Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Poultry Meat as Functional Food: Modification of the Fatty Acid Profile – A Review / Mięso drobiowe jako żywność funkcjonalna: modyfikacja profilu kwasów tłuszczowych – artykuł przeglądowy

Abstract Functional foods, defined as “foods that may provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition”, became increasingly popular in the past twenty years with numerous practical applications. In Europe, functional foods must be accompanied by scientifically substantiated health claims. Products which aspire to that category include poultry meat and processed meat products which have been modified through bird nutrition. This article reviews the existing knowledge about foods fortified with health-promoting additives. It discusses the physiological, economic and legal aspects of modifying poultry meat, including turkey meat which has been poorly investigated in this context. The addition of oils rich in PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids), e.g. linseed oil, to poultry diets has been found to increase LC n-3 PUFA (long-chain omega-3 PUFA) concentrations in chicken and turkey meat. LC n-3 PUFAs participate in many processes that condition metabolism and health, and the nutritional value of meat, including poultry, is most commonly enhanced by increasing the proportion of LC n-3 PUFAs in the product's fatty acid composition. However, it increases feed costs and may cause a deterioration in the sensory attributes and oxidative stability of meat. Turkey breast meat is characterized by a relatively low fat content, which is why the fulfilment of health claim requirements is difficult in the European Union. Streszczenie W ostatnim dwudziestoleciu koncepcja żywności funkcjonalnej, rozumianej jako żywność, któ- ra - poza wartością odżywczą - może zapewniać korzyści zdrowotne, znalazła liczne zastosowania praktyczne i trwałą pozycję na rynku żywności. Do tego typu żywności, wymagającej w Europie od- powiedniego oznaczenie zdrowotnego, pretenduje mięso i wyroby mięsne z drobiu, zmodyfikowane prozdrowotnie poprzez odpowiednie żywienie ptaków. Ze względu na fakt, że długołańcuchowe wie- lonienasycone kwasy tłuszczowe uczestniczą w wielu procesach warunkujących prawidłowy metabo- lizm i zdrowie organizmu, zwiększenie udziału tej grupy w produktach jest najbardziej popularnym kierunkiem prozdrowotnej modyfikacji produktów pochodzenia zwierzęcego, w tym mięsa drobiowego. W niniejszym przeglądzie piśmiennictwa podsumowano aktualną wiedzę na ten temat. W nawiązaniu do potrzeb profilaktyki zdrowotnej u ludzi przedstawiono fizjologiczne, ekonomiczne i prawne uwarunko- wania żywieniowej modyfikacji mięsa drobiowego, w tym mięsa indyczego, którego dotyczą nieliczne doświadczenia. Wykazano, że skuteczną metodą zwiększenia zawartości wielonienasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych w mięsie kurcząt i indyków jest zastosowanie oleju lnianego w diecie tych ptaków. Taki zabieg zwiększa koszt paszy oraz może pogarszać cechy sensoryczne i stabilność oksydacyjną mięsa. Ze względu na mniejszą zawartość tłuszczu w piersi indyków spełnienie unijnych wymagań niezbędnych do oznaczenia zdrowotnego tego produktu jest znaczniej trudniejsze.
Conversational Recommendation: Formulation, Methods, and Evaluation

Recommender systems have demonstrated great success in information seeking. However, traditional recommender systems work in a static way, estimating user preferences on items from past interaction history. This prevents recommender systems from capturing dynamic and fine-grained preferences of users. Conversational recommender systems bring a revolution to existing recommender systems. They are able to communicate with users through natural languages during which they can explicitly ask whether a user likes an attribute or not. With the preferred attributes, a recommender system can conduct more accurate and personalized recommendations. Therefore, while they are still a relatively new topic, conversational recommender systems attract great research attention. We identify four emerging directions: (1) exploration and exploitation trade-off in the cold-start recommendation setting; (2) attribute-centric conversational recommendation; (3) strategy-focused conversational recommendation; and (4) dialogue understanding and response generation. This tutorial covers these four directions, providing a review of existing approaches and progress on the topic. By presenting the emerging and promising topic of conversational recommender systems, we aim to provide take-aways to practitioners to build their own systems. We also want to stimulate more ideas and discussions with audiences on core problems of this topic such as task formalization, dataset collection, algorithm development, and evaluation, with the ambition of facilitating the development of conversational recommender systems.
Biological Properties of Melanoidins: A Review

