Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Abstract Böhm trees

We present a formalism of trees with pointers, called abstract Böhm trees, that provide a suitable abstract framework in which various cut-free proofs or normal terms of several λ-calculus based languages (including PCF and Parigot's λμ-calculus) can be faithfully encoded. A simple abstract machine called the View Abstract Machine (VAM) allows us to compute over abstract Böhm trees. The VAM is closely related to Coquand's interaction sequences and debates. The VAM execution over finite abstract Böhm trees always terminates. We next introduce an abstract notion of type that fits the purpose of guaranteeing that the VAM cannot go into deadlock, i.e., that it always reaches a satisfactory final state. Typed abstract Böhm trees can be turned into a category – more naturally a ‘multi-category’ where the domains of arrows are sets of named objects or records. We then go from the abstract to the concrete by giving examples. Our sets of abstract (typed) Böhm trees are relative to an alphabet and a set of types. By instantiating these two parameter sets appropriately, we recover, successively: (η-long) typed Böhm trees; PCF trees as considered in the game models of Hyland–Ong or of Abramsky–Jagadeesan–Malacaria; a notion of classical Böhm tree due to Herbelin that provides a classical version of PCF trees in the style of λμ-calculus; and, finally, cut-free proofs in Novikov's infinitary propositional logic as investigated by Coquand. In a companion paper, we investigate the operational aspects of (untyped) Böhm trees in more depth.
Cost-sensitive Deep Learning for Early Readmission Prediction at A Major Hospital

With increased use of electronic medical records (EMRs), data mining on medical data has great potential to improve the quality of hospital treatment and increase the survival rate of patients. Early readmission prediction enables early intervention, which is essential to preventing serious or life-threatening events, and act as a substantial contributor to reducing healthcare costs. Existing works on predicting readmission often focus on certain vital signs and diseases by extracting statistical features. They also fail to consider skewness of class labels in medical data and different costs of misclassification errors. In this paper, we recur to the merits of convolutional neural networks (CNN) to automatically learn features from time series of vital sign, and categorical feature embedding to effectively extend feature vectors with heterogeneous clinical features, such as demographics, hospitalization history, vital signs and laboratory tests. Then, both learnt features via CNN and statistical features via feature embedding are fed into a multilayer perceptron (MLP) for prediction. We use a cost-sensitive formulation to train MLP during prediction to tackle the imbalance and skewness challenge. We validate the proposed approach on two real medical datasets from Barnes-Jewish Hospital, and all data is taken from historical EMR databases and reflects the kinds of data that would realistically be available at the clinical prediction system in hospitals. We find that early prediction of readmission is possible and when compared with state-of-the-art existing methods used by hospitals, our methods perform significantly better. Based on these results, a system is being deployed in hospital settings with the proposed forecasting algorithms to support treatment.
Tracking of individual freely diffusing fluorescent protein molecules in the bacterial cytoplasm

We combine stroboscopic laser excitation with stochastic photoactivation and super-resolution fluorescence imaging. This makes it possible to record hundreds of diffusion trajectories of small protein molecules in single bacterial cells with millisecond time resolution and sub-diffraction limited spatial precision. We conclude that the small protein mEos2 exhibits normal diffusion in the bacterial cytoplasm with a diffusion coefficient of 13.1 -+ 1.2 \mu m^2 s^(-1). This investigation lays the groundwork for studying single-molecule binding and dissociation events for a wide range of intracellular processes.
Backscatter sensor network for extended ranges and low cost with frequency modulators: Application on wireless humidity sensing

Dense monitoring of environmental parameters (e.g. air/soil humidity, ambient temperature) is critical in precision agriculture, urban area monitoring and environmental modeling applications. In this paper, the design of a novel wireless sensor network (WSN) is proposed, consisting of low-power and low-cost sensor nodes, deployed in a bistatic architecture (i.e. carrier emitter in a different location than the receiver) and achieving long-range backscatter communication. The tags modulate sensor information using analog frequency modulation (FM) and frequency division multiple access (FDMA) at the subcarrier frequency, even though a single carrier is assumed. In sharp contrast to prior art, the developed backscatter sensor network performs environmental monitoring over a relatively wide area. A proof-of-concept prototype WSN application has been developed for capacitive relative humidity (RH) sensing, with 1.5 mW per tag, 0.9 RMSE and range on the order of 50 m.
Sex roles and adult sex ratios: insights from mammalian biology and consequences for primate behaviour

