Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of replacing barley grain with wheat dry distillers' grains on growth performance, eating behavior, and subcutaneous fatty acid profiles of lambs

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess the effects of replacing barley grain with increasing concentrations of wheat dry distillers' grains with solubles (WDDGS) on the growth performance and fatty acid profile of adipose tissue in lambs. Increasing concentration of WDDGS was achieved by replacing barley grain with WDDGS. Thirty-nine weaned crossbred lambs were completely randomized by weight and assigned to three dietary treatments (control, 200 g/kg WDDGS, and 400 g/kg WDDGS). Increasing WDDGS in the diet affected eating rate, total daily intake, and average daily gain. Total saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in subcutaneous fat were unaltered, but proportions of linolenic acid were increased. This study suggests that a concentrated diet containing 400 g/kg WDDGS fed to lambs as replacement of barley grain, improved lamb intake and growth performance as compared to a barley-based diet.
FISH Chromosome Mapping Allowing Karyotype Analysis in Medicago truncatula Lines Jemalong J5 and R-108-1

Two lines of Medicago truncatula, R-108-1 and Jemalong J5, exhibit differences in their symbiotic properties, morphological markers, and capacity for regeneration and transformation. Using cytogenetic techniques, we detected differences in chromomycin A3 staining on the two sides of the secondary constriction of the nucleolar chromosome pair of J5 and R-108-1, while DAPI (4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining revealed no differences between the two lines. FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) analysis showed a difference between J5 and R-108-1 for the same 5S rRNA genes; three loci were found in J5 but only two loci in R-108-1. However, for the 18S-5.8S-26S rDNA genes only a single locus was found in both lines. Based on these analyses, a karyotype for the two lines was established.
Maintenance nitrogen requirements of the macropod marsupials Thylogale thetis, red-necked pademelon, and Macropus eugenii, Tammar wallaby

The maintenance nitrogen (N) requirement of the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, a specles adapted to semiarid habitats, was estimated to be 0.24 g per kg W*0.75 per day of dietary N, or 0.23 g per kg W*0.75 per day of truly digestible N. In contrast, the red-necked pademelon, Thylogale thetis, a wallaby restricted to subtropical rain forest, required 0.60 g per kg W*0.75 per day dietary N, or 0.53 g per kg W*0.75 per day of truly digestible N for mamtenance. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) was lower (P < 0.001) by the pademelons (59%) than by the tammars (72%), and DM intake was higher (39 versus 25 g per kg W*0.75 per day) (P < 0.001). Intake of free water was also greater (P < 0.001) by the pademelons than by the tammars (169 versus 107 ml per 100 g DM intake). It is concluded that the red-necked pademelon is not as 'rummant-like' in its digestive physiology and metabolism as macropod species from more and environments.
Territorial resources, limits and strategies of local development processes and agri-food productions of quality

The aim of this work is to analyse the role that typical products can play in the local development process. Territorial resources involved, limits and strategies for their enhancement are analysed; this analysis will permit both to define the results that have been achieved since nowadays in the local development process and to point out future themes for the research in the field of agricultural economics. The typicality of an agri-food product regards qualitative characteristics that derive from its tie with the territory, this tie becomes a relevant element for the differentiation of the typical product from the others. In this context, the typical product maintains all the specificities associated to its origin, involving also aspects related to the traditions and the culture of the territories, to the collective dimension and to the local knowledge. Consumers tent to look for good which are differentiated and to connect authenticity and local specificity of food with healthiness. Due to the strong socio-economic ties that typical products have with the territory, they play a crucial role in the economy of the local systems and can promote development in lagging areas.
Within-Host Viral Diversity: A Window into Viral Evolution.

The evolutionary dynamics of a virus can differ within hosts and across populations. Studies of within-host evolution provide an important link between experimental studies of virus evolution and large-scale phylodynamic analyses. They can determine the extent to which global processes are recapitulated on local scales and how accurately experimental infections model natural ones. They may also inform epidemiologic models of disease spread and reveal how host-level dynamics contribute to a virus's evolution at a larger scale. Over the last decade, advances in viral sequencing have enabled detailed studies of viral genetic diversity within hosts. I review how within-host diversity is sampled, measured, and expressed, and how comparative studies of viral diversity can be leveraged to elucidate a virus's evolutionary dynamics. These concepts are illustrated with detailed reviews of recent research on the within-host evolution of influenza virus, dengue virus, and cytomegalovirus. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 7 is September 29, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews. org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Cell-Clearing Systems Bridging Repeat Expansion Proteotoxicity and Neuromuscular Junction Alterations in ALS and SBMA

