Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influencia del insecticida Triflumurón sobre la germinación de esporas de hongos formadores de micorrizas vesículo-arbusculares y la colonización de las raíces de las plantas de soja (Glycine max var. sojae)

Se evaluo el efecto de tres concentraciones diferentes (0,02; 0,2 y 2 ppm) del insecticida Triflumuron sobre la micorrizacion por Glomus mosseae y hongos arbusculares, nativos de un suelo en plantas de soja (Glycine max var. sojae Nidera cultivar 4656). Para ello se llevo a cabo un experimento en macetas, que contenian una mezcla de suelo tamizado (tipo Argiudol) y cuarzo 2:3 (V/V). Las macetas se llevaron a capacidad de campo (140 ml) con soluciones acuosas de Triflumuron 2, 0,2 y 0,02 ppm. Los controles se realizaron sin el agregado del insecticida. El inoculo de G. mosseae consistio de 5g de suelo rizosferico conteniendo 41 esporas y/o esporocarpos (mayormente uniesporados) por gramo de suelo, el cual fue agregado simultaneamente con la siembra de semillas. Las plantas se cultivaron 8 semanas en invernadero a 20-25 oC, al cabo de las cuales se registro el porcentaje de micorrizacion y el peso seco de tallos y raices. Por otro lado se realizo un ensayo en cajas de Petri destinado a evaluar el efecto del Triflumuron sobre la germinacion de Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe, Gigaspora rosea Nicolson & Schenck y Scutellospora castanea Walker. El Triflumuron no afecto el crecimiento general de las plantas ni el porcentaje de micorrizacion por parte de G. mosseae. En cambio, disminuyo el porcentaje de micorrizacion de las raices por parte de las micorrizas nativas del suelo utilizado. En el ensayo de germinacion en cajas de Petri, el Triflumuron no afecto la germinacion de esporas en ninguna de las tres especies de micorrizas arbusculares.
Leaf palatability and decomposability increase during a 200-year-old post-cultural woody succession in New Zealand

Question: How do aggregate trait values and functional diversity of leaf traits linked to palatability and decomposability change during a woody post-cultural succession spanning 200 years? Location: Coastal Marlborough, South Island, New Zealand. Methods: The biomass of all woody species was determined in 32 20-m × 20-m plots ranging from 10 to 200 years in time since last disturbance. Species abundances were combined with data on leaf nutrient, secondary metabolite and structural carbohydrate content to calculate biomass-weighted trait means (i.e. aggregate trait values) and functional diversity index values for each plot. Aggregate trait values and functional diversity were regressed on successional age and total live above-ground carbon content to examine functional shifts with succession and one consequence of succession – increasing above-ground carbon. Results: Almost all significant regressions between aggregate trait values and both successional age and above-ground carbon indicated a shift toward increased leaf palatability and decomposability during succession. The relationships were all non-linear, with aggregate trait value shifts occurring relatively early in the successional sequence. There was weak evidence for an increase in functional richness with succession, but this was a secondary effect relative to the shifts in aggregate trait values. Conclusions: These results are in direct contrast with studies of the early stages of herbaceous post-cultural successions from grasslands to shrublands, which have found a shift towards communities of decreasing palatability and decomposability, suggesting that functional shifts in woody succession may be fundamentally different.
Neuroethology of Electric FishPrinciples of coding and processing sensory information

odern scientific methods were not required to show that strongly electric fish such as the electric eel produce electric current (Cavallo 1786). But it was only in 1951 that some other fish were found to produce weak electric fields (Lissman 1951). These weakly electric fish produce continuous electric organ discharges that form an electric field for several centimeters around the fish (Figures 1 and 2). The field is detected by electroreceptors distributed on the body surface (Figure 3a), and it is used for locating objects and for social communication. Many electric fish are nocturnal and many live in black or brown muddy water. Their electric sense is thought to confer an advantage in these habitats, because it can replace or supplement vision. Electroreception is an ancestral vertebrate trait found in most aquatic vertebrates, including some amphibians as well as sharks and rays (Northcutt 1984). It appears to have been lost in the teleost ancestor and then to have been independently reinvented in two teleost lineages-the South American gymnotiforms and the African mormyriforms. These two groups of fish have independently evolved electroreceptors, and they also evolved organs that generate electric current (Bullock 1982). The electric organs are made of modified
World catalogue of the spider mite family (Acari:Tetranychidae)

