Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hyperspectral Image Denoising with a Combined Spatial and Spectral Weighted Hyperspectral Total Variation Model

Abstract. Hyperspectral image (HSI) denoising is a prerequisite for many subsequent applications. For an HSI, the level and type of noise often vary with different bands and spatial positions, which make it difficult to effectively remove noise while preserving textures and edges. To alleviate this problem, we propose a new total-variation model. The main contribution of the proposed approach lies in that the adaptive regularization terms in both the spatial and the spectral dimensions are designed separately and then combined into a unified framework. The 2 separate regularization terms allow a better description of the intrinsic nature of the original HSI data and can simultaneously penalize the noise from both the spatial and spectral perspectives. The designed weights for the regularization terms are positively correlated with the magnitude of the noise intensity and negatively correlated with the signal variation; thus, the original signal can be accurately retained and the noise can be effectively suppressed. To efficiently process the HSI, which appears as a huge data cube, a new optimization algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) procedure is proposed to solve the new model. Experiments using HYDICE and AVIRIS images were conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Résumé. Hyperspectrale l’image (HSI) débruitage est une condition préalable pour de nombreuses applications ultérieures. Pour un HSI, le niveau et le type de bruit varie souvent avec différents groupes et positions spatiales, ce qui rend difficile d’éliminer efficacement le bruit tout en préservant les textures et les bords. Pour pallier ce problème, nous proposons un nouveau modèle de variation totale. Les principales contributions de l’approche proposée mensonge dans la conception des termes de régularisation adaptative dans les deux dimensions spatiales et spectrales, et en les combinant dans un cadre unifié. Les deux termes de régularisation séparés permettent une meilleure description de la nature intrinsèque des données HSI original et peuvent pénaliser simultanément le bruit à la fois des perspectives spatiales et spectrales. Les poids conçus pour les termes de régularisation sont en corrélation positive avec la grandeur de l’intensité du bruit et corrélation négative avec la variation de signal; ainsi, le signal d’origine peut être retenu avec précision et le bruit peut être efficacement supprimée. Pour traiter efficacement le HSI, qui apparaît comme un énorme cube de données, un nouvel algorithme d’optimisation basé sur la méthode de direction alternée de multiplicateurs «alternating direction method of multipliers» (ADMM) procédure est proposée pour résoudre le nouveau modèle. Des expériences utilisant des images AVIRIS et HYDICE et ont été menées afin de valider l’efficacité de la méthode proposée.
ER and PR Immunohistochemistry and HER2 FISH versus Oncotype DX: Implications for Breast Cancer Treatment

Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor (HER2) concordance between immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and Oncotype DX, a commercially available RT‐PCR‐based assay which recently began reporting biomarker results was assessed. ER concordance was 98.9% (262/265), Pearson correlation coefficient (r) = 0.42, and Spearman's rank correlation (ρ) = 0.25. Positive percent agreement for ER was 98.9% (262/265). One patient with discordant ER results was not offered hormone therapy based on the preferential use of Oncotype DX. PR was concordant in 91.3% (242/265), r = 0.80, ρ = 0.75, and Cohen's kappa (κ) = 0.63. Positive percent agreement for PR was 90.5% (218/241) and negative percent agreement was 100% (24/24). HER2 concordance was 99.2% (245/247), r = 0.35, ρ = 0.28, and κ = 0.12. Positive percent agreement for HER2 was 0% (0/2) and negative percent agreement was 100% (245/245). Of the three FISH HER2‐amplified cases, two were negative and one was equivocal, and all FISH HER2‐equivocal cases (n = 3) were negative by Oncotype DX. Patients that were FISH HER2‐amplified, Oncotype DX HER2‐negative did not receive trastuzumab. Although our results demonstrated high concordance between IHC and Oncotype DX for ER and PR, our data showed poor positive percent agreement for HER2. Compared to FISH, Oncotype DX does not identify HER2‐positive breast carcinomas. The preferential use of Oncotype DX biomarker results over IHC and FISH is discouraged.
A Web‐Based Research Tool for Functional Genomics of the Microcirculation: The Leukocyte Adhesion Cascade

Objective: Currently, microvascular data are almost exclusively deposited in scholarly journals. With the increasing availability of molecular data and the construction of genomic databases, a need arises to organize physiological data in a more accessible format. The microcirculation is a functional system that spans all organ systems and shares certain characteristics of organization with metabolic pathways, which have successfully been organized around genomic information for several prokaryotes. Here, we present a web‐based research and teaching tool (http:hsc.Virginia.EDUmedicinebasic‐scibiomedley) that covers a small aspect of microcirculatory physiology, the leukocyte adhesion cascade.
Deficits in Emotional Awareness in Schizophrenia and Their Relationship With Other Measures of Functioning

