Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiphase flow dynamics of pyroclastic density currents during the May 18, 1980 lateral blast of Mount St. Helens

[1] The dynamics of the May 18, 1980 lateral blast at Mount St. Helens, Washington (USA), were studied by means of a three-dimensional multiphase flow model. Numerical simulations describe the blast flow as a high-velocity pyroclastic density current generated by a rapid expansion (burst phase, lasting less than 20 s) of a pressurized polydisperse mixture of gas and particles and its subsequent gravitational collapse and propagation over a rugged topography. Model results show good agreement with the observed large-scale behavior of the blast and, in particular, reproduce reasonably well the front advancement velocity and the extent of the inundated area. Detailed analysis of modeled transient and local flow properties supports the view of a blast flow led by a high-speed front (with velocities between 100 and 170 m/s), with a turbulent head relatively depleted in fine particles, and a trailing, sedimenting body. In valleys and topographic lows, pyroclasts accumulate progressively at the base of the current body after the passage of the head, forming a dense basal flow depleted in fines (less than 5 wt.%) with total particle volume fraction exceeding 10−1 in most of the sampled locations. Blocking and diversion of this basal flow by topographic ridges provides the mechanism for progressive current unloading. On ridges, sedimentation occurs in the flow body just behind the current head, but the sedimenting, basal flow is progressively more dilute and enriched in fine particles (up to 40 wt.% in most of the sampled locations). In the regions of intense sedimentation, topographic blocking triggers the elutriation of fine particles through the rise of convective instabilities. Although the model formulation and the numerical vertical accuracy do not allow the direct simulation of the actual deposit compaction, present results provide a consistent, quantitative model able to interpret the observed stratigraphic sequence.
Discriminative and robust zero-watermarking scheme based on completed local binary pattern for authentication and copyright identification of medical images

Authentication and copyright identification are two critical security issues for medical images. Although zerowatermarking schemes can provide durable, reliable and distortion-free protection for medical images, the existing zerowatermarking schemes for medical images still face two problems. On one hand, they rarely considered the distinguishability for medical images, which is critical because different medical images are sometimes similar to each other. On the other hand, their robustness against geometric attacks, such as cropping, rotation and flipping, is insufficient. In this study, a novel discriminative and robust zero-watermarking (DRZW) is proposed to address these two problems. In DRZW, content-based features of medical images are first extracted based on completed local binary pattern (CLBP) operator to ensure the distinguishability and robustness, especially against geometric attacks. Then, master shares and ownership shares are generated from the content-based features and watermark according to (2,2) visual cryptography. Finally, the ownership shares are stored for authentication and copyright identification. For queried medical images, their content-based features are extracted and master shares are generated. Their watermarks for authentication and copyright identification are recovered by stacking the generated master shares and stored ownership shares. 200 different medical images of 5 types are collected as the testing data and our experimental results demonstrate that DRZW ensures both the accuracy and reliability of authentication and copyright identification. When fixing the false positive rate to 1.00%, the average value of false negative rates by using DRZW is only 1.75% under 20 common attacks with different parameters.
Convergence of weighted sums of random variables and uniform integrability concerning the weights

Let $\{a_{nk}\}, n, k\in\mathbb{N}$ be an array of real constants, and let $\{X_n\}$ be a sequence of random variables. The concept of $\{a_{nk}\}$-uniform integrability of $\{X_n\}$ is defined and two characterizations of this concept are established. Limit theorems for weighted sums $\sum_ka_{nk}(X_k - EX_k)$ are obtained, when the sequence $\{X_n\}$ is $\{a_{nk}\}$-uniformly integrable.
EFFECT OF ROAD DE-ICING SALTS WITH ANTI CORROSION AGENTS ON SELECTED PLANT SPECIES