Theoretical models and empirical studies in various taxa have identified important links between variation in sex roles and the number of adult males and females (adult sex ratio (ASR)) in a population. In this review, I examine these relationships in non-human primates. Because most existing theoretical models of the evolution of sex roles focus on the evolutionary origins of sex-biased behaviour, they offer only a general scaffold for predicting variation in sex roles among and within species. I argue that studies examining sex role variation at these more specific levels need to take social organization into account to identify meaningful levels for the measurement of ASR and to account for the fact that ASR and sex roles mutually influence each other. Moreover, taxon-specific life-history traits can constrain sex role flexibility and impact the operational sex ratio (OSR) by specifying the minimum length of female time outs from reproduction. Using examples from the primate literature, I highlight practical problems in estimating ASR and OSR. I then argue that interspecific variation in the occurrence of indirect forms of paternal care might indeed be linked to variation in ASR. Some studies also indicate that female aggression and bonding, as well as components of inter-sexual relationships, are sensitive to variation in ASR. Thus, links between primate sex roles and sex ratios merit further study, and such studies could prompt the development of more specific theoretical models that make realistic assumptions about taxon-specific life history and social organization. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies’.
Expression of octamer-4 in serous and mucinous ovarian carcinoma

Background Octamer-4 (Oct4) is a well known regulator of self-renewal in embryonic stem cells; it has been detected in several human cancers and may play a critical role in carcinogenesis. Aims To assess the expression of Oct4 in epithelial ovarian tumours. Methods Expression of Oct4 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 460 cases of various epithelial ovarian lesions as well as 35 cases of normal fallopian tube epithelium. The association between Oct4 expression and various clinical pathological parameters was analysed. Results Oct4 expression was significantly increased from normal epithelium (both ovarian epithelium and fallopian tube epithelium) to benign and borderline cystadenoma to carcinoma in the serous lesion subgroup. Oct4 overexpression was associated with more advanced FIGO stage and higher histological grade in serous adenocarcinoma. Conversely, Oct4 expression did not differ among mucinous lesions or correlate with clinicopathological parameters in patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma. Conclusion Results suggest that Oct4 expression may contribute to the initiation, promotion and progression of serous ovarian carcinoma; it might be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis and outcome prediction of serous ovarian carcinoma.
Can we prove stability by using a positive definite function with non sign-definite derivative?

Novel criteria for global asymptotic stability of nonlinear uncertain finite-dimensional systems are presented. The results are obtained by a combination of the "discretization approach" and the ideas contained in the proof of the original Matrosov's result. The results can be used for the proof of global asymptotic stability by using continuously differentiable, positive definite functions which do not have a negative semi-definite derivative. Illustrating examples are provided.
What Are Subtle Energies

A brief discussion is given of a set of anomalous experimental phenomena that are inexplicable based only on the four accepted forces oper- ating in the physical universe. Possible explanations require defining the ex- istence of subtle energies. Using a quantum mechanical description, the seat of subtle energy functioning is traced to the vacuum state with magnetic vec- tor potential assuming the role of bridge between the subtle energies and physical energies. A brief discussion is given of how we might reliably detect subtle energies and a zeroth order model of the subtle domains as substruc- ture for the vacuum state is given.
CAVET on Bulk GaN Substrates Achieved With MBE-Regrown AlGaN/GaN Layers to Suppress Dispersion

A current aperture vertical electron transistor (CAVET) with a Mg-ion-implanted current blocking layer (CBL) and a channel regrown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), is successfully demonstrated on bulk GaN to work as a high voltage device. The fabrication of the device combined a drift region grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), to hold the blocking voltage, with AlGaN/GaN layers regrown by plasma-MBE to conduct current. The device registered a maximum current of 4 kA· cm<sup>-2</sup> under direct-current operation offering a specific on-state resistance <i>R</i><sub>on</sub> - <i>A</i> of 2.2 mΩ·cm<sup>2</sup>. With 80 μs pulses applied to the gate, the devices showed no dispersion. The increased aperture length <i>L</i><sub>ap</sub> resulted in the decrease in specific <i>R</i><sub>on</sub>, as expected. The impact of the gate overlap to aperture <i>L</i><sub>go</sub> on the leakage current was studied, where the leakage current was found to increase with a smaller overlap.
Activated protein C levels in Behçet's disease and risk of venous thrombosis

Behçet's disease is a multi‐systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown cause. Most abnormalities have been associated with endothelial injury caused by vasculitis. Thrombosis occurs in about 25% of patients, although the mechanism is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protein C activation system in Behçet's disease and its correlation with venous thromboembolism (VTE). Thirty‐nine patients (12 with VTE) and 78 age‐ and sex‐matched controls were included in the study, and levels of protein C, protein S, activated protein C (APC), protein C inhibitor (PCI), soluble thrombomodulin (TM), antithrombin (AT), α1‐antitrypsin, fibrinogen, factor VIII, von Willebrand factor (VWF) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) were measured. APC and TM levels were significantly lower in patients than in controls, whereas protein S, AT, α1‐antitrypsin, fibrinogen, factor VIII, VWF and CRP levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls. APC, PCI and TM levels were lower in patients with VTE (0·65 ± 0·19 ng/ml, 86% ± 22% and 15·5 ± 7·1 ng/ml respectively) than in those without VTE (0·78 ± 0·17 ng/ml, 100% ± 15% and 22·1 ± 15·3 ng/ml) (P < 0·05). In patients, APC levels below 0·75 ng/ml (10th percentile of the control group) increased the risk of VTE about fivefold (odds ratio = 5·1; 95% confidence interval = 1·1–23·4). These results show that reduced APC levels are associated with the high incidence of VTE in Behçet's disease.
Insulin secretion in relation to fatness in cattle.

