Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From the Dual Apprenticeship System to a Dual Labor Market? The German High-Skill Equilibrium and the Service Economy

Different models of protection against labor market risks are associated with diverging models of economic performance. Historically established institutional complementarities between labor market regulation, unemployment protection, and vocational training tend to mirror specific national models of economic production. For example, the German dual apprenticeship system is a core feature of the corporatist model of "diversified quality production". This, in turn, is supported via skills-protecting, earnings-related unemployment insurance, skills-oriented active labor market policies and strong dismissal protection so that long-term productive employment relationships become viable. The paper explores the connection between structural change and the development of skill creation in the German case with a particular focus on the difference between manufacturing and services as well as between different types of service sub-sectors. The paper takes manufacturing, a sector dominated by standard employment, as a reference point but mainly addresses different segments of the service economy: traditional ones (banking and insurance), new high-skill sectors (IT and the "creative economy") and growing areas of low-skill services (hotels and restaurants, cleaning). We find that dynamic job creation in these segments of the service sector was possible due to a less regulated institutional environment.
Virtual reconstructions of historical and cultural heritage sites and their conventional grading

: Numerous historical and cultural reconstructions without an established systematization have accumulated in the contemporary virtual space. At the same time, they differ significantly from one another. In this regard, a rather critical task at this point is the gradation and systematization of information on historical and cultural reconstructions. To meet the objective of this study, basic concepts were investigated, such as ‘virtuality’, ‘visuality’ and others, which are necessary for the determination of the final results. The article considers conditional grading of virtual reconstructions developed by the authors. Various examples and options are provided for every type of reconstruction, making it possible to subdivide the currently available historical and cultural reconstructions into three primary groups: Classification into three primary groups and associated six types greatly facilitates the orientation in the various historical and cultural virtual spaces, including their producers and consumers, also allowing to update the terminological communication of researchers and developers in this subject field.
The role of macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystem function.

This review focuses on some of the roles of macroinvertebrate functional groups, i.e. grazers, shredders, gatherers, filterers, and predators, in stream-ecosystem processes. Many stream-dwelling insects exploit the physical characteristics of streams to obtain their foods. As consumers at intermediate trophic levels, macroinvertebrates are influenced by both bottom-up and top-down forces in streams and serve as the conduits by which these effects are propagated. Macroinvertebrates can have can important influence on nutrient cycles, primary productivity, decomposition, and translocation of materials. Interactions among macroinvertebrates and their food resources vary among functional groups. Macroinvertebrates constitute an important source of food for numerous fish, and unless outside energy subsidies are greater than in-stream food resources for fish, effective fisheries management must account for fish-invertebrate linkages and macroinvertebrate linkages with resources and habitats. Macroinvertebrates also serve as valuable indicators of stream degradation. The many roles performed by stream-dwelling macroinvertebrates underscore the importance of their conservation.
Mental health and psychosocial functioning in adolescents with congenital heart disease. A comparison between adolescents born with severe heart defect and atrial septal defect

Twenty‐six adolescents, aged 13–18 years, with severe congenital heart disease were matched for sex, age and living area with 26 adolescents with repaired atrial septal defect and regarded as physically fit. These two groups were compared according to somatic condition, psychopathology, psychosocial functioning and chronic family difficulties. A higher rate of psychiatric problems in the complex group, an association between psychosocial functioning and physical capacity, as well as an association between psychosocial functioning and chronic family difficulties were observed. These findings suggest that physical capacity is of crucial importance for mental health and functioning of adolescents with congenital heart disease. The association with chronic family difficulties also suggests that a comprehensive biopsychosocial approach is necessary in the treatment and rehabilitation of these patients.
An exploratory investigation of co‐occurring substance‐related and psychiatric disorders

This exploratory, quantitative study investigated the prevalence rate of patients with co‐occurring substance‐related and psychiatric disorders (CODs) at a private rehabilitation centre in Johannesburg, South Africa. Details of the case histories of the clients were collected, coded and analysed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). The results indicated that 57.1% of 419 clients had one or more co‐occurring psychiatric disorder, along with a substance‐related disorder. Of the 239 with a COD, 155 had a mood disorder, 40 had an anxiety disorder, 39 had ADHD, 35 had an eating disorder, eight had a conduct disorder and five had schizophrenia. Statistically significant relationships were found for ADHD with cannabis‐related disorders and polysubstance dependence; anxiety‐related disorders with alcohol‐related disorders; and mood disorders with cocaine‐related disorders, possibly substance‐induced disorders and substance‐induced disorders. These results showed that a large group of patients admitted at the centre had one or more COD and this made the treatment more complex. The results of this study suggest the need to develop specialized treatment programmes for patients with CODs.
Becoming a partner in the audit profession : -Does the partner recruitment process discriminate against women?

