Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution MRI reflects myeloarchitecture and cytoarchitecture of human cerebral cortex

Maps of cytoarchitectonically defined cortical areas have proven to be a valuable tool for anatomic localization of activated brain regions revealed by functional imaging studies. However, architectonic data require observations in a sample of postmortem brains. They can only be used reliably for comparison with functional data as probabilistic maps after spatial normalization to a common reference space. The complete architectonic analysis of an individual living brain has not been achievable to date, because the relationship remains unclear between laminar gray value changes of cerebral cortex in magnetic resonance (MR) images and those of cyto‐ and myeloarchitectonic histologic sections. We examined intensity profiles through the cortex in five imaging modalities: in vivo T1 and postmortem T2 MRI, one cell body stain, and two myelin stains. After visualizing the dissimilarities in the shapes of these profiles using a canonical analysis, differences between the profiles from the different image modalities were compared quantitatively. Subsequently, the profiles extracted from the in vivo T1‐weighted images were estimated from profiles extracted from cyto‐ and myeloarchitectonic sections using linear combinations. We could verify statistically the mixed nature of the cortical T1 signal obtained in vivo: The MR intensity profiles were significantly more similar to myeloarchitectonic than to cytoarchitectonic profiles, but a weighted sum of both fitted the T1 profiles best. Hum. Brain Mapping 24:206–215, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Communication Technologies for Collaborative Sensing and Control in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

Traffic information systems have a highly centralized structure. Roadside sensors deliver traffic data to a central unit for processing and is then transmitted, with a significant delay, to drivers via broadcast or on demand via cellular phone. This paper describes the embedded communications and Java technologies essential to establishing pervasive computing networks to enable vehicles to communicate with one another while being part of a traffic system. An adhoc vehicle network is then put forward to enable vehicles to continuously add new nodes as vehicles comes within range. By keeping all nodes within pervasive adhoc network updated in real time, tactics and strategies can be formed and updated as traffic situation changes to ensure maximum flow of vehicles. We would like to offer the term "collaborative sensing and control" (CSC) as a term describing the purpose and phenomenon of new generation of wireless networks where the set of all traffic participants generates the data (not just a single node), processes the data and generates the first layer of local traffic control
Path analysis of exercise treatment-induced changes in psychological factors leading to weight loss

Physical activity may affect weight loss largely through psychological pathways associated with eating changes, especially in obese individuals whose caloric expenditure through exercise is typically small. Direct testing of this is, however, lacking. Previously sedentary adults (N = 114; 77% female; M age = 43.3 years), with a minimum body mass index (BMI) of 35 kg/m2 (M BMI = 42.0 kg/m2), participated in a 24-week treatment of cognitive-behavioural exercise support and nutrition information. A path model based on tenets of social cognitive and self-efficacy theory was constructed. It was expected that improvements in self-efficacy, physical self-concept, body satisfaction and mood associated with the exercise treatment would predict changes in self-regulation and increased physical activity. It was also hypothesised that improvements in self-efficacy and self-regulation for appropriate eating would transfer from these relationships and predict weight loss. After three theoretically viable paths were added based on modification indices, structural equation modelling indicated a good fit with the data, χ 2(16) = 20.53, p = 0.20; RMSEA = 0.05; SRMR = 0.06; CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.95. Associations of psychological effects linked to exercise programme participation with predictors of appropriate eating and weight loss were found, and may inform theory, research and treatments.
Predicting Antidisease Immunity Using Proteome Arrays and Sera from Children Naturally Exposed to Malaria*

