Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Study skills in anatomy and physiology: Is there a difference?

Many factors influence the way individual students study, including but not limited to: previous coursework, attitudes toward the class (motivation, intimidation, risk, etc.), metacognition, and work schedules. However, little of this research has involved medical students. The present article asks the question, “Do individual medical students study differently for different classes? ” Study skills surveys were given to United States medical students at an allopathic medical school and an osteopathic medical school. Students were surveyed near the end of their first year gross anatomy course and again near the end of their first year physiology course. Survey items included Likert scale and open‐ended questions about study habits and basic demographic information. The survey responses were correlated with each student's final grade percentages in the courses. Analysis revealed that the four most common study habits were reviewing lecture notes, taking practice examinations, completing learning exercises, and making drawings and diagrams. The two surveys (anatomy and physiology) from each individual were also compared to see if students reported different study habits in anatomy versus physiology. A negative correlation was found between changing study habits between courses and final anatomy grade percentages. Additional analyses suggest that those students who do change their study habits between courses are increasing the number of study strategies that they attempt. This increase in the number of study strategies attempted may not allow the student to reach the same depth of understanding as their colleagues who utilize fewer strategies. Anat Sci Educ. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists.
The implementations of adiabatic flip-flops and sequential circuits with power-gating schemes

The implementations of adiabatic flip-flops and sequential circuits are described in this paper. The flip-flops are realized with the two-phase CPAL (complementary pass-transistor adiabatic logic) circuits. The two-phase non-overlap power-clock generator is used to supply the CPAL sequential circuits, which is realized by using a simple converter and a single-phase sinusoidal power-clock. A power-gating scheme for the adiabatic sequential circuits is proposed. All circuits are implemented using Chartered 0.35 mum CMOS technology, and full-custom layouts are drawn. Based on the post-layout simulation results, the adiabatic sequential circuits with the power-gating scheme attain large energy savings over a wide range of frequencies, as compared with conventional CMOS circuits.
Lung macrophage uptake of unopsonized environmental particulates. Role of scavenger-type receptors.

The receptors responsible for avid alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytosis of unopsonized environmental particulates have not been well defined. This study used flow cytometry to quantitate the effects of a panel of soluble ligands for macrophage adhesion receptors on AM binding of unopsonized environmental dusts (titanium dioxide, TiO2; iron oxide, Fe2O3; alpha-quartz, SiO2; diesel engine exhaust dust) or fluorescent latex beads. Polyanionic ligands of the macrophage scavenger receptor (SR) for acetylated-LDL caused marked inhibition of AM binding of the oxide particles and latex beads (e.g., TiO2 binding; polyinosinic acid (polyl), 10 micrograms/ml: 70.2 +/- 1.5% inhibition, mean +/- SE, n = 11). In contrast, no inhibition was seen with the polyanions heparin and chondroitin sulfate (chond-S), or dextran, consistent with the known inhibitor profile of macrophage SRs for acetylated-LDL AM uptake of latex or SiO2 beads instilled into lungs of hamsters was inhibited by administration of polyl but not chondroitin sulfate (AM beads per cell: control, 6.1 +/- 0.7; polyl, 3.5 +/- 0.2; chond-S, 5.1 +/- 0.7, n > or = 4, p < 0.05 for control vs polyl) indicating macrophages SRs operate in vivo as well as in vitro. In contrast, AM binding of the carbonaceous diesel dust particles was not inhibited by any ligand tested. AM uptake of unopsonized TiO2, SR ligands or acetylated LDL caused no significant activation of AM respiratory burst or TNF production, consistent with past observations that opsonin-independent phagocytosis of inert particles by normal AMs is not accompanied by pro-inflammatory activation. These data implicate macrophage-type SRs in AM binding of charged environmental particles and indicate that distinct mechanisms mediate binding of carbonaceous dusts.
Social, Political and Cultural Challenges of the BRICS

For the almost 40 years of its existence, ANPOCS has contributed to introducing or consolidating new thematic areas in the academic agenda of debates in the Brazilian social sciences. Commensurate with this history, at the 37th Annual meeting, hosted in ? guas de Lindoia, S? o Paulo, in 2013, we organized a large International Symposium, The BRICS and their social, political and cultural challenges on the national and international levels. There were six sessions of debates, gathered under the umbrella of ? Development and public policies,? Social inclusion and social justice,? and ? Emerging powers and transformations in the international system,? followed by a final plenary session. Around 30 anthropologists, political scientists, sociologists and researchers in international relations from Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, met over three highly productive days. As might be expected at ANPOCS, the encounter was marked not only by the diversity of countries and disciplines, but also by the theoretical and political diversity of the participants, something already apparent in the composition of the Brazilian coordinators of the Symposium. This book is just one tangible outcome of the papers and dialogues emerging from this encounter. Like the Symposium, the volume is divided into three sections. Looking to address an international readership, it is published in Portuguese and English.
Using perceptually defined music features in music information retrieval

