Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of shear on a lyotropic lamellar phase

We present a series of experiments, using different techniques such as light scattering, conoscopy, neutron scattering and microscopic observations, to determine the orientation of lyotropic lamellar phases under shear. Three states of orientation are observed, depending upon both the shear rate and the inter-membrane separation. These steady states are separated by dynamic transitions. Among the states described, we focus our attention on a state made of monodisperse close-packed multilayered vesicles whose size is precisely fixed by the shear rate.
THE NEGATIVE INCOME TAX AND THE SUPPLY OF WORK EFFORT

THE widespread in the United persistence States1 of has povled erty in the United States1 has led many economists both to question the potential adequacy of existing governmental policies (e.g. expansionary monetary and fiscal policy, unemployment insurance, minimum-wage laws, farmincome subsidies, the "War on Poverty," etc.) for ameliorating this problem with a reasonably humane degree of rapidity and to search for other practicable, more effective, measures. One such measure is the negative income tax, or transferby-taxation. The negative income tax is a device designed to use the individual income tax system as a vehicle for closing a portion of the poverty gap, i.e. the differential between the actual income of the poor and poverty-line income.2 For example, suppose we employ the Johnson Administration's poverty line of $3,000 annual money income for a fam-
ECONOMIES OF SCOPE IN THE PROVISION OF LOCAL PUBLIC SERVICES

The purpose of this paper is to model municipalities as multiproduct "firms" and measure economies of scope. Our technique—based on Farrell-type efficiency measures—is applied to a sample of California municipalities. Although primarily illustrative, our results suggest that potential economies of scope may well exist in the provision of municipal services which in turn suggests consideration of such effects when analyzing the case for privatization of public services.
INCOME ELASTICITY OF THE PROPERTY TAX BASE

HPHERE is general agreement that the property tax is and for some time will continue to be the backbone of the local revenue system in the United States. In 1962 the property tax revenue of local governments accounted for 88 per cent of their tax revenue, 69 per cent of their general revenue from own sources, and 48 per cent of their general revenue from all sources. For 1948 the comparable percentages were 89, 74, and 51 respectively. Furthermore, the property tax is and for some time will continue to be an important part of the federal-state-local revenue system in the United States. In 1962 property tax revenue accounted for 1 5.2 per cent of all tax revenue and 13.2 per cent of all general revenue. For 1948 the comparable percentages were 12.0' and 10.3 respectively. Thus accurate forecasts of the growth of the property tax base are needed to aid in the formulation of tax and expenditure policies. One method of
Avoidance of aluminum by rainbow trout

Aluminum is the principal toxicant in fish in acid waters. The ability to avoid Al, particularly at low concentrations, would confer a considerable ecological advantage, but previous research into avoidance of Al has produced mixed results. I used a cylindrical perspex tank, 150 cm in length, to study avoidance of Al by rainbow trout fry. The fish avoided Al, and their response was dependent on pH. Avoidance that was demonstrated at pHs of 5.00, 5.50, and 5.75 was abolished at a pH of 6.00. Fry avoided very low Al concentrations, being sensitive to [Al] > 1.00 μmol L−1 at a pH of 5.00. This unequivocal demonstration of avoidance by rainbow trout fry of Al may have important implications for the ecology of indigenous fish populations in surface waters impacted by acidic deposition.
RETIREMENT AND THE ACCEPTANCE OF SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS

LIFECYCLE ductions in models hours of suggest work and that the reducti s in ho rs of wo and th eventual total withdrawal from the labor force are planned events. Expected retirement is a function of the person's wealth, wage profile, and parameters of pension systems that alter the net compensation from continued work along with health and other socio-economic variables. A series of recent papers have attempted to examine the rules of employer pensions (Clark and McDermed 1982; Mitchell and Fields 1982) and social security (Blinder, Gordon, Wise 1980 and 1981; Burkhauser and Turner 1981; and Sammartino 1980) and to quantify the effect of these rules on the net compensation from continued employment. Net compensation includes the market wage, the change in the wealth value of pensions and social security minus any taxes paid. This paper focuses on the effect of social security retirement benefits1 on the lifecycle budget constraint. The budget constraint is, in part, endogenously determined by the timing of first acceptance of social security benefits. Although this relationship is sometimes acknowledged in the literature it has not been quantified nor its implications explored. We derive the effect of continued work on social security wealth conditional on a person having yet to start benefits and also after benefits have been accepted. The magnitude of these effects are shown to differ with the level of earnings. Thus, the budget constraint is function of the acceptance decision. The implication is that labor supply and initial acceptance of benefits are simultaneously determined. Recent papers by Blinder, Gordon, and Wise (1980, 1981) and Burkhauser and Turner (1981) have quantified the relationship between social security and the
Densitometric Determination of Genistin and Daidzin in Different Cultivars of Soy (Glycine max)