The coordinated activities of autophagy and the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) are key to preventing the aggregation and toxicity of misfold-prone proteins which manifest in a number of neurodegenerative disorders. These include proteins which are encoded by genes containing nucleotide repeat expansions. In the present review we focus on the overlapping role of autophagy and the UPS in repeat expansion proteotoxicity associated with chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72) and androgen receptor (AR) genes, which are implicated in two motor neuron disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), respectively. At baseline, both C9ORF72 and AR regulate autophagy, while their aberrantly-expanded isoforms may lead to a failure in both autophagy and the UPS, further promoting protein aggregation and toxicity within motor neurons and skeletal muscles. Besides proteotoxicity, autophagy and UPS alterations are also implicated in neuromuscular junction (NMJ) alterations, which occur early in both ALS and SBMA. In fact, autophagy and the UPS intermingle with endocytic/secretory pathways to regulate axonal homeostasis and neurotransmission by interacting with key proteins which operate at the NMJ, such as agrin, acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), and adrenergic beta2 receptors (B2-ARs). Thus, alterations of autophagy and the UPS configure as a common hallmark in both ALS and SBMA disease progression. The findings here discussed may contribute to disclosing overlapping molecular mechanisms which are associated with a failure in cell-clearing systems in ALS and SBMA.
Dating tropical trees by means of 14C from bomb tests

Stem discs of trees from several tropical stands were macro- and micro- scopically investigated. The radiocarbon level of individual increment zones was deter- mined. Time series show concurrence of the 14C level of air and wood during the 14C peak from bomb tests and are compared with series from temperate zones. An annual growth rhythm of trees from Amazonian inundation forests and from the Gran Sabana in Ven- ezuela was demonstrated. The increase of 14C levels by internal carbohydrate transfer from sapwood to heartwood is shown for Quercus costaricensis.
An endogenous periodicity exhibited in the activity of a natural bacterioplankton community isolated in mesocosms

In July 1996, bacterial abundance and incorporation of ( 3 H)thymidine ( 3 H-TdR) were determined every 4 h during a mesocosm experiment initially designed to study the effects of different intensities of ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation on the summer planktonic community of the lower St. Lawrence Estuary. Water was obtained from the quay of the Maurice Lamontagne Institute (Mont-joli, Que.) and incubated in experimental mesocosms (1500 L total volume, n = 8) with continuous mixing provided by a pumping system. During 72 h, different UVB intensities showed no significant effects on the bacterial incorporation of 3 H-TdR. This indicates that in the presence of other trophic levels and with continuous mixing, bacterioplankton responses to UVB are substantially different from those reported in axenic bacterial cultures or even whole-water incubations exposed to UVB at fixed depths. In conjunction with this observation, 3 H-TdR incorporation exhibited a significant periodic variation within all experimental treatments. The periodicity consisted of a 16-h cycle occurring independently of the time of the day. When the 3 H-TdR incorporation was normalized to cell abundance, the resulting cell-specific thymidine incorporation exhibited the same periodic oscillatory pattern. On the other hand, other factors suspected of inducing such a variability showed no consistent oscillation. In addition to suggesting an endogenously controlled activity of the studied bacterial community, the results of the present study indicate that failure of taking temporal variations of bacterial activity into account may introduce an error of almost 50% in the estimation of the daily thymidine incorporation rates. This represents a considerable error, because several studies rely on this measurement to estimate bacterial carbon production and to establish carbon budgets within different oceanic provinces.
Occurrence of necrotrophic leaf pathogens in wheat and their relation to symptom development in Hungary (2000-2002)

