Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dissecting the first phased dikaryotic genomes of the wheat rust pathogen Puccinia triticina reveals the mechanisms of somatic exchange in nature

Although somatic hybridization (SH) has been proposed as a means of accelerating rust pathogen virulence evolution in the absence of sexual recombination, previous studies are limited to the laboratory and none have revealed how this process happens. Using long-read sequencing, we generated dikaryotic phased genomes and annotations for three Australian field-collected isolates of the wheat leaf rust pathogen (Puccinia triticina; Pt), including a putative asexual hybrid (Pt64) and two putative parental isolates (Pt104 and Pt53; 132-141 Mb,155-176 contigs, N50 of 1.9-2.1 Mb). The genetic dissection based on the high-quality phased genomes including whole-genome alignments, phylogenetic and syntenic analyses along with short-read sequencing of 27 additional Pt isolates convergently demonstrated that Pt64, which rendered several commercial hybrid wheat cultivars susceptible to leaf rust, arose from SH between isolates within the Pt53 and Pt104 lineages. Parentage analysis demonstrated the role of mitotic crossover in the derivation of both nuclei of Pt64. Within HD mating type genes, the distinct specificity regions in Pt64 and the distinct phylogenetic pattern of the remaining admixed isolates suggested high genetic variation in specificity-related regions on the b locus intrinsically associated with the SH. This study not only provided a fundamental platform for investigating genomic variation underlying virulence evolution in one of the most devastating wheat pathogens, but also offered an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of naturally occurring SH. This asexual mechanism can be broadly exploited by any dikaryotic pathogen to accelerate virulence evolution, and understanding this process is both urgent and crucial for sustainable pathogen control. Importance Strategies to manage plant rust pathogens are challenged by the constant emergence of new virulence. Although somatic hybridization has been proposed as a means by which rusts could overcome host resistance rapidly and cause crop loss, there is very little evidence of this process in nature and the mechanisms underlying it are not known. This study generated and analysed the first dikaryotic phased genomes of the wheat leaf rust pathogen, identifying an isolate as a hybrid and for the first time unveiling parasexuality via mitotic crossover in a rust pathogen. The erosion of the resistance of several hybrid wheat cultivars in agriculture by the hybrid rust has important implications for breeding efforts targeting durable resistance and sustained rust control.
Honey characterization by total reflection x-ray fluorescence: evaluation of environmental quality and risk for the human health †

Honey is produced by Apis Mellifera bees, primarily from floral nectars. The bees are estimated to forage on plants growing in a relatively large area of more than 7 km 2 . If it is assumed that any hive includes at least 1000 worker bees and that each of them forages on 1000 flowers per day, the honey produced daily can be considered the outcome of at least one million interactions. In this way, the foraged area is effectively sampled for trace elements. The mineral content of honey is recognized as an environmental indicator. In this work, it is used as an indicator of toxic metal contamination in an extensive area in the central-west of Argentina. Metal identification and quantification was done by total reflection x-ray fluorescence (TXRF). The level of contamination was evaluated taking into account the concentration values suggested by the Codex Alimentarium Commission. Chemometric tools were employed to relate the honey composition to the environmental contamination of the studied areas. Copyright  2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Purification and characterization of a new cold active lipase, EnL A from Emericella nidulans NFCCI 3643

A mesophilic fungi producing an extracellular cold-active lipase was isolated from the soil samples of palm oil mill effluent dump sites, Pedavegi, West Godavari Dist, A.P. India and was identified as Emericella nidulans . The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography using phenyl sepharose. The enzyme was 35 fold pure compared to crude with a specific activity of 1494.51 U/mg. SDS PAGE analysis revealed that the protein is monomeric with a MW of ˜54 kDa and zymogram analysis showed that the purified protein was active. Characterization studies revealed that the temperature optimum was at 30°C and an optimum pH of 5. The K m and V max values were found to be 0.61 mM and 322.58 mM/min.mg, respectively. Sequencing of the purified protein by MALDI TOF-MS analysis followed by BLAST P analysis indicated that the protein is a putative secretary lipase from E. nidulans. Search of lipase engineering data base (LED) revealed that this protein belongs to a newly introduced super family of Candida antarctica lipase A like and to the homologous family of Aspergillus lipase like. Key words : Cold active lipase, Emericella nidulans, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, Candida antarctica lipase A like.
Recent patterns of post-conflict aid: Did donors help sustain peace?

