Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Leaching of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from the Biomass of Three Cover Crop Species

Cover crops, although they may reduce the leaching of NO 3 -N to groundwater, may increase nutrient concentration in runoff because of biomass leaching during rainfall events. A simulated rainfall study was conducted in the laboratory to determine the effects of freezing alone and freezing plus drying treatments, loading rate, and rainfall intensity on the leaching of NH 4 -N, NO 4 -N, and inorganic P from the biomass of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), and oilseed radish [Raphanus sativus (L.) var. oleifera Dc Metzg] (.)
Phenolics in food and nutraceuticals

Phenolics in Food and Nutraceuticals is the first single-source compendium of essential information concerning food phenolics. This unique book reports the classification and nomenclature of phenolics, their occurrence in food and nutraceuticals, chemistry and applications, and nutritional and health effects. In addition, it describes antioxidant activity of phenolics in food and nutraceuticals as well as methods for analysis and quantification. Each chapter concludes with an extensive bibliography for further reading. Food scientists, nutritionists, chemists, biochemists, and health professionals will find this book valuable.
Three-dimensional optical metamaterials

Metamamaterials have attracted a lot of attention due to their fascinating properties. Many proactical applications have been suggested such as negative refraction, perfect lens, and invisibility cloak. In order to create real materials, we need three-dimensional structures. These structures pose some challenges in fabrication as well as with regards to understanding their optical properties, especially the relevant coupling mechanisms between neighboring elements and layers. In this thesis, we are going to present the advantages and problems associated with different fabrication methods. We will discuss coupling between the elements, taking electric and magnetic dipoles as well as higher order multipoles into account. Longitudinal and transverse interactions as well as their interplay will be examined. Metamaterialien haben aufgrund ihrer faszinierenden Eigenschaften viel Aufsehen erregt. Es wurden zahlreiche optische Anwendungen vorgeschlagen, wie zum Beispiel Materialien mit negativem Brechungsindex, Perfekte Linsen und Tarnkappen. Um reale Metamaterialien herzustellen, braucht man dreidimensionale Strukturen. Es ist eine anspruchvolle Aufgabe, diese Strukturen herzustellen und ihre optischen Eigenschaften, im Besonderen die Kopplungsmechanismen zwischen benachbarten Strukturen und Ebenen zu verstehen. In dieser Arbeit, stellen wir die Vorteile und Probleme vor, die mit verschiedenen Herstellungsmethoden einhergehen. Wir diskutieren die Kopplung zwischen einzelnen Elementen und berucksichtigen elektrische und magnetische Dipole sowie hohere Ordnungen der Multipolentwicklung. Es werden longitudinale und transversale Wechselwirkungen sowie deren Zusammenspiel untersucht.
Technetium migration in fluoroapatite during thermal annealing

Summary Technetium migration was investigated apatite a possible nuclear wastes conditioning materials. 99mTc was introduced into fluoroapatite by ion implantation. The analysis of implanted profile evolution under samples treatment allows to identify the migration process as a bulk diffusion. The observed Tc release is correlated to the oxidation of Tc by interaction with air at the sample surface.
Gravity-driven thin liquid films : rivulets and flow dynamics

The work presented in this thesis focuses on the classical problem of gravity-driven thin films flowing over rigid substrate. Two problems are considered, the formation of rivulets at the advancing front of a spreading liquid and the inner flow structures formed when a continuous fluid film flows over a substrate on whose surface topographical features are present. The governing equations for each problem are thus formulated in two distinct forms: one using the long-wave approximation theory and the other the full Navier-Stokes and continuity equations. Accordingly, two state-of-the-art computational methodologies are developed and utilised to extract tractable numerical solutions from the two equation sets. The first problem of rivulet formation, explored using an error-controlled adaptive multigrid method to solve the lubrication equations, builds on the seminal work of Huppert (1982). By constructing a systematic and thorough data set for both fully and partially wetting liquids, a new expression for the wavelength of the rivulet pattern is obtained incorporating the wetting properties of the film. Long-time solutions uncover the transient dynamics that are associated with rivulet formation such as the merging of neighbouring fingers. The study is extended to consider film flow on the outer and inner surfaces of a cylinder; curvature effects becoming prevalent as the radius of the cylinder decreases. The cylinder’s circumference counter-acts curvature effects in that at a critical value, the evolution of the contact line is restricted to a single rivulet. The impact of surface heterogeneities (topographic and chemical), as well as the presence of surface tension gradients, on rivulet evolution is also explored. Distinctly different in focus, the induction of the transport of liquid from separated re-circulating regions in the valleys of substrate topography is investigated. Results from this preliminary work demonstrate how pulsed surface waves passing over the topography to break the symmetry and excite the separatrix, forming lobes which transport liquid across the boundary between the bulk and eddy flow. Using particle tracking calculations to visualise this phenomena reveals the dependence of the transport enhancement on the size of the free-surface disturbance created.
Colloidal stability of magnetic nanoparticles in molten salts

