Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Automatic Annotation for Optimal Image Retrieval

Image search and retrieval based on content is very cumbersome task particularly when the image database is large. The accuracy of the retrieval as well as the processing speed are two important measures used for assessing and comparing the effectiveness of various systems. Text retrieval is more mature and advanced than image content retrieval. In this dissertation, the focus is on converting image content into text tags that can be easily searched using standard search engines where the size and speed issues of the database have been already dealt with. Therefore, image tagging becomes an essential tool for image retrieval from large image databases. Automation of image tagging has received considerable attention by many researchers in recent years. The optimal goal of image description is to automatically annotate images with tags that semantically represent the image content. The speed and accuracy of Image retrieval from large databases are few of the important domains that can benefit from automatic tagging. In this work, several state of the art image classification and image tagging techniques are reviewed. We propose a new self-learning multilayered tagging framework that can address the limitations of current approaches and provide mutual accuracy improvement between the recognition layer and the annotation layer. Our results indicate that the proposed framework can improve the overall accuracy of information retrieval in a variety of image databases. INDEX WORDS: Image annotation, Histograms of Oriented Gradients, Improved fisher kernel, Deep learning, Fusion algorithm, Rejection principle ENHANCING AUTOMATIC ANNOTATION FOR OPTIMAL IMAGE RETRIEVAL
The Mechanisms of Epigenetic Modifications During DNA Replication

The term “epigenetics” was first used to describe “the causal interactions between genes and their products, which bring the phenotype into being” [1], and this definition initially refer‐ red to the role of the epigenetics in embryonic development, in which cells develop distinct identities despite having the same genetic information. However, today epigenetics refers to “the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occur independent of changes in the primary DNA sequence” [2]. This definition is now associated with in a wide variety of bio‐ logical processes, such as genomic imprinting [3,4], inactivation of the X chromosome [5], embryogenesis [6], tissue differentiation [7], and carcinogenesis [8].
The structure of the core‐mantle boundary from diffracted waves

Diffracted P and S waves (Pd, Sd) traveling around the core-mantle boundary (CMB) of the Earth give us information about the velocity structure and therefore the thermochemistry of D″, the base of the Earth's mantle. By examining Pd and Sdarrivals we determined the apparent ray parameter for different regions at the base of the mantle. By comparing the data slownesses to those found from reflectivity synthetic seismograms we were able to quantify D″ average velocities. Using these averaged velocities with a thermochemical modeling of lower mantle minerals using a Birch-Mumaghan equation of state, we have been able to make chemical and physical inferences as to the causes of lateral variations at the CMB. Examinations found significant lateral heterogeneity at the base of the mantle, amounting to ≈ 4% for both P and S velocities. These velocities did not always vary in parallel, and the Poisson ratio varied regionally by almost 6%. The most unusual region of the CMB found was under Indonesia, where velocities 3% slower than the preliminary reference Earth models were found adjacent to a region of faster than average velocities. These regions currently correspond to areas of core up welling and down welling (respectively) found by Voorhies (1986), which if mostly held in place by core-mantle coupling might cause a flux of heat and iron into the mantle, making the anomaly both thermally and chemically derived. At the CMB under the northern Pacific rim the fastest shear velocities were found, but the same region yielded slower than average P velocities. While the presence of fast shear velocities here would support the idea that we are seeing the cold dregs of mantle convection, perhaps continuing down from the North Pacific subduction zones, the presence of slow P velocities suggests additional complications. Our thermochemical modeling suggests that the D″ Poisson ratio is very sensitive to variations in the silicate/oxide ratio and that a decrease in the amount of perovskite relative to magnesiowustite may play an important role in this region.
Transport of flexible fibers in confined microchannels

When transported in confined geometries rigid fibers show interesting transport dynamics induced by friction with the top and bottom walls. Fiber flexibility causes an additional coupling between fiber deformation and transport and is expected to lead to more complex dynamics. A first crucial step for their understanding is the characterization of the deformed fiber shape. Here we characterize this shape for a fiber transported in a confined plug flow perpendicular to the flow direction using a combination of microfluidic experiments and numerical simulations. In the experiments, size, initial orientation, and mechanical properties of the fibers are controlled using microfabrication techniques and in situ characterization methods. The numerical simulations use modified Brinkman equations as well as full three-dimensional simulations. We show that the bending of a perpendicular fiber results from the force distribution acting on the elongated object and is proportional to the elasto-viscous number, which compares viscous to elastic forces. We quantitatively characterize the influence of the confinement on the fiber deformation. The precise understanding of the deformation of a flexible fiber in a confined geometry can also be used in future to understand the deformation and transport of more complex deformable particles in confined flows, such as vesicles or red blood cells.
A simple optimisation approach to making time efficient VERSE-multiband pulses feasible on non-ideal gradients

