Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ecological validity of a simplified version of the multiple errands shopping test

Abstract Shallice and Burgess (1991) reported the utility of the Multiple Errands Test (MET) in discriminating executive deficits in three frontal lobe patients with preserved high IQ, who were otherwise unimpaired on tests of executive function. The aim of this study was to ascertain the value of a simplified version of the MET (MET–SV) for use with the range of people more routinely encountered in clinical practice. Main findings were as follows: 1) The test discriminated well between neurological patients and controls, and the group effects remained when the difference in current general cognitive functions (WAIS–R FSIQ) was taken into account. 2) The best predictors of performance in the healthy control group (n = 46) were age and the number of times participants asked for help (with more requests associated with poorer performance). 3) In the neurological group, two clear patterns of failure emerged, with performance either characterized by rule breaking or failure to achieve tasks. These two patterns were associated with different dysexecutive symptoms in everyday life. 4) The patients not only made more errors than controls, but also different ones. A scoring method that took this into account markedly increased test sensitivity. 5) Many patients passed traditional tests of executive frontal lobe function but still failed the MET–SV. This pattern was strongly associated with observed dysexecutive symptoms in everyday life. The results demonstrate the clinical utility of the test, and suggest that there are two common and independent sources of failure on multitasking tests in a general neurological population: memory dysfunction, and initiation problems. (JINS, 2003, 9, 31–44.)
Photodynamic therapy and diagnostic measurements of basal cell carcinomas using esterified and non-esterified delta-aminolevulinic acid

Various optical techniques were used to investigate relevant parameters involved in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of human basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). The aim of the study was to compare the diagnostic and therapeutic outcome when using topically applied methyl-esterified delta -aminolevulinic acid (ALA-ME) and delta -aminolevulinic acid (ALA). A total of 35 pathologically verified BCCs in 14 patients were investigated. A diode laser. emitting continuous light at 633 nm, was used to induce PDT. The diagnostic measurements were performed before, during, and after PDT. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) was used to monitor the build-up of the ALA/ALA-ME-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), The superficial tissue perfusion was measured with laser-Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) and the temperature of the lesion and the surrounding tissue was imaged with an IR-camera. A clear demarcation between the lesion and the normal skin was detected with LIF before the treatment for both PpIX precursors. The fluorescence measurements suggest that PpIX builds up to a higher degree and more selectively in the tumour following ALA-ME as compared to ALA. The LDPI measurements indicate a local transient restriction in blood perfusion immediately post-PDT. The measurement with the IR-camera revealed a temperature rise of about 1-2 degreesC during the treatment. (Less)
Japhug

This paper focuses on the Japhug language (local name /kɯrɯ skɤt/) of Kamnyu village (/kɤmɲɯ/, Chinese Ganmuniao 干木鸟) in Gdongbrgyad area (/ʁdɯrɟɤt/, Chinese Longerjia 龙尔甲), Mbarkhams county (Chinese Maerkang 马尔康), Rngaba prefecture, Sichuan province, China. Japhug belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family, and is one of the four Rgyalrong languages, alongside Tshobdun, Zbu and Situ.
The Eckert–Weise effect and energy separation under the flow interference behind side-by-side cylinders

Abstract The total enthalpy of a uniform flow is redistributed behind a thermally insulated body such that a considerable cooling of fluid in terms of total temperature occurs near the wake centreline. This energy separation phenomenon is also observed after time averaging and can lead to the recovery temperature at the rear part of the body becoming lower than the static temperature of the incoming flow (the Eckert–Weise effect). By the numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes equations, the present work studies energy separation in the wake, the Eckert–Weise effect and their sensitivity on the flow interference behind side-by-side cylinders. The considered distances between the cylinders cover the key regimes of interference: single, bistable and coupled vortex streets. The first and second regimes amplify the efficiency of energy separation in the wake and the intensity of the Eckert–Weise effect, respectively. In the developed wake, a clear relation between the vortex structure and the total enthalpy redistribution is demonstrated as well as a limitation on the intensity of this redistribution imposed by the deficit of velocity. The connection of the Eckert–Weise effect with the vortex formation process is clarified. Among the mechanisms changing the total enthalpy in fluid particles, the non-stationarity of pressure defines the averaged distribution: the decrease of pressure in forming vortices is mainly responsible for the cooling of fluid behind the body. The balance with the heating of the rear surface by the involvement of fluid from the sides defines the intensity of the effect.
Optimizing Hydrocortisone Concentration for Skeletal Muscles Differentiation of ADSCs on PLLA Nano-Scaffolds