1879-2720 leaf samples from 8-13 stations of Hungary were collected in March, April, May and June 2000-2002. Drechslera tritici - repentis , Septoria tritici , Stagonospora nodorum and Bipolaris sorokiniana were found in the leaf samples. The occurrence of necrotrophic pathogens was highest (10,79%) in 2001 and lowest (2,63%) in 2002. The occurrence and rate of the necrotrophic pathogens changed significantly among years and locations. The resistance of cultivars based on natural infection could not be properly evaluated, as the level of the epidemic was mostly low and contradictory among locations. Additionally forty four cultivars were tested in Szeged after winter wheat in protected and unprotected environment. Among the necrotrophic pathogens, the dominant pathogens were D. tritici - repentis (2001 and 2002) and S. nodorum (2001). The differences in variety resistance were significant. The biotrophic (leaf rust, yellow rust and powdery mildew) as well as the mentioned necrotrophic pathogens caused significant yield decrease in both years. According to values of correlation coefficients, the influence of biotrophic pathogens was greater on the yield.
Integrating Marine Modeling Data into a Spatial Data Infrastructure

Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) have become widespread within the last few years, in Europe largely evoked by the implementation of the INSPIRE di-rective of the European Union. Search processes for metadata within spatial portals usually result in single data sets spread across several topics without the possibility to get an encompassing overview over a geographic complex. The German Marine Data Infrastructure (MDI-DE) addresses this issue and aims at providing an integrated view on semantically close topics. The Elbe estuary serves as a pro-totypical example, which is described in detail on several levels. Along with the usual data such as maps, aerial pictures, or gauges, a section of the MDI-DE under the label Elbe will collect results from numerical models of the estuary. This raises additional questions on the technical level, i.e. how to integrate the diverse numerical data into a classic SDI and how to visualize aggregated data. In the following a concept and first prototypical implementation of ways to integrate modeling data into SDIs will be shown.
Gastric Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Genomic Characteristics and Treatment Strategies

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and it is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death. GC is a multifactorial disease, where both environmental and genetic factors can have an impact on its occurrence and development. The incidence rate of GC rises progressively with age; the median age at diagnosis is 70 years. However, approximately 10% of gastric carcinomas are detected at the age of 45 or younger. Early-onset gastric cancer is a good model to study genetic alterations related to the carcinogenesis process, as young patients are less exposed to environmental carcinogens. Carcinogenesis is a multistage disease process specified by the progressive development of mutations and epigenetic alterations in the expression of various genes, which are responsible for the occurrence of the disease.
Rôle des glucorécepteurs vagaux de l'intestin dans la régulation de l'insulinémie

This paper summarizes recent data on the existence of insulin nervous regulation by duodenal glucoreceptors which are connected to non-medullated fibres included in the vagal nerves. These glucoreceptors respond to intestinal perfusion of glucose or other carbohydrates, but other conventional mechanical stimuli are unable to activate them; therefore, they must be considered as true specific glucoreceptors. Their activation produces an immediate increase of insulin which precedes changes in glycemia. From bivagotomy experiments and from experiments which pharmacologically exclude the efferent parasympathetic or sympathetic fibres, it has been shown that this regulation is chiefly mediated by the vagal nerves. On the other hand, it was found that glucoreceptor afferents project on the hypothalamic nuclei (VMH and LHA) like the whole splanchnic and vagal afferents. The physiological importance and the role of insulin nervous regulation are discussed.
Aggregation of Risk: Relationships Among Host-Parasitoid Models

We explore the relationships among host-parasitoid models involving aggregation, with particular emphasis on May's negative binomial model. Models in which parasitoid density in a patch is strictly a function of host density in the patch, with no "error" about this function, are pure-regression models. Those in which there is random variation in the number of parasitoids per patch, with no relationship between local parasitoid density and local host density, are pure-error models. The key factor in these models is not the distribution of parasitoids per se, but the distribution of the relative risk of parasitism, p, which in the present formulation can result from variation in the number of parasitoids in a patch, Pj, or from variation in host vulnerability, a. We show that May's model, and the Bailey et al. (1962) model of which it is a special case, arises naturally from pure-error models. By contrast, it is very difficult to obtain May's model from biologically plausible pure-regression models. There are severe constraints to obtaining May's model under pure regression: (1) the parasitoids must aggregate in response to relative host density only, and must be unresponsive to the absolute number of hosts in a patch; (2) they must be unresponsive to parasitoid density; (3) the distribution of hosts must be independent of average host density; (4) once the parasitoid aggregation function is established, only one corresponding host distribution yields May's model; (5) ρ must be gamma-distributed with constant parameters. It is not possible to obtain May's model if parasitoid aggregation to local host density involves a transit time between patches. Only the first three of these constraints apply to obtaining the model of Bailey et al. When parasitoids aggregate to local host density and the above constraints are not met, modifications of May's model may arise in which the constants a and k are replaced by functions of average host density. There is then no necessary relationship between aggregation and stability. By contrast, random aggregation in space, independent of local host density, leads to May's model (or, more generally, to that of Bailey et al.) and serves as a powerful stabilizing force in the Nicholson-Bailey context. However, stability is obtained at the cost of lowered parasitoid efficiency. Where parasitoid aggregation in relation to local host density occurs under the constraints listed above, we find that aggregation to patches with few prey is as effective as aggregation to patches with many prey in yielding both May's model and local stability. Under the identified constraints, any process (e.g., egg depletion or handling time) that strongly concentrates relative risk in sparser patches, thus producing inverse spatial density dependence, will promote stability as effectively as does spatial density dependence.
Electronic nose in discrimination of children with uncontrolled asthma