Conditions have been established for identification and quantification of genistin and daidzin in extracts of different soy cultivars by densitometric thin-layer chromatography. Good resolution of the genistin and daidzin peaks was achieved by chromatographic separation on silica gel F254 HPTLC plates with chloroform—metha-nol—water, 23 + 8 + 1 (v/v), as mobile phase. Under these analytical conditions there was no interference from other extract components.
Alloy Design for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

A set of guidelines is proposed for designing high-energy-density alloy anode materials. It is first shown that the molar volume of lithium is about 9 mL/mol in a wide variety of lithium alloys and is independent of lithium content. Using this property of lithium alloys, simple relationships between the volumetric energy density and the volumetric expansion of an alloy are derived. These relationships are extremely powerful for designing alloys with the maximum possible energy density for a given electrode-coating performance.
COSTS OF TAX ADMINISTRATION : NATURE OF PUBLIC COSTS

Prohibiting public officials from being interested in any contracts and proposals for expenditure of public funds, except under conditions of open, fair, competitive bidding. Setting up a system of rules and regulations governing allowances for travel expense similar to those required by the Federal Government for its employees. Placing of departments and institutions on specific appropriations and fixing the maximum which may be expended in any fiscal year. Preventing any department, institution, or other agency of the State government from incurring indebtedness that can not be paid from current revenue. Making elected or appointed officials and employees in one level of government ineligible in another level of government, except upon resignation from the position held.
A TAX ON LAND VALUE IS NEUTRAL

BRIAN there are Bentick circumstances (1979) has under argued which that th are ircum tances under hic a tax on land value is not neutral. David Mills (1981) has extended Bentick's analysis. This note argues that the tax that Bentick and Mills analyze cannot reasonably be described as a tax on land value and that a true tax on land value is neutral, just as we have always known. Bentick and Mills define the value of land in such a way that the value depends on how the land is used. Such a definition has no special virtue from the perspective of theory and does not correspond to anything that might plausibly be observed empirically. It is quite unsurprising that a tax on "land value" should be found to be non-neutral if land value varies depending on how land is used. The central issue is the following: After a site has been committed to a given activity, should its value at some future time t be defined as the value dis-
WAGNER'S LAW, FISCAL INSTITUTIONS, AND THE GROWTH OF GOVERNMENT

By examining empirically the growth of government in 34 nations during the post-World War II period, this paper explores whether it is appropriate to make references to such a phenomenon as "Wagner's Law of Expanding State Activity. " The variation in patterns of growth in governmental spending is so substantial that one can only conclude that "Wagner's Law" cannot be considered a "law. " Possible reformulations of the research agenda pertaining to the size and growth of government are then sketched. In short, it is suggested that attention should be turned to alternative paradigms for interpreting the disparate empirical evidence, especially focusing on the impact of alternative social institutions on patterns of government growth.
AUDIT PRODUCTIVITY: A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS

WITHIN ministrators the last have decade devoted state considertax adinistrators have evoted considerable time and resources to improving the audit performance of their staffs.1 While considerable strides have been made in implementing new audit procedures and attracting a more professional staff, little has been done to determine whether these changes have been effective. This research investigates audit performance among states which employ a sales tax to determine factors contributing to increased audit collections.
SALES-TAX PROGRESSIVITY ATTRIBUTABLE TO A FOOD EXEMPTION

