Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Block Extraction and Page Segmentation for Block-Level Web Search Engine

Along with the rapid development of web, the quantity of information available on the web today is more than at any point in history. Due to the popularity of web search engines, finding relevant web pages only takes less than one second. This is because before the query terms are submitted, a web search engine has built an index for each word to indicate a list of web pages where the word appears. However, even if web search engines can provide relevant web pages in such a short time, people still need to spend a lot of time reading the pages to find the relevant parts of a web page. An ideal goal of web search engine would be a “block-level” search engine where each web page is segmented into non-overlapped regions of an appropriate size. There have been many researches on extracting relevant parts from web pages for users’ query. However, these approaches are not concerning with covering all the contents of a web page and making an index for the sub-pages of a web page. In other words, it is necessary to formalize the appropriate parts of a web page for a query and to segment a web page into non-overlapped parts in order to realize a “block-level” web search engine. This thesis considers rectangular regions as the index targets and solves these two problems. The first problem is known as block extraction from a web page with respect to a query. The required blocks may vary according to query. Thus, it is necessary to determine what kind of block is more likely to be a required block with respect to the query. Firstly, we consider the leaf blocks that satisfy the query. Then we analyze the blocks in the path from the leaf blocks to the root of HTML-tree. We analyzed the features of blocks, such as: the text quantity, DOM (Document Object Model) tree depth, number of child blocks, etc. We manually labeled the required blocks from a set of web pages and utilized SVM (Support Vector Machine) to train these features of the labeled blocks in order to determine which feature is most effective in detecting the required blocks. Based on the analysis results, we defined the score of a block as a combination of word weight and block depth. The score is used as a ranking measure of blocks for a query. The experiment results indicated that the proposed method is effective to extract the required block and useful to reduce users’ search time.
Oceanic and atmospheric transport of multiyear El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signatures to the polar regions

Using Monte‐Carlo Singular Spectrum Analysis (MC‐ SSA) and Wavelet Transform (WT) we separate statistically significant components from time series and demonstrate significant co‐variance and consistent phase differences between ice conditions and the Arctic Oscillation and Southern Oscillation indices (AO and SOI) at 2.2, 3.5, 5.7 and 13.9 year periods. The 2.2, 3.5 and 5.7 year signals detected in the Arctic are generated about three months earlier in the tropical Pacific Ocean. In contrast, we show that the 13.9 year signal propagates eastward from the western Pacific as equatorial coupled waves (ECW, 0.13–0.15 ms−1), and then as fast boundary waves (1–3 ms−1) along the western margins of the Americas, with a phase difference of about 1.8–2.1 years by the time they reach the Arctic. Our results provide evidence of dynamical connections between high latitude surface conditions, tropical ocean sea surface temperatures mediated by tropical wave propagation, the wintertime polar vortex and the AO.
Pregnancy outcome and delivery in Spanish and migrant women: an ecological approach

Abstract For most of our history as a species, maternal constraint was the main environmental factor affecting biological status at birth. However, the great increase in medical intervention in the20th Century coincided first with an extraordinary reduction in perinatal mortality and later with an increase in preterm and low birth-weight babies. Herein, we analyze these temporary trends in neonate biology in Spain, according to early viability (1980-2010) and ethnic variability (1996-2010). The aim of this study is to evaluate the interaction between maternal and medical environmental constraints affecting the biology of birth and to understand the observed ethnic differences and secular trends. All single births in Spain between 1980 and 2010 are included. Following descriptive analysis, logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate the effect of secular trends, mode of delivery and mother’s origin on birth outcome after adjustment for other maternal bio-cultural factors. Results highlighted that mean birth weight decreased and prematurity increased in still births, live births and deaths before one day. In regard to ethnic differences, while there were no secular trends in weight by gestational age in the Spanish newborns, there was an increase among the newborns of foreign mothers. Spanish mothers experienced an increasing and higher frequency of low birth weight, while foreigners had an increasing and higher frequency of prematurity. Both groups, however, shared temporal reduction in gestational age, and although this was less marked in foreigners, it suggests a common trend related to medical care and increasing obstetric interventions
Modeling marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) habitat using LiDAR‐derived canopy data

LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) is an emerging remote-sensing tool that can provide fine-scale data describing vertical complexity of vegetation relevant to species that are responsive to forest structure. We used LiDAR data to estimate occupancy probability for the federally threatened marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in the Oregon Coast Range of the United States. Our goal was to address the need identified in the Recovery Plan for a more accurate estimate of the availability of nesting habitat by developing occupancy maps based on refined measures of nest-strand structure. We used murrelet occupancy data collected by the Bureau of Land Management Coos Bay District, and canopy metrics calculated from discrete return airborne LiDAR data, to fit a logistic regression model predicting the probability of occupancy. Our final model for stand-level occupancy included distance to coast, and 5 LiDAR-derived variables describing canopy structure. With an area under the curve value (AUC) of 0.74, this model had acceptable discrimination and fair agreement (Cohen's k ¼0.24), especially considering that all sites in our sample were regarded by managers as potential habitat. The LiDAR model provided better discrimination between occupied and unoccupied sites than did a model using variables derived from Gradient Nearest Neighbor maps that were previously reported as important predictors of murrelet occupancy (AUC ¼0.64, k ¼0.12). We also evaluated LiDAR metrics at 11 known murrelet nest sites. Two LiDAR-derived variables accurately discriminated nest sites from random sites (average AUC ¼0.91). LiDAR provided a means of quantifying 3-dimensional canopy structure with variables that are ecologically relevant to murrelet nesting habitat, and have not been as accurately quantified by other mensuration methods. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Serviceability Assessment for Cascading Failures in Water Distribution Network under Seismic Scenario

The stability of water service is a hot point in industrial production, public safety, and academic research. The paper establishes a service evaluation model for the water distribution network (WDN). The serviceability is measured in three aspects: (1) the functionality of structural components under disaster environment; (2) the recognition of cascading failure process; and (3) the calculation of system reliability. The node and edge failures in WDN are interrelated under seismic excitations. The cascading failure process is provided with the balance of water supply and demand. The matrix-based system reliability (MSR) method is used to represent the system events and calculate the nonfailure probability. An example is used to illustrate the proposed method. The cascading failure processes with different node failures are simulated. The serviceability is analyzed. The critical node can be identified. The result shows that the aged network has a greater influence on the system service under seismic scenario. The maintenance could improve the antidisaster ability of WDN. Priority should be given to controlling the time between the initial failure and the first secondary failure, for taking postdisaster emergency measures within this time period can largely cut down the spread of cascade effect in the whole WDN.
Impact of regional climate change and future emission scenarios on surface O 3 and PM 2.5 over India

Abstract. Eleven of the world's 20 most polluted cities are located in India and poor air quality is already a major public health issue. However, anthropogenic emissions are predicted to increase substantially in the short-term (2030) and medium-term (2050) futures in India, especially if no further policy efforts are made. In this study, the EMEP/MSC-W chemical transport model has been used to predict changes in surface ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) for India in a world of changing emissions and climate. The reference scenario (for present-day) is evaluated against surface-based measurements, mainly at urban stations. The evaluation has also been extended to other data sets which are publicly available on the web but without quality assurance. The evaluation shows high temporal correlation for O3 (r = 0.9) and high spatial correlation for PM2.5 (r = 0.5 and r = 0.8 depending on the data set) between the model results and observations. While the overall bias in PM2.5 is small (lower than 6 %), the model overestimates O3 by 35 %. The underestimation in NOx titration is probably the main reason for the O3 overestimation in the model. However, the level of agreement can be considered satisfactory in this case of a regional model being evaluated against mainly urban measurements, and given the inevitable uncertainties in much of the input data. For the 2050s, the model predicts that climate change will have distinct effects in India in terms of O3 pollution, with a region in the north characterized by a statistically significant increase by up to 4 % (2 ppb) and one in the south by a decrease up to −3 % (−1.4 ppb). This variation in O3 is assumed to be partly related to changes in O3 deposition velocity caused by changes in soil moisture and, over a few areas, partly also by changes in biogenic non-methane volatile organic compounds. Our calculations suggest that PM2.5 will increase by up to 6.5 % over the Indo-Gangetic Plain by the 2050s. The increase over India is driven by increases in dust, particulate organic matter (OM) and secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs), which are mainly affected by the change in precipitation, biogenic emissions and wind speed. The large increase in anthropogenic emissions has a larger impact than climate change, causing O3 and PM2.5 levels to increase by 13 and 67 % on average in the 2050s over the main part of India, respectively. By the 2030s, secondary inorganic aerosol is predicted to become the second largest contributor to PM2.5 in India, and the largest in the 2050s, exceeding OM and dust.
Discipline : impact on access to equal educational opportunities

