Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of configuring and interpreting the disaster risk script: Experiences from Zimbabwe

People in Zimbabwe have been faced with disasters in different forms and at various levels. When people experience hazard events and disasters, they perceive these phenomena through lenses that are largely shaped by their local day-to-day experiences and some external influence. As they do this, they develop their own local conception of hazards and disasters, and they tend to model their response or preparedness through this. This article argues that on the basis of this premise, each society therefore develops its own unique and localised way of interpreting the disaster, which comes in the form of a ‘script’, that needs to be deciphered, read, analysed and understood within local priorities and knowledge systems. The hazard may be the same, say, fire, but as it occurs in different communities, they configure and read the fire script differently, hence spawning different response and prevention strategies. The way people anticipate, prepare for, and respond to a particular disaster stems from their perception of it, based on their own local conceptions of reality. The article argues that effective disaster risk reduction must focus on people’s holistic understanding of the unfolding scenario, thereby feeding into disaster risk early warning systems. For effective understanding of the utility of early warning systems, the socio-cultural processes involved in the ideation of the disaster cannot be ignored. It is also critical to examine people’s past experiences with external early warning systems, and how much faith they put in them.
The hybridization of national collective bargaining systems: The impact of the economic crisis on the transformation of collective bargaining in the European Union

In this article it is argued that the economic crisis has made national collective bargaining systems increasingly multi-layered, perforated and dynamically unstable, i.e. hybrid. The authors explain these transformations in terms of the concomitance of two different sources of change which do not necessarily follow the same logics. The first source stems from national systems’ endogenous logic of path dependency and the second from pressure to reform in accordance with exogenously applied strategies and logics. It is argued that these sources act like a whipsaw, pushing and pulling national collective bargaining systems between the two logics, leading to hybrid collective bargaining systems.
A Framework for Enhancing Contractor-Subcontractor Relationships in Construction Projects in Nigeria

The delivery capability of main contractors depends largely on the quality of their subcontractors and the harmonious relationships that exist between them. Research work was therefore conducted to identify the mechanisms to facilitate the understanding between these pairs and also develop a model that puts emphasis on the factors. To achieve this aim, one hundred questionnaires each were administered randomly to main contractors and labor-only subcontractors in the study area. Seventy-five and eighty-eight questionnaires were respectively filled and returned in this regard. The application of total weight value and rating index techniques shows that type of contract, scope of contract, payment terms, cooperative attitudes, third-party involvement are the main factors that influence this relationship and this was further validated by a model. The paper concludes that this methodology could culminate into a useful decision making tool for both main contractors and subcontractors during the development and execution stages of construction projects in the study area.
ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN INDICATORS OF THE LOAD IN THE PLAY OF WING IN TODAY WATER POLO

A representative sample of 136 entities (quarters in water polo) has been taken to register the total activity of the wing during the international games of the Adriatic Water Polo League in the season of 2009/10. Various types and quantities of movement have been registered for different intensity, duration and frequency of events both in the horizontal and vertical phases of game. A sample of variables consisting of 21 originally measured and 8 derived variables has been used. For final multivariate analysis 11 variables have been retained. Data processing methods have been brought into accord with the aims of this research, and the basic statistical parameters as well as distributions of all the measured and derived variables have been calculated. Factor analysis under component model has been carried out, whereas the final factor solution has been determined using “Oblimin” rotation. Standard SPSS package has been used for data analysis. The results of this research clearly and definitely show that it is possible to determine the latent sources of variability related to wings movements during a water polo match (number of actions, frequency, levels of load and the amount of movement measured in meters) in vertical as well as in horizontal phase in the game. From a wider choice of variables for measuring guard (back) activity it is possible to extract a subgroup of variables which describe the important target aspects of player load in water polo with satisfactory factor validity. The measuring instrument, with respect to the battery of directly registries and derived indicators according to the obtained results, can be recommended for use in measuring of different aspects of load of any water polo player (role), which gives scientifically importance of this work. The practical importance of this work lies in the possibility of direct application of this work’s results to practice, planning, programming, player selection and specialization for the wings role in water polo.
Mechanobiology of Oral Implantable Devices

