Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Bolton's tooth size discrepancy for a referred UK population

Objectives The aims of this study are: • To study the incidence of tooth size discrepancy in a UK population • To establish whether there are differences between males and females. • To assess racial differences for tooth size discrepancies in different malocclusion categories. Malocclusion groups included: Class I, Class II division 1, Class II division II, Class III Racial groups included: Caucasian, Asian, Afro-Caribbean Method A retrospective study using dental casts of patients in the orthodontic departments of Birmingham Dental Hospital and Kings College Hospital, London. 30 sets of casts were assessed from each malocclusion group for each race. i.e 30 Class I Caucasian, 30 Class I Asian, 30 Class I Afro-Caribbean, with an equal male to female ratio. In total 360 dental casts were used. Mesiodistal tooth dimensions were measured from right first molar to left first molar in the maxillary and mandibular arches. Measurements were taken using HATS digital callipers accurate to 0.1mm. Anterior and overall Bolton discrepancies were calculated for each model. Results Gender Significant differences between males and females for the overall ratio only existed for the Class II/I Afro-Carribean group. There were significant differences in the anterior ratio for all the racial groups with Class III malocclusion, and for Class I Asian and Class II/II Afro-Carribeans. Malocclusion group There were significant differences between the means of the malocclusion groups for the combined overall and anterior ratios. These differences arose because of the differences between the Class III subjects and the remaining malocclusion groups. There was also a significant difference in the anterior ratio in the Asian subjects due to the difference between the Class I and Class III groups. Race Significant differences only arose in the anterior ratio of the Class I group due to the differences between the Asian and the Caucasian groups. No significant differences were found in the combined overall or anterior ratios. Conclusion Differences between males and females existed mainly in the anterior ratio for the Class III groups. The Class III groups showed significantly higher combined overall and anterior ratios, compared to the other malocclusion groups. In addition the anterior ratio of the Asian group was higher in Class III than Class I subjects, indicating mandibular tooth size excess in Class III subjects. No significant differences were found when comparing racial groups, except the anterior ratio of the Class I Caucasian group was significantly greater than the Class I Asian group.
Na+ channel aggregation in remyelinating mouse sciatic axons following transection

Mouse sciatic nerves from the degeneration‐resistant strain C57BL/6/Wld (Ola) were surgically injected with lysolecithin to induce focal demyelination. Three days later they were transected adjacent to the spinal cord to eliminate contact of the axons with their cell bodies. The Na+ channel distribution was assessed by immunocytochemistry and followed at several stages of remyelination. Control experiments were performed on nerves that were injected but not cut. At (3+4) days, namely, nerves cut 3 days post‐injection and examined 4 days after cutting, axons contained fully demyelinated regions. Na+ channel clusters appeared only at heminodes and at isolated sites that are likely to represent original nodes of Ranvier. During the next few days proliferating Schwann cells adhered to the axons and extended their processes. Clusters of Na+ channels appeared at their edges, and as the Schwann cells elongated the distance between these aggregates increased. A few clusters associated with neighboring Schwann cells approached each other and appeared to coalesce at sites where presumably new nodes of Ranvier would be formed. Beyond (3+6) days excessive degeneration of the transected axons precluded further observations. In the uncut controls, the spatio‐temporal sequence of Schwann cell proliferation and channel patch formation and movement was similar to that described above, although myelin formation was somewhat faster than in the cut axons. It is concluded that Na+ channel aggregation associated with the early stages of remyelination is not dependent upon continuous communication of the axon with its cell body and is under local control. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential Evolution as Applied to Electromagnetics

In electromagnetics, optimization problems generally require high computational resources and involve a large number of unknowns. They are usually characterized by non-convex functionals and continuous spaces suitable for strategies based on Differential Evolution (DE). In such a framework, this paper is aimed at presenting an overview of Differential Evolution-based approaches used in electromagnetics, pointing out novelties and customizations with respect to other fields of application. Starting from a general description of the evolutionary mechanism of Differential Evolution, Differential Evolution-based techniques for electromagnetic optimization are presented. Some hints on the convergence properties and the sensitivity to control parameters are also given. Finally, a comprehensive coverage of different Differential Evolution formulations in solving optimization problems in the area of computational electromagnetics is presented, focusing on antenna synthesis and inverse scattering.
Assistive system for physically disabled people using gesture recognition

A nonverbal communication involves movements of different body parts to communicate a particular message. Hand, face and lips movements or other movement of body parts are regarded as gesture. In this paper we have proposed a method based on hand gesture recognition to recognize the different gesture used by deaf person to communicate using scale-invariant feature transform (SFIT) algorithm. This will make a bridge between deaf and dumb people and normal public. In earlier system the uses of colour markers and gloves for gesture recognition has been used but it resulted in delay in processing time and sometimes inconvenient for the user. This system will focus on hand gesture recognition and development of human computer interface (HCI) system which will achieve accuracy, real time implementation of gesture processing and reduced processing time.
Low power highly linear inductorless UWB CMOS mixer with active wideband input balun

