Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Explaining occupational class differences in sickness absence: results from middle-aged municipal employees

Objectives Low socioeconomic position is consistently associated with higher rates of sickness absence. We aimed to examine whether working conditions, health-related behaviours and family-related factors explain occupational class differences in medically certified sickness absence. Methods The study included 5470 women and 1464 men employees of the City of Helsinki, surveyed in 2000–2002. These data were prospectively linked to sickness absence records until the end of 2005, providing a mean follow-up time of 3.9 years. Poisson regression was used to examine the occurrence of medically certified sickness absence episodes lasting 4 days or more. Results Medically certified sickness absence was roughly three times more common among manual workers than among managers and professionals in both women and men. Physical working conditions were the strongest explanatory factors for occupational class differences in sickness absence, followed by smoking and relative weight. Work arrangements and family-related factors had very small effects only. The effects of psychosocial working conditions were heterogeneous: job control narrowed occupational class differences in sickness absence while mental strain and job demands tended to widened them. Overall, the findings were quite similar in women and men. Conclusions Physical working conditions provided strongest explanations for occupational class differences in sickness absence. Smoking and relative weight, which are well-known determinants of health, also explained part of the excess sickness absence in lower occupational classes. Applying tailored work arrangements to employees on sick leave, reducing physically heavy working conditions and promoting healthy behaviours provide potential routes to narrow occupational class differences in sickness absence.
Barriers and facilitators of prostate cancer screening among Filipino men in Hawaii.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To examine perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs regarding barriers and facilitators to prostate cancer screening, and to identify potential interventional strategies to promote prostate cancer screening among Filipino men in Hawaii. DESIGN Exploratory, qualitative. SETTING Community-based settings in Hawaii. SAMPLE 20 Filipino men age 40 years or older. METHODS Focus group discussions were tape recorded and transcribed, and content analysis was performed for emergent themes. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Perceptions regarding prostate cancer, barriers and facilitators to prostate cancer screening, and culturally relevant interventional strategies. FINDINGS Perceptions of prostate cancer included fatalism, hopelessness, and dread. Misconceptions regarding causes of prostate cancer, such as frequency of sexual activity, were identified. Barriers to prostate cancer screening included lack of awareness of the need for screening, reticence to seek health care when feeling well, fear of cancer diagnosis, financial issues, time constraints, and embarrassment. Presence of urinary symptoms, personal experience with family or friends who had cancer, and receiving recommendations from a healthcare provider regarding screening were facilitators for screening. Potential culturally relevant interventional strategies to promote prostate cancer screening included screening recommendations from healthcare professionals and cancer survivors; radio or television commercials and newspaper articles targeting the Filipino community; informational brochures in Tagalog, Ilocano, or English; and interactive, educational forums facilitated by multilingual Filipino male healthcare professionals. CONCLUSIONS Culturally relevant interventions are needed that address barriers to prostate cancer screening participation and misconceptions about causes of prostate cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Findings provide a foundation for future research regarding development of interventional strategies to promote prostate cancer screening among Filipino men.
Changes in the geography of suicide in young men: England and Wales 1981–2005

Background Suicide rates changed considerably in men aged <45 years in England and Wales between 1980 and 2005. The impact of these changes on the geographic distribution of suicide is unknown. Methods Mapping of geo-coded standardised mortality ratios for suicide in 1113 census tracts (mean population 46 000) in England and Wales, smoothed using Bayesian hierarchical models, for 15–44 year old men during 1981–1985, 1991–1995 and 2001–2005. Results Young male suicide rates rose by 50% between the early 1980s and the 1990s but declined to pre-1980 levels by 2005. The spatial distribution of suicide changed markedly over these years. The ‘bull's-eye’ pattern of increases in suicide rates from the suburbs to the centre of London was abolished, although they persisted in other major cities. Suicide rates among young men in Wales changed from being relatively lower than other regions to being considerably higher. Similarly, by 2001–2005 suicide rates in northern and south western regions were relatively higher than elsewhere with the predominant feature being a north-west/ south-east divide in suicide. These changes in the spatial epidemiology of suicide were not explained by changes in area levels of single person households, unemployment or the unmarried population. Conclusion There has been a marked change in the spatial epidemiology of suicide in young men in the last 25 years, particularly in central London where the RR of suicide has declined and Wales where risks have risen. These changes do not appear to be explained by recognised suicide risk factors and require investigation to inform prevention strategies.
Computation with Energy-Time Trade-Offs: Models, Algorithms and Lower-Bounds

Power consumption has become one of the most critical concerns for processor design. This motivates designing algorithms for minimum execution time subject to energy constraints. We propose simple models for analysing algorithms that reflect the energy-time trade-offs of CMOS circuits. Using these models, we derive lower bounds for the energy-constrained execution time of sorting, addition and multiplication, and we present algorithms that meet these bounds. We show that minimizing time under energy constraints is not the same as minimizing operation count or computation depth.
Psychological well-being and reactions to multiple unemployment events: adaptation or sensitisation?

