Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes in Bacterial Properties Accompanied by the Resistance to Colicine E1 in Escherichia coli K-12

Colicines are bactericidal substances which are produced by some strains of Enterobacteriaceae. The ability of a strain to produce a particular colicine is a stable genetic character controlled by a colicinogenic factory. In colicine E group which consists of colicine El, E2 and E3, the difference between "resistance" and "immunity" to these colicines has been described as follows2'. A resistant mutant isolated from a sensitive strain to one of the colicines of E group simultaneously acquires the resistance to other colicines of the same group as well as to phage BF-23, and therefore the mutation causes the loss of a common receptor on which they adsorb. On the other hand, colicinogenic strains are not susceptible to the particular colicine they produce, although they may retain the receptor for this colicine. This property is strictly specific to the type of colicine, and is called as immunity. Thus, El colicinogenic strains are able to grow in the presence of the colicine E1 but not of the colicine E2, E3 and phage BF-23, and so on. We have studied the colicine E1-resistant mutant isolated from a non-colicinogenic strain of E. coli and found existence of a new class of resistant strains (colicine E1-r) different from that described by Fredericq : i. e. , this is shown to be resistant to colicine E1 solely but not to colicine E2, E3 and phage BF-233>. In addition, it has also been found that the growth of these mutants is inhibited by acridine dyes, 2, 4-dinitrophenol and chloramphenicol.
Incubation Attentiveness and Nest Insulatory Values Correlate in Songbirds

The behaviour of the incubating bird should be linked with the functional characteristics of its nest because they could minimise the incubation period that will reduce the risk of predation. Incubation attentiveness (percentage of daylight hours) in small passerines is a highly variable behaviour that is unrelated to egg mass. The thermal characteristics of nests are known to vary but whether they correlate with attentiveness, i.e. high attentiveness could reflect poorly insulated nests, has yet to be investigated. In this study, insulatory values were determined using temperature loggers for five species of British songbird in order to supplement equivalent data for six species from published sources. Attentiveness values for each species were determined from the literature. There was a significant negative correlation between attentiveness and insulatory values, which was unaffected by phylogeny. By contrast, attentiveness did not correlate with female body mass. That the avian incubation behaviour correlates with the functional properties of bird nests supports the concept of a bird–nest incubation unit, where reproductive success depends on both the bird and the nest structure. Further research should be directed towards a better understanding of this relationship for more species and, given the observed plasticity exhibited in nest composition and function, within species.
A Xanthochroistic Gar in Oklahoma

Xanthochroism (expression of yellow or orange pigments) is seldom observed in natural populations of fish. For example, among 1498 references to piscine anomalies compiled by Dawson (1964 and supplements in 1966, 1971, and 1976), it was documented in fewer than 20 species of fishes, most marine. Only two of these papers alluded to xanthochroism in the genus Lepisosteus. This phenomenon, therefore, appears to be quite rare among the five species of gar in North America.
MODIFICATION OF THE ADAPTIVE VALUES OF CHROMOSOMAL TYPES IN DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA BY NUTRITIONAL VARIABLES

