Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distributed Multisource Parallel Coadjutant Transmission scheme based on P2P lookup protocol in DTN

Recently, popularity of multimedia content sharing among the Internet users and development of wireless mobile devices have promoted a trend of deploying Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks over mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) for mobile content distribution. However, due to nodes' frequent movement, limited radio transmission range, sparse distribution and power limitations, MANETs may become Delay Tolerant Network (DTN). Therefore, this wireless mobile P2P networks over DTN have to be studied. Sharing multimedia files among users is an important application in wireless mobile P2P networks. Even though various multimedia content sharing mechanism in P2P networks over MANET have been proposed in the literature. However, DTN experiences frequent and long-duration partitions, therefore, the original method does not apply to DTN scenario. In this work, we propose a Distributed Multisource Parallel Coadjutant Transmission (DMPCT) mechanism of multimedia based on P2P lookup protocol. The proposed transmission scheme enables multimedia files to be sent to the receiver fast and reliably in wireless mobile P2P networks over DTN. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly improves the performance of the file delivery rate and file delivery delay compared with the existing scheme.
The effect of sterol structure on membrane lipid domains reveals how cholesterol can induce lipid domain formation.

Detergent-insoluble membrane domains, enriched in saturated lipids and cholesterol, have been implicated in numerous biological functions. To understand how cholesterol promotes domain formation, the effect of various sterols and sterol derivatives on domain formation in mixtures of the saturated lipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and a fluorescence quenching analogue of an unsaturated lipid was compared. Quenching measurements demonstrated that several sterols (cholesterol, dihydrocholesterol, epicholesterol, and 25-hydroxycholesterol) promote formation of DPPC-enriched domains. Other sterols and sterol derivatives had little effect on domain formation (cholestane and lanosterol) or, surprisingly, strongly inhibit it (coprostanol, androstenol, cholesterol sulfate, and 4-cholestenone). The effect of sterols on domain formation was closely correlated with their effects on DPPC insolubility. Those sterols that promoted domain formation increased DPPC insolubility, whereas those sterols that inhibit domain formation decreased DPPC insolubility. The effects of sterols on the fluorescence polarization of diphenylhexatriene incorporated into DPPC-containing vesicles were also correlated with sterol structure. These experiments indicate that the effect of sterol on the ability of saturated lipids to form a tightly packed (i.e., tight in the sense that the lipids are closely packed with one another) and ordered state is the key to their effect on domain formation. Those sterols that promote tight packing of saturated lipids promote domain formation, while those sterols that inhibited tight packing of saturated lipids inhibited domain formation. The ability of some sterols to inhibit domain formation (i.e., act as "anti-cholesterols") should be a valuable tool for examining domain formation and properties in cells.
[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, e55-67, January 1, 2003] 55 MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BURKHOLDERIA SPECIES

1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Taxonomy of Burkholderia species 4. Methods for epidemiologic study of Burkholderia 4.1. Molecular epidemiological tools 4.2. Analysis of population structure 4.3. Discussion 5. Epidemiology of B. cepacia complex species 5.1. B. cepacia complex in CF 5.1.
Are Ducks Contributing to the Endemicity of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus in Asia?

ABSTRACT Wild waterfowl are the natural reservoir of all influenza A viruses, and these viruses are usually nonpathogenic in these birds. However, since late 2002, H5N1 outbreaks in Asia have resulted in mortality among waterfowl in recreational parks, domestic flocks, and wild migratory birds. The evolutionary stasis between influenza virus and its natural host may have been disrupted, prompting us to ask whether waterfowl are resistant to H5N1 influenza virus disease and whether they can still act as a reservoir for these viruses. To better understand the biology of H5N1 viruses in ducks and attempt to answer this question, we inoculated juvenile mallards with 23 different H5N1 influenza viruses isolated in Asia between 2003 and 2004. All virus isolates replicated efficiently in inoculated ducks, and 22 were transmitted to susceptible contacts. Viruses replicated to higher levels in the trachea than in the cloaca of both inoculated and contact birds, suggesting that the digestive tract is not the main site of H5N1 influenza virus replication in ducks and that the fecal-oral route may no longer be the main transmission path. The virus isolates' pathogenicities varied from completely nonpathogenic to highly lethal and were positively correlated with tracheal virus titers. Nevertheless, the eight virus isolates that were nonpathogenic in ducks replicated and transmitted efficiently to naïve contacts, suggesting that highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses causing minimal signs of disease in ducks can propagate silently and efficiently among domestic and wild ducks in Asia and that they represent a serious threat to human and veterinary public health.
Combining Self-Defeating and Depressive Personality Symptoms into One Construct

