Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Gravity in Adaptation of the Vertical Angular Vestibulo‐Ocular Reflex

Abstract: The gain of the vertical angular vestibulo‐ocular reflex (aVOR) was adapted in side‐down and prone positions in two monkeys and tested in four planes: left‐/right‐side down; forward/backward; and two intermediate planes that lie approximately in the planes of the vertical semicircular canal pairs, left anterior/right posterior (LA/RP) and right anterior/left posterior (RA/LP). Gain changes, expressed as a percent of preadapted values, were plotted as a function of head orientation in the planes of tilt, and fitted with sinusoids to obtain the gravity‐dependent (amplitude) and gravity‐independent (bias) components of adaptation. Gravity‐dependent gain changes were always maximal when tested in a plane that included the head orientation in which the aVOR gain had been adapted. Changes were minimal when the head was tilted in a plane orthogonal to the plane of adaptation, and were smaller but still significant when tested in the two intermediate planes. Gravity‐independent VOR gain changes were uniform over all planes of head tilt. Thus, the gravity‐dependent and gravity‐independent components could be separated experimentally. The aVOR gain changes from the head tilts in different directions were utilized to reconstruct the gain changes in three dimensions. They formed a continuous surface, which peaked in and around the position of adaptation. These studies support the postulate that gain adaptation has both gravity‐independent and gravity‐dependent components, and further show that these gain changes have a three‐dimensional structure. These results are similar to those in humans, indicating that the gravity‐dependent adaptation of the aVOR is likely to be a common phenomenon across species.
The Continuity of Gandong Bond as Reflection of Maluku Identity Post Human Tragedy in Maluku 1999

: This study is directed to the effort in remapping gandong bond in Maluku particularly in Ambon island, as part of Maluku ethnic civilization. This study with phenomenology approach result in scientific analysis about the continuity of gandong bond as community harmonization and its vitality after suffering from human conflict in Maluku 1999. The human value which is alive in gandong bound is still existed and become civilization symbol which is timeless and will not extinct as consequence of conflict. Therefore, it is expected that the result of study is made to become basic in formulating policy and road map for regional and national development, particularly in the effort to preserve gandong culture as safeguard for its community who support it and to create nation integration and social harmonization which are rooted in local culture wisdom.
5‐Hydroxytryptamine selectively activates the vagal nodose C‐fibre subtype in the guinea‐pig oesophagus

Abstract The afferent neurons innervating the oesophagus originate from two embryonic sources: neurons located in vagal nodose ganglia originate from embryonic placodes and neurons located in vagal jugular and spinal dorsal root ganglia (DRG) originate from the neural crest. Here, we address the hypothesis that 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) differentially stimulates afferent nerve subtypes in the oesophagus. Extracellular recordings of single unit activity originating from nerve terminals were made in the isolated innervated guinea‐pig oesophagus. Whole cell patch clamp recordings (35 °C) were made from the primary afferent neurons retrogradely labelled from the oesophagus. 5‐Hydroxytryptamine (10 μmol L−1) activated vagal nodose C‐fibres (70%) in the oesophagus but failed to activate overtly vagal jugular nerve fibres and oesophagus‐specific spinal DRG neurons. The response to 5‐HT in nodose C‐fibre nerve terminals was mimicked by the selective 5‐HT3 receptor agonist 2‐methyl‐5‐HT (10 μmol L−1) and nearly abolished by the 5‐HT3 receptor antagonists ondansetron (10 μmol L−1) and Y‐25130 (10 μmol L−1). In patch clamp studies, 2‐methyl‐5‐HT (10 μmol L−1) activated a proportion of isolated oesophagus‐specific nodose capsaicin‐sensitive neurons (putative cell bodies of nodose C‐fibres). We conclude that the responsiveness to 5‐HT discriminates placode‐derived (vagal nodose) C‐fibres from the neural crest‐derived (vagal jugular and spinal DRG) afferent nerves in the oesophagus. The response to 5‐HT in nodose C‐fibres is mediated by the 5‐HT3 receptor in their neuronal membrane.
Spatial Diffusion of Economic Shocks in Networks

