Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus) in a proposed Marine Protected Area off east

The coastal waters of east Lewis from the Butt of Lewis to Loch Erisort are a proposed Marine Protected Area (MPA) for Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus). A total of 100.4 h (2006.4 km) of active search effort (Beaufort sea states ≤3) was collected during 72 dedicated boat surveys between 2010 and 2017 (primarily in August and September) in the southern part of the MPA and south to the Shiant Isles. Forty Risso’s dolphin sightings and 24.1 h of encounter effort were recorded, predominantly along the southern and eastern Eye Peninsula in 20–40 m water depths and at distances ,1 km from shore. Group size ranged from one to 50 animals (mean 1⁄4 11.8 dolphins) and calves occurred in 37.5% of sightings. A total of 2404 shorebased scans (Beaufort sea states ≤3) carried out from Tiumpan Head between September 2011 and December 2017 resulted in 271 (11.3%) ‘dolphin-present’ scans. Dolphins were present year-round, with a seasonal increase between May and October. ‘Calf-present’ scans only occurred between April and October. Photo-identification images from 28 boat surveys produced a minimum population size of 117 animals. There was evidence of high interand intra-annual site fidelity, with individual dolphins photographically captured in up to six of the eight survey years, and between two and seven capture dates being recorded for over 45% of individuals within most years. The combined datasets support the importance of east Lewis for Risso’s dolphins, and recommendations are made for ongoing monitoring of dolphin occurrence throughout the wider MPA.
Historical and future anthropogenic warming effects on droughts, fires and fire emissions of CO2 and PM2.5 in equatorial Asia when 2015-like El Niño events occur

Abstract. In 2015, El Niño contributed to severe droughts in equatorial Asia (EA). The severe droughts enhanced fire activity in the dry season (June–November), leading to massive fire emissions of CO2 and aerosols. Based on large event attribution ensembles of the MIROC5 atmospheric global climate model, we suggest that historical anthropogenic warming increased the chances of meteorological droughts exceeding the 2015 observations in the EA area. We also investigate changes in drought in future climate simulations, in which prescribed sea surface temperature data have the same spatial patterns as the 2015 El Niño with long-term warming trends. Large probability increases of stronger droughts than the 2015 event are projected when events like the 2015 El Niño occur in the 1.5 and 2.0 ∘C warmed climate ensembles according to the Paris Agreement goals. Further drying is projected in the 3.0 ∘C ensemble according to the current mitigation policies of nations. We use observation-based empirical functions to estimate burned area, fire CO2 emissions and fine (<2.5 µm) particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions from these simulations of precipitation. There are no significant increases in the chances of burned area and CO2 and PM2.5 emissions exceeding the 2015 observations due to past anthropogenic climate change. In contrast, even if the 1.5 and 2.0 ∘C goals are achieved, there are significant increases in the burned area and CO2 and PM2.5 emissions. If global warming reaches 3.0 ∘C, as is expected from the current mitigation policies of nations, the chances of burned areas and CO2 and PM2.5 emissions exceeding the 2015 observed values become approximately 100 %, at least in the single model ensembles. We also compare changes in fire CO2 emissions due to climate change and the land-use CO2 emission scenarios of five shared socioeconomic pathways, where the effects of climate change on fire are not considered. There are two main implications. First, in a national policy context, future EA climate policy will need to consider these climate change effects regarding both mitigation and adaptation aspects. Second is the consideration of fire increases changing global CO2 emissions and mitigation strategies, which suggests that future climate change mitigation studies should consider these factors.
Can Pandemic-Induced Job Uncertainty Stimulate Automation?

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns about the future of work. The pandemic may become recurrent, necessitating repeated adoptions of social distancing measures (voluntary or mandatory), creating substantial uncertainty about worker productivity. But robots are not susceptible to the virus. Thus, pandemic-induced job uncertainty may boost the incentive for automation. However, elevated uncertainty also reduces aggregate demand and reduces the value of new investment in automation. We assess the importance of automation in driving business cycle dynamics following an increase in job uncertainty in a quantitative New Keynesian DSGE framework. We find that, all else being equal, job uncertainty does stimulate automation, and increased automation helps mitigate the negative impact of uncertainty on aggregate demand.
Livestock systems and farming styles in Eastern Italian Alps: an on-farm survey

