Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inflation and the Informativeness of Prices

This paper studies the welfare effects of the relative price variability arising from inflation. When agents interact in anonymous markets, with customers buying from new suppliers each period, relative price variability benefits customers and cannot harm suppliers substantially. But if customers and suppliers form long-term relationships, prices have an informational role: a potential customer uses current prices as signals of future prices. Inflation reduces the informativeness of current prices, causing customers to make costly mistakes about which relationships to enter. In addition, the reduced informativeness of prices makes demand less price-elastic, thereby increasing markups. Both effects can be quantitatively significant at moderate inflation rates.
Dynamic 3 DCT Angiography

M. Matsumoto N. Kodama Y. Endo J. Sakuma Ky. Suzuki T. Sasaki K. Murakami Ke. Suzuki T. Katakura F. Shishido BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: 3D-CT angiography (3D-CTA), a vessel-cast technique, is useful in the diagnosis of patients with brain lesions and cerebrovascular disease. However, it provides no information on blood-flow dynamics. Therefore, we developed a new technique, dynamic 3D-CTA (d3DCTA), that yields 3D images of the vasculature and allows assessment of the hemodynamics and of the cerebral perfusion.
A role for magnesium in the regulation of ruminal sodium transport

The ruminal epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium that has evolved to display functions essential for the unique ability of cows and sheep to ferment dietary components like carbohydrates and protein, and to selectively absorb nutrients and minerals for the production of milk. A characteristic property of this tissue is its pronounced ability to transport magnesium against an electrochemical gradient. Absorption of magnesium is reduced by dietary elevation of ruminal potassium, leading to hypomagnesaemia that can reach clinical significance. Studies of the intact tissue and of isolated cells suggest that cellular magnesium uptake is decreased by apical depolarization of the ruminal membrane, resulting in both a lower cytosolic concentration and transepithelial transport of the element. Another characteristic feature of this unusual epithelium is the expression of a sodium-conducting channel with functional properties that are clearly distinct from the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) found in most mammalian epithelia. Thus, it has not been possible to demonstrate direct regulation of ruminal sodium transport by aldosterone, and the effects of amiloride are clearly limited to an inhibition of the sodium proton exchanger (NHE3) expressed by this tissue. Studies at the level of the animal and the tissue suggest that sodium conductance is enhanced by depolarization of the apical membrane. Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that ruminal epithelial cells express non-selective cation channels in the apical membrane that are regulated by changes in cytosolic magnesium. We propose that the reduction in ruminal magnesium uptake observed after ingestion of high potassium fodder may be related to a role for magnesium in a signaling cascade that leads to an increase in the permeability of this non-selective cation channel for sodium, thus enhancing absorption of this ion from the rumen and restoring ruminal osmolarity, while contributing to the retention of potassium. ∗ Corresponding Author: Friederike Stumpff, M.D., Department of Veterinary Physiology, Free University of Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany (0049 30 838 62595 (Office); 0049 30 838 62610 (Fax); E-Mail Address: stumpff@zedat.fu-berlin.de Friederike Stumpff and Holger Martens 2
Web indicators for research evaluation. Part 3: books and non standard outputs

This literature review describes web indicators for the impact of books, software, datasets, videos and other non-standard academic outputs. Although journal articles dominate academic research in the health and natural sciences, other types of outputs can make equally valuable contributions to scholarship and are more common in other fields. It is not always possible to get useful citation-based impact indicators for these due to their absence from, or incomplete coverage in, traditional citation indexes. In this context, the web is particularly valuable as a potential source of impact indicators for non-standard academic outputs. The main focus in this review is on books because of the much greater amount of relevant research for them and because they are regarded as particularly valuable in the arts and humanities and in some areas of the social sciences.
TRPA 1 and reflex regulation of sympathetic nerve activity 17 18 Contact information : 19

American Journal of Physiology Heart Circulatory Physiology 1 2 Title: 3 Transient receptor potential A1 channel (TRPA1) contributes to activation of the muscle reflex 4 5 Authors: 6 Satoshi Koba; Shawn G. Hayes; Lawrence I. Sinoway 7 8 Affiliation: 9 Penn State Heart & Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Division of 10 Integrative Physiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine 11 12 Address: 13 500 University Dr, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; 86 Nichi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan 14 15 Running Head: 16 TRPA1 and reflex regulation of sympathetic nerve activity 17 18 Contact information: 19 Satoshi Koba, PhD 20 Division of Integrative Physiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine 21 81-859-38-6033 (Tel) / 81-859-38-6030 (Fax) 22 skoba@med.tottori-u.ac. jp 23 24 Articles in PresS. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol (November 12, 2010). doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00547. 2009
Fibrous Network of the Lung and its Change with Age 1