The effect of CaCl2 and NaCl with anti-corrosion additives (ammonium phos- phate and sodium hypochlorite in amount of 3 to 5% of preparation weight), protected by Polish patent no. 198058, applied in concentrations of 4, 8 and 12 g dm -3 on germination and seedling vigour of Lolium perenne L. cv. Solen and Festuca rubra L. cv. Nimba was evaluated. Other studied parameters were: chlorophyll content, chlophyll a fluorescence and biomass accumulation in Canna × generalis, Rosa rugosa L. and Lolium perenne L. under the influence of the above mentioned substances. It was found that application of de-icing substances delayed and reduced germination of grass seedlings and declined root growth. Red fescue was less tolerant for increased salinity in soil than perennial ryegrass. Application of de-icing substances on rugosa rose, canna lilly and perennial ryegrass plants led to decrease of chlorophyll content, potential photochemical efficiency, per- formance index and biomass accumulation. Without anticorrosion agents the least toxic was calcium chloride and the most sodium chloride. Additives to de-icing road salts, in general, decreased NaCl toxicity and increased toxicity of CaCl2.
Gas Breakthrough Pressure (GBP) through Claystones: Correlation with FIB/SEM Imaging of the Pore Volume

This contribution uses six claystone samples imaged by FIB/SEM (Focused Ion Beam/Scanning Electron Microscopy), within micrometric volumes located in the clay matrix; their 3D connected pore network is identified down to 17-22 nm pore size. All samples are gently dried to minimize damage, and several are impregnated with Poly(Methyl MethAcrylate) (PMMA) resin to avoid further damage during FIB/SEM observations. Three pore volumes out of six are connected between two parallel end surfaces through crack-like pores; two are not connected between any two parallel end surfaces; only one sample has a connected pore network distinct from cracks.By assuming varied pathways for gas to migrate by capillarity through the connected pore volumes (either by taking the shortest path, or through the largest path, or through the most frequent pore size, or by simulating the ingress of a non wetting fluid), we determine the Gas Breakthrough Pressure (GBP) through the initially fully liquid saturated claystone, from these micrometric volumes. The scale change (from the micrometric to the macroscopic scale) is assumed possible without changing the GBP value, and clay/water interactions are not accounted for. By comparison with GBP values measured in the laboratory on centimetric-sized claystone samples, it is concluded that breakthrough occurs most probably by capillary digitation; micro-cracks are the most probable pathways for gas, so that gas does not progress in a homogeneous manner through the claystone, as standard macroscopic finite element models would represent it. For intact claystone, predictions based on the capillary ingress of a non wetting fluid provide a GBP value ranging between 7-14 MPa.
How Consumers Mobilize Ethical Myths to Animate Moral Identity: A study on consumers’ moral action within ethical fashion

This thesis aims to explore the ethical fashion gap between moral thought and moral action. By doing so, it illustrates how consumers mobilize ethical myths to animate their moral identity. Previous research has focused on both moral identity and ethical myths, however, it has not been explored how ethical myths actually animate moral identity. The analysis and findings are based on a narrative design conducted on phenomenological interviews, on consumers of an ethical brand. Findings show the importance of ethical myths in the construction of one’s moral identity and illustrate the conflict in moral thought and moral action. This can be used to understand how brands can mobilize myths to increase consumers’ moral identity. Key words; moralistic play, ethical fashion myths, moral identity
Borderline Girlhoods: Mental Illness, Adolescence, and Femininity in Girl, Interrupted

