Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF INCREASED TEMPERATURE AND CO2 ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS, GROWTH, AND ELEMENTAL RATIOS IN MARINE SYNECHOCOCCUS AND PROCHLOROCOCCUS (CYANOBACTERIA) 1

Little is known about the combined impacts of future CO2 and temperature increases on the growth and physiology of marine picocyanobacteria. We incubated Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus under present‐day (380 ppm) or predicted year‐2100 CO2 levels (750 ppm), and under normal versus elevated temperatures (+4°C) in semicontinuous cultures. Increased temperature stimulated the cell division rates of Synechococcus but not Prochlorococcus. Doubled CO2 combined with elevated temperature increased maximum chl a–normalized photosynthetic rates of Synechococcus four times relative to controls. Temperature also altered other photosynthetic parameters (α, Φmax, Ek, and ) in Synechococcus, but these changes were not observed for Prochlorococcus. Both increased CO2 and temperature raised the phycobilin and chl a content of Synechococcus, while only elevated temperature increased divinyl chl a in Prochlorococcus. Cellular carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) quotas, but not phosphorus (P) quotas, increased with elevated CO2 in Synechococcus, leading to ∼20% higher C:P and N:P ratios. In contrast, Prochlorococcus elemental composition remained unaffected by CO2, but cell volume and elemental quotas doubled with increasing temperature while maintaining constant stoichiometry. Synechococcus showed a much greater response to CO2 and temperature increases for most parameters measured, compared with Prochlorococcus. Our results suggest that global change could influence the dominance of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus ecotypes, with likely effects on oligotrophic food‐web structure. However, individual picocyanobacteria strains may respond quite differently to future CO2 and temperature increases, and caution is needed when generalizing their responses to global change in the ocean.
The quality of data from the National Science Foundation's UV monitoring network for polar regions

The U.S. National Science Foundation’s network for monitoring UV radiation in polar regions is now in its 15th year of operation. During this period, the deployed SUV-100 spectroradiometers have repeatedly been modified, and data processing methods have been changed. These modifications have continuously improved the quality of published data, but have also introduced step-changes into the data set. For example, a change of the wavelength calibration method in 1997 has improved the wavelength accuracy to ±0.04 nm (±1σ), but also lead to a step of 2-4% in published biological dose rates. In order to best assess long-term changes in UV at network locations, it is desirable to remove these steps and to homogenize the data set. This publication discusses possible ways to accomplish these objectives, with special emphasis on absolute calibration, wavelength accuracy, and the cosine error. To date, published data are not corrected for the instruments’ cosine errors. Such corrections are not straightforward, as older data are affected by an azimuth asymmetry of the irradiance collector, which was not constant over the years. A new method to correct the errors for both clear and cloudy sky conditions was developed, and is described here. Results indicate that dose rates published prior to the year 2000 are low by 2-5%, and exhibit a variation with the Sun’s azimuth angle. By modifying the instruments’ irradiance collectors in 2000, the azimuth asymmetry was virtually eliminated, however, the modification also lead to a step-change of about 3% in published data. The ability of the new correction algorithm to remove this step is demonstrated. Uncertainties in biologically weighted dose rates caused by the cosine error can be reduced with the correction procedure to ±2%. We are planning to reprocess the entire NSF data set with the new algorithms to improve both accuracy and homogeneity.
Opinion Classification System Using Supervised Learning Algorithm

Due to huge amount of data posted online, decision making process considering opinions play a crucial role in everyone's life. Analysis in the field of making decisions and setting policies has shown that sentiment analysis and Opinion mining lies at the intersection of Question Answering system and Computational Linguistics. World Wide Web has tremendous amount of unstructured data present in web forums, social networking sites and other social platforms as reviews which diverts our study towards mining the opinions on web. Our research work focuses on extracting tweets, classifying them into positive, negative and neutral category and finally providing a recommendation as whether to buy or reject a product. Classification system is been proposed by using twitter data using Naive Bayes algorithm and accuracy of the evaluation strategies by has been evaluated.Review data is collected for various product domains from micro blogging sites like twitter, face book.
ENERGY PSYCHOLOGY IN THE TREATMENT OF PTSD : PSYCHOBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL PRINCIPLES

Energy Psychology (EP) protocols use elements of established therapies such as exposure and cognitive processing and combine them with the stimulation of acupuncture points. EP methods such as EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) and TFT (Thought Field Therapy) have been extensively tested in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and outcome studies assessing PTSD and co-morbid conditions have demonstrated the efficacy of EP in populations ranging from war veterans to disaster survivors to institutionalized orphans. Studies investigating the neurobiological mechanisms of action of EP suggest that it quickly and permanently mediates the brain’s fear response to traumatic memories and environmental cues. This review examines the published trials of EP for PTSD and the physiological underpinnings of the method. It concludes by describing seven clinical implications for the professional community. These are: (1) the limited number of treatment sessions usually required to remediate PTSD; (2) the depth, breadth, and longevity of treatment effects; (3) the low risk of adverse events; (4) the limited commitment to training required for basic application of the method; (5) its efficacy when delivered in group format; (6) its simultaneous effect on a wide range of psychological and physiological symptoms, and (7) its suitability for non-traditional delivery methods such as online and telephone sessions.
Thematic Accuracy Consequences in Cadastre Land-cover Enrichment from a Pixel and from a Polygon Perspective

