Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EPR evidence for superoxide anion formation in leaves during exposure to low levels of ozone

Although the superoxide anion radical (O 2 .- ) has been implicated in the phytotoxicity of ozone, (O 3 ), its role has been inferred from indirect evidence based on the activity of oxyradical scavenging systems in the leaf, particularly superoxide dismutase (SOD). Direct observations of radical signals obtained by electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry (EPR) of intact, attached leaves of bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and leaf pieces of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) during exposure to 240 μg m 3 O 3 in air flowing through the spectrometer cavity have revealed the appearance of a signal with the characteristics of O 2 . - . The exposures used were insufficient to cause any necrotic injury to the leaves. The appearance of the signal is light-dependent, suggesting that it originates in the chloroplast, and its appearance is reduced in leaves in which the apoplastic pool of ascorbic acid has been enriched by prior vacuum infiltration. In each species, the signal only appeared after about 1 h of exposure to O 3 , and then increased steadily over the next 4 h. The lability of the species responsible for the signal is such that it can no longer be reliably detected about 15 min after cessation of the exposure to O 3 . These observations are interpreted as indicating that apoplastic ascorbate initially reduces the production of O 2 . - , probably by reducing the penetration of O 3 into the cell, with any O 2 . - produced being scavenged by the chloroplastic SOD-peroxidase system, but its formation from O 3 then begins to exceed the capacity of the scavenging systems to remove it.
Geospecies and Superspecies in the African Primate Fauna

Abstract Primate taxa in Africa (and elsewhere) are not randomly distributed. Most are dispersed in monophyletic groups of allopatric taxa, termed superspecies, but some species cannot be allocated to superspecies because any allopatric sister species that once existed are now extinct. These two categories — superspecies and species not assignable to superspecies — are together termed geospecies. African primates belong in 33 geospecies. The number of geospecies is an index of the continent's faunal diversity and in that sense is the highest of all primate faunas, with implications for conservation strategy.
Genetic and phenotypic relationships between feed intake during lactation and reproductive performance

Daily feed intake during lactation was recorded on purebred Yorkshire (n = 1587), Landrace (n = 2197), and F1 Yorkshire x Landrace (n = 6932) litters from day 1 to 22 of lactation. Lactation feed intake (LFI) curves were predicted using a mixed model which included fixed effects of breed, season, parity group (PG), day of lactation, interactions of day with breed and PG, and a covariate for litter size after cross-fostering. Random effects included litter, contemporary group (herd-year-month), dam, and sire nested within breed. Least squares means for each day were used to define LFI curves by breed through day 22 of lactation. Yorkshire and Landrace LFI curves were not different (P = 0.09), though both differed from the LFI curve (P < 0.05) of F1 sows. Evaluation of the difference in feed intake between 2 consecutive days (DC) of lactation resulted in the following classifications: 3 periods for purebreds, day 1 to 6 (PB1), day 7 to 10 (PB2), and day 11 to 18 (PB3); 2 periods for F1 sows, day 1 to 5 (C1) and day 6 to 18 (C2). Average rate of change in intake (ARC), average daily intake (ADI), and variation from predicted LFI values (VAR) metrics were estimated for each period in both purebred and F1 sows. The lowest ARC and ADI metrics, but highest VAR (P < 0.05) in each period of lactation occurred in PG 1 sows and during the summer. An increase in ARC and ADI metrics resulted in higher 21-day litter weaning weights (P < 0.05), while decreasing VAR metrics late in lactation (PB3 and C2) resulted in higher 21-day litter weaning weights (LW21) and shorter wean-to-first-service intervals (P < 0.05). Heritability estimates for average daily lactation feed intake (ADFI), average rate of change (ARCT), and variation from predicted daily LFI values (VART) calculated over the entire lactation were 0.37, 0.24, and 0.16, respectively. Heritability estimates were variable across periods of lactation for ARC (0.03 – 0.17), ADI (0.09 – 0.36), and VAR (0.04 – 0.18)
Relationship between stream order and length of larval period in the Salamander Eurycea wilderae