Synopsis Multiband pulses can have long durations, which can be reduced by applying the VERSE approach to optimise the combination of gradient and RF to make full use of available hardware performance. The resulting time-varying gradients are demanding and can lead to excitation errors on non-ideal gradient systems. In this work we incorporated the measured gradient impulse response function (GIRF) into an iterative VERSE design method and validated the result using simulation and experiments. Purpose Durations of multiband pulses for simultaneous multislice imaging (1) are longer than single-band equivalents. Phase-optimizing (2), time-shifting (3) and Root-flipping (4) can reduce pulse duration by modifying the relative properties of component slices. These methods use the constant selection gradients; further efficiency gains can be achieved by using time-variable gradient waveforms.
Novel Study on Improve the Image Quality using Gradient Profile Sharpness for High Resolution Images

image super resolution is a classic and active image processing problem, which aims to generate high resolution (HR) image from a low-resolution input image. Due to the severely under-determined nature of this problem, an effective image prior is necessary to make the problem solvable, and to improve the quality of generated images. In this paper, we proposed a novel image super resolution algorithm is based on gradient profile sharpness (GPS). GPS is an edge sharpness metric, which is extracted from two gradient description models that is a triangle model and a Gaussian mixture model for the description of different kinds of gradient profiles. Then, the transformation relationship of GPSs in different image resolutions is studied statistically, and the parameter of the relationship is estimated automatically. Based on the estimated GPS transformation relationship, two gradient profile transformation models are proposed for two profile description models, which can keep profile shape and profile gradient magnitude sum consistent during profile transformation. Finally, the target gradient field of HR image is generated from the transformed gradient profiles is added as the image prior in HR image reconstruction model. Extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate the proposed algorithm in subjective visual effect, objective quality, and computation time. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can generate superior HR images with better visual quality, lower reconstruction error, and acceptable computation efficiency as compared with state-of-the-art works. We compared before applying the GPS and also after apply the GPS and for an image the results shows the after applying GPS give high resolution.
Mexico-U . S . Migration and Legal Status : The Social Context of Indigenousness

A substantial demographic literature has investigated the individualand community-level determinants of migration from Mexico relative to non-migration. However, the sources and processes underlying whether U.S.-bound migrants obtain legal status remain largely unspecified. This article proposes that the social context of indigenousness is one source of migrants’ divergent legal status outcomes. We argue that migrating from an indigenous community constrains individuals’ lawful migration opportunities to the U.S. compared with similarly-situated individuals from non-indigenous communities. We test this argument with individual-level data from the Mexican Migration Project and municipal-level data from the Mexican Census. Using multilevel models, we find that migrants from indigenous communities are more likely to be undocumented compared with their counterparts from non-indigenous communities, controlling for individual-level socioeconomic and migration characteristics . Community-level indicators capturing indigenous communities’ unique legacy of economic and social disadvantage in Mexico drive these results. These findings reveal how inequality in Mexico has shaped disparate legal status outcomes among migrants in the U.S. We conclude by theorizing how processes of social stratification are portable over time and across countries.
IMPACT OF GENDER AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP ON ETHICAL BEHAVIORS

Using a sample of 102 managers from a large nationalized bank in India, the study looked at the effect of leader femininity and masculinity on transformational leadership and the relationship between all the three with leader ethical behavior. Results show that leader's femininity is the stronger predictor of transformational leadership and masculinity explains additional variance in transformational leadership. Femininity, masculinity, and transformational leadership are positively related to leader's ethical behaviors. The relationship between transformational leadership and ethics is stronger for those lower on femininity as compared to those higher on femininity. Leadership is the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute towards the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members. A constant change that has become a part of life for many organizations highlights the increasing importance of transformational leadership. Superior performance or performance beyond normal expectations is possible only by transforming followers' values, attitudes' and motives from a lower to a higher plane of arousal and maturity (Bass, 1985). A number of authors have speculated the difference in feminine and masculine leadership styles. Increasingly, feminine leadership is seen to be more transformational. Ethical behaviors in organizations have also become an actively discussed topic that is seen as more and more important. This paper reports a study done to see the role of femininity and transformational leadership in enhancing ethical behaviors in organizations. THEORY AND HYPOTHESES
Modeling within-household associations in household panel studies

