Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF MONOTERPENES AS KAIROMONES BY IPS LATIDENS (LECONTE) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

Abstract The responses of Ips latidens (LeConte) to multiple-funnel traps baited with various monoterpenes were determined in stands of lodgepole pine in British Columbia. β-Phellandrene was attractive to I. latidens in the absence of the pheromone ipsenol. β-Phellandrene increased the attraction of I. latidens to ipsenol-baited traps while α-pinene, 3-carene, terpinolene, and myrcene reduced trap catches. Differential responses by males and females to sources of ipsenol with or without β-phellandrene suggest that the information conveyed to males differs from that conveyed to females. Species-specific responses to monoterpenes by I. latidens and three sympatric species of scolytids suggest that unique combinations of kairomones could be important in facilitating matings with conspecifics. Pheromones need not be the sole constituent of species-specific chemical messages. Résumé La réponse d’Ips latidens (LeConte) à divers monoterpènes placés dans des pièges à entonnoirs multiples a été déterminée dans des peuplements de pin lodgepole en Colombie britannique. β-Phellandrène a attiré I. latidens en absence de la phéromone ipsénol. β-Phellandrène a accru l’attraction de I. latidens vers des pièges contenant ipsenol alors que α-pinène, 3-carène, terpinolène et myrcène ont réduit les captures. Des niveaux de réponse différents pour mâles et femelles à des sources d’ipsénol, avec ou sans β-phellandrène, suggèrent que l’information transmise aux mâles diffère de celle transmise aux femelles. L’existence de réponses aux monoterpènes spécifiques à l’espèce, pour I. latidens et trois espèces sympatriques de scolytes, suggèrent que des combinaisons uniques de kairomones pourraient être importantes dans la facilitation de l’accouplement avec des individus con-spécifiques. Les phéromones ne sont pas nécessairement les seules composantes des messages chimiques spécifiques à l’espèce.
Has Liquidity Risk in the Corporate Bond Market Increased

Recent commentary suggests concern among market participants about corporate bond market liquidity. However, we showed in our previous post that liquidity in the corporate bond market remains ample. One interpretation is that liquidity risk might have increased, even as the average level of liquidity remains sanguine. In this post, we propose a measure of liquidity risk in the corporate bond market and analyze its evolution over time.
Floodplain forest communities along the Mura River (NE Slovenia)

Abstract Ecological gradients along river banks of the Mura River influence forest species composition. On the basis of 58 relevés of floodplain forests along theMura River, the classification of vegetation plots was performed with the Pc-Ord program. The diagnostic species combination for three clusters revealed after classification was calculated by fidelity measure (phi-coefficient) and presented in an analytic table. Average Ellenberg inidicator values, stream distances and relative elevations of the relevés were passively projected onto PCA to show ecological relationships among them. Correlations of plant functional type and stream distance gradients were calculated with regression analysis. For themain edifiers response curves to the stream distance gradients weremade. The classification of the Mura floodplain forests has revealed three ecologically interpretable vegetation types: Salicetum albae (most humid and nutrient-rich sites), Fraxino- -Ulmetum allietosum ursini (ecologically intermediate sites), F. -U. quercetosum robori (the driest and the least nutrient-rich sites). Zonation of vegetation is connected to distance from the closest stream which influences species distribution through ecological gradients of moisture and nutrient. The proportion of therophytes is significantly negatively correlated with the distance from the closest stream and the proportion of neophytes is significantly negatively correlated with distance from the main stream.
Another first for the Apiaceae: evidence for mitochondrial DNA transfer into the plastid genome

