Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TRPV1 Antagonism in Refractory Chronic Cough: A Double Blind Randomised Controlled Trial

Background: Inhalation of the extract of hot chilli peppers, capsaicin, induces coughing in both animals and humans, via activation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) on airway sensory nerves. The TRPV1 receptor is therefore an attractive target for the development of anti-tussive agents. Objective: To assess the anti-tussive effect of TRPV1 antagonism in patients with refractory chronic cough. Methods: Twenty-one subjects with refractory chronic cough (>8 weeks) attending a specialist clinic, were recruited to a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial assessing a TRPV1 antagonist (SB-705498). Cough reflex sensitivity to capsaicin (C5) and 24hr cough frequency were co-primary endpoints, assessed following a single dose of SB-705498 (600mg) and matched placebo. Cough severity and urge to cough were reported on visual analogue scales and cough specific quality of life also collected. Results: Treatment with SB-705498 produced a significant improvement in cough reflex sensitivity to capsaicin at 2hrs and a borderline significant improvement at 24hrs compared with placebo; adjusted mean difference of +1.3 doubling doses at 2hrs (95% CI +0.3 to +2.2), p=0.0049 and +0.7 at 24hrs (95% CI +0.0 to +1.5), p=0.0259. However, 24hr objective cough frequency was not improved compared with placebo. Patient reported cough severity, urge to cough and cough specific quality of life similarly suggested no effect of SB-705498. Conclusion: This study raises important questions about both the role of TRVP1 mediated mechanisms in patients with refractory chronic cough and also the predictive value of capsaicin challenge testing in the assessment of novel anti-tussive agents.
Work related acute and (sub-)chronic airways inflammation assessed by nasal lavage in compost workers.

In the autumn of 1995, repeated preand post-work-shift nasal lavages (NAL) were performed in 14 compost workers (3 weeks on Mondays and Fridays) and 10 controls (one Monday) to asses the relation between bioaerosol exposure and airways inflammation. Total cell counts, leukocytes and inflammatory mediators (MPO, ECP, IL8, NO, albumin, urea and uric acid) were determined in NAL. Mean personal dust and endotoxin exposures ranged from 0.4-3.1 mg/m and 50-1000 EU/m, respectively. A cross-shift increase in total cells and mediator levels (except ECP, albumin and uric acid) was observed in the NAL of workers while in controls there was a cross-shift decrease, presumably due to a wash out effect. Total cells, MPO, IL8, NO and albumin in NAL of workers measured on Mondays after two exposure free days were substantially elevated compared to controls and were more elevated at 'high' than at 'low' endotoxin exposures. These results indicate that occupational exposure in compost workers causes acute and (sub-)chronic non-immune or type III allergic inflammation in the upper airways. Address for correspondence: Jeroen Douwes, MSc, Department of Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University Wageningen, P.O. Box 238, 6700 AE Wageningen, The
Observer-based control of permanent-magnet synchronous motors

The so-called sensorless control problem for permanent magnet synchronous motors is studied. Specifically, discrete time observer algorithms are designed to estimate the angular position and velocity of the rotor using measurements of only the stator currents. These motion estimates are subsequently used for either velocity or position trajectory tracking discrete-time controller algorithms. The method for observer design is based on inversion of certain algebraic mappings that relate unknown state variables to measured outputs. The derivations of these mappings are facilitated by a time-scale decomposition that takes advantage of separated mechanical and electrical time constants. Rank assumptions related to these mappings clarify the underlying observability requirements and, in fact, lead to a method for maintaining observability at zero velocity. Detailed numerical simulations demonstrate successful sensorless motion control. <<ETX>>
Testosterone and the postmenopausal breast : Aspects on cell proliferation and mammographic density

