Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TNF-Α protects of hippocampal neurons from kainic acid induced neurodegeneration is associated with up-regulation of NFκB and AKT as well as down-regulation of p38 MAPK signaling molecules

Background: Previously, our study showed that TNF-α plays a protective role in kainic acid (KA) induced neurodegeneration in vivo in mice. Here, we further clarified the protective role of TNF-α in KA-induced hippocampal neuronal damage in vitro and elucidated the potential signaling pathways. Methods: Hippocampal neurons were isolated from embryonic 16 days (E16) TNF-α knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice with C57BL/6 background, respectively, and exposed to KA with and without recombinant TNF-α, as well as anti-TNF-α antibody. After 24-hours exposure to KA, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production and neurotoxicity were detected for evaluating neuronal survival rates. The production of nitric oxide (NO) from supernatants and the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NFкB), inhibitor of NFкB alpha (IκBα), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT in hippocampal neurons were measured. Results: Comparing with WT mice, the neurons of TNF-α KO mice showed more susceptibility to KA-induced neurotoxicity, as demonstrated by higher production of LDH and lower neuronal survival rates, as well as elevated NO production. It is also evidenced that pre-blocked TNF-α molecule in the neuron cultures of WT mice with anti-TNF-α antibody significantly enhanced the production of LDH and NO, and decreased the neuronal survival rate. In contrast, the neurons from WT mice pre-exposed to recombinant TNF-α were more resistant to KA induced neurotoxicity. TNF-α deficiency down-regulated phospho-IκBα, NFкB, total AKT and phospho-AKT, as well as up-regulated phospho-p38 MAPK expressions after KA insult. The reverse results were achieved in WT hippocampal neurons with TNF-α pre-administration. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated an association between the protective effect of TNF-α on neurons as assessed following KA insult, with the up-regulation of NFκB and AKT, as well as down-regulation of p38 MAPK signaling molecules.
An Investigation in the I-gate Body Contact for Partially Depleted SOI MOSFET

In this paper for the first time, a circuit model for multi-finger I-gate body-contacted silicon-on-insulator MOSFET is presented. The model parameters are adjusted using simulation of a 45 nm SOI nMOSFET. Using the model, typical body voltage for a 35 finger device is obtained and applied to the transistor. The threshold voltage and drain current are obtained for the first transistor and center ones in the multi-finger structure. The drain induced barrier lowering of the center transistor is increased by 30% and off-current 40 times than that of the first transistor. Simulation results verified the I-gate body contact model in lack of controlling the body voltage comparing with the conventional body contacts e.g. H-gate. التحقيق في I-GATE الاتصال الجسم لMOSFET أبناء العراق المنضب جزئيافي هذه الورقة للمرة الأولى، يتم تقديم نموذج الدائرة للمتعددة إصبع I-بوابة اتصلت هيئة MOSFET السيليكون على العازل. يتم ضبط معالم النموذج باستخدام محاكاة ل45 نانومتر أبناء العراق nMOSFET. باستخدام نموذج، يتم الحصول نموذجي الجهد الجسم لجهاز 35 إصبع وتطبيقها على الترانزستور. ويتم الحصول على عتبة الجهد واستنزاف الحالية للأول من الترانزستور ومركز في هيكل متعدد الأصابع. يتم زيادة حاجز استنزاف بفعل انخفاض الترانزستور مركز بنسبة 30٪ وخارج التيار 40 مرات من الترانزستور الأول. التحقق نتائج المحاكاة على I-بوابة نموذج هيئة الاتصال في عدم السيطرة على الجهد الجسم مقارنة مع الاتصالات هيئة التقليدية مثل H-البوابة.
Nutrient sensing G protein-coupled receptors: interesting targets for antifungals?

