Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scaling of reverse osmosis permeate

Reverse Osmosis is a possible process production of drinking water from saline or freshwater, in which water is forced through a semi permeable membrane resulting in production of pure water with very low ion concentrations. This water is then remineralized to prevent corrosion and make it suitable for consumer usage. It is reported that at higher temperatures, for instance in boilers, scaling occurs in an earlier stage in drinking water produced by RO than water produced with conventional water treatment plant. Presumed is that the absence of certain materials removed by RO during filtration is the cause of this early scaling. One of these substances is humic acids. In this research the effect of addition of several concentration of HA on scaling is measure at high temperature and calcium concentration of approximately 20mg/l and 40mg/l. The results show that dosing of at least 3 mg/L of humic acids can significantly reduce scaling in RO permeate water. In water with lower Ca2+ concentrations no scaling was measured thus the experiment was repeated with a higher initial Ca2+ concentration.
EVALUATION OF THERMAL DESORPTION FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF ARTIFICIAL SWINE ODORANTS IN THE VAPOR PHASE

Quantification of odorants from animal production facilities is difficult. The current technique is to collect air samples in Tedlar bags and quantify odor using a trained olfactory panel. In this approach, relative differences between samples can be determined, but further quantification of odorants is limited. An alternative approach is to quantify odorants in air emissions using sorbent tubes. A sorbent tube is a glass tube packed with a specific adsorbent material (Tenax TA, Carboxen 1000, Carbosieve SIII, etc.) and has been used to collect volatiles and quantify emissions from various industrial sources. Each adsorbent has a limited range of chemical selectivity. Limited applications of sorbent tubes with single or dual adsorbents have been used to measure odorant emissions from animal production facilities. In this study, tri–packed sorbent tubes and Tedlar bags were compared in characterizing 19 major odorants found in artificial swine odor. The sorbent tubes were packed with Tenax TA, Carboxen 1000, and Carbosieve SIII. The artificial swine odor was directly desorbed onto the tri–packed sorbent tube. For comparison, a 10–L Tedlar bag was filled with nitrogen gas and artificial swine odor. The Tedlar bag was then desorbed onto the tri–packed sorbent tube. The sorbent tube was then thermally desorbed into a gas chromatography (GC) system with a flame ionization detector (FID) for quantification. The tri–packed sorbent tube demonstrated recoveries greater than 74% and detection limits less than 0.4 ng for all 19 odorants. Thus, a tri–packed sorbent tube may provide an analytical method to measure low concentrations of major odorants found in air emissions from swine production facilities. Tedlar bags showed limited recoveries of some odorants, less than 12% for indole and skatole. In addition, Tedlar bags immediately sampled after three flushings with nitrogen emitted 3.50 ng L–1 hr–1 of acetic acid (~35% above background levels) and 2.13 ng L–1 hr–1 phenol (~27% above background levels). These results suggest that air samples collected in Tedlar bags may bias olfactory analysis.
Tuning Nanostructure Morphology and Gold Nanoparticle ``Locking'' of Multi-Responsive Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymers†† Paper No. 138 in a series on Water Soluble Polymers.

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was utilized to prepare multiresponsive, self-assembling amphiphilic poly[(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)x-b-(N-isopropylacrylamide)y] (DMAEMAx-b-NIPAMy). Controlling block lengths, solution pH, and NaCl concentration to elicit changes in the hydrophilic mass fraction resulted in specific morphological changes upon thermally induced assembly. At y = 102 (68 wt % DMAEMA), DMAEMA165-b-NIPAM102 copolymers self-assemble into simple core−shell micelles (58 nm). Increasing y to 202 (48 wt % DMAEMA) leads to a mixture of spherical micelles (78 nm) and worm-like micelles (D = 50−100 nm, L = 400−500 nm). Further increasing y to 435 (36 wt % DMAEMA) produces vesicular structures (179 nm). Significantly, reversible assembly of these nanostructures from the present stimuli-responsive diblock copolymers can be accomplished directly in aqueous media without the necessity of dialysis or manipulation with cosolvents. Additionally, the associated.
TESLA: A Centralized Taxi Dispatching Approach to Optimizing Revenue Efficiency with Global Fairness

