Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hemorragia subaracnoidea: epidemiología, etiología, fisiopatología y diagnóstico

OBJECTIVE: A literature review was carried out of more relevant and refined elements about Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) epidemiology, etiology, physiopathology and diagnosis. DEVELOPMENT: SAH is a diagnostic challenge and includes complex, sophisticated, multidisciplinary, and rarely routinely procedures. The clinical suspicion of SAH is based in a sudden onset of very severe headache that peaks within minutes and lasts more than an hour. This patient must be urgently remitted for a hospital with at least CT scan equipment, neurosurgery service and dedicated intensive care unit. The first neurological study to make is CT scan without contrast enhancement, but negative results are not criteria for exclusion of SAH. When CT scan is negative we recommend that cases should be consulted with neurologist or neurosurgery specialist for lumbar puncture execution and results assessments. In this diagnostic protocol is essential an algorithm for urgently execution of standard angiography and/or CT angiography based in patient context and accessibility. CONCLUSIONS: The essentials points about incidence, risk factors, causes, physiopathology and diagnostic management of SAH was considered. The recommendations are a summary of best available evidence for diagnostic management of this stroke type. Nevertheless, some topics need more investigations because are controversial or received poor attention.
Square root learning in batch mode BP for classification problems

An algorithm is proposed to increase the learning speed of the standard batch mode BP algorithm for a multilayer perceptron in pattern classification problems. In many problems, the standard batch mode BP suffers from an initial slow learning period. The purpose of the proposed algorithm is to analyze the initial slow learning and to make neural networks converge fast to a local minimum. The key ideas of the proposed algorithm are to use a normalized objective function, to normalize the gradient of the batch mode BP, and to change the learning rate based on the square root of the current gradient norm. The momentum parameter for each weight is also changed according to the normalized gradient. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm shortens the initial slow learning period of the batch mode BP and gives a better performance than the online mode BP.
Arid1a is essential for intestinal stem cells through Sox9 regulation

Significance The Switch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex plays critical roles for development and homeostasis of various organs. Intestinal deletion of Arid1a, a subunit of the SWI/SNF complex, has been reported to induce colorectal cancer in mice; however, its functional role in intestinal homeostasis remains unclear. This study reveals that intestinal deletion of Arid1a results in depletion of intestinal stem cells and disorganized crypt-villous structures concomitant with dramatically decreased expression of Sox9 in mice. Furthermore, our data reveal that Arid1a is indispensable for survival for intestinal stem cells and intestinal homeostasis through regulation of Sox9 expression in mice. These findings demonstrate an essential role of Arid1a to maintain tissue stem cells and homeostasis. Inactivating mutations of Arid1a, a subunit of the Switch/sucrose nonfermentable chromatin remodeling complex, have been reported in multiple human cancers. Intestinal deletion of Arid1a has been reported to induce colorectal cancer in mice; however, its functional role in intestinal homeostasis remains unclear. We investigated the functional role of Arid1a in intestinal homeostasis in mice. We found that intestinal deletion of Arid1a results in loss of intestinal stem cells (ISCs), decreased Paneth and goblet cells, disorganized crypt-villous structures, and increased apoptosis in adult mice. Spheroids did not develop from intestinal epithelial cells deficient for Arid1a. Lineage-tracing experiments revealed that Arid1a deletion in Lgr5+ ISCs leads to impaired self-renewal of Lgr5+ ISCs but does not perturb intestinal homeostasis. The Wnt signaling pathway, including Wnt agonists, receptors, and target genes, was strikingly down-regulated in Arid1a-deficient intestines. We found that Arid1a directly binds to the Sox9 promoter to support its expression. Remarkably, overexpression of Sox9 in intestinal epithelial cells abrogated the above phenotypes, although Sox9 overexpression in intestinal epithelial cells did not restore the expression levels of Wnt agonist and receptor genes. Furthermore, Sox9 overexpression permitted development of spheroids from Arid1a-deficient intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, deletion of Arid1a concomitant with Sox9 overexpression in Lgr5+ ISCs restores self-renewal in Arid1a-deleted Lgr5+ ISCs. These results indicate that Arid1a is indispensable for the maintenance of ISCs and intestinal homeostasis in mice. Mechanistically, this is mainly mediated by Sox9. Our data provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying maintenance of ISCs and intestinal homeostasis.
Are hair follicle stem cells promising candidates for wound healing?

