Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long-term outcome after surgical repair of isolated atrial septal defect. Follow-up at 27 to 32 years.

BACKGROUND Atrial septal defects have been surgically correctable for more than 30 years. The long-term survival rates among patients treated in the early era of cardiac surgery are poorly documented, but such data are of critical importance to the future medical care, employability, and insurability of these patients. METHODS To determine the natural history of surgically corrected atrial septal defects, we studied all 123 patients who underwent repair of an isolated defect (ostium secundum or sinus venosus) at the Mayo Clinic between 1956 and 1960, 27 to 32 years after the procedure. The follow-up status of all patients was determined by written questionnaires and telephone interviews. Hospital records and death certificates were obtained if interim hospitalization or death had occurred. RESULTS The overall 30-year actuarial survival rate among survivors of the perioperative period was 74 percent, as compared with 85 percent among controls matched for age and sex. The perioperative mortality was 3.3 percent (four deaths). Actuarial 27-year survival rates among patients in the younger two quartiles according to age at operation (less than or equal to 11 years and 12 to 24 years) were no different from rates among controls--97 percent and 93 percent, respectively. In the two older quartiles (25 to 41 years and greater than 41 years), 27-year survival rates were significantly less (P less than 0.001)--84 percent and 40 percent, respectively--than in controls (91 and 59 percent). Independent predictors of long-term survival according to multivariate analysis were age at operation (P less than 0.0001) and systolic pressure in the main pulmonary artery before operation (P less than 0.0027). When repair was performed in older patients, late cardiac failure, stroke, and atrial fibrillation were significantly more frequent. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with surgically repaired atrial septal defects, those operated on before the age of 25 have an excellent prognosis, but older patients require careful, regular supervision.
The effect of alcohol outlets, sales and trading hours on alcohol-related injuries presenting at emergency departments in Perth, Australia, from 2002 to 2010.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Few studies have investigated the combined effects of alcohol sales, outlet numbers and trading hours on alcohol-related harms. This study aimed to test whether associations: (i) exist between alcohol-related emergency department (ED) injuries and alcohol sales and counts of outlets; (ii) vary between on- and off-premises outlets; and (iii) vary by trading hours conditions [extended trading permits (ETP) versus standard hours]. DESIGN Panel study using 117 postcodes over 8 years (2002-10): 936 data points. SETTING Perth, Australia. PARTICIPANTS ED injury presentations, aggregated to postcode-level. MEASUREMENTS Alcohol-related injuries were identified using time-based surrogate measures: night injuries (n=51,241) and weekend night injuries (n=30,682). Measures of alcohol availability included number of outlets with standard and extended trading hours and mean sales per postcode. Negative binomial regression modelling with random effects was used to examine associations between availability and alcohol-related injury, controlling for socio-demographic characteristics. FINDINGS (i) Night injuries were associated significantly with counts of on-premises outlets [incident rate ratio (IRR)=1.046; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.014-1.078] and sales per off-premises outlet (IRR=1.019; 95% CI=1.004-1.035); (ii) counts of on-premises outlets were positively associated with alcohol-related injury while counts of off-premises outlets indicated a negative association; and (iii) weekend night injuries increased by about 5% per on-premises outlet with an ETP (IRR=1.049; 95% CI=1.015-1.084) and by less than 1% for outlets with standard trading hours (IRR=1.008; 95% CI=1.004-1.013). CONCLUSIONS Regions of Perth, Australia with greater off-premises alcohol sales and counts of on-premises alcohol outlets, particularly those with extended trading hours, appear to have higher levels of alcohol-related injuries.
The main spoilage-related psychrotrophic bacteria in refrigerated raw milk.

Refrigerated raw milk may contain psychrotrophic microorganisms that produce thermoresistant exoproteases and lipases, which may compromise the quality of processed fluid milk and dairy products during storage. The aim of this work was to quantify and identify the deteriorating psychrotrophic microbiota in Brazilian refrigerated raw milk using genetic diversity analysis. The mean psychrotrophic count was 1.1 × 104 cfu/mL. Of the total isolates, 47.8 and 29.8% showed deteriorating activity at 35°C within 48 h and 7°C within 10 d, respectively. Among the proteolytic species, more isolated by this study were Lactococcus lactis (27.3%), Enterobacter kobei (14.8%), Serratia ureilytica (8%), Aerococcus urinaeequi (6.8%), and Bacillus licheniformis (6.8%). Observed among lipolytics were E. kobei (17.7%), L. lactis (15.6%), A. urinaeequi (12.5%), and Acinetobacter lwoffii (9.4%). The isolates S. ureilytica, E. kobei, Pseudomonas spp. , and Yersinia enterocolitica potentially produced alkaline metalloprotease (aprX). Despite the low counts, a considerable portion of the psychrotrophic microbiota presented spoilage potential, which reaffirms the need for rigor in the control of contamination and the importance of rapid processing as factors that maintain the quality of milk and dairy products.
Full Implementation of Computerized Physician Order Entry and Medication-Related Quality Outcomes: A Study of 3364 Hospitals

