Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Properties of neurons from dissociated fetal rat brain in serum-free culture

Because of the unknown constituents and varying composition of serum, its presence in media used in cell culture unavoidably compromises attempts to study cellular mechanisms of growth and differentiation. To overcome this, we have devised a serum-free, chemically defined medium which maintains primary cultures of fetal rat brain cells for more than 6 weeks. This medium allows expression of characteristic properties of neurons and prevents overgrowth of non-neuronal elements without use of antimitotic agents. Cells prepared and plated without exposure to serum attach in less than 20 min to poly-D-lysine substratum and begin to extend processes within 1 hr. After 2 days in culture, process-bearing cells can be divided into those with characteristic neuronal morphology, including long processes which generally branch at a distance from the perikaryon, and those having the appearance of glial cells with many short, thin processes which branch frequently near the cell body. The remaining non-neuronal cells are large and flat with few or no processes. The presence of neurons and astroglia was demonstrated by immunofluorescence detection of bound tetanus toxin as a neuron- specific surface marker, and glial fibrillary acidic protein as an astroglial marker. By the 3rd day in culture, many cells of neuronal morphology were able to generate action potentials in response to electrical stimulation. The ionic composition of the inward current changes from Ca2+ to predominantly Na+ by about 10 days in culture. The presence of synaptic vesicles and myelin was demonstrated by electron microscopy. The ability of dissociated cells from mammalian brain to grow in defined medium without serum and acquire selected properties of mature cells in vivo demonstrates the potential of this culture system for neurobiological studies at the cellular level.
Heat Transfer in Microchannels—2012 Status and Research Needs

Heat transfer and fluid flow in microchannels have been topics of intense research in the past decade. A critical review of the current state of research is presented with a focus on the future research needs. After providing a brief introduction, the paper addresses six topics related to transport phenomena in microchannels: single-phase gas flow, enhancement in single-phase liquid flow and flow boiling, flow boiling instability, condensation, electronics cooling, and microscale heat exchangers. After reviewing the current status, future research directions are suggested. Concerning gas phase convective heat transfer in microchannels, the antagonist role played by the slip velocity and the temperature jump that appear at the wall are now clearly understood and quantified. It has also been demonstrated that the shear work due to the slipping fluid increases the effect of viscous heating on heat transfer. On the other hand, very few experiments support the theoretical models and a significant effort should be made in this direction, especially for measurement of temperature fields within the gas in microchannels, implementing promising recent techniques such as molecular tagging thermometry (MTT). The single-phase liquid flow in microchannels has been established to behave similar to the macroscale flows. The current need is in the area of further enhancing the performance. Progress on implementation of flow boiling in microchannels is facing challenges due to its lower heat transfer coefficients and critical heat flux (CHF) limits. An immediate need for breakthrough research related to these two areas is identified. Discussion about passive and active methods to suppress flow boiling instabilities is presented. Future research focus on instability research is suggested on developing active closed loop feedback control methods, extending current models to better predict and enable superior control of flow instabilities. Innovative high-speed visualization and measurement techniques have led to microchannel condensation now being studied as a unique process with its own governing influences. Further work is required to develop widely applicable flow regime maps that can address many fluid types and geometries. With this, condensation heat transfer models can progress from primarily annular flow based models with some adjustments using dimensionless parameters to those that can directly account for transport in intermittent and other flows, and the varying influences of tube shape, surface tension and fluid property differences over much larger ranges than currently possible. Electronics cooling continues to be the main driver for improving thermal transport processes in microchannels, while efforts are warranted to develop high performance heat exchangers with microscale passages. Specific areas related to enhancement, novel configurations, nanostructures and practical implementation are expected to be the research focus in the coming years.
FRAKTAL SALKIM OLUSUMUNUN RASGELE YÜRÜYÜS YÖNTEMI ILE MODELLENMESI

