Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
L’hiver de notre mécontentement. La macroéconomie après la crise

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Avian influenza receptor expression in H5N1‐infected and noninfected human tissues

Avian and human influenza viruses preferentially bind to α‐2,3‐linked and α‐2,6‐linked sialic acids, respectively. Until today, the distributions of these two receptor types had never been investigated in H5N1‐infected human tissue samples. Here, the expression of avian (AIV‐Rs) and human influenza receptors (HuIV‐Rs) is studied in various organs (upper and lower respiratory tracts, brain, placenta, liver, kidney, heart, intestines, and spleen) of two H5N1 cases and 14 control cases. Histochemical stains using biotinylated Maackia amurensis lectin II and Sambucas nigra aggluti‐nin were performed to localize AIV‐Rs and HuIV‐Rs, respectively. Immunohistochemical stainings were performed to identify the receptor‐bearing cells. AIV‐Rs were detected on type II pneumocytes; a limited number of epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract; and the bronchi, bronchioli, and trachea; as well as on Kupffer cells, glomerular cells, splenic T cells, and neurons in the brain and intestines. HuIV‐Rs were abundantly present in the respiratory tract and lungs. They were also detected on Hofbauer cells, glomerular cells, splenic B cells, and in the liver. Moreover, endo‐thelial cells of all organs examined expressed both receptor types. In conclusion, the distribution pattern of AIV‐Rs is partially inconsistent with the pattern of infected cells as detected in previous studies, which suggests there may be other receptors or mechanisms involved in H5N1 infection. In addition, the diffuse presence of receptors on endothelial cells may account for the multiple organ involvement in H5N1 influenza. Finally, the relative lack of AIV‐Rs in the upper airway may be a one of the factors preventing efficient human‐to‐human transmission of H5N1 influenza. —Yao, L. , Korteweg, C. , Hsueh, W. , Gu, J. Avian influenza receptor expression in H5N1‐infected and noninfected human tissues. FASEB J. 22, 733–740 (2008)
Postneoadjuvant adjuvant chemotherapy in resected N1 non‐small cell lung cancer with residual nodal disease

Nodal positivity following neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is considered a poor prognostic sign, but little data are available on the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in these cases. This analysis sought to determine whether adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with increased survival in NSCLC patients with residual N1 disease at resection.
Viral interactions with the cytoskeleton: a hitchhiker's guide to the cell

The actin and microtubule cytoskeleton play important roles in the life cycle of every virus. During attachment, internalization, endocytosis, nuclear targeting, transcription, replication, transport of progeny subviral particles, assembly, exocytosis, or cell‐to‐cell spread, viruses make use of different cellular cues and signals to enlist the cytoskeleton for their mission. Viruses induce rearrangements of cytoskeletal filaments so that they can utilize them as tracks or shove them aside when they represent barriers. Viral particles recruit molecular motors in order to hitchhike rides to different subcellular sites which provide the proper molecular environment for uncoating, replicating and packaging viral genomes. Interactions between subviral components and cytoskeletal tracks also help to orchestrate virus assembly, release and efficient cell‐to‐cell spread. There is probably not a single virus that does not use cytoskeletal and motor functions in its life cycle. Being well informed intracellular passengers, viruses provide us with unique tools to decipher how a particular cargo recruits one or several motors, how these are activated or tuned down depending on transport needs, and how cargoes switch from actin tracks to microtubules to nuclear pores and back.
Six Genes Are Preferentially Transcribed by the Circulating and Sequestered Forms of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites That Infect Pregnant Women

ABSTRACT In areas of stable malaria transmission, susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria increases during first pregnancy. Women become resistant to pregnancy malaria over successive pregnancies as they acquire antibodies against the parasite forms that sequester in the placenta, suggesting that a vaccine is feasible. Placental parasites are antigenically distinct and bind receptors, like chondroitin sulfate A (CSA), that are not commonly bound by other parasites. We used whole-genome-expression analysis to find transcripts that distinguish parasites of pregnant women from other parasites and employed a novel approach to define and adjust for cell cycle timing of parasites. Transcription of six genes was substantially higher in both placental parasites and peripheral parasites from pregnant women, and each gene encodes a protein with a putative export sequence and/or transmembrane domain. This cohort of genes includes var2csa, a member of the variant PfEMP1 gene family previously implicated in pregnancy malaria, as well as five conserved genes of unknown functions. Women in East Africa acquire antibodies over successive pregnancies against a protein encoded by one of these genes, PFD1140w, and this protein shows seroreactivity similar to that of VAR2CSA domains. These findings suggest that a suite of genes may be important for the genesis of the placental binding phenotype of P. falciparum and may provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Deficiency Modulates the Immune Response and Limits Autoimmune Demyelination: A New Role for Neurotrophic Cytokines in Neuroinflammation1