The complete plastid genome (plastome) sequences of Anthriscus cerefolium, Crithmum maritimum, Hydrocotyle verticillata, Petroselinum crispum, and Tiedemannia filiformis subsp. greenmanii have recently been determined. With the exceptions of Crithmum and Petroselinum, which each demonstrate major shifts of their LSC-IRB (JLB) and LSC-IRA (JLA) junctions, all plastomes are typical of most other non-monocot angiosperm plastid DNAs in their structure, organization, and gene content. Crithmum and Petroselinum also incorporate novel DNA in the LSC region adjacent to Jsimilarity to any other region of their plastid genomes and BLAST searches of the Petroselinum insert resulted in multiple significant hits to angiosperm mitochondrial genome sequences. We highlight results of this recent work on the comparative analysis of whole plastid genomes from the Apiales, present the circular plastome gene map of Petroselinum crispum (parsley), review the literature indicating other instances of mitochondrial DNA transfer into Apiaceae plastomes as evidenced by complete mitochondrial DNA sequencing of Daucus carota, and describe our ongoing research on the elucidation of mechanisms creating the many large IR junction shifts characteristic of the family
Lactobacilli as Probiotics in Chicken Feeds

In the current intensive live stock industry the gut flora can be disturbed as a result of several stressors that affect the intestinal tract. New food safety regulations demand to replace antimicrobial additives in poultry feed and still produce healthy poultry. Probiotic micro-organisms like lactic acid bacteria administered with the feed may contribute to a strategy to comply with these demands. Lactobacilli have been shown to stimulate immunity, increase colonisation resistance and increase competitive exclusion. This review highlights some effects of probiotics and their working mechanisms. It is concluded that still more effort should be directed towards the mechanisms behind immune stimulating properties, their contribution to resistance against enteric infections, and the selection of probiotic strains.
Observations on the myology of Dugong dugon (Müller)

Domning, Daryl P. Observations on the Myology of Dugong dugon (Muller). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 226, 57 pages, 54 figures, 2 tables, 1977. —The form and gross relations of the dugong's skeletal muscles are described, illustrated, and compared with published descriptions of manatee muscles. Maps of muscle attachments to the bones and data on skin thickness are included. Though closely paralleling cetaceans in swimming adaptations, sirenians are much less specialized in this regard, since they are not active predators. Manatees show less anatomical specialization and presumably less efficiency and endurance in swimming than dugongs because manatees are less active and inhabit more protected waters. The structure of the shoulder region is quite different in the two sirenian families and may reflect the requirements of maneuvering in more or less open habitat. Other muscle systems, however, are not notably different in the two families. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea rrrurrnmn t\ inn3ptie\ cave osa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Domning, Daryl P. Observations on the myology of Dugong dugon (Mullet) (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 226) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Dugong. 2. Manatees. 3. Muscles. 4. Mammals—Anatomy. I. Title. II. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 226. QL1.S54 no. 226 [QL737.S62] 591'. 08s [599'. 55] '76-6966
Safety and utility of an anesthetic protocol for the collection of biological samples from gopher tortoises

Adult gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) are difficult to physically restrain, particularly for examination of the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity—areas important for biological sample collection during disease surveillance studies. Collection of nasal lavage is required for determining the status of Mycoplasma infection in tortoises. Anesthesia is often necessary to provide full relaxation in order to gain access to the head and mouth for nasal lavage. Therefore, deep sedation or general anesthesia are required both for the welfare of the tortoise and to maximize the usefulness of biological samples collected. The objective of this study was to assess the utility and safety of a novel field-anesthetic combination of dexmedetomidine–ketamine–morphine (75 mc/kg; 8 mg/kg; 1 mg/kg, respectively), followed by reversal with atipamezole (0.02 mg/kg). Between May and October 2009 at the Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center in Baker County, Georgia, USA, 128 tortoises were captured and anesthetized with this protocol. Average time to first effects was 9.7 minutes, to induction was 21.6 minutes, to total recovery after administration of reversal was 92.7 minutes, and the mean time from administration of anesthesia through complete recovery for adult tortoises was 129 minutes but ranged from 40 minutes to 300 minutes. Clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease significantly reduced the induction time such that tortoises with clinical signs lost consciousness faster than healthy tortoises. Study month significantly influenced the time to induction and time to recovery, such that as the study progressed, both parameters decreased. This anesthetic protocol proved to be an effective, reliable, repeatable, and safe method to collect quality biological samples from gopher tortoises. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Evidence for the opposing roles of different γδ T cell subsets in macrophage homeostasis

