Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic extraction of constraints in bi-manual tasks 5 2 Discovering primitive motion categories from unsegmented demonstrations

Performing daily tasks requires a robot to combine representations of individual actions to achieve the task goal. In this work we propose an approach for learning task specifications automatically, from observing human demonstrations. We hypothesize that task specifications consist in tasks variables that present a pattern of change that is invariant across demonstrations. We identify these specifications at different stages of task completion. Changes in task constraints allow us to identify transitions in the task description and to segment the into subtasks. We use a variance-based method for extracting task-space constraints, and identify: (1) the reference frame in which to express the task variables, (2) the variable of interest at each time step, position or force at the end effector; and (3) a factor that can modulate the contribution of force and position in a hybrid impedance controller. The approach was validated on a 7 DOFs Kuka arm, performing a kitchen task, grating vegetables. Generalization was shown with respect to transferring the control strategy to other vegetables and across grating positions. A quantitative evaluation was conducted.
Ambient Air Pollution and C igarette S moking : 2 Co-drivers of I ncreased B urden of Lung Cancer in 3 Europe 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Abstract: Background: Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide with 25% of deaths due to lung cancer occurring in Europe. This study therefore sought to assess the burden of lung cancer by country and to evaluate the magnitude of fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and cigarette smoking by country in Europe. Methods: An ecological study nested on the World Health Organization air pollution database 2016 was conducted. We sampled 30 European Countries, with a total of 1625 mean annual samples of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) collected from 1625 designated sites (n = 1625). We further used the ‘World Health Disease Rankings’ database to extract Lung Cancer Morbidity and Mortality Rate by country. We used SAS version 9.4 to indicate the distribution of PM2.5 and Lung Cancer Mortality Rate. Results: Lung cancer Relative Risk (RR) was 1.0 in all neversmokers. RR for Ex-smokers for Adeno carcinoma was 3.5 in males and 1.1 in females, small cell carcinoma was 16.2 in males and 3.8 in females. RR for current smokers for Adeno carcinoma was 8.0 in males and 4.1 in females, small cell carcinoma was 57.9 in males and 18.2 in females. Mean annual PM2.5 by country ranged from 6.01 to 37. 28μg/m3 whereas lung cancer mortality rate by country ranged from 19.67 to 54.26 deaths per 100,000 population. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking and exposure to both second hand smoke and high concentration of PM2.5 resulted into increased burden of lung cancer in Europe. Countries should re-strategize to reduce the burden of lung cancer in Europe.
Identity of Medical Ethics Curriculum Based On the Experiences of Medical Ethics Edu- cators, Qualitative Study

Modern medical ethics is considered as a multi-disciplinary knowledge and is seen as a part of medical school's curriculum nowadays. Identity of medical ethics curriculum is formed by the sub-structural contexts of this science as well as belief and value essentials of the society and we can’t codify medical ethics curriculum separated from belief, culture, value context and essentials of society. So, this study was performed for deeper and real recognition of existing ambiguities and challenges in the identity of medical ethics curriculum. This study is a qualitative research, which its data was gathered through making a semi-structural interview with 14 people of Tehran medical universities’ Medical Ethics instructors in 1389, analyzed by the “Mayring” context analysis approach. Results of this study indicate the lack of identity in medical ethics curriculum. Contents implicating on the lack of native and Islamic identity in medical ethics curriculum are mentioned as: 1. Secular medical ethics 2. Islamic ethics system 3. Medical ethics domain In fact the lost ring of medical ethics curriculum is lacking of an Islamic and native identity and because of this , the medical ethics topics placed in medical ethics curriculum without any specific base of teaching in this regard so, it seems we always face to confusion and going to promote the secular culture.
Influence of PCBs and dioxins on puberty; a review

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Design, development and testing of apparatus to study gas diffusion in nanochannels

