Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supporting Oral Feeding in Fragile Infants: An Evidence-Based Method for Quality Bottle-Feedings of Preterm, Ill, and Fragile Infants

Successful oral feeding of preterm and other ill and fragile infants is an interactive process that requires (1) sensitive, ongoing assessment of an infant's physiology and behavior, (2) knowledgeable decisions that support immediate and long-term enjoyment of food, and (3) competent skill in feeding. Caregivers can support feeding success by using the infant's biological and behavioral channels of communication to inform their feeding decisions and actions. The Supporting Oral Feeding in Fragile Infants (SOFFI) Method is described here with text, algorithms, and reference guides. Two of the algorithms and the reference guides are published separately as Philbin, Ross. SOFFI Reference Guides: Text, Algorithms, and Appendices (in review). The information in all of these materials is drawn from sound research findings and, rarely, when such findings are not available, from expert, commonly accepted clinical practice. If the quality of a feeding takes priority over the quantity ingested, feeding skill develops pleasurably and at the infant's own pace. Once physiologic organization and behavioral skills are established, an affinity for feeding and the ingestion of sufficient quantity occur naturally, often rapidly, and at approximately the same postmenstrual age as volume-focused feedings. Nurses, therapists, and parents alike can use the SOFFI Method to increase the likelihood of feeding success in the population of infants at risk for feeding problems that emerge in infancy and extend into the preschool years.
Cryptococcal Choroid Plexitis an Uncommon Fungal Disease. Case Report and Review

central nervous system, producing diverse clinical manifestations.1,2 Before the HIV epidemic, cryptococcosis was an uncommon systemic fungal infection associated with impaired immunity such as haematological malignancies, solid-organ transplantation, chronic use of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments2. The incidence of this infection in immunocompetent patients varied from 0.2 to 0.8 per 100.000 depending on the geographic areas3,4. As the HIV epidemic expanded in the 1980, C. neoformans emerged as an important opportunistic infection in the United States, Europe and Australia, occurring in 5-10% of all AIDS patients4-10, and in up to 20 to 30% in developing countries11-15. The mortality of extrapulmonar cryptococcal infection is 20% overall despite appropriate antifungal therapy1,2. Several epidemiological reports have demonstrated that Cryptococcus is more prevalent in Africa with an average mortality in subSaharan regions over 40%,11,16-18 while in developed countries is around 10% to 25%19. In this article we report the case of an immunocompetent woman with cryptococcal infection involving primarily the choroid plexus, emphasizing the role of surgery and biopsy in the diagnosis and medical treatment.
Nosema ceranae, a newly identified pathogen of Apis mellifera in the USA and Asia

Globalization has provided opportunities for parasites/pathogens to cross geographic boundaries and expand to new hosts. Nosema disease is one of the most serious adult honey bee diseases and has high prevalence in honey bee colonies. For years, Nosema apis was thought to be the only microsporidian infecting domestic bee colonies. However, recently it was discovered that N. ceranae could cross the species barrier from Asian honey bees (Apis cerana) to European honey bees (Apis mellifera) that are widely used for crop pollination and honey production. Over the last few years, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of Nosema infections in honey bees. This review summarizes previous findings and recent progress in the understanding of Nosema infection of A. mellifera in the USA and Asia, with particular emphasis on the comparative epidemiological, morphological, pathological, and genomic organization of two Nosema species. The prospects of future research and remaining unresolved questions associated with the study of honey bee Nosema diseases are also discussed.ZusammenfassungNosema ist ein sporenbildender Parasit, der eine ernsthafte Erkrankung der erwachsenen Honigbienen verursacht und von einer Forschergruppe in Zusammenhang mit dem Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) gebracht wurde. Die Erkrankung wird durch zwei verschiedene Nosema-Arten, N. apis und N. ceranae verursacht. Wir weisen nach, dass N. ceranae der für Bienen in den USA und Asien vorherrschende Erreger ist. Wir präsentieren auch die erste vollständige pathologische, genetische und genomische Analyse dieses Pathogens. Die Informationen aus dieser Arbeit können von anderen Forschern und Sachverständigen genutzt werden, um Bienenvölker auf die Krankheit hin zu untersuchen und um effektive Maßnahmen zu ihrer Bekämpfung zu entwickeln.
Open-Angle Glaucoma and Paraoptic Cyst: First Description of a Series of 11 Patients

