Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does Perspective-Taking Increase Patient Satisfaction in Medical Encounters?

Purpose To assess whether perspective-taking, which researchers in other fields have shown to induce empathy, improves patient satisfaction in encounters between student–clinicians and standardized patients (SPs). Method In three studies, randomly assigned students (N = 608) received either a perspective-taking instruction or a neutral instruction prior to a clinical skills examination in 2006–2007. SP satisfaction was the main outcome in all three studies. Study 1 involved 245 third-year medical students from two universities. Studies 2 and 3 extended Study 1 to examine generalizability across student and SP subpopulations. Study 2 (105 physician assistant students, one university) explored the effect of perspective-taking on African American SPs' satisfaction. Study 3 (258 third-year medical students, two universities) examined the intervention's effect on students with high and low baseline perspective-taking tendencies. Results Intervention students outscored controls in patient satisfaction in all studies: Study 1: P = . 01, standardized effect size = 0.16; Study 2: P = . 001, standardized effect size = 0.31; Study 3: P = . 009, standardized effect size = 0.13. In Study 2, perspective-taking improved African American SPs' satisfaction. In Study 3, intervention students with high baseline perspective-taking tendencies outscored controls (P = .0004, standardized effect size = 0.25), whereas those with low perspective-taking tendencies did not (P = .72, standardized effect size = 0.00). Conclusions Perspective-taking increased patient satisfaction in all three studies, across medical schools, clinical disciplines, and racially diverse students and SPs. Perspective-taking as a means for improving patient satisfaction deserves further exploration in clinical training and practice.
Prevalence of Tubo-Ovarian Abscess in Adolescents Diagnosed With Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in a Pediatric Emergency Department

Objectives: The rate of tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) in adolescents with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is reported to range from 17% to 20%. However, no reports have focused specifically on the adolescent patient presenting to the emergency department (ED), regardless of whether they are treated in the inpatient or outpatient setting. Recent changes in the 2002 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Guidelines for the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and sexually transmitted infection screening programs are likely to have impacted both the prevalence of PID and the rates of its complications, particularly TOA. Given that most patients with PID are treated as outpatients, it is imperative to accurately assess the prevalence of TOA in this population. Therefore, we sought to determine the rate of TOA in female adolescents diagnosed with PID in a large urban pediatric ED. Methods: We performed a retrospective medical record review to assess the prevalence of TOA in adolescents diagnosed with PID in the ED by an attending physician in pediatric emergency medicine. All cases were identified on the basis of the clinical criteria from the 2002 CDC Guidelines for the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Data collected included historical and physical examination findings, and laboratory and radiological imaging results. Results: Three (2.4%; 95% confidence interval, 0.5-6.7) of 127 patients diagnosed with PID in the ED who had imaging or clinical follow-up were also found to have a TOA. The mean age of the patients was 16 years. Most patients (89%) had imaging studies performed within 24 hours; most of these studies (97%) were pelvic ultrasounds. Eleven patients did not have imaging but had clinical follow-up within 72 hours. Four patients were diagnosed with PID during the study period and were lost to follow-up. Conclusion: The rate of TOA in adolescents diagnosed with PID in an urban pediatric ED is much lower than the rates previously reported in adolescents. This lower prevalence may be attributed to the broader 2002 CDC guidelines for diagnosing PID. In addition, community-based screening programs for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae may help to identify young women at risk for developing PID earlier in the course of infection.
Prevalence and patterns of internet addiction among medical students

Background: There has been an explosive growth in the use of internet not only in India, but also worldwide in the last decade. There were about 42 million active internet users in urban India in 2008 when compared to 5 million in 2000. India now has the world's third-largest national digital population, with approximately, 120 million Internet users in 2011. Aims: The aim was to study prevalence and pattern of internet usage among medical students in Guntur. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students (n = 211) belonging to two medical colleges, to assess the pattern of internet usage. A semi-structured proforma along with Young's Internet Addiction scale was used. Results: Of 211 medical students, 57.2% were females and 42.8% were males. The users were divided into groups: 64.4% as average users, 11.8% as possible addicts, 0.4% as addicts, and in 23.2% of medical students internet usage was less than average user. Significant usage differences were evident based on the gender of user. Medical students used the internet mostly for social networking (59.7%), downloading media files (18.9%), online gaming (12.3%), and academic purposes (0.1%). About 63% of the medical students were using mobile phones to access the internet. Conclusion: Internet usage for the purpose of social networking (Facebook, WhatsApp, Mails etc.) was very high among the medical students. Availability of high speed internet on mobile phones may be the reason for spending more time on social network websites.
Development of the Virginity Beliefs Scale

