Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of six degrees of freedom knee kinematics on ligament length and moment arm in an intact knee model.

BACKGROUND Biomechanics studies can help improve athletic performance. However, the biomechanics of knee joint ligament length changes and moment arms over six degrees of freedom (DOF) have yet to be established. OBJECTIVE To construct a knee model to investigate the length and moment arm changes of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), and lateral collateral ligament (LCL). METHOD Six DOF joint modeling and analysis were performed using specialized modeling software. RESULTS The length of all ligaments varied with tibiofemoral flexion angle, contributed to joint motion, and restrained the joint in different positions. The ACL, MCL, and LCL lengths decreased, the PCL increased, the posterior tibial translation increased, the MCL moment arm increased, and the LCL moment arm decreased between 0° and 90°. The primary ligament restraints were the PCL (0° to 30°), MCL (30° to 60°), and PCL (60° to 90°). CONCLUSION The restraining function of each ligament during motion can be modeled based on changes in ligament lengths during tibial translations and rotations during flexion. Understanding the correlations between ligament lengths and moment arm changes over a wide range of motion will help improve our understanding of joint kinematics and may be useful for the diagnosis and treatment of sports injury.
Security Model of Service Oriented Computational Grids

Grid infrastructure supports services on demand. Computational grids connected in a service oriented way thus forming virtual enterprises need several security measures to be undertaken. We have worked on several security measures like single sign-on through layered authentication model, dynamic token based authentication, privacy protection. In this paper, we try to simulate our observations using a testbed and find out the model for such measures. The approach is in the light of an interoperable model with solution to security issues particularly single sign-on, delegation of access rights, integration with various local authentication schemes, trust and privacy
Le filtrage collaboratif et le web 2.0. État de l'art

Le present article fait le point sur l’etat de l’art des systemes de filtrage d’information. Il presente les differentes techniques de filtrage proposees dans la litterature dont le filtrage a base de contenu, le filtrage collaboratif et les modeles de filtrage hybrides. Il presente egalement les differentes limitations dont souffre toujours ce type de systemes notamment la rarete des votes et le probleme du demarrage a froid. Enfin, il discute les evolutions majeures previsibles avec l’introduction des aspects du web 2.0 tels que les ontologies, les reseaux sociaux et les annotations.
Block-Based Multi-Version B+-Tree for Flash-Based Embedded Database Systems

In this paper, we propose a novel multi-version B $^+$ -tree index structure, called block-based multi-version B $^+$ -tree ( BbMVBT), for indexing multi-versions of data items in an embedded multi-version database (EMVDB ) on flash memory. An EMVDB needs to support streams of update transactions and version-range queries to access different versions of data items maintained in the database. In BbMVBT, the index is divided into two levels. At the higher level, a multi-version index is maintained for keeping successive versions of each data item. These versions are allocated consecutively in a version block. At the lower level, a version array is used to search for a specific data version within a version block. With the reduced index structure of BbMVBT, the overhead for managing the index in processing update operations can be greatly reduced. At the same time, BbMVBT can also greatly reduce the number of accesses to the index in processing version-range queries. To ensure sufficient free blocks for creating version blocks for efficient execution of BbMVBT, in this paper, we also discuss how to perform garbage collection using the purging-range queries for reclaiming “old” versions of data items and their associated entries in the index nodes. Analysis of the performance of BbMVBT is presented and verified with performance studies using both synthetic and real workloads. The performance results illustrate that BbMVBT can significantly improve the read and write performance to the multi-version index as compared with MVBT even though the sizes of the version blocks are not large.
Modellen van spraakontwikkelingsdyspraxie (SOD)

