Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning, techniques, and complications of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling in gastroenterology: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Technical Guideline

This article is the second of a two-part publication that expresses the current view of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) about endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling, including EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) and EUS-guided Trucut biopsy. The first part (the Clinical Guideline) focused on the results obtained with EUS-guided sampling, and the role of this technique in patient management, and made recommendations on circumstances that warrant its use. The current Technical Guideline discusses issues related to learning, techniques, and complications of EUS-guided sampling, and to processing of specimens. Technical issues related to maximizing the diagnostic yield (e. g., rapid on-site cytopathological evaluation, needle diameter, microcore isolation for histopathological examination, and adequate number of needle passes) are discussed and recommendations are made for various settings, including solid and cystic pancreatic lesions, submucosal tumors, and lymph nodes. The target readership for the Clinical Guideline mostly includes gastroenterologists, oncologists, internists, and surgeons while the Technical Guideline should be most useful to endoscopists who perform EUS-guided sampling. A two-page executive summary of evidence statements and recommendations is provided.
Literature Review Based On Fused Floating Point Three Term Adder

Arithmetic operations in digital systems forms an important part of study in recent years. Floating point (FP) implementation on the reconfigurable hardware architecture is an important area of concern. Many fresh designs have been advanced recently and segregate with existing approaches on the basis of various performance parameters. In given paper a review of the FP units design is discussed for arithmetic operations in manner of addition, multiplication, division and subtraction. Also units having multi operands are also reviewed in this work which utilizes both distributed and fused concept.
Statistical Device Variability and Its Impact on Design

It is widely recognized that the uncontrollable statistical variability in device characteristics represent major challenges to scaling and integration for present and next generation nano-CMOS transistors and circuits. This will in turn demands revolutionary changes in the way in which future integrated circuits and systems are designed. Strong links must be established between circuit design, system design and fundamental device technology to allow circuits and systems to accommodate the increasing statistical variability. This will add significant complexity to the design process, requiring orchestration of a broad spectrum of design tools by geographically distributed teams of device experts, circuit and system designers. In this talk we review the major sources of variability in CMOS devices focusing at and beyond 45 nm technology generation and beyond. The focus is on intrinsic parameter fluctuations introduced by discreteness of charge and matter, which play an increasingly important role in the present and future CMOS devices and cannot be controlled or reduced by tightening the process tolerances.
The Legend of Napoleon

'God was bored with Napoleon' wrote Victor Hugo and as is well known, the Emperor was duly defeated at Waterloo in 1815 and exiled to St Helena, where he died an agonising and horrifying death. The Emperor's real legacy is the modernising and beautifying of Paris, the official promotion of religious tolerance, the current French legal and educational systems, and the European Union, to name but a few Napoleonic initiatives. And of course, the legend lives on. Drawing on new archival research, Hazareesingh traces not only the emergence of the Napoleonic myth and how it developed into a potent political culture, but also the amazing tenacity of popular affection for the emperor, manifest in countless busts and portraits in ordinary citizens' homes, grass-roots political activism, miraculous apparitions reported after his death, and the memories kept alive by thousands of imperial war veterans. This book is a timely study of why the fascination with Napoleon has endured for two centuries.
Paramuscular Perforators in DIEAP Flap for Breast Reconstruction

&NA;One of the main steps in perforator flap surgery is to identify the dominant perforator. Using multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) for the preoperative planning of deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEAP) flap surgery, we identified a perforator with a large caliber, an excellent location in the middle abdominal region, and a totally extramuscular trajectory in a significant number of patients. We describe the frequency of this perforator and determine its characteristics. Patients and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of 482 patients who underwent 526 DIEAP flaps for breast reconstruction from October 2003 to October 2011. Mean age at surgery was 51.3 years old. A preoperative MDCT of abdominal vascularization was performed in all patients. ResultsMDCT identified a dominant perforator with a paramuscular course in 12.4% of abdominal walls. In all cases, it was located in the midline and emerged directly from the deep inferior epigastric system. Its mean caliber was 1.9 mm. The flap was harvested based on this perforator in all these patients, and mean harvest time was 51 minutes. The characteristics of this perforator made dissection easier and reduced morbidity at the donor site. There were no flap losses and the only complications were minor. ConclusionWe located a paramuscular perforator in 12.4% of patients undergoing breast reconstruction with abdominal perforator flaps. Its morphological features and extramuscular course make it the perforator of choice in DIEAP flap surgery.
Cia25 on rat chromosome 12 regulates severity of autoimmune arthritis induced with pristane and with collagen

