Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Vaporization of the Cathode in the Electric Arc

Calculations are carried out which show that, because of the smallness of the cathode spot, the cathode is not able to dissipate the heat generated with heavy currents by conduction. Therefore, a much higher vaporization of cathode material per coulomb occurs for heavy currents than for low currents.
Indirect Electrochemical Oxidation of Phenol in the Presence of Chloride for Wastewater Treatment

Electrochemical oxidation of phenol using a Ti/TiO2-RuO2-IrO2 anode in the presence of chloride as the supporting electrolyte was investigated. The experiments were performed in an undivided batch reactor. Preliminary investigations showed that only a small fraction of phenol was oxidized by direct electrolysis, while complete degradation of phenol was achieved by indirect electrochemical oxidation using chloride as a supporting electrolyte. The effect of operating parameters such as initial pH, supporting electrolyte concentration, phenol concentration, and charge input was studied using Box-Behnken second order composite experimental design. The effect of current density on COD removal was studied separately. TOC removal and AOX formation were studied for selected conditions. It was found that the formation of chlorinated organic compounds was pronounced at the beginning of electrolysis, but it was reduced to lower levels by extended electrolysis.
Neutron scattering investigations of guest molecular dynamics in alpha , omega -dibromoalkane-urea inclusion compounds

Incoherent quasi-elastic neutron scattering (IQNS) has been used to investigate the dynamic properties of alpha , omega -dibromoalkane (guest) molecules (Br(CH2)nBr) constrained within the urea channel structure (host) in the crystalline alpha , omega -dibromoalkane-urea inclusion compounds. These investigations have been carried out on samples of urea inclusion compounds containing urea-d4 to ensure that the incoherent scattering is dominated by the alpha , omega -dibromoalkane molecules, and the two experimental geometries of semi-oriented polycrystalline samples have been considered (specifically, with the channel axes of all crystals either parallel or perpendicular to the momentum transfer vector), allowing translational motions of the guest molecules along the channel to be investigated separately from reorientational motions of the guest molecules about the channel axis. The experiments have been performed as a function of firstly the experimental geometry, secondly the length of the alpha , omega -dibromoalkane molecule (n=8-10) and thirdly the temperature (with particular interest in changes in the dynamic properties above and below the well established phase transition temperatures for these inclusion compounds). It is shown that in the low-temperature phase there is an oscillatory motion along the channel axis which becomes overdamped above the phase transition temperature. Above the phase transition temperature, the dynamic properties of the guest molecules can be understood in terms of translational motions along the channel (modelled as continuous diffusion between rigid impermeable boundaries) and reorientational motions about the channel axis (modelled as uniaxial rotational diffusion in a onefold cosine potential). Quantitative dynamic information relating to these motional models is presented.
Adsorption of Anionic and Cationic Dyes from Aqueous Solution on Non-Calcined Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide: Experimental and Theoretical Study

Non-calcined Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) with Mg/Al molar ratio of 3:1 was synthesized using the co-precipitation method. Sorption of anionic (acid blue 25 - AB25, reactive blue 4 - RB4), and cationic (methylene blue - MB) dyes by Mg-Al LDH form aqueous solution was investigated. The effect of solution pH, initial concentration, and contact time were investigated by batch adsorption experiments. The adsorbed amount increases with decrease in pH solution for AB25 and RB4. The cationic dye (MB) solution was insensitive to pH variation and also exhibited a low performance in the kinetic equilibrium studies. While anionic dyes were almost completely extracted from the solution, 90% of the methylene blue remained in solution. The equilibrium data were well described using the Langmuir-Freundlich model for RB4, AB25, and MB dyes with maximum adsorption capacity of 328.90, 246.10, and 43.48 mg/g, respectively. Finally, the mechanism of adsorption involving the dyes and LDH was evaluated using the Monte Carlo approach in the NVT ensemble. The results suggest that molecular simulation can be used to preview quantitatively the dye uptake. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Separation Science & Technology to view the supplemental file.
Structural-electronic relationships in inorganic solids: powder neutron diffraction studies of the rutile and anatase polymorphs of titanium dioxide at 15 and 295 K