Sinds de kritiek van Guyette en Diedrich (1981) op spraakontwikkelingsdyspraxie (SOD) als diagnostische entiteit zijn een groot aantal benaderingswijzen voorgesteld om het probleem van de differentiaaldiagnose tussen SOD en andere spraakontwikkelingsstoornissen aan te pakken. Shriberg en collega’s (1997a,b,c; 2003) geven een uitgebreid overzicht van de differentiele kenmerken die dit heeft opgeleverd en de theoretische perspectieven waarop deze zijn gebaseerd. De discussie beslaat twee fundamentele punten. Het eerste punt is het spraakproductiemodel dat als uitgangspunt fungeert. Hoewel onderzoekers het erover eens lijken te zijn dat SOD net als verworven apraxie bij volwassenen (AOS: Apraxia of Speech) een spraakmotorische stoornis is, is er geen overeenstemming over de differentiaaldiagnostische kenmerken. McNeil en collega’s (2004) beredeneren dat het niet een gebrek aan theorie is, of het onvermogen om de juiste theorie uit de bekende alternatieven te selecteren, maar dat de belangrijkste belemmering voor theoretische vooruitgang in AOS is gelegen in het gebrek aan een algemeen aanvaarde verzameling criteria voor de selectie van subjecten. McNeil en collega’s trekken dus niet in twijfel dat de problemen bij AOS en SOD zich voordoen op een motorisch in plaats van een linguistisch niveau van verwerking, maar constateren dat er geen criteria zijn om een onderscheid te maken tussen spraakmotorische en linguistische (i.e. fonologische) symptomen. De vooronderstelling die achter dit onderscheid in niveau’s schuil gaat, is dat het spraakproductieproces modulair is, en dat voor elk verwerkingsniveau (module) het domein kan woorden bepaald. Volgens het spraakproductiemodel van Levelt (Levelt, 1989; Levelt e.a., 1999) krijgt de fonologische encodeer-module woordvormen of lexemen als input, en is de output een fonetisch plan. Vervolgens wordt het fonetisch plan doorgegeven aan de articulator-module om uitgevoerd te worden. De motorische processen die worden verondersteld plaats te vinden in de articulatiefase zijn verder uitgewerkt door Van der Merwe (1997). Dit heeft geleid tot het onderscheiden van spraakmotorische planning, -programmering, en – uitvoering. In het model van Van der Merwe functioneren deze procescomponenten in een cascadeachtige architectuur. Stem-, Spraaken Taalpathologie 32.8310/03/1609-137 Vol. 16, No. 3, 2009, pp. 137-154 © Nijmegen University Press
Immature peritoneal mast cells in neonatal rats express the CTMC phenotype, as well as functional IgE receptors

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the differentiation and maturation of mast cells and the expression of IgE receptors on their surface in neonatal animals in vivo. Another aim was to clarify whether connective tissue mast cells (CTMC) undergo a maturation process involving a transdifferentiation from mucosal mast cells (MMC) during this period of time. Mast‐cell phenotypes were studied in terms of the profiles of proteinases and proteoglycan. In 1‐week‐old rats, the mast‐cell granules stained with Alcian blue rather than with safranin (AB+/S‐) in the Alcian blue/safranin staining sequence, normally regarded as a property of MMC. However, the AB+/S‐stained proteoglycan was degradable by nitrous acid and stained with berberine sulphate, thus indicating that it contained heparin rather than chondroitin sulphate. The mast cells expressed rat mast‐cell proteinase (RMCP) I rather than RMCP II, which is normally found in MMC. The mast cells of 1‐week‐old rats expressed functional IgE receptors, by showing a dose‐dependent IgE‐mediated histamine release of mast cells. About 70% of the IgE receptors on the mast cells were occupied by IgE. In 2‐ to 3‐week‐old rats, there was a progressive increase in mast cells stained with both Alcian blue and safranin or with safranin alone, i.e. they gradually changed towards the staining properties of CTMC (AB‐/S+). The expression and the degree of IgE occupancy of the receptors increased in 1‐ to 3‐week‐old animals. This was paralleled by an increment in cell size and in the content of heparin, histamine and serotonin in the mast cells. The findings thus indicate that the peritoneal mast cells of neonatal rats express the CTMC phenotype and undergo a maturation process at from 1 to 3 weeks of age, without involving a transdifferentiation from MMC. The maturation of the mast cells is accompanied by an increase in the expression of functional IgE receptors on the cell surface. IgE production was detectable as early as in 1‐week‐old rats.
Deletion of N-terminal Residues 23–88 from Prion Protein (PrP) Abrogates the Potential to Rescue PrP-deficient Mice from PrP-like Protein/Doppel-induced Neurodegeneration*

