Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An overview of the development of medications including novel anticonvulsants for the treatment of alcohol dependence

The development of treatments for alcohol dependence has been significantly complicated by the multiple actions of ethanol at the neurotransmitter level, heterogeneity among patients with alcohol dependence, the complexity of defining and measuring the phenomenon of craving, and the challenge of quantifying alcohol intake in patients. Increasingly, anticonvulsant medications are showing promise for the safe and effective amelioration of alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Furthermore, there is evidence that anticonvulsant medications are promising treatments for reducing drinking and preventing relapse among alcohol-dependent individuals. In recent years, many medications have been evaluated for the treatment of alcohol dependence, including those that interact with dopaminergic, serotonergic, opioid or glutamate and/or GABA systems. So far, naltrexone, acamprosate and, more recently, the anticonvulsant, topiramate, have shown some efficacy for the treatment of heterogeneous populations of individuals with alcohol dependence. Both ondansetron and sertraline appear to have some efficacy in treating different subgroups of alcoholic.
Elementos para el debate

(Texto presentado como documento de partida para el Grupo de Trabajo de Interpretacion, en las III Jornadas Nacionales de Educacion Ambiental, Pamplona, 10, 11 y 12 de diciembre de 1998. Version adaptada para este Boletin) Hace ya casi veinte anos que empezo a hablarse en Espana de interpretacion ambiental. Desde entonces, se han desarrollado en nuestro pais diferentes eventos que han tenido a esta disciplina como protagonista: el Cuarto Congreso Internacional sobre Interpretacion del Patrimonio, organizado por HII (Heritage Interpretation Internacional), celebrado en Barcelona en 1995; numerosos cursos y procesos formativos, entre los que destacan los del Aula de Verano del CENEAM, de Educacion e Interpretacion Ambiental, entre los anos 1993 a 1997, o el curso de posgrado que esta preparando la Universidad de las Islas Baleares para ser impartido a distancia; la creacion de una Asociacion para la Interpretacion del Patrimonio (AIP - Espana), de caracter nacional; la aparicion en el verano de 1998 de la primera obra especifica sobre interpretacion que se edita en este pais, etc.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-&agr; Antagonist Etanercept Decreases Blood Pressure and Protects the Kidney in a Mouse Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Chronic inflammation has been implicated in the pathology of hypertension; however, the role for specific cytokines remains unclear. We tested whether tumor necrosis factor-&agr; blockade with etanercept (Etan) reduces mean arterial pressure in a female mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE is a chronic inflammatory disorder with prevalent hypertension. Thirty-week-old SLE (NZBWF1) and control mice (NZW/LacJ) received Etan (0.8 mg/kg SC weekly) for 4 weeks or vehicle. Mean arterial pressure (in millimeters of mercury) was increased in SLE mice (150±5 versus 113±5 in controls; P<0.05) and was lower in Etan-treated SLE mice (132±3) but not controls (117±5). Albuminuria (in micrograms per milligram of creatinine) was elevated in SLE mice (28 742±9032 versus 1075±883; P<0.05) and was lower in Etan-treated SLE mice (8154±3899) but not control animals (783±226). Glomerulosclerosis (in percentage of glomeruli) was evident in SLE mice (2.5±1.6 versus 0.0±0.0 in controls; P<0.05) and was ameliorated in Etan-treated SLE mice (0.1±0.1). Renal cortex CD68+ cell staining (in percentage of area) was elevated in SLE mice (4.75±0.80 versus 0.79±0.12 in controls; P<0.05) and was lower in Etan-treated SLE mice (2.28±0.32) but not controls (1.43±0.25). Renal cortex NADPH oxidase activity (relative light units per milligram of protein) was higher in SLE mice compared with controls (10 718±1276 versus 7584±229; P<0.05) and lowered in Etan-treated SLE mice (6645±490). Renal cortex nuclear factor &kgr;B (phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated) was increased in SLE mice compared with controls and lower in Etan-treated SLE mice. These data suggest that TNF-&agr; mechanistically contributes to the development of hypertension in a chronic inflammatory disease through increased renal nuclear factor &kgr;B, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
International Normalized Ratios (INR): the first 20 years