Rietveld analysis of time-of-flight pulsed neutron diffraction of powders shows a nearly isotropic shrinkage of the structures of both the rutile and anatase polymorphs of TiO/sub 2/ upon cooling from 295 to 15 K and no change in the sense of the distortion of the TiO/sub 6/ octahedra (two long and four short Ti-O distances in both): rutile at 295 (first) and 15 K (second), a/sub 0/ 4.593 08 (4), 4.586 66 (4), c/sub 0/, 2.958 89 (3), 2.954 07 (3), x/sub oxygen/, 0.304 76 (6), 0.304 69 (6), Ti-O(4x), 1.9486 (3), 1.9459 (3), Ti-O(2X), 1.9796 (4), 1.9764 (4); anatase at 295 and 15 K, a/sub 0/, 3.784 79 (3), c/sub 0/, 9.502 26 (12), 0.504 65 (12), x/sub oxygen/, 0.16686 (5), 0.166 75 (4), Ti-O(4x), 1.9338 (1), 1.9322 (1), Ti-O(2X), 1.9799 (5), 1.9788 (4): all distances (A) referenced to silicon (a = 5.430 88 A). Both tight-binding calculations on the crystalline solids and molecular mechanics computations on the oxide lattice alone lead to a model in which the balance of attractive Ti-O and repulsive O-O interactions control the details of the overall structures. The relative bond lengths around metal centers in some other systems are predicted.
Contaminant Enrichment and Properties of Soil Adhering to Skin

The adhesion of contaminated soil to skin has potentially important health implications, because the contaminants may ultimately be ingested or absorbed through the skin. Previous studies indicated that the adhering soil is enriched in contaminant concentration relative In the original soil because of the selective adhesion of finer particles. This study investigated this enrichment using 11 markedly different soils. Two sandy soils consistently gave very high contaminant enrichment ratios, with a mean enrichment of 10-fold. The other soils all had enrichment ratios above unity. Scanning electron microscopy illustrated the potential for strong adhesion of very fine clay particles. The contaminant enrichment ratios were positively correlated to enrichments in specific surface area, organic matter content, and extractable Fe content. Correlations to soil textural properties and detailed particle-size analysis of the adhering soil indicated that 50 to 100 {mu}m may be a critical particle size: larger grains and aggregates do not adhere readily to skin. Because of this, enrichment ratios will vary positively with the proportion of particles in the whole soil that am greater than 50 {mu}m. A simple model is provided to predict enrichments using information from routine soil particle-size analysis. 44 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.
Experimental test of the Wiedemann-Franz law for indium

The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of indium has been measured in the high-temperature regime for both solid and liquid phases to an accuracy of +or-1%. These data lead to a Wiedemann-Franz ratio that is (i) temperature independent for the solid, (ii) temperature independent for the liquid, and (iii) continuous across the melting point. The value of the measured Wiedemann-Franz ratio is 9% higher than the theoretical Lorenz number.
Nucleation temperature of elements

A general equation, supported by two reasonable asymptotic limits and being free of any adjustable parameters, for the size-dependent and temperature-dependent solid–liquid interface free energy is developed. The prediction of the equation for homogeneous nucleation temperature of metallic elements corresponds well to Turnbull’s experiments. Moreover, the heterogeneous nucleation temperatures of Al nanowires and Pb thin films are predicted, which is in agreement with experimental results.
A Thermodynamic Approach to Selecting Alternative Gate Dielectrics

As a first step in the identification of suitable alternative gate dielectrics for metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), we have used tabulated thermodynamic data to comprehensively assess the thermodynamic stability of binary oxides and nitrides in contact with silicon at temperatures from 300 K to 1600 K. Sufficient data exist to conclude that the vast majority of binary oxides and nitrides are thermodynamically unstable in contact with silicon. The dielectrics that remain are candidate materials for alternative gate dielectrics. Of these remaining candidates, the oxides have a significantly higher dielectric constant ( ĸ ) than the nitrides. We then extend this thermodynamic approach to multicomponent oxides comprising the candidate binary oxides. The result is a relatively small number of silicon-compatible gate dielectric materials with ĸ values substantially greater than that of SiO_2 and optical bandgaps ≥ eV.
Soils and Native Vegetation in a Hilly and Mountainous Area in Central Greece