To ensure invading pathogens are eliminated with minimal damage to host tissues it is essential that macrophage activation be tightly regulated. Previously we demonstrated that a subset of γδ T cells (Vγ1+) contributes to resolving pathogen‐induced immune responses by killing activated macrophages. However, the exaggerated macrophage response seen in infected Vγ1+ T cell‐deficient mice suggests that γδ T cells play a broader role in macrophage homeostasis and other subsets might promote macrophage activation. Using a macrophage:γδ T cell co‐culture system we have shown that γδ T cells increase the activity of macrophages activated in vivo by Listeria monocytogenes infection. In a dose‐dependent manner, γδ T cells up‐regulated production of cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐10) and chemokines (MIP‐1α, MIP‐1β) by Listeria‐elicited macrophages. The ability to increase macrophage cytokine production was prominent among Vγ4+ γδ T cells. Reciprocally, Vγ4+ γδ T cells were activated by Listeria‐elicited macrophages, resulting in production of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine, IL‐10. γδ T cell adoptive transfer experiments showed that Vγ4+ T cells protected TCRδ–/– mice against Listeria‐induced liver injury and necrosis. These findings identify distinct and non‐overlapping roles for γδ T cell subsets in regulating macrophage function during pathogen‐induced immune responses.
Effect of Hydrothermal Treatment on the Antioxidant Activity of Rice Hull Extracts

Hydrothermal treatment of rice hull was hydrothermal carried out at 105, 110, 121℃ for 15, 30, 60 min, respectively, using a conventional autoclave. Antioxidant activity of the hydrothermal treated rice hull extract was evaluated by determining total phenol contents (TPC), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (RSA), reducing power, and ABTS RSA. TPC, DPPH RSA, reducing power, and 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylenebenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) RSA of the extract were significantly increased with increasing treated temperature and time. For example, hydrothermal extracts at 121℃ for 60 min increased the TPC, DPPH RSA, reducing power, and ABTS RSA to 0.840 ㎎/㎖, 64.77%, 1.437, and 92.11%, respectively, while those of the extracts treated at 105℃ for 60 min were 0.508 ㎎/㎖, 51.23%, 0.819, and 45.22%, respectively. The results indicated that hydrothermal treatment of rice hull was very effective to increase phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of rice hull extract.
Electron Microscopic Investigation of the Coating Found on Torus-Bearing Pit Membranes of Botrychium Dissectum, the Common Grape Fern

TEM investigation of the torus-bearing pit membranes in tracheids of Botrychium dissectum wood has revealed in some specimens a coating that covers the pit membrane and torus, and sometimes lines the lumen-side of the tracheary wall. Such coatings have been associated with wound response in dicot woods, but have not previously been reported in the wood of Botrychium. In response to wounding, rhizome sampIes incubated on water-saturated filter paper produced the coating material within 4 days. Rhizome sampIes that were incubated with an ethylene inhibitor for a maximum incubation time of 20 days did not develop the wound-response coating. Therefore, based on experimental evidence the wound response appeared to be ethylene mediated. Field sampIes which were artificially grazed by removing the leaf/spike complex exhibited a displaced wound-response coating in the rhizome. Histochemical studies indicate that the coating material has both pectin and phenolic components.
Genotypic Differences and Water‐Deficit Induced Enhancement in Epicuticular Wax Load in Peanut

