Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Empirical evaluation of NMT and PBSMT quality for large-scale translation production.

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has recently gained substantial popularity not only in academia, but also in industry. In the present work, we compare the quality of Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation (PBSMT) and NMT solutions of a commercial platform for Custom Machine Translation (CMT) that are tailored to accommodate large-scale translation production. In a large-scale translation production line, there is a limited amount of time to train an end-to-end sys-tem (NMT or PBSMT). Our work focuses on the comparison between NMT systems trained under a time restriction of 4 days and PBSMT systems. To train both NMT and PBSMT engines for each language pair, we strictly use the same parallel corpora and show that, even if trained within this time limit, NMT quality surpasses substantially that of PBSMT. Furthermore, we challenge the reliability of automatic quality evaluation metrics (in particular, BLEU) for NMT quality evaluation. We support our hypothesis with both analytical and empirical evidence.
Rot Repression of Enterotoxin B Expression in Staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACT The accessory gene regulator (Agr) system is a quorum-sensing system of Staphylococcus aureus responsible for upregulation of certain exoprotein genes and downregulation of certain cell-wall associated proteins during the post-exponential phase of growth. The enterotoxin B (seb) determinant is upregulated by the Agr system. Agr-regulated cis elements within the seb promoter region were examined by deletion analyses of the seb promoter by a hybrid promoter approach utilizing the staphylococcal lac operon promoter. To identify the regulatory pathway for enterotoxin B expression, the seb promoter fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene was introduced into mutants of S. aureus lacking agr or different members of the Sar family of transcriptional regulators. Agr control of seb promoter activity was found to be dependent upon the presence of a functional Rot protein, and Rot was shown to be able to bind to the seb promoter. Therefore, the Agr-mediated post-exponential-phase increase in seb transcription results from the Agr system's inactivation of Rot repressor activity.
Transnational HCI : Humans , Computers & Interactions in Global Contexts

This workshop will consider the implications for conducting research and technology design within and across global and networked sites of technology production and use. In particular, we focus on transnational practices: that is, seeing technology use beyond a single country or culture, but as evolving in relation to global processes, boundary crossings, frictions and hybrid practices. In doing so, we expand upon existing research in HCI to consider the effects, implications for individuals and communities, and design opportunities in times of increased transnational interactions. We hope to broaden the conversation around the impact of technology in global processes by bringing together scholars from HCI and from related humanities, media arts and social sciences disciplines.
Identification and analysis of the rnc gene for RNase III in Rhodobacter capsulatus.

The large subunit ribosomal RNA of the purple bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus shows fragmentation into pieces of 14 and 16S, both fragments forming the functional equivalent of intact 23S rRNA. An RNA-processing step removes an extra stem-loop structure from the 23S rRNA [Kordes, E. , Jock, S. , Fritsch, J., Bosch, F. and Klug, G. (1994) J. Bacteriol. , 176, 1121-1127]. Taking advantage of the fragmentation deficient mutant strain Fm65, we used genetic complementation to find the mutated gene responsible for this aberration. It was identified as the Rhodobacter homologue to mc from Escherichia coli encoding endoribonuclease III (RNase III). The predicted protein has 226 amino acids with a molecular weight of 25.5 kDa. It shares high homology with other known RNase III enzymes over the full length. In particular it shows the double-stranded RNA-binding domain (dsRBD) motif essential for binding of dsRNA substrates. The Fm65 mutant has a frame shift mutation resulting in complete loss of the dsRBD rendering the enzyme inactive. The cloned Rhodobacter enzyme can substitute RNase III activity in an RNase III deficient E. coli strain. Contrary to E. coli, the Rhodobacter mc is in one operon together with the lep gene encoding the leader peptidase.
Specimen mislabeling : A significant and costly cause of potentially serious medical errors April 2005

Major types of specimen labeling errors are associated with a small number of common causes. Specimen labeling errors have significant consequences for patient care, for healthcare management and for increasing costs that are often unaccounted for. Specimen labeling errors may be prevented by adhering to appropriate policies as well as unique educational programs, marketing strategies and other techniques.
The interaction of vowel length and speech style in an Arapaho speech corpus

Cross-linguistically, vowel length contrasts may involve changes in vowel quality. In a different but more gradient way, speech style influences vowel articulation. While both alter vowel acoustics, it remains unclear whether both are byproducts of general processes of vowel undershoot or reflect a modification of articulatory gestures independent of durational constraints. This study investigates the influence of distinctive vowel length and speech style on vowel production in an Arapaho speech corpus. We find that length contributes most strongly to differences in duration and vowel quality, where short vowels are more centralized and long vowels more peripheral. However, the effect of speech style is asymmetrical: long vowels undergo greater durational compression in narrative speech than short vowels do, but the latter undergo greater changes in quality. These findings support the view that speech style produces not only patterns of vowel undershoot, but also active changes in vowel articulation.
Samples from infected root canals of 43 teeth with chronic apical periodontitis