The breast is a target organ for sex steroids, and hormonal treatments have been associated with a risk of breast cancer. There is increasing interest in androgen treatment for postmenopausal women. Testosterone has been shown to improve bone density, body composition, mood, psychosexual function and general well-being. Little is known about the effects of testosterone on the breast. The aims of this thesis were: to study the effects of testosterone addition to combined estrogen/ progestogen treatment on breast cell proliferation and mammographic breast density; to assess possible relations to breast symptoms; to compare the effect of tibolone and combined hormone therapy on circulating sex steroids, binding proteins and their relationship to mammographic density; to explore the expression of androgen receptor (AR) and Syndecan-1 in primate breast tissue after long-term hormonal treatments. Postmenopausal, healthy women were recruited for prospective, randomized, placebocontrolled trials. Tibolone and combined estrogen/progestogen treatment caused distinct differences in estrogen/ androgen status and blood levels of possible breast mitogens. Treatment with tibolone resulted in elevated free testosterone levels. There was a negative association between free testosterone and mammographic density. This can be one mechanism to explain why tibolone has less influence on the breast than combined HT. The fine needle aspiration biopsy technique is a useful tool to evaluate the proliferative response to hormonal treatments. During combined estrogen/progestogen treatment there was on average a four to five fold increase in breast cell proliferation. In contrast, when testosterone was added, no such increase was seen. Mammographic density, a strong and independent risk factor for breast cancer, showed no significant difference between the treatment groups. Thus testosterone addition had a seemingly neutral effect on breast density. Breast symptoms of soreness and pain were found to increase during treatment, with a peak at 2 months. There was a correlation between symptoms and increase in mammographic density. In a monkey model, longterm treatment with estrogen/progestogen resulted in a suppression of AR expression and a concomitant increase in Syndecan-1. After treatment with tibolone AR levels were markedly increased and around ten-fold higher than after estrogen/progestogen. The effects on Syndecan-1 expression were quite similar. After treatment with estrogen alone, values for both AR and Syndecan-1 expression did not differ from those in untreated monkeys. In conclusion, testosterone and other androgens may have a protective influence on the breast.
EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC LEAVES EXTRACT OF MYXOPYRUM SMILACIFOLIUM (WALL.) BLUME

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity of ethanolic extract of Myxopyrum smilacifolium (EEMS) leaves in experimental animals. Methods: Plant material was collected from Meenadom, Kottayam district, Kerala, India, in the month of March 2014. The leaves were washed and dried under shade at room temperature. After 1-month, the leaves were powdered. The powder was weighed (50 g) and was extracted by successive solvent extraction process using ethanol. The total yield of the ethanolic extract was 4.6%. Phytochemical screening was carried out for the detection of the phytoconstituents by simple qualitative methods. The acute toxicity studies carried out as per OECD guidelines 423. The dosing was designed as per the acute toxicity study. The anti-inflammatory activity was performed by carrageenan and formalin induced paw edema model at two different doses, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. The antipyretic activity was performed by Brewer’s yeast induced hyperpyrexia model at two different doses. Wistar rats weighing (150-200 g) of either sex were used for these studies. Results: The results of anti-inflammatory study revealed that the ethanolic leaves extract of M. smilacifolium inhibited the inflammation in carrageenan and formaline induced paw edema method. The ethanolic leaves extract of M. smilacifolium possesses a significant antipyretic effect in yeast induced elevation of body temperature in experimental rats. Conclusion: EEMS leaves shows a dose dependent increase in the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and immunomodulatory
Redesigning Supervision: Alternative Models for Student Teaching and Field Experiences

In Redesigning Supervision, active professionals in teacher education and professional development share research-based, alternative models for restructuring the way pre-service teachers are supervised. The authors examine the methods currently used and discuss how teacher educators have striven to change or renew these procedures. They then present strategies designed to provide student teachers with powerful learning experiences that move beyond traditional models. A key final chapter offers future options, including informal supervision, inquiry-based supervision, and the use of an advisory group for pre-service teachers. This book includes contributions by Robert V. Bullough, Jr, C. J. Daane, M. Winston Egan, Virginia L. Keil, Jeffery D Nokes, and Elizabeth K. Wilson.
CEACAM5 is correlated with Angio/Lymphangiogenesis of Prostatic Lesions