What about me was so deranged that in less than half an hour a doctor would pack me off to the nuthouse? He tricked me though: a couple of weeks. It was closer to two years. I was eighteen. (Kaysen 39) After a twenty-minute interview with a psychiatrist, eighteen-year-old Susanna Kaysen was compelled to sign herself into McLean Hospital, a psychiatric institute, where she would spend nearly two years. Kaysen’s memoir of the experience, Girl, Interrupted (1994) remained on the New York Times paperback bestseller list for at least seven years after its initial publication. According to Publisher’s Weekly, customer demand for Kaysen’s memoir quickly surpassed the original printing of 13,500, which resulted in Girl, Interrupted being “temporarily out of stock” (Maryles 18). As recently as 2000, a reporter for the Boston Globe suggested that Susanna Kaysen’s Girl, Interrupted threatened to replace Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar as the “Must-read for young women in high school and college” (Bass 7). Like The Bell Jar (1963), Girl, Interrupted exists as a cross-written text that straddles the arbitrary border between young adult and adult literature. “Many teenagers read the book long before they encounter it in class, just as a previous generation of young women were drawn to The Bell Jar” (Bass 7). The popularity of Girl, Interrupted and the association of the text with U.S. adolescent girls warrants further consideration of the memoir as a text read by young adults and as a representation of adolescent girlhood that offers a complex commentary on feminine coming-of-age. In this essay, I analyze Kaysen’s memoir as a unique narrative mode through which she intervenes in knowledge about feminine adolescence. Specifically, I trace how Kaysen relies on the figure of the wounded girl
The Non-Subject Bias of German Demonstrative Pronouns

This paper presents evidence from both corpus studies and psycholinguistic experiments regarding the referential preferences of German personal pronouns (er sie, es) and demonstrative pronouns (der, die, das). Both types of pronouns are naturally used in German to refer to both animate and inanimate referents, but they appear to have different preferences with respect to their choice of antecedents: While personal pronouns show a slight preference for antecedents which are grammatical subjects, demonstrative pronouns show a strong bias for nonsubject antecedents.
Optimization Of Human Resource Management And Rawls’ Theory Of Justice

Rawls Theory of Justice (RTJ) sheds light on the importance of fairness, justice and equity in society however application of RTJ in human resource management for better organizational performance and output presents some challenges which are harder than when applied to the society, e.g. fulfillment of “blind position” prerequisite. By applying Rawls theory of justice one can infer essential roles of fairness in human resource management of an organization and the modus operandi used for its implementation to increase its productivity or output. This paper discusses the primary issues seen in application of Rawls theory of justice (RTJ) in human resource management. It discusses essential ingredients of RTJ and prerequisites of applying this theory such as well-ordered society, acceptance of laws and regulation by majority. It further discusses what happens if these prerequisites are not fulfilled such as lack of wide ranging institutional support on basic rules of fairness and justice, lack of basic liberties and lack of fair equality of opportunities. These problems are examined in the light of RTJ and solutions are suggested for optimized human resource management .
Chilean Endemic/Native Plant Resources as Functional and Superfoods

The current consumer demand for foods or food supplements with "super properties" is being covered by previously under-exploited ethnic products. The endemic flora from multiple continents serve as source of plant foods such as cereals or tropical fruits. Chile, one of the top five plant biodiversity hotspots on the planet, is a promising source of functional foods with little scientific and commercial research. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the findings related to the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of native/endemic plants and plant-derived compounds from Chile. Resources of these compounds may be found in honey, bee pollen, and berry-like fruits. These products, unknown to many parts outside the country, not only have the advantage of their functional properties but also possess denomination of origin, which gives added value and allows them to be used as food additives such as natural colorants, antioxidants, antibacterials, and antifungals. In the coming years, many of these products will be more commercially known and many of these plant species will be selected and improved, as have happened with products such as tofu or blueberries.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF QUERCUS INFECTORIA, GLYCYRRHIZA URALENSIS, KAEMPFERIA GALANGA AND COPTIS CHINENSIS, THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF THAI HERBAL REMEDIES FOR APHTHOUS ULCER

