Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enzymes of Phenylpropanoid Metabolism Involved in Strengthening the Structural Barrier for Providing Genotype and Stage Dependent Resistance to Karnal Bunt in Wheat

The role of lignifications and enzymes involved in the phenylpropanoid (PP) biosynthesis i.e. phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), Peroxidase (POD), Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in providing resistance to Karnal Bunt (KB) during different developmental stages of resistant (HD-29) and susceptible genotype (WH-542) and its recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of wheat were investigated. The enzymes of PP pathway were expressed constitutively in both the susceptible and resistant genotype. However, the activity was higher in all the developmental stages of resistant genotype and its RILs, indicating that this genotype has a significant higher basal level of these enzymes as compared to the susceptible line and could be used as marker(s) to define KB resistance. The activity of PAL and POD was significantly higher in WSv stage (Z = 16) while the specific activity of PPO was higher in WS3 (Z = 77) stage as compared to the other physiological stages in both the genotypes. In resistant genotype the lignin content increased two-fold and three-fold at WS2 and WS3 stage, respectively, while in susceptible genotype no significant increase in lignin content was observed. The pathway might be associated with the enhancement of structural defense barrier due to lignifications of cell wall as evident from the enhanced synthesis of lignin in all the stages of resistant genotype. Our results clearly indicate the possible role of enzymes of PP metabolism provides genotype and stage dependant structural barrier resistance in wheat against KB.
Clustering of galaxies around gamma-ray burst sight-lines

There is evidence of an overdensity of strong intervening MgII absorption line systems distributed along the lines of sight toward gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows relative to quasar sight-lines. If this excess is real, one should also expect an overdensity of field galaxies around GRB sight-lines, as strong MgII tends to trace these sources. In this work, we test this expectation by calculating the two point angular correlation function of galaxies within 120 00 ( 470 h 1 71 Kpc athzi 0:4) of GRB afterglows. We compare the gamma-ray burst optical and near-infrared detector (GROND) GRB afterglow sample ‐ one of the largest and most homogeneous samples of GRB fields ‐ with galaxies and active galactic nuclei found in the COSMOS-30 photometric catalog. We find no significant signal of anomalous clustering of galaxies at an estimated median redshift of z 0:3 around GRB sight-lines, down to KAB 1. We note that the addition of higher sensitivity Spitzer/IRAC or HST/WFC3 data for even a subset of our sample would increase this survey’s depth by several orders of magnitude, simultaneously increasing statistics and enabling the investigation of a much larger redshift space.
Estimating the location of the open-closed magnetic field line boundary from auroral images

Abstract. The open-closed magnetic field line boundary (OCB) delimits the region of open magnetic flux forming the polar cap in the Earth's ionosphere. We present a reliable, automated method for determining the location of the poleward auroral luminosity boundary (PALB) from far ultraviolet (FUV) images of the aurora, which we use as a proxy for the OCB. This technique models latitudinal profiles of auroral luminosity as both a single and double Gaussian function with a quadratic background to produce estimates of the PALB without prior knowledge of the level of auroral activity or of the presence of bifurcation in the auroral oval. We have applied this technique to FUV images recorded by the IMAGE satellite from May 2000 until August 2002 to produce a database of over a million PALB location estimates, which is freely available to download. From this database, we assess and illustrate the accuracy and reliability of this technique during varying geomagnetic conditions. We find that up to 35% of our PALB estimates are made from double Gaussian fits to latitudinal intensity profiles, in preference to single Gaussian fits, in nightside magnetic local time (MLT) sectors. The accuracy of our PALBs as a proxy for the location of the OCB is evaluated by comparison with particle precipitation boundary (PPB) proxies from the DMSP satellites. We demonstrate the value of this technique in estimating the total rate of magnetic reconnection from the time variation of the polar cap area calculated from our OCB estimates.
Refinamento de modelos de navegação de robôs autônomos através da calibração do sistema de odometria