The epicuticular wax load (EWL) on leaves reduces surface transpiration and thus improves crop water use efficiency. The objectives of this study were to evaluate peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes for their ELW and also to determine the influence of water deficit stress on EWL. Peanut genotypes were grown in fields in two dry seasons (2000 and 2001) and one rainy (2000) season. Withholding irrigation water resulted in a significant increase in water saturation deficit in the stressed crop. At 45 d after sowing (DAS), significant genotypic differences were observed in EWL of 12 genotypes grown in the rainy season (2000). The values of EWL ranged from 0.91 mg dm -2 in Chico to 1.74 mg dm -2 in PBS 11049, with a mean of 1.27 mg dm -2 . Among six genotypes, which were also sampled subsequently, the mean values were 1.10, 1.58, 2.05 mg dm -2 at 45, 75, and 95 DAS, respectively. In both dry seasons, significant genotypic differences were found in the EWL. In the dry season of 2001, the effect of various moisture deficit treatments and their interactions with the genotypes were highly significant. The values ranged from 0.653 to 2.878 mg dm -2 . On an average, the highest EWL was found in PBS 11049 (2.24 mg dm -2 ). Even under irrigated conditions, in summer 2001, the EWL increased with increased age of the crop. However, there was a greater increase in the treatments that were subjected to moisture deficit stress. It was concluded that genotypic differences exist in EWL of peanut and also that EWL increases with increased crop age. This increase is more pronounced in plants that are subjected to protracted moisture defidt stress.
Importance of saltmarsh to fish species of a large south-eastern Australian estuary during a spring tide cycle

The dietary compositions of fish species over saltmarsh in a large south-eastern Australian estuary (Brisbane Water) were explored to ascertain the importance of this habitat type to the fish community of that estuary. Following tidal inundation, 12 fish species (<120 mm total length) were obtained using fyke nets, with Ambassis jacksoniensis being particularly abundant. The stomachs of all fish contained undigested prey, implying that they fed while on the saltmarsh. Three species (A. jacksoniensis, Atherinosoma microstoma and Redigobius macrostoma) fed nearly exclusively on the crab zoeae that were released in high numbers by saltmarsh crabs. The diets of these three species significantly differed from those of the other species, which comprised mainly foraminiferans, copepods, crabs, polychaetes, terrestrial insects and/or detritus. Substantial partitioning of food resources also occurred between the other nine species. With increasing body size, A. jacksoniensis fed more on benthic prey (polychaetes and copepods) and less on crab zoeae. This study highlights the importance of saltmarsh as providing both protection and food resources for fish species during even short periods of tidal inundation by its provision of a superabundant food source (crab zoeae) and other prey, and underscores the need for recognition of saltmarsh in management plans for fish.
Insulin actions in vivo: glucose metabolism

Catheter techniques and tracer methodology employed for the study of glucose metabolism in vivo are presented in detail in order to define concepts, qualify interpretation, and outline limitations. Origin, total-body, and regional uptake and main intracellular routes of disposition for circulating glucose are described separately for the basal and fed state, with punctual indication of the action of insulin on these processes. The physiology of the glucose/insulin system is recapitulated into points of clinical interest. Keywords: glucose; insulin; insulin action; glucose production; glucose uptake; regional glucose clearance; capillary recruitment; substrate competition; fasting state; fed state; glucose tolerance
Flavonoids as potential inhibitors of retroviral enzymes

Flavonoids are abundant in plants as secondary metabolites where they have antioxidant activities. The diverse and non-specific inhibition of several enzymes, including avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (RT), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RT, murine leukemia virus RT, HIV-1 protease, trypsin and elastase, were tested for by observing the effects of several flavonoid compounds. Some of the flavonoids were reconfirmed as antiretroviral agents as previously shown by others. Flavonoids belonging to the flavonol or flavone group simultaneously inhibited reverse transcriptases and proteases. On the contrary, flavonoids belonging to the flavanol, isoflavone or flavanone group were less likely to inhibit reverse transcriptase or protease. Vegetables and fruits rich in flavonoids have become integral and even necessary in the animal diet, suggesting that flavonoids may have developed to play beneficiary roles for not only the plants themselves but also the predator animals.
Increased density, biomass and egg production in an unfished population of Western Rock Lobster (Panulirus cygnus) at Rottnest Island, Western Australia