Soils and native vegetation were investigated in 24 sites in the hilly and mountainous province of Elassona, central Greece. Most soils consist of coarse alluvial material that originated from the weathering of hard limestone or schist. Mostly are acidic, and the coarse texture enhances the leaching of exchangeable cations. Mean soil organic matter is greater than values recorded in the lowlands. Low content of available phosphorous (P) was observed in certain soils, and this may be attributed either to P fixation in the clay minerals or to parent material. Copper (Cu) content was low in 11 samples, and the content of exchangeable calcium (Ca++) was lower than the critical level in two thirds of samples. Similarly, low values were recorded for exchangeable magnesium (Mg++) and potassium (K+). Results from annual plants have shown low nitrogen (N) content and partial deficiency in Ca, K, and Mg, which reflects the particular soil and climatic conditions. Furthermore, in certain samples Cu, manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were found at deficiency levels. Samples from perennial plants were selected from sites where vegetation was degraded. Results revealed nitrogen (N), Mn, and Cu deficiency, and the values for micronutrients iron (Fe), Zn, and boron (B) were greater than critical levels. Practices and measures are suggested to improve soils and to restore the degraded vegetation, such as application of lime material in the acidic soil for correction of pH, rational water management, cultivation of crops with low water requirements, banning of overgrazing in areas vulnerable to erosion, winter cover of slopes with pasture and fodder crops, establishment of permanent shrubs, reforestation of certain hilly and mountainous areas, and training of farmers. Findings of this study can assist local authorities in managing natural resources in a more rational and sustainable manner. Establishment of pasturelands in combination with rational grazing management should be of high priority to sustain livestock production.
Shape memory polymer foams from emulsion templating

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) change their shape under a stimulus (thermal, chemical, light) and return from an imposed temporary shape to their permanent, original shape. SMPs usually contain “permanent” domains that determine the permanent shape (chemical or physical crosslinks) and “reversible” domains that determine the temporary shape, usually by heating above a glass transition temperature or a melting point (Tm). Compared to fully dense SMPs, SMP foams can undergo higher temporary deformations and can exhibit higher deformations when they recover. In this paper, SMP foams based upon (meth)acrylates with crystallizable long side-chains were synthesized through emulsion-templating within nanoparticle-stabilized high internal phase Pickering emulsions where the nanoparticles also served as crosslinking centers. The nature of the polymer backbone affected the nature of the crystalline phase for identical side chains. The SMP foams at room temperature maintained the temporary shape (a strain of 0.7) imposed above the Tm and exhibited good recovery upon reheating for all four compression–recovery cycles. While the methacrylate-based SMP exhibited a single-stage recovery, the acrylate-based SMP, with identical side-chains, exhibited a two-stage recovery that can be associated with the existence of two crystalline phases. The recovery behavior was described using Kelvin–Voigt units in series with the dependence of viscosity on temperature described using a WLF-like relationship.
The r Integrin Chain Is a Ligand for r and o~4B1 By Peter Altevogt,* Marcus Hubbe,* Michael tLuppert,*

Summary The heterodimeric ol4 integrins c~4~7 lymphocyte Peyer's patch adhesion molecule ([LPAM]-I) and ol431 (very late antigen-4) are cell surface adhesion molecules involved in lymphocyte trafficking and lymphocyte-cell and matrix interactions. Known cellular ligands include vascular cell adhe- sion molecule (VCAM)-I, which binds to ~431 and ol437, and the mucosal addressin cell adhe- sion molecule (MAdCAM)-I, which binds to ol437. Here we show that the o~4 chain of these integrins can itself serve as a ligand. The c~4 chain, immunoaffinity purified and immobilized on glass slides, binds thymocytes and T lymphocytes. Binding exhibits divalent cation require- ments and temperature sensitivity which are characteristic of integrin-mediated interactions, and is specifically inhibited by anti-cx4 integrin antibodies, which exert their effect at the cell surface. Cells expressing exclusively c~4/~7 (TK-1) or c~431 (L1-2) both bound avidly, whereas ol4-negative cells did not. A soluble 34-kD ol4 chain fragment retained binding activity, and it inhibited lymphocyte adhesion to ~4 ligands. It has been shown that c~4 integrin binding to fibronectin involves an leucine-aspartic acid-valine (LDV) motif in the HeplI/IIICS region of fibronectin (CS-1 peptide), and homologous sequences are important in binding to VCAM-1 and MAdCAM-1. Three conserved LDV motifs occur in the extracellular sequence of c~4. A synthetic LDV-containing c~4-derived oligopeptide supports c~4-integrin-dependent lymphocyte adhesion and blocks binding to the 34-kD ol4 chain fragment. Our results suggest that r and r integrins may be able to bind to the ol4 subunit on adjacent cells, providing a novel mechanism for ol4 inte- grin-mediated and activation-regulated lymphocyte interactions during immune responses.
Electronic properties and charge carrier mobilities of graphynes and graphdiynes from first principles