Adoptionof INRby theWorldHealthOrganization (WHO) [1] 20 years ago has resulted in greater safety and effectiveness of oral anticoagulant treatment with warfarin and related drugs. Massive increase in demand for oral anticoagulation has followed with increased recognition of the benefit in many clinical states including atrial fibrillation where previously treatment risks outweighed advantages. INR are derived from the international sensitivity index (ISI), a quantitative measurement of the responsiveness of individual thromboplastin reagents and prothrombin time (PT) test systems. This is obtained from the comparison of the local PT results with those of a WHO thromboplastin international reference preparation (IRP). The 20 years’ experience of INR has proved their value and also the need for additional steps, centrally and locally, to ensure reliable INR.
A Novel Proximity Coupled Active Integrated Antenna

In this paper, a novel design approach and measured results of a compact proximity coupled active integrated antenna (PCAIA) are presented. A new type of antenna feed structure is proposed. A single self-biased (through the RF port), two-stage low noise amplifier has been integrated with a proximity coupled patch antenna having a new feed structure. The proposed approach is useful in the design of compact PCAIA with good radiation characteristics for applications in microwave wireless systems.
Hospital Volume and Operative Mortality in the Modern Era

Objective:To determine whether the relationship between hospital volume and mortality has changed over time. Background:It is generally accepted that hospital volume is associated with mortality in high-risk procedures. However, as surgical safety has improved over the last decade, recent evidence has suggested that the inverse relationship has diminished or been eliminated. Methods:Using national Medicare claims data from 2000 through 2009, we examined mortality among 3,282,127 patients who underwent 1 of 8 gastrointestinal, cardiac, or vascular procedures. Hospitals were stratified into quintiles of operative volume. Using multivariable logistic regression models to adjust for patient characteristics, we examined the relationship between hospital volume and mortality, and assessed for changes over time. We performed sensitivity analyses using hierarchical logistic regression modeling with hospital-level random effects to confirm our results. Results:Throughout the 10-year period, a significant inverse relationship was observed in all procedures. In 5 of the 8 procedures studied, the strength of the volume-outcome relationship increased over time. In esophagectomy, for example, the adjusted odds ratio of mortality in very low volume hospitals compared to very high volume hospitals increased from 2.25 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.57–3.23] in 2000–2001 to 3.68 (95% CI: 2.66–5.11) in 2008–2009. Only pancreatectomy showed a notable decrease in strength of the relationship over time, from 5.83 (95% CI: 3.64–9.36) in 2000–2001, to 3.08 (95% CI: 2.07–4.57) in 2008–2009. Conclusions:For all procedures examined, higher volume hospitals had significantly lower mortality rates than lower volume hospitals. Despite recent improvements in surgical safety, the strong inverse relationship between hospital volume and mortality persists in the modern era.
Relative perturbation theory for matrix eigenproblems in free vibration analysis

This article aims to introduce a relative perturbation theory for eigenvalues of the standard and generalized eigenproblems in free vibration analysis. This theory shows that the results of the standard eigenproblems can be applied to find a similar bounds for the eigenvalues of the generalized eigenproblems when the perturbation happens in either the mass matrix or in the stiffness matrix. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the effect of the perturbation in these bounds. †On leave from Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.
The stem cell niche of human livers: Symmetry between development and regeneration