Molten salts are important heat transfer fluids used in nuclear, solar and other high temperature engineering systems. Dispersing nanoparticles in molten salts can enhance the heat transfer capabilities of the fluid. High temperature and high ionicity of the medium make it difficult to make a colloidally stable dispersion of nanoparticles in molten salts. The aggregation and sedimentation kinetics of different nanoparticles dispersed in molten salts is studied, and trends of settling rates with system parameters like particle size, temperature and concentration are observed. Finally, a hypothesis based on ultra low values of Hamaker coefficient is suggested in order to achieve long term colloidal stability in molten salts medium.
A Phosphane-Free, Atom-Efficient Cross-Coupling Reaction of Triarylbismuths with Acyl Chlorides Catalyzed by MCM-41-Immobilized Palladium Complex

The first phosphane-free, heterogeneous, atom-efficient cross-coupling reaction of triarylbismuths and acyl chlorides was achieved in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) with Bu3N as the base at 80 °C in the presence of 1.5 mol-% MCM-41-immobilized bidentate nitrogen palladium complex [MCM-41–2N-Pd(OAc)2, MCM = mobile crystalline material] to yield a variety of unsymmetrical biaryl ketones in good to excellent yields. This heterogeneous palladium catalyst exhibited a high activity, which was similar to that of Pd(PPh3)4. The catalyst can be recovered by a simple filtration of the reaction solution and recycled in at least 10 consecutive trials without any decrease in activity. Our system not only avoids the use of phosphane ligands, but also solves the basic problem of palladium catalyst recovery and reuse.
Effect of Temperature on the Sticking of Low Melting Point Materials

Sticking is a common phenomenon in the manufacture of tablets in which the top of a tablet becomes pilled during compression.The effects of tableting machine temperatures on the sticking of butyl-p-hydroxybenzoate were examined. Sticking was estimated by measuring the pressure placed on a scraper (scraper pressure, or SCR). The pressure reached a maximum value at a homologous temperature of around T/Tm=0.90, where the probability of sticking is high. It was found that sticking occurs easily in materials having a low melting point and in fine particles when compression stress and temperature are constant.We also found that the x^--R control charts obtained by measuring SCR help to detect sticking. Moreover, a shear test of tablets on a temperature-controlled metal plate was carried out, and the results were similar to those of the SCR; that is, the shear strength (C) and friction coefficient (μ) reached a maximum value at T/Tm=0.90.
Soil nitrogen and denitrification potential as affected by land use and stand age following agricultural abandonment in a headwater catchment

Changes in vegetation and soil properties because of agricultural abandonment may affect soil nitrogen (N) and associated processes. We investigated soil N (total N: TN, inorganic N: NH4–N and NO3–N) and denitrification potential in cropland, pine plantations and abandoned agricultural land along a secondary succession sequence (grassland→shrubland→secondary forest) in a headwater catchment in the Qinling Mountains, northwest China. The results show that the soil denitrification potential differed significantly among the five land‐use types with the highest potential in the secondary forest, followed by grassland, shrubland, cropland and plantations. The denitrification potential of the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer was significantly lower compared with the topsoil (0–20 cm) across all land‐use types. TN, soil organic matter (SOM) and NH4–N increased significantly with stand age, whereas there was an opposite trend in soil pH. However, the denitrification potential did not relate to stand age in a linear manner. We conclude that changes in soil TN, SOM and pH during vegetation succession following agricultural abandonment are critical controls on the denitrification potential.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone1 Receptors Mediate Consensus Interferon-α YM643-Induced Depression-Like Behavior in Mice