Skeletal muscle is a highly differentiated tissue with very specific functions which has low potential of regeneration. Skeletal muscle injuries especially in athletes almost have lead to muscular dysfunctions and healing may be prolonged for several years. Therefore, working on skeletal muscle differentiation remained an importance in biomedical researches. Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) are novel source of mesenchymal stem cells which are an excellent alternative for satellite cells in in-vitro skeletal muscle differentiation. Differentiation potential of ADSCs on both tissue culture plate (TCP) and also on Poly l-lactide acid (PLLA) electrospun fibrous nano-scaffold which now is widely used at tissue engineering investigations has studied in this research. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Tensile test were performed for evaluating scaffold properties. Hydrocortisone has considered a critical factors for skeletal muscle differentiation while, the recommended concentrations of it for inducing myogenesis in stem cells is yet discussing. Statistical analysis of our results from colorimetric MTT assay for various concentrations of hydrocortisone showed that the concentration of 10 -7 mol/L is the optimum dose for myogenic differentiation of murine ADSCs which was used on both TCP and PLLA scaffolds and skeletal myosin fiber formations was confirmed with immunocytochemistry. DAPI staining proved myocytes nuclei and syncytium formations. Our results also showed that ADSCs and PLLA nano-scaffolds are the suitable biomaterials for engineering skeletal muscle tissue.
TIME-RESOLVED SPECTRAL INVESTIGATION OF BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL A AND ITS TRANSMETALATED DERIVATIVES ZN-BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL A AND PD-BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL A

The lowest excited singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) states of bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl) and its central metal derivatives [Zn]- and [Pd]- BChl were investigated by femtosecond time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. In contrast to previously reported dynamic solvation effects on the picosecond time scale for BChl, no short kinetic components were observed for BChl and [Zn]-BChl provided that photochemical transformations of the pigments caused by multiple excitation are avoided. The S1 lifetimes of 2.6 ns, 2.1 ns, and 65 ps for BChl, [Zn]-BChl and [Pd]-BChl, respectively, are dominated by intersystem crossing (ISC) to the triplet state T1. The respective triplet quantum yields amount to 76%, 85%, and >99%. The data support that [Pd]-BChl is a highly efficient photosensitizer for photodynamic tumor therapy.
Practical gyrokinetics

Thousands of gyrokinetic papers have been published since the introduction of the gyrokinetic change of variables. The intent here is not to review the field, but rather the goal is to present a tutorial providing insight into why gyrokinetics is an appropriate description of turbulent transport. The focus is on turbulent transport in axisymmetric tokamaks, but many of the ideas and techniques are applicable to stellarators and other magnetic fusion devices with nested surfaces of constant pressure. Besides the origins of gyrokinetics and recent insights, gyrokinetic orderings and gyrokinetic variables are summarized. Then a compact, but careful, derivation of the simplest electrostatic gyrokinetic equation for tokamaks is presented, along with a brief mention of gyrokinetics for stellarators. The advantages of assuming scale separation between the finer spatial scales and faster time variation of the turbulence and the global behaviour and slow temporal evolution of the background are stressed. Moreover, the procedure for removing the adiabatic or Maxwell–Boltzmann response is emphasized. Scale separation allows the near Maxwellian behaviour of the background and the rapid variation of the turbulence to be described by separate, local gyrokinetic equations. The turbulent fluctuations are found by solving the nonlinear gyrokinetic equation for the non-adiabatic portion of the fluctuating distribution function. Also, generalizations of the gyrokinetic equation so that it retains electromagnetic and flow modifications are considered in detail along with some symmetry properties. In addition, ambipolarity, particle transport and heat transport are addressed, along with a discussion of the complications associated with describing momentum transport and profile evolution.
Azerbaijani