AbstractThe audit profession used to be a profession highly dominated by men. However, this has changed but there are still few women who reach the highest position, partner. Statistics from 2013 show that female partners represent 13 percent to 20 percent in the five largest audit firms in Sweden.PurposeThe purpose of this thesis is to research if the partner recruitment process discriminates against women within the audit profession. To answer our purpose, we will study the five largest audit firms in Sweden and research how their processes work and what is required to become a partner in these firms. We will do this in order to find out if there are different expectations and preconditions for women and men within the profession. Finally we will examine how the firms work with gender equality. Data collectionWe conducted in total 14 personal semi-structured interviews with board members, audit partners, directors, senior managers, HR personnel and auditors, both men and women. We held interviews in smaller local offices in Jonkoping and in the head offices in Stockholm.ConclusionsWe have drawn the conclusion from our research that the partner recruitment process does discriminate against women, however mostly in the form of indirect discrimination. We conclude this because several examples indicate that the recruitment process has weaknesses and that parts of the process are inconsistent and subjective. Further, according to our findings the partner requirements are partly gender labeled and networking gives men advantages within the process. Finally, the most reasonable interpretation is that there are flaws within the gender equality work, which increases the risk that recruiters are unaware of their own biases and could therefore unconsciously discriminate against women.
An extradenticle‐induced conformational change in a HOX protein overcomes an inhibitory function of the conserved hexapeptide motif.

HOX homeoproteins control cell identities during animal development by differentially regulating target genes. The homeoprotein encoded by the extradenticle (exd) gene can selectively modify HOX DNA binding, suggesting that it contributes to HOX specificity in vivo. HOX‐EXD interactions are in part mediated by a conserved stretch of amino acids termed the hexapeptide found in many HOX proteins. Here, we demonstrate that a 20 bp oligonucleotide from the 5′ region of the mouse Hoxb‐1 gene, a homolog of Drosophila labial (lab), is sufficient to direct an expression pattern in Drosophila that is very similar to endogenous lab. In vivo, this expression requires lab and exd and, in vitro, LAB requires EXD to bind this oligonucleotide. In contrast, LAB proteins with mutations in the hexapeptide bind DNA even in the absence of EXD. Moreover, a hexapeptide mutant of LAB has an increased ability to activate transcription in vivo. Partial proteolysis experiments suggest that EXD can induce a conformational change in LAB. These data are consistent with a mechanism whereby the LAB hexapeptide inhibits LAB function by inhibiting DNA binding and that an EXD‐induced conformational change in LAB relieves this inhibition, promoting highly specific interactions with biologically relevant binding sites.
Policy options for electric vehicle charging infrastructure in C40 cities

This Policy Analysis Exercise seeks to make policy recommendations to the Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI), on the deployment of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure in C40 cities - a group of the world’s largest cities, which have committed to take action on climate change by reducing greenhouse gases, including from the transport fleet. The C40 Electric Vehicle Network (C40 EVN) is a C40 initiative to facilitate the successful introduction of EVs through collective municipal actions including planning and deployment of charging infrastructure, streamlining permitting processes associated with charging infrastructure, providing monetary and non-monetary incentives and mobilizing demand for EVs in city fleets. CCI had requested the authors to undertake analysis and make recommendations on the deployment of EV charging infrastructure in C40 cities. This analysis included understanding potential barriers (policy, technological, economic, etc) to the deployment of EV charging infrastructure, understanding how various cities were approaching the issue, and the policy levers that cities could employ in increasing the availability of EV charging infrastructure. Based on this research, the authors have made a series of recommendations on policy actions that cities can take to increase the deployment of EV charging infrastructure.
Effects of opioids on breathlessness and exercise capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A systematic review.

