Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of tree size in moist tropical forest carbon cycling and water deficit responses.

Drought disproportionately affects larger trees in tropical forests, but implications for forest composition and carbon (C) cycling in relation to dry season intensity remain poorly understood. In order to characterize how C cycling is shaped by tree size and drought adaptations and how these patterns relate to spatial and temporal variation in water deficit, we analyze data from three forest dynamics plots spanning a moisture gradient in Panama that have experienced El Niño droughts. At all sites, aboveground C cycle contributions peaked below 50-cm stem diameter, with stems ≥ 50 cm accounting for on average 59% of live aboveground biomass, 45% of woody productivity and 49% of woody mortality. The dominance of drought-avoidance strategies increased interactively with stem diameter and dry season intensity. Although size-related C cycle contributions did not vary systematically across the moisture gradient under nondrought conditions, woody mortality of larger trees was disproportionately elevated under El Niño drought stress. Thus, large (> 50 cm) stems, which strongly mediate but do not necessarily dominate C cycling, have drought adaptations that compensate for their more challenging hydraulic environment, particularly in drier climates. However, these adaptations do not fully buffer the effects of severe drought, and increased large tree mortality dominates ecosystem-level drought responses.
Relationship of sodium intake with obesity among Korean children and adolescents: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Abstract We investigated whether dietary and urinary Na is associated with adiposity in Korean children and adolescents (10–18 years), a population with a high salt intake. Study subjects were Korean children and adolescents who participated in the cross-sectional nationally representative Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2011). This study used measures of dietary (24-h dietary recall) and urinary Na (Na:creatinine ratio) and three methods to determine obesity (BMI, waist circumference (WC) and total body per cent fat (TBPF)). Higher Na intake was significantly associated with obesity, adjusting for the covariates. Subjects in the highest tertile of urinary Na excretion had a significantly higher OR for higher adiposity compared with those in the lowest tertile (multivariate-adjusted OR 3·13 (95 % CI 1·81, 5·50) for BMI, 2·15 (95 % CI 1·27, 3·66) for WC and 1·92 (95 % CI 1·29, 2·86) for TBPF, respectively). Na intake estimated by the 24-h recall method also showed significant association with adiposity (multivariate-adjusted OR 2·79 (95 % CI 1·66, 4·68) for BMI and 2·14 (95 % CI 1·25, 3·67) for WC, respectively). The significant associations between Na and adiposity remained significant after additionally adjusting for sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption. Our results revealed a significant positive association between urinary and dietary Na and adiposity in Korean children and adolescents, independent of SSB consumption.
Glucose- and glycaemic factor-lowering effects of probiotics on diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials

Abstract This meta-analysis examined the effect of probiotics on glucose and glycaemic factors in diabetes and its associated risk factors. All randomised-controlled trials published in English in multiple databases from January 2000 to June 2015 were systematically searched. Only studies that addressed glucose- and glycaemic-related factors as outcome variables were included. The main outcomes of interest in trials were mean changes in glucose, HbA1c, insulin and homoeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale to assess the quality of studies, a total of eleven studies with 614 subjects were included. The pooled mean difference and effect size with a 95 % CI were extracted using a random-effect model. It was found that there are statistically significant pooled mean differences between the probiotics and the placebo-controlled groups on the reduction of glucose (−0·52 mmol/l, 95 % CI −0·92, −0·11 mmol/l; P=0·01) and HbA1c (−0·32 %, 95 % CI −0·57, −0·07 %; P=0·01). There was no statistically significant pooled mean difference between the probiotics and the placebo-controlled groups on the reduction of insulin (−0·48 µIU/ml, 95 % CI −1·34, 0·38 µIU/ml; P=0·27) and HOMA-IR (pooled effect of –0·44, 95 % CI −1·57, 0·70; P=0·45). Meta-regression analysis identified that probiotics had significant effects on reduction of glucose, HbA1c, insulin and HOMA-IR in participants with diabetes, but not in participants with other risk factors. The present meta-analysis suggested that probiotics may be used as an important dietary supplement in reducing the glucose metabolic factors associated with diabetes.
A Hybrid Feature Selection Method Based on Rough Conditional Mutual Information and Naive Bayesian Classifier

We introduced a novel hybrid feature selection method based on rough conditional mutual information and Naive Bayesian classifier. Conditional mutual information is an important metric in feature selection, but it is hard to compute. We introduce a new measure called rough conditional mutual information which is based on rough sets; it is shown that the new measure can substitute Shannon’s conditional mutual information. Thus rough conditional mutual information can also be used to filter the irrelevant and redundant features. Subsequently, to reduce the feature and improve classification accuracy, a wrapper approach based on naive Bayesian classifier is used to search the optimal feature subset in the space of a candidate feature subset which is selected by filter model. Finally, the proposed algorithms are tested on several UCI datasets compared with other classical feature selection methods. The results show that our approach obtains not only high classification accuracy, but also the least number of selected features.
Automatic segmentation of the coronary artery in MSCT volume data