In this study, the notion of perceptual features is introduced for describing general music properties based on human perception. This is an attempt at rethinking the concept of features, in order to understand the underlying human perception mechanisms. Instead of using concepts from music theory such as tones, pitches, and chords, a set of nine features describing overall properties of the music was selected. They were chosen from qualitative measures used in psychology studies and motivated from an ecological approach. The selected perceptual features were rated in two listening experiments using two different data sets. They were modeled both from symbolic (MIDI) and audio data using different sets of computational features. Ratings of emotional expression were predicted using the perceptual features. The results indicate that (1) at least some of the perceptual features are reliable estimates; (2) emotion ratings could be predicted by a small combination of perceptual features with an explained variance up to 90%; (3) the perceptual features could only to a limited extent be modeled using existing audio features. The results also clearly indicated that a small number of dedicated features were superior to a 'brute force' model using a large number of general audio features.
Cytotoxic effect of the thermostable direct hemolysin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus on FL cells

The thermostable direct hemolysin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus showed cytotoxic activity on FL cells derived from human amniotic membrane. Scanning electron micrographs of the whole cells showed that the microvilli on the cell surface decreased in number and changed in shape on treatment with the hemolysin. Most of the microvilli disappeared before death of the cells, as judged from the results of staining the cells with trypan blue and measuring release of alkaline phosphatase from the cells. Electron micrographs of thin sections ofthe cells showed that the cytoplasm of the cells was not significantly affected by treatment with sublethal amounts of hemolysin, even when the microvilli on the cell surface were significantly affected. Lethal amounts of hemolysin affected the cytoplasm and caused disarovilli on the cell surface are affected by treatment with the hemolysin before cytoxic effects develop.
Budget-Optimized Network-Aware Joint Resource Allocation in Grids/Clouds Over Optical Networks

Resource allocation is an important component of many Cloud computing and datacenter management problems. For infrastructure as a service(IaaS) in the Cloud, the Cloud service provider allocates computing resources such as processor, memory, and storage. In addition to the computing infrastructures, the Cloud service provider in the future would also allocate bandwidth for some applications that require guaranteed bandwidth service to transmit a large amount of data. This type of guaranteed bandwidth service can be provided by provisioning a distinct connection from end-to-end, e.g., by provisioning wavelength(s) in a wavelength division multiplexed wavelength routed network. In this paper, we focus on interdatacenter network-aware optimal resource allocation in the Cloud from the customer's perspective. We develop a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) optimal mathematical model and heuristics (Best-Fit and Tabu search) to solve the budget optimized joint-resource allocation problem to minimize the rental cost for each customer. The experimental results show that our heuristics can achieve an approximate optimal solution to the MILP solution and can reduce the customer's rental cost by at least 30%. The Best-Fit heuristic with shortest job execution time first and simplest job structure first (SSF) scheduling policies have a better performance in terms of the traffic blocking rate. The traffic blocking rates under both scheduling policies are 5-25% less than other policies. The Tabu search-based heuristic with SSF job scheduling policy has a better performance in terms of the traffic blocking rate than other job scheduling policies. In addition, the Tabu search-based heuristic also reduces the blocking rate by 4-30% compared with the Best-Fit heuristic under any job scheduling policy.
Effects of 48 hours sleep deprivation on human immune profile.

It is a common belief that sleep deprivation increases the susceptibility to diseases. In order to evaluate the effects of sleep deprivation on immune profile in humans, peripheral venous blood was obtained from sixteen healthy young male volunteers. Ten of the volunteers underwent 48 hours of sleep deprivation and the other six maintained their regular sleep schedule and acted as controls. The first blood samples were taken at the end of the first polysomnographic recording at 8:00 a.m. After this sampling, ten subjects were sleep deprived for 48 hours in sedentary conditions. The second and third blood samples were taken at the 24th and 48th hours. The subjects were recorded again to verify rebound effects of sleep deprivation after the third blood sampling. In this second polysomnographic recording, all sleep-deprived subjects showed slow wave and REM sleep rebound. The last blood samples were taken at the 72nd hour of study at 8:00 a.m. CD4, CD8, CD5, CD16, CD19 surface antigen positive lymphocyte subsets, serum IgG, IgM, and cortisol levels were assessed in all samples. Our results showed that the proportion of NK cells were decreased during sleep deprivation and returned to normal values after recovery sleep. In the control group, we did not observe any changes in the same direction as the sleep-deprived group.
Treatment of pulmonary hypertension with selective pulmonary vasodilators

