Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sign Language Recognition using HMM which Accepts Various Movements

We propose a method to automatically construct a transitional structure(topology) of a Hidden Markov Model for recognizing a word in sign language from a sequence of images. The constructed topology has branches and junctions in order to represent a flexible structure. The proposed method consists of segmentation of a motion and construction of the topology from segments. A motion is divided into consistent segments, which correspond to states of the model. The topology is constructed from an initial topology by modifying it according to a learning sequence of the segments. With experiments, we show the effectiveness of the proposed method. I. I NTRODUCTION For recognition of sign language words, a framework with Hidden Markov Model (HMM)[1] has been used, where the model usually corresponds to a word[2]. The model consists of states and transitional structure(topology). The state has parameters representing motions. The topology determines the transitional probabilitiy between states. Automatic generation of models for sign language has not been studied. For generating models, we have to consider the following problems. (1) How to determine states for representing motions? (2) How to determine the topology among the states? For problem (1), the number of states were generally fixed for all words[2]. Accordingly, the models can not reflect the difference of the complexity of motions for words. In [3], the number of states was estimated for each word. However, the thresholds of hand speed for the estimation were manually adjusted for each speaker. In this paper, a state corresponds to a consistent partial motion(segment) such as raising hands, spreading hands etc. The segments are extracted from each motion for a word. The segmentation does not require thresholds manually adjusted for each speaker because it is based on directions of a motion, which are more independent on each speaker than the speed. For problem (2), the topology of models was generally fixed for all words to a model such as Fig. 1 [2]. In [3], the number of states were adaptively determined for each word, but the topology was limited to linear such as Fig. 2. Such models reflect an only type of motions because they have only one transition path. A word in sign language generally has multiple types of motions. Although they can be represented by a set of models, partial motions common to the models are trained as different motions. In this paper, a topology reflecting multiple types of motions is constructed for each word. It has branches and junctions left
Molecular evolutionary relationship of rice cultivars based on Heading date 3 a gene and its three-dimensional model prediction : A bioinformatics analysis

Rice is one of world’s oldest crop species which believed to have been domesticated for over 1000 years ago. Discussion on origin and evolution of its diverse cultivars remain contentious. Therefore, determining the cultivars molecular evolutionary relationship based on a flowering gene(s) using bioinformatics approach continues to be an area to explore and it is of significant value. Here, we examined the molecular phylogeny of 24 rice cultivars centered on established Heading date 3a (Hd3a) florigen accessions, then predict its three-dimensional (3D) model. Hd3a accessions were collected which comprised 12 indica, 12 japonica, and single wild-type and analyzed for an evolutionary relationship. The protein 3D structures were predicted using I-TASSER server and validated using Ramachandran plot, ERRAT plot, and VERIFY 3D. The genes appeared to be highly conserved and functional. Most indica cultivars form a separate group and signpost close relation with the wild-type rice. Whereas, all japonica cultivars appeared in the same group but make a clade with other indicas. The result implied that indica cultivars shared a common evolutionary ancestor with the wild type as they appeared in the same clade. The protein 3D model showed that the accessions have slight differences and VERIFY 3D model refinement has the best score at 99.39%. This study has elucidated on the Oryza sativa 24 cultivars’ molecular evolutionary relationships based on Hd3a gene and first to predict the gene 3D model.
Emotion-Weather Maps : Representation of Spatial Distributions of Mass and Complex Emotions

Emotion-weather maps are some kinds of thematic maps to represent emotions. The maps represent spatial distributions of complex emotions of masses. Data of emotions have been extracted from social media. The data have some biases in some aspect of time, space, and categories of emotions. The biases obstructs observation of relatively few emotions. To address such problem, collected data are normalized. As a use case a sets of maps is presented. These maps represent distributions of emotions of an actual day. An earthquake on that day caused fear and surprise in a region in Japan.
A semilinear heat equation with concave-convex nonlinearity

