Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improving the Izhikevich Model Based on Rat Basolateral Amygdala and Hippocampus Neurons, and Recognizing Their Possible Firing Patterns

Introduction: Identifying the potential firing patterns following different brain regions under normal and abnormal conditions increases our understanding of events at the level of neural interactions in the brain. Furthermore, it is important to be capable of modeling the potential neural activities to build precise artificial neural networks. The Izhikevich model is one of the simplest biologically-plausible models, i.e. capable of capturing most recognized firing patterns of neurons. This property makes the model efficient in simulating the large-scale networks of neurons. Improving the Izhikevich model for adapting with the neuronal activity of rat brain with great accuracy would make the model effective for future neural network implementations. Methods: Data sampling from two brain regions, the HIP and BLA, was performed by the extracellular recordings of male Wistar rats, and spike sorting was conducted by Plexon offline sorter. Further analyses were performed through NeuroExplorer and MATLAB. To optimize the Izhikevich model parameters, a genetic algorithm was used. In this algorithm, optimization tools, like crossover and mutation, provide the basis for generating model parameters populations. The process of comparison in each iteration leads to the survival of better populations until achieving the optimum solution. Results: In the present study, the possible firing patterns of the real single neurons of the HIP and BLA were identified. Additionally, an improved Izhikevich model was achieved. Accordingly, the real neuronal spiking pattern of these regions’ neurons and the corresponding cases of the Izhikevich neuron spiking pattern were adjusted with great accuracy. Conclusion: This study was conducted to elevate our knowledge of neural interactions in different structures of the brain and accelerate the quality of future large-scale neural networks simulations, as well as reducing the modeling complexity. This aim was achievable by performing the improved Izhikevich model, and inserting only the plausible firing patterns and eliminating unrealistic ones.
Information Theoretic Limits for Phase Retrieval With Subsampled Haar Sensing Matrices

We study information theoretic limits of recovering an unknown <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dimensional, complex signal vector <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${x}_{\star} $ </tex-math></inline-formula> with unit norm from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> magnitude-only measurements of the form <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${y}_{i} = |({A}{x}_{\star} )_{i}|^{2}, \; {i} = 1,2 {\dots }, {m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${A}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the sensing matrix. This is known as the Phase Retrieval problem and models practical imaging systems where measuring the phase of the observations is difficult. Since in a number of applications, the sensing matrix has orthogonal columns, we model the sensing matrix as a subsampled Haar matrix formed by picking <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> columns of a uniformly random <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${m} \times {m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> unitary matrix. We study this problem in the high dimensional asymptotic regime, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${m},{n} \rightarrow \infty $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, while <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${m}/{n} \rightarrow \delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> being a fixed number, and show that if <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${m} < (2-{o}_{n}(1))\cdot {n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, then <italic>any estimator</italic> is asymptotically orthogonal to the true signal vector <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${x}_{\star} $ </tex-math></inline-formula>. This lower bound is sharp since when <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${m} > (2+{o}_{n}(1)) \cdot {n} $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, estimators that achieve a non trivial asymptotic correlation with the signal vector are known from previous works.
Application-Layer Coding with Intermittent Feedback Under Delay and Duty-Cycle Constraints

We propose two application-layer coding schemes for delay-constrained point-to-point packet communications with restrictions on the transmitter’s maximum duty-cycle. The schemes operate over GF(2) and utilize intermittently available receiver feedback for erasure correction. Applications that will benefit from the proposed schemes include wireless sensor networks in which energyconstrained sensors must deliver readings to a gateway within a deadline. Simulation results for independent Bernoulli erasure channels, Gilbert-Elliott channels, and Long Range (LoRa) communications demonstrate orders-of-magnitude reductions in the delivery failure rate as compared to feedback-assisted repetition redundancy and a blind coding scheme that does not utilize feedback.
Physics Briefing Book

The European Particle Physics Strategy Update (EPPSU) process takes a bottom-up approach, whereby the community is first invited to submit proposals (also called inputs) for projects that it would like to see realised in the near-term, mid-term and longer-term future. National inputs as well as inputs from National Laboratories are also an important element of the process. All these inputs are then reviewed by the Physics Preparatory Group (PPG), whose role is to organize a Symposium around the submitted ideas and to prepare a community discussion on the importance and merits of the various proposals. The results of these discussions are then concisely summarised in this Briefing Book, prepared by the Conveners, assisted by Scientific Secretaries, and with further contributions provided by the Contributors listed on the title page. This constitutes the basis for the considerations of the European Strategy Group (ESG), consisting of scientific delegates from CERN Member States, Associate Member States, directors of major European laboratories, representatives of various European organizations as well as invitees from outside the European Community. The ESG has the mission to formulate the European Strategy Update for the consideration and approval of the CERN Council.
On the linear and non-linear evolution of the relativistic MHD Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in a magnetically polarized fluid