Past research on first sexual intercourse experiences and virginity has largely focused on using demographics such as age at first intercourse as predictors of future sexual behaviors and beliefs. Carpenter (2002, 2005) suggested a model of three virginity metaphors that describe how individuals perceive their virginity: gift, stigma, and process. Using Carpenter's framework as a starting point, scale items were developed based on the conceptual understanding of the three metaphors. In Study 1 (N = 223, mean age = 19.9, SD = 2.4), 50 items were factor analyzed, yielding 22 items found to be strong indicators of the three metaphors; ten items for gift, eight for stigma, and four for process. The three subscales were validated using measures of gender-role beliefs and affective reactions to first intercourse. In Study 2 (N = 359, mean age = 19.7, SD = 2.4), confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirm the 22-item factor breakdown. The resulting Virginity Beliefs Scale is discussed in terms of how it applies to Carpenter's original framework and its future research potential.
Sexual Fantasies and Gender/Sex: A Multimethod Approach with Quantitative Content Analysis and Hormonal Responses

Research links explicit sexuality (e.g., physical attraction and pleasure) to high testosterone (T) and nurturance (loving contact) to low T. Engaging in sexual fantasy, which can include explicit sexual and nurturant elements, increases T in women but not in men. We examined whether individual differences in the explicit sexual and nurturant content of fantasy were linked with T or with estradiol (E2). In addition, we explored whether fantasy content differed or overlapped by gender/sex. Participants (26 women, 23 men) provided saliva samples for hormones before and after imagining a self-defined positive sexual encounter and responding to open-ended questions about the situation they imagined. We systematically content-coded responses for explicit sexual and nurturant content. In men, lower inclusion of nurturant content predicted larger T responses to fantasy. Fantasy content was not linked with T in women or with E2 in women or men. Women and men did not differ significantly in explicit sexual and nurturant content. Our findings suggest that individual experiences of fantasy as more or less nurturant affect T in men, provide support for the Steroid/Peptide Theory of Social Bonds, and highlight the value of integrating hormones and content analysis to investigate research questions relevant to sexuality and gender/sex.
In vitro effects of α‐tocopherol on teratozoospermic semen samples

A strong positive correlation exists between teratozoospermia and reactive oxygen species production, which in turn has negative effects on their in vitro fertilisation outcome. Our aim of this study was to determine potential protective effects of α‐tocopherol on teratozoospermia motility, viability, acrosome reaction and DNA integrity after 1‐h in vitro incubation. Teratozoospermic semen samples were obtained from 15 volunteers aged between 20 and 30 years after 3–5 days of sexual abstinence. Samples were washed, centrifuged and incubated in 37 °C and 5% CO2 until sperm swimmed‐up. Spermatozoa were counted in the supernatant and divided into four groups, each contained 2 × 106 sperm/ml−1. Groups one to four were incubated for 1 h with Ham’s F‐10 solution as control group, 10 μm A23187, 40 μmα‐tocopherol and 10 μm A23187 + 40 μmα‐tocopherol respectively. The results indicated that α‐tocopherol has ability to enhance teratozoospermia viability and motility, while there were no ameliorative effects on acrosome reaction and DNA fragmentation. A23187 induced acrosome reaction in teratozoospermia and α‐tocopherol significantly diminished this effect. In conclusion, although α‐tocopherol could improve teratozoospermia motility and viability, its effects on DNA integrity and acrosome reaction ability as supplementation IVF culture media are not obvious.
Sex-Related Alcohol Expectancies Among African American Women Attending an Urban STI Clinic

African American women are disproportionately affected by human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Alcohol use is a significant risk factor for HIV/STI acquisition. Sex-related alcohol expectancies (SRAEs) may partially account for alcohol-related risky sexual behaviors. Using qualitative interviews we explored the link between alcohol use and risky sex among 20 African American women attending an STI clinic who had consumed four or more alcoholic drinks per drinking day (binge drinking) and/or reported vaginal or anal sex while under the influence of alcohol. Four SRAEs emerged, which we named drink for sexual desire, drink for sexual power, drink for sexual excuse, and drink for anal sex. While the desire SRAE has been documented, this study identified three additional SRAEs not currently assessed by expectancy questionnaires. These SRAEs may contribute to high-risk sex when under the influence of alcohol and suggests the importance of developing integrated alcohol–sexual risk reduction interventions for high-risk women.
A study on tuberculosis treatment outcome in known diabetic patients treated under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program in Bengaluru