MR imaging in 11 patients with severe glaucoma and paraoptic cysts is reported. The cysts showed high T2 and variable T1 signal. The authors suggest that these cysts work as valves and may serve to preserve vision. SUMMARY: We report 11 patients who were referred to our institution for severe open-angle glaucoma who had a paraoptic cyst on MR imaging. All cysts were extraoptic and retrolaminar; most were deforming the adjacent optic nerve. Cysts had a high signal on T2 and FLAIR sequences, and a variable signal on T1 and variable echogenicity, suggesting different proteinaceous content. Arterial vascularization of the optic nerve was normal. Cyst volumes were inversely correlated with the severity of glaucoma on the same eye (P < .01–.05, Spearman correlation coefficient). We hypothesized that such cysts may reflect a valve mechanism, which would allow preservation of the translamina cribrosa pressure and thus could preserve visual function. The rarity of this association, together with the frequent mass effect of the cyst on the optic nerve, stresses the necessity of long-term follow-up in these patients.
Effect of Hypotonic 0.4% Hyaluronic Acid Drops in Dry Eye Patients: A Cross-Over Study

Purpose: The aim of the study is to evaluate the short-term effects of 2 kinds of artificial tears, both containing 0.4% hyaluronic acid in an aqueous solution yet having different osmolarity, on the typical symptoms of patients suffering from dry eye and on the vitality of corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. Methods: A cross-over, randomized, balanced, single-blind study involving 28 patients was divided into 2 treatment groups: group A (unpreserved 0.4% hyaluronic acid eye drops 300 mOsm/L) and group B (unpreserved 0.4% hyaluronic acid eye drops 150 mOsm/L). Both treatments were administered for 7 days, being dosed as a 1 solution drop 4 times daily. After a 1-day wash-out period, the patients in group A passed over to group B and vice versa. Results: Treatment with hypotonic solution gave better results in relieving symptoms, along with a statistically significant improvement (P < 0.001) in the state of the corneoconjunctival epithelium, than the isotonic solution. At the end of the study, 60.7% of the patients declared that they preferred hypotonic solution and only 10.7% preferred isotonic solution; the remaining 28.6% did not notice any difference between the 2 treatments. Conclusions: By reducing the osmolarity of tear film, the hypotonic solution not only improves the characteristics of tear film and the vitality of the epithelial cells of the cornea and conjunctiva but also proves to be effective in reducing dry eye symptoms.
Superior antidepressant efficacy results of agomelatine versus fluoxetine in severe MDD patients: a randomized, double-blind study

The objective of this international, 8-week, randomized, double-blind study was to show the superiority of the antidepressant efficacy of agomelatine, the first MT1/MT2 receptor agonist and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist antidepressant, versus fluoxetine in outpatients fulfilling Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-volume IV-TR criteria for major depressive disorder of severe intensity, defined by a baseline Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D17) total score of at least 25 and CGI severity of illness score of at least 4. Patients received agomelatine 25–50 mg/day (n=252) or fluoxetine 20–40 mg/day (n=263) for 8 weeks. The main efficacy outcome measure was HAM-D17 total score (change from baseline to last post-baseline assessment). Secondary outcome measures were Clinical Global Impressions–improvement (CGI), severity (CGI-S), anxiety (HAM-A), and sleep (HAM-D sleep items) scores. The mean decrease in HAM-D17 total score over 8 weeks was significantly greater with agomelatine than fluoxetine with a between-group difference of 1.49 (95% confidence interval, 0.20–2.77; P=0.024). The percentage of responders at last post-baseline assessment was higher with agomelatine on both HAM-D17 (decrease in total score from baseline ≥50%; 71.7% agomelatine vs. 63.8% fluoxetine; P=0.060) and CGI-improvement (score 1 or 2; 77.7 vs. 68.8%; P=0.023). There was a significant between-group difference of 0.37 (95% confidence interval, 0.06–0.68) in HAM-D sleep subscore in favor of agomelatine (P=0.018). Similar improvements were observed on HAM-A with agomelatine and fluoxetine. Both treatments were safe and well tolerated. In conclusion, in this study, agomelatine showed superior antidepressant efficacy over fluoxetine in treating patients with a severe episode of major depressive disorder after 8 weeks of treatment with a good tolerability profile.
Endovascular repair of the ascending aorta: the last frontier?