Técnicas bio-inspiradas têm sido investigadas no planejamento de rotas em modelos de navegação de robôs autônomos. Dentre essas técnicas, os autômatos celulares (ACs) se mostraram uma opção descentralizada e de baixo custo computacional. A partir do estudo de modelos de navegação baseado em ACs publicados previamente, percebeu-se que o uso de ambientes formados por células do tamanho do robô e-puck resulta em trajetórias com colisões. Neste trabalho, um método de calibração da odometria foi integrado a esses modelos a fim de garantir uma trajetória mais precisa. Simulações mostraram que o método adotado foi capaz de melhorar a trajetória no cenário avaliado. O robô não só chegou mais próximo da célula objetivo, como também apresentou uma trajetória mais próxima da ideal e totalmente livre de colisões.
Chemokines in cardiac remodelling and heart failure, and their role in regulation of small leucinerich proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix

Rationale: Inflammatory mechanisms have been suggested to play a role in the development of heart failure (HF), but a role for chemokines is largely unknown. Based on their role in inflammation and matrix remodeling in other tissues, we hypothesized that CXCL13 and CXCR5 could be involved in cardiac remodeling during HF. Objective: We sought to analyze the role of the chemokine CXCL13 and its receptor CXCR5 in cardiac pathophysiology leading to HF. Methods and Results: Mice harboring a systemic knockout of the CXCR5 (CXCR5) displayed increased mortality during a follow-up of 80 days after aortic banding (AB). Following three weeks of AB, CXCR5 developed significant left ventricular (LV) dilatation compared to wild type (WT) mice. Microarray analysis revealed altered expression of several small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) that bind to collagen and modulate fibril assembly. Protein levels of fibromodulin, decorin and lumican (all SLRPs) were significantly reduced in AB CXCR5 compared to AB WT mice. Electron microscopy revealed loosely packed extracellular matrix with individual collagen fibers and small networks of proteoglycans in AB CXCR5 mice. Addition of CXCL13 to cultured cardiac fibroblasts enhanced the expression of SLRPs. In patients with HF, we observed increased myocardial levels of CXCR5 and SLRPs, which was reversed following LV assist device treatment. Conclusions: Lack of CXCR5 leads to LV dilatation and increased mortality during pressure overload, possibly via lack of an increase in SLRPs. This study demonstrates a critical role of the chemokine CXCL13 and CXCR5 in survival and maintaining of cardiac structure upon pressure overload, by regulating proteoglycans essential for correct collagen assembly. Citation: Waehre A, Halvorsen B, Yndestad A, Husberg C, Sjaastad I, et al. (2011) Lack of Chemokine Signaling through CXCR5 Causes Increased Mortality, Ventricular Dilatation and Deranged Matrix during Cardiac Pressure Overload. PLoS ONE 6(4): e18668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0018668 Editor: Kathleen A. Kelly, University of California Los Angeles, United States of America Received September 22, 2010; Accepted March 15, 2011; Published April 18, 2011 Copyright: 2011 Waehre et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: Norwegian Research Council, Anders Jahre’s Fund for the Promotion of Science, Joh. H. Andresen’s Medical Fund. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: anne.waehre@medisin.uio. no . These authors contributed equally to this work.
Application of HF Radar in Hazard Management

A review is given of the impact that HF radars are having on the management of coastal hazards. Maps of surface currents can be produced every 10–20 minutes which, in real time, improve navigation safety in restricted areas commonly found near ports and harbours. The time sequence of surface current maps enables Lagrangian tracking of small parcels of surface water, which enables hazard mitigation in managing suspended sediments in dredging, in emergency situations where flotsam and other drifting items need to be found, and in pollution control. The surface current measurement capability is used to assist tsunami warnings as shown by the phased-array data from Chile following the Great Tohoku Earthquake in 2011. The newly launched Tsunami Warning Center in Oman includes a network of phased-array HF radars to provide real-time tsunami monitoring. Wind direction maps can be used to locate the position of cold fronts in the open ocean and to monitor the timing and strength of sea-breeze fronts in key locations.
Ecophysiological basis for plantation production: A loblolly pine case study* Bases ecofisiológicas para la producción de plantaciones: un caso de estudio en pino taeda

