Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Storage and sequestration potential of topsoil organic carbon in China's paddy soils

Carbon (C) storage and sequestration in agricultural soils is considered to be an important issue in the study of terrestrial C cycling and global climatic change. The baseline C stock and the C sequestration potential are among the criteria for a region or a state to adopt strategies or policies in response to commitment to the Kyoto Protocol. Paddy soils represent a large portion of global cropland. However, little information on the potential of C sequestration and storage is available for such soils. In this paper, an estimation of the topsoil soil organic carbon (SOC) pool and the sequestration potential of paddy soils in China was made by using the data from the 2nd State Soil Survey carried out during 1979–1982 and from the nationwide arable soil monitoring system established since then. Results showed that the SOC density ranged from 12 to 226 t C ha−1 with an area‐weighted mean density of 44 t C ha−1, which is comparable to that of the US grasslands and is higher than that of the cultivated dryland soils in China and the US. The estimated total topsoil SOC pool is 1.3 Pg, with 0.85 Pg from the upper plow layer and 0.45 Pg from the plowpan layer. This pool size is ∼2% of China's total storage in the top 1 m of the soil profiles and ∼4% of the total topsoil pool, while the area percentage of paddy soil is 3.4% of the total land. The C pool in paddy soils was found predominantly in southeast China geographically and in the subgroups of Fe‐accumulating and Fe‐leaching paddy soils pedogenetically. In comparison with dryland cultivation, irrigation‐based rice cultivation in China has induced significant enrichment of SOC storage (0.3 Pg) in paddy soils. The induced total C sequestration equals half of China's total annual CO2 emission in the 1990s. Estimates using different SOC sequestration scenarios show that the paddy soils of China have an easily attainable SOC sequestration potential of 0.7 Pg under present conditions and may ultimately sequester 3.0 Pg. Soil monitoring data showed that the current C sequestration rate is 12 Tg yr−1. The total C sequestration potential and the current sequestration rate of the paddy soils are over 30%, while the area of the paddy soils is 26% that of China's total croplands. Therefore, practicing sustainable agriculture is urgently needed for enhancing SOC storage to realize the ultimate SOC sequestration of rice‐based agriculture of China, as the current C sequestration rate is significantly lower than the potential rate.
Web page classification based on heterogeneous features and a combination of multiple classifiers

Precise web page classification can be achieved by evaluating features of web pages, and the structural features of web pages are effective complements to their textual features. Various classifiers have different characteristics, and multiple classifiers can be combined to allow classifiers to complement one another. In this study, a web page classification method based on heterogeneous features and a combination of multiple classifiers is proposed. Different from computing the frequency of HTML tags, we exploit the tree-like structure of HTML tags to characterize the structural features of a web page. Heterogeneous textual features and the proposed tree-like structural features are converted into vectors and fused. Confidence is proposed here as a criterion to compare the classification results of different classifiers by calculating the classification accuracy of a set of samples. Multiple classifiers are combined based on confidence with different decision strategies, such as voting, confidence comparison, and direct output, to give the final classification results. Experimental results demonstrate that on the Amazon dataset, 7-web-genres dataset, and DMOZ dataset, the accuracies are increased to 94.2%, 95.4%, and 95.7%, respectively. The fusion of the textual features with the proposed structural features is a comprehensive approach, and the accuracy is higher than that when using only textual features. At the same time, the accuracy of the web page classification is improved by combining multiple classifiers, and is higher than those of the related web page classification algorithms.
The effect of cathodic polarisation on monosaccharides of Amphora coffeaeformis, a marine fouling diatom

