Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mercury in canned tuna: The importance of selenium

To the Editor: The recent article by Gerstenberger et al. [1], reported the mercury (Hg) concentrations, but did not report the selenium (Se) contents of the tuna. Since methylmercury is, by biochemical definition, a highly specific irreversible inhibitor of Se-dependent enzymes [2], it is necessary to measure both Hg and Se to accurately assess risks associated with Hg exposures. The brain and neuroendocrine tissues depend upon Se-dependent enzymes to prevent and reverse oxidative damage that would otherwise accompany their high rates of oxygen consumption. Because the affinity of Hg for Se is approximately a million times higher than its affinity for sulfur [3], the Seenzymes are uniquely vulnerable to inhibition by high methylHg exposures. However, rather than impairing Se enzymes, eating ocean fish such as tuna that are known to provide far more Se than Hg actually enhances nutritional Se status, explaining why ocean fish consumption has repeatedly been shown to prevent, rather than contribute to Hg toxicity [2]. In contrast, consumption of meats of predatory whales and sharks that are known to contain far more Hg than Se has been shown to be hazardous. Current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) risk criteria are based on a study of human Hg exposures that arose predominantly from eating pilot whale meats. Since pilot whale meats are virtually unique in having exceedingly high Hg to Se molar ratios (5:1), as well as Hg contents in excess of 3 ppm [4], this is clearly a food to avoid. In contrast, ocean fish are Se-rich and have Hg to Se molar ratios that are typically on the order of 1:5, which may explain why ocean fish consumption has been shown to counteract Hg toxicity from whale meat consumption [5]. Although blood Hg and blood Hg to Se molar ratios in children exposed in utero are highly correlated [6], relationships between Hg exposures and risk are most accurately predicted from the perspective of Hg to Se molar ratios. Therefore, the selenium-health benefit value (Se-HBV) is preferable since it incorporates both the relative and the absolute amounts of Se intake and Hg exposure in a single criterion. Health benefits are directly associated with positive Se-HBVs, whereas adverse health effects are directly proportional to negative Se-HBVs [2]. Since methylmercury is an enzyme inhibitor, its chemical reactions are clearly second order. Therefore, attempting to
Tracheobronchial epithelium of the sheep: II. Ultrastructural and morphometric analysis of the epithelial secretory cell types

In a light microscopic study we have described the morphology and distribution of six distinct, granule‐containing cells in the tracheobronchial epithelium of sheep lung. We designed the present study to determine qualitatively and quantitatively whether these six cell types differ in ultrastructural morphology. Cell height varied from 30.6 μm for mucous cell M1 to 9.6 μm for Clara cells. Cell width varied from 21.2 μm for M1 to 9.3 μm for Clara cells. Nuclear dimensions ranged from 7.5 μm in M3 to 4.0 μm in M1 and M2. Mucous cell M1 had electron‐dense granules (1.5 μm in diameter); M2, electron‐lucent granules (1.6 μm); M3, nucleated electron‐lucent granules (0.51 μm); M4, cored granules (1.1 μm); serous (SC) and Clara cells (CC), electronopaque granules (0.58 μm and 0.37 μm). The volume fraction of the cell occupied by granules was 63% in M1 and M2, M4 39%, SC 23%, CC 5%, and M3 4.5%. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum was observed only in M3 (33.8%) and CC (49%). Granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) was most abundant in SC (21%) and least plentiful in M4 (2.2%). We conclude that mucous cells M3 and M4 and serous and Clara cells differ from each other and from M1 and M2 cells. Mucous cells M1 and M2 differ from each other only in amount of GER and secretory granule appearance.
Computational exploration of the network of sequence flow between protein structures

We investigate small sequence adjustments (of one or a few amino acids) that induce large conformational transitions between distinct and stable folds of proteins. Such transitions are intriguing from evolutionary and protein‐design perspectives. They make it possible to search for ancient protein structures or to design protein switches that flip between folds and functions. A network of sequence flow between protein folds is computed for representative structures of the Protein Data Bank. The computed network is dense, on an average each structure is connected to tens of other folds. Proteins that attract sequences from a higher than expected number of neighboring folds are more likely to be enzymes and alpha/beta fold. The large number of connections between folds may reflect the need of enzymes to adjust their structures for alternative substrates. The network of the Cro family is discussed, and we speculate that capacity is an important factor (but not the only one) that determines protein evolution. The experimentally observed flip from all alpha to alpha + beta fold is examined by the network tools. A kinetic model for the transition of sequences between the folds (with only protein stability in mind) is proposed. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Review on Moving Object Detection and Tracking Methods

