Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stratégies de développement du copépode calanoïde Mixodiaptomus laciniatus dans un lac de montagne : approche par les biomarqueurs lipidiques et pigmentaires

Notre etude concerne une population de Mixodiaptomus laciniatus vivant dans un lac de montagne oligotrophe du Massif Central. Dans cet ecosysteme, le zooplancton est domine par ce copepode qui, grâce a des reserves lipidiques, peut rester actif toute l'annee. Nous avons donc voulu preciser comment ces reserves etaient accumulees et utilisees par les differents stades du calanoide. Chez celui-ci, l'accumulation des reseves lipidiques depend des ressources alimentaires, mais aussi de son stade de developpement. Les relations trophiques liant ce microcrustace aux communautes microbiennes ont ete etudiees par l'utilisation concomitante de marqueurs chemotaxonomiques de type pigments, acides gras et sterols. Cette etude souligne l'importance du bloom phytoplanctonique automnal et laisse suggerer que Mixodiaptomus, par son cycle de developpement, a pu mettre en place un ensemble de strategies ecologiques, physiologiques et biochimiques afin d'assurer sa perennite dans cet ecosysteme
CITRUS WILSONII: BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO INFECTION WITH DIFFERENT CITRUS TRISTEZA VIRUS GENOTYPES

SUMMARY Citrus wilsonii Tanaka is cold-resistant, rarely grown chance hybrid between Citrus ichangensis and Citrus grandis with a potential to be used as a rootstock in colder climates. In order to evaluate its reaction to Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), C. wilsonii seedlings were graft-inoculated with previously characterized CTV isolates monophyletic with respect to the p25 gene and clustering to phylogenetic groups Gp 1, Gp 2, Gp 3a, Gp 4, Gp 5 and Gp M. The evaluation of C. wilsonii symptoms and comparison with the reaction of standard citrus indicators infected with the same CTV isolates revealed that C. wilsonii infected with isolates Gp 2 and Gp 4 developed stem pitting (SP). This is in accordance with the SP-inducing potential of these CTV isolates in the standard sweet orange SP indicator. The obvious and numerous pits shown by C. wilsonii stems suggests that it reacts strongly to severe SP CTV isolates.
Carbon Stocking in the Natural Forests - The Case of Malaysia

Forested land in the world is about 28% of the global land area, accounting for 80% of the terrestrial carbon stored as biomass and soil organic carbon. Human activities, namely fossil fuel combustion and deforestation resulted in anthropogenic emissions into the atmosphere. Deforestation is being focused in this study in view of the role of forests as carbon stocks. Carbon is normally referred to as biomass of the tree. Several studies revealed that carbon is mostly sequestered in the aboveground part of biomass. As Southeast Asia has the highest level of deforestation, this study focused on observing carbon stocks in Malaysian forests. The conducted estimation of forest carbon stocks reveals carbon stock increment owing to the increment in the forested land. Yet, the forest transition process necessary for expanding the areas of forested land appears to be difficult to achieve. The economic development in the agricultural sector, land conversion for industrialization and settlement, expansion of wood-based industry and employment opportunities in the wood-based sector may hamper forest transition.
Biophysical and biochemical characterization of hexacoordinate hemoglobins

iv CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Thesis Organization 5 References 7 CHAPTER 2: SLOW LIGAND BINDING KINETICS DOMINATE FERROUS HEXACOORDINATE HEMOGLOBIN REACTIVITIES AND REVEAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS AND OTHER SPECIES. 13 Abstract 13 Introduction 14 Materials and Methods 16 Results 19 Discussion 30 References 35 CHAPTER 3: ROLE OF PHENYLALANINE B10 IN PLANT NONSYMBIOTIC HEMOGLOBINS 48 Abstract 48 Introduction 49 Materials and Methods 51 Results 56 Discussion 66 Acknowledgements 70 References 7048 Introduction 49 Materials and Methods 51 Results 56 Discussion 66 Acknowledgements 70 References 70 CHAPTER 4: THE CONSERVED CYSTEINE E16 IN PLANT NONSYMBIOTIC HEMOGLOBINS REGULATES REVERSIBLE HISTIDINE HEXACOORDINATION 86 Abstract 86 Introduction 86 Materials and Methods 89 Results 93 Discussion 101 Acknowledgements 105 References 105
Keratinophilic fungi associated with free-living mammals and birds.

