Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Glycemic index, glycemic load, and cereal fiber intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in US black women.

BACKGROUND Previous studies of carbohydrate quality and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus have yielded inconsistent findings. Because diet is in part culturally determined, a study of dietary factors in US black women is of interest. METHODS We used data from the Black Women's Health Study, a prospective cohort study of 59,000 US black women, to examine the association of glycemic load, glycemic index, and cereal fiber with risk of type 2 diabetes. Diet was assessed at baseline in 1995 with a modified version of the National Cancer Institute-Block food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS During 8 years of follow-up, there were 1,938 incident cases of diabetes. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for quintiles of dietary factors, while controlling for lifestyle and dietary factors. Glycemic index was positively associated with the risk of diabetes: the IRR for the highest quintile relative to the lowest was 1.23 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.44). Cereal fiber intake was inversely associated with risk of diabetes, with an IRR of 0.82 (95% CI, 0.70-0.96) for the highest vs lowest quintiles of intake. Stronger associations were seen among women with a body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) lower than 25: IRRs for the highest vs lowest quintile were 1.91 (95% CI, 1.16-3.16) for glycemic index (P value for interaction, .12) and 0.41 (95% CI, 0.24-0.72) for cereal fiber intake (P value for interaction, .05). CONCLUSION Increasing cereal fiber in the diet may be an effective means of reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes, a disease that has reached epidemic proportions in black women.
Systematizing internationalization policy in higher education: Towards a typology

The internationalization of higher education has become a strategic priority for governments because of the benefits expected to derive from it in the economic, political, socio-cultural and academic spheres. Nevertheless, a review of the academic literature on internationalization in higher education reveals that the concept of internationalization has been understood and applied in a variable manner. Considering that internationalization is a central theme in higher education research and practice, this state of affairs is problematic. In response to this situation, this article proposes the establishment of a conceptual typology for the analysis of national internationalization policies as a solution. In turn, such a heuristic device will ease knowledge accumulation, cross-case comparability and disciplined use of terms and procedures. The paper ends by dispelling common concerns related to classifications.
Intracranial hemorrhage associated with cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome following carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting: retrospective review of 4494 patients.

OBJECT Intracranial hemorrhage associated with cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) following carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS) is a rare but potentially devastating complication. In the present study the authors evaluated 4494 patients with carotid artery stenosis who had undergone CEA or CAS to clarify the clinicopathological features and outcomes of those with CHS and associated intracranial hemorrhage. METHODS Patients with postoperative CHS were retrospectively selected, and clinicopathological features and outcomes were studied. RESULTS Sixty-one patients with CHS (1.4%) were identified, and intracranial hemorrhage developed in 27 of them (0.6%). The onset of CHS peaked on the 6th postoperative day in those who had undergone CEA and within 12 hours in those who had undergone CAS. Results of logistic regression analysis demonstrated that poor postoperative control of blood pressure was significantly associated with the development of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with CHS after CEA (p = 0.0164). Note, however, that none of the tested variables were significantly associated with the development of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with CHS after CAS. Mortality (p = 0.0010) and morbidity (p = 0.0172) rates were significantly higher in patients with intracranial hemorrhage than in those without. CONCLUSIONS Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after CEA and CAS occurs with delayed classic and acute presentations, respectively. Although strict control of postoperative blood pressure prevents intracranial hemorrhage in patients with CHS after CEA, there appears to be no relationship between blood pressure control and intracranial hemorrhage in those with CHS after CAS. Finally, the prognosis of CHS in patients with associated intracerebral hemorrhage is poor.
Paychecks, Paydays, and the Online Platform Economy: Big Data on Income Volatility

In this report the JPMorgan Chase Institute leverages de-identified administrative data on Chase customers between October 2012 and September 2015 to describe the key sources of income volatility among U.S. individuals and the size and growth of the Online Platform Economy. Our findings on income volatility are fourfold. First, while income volatility was prevalent across the board, it was most marked among the young, those in the bottom income quintile, and those living in the West. Second, median income individuals experienced nearly $500 in labor income fluctuations across months, with spikes in earnings larger but less frequent than dips. Third, most of the month-to-month volatility in take-home pay (86 percent) came from individuals staying in the same jobs. Finally, four in 10 individuals experienced a job transition in a given year, contributing 14 percent of the month-to-month volatility in labor income.To examine the Online Platform Economy, we assembled the largest sample of platform workers to date — a dataset of over 260,000 individuals who have offered goods or services on one of 30 distinct platforms. We provide several key insights. First, although only 1 percent of adults earned income from the Online Platform Economy in a given month, more than 4 percent participated from October 2012 to September 2015. We distinguish between labor platforms and capital platforms and find that, although labor platforms grew more rapidly than capital platforms, participation on capital platforms was more than 60 percent higher than participation on labor platforms in every month. Second, the platform economy was a secondary source of income for most people, and reliance on platform earnings did not increase for individuals over time. Third, earnings from labor platforms offset dips in non-platform income, but earnings from capital platforms supplemented non-platform income.
SYNTAXIC INTERGROWTHS IN THE ANDORITE SERIESX