Tetranychid mites form the family of phytophagous Acari with the most severe economic effect on agriculture and several of these mites are injurious to many crops all over the world. This catalogue contains information on the systematic position of the 1,189 known tetranychid species, their previous synonyms, their host plant range and their referenced geographical distribution. It is intended to be useful for researchers and students in agricultural acarology and for plant protection services and plant quarantine services. It is the first exhaustive list of these species since the world revision published by Pritchard & Baker in 1955. The study includes 1,227 references and four indices provide access to the list of species: index of specific designations, index of species names, index of host plants comprising 3,600 names and index of locations including the names of 170 countries or geographical entities.
Extracellular Protease Activity of Enteropathogenic Escherechia coli on Mucin Substrate

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) causes gastrointestinal infections in human. EPEC invasion was initiated by attachment and aggressive colonization on intestinal surface. Attachment of EPEC alter the intestine mucosal cells. Despite this, the pathogenic mechanism of EPEC infectior has not been fully understood. This research hypothesizes that extracellular proteolytic enzymes is necessary for EPEC colonization. The enzyme is secreted into gastrointestinal milieu and presumably destroy mucus layer cover the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of this study was to assay EPEC extracellular protease enzyme by using mucin substrate. The activity of EPEC extracellular proteolytic enzyme on 1% mucin substrate was investigated. Non-pathogenic E. coli was used as a negative control. Positive and tentative controls were Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella. Ten EPEC strains were assayed, seven of them were able to degrade mucin, and the highest activity was produced by K1.1 strain. Both positive and tentative controls also showed the ability to digest 0.20% mucin. Key words: EPEC, protease, mucin, diarrhea
Observations on Some Behaviours of Krüper’s Nuthatch (Sitta krueperi), a Little-Known West Palaearctic Bird

Some intraspecific and interspecific behaviours in Kruper's Nuthatch (Sitta krueperi) populations were observed in Antalya province, southern Turkey. An account of their endemic distribution in Anatolia on the one hand, and the lack of sufficient data on the other, gave rise to the need for such a study. The breeding behaviour in the populations is observed, particularly in the BUK (Lutfi Buyuk Yildirim research forest) and ELMALI Cedar research forests. The results are given in 2 parts as observed behaviours throughout a year and breeding period, which are mating, nesting, brooding, parental care and rearing and territorial behaviours.
Developing a Human Cytomegalovirus strain for better in vitro research

Investigations into Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pathogenesis should be based on strains that closely reflect the causative agent of disease, however HCMV invariably mutates in vitro, generating phenotypically distinct laboratory-adapted strains. In particular, mutations are selected in the HCMV genome UL128 locus (UL128L) that encodes sub-units of a virion envelope pentameric complex that impedes virus propagation in fibroblasts (the cell type most commonly used in vitro), but is required for infection of several naturally targeted cell-types (e.g. epithelial, endothelial, and myeloid cells). Addressing this issue, the genome of wildtype HCMV strain Merlin was cloned as a stable bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), however similarly to clinical isolates, viruses reconstituted from the Merlin-BAC grow poorly and are prone to de novo mutation in cell culture. Direct comparison to viruses from the Merlin-BAC revealed that viruses from the BACcloned versions of strains TR (TR-BAC), TB40E (TB40-BAC4) and VR1814 (FIX-BAC) could be propagated more efficiently in fibroblasts, despite containing intact UL128L ORFs. Unique nucleotide variations identified in TB40-BAC4 and FIX-BAC UL128L ORFs were transferred into the Merlin-BAC, generating variants that produced greater titres of cell-free virus following reconstitution. Virions from these novel Merlin variants displayed reduced pentameric complex content, but remained able to infect epithelial cells, albeit with slightly compromised efficiency. The greater fitness of viruses from these novel Merlin-BAC variants alleviated the selective pressures for the selection of de novo UL128L mutations in fibroblasts. The Merlin virion proteome was determined, with up to 30 novel components identified to provide a more comprehensive picture of wildtype HCMV virion composition. Comparison of virions from several Merlin variants demonstrated that varying pentameric complex content impacted the incorporation of other components, however virions from the novel Merlin variants produced in this work closely matched those from the parental Merlin variant containing wildtype UL128L ORFs. Thus, the novel Merlin-BAC variants produced in this work represent valuable reagents for future HCMV research.
Respuesta al estrés físico y la hepatoprotección continua en pollos

