Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of soybean meal, raffinose and stachyose on the growth, body composition, intestinal morphology and intestinal microflora of juvenile allogynogenetic silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio♀×Cyprinus carpio♂)

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of soybean meal (SBM), raffinose and stachyose on juvenile crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio♀ × Cyprinus carpio♂). The experimental diets consisted of one control diet based on fish meal (FM), one diet containing 300 g kg−1 SBM and four FM-based diets with the addition of either 6.7 g kg−1 raffinose (Raf), 33.9 g kg−1 stachyose (Sta), a combination of raffinose and stachyose (Raf−Sta) and finally a Raf−Sta diet supplemented with 2.5 g kg−1 saponins (Raf−Sta−Sap). After 3 weeks of feeding, the relative gut lengths of SBM-fed fish and the fish fed stachyose-containing diets were shorter than those of the FM-fed fish; further, more SBM-fed fish showed fissures on the tips of the intestinal folds. After 8 weeks of feeding, the growth of SBM-fed fish was significantly lower than that of FM-fed fish (P<0.05). The fish fed Raf−Sta−Sap had a low relative gut length (P<0.05). In comparison with the other fish, the SBM-fed fish had a higher number of large-sized homogeneous vacuoles in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells and shorter microvilli. No significant difference was observed in body composition or intestinal microflora. The results indicated that raffinose and stachyose played no or only minor roles in the development of soybean-induced growth reduction.
The Ocular Circulation

Abstract This presentation describes the unique anatomy and physiology of the vascular beds that serve the eye. The needs for an unobstructed light path from the cornea to the retina and a relatively fixed corneal curvature and distance between refractive structures pose significant challenges for the vasculature to provide nutrients and remove metabolic waste. To meet these needs, the ocular vascular beds are confined to the periphery of the posterior two thirds of the eye and a surrogate circulation provides a continuous flow of aqueous humor to nourish the avascular cornea, lens and vitreous compartment. The production of aqueous humor (and its ease of egress from the eye) also generates the intraocular pressure (IOP), which maintains the shape of the eye. However, the IOP also exerts a compressing force on the ocular blood vessels that is higher than elsewhere in the body. This is particularly true for the intraocular veins, which must have a pressure higher than IOP to remain patent, and so the IOP i.
Sexual selection and taxonomic diversity in passerine birds

Many authors have suggested that sexual selection by female choice may increase the speciation rate and hence generate taxonomic diversity. Using sister taxa comparisons, we find a significant positive correlation between the proportion of sexually dichromatic species within taxa of passerine birds, and the number of species in those taxa. Theory predicts this result if sexual dichromatism in passerines has evolved through the action of female choice.
Zur Tiefgefrierung von Ebersperma

Inhalt Bei der Tiefgefrierung von Ebersamen mit dem Hulsenberg-Verdunner (Richter & Liedecke, 1972) wurde das Sperma in verschiedenen Auftaulosungen aufgetaut. Dabei wurden die Samenzellen hinsichtlich der Morphologic der Kopfkappen, der Bewegungsaktivitat und der GOT-Freisetzung in das extrazellulare Medium untersucht und Korrelationen zwiseheu den einzelnen Untersuchungs methoden ermittelt. Contents(Deep-freezing of boar semen: Demonstration and estimation of morphological and enzyme changes in deep-frozen boar semen). Boar semen, diluted in Hulsenberg-Extender (Richter & Liedecke, 1972), was deep frozen at - 196°C and thawed in various solutions. The semen was assayed for acrosomal morphology, motility and GOT in the extra-cellular medium. Corelation coefficents were calculated.
Concurrent changes in group size and roost use by reproductive female little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus)

