Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Peru's Tourism Industry

Despite its natural beauty and Incan archaeological treasures, Peru has had trouble attracting tourists. Peru's apparent unattractiveness may stem from political unrest and economic instability. Seventy percent of Peruvians were living in poverty in 1992. Feeding on the government's ineffectiveness and the distress and hunger of the populace are several militant revolutionary groups. These rebels have tried several times to topple Peru's government, including late in 1996 when hundreds of prominent individuals were taken hostage by insurgents. Nevertheless, Peru enjoyed a banner year for tourism in 1997. Credit for Peru's apparently turning the corner goes in part to President Alberto Fujimori and his plan for “national reconstruction” to improve the nation's infrastructure, which included construction of several deluxe hotels and started the privatization of the government-owned lodging chain. Despite Peru's improving public facilities and growing tourist arrivals, there continues to be political instability that presents a real threat to residents and international visitors alike.
Special Article: Chronic granulomatous disease in the United Kingdom and Ireland: a comprehensive national patient‐based registry

There are no epidemiological studies from the British Isles of chronic granulomatous disease, characterized by recurrent, life‐threatening bacterial and fungal infections and inflammatory sequelae. Patients were enrolled in a national registry and medical records were analysed. Of 94 subjects, 69 had X‐linked disease, 16 had autosomal recessive disease and nine were unknown. Prevalence was 7·5/million for 1990–99 and 8·5/million for 1980–89. Suppurative adenitis, abscesses and pneumonia presented commonly. Twenty‐three of 30 patients who underwent high resolution computerized tomography had chronic respiratory disease. Inflammatory sequelae included bowel stricture and urogenital tract granulomata. Growth failure was common; 75% of those measured were below the population mean. All patients received prophylactic antibiotics and 93% anti‐fungal prophylaxis. Interferon gamma was used to treat infection, but rarely as prophylaxis. Despite prophylaxis, estimated survival was 88% at 10 years but 55% at age 30 years. Morbidity remains significant, severe infectious complications common. Curative treatments including stem cell transplantation should be considered for patients with frequent or serious complications.
Food fermentation: a safety and nutritional assessment.

An estimated 70% of diarrheal disease episodes are caused by contaminated food and water. One major cause of foodborne disease worldwide is time-temperature abuse during food preparation leading to the survival and/or growth of contaminating pathogens or the production of toxin to disease-causing levels. Although fermentation has long been used in the preparation and preservation of food lactic acid fermentation has only recently been recognized as an alternative technology when hot or cold storage is not feasible. Fermented cereal products have traditionally been used as weaning foods in some African countries. Participants at a joint UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) workshop held in Pretoria in December 1995 examined the food safety and nutritional aspects of lactic acid fermentation for the preparation of weaning food at the household level. The present state of knowledge on the antimicrobial effects of lactic acid in fermented foods and the nutritional benefits of fermentation and germinated cereals were reviewed. An inventory was then made of gaps in current knowledge and priorities for further research. The following were highlighted as priority areas for research: the effect of lactic acid fermentation on viruses parasites certain bacteria and mycotoxins; the physiological and nutritional effects of the consumption of fermented foods; the characterization and optimization of fermentation processes and the development of appropriate fermentation starters; and risk reduction using the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system educating food handlers on health and changing consumer perception of fermented foods.
Topological Design of Ultrastrong and Highly Conductive Graphene Films

Nacre‐like graphene films are prepared by evaporation‐induced assembly of graphene oxide dispersions containing small amounts of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), followed by chemical reduction with hydroiodic acid. CNC induces the formation of wrinkles on graphene sheets, greatly enhancing the mechanical properties of the resultant graphene films. The graphene films deliver an ultrahigh tensile strength of 765 ± 43 MPa (up to 800 MPa in some cases), a large failure strain of 6.22 ± 0.19%, and a superior toughness of 15.64 ± 2.20 MJ m−3, as well as a high electrical conductivity of 1105 ± 17 S cm−1. They have a great potential for applications in flexible electronics because of their combined excellent mechanical and electrical properties.
Clinical relevance of multiple antibody specificity testing in anti‐phospholipid syndrome and recurrent pregnancy loss

