Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lysosomal cholesterol activates mTORC1.

Cholesterol Sensing The mTORC1 kinase is a master nutrient sensor that governs cellular metabolism. When dysregulated, this kinase drives several human diseases, including cancer and diabetes. Recent work has delineated a pathway through which amino acids regulate mTORC1. In contrast, little is known about how sterols may affect mTORC1 signaling. Castellano et al. provide detailed mechanistic evidence for how cholesterol, derived from the processing of low-density lipoprotein in the lysosomal lumen, drives mTORC1 signaling. They identify the key players that couple lysosomal cholesterol levels to mTORC1 activation. Unexpectedly, the putative amino acid transporter SLC38A9, which is implicated in mTORC1 regulation by arginine, is essential for mTORC1 activation by cholesterol. Furthermore, the authors uncover a physical and functional interaction between SLC38A9 and the major lysosomal cholesterol transporter, Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) protein. The SLC38A9-NPC1 complex is key to the ability of mTORC1 to respond to variations in dietary lipid supply. Science , this issue p. [1306][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aag1417
A Prime Implicant Algorithm with Factoring

An algorithm for finding the prime implicants of a Boolean function is given. The algorithm is similar to Nelson's algorithm since both involve the operations of complementing, expanding, and simplifying, but the new algorithm includes the additional operation of factoring. The algorithm with factoring is proved, and it is shown that factoring accounts for a dramatic increase in efficiency over Nelson's algorithm. The increased efficiency is illustrated with timing results obtained from several examples that were implemented for both algorithms using the symbolic manipulation systems SETS.
Stroke volume obtained from the brachial artery using transbrachial electrical bioimpedance velocimetry

Stroke volume (SV) is the quantity of blood ejected by the cardiac ventricles per each contraction. When SV is multiplied by heart rate, cardiac output is the result. Cardiac output (CO), in conjunction with hemoglobin concentration and arterial oxygen saturation are the cornerstones of oxygen transport. Measurement of CO is important, especially in sick humans suffering from decompensated heart disease and systemic diseases affecting the contractility or loading conditions of the heart. Although reasonably accurate invasive cardiac output methods are available, their use is restricted to those individuals hospitalized in the intensive care units. Thus, a robust noninvasive alternative is considered desirable. Impedance cardiography (ICG) is one such method, but in patients with severe heart disease and/or excess extravascular lung water, the method is inaccurate. This paper concerns the introduction of a new method, transbrachial electrical bioimpedance velocimetry (TBEV). The technique involves passage of a constant magnitude, high frequency, and low amperage ac from the upper arm to the antecubital fossa. In all other respects, the operational aspects of TBEV are consistent with ICG. There is good evidence suggesting that the TBEV waveform and its derivatives are generated by blood resistivity changes only.
Smart image processing system for retinal prosthesis

Retinal prostheses for the blind have demonstrated the ability to provide the sensation of light in otherwise blind individuals. However, visual task performance in these patients remains poor relative to someone with normal vision. Computer vision algorithms for navigation and object detection were evaluated for their ability to improve task performance. Blind subjects navigating a mobility course had fewer collisions when using a wearable camera system that guided them on a safe path. Subjects using a retinal prosthesis simulator could locate objects more quickly when an object detection algorithm assisted them. Computer vision algorithms can assist retinal prosthesis patients and low-vision patients in general.
Indicators facilitating research- based practice in allied health profession departments

Lois Thomas, Hazel Roddam, Paula Baker, Beverley French, Christopher Burton Background: The implementation of research in practice is influenced not only by individual clinicians, but the organisational context in which they operate. Strategies aimed at increasing research use therefore need to incorporate a wider range of factors, rather than solely focusing on achieving change in individual practitioners. Content: This article presents findings relating to the identification of organisational factors facilitating research-based practice in allied health profession (AHP) departments. Fifty eight AHP clinicians and operational managers from nine teams participated in the study, representing four National Health Service organisations. Participants completed the benchmarking survey tool in their teams and were asked to provide examples of elements within their organisation which facilitated research-based practice in relation to 17 benchmarks of departmental context. Conclusions: The AHPs in this study prov.
Diagnosing clostridial enteric disease in poultry