Dogada bulunan objeler bircok farkli geometrik desenlere sahiptir. Ortamlarindaki sartlara gore fraktal yada dentritik salkim desenleri, tanecikler kumesinden olusmaktadir. Farkli ortam sartlari ve duzensizliklere ragmen bu kumeler simetrik veya yari simetrik dallanma ozellikler tasimaktadir. Bu konuyla ilgili pek cok arastirma yapilmistir [1,2]. Dinamik mekanizmalari deterministik olarak matematiksel formuller ile ifade edilememis olan karmasik sistemlerin, olusum mekanizmalari Monte Carlo (MC) gibi stokastik yaklasimlarla incelenebilmektedir. Difuzyonla' fraktalyapilarinin olusumu modellenebilen salkim (duster) ve dentritik yapilar icin iki tipik ornek Sekil 1 de gorulmektedir. Calismalarda herhangi bir salkimin tasvirinde· fraktal boyut onemli bir nicelik olarak hesaplanmaktadir. Bu calismada Sekil 1'in ust panelinde verilen fraktal salkimlarin olusum mekanizmalarinin arastirilmasina donuk bilgisayar ortaminda simulasyon gerceklestirildi. Buyume mekanizmasinin olusumunda difUzyon-sinirli toplanim (Diffusion-limited aggregation, DLA) modeli kullanilarak, dogada gozlenen desenlerle benzerlik gosteren salkimin dagilim fonksiyonlari hazirlandi. Fraktal salkim olusumu ve buyume mekanizmasi basitce rasgele yuruyus yontemi ile gerceklestirildi. 'programda orgu genisligi ve parcacik sayisi farkli alinarak modellemenin sonuclari elde edildi. Hesaplama sonuclari ile literaturdeki sonuclar karsilastirildi. Buradan programin guvenirligi test edildi.
Genes associated with breast cancer metastatic to bone.

PURPOSE The biology of tumors relapsing to bone is poorly understood. In this study, we initiated a search for genes that are implicated in tumors relapsing to bone in breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed 107 primary breast tumors in patients who were all lymph node negative at the time of diagnosis and all had experienced relapse. Total RNA isolated from frozen tumor samples was used to gather gene expression data using oligo microarrays. RESULTS A panel of 69 genes was found significantly differentially expressed between patients who experienced relapse to bone versus those who experienced relapse elsewhere in the body. The most differentially expressed gene, TFF1, was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in an independent cohort (n = 122; P = .0015). Our differentially expressed genes, combined with a recently reported gene set relevant to tumors relapsing to bone in an animal model system, pointed to the involvement of the fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway in preference of tumor cells that relapse to bone. Given that patients who experience relapse to bone may benefit from bisphosphonate therapy, we developed a classifier of 31 genes, which in an independent validation set correctly predicts all tumors relapsing to bone with a specificity of 50%. CONCLUSION Our study identifies a panel of genes relevant to bone metastasis in breast cancer. The subsequently developed classifier of tumors relapsing to bone could, after thorough confirmation on an extended number of independent samples, and in combination with our previously developed high-risk profile, provide a diagnostic tool for the recommendation of adjuvant bisphosphonate therapy in addition to endocrine therapy or chemotherapy.
Polypyrrole-entrapped quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase. Evidence for direct electron transfer via conducting-polymer chains.

It is reported for the first time that direct electron-transfer processes between a polypyrrole (PPY) entrapped quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter sp. 33 (QH-ADH) and a platinum electrode take place via the conducting-polymer network. The cooperative action of the enzyme-integrated prosthetic groups--pyrroloquinoline-quinone and hemes--is assumed to allow this electron-transfer pathway from the enzyme's active site to the conducting-polymer backbone. A hypothetical model of the electron transfer is proposed which is supported by the influence of various parameters, such as, e.g., ionic strength and nature of the buffer salts. This unusual electron-transfer pathway leads to an accentuated increase of the K M app value (102 mM) and hence to a significantly increased linear detection range of an ethanol sensor based on this enzyme.
Modelling particle deposition in human lungs: modelling concepts and comparison with experimental data

