Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biologia de anofelinos amazônicos. IV. Observações sobre a atividade de picar de Anopheles nuneztovari Gabaldon (Diptera, Culicidae)

Observations on the biting activity of the Anopheles nuneztovari collected between 18:00 and 22:00 in different places along BR-174 Highway (Manaus/Boa Vista) which presented the exophilic habit are here related. Variations at the beginning and at the end of the biting activity were noted, but it is concentrated approximately between 18:30 and 19:10.
In Vitro Antioxidant Potential of Tuberous Root of Methanolic Extract of Ipomoea Digitata (Linn.) G. Alagumani Vasagam, A. Kottai Muthu and R. Manavalan

In vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extract of tuberous root of Ipomoea digitata (Linn.) was investigated. The free radical scavenging activity to evaluate by Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity , FRAP method and Estimation of total phenol. Hydroxyl rad ical scavenging activity of methanolic extract and reference standard Ascorbate IC 50 values was found to be 230 μg/ml and 410 μg/ml. FRAP method of methanolic extract and reference standard Ascorbate IC 50 values was found to be 800 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml.The total phenol content of methanolic extract was foun d to be 7.51mg/g respectively. The above result po ssess significant antioxidant activity when compare to th e above all standard.
Taxonomic classification of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacterial genera) 2014, using a polyphasic approach

The whole classification of cyanobacteria (species, genera, families, orders) has undergone extensive restructuring and revision in recent years with the advent of phylogenetic analyses based on molecular sequence data. Several recent revisionary and monographic works initiated a revision and it is anticipated there will be further changes in the future. However, with the completion of the monographic series on the Cyanobacteria in Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa, and the recent flurry of taxonomic papers describing new genera, it seems expedient that a summary of the modern taxonomic system for cyanobacteria should be published. In this review, we present the status of all currently used families of cyanobacteria, review the results of molecular taxonomic studies, descriptions and characteristics of new orders and new families and the elevation of a few subfamilies to family level. All recently defined cyanobacterial genera (some still invalid) are listed in the family to which they are likely to belong and an indication is given of their taxonomic validity and level of polyphasic characterization of each genus.
Analysis of genetic components of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera ) regeneration ability under in vitro culture

This paper presents the study on the genetic components of regeneration ability of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera ) explants cultured in vitro. The general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects and the heritability in the broad and narrow sense were determined for four traits: the efficiency of shoot regeneration from hypocotyls, the number of regenerated shoots per single hypocotyl, the efficiency of shoot regeneration from cotyledons with a petiole, and the number of regenerated shoots per a single cotyledon with a petiole. For the study, explants originating from winter oilseed rape doubled haploid (DH) lines (W15, W69, W70, W78, and W131) and their F1 hybrids were used. Conducted analysis revealed that most of GCA effects were insignificant. None of the DH lines showed positive GCA effect, while lines W15 and W131 exhibited significant negative GCA effects for three of four analyzed traits. There were no significant SCA effects for any of the F1 hybrids. Calculated values of heritability in the broad and narrow sense were very low. The results obtained in the study confirmed that quantitative traits connected with plant regeneration under in vitro conditions are characterized by high variability. Although the results have widened knowledge of the genetic determinants of regeneration ability trait, further studies and observations are still required.
A proposal for ethical research conduct in Madagascar

Ethical conducts are gaining importance in times of increased globalization and research efforts. This paper presents a code of ethical conduct for researchers who plan to publish their studies with the journal Madagascar Conservation & Development. This paper will be subject to continuous adaptations and discussions. Resume Les conduites ethiques gagnent en importance en ces temps marques par une mondialisation croissante et une augmentation du volume des travaux de recherche. Cette contribution presente un code de conduite ethique destine aux chercheurs qui envisagent de publier leurs etudes dans le journal Madagascar Conservation & Development. Cet article fera l’objet de discussions et sera regulierement adapte.
The Effects of Ethanol and Nicotine on Hepatic and Brain CYP2 Family Enzymes in African Green Monkeys

Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) metabolize a vast array of xenobiotics, including many drugs and toxins. Induction or downregulation of the CYPs can have important consequences such as changes in drug efficacy and altered susceptibility to toxicity. Our study investigated the independent and combined effects of ethanol and nicotine on hepatic and/or brain levels of CYP2E1, CYP2B6 and CYP2A6 in African green monkeys. Monkeys were randomized into four groups (N = 10/group): an ethanol-only group, a nicotine-only group, an ethanol + nicotine group and a control (no drug) group. Ethanol (10% ethanol in sucrose solution) was voluntarily self-administered by the monkeys and nicotine was given as subcutaneous injections (0.5 mg/kg bid). Protein levels and/or in vitro activity were assessed in liver and brain tissue. Also, in vivo pharmacokinetics for chlorzoxazone (metabolized selectively by CYP2E1) and nicotine (metabolized primarily by CYP2A6 and to a lesser extent CYP2B6) were assessed. Hepatic CYP2E1 protein levels, in vitro hepatic CYP2E1 activity and in vivo chlorzoxazone metabolism were increased by ethanol and nicotine, alone and in combination. Hepatic CYP2B6 protein levels and in vitro hepatic CYP2B6 activity were increased by ethanol alone or combined ethanol and nicotine exposure, but were unaffected by nicotine alone. Hepatic CYP2A6 protein levels and in vitro hepatic CYP2A6 activity were decreased by nicotine alone or combined ethanol and nicotine exposure, but unaffected by ethanol alone. Chronic nicotine resulted in higher nicotine plasma levels achieved after nicotine administration, consistent with decreased CYP2A6 activity. Ethanol, alone or combined with nicotine, resulted in lower nicotine plasma levels, an effect that was not mediated by changes in CYP activity. Protein levels of CYP2E1 and CYP2B6 were
DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF NEUROTROPHINS IN (DSS)-INDUCED COLITIS IN SMOOTH MUSCLE OF RAT COLON

There is an increasing recognition of the role of neurotrophins in the mature gastrointestinal tract both at the physiological and pathological levels. However, their expression and role in smooth muscle in the GIT system is under investigated. The aim of this study is to elucidate the expression of the four neurotrophins in smooth muscle tissue of the rat colon and to test the effect of dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) - induced colitis on the expression pattern of these factors. Using specific ELISA kits for each neurotrophin revealed that the four neurotrophins are differentially expressed in the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the rat colon and that DSS-induced colitis alters this expression pattern. These results indicate that smooth muscle tissue contributes to the pool of neurotrophins in the GIT and might play a role in the pathogenesis of colitis. Understanding the interactions of neurotrophins produced from smooth muscle and colitis could provide new avenues to tackle the dysfunction associated with inflammatory bowel diseases such as colitis.
Long-term effects of forestry managements on water quality and loading in brooks

The concentration of suspended solids in a meso-eutrophic basin remained unchanged in the years following clear felling (1983-85). The amount of suspended solids increased upon ditching, ploughing and mounting to a mean level of 81.8 mg l -1 in 1986-88, decreased to a level of 7.8 mg l -1 for 1989-91 and 4.5 mg l -1 for 1992-94. Total phosphorus concentration increased four-fold (142 μg l -1 ) in 1983-85 following clear felling, and remained at three times the reference concentration (95.4 μg l -1 ) in 1986-88 following ditching and site preparation. Phosphate phosphorus concentration increased more than five-fold after clear felling (97.8 μg l -1 ) in 1983-85 and was more than two-fold the reference (39.5 μg l -1 ) following ditching and site preparation in 1986-88. The concentrations of total phosphorus and phosphate phosphorus returned to the level recorded in a natural slate by 1989 onwards. Total nitrogen concentrations doubled (965 μg l -1 ) upon clear felling, and remained the same after ditching and site preparation in 1986-88. Where a protective strip of forest was left between the felling site and the brook, suspended solid did no increase in response to either clear felling or ploughing of the felled area, nor were any changes observed in total phosphorus, phosphate phosphorus or nitrogen componds. The ditching of peatland down to the level of the mineral soil led to an increase in the suspended solid concentration (17.8 mg l -1 ) by a factor of more than 12 in the first three years (1983-85) and by a factor of more than four (5.7 mg l -1 ) in the following three years (1986-88) compared with the reference period. Total nitrogen, nitrate and nitrite concentrations of ground water were markedly low all the time the forests remained in their natural state, but began to rise gradually following clear felling. A high increase was recorded as a consequence of ditching and site preparation.
Premiers états de Pseudacraea et Neptis du Cameroun : morphologie et éthologie comparées, phylogénie (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