Background Unemployment has been negatively associated with psychological well-being. This study examines the effect of multiple unemployment spells, specifically whether people become sensitised or adapt to unemployment if they are previously employed or economically inactive. Methods Data come from waves 1–17 of the British Household Panel Survey. Psychological well-being was measured using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), and employment status was self-reported. Multilevel modelling was used to examine the effects of unemployment, overall and by previous employment status, on well-being. Results Without consideration of prior employment status, psychological well-being was poorer at each unemployment spell. Previously employed persons had significantly higher GHQ-12 scores at the first and second unemployment spells but not at the third spell (ptrend<0.0001). Previously economically inactive persons had poorer psychological well-being at all unemployment spells, with significantly higher scores at the third spell than those at the first two spells (ptrend=0.0004). Thus, those employed prior to all unemployment spells adapted, while those previously economically inactive became more sensitised with additional unemployment spells. Pre-study unemployment and average annual household income moderated the effects of unemployment; effects varied by previous employment status and unemployment spell number. Conclusions The findings suggest that initially employed people who experience repeated unemployment cope better psychologically if they are able to regain employment in between unemployment spells. Those who make several attempts to re-enter the labour market following economic inactivity have a more difficult time, becoming more distressed with each try. This has implications for people affected by welfare to work policies.
Expression of Phosphatase Regenerating Liver-1 in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated with Metastasis

Expression of PRL-1 protein was examined with immunohistochemistry in 60 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) with matched lymph node metastasis (𝑛=40) and 6 cases of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Its association with ESCC metastasis was also explored. The results showed that PRL-1 protein was more frequently expressed in ESCC with metastasis (31/40, 77.5%) than in ESCC without metastasis (10/20, 50%, 𝑃=.031) and more in metastatic ESCC (39/40, 97.5%) than primary ESCC (68.3%, 𝑃=.003). PRL-1 protein expression significantly correlated with the stage of ESCC, 79.4% (27/34) in stage III ESCC and 33.3% (1/3) in stage 1 ESCC (𝑃=.003). PRL-1 protein was characteristically expressed in the nuclei, in addition to the cytoplasm, of 3 out of 4 (66.7%) poorly differentiated esophageal adenocarcinoma. These findings suggest that PRL-1 may serve as the potential biomarker to predict the metastasis of ESCC and a better biomarker than PRL-3 in the differential diagnosis of poorly differentiated ESCC.
Research on soft frequency reuse technology of multi-beam satellite communication system

Using frequency reuse technology, multi-beam satellite can realize large area coverage with multiple point beams. Frequency reuse scheme is an important factor affecting the capacity of multi-beam satellite communication system. In the terrestrial cellular mobile communication system, an efficient soft frequency reuse scheme can result in higher spectral efficiency and more system capacity gain. In this paper, soft frequency reuse technology is used in multi-beam satellite communication system, we will analyze its influence on the capacity of multi-beam satellite communication system.
Perceived and actual obesity in childhood and adolescence and risk of adult depression

Background Obesity in childhood and adolescence has important health consequences, but its relation to risk of adult depression remains uncertain. Objective To examine the effect of perceived and actual obesity during childhood and adolescence on prevalence and incidence of adult depression risk. Methods Cohort study of 91 798 female registered nurses followed longitudinally for 12 years. Results As compared with lean women of the same age, women in the two highest categories of body shape at age 10 had both higher prevalence (OR=2.59, 95% CI 1.46 to 4.61) and incidence (OR=2.01, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.71) of depression. Similar results were obtained for body shape at age 20 (OR=3.43 for prevalence and OR=2.03 for incidence) and for body mass index (BMI) at age 18 (OR=2.92 for BMI ≥40 kg/m2). These associations remained significant after adjustment for multiple confounders. Conclusion These results indicate that childhood–adolescence obesity is a strong and independent risk factor for adult depression.
Improving couples' quality of life through a Web-based prostate cancer education intervention