In this paper, cadastre agricultural cartography was enriched using crop raster maps obtained from remote sensing images. The work demonstrates the implications of applying two new terms: fidelity and purity. Per-pixel classifications and polygon enrichments were compared taking into account: (a) the consequences of using a more or less conservative strategy at the classification stage, using fidelity, and (b) the consequences of using modal thresholds at the enrichment stage when deciding which category each polygon is to be assigned to, using purity. More than 300,000 pixels and 2,800 polygons were used to measure the thematic accuracy of ten agricultural categories by means of confusion matrices. These were computed at pixel, polygon, and area level. Thematic accuracy was calculated in the classical way and without taking into account unclassified pixels as errors, as well as by paying special attention to the consequences for the classified area. The results show that polygon enrichment is a useful methodology, achieving thematic accuracies of 95.6 percent, when optimum parameters are used, while classifying 87.4 percent of the area.
A doubly inexact proximal bundle method for convex optimization

We propose an extension of proximal bundle methods for minimizing a nonsmooth convex function. Proximal bundle methods with inexact model minimization has been studied only under the assumption that oracles are exact and the stabilizing term is the Bregman distance. We extends these results to make inexact model minimization compatible with inexact oracles and the more generalized stabilizing term in the sense that the extended bundle method globally converges to an optimal point. Our extension of the stabilizing term is new and it subsumes the interior proximal distance. Our numerical experiments confirmed that allowing inexact model minimization often makes the proximal bundle method faster than its exact counterpart.
Fabrication process optimization for improved mechanical properties of Al 7075/SiCp metal matrix composites

Article history: Received October 28, 2015 Received in revised format November 28, 2015 Accepted January 25, 2016 Available online January 30, 2016 Two sets of nine different silicon carbide particulate (SiCp) reinforced Al 7075 Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) were fabricated using liquid metallurgy stir casting process. Mean particle size and weight percentage of the reinforcement were varied according to Taguchi L9 Design of Experiments (DOE). One set of the cast composites were then heat treated to T6 condition. Optical micrographs of the MMCs reveal consistent dispersion of reinforcements in the matrix phase. Mechanical properties were determined for both as-cast and heat treated MMCs for comparison of the experimental results. Linear regression models were developed for mechanical properties of the heat treated MMCs using list square method of regression analysis. The fabrication process parameters were then optimized using Taguchi based grey relational analysis for the multiple mechanical properties of the heat treated MMCs. The largest value of mean grey relational grade was obtained for the composite with mean particle size 6.18 μm and 25 weight % of reinforcement. The optimal combination of process parameters were then verified through confirmation experiments, which resulted 42% of improvement in the grey relational grade. Finally, the percentage of contribution of each process parameter on the multiple performance characteristics was calculated through Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). © 2016 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Driver vigilance diagnostic based on eyelid movement observation

Abstract Driver loss of vigilance is an important cause of road fatalities. The improvement of technologies makes now possible the implementation of in-vehicle driver monitoring systems assessing in real time the evolution of the driver state. Within this paper a Driver Vigilance Monitoring (DVM) system developed by Continental Automotive is described. This system includes a compact CMOS camera for observing the driver eyelid movements and a set of algorithms for analyzing in real time the image provided by the camera, to classify this information and at last to provide drowsiness diagnostic.
Interactive comment on “ Quantification of black carbon mixing state from traffic : implications for aerosol optical properties ” by M . D . Willis et al

