Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical models for unsupervised learning of morphology and POS tagging

This thesis concentrates on two fields in natural language processing. The main contribution of the thesis is in the field of morphology learning. Morphology is the study of how words are formed combining different language constituents (called morphemes) and morphology learning is the process of analysing words, by splitting into these constituents. In the scope of this thesis, morphology is learned mainly by paradigmatic approaches, in which words are analysed in groups, called paradigms. Paradigms are morphological structures having the capability of generating various word forms. We propose approaches for capturing paradigms to perform morphological segmentation. One of the approaches proposed captures paradigms within a hierarchical tree structure. Using a hierarchical structure covers a wide range of paradigms by spotting morphological similarities. The second scope of the thesis is part-of-speech (POS) tagging. Parts-of-speech are linguistic categories, which group words having similar syntactic features, i.e. noun, adjective, verb etc. In the thesis, we investigate how to exploit POS tags to learn morphology. We propose a model to capture paradigms through syntactic categories. When syntactic categories are provided, the proposed system can capture paradigms well. Following this approach, we extend it for the case of having no syntactic categories provided. To this end, we propose a joint model, in which POS tags and morphology are learned simultaneously. Our results show that a joint model is possible for learning morphology and POS tagging. We also study morpheme labelling, for which we propose a clustering algorithm that groups morphemes showing similar features. The algorithm can capture morphemes having similar meanings.
The effective pulmonary collateral blood flow in man.

Anatomists have long been aware that an extensive pulmonary collateral circulation is a common feature of various types of heart and lung disease (1-5). In recent years, as the result of refinements in methods for the anatomic display of pulmonary vessels, they have been able to gain further insight into the nature and extent of the collateral circulation and to establish that many of the systemic arterial branches join the pulmonary vascular tree proximal to the pulmonary capillary bed (6-11). Angiocardiography and observations during thoracotomy (12) suggest that these communications may transmit appreciable quantities of blood. Efforts have been made to measure the volume rate of flow through such vessels (13-17). These physiologic studies have been predominantly oriented toward the assessment of the hemodynamic burden which is imposed upon the left heart by the systemic contribution to pulmonary blood flow. In theory, a dyedilution method could serve this purpose by providing a measure of total pulmonary collateral blood flow (18, 19); in practice it has been found more feasible to use the Fick principle, recognizing that this method measures only the "effective" collateral blood flow, i.e., the component of the total collateral blood flow which reaches the alveolar-capillary surface of the lung to participate in gas exchange. Only few measurements of pulmonary collateral blood flow have been attempted in either animal or man. This paucity stems from: 1) a lack of suitable animal preparations or human
A developmental look at the attentional system in the at risk and first episode of psychosis: Age related changes in attention along the psychosis spectrum

Introduction. Neurodevelopmental processes of adolescence, when superimposed on a vulnerable brain, may produce additive effects reflecting the subthreshold psychotic symptoms, cognitive, and functional deterioration that are the hallmark of the early stages of schizophrenia. Methods. As part of a longitudinal study, we investigated Continuous Performance Task, Identical Pairs Version (CPT-IP) performance in a sample of 301 participants (at risk for psychosis: 109; first episode–FE: 90; and controls: 102). Performance across groups was compared using d' of fast and slow, spatial and verbal conditions over two time points. Age effects were investigated using a regression model. Results. Across all four CPT-IP conditions FE patients performed significantly worse than controls while AR individuals significantly differed from healthy subjects in the verbal condition. Age-related performance associations across groups significantly differed in the slow verbal condition because the FE sample did not show a significant association with increasing age like the AR and NC samples. CPT performance was stable over time. Conclusions. Sustained attention in the putative prodrome of psychosis is not only impaired but associated with age. Research focusing on cognitive and neurobiological age-related changes can help to address fundamental questions about the nature of the disorder, including whether the underlying pathophysiology of early psychosis is static or deteriorating.
Diversified MIMO SAR waveform analysis and generation

Inspired by recent advances in multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) radar, which has the potential to dramatically improve the performance of radar systems over single antenna systems. This paper proposes a waveform diversity-based MIMO synthetic aperture radar (SAR) concept. The fundamental difference between MIMO SAR and conventional SAR is that the latter seeks to maximize coherent processing gain, while MIMO SAR capitalizes on the diversity of target scattering to improve imaging performance. The system concept and signal models are developed. An example diversified waveform using for MIMO SAR is designed, along with several computer simulations that investigate the correlation performance of the designed waveform. Furthermore, a direct digital synthesizer (DDS)-based approach of diversified waveform generation, in which parallel DDSs are applied, is proposed for MIMO SAR systems.
Ironic processes in the eating behaviour of restrained eaters.