Taxi service plays an important part in urban transportation systems. Traditional taxi business model suffer from low efficiency. The development of smart phones and mobile computing has made centralized taxi dispatching possible. Existing taxi dispatching algorithms mostly focus on optimizing the overall profit of the entire fleet but ignore the income fairness issue of drivers. This may cause problem for driver engagement and drivers’ working desire. In this paper, we study how to improve the overall taxi drivers’ revenue in a fleet while addressing the fairness issue in a central dispatching model. We first identify the unfairness issue from the taxi dispatch process and propose a novel solution to match taxis and passengers in real time, namely cen T raliz E d di S patch with g L obal f A irness (TESLA). We design a dispatching system to improve driver’s revenue efficiency while considering driver fairness, and propose a route recommendation algorithm to help drivers get dispatched faster. Experiment results on a real taxi dataset collected from 1400 taxis in Changsha, China for one year suggest that our TESLA approach outperforms the real taxi operation strategy and other approaches in terms of income fairness, and can improve taxis’ revenue efficiency, reduce passengers’ waiting time compared with the real data. TESLA also recommend better routes for waiting drivers to get next dispatch sooner and is computationally efficient.
Phenol removal by soluble and alginate entrapped turnip peroxidase

This paper is a comparative study of phenol biodegradation by soluble and alginate entrapped turnip (Brassica rapa) peroxidase. The effects of relevant factors on the process such as pH, temperature, concentration of H2O2, phenol concentration, enzyme activity and contact time were evaluated in order to optimize the conditions for maximum phenol removal. Results showed that the obtained average removal yield under optimal conditions was 93%. The process duration was 3 hours. The reaction is conducted in aqueous medium under optimal pH 7 and temperature of 40 °C. The highest removal percentage was obtained for phenol concentrations of 80 and 46 mg L with soluble and entrapped enzyme respectively.
Hydraulic Conductivity and Water Retention Curve of Highly Compressible Materials- From a Mechanistic Approach through Phenomenological Models

Highly compressible material (HCM), such as clay and materials containing high organic content, are increasingly used for applications in geoenvironmental engineering and agriculture (Nemati, et al., 2002; Paquet & Caron, 1993). In particular, deinking by-products (DBP) a clay and fibers spongy material produced in the early stage of the paper recycling process has been suggested by numerous authors as a cover material over landfills (Kraus, et al., 1997; Moo-Young & Zimmie, 1996; Cabral, et al., 1999; Burnotte, et al., 2000; Kamon, et al., 2002; Parent, 2006; Robart, 1998; Bédard, 2005) and mine waste top covers (Cabral, et al., 1999) as well as structural enhancement material in agricultural soils (Nemati, et al., 2000). The challenge with using DBP as part of a landfill cover was reviewed by Cabral et al. (2007) and Abdolahzadeh et al. (2010; 2008). The unsaturated hydraulic properties of DBP are fundamental for the design of top covers. Those properties are namely water retention curve (WRC), also commonly called soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC1) and hydraulic conductivity function (k-function). In the early stage of our projects concerning DBP, we needed to determine their hydraulic properties. DBP revealed to be highly compressible under the effect of suction, and classical models to represent the WRC of porous materials (Brooks & Corey, 1964; van Genuchten, 1980; Fredlund & Xing, 1994) usually do not take into account volume change during drying. Indeed, when a porous material dries, the capillarity phenomenon induces a tensile stress into the pores. As a result, the pores may shrink upon drying. Variations in pore structure
Synthesis and performance of water‐retention PEMs with nafion‐intercalating‐montmorillonite hybrid

