Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling Representational Constraints in Word Segmentation

Word segmentation is an important and non-trivial part of early child language acquisition. The experimental literature has proposed a wide range of input cues that make the process possible, and variety of computational models have been implemented to make use of them. Most reasonable models perform well on English, but performance varies widely on other languages, notably struggling with Japanese (Fourtassi et al., 2013; Ludusan et al., 2017). For example, Boruta et al. (2011) finds that the NGS-u model (Venkataraman, 2001) achieves an Fscore of 0.69 on English, 0.54 on French, and only 0.41 on Japanese (MBDP-1 (Brent, 1999) achieves the same results on Japanese). This is not just an artifact of the model. For comparison, more sophisticated Adaptor Grammar (Johnson and Goldwater, 2009) models achieves at best 0.89 on English but still only manages 0.70 on Japanese, subject to language-specific configuration (Fourtassi et al., 2013). This is primarily due to a strong tendency for models to over-segment Japanese text. It is clear why this is, but it is less clear how to solve the problem. Segmentation is harder for languages with fewer phone and syllable types because words become more likely to contain other valid words as substrings, and this leads algorithms to over-segment. The same tendency for over-segmentation arises in languages with longer average word lengths both because of the subset problem and also because fewer of the potential segmentation points are true segmentation points. Models perform well on English child-directed speech (CDS) because it happens to have short words (just over one syllable on average), as well as high syllable diversity. Japanese CDS, on the other hand, poses a challenge because it has longer words on average and an order of magnitude fewer syllable types. Clearly, Japanese-learning children are just as capable at segmenting input utterances as English-learning children are, so they must be using some additional cues to get around these problems. To the extent that the processes of language acquisition are universal, these cues should be available to English-learning children as well, so a major challenge for children working on word segmentation is the step of determining which of the available cues are the most useful for their own languages. We explore the impact that two of these potential sources of
QTL Analysis of Adventitious Root Formation in Common Bean under Contrasting Phosphorus Availability

Low phosphorus availability is a primary constraint to crop production in developing countries. Adventitious roots play an important role in phosphorus acquisition, as they are localized near the soil surface where phosphorus is relatively abundant A population of recombinant inbred lines of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (G2333/G19839) was screened under high- and low-phosphorus conditions in the greenhouse and field. We observed phenotypic variation and transgressive segregation for adventitious root traits in both environments. Allomctric analysis revealed that although the taproot and basal roots are closely linked to shoot growth, recombinant inbred line (RILs) differ substantially in biomass allocation for adventitious roots. A linkage map with 149 genetic markers and a total cumulative map length of 1175 cM was used to identify a total of 19 QTL across 8 of the 11 linkage groups. Together these quantitative trait lod (QTL) accounted for 19 to 61% of the total phenotypic variation for adventitious root traits in the field and 18 to 39% under greenhouse conditions. Two major QTL for adventitious rooting under low phosphorus conditions in the field were observed on linkage groups B2 and B9 that together accounted for 61% of the observed phenotypic variation. We conclude that adventitious rooting under low phosphorus is a feasible target for bean breeding.
Total Salvianolic Acid Injection Prevents Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Myocardial Injury Via Antioxidant Mechanism Involving Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Through the Upregulation of Sirtuin1 and Sirtuin3

ABSTRACT Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) and Sirtuin3 (Sirt3) are known to participate in regulating mitochondrial function. However, whether Total Salvianolic Acid Injection (TSI) protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury through regulating Sirt1, Sirt3, and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of TSI on I/R-induced myocardial injury and the underlying mechanism. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to 30 min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by 90 min reperfusion with or without TSI treatment (8 mg/kg/h). The results demonstrated that TSI attenuated I/R-induced myocardial injury by the reduced infarct size, recovery of myocardial blood flow, and decreased cardiac apoptosis. Moreover, TSI protected heart from oxidative insults, such as elevation of myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, ROS, as well as attenuated I/R-elicited downregulation of Sirt1, Sirt3, NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex 10 (NDUFA10), succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein variant (SDHA), and restoring mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes activity. The in vitro study in H9c2 cells using siRNA transfection further confirmed the critical role of Sirt1 and Sirt3 in the effect of TSI on the expression of NDUFA10 and SDHA. These results demonstrated that TSI attenuated I/R-induced myocardial injury via inhibition of oxidative stress, which was related to the activation of NDUFA10 and SDHA through the upregulation of Sirt1 and Sirt3.
Author Influence Spreading Prediction Based on Co-Citation Interest Similarity