Four medicinal plant powders (Quercus infectoria, Kaempferia galanga, Coptis chinensis and Glycyrrhiza uralensis) and one traditional Thai herbal recipe for aphthous ulcer were selected for the anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and skin irritation test in vivo. Among four plant powders, K. galanga, C. chinensis, and G. uralensis were inhibited IL-6 production with IC50 value of 0.04 ± 0.01, 0.07 ± 0.01 and 0.08 ± 0.01 µg/ml, respectively. Q. infectoria had lower anti-IL-6 activity with IC50 value of 0.31 ± 0.02 μg/ml. Those four plants also had anti-PGE2 activities but lower than the aphthous powder and aphthous gel. Whereas a traditional herbal recipe had significantly higher anti-inflammatory activity than each of the isolated plants by inhibit IL-6 and PGE2 production with IC50 value of 0.04 ± 0.01 and 0.08 ± 0.01 µg/ml, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activities were significantly higher than prednisolone and the COX-2 inhibitor. The plant powders and the herbal recipe had any growth inhibitory effect on the human gingival fibroblast cells even at the highest concentration. No sign of irritation was observed during the dermal irritation test with all experiments. Finally, the efficacy of anti-inflammation and safety of the medicinal plants and traditional Thai herbal remedy for aphthous ulcer treatment were evaluated by the scientific method.
An analytical solution for a multilayered magneto-electro-elastic circular plate under simply supported lateral boundary conditions

We derive, in this paper, the analytical solution for a three-dimensional transversely isotropic axisymmetric multilayered magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) circular plate under simply supported boundary conditions. The state space vector, the finite Hankel transform and propagating matrix methods are utilized together to obtain the full-field solutions for the MEE plate made of piezoelectric (PE) and piezomagnetic (PM) layers. Numerical examples for three-layered and five-layered PE/PM composites with different stacking sequences and under different loading conditions are presented and discussed. These results can serve as benchmark solutions for future numerical analyses of layered MEE plates.
Optical trapping of carbon nanotubes and graphene

O a∗ ABSTRACT. We study optical trapping of nanotubes and graphene. We extract the dis- tribution of both centre-of-mass and angular fluctuations from three-dimensional tracking of these optically trapped carbon nanostructures. The optical force and torque constants are measured from auto and cross-correlation of the tracking signals. We demonstrate that nanotubes enable nanometer spatial, and femto-Newton force resolution in photonic force microscopy by accurately measuring the radiation pressure in a double frequency opti- cal tweezers. Finally, we integrate optical trapping with Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy demonstrating the use of a Raman and photoluminescence tweezers by in- vestigating the spectroscopy of nanotubes and graphene flakes in solution. Experimental results are compared with calculations based on electromagnetic scattering theory.
Fine structure of the age-chromospheric activity relation in solar-type stars - I. The Ca II infrared triplet: Absolute flux calibration

Context. Strong spectral lines are useful indicators of stellar chromospheric activity. They are physically linked to the convection efficiency, differential rotation, and angular momentum evolution and are a potential indicator of age. However, for ages > 2 Gyr, the age-activity relationship remains poorly constrained thus hampering its full application. Aims. The Ca II infrared triplet (IRT lines, λλ 8498, 8542, and 8662) has been poorly studied compared to classical chromospheric indicators. We report in this paper absolute chromospheric fluxes in the three Ca II IRT lines, based on a new calibration tied to up-to-date model atmospheres. Methods. We obtain the Ca II IRT absolute fluxes for 113 FGK stars from high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and high-resolution spectra covering an extensive domain of chromospheric activity levels. We perform an absolute continuum flux calibration for the Ca II IRT lines anchored in atmospheric models calculated as an explicit function of effective temperatures ( T eff ), metallicity ([Fe/H]), and gravities (log g ) avoiding the degeneracy usually present in photometric continuum calibrations based solely on color indices. Results. The internal uncertainties achieved for continuum absolute flux calculations are ≈2% of the solar chromospheric flux, one order of magnitude lower than for photometric calibrations. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we gauge the impact of observational errors on the final chromospheric fluxes due to the absolute continuum flux calibration and find that T eff uncertainties are properly mitigated by the photospheric correction leaving [Fe/H] as the dominating factor in the chromospheric flux uncertainty. Conclusions. Across the FGK spectral types, the Ca II IRT lines are sensitive to chromospheric activity. The reduced internal uncertainties reported here enable us to build a new chromospheric absolute flux scale and explore the age-activity relation from the active regime down to very low activity levels and a wide range of T eff , mass, [Fe/H], and age.
Different styles of continental delamination: the influence of the viscosity structure and radiogenic heat production

