Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Source Sector Contributions to Aerosol Levels in Pakistan

Abstract Urban air pollution in Pakistan is a serious challenge and it causes significant damage to human health and ecosystems. This paper presents a modelling study using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) to simulate the spatial distributions and temporal variations of aerosol concentrations over Pakistan, focusing on contributions of domestic emission sectors (transport, industry, residential, and energy) to mass concentrations of sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3−), ammonium (NH4+), black carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC) during the months of January, April, July, and October in 2010. Sensitivity studies indicate that, averaged over January, April, July, and October of 2010, energy and industry sectors have the largest contributions to SO42- concentrations, each of which contributes about 10%–20% to SO42- over the polluted eastern Pakistan. The contributions from residential and transport sectors to NO3− concentrations reach 40%–50% in central Pakistan. The residential sector has the highest contribution of 50%–80% to BC and OC loading in northeastern and southern Pakistan. Examination of sector contributions to aerosol levels in Lahore, the most polluted city in Pakistan, suggests that reductions in emissions in the residential sector should be an efficient measure for improving particulate matter air quality in this region.
Effect of Problem Solutions on Students' Reasoning Patterns on Conceptual Physics Problems

Conceptual knowledge is only one part of what students need to learn to solve problems. Knowing how to reason through a problem is also an important skill. In this paper, we study the effects of a computer-based training on students’ reasoning on introductory physics problems. Participants solved three sets of conceptual problems, each of them containing three training problems with solutions followed by one near transfer problem and one far transfer problem. We analyzed students’ verbal answers to elucidate the reasoning resources that they activated to construct the different explanations to the problems. We found that the students changed their reasoning when presented with solutions to training problems and later posed a transfer problem. Our results provide insights into students’ activation of their resources and the procedure they used to construct their reasoning in response to the training problems.
Vegetarische und vegane Ernährung – Chancen und Risiken

Zusammenfassung Vegetarische und vegane Ernährungsformen werden zunehmend beliebter. Im ersten Teil des Beitrags wird die Nährstoffzufuhr von Vegetariern und Veganern dargestellt. Sowohl bei der Zufuhr der Makronährstoffe, vieler Vitamine und Mineralstoffe sowie von Ballaststoffen und sekundären Pflanzenstoffen schneiden Vegetarier und Veganer vielfach günstiger ab als Nichtvegetarier. Gleichzeitig muss auf eine ausreichende Zufuhr potenziell kritischer Nährstoffe geachtet werden.
All in a Day's Week

This paper presents a Frame Semantics analysis of calendric terms in English, Hebrew, and German, demonstrating the inextricable relationship between morphology and semantics. Here, we consider how Frame Semantics can be extended to morphological analysis. Traditionally, the morpheme has been taken as the smallest unit of meaning in linguistic analysis, with generative word formation rules generating words from individual morphemes (Hockett 1954, Kiparsky 1968, Aronoff 1976, Scalise 1986). However, the traditional definition of morpheme is problematic when it comes to words containing parts that do not have meaning in isolation (so-called cranberry-morphs). For example, Bybee (1988: 128) and Waugh (1996: 257) point out that English weekday names consist of two parts, the morpheme day in combination with other units (e.g. Mon-, Tues-, Wed-), the latter of which do not encode meaning in isolation. To overcome the theoretical problems associated with empty morphemes, Bybee’s (1988) alternative model regards the morphological component of the grammar as part of the lexicon. Section one of the paper discusses Bybee’s (1988) morphological analysis of English weekday names within her storage and processing model. Section two takes Bybee’s approach and applies its findings to the analysis of Hebrew and German weekday names. We show that Bybee’s approach is problematic when applied to sets of weekday names that do not follow a coherent morphological pattern indicating their membership in the same class of semantically related words. In section three, we propose a frame semantic analysis, and show that a more detailed morphological analysis reveals information about the frame structure needed for the use and interpretation of weekday names in English, Hebrew, and German. We define the Calendric Unit frame with words that name the different parts of the calendric cycle, both man-made and natural. In addition, by employing the frame to organize and characterize the underlying conceptual structure of the Calendric Unit terms, we illustrate the efficacy of Frame Semantics for research in contrastive lexicology. Our discussion illustrates that a frame-semantic approach to morphology accounts for the “cranberry-morpheme problem” straightforwardly by not considering empty morphemes in isolation. Instead, we argue that cranberry morphemes become interpretable because of the background frame
Authors and Affiliations

