Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A novel Optimal PMU Location Method in Smart Grids

State estimation in today's power systems is one of the effective tools for control and monitoring which is of great importance. In state estimation context, measurement and observability of the power system is important. One of the effective and accurate tools for parameter measurement is the phasor measurement unit (PMU). This type of measurement device has an advanced communication system with fast sampling rate. PMUs are costly; thus, optimal location is performed with minimum number of such measurements in the power system. Indeed, optimal number of such devices should satisfy observability of the system also. In this paper, a new method is proposed based on connection matrix of the power system for locating PMUs. Advantage of this method is its simple implementation on small and medium networks which follows a simple and clear algorithm. In this paper, the proposed method is tested on IEEE standard 18, 24 and 30 bus power systems and the results validate this method.
A Probabilistic Weighted Ensemble Algorithm

This research presents a probabilistic weighted algorithm for ensemble supervised machine learning classifier models to obtain a better accuracy than that of individual accuracies of the constituent models. The proposed approach tries to improve the accuracy by considering the most weighted model as correct then, compensating for its inaccuracy as ‘deviations’ from the decisions of other less weighted models. This aims at improving on the decisions made by individual models by considering a weighted decision of other models, cumulatively.
Design of an Active Cooling System for Thermally Activated Soft Actuators

A new type of actuator made from twisting a silver-plated nylon thread presents new possibilities for the way wearable mechatronic rehabilitation devices are designed. The twisted coiled actuator (TCA) has been previously shown to provide a power density up to 100 times that of biological muscles, while also encompassing biomimetic characteristics. However, since TCAs require heat to contract, the main drawbacks preventing this type of actuator are its inherent low efficiency and slow reaction times. To combat both of these issues, a simple tube enclosure was designed to provide active cooling using forced air. The two main parameters affecting the efficiency and bandwidth are the cooling air pressure and tube diameter. This study presents a two-way repeated measures test to compare these parameters on the cooling and heating rates of the TCA system, as well as the thermal capacitance with three pressure levels (10, 15, and 20 psi) and three tube diameters (4, 4.5, and 5 mm). The results show that an increase in pressure significantly improves the rate of cooling, while a decrease in tube diameter has negative effects on the efficiency and cooling rate of the system. The mean values of the cooling time $(\tau_{\text {cool}})$ were 2.972, 2.210, and 2.682 seconds for 4, 4.5, and 5 mm diameters, respectively. These results indicate that a decrease in diameter improves the cooling rate up to the point at which the walls of the tube become so close to the TCA strand, that they prevent rapid heat transfer while cooling.
A Low Power Continuous-Time Zoom ADC for Audio Applications

This paper presents a continuous-time (CT) zoom ADC for use in audio applications. Compared to previous zoom ADCs, its input impedance is mainly resistive, making it much easier to drive while still maintaining high energy efficiency. The prototype is fabricated in a 0.16 ×m CMOS process, occupies 0.27 m m2 and achieves 108.5 dB DR, 108.1 dB SNR, 106.4 dB SNDR in a 20 kHz BW, while consuming 618 ×W. This results in a state-of-the-art Schreier FoM of 183.6 dB.
Comparison of CNN Tolerances to Intra Class Variety in Food Recognition

Intra-class variation defines image variations occur between different images of one class. The similarity between samples within the same class is typically measured by the Intra-class Correlation coefficient. A high Intra-class Correlation Coefficient close to 1 indicates high similarity between samples from the same class where a low ICC close to zero means opposite. This paper deals with intra-class variety problem of Kegels Foodl0l dataset. 21 classes that have high ICC values were chosen. We have applied well known convolutional neural networks including ResNet, GoogleNet, MobileNet and VGG-Net with different train and test percentages in order to compare the recognition rates for the classes. Although the samples in Food101 dataset vary widely, GoogleNet (Inception V3) has the highest validation accuracy value with the lowest number of epochs.
Indoor Localization Fusion Algorithm Based on Signal Filtering optimization Of Multi-sensor

The environment for indoor positioning becomes increasingly complicated, making it difficult for accurate and fast positioning. To tackle the above problem, an indoor fusion positioning scheme is presented in this paper, in which Bluetooth, WiFi and RFID data are fused. KILA algorithm and improved Kalman filter algorithm are used to provide multiple fusion positioning schemes. The experiment results show that compared with the single positioning method and the traditional filtering algorithms, the proposed fusion method improves indoor positioning significantly and yields to less positioning errors.
A 0.1pJ/b/dB 1.62-to-10.8Gb/s Video Interface Receiver with Fully Adaptive Equalization Using Un-Even Data Level

