Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Panelists liking of canola (Brassica napus) greens

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe how three traditional cruciferous vegetables: cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), collard greens (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) and kale (Brassica oleracea var. viridis) were compared to canola greens through sensory analysis to evaluate panelists' acceptance of canola as a potential source of leafy‐green vegetable.Design/methodology/approach – Canola cultivars were grown at Alabama A&M University, Winfred Thomas Agricultural Research Station, Hazel Green, Alabama, and harvested at the rosette stage. Traditional vegetables (cabbage, collard and kale) were obtained from a local food specialty store. All vegetables were washed and refrigerated overnight. On the day of testing, vegetables were chopped uniformly in preparation for cooking. Using a nine‐point hedonic scale, vegetables were rated for color, flavor and texture. Overall preference was rated using most favorite, second favorite and third favorite.Findings – Color of prepared canola was p.
A review of pharmacotherapy for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Medical therapy of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is based on the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) as first choice treatment. Despite their effectiveness, about 20–30% of patients report an inadequate response and alternative drugs are required. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of current pharmacotherapy for treating GERD by showing the results of PPIs, reflux inhibitors, antidepressants and mucosa protective medications. Expert opinion: Medical therapy of GERD does not definitely cure the disease, because even PPIs are not able to change the key factors responsible for it. However, they remain the mainstay of medical treatment, allowing us to alleviate symptoms, heal esophagitis and prevent complications in the majority of cases. Nevertheless, many patients do not respond, because acid does not play any pathogenetic role. Prokinetics and reflux inhibitors have the potential to control motor abnormalities, but the results of clinical trials are inconsistent. Antidepressant drugs are effective in specific subgroups of NERD patients with visceral hypersensitivity, but larger, controlled clinical studies are necessary. Protective drugs or medical devices have been recently adopted to reinforce mucosal resistance and preliminary trials have confirmed their efficacy either combined with or as add-on medication to PPIs in refractory patients.
SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA IN THE CERVICAL GLANDS OF THE MONKEY FOLLOWING OESTRIN ADMINISTRATION12

Attention has been called by Overholser and Allen3 and by Engle and Smith4to a condition of squamous metaplasia in the cervical glands of monkeys which follows prolonged oestrin administration. The phenomenon is an extremely interesting one, particularly because it presents a striking analogy to conditions in the human cervix which are generally interpreted as pre-cancerous or beginning malignancy. We also have observed this phenomenon in numerous female monkeys which have received various endocrine products in the course of experiments designed for other purposes. We are reporting here some of our observations. Our monkeys were all immature or young adult females and, except as is otherwise noted, were all castrated individuals. Squamous metaplasia was never observed to occur spontaneously among them. Prolonged treatment with moderate or large doses of oestrin alone was uniformly followed by squamous metaplasia. These animals all had conspicuous masses of squamous epithelium with pearl formation in the c.
Current and developing therapies for the treatment of multi drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in India

ABSTRACT Introduction: India accounts for 25% of the global burden of MDR-TB. In 2016, the India’s Revised National TB Control Programme reported a success rate of 46% among 19,298 MDR-TB patients treated under the programme. This suboptimal treatment outcome warrants an urgent need for newer drugs and newer regimens in the treatment of MDR-TB. India requires new shorter, cheap, safe and effective anti-TB regimen to treat MDR-TB. Areas covered: We used different search strategies to obtain relevant literature from PubMed, on Indian experiences of developing therapies for the treatment of MDR-TB. Further information from the Central TB Division Government of India on programmatic management of resistant TB was collected. Expert opinion: In 2016 WHO recommended a shorter MDR-TB regimen of 9–12 months (4–6 Km-Mfx-Pto-Cfz-Z-Hhigh-dose-E /5 Mfx-Cfz-Z-E) may be used instead of longer regimens. Currently, conducting trials involving newer drugs such as bedaquiline, have been proposed. The regimen will be of a shorter duration containing isoniazid, prothionamide, bedaquiline, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide (STREAM regimen). To successfully treat MDR-TB one requires new classes of antibiotic and newer diagnostic tests. This represents an enormous financial and technical challenge to the programme managers and policy makers.
A review of tofacitinib efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis patients who have had an inadequate response or intolerance to methotrexate

