Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social Learning Theory, Self-Regulation, and Morality

Moral psychology divides nicely into three relatively autonomous domains: cognitive-developmental theories of moral judgment, psychoanalytic theories of motivational processes, and social learning theories of moral behaviors and inhibitions. For instance, a well-known review of the literature on moral development opens by correlating these three domains with the romantic view of man as innately perfectible, the reformationist view of man as naturally inclined to evil, and the empiricist conception of the mind as a tabula rasa. Its author, Martin Hoffman, is a prominent social learning theorist, but the same principles of division recur in similar reviews by Lawrence Kohlberg and Jane Loevinger, to name just two major figures in the cognitive-developmental and psychoanalytic traditions, respectively. ' Both of these domains have been surveyed in detail by philosophers over the last several years. However, considerably less has been said philosophically about the third one, at least as far as morality is concerned. This is regrettable for many reasons, not the least of which is the dominant position social learning theory holds in present-day American psychology. The neglect is not altogether benign: social learning theory has grown up out of behaviorism, and many philosophers regard behaviorist accounts more as capitulations to the opacity of the data than as explanations. It is to remedy this neglect as well as for the intrinsic interest of the issue that I shall discuss some recent variations in social learning theory on a theme that moral philosophy has long regarded as a formal feature of
Policies to Assist Parents with Young Children

The struggle to balance work responsibilities with family obligations may be most difficult for working parents of the youngest children, those five and under. Any policy changes designed to ease the difficulties for these families are likely to be controversial, requiring a careful effort to weigh both the costs and benefits of possible interventions while respecting diverse and at times conflicting American values. In this article, Christopher Ruhm looks at two potential interventions—parental leave and early childhood education and care (ECEC)—comparing differences in policies in the United States, Canada, and several European nations and assessing their consequences for important parent and child outcomes. By and large, Canadian and European policies are more generous than those in the United States, with most women eligible for paid maternity leave, which in a few countries can last for three years or more. Many of these countries also provide for paid leave that can be used by either the mother or the father. And in many European countries ECEC programs are nearly universal after the child reaches a certain age. In the United States, parental leave, if it is available, is usually short and unpaid, and ECEC is generally regarded as a private responsibility of parents, although some federal programs help defray costs of care and preschool education. Ruhm notes that research on the effects of differences in policies is not completely conclusive, in part because of the difficulty of isolating consequences of leave and ECEC policies from other influences on employment and children’s outcomes. But, he says, the comparative evidence does suggest desirable directions for future policy in the United States. Policies establishing rights to short parental leaves increase time at home with infants and slightly improve the job continuity of mothers, with small, but positive, long-run consequences for mothers and children. Therefore, Ruhm indicates that moderate extensions of existing U.S. leave entitlements (up to several months in duration) make sense. He also suggests that some form of paid leave would facilitate its use, particularly among less advantaged parents, and that efforts to improve the quality of ECEC, while maintaining or enhancing affordability, are desirable.
Visual Tracking Based on Adaptive Spatially Regularized Correlation Filter

In this paper, a method for visual tracking based on an adaptive spatially regularized correlation filter is proposed. A correlation filter is learned from the training sample under the framework ridge regression. To alleviate the boundary effect caused by the assumption of a periodic extension of the training samples, a regularization weight matrix is devised in the form of a quadric function and then imposed on the correlation filter. The change between the two adjacent frames is measured by the correlation filter learned in the previous frame. The online adjustment of a parameter of the quadric function enables the correlation filter to adapt to the change in the appearance of the target. Finally, the target is determined among a collection of candidates by the learned correlation filter. The experiments on 100 video clips demonstrate the enhancement of the proposed method in the accuracy of tracking.
Decentralized voting protocols