Donor reactions to recent settlements of internal conflicts have been highly diverse, in terms of both overall aid and its sectoral composition. The allocation of post-conflict aid tends to be needs-based by favoring particularly poor countries. There is no conclusive evidence, however, that the allocation was shaped by the severity and type of conflicts prior to settlement. Furthermore, the sustainability of conflict resolution appears to be unrelated to the amount and composition of post-conflict aid. These findings, though based on a limited number of post-conflict episodes, underscore concerns voiced by the OECD and non-governmental organizations that traditional approaches to post-conflict aid are not effective.
Co-variance structures for modelling repeated tick counts in beef cattle.

Resistance of cattle to cattle ticks is difficult to evaluate because the measurement (a tick count) is subject to uncontrolled environmental variation that affects tick numbers, making it difficult to determine when an animal has acquired, or whether it is expressing, its inherent resistance to ticks. For this reason, repeated tick counts are usually made. A number of covariance structures for modelling repeated tick counts in beef cattle were compared to determine the best method of estimating genetic parameters for resistance to ticks. Imposing constraints on correlations and variances reduces the number of variance parameters to be estimated, which may improve the accuracy of the estimates of the remaining parameters. Estimates of the remaining parameters are i nfluenced by the constraints imposed and therefore are not necessarily superior to less accurate estimates from a less constrained model. Unless the effect of constraining the model is fully understood and deemed advantageous, it is recommended that multivariate models with unconstrained covariance structures continue to be used for estimating EBVs for tick resistance.
Screening of exopolysaccharide-producing coccal lactic acid bacteria isolated from camel milk and red meat of Algeria

The analysis of coccal lactic acid bacteria (CLAB) strains for their competence in polysaccharide production has been given proper attention as texturing and thickening agents. The characterization of these strains has been performed from two natural environments (camel milk and red meat). All the isolates were evaluated for exopolysaccharides (EPS) production on certain solid medium and ruthenium red milk agar plate. Based on their EPS-producing colony phenotype, five strains were chosen giving an important white-color and mucoid aspect on sucrose-based media which being the best for detecting the EPS. Quantitative estimation of EPS indicated that amount of this polymer rendered more than 400 mg/L and the apparent viscosity ranged from 2.1 to 2.9 milli Pascals per second (mPa.s). Therefore, there was not found a close relationship between the amount of EPS and the apparent viscosity. Three strains were selected for their significant production of EPS. For protein assay, a low content of protein was obtained on crude polymer revealing the quality of EPS extracts. Key words: Coccal lactic acid bacteria (CLAB), exopolysaccharides (EPS), sucrose-based medium, apparent viscosity, amount of EPS.
Isolation and characterization of a c-repeat binding factor gene from Tevang-1 maize cultivar

C-repeat binding factor (CBF) proteins are transcription factors involved in plant response to abiotic stresses, especially low-temperature condition. In this research, a CBF3-coding gene was isolated from a cold-acclimation maize variety, Zea mays var. Tevang-1 and denoted as ZmCBF3tv. The isolated gene shared 96.49% homology with the B73-reference gene and had no intron in the coding sequence. By using bioinformatic tools, a number of variations in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences were identified. An alignment between ZmCBF3tv and other CBF/DREB1 proteins from various species revealed functional regions and typical features, such as nuclear localization signal (NLS), the AP2 DNA-binding domain, and acidic-amino-acid-rich segments. Additionally, a phylogenetic analysis based on the AP2 domain showed that the maize CBF3 transcription factor had the highest similarity with that from rice and closely related to other DREB1/CBF protein of monocots. The function of the ZmCBF3tv product is suggested to be a CBF/DREB1 transcription factor.
Effect of Notchi kudineer (Vitex negundo aqueous extract) on surgically induced Endometriosis in Sprague Dawley rats