The world’s poultry industry has grown into a multibillion-dollar business, the success of which hinges on healthy intestinal tracts, which result in effective feed conversion. Enteric disease in poultry can have devastating economic effects on producers, due to high mortality rates and poor feed efficiency. Clostridia are considered to be among the most important agents of enteric disease in poultry. Diagnosis of enteric diseases produced by clostridia is usually challenging, mainly because many clostridial species can be normal inhabitants of the gut, making it difficult to determine their role in virulence. The most common clostridial enteric disease in poultry is necrotic enteritis, caused by Clostridium perfringens, which typically occurs in broiler chickens but has also been diagnosed in various avian species including turkeys, waterfowl, and ostriches. Diagnosis is based on clinical and pathological findings. Negative culture and toxin detection results may be used to rule out this disease, but isolation of C. perfringens and/or detection of its alpha toxin are of little value to confirm the disease because both are often found in the intestine of healthy birds. Ulcerative enteritis, caused by Clostridium colinum, is the other major clostridial enteric disease of poultry. Diagnosis of ulcerative enteritis is by documentation of typical pathological findings, coupled with isolation of C. colinum from the intestine of affected birds. Other clostridial enteric diseases include infections produced by Clostridium difficile, Clostridium fallax, and Clostridium baratii.
Fault Diagnosis in a Boolean n Cube Array of Microprocessors

Fault- tolerant characteristics of a Boolean n cube array of microprocessors are analyzed. Connectivity properties of the network graph are used to show that n processor or link failures are required to isolate a processor. For processor failures the network is shown to be n (one step) diagnosable. A testing algorithm is presented which can diagnose up to n processor failures.
Production of a monoclonal antibody against serum immunoglobulin M of South American camelids and assessment of its suitability in two immunoassays

A monoclonal antibody (mAb) was produced against immunoglobulin M (IgM) of South American camelids. A single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay and a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were developed to measure IgM in serum samples. Isotype and specificity of the mAb were assessed. The performance of the SRID assay was preliminarily evaluated in terms of working range, plate stability over a 4-week period, and initial intra- and interassay variation. The concentration of IgM was determined in 55 samples by SRID assay and ELISA, and results were not significantly different by t-test (0.64 ± 0.19 mg/ml for the SRID assay, and 0.58 ± 0.24 mg/ml for ELISA; P = 0.1489). The mAb was shown to be stable over the 4-week evaluation period, and the SRID assay was reproducible when tested in triplicate for intra-assay variability and in quadruplicate for interassay variability, with a percentage coefficient of variation of less than or equal to 5%. Also, the SRID assay proved to be sensitive enough to measure IgM levels in undiluted serum samples, and had a good correlation with ELISA. The current study is intended to submit a preliminary report of a mAb against IgM of South American camelids, and suggest the future potential of the mAb developed for diagnostic application, including use in the SRID assay.
Pediatric Therapy in the 1990s: The Demise of the Educational versus Medical Dichotomy.

Since Public Law 94-142 was enacted in 1975, occupational therapists, physical therapists, parents, school administrators, physicians, and others have questioned and debated the difference between "medical therapy" and "educational therapy. " This article proposes that changes in pediatric therapy in the 1990s have made the issue moot. Contemporary models of motor development, motor control, and motor learning, combined with an emphasis on functional outcomes and famly-centered services, not only support current practices in special education, but pertain to children receiving therapy services in any setting.
Hysteroskopische Endometriumablation zur Vermeidung einer Hysterektomie bei “High-Risk”-Patientinnen

: Hysteroscopic endometrial ablation under maximal anaesthesiological surveillance was performed in 34 high-risk patients to avoid hysterectomy. It was a collective of patients with heavy thrombo-embolic or thrombotic disease, either under permanent anticoagulation due to residual disease or multiple endoprosthetic treatment, or with endogenous coagulopathy. In all these women, hysterectomy was either a relative or an absolute contraindication. In 22 patients, treatment resulted in complete amenorrhoea or at least hypomenorrhoea (without menometrorrhagia) respectively cyclic spotting. In 6 further patients, amenorrhoea was achieved after a repeat procedure. Endometrial ablation was thus successful in 28 of 34 cases. In these patients, hysterectomy with the risk of major or even lethal complications, could thus be avoided. Hysterectomy, however, had to be performed in 2 women with extensive adenomyosis uteri interna. Within two respectively three years after endometrial ablation, two other patients died from causes unrelated to the surgical intervention (cardiac infarction, cerebral haemorrhage). Follow-up ranged from 1 to 5 years. Hysteroscopic endometrial ablation proved an effective therapeutic option in this selected group of patients. Other indications require further study.
Dynamic Profile of Instruction Sequences for the IBM System/370

