Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS IN SPECIATION

The past decades have seen the gradual formulation of the theory of geographical speciation, principally based on work in the fields of the systematics of mammals, birds, insects, and mollusks. This theory 'postulates that in bisexual animals a new species can develop only "if a population, which has become geographically isolated from its parental species, acquires during this period of isolation characters which prorhote or guarantee reproductive isolation when 'the external barriers break down" (Mayr, 1942). A number of workers in recent years have considered this statement an oversimplification. The omission of any reference in this description of the speciation process to the ecological factors-so vitally involved in the process of speciation-has also been objected to. Even though the importance of geographical speciation is universally admitted, there are a number of authors, particularly among the ichthyologists and entomologists, who believe that in addition to geographical speciation there is another process of speciation, variously referred to as ecological or sympatric speciation. Thorpe (1945), for example, is inclined to consider that in addition to geographical speciation there is a speciation process which is characterized by the fact "that local differences of habit may be the starting point for the evolution of new species. " It appears to me that there is no real conflict between those authors who stress the ecological aspects of speciation, such as Stresemann (1943) and Thorpe (1945), and those who, like myself, have stressed the geographical aspects. This was pointed out by Timofeeff-Ressovsky (1943). The seeming differences are due partly to misunderstandings and partly to a different emphasis placed on various aspects of a single process of speciation. The field has suffered from looseness of thought and vagueness of expression, and it may therefore be ulseful to attempt a fresh analysis and possibly a synthesis of the two viewpoints. The principal obstacle blocking such synthesis up to now has been that those authors who have emphasized the role of ecological factors in speciation generally accept sympatric speciation as an integral part of ecological speciation. To remove this difficulty, a special section (pp. 269-285) has been devoted to a discussion of sympatric speciation. It is more important, however, to determine the respective roles of geographical and ecological factors in speciation, and to find out whether they operate consecutively or concomitantly. The field has suffered particularly from the lack of a clear-cut Fragestellung. The result has been that only few investigations have ever been undertaken which would give decisive answers to the unsolved questions. Most of the published studies sadly miss the crucial points. It is one additional object of this discussion to focus the attention of investigators on those aspects that are in particular need of further study.
PLANT GEOMETRY AND SELF-THINNING

SUMMARY (1) Monocultures of Agrostemma githago, Cichorium endivium and Festuca pratensis were grown at high densities to investigate the effects of plant geometry on self-thinning. Whilst populations of all three species followed the -3/2 power law when weight was plotted against density on logarithmic scales the intercepts were different and fell in the order Festuca > Agrostemma > Cichorium. These differences are related to plant geometry. (2) Published reports show that coniferous trees generally have higher intercepts than deciduous trees and that grasses have higher intercepts than dicotyledons. (3) The mean volume of canopy available to each plant was also found to be related to density by the -3/2 power law. However, the intercepts for a number of species on a volume-density plot on logarithmic scales all fell within one order of magnitude in comparison with two orders of magnitude on a weight-density plot. (4) The biomass which could be packed into a given volume of space generally increased with canopy height, but the range was nevertheless relatively narrow (1 .5-5.2 kg m-3) for the three species. Only part of the variation in intercept between species on a weight-density plot could be related to differences in biomass packing. (5) Variation in the biomass per unit volume through time means that the gradient of the thinning line on a weight-density plot may be different to that on a volume plot. It is suggested that the -3/2 power law might be better stated in terms of canopy volume rather than weight.
Laticifer Differentiation of Calotropis gigantea R. Br. ex Ait. in Cultures

The initiation and subsequent development of laticifers were studied in callus tissues of Calotropis gigantea grown on MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium supplemented with 1 mg l−1 IAA. Laticifer development was related to the age of the culture and could be preserved by repeated subculturing on similar medium with IAA. Our previous work had established that cardenolide biosynthesis was related to rhizogenesis and here we report the culture system of laticifer, long term preservation and differentiation of this hydrocarbon producing energy plant.
Conditional Constrained Graph Variational Autoencoders for Molecule Design

In recent years, deep generative models for graphs have been used to generate new molecules. These models have produced good results, leading to several proposals in the literature. However, these models may have troubles learning some of the complex laws governing the chemical world. In this work, we explore the usage of the histogram of atom valences to drive the generation of molecules in such models. We present Conditional Constrained Graph Variational Autoencoder (CCGVAE), a model that implements this key-idea in a state-of-the-art model, and shows improved results on several evaluation metrics on two commonly adopted datasets for molecule generation.
Magnetic torques on T Tauri stars: Accreting versus non-accreting systems

