Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fundamentals of Premixed Turbulent Combustion

General Knowledge on Reacting Gas Mixtures Basic Characteristics of Gas Mixtures Chemical Reactions in Flames Balance Equations Unperturbed Laminar Premixed Flame Flow in a Laminar Premixed Flame AEA Theory of Unperturbed Laminar Premixed Flame Laminar Flame Speed and Thickness Summary A Brief Introduction to Turbulence Characteristics of an Incompressible Turbulent Flow Theory of Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Approach to Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Flows Turbulent Diffusion Notes Phenomenology of Premixed Turbulent Combustion Mean Flame Brush Thickness Turbulent Flame Speed and Burning Velocity Mean Structure of a Premixed Turbulent Flame Summary Physical Mechanisms and Regimes of Premixed Turbulent Combustion Flame Wrinkling and Flamelet Regime Variations in Flamelet Structure Due to Turbulent Stretching Flame Instabilities Regimes of Premixed Turbulent Combustion Flame Propagation along Vortex Tubes Concluding Remarks Influence of Premixed Combustion on Turbulence Countergradient Scalar Transport in Turbulent Premixed Flames Turbulence in Premixed Flames Summary Modeling of Premixed Burning in Turbulent Flows Fractal Approach to Evaluating Turbulent Burning Velocity Zimont Model of Burning Velocity in Developing Turbulent Premixed Flames Modeling of Effects of Turbulence on Premixed Combustion in RANS Simulations Models of Molecular Transport Effects in Premixed Turbulent Flames Chemistry in RANS Simulations of Premixed Turbulent Combustion: Flamelet Library Large Eddy Simulation of Premixed Turbulent Combustion Introduction to Nonpremixed Combustion Laminar Diffusion Flames Turbulent Diffusion Flames Summary Partially Premixed Turbulent Flames Effects Addressed in RANS or LES Studies of Partially Premixed Turbulent Flames Effects Ignored in RANS or LES Studies of Partially Premixed Turbulent Flames Use of Presumed PDFs for Modeling Both Premixed and Diffusion Burning Modes Summary References Index
Rett syndrome: 3‐D confocal microscopy of cortical pyramidal dendrites and afferents

Autopsy material from three patients with Rett syndrome and six control cases (frontal, temporal and motor cortical areas) were studied. Pyramidal and non- pyramidal neurones, 100–200 in each specimen, were visualized by Lucifer Yellow microinjection. 3-D reconstructions and rotations were computed using the VoxelView/GT program. Various types of abnormalities in 3-D dendritic architecture of pyramidal neurones in different cortices were observed. Some pyramidal cells in layers II-III had a subnormal number of dendrites. The normally occurring specializations in pyramidal architecture in different cortical areas were absent. Decreased numbers and regional loss ('naked' areas) of dendritic spines were found. Widely distributed cortical afferents were shown by the carbocyanine dye (Dil) tracing method. PAD showed no microdysgenesis, in contrast to the observations in epilepsy.
The Present Status of the Low Energy Neutron Source

The Low Energy Neutron Source (LENS) at Indiana University produced its first neutrons in late 2004, and has been engaged in a series of facility upgrades since that time. Among the important developments over the past two years have been the commissioning of klystron-based RF systems, the demonstration of beam peak proton beam currents of more than 20mA, and the low-power operation of a methane moderator at temperatures below 10K. In this talk we will review the present status of the facility and review some of these recent results along with a few of the milestones anticipated for the construction phase over the next 10 months.
Nested Levels of Institutions

The new institutionalism concentrates on the nature and effects of rules, and intergovernmental relations on the levels of government. This article integrates these foci to present a model of nested institutions and levels of government, focusing on constitutional and substantive rules of governance in states and municipalities. The authors contend that cities’ constitutional rules (specifically their governance arrangements) shape local actors’ incentives and influence their implementation of state mandates. They argue further that the mere presence—not the actual evocation—of these rules casts a shadow that defines the actors’ decision space and that broad distinctions among laws have profound implications for the actors’ choices. They support this explanation by empirically testing propositions derived from the framework regarding property tax dependence in large cities between 1975 and 1995.
Women and tobacco: part of the bigger picture