Decentralized voting protocols, in which all nodes execute the same protocol and reach the same result in a decentralized and autonomous way, are proposed. When a decentralized voting protocol is implemented by using one-round message exchange, it requires n(n-1) messages, where n is the number of nodes. The number of messages can be reduced by using multiple-round message exchange. The computation in each node is described in terms of a finite-state automaton, and communication structures for it are given. It is shown that kn(n/sup 1/k/ - 1) messages are sufficient when messages are exchanged in k rounds. <<ETX>>
Finite-time cooperative attitude control of multiple spacecraft using terminal sliding mode control technique

This paper addresses the problem of finite-time cooperative attitude control of multiple spacecraft with a leader-follower architecture. The leader represents the desired formation attitude for the team of spacecraft and is available to only a subset of followers. Based on the terminal sliding mode control technique, a distributed neighbour-based finite-time attitude control law is proposed. Rigorous proof shows that under the proposed control law each follower can track the leader in a finite time. An example is given to verify the efficiency of the proposed method.
Metabolic characterization of primary and metastatic ovarian cancer by 1H‐MRS in vivo at 3T

1H‐MRS was performed on 12 women (age range 45–72) with ovarian cancer of FIGO stage 3 or above using a 3T MRI system with an 8‐channel cardiac receive coil. Respiratory‐triggered PRESS‐localized spectra (TE = 144 ms) were obtained separately from an ovarian mass and from metastatic disease. Peak areas were quantified relative to unsuppressed water using LCModel and spectra were discarded if LCModel reported signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) < 3 or if no metabolites were reported with standard deviation (SD) < 30%. The cystic fraction of each voxel was estimated by thresholding T2‐weighted images, and this was used both to correct the reported metabolite concentrations and to calculate an expected SNR of choline using the measured SNR of water. Choline was detected in 10/12 primary tumors and 5/11 metastatic lesions (range 2.0–16.6 mM). Of the 8/23 failures, 7 had a predicted choline SNR < 2, confirming that the failure to detect choline could be explained by technical problems. Glycine was observed in one benign lesion. 1H‐MRS can be used to quantify choline in primary and metastatic masses in ovarian cancer, but the moderately high rate of failure to detect choline necessitates careful recording of data quality parameters to discriminate true from false negatives. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anti-HIV therapy with AZT prodrugs: AZT phosphonate derivatives, current state and prospects

Importance of the field: AIDS, a disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus, was called ‘plague of the twentieth century’. 3′-Azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT), the first compound approved for the treatment of HIV, is still a mandatory component of treatment schemes. However, its toxicity stimulated a search for new agents. Areas covered in this review: This review presents the history and current state of the design of AZT prodrugs based on its phosphonate derivatives. What the reader will gain: Although every effort was made to include as many AZT structures bearing phosphonate residues and demonstrate the variety they offer, we also concentrated on the studies performed in our laboratory. Special attention was also paid to AZT 5′-H-phosphonate (phosphazide, Nikavir®) approved in the Russian Federation as a drug for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. Take home message: The prodrug strategy applied to AZT phosphonate derivatives enriched chemistry, biology and medicine not only with new knowledge, methods and structures, but also with a new anti-HIV drug Nikavir. Currently, study of another phosphonate, AZT 5′-aminocarbonylphosphonate, is underway. Slow release of AZT following oral administration and penetration into cells, decreased toxicity and the lack of cumulative properties make the compounds of this group promising as extended-release forms of AZT.
Treatment decision aids: conceptual issues and future directions

Background In the last 10 years, there has been a major growth in the development of treatment decision aids. Multiple goals have been identified for these tools. However, the rationale for and meaning of these goals at the conceptual level, the mechanisms through which decision aids are intended to achieve these goals, and value assumptions underlying the design of aids and associated values clarification exercises have often not been made explicit.
Glial‐Neuronal Interactions in Alzheimer's Disease: The Potential Role of a ‘Cytokine Cycle’ in Disease Progression