Surveys of spiny lobster (Panulirus cygnus) populations in shallow waters surrounding Rottnest Island in Western Australia revealed much higher levels of density, biomass and egg production in no-take than in fished areas. Density of lobsters was ∼34 times higher in the sanctuary, and density of lobsters above minimum legal size around 50 times higher than in other areas around the island where recreational fishing is allowed. Mean carapace length (CL), total biomass and egg production of lobsters in the sanctuary zone were significantly higher than in adjacent fished areas. Large individuals (≥100 mm CL), especially large males, were found almost exclusively within the sanctuary. The abundance of mature animals in these shallow waters indicates that not all P. cygnus migrate to deep water and that shallow water habitats may currently be well below carrying capacity in terms of biomass and egg production. If implemented in a systematic way, unfished areas such as the Kingston Reefs could also provide a useful fisheries-independent tool for assessing trophic interactions and the structure and density of unfished populations, and for estimating parameters such as growth of larger individuals that may be rare or absent in more widely fished populations.
Effects of autumn on the induction of dormancy in apple and peach seedlings and their subsequent regrowth in spring

Apple and peach seedlings were grown for 8 weeks under various regimes: two photoperiods (16 and 8 hr), two air temperatures (12.8° and 18.3°C) and three root temperatures (12.8°, 18.3° and 23.9°C). After the leaves were removed the seedlings were chilled in the dark at 5.6° for three periods (apples 750, 1500 and 2500 hr; peaches 750, 1500 and 2000 hr) and then grown in a glasshouse for 7 weeks during which bud break and extension growth were measured. Growth of apple seedlings (cv. Granny Smith) stopped in an air temperature of 12.8¦ irrespective of photoperiod and root temperature. At 18.3° growth continued, but was retarded by short days and a root temperature of 12.8°. Peach seedlings (cv. Elberta) did not grow after any of the treatments. Extension growth and bud break in both species increased with increased hours of chilling. Pre-dormancy factors had no effect on bud break in apples, but low air temperature and short days prior to chilling increased bud break in peaches, although the effects decreased as chilling increased. Low pre-dormancy air temperature increased the growth of both species after chilling. Photoperiod produced opposite effects in the two species. Thus short days increased the growth of peaches while long days were effective with apples. Apples grew best at a root temperature of 12.8°, and peaches grew better at this temperature than at 18.3° but not as well as at 23.9°.
Short-term effects of surface fire on the biomass and nutrient standing crop of Populustremuloides in southern Ontario

The standing crop of biomass and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) were estimated for Populus tremuloides trunk, lateral branch twig, and foliage in a 30-year-old open stand in West Luther Township, Wellington County, Ontario. Separate estimates were made for trees in areas subjected to light surface burning (about 160 °C at the surface) and in unburned areas. Allometric relations between a variety of tree measures showed that the best estimates of standing crop were derived from simple log regressions with trunk dbh as the independent variable.The range of 7.0 to 8.9 t/ha of total aerial aspen biomass was considerably lower than other reported values and reflected both the low stand density and poor site conditions. Accumulation of tree biomass was unchanged by light surface burning. Evidently, the environmental changes were too slight to cause postfire changes in the established overstory.Distribution of nutrients within the tree components was similar to that reported elsewhere; Ca and N were the two mos.
Short-Term in Vivo Digestibility of Triglyceride Polymers, Dimers, and Monomers of Thermoxidized Palm Olein Used in Deep-Frying

Palm olein used to fry potatoes 40 and 90 times was tested in a short-term in vivo digestibility experiment. Total alteration, expressed as polar content, reached 26.4 g/100 g of olein, and the amount of triglyceride polymers, triglyceride dimers, and oxidized triglycerides increased severalfold, as a result of repeated frying use of the olein. True digestibility of used and unused whole palm olein and that of the nonoxidized triglycerides and different polar compounds was tested after 1 g of palm olein/100 g of body weight was administered to young adult Wistar rats by means of an esophageal probe. Luminal fat was obtained 4 h later, and its polar and nonpolar fractions were separated and quantified using column chromatography. Thermoxidized and hydrolytic compounds were quantified by high-performance size exclusion chromatography and compared to the compounds administered. The true digestibility coefficient of palm olein used in frying 90 times was 30% lower than that of unused palm olein. True digestib.