Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Discriminant Analysis and Allometric Growth Pattern of Hip Bones in Rhesus Monkey from the Taihang Mountains

This research explored the sexual differences and allometric growth pattern of hip bones in rhesus macaques. Hip bone specimens were obtained from 66 skeletons of Macaca mulatta (21 male and 45 female). Four innominate variables were selected, and SPSS (Version 20.0) was used for statistical analysis. The one-way analysis of variance was used to compare the mean of each variable between the sexes, and the stepwise function analysis was used to establish discriminant functions that can be used to estimate sex for the hip bones. Most of measurements of hip bones of mature rhesus monkey were shown to be sexually dimorphic (P<0.01), while DOI: 10.16359/j.cnki. cn11-1963/q.2015. 0041 人 类 学 学 报 ‌•‌418‌• 34 卷 those of immature were not sexually dimorphic. Innominate bones of immature monkeys of both sexes resembled pelves of mature males. Three patterns of allometric growth in the innominate were tested in this study. Stepwise analysis showed that using the functions with only a single hip variable‌would‌effectively‌identify‌the‌sex‌of‌the‌adult‌monkey,‌with‌a‌correct‌classification‌rate‌ of 87.0%. In the sample of Macaca mulatta pelves studied here, it is not possible to distinguish unfused male pelves from unfused female pelves. Sexual dimorphism in the pelvis of Macaca mulatta is related to the interaction between locomotory and obstetrical function, as the female pelvis acquires morphological features during postnatal development that differentiates them from mature male pelves and from immature pelves of both sexes.
A Cognitive Approach to Reengineering

June 1997 Saddled with large quantities of essential programs written in obsolete languages such as COBOL or FORTRAN, Department of Defense (DoD) contractors and agencies are faced with a series of unpalatable choices. One option is to merely continue with the same old software, patching it where possible to meet the most pressing needs. However, reengineering can add a measure of efficiency previously unattainable when properly implemented. Although renewal costs can often be recovered over time, initial costs are often prohibitive. Because of this dilemma, reengineering, reuse, and maintenance are hot topics in software engineering. However, there is still much confusion about what reengineering involves and even more concerning the benefits of current reengineering tools.
A Heart-rate Monitoring System using Android Smartphones

With recent advances of wireless technology as well as with proliferation of mobile devices such as smartphones, uhealthcare services, which allow to take care of patients anytime anywhere, are being realized. Heart rate is used as one of major indicators to diagnose cardiovascular disease as well as overexercise. In this paper, we develop a heart-rate monitoring service system using wearable heartrate monitor and smartphones. The service features real-time heart-rate monitoring, historical heart-rate data view, and alarm signaling upon abnormal heart-rate occurrence.
Voice Biometry Standard-Draft

This document serves as a description of the proposed draft for a voice biometry standard. 1 Quick User Guide to i-vector Extraction This standard is supposed to give formal description of the i-vector extraction algorithm. However, we provide a python demo package for i) better understanding of the properties and features of the extraction, and ii) for convenience, so that the user can immediately use the basic functions and do prompt customizations. For convenience, we start this document by a quick user guide to the i-vector extraction. Python 2.7 was chosen as the implementation language. Apart from the standard python libraries, numpy and scipy modules are required for the package to work. The code is located in the python directory. The structure of the software is given by two main python executable scripts and a set of python modules. The two runnable scripts are: • raw2ivec.py is the demo application for i-vector extraction. It directly implements this standard for easy usage. It takes six input command-line parameters: LIST FILE List of files with relative paths and no extensions. This list defines the paths to the input and output files relative to the paths defined below. The audio files assume a . wav extension. VAD DIR Directory with the voice-activity definition. If the parameter is set to auto, then VAD is computed using a predefined energy-based VAD algorithm. Otherwise, the files are assumed to be gzip-commpressed text file, whose format is two-column (space-separated) list of start
Is Duplicate Code Good or Bad? An Empirical Study with Multiple Investigation Methods and Multiple Detection Tools

