Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NO x emissions in China: historical trends and future perspectives

Abstract. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are key pollutants for the improvement of ambient air quality. Within this study we estimated the historical NOx emissions in China for the period 1995–2010, and calculated future NOx emissions every five years until 2030 under six emission scenarios. Driven by the fast growth of energy consumption, we estimate the NOx emissions in China increased rapidly from 11.0 Mt in 1995 to 26.1 Mt in 2010. Power plants, industry and transportation were major sources of NOx emissions, accounting for 28.4%, 34.0%, and 25.4% of the total NOx emissions in 2010, respectively. Two energy scenarios, a business as usual scenario (BAU) and an alternative policy scenario (PC), were developed to project future energy consumption. In 2030, total energy consumption is projected to increase by 64% and 27% from 2010 level respectively. Three sets of end-of-pipe pollution control measures, including baseline, progressive, and stringent control case, were developed for each energy scenario, thereby constituting six emission scenarios. By 2030, the total NOx emissions are projected to increase (compared to 2010) by 36% in the baseline while policy cases result in reduction up to 61% in the most ambitious case with stringent control measures. More than a third of the reduction achieved by 2030 between least and most ambitious scenario comes from power sector, and more than half is distributed equally between industry and transportation sectors. Selective catalytic reduction dominates the NOx emission reductions in power plants, while life style changes, control measures for industrial boilers and cement production are major contributors to reductions in industry. Timely enforcement of legislation on heavy-duty vehicles would contribute significantly to NOx emission reductions. About 30% of the NOx emission reduction in 2020 and 40% of the NOx emission reduction in 2030 could be treated as the ancillary benefit of energy conservation. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore the impact of key factors on future emissions.
Molecular mechanisms of drug reinforcement and addiction.

Drug reinforcement is a form of behavioral plasticity in which behavioral changes occur in response to acute exposure to a reinforcing drug. Drugs are classified as reinforcers if the probability of a drug-seeking response is in­ creased when the response is temporally paired with drug exposure. Such rapid and powerful associations between a drug reinforcer and a drug-seeking re­ sponse probably reflect the drug's ability to directly modulate preexisting brain-reinforcement systems. These preexisting systems normally mediate the reinforcement produced by natural reinforcers such as food, sex, and social interaction. Upon acute exposure most abused drugs function as positive rein­ forcers, presumably because they produce a positive affective state (e.g. eu­ phoria). Chronic exposure to reinforcing drugs can lead to drug addiction, which is also characterized by an increase in drug-seeking behavior. Clinically, this sustained increase in drug-seeking behavior (Le. craving) is a core feature of drug addiction. However, unlike drug reinforcement in nonaddicted subjects, addicted subjects exhibit a sustained increase in drug-seeking behavior even when the drug is absent or withdrawn. In some of these situations drugs can function as negative reinforcers in that they offer relief from a negative affec­ tive state (e.g. dysphoria). Since acute drug reinforcement and the addicted state are both characterized by an increase in drug-seeking behavior, common
Arrhenius temperature dependence of in vitro tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis

Stroke is a devastating disease and a leading cause of death and disability. Currently, the only FDA approved therapy for acute ischemic stroke is the intravenous administration of the thrombolytic medication, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). However, this treatment has many contraindications and can have dangerous side effects such as intra-cerebral hemorrhage. These treatment limitations have led to much interest in potential adjunctive therapies, such as therapeutic hypothermia (T ⩽ 35 °C) and ultrasound enhanced thrombolysis. Such interest may lead to combining these therapies with tPA to treat stroke, however little is known about the effects of temperature on the thrombolytic efficacy of tPA. In this work, we measure the temperature dependence of the fractional clot mass loss Δm(T) resulting from tPA exposure in an in vitro human clot model. We find that the temperature dependence is well described by an Arrhenius temperature dependence with an effective activation energy Eeff of 42.0 ± 0.9 kJ mole−1. Eeff approximates the activation energy of the plasminogen-to-plasmin reaction of 48.9 kJ mole−1. A model to explain this temperature dependence is proposed. These results will be useful in predicting the effects of temperature in future lytic therapies.
Direct observations of the (1 x 2) surface reconstruction on the Pt(110) plane.