In the history of the DSM, two disorders have been proposed for consideration that shared much in common – self-defeating personality disorder (SDPD) and depressive personality disorder (DPD). In a previous paper, it was reported that SDPD (n = 34) and DPD (n = 240) shared a diagnostic overlap of 70%. It was concluded that SDPD could not be empirically supported as a diagnostic category. In this paper, the overlap of the two disorders was explored further in this same sample (n = 1,200) of psychiatric outpatients. We found that symptoms of the two disorders were positively correlated. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) provided strong support for a model with two distinct, but very highly correlated constructs. Based on the hypothesis that SDPD and DPD are separate but related, a second-order CFA factor was fit to the data to further examine the strong association between the two disorders. Taken collectively, it is concluded that DPD and SDPD are components of the same construct, and that the current DPD and SDPD diagnoses as proposed in the DSM are actually subtypes of a common personality pathology (i.e. a second-order factor).
Epidemiology of HIV in the United States

Background:The United States has a comprehensive system of HIV surveillance, including case reporting and disease staging, estimates of incidence, behavioral, and clinical indicators and monitoring of HIV-related mortality. These data are used to monitor the epidemic and to better design, implement, and evaluate public health programs. Methods:We describe HIV-related surveillance systems and review recent data. Results:There are more than 1.1 million people living with HIV in the United States, and approximately 56,000 new HIV infections annually. Risk behavior data show that 47% of men who have sex with men engaged in unprotected anal intercourse in the past year, and 33% of injection drug users had shared syringes. One third (32%) of people diagnosed with HIV in 2008 were diagnosed with AIDS within 12 months, indicating missed opportunities for care and prevention. An estimated 72% of HIV-diagnosed persons received HIV medical care within 4 months of initial diagnosis. Conclusions:Conducting accurate and comprehensive HIV surveillance is critical for measuring progress toward the goals of the 2010 National HIV/AIDS Strategy: reduced HIV incidence, increased access to care, and improvements in health equity.
The problem with fire

Three lawsuits involving fires and the paint industry are described. The threat is real, and must be dealt with in several ways. First of all, there is the lab testing to characterize the threat. Secondly, there are the labelling issues that warn the user. Since common sense does not seem as common as it might, the threat must be dealt with.
Acthar gel treatment suppresses acute exacerbations in a murine model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Abstract Acthar gel is indicated for the treatment of acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis (MS) in adults. Its effects on immune cells during a relapse are unknown. This study investigated the effects of Acthar in an animal model of relapsing-remitting MS, using SJL/J mice sensitized with myelin peptide. All animal studies were reviewed and approved by the University of Utah Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and conducted in accordance with the guidelines prepared by the Committee on Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Institute of Laboratory Animals Resources, National Research Council. Mice injected with Acthar to treat the second attack had a significantly lower mean clinical score during relapse and a significantly reduced cumulative disease burden compared to Placebo gel-treated mice. Furthermore, Acthar treatment ameliorated inflammation/demyelination in the spinal cord and markedly suppressed ex vivo myelin peptide-induced CD4+ T cell proliferation.
Risk factors for progression of lumbar spine disc degeneration: the Chingford Study.

OBJECTIVE Few data exist concerning the natural history of lumbar spine disc degeneration and associated risk factors. We therefore undertook this study to examine the radiographic progression of lumbar spine disc degeneration over the course of 9 years in a population-based inception cohort of women from the Chingford Study. METHODS Seven hundred ninety-six paired lumbar spine radiographs were read by a single reader for anterior osteophytes (AO) and disc space narrowing (DSN) using the Lane atlas at each lumbar disc space (L1-5). Disc degeneration was defined using thresholds of AO and DSN grade 1+ in one or more vertebrae (L1-5) within a subject. Progression was defined as an increase in grade in an affected year-1 vertebra. Potential risk factors were assessed using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), and other potential confounders in logistic regression models using the STATA statistical package. RESULTS The mean +/- SD age at baseline was 53.8 +/- 6.0 years, and mean +/- SD BMI was 25.4 +/- 4.1 kg/m(2). Progression rates for AO and DSN were 4% per annum and 3% per annum, respectively. Progression of DSN was predicted by age, back pain, and radiographic hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA). Progression of AO was predicted by age and radiographic hip OA, with borderline significance for BMI >30 kg/m(2). No significant effects were seen for smoking, physical activity, hormone replacement therapy use, multiparity, or hand OA. CONCLUSION This is the first population-based longitudinal study to assess progression of the individual radiographic features of AO and DSN in lumbar spine disc degeneration. We demonstrated progression rates of 3-4% per annum, with important risk factors for progression, including age, back pain, and radiographic OA at the hip and knee.
Disclosure of liabilities at fair value of companies in the construction sector BM&FBOVESPA