21 Samples from infected root canals of 43 teeth with chronic apical periodontitis 22 were analyzed for the presence and relative levels of 83 oral bacterial 23 species/phylotypes using a reverse-capture checkerboard hybridization assay. 24 Associations between the most frequently detected taxa were also recorded. The 25 most prevalent taxa were Olsenella uli (74%), Eikenella corrodens (63%), 26 Porphyromonas endodontalis (56%), Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (54%), and 27 Bacteroidetes oral clone X083 (51%). When prevalence was considered only for 28 bacteria present at levels >10, Bacteroidetes clone X083 was the most frequent 29 (37%), followed by Parvimonas micra (28%), E. corrodens (23%), and Tannerella 30 forsythia (19%). The number of target taxa per canal was directly proportional to 31 the size of apical periodontitis lesion, with lesions >10 mm in diameter harboring a 32 mean number of approximately 20 taxa. Several positive associations were for the 33 first time disclosed for the most prevalent taxa, and may have important ecological 34 and pathogenic implications. In addition to strengthening the association of 35 several cultivable named species with chronic apical periodontitis, the present 36 findings using a large-scale analysis allowed inclusion of some newly named 37 species and as-yet-uncultivated phylotypes in the set of candidate pathogens 38 associated with this disease. 39
Tail probabilities for a multiplexer with self-similar traffic

We consider the large buffer asymptotics of a multiplexer under two different self-similar traffic input models, viz., the infinite server model of Cox and the fractional Gaussian noise input model. In the former case the tail probabilities for the buffer content (in steady state) are shown to decay at most hyperbolically, while in the latter they are asymptotically Weibullian. Therefore, for given input rate and Hurst parameter, these dissimilar asymptotics result in vastly differing buffer engineering practices, thereby pointing to the inadequacy of the Hurst parameter as the sole parameter to characterize long-range dependence in traffic input models.
Genetic diversity of primary HIV-1 isolates and their sensitivity to antibody-mediated neutralization.

Wide differences exist among primary isolates of HIV-1 in their sensitivity to antibody-mediated neutralization. While it is well documented that even short-term tissue culture amplification of HIV-1 leads to a reduction in the genetic diversity of the viral quasispecies seen in vivo, viral isolates, while relatively homogeneous, are generally not clonal. We investigated whether the extent of genetic diversity within primary viral isolates correlates with their general susceptibility to neutralization. We compared the number of V1V2 and V3-V5 envelope variants detectable within 16 primary isolates selected to represent the extremes of the neutralization sensitive and resistant phenotypes. Using DNA heteroduplex tracking assays to estimate the extent of genetic diversity in these two regions of the envelope locus, we found that these primary isolates were made up of one to five distinguishable V1V2 and V3-V5 sequence variants. We found that higher levels of env genetic diversity did not correlate with increased resistance to antibody neutralization.
A complex frequency domain analysis of a closed loop controlled pseudo direct drive

The paper describes a complex frequency domain analysis of a pseudo direct drive permanent magnet machine. The analysis will focus on comparing three different controller structures, in terms of providing damping to the drive system in order to overcome oscillations that appear in the output shaft, caused by the low stiffness of the magnetic gear. Furthermore, based on genetic algorithm tuning of the control gains for the three controllers, closed loop models are established in the complex frequency domain to determine the stability, the damping and the cause of the oscillations. Consequently the best controller structure that improves the dynamic behaviour of the system in term of speed tracking and disturbance rejection could be identified based on the time and frequency domain analysis.
“The Lost Princess (putri duyung)” of the Small Islands: Dugongs around Sulawesi in the Anthropocene

In the Spermonde as in the other main island groups around Sulawesi, seagrass and coral ecosystems are intimately linked ecologically and overlap extensively on the shallow water shelves surrounding most islands. One keystone species living in these shallow waters is the dugong (Dugong dugon). Officially fully protected under Indonesian Law (PP7/1999), published data on dugongs in the islands around Sulawesi are extremely limited. In this research, we collected, compiled and evaluated data and information (mostly unpublished) on the distribution, exploitation and community perceptions of dugongs around Sulawesi, including the Togean, Banggai, Spermonde, Taka Bone Rate/Selayar and Tanakeke Islands. Opportunities for dugong conservation, and potential benefits for coral reef ecosystems in a small island socio-ecological context, were considered. Once common within living memory, socio-economic data indicate that Sulawesi dugongs are now rare and under severe threat. Many fishing communities consider dugong meat superior to beef, and see it as a welcome change from fish, while certain body parts fetch a high price, as do dugong tears. In the Spermonde Islands, dugongs may already have been extirpated; the most recent reported sighting was in 1993 when the capture of an adult dugong by fishermen of Barranglompo Island resulted in an impromptu festival. All these Sulawesi small islands communities have dugong princess (putri duyung) legends with potential as an entry-point to hearts and minds. Preventing further extirpations and striving to bring back the “lost princess” could be an iconic component of moving towards sustainability in small-island socio-ecological systems.
VIP‐containing deep short‐axon cells of the olfactory bulb innervate interneurons different from granule cells