©2000 Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia Apdo. 699, E-48080 Bilbao (Spain) ‘Keratinophilic’ (i.e., often occurring on keratinous substrates) and ‘keratinolytic’ (keratin-decomposing) fungi should be differentiated. Some keratinophilic fungi namely do not digest keratin and live off components other than the keratin of the keratinous structures [1-4]. In this review, only the keratinolytic fungi (KF) are treated. Non-keratinolytic keratinophilic fungi found on wild vertebrates range among members of the genera, e.g., Acremonium, Alternaria, Arcuadendron, Chaetomium, Chrysosporium (C. luteum, C. merdarium, C. olivaceum, C. pruinosum, C. inops), Cladosporium, Curvularia, Geomyces (G. pannorus), Gliomastix, Gymnascella (syn. Arachniotus; G. aurantiaca, G. citrina, G. dankaliensis, G. hyalinospora, G. marginospora, G. nodulosa), Gymnoascus (G. reessii), Myxotrichum, Pseudogymnoascus, Scopulariopsis or Sepedonium. Many of them are cellulolytic. Only free-living homoiotherm (endotherm) vertebrates including, e.g., feral pigeons, have been involved in this survey, whereas domestic animals, captive wild animals, and those living in zoological gardens or farms have been omitted.
the impact of etanercept cyclosporine a triamcinolone acetonide on interleukin23 in experimental autoimmune uveitis

Background: We aimed to investigate the effect of etanercept, Cyclosporine A (CsA) and Triamcinolone Acetonide (TA) on Interleukin-23 (IL-23) in the Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis (EAU) model. Materials and methods: Thirty-five guinea pigs were divided into five groups consisting seven animals in each: Group 1 (control group), Group 2 (sham group), Group 3 (etanercept group) and Group 4 (CsA group) and Group 5 (TA group). The experiments in Group 1 were not given any treatment. The single eyes of all experiments in the groups except Group 1 administered intravitreally 1mg/ml concanavalin A to induce the EAU. On the 14th day, after clinical confirmation of uveitis, the eyes of the animals in Group 2, 3 and 5 received single dose intravitreally of 0.1ml saline, 2 mg/0.1 ml etanercept and 4 mg/0.1 ml TA, respectively. The animals in Group 4 were given intravitreally 100 μg/0.1 ml CsA weekly. At the end of the 6th week following the drug administrations, the eyes, including also controls, were excised. Vitreous IL-23 levels were measured by ELISA and evaluated. Results: The mean IL-23 level in Group 2 was found to be higher than that of Group 1 (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the IL-23 levels among the treatment groups (Group 3, 4 and 5) (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that intravitreal etanercept, CsA and TA do not affect the levels of IL-23 in EAU model.
Epigenetics: The Ultimate Mystery of Inheritance

"The potential is staggering.The age of epigenetics has arrived. "-Time, January 2010 Epigenetic means "on the gene," and the term refers to the recent discovery that stress in the environment can impact an individual's physiology so deeply that those biological scars are actually inherited by the next several generations. For instance, a recent study has shown that men who started smoking before puberty caused their sons to have significantly higher rates of obesity. And obesity is just the tip of the iceberg-many researchers believe that epigenetics holds the key to understanding cancer, Alzheimer's, schizophrenia, autism, and diabetes. Epigenetics is the first book for general readers on this fascinating and important topic. The book is driven by stories such as the Dutch famine of World War II, Jose Canseco and steroids, the breeding of mules and hinnies, Tazmanian devils and contagious cancer, and more.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND HEAVY METALS ON HEART RATE CHANGES IN COMMON CARP CYPRINUS CARPIO L. AND GRASS CARP CTENOPHARYNGODON IDELLA (VAL.) DURING EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

The study was conducted on common carp and grass carp embryos and larvae developed under laboratory conditions, at various temperatures and in the presence of heavy metals (Cu 0.20-0.27 mg dm -3 , Pb 2.0-4.0 mg dm -3 , Cd 0.2 mg dm -3 ). Heart rate was measured at various developmental stages and was observed to increase along with fish development in all experimental groups. This may be explained by the increase in the metabolic rate of developing embryos. Development was faster at higher temperatures, and the heart rate was usually higher. The results of the present study confirm that heart rate is a reliable indicator of the metabolic rate of developing fish embryos.The embryos and larvae which were exposed to heavy metals had higher heart rates in comparison to those of the control group. This indicates that metal-induced stress caused an increase in metabolic rate. A decrease in heart rate during hatching was observed at non-optimum temperatures and was particularly pronounced in metal-exposed embryos; this indicates that the disturbances were related to the high sensitivity of the fish at this stage.
Expression of functional α4β1 integrin by human dermal fibroblasts

