Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contrasting H-mode behaviour with deuterium fuelling and nitrogen seeding in the all-carbon and metallic versions of JET

The former all-carbon wall on JET has been replaced with beryllium in the main torus and tungsten in the divertor to mimic the surface materials envisaged for ITER. Comparisons are presented between type I H-mode characteristics in each design by examining respective scans over deuterium fuelling and impurity seeding, required to ameliorate exhaust loads both in JET at full capability and in ITER. Attention is focused upon a common high-triangularity, single-null divertor configuration at 2.5 MA, q95 ≈ 3.5 yielding the most robust all-C performance. Contrasting results between the alternative linings are found firstly in unseeded plasmas, for which purity is improved and intrinsic radiation reduced in the ITER-like wall (ILW) but normalized energy confinement is ≈30% lower than in all-C counterparts, owing to a commensurately lower (electron) pedestal temperature. Divertor recycling is also radically altered, with slower, inboard–outboard asymmetric transients at ELMs and spontaneous oscillations in between them. Secondly, nitrogen seeding elicits opposite responses in the ILW to all-C experience, tending to raise plasma density, reduce ELM frequency, and above all to recover (electron) pedestal pressure, hence global confinement, almost back to previous levels. A hitherto unrecognized role of light impurities in pedestal stability and dynamics is consequently suggested. Thirdly, while heat loads on the divertor outboard target between ELMs are successfully reduced in proportion to the radiative cooling and ELM frequency effects of N in both wall environments, more surprisingly, average power ejected by ELMs also declines in the same proportion for the ILW. Detachment between transients is simultaneously promoted. Finally, inter-ELM W sources in the ILW divertor tend to fall with N input, although core accumulation possibly due to increased particle confinement still leads to significantly less steady conditions than in all-C plasmas. This limitation of ILW H-modes so far will be readdressed in future campaigns to continue progress towards a fully integrated scenario suitable for D–T experiments on JET and for ‘baseline’ operation on ITER. The diverse changes in behaviour between all-C and ILW contexts demonstrate essentially the strong impact which boundary conditions and intrinsic impurities can have on tokamak-plasma states.
C A ] 26 M ay 2 01 6 Dynamics of Transcription-Translation Networks

A theory for qualitative models of gene regulatory networks ha been developed over several decades, generally considering transcriptio n factors to regulate directly the expression of other transcription factors, with out any intermediate variables. Here we explore a class of models that explicitly incl udes both transcription and translation, keeping track of both mRNA and protein co centrations. We mainly deal with transcription regulation functions that a re steep sigmoids or step functions, as is often done in protein-only models, though t ranslation is governed by a linear term. We extend many aspects of the protein-only t heory to this new context, including properties of fixed points, description of trajectories by mappings between switching points, qualitative analysis via a state-transition diagram, and a result on periodic orbits for negative feedback loops. We find that while singular behaviour in switching domains is largely avoided , non-uniqueness of solutions can still occur in the step-function limit.
Teacher Job Satisfaction , Student Achievement and the Cost of Primary Education-Evidence from Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa -

Low teacher motivation and its detrimental effect on student achievement are central problems of many education systems in Africa. Using standardized data for student achievement in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Madagascar and Senegal, this paper analyzes the empirical links between various policy measures, teacher job satisfaction and primary education outcomes. It appears that there is only very limited evidence for the effectiveness of intensively debated and costly measures such as reducing class size, increasing academic qualification requirements, and increasing teachers salaries. Other, simpler measures such as an increased provision of textbooks are both more effective and less costly. It also appears that teacher job satisfaction and education quality are not necessarily complementary objectives. Especially those measures ensuring control and incentive related working conditions for teachers, significantly increase student achievement while reducing teacher job satisfaction. In addition, teachers’ academic qualification beyond the “baccalauréat”, while beneficial for students’ learning, tends to lead to a mismatch between teachers’ expectations and professional realities, and thereby reduces teachers’ job satisfaction. JEL classification: I21, O15, O20
Innovation – Characteristics and applicability outside the software industry by

