Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decoupling malicious Interests from Pending Interest Table to mitigate Interest Flooding Attacks

Named Data Networking (NDN) is a clean slate Internet paradigm that embeds some security primitives in its original design, which is being considered as one of the promising candidates for next-generation Internet architecture. However, it may suffer from some emerging threats such as Interest Flooding Attacks (IFA), which means corresponding security management mechanisms need to be designed to improve its security. In this paper, we focus on the IFA that can severely consume the memory resource for the Pending Interest Table (PIT) of each involved NDN router by flooding large amount of malicious Interests with spoofed names. To loosen the stress of PIT attacked by IFA, we propose an approach called Disabling PIT Exhaustion (DPE) to divert all the malicious Interests out of PIT, by directly recording their state information (e.g., incoming interface) in the name of each malicious Interest rather than PIT, as well as introducing a packet marking scheme to enable Data packet forwarding without the help of PIT. DPE can be considered as a security management mechanism for the emerging NDN architecture, which aims at reducing memory resource consumption for each NDN router. Moreover, we present an in-depth evaluation on DPE, via extensive simulations under realistic users' behavior model. Simulation results show DPE can significantly mitigate the damage effect of IFA on exhausting PIT's memory resource. To the best of our knowledge, DPE is the first attempt to design a security management mechanism embedding with the idea “decoupling malicious Interests from PIT” to counter IFA.
A turn by turn photon beam profile observation by a laser beam saturated photodiode

A fast photodiode was demonstrated to be able to extract the turn by turn photon beam profile information of electron storage rings if the photodiode was operated at the saturated region. When applied this method to a 1.3 GeV synchrotron light source with 200 mA beam current, the synchrotron radiation intensity is not intense enough to saturate the photodiode. To apply this method to the type of light source as previously mentioned, a flat-top laser beam was constructed to saturate the photodiode. The theory and the preliminary experimental results are presented and discussed.
Contribution of the Kir3.1 Subunit to the Muscarinic-gated Atrial Potassium Channel IKACh *

The muscarinic-gated atrial potassium (IKACh) channel contributes to the heart rate decrease triggered by the parasympathetic nervous system. IKACh is a heteromultimeric complex formed by Kir3.1 and Kir3.4 subunits, although Kir3.4 homomultimers have also been proposed to contribute to this conductance. While Kir3.4 homomultimers evince many properties of IKACh, the contribution of Kir3.1 to IKACh is less well understood. Here, we explored the significance of Kir3.1 using knock-out mice. Kir3.1 knock-out mice were viable and appeared normal. The loss of Kir3.1 did not affect the level of atrial Kir3.4 protein but was correlated with a loss of carbachol-induced current in atrial myocytes. Low level channel activity resembling recombinant Kir3.4 homomultimers was observed in 40% of the cell-attached patches from Kir3.1 knock-out myocytes. Channel activity typically ran down quickly, however, and was not recovered in the inside-out configuration despite the addition of GTP and ATP to the bath. Both Kir3.1 knock-out and Kir3.4 knock-out mice exhibited mild resting tachycardias and blunted responses to pharmacological manipulation intended to activate IKACh. We conclude that Kir3.1 confers properties to IKAChthat enhance channel activity and that Kir3.4 homomultimers do not contribute significantly to the muscarinic-gated potassium current.
Electromagnetic Shielding Performance for a 2.5 Gb/s Plastic Transceiver Module Using Dispersive Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes

Electromagnetic (EM) shielding performance for a plastic composite by employing polyimide-based dispersive multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is presented. A well-dispersed MWCNT composite offers a higher electrical conductivity with a lower weight percentage of MWCNTs. The dispersive MWCNT composites with their high shielding effectiveness (SE) are suitable for packaging low-cost optical transceiver modules used in fiber to the home (FTTH) lightwave transmission systems.
Human dendritic cells infected by Listeria monocytogenes: induction of maturation, requirements for phagolysosomal escape and antigen presentation capacity

An important feature of microbial infections is the ability of the microorganisms to interfere with and modulate the induction of host immune reactions. However, little is known about the effects of broad host range pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes on similar cell types in different hosts. Here we examine the effects of the human and animal pathogen L. monocytogenes on human dendritic cells (DC) since this type of cells is essential for the initiation of immune responses. Listeria are phagocytosed efficiently by immature human DC and the bacteria escape from the phagolysosome quickly. Lack of the pore‐forming activity of listeriolysin, which was found to be essential for the vacuolar escape of this bacterium in other cell types, retarded but did not prevent egress from the vacuole. Treatment of cultures of immature DC with L. monocytogenes resulted in rapid changes in morphology and cellular constitution followed by maturation of the DC. This could be judged by the appearance of maturation‐specific cell surface markers. Antigen presentation to CD4 T cells was apparently not impaired by the infection. These results are in clear contrast to results obtained previously in the mouse system (Guzman et al., Mol. Microbiol. 1996. 20: 119 – 126; Darji et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 1997. 27: 1696 – 1703.).
Unipolar assembly of zinc oxide rods manifesting polarity-driven collective luminescence