Most natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura are polymorphic with respect to the gene arrangement in some of the chromosomes, especially the third chromosomes. Some of the wild flies are inversion heterozygotes and others are homozygotes. It has been shown both through observations on natural populations, and through experiments on artificial ones that the chromosomal polymorphism is adaptive and balanced (Wright and Dobzhansky, 1946; Dobzhansky and Levene, 1948). In at least some environments the adaptive values of inversion heterozygotes are higher than those of the homozygotes. However, the adaptive values of chromosomal types can easily be modified by environmental factors. In experiments conducted at 250 C. , the adaptive value of heterozygotes for Standard and Chiricahua third chromosomes for certain California populations is about twice as high as that of the Chiricahua homozygotes; at 150 C. these chromosomal types are similar in adaptive value. Heuts (1947, 1948) found that the relative humidity may also modify the adaptive values. Heuts (l.c.) and Wallace -(1,948) showed that the adaptive value of a chromosomal type is a resultant of interaction of many physiological variables: The ability of larvae to survive under competition for a limited amount of food, fecundity, longevity, sexual activity, etc. Furthermore, a chromosomal type may be superior to another type in some of these properties, equal in others, and inferior in still others. The chromosomal types possess different ecological optima. Perhaps the least well known, and -yet doubtless very important, variables of Drosophila ecology are those concerned with the nutrition of the flies. Dobzhansky and Epling (1944) and Shihata (unpublished) found that adult D. pseudoobscura caught in their natural habitats contain yeasts and bacteria in their digestive organs. Shihata has isolated 32 species of yeasts from 92 flies collected in 5 localities in California. Carson (1951) found both adults and larvae feeding in slime fluxes on diseased oaks and other trees. Considerable differences in the nutritional values of different yeasts have been found by Burkholder (1943a and b), Christophersen and Holzweissig (1950), Hedrick and Burke (1950), and others. Wagner (1944, 1949) found that certain species of yeasts permit normal development 'of some but not of other species of Drosophila related to D. mulleri. Experiments on the influence of different species of yeasts and bacteria in the food on the adaptive value of the chromosomal types of D. pseudoobscura are reported in the present article.
Scaling patterns in the foraging behaviour of sympatric plovers : effects of body size and diet

The foraging behaviour of five plover species was studied at Mida Creek, Kenya, to assess how foraging behaviour is influenced by bird body size and/or diet. All five plovers had functionally identical instantaneous foraging behaviour, but the predicted allometric scaling of components of this behaviour with body size was not conclusively demonstrated. Variation in almost all foraging parameters could be better explained by interspecific differences in diet, specifically the relative proportions of prey providing a strong visual cue (e.g. surface-active crabs) versus a weak one (e.g. polychaetes and very small prey). One species, the Greater Sandplover Charadrius leschenaultii, was positioned anomalously in several scaling relationships. If this species was excluded from analyses, six of eight foraging parameters were significantly correlated with body mass. It is not possible to extrapolate the fine details of foraging behaviour from one locality to another and this study strongly suggests that predictions about foraging behaviour based on morphological allometry have limited robustness, even for sympatric species with stereotyped foraging tactics.
The composition and structure of rhabdoviruses.

Summary: Within the family Rhabdoviridae, research has concentrated on two members — vesicular stomatitis virus (a vesiculovirus ) and rabies virus (a lyssavirus). The former has been chosen as a reference virus in molecular bio­ logy on account of its unique morphology and the structure of its genome. It produces abundant defective interfering particles, which may contribute to modulation or self-limitati on of the infection. The genome of vesicular stomatitis virus has served as a model for the genetic analysis of non-recombina nt viruses. The functions of its five genes have been elucidated — they provide information on the mechanisms of gene­ tic variation among the rhabdoviruses, which apparently are mediated solely by mutation. Further research is required on interactions between viral genes and host factors, and also on the evolutionary relationships between different rhabdo­ viruses. In this context, variations in rabies virus have important consequences for human and veterinary medicine.
Applications of Metabolomics in Nutrition Research:A Review

Metabolomics can quantitatively evaluate subtle dynamic change of metabolic pathways in organisms resulting from external stimuli including diets,living habits,bioactive substances and intestinal flora.It also provides a promising strategy to explore personalized nutrition,nutritional diseases and nutritional epidemiology.Therefore,metabolomics has been widely applied to nutrition research.In this article,metabolomic applications in nutrition research is briefly reviewed.
References

Archer D, Krill A E & Newell F W (1970): Fluorescein Studies Of Normal Choroidal Circulation. Am J Ophthalmol69 543-554. Arroyave 0 M, Wolbers R & Ellis P P (1979): Plasma complement and histamine changes after intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein. Am J Ophthalmol87: 474-479. Ashton N (1951): Retinal micro-aneurysms in the nondiabetic subject. Br J Ophthalmol35: 189-212. Burke A (1910): (No title available). Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 103: 541-543. Chisholm I H (1983): Disorders of the retinal pigment epithelium. In: Kanski J J & Morse P H (eds). Disorders of the Vitreous, Retina and Choroid, pp 42-45. Butterworths International Medical Reviews, Ophthalmology 1. Cogan D G (1963): Development and senescence of the human retinal vasculature. Trans Ophthalmol SOC
Why do women have a menopause?

