Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifying light absorption and its source attribution of insoluble light-absorbing particles in Tibet an Plateau glaciers from 2013–2015

Abstract. Amounts of insoluble light-absorbing particles (ILAPs) deposited on the surface of snow and ice can significantly reduce the snow albedo and accelerate the snow melting process. In this study, ~ 67 snow/ice samples were collected in 7 high mountain glaciers over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) regions from May 2013 to October 2015. The mixing ratio of black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and mineral dust (MD) was measured using an integrating sphere/integrating sandwich spectrophotometer (ISSW) system associated with the chemical analysis by assuming the light absorption of mineral dust due to iron oxide. The results indicate that mass mixing ratios of BC, ISOC, and MD show a large variation of 10–3100 ng g -1 , 10–17000 ng g -1 , 10–3500 ng g -1 , with a mean value of 218 ± 397 ng g -1 , 1357 ± 2417 ng g -1 , 241 ± 452 ng g -1 on TP glaciers during the entire snow field campaign, respectively. The chemical elements and the selected carbonaceous particles were also analyzed of the attributions of the particulate light absorption based on a positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model. On average, the industrial pollution (33.1 %), biomass/biofuel burning (29.4 %), and soil dust (37.5 %) were the major sources of the ILAPs in TP glaciers. Although the soil dust assumed to be the highest contributor to the mass loading of ILAPs, we noted that the averaged light absorption of BC (50.7 %) and ISOC (33.2 %) was largely responsible for the measured light absorption in the high mountain glaciers at the wavelengths of 450–600 nm.
Study of Permanent Magnet Transverse Flux Motors with Soft Magnetic Composite Core

Abstract Permanent magnet motors with transverse flux configuration have been developed for application in direct drive systems featuring high torque at low rotational speed. These machines apply simple toroidal windings and a modular construction, which guides the main flux path transversal to the direction of rotation. The three-dimensional nature of magnetic fields, however, makes the magnetic circuit lamination a serious disadvantage. Soft magnetic composite material possesses a number of unique properties such as the magnetic isotropy, which is particularly suitable for electrical machines with three-dimensional magnetic fields. This paper presents the investigation about the application of soft magnetic composite materials in permanent magnet transverse flux motors. 1. INTRODUCTION The investigation on transverse flux machines (TFM) and their application in direct drive systems has become a topic of intense research since Weh and May proposed a new machine by combining high energy density permanent magnets (PM) and transverse flux configuration in 1986 [1]. TFMs can achieve high specific torque in low-to-medium speed and hence are suitable for direct drive application with reduced weight, cost, losses and maintenance. In normal machines the armature excitation conductors are perpendicular to the direction of motion and the magnetic flux mainly flows within the longitudinal plane. A fundamental constraint on the design of this type of machines is that the armature conductors and the magnetic flux compete for the same space around the circumference of the stator. For example, if one wishes to increase the magnetic flux by increasing the width of teeth, the perimeter available for the slots containing the armature winding has to be reduced correspondingly [2]. The force density in an electrical machine can be calculated by the product of electric loading and no-load induction, or the product of the equivalent current-loading of the rotor magnet and armature induction. The armature induction is not restricted to follow in the axial direction. TFMs employ circumferential currents, rather than axial currents of normal machines, to produce the necessary armature induction. In order to achieve a unidirectional driving force, the armature induction needs to vary direction according to the rotor position, and hence the stator windings need to employ AC excitation [3]. Fig. 1 illustrates the configuration of transverse flux machine with one active side [3]. The rotor consists of two arrays of permanent magnets mounted on the core back of laminated steels. The stator armature winding (AS) is a simple circular coil coaxial with the rotor, installed in an array of C-cores (APE1, APE2, etc.) separated by two pole pitches.
THE COMPRESSION AND EXPANSION OF MUSICAL EXPERIENCE IN THE DIGITAL AGE A Thesis Presented

As the record industry’s fortunes decline, consumers experience increasing access to the world’s recorded music, legally and otherwise, through digital technologies. At the same time, recordings not only take up less physical space (on hard drives and MP3 players), they are compressed — not just as data, but in terms of dynamic range. While it allows for constant audibility in noisy environments like cars and offices, dynamic range compression has frustrated many listeners for limiting the impact of the music and causing “ear fatigue. ” These listeners long for access to the purity of the original recording before it was “squashed,” but the problem is that the original recording does not, in a sense, exist. Producers and mastering engineers assemble the tracks recorded and create a particular sonic product that can later be revisited and “remastered. ” Ostensibly this process is meant to get closer to the original sound, but in reality it simply comprises a different manner of interpreting the existing recording. Theodor Adorno had written of surprisingly similar phenomena more than half a century ago in essays like “The Radio Symphony” and the notes collected in Towards a Theory of Musical Reproduction. Though infamous for his hostility toward popular music and its “infantile” listeners, Adorno’s writings on music contain much that is valuable for an understanding of how pop works in the digital age. Combined with a consideration of works on music and postmodernity by Fredric Jameson, Jacques Attali, Francois Lyotard and others, Adorno’s work helps one to consider how reification continues to work in an era where music is seemingly no longer a “thing. ”
CHEMICAL AND SENSORIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FRUIT SPIRITS PRODUCED FROM DIFFERENT BLACK CURRANT (RIBES NIGRUM L.) AND RED CURRANT (RIBES RUBRUM L.) CULTIVARS

