Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF SOUTHERNMOST AFRICA FROM c. 2000 BP TO THE EARLY 1800s: A REVIEW OF RECENT RESEARCH

Southernmost Africa (here meaning South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland) provides an excellent opportunity for investigating the relations between farming, herding and hunting-gathering communities over the past 2,000 years, as well as the development of societies committed to food production and their increasing engagement with the wider world through systems of exchange spanning the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. This paper surveys and evaluates the archaeological research relevant to these communities and issues carried out in the region since the early 1990s. Among other themes discussed are the processes responsible for the emergence and transformation of pastoralist societies (principally in the Cape), the ways in which rock art is increasingly being incorporated with other forms of archaeological data to build a more socially informed view of the past, the analytical strength and potential of ethnographically informed understandings of past farming societies and the important contribution that recent research on the development of complex societies in the Shashe-Limpopo Basin can make to comparative studies of state formation.
Influence of cell fixation on chromatin topography.

Using in situ hybridization techniques, a fixation step must precede denaturation to prevent disintegration of the chromosomes. The analysis of nuclei fixed by paraformaldehyde, preserving the native structure (three-dimensional or 3D fixation and analysis) has become possible with the development of confocal microscopy; however, the analysis of those fixed by methanol and acetic acid, dehydrating the nuclei (two-dimensional or 2D fixation and analysis), remains a very valuable tool for practical use in diagnostics and also in many cases for research. We compared both types of fixation and analyses using different cell lines and different DNA probes. Fixation of cells by methanol and acetic acid leads to the enlargement of contact of nuclei with the slide surface, resulting in a substantial increase of nuclear diameter, flattening of the nucleus, and consequently to a distortion of gene topology. Our results indicate that chromatin structures located in the outer parts of the nuclear volume (e.g., heterochromatin of some centromeres) are relatively shifted to the membrane of these nuclei, keeping the absolute centromere-membrane distance constant. On the other hand, euchromatin located in the inner parts of the nuclear volume is not shifted outside proportionally to the increase of molecular dimensions; consequently, the relative distances for the center of nucleus to gene are smaller after methanol-acetic acid fixation. The limitations of the analysis of dehydrated preparations for practical use and in research are discussed.
Induction of burst firing in ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons by activation of serotonin (5‐HT)1A receptors: WAY 100,635‐reversible actions of the highly selective ligands, flesinoxan and S 15535

This study examined the influence of the highly selective 5‐HT1A receptor ligands, flesinoxan, S 15535, and WAY 100,635, upon the electrical activity of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), as compared to serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of anesthetized rats. Flesinoxan, a high‐efficacy agonist at both pre‐ and postsynaptic 5‐HT1A receptors, dose‐dependently (inhibitory dose (ID)50 = 19.5 μg/kg, i.v. ) inhibited the firing of DRN serotonergic neurons. This action was abolished by WAY 100,635 (31 μg/kg i.v.) which is an antagonist at pre‐ and postsynaptic 5‐HT1A receptors. S 15535, which behaves as an agonist and partial agonist at pre‐ and postsynaptic 5‐HT1A receptors, respectively, similarly abolished DRN firing in a WAY 100,635‐reversible fashion with an ID50 of 6.1 μg/kg, i.v. In contrast to these actions, both flesinoxan (≥500 μg/kg, i.v.) and S 15535 (≥125 μg/kg, i.v.) dose‐dependently and monophasically increased the firing rate of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA, with maximal effects of 70.1 ± 17.2% and 33.7 ± 5.3%, respectively. Further, VTA dopaminergic neurons displaying a regular firing pattern were transformed into a bursting mode. This influence of flesinoxan and S 15535 on VTA cells was abolished by WAY 100,635. Administered alone, WAY 100,635 did not significantly modify the activity of either serotonergic or dopaminergic neurons. In conclusion, the present findings show that selective activation of 5‐HT1A receptors not only inhibits serotonergic neurones but also elicits a (possibly related) increase in VTA dopaminergic output. A facilitatory influence of flesinoxan, S 15535, and other selective 5‐HT1A receptor ligands upon mesocortical dopaminergic pathways may contribute to their putative antidepressant properties. Synapse 30:172–180, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Novel Single-Layer Winding Array and Receiver Coil Structure for Contactless Battery Charging Systems With Free-Positioning and Localized Charging Features

The planar contactless battery charging system is an emerging technology that can be applied to a wide range of portable consumer electronic products. Beginning with a brief historical background, this paper presents a new single-layer winding array and receiver coil structure with cylindrical ferrite cores for planar contactless battery charging systems. Complying with the “Qi” standard, this design enables multiple devices to be placed and charged simultaneously on the wireless charging pad in a free-positioning manner. The charging flux is totally localized within the covered area between the selected primary winding and the secondary winding inside the load. The electromagnetic characteristics of such winding design are studied in finite-element analysis and confirmed by practical implementation.
Optimal liquidation of a call spread