Group formation is beneficial for many small endotherms, in part to create favourable conditions for developing offspring. However, for individuals occupying spatially limited structures, such as tree cavities, group formation may influence—and be influenced by—the range of structures available for use. This may be especially true of bats, which often form maternity groups that regularly change in size. We examined colonies of tree-roosting little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus (LeConte, 1831)) in northern Alberta to address two questions: (1) is group size associated with patterns of roost use, in particular the use of large-diameter trees, and (2) does group size change during reproduction and correspond to changes in roost use? We located roosts over 2 years using radiotelemetry and conducted exit counts at a subset of these roosts. Larger diameter trees had larger and more variable group sizes. Roost-tree diameter peaked near the start of parturition, the time when bats formed the largest groups. We sug.
Thekla – Visual Semantic Analysis of Document Clusters

We present thekla , a software that creates semantic visualizations of document clusters. The system uses topic models in order to distinguish between diﬀerent aspects of the clusters’ semantics, and thus facilitates a ﬁne-grained analysis of the thematic similarities and diﬀerences between clusters.
Integrated systematics of the Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): radiation as a chain of populations in a small heterogeneous area

The Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Phaneropterinae), ranging along a narrow line in West Anatolia and the Balkan mountains, has been revised using integrated data from morphology, bioacoustics, and DNA sequences of two matrilineal markers. A taxonomic approach neutral with respect to existing species/subspecies was applied to the sampled populations. The male calling song showed poor variation amongst the populations. Of the morphological structures, only the male cerci and male subgenital plate offer diagnostic characters but they are secondary gains or losses in most cases. Phylogenetic analyses applied to a data matrix consisting of concatenated 1401 bp long sequences of 16S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I produced from specimens of the group resulted in trees with similar topologies. Both genetic and phenotypic data confirmed the species status of the geographically discrete Izmir, Balkan, Aydin, Kutahya, and Balikesir populations. However, 13 populations located in the southern part of the group's range in Antalya and Mugla Provinces of Turkey present a complex phylogenetic and morphological pattern of three morphological units, but two phylogroups. By integrating song, morphology, and phylogenetic data the following conclusions were made. The species status of Poecilimon ledereri and Poecilimon orbelicus was confirmed. The Aydin population was re-established as a valid species, P. tuncayi stat. rev. The Kutahya population was elevated to species level as Poecilimon egrigozi Unal, 2005, stat. nov. The Balikesir population is here described as a new species Poecilimon helleri sp. nov. The southern lineage of the species group exhibits characteristics of a chain species with three subspecies. Poecilimon luschani is retained as the species name by priority and the Poecilimon birandi is considered its subspecies as Poecilimon luschani birandi stat. nov. A new subspecies Poecilimon luschani chobanovi ssp. nov. is described. The phylogenetic relationships amongst the proposed taxa are as follows: P. ledereri + (P. orbelicus + (P. tuncayi + (P. egrigozi + P. helleri) + (P. luschani luschani + P. luschani birandi + P. luschani chobanovi))). © 2013 The Linnean Society of London
Development of 3-dimensional multi electrode arrays for simultaneous stimulation and measurement of neuronal activity in the retina

The retina of most species is about 200μm thick. It is a layered structure and consists of several different cell types. The outer retina, which points away from the incoming light, is formed by the photoreceptors, the rods and cones. The photoreceptors transmit their information via synapses on the bipolar cells. The soma of these cells together with the somas of horizontal cells and amacrine cells form the inner nuclear layer. The bipolar cells transmit their information further to the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells with their somas and axons make up the most inner layer of the retina (the ganglion cell layer and the nerve fibre layer). The inner layer faces the incoming light.
Efeito da produção diária e da ordem de parto na composição físico-química do leite de vacas de raças zebuínas

