Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pyrolysis and CO 2 Gasification Rates of Biomass at High Heating Rate Conditions

The pyrolysis and CO2 gasification of four biomass feed stocks (Poplar sawdust, straw, switchgrass, and corn stover) were studied at conditions of high initial particle heating rates (~10 K/s) using two flatflame burner reactors. The chosen feed stocks include energy crops as well as both woody and agricultural residues. Pyrolysis experiments were performed using four biomass samples (45-75 μm) in a flat-flame burner reactor at atmospheric pressure. The peak gas temperature and range of particle residence times in these pyrolysis experiments was 1163 K and 34-113 ms. The pyrolysis yields of tar, char, and light gas are reported as a function of time in the reactor. The mass release of the fully-pyrolyzed biomass samples from the flatflame reactor exceeded their respective ASTM volatiles value by 7.0 to 11.6 wt% (dry, ash-free). The pyrolysis yields measured in this work are believed to be similar to those that would occur in an industrial entrained-flow gasifier since biomass pyrolysis yields depend heavily on heating rate and temperature. A refractory biomass tar yield near 1-2 wt% (dry, ash-free) was measured. Limited pyrolysis experiments were performed with corn stover since it consistently clogged the feed tube by pyrolyzing early in the feed tube near the burner. Biomass pyrolysis was modeled using the Chemical Percolation Devolatilization (CPD) model assuming that biomass pyrolysis occurs as a weighted average of its individual components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin). Thermal cracking of tar into light gas was included using a kinetic model from the literature. Although the model correctly predicted that the measured biomass pyrolysis yields would be comprised almost entirely of gas, the model over-predicted the char yields at complete pyrolysis (≥ 60ms) by 6.2 to 8.6 wt% daf. These results are still encouraging considering the general nature of the pyrolysis model. The apparent CO2 char gasification rates were measured for Poplar sawdust (~100 μm) in a pressurized flatflame burner reactor at total pressures of 10 to 15 atm. The gas temperature and bulk CO2 partial pressure ranges in these gasification experiments were 1186-1891 K and 4.3-13.5 atm, respectively. Particle residence time varied from 67 to 308 ms. Due to the highly volatile nature of biomass, pyrolyzed Poplar sawdust char was re-injected during gasification experiments to measure statistically meaningful extents of reaction. The CO2 gasification rates for the two biomass chars were fit to a global 1-order model.
New records of two rare snakes from northern Namibia , with comments on the trans-Kunene distribution of mopaneveld squamates ( Squamata : Serpentes : Colubridae )

We report the discovery of the third known specimen of Coluber zebrinus BROADLEY & SCHÄTTL 2000 and fifth known specimen of Prosymna visseri FiTZSiMONS, 1959 from north-western Namibia. The new material is described. The distributions of both of these rare colubrids appear to be reflective of a previously undocumented mopane savanna area of endemism stretching from the Kamanjab region of Namibia to south central Angola and beyond. A similar distribution is shared by numerous other reptiles.
Abstracting and Enforcing Web Service Protocols

Web services are emerging as a promising technology for the automation of inter-organizational interactions. As technology matures and the foundations of Web services become more solid, users will start to demand tools that facilitate the service development lifecycle. It is only when such tools become available that novel technologies become applied and enter the mainstream, since the complexity, cost and time necessary to deploy and manage solutions is dramatically reduced. In this paper, we present a framework and a tool that support the model-driven development of Web services. The idea consists in identifying key Web services abstractions, in addition to those of basic Web services standards, that enable the description of service policies and properties that are useful in practice. In this paper, we focus on service protocols, and specifically on conversation and trust negotiation protocols. These protocols are modeled by means of graphical tools and high-level languages so that they are easy to specify, understand, and evolve. The tools also support the automatic generation of service implementation skeletons based on these abstractions, manage the entire service lifecycle, and provide run-time support to verify that the interaction among clients and services occur in compliance with the specified policies.
The Disregarded HIV Prevention Strategies—Their Potential to Uphold the Pandemic, and the Challenges Facing Societies