Human livers contain two pluripotent progenitors: hepatic stem cells and hepatoblasts. The hepatic stem cells uniquely express the combination of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), cytokeratin (CK) 19, albumin ±, and are negative for α‐fetoprotein (AFP). They are precursors to hepatoblasts, which differ from hepatic stem cells in size, morphology, and in expressing the combination of EpCAM, intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM‐1), CK19, albumin++, and AFP++. The hepatic stem cells are located in vivo in stem cell niches: the ductal plates in fetal and neonatal livers and canals of Hering in pediatric and adult livers. The hepatoblasts are contiguous to the niches, decline in numbers with age, wax and wane in numbers with injury responses, and are proposed to be the liver's transit‐amplifying cells. In adult livers, intermediates between hepatic stem cells and hepatoblasts and between hepatoblasts and adult parenchyma are observed. Amplification of one or both pluripotent cell subpopulations can occur in diseases; for example, hepatic stem cell amplification occurs in mild forms of liver failure, and hepatoblast amplification occurs in forms of cirrhosis. Liver is, therefore, similar to other tissues in that regenerative processes in postnatal tissues parallel those occurring in development and involve populations of stem cells and progenitor cells that can be identified by anatomic, antigenic, and biochemical profiles. (HEPATOLOGY 2008;48:1598–1607.)
Child and youth experiences and perspectives of cerebral palsy: a qualitative systematic review.

BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most common causes of physical disability in childhood, and many children with CP access rehabilitation services throughout their lives. The aim of this qualitative systematic review was to synthesize the experiences and perspectives of youth living with CP to inform the development of rehabilitation and social programmes. METHODS A thematic qualitative synthesis integrating qualitative evidence was undertaken where six electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Healthstar, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Proquest and PsychInfo) were searched from 1980 to September 2014. RESULTS Thirty-three articles involving 390 youth, aged from 2 to 25 years, across six countries were included. Themes were classified according to the International Classification of Functioning Child and Youth Version framework. Youth's accounts focused on social inclusion and the physical environment (i.e. services and supports, transportation, accessibility, accommodations, safety and weather), the role of family and peers and participation (i.e. leisure and recreation, school and civic engagement). Youth described how body structure and function (i.e. pain and physical functioning, mental health, fatigue and unpredictability of body function) affected them - often disrupting their biographies. Some youth described personal factors such as independence, coping and body image that affected their ability to cope with their condition. There was much less focus on youth's experiences of mobility, activities of daily living and assistive devices. CONCLUSIONS Youth with CP experience pain, fatigue and impairments to body function, along with social exclusion, which can affect their biographies. However, youth had strategies to revise their biographies to maintain personal and social normalcy.
Factors preventing downward dislocation of the adducted shoulder joint. An electromyographic and morphological study.

An electromyographic study of various muscles in the region of the shoulder joint in twenty-two healthy men combined with a study of dissections shows that, contrary to expectations, downward dislocation of the shoulder joint is not prevented by the vertically running muscles, for example, the deltoid, biceps, and triceps. Normally it is prevented by a locking mechanism dependent on three factors: (1) the slope of the glenoid fossa, leading to (2) the tightening of the superior part of the capsule (including the coracohumeral ligament), and (3) the activity of the supraspinatus muscle (and, to a lesser extent, the posterior fibers of the deltoid).
PRODUÇÃO DE PIMENTA DE CHEIRO SOB DIFERENTES CONDIÇÕES SALINAS.

Objetivou-se avaliar a producao de pimentas de cheiro submetida a diferentes niveis de salinidade e diferentes formas de preparo das sementes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com tres repeticoes, em esquema fatorial 2x5. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinacao de dois sistemas de tratamento de sementes (com e sem pre-embebicao em solucao salina de NaCl), com cinco niveis de salinidade da agua (0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 2,5 dS m -1 ). Os dados foram submetidos a analise de variância ao nivel de 5% de probabilidade. De todas as caracteristicas avaliadas, a cultivar pimenta de cheiro mostrou-se tolerante aos niveis de salinidade para as caracteristicas peso do fruto, diâmetro do fruto, massa fresca e seca da parte aerea. Houve influencia dos sais para a altura de plantas e massa seca da raiz.
Markteffekte medienwirksamer Lebensmittelskandale: Eine Ereignisstudie