There are several research efforts that compare duplicate code and non-duplicate code for revealing that the presence of duplicate code actually has a negative impact on software development and maintenance. However, each of them compares them with a single method and a single detection tool. Consequently, their result may not be reliable. This paper reports an empirical study that duplicate code and non-duplicate code were compared with multiple investigation methods and multiple detection tools. Keywords-Duplicate Code, Replication, Maintenance
Quantifying EBV-specific CD8? T cell immunity in patients with post transplant lymph proliferative disease (PTLD) and other EBV-driven malignancies.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) specific T cells control EBV-driven proliferation of infected B cells in vivo. Deficient EBV immunity predisposes to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) and EBV-positive Hodgkin's disease (HD). Treatment for PTLD is reduction in immunosuppression (RIS) allowing EBV immune recovery. Current methods of monitoring RIS include immunophenotyping for increases in MHC Class IICD8 T cells, but this is not a specific measure of EBV immunity. A method was developed for enumerating functional EBV-specific T cells using an intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assay to measure interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production after brief in vitro stimulation with EBV antigens. Analysis of EBV-positive PTLD patients showed a temporal relationship between emergence of EBV-specific IFN-gamma'CD8 T cells and PTLD regression in response to RIS. The increase paralleled the rise in MHC class IICD84 T cells. Analysis of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from EBV-positive HD patients showed presence of EBV-specific IFN-gamma+CD4 and IFN-gamma4CD8+ T cells. Although this result indicates EBV-positive HD is not a consequence of deficient EBV immunity, the observed accumulation of CD4+ T cells may represent immune suppressive cells. The ICS assay was demonstrated as a rapid and reliable method for detecting functional EBV immunity, but requirement for several million PBMCs can limit utility. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to measure IFN-gamma gene transcription by T cells stimulated with EBV antigen and showed comparable results to ICS using fewer cells. Clinical assessment of EBV status of tumours is hampered by lack of a single monoclonal antibody able to detect all EBV antigens. A novel monoclonal antibody, RFD3, was used to stain EBV-positive tissue and detected all forms of EBV latency. Results correlated with current diagnostic techniques. In summary, this thesis describes development and evaluation of novel approaches for detecting EBV and measuring EBV-specific T cell immunity that have potential for clinical and research applications.
Sentiment Aware Neural Machine Translation

Sentiment ambiguous lexicons refer to words where their polarity depends strongly on con- text. As such, when the context is absent, their translations or their embedded sentence ends up (incorrectly) being dependent on the training data. While neural machine translation (NMT) has achieved great progress in recent years, most systems aim to produce one single correct translation for a given source sentence. We investigate the translation variation in two sentiment scenarios. We perform experiments to study the preservation of sentiment during translation with three different methods that we propose. We conducted tests with both sentiment and non-sentiment bearing contexts to examine the effectiveness of our methods. We show that NMT can generate both positive- and negative-valent translations of a source sentence, based on a given input sentiment label. Empirical evaluations show that our valence-sensitive embedding (VSE) method significantly outperforms a sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) baseline, both in terms of BLEU score and ambiguous word translation accuracy in test, given non-sentiment bearing contexts.
Biochmical Variations in Blood Profile of Pregnant Bikaneri Sheep

The mean values of haemoglobin, blood glucose, serum calcium, serum inorganic phosphorus and serum total protein at the end of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th month of pregnancy in ewes were lower than in non-pregnant ewes (before estrus), however, the difference was significant (P<0.01) only at the end of 3rd and 4th month of gestation and onwards.
Evaluating biofumigant crops as a pre-plant treatment for avocado orchard establishment in sites with high Phytophthora root rot pressure

Brassica biofumigant crops are frequently grown and incorporated into fields prior to planting vegetable crops to reduce populations of nematodes and soilborne fungi. This approach was evaluated for application in avocado replant land infested with Phytophthora cinnamomi (Pc). In vitro Petri dish assays demonstrated that growth of Pc was inhibited by amending agar with dried leaf material of several brassica species, with Caliente (B. juncea) and BQ Mulch (a mix of B. napus and B. campestris) being most effective. However, these results were not observed during further glasshouse testing. The efficacy of these pre-plant biofumigants is currently being tested in a field trial on a commercial avocado orchard infested with Pc.
Chapter 9-GVGAI : What ’ s Next ?

In the previous chapters of this book we have described the GVGAI framework and competitions, and also some of the most interesting lines of research that have used this benchmark to tackle GVGAI problems. This is, however, a non exclusive list, as a recent survey shows [6]. We have also seen how this framework has been employed in education, with higher education institutions using GVGAI for undergraduate and postgraduate assignments, final year, master and PhD projects. The more technical chapters also provide a list of exercises that can serve as project ideas to take this further. Research-wise, most of the attention of the GVGAI framework has been devoted to the single and two-player version of the framework. Chapter 4 in this book outlines the main outstanding problems of this challenge: No studies have achieved better than approximately 50% victory rate with any technique when applying it to sets of 10 or more games. Improvements on methods proposed typically boost performance in a subset of games, but not in all. Therefore, one of the most challenging directions at the moment is to increase play performance in a broad variety of games. Given that, in most cases adding features that are GVGAI focused leads to uneven improvements, it is sensible to think that a potential way forward is to work on feature extraction that is independent from the framework. An example of this is the work described in Chapter 4, where features are based on the agent’s experience instead of the game. Recent advances in deep convolutional neural networks could also be a fruitful line of future work. We have described other possible improvements for single-player planning also in Chapter 4. In addition, the two-player planning problem adds an extra complexity on the GVGAI challenge. Not only the agents need to adapt to any game is given, but also they need to compete or collaborate with another agent they know nothing about. The current literature shows no study that tries to identify the behaviour of the opponent, with regards to the other player being cooperative or competitive. This type of analysis taps on research on game theory and opponent modelling, being a field of study on its own right. So far, the most involved studies on GVGAI have tried to model the action distribution observed by the other player, using this model for the opponent actions in the forward model [3]. Investigation on more complex opponent models is another line of future work that could yield better results in this problem.
Uptake and subcellular distribution of radiolabeled polymersomes for radiotherapy