The aggregate economic impact of any developmental project depends on its effects within the chosen administrative region as well as its economic spillovers into other regions. However, little is known about how these spillovers propagate through geographic, ethnic and road networks. In this paper, we analyze both theoretically and empirically the role of these networks in the spatial diffusion of local economic shocks. We develop a network model that shows how a district’s level of prosperity is related to its position in the network. The network model’s first-order conditions are used to derive an econometric model of spatial spillovers that we estimate using a panel of 5,944 districts from 53 African countries over the period 1997-2013. To identify the causal effect of spatial diffusion, we exploit cross-sectional variation in the location of mineral mines and exogenous time variation in world mineral prices. Our results show that road and ethnic connectivity are particularly important factors for diffusing economic spillovers over longer distances. We then use the estimated parameters from the econometric model to calculate the key player centralities, which determine which districts are key in propagating local economic shocks across Africa. We further show how counterfactual exercises based on these estimates and the underlying network structure can inform us about the potential gains from policies that increase economic activity in specific districts or improve road connectivity between districts.
Does depression predict cognitive outcome 9 to 12 years later? Evidence from a prospective study of elderly hypertensives

Background. Previous longitudinal studies of the association between depression and cognitive dysfunction have had relatively short follow-up periods. This report presents a long-term study of the association between baseline syndromal depression and cognitive outcome measured 9 to 12 years later. Methods. Self-CARE (D) depression, cognitive function and pre-morbid intelligence were recorded on 1083 subjects on entry to the Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults in 1983–5. In 1994–5, we aimed to re-interview all survivors to assess cognitive function using the MMSE. We used multivariate analysis to explore whether baseline depression predicted cognitive outcome after this long follow-up period. Results. Baseline depression was crudely associated with poorer cognitive outcome at time 2. However, this long-term prospective association was no longer apparent after adjusting for baseline cognitive performance, which was associated with baseline depression and robustly predicted cognitive outcome at time 2. We found that gender modified the association between depression and poorer cognitive outcome, so that the association was statistically significant only among men. Conclusion. Propensity for depression and failing cognition may have common determinants that still need to be established by future neurobiological investigations in conjunction with further long-term prospective epidemiological research.
Stranger in a strange land

Summary: Mammalian mothers and their embryos/fetuses are almost invariably genetically different, which raises the question of how the mother’s immune system is diverted so as to permit cohabitation with the ‘foreign’ body. Several decades of research have shown that multiple cooperative systems sanction uteroplacental immune privilege. These systems include production of several varieties of soluble immunosuppressive molecules in the uterus and the placenta and strict regulation of the molecules expressed on or by placental trophoblast cells. Trophoblast, a unique lineage without counterpart in adult tissues, is in direct contact with maternal blood and tissue. The major graft rejection‐promoting molecules, human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), are tightly regulated in these cells, with none of HLA‐A, HLA‐B, or HLA class II antigens expressed. The HLA class Ib antigens, HLA‐E, HLA‐F, and HLA‐G, are detectable on some subpopulations. Our studies have focused on the expression, regulation, and functions of the soluble isoforms of HLA‐G, which circulate in maternal blood and are present at high levels in the pregnant uterus. These isoforms are derived from the single HLA‐G gene by alternative splicing and are now known to have immunosuppressive properties. Ours and other studies indicate that soluble HLA‐G proteins may comprise a unique tolerogenic system for establishing local immune privilege during pregnancy.
[Isolation, identification and characterization of nitroso-bacteria in one-step completely nitrogen removal process].