Riassunto: In questo articolo, ci interessiamo all’equazione parabolica ut−∆u = λu + u in un dominio limitato di IR , con la condizione al bordo di Dirichlet e parametri 0 < q < 1 < p e λ > 0. Studiamo il problema di Cauchy associato e il comportamento globale delle soluzioni positive. Ci interessiamo in particolar modo alle relazioni tra le soluzioni globali (in tempo) dell’equazione parabolica e le soluzioni del problema stazionario ellittico. In particolare, dimostiamo che esiste una soluzione globale se e solo se esiste una soluzione debole dell’equazione stazionaria.
Audio-Visual Speech Recognition using LIP Movement for Amharic Language

Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) is a technology that allows a computer to identify the words that a person speaks into a microphone or telephone and convert it to a written text. In recent years, there have been many advances in automatic speech reading system with the inclusion of visual speech features to improve recognition accuracy under noisy conditions. By identifying lip movements and characterizing their associations with speech sounds, the performance of speech recognition systems can be improved, particularly when operating in noisy environments. In this study, for face and mouth detection we use Viola-Jones object recognizer called haarcascade face detection and haarcascade mouth detection respectively, after the mouth detection ROI is extracted. Extracted ROI is used as an input for visual feature extraction. DWT is used for visual feature extraction and LDA is used to reduce visual feature vector. For audio feature extraction, we use MFCC. Integration of audio and visual features are done by decision fusion. As a result of this, we used three classifiers. The first one is the HMM classifier for audio only speech recognition, the second one is HMM classifier for visual only speech recognition and the third one is CHHM for audiovisual integration. In this study, we used our own data corpus called AAVC. We evaluated our audio-visual recognition system with two different sets: speaker dependent and speaker independent. We used those two evaluation sets for both phone (vowels) and isolated word recognition. For speaker dependent dataset, we found an overall word recognition of 60.42% for visual only, 65.31% for audio only and 70.1 % for audio-visual. We also found an overall vowels (phone) recognition of 71.45% for visual only, 76.34% for audio only and 83.92 % for audio-visual speech. For speaker independent dataset, we got an overall word recognition of 61% for visual only, 63.54% for audio only and 67.08% for audio-visual. The overall vowel (phone) recognition on the speaker independent dataset is 68.04% for visual only, 71.96% for audio only and 76.79 % for audio-visual speech.
TYPE VB AND VI SECRETION SYSTEMS AS COMPETITION AGENTS OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA

Abstract Bacterial competition, defined as a local neighbour interactions, can lead to competitors coexistence, bacterial community self-organization or as travelling waves of species dominance in ecological niches. Bacteria have developed many mechanisms to communicate and compete. Kin discrimination mechanisms in bacterial populations allow species to distinguish a friend from a foe in bacterial environment. Type Vb and VI secretion systems (TVIbSS and TVISS) play crucial role in this phenomenon. A contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI), primarily found in Escherichia coli strains, utilities CdiB/CdiA protein of type Vb secretion system, described also as two-partner secretion (TPS) system, to inhibit growth of non-kin strains, where cell contact is required. Presence of an intracellular small immunity protein (CdiI) protects E. coli cells from autoinhibition. Other bacterial competition system, primarily found in nodulation process of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifolii strain, engages type VI secretion system. The structure of TVISS is more complicated and comprises the series of proteins with structural homology to bacteriophage tail proteins and membrane proteins which builds the core of the system (Tss proteins). Meanwhile, other proteins of the TVISS was described as associated proteins (Tag proteins). Important proteins for TVISS are haemolysin coregulated protein (Hcp) which has hexameric, tubular structure and VgrG protein (valine-glycine repeat G) which play a dual role in the process: as a chaperone protein in secretion of effector toxin or/and as a secreted toxin itself. Despite the structural differences of both secretion systems they show functional homology in competition phenomenon and govern the social life of bacterial community. 1. Introduction. 2. Contact-dependent growth inhibition. 2.1. Structure o CDI machinery. 2.2. Effectors of CDI system. 3. Type VI secretion system. 3.1. Structure of type VI secretion system. 3.2. Effectors of type VI secretion system. 4. Membership to polymorphic toxins system. 5. Role of the systems in bacterial biology. 6. Conclusions
Respiratory infections in the elderly