A device focusing on measuring flow in the molecular flow regime through nanochannels is presented. The apparatus is based on pressure driven flow, which is important for microelectromechanical (MEMS), nanomechanical -electrical systems (NEMS) and a wide range of other applications. The device is tested in the slip flow regime, but also flow in the Knudsen regime in parallel nanochannels can be measured. Knudsen numbers at the inlet between 0.08 and 0.23 are tested experimentally in this paper and is compared with theory. In addition, the functionality for Kn >10 is also discussed, based on theoretical work. The setup had been tested for a channel with 362± 5μm diameter and a length of 2 mm validating its ability to measure a wide range of flow regimes in different kind of samples. Argon gas is used for measuring the flow through the microchannel.
PII: S0166-8641(01)00235-8

In this paper, we present some calculation of the Gromov–Witten invariants of S2 × T 2. Since the symplectic Gromov–Witten invariants in fact only depend on the deformation class of symplectic forms and we have shown in [10] that there is a unique deformation class onS2 ×T 2, we merely need to compute the Gromov–Witten invariants for some specific symplectic structure. We will actually pick some Kahler structures in the computation. Let (M,ω) be a symplecticS2 × T 2 and [S2] and [T 2] be the homology classes represented by S2 × pt andpt × T 2, respectively, and pair positively with the symplectic formω. Denote the homology class l[S2]+d[T 2] byAl,d and we simply writeA1,d asAd . Our first result is about the embedded genus one curves of the sequence of classes Al,1. More precisely, let us define N1(Al,1) as the number of embedded genus 1 curves in the classA1,d and passing through 2 l points.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF COMPLEXITY LEVEL OF THE TARIFFS ON TRADE OPENNES

States may need to intervene in international trade for economic, political and social reasons. In this study, the effects of tariffs on international trade were investigated by using statistical techniques. According to the test results, the average of trade openness for countries with medium and high tariff complexity is equal. On the other hand, for countries with low tariff complexity, the average of trade openness score is statistically higher than those with a commercially clear score of middle and high tariff complexity. As a result, it can be concluded that the level of complexity of tariffs adversely affects trade openness, which should be taken into account when designing international trade policy.
Study on the Problems and Countermeasures of Elderly Care System in China

China has already been in the middle of an aging society with growing demands for taking care of the old.Our imperfect elderly care system has induced a number of social problems,in order to enable the elderly groups to enjoy their elderly days with the help of our national policies,China's system for elderly care is in an urgent need of effective institutional innovations.We should learn from the experience of the international community to integrate various social resources and continuously carry out institutional innovations to cope with the population aging situations.
Degree Centrality and the Probability of an Infectious Disease Outbreak in Towns within a Region

Agent-based models can be used to help study the spread of infectious diseases within a population. As no individual town is in isolation, commuting patterns into and out of a town or city are a vital part of understanding the course of an outbreak within a town. Thus the centrality of a town in a network of towns, such as a county or an entire country, should be an important influence on an outbreak. We propose looking at the probability that an outbreak enters a given town in a region and comparing that probability to the centrality of the town. Our results show that as expected there is a relationship between centrality and outbreaks. Specifically, we found that the degree of centrality of a town affected the likelihood of an outbreak within the network spreading to the town. We also found that for towns where an outbreak begins the degree of centrality of the town affects how the outbreak spreads in the network.
b cell replication is the primary mechanism for maintaining postnatal b cell mass

The endocrine pancreas undergoes major remodeling during neonatal development when replication of differentiated b cells is the major mechanism by which b cell mass is regulated. The molecular mechanisms that govern the replication of terminally differentiated b cells are unclear. We show that during neonatal development, cyclin D2 expression in the endocrine pancreas coincides with the replication of endocrine cells and a massive increase in islet mass. Using cyclin D2–/– mice, we demonstrate that cyclin D2 is required for the replication of endocrine cells but is expendable for exocrine and ductal cell replication. As a result, 14-day-old cyclin D2–/– mice display dramatically smaller islets and a 4-fold reduction in b cell mass in comparison to their WT littermates. Consistent with these morphological findings, the cyclin D2–/– mice are glucose intolerant. These results suggest that cyclin D2 plays a key role in regulating the transition of b cells from quiescence to replication and may provide a target for the development of therapeutic strategies to induce expansion and/or regeneration of b cells. Article Metabolism
DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS IN VEHICLES USING AUGMENTED REALITY – BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES

The issues related to road safety and the complexity of the driving task present a continuously increasing burden for the driver. In order to support this task, the existing on-board systems in vehicles primarily display visual messages, forcing drivers to move their eyes from the road. This paper presents a survey of studies related to perception and cognitive attention of drivers when this information is presented on the windshield (Head-Up Displays). Past research has suggested that this technology is considered as a possible solution for reducing the time and frequency of drivers moving their eyes of traffic. However, this technology brings its own challenges that are discussed in this paper. Augmented Reality concept is also presented because this solution adds new challenges to the technology as the risk of occlusion of real objects that are relevant to the traffic as well as phenomena like perception tunneling and cognitive capture.
The Role of Nanofluids and Renewable Energy in the Development of Sustainable Desalination Systems: A Review

Desalination accounts for 1% of the total global water consumption and is an energy-intensive process, with the majority of operational expenses attributed to energy consumption. Moreover, at present, a significant portion of the power comes from traditional fossil-fuel-fired power plants and the greenhouse gas emissions associated with power production along with concentrated brine discharge from the process, pose a severe threat to the environment. Due to the dramatic impact of climate change, there is a major opportunity to develop sustainable desalination processes to combat the issues of brine discharge, greenhouse gas emissions along with a reduction in energy consumption per unit of freshwater produced. Nanotechnology can play a vital role to achieve specific energy consumption reduction as nanofluids application increases the overall heat transfer coefficient enabling the production of more water for the same size desalination plant. Furthermore, concentrated brine discharge harms the marine ecosystems, and hence, this problem must also be solved to support the objective of sustainable desalination. Several studies have been carried out in the past several years in the field of nanotechnology applications for desalination, brine treatment and the role of renewable energy in desalination. This paper aims to review the major advances in this field of nanotechnology for desalination. Furthermore, a hypothesis for developing an integrated solar thermal and nanofluid sustainable desalination system, based on the cyclic economy model, is proposed.
A general noncentral hypergeometric distribution

We construct a general noncentral hypergeometric distribution, which models biased sampling without replacement. Our distribution is constructed from the combined order statistics of two samples; one of independent and identically distributed random variables with absolutely continuous distribution F and the other of independent and identically distributed random variables with absolutely continuous distribution G . The distribution depends on F and G only through F ◦ G ( − 1) ( F composed with the quantile function of G ) and the standard hypergeometric distribution and Wallenius’ noncentral hypergeometric distribution arise as special cases. We show in eﬃcient economic markets the quantity traded has a general noncentral hypergeometric distribution.
Simulation of an Urban-Rural Spatial Structure on the Basis of Green Infrastructure Assessment: The Case of Harbin, China

Due to their long-term dual structures and rapid urbanization, cities and villages in developing countries are undergoing the challenges of urban-rural integration and ecological security. This study aims to determine the pattern of urban-rural spatial structures under the circumstances of ecological security in the future to promote the integrated, coordinated, green, and sustainable development of urban-rural spaces. Using a quantitative evaluation method, the logistic-CA model, the LCP (least cost path) model, and a classification of ecological importance, this study constructed an integrated simulation model based on a green infrastructure assessment and applied the model to simulate and predict the urban-rural spatial structure of the Harbin city territory (Harbin) in 2035. The results indicate that the urban-rural hierarchical scale structure of Harbin comprises a central city, sub-central city, central town, major town, common town, central village, and general village. The urban-rural traffic network structure forms a pattern of “radiation + grid”, with Harbin city at the center of the structure. The urban-rural land use zoning structure consists of eco-spaces, agricultural spaces, and construction spaces. It can be concluded that in 2035, the urban-rural spatial structure of Harbin will show an increasing development tendency, where single-center, medium, and small cities in will Harbin develop, and traffic systems above the county level will also improve.
Role of Triglycerides and HDL for Residual Risk in Patients with LDL Cholesterol at Goal