In all multicellular animals the female germ cells are dependent on somatic organs for successful propagation, and it is the ageing of these organs, especially the uterus in viviparous animals, which limits reproductive output. Studies on laboratory rodents have shown that females cease producing litters well before the end of life, due to failure of the uterus to carry offspring to term. At this time and at death the ovary still has a store of oocytes. The major exception to this is women, in whom the ovary is depleted of oocytes during middle age; this gives rise to the menopause. It appears that the menopause is a non-adaptive consequence of two evolutionary developments. The first, which is common to all mammals and birds, is the entry of all female gametogonia into meiosis before birth, giving a finite store of oocytes in the ovary. The second, which is common to both male and female humans, is their very greatly increased longevity compared to other mammals of equivalent size. This results in the ovary using up its store of oocytes whilst ageing processes in somatic organs are at an early stage. In view of the dual origin of the human menopause and the fact that other mammals have an equivalent period of reproductive quiescence, it is unlikely that the menopause would have evolved in response to adaptive pressure.
REFERENCES

When one reads authors from the start of the century, one learns that all the methods of stripping used today were invented and developed during that period. Stripping by invagination, as described by Keller in 1905 [1], was immediately adopted and was much discussed by those who were already using catheter invagination, and who very clearly described how to unhook the collaterals in the thigh in order to avoid rupturing the saphenous vein [2]. In 1906, Mayo [3] described a stripping technique that involved pushing, around the vein, a ring fixed to a rod, and in 1907 Babcock [4] described stripping as we know it today. Since then all sorts of oliva and stripping methods have been invented, but the principles of saphenous exeresis remain the same. There are 4: saphenectomy with ring stripping (Mayo) [3], invaginated stripping by Keller [1], stripping by exoluminal telescoping (Babcock) [4] where the ìgatheringî oliva is designed, through its cupule shape, its size and its rigidity to go beyond the diameter of the stripped saphenous vein, and stripping by intraluminal telescoping where the oliva remains strictly within the saphenous lumen and is used to telescope the saphenous vein like an accordion onto the stripper.
Abbreviations.

20 mws ha\ e hcrc l~een included in which the refraction of the 1 ~ 1 0 0 ~ 1 :mtl the S. l<. rcnction \\ crc dt+xniined simnltaneonslg, mid 9 cases on which thr I)ICK reaction wa5 detrrmined. The other e ~ s c s have been selected in order to illustrate in the clc;west powible I\ ay the stability reaction :IS it appears in scnrlntinn ni th it4 differrnt sequelac :ind cwmplication5. c':lscs not described, tlie niajority of which h:hd no complications, have presciitecl curves siniilnr to those hei c exhibited. In order to avoid frequent reitcration the dcscriptioris of the different mseq 1i:ive hcen very much :thbrcvi:rtc.d. Thus, nrnong the initial syrnptorns only d e ~ intions from the normal h a r e been mentioned, as for instance, intcrise angina, slight or intense cxnnthcnl, etc. The appearance and dur:rtion of the exanthern in relation to the onwt ot the illness is illn\tmted in cnch case 1)g the cur\es. Thtl rourse of the S. 12. ('urvc is describcd with each case.
APOPTOSIS OF TRANSPLANTED TUMOR CELLS INDUCED BY GENE TRANSFECTION OF iNOS IN NUDE MICE AND THE CORRELATION WITH p53 EXPRESSION