This study aims to evaluate the influence of the milk production and parturiation order on the physicochemical composition of milk from Zebu breeds. The milk samples were collected during the Zebu Breed Milk Tournament of the 46th Agricultural Exhibition in Parnamirim, state of Rio Grande do Norte, and subsequently analyzed. The sampling of milk for the analysis was performed during the three days of the tournament. All samples were stocked individually in sterilized plastic flasks. Each flask was analyzed the composition (fat, protein, lactose, total solids, defatted dry extract), ureic nitrogen and somatic cell count. To analyze the database, the cows were divided into three different groups according to their average production level during the three days of the tournament. This analysis was done using the SAS Statistical Software. There was not significant difference (P>0.05) between the average fat and somatic cell count among the groups. The milk average levels of protein and lactose of group I were significantly smaller (P<0.05) than the ones of groups II and III. Fat concentration, protein, lactose, total solids, somatic cells and ureic nitrogen were positively correlated to daily milk production and paturiation order. The parturiation order presented the highest positive correlation (r=0.2245) when compared to milk production, while ureic nitrogen exhibits the highest correlation with parturiation order (r=0.4981). Parturiation order and daily milk production affect physicochemical composition of milk. Key-words: physicochemical characteristics, somatic cell count, raw milk
Specializations of Marketing in Non-Economic Areas: Social Marketing and Non-Profit Organizations Marketing

Marketing is in constant development, theoretically and practically under the influence of a highly dynamic and competitive global environment. From year to year, the budgets assigned to marketing, regardless of the sphere of activity, grow, confirming the statement of Robert Louis Stevenson: everybody lives by selling something, and proving that organizations understand that only in this way maximize their chances successful.
Agentes tróficos na dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a atividade das enzimas digestivas e o desempenho

Foi avaliado o efeito da adicao de glutamina, acidos graxos poliinsaturados ou parede celular de levedura a dieta de leitoes desmamados sobre a atividade das enzimas pancreaticas (lipase, amilase e tripsina) e da mucosa intestinal (dipeptidase, sacarase e maltase) e sobre o desempenho. Foram utilizados 45 leitoes desmamados e distribuidos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial, com quatro dietas (T1 - dieta basal (DB); T2 - DB + 1% de glutamina; T3 - DB + 0,2% de parede celular de levedura; T4 - DB + 5% de oleo de peixe) e duas idades de abate (sete e 14 dias pos-desmame). O desempenho foi medido nas duas primeiras semanas pos-desmame. A adicao de 1% de glutamina na dieta dos leitoes aumentou a atividade especifica e total da amilase, e atividade total da tripsina na segunda semana pos-desmame. Os demais aditivos nao alteraram a atividade das enzimas digestivas nos leitoes. Tambem foi observado aumento na atividade total da lipase, e atividade especifica da tripsina e maltase em funcao da idade pos desmame. De modo geral, as atividades das enzimas digestivas estiveram correlacionadas positivamente, com excecao da dipeptidase que nao se correlacionou com nenhuma outra enzima. Foi observada correlacao positiva entre ganho de peso e atividades da lipase e da amilase. Os aditivos incluidos na dieta nao influenciam o desempenho dos leitoes no pos-desmame.
EVOLUTION OF ORNAMENTATION AND COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR IN SCHIZOCOSA: INSIGHTS FROM A PHYLOGENY BASED ON MORPHOLOGY (ARANEAE, LYCOSIDAE)