Deposition of inhaled particles in the human lung is determined by biological factors, such as lung morphology and respiratory physiology, as well as by physical factors, such as fluid dynamics of the inhaled air and physical deposition mechanisms acting upon inhaled particles. Different conceptual particle deposition models vary primarily with respect to lung morphometry and mathematical modelling technique, rather than by using different deposition equations. Current whole lung deposition models permit the prediction of particle deposition in single airway generations or defined regions of the human lung for any combination of particle size and breathing pattern. Although comparisons with experimental data in human subjects indicate that all presently available deposition models correctly predict total and regional deposition, they cannot be validated by comparison with experimental data at the single airway or airway generation level.
Cost effectiveness of guideline advice for children with asthma: A literature review

Asthma is an important chronic disease among children. This study reviews the cost effectiveness of interventions in the long‐term care of asthmatic children and compares these results with treatment advice in four current guidelines. Cost‐effectiveness studies were searched for in Medline, Embase, Healthstar, Biosis, and the Office of Health Economics‐Health Economic Evaluations Database (OHE‐HEED), and the Cochrane Library was searched for meta‐analyses of clinical trials.
MicroRNA, a new target for engineering new crop cultivars

ABSTRACT Global sustainable development depends on, at least partially, the sustainable development of crop reproduction that provides food, cloth and bioenergy as well certain drugs. During thousands of years of human history, many crops have been domesticated for feeding the world. Perfectly, in the past 2 decades, scientists have innovated biotechnological tools for improving crop yield and quality. For sustainable development, more targets and tools are needed to develop. Among these, microRNA (miRNA) is becoming an emerging target for engineering new crop cultivars with high yield and quality as well tolerance to environmental abiotic and biotic stresses. miRNAs are an extensive class of small regulatory RNAs, which play essential roles in all plant biological and metabolic processes, not only in plant development and growth but also in compound biosynthesis and response to various environmental stress. miRNA-based biotechnology is becoming a new strategy for crop improvement, which will play important role in future agricultural sustainable development.
The effect of squeeze film constriction on bandwidth improvement in interferometric accelerometers

This paper studies the effects of a constricted squeeze film on the performance of an optical microelectromechanical system accelerometer. Squeeze films are shown to extend the sensor frequency range (bandwidth) in accelerometers without decreasing the mechanical sensitivity by retarding the resonate response. By restricting the venting of a squeeze film, this preferential behavior is observed at lower frequencies than is expected for ideally vented accelerometers. Due to this effect, constricted squeeze films may be used to improve the bandwidth performance of devices of lower natural frequencies and higher inertial sensitivities. A model, extended from the existing squeeze film theory, is developed for the squeeze film formed between circular plates with generalized mixed boundary pressure conditions to describe the boundary flow resistance. These effects are experimentally observed in a parallel plate Fabry–Pérot interferometric accelerometer through frequency response characterization at mechanical resonance under pressure variation. The analytical results for the constricted squeeze film are used to predict the performance gains due to the frequency-dependent squeeze film parameters. These results are experimentally confirmed by demonstrating improved bandwidth performance due to the constricted squeeze film.
Detection of intra-familial transmission of shigella infection using conventional serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is commonly used in molecular epidemiology. However, this technique has never been used in studying intra-family spread of enteric diseases in Bangladesh. Our objective was to evaluate the intra-familial transmission of shigella infection using PFGE. Children of either sex, less than 10 years old, who were family contacts of shigella-infected index cases were the study population. PFGE was applied if the same serotypes/sub-serotypes of shigella were isolated from both the index case and the family contact children. In total, 227 index cases were studied. Shigella was isolated from 61 (27%) contact children on day 1 of enrolment, among which Shigella flexneri (41%) and S. boydii (41%) were dominant, followed by S. dysenteriae (10%), S. sonnei (3%), and shigella-like organisms (5%). Seventeen (28%) of the asymptomatic infections in contact children were caused by the same serotype of shigella as that found in the index case. The intra-familial shigella transmission rate was 8% (17/227). Of the 227 contact children, eight (4%) developed diarrhoea during a 10-day follow-up and shigella was isolated from five (2%) of these children, and three of them (S. flexneri 3a, 1b, and 3a) were identical to the strains from their respective index cases. Compared to children without asymptomatic carriage of shigella (2/166), the risk (odds ratio) of developing diarrhoea for the children with asymptomatic carriage of shigella identical to their cases (3/17) was 9·0 (95% CI 1·5–49·0, P=0·01). The attributable risk for symptomatic shigella infection by intra-familial transmission was 50%. Results of this study demonstrated that intra-familial transmission of shigella carries a higher risk for diarrhoea.
New method for studying steady states in quantum impurity problems: the interacting resonant level model.