The role of glial inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease has been highlighted by recent epidemiological work establishing head trauma as an important risk factor, and the use of anti‐inflammatory agents as an important ameliorating factor, in this disease. This review advances the hypothesis that chronic activation of glial inflammatory processes, arising from genetic or environmental insults to neurons and accompanied by chronic elaboration of neuroactive glia‐derived cytokines and other proteins, sets in motion a cytokine cycle of cellular and molecular events with neurodegenerative consequences. In this cycle, interleukin‐1 is a key initiating and coordinating agent. Interleukin‐1 promotes neuronal synthesis and processing of the β‐amyloid precursor protein, thus favoring continuing deposition of β‐amyloid, and activates astrocytes and promotes astrocytic synthesis and release of a number of inflammatory and neuroactive molecules. One of these, S100β, is a neurite growth‐promoting cytokine that stresses neurons through its trophic actions and fosters neuronal cell dysfunction and death by raising intraneuronal free calcium concentrations. Neuronal injury arising from these cytokine‐induced neuronal insults can activate microglia with further overexpression of interleukin‐1, thus producing feedback amplification and self‐propagation of this cytokine cycle. Additional feedback amplification is provided through other elements of the cycle. Chronic propagation of this cytokine cycle represents a possible mechanism for progression of neurodegenerative changes culminating in Alzheimer's disease.
The Book of Jeremiah and the Visions of Amos

The focus of research on the prophets currently is on the prophetic book rather than on the prophet whose name it bears. It is apparent from careful reading of these literary traditions that prophetic traditions interact with one another. The use of the visions of Amos in the book of Jeremiah illustrates this phenomenon. The phenomenon is most obvious in the visions of Jeremiah (Jer. 1:11–12; 1:13–19; 24:1–10), where the third and fourth visions of Amos (Amos 7:7–8; 8:1–2) provide the pattern followed in Jeremiah. In addition, so many words and syntactical structures are shared that a direct literary dependence is indicated. Once the oldest literary layers of Jeremiah's visions are reconstructed, a comparison with the visions of Amos is especially useful. The depiction of what is seen in the vision, the interaction between God and prophet, and the explanation of what is seen are the key elements in the comparison. Allusions to the Amos visions are also evident in non-visionary texts of Jeremiah. It is probable that the historical Jeremiah had the written form of the Amos visions before him. References to earlier prophets may even have contributed to the survival of the book itself. The established authority of earlier prophetic words provided Jeremiah with needed legitimacy. Jeremiah learned from his predecessors and this helped him to develop a means to look more deeply into his society, to experience God in a more direct way, and communicate what he wanted to say with a sharper profile. It would be well if the religions that count Jeremiah among their heritage would learn from him how to reapply their prophetic tradition to our own difficult time.
Joint DOD and DOA Estimation Using Real Polynomial Rooting in Bistatic MIMO Radar

An algorithm for joint direction-of-departures (DODs) and direction-of-arrivals (DOAs) estimation using real polynomial rooting in bistatic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar is presented. Compared with the conventional spectral Capon method, the proposed approach estimates the angles by the alternating maximization (AM) algorithm and one-dimensional real polynomial rooting instead of two-dimensional angle search to reduce the computational burden. The novel real root-Capon method can perform well even without the prior knowledge of the initial values of unknown parameters which is a prerequisite to AM algorithm. Furthermore, the DODs and DOAs of targets can be paired automatically. Numerical examples validate the effectiveness of the algorithm
Leveraging Socio-Culturally Situated Tacit Knowledge

Purpose – This study seeks to investigate how a more lateral style of working, such as the Swedish model of management that reflects a more linear manner of managing organizational knowledge, is carried over and transferred to Swedish managed organizations in Singapore.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 33 top‐level managers (23 Scandinavians and ten Asians) who worked in Swedish managed organizations in Singapore were interviewed for this study. It was necessary that the respondents were in top‐level management positions, the assumption being that it was their decisions and actions that steered the organization to its goals. The respondents were selected randomly and came from a variety of industry backgrounds.Findings – The Swedish style of handling information and knowledge within the organization has proven more open, flexible and accessible than Singaporeans might initially expect or understand. This cultural difference of who gains access to timely information and who should use that informati.
Multidrug resistance and pharmacological protection mediated by the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2).

