Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design and Performance of a Low-Cost Micro-Channel Aerosol Collector

Aerosol sampling and identification is vital for assessment and control of particulate matter pollution, airborne pathogens, allergens and toxins, and their effect on air quality, human health, and climate change. Assays capable of accurate identification and quantification of chemical and biological airborne components of aerosol provide very limited sampling time resolution and relatively dilute samples. A low-cost micro-channel collector (μCC) which offers fine temporal and spatial resolution, high collection efficiency, and delivers highly concentrated samples in very small liquid volumes was developed and tested. The design and optimization of this μCC was guided by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. Collection efficiency tests of the sampler were performed in a well-mixed aerosol chamber using aerosolized fluorescent microspheres in the 0.5–6 μm diameter range. Samples were collected in the μCC and eluted into 100 μL liquid aliquots; bulk fluorescence measurements were used to determine the performance of the collector. Typical collection efficiencies were above 50% for 0.5 μm particles and 90% for particles larger than 1 μm. The experimental results agreed with the CFD modeling for particles larger than 2 μm, but smaller particles were captured more efficiently than predicted by the CFD modeling. Nondimensional analysis of capture efficiencies showed good agreement for a specific geometry but suggested that the effect of channel curvature needs to be further investigated. Copyright 2014 American Association for Aerosol Research
A Free Electron Laser-Photoemission Electron Microscope System (FEL-PEEM)

We report first results from our effort to couple a high resolution photoemission electron microscope (PEEM) to the OK-4 ultraviolet free electron laser at Duke University (OK-4/Duke UV FEL). The OK-4/Duke UV FEL is a high intensity source of tunable monochromatic photons in the 3–10 eV energy range. This tunability is unique and allows us to operate near the photoemission threshold of any samples and thus maximize sample contrast while keeping chromatic berrations in the PEEM minimal. We have recorded first images from a variety of samples using spontaneous radiation from the OK-4/ Duke UV FEL in the photon energy range of 4.0–6.5 eV. Due to different photothreshold emission from different sample areas, emission from these areas could be turned on (or off) selectively. We have also observed relative intensity reversal with changes in photon energy which are interpreted as density-of-state contrast. Usable image quality has been achieved, even though the output power of the FEL in spontaneous emission mode was several orders of magnitude lower than the anticipated full laser power. The PEEM has achieved a spatial resolution of 12 nm.
Wetting Behavior of Liquid on Geometrical Rough Surface Formed by Photolithography

The effect of roughness on the wettability is studied. The rough surface is constructed with photoresist micropatterns which are formed by photolithography. The aspect ratio is defined as the length ratio between the pattern space and its height. Contact angles of three kinds of liquids, pure water, diiodomethane and ethylene glycol, increase and saturate with the increase of the aspect ratio. The wetting behavior of pure water of which higher surface energy is extremely complex.
Dignity as a New Framework, Replacing the Right to Privacy