In the previous research, the assessment of author's influence is mainly based on the historical information of literature, such as the number of author's publications and times cited, and the reference relationship. However, the author influence is not only reflected in the amount of static data, but also in the behavior that the author's point of view is noticed and communicated. Meanwhile, the influence spreads through the relational path of cooperation and citation between authors, on which the authors should have similar academic interests. Therefore, this paper proposed an influence spreading model with the author's co-citation interest similarity and the path of citation and cooperation. On the basis of this, a novel algorithm of influence spreading prediction is designed, and carried on the experiment verification using the public literature information resources. The results of AUC indicator show the effectiveness on the proposed method
Atomic Force Microscopy of the Interaction of Erythrocyte Membrane and Virus Particles

The interaction of virus with cell is one of the key problems of virology. Virion adsorption on cell surface, penetration through a membrane and further development of infection in a cell – that are basic steps of virus infection. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) give advantage for a study of first two stages of virus-cell interaction. Nevertheless, AFM investigations of viruses are mostly devoted to examination of plant viruses having simple structure [1]. The studies devoted to examination of animal envelope virus, and especially to virus-cell interaction are absent. At the same time many articles describing AFM images of living and fixing cells and membrane properties examination have been published. The aim of the present study was to examine interaction of erythrocyte and virus particle. Erythrocyte membrane serves as a good model for examination of virus-cell interaction. The membrane is well characterized on biochemical level, has relatively simple structure and is stable during preparation of the samples for atomic force microscopy [2]. Erythrocytes are widely used in virology for reaction of haemagglutination, which characterize virus containing suspension. The changes of the membrane during virus-erythrocyte interaction was examined using human, rhesus monkey, goose and chicken erythrocytes by atomic force microscopy. We examined two different types of animal viruses (influenza virus and canine parvovirus (CPV)). The intermittent-contact modes in air and contact mode in water solution were used. Viral suspension was mixed with erythrocytes at 4-6C on glass slide. The reaction was stopped by addition of paraformaldehyde to final concentration 2%. After 48 h fixation erythrocytes were gently washed in distilled water (pH 6.8) and dried in air. Preparations were examined in atomic force microscope SolverP47BIO (NT-MDT, Russia). Previous studies showed that erythrocytes were stable during drying, but were very sensitive to pH of fixing and washing solutions. It was possible to observe the membrane skeleton of control erythrocytes, which is similar to described previously [2] (Fig.3a). Exposure of erythrocytes with virus suspension change structure and physical properties of a membrane. These transformations depend on erythrocyte origination, type and concentration of viruses. Nucleated avian erythrocytes do not cause hemagglutination, and change under viral influence poorly and slowly. Monkey erythrocytes change very fast after virus adding,
Heat-Induced Limb Length Asymmetry Has Functional Impact on Weight Bearing in Mouse Hindlimbs

Limb length inequality results from many types of musculoskeletal disorders ranging from injury and illness to bone disease. Asymmetric weight bearing from a limb length discrepancy of less than 2% can have painful outcomes such as back problems and early onset osteoarthritis. Existing treatments include invasive surgeries and/or drug regimens that are often only partially effective. We previously developed a noninvasive, once daily unilateral heating model using targeted heat to increase limb length on one side of the body of growing mice. After two weeks, we demonstrated that tibial elongation rate increased >12% on the heat‐treated side with accompanying unilateral increases in femoral (1.3%) and tibial (1.5%) lengths. In this study, we applied heat for one week to determine whether these small differences in limb length are functionally significant, assessed by changes in hindlimb weight bearing. We tested the hypothesis that heat induced limb length asymmetry has a functional impact on weight bearing in mouse hindlimbs. To test this, we measured tibial length and weight distribution before and after limb heating. If small changes in limb length cause imbalanced weight distribution as hypothesized, we expect to find a positive relationship between weight bearing asymmetry and limb length inequality after treatment.
Bilateral Vestibular Weakness

Bilateral vestibular weakness (BVW) is a rare cause of imbalance. Patients with BVW complain of oscillopsia. In approximately half of the patients with BVW, the cause remains undetermined; in the remainder, the most common etiology by far is gentamicin ototoxicity, followed by much rarer entities such as autoimmune inner ear disease, meningitis, bilateral Ménière’s disease, bilateral vestibular neuritis, and bilateral vestibular schwannomas. While a number of bedside tests may raise the suspicion of BVW, the diagnosis should be confirmed by rotatory chair testing. Treatment of BVW is largely supportive. Medications with the unintended effect of vestibular suppression should be avoided.
Dissecting Lysozyme by Single- Molecule Techniques