We develop a new perturbative method for studying any steady states of quantum impurities, in or out of equilibrium. We show that steady-state averages are completely fixed by basic properties of the steady-state (Hershfield's) density matrix along with dynamical "impurity conditions. " This gives the full perturbative expansion without Feynman diagrams (matrix products instead are used), and "resums" into an equilibrium average that may lend itself to numerical procedures. We calculate the universal current in the interacting resonant level model (IRLM) at finite bias V to first order in Coulomb repulsion U for all V and temperatures. We find that the bias, like the temperature, cuts off low-energy processes. In the IRLM, this implies a power-law decay of the current at large V (also recently observed by Boulat and Saleur at some finite value of U).
Designs of solar collector for Hybrid Fiber Optic Lighting system

A major reason for not seeing many solar energy systems utilized for lighting is the high capital cost. This triggered us to design a novel Hybrid Fibre Optic Lighting System. The proposed system relies on the fact that light rays are free and can be harnessed without the use of expensive tracking systems requiring constant alignments. A successful system must respond to the following criteria. The collector should be fixed and capable of collecting as much sunlight as possible during a sunny day, taking into account any external obstacle. The system has to be robust to withstand all weather conditions and have an efficiency equivalent to that of standard lighting requirements. A control system to turn lighting on/off as needed would be advantageous.
Review of Silicon Photonics Foundry Efforts

Silicon photonics have progressed to a point where the next step for commercialization depends on the accessibility of manufacturing foundries. The implementation of a fabless foundry model using standardized process technology platforms is crucial for that to occur. Research and development (R&D) foundries are beginning to play bigger roles in transforming silicon photonics into a mature technology for mass production. R&D foundry services such as multi-project wafer (MPW) shuttles, customized process developmental runs and small volume manufacturing are discussed. The development of commercial foundries for low cost, high volume production is also shown to be underway, and key results from an on-going effort to set-up a manufacturing silicon photonics foundry line are presented.
Effect of loading a mode-stirred chamber with antennas on Q-factor and comparison to theory

The Quality Factor (Q) is probably one of the most important figure of merit for Mode-Stirred Chambers (M-S.C.) by its ability to quantify losses. The losses mechanisms intervening in the Q-factor of the present work are twofold: losses due to the antennas and losses due to the walls. Few experimental data have been published on the laws observed and followed for these losses with frequency [1, 2]. In the present work we expose experimental data showing the effect of loading a M-S.C. with antennas. A comparison with the available theoretical model is also reported.
Gender differences in the phenotypic expression of Alzheimer's disease in Down's syndrome (Trisomy 21)

