Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Triggering Nationalist Violence: Competition and Conflict in Uprisings against Colonial Rule

Nationalist conflict has been one of the most pervasive and intractable types of conflict in the modern era. In some places, nationalist conflict has entailed lengthy wars, terrorist campaigns, and rural insurgency. Yet in many others, nationalist organizations have pursued peaceful strategies, engaging in bargaining, diplomacy, and popular protest. Why do some nationalist movements turn violent, whereas others remain primarily peaceful Drawing on nationalist struggles against the French colonial empire, the competitive violence theory posits that violence was primarily driven by competition among nationalists. Nationalist violence erupted when colonial states pursued policies to restrict nationalist opposition and repress leading nationalists, creating a leadership vacuum and encouraging new nationalist actors to use violence to vie for influence. The competitive violence theory exemplifies an approach that can explain variation in both the timing and location of violence.
Individual Behavior and Global Environmental Problems*

Global environmental problems are often the aggregated effect of behavior by individuals, but is persuading people individually to change their behavior useful for addressing these problems? Understanding why it is that people behave individually in ways that have collectively problematic environmental effects is key to understanding what works—and doesn’t work—to change this individual behavior. This article argues that because of the problem characteristics and social structures that underpin large-scale environmental problems, a focus on trying to persuade people to behave in ways that are less environmentally problematic is ineffective at best and possibly even counterproductive. Instead we should focus on changing systems and structures to provide incentives, routines, and contexts in which we can simultaneously change the behavior of large groups of people, whether or not their behavior change is undertaken intentionally for environmental benefit.
Technology-Enabled Modern Services Export Performances of Asian Economies

Advancements in information and communication technology (ICT) have expanded the possibilities for trade in modern services. Many emerging and developed Asian economies are increasingly participating in these new trade activities. This study examines the export performances of emerging and developed Asian economies in selected modern services—computer and information, business and professional, and telecommunications—using a stochastic frontier gravity model. Estimation results show that the performances of emerging economies in South Asia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), in terms of realization of export potential, are considerably weaker than those of developed economies in North America and Europe. The results show that the number of graduates and the quality of ICT infrastructure in emerging economies are among the key factors in realizing services export potential. These ﬁndings suggest that emerging economies need to remove behind-the-border constraints and adopt advanced technologies to catch up with high-performing developed economies.
Measuring the Effects of Socio-Economic Variables on the Income Distribution: An Application to the East German Transition Process

This paper develops a discrete variant of the semiparametric methodology of DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux (1996) (DFL) to measure the effects of socio-economic variables on the income distribution. Although the proposed method is also based on the calculation of hypothetical income distributions by reweighting the original population, it is much easier to implement. The framework is applied to examine the distributional effects of rising unemployment, decreasing female labor market participation, and widening income structure in East Germany following the reunification with West Germany in 1990. The empirical results suggest that both these tendencies contributed considerably to the recent increase in income inequality in East Germany.
Arcbazar and the Ethics of Crowdsourcing Architecture

University of Michigan, arrived in Ann Arbor to find a real estate market significantly more expensive than the small Midwest town from which they’d relocated. After a long search for a new home, they found a diamond in the rough. Built on two acres of land close to campus and on the edge of a desirable neighborhood, the historic Bell-Spaulding House was erected in the 1850s and expanded haphazardly in the ensuing decade. (Figure 1) Though it was just within their price range, the house was barely habitable. It had been occupied since the 1960s by the Michigan State Historical Society, which reconfigured the interior into offices and exhibition space. The property had been abandoned for nearly eight years. The front door was so warped it wouldn’t fully close, and even after Sandvig moved in and initiated a steady stream of Amazon orders, deliverymen continued to mistake the house for an abandoned building.
Thinking About Tomorrows: Scenarios, Global Environmental Politics, and Social Science Scholarship

Unlike many environmental scientists (and Fleetwood Mac), most social scien- tists do not think yesterday has gone and do not much want to think about tomorrow—at least not in their work. Yet, debate and analysis about global environmental change are often discussions about tomorrow. For example, dis- cussions about climate change rely on projections of the future: of future green- house gas emissions, of future population growth, of future changes in energy use, of future technological innovation, and of future biophysical impacts. Those who grapple with the challenge of "thinking about tomorrow" do so by producing scenarios. Scenarios are commonly deaned as "plausible, chal- lenging and relevant stories about how the future might unfold. " 1 Environmen- tal change scenarios generally combine quantitative biophysical models and qualitative storylines of social and political trends. They are also explicitly inter- ventionist. Scenario analyses are commissioned with the stated goal of aiding decision-makers in envisioning, understanding, and planning for the future. Many engage in "futurizing. " In the climate change arena, the Nobel Prize-
From Memory Arts to the New Code Paradigm: The Artist as Engineer of Virtual Information Space and Virtual Experience