We wanted to evaluate whether testing for anti‐phosholipid antibodies other than anti‐cardiolipin (aCL) and anti‐beta‐2 glycoprotein I (aβ2GPI) immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM identifies patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) who may be positive for anti‐phospholipid syndrome (APS). In a cross‐sectional study comprising 62 patients with APS, 66 women with RPL, 50 healthy blood donors and 24 women with a history of successful pregnancies, we tested IgM and IgG antibodies to phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl serine with and without beta‐2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) from a single manufacturer as well as aCL and aβ2GPI antibodies. Diagnostic accuracies of individual and combined anti‐phospholipid (aPL) assays were assessed by computing sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive values and negative predictive values together with their 95% confidence intervals. There was a general trend for increased sensitivities in the presence of β2GPI co‐factor with significant effect for certain specificities. The overall combined sensitivity of the non‐recommended aPL assays was not significantly higher than that of the aCL and aB2GPI tests. Multiple aPL specificities in RPL group is not significantly different from controls and therefore of no clinical significance.
Critical review of the emerging research evidence on agricultural biodiversity, diet diversity, and nutritional status in low- and middle-income countries

&NA; The declining diversity of agricultural production and food supplies worldwide may have important implications for global diets. The primary objective of this review is to assess the nature and magnitude of the associations of agricultural biodiversity with diet quality and anthropometric outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income countries. A comprehensive review of 5 databases using a priori exclusion criteria and application of a systematic, qualitative analysis to the findings of identified studies revealed that agricultural biodiversity has a small but consistent association with more diverse household‐ and individual‐level diets, although the magnitude of this association varies with the extent of existing diversification of farms. Greater on‐farm crop species richness is also associated with small, positive increments in young child linear stature. Agricultural diversification may contribute to diversified diets through both subsistence‐ and income‐generating pathways and may be an important strategy for improving diets and nutrition outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Six research priorities for future studies of the influence of agricultural biodiversity on nutrition outcomes are identified based on gaps in the research literature.
Auxin catabolism unplugged: Role of IAA oxidation in auxin homeostasis

Plants rely on the levels and concentration gradients of the hormone auxin as crucial information cues to trigger and modulate almost every aspect of their life cycle, from establishing embryo polarity to promoting phototropic and gravitropic responses (1). Thus, it is critical for plants to finely control the levels of the bioactive form of this hormone, both at spatial and temporal levels. Local production, transport, conjugation, storage, and catabolism are all well-known processes participating in the dynamic regulation of auxin homeostasis (2). It is, however, unknown whether or how these different auxin homeostasis mechanisms talk to each other. In the past 30 y, the identification of the genes coding for the key components of the auxin biosynthetic, transport, and conjugation machineries has proven instrumental in assessing the contribution of each of these processes to concrete developmental pathways, as well as to specific plant responses to environmental changes. Although much less is known about the ways the predominant auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is catabolized, classical labeling and metabolite quantification experiments indicate that the oxidation of IAA into 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid (oxIAA) is one of the most prevalent mechanisms to inactivate this hormone (3). Identifying the specific enzymes catalyzing this reaction in vivo has proved to be more challenging than anticipated, as different plant peroxidases and oxygenases, the original suspects for catalyzing this reaction, were found not to play a significant physiological role in the production of oxIAA (3). The recent identification of a rice 2-oxoglutarate-dependent-Fe(II) dioxygenase, DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION ( DAO ), originally linked to male fertility in rice and capable of oxidizing IAA into oxIAA (1⇓⇓–4), has opened new avenues for addressing the physiological significance of auxin catabolism in plant growth and development. In PNAS, Zhang et al. (5), Porco et al. (6), and Mellor et al. (7 … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: jmalonso{at}ncsu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Increased levels of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in human immunodeficiency virus‐infected patients after 5 years of highly active anti‐retroviral therapy may be due to increased thymic production of naive Tregs

This study determines levels of regulatory T cells (Tregs), naive Tregs, immune activation and cytokine patterns in 15 adult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients receiving prolonged highly active anti‐retroviral therapy (HAART) who have known thymic output, and explores if naive Tregs may represent recent thymic emigrant Tregs. HIV‐infected patients treated with HAART with a median of 1 and 5 years were compared with healthy controls. Percentages of Tregs (CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127low), naive Tregs (CD3+CD4+CD25+CD45RA+) and activation markers (CD38+human leucocyte antigen D‐related) were determined by flow cytometry. Forkhead box P3 mRNA expression and T cell receptor excision circles (TREC) content in CD4+ cells were determined by polymerase chain reaction and cytokines analysed with Luminex technology. Levels of Tregs were significantly higher in HIV‐infected patients compared with controls, both after 1 and 5 years of HAART (P < 0·001), despite fully suppressed HIV‐RNA and normalization of both CD4 counts, immune activation and cytokine patterns. Furthermore, levels of naive Tregs were elevated significantly in HIV‐infected patients (P < 0·001) and were associated with thymic output measured as the TREC frequency in CD4+ cells (P = 0·038). In summary, Treg levels in HIV‐infected patients are elevated even after 5 years of HAART. Increased thymic production of naive Tregs may contribute to higher Treg levels in HIV‐infection.
DILEMAS ÉTICOS PRESENTES NA PRÁTICA DO FISIOTERAPEUTA