Conscious awareness of emotion is adaptive and its disruption in schizophrenia can impact social functioning. This study assessed levels of emotional awareness for self and others in social scenarios (Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale) in 21 individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and 20 healthy individuals. Individuals with SSD had lower levels of emotional awareness for others in complex social scenarios, but not simple social scenarios; no difference was found in emotional awareness for self. Higher levels of emotional awareness were associated with better quality of life in patients. Patients also reported higher social anhedonia. Healthy individuals’ higher levels of emotional awareness for self were associated with lower anhedonia, but this relationship was not found in SSD patients. Individuals with schizophrenia have particular difficulty anticipating others’ emotional responses in complex social situations. Further, this deficit is independent of anhedonia in SSD patients, indicating a systemic disruption in the integration of emotional processing.
Knowledge management and the clinical nurse specialist.

1. The knowledge worker’s question is BWhat is the task? [ 2. Knowledge workers have to manage themselves and have autonomy. 3. Continuing innovation has to be part of the work, the task, and the responsibility of knowledge workers. 4. Knowledge work requires continuous learning and continuous teaching by the knowledge worker. 5. Productivity of the knowledge worker is not primarily a matter of quantity of output. Quality is at least as important. 6. Knowledge workersmust be treated as Bassets[ rather than a Bcosts. [ They must prefer to work for the organization, over all other opportunities.
Using Beacons for Attendance Tracking

Students experiencing difficulty with their studies don’t often identify themselves as students in need of support. The Science Student Success Centre at Carleton University actively seeks out these science students to give them the help they require. One indicator of need is a student’s grades. Another indicator is attendance in class. In this paper, we describe how we use beacon technology to help track attendance. While our existing online card swiping and QR Code scanning attendance tracking system was suitable for smaller class sizes, our beacon-based attendance tracking system is now suitable for classes and events with over 1000 attendees.
Anti-atopic dermatitis effects and the mechanism of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Mongolian fermented milk

We investigated the anti-allergic effects of one strain (T120) of a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Mongolian fermented milk using atopic dermatitis (AD) model mice (NC/Nga mice). Strain T120 has already been identified as Enterococcus faecium and shown to induce strong production of IL-12 (Kimura et al. 2006). In in vitro studies, strain T120 suppressed total IgE production and induced IL-12 and IFN-γ production by splenocytes of NC/Nga mice. The additional examination of various neutralization antibodies was performed to elucidate in detail the mechanism of depressed IgE production by strain T120. As a result, it became clear that IL-12 induced by strain T120 increased production of IFN-γ and total IgE production was mainly controlled by the IFN-γ. In order to define the cells which produce IL-12 powerfully by this strain, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) were removed from the splenocytes, and the reactivity of these cells to the strain was examined. Induction of IL-12 and IFN-γ by strain T120 became significantly very low by removal of APCs from splenocytes. Therefore, it was clear that strain T120 acted on APCs and induced production of IL-12. Further, this strain enhanced the production of IL-10 by splenocytes. In in vivo studies, intraperitoneal injection of strain T120 inhibited serum IgE elevation and atopic dermatitis symptoms in NC/Nga mice. These results suggest that an anti-allergic effect of strain T120 depends on the increased production of IL-12 by APCs activated by the strain and following the increased production of IFN-γ. Further, activation of regulatory T cells by strain T120 may inhibit atopic desease.
Simulating and modelling the effectiveness of graphical password intersection attacks

Recognition‐based graphical passwords (RBGPs) are often proposed as an alternative user authentication mechanism. However, discussion of attack resistance often lacks quantitative examination. Establishing the efficacy of countermeasures could allow selection of an appropriate countermeasure for the level of security required by a given system. Furthermore, this information could be used to construct a model to estimate the number of intersection attacks required before success. This research contributes to these goals by establishing effective countermeasures and a model for intersection attacks. The approach involves creating a simulation of intersection attacks using five possible countermeasures and performing analysis to determine efficacy. Results show that using dummy screens does not increase the number of attacks required. It is also shown that increasing the number of challenge screens can increase and reduce the number of attacks required. Also presented is a model for RBGP schemes that can be used to estimate the number of intersection attacks required for a RBGP scheme when configuration values such as the number of challenge screens are known. This allows a quantitative choice of countermeasure for intersection attacks and a calculation that can provide a basis of comparison with other RBGP schemes, which was previously not possible. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Community use of a pushrim activated power-assisted wheelchair by an individual with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

The purpose of this case study was to report data from a clinical evaluation of an individual with fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHMD) while using a manual wheelchair versus the same wheelchair fitted with pushrim activated power-assisted wheelchair hubs (PAPAW). An individual with FSHMD was tested for change in heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), propulsion speed (PS), time to completion (TC), and qualitative observation in a community-based environment. A modified Physiological Cost Index (mPCI) was calculated post hoc. Results indicate HR and mPCI for the PAPAW trials were lower; RPE was “Hard” for manual wheelchair propulsion and “Fairly or Very Light” for the PAPAW trials; PS was twice as fast in both conditions using the PAPAW; and TC was 53% faster with PAPAW than in the manual wheelchair. Qualitatively, the manual propulsion conditions had exaggerated trunk and hip flexion with simultaneous scapula elevation and upward rotation to initiate downward force on the hand rim more so than the PAPAW conditions. The data suggest that propulsion of a wheelchair enhanced by PAPAW is more energy efficient, biomechanically advantageous, and more timesaving than a manual wheelchair for the tested individual with FSHMD in his environment.
An Improvement on Constructions of t-EC/AUED Codes

A common method of constructing t-error correcting/all unidirectional error detecting (t-EC/AUED) codes is to choose a t-EC code and then to append a tail such that the new code can detect all unidirectional errors. The tail is a function of the weight of the codeword. We present a technique to reduce the weight distribution of the t-EC code so that the tail needed will be shorter in some cases. The weight distribution span of the code is reduced by eliminating the all-zero codeword and replacing it with a codeword of weight greater than 2t+1.
Distinguishing Nitrous Oxide Production from Nitrification and Denitrification on the Basis of Isotopomer Abundances

ABSTRACT The intramolecular distribution of nitrogen isotopes in N2O is an emerging tool for defining the relative importance of microbial sources of this greenhouse gas. The application of intramolecular isotopic distributions to evaluate the origins of N2O, however, requires a foundation in laboratory experiments in which individual production pathways can be isolated. Here we evaluate the site preferences of N2O produced during hydroxylamine oxidation by ammonia oxidizers and by a methanotroph, ammonia oxidation by a nitrifier, nitrite reduction during nitrifier denitrification, and nitrate and nitrite reduction by denitrifiers. The site preferences produced during hydroxylamine oxidation were 33.5 ± 1.2‰, 32.5 ± 0.6‰, and 35.6 ± 1.4‰ for Nitrosomonas europaea, Nitrosospira multiformis, and Methylosinus trichosporium, respectively, indicating similar site preferences for methane and ammonia oxidizers. The site preference of N2O from ammonia oxidation by N. europaea (31.4 ± 4.2‰) was similar to that produced during hydroxylamine oxidation (33.5 ± 1.2‰) and distinct from that produced during nitrifier denitrification by N. multiformis (0.1 ± 1.7‰), indicating that isotopomers differentiate between nitrification and nitrifier denitrification. The site preferences of N2O produced during nitrite reduction by the denitrifiers Pseudomonas chlororaphis and Pseudomonas aureofaciens (−0.6 ± 1.9‰ and −0.5 ± 1.9‰, respectively) were similar to those during nitrate reduction (−0.5 ± 1.9‰ and −0.5 ± 0.6‰, respectively), indicating no influence of either substrate on site preference. Site preferences of ∼33‰ and ∼0‰ are characteristic of nitrification and denitrification, respectively, and provide a basis to quantitatively apportion N2O.
Equilibrium Selection in Cheap Talk Games: ACDC Rocks When Other Criteria Remain Silent

In the past, many refinements have been proposed to select equilibria in cheap talk games. Usually, these refinements were motivated by a discussion of how rational agents would reason in some particular cheap talk games. In this paper, we propose a behavioral refinement and stability measure that is meant to predict actual behavior in a wide range of cheap talk games. According to our Average Credible Deviation Criterion (ACDC), the stability of an equilibrium is determined by the frequency and size of credible deviations. ACDC organizes the results from cheap talk experiments well, even in cases where other criteria remain silent.
A heuristic to bandwidth allocation and sales limit setting for Internet service providers