Melanoidins are brown, high molecular weight products of Maillard reaction, which takes place during thermal processing of food. They are formed in a multistage reaction between reducing sugars and compounds possessing free amino groups and found in roasted coffee, bakery products, cooked meat, beer, honey, sweet wine, processed tomatoes, and fiber. Nowadays, melanoidins have attracted a lot of attention, not only as a functional food ingredient, but also as a potential pro-healthy dietary supplement. In this field, their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and detoxifying activity have been described. Based on recent research developments, an overview of the biological properties of melanoidins with implications for human health is presented.
Enhancement of ecological studies of freshwater larval fish : shore sampling

Summary The use of plankton nets offshore and a beach seine at the shore for sampling freshwater larval fish resulted in differences in occurrence, total number of species, total catch, abuncfance, distribution, and range and mean total length of larvae. Consequently, according to where and how sampling occurs, vastly different conclusions may be drawn concerning the ecology of larval fish in a given body of water. Zusammenfassung Verbesserung okologischer Studien an Suswasser-Fischlarven: Probennahme am Ufer Die Verwendung von Planktonnetzen im Freiwasser und einer Strandwade im Uferbereich fur den Fang von Fischlarven im Suswasser resultierte in Unterschiede bezuglich des Auftretens, der Gesamtzahl der gefangenen Individuen, dem Gesamtfang, der Haufigkeit, der Verteilung, der Verbreitung und der mittleren Gesamtlange der Larven. Daraus folgt, das in Abhangigkeit des Fangplatzes und der Fangmethode deutlich voneinander abweichende Schlusfolgemngen bezuglich der Okologie der Fischlarven in einem gegebenem Wasserkorper gezogen werden konnen.
Bisoniana XVII. The evolution and fossil remains of the European bison

Omowiono ewolucje gatunkow rodzaju Bison H. Smith, zajmując sie szerzej pochodzeniem Bison bonasus (L.). Szczątki kopalne tego gatunku wskazują, ze byl on związany ze strefą lasow liściastych i w Europie środkowej pojawil sie dopiero w poźnym holocenie.
Text Compression based on Letter's Prefix in the Word

: Huffman [Huffman (1952)] encoding is one of the most known compression algorithms. In its basic use, only one encoding is given for the same letter in text to compress. In this paper, a text compression algorithm that is based on Huffman encoding is proposed. Huffman encoding is used to give different encodings for the same letter depending on the prefix preceding it in the word. A deterministic finite automaton (DFA) that recognizes the words of the text is constructed. This DFA records the frequencies for letters that label the transitions. Every state will correspond to one of the prefixes of the words of the text. For every state, a different Huffman encoding is defined for the letters that label the transitions leaving that state. These Huffman encodings are then used to encode the letters of the words in the text. This algorithm was implemented and experimental study showed significant reduction in compression ratio over the basic Huffman encoding. However, more time is needed to construct these codes.
A miniaturized circularly polarized multi‐dipole antenna with wide axial‐ratio beamwidth via loading loop resonators

A miniaturized, loop resonators (LRs)‐loaded, circularly polarized (CP) multi‐dipole antenna with wide axial‐ratio (AR) beamwidth is proposed and demonstrated in this article. The radiator of this CP antenna consists of two pairs of parallel dipoles loaded with four LRs at their corners. By increasing the length of the LR, or decreasing the coupling space between the dipole and the LR, the effective length of the dipole can be lengthened significantly and thus the working frequency can be reduced without increasing the whole aperture size. As a result, a miniaturized radiator structure is completed. A feeding network consisting of a T‐shaped coupling feeding structure and four coplanar striplines having different lengths are specially designed to feed these dipoles with approximately the same magnitude and 90° phase quadrature. What is more, a cavity reflector is employed to achieve a unidirectional radiation with wide axial‐ratio beamwidth. The radiator of the proposed CP antenna has a small aperture size of only 0. 34λ0 × 0. 34λ0, where λ0 is the free space wavelength at the working frequency. Measured results are in a good agreement with the corresponding simulated counterparts. Especially, the experimental results show that the antenna has achieved a wide AR beamwidth of 182° and 174° at the center frequency in the xoz and yoz planes, respectively.
Genotoxic Effects of Malathion in Chick in Vivo micronucleus Assay