Se evalua aqui el impacto que ejercen en pollos de engorde (360 broilers en total, 50 p. 100 de cada sexo): a) una maniobra de captura y encierre en jaulas, con posterior inversion de las mismas, operacion repetida periodicamente hasta el final del ciclo de produccion, para inducir cambios compatibles con el sindrome de estres, y b) los efectos de la hepatoproteccion continua con un suplemento comercial con acciones: lipotropica, coleretico-colagoga, hipocolesteremiante e hipotrigliceremiante y favorecedora de la regeneracion hepatica. Con un modelo experimental factorial en bloques (3 lotes) a dos vias, combinando dos niveles de ambos factores, se asignaron al azar a cuatro grupos experimentales cuatro tratamientos (1= con estres, 2= con hepatoproteccion, 3= con estres y 4= control). El analisis de la varianza detecto diferencias (test de Scheffe con 5 p. 100 de confianza) entre grupos, sexos y lotes en peso vivo al dia de sacrificio, y entre grupos y lotes en aspartato-transaminasa (AST), proteinas totales y creatinina. Mediante contrastes ortogonales post-ANOVA se observo que el factor a) fue efectivo en el grupo 3 provocando menor peso vivo corporal. El perfil bioquimico muscular indico que la disminucion en el peso se produjo a expensas de destruccion muscular. La elevada actividad de AST y de creatinina del grupo 2 respecto al control, revelaron una alta tasa metabolica muscular en las aves medicadas. La mayor proteinemia en los grupos 1 y 2 (fraccion globulinas) en aves hepatoprotegidas fue independiente del factor estresante.
Begging call matching between a specialist brood parasite and its host: a comparative approach to detect coevolution

Studies of avian brood parasite systems have typically investigated the mimicry of host eggs by specialist parasites. Yet, several examples of similarity between host and parasite chick appearance or begging calls suggest that the escalation of host–parasite arms races may also lead to visual or vocal mimicry at the nestling stage. Despite this, there have been no large-scale comparative studies of begging calls to test whether the similarity of host and parasite is greater than predicted by chance or phylogenetic distance within a geographically distinct species assemblage. Using a survey of the begging calls of all native forest passerines in New Zealand, we show that the begging call of the host-specialist shining cuckoo (Chrysococcyx lucidus) is most similar to that of its grey warbler (Gerygone igata) host compared to any of the other species, and that this is unlikely to have occurred by chance. Randomization tests revealed that the incorporation of the shining cuckoo's begging calls into our species-set consistently reduced the phylogenetic signal within cluster trees based on begging call similarity. By contrast, the removal of the grey warbler calls did not reduce the phylogenetic signal in the begging call similarity trees. These two results support a scenario in which coevolution of begging calls has not taken place: the begging call of the host retains its phylogenetic signal, whereas that of the parasite has changed to match that of its host. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 98, 208–216.
Genetics of resistance to downy mildew in Brassica oleracea and breeding towards durable disease control for UK vegetable production

Downy mildew resistance was previously identified from screening a Brassica oleracea collection against two standard UK isolates of Hyaloperonospora parasitica. Sources of resistance were chosen from this material and developed further in this study by generating doubled haploid (DH) and inbred lines. Seedlings from the new lines were tested for resistance to a larger collection of H. parasitica isolates collected in 2001-02 and 2007-08 from the main broccoli and cauliflower production regions of the UK. Three lines (derived from borecole or summer cabbage) were broadly resistant to the pathogen isolates. Three of the remaining lines exhibited strong isolate-specific resistance; several examples of weak or basal level of resistance to some isolates were observed. A new H. parasitica variant collected in 2008 was virulent in the broadly resistant lines, but was avirulent in a line with narrow specificity of resistance. The F2 and BC1 seedlings derived from outcrossing each of the three broadly resistant lines to susceptible broccoli and cauliflower lines segregated in a manner indicating that the resistance is controlled by a single dominant gene. No susceptibility was observed amongst F2 seedlings derived from intercrossing the three resistant lines, indicating that they all share the same or closely linked broad spectrum resistance gene(s). DH lines were produced from F1 plants and resistant plants were further back-crossed to produce broccoli and cauliflower-like lines that could be useful pre-breeding material. A combination of resistance from lines with broad and narrow specificity is recommended for controlling downy mildew in UK brassica production.
Nutrient concentrations in mire vegetation as a measure of nutrient limitation in mire ecosystems