Theory. The present study examines the processes underlying the disinhibition of the eating behaviour of restrained eaters following negative emotions. Based on Herman and Polivy's (1984) Boundary Model and Wegner's Ironic Process Theory (1994), the limited capacity hypothesis is formulated, suggesting that overeating in restrained eaters results from cognitive capacity limitations. Predictions were that (1) impairment of cognitive capacity during eating will lead to overeating in restrained but not in unrestrained eaters and that (2) this difference should only emerge with food perceived to be high in calories.METHOD: The hypotheses were tested in an experiment with a 2 (restrained/unrestrained) x 2 (distraction yes/no) x 2 (perceived calories high/low) design, in which subjects consumed ice-cream in a taste test situation. Ice-cream consumption was the dependent variable.RESULTS: A second-order interaction was found: as predicted, in the high calorie condition restrained eaters ate the same amount as unrestrained eaters when not distracted, but considerably more when distracted. There was also an unexpected main effect of distraction, which indicated that restrained as well as unrestrained eaters ate more if distracted than if not distracted.DISCUSSION: The restraintxdistractionxperceived calories interaction can be explained by both the Ironic Process Theory and the Boundary Model; and the limited capacity hypothesis appears to be confirmed. The overall main effect of distraction remains puzzling. Two speculative views for the latter effect are offered.
Chemokine Mutation Slows Progression

AIDS RESEARCHWhy HIV takes so long to destroy the immune system is a central question in AIDS research. Now, findings presented in this issue may provide fresh clues to the mystery--as well as suggest new therapies that could slow or stop progression of the disease. On page [389][1], a team of geneticists reports that HIV-infected patients who have a mutant gene for a chemokine called SDF-1 progress much more slowly to full-blown AIDS or death than do people with a normal version of the gene. These findings mark the first time that a mutation in a gene coding for a chemokine, rather than a chemokine receptor, has been shown to affect the course of HIV infection. [1]: http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/short/279/5349/389
Nesting of the Fire Ant Solenopsis saevissima (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in an Urban Environment

Abstract Ants of the genus Solenopsis are common in urban environments due to their abilities to explore resources and to establish nesting sites, which helps their proliferation and also increases the occurrence of encounters with people and severe stinging. We aimed to increase understanding of this species in urban areas, so this study attempted to answer these questions: Are certain seasons more amenable to the founding of new colonies? Does colony size vary among seasons? What sites are used by these colonies in an urban environment? Observations were carried out every 2 weeks from May 2011 to Apr 2012 in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. For each active colony the site and the dimensions of the nest were registered. We showed that colonies of Solenopsis saevissima (Smith, 1855) were present in urban areas during the entire yr, with the highest incidence in the wet season, and nesting sites were associated mainly with vegetation. Because the dry season (Apr—Aug) was the period that had the smallest number of active colonies, this period could be considered the most favorable for area-wide control operations, but an individual mound treatment approach in the dry season should be take into consideration the occurrence of cryptic mounds.
The study of rural financial development and rural economic growth in the Heilongjiang province

The affect of countryside financial is concerned more and more by scholars. This paper is combined with China's current rural financial reform, analyze problems and causes of rural financial development and rural economic growth in Heilongjiang province, and discusses impact of rural finance in rural economic development in Heilongjiang province, in order to analyze financial factors which affect economic growth of countryside. The government should change phenomenon of rural capital outflow by the reform of rural financial system, increase the investment in rural finance, increase the financial support of commercial agriculture, increase financial support agriculture policy functions, and apply flexible interest rate policy, make rural savings transfer to the rural investment, promoting the development of rural economy.
Joint blind estimation of symbol timing offset and carrier frequency offset for OFDM systems with I/Q imbalance

In this paper, we present a blind algorithm for joint estimation of symbol timing offset (STO) and carrier frequency offset (CFO) for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with I/Q imbalance. The proposed algorithm exploits the cyclostationarity of OFDM signals and relies on second-order statistics only. Estimation performance of the algorithm is evaluated by simulation and the results obtained in some typical scenarios are provided to show its effectiveness.
Power harmonic analysis based on Orthogonal Trigonometric Functions Family

