Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Female mate choice and mate search tactics in a sex role reversed population of the peacock blenny Salaria pavo (Risso, 1810)

Behavioural observations were carried out on a sex role reversed population of the blenny Salaria pavo to investigate possible mate choice behaviour of the females. Females mated with relatively larger males, with a larger head crest, anal gland and genital papilla, which had more eggs in their nests and that courted the female. Thus, these male traits were potentially assessed by females when choosing their mates. In order to mate, females visited one to four males (eight females spawned with the first male they had visited and eight visited more than one male). The majority of the females spawned with the last male visited but three of them returned to mate with males visited previously (two with the penultimate visited male). Additionally, the outcome of the first visit of each female depended on the quality of the males: males that were accepted on this first visit had larger head crest than rejected males. Therefore, the mate searching model that best fitted the data was a threshold tactic that allowed the searching individual to return to any potential mate visited before, i.e. that allowed for complete recall. Moreover, three females returned to mate with males rejected earlier during the search, which indicates that they lowered their thresholds. These results suggest that females use a ‘one step decision’ tactic to search for mates. In this tactic, females mate with males that satisfy an adjustable threshold criterion, balancing the quality of the mates expected to find in the next step of the search and the effort of finding them.
Study on Combined Effects of Acidification and Sonication on Selected Quality Attributes of Carrot Juice during Storage

Summary: This study evaluated the combined effects of acid blanching and sonication treatments on selected quality parameters of carrot juice stored at 4 oC for 18 days. Carrots were blanched in acidified water (40g/L citric acid) at 100 oC for 4 min and the juice was then extracted. Sonication of the juice was done at an amplitude level of 70% and a frequency of 20 kHz for 2 min at 15 oC, keeping the pulse duration of 5 Sec on and 5 Sec off. As results, the combined treatment of acidification and sonication of carrot juice showed a significant decrease in pH and increase (P < 0.05) in acidity which remained stable during storage period. No significant changes were observed in °Brix. Color values (L*, a*, b*) and non enzymatic browning (NEB) influenced significantly in acidified and sonicated carrot juice during storage period. Maximum stability of total phenol, total antioxidant capacity, cloud value and ascorbic acid were also observed in the combined treatment of acidification and sonication. The findings of this study indicated that the combined treatments of acidification and sonication may successfully be utilized for the production of high quality carrot juice with improved stability of total phenol, total antioxidant capacity, cloud value and ascorbic acid during 18 days of storage.
Antiblackness

Antiblackness is a unique species of racial evil that originates in Africanized slavery. Although Africanized slavery has been abolished, the racialized relationship between blackness, black people, and slave status lives on. Rather than treating either slavery or antiblackness as moral or political analogies, scholars ought to more intently respect their uniqueness.
Structural Features of (Glucurono)Arabinoxylans Extracted from Wheat Bran by Barium Hydroxide

A (glucurono)arabinoxylan extract obtained from water-unextractable cell wall material of industrial wheat bran was fractionated by means of anion-exchange chromatography and graded ethanol precipitation. Methylation analysis and enzymic degradability of various fractions were used to elucidate their structures. Approximately one third of the extracted (glucurono)arabinoxylan was very lowly substituted (Ara/Xyl≈0·2). Substitution occurred predominantly by arabinose at theO-3 position of xylose residues. Enzymic degradation showed a random distribution of the substituents, which are probably interrupted by stretches of 6 or more contiguous unsubstituted xylose residues. More than half the extracted (glucurono)arabinoxylan was highly substituted (Ara/Xyl≥1). The complexity of the structure was shown by poor enzymic degradability and the presence of considerable amounts of branched arabinose and terminal xylose. Substitution of xylose occurred not only throughO-3 mono-,O-2 andO-3 disubstitution by terminal arabinose andO-2 monosubstitution by (4-O-methyl)glucuronic acid, but also through dimeric arabinose, xylose and possibly galactose containing branches as well as through 2,3-linked arabinose. The remainder of the extracted (glucurono)arabinoxylan (15%) was either intermediately substituted (Ara/Xyl≈0·5) or very highly substituted (Ara-Xyl≈1·2) and associated with protein and lignin.
Metazoan Relationships on the Basis of 18S rRNA Sequences: A Few Years Later '

