Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aspect of herbicidal effects on the ectosymbiotic microorganism of the forest plants

Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions to establish the sensitivity or otherwise of the following mycorrhizal fungi: Tricholoma saponaceum (Fr.) Quel. , Tricholoma pessundatum (Fr.) Quel. and Amanita citrina Schaefer to the herbicides Dalapon and Aminotriazole. Various reactions were shown by the fungi. In general, the rareness of growth stimulation coupled with significant inhibition of mycelial growth are indications of the fungitoxicity of the herbicides.
Effect of postweaning implantation of zeranol and dietary energy level on growth and reproductive performance of replacement beef heifers

Eighty-one heifer calves weaned at an average age of 6 mo were used to study the effect of postweaning zeranol implantation, on the growth and reproductive performance of heifers fed to grow slowly on three dietary energy levels. Forty heifers were implanted with 36 mg of zeranol at 30 d and again at 120 d postweaning. The remaining heifers were used as ummplanted controls. Within the implanted and control groups, heifers were subdivided into three groups and fed either a low, medium or high energy diet, which provided approximately 105, 130 and 160%, respectively, of NRC maintenance energy requirement, until 1 yr of age. The heifers were then turned out to pasture with hay supplementation. Heifers were exposed to bulls for 35 d at approximately 14 mo of age. Zeranol had no significant effect on growth. The effect of zeranol on the reproductive traits studied was not significant, although the trend was that the zeranol implanted heifers had lower calf crop born (52.3 vs. 63.6%) and lower incidence of calv.
Les liposomes : description, fabrication et applications

Les liposomes sont des vesicules spheriques de quelques dizaines a quelques milliers de nm de diametre. Ces vesicules sont composees d’une ou de plusieurs bicouches lipidiques qui permet(tent) de separer un milieu intravesiculaire d’un milieu exterieur. Au sein de ces bicouches, tout comme dans les membranes biologiques, les mouvements des phospholipides sont observes. Les liposomes sont faciles a preparer. L’hydratation de film phospholipidique permet d’obtenir des liposomes multilamellaires. Pour obtenir des liposomes unilamellaires, des etapes supplementaires sont necessaires. Les liposomes sont employes dans l’industrie comme vecteurs de substances cosmetologiques. Ils sont aussi parfois utilises comme vecteurs de therapie genique, pour delivrer des medicaments ou encore comme supports de vaccins. Les liposomes constituent surtout un bon modele membranaire et sont largement employes pour mieux comprendre les mecanismes intervenant au niveau de la membrane, comme la permeabilite, la fluidite, l’ancrage de proteines ou encore la fusion de deux membranes. Cette derniere est plus particulierement expliquee dans cet article.
Isolierung und Charakterisierung von adulten Pankreasstammzellen zur endokrinen Differenzierung in Richtung Insulin produzierender Zellen

Mit dieser Arbeit ist es uns gelungen, Pdx-1-exprimierende adulte murine Pankreasstammzellen zu isolieren, die wichtige, in der Literatur beschriebene Stammzellmarker aufweisen. Auserdem ist es uns gelungen, mit Hilfe sogenannter "small molecules" wichtige proendokrine Faktoren wie MafA und Ngn3 zu beeinflussen.
Uptake of Metals by Plants Sharing a Rhizosphere with the Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens

ABSTRACT The hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens was grown with Hordeum vulgare and Lepidium heterophyllum in a split pot experiment to examine the effect of rhizosphere interactions on metal uptake. The objective was to assess the viability of such intercropping as either (1) a system of ‘phytoprotection’ for nonaccumulating plants or (2) a means of enhancing phytoextraction with large-biomass crops through increased metal mobilization within the shared rhizosphere. The plants were separated by (1) an impermeable barrier, (2) a permeable root barrier, or (3) no physical barrier to allow different degrees of root interaction. Studies of rhizosphere effects using split pot experiments are subject to considerable uncertainty by the need to relate test results to appropriate control plants. This was resolved by comparing plant metal concentrations to ‘equivalent’ control plants, with the same yield, based on the observed variation in metal concentration with yield under similar growing conditions. Cadmium concentration in H. vulgare was increased by a factor of 2.4 when it was grown alongside T. caerulescens without a barrier. In contrast, the uptake of zinc by H. vulgare was significantly decreased, probably through metal depletion within the zone of the Zn-hyperaccumulator's rhizosphere. T. caerulescens also apparently increased the concentration of Cd in H. vulgare by a factor of 1.4 when the roots of the two plants were separated by a permeable barrier that allowed movement of soil solution but prevented physical mixing of roots. The concentrations of all the metals studied (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni) were greater in T. caerulescens when the hyperaccumulator was grown alongside either L. heterophyllum or H. vulgare without a root barrier — probably through successful exploitation of a greater volume of soil. However, this effect was not seen in the presence of a partial barrier, except in the case of Cu when T. caerulescens was grown alongside H. vulgare. These results suggest that T. caerulescens may alter conditions in shared rhizospheres and thereby affect the availability of selected metals to neighboring plants. Thus, it is possible that under-sowing some plants with small hyperaccumulators may potentially offer an alternative form of management for marginally contaminated soils. There was limited evidence of an intercropped hyperaccumulator mobilizing selected metals and restricting the availability of others. However, changes in uptake of selected metals by the larger plant may be quite small compared with the requirements of crop protection or the short-term requirements of many land remediation programs.
Predicted Regional and National Distribution of Bactrocera dorsalis (syn. B. invadens) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Southern Africa and Implications for Its Management

Since its detection in Kenya in 2003, the exotic fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, has rapidly spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa. This study was conducted to predict the potential distribution of B. dorsalis in the southern African region using suitable environmental variables and some feral host plants. Presence data from surveillance information carried out in Mozambique and Swaziland up to 2013 were used for niche modelling to predict the potential geographical distribution of the pest in the southern African region. Prediction for its national distribution within Swaziland was also carried out using distribution data for eight feral host plants. Although variable between countries, predicted habitat suitability for the pest was potentially greater in the eastern parts of southern Africa, with response curves suggesting higher probability of the pest's occurrence in low altitude areas with moderate diurnal temperature and high precipitation during the wettest month of the year. Of the host plants considered, the pest's distribution was associated mainly with Ficus sycomorus. The model's prediction also suggested that human-associated activities, such as irrigation, could influence the distribution and establishment of the pest even in areas of low host-plant richness. Since the presence of B. dorsalis causes restrictions in international trade of its host plants, it is imperative that countries within the region continue surveillance programmes and coordinated strategies to reduce the impact of the pest.
Evaluation of pyrosequencing for large-scale identificationof plant species (grasses as a model)

Grasses (Poaceae) are among the most important and widely cultivated plants. Identification of grass species using morphological characters is a difficult task for nonspecialists, and it is not always an accurate method. DNA-based molecular markers have been widely used as an alternative towards more accurate identification of plant species. The molecular method that can be effective for large-scale identification of grass species, however, must satisfy requirements for specific amplification of DNA and reveal enough variability to distinguish species. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of pyrosequencing to detect SNP polymorphisms for an optimal discrimination of grass species. PCR amplifications and the sequencing of 19 fragments of chloroplast genes were performed using a pooled DNA template of 32 British native grass species to be identified and chloroplast DNA-specific universal primers. Based on amplicon size and sequence variance, the 6 most variable loci (psbE&F, rbcL.1, ndhF.1, ndhF.2, ndhF.3, and clpP&rps12) were selected to be targeted for pyrosequencing of the species analyzed. The pyrosequenced regions contained sufficient polymorphisms to allow the complete diagnosis of all species analyzed, except for Elymus caninus and Elytrigia repens, which had identical sequences unique from the remaining species. When targeted loci were pyrosequenced in representative species of the 2 economically important grass genera Festuca L. (8 species) and Poa L. (11 species), all species in each genus could be separated. Should the SNP markers developed here proved to be species-specific, they can provide a valuable tool for reliable diagnosis of grasses and applications (e.g., forensic botany) moving forward.
Validation of automated driving – a structured analysis and survey of approaches