A proton exchange membrane modified with montmorillonite (MMT) was prepared by introducing perfluorosulfonylfluroride resin into the interlayer of MMT at high temperature and high pressure. The intercalating structure was analyzed by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the results showed that the polymer was indeed intercalated into the interlayer of the modified montmorillonite (m-MMT) matrix without destroying the microstructure of the matrix by largely increasing the d-spacings of m-MMT. SEM analysis on the surface and cross-section of these composite membranes shows that the MMT nanoparticles are dispersed in the membrane uniformly. This composite membrane reveals excellent water retention and conductance at high temperature. The composite membrane was evaluated in a single cell, and the results show that the performance of composite membrane is higher than that of pure Nafion membrane at hightemperature especially without external-humidification. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Hydrophobic Interaction Model for Upper and Lower Critical Solution Temperatures

Hydration of hydrophobic solutes in water is the cause of different phenomena, including the hydrophobic heat capacity anomaly, which are not yet fully understood. Because of its topicality, there has recently been growing interest in the mechanism of hydrophobic aggregation and in the physics on which it is based. In this study we use a simple yet powerful mixture model for water, an adapted two-state Muller−Lee−Graziano model, to describe the energy levels of water molecules as a function of their proximity to nonpolar solute molecules. The model is shown to provide an appropriate description of many-body interactions between the hydrophobic solute particles. The solubility and aggregation of hydrophobic substances are studied by evaluating detailed Monte Carlo simulations in the vicinity of the first-order aggregation phase transition. A closed-loop coexistence curve is found, which is consistent with a mean-field calculation carried out for the same system. In addition, the destabilizing effect of a c.
Expansion of Consolidated Material after Release of Load

An understanding of the expansion phenomena of compressed materials is essential to improving the technique of forming by expression in ceramics industries and other processes. In this study, a slurry of Korean kaolin–Solka floc mixture was used as experimental material. The slurry was consolidated in a compression cell at constant pressure, resulting in a semisolid material with uniform void ratio. The expansion process of such a homogeneous material was investigated experimentally and theoretically under the condition in which the compression pressure was released momentarily and the material was saturated with liquid during expansion. Expansion of a homogeneous material is very similar to consolidation of a semisolid material, and can be analyzed well by use of the Terzaghi–Voigt combined model, although the expansion proceeds considerably more slowly than does consolidation under the same change of compression pressure. It is found that the ratio of secondary deformation to total deformation in expansion is much larger than that in consolidation.
MOLECULAR SIMULATION OF HYDROGEN ADSORPTION IN SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES AND IDEALIZED CARBON SLIT PORES

The adsorption of hydrogen gas into single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and idealized carbon slit pores is studied by computer simulation. Hydrogen-hydrogen interactions are modeled with the Silvera-Goldman potential. The Crowell-Brown potential is used to model the hydrogen-carbon interactions. Calculations include adsorption inside the tubes, in the interstitial regions of tube arrays, and on the outside surface of isolated tubes. Quantum effects are included through implementation of the path integral formalism. Comparison with classical simulations gives an indication of the importance of quantum effects for hydrogen adsorption. Quantum effects are important even at 298 K for adsorption in tube interstices. We compare our simulations with experimental data for SWNTs, graphitic nanofibers, and activated carbon. Adsorption isotherms from simulations are in reasonable agreement with experimental data for activated carbon, but do not confirm the large uptake reported for SWNTs and nanofibers. Although .
Dehydration of MoO3 · 2H2O: A Neutron Thermodiffractometry Study

Abstract A neutron powder thermodiffractometric study of the dehydration reactions MoO 3 · 2H 2 O → MoO 3 · H 2 O → MoO 3 has been carried out in order to investigate the topotactic mechanism previously reported. The topotactic character of the reactions is confirmed and an approximate model for the crystal structure of MoO 3 · H 2 O is proposed. Quantitative data about the relative amount of the existing phases, as a function of temperature, have been deduced from multiphase profile analysis. The anomalous behavior of the cell parameters of MoO 3 · H 2 O, at about 100°C, indicates the existence of a new phase transition. The evolution of the crystallite size of MoO 3 has also been obtained from the broadening of Bragg reflections at high temperature. The preferred direction of growth is along [021].
Redox reactions in Prussian blue containing paint layers as a result of light exposure

