Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Still Unwilling to Pay: An Empirical Analysis of 50 U.S. Newspapers’ Digital Subscription Results

Abstract U.S. newspapers’ digital experiment has been going on for more than two decades, with Christensen’s disruptive technology thesis providing theoretical support for the industry’s digital transformation process. Most newspapers expanded their digital offerings, erecting paywalls since 2011. However, little is known about local newspapers’ paywall results. To extend media economics research on digital news consumption and to assess the influence and practicality of the disruption theory in the context of the newspaper business, this study systematically examines consumer demand for 50 major U.S. newspapers’ multiplatform products through analyzing their circulation and pricing data. Results reveal that they charged digital subscribers a fraction of the print subscription price, but digital subscribership remained small, contributing only 3% of total reader revenue. Digital performance as weak as such raises concerns about the viability of digital subscriptions as a revenue source, provides support for the “online news as an inferior good” thesis, and calls for a reassessment of self-disruption as a practical strategy for newspaper firms.
Pathways to Dissipation in Weakly Collisional Plasmas

Observed turbulence in space and astrophysics is expected to involve cascade and subsequent dissipation and heating. Contrary to standard collisional fluid turbulence, the weakly collisional magnetized plasma cascade may involve several channels of energy conversion, interchange, and spatial transport, leading eventually to the production of internal energy. This paper describes these channels of transfer and conversion, collectively amounting to a complex generalization of the Kolmogorov cascade. Channels may be described using compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and multispecies Vlasov–Maxwell formulations. Key steps are conservative transport of energy in space, parallel incompressible and compressible cascades in scale, electromagnetic work on particles driving macroscopic and microscopic flows, and pressure–strain interactions, both compressive and shear-like, that produce internal energy. A significant contrast with the collisional case is that the steps leading to the disappearance of large-scale energy in favor of internal energy are formally reversible. This property motivates a discussion of entropy, reversibility, and the relationship between dissipation with collisions and in the Vlasov system without collisions. Where feasible, examples are given from MHD and Particle in Cell simulations and from MMS observations.
Fate of Nonindigenous, Endospore-Forming Bacteria in Soils. Strategies for Laboratory and Field Investigations

Abstract : Persistence of nonindigenous microorganisms released onto soils or into natural environments can have a significant impact on Department of Defense (DoD) operations. An understanding of competition among various microbial communities is necessary to accurately predict the types of microorganisms that will flourish as well as those that will wane under differing environmental scenarios. In the past, soil microbiology was altered with brute-force techniques such as the saturation of a soil with a decontamination agent. An approach that is more feasible for large areas is to alter soil conditions to promote the desired microbial status or to effectively predict their fate in field conditions. Ultimately, the ability to accurately predict the occurrence of a dominant microbial community will be useful both for predicting the fate of pathogens in the environment and for fostering success in the bioremediation of soils and sediments. Bacillus globigii (BO) was selected to investigate the persistence and fate of nonindigenous bacteria released onto soils. We were able to differentiate BO from indigenous bacteria by combining culturing techniques with lipid-based validation. Enrichment on agar plates produced bright orange BO colonies that were clearly distinct from native microorganisms. These data suggest that there is either an initial loss in viability or an inability to recover 10-15% of the BG soon after inoculation onto the soil.
Affectionate Communication Can Suppress Immunity: Trait Affection Predicts Antibodies to Latent Epstein-Barr Virus

The communication of affection in close relationships has been linked empirically to multiple physical and mental health benefits that are attributable largely to its stress-alleviating effects. Because affectionate communication frequently involves tactile contact of an intimate nature, however, it may also elevate vulnerability to opportunistic illness and infection, increasing the chances for immune system suppression. Using a sample of 52 healthy adults in cohabiting romantic relationships who were seropositive for latent human herpesvirus-4 (also known as the Epstein-Barr virus), the present study documented that self-reported trait expressed affection predicts antibody titers to Epstein-Barr virus viral capsid antigen complex, indicating viral replication and suppressed cell-mediated immunity.
Water Consumption by Hydropower, Does It Worth Allocation under Ethiopian Context

