Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Residential Schools for the Deaf and Academic Placement Past, Present, and Future

It is possible that several residential schools for the deaf will be closed in the near future. At the time of this writing a decision has been made in one state to close the state school effective this summer. Efforts are underway to reverse this decision and perhaps the issue will be resolved by the time of this publication. Regardless of the outcome in this specific case, however, the national, and international, trend is clear. In several other states school closings are being contemplated, sometimes with committees assigned to study the situation and make recommendations in one or two years. The impact has reached both private and state-supported schools and schools that emphasize oral-only, Total Communication, and bi-bi instruction. This is not a new trend, of course. In the past decade or so several residential schools have been closed, others transformed into day programs, and others now serve a relatively small number of residential students on-site while providing statewide support services. Many day school programs in large cities also have been closed and students served in areas closer to home to meet least restrictive environment (LRE) and inclusion mandates. It may be beneficial to look at the situation from a long term perspective in order to understand where we are now. Many educators attribute the decline of residential and day school programs for deaf students to the impact of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act, passed 35 years ago, and its current reenactment as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Undeniably, the LRE provision has had a significant influence, but the process actually started well before the federal legislation. Prior to World War II, most deaf children were educated in residential schools. Since then, for more than 60 years there has been an almost complete absence of construction of new residential schools although the American population has increased considerably. To the best of my knowledge during the baby boom from 1946 to I960 only one residential school for the deaf was established, the California School for the Deaf, Riverside. The increased population of deaf children was either accommodated in existing residential schools or, more commonly, in local school programs. The shift in placement was already apparent. The rubella epidemic of the mid-1960s, essentially doubling the number of deaf children born during that period, occurred after the baby boom had peaked and births were starting to decline, raining the possibility of empty classrooms in public schools. There was no push for state legislators to invest in residential schools for what was seen as a one time only phenomenon, especially after a rubella vaccine was developed. By 1971, before the Education of all Handicapped Children Act, the pendulum had swung and fewer than half of all deaf children were attending residential schools. …
Selective Neuronal Vulnerability and Specific Glial Reactions in Hippocampal and Neocortical Organotypic Cultures Submitted to Ischemia

Neurons from cerebral neocortex and hippocampus exhibit a striking difference in vulnerability to transient global ischemia. In order to study the contribution of neuronal connections and neuron-glia interactions to this variation in neuronal vulnerability, we used hippocampal and neocortical cultures submitted to various periods of histotoxic ischemia. Organotypic cultures were exposed at 37 degrees C for 0, 7, 30 and 60 min to a glucose-free NaCN-containing medium. Histological analysis using thionin staining and MAP2 immunostaining showed differences in the temporal profile of neuronal damage in hippocampal and neocortical structures, i.e., in decreasing order, CA1 (7 min) > CA3 and neocortical layers II, III, V, VI (30 min) > DG and neocortical layer IV (60 min). In parallel to the neurodegeneration study, the time course and the regional pattern of microglial and astroglial changes were also examined using GS-B4 isolectin and GFAP as immunohistochemical markers, respectively. The GS-B4 isolectin staining revealed an early (at 7 min for the hippocampus) and a specific microglial activation located in areas undergoing neuronal damage. For both organotypic cultures, astrogliosis occurred later (after 30 min of stress) with no specific regional distribution. Both hippocampal and neocortical cultures submitted to histotoxic ischemia allowed the replication of many of the cellular events observed in response to global ischemia in vivo. These findings support the hypothesis that neuron-neuron connections as well as interactions between neurons and glial cells are essential to reproduce in vitro the selective neuronal vulnerability described in vivo.
Stroke patients' views on stroke outcomes: death versus disability