Polymersomes have the potential to be applied in targeted alpha radionuclide therapy, while in addition preventing release of recoiling daughter isotopes. In this study, we investigated the cellular uptake, post uptake processing and intracellular localization of polymersomes. Methods: High-content microscopy was used to validate polymersome uptake kinetics. Confocal (live cell) microscopy was used to elucidate the uptake mechanism and DNA damage induction. Intracellular distribution of polymersomes in 3-D was determined using super-resolution microscopy. Results: We found that altering polymersome size and concentration affects the initial uptake and overall uptake capacity; uptake efficiency and eventual plateau levels varied between cell lines; and mitotic cells show increased uptake. Intracellular polymersomes were transported along microtubules in a fast and dynamic manner. Endocytic uptake of polymersomes was evidenced through co-localization with endocytic pathway components. Finally, we show the intracellular distribution of polymersomes in 3-D and DNA damage inducing capabilities of 213Bi labeled polymersomes. Conclusion: Polymersome size and concentration affect the uptake efficiency, which also varies for different cell types. In addition, we present advanced assays to investigate uptake characteristics in detail, a necessity for optimization of nano-carriers. Moreover, by elucidating the uptake mechanism, as well as uptake extent and geometrical distribution of radiolabeled polymersomes we provide insight on how to improve polymersome design.
Lagrangian and Eulerian Representations of Fluid Flow :

This essay considers the two major ways that the motion of a fluid continuum may be described, either by observing or predicting the trajectories of parcels that are carried about with the flow – which yields a Lagrangian or material representation of the flow — or by observing or predicting the fluid velocity at fixed points in space — which yields an Eulerian or field representation of the flow. Lagrangian methods are often the most efficient way to sample a fluid domain and most of the physical conservation laws begin with a Lagrangian perspective. Nevertheless, almost all of the theory in fluid dynamics is developed in Eulerian or field form. The premise of this essay is that it is helpful to understand both systems, and the transformation between systems is the central theme.
2 . 1 Morphology and Electrophysiology of Biological Neurons and Synapses

At first glance, scientists seem to have needed a surprisingly long amount of time to find the physical correlate of thought. While the brain itself, as an organ, has long been considered the seat of the mind,1 it was only at the turn of the 20th century that Cajal and Golgi established the “neuron doctrine”—the hypothesis that the neuron is the fundamental functional unit of the brain. In the light of much earlier achievements in the physics of small scales, such as Bernoulli’s kinetic theory of gases in the early 18th century, this comparatively slow development might appear paradoxical, especially given Hooke’s and van Leeuwenhoek’s discovery of the cell over two centuries before the discovery of the neuron. However, when considering the complexity of the “elementary” components involved, and moreover that of the emergent
A phase I, open-label study of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of lapatinib (GW572016) in combination with letrozole in cancer patients

3001 Background: Lapatinib is a selective and highly potent dual, competitive inhibitor of ErbB1 and ErbB2 tyrosine kinases leading to cell growth arrest and/or apoptosis in ErbB1 and ErbB2 dependent tumor cell lines and xenografts. Co-expression of ErbB2 and ER is associated with a reduced response rate to hormone therapy in breast cancer. A rational approach to treatment may be to block simultaneously both ER and ErbB2 pathways. Methods: Patients (pts) with advanced breast cancer, ER or PR +, or other tumors (e.g., ovarian, endometrial) that would be likely to respond to the combination therapy were enrolled. Escalating doses of lapatinib (1250–1500 mg/d) were administered in combination with letrozole (2.5 mg/d). Three pts were treated at each dose level, with expansion to 6 in the event of dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Once the optimally tolerated regimen (OTR) was determined, an additional 8 - 16 pts were to be enrolled to establish the pharmacokinetic profiles of lapatinib and letrozole when adminis.
Comparative study on the efficacy of disinfectants against bacterial contamination caused by biofilm