Accumulating evidence has suggested that prion protein (PrP) is neuroprotective and that a PrP-like protein/Doppel (PrPLP/Dpl) is neurotoxic. A line of PrP-deficient mice, Ngsk Prnp0/0, ectopically expressing PrPLP/Dpl in neurons, exhibits late-onset ataxia because of Purkinje cell death that is prevented by a transgene encoding wild-type mouse PrP. To elucidate the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in these mice, we introduced five types of PrP transgene, namely one heterologous hamster, two mouse/hamster chimeric genes, and two mutants, each of which encoded PrP lacking residues 23–88 (MHM2.del23–88) or with E199K substitution (Mo.E199K), into Ngsk Prnp0/0 mice. Only MHM2.del23–88 failed to rescue the mice from the Purkinje cell death. The transgenic mice, MHM2.del23–88/Ngsk Prnp0/0, expressed several times more PrP than did wild-type (Prnp+/+) mice and PrPLP/Dpl at an equivalent level to Ngsk Prnp0/0 mice. Little difference was observed in the pathology and onset of ataxia between Ngsk Prnp0/0 and MHM2.del23–88/Ngsk Prnp0/0. No detergent-insoluble PrPLP/Dpl was detectable in the central nervous system of Ngsk Prnp0/0 mice even after the onset of ataxia. Our findings provide evidence that the N-terminal residues 23–88 of PrP containing the unique octapeptide-repeat region is crucial for preventing Purkinje cell death in Prnp0/0 mice expressing PrPLP/Dpl in the neuron.
BRODSKOM DIZELSKOM MOTORU HEAT TRANSFER INFLUENCE ANALYSIS ON COMBUSTION PRESURE IN TWO – STROKE SLOW – SPEED MARINE DIESEL ENGINES

U priloženom radu je analiziran utjecaj koeficijenta prijelaza topline na tlak izgaranja u cilindru. Analiza je izvršena primjenom simulacijskog modela koji se koristio za potrebe istraživanja utjecaja višestrukog ubrizgavanja na procese i produkte izgaranja u cilindru sporookretnog brodskog dizelskog motora. U svrhu analize primijenjen je nuldimenzionalni matematički model izgaranja, koji je vrednovan usporedbom stvarnih podataka s broda i rezultata dobivenih simulacijama. U radu je napravljena komparacija utjecaja prijelaza topline primjenjujući izraze za prijelaz topline prema Annandu, Eichelbergu i Woschniju. Rezultati su analizirani i prezentirani grafički te statistički obrađeni. Objašnjen je i predložen najbolji izbor.
Loss of Function of OsDCL1 Affects MicroRNA Accumulation and Causes Developmental Defects in Rice1[w]

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are two types of noncoding RNAs involved in developmental regulation, genome maintenance, and defense in eukaryotes. The activity of Dicer or Dicer-like (DCL) proteins is required for the maturation of miRNAs and siRNAs. In this study, we cloned and sequenced 66 candidate rice (Oryza sativa) miRNAs out of 1,650 small RNA sequences (19 to approximately 25 nt), and they could be further grouped into 21 families, 12 of which are newly identified and three of which, OsmiR528, OsmiR529, and OsmiR530, have been confirmed by northern blot. To study the function of rice DCL proteins (OsDCLs) in the biogenesis of miRNAs and siRNAs, we searched genome databases and identified four OsDCLs. An RNA interference approach was applied to knock down two OsDCLs, OsDCL1 and OsDCL4, respectively. Strong loss of function of OsDCL1IR transformants that expressed inverted repeats of OsDCL1 resulted in developmental arrest at the seedling stage, and weak loss of function of OsDCL1IR transformants caused pleiotropic developmental defects. Moreover, all miRNAs tested were greatly reduced in OsDCL1IR but not OsDCL4IR transformants, indicating that OsDCL1 plays a critical role in miRNA processing in rice. In contrast, the production of siRNA from transgenic inverted repeats and endogenous CentO regions were not affected in either OsDCL1IR or OsDCL4IR transformants, suggesting that the production of miRNAs and siRNAs is via distinct OsDCLs.
Increased risk for endocrine autoimmunity in Italian type 2 diabetic patients with GAD65 autoantibodies

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 autoantibodies (GAD65Ab) in type 2 diabetic subjects with secondary failure to sulphonylurea treatment identify the so‐called latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA). The aim of our study was to estimate the risk for endocrine autoimmunity in type 2 diabetic subjects with GAD65Ab.
Long-Lived Colitogenic CD4+ Memory T Cells Residing Outside the Intestine Participate in the Perpetuation of Chronic Colitis1

