Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ocaine withdrawal alters the reward omission effect and enhances raits of negative urgency in rats across multiple days of testing lan

Background: The personality trait of negative urgency, characterized as behaving rashly when emotionally perturbed, is gaining attention as an indicator for susceptibility to problematic substance use. How this trait is influenced by exposure to drugs of abuse is still unclear. Using an animal model of binge cocaine consumption, we tested this relationship in a reward-omission task across multiple days. Methods: Adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats received seven daily (ip) injections of saline, cocaine (10–20 mg/kg), or cocaine (20–40 mg/kg). Cocaine doses increased linearly each day from the lower to the higher dose. A separate group received RTI-113 (3.0 mg/kg), a selective dopamine transporter inhibitor, for 7 days. Fifteen days after their final injection, rats were trained on a reward-omission task with an operant component to earn further rewards. Results: Previous exposure to cocaine resulted in dose-dependent increases in negative urgency in separate behavioral variables across days of testing. The lower dose range increased negative urgency on the dimension of decreased reaction time to press a lever, while the higher dose range increased the rate of increase in lever presses made per trial. Rats receiving RTI-113 did not resemble either cocaine group and instead showed a decrease in lever pressing across days. Conclusions: Our results indicate that previous binge cocaine consumption enhances behavioral markers of negative urgency in a dose-dependent, time-sensitive manner on discrete behavioral dimensions. The results with RTI-113 suggest the relationship between cocaine exposure and negative urgency is unlikely to be explained solely by inhibition of dopamine reuptake. © 2016 University of Kentucky Center for Drug Abuse Research Translation. Published by Elsevier
High Conservation Value or high confusion value? Sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation in the tropics

Green labeling of products that have been produced sustainably is an emerging tool of the environmental movement. A prominent example is the Forest Stewardship Council, which certifies timber that is harvested to manage and maintain forests defined as having High Conservation Value (HCV). The criteria for HCV are now being applied to four rapidly expanding crops in the tropics: oil palm, soy, sugarcane, and cacao. However, these criteria do not provide adequate protection for biodiversity when applied to agriculture. The only criterion that provides blanket protection to forests is one that protects large expanses of habitat (≥20,000–500,000 ha, depending on the country). Absent of other HCVs, the collective clearing of forest patches below these thresholds could result in extensive deforestation that would be sanctioned with a green label. Yet such forest patches retain much biodiversity and provide connectivity within the agricultural matrix. An examination of forest fragments in biodiverse countries across the tropics shows that future agricultural demand can be met by clearing only forest patches below a 1,000 ha threshold. We recommend the development of a new HCV criterion that recognizes the conservation value of habitat patches within the agricultural matrix and that protects patches above 1,000 ha.
Etiology and the Genetic Basis of Intellectual Disability in thePediatric Population

Intellectual disability/mental retardation (ID/MR) is defined as incomplete mental and cognitive development present from childhood. There are number of pre-natal and post-natal risk factors that can cause ID/MR, but about 50% of all causes are genetic. ID/MR has prevalence of about 2% in the general population. Using standard cytogenetic methods analysis of chromosomes (GTG banding) and molecular genetic analysis for fragile X chromosome reveals only a small number of causes, but the use of new molecular genetic techniques has increased the rate of detection of subtle chromosomal aberrations, as well as the discovery of new candidate genes in etiology of ID/MR. These methods will improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients, as well as genetic counseling of parents.
Quantum thermal rectification and heat amplification in a nonequilibrium V-type system

Quantum thermal rectification and heat amplification are investigated in a nonequilibrium V-type three-level system. By applying the Redfield master equation combined with full counting statistics, we obtain the steady state heat transport. The noise-induced interference is found to be able to rectify full counting statistics, such as the heat current and noise power, which paves a new way to design quantum thermal rectifier. Within the three-reservoir setup, the heat amplification is clearly identified far-from equilibrium, which is in absence of the negative differential thermal conductance.
Cladocera (Branchiopoda: Anomopoda, Ctenopoda, and Onychopoda) from Sicilian inland waters: an updated inventory