The origin and strength of the magnetic field in some systems like active galactic nuclei or gamma-ray bursts is still an open question in astrophysics. A possible mechanism to explain the magnetic field amplification is the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, since it is able to transform the kinetic energy in a shear flow into magnetic energy. Through this work, we investigate the linear and non-linear effects produced by the magnetic susceptibility in the development of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in a relativistic plasma. The system under study consists of a plane interface separating two uniform fluids that move with opposite velocities. The magnetic field in the system is parallel to the flows and the susceptibility is assumed to be homogeneous, constant in time, and equal in both fluids. In particular, we analyse the instability in three different cases, when the fluids are diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and when the susceptibility is zero. We compute the dispersion relation in the linear regime and found that the interface between diamagnetic fluids is more stable than between paramagnetic ones. We check the analytical results with numerical simulations, and explore the effect of the magnetic polarization in the non-linear regime. We find that the magnetic field is more amplified in paramagnetic fluids than in diamagnetic ones. Surprisingly, the effect of the susceptibility in the amplification is stronger when the magnetization parameter is smaller. The results of our work make this instability a more efficient and effective amplification mechanism of seed magnetic fields when considering the susceptibility of matter.
Substra: a framework for privacy-preserving, traceable and collaborative Machine Learning

Machine learning is promising, but it often needs to process vast amounts of sensitive data which raises concerns about privacy. In this white-paper, we introduce Substra, a distributed framework for privacy-preserving, traceable and collaborative Machine Learning. Substra gathers data providers and algorithm designers into a network of nodes that can train models on demand but under advanced permission regimes. To guarantee data privacy, Substra implements distributed learning: the data never leave their nodes; only algorithms, predictive models and non-sensitive metadata are exchanged on the network. The computations are orchestrated by a Distributed Ledger Technology which guarantees traceability and authenticity of information without needing to trust a third party. Although originally developed for Healthcare applications, Substra is not data, algorithm or programming language specific. It supports many types of computation plans including parallel computation plan commonly used in Federated Learning. With appropriate guidelines, it can be deployed for numerous Machine Learning use-cases with data or algorithm providers where trust is limited.
Spinning test particles in the 
γ
 spacetime

We consider the motion of spinning particles in the field of a well known vacuum static axially-symmetric spacetime, known as $\gamma$ metric, that can be interpreted as a generalization of the Schwarzschild manifold to include prolate or oblate deformations. We derive the equations of motion for spinning test particles by using the Mathisson-Papapetrou-Dixon equations together with the Tulczyjew spin-supplementary condition, and restricting the motion to the equatorial plane. We determine the limit imposed by super-luminal velocity for the spin of the particle located at the innermost stable circular orbits (ISCO). We show that the particles on ISCO of the prolate $\gamma$ spacetime are allowed to have nigher spin than the corresponding ones in the the oblate case. We determine the value of the ISCO radius depending on the signature of the spin-angular momentum, ${\rm s-L}$ relation, and show that the value of the ISCO with respect to the non spinning case is bigger for ${\rm sL} 0$. The results may be relevant for determining the properties of accretion disks and constraining the allowed values of quadrupole moments of astrophysical black hole candidates.
Circumcision-Related Complications in the Male: Experience amongst the Igbo\'s of Southeast Nigeria