Privacy if not now, will soon be a dead letter in legal analysis. However, the related concept of dignity will fill the void; and make sense out of a tangled area of law. Whether the Court is protecting invasions of privacy under tort law, the Fourth Amendment, the First Amendment or those fundamental rights, it is dignity that serves as their common bond. The several cases discussed in this article, reveal the frequent inability of the Court to discuss privacy without referencing dignity, or one of its synonyms: i.e. respect, value, self-worth, self-respect, etc. Thus, it is suggested that the Court is truly protecting human dignity as the underlying value of privacy. In the context of the Fourth Amendment or invasion of privacy under tort law, the question of whether privacy still exists arises. With modern technology, the concept of privacy diminishes. Even with fundamental rights, is the right to marriage, procreation, family relationships, child-rearing and education, homosexual sodomy, or even the right to die properly termed privacy? It is apparent that true rights are undoubtedly associated with human dignity, for inherent in all of these privileges is the ability to freely determine one's path without inviting judgment of the state. This liberty creates individuality and sustains the right to be individuals, and in every sense of the word promotes self-respect, self-worth, and value. More accurately stated, this is dignity. Although limitations must exist for a properly functioning society, the interest in maintaining an open and free nation demands that legislatures and courts protect this core value. Privacy can promote crime, but dignity promotes only goodness. The cases discussed illustrate such analysis is already being adopted, and thus upholding dignity as a protected value is not only plausible, it is proven to be possible by its subtle, already existing application. Without nationally recognizing the need for re-focus, the right to erroneous enforcement of a privacy right will continue to remove certain freedoms that are necessary for our Republic to prosper, remain free, and allow men and women to live and die seeking happiness. Additionally, once realized that privacy is a legal fiction, its amorphous contours can be trimmed, with principal, and expanded, again when such is with principal. The widespread problem of private child abuse and child pornography indicates that privacy is not a good in itself. However, dignity is always good and always must be maximized insofar as possible. The continued use of the fiction privacy, places our glorious country in danger. Dignity is one such legal value and right that without which our system cannot endure. Additionally, once perceived it will undoubtedly aid in creating stability and predictability in several areas of the law.
Balanço de compostos nitrogenados e produção de proteína microbiana em novilhas leiteiras alimentadas com casca de café em substituição à silagem de milho

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the substitution of corn silage by coffee husk in diets for dairy heifers on the ruminal variables, nitrogenous compounds and e microbial protein production. Twenty-four dairy Holstein heifers, purebred and crossbred, were assigned to a randomized block design, with four treatments and six blocks, according to the animal initial weight. The treatments were four coffee hulls levels: 0.0, 7.0, 14.0, and 21.0 (% DM total), in substitution of corn silage. Daily, all the heifers was fed with 2 kg of concentrate The nitrogenous (N) compounds intake and and fecal N excretion linearly ncreased with the substitution of corn silage by coffee husk that resulted in positive N balance, with average of 22.31 g/day for all the diets, however, the percentage of N absorbed in relation to the consumed reduced linearly. The ruminal ammonia concentrations and the plasma urea concentration (NUS), average of 11.93 and 10.08 mg/dL respectively, was not affected by the inclusion of coffee husk in the diet. The excrecoes of acid urico, alantoina and purina derivatives, the absorbed purinas, the microbial N (N mic) and the microbial efficiency (Efic M) linearly reduced with the partial substitution of corn silage coffee husk. Observing reduction of 1,08 g/day of Nmic and 1.96 gPB/kg NDT of Efic M per unit of coffee husk added to the diet. The inclusion of coffee husk in levels of up to 21% DM in diets for dairy heifers reduces the microbial nitrogen production and the microbial efficiency, what could be harm to the animal performance.
1.8 mΩ·cm2 vertical GaN-based trench metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors on a free-standing GaN substrate for 1.2-kV-class operation

In this paper, we report on 1.2-kV-class vertical GaN-based trench metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) on a free-standing GaN substrate with a low specific on-resistance. A redesigned epitaxial layer structure following our previous work with a regular hexagonal trench gate layout enables us to reduce the specific on-resistance to as low as 1.8 mΩ·cm2 while obtaining a sufficient blocking voltage for 1.2-kV-class operation. Normally-off operation with a threshold voltage of 3.5 V is also demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on vertical GaN-based MOSFETs with a specific on-resistance of less than 2 mΩ·cm2.
Oxidation of Cu and Cu3Ge thin films

We have studied the oxidation kinetics of Cu and Cu3Ge thin films in air using in situ resistivity measurement and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thin films of Cu oxidize in air around 250 °C to form CuO with an activation energy of 0.74 eV. In contrast to Cu, thin films of Cu3Ge oxidize only above 450 °C. The excellent oxidation resistance of Cu3Ge is due to the thin GeO2 layer which protects Cu3Ge from oxidation below 450 °C. Above 510 °C, GeO2 evaporates and the oxidation protection is lost. Besides the excellent oxidation resistance and low resistivity, we also found Cu3Ge to have a better adhesion to SiO2 than Cu. It has the potential to be used as an adhesion layer and passivation layer in Cu metallization.
Influence of Fumed Silicon Dioxide on the Stabilization of Eudragit® RS/RL 30 D Film-Coated Theophylline Pellets

