Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decoherence in supernova neutrino transformations suppressed by deleptonization

In the dense-neutrino region at 50-400 km above the neutrino sphere in a supernova, neutrino-neutrino interactions cause large flavor transformations. We study when the multi-angle nature of the neutrino trajectories leads to flavor decoherence between different angular modes. We consider a two-flavor mixing scenario between νe and another flavor νx and assume the usual hierarchy Fνc > Fνc > Fνx = Fνx for the number fluxes. We define = (Fνc − Fνe)/(Fνc − Fνx) as a measure for the deleptonization flux which is the one crucial parameter. The transition between the quasi single-angle behavior and multi-angle decoherence is abrupt as a function of e. For typical choices of other parameters, multi-angle decoherence is suppressed for 0.3, but a much smaller asymmetry suffices if the neutrino mass hierarchy is normal and the mixing angle small. The critical e depends logarithmically on the neutrino luminosity. In a realistic supernova scenario, the deleptonization flux is probably enough to suppress multi-angle decoherence.
Comparison of a colorimetric and a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of fructan in pasture grasses for horses.

BACKGROUND Pasture (fresh or conserved as hay/haylage) forms the basis of most equid diets and contains varying amounts (0 to ≥ 200 g kg⁻¹ dry matter (DM) or more) of fructans. Over-consumption of fructan is associated with the onset of laminitis in equids, an agonizing condition that may necessitate euthanasia. To enable appropriate dietary management of animals susceptible to laminitis, it is essential that fructans can be properly quantified in fresh and conserved pasture. For research purposes, fructans are frequently quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but these methods are costly for routine screening. However, an inexpensive colorimetric method for measuring fructans in human foods is commercially available. The aim here was to determine the suitability of the commercially available colorimetric method for determining the fructan content of pasture grasses for horses. RESULTS Pasture grasses (Phleum pretense, Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne) managed for grazing (sampled from April to November) and a further set managed for conservation (sampled in July) were analysed for fructan content by HPLC and the colorimetric technique. HPLC values ranged from 83 to 299 g fructan kg⁻¹ DM (mean 154); corresponding colorimetric values were 5-238 g fructan kg⁻¹ DM (mean 82). Discrepancies in values between the two methods varied with time of sampling and plant species. Comparison of selected samples before and after incubation with the fructan hydrolases used in the colorimetric method revealed incomplete fructan hydrolysis from the pasture grasses, resulting in underestimates of their fructan content. CONCLUSION The colorimetric technique was not a reliable substitute for HPLC to quantify the fructan content of pasture grasses.
The chicken egg, an antibody source.

Summary Antibody titers achieved by the immunization of hens are presented with examples. The transfer of immunoglobulins from the blood or oviduct to the egg and the distribution of these proteins in the various compartments which develop in the egg during incubation are quantitatively recorded. Possible procedures for extracting IgG antibody from the yolk are pointed out. Results concerning acid and temperature resistance of yolk antibodies are presented. An overview of the literature concerning with diagnostic use of yolk antibodies is given. The possible therapeutic application of egg antibodies is discussed. Zusammenfassung Das Huhnerei als Antikorperquelle Die durch die Immunisierung von Huhnern erzielten Antikorpertiter werden beispielhaft dargestellt. Der Transfer der Immunglobuline aus der Blutbahn bzw. dem Legeapparat in das Ei und die nachfolgende Umverteilung dieser Proteine in die sich wahrend der Inkubation bildenden Eikompartimente werden quantitativ erfast. Die Moglichkeiten der IgG-Antikorper-Extraktion aus dem Dotter werden aufgezeigt. Ergebnisse zur Saure- und Temperatur-Resistenz der Dotterantikorper werden vorgelegt. Eine Literaturubersicht bezuglich des Einsatzes von Dotterantikorpern wird gegeben. Der mogliche therapeutische Einsatz von Ei-Antikorpern wird erortert.
Influence of polymorphisms at loci encoding DNA repair proteins on cancer susceptibility and G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity

Sixteen candidate polymorphisms (13 SNPs and 3 microsatellites) in nine genes from four DNA repair pathways were examined in 83 subjects, comprising 23 survivors of childhood cancer, their 23 partners, and 37 offspring, all of whom had previously been studied for G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity. Genotype at the Asp148Glu SNP site in the APEX gene of the base excision repair (BER) pathway was associated with childhood cancer in survivors (P = 0.001, significant even after multiple test adjustment), due to the enhanced frequency of the APEX Asp148 allele among survivors in comparison to that of their partners. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of G2 radiosensitivity in the pooled sample, as well as family‐based association test (FBAT) of the family‐wise data, showed sporadic suggestions of associations between G2 radiosensitivity and polymorphisms at two sites (the Thr241Met SNP site in the XRCC3 gene of the homologous recombinational pathway by ANOVA, and the Ser326Cys site in the hOGG1 gene of the BER pathway by FBAT analysis), but neither of these remained significant after multiple‐test adjustment. This pilot study provides an intriguing indication that DNA repair gene polymorphisms may underlie cancer susceptibility and variation in radiosensitivity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. , 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Data for: An experimental study of persuasion bias and social influence in networks

In many areas of social life individuals receive in formation about a particular issue of interest from multiple sources. When these sources are conne ted through a network then proper aggregation of this information by an individual in volves taking into account the structure of this network. The inability to aggregate properly m ay lead to various types of distortions. In our experiment a number of agents all want to find out the value of a particular parameter unknown to all. Agents receive private signals abou t the parameter and agents can communicate their estimates of the parameter repeat dly hrough a network, the structure of which is known by all players. We present results f rom experiments with four different networks. We find that the information of agents wh o have more outgoing links in a network gets more weight in the information aggregation of the other agents than it optimally should. Our results are consistent with the model of “persu asion bias” of De Marzo et al. (2003) and at odds with an alternative heuristic according to which the most influential agents are those with more incoming links.
Reply to Costs of ALK, ROS1, EGFR, and KRAS testing in non–small cell lung cancer: About different strategies in France

We thank Lambros et al for their interest in our article. We believe that the choice of the most appropriate testing strategy for predictive biomarkers of lung cancer should be a local decision made in conjunction with each institution’s oncology care team. In comparison with multiple single-gene tests, next-generation sequencing (NGS) requires less tissue and allows more comprehensive tumor profiling. These benefits must be balanced against the diffuse perception of increased testing costs with NGS. In France, according to Lambros et al, NGS-based multiplex EGFR, KRAS, ALK, and ROS1 genotyping is reimbursed at e882.9 for each patient. However, this reimbursement does not necessarily overlap with the actual NGS costs, with the latter costs being largely dependent on the testing volume of the molecular pathology laboratory. Indeed, NGS is a cost-effective procedure for analyzing large numbers of samples. It is self-evident that the expenses of NGS platforms, the trained personnel required, and the bioinformatics infrastructure are more affordable in settings with nationwide centralization of molecular assays versus countries featuring many different local hospitals performing molecular tests on small numbers of samples. Another crucial factor in determining NGS costs is the composition of the gene panel. Customized, narrow gene panels are very cost-effective: they allow the batching of samples across multiple indications with resultant savings in costs, human labor, and turnaround times. In our own practice, the consumable cost is e196 per sample with a commercially available 22-gene panel (the AmpliSeq colon and lung cancer panel). However, the cost for a sample can be reduced to e98 when a narrow gene panel that targets 568 clinically relevant mutations in 6 genes (EGFR, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, cKIT, and PDGFRa) is used. We also agree with Lambros et al that the NGS and nCounter systems need to be part of a more complex diagnostic algorithm. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry cannot be completely replaced. For example, to date, the Italian Medicines Agency lists only immunohistochemistry integrated with fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis as an ALK fusion diagnostic test, whereas NGS methods are still not recognized. Nevertheless, we strongly believe that there is a need to develop and widely adopt molecular tests that can simultaneously identify multiple genomic variants, including point mutations, insertions/deletions, and gene fusions, and fully exploit the potential of limited cytologic materials.
Coverage of Miller class I and II recession defects using enamel matrix proteins versus coronally advanced flap technique: a 2-year report.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate a comparison of the coronally advanced flap procedure with or without the use of enamel matrix proteins in the treatment of recession defects. METHODS This 2-year study was conducted as a blinded, split-mouth, placebo-controlled, and randomized design. Thirty patients from two dental schools with two paired buccal recession defects were chosen. Surgical recession coverage was performed as the coronally advanced flap technique. One site was additionally treated with derivative (EMD) and the other site with a placebo (propylene glycol alginate [PGA]). A blinded examiner assessed pre- and post-surgical measurements. Measurements comprised the height and width of the gingival recession, height of keratinized tissue, probing attachment level, probing depth, and alveolar bone level. RESULTS Twenty-four months after therapy, both treatment modalities showed significant root coverage and probing attachment gain. The mean gingival recession decreased from 3.6 to 0.8 mm for the EMD-treated sites and from 3.8 to 1.4 mm for the control sites. However, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.122). Similarly, all other clinical parameters did not differ significantly in the between-group comparison except for the recession width (P = 0.027) and probing depth (P = 0.046) exhibiting higher reductions in the EMD group. Complete root coverage could be maintained over 2 years in 53% of the EMD versus merely 23% in the control group. A total of 47% of the treated recessions in the control group deteriorated again in the second year after therapy compared to 22% in the EMD group. CONCLUSION Enamel matrix derivative seems to provide better long-term results.
Quantifying calcium intake in school age children: Development and validation of the Calcium Counts!© food frequency questionnaire