We study the optimal liquidation strategy for a call spread in the case when an investor, who does not hedge, believes in a volatility that differs from the implied volatility. The liquidation problem is formulated as an optimal stopping problem, which we solve explicitly. We also provide a sensitivity analysis with respect to the model parameters.
Two-photon imaging of calcium accumulation in rat cerebellar granule cells

Topical accumulation of calcium ions in neurites and cell bodies of rat cerebellar granule cells was studied by two-photon microscopy in neurons loaded with the Ca-sensitive fluorescent indicator Oregon Green 488 Bapta. High potassium caused a rapid surge of internal calcium ([Ca2+]i) in the cell body, followed by a plateau. In neurites, [Ca2+]i reached a peak and then decreased back to the control level. In contrast, in neurons stimulated by NMDA, [Ca2+]i reached a steady level and remained constant as long as the agonist was present in the bath, either in the cell bodies or in neurites. In the latter, the response to NMDA treatment was smaller and heterogeneous, and [Ca2+]i increased in certain segments of the neurite, but not in others.
Valid Treatment Options for Osteoporosis and Osteopenia in HIV-Infected Persons

Objective: To review clinical data on bone ossification agents that may be considered for use in the treatment of osteoporosis and osteopenia in HIV-infected patients. Data Sources: A literature search was performed using MEDLINE (1950-January 2008), EMBASE, PubMed, and abstracts from major HIV conferences (February 2001-October 2007). These searches were limited to human data published in English and used the key words bisphosphonates, calcitonin, raloxifene. teriparatide, HAART, osteopenia, osteoporosis, and HIV/AIDS. Additional articles were retrieved from citations of selected references. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Relevant information on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of available treatment with hormonal and nonhormonal agents was selected. Greater emphasis was placed on randomized clinical trials than on retrospective studies. Data Synthesis: Osteoporosis in HIV-infected persons is at least as prevalent as in postmenopausal women, yet this population is not listed in primary care guidelines as one that should be considered for screening. In addition to bisphosphonates, calcitonin, raloxifene, and teriparatide are used to treat bone disorders. Three clinical trials to date have evaluated the use of a bisphosphonate in HIV-infected persons. The trials showed a marked increase in bone mineral density in patients taking alendronate versus those in the control groups (with/without calcium, exercise, and/or vitamin D in 1 or both arms). Dosing restrictions complicate the use of these agents; diet, exercise, and calcium supplementation remain the foremost recommended strategies to prevent bone loss. The use of estrogen, testosterone, calcitonin, and teriparatide is less studied in HIV-positive patients, but may be considered in select cases. There are some investigational drugs and agents not available in the US; however, there are not enough data to support their use. Conclusions: Alendronate appears to be a promising treatment option for HIV-infected patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia. Further research is required to determine the safety and efficacy of other available drugs. Until additional information is provided, and with available knowledge on the metabolism profiles of antiretroviral and bone ossification agents, alendronate appears to be the preferred agent to use in this population.
Wave Propagation in Shallow-Water Acoustic Random Waveguides

In shallow-water waveguides a propagating field can be decomposed over three kinds of modes: the propagating modes, the radiating modes and the evanescent modes. In this paper we consider the propagation of a wave in a randomly perturbed waveguide and we analyze the coupling between these three kinds of modes using an asymptotic analysis based on a separation of scales technique. Then, we derive the asymptotic form of the distribution of the mode amplitudes and the coupled power equation for propagating modes. From this equation, we show that the total energy carried by the propagating modes decreases exponentially with the size of the random section and we give an expression of the decay rate. Moreover, we show that the mean propagating mode powers converge to the solution of a diffusion equation in the high-frequency regime.
Ketamine-induced electroconvulsive phenomena in the human limbic and thalamic regions.

In nine patients with cortical, limbic and thalamic electrode implants, correlative electrical activity and gross behavior were observed following administration of ketamine, 70 per cent N2O, and thiopental. Ketamine was administered in four dosages: 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg. One patient who received 0.5 mg/kg iv manifested depth-clectrode seizure activity without loss of consciousness. Two patients, receiving 1 mg/kg iv, developed increased frequency in their depth-clectrode EEC's with transient unconsciousness. All six patients receiving 2 or 4 mg/kg iv developed electrical seizure activity in the limbic and thalamic areas, with uncorrected behavioral manifestations ranging from apparent “unconsciousness” and immobility to actual tonic and clonic motor activity. The surface EEG did not manifest the intense electrical activity in the limbic region at all times. In contrast, administration of 70 per cent N:O and 400 mg thiopental did not induce electrical seizure phenomena. It is suggested that ketamine be used cautiously in patients with seizure disorders.
Scalability and channel independency of the digital broadband dStream architecture