An extensive survey aimed at updating and increasing the knowledge on species richness and distribution of Cladocera (Branchiopoda) in Sicily has been carried out in the period 2000-2004. More than 250 water bodies, mainly temporary, have been sampled on the whole Sicilian territory and the circum-Sicilian islands. This sampling effort led to the discovery of several species new to the fauna of the island and, coupled with a careful bibliographic review, allowed the realization of an updated checklist that includes 57 species definitely present on the island (only 33 were formerly known), and two more, whose actual presence in Sicily is dubious and needs confirmation. The chorological spectrum of the Sicilian cladoceran fauna shows a predominance of taxa with a wide distribution, but several others with a strictly Mediterranean range are also present. A slightly major affinity of the Sicilian cladoceran fauna with the Tunisian one, rather than with that inhabiting the water bodies of the Italian mainland, was observed. Moreover, the lack of detailed information on cladoceran species richness and composition in Tunisia does not allow to determine a definitive outline of the affinities and origins of the fauna on the island. Nevertheless, the island, located in the middle of the Mediterranean basin, represents a pivotal point in this area, characterized by high biodiversity indices. Tra il 2000 ed il 2004 e stata condotta una campagna di studi finalizzata ad aggiornare ed incrementare le conoscenze sulla ricchezza specifica e sulla diversita dei cladoceri (Branchiopoda) siciliani. Sono stati campionati piu di 250 bacini, dall'idroperiodo temporaneo o permanente, in Sicilia e nelle isole circumsiciliane. Questo sforzo di campionamento ha portato al rinvenimento di numerose entita nuove per l'isola e, affiancato ad una revisione accurata della bibliografia esistente, ha portato alla redazione di una checklist aggiornata che comprende 57 specie presenti con certezza in Sicilia (a fronte delle 33 conosciute in precedenza) e altre due la cui presenza attuale in Sicilia e dubbia e necessita di conferme. Lo spettro corologico della fauna a cladoceri siciliana mostra la predominanza di taxa dall'ampia distribuzione, ma sono presenti numerosi taxa ad areale strettamente mediterraneo. E'stata osservata una affinita leggermente maggiore della fauna a cladoceri siciliana con quella tunisina rispetto che con quella dell'Italia peninsulare. Purtroppo l'assenza di informazioni dettagliate riguardanti i cladoceri tunisini non permette di avere un quadro chiaro delle origini e delle affinita della fauna dell'isola. Ad ogni modo, la Sicilia, posta al centro del bacino del Mediterraneo, rappresenta un punto nodale in una area caratterizzata da elevati valori di biodiversita.
ON THE VALIDITY OF BORN APPROXIMATION

Born approximation is widely used in (inverse) scattering problems to alleviate the computational di-culty, but its validity and applicability are not well deflned. In this paper, a universal criterion to identify the validity of Born approximation is put forward based on applying the operator theory on the scattering integral equation. In comparison with the traditional criteria, the new one excels in its ability to give a wider and more rigorous valid frequency range, especially while non-uniform scatterers are under consideration. Numerical examples verify the validity and advantage of the new criterion.
Triple product formula and the subconvexity bound of Triple product L-function in level aspect

In this paper we derive a nice general formula for the local integrals of triple product formula whenever one of the representations has sufficiently higher level than the other two. As an application we generalize Venkatesh and Woodbury's work on the subconvexity bound of triple product $L$-function in level aspect, allowing joint ramifications, higher ramifications, general unitary central characters, and general special values of local epsilon factors.
Testosterone and the Adult Male