This study investigates the targets of the population of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)‐containing deep short‐axon cells of the rat olfactory bulb (OB), combining single‐ and double‐immunocytochemical approaches under light and electron microscopy. It has been assumed that deep short‐axon cells innervate granule cells in the mammalian OB, but their synaptic connectivity has not been demonstrated to date. Our results indicate that, instead of the accepted scheme of the bulbar circuitry, VIP‐containing deep short‐axon cells are γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons specialized in the selective innervation of other GABAergic deep short‐axon cells. Their axons contact with the perisomatic region and the dendritic portions of subsets of deep short‐axon cells that contain VIP, calbindin D‐28k and neuropeptide Y. Electron microscopy reveals axo‐somatic and axo‐dendritic symmetrical synapses from VIP‐containing boutons. Taken altogether, our data show that the VIP‐containing deep short‐axon cells of the rat OB form an interneuronal network that modulates the function of other interneurons different from granule cells. They might be involved indirectly in the inhibition or disinhibition of principal cells or might participate in the generation of oscillatory activity and in the synchronization of populations of interneurons and, then, of principal cells. Present data demonstrate that modulation of the OB by local circuits is more complex than the simple inhibition from periglomerular cells and granule cells, and remark the importance of considering the contribution of other classes of GABAergic interneurons different from periglomerular cells and granule cells to the bulbar circuitry.
The design and implementation of information system based on the hybrid identity authentication technology

Identity authentication is the very important component for information security technologies. It is the key to protect the security of information systems. This paper proposes a kind of new hybrid identity authentication technology based on the identity authentication technology of traditional information systems, which is combined with a smart card technology, the chaos theory and fingerprint recognition technology. The new hybrid identity authentication technology has been implemented to apply to a mixed information system, the information system has been designed in the paper. Experimental results show that the security of identity authentication in the information system has been improved. It provides a better research direction to protect the security of information systems.
MODELLING SLOSHING IN LNG TANKS

The Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method is applied to the problem of modelling sloshing in a twodimensional water model that is a representation of a scaled LNG tank. One configuration, which is a transverse slice through a membrane type tank, is studied here. Two fill levels (20, 70%) and two different oscillation amplitudes (10 and 20% of the tank dimension) are considered. Predicted pressure signals are compared to experimental measurements. The peak pressure values predicted in the simulations are generally lower than the experimental values, although they are the correct order of magnitude. The stochastic nature of the oscillations in practice means that an exact match between simulation and experiment is not feasible. Ensemble averaged pressure traces and standard deviations of the pressure from the simulation results are also presented. They show generally higher variability in the pressure signals for low fill ratio compared to high fill. The magnitude of fluctuations is also sensitive to the sensor location. SPH provides results for the peak pressures that are the correct order of magnitude on average, although the highest peaks are under-predicted. It is a natural technique for such coupled fluid-structure problems with large free surface deformations.
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses: official names for viral families.

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (formerly International Committee on Nomenclature of Viruses) has made decisions about family and generic names for viruses belonging to three families. Definitions and distinguishing features of these families and genera, as approved by International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, have been published in ‘Intervirology’ (Fenner et al. 1974). In order to disseminate this information widely and rapidly, a brief summary of the decisions follows. Family Togaviridae. A family that includes all the viruses that were previously classified as Alphavirus and Arbovirus Group B (Wildy, 1971). Genera Alphavirus = Alphavirus (Wildy, 1971). Flavivirus (note spelling) = Arbovirus group B (Wildy, 1971). Family Reoviridae. Non-enveloped spherical viruses with genomes consisting of several pieces of double-stranded RNA encapsidated within a single virus particle. Genera Reovirus (Wildy, 1971). Orbivirus (suggested by Borden et al. 1971; for description of genus, see Fenner et al. 1974).
Concurrent increase of oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation together with mitochondrial DNA mutation in human lung tissues during aging--smoking enhances oxidative stress on the aged tissues.