This paper presents a 65nm CMOS 1.62-to-l0.8Gb/s video interface receiver with fully adaptive equalizers incorporating CTLE and 2-tap DFE. Sign -sign least-mean-squares (SSLMS) algorithm is used for not only the DFE but also the CTLE adaptation to reduce power consumption and extra hardware. An un-even data level is proposed for the optimum locking of the adaptation in the presence of a pre cursor. The receiver achieves BER of 10-12 at 34dB loss channel, occupies 0.174 mm2, and consumes 37.2mW at 10.8Gb/s.
Single-Motor-Based Bidirectional Twisted String Actuation With Variable Radius Pulleys

In this letter, we proposed a variable radius pulley (VRP) to linearize input–output behavior of twisted string actuators (TSAs). With the help of a VRP, it is possible to make the inherently nonlinear transmission ratio of twisted string constant. This enables design of bidirectional transmission systems driven by a single motor, much like is done in conventional belt transmissions. Herein, we analyze the limitations on employing constant-radius pulleys in bidirectional twisted string transmission systems and propose a VRP design methodology based on TSA kinematics. We manufactured the pulley and evaluated its performance experimentally in a series of unidirectional and bidirectional actuations. The experiments demonstrated that the resultant transmission ratio from motor to load remained nearly constant as expected from the simulation results. Different statistical measures for error between the experimental and simulated results were also calculated.
Influence of the Angle Between Two Power Systems on Electromagnetic Fields of Overhead Double Circuit Power Line

The issue of electromagnetic fields of overhead power lines is still nowadays widely discussed. There are two basic topics in this research field. The first one is the exposure to the fields and their influence on human health. Due to this plausible health risk many counties have established exposure limits for the public and workers. The second topic is technological. With new technologies and the era of digitalization and modern electronics there are new plausibilities how to use the complex information that electromagnetic field can provide us with. Electromagnetic field can give us information about voltage and current events in the power system. It is also important to quantify the fields and their interference with the surrounding infrastructure, like pipe lines, telecommunication lines ect. Both of this main fields relay on precise measurement or on exact calculation. The article deals with the effect of the difference in the angle of the two power system of the double circuit overhead power line on the value of intensity of electric field and magnetic flux density. It has been shown that the widely used simplification that calculates the field only as a result of parallel operation of two power systems on double circuit power line can be misleading in specific situations.
12 to 40 GHz Quad-ridged Horn Antenna Design and Optimization

Horn antenna is a widely used antenna with a long history. In recent years, the research of horn antenna interest in high frequency, ultra wide band and multi-polarization. Based on the traditional quad-ridged horn antenna, the antenna is designed in this work to operate in the Ku, K and Ka band (12 GHz to 40 GHz) by optimizing the structure and parameters of matched block and ridges. Simulation results show that the impedance of the antenna matches well within the operating frequency range and the far field gain is between 12 and 19 dBi.
Skin Stretch Enhances Illusory Movement in Persons with Lower-Limb Amputation

Performance of lower limb prostheses is related not only to the mechanical design and the control scheme, but also to the feedback provided to the user. Proprioceptive feedback, which is the sense of position and movement of one’s body parts, can improve the utility as well as facilitate the embodiment of the prosthetic device. Recent studies have shown that proprioceptive kinesthetic (movement) sense can be elicited when non-invasively vibrating a muscle tendon proximal to the targeted joint. However, consistency and quality of the elicited sensation depend on several parameters and muscle tendons after lower limb amputation may not always be accessible. In this study, we developed an experimental protocol to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the elicited proprioceptive kinesthetic illusion when non-invasively vibrating a muscle belly. Furthermore, we explored ways to improve consistency and strength of the illusion by integrating another non-invasive feedback method, namely cutaneous information manipulation via skin stretch. Our preliminary results from tests conducted with a person with transtibial (below knee) amputation show that stretching skin while vibrating a muscle belly on the residual limb provided a stronger and more consistent kinesthetic illusion (90%) than only vibrating the muscle (50%). In addition, we found that stretching skin enhances the range (1.5 times) and speed (3.5 times) of the illusory movement triggered by muscle vibration. These findings may enable the development of mechanisms for controlling feedback parameters in closing the control loop for various walking routines, which may improve performance of lower limb prostheses.
Effects of Electromyographically-driven Neuromuscular Stimulatio Cycling System on the Lower-Limb of Stroke Survivors

This paper describes the design of an Electromyographically(EMG)-driven Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) cycling system. It utilises real-time EMG from actively participating stroke survivors as feedback control to drive the cycling system for rehabilitation. The user controls the speed of the cycling system using muscle activities of the side affected recorded by EMG electrodes. Additionally, adaptable NMES stimulations; also EMG based, were provided in cyclic pattern to the respective muscle groups in order to improve muscle coordination. The targeted muscle groups used to control the system were the Hamstring (HS), Tibialis Anterior (TA), Quadriceps (QC), Gastrocnemius Lateralis (GL) of the leg on the affected side. Using the system, 20 30-minutes sessions were conducted with chronic stroke survivors (n=10) at frequency of 2–4 sessions per week. Clinical assessment scores, namely FMA_LE, BBS and 6MWT were calculated before the first session and after the completion of 20 sessions. All the assessment scores showed significant improvement after using the system; FMA_LE(P=0.0244), BBS(P=0.0156), 6MWT(P=0.0112), and SI (P=0.0258), showing that the EMG-driven NMES cycling system provides effective rehabilitation for stroke survivors in terms of muscle strength and balance.
Bio-inspired tendon driven mechanism for simultaneous finger joints flexion using a soft hand exoskeleton