Harmonic detection is the basis of harmonic issues and harmonic detection method is the key of harmonic measurement. Based on Fourier Transform and Wavelet Transform, ways and means of detecting and analyzing are developed, but both of them have the problem of spectrum leakage. In this paper, a novel power harmonic algorithm based on the family of trigonometric functions is developed for the characterization of harmonics. The algorithm has designed a set of discrete reference signals and only estimated the amplitudes and the phases which are needed. Besides it hasn't been involved in the influence of the leakage, this algorithm is also easy to carry out and has much high resolution precision than the traditional Fourier algorithm and Wavelet algorithm. The algorithm also has the characteristic of being more sensitive to sampling frequency and less sensitive to sampling points. Using this characteristic, the algorithm can adjust sampling parameters in order to give consideration to both precision and real-time performance. The simulation results have proved that the outstanding advantage of the algorithm is that when chosen a proper sampling frequency the algorithm can pick out harmonics components with high precision in very few fundamental periods. Comparing with Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Windowed-FFT and Wavelet Package Transform, the algorithm has its certain advantage.
An empirical investigation of the relationship between intellectual capital and firms’ development ability

The principal purpose of this article is to investigate empirically the relation between intellectual capital and firmspsila development ability. Using data drawn from a sample of 432 publicly traded firms in China and Pulicpsilas Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) as the efficiency measure of intellectual capital, the author constructs two panel data models to examine the relationship between intellectual capital and firmspsila development ability. Findings indicate that intellectual capital contributes to firmspsila development ability positively. In addition, the empirical results show that human capital and structural capital which are the components of intellectual capital both contribute to firmspsila development ability. Finally, the author finds the relation between physical capital and firmspsila development ability is not distinct. The results extend the understanding of the role of intellectual capital in promoting firmspsila development ability and creating sustainable advantages for firms in developing countries.
Oxygen consumption during fire suppression: error of heart rate estimation.

Ten male firefighters were tested on a treadmill to determine their heart rate (HR) x oxygen consumption (VO2) relationship. These men then performed a simulated fire suppression protocol during which HR and VO2 were measured simultaneously by a portable physiological monitoring system. Average VO2 in the simulated setting was 31.0 +/- 7.0 ml.kg-1.min-1 at a HR of 176 +/- 9 bpm. This VO2 was significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) less than the VO2 that would have been predicted by treadmill testing (38.9 +/- 5.0 ml.kg-1.min-1) at a corresponding HR. Fifty-nine per cent of this variability could be accounted for by regression analysis. Firefighters worked on average at 73 +/- 10% VO2 max with a range of 54% to 88%. There was a significant (-0.82; p less than or equal to 0.05) inverse relationship between performance time of the fire suppression protocol and the relative intensity of VO2 max at which the firefighters worked. These findings indicate that the prediction of energy expenditure from HR is not straightforward in fire suppression settings. Furthermore, the relative intensity of work firefighters self-select is variable and should be considered as an additional physiological determinant of work behaviour.
Complete Mediastinal Lymph Node Dissection in Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Lobectomy Versus Lobectomy by Thoracotomy

Abstract Background Although video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy has been used more and more frequently for the treatment of patients with early-stage lung cancer, controversies are mainly focused on whether the complete mediastinal lymph node dissection (MLND) can be achieved by VATS. This retrospective study aimed to compare the validity of MLND between VATS and open thoracotomy. Methods Patients with lung cancer were matched from a pool of pulmonary lobectomies performed by one surgeon. Patients undergoing VATS were matched with those undergoing thoracotomy in terms of gender, age, clinical tumor stage, tumor location, and surgical procedure. Results After matching, 31 patients in VATS group and 31 patients in open group were eligible for analysis. In the VATS and open groups, the mean total number of dissected lymph nodes was 28.2 ± 8.4 and 29.8 ± 11.6 (p = 0.517), respectively. In the VATS and open groups, the number of N1 nodes was 9.5 ± 4.1 and 8.4 ± 4.7 (p = 0.333), respectively. And the number of N2 nodes was also similar between the VATS and open group (18.6 ± 7.0 vs 21.4 ± 10.0, p = 0.211). No significant differences were observed between the two groups in the operating time, the blood loss, the length of chest tube drainage, the length of hospital stay, and the rate of specific complications. Conclusion Our early experience suggests that, with regard to the number of the dissected lymph nodes, VATS lobectomy can achieve complete MLND, compared with the traditional approach. MLND by VATS is technically feasible and safe for early-stage lung cancer.
A new stator flux calculating approach for direct torque control based on multi-rate sampling