Historically, the practice of silviculture has focussed on controlling the composition, quantity, and structure of forest vegetation and the maintenance of site quality. As forest plantations have become important sources of fiber, fuel, and structural material, this custodial approach has given way to active intervention to improve both genetic and soil resources. Effective manipulation of the genetic and soil resources requires a basic understanding of how resource availability limits forest production and how crop trees may differ in their ability to acquire and utilize these resources. It is now generally accepted that much of the variation in wood production can be accounted for by variation in light interception. In pine plantations in the southeastern U.S., low nutrient availability is the principal factor causing suboptimal levels of leaf area and therefore production. Few studies have examined the effects of both nutrient and water availability on production. We highlight the results from one such study, the SETRES study that is now underway in the southeastern USA with loblolly pine.
Extraction of the interface trap density through the differential subthreshold ideality factor technique in normally-off AlGaN/GaN MOSHFETs

Normally-off AlGaN/GaN-on-Si metal-oxide-semiconductor heterojunction field-effect transistors (MOSHFETs) were fabricated combining a SiO2 gate insulator and recessed-gate etching. We have studied the extraction of the sub-bandgap interface trap densities of normally-off AlGaN/GaN MOSHFETs by using the differential subthreshold ideality factor (DIF) technique. This method allows threshold-voltage (VT)-independent extraction of interface states by using current-voltage data in the subthreshold region. The trap density is extracted to be Dit(E) = 1 × 1012 ∼ 3 × 1013 [eV−1·cm−2] at the SiO2/GaN interface. An increase in the interface trap density was detected by the applying the DIF technique after the gate bias stress test.
Household factors are strong indicators of children's nutritional status in children with access to primary health care in the greater Gaborone area

Access to primary health care can improve the nutritional status and survival of preschool children. The effect of the universal provision of primary health care in Botswana on the prevalence, types, and determinants of malnutrition in preschool children is unclear. 522 children 0 5 years old from 12 clinics in the greater Gaborone area were studied to address this gap. Children’s weights and heights were measured. Birth weights, age, sex, household’s socio-economic factors, children’s illness status and services sought at the clinics were obtained through care giver interviews and confirmed by the data in the health cards. 11.3 and 13.7% of children were stunted and wasted, respectively. Stunting and wasting ranged from 9.1 and 3.6% in middle-high income neighborhoods to 18.2 and 20.8% in low income neighborhoods, respectively. Households’ socio-economic factors were significantly associated with households’ location. Consequently, households’ location was a strong determinant of nutritional status. Children in higher income neighborhoods had better growth indicators than children in lower income neighborhoods. This was true regardless of the illness status of children and the services sought from the clinics. Therefore, where large socio-economic disparities exist, access to primary healthcare may not equitably support households in improving the nutritional status of children.
New Bandpass Filters Using Half-Wavelength and Branch-Line Resonators

New cross-coupled bandpass fllters using half-wavelength (‚=2) and branch-line resonators are proposed. The branch-line resonators are made of two quarter-wavelength (‚=4) resonators in which a shorted circuit is realized by one open stub. In the flrst case, a non-0 - feed structure at the input and output resonators is used to produce one pair of transmission zeros near the passband to improve the selectivity. In the second case, good selectivity and improved stopband rejection can be achieved at the same time by utilizing a 0 - feed structure. Speciflcally, the proposed fllters can simplify the manufacturing process of the conventional cross-coupled fllters using ‚=2 and ‚=4 resonators without increasing circuit area signiflcantly.
Proposed framework to manage cognitive load in computer program learning