CINCE WORLD WAR II Connecti^ cut, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Maryland, Florida, and the District of Columbia have adopted or re-enacted sales taxes. The resurgence in popularity of this form of taxation has occurred after a decade during which no state adopted the sales tax.1 The statutes adopted in the postwar period, however, generally had one feature that only a few of the prewar sales tax statutes possessed. All the new taxes except the Tennessee tax exempt food. For many years only California, North Carolina, Ohio, and New York City had provided a broad food exemption. In 1943, West Virginia established an exemption for the first fifty cents of food purchases. After World War II the trend toward increased use of sales tax-
THE ECONOMICS OF IDLE PUBLIC FUNDS POLICIES: A RECONSIDERATION

Interest revenues earned from the investment of idle funds have become an important source of funds for state and local governments in recent years. A few writers have argued against efforts to maximize the direct yield on these inactive cash balances, basing their position on considerations of equitable treatment of local banks and the presumed impact on loanable funds in the region. The analysis in this paper suggests that these arguments are fallacious, that the maximization of interest revenues on idle public funds is an entirely proper policy goal, and that optimality in the employment of inactive public cash holdings does not preclude investing the funds outside the area of their origin.
Proceso de grabado seco de silicio monocristalino para aplicaciones en guías de onda coplanares

IN THIS WORK, THE ANISOTROPIC ETCHING AND THE USE OF SILICON RICH OXIDE (SRO) ARE STUDIED IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE WAVEGUIDE COPLANAR (CPW). EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF DRY ETCHING OF MONO-CRYSTALLINE SILICON FOR APPLICATION IN CPWÂ€Â™S USING RIE/ICP REACTOR ARE PRESENTED. THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE PHYSICAL AS MUCH CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF DRY ETCHING IS OBSERVED. THE REACTIVE GASES THAT ARE USED ARE SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6) MIXED WITH OXYGEN (O2). FOR ETCHING THE SILICON MASKS OF PHOTO-RESIST AND SILICON OXIDE (SIO2) ARE USED, THIS LAST ONE IS OBTAINED BY ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION (APCVD). SPEED OF ETCHING FROM 2.8 TO 3.4 Â¹M/MIN ARE OBTAINED WHEN USING SIO2 AS MASK.
Magnetic Characterisation of Highly Doped MBE Grown Be1—xMnxTe and Bulk Zn1—xMnxTe

Magnetic properties of two new classes of highly p-type doped II-VI diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS): thin layers of Be 1-x Mn x Te:N and bulk Zn 1-x Mn x Te:P are presented. Despite the fact that the samples are insulating, we observe clear indications of the low temperature ferromagnetic correlation, namely: (i) positive Curie-Weiss temperature (T CW 2 K), and (ii) open hysteresis loops at temperatures below T CW . A qualitative analysis of the results favours those models of the carrier-mediated ferromagnetism in DMS which allow for the coupling of only a part of the available spins.
Phase equilibria in copolymer/homopolymer ternary blends: Molecular weight effects

The phase behavior of ternary blends of an A–B random copolymer with two homopolymers (A and B) is investigated within the Flory–Huggins lattice theory. We restrict consideration to the formation of (isotropic) liquid phases. For compositionally symmetric systems in which the two homopolymers have equal molecular weights, two different topologies are found for the phase diagrams according to the length of the copolymer relative to the homopolymers. Namely, upon lowering the temperature, a three‐liquid‐phase region emerges either continuously via a tricritical point if the copolymer is long enough, or discontinuously otherwise. This change in phase behavior, an entropy of mixing effect, occurs when the copolymer length is a fraction 2/5 of the homopolymer molecular weight. The properties of the (symmetric) tricritical points are discussed, as well as the phase behavior of systems in which the copolymer is not symmetrical in composition and/or the two homopolymers differ in size. This Flory–Huggins approach.
Effect of pore size on the liquid-phase pore diffusion of nickel nitrate

The diffusion coefficient of nickel nitrate dissolved in water in porous silica plates with different pore size was measured to investigate the effect of pore size on the liquid-phase diffusion resistance. The pore-diffusion coefficient of nickel nitrate varied with the pore size of the silica gel. In pores of diameter >5 nm, the diffusion resistance can be ignored, and the pore-diffusion coefficient varies proportionally to the porosity of the silica plates. In pores of diameter <5 nm, however, the diffusion resistance increases rapidly with decreasing pore diameter. A microporous silica shows the largest diffusion resistance: the pore-diffusion coefficient in micropores is less than 0.01 of the diffusion coefficient in an unbounded system.
Rethinking software runtimes for disaggregated memory

Disaggregated memory can address resource provisioning inefficiencies in current datacenters. Multiple software runtimes for disaggregated memory have been proposed in an attempt to make disaggregated memory practical. These systems rely on the virtual memory subsystem to transparently offer disaggregated memory to applications using a local memory abstraction. Unfortunately, using virtual memory for disaggregation has multiple limitations, including high overhead that comes from the use of page faults to identify what data to fetch and cache locally, and high dirty data amplification that comes from the use of page-granularity for tracking changes to the cached data (4KB or higher). In this paper, we propose a fundamentally new approach to designing software runtimes for disaggregated memory that addresses these limitations. Our main observation is that we can use cache coherence instead of virtual memory for tracking applications' memory accesses transparently, at cache-line granularity. This simple idea (1) eliminates page faults from the application critical path when accessing remote data, and (2) decouples the application memory access tracking from the virtual memory page size, enabling cache-line granularity dirty data tracking and eviction. Using this observation, we implemented a new software runtime for disaggregated memory that improves average memory access time by 1.7-5X and reduces dirty data amplification by 2-10X, compared to state-of-the-art systems.
Evaluation of Mineral Contents in Milk of Dairy Cattle Fed Elephant Grass Planted at Ex-Coal Mining Land

The growth of several types of grass in the area of mine re-vegetation is rapidly providing an opportunity to be used as forages despite the possibility of heavy metal contamination. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of treatment of different levels of elephant grass (EG) (Pennisetum purpureum) planted at ex-coal mining reclamation on milk productivity and mineral contents of dairy cattle. This study used four lactating (second lactation) dairy cattle using Latin Square Design of 4 (treatments) x 4 (replications). Each period was 21 days consisted of 14 days of preliminary for feed adaptation and 7 days for observation. Treatments were P0 (0% ex-coal mining (EEG)+60% Farmer’s EG (FEG)+40% Concentrate), P1 (15% EEG+45% FEG+40% Concentrate), P2 (30% EEG+30% FEG+40% Concentrate), and P3 (60% EEG+0% FEG+40% Concentrate). The study observed variables of feed intake and efficiencies, milk production, milk quality, and mineral contents of milk. Results showed that EEG treatment at different levels did not affect fresh and dry matter intake. The highest fresh and dry matter intake was found in P0 treatment. There was no significant difference in giving EG planted at the ex-coal mining and the farmer’s land on the milk production and milk quality. The only significant differences (p<0.05) were found in mineral Fe and Mg contents of milk. The study concluded that giving EG planted at the ex-coal mining area until 60% of forage affected Fe and Mg contents of milk, but they are still in the safe limit.
Process Variation-Resistant Golden-Free Hardware Trojan Detection through a Power Side Channel

School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China Beijing Engineering Research Center of High-Reliability IC with Power Industrial Grade, Beijing Smart-Chip Microelectronics Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China Key Laboratory of Aerospace Infomation Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Sıralı Küme Örneklemesi ile Kumaraswamy Dağılımı Parametrelerinin Tahmin Edilmesinde Genetik Algoritma Kullanılması