Extracting coronary artery is one of the vital steps in the analysis process based on the modality of computed tomography angiography (CTA), the aim of which is to recognize coronary artery from 3D volume data, and then provide evidences of analysis and quantitative measurement information for coronary artery computer aided detection. According to the structure features of coronary artery angiography scanned by multiple slices computed tomography (MSCT), an automatic segmentation algorithm is proposed. Firstly, detect and recognize the multiple seed points of the coronary artery in the scale space automatically from the 3D complex cardiac image datasets. Secondly, an improved layer region growing algorithm oriented to 3D tubular structure tissues is proposed to segment the coronary artery. Experiments show that the algorithm can extract coronary artery vessels effectively, which can improve the automation of coronary artery analysis, thus improve physicians' work efficiency.
Substance Use to Cope with Stigma in Healthcare Among U.S. Female-to-Male Trans Masculine Adults.

PURPOSE Enacted and anticipated stigma exist within healthcare settings for transgender people, but research has yet to examine the effects of these forms of stigma on the substance use behaviors of female-to-male (FTM) trans masculine people. METHODS Data were analyzed from the cross-sectional U.S. National Transgender Discrimination Survey, a convenience sample of transgender adults purposively sampled in 2008. Trans masculine respondents (n=2,578) were identified using a two-step method: Step 1, Assigned birth sex; Step 2, Current gender identity. A gender minority stress model of substance use was tested to examine the relation of enacted and anticipated stigma with substance use to cope with mistreatment. RESULTS Overall, 14.1% of the sample reported having been refused care by a provider (enacted stigma), 32.8% reported delaying needed medical care when sick/injured, and 39.1% delayed routine preventive care (anticipated stigma). Having been refused care was significantly associated with avoidance of healthcare, including delaying needed medical care when sick/injured and delaying routine preventive medical care. Substance use to cope with mistreatment was self-reported by 27.6% of the sample. Enacted stigma by providers was associated with self-reported substance use to cope. Delays in both needed and preventive care (anticipated stigma) were highly associated with substance use, and attenuated the effect of enacted stigma. CONCLUSION Gender minority-related stressors, particularly enacted and anticipated stigma in healthcare, should be integrated into substance use and abuse prevention and intervention efforts with this underserved population.
Iodine status and thyroid function among Spanish schoolchildren aged 6–7 years: the Tirokid study

Abstract I deficiency is still a worldwide public health problem, with children being especially vulnerable. No nationwide study had been conducted to assess the I status of Spanish children, and thus an observational, multicentre and cross-sectional study was conducted in Spain to assess the I status and thyroid function in schoolchildren aged 6–7 years. The median urinary I (UI) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in whole blood were used to assess the I status and thyroid function, respectively. A FFQ was used to determine the consumption of I-rich foods. A total of 1981 schoolchildren (52 % male) were included. The median UI was 173 μg/l, and 17·9 % of children showed UI<100 μg/l. The median UI was higher in males (180·8 v. 153·6 μg/l; P<0·001). Iodised salt (IS) intake at home was 69·8 %. IS consumption and intakes of ≥2 glasses of milk or 1 cup of yogurt/d were associated with significantly higher median UI. Median TSH was 0·90 mU/l and was higher in females (0·98 v. 0·83; P<0·001). In total, 0·5 % of children had known hypothyroidism (derived from the questionnaire) and 7·6 % had TSH levels above reference values. Median TSH was higher in schoolchildren with family history of hypothyroidism. I intake was adequate in Spanish schoolchildren. However, no correlation was found between TSH and median UI in any geographical area. The prevalence of TSH above reference values was high and its association with thyroid autoimmunity should be determined. Further assessment of thyroid autoimmunity in Spanish schoolchildren is desirable.
Dietary fat intakes in Irish adults in 2011: how much has changed in 10 years?

Abstract Imbalances in dietary fat intakes are linked to several chronic diseases. This study describes dietary intakes and food sources of fat and fatty acids in 1051 Irish adults (aged 18–90 years), using data from the 2011 national food consumption survey, the National Adult Nutrition Survey. It also compares current intakes for 18–64-year-olds with those reported in the last such survey in 2001, the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey. Dietary fat intakes were estimated using data from 4-d semi-weighed (2011) and 7-d estimated (2001) food diaries. In 2011, intakes for 18–64-year-olds were as follows: total fat, 34·1 (sd 6·1) % total energy (%TE); SFA, 13·3 (sd 3·3) %TE; MUFA, 12·5 (sd 2·6) %TE; PUFA, 6·1 (sd 2·2) %TE; and trans-fat, 0·511 (sd 0·282) %TE. Apart from MUFA, intakes decreased (P<0·001) compared with 2001. There was no statistically significant difference in intakes of EPA and DHA by 18–64-year-olds in 2011 (269·0 (sd 515·0) mg/d) and 2001 (279·1 (sd 497·5) mg/d). In 2011, adults aged >65 years had the highest intakes of SFA; however, intakes were typically higher than UK-recommended values for all groups. In contrast, intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids were lowest in younger age groups. Intakes of trans-fat were well within UK-recommended levels. Although there have been some improvements in the profile of intakes since 2001, imbalances persist in the quantity and quality of dietary fat consumed by Irish adults, most notably for total and SFA and for younger age groups for long-chain n-3 fatty acids.
American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the management of Barrett's esophagus.