Malaria remains one of the most prevalent and lethal human infectious diseases worldwide. A comprehensive characterization of antibody responses to blood stage malaria is essential to support the development of future vaccines, sero-diagnostic tests, and sero-surveillance methods. We constructed a proteome array containing 4441 recombinant proteins expressed by the blood stages of the two most common human malaria parasites, P. falciparum (Pf) and P. vivax (Pv), and used this array to screen sera of Papua New Guinea children infected with Pf, Pv, or both (Pf/Pv) that were either symptomatic (febrile), or asymptomatic but had parasitemia detectable via microscopy or PCR. We hypothesized that asymptomatic children would develop antigen-specific antibody profiles associated with antidisease immunity, as compared with symptomatic children. The sera from these children recognized hundreds of the arrayed recombinant Pf and Pv proteins. In general, responses in asymptomatic children were highest in those with high parasitemia, suggesting that antibody levels are associated with parasite burden. In contrast, symptomatic children carried fewer antibodies than asymptomatic children with infections detectable by microscopy, particularly in Pv and Pf/Pv groups, suggesting that antibody production may be impaired during symptomatic infections. We used machine-learning algorithms to investigate the relationship between antibody responses and symptoms, and we identified antibody responses to sets of Plasmodium proteins that could predict clinical status of the donors. Several of these antibody responses were identified by multiple comparisons, including those against members of the serine enriched repeat antigen family and merozoite protein 4. Interestingly, both P. falciparum serine enriched repeat antigen-5 and merozoite protein 4 have been previously investigated for use in vaccines. This machine learning approach, never previously applied to proteome arrays, can be used to generate a list of potential seroprotective and/or diagnostic antigens candidates that can be further evaluated in longitudinal studies.
An aerodynamic model-aided state estimator for multi-rotor UAVs

A robust state estimator is presented by fusing the aerodynamic model of multi-rotor UAVs with measurements from optical flow and other low-cost sensors such as IMU, magnetometer, and ultrasonic sensor. Due to the particular aerodynamics of multi-rotor UAVs, the body velocity in the rotor plane is able to be measured by the accelerometer. We therefore propose a novel state estimator by fully exploring the characteristic of aerodynamics of multi-rotor UAV. Our state estimator is fast and easy to be implemented. We have tested our estimator with different platforms in different scenes. Experimental results show that our estimator performs robustly in low light conditions where existing methods usually fail.
NS11021, a novel opener of large‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channels, enhances erectile responses in rats

Background and purpose: Large‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channels (BKCa), located on the arterial and corporal smooth muscle, are potential targets for treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). This study investigated whether NS11021 (1‐(3,5‐Bis‐trifluoromethyl‐phenyl)‐3‐[4‐bromo‐2‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐phenyl]‐thiourea), a novel opener of BKCa channels, relaxes erectile tissue in vitro and enhances erectile responses in intact rats. The effects were compared with sildenafil, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5.
MLL: exploring the methylome.

In this issue of Blood, Schafer and colleagues report their findings on MLL-r infant ALL. 1 They examined global promoter methylation in infants and found hypermethylation in cases with MLL-r ALL compared with both the normal and non-MLL-r ALL cases. When treating MLL-r cell lines with decitabine, they observed a reexpression of silenced genes and a cytotoxic effect. This may open up the prospect of new treatment options for a disease entity with a dismal prognosis.
A DNA polymerase with specificity for five base pairs.

Journal of the American Chemical Society is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W. , Washington, DC 20036 Communication A DNA Polymerase with Specificity for Five Base Pairs Alexander K. Showalter, and Ming-Daw Tsai J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2001, 123 (8), 1776-1777• DOI: 10.1021/ja005758x • Publication Date (Web): 31 January 2001 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs. org on February 13, 2009
Forensic entomology in criminal investigations.

Forensic entomology is the application of the study of insects and other arthropods to legal issues, especially in a court of law. The past decade has seen a resurgence of interest in forensic investigations by entomologists. Lord & Stevenson (83) identified three categories of forensic entomology: urban, stored-product, and medicolegal. Urban forensic entomology includes such things as litigations and civil law actions involving arthropods in dwellings or as house and garden pests. Law suits dealing with the misuse of pesticides are included here. Stored-product forensic entomology generally deals with arthropod infestation or contamination of a wide range of commercial prod­ ucts (e.g. beetles or their parts in candy bars, flies in ketchup, or spiders in bathroom tissue). Like its urban counterpart, this category usually involves litigation. The third category, medicolegal forensic entomology, is the focus of this review and is the most popularized aspect of the science. It deals with arthropod involvement in events surrounding felonies, usually violent crimes such as murder, suicide, and rape, but also includes other violations such as physical abuse and contraband trafficking (116). A more accurate name for this category is medicocriminal forensic entomology (53).
Effects of High Glucose and Sorbitol Pathway on Lipid Peroxidation of Erythrocytes