Quantifying dietary behavior is difficult and can be intrusive. Calcium, an essential mineral for skeletal development during childhood, is difficult to assess. Few studies have examined the use of food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) for assessing calcium intake in school‐age children. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Calcium Counts! © FFQ (CCFFQ) for estimating calcium intake in school children in the US. Healthy children, aged 7–10 years (n = 139) completed the CCFFQ and 7‐day weighed food records. A subset of subjects completed a second CCFFQ within 3.6 months. Concurrent validity was determined using Pearson correlations between the CCFFQ and food record estimates of calcium intake, and the relationship between quintiles for the two measures. Predictive validity was determined using generalized linear regression models to explore the effects of age, race, and gender. Inter‐ and intra‐individual variability in calcium intake was high (>300 mg/day). Calcium intake was ∼300 mg/day higher by CCFFQ compared to food records. Concurrent validity was moderate (r = 0.61) for the entire cohort and higher for selected subgroups. Predictive validity estimates yielded significant relationships between CCFFQ and food record estimates of calcium intake alone and in the presence of such potential effect modifiers as age group, race, and gender. Test–retest reliability was high (r = 0.74). Although calcium intake estimated by the CCFFQ was greater than that measured by food records, the CCFFQ provides valid and reliable estimates of calcium intake in children. The CCFFQ is especially well‐suited as a tool to identify children with low calcium intakes. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fascicle length change of the human tibialis anterior and vastus lateralis during walking.

STUDY DESIGN A single-group descriptive experimental design. OBJECTIVES To determine the fascicle length change in the tibialis anterior (TA) and the vastus lateralis (VL) muscles during walking. BACKGROUND The length of the muscle fibers during isometric actions and during dynamic functional activities is affected by the compliance of the tendon and aponeurosis. The TA and VL muscles have important functions both in stance and swing phases of gait. Therefore, it is important to understand the dynamics of the muscle length change as it relates to the type of muscle actions in walking. METHODS AND MEASURES Nine healthy subjects performed treadmill walking while fascicle length, muscle activity (electromyographic signal), and joint angle (knee and ankle) were recorded. Fascicle length was measured using real-time ultrasound imaging. Fascicle length and joint angle during the gait cycle were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS During the initial portion of stance, when the TA and VL muscles were active, the ankle plantar flexed and the knee joint flexed, suggesting muscle-tendon complex lengthening, but the fascicle length of both muscles remained constant (TA, P = .93; VL, P = .22). The TA muscle was again active during the initial portion of swing phase, while the ankle dorsiflexed, and the fascicle length decreased (P < .05). The VL muscle became active again at the end of swing as the knee extended, and the fascicle length decreased (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The lack of change in fascicle length during the initial portions of stance phase suggests a nearly isometric muscle action of the TA and VL. There is a possible interaction occurring between the fascicle and tendon in the TA and VL such that the tendon lengthens to allow joint motion and potentially to store elastic energy.
Relationship between physical activity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease among law enforcement officers.

