Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Motion sickness: a synthesis and evaluation of the sensory conflict theory.

"Motion sickness" is the general term describing a group of common nausea syndromes originally attributed to motion-induced cerebral ischemia, stimulation of abdominal organ afferents, or overstimulation of the vestibular organs of the inner ear. Seasickness, car sickness, and airsickness are commonly experienced examples. However, the identification of other variants such as spectacle sickness and flight simulator sickness in which the physical motion of the head and body is normal or even absent has led to a succession of "sensory conflict" theories that offer a more comprehensive etiologic perspective. Implicit in the conflict theory is the hypothesis that neural and (or) humoral signals originate in regions of the brain subserving spatial orientation, and that these signals somehow traverse to other centers mediating sickness symptoms. Unfortunately, our present understanding of the neurophysiological basis of motion sickness is incomplete. No sensory conflict neuron or process has yet been physiologically identified. This paper reviews the types of stimuli that cause sickness and synthesizes a mathematical statement of the sensory conflict hypothesis based on observer theory from control engineering. A revised mathematical model is presented that describes the dynamic coupling between the putative conflict signals and nausea magnitude estimates. Based on the model, what properties would a conflict neuron be expected to have?
Effects of early‐life LiCl‐Pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus on memory and anxiety in adult rats are associated with mossy fiber sprouting and elevated CSF S100B protein

Purpose: This study investigated putative correlations among behavioral changes and: (1) neuronal loss, (2) hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting, and (3) reactive astrogliosis in adult rats submitted to early‐life LiCl‐pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus (SE).
Driving Forces Enable High-Titer Anaerobic 1-Butanol Synthesis in Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT 1-Butanol, an important chemical feedstock and advanced biofuel, is produced by Clostridium species. Various efforts have been made to transfer the clostridial 1-butanol pathway into other microorganisms. However, in contrast to similar compounds, only limited titers of 1-butanol were attained. In this work, we constructed a modified clostridial 1-butanol pathway in Escherichia coli to provide an irreversible reaction catalyzed by trans-enoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) reductase (Ter) and created NADH and acetyl-CoA driving forces to direct the flux. We achieved high-titer (30 g/liter) and high-yield (70 to 88% of the theoretical) production of 1-butanol anaerobically, comparable to or exceeding the levels demonstrated by native producers. Without the NADH and acetyl-CoA driving forces, the Ter reaction alone only achieved about 1/10 the level of production. The engineered host platform also enables the selection of essential enzymes with better catalytic efficiency or expression by anaerobic growth rescue. These results demonstrate the importance of driving forces in the efficient production of nonnative products.
Human immunodeficiency virus transmission at each step of the care continuum in the United States.

IMPORTANCE Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission risk is primarily dependent on behavior (sexual and injection drug use) and HIV viral load. National goals emphasize maximizing coverage along the HIV care continuum, but the effect on HIV prevention is unknown. OBJECTIVES To estimate the rate and number of HIV transmissions attributable to persons at each of the following 5 HIV care continuum steps: HIV infected but undiagnosed, HIV diagnosed but not retained in medical care, retained in care but not prescribed antiretroviral therapy, prescribed antiretroviral therapy but not virally suppressed, and virally suppressed. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A multistep, static, deterministic model that combined population denominator data from the National HIV Surveillance System with detailed clinical and behavioral data from the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System and the Medical Monitoring Project to estimate the rate and number of transmissions along the care continuum. This analysis was conducted January 2013 to June 2014. The findings reflect the HIV-infected population in the United States in 2009. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Estimated rate and number of HIV transmissions. RESULTS Of the estimated 1,148,200 persons living with HIV in 2009, there were 207,600 (18.1%) who were undiagnosed, 519,414 (45.2%) were aware of their infection but not retained in care, 47,453 (4.1%) were retained in care but not prescribed ART, 82,809 (7.2%) were prescribed ART but not virally suppressed, and 290,924 (25.3%) were virally suppressed. Persons who are HIV infected but undiagnosed (18.1% of the total HIV-infected population) and persons who are HIV diagnosed but not retained in medical care (45.2% of the population) were responsible for 91.5% (30.2% and 61.3%, respectively) of the estimated 45,000 HIV transmissions in 2009. Compared with persons who are HIV infected but undiagnosed (6.6 transmissions per 100 person-years), persons who were HIV diagnosed and not retained in medical care were 19.0% (5.3 transmissions per 100 person-years) less likely to transmit HIV, and persons who were virally suppressed were 94.0% (0.4 transmissions per 100 person-years) less likely to transmit HIV. Men, those who acquired HIV via male-to-male sexual contact, and persons 35 to 44 years old were responsible for the most HIV transmissions by sex, HIV acquisition risk category, and age group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Sequential steps along the HIV care continuum were associated with reduced HIV transmission rates. Improvements in HIV diagnosis and retention in care, as well as reductions in sexual and drug use risk behavior, primarily for persons undiagnosed and not receiving antiretroviral therapy, would have a substantial effect on HIV transmission in the United States.
Cybercrime Investigation Training and Specialist Education for the European Union