The flux estimating techniques currently used in the variable speed motor control are based on dynamic equations. It leads to the concern about the stable, fastness and error accumulation problems. In this paper, a new stator flux calculation method based on the multi-rate output sampling is proposed. By arranging the current sampling speed twice as fast as the control voltage updating speed, we can develop a multi-rate strategy to perform a static calculation of the stator flux in a direct torque control system. This paper introduces the methodology to get the relate equations and the multi-rate direct torque control system structure. Simulation results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Maternal Antenatal Anxiety and Amniotic Fluid Cortisol and Testosterone: Possible Implications for Foetal Programming

Both animal and human studies have shown that maternal stress or anxiety during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of disturbance in offspring neurodevelopment and behaviour. In animal models, increased foetal exposure to glucocorticoids has been found to be one mechanism for such foetal programming. Little is understood of the mediating mechanisms in humans, and one aim of our research programme is to investigate this further. This review presents a synopsis of some of our recent results. We aimed to test the hypothesis that maternal anxiety was associated with raised maternal cortisol, and that this in turn was related to increased foetal exposure to cortisol. We studied this by recruiting women at amniocentesis, obtained their Spielberger State Anxiety scores, and assessed maternal plasma cortisol and amniotic fluid cortisol. We also examined maternal plasma and amniotic fluid testosterone levels. Awaiting amniocentesis was in general anxiogenic, but with a wide range of anxiety scores. Maternal anxiety was significantly associated with plasma cortisol before 17 weeks, albeit of modest magnitude (r = 0.0.23), and not after 17 weeks of gestation. This is probably due to the known attenuation of the maternal hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis with increasing gestation. We found a strong correlation between maternal plasma and amniotic fluid cortisol levels, which increased with gestation and became robust after 18 weeks. This correlation increased with maternal anxiety, suggesting a possible effect of maternal mood on placental function. There was a positive correlation between cortisol and testosterone in amniotic fluid, in both male and female foetuses independent of maternal anxiety, plasma testosterone, gestational age, and time of collection. Foetal stress may be associated with increased foetal exposure to testosterone. However, maternal anxiety did not predict amniotic fluid cortisol or testosterone level. Thus, the role of these hormones in mediating the effect of maternal mood on foetal development in humans remains to be demonstrated.
Molecular detection of squamous cell carcinoma antigen transcripts in peripheral blood of cancer patients

Abstract The squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) has been widely applied as a serum marker in different kinds of cancer and was reported as a target gene for the detection of tumor cells in peripheral blood in cervical cancer. Nucleic acids released into the circulation are non-invasive diagnostic tools for cancer detection. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of SCC-Ag mRNA as a cancer detection marker in blood of cancer patients. For this purpose, 77 blood samples from five gastric cancer, 23 laryngeal cancer, 31 lung cancer, nine esophageal, and nine cervical cancer patients were analyzed. The SCC gene was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. SCC-Ag mRNA was detected in two patients with gastric cancer, six patients with laryngeal cancer, 17 patients with lung cancer, three patients with esophageal cancer, and two patients with cervix cancer. The detection rate was highest (54.83%) in patients with lung cancer. SCC-Ag transcripts were not detectable in the control group, indicating that molecular analysis showed no false positives. Our results indicate that this approach could be useful in a considerable number of patients and could improve the lower diagnostic yield of conventional tests.
Antibodies to MOG in NMO

Identifying autoantibodies and their respective targets as biomarkers for neuroinflammatory disorders is a long-standing and highly productive activity that has resulted in substantial improvements in the diagnosis and clinical management of a number of neurologic diseases, the archetypical example being the identification of anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) autoantibodies as a pathogenic entity in myasthenia gravis. Similarly, the discovery in 2005 that aquaporin-4 (AQP4)–specific autoantibodies provide a biomarker …
The Affective Core of Emotion: Linking Pleasure, Subjective Well-Being, and Optimal Metastability in the Brain

Arguably, emotion is always valenced—either pleasant or unpleasant—and dependent on the pleasure system. This system serves adaptive evolutionary functions; relying on separable wanting, liking, and learning neural mechanisms mediated by mesocorticolimbic networks driving pleasure cycles with appetitive, consummatory, and satiation phases. Liking is generated in a small set of discrete hedonic hotspots and coldspots, while wanting is linked to dopamine and to larger distributed brain networks. Breakdown of the pleasure system can lead to anhedonia and other features of affective disorders. Eudaimonia and well-being are difficult to study empirically, yet whole-brain computational models could offer novel insights (e.g., routes to eudaimonia such as caregiving of infants or music) potentially linking eudaimonia to optimal metastability in the pleasure system.
Halothane hepatitis 28 years after primary exposure.

Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, and Gastroenterology, The Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota