Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can Automated Scoring Surpass Hand Grading of Students' Constructed Responses and Error Patterns in Mathematics?

A unique online parsing system that produces partial­credit scoring of students’ constructed responses to mathematical questions is presented. The parser is the core of a free college readiness website in mathematics. The software generates immediate error analysis for each student response. The response is scored on a continuous scale, based on its overall correctness and the fraction of correct elements. The parser scoring was validated against human scoring of 207 real­world student responses (r = 0.91). Moreover, the software generates more consistent scores than teachers in some cases. The parser analysis of students’ errors on 124 additional responses showed that the errors were factored into two groups: structural (possibly conceptual), and computational (could result from typographical errors). The two error groups explained 55% of students’ scores variance (structural errors: 36%; computational errors: 19%). In contrast, these groups explained only 33% of the teacher score variance (structural: 18%; computational: 15%). There was a low agreement among teachers on error classification, and their classification was weakly correlated to the parser’s error groups. Overall, the parser’s total scoring closely matched human scoring, but the machine was found to surpass humans in systematically distinguishing between students’ error patterns.
Market Exposure and the Labour Process: The Contradictory Dynamics in Managing Subcontracted Services Work

Marketization of the employment relationship is a key causal factor explaining the adverse impact of subcontracting low-wage services on employment conditions. This article extends existing sociological theory by analysing the market-making and rule-breaking roles of client and subcontractor firms through qualitative data. It finds that client organizations construct different types and temporalities of marketized cost pressures, that clients and subcontractors exploit their power advantage over labour to evade institutional rules and that labour process and reputational concerns impose a degree of moderation towards socially desirable outcomes. The theoretical framework ‘unpacks’ marketization by distinguishing the interplay between contracts, regulation and labour process requirements as shaped by clients and subcontractors. In the UK cleaning sector, the potentially positive effects of client and subcontractor actions on employment conditions are marginal, focused on non-pay aspects and introduced primarily for reputational reasons. The evidence indicates the limits of voluntary action and the need for regulation.
The Paradigm of Multidisciplinarity in Neurosciences

Copyright © 2015, International Neuroscience Journal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribution of the material only for non-commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. Multidisciplinarity in the field of medicine is an obviousness. Human beings are entities whose biological systems function not in isolation but in sync to maintain their integrity. They are interdependent and are linked by an interactive and permanent communication. The complexity of all the systems which ensures this biological harmony requires a high degree of specialization of the numerous actors who fight to preserve life. The exchanges and the sharing of knowledge the guaranteeing of scientific discoveries and innovations should associate competences from all scientific communities of the whole world. This without hierarchy-Indeed, each other’s contribution is complementary and supplementary. This can be exemplified by Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) which has witnessed an extraordinary oncologic progress likewise in its epidemiology, virology and immunology, oncological treatment. BL is the first cause of pediatric spinal cord compression in sub-Saharan Africa (1) It involves approximately 1 to 2% of all the cases of lymphoma and 35 to 50% of the nonHodgkin lymphoma of the child (2). The disease is twice as common in boys as in girls. The endemic form which coexists with a sporadic form and related to the HIV corresponds to areas of holoendemic malaria (3) and the early acquisition of EBV. It develops in the lower maxilla but also in the other bones of the face or the abdomen. The neurological features are observed in 1/4 of the cases : meningeal syndromes (biological and/or clinic), paralysis of the cranial nerves, paraplegias,. (2) Thanks to the contribution of various researchers and doctors, it can be cured in almost 90% of the cases (2). The story of the BL began in the heart of Africa. In 1957, Denis Parsons Burkitt (1911-1993), an Irish surgeon having lost an eye at the age of 11 years and practicing in Uganda had observed a high number of tumors of the jaw in children of this area (4). He suggested it was a sarcoma. A few years later, the diagnosis of lymphoma was set after clinical descriptions in Zaire (today DRC). A viral cause is suspected in 1964 by Epstein, Barr and Achong who identified the presence of viral particles in the tumors issues (5) Serology testified the coexistence of a former infection by the virus of Epstein Barr (EBV). Genome EBV was then identified in tumoral cell in 98% of the cases of the endemic BL with a chromosomal translocation. BL was one of the first tumors shown to have a chromosomal translocation that activates an oncogene (c-MYC) (1, 5-7). Currently, the monoclonal antibodies are part of the therapeutic strategy (8) This example of inclusive scientific cooperation in time and space ought to be enlightened in the International Neurosciences Journal.
EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES FOR RELEASE OF STERILE CODLING MOTHS