WARDEN, R. L. , AND W. J. LORIO. 1975. Movements of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in impounded waters as determined by underwater telemetry. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 104:696-702. WEINSTEIN, M. P. 1979. Shallow marsh habitats as primary nurseries for fishes and shellfish, Cape Fear River, North Carolina. Fish. Bull. U.S. 77:339-357. 1982. Commentary: a need for more experimental work in estuarine fisheries ecology. Northeast Gulf Sci. 5:59-64.
Histopathological Assessment of Broodstock of the Razor Clam Ensis macha (Pharidae) from the Tongoy Bay, Chile

ABSTRACT The razor clam Ensis macha (Molina, 1782), is an important resource, which has been overfished, and is now starting to be cultivated. As there is no baseline information on parasites of this bivalve, a histopathological assessment of broodstock was undertaken. Sampling of a total of 128 razor clams was carried out in March, May, September, and December of 2014, to analyze the presence and identification of possible parasites. The razor clam tissues were routinely processed for histology, observed under light microscopy, and photographed. The results showed the presence of rickettsiales-like organisms (RLO) in the epithelium of the digestive gland, ciliates, and unidentified coccidia in gills, a meront-like cell in one digestive gland, digenean trematode sporocysts in gonads, metacercariae embedded in the foot, and turbellarians in gills. The prevalence of infection was calculated for each parasite and for each sampling event, and the infection intensity was assessed for the gill coccidian, the RLO, and the hemocytic infiltration foci. The parasites with the highest prevalence were the coccidia with 73% in September. Hemocytic infiltration had a high prevalence in all sampling months, ranging from 78% to 100%. No serious damage was observed in the hosts because of the identified parasites, except for the coccidian, which disrupted part of the interlamellar bridges, and the trematode sporocysts in the gonad of the razor clams, which caused almost complete castration of the gonadal tissue. None of the identified parasites is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE).
Two Mallotus species of different life histories adopt different defense strategies in relation to leaf age

Plants defend their leaves using multiple defense traits that change functions with leaf age. We examined the effects of leaf age on the development of multiple defense traits in two related Mallotus (Euphorbiaceae) species: young plants of the fast-growing Mallotus japonicus (Spreng.) Mull. Arg. and the slow-growing Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull. Arg. Sequential leaves of the two species were measured for their leaf area, leaf mass/area, densities of trichomes and pellucid dots, extrafloral nectar volume, and the numbers of extrafloral nectaries and pearl bodies. Mallotus japonicus shifted its defense tactics from direct defense using trichomes and pellucid dots in young leaves to biotic defense using extrafloral nectar and pearl bodies in middle-aged leaves. In contrast, M. philippensis used direct, chemical defense throughout all leaf ages, together with the shift from indirect, biotic defense using extrafloral nectar in young leaves to direct, physical defense using leaf toughness in middle-aged leaves. These results strongly suggest that, in relation to life history, plants can alter optimal combinations of multiple defense traits with leaf age.
FUSARIUM SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH MYCOTOXIN PRODUCTION CAUSED ANIMAL DISEASE IN NORTHWEST IRAN

The main crop witlings and animal diseases counting feed refusal, weight loss, death of cattle and sheep and chicken mortality were associated with Fusarium species in northwest Iran. Infected plants and feeds were collected from the fields and storages then cultured in Peptone PCNB Agar (PPA) as selective medium for Fusarium species after surface sterilization. Several Fusarium species were isolated from crop samples including potato tubers, wheat, corn, plant residues and animal feeds. Study showed most animal diseases especially chickens mortality were attributed to feeding infected plant straw and contaminated feeds in considered areas. The dominant recognized isolates were Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, F. graminearum, F. moniliformei, F. sambutinum, F. culmorum, and F. equiseti as the main mycotoxin producers. The common Fusarium mycotoxins such as zearalenone, moniliformin and fusaric acid can be discovered from these species. The results put emphasis that Fusarium contamination of feeds or foods can be capable of the harmful consequences on animal and human health.
What cephalopod remains from Xiphias gladius stomachs can imply about predator‐prey interactions in the Mediterranean Sea?

