Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wine Aroma Compounds in Grapes: A Critical Review

Volatile organic compounds are vital to wine quality, determining their aroma and varietal characteristics. Which are present, and in what quantity, depends on the cultivar, the situation and soil of the vineyard, weather, cultivation methods, and wine-making practices. Here, we review the literature on the development of wine aroma compounds in grapes, and how it is affected by the above-named factors. Increasing understanding of these processes at the molecular level will aid vine growers in the optimal selection of harvest dates and other decisions favoring the consistent production of balanced, flavorful berries.
A review of recent trends in cholera research and control. With an annex on the isolation and identification of cholera vibrios.

Since 1961 cholera El Tor has been sweeping through the Far East, and this dissemination of the disease has stimulated research not only in the countries afflicted but also in Europe and the Americas. New laboratories and workers have entered the field and many fresh ideas and concepts have emerged. The time seemed ripe, therefore, to survey the most important papers published since 1959, when the literature on cholera was thoroughly reviewed by Pollitzer, for the benefit both of those engaged in research and of those concerned with public health practice.This review covers history and incidence, causative agents (including the "classical", "El Tor" and "incomplete" forms), pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, mode of spreading and control measures (with particular reference to public health education and the International Sanitary Regulations). An annex, intended for laboratory use, contains selected procedures for the isolation and identification of cholera vibrios.
The use of live vaccines in experimental Salmonella gallinarum infection in chickens with observations on their interference effect

1. A good immunity was produced in chickens against oral infection with Salm. gallinarum by the use of either of two live attenuated vaccines, one smooth, 9S and one rough, 9R. Dead vaccines had little or no effect. 2. The immunity possessed by chickens vaccinated with 9R at 7 weeks of age commenced to wane 12 weeks later. Chickens similarly vaccinated with 9S were completely immune 4, 12 and 34 weeks later. When tested during the active laying period (at 20 weeks after vaccination) their immunity, although substantial, was not complete. 3. Vaccine 9R did not produce demonstrable agglutinins against smooth Salm. gallinarum in chickens. It was non-lethal to 1-day-old chicks and was never found to revert to the smooth virulent form in vitro or in vivo. By contrast, vaccine 9S produced agglutinins and was lethal for 1-day-old chicks, its virulence not being increased by passage. No deaths were ever observed when this vaccine was used in either chickens of 5–12 weeks old or laying hens. 4. Although both vaccines produced a good immunity when employed in laying hens, vaccination with 9S was accompanied by a marked reduction in egg production; this was not the case with 9R. 5. An immunity of the interference type was also evoked by both live vaccines. This immunity was still produced to some extent in chickens injected with 9S, 2 days after they were infected with Salm. gallinarum by mouth. 6. The interference effect could not be produced by the use of either dead Salm. gallinarum vaccines or certain non-specific substances. The intravenous injection of indian ink had a marked adverse effect on the course of the disease. Injecting chickens with a virulent strain of Bacterium coli at the same time as they were infected with Salm. gallinarum resulted in the latter infection running a milder course than would normally have been expected.
Interactions of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with Mature Human Macrophage Opacity Proteins Influence Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines

ABSTRACT The pathological features of ascending gonococcal infection suggest that proinflammatory mediators secreted by tissue-resident macrophages are important components of the host response. Challenge of fully differentiated, mature macrophages with variants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain P9 or purified bacterial surface components (pili, lipooligosaccharide, and outer membrane vesicles) induced the secretion of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha, growth-related protein α, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), and RANTES cytokines but had no effect on IL-8 production. No secretion of IL-1β, epithelial-derived neutrophil attractant 78, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-10, or IL-12 cytokines was observed. Notably, the P9-Opab protein, in comparison to P9-Opaa, increased the association of gonococci with macrophages and elevated the secretion of cytokines. Thus, variation in Opa protein expression by the gonococcus may be a determining factor in the severity of pelvic inflammatory disease.
MONETARY POLICY AND CREDIT MARKET IMPERFECTION