Background: A genomewide scan in a DA×ACI F2 intercross studied for collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) identified the severity quantitative trait locus Cia25 on rat chromosome 12. Cia25 co-localises with loci regulating several forms of autoimmune diseases in rats, mice and humans, suggesting a common gene. Objective: To characterise the effects of Cia25 on severity of arthritis in congenic rats. Methods: DA.ACI(Cia25) congenic rats were constructed according to a genotype-guided strategy, and tested for pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) and CIA, induced with rat type II collagen (CII). A well-established scoring system previously shown to correlate with histological damage, including cartilage and bone erosions, synovial hyperplasia and synovial inflammation, was used. Results: The introgression of ACI alleles at Cia25 into DA background, as in DA.ACI(Cia25) rats, was enough to significantly reduce arthritis severity by 60% in PIA and by 40% in CIA, both in males and females compared with DA rats of the same sex. Levels of IgG anti-CII in male DA.ACI(Cia25) rats were 83% lower than in male DA. Levels of anti-CII in females were not affected by the congenic interval. Conclusions:Cia25 contains a gene that regulates disease severity in two distinct models of autoimmune arthritis. Although both genders were protected in arthritis studies, only male congenic rats had a dramatic reduction in levels of anti-CII, suggesting the possibility of a second arthritis gene in this interval that operates via the regulation of autoantibodies in a sex-specific manner. The identification of the gene(s) accounting for Cia25 is expected to generate novel prognostic biomarkers and targets for therapy.
Action of salicylate on membrane capacitance of outer hair cells from the guinea‐pig cochlea.

1. The effect of salicylate on membrane capacitance and intracellular pH has been measured in isolated outer hair cells (OHCs) during whole cell recording. Cell membrane capacitance was measured using a lock‐in amplifier technique. 2. Salicylate applied in the bath reduced the fast charge movement, equivalent to a voltage‐dependent membrane capacitance, present in OHCs. Simultaneous measurement of membrane capacitance and voltage‐driven cell length changes showed that salicylate reduced both together. 3. A small effect of salicylate on outward currents at 0 mV was observed. Sodium salicylate (5 mM) reduced the currents by 19% and another weak acid, sodium butyrate (10 mM), reduced outward currents in OHCs by 15%. 4. The ratiometric dye 2,7‐bis(2‐carboxymethyl)‐5,6‐carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) was used to measure pHi changes in OHCs during weak acid exposure. Membrane capacitance and pHi were measured simultaneously in OHCs exposed first to 10 mM sodium butyrate and then to 5 mM sodium salicylate. Although both compounds produced a similar reduction in pHi, butyrate decreased the resting capacitance from a mean resting capacitance of 35 pF (at ‐30 mV) by 5.4 +/‐ 2.1 pF, whereas salicylate decreased it by 15.7 +/‐ 2.3 pF (n = 4). 5. Exposure of OHCs to 10 mM sodium benzoate, an amphiphilic anion, reduced resting membrane capacitance at ‐30 mV by 9.2 +/‐ 3.2 pF (n = 3). Outward currents, measured at 0 mV, were reduced by 0.25 +/‐ 0.05 nA during benzoate application, comparable with the effect of salicylate. 6. Capacitance was measured during slow bath application of salicylate. The resulting dose‐capacitance curve had a Hill coefficient of 3.40 +/‐ 0.85 (n = 4) and a half‐maximal dose of 3.95 +/‐ 0.34 mM. The dose‐capacitance curve was not significantly voltage dependent. 7. Salicylate had no detectable effect on the resting capacitance of Deiters' cells, a non‐sensory cell type of the organ of Corti. 8. It is concluded that many of the described effects of salicylate on hearing may arise from the partitioning of the salicylate molecule into the membrane of the OHC and consequent inhibition of OHC motility.
Toxic Substances and Reproductive Disorders in Baltic Fish and Crustaceans

