Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CIRCULATION IN THE HUDSON ESTUARY

This paper describes the hydrodynamic characteristics of partially stratified water bodies, as typified by the Hudson River, and presents a number of methods of establishing a quantitative relationship of density-induced velocity and circulation to salinity levels, freshwater runoff, and tidal characteristics. These methods utilize known or measurable physical and hydraulic parameters to determine the density-induced circulation (DIC) and mixing characteristics of estuaries. The DIC concept plays an important role in estuarine discharges, and has been used to obtain an estimate of the flow available for dilution in estuaries. Dilution flows associated with this DIC pattern may be many times that of the upland runoff. They have been observed to be higher by factors of from 10 to 40 in several estuaries. A brief description of estuarine circulation patterns is given in the second section b of this paper. The third section c addresses itself to circulation patterns in partially stratified estuaries. These patterns are related to the net velocity distribution, which by and large is a result of dynamic interactions between the tidal current and density or salinity distributions. The presence of river upland runoff in a system in which waters of different density are brought into contact with each other and vertical mixing generated by tide-induced turbulence control these distributions. The fourth section d presents a number of analytical and empirical approaches to the development of a quantitative relationship of DIC and estuary dilution flow to dominating system parameters, particularly freshwater flow and salt concentration. The fifth section e employs these approaches to estimate DIC flows in the Hudson River under various hydrodynamic and meteorological conditions. Many of the studies summarized in this paper were conducted in recent years as part of Quirk, Lawler & Matusky Engineers’ continuing work effort on industrial discharges along the main stem of the Hudson River, under the author’s supervision. Additionally, much of the analytical investigations reported here have been conducted as part of an ongoing research program.I6 These studies are used as sources of information for this paper and are duly referenced.
Selected functional properties of fish myofibrillar protein-based films as affected by hydrophilic plasticizers

Myofibrillar protein-based films were developed from a film-forming solution based on fish mince. Glycerol, sorbitol, or sucrose was incorporated as plasticizer at various concentrations. The increase in film solubility in water with plasticizer content reflect plasticizer solubility in water. Solubility in water of protein network is not significantly affected by plasticizer concentration whatever the plasticizer. On the other hand, plasticization of myofibrillar protein-based films induced large decreases in film strength and elasticity and increases in deformation properties and water vapor permeability. No significant difference was observed in variations of functional properties as a function of plasticizer type when plasticizers were introduced at the same molecular contents, due to the structural similarities between glycerol, sorbitol, and sucrose. Keywords: Biopackaging; myofibrillar proteins; plasticizer; functional properties
Effects of Streamflow and Intermittency on the Reproductive Success of Two Broadcast-spawning Cyprinid Fishes

Abstract We studied daily growth-increment formation in the otoliths of early life history stages of Sharpnose Shiner, Notropis oxyrhynchus, and Smalleye Shiner, Notropis buccula, in the Brazos River, Texas to investigate the influence of streamflow and intermittency on the production of young. Both species successfully produced offspring throughout a four- to five-month period. Successful reproduction occurred over a longer period in 2004 than in 2003. The results of our study revealed that recruitment by N. oxyrhynchus and N. buccula populations in the Brazos River, Texas are related to streamflow in two principal ways. First, the greatest proportion of young-of-year produced during the reproductive season is associated with elevated streamflow events. Second, no young-of-year are successfully produced during periods of intermittency when the river is not flowing. Our results suggest that the focus of conservation efforts, which to date have primarily concentrated on creating proper streamflow conditions for spawning, should also be focused toward ensuring proper conditions for survival of ova and young larvae.
Studies on the taro leaf blight fungus Phytophthora colocasiae in Solomon Islands: control by fungicides and spacing

