Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Endometrial cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study.

BACKGROUND Postmenopausal women who use hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) containing oestrogen alone are at increased risk of endometrial cancer. To minimise this risk, many HRT users who have not had a hysterectomy use combined oestrogen-progestagen preparations or tibolone. Limited information is available on the incidence of endometrial cancer in users of these therapies. METHODS 716,738 postmenopausal women in the UK without previous cancer or previous hysterectomy were recruited into the Million Women Study in 1996-2001, provided information about their use of HRT and other personal details, and were followed up for an average of 3.4 years, during which time 1320 incident endometrial cancers were diagnosed. FINDINGS 320,953 women (45%) reported at recruitment that they had used HRT, among whom 69,577 (22%) last used continuous combined therapy (progestagen added daily to oestrogen), 145,486 (45%) last used cyclic combined therapy (progestagen added to oestrogen, usually for 10-14 days per month), 28,028 (9%) last used tibolone, and 14,204 (4%) last used oestrogen-only HRT. These HRT types had sharply contrasting effects on the overall risk of endometrial cancer (p<0.0001 for heterogeneity). Compared with never users of HRT, risk was: reduced with last use of continuous combined preparations (relative risk 0.71 [95% CI 0.56-0.90]; p=0.005); increased with last use of tibolone (1.79 [1.43-2.25]; p<0.0001) and oestrogen only (1.45 [1.02-2.06]; p=0.04); and not significantly altered with last use of cyclic combined preparations (1.05 [0.91-1.22]; p=0.5). A woman's body-mass index significantly affected these associations, such that the adverse effects of tibolone and oestrogen-only HRT were greatest in non-obese women, and the beneficial effects of combined HRT were greatest in obese women. INTERPRETATION Oestrogens and tibolone increase the risk of endometrial cancer. Progestagens counteract the adverse effect of oestrogens on the endometrium, the effect being greater the more days every month that they are added to oestrogen and the more obese that women are. However, combined oestrogen-progestagen HRT causes a greater increase in breast cancer than the other therapies do. Thus, when endometrial and breast cancers are added together, there is a greater increase in total cancer incidence with use of combined HRT, both continuous and cyclic, than with use of the other therapies.
Paul Samuelson's Contributions to International Economics

th birthday, edited by Michael Szenberg 1 I am grateful to Pol Antras, Elhanan Helpman and Kiminori Matsuyama for helpful discussions, to Brent Neiman, Karine Serfaty and Jane Trahan for helpful comments on an earlier draft, and to Erkko Etula for compiling the references. 1 Introduction Paul Samuelson's contributions to trade theory and international economics are simply breath-taking. Virtually every undergraduate or graduate student, anywhere in the world, will be asked to understand his Stolper-Samuelson and factor-price equalization theorems. These theorems tell us, of course, why trade liberalization tends to benefit the relatively abundant factor of production (skilled labor, in the case of the United States), and why trade in goods can, in many respects, equalize opportunities just as effectively as trade in people and capital. Indeed, it is a very safe bet that whoever the great economist of the 22 nd century turns out to be, he or she will be teaching and reinvigorating ideas Samuelson articulated during the middle part of the 20 th century. Achieving eternal life in the pantheon of trade giants is already an extraordinary feat. What is perhaps even more remarkable about Samuelson's trade contributions is their vitality in today's globalization debate. Whereas few taxi drivers in Shanghai have ever been to college much less graduate school (something one cannot assume in Cambridge, Massachusetts), they will still understand that trade with the United States is raising the wages of Chinese workers, just as most Americans understand that the country's shrinking manufacturing base has more than a little to do with international trade. Indeed, the rising wage differential between skilled and unskilled workers in the United States (and throughout the advanced economies) stands as one of the most contentious and difficult economic and political issues of our day. There is still a great
Spectrum sharing using licensed shared access: the concept and its workflow for LTE-advanced networks