The neurotrophic cytokines ciliary neurotrophic factor and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) play a key role in neuronal and oligodendrocyte survival and as protective factors in neuroinflammation. To further elucidate the potential of endogenous LIF in modulating neuroinflammation, we studied myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in LIF knockout mice (LIF−/− mice). In the late phase of active myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, LIF−/− mice exhibited a markedly milder disease course. The inflammatory infiltrate in LIF−/− mice was characterized by an increase in neutrophilic granulocytes early and fewer infiltrating macrophages associated with less demyelination later in the disease. In good correlation with an effect of endogenous LIF on the immune response, we found an Ag-specific T cell-priming defect with impaired IFN-γ production in LIF−/− mice. On the molecular level, the altered recruitment of inflammatory cells is associated with distinct patterns of chemokine production in LIF−/− mice with an increase of CXCL1 early and a decrease of CCL2, CCL3, and CXCL10 later in the disease. These data reveal that endogenous LIF is an immunologically active molecule in neuroinflammation. This establishes a link between LIF and the immune system which was not observed in the ciliary neurotrophic factor knockout mouse.
Mode 4 trade in services: promoting temporary labour mobility via the trade détour?

A comprehensive process of the liberalisation of trade and capital flows notwithstanding, neoliberal globalisation has not been equally successful in freeing the international movement of labour. With the General Agreement on Trade in Services, (GATS), the WTO set up a novel legal framework within the domain of trade politics that includes the cross-border movement of natural persons to deliver services, labelled Mode 4, thus aiming at the promotion of temporary labour mobility. This article seeks to explain the emergence of Mode 4 and its subsequent development as the outcome of a particular politics of scale motivated by the interests of transnational capital as well as the strategic selectivity of specific institutional terrains. The result has been a compromise that restricts Mode 4 liberalisation to highly qualified personnel only.
Photonics enhanced sensors for food monitoring: part 1

This paper is the first part in a series of three where the authors show how photonics based food sensors can contribute to the quality control and safety of solid and liquid food products. In this first part, we describe the theoretical aspects of the various physical phenomena that can occur during food screening together with their related measurement setups. In addition, this document contains information regarding data processing and the concerned sensing platforms.
Social Friend Recommendation Based on Multiple Network Correlation

Friend recommendation is an important recommender application in social media. Major social websites such as Twitter and Facebook are all capable of recommending friends to individuals. However, most of these websites use simple friend recommendation algorithms such as similarity, popularity, or “friend's friends are friends,” which are intuitive but consider few of the characteristics of the social network. In this paper we investigate the structure of social networks and develop an algorithm for network correlation-based social friend recommendation (NC-based SFR). To accomplish this goal, we correlate different “social role” networks, find their relationships and make friend recommendations. NC-based SFR is characterized by two key components: 1) related networks are aligned by selecting important features from each network, and 2) the network structure should be maximally preserved before and after network alignment. After important feature selection has been made, we recommend friends based on these features. We conduct experiments on the Flickr network, which contains more than ten thousand nodes and over 30 thousand tags covering half a million photos, to show that the proposed algorithm recommends friends more precisely than reference methods.
Role of Requirements Elicitation & Prioritization to Optimize Quality in Scrum Agile Development

One of most common aspect with traditional software development is managing requirements. As requirements emerge throughout the software development process and thus are needed to be addressed through proper communication and integration between stakeholders, developers and documentation. Agile methodology is an innovative and iterative process that supports changing requirements and helps in addressing changes throughout the development process. Requirements are elicited at the beginning of every software development process and project (product) and latter are prioritized according to their importance to the market and to the product itself. One of the most important and influencing steps while making a software product is requirements prioritization. Prioritizing requirements helps the software team to understand the existence and importance of a particular requirement, its importance of use and its urgency to time to market. There are many requirements prioritization techniques with their relative strength and weaknesses. Otherwise many of them fail to take account all the factors that must be considered while prioritizing requirements such as cost, value, risk, time to market, number of requirements and effect of non-functional requirements on functional requirements. There are several requirements prioritization methodologies that aid in decision making but importantly many lacks to account the important factors that have significant influence in prioritizing requirements. A requirement prioritization methodology based on several factors such as time to market, cost, risk etc has been proposed. The proposed model is expected to overcome this lack. In sprints, requirements will be prioritized both on the basis of influencing factors such as cost, value, risk, time to market etc. and through the effect of non-functional requirements over functional requirements. This will improve the overall quality of software product when it is included in the development process of scrum. Requirements will not only be prioritized based on sprints, human decision but by critically analyzing the factors (sub characteristics) that can cause the product to success/ fail repeatedly thus ensuring the consistency in right requirements and hence the right prioritized requirements will be selected for a particular sprint at a time.
A Mass Spectrometric Investigation of Native and Oxidatively Inactivated Chloroperoxidase