Certain insect pests may be controlled by introducing sterile males into the breeding areas of the wild insects. The method usually involves the release of largenumbers of laboratory-reared insects that have been sterilized by gamma radia tion. Matings between the sterile males and wild females result in sterile eggs. The wild population is consequently reduced, the rate of reduction being directly pro portional to the ratio of sterile to fertile
Productivity grwoth and efficiency changes in the Mongolian mobile communications industry

In the mid 1990s Mongolia has introduced competition in the telecommunications market by deregulating it and opening up its mobile communications market to foreign direct investments. Since this policy reform, mobile service penetration has grown fast, recently exceeding 100 % penetration rate and mobile communications service has become the biggest among telecommunications services in Mongolia. Latest periods of the industry have been witnessing strong competition among the mobile service providers and challenge for reaching customers in remote areas of the country. On the other hand, the mobile service providers are uncertain for efficiency of their investments and benefits from competition. Policy and regulatory departments are unaware productivity growth of the sector which is crucial for the next policy and regulatory decisions. Considering such situation, this study estimates productivity growth and efficiency changes in the mobile communications industry of Mongolia over the period of 2007-2011 using firm level data and employing a Malmquist total factor productivity index method. By determining the changes in total factor productivity (TFP) growth and its components, technical change and technical efficiency change, we find that the productivity increased about 44.7 percent during the study period or nearly 9 percent annually. Our research identifies that a scale change component played as a most significant source of the TFP growth in the market. In addition, our study reveals a fluctuation pattern of the productivity growth caused by catch-up effect and technology-change components during the study period. The results of the study indicates effectiveness of a competition policy for the mobile telecommunications market with shared telecommunications network for gaining the productivity growth which may provide some lessons for similar economies as Mongolia.
Some aspects of the theory and measurement of frequency fluctuations in frequency standards

Precision quartz oscillators have three main sources of noise contributing to frequency fluctuations: thermal noise in the oscillator, additive noise contributed by auxiliary circuitry such as AGC, etc., and fluctuations in the quartz frequency itself as well as in the reactive elements associated with the crystal, leading to an f-1type of power spectral density in frequency fluctuations. Masers are influenced by the first two types of noise, and probably also by the third. The influence of these sources of noise on frequency fluctuation vs. averaging time measurements is discussed. The f-1-spectral density leads to results that depend on the length of time over which the measurements are made. An analysis of the effects of finite observation time is given. The characteristics of both passive and active atomic standards using a servo-controlled oscillator are discussed. The choice of servo time constant influences the frequency fluctuations observed as a function of averaging time and should be chosen for best performance with a given quartz oscillator and atomic reference. The conventional methods of handling random signals, i.e., variances, autocorrelation, and spectral densities, are applied to the special case of frequency and phase fluctuations in oscillators, in order to obtain meaningful criteria for specifying oscillator frequency stability. The interrelations between these specifications are developed in the course of the paper.
The picture exchange communication system : training manual

System (PECS) on increasing manding (i.e., making requests) and Chambers and Rehfeldt (2003) investigated whether PECS training or manual. Exclusive home of PECS (Picture Exchange Communication System) and the The Second Edition PECS Training Manual is also available in Spanish. How to discuss in detail the Picture Exchange Communication System and The Second Edition PECS Training Manual with Data Forms CD (a $69 value)
Evaluation of patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease: A Canadian Thoracic Society position statement

ABSTRACT The evaluation of a patient with fibrotic interstitial lung disease (ILD) includes assessment of clinical, radiological, and often histopathological data. There are currently no specific recommendations to guide the evaluation of a patient with fibrotic ILD within the context of the Canadian practice landscape. This position statement from a multidisciplinary panel of ILD experts provides guidance related to the diagnostic modalities commonly used in the evaluation of fibrotic ILD, including radiological studies, histopathologic sampling, assessment for rheumatologic disease and need for evaluation in a multi-disciplinary setting. Key messages are provided to guide clinical practice based on a thorough review of the scientific literature.
Females and Tourism Activities: An Insight for All-female Tours in Hong Kong

ABSTRACT Although all-female tours have become popular in Western and Asian countries, until now researchers have not paid much attention to this niche but important market. This study aims to explore female tourists’ desired activities towards an ‘all-female activity-based outbound tour’ in Hong Kong. A survey was administered to tourists who joined short- and long-haul outbound packages in Hong Kong. Female’s preferred tourism activities can be grouped into: Sightseeing; Sports; Relaxation, and Entertainment. This study found that all-female tourists are not homogenous, and the group can be segmented into three clusters: Omnivores, Univores, and Sporadic. The similarity between these three clusters was the high interests in relaxation activities. There were significant differences between the three clusters in terms of age and marital status. The findings indicate directions for tourism marketers in formulating marketing strategies towards the Hong Kong market.
Cranial Circulation andRelationships ofthe Colugo Cynocephalus (Dermoptera, Mammalia)