O fisioterapeuta como todo profisional da saude que toma decisoes diante de situacoes de incerteza, esta sujeiro a se deparar com dilemas eticos. Um dilema etico e uma situacao na qual um profissional da saude se depara com duas alternativas de tratamento ou conducao do caso que tenham justificativas tecnicas, mas com algum questionamento moral ou social. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os tipos de dilemas eticos presentes na pratica do fisioterapeuta. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, tipo `survey`, com uma amostra de fisioterapeutas que trabaljam em Porto Alegre. Para isso encaminhamos pelo correio uma carta informativa e um questionario. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com um estudo ingles semelhante realizado por Barnitt. Obteve-se retorno de 37 (5,7 por cento), com a exclusao de 13 (35,0 por cento) por nao se tratar de questoes envolvendo dilemas eticos. A classificacao dos dilemas de acordo om os principios foi casual, apesar de as categorias autonomia, beneficencia e justica terem sido discriminadas no proprio material informativo. Quanto as situacoes dos dilemas, obtivemos as seguintes respostas: 37,5 por cento relativas ao limite de atuacao profissional, 25,0 por cento trataram da falta de recursos, e 4,2 por cento referentes ao nao dizer a verdade, 4,2 por cento sobre a eficiencia da terapia e 29,2 por cento dos fisioterapeutas relataram nao ter se deparado com ituacoes referentes a dilemas eticos durante sua atuacao proissional. O baixo indice de retorno dos questionarios compomete a validade externa do trabalho. Contudo, com base nos dados obtidos com a presente amostra, estabelecemos algumas considracoes. As questoes predominantes foram relativas as tomadas de decisoes do dia-a-dia. A baixa taxa de devolucao e o alto indice de respostas inadequadas podem indicar o pouco envolvimento dos profissionais, a pouca compreensao dos objetivos da pesquisa ou a falta de habito de reflexao etica. Ja o alto indice de ausencia de dilemas eticos surpreendeu os autores do presente trabalho, uma vez que o fisioterapeuta tem contato direto com seu paciente, seu sofrimento e desconforto e e um profissional da saude que toma decisoes diante de situacoes de incerteza. As informacoes obtidas demonstram a necessidade de realizacao de mais estudos nessa area
Ancient human disturbances may be skewing our understanding of Amazonian forests

Significance The Amazon harbors thousands of species and plays a vital role in the Earth’s climate and carbon cycles. Much of what we know about the Amazon is based on censuses of only a small number of forest inventory plots, an even smaller number of which are censused repeatedly and used to study forest dynamics and carbon fluxes. The effects of ancient human impacts have never been properly assessed or accounted for in studies of Amazonian plots. New spatial analyses show that plots significantly oversample areas with high abundances of archaeological evidence of past human activities. This suggests that our interpretations of the Amazon’s structure, composition, and function are based disproportionately on forests still reflecting the legacies of past human disturbances. Although the Amazon rainforest houses much of Earth’s biodiversity and plays a major role in the global carbon budget, estimates of tree biodiversity originate from fewer than 1,000 forest inventory plots, and estimates of carbon dynamics are derived from fewer than 200 recensus plots. It is well documented that the pre-European inhabitants of Amazonia actively transformed and modified the forest in many regions before their population collapse around 1491 AD; however, the impacts of these ancient disturbances remain entirely unaccounted for in the many highly influential studies using Amazonian forest plots. Here we examine whether Amazonian forest inventory plot locations are spatially biased toward areas with high probability of ancient human impacts. Our analyses reveal that forest inventory plots, and especially forest recensus plots, in all regions of Amazonia are located disproportionately near archaeological evidence and in areas likely to have ancient human impacts. Furthermore, regions of the Amazon that are relatively oversampled with inventory plots also contain the highest values of predicted ancient human impacts. Given the long lifespan of Amazonian trees, many forest inventory and recensus sites may still be recovering from past disturbances, potentially skewing our interpretations of forest dynamics and our understanding of how these forests are responding to global change. Empirical data on the human history of forest inventory sites are crucial for determining how past disturbances affect modern patterns of forest composition and carbon flux in Amazonian forests.
Thermal injury induces impaired function in polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes and reduced control of burn wound infection

