Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ESTIMATION OF LOAN APPLICANTS DEFAULT PROBABILITY APPLYING DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS AND SIMPLE BAYESIAN CLASSIFIER

In commercial banks risk management the credit risk measurement of each client is very important for the ability to discriminate reliable clients from not reliable. The need for models that predict defaults accurately is imperative, because bank crediting clients can take either preventive or corrective action. One of possible quantitative methods for solving credit risk estimation problems is discriminant analysis. In this paper 27 discriminant analysis models of various researchers for classification of companies were analyzed. The average classification accuracy of these models was evaluated. Often discriminant analysis is used as method to classify bank‘s clients into two classes: default and not default. So the discriminant analysis model was developed to classify Lithuanian companies. The best classification accuracy rates were reached by model analyzing data about companies of 2 years. In this research according to 4 financial ratios, 8 ratings scale was created. The simple Bayesian classifier was applied for calculation of posterior probabilities to default of each rating. Created rating scale increased the correct classification rate of model from 84% to 98%.
Brand Switching in New Zealand Retail Banking

Losing customers to another bank tends to worry bank executives. Understanding the reasons why customers switch banks helps these executives plan their customer retention and customer acquisition strategies. The objective of this paper is to provide an understanding of switching reasons by applying a categorisation of switching behaviour observed in repertoire markets (mainly fmcg markets) to subscription markets (such as financial services). Reasons pertaining to utility maximisation (“moving for a better offer”) and expectation disconfirmation (usually service failures) confirm previous research findings but the interesting, and new, finding is that stochastic reasons (those beyond the bank’s control) account for a considerable amount of switching.
Reconciling patterns of inter‐ocean molecular variance from four classes of molecular markers in blue marlin (Makaira nigricans)

Different classes of molecular markers occasionally yield discordant views of population structure within a species. Here, we examine the distribution of molecular variance from 14 polymorphic loci comprising four classes of molecular markers within ≈ 400 blue marlin individuals (Makaira nigricans). Samples were collected from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans over 5 years. Data from five hypervariable tetranucleotide microsatellite loci and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of whole molecule mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were reported and compared with previous analyses of allozyme and single‐copy nuclear DNA (scnDNA) loci. Temporal variance in allele frequencies was nonsignificant in nearly all cases. Mitochondrial and microsatellite loci revealed striking phylogeographic partitioning among Atlantic and Pacific Ocean samples. A large cluster of alleles was present almost exclusively in Atlantic individuals at one microsatellite locus and for mtDNA, suggesting that, if gene flow occurs, it is likely to be unidirectional from Pacific to Atlantic oceans. Mitochondrial DNA inter‐ocean divergence (FST) was almost four times greater than microsatellite or combined nuclear divergences including allozyme and scnDNA markers. Estimates of Neu varied by five orders of magnitude among marker classes. Using mathematical and computer simulation approaches, we show that substantially different distributions of FST are expected from marker classes that differ in mode of inheritance and rate of mutation, without influence of natural selection or sex‐biased dispersal. Furthermore, divergent FST values can be reconciled by quantifying the balance between genetic drift, mutation and migration. These results illustrate the usefulness of a mitochondrial analysis of population history, and relative precision of nuclear estimates of gene flow based on a mean of several loci.
A model of suicidal behavior among depressed immigrants

Immigrants’ voyages to new lands have been among the most exciting and noble of human endeavors [101]. It requires amazing courage to flee oppression, to leave behind everything that is familiar, and to chance the hostility of a completely alien culture in order to find freedom, opportunity and a better life. Every person, every family, has a different story to tell about the reasons for, and the circumstances, surrounding their departure from their native country. Immigrants are moving to a new country for the best of motives: the desire to improve their lives; the urge to leave countries whose governments they could not abide; and the willingness to work for another country where individuals can live in freedom and dignity. Very many immigrants and refugees, including Albert Einstein, Ernst B Chain, Selman A Waksman, Enrico Fermi, Sigmund Freud, Eric Fromm, Bertold Brecht, Jean Gabin, Charles de Gaulle, Thomas Mann, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire), Victor Hugo and Henry A Kissinger, have made a remarkable contribution to the welfare and happiness of mankind. Immigration is difficult and stressful [1]. The sociocultural and political characteristics of the country of origin and the immigration social policy of the host country play important roles in the acculturation process of immigrants. Many immigrants suffer from psychiatric disorders and some immigrants attempt or commit suicide [1–4,101,102]. Here, I propose the following model of suicidal behavior among depressed immigrants (Figure 1). Future immigrants consist of two groups: individuals without depressive disorders, and individuals with depressive disorders. Possibly, many individuals who did not have depressive disorders in their countries of origin but became depressed and suicidal in a new country had certain maladaptive personality traits and/or some degree of depression, and/or suicidal tendencies, before immigrating to the new country [4]. However, it is very possible that practically healthy individuals become depressed and suicidal as a result of immigration-related chronic stress. All future immigrants experience preimmigration stress. Preimmigration stress is frequently related to traumatic experiences, loss of home, livelihood, social position, family, friends, community, homeland, familiar language, feeling of an uncertain future and doubts regarding whether the decision to emigrate/immigrate is correct. Preimmigration stress can have a direct influence on mental and physical health status immediately after arrival into a new country.
Negative and Positive Aspects of Cross-Cultural Interactions: A Case of Multinational Subsidiaries in Poland