Chemical characteristics of fruit spirits produced from three black currant cultivars ( Malling Juel, Ometa, Ben Sarek ) and two red currant cultivars ( Rondom and Versailles ) grown in Serbia were examined using gas chromatography. In addition, sensory evaluation of the spirit samples was performed using the Buxbaum model of positive rating. Fruit spirits produced from black currant cultivars displayed the highest contents of methanol (267.2 - 595.0 g/hl A. A) and amyl alcohols (74.2 - 204.8 g/hl A. A). Total sensory scores of currant brandies ranged between 17.60 and 18.40, while currant brandy produced from Ben Sarek black currant cultivar received the highest score (18.40). All tested samples of currant brandies fulfilled EU requirements as regards their content of methanol and other components such as acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate and high alcohols. The currant distillates were compared with other commercial spirits, including plum and grape brandies.
A model allowing for the influence of geometry and stress in the assessment of fatigue data

Usually, the Wohler field of a material is obtained from fatigue lifetime data resulting from testing specimens of reduced size in the laboratory. This basic information finds subsequent application in lifetime prediction of larger structural and mechanical components. Thus, an important question arises: how can the S-N field be transformed into an ideal one referred to a characteristic size (length, area or volume) subjected to a constant stress distribution in order to achieve a safe structural integrity design? In this work, the influence of specimen geometry and variable stress state on the fatigue lifetime distribution for constant amplitude fatigue tests is investigated. An experimental program has been carried out with unnotched specimens of nominally the same material but differing in length, diameter, and shape. The experimental data is fitted to a newly developed fatigue model, capable of describing the S-N-field in a probabilistic manner accounting for both the specimen geometry and the variable stress state of the specimens. As the estimated Wohler field is referred to an elemental surface, loaded by a constant stress level ∆σ, the extrapolation of the fatigue resistance to different specimen geometries is possible. Additionally, problems encountered due to scatter of the material properties are discussed.
Multi-level Environmental Governance: lessons from Australian natural resource management

Abstract The region has become a significant scale of governance for the implementation of public policy, including natural resource management (NRM). A community-based regional NRM governance model has been adopted by the Australian government in partnership with Australian state and territory governments. There have been persuasive advocates of this approach both within community organisations and government. Proponents point to advantages such as the capacity to integrate across social, environmental and economic issues; improved investment efficiency; ability to establish appropriate power-sharing and partnership arrangements; better conversion of planning products into on-ground outcomes; and community learning and capacity building. However, concerns have also been raised in the academic literature regarding insufficient devolution of power, lack of downward accountability, exclusion of some stakeholders from decision making, and inadequate vertical and horizontal integration. We interviewed representatives from each of the governance levels (national, state, regional) to examine these concerns, and in doing so identify the strengths and challenges of the Australian experiment with devolved NRM governance. We synthesise the interview data with insights from the literature and make observations on the current state of Australian NRM governance. From this analysis, we identify lessons from the Australian experience to inform the development of multi-level environmental governance systems.
The Role of ICT Indices in Tourism Demand of Iran(The FMOLS Co-integrating Approach)

The ICT is one of the main determinant factors of e-commerce industry such as tourism industry in developing countries like Iran. For this purpose, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the long-run relationship between ICT indices such as internet users, government expenditures on ICT to the GDP and mobile cellular in Iranian economy during the 1976-2014. The empirical model has been estimated by applying FMOLS co-integrating method as a sophisticated econometric methodology. The results of empirical results indicate that there is a long-run relationship between ICT indices and tourism demand indicators like number of tourist arrival in Iran. Moreover, the other explanatory variables such as living cost, real exchange rate and behavioral habit have negative and positive effects on the tourism demand respectively. The investment of government in ICT indices such as improving the share of ICT expenditures in GDP and enhancing the ICT quality are the important policy implications of this study
Influence of ultrasonic cavitation on microstructure and mechanical response of an aluminum/alumina nanocomposite