Abstract This research aimed to study the relationships between livestock systems, landscape maintenance and farming styles in the Belluno Province, a mountainous area of the Eastern Italian Alps. A total of 65 farms were sampled on the basis of livestock category farmed and herd size. Farms were visited to collect information on technical and productive aspects, on landscape features of land managed, which was identified by aerial photographs and digitised in a GIS environment, and on the farmers’ background, attitudes and approach to farming. Six different livestock systems were identified: intensive beef cattle (2 farms); extensive beef cattle (12 farms); large sheep/goat farms (9 farms); small sheep/goat farms (6 farms); intensive dairy cattle (14 farms) and extensive dairy cattle (22 farms). The intensive systems had larger herds, modern structures and equipment, and were strongly production oriented, whereas the extensive systems had smaller herds and productivity, with often traditional or obsolete structures and equipment, but showed a tendency to diversify production by means of on-farm cheese making and/or mixed farming of different livestock categories. The ability to maintain meadows and pastures was greater for the extensive systems, especially in steep areas, while the annual nitrogen output, estimated as kg N/ha, was lower. Data on the farmers’ background and attitudes were analysed with a non-hierarchical cluster procedure that clustered the farmers into 4 farming styles widely different in motivations to farming, innovative capability, and ability to diversify income sources and ensure farm economic viability. The farming styles were distributed across all livestock systems, indicating the lack of a linkage between the assignment of a farm to a livestock system and the way the farm is managed. This study demonstrates that in mountain areas variability of livestock systems may be high, and that they differ not only in production practices but also in the ability to maintain landscape, which is generally higher in the extensive or even marginal systems. Within a given livestock system, farms may be managed with different styles, which implies that informative knowledge to address policy decisions needs to integrate the definition of livestock systems with the assessment of farming styles.
HUMAN CAPITAL, CULTURE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Social scientists have developed theories and conducted empirical research on both the economic and non-economic determinants of economic growth to explain the differential economic growth performance across countries. Among the non-economic determinants, cultural values have been found to matter for economic development. Another study found that human capital is one of the possible sources of economic growth and plays a central role within the new growth theory. Culture is defined as “those customary beliefs and values that ethnic, religious, and social groups transmit fairly unchanged from generation to generation”. Economic culture is defined as “the beliefs, attitudes, and values that bear on the economic activities of individuals, organizations, and other institutions. In other words, cultural values represent the implicitly and/or explicitly shared abstract ideas about what is good, right, and desirable in a society. Therefore, cultural values refer to a shared system of values that influence and shape an individual’s behaviour within the society and considered as one of the possible outcomes of personal wealth. One possible channel through which culture may positively affect economic growth is through complementary relationship between culture and human capital development. This study analyses the complementary relationship and shows how important is culture in understanding the economic inequalities across nations. Field of Research: Public finance, Macroeconomics, Islamic economics, Islamic public finance. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Defining climate's role in ecosystem evolution: Clues from late quaternary mammals

Mammalian communities alter their taxonomic composition through time as the species composing them change their biogeographic range, become extinct, or evolve into new species. When taxonomic compositions change through these processes, inevitably the links between taxa and communities change too, resulting in evolution from one ecosystem into the next. Late Quaternary examples suggest that on a timescale encompassing a few thousand to a few hundred thousand years (the “multi‐millennial timescale"), climatic change is perhaps the most important driver of ecosystem evolution because it periodically forces biogeographic changes and extinction. Climatic change over this timescale, which essentially slips between “geological time”; and “ecological time”;, is not very closely in phase with population‐level evolution of a species analyzed for this study, the meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus; therefore climatic oscillations on the multi‐millennial timescale may not stimulate speciation much. Instead, speciati.
INFLUÊNCIA DA LOCALIZAÇÃO DO TUMOR NA EXPRESSÃO TECIDUAL DA PROTEÍNA p53 EM DOENTES COM CÂNCER COLORRETAL. ESTUDO DE 100 CASOS INFLUENCE OF TUMOR LOCALIZATION ON THE TISSUE EXPRESSION OF P53 PROTEIN IN PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER. STUDY OF 100 CASES

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate if there are any differences in tissue expression of p53 protein according to tumor location in colorectal cancer patients. METHOD: One hundred colorectal adenocarcinoma patients (54 women) of mean age 59.8 years were studied. Expression of p53 protein was analyzed through immunohistochemistry, using anti-p53 monoclonal antibodies and the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. Correlations between tissue expression of p53 protein and the following variables were investigated: gender, age, histological grade, histological type, tumor size, TNM staging, depth of intestinal wall invasion, lymph node involvement, angiolymphatic invasion, and proximal or distal tumor location in relation to the splenic flexure. For statistical evaluation of the relationship between p53 protein expression and these variables, the chi-squared test was used, with the significance level set at 5% (p<0.05). RESULTS: There was positivity for p53 protein in 75% of the cases. Among the different variables considered, a greater tendency towards expression of the mutant protein was found in relation to age (p=0.001), a histological grade (p=0.001), a histological type (p=0.001), advanced TNM staging (p=0.001), deeper depth of colon wall invasion (p=0.001), lymph node involvement (p=0.001), angiolymphatic invasion (p=0.02) and distal location to the splenic flexure (p=0.001). However, there was no relationship with gender (p=0.49) or tumor size (p=0.08). CONCLUSION: The results from this study allow the conclusion that the expression of mutant p53 protein occurs more frequently in tumors located distally to the splenic flexure.
Ranging Patterns of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins ( Sousa chinensis ) in the Pearl River Estuary, People's Republic of China

