Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Leaf elongation and water relations of mycorrhizal sorghum in response to partial soil drying: two Glomus species at varying phosphorus fertilization

Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis has previously been shown to alter the response of sorghum leaves to probable non-hydraulic signals of soil drying. Our objectives here were to determine: (1) how changes in phosphorus nutrition affect this root-to-shoot signalling in sorghum, (2) if mycorrhizal symbiosis can affect the signalling process independently of effects on host P nutrition, and (3) how two Glomus species compare in their influence on signalling. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench «G1990A» plants were grown with root systems split between two pots. The 3 × 3 × 2 experimental design included three levels of mycorrhizae (Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd., non-mycorrhizal), three levels of phosphorus fertilization and two levels of water (fully watered, half-dried). Declines in leaf elongation with soil drying were more consistent in non-mycorrhizal than mycorrhizal plants. Relative growth rate (RGR) of both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants initially declined when water was withheld from about half of the root system. With further soil drying, RGR of mycorrhizal plants eventually returned to control levels, while RGR of non-mycorrhizal plants remained depressed throughout the drying episode. By the end of the drying episode, mycorrhizal symbiosis had eliminated dryinginduced declines in total plant leaf length. Shoot and root dry weight declines of half-dried plants were not affected by mycorrhizae. Declines in stomatal conductance with soil drying were larger and more frequent in non-mycorrhizal than mycorrhizal plants. Leaf osmotic potential and relative water content remained similar in control and half-dried plants during drying, suggesting that altered leaf behaviour of half-dried plants was due to some non-hydraulic factor. The two fungi did not differ substantially in their influence on leaf behaviour. The applied phosphorus treatments did not affect either growth or stomatal response of halfdried plants to the root-to-shoot signal, but length declines were related to actual leaf phosphorus concentrations. Rate of soil drying did not appear to influence ultimate growth reductions. ' We conclude that mycorrhizal fungi can modify leaf growth response to the root-to-shoot signal of soil drying, and that this mycorrhizal effect can occur independently of mycorrhizal effects on plant size or phosphorus nutrition. However, plant size and nutrition, which are commonly affected by mycorrhizal symbiosis, can also modify the signalling process
Signal transduction of light through NDP kinase inducing the morphogenesis of perithecia in Neurospora crassa

proteins were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The increase in the phosphorylation of15kDa protein was detected and the increase lasted till15 sec after illumination.The15kDa protein was purified,identified to be nucleoside diphosphate kinase and designated to be NDK-1.The cDNA and genomic DNA for NDK-1were isolated.A mutant with no phosphorylation activity of NDK-1was detected among wc-1strains as a double mutant.The mutation designated psp
Species' traits explain differences in Red list status and long‐term population trends in longhorn beetles

Some species are more likely to go extinct than others and this is partially due to species' traits. Therefore, it is important to establish links between traits and extinction risks. Different aspects of a species' biology also relates to different sources of threat, such as fragmented populations or low population growth rate. In a comparative study of Swedish longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), we related species' traits to two aspects of extinction risk – population decline and small/fragmented populations – measured by long‐term population trends and IUCN Red list classifications. Trait relationships were analysed with generalized linear models and multi‐model inference. We found that extinction risk generally increased with longer generation times, corresponding to slower life histories. Adult activity period was also related to both metrics of extinction risk, but in different ways. We also found that extinction risk increased with larval host plant specialization, but only for Red list classification. Large body size was related to increased Red list classification in species overwintering as adults, and overwintering stage also structured the effects of several other traits. Our results show that both intrinsic demographic traits and ecological traits affect extinction risks, and also suggest that risks are shaped by multiple mechanisms. Therefore, researchers should carefully choose their metric of extinction risk for comparative studies, as the Red list classification may best capture current risk, whereas population trends can be used more proactively but may reflect historical relationships between traits and extinction risk.
Pressure treatment for increasing fruit and vegetable qualities