Aims: To determine how elderly stroke patients perceive different stroke outcomes, including death, relative to each other and how these views compare with those of age/sex-matched controls. Participants and setting: Twenty-eight elderly patients discharged from hospital with an acute stroke causing hemiplegia. Twenty-eight age/sexmatched control patients from the same hospital who had never had a stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Methods: Patients and controls were asked to rank 11 clinical scenarios of potential stroke outcomes, from the most to the least desirable outcome. Results: There was a striking bimodal distribution for sudden painless death in both groups. Painless death was preferred to even a minor stroke disability in over one-third of elderly individuals, whilst 20% would prefer severe disability rather than painless death. Sixty-nine per cent of stroke patients and 82% of controls ranked death as preferable to severe disability. Stroke patients may be more tolerant of disability (compared to death) than their controls (39% patients and 61% controls preferred death to any disability, p = 0.11). Conclusions: Our results suggest that many elderly individuals would rather die than be alive and severely disabled. This may have important implications for acute stroke treatments such as thrombolysis.
Formation of the binary near‐Earth object 1996 FG3: Can binary NEOs be the source of short‐CRE meteorites?

Abstract— 1996 FG3 is a binary near‐Earth object (NEO) that was likely formed during a tidal disruption event. Our results indicate that the formation of this binary object was unlikely to have occurred when the progenitor had a encounter velocity with the Earth significantly smaller than its current value (10.7 km/s); The formation of the binary object on an orbit similar to the present one is possible, and the survival of the satellite constrains this to have happened less than 1.6 Ma ago. However, the binary object could also have been formed when the progenitor's encounter velocity with Earth was >12 km/s, and in this case we cannot constrain its formation age. Our results indicate that tidal disruptions occurring among NEOs with low velocity encounters with Earth are unlikely to produce long‐lasting NEO binaries. Thus, tidal disruption may not be able to completely re‐supply the observed population. This would imply that a significant fraction of the observed NEO binaries evolved out of the main asteroid belt. Overall, our results suggest to us that the CM2 meteorites having cosmic ray exposure (CRE) ages of ˜200,000 yr were likely liberated by the tidal disruption of a primitive NEO with a relative velocity with the Earth significantly smaller than that of 1996 FG3. We propose a list of such objects, although as far as we know, none of the candidates is a binary for the reasons described above.
Multidecadal changes in Iceland Scotland Overflow Water vigor over the last 600 years and its relationship to climate

Changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) have commonly been invoked to explain the low‐frequency climate changes evident over millennial‐multidecadal timescales during the Holocene period. While there is growing evidence that deep ocean circulation varied on millennial timescales, little is known about ocean variability on shorter timescales. Here we use a marine sediment core (GS06‐144‐09MC‐D) recovered from a high accumulation rate site on the Gardar Drift in the Iceland Basin (60°19′N, 23°58′W, 2081 m) to reconstruct decadal‐centennial variability in the vigor of Iceland‐Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) with the paleocurrent proxy “sortable silt” mean grain size SS¯ . Our SS¯ record reveals that changes in ISOW vigor have occurred on multidecadal‐centennial timescales over the past ~600 years; similar timescales as documented in Atlantic Multidecadal Variability observations and reconstructions. Our findings support a link between changes in basin‐wide climate and deep ocean circulation.
On the Computational Complexity of Algebra on Lattices

We study the computational complexity of equivalence and minimization problems for expressions on many different lattices including each finite lattice and each distributive lattice. A general efficient expressibility condition C on a lattice is presented such that 1. The equivalence problem is co$NP$ hard for constant-free expressions on any lattice with at least two elements that satisfies condition C.Each finite or distributive lattice is shown to satisfy condition C. Moreover, if a lattice $\mathcal{L}$ satisfies condition C and $ \equiv $ is a congruence relation on $\mathcal{L}$, then ${\mathcal{L} / \equiv }$ also satisfies condition C. Several additional results are also presented. These results include the following: 2. In contrast to 1, the equivalence and operator minimization problems are solvable deterministically in polynomial time for disjunctive normal form and conjunctive normal form expressions on any lattice and for constant-free expressions on any free lattice with at least three gener.
Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Systems in Anorexia Nervosa: A Role for Atypical Antipsychotics?