Spectrum sharing between an existing incumbent spectrum user and an LTE/LTEAdvanced network with conditions that resemble exclusive licensing have become an appealing solution for mobile network operators to respond to the growing traffic and spectrum demand in a timely manner. While traditional exclusive licensing continues to be the preferred option for MNOs, the new sharing- based licensed shared access (LSA) concept is receiving growing interest in research, regulation and standardization. When applied to mobile communications, the LSA concept would allow an MNO to share spectrum from another type of incumbent spectrum user under a regulator¿s supervision with predetermined rules and conditions that guarantee operational certainty for both MNO and incumbent. This article reviews different types of spectrum bands for LTE/LTE-Advanced and beyond networks, and focuses on the LSA concept as a spectrally efficient solution for spectrum access in the future. The article identifies the key stakeholders, including the incumbent spectrum user, the MNO, and the regulator, and their roles in the LSA concept. The key elements in the LSA concept are reviewed, and a work flow for the life cycle of the LSA concept is proposed, consisting of LSA preparation, licensing, deployment, and release phases. The tasks of the key stakeholders in the different phases of the LSA work flow are discussed. The LSA concept can offer a complementary approach to traditional exclusive licensing and license-exempt operations with features that benefit all involved stakeholders. It can be realized with reasonable modifications to the existing network infrastructure and regulatory framework with two new elements for managing the varying spectrum availability: the LSA Repository and LSA Controller.
DIRECT AND CORRELATED RESPONSES TO SELECTION ON AGE AT REPRODUCTION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Aging may be a consequence of mutation accumulation or of negative pleiotropic correlations between performance late and earlier in the lifespan. This study used artificial selection on flies derived from two different base stocks to produce “young” and “old” lines, propagated by breeding from young and old adults respectively. Virgin and mated adults of both sexes from the “old” lines lived longer than “young” line flies. “Young” and “old” mated females did not differ in fecundity or fertility early in the lifespan, but “old” line females had higher fecundity and fertility late in life. The results therefore suggested either that the response to selection had revealed the effect of mutation accumulation, or that pleiotropy involving characters other than early fecundity must have been involved. Development time from egg to adult was longer in the “old” lines. Competition of selected line larvae from one base stock against mutant marked larvae from the same base stock revealed that, at a wide range of larval densities, “old” line larvae showed lower survival rates than “young” line larvae. Thorax length and wet weight were significantly greater in the “old” line flies from one base stock. The results may imply that the selection regime in the “old” lines favored extended growth during development to produce a more durable adult soma, despite the cost in increased larval mortality and delayed reproduction, because the potential reproductive benefits later in life were increased. However, the differences between larvae from “old” and “young” lines could also be attributable to density differences, and this possibility needs systematic investigation.
A Novel Switchable Single- and Multifrequency Triple-Slot Antenna for 2.4-GHz Bluetooth, 3.5-GHz WiMax, and 5.8-GHz WLAN

A novel reconfigurable slot antenna with three switchable frequencies is presented. The uniqueness of this design is that it allows various groups of its frequency resonances to be selected electronically using three switches. Therefore, seven different states are achieved, and so three, two, or one resonances are possible at the same time. By using three sickle-shaped slots in the ground plane and three pairs of p-i-n diodes that are soldered between three metal strips inside the slots and the ground plane, the antenna can support 2.4-GHz Bluetooth and/or 3.5-GHz WiMAX and/or 5.8-GHz WLAN systems. The advantage of this design is that it overcomes the problem of conventional reconfigurable antennas of serving one frequency band at a time. The antenna design, simulation, and measurement results are presented. The antenna shows similar radiation patterns with low cross-polarization levels at all its operating frequencies. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement.
PROBLEM OF IDENTIFICATION PARAMETERS OF ENERGY- DEPENDENT ECONOMICS

The system model of two sector economics, in which power and production sectors acts separately, is described. Production is divided into two sectors - the first sector produced the final product, and the second sector - the energy that is required to produce the final product. The models for the sectors power are recorded. The system model as the system of differential equation is obtained. An algorithm for defining identification parameters is described. Control parameters for system model for main macroeconomic indicators are shown.
Wolbachia uses a host microRNA to regulate transcripts of a methyltransferase, contributing to dengue virus inhibition in Aedes aegypti

The endosymbiont Wolbachia is common among insects and known for the reproductive manipulations it exerts on hosts as well as inhibition of virus replication in their hosts. Recently, we showed that Wolbachia uses host microRNAs to manipulate host gene expression for its efficient maintenance in the dengue mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti. Cytosine methylation is mediated by a group of proteins called DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases, which are structurally and functionally conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. The biological functions of cytosine methylation include host defense, genome stability, gene regulation, developmental promotion of organs, and lifespan regulation. Ae. aegypti has only one DNA methyltransferase gene (AaDnmt2) belonging to the cytosine methyltransferase family 2, which is the most deeply conserved and widely distributed gene among metazoans. Here, we show that in mosquitoes the introduced endosymbiont, Wolbachia, significantly suppresses expression of AaDnmt2, but dengue virus induces expression of AaDnmt2. Interestingly, we found that aae-miR-2940 microRNA, which is exclusively expressed in Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, down-regulates the expression of AaDnmt2. Reversely, overexpression of AaDnmt2 in mosquito cells led to inhibition of Wolbachia replication, but significantly promoted replication of dengue virus, suggesting a causal link between this Wolbachia manipulation and the blocking of dengue replication in Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes. In addition, our findings provide an explanation for hypomethylation of the genome in Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti.
Renal risk‐benefit determinants of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in the remnant kidney rat model – hypertension, anaemia, inflammation and drug dose