The 18S rRNA database is continuously growing and new tree construction methods are being developed, The present study aims at assessing what effect the addition of recently determined animal 18S rRNA sequences and the use of a recently developed distance matrix calculation method have on the results of some previously published case studies on metazoan phylogeny. When re-assessing three case studies, part of their conclusions was confirmed on the basis of the present 18S rRNA data set: 1) the monophyly of Arthropoda; 2) the monophyly of the Vestimentifera-Pogonophora and their protostome character; 3) the doubt about the monophyletic origin of Echiura-Sipuncula and 4) the coelomate character of Nemertea, Yet, it is also demonstrated that some of the previous results are no longer warranted when updating the analyses: 1) the monophyly of both the Annelida and the Eutrochozoa; 2) the sister-group relationship of Echiura to Vestimentifera-Pogonophora and 3) the polyphyly of the Mesozoa and their close relationship to Myxozoa and Nematodes, In addition, some new very preliminary evidence is provided for: 1) a common ancestry of Platyhelminthes and Mesozoa and the monophyly of the latter group and 2) the monophyly of Clitellata, Hirudinida and Oligochaeta. Finally, doubt is casted on the monophyly of the Polychaeta and the polychaete orders Spionida, Phyllodocida, and Sabellidae, Of course, these hypotheses also need further testing.
Rising Co2 Levels and Their Potential Significance for Carbon Flow in Photosynthetic Cells

Abstract. In the first part of this review, I discuss how we can predict the direct short-term effect of enhanced CO2 on photosynthetic rate in C3 terrestrial plants. To do this, I consider: (1) to what extent enhanced CO2 will stimulate or relieve demand on partial processes like carboxylation, light harvesting and electron transport, the Calvin cycle, and end-product synthesis; and (2) the extent to which these various processes actually control the rate of photosynthesis. I conclude that control is usually shared between Rubisco (which responds sensitively to CO2) and other components (which respond less sensitively), and that photosynthesis will be stimulated by 25–75% when the CO2 concentration is doubled from 35 to 70 Pa. This is in good agreement with the published responses. In the next part of the review, I discuss the evidence that most plants undergo a gradual inhibition of photosynthesis during acclimation to enhanced CO2. I argue that this is related to an inadequate demand for carbohydrate in the remainder of the plant. Differences in the long-term response to CO2 may be explained by differences in the sink-source status of plants, depending upon the species, the developmental stage, and the developmental conditions. In the third part of the review, I consider the biochemical mechanisms which are involved in ‘sink’ regulation of photosynthesis. Accumulating carbohydrate could lead to a direct inhibition of photosynthesis, involving mechanical damage by large starch grains or Pi-limitation due to inhibition of sucrose synthesis. I argue that Pi is important in the short-term regulation of partitioning to sucrose and starch, but that its contribution to ‘sink’ regulation has not yet been conclusively demonstrated. Indirect or ‘adaptive’ regulation of photosynthesis is probably more important, involving decreases in amounts of key photosynthetic enzymes, including Rubisco. This decreases the rate of photosynthesis, and potentially would allow resources (e.g. amino acids) to be remobilized from the leaves and reinvested in sink growth to readjust the sink-source balance. In the final part of the review, I argue that similar changes of Rubisco and, possibly, other proteins are probably also involved during acclimation to high CO2.
A BRIEF REVIEW ON MECHANISM OF TRICHODERMA FUNGUS USE AS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS

Indiscriminate use of fungicide, pesticides has res ulted in emergence of resistant pathogen strains ov er time and has increased the environmental pollution level in soil and water, and adverse effect on food quality and human health. Thus now day’s biocontrol agents are most reliable to control plant pathogen . Among Trichoderma is soil borne eukaryotic, multicellular fungus. It is most commonly use for biocontrol agent against plant pathogen that contai n chitin and glucans in their cell wall. The mechanism of Trichoderma includes direct competition with the target organis m, antibiosis, predation or parasitism of the target organism and induced resis tance of the host plant.
Airborne dispersal of antarctic terrestrial algae and cyanobacteria

