Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Competition and Dormancy: A Reanalysis and Review

In a recent review of theoretical models of strategies of seed germination, Leon presented a model that was said "to show that competition without uncertainty may also favor dormancy" (1985, p. 135). "Uncertainty" refers to the environmental conditions faced by a germinating seed, which may fluctuate randomly from one year to the next. Cohen (1966) showed that uncertainty without competition could favor dormancy, as a mechanism for "averaging" over environmental fluctuations by spreading ermination over many growing seasons. The intuitive idea motivating Leon's model is that dormancy could also serve as a means of escaping local environmental deterioration caused by crowding. In this note I make two points. First, Leon's model does not lead to his stated conclusion. Dormancy is invariably disfavored when there is competition without uncertainty inhis model. However, the intuitive idea behind the model seems to be theoretically sound. If there are small (but nonzero) environmental fluctuations or if assumptions different from Leon's are made about the type of competition, the effect of competition may be to increase the theoretically favored level of dormancy. Leon's model describes the population dynamics of an annual plant species:
Isoflavones and their conjugates in soy foods: extraction conditions and analysis by HPLC-mass spectrometry

Identification ofisoflavone glycosidic conjugates from several soy products was carried out by HPLC-mass spectrometry. Positive ion mass spectra obtained using the heated nebulizer-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface gave the most sensitive and structurally useful information about each isoflavone conjugate. Although extraction of isoflavones from soy products with 80% aqueous methanol at room temperature was just as efficient as at 60-80 o C, extraction at higher temperatures caused changes in isoflavone composition and should be avoided. Soybeans and defatted soy flour (which had been minimally heated during their preparation) contained mostly isoflavone 6″-O-malonylglucoside conjugates, with lesser quantities of the β-glucosides and only trace amounts of 6″-O-acetylglucoside conjugates
Variability of eight Polish populations of Pinus sylvestris L. expressed in traits of cones

Two-year old cones were collected from 257 standing Pinus sylvestris L. trees, representing 8 Polish populations of the species. The cones were analyzed in respect to 11 morphological traits. The obtained data were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis to determine interpopulation variability. Multivariate analysis of variance was performed with testing of statistical hypothesis, Mahalanobis distances for each pair of populations were calculated and their significance was estimated using Hotelling T2 statistics. Using the shortest Mahalanobis distances a dendrite was constructed while Euklidean distances provided grounds for hierarchy grouping. Most of the populations were found to differ significantly from the remaining ones. The population from Ruciane proved to be most distinct. Cone setting angle was the trait of the highest discriminating power in interpopulational comparisons. Using the Bryant's test, the discussed populations were found to form two geographic groups: the north-eastern population group and the south-western one.
Habitat and Food Segregation of Dwarf and Normal Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) from Vangsvatnet Lake, Western Norway

The aim of the present study was to test possible habitat and food segregation between two charr morphs in Vangsvatnet Lake. The charr population of Vangsvatnet consists of one pale phenotype with parr marks along the flanks and poorly developed spawning coloration (dwarf charr), and another phenotype with silvery flanks in nonbreeding condition and bright red spawning colors (normal charr). The habitus of the two morphs indicated that they were adapted to different niches during the growth season. The analyses of distribution and food showed that there was marked habitat and food segregation between the two morphs during summer, when dwarf charr dwelled deep-benthic and normal charr roamed in the limnetic zone. The segregation broke down in periods of food abundance, indicating that the habitat segregation was due to intraspecific competition for food. A comparison of charr morphs of Vangsvatnet with the nearby Lonavatnet Lake suggested that the number of charr morphs is adapted to local environmental co.
The Role of Trichoderma reesei Xylanase and Mannanase in the Treatment of Softwood Kraft Pulp Prior to Bleaching

