Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estrategias de inmunización ante posibles desplazamientos en la estructura temporal

Salvo en situaciones excepcionales de compensacion entre los efectos de pendiente y curvatura, los cambios experimentados por la estructura temporal en el mercado espanol de deuda estan muy alejados de ser desplazamientos paralelos. Por tanto, se hace necesario desarrollar estrategias de inmunizacion vectorial. Hemos estimado el modelo de Nelson y Siegel para la curva cupon cero desde noviembre 1992 a octubre 1996. Los parametros utilizados en dicha representacion pueden interpretarse como factores explicativos de la estructura intertemporal, lo que abre multiples posibilidades de explotacion practica de las series temporales de estimaciones generadas en este trabajo. Analizar si existe una inmunizacion vectorial especifica que mejora significativamente los resultados obtenidos con una inmunizacion basada unicamente en replicar la duracion de la cartera es uno de los temas abiertos de mayor interes.
Disparate Primary and Secondary Allospecific CD8+ T Cell Cytolytic Effector Function in the Presence or Absence of Host CD4+ T Cells1

The role of CD4+ T cells in promoting CD8+ T cell effector activity in response to transplant Ags in vivo has not been reported. We used a hepatocellular allograft model known to initiate both CD4-dependent and CD4-independent rejection responses to investigate the contribution of CD4+ T cells to the development, function, and persistence of allospecific CD8+ T cell effectors in vivo. Complete MHC-mismatched hepatocellular allografts were transplanted into C57BL/6 (CD4-sufficient) or CD4 knockout (CD4-deficient) hosts. The development of in vivo allospecific cytotoxicity was determined by clearance of CFSE-labeled target cells. CD8+ T cell cytotoxic effector activity was enhanced in response to allogeneic hepatocellular grafts with a greater magnitude of allocytotoxicity and a prolonged persistence of CTL effector activity in CD4-sufficient hosts compared with CD4-deficient hosts. Cytolytic activity was mediated by CD8+ T cells in both recipient groups. In response to a second hepatocyte transplant, rejection kinetics were enhanced in both CD4-sufficient and CD4-deficient hepatocyte recipients. However, only CD4-sufficient hosts developed recall CTL responses with an augmented magnitude and persistence of allocytotoxicity in comparison with primary CTL responses. These studies show important functional differences between alloreactive CD8+ T cell cytolytic effectors that mature in vivo in the presence or absence of CD4+ T cells.
Effects of duration, concentration, and timing of ionomycin and 6‐dimethylaminopurine (6‐DMAP) treatment on activation of goat oocytes

The protocol of ionomycin followed by 6‐dimethylaminopurine (6‐DMAP) is commonly used for activation of oocytes and reconstituted embryos. Since numerous abnormalities and impaired development were observed when oocytes were activated with 6‐DMAP, this protocol needs optimization. Effects of concentration and treatment duration of both drugs on activation and development of goat oocytes were examined in this study. The best oocyte activation (87–95%), assessed by pronuclear formation, was obtained when oocytes matured in vitro for 27 hr were treated with 0.625–20 μM ionomycin for 1 min before 6‐hr incubation in 2 mM 6‐DMAP. Progressional reduction of time for 6‐DMAP‐exposure showed that the duration of 6‐DMAP treatment can be reduced to 1 hr from the second up to the fourth hour after ionomycin, to produce activation rates greater than 85%. Activation rates of oocytes in vitro matured for 27, 30, and 33 hr were higher (P < 0.05) than that of oocytes matured for 24 hr when treated with ionomycin plus 1‐hr (the third hour) 6‐DMAP, but a 4‐hr incubation in 6‐DMAP enhanced activation of the 24‐hr oocytes. Goat activated oocytes began pronuclear formation at 3 hr and completed it by 5‐hr post ionomycin. An extended incubation in 6‐DMAP (a) impaired the development of goat parthenotes, (b) quickened both the release from metaphase arrest and the pronuclear formation, and (c) inhibited the chromosome movement at anaphase II (A‐II) and telophase II (T‐II), leading to the formation of one pronucleus without extrusion of PB2. In conclusion, duration, concentration, and timing of ionomycin and 6‐DMAP treatment had marked effects on goat oocyte activation, and to obtain better activation and development, goat oocytes matured in vitro for 27 hr should be activated by 1 min exposure to 2.5 μM ionomycin followed by 2 mM 6‐DMAP treatment for the third hour. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recommended aerobic fitness level for metabolic health in children and adolescents: a study of diagnostic accuracy