Abstract. The above-ground standing crop and nutrient concentrations in plant material were examined in 45 stands of mire vegetation in the Biebrza peatland, Poland. The stands included flood-plains, rich fens, transitional fens and bogs. The pattern in nutrient concentrations in the above-ground plant material resembled the pattern in nutrient concentrations in peatwater and peat which had been investigated in an earlier study. Concentrations of N were quite uniform along the gradient. P-concentrations were highest in the transitional fen. Critical nutrient concentrations were defined on the basis of a review of nutrient concentrations in plant material from peatlands in which a fertilization experiment had been carried out. Defined critical values for phanerogams were: 13-14 and 0.7 mg/g dry wt for N and P respectively. Concentrations lower than these values indicate deficiency. P/N ratios ≥ 0.07 indicate N-deficiency and P/N ratios ≤ 0.04 — 0.05 indicate P-deficiency. According to these values the Biebrza fens and bogs appear to be primarily deficient in N. The growth of the flood-plain vegetation does not appear to be restricted by nutrients.
Spatially restricted domains of homeo-gene transcripts in mouse embryos: relation to a segmented body plan

Note: Gaunt, Sj Afrc,Inst Anim Physiol & Genet Res,Dept Molec Embryol,Cambridge Cb2 4at,England Fac Med Strasbourg,Cnrs,Genet Molec Eucaryotes Lab,Inserm,U184,F-67085 Strasbourg,France Univ Manchester,Dept Cell & Struct Biol,Manchester M13 9Pt,Lancs,England Reference UPDUB-ARTICLE-1988-002 Record created on 2008-02-25, modified on 2017-05-12
Net flux of folates and vitamin B12 through the gastrointestinal tract of sheep

In Trial 1, three wethers were equipped with ruminal and caecal cannulas, catheters in the right ruminal and caecal veins and a mesenteric artery, as well as blood flow probes around the right ruminal and caecal arteries. Blood samples were collected every 15 min from 30 min before to 60 min after the injection of 9 μmol of folic acid and vitamin B12 per kilogram body weight (BW) in the rumen and after injection of half this dose in the caecum. There was a net release of these vitamins from the rumen shortly after the injection (P < 0.05). In Trial 2, four wethers were equipped with a ruminal cannula, catheters in the right ruminal, mesenteric and portal veins and a mesenteric artery and blood flow probes around the right ruminal and the mesenteric arteries and the portal vein. Blood samples were taken 30 and 60 min before, and 30, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 min after the intraruminal injection of 0.32 g of folic acid and 0.98 g of vitamin B12. In Trial 3, blood samples were taken from two wethers previous.
Valor nutritivo de macrófitas aquáticas flutuantes ( Eichhornia crassipes , Pistia stratiotes e Salvinia molesta ) utilizadas no tratamento de efluentes de aqüicultura

The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of free-floating aquatic macrophytes, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae), Pistia stratiotes (L.) (Araceae) and Salvinia molesta (Mitchell) (Salviniaceae) used in a Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) waste treatment, and these species biomass potential uses. The vegetal biomass samples were collected from 0.25 m ² floating squares and divided in aerial and submerse parts, to determine the concentrations of cell wall fraction, soluble carbohydrates, polyphenols, lipids, crude protein and total phosphorus. The higher nutritive value was observed in E. crassipes and S. molesta aerial parts, and in P. stratiotes total biomass, due to their lower cell wall fraction mean rates (60.7; 64.2 and 56.9 % dry mass, respectively) and to the higher rates of: crude protein (10.1; 9.1 and 8.8 % dry mass, respectively), soluble carbohydrates (26.6; 18.7 and 12.4 mg.g -1 dry mass, respectively) and lipids (7.6; 4.5 and 4.4% dry mass, respectively). It may be concluded that P. stratiotes total biomass, and E. crassipes and S. molesta aerial biomass have nutritive values with potential use for ruminant feeding or as ration ingredients.
Ecology of Storage and Allocation of Resources: Animals