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the expression patterns of CEACAM5 in prostatic non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions and further investigate its relationship with tumor microvessel density(MVD) and lymphatic vessel density(LVD). MethodsCEACAM5 expression was detected using immunohistochemical staining in a serial sections of the benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and prostate carcinoma (PCa) lesions. MVD and LVD were quantified in CEACAM5 positive areas by dual-labelling with CD34 and D2-40 respectively.ResultsBoth PIN and PCa had significantly higher expression for CEACAM5 than BPH which has no positive expression for CEACAM5(P<0.05). In PIN and PCa, CEACAM5 staining showed different expression patterns in terms the of most of membranous staining for PIN, less membranous staining and more cytoplasmic staining for PCa. MVD results showed that PCa and PIN had more angiogenesis than BPH tissue. The value of MVD in PCa tissue was correlated with tumor Gleason grading (P<0.05). LVD results showed that neoplastic lesions had more lymphangiogenesis than non-neoplastic lesion.ConclusionCEACAM5 had different expression patterns in prostatic non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions, and these various expression patterns may be correlated with tumor progression through promoting tumorous angiogenesis or lymphangiogenesis.
Esophageal Cancer in Iran: A Review

Esophageal cancer is the second and third most common malignancy in Iranian males and females, respectively, claiming lives of approximately 5800 Iranians each year. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is presently the most common type accounting for about 90% of all esophageal cancers in Iran. Recent studies have shown that there is a gradual increase in the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus along with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Thirty-five years ago, the age standardizied rate (ASR) of esophageal SCC in the city of Gonbad (Golestan Province, northeast of Iran) was found to be one of the highest rates for any single cancer that had been reported worldwide (ASR >100/105/year). Recent studies have shown that the incidence of SCC in Gonbad has declined to less than half of what it was in the past. This decline in the incidence of esophageal SCC parallels an improvement in the socioeconomic situation of people living in this region. According to recent cancer registry data in Iran there is still an obvious intracountry variability between the incidence of esophageal cancer in the south with an ASR of 3 for males and 2 for females in Kerman and 43 and 36 in the northeastern province of Golestan. The reasons for this very high rate of SCC in northeastern Iran have been the subject of several studies during the past 35 years. According to results of these studies the suspected risk factors are: low intake of fruits and vegetables, drinking hot tea, consumption of opium products and tobacco, H.pylori infection in the stomach, using unhealthy drinking water from cisterns and genetic susceptibility. The main suspected mutagens are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and N-nitroso compounds. In order to embark primary and secondary prevention of this fatal cancer, further prospective studies are presently underway in the region. The Golestan esophageal cancer cohort study which follows of 50,000 subjects is on going. We expect simple and feasible evidence based preventive strategies to be implemented in the future according to the results of this study.
A Study of Menarche and Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding in Adolescent School Girls in Ansan City

Purpose : We investigated the menstrual features of adolescent school girls to know the characteristics of menarche and dysfunctional uterine bleeding in adolescents. Methods : In March, 2001, 1,434 primary and middle school girls(10-15 years of age) in Ansan City were investigated for the menacheal age and several aspects of menstruation through questionnaire. Results : Mean age of the total subjects were 13.0±1.2 years of age, and 68.4% of them experienced menarche. 32.2% experienced menarche after age 12, but 82.9% experienced it after age 13. Mixed type(regular and irregular) menstrual cycle was the most common(35.3%), and changing type(irregular to regular) was 27.6%. In changing type, the mean duration of cycle stabilization was 6.6±4.9 months. The most common menstrual cycle was ‘ within 26-30 days’ (31.4%). Abnormal cycles such as ‘ equal or less than 20 days’ and ‘ equal or more than 41 days’ were 17.2% and 2.0%, respectively. The most common menstrual duration was ‘ 5-6 days’ (44.7%). 7.6% of the subjects experienced short or long menstrual duration. Among the subjects, only 4.0% visited the hospital with menstrual problems. The visiting reasons were ‘ irregular menstrual cycles’ (38.5%), ‘ dysmenorrhea’ (28.2%), ‘ menorrhagia’ (12.8%), and ‘ hypermenorrhea’ (28.2%). Conclusion : Most adolescent girls in our study experienced menarche until 13 years of age and some of them got early menarche at the age of 9. Many of them had irregular or unstable menstrual cycles after menarche at any age, but only few of them visited a health care provider. We suggest the careful attention of pediatricians, parents and teachers to the early detection and proper treatment of menstrual problems in adolescent girls. (J Korean Pediatr Soc 2002;45:16-23)
Understanding Voice Problems: A Physiological Perspective for Diagnosis and Treatment