The Azerbaijani, Azerbaijanian or Azeri language belongs to the western group of the southwestern, or Oghuz, branch of the Turkic language family and is mainly spoken in Azerbaijan and Iran. Azerbaijani is the official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan and over 80% of its population use it as their first language (Johanson 2010). Among non-Persian languages in Iran, Azerbaijani, with approximately 15–20 million native speakers, has the largest number of speakers (Crystal 2010). In total, more than 50 million people speak Azerbaijani (Khalilzadeh 2013).
Is there disproportionate impairment in semantic or phonemic fluency in schizophrenia?

Abstract Phonemic and semantic fluency involve the capacity to generate words beginning with particular letters or belonging to particular categories, respectively. The former has been associated with frontal lobe function and the latter with temporoparietal function, but neuroimaging studies indicate overlap of underlying neural networks. Schizophrenia patients may experience disproportionate semantic fluency impairment owing to abnormal semantic organization; however, executive dysfunction in schizophrenia suggests possible disproportionate phonemic fluency impairment. Moreover, little is known about the diagnostic specificity of either verbal fluency deficit to schizophrenia or their stability over time. We examined 83 schizophrenia patients, 15 bipolar disorder patients, and 83 normal controls. Both fluency types were impaired in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia patients as a whole manifested disproportionate semantic fluency impairment relative to bipolar disorder patients, but only a subset of schizophrenia patients manifested disproportionate semantic fluency impairment relative to controls. Few characteristics, except to some extent paranoid-nonparanoid subtype, meaningfully differentiated schizophrenia patients with and without this disproportionate impairment. Verbal fluency measures were moderately stable over a 4-year period in schizophrenia patients and controls (.48 < rs < .79). These results mirror a literature that overall suggests a small degree of disproportionate semantic fluency impairment in schizophrenia, but also some heterogeneity in fluency deficits. (JINS, 2003, 9, 79–88.)
Natural sepiolite: Enthalpies of dehydration, dehydroxylation, and formation derived from thermochemical studies

Abstract Sepiolite is widely used in various fields due to its unique colloidal-rheological and physicochemical properties. The first experimental thermochemical study of natural sepiolite Mg8Si12O30(OH)4(H2O)4·nH2O from Akkermanovskoe field (Southern Ural, Russia) was performed utilizing the high-temperature heat-flux Tian-Calvet microcalorimeter. X-ray powder diffraction, thermal analysis, and FTIR spectroscopy methods were used to characterize sepiolite. Processes of dehydration, dehydroxylation, and various water types’ removal enthalpies were studied using thermochemical methods. The values of Ddehydr.H0(298.15 K) of adsorbed, zeolitic, and bound water calculated per 1 mol of released H2O, were as follows: 15 ± 4, 28 ± 8, and 39 ± 15 kJ/mol, respectively. The enthalpy of dehydroxylation of sepiolite was found as 145 ± 14 kJ/(mol H2O). Obtained data point at different binding strengths of water in the structure of sepiolite. The enthalpies of formation from the elements ΔH0f (298.15 K) were derived by melt solution calorimetry for sepiolite with various content of different water types: -18 773 ± 28 kJ/mol for Mg8Si12O30(OH)4(H2O)4·4H2O and -16 426 ± 21 kJ/mol for Mg8Si12O30(OH)4(H2O)4
Monitoring of bacterial community changes in leachate and wetland soil using T‐RFLP analysis

The removal of toxic materials in municipal solid waste (MSW) can be carried out within both bioreactors and constructed wetlands. In this study, the microbial community was analysed to monitor populations related to leachate. Wetland soil samples of two landfill sites were analysed and the microbial communities were compared during organic matter removal processes. The extracted DNA was amplified using FAM63F and HEX518R primers and T‐RFLP analysis was carried on with AluI digested terminal fragments. The bacterial populations of the wetland soil from Bury and Beccles landfill sites were absolutely dissimilar in the beginning of the treatment processes. But after four weeks of treatment the similarity was 45%. These community shifts can explain the effect of leachate on bacterial population. The T‐RFLP electropherograms indicated that the bacterial population of the bioreactor was very similar to the constructed wetland’s population in recent samples. The similarity within both sites might increase as the treatment process continues.
SOME INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF BUSINESS CYCLES: NEISSER, HABERLER, AND MODERN OPEN ECONOMY MACROECONOMICS