Starting at the infrarenal portion of the aorta, endovascular aortic repair with stent-grafts has evolved to the therapy of first choice for a variety of aortic pathologies and the majority of patients (1-3). The endovascular revolution has been galloping within two decades from the infrarenal aorta towards the thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta, and has reached the aortic arch, with branched devices now enabling total endovascular solutions (4,5). The ascending aorta is anatomically the last frontier of the evolution of endovascular aortic therapies.
What's Happening. Comparison of Teaching Behaviors Used by Nurse Practitioner and Physician Faculty Teaching Primary Care

Clin ica l teaching has long been recognized as a significant component of health professional education and represents a significant commitment on the part of faculty. For example, in medical and nursing education, clinical teaching is a major responsibility of the faculty and represents approximately 50% of their instructional activities (Karuhije, 1986). Still, faculty members from both disciplines have little or no formal training and education in teaching (Dagget, Cassie, & Collins, 1979; Wong & Wong, 1987). Primary care physician and nurse practitioner faculty members offer an interesting contrast in a changing health care environment. While nurse practitioners have their theoretical roots in the field of nursing, their functioning in the clinical environment is closer to the functioning of physicians (Fottler, Gibson, & Pinchoff, 1974; Genet et al., 1995). Both see patients and their families, and they coordinate their care from their individual content perspective. Further, there are settings utilizing a team approach in which the duties and responsibilities of nurse practitioners and physicians are similar (Horman, Campbell, & DeGregory, 1987; Morgan & Trolinger, 1994).
Bracteomania, an inflorescence anomaly, is caused by the loss of function of the MADS‐box gene squamosa in Antirrhinum majus.