Purpose of the review: Because of growing concerns regarding healthy eating habits, consumer demand has increased for fresh fruits and vegetables that are free from chemical residues. In some cases, physical treatments, such as heat, ultraviolet and pressure treatment, are good alternatives to chemical treatment that can be used to maintain, and sometimes increase, fruit and vegetable quality. Pressure treatment has been used mainly to inactivate microorganisms on ready-to-eat foods and in beverages. The purpose of this review is to highlight the need for information related to the use of pressure treatment on fresh fruits and vegetables. Recent findings: High pressure treatment is now used in the processing industry for many purposes. Low pressure methods, such as hyperbaric and hypobaric treatments, are also used for fresh fruits and vegetables, mainly for removing field heat through vacuum precooling, or for low and modified atmosphere packing. Recently, embryonic results were obtained using low pressure to influence physiological mechanisms of horticultural produce, but commercial application has not yet been reported. Limitations/implications: The limitations of using high pressure techniques on processed food are: (1) that high pressure must be safely and repeatedly generated in the vessel and; (2) that there are relatively high capital costs for equipment. The limitations of using low pressure on fresh fruits and vegetables are that there is no expected direct effect on pathogen inactivation and the evidence of important beneficial effects remains to be demonstrated. Direction for future research: Many reports have dealt with the use of very high pressures to inactivate microorganisms in processed food. Other studies have reported changes in the physiological status of treated fruits or vegetables. Future research should focus on the use of pressure not only to inactivate microorganisms and enzymes but also to create stress, which can alter physiological processes involved in ripening, disease resistance and the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Optimum pressure must be determined and beneficial effects must be demonstrated in order to support the hypothesis that pressure treatments from 0 to 1 MPa are commercially applicable for enhancing fruit and vegetable quality.
Harvest scheduling under adjacency constraints — a case study from the Swedish sub‐alpine region

Regulations defining the maximum opening size in the sub‐alpine region of Sweden, introduce new planning issues. The combinatorial problems that arise in harvest planning become very complex, but can be solved by different methods. In a case study, three different ways to find a solution were examined: a random search algorithm, a simulated annealing algorithm and the prebiased random search method found in the SNAP II program. Two different alternatives were studied, one with no road in the area and one with a road constructed. All three methods were found to give feasible solutions. The simulated annealing produced the best solutions, in terms of present net value, while the SNAP II program was the fastest. The SNAP II did not give as good solutions as the others in the case with a road, probably due to the lack of a distinct gradient in the structure.
Book Reviews

The text overflows with a wealth of academic and practical knowledge. It provides an up to date discussion of current scientific concepts, state of the art imaging, and evidence-based medicine, allowing the practitioner to better understand and explain the rationales of patient management. The intrinsic components of musculoskeletal disorders: structural (pathomorphological) and functional (pathophysical), are reviewed, with detailed explanations of functional, structural, and biopsychosocial models. Beautifully illustrated, the chapters each cite generous references to direct the reader to further literature, and are conveniently organized into four separate sections.
Biofilms in dairy manufacturing plant‐description, current concerns and methods of control

Biofilms on the surfaces of dairy manufacturing plant threaten the quality and safety of dairy products. Biofilms on dairy processing lines are characterised by rapid development ( 106 bacteria ml‐1 and this affects the quality of products manufactured from this milk. Biofilm control currently relies on the effectiveness of clean‐in‐place systems. A shortage of information on the development and control of biofilms in dairy manufacturing plant means that to reduce biofilm problems, increasing the frequency of cleaning is currently the only option for dairy manufacturers.
BOOK REVIEWS