Abstract A phylogenetic analysis for the North American Schizocosa species was undertaken by scoring 49 morphological characters for 31 taxa representing all of the Nearctic species of Schizocosa plus individuals that are hybrids between S. ocreata and S. rovneri. Rabidosa rabida, Allocosa georgicola and Gladicosa pulchra were used as outgroups. Three clades are recognized: a large clade from eastern North America (Clade A) within which is nested the S. ocreata clade; Clade B, which includes the widespread S. avida and the western S. mccooki, and a smaller, third clade, Clade C. Sexual ornamentation occurs on the first legs of mature males of several species within the Schizocosa and takes the form of pigmentation and or bristles primarily on the tibia of leg I; there is at least one species with bristles in each of the three main clades. Mapping the occurrence of male ornamentation on the preferred phylogeny suggests that ornamentation evolved 5 or 6 separate times and was subsequently lost 2 or 3 times. The ornamentation is concentrated in the S. ocreata clade, a clade defined by a finger like projection on the paleal process of the male pedipalp. Courtship behavior is known for 20 of the 31 taxa. All species studied utilize chemical communication and seismic signals for communication; some species also have distinct visual signals. Seismic signals are produced by palpal drumming (as is seen in several species within Clade B), or by stridulation (seen in Clade A). Visual signals consisting of movements of the first pair of legs are common in species that are distinctly ornamented. This study provides the first phylogenetic study of a North American genus of wolf spider and provides morphometric comparisons of the North American species in Schizocosa.
Abnormal features of human self-domestication in bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental condition characterized by episodes of elevated mood and depression. Being a heritable condition, it features a complex genetic architecture, and it is not still clear how genes contribute to the onset and course of the disease. In this paper we adopted an evolutionary-genomic approach to this condition, focusing on changes occurring during human evolution as a source of our distinctive cognitive and behavioral phenotype. We show clinical evidence that the BD phenotype can be construed as an abnormal presentation of the human self-domestication phenotype. We further demonstrate that candidate genes for BD significantly overlap with candidates for mammal domestication, and that this common set of genes is enriched in functions that are important for the BD phenotype, especially neurotransmitter homeostasis. Finally, we show that candidates for domestication are differentially expressed in brain regions involved in BD pathology, particularly, the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Overall, this link between domestication and BD should facilitate a better understanding of the BD etiopathology.
Bacterial biofilm: structure, function, and antimicrobial resistance

Biofilms are microbial communities attached to surfaces and encased in an extracellular matrix of microbial origin. They represent the predominant form of microbial life. Biofilms are everywhere and can develop on virtually every natural and man-made surface. Biofilms are also ubiquitous in both normal and pathogenic human processes. Biofilm formation has been demonstrated for numerous pathogens and is clearly one of the main strategies for bacterial survival in a variety of sites within the human body. In almost all instances, the biofilm lifestyle helps bacteria survive and persist within the environment. This review discusses the fundamental biology of microbial biofilm and how biofilms impact the pathogenesis of human infections. The different mechanisms involved in the reduced antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms in pathogenic biofilms are discussed in detail in this review. Possible approaches that could be explored in the search for new anti-biofilm strategies to eradicate medically relevant biofilms are also presented.
Scale dependency and functional response in moose habitat selection

Habitat selection can be influenced by the distribution of the habitat types in the landscape as well as net gain in visiting patches of resources, causing individual variation in habitat selection. Moreover, the hypothesis of functional response in habitat selection predicts that the degree of selection of a resource depends on its relative availability. We used radio-telemetry data from individual moose on an island off the coast of northern Norway to evaluate whether the selection of habitat types at the landscape scale differed from the choice of habitat types within the home range, and investigated the functional response in habitat selection by relating individual habitat selection to home range characteristics. At the landscape scale, moose selected for habitat types that provided both good forage and cover, with small differences between sex and age groups. At the home range scale, all individuals selected habitat types that were associated with cover and low human impact. Habitat selection was not modified by local moose density, but was related to home range size at both spatial scales. Larger home ranges contained larger proportions of non-preferred habitat types compared to smaller home ranges. At the home range scale, the selection for a habitat type decreased with its relative availability, indicating a functional response in habitat selection. This suggests that habitat selection is modified by home range size, which influences the availability of habitat types and shapes individual habitat selection patterns. Our results support previous suggestions that analyses of habitat or resource selection should follow a multi-scale approach. Both the relative availability of habitat types as well as individual variation in home range size should be accounted for in order to disentangle the complex mechanisms that contribute to shape patterns of resource selection in animals.
Cis-regulatory similarities in the zebrafish and human pancreas uncover potential disease-related enhancers