Objective To define the optimal cut-off for low aerobic fitness and to evaluate its accuracy to predict clustering of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents. Design Study of diagnostic accuracy using a cross-sectional database. Setting European Youth Heart Study including Denmark, Portugal, Estonia and Norway. Participants 4500 schoolchildren aged 9 or 15 years. Main Outcome Measure Aerobic fitness was expressed as peak oxygen consumption relative to bodyweight (mlO2/min/kg). Results Risk factors included in the composite risk score (mean of z-scores) were systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, insulin resistance and sum of four skinfolds. 14.5% of the sample, with a risk score above one SD, were defined as being at risk. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to define the optimal cut-off for sex and age-specific distribution. In girls, the optimal cut-offs for identifying individuals at risk were: 37.4 mlO2/min/kg (9-year-old) and 33.0 mlO2/min/kg (15-year-old). In boys, the optimal cut-offs were 43.6 mlO2/min/kg (9-year-old) and 46.0 mlO2/min/kg (15-year-old). Specificity (range 79.3–86.4%) was markedly higher than sensitivity (range 29.7–55.6%) for all cut-offs. Positive predictive values ranged from 19% to 41% and negative predictive values ranged from 88% to 90%. The diagnostic accuracy for identifying children at risk, measured by the area under the curve (AUC), was significantly higher than what would be expected by chance (AUC >0.5) for all cut-offs. Conclusions Aerobic fitness is easy to measure, and is an accurate tool for screening children with clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. Promoting physical activity in children with aerobic fitness level lower than the suggested cut-points might improve their health.
Prophylaxis and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Individuals with Inherited Thrombophilia

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) susceptibility genes are widely diffuse in the general population, but clinical penetrance of genotypes is incomplete and has variable expressivity. Therefore, the indiscriminate search for carriers is of doubtful utility and potentially detrimental for screened individuals. A targeted screening in kindreds in which VTE already occurred can be more fruitful in identifying individuals sharing with the proband one or more known susceptibility genes (possibly cosegregating with other ones still unknown). Clinical penetrance is variable, and is higher in the relatively rare deficiencies of antithrombin (AT), protein C (PC), or protein S (PS), and lower in the presence of the common polymorphisms factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A. Women with inherited thrombophilia should be warned about the thrombotic risk associated with the use of oral contraceptives or hormonal replacement treatment. Moreover, prophylaxis during puerperium and surgery or after trauma is warranted. The absolute risk associated with such situations is low but not negligible in the presence of deficiencies of AT, PC, or PS, homozygous conditions, and carriership of multiple defects. In such cases primary prophylaxis should be applied also during pregnancy and in general should be more stringent; moreover, in these patients the option for indefinite duration of secondary anticoagulant prophylaxis after VTE should be considered because of the relevant risk of recurrent VTE. In all cases, a careful balance of benefits and risks associated with prophylactic measures should be achieved, and patient preferences should be considered.
[Effect of electroacupuncture on expression of nestin protein after focal ischemia/reperfusion in rats].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of electroacupuncturing (EA) Hegu point (LI 4) on proliferation of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) after rat focal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). METHODS Animal model was made by ligating external carotid artery and inserting a piece of nylon thread into the internal carotid artery. Eighty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into the normal control group (n = 4) ,the sham operated group (n =4),the IR groups (contain 1,7,14,21,28 days' five time points,each point n =8),and the IR + EA group (contain 1,7,14,21,28 days' five time points,each point n = 8). Bilateral Hegu points on rat were consecutively stimulated for 15 min,once daily, and 7 days as one treatment course. The protein expression of Nestin in SVZ was detected by immunochemistry method. RESULTS Compared with the normal control group, the number of Nestin positive cell in SVZ in the I/R group increased strikingly on the 1st day, peaked on the 7 h day after reperfusion (P <0. 05), began to decrease on the 14th day, and almost reached normal on the 28 h day. A number of Nestin positive cells were present around the ischemic core in the cortex on the 7th day after reperfusion. After performed electroacupuncture, the number of Nestin positive cells in SVZ in the EA group increased on the 1st day, peaked on the 7th day, and increased 1. 5 times as compared with the IR 7 days group, the difference was obvious (P <0. 05) ,and began to decrease on the 14 h day, and almost reached normal on the 28th day. Nestin immunoreactivity around the ischemic core in the cortex was obviously presented in the EA 7 days group. CONCLUSION The results indicate that cerebral ischemia can stimulate the potent of self-proliferation of neural stem cells and electroacupuncture can obviously increase the proliferation of neural stem cell.
Post Stroke Remote Complications; A Tertiary Care Experience from a Developing Country

