Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bikesharing in Europe, the Americas, and Asia

Growing concerns about global motorization and climate change have led to increasing interest in sustainable transportation alternatives such as bikesharing (the shared use of a bicycle fleet). Since 1965, bikesharing has grown across the globe on five continents: Europe, North America, South America, Asia, and Australia. Today, approximately 100 bikesharing programs are operating in an estimated 125 cities, with more than 139,300 bicycles. Bikesharing's evolution is categorized into three generations: (a) white bikes (or free bike systems), (b) coin-deposit systems, and (c) information technology-based systems. In this paper, a fourth generation is proposed: demand-responsive, multimodal systems. A range of existing bikesharing business models (e.g., advertising) and lessons learned are discussed, including (a) bicycle theft and vandalism, (b) bicycle redistribution, (c) information systems (e.g., real-time information), (d) insurance and liability concerns, and (e) prelaunch considerations. Although limited in number, several studies have documented bikesharing's social and environmental benefits, which include reduced auto use, increased bicycle use, and a growing awareness of bikesharing as a daily mobility option. Despite bike-sharing's ongoing growth, obstacles and uncertainty remain: these include future demand, safety, sustainability of business models, limited cycling infrastructure, challenges to integrate with public transportation systems, technology costs, and user convenience (e.g., limited height adjustment on bicycles, lack of cargo space, and exposure to weather). More research is needed for a better understanding of bikesharing's effects, operations, and business models in light of its reported growth and benefits.
New neuronal growth factors.

The complexity and remarkable specificity found in the nervous system chal­ lenge the investigator to identify molecular mechanisms guiding neuronal development. Cell-cell interactions mediated by diffusible substances have frequently been suggested to play an important role. Studies on naturally occurring cell death in the nervous system provided early evidence for such interactions by demonstrating that neuronal survival beyond a critical period in development requires interaction between the neurons and the postsynaptic target tissue (for a review see Oppenheim 1981). The discovery of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) raised the possibility that neuronal development, includ­ ing target-dependent neuronal survival, might be mediated by diffusible mole­ cules. NGF can be isolated as a 140,000 dalton protein complex (7S NGF) of heterologous subunits or as a 26,500 dalton component (beta-NGF) containing two identical polypeptide chains. Experiments in vivo indicate that NGF can reverse naturally occurring as well as experimentally induced cell death in sympathetic and sensory neurons; moreover, anti-NGF antibodies in vivo can block the development of the sympathetic nervous system (for reviews see Thoenen & Barde 1980, Hamburger et al 1981, Levi-Monta1cini 1982). That NGF might also influence the choice of targets contacted by neurons is suggested by studies in cell culture showing that NGF can change the direction of neuritic growth (Gundersen & Barrett 1979) and can help shape the neuritic tree maintained by the neuron (Campenot 1982). Naturally occurring cell death has been documented for almost every popula­ tion of vertebrate neurons studied (Oppenheim 1981), and every neuron is faced with the problem of finding appropriate target cells. Only sensory and sympathetic neurons, however, have been convincingly shown to depend on
The burden of nonadherence among adults with asthma: a role for shared decision‐making

A shared approach to decision‐making framework has been suggested for chronic disease management especially where multiple treatment options exist. Shared decision‐making (SDM) requires that both physician and patients are actively engaged in the decision‐making process, including information exchange; expressing treatment preferences; as well as agreement over the final treatment decision. Although SDM appears well supported by patients, practitioners and policymakers alike, the current challenge is to determine how best to make SDM a reality in everyday clinical practice. Within the context of asthma, adherence rates are poor and are linked to outcomes such as reduced asthma control, increased symptoms, healthcare expenditures, and lower patient quality of life. It has been suggested that SDM can improve treatment adherence and that ignoring patients’ personal goals and preferences may result in reduced rates of adherence. Furthermore, understanding predictors of poor treatment adherence is a necessary step toward developing effective strategies to improve the patient‐reported and clinically important outcomes. Here, we describe why a shared approach to treatment decision‐making for asthma has the potential to be an effective tool for improving adherence, with associated clinical and patient‐related outcomes. In addition, we explore insights into the reasons why SDM has not been implemented into routine clinical practice.
Planning Worksite Health Promotion Programs: Models, Methods, and Design Implications

As the field of Worksite Health Promotion and Wellness matures, greater pressure is being place on programs that produce mitigation of health risks, improved employee productivity and increased levels of economic return. To achieve these expected results and to successfully contend with the challenges of today's workplace and work force it will likely become even more critical to carefully plan both new and existing programs each year. A model for the planning and development of worksite programs is presented and discussed along with a variety of design implications for different population segments.
Singularity Theory Approach to swept Volumes