The study aimed to investigate how aspects of valuing liabilities at fair value is evidenced by the construction companies listed on the BM&FBovespa. The research is qualitative, literature and documents. The population are 125 companies listed on the New Market segment of the BM&FBovespa. The sample is not random and intentional with an investigation of 17 companies in the construction sector listed on the New Market. The analysis corresponds to the years 2007 to 2011 was conducted content analysis of the notes of the companies. It was found that eight companies showed liabilities, at fair value in the period 2008 to 2011. In 2009, only one company showed fair value. Since 2010, seven other companies began disclosing the fair value of liabilities due this year that the legal duty of disclosure that occurred. Glimpsed the concern of companies with respect to more objective measurement methods, whose focuses are given through the market, inputs/outputs and cost. It was also found that firms accounted for in the income gains or losses arising from fair value measurement. Most companies did not reveal minimal information regarding the fair value of liabilities. From these results, we can assign the item in the disclosure concept unsatisfactory for most of the sample. Only one company was rated very good concept. However, it was noticed considerable improvement in the quality of accounting disclosure between the periods 2008 to 2011, as well as higher recurrence of accounting at fair value.
Race, Class, and Place

There is an ongoing debate about levels of segregation, their causes, and their long-term direction. The debate is between those who, while acknowledging some role for economic forces, place the emphasis for continuing segregation on discrimination and White prejudice and those who place greater emphasis on income, wealth, and residential preferences. This debate is further illuminated with a detailed analysis of African American suburbanization using a combination of data from the 2000 Census and the Current Population Survey. The analysis confirms other research that shows substantial suburban growth of African American populations. It adds to that research by showing that those African American populations who move to the suburbs have substantially more income and wealth and higher levels of education than African American populations who move within the metropolitan cores. In addition, suburban African Americans live in more integrated settings than those who live in the central city. The implications of this finding bolster the view that income does matter in residential choices for African Americans.
Development of an Advanced Mechanised Gait Trainer, Controlling Movement of the Centre of Mass, for Restoring Gait in Non-ambulant Subjects - Weiterentwicklung eines mechanisierten Gangtrainers mit Steuerung des Massenschwerpunktes zur Gangrehabilitation rollstuhlpflichtiger Patienten

The study aimed at further development of a mechanised gait trainer which would allow non-ambulant people to practice a gait-like motion repeatedly. To simulate normal gait, discrete stance and swing phases, lasting 60% and 40% of the gait cycle respectively, and the control of the movement of the centre of mass were required. A complex gear system provided the gait-like movement of two foot plates with a ratio of 60% to 40% between the stance and swing phases. A controlled propulsion system adjusted its output according to patient's efforts. Two eccenters on the central gear controlled phase-adjusted the vertical and horizontal position of the centre of mass. The patterns of sagittal lower limb joint kinematics and of muscle activation of a normal subject were similar when using the mechanised trainer and when walking on a treadmill. A non-ambulatory hemiparetic subject required little help from one therapist on the gait trainer, while two therapists supported treadmill walking. Gait movements on the trainer were highly symmetrical, impact-free, and less spastic. The weight-bearing muscles were activated in a similar fashion during both conditions. The vertical displacement of the centre of mass was bi-instead of mono-phasic during each gait cycle on the new device. In conclusion, the gait trainer allowed wheelchair-bound subjects the repetitive practice of a gait-like movement without overstraining therapists.
Quality Management of Corporate Data Assets

Corporate data assets such as customer, material, and supplier master data are critical when it comes to fulfilling business requirements such as compliance to regulations, integrated customer management and global business process integration. Surprisingly, companies do not treat corporate data as an asset, but rather focus on reactive quality management measures only. As a response to that, the chapterreports on the design of a reference model for Corporate Data Quality Management (CDQM). Following the principles of Design Science Research (DSR), the design process involved professionals of fourteen corporations headquartered in Germany and Switzerland. The reference model consists of six design areas which altogether comprise fifteen goals and 43 related practices. It supports practitioners during the establishment and optimization of their CDQM initiatives.
The Effect of Environmental Factors on Accounting Diversity – A Literature Review