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tofacitinib is a pan JAK inhibitor with specificity for JAK3 over JAK1 over JAK2, which is approved in many countries for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including the United States and the European Union, either as monotherapy or in combination with conventional synthetic disease modifying anti-arthritis drugs (csDMARDs). Phase 2, 3 and 4 clinical trials have investigated the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib given either as monotherapy or in combination with csDMARDs. Areas covered: This review reports the safety, clinical, functional, and radiographic efficacy, of tofacitinib used as monotherapy in the treatment of adult patients with RA reported in the prospective, double-blind, controlled randomized trials reported to date. One critical clinical question is whether tofacitinib monotherapy has similar efficacy as tofacitinib in combination with methotrexate (MTX); this question has recently been addressed. A literature search on tofacitinib monotherapy was carried out using the PubMed database up to July 2017. Expert opinion: Although tofacitinib plus MTX is statistically more clinically effective, tofacitinib monotherapy is effective in many patients with RA.
The sexually transmitted papillomavirus infections: clinical manifestations, current and future therapies

Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection and is an important public health problem due to its clear association with cervical cancer in women and its potential association with other anogenital malignancies. In some populations it is probably endemic, the prevalence is variable and depends on the demographics and methods utilized for detection. It is estimated that ~ 6 million new infections occur each year. Risk factors for HPV infection include young age, immunosuppression, multiple and high-risk sexual partners. This review extensively examines all of the issues pertinent to the epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations, including asymptomatic infection and dysplastic cellular changes that range from minor histologic perturbations to precancerous and malignant cellular changes. In terms of prospects for the near future, the most innovative ongoing research in treatment\vaccine development trials and the potential use of the developed commercial versions of the vaccine highlighted.
Is the digit triplet test an effective and acceptable way to assess speech recognition in adults using cochlear implants in a home environment?

Objectives: To evaluate the validity of the Digit Triplet Test (DTT) in a simulated home environment for measuring speech recognition in adults with cochlear implants by comparing the result to clinic speech perception tests. To evaluate the acceptability of the DTT in adults using cochlear implants. Methods: A prospective single-centre study with the following outcomes: • DTT Speech Reception Threshold • Clinic speech perception tests (BKB sentences in quiet and noise, City University of New York sentences with lip-reading) • A satisfaction questionnaire to assess patient perception of the DTT Sixteen people using cochlear implants aged from 43 to 83 years took part. Results: • Eighty-eight percent of participants were able to be tested on the DTT; there were no floor or ceiling effects. • DTT SRT was highly correlated with clinic BKB sentence scores in quiet and adaptive noise, and participants felt positive about using the DTT for home testing. Conclusion: The majority of adults using cochlear implants in this study were able and willing to use the DTT to test their speech recognition in a simulated home environment. The DTT SRT was highly correlated with traditional clinic sentence scores, supporting its validity as a home test for hearing in adults using cochlear implants. Hearing testing in the clinic is still the gold standard of clinical care for people with cochlear implants, but a home test could provide a useful addition.
Review of recent proteomic applications in aquatic toxicology

Over the last decade, the environmental sciences have witnessed an incredible movement towards the utilization of high‐throughput molecular tools that are capable of detecting simultaneous changes of hundreds, and even thousands, of molecules and molecular components after exposure of organisms to different environmental stressors. These techniques have received a great deal of attention because they not only offer the potential to unravel novel mechanisms of physiological and toxic action but are also amenable to the discovery of biomarkers of exposure and effects. In this article, we review the state of knowledge of one of these tools in ecotoxicological research: proteomics. We summarize the state of proteomics research in fish, and follow with studies conducted with aquatic invertebrates. A brief discussion on proteomic methods is also presented. We conclude with some ideas for future proteomic studies with fish and aquatic invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:274–282. © 2010 SETAC
Linking in vitro estrogenicity to adverse effects in the inland silverside (Menidia beryllina)

High‐throughput cell assays that detect and integrate the response of multiple chemicals acting via a common mode of action have the potential to enhance current environmental monitoring practices. Establishing the linkage between in vitro and in vivo responses is key to demonstrating that in vitro cell assays can be predictive of ecologically relevant outcomes. The present study investigated the potency of 17β‐estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), nonylphenol (NP), and treated wastewater effluent using the readily available GeneBLAzer® estrogen receptor transactivation assay and 2 life stages of the inland silverside (Menidia beryllina). In vitro estrogenic potencies were ranked as follows: E2 > E1 >> NP. All 3 model estrogens induced vitellogenin and choriogenin expression in a dose‐dependent manner in larvae and juveniles. However, apical effects were only found for E2 and E1 exposures of juveniles, which resulted in female‐skewed sex ratios. Wastewater effluent samples exhibiting low in vitro estrogenicity (below the 10% effective concentration [EC10]), did not cause significant changes in M. beryllina. Significant induction of estrogen‐responsive genes was observed at concentrations 6 to 26 times higher than in vitro responses. Gonadal feminization occurred at concentrations at least 19 to 26 times higher than the in vitro responses. These findings indicated that in vitro cell assays were more sensitive than the fish assays, making it possible to develop in vitro effect thresholds protective of aquatic organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:884–892. © 2017 SETAC
Supervisor and Student Expectations of Level II Fieldwork