Most specimens of andorite are syntaxic intergrowths of two distinct species, which have also been observed separately. Rather than revivc the name sundtite, we propose to call them andorite IV and andorite VI because their c translations are multiples, 4c' and.6c',of acommonpseudo-period c':4.29 A.ttr. yhaveidentical aandb translations, equal to 13.03 and 19.15 A respectively. They have difierent morphological developments, already noted by Ungemach, with morphological aspects P*ea and. Pn+a retetred to the true cells. Weissenberg and precession #-ray patterns yield difiraction aspects P**a and Pn*a; they also show a strikingly marked pseudo-aspect BD*+, for the pseudo-cell obc', common to both species. Specific gravity determinations on polycrystals give values ranging from 5.23 to 5.M, suggesting different chemical compositions for the two species' Ramdohrite : andorite VI.
From transcriptional complexity to cellular phenotypes: Lessons from yeast

Pervasive transcription has been reported in many eukaryotic organisms, revealing a highly interleaved transcriptome organization that involves thousands of coding and non‐coding RNAs. However, to date, the biological impact of transcriptome complexity is still poorly understood. Here I will review how subtle variations of the transcriptome can lead to divergent cellular phenotypes by fine‐tuning both its coding potential and regulation. I will discuss strategies that can be used to link molecular variations with divergent biological outcomes. Finally, I will explore the implication of transcriptional complexity for our understanding of gene expression in the context of cell‐to‐cell phenotypic variability. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heart involvement in AIDS: a prospective study during various stages of the disease.

The goal of our study was to evaluate the incidence of heart involvement in AIDS patients during various stages of the disease. Between January 1988 to September 1991, we conducted a prospective study in 114 anti-HIV positive patients. The patients, whose mean age (+/- SD) was 34.6 +/- 5.4 years (range 20 to 54), were divided into three groups: anti-HIV positive asymptomatic (n = 31; 27%), AIDS related complex (ARC) group IV-A (n = 11; 10%), and AIDS subgroups IV-C1 (n = 62; 54%) and IV-D (n = 10; 9%). Overall, 84 patients (74%) were i.v. drug abusers, 24 (21%) were homosexuals, and six (5%) were partners at risk. Zidovudine (AZT) was administered to 94 patients (82%). Opportunistic infections and/or secondary malignancies were detected in 72 patients (63%). Electrocardiographic changes were of little clinical relevance. Of 72 AIDS patients, 47 (65.2%) presented a cardiac involvement: 12 subjects (16.6%) were affected by a dilated cardiomyopathy, 13 (18%) by pericardial effusion, three (4.1%) by mitral valve prolapse, four (5.5%) by myocarditis, five (6.9%) by valvular bacterial endocarditis, and 10 (13.8%) by alterations of left ventricle regional contractility. During a mean follow-up period of 44 months, 29 AIDS patients (40.2%) died. Death was attributed to a cardiac event in four patients; autopsy could be performed in 24 of the 29 patients who died. Our results demonstrate that heart involvement is present in 45.6% of HIV-infected patients, but only in the end-stage of the disease (AIDS) and it is presumably due to opportunistic infections and/or secondary malignancies. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TMR Sensitive Equalization for Electronic Servoing in Array-Reader-Based Hard Disk Drives

To achieve enhanced recording density, hard disk drive industry is transitioning into array-reader-based magnetic recording (ARMR) technology, which provides an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio for data detection by exploiting the diversity in signal, interference, and noise provided by the multiple read-elements. A 2-D equalizer, which is the heart of ARMR signal processing, acts to electronically steer the array-reader to provide optimum signal pickup from the track to result in better error-rate performance. To realize this enhanced performance, the 2-D equalizer should be matched to the reader location on the track, which cannot be guaranteed in practice due to track misregistration (TMR) arising from the servo control system. To mitigate this, we present an electronic servoing scheme that estimates the location of the dual-reader on a per-fragment basis and uses this to transform the reference equalizer to a new equalizer that is matched to the estimated location, hence, the name TMR sensitive equalization. Performance evaluation done ~1 Tb/in2 shows that the proposed approach significantly improves read performance in the presence of large read-/write-TMR even without requiring additional adaptation cycles for the 2-D equalizer.
An epidemiological study of salmonellosis of chickens.