Evolutionary biologists are increasingly comparing gene expression patterns across species. Due to the way in which expression assays are normalized, such studies provide no direct information about expression per gene copy (dosage responses) or per cell and can give a misleading picture of genes that are differentially expressed. We describe an assay for estimating relative expression per cell. When used in conjunction with transcript profiling data, it is possible to compare the sizes of whole transcriptomes, which in turn makes it possible to compare expression per cell for each gene in the transcript profiling data set. We applied this approach, using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and high throughput RNA sequencing, to a recently formed allopolyploid and showed that its leaf transcriptome was approximately 1.4-fold larger than either progenitor transcriptome (70% of the sum of the progenitor transcriptomes). In contrast, the allopolyploid genome is 94.3% as large as the sum of its progenitor genomes and retains 93.5% of the sum of its progenitor gene complements. Thus, ‘‘transcriptome downsizing’’ is greater than genome downsizing. Using this transcriptome size estimate, we inferred dosage responses for several thousand genes and showed that the majority exhibit partial dosage compensation. Homoeologue silencing is nonrandomly distributed across dosage responses, with genes showing extreme responses in either direction significantly more likely to have a silent homoeologue. This experimental approach will add value to transcript profiling experiments involving interspecies and interploidy comparisons by converting expression per transcriptome to expression per genome, eliminating the need for assumptions about transcriptome size.
The dynamical André–Oort conjecture: Unicritical polynomials

We establish the equidistribution with respect to the bifurcation measure of post-critically finite maps in any one-dimensional algebraic family of unicritical polynomials. Using this equidistribution result, together with a combinatorial analysis of certain algebraic correspondences on the complement of the Mandelbrot set $M_2$ (or generalized Mandelbrot set $M_d$ for degree $d>2$), we classify all complex plane curves $C$ with Zariski-dense subsets of points $(a,b)\in C$, such that both $z^d+a$ and $z^d+b$ are simultaneously post-critically finite for a fixed degree $d\geq 2$. Our result is analogous to the famous result of Andre regarding plane curves which contain infinitely many points with both coordinates CM parameters in the moduli space of elliptic curves, and is the first complete case of the dynamical Andre-Oort phenomenon studied by Baker and DeMarco.
Caretta caretta en la región del Estrecho de Gibraltar: ¿dónde están los machos?

phism maintenance and speciation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22: 71-79. Huxley, J. 1955. Morphism in birds. Acta International Congress Ornithology. XI: 309–328. Kukushkin, O.V. &. Doronin, I.V. 2013. Distribution peculiarities of the rare colour aberrations in the Balkan wall lizard, Podarcis tauricus (Sauria: Lacertidae), from de Crimea. Тезисы докладов отчетной научной сессии по итогам работ, 4: 474-493. London, L. , Martinez-Silvestre, A. , Soler, J., Gener, J.M. , Garcia, M. , Marti, C. & Santos, X. 2011. Melanismo parcial en Podarcis bocagei de Galicia. Boletin de la Asociacion Herpetologica Espanola, 22: 79-80. Lopez-Jurado, L.F. & Mateo, J.A. 1998. Albinismo en Gallotia caesaris gomerae. Boletin de la Asociacion Herpetologica Espanola, 9: 33-34. Martin, J. 2005. Lagartija carpetana Iberolacerta cyreni. In: Carrascal, L.M. , Salvador, A. (eds.), Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Espanoles. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. Madrid. [Consulta: noviembre 2014]. Spadola, F. & Di Toro, F. 2006. Complete albinism in a Podarcis muralis newborn. Acta Herpetologica, 2: 49-51. Turner, G. S. 2011. Hypomelanism in Irwin’s Turtle, Elseya irwini, from the Johnstone River, North Queensland, Australia. Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 10: 275-281.
Zur ökonomischen Analyse moralkonformen Handelns