SUMMARY With mist blower application, copper oxychloride at 2.25 kg/ha was effective in controlling PHYTOPHTHORA colocasiae but mancozeb at 3.6 kg/ha was not. Phytotoxicity from captafol at 1.8 and 3.6 kg/ha nullified any potential gain in yield from control of blight. Leaf removal from healthy plants to maintain four leaves per plant for 90 days, to simulate roguing of leaves for disease control, was shown to cause no loss in yield. However, regular roguing of diseased leaves over the same period in plots affected by a severe epiphytotic did not eradicate the pathogen. When roguing ceased at 90 days disease increased rapidly to epidemic proportions that seriously affected final corm yield. An attempt to reduce the effect of blight by wider than traditional spacing was unsuccessful. Under continuous epiphytotic conditions disease had the maximum possible impact regardless of spacing. Whereas plants free from competition normally bear six to seven leaves, this number was reduced by severe disease to three or four, the same number as was borne by plants under the competitive conditions of closer-than-traditional spacing. Instead of the traditional 20–30 000 plantdha, it was shown that density can be doubled under conditions of high leaf blight hazard and increased yields still be obtained.
Effect of enzyme supplementation on the performance of broilers fed maize, wheat, barley or micronized dehulled barley diets

The effects of an enzyme preparation on the performance and carcass characteristics of broilers fed diets based on maize, wheat, hulled barley (Bedford) or micronized dehulled barley (MDB) {Bedford) diets were evaluated. A commercial enzyme containing (3-glucanase and xylanase was used. One thousand and nine hundred-twenty one-day-old broiler were used for this study. The broilers fed the MDB diets had a lower average daily gain (ADG) (PO.05) and lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) (PO.05) than the broilers fed the other diets. There was a significant period x grain interaction (PO.05) for ADG with the broilers on the barley diets performing better in the grower phase. The broilers received enzymes showed an enzyme x period interaction with the feed conversion rate (FCR) of those birds in the starter phase doing better (PO.05) than in the grower phase compared to those fed the unsupplemented diets. The birds fed MDB diets had higher digesta viscosity than birds fed unprocessed barley, maize or wheat diets (PO.01) . Feed enzyme addition to the MDB diet caused a decrease (PO.01) in the digesta viscosity by 49% and an improvement (PO.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) both for the starter and the grower phase.
Revision of the Australian Scutelleridae Leach (Hemiptera).

The Australian members of the Scutelleridae are revised. Twelve species are recognized. Descriptions, diagnostic measurements and keys are provided for the identification of these species. The following new synonymy is recognized: Coleotichus discrepans Walker, 1867, C. sordidus Walker, 1867, C. nigrovarians Walker, 1867, and C, testaceous Walker, 1867, as junior synonyms of Coleotichus artensis (Montrouzier, 1858); Philiafulgurans, Stal 1873, P. aerea Distant, 1892, P. femorata Distant, 1899, and P. insignis Schouteden, 1904, are junior synonyms of Lampromicra senator (Fabricius, 1803); and Calliscyta australis Distant, 1899 is a junior synonym of Choerocoris stalii (Vollenhoven, 1863). Choerocoris stalii (Vollenhoven, 1863) is transferred from Calliscyta. A new subfamily, Tectocorinae, is erected for Tectocoris Hahn, 1834.
Sex Ratio and Neighbor Effects in Monospecific Stands of Juniperus Virginiana

Sex ratio, sexual dimorphism, and neighbor effects were investigated in 20 monospecific stands involving 3500 trees of Juniperus virginiana, a dioecious gymnosperm, near its northern limit in eastern Ontario. We tested the hypothesis that the intensity of competition for a given tree will depend on the sex of its nearest neighbor because of differential costs of reproduction in male and female plants. Population sex ratio was significantly male biased in only one stand but was male biased when data from all stands were combined. Stand sex ratio was not related to age structure, stand density, or local competition intensity (based on separation distance/size regressions). Male trees were sig- nificantly taller and had greater diameters in only three stands. In the combined data from all stands, however, there was a greater representation of male trees among the larger diameter trees and among the taller trees. Male trees were also significantly taller in the pooled data set. These results suggest that female trees pay a slightly but significantly greater cost for reproduction in terms of reduced vegetative growth. However, the effects of close neighbor proximity did not depend on a neighbor's sex, and male and female trees were randomly distributed relative to each other. Hence, males and females appear to compete with similar intensities against each other and are not spatially segregated into separate "niches. " The overall greater height for males may be interpreted as a consequence of sexual selection, as greater height in male trees would confer greater success as a pollen donor, especially in dense monospecific stands characteristic of this species.
Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment: Steroids and Anti-Steroids as High Priorities for Research