Prussian blue, a mixed valence pigment, typically KFeIII[FeII(CN)6]·xH2O, was the most widely used blue artistic pigment from ca. 1720 to the 1970's but, unfortunately, its paint layers, especially when used in conjunction with a white pigment, tend to fade or turn green upon extended exposure to light. In order to identify the mechanism underlying these changes, paint layers have been prepared with differing amounts of these white pigments and subjected to accelerated light exposure fading. The resulting unfaded and faded paint layers as well as both the Berlin white pigment, Fe2II[FeII(CN)6], and the partially oxidized Berlin green pigment, {KFeIII[FeII(CN)6]}x{FeIII[FeIII(CN)6]}1−x, have been characterized by Raman and iron-57 Mossbauer spectroscopy. The results indicate that, upon fading, the Prussian blue pigment painted with a linseed oil binder and (PbCO3)2Pb(OH)2 or ZnO, and to a lesser extent with TiO2, undergoes a reduction at the exposed paint surface and an oxidation in the bulk of the paint layer. This combined reduction and oxidation disrupts, at least in part, the FeIII–N–C–FeII intervalent electron transfer pathways in Prussian blue thus leading to pigment fading through a reduction in the intervalent electron transfer absorbance at about 700 nm.
Boiling, Condensation, and Gas-Liquid Flow

Introduction Two-phase flow patterns and flow pattern maps Bubbly and plug flow Annular flow Homogeneous flow Pressure drop in two-phase flow - overall methods for separated flow Drift flux model Critical two-phase flow Detailed phenomena in annular flow: Wave behaviour, deposition and entrainment Annular flow models Flooding in two-phase flow Instabilities in two-phase flow Two-phase flow in pipe fittings Boiling: Introduction and pool boiling Critical heat flux in pool boiling Flow boiling: Onset of nucleation and heat transfer Critical heat flux in flow boiling Mixture effects in boiling Calculation of boiling heat transfer coefficients and critical heat flux using an annular flow model Post-burnout heat transfer Rewetting of hot surfaces Condensation Process industry reboilers Condensers Practical calculation methods Questions Appendices Index.
A review of tin oxide-based catalytic systems: Preparation, characterization and catalytic behavior

This paper reviews the important aspects of the preparation, characterization and catalytic behavior of tin oxide-based catalytic systems including doped tin oxide, mixed oxides which contain tin oxide, Pt supported on tin oxide and Pt/Sn supported on alumina. These systems have a broad range of applications and are continually increasing in importance. However, due to their complex nature, much remains to be understood concerning how they function catalytically.
Uptake and toxicity of nickel and other metals in crops grown on soil contaminated by a nickel refinery

Severe contamination of vegetation and soil by nickel, copper, and cobalt has been observed in the vicinity of a nickel refinery in Southern Ontario. Nickel concentrations in excess of 26000 parts per million (PPM) have been found in surface soil near the refinery and soil concentrations exceeding 100 ppm Ni are found over 8 km downwind of the refinery. Foliage samples from trees growing within 1 km of the refinery frequently exceed 200 to 300 ppm Ni, with lesser amounts of Co and Cu. Despite these high concentrations of Ni, overt metal toxicity symptoms are confined to a few extremely susceptible native species such as silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.), and to susceptible crops such as oats, lettuce, and cabbage. Uptake and toxicity of Ni and other metals were studied in crops growing on a muck farm located about 1 km east of the refinery, where the Ni content of the organic soil ranged from approximately 2000 to 10000 ppm. Growth of crops such as onions, potatoes, celery, cabbage, and lettuce was sever.
Plastische Verformungsprozesse in nanokristallinen Palladium-Gold-Legierungen: Dehnratenabhängige mechanische Prüfung und in-situ Diffraktion an Scherkompressionsproben