Oriented assemblies of small crystals forming larger structures are common in nature and crucial for forthcoming technologies as they circumvent the difficulties of structural manipulation at microscopic scale. We have discovered two distinctive concentric assemblies of zinc oxide rods, wherein each rod has an intrinsically positive and a negative polar end induced by the noncentrosymmetric arrangement of Zn and O atoms. All the rods in a single assembly emanate out of a central core maintaining a single polar direction. Due to growth along the two polar surfaces with different atomic arrangements, these assemblies are distinct in their intrinsic properties and exhibit strong UV luminescence in the exterior of Zn-polar assemblies, unlike the O-polar assemblies. Although novel applications can be envisioned, these observations suggest that hierarchical organization with respect to internal asymmetry might be widespread in natural crystal assemblies.
Prospective evaluation of MR arthrography performed with high-volume intraarticular saline enhancement in patients with recurrent anterior dislocations of the shoulder.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of high-volume saline-enhanced MR arthrography in assessing the labrum, the ligaments, and the bony components of the glenohumeral joint. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty-four patients with recurrent anterior dislocations of the shoulder underwent MR arthrography after intraarticular injection of 15-40 ml of saline solution. Two-dimensional fast low-angle shot and T1-weighted spin-echo sequences were prospectively evaluated by two observers. Anterior (Bankart) lesions, superior labral lesions extending from anterior to posterior, and Hill-Sachs lesions were diagnosed. Glenohumeral ligaments (GHLs) were identified and classified using a standard system. MR imaging results were compared with those of arthroscopy (n = 32) or open surgery (n = 12), either of which was the gold standard. RESULTS Bankart lesions and superior labral lesions extending from anterior to posterior were revealed with a sensitivity of 93% and 89%, respectively, and a specificity of 80% and 89%, respectively. Diagnostic accuracy was 89% for both types of lesions. All six patients with bony Bankart lesions had high fat-marrow signal intensity within the fragment on T1-weighted MR images. For GHLs, MR imaging results and arthroscopy correlated in 25 of the 31 patients. In three patients all three GHLs were visible on MR imaging, but only two GHLs were detected with arthroscopy. In three patients two GHLs were detected on MR imaging but all three were visible on arthroscopy. Hill-Sachs lesions were revealed with a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 50%, and an accuracy of 81%. CONCLUSION High-volume saline-enhanced MR arthrography is accurate in revealing the labrum, the ligaments, and the bony components of the glenohumeral joint Saline solution is inert and inexpensive, two advantages over gadopentetate dimeglumine.
EVOLVING A TEAM IN A FIRST-PERSON SHOOTER GAME BY USING A GENETIC ALGORITHM

Evolving game agents in a first-person shooter game is important to game developers and players. Choosing a proper set of parameters in a multiplayer game is not a straightforward process because consideration must be given to a large number of parameters, and therefore requires effort and thorough knowledge of the game. Thus, numerous artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are applied in the designing of game characters’ behaviors. This study applied a genetic algorithm to evolve a team in the mode of One Flag CTF in Quake III Arena to behave intelligently. The source code of the team AI is modified, and the progress of the game is represented as a finite state machine. A fitness function is used to evaluate the effect of a team's tactics in certain circumstances during the game. The team as a whole evolves intelligently, and consequently, effective strategies are discovered and applied in various situations. The experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed evolution method is capable of evolving a team's behaviors and optimizing the commands in a shooter game. The evolution strategy enhances the original game AI and assists game designers in tuning the parameters more effectively. In addition, this adaptive capability increases the variety of a game and makes gameplay more interesting and challenging.
Evaluating the Influence of Country-Related Pictures on the Perception of a Foreign Online Store

SUMMARY The sense of presence, that is, the sense of the website being psychologically transported to the consumer, has been identiﬁed as an important factor for bringing back the feeling of sociability and physicality that is lost in online shopping. Previous research has investigated how visual content in the design can inﬂuence the sense of presence in a website, but the focus has been limited to the domestic electronic commerce context. In this paper, we conduct an experimental study in a cross-border electronic commerce context to evaluate the e ﬀ ect of country-related pictures on the perception of country presence, visual appeal and trust in a foreign online store. Two experimental conditions were considered: country-related pictures and generic pictures, each one evaluated for Thai and Singaporean websites. It was hypothesized that country-related content in pictures included in the design of the foreign online store would result in a higher level of country presence, and that this would in turn result in higher visual appeal and trust in the website. We conducted a survey among Japanese online consumers, with a total of 1991 participants obtained. The subjects were randomly assigned into four groups corresponding to the combination of country-of-origin of the website and picture condition. We used structural equation modeling in order to analyze the proposed hypotheses. The results showed that for both the Thai and Singaporean websites, country-related pictures resulted in higher country presence, and visual appeal was positively inﬂuenced by this increase in country presence. However, country presence did not have a direct e ﬀ ect on trust; this e ﬀ ect was completely mediated by visual appeal. We discuss these results and their implications for cross-border electronic commerce. key
Bank Credit, Liquidity Shocks and Firm Performance: Evidence from the Financial Crisis of 2007-2009