Zusammenfassung: Validating the safety of automated driving (AD) is a problem of remarkable complexity and practical relevance. New approaches are needed since a statistical proof of safety based on field testing does not scale. Despite the attention paid to this topic in industry and academia, a consensus or unified framework has not yet been reached. This work describes and compares four distinct validation approaches. Our findings reveal that the current fragmentary landscape can be partly explained by differences in the AD use cases. On the one hand, there are different problem spaces characterised, e.g., by the operational domain and the driving tasks. On the other hand, the solution space differs for business models related to end-customer vehicles and mobility as a service.
Estimated Incidence of Antimicrobial Drug–Resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections, United States, 2004–2012

Salmonella infections are a major cause of illness in the United States. The antimicrobial agents used to treat severe infections include ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin. Antimicrobial drug resistance has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes. To estimate the incidence of resistant culture-confirmed nontyphoidal Salmonella infections, we used Bayesian hierarchical models of 2004–2012 data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System and Laboratory-based Enteric Disease Surveillance. We based 3 mutually exclusive resistance categories on susceptibility testing: ceftriaxone and ampicillin resistant, ciprofloxacin nonsusceptible but ceftriaxone susceptible, and ampicillin resistant but ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin susceptible. We estimated the overall incidence of resistant infections as 1.07/100,000 person-years for ampicillin-only resistance, 0.51/100,000 person-years for ceftriaxone and ampicillin resistance, and 0.35/100,000 person-years for ciprofloxacin nonsusceptibility, or ≈6,200 resistant culture-confirmed infections annually. These national estimates help define the magnitude of the resistance problem so that control measures can be appropriately targeted.
The Effects of Connectivity on Community Stability

The stability properties of a highly symmetric two-predator two-prey system were explored using techniques of local stability analysis. The high degree of symmetry permitted analytic solution for all four eigenvalues and eigenvectors as functions of connectivity. I found that at the "trophic level" level of organization, stability is unaffected by changes in connectivity. Certain "community" properties, in contrast, are affected by changes in connectivity. In particular, the tendency of prey species to return rapidly to their equilibrium values is enhanced as connectivity is increased, a result in substantial agreement with MacArthur's (1955) conjecture. In contrast, the tendency of predator species to return rapidly to their equilibrium values is decreased as connectivity is increased. This last effect causes the stability of the entire system to decrease with increased connectivity. These results demonstrate that "the problem" of stability and complexity is not unitary, since different aspects of community stability react differently to the same change in connectivity. MacArthur's (1955, p. 534) conjecture that community stability can be related to the "patterns of interaction of the species forming a community" is confirmed, but is also shown to be a problem more complicated than MacArthur and others have supposed.
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders

Introduction: Recent work suggests that wearables can augment conventional measures of Parkinson's disease (PD). We evaluated the relationship between conventional measures of disease and motor severity (e.g., MDSUPDRS part III), laboratory-based measures of gait and balance, and daily-living physical activity measures in patients with PD. Methods: Data from 125 patients (age: 71.7±6.5 years, Hoehn and Yahr: 1-3, 60.5% men) were analyzed. The MDS-UPDRS-part III was used as the gold standard of motor symptom severity. Gait and balance were quantified in the laboratory. Daily-living gait and physical activity metrics were extracted from an accelerometer worn on the lower back for 7 days. Results: In multivariate analyses, daily-living physical activity and gait metrics, laboratory-based balance, demographics and subject characteristics together explained 46% of the variance in MDS-UPDRS-part III scores. Daily-living measures accounted for 62% of the explained variance, laboratory measures 30%, and demographics and subject characteristics 7% of the explained variance. Conversely, demographics and subject characteristics, laboratory-based measures of gait symmetry, and motor symptom severity together explained less than 30% of the variance in total daily-living physical activity. MDS-UPDRS-part III scores accounted for 13% of the explained variance, i.e., <4% of all the variance in total daily-living activity. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that conventional measures of motor symptom severity do not strongly reflect daily-living activity and that daily-living measures apparently provide important information that is not captured in a conventional one-time, laboratory assessment of gait, balance or the MDS-UPDRS. To provide a more complete evaluation, wearable devices should be considered.
Cost Comparison of Marks, Tags, and Mark-with-Tag Combinations Used in Salmonid Research

Abstract Modern fishery management requires knowledge of fish survival and distribution that is best acquired by marking and subsequent recapture. To aid cost-effective analysis for marking Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss, 16 marks, 6 tags, and 3 mark–tag combinations were compared for application and decoding costs per fish. Application costs (1999 US$) ranged from negligible for thermal otolith marks to $6.50/fish for a combination of an adipose fin clip, a coded wire tag, and a passive integrated transponder tag. Decoding costs ranged from negligible for fin clips to $50.00/sample for strontium marked scales.
Isolation and screening of endophytic marine fungi for cellulase production.

Cellulolytic fungi are potentially useful in biotechnology. Decomposition of substrates containing cellulose can be applied in bioethanol and enzymes production. Fungi are one group of microorganisms that can decompose cellulase materials. This study aimed to obtain potential cellulolytic fungi isolated from marine habitat. Screening of the fungi was performed using CBM media with different salinity. Six isolates were tested quantitatively for cellulolytic activity using congo red staining. Cellulolytic index of algicolous and manglicolous fungi were lower than those of EN isolate, Veronea sp. KT19, and sponge associate (SMH). Fungi cultured in freshwater and seawater media possessed higher cellulolytic index in compared to those of cultures in 3% NaCl medium. However, freshwater and seawater media showed no significant effect. Cellulolytic index of EN isolate, Veronaea sp. KT19, and SMH after six days of incubation were 1.357; 1.267, and 1.278, respectively. All six isolates potentially produced cellulase in all medium tested. Keywords: Cellulolytic, cellulose, endophytes, enzyme
EFFECT OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON TIME SPENT BY COWS IN WAITING AREA BEFORE MILKING

The objective of this study was to investigate the time spent by cows in the waiting area depending on the cow herd size and some management practices. Time and space constitute two basic elements in the assessment of the waiting area and activities undertaken in the waiting area before cow milking. The presented example of investigations showed premises to find differences in the time spent by cows in the waiting area including variability not only between morning and evening milkings but also within each of the milkings. Changes in the size of cow groups taken to the waiting area were associated with the space per one animal in the waiting area. The space per cow found in the experiment, depending on the cow group size was: 2.14 m 2 per animal (for group of 12 cows), 1.66 m 2 per animal (for group of 24 cows) and 1.11 m 2 per cow (for group of 36 cows). Waiting area is the place, where cow comfort can be improved. The management practices should provide the possibly shortest time spent by cows in the waiting area. Possible shortest time of standing with proper comfort can meet the general needs of dairy cow welfare as the area for further investigations.
Wetland Selection by Mallard Broods in Canada's Prairie-Parklands