Thesuperordinal relationships oftheextant colugoCynocephalus currently arethesubject ofcontroversy, withconflicting hypotheses derived from skeletal, neuroanatomical, andbiochemical analyses. Toevaluate these hypotheses, thecranial circulation wasinvestigated inserially sectioned prenatal andjuvenile colugos. Thecranial vascular pattern andassociated osseous features haveplayed acrucial roleinassessing higher-level relationships amongmammalsandheretofore havenot beendescribed indetail forthecolugo. Cynocephalus exhibits oneofthemosthighly derived cranial vascular patterns amongeutherians.Theinternal carotid andstapedial arteries are lacking, withtheir terminal branches annexed to thecerebral circulation andexternal carotid. Situatedinthebackoftheorbit andextending intracranially into thecavernous sinus isaretemirabile thatisconnected withtheexternal carotid system viamultiple channels (intra- andextracranial). Asimportant conduits forthedural sinuses, there areawell-developed sinus communicans and venadiploetica magna; apostglenoid veinandforamenarewholly absent. Derived features ofthecranial circulation are shared between thecolugo andavariety ofeutherian groups (e.g., bats, euprimates, lagomorphs, artiodactyls) andbythemselves support several different placements forDermoptera. Onamore definitive note, noconvincing derived features of thecranial circulation wereidentified allying colugos withearly Tertiary plagiomenids orarchaic primates.
Standard or dialect? A new online elicitation method

In dialectology, it is often necessary to obtain a measure for the level of dialectal accent shown by individual speakers, especially if statistical analysis is needed. This also applies to studies on standard variants which are “coloured” by regiolects or dialects. In this paper I explore the feasibility of letting native speakers judge the degree of accentedness in Low-Alemannic German. Specifically, I investigate whether listeners who speak a similar dialect as the speakers who are evaluated assign different judgements than listeners who do not. A novel methodology is applied, which involves an on-line elicitation task using audio files. This experiment shows that listeners who speak different varieties of German form a homogeneous group, with respect to rating the level of accent.
Collusion-Tolerable and Efficient Privacy-Preserving Time-Series Data Aggregation Protocol

Many miraculous ideas have been proposed to deal with the privacy-preserving time-series data aggregation problem in pervasive computing applications, such as mobile cloud computing. The main challenge consists in computing the global statistics of individual inputs that are protected by some confidentiality mechanism. However, those works either suffer from collusive attack or require time-consuming initialization at every aggregation request. In this paper, we proposed an efficient aggregation protocol which tolerates up to k passive adversaries that do not try to tamper the computation. The proposed protocol does not require a trusted key dealer and needs only one initialization during the whole time-series data aggregation. We formally analyzed the security of our protocol and results showed that the protocol is secure if the Computational Diffie-Hellman (CDH) problem is intractable. Furthermore, the implementation showed that the proposed protocol can be efficient for the time-series data aggregation.
Free-space optical communication link using spatial optical encryption

Free-space optical links are ideal for short-range (1 km to 3 km) communications. An innovative new technique called Spatial Optical Encryption can be used to secure laser data communications. With this technique, data can be encoded and transmitted spatially through a single fiber, and then transmitted over a free-space optical link. Different sources of data could be simultaneously sent over the same fiber. This endeavor demonstrates the design and performance issues of such a transmitter and receiver using Spatial Optical Encryption over an environmental link of 100 meters.
A Developmental Analysis of Gender Differences in Health Related Physical Fitness

Data for the analysis were the health related fitness scores, anthropometric measures, and physical activity information from the National Children and Youth Fitness Study. The subjects were 6,800 boys and 6,523 girls, ages 6 through 18. Multiple regression produced linear composites that were used as covariates to evaluate physical and environmental characteristics that relate to gender differences. The distance runs, chin-ups, and sit-ups displayed similar patterns in gender differences across age. Before puberty the important covariates are mainly physical, namely skinfolds. Following puberty the major factors that reduce gender differences are skinfolds and the amount of exercise done outside of school time.
Robust controller design for a class of uncertain multivariable systems

Considers a class of highly structured uncertain systems where the uncertainty region is described by either a narrow modulus or a narrow phase. A measure of the distance to instability is presented and used in a MIMO delay compensator scheme. A strategy for tuning the delay compensation to improve the robustness of the closed-loop system is discussed.
Depresja u chorych z niewydolnością serca Depression in patients with chronic heart failure

Depresja jest zaburzeniem, na którego obraz składa się przede wszystkim długotrwałe, stale utrzymujące się przygnębienie [1]. Rozpoznanie depresji może zostać postawione na podstawie kryteriów obowiązującej w danym okresie edycji Międzynarodowej Statystycznej Klasyfikacji Chorób i Problemów Zdrowotnych (ang. International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, ICD) (obecnie obowiązuje 10. edycja) lub Klasyfikacji Amerykańskiego Towarzystwa Psychiatrycznego (ang. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM) (obecnie DSM-IV) po wcześniejszym przeprowadzeniu badania psychiatrycznego [1, 2]. Objawy wymienione w obu klasyfikacjach są podobne: obniżony nastrój, utrata zainteresowań i zadowolenia, zmniejszona energia lub zwiększona męczliwość, obniżone poczucie własnej wartości, wyrzuty sumienia lub poczucie nieuzasadnionej winy, nawracające myśli o śmierci lub samobójstwie, zmniejszona zdolność myślenia lub skupiania się, zmiany w zakresie aktywności psychoruchowej, zaburzenia snu, zmiany łaknienia z odpowiednią zmianą wagi. Aby rozpoznać depresję, objawy muszą trwać co najmniej 2 tygodnie [1, 2]. Objawy depresyjne towarzyszą często przewlekłym chorobom somatycznym [3]. Występowanie objawów depresyjnych w przebiegu choroby niedokrwiennej serca, zwłaszcza u osób po przebytym zawale mięśnia sercowego, a także ich wpływ na rokowanie odległe chorego zostały już opisane [4–6]. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest przedstawienie danych dotyczących częstości występowania objawów depresyjnych i depresji, czynników determinujących jej pojawienie się i nasilenie, a także związków z rokowaniem i możliwości leczenia u chorych z niewydolnością serca (NS).
Do pregnant women know how to correct inverted nipples

Inverted nipples occur in an estimated 9 to 10 percent of women globally, contributing to the number of women who are not exclusively breastfeeding their infants. Women with inverted nipples may want to breastfeed, but infants may be unable to latch to the breast. Inverted nipples can be corrected, but it is unclear if women know about suitable interventions. This study assessed if pregnant women knew about the available techniques to correct inverted nipples. We conducted individual interviews with nine pregnant women with inverted nipples in a tertiary hospital in South Africa. Data were analysed using an inductive content analysis. Most of the women had very limited knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding or inverted nipples and knew very little about correcting devices. These women thought that their infants would be unable to latch and that exclusive breastfeeding would be impossible. Pregnant women with inverted nipples should be educated about methods to correct their nipples. Keywords: Inverted nipples, correction of inverted nipples, breastfeeding challenges
Automated low-power technique exploiting multiple supply voltages applied to a media processor

This paper describes an automated design technique to reduce power by making use of two supply voltages. The technique consists of structure synthesis, placement and routing. The structure synthesizer clusters the gates off the critical paths so as to supply the reduced voltage to save power. The placement and routing tool assigns either the reduced voltage or the unreduced one to each row so as to minimize the area overhead. Combining these techniques together, we applied it to the random logic modules of a media processor chip. The combined technique reduced the power by 47% on average with an area overhead of 15% at the random logic, while keeping the performance,.
Flavonols, phenolic acids and antioxidant activity of some red fruits

Red fruits (blueberry, blackberry, chokeberry, strawberry, red raspberry, sweet cherry, sour cherry, elderberry, black currant and red currant) were analyzed for flavonols (quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol), hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic, ferulic, p-coumaric acid) and hydroxybenzoic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, ellagic acid) by using HPLC method. Compounds were analyzed as aglycons after acid hydrolysis with 1.2 mol dm-3 HCl. Each fruit sample was analyzed for total polyphenols (TP) and total anthocyanins (TA). TP ranged from 1763 to 7194 mg kg-1 fresh weight (FW) in red raspberries and chokeberries, respectively. TA ranged from 169 to 4069 mg kg-1 FW in strawberries and blueberries, respectively. Flavonols varied from 4 mg kg-1 in red raspberries to 183 mg kg-1 in blueberries. Hydroxycinnamic acids were found in relatively high concentrations in blueberries (92 mg kg-1) and in black currant (70 mg kg-1) and represented significant portion in sour and sweet cherry phenolics. The amount of ellagic acid was high in blackberry (121 mg kg-1), strawberry (41 mg kg-1) and red raspberry (32 mg kg-1). The strongest antioxidant activity determined by DPPH• and ABTS• + assays showed chokeberry, followed by blueberry, black currant and elderberry. Antioxidant activity correlated better with TP than with TA, total flavonols (TF), or total hydroxycinnamic acids. Additionally, linear relationship was observed between antioxidant activity of fruits and content of caffeic acid, quercetin and p-coumaric acid. Overall results showed that red fruits can serve as good source of bioactive polyphenols in human diet, but due to high concentrations of anthocyanins, flavonols, phenolic acids and strong antioxidant activity, chokeberry, blueberry, elderberry and black currant can be regarded as good candidates for nutritional supplement formulations.