Over the past 15 years it has become clear that drug exporters of the ABC [3][1] family ([1][2]) can both confer MDR to cancer cells and mediate extensive protection of intact organisms against the toxic action of (anticancer) drugs and toxins. The P-gp, MRP1, and MRP2 transporters have all been
Composition corporelle estimée par bio-impédancemétrie spectroscopique au cours de la maladie rénale chronique stade 3 à 5

Contexte. L'evaluation de la composition corporelle est utile pour le suivi nutritionnel des patients avec maladie renale chronique (MRC). La bio-impedancemetrie spectroscopique permet d'estimer la composition corporelle a partir des proprietes de resistance electrique des tissus et d'equations propres a la population etudiee. Sa fiabilite peut etre diminuee chez les patients avec MRC, notamment du fait de variations de l'etat d'hydratation. Objectifs. Evaluer la fiabilite et la reproductibilite de l'estimation de la composition corporelle par un nouvel impedancemetre spectroscopique, le Z-Hydra, par rapport aux methodes de reference, chez des patients avec MRC. Decrire leur composition corporelle et evaluer la relation entre celle-ci et le biais des equations d'estimation du debit de filtration glomerulaire (DFG). Patients et Methodes. Chez 33 patients suivis pour MRC, au stade 3A a 5, la masse maigre, la masse grasse, le contenu mineral osseux (CMO) et le volume extracellulaire (VEC) estimes par le Z-Hydra etaient comparees aux mesures par une methode de reference (absorptiometrie bi-photonique pour les compartiments tissulaires et dilution de l'EDTA-Cr51 pour le VEC) de facon transversale. Le DFG etait estime par les equations de Cockcroft et Gault, MDRD et CKD-EPI, et mesure par clairance de l'EDTA-Cr51. Resultats. Les estimations par le Z-Hydra de la masse maigre, de la masse grasse, du CMO et du VEC etaient correlees aux mesures par les methodes de references, mais etaient imprecises selon la methode de Bland et Altman. La reproductibilite inter-observateur, evaluee chez 6 patients, etait satisfaisante. La composition corporelle ne semblait pas differente en fonction des stades de MRC. La composition corporelle n'etait pas correlee au biais des equations d'estimation du DFG. Conclusion. L'estimation de la composition corporelle par le Z-Hydra est imprecise chez les patients avec MRC. Il est necessaire d'etablir des equations d'estimation propres a cette population.
Identification of Temperature-Sensitive Mutations in the Phosphoprotein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus That Are Likely Involved in Its Interaction with the Nucleoprotein

ABSTRACT The phosphoprotein (P) of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an essential component of the viral RNA polymerase, along with the large polymerase (L), nucleocapsid (N), and M2-1 proteins. By screening a randomly mutagenized P gene cDNA library, two independent mutations, one with a substitution of glycine at position 172 by serine (G172S) and the other with a substitution of glutamic acid at position 176 by glycine (E176G), were identified to result in the loss of N-P interaction at 37°C in the yeast two-hybrid assay. Both P mutants exhibited greatly reduced activity in supporting the replication and transcription of an RSV minigenome replicon at 37 and 39°C. The G172S and E176G mutations were introduced individually into the RSV A2 (rA2) antigenomic cDNA, and recombinant viruses, rA2-P172 and rA2-P176, were obtained. Both viruses replicate as well as wild-type A2 virus in both Vero and HEp-2 cells at 33°C, but each mutant virus exhibited temperature-sensitive replication in both cell lines. rA2-P176 is more temperature sensitive than rA2-P172. Coimmunoprecipitation of the N protein with each P mutant from virus-infected cells demonstrates that N-P interaction is impaired at 37°C. In addition, the levels of replication of rA2-P172 and rA2-P176 in the lungs of mice and cotton rats were reduced. As is the case with the in vitro assays, rA2-P176 is more restricted in replication in the lower respiratory tract of mice and cotton rats than rA2-P172. During in vitro passage at 37°C, the E176G mutation in rA2-P176 was rapidly changed from glycine to predominantly aspartic acid; mutations to cysteine or serine were also detected. All of the revertants lost the temperature-sensitive phenotype. To analyze the importance of the amino acids in the region from positions 161 to 180 for the P protein function, additional mutations were introduced and their functions were analyzed in vitro. A double mutant containing both G172S and E176G changes in the P gene, substitution of the three charged residues at positions 174 to 176 by alanine, and a deletion of residues from positions 161 to 180 completely abolished the P protein function in the minigenome assay. Thus, the amino acids at positions 172 and 176 and the adjacent charged residues play critical roles in the function of the P protein.
Sensitivity analysis of handover performance to shadow fading in microcellular systems

