Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH STRUKTUR KEPEMILIKAN MANAJERIAL, UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, KUALITAS AUDIT, KOMITE AUDIT, DAN LEVERAGE TERHADAP MANAJEMEN LABA(Studi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2013-2015)

The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of managerial ownership, size corporation, auditor quality, audit committe and leverage towards earning management. The independent variables in this research are the structure of managerial ownership, size corporation, auditor quality, audit commite and leverage. Earning management as variable dependent is measured by dicretionary accrual as proxy from earning management. This study uses secondary data with entire population of manufacturing compianies listed in the Indonesian stock Exchange (BEI) in 2013-2015. The method used to determine the sample is using purposive sampling, producing 213 observations for research in three months from 71 sampel corporation . The analytical method used is multiple linear regreesion, regression testing the prior to first tasted the classical assumptions. The result of this study indicate that size corporation and leverage has significant influence to earning management. Auditor quality, audit committe and managerial ownership did not have significant influence to earning management.
Caracterização de alfa-galactosidase em embrião e cotilédones de sementes de Platymiscium pubescens Micheli, var. pubecens (tamboril-da-mata)

Platymiscium pubescens seeds were placed to soak in water and sampled for biochemistry and kinetic characterizations of embryonic axis and the alfa-galactosidase cotyledon enzyme. The specific activity in the embryonic axis increased from zero to 96 hours of imbibition, stabilizing soon after. The activity of the cotyledon enzyme showed a small increase in the same period. The alfa-galactosidase of the embryonic axis presented its maximum activity in the interval of pH 4.5 to 6.0. On the other hand, for the cotyledon enzyme, the highest activity was detected in the interval of 4.0 to 6.0. The temperature of 55oC was best to stimulate embryonic axis and cotyledon alfa-galactosidase acticvity. Enzymes of the embryonic axis and the cotyledons were heat tolerant, not reaching the half life at 40oC, in 1.500 minutes. The embryonic axis alfa-galactosidase activity was inhibited by melibiose, CuSO4 and SDS, while that of cotyledons was for all the effectors, except for SDS, CuSO4 and galactose which had neutral effect. The values of KM for the embryo and for the cotyledon alfa-galactosidases were 3.37 and 0.26 mM, respectively.
Heterogeneity in fishers' and managers' preferences towards management restrictions and benefits in Kenya

SUMMARY Increasing the chances that resource users engage in and comply with management regulations is a continual problem for many conservation initiatives globally. This is particularly common when resource users perceive more personal costs than benefits from specific management actions. Analysis of interviews with managers and fishers from 22 landing sites along the coast of Kenya indicated how key stakeholders perceived the scale of benefits and costs from different management strategies. Potential underlying causes of divergent perceptions towards different management tools were evaluated, including marine protected areas, no-take fisheries closures, gear use, minimum size of fish caught and species restrictions. The analysis identified three distinct opinion groups: (1) a group of nine landing sites that scaled their preference for most management restrictions neutral to low, with exceptions for minimum sizes of captured fish and gear restrictions; (2) a group of eight landing sites that scaled their preference for the above and species restrictions and closed season higher, and were more neutral about closures and marine protected areas; and (3) a group containing four landing sites and the managers’ offices that rated their preference for the above and closed areas and marine protected areas as high. Logistic regression was used to examine whether these groups differed in wealth, education, age, perceptions of disparity in benefits, dependence on fishing and distance to government marine protected areas. The most frequent significant factor was the resource users’ perceived disparity between the benefits of the management to themselves and their communities, with the benefits to the government. Consequently, efforts to reduce this real or perceived disparity are likely to increase adoption and compliance rates. Most widespread positively-viewed restrictions, such as gear use and minimum size of fish, should be promoted at the national level while other restrictions may be more appropriately implemented at the community level.
Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus carbonarius in Corinth Raisin and Wine‐Producing Vineyards in Greece: Population Composition, Ochratoxin A Production and Chemical Control

Vineyard surveys of Corinth raisin cultivar carried out in the Peloponnese region of Greece during 2002 and of wine-producing grape cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache Rouge) on the island of Rhodes, Greece, during 2003, demonstrated the occurrence of various Aspergillus spp. in berries of bunches at harvest. Aspergillus niger and A. carbonarius were predominantly isolated from sampled berries. Although the prevailing Aspergillus spp. isolates belonged mainly to A. niger aggregate, isolates of A. carbonarius were by far the most efficient Ochratoxin A (OTA) producers as revealed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. This study provides the first evidence concerning the composition of Aspergillus populations in raisin and wine-producing vineyards and offers convincing data for their ability to produce various levels of OTA in Corinth raisins and wine-producing grapes in Greece. Furthermore, it demonstrates that chemical applications with the fungicide Switch, especially under low to intermediate Aspergillus infection of vineyards, could both significantly reduce the occurrence of OTA-producing Aspergillus spp. and restrict sour rot severity. In contrast, vineyard applications with the fungicides Carbendazim or Chorus were ineffective in controlling the fungus in Corinth raisin cultivar.
Comparison of plant and animal rennets in terms of microbiological, chemical, and proteolysis characteristics of ovine cheese