Abstract In the Baltic Sea ecosystem reproductive disorders have occurred in top consumers such as seals and some fish-eating birds, due to biomagnification of toxic substances, e.g. DDT and PCBs. Reproductive disturbances have also affected fish during the last 25 years. However, there is no strong evidence that toxic substances have caused these problems. Rather, the disorders seem to result from a combination of two or more biotic or abiotic factors. The M74 syndrome, which kills fry of salmon and sea trout, is characterized by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1). Several factors may contribute to the thiamine deficiency, including the diet of salmon in the sea and halogenated organic compounds. Cod do not develop M74, and poor cod recruitment is mainly due to poor oxygen conditions in the spawning areas in combination with overfishing. Toxic compounds in pulp-mill effluents retard gonadal development in perch, but the mechanisms and the active substances have not been identified. Recruitment problems in perch in the coastal waters outside some pulp mills may also be explained by a lack of food items for juvenile fish, rather than reproductive failure. There are very limited data on reproductive disorders in crustaceans from the Baltic Sea. Most data come from studies of the benthic amphipod Monoporeia affinis, which has been used in monitoring programs. Several signs of reproductive disorder have been reported in this amphipod, e.g. malformation and death of embryos, and asynchronous maturation of males and females.
Alcohol abstinence does not offset the strong negative effect of lifetime alcohol consumption on the outcome of interferon therapy

summary. Heavy alcohol consumption has been reported to negatively affect the outcome of interferon therapy. We studied the impact of lifetime alcohol consumption in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon after 6 months of alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol intake was measured when patients with chronic hepatitis C were referred to us for the first time, and from that moment complete abstinence was recommended. After 6 months of abstinence, 150 patients with persistent elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) have been treated with interferon (IFN)‐α, 3 or 6 summaryU three times per week for 12 months. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to identify the predictors of treatment response. Carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin was employed to assess alcoholic abstinence. The sustained response rate felt from 33% in nondrinkers to 20% of mild‐drinkers and to only 9% in heavy drinkers. Drinker patients showed a relapse rate twice as high as that of nondrinkers. According to the multivariate analysis, the strongest independent predictors of nonresponse were genotype 1b infection, age of the patients and their lifetime alcohol intake. Carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin detected at baseline, at 3 months of therapy and at the end of follow‐up gave a positive result only in eight determinations (1.77%), confirming the compliance of patients to our recommendation of alcohol abstinence. Lifetime alcohol consumption has a strong negative effect on the outcome of interferon treatment, mainly in heavy drinkers. A 6‐month period of abstinence may not be sufficient to offset this negative effect on treatment outcome.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in α1-antitrypsin PI MZ heterozygotes: a meta-analysis

Background: Severe α1-antitrypsin deficiency, usually related to homozygosity for the protease inhibitor (PI) Z allele, is a proven genetic risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The risk of COPD in PI MZ heterozygous individuals is controversial. Methods: A search of MEDLINE from January 1966 to May 2003 identified studies that examined the risk of COPD in PI MZ individuals and studies that measured forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) in heterozygotes. Results: In 16 studies that reported COPD as a categorical outcome, the combined odds ratio (OR) for PI MZ versus PI MM (normal genotype) was 2.31 (95% CI 1.60 to 3.35). The summary OR was higher in case-control studies (OR 2.97; 95% CI 2.08 to 4.26) than in cross sectional studies (OR 1.50; 95% CI 0.97 to 2.31) and was attenuated in studies that adjusted for cigarette smoking (OR 1.61; 95% CI 0.92 to 2.81). In seven studies that reported FEV1 as a continuous outcome there was no difference in mean FEV1 between PI MM and PI MZ individuals. Conclusions: Case-control studies showed increased odds of COPD in PI MZ individuals, but this finding was not confirmed in cross sectional studies. Variability in study design and quality limits the interpretation. These results are consistent with a small increase in risk of COPD in all PI MZ individuals or a larger risk in a subset. Future studies that adjust for smoking and include other COPD related phenotypes are required to conclusively determine the risk of COPD in PI MZ heterozygotes.
Flexible, adaptable and cost-effective seismometer with Linux-based embedded system: R-NON