RIKA JOUBERT is a senior lecturer at the University of Pretoria. She is the Director of the Interuniversity Centre for Education Law and Education Policy (CELP) and has taught education law since 1993. Her PhD focused on developing education law programmes for education managers in multicultural situations. Her special interests are the facilitation of training workshops for education managers in fields such as learner discipline, school safety, labour relations and the implementation of human rights in education. She is the co-author of Education Law: A practical guide for educators. She has participated in various international education law conferences in the USA, Australia, and the UK.
Distribution of Total Suspended Solids Concentration in a River

Disposal of either industrial or nonindustrial wastewater into a river has a potential to cause river pollution. Because each load of wastewater discharged into a river contains physical, chemical, and biological parameters that determine water quality, so that it can affect the dissolved oxygen concentration in a river. Therefore the conducted research was aimed to determine the pattern of pollutant dispersion in Surabaya River within the section that is closed to the Karang Pilang Monitoring Station - Surabaya. Parameter used in this research was Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The method used was the finite volume method with Quadratic Upwind Interpolation Convective Kinematics (QUICK) scheme by means of developing models of dispersion water pollutants in a river. The governing equation was controlled by the laws of mass conservation, momentum conservation, and pollution transport equation. Further, these equations were solved using numerical calculation and followed by numerical simulation. From the numerical simulation results, it can be concluded that the magnitude of pollutant dispersion is determined by the initial discharged TSS concentrations into the river, however the longitudinal direction is more dominantly influenced than in lateral directions.
Title Quantitative modeling of energy dissipation in Arabidopsis thaliana Permalink

In photosynthesis, solar energy is absorbed and converted into chemical energy. Chlorophyll embedded in proteins absorb light and transfer excitation energy to reaction centers where charge separation occurs. However, the solar flux incident on photosynthetic organisms is highly variable, requiring complex feedback systems to regulate the excitation pressure on reaction centers and prevent excess absorbed energy from causing damage. During periods of transient high light, excess absorbed energy is dissipated as heat. This is routinely observed as the quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, and often broadly referred to as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Understanding the mechanisms through which photosynthetic systems dissipate excess energy and regulate excitation pressure in response to variable light conditions requires extensive quantitative modeling of the photosynthetic system and energy dissipation to interpret experimental observations. This review discusses efforts to model energy dissipation, or quenching, in Arabidopsis thaliana and their connections to models of regulatory systems that control quenching. We begin with a review of theory used to describe energy transfer and experimental data obtained to construct energy transfer models of the photosynthetic antenna system that underlie the interpretation of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching. Second, experimental evidence leading to proposed molecular mechanisms of quenching and the implications for modeling are discussed. The initial incorporation of depictions of proposed mechanisms into quantitative energy transfer models is reviewed. Finally, the necessity of connecting energy transfer models that include molecular models of quenching mechanisms with regulatory models is discussed.
SVM and Na¨ıve Bayes Classiﬁcation Ensemble Method for Sentiment Analysis

This paper follows an important problem of sentiment recognition which may inﬂu-ence ones decisions or reviews about item and etc. In this paper we introduce a new method to improve classiﬁcation performance in sentiment analysis, by combining SVM and Na¨ıve Bayes classiﬁcation results to recognize positive or negative sentiment, and test in on datasets from movie reviews, sentiment140 and Amazon reviews. This method is evaluated on a training dataset which consists positive and negative words, and hold-out testing dataset, as well with training data from the same area. It was observed that better results were obtained using our proposed method in all the experiments, compared to simple SVM and Na¨ıve Bayes classiﬁcation
A Survey paper on in text citation of manuscript with computational Linguistic tools

— Due to advancements in the field of computer technology and due to the widespread use of Internet and increasing availability of resources the authenticity of the contents is a major issue. With the availability of the information on WWW and digital libraries, the authenticity of the content became one of the most important issues for universities, schools and researcher’s fields. To check the authenticity, various algorithms have been done earlier. The need of citations is extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where they came from not all sources are good or right your own ideas may often be more accurate or interesting than those of your sources. In this paper we are going to survey and list the advantages and disadvantages of the latest and the important effective methods used or developed for reference citations in a manuscript. Mainly methods used are grammar based methods such as dependency parsing, grammar representations.
ISOMERIZATION OF PARAFFIN MIXTURES PRODUCED FROM SUNFLOWER OIL