Real time motion detection has very wide application in human motion recognition or vehicle motion recognition. Patient monitoring, human–computer interaction are the recent applications of the human motion recognition, and is recent application of vehicle motion recognition are vehicle counting and very helpful in traffic control by detecting vehicle as per size, color, speed. In video surveillance real time motion recognition is very difficult so I want to work on real time motion recognition. Based on above discussion in my research work I have decided to develop intelligent framework for Real time moti on detection or recognition for appropriate thing or object. Still real time image based or video based motion detection are hidden area so I want to carry out my work on real time video based detect behavior of human as per movement of object or vehicle detection in sense of hybrid. It will prove very helpful for public safety. This paper combines the GMM and Optical Flow object detection and tracking. In this paper we combine GMM and Optical Flow method. GMM can be used in the context of a complex environment while Optical Flow can be used for quick calculation with simple background. GMM is not a complete object tracking while Object Flow provides complete computation tracking.
Perception—Action Coupling during Bimanual Coordination: The Role of Visual Perception in the Coalition of Constraints That Govern Bimanual Action

Abstract Constraints pertaining to interlimb coordination have been studied extensively in the past decades. In this debate, F. Mechsner (2004) has taken a provocative position by putting primary emphasis on perceptual principles that mediate coordinative stability. Whereas the present authors agree that the role of perceptual principles is of critical importance during coordination, they take issue with Mechsner's extreme position and with the evidence forwarded to support a purely perceptual-cognitive approach to bimanual coordination. More specifically, the authors emphasize that current knowledge about brain function argues against a dualism between perception and action, criticize the presented evidence that posture manipulations during coordination provide decisive evidence against motoric and muscular constraints, and report on potential pitfalls associated with the use of visual transformation procedures to support complex coordination patterns.
Laser Antimissile Optimization Based on Very Fast Simulated Annealing Algorithm

The dynamic laser antimissile problem is focused on with the very fast simulated annealing (VFSA) algorithm. The attacking ordering optimization plays an important role in the real-time application. This problem is much harder than the traveling salesman problem. There are many barriers for finding the global optimal solution, especially when the number of the targets is greater than six. The very fast simulated annealing algorithm is introduced here. And the fast simulated annealing (FSA) and classical simulated annealing (CSA) are also used to compare with the VFSA. Finally, taking ten targets as an example, the simulation results show that VFSA has faster convergence than those of the CSA and FSA. Therefore, the VFSA can be used in real-word application.
Tobacco and Oral Diseases

It is well known that smoking contributes to the development of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease, and there is weighty evidence that it has a considerable influence on oral health. Smoking has many negative effects on the mouth, including staining of teeth and dental restorations, reduction of the ability to smell and taste, and the development of oral diseases such as smoker’s palate, smoker’s melanosis, coated tongue, and, possibly, oral candidosis and dental caries, periodontal disease, implant failure, oral precancer and cancer. From a qualitative point of view the latter is obviously the most serious tobacco-related effect in the mouth. Quantitatively, however, importance has been attached to periodontitis, which affects a large proportion of the population, and during recent years more attention has been given to implant survival rates. Dentists have an important role to play in preventing the harmful effects of smoking in the mouth, and consequently smoking counselling should be as much a part of the dentist’s job as plaque control and dietary advice.
Reversal of Risky Choice in a Good versus a Bad World

In many situations one has to choose between risky alternatives, knowing only one's past experience with those alternatives. Such decisions can be made in more – or less – benevolent settings or 'worlds'. In a 'good world', high payoffs are more frequent than low payoffs, and vice versa in a 'bad world'. In two studies, we explored whether the world influences choice behavior: Whether people behave differently in a 'good' versus a 'bad' world. Subjects made repeated, incentivized choices between two gambles, one riskier than the other, neither offering a sure amount. The gambles were held equivalent in terms of their expected value, differing only in variance. Worlds were manipulated both between- and within-subject: In Study 1, each subject experienced one world – good, bad or mediocre; in Study 2, each subject experienced both a good and a bad world. We examine the aggregate pattern of behavior (average choice frequencies), and the dynamics of behavior across time. We observed significant differences in the aggregate pattern: In a good world, subjects tended to choose the riskier alternative, and vice versa in a bad world. The pattern of the dynamics, i.e., the transitions from round to round, were best explained by a reaction to the counterfactual reward: When the unchosen alternative yielded a better payoff, the tendency to subsequently choose it was higher. We compared these two patterns to the predictions of three types of models: Reinforcement learning, regret-based and disappointment-based models. Behavior was in line only with the predictions of regret-based models.
An International Perspective and Review of Cocaine-Induced Psychosis: A Call to Action