aspect of life, and recognition of and willingness to engage with the sufferings of others. These meanings transcend the littleness of ‘I’ and can be seen as spiritual meanings. One type of meaning is found by continuing bonds to the dead. This may be constructive if it enables people to enjoy and make use of the memories of their times together, but it can also be problematic if, for instance, they see it as their sacred duty to grieve forever as a tribute to a dead partner or child. We must beware of over-emphasising meaning making. It may well be true that some people have the capacity to achieve great things in the face of adversity, to discover meanings that enrich their lives and those of others. But we disappoint ourselves and undermine our clients if we expect too much of them. For many it is sufficient to survive, and to be reasonably content with the restrictions of a world that is shrinking as their brains and bodies grow older. Likewise the terms dosure and resolution are unhelpful if we expect the bereaved to forget the past and start again. ‘The future is an illusion and the present too near at hand to be clearly understood, only the past is real and its reality increases as we and the world grow older’ (Jackson, 1948). Words are the symbols we use to communicate meaning. They are useful only if the meaning they convey is shared between individuals. Much of the time minor differences, shades of meaning, are of little importance; indeed those who agonise about them are accused of pedantry. We even get away with incorrect usage, such as using the word ‘bereavement’ to mean ‘grief‘, when both parties understand what is intended. Problems only arise when sloppy or ambiguous language leads to misunderstandings or failure to communicate important issues. It is for this reason that we need to be on our guard. 0
INSTRUMENT REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS IN BIOELECTRIC RECORDING

The uses of bioelectric recording may be classified according to the type of information sought by this means: (1) Studies on the nature of the bioelectric activity itself sometimes involve specialized and of ten elaborate instrumentation. (2) Use of the bioelectric responses as a means of information regarding the communication and effector networks, in which the bioelectric activity itself plays a major role, is perhaps the largest branch of electrophysiological research. (3) Use, as an index, of the behavior of important organs or systems of the body has become widespread because of its importance in clinical medicine. This class of applications has grown into a number of separate branches such as electrocardiography, electromyography, and others. Relative newcomers are electrogastrography, the measurement of potentials produced by the secretory activity of the stomach, and the use of bioelectric activity in a servo system to monitor and control administration of anesthesia. Each of these branches has a central core of research activity and a much wider sphere as a tool in medical practice. Since present-day uses of bioelectric recording encompass so wide a range of problems, it will be necessary to confine this discussion to those aspects of instrument requirements and specifications which might meet the needs of the majority of workers in the field. The most advanced, pioneering problems, which often call for highly original and exciting applications of instrumentation engineering, therefore, cannot be considered except in a few references. The requirements for instrumentation in bioelectric recording are determined by the specific characteristics of the electrogenic units. * These requirements may differ widely in their nature, structure, properties, and actions. For example, some unit bioelectric generators in the nervous system are more or less spherical cells or neurons of the order of 10 to 30 p in diameter. In rare cases they are easily accessible to manipulation but, in most instances, are buried in a mass of similar or other types of tissue. The latter may itself be bioelectrically active or inert. Other cells have more or less spherical bodies and very extensive filamentous branching extending for distances 100 or more times farther than the diameter. These branches or dendrites may be distributed with various degrees of asymmetry in the volume around the cell body, The nerve fiber or axon of the cell is a cylinder, in most cases not more than 20 /I in diameter but, in some, nearly 1 mm. The fiber may be shorter than 1 mm. or extend, as in mammals, from the tips of the toes to the base of the skull. Many fibers have relatively thick, surrounding, highly insulating sheaths, interrupted a t more or less regular intervals, like a wire covered with a string of elongated glass beads. Some of the bioelectric cells exhibit other
Agronomic Trait Variation in Oat Lines Derived from Tissue Culture

Tissue culture may generate agronomic variation that is potentially useful in plant improvement. This somaclonal variation, if extensive, could pose problems when tissue culture is a component of genetic transformation or when in vitro selection procedures are used. The objective of this study was to analyse agronomic trait variation in R 4 and R 5 generation oat (Avena sativa L.) lines derived from R 1 progeny of tissue-culture regenerated plants (R 0 ) that had been previously classivied as having no karyotypic aberrations. Fifty-six R 4 and R 5 «Lodi» lines tracing to 11 R 0 plants, and 213 R 4 and 147 selected R 4 «Tippecanoe» lines tracing to 45 R 0 plants were evaluated
Evaluating the success of translocating Red Kites Milvus milvus to the UK