Analysis of the cephalopod beaks found in the stomachs of 69 swordfish Xiphias gladius caught in the Aegean Sea resulted in the identification of nine cephalopod taxa. Cephalopod consumption was higher in summer and autumn, and larger swordfish were more likely to feed on cephalopods. Todarodes sagittatus was the most abundant species, a finding suggesting its abundance in the Mediterranean sea. # 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
Hunting Patterns, Ban on Baiting, and Harvest Demographics of Brown Bears in Sweden

Abstract We analyzed harvest data to describe hunting patterns and harvest demography of brown bears (Ursus arctos) killed in 3 geographic regions in Sweden during 1981–2004. In addition, we investigated the effects of a ban on baiting, instituted in 2001, and 2 major changes in the quota system: a switch to sex-specific quotas in 1992 and a return to total quotas in 1999. Brown bears (n = 887) were harvested specifically by bear hunters and incidentally by moose (Alces alces) hunters. Both hunter categories harvested bears 1) using dogs (37%), 2) by still hunting (30%), 3) with the use of bait (18%), and 4) by stalking (16%). The proportion of bears killed with different harvest methods varied among regions and between bear- and moose-oriented hunters. We found differences between male (52%) and female bears (48%) with respect to the variables that explained age. Moose-oriented hunters using still hunting harvested the youngest male bears. Bears harvested during the first management period (1981–1991) were older and had greater odds of being male than during the subsequent period. It appears that hunters harvesting bears in Sweden are less selective than their North American counterparts, possibly due to differences in the hunting system. When comparing the 4 years immediately prior to the ban on baiting with the 4 years following the ban, we found no differences in average age of harvested bears, sex ratio, or proportion of bears killed with stalking, still hunting, and hunting with dogs, suggesting that the ban on baiting in Sweden had no immediate effect on patterns of brown bear harvest demography and remaining hunting methods. As the demographic and evolutionary side effects of selective harvesting receive growing attention, wildlife managers should be aware that differences in harvest systems between jurisdictions may cause qualitative and quantitative differences in harvest biases.
Broiler stunning methods and their effects on welfare, rigor mortis, and meat quality

Broiler stunning is conducted to produce a rapid onset of insensibility prior to slaughter. Though most broiler plants use electrical stunning applications, gas stunning, and low-atmosphere pressure stunning are also available for commercial applications. All three of these stunning methods are able to meet animal welfare requirements and produce meat with acceptable quality. However, each method differs in their mechanisms of stunning, rigor mortis patterns, and physical meat characteristics. In addition, gas stunning and low-atmosphere pressure stunning have received interest over the past decade as part of an effort to further improve animal welfare. Researchers have reported that gas and low-atmosphere pressure stunning both have potential advantages over electrical stunning with respect to broiler welfare and deboning time, which has been attributed to shackling post-stunning. This review paper will focus on these three stunning methods and their impact on animal welfare, physiology, rigor mortis patterns, carcass characteristics, and meat quality.
Mapping 18S ribosomal genes in fish of the genus Brycon (Characidae) by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

O presente estudo fornece dados sobre as regioes organizadoras de nucleolos (NORs) de sete especies do genero Brycon, obtidos atraves da localizacao dos genes RNAr 18S por hibridacao in situ fluorescente (FISH). Sinais fluorescentes foram observados no telomero do braco longo de dois cromossomos submetacentricos grandes e confirmaram o numero e a localizacao das regioes organizadoras de nucleolos anteriormente detectadas atraves de outras tecnicas citogeneticas classicas. Embora nao tenham sido detectadas variacoes inter ou intra-individuais no numero e localizacao dos loci 18S, um polimorfismo de tamanho na regiao organizadora de nucleolo foi observado entre os dois homologos. O alto nivel de estabilidade das NORs observado no genero Brycon e caracterizado pela presenca destes sitios agrupados e conservados em um unico par de cromossomos nestes peixes.
Evolution of animal genitalia: morphological correlates of fitness components in a water strider