Background: Endometriosis is the growth of endometrial tissue in ectopic places outside the uterus. Siddha physicians claim that Vitex negundo leaf decoction reduces the symptoms of endometriosis in clinical practice. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Vitex negundo aqueous extract on surgically induced endometriosis in Sprague Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: Endometriosis was surgically induced in nulliparous female Sprague Dawley rats with regular estrus cycle by autografting endometrium tissue on posterior abdominal wall. After 30 days of implantation, rats were allocated into two groups (n=6). Control group did not receive any drug, whereas test group received an oral dose of Vitex negundo aqueous extract (300 mg/kg) for 30 days. After 30 days of treatment, the endometriosis cyst size and adhesion were measured and blood was collected for hematology. Malondialdehyde (MDA, an oxidant) and thiol (antioxidant) levels were estimated in blood as well as in cyst. Endometriosis cyst was studied for histopathological grading. Statistical analysis was done using independent t test by keeping p<0.05. Results: Test drug reduced the adhesion and cyst size compared to control, but the difference was not statistically significant. Histological grade was reduced from 3 to 0 in test group. The test drug significantly increased thiol in blood (p=0.016), and also reduced the blood MDA level (p=0.001) compared to control. Test drug increased the red blood cell distribution width (RDW_CV: p=0.009 and RDW_SD: p=0.003), platelet (p=0.03) and plateletcrit (p=0.026) compared to control group. Conclusion: Our study has created the scientific evidence for the siddha physician’s claim on Vitex negundo by demonstrating reduction in endometriosis cyst size, adhesion, histological grading and oxidant levels as well as elevation in antioxidant level.
QTL Mapping and Analysis of QTL x Nitrogen Interactions for Some Yield Components in Brassica napus L.

Nitrogen (N) plays a critical role in crop production. Nowadays, it is possible to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL), as well as their effects and positions on chromosomes, by new molecular and biometrical methods. A doubled haploid rapeseed population of 142 lines from the doubled winter rapeseed cultivars Mansholt's and Samourai, and a framework map derived from an RFLP map were used for the analysis of QTL and their interactions with N in terms of some yield components obtained from field trials in Brassica napus L. The interactions between traits and N were determined by variance analysis. Two QTL for number of seeds per pod, and four QTL for thousand seed weight were mapped at N0 (0 kg/ha N). Three QTL for pod length, two QTL for number of seeds per pod and three QTL for thousand seed weight were mapped at N1 (240 kg/ha N). All the QTL of N0 and N1 were mapped by analysing QTL x N interactions for all traits. Although it was found that there was no interaction between the mapped QTL and N, the results here can be used to improve the N-use efficiency and seed yield of Brassica napus.
Chemical compositions, contaminants, and residues of organic and conventional goat milk in Bogor District, Indonesia

Aim: This study aimed to compare chemical composition and contaminants (pesticide residues, antibiotic residues, and heavy metal residues) between organic and conventional goat milk in Bogor District, West Java Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Milk sampling was carried out from March to August 2018 at six goat farms. The chemical quality of milk was checked using the Lactoscan Ultrasonic Milk Analyzer device. Fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). Pesticide residues in goat’s milk were analyzed using a GC-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Antibiotic residues were analyzed using bioassay screening test method. The lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) residues were analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results: The content of fat, protein, and lactose showed that there was no difference in the composition of goat’s milk between organic and conventional farms. Caprylic acid (C8:0) and capric acid (C10:0) of organic goat milk are higher than conventional goat milk. Stearic acid (C18:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2) of conventional goat milk are higher than organic goat milk. The total fatty acid of organic goat milk is higher than conventional goat milk. Organochlorine pesticide residues were not detected in organic goat milk and conventional goat milk. Tetracycline antibiotic residues were found in one sample (5.56%) of organic goat milk, and macrolides residues were found in two samples (11.11%) of conventional goat milk. Pb residue in organic goat milk is 50 ppb while conventional goat milk is 80 ppb. Residue As in organic goat milk is 70 ppb while conventional goat milk is 110 ppb. Conclusion: There was no chemical composition (fat, protein, and lactose) difference between organic and conventional goat milk. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) in organic goat milk is higher than conventional goat milk. Pesticide residues are not found in both organic and conventional goat milk. Tetracycline antibiotics were found in organic goat milk and macrolide antibiotic groups found in conventional goat milk. Pb and As residues were found in both organic goat milk and conventional goat milk.
On the genus Racekiela in Mexico: molecular and morphological description of Racekiela cresciscrystae n. sp.

