Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparing Sleep‐Loss Sleepiness and Sleep Inertia: Lapses Make the Difference

To compare the behavioral effects of sleep‐loss sleepiness (performance impairment due to sleep loss) and sleep inertia (period of impaired performance that follows awakening), mean response latencies and number of lapses from a visual simple reaction‐time task were analyzed. Three experimental conditions were designed to manipulate sleepiness and sleep‐inertia levels: uninterrupted sleep, partial sleep reduction, and total sleep deprivation. Each condition included two consecutive nights (the first always a night of uninterrupted sleep, and the second either a night of uninterrupted sleep, a night when sleep was reduced to 3 h, or a night of total sleep deprivation), as well as two days in which performance was assessed at 10 different time points (08:00, 08:30, 09:00, 09:30, 10:00, 11:00, 14:00, 17:00, 20:00, and 23:00 h). From 08:00 to 09:00 h, reaction times in the partial sleep‐reduction and total sleep‐deprivation conditions were at a similar level and were slower than those observed in the uninterrupted sleep condition. In the same time period, the frequency of lapses in the total sleep‐deprivation condition was higher than in the partial sleep‐reduction condition, while this latter condition never differed from the uninterrupted sleep condition. The results indicate that both sleep inertia and sleep‐loss sleepiness lead to an increase in response latencies, but only extreme sleepiness leads to an increase in lapse frequency. We conclude that while reaction times slow as a result of both sleep inertia and sleep‐loss sleepiness, lapses appear to be a specific feature of sleep‐loss sleepiness.
A mutant of melanoma growth stimulating activity does not activate neutrophils but blocks erythrocyte invasion by malaria

Alanine scanning mutagenesis of the charged amino acids of melanoma growth stimulating activity (MGSA) was used to identify specific residues that are involved in binding to the human erythrocyte Duffy antigen/chemokine receptor (DARC) and to the type B interleukin-8 receptor (IL-8RB) on neutrophils. Receptor binding and biological studies with the alanine scan mutants of MGSA demonstrate that MGSA binds to DARC and the IL-8RB through distinct binding regions. One of the MGSA mutants, E6A, binds to human erythrocytes and is able to inhibit malaria invasion as efficiently as wild type MGSA but has a severely reduced ability to bind to or signal through the IL-8RB. Mutant chemokines like E6A could prove to be useful therapeutically for the design of receptor blocking drugs that inhibit erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium vivax malaria.
4,5-propylenedithio-1,3-dithiole-2-thione and 4,5-propylenedithio-1,3-dithiol-2-one.

4,5-Propylenedithio-1,3-dithiole-2-thione, C(6)H(6)S(5), (I), crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group P2(1)/c. The molecular packing is characterized by pairs of S.S intermolecular contacts between neighbouring molecules, which may account for the rather high thermal stability of the crystal. 4,5-Propylenedithio-1,3-dithiol-2-one, C(6)H(6)OS(4), (II), in which an O atom replaces the terminal S atom of (I), crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric polar space group Cc. The packing pattern of (II) indicates that the macropolarization direction is along [101]. Although the packing patterns are qualitatively significantly different, the molecular structures of (I) and (II) are similar, each exhibiting a chair conformation.
Expanding the Entamoeba Universe: New Hosts Yield Novel Ribosomal Lineages

Removing the requirement for cell culture has led to a substantial increase in the number of lineages of Entamoeba recognized as distinct. Surveying the range of potential host species for this parasite genus has barely been started and it is clear that additional sampling of the same host in different locations often identifies additional diversity. In this study, using small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, we identify four new lineages of Entamoeba, including the first report of Entamoeba from an elephant, and extend the host range of some previously described lineages. In addition, examination of microbiome data from a number of host animals suggests that substantial Entamoeba diversity remains to be uncovered.
SHORT COMMUNICATIONPhotodynamic therapy with delta‐aminolaevulinic acid for nodular basal cell carcinomas using a prior debulking technique