This paper examines contemporary developments in the creation and experience of immersive 3D art projects in the context of spatial and information design. It takes into consideration historic forebears, particularly the ancient Greek art of memory, contemporary theorists, and current new media artists who are pushing code and application design to new limits. The essay specifically addresses the role of the artist as coder and application engineer and anticipates concerns and possible technological developments in data visualization and virtual spaces. As new media artists write their own code, current boundaries between disciplines and sectors become blurred and new aesthetic judgments become pivotal. Additionally, current management and organizational structures are challenged to confront a world that increasingly visualizes and communicates in 3D.
ANALISIS KUALITAS DAN STRATEGI PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN AIR KALI SURABAYA

Sebagian besar limbah cair hasil dari kegiatan manusia dibuang ke saluran. Sekitar 60% pencemaran Kali Surabaya berasal dari limbah domestik (Fatnasari dan Hermana, 2010). Padahal air Kali Surabaya memasok sekitar 96% kebutuhan air baku Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) Kota Surabaya (Herera dkk, 2013). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi tingkat pencemaran dan menentukan prioritas strategi pengendalian pencemaran air Kali Surabaya menggunakan AHP ( Analitycal Hierarchy Processes ). Pengumpulan data sekunder berupa data kualitas air Kali Surabaya yang terdiri dari temperatur, TSS, pH, BOD, COD, DO, nitrat, amonia, kromium, tembaga, nitrit, minyak, deterjen, fenol, total coli, dan faecal coli yang dibandingkan dengan baku mutu air kelas 2 berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah nomor 82 tahun 2001. Kemudian dilakukan penentuan status mutu air Kali Surabaya menggunakan metode indeks pencemaran berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 115 tahun 2003. Analisis Strategi pengendalian pencemaran air Kali Surabaya didapat setelah dilakukan pembagian kuesioner kepada Badan Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Jawa Timur, Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Pengairan, Perum Jasa Tirta, Dinas Perindustrian dan Perdagangan, PDAM dan Tokoh Masyarakat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa parameter pencemar air Kali Surabaya adalah TSS, BOD, DO, nitrit, minyak, dan fenol. Selain itu, status mutu air Kali Surabaya termasuk tercemar ringan. Hasil running prgram AHP diketahui bahwa strategi pengendalian pencemaran air Kali Surabaya lebih menitik beratkan pada ketegasan dalam menaati peraturan perundangan yang berlaku.
France du Midi et France du Nord : Deux systèmes anthroponymiques ?

Des etudes regionales, encore trop dispersees, permettent un premier bilan de l'evolution anthroponymique des X e -XII e siecles dans l'ensemble du royaume de France. Des differences tres nettes singularisent l'evolution des regions meridionales, bien que l'absence de donnees provencales limite l'appreciation des phenomenes en direction de l'Est. La concentration des noms y est a la fois precoce et rapide, la diffusion des surnoms aussi. Que les noms les plus frequents soient les memes du Rhone jusqu'au-dela de la Garonne revele les traits communs de la culture politique et spirituelle de ces regions, tandis que les pays de l'Aquitaine medievale pratiquent des choix un peu differents. Reste a interpreter ces constatations en termes de structures politique et familiales
Russians' Rights Imperiled: Has Anybody Noticed?

which states comply with international norms not only testiaes to the robustness of those norms but also indicates how central they are to what is commonly (and euphemistically) referred to as the “international community. ” Recent scholarship has shifted from establishing that norms, particularly those related to human rights, matter in international relations to specifying the mechanisms by which norms diffuse throughout this community and inside states. A growing body of literature argues that the international human rights regime, like the “process of global democratization,” is “increasing in strength and robustness. ” At the start of the twenty-arst century, human Russians’ Rights Imperiled Sarah E. Mendelson
General Discussion

Asian Economic Papers 6:1 © 2007 The Earth Institute at Columbia University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ross Garnaut opened the discussion by noting that there are many other puzzles in China’s national account statistics. He cautioned against placing too much emphasis on the general perception that state-owned enterprises, local governments, and even private sector managers had overwhelming incentives to exaggerate their performance records for pure political reasons. Based on his joint research with Guonan Ma on China’s per capital meat consumption, Garnaut argued that Chinese ofacial data signiacantly understated domestic meat production (the actual production could be ave times the ofacial agures). In an analysis of China’s imports of a wide range of raw materials from third-country sources, they also found that the domestic demand for many products could be much higher than the ofacial agures.
Agglomeration and Hours Worked

This paper establishes the existence of a previously overlooked relationship between agglomeration and hours worked. Among nonprofessionals, hours worked decrease with the density of workers in the same occupation. Among professionals, the relationship is positive. This relationship is stronger for the young than for the middle-aged. Moreover, young professional hours worked are especially sensitive to the presence of rivals. The paper shows that these patterns are consistent with the selection of hard workers into cities and with the high productivity of agglomerated labor. The behavior of young professionals is also consistent with the presence of keen rivalry in larger markets, a kind of urban rat race.
Efficiency-Based Funding for Public Four-Year Colleges and Universities

