Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EVOLUTION OF GENOME SIZE IN PINES (PINUS) AND ITS LIFE‐HISTORY CORRELATES: SUPERTREE ANALYSES

Abstract Genome size has been suggested to be a fundamental biological attribute in determining life‐history traits in many groups of organisms. We examined the relationships between pine genome sizes and pine phylogeny, environmental factors (latitude, elevation, annual rainfall), and biological traits (latitudinal and elevational ranges, seed mass, minimum generation time, interval between large seed crops, seed dispersal mode, relative growth rate, measures of potential and actual invasiveness, and level of rarity). Genome sizes were determined for 60 pine taxa and then combined with published values to make a dataset encompassing 85 species, or 70% of species in the genus. Supertrees were constructed using 20 published source phylogenies. Ancestral genome size was estimated as 32 pg. Genome size has apparently remained stable or increased over evolutionary time in subgenus Strobus, while it has decreased in most subsections in subgenus Pinus. We analyzed relationships between genome size and life‐history variables using cross‐species correlations and phylogenetically independent contrasts derived from supertree constructions. The generally assumed positive relation between genome size and minimum generation time could not be confirmed in phylogenetically controlled analyses. We found that the strongest correlation was between genome size and seed mass. Because the growth quantities specific leaf area and leaf area ratio (and to a lesser extent relative growth rate) are strongly negatively related to seed mass, they were also negatively correlated with genome size. Northern latitudinal limit was negatively correlated with genome size. Invasiveness, particularly of wind‐dispersed species, was negatively associated with both genome size and seed mass. Seed mass and its relationships with seed number, dispersal mode, and growth rate contribute greatly to the differences in life‐history strategies of pines. Many life‐history patterns are therefore indirectly, but consistently, associated with genome size.
Representations and Parallel Computations for Rational Functions

Representations of univariate rational functions over a given base of polynomials are considered, and a fast parallel algorithm for converting from one base representation to another is given. Special cases of this conversion include the following symbolic manipulation problems: Taylor expansion, partial fraction decomposition, Chinese remainder algorithm, elementary symmetric functions, Pade approximation, and various interpolation problems. If n is the input size, then all algorithms run in parallel time $O(\log ^2 n)$ and use $n^{O(1)} $ processors. They work over an arbitrary field.
Conditional cash transfers for improving uptake of health interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.

CONTEXT Cash transfers conditional on certain behaviors, intended to provide access to social services, have been introduced in several developing countries. The effectiveness of these strategies in different contexts has not previously been the subject of a systematic review. OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of conditional monetary transfers in improving access to and use of health services, as well as improving health outcomes, in low- and middle-income countries. DATA SOURCES Relevant publications were identified via electronic medical and social science databases from inception to April 2006 (PubMED, EMBASE, POPLINE, CAB Direct, Healthcare Management Information Consortium, WHOLIS (World Health Organization Library Database), African Healthline, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS), Eldis, British Library for Development Studies (BLDS), ID21, Journal Storage (Jstor), Inter-Science, ScienceDirect, Internet Documents in Economics Access Service (Research Papers in Economics) (IDEAS[Repec]), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), MEDCARIB, Virtual Library in Health (ADOLEC), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), FRANCIS, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, and the Effective Practice and Organization of Care Group (EPOC) Register. Reference lists of relevant papers and "gray" literature resources were also searched. STUDY SELECTION To be included, a paper had to meet study design criteria (randomized controlled trial, interrupted time series analysis, and controlled before and after study) and include a measure of at least 1 of the following outcomes: health care utilization, health expenditure, or health outcomes. Twenty-eight papers were retrieved for assessment and 10 were included in this review. DATA EXTRACTION Methodological details and outcomes were extracted by 2 reviewers who independently assessed the quality of the papers. RESULTS Overall, the evidence suggests that conditional cash transfer programs are effective in increasing the use of preventive services and sometimes improving health status. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to clarify the cost effectiveness of conditional cash transfer programs and better understand which components play a critical role. The potential success and desirability of such programs in low-income settings, with more limited health system capacity, also deserves more investigation.
Copper Line Resistance Control and Reliability Improvement by Surface Nitridation of Ti barrier Metal