The first major piece of malicious software, the Morris worm, hit the Internet in November 1988. Since then the Internet has experienced an explosion of malware and virus attacks affecting individuals and organizations alike. More recently the world has seen concerted efforts by organized criminals to commit IT crimes on a global scale. In order to effectively deal with criminal activities such as identity theft leading to online fraud, law enforcement officers and criminal investigators of today require an entirely new skills set. As cybercrime comes of age the investigators find themselves working in territories without regard to geopolitical and socio-economic boundaries requiring cooperation and collaboration on a scale that has not existed before. The Falcone Programme and AGISprojects have recognized a strong need for collaboration within the European Union member states and have recommended the joint development and certification of training and education for cybercrime investigators and law enforcement officers. This paper reports on the state of these projects and looks at some of the innovative academic partnerships that have been developed to address the issue of Cybercrime Forensic Investigation Training and Specialist Education in the UK, and illustrate the impact that they have on European requirements as outlined by the Bologna Agreement and Europol initiatives.
Cardioprotection of Shenfu preparata on cardiac myocytes through cytochrome P450 2J3.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether Shenfu injection (SFI) protects against cardiac myocyte injury induced by Fupian injection (FPI) in vitro. METHODS H9c2 cells were separately treated with FPI, Renshen injection (RSI) and SFI. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, spontaneous beating rate of primative cardical cells, caspase-3/7 activity, cell apoptosis, and cytochrome P450 2J3 (CYP2J3) mRNA expression were analyzed. RESULTS The viability of H9c2 cells treated with SFI (37 and 75 mg/mL) was significantly higher than that of H9c2 cells treated with FPI (25 and 50 mg/mL) (P<0.05, P<0.01, respectively). LDH activity of H9c2 cells treated with SFI (75 mg/mL) was significantly decreased (P<0.01) compared with that of H9c2 cells treated with FPI (50 mg/mL). SFI (150 mg/mL) significantly attenuated FPI (100 mg/mL)-induced spontaneous beating rate decrease in primary myocardial cells after 4-hour treatment. Compared with FPI (12 and 25 mg/mL), SFI (18 and 37 mg/mL) treatment could effectively reverse the change of caspase-3/7 activity (P<0.01 and P<0.01, respectively). Compared with FPI (6 and 25 mg/mL), apoptotic cells decreased significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01, respectively) when H9c2 cells were incubated with SFI (9 and 37 mg/mL). The expression of CYP2J3 mRNA was down-regulated by FPI, while RSI and SFI could up-regulate the expression of CYP2J3 (P<0.01), which suggested the potential mechanism of protection of RSI against cardiac myocyte damage induced by FPI treatment. CONCLUSION These observations indicate that SFI has the potential to exert cardioprotective effects against FPI toxicity. The effect was possibly correlated with the activation of CYP2J3.
Pre‐emptive antiviral therapy in living donor liver transplantation for hepatitis C: observation based on a single‐center experience

