Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Environment Friendly Agricultural Materials to Each Developmental Stages of Harmonia axyridis(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the Laboratory

The multicolored Asian ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis) has been commonly used with biological control agents for control of several kinds of aphids in agroecosystems. Also, environment friendly agricultural materials have been commonly applied in crop fields because the government held down pesticide application and environment friendly agricultures are gradually increased with consumer`s desires. The multicolored Asian ladybird beetles may be directly or indirectly under the influence of environment friendly agricultural materials In crop fields. The insecticidal environment friendly agricultural materials (IEFAMs) might be saff against each developmental stage of multicolored Asian ladybird beetle. Fungicidal environment friendly agricultural materials (FEFAMs) had a miner effect to each developmental stage of multicolored Asian ladybird beetle with the exception of FEFAM A. Environment friendly agricultural materials contained useful soil microorganisms (EFAMSMs) C and H might be down the hatching rate of eggs, and EFAMSM A and F had a killing effect to 1st instar of lady beetles. Environment friendly agricultural materials contained plant extracts (EFAMPEs) A and D might be suffered effect a deathblow of egg hatching with lady beetles. Otherwise, there was a miner effect to lady beetles with the rest of tested environment friendly agricultural materials.
Non-calcified pulmonary nodules detected in low-dose computed tomography lung cancer screening programs can be potential precursors of malignancy.

Non-specific pulmonary nodules detected in low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) lung cancer screening have been the subject of discussions for years. Lung nodules are detected in 20–50% of high-risk individuals undergoing lung cancer screening and may cause harm for patients due to the need for further CT surveillance or invasive procedures. A high proportion of detected non-specific pulmonary nodules is one of the drawbacks of lung cancer screening programs. Between 2009–2011 in Gdańsk, Poland, we conducted a single-arm observational lung cancer screening program (1) for individuals at high risk of developing lung cancer, aged 50–75, with at least 20 pack-years of smoking history. Among 8,649 people screened, nonspecific pulmonary nodules were found in 54% of participants and non-calcified nodules (NCNs) in 34%. Lung cancer was diagnosed in 1.24% [107] of all participants (1). Subsequently, to evaluate the lung cancer incidence in the study population in the 5 years follow-up we analyzed retrospectively the database of the Polish National Health Fund (pol. Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia). During the 5 years of follow-up from the end of the screening program, lung cancer was detected in another 382 program participants, so in 4.42% of the whole cohort. The total number of program participants diagnosed with lung cancer was 488 (5.65%) in the period 2009–2016 and the mean annual lung cancer detection rate would have been 0.77% a year if the screening was continued (2). Recently, in Lung Cancer, Pinsky and Gierada published an interesting article entitled “Long-term cancer risk associated with lung nodules observed on low-dose screening CT scans” (3). The authors subjected to a long observation LDCT arm participants of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) (4). The risk of lung cancer in trial participants with both a detected lung nodule in the baseline scan and new incidental findings during the followup has been evaluated. Of the 26,309 subjects who underwent low-dose CT, 26.9% [7,090] had a NCN in the baseline examination. The analysis was also carried out from the perspective of specific lung lobes. Among 131,545 lung lobes, nodules were found in 7.2% [9,448] of them. More than 20% of these nodules had a diameter ≥8 mm. The main results were presented in rate-ratios (RRs), which were computed as the ratio of the lung cancer incidence rate in a NCN group divided by the lung incidence rate in a comparison group without NCN. Adjusted RRs for periods 0–4, 4–8 and 8–12 years of followEditorial Commentary
Ability test of endophytic fungi to suppress the development of anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum capsici) in chili plants (Capsicum annum) in the Karo Highland