The composition of monosaccharides and their variation in concentration in Amphora coffeaeformis cells on non‐polarised and cathodically polarised 304 stainless steel were examined when cells were grown under continuous illumination at 18°C for 8 d in medium prepared in synthetic seawater. Lower concentrations of monosaccharides were found in A. coffeaeformis cells attached to cathodically polarised steel. Under these conditions, the abundance of monosaccharides decreased with time. In contrast, concentrations of monosaccharides were higher by a factor of 8 to 40 in A. coffeaeformis cells attached to non‐polarised steel. The abundance of monosaccharides increased over the period of cultivation in the cells on non‐polarised steel. Eight individual monosaccharides viz. rhamnose, fucose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose were identified in cells from both non‐polarised and cathodically polarised steel. Amongst these, hexoses such as mannose, glucose and galactose were most abundant in.
Submodular Maximization with Packing Constraints in Parallel

We consider the problem of maximizing the multilinear extension of a submodular function subject to packing constraints in parallel. For monotone functions, we obtain a 1 − 1/e − ǫ approximation using O(log(n/ǫ) log(m)/ǫ) rounds of adaptivity and evaluations of the function and its gradient, where m is the number of packing constraints and n is the number of variables. For non-monotone functions, we obtain a 1/e−ǫ approximation using O(log(n/ǫ) log(1/ǫ) log(n+ m)/ǫ) rounds of adaptivity and evaluations of the function and its gradient. Our results apply more generally to the problem of maximizing a diminishing returns submodular (DRsubmodular) function subject to packing constraints.
E-governance: An Approach to advancing Rural Development through IT Sector

— Among the emerging Asian economies, India is a nation with 70% of the population living in rural areas, which puts pressure on the government to focus more on the development of rural India. Information and communication technologies or ICTs act as providers of great opportunities for rural livelihoods and contribute to poverty reduction. The productivity of rural areas can be improved through the use of ICT and through various electronic governance initiatives such as E-Choupal, Akashganga, Gyandoot, Tata Kissan Kendra, Kissan Call Center, etc. in electronic form. Through this, the government can guarantee greater transparency and better administration. In this research paper, it is tried to identify different basic components that have led to rural development through various ICT initiatives.
MDLB: a metadata dynamic load balancing mechanism based on reinforcement learning

With the growing amount of information and data, object-oriented storage systems have been widely used in many applications, including the Google File System, Amazon S3, Hadoop Distributed File System, and Ceph, in which load balancing of metadata plays an important role in improving the input/output performance of the entire system. Unbalanced load on the metadata server leads to a serious bottleneck problem for system performance. However, most existing metadata load balancing strategies, which are based on subtree segmentation or hashing, lack good dynamics and adaptability. In this study, we propose a metadata dynamic load balancing (MDLB) mechanism based on reinforcement learning (RL). We learn that the Q_learning algorithm and our RL-based strategy consist of three modules, i.e., the policy selection network, load balancing network, and parameter update network. Experimental results show that the proposed MDLB algorithm can adjust the load dynamically according to the performance of the metadata servers, and that it has good adaptability in the case of sudden change of data volume.
Supervisi tentang Komunikasi SBAR (Situation, Background, Assesmen and Recommendation) Berpengaruh terhadap Kualitas Handover Pasien di Ruang Rawat Inap Rumah Sakit

Ineffective handovers are often at high risk for patient safety. Other problems caused by improper handovers include delays in medical diagnosis, and increased health care costs and patient dissatisfaction. Supervision of SBAR communication (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation) is an effective way to maintain patient safety and reduce the occurrence of errors caused by communication. This study aimed to identify the effect of supervision on SBAR communication on the quality of patient handovers in the inpatient room. Design research was a pre-experimental design of one group pre post test design, were 34 nurses in two inpatient rooms taken in total sampling. The SBAR supervision was carried out by the Head of the Room to the nurses during the handover. Before the supervision of nurses' handover quality was observed, then the socialization of SBAR communication and supervision by the head of the room were then given post-supervision observation. The instruments used a patient handover observation sheet and supervision manual. The results showed that most of the female respondents had D3 nursing education and half of the respondents had a working period of
New Records of Seven Eupithecia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from Korea