This study compares quality of care measures for hospitals with fully implemented computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems with hospitals that have not fully implemented such a system. Using a cross-sectional design, this study linked hospital quality data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to the Health Information Management Systems Society Analytics database, which contains hospital CPOE adoption information. Performance on quality measures was assessed using univariate and multivariate methods. In all, 8% of hospitals have fully implemented CPOE systems; CPOE hospitals were more frequently larger, not-for-profit, and teaching hospitals. After controlling for confounders, CPOE hospitals outperformed comparison hospitals on 5 of 11 measures related to ordering medications and on 1 of 9 nonmedication-related quality measures. Using a large sample of hospitals, our study found significant positive associations between specific objective quality indicators and CPOE implementation. (Am J Med Qual 2009;24:278-286)
Saving Citrus: Does the Next Generation see GM Science as a Solution?

Citrus is one of Florida’s most prominent commodities, providing 66% of the total United States’ value for oranges. Florida’s citrus production decreased 21% in 2014 from the previous season, partly due to the disease citrus greening. The science of genetic modification (GM) is one of the most promising solutions to the problem. However, a majority of American adults believe foods produced using GM science are unsafe for consumption. This study investigated the diffusion of GM science among Millennial students in a College of Agriculture at a land-grant university and their intent to consume citrus from a tree developed with GM science. An online survey collected data about Rogers’ diffusion of innovation model characteristics and intent to consume GM citrus from 98 respondents. Relative advantage and compatibility of GM science were rated most favorably; observability was rated the lowest. The majority of respondents were likely or extremely likely to consume fruit or juice from GM trees. Compatibility was the only significant predictor of likelihood to consume GM citrus. A better demonstration of GM science’s relative advantage, compatability, trialability, complexity and observability through formal education is needed to improve GM science adoption by Millennials.
Clonal interference in large populations

Clonal interference, the competition between lineages arising from different beneficial mutations in an asexually reproducing population, is an important factor determining the tempo and mode of microbial adaptation. The standard theory of this phenomenon neglects the occurrence of multiple mutations as well as the correlation between loss by genetic drift and clonal competition, which is questionable in large populations. Working within the Wright–Fisher model with multiplicative fitness (no epistasis), we determine the rate of adaptation asymptotically for very large population sizes and show that the standard theory fails in this regime. Our study also explains the success of the standard theory in predicting the rate of adaptation for moderately large populations. Furthermore, we show that the nature of the substitution process changes qualitatively when multiple mutations are allowed for, because several mutations can be fixed in a single fixation event. As a consequence, the index of dispersion for counts of the fixation process displays a minimum as a function of population size, whereas the origination process of fixed mutations becomes completely regular for very large populations. We find that the number of mutations fixed in a single event is geometrically distributed as in the neutral case. These conclusions are based on extensive simulations combined with analytic results for the limit of infinite population size.
Wireless localization in buildings by smart tiles

An innovative conception of indoor localization for human beings is proposed. A person, moving within a building can be localized and tracked by using a self-powered RFID system consisting of a nomadic reader interrogating an array of passive tags embedded in the floor tiles. The whole system is based on environmentally friendly technologies: the piezoelectric (PZT) based energy harvesting to power the hardware as well as the on-paper inkjet printing for the tag antenna.
Apolipoprotein E4 Forms a Molten Globule

The amino-terminal domain of apolipoprotein (apo) E4 is less susceptible to chemical and thermal denaturation than the apoE3 and apoE2 domains. We compared the urea denaturation curves of the 22-kDa amino-terminal domains of the apoE isoforms at pH 7.4 and 4.0. At pH 7.4, apoE3 and apoE4 reflected an apparent two-state denaturation. The midpoints of denaturation were 5.2 and 4.3 m urea, respectively. At pH 4.0, a pH value known to stabilize folding intermediates, apoE4 and apoE3 displayed the same order of denaturation but with distinct plateaus, suggesting the presence of a stable folding intermediate. In contrast, apoE2 proved the most stable and lacked the distinct plateau observed with the other two isoforms and could be fitted to a two-state unfolding model. Analysis of the curves with a three-state unfolding model (native, intermediate, and unfolded) showed that the apoE4 folding intermediate reached its maximal concentration (≈90% of the mixture) at 3.75 m, whereas the apoE3 intermediate was maximal at 4.75m (≈80%). These results are consistent with apoE4 being more susceptible to unfolding than apoE3 and apoE2 and more prone to form a stable folding intermediate. The structure of the apoE4 folding intermediate at pH 4.0 in 3.75 m urea was characterized using pepsin proteolysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. From these studies, we conclude that the apoE4 folding intermediate is a single molecule with the characteristics of a molten globule. We propose a model of the apoE4 molten globule in which the four-helix bundle of the amino-terminal domain is partially opened, generating a slightly elongated structure and exposing the hydrophobic core. Since molten globules have been implicated in both normal and abnormal physiological function, the differential abilities of the apoE isoforms to form a molten globule may contribute to the isoform-specific effects of apoE in disease.
Interaction of hREV1 with three human Y‐family DNA polymerases