Cocaine use can induce transient psychotic symptoms that include suspiciousness, paranoia, hallucinations, and other cocaine-related behaviors. In this commentary, the authors provide an international perspective while reviewing the recent advances in epidemiology, clinical features, and risk factors related to cocaine-induced psychosis exhibited by patients with cocaine use disorders. In some settings, the occurrence of cocaine-induced psychosis has been shown to be as high as 86.5%. Many risk factors have been linked with cocaine-induced psychosis, including the quantity of cocaine consumed, lifetime amount of cocaine use, onset of cocaine dependence, years of use, routes of administration, other substance use disorder comorbidity, weight, gender, comorbidity with other medical and mental health disorders, genetics, and pharmacological interactions. Research has shown that the evaluation of cocaine-induced psychosis in patients with cocaine use is clinically relevant, especially in those patients who consume high amounts of cocaine, have a cannabis dependence history, have antisocial personality disorder, use administration routes other than intranasal, or exhibit attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbidity. Currently, the literature lacks information regarding the evolution of cocaine dependence or cocaine-dependent patients’ risk for developing schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders. Furthermore, clinicians still do not have an evidence-based pharmacological approach to management of cocaine dependence available to them. Additional research is also needed regarding risk factors such as neurobiological markers and personality traits. Finally, we recommend the development of an integrative model including all of the risk factors and protective factors for cocaine-induced psychosis.
Acute neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism fails to dampen airflow limitation or airway eosinophilia in an experimental model of feline asthma

Objectives Feline allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower airways that may manifest with acute, life-threatening clinical signs. Tachykinins released from sensory nerves and immune cells binding neurokinin (NK)-1, NK-2 and NK-3 receptors have been implicated in asthma pathogenesis. Maropitant, an NK-1 receptor antagonist, blocks neuroimmune pathways and may be a viable treatment option for cats in asthmatic crisis. Using an experimental chronic allergic feline asthma model, we hypothesized that a single dose of maropitant given immediately after allergen challenge would blunt clinical signs, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway eosinophilia. Methods Cats (n = 7) induced to have an asthmatic phenotype using Bermuda grass allergen (BGA) were enrolled in a prospective, placebo-controlled crossover design study. Cats randomly received maropitant (2 mg/kg SC) or placebo (saline SC) immediately post-BGA challenge, followed 12 h later by pulmonary mechanics testing and measurement of airway eosinophils. After a 2 week washout, cats were crossed-over to the alternate treatment. Study endpoints included subjective clinical scoring systems post-BGA challenge, ventilator-acquired pulmonary mechanics to assess AHR after bronchoprovocation with methacholine and collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid to quantify airway eosinophilia. Data were analyzed using a Mann–Whitney rank sum test with P <0.05 considered significant. Results A single injection of maropitant failed to diminish clinical composite score (P = 0.902), visual analogue scale scoring (P = 0.710), AHR (P = 0.456) or airway eosinophilia (P = 0.165) compared with placebo. Conclusions and relevance A single injection of maropitant given immediately post-allergen challenge was ineffective at blunting clinical signs, AHR and airway eosinophilia, and cannot be recommended as treatment for feline status asthmaticus.
Beamforming Based on Specular Component for Massive MIMO Systems in Ricean Fading

This paper is concerned with massive MIMO systems over Ricean fading channels. To reduce the overhead for estimating channel state information (CSI), we investigate transmit/receive beamforming transmission only based on the specular component and treat the scattered component as interference. For the scenario without co-channel interference, we show that the ergodic achievable rate can remain unchanged when the transmit power is scaled down by the multiplication of the two numbers of antennas at the transmitter and the receiver, and can be equal to that of the corresponding beamforming based on perfect CSI when both of the numbers of antennas go without bound. Theoretical analysis is also extended to the scenario with co-channel interference. Simulation results further show that even though the numbers of antennas are not very large, the exact rate is quite close to its limit.
Knowledge structures of a health ecosystem.

PURPOSE This paper aims to hypothesize that modern health systems are transforming towards what has been called a health ecosystem in complexity-based health care literature. It has been argued that complexity arises from the interconnectedness, which in this paper is equated with knowledge flows between actors. The paper seeks to discuss the possible implications of a health ecosystem approach to health system management. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH The paper is conceptual in nature but the transition towards a health ecosystem is illustrated with an example of a regional health care system in Finland. The case description and related analysis presented are based on qualitative data gathered by interviewing leading office-holders, by process modeling and by observing management group meetings. FINDINGS Conceptually, a health ecosystem seems to have potential for the system-level analysis of the health care system. The discussion concludes that management of knowledge flows should be a strategic management function for individual health organizations as well as for the wider health system. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS This study focuses on a Finnish health care system. The operations and structures of health care services and systems vary in different areas and countries. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The practical illustration of the health ecosystem provides a reminder that health care systems are dynamic and largely based on interaction between different actors. The approach provides new strategic insights for the development of health care systems by concentrating on interrelationships and knowledge flows. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The literature has suggested that the ecosystem metaphor offers useful insights for the development of health care systems. Nevertheless, this approach has not been thoroughly studied so far. This paper makes a contribution by presenting a practical illustration of the framework and in light of this discusses the possible implications for health care management.
Analysis of factors affecting Ca2+‐dependent inactivation dynamics of L‐type Ca2+ current of cardiac myocytes in pulmonary vein of rabbit