Les premiers etats de deux genres de Limenitines africains, Pseudacraea et Neptis, sont decrits grâce a l'elevage de, respectivement, 7 et 14 especes camerounaises. Les deux genres partagent de nombreux caracteres morphologiques et ethologiques, demontrant d'etroites relations phyletiques. Une comparaison avec des genres de Limenitines extra-africains, tels que Adelpha et Limenitis, permet de conclure que Pseudacraea et Neptis sont plus proches de ces derniers que de tout autre genre de Limenitine africain. Il en resulte qu'il n'est pas necessaire de conserver la tribu des Neptini.
Influence of Pasture Rearing on the Cecal Bacterial Microbiota in Broiler Chickens

Abstract Differences in quantity of cecal microbiota in broiler chickens from conventional and pasture rearing were investigated by cultivation. Rearing on pasture brings stress reduction and increases comfort and bird welfare, which leads to products with better taste and flavour compared to conventionally produced broiler chickens. A difference in cecal settlement of general anaerobes, coliforms, lactic acid bacteria, and campylobacters and salmonellas in the two different rearing systems was addressed. Whereas numbers of total anaerobes and lactic acid bacteria were not affected, those of coliforms were significantly reduced in pasture rearing. Campylobacters were found only in pasture-reared chickens (in 28% of animals). Salmonellas were not detected in any of the systems.
Phenolic Composition and Inhibitory Ability of Methanolic Extract from Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L) Seeds on Fe-induced Thiobarbituric acid reactive species in Albino Rat’s Testicular Tissue In-Vitro -

Article history: Received on: 24/12/2015 Revised on: 11/04/2016 Accepted on: 07/06/2016 Available online: 26/09/2016 Pumpkin seed has been associated with myriad of medicinal uses in different part of the world. In this study, phenolic composition and Fe 2+ induced thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) inhibitory ability of methanolic extract from pumpkin seeds in rat’s testes homogenates were determined. The extract was prepared with 80% methanol (v/v) and the radicals [(1,1-diphenyl–2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS)] scavenging, Fe 2+ chelation and ferric reducing abilities of the extract were carried out. The phenolics composition was also investigated using gas chromatography couple with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The GC analysis revealed the presence of vallinic, coumaric protocatechuic, caffeic, ferulic and sinapinic acids, and apigenin, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol as the dominant phenolic compounds. The results revealed that the extract inhibited Fe 2+ -induced TBARS, scavenge DPPH radical and chelate Fe 2+ in a dose dependent manner. The extract also scavenged ABTS radical and reduced Fe 2+
PRÉDATION INTRAGUILDE CHEZ LES COCCINELLIDAE : Développement d'un nouvel outil moléculaire

Understanding intraguild predation (IGP) between predators is of great interest for ecologists and biological control practitioners because its presence can, in some cases, impede biological control. Studies on IGP are usually realized under artificial environments, which may interfere with intraguild predation. This project focused on the study of IGP, in open field in soybean crop, between four species of ladybirds: Harmonia axyridis, Coccinella septempunctata, Coleomegilla maculata lengi and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata. Those predator populations frequently engage in IGP and it can be an important cause of mortality. Principal goals of this study were to: i) develop molecular tools to detect and quantify in situ IGP; ii) establish relations between IGP and ecological factors; and iii) evaluate the impact of extraguild prey density and plant structure on IGP between ladybirds. DNA markers have been developed for four species of ladybirds to detect intraguild prey in the gut-content of near 1000 predators, sampled in three years. We established a mean rate of IGP of 35% between ladybird species. We applied a correction to those rates to compensate for differences in digestion rate between predators and prey of different species. Factors increasing the prevalence of IGP were: extraguild prey density, the ratio of predator:prey, developmental stage of the predator and seasonality. Finally, we evaluated the impact of extraguild prey density and plant structural complexity on IGP between H. axyridis and P. quatuordecimpunctata. IGP was principally modulated by extraguild prey density. This study shows the ubiquity of IGP among ladybird interactions and the understanding of principal factors regulating the intensity of IGP. This thesis supports the hypothesis that IGP, even if extremely frequent, did not always have a measurable impact on biological control and consideration of principal ecological factors modulating its intensity is important.
Antioxidant Activity of Onion and Garlic Juices in Stored Cooked Ground Lamb 1.