Clinical studies showed that high doses of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) used to correct anaemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) hyporesponsive patients may lead to deleterious effects. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of rHuEPO in doses usually used to correct CKD‐anaemia (100, 200 IU/kg body weight (BW) per week) and in higher doses used in the treatment of hyporesponsive patients (400, 600 IU/kg BW per week), focusing on renal damage, hypoxia, inflammation and fibrosis. Male Wistar rats with chronic renal failure (CRF) induced by 5/6 nephrectomy were treated with rHuEPO or with vehicle, over a 3‐week period. Haematological, biochemical and renal function analyses were performed. Kidney and liver mRNA levels were evaluated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and protein expression by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Kidney histopathological evaluations were also performed. The CRF group developed anaemia, hypertension and a high score of renal histopathologic lesions. Correction of anaemia was achieved with all rHuEPO doses, with improvement in hypertension, renal function and renal lesions. In addition, the higher rHuEPO doses also improved inflammation. Blood pressure was reduced in all rHuEPO‐treated groups, compared to the CRF group, but increased in a dose‐dependent manner. The current study showed that rHuEPO treatment corrected anaemia and improved urinary albumin excretion, particularly at lower doses. In addition, it is suggested that a short‐term treatment with high doses, used to overcome an episode of hyporesponsiveness to rHuEPO therapy, can present benefits by reducing inflammation, without worsening of renal lesions; however, the pro‐hypertensive effect should be considered, and carefully managed to avoid a negative cardiorenal impact.
Review of Small Gauge Vitrectomy: Progress and Innovations

Purpose. To summarise the surgical advances and evolution of small gauge vitrectomy and discuss its principles and application in modern vitreoretinal surgery. The advent of microincisional vitrectomy systems (MIVS) has created a paradigm shift away from twenty-gauge vitrectomy systems, which have been the gold standard in the surgical management of vitreoretinal diseases for over thirty years. Advances in biomedical engineering and surgical techniques have overcome the technical hurdles of shifting to smaller gauge instrumentation and sutureless surgery, improving surgical capabilities and expanding the indications for MIVS.
Impact of a 10nm Ultra-Thin BOX (UTBOX) and Ground Plane on FDSOI devices for 32nm node and below

In this paper we explore for the first time the impact of an Ultra-Thin BOX (UTBOX) with and without Ground Plane (GP) on a 32nm Fully-Depleted SOI (FDSOI) high-k/metal gate technology. The performance comparison versus thick BOX architecture exhibits a 50mV DIBL reduction by using 10nm BOX thickness for NMOS and PMOS devices at 33nm gate length. Moreover, the combination of DIBL reduction and threshold voltage modulation by adding GP enables to reduce the Isb current by a factor 2.8 on a 0. 299µm2 SRAM cell while maintaining an SNM of 296mV @ Vdd 1.1V.
Combined posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens and laser in situ keratomileusis: bioptics for extreme myopia.

PURPOSE To examine the efficacy, predictability, stability, and safety of combined posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in eyes with extreme myopia. METHODS We analyzed the results of 67 eyes that received a posterior chamber hydrogel-collagen plate phakic IOL (STAAR Collamer Implantable Contact Lens) and also underwent secondary LASIK for the correction of extreme myopia. Mean follow-up was 3 months after the LASIK portion of the procedure (range, 1 day to 6 mo after LASIK). RESULTS Mean preoperative spherical equivalent refraction was -23.00 +/- 3.60 D (range, -18.75 to -35.00 D), and mean refractive cylinder was 1.50 +/- 1.20 D (range, 0 to 5.00 D). Mean spherical equivalent refraction after IOL implantation and before LASIK was -6.00 +/- 2.80 D (range, -2.00 to -14.38 D) and mean refractive cylinder 1.50 +/- 1.10 D (range, 0 to 5.00 D). Mean postoperative spherical equivalent refraction at last examination after the LASIK portion of the two-part phakic IOL-LASIK procedure was -0.20 +/- 0.90 D (range, +1.75 to -5.13 D), and mean refractive cylinder was 0.50 +/- 0.50 (range, 0 to 2.25 D). Eighty-five percent (57 eyes) were within +/- 1.00 D and 67% (45 eyes) were within +/- 0.50 D of emmetropia at last examination. The refractions remained stable with a statistically insignificant change (P > .05 at each interval) during follow-up. Postoperative uncorrected visual acuity at last examination was 20/20 or better in 3% (2 eyes) and 20/40 or better in 69% (46 eyes). A gain of 2 or more lines of spectacle-corrected visual acuity was seen in 51 eyes (76%) and no eyes lost 2 or more lines of spectacle-corrected visual acuity at last examination. CONCLUSION Combined posterior chamber phakic IOL implantation with the STAAR Collamer plate lens and LASIK (bioptics) is an effective and reasonably predictable method for correcting myopia from -18 to -35 D. Gains in spectacle-corrected visual acuity were common, and results demonstrated good short-term safety and refractive stability.
Analysis of Government Management in the Network Mass Incidents Based on Evolutionary Game Theory