Theremarkable elastic behaviour of thelung entails bothcontinuous tissue stress anda cyclic stress produced by thefluctuating difference between intrathoracic andintra-alveolar pressures throughout theentire spanoflife. Inspite ofthese potentially disruptive forces, lungstructure ispreserved bythefibrous connective-tissue proteinscollagen, elastin, andreticulin. Theseextracellular proteins arecharacterized bytheirinsolubility, resistance todestruction, andhightensile strength. Collagen andelastin bothexhibit elastic behaviour, butgreat extensibility isaproperty only ofelastin. Themostreasonable assumption isthattheelastic fibres, therefore, areprincipally responsible forthe elastic behaviour ofthelungtissue, butsureproof islacking. Recently, Carton, Dainauskas, Tews,andHass (1960) andWright (1961) havedescribed thenature ofthenetwork ofelastic tissue inthelung. We soughtto describe more fully therolesof collagenous andelastic fibres intheterminal air spaces ofthelung, andthustheir respective contributions totissue elasticity andthegeneral elastic performance ofthelung. Asthestudy developed, itseemedimportant tomeasure theamountsof collagen andelastin inthelungparenchyma and pleura. Thesefindings havebeencorrelated with theageofthesubjects andinterpreted according toknowledge abouttissue elasticity. METHODS
Geographic Information Systems for the Plant Sciences

geography have been intertwined as far back as circa 300 BCE when the Greek scholar Theophrastus, frequently referred to as the “Father of Botany,” described the habitat and geographical distribution of plants in his first work on the subject titled Enquiry into Plants (Historia Plantarum). It wasn’t until the sixteenth century and the establishment of the world’s first botanical garden in Padua, Italy, that the leading icon of modern geography, the map, found its permanent place in the plant sciences by documenting the locations of woody plants in the garden for identification purposes. Today, location—the unifying theme of geography—has taken on an even more important role in the plant sciences where it is considered an essential attribute to record, and variable to consider, for the study of plants in fields ranging from agriculture to ecology. In the digital age that we live in, the cataloging of plants and the analysis of the influence that location plays on the growth and distribution of them is increasingly performed using geographic information systems (GIS). GIS is commonly defined as a system of personnel, computer hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS merges the visual aspects of a map with the analytical power of a database, and allows plant scientists to view, question, understand, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and Geographic Information Systems for the Plant Sciences
Why Nutritional Knowledge May Not Influence Dietary Behaviour

Despite the increasing reliance on nutritional knowledge by health campaigns, research investigating its correlation with dietary behaviour continues to generate conflicting findings. The reason for this variation may not be sufficiently explainable by sociodemographic differences between study subjects. Instead, it has largely arisen due to limited understanding and poor application of the subject- nutritional knowledge with regards to its domains, forms and level.
Investeren in infrastructuur

• A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
Mutual antagonism between the metabolic-stress sensor AMPK and the proteotoxic-stress sensor HSF 1

Thank you for submitting your manuscript for our editorial consideration, and please excuse the fact that it has taken longer than usual to evaluate it. We have now received reports from four expert referees, which you will find copied below for your information. Given that the referees acknowledge the potential interest and importance of this comprehensive study, we would in principle be happy to consider a revised version further for publication.
Le développement des conceptualisations sur l’écrit chez le jeune enfant

L’etude scientifique des modalites d’entree dans l’ecrit a ete renouvelee depuis deux decennies. Les recherches en psycholinguistique genetique, apres avoir decrit les paliers d’entree dans l’ecrit, analysent a present les formes de passage d’un palier a l’autre et les moyens de faciliter ces passages. L’article fait le point sur ces travaux, en montre les implications theoriques et methodologiques et en situe l’impact.
Thermo-chemical and thermo-physical properties of the high-pressure phase anhydrous B (Mg14Si5O24): An ab-initio all-electron investigation

Abstract Using the hybrid B3LYP density functional method, we computed the ab-initio thermo-chemical and -physical properties of the mineral anhydrous B (Anh-B), which has been recently suggested as a potential phase responsible for the X-discontinuity in the Earth’s mantle at ~300 km depth through the reaction forsterite + periclase = Anh-B, and also to likely split the 410 km discontinuity within the interior of a cold slab through the reaction wadsleyite/ringwoodite = Anh-B + stishovite. We first conducted an investigation of the static properties through a symmetry-preserving relaxation procedure and then computed, on the equilibrium structure, harmonic vibrational modes at the longwavelength limit corresponding to the center of the Brillouin zone (k → 0). While optic modes are the eigenvectors of the Hessian matrix at Γ point, acoustic modes were obtained by solving the non-zero components of the strain matrix. Following the Kieffer model, acoustic branches were assumed to follow sine wave dispersion when traveling within the Brillouin zone. All thermodynamic properties that depend on vibrational frequencies namely, heat capacities, thermal expansion, thermal derivative of the bulk modulus, thermal correction to internal energy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, thermal pressure and Debye temperature, were computed on the basis of quasi-harmonic mode-gamma analysis of the volume effects on vibrational frequencies. Moreover, the strain tensor was used to calculate several thermo-physical properties of geophysical interest (transverse and longitudinal wave velocities, shear modulus, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio). The ab-initio results derived in this study and the available data on molar volumes were used to calculate the univariant equilibrium forsterite + periclase = Anh-B. The results are in satisfactory agreement with the reversed experimental data of Ganguly and Frost (2006).
B 1 Cannabinoid Receptor Modulates , 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Acute esponses and Reinforcement