Das Vertrauen der Konsumenten in gesunde Nahrungsmittel wird regelmasig durch Lebensmittelskandale erschuttert. Im Zusammenhang mit der Diskussion von Masnahmen, die seitens der Produzenten und/oder des Staates ergriffen werden, um Nahrungsmittelsicherheit zu gewahrleisten, stellt sich die Frage, wie der Markt, genauergesagt: die Verbraucher, auf das Bekanntwerden von Lebensmittelskandalen reagieren. In dem Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob und wie sich Lebensmittelskandale, die eine mediale Verbreitung gefunden haben, auf Preise und Verbrauchsmengen ausgewahlter tierischer Agrarerzeugnisse auswirken. Als methodischer Ansatz werden Ereignisstudien gewahlt, die eine einfache Moglichkeit bieten, die Marktwirkungen sachlich und zeitlich klar definierter Ereignisse statistisch zu untersuchen. Das Hauptergebnis der empirischen Analyse lautet, dass fur vier ausgewahlte Fleischskandale in Deutschland im Zeitraum zwischen 2001 und 2006 kein signifikant negativer Einfluss auf Agrar- und Verbraucherpreise nachzuweisen ist. Daraus kann allerdings nicht der Schluss gezogen werden, Lebensmittelskandale seien fur das Geschehen auf Agrar- und Produktmarkten irrelevant.
The Acinetobacter baumannii Oxymoron: Commensal Hospital Dweller Turned Pan-Drug-Resistant Menace

During the past few decades Acinetobacter baumannii has evolved from being a commensal dweller of health-care facilities to constitute one of the most annoying pathogens responsible for hospitalary outbreaks and it is currently considered one of the most important nosocomial pathogens. In a prevalence study of infections in intensive care units conducted among 75 countries of the five continents, this microorganism was found to be the fifth most common pathogen. Two main features contribute to the success of A. baumannii: (i) A. baumannii exhibits an outstanding ability to accumulate a great variety of resistance mechanisms acquired by different mechanisms, either mutations or acquisition of genetic elements such as plasmids, integrons, transposons, or resistant islands, making this microorganism multi- or pan-drug-resistant and (ii) The ability to survive in the environment during prolonged periods of time which, combined with its innate resistance to desiccation and disinfectants, makes A. baumannii almost impossible to eradicate from the clinical setting. In addition, its ability to produce biofilm greatly contributes to both persistence and resistance. In this review, the pathogenesis of the infections caused by this microorganism as well as the molecular bases of antibacterial resistance and clinical aspects such as treatment and potential future therapeutic strategies are discussed in depth.
Prognostic significance of the expression of MUC1 and collagen type IV in advanced gastric carcinoma

Scirrhous gastric carcinoma is characterized by excessive deposition of collagen in the stroma. However, the clinical significance of this fibrosis of the stomach has not been clarified. The aim of this study was to examine the fibrotic mechanism in several histological types of gastric carcinoma, and the combination of MUC1 and collagen type IV as a possible predictor of patient survival.
Ascent exhalations of Antarctic fur seals: a behavioural adaptation for breath–hold diving?

Novel observations collected from video, acoustic and conductivity sensors showed that Antarctic fur seals consistently exhale during the last 50–85% of ascent from all dives (10–160 m, n > 8000 dives from 50 seals). The depth of initial bubble emission was best predicted by maximum dive depth, suggesting an underlying physical mechanism. Bubble sound intensity recorded from one seal followed predictions of a simple model based on venting expanding lung air with decreasing pressure. Comparison of air release between dives, together with lack of variation in intensity of thrusting movement during initial descent regardless of ultimate dive depth, suggested that inhaled diving lung volume was constant for all dives. The thrusting intensity in the final phase of ascent was greater for dives in which ascent exhalation began at a greater depth, suggesting an energetic cost to this behaviour, probably as a result of loss of buoyancy from reduced lung volume. These results suggest that fur seals descend with full lung air stores, and thus face the physiological consequences of pressure at depth. We suggest that these regular and predictable ascent exhalations could function to reduce the potential for a precipitous drop in blood oxygen that would result in shallow–water blackout.
Oxidative Responses Induced by Pharmacologic Vitreolysis and/or Long-term Hyperoxia Treatment in Rat Lenses