ABSTRACT In Mexico, there are currently two known species of Racekiela: R. ryderii and R. montemflumina. Here we describe a new species from high-altitude streams in central and southern Mexico. Racekiela cresciscrystae sp. nov. presents two morphotypes: thick encrusting with raised ridges or lobose outgrowths at the surface and dark green in colour, or lime-green encrustations. The new species as megascleres presents microspined oxeas from 200 to 300 µm long, some centrotylote, or with malformations. Gemmules are spherical with a tri-layered theca, constituted by radially embedded birotules and pseudobirotules. The birotules have longer shaft than the rotule diameter, which is flat, and some slightly umbonate. Pseudobirotules of typical morphology have strongly or somewhat spined shaft. Spines can be straight or hooked. The species also presents other type of pseudobirotules, which are umbonate and with only small warts, instead of spines. DNA sequences from the nuclear ITS1-5.8-ITS2 region were sequenced from the holotype and a paratype of the new species to determine their phylogenetic relationships with other members of the family Spongillidae. Tree topologies (Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood) were consistent in showing Racekiela creciscrystae sp. nov. as a sister clade of R. montemflumina confirming its allocation in a monophyletic genus Racekiela. A comparison with all the Racekiela species described so far is also included. This paper increases the number of species of freshwater sponges in Mexico, and confirmed that Racekiela is a monophyletic genus with morphological characters very well defined. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3769C54F-23C4-409A-AF02-81F3AA084F7A http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A512359D-E428-4D04-B08A-E189E3F6F962
Evolution of Policy in Nigerian Banking System: Lessons from Experience

Crisis have pervaded the Nigerian banking system till date, despite government response. This implies that the banks are still wobbling in carrying out their statutory mandates like efficient financial intermediation, which in turn takes its tolls on economic growth and development in Nigeria. This paper attempts to provide information on banking crisis and policy response over the years and on whether the purposes of the policies had been achieved. The paper succeeded in examining banking crises and attendant policy responses in five phases: 1892 -1959, 1960 -1985, 1986-2003, 2004-2007, and 2008 till Date. The policy responses to banking crisis over the years came with challenges. A good example is the legal and litigation challenges which acted as a clog in the speed of dealing with bank failure. Despite the usefulness of the policy, banking crises still exist. The inability of policies to address what they had been designed to tackle, has been due to a number of reasons which include the unawareness of the link between banking system and real sector. There is therefore the need to have corresponding measures to address real sectors’ infrastructural problems as well as the measures to combat banking crisis. Keywords : Evolution, Government Policy, Government Regulation, Banking Crisis, Nigeria.
UNTANGLING DISARRAY - A META-ANALYSIS OF STUDIES ON STANDARDS AND STANDARDIZATION FROM A TWO-DIMENSIONAL FRAMEWORK

In this paper, the fragmented literature and research on standards and standardization is organized and analyzed according to a two-dimensional framework. The two dimensions, being the level of analysis and the stage of the standardization process, serve as points of departure for the literature review. The analytical framework complements and extends existing literature and has implications both for theory and for management practice. Additionally, we also argue for theoretically grounded works within the field of strategic management, and suggest research topics that need to be addressed in order to take us one step closer to a comprehensive view of standards and standardization.
Solar based Air Compressor System using PIC Controller