Objective: To review serotonergic and dopaminergic system function in anorexia nervosa in terms of potential modulation by atypical antipsychotic medications. Method: A systematic review of clinical, neurobiological and functional neuroimaging findings of serotonergic and dopaminergic system activity in anorexia nervosa was conducted via MEDLINE, PsycINFO and EMBASE psychiatry databases, with a critical review of dysregulation of these systems as therapeutic targets for atypical antipsychotics, in context of evidence regarding the utility and efficacy of these medications in this syndrome. Results: There is evidence of persistently altered serotonergic and dopaminergic function in anorexia nervosa independent to weight-recovery. Case reports, open-label and singleblinded studies, albeit sparse, suggest that atypical antipsychotics may be beneficial in the management of anorexia nervosa psychopathology beyond weight gain. Conclusions: Double-blind placebo controlled studies of atypical antipsychotics in anorexia nervosa with well defined outcome measures are required.
Empirical research on influence of major shareholders control to equity incentive effect

Equity incentive has become an important measure to encourage managers, since 239 listed firms have carried out this measure. It is significant to study the influence of major shareholders control on equity incentive because major shareholder control phenomenon still exists in listed firms in China. This paper finds evidence about the impact of major shareholders control on equity incentive through the linear regression method. The evidence shows that equity incentive promotes the performance of listed firms without considering major shareholder control. When the major shareholder occupies more than 50% of equity, the effect of major shareholder control on firm performance doesn't show significantly with the increase of the share. In contract, when the major shareholder control gradually increases before reaching 50%, the major shareholder control influences the firm performance significantly.
Extracellular Matrix and Myofibrils During Unloading and Reloading of Skeletal Muscle

The aim of the study was to elucidate the effect of unloading and reloading on the collagen expression and synthesis rate of myofibrillar proteins in fast-twitch (FT) muscle in relation to changes in muscle strength and motor activity. Northern blot analysis was used for testing the specificity of cDNA probes and protein synthesis rate was measured according to incorporation of radioactive leucine into different protein fractions. Unloading depresses collagen type I and III (p<0.001), type IV (p<0.05) and reloading enhances collagen expression in fast-twitch skeletal muscle in comparison with unloading. Enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 continued during the first week of reloading (p<0.01) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 during reloading (p<0.05). Changes in collagen expression in FT muscle are in good agreement with changes in myofibrillar protein synthesis during unloading and reloading. In conclusion alterations in extracellular matrix and myofibrillar apparatus in FT skeletal muscle are related to changes in muscle strength and motor activity, are significant in exercise training and determination of recovery periods in the training process as well as in athletes' rehabilitation.
In vivo oligomerization and raft localization of Ebola virus protein VP40 during vesicular budding

The matrix protein VP40 plays a critical role in Ebola virus assembly and budding, a process that utilizes specialized membrane domains known as lipid rafts. Previous studies with purified protein suggest a role for oligomerization of VP40 in this process. Here, we demonstrate VP40 oligomers in lipid rafts of mammalian cells, virus-like particles, and in the authentic Ebola virus. By mutagenesis, we identify several critical C-terminal sequences that regulate oligomerization at the plasma membrane, association with detergent-resistant membranes, and vesicular release of VP40, directly linking these phenomena. Furthermore, we demonstrate the active recruitment of TSG101 into lipid rafts by VP40. We also report the successful application of the biarsenic fluorophore, FlAsH, combined with a tetracysteine tag for imaging of Ebola VP40 in live cells.
Ikäetiikka - elämänkulun ääripäät, haavoittuvuus ja eettiset kysymykset

