveloped countries

Hearing loss is the most common congenital disorder in newborns. Children with insufficient access to sound are at considerable risk for speech, language, and academic delays. This pilot study evaluated vocabulary gains over a 5-month period when children with hearing loss in South Vietnam were taught by teachers of the deaf who had participated in a specialized training program provided by the Global Foundation For Children With Hearing Loss to learn effective teaching strategies to promote listening and spoken language development. Results were compared to vocabulary gains of children whose teachers had not participated in the Global Foundation’s program. Results of this pilot study demonstrated that children with hearing loss achieve better outcomes when they receive services from well-trained professionals who have the specialized skills and expertise to effectively implement listening and spoken language strategies to optimize language development and educational achievement. The importance of establishing strong infrastructure to support newborn hearing screening, use of advanced hearing technology, and appropriate and intensive early intervention services are also discussed.
Reactive oxygen species and anthocyanin are involved in plant response to wounding as part of insect feeding – the case of the somatic hybrids Solanum tuberosum + Solanum chacoense

The cultivated potato ranks third in agricultural crop production on global scale. Being the target of attacks by various insects it requires increased attention and protection as well as breeding for resistance. Meanwhile the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, CPB) has become the biggest enemy of the cultivated potato worldwide. An alternative method of controlling the growth of CPB population would be the use of resistant potato varieties. One of the most effective sources of host-resistance mechanisms is the wild Solanum chacoense. Somatic hybridization via protoplast fusion made it possible the introgression of valuable traits from S. chacoense into cultivated potato. Adequate responses to biotic stresses are crucial for plant survival. The formation of reactive oxygen species during microbial infection is a well-known process but their role against herbivore attacks is still not outlined. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration in plants is controlled by different antioxidative mechanisms in order to maintain the normal function of cells. The aim of our study was to determine the role of ROS signaling as defense response induced by mechanical wounding in potato somatic hybrids. The correlation between CPB resistance and H2O2 accumulation rate were determined, as well. Also the role of anthocyanin as a ROS scavenger was established. Based on our results we conclude that H2O2 accumulation highly influences somatic hybrid response to insect herbivore attacks therefore this type of ROS plays an important role in plant defense mechanism against CPB. Hydrogen peroxide accumulation led to anthocyanin generation therefore anthocyanin plays a role as radical scavenger in potato somatic hybrids. This study is the first to point out the role of reactive oxygen species and anthocyanin biosynthesis in response to mechanical wounding in the somatic hybrids resistant or sensitive to Colorado potato beetle.
Justifying Recommendations using Distantly-Labeled Reviews and Fine-Grained Aspects

Several recent works have considered the problem of generating reviews (or ‘tips’) as a form of explanation as to why a recommendation might match a customer’s interests. While promising, we demonstrate that existing approaches struggle (in terms of both quality and content) to generate justifications that are relevant to users’ decision-making process. We seek to introduce new datasets and methods to address the recommendation justification task. In terms of data, we first propose an ‘extractive’ approach to identify review segments which justify users’ intentions; this approach is then used to distantly label massive review corpora and construct large-scale personalized recommendation justification datasets. In terms of generation, we are able to design two personalized generation models with this data: (1) a reference-based Seq2Seq model with aspect-planning which can generate justifications covering different aspects, and (2) an aspect-conditional masked language model which can generate diverse justifications based on templates extracted from justification histories. We conduct experiments on two real-world datasets which show that our model is capable of generating convincing and diverse justifications.
Dynamic Calibration between a Mobile Robot and SLAM Device for Navigation

In this paper, we propose a dynamic calibration between a mobile robot and a device using simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) technology, which we termed as the SLAM device, for a robot navigation system. The navigation framework assumes loose mounting of SLAM device for easy use and requires an online adjustment to remove localization errors. The online adjustment method dynamically corrects not only the calibration errors between the SLAM device and the part of the robot to which the device is attached but also the robot encoder errors by calibrating the whole body of the robot. The online adjustment assumes that the information of the external environment and shape information of the robot are consistent. In addition to the online adjustment, we also present an offline calibration between a robot and device. The offline calibration is motion-based and we clarify the most efficient method based on the number of degrees-of-freedom of the robot movement. Our method can be easily used for various types of robots with sufficiently precise localization for navigation. In the experiments, we confirm the parameters obtained via two types of offline calibration based on the degree of freedom of robot movement. We also validate the effectiveness of the online adjustment method by plotting localized position errors during a robots intense movement. Finally, we demonstrate the navigation using a SLAM device.
At the Intersection of L1 Congruence and L2 Exposure: Collocational Knowledge of Advanced Arab Users of English