Depression-like behavior induced by YM643, a consensus interferon-α (IFN-α), was evaluated with the tail-suspension test in mice and compared with depression-like behavior induced by sumiferon, a natural IFN-α. To investigate the mechanism of IFN-α-induced depression-like behavior, the effects of the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, and the selective corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist CP-154,526 on IFN-α-induced depression-like behavior were evaluated. Intravenously injected YM643 (2 × 10 8 –2 × 10 9 U/kg) and sumiferon (2 × 10 6 –2 × 10 7 I.U./kg) dose-dependently increased immobility time. Repeated s.c. injection of either YM643 (6 × 10 6 –6 × 10 8 U/kg) or sumiferon (6 × 10 4 –6 × 10 6 I.U./kg) for 7 days also dose-dependently increased immobility time. After i.c. v. injection of either YM643 (2 × 10 6 U/mouse) or sumiferon (6 × 10 4 I.U./mouse), significant prolongation of immobility time also was observed. Pretreatment with imipramine (30 mg/kg s.c.) significantly reduced the YM643- or sumiferon-induced increases in immobility time. CP-154,526 (0.3–3 mg/kg s.c.) dose-dependently reduced YM643- or sumiferon-induced increases in immobility time with ID 50 values of 0.6 mg/kg against YM643 and 1.3 mg/kg against sumiferon. However, neither indomethacin (10 mg/kg s.c.) nor naloxone (3 mg/kg s.c.) had any effect on YM643- or sumiferon-induced increases in immobility time. These results suggest that IFN-α centrally induces depression-like behavior in mice that can be alleviated with imipramine. The results also suggest that activation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors is involved in IFN-α-induced depression-like behavior, but the prostaglandin and opioid systems do not participate in this process.
The Capital Account and Aid Dependence

Closed capital accounts limit the scope for portfolio diversification. If further there is floor to consumption, at very low level of wealth uncertainty causes consumers to withdraw from investments. This paper studies the role of aid transfers aimed at fostering domestic capital accumulation in undoing this low-level development trap. Using mean-variance approach we derive optimal aid dependence and contrast investment policies in closed and open capital account regimes. It is shown that under free capital mobility: (i) the combination of investment risk and diminishing returns may reduce the proportion of aid funnelled to domestic investment as part of aid is invested abroad if not left idle; and (ii) if aid inflows are positively correlated with returns from foreign assets, consumers opt for less aid dependence because it is optimal to purchase foreign assets and insure themselves against risk. JEL Classification: E21, F21, F35, O11
Origins of Interface States and Oxide Charges Generated by Ionizing Radiation in Metal-Oxide-Silicon Structures.

Abstract : Evidences are presented to support proposed models of interface states and oxide charges in silicon MOS structures and their interaction with ionizing radiation. Interface states arise from a random distribution of the trivalent silicon centers at the oxide-silicon interface which perturb the silicon conduction and valence band states into the silicon band gap to give the U-shaped surface state density spectra. The positive oxide charges are from both trivalent silicon donor centers and excess oxygen centers. The trivalent silicon centers can be readily neutralized by trace amount of water to form the Si-OH centers which are highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. The Si-OH bond can be broken by ionizing radiation via hole capture or secondary impact ionization. The OH(-) ions freed from the trivalent silicon bonds can readily drift in the high electric field in the oxide of a MOS structure. Process conditions for the generation and annealing of these centers are described. A study is made of the accuracy of interface state density spectra analysis using the high-frequency capacitance-voltage characteristics of MOS capacitors. Single and discrete interface state levels can be resolved by this method. (Author)
The Extrinsic Precursor Kinetics of Methane Adsorption onto Ethylidyne-Covered Pt(111)