A new tendon driven mechanism, embedded into a soft hand exoskeleton for rehabilitation and assistance, was proposed in this study. The proposed solution was a pulley flexion mechanism inspired by the human musculoskeletal system to enable a natural and comfortable finger flexion. A biomechanical constraint for the finger flexion motion states that the relation between the proximal interphalangeal joint angle of the finger should always be flexed around 1.5 times the distal interphalangeal joint angle. The study aimed to comply with this constraint, by simultaneously distributing the forces over the distal and middle finger phalanges. For evaluation, the voluntary and exoskeleton flexions were compared based on the relation between the proximal and distal interphalangeal joint angles. The results showed that during the exoskeleton flexion the relation between the interphalangeal joints complied with the biomechanical constraint, where the proximal interphalangeal joint angle was 1.5 times larger than the distal interphalangeal joint. This ensures that the mechanism flexes the finger comfortably. The proposed solution is therefore a promising design for a novel soft exoskeleton that will be used for training and assistance of patients with hand paralysis.
Studies on Practical Applications of Safe-Fall Control Strategies for Lower Limb Exoskeletons

Lower limb exoskeletons (LLEs) are susceptible to falls, and users are at risk of head and/or hip injuries. To address concerns regarding the safety of LLE users, optimization techniques were used to study safe-fall control strategies. Simulation results of these studies showed promising performance that leads to head impact avoidance and mitigation of hip impact velocity. The motivation for the current research was to extend the application of previously developed optimization techniques to study more realistic human-LLE fall conditions. We examined a range of feasible fall durations for the human-LLE model and found the optimal fall duration for which the user’s safety is maximized. Next, we used a range of coefficients of friction to examine fall strategies on different ground surface conditions. We found that the effectiveness of a safe-fall strategy is higher when falling on less slippery surfaces compared to more slippery ones. The simulation results were implemented in a half-scale physical model of a three-link inverted pendulum, which represented a human-LLE model. Results of our experiments verified that the optimal safe-fall strategy could be implemented in a mechanical test setup. The hip linear velocity at impact was found to have similar values in both the experimental (2.04 m/s) and simulation results (2.09 m/s). Further studies should be conducted with appropriate software and hardware platforms to successfully implement safe-fall strategies in an actual LLE.
State Observer for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show a new state observer for doubly-fed generator. A proposed z-type observer algorithm based on mathematical model of doubly fed generator with additional variables treated as a disturbances has been used. A nonlinear multiscalar control method has been proposed to control active and reactive power of the generator. All analyses were verified by simulations and experiments tests.
Detektion zusammenhängender Farbregionen in Bildern mit Hilfe wahrnehmungsrelevanter Farbklassen

Zusammenfassung Die automatische Bildinterpretation durch Nachbildung der menschlichen visuellen Wahrnehmung ist eine Herausforderung mit vielen möglichen Einsatzgebieten. In diesem Beitrag wird die Detektion zusammenhängender Farb”-regionen in digitalen Bildern untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck werden durch psychologische Studien inspirierte wahrnehmungsrelevante Farbklassen herangezogen. Zuerst werden die wahrnehmungsrelevanten Farbklassen aus einem Datensatz, in dem mehr als 3,4 Millionen Farben benannt wurden, extrahiert. Anschließend wird eine Methode zur Detektion der Farb”-regionen vorgestellt und deren Leistungsfähigkeit sowohl für die Farb”-repräsentation im CIELAB‐Farbraum als auch mit Hilfe der wahrnehmungsrelevanten Farbklassen untersucht.
PLANT RESPONSES TO GRAVITY - INSIGHTS AND EXTRAPOLATIONS FROM GROUND STUDIES