The study is quantitative research, examining the effects of learning environment and native language (L1) on the collocational knowledge of advanced Arab users of English as a second language (ESL) (n=34) and foreign language (EFL) (n=33). The participants were university students who completed two collocation tests, containing verb-noun and noun-adjective congruent (collocations with L1-L2 translation equivalents) and incongruent (L2-specific) collocations. The results showed that the two groups markedly differed in their collocational knowledge (both productively and receptively), with the ESL participants performing significantly better than the EFL students. As to the effects of the native language, the results revealed that the ESL participants experienced noticeable effects of Arabic both receptively and productively with the influences being significantly stronger for the incongruent collocations (L2-only) than the congruent ones (L1-L2). Interestingly, the EFL participants showed less L1 effects in their production and perception of collocations. The findings suggested that both L1 congruence and second language (L2) exposure have an effect on the acquisition of English collocations. The findings are discussed in light of some pedagogical expectations and instructional recommendations that can improve advanced ESL and EFL Arab students’ collocational knowledge productively and receptively.
Social and Emotional Development across the Life Span

mastering them all. In addition, the training we provide students of developmental science militates against the acquisition and development of such integrative, life-span knowledge even today. Lecture classes or seminars typically deal with one phase of development, such as “emotional development in childhood” or “self and identity in adolescence. ” This focus implies that separate age phases constitute meaningful units for studying development. Moreover, most students (especially at the postgraduate level) are likely to study either child development or adult development and aging, giving them expertise regarding one phase of development but not of the entire life span. With this Handbook of Life-Span Development, we hope to begin breaking that pattern by commissioning thorough overviews of development in various functional domains across the entire life span. When conceptualizing this Handbook, we fi rst took seriously the idea that development is a lifelong phenomenon. To the extent permitted by the knowledge base within each substantive area of focus included in this volume, the contributors have documented how the processes of development— despite qualitative or quantitative discontinuities (as well, of course, as continuities in these dimensions)—begin in utero and extend across the entire ontogenetic span, ending only with death. Unfortunately, however, variations in the extent to There are numerous handbooks on various aspects of psychology, covering topics as diverse as emotion, motivation, or social psychology. Handbooks of psychology typically include a volume on development, and there also exist two age-defi ned handbooks about development, the Handbook of Child Psychology, the sixth edition of which was edited by William Damon and Richard M. Lerner (2006), and the Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, the third edition of which was edited by Richard M. Lerner and Laurence Steinberg (2009). Although some of the fi nest chapters on life-span development were published in these handbooks, there was no high-level reference work reviewing theory and data about all aspects of psychology across the entire life span until the publication of the present Handbook. Our efforts to commission and edit the current volume were predicated on the assumption that a complete and satisfying understanding of any area of functioning requires adoption of a life-span perspective. Most research and theory in developmental psychology is still clearly concerned with specifi c phases of the life span. This specialization by researchers has a pragmatic rationale; to work across the full age spectrum would require so much technical and methodological expertise and an understanding of so many different, topic-specifi c paradigms that one laboratory would not be capable of
Why Unarmed Civilian Peacekeeping : Recent Historical Trends and Preliminary Research