Context. Classical T Tauri stars (CTTs) magnetically interact with their surrounding disks, a process that is thought to regulate their rotational evolution. Aims. We compute torques acting on the stellar surface of CTTs that arise from different accreting (accretion funnels) and ejecting (stellar winds and magnetospheric ejections) flow components. Furthermore, we compare the magnetic braking due to stellar winds in two different systems: isolated (i.e., weak-line T Tauri and main-sequence) and accreting (i.e., classical T Tauri) stars. Methods. We use 2.5D magnetohydrodynamic, time-dependent, axisymmetric simulations that were computed with the PLUTO code. For both systems, the stellar wind is thermally driven. In the star-disk-interaction (SDI) simulations, the accretion disk is Keplerian, viscous, and resistive, and is modeled with an alpha prescription. Two series of simulations are presented, one for each system (i.e., isolated and accreting stars). Results. In classical T Tauri systems, the presence of magnetospheric ejections confines the stellar-wind expansion, resulting in an hourglass-shaped geometry of the outflow, and the formation of the accretion columns modifies the amount of open magnetic flux exploited by the stellar wind. These effects have a strong impact on the stellar-wind properties, and we show that the stellar-wind braking is more efficient in the SDI systems than in the isolated ones. We further derive torque scalings over a wide range of magnetic field strengths for each flow component in an SDI system (i.e., magnetospheric accretion and ejections, and stellar winds), which directly applies a torque on the stellar surface. Conclusions. In all the performed SDI simulations, the stellar wind extracts less than 2% of the mass accretion rate and the disk is truncated by up to 66% of the corotation radius. All simulations show a net spin-up torque. We conclude that in order to achieve a stellar-spin equilibrium, we need either more massive stellar winds or disks that are truncated closer to the corotation radius, which increases the torque efficiency of the magnetospheric ejections.
The Effect of Utilization of Different Levels of Saccharomysec cerevisiae on Broiler Chicken's Performance

An experiment in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments (0, 0.5, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 percent), 4 replicates and each replicate included 20 male chicks of strain, "Ross 308" was used. The experimental diets fed at three different breeding periods (starter, grower and finisher) and using tables to nutrient requirement of poultry (NRC1994) were arranged and prepared. At the age of 49 day, one bird from each replicate was selected, slaughtered and then the carcass characteristics (carcass, leg, breast, liver and heart percentages) were measured. The results showed that feed intake, live weight and weight gain in experimental groups containing yeast starter courses, growth and the entire final period was observed (p<0.05). Conversion ratio in the experimental group 0.1 per cent better than the control yeast and other treatments but was not statistically significant. Carcass, thigh and chest affected did not use yeast. But the percentage of liver, heart, abdominal fat and Gizzard and losses influence of yeast were used (p<0.05). The results showed that yeast Saccharomysec cerevisiae have significant effect on performance and carcass traits at a level 0.2 per cent yeast in comparison with other more appropriate levels and with regard to weight gain and feed conversion ratio in the diet and ultimately lead to increased economic profit margins are.
Eclipses of jets and discs of X-ray binaries as a powerful tool for understanding jet physics and binary parameters

We calculate the expected effects on the spectral energy distributions and light curves in X-ray binary jets from eclipses by the donor stars. Jets will be eclipsed for all inclination angles, with just the height along the jet where the eclipse takes place being set by the orbital parameters. Typically, eclipses will lead to 5–10 per cent reductions in the jet emission over a range of a factor of few in wavelength with a periodic modulation. In ideal systems with high inclination angles, relatively even mass ratios, and modest jet speeds, the eclipses may be deeper. We discuss how eclipses can be used to measure binary system parameters, as well as the height of the bases of the jets. We also discuss how, with data sets that will likely require future facilities, more detailed tests of models of jet physics could be made by establishing deviations from the standard recipes for compact conical flat spectrum jets and by determining the ingress and egress durations of the eclipses and measuring the transverse size of the jets. We provide representative calculations of expectations for different classes of systems, demonstrating that the most promising target for showing this effect in the radio band is the longer period ‘atoll’-class neutron star X-ray binaries, while in the optical and infrared bands, the best candidates are likely to be the most edge-on black hole X-ray binaries. We also discuss the effects of the outer accretion disc eclipsing the inner jet.
Comparison of Protein Changes in the Leaves of Two Bread Wheat Cultivars with Different Sensitivity under Salt Stress