The article on women and tobacco by Amos et al provides a comprehensive overview of issues relating to the use of tobacco and the problems of tobacco control in girls and women.1 The authors highlight the problem of the more disadvantaged women in high income countries and the more complex situation with girls' smoking rates in low and middle income countries (LMICs). However, the solutions suggested to the women's problems that are highlighted raise issues particularly in LMICs of where the often sparse tobacco control money should be preferentially spent. The authors state that the smoking rates in some developing nations are less than 5%, but given that the regions mentioned where the estimated rates …
Prevalence of the G1691A mutation in the factor V gene (factor V Leiden) and the G20210A prothrombin gene mutation in the Thai population

We investigated the prevalence of a genetic variation in the factor V gene (G1691A Leiden mutation) and the prothrombin gene (G20210A) using polymerase chain reaction techniques in samples from 500 normal Thai population and among 50 unselected Thai patients with an objectively confirmed history of deep venous thrombosis. The prevalence of factor V Leiden and the prothrombin G20210A gene mutation in a group of 500 healthy controls was 0.2% in both groups (allele frequency of 0.1%). Of the 50 adult patients studied, none was a carrier of factor V Leiden or the prothrombin G20210A gene mutation. Our findings confirm that the prevalence of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A gene mutation is lower among Asians than Caucasians and that the distribution of factor V Leiden is similar to that of the prothrombin G20210A variant. The low prevalence of these two mutations can, at least in part, account for the lower frequency of deep venous thrombosis reported in the Thai population. Screening for factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutation is of limited benefit and may not be cost‐effective in Thai patients with the first episode of deep venous thrombosis. Am. J. Hematol. 65:119–122, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Library web sites in Pakistan: an analysis of content

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate library web sites in Pakistan, to analyse their content and navigational strengths and weaknesses and to give recommendations for developing better web sites and quality assessment studies.Design/methodology/approach – Survey of web sites of 52 academic, special, public and national libraries in Pakistan based on a 77‐item checklist.Findings – Pakistani libraries have developed web sites over the past few years but these are few in number. No directory is available to locate library web sites and no scholarly literature has been written on this topic in Pakistan. No standards for content selection were considered in developing library web sites so they lack uniformity and often miss important features.Research limitations/implications – This research includes web sites of all types of libraries in Pakistan. Web sites with at least one independent page on a parent organisation's web site are included.Originality/value – This study is the first of its ki.
Credibility theory applied for estimating operating reserve considering wind power uncertainty

The estimation of operating reserve to guarantee the system security and economic operation is an important task in power system operation. With the rapid increase of wind power installation and its large scale integration into power systems, the uncertainty of wind power should be considered in operating reserve estimation. This paper discusses the risk from wind power forecast error and introduces the idea of wind power at risk. The total risk due to wind power forecast error is studied from two different aspects, and two sets of indices are proposed. Credibility theory is applied to get the comprehensive index which is used to estimate operating reserve. Numerical tests are done to compare the proposed approach with others. The results show that the proposed approach can give more economic operating reserve estimation without loss of system security, which may be a reference for the power systems with large scale intermittent generation to estimate operating reserve.
Mental disorders and employee sickness absence: the NEMESIS study. Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study.

BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine to what extent different forms of mental disorders are related to an increased likelihood of sickness absence and whether this increase depends on the employee's sex. METHODS Data of 3,695 employed persons aged 18-64 years from a national sample of the Dutch population were derived from the first two waves of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Mental disorders (DSM-III-R) in the past 12 months were assessed at baseline (1996). Subsequent sickness absence was assessed at the follow-up 1 year later. Somatic illnesses and age were included as controlled confounders. RESULTS Major depressive disorder, dysthymia, simple phobia and drug abuse/dependence were predictive of sickness absence in men. In women, the associations were weaker, and none of the 1-year DSM-III-R disorders was significantly related to the likelihood of sickness absence. CONCLUSIONS Mental disorders are a more important risk factor for sickness absence for male employees than for female employees. Knowledge of this sex difference can be valuable for the development of interventions aiming at reducing sickness absence rates due to mental illness.
Acute and Chronic Stress Response in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) Supplemented with Dietary Methionine and DL-2-Hydroxy-4- (Methylthio)-Butanoic Acid on the Performance and Blood Chemistry

To measure the extent of acute and chronic stress response in Japanese quails on the performance and blood chemistry. An experiment was conducted, quails were fed with dietary treatment containing either DL-methionine (DLM) or 2-hydroxy-4methylthiobutanoic acid (HMTBA) at adequate (starter 0.92%, grower 0.77%) or higher (starter 1.33%, grower 1.08%) concentrations from three to six weeks of age under both normal (24°C) and elevated (33°C) environmental temperatures. Blood samples were collected at 7 hours and 21 days post heat treatment to measure the effect of acute and chronic stress response on the blood parameters. The results obtained shown that heat stress produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) effect in the quails in response significantly impaired the quails performance.
Sentiment analysis of the ICT4Rural Education teacher professional development course

This paper reports on an attempt to gauge the experiences of teachers participating in a teacher professional development course through sentiment analysis. The course formed part of a large scale implementation aimed at changing teachers' classroom practice to reflect a 21st century teaching and learning engagement. The course was purposely designed for a gameful educational user experience to address the design challenge of motivating the participants through a yearlong intervention. Although the actual design and implementation of the course is beyond the scope of this paper, we present results that indicate that the course was experienced mostly relevant and positive. This novel way of gauging the sentiment and hedonistic attributes of a course, holds much promise for similar applications.
The low friction of a diamond/H-terminated Si[111] sliding system

Hydrogen-terminated Si[111] surfaces have been studied for tribological performance in sliding of a diamond slider to obtain fundamental information on contact problems between a Si memory disk and the slider. We focused on the tribological role of the atoms on the contact surfaces, and observed an extra-ordinarily low coefficient of friction: 0.003 of the relevant sliding surfaces, a coefficient as low as the sliding system of diamond/Ag monolayer/Si[111]. The observed friction reduction of 2-orders was attributed to a monolayer of hydrogen atoms terminating the Si[111] dangling bonds. The results are discussed in terms of the sliding mechanism, surface source of friction and application to reduce memory disk surface damage as the result of probable contact between slider and disk, reduction of the friction of micro-machine sliding system, and design of a sliding system in a vacuum.
Multi-class Classifier Based on Support Vector Machines and Similar Binary Tree

The method of multi-class classification based support vector machines is researched. After comparing some common multi-class SVMS, and proposes a multi-class classified method based on similar binary tree. The constructing algorithm of similar binary tree is given and its effectivity is discussed. Experiment results show that the algorithm improves the classifying speed without debasing the classifying precision
[Analysis of the new active principles sold in Spain (1992-2002)].

OBJECTIVES To describe the active principles (AP) marketed in Spain from 1992 to 2002, to determine their characteristics, and to find whether they supposed genuine therapeutic advances (TA). DESIGN Transversal, descriptive study. MAIN MEASUREMENTS The degree of TA in the AP analysed was studied with the classification used by the FDA (A*: exceptional therapeutic novelty; A: important therapeutic novelty; B: modest therapeutic improvement; C: null or very little therapeutic improvement, corresponding to "me-too" drugs; and D: not classified), the context of use and the price. RESULTS 369 new AP were marketed. 3.5% were in group A*, 11.9% in A, 30.1% in B, 49.3% in C, and 5.1% in D. 42.3% corresponded to AP used in hospitals for therapy or diagnosis. Significant differences were found (P<.05) on comparing the degree of TA and the context of use, such that more AP in the A/A* (32.6%) and B (44.0%) groups were found in AP used in hospital therapy and diagnosis than in AP used in primary care and generally (5.3% in the A/A* groups and 23.4% in group B). Only 11 AP of the A/A* groups were used in primary care. The cost per defined daily dose was 17.6 euros; and the new AP in group C were dearer than already existing alternatives in 93.4% of cases. CONCLUSIONS Real TA are few in number and preferentially used in hospitals. Almost all the new AP are "me-too" drugs and are dearer than already existing alternatives.
Effect of Antenna Position and Polarization on UWB Propagation Channel in Underground Mines and Tunnels