Objectives To evaluate male circumcision and the complications associated with it amongst the Igbo people of Southeast Nigeria. Patients and Methods This study was a prospective review of male circumcision and its complications amongst the Igbo\'s of Southeast Nigeria carried out over a period of six months. It was conducted in three centers (public, private and a mission hospital) in Anambra State (a core Igbo state) of Nigeria. Circumcision was done after birth at any convenient time, and the babies were followed up at the post natal clinic (six weeks after birth) for possible complications. A questionnaire is usually filled at the time of circumcision and completed at the post natal visit. Results A total of 141 circumcisions were performed during the study period. Most of the circumcisions (73.8%) were done between 7 and 9 days after birth. The plastic bell method was used more extensively than the traditional method (68.1% and 31.2%, respectively). The method preferred by the mothers was not statistically different from the method used. The overall complication rate in this study was 24.1%. A higher complication rate was recorded with the use of the traditional method compared to the plastic bell method (43.2% vs. 15.6%, P Conclusion Two factors were responsible for a high complication rate: the use of the traditional method of circumcision and the competence of the performer. It is therefore suggested that circumcision be done by the use of the plastic bell and only by qualified and trained personnel. Complications de la circoncision chez l\'homme: Experience chez les IGBO du Nigeria du sud-est Objectifs: Etude prospective des circoncisions chez l'homme et ses complications dans la region d\'Igbo du Nigeria du sud-est. Patients et Methodes: L\'etude a ete conduite dans trois centres (public, prive et un hopital de la mission) dans Anambra State (au centre de l'etat d'Igbo) du Nigeria pendant une periode de 6 mois. La circoncision a ete realisee apres la naissance, et les bebes ont ete suivis dans la clinique post-natale pour les complications possibles, six semaines apres la naissance. Un questionnaire est rempli habituellement lors de la circoncision et est complete pendant la visite post-natale. Resultats: Un total de 141 circoncisions a ete realise pendant la periode de l\'etude. La plupart des circoncisions (73.8%) a ete faite entre 7 et 9 jours apres la naissance. La methode la plus utilisee est celle de la cloche plastique (68.1%) par rapport a la methode traditionnelle (31.2%). La methode preferee par les meres n\'etait pas statistiquement differente de la methode utilisee. Le taux de complications total dans cette etude etait de 24.1%. Un taux de complications plus important a ete enregistre avec la methode traditionnelle compare a celle de la cloche plastique (43.2% contre 15.6%; P Conclusions: Il est par consequent suggere que cette circoncision soit realisee par la cloche plastique et seulement par un personnel competent. African Journal of Urology Vol.10(4) 2004: 246-251
The buckling eigenvalue problem in the annulus

We consider the buckling eigenvalue problem for a clamped plate in the annulus. We identify the first eigenvalue in dependence of the inner radius, and study the number of nodal domains of the corresponding eigenfunctions. Moreover, in order to investigate the asymptotic behavior of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions as the inner radius approaches the outer one, we provide an analytical study of the buckling problem in rectangles with mixed boundary conditions.
Multi-scale Deep Neural Networks for Solving High Dimensional PDEs

In this paper, we propose the idea of radial scaling in frequency domain and activation functions with compact support to produce a multi-scale DNN (MscaleDNN), which will have the multi-scale capability in approximating high frequency and high dimensional functions and speeding up the solution of high dimensional PDEs. Numerical results on high dimensional function fitting and solutions of high dimensional PDEs, using loss functions with either Ritz energy or least squared PDE residuals, have validated the increased power of multi-scale resolution and high frequency capturing of the proposed MscaleDNN.
Machine Learning of committor functions for predicting high impact climate events

<p>There is a growing interest in the climate community to improve the prediction of high impact climate events, for instance ENSO (El-Ni\~no--Southern Oscillation) or extreme events, using a combination of model and observation data. In this talk we present a machine learning approach for predicting the committor function, the relevant concept. <span>&#160;</span></p><p>Because the dynamics of the climate system is chaotic, one usually distinguishes between time scales much shorter than a Lyapunov time for which a deterministic weather forecast is relevant, and time scales much longer than a mixing times beyond which any deterministic forecast is irrelevant and only climate averaged or probabilistic quantities can be predicted. However, for most applications, the largest interest is for intermediate time scales for which some information, more precise than the climate averages, might be predicted, but for which a deterministic forecast is not relevant. We call this range of time scales \it{the predictability margin}. We stress in this talk that the prediction problem at the predictability margin is of a probabilistic nature. Indeed, such time scales might typically be of the order of the Lyapunov time scale or larger, where errors on the initial condition and model errors limit our ability to compute deterministically the evolution. In this talk we explain that, in a dynamical context, the relevant quantity for predicting a future event at the predictability margin is a committor function. A committor function is the probability that an event will occur or not in the future, as a function of the current state of the system. <span>&#160;</span></p><p>We compute and discuss the committor function from data, either through a direct approach or through a machine learning approach using neural networks. We discuss two examples: a) the computation of the Jin and Timmerman model, a low dimensional model proposed to explain the decadal amplitude changes of El-Ni\~no, b) the computation of committor function for extreme heat waves. We compare several machine learning approaches, using neural network or using kernel-based analogue methods. </p><p>From the point of view of the climate extremes, our main conclusion is that one should generically distinguish between states with either intrinsic predictability or intrinsic unpredictability. This predictability concept is markedly different from the deterministic unpredictability arising because of chaotic dynamics and exponential sensivity to initial conditions. <span>&#160;</span></p>
Human Action Recognition Using Deep Multilevel Multimodal ( ${M}^{2}$ ) Fusion of Depth and Inertial Sensors