ABSTRACT Many human pharmaceuticals, with many modes of action, are present in the aquatic environment. It is very difficult to know which of these might pose a threat to aquatic organisms, and which are of no environmental concern. Hence, it is difficult to design a research strategy that most effectively maximizes the possibility of identifying those pharmaceuticals that do pose the greatest risk. We consider that steroidal pharmaceuticals, and drugs that inhibit the actions of endogenous steroids, merit more research than they have yet received so far. We analyzed a comprehensive U.K. database covering all prescriptions of pharmaceuticals to determine the annual usage of all steroid and anti-steroid pharmaceuticals. We found that both progestogens and glucocorticoids are used in much greater amounts than estrogens, whereas androgens are used in similar amounts to estrogens. There is also very significant use of anti-estrogens, anti-androgens, and anti-mineralocorticoids. All these pharmaceuticals are likely to be constantly entering the aquatic environment in effluents from sewage treatment works. River concentrations of these pharmaceuticals will be very low; probably in the ng or sub-ng/l range. However, such low concentrations mat still pose a threat to aquatic organisms, especially fish.
Ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE)/POSS nanocomposite films: compatibility, piezoelectricity, energy harvesting performance, and mechanical and atomic oxygen erosion

Poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) and its copolymers as the polymers with the highest piezoelectric coefficient have been widely used as sensors and generators. However, their relatively low performances limit their applications in some harsh environments. In this work, piezoelectric poly(vinylidene-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) matrices with different amounts of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) were prepared by a low temperature solvent evaporation method and thermal poling. The morphology, surface performance, crystalline phase, and piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties of the nanocomposites were investigated and the influence of POSS on these performances was studied. POSS had good compatibility with P(VDF-TrFE) and did not affect the crystalline phase formation of the matrix. The composites presented good piezoelectric properties. Piezo- and triboelectric nanogenerators were designed and fabricated. The voltage and current outputs were analyzed and the polarization effect was evaluated. The average output voltage and the current density of the matrix were 3 V and 0.5 μA cm−2 when subjected to a force of 38 N on an area of 1 cm2. The mechanical properties of P(VDF-TrFE)/POSS nanocomposites were also studied by the nanoindentation test. The hardness and modulus of samples increased 20% and 17% with a low addition of POSS. Atomic oxygen erosion properties of the composites were numerically simulated by the Monte Carlo method. The erosion cavity shape and depth were compared and studied. The influence of POSS addition on the P(VDF-TrFE) matrix and the associated reinforcing mechanism were analyzed.
Breast reconstruction using a laparoscopically harvested pedicled omental flap after endoscopic mastectomy for patients with breast cancer: an observational study of a minimally invasive method.