When requesting on-line, many subscribers have experienced the situation in which their on-line requests are denied or their connection speeds are far below their contracted speed limits. This bad customer experience may result from the situation in which Internet service providers (ISPs) accept customers' subscriptions without setting sales limits. As subscribers are potential on-line users, controlling the number of subscribers can be considered as an approach to overcome this problem. The goal of this article is to develop decisions to maximise revenues of ISPs while guaranteeing the expected service quality for distinct service classes. The developed model was a resource constrained nonlinear integer problem, and a heuristic approach was provided to acquire a near-optimal solution. Limited numerical results showed that the proposed heuristic approach can solve this problem efficiently.
Population Variation in Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Levels in Brain Ageing: Relationship to Alzheimer-Type Pathology and Dementia

Background: The cellular pathology of astrocytes in brain ageing and their role in modulating the brain’s response to neurodegenerative pathology remain incompletely understood. Methods: Using quantitative ELISA, we have investigated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the population-based neuropathology cohort of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study to determine: (1) the population variation in the astroglial hypertrophic response, (2) its relationship to the presence of Alzheimer-type pathology, and (3) its association with cognition. Results: Increasing GFAP was found with increasing Braak stage, levels increasing even at early stages. Within Braak stages, GFAP did not differ between demented and non-demented individuals, but there was greater variance in GFAP in the demented. Possession of ApoE ε4 was associated with slightly increased GFAP levels (not significant) for given amyloid β protein loads. Conclusion: In a population-based sample, increasing gliosis precedes development of Alzheimer lesions. Population variation in GFAP with varying Alzheimer lesion burdens suggests that they are not the only driver for astrogliosis. GFAP was not independently predictive of dementia, but the variation in astrocytic responses may be a factor modulating brain responses to neurodegenerative pathology.
Event-Related Potentials as an Index of Cognitive Function during Recovery from Severe Closed Head Injury

Objective:To evaluate the utility and neuropsychological correlates of serially performed recordings of event-related potentials (ERPs) in patients recovering from a severe closed head injury (CHI). Design:Prospective longitudinal study. Setting:Brain injury rehabilitation unit based in a national rehabilitation hospital. Subjects:Sixteen patients with severe CHI (significant degree of impaired consciousness greater than 24 hours) subclassified into two severity groups according to initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score:Those with initial GCS score<9, consistent with a more severe injury; and those with initial GCS score>8, indicating a less severe injury. Methods:ERPs were elicited using the standard auditory P300 “oddball” detection paradigm. ERP recordings were carried out three times: 2 months after injury, 1 month later, and 2.5 months or more after the initial study. Parameters analyzed included latencies and amplitudes of the P3, N2, P2, and Nl components of the ERPs. Correlations between changes in these ERP parameters and specific neuropsychological test results were evaluated. Results:Initial P3 latencies in the more severely injured group were significantly longer (P<.05) than those recorded in the less severely injured patients. In subsequent recordings, P3 latency was found to be significantly shorter compared with the initial P3 latency, and the difference in P3 latency between the two patient groups was no longer statistically significant by the time of the third recording. For the group as a whole, P3 latency decreased significantly on each repeated recording. N2 latency was found to be significantly shorter (P<.05) between the first and third recordings. Cognitive performance significantly improved between the first and third recordings. P3 latency shortening was correlated with improvement in neuropsychological test scores for short-term and long-term story recall and for word recall. N2 latency shortening was correlated with improvement in the neuropsychological test scores for word recall only. Conclusion:ERP recordings performed in the subacute stage after CHI may assist in evaluating injury severity. Moreover, serially performed recordings of P3 latency may be used as a physiologic index of brain activity that correlates with recover)' from CHI.
Anti-noise Capability Improvement of Minimum Energy Combination Method for SSVEP Detection

Minimum energy combination (MEC) is a widely used method for frequency recognition in steady state visual evoked potential based BCI systems. Although it can reach acceptable performances, this method remains sensitive to noise. This paper introduces a new technique for the improvement of the MEC method allowing ameliorating its Anti-noise capability. The Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and the moving average filter were used to separate noise from relevant signals. The results show that the proposed BCI system has a higher accuracy than systems based on Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) or Multivariate Synchronization Index (MSI). In fact, the system achieves an average accuracy of about 99% using real data measured from five subjects by means of the EPOC EMOTIVE headset with three visual stimuli. Also by using four commands, the system accuracy reaches 91.78% with an information-transfer rate of about 27.18 bits/min.