The ongoing spread of HIV after sobering news about the goal “End of AIDS” is not encouraging, apart from regional differences. We focus on the consequences of the two essentially failed HIV prevention strategies in certain countries. The first failed because the correct messages concerning preventive behavior did not reach the required levels of target populations to interrupt HIV infection chains. There was a lack of appropriate framework conditions for the target populations to engage in the required scale. The additional biomedical strategy “Treatment as Prevention” didn’t achieve the breakthrough as was hoped. The consequences thereof affect the financial burden on societies, which can take several decades. We draw attention to the unbalanced principles of proportionality to which governments are committed, but which are practiced in favor of those vulnerable people; these people abuse their autonomy and contribute to the further spread of HIV at the expense of financial burdens, social and medical care systems; this behavior is tolerated, although the transmission of HIV is mostly preventable. We point to extreme tendencies, such as the chem-sex settings, whose unswayable participants engage in indirect violence against the societies. Another possible consequence of the still uncontrolled spread of HIV is the potential for HIV to increase its virulence.
Python Coding Style Compliance on Stack Overflow

Software developers all over the world use Stack Overflow (SO) to interact and exchange code snippets. Research also uses SO to harvest code snippets for use with recommendation systems. However, previous work has shown that code on SO may have quality issues, such as security or license problems. We analyse Python code on SO to determine its coding style compliance. From 1,962,535 code snippets tagged with 'python', we extracted 407,097 snippets of at least 6 statements of Python code. Surprisingly, 93.87% of the extracted snippets contain style violations, with an average of 0.7 violations per statement and a huge number of snippets with a considerably higher ratio. Researchers and developers should, therefore, be aware that code snippets on SO may not representative of good coding style. Furthermore, while user reputation seems to be unrelated to coding style compliance, for posts with vote scores in the range between -10 and 20, we found a strong correlation (r = -0.87, p < 10^-7) between the vote score a post received and the average number of violations per statement for snippets in such posts.
Wind turbine noise prediction using Olive Tree Lab Terrain

Calculation of noise propagation from wind turbines is complex, and large variations of sound immission levels are commonly observed at the same wind speed. These variations are influenced by sound emission (aerodynamic noise), but also by meteorological parameters such as temperature gradient, wind speed profile, wind direction, and turbulences. Commonly used models (ISO 9613-2 and Nord2000 for example) generally predict the average sound pressure levels adequately under downwind conditions, but often fail to predict noise levels in upwind conditions. In this paper we present the results of a collaborative research between SIXENSE Environment (ex SOLDATA Acoustic) and P.E Mediterranean Acoustics Research & Development (PEMARD), using on site experience on more than 350 French windfarms, and Olive Tree Lab Suite v4.0 software which uses wave based geometrical acoustics to calculate sound propagation, including atmospheric refraction. The goal is to combine both approaches and introduce and test key parameters for wind turbine noise prediction. Calculation results are compared to long term noise & meteorological measurements. A good correlation is shown between calculation and measurements even in case of complex meteorological situations.
A Review of Image Classification Approaches and Techniques

In this paper, a literature survey on the various approaches used for classifying an image which is based on the object. Classification is the vital and challenging task within the field of in computer vision. Classification is based on the description, texture or similarity of items or things. Image classification refers to the labeling of images into one of a number of predefined categories. Pixels are the unit represented in an image. Image classification groups the pixels in different classes. The image classification includes-image acquisition, image pre-processing, image segmentation. Many classification techniques have been developed for image classification. This paper study about different classification techniques such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Naive Bayes (NB), KNearest Neighbor (KNN), MultiLayered Perceptron (MLP), Kernel Support Vector Machines, Decision Tree (DT), Fuzzy Measure, Radial Basis Function (RBF). Keywords—Image Classification; Artificial Neural Network; Naive Bayes; K-Nearest Neighbour,;
Medical imaging security using partial encryption and histogram shifting watermarking