• L‐type Ca2+ channels are inactivated by an increase in intracellular [Ca2+], known as Ca2+‐dependent inactivation (CDI), and are inhibited by Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), known as release‐dependent inhibition (RDI). • RDI was greatly enhanced by the removal of Na+–Ca2+ exchange (Incx), and attenuated by blocking Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and abolished by Ca2+ chelator. • We analysed the role of ICaL, SR and Incx and found Incx prevented CDI by controlling [Ca2+] in the junctional subsarcolemmal space ([Ca2+]JSS). • With previously developed model and the addition of Ca2+ binding kinetics of L‐type Ca2+ channels (ICaLs), we successfully reproduced CDI and RDI. • From this simulation, we found Incx actively participated in controlling CDI by the regulation of [Ca2+]JSS and by controlling SR Ca2+ refilling.
Early developmental patterning sets the stage for brain evolution

The evolution of brain structure and function has long fascinated biologists. This fascination was initially prompted by the observation that allometric relationships exist between the size of the brain—or brain region—and body size across a wide range of vertebrates (1). Besides random drift, two main ideas have been advanced to explain how brains evolve, and both have found considerable support. From a purely adaptationist point of view, selection on a specific set of behavior patterns or sensory specializations is thought to result in “mosaic” changes in only the brain regions that mediate these processes (2). In contrast, selection on any single brain region would cause the brain to change as a whole unit owing to developmental constraints and processes that regulate the formation and growth of a range of brain regions overall (3).
Implicit Memory is Vulnerable to Proactive Interference

We investigated the possibility that implicit memory, like explicit memory, can be disrupted by proactive interference. Participants first viewed a list of words, with nontargets in the first half of the list and targets in the second. Nontargets were either similar in structure (e.g., “ANALOGY”) or unrelated (e.g., “URGENCY”) to the targets (e.g., “ALLERGY”). After several filler tasks, participants completed an implicit fragment-completion test (e.g., “A_L_ _ GY”) for the target items. Participants who viewed similar nontargets completed fewer fragments with target items and made more intrusions than did participants who viewed unrelated nontargets. Together with previous findings, these results suggest that similar nontargets can compete with target items to produce interference in implicit memory.
A process-based view of memory

The observation that performance may be uncorrelated, or dissociated across different tests devised to measure memory, is a phenomenon that has long captured the intense interest of memory theorists. The importance of dissociations is illustrated in an experiment reported by Jacoby (1983). In this experiment, subjects studied words by either reading them in the absence of any semantic context or by generating them from antonym cues. A dramatic dissociation was obtained when memory was subsequently assessed on recognition and perceptual identification tests. A typical generation effect was observed for recognition, with generated items being better recognized than words that were simply read during original presentation. Conversely, words were more likely to be named following tachistoscopic presentation on a perceptual identification task if they had been read at study rather than generated. Similar reversals of the generation effect have now been reported for such tasks as perceptual identification (Winnick & Daniel, 1970; Clarke & Morton, 1983;\Veldon, 1991; see also Masson& MacLeod, 1992), word fragment completion (Smith & Branscombe, 1988; Blaxton 1989, 1992; Srinivas & Roediger, 1990) and word stem completion (Bassili et al., 1989; Java & Gardiner, 1991; McClelland & Pring, 1991). Some theorists have appealed to transfer appropriate processing as an account of dissociations among memory measures (Morris et al., 1977). This principle holds that memory performance improves to the degree that the type of processing engaged at study is recapitulated at time of retrieval. To the extent that there is a mismatch between the type of processing done at study and test, performance will drop. Jacoby (1983) suggested that it was useful to distinguish between conceptually-driven processing that is based on semantic meaning of stimuli, and datadriven processing that is more concerned with perceptual features of stimuli apart from their semantic content.
New classification proposals for epilepsy: A real advancement in the nosography of the disease?

they apply to epileptic seizures, providing network definitions that admit that no seizures are purely focal or purely generalized (Berg et al., 2010), similar arguments for the preservation of the terms idiopathic and symptomatic might be made for historical reasons (idiopathic generalized epilepsies flows nicely over the tongue). However, there is also a reasonable argument to say what we mean: genetic and structural/metabolic. This may still be a debate worth having. With respect to the classification of structural/metabolic epilepsies, which have hampered the work of ILAE task forces and commissions for over a decade, categorization based on diseases associated with epilepsy, as opposed to attempts to create syndromes as unique diagnostic entities, might be a better way to go. Within this organization, for practical clinical purposes, I would strongly advocate for a category called ‘‘surgically remediable. ’’