12. Sevoian, M. , D. M. Chamberlain, and F. Counter. Avian lymphomatosis. Experimental reproduction of the neural and visceral forms. Vet. Med. 57(6): 500-501, 1962. 13. Vogt, P. K. , and R. Ishizaki. Reciprocal patterns of genetic resistance to avian tumor viruses in two lines of chickens. Virology 26, 664, 1965. 14. Wight, P. A. L. The histopathology of the central nervous system in fowl paralysis. J. Comp. Pathol. Therap. 72, 348-359, 1962.
Homo-oligomerization of ALS2 through Its Unique Carboxyl-terminal Regions Is Essential for the ALS2-associated Rab5 Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Activity and Its Regulatory Function on Endosome Trafficking*

Mutations in the ALS2 gene have been known to account for a juvenile recessive form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS2), a rare juvenile recessive form of primary lateral sclerosis, and a form of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), indicating that the ALS2 protein is essential for the maintenance of motor neurons. Recently, we have demonstrated that the ALS2 protein specifically binds to the small GTPase Rab5 and acts as a GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) for Rab5. We have also shown that its Rab5GEF-requisite domain resides within the C-terminal 640-amino acid region spanning membrane occupation and recognition nexus motifs and the vacuolar protein sorting 9 domain. Transiently expressed ALS2 localized onto early endosomal compartments and stimulated endosome fusions in neuronal and non-neuronal cells in an Rab5GEF activity-dependent manner. These results indicate that the C-terminal region of ALS2 plays a crucial role in endosomal dynamics by its Rab5GEF activity. Here we delineate a molecular feature of the ALS2-associated function through the C-terminal region-mediated homo-oligomerization. A yeast two-hybrid screen for interacting proteins with the ALS2 C-terminal portion identified ALS2 itself. ALS2 forms a homophilic oligomer through its distinct C-terminal regions. This homo-oligomerization is crucial for the Rab5GEF activity in vitro and the ALS2-mediated endosome enlargement in the cells. Taken together, these results indicate that oligomerization of the ALS2 protein is one of the fundamental features for its physiological function involving endosome dynamics in vivo.
Multi-Horizon Forecast Comparison

Abstract We introduce tests for multi-horizon superior predictive ability (SPA). Rather than comparing forecasts of different models at multiple horizons individually, we propose to jointly consider all horizons of a forecast path. We define the concepts of uniform and average SPA. The former entails superior performance at each individual horizon, while the latter allows inferior performance at some horizons to be compensated by others. The article illustrates how the tests lead to more coherent conclusions, and how they are better able to differentiate between models than the single-horizon tests. We provide an extension of the previously introduced model confidence set to allow for multi-horizon comparison of more than two models. Simulations demonstrate appropriate size and high power. An illustration of the tests on a large set of macroeconomic variables demonstrates the empirical benefits of multi-horizon comparison.
Transforming pain medicine: Adapting to science and society

The field of chronic pain medicine is currently facing enormous challenges. The incidence of chronic pain is increasing worldwide, particularly in the developed world. As a result, chronic pain is imposing a growing burden on Western societies in terms of cost of medical care and lost productivity. This burden is exacerbated by the fact that despite research efforts and a huge expenditure on treatment for chronic pain, clinicians have no highly effective treatments or definitive diagnostic measures for patients. The lack of an objective measure for pain impedes basic research into the biological and psychological mechanisms of chronic pain and clinical research into treatment efficacy. The development of objective measurements of pain and ability to predict treatment responses in the individual patient is critical to improving pain management. Finally, pain medicine must embrace the development of a new evidence‐based therapeutic model that recognizes the highly individual nature of responsiveness to pain treatments, integrates bio‐psycho‐behavioural approaches, and requires proof of clinical effectiveness for the various treatments we offer our patients. In the long‐term these approaches will contribute to providing better diagnoses and more effective treatments to lessen the current challenges in pain medicine.
CXCR4 Activation Induces Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Transactivation in an Ovarian Cancer Cell Line

Abstract: Chemokines are a family of proteins that have pleiotropic biological effects. They are well known to regulate the recruitment and trafficking of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. Chemokines are grouped into four classes based on the positions of key cysteine residues: C, CC, CXC, and CX3C. Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1), the ligand of the CXCR4 receptor, is a CXC chemokine and is a highly conserved gene. Ovarian cancer typically disseminates widely in the abdomen, a characteristic that limits curative therapy. The mechanisms that promote ovarian cancer proliferation are incompletely understood. We studied a human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line (OC 314) and investigated the role of CXCR4 activation by SDF‐1 in human ovarian cancer. We demonstrate that CXCR4 and SDF‐1 mRNA are expressed in OC 314. We show that SDF‐1α induces proliferation in ovarian cancer cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Moreover, we demonstrate that the SDF‐1‐dependent proliferation correlates to the phosphorylation and activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, which in turn are correlated to epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor transactivation. In fact, AG1478, a specific inhibitor of the EGF receptor kinase, blocked both SDF‐1α‐dependent proliferation and ERK1/2 activation.
Bank Accounts for the Unbanked: Evidence from a Big Bang Experiment