Cognitive load experienced while learning programming is very high due to the high element of interactivity and poor instructional design. Prior researchers [2][5][6][8] have focused to minimize the load such as program visualization, pair programming etc. The impact of these measures is not determinable since there is no mechanism to monitor the load and thus the results of the previous researches are very subjective. In this paper, we propose a framework which consists of 3 layers. This framework will help in managing the load by monitoring the load. When the load exceeds the capacity, the instructional design could be altered or customized to enable the learning. This framework is a novel way to ease the learning process of computer programming. This paper conceptually proposes the framework with the necessary algorithms. Key-Words: -Cognitive Load, Physiological Measures, Galvanic Skin Response, Fractal Tree
Strategic issues and performance of public secondary schools in Kisumu east and central subcounties,Kenya

x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1Background of the Study . 1 1.1.1 The Concept of Strategic Issues . 3 1.1.2 Organizational Performance . 5 1.1.3 Strategic Issues and Performance . 7 1.1.4 Public Secondary Schools in Kenya . 8 1.1. 5 Public Secondary Schools in Kisumu East and Central SubCounties, Kenya . 9 1.2 The Research Problem . 11 1.3 Research Objectives . 13 1.4 Value of the Study . 13
On criteria for algebraic independence of collections of functions satisfying algebraic difference relations

This paper gives conditions for algebraic independence of a collection of functions satisfying a certain kind of algebraic difference relations. As applications, we show algebraic independence of two collections of special functions: (1) Vigneras' multiple gamma functions and derivatives of the gamma function, (2) the logarithmic function, \(q\)-exponential functions and \(q\)-polylogarithm functions. In a similar way, we give a generalization of Ostrowski's theorem.
Early Childhood Inclusion: The Hidden Curriculum of Peer Relationships

Discrepancies have been known to occur between parents and teachers' reports of inclusion and children's actual experiences of inclusion. This qualitative study of 3 children with Down Syndrome (DS) and their peers, aged 3 years, in 3 different early childhood settings indicated that facilitative inclusion, the kind of inclusion that is supportive of learning and development, was not experienced by any of the children with DS. Results showed that the quality of inclusion was affected by the manner in which the explicit curriculum was implemented and by the effects of the unintended or hidden curriculum, which is the focus of this paper. Teachers and parents interviewed reported minimal awareness of how the hidden curriculum the children experienced impacted on their learning. This study describes some of the hidden barriers faced when children with and without DS interact and concludes by illustrating how early childhood educators might facilitate children's cognitive and social processes using incidents from the data and drawing upon recent disability and learning theories to inform such facilitation.
Fox control and rock-wallaby population dynamics

The population dynamics of five remnant rock-wallaby populations (Petrogale lateralis) persisting on granite outcrops in the central wheatbelt region of Western Australia were monitored over a six year period. From 1979 to 1982 all populations remained relatively static or declined for unknown reasons, but circumstantial evidence implicated fox predation. A fox control program was implemented in 1982 on two outcrops and was maintained for four years with the result that the two resident rock-wallaby populations increased by 138 and 223%. Two rock-wallaby populations occupying sites not subjected to fox control declined by 14 and 85%, and the third population increased by 29%. It was concluded that the fox has probably been a significant factor in the demise and decline of native mammals in the past, and that surviving populations are still at risk. Control of predation pressure on nature reserves was shown to be feasible from a management perspective.
Reaction of Amaranthus hybridus L. (Green) to Telfairia Mosaic Virus (TeMV) Infection