This paper provides evidence about the transmission of banking sector problems to the real sector, and examines the impact of bank credit supply frictions on firm performance. I exploit differences in the composition of banks' liabilities structure during the financial crisis of 2007-2009 as a source of exogenous variation in the availability of bank credit to nonfinancial firms, in order to identify the causal relationship between bank credit supply and firm performance, measured by firms' stock returns. My evidence indicates that banking relationships are important for firms. Firms whose banks relied more on core deposit financing had a lower decline in bank credit during the crisis than those whose banks were mainly financed by noncore sources of funding. I document a positive relationship between changes in bank credit and firms' stock returns during the crisis: a one standard deviation decline in bank credit to a firm causes a stock return reduction of 3.5 percentage points, while firms that had lending relationships with healthier banks had a lower decline in bank credit and thereby lower reductions in their stock returns during the crisis.
Control of Spatial and Temporal Fidelity with Adaptive Sampling

Balancing the trade off between the spatial and temporal quality of interactive computer graphics imagery is one of the fundamental design challenges in the construction of rendering systems. Inexpensive interactive rendering hardware may deliver a high level of temporal performance if the level of spatial image quality is sufficiently constrained. In these cases, the spatial fidelity level is an independent parameter of the system and temporal performance is a dependent variable. The spatial quality parameter is selected for the system by the designer based on the anticipated graphics workload. Interactive ray tracing is one example; the algorithm is often selected due to its ability to deliver a high level of spatial fidelity, and the relatively lower level of temporal performance is readily accepted. This dissertation proposes an algorithm to perform fine-grained adjustments to the trade off between the spatial quality of images produced by an interactive renderer, and the temporal performance or quality of the rendered image sequence. The approach first determines the minimum amount of sampling work necessary to achieve a certain fidelity level, and then allows the surplus capacity to be directed towards spatial or temporal fidelity improvement. The algorithm consists of an efficient parallel spatial and temporal adaptive rendering mechanism and a control optimization problem which adjusts the sampling rate based on a characterization of the rendered imagery and constraints on the capacity of the rendering system.
MODEL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROJECT FINANCING RISK ASSESSMENT

Context. The investigation of the actual problem of information technology mathematical models of risk assessment projects regarding the security of their financing, using fuzzy math to various investment entities is done. Development of this technology will allow adequately review the projects; increase the degree of decisions making validity in case of investments and increase economic security and management. Objective of this work is to develop a mathematical model of fuzzy information technology risk assessment for commercial projects regarding the security of their financing. Method. The two-level fuzzy mathematical model to obtain aggregate risk assessment of the project to combine expert opinions in groups criteria in the final assessment and risk project is designed. The set of criteria for risk assessment projects of different origin, which is divided into groups, is formed. The rules of belonging of the resulting term-evaluation for risk criteria groups for the knowledge base building are formulated. The presented model for risk assessment regarding the security of financing for the project, using a systematic approach based on: fuzzy models of the project evaluation, depending on its origin; fuzzy evaluation model of the industries in which commercial project will be implemented and aggregate risk assessment project valuation. Result. The resulting study is the result of the risk assessment model commercial projects regarding the security of their financing, the release of which is linguistic assessment on the proposed project. The rationality of this assessment show the advantages of the model. Conclusions. The paper solved scientific-practical task of development of a mathematical model of information technology for commercial projects risk assessment regarding the security of their financing. The model project evaluation of different origin in conditions of fuzzy expert evaluations based system of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic. The practical significance of the results, in particular the developed model for risk assessment regarding the security of funding for the project could be implemented in the work of investment and venture funds. The proposed model is a useful tool for increased safety and validity of investment decision-making entities which wish to finance commercial projects of various origins.
Verifying Hash tables in Iris

We describe and prove specifications for two implementations of hash tables using Iris, a recent separation logic framework. The first implementation is not thread-safe and supports operations for iteration. The second implementation is a concurrent implementation. We use higher-order predicates together with the invariants in Iris to achieve very general specifications that can allow either unrestricted sharing of the tables or ownership of parts of the tables.
Clinical and Pathological Features of Microscopic Polyangiitis in 20 Children