This investigation examined the associations between exercise habits, measures of physical fitness, and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk (CVD10, expressed as %) among 470 law enforcement officers of differing ages (range = 21 to 63 y). Only 32% of this group exercised regularly (> or = 3 days/week, > or = 20 min/session, > or = preceding 4 weeks). Only exercising subjects > 48 years old exhibited a significantly (P < .01) lower 10-year risk of a CVD event than their inactive peers (12.2 +/- 5.6 vs 16.3 +/- 6.9%, mean +/- SD). At all ages, the peak oxygen consumption per unit time was higher (50.1 +/- 6.7 vs 44.8 +/- 6.1 mL.kg-1.min-1) in the exercising than in the nonexercising group. Exercising subjects < or = 36 years old were significantly (P < .05) leaner than nonexercisers (16.3 +/- 5.5 vs 19.6 +/- 5.5% body fat, respectively) and had greater muscular endurance (45 +/- 9 vs 40 +/- 9 60-s sit-ups, respectively). These data suggest that exercise reduces CVD risk by modifying major CVD risk factors only in law enforcement officers > 48 years old.
Implementation and assessment of the automatic question generation module

Automated Question Generation is a key component of intelligent tutorial systems. This system combines several distinct tools from very different areas of information technology, among other clustering and classification units. The developed prototype system was tested in a real application with high-school students. The performed tests show that the automatically generated questions are as good as the manually constructed tests.
Fetomaternal Trafficking in the Mouse Increases as Delivery Approaches and Is Highest in the Maternal Lung1

Abstract The purpose of the study was to understand in more detail the natural history of fetomaternal cell trafficking in healthy pregnant mice. Our goal was to identify the best target organs and days during pregnancy for further mechanistic studies of the role of fetal cells in maternal disease and injury. C57BL/6J wild-type virgin females (n = 54) were mated with congenic enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic males. During pregnancy and after delivery, female mice were euthanized, and eight organs and blood were analyzed for the presence of fetal GFP+ cells with flow cytometry and real-time quantitative PCR. Maternal lungs, liver, and spleen were also analyzed by fluorescent stereomicroscopy. Fetal GFP+ cells were first found at low frequency at Embryonic Day 11, increased to a maximum at Embryonic Day 19, and decreased rapidly postpartum. These fetal cell dynamics were significantly reproducible among all mice studied. In addition, there was a consistent distribution of fetal cells within maternal organs, with lung, liver, blood, and spleen having the greatest concentrations; these were highly correlated at all time points (P < 0.0001). Maternal lung contained 10- to 100-fold more fetal cells than any other organ, and using all three techniques, the number of fetal cells detected was the most consistent and reproducible in this organ. Stereomicroscopy showed that within the lung, fetal cells were widely and apparently randomly distributed. Using a murine model, our data demonstrate that fetomaternal cellular trafficking occurs in reproducible patterns, is maximal near term delivery, and has predilection for the maternal lung.
INFLUENCE OF REACTION TEMPERATURE AND REACTION TIME ON PRODUCT FROM HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT OF BIOMASS RESIDUE