The enzyme chloroperoxidase (CPO) found in Caldariomyces fumago is able to catalyze several stereoselective oxidation reactions by using a clean oxidant, usually hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), without the need for expensive cofactor generation. CPO’s lack of operational stability, however, is a major limitation for its commercial use. In the present study, a capillary‐LC on‐line trypsin‐digestion system combined with reversed‐phase chromatography and mass spectrometric detection was optimized for studying the primary sequence of CPO. Samples containing native CPO, CPO treated with H2O2, and CPO oxidatively inactivated by the use of indole and H2O2 were analyzed and compared. Three oxidized peptides were found in the samples treated with H2O2. Two additional oxidized peptides were found in the CPO samples that were completely inactivated, one of which contained an oxidized cysteine residue, Cys50, which is an essential amino acid due to its function as the axial ligand to the iron in the heme—the prosthetic group in CPO. In addition, the heme group was absent in the inactivated samples but was readily detected in other samples.
Control Strategy for Improved Dynamic Performance of Variable-Speed Drives With Modular Multilevel Converter

This paper presents a control scheme for the modular multilevel converter (MMC) to drive a variable-speed ac machine, especially focusing on improving dynamic performance. Theoretically, the energy balance in the MMC cell capacitors is prone to be unstable at start-up and low-frequency operations. In addition, the MMC topology essentially requires advanced control strategies to balance energy and suppress the voltage pulsation of each cell capacitor. This paper proposes a control strategy for the robust dynamic response of MMC even at zero output frequency employing leg offset voltage injection. The leg offset voltage for balancing the arm energy is produced by direct calculation without the circulating current control loop controller. Thanks to the highly dynamic leg offset voltage from direct calculation and not conventional circulating current controller, the dynamic performance of an MMC at low speeds has conspicuously improved. The ac machine has been driven from standstill to rated speed without excessive cell capacitor voltage ripples utilizing this proposed strategy. The simulation and experimental results verify that stable operation is guaranteed down to <;2% of the rated speed under 40% step load torque disturbance.
Resources and Strategies for Teaching English Vocabulary in the Primary and Junior Secondary Schools in Nigeria

In any typical English as a second language (ESL) classroom, teachers are faced with a huge problem of making students use the target language. This is because learning a second language (l2) is a long and complex undertaking. The learner’s whole person is affected as he struggles to read beyond the confines of his first language and integrates himself into a new language, a new culture, a way of thinking, feeling, and acting. Vocabulary is core in language learning. When learners increase their vocabulary size, their use of language skills implicitly increases as their knowledge of the word also becomes broader. Effective vocabulary instruction Involves understanding the new idea in the context of understanding or solving current social problems of the world and learners are given opportunities to use the new words when reading, writing, and speaking. Students would be able to building relational understandings and purposefully make connections to personal background knowledge and experience. To achieve these, teachers need to employ relevant and effective strategies and resources in the classroom, this paper therefore exposed some of these strategies and instructional materials that could be useful in ESL class. Keywords: Teaching, Learning, Strategies, Instructional Materials, Vocabulary
The role of transient receptor potential channels in hypertension and metabolic vascular damage

What is the topic of this review? Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are highly implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and the regulation of metabolism. What advances does it highlight? Dysfunction of TRP channels leads to hypertension and metabolic disorders. Elucidating the role of TRP channels in hypertension and metabolic vascular damage would facilitate the design of novel target therapeutics for these intractable diseases.
The Fc receptor γ‐chain and the tyrosine kinase Syk are essential for activation of mouse platelets by collagen