The sp1 + sp2 hybridized carbon allotropes, graphynes (GYs) and graphdiynes (GDYs), have attracted increased attention, and researches from both theoretical and experimental communities are emerging. Theoretical calculations show that the electronic properties of GYs and GDYs can be tuned by straining, cutting into nanoribbons with different widths and edge morphology, and applying external electric fields. Due to their unique electronic properties, GYs and GDYs exhibit charge carrier mobility as high as ∼104–105 cm2 V−1 second−1 at room temperature based on the first‐principle calculations and the Boltzmann transport equation. Interestingly, the charge carrier mobility in 6,6,12‐GY with double Dirac cone structure is found to be even larger than that in graphene at room temperature. Through an in‐depth description of electron–phonon couplings by density functional perturbation theory, it is suggested that the intrinsic charge carrier transport in these carbon allotropes is dominated by the longitudinal acoustic phonon scatterings over a wide range of temperatures, although scatterings with optical phonon modes cannot be neglected at high temperatures. The unique electronic properties of GYs and GDYs make them highly promising for applications in next generation nanoelectronics. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2015, 5:215–227. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1213
Critical evaluation of the flow rate-pressure drop relation assumed in permeability models

There are two types of porous medium models for predicting permeability: network and statistical models. Networks of cylindrical tubes were proposed by Fatt (1956), Probine (1958), Josseling de Jong (1958), Ksenzhek (1963), Nicholson and Petropoulous (1971), Simon and Kelsey (1971, 1972), and Dullien (1975), whereas Payatakes et al. (1980) developed model networks in which the nodes are connected by constricted unit cells, rather than cylindrical tubes. In statistical models, as proposed by several workers (Saffman, 1960; Haring and Greenkorn, 1970; Guin et al., 1971; Payatakes and Neira, 1977), the flow channels are also randomly sized and oriented but not interconnected in any prescribed fashion. For each unit cell of known geometry and orientation, there are two unknowns, namely, the flow rate through the cell q/sub uc/ and the pressure drop along its length . delta.P/sub uc/. It is customary in statistical models to assume that . delta.P/sub uc/ is equal to the value obtained by assuming that the porous medium is a structureless continuum even at the microscopic scale, that is . delta.P/sub uc/ = -h/sub uc/ x P = -exclamation P exclamationh/sub uc/ cos.cap alpha. The advantage of this assumption is its simplicity. The disadvantage is that the effect of interaction amongmore » unit cells is omitted. Furthermore, even though continuity is satisfied at the macroscopic level, in the case of networks it is violated at the microscopic level, since the flow rates through the unit cells connected to a node usually do not add up to nil. In this work, the validity of the foregoing equation is examined. To fix ideas, we perform the analysis using the network model proposed by Payatakes et al.« less
Logistics and supply chain management: The importance of integration for business processes

Article history: Received 11 December 2017 Received in revised form 19 December 2017 Accepted 22 December 2017 Published 30 December 2017 This conceptual paper outlines the importance of integration in supply chain management (SCM) by linking the functions of logistics as it applies in strategic business process. Often, business processes are developed at the strategic level but are never identified precisely in logistics or in SCM. Strategic business processes like Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Supplier Relationship Management (SRM), Customer Service Management (CSM) and Demand Management are not directly linked to logistics or SCM. This paper identifies the literature that expressed the importance of integration and how business processes can be relevant in the execution of key logistics activities in the supply chain context.
Synthesis, crystal structure, and antibacterial activity of two new mononuclear nickel(II) complexes of a NNS Schiff base