Abstract Fibroblasts interact with the extracellular matrix through cell-surface receptors belonging to the integrin family. In this report, we present evidence that cultured normal human fibroblasts express the integrin α 4 β 1 and that this receptor facilitates fibroblast attachment to fibronectin. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and immunoprecipitation with monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that normal dermal fibroblasts express the α 4 -subunit on the cell surface, primarily in association with the β 1 -subunit. Cell-attachment assays demonstrated that normal human fibroblasts can attach to the 40-kDa fibronectin fragment containing the type III connecting segment domain recognized by α 4 β 1 . Adhesion to this fragment was inhibited by anti- α 4 antibody. Furthermore, our results indicate that α 4 β 1 collaborates with another fibronectin receptor, α 5 β 1 , during fibroblast attachment to full-length fibronectin. The region of fibronectin recognized by α 5 β 1 contains the amino acid sequence arg-gly-asp (RGD). A short synthetic RGD peptide, or the 120-kDa fibronectin fragment containing the RGD sequence, only partially inhibited attachment to full-length fibronectin, suggesting that fibroblasts utilize more than the RGD recognition sequence for binding to fibronectin. Accordingly, RGD peptide combined with anti- α 4 antibody produced more potent inhibition of cell attachment than either reagent alone. These observations show for the first time that functional α 4 β 1 fibronectin receptor is not restricted to lymphoid cells and transformed cells.
HOST--PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS. III. PROTEINS FROM PLANT CELL WALLS INHIBIT ENZYMES SECRETED BY PLANT PATHOGENS.

Proteins have been extracted from the cell walls of Red Kidney bean hypocotyls, tomato stems, and suspension-cultured sycamore cells which can inhibit completely the activity of the polygalacturonases secreted by the plant pathogens, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotium rolfsii. The inhibitor of the C. lindemuthianum polygalacturonase has been purified 560-fold from bean hypocotyl extracts. This purified protein is 40 times more effective an inhibitor of the C. lindemuthianum polygalacturonase than of' the F. oxysporum polygalacturonase, and does not demonstrably inhibit the S. rolfsii polygalacturonase. A crude hypocotyl extract capable of inhibiting com-p le t el y t h e t hr e e p ol y ga l ac t ur o na s es do e s n ot in h ib i t f . l in d em u th i an u m-secreted cellulase, xylanase, a-galactosidase, a-arabinofuranosidase, or 1 a-galacturonosidase. The purified bean hypocotyl protein combines with the C. lindemuthianum polygalacturonase to form a complex with a dis--9 sociation constant of 2 x 10 M or less. The physical properties of these inhibitors are very similar to those of phytohemagglutinins and of the· plant glycoproteins capable of agglutinating trans formed animal cells.
Actinobacillus, Capnocytophaga, Eikenella, Kingella, Pasteurella, and Other Fastidious or Rarely Encountered Gram-Negative Rods*

This chapter covers bacterial genera which are taxonomically diverse and belong to the families Cardiobacteriaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Fusobacteriaceae, Neisseriaceae, Pasteurellaceae, and Porphyromonadaceae, but common traits justify their discussion as a group. It discusses only species that can be isolated from humans. The Pasteurellaceae consist of several genera, of which four are known to contain human pathogens: Actinobacillus, Aggregatibacter, Haemophilus, and Pasteurella. Phenotypic identification of fastidious gram-negative rods presents several challenges. Triple sugar iron or Kligler's agar may not support the growth of fastidious genera (e.g., Eikenella). Detection of antibodies directed against any of the bacteria discussed in the chapter has been tried on a small scale only and does not seem to offer much value. With specimens normally colonized with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, as well as with specimens from wounds, e.g., bite wounds, the significance of the bacteria discussed in the chapter depends on their predominance and the absence of other potentially pathogenic bacteria. If these conditions are met, identification to the species level is needed for adequate interpretation and reporting as infectious agents and for susceptibility testing. If none of these conditions is present, a repeat culture and close cooperation between the microbiology laboratory and the physician are necessary for interpretation, for identification to the species or genus level, and for susceptibility testing.
Investigation into the formation and susceptibility of Candida albicans biofilms and denture plaque in vitro.