This study makes attempts to forecast the trend of public opinion and analyses the different modes of governance that government deals with network mass incidents using evolutionary game theory.The diffusion function of public opinion in network mass incidents is built by using the generalized replicator dynamics model,where the strategy interaction and behavior evolution between local government and social vulnerable groups are put into the traditional infectious disease diffusion model to simulate the spread and convergence process of public opinion.It is concluded that enlarging the probability of obtaining government compensation will cause the mass incidents,and meanwhile,to slow down the spread of public opinion government needs to control the opening communication degree and the protester number in the explosion phase.And in order to make the public opinion calm and maximize the social welfare,the high-level government needs to set the punishment mechanism and keep communication open.
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST elevation myocardial infarction: performance with focus on timeliness of treatment.

OBJECTIVE To review primary percutaneous coronary interventions performed for patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction with a focus on door-to-treatment time, especially after introduction of a new management programme in November 2003. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Regional hospital, Hong Kong. PATIENTS All patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention in our hospital from January 2002 to December 2007. RESULTS In all, 209 patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction had primary percutaneous coronary interventions between January 2002 and December 2007; 140 of them were admitted within office hours, 125 of whom came directly from Accident and Emergency Department. The mean door-to-balloon time of these patients was 115 minutes, and in 41% the time was less than 90 minutes (as recommended by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines). Since introduction of the new programme, the mean door-to-balloon time has diminished significantly, from 146 to 116 minutes (P=0.047). Delay in diagnosis (28%) and Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory being occupied (20%) were the two most common reasons for prolonged door-to-balloon times. CONCLUSION We achieved satisfactory performance in our primary percutaneous coronary intervention programme, providing timely reperfusion therapy for patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction. A well-organised and systematic clinical pathway is a prerequisite for a centre that provides a timely and effective primary percutaneous coronary intervention service for patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction. Better public education and greater awareness on the part of medical service providers are needed, so as to facilitate urgent revascularisation and improve outcomes in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction.
The development of the text reception threshold test: a visual analogue of the speech reception threshold test.

PURPOSE In this study, the authors aimed to develop a visual analogue of the widely used Speech Reception Threshold (SRT; R. Plomp & A. M. Mimpen, 1979b) test. The Text Reception Threshold (TRT) test, in which visually presented sentences are masked by a bar pattern, enables the quantification of modality-aspecific variance in speech-in-noise comprehension to obtain more insight into interindividual differences in this ability. METHOD Using an adaptive procedure similar to the SRT test, the TRT test determines the percentage of unmasked text needed to read 50% of sentences correctly. SRTs in stationary noise (SRT(STAT)), modulated noise (SRT(MOD)), and TRTs were determined for 34 participants with normal hearing, aged 19 to 78 years. RESULTS The results indicate that about 30% of the variance in SRT(STAT) and SRT(MOD) is shared with variance in TRT, which reflects the shared involvement of a modality-aspecific cognitive or linguistic ability in forming meaningful wholes of fragments of sentences. CONCLUSION The TRT test, a visual analogue of the SRT test, has been developed to measure the variance in speech-in-noise comprehension associated with modality-aspecific cognitive skills. In future research, normative data of the TRT test should be developed. It would also be interesting to measure TRTs of individuals experiencing difficulties understanding speech.
Differential gene expression following early renal ischemia/reperfusion.

BACKGROUND Acute renal failure from ischemia/reperfusion injury is associated with tubule cell apoptosis, the molecular mechanisms of which remain under active investigation. The purpose of this study was to identify apoptosis-related genes that are differentially expressed in the early periods following renal ischemia. METHODS Mice underwent unilateral renal artery clamping for 45 minutes and were sacrificed at 0, 3, 12, or 24 hours of reperfusion. Tubule cell apoptosis was confirmed by DNA laddering and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. We employed cDNA microarrays to define global changes in renal gene expression. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used as confirmatory tools. RESULTS By microarray analysis, we identified consistent patterns of altered gene expression, including transcription factors, growth factors, signal transduction molecules, and apoptotic factors. Prominent among the last category included FADD, DAXX, BAD, BAK, and p53. Up-regulation of these proapoptotic genes was confirmed by semiquantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION The results indicate that apoptosis may represent an important mechanism for the early loss of tubule cells following ischemia/reperfusion injury. Both the death receptor-dependent (FADD-DAXX) and mitochondrial (BAD-BAK) pathways are activated. The results also provide a molecular basis for the previous findings that significant intrarenal mechanisms exist to enable tubule cell repair and regeneration, as evidenced by the up-regulation of genes such as growth, proliferation, transcription, and cytoskeletal factors.