Reports of large series in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) are scarce. Between 1996 and 2008, 105 LDLTs were performed at the University of Tokyo for HCV. Rapid induction of antiviral treatment with interferon (IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) was attempted per protocol regardless of the clinical presentation of recurrent HCV (pre‐emptive treatment approach). Treatment was continued for 12 months after serum HCV‐RNA became negative (ETR: end‐of‐treatment response) and judged as a sustained viral response (SVR) after another 6 months of negative results without treatment. A fixed treatment period was not defined unless an ETR was achieved (no‐stopping approach). Flexible dose adjustments were allowed. Ninety‐five patients were eligible for pre‐emptive therapy. Forty‐three (45%) patients experienced an ETR, and 32 (34%) achieved SVR. Nonadherence to full‐dose INF and RBV had little impact on the viral response. Evaluation using the Kaplan–Meier method to incorporate the cumulative time‐dependent nature of the no‐stopping approach estimated SVR rate at 53% by the fifth year. Survival rate at 5 years was 79% for the HCV recipients and did not differ significantly from our non‐HCV series. In LDLT for HCV, pre‐emptive IFN–RBV‐based treatment with the application of no‐stopping approach is feasible and effective.
Functional Electrical Stimulation

It is important to evaluate closed-loop FES (functional electrical stimulation) control systems using standard time- and frequency-domain performance metrics to facilitate the discussion of results between research groups. Moreover, uniform reporting of the performance of control methods expedites the process of developing clinically useful controllers by concentrating research efforts on promising control designs. In this article, we have focused on FES applications that benefit individuals who have spinal cord injury. However, this technology is also used for rehabilitation after stroke and traumatic brain injury and can potentially be useful for managing the effects of other neuromuscular diseases and conditions.
Running and swimming world records.

Analyses of current world records (Table I) show that the decline of speed with distance is greater in running than in swimming. Figs. 1 and 2 indicate the magnitude of the decline expressed for each world record (WR) as percentage of velocity of the 100 m speed. ' In terms of their duration, the 1,500 m running and the 400 m free style swimming events are comparable: Within less than 4 minutes runners lose about 30% velocity, swimmers only 10%;2 within about 1/4 of an hour runners lose 37% (see Putteman's 5000 m WR), swimmers only 17% (see Goodell's 1500 m WR). TABLE 11
Primary biliary cirrhosis: an orchestrated immune response against epithelial cells

Summary: Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an organ‐specific autoimmune disease that predominantly affects women and is characterized by chronic progressive destruction of small intrahepatic bile ducts with portal inflammation and ultimately fibrosis. The serologic hallmark of PBC is the presence of antibodies to mitochondria, especially to the E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The mechanisms by which (and if) such antibodies produce liver tissue injury are unknown. However, the presence of these antibodies has allowed detailed immunological definition of the antigenic epitopes, the nature of reactive autoantibodies and the characterization of T‐cell responses. Several mechanisms may now be proposed regarding the immune‐mediated bile duct damage in PBC, including the possible role of T‐cell‐mediated cytotoxicity and intracellular interaction between the IgA class of antimitochondrial antibodies and mitochondrial autoantigens. There are major questions which remain unanswered, including, of course, etiology, but also the reasons for female predominance, the absence of PBC in children, the relative ineffectiveness of immunosuppressive drugs, and the specific role of mitochondrial antigens. The data so far provide suggestive evidence that PBC is a mucosal disease; this thesis provides a basis for discussion of etiology via the enterohepatic circulation of toxins and/or infection.
Microwave method for high-frequency properties of graphene