Abstract Although brood survival has a pronounced effect on population growth in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), knowledge of brood ecology is more limited than for other vital rates. During 1993–1997 we collected wetland selection data from 210 radiomarked mallard broods on 15 study areas located throughout the Canadian Prairie-Parklands. We used information-theoretic approaches to select the best-approximating model of habitat selection in relation to wetland characteristics. Wetland permanence, cover type, width of flooded emergent vegetation, and interactions between these variables and date, moisture level, and dominant species of emergent vegetation were all important predictors of wetland selection. Mallard broods selected deeper wetlands, especially later in the brood-rearing season. Mallard broods also selected wetlands with large central expanses of open water and wide peripheral zones of flooded emergent cover. These habitat characteristics can most easily be met in landscapes that already contain an abundance and diversity of natural wetland habitats. Where such wetlands are unavailable, restoration or management of deeper wetlands may be necessary to meet the habitat requirements of mallard ducklings.
A MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRIC QUANTIFICATION OF CYTOCHROME OXIDASE ACTIVITY BY MEANS OF COLOR-MODIFIED DIAMINOBENZIDINE REACTION

A new microspectrophotometric method for quantifying cytochrome oxidase activity has been developed based on a color-modified diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction. The reaction consists of pretreating tissue sections or cell smears with 10mM cobalt acetate dissolved in 0.1M tris-HCl buffer of pH 7.4 for 10min at 37°C, washing and then treating with the DAB reagent for cytochrome oxidase for 15min at 37°C. Mitochondria turn reddish blue in the stained sections or smears. This reaction is enzymatic and conforms to Michaelis-Menten's formula. The microspectrophotometric quantification is effected by scanning the selected cytoplasmic area at 575nm or by measuring the cytoplasmic plug at two wavelengths, 575 and 665nm. As an example, the monomodal distribution in cytochrome oxidase activity was demonstrated among isolated rat liver cells by the two wavelength method.
Econometric models of Finnish non-industrial private forest owners' timber supply and timber stock

This dissertation examines the shortand long-run impacts of timber prices and other factors affecting NIPF owners' timber harvesting and timber stocking decisions. The utilitybased Faustmann model provides testable hypotheses of the exogenous variables retained in the timber supply analysis. The timber stock function, derived from a two-period biomass harvesting model, is estimated using a two-step GMM estimator based on balanced panel data from 1983 to 1991. Timber supply functions are estimated using a Tobit model adjusted for heteroscedasticity and nonnormality of errors based on panel data from 1994 to 1998. Results show that if specification analysis of the Tobit model is ignored, inconsistency and biasedness can have a marked effect on parameter estimates. The empirical results show that owner's age is the single most important factor determining timber stock; timber price is the single most important factor in harvesting decision. The results of the timber supply estimations can be interpreted using utility-based Faustmann model of a forest owner who values a growing timber in situ.
Early Events in the Activation of FcγRIIA in Human Neutrophils: Stimulated Insolubilization, Translocation to Detergent-Resistant Domains, and Degradation of FcγRIIA1

The signal transduction mechanisms associated with the ligation of FcγRIIA in human neutrophils are as yet only incompletely characterized. In the present study, we have investigated the distribution and fate of FcγRIIA following its cross-linking. The results obtained indicate that cross-linking of FcγRIIA led, within a few seconds, to its translocation into a nonionic detergent-insoluble fraction. This was followed, within a couple of minutes, by a substantial loss of immunoreactive FcγRIIA in the cells. The stimulated degradation of FcγRIIA was blocked by the Src kinase inhibitor PP1 but not by wortmannin, ST-638, piceatannol, or cytochalasin B. Cross-linked FcγRIIA could be solubilized by saponin (in the presence of Nonidet P-40) and by β-octylglucoside. Sucrose gradient analysis of the distribution of FcγRIIA revealed that its cross-linking led to its translocation into the pellets and not the light buoyant density fractions classically associated with lipid rafts. Disruption of cholesterol-containing membrane microdomains with filipin prevented the degradation of FcγRIIA but did not inhibit the stimulation of the pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation or the mobilization of calcium that followed FcγRIIA cross-linking. These data suggest that both cholesterol-rich domains and Src kinases are required for the degradation of the activated FcγRIIA and provide new insights into the early events following FcγRIIA cross-linking.