ABSTRACT Introduction: With the continued focus on in-depth investigations of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs), the role of HFSCs in wound healing has attracted increasing attention from researchers. This review may afford meaningful implications for HFSC treatment of wounds. Areas covered: We present the properties of HFSCs, analyze the possibility of HFSCs in wound healing, and sum up the recent studies into wound repair with HFSCs. The details of HFSCs in wound healing have been discussed. The possible mechanisms of wound healing with HFSCs have been elaborated. Additionally, the factors that influence HFSCs in wound healing are also summarized. Expert opinion: Hair follicle stem cells are promising sources for wound healing. However, a further understanding of human HFSCs and the safety use of HFSCs in clinical practice still remain in relative infancy.
Identification and Characterization of the EXO70 Gene Family in Polyploid Wheat and Related Species

The EXO70 gene family is involved in different biological processes in plants, ranging from plant polar growth to plant immunity. To date, analysis of the EXO70 gene family has been limited in Triticeae species, e.g., hexaploidy Triticum aestivum and its ancestral/related species. By in silico analysis of multiple Triticeae sequence databases, a total of 200 EXO70 members were identified. By homologue cloning approaches, 15 full-length cDNA of EXO70s were cloned from diploid Haynaldia villosa. Phylogenetic relationship analysis of 215 EXO70 members classified them into three groups (EXO70.1, EXO70.2, and EXO70.3) and nine subgroups (EXO70A to EXO70I). The distribution of most EXO70 genes among different species/sub-genomes were collinear, implying their orthologous relationship. The EXO70A subgroup has the most introns (at least five introns), while the remaining seven subgroups have only one intron on average. The expression profiling of EXO70 genes from wheat revealed that 40 wheat EXO70 genes were expressed in at least one tissue (leaf, stem, or root), of which 25 wheat EXO70 genes were in response to at least one biotic stress (stripe rust or powdery mildew) or abiotic stress (drought or heat). Subcellular localization analysis showed that ten EXO70-V proteins had distinct plasma membrane localization, EXO70I1-V showed a distinctive spotted pattern on the membrane. The 15 EXO70-V genes were differentially expressed in three tissue. Apart from EXO70D2-V, the remaining EXO70-V genes were in response to at least one stress (flg22, chitin, powdery mildew, drought, NaCl, heat, or cold) or phytohormones (salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, ethephon, or abscisic acid) and hydrogen peroxide treatments. This research provides a genome-wide glimpse of the Triticeae EXO70 gene family and those up- or downregulated genes require further validation of their biological roles in response to biotic/abiotic stresses.
Quantitative analysis of auxin sensing in leaf primordia argues against proposed role in regulating leaf dorsoventrality

Dorsoventrality in leaves has been shown to depend on the pre-patterned expression of KANADI and HD-ZIPIII genes within the plant shoot apical meristem (SAM). However, it has also been proposed that asymmetric auxin levels within initiating leaves help establish leaf polarity, based in part on observations of the DII auxin sensor. By analyzing and quantifying the expression of the R2D2 auxin sensor, we find that there is no obvious asymmetry in auxin levels during Arabidopsis leaf development. We further show that the mDII control sensor also exhibits an asymmetry in expression in developing leaf primordia early on, while it becomes more symmetric at a later developmental stage as reported previously. Together with other recent findings, our results argue against the importance of auxin asymmetry in establishing leaf polarity.
Preferential flow paths shape the structure of bacterial communities in a clayey till depth profile