Severe thermal injury induces immunosuppression, involving all parts of the immune system, especially when large fractions of the total body surface area are affected. An animal model was established to characterize the burn‐induced immunosuppression. In our novel mouse model a 6% third‐degree burn injury was induced in mice with a hot‐air blower. The third‐degree burn was confirmed histologically. The mice were allocated into five groups: control, shave, burn, infection and burn infection group. At 48 h, a decline in the concentration of peripheral blood leucocytes was observed in the group of mice with burn wound. The reduction was ascribed to the decline in concentration of polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes and monocytes. When infecting the skin with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a dissemination of bacteria was observed only in the burn wound group. Histological characterization of the skin showed a more polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs)‐dominated inflammation in the group of mice with infected burn wound compared with the with burn wound group. In contrast, a higher degree of inflammation was observed in the burn wound group compared with the group of mice with infected burn wound. Furthermore, the oxidative burst and the phagocytic capacity of the PMNs were reduced in the group of mice with burn wound. Using this novel mouse model of thermal injury a decline of peripheral leucocytes was observed, whereas the increased local inflammatory response at the site of infection showed reduced capacity to contain and eliminate the infection.
Periodic assembly of nanoparticle arrays in disclinations of cholesteric liquid crystals

Significance Linear defects-disclinations in thermotropic liquid crystals are known to serve as templates for self-assembly of nanoparticles and molecules into continuous thread-like structures. Here, we show that disclinations in lyotropic cholesteric liquid crystals can act as templates for nanoparticle dispersions, producing both continuous and discontinuous morphologies, with discrete beads of the dispersion periodically organized along the disclination axis. The beading effect is rooted in the anisotropic properties of the cholesteric phase. The observed mode of assembly expands the design spectrum of architectures of soft materials. The lyotropic nature of the liquid crystal formed by an aqueous suspension of cellulose nanocrystals broadens the range of materials used for the self-assembly of periodical structures. An important goal of the modern soft matter science is to discover new self-assembly modalities to precisely control the placement of small particles in space. Spatial inhomogeneity of liquid crystals offers the capability to organize colloids in certain regions such as the cores of the topological defects. Here we report two self-assembly modes of nanoparticles in linear defects-disclinations in a lyotropic colloidal cholesteric liquid crystal: a continuous helicoidal thread and a periodic array of discrete beads. The beads form one-dimensional arrays with a periodicity that matches half a pitch of the cholesteric phase. The periodic assembly is governed by the anisotropic surface tension and elasticity at the interface of beads with the liquid crystal. This mode of self-assembly of nanoparticles in disclinations expands our ability to use topological defects in liquid crystals as templates for the organization of nanocolloids.
The Orebro musculoskeletal pain questionnaire.

The questionnaire is intended to be used with individuals who are experiencing regional pain problems that are affecting their performance at work, taking repeated short spells of sickness absence or are currently off work and have been so for up to 12 weeks. There are 21 scored questions concerning attitudes and beliefs, behaviour in response to pain, affect, perception of work and activities of daily living. It can usually be completed in 5 min before the patient meets the health professional. A cut-off score of 105 and below has been found to predict, with 95% accuracy, those who will recover and, with 81% accuracy, those who will have no further sick leave, in the next 6 months. Prediction of long-term sick leave (.30 days within the next 6 months) was found to be 67% accurate. A cut-off score of 130 and above correctly predicted 86% of those who failed to return to work [1]. This assists the clinician to apply interventions (including the use of activity programmes based on cognitive behavioural strategies) to reduce the risk of long-term pain-related disability. Evidence indicates that these factors can be changed if they are addressed.
Perspective on Structural Evolution and Relations with Thermophysical Properties of Metallic Liquids

The relationship between the structural evolution and properties of metallic liquids is a long‐standing hot issue in condensed‐matter physics and materials science. Here, recent progress is reviewed in several fundamental aspects of metallic liquids, including the methods to study their atomic structures, liquid–liquid transition, physical properties, fragility, and their correlations with local structures, together with potential applications of liquid metals at room temperature. Involved with more experimentally and theoretically advanced techniques, these studies provide more in‐depth understanding of the structure–property relationship of metallic liquids and promote the design of new metallic materials with superior properties.