In the last 15 years, prescription testosterone sales have increased almost threefold. Testosterone is a powerful hormone, which has both physiological and behavioral effects on the adult male. These effects vary over a man’s life course and social ecology. In a natural setting, testosterone reaches a peak during early adulthood, declines gradually over midlife, and has exponential drops after the age of 70. Increasing testosterone, through testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), past early adulthood, is an evolutionary novel circumstance for an adult male. To gauge these effects, and the motivations that initiated them, this study conducted a preliminary text analysis of 60 posts, and all replies to them, in Facebook groups related to TRT. Coding of these groups was conducted to find the common themes discussed by TRT patients. TRT patients in these groups most often discussed purchasing and treatment information, treatment details, total testosterone blood levels and perceived risks/side effects. A preliminary analysis of above-50 men in these groups also notably discussed sexual health, comorbidities, and energy. Masculinity, did not seem to be a significant theme in these discussions; this may be due to methodological and coding limitations. This is the first attempt, to my knowledge, to analyze TRT from a patient/consumer perspective. This study found a significant focus on side effects, which were not found in an earlier published content analysis of TRT manufacturer websites. The implications of some of these findings will be discussed. This preliminary analysis offers insights for future attempts to analyze TRT, testosterone, and the aging male.
Cyanobacterial blooms in oil‐contaminated subtidal sediments revealed by integrated approaches

Cyanobacteria are important primary producers on the surface of oceans and are susceptible to oil spills. However, their tolerance to oil and their roles in the bioremediation of crude oil remain elusive. We analysed the response of microbial communities to a simulated oil spill in estuarine sediment microcosms under a series of oil concentrations (0, 25, 125, and 250 g kg-1 dry wt.). Cyanobacterial blooms only occurred on the sediment surface in the low oil (LO, 25 g kg-1 dry wt.) group, and cyanobacteria grew from very small amounts to enriched levels according to an internal mechanism. The dominant phylotypes enriched in the oil-contaminated sediments on day 35 were Leptolyngbya, Oscillatoria, Arthrospira (Spirulina), Geitlerinema and Cyanothece, and the majority were capable of fixing nitrogen. Gammaproteobacterial blooms occurred during the early stage, and Oceanospirillales dominated the sediment surface. The annotation of unassembled metatranscriptomic data revealed an increase in nitrogen metabolism, particularly photosynthesis (antenna proteins) during the later stage, together with depletion of fatty acid metabolism. In summary, high concentrations of crude oil are toxic to cyanobacteria but can facilitate the emergence of cyanobacterial aggregation at low concentrations (crude oil concentration < 25 g kg-1 dry wt.).
Long-term pancreatic exocrine and endometabolic functionality after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Comparison between pancreaticojejunostomy and pancreatic duct occlusion with fibrin glue.

OBJECTIVE Even if pancreatic pathologies, residual fibrosis, residual amount of parenchyma, and anastomotic patency are recognized as main causes of exocrine and glycemic impairment after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), few data are reported concerning the role of the different pancreatic remnant treatment techniques. The objective of the study is to assess and compare exocrine functionality, glycemic pattern, nutritional status, and quality of life (QoL) after PD between pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) and pancreatic duct occlusion (PDO), both in an objective and a subjective manner. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-two patients (16 PJ and 16 PDO) were evaluated after a mean follow-up of 21 months after surgery. Exocrine insufficiency was objectively evaluated through the 13C-labelled mixed triglyceride breath test. Fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c and HOMA-IR values were used to assess glucose metabolism. For these two outcomes, anamnestic data were also collected. QoL was assessed with GIQLI, SF-36, EORTC-QLQ-C30, and EORTC-PAN-26 questionnaires. RESULTS The 13C-labelled mixed triglyceride breath test detected a lipid digestive insufficiency in 56% of patients after PJ and 100% after PDO respectively (p = 0.007). However, no difference was observed between the two groups regarding postoperative necessity of substitutive pancreatic enzymes. Nutritional status, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c levels, HOMA-IR values and postoperative necessity of insulin or oral antidiabetic agents were comparable between the two groups. QoL measurements showed similar results. However, in the subdomains analysis, better outcomes were reported regarding digestive symptoms and physical functioning for PJ and PDO respectively. CONCLUSIONS Even if an objective exocrine major impairment was evidenced after PDO, this result did not impact the need for a higher rate of postoperative substitutive enzymes. In terms of glycemic pattern, nutritional status, and QoL, the two techniques turn out to be comparable.
What Doesn’t Kill You Makes You Stronger: Psychological Trauma and Its Relationship to Enhanced Memory Control