Traditionally, literature and researches on cross-cultural interactions in Multinational Companies (MNCs) and their foreign subsidiaries emphasize typically negative aspects of such relationships. Researchers widely discuss problems faced in a cross-cultural setting and how they affect overseas operations. Less effort has been made so far to study the positive aspects of human interactions in MNCs. Generally, cross-cultural interactions are a peculiar type of social interactions that may contribute to building of social capital of MNCs as well as creativity and innovations, among other positives, which all have a beneficial influence on MNCs’ functioning. Thus, there is a need for a deeper understanding of mutually oriented human behaviors when the borders are crossed. Since the author wants to present a more balanced approach for analysis of human relationship in multicultural settings, the aim of the paper is to identify negative and positive aspects of cross-cultural interactions. The author’s main research was focused on the barriers to cross-cultural interactions while the pilot study also reflects the evidence of positive aspects of such an interaction. The data were collected via a qualitative study in foreign subsidiaries of MNCs in Poland. The analysis provided in the article may contribute to a better understanding of the genuine nature of cross-cultural interactions. There is also emphasized that creativity and innovation may be enhanced in MNCs due to cultural diversity. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.5755/j01.ee. 25.2. 4387
Dimensions of wine region equity and their impact on consumer preferences

Purpose – The purpose of the study is to identify dimensions of wine equity in terms of benefits sought by consumers in wine.Design/methodology/approach – This study examines dimensions of wine region equity, measured in terms of benefits sought by consumers in wine. A survey was conducted in several US states to identify drivers of preferences and to determine relationships that may exist between those drivers, preferences for wine from a number of origins, and consumer lifestyles.Findings – The findings suggest that wine region equity originates in six consumer motivational factors. Quality, price, social acceptance, emotional, environmental value, and humane value were found to be strong and significant predictors of consumer preferences for wine from three US states (California, Oregon, Washington) and six countries (Australia, Chile, France, Italy, New Zealand, Spain). Linking those dimensions of region equity to consumer lifestyle, demographic and behavioral variables allows for tailoring marketing .
Crypt production in normal and diseased human colonic epithelium

New crypts are added continously to the adult mouse intestinal epithelium by a process of crypt replication. Branching crypts found in the epithelium represent a stage in the process of crypt replication. In “normal” human colonic epithelium we found a small but definite percentage of branching crypts, 0.44 ± 0.16, indicating that new crypts are being produced at a low rate in this epithelium. Significantly higher (P < .001) percentages of branching crypts, 30.4 ± 5.75, 15.1 ± 1.08, and 13.2 ± 1.05, were found in diseased colonic epithelium from patients with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and multiple polyposis, respectively. These results may be interpreted as suggesting that the rate of crypt production in human colonic epithelium is increased in a number of disease states. We concluded that, as in the mouse intestinal epithelium, the rate of the crypt replication process in human colonic epithelium is plastic and may respond to a variety of conditions.
UK evidence of auditor brand name and industry specialisation

There is considerable empirical evidence that after controlling for factors known to affect the level of audit fees, the large international firms earn an audit fee premium. In this paper, we estimate a Big Six premium of 10% to 23% for a large sample of UK clients. Recent studies contend that the development of brand name and industry specialisation reputations is costly and the Big Six firms can expect a return from this investment. We find evidence consistent with brand name returns across most sub-samples of clients. However, the audit fees charged by the Big Six firms are not significantly higher than the fees charged by their non Big Six counterparts for the smallest quartile of clients. An explanation for this finding is that the demand for a firm with a brand name ‘bottoms out’ below a critical size because of the extra cost. The audit fees charged by the Big Six firms are not significantly higher for the sub-sample where industry specialisation is defined by the size of the non audit fee. An explanation for this result is that there may be an inter-relationship between the pricing of audit and non audit services. Unlike the prior literature, we find scant evidence of returns to industry specialisation. We believe that returns to specialisation are insignificant because the UK Big Six firms are large enough to be considered specialists across all
Interactions among components of a university system