Introduction Since the introduction of parallel imaging techniques [1,0], the numbers of elements in phased array coils have been continuously increasing to achieve high SNR and short scan time. In order to acquire the signal of those elements, the typical MR systems have had to support an increasing number of receive channels. Typical MRI systems are equipped with 8 receive channels as standard, with options for 16 and 32 channels. This trend towards higher number of channels has resulted in an increased complexity of the MRI system [0] with increased initial costs; subsequent upgrades to increase the number of channels is also costly because a substantial expansion of the RF chain is required. Moreover, the connection to the system of a coil with more elements than the number of receive channels forced developers to build complex logic switches in the coil and/or to multiplex and compress the signal [4,5]. This work describes a scalable digital broadband receive system architecture which no longer limits the number of receive channels that can be connected and provides a consistent signal fidelity independent of the number of channels.
Mayores, actividad y trabajo en el proceso de envejecimiento y jubilación : una aproximación psico-sociológica

Esta tesis trata la actividad de las personas mayores en el proceso de envejecimiento y jubilacion desde una perspectiva psico-sociologica. El titulo indica claramente nuestro objeto de estudio (actividad y trabajo), los sujetos o participantes (personas mayores), el marco mas general (proceso de envejecimiento) y el encuadre mas concreto (la jubilacion) desde un enfoque especifico como es el psicosociologico. La tesis consta de tres partes. Ademas de la paginas introductorias, en una primera parte se ofrece la conceptualizacion del tema, el contexto y la situacion actual de las personas mayores. En la segunda parte, se desarrolla (revisando los enfoque teoricos mas relacionados con la tesis). El envejecimiento y la jubilacion como procesos psicosociologicos y como objetos de investigacion. En la tercera, ya a traves de nuestra investigacion aplicada se plasman los analisis de interpretaciones de la relacion trabajo-jubilacion-actividad de las personas mayores, desde el metodo y tecnicas cualitativas (grupos de discusion y entrevistas en profundidad) y consulta de estudios y encuestas. Se cierra el estudio con las conclusiones, algunas propuestas, bibliografia y 2 anexos.
Molecular Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Non-albicans Candida Species Isolated from Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

Background: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an important health problem caused by Candida spp. The aim of this study was molecular identification, phylogenetic analysis, and evaluation of antifungal susceptibility of non-albicans Candida isolates from VVC. Methods: Vaginal secretion samples were collected from 550 vaginitis patients at Sayyad Shirazi Medical and Educational Center of Gorgan (Golestan Province, Iran) from May to October 2015. Samples were analyzed using conventional mycological and molecular approaches. Clinical isolates were analyzed with specific PCR using CGL primers, and the internal transcribed spacer region and the D1-D2 domain of the large-subunit rRNA gene were amplified and sequenced. Susceptibility to amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, and clotrimazole was determined by the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Results: In total, 35 non-albicans Candida isolates were identified from VVC patients. The isolates included 27 strains of Candida glabrata (77.1%), 5 Candida krusei (Pichia kudriavzevii; 14.3%), 2 Candida kefyr (Kluyveromyces marxianus; 5.7%), and 1 Candida lusitaniae (Clavispora lusitaniae; 2.9%). The fungicides itraconazole and amphotericin B were effective against all species. One isolate of C. glabrata showed resistance to fluconazole and clotrimazole, and 26 isolates of C. glabrata indicated dose-dependent susceptibility to fluconazole. C. lusitaniae was susceptible in a dose-dependent manner to fluconazole and resistant to clotrimazole. Conclusions: Non-albicans Candida spp. are common agents of vulvovaginitis, and C. glabrata is the most common species in the tested patients.
A Dual-Band 1:10 Wilkinson Power Divider Based on Multi-T-Section Characterization of High-Impedance Transmission Lines

We propose a new methodology for the design of a dual-band unequal-split Wilkinson power divider (WPD) with a high power division ratio at the operating frequencies. Impractical high-impedance transmission line in the conventional divider is replaced with cascaded dual-band T-section structures based on analytical equations derived herein. To validate the design concept, a dual-band WPD operating at 1 and 2 GHz with a 1:10 split ratio is simulated and measured. Simulations and measurements show isolation and input–output ports matching better than −20 dB, and transmission parameters, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S_{21}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S_{31}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, of −10.5 ± 0.5 dB and −0.4 ± 0.5 dB at the design bands, respectively.
Classification of peripheral neuropathy: The long and the short of it