Part 1 Epidemiology of respiratory infections in the elderly, David Bentley and Joseph M. Mylotte: pneumonia - incidence, demographics defining the patient at risk community-acquired pneumonia nursing home-related pneumonia nosocomial pneumonia and relation to underlying illness tuberculosis - an increasing problem in the elderly airway infections - acute bronchitis in patients with lung disease. Part 2 Pulmonary host defenses in the elderly, Anthony L. Esposito: overview of the normal respiratory host defense system impairments in respiratory host defenses in the elderly - impairments related in aging impairments related to coexisting illness, including malnutrition impairments related to therapeutic interventions and medications. Part 3 Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly, Michael S. Niederman and Alan M. Fein: general features - presentations, laboratory findings, effect on coexisting illness, relationship of presentation to outcome specific common bacterial and viral infections - pneumococcus, legionella, gram-negative microorganisms, viral pneumonia / influenza. Part 4 The common cold, Ann R. Falsey: incidence clinical features morbidity and complications therapy - antiviral approaches, symptom control. Part 5 Influenza in the elderly, Thomas R. Cate: clinical syndromes, including variations in the elderly complicatons therapy prevention, including control in nursing homes. Part 6 Airway infection, Robert A. Stockley: acute bronchitis - presentation, complications, therapy bronchiectasis - clinical picture, pathogenesis, antibiotic therapy and prophylaxis, diagnostic techniques. Part 7 Newer or emerging pulmonary pathogens for respiratory infection in the elderly, Elizabeth A. Williams and Abraham Verghese: common pathogens in the elderly "newer" pathogens - why do they emerge in the elderly? clinical settings for the new pathogens. Part 8 Tuberculosis in the elderly, Asim K. Dutt and William W. Stead: clinical features - how tuberculosis differs in the elderly diagnosis and control of tuberculosis in nursing homes therapy and prophylaxis of tuberculosis in the elderly. Part 9 Nosocomial pneumonia in the elderly, Michael S. Niederman: the postoperative patient the intubated patient aspiration pneumonia in the hospital. Part 10 Pharmacology of antimocrobials in the elderly. Part 11 Aspiration pneumonia in the elderly. Part 12 Slowly resolving pneumonia in the elderly. Part 13 Airborne infections in nursing homes. Part 14 Respiratory infections in the elderly. Part contents.
Drug Use, Impaired Driving and Traffic Accidents

This literature review provides a comprehensive report on the relationship between drug use, impaired driving and traffic accidents. It describes methodological issues, presents the results of prevalence surveys among drivers, provides an overview of findings from major international epidemiological surveys, and gathers evidence from experimental and field studies of the relationship between drug use, driving impairment and traffic accidents.
Layout for a Pipelined Dadda Multiplier

Parallel counters (unary-to-binary converters) are the principal component of a Dadda multiplier. We specify a design first for a pipelined parallel counter, and then for a complete multiplier. As a result of its structural regularity, the layout is suitable for use in a VLSI implementation. We analyze the complexity of the resulting design using a VLSI model of computation, showing that it is optimal with respect to both its period and latency. In this sense the design compares favorably with other recent VLSI multiplier designs.
Program ( Step II ) Lattice Search Condition Generation Attribute Search

Humans are capable of building holistic representations for images at various levels, from local objects, to pairwise relations, to global structures. The interpretation of structures involves reasoning over repetition and symmetry of the objects in the image. In this paper, we present the Program-Guided Image Manipulator (PG-IM), inducing neuro-symbolic program-like representations to represent and manipulate images. Given an image, PG-IM detects repeated patterns, induces symbolic programs, and manipulates the image using a neural network that is guided by the program. PG-IM learns from a single image, exploiting its internal statistics. Despite trained only on image inpainting, PG-IM is directly capable of extrapolation and regularity editing in a unified framework. Extensive experiments show that PG-IM achieves superior performance on all the tasks.
1 PASTA : Portable Automotive Security Testbed with Adaptability