En este estudio se aplican algoritmos termomecanicos para modelizar la evolucion asimetrica de una litosfera orogenica engrosada, con un conducto adyacente de baja viscosidad, que atraviesa la litosfera. Analizamos la influencia en la evolucion de la delaminacion de la estratificacion de viscosidad, de la produccion radiogenica de calor y de la naturaleza del material presente en el conducto de baja viscosidad. Esta evolucion es muy sensible a la viscosidad del manto litosferico y, en menor grado, a la viscosidad de la astenosfera y de la corteza inferior. Un aumento de tan solo un orden de magnitud de la viscosidad maxima permitida para la litosfera (de 1022 a 1023 Pa s) produce un cambio de una delaminacion bien desarrollada, con una fuerte migracion del punto de delaminacion, a una completa inhibicion del proceso. Los resultados muestran que la produccion radiogenica de calor tiene una fuerte influencia en la geometria del manto litosferico en hundimiento. Los modelos con una elevada produccion de calor en la corteza inferior predicen el ascenso astenosferico, sin que se forme una estructura de tipo slab en el manto superior. Obtenemos que la naturaleza del material que constituye el conducto de baja viscosidad, bien sea material astenosferico o bien manto litosferico de baja viscosidad, no afecta significativamente al proceso de delaminacion. Sugerimos que tanto el debilitamiento litosferico por procesos de deshidratacion como el adelgazamiento termico son mecanismos plausibles para la formacion de conductos de baja viscosidad capaces de desencadenar la delaminacion.
Prior Debt and the Cost of Going Public

Previous studies find that firms with prior debt, particularly publicly rated, have lower information asymmetry and experience a lower opportunity cost of going public, as measured by underpricing. Subsequent research suggests that underpricing may be an inaccurate measure of indirect issuance costs. Thus, we replicate and extend existing studies to examine whether previously issued debt reduces the true opportunity cost of issuance. We find that private debt issues have little effect; however, firms with public debt (particularly rated) have both significantly lower levels of underpricing and lower issuance opportunity costs, as well as narrower filing ranges and smaller price revisions, all of which are consistent with reduced asymmetry. We find, however, that matching issues by firm size eliminates the significant relations. Thus, we conclude that although prior public debt appears to reduce information asymmetries, it is more likely a reflection of the underlying characteristics of firms with these existing securities.
The role of channel networks in biological transfers

Using a tracer method, we investigate transfers in idealised systems comprising a diffusive solid pervaded by an array of channels through which a liquid flows according to a Hagen-Poiseuille velocity field. We systematically measure the transfer efficiency for systems of differing average flow velocity, diffusivity, channel radius, length and spacing. We present a semi-empirical model that relates transfer efficiency to the system variables. The model captures the entire range of results. From this model, we derive a transfer efficiency chart to serve as a starting point for the design of engineered biological systems.
Predicting E-banking Tendency from Personality & Demographic Characteristics

Becoming one the important features of our lives, e-banking has brought us a more convenient and fast way to accomplish financial activities. Despite its growing role, it is considered a challenge for some individuals who prefer to still use traditional banking system. In order to obtain a better understanding of those customers, in the current study, two personality dimensions and four demographic variables were studied to find any relationship with using that kind of technology. A group of 329 banking customers including 197 male and 132 female individuals completed a three-section questionnaire containing a measure of banking style including traditional and available forms of ebanking, two personality factors (Neuroticism and Extraversion) scales from the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; Costa and McCrae, 1992), and four demographic questions including age, gender, education level, and marital status. In addition to descriptive statistics, multiple regression was utilized to investigate the relationships among the predictors and criterion. Results showed no significant difference in terms of the two personality factors comparing the two groups of customers including traditional and electronic banking. In conjunction with the banking style, investigating demographic variables revealed significant relationships between age, education levels and marital status with e-banking. Beside using the findings to meet individuals' needs, as traditional banking services impose more costs, determining the characteristics of that portion of customers would be important.