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of various grades of fumed silicon dioxide on the drug release rate and physical aging of theophylline pellets coated with Eudragit® RS 30 D and RL 30 D. Free films were assessed for both physicomechanical properties and water vapor permeability with respect to time and storage conditions. The release rate of theophylline was influenced by the physical properties of the silicon dioxide employed. As the particle size of the silica dioxide decreased, there was an increase in dispersion viscosity, as well as a decrease in the theophylline release rate from the coated pellets. Films prepared from formulas containing Aeroperl® 300 had twice the water vapor transmission rate of films prepared from formulas containing Aerosil® 200 VV and Cab-O-Sil® M-5P and showed consistent moisture permeability values during storage for up to 1 month at 25°C/0% relative humidity (RH). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging of pellets coated with a formulation containing Aerosil® 200 VV or Cab-O-Sil® M-5P demonstrated film structures that were homogenous, while those coated with a formulation containing Aeroperl® 300 produced heterogeneous films with large particles of the excipient present within the polymeric matrix of the film. Stability in the drug release rate exhibited by pellets coated with a formulation containing Eudragit® RS 30 D, 15% triethyl citrate (TEC), and 30% Aeroperl® 300 was attributed to the stabilization of the moisture vapor transmission rate of the acrylic films. Increasing the concentration of Aeroperl® 300 in the coating formulation increased the theophylline release rate from coated pellets.
The role of dangling bonds in the properties of surfaces and interfaces of semiconductors

It is shown that dangling bonds can be used to provide a unified description of the physical properties of tetrahedral semiconductors in a large variety of different situations and, in particular, at their surfaces and interfaces. A discussion is first given of their direct manifestations: P b center at the Si-SiO 2 interface, dangling bond in a-Si, vacancies and semiconductor surfaces. It is then demonstrated that the same dangling bond states can be used as a powerful tool to correlate the physical properties in cases where they do not play an apparently direct role: pinning of impurity levels, heterojunctions, Schottky barriers and their formation at low temperature On montre que les liaisons pendantes peuvent etre utilisees pour fournir une description unifiee des proprietes physiques des semiconducteurs tetraedriques dans une grande variete de situations, en particulier a leurs surfaces et interfaces. On demontre ensuite que les memes etats de liaisons pendantes peuvent etre utilises comme un outil puissant pour correler les proprietes physiques dans des cas ou ils ne semblent pas pouvoir jouer de role direct: blocage des niveaux d'impuretes, heterojonctions, barrieres Schottky et leur formation a basse temperature
Biological Treatment of Wastewater from Nitrosophenol Production

Nitrosophenol is an intermediate organic chemical used in dye synthesis. Wastewater from nitrosophenol production is high-strength in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), phenol, and total dissolved solids concentrations. Previous reports on treatment of wastewaters containing nitrosophenol addressed chemical oxidation methods. Biological treatment of nitrosophenol wastewater was evaluated in this study using a bench-scale sequencing batch reactor. Substrate inhibition by phenol was observed, but methods to overcome inhibitory effects were developed. Biodegradation of nitrosophenol was concluded to occur by cometabolism in the presence of phenol, based primarily on COD balances and by ruling out abiotic mechanisms of nitrosophenol removal. The biomass developed in the reactor was unable to grow on nitrosophenol as a sole carbon source, and consisted predominantly of two eukaryotic morphotypes and a dispersed bacterial population. Based on results from the study, nitrosophenol wastewater is amenable to biological treatment but the effluent may require further treatment before discharge.
Polimerização RAFT em Miniemulsão