Credit market imperfection prevents the economy from attaining its full potential. This paper examines the change in monetary policy in presence of this imperfection. Using the Corsetti-Pesenti model, this study shows that when credit market is not needed or perfect, monetary policy should respond fully to productivity shock. However, when credit market is in need but imperfect, the extent to which monetary policy responds to productivity shock should depend on the degree of credit market imperfection. The less perfect the credit market, the less the response.This study also shows that credit market imperfection might not be sustainable, which calls for government interventions.
Circle Detection Based on Voting for Maximum Compatibility

We present a fast voting scheme for localizing circular objects among clutter and occlusion. Typical solutions for the problem are based on Hough transform that evaluates an instance of circle by counting the number of edge points along its boundary. The evaluated value is proportional to radius, making the normalization with respect to the factor necessary for detecting circles with different radii. By representing circle with a number of sampled points, we get rid of the step. To evaluate an instance then involves obtaining the same number of edge points, each close to a sampled point in both spatial position and orientation. The closeness is measured by compatibility function, where a truncating operation is used to suppress noise and deal with occlusion. To evaluate all instances of circle is fulfilled by letting edge point vote in a maximizing way such that any instance possesses a set of maximally compatible edge points. The voting process is further separated into the radius-independent and dependent parts. The time-consuming independent part can be shared by different radii and outputs the sparse matrices. The radius-dependent part shifts these sparse matrices according to the radius. We present precisionrecall curves showing that the proposed approach outperforms the solutions based on Hough transform, at the same time, achieves the comparable time complexity as algorithm of Hough transform using 2D accumulator array. key words: Hough transform, circle detection, voting, truncating operation, oriented chamfer distance
Pharmacokinetics of carboplatin after i.v. administration.

Pharmacokinetics of the cisplatin analog carboplatin were studied in ovarian cancer patients who received short-term iv infusions of 290-370 mg/m2. Platinum (Pt) was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry in plasma ultrafiltrate up to 24 hours and in plasma and urine up to 5 days following infusion. Carboplatin was determined in plasma ultrafiltrate and in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The final half-life of total Pt in plasma was 5.8 +/- 1.6 days. Pharmacokinetics of carboplatin and ultrafilterable Pt (free Pt) were similar with respect to alpha-half-life (16 +/- 6 and 23 +/- 8 mins), beta-half-life (118 +/- 15 and 120 +/- 11 mins), area under curve/dose (18 +/- 5 and 17 +/- 4 min/m2/L), total-body clearance (101 +/- 21 and 107 +/- 19 ml/min), and volume of distribution Vss (9.9 +/- 1.3 and 10.0 +/- 1.4 L/m2). After 6 hours the cumulative urinary excretion of carboplatin and Pt was 41% +/- 14% and 68% +/- 7% of the dose, respectively. After 5 days the cumulative urinary excretion of Pt was 84% +/- 6%. Renal and metabolic clearances of free Pt from plasma were 81 +/- 17 and 26 +/- 11 ml/minute, respectively. The first-order rate constant for metabolic elimination of free Pt (KM = CLM/Vss) was 1.5 X 10(-3) +/- 0.6 X 10(-3) min-1, which is ten times lower than the value calculated from literature data for cisplatin (15 X 10(-3) +/- 1 X 10(-3) min-1). This means that the overall in vivo reactivity of carboplatin is ten times lower than that of cisplatin.
Multi-attribute decision making with dynamic weight allocation

This paper tries to solve the multiple attributes decision-making problems with dynamic weight allocation. It is difficult to represent decision maker's subjectivity if we use only objective method in the whole decision-making process. Because of the complexity of attribute weight allocation, it could not reflect the objective essence only based on personal subjective judgment. Therefore, this paper proposes a Multi-attribute Decision Making with Dynamic Weight Allocation scheme. On the weight allocation aspect, the decision-maker's subjective judgment combined with the objective data itself organically. So, the weight can be adjusted dynamically by the object attribute data analysis. Finally, the simulation experiments verify its applicability and weight allocation rationality.
Fast radio burst energetics and sources