Purpose of review Pulmonary vasodilators are important in the management of pulmonary hypertension. Although systemic vasodilators may be effective in lowering pulmonary artery pressure, systemic vasodilation is the main limitation to dose titration. This review summarizes the latest research and developments in pulmonary vasodilators in the management of acute and chronic pulmonary hypertension. Recent findings Nitric oxide, the prototype of selective pulmonary vasodilators, remains an effective option in the management of pulmonary hypertension; however, cost and complexity of administration have led to consideration of other pulmonary vasodilators. Animal research suggests that nitric oxide may have an important role in the prevention of pulmonary hypertension after cardiopulmonary bypass. Experience with phosphodiesterase inhibitors, as monotherapy or as part of combination therapy, suggests that these agents improve cardiopulmonary hemodynamics and can be considered as alternatives and/or adjuncts to nitric oxide. Prostacyclins are a versatile class of pulmonary vasodilator as they have been shown to improve pulmonary hemodynamics administered intravenously or via inhalation. Endothelin receptor antagonists have been shown to be effective for long-term management of pulmonary hypertension. Several gene therapy strategies are currently undergoing evaluation. Summary Selective pulmonary vasodilation can be achieved through delivery of vasodilators directly to the lungs or targeting pulmonary specific processes. Several therapeutic options are available that demonstrate selectivity for the pulmonary vasculature. These agents can facilitate optimization of cardiopulmonary hemodynamics.
Effect of antibiotic therapy on the outcome of outpatients with unsuspected bacteremia.

The records of 559 consecutive outpatient children with unsuspected bacteremia (467 Streptococcus pneumoniae) were reviewed. When compared with patients receiving oral or parenteral antibiotics, those patients who received no antibiotics at the initial visit were in follow-up: (1) less likely to be improved (32% vs. 86%, P < 0.01); (2) more likely to be febrile (75% vs. 28%, P < 0.01); (3) more likely to be hospitalized (67% vs. 22%, P < 0.01); (4) more likely to have persistent bacteremia (28% vs. 3%, P < 0.01); and (5) more likely to have new focal infections (13% vs. 5%, P < 0.01). Compared with patients receiving parenteral antibiotics at the initial visit, patients receiving oral antibiotics were in follow-up: (1) less likely to be improved (81% vs. 89%, P < 0.05); and (2) more likely to have persistent bacteremia (5% vs. 0%, P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between patients receiving parenteral or oral therapy in the development of focal infections, although children with new focal infections receiving oral antibiotics more often had persistent or new positive cultures. No patients receiving parenteral antibiotics at the initial visit had positive blood or spinal fluid cultures at the follow-up visit. Analyses of the subgroups with (1) occult bacteremia with all organisms, (2) unsuspected bacteremia S. pneumoniae and (3) occult bacteremia with S. pneumoniae show results similar to those for the entire group. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Design of stabilizing strategies for dual switching stochastic-deterministic linear systems

Abstract Dual switching linear systems are systems with piecewise linear dynamics governed by two distinct external switching signals. In this paper one switching signal is stochastic and modeled as a time-homogeneous Markov chain, and the second one is assumed to be a control signal taking values in a finite set. This situation arises, for instance, in multi-loop networked control systems (NCS) with limited transmission capacity and lossy communication channels, where the control variable is the scheduling signal and the stochastic switching accounts for packet dropout. The aim of this paper is to derive suitable switching strategies for dual switching linear systems, ensuring mean-square stability and attaining guaranteed bounds on ℋ2 and ℋ∞ performance indices. The relevant sufficient conditions are expressed in terms of feasibility of sets of coupled matrix inequalities. The application to a scheduling design problem in NCS's is also discussed.
Potential Role of Lycopene in the Treatment of Hepatitis C and Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are growing health problems around the world. Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the initiation and progression of hepatocellular damage and possibly in the development of HCC in HCV infected patients. In vitro, animal and clinical studies suggest that lycopene, a nonprovitamin A carotenoid and a potent antioxidant, may attenuate the liver injury and possibly prevent the development of HCC. In this article, we discuss the relationship between HCV infection and oxidative stress and review the potential role of lycopene in the treatment of HCV and prevention of HCC.
Interaction of fibre type, potentiation and fatigue in human knee extensor muscles.