The insulin secretory response to tolbutamide was examined in cattle to determine: whether this agent is insulinogenic in this species, what effect age has on insulin secreting ability, and whether the insulin response is related to body fatness. Intravenous injection of sodium tolbutamide (27 mg kg−0.75) caused a three- to sevenfold rise in plasma insulin concentration, but the response was delayed and protracted in comparison with that seen in non-ruminants. The insulin response was higher at 20 than at 12 months of age. The insulin response was not related to the proportion of dissectible fat in the empty body, and it was lower in Hereford than Friesian steers despite the Herefords being slightly fatter. It was concluded that tolbutamide is insulinogenic in cattle and its effectiveness increases with age. Unlike the non-ruminant, there is no association between fatness and insulin response to tolbutamide in cattle compared at the same age.
Estimating Risk Preferences from Deductible Choice

We use a large data set of deductible choices in auto insurance contracts to estimate the distribution of risk preferences in our sample. To do so, we develop a structural econometric model, which accounts for adverse selection by allowing for unobserved heterogeneity in both risk (probability of an accident) and risk aversion. Ex-post claim information separately identifies the marginal distribution of risk, while the joint distribution of risk and risk aversion is identified by the deductible choice. We find that individuals in our sample have on average an estimated absolute risk aversion which is higher than other estimates found in the literature. Using annual income as a measure of wealth, we find an average two-digit coeﬃcient of relative risk aversion. We also find that women tend to be more risk averse than men, that proxies for income and wealth are positively related to absolute risk aversion, that unobserved heterogeneity in risk preferences is higher relative to that of risk, and that unobserved risk is positively correlated with unobserved risk aversion. Finally, we use our results for counterfactual exercises that assess the profitability of insurance contracts under various assumptions.
POSITIVE SOLUTIONS AND GLOBAL BIFURCATION OF STRONGLY COUPLED ELLIPTIC SYSTEMS

In this article, we study the existence of positive solutions for the coupled elliptic system −∆u = λ(f(u, v) + h1(x)) in Ω, −∆v = λ(g(u, v) + h2(x)) in Ω, u = v = 0 on ∂Ω, under certain conditions on f, g and allowing h1, h2 to be singular. We also consider the system −∆u = λ(a(x)u+ b(x)v + f1(v) + f2(u)) in Ω, −∆v = λ(b(x)u+ c(x)v + g1(u) + g2(v)) in Ω, u = v = 0 on ∂Ω, and prove a Rabinowitz global bifurcation type theorem to this system.
Toll‐Like Receptors

This has led to the identification of several important roles for Toll receptors in mammals. This unit discusses mammalian Toll receptors (TLR1‐10) that have an essential role in the innate immune recognition of microorganisms. Also discussed are TLR‐mediated signaling pathways and antibodies that are available to detect specific TLRs.
A Review of Challenges in Automatic Speech Recognition

is the nature's gift to the human being which contributes towards the intelligence and discrimination from rest of the animal kingdom. Taking into consideration technological aspects, speech recognition is the buzzword today, as communication and hands free computing evolving day by day. Speech is a very important mode of the communication and interaction with the digital computer. Speech recognition along with the wide range of applicability in domain of computer science, medical science, psychology, sports, neurology has many challenges while developing. Developing real time speech recognizer may hurdle from adverse environment to anatomy of the human body. It also involves linguistic aspects too. This paper explores various challenges in developing a robust ASR system. General Terms Signal Processing and linguistics
A speech detection method based on sparse representation in low SNR environments

The research difficulties of speech detection in the present focus on the cases that the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) is low and the background noise changes dramatically. For the problem of speech detection under low SNR environments, based on the sparsity of speech in frequency domain and the sparse representation ability in frequency domain of the over-complete Fourier basis, the speech signal is reconstructed with Matching Pursuit algorithm, and we propose a low SNR speech detection method which uses the short time energy of the reconstructed signal as a detection feature. The experimental results show that this algorithm exhibits higher robustness in the low SNR white noise environments.
Treatment for syphilis in antenatal care: compliance with the three dose standard treatment regimen