RATIONALE Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) commonly suffer from breathlessness, deconditioning, and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQL) despite best medical management. Opioids may relieve breathlessness at rest and on exertion in COPD. OBJECTIVES We aimed to estimate the efficacy and safety of opioids on refractory breathlessness, exercise capacity, and HRQL in COPD. METHODS This was a systematic review and metaanalysis using Cochrane methodology. We searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and Embase up to 8 September, 2014 for randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of any opioid for breathlessness, exercise capacity, or HRQL that included at least one participant with COPD. Effects were analyzed as standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random effect models. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 16 studies (15 crossover trials and 1 parallel-group study, 271 participants, 95% with severe COPD) were included. There were no serious adverse effects. Breathlessness was reduced by opioids overall: SMD, -0.35 (95% CI, -0.53 to -0.17; I(2), 48.9%), by systemic opioids (eight studies, 118 participants): SMD, -0.34 (95% CI, -0.58 to -0.10; I(2), 0%), and less consistently by nebulized opioids (four studies, 82 participants): SMD, -0.39 (95% CI, -0.71 to -0.07; I(2), 78.9%). The quality of evidence was moderate for systemic opioids and low for nebulized opioids on breathlessness. Opioids did not affect exercise capacity (13 studies, 149 participants): SMD, 0.06 (95% CI, -0.15 to 0.28; I(2), 70.7%). HRQL could not be analyzed. Findings were robust in sensitivity analyses. Risk of study bias was low or unclear. CONCLUSIONS Opioids improved breathlessness but not exercise capacity in severe COPD.
A commercial real estate price evaluation model based on GT-BCPSO-BP neural network

Aimed at coping with the complexity of commercial real estate price evaluation, the advantages of grey correlation theory, bacterial chemotaxis particle swarm algorithm and BP neural network are integrated to firstly put forward a novel model of commercial real estate cost evaluation. First, grey correlation theory was used to reduce the factors affecting commercial real estate price and optimise input variables of BP neural network. Then, the bacterial chemotaxis particle swarm algorithm with constriction factors is adopted to optimise the initial weights and thresholds. Through this method, BP neural network can be used to solve nonlinear problems and to improve the rate of convergence and the ability to search global optimum. An engineering project in the city of Hunan is selected to make empirical analysis. It shows that this novel model enjoys a high practical value as it can be applied to make scientific evaluation of commercial real estate price evaluation.
Control Methods and Objectives for Electronically Coupled Distributed Energy Resources in Microgrids: A Review

Increased penetration of distributed energy resources into conventional power systems increases control challenges. These can be suitably met by microgrids. This paper examines the architecture of microgrids and reviews their classifications and the literatures discussing their control objectives during islanded mode. It finds the use of microgrids enhancing the conventional power system's grid smartness. It also summarizes microgrid control objectives and their most common problems and solutions.
Criteria for assessing the quality of health information on the Internet.

Preface The purpose of this paper is to provide a set of criteria that can be used accurately and reliably by the general public (consumer) to assess the quality of health information on the Internet. We would like groups interested in this issue to contribute and become part of this effort. " We " represents all contributors to the development of this document. We have identified, thanks to the effort of many individuals and organizations, a robust set of criteria that can help define the quality of the health information of an Internet website. The next step is to take these criteria and to develop them into criteria that can be used by the consumer of health information on the Internet. Remember, this is a working draft that is expected to undergo a series of significant edits. The updated time line shown below highlights where we are in the process and the planned activities for improving the document. Since we will continue to post improved drafts, please note the Edit Date of this document. We thank you in advance for your constructive comments regarding this document. To help in the editing process, please use the feedback form provided at the end of the document. You can send your comments via the form directly on our Web page
Residential Load Scheduling in Smart Grid: A Cost Efficiency Perspective

In smart grid, residential consumers adopt different load scheduling methods to manage their power consumptions with specific objectives. The conventional load scheduling methods aim to maximize the consumption payoff or minimize the consumption cost. In this paper, we introduce a novel concept of cost efficiency-based residential load scheduling framework to improve the economical efficiency of the residential electricity consumption. The cost efficiency is defined as the ratio of consumer's total consumption benefit to its total electricity payment during a certain period. We develop a cost-efficient load scheduling algorithm for the demand-side's day-ahead bidding process and real-time pricing mechanism by using a fractional programing approach. Results show that the proposed scheduling algorithm can effectively reflect and affect user's consumption behavior and achieve the optimal cost-efficient energy consumption profile. For practical consideration, we also take into account the service fee and distributed energy resources (DERs) in our framework, and analyze their impacts on the cost efficiency. Simulation results confirm that the proposed algorithm significantly improves consumer's cost efficiency. It is shown that a higher service fee will decrease the cost efficiency, while the integration of DERs can effectively improve the cost efficiency.
Menopause symptoms and quality of life in women aged 45 to 65 years with and without breast cancer