Background: Rapidly developing clinical signs of focal (or global) disturbance of cerebral function, lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death, with no apparent cause other than that of vascular origin is termed as stroke.our study is helpful in providing pattern of complications in different groups of stroke patients. It is also helpful in predicting and managing these complications in patients with stroke in Pakistani population. Material and Methods: Our study was a retrospective cross sectional study. Sample size was calculated using WHO sample size calculator. Sampling technique used in our study was non probability technique. Data was collected by trained medical students and was recorded on computer. The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21. Results: Our study included 84 patients with stroke, which were followed for any complications for atleast 6 months. The different complications were observed in stroke patients. The mean age of study participants was 57.3 ± 12.9. The mean number of patient follow-up visits was 5 ± 4. Regarding the Remote post stroke complications the most common complication was insomnia which was present in 24 (28.6%) patients followed by lethargy in 19(22.6%) and muscular spasms in 16(19%). The least common post stroke complication was impotence which was present in only 1(1.2%) patient. Conclusion: Stroke is quite common in Pakistan and post stroke complications should be managed to provide better quality of life to the patients.in our study the most common complication was insomnia followed by lethargy and muscle spasms. The least common post stroke complication was impotence. *Corresponding author: Dr. Syed Ijlal Ahmed, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan; E-mail: syedijlalahmed@ymail.com Citation: Syed, I.A. , et al. Post Stroke Remote Complications; A Tertiary Care Experience from a Developing Country. (2017) Int J Neuro Brain Dis 4(1): 14. Post Stroke Remote Complications; A Tertiary Care Experience from a Developing Country Syed Ijlal Ahmed1*, Syed Ahmed Asif2, Kashmala Qureshi1, Nimra Naeem1, Noor e-sabah Saleem1, Syeda Beenish Bareeqa3, Kashif Aziz4, Anas Faroqi5 and Tayyab Shera5 Received date: May 02, 2017 Accepted date: May 30, 2017 Published date: June 05, 2017 DOI: 10.15436/2377-1348.17. 1504 ing, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, inactivity and genetic factors[3]. Excessive stress and alcoholism are also significant risk factors for stroke[4]. Recently some new local risk factors have been studied, prevailing in South Asian countries, which include water-pipe use, parenthesis clarified butter and chewable tobacco[5]. There are different kind of complications that arise after stroke. Some of them arise during hospital stay for example;
Classification of fluctuations in patients with Parkinson's disease