Aim: To determine whether high triglycerides and/or low HDL-cholesterol in the presence of controlled LDL-cholesterol is related with cardiovascular disease and incident of coronary heart disease. Methods: This study is a population-based case-control study with matching in gender and age; and was conducted in a university clinic. Cases had incident coronary heart disease, either acute myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome. Controls had diagnosis unrelated to coronary heart disease or other ischemic vascular disease. The cases and controls were patients who had LDLcholesterol <130 mg/dL. Results: Mean LDL-cholesterol was 91.25 mg/dL for cases and 99.30 mg/dL for controls. Statin treatment was used in 25.4% of cases and 22.3% in controls. The odds ratio of coronary heart disease was strongly and significantly associated with triglycerides concentration: 1.19 (1.10-1.28) per 30 mg/dL; and inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol: 0.71 (0.65-0.83) per 7.5 mg/dL. Conclusion: High triglycerides and low HDL-cholesterol contributes strongly and independently to coronary heart disease in patients having LDL-cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL. So, his contribution to residual vascular risk must be avoided in patients with controlled LDL-cholesterol.
A cross-sectional study of the turnaround time of Armenia’s national tuberculosis programme laboratory services in 2017–2018

Context: The rapid diagnosis of presumptive tuberculosis (TB) in patients is vital in the fight against the disease. The overall turnaround time (TAT) of the laboratory investigation as well as its individual components can serve as crucial indicators of the standard of TB diagnostic services. Objectives: To evaluate the overall TAT of the Armenian TB diagnostic service in 2017–2018, to assess factors associated with delays within the diagnostic process and to compare TATs before and after the introduction of the rapid diagnostics tool GeneXpert MTB/Rif Ultra. Methodology: A cross-sectional study based on 7307 samples from the National Reference Laboratory electronic database and paper-based registers from regional laboratories from September 2017 to December 2018. Results: The mean overall TAT was 2.5 days, with microscopy, GeneXpert testing and reporting TATs at 0.2, 1.3 and 1.1 days, respectively. Following the introduction of GeneXpert Ultra in September 2018, the testing TAT decreased by 23%. Despite this reduction, the overall TAT actually increased from 2.5 to 3.1 days in this period as a result of increases in reporting TATs, which are heavily dependant on a vehicle transportation system. Conclusion: The introduction of rapid TB diagnostic tools in Armenia, should be accompanied by the introduction of equally efficient systems for the reporting of results to clinicians, such as an electronic TB database, in order to substantially reduce the time to initiate appropriate treatment and improve the overall TB situation.
ISD SI CADRUL LEGISLATIV ÎN ROMÂNIA FDI AND THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN ROMANIA

Acestă lucrare analizează legătura dintre legislația privind ISD din țara gazdă și evoluția fluxurilor de ISD în cazul României. Cadrul legislativ al țării gazdă reprezintă un factor important pentru atragerea investitorilor străini datorită stabilității, garanțiilor și facilităților acordate.Un cadru legislativ instabil si neclar care nu prevede garanții poate avea un impact negativ atât pentru investitorii străini cât și pentru țara gazdă. Cuvinte cheie: ISD, dezvoltare economică, cadrul legislativ,instituții, stabilitate, atragere ISD. Clasificare JEL: K2, F21 Abstract: This paper analyzes the link between FDI laws of the host country and the evolution of FDI flows in the case of Romania. The legal framework of the host country is an important factor to attract foreign investors due to its guarantees and facilities provided. An unstable and unclear legal framework wich does not provide guarantees can have a negative impact on foreign investors and on the host country.
Should States Target a 3 % Fiscal Defi cit ?