The aim of evidence-based medicine is to improve the quality of health care by integrating the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. Evidence-based clinical guidelines are sets of recommendations intended to assist health care providers and patients in selecting the best management for common clinical situations while accounting for patient-specific circumstances. In addition to providing optimal, patient-centered care and improved outcomes, guidelines can reduce practice variability, identify gaps in evidence, enhance efficiency of resource use, and facilitate development of outcome and performance measures.
Research on Patient‐Provider Communication and Management of Diabetes

Diabetes is dramatically increasing worldwide. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC, 2008) reports that in the United States, nearly 24 million individuals (~8%) have diabetes. This is an increase of 3 million people in the past 2 years. The CDC, other public health agencies, and service organizations are striving to find ways to reduce the incidence, minimize the complications, and reduce death rates related to diabetes. This column describes 4 research studies that investigated an important part of diabetes management: interactions between service providers and patients. The first write-up describes a review article that examined interventions geared toward improving management in socially disadvantaged groups. The 3 subsequent write-ups describe investigations examining various aspects of patient-provider interactions that influence diabetes or hypertension management. For additional details about the interventions and study findings, we suggest that our readers review the original articles.
Pancreatitis, pancreatic, and thyroid cancer with glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapy is gaining widespread use for type 2 diabetes, although there are concerns about risks for pancreatitis and pancreatic and thyroid cancers. There are also concerns that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors could cause cancer, given their effects on immune function. METHODS We examined the US Food and Drug Administration's database of reported adverse events for those associated with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin and the glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetic exenatide, from 2004-2009; data on adverse events associated with 4 other medications were compared as controls. The primary outcomes measures were rates of reported pancreatitis, pancreatic and thyroid cancer, and all cancers associated with sitagliptin or exenatide, compared with other therapies. RESULTS Use of sitagliptin or exenatide increased the odds ratio for reported pancreatitis 6-fold as compared with other therapies (P<2×10(-16)). Pancreatic cancer was more commonly reported among patients who took sitagliptin or exenatide as compared with other therapies (P<.008, P<9×10(-5)). All other cancers occurred similarly among patients who took sitagliptin compared with other therapies (P=.20). CONCLUSIONS These data are consistent with case reports and animal studies indicating an increased risk for pancreatitis with glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapy. The findings also raise caution about the potential long-term actions of these drugs to promote pancreatic cancer.
Estudo comparativo entre miltefosina oral e antimoniato de N-metil glucamina parenteral no tratamento da leishmaniose experimental causada por Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis

Twenty-five mice were infected with Leishmania amazonensis and treated with glucamine and oral miltefosine. The criteria used were pad measurements and investigations of amastigotes and cultures after treatment. Measurements: miltefosine 2.43 mm and glucamine 3.46 mm (p: 0.05). Miltefosine smears and cultures were negative. Glucamine produced two positive smears and the cultures were positive (p < 0.05). Miltefosine was similar to or better than glucamine.
Molecular characterization of dermal lymphatic endothelial cells from primary lymphedema skin.

BACKGROUND Lymphatic endothelial cells from primary lymphedema skin have never been cultured nor characterized. A subgroup of patients with primary lymphedema undergo surgery to bring about an improvement in their quality of life. The aim of this study was to culture and characterize LECs from the skin of these patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Lymphatic endothelial cells were isolated and cultured from the skin of patients with primary lymphedema and from normal skin. The isolated cells were compared in their ability to form microvascular networks in a three-dimensional culture medium, and in their response to treatment with vascular endothelial growth factors A, C, and D. Whole tissue transcriptional profiling was carried out on two pools of isolated lymphatic endothelial cells--one from primary lymphedema skin and the other from normal skin. Lymphatic endothelial cells from primary lymphedema skin form tubule-like structures when cultured in three-dimensional media. They respond in a similar fashion to stimulation with the vascular endothelial growth factors A, C, and D. Comparative analysis between lymphedema tissue and normal tissue (fold change >2) showed differential expression of 2793 genes (5% of all transcripts), 2184 upregulated, and 609 downregulated. Genes involved in cellular apoptosis (vascular endothelial growth inhibitor, zinc finger protein), extracellular matrix turnover (matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor-16), and type IV collagen deposition were upregulated. Various pro-inflammatory genes (interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-32, E-selectin) were downregulated. CONCLUSION Cellular adhesion, apoptosis, and increased extracellular matrix turnover play a more prominent role in primary lymphedema than previously thought. In addition, the acute inflammatory response is attenuated as evidenced by the downregulation of various pro-inflammatory genes.This sheds further light on the interplay of the various pathological processes taking place in primary lymphedema.
Enumeration of Selected Salivary Bacterial Groups