Background: The rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in high tuberculosis (TB) burden countries may adversely affect TB control. Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) prescribes the same TB treatment regimen that is used for non-diabetics to the diabetics. Under the program setting, there is a need for study on successful treatment outcome of TB patients with known DM. Objective: The aim was to analyze the TB treatment outcome in patients with known DM treated under RNTCP setting in an urban area. Materials and Methods: After cluster sampling among the 9 TB Units in Bengaluru 5 were selected randomly. 75 TB-DM patients and 150 TB without Diabetes were enrolled into the study and followed-up for their treatment outcome. Results: Of the 75 TB-DM patients 72% were males, and 28% were females. >90% of the patients were of age above 40 years old. Overall treatment outcome was 81% and 87% among TB-DM and TB without DM, respectively. It was not statistically significant (Fisher's exact test P = 0.3256). Conclusion: RNTCP's directly observed treatment strategy (DOTS) regimen holds good for TB patients with and without DM. The DM co-morbidity did not significantly change the TB treatment outcome. Hence, the current DOTS regime under RNTCP can be applied to the TB-DM co-morbid patients.
Sexual Orientation, Objective Height, and Self-Reported Height

Studies that have used mostly self-reported height have found that androphilic men and women are shorter than gynephilic men and women, respectively. This study examined whether an objective height difference exists or whether a psychosocial account (e.g., distortion of self-reports) may explain these putative height differences. A total of 863 participants, recruited at a Canadian university, the surrounding region, and through lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) events across Canada, self-reported their height and had their height measured. Androphilic men were shorter, on average, than gynephilic men. There was no objective height difference between gynephilic, ambiphilic, and androphilic women. Self-reported height, statistically controlling for objective height, was not related to sexual orientation. These findings are the first to show an objective height difference between androphilic and gynephilic men. Also, the findings suggest that previous studies using self-reported height found part of a true objective height difference between androphilic and gynephilic men. These findings have implications for existing biological theories of men’s sexual orientation development.
Community Partners as Co-Teachers in Resident Continuity Clinics

Standard approaches to teaching the management of psychosocial issues in pediatrics—visits to community-based organizations and stand-alone block rotations in developmental–behavioral pediatrics and community pediatrics—neither expose residents to models of interdisciplinary collaboration between faculty preceptors and community providers nor take advantage of the efficacy of learning in continuity clinics. The authors describe their project, developed from an existing Community Pediatrics Training Initiative with long-standing relationships with a domestic violence shelter, a community center for Latino families, and a special needs resource organization for parents. They lay out in detail the project's innovative use of partners from community-based organizations, colocated within pediatric continuity clinics, who teach both residents and faculty about community resources and linkages with multidisciplinary providers. The authors present lessons learned by faculty preceptors, residents, the community partners, and project staff that can guide future applications of this model in other residency training programs. Faculty and residents indicated an increased awareness of available community resources and how linkages can be incorporated into pediatric outpatient visits. Community partners identified keys to successful co-teaching, including readiness to adopt an assertive communication style and frequent presence in the clinics. Project staff recognized the challenges of staff turnover at community-based organizations and the need to choose community partners with expertise that fits the sociodemographic issues of the clinic's patients.
Information resources as "Goods" in the life cycle of information production

This article addresses the importance of information resources in the foundation of an information‐ and knowledge‐based society and aims to encourage research in this area. An information resource is defined as a stock of information that has been societally institutionalized for reuse by one or many classes of users. An information‐based society depends on information production for its overall welfare, but information production requires continuous reuse of information, and therein lies the dependence of such a society on its information resources. After a review of definitions and models of information production, a life cycle model is presented as a way to clarify and conceptualize information resources. The life cycle phases consist of generation, institutionalization, maintenance, enhancement, and distribution. An information resource stands at the midpoint of the life cycle, integrating and coordinating the various actors and activities of these phases. The article attempts to show that information resources as economic “goods” do not reflect the assumptions on which economic models have been built in the past because they involve nonlinear, nonequilibrium, evolutionary processes. Various types of research are needed to disaggregate the economic and institutional infrastructures of information resources.
Big-Five Personality, Social Worldviews, and Ideological Attitudes: Further Tests of a Dual Process Cognitive-Motivational Model

Abstract In this study, we extended the Dual Process Model of Ideology and Prejudice by incorporating the Five-Factor Model of Personality (N = 924). Disagreeable people tended to view the social world as competitive, which in turn predicted heightened motivations for group-based dominance and superiority (Social Dominance Orientation or SDO), whereas people low in Openness to Experience and high in Conscientiousness directly expressed heightened security-cohesion motivations (Right-Wing Authoritarianism or RWA). Other personality dimensions were weakly associated with RWA, and these effects were mediated by dangerous worldview. Multiple distinct aspects of personality predict SDO and RWA both directly and indirectly through worldviews, but we found little evidence for the possibility that personality alters the extent to which worldviews (once formed) predict SDO and RWA.
The Knee: Form, Function, and Ligament Reconstruction