Formal investigations on the effects of gravity on plants started 300 years ago, but many aspects of gravitropism remain elusive. Despite remarkable progress analyzing the gravity-induced growth response of shoots and roots, the perception of gravity is still enigmatic. The interaction of gravity with competing, intracellular activities (noise) complicates the identification of the primary gravity signal and questions the exclusive role of starch-filled amyloplasts because starch-free mutants are able to respond to gravity. Nonetheless, a reliable response to reorientation relative to the gravity vector must be related to movable masses. The sedimentation of dense intracellular particles such as amyloplasts or protein crystals is reduced by cellular activity; however, the same activity may lead to repeated stimulation of sensitive cellular structures. This concept of dynamic gravisensing has the ability to integrate different cellular organelles as gravity sensors. The transduction of the gravistimulus to a biochemical signal requires a mechanotransducing element such as the cytoskeleton. This cellular system either produces secondary signals such as calcium waves and pH changes but also integrates temperature, light, and other parameters. Biochemical modifications are manifested as subsequent differential elongation, which is controlled largely by the redistribution of auxin efflux carriers and lateral auxin gradients. Efflux carrier redistribution depends on the activation of various kinases and possibly the cytoplasmic auxin gradient itself. Auxin accumulation inhibits elongation of roots but promotes elongation of shoots. The network of physiological interactions forms a graviresponse system that functions continuously for gravitational loads between microgravity and hypergravity of several hundred g-equivalents. The increasing availability of gravitropic mutants will provide answers but also pose many new questions. Together with a plethora of unanswered problems, these challenges will stimulate numerous branches of biology and ensure that gravitropism remains a fascinating topic.
Sentimen Analisis Tweet Berbahasa Indonesia Dengan Deep Belief Network

Sentiment analysis is a computational research of opinion sentiment and emotion which is expressed in textual mode. Twitter becomes the most popular communication device among internet users. Deep Learning is a new area of machine learning research. It aims to move machine learning closer to its main goal, artificial intelligence. The purpose of deep learning is to change the manual of engineering with learning. At its growth, deep learning has algorithms arrangement that focus on non-linear data representation. One of the machine learning methods is Deep Belief Network (DBN). Deep Belief Network (DBN), which is included in Deep Learning method, is a stack of several algorithms with some extraction features that optimally utilize all resources. This study has two points. First, it aims to classify positive, negative, and neutral sentiments towards the test data. Second, it determines the classification model accuracy by using Deep Belief Network method so it would be able to be applied into the tweet classification, to highlight the sentiment class of training data tweet in Bahasa Indonesia. Based on the experimental result, it can be concluded that the best method in managing tweet data is the DBN method with an accuracy of 93.31%, compared with Naive Bayes method which has an accuracy of 79.10%, and SVM (Support Vector Machine) method with an accuracy of 92.18%.
Sponsorship investments: do they deliver brand awareness for all sponsors?

Abstract Sponsorship as a marketing communications tool is well adopted in South Africa across various areas such as sports and entertainment. Although world markets have experienced economic turmoil in the last few years, the sponsorship market may be considered to be thriving as companies use this marketing communication tool as a vehicle to create and maintain relationships. The purpose of this study was to explore which sponsors of the South African National Rugby team are sports consumers aware of as a result of the sponsorship. Literature states that awareness also influences the judgments about brands in the consideration set, even without any brand associations in the consumer’s mind. In low involvement decision; where consumers do not need to search extensively for information in order to make a decision; minimal brand awareness levels may be enough to convince the consumer to make their final choice. The study is exploratory in nature however provides a South African perspective on how effective the sponsorship of the Springbok is with regards to creating awareness of the sponsors among sports consumers. The study made use of a qualitative approach whereby primary data was collected by means of focus groups and naïve sketches. Data collected was analyzed by means of content analysis. The findings suggest that participants were predominantly aware of the key sponsors of the Springboks; these were sponsors who had their branding on the Springbok jersey worn during rugby matches. The factors that participants mentioned to contribute to their awareness of the sponsors were the branding on the Springbok playing jersey as well as television adverts along with other promotional tools. This study urges sponsors to not only rely on the sponsorship initiative to create awareness but rather leverage the sponsorship with tools that are relevant to their target audience. This study contributes to sponsorship literature relating to the effectiveness of sponsorship; particularly from a South African perspective.
Secure Password with Graphical User Interface

: In general, all the keypad based authentication system having several possibilities of password guessing by means of shoulder movements. Shoulder-surfing is an attack on password authentication that has traditionally been hard to defeat. This problem has come up with a new solution. Devising a user authentication scheme based on personal identification numbers that is both secure and practically usable is a challenging problem. The greatest difficulty lies with the susceptibility of the entry process to direct observational attacks, such as human shoulder-surfing and camera-based recording. password entry mechanism is widely used for authenticating a user. It is a popular scheme because it nicely balances the usability and security aspects of a system. However, if this scheme is to be used in a public system then the scheme may suffer from shoulder surfing attack. In this attack, an unauthorized user can fully or partially observe the login session. Even the activities of the login session can be recorded which the attacker can use it later to get the actual password. In this paper, we propose an intelligent user interface, known as Color Pass to resist the shoulder surfing attack so that any genuine user can enter the session without disclosing the actual password. The Color Pass is based on a partially observable attacker model. The experimental analysis shows that the Color Pass interface is safe and easy to use even for novice users.