ethods: Locomotion, body temperature, and anxiogenic-like responses were evaluated after acute MDMA administration in CB1 cannainoid receptor 1 knockout mice. Additionally, MDMA rewarding properties were investigated in the place conditioning and the intravenous elf-administration paradigms. Extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens were also analyzed after a single adminisration of MDMA by in vivo microdialysis.
Review on Eurycoma longifolia Pharmacological and Phytochemical Properties

Eurycoma longifolia or Tongkat Ali is famous for its aphrodisiac property and the traditional uses range from tonic after childbirth to treating malaria. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as quassinoids, alkaloids, squalene derivatives, tirucallane-type triterpenes and biphenylneolignans. Existing research revealed that plant has potential to treat various diseases and to replace the current treatment. Purpose of this article is to evaluate and summarize the existing literatures concerning phytochemical, biological and toxicological studies of E. longifolia. It is expected that critical evaluation will be useful for researchers working on
Modes of optical waveguides

A simple method is presented for finding the modes on those optical waveguides with a cladding refractive index that differs only slightly from the refractive index of the core. The method applies to waveguides of arbitrary refractive index profile, arbitrary number of propagating modes, and arbitrary cross section. The resulting modal fields and their progagation constants display the polarization properties of the waveguide contained within the ∇ ∊ term of the vector wave equation. Examples include modes on waveguides with circular symmetry and waveguides with two preferred axes of symmetry, e.g., an elliptical core. Only a minute amount of eccentricity is necessary for the well-known LP modes to be stable on an elliptical core, while the circle modes couple power among themselves.
A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present

Part I: Polity, Society and Economy in the Nineteenth Century:. 1. Changing Patterns of International Trade (1): Slave Trade and Legitimate Commerce in Atlantic Africa. 2. Changing Patterns of International Trade (2): the Slave and Ivory Trades of Eastern and Northeastern Africa. 3. Revolution, Colony and Frontier in Southern Africa. Part II: Africa and Islam in the Nineteenth Century:. 4. New Challenges in North Africa. 5. Islamic Revolution in West Africa. 6. The Spread of Islam in Eastern Africa. Part III: Africa and Europe in the Nineteenth Century:. 7. The Missionary Frontier. 8. Africa Explored. 9. Conquest and Partition: Prelude, Motive and Practice. Part IV: Consolidating Colonialisms:. 10. Colonial Rule: Aims and Impact. 11. Resistance and Adaptation. 12. Partition Complete: Africa in Global War (1). Part V: Colonial Apex:. 13: 'Pax colonia'? Economy and Society in the 1920s. 14. Depression, Protest and Identity. 15. The Edifice under Strain: Africa in Global War (2). Part VI: The Dissolution of Empire:. 16. Colonial Strategies: the Post-war World. 17. Nationalism and Identity. 18. Conflicts and Compromises: Processes of Decolonisation. Part VII: Legacy and Unfinished Business:. 19. Africa and the Cold War. 20. Quests for Stability: the Challenges of Independence. 21. Governance and Development: the Contemporary Age. Index
Zukünftige Themen der Innovations- und Technikanalyse : Lessons learned und ausgewählte Ergebnisse (KIT Scientific Reports ; 7668)

Dies ist der zweite und im Rahmen des BMBF-geforderten Projektes "ITA-Monitoring" letzte Band, in dem wir wieder konzeptionelle Erkenntnisse mit inhaltlichen Forschungsergebnissen kombinieren. Wir mochten hier den Fragen nachgehen, ob das gleichzeitige "Entdecken" relevanter und neuer Themen generell moglich ist und wie ein methodisches Design eines Forschungsprojekts aussehen musste, um diesem Anspruch gerecht zu werden. Im Weiteren stellen wir dann drei dieser "Entdeckungen" vor.
Molecules of Interest Stevioside