Activation of mouse platelets by collagen is associated with tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple proteins including the Fc receptor γ‐chain, the tyrosine kinase Syk and phospholipase Cγ2, suggesting that collagen signals in a manner similar to that of immune receptors. This hypothesis has been tested using platelets from mice lacking the Fc receptor γ‐chain or Syk. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk and phospholipase Cγ2 by collagen stimulation is absent in mice lacking the Fc receptor γ‐chain. Tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ2 by collagen stimulation is also absent in mice platelets which lack Syk, although phosphorylation of the Fc receptor γ‐chain is maintained. In contrast, tyrosine phosphorylation of platelet proteins by the G protein‐coupled receptor agonist thrombin is maintained in mouse platelets deficient in Fc receptor γ‐chain or Syk. The absence of Fc receptor γ‐chain or Syk is accompanied by a loss of secretion and aggregation responses in collagen‐ but not thrombin‐stimulated platelets. These observations provide the first direct evidence of an essential role for the immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif (ITAM) in signalling by a non‐immune receptor stimulus.
beta-agonists through metered-dose inhaler with valved holding chamber versus nebulizer for acute exacerbation of wheezing or asthma in children under 5 years of age: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of beta-agonists given by metered-dose inhaler with a valved holding chamber (MDI+VHC) or nebulizer in children under 5 years of age with acute exacerbations of wheezing or asthma in the emergency department setting. STUDY DESIGN Published (1966 to 2003) randomized, prospective, controlled trials were retrieved through several different databases. The primary outcome measure was hospital admission. RESULTS Six trials (n=491) met criteria for inclusion. Patients who received beta-agonists by MDI+VHC showed a significant decrease in the admission rate compared with those by nebulizer (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.24-0.72; P=.002); this decrease was even more significant among children with moderate to severe exacerbations (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.13-0.54; P=.0003). Finally, measure of severity (eg, clinical score) significantly improved in the group who received beta-agonists by MDI+VHC in comparison to those who received nebulizer treatment (standardized mean difference, -0.44; 95% CI, -0.68 to -0.20; P=.0003). CONCLUSIONS The use of an MDI+VHC was more effective in terms of decreasing hospitalization and improving clinical score than the use of a nebulizer in the delivery of beta-agonists to children under 5 years of age with moderate to severe acute exacerbations of wheezing or asthma.
Endothelin release by rabbit proximal tubule cells: modulatory effects of cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, HGF and EGF.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that endothelins, a family of 21 amino acid peptides with potent vasoconstrictive and mitogenic properties, are involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic renal failure. In addition, endothelin seems to play an important role in mediating the nephrotoxic side effects of cyclosporine A (CsA) and tacrolimus. The present study investigated the production of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and endothelin-3 (ET-3) by bipolar differentiated rabbit proximal tubule cells (PT-1 cells), and the modulatory effect of CsA, tacrolimus, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on ET-1 and ET-3 release. METHODS ET-1 and ET-3 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR, immunoreactive endothelin was localized to PT-1 cells by immunofluorescence staining with antibodies against ET-1 and ET-3. ET-1 and ET-3 release into the culture medium was determined by specific radioimmunoassays after solid phase extraction. RESULTS PT-1 cells exhibited a time-dependent increase of ET-1 release up to an incubation period of 36 hours, whereas ET-3 release already reached a steady state level after four hours. PT-1 cells, cultured on filter membranes, released a significantly higher amount of immunoreactive ET-1 into the basolateral compartment than into the apical compartment. ET-3 release did not differ significantly between the basolateral and the apical compartment. Supplementation of the cell culture medium with 10% fetal calf serum induced a marked increase of the basolateral and apical ET-1 release, whereas ET-3 release was only slightly increased. CsA and tacrolimus (0.5 to 5000 microgram/liter) induced a significant, dose-dependent increase of ET-1 and ET-3 release by PT-1 cells with a maximum stimulation at a CsA concentration of 500 microgram/liter (P < 0.001) and a tacrolimus concentration of 50 microgram/liter (P < 0.001). HGF and EGF (10-10 to 10-8 mol/liter) exerted a significant (P < 0.001) dose-dependent inhibitory effect on ET-1 release, whereas ET-3 release was not significantly reduced. Coincubation of PT-1 cells with CsA or tacrolimus and HGF or EGF also resulted in a marked reduction of ET-1 release. CONCLUSIONS The present data suggest that ET-1 and ET-3 release by cultured rabbit proximal tubule cells are regulated differently, and that the stimulatory effect of CsA and tacrolimus on ET-1 release is antagonized by HGF and EGF.
Distribution of Glut1 Glucose Transporters in Different Brain Structures Compared to Glucose Utilization and Capillary Density of Adult Rat Brains

Glut1 is a specific transporter system that mediates glucose transfer across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Although the main location of Glut1 is in the capillary endothelium of the brain, its local distribution in different brain regions is not as well defined. In the present investigation, the local pattern of Glut1 distribution was determined in 13 brain structures using an immunoautoradiographic method developed for this purpose. A polyclonal antibody directed against the C-terminal amino acid sequence of Glut1 was applied to cryosections of rat brains. A secondary antibody was added that had been coupled to [35S]. Results show a heterogeneous distribution of Glut1 in the brain with activities of [35S] ranging from 65% below to 15% above the mean. White matter activity was lower than gray matter activity. For comparison, capillary sections were counted in corresponding cryosections by indirect immunofluorescence using fibronectin antibodies. In addition, local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was analyzed in identical brain structures of conscious rats by the quantitative autoradiographic 2-deoxyglucose method. Significant correlations were found between Glut1 density and either LCGU or capillary density. Results indicate a tight coupling of Glut1 transporter density and capillary density to the LCGU of different BBB structures in adult rats.