For accelerating the development of sophisticated driving-assist technologies such as automated driving, securing vehicles against cyberattacks is challenging. To promote the development of securitymeasurement methods, a company’s electronic control unit (ECU) places tough restrictions on security analysis. In such circumstances, we need an environment that includes transparent ECUs with high adaptability. Ideally, anyone will be able to apply technology and evaluate that technology with ECUs. Simulating an actual vehicle through hardware is also required for assessing threats of cyberattacks. We need not only to provide an adaptable platform for developing measures for existing cybersecurity but also simulate any function in actual vehicles using white-box ECUs. In addition, to easily demonstrate and evaluate the applied security technique, it is important to make the environment portable. Considering these requirements, we propose the portable automotive security testbed with adaptability (PASTA), and give an example for evaluating it for proof of concept. PASTA has the possibility to contribute to a comprehensive development platform against vehicle cyberattacks.
Education 3-13 : International Journal of Primary , Elementary and Early Years Education

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Social , economic and educational implications of parental separation on upbringing of school children in Ekiti State

The study investigated the social economic and educational implications of parental separation on upbringing of school children. The study was a descriptive research design of the survey type. The population was made up of all the adolescents within the age range of 13 – 18 years in Ado-Ekiti Local Government Area. A sample of 207 and 329 were selected using simple random sampling and multistage sampling technique. The final sample was chosen using stratified random sampling technique. A self-designed instrument titled “Divorce and Child Upbringing Scale (DCUS)” was used for collecting data. The instrument’s face and content validity was ensured by relevant experts. A reliability coefficient of 0.82 was obtained through test retest reliability method. The 2 hypotheses postulated were tested using chi square (X 2 ). It was revealed that respondents from rich and poor homes do not differ in their upbringing due to economic status of their separate parents. Also the educational status of separated parents does not influence their children upbringing. It was recommended that separated parents should be enlightened about who and how to take care of the children so that they don’t suffer emotional deprivation. Children from separated homes should be allowed to contact both parents without restriction. Separated parents should seek support and counselling that will enable them receive therapy that will reduce their transference of negative emotions to the children and relations.
Kinematic Learning for Humanoid Robots

As the field of robotics has developed, the applications in which robots are used have increased greatly. Robotic systems are no longer confined to factories and are being used increasingly in everyday life. Traditionally, a robot’s kinematics, which specifies the physical structure of its body and how it interacts with space through motion, was preprogrammed for each robot individually. However, as robots have become more complex and diverse, it has become advantageous for a robot’s software to be able to automatically determine the robot’s kinematics, a process known as kinematic learning. This will reduce the amount of time that the people developing the robot must spend programming it for its particular body structure. It will also make it much easier to move software written for one robot onto another robot. It is clear that humans are capable of kinematic learning, as demonstrated by a child’s ability to function with a constantly changing body structure while growing, as well as the ability to adapt to serious injuries such as broken limbs. In addition to the benefit provided to engineering and technology by developing kinematic learning in robots, doing so may shed light on how this process might take place in humans.
Satellite-based Spatio-temporal Data Fusion : Current Status and its Implications

Satellite image fusion is considered an advanced image processing method. It is used to combine information from two or more satellite images into a single image. It propounds more information and visual interpretation possibilities for future processing. Recently, satellite image fusion methods have been moved from generic to advanced methods that applied statistical or mathematical frames to enhance both the spatial and the temporal resolutions at the same time. The focus of this paper is to review various recently developed spatio-temporal image fusion methods, such as spatio-temporal adaptive fusion methods; unmixing-based fusion methods; and sparse representation-based fusion methods, in order to comprehend the current developments and its implications.
Chapter 13 Mitochondrial Dysfunction Associated with Doxorubicin

