Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Network Layer Mobility: itecture and Survey

In this article we explore various network layer concepts that play a crucial role in the design of mobile networking systems. We show that mobility is essentially an address translation problem and is best resolved at the network layer. We describe services that must be supported at the network layer to carry out the task of address translation. Using these service primitives as building blocks, we describe a network-layer architecture which enables smooth integration of mobile end systems within the existing Internet. A summary of some of the key Mobile IP proposals is presented, and it is shown that each proposal can be viewed as a special case of the architecture outlined in this article.
A Conceptual Framework for the Impact of Traumatic Experiences

This conceptual framework for the effects of traumatic experiences addresses what makes an experience traumatic, what psychological responses are expected following such events, and why symptoms persist after the traumatic experience is over. Three elements are considered necessary for an event to be traumatizing: The event must be experienced as extremely negative, uncontrollable, and sudden. The initial core responses to trauma include reexperiencing and avoidance symptoms that occur across four modes of experience. Explanations of how each response is theoretically linked to traumatic events are offered to clarify how the responses reflect the natural human response to uncontrollable, negative, and sudden events. The framework delineates the behavioral learning and cognitive processes that elucidate the persistence of the initial response to trauma. Five factors are proposed that influence the response to trauma, including biological factors, developmental level at the time of trauma, severity of the stressor, social context, and prior and subsequent life events. Finally, secondary and associated responses to trauma are discussed that are common across many types of traumatic experience. These include depression, aggression, substance abuse, physical illnesses, low self-esteem, identity confusion, difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and guilt and shame.
Evaluating the associations between human circadian rhythms and dysregulated genes in liver cancer cells

Network analysis is a useful approach in cancer biology as it provides information regarding the genes and proteins. In our previous study, a network analysis was performed on dysregulated genes in HepG2 cells, a hepatoblastoma cell line that lacks the viral infection, compared with normal hepatocytes, identifying the presence of 26 HUB genes. The present study aimed to identify whether these previously identified HUB genes participate in the network that controls the human circadian rhythms. The results of the present study demonstrated that 20/26 HUB genes were associated with the metabolic processes that control human circadian rhythms, which supports the hypothesis that a number of cancer types are dependent from circadian cycles. In addition, it was revealed that the CLOCK circadian regulator gene was associated, via cytoskeleton associated protein 5 (CKAP5), with the HUB genes of the HepG2 network, and that CKAP5 was associated with three other circadian genes (casein kinase 1ε, casein kinase 1δ and histone deacetylase 4) and 10 HepG2 genes (SH2 domain containing, ZW10 interacting kinetochore protein, aurora kinase B, cell division cycle 20, centromere protein A, inner centromere protein, mitotic arrest deficient 2 like 1, baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5, SPC24 NDC80 kinetochore complex component and kinesin family member 2C). Furthermore, the genes that associate the circadian system with liver cancer were demonstrated to encode intrinsically disordered proteins. Finally, the results of the present study identified the microRNAs involved in the network formed by the overlapping of HepG2 and circadian genes.
The role of hydration in vocal fold physiology

Purpose of reviewIncreased vocal fold hydration is a popular target in the prevention and management of voice disorders. Current intervention strategies focus on enhancing both systemic (internal) and superficial (surface) hydration. We review relevant bench and human research on the role of hydration in vocal fold physiology. Recent findingsBench and human studies provide converging evidence that systemic and superficial dehydration are detrimental to vocal fold physiology. Dehydration challenges increase the viscous properties of excised vocal fold tissue. Systemic, superficial, and combined drying challenges increase aerodynamic and acoustic measures of voice production in speakers. Emerging theoretical and clinical data suggest that increasing both systemic and superficial hydration levels may benefit voice production; however, robust evidence for positive outcomes of hydration treatments is lacking. SummaryIncreased systemic and superficial vocal fold hydration as a component of vocal hygiene may improve overall health and efficiency of the vocal apparatus. However, continued exploration of biological mechanisms regulating vocal fold hydration is needed to optimize clinical hydration interventions. Specifically, the development of hydration treatments that maximize positive phonatory outcomes will necessitate understanding of the signaling pathways linking systemic and superficial hydration.
Paclitaxel Affects Cytosolic Calcium Signals by Opening the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore*