Insights into how the nervous system functions have often sprung from knowledge of the localization of nervous system diseases. Indeed, the recent rebirth of behavioral neurology has been sparked by new insights into the topography of higher cortical functions. Yet, the localization of disease affecting the‐peripheral nervous system is simply assumed to be a by‐product of the beginning course in gross anatomy! Indeed, the anatomic sophistication laid out by Sunderland29 and reflected in the daily practice of electromyography might cause doubt as to the need for further inquiry into the problem of localization of disease within peripheral nervous system. There are, however, numerous problems in clinical practice that do not yield to the traditional root‐plexus‐nerve analysis of localization.
Neuroprotective effects of atorvastatin against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress

Cerebral ischemia triggers secondary ischemia/reperfusion injury and endoplasmic reticulum stress initiates cell apoptosis. However, the regulatory mechanism of the signaling pathway remains unclear. We hypothesize that the regulatory mechanisms are mediated by the protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α in the endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway. To verify this hypothesis, we occluded the middle cerebral artery in rats to establish focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model. Results showed that the expression levels of protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and caspase-3, as well as the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, were increased after ischemia/reperfusion. Administration of atorvastatin decreased the expression of protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, caspase-3 and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, reduced the infarct volume and improved ultrastructure in the rat brain. After salubrinal, the specific inhibitor of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α was given into the rats intragastrically, the expression levels of caspase-3 and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α in the were decreased, a reduction of the infarct volume and less ultrastructural damage were observed than the untreated, ischemic brain. However, salubrinal had no impact on the expression of protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase. Experimental findings indicate that atorvastatin inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress and exerts neuroprotective effects. The underlying mechanisms of attenuating ischemia/reperfusion injury are associated with the protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α/caspase-3 pathway.
An Introduction to Multilayer Networks

Natural and engineered systems are made of several heterogeneous entities. Such entities interact with each other in complex patterns representing several kind of relationships. Moreover, these patterns can depend on time and space dimensions. It is clear that traditional complex network theory is not sufficient. A new more general framework is provided by multilayer networks.
Mother–child memory conversations and self-construal in Eastern Turkey, Western Turkey and the USA

Eighty-seven mothers and their four-year-old children from Eastern Turkey (N = 32 pairs), Western Turkey (N = 30 pairs) and the USA (N = 25 pairs) participated in a study of mother–child memory talk as a reflection of mothers' self construal, in view of differences in the function of memory talk across cultures. Mother–child pairs were audio-recorded while talking about shared past and anticipated future events. Mothers completed the Balanced Integration–Differentiation questionnaire measure of self-construal and were scored as high or low on individuation and relatedness orientations. Mothers' memory and future talk showed similar patterns of cultural differences: American mothers provided the most voluminous, descriptive and elaborative talk, while Eastern Turkish mothers showed the highest level of repetitiveness, and Western Turkish mothers' talk fell in between. Children's memory talk was similar across cultures. In all cultures, mothers who scored high on both individuation and relatedness (balanced self-construal subtype) engaged in more voluminous and contexted memory talk, and individuation was associated with more elaborative talk about future events. Results are discussed in light of literature on cultural differences in self-construal and memory function.
Gender Differences in Disability-Free Life Expectancy at Old Ages in Bangladesh

Objective: We examined gender differences in the prevalence of disability and Disability-free Life Expectancy (DFLE) for Bangladeshi older adults. Method: We used data representing 4,189 elderly subjects aged 60 years and over from a nationally representative survey (Bangladesh’s Household Income and Expenditure Survey-2010). The Sullivan method was used to compute DFLE. Results: Eyesight disability is prevalent among 28.94 and 36.47 men and women, respectively, and is the most prevalent type of disability in Bangladesh. Women have each disability and at least one disability in significantly higher percentages than men. At all ages, and in both numbers and proportion, women have longer life expectancy but shorter DFLE than men. Discussion: Attention should be given to the elderly, with special care devoted to elderly women. The findings of the current study have important implications for risk of disability and the need for, and use of, long-term care services.
ST‐DMQL: A Semantic Trajectory Data Mining Query Language

Mobile devices are becoming very popular in recent years, and large amounts of trajectory data are generated by these devices. Trajectories left behind cars, humans, birds or other objects are a new kind of data which can be very useful in the decision making process in several application domains. These data, however, are normally available as sample points, and therefore have very little or no semantics. The analysis and knowledge extraction from trajectory sample points is very difficult from the user's point of view, and there is an emerging need for new data models, manipulation techniques, and tools to extract meaningful patterns from these data. In this paper we propose a new methodology for knowledge discovery from trajectories. We propose through a semantic trajectory data mining query language several functionalities to select, preprocess, and transform trajectory sample points into semantic trajectories at higher abstraction levels, in order to allow the user to extract meaningful, understandable, and useful patterns from trajectories. We claim that meaningful patterns can only be extracted from trajectories if the background geographical information is considered. Therefore we build the proposed methodology considering both moving object data and geographic information. The proposed language has been implemented in a toolkit in order to provide a first software prototype for trajectory knowledge discovery.