Color plates precede page i Preface 1. Introduction and Overview 2. Differential Diagnosis of Voice Problems 3. Morphology of Vocal Fold Mucosa: Histology to Genomics 4. Phonotrauma: Its Effects on Phonatory Physiology 5. Voice Problems Associated With Nervous System Involvement 6. Voice Problems Associated With Organic Disease and Trauma 7. Voice Problems Associated With the Pediatric and the Geriatric Voice 8. The Voice History, Examination, and Testing 9. Surgical and Medical Management of Voice Disorders 10. Vocal Rehabilitation 11. Anatomy of the Vocal Fold Mechanism 12. Phonatory Physiology 13. Neuroanatomy of the Vocal Mechanism 14. Some Normative Data on the Voice Appendix: Forms Used in Voice Evaluation: Clinic and Laboratory References Figure and Table Credits Index
Determining the Dynamics of HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing 
Uptake among the Rural and Urban Communities of Nakuru District, Kenya

Globally, it is estimated that over 40 million people are living with HIV/AIDS with 67% of these coming from Sub Sahara Africa. While the epidemic has been receiving increasing attention towards and more emphasis placed on access to care and treatment, these efforts are bound to become unsustainable due to a high rate of new infections. In 2007, for every HIV patient who was put on drugs six others became infected with the virus. Voluntary testing and counselling (VCT) has been suggested as the most effective intervention that could reverse this rate of infection. Its utilization in Africa and many parts of the world has however, been at an all time low. In Kenya where populations of over 1.4 million people are living with the HIV/AID virus, less than 20% of the total population knows their status. The aim of this study is, therefore, to establish and document the dynamics of VCT uptake in Nakuru district of Kenya with a view to suggesting measures to increase this uptake. The main objectives of the study were to identify factors that influence VCT uptake and determine the levels of knowledge and prevailing attitudes on HIV testing. The role that gender plays in VCT utilization was also explored. This was a cross sectional study in which a mixed research method methodology employing quantitative and qualitative data collection methods was used. Quantitative data was collected using a structured questionnaire while qualitative data was collected using focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The target population was residents of Nakuru aged 16-60. 480 distributed completed the structured questionnaire out which 422 were completed and returned. Six focus group discussions and five key informant interviews were carried out. The research found that the awareness regarding HIV and VCT among the community members is relatively high. However, there are still a significant proportion of people who hold misconceptions about the disease and the testing service. This may partially explain why people opted not to take the test for the virus. Further, a majority of the people wanted to take up the test but both social and health system barriers such as gender inequality, the cost of taking the service, service operational hours, accessibility; misconceptions about the disease are barriers to the utilization of the service. The study recommends the adoption of more pro-active model of testing which could include mobile and home-based testing to help remove most of these barriers and therefore lead to an increased uptake. Moreover promotional activities targeting couples, providing the service beyond the current normal working hours weekdays and weekends, strengthening the general public health facility to help win back the trust of the service consumer and provision of youth-friendly voluntary counselling and testing for HIV (VCT) service are recommended.
Avaliação de três métodos de extração de DNA de material parafinado para amplificação de DNA genômico pela técnica da PCR