Anthracnose is one of the important diseases in chili plants. One way to control this disease is using endophyte fungi. The aim of this research was to examine the ability of endophytic fungi to suppress the development of anthracnose disease in chili plants in the Karo Highland. This research was conducted at the Rajapayung village, Sub-District Berastagi, District Tanah Karo, North Sumatera and at Plant Pathology Laboratory, Agrotechnology Study Program, Agriculture Faculty, USU. This research used Factorial Randomized Group Design method with 2 factors, 27 treatments and 2 replications. The first factor was the application method: application to seeds (A1), application on leaves (A2), and apllication on fruit (A3) while the second factor was the kind of isolates endophyte fungus. The results of the isolation were Trichoderma sp. , Rhizoctonia sp. , Aspergillus sp. , Penicillium sp. , Gliocladium sp. , Hormiscium sp. The results of this research showed that the lowest of percentage disease anthracnose in last observation was in the application on leaves treatment (5, 36 %) and treatment with Penicillium sp. (0.00 %). The highest plant height was in the treatment with a application on leaves with unknown hyphae (112.08 cm). The highest production was in the application on leaves treatment (0.58 ton/ha).
Hierarchically electrospraying a PLGA@chitosan sphere-in-sphere composite microsphere for multi-drug-controlled release

Abstract Sequential administration and controlled release of different drugs are of vital importance for regulating cellular behaviors and tissue regeneration, which usually demands appropriate carriers like microspheres (MS) to control drugs releases. Electrospray has been proven an effective technique to prepare MS with uniform particle size and high drug-loading rate. In this study, we applied electrospray to simply and hierarchically fabricate sphere-in-sphere composite microspheres, with smaller poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) MS (∼8–10 μm in diameter) embedded in a larger chitosan MS (∼250–300 μm in diameter). The scanning electron microscopy images revealed highly uniform MS that can be accurately controlled by adjusting the nozzle diameter or voltage. Two kinds of model drugs, bovine serum albumin and chlorhexidine acetate, were encapsulated in the microspheres. The fluorescence-labeled rhodamine-fluoresceine isothiocyanate (Rho-FITC) and ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry results suggested that loaded drugs got excellent distribution in microspheres, as well as sustained, slow release in vitro. In addition, far-UV circular dichroism and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) results indicated original secondary structure and molecular weight of drugs after electrospraying. Generally speaking, our research proposed a modified hierarchically electrospraying technique to prepare sphere-in-sphere composite MS with two different drugs loaded, which could be applied in sequential, multi-modality therapy.
Real-Time FPGA-Based Balance Control Method for a Humanoid Robot Pushed by External Forces

In this paper, a real-time balance control method is designed and implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) chip for a small-sized humanoid robot. In the proposed balance control structure, there are four modules: (1) external force detection, (2) push recovery balance control, (3) trajectory planning, and (4) inverse kinematics. The proposed method is implemented on the FPGA chip so that it can quickly respond to keep the small-sized humanoid robot balanced when it is pushed by external forces. A gyroscope and an accelerometer are used to detect the inclination angle of the robot. When the robot is under the action of an external force, an excessively large inclination angle may be produced, causing it to lose its balance. A linear inverted pendulum with a flywheel model is employed to estimate a capture point where the robot should step to maintain its balance. In addition, the central pattern generators (CPGs) with a sinusoidal function are adopted to plan the stepping trajectories. Some experimental results are presented to illustrate that the proposed real-time balance control method can effectively enable the robot to keep its balance to avoid falling down.
Thallus formation of the cyanobacterial lichen Peltigera didactyla from soredia under laboratory conditions

Formation of mature thalli with soredia occurred within an average cultivation time of 5 to 6 months. The size and growth form of the thalli (mussel-shaped and branched type) were dependent upon the number of the soredia which were involved in the thallus-forming process. Not only soredia amalgamated forming a soredia-field, but also whole lobes fused during development. Contamination problems with soredia were partially overcome by using soredia from cultivated thalli.
Range Extension of Harrovia Elegans De Man, 1887, With a Note On the Male of Dentoxanthus Iranicus Stephensen, 1945, From the Northern Arabian Sea (Decapoda, Brachyura, Eumedoninae)