--This paper will describe a novel system for generating compressed air energy generation system using solar thermal energy combined with PIC controller for usage and storage. The essential subsystems include solar panels directly coupled to air compressors, battery, and a PIC controller. Solar power is produced by collecting sunlight and converting into electricity. This is done by using solar panels, which are large flat panels made up of many individual solar cells. It is most often used in remote locations, although it is becoming more popular in urban areas as well. Interfacing of air controller with solar cells claims to be able to produce compressed air. This compressed air generation system will be particularly useful to inflate tires and for spray painting tool, with areas of high solar radiation for intermittent energy. This solar system would be a more economical means for achieving zeroemission, firm capacity.
Convergence in wing coloration between orange underwing moths ( Archiearis spp.) and tortoiseshell butterflies ( Aglais spp.)

Convergence in wing coloration between orange underwing moths ( Archiearis spp.) and tortoiseshell butterﬂies ( Aglais spp.). — 12: 65–71. We analysed the wing coloration of the orange underwing moth Archiearis parthenias (Geometridae, Archiearinae) in comparison with the small tortoiseshell butterﬂy Aglais urticae (Nymphalidae). Both species ﬂy in early spring and occur sympatrically in the northern Palaearctic. Aglais , the more common species, has a longer ﬂight period and uses a broader range of habitats. Both species show a camouﬂaged colour pattern on surfaces exposed at rest but a bright orange signal in ﬂight. Although the evolution of its coloration is constrained by its geometrid morphology, Archiearis is functionally similar to Aglais both while resting and in ﬂight. Archiearis has presumably evolved from nocturnal geometrid ancestors. Its shift to diurnality has included a change in the predator defence system from one based on ultrasonic hearing, functional against bats, to one presumably functional against birds. Preliminary palatability tests showed that Aglais is distasteful to birds (chicken), while Archiearis seems to be palatable. The function of the convergent coloration is unknown, but several possibilities are discussed.
Title Energy allocation in juveniles of a warm-temperate reef fish Permalink

During the first year of life, organisms are faced with competing demands for energy between growth and storage. Most research on energy allocation in young fishes has focused on cold-temperate species which are subjected to strong seasonal fluctuations in productivity, while few studies have considered those at lower latitudes where seasonality is less pronounced. Gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico settle in coastal seagrass beds in the spring as juveniles and emigrate to offshore reefs in the fall. Upon settlement, these young fish grow at remarkably fast rates, but their growth slows considerably before emigration. Slowed growth can be explained by one of three hypotheses: (1) size-specific emigration times; (2) reduced feeding efficiency associated with declines in primary and secondary productivity; or (3) energetic shifts in allocation from growth to storage. Gag emigrate essentially as a cohort, so slowed growth does not result from differential emigration patterns based on fish size. They also emigrate before seasonal declines in primary and secondary productivity; thus, food remains abundant and feeding efficiency constant. The more plausible hypothesis is that there is an energetic shift from growth to storage. The liver serves as the primary site of lipid storage and the hepatosomatic index of juvenile gag increases coincident with reduced growth. The overall effect of increased energy stores is presumably for use during offshore migration and/or for overwinter survival.
The applicability of Grant’s framework in the dynamic digital age: A review and agenda for future research

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the applicability of Grant’s framework in the current changing and dynamic environment. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, a critical review of Grant’s paper was conducted to identify the limitations and weaknesses of the framework, which prevent its effective application in the current digital age. Findings – As a result, this paper presented a modified framework and four propositions to consider dynamic capabilities in the new turbulent environment and extend the relationships between a firm’s resources, capabilities, dynamic capabilities, competitive advantage and competitive strategy. Findings tied to this initiative will provide important contributions to research. Originality/value – Rooted in resource-based view (RBV), the proposed framework puts forward a valid theoretical foundation on how to create a competitive advantage from a firm’s internal factors, including strategic resources, capabilities and dynamic capabilities. Furthermore, it contrib.