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a newly developed web-based, couple-oriented intervention called Prostate Cancer Education and Resources for Couples (PERC). DESIGN Quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods approach. SETTING Oncology outpatient clinics at the University of North Carolina (UNC) Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center at UNC–Chapel Hill. SAMPLE 26 patients with localized prostate cancer (PCa) and their partners. METHODS Pre- and postpilot quantitative assessments and a postpilot qualitative interview were conducted. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES General and PCa-specific symptoms, quality of life, psychosocial factors, PERC’s ease of use, and web activities. FINDINGS Improvement was shown in some PCa-specific and general symptoms (small effect sizes for patients and small-to-medium effect sizes for partners), overall quality of life, and physical and social domains of quality of life for patients (small effect sizes). Web activity data indicated high PERC use. Qualitative and quantitative analyses indicated that participants found PERC easy to use and understand,as well as engaging, of high quality, and relevant. Overall, participants were satisfied with PERC and reported that PERC improved their knowledge about symptom management and communication as a couple. CONCLUSIONS PERC was a feasible, acceptable method of reducing the side effects of PCa treatment–related symptoms and improving quality of life. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PERC has the potential to reduce the negative impacts of symptoms and enhance quality of life for patients with localized PCa and their partners, particularly for those who live in rural areas and have limited access to post-treatment supportive care.
Program‐Specific Reports for Pancreas Transplantation: Comparing Apples and Oranges, Apples After Oranges and Apples Alone

The transplant community has long held a tradition oftransparency in terms of reported outcomes. Individualtransplant programs are held to high standards and musttake responsibility for a track record of inferior outcomes.The Scientiﬁc Registry for Transplant Recipients (SRTR) ischargedwithprovidingorgan-andprogram-speciﬁcreportsfor transplant centers in the United States. The fundamen-tal goal of program-speciﬁc reports is to provide a toolfor quality improvement by using complex statistical andanalytical models to generate risk-adjusted expected out-comes (or industry standards). Although this is a favorablesituation from a regulatory perspective, it is crucial thatthese comparative standards are based on current, repro-ducible and validated data that account for case-mix andgeographic differences in donors and recipients that occuramong transplant centers. Mitigating factors can justify in-ferior outcomes under speciﬁc circumstances. However,the typical center response when program-speciﬁc out-comes fall below expected risk-adjusted outcomes is theadoption of risk-averse behavior with a commensurate re-duction in transplant activity, particularly with respect to‘high-risk’transplants.Transplantationhasreliedonextraor-dinary achievements that have led to countless lives savedbut recent studies suggest that the above regulatory sys-tems may represent a threat to innovation and is counter-productive to the underlying goal of helping people andtaking every opportunity to transplant every suitable or-gan (1). It is for this reason that we require estimations ofoutcomes and that they must be as accurate and reliableas possible.Inthisissueofthe
Ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) continues to complicate the course of 8 to 28% of patients receiving mechanical ventilation (MV). In contrast to infections of more frequently involved organs (e.g., urinary tract and skin), for which mortality is low, ranging from 1 to 4%, the mortality rate for VAP ranges from 24 to 50% and can reach 76% in some specific settings or when lung infection is caused by high-risk pathogens. The predominant organisms responsible for infection are Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae, but etiologic agents widely differ according to the population of patients in an intensive care unit, duration of hospital stay, and prior antimicrobial therapy. Because appropriate antimicrobial treatment of patients with VAP significantly improves outcome, more rapid identification of infected patients and accurate selection of antimicrobial agents represent important clinical goals. Our personal bias is that using bronchoscopic techniques to obtain protected brush and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from the affected area in the lung permits physicians to devise a therapeutic strategy that is superior to one based only on clinical evaluation. When fiberoptic bronchoscopy is not available to physicians treating patients clinically suspected of having VAP, we recommend using either a simplified nonbronchoscopic diagnostic procedure or following a strategy in which decisions regarding antibiotic therapy are based on a clinical score constructed from seven variables. Selection of the initial antimicrobial therapy should be based on predominant flora responsible for VAP at each institution, clinical setting, information provided by direct examination of pulmonary secretions, and intrinsic antibacterial activities of antimicrobial agents and their pharmacokinetic characteristics. Further trials will be needed to clarify the optimal duration of treatment and the circumstances in which monotherapy can be safely used.
Acute Pancreas Allograft Rejection Is Associated With Increased Risk of Graft Failure in Pancreas Transplantation

The effect of acute allograft rejection (AR) on long‐term pancreas allograft function is unclear. We retrospectively studied 227 consecutive pancreas transplants performed at our institution between January 1, 998 and December 31, 2009 including: 56 simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK), 69 pancreas transplantation alone (PTA); and 102 pancreas after kidney (PAK) transplants. With a median follow‐up of 6.1 (IQR 3–9) years, 57 patients developed 79 episodes of AR, and 19 experienced more than one episode. The cumulative incidence for AR was 14.7%, 19.7%, 26.6% and 29.1% at 1, 2, 5 and 10 years. PTA transplant (hazards ratio [HR] = 2.28, p = 0.001) and donor age (per 10 years) (HR = 1.34, p = 0.006) were associated with higher risk for AR. The first AR episode after 3 months post PT was associated with increased risk for complete loss (CL) (HR 3.79, p < 0.001), and the first AR episode occurring during 3‐ to 12‐month and 12‐ to 24‐month periods after PT were associated with significantly increased risk for at least partial loss (PL) (HR 2.84, p = 0.014; and HR 6.25, p < 0.001, respectively). We conclude that AR is associated with increased risk for CL and at least PL. The time that the first AR is observed may influence subsequent graft failure.
Impact of the Great East Japan earthquake on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with cardiac origin in non-disaster reas