Rapid advancements in information and communication technologies facilitated sharing of digital medical images in telemedicine applications. However, due to the sensitivity of medical images, their security has become a challenging requirement that must be addressed. In this paper, a simple and efficient joint reversible data hiding and encryption algorithm is proposed for watermarking medical images while providing high embedding capacity. The proposed algorithm combines reversible data hiding techniques with standard encryption techniques in order to provide the needed security of transmitted and stored medical images. The algorithm utilizes substitution-based encryption and transposition-based encryption to achieve high degree of entropy in the encrypted watermarked images. The operation of the algorithm is based on dividing the original medical image randomly into two halves, each of which is assigned a different watermark. One of the watermarks is embedded before encryption and the other watermark is embedded after encryption. Aside from providing high entropy, the proposed algorithm provides relatively high embedding capacity because of the existence of two watermarks, while keeping low computational complexity.
On modeling of the dynamics of a mobile manipulator as a mechatronic system

The paper provides the method of the stability and stabilization of steady motion problem solution for mechanotronic systems with geometric constraints by the example of a four-wheeled mobile single-link manipulator. The manipulator, moving rectilinearly, must keep its clamp on a specified height. The manipulator clamp position is regulated by the link rotation by force of commutator motor of constant current with indirect excitation. As a control action, additional tension at the anchor engine is accepted. To construct an accurate mathematical model the manipulator is studied as a mechanotronic system with a redundant coordinate. For the mechanical part of the system, equations in M.F. Shul'gin's form are used. These equations being free from joining factors can be considered as a special case of the Voronetz equations for nonholonomic systems with integrable kinematic constraints. Then the first approximation of the disturbed motion equations is analyzed. Manipulator controllability at steady motion by means of additional tension at the anchor engine is confirmed. Coefficients of the optimal Lyapunov function and control law can be determined uniquely by solving linear-quadratic problems using N.N. Krasovsky's method. Computational solution can be founded with the Repin-Tretyakov procedure. Results of numerical computations are displayed.
Tramadol Induced Seizures, A potential Silent Hazard of the Emergency Toxicology in Iran

Tramadol is a synthetic analgesic drug that has a potential risk of addiction. Due to its common illegal abuse, tramadol induced seizures are becoming more prevalent. Although these seizures are self-limited in most of the cases, however, the subsequent complications such as trauma and addiction are still the main problems. In this study, we provide a brief introduction of this important topic in Iran with emphasis on the proper medical use of this drug.
Teaching Model Reform of Performance Management Course Based on the Theory of Constructivism

As the core course of human resource management major, performance management course is highly practical. Based on the theory of constructivism, combining with the practical requirements of enterprise performance management and constructing simulation situation of enterprise performance management, which can make the students understand theory with practice, get better understanding of professional knowledge and master the relevant skills. From the essence of organizational performance simulation method, the performance of communication as an example, the article introduces the operational ideas about constructivism concept in the teaching of performance management, and summarizes the teaching mode experience in organizational context simulation during the performance management teaching process.
Acute muscular weakness in children

ABSTRACT Acute muscle weakness in children is a pediatric emergency. During the diagnostic approach, it is crucial to obtain a detailed case history, including: onset of weakness, history of associated febrile states, ingestion of toxic substances/toxins, immunizations, and family history. Neurological examination must be meticulous as well. In this review, we describe the most common diseases related to acute muscle weakness, grouped into the site of origin (from the upper motor neuron to the motor unit). Early detection of hyperCKemia may lead to a myositis diagnosis, and hypokalemia points to the diagnosis of periodic paralysis. Ophthalmoparesis, ptosis and bulbar signs are suggestive of myasthenia gravis or botulism. Distal weakness and hyporeflexia are clinical features of Guillain-Barré syndrome, the most frequent cause of acute muscle weakness. If all studies are normal, a psychogenic cause should be considered. Finding the etiology of acute muscle weakness is essential to execute treatment in a timely manner, improving the prognosis of affected children.
3 D Shape Capture Sheet Based on Gravity and Geomagnetic Sensing