The pancreas is a central organ for human diseases that have a dramatic societal burden, such as pancreatic cancer and diabetes1,2. Non-coding cis-regulatory elements (CREs) of DNA control gene expression3,4, being required for proper pancreas function. Most disease-associated alleles5,6 are non-coding, often overlapping with CREs5, suggesting that alterations in these regulatory sequences contribute to human pancreatic diseases by impairing gene expression. However, functional testing of CREs in vivo is not fully explored. Here we analysed histone modifications, transcription, chromatin accessibility and interactions, to identify zebrafish pancreas CREs and their human functional equivalents, uncovering disease-associated sequences across species. We found a human pancreatic enhancer whose deletion impairs the tumour suppressor gene ARID1A expression, conferring a potential tumour suppressor role to this non-coding sequence. Additionally, we identified a zebrafish ptf1a distal enhancer which deletion generates pancreatic agenesis, demonstrating the causality of this condition in humans7 and the interspecies functional equivalency of enhancers.
Dengue and severe dengue

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection. The infection causes flu-like illness, and occasionally develops into a potentially lethal complication called severe dengue. The global incidence of dengue has grown dramatically in recent decades. About half of the world's population is now at risk. Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas. Severe dengue is a leading cause of serious illness and death among children in some Asian and Latin American countries. There is no specific treatment for dengue/ severe dengue, but early detection and access to proper medical care lowers fatality rates below 1%. Dengue prevention and control depends on effective vector control measures.
Biocontrol of cocoa pod diseases with mycoparasite mixtures.

Abstract Five native mycoparasitic strains of Clonostachys rosea and three of Trichoderma spp. were isolated from healthy cocoa tissue or basidiocarps of Crinipellis perniciosa using a baiting technique. They were compared singly or in combination with the commercial biocontrol agent Trichoderma virens (SoilGuard) for their potential to control three cocoa pod diseases: moniliasis, caused by Moniliophthora roreri; witches' broom, caused by C. perniciosa; and black pod, caused by Phytophthora palmivora. All isolates except Trichoderma T-1 inhibited basidiocarp formation of C. perniciosa under controlled conditions. The remaining isolates except Trichoderma T-3 reduced vegetative broom formation in a seedling bioassay. Clonostachys rosea G-3 and Trichoderma strains T-2 and T-3 significantly reduced symptoms caused by M. roreri in a seedling bioassay. Host-range studies identified P. palmivora as most susceptible to mycoparasitism and M. roreri as most resistant; C. perniciosa was intermediate. Different degrees of susceptibility were discovered at the pathogen strain level, especially for P. palmivora. However, broad host-range mycoparasites which attacked all three pathogen species were identified. Under field conditions, all selected treatments except a combination of C. rosea G-2 + G-3 reduced moniliasis, the main disease, significantly by 14.6–24.9% as compared with optimized, cultural control alone. No significant reduction of witches' broom or black pod was achieved but a combination of five C. rosea strains (G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4 + G-5) performed consistently best against all three diseases simultaneously. Yield increased by 16.7% and net returns by 24%. Control of moniliasis and yield were positively correlated to the number of mycoparasites in the inoculum. The results suggest that simultaneous biocontrol of the three major cocoa pod diseases with mycoparasite mixtures is highly promising. Future development strategies are discussed.
Consumption of milk by quokka (Setonix brachyurus) young.

We investigated the consumption of milk by the young quokka using the stable isotope deuterium oxide. The volume of milk consumed increased from 1.6 mL day–1 at 55 days post partum to 32.5 mL day–1 at 165 days. The daily energy intake ranged from ~22 to 151 kJ day–1 during pouch life. The crude growth efficiency (grams of growth per millilitre of milk consumed) increased from an average of 0.35 to 0.46 g mL–1 in the early stages of pouch life, and then decreased to 0.24 g mL–1 during Phase 2b of lactation. The crude growth efficiency measured in our study indicates that quokkas are equally efficient in converting milk energy to body mass as other marsupials reported in the literature. Measuring milk intake with this method offers a non-toxic, minimally invasive alternative to other techniques for measuring milk consumption in marsupials, when milk is the only source of water intake.