Aims: Wheat performance under both Irrigated and dry land areas is affected by salinity and decreased. Like other plants, wheat cultivars try to indicate salt resistance through biochemical, physiological and morphological changes. In this study, responsive proteins in wheat leaves under salt stress were investigated by proteomics technique. Study Design: Factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design Methodology: In this research, tolerant (Roshan) and sensitive (Ghods) cultivars were treated by 200mM salinity during 17 days. A proteomic technique was used to study proteins of leaf. Proteins of the leaves were extracted by TCA–acetone, and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis at pH 4–7. Results: 200 repeatable spots were identified by using Melanie software and analyzed statically. 24 and 12 responsive spots were identified by using MALDI TOF-TOF mass spectrometry in tolerant and sensitive cultivars respectively. 5 responsive proteins were overlap between both cultivars. In tolerant cultivar, Expression of 19 spots was increased and expression of 5 spots was decreased. All the identified proteins are involved in the regulation of carbohydrate, energy and nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis related Original Research Article Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(11): 1784-1797, 2014 1785 proteins, ROS scavenging proteins, signaling related protein, transporters and chaperon. But, all identified proteins except one of them in sensitive cultivar were down regulated under salt stress. Conclusion: Based on this study, salt tolerant cultivar could alleviate salt stress. But salt sensitive cultivar couldn’t tolerate salinity and it seems that salt stress have destructive effects on its proteins. In other words, protein compositions of salt sensitive cultivar are more deeply damaged by salt stress than salt tolerant cultivar and protein decay could be a marker of the sensitivity of the concerned cultivar.
59-UPSTREAM REGION CONTAINS CIS-ACTING ELEMENTS FOR EXPRESSION IN OSTEOCLASTS AND MIGRATING KERATINOCYTES IN TRANSGENIC MICE*

Knowledge about the regulation of cell lineage-specific expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases is limited. In the present work, the murine matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) gene was shown to contain 13 exons, and the 2.8-kilobase pair upstream region was found to contain several common promoter elements including a TATA box-like motif, three GC boxes, four AP-1-like binding sites, an AP-2 site, and three PEA3 consensus sequences that may be important for basic activity of the gene. In order to identify cell-specific regulatory elements, constructs containing varying lengths of the upstream region in front of a LacZ reporter gene were made and studied for expression in transgenic mice generated by microinjection into fertilized oocytes. Analyses of the mice revealed that the presence of sequences between 22722 and 27745 allowed for expression in osteoclasts and migrating keratinocytes, i.e. cells that have been shown to normally express the enzyme in vivo. The results represent the first in vivo demonstration of the location of cell-specific control elements in a matrix metalloproteinase gene and show that element(s) regulating most cell-specific activities of 92-kDa type collagenase are located in the 22722 to 27745 base pair region.
Uniform spanning forest on the integer lattice with drift in one coordinate.

In this article we investigate the Uniform Spanning Forest ($\mathsf{USF}$) in the nearest-neighbour integer lattice $\mathbf{Z}^{d+1} = \mathbf{Z}\times \mathbf{Z}^d$ with an assignment of conductances that makes the underlying (Network) Random Walk ($\mathsf{NRW}$) drifted towards the right of the first coordinate. This assignment of conductances has exponential growth and decay; in particular, the measure of balls can be made arbitrarily close to zero or arbitrarily large. We establish upper and lower bounds for its Green's function. We show that in dimension $d = 1, 2$ the $\mathsf{USF}$ consists of a single tree while in $d \geq 3,$ there are infinitely many trees. We then show, by an intricate study of multiple $\mathsf{NRW}$s, that in every dimension the trees are one-ended; the technique for $d = 2$ is completely new, while the technique for $d \geq 3$ is a major makeover of the technique for the proof of the same result for the graph $\mathbf{Z}^d. $ We finally establish the probability that two or more vertices are $\mathsf{USF}$-connected and study the distance between different trees.
Travel Time Prediction for Congested Freeways With a Dynamic Linear Model

Accurate prediction of travel time is an essential feature to support Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The non-linearity of traffic states, however, makes this prediction a challenging task. Here we propose to use dynamic linear models (DLMs) to approximate the non-linear traffic states. Unlike a static linear regression model, the DLMs assume that their parameters are changing across time. We design a DLM with model parameters defined at each time unit to describe the spatio-temporal characteristics of time-series traffic data. Based on our DLM and its model parameters analytically trained using historical data, we suggest an optimal linear predictor in the minimum mean square error (MMSE) sense. We compare our prediction accuracy of travel time for freeways in California (I210-E and I5-S) under highly congested traffic conditions with those of other methods: the instantaneous travel time, k-nearest neighbor, support vector regression, and artificial neural network. We show significant improvements in the accuracy, especially for short-term prediction.
Single-photon switch controlled by a qubit embedded in an engineered electromagnetic environment