The Ethiopian water policy strictly follows water allocation as a principle in setting out water consumption problems and demand projection. Hydroelectric power plants supply the larger share (88%) of the electricity in Ethiopia. 86% of Ethiopia’s plan to 2020 energy supply is expected to be from hydropower. This paper defines water consumption in hydropower production as the quantity of water that leaves the analyzed projects (reservoir regulated hydropower projects) through evaporation. Water consumed by hydropower development has never been studied at a country scale. Thus, in attempting to understand water consumption by the hydropower development, this study will be the first to acknowledge the water consumption by all storage regulated hydropower plants developed in Ethiopia. While studying and designing reservoir regulated hydropower production, the overall effect of water consumption by the projects is assumed to be minimal; thus ignoring water allocation to hydropower projects is a common procedure in Ethiopia. In this study, for multipurpose projects, to identify the water consumption by hydropower against the other purpose (irrigation) consumption, water consumption factors based on economic benefits were used. The study has shown that the 14 existing and under construction reservoir regulated hydropower projects will consume 1.881 billion m3 of water annually. This will make hydropower the second most water consuming water resource development next to Irrigation in the country. Together with the 22 upcoming projects the water consumption will be 3.756 billion m3/year. The results also show that hydropower consumption in the country will take an average of 2.41% of the total water stored in a reservoir. This value is in the range of nearly zero for power projects that use natural lakes as their reservoir (Tana Beles, Tis Abay I & II) and GERD to 10.64%. The total reservoir volume that will be created in the country after completion of the 22 planned projects is larger than 233 BCM, which is greater than the surface water volume the country possesses. This indicates that the future water consumption by hydropower plants shall be revised in accordance with changes made in the final design of each planned projects. Nonetheless, this research provides scientific support for the argument that the production of hydroelectricity by reservoir regulated hydropower schemes, in countries like Ethiopia, is a water consumer. Thus, water allocation shall not ignore its demand.
Genetik Uniformity of Widely Separated Population of Coral Acropora aspera from Karimunjawa and Panjang Island Waters Revealed by Partial Sequence of Internal Transcribed Spacer-4 Regions

Telah kita ketahui dengan baik bahwa kaarang hidup tersebar dari daerah tropis sampai subtropis di Indo Pasifik. Namun malangnya informasi tentang hubungan secara genetic antar populasi terumbu karang yang dipisahkan oleh jarak tersebut sangat kurang. Variasi genetic karang Acropora aspera telah dianalisa dengan internal transcribed spancer-4 (ITS-4). Analisa dilakukan terhadap dua pupulasi karang yang berasal dari Karimunjawa dan Jepara. Hasil sequencing dengan ITS-4 menunjukan bahwa diantara meraka terdapat hubungan yang dekat baik yang ada di Karimunjawa dan Jepara. Dari hubungan tersebut dapat diasumsikan bahwa populasi A. aspera yang ada di Jepara berasal dari Karimunjawa bila dillihat sebaran genetis. Kata kunci : Acropora aspera , sebaran genetis, ITS-4 It is well known that coral species are broadly dispersed across the tropical and subtropical Indo Pacific. Unfortunately, there is little information about the genetic connectivity between coral populations separated by large distance. Variability in the nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer-4 (ITS-4) of the nuclear ribosomal gene in coral Acropora aspera was analyzed. Two populations of corals from Karimunjawa and Jepara were investigated. Sequencing analysis of ITS region of rDNA gene showed that there is closely related between parental of A. aspera Karimunjawa and Jepara. This relation suggest that presumably A. aspera population in Jepara was originated from Karimunjawa through genetic flow. Key words : Acropora aspera , gene flow, ITS-4
Limitation of Heat Tolerance