Rapid divergence of male genitalia is one of the most general evolutionary trends in animals with internal fertilization, but the mechanisms of genital evolution are poorly understood. The current study represents the first comprehensive attempt to test the main hypotheses that have been suggested to account for genital evolution (the lock‐and‐key, sexual selection and pleiotropy hypotheses) with intraspecific data. We measure multivariate phenotypic selection in a water strider species, by relating five different components of fitness (mating frequency, fecundity, egg hatching rate, offspring survival rate and offspring growth rate) to a suite of genital and non‐genital morphological traits (in total 48). Body size had a series of direct effects in both sexes. Large size in females was positively related to both fecundity and egg hatching rate. There was positive sexual selection for large size in males (mating frequency), which to some extent was offset by a reduced number of eggs laid by females mated to large males. Male genitalic morphology influenced male mating frequency, but the detected directional selection on genitalia was due to indirect selection on phenotypically correlated non‐intromittent traits. Further, we found no assortative mating between male intromittent genitalia and female morphology. Neither did we find any indications of male genitalia conveying information of male genetic quality. Several new insights can be gained from our study. Most importantly, our results are in stark disagreement with the long standing lock‐and‐key hypothesis of genital evolution, as well as with certain models of sexual selection. Our results are, however, in agreement with other models of sexual selection as well as with the pleiotropy hypothesis of genital evolution. Fluctuating asymmetry of bilaterally symmetrical traits, genital as well as non‐genital, had few effects on fitness. Females with low fluctuating asymmetry in leg length produced offspring with a higher survival rate, a pattern most proba bly caused by direct phenotypic maternal effects. We also discuss the relevance of our results to sexual conflict over mating, and the evolution of sexual traits by coevolutionary arms races between the sexes.
TRANSPORT AND RECRUITMENT OF SILVER-LIP PEARL OYSTER LARVAE ON AUSTRALIA'S NORTH WEST SHELF

Abstract Silver-lip pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima) spat surveyed in the Eighty Mile Beach section of the North West Shelf have been used in conjunction with outputs from a particle dispersion model to identify likely spawning grounds. The dispersion model consisted of a 3-dimensional regional circulation model in which large numbers of individual particles were tracked over the period 1994 to 1999. From the settlement areas defined by the spat data, larvae were tracked back in time over their estimated pelagic phase of 24–31 days within the main spawning period of mid October to late December. The reverse calculation was also undertaken looking at larval dispersion from known broodstock populations. Results demonstrate that large tidal currents in the region move larvae back and forth across the shelf, whereas lower frequency currents influence their net transport. Whereas some model larvae traveled more than 60 km, most were transported less than 30 km. The model results suggest that spawning in the Eighty Mile Beach region is concentrated around the recently surveyed broodstock distribution between 8 and 15 m depth, with potential smaller contributions from the northeast. These spawning events are likely to lead to successful recruitment locally and alongshore to the southwest. They also feed larvae into neighboring shallow coastal environments (through tidal oscillations) and deeper waters to the west (~20 m). However, spat abundances seem to be low in these areas, suggesting that recruitment is strongly limited by habitat availability and possibly high mortality rates in shallow water. High local abundances of broodstock and spat observed occasionally in deeper water (~30 m) seem to be supported by intermittent larval transport from inshore populations. However, spawning in this area seems to contribute little to recruitment in the inshore populations.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS BY AQUATIC PLANTS: EFFECTS OF UNSTIRRED LAYERS IN RELATION TO ASSIMILATION OF CO2 AND HCO3−AND TO CARBON ISOTOPIC DISCRIMINATION

Summary We review and reassess experimental evidence which indicates that the unstirred layers of solution bathing aquatic plant cells or organs represent a major factor limiting their rate of photosynthesis under natural conditions. Unstirred layers may also limit membrane transport of HCO3− where this occurs. Some authors have suggested that aquatic plants carry out C4photosynthesis and cite in support measurements of discrimination between 13C and 12C. We propose that this discrimination can also be a manifestation of the presence of unstirred layers or membrane transport or both.
Incidence of lipolytic and proteolytic fungi in some milk products and their public health significance