To understand the perpetuation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is important to clarify whether the colitogenic CD4+ T cells are self-limited effector or long-lived memory T cells. We here investigate the latency of colitogenic CD4+ T cells in the remission stage of colitis under germfree (GF) conditions. We isolated splenic (SP) CD4+ T cells from colitic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell-injected SCID mice maintained under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions and transferred them into SPF or GF SCID mice. Donor colitic SP CD4+ T cells have a characteristic CD44highCD62L−IL-7Rαhigh effector-memory T-type phenotype. Six weeks after transfer of cells to GF SCID mice, one group of mice was continued in GF conditions (GF→GF), and the other was transferred into SPF conditions (GF→SPF). GF→SPF but not GF→GF SCID mice developed colitis with elevated production of Th1 and Th17 cytokines at 4 wk after transfer. Surprisingly, a large number of CD4+ effector-memory T cells and a small but substantial number of central-memory T cells remained resident in SP and bone marrow, but not in lamina propria, of the GF→GF SCID recipients. Consistent with this, GF→SPF but not GF→GF SCID mice rapidly developed colitis. Taken together, these findings suggest that long-lived colitogenic memory CD4+ cells can be established even in the presence of commensal Ags, reside outside the intestine in the absence of commensal bacteria, and participate in the perpetuation of colitis. Thus, blocking a stimulus of colitogenic memory CD4+ cells such as IL-7 may have therapeutic benefit for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for rearrangeable Log/sub d/(N,m,p)

We extend previous results on sufficient conditions for rearrangeable Log/sub 2/(N,m,p) networks to Log/sub d/(N,m,p) networks. We show that the original argument using path-intersecting graphs cannot be extended to d>2, and we give a new argument. Further, we show our sufficient conditions are also necessary.
The use of inhaled corticosteroids during childhood: plus ça change…

Commentary on the paper by Masoli et al (see page 902) Inhaled corticosteroid therapy (ICT) has a long and for the most part honourable history in the management of asthma. Introduced in an attempt to minimise the side effects associated with systemic treatment, early trials with nebulised hydrocortisone showed little if any added benefit,1 but with the introduction of beclomethasone dipropionate,2 ICT rapidly assumed a central role in the management of asthma, transforming the lives of millions of sufferers. Early studies were reassuring, but it soon became apparent that ICT did have measurable systemic effects on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis,3 although there was little evidence that these translated into clinically significant problems, overt corticosteroid toxicity being a rare and apparently idiosyncratic reaction.4 Worries about the very real effects of ICT on growth5 have been largely banished by the demonstration of normal adult height at follow up.6 Posterior subcapsular cataract formation has been reported in children on ICT, but mainly in children who have also received systemic corticosteroids.7,8 Local reactions such as oral candidiasis and hoarseness occur on ICT,9,10 but usually respond to simple measures such as mouth washing and the use of a spacer. Thus, in recommended doses, ICT has had an excellent safety record,11 but encouraged by reports of the apparent safety of high dose ICT in adults,12 paediatricians became increasingly bold in ignoring the manufacturers’ dosage recommendations, sometimes using doses that might have been more appropriate in the stable than the paediatric ward. Alas, it was all to end in tears. Several alarming reports of symptomatic adrenal insufficiency in children receiving high dose inhaled corticosteroid therapy appeared in the literature, including two in Archives . 13,14 The second of these reported the results of a …
Was Agriculture Impossible during the Pleistocene but Mandatory during the Holocene? A Climate Change Hypothesis

Several independent trajectories of subsistence intensification, often leading to agriculture, began during the Holocene. No plant-rich intensifications are known from the Pleistocene, even from the late Pleistocene when human populations were otherwise quite sophisticated. Recent data from ice and ocean-core climate proxies show that last glacial climates were extremely hostile to agriculture—dry, low in atmospheric CO2, and extremely variable on quite short time scales. We hypothesize that agriculture was impossible under last-glacial conditions. The quite abrupt final amelioration of the climate was followed immediately by the beginnings of plant-intensive resource-use strategies in some areas, although the turn to plants was much later elsewhere. Almost all trajectories of subsistence intensification in the Holocene are progressive, and eventually agriculture became the dominant strategy in all but marginal environments. We hypothesize that, in the Holocene, agriculture was, in the long run, compulsory. We use a mathematical analysis to argue that the rate-limiting process for intensification trajectories must generally be the rate of innovation of subsistence technology or subsistence-related social organization. At the observed rates of innovation, population growth will always be rapid enough to sustain a high level of population pressure. Several processes appear to retard rates of cultural evolution below the maxima we observe in the most favorable cases.
Que veut dire traduire