Radio propagation in confined spaces is consequent upon reflections by the boundaries. In such cases, the relative position and polarization of antennas becomes important. This paper investigates the effect of antenna position and polarization on ultra-wideband radio propagation in underground mines and tunnels. Analysis is based on channel measurements, over 2.4 to 4 GHz frequency band, in three tunnels of varying cross-sectional dimensions and lengths. Effects of mounting antennas on ceiling versus walls and horizontal versus vertical polarization are compared in terms of path loss and time dispersion. Results show that average path loss is more sensitive to antenna position and polarization, than is time dispersion. The effect of polarization is found to be dependent upon antenna position. Horizontal polarization results in less average path loss when the antennas are mounted close to the ceiling, whereas vertical polarization results in less average loss when mounted close to a side wall. It is demonstrated that carefully considering antenna position and polarization can result in more efficient and cost-effective deployment of UWB systems in underground environments.
Advances in Brief Polyvalent Melanoma Cell Vaccine Induces Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity and in Vitro Cellular Immune Response '

Patients with melanoma metastatic to distant sites or at high risk for recurrent melanoma have been treated with a polyvalent melanoma cell vaccine (MCV) In phase H protocols. We assessed in vivo and in vitro cell-mediated responses to MCV In 163 patIents who had undergone surgical resection of American Joint Committee on Cancer stage HI melanoma. During the first 4 months of vaccine Immunotherapy, 135 patients (83%) responded by developing a positive delayed-type hyper sensitivity reaction @6mm to MCV. In a mixed lymphocyte tumor cell reaction using peripheral blood lymphocytes, 35 of 42 patIents (83%) showeda recallprolIferativeresponseto oneor moreofthe threecelllines of MCV.Therewasa significantcorrelationbetweendelayed-typehyper sensitivityreaction and mixedlymphocytetumor cellreaction(P = 0.013). Alter4 monthsof MCVtherapy,8 of 11patIentshadan Increasedmixed lymphocytetumorcell reactionto autologousmelanomacells.Duringthe first 4 months of vaccine therapy, 16 of 33 patIents developed more than a 50% increaseIncytotoxicT-ceIlactivityagainstone of the cell linesof MCV. Overall survival was significanfly prolonged In patients with a posItIve delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (P 0.0054) andlor In creased cytotoxic T-cell activity (P = 0.02). These findings suggest that MCV Induces specific T-cell responses which are correlated with dinical course; the data also suggest that some of these responses are directed against autologous melanomas and may play a major role In controlling the progression of melanomL
Multigenerational response to artificial selection for biased clutch sex ratios in Tigriopus californicus populations

Polygenic sex determination (PSD) is relatively rare and theoretically evolutionary unstable, yet has been reported across a range of taxa. Evidence for multilocus PSD is provided by (i) large between‐family variance in sex ratio, (ii) paternal and maternal effects on family sex ratio and (iii) response to selection for family sex ratio. This study tests the polygenic hypothesis of sex determination in the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus californicus using the criterion of response to selection. We report the first multigenerational quantitative evidence that clutch sex ratio responds to artificial selection in both directions (selection for male‐ and female‐biased families) and in multiple populations of T. californicus. In the five of six lines that showed a response to selection, realized heritability estimated by multigenerational analysis ranged from 0.24 to 0.58. Divergence of clutch sex ratio between selection lines is rapid, with response to selection detectable within the first four generations of selection.
Pretranslational control of tryptophan oxygenase levels in Morris hepatoma and host liver.