Repeating and apparently non-repeating fast radio bursts (FRB) differ by orders of magnitude in duty factors, energy and rotation measure. Extensive monitoring of apparently non-repeating FRB has failed to find any repetitions. This suggests the two types differ qualitatively, rather than in repetition rate, and are produced by distinct kinds of sources. The absence of periodicity in repeating FRB argues that they are not produced by neutron stars. They may originate in dilute relativistic jets produced by low luminosity black hole accretion. Non-repeating FRB may be produced by catastrophic events such as the collapse of an accreting magnetic neutron star to a black hole or of an accreting magnetic white dwarf to a neutron star, during which a disappearing magnetic moment radiates dipole radiation that accelerates electrons in nearby matter. If they are emitted by collimated beams of relativistic particles or charge “bunches”with Lorentz factor γ, their radiation is collimated into a solid angle ∼ γ sterad, reducing the energy requirement. If powered by magnetic reconnection, a pulse of length ∆t may draw on the magnetic energy in a volume ∼ γ(c∆t), although only a fraction ∼ 1/γ of this may be dissipated without decollimation.
Wideband dual-polarized base station antenna with improved radiation characteristics

A wideband ±45° dual polarized base station antenna is proposed. The design includes a novel differential L-probe feeding radiation element and novel slotted sidewalls. The center of the antenna is hollowed for embedding additional antenna operating at other frequency. The antenna operates from 1.7 to 2.6 GHz (VSWR<;2) with port isolation more than 30dB. Further improvement in the radiation characteristic is achieved through the introduction of sidewalls. Stable radiation patterns with 3dB beamwidth 67 ± 8° at horizontal plane and an average antenna gain of 8.4 dBi are found.
A Theoretical Perspective On Social Psychiatry

type of psychiatry see nothing wrong in making the philosophical and political leap I from the idea of physiological homeostasis (or equilibrium) to that of socially j J acceptable mentation or behaviour. Similarly, nothing threatening is seen in the j! statement that &dquo;normal behaviour must be generated by normal experience&dquo; despite its obvious moral, or at least social value-laden, overtones. Such practitioners see Medicine in terms of a &dquo;good institution aimed at human betterment&dquo;. The moral and political implications of that aim are rarely acknowledged, except when the i
Internet addiction: reappraisal of an increasingly inadequate concept

This article re-examines the popular concept of Internet addiction, discusses the key problems associated with it, and proposes possible alternatives. The concept of Internet addiction is inadequate for several reasons. Addiction may be a correct designation only for the minority of individuals who meet the general criteria for addiction, and it needs to be better demarcated from various patterns of excessive or abnormal use. Addiction to the Internet as a medium does not exist, although the Internet as a medium may play an important role in making some behaviors addictive. The Internet can no longer be separated from other potentially overused media, such as text messaging and gaming platforms. Internet addiction is conceptually too heterogeneous because it pertains to a variety of very different behaviors. Internet addiction should be replaced by terms that refer to the specific behaviors (eg, gaming, gambling, or sexual activity), regardless of whether these are performed online or offline.
A comparative profile of methanol extracts of Allium cepa and Allium sativum in diabetic neuropathy in mice