Dissecting Lysozyme by Single-Molecule Techniques Issa S. Moody 1 , Yongki Choi 2, , Tivoli J. Olsen 1 , Patrick C. Sims 2 , Mariam Iftikhar 1 , William A. Brown 1 , Philip G. Collins 2,* , Gregory A. Weiss 1,3,* From Departments of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry 1 , Physics and Astronomy 2 , and Chemistry 3 , University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA ABSTRACT Historically, examination of enzymatic catalysis has largely involved measurements with populations of enzymes in vitro. Such studies examine the averaged properties across a large number of molecules. T4 lysozyme, for example, has been extensively studied using conventional, ensemble measurements. The results have uncovered insights into the enzyme’s catalytic mechanism, conformational dynamics, and folding. The advent of new single-molecule techniques has significantly extended our knowledge of this enzyme, through examination of previously unobserved lysozyme dynamics. For example, key aspects of T4 lysozyme from T4 bacteriophage have been elucidated using protein-functionalized nanocircuits. Attaching one lysozyme molecule to a single-walled, carbon nanotube field-effect transistor allows for the detection of minute changes in the circuit conductance, as the enzyme interacts with its peptidoglycan substrate. Random telegraph signals occurring at 15- and 330-Hz distinguish productive substrate binding from nonproductive binding, respectively; such observations confirmed previous results using single-molecule fluorescence techniques. Additionally, electronic measurements performed with different substrates reveal substrate-specific strategies for peptidoglycan processing by lysozyme. Notably, the relative proportion of time lysozyme spends in the productive state dramatically increases from 51 to 88% when
Surviving and Thriving—Shifting the Public Health Response to HIV-Exposed Uninfected Children: Report of the 3rd HIV-Exposed Uninfected Child Workshop

Great gains were achieved with the introduction of the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals, including improved child survival. Transition to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) focused on surviving, thriving, and transforming, representing an important shift to a broader public health goal, the achievement of which holds the promise of longer-term individual and societal benefits. A similar shift is needed with respect to outcomes for infants born to women living with HIV (WLHIV). Programming to prevent vertical HIV transmission has been successful in increasingly achieving a goal of HIV-free survival for infants born to WLHIV. Unfortunately, HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children are not achieving comparable health and developmental outcomes compared with children born to HIV-uninfected women under similar socioeconomic circumstances. The 3rd HEU Child Workshop, held as a satellite session of the International AIDS Society's 9th IAS Conference in Paris in July 2017, provided a venue to discuss HEU child health and development disparities. A summary of the Workshop proceedings follows, providing current scientific findings, emphasizing the gap in systems for long-term monitoring, and highlighting the public health need to establish a strategic plan to better quantify the short and longer-term health and developmental outcomes of HEU children.
Gundelia tournefortii Antidiabetic Efficacy: Chemical Composition and GLUT4 Translocation

In the present in vitro study, we tested the chemical composition, cytotoxicity and antidiabetic activity of two distinct extracts of wild Artichoke-like vegetable, Gundelia tournefortii: methanol and hexane. GC/MS phytochemical analysis of G. tournefortii methanol and hexane extracts revealed 39 compounds reported here for the first time in G. tournefortii out of the 45 detected compounds. Only Stigmasterol was present in both extracts. The efficacy of G. tournefortii extracts in enhancing glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to the plasma membrane (PM) was tested in L6 muscle cells stably expressing myc-tagged GLUT4 (L6-GLUT4myc) using cell-ELISA test. Results obtained here indicate that methanol and hexane extracts were safe up to 250 μg/ml as measured with MTT and the LDH leakage assays. The methanol extract was the most efficient in GLUT4 translocation enhancement. It increased GLUT4 translocation at 63 μg/ml 1.5- and 2-fold relative to the control in the absence and presence of insulin, respectively. These findings indicate that G. tournefortii possesses antidiabetic activity in part by enhancing GLUT4 translocation to the PM in skeletal muscle.
Spectral photoplethysmographic imaging sensor fusion for enhanced heart rate detection

Continuous heart rate monitoring can provide important context for quantitative clinical assessment in scenarios such as long-term health monitoring and disability prevention. Photoplethysmographic imaging (PPGI) systems are particularly useful for such monitoring scenarios as contact-based devices pose problems related to comfort and mobility. Each pixel can be regarded as a virtual PPG sensor, thus enabling simultaneous measurements of multiple skin sites. Existing PPGI systems analyze temporal PPGI sensor uctuations related to hemodynamic pulsations across a region of interest to extract the blood pulse signal. However, due to spatially varying optical properties of the skin, the blood pulse signal may not be consistent across all PPGI sensors, leading to inaccurate heart rate monitoring. To increase the hemodynamic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), we propose a novel spectral PPGI sensor fusion method for enhanced estimation of the true blood pulse signal. Motivated by the observation that PPGI sensors with high hemodynamic SNR exhibit a spectral energy peak at the heart rate frequency, an entropy-based fusion model was formulated to combine PPGI sensors based on the sensors' spectral energy distribution. The optical PPGI device comprised a near infrared (NIR) sensitive camera and an 850 nm LED. Spatially uniform irradiance was achieved by placing optical elements along the LED beam, providing consistent illumination across the skin area. Dual-mode temporally coded illumination was used to negate the temporal effect of ambient illumination. Experimental results show that the spectrally weighted PPGI method can accurately and consistently extract heart rate information where traditional region-based averaging fails.
Metagenomic Description of Preenrichment and Postenrichment of Recalled Chapati Atta Flour Using a Shotgun Sequencing Approach