Xylanase treatment improved the bleachability of softwood kraft pulp both in conventional chlorine bleaching and in peroxide delignification. The mannanase isolated from Trichoderma reesei acted differently and improved the bleachability in the peroxide delignification significantly more than in the chlorine bleaching. When mannanase and xylanase were dosed together a positive effect was detected in both bleaching sequences.The reason for the different efficiencies of these enzymatic treatments in the bleaching may be the selectivities of the bleaching chemicals. The mannanase could hydrolyze amounts of glucomannan comparable to the xylan hydrolyzed by xylanase, suggesting that at least part of both hemicelluloses are located on the surface of the fibres.
The Behavioral Endocrinology of Rodents: A Functional Analysis

Social behavior and the environment play a central role in the regulation of reproduction. The neuroendocrine mechanisms of fertility are modulated by social signals. Furthermore, copulation and its neuroendocrine mechanisms are dramatically affected by the environment in which mating takes place. Therefore, a study of the reciprocal interaction between behavior and physiology profits from units of analysis that are based on function in a natural environment. (Accepted for publication 10 May 1983)
Size scaling of whole-body metabolic activity in the noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) estimated from measurements on a single leg

Summary 1. Use of electron transport system (ETS) activity in a single leg for estimating whole-body ETS activity was explored in the noble crayfish Astacus astacus. Oxygen consumption and ETS activity of the whole body and of a walking leg were measured in different-sized animals at 10 °C to compare the size scaling of oxygen consumption, whole-body ETS activity and the ratio of whole-body ETS activity to oxygen consumption (ETS/R). 2. Electron transport system activity of a leg and the ratio of ETS activity of a whole crayfish to that of a leg were correlated with wet mass of animals. Therefore, metabolic potential in whole noble crayfish can be estimated on the basis of the measured ETS activity in a single leg and crayfish mass. This approach provides a valuable tool for determining metabolic characteristics of crayfish without killing them. 3. Mass-specific oxygen consumption decreased with increasing wet mass, while ETS activity of whole crayfish showed no significant correlation with wet mass. Both oxygen consumption and ETS activity correlated significantly with protein mass. 4. The increase in ETS/R with increasing wet mass of the noble crayfish indicates that small organisms exploit a greater proportion of their metabolic potential for standard metabolism than larger ones. This is the first report on ETS/R in crayfish.
Liveweight prediction from hip height, condition score, fetal age and breed in tropical female cattle

Hip height, body condition, subcutaneous fat, eye muscle area, percentage Bos taurus, fetal age and diet digestibility data were collected at 17 372 assessments on 2181 Brahman and tropical composite (average 28% Brahman) female cattle aged between 0.5 and 7.5 years of age at five sites across Queensland. The study validated the subtraction of previously published estimates of gravid uterine weight to correct liveweight to the non-pregnant status. Hip height and liveweight were linearly related (Brahman: P<0.001, R-2 = 58%; tropical composite P<0.001, R-2 = 67%). Liveweight varied by 12-14% per body condition score (5-point scale) as cows differed from moderate condition (P<0.01). Parallel effects were also found due to subcutaneous rump fat depth and eye muscle area, which were highly correlated with each other and body condition score (r = 0.7-0.8). Liveweight differed from average by 1.65-1.66% per mm of rump fat depth and 0.71-0.76% per cm(2) of eye muscle area (P<0.01). Estimated dry matter digestibility of pasture consumed had no consistent effect in predicting liveweight and was therefore excluded from final models. A method developed to estimate full liveweight of post-weaning age female beef cattle from the other measures taken predicted liveweight to within 10 and 23% of that recorded for 65 and 95% of cases, respectively. For a 95% chance of predicted group average liveweight (body condition score used) being within 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1% of actual group average liveweight required 23, 36, 62, 137 and 521 females, respectively, if precision and accuracy of measurements matches that used in the research. Non-pregnant Bos taurus female cattle were calculated to be 10-40% heavier than Brahmans at the same hip height and body condition, indicating a substantial conformational difference. The liveweight prediction method was applied to a validation population of 83 unrelated groups of cattle weighed in extensive commercial situations on 119 days over 18 months (20 917 assessments). Liveweight prediction in the validation population exceeded average recorded liveweight for weigh groups by an average of 19 kg (similar to 6%) demonstrating the difficulty of achieving accurate and precise animal measurements under extensive commercial grazing conditions.
Nutrient recycling by fish in streams along a gradient of agricultural land use