Malathion, a commonly used insecticide, is reported to be genotoxic in various test systems both in vivo and in vitro. However, no report on its genotoxic activity in avian test system could be found. In the present study, the genotoxic potential of technical grade malathion was investigated in chick in vivo. Malathion (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg) induced significant dose-dependent increase in the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in the bone marrow cells following i.p. as well as p.o. routes of exposure. A significant decrease in mitotic index (MI) was observed for the highest dose (10 mg/kg) tested. In the peripheral blood cells, significant increase in the frequency of MN could be observed for the higher doses (5, 10 mg/kg) tested. Our results indicate that technical grade malathion may be considered as a mutagenic compound in chicks and is cytotoxic at higher doses.
BIOPHYSICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE FETUS

At least two accelerations (> 15 beats per minute (bpm) for > 15 seconds) in 20 minutes, baseline heart rate 110-150 bpm, baseline variability 5-25 bpm, absence of decelerations. Sporadic decelerations amplitude < 40 bpm are acceptable if duration < 15 seconds, or < 30 seconds following an acceleration. When there is moderate tachycardia (1 50-1 70 bpm) or bradycardia (100-110 bpm) a reactive trace is reassuring of good health approach using a set of guidelines such as those illustrated in Table 1 (Arulkumaran et a1 1992). They use a 20-30 minute recording of FHR as the basis of the NST/CTG though some have argued that a longer recording would yield more useful information.
THE MORPHOMETRY OF SHIELD LAKES IN SASKATCHEWAN1

Morphometric data arc presented for 68 lakes on the Precambrian Shield in Saskatchewan. The lakes have a wide range of surface dimensions but sham a common history and a distinctive geologic environment. Basin form, insulosity, and lake configuration are examined in relation to lake areas and are found to be dependent. The nature of this dependency is linked to characteristics of lake origin and geology peculiar to the shield region.
An Efficient Preparation of Acetyl Isoflavone Glucoside

Minor components of isoflavones in soybeans, 7-(6-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (6"-O-acetyldaidzin, 5) and 7-(6-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-5-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (6"-O-acetylgenistin, 6), were efficiently prepared from 6"-O-malonyldaidzin (3) or 6"-O-malonylgenistin (4) by decarboxylation in N, N-dimethylformamide at 60°C in 46% or 57% yield, respectively. This reaction may explain the increase in the amount of the acetate during toasting of soybeans.
EFFECTS OF FIRE REGIME AND HABITAT ON TREE DYNAMICS IN NORTH FLORIDA LONGLEAF PINE SAVANNAS

Frequent, low intensity fire was an important component of the natural dis- turbance regime of presettlement savannas and woodlands in the southeastern USA dom- inated by longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), and prescribed burning is now a critical part of the management of these endangered habitats. Fire season, fire frequency, and fire intensity are three potentially important, though still little understood, components of both natural and managed fire regimes. In this long-term (8-yr) study, we experimentally (through the use of prescribed burning) tested for effects of fire season (eight different times throughout the year) and fire frequency (annual vs. biennial burning), on population dynamics (re- cruitment, growth, mortality, change in density, and change in basal area (the total basal area of all stems in a plot)) and species composition of trees in two quite different types of longleaf-pine-dominated habitats (north Florida sandhills and flatwoods). Limited fire temperature and intensity data were also collected during one year to examine the rela- tionship between fire behavior (temperature and intensity) and tree mortality. Contrary to prior hypotheses, our results showed few systematic or predictable effects of season or frequency of burning on dynamics of longleaf pine. Instead, variability in the population dynamics of this species appeared to be related largely to variation in fire behavior, regardless of the season of burning. Consistent with prior hypotheses, we found that deciduous oak species (Quercus laevis, Q. margaretta, and Q. incana) were least vulnerable to dormant-season burning and most vulnerable to burning early in the growing season. This was shown particularly by seasonal trends in the effect of burning on oak mortality (both topkill and complete kill) and, to a lesser extent, on oak recruitment. Oak densities and basal areas also declined in the spring- burned plots, resulting in a shift away from oaks and towards increased dominance by longleaf pine. Detrimental effects of spring burning on oaks were partly explained by fire behavior, but there appeared also to be an important residual effect of burning season, particularly on complete kill. Though longleaf pine population dynamics did not differ markedly as a result of burning season and frequency, we did find important differences in pine dynamics between the two habitats (i.e., sandhills and flatwoods). In general, populations of longleaf pines in the sandhills appeared to be density regulated, while flatwoods pine populations were declining regardless of the level of intraspecific competition. This suggests that long-term persistence of longleaf pine, and perhaps other fire-adapted species in frequently burned longleaf-pine- dominated communities, may be determined by complex interactions between habitat factors and fire regimes.
Evaluation of Chlorella sorokiniana cultivated in outdoor photobioreactors for biodiesel production