OBJECTIVE To study the characteristics of the Nitroso-bacteria in one-step completely autotrophic nitrogen removal process. METHODS We took samples from activated sludge of the one-step completely autotrophic nitrogen removal reactor. Through four times of enrichments and isolations, one Nitroso-bacteria named N1 was obtained. We identified this strain by microscope and 16S rDNA analysis and studied the effect of pH, temperature as well as ammonium concentration on the metabolism of N1. RESULTS Of the N1 nucleotides, 97%, 96% and 96% were identical with the conserved fragment of Nitrosomonas sp. NL7 (AY958677), Nitrosomonas AS1 (EF016119) and Nitrosomonas sp. Is32 (AJ621027) respectively. The optimal temperature and pH of N1 were 8.0 and 30 degrees C and sufficient dissolved oxygen was demanded. In addition, no restraint effect was turned up in the ammonium concentration of 80-800 mg/L. CONCLUSION N1 was identified as Nitrosomonas sp. Compared with the relative references, this strain was ammonium-tolerant.
Synaptic connections between GABA‐immunoreactive neurons and uniglomerular projection neurons within the antennal lobe of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Synapses within deutocerebral glomeruli between GABA‐immunoreactive, putatively inhibitory local interneurons and uniglomerular projection (output) neurons were demonstrated by means of a combination of GABA‐immunogold labeling and intracellular HRP injection. The following connections were identified. 1) GABA‐immunoreactive (GABAir) neurons form output synapses in a dyadic fashion onto a uniglomerular projection neuron and, in addition, a second GABAir neuron. A uniglomerular projection neuron in turn forms dyadic output synapses onto two GABAir neurons. Several examples of reciprocal connections have been identified between, first, GABAir neurons and uniglomerular projection neurons, and, second, GABAir neurons themselves. 2) GABAir neurons are serially connected with uniglomerular projection neurons via interposed GABAir processes. In some cases, also the first GABAir process of such a polysynaptic connection formed an output synapse onto the projection neuron. Such serial connections may form the structural basis for both, the feedforward inhibition as well as the feedforward disinhibition of uniglomerular projection neurons by GABAergic neurons. The reciprocal contacts may serve as control devices that modulate the output activity of the projection neurons. Synapse 29:1–13, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding Appropriate Use Criteria in Nuclear Medicine*

There has been a significant increase in cardiac radionuclide imaging over the past decade, leading to a corresponding increase in scrutiny from Federal and private health plans questioning the necessity of these tests. In response to efforts by third-party payers to limit all types of cardiovascular imaging studies, the American College of Cardiology Foundation, in conjunction with other professional societies, developed appropriate use criteria. The goal of this article is to explain how the criteria were created and define the 3 categories of indications: appropriate, inappropriate, and uncertain. Tips for using appropriate use criteria and tables, including a definition of several key terms technologists should be familiar with, will be provided. In addition, reimbursement, benchmark data, and practical considerations for implementation will be discussed. Finally, several tools to aid in calculating appropriateness are suggested. With a basic understanding, the appropriate use criteria are relatively easy to apply. It is important for facilities to begin to voluntarily incorporate them into their practice and document levels of appropriateness now as payers are developing 2 trends that are not favorable for nuclear cardiology: preauthorization and denial of payment for inappropriate studies.
Longitudinal Study Evaluating Postural Balance of Young Athletes