Objective To observe the influence of gene transfection of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) to the transplanted human laryngeal squamous carcinoma in nude mice,to investigate the expression and the correlayion of iNOS and p53,and to proke into the possible apoptosis mechanism.Methods Transfect the gene of iNOS to Hep-2 human laryngeal cancer cell,sieve out positive clone cell and amplify.Prepare bearing cancer mice,the 15 mice were divided into three groups,group Ⅰ(transfec iNOS),group Ⅱ(transfect no-load),group Ⅲ(transfect nothing),iNOS and p53 mRNA level was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). Flow cytometry(FCM) was used to measure the distribution of cell cycles and the protein level of iNOS and p53.It was also used to detect cell apoptosis.The protein level of iNOS and p53 was also determined by immunohistochemistry.Results The mRNA and protein level of iNOS and p53 in group Ⅰ were significantly higher than that in group Ⅱ and Ⅲ. The high expression of p53 was positive correlation with high expression of iNOS(P0.01). The mRNA and protein expression of iNOS and p53 in group Ⅱ and Ⅲ had no significant difference.Compared to group Ⅱ and Ⅲ,the gene transfection of iNOS of group Ⅰ caused significantly G0/G1 cell cycle arrest,meanwhile group Ⅰ showd a visible peak of apoptosis,the volume become smaller,the rate for transferring become lower too.Conclusion Gene transfection of iNOS evidently increased the mRNA level of iNOS in Hep-2 human laryngeal cancer cell,then increased the protein level of iNOS,the high expression of iNOS induced more NO synthesis,further,massive NO induced high expression of gene of p53,meanwhile induced apoptosis in the cell.It was speculated that the high apoptosis rate was related to G0/G1 cell cycle arrest.
Further note on the fusus coli of the rabbit.

In a preceding communication an apparently unknown spindle-shaped structure in the rabbit was described, which connects the transverse colon with the descending colon. Evidence was submitted which proved that this section of the gut forming the spindle was anatomically and functionally different from the neighboring transverse and descending colon. It was shown in brief that this organ was slightly curved, spindle shaped, 4.5 to 8.5 cm. in length along the greater curvature, provided with a sphincter towards the descending colon side, devoid practically of any mesentery, more pink and thicker-walled than either the ascending or the transverse colon, with a thick, smooth mucosa arranged in longitudinal folds, and quite different from that found in adjoining sections of the gut. It was emphasized that the scybala found in normal rabbits towards the ascending colon side were large, grayish, soft and rich in water, while those immediately below the sphincter in the descending colon, were smaller, grayish yellow, hard and dry. Functionally the organ behaved as follows in a morphinized rabbit after laparotomy: the intravenous injection of 0.1 to 0.3 mg. of physostigmin caused well marked peristalsis in the ascending and transverse colon. As the wave of contraction reached approximately the middle part of the spindle, the neck of the spindle contracted powerfully and antiperistaltically, preventing the passage of the scybalum. The peristaltic wave relaxed first, and the contents of the bulging portion between the two constrictions is pushed back antiperistaltically by the maintained or increasing antiperistaltic contraction of the sphincter area. After this the sphincter area relaxes slowly. This phenomenon is repeated several times, and occasionally gas and liquid can be seen passing through the narrowing sphincter. Finally, however, the antiperistaltic contraction wave at the neck relaxes before the peristaltic contraction advancing from the transverse colon, and then the contents of the spindle is pushed into the dilating thin-
Experimental Study on Venereal Transmission of Den-1 Virus by Aedes albopictus

Objective To study the possibility of transmission of Den-1 virus between the vector mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus via sexual route. Methods Fluorescence RT-PCR was performed to detect whether after mating with virus-infected heterosexuals mosquitoes the healthy virgin mosquitoes and their progenies infected with viruses. Results The healthy virgin females mated with vertically infected males the healthy virgin mosquitoes and their progenies were infected, but the healthy virgin males were not infected after mating with vertically infected females. Conclusion The female mosquitoes can gain Den-1 virus via sexual route and transmit it to the progenies, but the males can not.
The Competitive Properties of Marine Algae in Culture