Existem na literatura varios protocolos para extracao de DNA genomico a partir de material fixado em formol e embebido em parafina. A obtencao de DNA genomico e importante para realizacao de experimentos em biologia molecular, dentre eles a PCR. Este trabalho teve por objetivo otimizar a extracao de DNA genomico a partir de material fixado (hiperplasia fibrosa inflamatoria) e nao-fixado (mucosa bucal normal) em formol, comparando-se tres metodologias diferentes: fenol com digestao enzimatica, particulas de silica com e sem digestao enzimatica. Para amplificacao do DNA pela tecnica da PCR, utilizou-se iniciadores para o exon 7 da citoqueratina humana tipo 14. O sucesso da amplificacao foi verificado pela eletroforese do produto em gel de poliacrilamida 8% contendo glicerol 5% corado com prata. Obteve-se amplificacao do DNA genomico extraido com fenol/digestao enzimatica e com particulas de silica/digestao enzimatica, para ambos tecidos utilizados. O metodo padronizado tem potencial para auxiliar no diagnostico histopatologico, assim como no estudo retrospectivo de material de arquivo.
Cáncer de lengua en un paciente con Alzheimer

El cancer bucal a nivel mundial se considera uno de los mas incidentes en cabeza y cuello, y la lengua, la ubicacion topografica bucal mas frecuente. Los principales factores de riesgo son: tabaquismo, alcoholismo, herencia y una higiene bucal inadecuada. Se reporta el caso de un hombre de 64 anos de edad con habitos toxicos de tabaquismo y alcoholismo, y ademas deficiente higiene bucal. El paciente sufre enfermedad de Alzheimer y desarrollo en la lengua un carcinoma escamocelular con adenopatias cervicales metastasicas. El diagnostico fue confirmado histopatologicamente. Se realizo glosectomia total y posterior radioterapia cervical. Se motivo a los familiares a mejorar la higiene bucal del paciente y actualmente se encuentra bajo control medico. Aunque no se puede asegurar que la aparicion y desarrollo del cancer bucal en este paciente fue debido al padecimiento de Alzheimer o a los demas factores de riesgo, si se contemplo la posibilidad de convertirse este padecimiento neurologico en un factor predisponente para esta enfermedad.
Raloxifene for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis

Raloxifene is used to prevent or treat postmenopausal osteoporosis at a dose of 60 mg daily. Compared with calcium plus vitamin D, raloxifene seems more effective in reducing vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. Compared with calcium plus vitamin D, raloxifene is not more effective in reducing nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. Raloxifene may be associated with venous thromboembolic events and fatal strokes in postmenopausal women, although the association with fatal strokes was only seen in one study of women at high risk of cardiac events. No excess risk of coronary events is seen with raloxifene. Raloxifene may be less effective than certain bisphosphonates in preventing nonvertebral fractures, although no head-to-head comparisons are available.
Effectiveness of a Therapeutic Counseling Intervention for Depression, Anxiety, Self Esteem and Marital Adjustment Among Infertile Women

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic counseling intervention for Depression, Anxiety, Self esteem and Marital adjustment of infertile women undergoing infertility treatment. Two hundred infertile women who were attending Assisted Reproduction centre at Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital and MRC, Belgaum participated in this study. The research design adopted was randomized controlled trail which involved randomization procedure according to a computergenerated random-number table into either a routine care control group or an intervention group. A psychological intervention programme consisted of three individual and one group counseling which was measured by four standardized psychometric test scales, such as Hamilton Depression scale, Hamilton Anxiety scale, Rosenberg Self esteem scale and Marital Adjustment inventory scale. The pre and post intervention scores were evaluated. The result of this study showed therapeutic counseling participants experienced signifi cant psychological improvement as compared with the control participants. Thus, psychological treatment was effective intervention in alleviating distress related to infertility.
Study on the physical activity level of Turkish males

The aim of this study was to investigate physical activity (PA) level of the Turkish males who lived in BUrsa. A total of 365 subjects between 18 - 69 age participated to this study. To determine physical activity levels, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was applied. PA levels of subjects were categorized as inactive, minimum active and HEPA active by using MET method. The relations of parameters, such as their age, BMI, education, marital status, number of children, smoking and alcohol use were determined with PA level. The results were analyzed by using Chi - Square test. The participants have 1725 METmin/week average physical activity level, and 47.7 % of them were physically inactive, 30.4 % were physically minimum active and 21.9 % were physically hepa active. As a result, it can be said that the physical activity levels of Turkish males who lived in Bursa are not sufficient and the inactive people are very common.