1. A potentially major technical issue relates to the fact that in the SP-AMS, it is not assured that the particle will completely vaporise. If the particle beam is wider than the laser beam (which given that soot particles are non-spherical, is a distinct possibility), then particles may pass through the “tails” of the laser beam, which may mean that the particles absorb sufficient energy to vaporise the coating of the particle but not the core. This would occur if the peak temperature reached was between the boiling points of the coating of the core, which given this covers a temperature range of thousands of degrees, this is a distinct possibility. Furthermore, a report of this behaviour in diesel emission particles was presented at the most recent AMS users’ meeting: http://cires1.colorado. edu/jimenezgroup/ UsrMtgs/UsersMtg16/JDASPAMSfocusing.pdf. In this paper, the reported population of particles that contained little or no rBC could be attributed to this incomplete vaporisation occurring. It could also give rise to the PMF result as well. The authors should see if they can discount this as a possibility, or failing this, add this possibility in as a caveat. In the worst case that the observation of the “HOA rich” population turns out to be erroneous, what effect would this have on the paper? Authors’ response: The incomplete evaporation of rBC-containing particles in the “tails” of the laser vaporiser is indeed a distinct possibility in our measurements, and is now more explicitly addressed in this paper. As the reviewer states, incomplete vaporisation can take place when the particle beam is wider than the laser beam and this may be the case in our measurements (as mentioned in the Methods section, beam width probe measurements used to estimate the collection efficiency at the roadside site suggest this is the case). We agree that this could certainly have an effect on the mfrBC measured by the SP-AMS; however, we believe we can discount the possibility that the HOA-rich particle class is an artefact caused by incomplete vaporisation because HOA-rich and rBC-rich particle classes have different size distributions in single particle data. If HOA-rich particles arose exclusively from incomplete vaporisation
Sequence stratigraphy, biotic change, 87Sr/86Sr record, paleoclimatic history, and sedimentation rate change across a regional late Cenozoic unconformity in Arctic Canada

Eustasy, tectonics, and climate contributed to a remarkable MiocenePliocene regional unconformity in the BeaufortMackenzie area of Arctic Canada. The unconformity extends from beneath deep basin turbidites on the continental rise, upslope across an erosional paleocontinental shelf, onto the cratonic margin as a regional paleosurface (peneplain) in the Mackenzie Delta area, and into pediment surfaces cut into the orogenic highlands of the Richardson Mountains. The unconformity was initiated by shelf exposure during latest Messinian or earliest Pliocene eustatic lowstand and was accentuated by tectonic uplift from the culmination of a major Late Miocene compressional pulse on the basin margin. Palynomorph, benthic foraminiferal, strontium isotopic, paleomagnetic, and radiometric data document the climatic and chronological events surrounding the unconformity. A widespread hardground (K-59 limestone) occurs at the unconformity and caps the Late Miocene Akpak Sequence. The hardground yields the benthic fora.
A Note on Vortices with Prescribed Charge

Abstract We consider the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation with nonnegative potential, which makes the equation suitable for physical models, and prove the existence of solitary wave solutions with nonvanishing angular momentum and enough largely prescribed charge (c-vortices). This is done by solving the following minimization problem: where x = (y, z) ∈ ℝ2 × ℝ, k ≠ 0 and H is a suitable subspace of H1(ℝ3) × ℝ.
Field-based observations of regional-scale, temporal variation in net primary production in Tibetan alpine grasslands

Net primary production (NPP) is a fundamental process of natural ecosystems. Temporal variation of NPP not only reflects how communities respond to environmen- tal fluctuations, but it also has important implications for re- gional carbon assessment. Unfortunately, studies based on field measurements to directly address this issue in the ex- treme environment of alpine grasslands are rare. In this study, we measured aboveground NPP (ANPP) and species richness in 40 sites across the Tibetan alpine grasslands from 2006 to 2009 to investigate the regional pattern of temporal variation in ANPP and to quantify the effects of climate fluctuation and biodiversity on this variation. The results showed that, during the 4-year period, the average ANPP varied 1.5-fold, from 83.9 to 125.7 g m 2 , with a mean coefficient of variation of temporal variation of 36.6 % across the 40 sites. Compared with other studies, alpine grasslands are not more sensitive to climate fluctuations than other grassland types. Above- ground NPP exhibited synchronous temporal variation and consistent spatial patterns over the 4-year period due to the regionally similar climatic fluctuations caused by monsoon- dominated plateau climate. Surprisingly, rainfall fluctuation had a more profound effect on the ANPP dynamics than tem- perature variation, which suggests that production in the Ti- betan alpine grasslands is primarily driven by precipitation. Therefore, ANPP in the Tibetan alpine grasslands are mainly constrained by water availability. Finally, we found a reduc- tion in interannual variation (i.e., CV) in ANPP with increas- ing species richness of plant communities, suggesting that diversity can stabilize community production in high-altitude grasslands.
Computational Modeling Approaches for Studying Transverse Combustion Instability in a Multi-Element Injector (Briefing Charts)

Abstract : The current study describes two modeling approaches to model an unstable seven element linear array of shear coaxial injectors. The first approach is a reduced model where the driving injectors are replaced with an artificial forcing term. The forcing amplitude can be adjusted so that the effect of the transverse instability on the center study element can be examined parametrically. The second approach models the entire domain, and can capture additional details such as the inter-element interactions and the self-excited nature of the instability. Both sets of results are compared with experimental measurements and used to provide physical insights into the underlying instability mechanisms.
CYP2W1 in colorectal cancer : aspects of risk, prognosis and future treatment options