An approach to the study of the topology and geometry of swept volumes is developed based on the theory of singularities of sweep mappings. It is shown how the computation of the critical point and bifurcation sets of a certain (sweep) mapping yields important information about both the local and global structure of swept volumes. For example, it is proved under mild restrictions that a swept volume can be arbitrary closely approximated by a product manifold. A computer program – incorporating singularity calculations – for the approximate analysis and representation of swept volumes is developed and applied to several examples in order to demonstrate its usefulness.
Procedural Guard Placement and Behaviour Generation

Enemy observers, such as cameras and guards, are common elements that provide challenge to many stealth and combat games. Defining the exact placement and movement of such entities, however, is a non-trivial process, requiring a designer balance level-difficulty, coverage, and representation of realistic behaviours. In this work we explore systems for procedurally generating both camera and guard placement in a stealth game context. We first investigate a Monte-Carlo approach to optimize randomized enemy positions and motions based on Voronoi-regions. We then perform an automatic roadmap construction, generating more specific patrol behaviours through a grammar-based technique and a rhythm-based technique. We evaluate both approaches with a non-trivial implementation in Unity3D, and apply quantitative metrics to demonstrate how different parametrizations can be used to control level difficulty without sacrificing believability.
High-level Hybrid Systems Analysis with Hypy

Hybrid systems play an important role in many application domains. A range of powerful analysis methods for this class of systems perform high-level analysis, where, iteratively, (1) a reachability computation is performed on a system model, (2) the result of the analysis is examined, and (3) the model is modified and the process repeats. For example, a well-known high-level analysis method is counter-example guided abstraction refinement (CEGAR), where, at each iteration, the model is refined based on the counter-example produced by the reachability computation. In this paper, we present hypy, a python library which strives to ease the development of high-level analysis approaches. Hypy provides the necessary machinery to run a number of up-to-date hybrid systems analysis tools, parse their outputs, and modify the models. The modifications are performed using HyST, a source-to-source model transformation framework, which supports output formats including SpaceEx, Flow∗, dReach, and HyCreate. HyST, however, does not run reachability tools nor interpret their output. The developed hypy library fills this gap, providing an extendable and flexible architecture which simplifies development of complex analysis strategies. We demonstrate its practical potential on three non-CEGAR case studies: abstraction for parameter identification, generation of pseudo-invariants to reduce reachability overapproximation error, and completely automatic tool parameter tuning for the Flow∗ reachability tool.
Large‐scale analysis of the dynamics of enzymes

Protein enzymes enable the cell to execute chemical reactions in short time by accelerating the rate of the reactions in a selective manner. The motions or dynamics of the enzymes are essential for their function. Comparison of the dynamics of a set of 1247 nonhomologous enzymes was performed. For each enzyme, the slowest modes of motion are calculated using the Gaussian network model (GNM) and they are globally aligned. Alignment is done using the dynamic programming algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, commonly used for sequence alignment. Only 96 pairs of proteins were identified to have three similar GNM slow modes with 63 of them having a similar structure. The most frequent slowest mode of motion describes a two domains anticorrelated motion that characterizes at least 23% of the enzymes. Therefore, dynamics uniqueness cannot be accounted for by the slowest mode itself but rather by the combination of several slow modes. Different quaternary structure packing can restrain the motion of enzyme subunits differently and may serve as another mechanism that increases the dynamics uniqueness. Proteins 2013; 81:1910–1918. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evidence for a specific somatosensory receptor in the cat skin that responds to irritant chemicals [proceedings].

non-polarizable Ag+/AgCl electrodes placed in contact with the post-ganglionic trunk and the ganglion body. The tissue was superfused at 1 ml/min with Krebs solution (containing hyoscine 2.6 jim) at 25°C and the potential difference across the electrodes monitored on a Servoscribe 1 s chart recorder. Addition of GABA or carbachol to the superfusate produced a dose dependent depolarization of the ganglion (Bowery & Brown, 1974). Concurrent application of PTBO derivatives antagonized the depolarizing action of GABA but not that of carbachol. Spinal cords were dissected from decerebrated frogs and hemisected. Half-cords were transferred to a cooled perfusion apparatus (10°C) and dorsal roots mounted on Ag+/AgCl electrodes for DC recordings. The trans-synaptic actions of drugs were eliminated by the addition of procaine to the superfusing solutions as described by Evans & Watkins (1975) and Tris buffer was used to maintain pH neutrality. Application of GABA, glycine or glutamate (0.5 to 4 mM) produced dose-dependent depolarization of dorsal roots. Concurrent exposure to the PTBO compounds produced antagonism of the GABAinduced depolarization but did not reduce the glutamate or glycine responses. In both ganglion and dorsal root the potency ranking of the compounds as GABA antagonists was IPTBO > EPTBO > PPTBO which is in the same order as the convulsant potency. The potency of IPTBO as a GABA antagonist was comparable with that of bicuculline methochloride and picrotoxin. It was, therefore, concluded that the PTBO compounds are effective and specific GABA antagonists when tested on either preparation. The potency ranking suggests that the convulsant properties of the PTBO series may be due to antagonism of the actions of synaptically-released GABA.
Localization of a Conformational Energy-coupling Determinant near the C Terminus of the β Subunit of the F1F0-ATPase*