AbstractG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important targets for various drugs that are on the market. An important area in which we urgently need novel drug targets is the field of antifungals. Recently a new class of nutrient sensing G protein-coupled receptors have been identified in fungi. The founding member of this novel class of GPCRs is Gpr1, the sucrose/glucose sensing receptor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This receptor activates the cAMP-PKA pathway that is important for the yeast-to-pseudohypha transition and for stress tolerance. The capacity to change morphology is an important virulence factor for pathogenic fungi and it has been shown in these fungi that morphogenesis also depends on the cAMP-PKA pathway. Therefore, functional Gpr1 homologous receptors in these fungi may be interesting targets for antifungals. Despite the fact that these receptors are not essential for growth, modification of their activity may affect fitness of the fungus allowing the human or plant defense systems to.
Mannheimsia Beyer (Diptera: Phoridae): description of a new species, redescription of Mannheimsia stricta and studies on hypopygial morphology

Mannheimsia conica, sp. nov., is described, M. stricta redescribed and the hypopygial morphology including the phallus of allfour Mannheimsia species is illustrated and discussed. A table with the different phallus terminology used in the main studies of this structure in Phoridae is presented. Uniformization of phallus terminology is suggested.
Investigation of FGFR4 (Gly388Arg) Gene Polymorphism in Primary Lung Cancer Patients

Abstract Several studies have shown relationships between predisposition to various types of cancer and polymorphisms of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) gene. In the present study, researchers investigated the relationship between primary lung cancer and (PLC) FGFR4 Gly388Arg polymorphism in regard to tendency, histopathologic sub-type, early onset, and metastatic status. The present study included 124 PLC patients and 100 healthy controls. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to identify gene polymorphism of FGFR4 Gly388Arg. Statistical significance was considered when p < 0.05, and a statistically significant difference was not found in FGFR-4 polymorphism between the patient group and control group in regard to tendency, histopathologic sub-type, early onset, and metastatic status (p> 0.05). The findings in this study demonstrated that there was no relationship between polymorphism of FGFR4 Gly388Arg gene and PLC. However, these results should be confirmed in larger studies and in specific histopathological sub-types of PLC.
Operational Tests for the MMC-Based VSC Valves

Though IEC 62501 has been published since 2009 to define the requirements of the electrical type testing for the Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC) valves for High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission, so far very few papers have really discussed the test methods for VSC valve nor disclosed any test results [1]. In this paper, one of the important type tests required by IEC 62501, the operational test, is discussed for Modular Multi-level Converter (MMC)-based VSC valves based upon the half-bridge topology. The test methods for both the recommended preliminary tests and the type tests are discussed and the corresponding simulating and testing results are presented.
Adaptive data compression on 3D network-on-chips

The three-dimensional Network-on-Chip (3D NoC) is an emerging research topic exploring the network architecture of 3D ICs that stack several wafers or dies. As such topics being extensively studied, it is found negative impacts of 3D NoC's vertical interconnects are raising concerns considering their footprint sizes and routability degradation. In our evaluation, we found such vertical bandwidth limitation can dramatically degrade system performance by up to 2.3×. Since such limitations come from physical design constraints, to mitigate performance degradation, we have no other choice but to reduce the amount of communication data on-chip, especially for those data moving vertically. In this paper, therefore, we carry out a study of data compression on 3D NoC architectures with a comprehensive set of scientific workloads. Firstly, we propose an adaptive data compression scheme for 3D NoCs, taking account of the vertical bandwidth limitation and data compressibility. Secondly, we evaluate our proposal on a 3D NoC platform and we observe that the compressibility based adaptive compression is very useful against incompressible data while the location-based adaptive compression is more effective with more layers for the 3D NoC. Thirdly, we find that in a bandwidth limited situation like a CMP with 3D NoCs having multiple connected layers, adaptive data compression with location-based control or with both compressibility and location based control is very promising if the number of layers grows.
The prevalence and distribution of the dental anomalies in the Turkish population