Control processes engaged in halting the automatic retrieval of unwanted memories have been shown to reduce the later recallability of the targets of suppression. Like other cognitive skills that benefit from practice, we hypothesized that memory control is similarly experience dependent, such that individuals with greater real-life experience at stopping retrieval would exhibit better inhibitory control over unwanted memories. Across two experiments, we found that college students reporting a greater history of trauma exhibited more suppression-induced forgetting of both negative and neutral memories than did those in a matched group who had reported experiencing little to no trauma. The association was especially evident on a test of suppression-induced forgetting involving independent retrieval cues that are designed to better isolate the effects of inhibitory control on memory. Participants reporting more trauma demonstrated greater generalized forgetting of suppressed material. These findings raise the possibility that, given proper training, individuals can learn to better manage intrusive experiences, and are broadly consistent with the view that moderate adversity can foster resilience later in life.
Social Decoys: Leveraging Choice Architecture to Alter Social Preferences

Many of society’s most significant social decisions are made over sets of individuals: for example, evaluating a collection of job candidates when making a hiring decision. Rational theories of choice dictate that decision makers’ preferences between any two options should remain the same irrespective of the number or quality of other options. Yet people’s preferences for each option in a choice set shift in predictable ways as function of the available alternatives. These violations are well documented in consumer behavior contexts: for example, the decoy effect, in which introducing a third inferior product changes consumers’ preferences for two original products. The current experiments test the efficacy of social decoys and harness insights from computational models of decision-making to examine whether choice set construction can be used to change preferences in a hiring context. Across seven experiments (N = 6312) we find that participants have systematically different preferences for the exact same candidate as a function of the other candidates in the choice set (Experiments 1a–1d, 2) and the salience of the candidate attributes under consideration (Experiments 2, 3a, 3b). Specifically, compromise and (often) asymmetric-dominance decoys increased relative preference for their yoked candidates when candidates were counterstereotypical (e.g., high warmth/low competence male candidate). More importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that we can mimic the effect of a decoy in the absence of a third candidate by manipulating participants’ exposure to candidates’ attributes: balanced exposure to candidates’ warmth and competence information significantly reduced bias between the two candidates.
[Effects of minimal residual disease level on day 33 of remission induction and IKZF1 genotype on the survival of children with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia].

OBJECTIVE To study the effects of minimal residual disease (MRD) level on day 33 of remission induction and IKZF1 genotype on the survival of children with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). METHODS A total of 152 children with newly-diagnosed B-ALL who had complete remission after the first cycle of the chemotherapy and had complete follow-up information were enrolled in this study. According to the MRD detection by flow cytometry on day 33 of remission induction, they were divided into three groups: standard-risk (SR) group (MRD <10-4; n=60), intermediate-risk (IR) group (10-4≤ MRD <10-2; n=55), and high-risk (HR) group (MRD ≥10-2; n=37). Nested RT-PCR was used to determine the IKZF1 genotype of all children before chemotherapy. The effects of MRD level on day 33 of remission induction and IKZF1 genotype on the recurrence-free survival (RFS) of children with B-ALL were analyzed. RESULTS There were 7 common IKZF1 subtypes in all the 152 children with B-ALL: IK1, IK2/3, IK4, IK6, IK8, IK9, and IK10. Of the 152 children, 130 had functional subtypes of IKZF1 and 22 had non-functional subtypes of IKZF1. During the follow-up period, relapse occurred in 26 (17%) children, and the recurrence rate was highest in the HR group (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the recurrence rate between the SR group and the IR group (P>0.05). The cumulative recurrence rate of the children with non-functional subtypes of IKZF1 was significantly higher than that of those with functional types of IKZF1 (P<0.01). The predicted 5-year RFS rates in the SR, IR, and HR groups were (94.2±2.9)%, (86.7±3.8)%, and (56.2±4.5)% respectively (P<0.05). The 5-year RFS rate of the children with functional subtypes of IKZF1 was significantly higher than that of those with non-functional subtypes of IKZF1 (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the predicted 5-year RFS rate between the children with functional subtypes of IKZF1 and those with non-functional subtypes of IKZF1 in the SR group (P>0.05). However, the predicted 5-year RFS rate of the children with functional subtypes of IKZF1 was significantly higher than that of those with non-functional subtypes of IKZF1 in the IR group and the HR group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS B-ALL children with non-functional subtypes of IKZF1 have a high recurrence rate, and the recurrence rate will be even higher in B-ALL children with non-functional subtypes of IKZF1 and MRD ≥10-4 on day 33 of chemotherapy.
Similar effect of intermittent theta burst and sham stimulation on corticospinal excitability: A 5‐day repeated sessions study