AIM To examine the effect of fibre type on potentiation and fatigue. METHODS Young men (n = 4 per group) with a predominance of type I [61.4 +/- 6.9% (SD), group I (GI)] or type II [71.8 +/- 9.2%, group II (GII)] fibres in vastus lateralis, performed a fatigue protocol of sixteen 5-s maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVCs) of the right knee extensors. Maximal twitches and corresponding muscle action potentials (M-waves) were evoked before the first MVC, during the 3-s rest period after each MVC and at intervals during the 5-min recovery period after the last MVC. RESULTS Group II [49.3 +/- 2.6% (SE)] had a greater decrease in MVC force than GI (22.8 +/- 6.2%) during the fatigue protocol. Group II (126.4 +/- 13.6%) showed greater twitch force potentiation early in the fatigue protocol than GI (38.2 +/- 2.3%), but greater depression at the end (33.7 +/- 13.7% vs.17.4 +/- 3.4%). Twitch time-to-peak torque (TPT) and half relaxation time (HRT) initially decreased but then increased as the fatigue protocol progressed; GII had a greater increase in HRT. During a 5-min recovery period twitch force increased above the prefatigue level and remained so until the end of the recovery period; the pattern was similar in GI and GII. Twitch TPT and HRT remained elevated during recovery. M-wave area increased throughout the fatigue protocol and the first part of recovery before returning to baseline values in GII, whereas there were no significant changes in GI. The interaction between potentiation and fatigue was amplified in GII early in the fatigue protocol with concurrently greater twitch and M-wave potentiation, and greater MVC force decrease and HRT increase. Late in the protocol, GII had a greater decrease in twitch and MVC force combined with greater M-wave potentiation. CONCLUSION It is concluded that fibre type distribution influences potentiation and fatigue of the twitch, and potentiation of the M-wave during fatiguing exercise.
High-resolution restriction map for a 240-kilobase region spanning 91 to 96 minutes on the Salmonella typhimurium LT2 chromosome

A hierarchical approach allows the completion of contiguous sets of overlapping clones for small regions of a genome, one at a time rather than tackling the whole genome at once. On the basis of the BlnI restriction map for Salmonella typhimurium LT2, we dissected the chromosome into 21 different fragments by using a Tn5 transposon carrying a BlnI site. Dissected chromosomal fragments were purified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and used as probes for sorting a lambda DASHII genomic library of 2,304 primary clones. A total of 129 clones identified as spanning the region from 91 min to 98 min were partly ordered on the basis of the intensity of hybridization with mitomycin-induced Mud-P22 phage DNAs from insertions with pac sites in opposite orientations at 93 min used as probes. Decreased signal intensity with the Mud-P22 probes corresponded to the increased distance of the clone from the site of Mud-P22 insertion and allowed the clones to be placed in two groups from 91 min to 93 min and from 93 min to 98 min and into four intensity categories within the two groups. A member of each category was used to generate a riboprobe from the T3 promoter flanking the insert. This probe identified overlapping clones among the 129 clones. This subchromosomal library was then screened again with riboprobes from nonoverlapping clones. After four cycles of this strategy, a minimal contiguous sequence of 19 partly overlapping clones was selected for restriction mapping. A detailed map of 378 sites for eight restriction enzymes is presented for a region of about 240 kb. Working clockwise, the following genes were placed on this physical map on the basis of their restriction maps: malFEK, lamB, malM, lexA, qor, dnaB, alr, uvrA, proP, pmrB, pmrA, melA, melB, phoN, amiB, mutL, and miaA.
Characterization of an invasive phenotype associated with enteroaggregative Escherichia coli

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAggEc) strains are associated with persistent diarrhea in children in the developing world and exhibit a classic aggregative phenotype. We have demonstrated that EAggEc strains isolated from children with persistent diarrhea in Brazil, Bangladesh, and Pakistan also have the potential to be internalized by HeLa cells in the gentamicin protection assay. We have confirmed this phenomenon with transmission electron micrographs of bacteria engulfed by HeLa cells. We examined the mechanisms by which this process occurs. Staurosporine inhibited internalization of EAggEc strain 162 by 50% at a concentration of 0.1 microM. Genistein inhibited internalization of this same organism by 50% at a concentration of 50 microM. Cytochalasin D inhibited internalization by 50% at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml. Staurosporine, genistein, and cytochalasin D inhibited the internalization of EAggEc strain 162 by HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that active cell processes such as signal transduction by protein kinase and/or tyrosine kinase may be involved in the internalization of EAggEc strain 162 by HeLa cells and that actin filaments and cytoskeletal structure may be important for this process.
Quasi 3-D Velocity Saturation Model for Multiple-Gate MOSFETs

This paper presents a quasi-3D velocity saturation model for a multiple-gate MOSFET based on a calculation of Gauss's equation. A new and compact velocity saturation region length is derived from a simple approximation of the electric field distribution in the pinchoff region. It is found that the length of the velocity saturation region increases with the increment of gate length and fin width. This new model is used to derive an analytical expression of a substrate current for a trigate MOSFET. In order to improve the accuracy of the substrate current model, the newly derived substrate current model introduces a parasitic potential drop across a thin-extension region and a dimensionless fitting parameter. A body-tied trigate MOSFET is fabricated on a bulk wafer so that the substrate current could be measured by its body contact. The new substrate current model is then compared with measurement data for a trigate MOSFET, and good agreement is observed