A dental implant is a biomaterial device inserted in the jaw bone to replace the root of a missing tooth Adell et al. (1981); Hansson et al. (1983). With the implant insertion, a junction site between the biomaterial surface and the surrounding bone known as the bone-dental implant interface is created Branemark (1983). The formation of a new bone matrix in this interface allows the firm and long lasting connection between the bone and the implant in a process called osseointegration Albrektsson & Johansson (2001); Branemark (1983). The success of this contact depends on the restoration of the functional tissues around the implant providing it with mechanical support and anchorage Gapski et al. (2003); Hansson et al. (1983). This tissue restoration is conditioned to cell migration, cell proliferation and cell differentiation phenomena depending on the pathological conditions of the patient, the biological conditions of the host bone, the implant design and surface topography, and the distribution of mechanical loads between the bone and the implant Aukhil (2000); Ellingsen et al. (2006); Sikavitsas et al. (2001). The analysis of both biological and mechanical factors is known as mechanobiology Klein-Nulend et al. (2005); Van der Meulen & Huiskes (2002). Dental implants are widely used as anchorage devices for restoration and esthetical purposes Branemark (1983). However, in several orthodontic treatments where the anchorage is used, a higher control of treatment time and oral availability is needed Antoszewska et al. (2009); Gapski et al. (2003). In these cases, dental implants are not recommended since specific surgical procedures are required for their implantation usually demanding long lasting recovery times for insertion and loading Antoszewska et al. (2009). Furthermore, most of the orthodontic treatments are based on the temporary and direct application of loads for the movement of teeth Papadopoulos & Tarawneh (2007). This treatments rely on implantable devices capable of transmit immediate loading without the implicit need of being osseointegrated Papavasiliou (1996). Such devices, called mini-implants, reinforce the anchorage of orthodontic devices and speed up treatments given its relative simple insertion Mechanobiology of Oral Implantable Devices
Achyranthes bidentata Polysaccharide along with Anti-IL-5 Antibody Inhibits Allergic Lung Inflammation and Airway Hyperresponsiveness Mice Induced by House Dust Mites

Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease which has become prevalent worldwide. There are millions of new patients and thousands of people die from asthma. Asthma is characterized with infiltration by eosinophils in pulmonary parenchyma, high serum IgE, and cytokines like IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 secreted by allergen-specific T helper cell-2 (Th2) cells. Products of eosinophils are considered as negative regulators that work on remodeling lung tissue, including airway thickening, fibrosis, and angiogenesis. Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharide (ABPS) is a kind of polysaccharide extracted from the dry root of Achyranthes plant Achyranthes bidentata. ABPS is reported to have multiple biological functions and acts on the human immune system. ABPS can induce production of TNF-α in macrophage, enhance the killing ability of NK cells, and promote the proliferation of B cells. Besides this, ABPS is reported that can induce apoptosis of eosinophils by upregulating the expression of proteins involved in apoptosis. In this study, we constructed chronic allergic asthma mice model induced by house dust mites (HDM) with airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and found that anti-IL-5 mAb and ABPS treatment can both decrease inflammatory cells infiltration especially eosinophils and decrease the level of serum IgE and HDM-specific IgG1. The level of IFN-γ is increased and AHR is improved, and a more significant phenomenon was observed in anti-IL-5 mAb and ABPS combined treatment.
Epidemiological Profile of HIV/Tuberculosis Co-infection in a City in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiological pro-file of reported HIV/tuberculosis co-infected individuals in Ribeirao Preto (state of Sao Paulo). It is an epidemiological, descriptive and cross-sectional study con-ducted in 2012; the population was comprised of all individuals with HIV/tuberculosis co-infection, reported in 2010 and 2011. The data was collected from the TB web database. Of the 375 individuals reported with tuberculosis reported during the study period, 307 underwent HIV serologic testing; 222 (72.3%) of the results were negative and 85 (27.7%) were positive. In the cases of individuals who only had tuberculosis, as well as those who were co-infected, most were male-68.5% and 70.6% respectively. The predominant age range was from 30 to 49 years (40.0%) and 36.7% had completed 4-7 years of education. In terms of treatment outcome, there was an 80.5% cure rate. The gender, age range and end of treatment variables were subjected to the chi-square test. The prevalence ratio was computed for each variable to compare individuals with and without tuberculosis; who presented chance of risk with the co-infection as per their age range, education, the existence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, negative baciloscopy, with normal x-ray image and treatment outcome of abandonment. As observed, HIV/aids is associated with a greater rate of deaths and more complicated forms of tuberculosis, evidencing the need to promote multidisciplinary actions reflecting on their diseases.
Cavity enhanced third harmonic generation in graphene

Graphene displays a surprisingly large third order nonlinearity. Here, we report that conversion efficiencies approaching 10–4 are possible for third harmonic generation (THG). Moreover, the atomically thin nature of graphene allows for simple integration in cavity designs to increase this even further. We demonstrate a 117-fold enhancement, of resonant vs non-resonant wavelengths in the THG from graphene due to the integration of a graphene layer with a resonant cavity. This large enhancement occurs as the cavity is resonant for both the fundamental field and the third harmonic. We model this effect using the finite difference time domain approach. By comparing our model with experiment, we are able to deduce the value of a bulk third order susceptibility of graphene of |χ(3)|=4×10−17(m/V)2.
Introductory Chapter: The Need for Dietary Interventions for Diabetes