Background: In South Africa, three doses of benzathine penicillin 2.4 MU at weekly intervals are recommended for treating syphilis in pregnancy. Limited information is available on compliance with the recommended regimen, in terms of time to starting treatment, number of doses, and timing of treatment. Methods: The study was conducted to establish the degree of compliance with treatment for syphilis. Timing of treatment and the titres of the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) positive women were recorded. A retrospective record review was conducted of 18 128 antenatal records. These were records of women attending antenatal care clinics in a tertiary hospital catchment area in KwaZulu Natal between February 2001 and January 2002. Results: Treatment patterns showed that 15.9% received no treatment, 13.2% one dose, 5.8% received two doses, and 64.8% received three doses. In total, 188 women (1.03%) were found to be RPR positive. Of these 36% were found to be high titre positives (titre ⩾1:8). Conclusion: Completed treatment was significantly associated with age of gestation at first visit (p = 0.029), with women attending later in pregnancy less likely to receive all three doses of treatment.
Deformation History of a Landslide Slip Zone in Light of Soil Microstructure

The microstructure of a slip zone from a recent landslide was investigated by combined optical microscopy (OPM) and backscattered electron microscopy (BEM) techniques. Along the toe of the slope, the slip zone consisted of two distinct segments, formed a) along a pre-existing slip zone and b) through completely decomposed granite (CDG), both of which comprise composite soils. The microstructural features were systematically captured, quantified, and analyzed using an advanced image-analysis system. It is shown that variations in density, porosity, presence of matching fragments of coarse particles, abundance of tabular aggregates and plates of kaolinite and particle alignment are significant indicators of the deformation history of the slip zone. The results indicate that multiple processes concurred in the course of deformation: compaction and dilation, cataclasis and comminution, and particle rearrangement. Such deformation features of the natural composite soils are fundamentally different from the relatively simple soils commonly used in laboratory studies. The extent of each process depends on the particle-size distribution and stress level that prevailed at time of failure. The particle movement and microstructural evolution of the slip zone could be described as particulate flow through simultaneous bulk simple shear and pure shear. Depending on their relative abundance, fine particles play an important but variable role in the development of the slip zone and the mobilization of its shear resistance to deformation. Reactivation and/or prolonged deformation evidently change the deformation behavior of the pre-existing slip zone. In general, shape-preferred orientation of particles occurs where they are obviously aligned.
Analysis of Dynamic Switching Behavior of Bistable Semiconductor Ring Lasers Triggered by Resonant Optical Pulse Injection

The relaxation oscillation and decay toward steady state following the switching of the lasing direction in a bistable semiconductor ring laser triggered by resonant optical pulse injection is studied theoretically using small-signal method. Analytical expressions for damping factor, relaxation oscillation frequency, and the decay time are derived. Calculation results based on the expressions derived are compared with numerical simulations, and good agreement is observed. It is shown that the dynamic behavior can be greatly improved by increasing the differential gain, photon density, optical confinement factor, and nonlinear gain compression coefficient, as well as by decreasing the photon lifetime.
A framework for multiuser detection in time-hopping UWB with randon sign repetition

In this paper, we introduce a framework for multiuser detection in time-hopping (TH) ultra-wideband (UWB) systems. Based on this framework, we can derive multiuser detectors. In addition, we can gain insight into TH-UWB and improve the performance by modifying TH-UWB signaling for the multiuser detection. From simulation results, we can observe that there is about 5 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain at a bit error rate (BER) of 10-3 when the minimum mean square error (MMSE) detector is used by modifying TH-UWB signaling with random sign repetition
Drivers’ Lane-Keeping Ability in Heavy Rain: Preliminary Investigation Using SHRP 2 Naturalistic Driving Study Data

There is a lack of studies that have examined the impact of weather conditions on drivers’ lane-keeping performance. Many driver behavior studies have been conducted in simulated environments. However, no studies have examined the impact of heavy rain on lane-keeping ability in naturalistic settings. A study used data from the SHRP 2 Naturalistic Driving Study to provide better insights into driver behavior and performance in clear and rainy weather conditions. In particular, a lane-keeping model was developed using logistic regression to better understand factors affecting drivers’ lane-keeping ability in different weather conditions. One interesting finding of this research is that heavy rain can significantly increase the standard deviation of lane position, which is a widely used method for analyzing lane-keeping ability. More specifically, drivers in heavy rain are 3.8 times more likely to show a higher standard deviation of lane position than in clear weather condition. An additional interesting finding is that drivers have better lane-keeping abilities in roadways with higher posted speed. Results from this study could provide a better understanding of the complex effects of weather conditions on drivers’ lane-keeping ability and how drivers perceive and react in different weather conditions. Results from this study may also provide insights into automating the activation and deactivation of lane departure warning systems.