In general, terms like competitivity and performance are found together when we want to evaluate the competitivity of a university in the academic system or when we want to rank the performance of the faculty members in the academic world or their competitivity inside their institution. As such, we are interested both in the performance of the institution, as well as in the performance of its human components, the students or the faculty members, with the well defined goal of improving, when it is necessary, the low performances in order to increase se competitivity at the general level.
Improved PSO Algorithm to Solve Restoration Capacity Problem on ASON

In order to solve the NP-completely nonlinear programming of ASON (Automatic Switch Optical Network) restoration capacity planning,the corresponding mathematical model is established and a new optimization method based on improved particle swarm optimization algorithm (IPSO) is proposed in this paper. The major advantages of the new approach are a polynomial time complexity and the capability of incorporating nonlinear variables such as nonlinear cost functions into the solution algorithm, which facilitates the application of algorithm on projects. Numerical results illustrating the form of the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm solution and comparing the proposed methodology to existing techniques from the literature are presented. At last, analysis results show that the algorithm is highly practical. This paper proposes a new algorithm based on the PSO to solve restoration capacity problems. In order to overcome the PSO easily converge into the local optimal solution of the problem, we introduce mutation operator from genetic algorithm into the PSO, making the PSO improved to better solve the restoration capacity problems. The mathematical model of the restoration capacity planning is given in Section 2. The description of the proposed PSO is given in Section 3 Section 4 presents a study of numerical results illustrating the application of the proposed PSO technique. Additionally, for the sake of comparison, numerical results are given for the standard IP approaches. Section 5 gives our conclusions.
Statins for atherosclerosis--as good as it gets?

If ever there were a perfect marriage of drug with disease it might be between statins and atherosclerosis. At first the relationship was simple: statins inhibited synthesis of the cholesterol that contributed to atheroma, and less cholesterol meant less atheroma. Just as married couples often adapt to each other, so it is with statins and atheroma, or to be more precise, an increased understanding of their relationship has revealed an apparent adaptation. Atherosclerosis is now recognized to have a notable inflammatory component, and in parallel, statins appear to inhibit inflammatory processes directly. Rheumatologists pondering this phenomenon from the outside (and .
NULL MODELS OF EXOTIC INVASION AND SCALE‐DEPENDENT PATTERNS OF NATIVE AND EXOTIC SPECIES RICHNESS

Surveys of natural habitats often indicate that native and exotic species richness are positively correlated at large scales and negatively correlated at small scales. The small-scale relationship is often presented as evidence that native richness can repel invasion or conversely that exotic invasions can reduce native diversity. The larger scale pattern has been interpreted as evidence of the importance of facilitation, variable habitat quality, propagule supply, and other ecological phenomena. However, these explanations fail to consider expected native-exotic richness relationships under a null model assuming no species interactions. We show via simulation that the null expectation for a randomly assembled community is a negative relationship between native and exotic species richness at the smallest scales and, when plots vary in total richness, a positive relationship at larger scales. We outline a procedure to compare observational data to this null expectation using a permutation test of labels of species origin (native or exotic). Our use of this technique on plant community data indicates that patterns of native and exotic richness are remarkably similar to those generated by a null model. We argue that a null model approach is needed to evaluate whether observed native-exotic richness data deviate significantly from expected patterns generated by sampling and statistical artifacts.
A Novel Adaptive Mode PAPR Reduction Scheme for NC-OFDM Based Cognitive Radios

Non-contiguous orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is an adaptable multicarrier modulation technique that achieves high data rates using non-contiguous subcarriers and can be the very suitable modulation technique to be used at the physical layer of cognitive radio. However its main drawback is high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). Different techniques have been used to combat this problem but all have some tradeoffs. An adaptive mode PAPR reduction algorithm has been proposed using tone reservation technique where some subcarriers called peak reducing carriers (PRCs) are reserved to reduce the signal's high peaks instead of data transmission. Different methods (including second order cone programming (SOCP), gradient and geometric) are used to generate these PRCs. The proposed algorithm uses adaptivity within and between these methods. This adaptive selection is based on the PAPR value of the signal and gives better PAPR reduction. The novelty in this approach is that the transmission of PRCs and secondary users will be through the use of underlay and overlay transmission respectively. PRCs shall share the bands occupied by the primary users at power levels so low that primary users in the same bands are not effected (underlay transmission) while the secondary users access the spectrum unoccupied by the primary users through dynamic spectrum sensing (overlay transmission).
Exploring determinants of cloud-based enterprise resource planning (ERP) selection and adoption: A qualitative study in the Indian education sector