Noncommunicable diseases pose a significant challenge to most of the high-income and lowincome countries, with growing numbers of people experiencing the health and economic burden of one or more chronic disease conditions. As such, the incidence of diabetes has been on the rise worldwide. The disease may be associated with the poor quality of life and the risk of developing long-term comorbidities and a higher standard rate of mortality. Healthcare professionals are burdened with the task of motivating patients to follow appropriate dietary and exercise guidelines as well as to take insulin injections to improve the regulation of diabetes, and thereby prevent the occurrence of diabetic microand macrovascular complications. At present, various interventions are being discussed on an authoritative and regimental level, such as diet, exercise, and even environmental changes.
Linear Smart Array Antenna Configurations for a Transceiver in a Multi-Signal Environment

Future smart antenna technology requires multielement, adaptive array antennas to be placed on very small cell phone units. Small adaptive array antennas require heavy signal processing if the statistical techniques are used to maximize radiation in the desired direction and to null the beam in the direction of interfering signals. In terms of weight, battery energy and computational memory and time required it is imperative to minimize computational time, memory required and weight of the hardware to be used for adaptive beamforming in smart antennas. In this paper is presented a three-element antenna that uses analytically solved weight computation. No statistical or number crunching techniques are used. Moreover, it is shown that the antenna elements behind which two signal processing units are placed are critical. The placement of the weight processing signal processing units is critical for obtaining simultaneous beam maximizing towards the desired direction and nulling towards the interferer direction.
Some Explicit Solutions for the Joint Density of the Time of Ruin and the Deficit at Ruin

Using probabilistic arguments we obtain an integral expression for the joint density of the time of ruin and the deficit at ruin. For the classical risk model, we obtain the bivariate Laplace transform of this joint density and invert it in the cases of individual claims distributed as Erlang(2) and as a mixture of two exponential distributions. As a consequence, we obtain explicit solutions for the density of the time of ruin.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEAR AND COURAGE WITH THE LEVEL OF ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE IN KITEBOARDING

Fear and courage can influence process of learning extreme sports such as kiteboarding. We assumed that fear and courage influence the learning process of kiteboarding and investigated their relationship with kiteboarding technique acquisition. Moreover, this investigation defines the level of fear and courage for each participant. In this investigation participated 35 beginners in kiteboarding who were attendants of six day kiteboard school. They were tested on a questionnaire assessing courage in thirty one questions and fear on nine questions. Analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between participant's courage and the level of acquired kiteboarding knowledge (r=.35) as well as between level of fear and courage (r=.44). Analysis of correlation between level of fear and acquired knowledge of kiteboarding did not show a statistically significant correlation. It can be concluded that more courageous participants are more efficacious in learning kiteboarding. Moreover, one can assume that participants with higher level of fear will be less successful in learning kiteboarding. Results of this research should add better understanding of teaching process of kiteboarding, as this is relatively new sport with not so intensively investigated factors influencing learning/teaching process.
Transparency, Reproducibility, and the Credibility of Economics Research

There is growing interest in enhancing research transparency and reproducibility in economics and other scientific fields. We survey existing work on these topics within economics and discuss the evidence suggesting that publication bias, inability to replicate, and specification searching remain widespread in the discipline. We next discuss recent progress in this area, including through improved research design, study registration and pre-analysis plans, disclosure standards, and open sharing of data and materials, drawing on experiences in both economics and other social sciences. We discuss areas where consensus is emerging on new practices, as well as approaches that remain controversial, and speculate about the most effective ways to make economics research more credible in the future. ( JEL A11, C18, I23)
ANTI-VIRUS TOOLS ANALYSIS USING DEEP WEB MALWARES

Knowledge about the strength of the anti-virus engines (i.e. tools) to detect malware files on the Deep web is important for people and companies to devise proper security polices and to choose the proper tool in order to be more secure. In this study, using malware file set crawled from the Deep web we detect similarities and possible groupings between plethora of anti-virus tools (AVTs) that exist on the market. Moreover, using graph theory, data science and visualization we find which of the existing AVTs has greater advantage in detecting malware over the other AVTs, in a sense that the AVT detects many unique. Finally, we propose a solution, for the given malware set, what is the best strategy for a company to defend against malwares if it uses a multi-scanning approach.
Nothing More than Feelings? The Role of Emotions in Moral Judgment

There is a powerful tradition that views emotions as harmful to the process of moral judgment and decision-making. Stemming from the writings of Kant and others, who viewed emotions as undependable forces that are largely outside of our control, this view has had a large influence on moral psychology. It is argued that this tradition is based on a definition of emotion that is no longer tenable given recent evidence concerning emotional processes. Rather, emotions are often reliable reflections of moral beliefs, and are open to conscious regulatory control, enabling the individual to use emotional responses to serve moral goals. In support of this, evidence is reviewed demonstrating the features of emotion-specifically the empathic response-that make it advantageous for the process of moral judgment. These features are then organized into a theoretical framework of moral judgment that describes the dialectic between affect and moral reasoning, thus allowing emotions to re-enter the arena of the study of moral reasoning and moral judgment.
Phenotyping Summer Dormancy in Tall Fescue