Abstract His article deals with general features of moral behaviour from an economic perspective. Moral rules act as an enforcement mechanism replacing external sanctions with internal emotional sanctions such as guilt and shame. It is shown in many experiments and real life situations that morals influence the decision-making process and the outcomes. Moral attitudes help to overcome social dilemma situations if the actors’ intrinsic motivation is relatively high and if these moral attitudes are wide-spread. It is argued that to reject the moral dimension means to restrict the relevance of economic theory. This paper emphasizes the importance of moral behaviour and offers a simple model of the effects of morality.
A Partial Replication Load Balancing Technique for Distributed Data as a Service on the Cloud

Data as a service (DaaS) is an important model on the Cloud, as DaaS provides clients with different types of large files and data sets in fields like finance, science, health, geography, astronomy, and many others. This includes all types of files with varying sizes from a few kilobytes to hundreds of terabytes. DaaS can be implemented and provided using multiple data centers located at different locations and usually connected via the Internet. When data is provided using multiple data centers it is referred to as distributed DaaS. DaaS providers must ensure that their services are fast, reliable, and efficient. However, ensuring these requirements needs to be done while considering the cost associated and will be carried by the DaaS provider and most likely by the users as well. One traditional approach to support a large number of clients is to replicate the services on different servers. However, this requires full replication of all stored data sets, which requires a huge amount of storage. The huge storage consumption will result in increased costs. Therefore, the aim of this research is to provide a fast, efficient distributed DaaS for the clients, while reducing the storage consumption on the Cloud servers used by the DaaS providers. The method I utilize in this research for fast distributed DaaS is the collaborative dual-direction download of a file or dataset partitions from multiple servers to the client, which will enhance the speed of the download process significantly. Moreover, I partially replicate the file partitions among Cloud servers using the previous download experiences I obtain for each partition. As a result, I generate partial sections of the data sets that will collectively be smaller than the total size needed if full replicas are stored on each server. My method is self-managed; and operates only when more storage is needed. I evaluated my approach against other existing approaches and demonstrated that it provides an important enhancement to current approaches in both download performance and storage consumption. I also developed and analyzed the mathematical model supporting my approach and validated its accuracy.
Theory and practice of microlensing light curves around fold singularities

Among all galactic microlensing events, those involving a passage of the observed source star over the caustic created by a binary lens are particularly useful in providing information about stellar atmospheres, the dynamics of stellar populations in our own and neighbouring galaxies, and the statistical properties of stellar and substellar binaries. This paper presents a comprehensive guide for modelling and interpreting the light curves obtained in events involving fold-caustic passages. A new general, consistent and optimal choice of parameters provides a deep understanding of the involved features, avoids numerical difficulties and minimizes correlations between model parameters. While the photometric data of a microlensing event around a caustic passage itself do not provide constraints on the characteristics of the underlying binary lens and do not allow predictions of the behaviour of other regions of the light curve, vital constraints can be obtained in an efficient way if these are combined with a few simple characteristics of data outside the caustic passages. A corresponding algorithm containing some improvements over an earlier approach, which takes into account multisite observations, is presented and discussed in detail together with the arising parameter constraints, paying special attention to the role of source and background fluxes.
Diário de um espelho: a relação analítica e a construção primordial de um psiquismo

e internas. A autora aborda o tema a partir do caso clinico de uma menina que apresentava intenso retraimento, com grandes prejuizos para sua relacao com as pessoas que a rodeavam. Na situacao analitica, a paciente se negava a interagir e a fala r com a analista por um longo tempo, atribuindo sua resistencia ao sentimento de vergonha. E examinada a confi guracao narcisica presente nesse estado afetivo, assim como o manejo tecnico utilizado para estabelecer um canal de aproximacao que favorecesse um vinculo mais consistente. Criou-se, a partir da construcao conjunta da dupla analitica, uma especie de espelho vivo, que permitiu a construcao gradual de uma estruturacao narcisica mais integrada. Aos poucos, a paciente pode se desenvolver, abandonar seu estado de mutismo e abrir portas para sua criatividade e espontaneidade. Palavras-chave: estados fronteiricos; vergonha; espelho; tecnica psicanalitica.
A Model-Based Approach to the Quantitative Analysis of Eyeblink EMG Response Components