Although mutation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in human tissues has been established to associate with intrinsic aging, the impact of environmental factors on the formation and accumulation of mtDNA mutations and oxidative DNA damage in human tissues is poorly understood. We have investigated the levels of mtDNA with the 4977-bp deletion and A3243G point mutation, oxidative DNA damage (indicated by the formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, 8-OH-dG), and lipid peroxides in lung tissues from smokers and nonsmokers of subjects of different ages. The results showed concurrent age-dependent increase of the 4977-bp deleted mtDNA (P < 0.001), 8-OH-dG (P < 0.05), and lipid peroxides (P < 0.05) in the human lung. In the group of subjects above 60 years old, smokers had more extensive DNA damage and lipid peroxidation than did the nonsmokers. However, the levels of mtDNA with the 4977-bp deletion and A3243G point mutation in the lung of smokers were not significantly different from those of the age-matched nonsmokers. Taken together, these results suggest that accumulation of mtDNA with the 4977-bp deletion together with oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxides is associated with aging and that smoking enhances oxidative damage in human lung tissues.
Colorectal Cancer Screening, Ethics and Evidence-based Public Policy

Malila et al. report on the Finnish colorectal cancer screening programme using a Faecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT), which was launched in 2004 for one-third of the population. Several points merit attention. The reported uptake is a marked success, increasing from 62% in men and 77% in women for the first round to 68% and 80%, respectively, for the second. This is in marked contrast with other countries. In France, for example, uptake for the first screening round, implemented in 2003 in 23 of 100 districts, only reached 42% (five territories were over 50%, the best reaching 54% and five territories were below 35%). Generalization to all 100 districts only occurred late in 2008, and the second round is still characterized by low participation. As for every rich country, however, the delay in implementation of the programme should be questioned. Why was there such a delay in responding to and acting on scientific evidence? Data from two randomized controlled trials were available in 1994, and experts published calls for screening as early as 1995. The 2003 recommendation of the European Council for FOBT screening for colorectal cancer in men and women aged 50–74 hopefully challenged this inertia. Finally, the Finnish programme is ethically questionable. Why did the authorities perform a controlled trial with randomization? This choice deliberately ignored the weight of evidence from trials published since 1995 confirming effectiveness and of reports showing that the effect can be achieved within normal public health care. Why was the control arm a placebo arm? The population in the control arm could have received, at least, an intervention to promote healthy behaviour. This denial of an effective intervention in a population which was not informed is a double breach of the Helsinki declaration which requires, in point 32, ‘that patients are not randomized to a clearly inferior treatment’. Screening programmes have advantages and limitations, and the issue is complex. In 2010, the American Cancer Society recommended that programmes should ‘prefer the tests that are designed to find both early cancer and polyps’: flexible sigmoidoscopy every five years, or colonoscopy every 10 years, or double-contrast barium enema every five years, or CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) . ‘if you are willing to have one of these more invasive tests’. This was hardly novel; the American College of Gastroenterology in 2000 had endorsed colonoscopy as the preferred strategy. Indeed, for themselves gastroenterologists relied on colonoscopy not on FOBT and recently, President Obama at age 49 underwent virtual colonoscopy. By contrast, in Europe, lay people have no choice but to rely on outdated health policies because policy makers are flying in the face of best evidence and ethics.
Characterization of smooth muscle cell and pericyte differentiation in the rat retina in vivo.

PURPOSE To identify and apply a range of suitable mural cell markers and undertake an in vivo characterization of pericyte and smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation in the developing rat retina. METHODS Pericyte and SMC differentiation was characterized by immunohistochemistry with antibodies to NG2, desmin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA), calponin, and caldesmon. RESULTS Immature mural precursor cells (MPCs) were scattered throughout the primitive capillary plexus in the rat retina at embryonic day (E)20. The postnatal differentiation of pericytes and arteriolar and venous SMCs followed with distinct intermediate phenotypes. SMC differentiation coincided with selection of major vessels from the primordial capillary bed. Maturation of radial arteriolar SMCs was indicated by the expression of calponin and caldesmon, proteins that play a role in the regulation of SMC contraction. The mere presence of immature mural cells did not confer vessel stability; rather vessel stability in the developing rat retina coincided with caldesmon and calponin expression in arteriolar SMCs. CONCLUSIONS This normative data and the identification of suitable in vivo markers of pericytes and SMCs will allow meaningful interpretation of the changes in these cell types. When examining the role of mural cells in developmental and pathologic vascularization, the results show that there is a need to use multiple-marker immunohistochemistry because of significant mural cell heterogeneity. The observation that the expression of caldesmon and calponin in arteriolar SMCs coincides with resistance to hyperoxia in the developing rat retina, lead us to suggest that maturation of SMCs and their consequent ability to regulate blood flow may play a key role in vessel stabilization.