Studies estimating the numbers of salivary organisms have been limited to surveying small, select populations. Richardson and Jones1 have evaluated 14 microbial categories of 14 adults in a bacterial census of saliva. Green and Dodd2 have compared 7 categories of 25 caries-immune and 25 cariessusceptible subjects. Kraus and Gaston3 have presented the parameter estimates for 3 microbial categories of 10 adults. Bloom and Brown4 have studied the alteration of the salivary flora as a result of placement of orthodontic appliances for 7 categories of organisms for 12 subjects. Limited population estimates of salivary organisms have been described as a part of various studies.5-' Approximately 400 adults and children have been evaluated as part of a study determining the effect of long-term, systemic antibiotic administration on the salivary flora.10 There had been little or no difference found in the numbers of organisms for all categories except for the streptococci, where a 20 per cent reduction had been noted. Since the results for both experimental and control groups had been similar, it seemed appropriate to combine the groups and compare these findings to other studies estimating the normal salivary bacterial population.
SNAIL regulates interleukin-8 expression, stem cell-like activity, and tumorigenicity of human colorectal carcinoma cells.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Some cancer cells have activities that are similar to those of stem cells from normal tissues, and cell dedifferentiation correlates with poor prognosis. Little is known about the mechanisms that regulate the stem cell-like features of cancer cells; we investigated genes associated with stem cell-like features of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. METHODS We isolated colonospheres from primary CRC tissues and cell lines and characterized their gene expression patterns by microarray analysis. We also investigated the biological features of the colonosphere cells. RESULTS Expanded CRC colonospheres contained cells that expressed high levels of CD44 and CD166, which are markers of colon cancer stem cells, and had many features of cancer stem cells, including chemoresistance and radioresistance, the ability to initiate tumor formation, and activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). SNAIL, an activator of EMT, was expressed at high levels by CRC colonospheres. Overexpression of Snail in CRC cells induced most properties of colonospheres, including cell dedifferentiation. Two hundred twenty-seven SNAIL-activated genes were up-regulated in colonospheres; gene regulatory networks centered around interleukin (IL)-8 and JUN. Blocking IL-8 expression or activity disrupted SNAIL-induced stem cell-like features of colonospheres. We observed that SNAIL activated the expression of IL8 by direct binding to its E3/E4 E-boxes. In CRC tissues, SNAIL and IL-8 were coexpressed with the stem cell marker CD44 but not with CD133 or CD24. CONCLUSIONS In human CRC tissues, SNAIL regulates expression of IL-8 and other genes to induce cancer stem cell activities. Strategies that disrupt this pathway might be developed to block tumor formation by cancer stem cells.
The importance of detection of subclinical lymphedema for the prevention of breast cancer-related clinical lymphedema after axillary lymph node dissection; a prospective observational study.

PURPOSE Early detection and timely intervention have potential to reduce late-stage lymphedema (LE) in patients with breast cancer undergoing axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). This study aims to determine if detection and early treatment of subclinical LE by using prospective monitoring with bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) can lead to reduced development of clinical LE. METHODS AND RESULTS Subclinical LE was prospectively detected using an L-Dex(®) U400 analyzer to measure BIS in 186 patients who underwent ALND between 2010 and 2013 through our LE monitoring program. Baseline measurements were obtained and at 3-6 month intervals for 5 years. Patients diagnosed with subclinical LE received short-term physical therapy, compression garments, and education about exercise, elevation, infection precautions, BMI, and hand usage. The control group had a preoperative baseline L-Dex(®) measurement, but had only clinical follow-ups with circumferential arm measurements. Mean age and BMI were 56 years and 28.3 kg/m(2), respectively. The majority of the women underwent mastectomy (61%) and received chemotherapy (89%) and radiotherapy (77%). Thirty-three percent patients who had repeated L-Dex measurements were diagnosed with subclinical LE and received early intervention. Progression to clinical lymphedema occurred in 4.4% over an average of 20 months follow-up. In the control group, the incidence of clinical LE was 36.4%. CONCLUSION Periodic monitoring of women at high risk for LE with BIS allows early detection and timely intervention for LE, which reduces the incidence of clinical LE from 36.4% to 4.4%. This may have implications for quality of life and health care costs.