A single-photon switch is an important element for the building of scalable quantum networks. In the paper, we propose a feasible scheme for efficient single-photon switching. The proposed switch is controlled by a state of a qubit formed by the pair of the lowest levels of a three-level system (qutrit) coupled to a resonator. This resonator-qutrit system comprises a switching unit of the considered setup. For suppression of the Purcell relaxation of the control qubit, the switching unit is embedded into a coupled-resonator array serving as an engineered electromagnetic environment with a bandgap on a qubit transition frequency. We discuss the possible implementation of the considered single-photon switch on the microwave circuit QED architecture. We demonstrate that high switching contrasts can be attained for the parameters achievable for the state-of-the-art superconducting circuit QED setups.
Social contacts and the spread of infectious diseases

Motivated by the COVID-19 pandemic, we introduce a mathematical description of the impact of sociality in the spread of infectious diseases by integrating an epidemiological dynamic with a kinetic modeling of population-based contacts. The kinetic description leads to study the evolution over time of Boltzmann type equations describing the number densities of social contacts of susceptible, infected and recovered individuals, whose proportions are driven by a classical compartmental model in epidemiology. Explicit calculations show that the spread of the disease is closely related to the mean number of contacts, thus justifying the lockdown strategies assumed by governments to prevent them. Furthermore, the kinetic model allows to clarify how a selective control can be assumed to achieve a minimal lockdown strategy by only reducing individuals undergoing a very large number of daily contacts. This, in turns, could permit to maintain at best the economic activities which would seriously suffer from a total closure policy. Numerical simulations confirm the ability of the model to describe different phenomena characteristic of the rapid spread of an epidemic. A last part is dedicated to fit numerical solutions of the proposed model with experimental data coming from different European countries.
An approximate solution for options market-making in high dimension

Managing a book of options on several underlying involves controlling positions of several thousands of financial assets. It is one of the most challenging financial problems involving both pricing and microstructural modeling. An options market maker has to manage both long- and short-dated options having very different dynamics. In particular, short-dated options inventories cannot be managed as a part of an aggregated inventory, which prevents the use of dimensionality reduction techniques such as a factorial approach or first-order Greeks approximation. In this paper, we show that a simple analytical approximation of the solution of the market maker's problem provides significantly higher flexibility than the existing algorithms designing options market making strategies.
Rectification in nonequilibrium steady states of open many-body systems

We study how translationally invariant couplings of many-body systems and nonequilibrium baths can be used to rectify particle currents. We propose novel setups to realize bath-induced currents in nonequilibrium steady states of one-dimensional open fermionic systems. We first analyze dissipative dynamics associated with a nonreciprocal Lindblad operator and identify a class of Lindblad operators that are sufficient to acquire a nonreciprocal current. Remarkably, we show that rectification can in general occur even when a Lindblad operator is reciprocal provided that the inversion symmetry and the time-reversal symmetry of the microscopic Hamiltonian are broken. We demonstrate this new mechanism on the basis of both analytical and numerical approaches including the Rashba spin-orbit coupling and the Zeeman magnetic field. Our findings will play fundamental roles for exploring rectification phenomena in homogeneous open many-body systems.
The role of electrostatic interactions in adhesion of Streptococcus thermophilus to human erythrocytes in media with different 1:1 and 2:1 electrolyte concentrations

Abstract The process of bacterial adhesion is usually discussed in terms of a two-stage sorption model. According to this model, at the first stage bacteria rapidly attach to the surface by weak physical interactions, while at the second stage irreversible molecular and cellular adhesion processes take place. An important factor, influencing the adhesion processes, is physical and chemical characteristics of the medium, in particular, the presence of monovalent and bivalent cations. In this work, we assessed the role of electrostatic component of the intercellular interactions in the media with different electrolyte concentrations (namely, 1:1 and 2:1) at the first reversible stage of adhesion and probability of further specific binding. We compared experimental data of lactobacilli Streptococcus thermophilus adhesion to human erythrocytes with theoretical Debye radius and surface potential of erythrocytes in the experimental solutions of 1:1 electrolyte. Our results showed that with decreasing ionic strength of the solution, the change in the adhesion index in our experiments is fully in line with the theory DLVO (Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek) predictions. The experimental results were obtained and theoretical calculations of the electrostatic interactions parameters in the experimental solutions of 2:1 electrolyte once again confirmed the acceptability of a two-stage model of sorption and DLVO theory to describe a cell–cell adhesion.