Thailand is facing with problems associated with biomass residue such as palm oil residues (oil palm trunks, oil palm fronds, empty fruit bunches, shells and fibers). Biomass is promising source for the production of an array of energy-related produts including, liquid, solid and gaseous fuels, heat, chemicals electricity and other materials. Therefore, the use of biomass for energy is not still fully utilization due to the high moisture content, lower heating value of the energy unit or low bulk density and the problems withtar. While Thailand has high potential because the reisa lot of biomass that has not been utilizedfor example biomass residues from palm oil industry. About 2 million tons of empty fruit bunches in Thailand have great potential. This amount will continue increase with the rapid growth in the Thailand, the largest crude palm oil producer in the world. This amount will continue increase with the rapid growth in the Thailand palm oil industry. Therefore, a better method to manage such biomass residues is highly desired. One of the potential ways for alternative utilization of biomass is thermo-chemical process. Hydrothermal treatment is a process for making a homogenizinged, carbon rich and energy-dense solid fuel, called hydrochar. The objective of the study was to identify the effect of reaction temperature and reaction time for hydrothermal treatment of Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB). Influence of temperature 100°C, 150°C and 200°C for 30 to 90 min) and active biogas process on 1.00-15.538 bars, within 1,000 mL stainless steel 316 batch-type reactor with a stirrer and there is an automatic temperature controller. Results showed that the highest chemical and physical properties of hydrochar product was achieved when operated on 200°C for 90 min. Maximum heating value was found that 5678 cal/g for EFB9. The result showed that the chemical and physical properties increased progressively with higher temperature. The results was indicated that hydro char product of 200°C (EFB3, EFB 6 and EFB9) had higher decomposed hemicellose than other product, there were in the range from 76.28 to 81.41%. While hydrochar product of 200°C (EFB3, EFB 6 and EFB9) had increased cellulose about 57.09 to 59.14%. Both time and temperature influence product characteristics, temperature remains the decisive process parameter. Due to there was decreasing polarity and increasing temperature. It should be noted that a manipulation of the water pH has a significant impact on the reaction mechanism of cellulose and hemicellulose in water. Therefore, temperature of hydrothermal treatment can be used effectively as an operating strategy to hydrochar production.
Secure Storage and Retrieval of Data without Original Files in Cloud Architectures Subtitle as needed

When a client uses the service which is offered by cloud storage providers, he might worry about how to retrieve their original files securely. Relieving client's storage burden and successfully retrieving data on demand are the ultimate purposes of cloud storage service. To achieve the above two aims, in this paper we propose a specific way to store and retrieve the out stored data in cloud storage. We utilize an efficient publicly verifiable secret sharing (PVSS) scheme to divide the file into multiple parts and store them among a group of servers, then using the recovery algorithm in PVSS, the users can retrieve their stored files successfully from any k qualified servers without the need of holding original file. Thus, the storage burden of the user is relieved much. And we show that the security of the protocol is closely related to the computational Diffie-Hellman problem.
Analysis of medium-voltage DC and AC supply for klystron accelerators at the European Spallation source

The European Spallation Source is a planned research facility in Lund-Sweden for scientific research using particle accelerators. In the facility protons will be accelerated in a pulsed pattern and collide with a heavy metal target. Due to the impact of the protons intense pulses of neutrons are emitted. These neutrons are led to experimental stations, where research on materials is executed. A total power of 25-40 MW will be needed when the beam is in operation. Because the linear accelerator beams the protons in a 14 Hz pulse pattern flicker and other distortion may impact on the transmission grid. In the following paper the focus lies on converters and control design to lower the grid impact. The internal grid is analyzed to improve the availability. Finally ac- and dc-distribution grids are compared.
SDEM: a supplier diversity initiative as a vehicle for supply-chain learning

This article has its origins in research indicating the promise supplier diversity programmes hold in empowering ethnic minority enterprises to achieve breakout to mainstream markets and business growth. From a realist evaluation perspective it reports on the first phase of SDEM (Supplier Development East Midlands), which is an initiative to this end. In so doing, both empirical and theoretical development of the SCL (Supply Chain Learning) thread is attempted. By adopting an inter-organisational action learning approach, we delineated some of the key attributes of the programme, focusing on the recurrent action-reflection cycle taking place in a learning group comprising SDEM, LPOs (Large Purchasing Organisations) and small EMSs (Ethnic Minority Suppliers).