We propose an efficiency-based mechanism for state funding of public colleges and universities using data envelopment analysis. We describe the philosophy and the mathematics that underlie the approach and apply\break the proposed model to data from 362 U.S. public four-year colleges and universities. The model provides incentives to institution administrators to eliminate wasteful spending and increase positive outcomes while maintaining educational quality and research productivity. The institutions in our study spent $96.74 billion, and states would reimburse $88.02 billion. Thus efficiency-based funding would reduce state government expenditures on these institutions by $8.72 billion, or approximately 9.0 percent. Efficiency-based funding is politically viable, as demonstrated by North Carolina’s successful use of this approach in pupil transportation operations since 1994. The model will be of interest to state legislators, state education officials, and others who are concerned with funding formulas for institutions of higher education.
Convergence by the Noise Index

ABSTRACT The authors explore questions about relationships to information, more specifically how we consume, process and interact with the current deluge of data. This article examines their work in the group the Noise Index: Convergence, a sound sculpture that confronts the viewer with the experience of information saturation, and the line between meaning and noise.
The International Transentient Cartographicacy Project

The International Transentient Cartographicacy Project exposes both the continuities and the distortions of contemporary urban experience through storytelling and a series of superimposed audiovisual environments. The project challenges traditional cartography by attempting to blur the boundaries between politically Dublin, Ireland, to present our documentation as a series of public installations during the ReJoyce Dublin 2004 Festival, which marked the 100th anniversary of Bloomsday (the day on which James Joyce’s Ulysses is set). The project was inspired by the “Wandering Rocks” episode (the 10th chapter of the novel), in which residents of Dublin are described moving about the city during the afternoon of 16 June 1904. Over the course of a week, six installations were presented separately at six sites around Dublin. Each video was projected at near-human scale at sites chosen according to how well they connected with the presented footage. One video segment of Mexico City residents boating through the canals in the borough of Xochimilco was projected onto the banks of the Liffey River, making it appear as though the boats were floating through Dublin. On another night, in a corner of Meeting House Square, another video segment showed children feeding pigeons and couples strolling past what was once the hacienda of Hernan Cortés in the public plaza of Coyoacán (Fig. 1). The Mexican organ grinder in that video became a performer for Dubliners on their way to restaurants, pubs or the nearby Irish Film Centre. In another installation, the image of the Virgin de Guadalupe was displayed to visitors of St. Mary’s Abbey. Tourgoers made their way through the exhibits set up in the last remaining structure of this ancient monastery while an image of Mexico City’s virgen floated silently above them. In each of the installations, an audio soundtrack projected the stories that we had collected in our original interviews, plus sounds gathered in Mexico City. These sounds then mingled with and became part of the Dublin landscape, creating a third soundtrack of virtual resonance. Through a layered combination of images, sounds and stories, barriers between time and territory collapsed into shared experiences, briefly turning differences into similarities.
Tax Avoidance and the Deadweight Loss of the Income Tax

Traditional analyses of the income tax greatly underestimate deadweight losses by ignoring its effect on forms of compensation and patterns of consumption. The full deadweight loss is easily calculated using the compensated elasticity of taxable income to changes in tax rates because leisure, excludable income, and deductible consumption are a Hicksian composite good. Microeconomic estimates imply a deadweight loss of as much as 30 of revenue or more than ten times Harberger's classic 1964 estimate. The relative deadweight loss caused by increasing existing tax rates is substantially greater and may exceed 2 per 1 of revenue.
Invisible Navigation (or Impossible?)

This article introduces an experimental artwork on moving mobile interfaces. It aims to answer the question: Is it possible to navigate a part of a large image composition, moving a smaller interface of a mobile device in a certain direction such as left and right, back and forth or up and down? The article then outlines the new concept of “Invisible (or impossible) Navigation” and discusses the output of artistic practices which address the “Labyrinth of Art”.
Merkez Bankası Müdahalelerinin Döviz Kurları Üzerine Etkileri: Türkiye Üzerine Ampirik Bir Araştırma