Introduction: Diabetic Neuropathy (DN) is a major microvascular complication of uncontrolled diabetes. This may result from increased oxidative stress that accompanies diabetes. Hence plants with antioxidant action play an important role in management of diabetes and its complications. Materials and Methods: This study was designed to evaluate preventive as well as curative effect of methanol extracts of outer scales and edible portions of two plants with established antioxidant action - Allium cepa and Allium sativum, in induced DN in albino mice. Mice were divided into control, diabetic and test extracts treated groups. Test extracts were administered daily at a dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. for 21 days, in the preventive group prior to onset of DN, and in the curative group after the onset of DN. Hyperalgesia and oxidative stress markers were assessed. STZ-diabetic mice showed a significant thermal hyperalgesia (as assessed by the tail-flick test), indicating development of DN. Results: Treatment with test extracts prevented loss in body weight, decreased plasma glucose level, and significantly ameliorated the hyperalgesia, TBARS, serum nitrite and GSH levels in diabetic mice. Conclusion: Methanol extract of outer scales of onion has shown most significant improvement; may be due to higher content of phenolic compounds in outer scales of A. cepa.
Bifunctional 2D Electrocatalysts of Transition Metal Hydroxide Nanosheet Arrays for Water Splitting and Urea Electrolysis

The replacement of noble-metal-based electrocatalysts with earth-abundant, low-cost bifunctional electrocatalysts for efficient hydrogen generation is required. Herein, an amorphous and porous 2D NiFeCo hydroxide nanosheets grown on nickel foam (NF) (NiFeCo LDH/NF) by a cost-effective electrodeposition method was explored for efficient electrolytic water splitting and urea electrolysis. Experimental results show that porous confinement in 2D orientation, amorphous nature, and synergistic effect leads to the excellent catalytical performance of the as-prepared 2D NiFeCo LDH/NF electrode for overall water splitting and urea electrolysis. The NiFeCo LDH/NF electrode presents promising behavior for water electrolysis with a small overpotential of 210 mV and 108 mV, respectively, is required for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) to gain 10 mA cm–2. More notably, the bifunctional NiFeCo LDH/NF catalyst, for water electrolysis, needs a lower potential of 1.57 V to gain 10 .
Reduction of the naturally occurring motor neuron loss by enlargement of the periphery

Motor hyperplasia following the enlargement of the periphery by implantation of a supernumerary leg is not due to “remote control” of proliferation, as shown by motor neuron counts in 6‐day chick embryos. We have tested the alternative hypothesis that we are dealing with reduction of the naturally occurring cell death. In normal development, the lumbar lateral motor column (l.m.c.) undergoes motor neuron degeneration resulting in a cell loss of at least 40%, which occurs between six and one‐half and nine and one‐half days. Following transplantation of supernumerary legs, cases selected for vigorous motility showed a numerical difference between experimental and contralateral (control) sides amounting to +11.0% to +27.5%. The transplants were innervated by varying combinations of thoracic and rostral lumbar nerves. We interpret our data in terms of survival of motor neurons which normally would have failed in a competition at the periphery but which were sustained by the enlarged peripheral fields. Our data do not permit a decision between the two alternatives: competition for synaptic sites or for a trophic agent. The surviving motor neurons are not limited to the rostral segments of the motor column but in most instances distributed along its entire rostro‐caudal extent, implying a redistribution of all l.m. c. axons. The term “hyperplasia” is no longer appropriate for the phenomenon under consideration and should be replaced by the term “hypothanasia. ”
Effect of probiotic ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) on performance of broiler chicks