The reconstruction of the Pt(110) plane from an ordered (1 x 1) surface to an ordered (1 x 2) surface has been directly observed for the first time. The (1 x 1) surface, produced by field evaporation at 78 K, reconstructed at temperatures above 310 K. Field-ion images show clearly that the reconstructed surface consists of alternate missing rows of atoms. The transition was observed for clusters as small as five atoms implying that the reconstructed surface is stabilized by short-ranged, atomic interactions.
Shared-screen social gaming with portable devices

Mobile phones are designed as personal devices, and thus mobile games often lack the social element present in other game platforms, e.g., in console games. In this paper, we present an interaction method for social gaming with portable devices. The interaction method combines displays of multiple devices to form a shared screen visible to all players. We conducted an experiment with 40 participants to compare the social setting between our method and a typical console game environment. The results show that the amount of oral communication was significantly higher in the mobile device setup. The results on subjective experience were inconclusive, but revealed that players' perceptions of a social situation were affected by various factors such as ergonomics, distance, support for spectators, and symbolic meanings of the seating arrangement. Our findings help to understand the design space of social co-located gaming, and show that mobile phones are a potential platform for such games.
Statistical Shape Analysis of Differences in the Shape of the Corpus Callosum Between Genders

Sexual dimorphic characteristics, which play an important role in human evolution studies and biological research, can be studied morphologically and metrically. Geometric morphometrics allows a better assessment of morphological characteristics. Statistical shape analysis has a long history in neuroanatomical and other research. The aim of this study was to identify shape differences of the corpus callosum between genders. Landmark coordinate data were collected from two‐dimensional magnetic resonance imaging scans of 93 homogeneously aged patients, 45 men and 48 women. These data were analyzed using Euclidean distance matrix analysis and thin plate spline analysis. The general shape variability of the corpus callosum of men was greater than that of women (men, 0.134; women, 0.097). We found no significant difference between sexes in the general shape of the corpus callosum, but we did find significant differences in the distances between some landmarks. Deformation of the corpus callosum between men to women was mainly detected in the posterior of the corpus callosum. These results serve as a reference for future studies on shape alterations of the corpus callosum associated with certain conditions. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The 18‐wheeler mutation reveals complex antibacterial gene regulation in Drosophila host defense

Mammals and insects employ similar Rel/NF‐κB signaling cascades in their humoral immune responses. The mammalian interleukin‐1 type I receptor (IL‐1R) is one way of activating this cascade. The Drosophila Toll protein, whose cytoplasmic domain shows striking similarity to that of the IL‐1R, acts in the humoral antimicrobial response. Here we demonstrate that a second IL‐1R‐related Drosophila protein, 18‐Wheeler (18W), is a critical component of the humoral immune response. 18‐wheeler is expressed in the larval fat body, the primary organ of antimicrobial peptide synthesis. In the absence of the 18W receptor, larvae are more susceptible to bacterial infection. Nuclear translocation of the Rel protein Dorsal‐like immunity factor (Dif) is inhibited, though nuclear translocation of another Rel protein, Dorsal, is unaffected. Induction of several antibacterial genes is reduced following infection, relative to wild‐type: attacin is reduced by 95%, cecropin by 65% and diptericin by 12%. Finally, 18‐wheeler (18w) expression is induced in response to infection and, in addition to the receptor form, four immune‐specific transcripts and proteins are produced.
Appendix to : Data Storage Management in Cloud Environments : Taxonomy , Challanges , and Future Directions

Storage as a Service (StaaS) is a vital component of cloud computing by offering the vision of a virtually infinite pool of storage resources. It supports a variety of cloud-based data store classes in terms of availability, scalability, ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties, data models, and price options. Application providers deploy these storage classes across different cloud-based data stores not only to tackle the challenges arising from reliance on a single cloud-based data store but also to obtain higher availability, lower response time, and more cost efficiency. Hence, in this paper, we first discuss the key advantages and challenges of data-intensive applications deployed within and across cloud-based data stores. Then, we provide a comprehensive taxonomy that covers key aspects of cloud-based data store: data model, data dispersion, data consistency, data transaction service, and data management cost. Finally, we map various cloud-based data stores projects to our proposed taxonomy to validate the taxonomy and identify areas for future research.
Microsomal epoxide hydrolase polymorphisms and lung cancer risk in non‐Hispanic whites

Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEPHX) is a critical metabolic enzyme involved in the activation and subsequent detoxification of specific tobacco carcinogens. mEPHX harbors polymorphisms in exon 3 and exon 4 that modulate enzymatic activity. The exon 3 polymorphism decreases mEPHX metabolic activity, whereas the exon 4 polymorphism increases activity. We hypothesized that the mEPHX polymorphisms modulate lung cancer risk. Using a case‐control study design and restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction assay, we determined the mEPHX polymorphic genotypes of 181 lung cancer cases among non‐Hispanic whites and 163 controls (matched for age, sex, ethnicity, and smoking history). Our results showed that the variant allele of mEPHX exon 4 increased the overall lung cancer risk by 56% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.99–2.46). Additionally, the risk estimates were elevated significantly for younger people (< 64 yr) (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.15–4.50) and current smokers (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.06–4.65). The variant allele of mEPHX exon 3 had no effect overall (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.56–1.38), but there was a 53% protective effect (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.22–0.99) in younger people. When we analyzed the exon 3 and exon 4 polymorphisms together, those people with the high enzymatic activity genotype had an elevated lung cancer risk of 1.72 (95% CI = 0.90–3.29). This elevated risk was also evident only in younger people. These findings suggest that these variant alleles of exon 3 and exon 4 of mEPHX modulates lung cancer risk. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular Basis for Reduced Estrone Sulfate Transport and Altered Modulator Sensitivity of Transmembrane Helix (TM) 6 and TM17 Mutants of Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (ABCC1)

Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) confers drug resistance and also mediates cellular efflux of many organic anions. MRP1 also transports glutathione (GSH); furthermore, this tripeptide stimulates transport of several substrates, including estrone 3-sulfate. We have previously shown that mutations of Lys332 in transmembrane helix (TM) 6 and Trp1246 in TM17 cause different substrate-selective losses in MRP1 transport activity. Here we have extended our characterization of mutants K332L and W1246C to further define the different roles these two residues play in determining the substrate and inhibitor specificity of MRP1. Thus, we have shown that TM17-Trp1246 is crucial for conferring drug resistance and for binding and transport of methotrexate, estradiol glucuronide, and estrone 3-sulfate, as well as for binding of the tricyclic isoxazole inhibitor N-[3-(9-chloro-3-methyl-4-oxo-4H-isoxazolo-[4,3-c]quinolin-5-yl)-cyclohexylmethyl]-benzamide (LY465803). In contrast, TM6-Lys332 is important for enabling GSH and GSH-containing compounds to serve as substrates (e.g., leukotriene C4) or modulators (e.g., S-decyl-GSH, GSH disulfide) of MRP1 and, further, for enabling GSH (or S-methyl-GSH) to enhance the transport of estrone 3-sulfate and increase the inhibitory potency of LY465803. On the other hand, both mutants are as sensitive as wild-type MRP1 to the non–GSH-containing inhibitors (E)-3-[[[3-[2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)ethenyl]phenyl][[3-(dimethylamino)-3-oxopropyl]thio]methyl]thio]-propanoic acid (MK571), 1-[2-hydroxy-3-propyl-4-[4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]phenyl]-ethanone (LY171883), and highly potent 6-[4′-carboxyphenylthio]-5[S]-hydroxy-7[E], 11[Z]14[Z]-eicosatetrenoic acid (BAY u9773). Finally, the differing abilities of the cysteinyl leukotriene derivatives leukotriene C4, D4, and F4 to inhibit estradiol glucuronide transport by wild-type and K332L mutant MRP1 provide further evidence that TM6-Lys332 is involved in the recognition of the γ-Glu portion of substrates and modulators containing GSH or GSH-like moieties.
A review of in vitro and in vivo models of oesophageal and gastric cancer

Importance of the field: Oesophageal and gastric cancers are leading causes of cancer-related mortality. In the era of targeted therapy and individualized treatment strategies, novel treatments for upper-gastrointestinal cancers are only just emerging compared to significant advances in other solid tumour types such as colorectal, breast and lung cancers. Clinical trials are investigating the value of established targeted agents for the treatment of oesophageal and gastric malignancies; however none are used in routine clinical practice. Areas covered in this review: In this review we have looked at current in vitro and in vivo models of oesophageal and gastric cancers which may improve our understanding of the biology of these tumours and lead to the development of new preventative, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. What the reader will gain: We discuss the limitations of our current models and the challenges associated with research into these cancers. Take home message: The lack of appropriate models for drug development in oesophageal and gastric cancers has hindered the progress of targeted therapy in this field.
Deposited in DRO : 09 September 2014 Version of attached le : Published Version Peer-review status of attached le : Peer-reviewed Citation for published item

Publisher's copyright statement: Copyright c © 2014 Liu and Hussey. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Multilevel Environments in Insertion Modeling System

The goal of this paper is to show that the Insertion Modeling System[1] developed by A.A. Letichevsky of the department 100/105 of the Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, can be used as an instrument for the modeling and analysis of complex distributed systems, such as a client-server architectures. The Insertion Modeling [1] is based on the interactions of environments and agents inserted into that environments. Agents have different behaviors represented as Behavior Algebras, and can also be the environments themselves, having another agents with different behaviors inserted into them. The definition for multilevel environments was first given in a paper [1], and was slightly extended in following papers.
Thermohaline Fine Structure in an Oceanographic Front from Seismic Reflection Profiling

We present acoustic images of oceanic thermohaline structure created from marine seismic reflection profiles across the major oceanographic front between the Labrador Current and the North Atlantic Current. The images show that distinct water masses can be mapped, and their internal structure imaged, using low-frequency acoustic reflections from sound speed contrasts at interfaces across which temperature changes. The warm/cold front is characterized by east-dipping reflections generated by thermohaline intrusions in the uppermost 1000 meters of the ocean. Our results imply that marine seismic reflection techniques can provide excellent spatial resolution of important oceanic phenomena, including thermohaline intrusions, internal waves, and eddies.
Proposed official standard for the format of ARPA Network messages