The dispersal of algae and cyanobacteria at three Antarctic fellfield sites was investigated using microscopic and culture analysis of samples from active and passive air samplers Intersite variation in the mean number of large algal propagules (>5 μm diameter) sampled was dependent on the niche space available for algal growth and the degree to which soil was exposed to desiccating influences, these factors could be related to the degree of maturity of the sue The numbers of large algal propagules were lowest at sites from which permanent snow cover had recently disappeared and highest at sites with developed soil circles but poorly developed moss and lichen flora Mature sites with diverse and developed moss and lichen flora produced intermediate numbers of algal propagules Propagules of multicellular algae, cyanobacteria and large-celled unicellular algae were found in the air at the end of the growing season of the respective algal groups as the soil surface dried This was the case for Prasiola crispa, Pmnularia borealis, snow algae and filamentous chlorophytes and cyanobacteria Dispersal of unicellular chlorophytes was greatest during the summer period and at sites with developed secondary flora, but also occurred at other sites and in association with small thaw events during winter Cultures were obtained from samples collected whilst an air mass that had originated in South America, deposited material on Signy Island This suggests that algal propagules have the ability to survive long-distance transport and potentially provide mocula for colonization of Antarctica as regional warming continues to expose fresh habitats
The Sino-American Botanical Expedition of 1980: A Retrospective Analysis of Success

The 1980 Sino-American Botanical Expedition (SABE) to the Shennongjia Forest District, Hubei Province, China was the fi rst botanical collecting trip by American scientists to that country since 1949. This collaborative venture with Chinese botanists yielded 2085 herbarium and 621 germplasm collections from the species-rich region. Our analysis tracked the fate of the SABE germplasm after its introduction to North America and represents one of the few case studies of its kind. Two hundred and fi fty-eight of the original germplasm collections still survive and are in cultivation in at least one of 18 botanical institutions. Yet 115 of these (45%) are represented by a single accession growing in a single location, which suggests that the plant introduction process is more tenuous than is generally assumed. The scientifi c value of documented wild germplasm warrants that careful measures are in place to ensure that signifi cant collections do not vanish. This case study outlines steps that can be taken throughout the introduction process (from propagation to distribution and follow-up) to prevent any such loss. In particular, the role of data sharing among institutions is highlighted as a means of identifying collection uniqueness, and assessing environmental adaptability and invasiveness. Williams (2005) describes plant exploration conducted under the auspices of the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System, and in particular high- lights steps to take during the planning and acqui- sition stages to ensure expedition success. Upon completion, however, much still must be done to ensure that success continues, for the germplasm still needs to be propagated, distributed, and evaluated. Although individual collections of germplasm may undergo signifi cant evaluation, very few retrospective analyses of entire collect- ing trips have been conducted, particularly in the medium- to long-term (see Cunningham, 1984; Farrington, 1931; Hymowitz, 1984; Rosengarten, 1991). We recently conducted a case study that evaluated the success of a modern collecting trip: the 1980 Sino-American Botanical Expe- dition (SABE). Complete details of our work, including photos, maps, and a comprehensive literature search, can be found in Dosmann and Del Tredici (2003).
The development of MISCANFOR, a new Miscanthus crop growth model: towards more robust yield predictions under different climatic and soil conditions