The genus Eupithecia Curtis is the largest taxon in Lepidoptera (more than 1,500 species worldwide) and the adults of the genus are characterized by small in size, cryptically colored grayish and brownish forewing, and indistinct basal, ante- and postmedial transverse lines mostly with a definite discal spot on the forewing. Forty-four species have been reported so far in Korea. Herein, we present the first report on seven species of Eupithecia: Eupithecia rufescens Butler (1878), Eupithecia costiconvexa Inoue (1979), Eupithecia daemionata Dietze (1904), Eupithecia persuastrix Mironov (1990), Eupithecia actaeata Walderdorff (1869), Eupithecia suboxydata Staudinger (1897) and Eupithecia costimacularia Leech (1897). Diagnosis, descriptions and figures of the available species are provided.
Identificación de Yarrowia lipolytica (Ascomycota: Hemiascomycetes) como contaminante en la obtención de amplificados del gen 28S rRNA de moluscos

In this paper we identify an unexpected DNA sequence from the amplicons of 28S rRNA gene of terrestrial mollusks. DNA extractions were performed from foot tissues of land snails using a modified CTAB protocol. PCRs were carried out with universal primers for COI gene and oligonucleotides designed for molluscs, for the markers 16S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and ITS-2. Amplified lengths were 706 pb for COI, 330 pb for 16S rRNA, 900 pb for ITS-2, and 583 pb for 28S rRNA. One amplicon of the last marker was of an unexpected length, ~340 pb. DNA sequences were compared in the GenBank database through the BLASTn program and the sample, with the unexpected length, resulted in 100% identity and 99% query coverage with 26S rRNA gene of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Phylogenetic analysis with Neighbour-Joining and the divergence values confirmed the identification, providing results that support the taxonomic placement of the species within the Hemiascomycetes clade.
A Survey on Color Transfer Methods

- Color mapping or color transfer methods aim to recolor a given image or video by deriving a mapping between that image and another image serving as a reference. This class of methods has received considerable attention in recent years, both in academic literature and in industrial applications. Methods for recoloring images have often appeared under the labels of color correction, color transfer or color balancing, to name a few, but their goal is always the same: mapping the colors of one image to another. In this report, we present a comprehensive overview of these methods and offer a classification of current solutions .
A Robust Control Strategy for Landing an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle on a Vertically Moving Platform

In this work, we solve the uncertain unmanned aerial vehicle smooth landing problem over a moving platform, assuming that the aircraft position relative to the platform and its acceleration is always measurable. The landing task is carried out by an output-feedback robust controller, together with a repulsive force. The robust controller controls the nominal model, accomplishes the needed tracking trajectory, and counteracts the unknown uncertainties. To assure that the aircraft is always above the platform, we include a repulsive force that only works in a small vicinity of the platform. To estimate the relative aircraft velocity and platform acceleration, we use a supertwisting-based observer, assuring finite-time convergence of these signals. This fact allowed us to design the feedback state stabilizer independently of the observer design (in accordance with the separation principle). We confirmed the effectiveness of our control approach by convincing numerical simulations.
Credit Information Systems for Microfinance in India Developing solutions to manage anticipated boom in sector growth

Microfinance services (predominantly the disbursement of very small loans to the poorest sectors of society) have expanded rapidly over the past three decades and have much potential to affect grass-roots economic development. However, without proper information sharing systems in place, maturing microfinance sectors often operate sub-optimally. When lending institutions lack complete information about the credit-worthiness of borrowers, lending decisions are not optimized and the performance of microfinance institutions suffers. Several countries have solved this problem with formal systems for sharing credit information. Current research focuses on country cases where such systems have been successful as well as on general analyses of barriers to creating such systems. However, there are apparently no in-depth case studies on countries with under-developed credit information systems (CIS). This work is a qualitative study based on interviews and surveys with microfinance practitioners assessing the potential for building CIS in the India. The data reveals a current lack of demand for such a system that is expected to grow due to very recent events in the government and commercial banking sector. This study is a foundational work assessing current practices around credit information sharing as well as barriers to formalizing CIS in India.
THE EFFECIVITY OF TRAINING AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT ON JOB PERFORMANCE: A STUDY AT ROYAL MALAYSIA POLICE DISTRICTS OFFICES IN SABAH