It has been reported that plasma lipid peroxide levels in diabetic patients were higher than those in control subjects (Kaji, Kurasaki, Ito, Saito, Saito, Niioka, Kojima, Ohsaki, Ida, Tsuji, Kondo and Kawakami 1985; Uzel, Sivas, Vysaland Oz 1987). Recently, it was reported that the increased susceptibility of erythrocytes to lipid peroxidation in diabetic patients might attribute to increased plasma lipid peroxide levels (Uzelet al. 1987). Since glutathione (GSH) is one of the most important protective factors against oxidative damages, its depletion is responsible for the increased susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. Although previous reports showed that basal levels of GSH decreased in diabetic patients (Bono, Caimi, Catania, Sarnoand Pandolfo 1987; Uzel et al. 1987), an ability to reproduce GSH appears more important rather than basal levels of GSH under conditions of oxidative stress.
Differences in the rates of gene amplification in nontumorigenic and tumorigenic cell lines as measured by Luria-Delbrück fluctuation analysis.

It has been hypothesized that genomic fluidity is an important component of tumorigenesis. Previous studies described the relationship between tumorigenicity and one marker for genomic fluidity, gene amplification. In this report, these studies are extended with the rat liver epithelial cell lines to show that: (i) the amplification in these cells arises in a spontaneous fashion in the population (i.e., the variants detected are not preexisting in the population), and (ii) the rate of spontaneous amplification (mutation), as measured by Luria-Delbrück fluctuation analysis, is significantly lower in the nontumorigenic cells than in the tumorigenic cells. The rate was estimated by using the Po method and the method of means. The rate of spontaneous amplification of the gene encoding the multifunctional protein CAD (containing the enzymatic activities carbamoyl-phosphate synthase, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase) in the highly tumorigenic cells was significantly greater than that for the nontumorigenic cells, reaching almost 1 x 10(-4) events per cell per generation. The rate of this mutagenic event is high compared to the rate of point mutations usually reported in mammalian cells, and its potential contribution to the tumorigenic process will be discussed.
Differential diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma and borderline lesions and therapeutic strategy.

BACKGROUND/AIMS To investigate imaging characteristics and surgical results of adenomatous hyperplasia and early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODOLOGY A retrospective study set in the First Department of Surgery, University of Tokushima, Japan. From 1994 to 1997, 33 patients with 55 small hepatocellular carcinomas (< or = 3 cm) and 10 borderline lesions (3 adenomatous hyperplasia, 5 atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, 2 atypical adenomatous hyperplasia with focal malignancy) were enrolled for this study. The detectability of these lesions on imaging was evaluated. Cumulative survival and disease-free survival rates were also calculated. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients were incidentally diagnosed on ultrasonography during follow-up study for chronic disease. In the conventional studies, detection rates of ultrasonography, computed tomography and angiography for small hepatocellular carcinomas and borderline lesions were 76% 80%, 33% 10% and 36% 20%, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging, intraoperative ultrasonography, helical computed tomography and portal angiographic computed tomography showed better results of 67% 20%, 100% 90%, 70% 50% and 74% 56%, respectively. On differential diagnosis, the ratio of echo level in small hepatocellular carcinomas was significantly higher than that in borderline lesions. The 3-year and 5-year survival rates for all patients were 61% and 41%, while disease-free survival rates at the corresponding times were 15% and 7%, respectively. A total of 25 patients (76%) developed intrahepatic recurrence during a mean follow-up of 33.8 months, although there was no recurrent lesion in 4 adenomatous hyperplasia patients treated with microwave coagulation therapy and ethanol injection intraoperatively. CONCLUSIONS For tumors larger than 1 cm in diameter, the detection rates with various diagnostic modalities were rather high. However, the differential diagnosis of borderline lesions from small hepatocellular carcinomas could be based on pathologic studies only. Early detection of small hepatic lesions and treatment by methods such as resection or ethanol injection are of critical importance in improving long-term survival.
What we can learn from single-cell analysis in development.