Twenty-eight individuals with typical Down's syndrome (DS) phenotype (17 males and 11 females; age range: 10-74 years) were investigated for gender differences in the phenotypic expression of Alzheimer-type pathology (ATP). Quantitative neuropathology was performed in the 4 neocortical lobes of the right hemisphere, by counting senile plaques (SP), and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). ATP was present in 25 middle-aged (> 40 years) individuals (16 males and 9 females). Females had significantly higher (p = 0.03) mean neocortical NFT densities (36.6 per mm2; s.e.m. +/- 6.6) than males (17.9 per mm2; s.e.m. +/- 4.7). None of the females had NFT densities below 10 per mm2, compared with 6 males in whom NFT were either absent or seen in very low densities (< 4 per mm2). Assessment of SP densities in the same cortical regions showed non-significant differences in females (42.4 per mm2; s.e.m. +/- 5.1) compared with males (33.6 per mm2; s.e.m. +/- 2.1). There was clinical evidence of dementia in all the female (8/8) individuals who were prospectively assessed, compared with only 54% (7/13) of males. The male individuals without clinical dementia had absent or low neocortical NFT densities regardless of high SP densities. Female DS cases (mean age: 48.8 years; s.e.m. +/- 1.9) had an earlier onset of dementia than males (mean age: 53.6 years; s.e.m. +/- 1.3; p = 0.05). Female middle-aged DS individuals have an earlier onset, and a more severe form of AD which correlates with higher neocortical NFT rather than SP density.
Convergência global de um método sem derivadas para otimização irrestrita.

Em muitas aplicacoes industriais e de engenharia necessita-se resolver problemas de otimizacao em que as derivadas da funcao objetivo nao estao disponiveis. Tenta-se ainda evitar avaliacoes desnecessarias da funcao que sao, geralmente, muito caras computacionalmente. A ausencia de derivadas computaveis naturalmente proibem o uso de modelos de Taylor, tao comuns em otimizacao com derivadas. Alem disso, acredita-se que o contexto sem derivadas seja mais dificil, uma vez que tenta-se obter um ponto de minimo com menos informacao. A otimizacao sem derivadas recebe muita atencao na obra de Conn, Scheinberg e Vicente [2]. O proposito deste trabalho e analisar o problema de minimizacao sem derivadas baseando-se no metodo proposto por Powell em [3]. Neste, estuda-se um metodo de minimizacao irrestrita que nao utiliza as derivadas da funcao objetivo e tambem evita o excesso de avaliacoes dessa funcao. Mais formalmente, resolve-se o problema
Identification of two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis resolved yeast proteins by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry

Protein extract from yeast cells growing exponentially in saline medium was separated by two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2‐D PAGE), with the separation in the first dimension on a wide range immobilized pH (3–10) gradient. From one preparative 2‐D gel a number of previously identified proteins were used as test material for our initial matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) efforts on large scale rapid protein spot identification. Sample preparation via in‐gel trypsin digestion was slightly modified to be compatible to MS analysis, and via this modified procedure MS generated peptide mass profiles could, in most cases with good precision, identify the protein in question. Preferential ionization was tested on a yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALD7), and it was shown that the ionization of some peptides was clearly suppressed by the presence of others. Roughly 50% of the observed peptide masses was found by the search routines in the database, and the mass measurement accuracy of the peptides was within 0.5 Da. Silver‐stained gels could be used with good results for the generation of peptides to be analyzed by MALDI‐MS. For one of the 2‐D resolved proteins, glycerol 3‐phosphatase (GPP1), the post‐source decay (PSD) spectrum proved crucial in identification.
Dense 3D reconstruction using a rotational stereo camera

This paper proposes a method to construct a three-dimensional (3D) model of an outdoor scene containing a large amount of information by combining local stereo images which are acquired from multiway. It is difficult to reconstruct outdoor scenes accurately using a single view of a stereo camera because the distance to a target is very far compared with the stereo camera's baseline length. Therefore the proposed method models the uncertainty of a 3D point measured by the stereo camera. And this method makes the 3D model accurately by reducing the uncertainties of the 3D point from various angles to the region which includes the correct point. Multi-view stereo images are captured using a rotational stereo camera that swings back and forth and can capture not only the upper surface of an object but also the side surface of the object. As an experiment, a blimp robot with a rotational stereo camera is used to capture aerial stereo images of the ground. The proposed method achieves the accurate reconstruction of the outdoor 3D model using our method.