Multimodal fusion frameworks for Human Action Recognition (HAR) using depth and inertial sensor data have been proposed over the years. In most of the existing works, fusion is performed at a single level (feature level or decision level), missing the opportunity to fuse rich mid-level features necessary for better classification. To address this shortcoming, in this paper, we propose three novel deep multilevel multimodal ( ${M}^{{2}}$ ) fusion frameworks to capitalize on different fusion strategies at various stages and to leverage the superiority of multilevel fusion. At input, we transform the depth data into depth images called sequential front view images (SFIs) and inertial sensor data into signal images. Each input modality, depth and inertial, is further made multimodal by taking convolution with the Prewitt filter. Creating “modality within modality” enables further complementary and discriminative feature extraction through Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). CNNs are trained on input images of each modality to learn low-level, high-level and complex features. Learned features are extracted and fused at different stages of the proposed frameworks to combine discriminative and complementary information. These highly informative features are served as input to a multi-class Support Vector Machine (SVM). We evaluate the proposed frameworks on three publicly available multimodal HAR datasets, namely, UTD Multimodal Human Action Dataset (MHAD), Berkeley MHAD, and UTD-MHAD Kinect V2. Experimental results show the supremacy of the proposed fusion frameworks over existing methods.
Development of Clinical Concept Extraction Applications: A Methodology Review

Background Concept extraction, a subdomain of natural language processing (NLP) with a focus on extracting concepts of interest, has been adopted to computationally extract clinical information from text for a wide range of applications ranging from clinical decision support to care quality improvement. Objectives In this literature review, we provide a methodology review of clinical concept extraction, aiming to catalog development processes, available methods and tools, and specific considerations when developing clinical concept extraction applications. Methods Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a literature search was conducted for retrieving EHR-based information extraction articles written in English and published from January 2009 through June 2019 from Ovid MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the ACM Digital Library. Results A total of 6,555 publications were retrieved. After title and abstract screening, 224 publications were selected. The methods used for developing clinical concept extraction applications were discussed in this review.
INSTITUTIONAL PRESSURES, HUMAN RESOURCE STRATEGIES, AND THE RISE OF

The author investigates factors influencing the adoption of dispute resolution procedures in the nonunion workplace. Various explanations are tested using data from a 1998 survey of dispute resolution procedures in the telecommunications industry. The results suggest that both institutional pressures and human resource strategies are factors driving the adoption of nonunion procedures. Among institutional factors, rising individual employment rights litigation and expanded court deferral to nonunion arbitration have led to increased adoption of mandatory arbitration procedures in the nonunion workplace. At the same time, an older institutional factor-union substitution by nonunion employers aimed at avoiding union organizing-continues to inspire the adoption of nonunion dispute resolution procedures, especially peer review. Finally, the results provide some support for a link between the use of high performance work systems and the adoption of nonunion dispute resolution procedures. Conflict is an inherent part of the em
The cleavage of immunoglobulin G in vitro and in vivo by a proteinase secreted by the urinary tract pathogen Proteus mirabilis

Eighteen different strains of Proteus mirabilis were all shown to produce an EDTAsensitive proteinase of c. 50 kDa that cleaved the heavy chain, but not the light chain, of IgG. Digestion of pure IgG with small amounts of pure P. mirabilis proteinase generated Fabc', and Fab', fragments; greater amounts generated Fab and Fc fragments that were comparable in size to those generated by pepsin and papain, respectively. Incubation of neutrophils with IgG digested with P. mirabilis proteinase or papain resulted in a marked decrease in the respiratory burst activity of the neutrophils that coincided with cleavage of the IgG into Fab and Fc fragments. Analysis of urine from patients with P. mirabilis urinary tract infection revealed in many the presence of Fab and Fc fragments of IgG indistinguishable in size from those generated by P. mirabilis proteinase. These results indicate that, in P. mirabilis urinary tract infections, the proteinase is secreted and cleaves IgG to fragments that have defective immune effector functions, thereby limiting the effectiveness of the immune response.