Tryptophan oxygenase is present and hormonally inducible in host livers but is absent in transplanted Morris hepatomas examined under basal conditions as well as in hormonally induced animals. Studies were performed to determine whether the absence of tryptophan oxygenase in hepatomas is mediated by an alteration in the translational efficiency or the level of the messenger RNA (mRNA) for tryptophan oxygenase. The tissue level of the specific mRNA coding for tryptophan oxygenase was quantitated in an mRNA-dependent Krebs ascites cell-free protein-synthesizing system. The enzyme levels and mRNA activities in host livers and hepatomas from control rats and rats given injections of an inducing dose of hydrocortisone were compared; they indicate that the induction of tryptophan oxygenase in host livers by hormones is accompanied by a proportional increase in the level of its mRNA, whereas in the transplanted hepatomas the tryptophan oxygenase catalytic activity and the mRNA coding for this enzyme were undetectable in both control and glucocorticoid-induced animals. No functional mRNA for tryptophan oxygenase could be detected in the total polyadenylate-containing mRNA isolated from the Morris hepatoma cells. The hepatomas contained normal levels of cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor that could bind glucocorticoid, undergo "activation," and translocate to both normal and neoplastic nuclei. Thus, deletion of tryptophan oxygenase in hepatomas is a consequence of the absence of the gene product, i.e., the tryptophan oxygenase mRNA, which codes for its synthesis; this is not due to detectable alterations in the ability of the glucocorticoid receptor to bind the steroid hormone, or of the hormone-receptor complex to undergo activation, or of the activated steroid-receptor complex to bind to nuclei derived from the hepatoma or normal liver.
Role of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in the control of renal function.

IN THIS review article, we will assess the evidence for the presence and the mechanism of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system acting as a local hormonal system in the control of renal function. First, we will review the evidence for the presence of a renin-angiotensin system in the kidney. Second, using results of our own and other studies, we will develop the concept that the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system acts as a local hormonal system in the control of renal function. Third, we will discuss experimental observations on the intrarenal effects of angiotensin II. Fourth, we will evaluate the evidence for a direct renal tubular action of angiotensin II. Fifth, we will assess the role of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in renal autoregulation. Finally, we will speculate on the function of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in general.
Inferindo personalidade por meio de estórias

Recentemente aspectos sutis do ser humano comecaram a ser estudados e utilizados por computadores, um desses e a personalidade. Existem varios estudos que analisam como estrutura-la e extrai-la computacionalmente. No entanto, um dos gargalos no seu estado da arte atual e a forma nao sutil para inferir personalidade do usuario. Este trabalho tem como objetivo mostrar o relato de uma experiencia que demonstra os passos iniciais e os resultados parciais de uma pesquisa em andamento sobre um metodo alternativo e mais sutil para inferir a personalidade do usuario. Os resultados apresentam o uso de historias como uma abordagem promissora, entretanto demanda novos testes baseados em metodologias estatisticamente mais consistentes.
Localization of a gene for bitter-taste perception to human chromosome 5p15.

The present work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant R03DC03509 (to D.R.R). ; NIH grants R01DK44073, R01DK48095, and funds from Axys Pharmaceuticals and Glaxo-Wellcome (to R.A.P.); and NIH grants 5M01RR00125-350922, 5R01DC00283, and 5R21DC03003 to (L.M.B.). We acknowledge the generous cooperation of participating families. We thank Robin L. Kilker, Wei-Dong Li, Andrew C. Krakowski, Guang Ming Yuan, Christa L. Alberry Mayr, Elizabeth Joe, Kruti Quazi, Karynn Henry, Paula Kwon, Samantha J. Weisberg, Balasahib G. Shinde, Robert Brian Chin, Cassandra George, Nicole Baker, and Adam S. Crystal for technical assistance and Joseph H. Lee for statistical advice.