Despite accumulating evidence of inter and intraindividual variability in response to theta burst stimulation, it is widely believed that in therapeutic applications, repeated sessions can have a “build‐up” effect that increases the response over and above that seen in a single session. However, strong evidence for this is lacking. Therefore, we examined whether daily administration of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) over the primary motor cortex induces cumulative changes in transcranial magnetic stimulation measures of cortical excitability, above the changes induced by sham stimulation. Over five consecutive days, 20 healthy participants received either active iTBS or sham stimulation. Each day, baseline measures of cortical excitability were assessed before and up to 30 min after the intervention. There was no significant difference in the rate of response between iTBS and sham stimulation on any of the 5 days. There was no iTBS specific cumulative increase of corticospinal excitability. The likelihood that an individual would remain a responder from day‐to‐day was low in both groups, implying high within‐subject variability of both active and sham iTBS after‐effects. In contrast, we found a high within‐subject repeatability of resting and active motor threshold, and baseline motor‐evoked potential amplitude. In summary, sham stimulation has similar effect to active iTBS on corticospinal excitability, even when applied repeatedly for 5 days. Our results might be relevant to research and clinical applications of theta burst stimulation protocols.
Modulation of serotonin and noradrenaline in the BLA by pindolol reduces long‐term ethanol intake

Repeated cycles of binge‐like alcohol consumption and abstinence change the activity of several neurotransmitter systems. Some of these changes are consolidated following prolonged alcohol use and are thought to play an important role in the development of dependence. We have previously shown that systemic administration of the dual beta‐adrenergic antagonist and 5‐HT1A/1B partial agonist pindolol selectively reduces long‐term but not short‐term binge‐like consumption of ethanol and alters excitatory postsynaptic currents in basolateral amygdala (BLA) principal neurons. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pindolol microinfusions in the BLA on long‐term ethanol intake using the drinking‐in‐the‐dark paradigm in mice. We also microinfused RU24969 (5‐HT1A/1B receptor partial agonist) and CGP12177 (β1/2 adrenergic antagonist) following long‐term ethanol intake and determined the densities of 5‐HT1A/1B receptors and β1/2 adrenergic in the BLA following short‐term (4 weeks) and long‐term ethanol (12 weeks) consumption. We show that intra‐BLA infusion of pindolol (1000 pmol/0.5 μl), RU24969 (0.3 and 3 pmol/0.5 μl) and CGP12177 (500 pmol/0.5 μl) produce robust decreases in long‐term ethanol consumption. Additionally, we identified reduced β1/2 adrenergic receptor expression and no change in 5‐HT1A/1B receptor density in the BLA of long‐term ethanol‐consuming mice. Collectively, our data highlight the effects of pindolol on voluntary, binge‐like ethanol consumption behavior following long‐term intake.