Lambert, A. E. & J. S. Garth, 1977. Coral-crab commensalism in xanthids. Pacifie Sei. , 31 (3): 245-247. Pesta, O. , 1918. Die Decapodenfauna der Adria: i-x, 1-500, 1 chart. (Franz Deuticke, Leipzig, Wien). Schmitt, W. L. , 1921. Marine decapod Crustacea of California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. , 23: 1-470. Schone, H. , 1976. Zur Biologie dekapoder Krebse. Publik. zu wiss. Filmen, Inst. f.d. wiss. Film. G? ttingen, 9 (5): 461-556. Ser? ne, R. & K. Romimohtarto, 1969. Observations on the species of Dorippe from the Indo Malayan region. Mar. Res. Indonesia, 9: 1-35. Wicksten, M. K. , 1980a. Decorator crabs. Sei. Amer. , 242 (2): 116-122. -, 1980b. Mainland and insular assemblages of benthic decapod crustaceans of southern California. In: Power, D. M. (ed.), The California islands: proceedings of a multi disciplinary symposium: 357-367. (Santa Barbara Mus. Nat. Hist., Santa Barbara).
Sporophyte Structure in the Neotropical Hornwort Phaeomegaceros fimbriatus: Implications for Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Character Evolution

The first detailed structural description of the sporophyte of a Neotropical hornwort is presented herein. The morphology and ultrastructure of the placenta, basal meristem, and aerial sporophyte are described in populations of Phaeomegaceros fimbriatus, a poorly known but widespread species, from Panama, Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Ecuador. Gametophyte cells with wall ingrowths and haustorial sporophyte cells lacking ingrowths are closely intermingled in the placenta. Through anticlinal divisions, the basal meristem generates a protoderm, several rows of assimilative cells, and a single ring of archesporial cells surrounding a columella of 16 cells. Further periclinal division in the archesporium produces two or three rows of spore mother cells intermixed with elater initials, both of which are separated and suspended in mucilage as the sporophyte elongates. Spores are finely vermiculate with seven to 10 dimples on the distal surface. Spore walls comprise a perine‐like outer layer derived from the spore mother cell wall, a two‐layered exine, and a translucent intine. An aperture of thickened exine and sparse sporopollenin deposition defines the conspicuous trilete mark. The mature sporophyte consists of elongated, thick‐walled epidermal cells with stomata, sporogenous tissue, a central columella of up to 30 cells, and seven to 13 layers of assimilative cells with chloroplasts lacking pyrenoids. This study reveals a sharp morphological separation of plants from Venezuelan paramos from the rest of the populations, indicating recent evolutionary events. Superficial structural features such as foot shape, spore color, and stomata in the sporophyte align P. fimbriatus with Phaeoceros, while more elaborate development of histological regions, such as massive sporogenous tissue and the ultrastructure of plastids, suggests affinities with Megaceros. The unique mixture of Phaeoceros and Megaceros traits defines the genus Phaeomegaceros, including P. fimbriatus, and provides further evaluation of the taxonomy and evolutionary diversification of hornworts.
Buoyancy regulation in phosphate-limited cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa

Buoyancy regulation was studied in P-limited continuous cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa grown on light-dark cycles of 8–16 h. Gas-vesicle content did not vary systematically over a range of dilution rates form 0.004 to 0.015 h−1. A reduction in irradiance did not cause a significant change in gas-vesicle content. The proportion of floating cells decreased during the photoperiod and increased during the dark period. At three dilution rates, parallel cultures were grown at growth-saturating irradiance and at a lower irradiance. The cultures at low irradiance had a higher proportion of floating cells and a smaller decrease in buoyancy during the light period. The buoyancy losses were not due to destruction of gas vesicles but, rather, to the accumulation of heavy substances. However, measured increases in polysaccharide ballast accounted for only 60% of the required ballast. The molecule(s) which comprised the remainder of the ballast are unknown. Upon relief of phosphate limitation, P-limited cultures increased their buoyancy when incubated in the dark or light. Buoyancy increases in the dark were correlated with a decrease in polysaccharide content, whereas there was an increase in gas vesicle content in the light.
Characterization of a mannosidase acting on α1 → 3‐ and α1 → 6‐linked mannose residues of oligomannosidic intermediates of glycoprotein processing

Baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell extracts catalyze the conversion of [3H]mannose-labelled (Man)5GlcNAc and (Man)6GlcNAc oligosaccharides to a (Man)3GlcNAc species that retains affinity for concanavalin-A-Sepharose and appears to be Manα1 → 3[Manα1 → 6]Manβ1 → 4GlcNAc. The properties of the (Man)5GlcNAc-hydrolase activity differ from lysososomal α-mannosidases as well as previously described processing mannosidases acting on oligosaccharide intermediates of N-glycan assembly. Mosquito cell extracts catalyze hydrolysis of (Man)6GlcNAc but lack the (Man)5GlcNAc hydrolase activity detected in BHK cell extracts. Glycopeptide analysis has been carried out on a ricin-resistant BHK mutant RicR14 that lacks N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase I and fails to convert oligoigomannosidic N-glycans to complex-type chains, and mosquito cells that constitutively lack N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase I. In both cells lines, the cellular glycoproteins contain (Man)5GlcNAc oligosaccharide as the major stable component equivalent to a 15–20-fold increase compared with normal BHK cells. Although containing very high amounts of asparagine-linked (Man)5(GlcNAc)2, RicR14 cells exhibit (Man)5GlcNAc hydrolase activity at levels similar to wild-type BHK cells. This result, together with previous work [Foddy, L. , Feeney, J. & Hughes, R. C. (1986) Biochem. J. 233, 697–706] showing the complete inhibition of conversion of oligomannosidic intermediates to complex-type N-glycans in BHK cells treated with swainsonine, an inhibitor of mannosidase II but not the (Man)5GlcNAc hydrolase activity, argues against a major role for the (Man)5GlcNAc hydrolase activity in N-glycan asembly and suggesting other functions for the mannosidase activity in BHK cells.
Generating Function for the Figurative Numbers of Regular Polyhedron

In this paper, we are going to demonstrate a method for determining the generating functions of tetrahedral, hexahedral, octahedral, dodecahedral, and icosahedral figurative numbers. The method is based on the differences between the members of the series of the mentioned figurative numbers, as well as on the previously specified generating functions for the sequence and geometric sequence .
Using micro particle diets to replace diatoms for feeding postlarval abalone Haliotis discus discus (Reeve.)

: Feeding artificial micro diets instead of diatoms may allow a more constant and controlled form of nutrition, and thus results in lower mortality rate and increased growth. A 4-week trial was conducted to determine the growth and survival of postlarval Haliotis discus discus (Reeve.) postlarvae fed three experimental micro particle diets, and naturally occurring diatoms. A completely randomized design was adopted with each diet being replicated three times. All diets varied in terms of particle size and gross composition. Survival rate was significantly lower (P 0.05). There was also little difference in the daily growth rate. Based on the results of this work for the preliminary implementation of artificial food as a replacement diet for diatoms, it seems that postlarval H. discus discus readily consumes artificial micro particle diets and has a superior survival rate when compared to that of diatoms.
Aggressiveness and its role in the adaptation of plant pathogens

Aggressiveness, the quantitative component of pathogenicity, and its role in the adaptation of plant pathogens are still insufficiently investigated. Using mainly examples of biotrophic and necrotrophic fungal pathogens of cereals and Phytophthora infestans on potato, the empirical knowledge on the nature of aggressiveness components and their evolution in response to host and environment is reviewed. Means of measuring aggressiveness components are considered, as well as the sources of environmental variance in these traits. The adaptive potential of aggressiveness components is evaluated by reviewing evidence for their heritability, as well as for constraints on their evolution, including differential interactions between host and pathogen genotypes and trade-offs between components of pathogenicity. Adaptations of pathogen aggressiveness components to host and environment are analysed, showing that: (i) selection for aggressiveness in pathogen populations can be mediated by climatic parameters; (ii) global population changes or remarkable population structures may be explained by variation in aggressiveness; and (iii) selection for quantitative traits can influence pathogen evolution in agricultural pathosystems and can result in differential adaptation to host cultivars, sometimes leading to erosion of quantitative resistance. Possible links with concepts in evolutionary ecology are suggested.
Emergence of 13‐Yr Periodical Cicadas (Cicadidae: Magicicada): Phenology, Mortality, and Predators Satiation