This study provides an insight into the human respurce practices in training and skills development, and the effects to job performance of the officers in Royal Malaysia Police (RMP). The interest of the study was generated based on the Royal Commission Report that outlined issues facing RMP; lack of training and development planning, weaknesses in recruitment as lack of efficiency profile assessment and lack of emphasis on ethical and integrity assessment, the absence of strategy and comprehensive programme for human resource management and development, and the lack of Human Resource Planning. Hence, the study attempted to investigate the relationship between training and skills developemtn with job performance, and the moderation effect of age and education level to the former relationships. The research objective was researched by quantitative approach, by using questionnaire as the main instrument. 278 samples were randomly selected and snowbally collected. The findings suggested that training and skills development programme of RMP were significantly affecting the job performance of the officers, and the relationships are moderated by educational level of the individuals.
Do People Respond to the Mortgage Interest Deduction? -0.2cm Quasi-Experimental Evidence from DenmarkGruber: gruberj@mit.edu; Jensen: ajensen@princeton.edu; Kleven: kleven@princeton.edu. We thank Jim Poterba, Matthew Shapiro, and two anonymous referees for helpful comments.0.5cm

Using linked housing and tax records from Denmark combined with a major reform of the mortgage interest deduction in the late 1980s, we carry out the first comprehensive long-term study of how tax subsidies affect housing decisions. The reform introduced a large reduction of the mortgage deduction for high-income taxpayers, a smaller reduction for middle-income taxpayers, and almost no change for lower-income taxpayers. We present four main findings. First, the mortgage deduction has a precisely estimated zero effect on homeownership for highand middle-income households. Second, the mortgage deduction has a clear effect on housing demand at the intensive margin, inducing homeowners to buy larger and more expensive houses. Third, the deduction has sizeable effects on household financial decisions, inducing them to increase indebtedness. Finally, we provide suggestive evidence that the reduced tax subsidy to housing was capitalized into house prices. *Gruber: gruberj@mit.edu; Jensen: ajensen@princeton.edu; Kleven: kleven@princeton.edu. We thank Jim Poterba, Matthew Shapiro, and two anonymous referees for helpful comments.
Ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in New York State produce production environments

Produce related outbreaks have been traced back to the preharvest environment. A longitudinal study was conducted on five farms in New York State to characterize prevalence, persistence, and diversity of foodborne pathogens in fresh produce fields and to determine landscape and meteorological factors that predict their presence. Produce fields were sampled four times per year for two years. A total of 588 samples were analyzed for L. monocytogenes, Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). The prevalence measures of L. monocytogenes, Salmonella and STEC were 15.0, 4.6, and 2.7%, respectively. L. monocytogenes and Salmonella were detected more frequently in water samples, while STEC was detected with equal frequency across all sample types (soil, water, feces and drag swabs). L. monocytogenes sigB gene allelic types 57, 58 and 61, and Salmonella Cerro, were repeatedly isolated from water samples. Soil available water storage (AWS), temperature, and proximity to three land cover classes: water, roads and urban development, and pasture/hay grass, influenced the likelihood of detecting L. monocytogenes. Drainage class, AWS, and precipitation were identified as important factors in Salmonella detection. This information was used in a geographic information systems framework to hypothesize locations of environmental reservoirs where the prevalence of foodborne pathogens may be elevated. The map indicated that not all croplands are equally likely to contain environmental reservoirs of L. monocytogenes. These findings advance
THE MEDIATING ROLE OF COPING BEHAVIORS IN THE RELATION BETWEEN PARTNER RELATIONSHIP QUALITY AND INFANT STRESS SIGNS