Ihmisiin kohdistuvaa sosiaalitieteellista tutkimusta kasittelevaa eettista keskustelua lapikaydessa tormaa ennen pitkaa luetteloon erityisen haavoittuvista tai suojeltavista tutkittavien ryhmista (esim. Homan 1991; Ethical ., 2003; Beauchamp & al. 1982). Pienin variaatioin luetteloon sisallytetaan lapset, nuoret, vanhukset, vajaakuntoiset tai vammaiset ja laitoksissa asuvat ihmiset. Naita ryhmia tutkittaessa tuodaan yleisten tutkimuseettisten periaatteiden noudattaminen keskimaaraista voimakkaammin esille. Nain pyritaan takaamaan eri tavoin haavoittuvien tai riippuvuussuhteessa olevien tutkittavien itsemaaraamisoikeus, yksityisyyden kunnioittaminen seka vapaaehtoinen tutkimukseen osallistuminen. Lasten ja vajaakykyisiksi maariteltyjen aikuisten eettista erityisasemaa selittavat laaketieteellisen tutkimuksen piirissa kohua nostaneet tutkimukset, ihmiskokeet ja eettiset paljastukset (ks. esim. Beecher 1966; Makela 2002). Biomedikaalinen elamankulun aaripaihin kohdistuva erityissuojelu, eettiset ohjeistukset ja samalla tutkijan oikeudellinen suojelu ovat nain siirtyneet ja pitkalti yha mallittavat myos sosiaalitieteellista tutkimusta (ks. myos Lotjonen 2004). Haavoittuvat erityisryhmat toimivat samalla ikaan kuin koetinkivena sosiaalitieteiden yleisimmille eettisille suosituksille. Niita koskevat tutkimukset ja niihin liittyvat dilemmat tuovat yleiset tutkimuseettiset periaatteet selvapiirteisempina esiin ja auttavat ajattelemaan ihmiseen kohdistuvan tutkimuksen peruslahtokohtia. Tassa artikkelissa keskitymme tarkastelemaan kahta haavoittuvaksi kuvattua, elamankulun aari paihin sijoittuvaa ryhmaa: lapsia ja vanhuksia. Perinteisesti ikaantyneita ja lapsia (tai nuoria) koskevia eettisia kysymyksia on kasitelty toisistaan erillaan ja omin painotuksin (esim. Butler 1990; Gilhooly 2002; Kayser-Jones & Koenig 1994; Hill 2005). Seka ikaantymistutkimuksen etta niin sanotun uuden lapsitutkimuksen viimeaikaisissa keskusteluissa on kuitenkin yllattavan paljon yhteista. Molemmissa on pohdittu paitsi valtasuhteita osana tutkimusta seka tutkittavan aanen ja kokemuksen kuuluviin saattamista myos tutkittavan toimijuutta, tasavertaisuutta ja tutkimukseen osallistamista. Jatkossa pyrimmekin lyhyesti vetamaan yhteen joitakin lapsija vanhuustutkimukseen liitettyja eettisia kysymyksenasetteluja ja elamankulun aaripaiden tutkimiseen liittyvaa ikaetiikkaa. Samalla tavoitteenamme on purkaa ja kyseenalaistaa haavoittuvuutta lahtokohtaisena, koko yksittaista ryhmaa koskevana eettisena kasitteena. Missa maarin haavoittuvuus tavoittaa lasten tai vanhusten muodostaman yleiskategorian heterogeenisyyden? Missa maarin haavoittuvuuden korostaminen paitsi suojelee kohderyhmaansa myos riisuu toimijuutta ja alleviivaa marginaalisuutta? Enta milloin tutkimuskohteen suojelu muuttuu ylisuojeluksi, paternalismiksi ja jo itsessaan vallankayton muodoksi? Lahdemme liikkeelle lasten ja vanhusten eroista ja samankaltaisuuksista. Taman jalkeen kasittelemme tutkimusprosessin eettisiin kysymyksiin liittyvia keskeisia teemoja. Mukaan olemme valiIkaetiikka – elamankulun aaripaat, haavoittuvuus ja eettiset kysymykset
Networks of inhibitory and excitatory commissural interneurons mediating crossed reticulospinal actions

Axonal projections and neurotransmitters used by commissural interneurons mediating crossed actions of reticulospinal neurons were investigated in adult cats. Eighteen interneurons, located in or close to lamina VIII in midlumbar segments, that were monosynaptically excited by reticulospinal tract fibres and projected to contralateral motor nuclei were labelled by intracellular injection of tetramethylrhodamine‐dextran and Neurobiotin. The nine most completely labelled interneurons were analysed with combined confocal and light microscopy. None of the stem axons gave off ipsilateral axon collaterals. Seven cells had axon collaterals that arborized in the contralateral grey matter in the ventral horn of the same segments. Transmitters were identified by using antibodies raised against vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2, glutamic acid decarboxylase and the glycine transporter 2. The axons of two cells were immunoreactive for the glycine transporter 2 and hence were glycinergic. Three cells were immunoreactive for the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 and hence were glutamatergic. None of the axons displayed immunoreactivity for glutamic acid decarboxylase. Electron microscopy of two cells revealed direct synaptic connections with motoneurons and other neurons. Axonal swellings of one neuron formed synapses with profiles in motor nuclei whereas those of the other formed synapses with other structures, including cell bodies in lamina VII. The results show that this population of commissural interneurons includes both excitatory and inhibitory cells that may excite or inhibit contralateral motoneurons directly. They may also influence the activity of motoneurons indirectly by acting through interneurons located outside motor nuclei in the contralateral grey matter but are unlikely to have direct actions on interneurons in the ipsilateral grey matter.
'Lalaga Faatasi Aua Le Manuia Mo Taeao': To Weave Together for the Success for Tomorrow