Measuring biomarkers (e.g. volatile organic compounds [VOCs]) in exhaled breath is an attractive approach to monitor airway inflammation in asthma and other lung diseases. Olfactive technology by electronic nose (e-Nose) has been applied to identify VOCs in exhaled breath. We compared e-Nose respiratory patterns in a pediatric cohort with asthma classificate children with different asthma control. This cross-sectional study involved 38 children: 28 with asthma and 10 healthy controls . The asthmatic patients were categorized as having controlled (AC), partially controlled (APC) or uncontrolled asthma (ANC) based on level of asthma symptom control according to Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Clinical exams, exhaled breath collection for generating e-Nose VOC profiles, and spirometry were performed. Exhaled breath samples were obtained using a commercial electronic nose (Cyranose 320; Smith Detections, Pasadena, CA, USA). The discriminative ability of breathprints were investigated by principal component analysis and penalized logistic regression. The e-Nose was able to discriminate between the CON (controls) + AC and the ANC + APC group with an area under the curve [AUC] of 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72 to 0.98) and a cross-validated AUC of 0.80 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.85). Sensitivity and specificity calculated using the Youden index were 0.79 and 0.84, respectively. Exhaled biomarker patterns were easy to obtain with the device and were able to differentiate children with uncontrolled symptomatic asthma from asymptomatic controls.
Considering the Experimental Use of Temozolomide in Glioblastoma Research

Temozolomide (TMZ) currently remains the only chemotherapeutic component in the approved treatment scheme for Glioblastoma (GB), the most common primary brain tumour with a dismal patient’s survival prognosis of only ~15 months. While frequently described as an alkylating agent that causes DNA damage and thus—ultimately—cell death, a recent debate has been initiated to re-evaluate the therapeutic role of TMZ in GB. Here, we discuss the experimental use of TMZ and highlight how it differs from its clinical role. Four areas could be identified in which the experimental data is particularly limited in its translational potential: 1. transferring clinical dosing and scheduling to an experimental system and vice versa; 2. the different use of (non-inert) solvent in clinic and laboratory; 3. the limitations of established GB cell lines which only poorly mimic GB tumours; and 4. the limitations of animal models lacking an immune response. Discussing these limitations in a broader biomedical context, we offer suggestions as to how to improve transferability of data. Finally, we highlight an underexplored function of TMZ in modulating the immune system, as an example of where the aforementioned limitations impede the progression of our knowledge.
Comparação de Procedimentos de Amostragem de Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) em Tomateiro Estaqueado

In order to obtain a more reliable sampling method of the South American Tomato Moth, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (= Scrobipalpuloides absoluta), we compared different methodologies in an 1 ha commercial tomato crop. We sampled the last three expanded leaves, three expanded leaves at the medium canopy, the entire plant leaves and the catches by a pheromone trap, at 100 and 130 days after planting the seedlings. A randomized complete block with four replications was used, with each plot measuring 30 x 30 m. The number of eggs, leaf mines and larvae were counted on each leaf, as well as the number of adults captured in the pheromone trap. Counts in the entire plant leaves were taken as the control. The medium canopy method provided a better association for mines (R2 = 0.87) and larvae (R2 = 0.88), while egg counts were better associated with the three last expanded leaves (r2 = 0.68). The number of eggs provided a better association with the number of larvae and mines (R2 = 0.67 and R2 = 0.85 respectively). Therefore, it is possible to predict damage by T. absoluta based on egg counting. Pheromone traps revealed an increase in adults number from 100 to 130 days of the crop. The increase in adult population has followed mine and larvae numbers.