Cheeses manufactured from ovine raw milk using crude aqueous extracts of flowers of Cynara cardunculus as rennet were compared with cheeses manufactured with a commercial animal rennet. Changes in a number of microbiological, chemical, and biochemical characteristics throughout ripening were followed in attempts to get scientific insight especially into the primary proteolysis brought about by this plant rennet in cheese. Using averages and corresponding 95% confidence intervals, it was concluded that the type of rennet had no significant effect on cheese composition (e.g., moisture, fat, protein, salt, and pH at the center and at the surface) over the ripening period but lower microbiological counts of Enterobacteria, Lactococci, and Lactobacilli were obtained for cheese manufactured with plant rennet until 28 days of the ripening. Conversely, several biochemical differences in cheese became apparent as ripening progressed. Electrophoretic analyses of the water insoluble fractions from cheeses manufactured with either rennet showed that β-caseins were less susceptible to proteolysis than α s -caseins and that the animal rennet was more proteolytic on Band α s -caseins than the plant rennet; cheeses manufactured with the plant rennet exhibited higher levels of WSN/TN than cheeses manufactured with the animal rennet, although the former showed lower levels of TCA/TN and lower levels of PTA/TN. The peptide profiles of water-soluble extracts of the cheeses obtained by reversed-phase HPLC exhibited different patterns at all stages of ripening for the two rennets utilized, thus conveying important qualitative information for fundamental differentiation of proteolysis effected by either rennet.
The Roles of Experience in the Transition from Dependent to Independent Feeding in Ring Doves a

All animals must obtain food throughout their lifetime. For many species, food availability and type vary with long-term climatic changes, with seasonal changes, and with the time of day. These changes require substantial flexibility in feeding behaviors. This adaptability is evident in examples of locale-specific feeding behavior in single species, such as milk bottle opening in birds2 or potato washing by Japanese macaque^. ^ Furthermore, when the locale-specific feeding behavior is a novel response to a previously available food, or when subpopulations differ in the response they make to identical food, the evidence for this flexibility being experientially based is especially strong. Specifically, individual experience can influence where to look for f o ~ d , ~ , ~ what type of object to look for as and what behaviors are used to acquire food. In altricial species, changes in these three aspects of feeding necessarily accompany the developmental transition from dependence on the parents for food to independent feeding. As this transition occurs, the young need to find food in new locations-away from the parent. The young must respond to sensory characteristics of new foods, and new responses must become active elements of the feeding repertoire. The Columbidae family (pigeons and doves) provides good examples of altricial species that undergo all of these developmental changes in feeding. The developmental pattern is similar in all members of this family9 and has been described in detail for the ring dove, Streptopelia risoria. After a male and female ring dove have mated, the female typically lays a clutch of two eggs which are incubated by both parents for 14-15 days prior to hatching. Initially, the young are unable to feed themselves. The parents feed the squab "~rop-milk",~~ a cheeselike substance produced in the crop. Both parents participate in the regurgitative feeding of the young. These feed-
Individual variability of wild juvenile Atlantic salmon activity patterns: effect of flow stage, temperature and habitat use.

The magnitude of variation of diel activity patterns and habitat use of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr was examined during the summer and autumn through a gradient of declining temperature. Fish were marked with passive integrated transponders and tracked using a large network of flatbed antennas. High interindividual variability was observed, as some individuals were predominantly nocturnal whereas others frequently changed their daily activity pattern. Overall fish activity decreased with decreasing temperature and increasing flow stage, but most of these changes in daily activity were observed in crepuscular periods. Parr used habitats with lower velocity at night than in the day during the summer, but not in the autumn. Furthermore, there was no difference between day and night habitats for fish that were cathemeral (active both day and night during a given day), so differences between day and night habitats were the result of individuals adopting different activity patterns. These results su.
Interactions of multiple disturbances in shaping boreal forest dynamics: a spatially explicit analysis using multi‐temporal lidar data and high‐resolution imagery

1. Mixed‐wood boreal forests are often considered to undergo directional succession from shade‐intolerant to shade‐tolerant species. It is thus expected that overstorey gaps should lead to the recruitment of shade‐tolerant conifers into the canopy in all stand development stages and that the recruitment of shade‐intolerant hardwoods would be minimal except in the largest gaps.
Variations of molar morphology in the Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies: adaptive and phylogenetic significance