Graphene is a remarkable material, which is yet to make the transition from unique laboratory phenomenon to useful industrial material. One missing element in the development process is a quick method of quality control of the electrical properties of graphene which may be applied in, or close to, the graphene growth process on an industrial scale. In this study, the authors describe a non-contact method using microwave resonance which potentially solves this problem. They describe the technique, consider its limitations and accuracy and suggest how the method may have future take up.
The Effects of Amount of Information Provided and Feedback of Results on Decision Making Efficiency1

Sixty subjects worked a series of sequential decision making tasks in which the amount of information provided and feedback of results were the independent variables. Data were collected on decision accuracy, confidence in decision accuracy, and judged sufficiency of the information provided. Accuracy, confidence in accuracy, and ratings of sufficiency increased as amount of information provided was increased. Feedback produced increases in decision accuracy only. For forty percent of all correct responses, subjects judged the information provided to be insufficient as a basis for taking action. These data strongly suggest that lack of confidence in their ability to make accurate decisions may cause some decision makers to delay taking action even when they are able to make an accurate decision on the basis of the information available.
The effects of dowel design and load direction on dowel-and-core restorations.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Complications such as loosening of the dowel and core or fracture of the remaining tooth root can be influenced by many factors, including the amount of remaining dentin, direction of the occlusal load, and design of the dowel. Most stress analyses of dowel and cores were conducted without including all aspects of the restorations and supporting structures. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of occlusal stresses on various dowel designs in a restored, endodontically treated maxillary incisor by using a 2-dimensional finite element analysis model. MATERIAL AND METHODS A 2-dimensional finite element model was constructed in a labiolingual cross-sectional view of a maxillary central incisor, a dowel, a core, and the supporting tissues to investigate stresses in various dowel designs. As a control, a metal-ceramic crown on an endodontically treated tooth without a dowel and core was modeled. A 10-kg force was applied as follows: (1) in a vertical load on the incisal edge, (2) in a horizontal load on the labial surface, and (3) in a 20-degree diagonal load on the lingual surface. RESULTS The use of a dowel reduced the peak dentinal stress to 75% of the magnitude of the control. When a vertical force was applied, the magnitudes of stress of the various dowel designs were similar; however, when loaded horizontally, the short dowel produced the greatest dentinal stress concentration, and the tapered dowel showed the greatest stress concentration within the cement layer. Greater deflections and higher stresses were generated with horizontal loading. CONCLUSION The dowel and core provided little reinforcement to the remaining tooth. The direction of the functional load had a greater effect than dowel design on maximum stress and displacement. Parallel-sided dowel and cores with a length of 12 mm distributed the stress widely in the restoration and dentin, resulting in the smallest stresses.
A Microdosimetric-Kinetic Model of Cell Killing by Irradiation from Permanently Incorporated Radionuclides

An expression for the surviving fraction of a replicating population of cells exposed to permanently incorporated radionuclide is derived from the microdosimetric-kinetic model. It includes dependency on total implant dose, linear energy transfer (LET), decay rate of the radionuclide, the repair rate of potentially lethal lesions in DNA and the volume doubling time of the target population. This is used to obtain an expression for the biologically effective dose (BEDα/β) based on the minimum survival achieved by the implant that is equivalent to, and can be compared and combined with, the BEDα/β calculated for a fractionated course of radiation treatment. Approximate relationships are presented that are useful in the calculation of BEDα/β for alpha- or beta-emitting radionuclides with half-life significantly greater than, or nearly equal to, the approximately 1-h repair half-life of radiation-induced potentially lethal lesions.
Atrial-fibrillation ablation should be considered first-line therapy for some patients