�� A total of sixty random samples of dairy products; 20 of either table butter, cooking butter or kareish cheese; were collected and subjected to myc ological and mycotoxicological evaluation. The mean total mould counts were 7.3X 10 1 ± 6X10 1, 1.8 X10 3 ± 5.4X 10 2 and 4.1X 10 3 ±3.1 X 10 3 cfu ml 1 for table butter, cooking butter and kareish chees e samples respectively. Respective yeast counts were 1 X10 3 ± 6.1 X 10 2 , 3.3 X 10 4 ±3 X 10 4 and 1.5 X 10 4 ± 1.3 X 10 4 cfu ml -1 . The highest frequency distribution of all examined samples for mould and yeast counts lies within the range 10 100 / gm . Aspergillus niger , A. flavus , Geotrich um spp. and Mucor spp. were isolated from the examined samples at varying percentages of 8.3- 41 . 7 . The predominant species of yeasts isolated from table butter, cooking butter and kareish chees e were Candida spp. , Rhodotorula spp. , and Saccharomyces spp. The isolated moulds and yeasts w ere evaluated for proteolytic and lipolytic activities on Tributyrin . Aflatoxin M 1 was detected in 4 kareish cheese samples in a vari able levels ranging from 5 to 35 ppb. The economic and public hsignificance of isolated moulds and yeasts as well as the sanitary precautions were dis cussed.
Recent progress on genetic analysis of novel mutants and aneuploid research in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.)

A good number of diploid genetic mutants, RILs and different cytogenetic stocks including a complete set of primary trisomics and tetrasomics, some tertiary trisomics, double trisomics and 10 reciprocal translocation lines were developed and being characterized in induced mutant population of seven different grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) varieties. Genetic basis of mutants has been investigated in intercrossed population and using trisomics some of them were localized on chromosome. Utilization of these novel genetic and cytogenetic stocks in improvement of grass pea with high yield and low seed neurotoxin, ODAP potential has been reviewed in this communication.
Effect of varying the proportion of molasses in the diet on intake, digestion and microbial protein production by steers

The present experiment was conducted to determine the efficiency of microbial protein production in the rumen and intake by cattle fed high-molasses diets. Intake and microbial crude protein (MCP) production were measured along with the concentration of rumen ammonia-nitrogen (N) and volatile fatty acids (VFA), pH and the rate of digestion of roughage in the rumen. Eight Brahman crossbred steers weighing 211 ± 19.3 (± s.d.) kg were used in a double 4 × 4 Latin square design. Steers were allocated to one of four total mixed rations: control (pangola hay only), 25M (25% molasses/urea mix + 75% hay), 50M (50% molasses/urea + 50% hay), and 75M (75% molasses/urea + 25% hay). The production and efficiency of production of MCP (EMCP) of the diet increased quadratically as the level of molasses in the diet increased. The EMCP from the molasses/urea mix was estimated as 166 g MCP/kg digestible organic matter (DOM), a relatively high value. Intake of dry matter (DM) and DOM increased quadratically, reaching a peak when molasses was ~50% (as fed) of the ration. Digestibility of DM increased quadratically and that of neutral detergent fibre decreased linearly with increasing level of molasses in the diet. Molasses inclusion in the diet had no effect on rumen pH, ammonia and VFA concentration in the rumen fluid, plasma urea-N, urine pH or ruminal fractional outflow rate of ytterbium-labelled particles and Cr-EDTA. It was concluded that a diet with a high level of molasses (>50%) and supplemented with adequate N had high EMCP, and that low MCP production was not a factor limiting intake or performance of cattle consuming high-molasses diets.
Les tests présymptomatiques en neurogénétique

Le diagnostic presymptomatique en neurogenetique concerne un nombre croissant d’affections, principalement neurodegeneratives, au premier rang desquelles la maladie de Huntington. La possibilite pour une personne a risque de connaitre son statut genetique vis-a-vis d’une maladie connue dans la famille pose des problemes puisque, dans la plupart des cas, il n’existe ni prevention, ni traitement possibles en cas de resultat defavorable. De plus, le fait d’etre porteur ne dit pas a quel moment et sous quelle forme la maladie se manifestera, d’ou une limitation importante pour planifier l’avenir. Seule une minorite des personnes a risque choisissent de faire le test. Notre experience souligne l’interet d’une prise en charge pluridisciplinaire au long cours des candidats a un test presymptomatique : si celle-ci est indispensable pour le choix eclaire et autonome du candidat au test, elle n’empeche toutefois pas des changements importants, parfois radicaux, en cas de resultat defavorable, bien sur, mais egalement apres un resultat etablissant un statut de non-porteur. Enfin, l’experience acquise pour la maladie de Huntington permet maintenant d’aborder le test presymptomatique dans d’autres affections ; malgre des differences dans la presentation et l’evolution de ces maladies, les consequences du test en l’absence de therapeutique specifique restent similaires.