Introduction: The incidence of developmental dental anomalies can provide valuable information. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence and distribution of dental anomalies in the Turkish population. Material and Methods: Totally 2203 patients who came to university hospital were examined clinically and radiographically for 10 dental anomalies: rotation, diastema, hypodontia, hyperdontia, microdontia, macrodontia, dilaceration, talon cusp, gemination and ectopia. Descriptive characteristics of these dental anomalies, including gender and regions of the jaw, were recorded. The data were analyzed with Chi-square test and Yates continuity correction. Results: In 1517 patients (68.9%), tooth anomaly was detected. Rotation was found in 58.4% of patients, significantly lower in the molar region than in the anterior and premolar regions (P < 0.01). Diastema was found in 22.7% of the samples, at higher rates in the anterior region than in the premolar and molar regions (P < 0.01). Dilaceration was observed 3.8% of the patients, at significantly higher rates in the molar region (P < 0.01). Ectopia was found in 2.9% of individuals, less common in the molar region than in the anterior and premolar regions (P < 0.01). Hypodontia was seen in 3.4% of patients, significantly lower in the anterior teeth than in the premolar and molar teeth (P < 0.01). Patients having talon cusp were 2.7%, microdontia was 1%, and only 0.5% showed the presence of hyperdontia. The distribution of hyperdontia and microdontia did not significantly differ between regions (P > 0.05). Gemination was seen in only one anterior tooth and macrodontia in only one premolar tooth. Discussion and Conclusion: Rotation is the most common dental anomaly in Turkish population, followed by diastema. Knowledge of the prevalence of anomalies may help clinicians to the detection of these anomalies at early stages.
Establecimiento de equivalentes de traducción mediante ontologías en un lexicón computacional multilingüe

1 INTRODUCCIÓN En Moreno Ortiz (1998) se exponen las posibilidades de aplicación del marco lexicológico conocido como Modelo Lexemático-Funcional (MLF) en tareas de Traducción Automática (TA). En este trabajo se desarrolla una base de datos léxica capaz de contener la información léxica derivada del empleo de este modelo y se exploran las posibilidades de utilizar el lexicón computacional resultante en diversos sistemas de TA. De entre éstos, el enfoque basado en el conocimiento (KBMT: Knowledge Based Machine Translation) resulta especialmente atractivo por varias razones. En primer lugar, concibe una metodología que intenta simular los procesos cognitivos que se cree tienen lugar en la mente del traductor que, de un modo muy simplificado, vendrían a ser los siguientes: el traductor descodifica el mensaje de la lengua de origen, interpreta éste teniendo el cuenta el contexto en el que ocurre y, a continuación, codifica ese contenido comunicativo en la lengua meta, intentando conservar en la medida de lo posible todas las implicaciones contenidas en el origen. Aplicado al léxico, este proceso implica la existencia de un nivel conceptual, independiente de la lengua, que supone el enlace cognitivo entre las unidades léxicas de ambas lenguas (Wilss 1996). Los estudios léxicos en torno a fenómenos tales como las lagunas léxicas o la polisemia vienen a reforzar la suposición de que este nivel conceptual existe y, de hecho, es donde tiene lugar la asignación de equivalentes de traducción. En la KBMT, este nivel conceptual no es sólo un constructo abstracto, sino que toma cuerpo en una base de conocimiento en la que se almacenan conceptos que servirán de nexo de unión entre las unidades léxicas de dos o más lenguas naturales y que, por definición, son independientes de la lengua. Esta base de conocimiento recibe el nombre de ontología, que se caracteriza como “una especificación de una conceptualización” (Gruber 1993). Nuestro interés por este tipo de recursos proviene de la búsqueda de un modelado de datos léxicos lo más expresivo posible y de soluciones adecuadas a fenómenos tales como la prosodia semántica. En nuestra situación de recepción de análisis lexicográficos de otros componentes nuestro grupo de investigación, nuestra función es la de modelar la información obtenida tras la aplicación de los postulados del MLF (Martín Mingorance 1984, 1990; Faber & Mairal 1999). A menudo nos encontramos con que el lexicógrafo marca la prosodia semántica de predicados o argumentos recurriendo a descripciones entre paréntesis que acompañan a las restricciones de selección, para ofrecer un perfil más afinado del predicado o argumento en cuestión:
Key role for ubiquitin protein modification in TGFβ signal transduction