Abstract A recently developed method of fragmentary decomposition (FD) of nonstationary physiological signals was extended to eyeblink EMG measurement to quantify all significant stimulus-induced components and identify their parameters. FD provides a representation of single-trial eyeblink EMG as a nonstationary signal with the generic mass potential (GMP) being the universal functional element. The current study uses this model-based signal-processing methodology to identify distinct stimulus-induced components of eyeblink EMG and to extract additional psychophysiological information from the eyeblink signal. Analysis of the single-trial eyeblink EMG records from 10 normal subjects showed that GMP is an adequate functional element of which an eyeblink EMG response is composed. In particular, both spontaneous and stimulus-induced single components of eyeblink EMG are produced by functionally similar mechanisms. However, we found that about 54% of GMPs are combined into complex patterns that respond diffe.
The Parallax and Proper Motion of PSR J0030+0451

We report the parallax and proper motion of millisecond pulsar J0030+0451, one of 13 known isolated millisecond pulsars in the disk of the Galaxy. We obtained more than 6 years of monthly data from the 305 m Arecibo telescope at 430 and 1410 MHz. We measure the parallax of PSR J0030+0451 to be 3.3 ± 0.9 mas, corresponding to a distance of 300 ± 90 pc. The Cordes and Lazio model of Galactic electron distribution yields a dispersion-measure-derived distance of 317 pc, which agrees with our measurement. We place the pulsar's transverse space velocity in the range of 8-17 km s-1, making this pulsar one of the slowest known. We perform a brief census of velocities of isolated versus binary millisecond pulsars. We find that the velocities of the two populations are indistinguishable. However, the scale height of the binary population is twice that of the isolated population, and the luminosity functions of the two populations are different. We suggest that the scale height difference may be an artifact of the luminosity difference.
Variation in der Flexionsmorphologie: Starke und schwache Adjektivflexion nach Pronominaladjektiven

Adjektive zeigen in der Stellung nach Indefinitpronomina und demonstrativen oder quantitativen Adjektiven (sogenannten Pronominaladjektiven) Variationen zwischen starker und schwacher Flexion, die durch die allgemeine Grundregel der Adjektivflexion (,schwach nach stark*) nicht abgedeckt sind: (i) bei gleicher Genus-, Numerusund Kasusspezifikation nach verschiedenen Pronominallexemen wie in einige kleine Kinder vs. alle kleinen Kinder, (ii) bei unterschiedlicher kategorieller Spezifikation nach ein und demselben Pronominallexem (wie in einige kleine Kinder vs. bei einigem guten Willen) oder (iii) bei verschiedenen Vorkommen mit identischer kategorieller Spezifikation nach ein und demselben Pronominallexem wie in beider deutschen Staaten vs. beider deutschen Staaten. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird eine Klärung der systematischen Grundlagen derartiger Schwankungen* angestrebt, die in den Grammatiken Fall für Fall beschrieben werden. Lexikalische und flexivische Parameter, die die Verteilung starker und schwacher Formen steuern, werden identifiziert. Als wesentlich erweisen sich einerseits bei den Pronominaladjektiven zu beobachtende Abstufungen im Grad syntaktisch-semantischer Ähnlichkeit zum prototypischen Determinativ, dem definiten Artikel; andererseits bei den Flexionsendungen zu beobachtende Abstufungen im Grad kategorieller und formaler Markiertheit. Im Ergebnis wird ein zweidimensionales Kontinuum von Übergangsstufen zwischen starker und schwacher Adjektivflexion nach Pronominaladjektiven sichtbar, das durch das Zusammenspiel lexikalischer und flexivischer Faktoren erzeugt wird.
Wie Führungskräfte Informationen gewinnen und Meinungen bilden