Stevioside is a natural sweetener extracted from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni. The literature about Stevia, the occurrence of its sweeteners, their biosynthetic pathway and toxicological aspects are discussed. Injection experiments or perfusion experiments of organs are considered as not relevant for the use of Stevia or stevioside as food, and therefore these studies are not included in this review. The metabolism of stevioside is discussed in relation with the possible formation of steviol. Di! erent mutagenicity studies as well as studies on carcinogenicity are discussed. Acute and subacute toxicity studies revealed a very low toxicity of Stevia and stevioside. Fertility and teratogenicity studies are discussed as well as the e! ects on the bio-availability of other nutrients in the diet. The conclusion is that Stevia and stevioside are safe when used as a sweetener. It is suited for both diabetics, and PKU patients, as well as for obese persons intending to lose weight by avoiding sugar supplements in the diet. No allergic reactions to it seem to exist. # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Foreclosing on Incarceration? State Correctional Policy Enactments and the Great Recession

The economic collapse of 2008 has forced states to reconsider their priorities in punishment and corrections. States have exhibited a wide range of responses to the fiscal crisis. Using data from the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), this article reviews briefly the types of correctional policies enacted by states in 2009. This research then evaluates quantitatively the relationships between state-level economic, political, and crime control conditions in 2009 and variable rates of state-level policy enactments in that same year that reduce reliance on incarceration. Findings from a cross-sectional negative binomial model suggest that three factors were associated with state enactments in 2009 that reduce reliance on incarceration: percentage of seats held by the Republican Party in state legislatures, amount of state revenue, and percentage of federal funds used for corrections expenditures.
Soberanía alimentaria: reflexiones a partir de diferentes sistemas alimentarios de Santa Cruz, Bolivia

La soberania alimentaria es una concepcion integral y sistemica de implementacion y analisis de las dinamicas productivo-alimentarias. Sus postulados se resumieron en diez parametros con los que se analizaron cualitativamente tres sistemas alimentarios del Departamento de Santa Cruz en Bolivia: agroindustrial, indigena y agroecologico. El sistema agroindustrial revelo las menores contribuciones a la soberania alimentaria, mientras que en el agroecologico, los aportes son mas claros y avanzados. A pesar de estas diferencias, el sistema agroindustrial es el mas dominante y expansivo, particularmente sobre el indigena. Los hallazgos levantan preguntas sobre los conflictos entre los sistemas alimentarios agroindustrial e indigena con la soberania alimentaria en las condiciones actuales.
On m-Primary Irreducible Ideals in F [ x , y ]

At the beginning of the last century F. S. Macaulay developed an elegant theory (see [4] Part IV) describing homogeneous ideals in polynomial rings. This theory makes the maximal-primary irriducible ideals I ⊂ Fýz1 , . , znü correspond to a single homogeneous inverse polynomial θI ∈ Fýz−1 1 , . , z−1 n ü. Macaulay’s theory has recently attracted attention in connection with problems arising in invariant theory and algebraic topology (see e.g., the introduction to [7] and the references cited there). In this note we show how given an inverse binary form θ ∈ Fýx−1, y−1ü one may explicitly write down generators of the corresponding maximal-primary irreducible ideal Iÿθþ⊂ Fýx, yü. As a bonus we obtain an elementary proof of the fact that such ideals are always generated by a regular sequence (see e.g., [13]).
TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE STRONGLY INTERACTING WITH THEIR CIRCUMSTELLAR MEDIUM

Owing to their utility for measurements of cosmic acceleration, Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are perhaps the best-studied class of SNe, yet the progenitor systems of these explosions largely remain a mystery. A rare subclass of SNe Ia shows evidence of strong interaction with their circumstellar medium (CSM), and in particular, a hydrogen-rich CSM; we refer to them as SNe Ia-CSM. In the first systematic search for such systems, we have identified 16 SNe Ia-CSM, and here we present new spectra of 13 of them. Six SNe Ia-CSM have been well studied previously, three were previously known but are analyzed in depth for the first time here, and seven are new discoveries from the Palomar Transient Factory. The spectra of all SNe Ia-CSM are dominated by Hα emission (with widths of ∼2000 km s−1) and exhibit large Hα/Hβ intensity ratios (perhaps due to collisional excitation of hydrogen via the SN ejecta overtaking slower-moving CSM shells); moreover, they have an almost complete lack of He i emission. They also show possible evidence of dust formation through a decrease in the red wing of Hα 75–100 days past maximum brightness, and nearly all SNe Ia-CSM exhibit strong Na i D absorption from the host galaxy. The absolute magnitudes (uncorrected for host-galaxy extinction) of SNe Ia-CSM are found to be −21.3 mag ⩽ MR ⩽ −19 mag, and they also seem to show ultraviolet emission at early times and strong infrared emission at late times (but no detected radio or X-ray emission). Finally, the host galaxies of SNe Ia-CSM are all late-type spirals similar to the Milky Way, or dwarf irregulars like the Large Magellanic Cloud, which implies that these objects come from a relatively young stellar population. This work represents the most detailed analysis of the SN Ia-CSM class to date.