The reaction of Amaranthus hybridus to Telfairia mosaic virus (TeMV) infection was investigated. Infected and healthy (control) leaf samples were obtained, pulverized and analyzed to determine the nutritional quality of the vegetable due to TeMV infection. Results obtained revealed that the virus caused significant (p<0.05) reductions in fibre (50.9%), fat (49.7%) and protein (32.5%) in infected samples compared to healthy ones. The virus also engendered significant reductions in the contents of Na, P, Fe, Mg, Cu and Ca with marginal reduction for K in infected samples when compared to the healthy. The TeMV caused significant reduction in phytic acid while infection led to increases in total oxalate, soluble oxalate and hydrocyanide acid. The virus caused significant reductions (p<0.05) in vitamin A (55.43%), C (43.1%), B1 (34.6%), B2 (26.6%), B6 (17.8%) and B3 (13.1%), respectively while, reduction in vitamin E was insignificant. The reaction of amino acids profile of Amaranthus hybridus to TeMV infection revealed significance decrease in methionine (35.3%), valine (34.1%), cysteine (31.9%), arginine (26.1%), isoleucine (25.9%), glycine (22.8%), lysine (17.3%), threonine (15.0%), phenylalanine (12.1%) and leucine (11.8%). Increases in infected samples were obtained for glutamic acid (19.8%), aspartic acid (9.5%) and proline (8.9%). Amaranthus hybridus reaction to TeMV infection revealed marked reductions in the nutritional quality of the vegetable that is a major source of nutrient for both rural and urban dwellers.
Noninvasive Assessment of Arterial Stiffness and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease

The early prediction of Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major goal of healthcare through out the world. Aortic stiffness reflecting impaired elasticity of the aorta is shown to be an independent predictor of coronary artery disease which can be measured noninvasively. The aim of the study was to establish the noninvasive markers of Aortic stiffness as the predictor of CAD. In this prospective, observational study, total 100 patients were examined who were clinically suspected of having CAD and were scheduled to undergo CAG. Then the markers of aortic stiffness like Aortic strain, aortic distensibility and aortic propagation velocity were measured by transthoracic echocardiography. Other markers of aortic stiffness like Male sex, aging, systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure were significantly higher in the CAD group. Here it is showed that CAD can be significantly determined by aortic propagation velocity (AVP) cut off value d”41cm/sec. 82% patients were found CAD by AVP who had truly CAD on the basis of CAG and 96% patients were found no CAD by AVP who had no CAD by CAG. Thus an AVP value < 41 cm/sec predicted CAD with 82% sensitivity, 96% specificity (positive predictive value 95.35%, negative predictive value 84.21% and accuracy were 89%). In conclusion, bedside risk stratification of CAD is feasible by echcardiographic determination of Aortic propagation velocity(AVP). DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/uhj.v7i2. 10838 University Heart. Journal Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2011
Interactive comment on “ Water activity and activation diameters from hygroscopicity data – Part II : Application to organic species ” by K . A

1. What is the uncertainty that arises from the fact that the hygroscopic growth curves are referenced to particles at low RH that have not effloresced and still contain some residual water? As pointed out on page 10885, molecules such as malonic acid effloresce at low relative humidities but the growth measurements (Figure 1) illustrate that insufficient drying occurred to make the particles effloresce under the experimental conditions.
Use of HostPlant Trait Space by Phytophagous Insects during Host-Associated Differentiation : The Gape-and-PinchModel

Ecological speciation via host shifting has contributed to the astonishing diversity of phytophagous insects. The importance for host shifting of trait differences between alternative host plants is well established, but much less is known about trait variation within hosts. I outline a conceptual model, the “gape-and-pinch” (GAP) model, of insect response to host-plant trait variation during host shifting and host-associated differentiation. I offer four hypotheses about insect use of plant trait variation on two alternative hosts, for insects at different stages of host-associated differentiation. Collectively, these hypotheses suggest that insect responses to plant trait variation can favour or oppose critical steps in herbivore diversification. I provide statistical tools for analysing herbivore trait-space use, demonstrate their application for four herbivores of the goldenrods Solidago altissima and S. gigantea, and discuss their broader potential to advance our understanding of diet breadth and ecological speciation in phytophagous insects.