Recent surveys have demonstrated that Canadians value Canada’s role as a peacekeeper and peacemaker in an international context. Additionally, research has demonstrated decreasing public support for Canada’s involvement in military combat interventions in other parts of the world. However, awareness and understanding of nonviolent alternatives appear to be lacking. This survey examines Canadian public’s awareness and understanding of unarmed civilian peacekeeping as an alternative to sending armed troops, and whether the public would support Canada in utilizing unarmed civilian peacekeepers (focusing on mediation, negotiation, relationship and peacebuilding activities) as part of its response to violent global conflicts. The results reveal that Canadians believe unarmed civilian peacekeeping would be more effective in tasks such as reducing human rights abuses, preventing further armed conflict and promoting lasting peace. Respondents also believe the practice would benefit Canada’s reputation as a peacemaker and leader. This paper concludes with recommendations for proponents and advocates of the incorporation of unarmed civilian peacekeeping into the official policy of the Canadian government.
ISPY : A System to Identify Misbehaving Routers in the Internet Using Secret Tester Nodes

Recent events have sparked a renewed interest in securing our nation’s infrastructure. A key component of this infrastructure is the Internet. Today, the Internet plays an important role in many sectors of the economy, from banking and finance to intelligence and defense. Initially constructed for scientists sharing unclassified research, the Internet was not designed with security in mind. However, with the globalization and commercialization of the Internet, it can no longer be assumed that all agents participating in the Internet are trustworthy. In considering potential attacks on the Internet, one of the most attractive targets is the router. Routers are responsible for properly forwarding all data that flows through the Internet. If a malicious agent can gain control of a router, he can cause significant damage by disrupting data flow and communication. In order to prevent this potential for interference, the objective of this project is to study methods of identifying misbehaving routers in a wired network such as the Internet. We present a system called ISPY that is capable of detecting routers that maliciously drop packets. ISPY involves two components: a set of secret tester nodes scattered throughout the Internet and a distribution center that responds to queries for the address of a single secret tester node. In this paper we also analyze the ISPY architecture to determine the optimal number and placement of secret tester nodes. We argue that with ISPY, it is significantly more difficult for a misbehaving router to evade detection. Additionally, we show that ISPY is not burdened with the prohibitive state requirements of previous approaches.
Solution-focused therapy : theory, research & practice

The Solution-Focused Therapy Model: The First Session, Part 1 The Solution-Focused Therapy Model: Part II Case Study Ethical Issues in Therapy The Historical Roots of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy The Research and Evidence Base for Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Applying Solution-Focused Brief Therapy within Mental Health Services Solution-Focused Approaches to Severe Mental Illness Solution-Focused Approaches in the Workplace Future Directions in Solution-Focused Therapy
OF A TADPOLE COMMUNITY BY A MULTI-HOST FUNGAL PATHOGEN WITH LIMITED EVIDENCE OF RECOVERY Running title : Community disassembly by pathogen

This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1002/eap.1443 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserve Received Date: 15-Apr-2016 Revised Date: 28-Jul-2016 Accepted Date: 24-Aug-2016 Article Type: Articles Final version received:19 September 2016
INFLUENCE OF SUN AND SHADE ON THE GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF VITIS VINIFERA L. (GRAPES) UNDER SEMIARID ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

The main objective of this study was to analyse the shade effect on development, productivity and excellence of grape fruits (Kishmishi seedless). To attain this, three sun (AM sun, PM sun, Full sun) treatments was linked with those plants growing in three shade treatments (50% shade, 80% shade and 100% shade). Different physical, chemical, ecological and quality factors were evaluated under six diverse treatments. Results showed that 50% shade plant stimulated differences in physiological attributes such as enhanced photosynthesis and augmented leaf area index (LAI), resultant in improved performance than conceivable in direct sun light. Accordingly, grape plants grown under 50% shade produced greater quantity (number) of fruits for example 10,350 individual fruits/plant and greater fruit weights (49 and 12 g fresh and dry weight/fruit respectively) with better fruits quality, than those grown in direct sun light or in 80% and 100% shade. Moreover, 50% shade plants had greater biochemical (nutritional, minerals and vitamin contents) and physiological attribute improvement i.e. greater fruit weight and fruit length which would benefit grower to uphold great grapes yields in long term. Fruit quality assessment (FQA) was calculated and evaluation classes indicated that the 50% shade plant score highest grade point (5) and stood in very good class, followed by AM and PM sun with grade point 3.0 and categorized in moderate class. Other three treated plants (Full sun, 80 and 100% shade) score 2.0 and 1.0 grade points and classified into poor and very poor classes, respectively.