We examined emergence of male and female 13-yr periodical cicadas (Brood XIX) and mortality, due to avian predation, fungal infection (Massospora cicadina), en? vironmental factors, and senescence. We compared relative contributions of the sources of mortality, and determined the temporal pattern of avian predation associated with predator satiation and mortality. Based on a mean density of 6.65 emergence holes/m2, we estimated that 1 063 300 cicadas emerged on our 16-ha study area in northwestern Arkansas during May 1985. Males appeared first in emergence traps in early May and emerged more synchronously than did females. About 50% of the population emerged during four consecutive nights, and peak abundance of adult cicadas occurred in late May. Based on samples from mortality traps, at least 40% of the population died in severe thunderstorms during the first week of June, demonstrating that stochastic factors can be major influences on periodical cicada populations. Fungal infection was not a major source of mortality. The first cicadas that emerged in early May were eaten by birds, but avian predators became satiated. Birds consumed 15-40% ofthe standing crop at low cicada densities, but very little of the standing crop was consumed when cicada densities were > 24 000 indi- viduals/ha on the study site. Avian predators appeared to be satiated for several weeks, and by the time their foraging activities increased due to demands imposed by feeding young, density of adult cicadas was relatively low. Mortality due to predation gradually increased to near 100% as the density of adult cicadas declined in June. Based on estimates of cicada emergence and deaths due to avian predation where adult cicada activity was greatest, birds consumed only ? 15% of the adult cicada population. Therefore, only a small proportion ofthe adult cicada population was actually consumed by avian predators. These results demonstrate that, indeed, the synchronized, explosive emergences of peri? odical cicadas may be classical examples of predator satiation.
Oviposition and egg brooding by the mosquito Trichoprosopon digitatum in cacao husks

Discarded fruit husks which catch rain water provide transitory yet nourishing habitats for larval mosquitoes. In this report we describe maternal care of eggs and how husk fluid and shape influence oviposition of a neotropical mosquito, Trichoprosopon digitatum (Ron‐dani), in cacao.
Feeding brittle culm1 whole crop rice replacing wheat by-products to growing-finishing pigs

Abstract The effect of feeding brittle culm1 whole crop rice (WCR) replacing wheat by-products on performance, digestibility and carcass quality was evaluated in growing-finishing pigs. Fifty-four pigs (Duroc) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: WCR at levels of 0 (control), 10 or 20%, respectively. Pigs were fed from about 29 to 85 kg. A digestion trial was conducted with all pigs at about 60 kg live weight. When the feeding trial was completed, six pigs from each treatment were slaughtered to determine carcass quality. In the growing period, pigs receiving the 10 or 20% WCR diet were not significantly different in daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion from the control pigs (p>0.05). In the finishing period, daily feed intake and daily weight gain of pigs fed the 20% WCR diet were significantly lower than control pigs or 10% WCR diet (p<0.05). However, the feed conversion was not significantly different among the pigs on three different diets. No significant (p>0.05) difference was shown in the apparent nutrient digestibility with the WCR substituting for wheat by-products. The dressing percentage and mean backfat thickness tended to be lower in pigs fed the 10 or 20% WCR diet than in control pigs. The meat from pigs on the 20% WCR diet showed a higher pH value at 24 h post mortem, and higher protein and lower fat content in longissimus muscles than control pigs (p<0.05). This study indicated that WCR could be an alternative feed source to replace wheat by-products in growing-finishing pig diets, but a high proportion of the WCR may result in an adverse effect on the performance traits.
Evidence of repertoire sharing and stability despite a high turnover rate in a duetting neotropical wren

Funding: 1st author was supported by a PhD scholarship (381393/327118) funded by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT). 2nd author was supported by a PhD scholarship (SFRH/BD/96078/2013) funded by the Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT). This research was funded by grants and fellowships from NERC (NE/J018694/1), the Royal Society (RG2012R2), and MJ Murdock Charitable Trust (2014199).