We have characterized the effects of the antimitotic drug paclitaxel (TaxolTM) on the Ca2+ signaling cascade of terminally differentiated mouse pancreatic acinar cells. Using single cell fluorescence techniques and whole-cell patch clamping to record cytosolic Ca2+ and plasma membrane Ca2+-dependent Cl−currents, we find that paclitaxel abolishes cytosolic Ca2+oscillations and in more than half of the cells it also induces a rapid, transient cytosolic Ca2+ response. This response is not affected by removal of extracellular Ca2+ indicating that paclitaxel releases Ca2+ from an intracellular Ca2+ store. Using saponin-permeabilized cells, we show that paclitaxel does not affect Ca2+ release from an inositol trisphosphate-sensitive store. Furthermore, up to 15 min after paclitaxel application, there is no significant effect on either microtubule organization or on endoplasmic reticulum organization. The data suggest a non-endoplasmic reticulum source for the intracellular Ca2+ response. Using the mitochondrial fluorescent dyes, JC-1 and Rhod-2, we show that paclitaxel evoked a rapid decline in the mitochondrial membrane potential and a loss of mitochondrial Ca2+. Cyclosporin A, a blocker of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, blocked both the paclitaxel-induced loss of mitochondrial Ca2+ and the effect on Ca2+spikes. We conclude that paclitaxel exerts rapid effects on the cytosolic Ca2+ signal via the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. This work indicates that some of the more rapidly developing side effects of chemotherapy might be due to an action of antimitotic drugs on mitochondrial function and an interference with the Ca2+ signal cascade.
16 ABC Transporters in Human Placenta and Their Role in Maternal-Fetal Cholesterol Transfer : ABCA 1 Candidate Target

Placenta is the highly specialized organ of pregnancy, in association with the fetal membranes and amniotic fluids; placenta supports normal fetal growth and development. Primary function of the placenta in all species is to selective transfer of nutrients and waste products between mother and fetus. It participates in the transfer and metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, water, inorganic ions, minerals and vitamins. Respiratory gases also transfer between mother and fetus through placenta. Another important function of placenta is the endocrine function. Adequate nutrient transfer by placenta between mother and fetus during pregnancy is crucial for proper fetal growth and development. Among all nutrients, cholesterol is important as well for proper fetal growth. Embryo and fetal growth phase is the rapid cellular proliferative stage. In this phase, cells differentiate into various cell types. That’s why; cells need all the substrates for their proper growth. As long as cells are proliferating, the important cellular structure such as membrane is also vital for the proliferative cells. One of the principal and key components of cell membrane is cholesterol. Cholesterol maintains membrane fluidity and lipid rich microdomain. Any alteration of cellular cholesterol content may lead to diverse complication in different metabolic processes. Cholesterol is the precursor of bile acids, steroid hormones and metabolic regulators such as oxysterols.
Stochastic Stability Analysis of Power Control in Wireless Networks via a Norm-inequality-based Approach

Owing to the requirements from realistic wireless networks, the stochastic stability analysis for discrete-time power control, which concerns the randomness brought by the fading channels and noise of wireless systems, is of practical significance. By developing a norm-inequality-based framework of analyzing the stochastic stability of linear systems with random parameters, we show that a typical powercontrol law with linear system model is stable in the sense of the pth-moment stability. Several conditions of achieving the pth-moment stability for the considered power-control law are obtained, which can easily applied to realistic wireless networks. Besides, within this study, the stability analysis of power control for the first time takes into account the effect of multiple-access methods.
Effects of active on-call hours on physicians' turnover intentions and well-being.

OBJECTIVES This study examined whether active on-call hours and the co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors are associated with physicians' turnover intentions and distress. METHODS Cross-sectional survey data on randomly selected female (N=1571) and male (N=1081) physicians, aged 25 to 65 years, from The Finnish Health Care Professionals Study were used. The outcome measures were turnover intentions and distress (general health questionnaire). Smoking, heavy drinking, overweight, and low physical activity were assessed as lifestyle risk factors. Analyses of covariance were used to analyze the data. RESULTS After adjustment for gender, age, employment sector, and job satisfaction, the analyses showed that the physicians who had been on active call more than 40 hours per month reported more distress than the group not on call (P=0.046). The physicians with two or more risk factors also had more distress (P<0.001) than those with no risk factors or only one risk factor. There was an interaction between active on-call hours and lifestyle risk factors for turnover intentions (P=0.002). The physicians with two or more lifestyle risk factors who had been on active call more than 40 hours per month had more turnover intentions than the other physicians. CONCLUSIONS On-call duty and the co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors may both decrease physicians' well being and increase their intentions to leave their job.
Foxn1 Is Dynamically Regulated in Thymic Epithelial Cells during Embryogenesis and at the Onset of Thymic Involution