The kinetics of methane trapping on ethylidyne-covered Pt(111) were investigated using supersonic molecular beam techniques at surface temperatures between the temperature at which methane desorbs from the monolayer and from a second layer. The inability of the Langmuir,1 Kisliuk,2 or modified Kisliuk3,4 models to fit the temperature dependence of the adsorption probability prompted the derivation of a model in which adsorption is forced through an extrinsic precursor. The difference in activation energies for desorption from the precursor state and migration of the extrinsic precursor, Ed‘ − Em‘, is 5.4 kJ/mol, and the ratio of preexponential factors, / , is 2 × 104. The difference in activation energies suggests that the extrinsic precursor makes about 105 site hops near the desorption temperature in search of a binding site. The high degree of corrugation in the gas−surface potential may be responsible for the relatively high barrier to migration in the extrinsic precursor.
Untersuchung der elastischen Eigenschaften von Gelatine-Gelen mittels Magnetisierungsmessungen unter Verwendung von Nickelnanostäben als Sonden

The main objective of the present study was the determination of the shear modulus of gelatine gels via magnetization measurements using Nickel nanorods as probes. Nickel nanorods with diameters of 17 – 29 nm and lengths of 125 – 454 nm were synthesized by electrodeposition of Ni into nanoporous alumina templates. After dissolution of the templates the nanorods were dispersed in mechanically hard gelatine gels in order to characterize their magnetic behaviour by magnetization measurements. It could be shown, that the nanorods are uniaxial, ferromagnetic single-domain particles and that the reversible rotation of the magnetic moments out of the long-rod axis occurs by a delocalized coherent rotation, whereas the irreversible switching of the magnetization is localized. Dispersed in soft gelatine matrices magnetization measurements showed, that the Nickel nanorods rotate reversibly in field direction. In this study four methods were developed and applied in order to obtain the shear modulus of the surrounding matrix from magnetization curves. The analysis of the same gel sample with these four methods provided nearly identical values for the shear modulus. Furthermore, a logarithmic increase of the shear modulus with increasing gelation time was observed with all analyzed gels which is in good agreement with macroscopic rheological measurements of gelatine-gels. Additionally it could be shown, that the shear modulus of soft gelatine gels with varying gelatine concentrations c follows the characteristic c2-dependency of the macroscopic shear modulus of gelatine.
The modelling of coalescence processes in fluid-liquid dispersions : a review of current understanding

The review addresses current understanding of the processes of collision and coalescence in pure gas-liquid and liquid-liquid dispersions. Attention is restricted to flow-driven collisions, apart from brief reference to related gravity-driven phenomena at free-interfaces. Plane-film and full numerical solutions of drainage are compared in the immobile, partially-mobile and fully-mobile cases and related expressions developed for the coalescence probability. Finally, the perspectives and problems involved in the use of such experssions are examined, in conjunction with flow simulation codes for the mathematical modelling of particle-size evolution in dispersed flows.
SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURED SOL-GEL SORBENTS FOR SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN OXIDES FROM FLUE GAS

Regenerative, alumina-supported, copper-based sorbent/catalysts provide a promising technique for simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx from flue gas. These sorbents can remove over 90% of SO2 and 70+% of NOx while generating no wastes, reducing energy consumption, and producing valuable by-products. The lack of a cost-effective sorbent with low attrition rate and good reactivity has been the main hurdle to commercialization of this copper oxide process. Developing such a sorbent is the focus of this dissertation. This work examines using sol-gel techniques rather than traditional processes to produce γ-alumina and copper coated γ-alumina granular sorbents. Important modifications to the established sol-gel synthesis process were made, which minimized generated wastes and reduced preparation time and sorbent cost. A laboratory scale semi-continuous process providing a basis for large-scale synthesis was developed. The effect of the copper content on the surface area and dispersion of the active species on sol-gel-derived sorbents coated by the one step and wet-impregnation methods was studied. The sol-gel-derived sorbents showed superior sulfation and regeneration properties than the existing commercial sorbents used in the copper oxide process in terms of sulfation capacity, fast regeneration, recovery of sorption capacity, and SO2 concentration in the regenerated effluent. The optimum temperature for NO reduction by NH3 over sol-gel-derived CuO/γ-Al2O3 was found to be 350°C for both fresh and sulfated catalysts. This was also the optimum operating temperature for simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOX from simulated flue gas. At 350°C, the adsorption capacity of the sol-gel sorbent/catalyst was higher than UOP’s sorbent, and very close to the capacity of ALCOA’s sorbent, while the catalytic activity for NO reduction of the sol-gel-derived CuO/γ-Al2O3 sorbent fell between the commercial sorbents. The new mesoporous sol-gel-derived materials showed larger surface area, better mechanical strength, and more uniform dispersion of the copper species than existing commercially available sorbents. The superior mechanical properties, better cost effectiveness, and comparable efficiency for simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOX of the sol-gel-derived CuO/γ-Al2O3 sorbents with respect to the commercial ones make them a good option for use in the copper oxide process for combined removal of SO2 and NOX from flue gas.
Changes in the Physico-Chemical Properties of Palm Date using different drying methods