Despite the transnational character of the Great Depression, there are few works in the interwar literature that deal with the propagation of business cycles across national borders and systemic risks of depression in the world economy. Two notable exceptions are Hans Neisser’s Some International Aspects of the Business Cycle (1936) and chapter 12 in Gottfried Haberler’s Prosperity and Depression ([1937] 1964), which carries the heading “International Aspects of Business Cycles. ” Both works differ substantially from each other and from the modern way of thinking about international business cycles in open economy macroeconomics. Haberler’s and Neisser’s approaches help to identify relevant issues that have been lost from sight in modern open economy macroeconomics.
Left hippocampal volume loss in Alzheimer's disease is reflected in performance on odor identification: A structural MRI study

Abstract The very high sensitivity and specificity of odor identification tasks in discriminating between Alzheimer's patients and normals suggests that they reflect the presence of underlying neuropathology. Significant neuropathological changes are seen in areas critical to processing olfactory information, even in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The current study was designed to investigate whether performance on olfactory tasks (odor threshold and odor identification) was related to volumetric MRI measures of mesial temporal areas central to olfactory information processing and important in the neuropathology of AD. Participants were 8 male and 5 female patients with probable AD, and 10 male and 12 female normal age-matched controls, diagnosed at the UCSD Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. The study investigated correlations between volumetric measures of hippocampus, the parahippocampal gyrus and the amygdala, and the psychophysical measures of olfactory function. Robust relationships were observed between mesial temporal lobe volumes and olfactory functional measures. The finding of a strong relationship between left hippocampal volume and performance on the odor identification task (r = .85) is compatible with a left-hemisphere superiority for verbally mediated olfactory tasks. The findings suggest a neural substrate for the breakdown in functional performance on verbally mediated odor identification tasks in Alzheimer's disease and suggest the utility of quantitative MRI measures and psychophysical performance in the assessment of AD. These results support the potential clinical utility of inclusion of odor identification tests in diagnostic batteries for detecting AD. (JINS, 2003, 9, 459–471.)
Collisional energy transfer, intramolecular vibrational relaxation and unimolecular reactions

Experiments on (a) association reactions at very high pressures and (b) vibrational relaxation between species capable of forming a strong chemical bond have confirmed the hypothesis that, for the same chemical system, these two rates are essentially the same, both reflecting the rate of formation of collision complexes. The results of these measurements are reviewed. Subsequently, cases are discussed where the attraction between the collision partners is less strong. In these cases, it seems that the vibrational relaxation rate corresponds to a lower limit for complex formation, as complexes formed in collisions involving a vibrationally excited species may redissociate before intramolecular vibrational relaxation within the complex randomises the energy located in the initially excited vibration. A number of examples, CH+N2, NO+NO2, NO+NO, several ion–molecule systems and several involving OH and unsaturated molecules, where this behaviour seems to be occurring are discussed. It is emphasised that, whether or not the limiting, ‘strong attraction’, behaviour is observed will depend on the energy of the colliding species and therefore, in thermal experiments, on temperature. Finally, some consideration is given to the state-to-state aspects of vibrational energy transfer in collisions proceeding via collision complexes.
Co‐gasification performance of coal and petroleum coke blends in a pilot‐scale pressurized entrained‐flow gasifier