Instruction mixes such as the Gibson mix have been used for a long time as workload models for CPU's. However, since an instruction mix does not indicate the order of instruction execution, it is not suitable for the performance evaluation of advanced computers which employ pipelining. Instruction sequences are proposed as a generalization of instruction mixes. The instruction representation does not consist of a fixed number of instructions, but rather it is defined to be a string of consecutively executed instructions terminated by the instructions which potentially interrupt sequential instruction streams. Statistics on sequences have been collected from traces of problem state programs. It was found that there are not many distinct sequences and that they are short. The average sequence length may be less than seven instructions. A small subset of the distinct sequences, say less than 20 percent, accounts for more than 95 percent of all executed instructions.
A Formal De(cid:12)nition of Structured Analysis with Programmable Graph Grammars ?

Structured Analysis has been one of the most widely used speci(cid:12)cation notations of the last decades. Friendliness and (cid:13)exibility promoted its use, butinformality hamperedits precision and eÆcacy. The many proposals that tried to overcome the problem improve precision, but constrain (cid:13)exibility. They propose formal and speci(cid:12)c interpretations of Structured Analysis that, even if meritorious, do not impact on day-to-day practice. To meet the goal, formalization attempts should not try to impose particular interpretations, but they should allow users to tailor the interpretation to their current needs. In this paper, we present a solution that merges precision and (cid:13)exibility to provide a customizable and formal de(cid:12)nition of Structured Analysis. Formalization consists of a set of customization rules and a consistency framework. Customization rules, based on graph grammars, formalize the di(cid:11)erent behaviors of notation elements by de(cid:12)ning a mapping onto a formal model. The consistency framework groups complementary rules, which give di(cid:11)erent semantics to the same elements, and constrain the scope of each rule, that is, identi(cid:12)es the set of rules that may be a(cid:11)ected by a change.
Fault location techniques for distributed control interconnection networks

One class of networks suitable for use in parallel processing systems is the multistage cube network. The authors focus on fault location procedures suitable for use in networks that use distributed routing control through the use of routing tags and message transmission protocols. Faults occurring in the data lines can corrupt message routing tags transmitted over them and thereby cause misrouting of messages. Protocol lines (used in handshaking between network sources and destinations), if faulty, can prevent a message path from being established or can cause the path to `lock up' once transmission of data has begun. These faults have more pronounced effects on the network performance than faults previously considered for centralized routing control systems. The single-fault location procedures presented form a logical superset to those of the centralized control systems (where message routing is dictated by the actions of a global control unit) and can be adapted for use in both circuit and packet switching networks.
Stem cell approach for cataracts challenged.

A team of ophthalmologists and stem cell scientists is advancing a controversial new approach to treating cataracts, the clumping of lens proteins that blurs the vision of about one in six Americans over age 40, plus thousands of infants born every year. Instead of replacing the cloudy lens with a plastic replacement, this technique relies on the capsule9s resident stem cell to regrow an entire new lens. At the annual meeting of the International Society for Stem Cell Research, one of the study9s leaders gave an optimistic update on 12 Chinese babies treated in an initial clinical trial, and announced plans to expand the testing to adults. But some pediatric ophthalmologists say that decades-old experiments have already ruled out the possibility of regrowing a clear, functional lens from scratch.
The inside story on 20,000 vertebrates.

Scientists have a plan to image the morphology and internal anatomy of all vertebrates. A National Science Foundation–funded project aims to run 20,000 preserved vertebrate specimens from university and museum collections through computerized tomography, or CT scans, over the next 4 years. Scientists from the 16 participating institutions hope the museum digitization effort will form the backbone of future research in fields such as developmental biology, evolution, and biomimetics. The project, known as oVert for “Open Exploration of Vertebrate Diversity in 3D,” or informally as the “scan all vertebrates” project, will cover about 80% of living vertebrate genera. A subset of scans—covering most vertebrate families—will illuminate soft tissue anatomy of muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and more using an iodine dye to enhance contrast.
Immune System Maturity and Sensitivity to Chemical Exposure