VON MONIKA SAGMEISTER Dr. Monika Sagmeister ist Abtei­ lungsleiterin für die diözesanen Kitas im Erzbischöflichen Ordi­ nariat München und Freising. Das Erzbistum ist Träger von 34 Kindertagesstätten mit über 400 Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbei­ tern. Sie hat Sozialpädagogik und Sozialmanagement studiert und an der Universität Regensburg promoviert. Dioezesane­Kitas@eomuc.de Formelle und informelle Netzwerke zwischen Leitungskräften können ein bedeutsamer Erfolgsfaktor für den Umgang mit Veränderungen in sozialen Organisationen sein.
Disordered Eating: Identifying, Treating, Preventing, and Differentiating It From Eating Disorders

In Brief Disordered eating is prevalent among people with diabetes and can significantly increase diabetes mortality and morbidity. When disordered eating behaviors are culturally accepted and performed with significant frequency by a variety of groups, it can lead to the perception that these behaviors are “normal,” which can be detrimental to the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Diabetes educators are capable of improving their diagnostic skills and treatment methods to meet the special needs of people with diabetes who also suffer from disordered eating. It is important to integrate key questions into assessment interviews and to ensure that the diabetes care team has the skill, knowledge, and tools to diagnose and treat disordered eating to improve outcomes for individuals with diabetes.
DETECTION AND ESTIMATION OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN DYNAMICAL REGRESSION MODELS

The problem of retrospective detection of structural changes (changepoints) in regression and cointegration models is considered. The asymptotic low bound for the quality functional of change-point detection is proved. The asymptotically optimal methods for detection of structural changes in regression and cointegration models are proposed. Copyright c ©2005 IFAC
Harmonic Elimination of Hybrid Multilevel Inverters Using Particle Swarm Optimization

This paper present the harmonic elimination of hybrid multilevel inverters (HMI) which could be increase the number of output voltage level. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is one of the most important requirements concerning performance indices. Because of many numbers output levels of HMI, it had numerous unknown variables of eliminate undesired individual harmonic and THD nonlinear equations set. Optimized harmonic stepped waveform (OHSW) is solving switching angles conventional method, but most complicated for solving as added level. The artificial intelligent techniques are deliberation to solve this problem. This paper presents the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique for solving switching angles to get minimum THD and eliminate undesired individual harmonics of 15-levels hybrid multilevel inverters. Consequently it had many variables and could eliminate numerous harmonics. Both advantages including high level of inverter and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are used as powerful tools for harmonics elimination. Keywords—Multilevel Inverters, Particle Swarms Optimization, Harmonic Elimination.
Live & Learn: When a wrong program works

In this paper an interesting and surprising case study of my programming education practice is presented. This case underlines the importance of methods, standards and rules of thumb of the programming process. These elements of the programming technology can be taught well in education and they can guarantee the quality of the implemented programs. However the case described in this paper brings an anomaly when a programming standard is violated during the programming process and, although it should imply that the implemented program code works badly, the program works perfectly. This anomaly is caused by a typical implementation problem: the boundary and rules of the machine representation of numbers. This anomaly is going to be analyzed and the appropriate conclusions of our case study will be deducted.
500nW A Low Power Switched Capacitor Based Active Low Pass Filter for Biomedical Applications

This paper presents a low power, high gain, low area low pass filter design. The pre-processing block in this filter is the two-stage operational amplifier which is designed using the DTMOSFETS. This filter is operated at very low supply voltages of +0.2V. The PMOS input differential pairs are used to enhance the driving capability of the op-amp. input stage of the op-amp is the differential amplifier in which the inputs are provided to the two PMOS transistors. The second stage is the gain stage in which common source amplifier is used. The design parameter values are determined which optimize an objective feature satisfying specifications or constraints. The low pass filter is designed with a cut-off frequency of 100-HZ and a resistance of 10ohms, which occupies more layout area. In order to reduce the layout area the low pass filter is designed using the switched capacitor. The circuit is implemented with a supply voltage of 0.4V in 0.9-um technology, with a power consumption of 300nW and the simulations are performed using HSPICE simulator and layouts are designed using CUSTOM DESIGNER tool.