Nous entendons ici la traduction dans un sens elargi, contextuel plutot que textuel, indiscipline. Nous ne cacherons pas notre interet pour ce qui est appele, aujourd’hui, « traduction culturelle », surtout dans l’univers de la langue anglaise et de celles qui empruntent a elle plus volontiers que le francais ne le fait. La traduction culturelle au sens anglo-saxon est un produit des etudes postcoloniales, elles-memes inserees dans les Cultural Studies. Nous en reconnaissons les possibles limites ideologiques et historiques mais aussi la tres importante ouverture d’horizons ainsi que l’interdisciplinarite bienvenue. L’un n’empeche pas l’autre. En francais aussi, une conscience postcoloniale dote maintenant la traduction, thematique philosophico litteraire par excellence, d’une actualite theorique, historique et politique nouvelles. Le traduire n’est donc pas une thematique neuve, mais revigoree par des relectures decentrees depuis la mondialisation. Profiter de l’experience de la traductologie en d’autres langues, et une convergence avec elles, est maintenant non seulement possible, mais devient incontournable.
Mobility of natural organic matter in a sandy aquifer

Field-scale transport of natural organic matter (NOM) was studied in a two-well tracer test by injecting 80,000 L of [open quotes]brown water[close quotes] (66 mg of C L[sup [minus]1]) from a wetlands pond into a shallow, sandy, coastal plain aquifer. The basic features of NOM breakthrough observed in laboratory column studies (extending tailing and rapid decline in concentrations when NOM inputs are terminated) were observed in the field. Retardation of NOM in the field agreed with predictions from laboratory studies. In spite of natural heterogeneities, fractionation of NOM subcomponents occurred in transport. Smaller (< 3,000 MW) and more hydrophilic (by XAD-8 chromatography) components of NOM were more mobile than were larger (3--100K MW), more hydrophobic components. However, over the 2-week injection, the solid and solution phase reached an apparent steady state with respect to NOM adsorption, resulting in the unretarded transport of even the hydrophobic and macromolecular NOM. The results indicate that NOM can exhibit considerable mobility in an aquifer and suggest that NOM could alter the transport of contaminants in groundwater. 43 refs., 9 figs., 5 tabs.
Immune-mediated Modulation of Breast Cancer Growth and Metastasis by the Chemokine Mig (CXCL9) in a Murine Model

Current immunotherapies are limited by several factors, including the failure to recruit sufficient numbers of immune effector cells to tumors. The chemokine monokine induced by γ-interferon (Mig; CXCL9) attracts activated T cells and natural killer (NK) cells bearing the chemokine receptor CXCR3. We investigated Mig as an immunotherapeutic agent in a syngeneic murine model of metastatic breast cancer. We transfected the highly malignant murine mammary tumor cell line 66.1 to stably express murine Mig cDNA. Immune-competent mice injected with Mig-expressing tumor cells developed smaller local tumors and fewer lung metastases, and they survived longer than mice injected with vector-control tumor cells. Mig-mediated inhibition of local tumor growth was lost in the absence of host T cells. Mig-transduced tumors had increased numbers of CD4+ T cells compared with vector-control tumors, consistent with the T-cell chemoattractant property of Mig, and many tumor-infiltrating host cells expressed CXCR3. NK cells had not been examined previously as a possible effector cell in Mig-based therapies. Our studies now show that NK cells are critical to the mechanism by which Mig limits metastasis. Inhibition of angiogenesis was not implicated as a mechanism of Mig-mediated therapy in this model. These studies support the hypothesis that by manipulating the Mig-CXCR3 gradient, it is possible to direct host immune effector cells to tumors, curtailing both local tumor growth and metastasis. These studies also implicate host NK cells as an additional effector cell critical for Mig-mediated control of metastasis.
Penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: an emerging microbial threat.

Recent reports from South Africa,1 Spain,2 Hungary,3 Texas,4-6 and Memphis7,8 document an increasing incidence of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in children. The emergence of penicillin-resistant pneumococci that also demonstrate decreased susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins presents an even greater clinical challenge.6-9 This commentary reviews recent developments in the epidemiology, identification, and management of penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal disease in children. Pneumococcal susceptibility to penicillin is defined as a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) <0.1 µg/mL. Intermediate (relative) penicillin resistance is defined as an MIC from 0.1 to 1.0 µg/mL and high-level resistance as an MIC >1.0 µ/mL. Pneumococcal penicillin resistance is mediated by alterations in penicillin-binding proteins involved in cell wall synthesis.10