ABSTRACT Cloud-based enterprise resource planning (CLERP) provides scalability, flexibility, and cost-savings. The advantages of CLERP are most prominent in developing economies where access to robust information technology (IT) resources is difficult. However, despite the advantages, diffusion of CLERP in such regions remains low. This study aims to explore the drivers of CLERP selection and adoption by proposing a sociotechnical framework integrating three technology adoption theories: diffusion of innovations, task-technology fit, and extended technology acceptance model. The framework is tested using case study methodology based on semi-structured interviews in three higher educational institutions in India. The findings have important implications for both CLERP providers and clients aiming to enhance the rate of diffusion. The results suggest that vendors should focus on providing cost-effective, reliable, secure, standardized, long-term, convenient, and better quality of service and support to clients. Moreover, they should provide free trials and customize their solutions while maintaining a balance between additional costs incurred and business value gained due to customization. The clients, in contrast, should determine organizational fit of the CLERP and train their employees to minimize resistance to its adoption.
WINE FOR BREAKFAST: EXPLORING WINE OCCASIONS FOR GEN Y

Purpose: To explore preferred wine occasions of Gen Y. In addition, information on the preferred type of wine, average bottle price, wine format/packaging, and purchase location are examined. Design/methodology/approach: Online survey research with a sample of 467 Gen Ys from the USA Findings: Results show that Gen Ys are drinking wine in traditional situations such as special occasions and fancy restaurants, but they have also identified more occasions revolving around social situations with friends and family. Furthermore, Gen Y is willing to spend more money on a bottle of wine by occasion than the average American. Practical implications: Practical implications can be derived from this research, including how to target promotions and advertising to Gen Y, as well new wine marketing research opportunities. 6 AWBR International Conference │ Bordeaux Management School │ 9-10 June 2011
COMMERCIAL BANKING AND MARKETING OF BANKING SERVICES

Traditionally, banking in India has been dominated by the offices/branches of the publicsector banks. The liberalization of the financial sector in the 1990s, the private-sector banks and the foreign banks have been storming into the country and opening their branches. The present study the marketing concepts of banking and evolution, the conceptual framework of bank marketing in the Indian context and the operation of the bank marketing system in India.
Handwritten words recognition for legal amounts of bank cheques in English script

The recognition of legal amount present on a bank cheque is a big challenge because of the structural complexity of characters and variability of writing styles in automatic bank cheque processing. This paper proposes a technique of text word recognition based on template matching technique using Correlation coefficient. We have developed a database of 61 words, combination of which can represent any legal amount written in words in Indian bank cheque. Proposed algorithm is tested on our database and overall 76.4 percent word recognition accuracy is achieved which is an encouraging result for off-line word recognition.
Barotropic tides in the Bab el Mandab Strait—numerical simulations

A two-dimensional barotropic finite element model with the grid resolution varying between 0.2 and 2 km and forced by eight principle constituents (Q1, O1, P1, K1, N2,M2, S2, and K2) was used to compute tidal elevations and currents in the Bab el Mandab Strait. Good agreement is achieved with the available observations for both diurnal and semidiurnal tidal currents and diurnal elevations; however, the model performs less satisfactorily for the semidiurnal elevations mainly due to the errors between the observed and computed phases in the region where there are amphidromic points for the M2, S2, and N2 constituents in the Strait. The results indicate that the largest amplitudes of the tidal elevations and the strongest currents are present in the southern part of the Strait. Residual circulation induced by the barotropic tides is rather weak in the major part of the Strait, and its contribution to the Red Sea water transport is small. The model results also show that barotropic energy fluxes are not very large and their direction depends on the constituent. All diurnal and one semidiurnal (N2) constituent have one major source of energy, which is the flux from the Gulf of Aden, while there are two sources of energy for the M2, S2, and K2 components: one from the Gulf and another from the Red Sea. Very small energy fluxes from the Strait to the adjacent basins indicate that almost all tidal energy is dissipated within the Strait. The distribution of the rate of energy dissipation due to bottom friction implies that the major area of dissipation is located between Perim Narrows and the Assab-Mocha line. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Occipital Nerve Stimulation for Headache: Mechanisms and Efficacy

Headache disorders are common problems in medicine and it is this commonness that often provides an air of the simple or obvious. Patients expect doctors understand headache; indeed doctors expect they may understand headache, and in turn since simple treatments exist and can be purchased from a supermarket, the very concept of the difficult headache problem has a pejorative connotation. A decade ago none of the authors were using device‐based therapies to any substantial extent, and now hardly a week goes by when we will not see a patient who has considerable potential to benefit from such approaches. Here we cover the most promising of the device‐based approaches, neurostimulation therapy using occipital nerve stimulation. Far from proven and with much work to be done, this is an exciting potential development for patients and doctors. Other device‐based therapies, such as deep brain stimulation for cluster headache and patent foramen ovale closure, are covered elsewhere.