It is well established that human diseases associated with abnormal immune function, including some common infectious diseases and asthma, are considerably more prevalent at younger ages. The immune system continues to mature after birth, and functional immaturity accounts for much of the increased susceptibility in the young. Although not established absolutely, it is generally believed that development constitutes a period of increased immune system susceptibility to xenobiotics, since adverse effects may occur at lower doses and/or immunomodulation may be more persistent, thus increasing the relative risk of xenobiotic exposure to the immunologically immature organism. Data from published reports were compared to determine whether age and developmental stage at exposure influence the immunotoxic effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES), diazepam (DZP), lead (Pb), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and tributyltin oxide (TBTO). These compounds were chosen for comparison based on the fact that each had been studied fairly extensively, resulting in a significant number of peer-reviewed publications. Based on lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) values for all five compounds, the developing immune system was found to be at greater risk than that of the adult, either because lower doses induced immunotoxicity, adverse effects were more persistent, or adverse effects were reported following developmental, but not adult, exposure. We thank Drs. Ralph Smialowicz, Linda Birnbaum, and Jamie DeWitt for reading the manuscript and providing helpful suggestions. This review was prepared by members of the Immunotoxicology Workgroup, under Interagency Agreement DW75991101 between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Children’s Health Protection and the Health Effects Laboratory Division of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Members of the workgroup not included as authors are Drs. Dori Germolec (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program), Christine Park, Michael Kashon, and Laura Blanciforti (NIOSH, Health Effects Laboratory Division). This article was prepared from a talk presented at the 2005 Toxicology and Risk Assessment Conference, Fairborn, OH. A more detailed version of this article was published in the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B. This report was reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents reflect the views of the agencies.
Experience in Counting Ciliary Beat Frequency from Vital Cytologic Sampling

From a viable cytologic brush biopsy of the respiratory epithelium you can get an insight into the functional state of the epithelial cell layer, especially of the ciliated cells. We report on our experience of several hundred sampling procedures from the nasal and bronchial mucosa. The technique of the method is described, including the microphotometric apparatus to determine the ciliary beat frequency. We stress the importance of checking the ciliary beat frequency of the 10 most active cells of one preparation to get representative results. Futhermore it is decisive to watch them over a period of 10 seconds, considering the time shift of the ciliary beat frequency. Putting the cell solution into a counting chamber gives the possibility of differentiating viable and dead ciliated cells as well as squamous cells in the sample. These results proved to yield a good picture of the functional state of the sampled respiratory mucosal site.
What do Chinese patients need from their hospitals’ Web sites?

Abstract This user study aims to find out what Chinese patients want most from their hospitals’ Web sites. With the Delphi technique, two online survey questionnaires were designed to collect data from 183 qualified participants, as a purposive sample, recruited through the snowball sampling method. The study has found that what these Chinese patients need most are interactive tools, authentic and updated information, a clear site structure and user-friendly interface, patient education, and patient privacy protection. They especially desire professionally designed Online Inquiry and Online Appointment tools and relevant high-quality e-health videos. The study concludes that, today, making a hospital Web site relevant to its patients is one of the most efficient ways to market a hospital and to make the hospital stand out among competitors. In addition, Chinese hospitals need to encourage their patients to take advantage of their Web sites. The findings and conclusions in this study have made up the missing pieces in the studies involving Chinese hospital Web site development and provided clear guidance to Chinese hospitals’ future Web development.
Zapping cocaine addiction.

Among the major addictions, cocaine is the only one without a therapy approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. It is a wicked habit to kick without help, as some 1 million people who are dependent on the drug in the United States can attest. A noninvasive method now being tested in clinical trials by a small cadre of researchers may at last offer help. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), applied by running electric current through a coil held near the scalp, is thought to tweak the out-of-whack brain circuits that define cocaine addiction. TMS is already approved for treating depression. But the researchers testing TMS today in people addicted to cocaine are aiming to strengthen impulse control and to restore to normality a reward circuit that is abnormally active when users are presented with cues like photos of cocaine. Although the therapy has been used in an uncontrolled setting on hundreds of cocaine users in Italy, the trials now underway will provide the first rigorous, blinded tests of whether it works.
Balancing the Centre of Body Mass During Standing Up

When individuals stand up from the sitting position, the body mass must be controlled within the limits imposed by the need to balance the massive upper body segment while the total body rotates and pivots over a fixed foot. Since postural adjustments occur in any movement of the body over a fixed base of support, standing up provides an interesting model for studying balance. Standing up requires an initial impulse in the horizontal direction, changing to the vertical direction when the thighs are lifted off the supporting surface. The horizontal distance moved by the centre of body mass (CBM) and the timing of lower limb extensor force in relation to the position of the CBM appear to be critical to ensure both a change in direction and the preservation of equilibrium. The findings from a biomechanical study of standing up, in which the extent of arm movement was varied, indicated that restricting arm movement affected the momentum and position of the CBM in relation to the base of support at thighs-off.