Household panel data provide valuable information about the extent of similarity in coresidents' attitudes and behaviours. However, existing analysis approaches do not allow for the complex association structures that arise due to changes in household composition over time. We propose a flexible marginal modeling approach where the changing correlation structure between individuals is modeled directly and the parameters estimated using second-order generalized estimating equations (GEE2). A key component of our correlation model specification is the 'superhousehold', a form of social network in which pairs of observations from different individuals are connected (directly or indirectly) by coresidence. These superhouseholds partition observations into clusters with nonstandard and highly variable correlation structures. We thus conduct a simulation study to evaluate the accuracy and stability of GEE2 for these models. Our approach is then applied in an analysis of individuals' attitudes towards gender roles using British Household Panel Survey data. We find strong evidence of between-individual correlation before, during and after coresidence, with large differences among spouses, parent-child, other family, and unrelated pairs. Our results suggest that these dependencies are due to a combination of non-random sorting and causal effects of coresidence.
Altering the Microenvironment to Promote Dormancy of Metastatic Breast Cancer Cell in a 3D Bone Culture System

Abstract : Hypothesis: extracellular matrix (ECM) and bone microenvironment cytokines are critical for metastatic breast cancer cells to grow or remain dormant. This hypothesis is being tested using a 3D bioreactor of ECM, derived from osteoblasts (OB). Aim 1: determine how modification of the composition and structure of the ECM affects proliferation and dormancy. 1a. deprive OB of estrogen; 1b. stress the ECM; 1c. degrade the ECM with osteoclasts. Aim 2. determine how bone-remodeling and inflammatory cytokines affect proliferation and dormancy. 2a. add/block bone remodeling cytokines, 2b. add/block OB inflammatory stress response cytokines. The remodeling but not inflammatory cytokines permit dormant human cells to proliferate in the bioreactor in co-culture with OB. Proliferation depended on prostaglandin, (PGE2) production. Chronic oxidative stress of the ECM with H2O2 did not affect cancer cell growth. Howver estrogen deprivation or blocking the estrogen receptor permitted the dormant cells to proliferate. Human breast cancer cells grew better on decellurized matrix or on fixed osteoblasts than on intact matrix indicating that OB produce factor(s) antagonistic to cancer cells.
Analysis of Mammographic Images for Early Detection of Breast Cancer Using Machine Learning Techniques

Breast cancer is the main reason for death among women. Radiographic images obtained from mammography equipment are one of the most frequently used techniques for helping in early detection of breast cancer. The motivation behind this study is to focus the tumour types of breast cancer images . It is methodology to anticipated a sickness in view of the visual conclusion of breast disease tumour types with precision, particularly when numerous feature are related. Breast Cancer (BC) is one such sample where the phenomenon is very complex furthermore numerous feature of tumour types are included. In the present investigation, various pattern recognition techniques were used for the classification of breast cancer using mammograms image processing techniques . The pattern recognition techniques for tumour image enhancements, segmentation, texture based image feature extraction and subsequent classification of breast cancer mammogram image was successfully performed. When two machine learning techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) were used to classify 120 images, it was observed from the results that Artificial Neural Network classifiers demonstrated the h classification rate 91.31% and the SVM with both Radial Basis Function (RBF) and linear kernel classifiers demonstrated the highest classification rate of 92.11% and RBF classification rate is 92.85%.
Correlations of Northern Saw-Whet Owl Aegolius acadicus Calling Indices from Surveys in Southern Wisconsin, USA, with Owl and Small Mammal Surveys in Manitoba, Canada, 1986–2006

The Northern Saw-whet Owl Aegolius acadicus (NSWO) can be found year-round on Its North American breeding range, but considerable numbers migrate south in autumn, with banding data documenting migration movements over 1000 km. Although the timing and routes of migration are better known in eastern North America, there is some evidence of a general movement from Manitoba, Ontario and Minnesota around Lake Superior to Wisconsin, and then south and/or east. We examined NSWO calling indices from annual auditory surveys in Manitoba, Canada (1991–2006) and from another study site over 770 km southeast in Wisconsin, USA (1986–2007) for covarlance as evidence of a spring migration in central North America. In Manitoba and Wisconsin, NSWO calling showed a consistent pattern of regular periodicity, with peak calling every 2–7 years (average 3–5). Likewise, NSWO prey (small mammal) abundance in southeastern Manitoba surveys (1986–2006) showed a periodicity of 2–7 years. NSWO calling, both in Manitoba and Wisconsin, covarled significantly with small mammal abundance in southeastern Manitoba. NSWO indices in Manitoba covarled nearly significantly with the same year in Wisconsin, and significantly with the lag year in Wisconsin suggesting a spring migration takes place in central North America that is influenced by prey availability. This study highlights the need for more extensive analyses of long-term data from owl and prey surveys and for spring owl migration banding to better understand NSWO migration in North America.
What Might a Sustainable Population of Trees in Wood-Pasture Sites Look Like?