This study compares and contrasts variations of enamel fold pattern on the crowns of the molars of subterranean mole rats (Spalax) belonging to two superspecies, S. ehrenbergi and S. leucodon, and involving about 20 chromosomal species, distributed parapatrically and ranging on different soil types. The sample studied involved 397 skulls, subdivided as follows: 280 of S. ehrenbergi from Israel, representing the four chromosomal species 2n = 52, 54, 58 and 60; 59 of S. ehrenbergi from Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Turkey; 58 of S. leucodon from Turkey. In making the comparisons it was necessary to take into account the marked changes of molar pattern that take place as a result of wear. There is a reasonably good agreement between differences of molar pattern and genetic and immunological distances. The species in Israel and Egypt form a compact group, clearly differentiated from Turkish leucodon; ehrenbergi from Turkey and Syria are intermediate, in accordance with their geographical distribution. In Israel, differences associated with soil type are at about the same level as differences between species. Local populations show a higher level of diversity, and in a number of cases neighbouring populations differed significantly, sometimes over very short distances. Population differences within species are generally associated with differences of soil and vegetation, indicating the influence of natural selection. There are also differences across species boundaries, implying a phylogenetic (heritage) effect. The nature of the adaptive link between molar pattern and soil is unknown: possible factors are contamination of the food by soil, and toughness of the food which necessitates changes of enamel fold length to improve grinding efficiency.
Cell size and cell number in Drosophila wing after heat‐shock

Abstract The variations of cell area and number in Drosophila wing compartments following heat‐shock at different developmental stages have been studied in two unrelated stocks. In spite of different sensitivity to heat‐shock treatment, similar trends of response are exhibited by the two strains. At developmental stages when mitotic activity occurs, a general decrease of compartment areas is observed after treatment. The effect on the wing area appears to be mainly determined by the decrease of cell number, however cell area seems to compensate for cell number variations in the posterior compartment. The posterior compartment appears to respond earlier, than the anterior, possibly due to the different growth rate of the two compartments. We suggest that the genes for wing area determine the growth strategy of the wing compartments through pleiotropic effects on the genes for cell area and the genes for cell number.
Short-term propagation of rainfall perturbations on terrestrial ecosystems in central California

Question: Does vegetation buffer or amplify rainfall perturbations, and is it possible to forecast rainfall using mesoscale climatic signals? Location: Central California (USA). Methods: The risk of dry or wet rainfall events was evaluated using conditional probabilities of rainfall depending on El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The propagation of rainfall perturbations on vegetation was calculated using cross-correlations be- tween monthly seasonally adjusted (SA) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from the Ad- vanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and SA antecedent rainfall at different time-scales. Results: In this region, El Nino events are associated with higher than normal winter precipitation (prob- ability of 73%). Opposite but more predictable effects are found for La Nina events (89% prob- ability of dry events). Chaparral and evergreen forests showed the longest persistence of rainfall effects (0-8 months). Grasslands and wetlands showed low persistence (0-2 months), with wetlands dominated by non-stationary patterns. Within the region, the NDVI spatial patterns associated with higher (lower) rainfall are homogeneous (heteroge- neous), with the exception of evergreen forests. Conclusions: Knowledge of the time-scale of lagged effects of the non-seasonal component of rainfall on vegetation greenness, and the risk of winter rainfall anomalies lays the foundation for developing a forecasting model for vegetation greenness. Our results also suggest greater competitive advantage for perennial vegetation in response to potential rainfall increases in the region associated with cli- mate change predictions, provided that the soil allows storing extra rainfall.
Molecular Cytogenetics of Autism

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by clinical, etiologic and genetic heterogeneity. It is often associated with other conditions, such as disorders of the CNS (tuberous sclerosis), developmental delay, attention deficit, epilepsy, and anxiety and mood disorders. Our survey found cytogenetically visible chromosomal anomalies in ~7.4% (129/1749) of autistic patients documented as well as several sub-microscopic variants. Almost every chromosome is affected by numeric or structural aberrations. Among the most consistent cytogenetics findings are fragile X and duplication of maternal 15q11-13. Molecular cytogenetics, together with genome scans and linkage/association studies, point to ≥22 chromosome regions harbouring putative autism susceptibility genes, such as 2q32, 3q25-27, 7q31-q35, 15q11-13, 16p13, Xp22, and Xq13. We hypothesise that there might be at least three types of autism susceptibility genes/mutations that can be (i) specific to an individual patient or family, (ii) in a genetically isolated sub-population and (iii) a common factor shared amongst different populations. The genes/mutations could act alone or interact with other genetic and/or epigenetic or environmental factors, causing autism or related disorders. This review emphasises the potential of analysing chromosomal rearrangements as a means to rapidly define candidate disease loci for further investigation. To facilitate ongoing research we have established a new database of autism-associated chromosomal anomalies (http://tcag.bioinfo. sickkids.on.ca/autism).
Microglial EP2 as a New Target to Increase Amyloid β Phagocytosis and Decrease Amyloid β‐Induced Damage to Neurons