The effects of onion juice on several characteristics of cooked ground lamb were investigated. Onion juice was a more effective antioxidant than garlic juice in reducing development of rancidity in meat. TBA values for onion-treated samples were lower (P<0.05) after storage when the distillation method of TBA measurement was used. The extraction method may be a less sensitive test for rancidity. Taste panelists were able to discriminate between the onion-treated samples and the control, but onion samples were not preferred (P>.05). Mean hedonic scores were higher (P<0.05) for the onion-treated samples, indicating a more acceptable flavor after storage.
List Holistic Darwinism " Synergistic Selection " and the Evolutionary Process

The emotionally-charged group selection debate in biology -which celebrated an unofficial 30th anniversary in 1996 -provides a classic example of a controversy that arose from a misconception. To Darwin and many of his contemporaries, group selection was a perfectly respectable concept. Indeed, it was Darwin who first proposed, in The Descent of Man (1874/1871), the then unexceptional idea that differential group selection may have played an important role in human evolution, along with what he called "family" selection (now known as inclusive fitness or kin selection theory) and individual reciprocities (now called mutualism and reciprocal altruism). Darwin's "tripartite" explanation of human evolution was subtle, but his view of the role played by group selection is illuminated in this brief passage: "All that we know about savages, or may infer from their traditions and old monuments, the history of which is quite forgotten by the present inhabitants, show that from the remotest times successful tribes have supplanted other tribes" (p.147). 1 Herbert Spencer, one of the outstanding theorists of the 19th century, expressed a similar view in The Principles of Sociology (1897/1874-82), and many of the pioneer anthropologists of that period also seemed to agree.2
A study on the production of viscous substance during the Chungkookjang fermentation

In order to study on the viscous substance produced during Chungkookjang fermentation, one strain which produce a lot of viscous substance was isolated from the rice straw and identified as Bacillus sp; This strain produced the most viscous substance in 48 hours at , in splite of little change of amino type nitrogen and ammonia type nitrogen when added M.S.G. , while the yield of viscous substance and amino type nitrogen was increased but that of ammonia type nitrogen was decreased when added susrose. Molecular weight of viscous substance estimated between 15,000 and 65,000. Viscous substance was confirmed mostly composed of glutamate and fructose by G.C. and HPLC analysis. Composition of viscous substance would be controlled according to the changes of media.
EGCG Ameliorates the Suppression of Long-Term Potentiation Induced by Ischemia at the Schaffer Collateral-CA1 Synapse in the Rat

The function of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a main component of green tea, has been widely investigated, amelioration of synaptic transmission and neuroprotective effects against ischemia-induced brain damage among others. However, the mechanism underly- ing is still unveiled. We investigated the effects of EGCG on high frequency stimulation-induced long-term potenti- ation (LTP) in the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse with or without cerebral ischemia injury induced by middle cere- bral artery occlusion (MCAO) in vivo to examine the possible relations between EGCG and synaptic transmis- sion. Application of EGCG modulated synaptic transmis- sion and produced a dose-dependent improvement of the induction of LTP. However, relative high-dose EGCG can block the induction of LTP at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse in normal rat in vivo. In addition, the effects of EGCG were observed on the infarct volume and neuro- logical deficit in rats subjected to MCAO; furthermore, the cell viability of primary cultured rat hippocampal and cortical neurons suffered from oxygen-glucose deprivation were evaluated with MTT and LDH assay, which showed significant neuroprotective properties in vitro. Surprisingly, the contents of the glutamate (Glu), glycine (Gly), and gamma-aminobutyric acid amino acids were totally dis- equilibrated before and after cerebral ischemia injury and could be rebalanced to original level by application of EGCG. Our results suggest that EGCG is able to improve the efficiency of synaptic transmission in cerebral ischemia injury with attenuated effect related to the neuroprotection of EGCG through regulating excitatory and inhibitory amino acid balance.
A comparison of predacious aquatic insect fauna and density in ground pools and concrete pools created during the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011