Few studies have examined the home range characteristics of coastal dolphins or porpoises in detail. The location data of 40 Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) from Hong Kong waters and Lingding Bay, with a range of 10-67 sightings each, were analyzed. Range size of individuals varied greatly from 24 km to 304 km, with an average of 99.5 km. Each estimated range encompassed only a small portion of the overall population’s range. Age class, association with a fishing boat, distribution and availability of food resources, and human activities and disturbances all influenced ranging patterns of humpback dolphins in the Pearl River Estuary. Seasonal and annual variations in range use were observed among individual dolphins. While providing information previously unknown about these dolphins, this study also indicated that further investigations are needed to identify the exact ranging patterns and home range characteristics for this humpback dolphin population.
Fuel moisture sampling and modeling in Pinus elliottii Engelm. plantations based on weather conditions in Paraná - Brazil

Abstract: Fuel moisture content is essential to estimate several fire behavior variables. The objective of the present study was to estimate fuel moisture through meteorological variables. The field materials used for this purpose were the accumulated needles found on the ground of a Pinus elliottii Engelm. plantation of the Federal University of Parana Experimental Station, located in Rio Negro county, Parana State, southern Brazil (26o04’S lat., 49o45’W long.). To determine fuel moisture content, two sampling methods were tested: the first method consisted in collecting samples of fuel in plastic baskets and subsequently weighing them approximately every two hours, while the second method consisted in collecting, approximately every two hours, a series of different samples directly from the forest floor, and weighing them. All the samples collected on site were then oven dried for moisture determination. Comparing both methods, it was found that the best results were obtained using the samples collected directly from the forest floor and that the best fitting equation included air temperature and wind speed.
THE ELEMENTS OF IMMUNOLOGIC ENHANCEMENT: A CONSIDERATION OF MECHANISMS *

This paper will describe briefly the fundamentals of immunologic enhancement, detail recent experimental findings with respect to “allogenic”’ tumor homografts, and discuss the concepts of mechanism for enhancement2-10 that have been proposed. Immunologic enhancement has been defined4 as ‘ I . the successful establishment of a tumor homograft and its progressive growth (usually to death of the host) as a consequence of the tumor’s contact with specific antiserum in the host” (p. 992). This definition now perhaps should be altered to read “the successful establishment or prolonged survival (conversely, the delayed rejection) of an allogenic graft . ” The demonstrated requirement for contact of the graft with antigraft antibody as the initiating factor in immunologic enhancement distinguishes this phenomenon from the various manifestations of induced immune unresponsiveness, designated by such terms as “acquired tolerance,” “immunologic unresponsiveness,” “immune paralysis,” and others.I1-l3 The basic conditions for inducing enhancement and its various attendant features have been reviewed in detaiL4 They have been defined for transplanted tumors indigenous to inbred strains of mice. Briefly, progressive growth of allogenic tumor grafts (enhancement) in strains of mice in which they normally would be rejected will follow ache immunization of the prospective host with isoor heteroantisera directed against the tumor graft. In both active and passive immunization, the presence in the host of antiserum directed against the graft is the primary requisite for enhancement. The phenomenon has therefore been named “immunologic enhancement” to distinguish it from other experimental conditions that may effect homograft survival. Enhancement is more uniformly induced by passive than by active immunization. This should be expected, for there are both quantitative and qualitative differences among animals (including members of an inbred strain) in their response to immunologic stimuli. Both homograft resistance and enhancement can be demonstrated in the actively immunized anima1.2*3p7J4 If the initial immune stimulus is a live allogenic tumor graft (which eventually is rejected), a second graft of the same tumor line inoculated within 5 to 14 days after the first inoculation will exhibit the accelerated rejection associated with a “second-set” response. As the interval between first and second graftings is increased, an increasing proportion of the hosts will show tumor enhancement. The temporal relations for these converse responses (see FIGURE l a ) , as worked out specifically for the test system we have most frequently used (strain A tumor Sarcoma I in Cj7BL/Ks h0sts),2,~ can be taken to reflect the waning of
Linkage and QTL mapping for Sus scrofa chromosome 1