Most organisms store lipids and/or carbohydrates for energy production during fasting. Lipids store much more energy per unit mass . Long-chain fatty acids are absorbed and stored almost unaltered, so serve as indicators of natural diets and food chains. Vertebrates and higher arthropods have tissues specialised for lipid storage and management. Adipocytes are 40-85% triacylglycerols and occur in various intra-abdominal and superficial sites in all tetrapods and some fish. Some mammalian adipose depots have site-specific properties specialised to local, paracrine interactions with adjacent cells and tissues. In mammals, adipocyte volume is determined by anatomical location, body size and natural diet as well as fatness. The anatomical patterns of relative sizes of adipocytes is are similar in all terrestrial mammals but species differ in the relative abundance of adipocytes in each depot. The chemical compositions of storage molecules are adapted to the ecological processes they serve, including migration, hibernation, lactation or unpredictable food supply. Adipose tissue can reach 50% body mass before migration or breeding fasts with superficial depots expanding most, especially in large vertebrates.
Influence of restraint and isolation stress (RIS) on plasma cortisol in female Karakul sheep.

The investigation was carried out to study the effect of Restraint and Isolation Stress (RIS) on plasma cortisol hormonal profile in male Karakul sheep. To carry out the objectives of this study six apparently healthy male adult animals were subjected to restraint and isolation stress. The blood samples were collected and analysed at control or pre-stress condition and on 1st, 2nd and 3rd day of RIS, respectively. A highly significant (P≤0.01) effect of RIS on plasma cortisol with increasing trend was observed.
Interação das lesões causadas pela sarna-da-macieira (Venturia inaequalis) na capacidade de infestação dos frutos por lagartas de Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Pest monitoring performed in apple orchards showed a greater infestation of the oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta) in fruits from orchards with higher incidence of injuries caused by apple scab (Venturia inaequalis). To validate this observation, it was conducted in laboratory an experiment to investigate the influence of apple scab lesions in fruits on the ability of infestation by G. molesta. Apple fruits (n = 200) of the Gala variety with symptoms of scabies (n = 100) and healthy fruits (n = 100) were used. A first instar larvae was inoculated in each fruit and the evaluation was performed 10 days after infestation, determining the number of larvae that were able to penetrate the fruit. There were significant differences in the penetration capacity of larvae associated with lesions of scabies (87%) when compared with healthy fruits (61%). It is concluded that apple fruit Gala attacked by Venturia inaequalis are more infested by first instar larvae of Grapholita molesta.
Le métapneumovirus humain

Le metapneumovirus humain (hMPV) est un nouveau Pneumovirinae apparente au metapneumovirus aviaire du type C. Son genome differe de celui du virus respiratoire syncytial humain (hRSV) par l’ordre des genes et le manque de genes non structuraux. Deux sous-groupes genetiques de hMPV ont ete identifies, et les genes G et SH sont les plus divergents. Dans les regions temperees, les infections a hMPV ont une distribution saisonniere et mondiale recouvrant celle du hRSV. La plupart des infections a hMPV sont observees chez des enfants atteints de bronchiolites, et une etude locale ne trouve pas de differences cliniques entre les enfants infectes par le hMPV et un groupe apparie d’enfants infectes par le hRSV. Chez les enfants hospitalises a Caen au cours de l’hiver 2002-2003, le hMPV est le second virus en frequence detecte apres le hRSV, avec des taux de positivite de respectivement 44 %, 13 %, 13 %, 14 %, 6 % et 6 % pour les hRSV, hMPV, virus influenza A et B, rhinovirus, adenovirus et virus parainfluenza de types 1, 2, 3. L’infection a hMPV induit moins de cytokines inflammatoires que l’infection a hRSV et, dans ces deux situations, les memes symptomes sont certainement provoques par des mecanismes distincts. Le hMPV est difficile a isoler en cultures de cellules et il n’y a pas actuellement de reactif immunologique commercialement disponible. Le seul moyen de detecter le hMPV repose sur des tests de transcription inverse (RT)-PCR, dont l’elaboration doit tenir compte des variations genetiques entre les deux sous-groupes de hMPV.