Thymus function requires extensive cross-talk between developing T-cells and the thymic epithelium, which consists of cortical and medullary TEC. The transcription factor FOXN1 is the master regulator of TEC differentiation and function, and declining Foxn1 expression with age results in stereotypical thymic involution. Understanding of the dynamics of Foxn1 expression is, however, limited by a lack of single cell resolution data. We have generated a novel reporter of Foxn1 expression, Foxn1G, to monitor changes in Foxn1 expression during embryogenesis and involution. Our data reveal that early differentiation and maturation of cortical and medullary TEC coincides with precise sub-lineage-specific regulation of Foxn1 expression levels. We further show that initiation of thymic involution is associated with reduced cTEC functionality, and proportional expansion of FOXN1-negative TEC in both cortical and medullary sub-lineages. Cortex-specific down-regulation of Foxn1 between 1 and 3 months of age may therefore be a key driver of the early stages of age-related thymic involution.
Inhibition of Integrin-linked Kinase/Protein Kinase B/Akt Signaling

Ganglioside GT1b inhibits keratinocyte attachment to and migration on a fibronectin matrix by binding to α5β1 and preventing α5β1 interaction with fibronectin. The role of gangliosides in triggering keratinocyte apoptosis, however, is unknown. Addition of GT1b to keratinocyte-derived SCC12 cells, grown in serum-free medium but exposed to fibronectin, suppressed Bad phosphorylation, activated caspase-9, and inhibited cyclin D and E expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and initiation of apoptosis. The mechanism of GT1b activation of caspase-9 involved inhibition of β1 integrin serine/threonine phosphorylation and decreased phosphorylation of both integrin-linked kinase and protein kinase B/Akt at its Ser-473 site, leading to cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Consistently, blockade of GT1b function with anti-GT1b antibody specifically activated the Ser-473 site of Akt, markedly suppressing apoptosis. The ganglioside-induced inhibition of Akt phosphorylation was GT1b-specific and was not observed when cells were treated with other keratinocyte gangliosides, including GD3. These studies suggest that the modulation of keratinocyte cell cycle and survival by GT1b is mediated by its direct interaction with α5β1 and resultant inhibition of the integrin/integrin-linked kinase/protein kinase B/Akt signaling pathway.
Co-trained Ensemble Models for Weakly Supervised Cyberbullying Detection

Social media has become an inevitable part of individuals’ social and business lives. Its benefits come with various negative consequences. One major concern is the prevalence of detrimental online behavior on social media, such as online harassment and cyberbullying. In this study, we aim to address the computational challenges associated with harassment detection in social media by developing a machine-learning framework with three distinguishing characteristics. (1) It uses minimal supervision in the form of expert-provided key phrases that are indicative of bullying or non-bullying. (2) It detects harassment with an ensemble of two learners that co-train one another; One learner examines the language content in the message, and the other learner considers the social structure. (3) It incorporates distributed word and graph-node representations by training nonlinear deep models. The model is trained by optimizing an objective function that balances a co-training loss with a weak-supervision loss. We evaluate the effectiveness of our approach using post-hoc, crowdsourced annotation of Twitter data, finding that our deep ensembles outperform previous non-deep methods for weakly supervised harassment detection. We also evaluate on a new benchmark to measure the sensitivity of the detectors to language describing particular social groups.
Generalized anxiety disorder in stroke patients. A 3-year longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This prospective study examined the prevalence and longitudinal course of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) after stroke and its comorbidity with major depression over time. The contributions of lesion characteristics, functional impairment, and psychosocial factors to the development of GAD after stroke were studied. METHODS In a population-based cohort of 80 patients with acute stroke, we assessed GAD and comorbid major depression, functional ability, and social network at regular time points over 3 years. Cerebral atrophy and brain lesion parameters were determined from CT scans performed at the acute stage and after 3 years. RESULTS The prevalence of GAD after stroke was 28% in the acute stage, and there was no significant decrease through the 3 years of follow-up. At 1 year, only 23% of the patients with early GAD (0 to 3 months) had recovered; those not recovered at this follow-up had a high risk of a chronic development of the anxiety disorder. Comorbidity with major depression was high and seemed to impair the prognosis of depression. At the acute stage after stroke, GAD plus depression was associated with left hemispheric lesion, whereas anxiety alone was associated with right hemispheric lesion. Cerebral atrophy was associated with both depression and anxiety disorder late but not early after stroke. Dependence in activities of daily living and reduced social network were associated with GAD at all follow-up periods except at the acute stage. CONCLUSIONS GAD after stroke is a common and long-lasting affliction that interferes substantially with social life and functional recovery. There is a differentiation of factors implicated in its development based on the period of time since the stroke event.
Enhanced expression of suppressor of cytokine signalling‐1 in the liver of chronic hepatitis C: possible involvement in resistance to interferon therapy