Miscanthus×giganteus (Greef et Deu.), a perennial rhizomatous grass, native of SE Asia, has been trialed Europe‐wide as a potential bio‐energy crop. Plant growth models have been developed to match previously reported field experiments. These models have been used to extrapolate Miscanthus yields to other environments. Although the models use similar process descriptions, the parameters used to match the experimental data vary from site to site. This paper describes the development of universal process descriptions that use genotype‐specific parameters to predict yields in a wide range of environments. Using these, we develop a new model, MISCANFOR, from an existing model MISCANMOD by improving process descriptions for light interception by the canopy and the impact of temperature and water stress on radiation use efficiency. Genotype‐specific process descriptions for plant growth phase, photo‐period sensitivity, thermal time, temperature dependant radiation‐use efficiency, drought and frost kill predictions, nutrient repartition to the rhizome, and moisture content at harvest are added. Predictions made with MISCANFOR are compared with MISCANMOD for 36 experimental data sets for a wide variety of soils and climatic conditions in Europe. MISCANFOR matches field experiments with an r2=0.84 compared with 0.64 for MISCANMOD, building confidence that the new model will be better able to predict Miscanthus yields for other areas and future IPCC climate scenarios. This model has identified photoperiod sensitivity in addition to drought resistance and frost tolerance as parameters for crop improvement to extend the range of climatic conditions under which this crop can be grown economically.
Nocturnal Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and Sleep

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent, chronic medical condition that affects 13% of the adult population globally at least once a week. Sleep disturbances are frequently encountered in up to 25% of the GERD patients, likely due to nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux (GER). With advance in diagnostic techniques allowing for an improved understanding of involved physiological mechanisms of nocturnal reflux, there is growing evidence of a bidirectional relationship between GERD and sleep disturbances. Furthermore, nocturnal GER is associated with more complicated GERD. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and GERD also have been linked, but to what degree remains controversial. Treatment of nocturnal GER has been shown to improve both subjective and objective sleep measures. The therapeutic approach includes lifestyle modifications and medication individualization and optimization with proton-pump inhibitors serving as the mainstay of treatment. Antireflux surgery and newer endoscopic procedures have been demonstrated to control nocturnal GER.
Market Exclusivity Length for Drugs with New Generic or Biosimilar Competition, 2012–2018

Brand‐name drugs have periods of market exclusivity before generic competition begins. Due to high brand‐name drug prices charged during this period, market exclusivity is an important determinant of US prescription drug spending. We used claims data to estimate the market exclusivity period for 264 small molecule and 4 biologic drugs that faced new generic or biosimilar competition from 2012–2018. Exclusivity periods were longer for biologics compared with new small molecule drugs (median 21.5 vs. 14.4 years, P = 0.02), longer for drugs with annual revenue < $75 million compared with those with revenue ≥ $500 million (16.6 vs. 14.2 years, P = 0.01), and shorter in cases for which the first generic was granted 180 days of exclusivity, which is an incentive designed to expedite generic competition (14.1 vs. 15.9 years, P < 0.01). Modified versions of existing products had shorter exclusivities than new drugs (9.9 vs. 14.5 years, P < 0.01), with variation by route of administration, therapeutic area, and use of expedited approval pathways. Exclusivity periods for new drugs ranging from 13–17 years are similar to older estimates, but longer exclusivity among the small number of biologics in the cohort raises concern that overall median exclusivity may lengthen in the future because biologics represent a larger fraction of new drug approvals over the last decade than they did the previous decade. Unnecessarily long exclusivity periods delay patient access to lower‐priced medications, and policymakers should consider options to encourage timely competition, particularly among biologic drugs.
Biocompatibility of Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration or Replacement

Emerging biomaterials for tissue engineering applications witness a multitude of interaction (both along their interface and internally) with human tissue. Insufficient consideration of the spatial and temporal aspects of these biomaterial‐tissue interactions often raise biocompatibility concerns. This review focuses on strategies implemented in some of the recently developed biomaterials—particularly for soft and hard tissue regeneration or replacement—to overcome potential foreign body response and ensure effective functioning of the biomaterial.
Morphodynamic Perspectives on Convergence between the Feet and Limbs of Sauropods and Humans: Two Cases of Hypermorphosis