Proposed Standard for Message Format / ii PREFACE ARPA's Committee on Computer-Aided Human Communication (CAHCOM) wishes to promulgate an official standard for the format of ARPA Network mail headers which will adequately meet the needs of the various message service subsystems on the Network today. The authors of this RFC constitute the CAHCOM subcommittee charged with the task of developing this new standard; this document presents our current thoughts on the matter and a specific proposal. This document is organized as follows: First, we present a history, of the development of what has become known as the ARPA Network "mail" or "message" service, and the issues which we feel are most pressing-problems for which solutions are lacking today, inhibiting the further development of message subsystems. We then present the specification for the new ARPA Network Message Header standard. This is followed by a References section. Essentially, we propose a revision to Request for Comments (RFC) 561, "Standardizing Network Mail Headers", and RFC 680, "Message Transmission Protocol". This revision removes and compacts portions of the previous syntax and adds several features to network address specification. In particular, we focus on people and not mailboxes as recipients and allow reference to stored address lists. We expect this syntax to provide sufficient capabilities to meet most users' immediate needs and, therefore, give developers enough breathing room to produce a new mail transmission protocol "properly". We believe that there is enough of a consensus in the Network community in favor of such a standard syntax to make possible its adoption at this time. We would like to make clear the status of this proposed standard: The CAHCOM Steering Committee has replaced the Message Service Committee as the ARPANET standards-setting organization in the area of message services. It is expected that the proposal of this CAHCOM subcommittee, when in its final form, will be adopted as an ARPANET standard by CAHCOM. In the interests of making this standard the best possible one, we are distributing this proposal as an RFC. Please send any comments and criticisms to any of the authors of this RFC by 15 June 1977. It is planned that the standard will be officially adopted by 1 September 1977, with hosts expected to accept its syntax by 1 January 1978.
One-round and authenticated three-party multiple key exchange protocol from parings

Abastract: One round three-party authenticated key exchange protocols are extremely important to secure communications and are now extensively adopted in network communications. These protocols allow users to communicate securely over public networks simply by using easy-to-remember long-term private keys. In 2001, Harn and Lin proposed an authentication key exchange protocol in which two parties generate four shared keys in one round, and three of these keys can provide perfect forward secrecy.This work,which aims to generalize two-party multiple key agreement sets to three-party key agreement sets,presents a three-party multiple key exchange protocol based on bilinear pairing.The proposed protocol does not require server's public key and requires only a single round. Compared with existing protocols, the proposed protocol is more efficient and provide greater security.
Viscothermal acoustic waves in micro scale resonators

Accurate analytical air damping models for the transducers operating in the radio frequency range or for relatively large scaled devices like microphones are not available until now. Therefore the present paper aims at providing a full model wherein the compressibility, viscosity and heat conductivity of the air are considered. The solution of the model can be interpreted by “three wave theory” with coupled viscous, entropic and acoustic waves. Furthermore a self-developed FEM solver has been used to solve and simulate the full model equations. An aluminum nitride based piezoelectric resonator was fabricated and tested under controlled pressure from ultra high vacuum to normal atmosphere, using a custom-built vacuum chamber. The comparison of the air damping coefficient from the measurement and simulation confirms the accuracy of the full model prediction.
Learning from an Approximate Theory and Noisy Examples

This paper presents an approach to a new leanring problem, the problem of learning from an approximate theory and a set of noisy examples. This problem requires a new learning approach since it cannot be satisfactorily solved by either indictive, or analytic learning algorithms or their existing combinations. Our approach can be viewed as an extension of the minimum description length (MDL) principle, and is unique in that it is based on the encoding of the refinement required to transform the given theory into a better theory rather than on the encoding of the resultant theory as in traditional MDL. Experimental results show that, based on our approach. the theory learned from an approximate theory and a set of noisy examples is more accnrate than either the approximate theory itself or a theory learned from the examples alone. This suggests that our approach can combine useful iuformation from both the theory and the training set even though both of them are only partially correct.
Building a Robust Decentralized Recommender System for Web Credibility Evaluation

The size and diversity of today’s online content makes it hard for the users to evaluate its credibility. To address this problem, we aim to build a fully-decentralized and robust recommender system to support web credibility assessment. In this proposal, we highlight three pieces of work that serve as starting points for our research, which we organize in a number of steps: (1) an extensive analysis of the factors involved in user credibility assessment, (2) designing a distributed recommender system that handles data sparsity and misrepresentation, and (3) devising incentives for users to cooperate and contribute to the system with ratings. In addition, we aim to employ a decentralized architecture that leaves users in control of their data.