Nutrient recycling is an essential ecosystem process provided by animals. In many aquatic systems, fish have been identified as important in ecosystem nutrient recycling; however, this importance can vary widely between systems. The factors controlling intersystem variation in animal‐mediated nutrient cycling have rarely been examined and as such it remains unclear what impact human landscape changes will have upon these processes. Here we examined rates of nutrient recycling for temperate stream fish assemblages along a gradient of agricultural land use (proportion cropland in the watershed: 1–59%). We quantified nutrient excretion rates of both ammonium–N (NH4+–N) and phosphate (as soluble reactive phosphate: SRP) for fish assemblages at eight streams in southern Ontario, Canada with species‐specific excretion measurements and quantitative assemblage sampling. For both nutrients, total assemblage excretion exhibited a strong positive relationship with riparian cropland. The distance required for fish assemblages to turn over ambient nutrient pools was shorter for cropland systems, indicating that the relative importance of excreted nutrients was higher in these systems. Based on measured uptake rates of NH4+–N in two streams (one higher cropland and one low cropland) and on modeled uptake rates for all streams, the proportion of ecosystem demand that can be satisfied by excretion is generally higher in the more agricultural streams. These patterns appear to be driven largely by disproportionate increases in fish assemblage biomass with increasing stream nutrient concentrations.
Review of the Studies on Exercise Genomics

This study aimed to provide basic information for Genome and Exercise. Exercise Genomics was begun to investigate genetic differences that may affect fitness or performance at the DNA level in the 1990s. Recently the study of exercise genomics becomes very large. To provide the current results of the researches on exercise genomics, we review the recent publications and the controversy in the interpretation of the results from marker studies related to exercise genomics. Comparable reviews were currently published for weight loss treatment and drug-based therapy of type 2 diabetes. Other than the growing number of papers related to the influence of genetic polymorphisms on physical performance and adaptation to exercise training, not much is known regarding the practical use of genetic markers in exercise treatment and training.
γ-Synergin: An Eh Domain–Containing Protein That Interacts with γ-Adaptin

The AP-1 adaptor complex is associated with the TGN, where it links selected membrane proteins to the clathrin lattice, enabling these proteins to be concentrated in clathrin-coated vesicles. To identify other proteins that participate in the clathrin-coated vesicle cycle at the TGN, we have carried out a yeast two- hybrid library screen using the γ-adaptin subunit of the AP-1 complex as bait. Two novel, ubiquitously expressed proteins were found: p34, which interacts with both γ-adaptin and α-adaptin, and γ-synergin, an alternatively spliced protein with an apparent molecular mass of ∼110–190 kD, which only interacts with γ-adaptin. γ-Synergin is associated with AP-1 both in the cytosol and on TGN membranes, and it is strongly enriched in clathrin-coated vesicles. It binds directly to the ear domain of γ-adaptin and it contains an Eps15 homology (EH) domain, although the EH domain is not part of the γ-adaptin binding site. In cells expressing α-adaptin with the γ-adaptin ear, a construct that goes mainly to the plasma membrane, much of the γ-synergin is also rerouted to the plasma membrane, indicating that it follows AP-1 onto membranes rather than leading it there. The presence of an EH domain suggests that γ-synergin links the AP-1 complex to another protein or proteins.
High‐resolution histographical mapping of glucose concentrations in developing cotyledons of Vicia faba in relation to mitotic activity and storage processes: glucose as a possible developmental trigger