The sections in this article are: 1 Occurrence and Diagnosis of Heatstroke 2 Principal Systemic Responses to or Effects of Severe Heat Stress 2.1 Observations on Heatstroke Patients 2.2 Experimental Observations 2.3 Hormones 3 Proposed Systemic Mechanisms Responsible for Heat Tolerance Limitation 3.1 Breakdown of Thermolytic Mechanisms 3.2 Critical Body Temperatures 3.3 Cardiopulmonary Malfunction 3.4 Conflicts with Cardiovascular Stability 4 Role of Endotoxins in Heatstroke 4.1 The Gastrointestinal Tract as a Source of Toxic Agents 4.2 Leakage of Intestinal Lipopolysaccharide 4.3 Hypothesis 4.4 Pathophysiology of Lipopolysaccharide 4.5 Heatstroke and Lipopolysaccharide 4.6 Lipopolysaccharide in Sports Medicine 4.7 Therapeutic Implications 5 Cellular and Molecular Perspectives of Heat Tolerance 5.1 Membrane Blebbing 5.2 Psychrophiles, Mesophiles, and Thermophiles 5.3 Cellular Heat Death and Membrane Fluidity 5.4 Local Anesthetics and Membrane Fluidity 5.5 Leaks, Pumps, and Energy Metabolism 5.6 Hyperthermia and Measurement of Intracellular Ions 5.7 Apophysis and Other Mechanisms of Cell Death 5.8 Temperature and Endocrine Effects 5.9 Hypokalemia and Heatstroke 5.10 Hyperthermia, Lactate, and Acid–Base Balance 5.11 Heat Shock and Protein Synthesis 6 Factors Modifying Heat Tolerance 6.1 Exercise 6.2 Fitness 6.3 Hypohydration 6.4 Heat Acclimation 6.5 Very Young Age and Old Age 6.6 Drugs Modifying Heat Tolerance 7 Critical Techniques 7.1 The Fundamental Experimental Approach 7.2 Temperature Interpretation 7.3 Choice of Animal Model 7.4 Elucidation of Reflexogenic Pathways 7.5 Measurement of Blood Flow 8 Conclusion
A protocol for management of Rhino-cerebral Mucormycosis

1. Rhino-orbital symptoms and sings in an immunocompromised patient along with fat stranding in CT scan are strongly suggestive of RCM. 2. Sinoscopy under anesthesia may be required for definitive diagnosis of RCM as nasal examination can be completely normal in early stages. 3. Liposomal Amphotericin along with other supportive measures and strict fluid/ electrolyte balance can reduce mortality significantly 4. Topical conventional Amphotericin packaging is an important adjunct to systemic therapy.
A Missense Mutation in γ-Glutamyl Carboxylase Gene Causes Combined Deficiency of All Vitamin K-Dependent Blood Coagulation Factors

To identify potential mutations in the γ-glutamyl carboxylase gene, the sequence of all exons and intron/exon borders was determined in 4 patients from a consanguineous kindred with combined deficiency of all vitamin K-dependent procoagulants and anticoagulants and results were compared with normal genomic sequence. All 4 patients were homozygous for a point mutation in exon 9 that resulted in the conversion of an arginine codon (CTG) to leucine codon (CGG) at residue 394. Screening of this mutation based on introduction of Alu I site in amplified fragment from normal allele but not from the mutated allele showed that 13 asymptomatic members of the kindred were heterozygous for the mutation. The mutation was not found in 340 unrelated normal chromosomes. The segregation pattern of the mutation which is the first reported in the γ-glutamyl carboxylase gene fits perfectly with phenotype of the disorder and confirms the suggested autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance of combined deficiency of all vitamin K-dependent procoagulants and anticoagulants in this kindred. The mutated carboxylase protein expressed in Drosophila cells was stable but demonstrated threefold reduced activity compared with WT carboxylase, confirming that the L394R mutation results in a defective carboxylase.
Characterization study on oil palm empty fruit bunches as bioenergy feedstock

There is a lot of scope for fuel production from the unexploited potential of wastes generated from agro processing industries. In the case of palm oil processing industries, four different wastes are produced from various unit operations of palm oil production viz., empty fruit bunches, palm fiber, palm kernel and decanted cake. Among these oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) was found to be abundantly available. In order to recover energy from this waste, preliminary studies like proximate analysis and thermo-gravimetric analysis were conducted to analyze its characteristics to use it as a bioenergy feedstock. The proximate analysis reveals that the moisture content of OPEFB is relatively higher. The thermal behavior was analyzed in TG Analyzer (TGA) at different heating rates of 20, 30, 40, and 50˚C/min. There were three peaks appeared in all the thermo-grams and temperature ranges for maximum weight loss of the selected biomass sample was also reported. From the study, OPEFB was found to be well suitable for fuel production through thermochemical conversion route.
Assessment of Dysphagia and pain intensity among patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy: A comparative study among laser and control group