There is no important difference in principle between the cultivation of plant species singly and together in mixed culture. Marine algae have been grown successfully in unialgal culture for many years and one might therefore expect to find in the literature a reasonable number of studies on the behaviour of these plants in controlled competition. Yet the published accounts of mixed culture are very few and invariably lacking control or quantification, or both. It is hard to resist unfavourable comparison with the impressive body of research on competition between higher plants. Interspecific competition is widely held to be an important factor in the often-observed sharp delimitation of marine algal communities. As such it has been freely discussed from theoretical considerations and from field observations by workers such as Chapman (1973), Dayton (1971, 1973), and den Hartog (1968). However, the experimental evidence which might illuminate such discussion is virtually absent. In some respects this unique situation is understandable. Species mixtures are always more difficult to handle than monocultures and, in the particular case of marine algae, there are additional problems of polymorphisms and life histories of almost baroque complexity. Nevertheless the difficulties should not be overstressed for they are not insuperable. The aim of the following experiments was therefore to examine the performances of selected marine algae in monoculture and in competition with one another. By this means it was hoped that the incidence and scale of interspecific competition could be determined to serve as a simple model of a marine community in nature.
HLA Class II Allele Polymorphisms and the Clinical Outcomes of HBV Infection

In 2016, the global health sector strategy (GHSS) on viral hepatitis called for elimination of hepatitis B as a major public health threat by 2030 (i.e., 90% reduction in incidence and 65% in mortality). But persistence or clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection mainly depends upon host immune responses. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is the center of host immune responses. HLA genes are located in chromosome 6p21.31 and cover 0.13% of the human genome and show a high degree of polymorphism and extensive patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD), which differ among populations. The HLA genes include HLA class I, HLA class II, and other non-HLA alleles. HLA class II gene polymorphisms are strongly associated with not only persistent HBV infection but also spontaneous HBV clearance and seroconversion, disease progression, and the development of liver cirrhosis (LC) and HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B. This chapter summarizes the reported associations of HLA class II gene polymorphisms with the outcomes of HBV infection and their related mechanisms.
Erratum: Costs and length of stay for patients with and without sickle cell disease after hysterectomy, appendectomy, or knee replacement

The above mentioned article describes our analysis of data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), a large, restricted-access, publicly available data set maintained by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). One of the provisions of the NIS data use agreement prohibits the disclosure of information when the number of observations (ie, individual discharge records) in any given cell of tabulated data is less than or equal to 10. The purpose of this provision is to protect individual patients’ privacy and to prevent the potential disclosure of personal information. In our article, some tabulated cells contain 10 or fewer observations. This disclosure represents an oversight on our part and an inadvertent failure to comply with the NIS data use agreement. Although AHRQ does not consider this oversight to reflect scientific misconduct, and we are confident that nothing in the article could be used to identify individual patients or their personal information, the fact remains that the disclosures do not comply with the AHRQ guidelines. Please refer to the following corrected version of the article.
THE EFFECT OF BACILLUS MEGATERIUM IN VITAMIN C TWO-STEP FERMENTATION

The effect of Bacillus megaterium (B.m) on 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2-KGA) synthesis by Gluconobacter oxydans(G.o) was studied in Vc two-step fermentation process.By using ultrafiltration,Bacillus megaterium culture the supernatant from B.m was divided into several parts in molecular weight.Of which the metabolites with molecular weight range from 30,000 to 50,000 Dalton and that over 100,000 Dalton can enhance the ability of G.o in converting L-sorbose into 2-KGA apparently.Further isolating and purifying the 30,000～50,000 Dalton and over 100,000 Dalton by means of Gel Chromatography,detection by auto-ultraviolet detector,polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and specific dying by Coomassie brilliant blue G250,the materials could be at least two sorts of proteins which are stable at low temperature (4℃).