This study was aimed to compar the physico chemical proprieties and antioxidant activity of dried palm date of ‘Alligh’ cultivar. Three drying methods were used, the conventional open air sun drying (OASD), direct solar dryer (DSD) and microwave drying (MW) at different output powers density and temperature: 1W/g (90°C, 80°C), 2W/g (70°C, 75°C), 3W/g (62°C, 100°C). A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in titratable acidity as citric acid and an increase in pH after drying of palm date were observed. The pH values were more affected by microwave drying 3w/g Changes in the Physico-Chemical Properties ــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــ ــــــــــ ــــــــ ـــــــــــــ University Bulletin – ISSUE No.17Vol. (1) – March 2015. 60 compared to OASD and DSD methods. Significant differences were observed in fructose and glucose content according to the drying methods; however, the effect of the different methods on Brix content was not significant. Microwave drying 3W/g at 62°C and 100°C increase significantly the polyphenols and flavoinoids contents, respectively 1463.00 and 1166.94 mg/100g compared to fresh date (77.37 mg/100g). The DBBH and ABTS assay showed significant difference of antioxidant activity for date extracts. The DPPH value increase in date dried at microwave and decreased using OASD and DSD drying methods. The ABTS values increased in all palm dried extracts and the highest value was observed using microwave drying. Key Word: drying methods, palm date, antioxidant, physicochemical proprieties
Rate coefficients for the endothermic reactions C+(2P)+H2(D2)→CH+(CD+)+H(D) as functions of temperature from 400–1300 K

We have measured the bimolecular rate coefficients for the reactions of C+(2P) with H2 and D2 as functions of temperature from 400 to 1300 K using a high temperature flowing afterglow apparatus. The temperature dependences of these rate coefficients are accurately fit by the Arrhenius equation, with activation energies equal within experimental uncertainty to the reaction endothermicities. Internal energy dependences have been deduced by combining the present data with previous drift tube and ion beam measurements. We found that reactant rotational energy and translational energy are equally effective in surmounting the energy barrier to reaction, and that vibrational excitation of the neutral reactant to the v=1 state enhances the rate coefficients by a factor of ∼1000 for the reaction with H2 and by ∼6000 for the reaction with D2 at temperatures of 800 and 500 K, respectively. This vibrational enhancement is larger than the enhancement that would be produced if the same amount of energy were put into tr.
Techno‐economic analysis of biomass/coal Co‐gasification IGCC systems with supercritical steam bottom cycle and carbon capture

In recent years, integrated gasification combined cycle technology has been gaining steady popularity for use in clean coal power operations with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). This study focuses on investigating two approaches to improve efficiency and further reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. First, replace the traditional subcritical Rankine steam cycle portion of the overall plant with a supercritical steam cycle. Second, add different amounts of biomass as feedstock to reduce emissions. Employing biomass as a feedstock has the advantage of being carbon neutral or even carbon negative if CCS is implemented. However, due to limited feedstock supply, such plants are usually small (2–50 MW), which results in lower efficiency and higher capital and production costs. Considering these challenges, it is more economically attractive and less technically challenging to co‐combust or co‐gasify biomass wastes with low‐rank coals.