Two new mononuclear nickel(II) complexes, [Ni(L)(N3)] (1) and [Ni(L)2(NCS)2] (2), where HL = 2-{[phenyl(pyridin-2-yl)methylidene]amino}benzenethiol, a tridentate Schiff base derived from 2-aminothiophenol and 2-benzoylpyridine, have been prepared and characterized. The syntheses of 1 and 2 have been achieved by the reaction of equimolar amounts of nickel perchlorate and HL in the presence of azide and thiocyanate, respectively. The complexes have been characterized by microanalytical, spectroscopic, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and other physicochemical studies. Structural studies reveal that 1 and 2 adopt two different geometries, distorted square planar in 1 and octahedral in 2. The two mononuclear complex units are held together by π…π or C–H…π weak intermolecular interactions to develop supramolecular networks in their solid states. The antibacterial activity of 1, 2 and their constituent Schiff base has been tested against some gram(+) and gram(−) bacteria. Graphical Abstract
MAIZE RESPONSE TO YIELD AND YIELD TRAITS WITH DIFFERENT NITROGEN AND DENSITY UNDER CLIMATE VARIABILITY

To study yield and yield traits of maize, two experiments were conducted in 2006 as spring and summer crops and repeated in 2007. Three plant populations (43, 53, and 67 thousands ha-1) and three nitrogen (N) rates (90, 120 and 150 kg N ha-1) were compared in a completely randomized block design with split plot arrangement. The treatments plant population was assigned to the main and N to sub plots in three replications. Sowing of spring crop was done in March and harvested in July and likewise the summer crop in July and harvested in November. Each experimental unit comprised of 5 × 6 m area having eight rows spaced 0.75 m. Experimental results revealed that grain yield (GY) of summer was higher than spring season. Higher GY was associated with increases in the plant population and nitrogen rate. The treatment plant population of 53,000 and 67,000 ha-1 did not differ. However, each increase in the N rate significantly increased GY. This increase in the GY by increasing N was due to increases in the ear length (EL), ear diameter (ED), grain number (GN) and thousand grain weight (TGW). Increasing plant population of maize did not show any remarkable changes in the yield traits. The study revealed that differences in GY due to seasonal climate cannot be rewarded with increase in either plant population or nitrogen rates. Moreover, spring and summer season maize crops can economically be planted with 150 and 120 kg N ha−1 at 53,000 and 67,000 ha−1 populations, respectively, to save environment and production cost.
Spirituality and personality within the framework of the Big Five

The present study aimed at assessing, in our context, whether the previously mentioned constructs emerge as a distinct factor within the model of the Big Five. The study used a nonprobabilistic, intentional sample composed of 186 subjects between the ages of 18 and 28 years old from the city of Parana, Entre Rios, Argentina. Two exploratory factor analysis were performed. The results show that those aspects related to spirituality and religiousness except for the subdimension connectedness constituted an independent and non-redundant factor with the model of the Big Five. These fi ndings, in line with other studies, enable to assess the role of spirituality and religiousness within a theory of personality, and thus provide a more holistic understanding of individual diff erences in human personality.
Novel polyion complex micelles entrapping enzyme molecules in the core: Preparation of narrowly-distributed micelles from lysozyme and poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(aspartic acid) block copolymer in aqueous medium

A core−shell-type supramolecular assembly, a polyion complex micelle, was prepared in this study from chicken egg white lysozyme and poly(ethylene glycol)−poly(aspartic acid) block copolymer (PEG-P(Asp)) through electrostatic interaction in aqueous medium. Lysozyme/PEG-P(Asp) micelles thus prepared had an extremely narrow distribution (μ2/Γ2 < 0.04) with an average diameter of 47 nm in dynamic light scattering measurements. No precipitate formation was observed even after 1 month standing at ambient temperature, suggesting that the system is in a thermodynamic equilibrium state. The stoichiometry in terms of the molar ratio of Lys and Arg residues in lysozyme and Asp residues in PEG-P(Asp) was confirmed by dynamic and static light scattering as well as by laser-Doppler electrophoresis measurements. A change in the apparent molar mass of the micelle with varying PEG-P(Asp)/lysozyme ratio in the region with excess lysozyme agreed well with calculated values if a cooperative association mechanism is assumed .