Anahtar Kelimeler Kumaraswamy dağılımı, Sıralı küme örneklemesi, En çok olabilirlik tahmini, Genetik algoritma, R yazılımı Özet: Bu çalışmada, Kumaraswamy dağılımının parametrelerinin en çok olabilirlik yöntemi ile tahmin edilmesi genetik algoritma yaklaşımı kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca basit rasgele örneklemeye göre daha iyi sonuç verebileceği düşünülerek parametrelerin tahmin edilmesinde sıralı küme örneklemesi de incelenmiştir. Genetik algoritma yaklaşımı, Kumaraswamy dağılımı parametrelerinin pozitif olma koşulunun hesaba katılması nedeniyle tercih edilmiştir. Ek olarak genetik algoritma yaklaşımında en çok olabilirlik fonksiyonunun türev bilgisine ihtiyaç duyulmaması da hesaplamalarda kolaylık sağlamaktadır. Genetik algoritma kullanılarak elde edilen her iki örnekleme yöntemine ait olabilirlik tahmin edicilerinin performanslarının karşılaştırılması için yan, hata kareler ortalaması ve etkinlikleri hesaplanmıştır. Simülasyon çalışmasındaki hesaplamalar için R yazılımı ve ilgili paketler kullanılmıştır.
Body length estimation of Neogene macrophagous lamniform sharks (Carcharodon and Otodus) derived from associated fossil dentitions

The megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon, is widely accepted as the largest macrophagous shark that ever lived; and yet, despite over a century of research, its size is still debated. The great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, is regarded as the best living ecological analog to the extinct megatooth shark and has been the basis for all body length estimates to date. The most widely accepted and applied method for estimating body size of O. megalodon was based upon a linear relationship between tooth crown height and total body length in C. carcharias. However, when applying this method to an associated dentition of O. megalodon (UF-VP-311000), the estimates for this single individual ranged from 11.4 to 41.1 m. These widely variable estimates showed a distinct pattern, in which anterior teeth resulted in lower estimates than posterior teeth. Consequently, previous paleoecological analyses based on body size estimates of O. megalodon may be subject to misinterpretation. Herein, we describe a novel method based on the summed crown width of associated fossil dentitions, which mitigates the variability associated with different tooth positions. The method assumes direct proportionality between the ratio of summed crown width to body length in ecologically and taxonomically related fossil and modern species. Total body lengths were estimated from 11 individuals, representing five lamniform species: Otodus megalodon, Otodus chubutensis, Carcharodon carcharias, Carcharodon hubbelli, and Carcharodon hastalis. The method was extrapolated for the largest known isolated upper tooth of O. megalodon, resulting in a maximum body length estimate of 20 m. Victor J. Perez. Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, 1659 Museum Rd., Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241 Williamson Hall, PO Box 112120, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA and Department of Paleontology, Calvert Marine Museum, Solomons, Maryland 20688, USA Victor.Perez@calvertcountymd.gov Ronny M. Leder. Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, 1659 Museum Rd., Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA and Natural History Museum City of Leipzig, Lortzingstraße PEREZ, LEDER, & BADAUT: ESTIMATING LAMNIFORM BODY SIZE 2 3, 04105 Leipzig, Germany. ronnymaik.leder@leipzig.de Teddy Badaut. Independent Researcher, Thoirette, France. kieffer_stirlling@hotmail.fr
Association of Pulmonary Hypertension With Inflammatory Markers and Volume Status in Hemodialysis Patients of End-Stage Renal Disease

Background and objectives Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an independent risk factor for increased mortality, especially in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD), but the mechanism of its development is unknown. This study aimed at evaluating volume overload and inflammation as potential variables to cause its development in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Materials and methods This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted on patients undergoing hemodialysis at a tertiary hospital in northern India. Patients of end-stage renal disease, aged 18 years or more, on maintenance hemodialysis for over two months were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of PH, determined by measuring systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (SPAP). The severity of PH was defined as: mild (SPAP 35-45 mmHg), moderate (SPAP 46-55 mmHg), and severe (SPAP> 55mmHg). The two groups were evaluated for demographic variables, type of vascular access, biochemical parameters, and markers of inflammation and fluid overload. Data between the two groups were compared statistically. Results This study included a total of 82 patients showing the prevalence of PH to be 25.6% with a men-to-women ratio of 2:1. Out of 21 cases of PH, mild PH was found in seven (33.3%) cases, moderate in 14 (66.7%), and cases with severe PH were none. The two groups differed significantly in ejection fraction and markers of inflammation and volume status. Laboratory data associated with PH were alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (p<0.05) and pro-b-type natriuretic peptide (p <0.05). Conclusion The present study showed higher levels of inflammatory markers alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and pro-b-type natriuretic peptide and lower levels of ejection fraction in patients undergoing HD, indicating a significant association with PH.