Co‐gasification performance of coal and petroleum coke (petcoke) blends in a pilot‐scale pressurized entrained‐flow gasifier was studied experimentally. Two different coals, including a subbituminous coal (Coal A) and a bituminous coal (Coal B), individually blended with a petcoke in the gasifier were considered. The experimental results suggested that, when the petcoke was mixed with Coal A over 70%, the slagging problem, which could shorten the operational period due to high ash content in the coal, was improved. It was found that increasing O2/C tended to decrease the syngas concentration and better operational conditions of O2/C were between 0.6 and 0.65 Nm3 kg−1. For the blends of Coal B and the petcoke, the slagging problem was encountered no more, as a result of low ash content in both Coal B and the petcoke. The better co‐gasification performance could be achieved if the blending ratio of the two fuels was 50%, perhaps resulting from the synergistic effect of the blends. With the aforementioned blending ratio, the optimal condition of O2/C was located at around 0.65 Nm3 kg−1. The co‐gasification was also simulated using Aspen Plus. It revealed that the simulation could provide a useful insight into the practical operation of co‐gasification. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of high-yield Si microdiaphragms using electrochemical etch stop in TMAH/IPA/pyrazine solution

This paper presents the fabrication of high-yield Si micro- diaphragms using electrochemical etch-stop method in TMAH/IPA/pyrazine solution. When IPA was added TMAH solution, the flatness of etching front is improved and undercutting is reduced, but the etch rate of (100) Si is decreased. The (100) Si etch rate is improved with addition of pyrazine. The (100) Si etch rate of 0.8/min which is faster by 13 percent than pure TMAH 20 wt percent solution is obtained using TMAH 20 wt percent/pyrazine 0.5 g and the etch rate of (100) Si is decreased with more additive quantity of pyrazine. Addition of pyrazine to TMAH 25 wt percent solution, the flatness variations of etching front is not observed and undercutting ratio is reduced about 30- 50 percent. Addition of pyrazine to TMAH increases the etch ratio f(100) Si, thus the elapsed time for etch-stop was shortened. I-V curves of n- and p-type Si in TMAH/IPA/pyrazine solution were obtained. OCP and PP of n- and p-type Si were also obtained, and applied potential was selected between n- and p-type Si's PP. 801 Si micro- diaphragms having 20 thick were fabricated on 5 inch Si wafer using electrochemical etch-stop method in TMAH/IPA/pyrazine solution. The average thicknesses of micro-diaphragms were 20.03 and standard deviation was +/- 0.26.
One-electron redox potentials of RSSR+˙–RSSR couples from dimethyl disulphide and lipoic acid

One-electron redox potentials have been measured for three (RSSR)+˙/RSSR couples by reference to (SCN)2–˙/2 SCN– and/or I2–˙/2 I– in pulse radiolysis experiments: E°(CH3SSCH3+˙/CH3SSCH3)+(1.391 ± 0.003) V; E°[lip(SS)COOH+˙/lip(SS)COOH]+(1.13 ± 0.01) V; and E°[lip(SS)COO–+˙/lip(SS)COO–]+(1.10 ± 0.01) V [lip(SS)= lipoic acid]. The paper also includes equilibrium constants for the underlying RSSR + X2–˙⇄ RSSR+˙+ 2 X– equilibria (X = SCN or I), and rate constants for the respective back and/or forward reactions. The results are discussed in the light of structural considerations and in relation to other redox couples involving sulphur-centred radical species.
Phytochemicals With Anti 5-alpha-reductase Activity: A Prospective For Prostate Cancer Treatment

Prostate cancer (CaP) is one of the leading causes of death in men worldwide. Much attention has been given on its prevention and treatment strategies, including targeting the regulation of 5-alpha-Reductase (5αR) enzyme activity, aimed to limit the progression of CaP by inhibiting the conversion of potent androgen dihydrotestosterone from testosterone that is thought to play a role in pathogenesis of CaP, by using the 5-alpha-Reductase inhibitors (5αRis) such as finasteride and dutasteride. However, 5αRis are reported to exhibit numerous adverse side effects, for instance erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory dysfunction and loss of libido. This has led to a surge of interest on plant-derived alternatives that might offer favourable side effects and less toxic profiles. Phytochemicals from plants are shown to exhibit numerous medicinal properties in various studies targeting many major illnesses including CaP. Therefore, in this review, we aim to discuss the use of phytochemicals namely phytosterols, polyphenols and fatty acids, found in various plants with proven anti-CaP properties, as an alternative herbal CaP medicines as well as to outline their inhibitory activities on 5αRs isozymes based on their structural similarities with current 5αRis as part of CaP treatment approaches.