Microbial biofilms are wide-spread in nature and the organisms within them are often able to cause acute and chronic human diseases. The nature of biofilms is complex and the organisms behave differently from their planktonic counterparts. Many studies have been carried out on bacterial biofilms related to oral diseases, but little work has focused upon the potential clinical role of fungal and mixed fungal and bacterial biofilms. The aims of this project were to develop an in vitro model to investigate the development and structure of fungal biofilms and mixed fungal and bacterial biofilms associated with Denture related Stomatitis (DRS) and the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents against them. Single species Candida albicans and denture plaque derived from patients with DRS was grown in biofilms on dental materials in a Constant Depth Film Fermentor. Initial colonisation (2 - 6 h) of C. albicans was dependent upon the material and the roughness of the surface on which the biofilm formed. Higher numbers of yeast cells were present on enamel compared to dentine or acrylic whilst the highest numbers of cells were found on the roughest surfaces during early biofilm development. Confocal microscopy revealed that the hyphal form was associated with biofilm development and structure. Candida albicans grown in the biofilm phase of growth was more resistant to fluconazole, miconazole and chlorhexidine than when grown planktonically, although drug resistance varied between agents and biofilm growth phases. Microcosm biofilms containing similar proportions of genera to those of DRS lesions were developed. Further, the delivery of DRS-associated treatments was mimicked and it was demonstrated that a combination of miconazole and chlorhexidine was able to reduce the total bacterial count by 3 logio and the number of Candida species by over 2 logio. It can be concluded from this work that the initial phase of biofilm formation has a significant role to play in the development of biofilms on various oral surfaces and their subsequent susceptibility. Further, the development of an in vitro denture plaque model allowed the determination of the likely clinical effectiveness of treatment regimes.
Cellular and molelular procedures in developmental biology

E. Dupin, C. Ziller, and N.M. Le Douarin, The Avian Embryo as a Model in Developmental Studies. A.V. Morales and F. de Pablo, Inhibition of Gene Expression by Antisense Oligonucleotides in Chick Embryos in Vitro and in Vivo. C.L. Cepko, E. Ryder, C. Austin, J. Golden, and S. Fields-Berry, Lineage Analysis Using Retroviral Vectors. G. Lagna and A. Hemmati-Brivanlou, Use of Dominant/Negative Constructs to Modulate Gene Expression. M. Torres, The Use of Embryonic Stem Cells for the Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse. J.J. Garrido, T. Schimmang, J. Represa, and F. Giraldez, Organoculture of Otic Vesicle and Ganglion. E.J. de la Rosa, B. Diaz, and F. de Pablo, Organoculture of the Chick Embryonic Neuroretina. C.E. Krull and P.M. Kulesa, Embryonic Explant and Slice Preparations for Studies of Cell Migration and Axon Guidance. A.V. Holst and H. Roher, Culture of Avian Sympathetic Neurons. M-J. Fann and P.H. Patterson, Analysis of Gene Expression in Cultured Primary Neurons. S. Nakagawa, H. Matsunami, and M. Takeichi, Selective Aggregation Assays for Embryonic Brain Cell and Cell Lines. J. Serna, B. Pimentel, and E.J. de la Rosa, Flow Cytometric Analysis of Whole Organs and Embryos. C.D. Stern, Detection of Multiple Gene Products Simultaneously by in Situ Hybridization and Immunohistochemistry in Whole Mounts of Avian Embryos. C. Dulac, Differential Cloning from Single Cell cDNA Libraries. F. Feiguin, S. Llamazares, and C. Gonzalez, Methods in Drosophila Cell Cycle Biology. J. Lerma, M. Morales, and M. de los Angeles Vincente, Single CNS Neurons in Culture. M. Martinez-Padron and A. Ferrus, Patch-Clamp Recordings from Drosophila Presynaptic Terminals. N.J. McCarthy and G.I. Evan, Methods for Detecting and Quantifying Apoptosis. Subject Index. Contents of Previous Volumes.
Presence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis Race 1 in Soils Cultivated with Melon in the State of Colima (Mexico)