Abstract Nanocomposites of Al and Al2O3 were synthesized by an ultrasonic full cavitation technique which is a novel route for synthesis of uniformly distributed nanoparticles in metal matrix composites. The transmission electron micrograph indicates the uniform arrangement of nanoparticles throughout the metal matrix and the average size of the nanoparticles are in the order of 5 nm. The selected area electron diffraction analysis shows the presence of both Al and Al2O3 phases, which is also evidenced from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The significant improvement in hardness and Young’s modulus due to the addition of a low weight fraction of nano-sized Al2O3 in aluminium infers that alumina nanoparticulates are distributed uniformly throughout the aluminium metal matrix. Hence, this paper shows a new method for inexpensive fabrication of bulk light weight metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) by the use of noncontact full cavitation method.
The Masses and Accretion Rates of White Dwarfs in Classical and Recurrent Novae

Models have long predicted that the frequency-averaged masses of white dwarfs (WDs) in Galactic classical novae are twice as large as those of field WDs. Only a handful of dynamically well-determined nova WDs masses have been published, leaving the theoretical predictions poorly tested. The recurrence time distributions and mass accretion rate distributions of novae are even more poorly known. To address these deficiencies, we have combined our extensive simulations of nova eruptions with the Strope et al. and Schaefer databases of outburst characteristics of Galactic classical and recurrent novae (RNe) to determine the masses of 92 WDs in novae. We find that the mean mass (frequency-averaged mean mass) of 82 Galactic classical novae is 1.06 (1.13) M⊙, while the mean mass of 10 RNe is 1.31 M⊙. These masses, and the observed nova outburst amplitude and decline time distributions allow us to determine the long-term mass accretion rate distribution of classical novae. Remarkably, that value is just 1.3 × 10−10 M⊙ yr−1, which is an order of magnitude smaller than that of cataclysmic binaries in the decades before and after classical nova eruptions. This predicts that old novae become low-mass transfer rate systems, and hence dwarf novae, for most of the time between nova eruptions. We determine the mass accretion rates of each of the 10 known Galactic recurrent nova, finding them to be in the range of 10−7–10−8 M⊙ yr−1. We are able to predict the recurrence time distribution of novae and compare it with the predictions of population synthesis models.
Directional Bicubic Interpolation — A New Method of Image Super-Resolution

Bicubic interpolation is a standard method in image interpolation field because of its low complexity and relatively good results. But as it only interpolates in horizontal and vertical directions, edges easily suffer from artifacts such as blocking, blurring and ringing. This paper proposed a new method of image super-resolution which is named directional bicubic interpolation. According to local strength and directions, different ways are used to interpolate missing pixels. Compared with bicubic interpolation, the proposed method can preserve sharp edges and details better. Experiment results show that the proposed method is better than existing edge-directed interpolations in terms of subjective and objective measures, and its computation complexity is low.
Reforms in the Education System—Follow up the Change in the Role of the School Principal, and Its Impact on the Implementation of the Change of Education

In the recent decades, the academic literature engages more and more with reforms in the education system. These reforms that are worldwide seek to create change in education (Adler, 2010). If it’s regarding the position of the school principal as designer leader has significant role in the reforms management, but, moreover the role of this article is to the change of the role of the school principal over the years. The functions of the school principal integrate managerial aspects and leadership aspects and its importance is immenseness of the operation of the school organization, both in the terms of the organization customers, the pupils, and in the terms of the organization’s staff—teachers. Not less important is the operation and implementation of educational reforms. We have to see the role of the school principal as the most significant to the implementing of the reform in the education system.
Value Added by Venture Capitalists: The Case of EDC

It is generally well understood that venture capital (VC) is an important and significant source of financing for small firms. Questions revolving around the increased likelihood of a firm backed by Venture Capitalists (VCs) to be export oriented have yet to be fully explored. Responding to this research gap, a sample of Canadian VC backed firms is used to compare the performance of Canadian VC firms in terms of facilitating internationalization among their portfolio companies. The particular reference of this study is Export Development Canada (EDC), a crown corporation mandated to promote export among Canadian firms. This research finds that EDC as a VC investor and export-oriented consultant has no association with the increased probability of exporting. Also, stage of the investment does not show any relationship with internationalization. These results run contrary to previous speculation that syndication of VCs increases the probability of internationalization among portfolio firms.
Evaluation of Menarche Age and Relevant Factors in Iranian Female Participants of the 1381 Student Olympic Games