In this paper, we introduce a new concept design of a Linux-based embedded system for measuring seismic waves. We use a Linux-ready embedded board combined with electronic boards such as an analog-to-digital converter board, GPS, GPRS and a newly designed Common Interface Board (CIB) to create a seismometer in which Linux runs as an operating system. Seismic algorithms, data logging, time synchronization and other programs run as application programs on the Linux. The advantages of this design are reduced core hardware and software development time and cost.
Biology of large bowel cancer. Present status and research frontiers

Man and laboratory rodents exposed to chemical carcinogens both show similar changes in growth characteristics of colonic epithelial cells during neoplastic transformation. Progressive phases of abnormal cell development appear in colonic epithelial cells which gain an increased ability to proliferate and accumulate in the mucosa. These phases in the expression of neoplastic transformation of colonic cells are best defined in the dominant inherited disease of man as adenomatosis of the colon and rectum. Individuals with inherited adenomatosis and those in lesser risk categories can be classified by cell phenotype based on changes in the proliferation and maturation of colonic and other cells. These classifications are leading to new predictive indices which identify heightened degrees of susceptibility of individuals who are at increased risk for colon cancer, and the stage of development of their disease. The indices also are being used to study the contribution of specific elements in the environment that modify or accelerate the progression of disease.
Altered Growth and Cell Walls in a Fucose-Deficient Mutant of Arabidopsis

A biochemical screening procedure was developed to identify mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana in which the polysaccharide composition of the cell wall was altered. Over 5000 ethyl methanesulfonate—mutagenized plants were analyzed by this method, leading to the identification of 38 mutant lines. One complementation group of mutants was completely deficient in l-fucose, a constituent of pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides. These mutant plants were dwarfed in growth habit, and their cell walls were considerably more fragile than normal.
Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid Films to Reduce Intra-Abdominal Postsurgical Adhesions in an Experimental Model

Background/Aims: Intra-abdominal adhesions typically occur after surgically damaged tissues are situated in apposition, leading to fibrotic connections. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of a cross-linked and insoluble hyaluronic acid (HA) film to reduce postsurgical adhesion in a rat model. Methods: To measure in vitro adhesion resistance, porcine monocytes were deposited on the surface of films and their attachment was monitored by scanning electron microscopy. A rat cecum abrasion and abdominal insult model was utilized to demonstrate in vivo efficacy. Briefly, an HA film was deployed as a barrier between the damaged cecal and abdominal tissue surfaces for 21 days; control animals did not receive treatment. At the study conclusion, the rats were sacrificed and the degree of adhesion was determined using a scale from 0 to 3, where 0 = no adhesion and 3 = severe fibrosis. Results: HA films resisted monocyte adhesion in vitro. The in vivo study results demonstrated a significantly lower mean adhesion score (0.625 ± 0.517) with HA film treatment compared to the controls (2.09 ± 1.22). Conclusion: Placement of HA films between injured tissues significantly decreases the severity of abdominal adhesions. Furthermore, the HA film’s resistance to monocyte adhesion could be contributory to lowering in vivo adhesion scores.
Supervisor Synthesis for Networked Discrete Event Systems With Communication Delays

We investigate supervisory control of networked discrete event systems with asynchronous communication between the plant and supervisor. The observation and control may be randomly delayed. The delays are bounded and will not change the order of observation (FIFO). Our goal is to synthesize a supervisor such that the behavior of the supervised system is both adequate and legal (safe). We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of such a supervisor. When the condition is satisfied, we find a minimally-permissive state-estimate-based control policy which can be implemented offline or online. Furthermore, we derive an algorithm to check the condition for the existence of the supervisor by constructing an augmented automaton. The algorithm allows us to obtain a maximally-permissive control policy by iteration.
Commentary on "child-adult differences in muscle activation--a review".