This article is a revised version of a study prepared for the Committee to Review the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act (2003), Ministry of Finance, Government of India in 2017. The authors thank Sumit Bose, Vijay Singh Chauhan, Sajjid Chinnoy, Pinaki Chakraborty, Sahana Roy Chowdhury, N M Jha, Prachi Mishra, N K Singh, Pramod Sinha, Arvind Subramanian, Suranjali Tandon, and Shruti Tripathi for valuable discussions and Diwan Chand for help with data collection. They also thank Meghna Paul, Sakshi Jain, Nikita Kakkar, and Anshuman Reddy for research assistance.
Ethnic Differences in Housing Opportunities

This study uses a telephone field experiment to assess the degree of discrimination against female Albanians in Athenian rental housing markets. By examining a large sample represented by 122 urban areas we found that Albanians faced lower access to housing than the corresponding probability for Greeks. Moreover, Albanians faced lower access in newer apartments, above ground apartments, and repaired apartments. Meanwhile, Albanian home-seekers have to pay more than Greeks for these house characteristics. Of further importance is the finding that Albanians found to face higher access to housing in areas closer to the Athens centre, detecting the role of landlords in creating residential ethnic segregation. All findings are significant and suggest that Albanians both anticipate and encounter housing discrimination.
Characterization of Ectomycorrhizal species through molecular biology

Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots. These symbiotic associations are abundant and occur in 75 to 80 % of plants. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are very important in ecosystems, because their mutualistic association with plants of different species helps nutrients and water absorption, as well as protection of the host plant against pathogens and abiotic stresses. Most ectomycorrhizal fungi belong to the Basidiomycota class, such as the following genera: Amanita, Hebeloma, Hysterangium, Laccaria, Lactarius, Rhizopogon, Russula, Scleroderma, Suillus, Tricholoma, among others. Morphological studies on ectomycorrhizae report important results in understanding the species biodiversity. However, the use of molecular biology nowadays is indispensable. Among the various molecular tools available, there is consensus about the use of tools based on sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) of fungi rDNA, aiding in species characterization and construction of phylogenetic studies. The ITS region is of easy amplification, it has multicopy nature and enables differentiation between species. The objective of this study was to show that the use of molecular biology tools associated with morphotyping to characterize species of ectomycorrhizae is more effective than when they are used on their own.
On Commensalism of Candida

Candida species are both opportunistic fungal pathogens and common members of the human mycobiome. Over the years, the main focus of the fungal field has been on understanding the pathogenic potential and disease manifestation of these organisms. Therefore, understanding of their commensal lifestyle, interactions with host epithelial barriers, and initial transition into pathogenesis is less developed. In this review, we will describe the current knowledge on the commensal lifestyle of these fungi, how they are able to adhere to and colonize host epithelial surfaces, compete with other members of the microbiota, and interact with the host immune response, as well as their transition into opportunistic pathogens by invading the gastrointestinal epithelium.
PROPRIETĂŢILE ŞI CARACTERISTICILE MICROSTRUCTURALE ALE UNOR LIANŢI MICŞTI CU ZGURĂ, ACTIVAŢI ALCALIN PROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALKALI-ACTIVATED SLAG-BLENDED CEMENTS

The effects of ground used sand (GUS), ground fly ash (GFA) (class F), and microsilica (MS) on water requirement, setting time, and compressive and bending strength development of alkali-activated slag-blended cements (AASBC) were studied. Siliceous blending materials were found to be able to replace up to 50% of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and contributed to up to 90% improvement of strength of AASBCs, The granulation for GUS, granulation, curing conditions, and basicity of GGBFS for GFA, and curing conditions for MS have effects on the development of the properties of the AASBCs.