One hundred, one-day-old male broiler chicks (Faobrow CD), were randomly assigned to 5 treatments (20 birds/treatment). Treatment groups were; Control diet without yeast addition (treatment 1), baker yeast 0.5% (treatment 2), baker yeast 1% (treatment 3), baker yeast 1.5% (treatment 4), baker yeast 2 % (treatment 5). Chicks were reared for 21 days. Body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion were weekly determined. All chicks were scarified at the end of 21 days and blood samples were taken from brachial vein for blood analysis, including total RBCS, hemoglobin, Packed cell volume, total white blood cells, differential leukocyte count. Serum samples were taken and assayed for estimation of total protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, calcium, uric acid, glucose, ALT and AST enzymes. Chicks in all treatments were killed at the end of the experiment by cervical dislocation, and liver, gizzard, heart, spleen, proventriculus, bursa of Fabricius, pancreas and kidney were collected, weighed, and calculated as a percentage of body weight. Body weight gain for the entire period (3 weeks) were significantly (P<0.05) increased in the treatments 3, 4 and 5, when yeast was added at a rate of 1, 1.5 and 2%, compared with the other treatments (1 and 2). These birds also had a significantly (P<0.05) higher feed intake and feed conversion ratio than others. There was no significant difference in the relative organs weights in all treatment groups. No significant changes in hematological parameters, except in hemoglobin improvement at the highest Sc inclusion rate of 2%. No differences were recorded in the percentages and absolute numbers of different WBCs in all treatment groups. Addition of yeast at a rate of 1, 1.5 and 2 %, were significantly (P<0.05) increase levels of total serum protein and glucose, compared with other treatments. All yeast additive levels were responsible for significant (P<0.05) reduction in serum triglycerides, but only at highest level (2%) for serum cholesterol, compared with other treatments. No effect on serum calcium and uric acid levels, and ALT, AST serum activities, were observed by the addition of all Sc additives levels, compared with control treatment.
The involvement of matrix glycoproteins in vascular calcification and fibrosis: an immunohistochemical study

Calcification and fibrointimal proliferation are associated with advanced complicated atherosclerosis in large arteries but may also occur in smaller vessels, resulting in ischaemic tissue necrosis. This study investigates whether the mechanisms of calcification and intimal fibrosis are similar in vessels of different sizes. The localization of osteopontin (OPN), matrix Gla protein (MGP), thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1), and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) was investigated in three types of human vascular lesions: atherosclerosis, chronic vascular rejection (CVR) in renal allografts, and calcific uraemic arteriolopathy (calciphylaxis). These lesions were chosen as they affect different sized blood vessels and they exhibit a fibroproliferative intimal reaction, with or without calcification, resulting in luminal obliteration and ischaemic complications. OPN, MGP, TSP‐1, and COMP were not detected in normal blood vessels. However, OPN and MGP were expressed at sites of calcification within atherosclerotic lesions and in microvessels in calciphylaxis, suggesting that calcification in different sized vessels may occur by a common mechanism. These proteins were not detected in areas of fibrointimal proliferation. In contrast, TSP‐1 was localized primarily within the fibrous tissue of atherosclerotic lesions and was also expressed in the expanded fibrous intima of arteries showing CVR. COMP was localized primarily within the fibrous tissue under the lipid core of the majority of advanced atherosclerotic lesions. TSP‐1 and COMP were also detected in areas of microcalcification in atherosclerotic lesions and TSP‐1 was detected adjacent to areas of calcification in calciphylaxis. However, neither TSP‐1 nor COMP was localized to calcific foci within these lesions. The localization of OPN, MGP, TSP‐1, and COMP to pathological, but not normal arterial intima supports a pathogenetic role for these proteins in the development of vascular fibrosis and calcification. Modulation of their production and activity may offer a novel approach to the therapy of a number of vascular diseases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technologies for measuring HIV-1 drug resistance

Abstract Drug resistance testing significantly improves response to antiretroviral treatment in HIV-1-infected patients, therefore it has recently been implemented into current guidelines for the management of antiretroviral therapy. Knowledge about technologies for measuring drug resistance is important for several reasons: (a) differences exist between different technologies and also between assays based on the same technology; (b) the results of resistance testing are strongly dependent on the reliability and precision of the technology used; and (c) technical aspects have to be considered for a clinically relevant interpretation of drug resistance. The spectrum of genotypic and phenotypic technologies as well as the technical quality is increasing, which shifts the emphasis to the interpretation of resistance profiles. The interpretation is based on the knowledge of drug resistance-associated mutations as well as correlations between genotype and phenotype and clinical response, which are incorporated into rules-based systems. Bioinformatic techiques are used to generate mathematical models for the prediction of drug resistance from genotype. Both approaches are converging toward the prediction of clinical response. Because therapy response is dependent on many additional variables, further efforts are required for the generation of a large clinical database. This will be the basis of a prediction system that will optimize the antiretroviral therapy for each individual patient.