SUMMARY Objective: The purpose was to learn if fieldwork supervisors have greater expectations of students beginning Level II fieldwork compared to five years ago and how these compared to student expectations. Supervision was examined. Methods: Data were obtained through questionnaires from 81 fieldwork supervisors and 29 students doing second fieldwork rotations. Results: Supervisors have higher expectations of students. Supervisor and student expectations agreed. Demands of health care environments and new educational requirements influenced these changes. Supervisors still use traditional supervisory techniques. Conclusion: Findings give insight into expectations of current students and help universities develop programs that better prepare students for fieldwork.
Acute toxicity of 6 neonicotinoid insecticides to freshwater invertebrates

Neonicotinoids are a group of insecticides commonly used in agriculture. Due to their high water solubility, neonicotinoids can be transported to surface waters and have the potential to be toxic to aquatic life. The present study assessed and compared the acute (48‐ or 96‐h) toxicity of 6 neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam) to 21 laboratory‐cultured and field‐collected aquatic invertebrates spanning 10 aquatic arthropod orders. Test conditions mimicked species’ habitat, with lentic taxa exposed under static conditions, and lotic taxa exposed under recirculating systems. Median lethal concentrations (LC50s) and median effect concentrations (EC50s; immobility) were calculated and used to construct separate lethal‐ and immobilization‐derived species sensitivity distributions for each neonicotinoid, from which 5th percentile hazard concentrations (HC5s) were calculated. The results showed that the most sensitive invertebrates were insects from the orders Ephemeroptera (Neocloeon triangulifer) and Diptera (Chironomus dilutus), whereas cladocerans (Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia) were the least sensitive. The HC5s were compared with neonicotinoid environmental concentrations from Ontario (Canada) monitoring studies. For all neonicotinoids except imidacloprid, the resulting hazard quotients indicated little to no hazard in terms of acute toxicity to aquatic communities in Ontario freshwater streams. For the neonicotinoid imidacloprid, a moderate hazard was found when only invertebrate immobilization, and not lethality, data were considered. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1430–1445. © 2018 SETAC
Investigating cell therapy for inflammatory bowel disease

ABSTRACT Introduction: Advances in immuno-modulatory therapies, including anti-TNF-α therapies, have greatly increased the chance to achieve long-term remission of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. However, as the importance of mucosal healing has been demonstrated in a number of clinical studies, new cell-based therapies that can regenerate and fully restore the intestinal mucosal functions are currently under development. Area covered: In this review, we feature the recent challenges of cell-based therapies that are applied to the treatment of IBD. In particular, we will focus on hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and intestinal stem cells (ISCs) as the candidate source for cell-based therapy targeted to treat IBD. The current status, as well as the expected advantages and disadvantages of those transplantations will be summarized and discussed. Expert opinion: Transplantation of HSC, MSC and ISC may have different levels of potential in their ability to exert an immunomodulatory or pro-regenerative effect. Combined cell therapies, such as co-transplantation of MSC and ISC, may provide improved therapeutic outcome compared to transplantation of a single cell population. Those cell-based therapies may not only improve the disease activity or tissue regeneration, but may also have the potential to decrease the risk of developing colitis-associated cancers.
Neurally Mediated Syncope: Pathophysiology, Investigations, and Treatment

Localization in Clinical Neurology, 3rd Ed. by Paul W. Brazis, Joseph C. Masdeu, and Jose Biller, 623 pp., ill. , Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1996, $99.95. Localization has always been a quintessential property and the most challenging feature of clinical neurology. No wonder, therefore, that the volume bearing this word in its title enjoys long-lasting popularity, particularly among neurology residents. Attesting to it is this latest edition-the third within 11 years. The book systematically covers the whole spectrum of neurologic manifestations, with an emphasis on neuroophthalmology that reflects its singular role in the art of topical diagnosis. While remaining concise, it is remarkably complete and detailed, at times to …
Superiority of insulin analogues versus human insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus

Abstract The modern goals of insulin replacement in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1, T2DM) are A1C <6.5% long-term, and prevention of hypoglycaemia (blood glucose, BG <70 mg/dl). In addition to appropriate education and motivation of diabetic subjects, the use of rapid- and long-acting insulin analogues, is critical to achieve these goals. The benefits of rapid-acting analogues (lispro, aspart and glulisine have similar pharmacodynamic effects) compared with non-modified human regular insulin, are: (a) lower 1- and 2-h post-prandial blood glucose; (b) lower risk of late post-prandial hypoglycaemia (and therefore lower BG variability); (c) better quality of life (greater flexibility in timing and dosing of insulin). In T1DM, rapid-acting analogues improve A1C only by the extent to which replacement of basal insulin is optimized at the same time, either by multiple daily NPH administrations, or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), or use of the long-acting insulin analogues glargine or detemir. In T2DM, rapid-acting analogues reduce post-prandial hyperglycaemia more than human regular insulin, but systematic studies are needed to examine the effects on A1C. The benefits of long-acting insulin analogues glargine and detemir vs. NPH, are: (1) lower fasting BG combined with lower risk of hypoglycaemia in the interprandial state (night); (2) lower variability of BG. Glargine and detemir differ in terms of potency and duration of action. Detemir should be given twice daily in the large majority of people with T1DM, and in a large percentage of subjects with T2DM as well, usually at doses greater vs those of the once daily glargine. However, when used appropriately for individual pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, glargine and detemir result into similar effects on BG, risk of hypoglycaemia and A1C. Rapid- and long-acting insulin analogues should always be combined in the treatment of T1 and T2DM.
Occurrence and fate of the herbicide glyphosate and its degradate aminomethylphosphonic acid in the atmosphere

This is the first report on the ambient levels of glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide in the United States, and its major degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), in air and rain. Concurrent, weekly integrated air particle and rain samples were collected during two growing seasons in agricultural areas in Mississippi and Iowa. Rain was also collected in Indiana in a preliminary phase of the study. The frequency of glyphosate detection ranged from 60 to 100% in both air and rain. The concentrations of glyphosate ranged from <0.01 to 9.1 ng/m3 and from <0.1 to 2.5 µg/L in air and rain samples, respectively. The frequency of detection and median and maximum concentrations of glyphosate in air were similar or greater to those of the other high‐use herbicides observed in the Mississippi River basin, whereas its concentration in rain was greater than the other herbicides. It is not known what percentage of the applied glyphosate is introduced into the air, but it was estimated that up to 0.7% of application is removed from the air in rainfall. Glyphosate is efficiently removed from the air; it is estimated that an average of 97% of the glyphosate in the air is removed by a weekly rainfall ≥30 mm. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:548–555. © 2011 SETAC
On the Localisation of the Functions of the Brain*

on the fact, " that fevers in India, taking one year with another, destroy twice as many lives as small-pox and cholera, and all other epidemic diseases, put together". This being so, the cause of such fevers becomes a questioni, not miierely of interesting and curious speculation to medical men, but onie of the gravest importance to a teeming population and to the nation that has assumed the responsibility of governing them. The Government of India has at this moment a task imposed on it requiring the aid of statesmen, engineers, and sanitarians in the first rank of their respective scienices. It is nothing less than to contrive well considered measures to prevent the recurrence of famines, and to stay the progress of those fevers, the destructive agency of whiich Dr. Cornish has so forcibly described. I repeat, " well considered efforts", for such they would need to be ; for hitherto some of the irrigation w%vorks directed to prevent the first evil have niot only failed, but have, by interfering with the natural drainage of certain districts, left them so saturated with moisture as to develope malaria to an extent that threatens to depopulate them. Let us speculate as much as we please on medical questions but let suclh of us as are in a position in any, the smallest dearee to influence, or distract, or embarrass the Government in the wlork they have to do, pause before we put forth theories, which, if acted on, may indefinitely delay the progress of sanitation. If the GovernnLent of India be tempted to embrace a theory that we in this country know would be very captivating to the minds of money-saving vestrymen, that fevers are the outcome of " chill" or " certain electrical conditions" of which we known niothing, and which lie out of the domain of human control, it would obviously follow that it is vain to contend with them. Whether it be true or false that out of the soil, under certain conditions long recognised, a poison issues, which, for mere convenience sake, we call malaria, the belief has at least been fraught wvith good to mankind; for, just in proportion, in all places and in all climates, as Nwe have carried out the measures believed to be antagonistic to the genesis of this poison, so have we diminished (lisease and death, and promoted human happiniess and progress.