Summary Previous studies provided evidence that the carbohydrate status triggers developmental processes in the growing cotyledons ofVicia faba. We describe here the high-resolution mapping of glucose concentrations in tissue sections of developing faba bean cotyledons by quantitative bioluminescence and single-photon imaging. Patterns of local glucose distributions are compared with tissue cell type, mitotic index and the distribution pattern of starch. During cotyledon differentiation, gradients in the glucose concentration emerge which are related to the particular cell type. Higher concentrations are found in non-differentiated premature regions of the cotyledon whereas mature starch-accumulating regions contain particularly low concentrations of glucose. In addition, glucose concentration is correlated to mitotic activity. The glucose distribution pattern is therefore related to the developmental gradient. Our data provide for the first time evidence for steep glucose gradients across developing plant embryos and favour the idea that sugar gradients may have morphogenic functions in developing cotyledons.
Identification and mapping of genes associated with salt tolerance in tilapia

This paper describes the finding of genes displaying differential expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) adapted to saltwater and discusses their potential involvement in saltwater tolerance. The availability of fresh water is severely limited in many countries; therefore, the use of brackish-water areas may present an opportunity to expand the tilapia aquaculture industry. Increased knowledge of genes involved in saltwater tolerance will facilitate selection for this trait in tilapia. A set of fish from four different families of Nile tilapia was divided into two freshwater containers, the different families equally represented in the two experimental groups, and salinity was gradually increased in one of them. A differential expression study identified a number of genes expressed differently in saltwater and fresh water. Based on these expression analyses and on a judgement of potential candidate genes probably to be involved in adaptation to changes in salinity, four genes were selected and their levels of expression further analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The selected genes beta haemoglobin, Ca 2þ transporting plasma membrane ATPase, pro-opiomelanocortin and beta-actin showed changes in expression. The genes were mapped and assigned to an already existing, high-resolution linkage map.
Quelques Trichoptères Asiatiques

Abstract This paper deals with the description of 14 new species of Caddis-flies from India and the Far East and belonging to the holarctic as well as to the oriental fauna. The species described here as new are: Parapsyche denticulata and acuta from China, Parapsyche aureocephala and nigrocephala, Plectrocnemia nagayamai and tochimotoi, Psychomyia armata, Ecclisocosmoecus spinosus, Apatania ishikawai, Neophylax japonicus, Grammotaulius inornatus, Limnophilus nipponicus and Hydatophylax intermedius from Japan. Trichomacronema shanorum is Indian. Résumé Cette publication traite de 14 nouvelles espèces de Trichoptères provenant de l'Inde et de l'Extrême-Orient et appartenant aux faunes holarctique et orientale. Les espèces décrites ici comme nouvelles sont: Parapsyche denticulata et acuta de Chine, Parapsyche aureocephala et nigrocephala, Plectrocnemia nagayamai et tochimotoi, Psychomyia armata, Ecclisocosmoecus spinosus, Apatania ishikawai, Neophylax japonicus, Grammotaulius inornatus, Limnophilus nipponicus et Hydatophylax intermedius du Japon. Trichomacronema shanorum provient de l'Inde.
Relative Yield of Two Transferrin Phenotypes in Coho Salmon

Abstract Experimental groups of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) of transferring types AA and AC were compared to determine relative growth and survival before release, yields from the fishery, and returns of fish to the hatchery as 2- and 3-yr-olds. In the hatchery, growth was faster and survival higher in the AA than in the AC types. However, yields of AA and AC types were equal, although the yield of AC types as 3-yr-olds was greater than that of AA types because more of the AA males matured in 2 years. We concluded that it would be futile to attempt to increase the yield of coho salmon by maximizing the frequency of biochemical phenotypes that display only a temporary advantage over other types.
Heuristic procedures for solving mixed-integer harvest scheduling–transportation planning models

Modeling both road construction and land management activities as 0–1 variables greatly enhances the spatial aspect of linear programming models dealing with harvest scheduling and transportation planning. In previous work we developed a heuristic procedure that modeled only road construction as 0–1 variables. We have expanded this past procedure to also consider land management decisions as 0–1 variables. This paper outlines the heuristic procedure developed for modeling both road building and land management decisions as integer variables in light of adjacency constraints. The heuristic procedure allows economic or physical objectives to be maximized or minimized. A wide variety of side constraints can be accommodated and these constraints can include both road construction and land management decision variables. These heuristic procedures have performed well on models tested thus far.
Miscanthus, a host for larvae of a European population of Diabrotica v. virgifera