Background Breast reconstruction is typically performed using autologous tissue from a laparoscopically harvested omental flap. Because open surgery and another abdominal wall incision for a subcutaneous tunnel cannot be avoided, minimal scars typically cannot be achieved. This study explored a minimally invasive method of pedicled omental flap breast reconstruction in which omentum harvesting, mastectomy, and subcutaneous tunnel establishing were performed laparoscopically and endoscopically, and large incisions on the thoracic and abdominal wall were unnecessary. Methods Ten patients with breast cancer were enrolled. They underwent endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy (ESM) and single-stage breast reconstruction using a laparoscopically harvested pedicled omental flap (LHPOF), which was pulled through a subcutaneous tunnel that was created under laparoscopic vision. The incisions made on the abdominal wall were no wider than 12 mm, and the thoracic wall incisions were no wider than 30 mm. Three of the patients had a prosthetic implant placed for reconstruction at the same time because of the large breast volume, and the omental flaps were used to cover the prostheses. Results All patients underwent successful single-stage breast reconstruction surgery, and laparotomy was not required. Eight of the patients (80%) had satisfactory aesthetic results (five had excellent results and three had good results). The incisions at the thoracic wall and in the donor site area were short and hidden. The mean operation time was 367.6 min and the mean time for harvesting the omental flap was 62.9 min, similar to previous studies. The total mean blood loss was 37.0 mL. No serious donor-site complications occurred. Conclusions LHPOF breast reconstruction combined with ESM is minimally invasive, and satisfactory aesthetic results are achievable. In patients who undergo ESM combined with prosthetic implant reconstruction, the pedicled omental flap can be used to cover the prosthesis instead of using acellular dermal matrix.
Influence of dried Bacillus substillis and lactobacilli cultures on intestinal microflora and performance in broilers

Two hundred 10-day-lid, male Arbor Acres broiler chicks divided randomly into 4 groups of 50 chicks each were used. Different feeding treatment was carried out for each group. Chicks in treatment 1 were fed a basal diet(Starter feed)(control); treatment 2, a basal diet + 0.1% B. subtilis culture; treatment 3, a basal diet + 0.2% lactobacilli culture in the feed; and treatment 4, a basal diet +5 g lactobacilli in the drinking water. The viable bacterial counts for each treatment were approximately 109 cells/kg feed. The weight gain in chickens given feeds incorporated with B. subtilis and lactobacilli was significantly(p<0.05) higher than those of the control. With regard to feed efficiency, there was a definite tendency towards a higher feed : gain lower(p<0.05) feed : gain ratio. A significantly(p<0.05) larger population of Lactobacillus was found in the small intestine of chickens fed with feed incorporated with B. subtilis at 21 and 28 days and with lactobacilli at 14, 21 and 28 days. Populations of intestinal E. coli in broilers given feed added with B. subtilis were not significantly(p<0.05) different from those of the control, but in chickens fed lactobacilli-added feed, their populations wee significantly lower(p<0.05) at 14 and 21 days. No significant differences were found among the treatments and the control in the occurrence of Salmonella and Campylobacter during the whole experimental period.
A customized bilevel optimization approach for solving large-scale truss design problems

Considerable academic research has been conducted on truss design optimization by standard metaheuristic methods; however, the generic nature of these methods becomes inefficient for problems with many decision variables. This may explain the simplicity of the relevant test problems in the academic literature in comparison with real structures. To address this challenge, this study advocates a customized optimization methodology which utilizes problem-specific knowledge. It improves upon a new bilevel truss optimization method to allow for an arbitrary trade-off between the stochastic upper level and the deterministic lower level search. Numerical simulations demonstrate that for large-scale truss design problems, the proposed method can find significantly lighter structures up to 300 times more quickly than the best existing metaheuristic methods. The remarkable findings of this study demonstrate the importance of using engineering knowledge and discourage future research on the development of purely metaheuristic methods for truss optimization.
Changes in mesopredator-community structure in response to urbanization

Common raccoons (Procyon lotor (L., 1758)), Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792), and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis (Schreber, 1776)) are common urban inhabitants, yet their relative demographic response to urbanization is unknown. Urbanization often affects community structure, and understanding these effects is essential in rapidly changing landscapes. We examined mesopredator-community structure in small and large patches of natural habitat surrounded by urban, suburban, or rural matrices. We created generalized logit models using road-survey and livetrapping data to examine effects of surrounding land use on proportions of opossums and skunks relative to raccoons, while accounting for effects of season and year and their interactions. For large sites, the land use × season model was chosen for both data sets, and occurrence of opossums and skunks relative to raccoons was higher at the rural site (P < 0.001 for all tests). For small sites, the land-use model best fit the road-survey .
LEAF ANATOMICAL AND NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION RESPONSES TO NITROGEN AND SULFUR APPLICATIONS IN POINSETTIA