Summary. Interferon‐α (IFN‐α) is widely used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC). The suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) family has been implicated in the regulation of JAK–STAT signalling, including IFN signalling. The negative effect of SOCS expression on the response of CHC to IFN‐α is demonstrated here. The transcriptional levels of SOCS‐1 and ‐3 in the livers of 21 patients with CHC and eight controls were investigated by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. We established stable transfectants of SOCS‐1 in a human hepatoma cell line, PLC/PRF/5 and analysed the effects of SOCS‐1 on the phosphorylation of IFN‐α‐induced STAT‐1 tyrosine by immunoblotting and the expression of antiviral genes by Northern blot. A prospective cohort study on SOCS‐1 expression and clinical outcome was carried out in 77 patients with CHC who received IFN therapy. SOCS‐1, but not SOCS‐3, transcripts in the livers of CHC were significantly higher than controls (P < 0.005). IFN‐α‐induced STAT‐1 phosphorylation and the expression of antiviral genes were inhibited in SOCS‐1‐transfected cells. Patients showing high SOCS‐1 expression in the liver had a significantly lower rate of sustained virological response (SVR) to IFN therapy than those with low SOCS‐1 expression (P = 0.0014). A multivariate analysis performed with host factors revealed that SOCS‐1 staining in the liver can serve as a significant predictor for IFN SVR (P = 0.004). SOCS‐1 expression is enhanced in the livers of CHC patients and might be involved in resistance to IFN therapy.
Clonal evolution as judged by immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements in relapsing precursor‐B acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Abstract: Oligoclonality and ongoing clonal evolution are common features in patients with precursor‐B (pre‐B) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), as judged by immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement analysis. These features are considered to be results of secondary rearrangements after malignant transformation or emergence of new tumor clones. In the present study we analyzed the IgH gene rearrangement status in 18 cases with relapsing pre‐B ALL using variable heavy chain (VH) gene family specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and single stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Clonal IgH rearrangements were displayed in all leukemias but one, and altered rearrangement patterns occurred in five cases (29%), which were selected for detailed nucleotide sequence analysis. In one case, multiple subclones at diagnosis were suggested to be derived from a progenitor clone through joining of different VH germline gene segments to a pre‐existing D–JH complex (VH to D–JH joining). Evidence for VH gene replacement with identical N‐sequences at the VH‐D junction and a common D–JH region was observed in one case. Diversification at the VH–D junction consisting of heterogeneous N‐sequences were observed in one case. This molecular modification of the VH‐D region could fit a hypothesized “open‐and‐shut” mechanism. Nevertheless, despite these ongoing events at least one IgH rearrangement remained unchanged throughout the disease in most patients, indicating that the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus can be a suitable marker for detection of minimal residual disease (MRD).
A Review of and Recommendations for the Management of Patients With Life-Threatening Dabigatran-Associated Hemorrhage

Dabigatran is an oral direct thrombin inhibitor that is approved for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Dabigatran has several advantages over warfarin including predictable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics which eliminates the need for routine laboratory monitoring, superiority over warfarin in preventing stroke, or systemic embolism without having an increased risk of bleeding. However, as with any anticoagulant, there remains a real chance of bleeding, including major or life-threatening hemorrhage. Many physicians feel comfortable managing bleeding complications on older anticoagulants like warfarin and heparin, due to extensive experience with the medications along with antidotes to reverse their effects as well as established protocols for treating anticoagulant-associated hemorrhage. However, most physicians have limited clinical experience with dabigatran, there is no specific antidote for dabigatran reversal and there is a paucity of protocols, guidelines, and recommendations for how to manage dabigatran-associated hemorrhage. In this review, we present a case series of patients admitted to our institution for management of bleeding while receiving dabigatran. We retrospectively reviewed these cases to evaluate the efficacy and rationale of the various anticoagulation reversal strategies employed in the context of the existing evidence found in the literature. Specific focus is placed on the therapies utilized and the coagulation studies used to manage these patients.
Influence of Multiple-Day Temporal Distribution of Repetitions on Memory: A Comparison of Uniform, Expanding, and Contracting Schedules

Very few studies have examined the influence of schedules of repetitions across multiple days (e.g., Tsai, 1927). Three temporal schedules of four presentations of pseudoword/word pairs over a 7-day learning period were compared: a uniform (presentations on Days 1, 3, 5, and 7), an expanding (1, 2, 3, 7), and a contracting (1, 5, 6, 7) schedule. Schedule was a within-subjects variable. Experiment 1 was performed on the Internet and showed that cued recall on Day 9 led to higher scores for the stimuli of the expanding schedule. Experiment 2 was performed in the laboratory and showed that the expanding and the uniform schedules led to the highest scores on Day 9. A recognition task performed during the learning phase revealed that stimuli recognized at the time of their repetition were more likely to be retrieved later than the others. Our results are discussed within the framework of the study-phase retrieval and encoding variability theories.