Summer dormancy enables tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to survive hot and dry summers. Phenotyping summer dormancy in the fi eld can be problematic owing to the confounding effects of heat and drought. The objective therefore was to develop a method for phenotyping summer dormancy in tall fescue. Three genotypes (summer active [SA], moderately summer dormant [MSD], and strongly summer dormant [SSD]) were grown in four growth chambers under long day (LD) and high temperature (HT), LD and optimum temperature (OT), short day (SD) and HT, and SD and OT conditions. Within each chamber, two levels of moisture (well watered [+W] or drought [–W]) and vernalization (vernalized [+V] or nonvernalized [–V]) were also tested. Under SD, OT, +W, and +V conditions, SSD had equal or greater growth compared to SA genotype, as measured by number of tillers, plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight. The SSD genotype grew less than the SA as measured by number of tillers (8.6 vs. 15.8), fresh weight (6.0 vs. 16.0 g), and dry weight (3.1 vs. 8.8 g) under LD, OT, +W, and +V conditions. The MSD genotype had intermediate responses. Plant height of genotypes followed a similar pattern during two consecutive regrowth periods. Dormancy of plants could not be classifi ed under drought or without prior vernalization. Dormancy of genotypes could be differentiated by comparing growth under favorable (SD, OT, +W, and +V) versus LD, OT, +W, and +V conditions.
Adjoint Venture: Fast Greeks with Adjoint Algorithmic Differentiation

This dissertation explores the adjoint approach to solving affine recursion problems (ARPs) in the context of computing sensitivities of financial instruments. It is shown how, by moving from an intuitive ‘forward’ approach to solving a recursion to an ‘adjoint’ approach, one might dramatically increase the computational efficiency of algorithms employed to compute sensitivities via the pathwise derivatives approach in a Monte Carlo setting. Examples are illustrated within the context of the Libor Market Model. Furthermore, these ideas are extended to the paradigm of Adjoint Algorithmic Differentiation, and it is illustrated how the use of sophisticated techniques within this space can further improve the ease of use and efficiency of sensitivity calculations.
Photodegradation leads to increased carbon dioxide losses from terrestrial organic matter

CO2 production in terrestrial ecosystems is generally assumed to be solely biologically driven while the role of abiotic processes has been largely overlooked. In addition to microbial decomposition, photodegradation – the direct breakdown of organic matter (OM) by solar irradiance – has been found to contribute to litter mass loss in dry ecosystems. Previous small‐scale studies have shown that litter degradation by irradiance is accompanied by emissions of CO2. However, the contribution of photodegradation to total CO2 losses at ecosystems scales is unknown. This study determined the proportion of the total CO2 losses caused by photodegradation in two ecosystems: a bare peatland in New Zealand and a seasonally dry grassland in California. The direct effect of solar irradiance on CO2 production was examined by comparing daytime CO2 fluxes measured using eddy covariance (EC) systems with simultaneous measurements made using an opaque chamber and the soil CO2 gradient technique, and with night‐time EC measurements under the same soil temperature and moisture conditions. In addition, a transparent chamber was used to directly measure CO2 fluxes from OM caused by solar irradiance. Photodegradation contributed 19% of the annual CO2 flux from the peatland and almost 60% of the dry season CO2 flux from the grassland, and up to 62% and 92% of the summer mid‐day CO2 fluxes, respectively. Our results suggest that photodegradation may be important in a wide range of ecosystems with exposed OM. Furthermore, the practice of partitioning daytime ecosystem CO2 exchange into its gross components by assuming that total daytime CO2 losses can be approximated using estimates of biological respiration alone may be in error. To obtain robust estimates of global ecosystem–atmosphere carbon transfers, the contribution of photodegradation to OM decomposition must be quantified for other ecosystems and the results incorporated into coupled carbon–climate models.
Effect Of Lamenss On Body Condition Score, Live Weight And Milk Yield Of Holstein Friesian Dairy Cattle

Lameness is a major problem facing British Dairy herds, it affects the welfare of the animal and its ability to produce milk, and it also has major economic effects such as the cost of antibiotics and other treatments alongside losses from lost production. This research looked at 40 Pedigree Holstein Friesians over a three month period during which milk yield, live weight, body condition score and locomotion score was measured. The results show the relationship between live weight and lameness (p 0.05) and milk yield (P> 0.0 5). The conclusion is that lameness has an effect on live weight but not on body condition and milk yield however a longer piece of research could show a greater effect over the whole lactation.