Abstract Wood-pastures are important for their open-ground biodiversity and for the old trees they contain. However, younger trees to replace the current generation of old trees are often scarce, a potential threat to the future of the habitat mosaic and of species dependent on the trees. A simple model was used to illustrate how many younger trees might be expected under different assumptions of desired final density of old trees and rates of loss as trees age for an oak-dominated wood-pasture. From these the overall canopy cover of the landscape was estimated under an active pollarding regime and where the trees grow to full crown size. Canopy cover was often five times as great under full crown as under a pollarding regime; much of the canopy cover was in the younger (often missing) cohorts. The openness of current wood-pastures is in part a consequence of the absence of a sustainable tree population structure. Some protected sites may be too small to allow space for the missing generation of trees and at the same time retain current levels of openness. Analogies between current wood-pasture structures and ‘natural wood-pastures’ of the pre-Neolithic era must take account of the missing generations of trees. Izvleček Pašniki z drevesi so pomembni za biodiverziteto zaradi njihove odprtosti in zaradi prisotnih starih dreves. Vendar so mlada drevesa, ki naj bi nadomestila trenutno generacijo starih dreves redka, kar predstavlja potencialno grožnjo mozaičnemu habitatu in vrstam, ki so odvisne od prisotnosti dreves. Uporabili smo preprost model, ki predstavlja koliko mladih dreves lahko pričakujemo v različnih predvidevanih gostotah starih dreves in različnih stopnjah odmiranja starih dreves zaradi starosti na pašniku, kjer dominirajo hrasti. Iz tega smo ocenili skupno pokrovnost krošenj v krajini, če se drevesa aktivno obrezuje ali le-ta zrastejo do polne velikosti krošnje. Pokrovnost krošenj je pogosto do petkrat večja, če drevesa zrastejo do polne velikosti, kot če jih obrezujemo. Večina pokrovnosti krošenj je zaradi mlajših dreves (ki pa pogosto manjkajo). Trenutna odprtost pašno-drevesnih podsistemov je delno posledica odsotnosti trajnostne strukture drevesne populacije. Določene zaščitene površine so verjetno premajhne, da bi se lahko manjkajoče generacije dreves obnovile in da bi se obenem ohranila trenutna stopnja odprtosti pašnika. Pri analogiji med sedanjimi pašno-drevesni podsistemi in naravnimi pašniki z drevesi iz obdobja pred Neolitikom moramo upoštevati manjkajoče generacije dreves
Responses of Cat Auditory Nerve Fibers to Biphasic Electrical Current Pulses

Discharge patterns of single auditory nerve fibers were recorded from normal-hearing cats implanted with a 12-band intracochlear electrode array. Stimuli were biphasic current pulses of specifiable width, amplitude, and rate. Acoustic tuning curves were obtained to determine the cochlear positions of the fibers. Response latencies to electrical stimuli formed two groups. Short latency (0.3 to 0.7 ms) responses were attributed to direct activation of spiral ganglion neurons. At high stimulus intensities, these often exhibited abrupt shifts toward even shorter latencies. Long latency (> 1.5 ms) responses were probably caused by electrophonic activation of functional hair cells. Response thresholds to electrical stimuli depended on a fiber's proximity to the stimulating electrodes, and they did not depend on a fiber's acoustic response threshold or spontaneous discharge rate. High intensity (> 1.5 mA) stimuli could excite fibers over a wide range of characteristic frequencies, even for the narrowest (0.45 mm) electrode separations. Response threshold was an exponentially decreasing function of pulse width for widths up to 300 μs/phase. Fiber discharges were highly phase-locked at all suprathreshold intensities, and saturation discharge rates usually equaled stimulus pulse rates for rates up to at least 800 pulses/s. Dynamic ranges were small (1 to 6 dB), increased with pulse rate, and were uncorrelated with electrical response threshold. Within the dynamic range, shapes of poststimulus time and interspike interval histograms resembled those obtained in response to acoustic stimuli. Depolarization block caused fiber activity to cease in 2 to 5 seconds for sustained stimuli presented at high (> 600 pulses/s) pulse rates and intensities.
TUMORDETECTION INMEDICAL IMAGING: A SURVEY

A tumor also known as neoplasm is a growth in the abnormal tissue which can be differentiated from the surrounding tissue by its structure. A tumor may lead to cancer, which is a major leading cause of death and responsible for around 13% of all deaths world-wide. Cancer incidence rate is growing at an alarming rate in the world. Great knowledge and experience on radiology are required for accurate tumor detection in medical imaging. Automation of tumor detection is required because there might be a shortage of skilled radiologists at a time of great need. This paper reviews the processes and techniques used in detecting tumor based on medical imaging results such as mammograms, x-ray computed tomography (x-ray CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We find that computer vision based techniques can identify tumors almost at an expert level in various types of medical imagery assisting in diagnosing myriad diseases.