Among the many techniques used to prepare polymers in a controlled manner, reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) is one of the most versatile, since this technique is compatible with a large number of monomers, solvents, reaction conditions and polymerization systems. Using this methodology, it is possible to synthesize polymers with a variety of architectures and with a high level of control of the molecular weight distribution. In this work, a review of RAFT polymerizations in miniemulsion systems is presented. The main characteristics of the RAFT polymerization technique and a comprehensive review of studies in miniemulsion are presented, comprising more than 152 references. The use of RAFT miniemulsion polymerizaton to obtain polymers for biotechnological applications is also discussed in detail.
Evaluation of a passive sampler for volatile organic compounds at ppb concentrations, varying temperatures, and humidities with 24-h exposures. 1. Description and characterization of exposure chamber system

A dynamic exposure chamber was constructed to evaluate the performance of the 3M 3520 organic vapor monitor when exposed during 24 h to combined test atmospheres of benzene, 1,3-butadiene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, methylene chloride, styrene, tetrachloroethylene, and toluene at target concentrations of 10, 20, and 200 {micro}g/m{sup 3} in combination with temperatures of 10, 25, and 40 C and relative humidities of 12, 50, and 90%. These conditions are generally representative of the range of community air environments, both indoor and outdoor. The system consists of five distinct units: (1) dilution air delivery, (2) humidification, (3) VOC generation and delivery, (4) mixing chamber, and (5) exposure chamber. High-emission permeation tubes were utilized to generate the target VOCs. Both the target temperatures and humidities were achieved and maintained for multiple consecutive days. The variation of the temperature in the exposure chamber was controlled within {+-}1 C, while relative humidity was controlled within {+-}1.5% at 12% RH, {+-}2% at 50% RH, and {+-}3% at 90% RH. Under constant preset temperatures and stable nitrogen flow through the VOC generation unit, various temporal patterns of permeation rates were observed over time. The lifetimes and permeation rates of the tubes differed by compound, lengthmore » of the tube, and manufacturer. « less
Behavior of ions within hydrogel and its swelling properties.

The swelling behavior of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid and trimethyl-N-acryloyl-3-aminopropyl ammonium chloride) gel in electrolyte solutions of NaCl (uni-univalent) and MgCl2 (bi-univalent) was investigated over the whole range of pH.The swelling of gel was induced by the ionic pressure due to Na+ and/or Mg2+ ions in the acid region (pH = 4–7) as well as basic region, where Na+ or Mg2+ ions added in solution were exchanged with H+ ion supplied by the yet undissociated group, –COOH. in the region of pH = 1–4, Cl– ions generated the ionic pressure. In the case of bivalent cation, Mg2+ especially, it was observed that the interactions between the localized fixed charges and the bivalent cation, may result in formation of new weak cross-linking. The swelling and behavior of the ions in the gel were predicted fairly well using a simple model based on Donnan equilibrium theory.
Análisis integral del uso de la ballena gris con fines turísticos en Puerto Adolfo López Mateos, B.C.S.

"La observacion turistico-recreativa de ballenas es un sistema constituido por varios componentes de naturaleza heterogenea y de dinamica compleja entre si, que de no conocerse puede ponerse en riesgo su continuidad. La hipotesis planteada es que en Puerto Adolfo Lopez Mateos (PALM), en donde desde hace mas de 25 anos se desarrolla la actividad, los componentes de esta interactuan de forma negativa, no guardan una relacion armonicjavascript:void(null);a a favor del desarrollo optimo y el aprovechamiento responsable de la actividad. El objetivo del presente trabajo es entender la realidad actual de la actividad observacion turistica de ballenas y su funcionalidad como sistema en PALM, desde el punto de vista sistemico. "
Recent advances with UNSW vanadium‐based redox flow batteries