Motivation of this paper is to discuss that the open source model of innovation does not only seem practical in the software industry, but also in various other industrial contexts. We develop the concept of Open Source Innovation (OSI) as a generalisation of the open source model of software development (OSS). Our definition centres on the collaboration of volunteers and the free revelation of knowledge between actors. Since OSI exhibits important differences to several related concepts in the literature, we conclude that it is an innovation model in its own right, deserving more attention and research. We further proceed to identify aspects affecting the application of the OSI model in industry practices, grouping them into economic, technical, legal, and social factors. Based on these results as well as expert interviews, we find that the applicability of OSI is primarily determined by the characteristics of, first, the innovation object and, second, the group of contributors, rather than the industrial sector. Finally, we advance propositions on the employment of OSI in industrial practice, relating its feasibility to the innovation object and the group of contributors.
Observed tail current systems associated with bursty bulk flows and auroral streamers during a period of multiple substorms

We present a multi-instrument study of a sub- storm bursty bulk flow (BBF) and auroral streamer. During a substorm on 25 August 2003, which was one of a series of substorms that occurred between 00:00 and 05:00 UT, the Cluster spacecraft encountered a BBF event travelling Earth- wards and duskwards with a velocity of 500 km s 1 some nine minutes after the onset of the substorm. Coincident with this event the IMAGE spacecraft detected an auroral streamer in the substorm auroral bulge in the Southern Hemisphere near the footpoints of the Cluster spacecraft. Using FluxGate Magnetometer (FGM) data from the four Cluster spacecraft, we determine the field-aligned currents in the BBF, using the curlometer technique, to have been 5 mA km 2 . When pro- jected into the ionosphere, these currents give ionospheric field-aligned currents of 18 A km 2 , which is comparable with previously observed ionospheric field-aligned currents associated with BBFs and auroral streamers. The observa- tions of the BBF are consistent with the plasma "bubble" model of Chen and Wolf (1993). Furthermore, we show that the observations of the BBF are consistent with the creation of the BBF by the reconnection of open field lines Earthward of a substorm associated near-Earth neutral line.
Particle retention efficiency of asari clam Ruditapes philippinarum larvae

Larval food abundance is one potential cause of recruitment variation in benthic invertebrates, including bivalves. Bivalve veliger larvae can clear particles <~10 μm. However, the particle retention efficiency (PRE) of bivalve larvae differs among species, so is necessary to determine larval food abundance in nature. We investigated the PRE of larvae of the asari clam Ruditapes philippinarum, which recently has greatly decreased in numbers in Japan. Artificially hatched larvae from the umbo to the full grown stage were exposed to natural food assemblages. Larval clearance rates were determined for particles in 32 size ranges from 0.8 to 18 μm. We observed significant clearance of particles in the ~1 to 8 μm size range, with the highest clearance rates being on 1.4 to 2.0 μm particles. Larval ingestion of the natural food assemblages ranged from 50 × 102 to 120 × 102 μm3 ind. –1 h–1, which is below the hatchery food ration, suggesting larval food limitation in nature.
Phenology of neotropical pepper plants (Piperaceae) and their association with their main dispersers, two short‐tailed fruit bats, Carollia perspicillata and C. castanea (Phyllostomidae)