The importance of biofuels becomes more acute, especially in the European Union. Beside them, the bio gas oil is a promising product that is a fuel with high isoparaffin content in the gas oil boiling range, which can be produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of different triglycerides. In this paper the isomerization of different intermediate products obtained over different hydrogenation catalysts and having high n-paraffin content was studied on SAPO-11 catalyst at 300–380 °C temperature, 20–80 bar pressure, 0.5–3.0 h-1 of liquid space velocity and 400 Nm3/m3 of H2/feed ratio. It was found that the oxygen containing intermediate products significantly changed the degree ofisomerization, but the hydrocarbon composition and the aromatic content of the n-paraffin mixtures had no noticeable effect on the conversion. During the experiments excellent quality diesel gas oil blending components were produced with high i-paraffin content and they were practically free of heteroatom content.
Methane Oxidation in Landfill Cover Soils: A Review

Migration of methane (CH4) gas from landfills to the surrounding environment negatively affects both humankind and the environment. It is therefore essential to develop management techniques to reduce CH4 emissions from landfills to minimize global warming and to reduce the human risks associated with CH4 gas migration. Oxidation of CH4 in landfill cover soil is the most important strategy for CH4 emissions mitigation. CH4 oxidation occurs naturally in landfill cover soils due to the abundance of methanotrophic bacteria. However, the activities of these bacteria are influenced by several controlling factors. This study attempts to review the important issues associated with the CH4 oxidation process in landfill cover soils. The CH4 oxidation process is highly sensitive to environmental factors and cover soil properties. The comparison of various biotic system techniques indicated that each technique has unique advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of the best technique for a specific application depends on economic constraints, treatment efficiency and landfill operations.
Plasmonic properties of gold nanoparticles can promote neuronal activity

As-synthesized, poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS)-coated and SiO2 coated gold nanorods were taken up by NG108-15 neuronal cells. Exposure to laser light at the plasmon resonance wavelength of gold nanorods was found to trigger the differentiation process in the nanoparticle treated cells. Results were assessed by measuring the maximum neurite length, the number of neurites per neuron and the percentage of neurons with neurites. When the intracellular Ca2+ signaling was monitored, evidence of photo-generated transients were recorded without altering other normal cell functions. These results open new opportunities for peripheral nerve regeneration treatments and for the process of infrared nerve stimulation.
Evolution of soil solution aluminum during transport along a forested boreal hillslope

[1] Aluminum (Al) transfer from soils to surface waters is a crucial determinant of aquatic biodiversity in acidified and/or naturally acid surface waters. Defining how landscapes and acid deposition influence Al export depends on our understanding of the mobilization of Al within catchments. This paper documents the evolution of Al chemistry in water during its transport through a hillslope by using soil water chemistry combined with hydrometric data. Al levels moving laterally from upslope mineral soils were low (<0.1 mg·L−1). This is not consistent with a vertically infiltrating acidification front mobilizing Al from across the catchment. As water moves laterally downslope into the peaty soils of the riparian zone (RZ), Al increased along with organic acids and iron. The RZ in this study was thus a net source of Al to soil solution on all 9 sampling occasions where Al was measured, as well as a net source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on another dozen measurement occasions. The potential for Al concentrations being modified during transport through the RZ needs to be accounted for in efforts to relate acid deposition to toxic stream Al concentrations. Organic carrying capacity was in excess of Al for all samples. Only samples from the deeper mineral soils showed supersaturation; however, none of the samples showed degrees of supersaturation high enough for spontaneous mineral precipitation. A key area for further research is how the RZ can sustain a larger Al pool than upslope mineral soils when the supply of Al from these upslope soils to lateral flux is currently lower than that from the RZ. Two possibilities are either episodic downslope transport during periods of high lateral flow, or drainage-induced changes in hydrology that transformed the RZ from an accumulator of Al to a source of Al.
Mr. Risk! Please Trust Me: Website Acceptance of E-vendorWebsite in Taiwan

With the rapid growth of e-commerce, the B2C of e-commerce has been a significant issue. The purpose of this study aims to predict consumers’ purchase intentions by integrating trust and perceived risk into the model to empirically examine the impact of key variables. With 705 samples obtained from users with purchase experience from evendor of Yahoo! Kimo, this study applied the Structural Equation Model to examine consumers’ online shopping based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The results indicate that perceived ease of use (PEOU), perceived usefulness (PU), trust, and perceived risk significantly impact purchase intentions both directly and indirectly. Moreover, trust significantly reduced online consumer perceived risk during online shopping. This study provides evidence of the relationship between consumers’ purchase intention, perceived trust and perceived risk to websites of specific e-vendors. Such knowledge may help to inform promotion, designing, and advertising website strategies employed by practitioners.