Introduction and objective: The present study was undertaken to assess the Dysphagia and pain intensity among patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective comparative study conducted from March 2009 to August 2010. A total of 109 patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer were included in the study. The placebo group received sham treatment wh ereas Laser group patients were treated with Low Level Helium-Neon Laser at 6 anatomical sites in the oral cavity prior to Radiotherapy for 45 days. Severity of Dysphagia was assessed daily using Functional Impairment Scale (FIS). Patients were asked for the type of food they were able to take and related difficulty in swallowing that food. Severity of Oral Pain was assessed each day of treatment using The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) 0 to 10 and Verbal scale were used to describe their pain in terms of various levels and these values were coded for statistical analysis. SPSS 18.0 version was used for statistical analysis. Results: All the patients were above 40 years of age in laser and placebo group respectively. Nearly 3/4th of the patients developed a mild degree of dysphagia by the end of first week. At the completion of treatment, 44% of the patients in the study arm had grade 4 dysphagia, compared to 60% in the placebo arm. As per the pain, there was a steady increase in the VAS scores from 2nd week onwards. At the completion of treatment, 50% of the patients in the control arm had pain scores more than or equal to 7, while only 16% in the study arm had severe pain. Both the tools revealed statistically significant results, with the patients in the laser arm experiencing much lower pain during the course of treatment when compared to the placebo arm. Conclusion: The Laser group experienced less pain and dysphagia while on treatment, compared to the placebo arm. The difference was statistically significant. © 2020 Published by Innovative Publication. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Spéciation allopolyploïde et dynamique fonctionnelle du génome chez les Spartines

La speciation est un mecanisme central de la diversification biologique. Ce travail vise a analyser l'evolution transcriptomique accompagnant la speciation chez les spartines (Poaceae) qui jouent un role important dans la dynamique sedimentaire des marais sales. Ce genre est caracterise par differents types de speciation divergente et reticulee au niveau polyploide. L'evolution du transcriptome par differentes analyses de polymorphisme et par microarrays a ete analysee chez deux especes soeurs hexaploides S. maritima (en regression en Europe) et S. alterniflora (envahissante). Malgre une faible divergence nucleotidique, ces deux especes montrent des differences d'expression importantes. Les consequences de l'hybridation et de la duplication du genome ont ete examinees chez deux hybrides F1 (S. x neyrautii et S. x townsendii) formes recemment et independamment a partir des memes parents, et chez l'allopolyploide envahissant S. anglica. Nos resultats ont montre les effets importants, mais differents de l'hybridation et de la duplication du genome sur le transcriptome. Cet effet se manifeste par une dominance d'expression maternelle (chez les hybrides F1) qui s'attenue chez l'allopolyploide. Ce dernier se distingue par une surexpression de la majorite des genes. Les regions flanquant les elements transposables Ins2, Wis-like, Cassandra apparaissent egalement affectees par cette dynamique. Les deux evenements d'hybridation ont engendre des reponses differentes, en accord avec la morphologie tres differente des hybrides. Les categories de genes differentiellement exprimees entre les especes sont discutees dans le contexte des differences phenotypiques et ecologiques de ces especes.
The Lithospheric Thickness Control on the Compositional Variation of Continental Intraplate Basalts: A Demonstration Using the Cenozoic Basalts and Clinopyroxene Megacrysts From Eastern China