Only two vertebrate groups, humans and sauropod dinosaurs, have a well-developed entaxonic foot (with the big toe, or digit I, the largest), and both have vertical limbs. Thus, convergence applies not only to the feet but also to the limbs. When viewed in relation to their closest relatives among the hominoids and saurischian dinosaurs, and in the context of known developmental growth patterns in higher vertebrates, both humans and sauropod dinosaurs appear to be excellent examples of peramorphosis (specifically hypermorphosis). Thus, it is essential to understand morphodynamics as a field that is inseparable from the study of heterochrony. The morphodynamic developmental perspective, while recognized as important in genetics and embryology, has for many generations been overlooked in studies of feet, footprints and limbs (i.e., the marco-morphology of organs). Investigating these dynamics reveals striking recursive (or fractal) patterns of anterior-posterior and proximal distal development, which in turn demonstrate that vertebrate growth proceeds in an organized or “formal” manner. Thus, convergence is not merely, or only, a by-product of functional adaptation to the external environment but also a manifestation of the complex but intelligible internal organization of dynamic organic systems.
Cell Biology of Abscission

INTRODUCTION . 133 DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL METHODS TO STUDY ABSCISSION . 135 THE TIME COURSE OF ABSCISSION . 136 INFLUENCE OF HORMONES ON THE TIME COURSE 137 The Lag Phase 137 The Separation Phase 139 ANATOMY OF ABSCISSION . , , 140 Structural Features of Abscission Zones 140 Changes During the Lag Phase 143 Changes During the Separation Phase 145 BIOCHEMISTRY OF WALL BREAKDOWN 148 OTHER ENZYMIC CHANGES DURING CELL SEPARATION ,. 152 ROLE OF LIGNIN, CALLOSE. AND TYLOSES , ,. 153 MECHANICS OF SEPARATION . 153 ORGANIZATION OF ABSCISSION . 155 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . 157
Visible Implant Elastomer Marking Does Not Affect Short-term Movements or Survival Rates of the Treefrog Litoria rheocola

Abstract: Many recent amphibian studies have involved marking individuals using visible implant elastomer (VIE), but the effects of VIE on the movements or survival of amphibians in the wild are unknown. Our aim was to determine if VIE marking influenced the movement distances and survival rates of Common Mistfrogs (Litoria rheocola) in the wild over the 3-wk period following application when effects from handling and marking might be strongest. We used harmonic direction finding to track adult frogs that were either unmarked or marked with VIE, and compared their movement distances, probability of movement, and survival estimates. To account for any effects of the external tracking tags on frog survival, we also estimated survival rates for frogs that were not tracked, but were marked and recaptured at the same site during the same time period. We found no effects of VIE marking on distances moved by frogs or the probability of movement. For tracked frogs, estimated daily survival rates for marked frogs were slightly, but not significantly, higher than those for unmarked frogs. Estimated survival rates were similar between marked frogs that were tracked and marked frogs that were not tracked, suggesting that tracking tags did not influence survival during our study. Of tracked frogs, individuals that were marked had 12.4% higher recapture rates than unmarked individuals. Overall, we found that VIE had minimal effects on movements and survival of frogs over the 3-wk period immediately after marking.
Microchiropterans have a diminutive cerebral cortex, not an enlarged cerebellum, compared to megachiropterans and other mammals

Small echolocating bats are set apart from most other mammals by their relatively large cerebellum, a feature that has been associated to echolocation, as it is presumed to indicate a relatively enlarged number of neurons in the cerebellum in comparison to other brain structures. Here we quantify the neuronal composition of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and remaining brain structures of seven species of large Pteropodid bats (formerly classified as megachiropterans), one of which echolocates, and six species of small bats (formerly classified as microchiropterans), all of which echolocate. This chiropteran data is compared to 60 mammalian species in our dataset to determine whether the relatively large cerebellum of the small echolocating bats, and possibly that of the echolocating Pteropodid, contains a relatively enlarged number of neurons. We find no evidence that the distribution of neurons differs between microchiropterans and megachiropterans, but our data indicate that microchiropterans, like the smallest shrew in our dataset, have diminutive cerebral cortices, which makes the cerebellum appear relatively large. We propose that, in agreement with the diminutive brain size of the earliest fossil mammals, this is a plesiomorphic, not a derived, feature of microchiropteran brains. The results of this study also reveal important neural characteristics related to the phylogenetic affinities and relationships of the chiropterans.