Epidemiologic and animal model data support a role for the prostaglandin pathway in AD pathogenesis. However, unexpected toxicity from protracted use of some nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) compels investigation of therapeutic targets in this pathway other than COX inhibitors. Previously, we have shown that mice lacking one specific receptor for PGE2, EP2 (EP2‐/‐), are protected from the indirect neurotoxic effects of cerebral innate immune response mediated by CD14‐dependent activation. Here we review data showing that EP2‐/‐ microglia have a highly desirable combination of features: ablated indirect neurotoxicity following exposure to Aβ1–42 coupled with enhanced phagocytosis of Aβ peptides, both synthetic and those deposited in human brain. These data point to microglial EP2 as a more focused target within the PG pathway for therapy in AD.
Response of amino acid changes in Aphis gossypii (Glover) to elevated CO2 levels

Effects of elevated CO2 levels on the amino acid constituents of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), fed on transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bt) cotton [Cryl A(c)], grown in ambient and double‐ambient CO2 levels in closed‐dynamics CO2 chambers, were investigated. Lower amounts of amino acids were found in cotton phloem under elevated CO2 than under ambient CO2 levels. However, higher amounts of free amino acids were found in A. gossypii fed on elevated CO2‐grown cotton than those fed ambient CO2‐grown cotton, and the contents of amino acids in honeydew were not significantly affected by elevated CO2 levels. A larger amount of honeydew was produced by cotton aphids feeding on leaves under elevated CO2 treatment than those feeding on leaves under ambient CO2 treatment, which indicates that A. gossypii ingests more cotton phloem because of the higher C:N ratio of cotton phloem under elevated CO2 levels. Moreover, the amino acid composition was similar in bodies of aphids ingesting leaves under both CO2 treatments, except for two alkaline amino acids, lysine and arginine. This suggests that the nutritional constitution of the phloem sap was important for A. gossypii. Our data suggest that more phloem sap will be ingested by A. gossypii to satisfy its nutritional requirement and balance the break‐even point of amino acid in elevated CO2. Larger amounts of honeydew produced by A. gossypii under elevated CO2 will reduce the photosynthesis and result in the occurrence of some Entomophthora spp.
The Baseline Cosinus Function: A Periodic Regression Model for Biological Rhythms

A periodic regression model, named the Baseline Cosinus Function (BCF), was designed to fit biological rhythms that show temporal deviations (peaks) above or below an otherwise relatively stable baseline. The BCF model has four parameters only, namely, baseline, peak-height, acrophase, and peak-width. BCF-regressions to daily rhythms in urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s), hypothalamic glutamate concentration, and body temperature of hamsters are compared to fits of single (SCF) and complex cosine functions (CCF; using the fundamental and the first harmonic). Goodness of fit statistics show that BCF-regressions to aMT6s-profiles of 36 hamsters resulted in lower residual errors than both SCF and CCF regressions, in particular when rhythms were determined under long photoperiod (n = 18) with relatively short nocturnal peaks (? 2 = 316.6, 142.7 and 74.5 for SCF, CCF and BCF, respectively). For aMT6s rhythms obtained from hamsters in short photoperiod (n = 18) with prolonged nocturnal peaks, goodness of fit.
Extração de nutrientes e eficiência nutricional de cultivares de aveia, em relação ao nitrogênio e à intensidades de corte

The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80, 160, 320 kg ha-1 N) and forage cutting intensities (none, one and two cuts) on nutrient uptake and nutritional efficiency of oats (Avena byzantina / Avena sativa). The potential mineral uptake by forage and grains and their cycling through their straw, were also evaluated. This experiment was conducted on a Hapludox soil, in a split-plot design with complete randomized blocks and four replications, using the Sao Carlos and UPF 3 oat cultivars. Increasing levels of N affected both, the extraction of S and N in the first forage cut of Sao Carlos, influenced the K assimilation of both cultivars in the second cut, and S uptake, in both cultivars and cuts. In addition P uptake by straw of both cultivars, and Zn, Cu and Mn by Sao Carlos, were altered. The K concentration and extraction decreased from the first to the second cut. Potassium uptake was higher when oats were used as forage, at a level of 145 kg ha-1. Straw assimiliation of K was about 60 kg ha-1, which returned to the soil, while grain uptake was about 6 kg ha-1. Potassium, N, Fe and Mn were the nutrients of highest demand by both cultivars, which had similar nutritional efficiency and produced the same amount of forage dry matter. For grain production and use of nutrients, UPF 3 was more efficient than Sao Carlos.