Objective. To explore the clinical and pathological features of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) in children. Methods. A retrospective analysis was performed of patients with pediatric MPA in our hospital over 10 years. Results. Data for 20 patients were collected; 16 patients had primary MPA (4 boys, 12 girls), with a median age of 8.9 years at the time of disease onset; 4 patients, all female, had antithyroid drug (ATD)-associated MPA, with an age range of 12.5 to 16.2 years at the time of disease onset. All patients exhibited renal involvement. Renal biopsies were performed in 14 patients. Fibrinoid exudation and necrosis of the glomerular capillaries were observed in all biopsy specimens. Crescents and scleroses were noted in 92.9% and 85.7% of these cases, respectively. The most frequent extrarenal organs involved were lungs, followed by the central nervous system (CNS), skin, and digestive system. Ninety percent of patients were positive for perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, 94.1% were positive for myeloperoxidase, and 88.2% were positive for both. Forty-five percent of the patients had received steroid plus cyclophosphamide (CTX) pulse therapy for more than 3 months, and varying degrees of remission had been achieved in 88.9% of the patients. Conclusion. Both primary and ATD-associated MPA showed a female predisposition. Renal involvement was the most frequently observed condition, followed by involvement of lungs. CNS involvement was not rare in these pediatric patients. The efficacy of steroid plus CTX as induction therapy was evident in these patients.
Isoflurane Causes Greater Neurodegeneration Than an Equivalent Exposure of Sevoflurane in the Developing Brain of Neonatal Mice

Background:We hypothesized that isoflurane has a greater potency to induce neurodegeneration than sevoflurane in the developing brains of neonatal mice based on our previous studies in cell culture. Methods:We treated 7-day-old mice with either 0.75% isoflurane or 1.1% sevoflurane (∼0.5 minimum alveolar concentration) for 6 h and then obtained blood and brain samples at 2 h after the anesthesia treatment for determination of neuroapoptosis in different brain regions and the neurodegenerative biomarker S100&bgr; in the blood. The mechanisms of neurodegeneration induced by isoflurane or sevoflurane were also compared by determining protein expressions of the cell cycle and apoptosis-related proteins. In separate groups, memory and learning ability were evaluated through the use of Morris Water Maze testing in mice at postnatal day 42 after anesthesia treatment at postnatal day 7. Results:Isoflurane but not sevoflurane significantly increased the neurodegenerative biomarker S100&bgr; in the blood. Isoflurane treatments significantly increased apoptosis indicated by the activation of caspase-3 and elevation of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase in different brain regions. An equipotent exposure of sevoflurane tended to increase apoptosis in hippocampal and cortex areas but was significantly less potent than isoflurane. Neither isoflurane nor sevoflurane significantly changed protein levels of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, &bgr;-site amyloid &bgr;-precursor protein-cleaving enzyme, and cell cycle regulatory proteins (CDK4, cyclin D1). Isoflurane and sevoflurane at the selected exposures did not significantly alter memory and learning ability. Conclusion:At equipotent exposures, isoflurane has a greater potency than sevoflurane to cause neurodegeneration in the developing brains of neonatal mice.
Molecular mechanism of substrate specificity in the bacterial neutral amino acid transporter LeuT

The recently published X‐ray structure of LeuT, a Na+/Cl−‐dependent neurotransmitter transporter, has provided fresh impetus to efforts directed at understanding the molecular principles governing specific neurotransmitter transport. The combination of the LeuT crystal structure with the results of molecular simulations enables the functional data on specific binding and transport to be related to molecular structure. All‐atom FEP and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of LeuT embedded in an explicit membrane were performed alongside a decomposition analysis to dissect the molecular determinants of the substrate specificity of LeuT. It was found that the ligand must be in a zwitterionic (ZW) form to bind tightly to the transporter. The theoretical results on the absolute binding‐free energies for leucine, alanine, and glycine show that alanine can be a potent substrate for LeuT, although leucine is preferred, which is consistent with the recent experimental data (Singh et al., Nature 2007;448:952–956). Furthermore, LeuT displays robust specificity for leucine over glycine. Interestingly, the ability of LeuT to discriminate between substrates relies on the dynamics of residues that form its binding pocket (e.g., F253 and Q250) and the charged side chains (R30‐D404) from a second coordination shell. The water‐mediated R30‐D404 salt bridge is thought to be part of the extracellular (EC) gate of LeuT. The introduction of a polar ligand such as glycine to the water‐depleted binding pocket of LeuT gives rise to structural rearrangements of the R30‐D404‐Q250 hydrogen‐bonding network and leads to increased hydration of the binding pocket. Conformational changes associated with the broken hydrogen bond between Q250 and R30 are shown to be important for tight and selective ligand binding to LeuT. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.