7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . 9 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS . 11 THESIS AT A GLANCE . 13 INTRODUCTION . 15 Colorectal cancer – epidemiology . 15 Staging and survival . 15 Treatment of colorectal cancer . 16 Colorectal cancer risk – inherited factors . 17 High penetrance genes . 18 Low penetrance genes. 19 Colorectal cancer risk – environmental factors. 20 Physical activity . 20 Diet . 21 Carcinogenic compounds in food . 22 Interactions between diet and low penetrance genes . 23 Development of colorectal cancer – molecular mechanisms. 23 Genetics. 23 Epigenetics . 25 Colonic stem cells and cancer . 26 Tumor stroma and inflammation . 29 Biology of the invasion – metastasis cascade . 30 Prognostic and predictive factors . 32 Cytochromes P450 – a family of enzymes . 35 Polymorphism in CYP genes . 36 CYPs and cancer risk . 36 CYPs and prognosis. 37 CYP2W1 . 37 Regulation of the CYP2W1 transcription . 38 Polymorphism in the CYP2W1 gene . 38 Substrates to CYP2W1 . 38 Using tumor specific CYP2W1 as a target for pro-drug activation. 39 AIMS OF THE THESIS . 41 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 43 Patients . 43 Immunofluorescence . 45 Immunohistochemistry . 45
S Self-Esteem Reflects Assessments of Valuation

Human beings rely on their social bonds to survive and to thrive. In the early ancestral environment, a lone individual would not have fared well against predators or the natural elements. To survive and successfully reproduce, people needed to establish strong bonds with others and then work to maintain those bonds over time. Thus, natural and sexual selection shaped humans into a uniquely social species, possessing psychobiological adaptations designed to help them navigate the complexities of social interaction. Such adaptations include a powerful need to belong, which functions in part by rewarding social need fulfillment and punishing those who fail to nurture their social bonds (Baumeister and Leary 1995). For example, over and above the effects of satisfying the basic physical needs for survival, forming and maintaining high-quality social bonds brings rewards like feelings of life satisfaction, security, and general well-being, whereas failing to form such bonds results in costs like depression, intense loneliness, poor physical health, and even premature death (e.g., Cohen 2004; Uchino 2006). To service the need to belong, humans developed additional adaptations aimed at helping them to form and maintain highquality social bonds. One such adaptation is the self-esteem system, which functions in part by monitoring, and eventually internalizing, one’s perceived relational value.
GINI DP 20: Does Income Inequality Negatively Affect General Trust? Examining three potential problems with the inequality-trust hypothesis

Many studies on the consequences of income inequality find that where inequality is high, trust is low. There are, however, reasons to examine the relation between inequality and trust more closely. First, previous research does not differentiate between the effect of income inequality and that of national wealth. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism is often unclear. Finally, the association might be dependent on non-Western countries where income inequality is extremely high. In this paper, we evaluate whether there is a relation between income inequality and trust in a sample of Western developed economies when taking into account national wealth. Theoretically, we distinguish between stratification effects and perception effects of inequality. Empirically, besides actual income inequality and national wealth, we include a measurement of perceived inequality on the basis of individual level earnings estimations for stereotypical jobs. We find no significant effect of inequality on trust when taking into account national wealth, suggesting that in Western countries the amount of resources rather than its distribution explains trust. Key words: trust, income inequality, perceived inequality, national wealth, comparative research.
EQUIVARIANT COHOMOLOGY AND CHERN CLASSES OF SYMMETRIC VARIETIES OF MINIMAL RANK

We describe the equivariant Chow ring of the wonderful compactification X of a symmetric space of minimal rank, via restriction to the associated toric variety Y . Also, we show that the restrictions to Y of the tangent bundle TX and its logarithmic analogue SX decompose into a direct sum of line bundles. This yields closed formulae for the equivariant Chern classes of TX and SX , and, in turn, for the Chern classes of reductive groups considered by Kiritchenko.
The comparative evidence-base for the efficacy of second-generation antidepressants in the treatment of depression : A Bayesian Meta-analysis

Background: Studies showed similar efficacy for antidepressants to treat depression. Aims: Quantify the comparative evidence-base for the efficacy of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved second-generation antidepressants for depression and to estimate pooled effect sizes for antidepressants in the Bayesian framework. Method: Data were extracted from the FDA reviews, which is less liable to the selective publication, for 12 antidepressants by Turner et al (2008). Meta-analytic Bayes factors, which quantify the strength of evidence for the efficacy, were calculated and compared with the classical estimations. Results: The evidence load for the efficacy varied strongly: duloxetine had the largest evidence load for its efficacy and venlafaxine had the highest estimated effect size. Bupropion had the lowest estimated effect size and evidence load. Conclusions: The results illustrating the importance of considering effect sizes together with the evidence load. The Bayesian approach showed added value above traditionally used approaches. Declaration of interests: None Abstract: 150/150 words 150/150 words Main text: 3526/4000 words