the study of molecular changes at the level of single DNA molecules during early embryogenesis impact of thesenewandimportantDNAmodiﬁcationtypesonallelicmethylation, gene expression, blastomere development and cell fate decisions during the ﬁrst one future challenge involves developing ﬂuoro-chromes and dyes that afford greater sensitivity with improved spatio-temporal resolution. show genes expressed at very low levels warrant a single-cell analysis and that analysing time series data on a single-cell basis can time the start of some molecular events to an earlier point than pooled-cell analysis. The integrated microarray transcriptomic data available from public databases, comparing single-cell datasets with pooled-cell datasets among embryonic Days 3.25, 3.5 and 4.5. Results uncover new candidate markers of pEct, pEnd and TE, and suggest a regulation of Dnmt3l (DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3-like) by TCFAP2C (tran-scription factor AP-2 gamma) for pEnd and pEct speciﬁcation in the mouse preimplantation embryo. Apparently, the most variably expressed genes in the context of the primitive endoderm-epiblast transitions are Fgf4 (ﬁbroblast growth factor 4), Tcfpa2c and Dnmt3l . The expression of Fgf4 varies to such an extent that its signal can come across in a pooled-cell analysis, while pools of cells would the variability of the other two genes. It that primordial germ cell markers, such as Iﬁtm3 (interferon induced trans-membrane protein 3, also known as Fragilis ) and 4930432K21Rik mRNA, which go undetected in pooled-cell analysis, can be detected in single blastomeres, although primordial germ cells are supposed to arise after blastocyst implantation.
Glial influences on axonal growth in the primary olfactory system

Neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium continues throughout the entire life of mammals, and it is the axons of these newly formed olfactory receptor neurons that grow into the target tissue after the first cranial nerve is injured, not the regenerating axons of mature cells. These axons are able to enter and grow within the CNS of adult animals, unlike regenerating axons in injured dorsal roots, the majority of which are prevented from penetrating very far into the spinal cord. One reason why the olfactory axons are so successful in entering the CNS may be due, at least partially, to the fact that they are ensheathed by a type of glial cell (the ensheathing cell) that expresses phenotypic features of both astrocyte and Schwann cells. The presence of both L1/Ng‐CAM and N‐CAM in the plasma membranes of both ensheathing cells and immature olfactory receptor neurons would enable the olfactory axons to use the glial cell surfaces as a substratum on which to grow. It is probably also true that ensheathing cells synthesize and secrete laminin, thus providing an additional adhesive substrate for the olfactory axons, as well as glia‐derived nexin and nerve growth factor, both of which are neuritepromoting agents.
Reactive oxygen species: oxidative damage and pathogenesis

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as O2–, H2O2 and OH are highly toxic to cells. Cellular antioxidant enzymes, and the free-radical scavengers normally protect a cell from toxic effects of the ROS. However, when generation of the ROS overtakes the antioxidant defense of the cells, oxidative damage of the cellular macromolecules (lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) occurs, leading finally to various pathological conditions. ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation, oxidation of proteins, and DNA damage are well-known outcomes of oxygen-derived free radicals, leading to cellular pathology and ultimately to cell death. The mechanism of ROS-mediated oxidative damage of lipids, proteins, and DNA has been extensively studied. The site-specific oxidative damage of some of the susceptible amino acids of proteins is now regarded as the major cause of metabolic dysfunction during pathogenesis. ROS have also been implicated in the regulation of at least two well-defined transcription factors which play an important role in the expression of various genes encoding proteins that are responsible for tissue injury. One of the significant benefits of the studies on ROS will perhaps be in designing of a suitable antioxidant therapy to control the ROS-mediated oxidative damage, and the disease processes.
A Game Strategy Approach for Image Labeling