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are subject to a wide range of fluctuations in their clinical state, most of them treatment-related but some more disease-related. Short-duration motor fluctuations include freezing and paradoxic kinesis, lasting seconds to minutes. It is important to distinguish between "off" period freezing, which may be helped by measures to increase time "on," and freezing that is present in both "on" and "off" periods, which is difficult if not impossible to treat. Medium-duration fluctuations associated with chronic L-dopa treatment include wearing-off and "on-off" responses, which can involve (a) return of parkinsonism, (b) dyskinesias, and(c) non-motor fluctuations. A poorly understood long-duration pharmacodynamic response to L-dopa lasting up to 2 weeks may also be seen. This may manifest as late deterioration after L-dopa is withdrawn. More importantly, and more commonly, it is important to recognize that the ultimate effect of an alteration in L-dopa treatment may take 2 weeks to equilibrate in the brain. "Optimization" of L-dopa therapy is therefore not a realistic expectation during an inpatient admission and is instead primarily a long-term outpatient procedure. The "off" state is not the same as untreated PD, and may represent rebound worsening after the beneficial effect of L-dopa has worn off. Sometimes there is also transient worsening at the onset of effect of a dose. "Off" period dyskinesias tend to be relatively fixed, painful, and dystonic. Biphasic (beginning and/or end of dose) dyskinesias are often severe, ballistic, and stereotypic. Peak dose or "square wave" dyskinesias comprise a mix of mobile dystonia or chorea that is usually painless. Many patients experience any combination of panic, anxiety, and depression in their "off" periods, and many also experience pain, with instant relief as they turn"on. " Other parameters that may vary between the "on" and "off" states include urinary and bowel dysfunction, blood pressure, respiratory function, and sweating attacks. Most but not all of these phenomena can be related to a simplistic but nevertheless usually practically useful model of differing levels of central dopaminergic stimulation. In difficult cases, an acute apomorphine challenge analogous to the effects of a "Tensilon test" in myasthenia gravis may help to determine whether a given clinical feature represents over- or understimulation of central dopamine receptors.
Initiation of enzymatic replication at the origin of the Escherichia coli chromosome: contributions of RNA polymerase and primase.

Replication of plasmids that depend on the 245-base-pair origin of the Escherichia coli chromosome (oriC) requires many purified proteins that (i) direct initiation to oriC (e.g., dnaA protein), (ii) influence initiations elsewhere (e.g., auxiliary proteins), and (iii) prime and extend DNA chains (e.g., priming and synthesis proteins). For the RNA priming and initiation of new DNA chains, the requirements for both primase and RNA polymerase (RNA pol) [Kaguni, J. M. & Kornberg, A. (1984) Cell 38, 183-190] have been further analyzed. Depending on the levels of auxiliary proteins (topoisomerase I and protein HU), three priming systems can operate: primase alone, RNA pol alone, or both combined. At low levels of auxiliary proteins, primase alone sustains an effective priming system. At higher levels, primase action is blocked, but RNA pol alone can initiate replication, albeit feebly; at these high levels of auxiliary proteins, primase and RNA pol act synergistically. When RNA pol is stalled by an inhibitor or lack of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, primase action is also inhibited. Based on these and other data [van der Ende, A. , Baker, T. A. , Ogawa, T. & Kornberg, A. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, in press], RNA pol can counteract inhibition by auxiliary proteins and thus activate the origin for the priming by primase of the leading strand of the replication fork.
Microbiota Promotes Chronic Pulmonary Inflammation by Enhancing IL-17A and Autoantibodies.

RATIONALE Changes in the pulmonary microbiota are associated with progressive respiratory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Whether there is a causal relationship between these changes and disease progression remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate the link between an altered microbiota and disease, we used a murine model of chronic lung inflammation that is characterized by key pathological features found in COPD and compared responses in specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice and mice depleted of microbiota by antibiotic treatment or devoid of a microbiota (axenic). METHODS Mice were challenged with LPS/elastase intranasally over 4 weeks, resulting in a chronically inflamed and damaged lung. The ensuing cellular infiltration, histological damage, and decline in lung function were quantified. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Similar to human disease, the composition of the pulmonary microbiota was altered in diseased animals. We found that the microbiota richness and diversity were decreased in LPS/elastase-treated mice, with an increased representation of the genera Pseudomonas and Lactobacillus and a reduction in Prevotella. Moreover, the microbiota was implicated in disease development as mice depleted, or devoid, of microbiota exhibited an improvement in lung function, reduced inflammation, and lymphoid neogenesis. The absence of microbial cues markedly decreased the production of IL-17A, whereas intranasal transfer of fluid enriched with the pulmonary microbiota isolated from diseased mice enhanced IL-17A production in the lungs of antibiotic-treated or axenic recipients. Finally, in mice harboring a microbiota, neutralizing IL-17A dampened inflammation and restored lung function. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data indicate that host-microbial cross-talk promotes inflammation and could underlie the chronicity of inflammatory lung diseases.
Significance of the latissimus dorsi for shoulder instability. II. Its influence on dislocation behavior in a sequential cutting protocol of the glenohumeral capsule