During years 2001, 2002 and 2003 the gravity of the Fusarium wilt in 1000 hectares of melon culture was evaluated in Colima (Mexico). In spite of the soil disinfections with methyl bromide, the losses could reach 25% of the final production. The analysis of 4 soil samples from the fields with ill plants, in a selective medium for Fusarium, allowed to detect the presence of F. oxysporum. By means of the presented technique “soil phytopathometry”, 31 isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis were obtained from the soil samples. The isolates were inoculated on melon plants to evaluate their pathogenicity. The 31 isolates inoculated, produced the symptoms of chlorosis and wilting, in melon cultivars that allowed us to affirm that all isolates were race 1 of F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis. Being this the first news of the presence of F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis in the state of Colima (Mexico).
Molecular characterization of mlo-based powdery mildew resistance and the role of heterotrimeric G-protein signaling in Arabidopsis defense

Powdery mildew is a common fungal disease of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant species. Successful pathogenesis by the biotrophic fungus depends on the presence of plant-specific MLO (MILDEW RESISTANCE LOCUS O) proteins, as mutations in particular MLO genes confer durable powdery mildew resistance in barley, tomato and Arabidopsis. In the absence of MLO, fungal spores fail to invade the host epidermal cell, resulting in an early termination of fungal pathogenesis. MLO proteins define a family of heptahelical plasma membrane-localized proteins, reminiscent of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in metazoans that activate heterotrimeric G-protein signaling. A genetic approach was chosen in this study to assess the role of MLO proteins as putative plant GPCRs and results from these experiments demonstrate that powdery mildew susceptibility conferred by MLO is independent of the heterotrimeric G-protein complex. However, data from this analysis suggest a function of the heterotrimeric G-protein in basal defense mechanisms against powdery mildew fungi as well as in the integration of MAMP (microbe-associated molecular patterns) perception into downstream immune responses. Metabolomic analysis performed in this study indicate that the adapted powdery mildew fungus, Golovinomyces orontii, is able to suppress the accumulation of the defense-relevant indolic glucosinolate, 4MI3G (4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) in Arabidopsis, thereby inhibiting the PEN2-dependent glucosinolate defense pathway. This inhibition requires functional MLO, suggesting that successful defense suppression either operates through the MLO protein or that it requires the formation of post-invasive fungal infection structures. Other data obtained here demonstrate that MLO proteins negatively regulate transcriptional activation of defense-related genes in response to powdery mildew challenge as well as upon MAMP treatment, implicating MLO functions in MAMP-triggered defense signaling.
Studies on the role of the endocannabinoid anandamide, as a possible modulator of events during neointimal formation.

Neointimal formation is a complex process that occurs due to the over compensatory healing response produced by the vessel following injury. Three key events, SMC proliferation, SMC migration and the inflammatory response, occur in unison to drive the formation of a neointima. Cannabinoids/endocannabinoids have been shown to elicit antiproliferative, anti-migratory and anti-inflammatory effects, highlighting modulation of the endocannabinoid system as possible therapeutic strategy. The aims of this study were to; (i) develop an organ culture model of neointimal formation, and investigate the presence of the endocannabinoid system, (ii) investigate the functional response of anandamide (AEA) in the murine carotid artery, (iii) investigate the effects of cannabinoids on SMC proliferation, and (iv) to establish the effects of cannabinoids on SMC migration. The organ culture model developed in this study demonstrated the presence of both CB receptors on SMCs, LCMS/MS analysis of tissue samples showed that endocannabinoid concentration was significantly (2-arachidonoylglycerol / 2-AG) increased in injured artery sections. Isolated vessel studies demonstrated that AEA produces a small (~20%) relaxation of the murine carotid artery which was not dependant on the production of active metabolites, but involved activation of the CB1 receptor. Studies investigating the effects of cannabinoids on cell proliferation revealed that paradoxically both a CB2 agonist and a CB2 antagonist reduced markers of cell proliferation without any effect on cell viability; high concentrations of AEA (10I¼M) reduced SMC proliferation, however this was associated with an apparent cytotoxic/cytostatic effect. The preliminary data from cell migration studies suggests that a CB2 agonist may function to reduce stimulated cell migration and that 2-AG can increase migration of unstimulated SMCs. In conclusion, although further research is required, the data within this thesis provides evidence that the endocannabinoid system (in particular the CB2 receptor) may have the potential to be manipulated for therapeutic gains in terms of restenosis.