Polκ is one of many DNA polymerases involved in translesion DNA synthesis (TLS). It belongs to the Y‐family of polymerases along with Polη, Polι and hREV1. Unlike Polη encoded by the xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XPV) gene, Polκ is unable to bypass UV‐induced DNA damage in vitro, but it is able to bypass benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)‐adducted guanines accurately and efficiently. In an attempt to identify factor(s) targeting Polκ to its cognate DNA lesion(s), we searched for Polκ‐interacting proteins by using the yeast two‐hybrid assay. We found that Polκ interacts with a C‐terminal region of hREV1. Polη and Polι were also found to interact with the same region of hREV1. The interaction between Polκ and hREV1 was confirmed by pull‐down and co‐immunoprecipitation assays. The C‐terminal region of hREV1 is known to interact with hREV7, a non‐catalytic subunit of Polζ that is another structurally unrelated TLS enzyme, and we show that Polκ and hREV7 bind to the same C‐terminal region of hREV1. Thus, our results suggest that hREV1 plays a pivotal role in the multi‐enzyme, multi‐step process of translesion DNA synthesis.
Unc45 Activates Hsp90-dependent Folding of the Myosin Motor Domain*

Myosin folding and assembly in striated muscle are mediated by the general chaperones Hsc70 and Hsp90 and involve a myosin-specific co-chaperone related to the Caenorhabditis elegans gene unc-45. Two unc-45 genes are found in vertebrates, a general cell isoform, unc45a, and a striated muscle-specific isoform, unc45b. We have investigated the role of both isoforms of mouse Unc45 in myosin folding using an in vitro synthesis and folding assay. A smooth muscle myosin motor domain (MD) fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) (MD::GFP) was used as substrate, and folding was measured by native gel electrophoresis and functional assays. In the absence of Unc45, the MD::GFP chimera folds poorly. Addition of either Unc45a or Unc45b dramatically enhances the folding in a reaction that is dependent on Hsp90 ATPase activity. Unc45a is more effective than Unc45b with a higher apparent affinity and greater extent of folding. The Unc45-Hsp90 chaperone complex acts late in the folding pathway and promotes motor domain maturation after release from the ribosome. Unc45a behaves kinetically as an activator of the folding reaction by stimulating the rate of the Hsp90-dependent folding by >20-fold with an apparent Kact of 33 nm. This analysis of vertebrate Unc45 isoforms clearly demonstrates a direct role for Unc45 in Hsp90-mediated myosin motor domain folding and highlights major differences between the isoforms in substrate specificity and mechanism.
Degradation of Streptococcal Cell Wall Antigens In Vivo

Specific chemical modification of group A polysaccharide antigen to the A-variant structure was demonstrated in the lymphoid organs of mice by autoradiography by use of radioantibodies specific for these structures. Both antigenic moieties persisted and were still discerned 10 weeks after injection of the group A cell wall. In rabbit skin, the group A specificity was altered after a prolonged period. Unlike the situation for the mouse, polysaccharide A was not converted to A-variant structure, but another specificity common to both polysaccharides persisted at the site of injection. Mucopeptide, separated from the polysaccharide of group A cell walls, was eliminated from the site of injection in rabbit skin between 4 and 8 hr after injection. Group D streptococcal cell walls were also rapidly eliminated from tissue, and were no longer detectable 8 hr after injection into rabbit skin or 24 hr after injection into mice. The rapid degradation of these structures was correlated with their susceptibility to lysozyme in vitro and was in contrast to the prolonged persistence of group A cell walls, which were completely resistant to egg white lysozyme. This persistence in tissue correlated with the capacity of group A cell wall fragments to induce a chronic inflammatory process, whereas the isolated mucopeptide or group D cell walls produced only an acute necrotoxic reaction.
Performance evaluation of community-based ecotourism: a case study in Satun province, Thailand