&NA; Preferential flow paths in subsurface soils serve as transport routes for water, dissolved organic matter and oxygen. Little is known about bacterial communities in flow paths or in subsoils below ˜4 m. We compared communities from preferential flow paths (biopores, fractures and sand lenses) with those in adjacent matrix sediments of clayey till from the plough layer to a depth of 6 m. 16S rRNA gene‐targeted community analysis showed bacterial communities of greater abundance and diversity in flow paths than in matrix sediments at all depths. Deep fracture communities contained a higher relative abundance of aerobes and plant material decomposers like Nitrospirae, Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes than adjacent matrix sediments. Similarly, analyses of the relative abundances of archaeal amoA, nirK and dsrB genes indicated transition from aerobic to anaerobic nitrogen and sulphur cycling at greater depth in preferential flow paths than in matrix sediments. Preferential flow paths in the top 260 cm contained more indicator operational taxonomic units from the plough layer community than the matrix sediments. This study indicates that the availability of oxygen and organic matter and downward transport of bacteria shape bacterial communities in preferential flow paths, and suggests that their lifestyles differ from those of bacteria in matrix communities. &NA; Graphical Abstract Figure. The authors describe the bacterial communities in preferential flow paths in a clayey till down to 6 m below ground surface.
Formulation and characterization of oral rapid disintegrating tablets of levocetirizine.

BACKGROUND Levocetirizine, active R (-) enantiomer of cetirizine, is an orally active and selective H1 receptor antagonist used medically as an anti-allergic. Allergic rhinitis is a symptomatic disorder of the nose induced by inflammation mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the membrane lining the nose after allergen exposure. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to prepare rapidly disintegrating tablets of levocetirizine after its complexation with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Levocetirizine-β-CD complex tablets were prepared by direct compression technique using 3 synthetic superdisintegrants in different proportions. Development of the formulation in the present study was mainly based on the concentration of superdisintegrants and the properties of the drug. Nine batches of tablets were formulated and evaluated for various parameters: drug content, weight variation, water absorption ratio, wetting time, in vitro disintegration, hardness, friability, thickness uniformity, and in vitro dissolution. RESULTS A Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) study showed that there were no significant interactions between the drug and the excipients. The prepared tablets were good in appearance and showed acceptable results for hardness and friability. The in vitro disintegrating time of the formulated tablet batches was found to be 15-35 s percentage and the drug content of tablets in all formulations was found to be between 90-102%, which complied with the limits established in the United States Pharmacopeia. CONCLUSIONS Complexation of levocetirizine with β-CD significantly improves the solubility of the drug. The disintegration time of the tablets was decreased with an increase in superdisintegrant amount. The tablets (batch CPX5) had a minimum disintegration time of 20 s and 99.99% of the drug was released within 10 min.
Cellular cartography of the organ of Corti based on optical tissue clearing and machine learning

The highly organized spatial arrangement of sensory hair cells in the organ of Corti is essential for inner ear function. Here, we report a new analytical pipeline, based on optical clearing of tissue, for the construction of a single-cell resolution map of the organ of Corti. A sorbitol-based optical clearing method enabled imaging of the entire cochlea at subcellular resolution. High-fidelity detection and analysis of all hair cell positions along the entire longitudinal axis of the organ of Corti were performed automatically by machine learning–based pattern recognition. Application of this method to samples from young, adult, and noise-exposed mice extracted essential information regarding cellular pathology, including longitudinal and radial spatial characteristics of cell loss, implying that multiple mechanisms underlie clustered cell loss. Our method of cellular mapping is effective for system-level phenotyping of the organ of Corti under both physiological and pathological conditions.
Pod Mod Electronic Cigarettes—An Emerging Threat to Public Health