In this paper, we introduce a novel sensing device named “three-dimensional capture sheet (3DCS). ” The cloth-like sheet measures its own 3D configuration with no external equipments. It has many potential applications such as 3D modeling, entertainment, size and shape measuring, wearable motion capture, tactile sensor, and so on. It consists of a lattice structure inside of the sheet, and each link of the structure has a sensor chip consisting of a triaxial accelerometer and a triaxial magnetometer. The sensor chip measures the gravity and the Earth’s magnetic field to obtain the link posture. After all the link postures are obtained, the whole shape of the sheet is reconstructed by combining them. The estimation error from disturbed magnetic data is corrected by utilizing a constraint originating from the lattice structure. Feasibility and stability of the shape estimation algorithm are confirmed through simulations, and the prototype of the sensor chip is presented.
Genetic and Fitness Changes Accompanying Adaptation of an Arbovirus to Vertebrate and Invertebrate Cells

ABSTRACT The alternating host cycle and persistent vector infection may constrain the evolution of arboviruses. To test this hypothesis, eastern equine encephalitis virus was passaged in BHK or mosquito cells, as well as in alternating (both) host cell passages. High and low multiplicities were used to examine the effect of defective interfering particles. Clonal BHK and persistent mosquito cell infections were also evaluated. Fitness was measured with one-step growth curves and competition assays, and mutations were evaluated by nucleotide sequencing and RNA fingerprinting. All passages and assays were done at 32°C to eliminate temperature as a selection factor. Viruses passaged in either cell type alone exhibited fitness declines in the bypassed cells, while high-multiplicity and clonal passages caused fitness declines in both types of cells. Bypassed cell fitness losses were mosquito and vertebrate specific and were not restricted to individual cell lines. Fitness increases occurred in the cell line used for single-host-adaptation passages and in both cells for alternately passaged viruses. Surprisingly, single-host-cell passage increased fitness in that cell type no more than alternating passages. However, single-host-cell adaptation resulted in more mutations than alternating cell passages. Mosquito cell adaptation invariably resulted in replacement of the stop codon in nsP3 with arginine or cysteine. In one case, BHK cell adaptation resulted in a 238-nucleotide deletion in the 3′ untranslated region. Many nonsynonymous substitutions were shared among more than one BHK or mosquito cell passage series, suggesting positive Darwinian selection. Our results suggest that alternating host transmission cycles constrain the evolutionary rates of arboviruses but not their fitness for either host alone.
Genetics of ear traits and grain yield in quality protein maize (Zea mays L.)

Hayman's component analysis was employed to ascertain the gene actions conditioning the ear related traits viz., ear length, ear diameter, kernel rows per ear, kernels per row and grain yield per plant in quality protein maize. Eight yellow seeded quality protein maize (QPM) inbred lines were crossed in diallel mating design, including reciprocals. The inbreds and their 56 crosses were evaluated in randomized block design with 3 replications across the three environments. Significant differences among genotypes observed for all the traits over the environments. Influence of epistasis found for all the traits in one or more seasons except ear length. Ear length exhibited importance of additive gene effects across the seasons. Overdominance showed in all the characters. The range of narrow sense heritability was low over the environments for most of the traits i.e. for ear length (15.1–19.3%), ear diameter (12.1–17.7%), kernels per row (23.6–30.5%) and grain yield per plant (13.6–19.5%) whereas kernel rows per ear exhibited moderate narrow sense heritability ranging from 44.3–66.5% over the environments. In general, narrow sense heritability estimates were higher in rabi environment as compared to kharif environment.
Conjugate ground-satellite ELF / VLF emissions observed with strong magnetospheric compression