Anomalous flowering of the Antirrhinum majus mutant squamosa (squa) is characterized by excessive formation of bracts and the production of relatively few and often malformed or incomplete flowers. To study the function of squamosa in the commitment of an inflorescence lateral meristem to floral development, the gene was cloned and its genomic structure, a well as that of four mutant alleles, was determined. SQUA is a member of a family of transcription factors which contain the MADS‐box, a conserved DNA binding domain. In addition, we analysed the temporal and spatial expression pattern of the squa gene. Low transcriptional activity of squa is detectable in bracts and in the leaves immediately below the inflorescence. High squa transcript levels are seen in the inflorescence lateral meristems as soon as they are formed in the axils of bracts. Squa transcriptional activity persists through later stages of floral morphogenesis, with the exception of stamen differentiation. Although necessary for shaping a normal racemose inflorescence, the squa function is not absolutely essential for flower development. We discuss the function of the gene during flowering, its likely functional redundancy and its possible interaction with other genes participating in the genetic control of flower formation in Antirrhinum.
Promoter Methylation of the CADM 1 and 4.1 B Genes Occurs Independently of the EGFR or the KRAS 2 Mutation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Objective: Targeting mutated EGFR by EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) is a potent approach to a subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the response to EGFR-TKI varies in individual cases even among tumors carrying the same EGFR mutation, suggesting the involvement of modifying factors. To characterize possible modifiers, we examined mutation state of the EGFR and the KRAS genes in Japanese NSCLC and compared them with the methylation state of lung tumor suppressors, the CADM1 and 4.1B, whose products have potentials to modify the functions of EGFR or KRAS. Materials and methods: A total of 103 Japanese NSCLC and 11 NSCLC cell lines were examined. Genomic DNA of exons 18–21 of the EGFR and exons 1 and 2 of the KRAS were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing. Methylation status of gene promoters in NSCLC cells were examined by methylation-specific PCR. Results: Mutations of the EGFR and KRAS were detected mutually exclusively in 27 and 11 out of 103 NSCLC cases, respectively. EGFR mutations were observed exclusively in adenocarcinoma (27 of 69, 41%) and preferentially in tumors from female and non-smokers (p EGFR and 4 (36%) and 8 (73%) of 11 tumors carrying mutated KRAS showed methylation of the CADM1 and 4.1B, respectively. EGFR-mutated tumors with methylation of either CADM1 or 4.1B showed more malignant features than those with unmethylated CADM1 and 4.1B (p CADM1 and 4.1B are independent of the mutation status of the EGFR or KRAS but play roles in the malignant progression of NSCLC. Integration of epigenetic information would be useful for identifying possible modifiers to predict the response or recurrence of lung adenocarcinoma to the EGFR-TKI therapy.
Premonitory urges in Tourette's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE Tourette's syndrome traditionally has been viewed as a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by involuntary motor and phonic tics. Many patients, however, describe their tics as a voluntary response to premonitory urges. This cross-sectional study evaluated premonitory urges and related phenomena in subjects with tic disorders. METHOD A total of 135 subjects with tic disorders, aged 8 to 71 years, completed a questionnaire concerning their current and past tic symptoms. Subjects were asked to describe and, if possible, localize their premonitory urges. The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale was used to assess current tic severity. The method of case finding does not provide prevalence data for premonitory urges. RESULTS Ninety-three percent of the subjects reported premonitory urges. Anatomical regions with the greatest density of urges were the palms, shoulders, midline abdomen, and throat. Eighty-four percent of the subjects reported that tics were associated with a feeling of relief. A substantial majority (92%) also indicated that their tics were either fully or partially a voluntary response to the premonitory urges. CONCLUSIONS While epidemiological studies of tic disorders have yet to incorporate questions concerning premonitory urges, these results suggest that such urges may be commonplace in adolescent and adult subjects with tic disorders. These results challenge the conventional wisdom that tic behaviors are wholly involuntary in character. They also implicate brain regions involved in the processing of sensorimotor information in the pathobiology of tic disorders.
Increasing Modularity of UAV Control Systems using Computer Game Behavior Trees

In this paper, we argue that the modularity, reusability and complexity of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) guidance and control systems might be improved by using a Behavior Tree (BT) architecture. BTs are a particular kind of Hybrid Dynamical Systems (HDS), where the state transitions of the HDS are implicitly encoded in a tree structure, instead of explicitly stated in transition maps. In the gaming industry, BTs have gained a lot of interest, and are now replacing HDS in the control architecture of many automated in-game opponents. Below, we explore the relationship between HDS and BTs. We show that any HDS can be written as a BT and that many common UAV control constructs are quite naturally formulated as BTs. Finally, we discuss the positive implications of making the above mentioned state transitions implicit in the BTs.
Upper cervical spinal injuries in elderly patients: age-specific treatment

Incidence of upper cervical vertebra injuries in elder population augments in accordance with the increase in mean life expectancy of the general population. These injuries can be easily misdiagnosed since they can be caused by low-accelerated traumas due to the osteo-degenerative changes in elderly patients, and with generally no neurological findings. Odontoid fractures are the most common among these injuries. Treatment algorithms of odontoid fractures are not still well established because of preexisted co-morbidities and high rates of morbidity and mortality in older individuals. We have retrospectively evaluated 16 cases admitted to our clinic in last 3 years, which were older than 65 years of age and which have been diagnosed with C2 fractures. In 13 of these cases (81.3%) odontoid fractures (10 cases with type II and 3 cases with type III), in 2 cases (12.5%) lateral mass fractures and 1 pars interarticularis fracture were identified. 14 of the patients (87.5%) were treated with medical corsets (7 Halo vests, 7 Minerva braces) and 2 patients (12.5%) had undergone surgery. All patients who had rigid cervical immobilization (RCI) were discharged in cured conditions whereas 2 patients, who were treated with surgical intervention, had died in early post-operative period. In patients with RCI bone fusion rate was 63.6% and recovery with stable fibrosis rate was 36.4% for odontoid fractures. At the end of the medical corset application period, all patients were checked with dynamic X-ray imaging and in an unrelated manner to the bone fusion rates no instability, greater than 1 mm, was determined. In the mean follow-up period of 30 months, no complications were seen after the medical corset application for stabilizations. Therefore, we have the conclusion that in patients from the older population, with no certain indications for surgery, a suitable RCI should be tried at first, and recovery with a stable fibrosis can be adequate for this patient group.
Position is the critical determinant for function of iron-responsive elements as translational regulators

