Thematic Cartography and Visualization

PART I Introduction 1. Thematic Cartography and Geovisualization 1.1 What is a Thematic Map? 1.2 How are Thematic Maps Used? 1.3 Basic Steps for Communicating Map Information 1.4 Consequences of Technological Change in Cartography 1.5 Geovisualization 1.6 Related Techniques 1.7 Cognitive Issues in Cartography 1.8 Social and Ethical Issues in Cartography 2. A Historical Perspective on Thematic Cartography 2.1 A Brief History of Cartography 2.2 History of Thematic Cartography 2.3 History of U.S. Academic Cartography 2.4 The Paradigms of American Cartography 3. Statistical and Graphical Foundation 3.1 Population and Sample 3.2 Descriptive Versus Inferential Statistics 3.3 Methods for Analyzing Spatial Data, Ignoring Location 3.4 Numerical Summaries in Which Location Is an Integral Component PART II Principles of Cartography 4. Data Classification 4.1 Common Methods of Data Classification 4.2 Using Spatial Context to Simplify Choropleth Maps 4.3 Using Multiple Criteria to Determine Class Intervals 5. Principles of Symbolization 5.1 Nature of Geographic Phenomena 5.2 Levels of Measurement 5.3 Visual Variables 5.4 Comparison of Choropleth, Proportional Symbol, Isopleth, and Dot Mapping 5.5 Selecting Visual Variables for Choropleth Maps 6. Scale and Generalization 6.1 Geographic and Cartographic Scale 6.2 Definitions of Generalization 6.3 Models of Generalization 6.4 The Fundamental Operations of Generalization 6.5 An Example of Generalization 6.6 MapShaper: A Free Web-Based Generalization Service 7. The Earth and Its Coordinate System 7.1 Basic Characteristics of the Earth's Graticule 7.2 A Brief History of Latitude and Longitude 7.3 Determining the Earth's Size and Shape 8. Elements of Map Projections 8.1 The Map Projection Concept 8.2 The Reference Globe and Developable Surfaces 8.3 The Mathematics of Map Projections 8.4 Map Projection Characteristics 8.5 Distortion on Map Projections 8.6 Projection Properties 9. Selecting an Appropriate Map Projection 9.1 Potential Selection Guidelines 9.2 Examples of Selecting Projections 10. Principles of Color 10.1 How Color Is Processed by the Human Visual System 10.2 Hardware Considerations in Producing Color Maps for Graphics Displays 10.3 Models for Specifying Color 11. Map Elements and Typography 11.1 Alignment and Centering 11.2 Map Elements 11.3 Typography 12. Cartographic Design 12.1 Cartographic Design 12.2 Case Study: Real Estate Site Suitability Map 13. Map Reproduction 13.1 Reproduction Versus Dissemination 13.2 Planning Ahead 13.3 Map Editing 13.4 Raster Image Processing for Print Reproduction 13.5 Screening for Print Reproduction 13.6 Aspects of Color Printing 13.7 High-Volume Print Reproduction 13.8 Nonprint Reproduction and Dissemination PART III Mapping Techniques 14. Choropleth Mapping 14.1 Selecting Appropriate Data 14.2 Data Classification 14.3 Factors for Selecting a Color Scheme 14.4 Details of Color Specification 14.5 Legend Design 14.6 Classed Versus Unclassed Mapping 15. Dasymetric Mapping 15.1 Selecting Appropriate Data and Ancillary Information 15.2 Eicher and Brewer's Work 15.3 Mennis and Hultgren's Intelligent Dasymetric Mapping (IDM) 15.4 LandScan 15.5 Langford and Unwin's Generalized Dasymetric Approach 16. Isarithmic Mapping 16.1 Selecting Appropriate Data 16.2 Manual Interpolation 16.3 Automated Interpolation for True Point Data 16.4 Criteria for Selecting an Interpolation Method for True Point Data 16.5 Limitations of Automated Interpolation Approaches 16.6 Tobler's Pycnophylactic Approach: An Interpolation Method for Conceptual Point Data 16.7 Symbolization 17. Proportional Symbol and Dot Mapping 17.1 Selecting Appropriate Data For Proportional Symbol Maps 17.2 Kinds of Proportional Symbols 17.3 Scaling Proportional Symbols 17.4 Legend Design for Proportional Symbol Maps 17.5 Handling Overlap on Proportional Symbol Maps 17.6 Redundant Symbols 17.7 Selecting Appropriate Data for Dot Maps 17.8 Creating a Dot Map 18. Multivariate Mapping 18.1 Bivariate Mapping 18.2 Multivariate Mapping Involving Three or More Attributes 18.3 Cluster Analysis 19. Cartograms and Flow Maps 19.1 Cartograms 19.2 Flow Mapping Part IV Geovisualization 20. Visualizing Terrain 20.1 Nature of the Data 20.2 Vertical Views 20.3 Oblique Views 20.4 Physical Models 21. Map Animation 21.1 Early Developments 21.2 Visual Variables and Categories of Animation 21.3 Examples of Animations 21.4 Using 3-D Space to Display Temporal Data 21.5 Does Animation Work? 22. Data Exploration 22.1 Goals of Data Exploration 22.2 Methods of Data Exploration 22.3 Examples of Data Exploration Software 23. Visualizing Uncertainty 23.1 Basic Elements of Uncertainty 23.2 General Methods for Depicting Uncertainty 23.3 Visual Variables for Depicting Uncertainty 23.4 Applications of Visualizing Uncertainty 23.5 Studies of the Effectiveness of Methods for Visualizing Uncertainty 24. Web Mapping 24.1 A Brief History of Web Mapping 24.2 Cartographic Web Sites: A Classification 24.3 Tying Together the Five Continua 25. Virtual Environments 25.1 Defining Virtual and Mixed Environments 25.2 Technologies for Creating Virtual Environments 25.3 The Four "I" Factors of Virtual Environments 25.4 Applications of Geospatial Virtual Environments 25.5 Research Issues in Geospatial Virtual Environments 25.6 Developments in Mixed Environments 25.7 Health, Safety, and Social Issues 26. Trends in Research and Development 26.1 Linked Micromap Plots and Conditioned Choropleth Maps 26.2 Using Senses Other Than Vision to Interpret Spatial Patterns 26.3 Collaborative Geovisualization 26.4 Multimodal Interfaces 26.5 Information Visualization and Spatialization 26.6 Spatial Data Mining 26.7 Visual Analytics 26.8 Mobile Mapping and Location-Based Services 26.9 Keeping Pace with Recent Developments Appendix: Lengths of One Degree Latitude and Longitude Glossary References Index