We report the first simultaneous ground and satellite conjugate observations of ELF/VLF waves associated with magnetospheric compression. On 23 December 2014, a receiver at subauroral latitudes at Athabasca (ATH), Canada (54.7N, 246.7E, L=4.3) observed an ELF/VLF wave burst centered at ~2.5 kHz. This emission showed discrete elements and lasted ~3 minutes starting at 11:17 UT (~2.4 MLT). RBSP-B, located nearly conjugate to ATH in the post-midnight sector (~3 3 MLT) observed a similar emission. This wave burst was observed a few minutes after an intense sudden impulse (SYM-H amplitude ~53 nT) caused by the enhancement of solar wind speed (~330 to ~420 km/s) and dynamic pressure (~2 to 6 nPa) during northward IMF. At 11:16 UT, RBSP-B also observed a separate hiss emission below 1.5 kHz that was not observed at ATH. We investigate the possible generation mechanisms of these waves and suggest that they differ for the hiss and discrete emissions and that their propagation to the ground is also different.
Implementing a Test Bed for Space Exploration Using Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) has found many applications in industries from retail to smart homes. However, IoT technologies have not yet been applied to space research. The goal of this research is to implement a test bed that demonstrates how IoT technologies can be applied to space exploration. Such a test bed enables a robot to sense information about its terrain and send that information back to users. Specifically, the test bed is built using a Raspberry Pi microcontroller, a Raspberry Pi camera (called picamera), and a movable robot. A user can remotely control the movements of the robot by accessing a web application hosted on the Raspberry Pi. Moreover, the user can also view the live stream of the picamera and take pictures and videos of the stream. The main contribution of this research is a basic IoT test bed that can demonstrate how IoT can be used to facilitate space exploration. Specifically, the prototype for this test bed can potentially demonstrate how visual terrain information on a planet (e.g., Mars) is sent to the end-user application (e.g., a mobile phone) on Earth through the technologies of IoT. Moreover, this research can also help illuminate the capabilities and the limitations of using IoT in space; for example, the camera quality and the live stream speed.
Biological Treatment of a Synthetic Dye Water and an Industrial Textile Wastewater Containing Azo Dye Compounds

In this research, the ability of anaerobic and aerobic biological sludges to reduce and stabilize azo dye compounds was studied. Synthetic dye solutions and an industrial textile wastewater were both treated using anaerobic and aerobic biomass, separately and in sequential step-treatment processes. The primary objective was to reduce the wastewater color to an intensity that complies with the Virginia Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (VPDES) permit level. This level is set at 300 American Dye Manufactures Institute (ADMI) units. Further objectives were to achieve reductions in the total kjehdal nitrogen (TKN) and total organic carbon (TOC) in the wastewater. Anaerobic and aerobic treatment systems were both effective in reducing the wastewater color; however, anaerobic treatment generally produced the greatest color removal. Anaerobic/aerobic (ANA/AER) sequential step-treatment provided the best reductions in ADMI color, TKN and TOC. Anaerobic/aerobic/anaerobic/aerobic (ANA/AER/ANA/AER) sequential step-treatment did not yield greater reductions in ADMI color, TKN, or TOC as compared to ANA/AER sequential step-treatment.
Non-orthogonal space-time block code for multipath channel

We consider non-orthogonal space-time codes in multipath fading channels. For this, both minimizing the effect of the self-interference induced by the non-orthogonal code itself, and mitigating the inter-symbol-interference induced by the channel need to be addressed. We approach the problem by analyzing the example of rate one linear space-time transmissions from four transmit antennas. The starting point is the non-orthogonal ABBA-code minimizing the self-interference, which is one of the rate one quasi-orthogonal codes for four antennas. In addition to applying time reversal on the part of a frame consisting of complex conjugated symbols, the non-orthogonal structure allows for multiple non-equivalent permutations of the transmission symbols. We observe that in addition to separating symbols and complex conjugated symbols, it is essential to interleave the symbols so that time epochs during which copies of the same symbols are transmitted, are far from each other