At least two groups of eukaryotic mRNAs (ferritin and erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase) are translationally regulated via iron-responsive elements (IREs) located in a conserved position within the 5' untranslated regions of their mRNAs. We establish that the spacing between the 5' terminus of an mRNA and the IRE determines the potential of the IRE to mediate iron-dependent translational repression. The length of the RNA spacer rather than its nucleotide sequence or predicted secondary structure is shown to be the primary determinant of IRE function. When the position of the IRE is preserved, sequences flanking the IRE in natural ferritin mRNA can be replaced by altered flanking sequences without affecting the regulatory function of the IRE in vivo. These results define position as a critical cis requirement for IRE function in vivo and imply the potential to utilize transcription start site selection to modulate the function of this translational regulator.
Lymphvasculogenesis and Lymphangioma - an Update

Lymphangiomas are benign hemartomatous hyperplasia of lymphatic vessels. Lymphangiomatous lesions are a rare congenital malformation which usually appears within the first 2 decade of life [1]. they are typically superficial but may extend deeply into underlying connective tissue, rarely multiple lesions are also seen in infancy and childhood [2]. Prevalence of lymphatic malformations can be 30 per 10,000 births, but if only live births are included 1–3 Lymphatic Malformations per 10,000 live births are reported [3]. There has been various research studies on lymphvasculogenesis, etiology of lymphangioma and its treatment. Here is an attempt to update the knowledge on all such research works.
Enabling Search and Retrieval over EncryptedData Using Homomorphic Encryption

Outsourcing of data has become an advanced data service to store information into a global storage space. Data owners can upload their private data onto these space, and do many operations on them. Performing information retrieval tasks while preserving data confidentiality is a big challenge when data is stored on a global space maintained by a third-party service provider. To avoid confidentiality problem, the sensitive data have to be encrypted before uploading onto servers. This leads to a problem to perform efficient keyword based search and retrieval over the encrypted data. Several searchable symmetric encryption schemes are available but they support only Boolean keyword based search. i.e., a file is retrieved based upon whether the queried keyword is present or not without considering the relevance. This paper proposes a novel scheme called homomorphic encryption which allows different computations to be applied on encrypted data. This property enables scoring and ranking computations which gives sufficient search accuracy and enables users to involve in ranking by doing computations only on ciphertext. Since search operation is performed over encrypted data, information leakage can be eliminated and data can be searched and retrieved efficiently.
On the mutual information of cognitive relay assisted Rayleigh fading MIMO channel

In this paper, we study a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) communication scenario through Rayleigh fading cognitive radio channel in which two users, called the primary and the secondary users wish to communicate with two different receivers, in the presence of a cognitive relay. We assume that the secondary user transmits simultaneously with the primary user over the same channel instead of waiting for an idle channel which is traditional for a cognitive radio. The cognitive relay has access to the messages transmitted by both the users and assists them in communicating the messages successfully to their respective destinations. We address the problem of analyzing fading MIMO cognitive relay channels and derive the expressions for mutual information received at the primary and secondary receivers in both the cases when cognitive relay is present or not. We focus on the investigation of outage behavior of proposed model. Our results show that in the presence of cognitive relay, not only both the primary and secondary users are able to communicate with corresponding receivers compensating interferences created at their receivers, but also the outage performance of primary and secondary users are improved due to the additional diversity obtained via relaying.