ABSTRACT Today the many varieties of poinsettia available for production-dates printpubdate="07/01/2002" are typically designated as one of two types: dark leaf vs. green leaf/light leaf types. Research has shown that dark leaf varieties require less fertilizer than green leaf types. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of varying nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilizer applications on leaf anatomy, essential nutrient elements, and the growth and development of a dark leaf variety of poinsettia. Vegetative “Freedom Red” poinsettias were grown in a soilless mix following a typical production-dates printpubdate="07/01/2002" schedule except for fertilization. Plants received N at 50, 100, 200, or 275 mg L−1 in combination with S at 0, 12.5, or 25 mg L−1. Visual observations of plants indicated that “Freedom Red” poinsettia responded differently to various application rates of N and S. Plants inferior in size, form, and color were produced when S was applied at rates of 0 mg L−1 in combination with any level of N and 12.5 or 25 mg L−1 S at 50 or 100 mg L−1 N. Specific N-S ratios of applied nutrients were not a reliable predictor of visual quality. Anatomically, “Freedom Red” leaves were typical of poinsettia, consisting of a single-layer papillate epidermis and a single row of palisade cells. There appeared to be one notable difference among treatment extremes: in treatments receiving 50 mg L−1 N, the length of palisade cells was nonuniform from one cell to the next. Leaf tissue analysis indicated that most of the essential elements were present in sufficient amounts. Nitrogen and S concentrations ranged from below critical level to normal range in direct response to the quantity of each nutrient applied. The application of N affected boron, copper, and chlorine while S had an effect on molybdenum.
Colour and Sensory Characteristics of Merlot Red Wines Caused by Prolonged Pomace Contact

Pigment analytical parameters and sensory characteristics of Merlot red wines made with pomace contact during fermentation and subsequent maceration were investigated. The fermenting (at 25 ° C) musts were pressed at 0 (free-run juice), 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 days after crushing and addition of the yeast. All wines were allowed to finish fermentation after pressing. High scores were given for wines made with 4, 8 and 16 days’ pomace contact. The sensory characteristics correlated with the wine component and pigment parameter results.
The Revival of Indonesian Skin Care Brands

Skincare business in Indonesia has been growing enormously in the last decade, with the coming of international brands and the struggling of local brands, to win the Indonesian customers. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of country of origin to purchase decision through the brand image, and the impact of country of origin on customer satisfaction for local Indonesian skin care brands. As this research is using the quantitative approach, the data are collected by using questionnaires which are distributed to selected samples of 179 respondents. The respondents are chosen from the consumers of Indonesian brands of skin care products. The data are analyzed with SmartPLS software. The results show that the country of origin has a positive influence to purchase decision, the country of origin has a positive influence on brand image, brand image has a positive influence on purchase decision, and, finally, brand image has a positive influence on customer satisfaction on local Indonesian brands of skin care products.
Favourable outcomes for high‐risk Burkitt lymphoma patients (IPI 3‐5) treated with rituximab plus CODOX‐M/IVAC: Results of a phase 2 UK NCRI trial

Outcomes after frontline treatment of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) have improved with the introduction of dose‐intense chemotherapy regimens, such as CODOX‐M/IVAC. While rituximab has increased survival rates for most forms of high‐grade B‐cell lymphoma, there has previously been hesitancy about incorporating it into BL treatment, partly due to concerns about increased toxicity. Prospective data using the standard dose CODOX‐M/IVAC regimen in combination with rituximab are lacking. We conducted a single‐arm phase 2 trial to assess the efficacy and toxicity of R‐CODOX‐M/R‐IVAC.