Background To examine changes in the incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) with cardiac origin in the non-disaster areas of Japan before and after the Great East Japan Earthquake of 11 March 2011. Methods The 35 prefectures in Japan with no dead or missing caused directly by the earthquake were defined as the non-disaster areas. Data of adult OHCA patients in the non-disaster areas from March 4 to 24 each year from 2005 to 2011 were obtained from the All-Japan Utstein Registry. Risk ratios (RRs) of OHCA incidence and 95% CIs were estimated for three specific weeks in 2011 (1 week before and 2 weeks after the earthquake) by applying multivariable Poisson regression model. Incidence in the corresponding periods of March 4–24 from 2005 to 2010 was set as the baseline risk. Results In the analyses from a total of 17 353 OHCA patients, the incidence statistically significantly increased in the first week after the earthquake in all adults (adjusted-RR=1.13, 95% CI=1.05 to 1.22, p=0.001) and in elderly women (adjusted-RR=1.23, 95% CI=1.11 to 1.37, p<0.001). Conclusions The Great East Japan Earthquake caused the increase of OHCA among elderly women even in the non-disaster areas.
Family Caregiver Knowledge, Patient Illness Characteristics, and Unplanned Hospital Admissions in Older Adults With Cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To explore factors related to unplanned hospital admissions and determine if one or more factors are predictive of unplanned hospital admissions for older adults with cancer. DESIGN A prospective longitudinal design and a retrospective chart review. SETTING Adult oncology outpatient infusion centers and inpatient units at Orlando Regional Medical Center in Florida. SAMPLE A convenience sample of 129 dyads of older adults with cancer and their family caregivers. METHODS Family caregiver demographic and side effect knowledge data were collected prospectively during interviews with family caregivers using a newly developed tool, the Nurse Assessment of Family Caregiver Knowledge and Action Tool. Patient demographic and clinical data were obtained through a retrospective chart review. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate data and examine relationships among variables. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Patient illness characteristics; impaired function; side effects, such as infection, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea; family caregiver knowledge; and unplanned hospital admissions. FINDINGS Unplanned hospital admissions were more likely to occur when older adults had impaired function and side effects, such as infection, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. Impaired function and family caregiver knowledge did not moderate the effects of these side effects on unplanned hospital admissions. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the presence of impaired function and side effects, such as infection, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea, predict unplanned hospital admissions in older adults with cancer during the active treatment phase. Side effects may or may not be related to chemotherapy and may be related to preexisting comorbidities. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Nurses can conduct targeted assessments to identify older adults and their family caregivers who will need additional follow-up and support during the cancer treatment trajectory. Information gained from these assessments will assist nurses to provide practical and tailored strategies to reduce the risk for unplanned admissions.
Evolution of the Dynamic Symptoms Model.

Theories and conceptual models can be thought of as broad nets that attempt to rationalize, explain, and master a phenomenon within clinical nursing and interdisciplinary care. They can be used to guide a review of the literature and to formulate and organize research variables and relationships. Gaps in the literature can be identified and opportunities for additional research revealed (Fawcett, 2005). A variety of symptom models or theories exist, including the Theory of Symptom Management (Dodd et al., 2001), Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms (Lenz, Pugh, Milligan, Gift, & Suppe, 1997), Symptoms Experience Model (Armstrong, 2003), and Symptom Experiences in Time Theory (Henly, Kallas, Klatt, & Swenson, 2003). Most recently, the National Institute of Nursing Research identified a new National Institutes of Health Symptom Science Model to guide symptom science research (Cashion & Grady, 2015).
Induction of Dendritic Cell Differentiation by IFN-α in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important in regulating both immunity and tolerance. Hence, we hypothesized that systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease characterized by autoreactive B and T cells, may be caused by alterations in the functions of DCs. Consistent with this, monocytes from SLE patients' blood were found to function as antigen-presenting cells, in vitro. Furthermore, serum from SLE patients induced normal monocytes to differentiate into DCs. These DCs could capture antigens from dying cells and present them to CD4-positive T cells. The capacity of SLE patients' serum to induce DC differentiation correlated with disease activity and depended on the actions of interferon-α (IFN-α). Thus, unabated induction of DCs by IFN-α may drive the autoimmune response in SLE.