In an attempt to extend the breeding range of the Red Kite within the United Kingdom, 93 (48 males and 45 females) juvenile Red Kites, originating from Spain, Sweden and Wales, were released in southern England in 1989–94, and 93 (52 males, 40 females and one unsexed) juvenile Red Kites, originating from Sweden, were released in northern Scotland in 1989–93. Minimum estimates for first-year survival were 83.1% and 78.0% for male and female Red Kites in England, and 50.0% and 52.5% in Scotland, respectively. Annual survival then improved in the second and third years. Several sick or injured birds were recaptured, treated and returned to the wild, and some of these eventually bred. In their first year, birds released in Scotland tended to disperse greater distances than those released in England, females travelled further than males, and birds released during the early years dispersed further than those released during the later years. Successful breeding started in 1992 in England and Scotland. The mean a.
Pupation in drosophila melanogaster and the effect of the Lethalcryptocephal mutation

The events of normal pupation in Drosophila melanogaster are described in detail from the time of gas bubble expulsion until the completion of pupation with the eversion of the cephalic complex. The importance of the internal gas bubble for posterior movement of the prepupa is examined and its relation to the expulsion of the larval mouthparts and the creation of the anterior gas space described. The phenotype of lethalcryptocephal homozygotes, which characteristically cannot evert their heads, is re-examined. Observations of larval lethality and multiple mouthparts in 1 (2)crc larvae and pupae are described. These new aspects of the mutant phenotype are discussed with respect to the abnormalities of pupation. Fristrom's hypothesis that the basic mutant lesion is an increased stiffness of the pupal cuticle due to an excess chitin deposition is re-evaluated.
Ciclização intramolecular: uma estratégia promissora no desenvolvimento de pró-fármacos

Many drugs used for the treatment of common diseases are associated with various adverse effects and limited bioavailability. The suppression of such problems continues to be a very important target for scientists. The development of prodrugs for controlled release in vivo is an attractive way to overcome these problems. Classical in prodrug is an inactive molecule which the parent drug is covalently bonded to a carrier unit, and which can liberate the drug through chemical or enzymatic pathways. A new and interesting prodrug system for amine, alcohol, and thiol drugs takes advantage of several easy intramolecular cyclization reactions. So, the cyclization process can control the release rate of the parent drug. In this paper is a review about the prodrug strategies based on intramolecular cyclization reactions is presented.
Root and Shoot Growth Responses to Salinity in Maize and Soybean

Salinity generally reduces shoot growth of crops more than root growth, based on dry weight rather than length measurements. The objective of this study was to compare changes in root length to changes in shoot height under conditions of salinity, using the minirhizotron technique. The experiment was conducted in soil containers (55 cm long, 15 cm diam.), using greenhouse-grown soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] and field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) as test crops. Segmented, nonlinear regression analysis showed changes in root length as viewed through minirhizotron tubes to be more sensitive to salinity than changes in shoot height, while there was no response to salinity treatment for final root dry weight. The regression coefficients of changes in relative shoot and root length vs. the electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract (Ec e ) were 5.3 ± 4.0% per dS m -1 for soybean shoots and 6.6 ± 4.3% per dS m -1 for soybean roots. For maize, the values were 6.9 ± 1.6% per dS m -1 for shoots and 9.0 ± 4.9% per dS m -1 for roots. The regression coefficients of relative shoot height vs. relative root length of soybean and maize were 0.61 ± 0.27 and 0.66 ± 0.20, both significantly smaller than one. The discrepancy between the response in root length as measured by the minirhizotron technique and the response as measured in final root dry weights was attributed to the fact that changes in root length, as viewed in the minirhizotron video frames, depend more on new lateral root initiation than on extension of individual existing roots. Root extension is a turgor-dependent process, as is shoot elongation, while lateral root initiation is not turgor dependent, and thus may be more sensitive to salinity. One might also speculate that the young, thin lateral roots are more sensitive to salt stress than the older, thicker main root system. Additionally, final root weight is insensitive to the addition of lateral roots if salinity treatments are initiated after the main root system is established, as was the case in this experiment.
An Intact N Terminus of the Subunit Is Required for the G Stimulation of Rhodopsin Phosphorylation by Human -Adrenergic Receptor Kinase-1 but Not for Kinase Binding (*)