Over 2.5 billion individuals around the world are unbanked. How they can be brought into the formal financial system is a question of policy and academic interest. We provide evidence on this question from India’s PMJDY program, a“big bang” shock that supplied bank accounts to virtually all of its 260 million unbanked. We analyze activity in the new PMJDY accounts using actual transaction data in the accounts. While the newly included individuals are typically poor, unfamiliar with banking, and do not undergo literacy or other training, transaction levels nevertheless increase as accounts age and converge or exceed levels in non-PMJDY accounts of similar vintage. Usage is led by active transactions and is aided but not entirely explained by benefit transfer programs. The results suggest that the unbanked have unmet (possibly latent) demand for banking, or that the supply of banking perhaps stimulates its own demand.
Conditions of Bifidobacterial Colonization in Preterm Infants: A Prospective Analysis

Background: Premature birth results in a delayed and abnormal qualitative pattern of gut colonization. This abnormal pattern is thought to affect intestinal development and contribute to a higher risk of gastrointestinal infectious diseases such as neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). In particular, bifidobacteria are thought to play a major role. We therefore studied bifidobacterial colonization in preterm infants during the first month of life. Patients and Methods: Fecal samples were prospectively analyzed in 52 infants born at a gestational age ranging from 30 to 35 weeks fed with a preterm formula alone and, in 18, with their mother's milk. Fecal samples were collected twice per week during the hospital stay. Bifidobacterial colonization was analyzed with culture and a molecular method. Results: Bifidobacterial colonization occurred in 18 infants at a median age of 11 days, always greater than the corrected mean gestational age of 35.4 weeks (SD, 0.9) and greater than 34 weeks for 16 of 18. Colonization by bifidobacteria was affected by neither birthweight nor mode of delivery nor antibiotics given to the mother or infant. In contrast, birth gestational age had a significant impact on colonization by bifidobacteria (P < 0.05), which always occurred in children born at a birth gestational age greater than 32.9 weeks (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Birth gestational age seems to act as a major determinant of bifidobacterial colonization in the premature infant, suggesting the role of gut maturation, a finding that should probably be taken into account in manipulations of the gut flora aimed at reducing NEC.
What Drives Voluntary Audit Adoption in Small German Companies?

The purpose of this study is to validate the drivers of voluntary audit in small companies identified in previous research and uncover additional determinants related to agency conflicts with owners. For our research we use the German institutional setting, documented in the literature as being very different from its Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Based on a random sample of 405 small companies responding to a postal questionnaire survey, we find that the proportion of owners not involved in management, the subsidiary status of a company, a company’s legal form, and the importance of financial statements’ information to management activities all increase the likelihood of voluntary audit. In contrast, firms that outsource accounting tasks to an external expert are less likely to opt for voluntary audit, suggesting that an external expert’s involvement substitutes for an external audit. In addition, due to the absence of a statutory audit history for small companies in Germany, we find that voluntary audits are less common compared with findings from previous studies.
Identification of Distinct Specificity Determinants in Resistance Protein Cf-4 Allows Construction of a Cf-9 Mutant That Confers Recognition of Avirulence Protein AVR4

The tomato resistance genes Cf-4 and Cf-9 confer specific, hypersensitive response–associated recognition of Cladosporium carrying the avirulence genes Avr4 and Avr9, respectively. Cf-4 and Cf-9 encode type I transmembrane proteins with extracellular leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). Compared with Cf-9, Cf-4 lacks two LRRs and differs in 78 amino acid residues. To investigate the relevance of these differences for specificity, we exchanged domains between Cf-4 and Cf-9, and mutant constructs were tested for mediating the hypersensitive response by transient coexpression with either Avr4 or Avr9. We show that the number of LRRs is essential for both Cf-4 and Cf-9 function. In addition, Cf-9 specificity resides entirely in the LRR domain and appears to be distributed over several distant LRRs. In contrast, Cf-4 specificity determinants reside in the N-terminal LRR-flanking domain and three amino acid residues in LRRs 13, 14, and 16. These residues are present at putative solvent-exposed positions, and all are required for full Cf-4 function. Finally, we show that Cf-9 carrying the specificity determinants of Cf-4 has recognitional specificity for AVR4. The data indicate that diversifying selection of solvent-exposed residues has been a more important factor in the generation of Cf-4 specificity than has sequence exchange between Cf-4 progenitor genes. The fact that most variant residues in Cf-4 are not essential for Cf-4 specificity indicates that the diverse decoration of R proteins is not fully adapted to confer recognition of a certain avirulence determinant but likely provides a basis for a versatile, adaptive recognition system.