In a cadaveric instability model that leaves all muscles intact initially, the latissimus dorsi seemed to play a role when complete section of the glenohumeral capsuloligamentous structures did not result in a locked anteroinferior dislocation. The present study was carried out to determine whether the latissimus dorsi does truly affect dislocation in a modified cutting protocol, and to find an anatomic explanation for this apparent behavior. This article (Part II) details the results of a sequential cutting study and relates these results with the anatomic findings of Part I. In 75 shoulders, the influence of the latissimus dorsi on dislocation behavior in the apprehension position after section of all capsuloligamentous structures was examined. After cutting all capsuloligamentous structures, either on the glenoid or on the humeral side, the tendon of either the latissimus dorsi or the subscapularis was cut. Capsular lesions on the glenoid side (20 shoulders) resulted in a locked dislocation in 16 specimens. In the other four shoulders, there was a metastable dislocation after cutting the entire capsule, which did not change after cutting either tendon. With lesions on the humeral side (55 shoulders), three possibilities arose: metastable (17 shoulders), locked anterior (9 shoulders) or locked anteroinferior (29 shoulders) dislocation. This difference in dislocation behavior was related to the variability of the tendon–cartilage distance (TCD) and the type of scapular connection of the latissimus dorsi. A locked anteroinferior dislocation was always observed when the TCD was more than 20 mm, regardless of the type of scapular connection. With a TCD < 20 mm, a metastable dislocation was the result when there was a type 1 scapular connection and a locked anterior dislocation was seen when there was a type 2 scapular connection. The tendon of the latissimus dorsi can restrain the humeral head from dropping inferiorly or can lead to a spontaneous reduction of a dislocation, depending on its anatomy. This effect can only take place in the infrequent situation of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments. This may be an explanation for the relative paucity of these lesions in clinical instability series. Clin. Anat. 18:500–509, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparing the effectiveness of telemedicine and traditional surveillance in providing diabetic retinopathy screening examinations: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of telemedicine for providing diabetic retinopathy screening examinations compared with the effectiveness of traditional surveillance in community health clinics with a high proportion of minorities, including American Indian/Alaska Natives. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We conducted a multicenter, randomized controlled trial and assigned diabetic participants to one of two groups: (1) telemedicine with a nonmydriatic camera or (2) traditional surveillance with an eye care provider. For those receiving telemedicine, the criteria for requiring follow-up with an eye care provider were (1) moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy or higher, (2) presence of clinically significant macular edema, or (3) "unable to grade" result for diabetic retinopathy or macular edema. RESULTS The telemedicine group (n=296) was more likely to receive a diabetic retinopathy screening examination within the first year of enrollment compared with the traditional surveillance group (n=271) (94% versus 56%, p<0.001). The overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy at baseline was 21.4%, and macular edema was present in 1.4% of participants. In the telemedicine group, 20.5% would require further evaluation with an eye care provider, and 86% of these referrals were because of poor-quality digital images. CONCLUSIONS Telemedicine using nonmydriatic cameras increased the proportion of participants who obtained diabetic retinopathy screening examinations, and most did not require follow-up with an eye care provider. Telemedicine may be a more effective way to screen patients for diabetic retinopathy and to triage further evaluation with an eye care provider. Methods to decrease poor quality imaging would improve the effectiveness of telemedicine for diabetic retinopathy screening examinations.