Escherichia coli mutants in the β subunit of the F1F0-ATPase can be complemented with the β subunit from the obligate aerobe Bacillus megaterium. It has been shown that cells carrying such hybrid ATPases have an unusual energy-coupling phenotype. Although they are able to grow on minimal succinate medium, and therefore carry a functional ATP synthase, they are defective in the ability to grow anaerobically, indicating some defect in ATP-driven proton pumping (Scarpetta, M., Hawthorne, C. A., and Brusilow, W. S. A. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 18567-18572). In this study, chimeric β subunits were constructed consisting of the E. coli or the B. megaterium β subunit carrying the C-terminal 18% of the other's β subunit. The phenotypes of an E. coli β mutant complemented with these chimeric subunits showed that the energy-coupling defect was located in this C-terminal region. The E. coli β subunit carrying the B. megaterium C-terminal region displayed the energy-coupling defect, while the B. megaterium β subunit carrying the E. coli C-terminal region did not. In ATP-dependent fluorescence quenching assays, membranes isolated from cells displaying the energy-coupling defect also pumped protons less well than membranes isolated from cells that were able to grow anaerobically. These results demonstrate that the C terminus of the β subunit is involved in the conformational coupling pathway, which, through the polypeptide backbone of the β subunit, physically links ATP synthesis or hydrolysis to the energy of proton translocation.
Deep Near-Infrared Observations of L1014: Revealing the Nature of the Core and Its Embedded Source

Recently, the Spitzer Space Telescope discovered L1014-IRS, a mid-infrared source with protostellar colors, toward the heretofore "starless" core L1014. We present deep near-infrared observations that show a scattered light nebula extending from L1014-IRS. This nebula resembles those typically associated with protostars and young stellar objects, tracing envelope cavities presumably evacuated by an outflow. The northern lobe of the nebula has an opening angle of ~100°, while the southern lobe is barely detected. Its morphology suggests that the bipolar cavity and inferred protostellar disk are not inclined more than 30° from an edge-on orientation. The nebula extends at least 8'' from the source at Ks, strongly suggesting that L1014-IRS is embedded within L1014 at a distance of 200 pc rather than in a more distant cloud associated with the Perseus arm at 2.6 kpc. In this case, the apparently low luminosity of L1014-IRS, 0.090 L☉, is consistent with it having a substellar mass. However, if L1014-IRS is obscured by a circumstellar disk, its luminosity and inferred mass may be greater. Using near-infrared colors of background stars, we investigate characteristics of the L1014 molecular cloud core. We determine a mass of 3.6 M☉ for regions of the core with AV ≥ 2 mag. A comparison of the radial extinction profile of L1014 with other cores suggests that L1014 may be among the most centrally condensed cores known, perhaps indicative of the earliest stages of brown dwarf or star formation processes.
The Effects of Steel Lamination Core Losses on 3D Transient Magnetic Fields

A three-dimensional (3D) transient finite element analysis (FEA) approach taking into account the effects of steel lamination core loss is proposed. When using the T-Ω method, the effects of lamination core loss are considered by introducing an additional field component in lamination regions, which is derived from the instantaneous core loss in the time domain. The proposed approach is validated by two applications in terms of the power-balance testing, that is, the input power increase due to the core-loss effects must be equal to the total core loss.
Antioxidant Capacities and Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Three Endemic Nolana Species by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS

The antioxidant features, polyphenolic composition and chromatographic fingerprints of the aerial parts from three Chilean endemic plants from the Paposo Valley located on the cost of the Atacama Desert were investigated for the first time using high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector and electrospray ionization mass analysis (HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS) and spectroscopic methods. The phenolic fingerprints obtained for the plants were compared and correlated with the antioxidant capacities measured by the bleaching of the DPPH radical, the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and quantification of the total content of phenolics and flavonoids measured by spectroscopic methods. Thirty phenolics were identified for the first time for these species, mostly phenolic acids, flavanones, flavonols and some of their glycoside derivatives, together with three saturated fatty acids (stearic, palmitic and arachidic acids). Nolana ramosissima showed the highest antioxidant activity (26.35 ± 1.02 μg/mL, 116.07 ± 3.42 μM Trolox equivalents/g dry weight and 81.23% ± 3.77% of inhibition in the DPPH, FRAP and scavenging activity (SA) assays, respectively), followed by N. aplocaryoides (85.19 ± 1.64 μg/mL, 65.87 ± 2.33 μM TE/g DW and 53.27% ± 3.07%) and N. leptophylla (124.71 ± 3.01, 44.23 ± 5.18 μM TE/g DW and 38.63% ± 1.85%).
Increased virulence of Neisseria meningitidis after in vitro iron-limited growth at low pH

At low pH (6.6) and under conditions of iron limitation, Neisseria meningitidis group B (strain SD1C) exhibited an atypical outer membrane protein profile and an increased relative virulence for the mouse. Cells grown in a buffered medium were effectively deprived of iron by the addition of ethylenediamine-diorthohydroxyphenylacetate. The pH of the medium selected for characteristic colonial morphologies: type M3 predominated at pH 6.6, and type M5 predominated at pH 7.7. A mixed population of M1, M3, and M5 colonies was observed at pH 7.2. Isolated outer membrane proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl 99 99 sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and surface exposed proteins were labeled by the [125I]lactoperoxidase method and subsequently identified by autoradiography. Cells grown at pH 6.6 elaborated a major outer membrane protein (protein III; molecular weight, 69,000), which was also present in the outer membrane of iron-limited cells grown at pH 7.2. At pH 7.2 in an iron-sufficient medium, protein III was present only in small quantities in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel was present only in small quantities in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels. A study of the relative virulence (50% lethal dose) of the meningococcus for C57/BL mice revealed that iron-limited cells grown at low pH had an increased relative virulence 1,200-fold (50% lethal dose, 4.0 CFU) greater than that of cells grown in the same medium but at pH 7.2 and with sufficient iron. These studies indicate that pH and iron can be important factors in the determination of meningococcal virulence.
Bayesian Inference for Phase Unwrapping Using Conjugate Gradient Method in One and Two Dimensions

We investigated statistical performance of Bayesian inference using maximum entropy and MAP estimation for several models which approximated wave-fronts in remote sensing using SAR interferometry. Using Monte Carlo simulation for a set of wave-fronts generated by assumed true prior, we found that the method of maximum entropy realized the optimal performance around the Bayes-optimal conditions by using model of the true prior and the likelihood representing optical measurement due to the interferometer. Also, we found that the MAP estimation regarded as a deterministic limit of maximum entropy almost achieved the same performance as the Bayes-optimal solution for the set of wave-fronts. Then, we clarified that the MAP estimation perfectly carried out phase unwrapping without using prior information, and also that the MAP estimation realized accurate phase unwrapping using conjugate gradient (CG) method, if we assumed the model of the true prior appropriately. Keywords—Bayesian inference using maximum entropy, MAP estimation using conjugate gradient method, SAR interferometry.
High‐resolution mapping of neuronal activation with balanced SSFP at 9.4 tesla

This work investigates the feasibility of high‐resolution functional imaging of the human brain using passband balanced steady state free precession (SSFP) at 9.4 Tesla (T). To this end, the temporal signal stability, blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD)‐related signal changes and sensitivity to frequency offsets were evaluated.
Evaluating Two Window Manipulation Techniques on a Large Screen Display

Large screen displays are a common feature of modern meeting rooms, conference halls, and classrooms. The large size and often high resolution of these displays make them inherently suitable for collaborative work, but these attributes cause traditional windowing systems to become difficult to use because the interaction handles become smaller in visual space and in motor space. This may be exacerbated when a user faces the additional cognitive load of active, real-time collaboration. We describe a new window manipulation technique for such a collaborative meeting environment. Its design was inspired by recent collaborative systems in which a user must explicitly take control of a window in order to interact with its contents; actions are otherwise interpreted as navigational. Our Large Screen Optimized (LSO) window manipulation technique utilizes the entire window for manipulations instead of only the title-bar and borders. In addition, LSO includes „snapping regions‟ that automatically move the cursor to the boundary of the window, allowing quick, accurate manipulations involving the edges and corners of the screen. We experimentally validated that our new technique allows users to move and resize windows more quickly than with a traditional window manipulation technique. Author