This paper proposes highly reliable, low resistance and cost effective Cu interconnect system for 45nm CMOS device and beyond. Overhang formation and Cu line resistance increase by deposition process variation are serious problems for titanium (Ti) barrier metal (BM). Overhang reduction by surface nitridation of Ti BM has been successfully demonstrated. It has been clarified that Cu resistivity increase with Ti BM is due to insufficient Cu grain growth, not reaction between Ti and Cu. Surface nitridation contributes to Cu line resistance reduction by changing grain growth behavior. Moreover, it also improves oxidation endurance of the BM caused by absorbed moisture from porous low-k ILD. It is concluded that surface nitridation of Ti BM is promising approach as Cu barrier metal for 45nm device and beyond to fabricate Cu interconnect with controlled resistance and high reliability.
Customer Knowledge Management (CKM): Customers as External Knowledge Assets in Small-to-Medium-Sized Software Enterprises (SMEs)

SMEs operating in high-tech sectors are typically reliant on specialist knowledge to help them build the right product with the objective of meeting customer needs. The nature of niche software markets means that products must be closely informed by customer requirements for the software product to be a success. The importance of understanding how smaller organisations manage knowledge has become vital to their success; however, there remains a dearth of empirical research in SMEs in the area of IS research. Using a qualitative analysis approach in five Irish software SMEs, this chapter identifies how this type of organisation leverages their customers as external knowledge resources, with particular emphasis on knowledge acquisition, a Knowledge Activity (KA) in which customers play a significant part. Through the establishment of KAs a firm can develop an approach to Customer Knowledge Management (CKM) to build value-creating relationships with a reliable customer base.
The collectivity of drinking cultures: a theory of the distribution of alcohol consumption.

Summary In this paper it is argued that Ledermann's so-called single-distribution theory is not based on substantial hypotheses about human drinking behaviour, and that it therefore fails to explain anything. An alternative theory of the distribution of alcohol consumption is outlined. The theory is founded on two basic hypotheses about human drinking behaviour. The theory is tested against survey data from different countries, and it is concluded that a strong collective components exists in human drinking habits. As a main rule, the population tends to move in concert up and down the scale of consumption.
Analysis of green supply chain barriers using integrated ISM-fuzzy MICMAC approach

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify barriers to implement green supply chain and to understand their mutual relationship. Green supply chain management (GSCM) barriers are identified using available GSCM literature and on consultations with experts from industry and academician. Interpretive structural model (ISM) was developed to identify the contextual relationship among these barriers. Design/methodology/approach – A group of experts from industries and academics was consulted and ISM is used to develop the contextual relationship among various GSCMBs for each dimension of GSCM implementation. The results of ISM are used as an input to fuzzy matrix of cross-impact multiplications applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis, to identify the driving and dependence power of GSCMBs. Findings – This paper has identified 14 key GSCMBs and developed an integrated model using ISM and the fuzzy MICMAC approach, which helps to identify and classify the important GSCMBs and reveal the direct and in.
Reply to Campos and Muñoz: Why phosphate is a bad buffer for guanidinium chloride titrations

Liu et al. (1) alleged that they could not repeat our work on the protein BBL (Protein Data Bank ID code 1W4H) at the most basic level. Campos and Munoz now admit (2), as we explained (3), that they used a phosphate buffer that greatly changed pH during the guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) titration relative to our Mops buffer. They can now repeat our work.
In Vitro Selection and Characterization of DNA Aptamers to a Small Molecule Target

Aptamers, synthetic oligonucleotide‐based molecular recognition probes, have found use in a wide array of biosensing technologies based on their tight and highly selective binding to a variety of molecular targets. However, the inherent challenges associated with the selection and characterization of aptamers for small molecule targets have resulted in their underrepresentation, despite the need for small molecule detection in fields such as medicine, the environment, and agriculture. This protocol describes the steps in the selection, sequencing, affinity characterization, and truncation of DNA aptamers that are specific for small molecule targets. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Systematic Identification of the HSP90 Regulated Proteome

HSP90 is a central player in the folding and maturation of many proteins. More than two hundred HSP90 clients have been identified by classical biochemical techniques including important signaling proteins with high relevance to human cancer pathways. HSP90 inhibition has thus become an attractive therapeutic concept and multiple molecules are currently in clinical trials. It is therefore of fundamental biological and medical importance to identify, ideally, all HSP90 clients and HSP90 regulated proteins. To this end, we have taken a global and a chemical proteomic approach in geldanamycin treated cancer cell lines using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture and quantitative mass spectrometry. We identified >6200 proteins in four different human cell lines and ∼1600 proteins showed significant regulation upon drug treatment. Gene ontology and pathway/network analysis revealed common and cell-type specific regulatory effects with strong connections to unfolded protein binding and protein kinase activity. Of the 288 identified protein kinases, 98 were downregulated upon geldanamycin treatment including >50 kinases not formerly known to be regulated by HSP90. Protein turn-over measurements using pulsed stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture showed that protein down-regulation by HSP90 inhibition correlates with protein half-life in many cases. Protein kinases show significantly shorter half lives than other proteins highlighting both challenges and opportunities for HSP90 inhibition in cancer therapy. The proteomic responses of the HSP90 drugs geldanamycin and PU-H71 were highly similar suggesting that both drugs work by similar molecular mechanisms. Using HSP90 immunoprecipitation, we validated several kinases (AXL, DDR1, TRIO) and other signaling proteins (BIRC6, ISG15, FLII), as novel clients of HSP90. Taken together, our study broadly defines the cellular proteome response to HSP90 inhibition and provides a rich resource for further investigation relevant for the treatment of cancer.
Stimulating Innovation within Social Sector Organizations: TheApplication of Design Thinking