The disinfection of surfaces containing biofilms is complex, since bacteria within biofilms use mechanisms of protection that lead to an increased bacterial resistance against commonly used disinfectants. To eliminate biofilm contamination, microorganisms within the biofilm must be destroyed and the biofilm structure itself must be removed from the surface. The study presented here uses a standard method (ASTM standard test method E2871-12) for measuring efficacy of six disinfectants (Hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite, quaternary ammonium compound and enzyme) on removing biofilm and killing the bacteria within it. Results show that some disinfectants are good to kill bacteria (e.g., sodium hypochlorite) where other are better at removing the biofilm structure from the surface (e.g., enzyme). However, two disinfectants, peracetic acid and chlorine dioxide, are able to have a dual action on killing the bacteria and removing the biofilm from the surface. We also conclude that diffusion controls the relative efficacy of each disinfectant.
Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare but debilitating and frequently fatal viral disease of the central nervous system, primarily affecting individuals with chronically and severely suppressed immune systems. The disease was relatively obscure until the outbreak of HIV/AIDS, when it presented as one of the more frequent opportunistic infections in this immune deficiency syndrome. It attracted additional attention from the medical and scientific community following the discovery of significant PML risk associated with natalizumab, a monoclonal antibody used for treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. This was followed by association of PML with other immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs. PML is currently untreatable disease with poor outcomes, so it is a significant concern when developing new immunotherapies. Current prophylaxis and treatment of PML are focused on immune reconstitution, restoration of immune responses to JC virus infection, and eventual suppression of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. This approach was successful in reducing the incidence of PML and improved survival of PML patients with HIV infection. However, the outcome for the majority of PML patients, regardless of their medical history, is still relatively poor. There is a high unmet need for both prophylaxis and treatment of PML. The aim of this review is to discuss potential drug candidates for prophylaxis and treatment of PML with a critical review of previously conducted and completed PML treatment studies as well as to provide perspectives for future therapies.
Development and evaluation of new inspiratory muscle loading technologies for use in inspiratory muscle training

Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) is becoming more popular in sporting populations as contentious issues associated with the magnitude of its effect as an ergogenic training aid are gradually dispelled. The main reason for this is the increasing good practice in controlled intervention studies particularly through the use of appropriate outcome measures, for example time trial performance, but also the work done to identify potential mechanisms such as the blood flow redistribution model. The purpose of this thesis is to further improve the benefits afforded by IMT through the development and evaluation of new technologies. The key aim was to produce technologies that provide functional relevance to a sporting population by permitting normal, albeit loaded ventilation to take place in an ambulatory situation. A number of intermediate objectives have been achieved including the identification of the key limitations of existing technologies and their application, the development of new methods for the prescription of a dynamic inspiratory load via a series of human studies i.e. mouth pressure generation due to inspiratory drive during exercise, 3-Dimensional thoracic displacement and peripheral thoracic force generation, and the design, manufacture and evaluation of two new inspiratory muscle training technologies. These are a thoracic restricting technology that provides true ambulatory loading and a variable mouth occlusion technology that can be set to load in accordance with the specific pressurevolume characteristics of an individual. The former (thoracic restricting technology) has been developed into a first stage prototype and tested on a single subject to assess any changes to breathing pattern. The results suggest that suitable load location may minimise any adverse effects and has enabled further theoretical development to take place. The latter (variable mouth occlusion technology) has been implemented in a controlled study on a group of healthy male adults to assess its functionality and the suitability of a specific decaying load. The results suggest that the chosen load may have been unsuccessful in increasing the work of breathing and that specific aspects of the functionality require development thus enabling the selection of specific refinements for future interventions to be identified. The focus of future research is therefore the practical comparison of these new technologies with existing devices in order to fully understand the optimisation of inspiratory muscle training.
Question 2 : Identifying health care needs — What are the epidemiology and disparities of HIV-associated oral lesions in children from different continents ?

The workshop considered five questions reviewing the identification of international oral health care needs of children and adults, and the management of oral diseases in resource-poor countries: (1) What is the role of the dental profession in the management of the HIVinfected individual? (2) Identifying health care needs-What are the epidemiology and disparities of HIV-associated oral lesions in children from different continents? (3) How effective is HIV treatment in controlling oral diseases? (4) Could we develop basic inexpensive oral and dental care protocols for economically deprived HIV-infected patients? and (5) What is the best method of arranging resources to meet the oral health care needs of people with HIV disease? The consensus of the workshop participants was that there is a need to re-target research efforts to non-established market economy countries and prioritize research in these regions to children with HIV disease. It will be important to assess commonalities and variations in oral health needs across geographical and cultural boundaries, and research efforts should be centralized in resource-poor countries to support multi-center longitudinal standardized studies. It is essential that oral health research be integrated into other health care research programs, to make these research priorities and public health initiatives feasible.