Perceived social support and overall relationship quality between a pregnant woman and her partner could affect an infant’s future emotional distress. There are many ways that a couple could cope behaviorally with conflicts that result from poor relationship quality. Indeed, a pregnant woman’s coping behaviors in response to stress have been shown to associate with her newborn infant’s stress signs. It is also possible that a pregnant woman’s coping behaviors could have a mediating effect between partner relationship quality and infant stress signs. This study explored whether the effects of partner relationships on newborn stress are mediated by a pregnant mother’s behaviors. Participants included 162 pregnant women and their infants. Measures consisted of questionnaires to assess women’s self-reports of relationship quality, coping behaviors, and depressive symptoms during the prenatal period. Behavioral data include coded observations of the pregnant women’s flight, prosocial, and displacement behaviors during the speech portion of the Trier Social Stress Test, and measures of infant stress coded from the stress/abstinence scale of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS). The hypotheses of this study were that (1) a negative partner relationship in pregnancy will associate with more infant stress signs and that (2) the flight, prosocial, and displacement behaviors of the mother will each (separately) mediate this relation. It was found that partner relationship quality was not significantly associated with infant stress signs. Furthermore, flight, prosocial, and displacement behaviors did not mediate the relation between partner relationship quality and infant stress. Because of previously known associations between coping behaviors and depression, exploratory analyses were run with these two variables and partner relationship quality. The analyses were Zero-order Pearson’s r correlations, linear regressions, and an indirect effect model. It was found that partner relationship quality, dysfunctional coping, and depression were all associated. Dysfunctional coping also mediated the relation between partner relationship quality and symptoms of depression. Further research is needed to examine the association between partner relationship quality, a mother’s behavior, and infant stress. The findings on the mediating role of dysfunctional coping between relationship quality and depression highlight the importance of coping behaviors and add to previous research on the topic.
Web Appendix to Specication and Negotiation in Incomplete Contracts"

For a single-agent model with a non-additive monotone outcome function, Matzkin (2003) showed some scale normalization of unobserved shocks is necessary for nonparametric identi cation.1 In comparison, we show that normalizing the distribution of the buyers private signals is necessary for identifying our game-theoretic model, where the vector of outcomes (V;D; Y;X;X ) reported are rationalized by strategic interaction between contractors and the buyer in monotone psPBE. To do so, we need to use a two-step approach that is qualitatively di¤erent from Matzkin (2003). We rst characterize how playersequilibrium strategies vary with model parameters. Then we show how distinct sets of model parameters could generate the same distribution of outcome (V; Y;D;X;X ) in equilibrium. We say two models are observationally equivalent if they imply the same distribution of V; Y;D;X and X in symmetric psPBE. Suppose the actual data-generating process is f ; ; a; FCjX ; FX ; ~ Xg. Consider an alternative model 0 f 0; 0; a0; HCjX ; HX ; ~ Xg such that (i) a = a0, = 0 and = 0; (ii) FCjX=x = HCjX=x for all x 2 X ; and (iii) FX ; ~ X(x; ~ x) = HX ; ~ X(x; h(~ x)) for all x; ~ x and some increasing and di¤erentiable function h : e X ! T R. In other words, all structural elements in and 0 are identical, except that the procurers private signal in 0 is an increasing and di¤erentiable transformation of that in . Note the support of the private signal in 0 (denoted T ) is allowed to di¤er from that in .
GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURED

Tungsten oxide (WO3) as nanostructured thin film is an attractive compound to be used for sensors applications. We report on WO3 nanostructured thin films deposited by radio-frequency plasma assisted laser ablation technique. A tungsten oxide ceramic target was irradiated at 193 nm wavelength; the depositions have been carried out in a gas mixture of oxygen and argon on heated substrates (corning glass and silicon) up to 600°C. The gas pressure varied between 1 Pa and 10 Pa. The influence of the substrate temperature, gas pressure and RF power on properties of the obtained nanostructures was investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and spectro-ellipsometry.