To relate differences in phenological strategies of a group of closely related plants to biotic (pollinators, dispersers) and abiotic (water, light) factors, we studied leafing, flowering, and fruiting phenology of 12 species of Piper (Piperaceae) in a neotropical lowland forest in Panama for 28 months. We asked how Piper may partition time and vertebrate frugivores to minimize possible competition for dispersal agents. Based on habitat preferences and physiological characteristics we discriminate between forest Piper species (eight species) and gap Piper species (four species). Forest Piper species flowered synchronously mostly at the end of the dry season. Gap Piper species had broader or multiple flowering peaks distributed throughout the year with a trend towards the wet season. Both groups of Piper species showed continuous fruit production. Fruiting peaks of forest Piper species were short and staggered. Gap Piper species had extended fruiting seasons with multiple or broad peaks. Both groups of Piper species also differed in their time of ripening and disperser spectrum. Forest Piper species ripened in late afternoon and had a narrow spectrum consisting mainly of two species of frugivorous bats: Carollia perspicillata and C. castanea (Phyllostomidae). Fruits of gap Piper species, in contrast, ripened early in the morning and were eaten by a broader range of diurnal and nocturnal visitors, including bats, birds, and ants. We conclude that the differences in flowering phenology of forest and gap Piper species are primarily caused by abiotic factors, particularly the availability of water and light, whereas differences in fruiting patterns are mostly influenced by biotic factors. The staggered fruiting pattern of forest Piper species may reflect competition for a limited spectrum of dispersers. The long and overlapping fruiting periods of gap Piper species are associated with a larger spectrum of dispersers and may be a strategy to overcome the difficulty of seed dispersal into spatially unpredictable germination sites with suitable light conditions.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title

The production rate of a typical shale gas well generally has steep decline trend at the initial stage but small declines at later times. Some empirical relationships have been proposed to describe the declining production rates and thus forecast the final cumulative production of a shale gas well. However, these empirical relationships can hardly elucidate the mechanisms that cause the special shale gas production trend. In this study, a novel two-part Hooke’s model (TPHM) for the permeability and effective stress relationship is developed and incorporated into the hydro-mechanical COMSOL solver to determine the production rate of shale gas wells against time. The TPHM conceptualizes shale rock into soft part and hard part, which comply with the natural-strain-based and engineeringstrain-based Hooke’s laws, respectively, and contribute differently to the decreasing permeability with increasing effective stresses. The simulation results are analyzed and compared with those for which the permeability change effect is not considered. The analysis indicates that the decrease in stress-induced permeability plays a nonnegligible part in the decline of the production rate.
The elastic properties and stability of fcc-Fe and fcc-FeNi alloys at inner-core conditions

SUMMARY The agreement between shear wave velocities for the Earth’s inner core observed from seismology with those derived from mineral physics is considerably worse than for any other region of the Earth. Furthermore, there is still debate as to the phase of iron present in the inner core, particularly when alloying with nickel and light elements is taken into account. To investigate the extent to which the mismatch between seismology and mineral physics is a function of either crystal structure and/or the amount of nickel present, we have used ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to calculate the elastic constants and seismic velocities (Vp and Vs) of face centred cubic (fcc) iron at Earth’s inner core pressures (360 GPa) and at temperatures up to ∼7000 K. We find that Vp for fcc iron (fcc-Fe) is very similar to that for hexagonal close packed (hcp) iron at all temperatures. In contrast, Vs for fcc-Fe is significantly higher than in hcp-Fe, with the difference increasing with increasing temperature; the difference between Vs for the core (from seismology) and Vs for fcc-Fe exceeds 40 per cent. These results are consistent with previous work at lower temperatures. We have also investigated the effect of 6.5 and 13 atm% Ni in fcc-Fe. We find that Ni only slightly reduces Vp and Vs (e.g. by 2 per cent in Vs for 13 atm% Ni at 5500 K), and cannot account for the difference between the velocities observed in the core and those of pure fcc-Fe. We also tried to examine pre-melting behaviour in fcc-Fe, as reported in hcp-Fe by extending the study to very high temperatures (at which superheating may occur). However, we find that fcc-Fe spontaneously transforms to other hcp-like structures before melting; two hcp-like structures were found, both of hexagonal symmetry, which may most easily be regarded as being derived from an hcp crystal with stacking faults. That the structure did not transform to a true hcp phase is likely as a consequence of the limited size of the simulation box (108 atoms). At 360 GPa, in pure fcc-Fe, we find that the transition from fcc to the hcp-like structure occurs at 7000 K, whereas in the Ni bearing system, the transition occurs at higher temperature (7250 K). This reinforces previous work showing that fcc-Fe might transform to hcp-Fe just before melting, and that Ni tends to stabilize the fcc structure with respect to hcp.
Trade Costs and Global Value Chains in Services