Abstract Microalgae strains that present high growth rates and accumulate protein and lipid at high yields and productivities have the potential to be utilized for food and biodiesel production. In the present work, Chlorella sorokiniana CTT 7727 was evaluated in terms of growth parameters and biomass compositions, presenting promising characteristics to be cultivated in large scale outdoor photobioreactors. The strain presented a biomass productivity of 0.0433 g L −1 day−1, lipid productivity of 0.0083 g L −1 day−1, lipid content of 20.08%, protein content of 50.44% and carbohydrate content 16.20%, beyond a maximum specific growth rate of 0.250 day−1. Harvesting with ferric chloride at 0.75 g L −1 recovered biomass with minimal loses. The fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) profile exhibited C16:0 (39.68%), C16:1 (7.22%), C18:0 (5.49%), C18:1 (17.20%), C18:2 (15.97%) and C18:3 (11.03%). The biodiesel properties predicted with this FAME composition revealed 54.09 of cetane number, 81.95 g I2 100 g −1 of iodine value, 9.57 °C of cold filter plugging point, 15.88 °C of cloud point and 39.18 MJ kg−1 higher heating value. These properties indicated a potential to be used as B100 in tropical countries and mixture in cold weather countries.
Seedling recruitment patterns in a tropical dry forest in Ghana

Studies of seedling demography and dynamics were carried out in a dry forest at Pinkwae, Ghana (rainfall 1100 mm). Seedlings of tree and liana species in permanent transects were tagged, identified, measured and recensused at bimonthly intervals. A total of 1931 seedlings in 53 species were followed over 14 censuses during a 2-yr period. Germination and mortality were seasonal in their distribution; mortality was highest in dry periods. Seedling density varied seasonally, with the highest densities in comparatively wet periods. Diversity of seedlings was low, corresponding to that of the adult assemblage. Survivorship of tagged seedlings was recorded during the study period. The cohort tagged at the first census, comprising 1033 individuals of mixed ages and species, lost 61.9% during a 24-month period. Many seedlings were found to be rather large at the initial post-germination stage, with strong root development. Vegetative reproduction by root suckers or epicormic shoots was quite common at the site, although the majority of regeneration was by seeds. The current seedling assemblage appears to be representative, in terms of composition and diversity, of the adult species assemblage at Pinkwae.
Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease: a selective status report

Age has a powerful effect on enhanced susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases, stroke, cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases and a condition of increased oxidative stress status seems to be the link factor. In this paper we briefly reviewed the more recently reports on the role of oxidative stress in aging and age-related diseases with a specific focus on mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. The role of antioxidant therapy and/or supplementation and the importance of an antioxidant rich diet are then discussed.
THE OCCURRENCE OF TRIMETHYLAMINE OXIDE IN FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS

The trimethylamine oxide present in trichloroacetic extracts of Fundulus heteroclitus muscle was determined indirectly by the colorimetric determination of trimethylamine as the picrate salt. The oxide content increases with the length of the fish and, while spawning, females showed larger contents than males. Fundulus kept in fresh or sea water and fed an oxide-free diet, showed an increase in oxide content which reached a high value in 35–45 days. Afterwards the oxide content declined and then rose again. The liver has small amounts present which tend to vary similarly. Injections of the oxide were recovered mainly in the excreta and to a lesser extent in the muscle and liver tissues. Fundulus starved for a month showed an increase in the oxide content of the muscle. It appears that trimethylamine oxide originates in muscle tissue as a result of two processes, one exogenous and one endogenous in origin.
Studies of the cereal cyst-nematode, Heterodera avenae under continuous cereals, 1975–1978. II. Fungal parasitism of nematode females and eggs