ABSTRACT The objective of the study reported in this paper was to assess the performance of community-based ecotourism (CBET) management at tourist destinations in Thailand. The importance-performance analysis method was applied to evaluate tourists’ perceptions of the importance and performance of CBET management in Satun province. Analysis was based on data collected using a questionnaire administered to a sample of 530 visitors. Semi-structured and focus group interviews were also used to collect data from various key informants: executives of government agencies, local administrators, leaders of networks of community-based tourism, experts in tourism management, and local residents regarding four dimensions of ecotourism management: environmental area, management, activities and learning processes, and stakeholder participation. The findings indicate that the tourist destinations in the areas have an abundance of natural attractions and cultural traditions relating to the local Muslim lifestyle which have the potential to be exploited under CBET. However, a number of important aspects needed to be improved including management and participation. Additionally, it is necessary to enhance the economic benefits of local stakeholders which would encourage natural conservation and the participation of local communities in CBET management.
PARENTS WHO DON'T SPANK: DEVIATION IN THE LEGITIMATION OF PHYSICAL FORCE (VIOLENCE, CHILDREARING, DISCIPLINE)

This study investigates why some parents deviate from American norms on childrearing and decide to use no form of physical punishment. Based on the percentage of American parents who use physical punishment, the views of popular childrearing manuals, relevant laws and court cases it is concluded that the use of physical punishment of children in American society is a context where the use of physical force is legitimate. To locate non-spanking parents, questionnaires were distributed to parents of all first, second and third graders in a eastern seacoast town of approximately 27,000 people. Of those who returned the questionnaires, 87% reported using physical punishment. Among those who spank, 60% said they used it for rule violation and found it to be effective in childrearing. Forty percent reported that they used it when the parents themselves were tired, frustrated or out of control. These parents said nothing about the behavior of their children as being related to the use of physical punishment and, in addition, these parents said that spanking was not an effective method of disciplining. Indepth interviews were conducted with the parents who use no form of physical punishment. The reasons they gave for not spanking involved issues of child management (e.g. it does not work), reactions to their own parent's abusive treatment and views of spanking being a form of violence. All of the non-spanking parents reported being tempted to spank and they all said that they might spank in response to hypothetical scenarios where other parents frequently spank. Yet, when describing misbehaviors of their own children which were similar to the behaviors described in the hypothetical scenarios, these parents did not use physical punishment. It is concluded that the decision not to spank in American society is an extremely deviant position. Nonspanking parents are hesitant to acknowledge their commitment to not spanking. In fact, these parents do not tell others about their deviance. Non-spanking parents are very skilled at the management of their deviance and use socially acceptable accounts, such as saying their children do nothing so serious to deserve spanking, to avoid confrontation with others around them. Yet, by their own descriptions, their children do engage in the very behaviors that would be met with a spanking by other parents.
Drosophila protein phosphatases 2A B′ Wdb and Wrd regulate meiotic centromere localization and function of the MEI-S332 Shugoshin

Significance Meiosis is the specialized cell division that generates haploid sperm and eggs. Proper segregation of chromosomes in meiosis is required to prevent pregnancy loss and birth defects. This requires that the replicated copies of each chromosome remain attached as the homologous copies of each chromosome segregate in the first meiotic division. The replicated copies of each chromosome then segregate in the second meiotic division. The Shugoshin proteins protect attachments between the replicated chromosome copies in meiosis I. This paper shows that, in Drosophila meiosis, a phosphatase and the Shugoshin MEI-S332 reciprocally regulate each other’s localization to centromeres and together they thus function to ensure accurate segregation. Proper segregation of chromosomes in meiosis is essential to prevent miscarriages and birth defects. This requires that sister chromatids maintain cohesion at the centromere as cohesion is released on the chromatid arms when the homologs segregate at anaphase I. The Shugoshin proteins preserve centromere cohesion by protecting the cohesin complex from cleavage, and this has been shown in yeasts to be mediated by recruitment of the protein phosphatase 2A B′ (PP2A B′). In metazoans, delineation of the role of PP2A B′ in meiosis has been hindered by its myriad of other essential roles. The Drosophila Shugoshin MEI-S332 can bind directly to both of the B′ regulatory subunits of PP2A, Wdb and Wrd, in yeast two-hybrid experiments. Exploiting experimental advantages of Drosophila spermatogenesis, we found that the Wdb subunit localizes first along chromosomes in meiosis I, becoming restricted to the centromere region as MEI-S332 binds. Wdb and MEI-S332 show colocalization at the centromere region until release of sister-chromatid cohesion at the metaphase II/anaphase II transition. MEI-S332 is necessary for Wdb localization, but, additionally, both Wdb and Wrd are required for MEI-S332 localization. Thus, rather than MEI-S332 being hierarchical to PP2A B′, these proteins reciprocally ensure centromere localization of the complex. We analyzed functional relationships between MEI-S332 and the two forms of PP2A by quantifying meiotic chromosome segregation defects in double or triple mutants. These studies revealed that both Wdb and Wrd contribute to MEI-S332’s ability to ensure accurate segregation of sister chromatids, but, as in centromere localization, they do not act solely downstream of MEI-S332.