In this paper, we propose a relaxation algorithm based on the game theory for scene labeling problems. Using a Bayesian modeling by Markov random fields, we consider the maximization of the a posteriori probability of labelings. We design a (noncooperative) game which yields an easily parallelizable relaxation algorithm. We prove that all the labelings which maximize the a posteriori probability are Nash equilibrium points of the game, and that all the Nash equilibrium points are local maxima. We also prove that our relaxation algorithm converges to a Nash equilibrium. Experimental results show that the algorithm is very efficient and effective, and that it exhibits very fast convergence.
Comparison of work disability and health‐related quality of life between males and females with rheumatoid arthritis below the age of 45 years

Objectives: To compare work disability (WD) and health status between males and females with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the age group 18–45 years, and to compare health status between patients with and without WD within each gender, and finally to identify factors independently associated with WD in this age group. Methods: A cross‐sectional study of RA patients at the time starting with disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy and/or biological treatment. Patients receiving a permanent, national WD pension corresponding to ⩾ 50% were defined as work disabled. We examined gender differences with regard to disease characteristics, health status and WD. The Mann–Whitney U‐test and Pearson’s χ2‐test were applied for group comparisons. Multiple logistic regression analyses with adjustments for duration of education, disease duration, age, erosive disease, disability score [using the Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (MHAQ)], Disease Activity Score‐28 (DAS‐28), the Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36) mental health score and gender were used to identify variables associated with WD. Results: Out of 474 (372 females) patients, the number (%) of work‐disabled females/males was 91 (24.7)/8 (8.1) (p<0.001). WD was associated with worse health status in both genders. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) [OR (95% CI)] for WD in females vs. males was 4.84 (1.85–12.65) in the multivariate analyses. Other factors independently associated with WD were worse mental health, disease duration and low level of education. Conclusion: Females with RA had a fourfold increased risk of WD compared to men. Low level of education, disease duration and worse mental health were also independently associated with WD.
Preventing DoS attacks in NGN networks with proactive specification-based fuzzing

Next-generation networks introduce an IPbased network foundation and more powerful access technologies. As a result, vulnerabilities in network protocol implementations can be exploited with Internet hacking tools to cause denial-of-service and distributed denial of service situations. Fuzzing is a black-box testing technique originally used by crackers to find exploitable vulnerabilities. In this article, we demonstrate how specification-based fuzzers can be used to discover exploitable vulnerabilities proactively to make networks and devices more robust against DoS and DDoS attacks.
Analytic image reconstruction in PVI using the 3D Radon transform

Algorithms have been derived for 3-D image reconstruction in positron volume imaging (PVI) using the inversion of the 3-D Radon transform (RT) for a truncated cylindrical detector geometry. The RT is formed by histogramming events according to the planes in which they lie, with a weight determined by an angular acceptance function. A fast backprojection method for the RT is described in which the computation time is found to be up to 20 times faster with the new algorithm compared to the traditional X-ray transform (XT) backprojection method. Monte Carlo simulations show that statistical noise levels in images reconstructed from complete projections with the new RT algorithm are comparable to those obtained using the Fourier transform inversion of the XT. <<ETX>>
Depth remapping using seam carving for depth image based rendering

Depth remapping is a technique to control depth range of stereo images. Conventional remapping which uses a transform function in the whole image has a stable characteristic, however it sometimes reduces the 3D appearance too much. To cope with this problem, a depth remapping method which preserves the details of depth structure is proposed. We apply seam carving, which is an effective technique for image retargeting, to depth remapping. An extended depth map is defined as a space-depth volume, and a seam surface which is a 2D monotonic and connected manifold is introduced. The depth range is reduced by removing depth values on the seam surface from the space-depth volume. Finally a stereo image pair is synthesized from the corrected depth map and an input color image by depth image based rendering.