Repeated anaerobic conditions during athletic performance may cause general and local fatigue that result in postural balance deficit. Evidence suggests that improved postural balance during athletic training may decrease the risk for fallings and traumatic injuries among athletes. Twenty athletes (12 girls, 8 boys) and 20 controls (12 girls, 8 boys) ages 10–15 years participated in the current study. All athletes were active in an 8-month physical activity program, 3 times per week for 90 min., specific to basketball, soccer, or athletic training. The control children participated in physical education at school only, with no involvement in organized extracurricular sports. All participants were evaluated for postural balance in three assessments over one year (at 4-mo intervals); the Interactive Balance System machine (Tetrax device) was used to assess balance at three test times (pre-, post-, and 10 min) after a session of a repeated sprint anaerobic test, consisting of 12 × 20 m run starting every 20 sec. The athletes had better postural balance than controls. There were different group patterns of change over the sessions; a significant interaction of session and group indicated that postural balance of the groups differed. The contribution of low sway frequencies (F1) and high sway frequencies (F6) differed between the controls and the athletes group. Results suggested that although athletes had better postural balance, improvement should be encouraged during training over the sessions and seasons, with special awareness of the balance deficit that occurs immediately after anaerobic stress and at the end of the season, to decrease the risk of injuries.
Effects of aeration on formation and localization of the acetyl coenzyme A synthetases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A method is shown to be effective over a wide range of enzyme ratios for the simultaneous detection of the two isoenzymes of acetyl coenzyme A synthetase [acetate:coenzyme A ligase (AMP-forming); EC 6.2. 1.1] in homogenates and cellular fractions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When this method was used, it was found that cells grown under anaerobic conditions contained only one variety of this enzyme, designated the nonaerobic synthetase, whereas cells grown with vigorous aeration contained principally the other, aerobic, synthetase. In cells grown as standing cultures (i.e., semi-aerobically), both enzymes were present and were found mainly in the extramitochondrial material of homogenates. When anaerobic cultures were aerated, the amount of aerobic enzyme increased steadily over a 24-h period, so that at the end of this time, aerated cells contained predominantly aerobic enzyme. During this same period, the amount of nonaerobic enzyme decreased. The percentage of aerobic enzyme that sedimented with the mitochondria increased steadily during this period of aeration, so that, at the end of 24 h of aeration, essentially all of the aerobic enzyme sedimented with the mitochondria. The nonaerobic enzyme was never found in this cellular compartment.
The Yin and Yang of P-TEFb Regulation: Implications for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Gene Expression and Global Control of Cell Growth and Differentiation

SUMMARY The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) stimulates transcriptional elongation by phosphorylating the carboxy-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II and antagonizing the effects of negative elongation factors. Not only is P-TEFb essential for transcription of the vast majority of cellular genes, but it is also a critical host cellular cofactor for the expression of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 genome. Given its important role in globally affecting transcription, P-TEFb's activity is dynamically controlled by both positive and negative regulators in order to achieve a functional equilibrium in sync with the overall transcriptional demand as well as the proliferative state of cells. Notably, this equilibrium can be shifted toward either the active or inactive state in response to diverse physiological stimuli that can ultimately affect the cellular decision between growth and differentiation. In this review, we examine the mechanisms by which the recently identified positive (the bromodomain protein Brd4) and negative (the noncoding 7SK small nuclear RNA and the HEXIM1 protein) regulators of P-TEFb affect the P-TEFb-dependent transcriptional elongation. We also discuss the consequences of perturbations of the dynamic associations of these regulators with P-TEFb in relation to the pathogenesis and progression of several major human diseases, such as cardiac hypertrophy, breast cancer, and HIV infection.
Rab proteins and post‐Golgi trafficking of rhodopsin in photoreceptor cells

Polarized sorting of rhodopsin in retinal rod photoreceptors is mediated by post‐Golgi vesicles that bud from the trans‐Golgi network and fuse with the specialized domain of the plasma membrane in the rod inner segment. This domain surrounds the cilium that connects the inner segment and the rod outer segment to which mature rhodopsin is delivered. To dissect the sorting machinery that regulates budding, targeting, and fusion of rhodopsin carrier vesicles, their GTP‐binding protein composition has been studied using multiple means including high‐resolution two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and [32P]GTP overlays of renatured proteins. These studies indicate a succession on rhodopsin‐bearing vesicles of rab6, rab11, rab3 and rab8, all members of the small GTP‐binding protein family of the known regulators of membrane trafficking. In this review the role of rab proteins in post‐Golgi trafficking of rhodopsin is discussed.
Patterns of Disruptive Feeding Behaviors in Infants With Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.