Objective:To compare the prevalence of menopause symptoms, sexual activity, and quality of life in women with and without breast cancer. Design:A cross-sectional study using one group for comparison was conducted on women aged 45 to 65 years who had not received hormone therapy or tamoxifen during the last 6 months. Participants were recruited from the Menopause and Breast Cancer Outpatient Facilities. One hundred eighty-two women were included, 97 with breast cancer and 85 without breast cancer. Sociodemographic and clinical features and prevalence of menopause symptoms were assessed. The quality of life was assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire. To compare sociodemographic and clinical features between groups, the Student's t test or Fisher exact test was used. Multiple logistic regression and linear regression models were used to control for potential confounding variables. Results:The mean age of participants with breast cancer was 53.2 ± 6.2 years, and the mean age of those without cancer was 57.8 ± 4.9 years (P < 0.01). Age at menopause was 47.2 ± 5.1 years and 47.4 ± 4.9 years for women with and without breast cancer (P = 0.76), respectively. Approximately one-fourth of women with breast cancer and 4.7% of women without cancer were premenopausal (P < 0.01). The prevalence of menopause symptoms was similar between the groups. Women with breast cancer reported less sexual activity (51.5%) than women without cancer (62.4%) (P < 0.01). Quality of life scores were good in both groups. There was a significant difference regarding physical functioning, with a median score of 90 for the cancer group and 75 for the group without cancer (P < 0.01). Conclusion:The prevalence of menopause symptoms was similar in women with and without breast cancer. Sexual activity was less frequent in women with breast cancer. Quality of life was good in women from both groups, although women with breast cancer had the highest level of physical functioning.
Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by cows

1. Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of grinding and pelleting roughages on the voluntary intake of food, digestibility, time of retention of food in the digestive tract, amounts of digesta in the recitulo-rumen and eating and ruminating behaviour of adult, non-lactating, non-pregnant cows. The first experiment was with artificially dried grass and the second with oat straw; also, with a diet of ground, pelleted oat straw the effect was studied of giving a daily intraruminal infusion of 150 g urea. The size of the particles of the ground roughages are given. 2. The mean voluntary intakes of long and ground dried grass were similar, the voluntary intake of ground, pelleted oat straw was 26% greater than that of long straw and the daily infusion of urea increased the voluntary intake of ground, pelleted oat straw by 53%. 3. The digestibility of the ground roughages was lower than that of the long roughages, the lower digestibility of the ground roughages was due mainly to the poor digestibility of crude fibre in the reticulo-rumen. The rate of disappearance of cotton thread placed in the ventral sac of the rumen was slower with ground than with long roughages. 4. The mean times of retention of ground roughages were shorter than those of long roughages when equal and restricted amounts of each food were given; with food offered ad lib. there was little difference between the mean times of retention of long and ground roughages in the alimentary tract. 5. On average, the mean amounts of digesta dry matter in the reticulo-rumen immediately after a meal were about the same with long and ground dried grass, with long and ground oat straw the amounts of dry matter were similar, but when the intraruminal infusion of urea was given the amount of dry matter increased by 49%. 6. The rate of eating (min/kg food) ground, pelleted roughages was much faster than that with long roughages; when the cows received ground roughage rumination did not occur but during short periods triple reticular contractions were seen. 7. The relationship between the voluntary intake of food, the amount of digesta in the reticulo-rumen and the rate of disappearance of digesta from the alimentary tract is discussed.
Distribution and photobiology of Symbiodinium types in different light environments for three colour morphs of the coral Madracis pharensis: Is there more to it than total irradiance?

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[Low level laser irradiation and its effect on repair processes in the skin].

INTRODUCTION Application of laser beams for therapeutic purposes is of relatively recent date, but today there is no field of medicine where lasers cannot be used. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER RADIATION Laser radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation with some specific characteristics such as coherence, monochromaticity and parallelity. TYPES OF LASER DEVICES Nowadays, there are many laser devices on the market used in medicine and dentistry. According to the type of their active medium, lasers can be classified as solid, gas, semiconductor and liquid. EFFECTS OF LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS The exact mechanism of action of low level laser therapy is still not completely understood. Its basic feature is to modulate cell behaviour, without causing significant temperature increase. During irradiation of a tissue with a laser beam, an interaction between cells and photons takes place--photochemical reaction. After a cell absorbs the photon, the photon stops existing, and its energy is incorporated into the molecule which has absorbed it. Once this energy is transferred to different biomolecules, it can be transferred to other molecules as well. The energy transferred to the molecule can increase its kinetic energy, and activate or deactivate enzymes or alter physical or chemical properties of main macromolecules. EFFECTS OF LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY ON WOUND HEALING Effects of low level laser therapy on wound healing process is one of the most fully studied aspects of this type of therapy. It affects all phases of this very complex process. This paper offers a more detailed analysis of these aspects.