Summary Linkage maps of Sus scrofa chromosome 1 (SSC1) have been produced using 10 markers in three different F2 families based on crosses of Meishan (M), Pietrain (P) and Wild Boar (W). The maps were similar for the different families and show higher paternal recombination, especially in the interval SW2130–SW803. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting body conformation, carcass composition, fat deposition and numbers of teats were identified in all three families. Major QTLs were mapped in chromosomal intervals centred at approximately 60, 120 and 170 cM. The QTLs explain up to 8.4% of phenotypic variance in the F2 generation. Pietrain QTL alleles were superior in comparison with Wild Boar and Meishan alleles for most of the trait values. Meishan alleles were associated with highest fat deposition. Additive gene effects were generally larger than dominance effects. QTL profiles on SSC1 differed between families, with the W · P family being most distinct.
Comparison of Meristic Variations and Bone Abnormalities between Wild and Laboratory-Reared Red Sea Bream

To obtain basic information for the production of healthy and vigorous larvae and juveniles, a comparative study on meristic variations and bone abnormalities between wild and laboratory-reared red sea bream, Pagrus major, was undertaken. Although 95% of the specimens of wild juveniles had a definite number of dorsal fin rays, reared juveniles exhibited extensive variations, and the latter had fewer pectoral fin rays than the former. Bone abnormalities included the transformation of spines to soft rays, shrinkage of lower jaw, pug-headness, shrinkage of anterior centra, fusion of vertebrae, abnormal pterygiophores, etc. Detailed observations of cleared and double-stained specimens revealed that wild juveniles had an average of 0.2 abnormal bones per specimen, whereas, the reared ones had an average of 2.04-21.4 abnormal bones per specimen, depending on the groups. Therefore, reared fishes showed many abnormalities, although they appeared to be normal based on external observation. The causes of these abnormalities have not been elucidated, except for the lordosis. Abnormalities of reared fishes seemed to affect bones and cartilage as well as other tissues, such as the deformity of the inter-nostril epidermis in one case. It is likely that various defects associated with rearing conditions induce a variety of abnormalities. Aquaculturists should attempt to produce larvae and juveniles which are similar in morphological, behavioral, physiological and biochemical characteristcs to wild ones.
FEEDING IN PERANEMA TRICHOPHORUM REVISITED (EUGLENOPHYTA) 1

Feeding in Peranema trichophorum (Ehrenberg 1838) Stein 1878 was first observed over a century ago, yet there is still contention over how the feeding apparatus is used in feeding. Using video microscopy and scanning microscopy, this study documents two types of feeding. Peranema may engulf prey cells whole. Immotile cells are preferred, but moving cells occasionally are engulfed. Details of the early stages of engulfment are presented using scanning electron microscopy. A second method of feeding begins with the attachment of Peranema to a prey cell. The rods of the feeding apparatus then are repeatedly scraped over the surface of the prey until a tear occurs in the cell. The feeding apparatus is inserted into the opening and the internal cell contents are sucked out. The anterior flagellum is inserted into the prey to help remove the cell's contents.
Folates in plants: biosynthesis, distribution, and enhancement

Folates are crucial intermediates for a set of reactions that involve the transfer of single-carbon units (C1 metabolism). They are directly involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids, methionine, pantothenate, glycine and serine, and indirectly, through S-adenosyl methionine, in all methylation reactions. Humans cannot synthesize folates de novo. In these organisms, folate deficiency has severe effects on health and affects large population groups around the world. Because plants are the main source of dietary folates, there are great concerns to select plant food having high concentrations of folates or to engineer their folate metabolism to increase the initial amount. All these attempts rely on what we know about the metabolism of folates. During these last 10 years, the complex pathway leading to the synthesis of folates has been deciphered. Our knowledge about folate synthesis and distribution during plant growth and development also increased substantially. However, important aspects of folate metabolism remain unclear, such as catabolism, transport and regulation of the homeostasis. The aim of this review was to summarize our recent findings, to describe the few attempts reported in the literature to engineer folate level in plants, and to discuss potential strategies that could be used for enhancement.
A mass-selection method for the acclimatization and improvement of edible diploid potatoes in the United Kingdom

SUMMARY A mass-selection scheme for outbreeding diploid potatoes of the Phureja-Stenotomum Group is described; the scheme includes both seedling and ongoing tuber populations. Provision is made for higher yielding clones to contribute more true seed to ensuing generations. A computer is used to document and randomize the plantings. Selection criteria and methods are described. Results are given from an experiment to monitor progress. The use of diploid potatoes in British breeding, and the historical development of breeding methods, are reviewed in relation to the present mass-selection scheme.