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the protective effects of intact vitreous gel on the lens after pharmacologic vitreolysis and hyperoxia exposure in rats in vivo. Methods: Eyes of Sprague-Dawley rats were induced to posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) by pharmacologic vitreolysis, and the rats with and without PVD were treated with hyperoxia 3 h per day for 5 months. Lens transparency was monitored by a slit-lamp biomicroscope. A series of biochemical measurements were made in extracts of the lens cortex and nucleus. Ascorbate levels were measured in the aqueous and vitreous humors. Results: No significant differences in lens transparency or morphology were observed in all groups, and no significant biochemical changes were observed in the cortex or nucleus of lenses of the PVD group. In the lens nucleus, the values of water-soluble protein concentration in PVD + hyperoxia group were lower than that of the PVD group. The levels of water-soluble proteins, glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate decreased in the hyperoxia group with an intact vitreous body. Vitreolysis enhanced the effect of hyperoxia, decreasing soluble protein, GSH and ascorbate below the levels seen in eyes with vitreolysis alone. The levels of antioxidants and soluble proteins were lower in the lens nucleus, and the effects of vitreolysis plus hyperoxia were more significant in the nucleus. Hyperoxia and hyperoxia plus vitreolysis reduced catalase activity and increased oxidized GSH to a greater extent in the lens cortex, although these treatments increased protein-GSH mixed disulfides in both regions. Long-term hyperoxia also lowered ascorbate levels in the vitreous and aqueous humors, an effect that was enhanced by vitreolysis. Conclusions: Exposure to excess molecular oxygen produces significant oxidative damage to the lens, especially the lens nucleus. These effects were enhanced by pharmacologic vitreolysis, indicating that intact vitreous gel protects the lens from oxidative damage.
Role of signal onset in sound localization.

An experiment is reported on the effects of different signal‐onset conditions, as a function of signal frequency, on the minimum audible angle obtained with human listeners in a free‐field localization situation. Transient binaural differences associated with signal onset were computed on the basis of: (1) the binaural distance difference; (2) the headshadow effect; and (3) the rise time of the signal. The results of the experiment indicate that signal onset may be treated as a short‐duration binaural intensity‐difference cue. The implications for a theoretical model of localization are discussed.
Regulation of Glycine Decarboxylase and l-Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase Activities by Glyoxylate in Tobacco Leaf Mitochondrial Preparations.

Glyoxylate at a concentration of 10 millimolar caused 50% inhibition of decarboxylation of 20 millimolar [1-(14)C]glycine and accompanying synthesis of serine in a mitochondria-enriched preparation from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var. John Williams Broadleaf) leaves. None of the other compounds tested including formate, acetate, oxalate, aspartate, and glutamate appreciably affected activity. Occasional inhibition produced by glycolate may have resulted from residual glycolate oxidase in these preparations. Added glyoxylate was not converted to glycine in these preparations and about 98% of it could be recovered at the end of the reaction. Hence, the observed inhibition by glyoxylate did not result from dilution of radioactivity in the substrate.Glyoxylate also regulated synthesis of HCHO from l-serine catalyzed by l-serine hydroxymethyltransferase in mitochondrial preparations. Control of this enzyme activity by glyoxylate was complex and was characterized by enhancement of activity at low glyoxylate concentrations (less than 10 millimolar) and inhibition by concentrations generally above 10 millimolar. These results define potential sites of biochemical regulation of important steps in the pathway of photorespiratory carbon flow and are considered in the light of other observations of effects of exogenous glyoxylate on photorespiration in leaf tissue.
Impaired resistance to bacterial infection after tumor implant is traced to lactic dehydrogenase virus

A BALB/c mouse-passaged methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma tumor caused severe impairment of resistance to systemic listeriosis. Depressed resistance expressed immediately after tumor implantation was traced to inadvertent association of tumor with lactic dehydrogenase virus. Tumor cured of virus was totally inactive.