There has been a recent and substantial shift in the tobacco and/or nicotine product landscape. Tobacco cigarettes, after dominating the market in the last century, have been surpassed by electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) as the most commonly used tobacco product among youths.1 E-cigarettes are a class of products that use a heating element to aerosolize a liquid for users to inhale; the liquid typically contains nicotine, various flavorants, and solvents such as propylene glycol and/or vegetable glycerin. A study by McKelvey and colleagues2 highlights the ascension of a new iteration of e-cigarettes known as pod mods and corroborates numerous reports in popular media that have documented the increase in popularity of one pod mod in particular, JUUL, among adolescents and young adults.
Patron God Monastery:Museum of Ethnic Bai Culture

Patron God” culture is the most specific and typical culture of the Bai ethnic group.Patron God Monastery is the culture's center.It,as the carrier of Bai culture,carries ethnic Bais' history and culture.In Patron God Monastery one can find all things of Bai's inherent culture.The monastery is the storehouse and museum of the Bai people's traditional culture. [
Comparison of the Efficacy of Amitriptyline and Topiramate in Prophylaxis of Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome

Objectives Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder with no certain treatment. We aimed to compare the efficacy of amitriptyline and topiramate on prophylactic therapy of CVS. Materials & Methods This randomized clinical trial (registration number: IRCT2015102316844N2) was conducted during 2016 in Isfahan, central Iran. The inclusion criteria were CVS patients (based on Rome III) aging 3-15 yr with normal physical examination, no metabolic disorder, and no gastrointestinal obstruction or renal impairment. Recruited patients were divided into two groups of amitriptyline (1 mg/kg/d) and topiramate (1-2 mg/kg/d) and were followed for 3-months. The outcome was evaluated by comparing severity of attacks (monthly frequency and duration of attacks) before and after intervention. Results Thirty-six children entered each group and two patients left the amitriptyline group. Patients and disease characteristics were similar between groups before intervention (P>0.05). The frequency of attacks (standard deviation) after intervention in amitriptyline and topiramate group was 0.91 (0.40) and 1.07 (0.55), respectively (P=0.368) and the duration of attacks (SD) after intervention were 3.43 (2.46) and 4.90 (3.03), respectively (P=0.017). Twenty-three patients (68%) in amitriptyline group and 14 patients (39%) in topiramate group stopped having attacks after intervention (P=0.016). Conclusion Amitriptyline is a better choice to reduce severity of CVS attacks compared to topiramate, in a short-term evaluation. Studies with longer follow-up are required to investigate these findings in a longer period.
A catchment‐scale perspective of plastic pollution

Plastic pollution is distributed across the globe, but compared with marine environments, there is only rudimentary understanding of the distribution and effects of plastics in other ecosystems. Here, we review the transport and effects of plastics across terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments. We focus on hydrological catchments as well‐defined landscape units that provide an integrating scale at which plastic pollution can be investigated and managed. Diverse processes are responsible for the observed ubiquity of plastic pollution, but sources, fluxes and sinks in river catchments are poorly quantified. Early indications are that rivers are hotspots of plastic pollution, supporting some of the highest recorded concentrations. River systems are also likely pivotal conduits for plastic transport among the terrestrial, floodplain, riparian, benthic and transitional ecosystems with which they connect. Although ecological effects of micro‐ and nanoplastics might arise through a variety of physical and chemical mechanisms, consensus and understanding of their nature, severity and scale are restricted. Furthermore, while individual‐level effects are often graphically represented in public media, knowledge of the extent and severity of the impacts of plastic at population, community and ecosystem levels is limited. Given the potential social, ecological and economic consequences, we call for more comprehensive investigations of plastic pollution in ecosystems to guide effective management action and risk assessment. This is reliant on (a) expanding research to quantify sources, sinks, fluxes and fates of plastics in catchments and transitional waters both independently as a major transport routes to marine ecosystems, (b) improving environmentally relevant dose–response relationships for different organisms and effect pathways, (c) scaling up from studies on individual organisms to populations and ecosystems, where individual effects are shown to cause harm and; (d) improving biomonitoring through developing ecologically relevant metrics based on contemporary plastic research.
Death-Associated Protein Kinase 1 as a Promising Drug Target in Cancer and Alzheimer’s Disease