Abstract The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily of signal transduction molecules plays crucial roles in the regulation of cell behavior. TGFβ regulates gene transcription through Smad proteins and signals via non-Smad pathways. The TGFβ pathway is strictly regulated, and perturbations lead to tumorigenesis. Several pathway components are known to be targeted for proteasomal degradation via ubiquitination by E3 ligases. Smurfs are well known negative regulators of TGFβ, which function as E3 ligases recruited by adaptors such as I-Smads. TGFβ signaling can also be enhanced by E3 ligases, such as Arkadia, that target repressors for degradation. It is becoming clear that E3 ligases often target multiple pathways, thereby acting as mediators of signaling cross-talk. Regulation via ubiquitination involves a complex network of E3 ligases, adaptor proteins, and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), the last-mentioned acting by removing ubiquitin from its targets. Interestingly, also non-degradative ubiquitin modifications are known to play important roles in TGFβ signaling. Ubiquitin modifications thus play a key role in TGFβ signal transduction, and in this review we provide an overview of known players, focusing on recent advances.
Peptidoglycan Hydrolases of Escherichia coli

The review summarizes the abundant information on the 35 identified peptidoglycan (PG) hydrolases of Escherichia coli classified into 12 distinct families, including mainly glycosidases, peptidases, and amidases. An attempt is also made to critically assess their functions in PG maturation, turnover, elongation, septation, and recycling as well as in cell autolysis. There is at least one hydrolytic activity for each bond linking PG components, and most hydrolase genes were identified. Few hydrolases appear to be individually essential. The crystal structures and reaction mechanisms of certain hydrolases having defined functions were investigated. However, our knowledge of the biochemical properties of most hydrolases still remains fragmentary, and that of their cellular functions remains elusive. Owing to redundancy, PG hydrolases far outnumber the enzymes of PG biosynthesis. The presence of the two sets of enzymes acting on the PG bonds raises the question of their functional correlations. It is difficult to understand why E. coli keeps such a large set of PG hydrolases. The subtle differences in substrate specificities between the isoenzymes of each family certainly reflect a variety of as-yet-unidentified physiological functions. Their study will be a far more difficult challenge than that of the steps of the PG biosynthesis pathway.
Acute pulmonary thromboembolism caused by factor V Leiden mutation in South Korea

Abstract Rationale: Although Factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation is a major cause of inherited thrombophilia in Western populations; the mutation is extremely rare in Asia. Patient concerns: Here we report a case of a 28-year old Korean woman admitted to our hospital with extensive pulmonary embolism. Diagnosis: She was heterozygous for FVL mutation up on evaluation, and screening for asymptomatic family members also revealed heterozygous FVL mutation for her mother. Interventions: Enoxaparin 1 mg/kg was initiated, followed by rivaroxaban 15 mg every 12 hours. Outcomes: The patient showed improvement in both subjective dyspnea and right ventricular dysfunction and was successfully discharged after five hospital days. Lessons: FVL mutation screening may be considered in Asian patients with thrombophilia of uncertain etiology in the future.
Distinct subdivisions of human medial parietal cortex support recollection of people and places

Human medial parietal cortex (MPC) is implicated in multiple cognitive processes including memory recall, visual scene processing and navigation, and is a core component of the default mode network. Here, we demonstrate distinct subdivisions of MPC that are selectively recruited during memory recall of either specific people or places. First, distinct regions of MPC exhibited differential functional connectivity with medial and lateral regions of ventral temporal cortex (VTC). Second, these same medial regions showed selective, but negative, responses to the visual presentation of different stimulus categories, with clear preferences for scenes and faces. Finally, and most critically, these regions were differentially recruited during memory recall of either people or places with a strong familiarity advantage. Taken together, these data suggest that the organizing principle defining the medial-lateral axis of VTC is reflected in MPC, but in the context of memory recall.
The plant hypersensitive response: concepts, control and consequences

Summary The hypersensitive defence response is found in all higher plants and is characterized by a rapid cell death at the point of pathogen ingress. It is usually associated with pathogen resistance, though, in specific situations, it may have other consequences such as pathogen susceptibility, growth retardation and, over evolutionary timescales, speciation. Due to the potentially severe costs of inappropriate activation, plants employ multiple mechanisms to suppress inappropriate activation of HR and to constrain it after activation. The ubiquity of this response among higher plants despite its costs suggests that it is an extremely effective component of the plant immune system.
Large-scale evidence for an association between low-grade peripheral inflammation and brain structural alterations in major depression in the BiDirect study