The paper builds on recent work measuring trade in value added and developing methodologies for estimating trade costs in order to empirically assess the costs faced by services exporters in the context of global value chains. The paper first calculates trade costs for intermediate and final services and compares these costs across countries and sectors, as well as with similar costs faced by goods exporters. It then uses these measures of services trade costs along with new policy data from the OECD's Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) to analyse the determinants of trade costs in each instance, and develop policy implications. JEL Classification: F10, F15
Running head : PHYLOTOCOL 1 2 Title : Phylotocol : Promoting Transparency and Overcoming Bias in Phylogenetics 3 4

1 2 Title: Phylotocol: Promoting Transparency and Overcoming Bias in Phylogenetics 3 4 Authors: Melissa B. DeBiasse and Joseph F. Ryan * 5 6 1 Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida, 7 United States of America 8 2 Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America 9 10 * Corresponding author: E-mail: joseph.ryan@whitney.ufl. edu. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Students’ Attitude to Programming in Modern Informatics

Informatics is being implemented into education in several ways, often as a separate subject, which creates space not only for the development of digital literacy, but of other important areas such as programming, problem solving and data handling as well. We have been engaged in developing new concept of teaching/learning strategies for informatics as efficient, legitimate and attractive constituent of modern education for a long time. Recently we further this approach (together with other European countries) by a new strategy – Bebras informatics contest, which in one year attracted more than 96 000 students in 9 countries. In our paper, we present the way in which we carry out our concept of modern informatics – accenting programming – through thoroughly prepared tasks of the contest. In particular, we explore the attitude of lower secondary students to key components of informatics education. We observe that at that age there are no significant differences between boys and girls in their interests and performances.
Voronoi-Based Search Scheme for Road Network Databases

Due to the improved performance and cost of personal mobile devices and rapid progress of wireless communication technology, the number of users who utilize these devices is increasing. This trend requires various types of services be available to users. So far, there have been many solutions provided for the shortest path problem. But, technologies which can offer various recommendation services to user depending on user’s current location are focused on Euclidean spaces rather than road network. Thus, in this paper, we extend the previous work to satisfy this requirement on road network database. Our proposed scheme requires pre-computation for the efficient query processing. In the preprocessing step, we first partition the input road network into a fixed number of Voronoi polygons and then pre-compute routing information for each polygon. In the meantime, we select the number of Voronoi polygons in proposition to the scale of road network. Through this selection, the required size of pre-computation is linearly increasing to the size of road network. Using this pre-computated information, we can process queries more quickly. Through experiments, we have shown that our proposed scheme can achieve excellent performance in terms of scheduling time and the number of visited nodes. 요 약 개인용 이동형 단말기의 개선된 성능과 비용, 그리고 무선 통신 기술의 비약적인 발전으로 인하여, 이를 이용하는 사용자들의 수가 빠른 속도로 늘고 있다. 그에 따라 사용자들에게 다양한 서비스를 제공할 수 있는 기술이 요구하고 있는 시점이다. 현재까지의 연구를 통해 사용자가 필요로 하는 최단 경로 찾기 등의 기술은 많은 연구가 이루어져 있다. 하지만 사용자의 현재 위치에 따라 여러 가지 추천 서비스를 제공할 수 있게 하는 기술은 우리가 필요로 하는 도로 망에서가 아닌 Euclidean spaces 에 집중되어 있다. 따라서 우리는 기존의 연구를 확장시켜, 도로 망에서 이러한 요구를 충족시킬 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 우리가 제안하는 시스템은 질의에 대한 응답을 하기 위해 전처리 단계를 필요로 한다. 이 단계에서는 먼저 전체 도로 망을 몇 개의 Voronoi 다각형으로 나누고, 나누어진 각각의 Voronoi 다각형들에 대한 정보를 계산한다. 이러한 과정에서 도로 망의 규모에 맞춰 자동으로 Voronoi 다각형의 개수를 결정하게 한다. 이를 통해 전체 도로 망의 크기가 변경되더라도, 전처리 단계 정보를 저장하는 공간이 예측 가능하도록 선형적으로 증가되게 하였다. 실제 질의 응답과정에서는 미리 계산된 정보를 이용하여 사용자들에게 빠른 속도의 서비스를 제공 할 수 있게 한다. 실험을 통하여 제안된 시스템이 도로 망에서 최근접 질의와 영역 질의를 효과적으로 처리 하여 탐색 시간과 방문 노드 수에서 많은 이점이 있음을 보인다. 주제어 : 보로노이 다이어그램, 최근접질의, 영역질의, 도로 망 데이터베이스
The Construction of Good Governance Model for Sub-District Goverment of Nagari in West Sumatra