Cleavage after lysine 32 in the G subtype and after lysine 36 in the G subtype of purified mixed brain Gβ by endoproteinase Lys-C blocks Gβ-mediated stimulation of phosphorylation of rhodopsin in urea-extracted rod outer segments by recombinant human β-adrenergic receptor kinase (hβARK1) holoenzyme while hβARK1 binding to rod outer segments is partially affected. This treatment does not attenuate the binding of the treated Gβ to C-terminal fragments of hβARK1 containing the pleckstrin homology domain. Lys-C proteolysis also does not alter the association of the Gβ with phospholipids, its ability to support pertussis toxin-catalyzed Gα/Gα ADP-ribosylation, or its ability to inhibit forskolin-stimulated platelet adenylate cyclase. The Gβ subunit remains noncovalently associated with the cleaved G fragments. Thus, in addition to recruiting hβARK1 to its receptor substrate, G contributes secondary and/or tertiary structural features to activate the kinase.
Feeding and drinking habits of the black rhinoceros in Masai Mara Game Reserve

Summary Feeding and drinking habits of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis L.) population in Masai Mara Game Reserve, Kenya, were studied from May 1971 to August 1972. A total of 108 rhinoceros were recorded in the study area. Feeding rhinoceros were followed behind their feeding tracks until they stopped feeding (or changed to another activity) and the plants which they selected were identified. A technique was used which provided an indication of the relative importance of certain plants in the diet during May to September 1971 (wet-semi-dry), October 1971 to February 1972 (dry) and February to May 1972 (wet-semi-dry). A total of 240 h were spent actually watching feeding rhinoceros in thirteen distribution areas. During this period rhinoceros were observed eating seventy plant species from thirty botanical families. In all distribution areas rhinoceros were very selective for herbs and shrubs, and showed a marked preference for Solanum incanum, Dichrostachys cinerea and Acacia species. Rhinoceros were also observed to visit salt licks which contained sodium, magnesium, potassium and calcium. Two feeding peaks, one in morning and the other in the afternoon were recorded. Black rhinoceros drink water mainly at night. They spend most of the night time near the watering places for they were mostly located in the mornings walking to the feeding grounds.
SIMCA pattern recognition classification of five infauna taxonomic groups using non-polar compounds analysed by high resolution gas chromatography

Five infauna groups at 3 taxonomic levels nematodes, polychaetes, oligochaetes, ostracods, copepods were selected for an investigation on the feeding habits of juvenile (Stage IV) lobsters. As part of this study a method was developed to identify these 5 infauna groups by their natural composition of non-polar compounds using a simple derivatization/extraction step, High Resolution Gas Chromatography (HRGC) with Flame Ionisation Detection (FID), and pattern recognition by the method of Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (SIMCA). The peak pattern of 20 naturally occurring compounds found in all samples were compared by principal component analysis using SIMCA. The 20 peaks and the 5 infauna groups were identified and classified. The method allows for comparison of samples of infauna groups from their HRGC patterns; it was used to correct a sample of questionable origin and to identify particular fatty acids with relevance to the classification of the 5 infauna groups. Interpretation of variable loading plots of separate sample classes are suggested and future possibilities of chemometric applications in marine biological and environmental studies are suggested.