This 314-page book, with a foreword by Dr Jack Hughston of Columbus, Ga, has a bibliography of 404 publications and an alphabetical index for improved reference. The book is divided into two parts: part 1 covers the anatomy, kinematics, and examination of the knee; part 2 discusses evaluation of the knee, operative technique for acute and chronic injury, postoperative rehabilitation, and the results of operative treatment. The purpose of this book is not stated, but the author's viewpoint is similar to that of other aggressive knee surgeons, such as O'Donoghue, Hughston, and Trillat: that anatomy is an expression of function and that in order to restore function you must restore the anatomy. In addition, while individual anatomic structures may vary, the knee is comprised of functional anatomic units that work synergistically. Therefore, there will be a constant interrelationship among these functional units, which must be restored following a specific injury.
A Web Replication of Snyder, Decker, and Bersheid's (1977) Experiment on the Self-Fulfilling Nature of Social Stereotypes

Abstract Authors instructed two groups of male participants to respond to a web personal advertisement that had a photograph of either an attractive or unattractive woman. In the physically attractiveness condition, it was found that the message was longer and contained few spelling and grammatical mistakes than in the condition where the male's participant believe that the personal advertisement came from an unattractive woman. Two undergradutates females who were unaware of the experimental conditions judged that they had more probability to respond to the male's message in the physically attractiveness condition.
Hydrocephalus in infancy and childhood: diagnosis and indication for operation.

: Improvement of the prognosis for children suffering from hydrocephalus requires prompt diagnosis and reliable indication of surgical treatment. Today, intrauterine hydrocephalus is detectable within the first three months of pregnancy; in infancy, before the cranial sutures have fused, pathological growth of the head is the principal sign confirming together with anatomical examinations (ultrasound, CT scan) the indication of operative treatment. In later childhood, surgical treatment is only definitely indicated by symptoms and morphological examination of clearly active hypertensive hydrocephalus. Intermittently normotensive hydrocephalus (not "normal-pressure-hydrocephalus"! ) showing symptoms adapted to childhood, however, often requires exact examination of intracranial pressure dynamics, including quantitative volume provocation test. "Step-by-step-procedure" is advisable (Table III).
Mechanisms of Age-Related Glucose Intolerance

The influence of aging on the kinetic response to glucose ingestion and the mechanisms underlying age-related glucose intolerance are described. Despite delayed absorption of the ingested glucose load, impaired glucose tolerance develops with age. This impairment is multifactorial, being characterized by delays in glucose-induced insulin secretion, insulininduced suppression of hepatic glucose output, and a rise in insulin-mediated glucose uptake. The major disturbance appears to be impaired insulin-mediated glucose uptake, with skeletal muscle the principal site of this defect. Because insulin receptors are unchanged with age, the impairment in insulin action is primarily due to a postreceptor defect. Possible mechanisms associated with the age-related impairment in glucose uptake by muscle include 1) decreased muscle mass, 2) increasing obesity, 3) decreased physical activity, 4) poor diet, and 5) increased plasma free-fatty acid levels. However, evidence from recent research suggests that none of these factors plays a significant role in this regard. The principal postreceptor defect in insulin action may comprise a decreased maximum velocity of glucose transport due to a decreased number of glucose transporters, although each transporter functions normally. Conceivably, the transport defect may be due to a depletion of the intracellular pool of transporters, which may ultimately reflect insulin resistance at the level of glucose-transporter mRNA and/or defective insulin internalization and intracellular metabolism. However, an age-related impairment in intracellular glucose metabolism may be present in addition to any changes in the glucose-transport system. The phenomenon of age-related glucose intolerance is the result of defects specific for the aging process and distinct and separate from those characterizing obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes; their distinguishing features are discussed.
Motivational Predictors of Coping With Academic Examination

ABSTRACT The present study focused on the motivational predictors of coping with academic examination through the test of the contribution of self-determination for academic studies and achievement goals. Coping strategies, academic motivation and achievement goals were assessed among 199 undergraduate students. Regression analysis revealed that problem-focused coping is positively predicted by identified regulation and negatively by amotivation, whereas emotion-focused coping is positively predicted by introjected regulation and amotivation. Mastery approach goals contributed positively to problem-focused coping. Identified regulation and mastery approach goals made a unique positive contribution to problem-focused coping, and amotivation was negatively related. Students' coping actions may vary according to both the reasons why they engage in academic studies and the goals they pursue in this setting.