SUMMARY The development and fungal parasitism of Heterodera avenae females and eggs on susceptible cereals was studied from 1975 to 1978 in a sandy loam soil. Despite the production of many females on the roots nematode numbers declined in two years (1975 and 1978), and it is female survival and fecundity and not female numbers which often limit H. avenae multiplication. Fungal parasites may totally destroy females on roots or result in the formation of small cysts which are often empty. Fecundity is reduced and many eggs may became infected. Parasitism of females and eggs was decreased and nematode multiplication was increased in soil treated with formalin (38% formaldehyde) at 3000 litres/ha, but because it is nematicidal and fungicidal interpretation of the effects of the sterilant are difficult. Formalin has a greater effect on H. avenae multiplication in wet summers when fungal parasites, particularly Nematophthora gynophila are more active. Parasitised females which may be destroyed in about 7 days are fragile and difficult to extract from soil. Rates of parasitism tend to be underestimated. Approximately 60% of the females which failed to form cysts containing eggs can be accounted for by N. gynophila and Verticillium chlamydosporium. Fungal parasitism is therefore the major factor in limiting the multiplication of H. avenae.
Organic matter characteristics, biochemical activity and antioxidant capacity of soil amended with different organic materials

The influence of pelleted cow manure (PCM), peat, municipal solid waste compost (MSWC), wet olive husk compost (WOHC) and green waste compost (GWC) on soil biochemical activity, antioxidant capacity (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)) and the level of soil organic matter was evaluated in a short-term laboratory study. Peat was the most acidifying material, followed by GWC and PCM, reflecting the acidic characteristics of the compounds present in the aqueous and alkaline extracts of the amendments. Organic materials caused a marked increase of total and water-soluble organic carbon, total N, water- and alkali-soluble phenols in soil, with values generally reflecting the amount of organic matter present in the amendments. The breakdown percentage of C added expressed as CO2-C evolution for PCM was considerably the highest (18%) and for WOHC was considerably the lowest. The water-soluble organic carbon present in the amendments and soil total N acted as controllers of the rate of decomposition of organic C in soil. The highest TEAC was in peat soil, with 583.0 mM g−1, followed by PCM soil (450.2 mM g−1), while soils treated with compost had quite similar values (about 230 mM g−1). TEAC was strictly correlated with both alkali- and water-soluble phenols and water-soluble organic carbon. The level of ATP in PCM soil at the 60th day of incubation suggests that the PCM is the most effective amendment for increasing the activity of microbial biomass in soil.
Comparison of internal and external markers in digestibility studies involving the Australian freshwater crayfish, Cherax destructor Clark (Decapoda, Parastacidae)

Apparent dry matter and protein digestibility coefficients (DMD and PD, respectively) were determined using several different marker compounds [Cr2O3, ash, crude fibre (CF), hydrolysis resistant ash (HRA) and hydrolysis resistant organic matter (HROM)] for nine different pelleted diets fed to adult Australian freshwater crayfish, Cherax destructor Clark. For a soybean-meal-based diet (Soy-60), HRA resulted in the highest DMD and PD coefficients (98.6 and 99.6%, respectively), while the lowest values were obtained by using CF (DMD, 74.3%; PD, 91.6%). For the series of diets tested, digestibility coefficients determined using Cr2O3 were significantly higher than those obtained using ash or CF, and lower than those obtained using HRA and HROM. Using ash as the marker resulted in a mean reduction in DMD and PD of 12.4% and 5.5%, respectively, compared to Cr2O3. On average, coefficients obtained using CF were 11.8% and 4.2% lower, respectively, than the values obtained using Cr2O3- Despite an overall reduction in the digestibility coefficients estimated using ash, the ash-ratio technique provided a reasonable estimate of nutrient digestibility for some diets. Based on the ease and speed of determination, it is proposed that dietary ash is suitable for use as a digestibility marker in field situations.