This paper discusses about the construction of good governance model that is compatible with the sub-district administration of nagari in West Sumatra. It is based on the research conducted at three sub-district administration of nagari such as Limo Kaum in Tanah Datar Regency, Cupak in Solok regency, and Kamang Mudiak in Agam regency which represent the sub-district administration of nagari in West Sumatra. This research is aimed to find a new model of good governance that compatible and can be applied with sub-district administration of nagari in West Sumatra. Data was collected using several methods namely interview, focus group discussion (FGD), and study on relevant documentation which are further analyzed using qualitative analysis method. The result of research demonstrates that general principles of good governance cannot be implemented in sub-district administration of nagari in West Sumatra due to specific characteristic in sub-district administration. Therefore, to implement good governance principles in the sub-district administration of nagari in West Sumatra, new model good governance should be constructed. The new model compromises of custom values of Minangkabau society and the general principles good governance theory. Keyword: construction model, good governance and sub-district administration of ‘nagari
European Integration from the 1980 s : State-Centric v . Multi-level Governance

This article takes initial steps in evaluating contending models of EU governance. We argue that the sovereignty of individual states is diluted in the European arena by collective decision-making and by supranational institutions. In addition, European states are losing their grip on the mediation of domestic interest representation in international relations. We make this argument along two tracks. First, we analyse the conditions under which central state executives may lose their grip on power. Next, we divide up the policy process into stages and specify which institutional rules may induce various actors to deepen EU policy-making. * We would like to thank Simon Bulmer, Jim Caporaso, Stephen George, John Keeler, Peter Lange, Andrea Lenschow, Christian Lequesne, Mark Pollack, Michael Shackleton, and Helen Wallace for their useful criticisms, comments and suggestions. We are indebted to Ivan Llamazares and Leonard Ray for research assistance. 0 Blackwell Publishers Ltd 1996,108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 IJF, UK and 238 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA 342 GARY MARKS, LIESBET HOOGHE AND KERMIT BLANK
Technical Note: Solid Wood Properties of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Planted for Pulpwood Production in Thailand

Solid wood properties of two Eucalyptus camaldulensis clones (clone A and clone B), derived from different pulp and paper companies and planted in Thailand for pulpwood production, were investigated to evaluate the possibility for lumber production. Clone A had significantly higher Young's modulus, greater density, and straighter grain compared with clone B. These results suggest that some clones may have more favorable properties for lumber production than others. Thus, wood properties should be included in clonal trials and early testing of this species.
ASSOCIATION FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH Until Death Do Us Part: Consumer Response to Brand Elimination

Although anecdotal reports of consumer response to high profile brand discontinuation exist in the popular media, there is a paucity of scholarly research in this area. There is little empirical evidence of the dimensions and breadth of consumer felt response to a brand’s elimination from the marketplace. This initial, exploratory examination of consumer response to brand elimination was conducted using consumers’ narrative accounts of their reactions to brand elimination. The text revealed three primary responses to brand elimination – risk and regret, embarrassment and shame, abandonment and betrayal. Discussion and suggestions for future research are provided. The data is collected using an online survey. For each of the groups, brand preference strength is measured using two types of conjoint analyses, choice-based (a decompositional, top-down approach) and self-explicated (a compositional, bottom-up approach). Each groups’ level of brand preference strength is indicated by the intra-correlation and intra-variance between the two conjoint analyses. Brand preference strength will have a positive relationship with the correlation and a negative relationship with the variance.