The EU policies for decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions present challenging targets for bioenergy production. Field trials in Europe of Miscanthus×giganteus (Poales: Poaceae) over the past 20 years have shown that this plant is suitable for the production of biomass but the economic models promoting its use for this purpose often assume that controlling its pests will cost little or nothing. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine whether this plant is suitable for the development of larvae of the western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which is an important pest of maize. Larvae of WCR, originating from a Central and South Eastern European population, can develop on Miscanthus.
Ultraviolet-B radiation effects on early seedling growth of Pinaceae species

Seven coniferous species were grown in the Duke University phytotron under five ultraviolet-B (UV-B = 280–320 nm) radiation regimes for 11 weeks. The irradiation regimes were 765, 680, 637, 310, and 28 mW•m−2 as summed over the 280–320 nm UV-B waveband. The UV-B radiation source was FS40 Westinghouse sunlamps filtered with cellulose acetate for four treatment irradiation levels and clear Mylar for the control. Biomass production of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.), loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.), noble fir (Abiesprocera Redh.), ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.), and slash pine (Pinuselliottii Engelm.) was significantly reduced at the highest UV-B radiation level and somewhat less at the lower levels. These species were rated as slightly susceptible (5–25% reduction in biomass). Biomass production of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) was unaffected, and white fir (Abiesconcolor (Gord. and Glenn.) Lindl. ) biomass was increased significantly by UV-B radiation at 310, 637, and 680 mW•m.
Wnt Signaling Stabilizes the Dual‐Function Protein β‐Catenin in Diverse Cell Types a

ABSTRACT: The Wnt proteins constitute a large family of secreted signaling factors that perform a wide variety of inductive and regulatory functions in embryonic and postnatal development. In mammals, these include crucial roles in morphogenesis of the central nervous system, kidneys, limbs, and mammary glands. In recent years, much progress has been made in identifying components of the intracellular Wnt‐1 signal transduction pathway through studies in Drosophila, C. elegans, Xenopus, and mammalian systems. Several features of this pathway are remarkably well conserved in evolution. A key component of the Wnt pathway is the cytoplasmic protein β‐catenin, whose stability is increased as a result of Wnt signaling. Although morphological effects of Wnt‐1 in cell culture are seen in only a limited number of cell lines, we show here that responsiveness to Wnt‐1 at the biochemical level is a common property of both epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The increased abundance of β‐catenin may have at least two functional consequences, depending on the subcellular localization of the protein. In some cell lines that respond to Wnt‐1, there is a significant increase in the β‐catenin fraction associated with the plasma membrane, where the protein acts as a component of cell‐cell adhesive junctions. In other cell types, the major effect of Wnt signaling is an increase in the cytosolic pool of β‐catenin. increased abundance of this pool has recently been correlated with entry of β‐catenin into the nucleus, where the protein forms complexes with Tcf transcription factors and is thought to modulate the expression of specific genes. The dual consequences of Wnt signaling on cell adhesion and/or gene expression provide at least two potential mechanisms by which this key pathway can function in the regulation of morphogenesis.
CLIMATE CAUSES LARGE-SCALE SPATIAL SYNCHRONY IN POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS OF A TEMPERATE HERBIVORE

Theoretical analyses have shown that the spatial scaling of environmental autocorrelation, strength of density regulation, and the dispersal of individuals determine the scaling of synchrony in population fluctuations. By modeling the separate effects of density regulation, environmental stochasticity, and demographic stochasticity, we estimate the spatial scaling of the component that is due to environmental stochasticity in the population dynamics of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Norway. The estimated spatial scaling of the environmental noise was ∼200 km. An examination of how different weather variables influenced the scaling indicated that snow depth was the major weather variable affecting the scaling of synchrony in population fluctuations, and was negatively related to population growth rates in 97.4% of the 151 populations included in the study. A large-scale climatic phenomenon, the North Atlantic Oscillation, was positively related to population growth rates in 94.7% of the populations but .