We would like to comment on the paper by Dotan et al. (8) entitled “Child-adult differences in muscle activation—a review. ” Dotan et al.’s review (8) in conjunction with the commentary of O’Brien et al. (20) constitutes an important contribution to the question “who are stronger: children or adults? ” based on specific force comparisons between children and adults and not on absolute values. For simplification reasons, we would like to limit the context of this question to single-joint isometric and isokinetic contractions only. Hence, we will not discuss multi-joint dynamic actions.
The use of mechanistic DM-PK-PD modelling to assess the power of pharmacogenetic studies -CYP2C9 and warfarin as an example.

AIM To assess the power of in vivo studies needed to discern the effect of genotype on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) using CYP2C9 and (S)-warfarin as an example. METHODS Information on the in vitro metabolism of (S)-warfarin and genetic variation in CYP2C9 was incorporated into a mechanistic population-based PK-PD model. The influence of study design on the ability to detect significant differences in PK (AUC(0-12 h)) and PD (AUEC(0-12 h) INR) between CYP2C9 genotypes was investigated. RESULTS A study size of 90 (based on the natural abundance of genotypes and uniform dosage) was required to achieve 80% power to discriminate the PK of (S)-warfarin between wild type (*1/*1) and the combination of all other genotypes. About 250 subjects were needed to detect a difference in anticoagulant response. The power to detect differences between specific genotypes was much lower. Analysis of experimental comparisons of the PK or PD between wild-type and other individual genotypes indicated that only 21% of cases (20 of 95 comparisons within 11 PD and four PK-PD studies) reported statistically significant differences. This was similar to the percentage expected from our simulations (20%, chi(2) test, P = 0.80). Simulations of studies enriched with specific genotypes indicated that only three and five subjects were required to detect differences in PK and PD between wild type and the *3/*3 genotype, respectively. CONCLUSION The utilization of prior information (including in vivo enzymology) in clinical trial simulations can guide the design of subsequent in vivo studies of the impact of genetic polymorphisms, and may help to avoid costly, inconclusive outcomes.
ESA-RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL Patient-specific Rehearsal Before EVAR

Objective: To assess the effect of patient-specific virtual reality rehearsal (PsR) before endovascular infrarenal aneurysm repair (EVAR) on technical performance and procedural errors. Background: Endovascular procedures, including EVAR, are executed in a complex multidisciplinary environment, often treating high-risk patients. Consequently, this may lead to patient harm and procedural inefficiency. PsR enables the endovascular team to evaluate and practice the case in a virtual environment before treating the real patient. Methods: A multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial recruited 100 patients with a nonruptured infrarenal aortic or iliac aneurysm between September 2012 and June 2014. Cases were randomized to preoperative PsR or standard care (no PsR). Primary outcome measures were errors during the
Personal Health Indicators by Deep Learning of Smart Phone Sensor Data

This paper attempts to build the correlation between smartphone sensor data and personal health by deep learning. Firstly, the data from smartphone sensors is classified by deep Stacked Auto Encoders (SAE). For example, accelerometer data can be categorized by user motion states, such as standing, walking, and running. Secondly, the quantitative relationship between divided sensor data and human health is established. For instance, walking and running are helpful for human health. Finally, simulation experiment is conducted to evaluate the proposed method. In the situation of supervised feature extraction, a maximum 5 percent gain on overall classification accuracy on three open databases has been obtained compared with the state of the art methods. It is also testified by the experimental results that smartphone sensor data can reflect the healthy information of the user to some extent.