Background Preliminary research suggests that major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with structural alterations in the brain; as well as with low-grade peripheral inflammation. However, even though a link between inflammatory processes and altered brain structural integrity has been purported by experimental research, well-powered studies to confirm this hypothesis in patients with MDD have been lacking. We aimed to investigate the potential association between structural brain alterations and low-grade inflammation as interrelated biological correlates of MDD. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 514 patients with MDD and 359 healthy controls underwent structural MRI. We used voxel-based morphometry to study local differences in grey matter volume. We also assessed serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in each participant. Results Compared with healthy controls (age [mean ± standard deviation] 52.57 ± 7.94 yr; 50% male), patients with MDD (49.14 ± 7.28 yr, 39% male) exhibited significantly increased hsCRP levels (Z = −5.562, p < 0.001) and significantly decreased grey matter volume in the prefrontal cortex and the insula. Prefrontal grey matter volume reductions were significantly associated with higher hsCRP levels in patients with MDD (x = 50, y = 50, z = 8; t1,501 = 5.15; k = 92; pFWE < 0.001). In the MDD sample, the significant negative association between hsCRP and grey matter appeared independent of age, sex, body mass index, current smoking status, antidepressant load, hospitalization and medical comorbidities. Limitations This study had a cross-sectional design. Conclusion The present study highlights the role of reduced grey matter volume and low-grade peripheral inflammation as interrelated biological correlates of MDD. The reported inverse association between peripheral low-grade inflammation and brain structural integrity in patients with MDD translates current knowledge from experimental studies to the bedside.
Histological and immunohistochemical studies of the proximal caecum and caecal tonsils of quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The proximal caecum in quails consists of lymphoid and non‐lymphoid structures. The caecal tonsils in the proximal part of the caecum are units of gut‐associated lymphoid tissue in poultry. This study aimed to examine the histological characteristics of the proximal caecum, as well as compositions of dendritic cells (DCs) and antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) in the caecal tonsil of quails. Tissue sections were stained with Crossman's triple, periodic acid–Schiff, Gordon and Sweet's silver, Congo red and methyl green‐pyronin dyes, as well as immunohistochemically by the streptavidin–biotin–peroxidase complex method. Caecal lymphoid tissue was located in the lamina propria and submucosa. Germinative centres were observed within the lymphoid tissue. Reticular fibres were mainly distributed in the border area of the germinal centre with only a few fibres scattered in the centre. Plasma cells were observed in the subepithelial region and germinal centres. Eosinophil granulocytes were prevalent in the lymphoid tissue. Additionally, CD83‐immunoreactive DCs and MHC class II immunoreactive APCs were present in the subepithelial area and diffuse lymphoid tissue. While DCs were seen in the germinal centres of tonsillar units, APCs were rarely present in the germinal centres, but they were noticed around the germinal centres. In conclusion, the histological structure of the proximal caecum in quails and the distributions of some immunological cells in the caecal tonsils were revealed. Therefore, the defensive role of the caecal tonsils in the digestive system may be better understood, and comparative studies may be carried out.
SpectralTDF: transition densities of diffusion processes with time-varying selection parameters, mutation rates, and effective population sizes

In the Wright-Fisher diffusion, the transition density function (TDF) describes the time-evolution of the population-wide frequency of an allele. This function has several practical applications in population genetics, and computing it for biologically realistic scenarios with selection and demography is an important problem. We develop an efficient method for finding a spectral representation of the TDF for a general model where the effective population size, selection coefficients, and mutation parameters vary over time in a piecewise constant manner. The method, called spectralTDF, is available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/spectraltdf/.
Performance Learning System

The author heads his own auditing public practice (for the purposes of this Paper hereinafter referred to as 'Practice JS' or simply 'Practice') employing five staff, three engaged on technical matters and two on semi or non-technical matters. Although the Office makes use of a myriad of informal performance controls, yet there are no formal performance management tools in place. A selection of such tools based on the current informal ones is planned for commissioning towards the end of the current calendar year (2012). The project involves both technical and non-technical performance management devises aimed at strengthening both the professional as well as the administrative operations of the practice.