ABSTRACT The bacterial microbiome of flour recalled for possible Escherichia coli O121 contamination was characterized before (hour 0) and after (hour 24) enrichment using shotgun sequencing. At hour 0, Staphylococcus (46.8 to 66.5%) and Pantoea (12.6 to 21.0%) bacteria were dominant. At hour 24, Enterobacter (28.7 to 70.9%) and Klebsiella (25.6 to 68.6%) bacteria dominated, and Escherichia coli ranged from 0.3 to 17.9%.
Culturally responsive approaches to health promotion for Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders

Abstract Context: Obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have reached epidemic proportions among Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders (NHPI). Culturally responsive interventions that account for their interpersonal, sociocultural and socioeconomic realities are a public health priority. Objective: To describe cultural adaptation and culturally grounded approaches to developing health interventions for NHPI and to review the culturally responsive approaches used by, and outcomes from, two long-standing community-based participatory research projects (CBPR) in Hawai‘i: PILI ‘Ohana and KāHOLO Projects. Methods: A literature review of 14 studies from these two projects was done to exemplify the methods applied to culturally adapting existing evidence-based interventions and to developing novel interventions from the ‘ground up’ to address health disparities in NHPI. Of the 14 studies reviewed, 11 were studies of the clinical and behavioural outcomes of both types of interventions. Results: Both culturally adapted and culturally grounded approaches using community-based assets and NHPI cultural values/practices led to establishing sustainable and scalable interventions that significantly improved clinical measures of obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Conclusion: Several recommendations are provided based on the lessons learned from the PILI ‘Ohana and KāHOLO Projects. Multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary research using CBPR approaches are needed to elucidate how human biology is impacted by societal, environmental and psychological factors that increase the risk for cardiometabolic diseases among NHPI to develop more effective health promotion interventions and public health policies.
Stability of and Changes in Implicit Motives. A Narrative Review of Empirical Studies

Although growing research indicates that certain personality traits change over the lifespan, implicit motives are often deemed to be rather stable personality characteristics. Researchers have been interested in implicit motives for several decades, but our understanding of how these dispositions change still lacks clarity. This article gives an overview and a discussion of the current evidence for the stability of and the changes in implicit motives. After elaborating on the theoretical background of the motive construct and its measurement, we present an overview of studies that have investigated the trainability of implicit motives and their dispositional stability and changes using cross-sectional and longitudinal methods. Although the results are inconclusive concerning the direction of change, the reviewed studies suggest that implicit motives adapt to life circumstances much like other personality traits. This review sets out to contribute to a better understanding of the functioning of implicit motives and to present a roadmap for further research.
Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils Extracts from Cinnamon, Thyme, Clove and Geranium Against a Gram Negative and Gram Positive Pathogenic Bacteria

Essential oils and other extracts of plants have evoked have been screened for their potential uses as alternative remedies for the treatment of many infectious diseases. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of the essential oils from Cinnamon, Thyme, Clove and Geranium against four strains of Gram negative bacteria and two Gram positive bacteria. The in-vitro antimicrobial effects of these essential oils was determined by the disc diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was evaluated by using the broth serial dilution method and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration values (MBC) were defined as the lowest concentration of sample which resulted in ≥99.9% kill of the initial inoculum. The antibacterial effect was deemed bactericidal or bacteriostatic depending on the ratio: MB/CMI. Cinnamon possesses an important antimicrobial activity against all tested microbes, with the inhibition zones ranging from 26 to 32 mm. The essential oils of thyme and Clove showed the antibacterial activity with inhibition zones at 16–22 mm and 16–20 mm, respectively. However, the Geranium essential oil failed to inhibit any of the tested strains. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were resistant to this essential oil. Results according to the MICs and MBCs revealed that the essential oil from Cinnamon showed the most remarkable bactericidal effect. The essential oil from Cinnamon might be exploited as natural antibiotic for the treatment of several infectious diseases caused by the pathogens germs and conservation agents in the food.