Calismada, TCMB doviz mudahalelerinin USD/TL doviz kurunun seviyesi ve oynakligi uzerine etkilerinin arastirilmasi amaclanmis, 22/01/2001-04/12/2015 donemi verileri kullanilmis ve EGARCH modeli uygulanmistir. Calismada uc ayri modelleme gerceklestirilmistir. Birincisinde doviz ihale ve dogrudan mudahale islemlerinin etkileri bir arada net islemler olarak incelenmis, ikincisinde islemler net alis ve satis islemleri olarak ayri ayri ele alinmis, ucuncusunde ise doviz ihale ve dogrudan mudahale islemleri iki ayri degisken olarak analize dahil edilmistir. Net islemlerin kurun seviyesinde pozitif bir baski olusturdugu, oynakligi anlamli olmasa da azalttigi bulgulari elde edilmis ve net islemlerin miktari ve sikliginin seviye uzerinde tersine etkiler olusturdugu tespit edilmistir. Net alis ve satis islemleri acisindan, net satislarin seviye uzerinde anlamli bir etkisinin olmadigi, oynakligi ise anlamli bir sekilde azalttigi, net alislarin ise bunun tam tersi bir etkisinin oldugu belirlenmistir. Doviz ihale ve dogrudan mudahale islemlerinin etkileri ayri ayri incelendiginde, seviye uzerinde ihalelerin anlamli bir etkisi bulunmazken mudahalelerin ise pozitif anlamli bir etkisinin oldugu, oynaklik uzerinde ise hem ihale hem de dogrudan mudahalelerin anlamli etkilerinin olmadigina erisilmistir. Genel olarak, TCMB doviz islemlerinin seviyeye anlamli bir etkide bulundugu ve stabilizasyonu saglama adina kismi bir katki sagladigina varilmistir.
Problems of Preparedness: U.S. Readiness for a Domestic Terrorist Attack

Since the mid-1990s, the federal government has engaged in preparing the United States for highly destructive acts of terrorism, especially those involving chemical or biological weapons. Collectively known as the “U.S. domestic preparedness program,” this effort involves multiple federal agencies and a variety of initiatives. The budget of the federal weapons of mass destruction (WMD) preparedness program grew from effectively zero in ascal year 1995 to approximately $1.5 billion in FY 2000,1 making this one of the fastest growing federal programs of the late 1990s. The U.S. domestic preparedness program seeks to go beyond improving the physical security of particularly vulnerable or high-value targets, which has always been a part of the traditional counterterrorism formula. Instead it aims to reduce the vulnerability of American society to large, destructive acts of terrorism by improving operational response capabilities across the country, at all levels of government.2 This effort bears a superacial resemblance to the U.S. Problems of Preparedness Richard A. Falkenrath
Roots and the Derivation

Contrary to recent work in Distributed Morphology adopting Early Root Insertion (the notion that Roots are present from the outset of the syntactic derivation), we argue that Late Insertion applies to Roots just like other morphemes. We support this conclusion with empirical evidence (Root suppletion and hyponymous direct objects in noun incorporation and related constructions) and conceptual considerations (including the beneficial obviation of readjustment operations and the possibility that narrow syntax is universal). Additional data (Latin semideponent verbs) allow us to recast Embick’s (2000) licensing analysis of Latin deponent verbs as a further argument for Late Root Insertion.
What You Don't Know Can't Help You: Pension Knowledge and Retirement Decision-Making

This paper provides an answer to an important empirical puzzle in the retirement literature: while most people know little about their own pension plans, retirement behavior is strongly affected by pension incentives. We combine administrative and self-reported pension data to measure the retirement response to actual and perceived financial incentives and document an important role for self-reported pension data in determining retirement behavior. Well-informed individuals are far more responsive to pension incentives than the average individual. Ill-informed individuals seem to respond systematically to their own misperceptions of pension incentives.
Von Neumann's Methodology of Science: From Incompleteness Theorems to Later Foundational Reflections

In spite of the many efforts made to clarify von Neumann's methodology of science, one crucial point seems to have been disregarded in recent literature: his closeness to Hilbert's spirit. In this paper I shall claim that the scientific methodology adopted by von Neumann in his later foundational reflections originates in the attempt to revaluate Hilbert's axiomatics in the light of Gdel's incompleteness theorems. Indeed, axiomatics continues to be pursued by the Hungarian mathematician in the spirit of Hilbert's school. I shall argue this point by examining four basic ideas embraced by von Neumann in his foundational considerations: a) the conservative attitude to assume in mathematics; b) the role that mathematics and the axiomatic approach have to play in all that is science; c) the notion of success as an alternative methodological criterion to follow in scientific research; d) the empirical and, at the same time, abstract nature of mathematical thought. Once these four basic ideas have been accepted, Hilbert's spirit in von Neumann's methodology of science will become clear.
Employment Efficiency and Sticky Wages: Evidence from Flows in the Labor Market

I consider three views of the labor market. In the first, wages are flexible and employment follows the principle of bilateral efficiency. Workers never lose their jobs because of sticky wages. In the second, wages are sticky and inefficient layoffs do occur. In the third, wages are also sticky, but employment governance is efficient. I show that the behavior of flows in the labor market strongly favors the third view. In the modern U.S. economy, recessions do not begin with a burst of layoffs. Unemployment rises because jobs are hard to find, not because an unusual number of people are thrown into unemployment.