In an era of diminishing resources available to social service agencies and increasingly complex social problems, it has become almost imperative that the leaders of nonprofit organizations search for new strategies and solutions. This article discusses a pilot project which utilized experiential learning about design thinking to stimulate innovation in social sector organizations. Results suggest that even limited exposure to design thinking can lead to changes in individual capacity for innovation and increased work engagement. Implications for nonprofit management and the potential for intrapreneurial paths to innovation are discussed.
Body weight and ABO blood types: Are AB females heavier?

Four samples from widely separated and culturally distinct populations—U.S. college students, Mennonites, Egyptian villagers, and Brazilian migrants—are examined for evidence of a relationship between ABO blood type and body weight. Overall, the results do not support the existence of such a relationship, although they do offer further support to the possibility that females of AB blood type are consistently the heaviest phenotype. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long lasting changes in morphine‐induced mesolimbic dopamine release after chronic morphine exposure

Repeated administration of morphine to rodents produces a subsequent augmentation of the motor stimulant effects of this drug, a phenomenon termed behavioral sensitization (Babbini and Davis, 1972; Kalivas and Stewart, 1991). The acute motor stimulant effects of morphine are thought to be mediated mainly by the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway (Kalivas et al., 1983; Stinus et al., 1980). However, dopamine (DA)independent mechanisms located in the nucleus accumbens (NAC), the major terminal projection site of mesolimbic DAergic neurons, also seem to be involved in the stimulatory properties of opioids (Amalric and Koob, 1985; Pert and Sivit, 1977). Based upon the acute actions of morphine on the mesolimbic pathway, it has been suggested that this system is also involved in morphine-induced behavioral sensitization (Bunney et al., 1984; Kalivas and Duffy, 1987). Thus, augmented mesolimbic DA release in the NAC may underlie such sensitization t o morphine as well as to other psychoactive drugs (Acquas and Di Chiara, 1992; Kalivas and Stewart, 1991). However, morphine-induced behavioraland “mesolimbic-sensitization” are reported to show different temporal characteristics. Thus, behavioral sensitization is maintained €or months after chronic morphine exposure (Babbini et al., 1975; Bartoletti et al., 19831, whereas sensitization to morphine-induced mesolimbic DA release is apparent only for a few days following chronic morphine administration (Acquas and Di Chiara, 1992). Since the latter study examined the sensitized mesolimbic DA response for up to only 1 week after chronic morphine injections, we examined the time course of “mesolimbic-sensitization” following 1 month of chronic morphine injections and, in parallel, behavioral sensitization to morphine. In vivo microdialysis was used to determine morphine-induced DA release in the NAC in rats which had received repeated morphine injections. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River, Sulzfeld, Germany) weighing 250-270 g were implanted with a
Assessing hydration status

PurposeUnderstanding the importance of euhydration in humans in order to ensure good health in various situations, the purpose of this review is to examine the available techniques in assessing hydration status. Recent findingsDuring the past 20 years, many indices have been developed to assess hydration levels accurately in humans. Changes in body weight, haematological and urine parameters, bioelectrical impedance, skinfold thickness, heart rate and blood pressure changes are among these indices. Plasma osmolality, urine osmolality and urine specific gravity are the most widely used markers of hydration. However, urine colour has also been used with reasonable accuracy when laboratory analysis is not available or when a quick estimate of hydration is necessary. Some data indicate that urine colour is as good indicator of hydration as plasma or urine osmolality or urine specific gravity. SummaryAlthough there is no ‘gold standard’ for assessment of hydration status, it appears that changes in body weight, along with urine osmolality, specific gravity, conductivity and colour are among the most widely used indices. Furthermore, they provide reasonable results, especially when the analysis is based on the first morning urine sample.
Spatial pattern of thermal and ecological environment in Shanghai