Introduction: Precise prediction of menarcheal age enables and prepares girls to face the changes they may experience in this period the future. In Iran, there are no available data in this regard yet. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was done on 629 girls from 24 provinces of Iran. Relative questionnaires to collect data were filled out with the help of the participant herself and one other family member as well. The stage of maturity regarding telarche and pubarche, percent of body fat were entered based on history taken and physical examinations. For predicting menarche age in cases, the linear regression model was used. Results: In the 454 cases studied, menarche age, mean of age at menarche was 13.18±0.06 years old (158.2± 0.7 months). The means of menarche age in grandmothers and mothers of these 454 cases were 12.9±0.25 and 13.6±0.14 years respectively. Earlier menarche was observed in girls of lower height (p<0.001), girls of lower age at the beginning of study exercise (P=0.019), girls with lesser number of sisters (P=0.007), or those with lesser number of brothers (P=0.003), higher percent of body fat (P=0.037), those with higher body mass index (P=0.002), and those residing in mountainous regions (P=0.001). The regression model showed that the menarcheal age was predictable based on following variables: current height of individual (p<0.001); height of place of residence from sea level (p<0.001); number of brothers (P=0.006); number of sisters (P=0. 008) [P=0. 001, R-square = 0. 99]. Conclusion: Lower height, number of family members and residing in mountainous areas in that order are the most useful predictors of age at menarche. In recent decades, apparently there has been a significant decrease in menarcheal age due to improvement in the quality of nutrition; the increasing trend seen today could be due to both weak dietary habits and more sedentary life styles or as a response to increased physical and psychosocial stresses.
Design and Characterization of Square Patch Salisbury Screen Microwave Absorber

The work presents an inventive, simple and implementable design approach to enhance the bandwidth of conventional Salisbury Screen Microwave Absorber (SSMA). Theoretically, the maximum fractional bandwidth of SSMA for FR4 substrate with an optimum sheet resistivity of 308 Ω/sq for −10 dB reflection is nearly 42.1%. In comparison, the bandwidth for square patch based SSMA is 59.7% with the same thickness. The design comprises square patches of SSMA placed periodically on a metal sheet. The square patches consist of an FR4 substrate and a 200 Ω/sq resistive sheet. A single reflection null is observed in the SSMA due to λ/4 resonance whereas in the proposed absorber an additional resonant mode is introduced due to coupling between the nearby patches. The simultaneous overlapping of the λ/4 mode and the additional coupling mode results in bandwidth extension. The close agreement between the simulation and measurement data is observed.
Who can eat information? Examining the effectiveness of seasonal climate forecasts and regional climate-risk management strategies

Southern Africa is a region facing multiple stressors, including chronic, recurrent food insecurity and persistent threats of famine. Climate information, including seasonal climate forecasts, has been heralded as a promising tool for early-warning systems and agricultural risk management in southern Africa. Nevertheless, there is concern that climate information, for example climate fore- casts, are not realizing their potential value in the region. The present study considers the actual and potential roles played by climate information in reducing food insecurity in southern Africa from 2 perspectives. The first relates to improved understanding of the contextual environment in which end users operate and use information. Users, including farmers, usually operate in an environment of considerable uncertainty, reacting to and coping with multiple stressors whose impacts are not always clear or predictable. The second perspective relates to improving the current design and vari- ety of mechanisms (e.g. climate outlook forums) for the dissemination and uptake of climate informa- tion. The first relates to improved understanding of the contextual environment in which end users operate and use information. Users, including farmers, usually operate in an environment of consid- erable uncertainty, reacting to and coping with multiple stressors whose impacts are not always clear or predictable. The second perspective relates to improving the current design and variety of mech- anisms (e.g. climate outlook forums) for the dissemination and uptake of climate information. Climate information, it is argued, used in isolation (e.g. in 'stand alone' climate outlook forums) and under- taken in a traditional, linear fashion, where information is moved from producer to user, is divorced from the broader, complex social context in which such information is embedded. This current articulation of climate information flow represents an ineffective means of dealing with climate vari- ability and food security. Alternative modes of interaction (e.g. using existing platforms to 'piggy- back' information or seeking appropriate 'boundary organisations') should be found to sustainably manage climate risks in the region.
A biomechanical model via Kane’s equation – solving trunk motion with load carriage

Carrying a heavy backpack has become a phenomenon among school children and adults. A review of the literature on the effect of carrying backpack loads on the trunk backward and forward lean in children and adults showed that with a load of even less than 15% of body weight, children have to walk with a forward lean of the trunk, whereas adults are in a forward lean position only with a backpack loads of more than 27% of their body weight. Due to these biomechanical studies, a mathematical model of the upper body representing trunk and head inclination angles is developed in this paper. The model was a two-link planar of rigid bodies in two-dimensional space. The objectives of this study were to investigate the motion of the trunk and also to develop the mathematical model so that the joint forces and moments acting on the body can be determined. The equations of motion for this model were written based on Kane’s dynamical equation of motion.