Teacher educators have a very daunting task requiring currency in their discipline, curricular, policy and institutional imperatives as well as pedagogical and cultural issues. Tertiary institutions are facing increasing expectations to cater for and increase retention of underrepresented groups, whilst class sizes increase and face-to-face contact decreases. This paper outlines a case study of two lecturers (one European and one Pacific Island) who developed a successful partnership to raise student retention and achievement within a cohort of Pacific Islanders (an underrepresented group in all New Zealand universities). Key aspects which formed the foundation threads of this successful partnership are elaborated upon via the metaphor of weaving. Weaving is a very valuable and highly prized skill and art form amongst many indigenous groups including those of the Pacific Islands. Weaving in the Pacific Island context involves group work, with weavers supporting each other and sharing their expertise.
In-utero overgrowth in ruminants following embryo culture: lessons from mice and a warning to men.

Unusually large offspring have been born in ruminants following the transfer to recipients of embryos that have either been subjected to some form of manipulation, e.g. nuclear transfer, or have been exposed to an unusual in-vivo or in-vitro environment. Overgrowth syndromes have been reported in other species, including humans and mice, but these have arisen from chromosomal abnormalities and spontaneous or experimentally induced genetic mutations. Overgrowth phenotypes across the species, however, exhibit many common features, including alterations in organ and tissue development, and placental anomalies. Our current working hypothesis is that the causative agent(s) alter(s) the expression of a gene or genes associated with growth and development. Imprinted genes have been implicated in this syndrome because: (i) similar phenotypes are observed in both humans and mice when the expression of such genes has been altered; and (ii) they may be more vulnerable to epigenetic modification during the period (oocyte to blastocyst) when embryos are cultured in vitro. Evidence supporting this hypothesis is reviewed and the implications for assisted reproduction in humans discussed.
Properties of the alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin prepared from their mercuribenzoate derivatives by treatment with 1-dodecanethiol.

Abstract A novel, simple, and rapid procedure is described for the regeneration of "native" α and β polypeptide chains of human hemoglobin from their mercuribenzoate derivatives. The main feature of the method is the controlled emulsification of the mercuribenzoate derivatives with the water-insoluble thiol, 1-dodecanethiol. The regenerated chains show the theoretical number of —SH groups per heme, are essentially homogeneous in gel electrophoresis, and, when mixed in equimolar amounts, rapidly produce a compound which is indistinguishable from hemoglobin A in gel electrophoresis and in its reaction with oxygen. Sedimentation analyses reveal single boundaries for the individual chains and their equimolar product, with sedimentation coefficients in agreement with previously published values. The enthalpy of the reaction of the individual regenerated chains with oxygen has been determined and found to be -13.5 kcal per mole, a value very close to that reported for the oxygenation of hemoglobin. This finding lends strong support to the notion that the heme-heme interaction, observed in the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin, is largely an entropy effect.
Nonlinear Observers for Integrated INS\/GNSS Navigation: Implementation Aspects

Navigation is a term with broad usage in everyday life and can mean the act of moving, moving through an unknown environment, ascertaining a craft's position, or even browsing on the Internet. Originally, the term meant the skill of sailing a ship, in particular steering and maneuvering, and is derived from the Latin words navis and agere, meaning "ship" and "to drive. " The modern field of study of navigation in a scientific context usually relates to the ascertainment or determination of position, velocity, and orientation of some object relative to a reference point and is used for all type of crafts and vehicles, such as aircraft, ships, submarines, and cars.