Shanghai has experienced rapid urbanization over the past three decades. With the rapid development and expansion of city, the physical characteristics (such as land cover types, surface albedo and so on) and property of the urban underlying surface are undergoing substantially changes, which significantly impact the climate and ecological environment. Based on the Landsat TM remote sensing imagery, with the remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis techniques, spatial pattern of land surface temperature (LST), land use type, vegetation coverage, surface albedo and the relationship between LST and vegetation was analyzed in this study. The results indicate that LST in urban and suburban areas is higher than that in exurban areas of Shanghai. The dominant land use type in urban areas is residential land, but in exurban areas, farmland is the main land use type. From urban to exurban areas, the vegetation coverage and surface albedo increase gradually. In urban, suburban and exurban areas, the mean vegetation coverage is 0.01, 0.078 and 0.126 respectively, and the mean surface albedo is 0.067, 0.083 and 0.189 respectively. The distribution of LST is well corresponding with the land use types in Shanghai, with residential areas and buildings have higher LST. LST possesses a negative correlation with the vegetation coverage and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for all land cover types, and in the urban areas, the low vegetation coverage is the important contributor of the higher LST. The change in urban albedo has significant impact on the evolution of LST.
A Conceptual Framework for Social Network Data Security: The Role of Social Network Analysis and Data Mining Techniques

In recent times, there has been a tremendous increase in the number of social networking sites and their users. With the amount of information posted on the public forums, it becomes essential for the service providers to maintain the privacy of an individual. Anonymization as a technique to secure social network data has gained popularity, but there are challenges in implementing it effectively. In this chapter, the authors have presented a conceptual framework to secure the social network data effectively by us-ing data mining techniques to perform in-depth social network analysis before carrying out the actual anonymization process. The authors’ framework in the first step defines the role of community analysis in social network and its various features and temporal metrics. In the next step, the authors propose the application of those data mining techniques that can deal with the dynamic nature of social network and discover important attributes of the social network. Finally, the authors map their security requirements and their findings of the network properties which provide an appropriate base for selection and application of the anonymization technique to protect privacy of social network data.
The Moderating Effect of Technology Acceptance Perspectives on the Formation of e-SQ and Service Satisfaction in Low Cost Carrier Airline

As there is an increasing demand in public transportation and electronic transaction, the service quality of website determines the success of the service provider. Therefore, electronic service quality (e-SQ) plays an important role for any business involved in online transaction to attract customers. Customer’s assessment of e-SQ is usually based on their actual experiences of interaction with the website. According to previous research, there exists relationship between e-SQ and service satisfaction. The moderating effect of technology acceptance model (TAM) shows positive result. As e-SQ and TAM improve, this will, in turn, improve service satisfaction. However, the relationship between “e-SQ-TAM service satisfactions” has been found to be not consistent in the case of low cost carrier airline in Malaysia. With concern to further understanding of this area, the present study explores dimensions of e-SQ in low cost carrier airline context and their relationship with service satisfaction. Furthermore, the moderating effect of perceived ease-of-use and perceived usefulness (TAM) was explored. This study employed convenience sampling and questionnaire method to gain data; 392 completed questionnaires were gathered from Malaysia Airline Industry (low cost carrier) website users. The result indicated that e-SQ dimensions: customization, site privacy and aesthetic, efficiency, system availability and fulfillment constitute e-SQ for low cost carrier airline. Moreover, the result also illustrates that perceived ease-of-use and perceived usefulness (TAM) positively moderate the relationship between e-SQ and service satisfaction.
Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors and cardiac remodeling.

Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are widely used in the treatment of heart failure. It is not known whether the beneficial effects of ACE inhibition are only due to a reduction in pre- and afterload or whether ACE inhibition also has direct effects on cardiac remodeling processes after myocardial infarction. In addition, the effects of differential timing of the treatment are not known. The left coronary artery was ligated in rats to induce a myocardial infarction. Control rats received no treatment. Captopril was given via s.c. placed minipumps (500 micrograms/kg.h) in the first 3 weeks or in the third and fourth week after induction of the myocardial infarction. The structural changes of the heart were investigated. Early after ligation the left ventricle was dilated in association with a marked, but transient DNA synthesis in the remaining left ventricle; the amount of collagen also increased. Early captopril treatment blocked this response, while late treatment had no effects. We suggest that the negative effects of early captopril treatment are due to an interference with the normal adaptive responses of the heart to the loss of muscle, probably through interactions at the cellular level.