In this work the plasticity of nanocrystalline (nc) PdAu alloys has been investigated focusing on the mechanisms governing plastic flow. Nc Pd90Au10 samples have been deformed under dominant shear and superimposed compression up to large plastic strains (ε ≈ 20 %) using the so called shear compression specimen. In addition to deformation at different strain-rates the microstructure of several samples was analyzed by in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) during loading and post mortem transmission electron microscopy. Mechanical testing allowed to determine thermal activation parameters which are compatible with pertinent deformation mechanisms such as stress driven grain boundary migration, nucleation and emission of partial dislocations at/from grainboundaries (GB), and shear transformation zone (STZ) based plasticity in the GB network, but cannot discriminate between them. To identify which specific mechanism contributes dominantly to strain propagation, in-situ XRD data were used to compute the contributions of the individual deformation mechanisms to overall strain, leading to the surprising result that about 70% of the deformation is carried by STZ mediated plasticity. In addition, it was found that increasing the Au concentration of nc PdAu has basically no impact on the contributions of the individual mechanisms, indicating that GB mediated plasticity is not susceptible to conventional solid solution hardening.
Study of Wet-Chemically-Prepared Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon (111) Surfaces and a Novel Implementation of a High-Resolution Interferometer

Title of Dissertation: STUDY OF WET-CHEMICALLY-PREPARED HYDROGEN-TERMINATED SILICON (111) SURFACES AND A NOVEL IMPLEMENTATION OF A HIGH-RESOLUTION INTERFEROMETER Hui Zhou, Doctor of Philosophy, 2003 Dissertation directed by: Dr. Richard Silver Chemical Physics Program This thesis summarizes my graduate study under the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Atom-Based Dimensional Metrology Project, in which we are developing methods for measuring sub-micrometer dimensions including directly counting atom spacings on a silicon-surface lattice. Atomically flat, hydrogen-terminated Si(111) surfaces are prepared using wet chemistry. The surface morphology after the wet-chemistry preparation was found to be dependent on both the initial etching time and wafer miscut. These two factors have been neglected in literature. To produce a morphology of uniform, long-range steps and terraces, the miscut angle has to be larger than a certain angle. The development and dynamics of the surface morphology was explained by preferential etching. A kinetic Monte-Carlo simulation was used to quantitatively study some of the key aspects of the surface-morphology evolution, such as step flow, pit expansion, and step–pit collision. The hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces prepared using wet-chemical etching method were used as substrates to create nanometer-scale patterns using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM)-probe-induced surface modification in both ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and low-vacuum environments. Patterns created in UHV have linewidths below 10 nm, while patterns created in low vacuum had a minimum linewidth of nominally 20 nm. The pattern created in a low vacuum environment was further processed using SF6 reactive-ion etching, resulting in patterns whose aspect ratio had increased more than 5 times. To enable accurate measurement of atom spacings, a Michelson interferometer of novel design was implemented in this research, based on the principle that during operation, the interference-fringe signal is locked at a zero point by tuning the laser frequency, thus transferring the displacement measurement into a laser-frequency measurement and greatly increasing the measurement resolution. The interferometer is designed to be integrated into an ultra-high-vacuum scanning tunneling microscope for atom-resolved measurements. This unique implementation achieves a nominal resolution of sub-angstrom. In this thesis, the principles of the interferometer design and the uncertainty budget of the interferometer are discussed. STUDY OF WET-CHEMICALLY-PREPARED HYDROGEN-TERMINATED SILICON (111) SURFACES AND A NOVEL IMPLEMENTATION OF A HIGH-RESOLUTION INTERFEROMETER
Reevaluation of Thermodynamic Data for Hydroxide and Hydrolysis Species of Palladium(II) Using the Brønsted-Guggenheim-Scatchard Model

Thermodynamic data for palladium(II) in Pd2+–OH−–ClO4 − system were obtained through critical reviews and reinterpretations of literature data using the Brønsted-Guggenheim-Scatchard Model. The solubility product of palladium(II) hydroxide, hydrolysis constant of palladium(II), and ion interaction coefficients between palladium(II) species and electrolyte ions were determined with 95% confidence interval. The thermodynamic data thus obtained help accurately predict the solubility-limiting concentrations of palladium(II) as a function of hydrogen ion concentration in dilute to relatively concentrated solutions.