Studies on intraplate ocean island basalts have demonstrated the control of lithosphere thickness on the extent of melting and pressure of melt extraction (i.e., the lid effect). However, whether lithosphere thickness also controls the composition of within‐continent basalts remains unclear. Here, we test this hypothesis by studying the Cenozoic basalts contaitning clinopyroxene megacrysts from 10 localities throughout eastern continental China with a north‐south spatial coverage in excess of 2,500 km. Indeed, the geochemical parameters (e.g., abundances and ratios of major and trace elements) correlate well with the depth of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) calculated using the clinopyroxene barometry, showing significant lithospheric thickness control on basalt compositions. These observations offer further evidence for melt pooling (a melt rich layer) close beneath the LAB as a “stable magma reservoir” for crystallizing compositionally uniform clinopyroxene megacrysts to be carried by subsequent pulses of melt transport and eruption.
Systematic Deletion of Type III Secretion System Effectors in Enteropathogenic E. coli Unveils the Role of Non-LEE Effectors in A/E Lesion Formation

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) is a diarrheagenic human pathogen. The hallmark of EPEC infection is the formation of the attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion in the intestinal epithelial cells, characterized by the effacement of brush border microvilli and the intimate bacterial attachment to the enterocyte in actinrich pedestal-like structures. The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) in the EPEC genome encodes a type III protein secretion system (T3SS) that translocates multiple effector proteins into the host cell to subvert cellular functions for the benefit of the pathogen. These effectors are encoded both within and outside the LEE. In vitro cell culture infections have shown that LEE effectors are required for intimate bacterial attachment to the epithelial cells, whereas non-LEE effectors mostly play a role in modulating inflammation and cell apoptosis in the gut epithelium. We constructed a set of EPEC mutant strains harboring deletions in the complete repertoire of genes encoding T3SS effectors. Infection of human intestinal in vitro organ cultures (IVOC) with these mutant strains surprisingly revealed that non-LEE effectors are also needed to induce efficient A/E lesion formation in the intestinal mucosal tissue.
Evaluation of the anti-oxidant effect of ascorbic acid on apoptosis and proliferation of germinal epithelium cells of rat testis following malathion-induced toxicity

Objective(s): The aim of this study was to determine the protective role of ascorbic acid on apoptosis and proliferation of spermatogonia and primary spermatocyte cells after malathion administration as an organophosphate pesticide in rat testis. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of 6 rats each, including control (no intervention), sham (normal saline 0.09%), malathion (50 mg/kg), malathion plus ascorbic acid (50 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively), and ascorbic acid (200 mg/kg) groups. Malathion and ascorbic acid were administrated via intraperitoneal injection once per day and seven times per week. After 6 weeks, animals were sacrificed, and testis tissue was used for evaluation of apoptosis and proliferation of germinal epithelium cells using the TUNEL and PCNA staining techniques. Results: The results of TUNEL staining showed that the numbers of apoptotic cells in spermatogonia and primary spermatocyte cells were significantly increased in the malathion 50 mg/kg group vs control group (P<0.001). Co-administration of malathion 50 mg/kg and ascorbic acid 200 mg/kg significantly decreased the apoptotic cells in both cell types in comparison with malathion 50 mg/kg group (P<0.001). The results of PCNA staining revealed that the proliferation of these cells was significantly decreased in malathion 50 mg/kg group vs control group (P<0.001), and malathion 50 mg/kg plus ascorbic acid 200 mg/kg administration increased the proliferation of cells compared with malathion 50 mg/kg group (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results provide evidence that ascorbic acid showed preventive effects on malathion-induced toxicity in male rat testis.
Communities facing urban depopulation: exploring people’s environmental preferences. A case study of Lisbon, Portugal

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the relative importance for resident’s wellbeing of different attributes of the living environment, namely urban typology, population density, green space type, green space quality, community and security, in the context of urban depopulation. The study used conjoint analysis, a methodology for comparing preferences, in three neighbourhoods in the Portuguese capital city. A total of 130 participants were recruited to take part in this study, based on whether their residential neighbourhood was growing in population (N = 49) or depopulating (N = 44); or whether they were searching for a new house at the moment (N = 37). The results showed that residents of depopulating neighbourhoods value the presence of a friendly community more than the other participants and were less negative about high population densities. House buyers valued environments with good quality green spaces significantly more than the other two groups. These findings suggest that a friendlier community and the quality of its green spaces are key attributes in encouraging current dwellers to remain, and in attracting new residents to move in. These two attributes are known to be relevant factors for overall citizens’ quality of life, health and wellbeing; they should, therefore, be given particular consideration in any intervention in depopulating contexts.