The incidence of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) is still increasing, and there is a demand for an easy, effective and selective non‐invasive treatment such as topical photodynamic therapy (PDT). Twenty‐three patients with 24 nodular BCCs were treated once with delta‐aminolaevulinic acid (δ‐ALA) PDT (100 mW cm−2, 120 J/cm2) 3 weeks after prior debulking of the BCCs. Three months after PDT, all lesions were surgically excised and histopathologically evaluated for residual tumour. Twenty‐two (92%) of the 24 nodular BCCs showed a complete response on clinical and histopathological examination. PDT for superficially abraded nodular BCCs with topically applied δ‐ALA and the VersaLight® as light source is an easy, effective and safe therapy, with excellent cosmetic results and no serious side‐effects, in cases where non‐surgical treatment of BCCs is indicated.
Clinical Use of Anti‐Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Monoclonal Antibodies in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the most potent proangiogenic factor and has been identified as an important target of cancer therapy Blocking endothelial cell VEGF activity inhibits tumor angiogenesis; normalizes tumor vasculature, facilitating improved chemotherapy delivery; and prevents the recruitment of progenitor cells from the bone marrow. Bevacizumab, the only United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved anti‐VEGF agent, is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the binding of VEGF to VEGF receptors. The addition of bevacizumab to standard first‐ and second‐line chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer improves overall and progression‐free survival times and increases the time to disease progression. Studies are evaluating bevacizumab as adjuvant therapy. The optimal bevacizumab dosage is unknown, but 5 mg/kg every 2 weeks is currently recommended for initial therapy. A surrogate efficacy marker is needed to optimize bevacizumab use, both for dose and patient selection; the clinical applicability of several surrogate efficacy markers is being evaluated. Generally, bevacizumab is well tolerated; however, several serious adverse effects that may occur (e.g., hypertensive crisis) can usually be appropriately prevented or managed. Although current recommendations suggest the administration of the first bevacizumab dose over 90 minutes to prevent infusion‐related hypersensitivity reactions, recent study results show that 5 and 10 mg/kg can safely be administered over 10 and 20 minutes, respectively. Whether the addition of bevacizumab to metastatic colorectal cancer treatment regimens is a cost‐effective treatment option is unknown; health economic studies are needed. When used for FDA‐approved indications or for off‐label indications being evaluated in select clinical trials, Medicare reimburses for bevacizumab therapy.
Millä perusteella kuluttajat valitsevat puutuotteet

Puutuotteiden valintaa kuluttajien keskuudessa selvitettiin Metlan tutkimushankkeessa “Puun kilpailuetujen hyodyntaminen puutuotteiden mark­ kinoilla”. Kuluttajien ostokayttaytymisessa ydin­ osana on valintakayttaytyminen. Siina keskeisina elementteina ovat ostokriteerien muodostuminen ja niiden peusteella ostopaatoksenteko. Ostopaa­ toksenteon lopputuloksen kannalta keskeisella si­ jalla on eri ostokriteerien suhteellinen merkitys itse valinnassa. Puutuotteiden valintaa kuvaavassa kuluttajatutki­ muksessa analysoitiin: 1) mitka ovat puutuotteiden ostokriteerit kuluttajien paatoksenteossa 2) millaiset ovat kuluttajien mielikuvat puutuotteista ja niiden markkinoinnista kilpaileviin tuotteisiin ver­ rattuna
The Gut Microbiome, Obesity, and Weight Control in Women’s Reproductive Health

The microbes residing in the human gut, referred to as the microbiome, are intricately linked to energy homeostasis and subsequently obesity. Integral to the origins of obesity, the microbiome is believed to affect not only health of the human gut but also overall health. This microbiome–obesity association is mediated through the process of energy extraction, metabolism, and cross talk between the brain and the gut microbiome. Host exposures, including diet, that potentially modify genetic predisposition to obesity and affect weight management are reviewed. The higher prevalence of obesity among women and recent evidence linking obesity during pregnancy with offspring health make this topic particularly relevant. Current limitations in microbiome research to address obesity and future advances in this field are described. Applications of this science with respect to applied nursing and overall health care in general are included, with emphasis on the reproductive health of women and their offspring.
Estudio etiológico sistemático de una población de pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar

RESUMEN. La hipertension pulmonar (HTP) es una enfermedad poco frecuente y conocida, pero de elevada morbimortalidad. Presenta etiologias y comorbilidades diversas, por lo que es valorada por multiples especialidades, lo que dificulta que existan expertos en el tema y la realizacion de estudios sistematicos que lleven al origen de la patologia. Planteamos un estudio sistematico, siguiendo las guias de practica clinica actuales, de pacientes menores de 75 anos diagnosticados de HTP severa (PAPs > 60 mmHg) mediante ecocardiografia desde enero 1995 a agosto 2007 en el area 3 del Servicio Aragones de Salud. Recogemos 58 casos de HTP severa a los que en una primera entrevista se les atribuye un diagnostico de sospecha en base a los datos clinicos hasta ese momento. Posteriormente se les realizan las pruebas diagnosticas recomendadas por las guias y en una segunda entrevista se informa de los resultados y se da un diagnostico definitivo de su HTP si se ha conseguido. Se obtuvo diagnostico final en 54 pacientes (93.1%) y no fue posible en 4 (6.9%). En 41 ocasiones (70.7%) se confirmo la sospecha inicial, mientras que en 17 casos (29.3%) el diagnostico final fue diferente al inicial. La etiologia mas frecuente fue la asociada a enfermedades de corazon izquierdo sobre todo valvulopatias con el 50% de los casos. Palabras clave: Hipertension pulmonar, etiologia, diagnostico, guias de practica clinica, mutaciones BMPR2.
New names for old things: the emergence of metaphoric language

ABSTRACT Criteria were devised to distinguish between literal and metaphoric word usage in early language. These criteria were applied to the spontaneous speech transcripts of one child between 2; 3 and 4; 10.15. All unconventional word uses were identified and were then scored as overextensions, anomalies, or metaphors. The majority of unconventional word uses proved to be metaphors. Moreover, a developmental sequence of types of metaphors produced was found: those metaphors predominant during year 2 were based on the pretend actions of symbolic play; those predominant at year 4 were based on perceptual grounds alone, without the support of action.
Origin of cartilage laminae in MRI

To understand the origin of the laminated appearance of cartilage in MRI (the magic angle effect), microscopic MRI (μMRI) experiments were performed at 14‐μm pixel resolution on normal canine articular cartilage from the shoulder joints. Two‐dimensional images of the spin‐spin relaxation time (T2) of the cartilage‐bone plug at two angles (0° and 55°) were calculated quantitatively. A distinct T2 anisotropy was observed as a function of the cartilage tissue depth. The surface and the deep regions exhibit strong orientational dependence of T2, whereas the upper‐middle region exhibits little orientational dependence of T2. These three μMRI regions correspond approximately to the three histologic zones in cartilage tissue. The results from the bulk T2 measurements agreed with these μMRI results. Our studies show that the laminated appearance of cartilage in MRI is caused by T2 anisotropy of the tissue. We further suggest that the molecular origin of the T2 anisotropy is the nuclear dipolar interaction. The structure of the cartilage tissue indicates that the collagen meshwork defines this T2 anisotropy. The results show that the T2 anisotropy provides an indirect but sensitive indicator for the orientation of macromolecular structures in cartilage. The clinical implications of this anisotropy are discussed.
Synthesis, cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of artificial genes coding for biologically active elongated precursors of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.