Background: Severe irritability in infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome often impacts their ability to feed successfully, which challenges a mother’s ability to demonstrate this most basic parenting skill. There is little empiric evidence to guide recommendations for practice in this population. Purpose: Describe the infant behaviors that disrupt feeding in infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome. Methods: A mixed-method approach was used to describe digitally recorded infant feeding behaviors. Qualitative methodology was first used to identify categories of behaviors during the feeding. The categories were used as a coding scheme to identify the temporal sequence, duration, and frequency of behaviors observed during a feeding. Results: The behavior categories that disrupted feeding were identified as fussing, resting, crying, and sleeping/sedated. Infants spent almost twice as much time in fussing as in feeding. The majority of the infants were fussing between 1 and 11 minutes during the feeding, and fussing disrupted feeding in every subject at least once. Feeding behavior occurred only 24% of the time, while fussing and crying occurred 51%. Fussing was the primary transitional behavior from one category to another. Infants who did not complete their feeding had nearly twice the mean number of fussing episodes as those who completed their feeding. Implications for Practice: Fussing is a transitional state and appears to provide an opportunity to test interventions that help the mothers reengage their infants in feeding. The frequency of the behavioral transitions provides a measure of irritability that has not been previously described in this population. Implications for Research: Additional study is needed to evaluate the impact and contributions of maternal behaviors and external variables on infant behavioral transition.
Sublingual capnography: a clinical validation study.

OBJECTIVE To compare sublingual PCO(2) (PslCO(2)) measurements with gastric intramucosal PCO(2) (PimCO(2)) as well as with the traditional indexes of tissue oxygenation in hemodynamically unstable ICU patients. DESIGN A prospective, validation study. SETTING The medical and coronary ICUs of a community teaching hospital. PATIENTS Consecutive patients with severe sepsis, septic shock, or cardiogenic shock requiring pulmonary artery catheterization for hemodynamic management. INTERVENTIONS During the first 24 h of ICU admission, the PslCO(2), PimCO(2), and blood lactate concentrations as well conventional hemodynamic and oxygenation parameters were recorded every 4 to 6 h. The PslCO(2)-PaCO(2) and PimCO(2)-PaCO(2) differences were used as indexes of tissue dysoxia. These variables were correlated with each other as well as with the traditional markers of tissue oxygenation. RESULTS Seventy-six data sets were obtained on 22 patients. Fifteen patients had severe sepsis/septic shock, and 7 patients did not have sepsis. A patient with ischemic bowel who had a large PimCO(2)-PslCO(2) difference (60.2 mm Hg) was excluded. The initial PslCO(2) and PimCO(2) measurements were 43.5 +/- 10.4 mm Hg and 42.8 +/- 10.9 mm Hg, respectively (correlation coefficient [r] of 0.86; p < 0.001). The mean PslCO(2) and PimCO(2) for the entire data set were 48.0 +/- 13.4 mm Hg and 46.1 +/- 12.3 mm Hg, respectively (r = 0.78; p < 0.001). Ten patients died. The initial PslCO(2)-PaCO(2) difference was 9.2 +/- 5.0 mm Hg in the survivors and 17.8 +/- 11.5 mm Hg in the nonsurvivors (p = 0.04). The initial PimCO(2)-PaCO(2) difference was 8.4 +/- 4.8 mm Hg in the survivors and 16.1 +/- 13.7 mm Hg in the nonsurvivors (p = 0.08, not significant). The initial PslCO(2)-PaCO(2) difference correlated with the initial mixed venous-arterial CO(2) gradient (r = 0.66; p = 0.001), but correlated poorly with the initial blood lactate concentration (r = 0.38), mixed venous PO(2) (r = 0.05), and systemic oxygen delivery (r = - 0.39). CONCLUSION In this study, sublingual capnometry yielded measurements that correlated well with those of gastric tonometry. PslCO(2) may serve as a technically simple and noninvasive clinical measurement of tissue dysoxia in critically ill and injured patients.