In this paper, we carry out a simulation study of the sensitivity of handover performance to standard deviation of lognormal shadow fading in a mobile radio environment. The handover algorithm is based on received signal strength measurements. Handover rate and initiation delay are used as performance metrics. It is shown that the performance metrics depend on standard deviation of shadow fading. In a nonuniform environment, the standard deviation may be different at different places and a given handover scheme with fixed design parameters cannot give optimum results consistently in the entire cellular service area. Through numerical results, it is further shown that the effect of hysteresis margin on handover performance depends on its relative value as referred to standard deviation of lognormal shadow fading in the prevailing cellular propagation environment. To achieve optimum handover performance, hysteresis margin as a handover design parameter is determined in terms of standard deviation of shadow fading in varied radio propagation environments.
Cascode-delay-matched distributed amplifiers for efficient broadband microwave power amplification

We present a broadband distributed power amplifier topology capable of providing efficiencies approaching 50%. Unlike tapered-drain-line power TWAs, high-Z/sub 0/ lines are not required, greatly improving realizability in MMIC implementation. An experimental hybrid achieved bandwidth 25% of f/sub /spl tau// with /spl sim/15 dB gain and 30/spl plusmn/5% power-added-efficiency.
Prospects for Naturalizing Color

Paul Churchland has recently offered a novel argument for the “objective reality” of color. The strategy he employs to make this argument is an instance of a more general research program for interpreting perceptual content, “domain‐portrayal semantics. ” In the first half of the article, I point out some features of color vision that complicate Churchland's conclusion, in particular, the context‐sensitive and inferential nature of color perception. In the second half, I examine and defend the general research program, concluding it is naturalistic in a minimal sense and should be of interest to naturalists and nonnaturalists alike.
Isolation, Cloning, and Characterization of a New Mammalian Coronin Family Member, Coroninse, Which Is Regulated within the Protein Kinase C Signaling Pathway*

In order to understand the regulatory role of protein kinase C (PKC) in secretory epithelia, it is necessary to identify and characterize specific downstream targets. We previously identified one such protein in studies of gastric parietal cells. This protein was referred to as pp66 because it migrated with an apparent molecular mass of 66 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The phosphorylation of pp66 is increased by the cholinergic agonist, carbachol, and by the PKC activator, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, in a calcium-independent manner. In this study, we have purified pp66 to homogeneity and cloned the complete open reading frame. GenBankTM searches revealed a 45% homology with theDictyostelium actin-binding protein, coronin, and ∼67% homology with the previously cloned human and bovine coronin-like homologue, p57. pp66 appears to be most highly expressed in the gastrointestinal mucosa and in kidney and lung. Confocal microscopic studies of an enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion construct of pp66 in cultured parietal cells and in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells indicate that pp66 preferentially localizes in F-actin-rich regions. On the basis of our findings, we propose that pp66 may play an important, PKC-dependent role in regulating membrane/cytoskeletal rearrangements in epithelial cells. We have tentatively named this protein coroninse, because it appears to be highly expressed in secretory epithelia.