Synthetic genes coding for elongated precursors of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were synthesized and cloned in a highly efficient Escherichia coli expression vector. The synthetic genes code for VIP with its methionine (at position 17) replaced by leucine and elongated at the C-terminus by Gly (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-Gly, i.e. VIPa) or by Gly-Lys-Arg (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-Gly-Lys-Arg, i.e. VIPb). The synthetic genes fused to the N-terminal part of the E. coli beta-galactosidase gene were expressed to yield high amounts of fusion proteins reaching upon induction at least 60% of the total cellular protein. The fusion proteins of 314 and 316 amino acids carrying in their C-terminal portion either the 29 or 31 amino acids long VIP precursor polypeptide were shown to be immunoreactive with VIP antisera and were further purified and cleaved by CNBr. The resulting purified peptide precursors (VIPa and VIPb) were recognized by VIP receptors in rat liver plasma membranes and by antibodies to porcine VIP in a radioimmunoassay. Both precursors activated adenylate cyclase in rat liver membranes and stimulated pancreatic secretion in the cat. The affinity and potency of the cloned precursors is close to that of VIP purified from porcine intestine, suggesting that the elongated VIP precursors may act even without being converted into the C-terminal amide form of the peptide. The elongated VIP precursors expressed in E. coli may provide a cheap, large-scale source of experimental material for studies on VIP actions.
A Hard Decade's Work: Steps in the Invention of the Glass-ionomer Cement

It is, perhaps, important first to emphasize what the invention of the glass-ionomer cement was and what it was not. It was not mixing a dental silicate cement powder with a solution of poly(acrylic acid) and observing cement formation with pleasant surprise. This may be the story of the zinc polycarboxylate cement, but it is not that of the glass-ionomer cement. I did, in fact, carry out such a simple experiment in 1965. An intractable paste was formed which, although it thickened up significantly during the co-urse of mixing, subsequently hardened very slowly. It was a cement that perversely combined absence of working time with a prolonged set. Not a material for dentistry. But the glass-ionomer cement did, in a way, originate from this negative result; subsequent development was to revolve around this problem of an unsatisfactory setting profile. The glass-ionomer cement originated not from a single inventive event but rather from a series of innovative steps which went toward the development of a practical glass-ionomer cement. There was the long grind of an extensive study, where persistence proved the kev to success. But it was leavened by moments of elation at the unexpected discovery, invention, or insight. There were also moments of despair, when the problems seemed insoluble. Doubleday (1920) summed it up with rare insight:
A comparison model for agile web frameworks

Nowadays, web development is one of the main activities in software development, with a wide array of tools that make it difficult for developers to deal with its heterogeneity. The appearance of Ruby on Rails has brought a new paradigm to current web development frameworks, and has shown how an agile web development framework can simplify the development process, with a considerable productivity increment. There are several Java-based alternatives to Ruby on Rails, such as Grails, Roma, Trails, JBoss Seam or Sails, with different approaches to the reuse of previous Java frameworks and technologies. This paper proposes a comparison model for agile web frameworks to facilitate developers the selection of the most suitable for each case. This paper reviews the state of the art of agile web frameworks. Afterwards, a comparison model based on a set of evaluation criteria is defined for web framework evaluation. Finally, the model is applied to the most popular web frameworks.
Laboratory characterization of electromechanical behaviour of Bessel array-transducer annuli for detection & imaging in biological media

X wave annular arrays, properly driven, could be extensively applied for medical imaging and detection. The main utility of such a device is to permit the achieving of good collimation in the ultrasonic beam maintained along certain depth. In order to generate these kinds of waves, it is necessary to precisely excite a radiating aperture in a Bessel-transducer way. The work aim is the characterization of the behavior of array annuli in a 2 MHz piezoelectric Bessel transducer. The analysis, in function of the frequency, of a basic electrical characterization, measuring the electrical complex admittance and the cross-coupling of the array elements, as well as the evaluation of the annuli emission impulse responses, are performed by employing an installation of own design (Videus-CSIC lab), reciently developed for: pulsed acoustic signals acquisition, efficient array driving and advanced processing. Knowing the response of each one of elements in this type of array, it is already possible the achieving of a correct design of the especial multichannel pulsed electrical driving needed to generate limited diffraction X-waves applicable in medicine.
Dispersal strategies, secondary range expansion and invasion genetics of the nonindigenous round goby, Neogobius melanostomus, in Great Lakes tributaries