Background: Death-Associated Protein Kinase 1 (DAPK1) plays an important role in apopto-sis, tumor suppression and neurodegeneration including Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Objective: This review will describe the diverse roles of DAPK1 in the development of cancer and AD, and the current status of drug development targeting DAPK1-based therapies. Methods: Reports of DAPK1 regulation, function and substrates were analyzed using genetic DAPK1 manipulation and chemical DAPK1 modulators. Results: DAPK1 expression and activity are deregulated in cancer and AD. It is down-regulated and/or inactivated by multiple mechanisms in many human cancers, and elicits a protective effect to counteract numerous death stimuli in cancer, including activation of the master regulator Pin1. Moreover, loss of DAPK1 expression has correlated strongly with tumor recurrence and metastasis, suggesting that lack of sufficient functional DAPK1 might contribute to cancer. In contrast, DAPK1 is highly expressed in the brains of most human AD patients and has been identified as one of the genetic factors affecting suscepti-bility to late-onset AD. The absence of DAPK1 promotes efficient learning and better memory in mice and prevents the development of AD by acting on many key proteins including Pin1 and its downstream tar-gets tau and APP. Recent patents show that DAPK1 modulation might be used to treat both cancer and AD. Conclusion: DAPK1 plays a critical role in diverse physiological processes and importantly, its deregula-tion is implicated in the pathogenesis of either cancer or AD. Therefore, manipulating DAPK1 activity and/or expression may be a promising therapeutic option for cancer or AD.
Taurine: A potential mediator for periodontal therapy

Taurine or 2-aminoethanesulfonic has many fundamental biological roles such as conjugation of bile acids, antioxidation, osmoregulation, membrane stabilization, and modulation of calcium signaling. It is essential for cardiovascular function and development and function of the skeletal muscle, the retina, and the central nervous system. Functions of taurine include osmoregulation; membrane stabilization; modulation of calcium levels; and antioxidation, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antilipid activities. Taurine was first discovered as a component of ox (Bos taurus, from which its name is derived) bile in 1827; it had taken over a century before insights into its physiological functions were made. The present review throws light on the multifactorial properties of taurine and its potential to be used in periodontal therapy.
Troponin I as an Early Biomarker of Cardiopulmonary Parameters Within the First 24 Hours After Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Intensive Care Unit Patients

Objective: The elevation of serum cardiac troponin I (TNI) in patients with nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (ntSAH) is a well-known phenomenon. However, the relation between elevated TNI and different cardiopulmonary parameters (CPs) within the first 24 hours after ntSAH is unknown. The present study was conducted to investigate the association between TNI and different CP in patients with ntSAH within the first 24 hours of intensive care unit (ICU) treatment. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a consecutive group of 117 patients with ntSAH admitted to our emergency department between January 2008 and February 2017. Blood samples were taken to determine TNI values on admission. Demographic data, baseline Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) score, baseline Fisher grade (FG), norepinephrine application rate (NAR) in µg/kg/min, and inspiratory oxygen fraction (OF) were recorded within the first 24 hours. Results: An increased TNI value was found in 32 (27.4%) of 117 patients. There was a significant correlation between initial elevated TNI and a low WFNS score (P = .007), a low GCS score (P = .003) as well as a high OF (P = <.001). The FG (P = .27) and NAR (P = .08) within the first 24 hours of ICU treatment did not show any significant correlation. Conclusions: In the present study, an increased TNI value was significantly associated with a low WFNS score and GCS score on admission. The TNI was a predictor of the need for a higher OF within the first 24 hours after ntSAH so that TNI could be an informative biomarker to improve ICU therapy.