The tsunami caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011 hit the Pacific coast and caused heavy destruction of natural and man-made environments in north-eastern Japan. This study focuses on mosquito larvae and their potential aquatic insect predators associated with ground pools and pools that appeared in the concrete foundations of destroyed houses (concrete pool) in inundated areas in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Field samplings were conducted on late July 2013. Culex inatomii, Cx. pipiens group, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and Cx. orientalis were collected from ground pools and concrete pools. The abundance of Cx. inatomii and Cx. pipiens groups in concrete pools was significantly greater than that in the ground pools. A large number of Hydroglyphus japonicus were collected as potential mosquito predators, followed by Micronecta spp. , Enochrus japonicus, Rhantus sturalis, Aquarius paludm paludum and Hydrochara a nis, categorized as “flight dispersers,” which might immigrate rapidly from the non-inundated rice fields or wetlands. Stepwise generalized linear models suggested that larval abundance of Cx. inatomii in the pools studied was affected by the vegetation cover and habitat type (ground pool or concrete pool), but not by water depth, salinity, presence of predators, and bottom type (sand or concrete) of aquatic bodies. Concrete pools and covered with dense vegetation provide breeding habitat for Cx. inatomii along with their potential predators.
Distribution and histology of Fabricius' bursa-associated lymphoid tissues (FBALT) in muscovy duck

The distribution and histology of lymphoid tissue in the Fabricius' bursal stalk were studied. There were large amount of lymphoid tissue in Fabricius' bursal stalk. The largest distribution area and the great quantity were at the dorsum of the stalk. The bursa-associated lymphoid tissues included follicle associated epithelia (FAE), intro-epithelial lymphocyte (IEL), dome area, lymphoid follicles and highendothelial venules. Their structures were similar to other mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) . The results indicated that the lymphoid tissue of Fabricius' bursal stalk was one kind of the MALT.
Untersuchungen zum Salmonella-Vorkommen bei tauglich beurteilten Schlachtschweinen

From 1992 to 1996, 4,242 slaughter pigs of mainly German origin, which were declared clinically healthy and fit for human consumption, were tested for Salmonella in six studies comprising three slaughter plants located in different federal states. The following sample material - in varying degrees - was part of the test: swab samples of faeces, musculature, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes and swab samples of the abdominal cavity. The samples were taken directly at the slaughter line and examined in the laboratory within the following two hours. The animals of German origin yielded a Salmonella detection rate of 1.7% on average. In terms of food hygiene this is a rate which can be considered relatively low. However, this rate should not be underestimated because there were considerable differences among the individual suppliers. Animals infected with Salmonella were found at 27% of the pig farms tested, with some farms displaying a rate of detection as high as 65%. When not been in transit for a long time. Here, the reason for the animals' infection can be due to both the contamination at the farms of origin as well as transport stress. Four out of the six studies conducted revealed Salmonella even in the depth of musculature, most probably as a consquence of endogenic contamination. It is such cases in particular which make it necessary that core temperatures are reached as quickly as possible. Without making a claim for generalisation the results show on the one hand that - given the existing agricultural structure - pig production which is free of Salmonella is feasible. On the other hand it is necessary for reasons of consumer protection and competition that programmes be implemented that restrain the occurrence of Salmonella. That, however, will take a comprehensive assessment of the spread of Salmonella in fattening pig stocks, an assessment which is not available for Germany yet.