Dispersal strategies are important mechanisms underlying the spatial distribution and colonizing ability of all mobile species. In the current study, we use highly polymorphic microsatellite markers to evaluate local dispersal and colonization dynamics of the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), an aquatic invader expanding its range from lake to river environments in its introduced North American range. Genetic structure, genotype assignment and genetic diversity were compared among 1262 round gobies from 20 river and four lake sites in three Great Lakes tributaries. Our results indicate that a combination of short‐distance diffusion and long‐distance dispersal, collectively referred to as ‘stratified dispersal’, is facilitating river colonization. Colonization proceeded upstream yearly (approximately 500 m/year; 2005–2009) in one of two temporal replicates while genetic structure was temporally stable. Contiguous dispersal from the lake was observed in all three rivers with a substantial portion of river fish (7.3%) identified as migrants. Genotype assignment indicated a separate introduction occurred upstream of the invasion front in one river. Genetic diversity was similar and relatively high among lake and recently colonized river populations, indicating that founder effects are mitigated through a dual‐dispersal strategy. The remarkable success of round goby as an aquatic invader stresses the need for better diffusion models of secondary range expansion for presumably sessile invasive species.
Coat characters of cattle in relation to adaption.

It is a familiar observation that different ecotypes of cattle, whether they are distinguished as species, breeds, or strains, show marked contrasts in coat cover. These differences follow the principle, dignified by Wright (1954) as “Wilson’s Rule”, of a gradient from thick, woolly coats in cold climates to short coats with bristly hairs lying sleekly against the skin in hot climates. The contrasts between British Highland cattle or Scottish beef breeds and the Zebus of India or Bantengs of south-east Asia clearly represent adaptations to cold and to heat. Within breeds, also, climate modifies both phenotype and genotype of coat characters. For instance, progeny of a N.S. W. strain of Herefords, born and reared in Central Queensland, had longer coats than progeny of a Central Queensland strain (Turner and Schleger 1960). The fact that coat genotype seems to have changed fairly rapidly in breeds introduced to the tropics confirms the importance of this trait to adaptation. Individual animals also grow shorter coats when transferred from a cold to a hot environment, even at the same latitude (Berman and Volcani 1961), unless their limits of general adaptation are exceeded, when physiological degeneration sets in and a woolly, non-shedding coat is produced. The effect of coat cover on body temperature regulation has been shown by clipping (Yeates 1955, Berman and Kibler 1959, Bianca 1959, Dowling 1958, 1959b, Turner 1962). This kind of demonstration is only a first step. It does not put in perspective the importance of inherent differences in coat type, and it also leaves one to assume how much a difference in body temperature control under test conditions affects total physiological and economic performance in the field. Bonsma (1949) showed the direct relationship between inherent coat type and capacity to thrive in the Northern Transvaal. Dowling (1956) associated the heat tolerance and performance of different strains of cattle with their coat characters, and Turner and Schleger (1958, 1960) measured the degree of variability of coat type within herds, and assessed the proportion of the variation in growth rate that is accounted for by variation in coat type. We found that, within herds of Herefords or Shorthorns, variation in coat type accounted for about one third of the variation in growth rate. The correlation between coat type and gain was higher than the repeatability of gain so that assessment of coat type was superior to a record of gain as an estimate of growth
The dendritic architecture of prefrontal pyramidal neurons in schizophrenic patients

Despite a considerable number of investigations revealing the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to be a major site of pathological changes in schizophrenia, the neuronal basis of these alterations is still unknown. We used a 3-D image analysis technique to investigate the dendritic arborization of Golgi-impregnated prefrontal pyramidal neurons in schizophrenic patients and controls. While the apical dendrites were found to be unchanged in schizophrenics, the basilar dendritic systems were markedly reduced in the patient group. A segment analysis showed that the observed alterations were mainly confined to distal dendritic segments. The dendritic changes are likely to be associated with specific dysfunctions of prefrontal circuitry and point to the pathogenetical relevance of pre- and perinatal disturbances of PFC maturation in schizophrenic patients.