Purpose of review Ablation for atrial fibrillation has become a widely accepted and practiced treatment for this arrhythmia. While this treatment has traditionally been reserved for second-line therapy in patients who have failed drug therapy, ablation is now being contemplated for first-line treatment. This review outlines the argument in favor of using ablation as first-line therapy for atrial fibrillation. Recent findings Contrary to trials suggesting that rate control is equivalent to rhythm control, atrial fibrillation increases both morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, drug-based therapy for atrial fibrillation is very ineffective and may also contribute adversely to both patient morbidity and mortality. Ablation has emerged as a curative therapy that addresses the root causes of atrial fibrillation. The technique for ablation has become quite consistent and the outcomes are far superior to those achievable by drug therapy. The complication risk is also acceptably low. There is also evidence to suggest that atrial-fibrillation ablation is superior to drug therapy as first-line treatment. Summary Given all of the above-mentioned arguments, it is not unreasonable that atrial-fibrillation ablation be used as a first-line option for selected patients with this disease.
Isoflurane Causes Regional Myocardial Dysfunction in Dogs with Critical Coronary Artery Stenoses

The effects of Isoflurane-induced hypotension to mean aortic pressures of 70 and 55 mmHg on global and regional right and left ventricular performance (ultrasonic dimension technique) and on coronary hemodynamics (electromagnetic flow probes) were studied in 12 open-chest dogs (anesthetized and paralyzed by continuous infusions of fentanyl and pancuronium) with critical coronary artery stenoses (micrometer-controlled snares) of the right and left anterior descending coronary arteries. The stenoses reduced resting coronary blood flow by approximately 10% without affecting global or regional myocardial performance. During subsequent isoflurane administration, coronary blood flow fell markedly. In the areas supplied by the stenosed coronary arteries, segment length shortening decreased by 70% (P < 0.01), and regional akinesis, paradoxical motion, or postsystolic shortening developed in 9 of 12 animals. In contrast, in the areas supplied by normal coronary arteries, myocardial segment length shortening decreased significantly less and did not show signs of dysfunction. In these non-ischemic areas at both concentrations of isoflurane, end diastolic and systolic dimensions were greater in the right than in the left ventricle, probably related to differences in right (unchanged) and left (reduced) ventricular afterloads. The data indicate that in the presence of coronary artery stenoses, isoflurane-induced hypotension may cause regional myocardial dysfunction suggestive of ischemia.
Protection against Salmonella typhi infection in mice after immunization with outer membrane proteins isolated from Salmonella typhi 9,12,d, Vi

The current studies were undertaken to assess the ability of the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Salmonella typhi to induce protection against challenge with the bacteria in mucin. OMPs were isolated as described by Schnaitman (J. Bacteriol. 108:553-556, 1971) and were found to be contaminated with approximately 4% lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Immunization with as little as 30 micrograms of OMPs conferred 100% protection to mice challenged with up to 1,000 50% lethal doses (LD50) of two strains of S. typhi (9,12,d, Vi and Ty2). In addition, 30% protection against challenge with up to 500 LD50 of Salmonella typhimurium was achieved. Immunization with LPS at doses equivalent to those found in the OMPs was considerably inferior to the OMPs in the induction of an immune status. Moreover, LPS was effective only when the challenge was performed with S. typhi 9,12,d, Vi (40% protection to 100 LD50). An antiserum raised in rabbits reacted mainly against the bands of the molecular weights corresponding to the so-called porins contained in the OMP preparation as shown by Western blotting (immunoblotting). This rabbit antiserum protected 100% of mice against challenge with 100 LD50 of either strain of S. typhi and 80% of mice against challenge with the same LD50 of S. typhimurium. These results indicate the usefulness of OMPs in the induction of active immunity against S. typhi in mice.
Effect of fermentation period on the chemical composition and functional properties of Pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan ) seed flour

Changes in the chemical composition and functional properties of fermented seed flour of Pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan L. were studied for 0,1,2,3,4 and 5 days. The differently fermented seeds were analyzed for proximate composition, calorific values and functional properties. Results showed that fermentation significantly (p≤ 0.05) increased the moisture, protein and ash contents of the seed while the crude fat, crude fibre and carbohydrate contents were noted to be decreased. However, water/oil absorption, bulk density, swelling capacity, foam capacity/stability, viscosity and gelation power were significantly decreased (p≤ 0.05).