The vanadium redox flow battery pioneered by Skyllas‐Kazacos et al. at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) is currently considered as one of the few electrochemical energy storage systems suitable for use in the large‐scale utility applications that are emerging in response to the increasing global implementation of renewable energy technologies for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. While the original all‐vanadium redox flow battery (G1 VRF) has already been successfully implemented in a wide range of stationary field trials in Japan, U.S.A. , Austria, Italy and Australia, further cost reduction has been needed for its widespread market up‐take. In this paper, up to 80% efficiency is reported for the latest 5–10 kW G1 VRF battery stack employing low‐cost stack materials that are expected to achieve the necessary cost structure for the majority of stationary energy storage applications. While the G1 VRF battery has shown high efficiencies and excellent cycle life, however, its low energy density has restricted its use in mobile applications. The new Generation 2 vanadium bromide redox battery (G2 V/Br) patented by UNSW in 2001 has been shown to potentially double the energy density of the G1 VRF battery, allowing mobile applications to be considered. In this paper, the performance of the G2 V/Br is presented at a range of temperatures and the use of complexing agents is shown to successfully bind any bromine produced during charging to prevent the formation of bromine vapours. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scattering and swelling properties of inhomogeneous polyacrylamide gels

Etude par SAXS, osmometrie et diffusion lumineuse d'hydrogels prepares par copolymerisation d'acrylamide en presence de bisacrylamide d'ethylene. Variation de la courbe pression de gonflement/concentration avec la densite de reticulation du copolymere. Etude de la coherence des valeurs du module osmotique longitudinal et des longueurs de correlation determinees par les differentes methodes (mecaniques, diffusion lumineuse, SAXS)
Photocatalytic degradation and pathway of oxytetracycline in aqueous solution by Fe2O3–TiO2 nanopowder

The degradation behavior of oxytetracycline (OTC) in aqueous solution using Fe2O3–TiO2 nanopowders (Fe2O3–TiO2 NPs) as photocatalysts under UV/visible light was investigated in this paper. Fe2O3–TiO2 NPs photocatalysts synthesized using co-precipitation were characterized by XRD, TEM, FT-IR and UV-vis DRS. Fe2O3–TiO2 NPs with 45 wt% Fe2O3 exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than others. The photocatalytic degradation of OTC shows a maximum efficiency at pH = 5.5 under both UV/visible light due to the surface adsorption. The intermediate products during the photocatalytic degradation of OTC were detected by LC-MS/TOF. Seven main intermediates were formed, and their evolution was discussed. On the basis of the evidence oxidative intermediate formation and a detailed degradation path way of OTC by 45 Fe2O3–TiO2 NPs are proposed.
Antitumour polycyclic acridines. Part 5.1 Synthesis of 7H-pyrido[4,3,2-kl]acridines with exploitable functionality in the pyridine ring

Two series of new 9-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)acridines 8 and 11 have been synthesised by base catalysed cyclisation reaction of 9-azidoacridine 5 with either 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds or activated acetonitriles. Ring formation occurred in a regiospecific manner indicating a stepwise ionic reaction sequence. The combination of activating base and solvent, as well as the solubility of the products, are crucial for achieving acceptable yields. Several of the 9-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)acridines have been converted to fluorescent 7H-pyrido[4,3,2-kl]acridines 14 by Graebe–Ullmann nitrogen-expulsion degradations employing boiling diphenyl ether as the thermolytic medium. In one case, the thermolysis of 9-[4-methoxycarbonyl-5-(4-chlorobutyl)-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]acridine 16, the chlorobutyl side-chain participated in an additional intramolecular cyclisation step leading to the pentacyclic quinolizino[2,3,4-kl]acridine 18.
SECOND-SPHERE TUNING OF THE METAL ION REDUCTION POTENTIALS IN IRON AND MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASES

Iron and manganese superoxide dismutases (Fe- and MnSODs, respectively) are metalloenzymes that catalyze the disproportionation of superoxide to dioxygen and hydrogen peroxide whereby the metal ion cycles between an oxidized and one-electron reduced state. Although Fe- and MnSODs exhibit similar protein and active-site structures, they display strict metal-ion specificities. To understand the origin of this specificity, we performed spectroscopic and computational studies of various FeSOD species and found that certain second-sphere residues exert significant control over the proton-coupled metal ion reduction potential, which must be tuned differently for active site-bound Fe and Mn to permit both substrate oxidation and reduction.