Cancer prevalence is scaling up each year. Anthracycline groups are still the best chemotherapeutic agent. The most popular anticancer drug in the group is doxorubicin (DOX). Unfortunately, DOX has potent toxicity on noncancerous tissues, e.g., heart, kidneys, etc. However, it is well documented that the severest toxicity of the drug affects heart tissue. Of course, some reasons have been suggested why and/or how the heart is so vulnerable to toxicity. The primary mechanism responsible for DOX’s cardiospecific toxicity remains unidentified so far; however, mitochondrial dysfunction induced by DOX is now considered one of the leading reasons for DOX’s toxicities and undesired side effects. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen production in the heart is a significant contributor to developing mitochondrial dysfunction-exposed DOX based on a variety of evidence. The objective of this review chapter is to critically evaluate and highlight the role of mitochondria in the development of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.
Effect of Slaughter Methods on Quality of Frozen Channel Catfish Fillets

陈盎弘,许艳顺,姜启兴,夏文水 (江南大学食品学院,江苏无锡 214122) 摘要:研究不同宰杀方式对冷冻斑点叉尾鮰鱼片品质的影响,寻求合适的宰杀方式以提高冷冻鮰鱼片的品质。 采用四种不同宰 杀方式:CO2 窒息、电击、敲头及冰水中放血,宰杀后将鱼肉置于-18 °C冰箱中保藏。 考察各组样品的 pH、色差、血红蛋白含量、 解冻汁液流失、TVB-N 及菌落总数。 鱼肉 pH 值在宰后 45 h 内呈现先减小后增大的趋势,放血组的 pH 值变化最小,其次为敲头组, CO2窒息组变化最大。 冰水中放血组鱼片白度和绿值与其他组有显著差异(P<0.05),血液残留少(P<0.05)。 储藏 60 d 期间,CO2窒 息组的解冻汁液流失率最大为 5.53%(P<0.05),敲头组最小为 3.25%(P<0.05)。 冰水中放血组的鱼肉 TVB-N 值最小(P<0.05),其 他三组之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。 菌落总数在储藏期间呈现下降趋势,冰水中放血组的菌落总数最小,其次为敲头组、窒息组和 电击组。 可知敲头和冰水中放血的致死方式能得到较好的鮰鱼片品质。 关键词:斑点叉尾鮰;宰杀方式;冷冻保藏;应激反应 文章篇号:1673-9078(2015)9-218-222 DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst. 1673-9078.2015. 9.036
STEM Characterization of Epitaxial Monolayer MoS 2

1. Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM), National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore 2. NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore 3. Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States.
On a class complex manifolds with Norden metric

A subclass of one of the basic classes complex manifolds with Norden metric is introduced. Some curvature properties of 4-dimensional manifolds belonging to this subclass are studied. A condition this manifolds to be conformally flat is given. An example of such 4-dimensional manifold is constructed on a Lie group. The manifold obtained in this way is proved to be Einstein. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 53C15, 53C50.
RAPPORT DE CAS Troponin elevation after black widow spider envenomation

Black widow spider envenomation generally results in selflimiting pain that can be treated in the emergency department (ED) with analgesics and benzodiazepines, usually with no further intervention. Occasionally, a patient has to be admitted or treated with antivenom for refractory pain or a venom-induced complication. We present the case of an 84year-old man who presented to our ED with chest pain and dyspnea after being bitten on the foot by a western black widow spider (Lactrodectus hesperus). His initial cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was elevated at 0.07 ng/ml and continued to rise to a peak of 0.17 ng/ml. He also had rhabdomyolysis, another uncommon complication of black widow envenomation. An elevated cTnI generally signifies myocardial injury and is rarely seen after black widow envenomation. We discuss the possible etiologies for an elevated cardiac biomarker, in this context, and review potentially serious complications of widow spider envenomation presenting with chest symptoms and an elevated cardiac biomarker.