Accounting diversity refers to the differences that exist between the characteristics of the financial reporting frameworks used in different countries. This diversity appears as a result of differences in the factors that affect the development of financial reporting frameworks. The accounting literature presents several factors that cause this diversity. These factors are mainly related to environmental factors.In this article, we review the accounting literature to learn about the reasons for accounting diversity, and to better understand how accounting diversity affects accounting harmonization. We explore the environmental factors that are considered most influential in causing accounting diversity in general and in developing countries in particular; with a special focus on the Arab and Islamic countries.This literature review is useful for two reasons. First, in general, we strengthen awareness of the existence of and the causes for accounting diversity. It is important to understand the current limitations of the drive towards international accounting harmonization. Second, more specifically, we prepare the road for a more in-depth analysis of the environmental factors that are considered most influential in causing accounting diversity. This analysis can assist policy-setters in their efforts to realize further international accounting harmonization.
The Relationship between Chronic Ankle Instability and Variations in Mortise Anatomy and Impingement Spurs

Thirty-five patients undergoing a Bröstrom procedure for ankle instability were studied retrospectively as to the presence or absence of spurs and loose bodies, outcome, and mortise relationships. 100 adult volunteers had their ankles radiographically and clinically examined for spurs, loose bodies, and laxity. 100 patients’ ankles with computed axial tomography were examined to define malleolar relationships. The AOFAS Hindfoot scores on the Bröstrom patients with or without spurs were not different. Patients undergoing a Bröstrom procedure had a 3.37 times incidence of spurs and/or loose bodies compared to normal adult population. The incidence of asymmetric but asymptomatic ankle laxity in normal adults was 11%. The fibula has a 38° range of position relative to the axis of the talus and the medial malleolus. A posterior fibular position may predispose to injury.
Global efficiency of structural networks mediates cognitive control in Mild 1 Cognitive Impairment 2 3 4 5

Copyright statement: © 2016 Berlot, Metzler-baddeley, Ikram, Jones and O_sullivan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
P fimbriae and aerobactin as intestinal colonization factors for Escherichia coli in Pakistani infants

The carriage rate of a range of virulence genes was compared between resident and transient Escherichia coli strains obtained from the rectal flora of 22 home-delivered Pakistani infants 0–6 months old. Genes for the following virulence factors were assessed using multiplex PCR: P, type 1 and S fimbriae, three P fimbrial adhesin varieties, Dr haemagglutinin, K1 and K5 capsule, haemolysin and aerobactin. The E. coli strains examined here differed from those previously obtained from hosts in Western Europe in a lower prevalence of genes for P, S and type 1 fimbriae, K1 capsule and haemolysin. Nevertheless, genes for P fimbriae, the class II variety of papG adhesin, and aerobactin were significantly more common among resident than transient strains, as previously observed in a Swedish study. The results suggest that P fimbriae and aerobactin, previously implicated as virulence factors for urinary tract infection, might contribute to persistence of E. coli in the normal intestinal microflora.
Derivation of Primordial Germ Cells from Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Is Significantly Improved by Coculture with Human Fetal Gonadal Cells

The derivation of germ cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or human induced pluripotent stem (hIPS) cells represents a desirable experimental model and potential strategy for treating infertility. In the current study, we developed a triple biomarker assay for identifying and isolating human primordial germ cells (PGCs) by first evaluating human PGC formation during the first trimester in vivo. Next, we applied this technology to characterizing in vitro derived PGCs (iPGCs) from pluripotent cells. Our results show that codifferentiation of hESCs on human fetal gonadal stromal cells significantly improves the efficiency of generating iPGCs. Furthermore, the efficiency was comparable between various pluripotent cell lines regardless of origin from the inner cell mass of human blastocysts (hESCs), or reprogramming of human skin fibroblasts (hIPS). To better characterize the iPGCs, we performed Real‐time polymerase chain reaction, microarray, and bisulfite sequencing. Our results show that iPGCs at day 7 of differentiation are transcriptionally distinct from the somatic cells, expressing genes associated with pluripotency and germ cell development while repressing genes associated with somatic differentiation (specifically multiple HOX genes). Using bisulfite sequencing, we show that iPGCs initiate imprint erasure from differentially methylated imprinted regions by day 7 of differentiation. However, iPGCs derived from hIPS cells do not initiate imprint erasure as efficiently. In conclusion, our results indicate that triple positive iPGCs derived from pluripotent cells differentiated on hFGS cells correspond to committed first trimester germ cells (before 9 weeks) that have initiated the process of imprint erasure. STEM CELLS 2009;27:783–795