A low-power, highly linear CMOS double-balanced mixer for UWB applications is presented. The mixer is designed based on well-known folded architecture and also benefits from DC isolation of RF (Radio Frequency) and LO (Local Oscillator) stages. Stacked NMOS-PMOS gm-boosting topology is used in the design of RF stage. To achieve very low power consumption, this stage is biased in sub-threshold region. Also an ultra-wideband active balun is designed and fabricated to generate differential inputs. The balun is separately characterized and its performance is reported both separately and together with the mixer. The design is implemented using 130 nm CMOS process and is operational from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. The measured maximum conversion gain shows high value of 14.9 dB for the mixer core. Also, the measured double sideband noise figure has a minimum value of 7.8 dB for the mixer core and 12.9 dB when balun is added. Input (RF and LO) port matching is achieved with reflection of more than 10 dB for the entire band. Furthermore, port-to-port isolation is measured that shows excellent isolation between ports. Measured IIP3 as a good indication of linearity performance is also reported and shows excellent linearity that is a result of techniques used in the design. Finally the mixer core area is measured to be 0.056 mm2 with power dissipation of 623 μW from a 1.2 V supply.
Reaching and Grasping Training Improves Functional Recovery After Chronic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

Previous studies suggest locomotion training could be an effective non-invasive therapy after spinal cord injury (SCI) using primarily acute thoracic injuries. However, the majority of SCI patients have chronic cervical injuries. Regaining hand function could significantly increase their quality of life. In this study, we used a clinically relevant chronic cervical contusion to study the therapeutic efficacy of rehabilitation in forelimb functional recovery. Nude rats received a moderate C5 unilateral contusive injury and were then divided into two groups with or without Modified Montoya Staircase (MMS) rehabilitation. For the rehabilitation group, rats were trained 5 days a week starting at 8 weeks post-injury (PI) for 6 weeks. All rats were assessed for skilled forelimb functions with MMS test weekly and for untrained gross forelimb locomotion with grooming and horizontal ladder (HL) tests biweekly. Our results showed that MMS rehabilitation significantly increased the number of pellets taken at 13 and 14 weeks PI and the accuracy rates at 12 to 14 weeks PI. However, there were no significant differences in the grooming scores or the percentage of HL missteps at any time point. Histological analyses revealed that MMS rehabilitation significantly increased the number of serotonergic fibers and the amount of presynaptic terminals around motor neurons in the cervical ventral horns caudal to the injury and reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive astrogliosis in spinal cords caudal to the lesion. This study shows that MMS rehabilitation can modify the injury environment, promote axonal sprouting and synaptic plasticity, and importantly, improve reaching and grasping functions in the forelimb, supporting the therapeutic potential of task-specific rehabilitation for functional recovery after chronic SCI.
Clinical and Personality Disorders in a Danish Treatment-Seeking Sample of Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrators

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health concern with profound psychological consequences. Perpetrators often have a history of childhood trauma and a range of co-occurring psychiatric problems, which may have implications for treatment. This study examines the prevalence of psychiatric and personality disorders (PD) among perpetrators and the association between a range of demographic, childhood trauma, and adult criminality variables for the most prominent disorders. Data were collected from IPV perpetrators (n = 529) engaging in a treatment program, ‘Dialogue Against Violence’. High rates of childhood trauma were observed. There was significant variation in the prevalence of clinical disorders and PDs, with Antisocial PD and Anxiety Disorder being the most common. A clinical disorder was the strongest predictor of PDs, likewise a PD was the strongest predictor of clinical disorders. Findings demonstrated that IPV perpetrators have a number of personality and clinical disorders and traumatic histories that need to be considered within a treatment perspective.
Pathological Findings in White-Beaked Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and Atlantic White-Sided Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) From the South-Eastern North Sea

In the North Sea, white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) occur regularly and are the second most common cetacean in the area, while their close relative, the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus), prefers the deeper waters of the northern North Sea and adjacent Atlantic Ocean. Though strandings of both species have occurred regularly in the past three decades, they have decreased in the southern North Sea during the last years. Studies describing necropsy findings in stranded Lagenorhynchus spp. are, to date, still scarce, while information gained through post-mortem examinations may reveal valuable information about underlying causes of this decline, including age structure and the reproduction status. Therefore, we retrospectively assessed and compared the necropsy results from fresh Lagenorhynchus spp. stranded along the southeastern North Sea between 1990 and 2019. A full necropsy was performed on 24 white-beaked dolphins and three Atlantic white-sided dolphins from the German and Dutch coast. Samples of selected organs were taken for histopathological, bacteriological, mycological, parasitological and virological examinations. The most common post-mortem findings were emaciation, gastritis and pneumonia. Gastritis and ulceration of the stomach was often associated with an anisakid nematode infection. Pneumonia was most likely caused by bacterial infections. Encephalitis was observed in three animals and morbillivirus antigen was detected immunohistochemically in one case. Although the animal also showed pneumonic lesions, virus antigen was only found in the brain. Parasitic infections mainly affected the gastro-intestinal tract. Lungworm infections were only detected in two cases and no associations with pathological alterations were observed. Stenurus spp. were identified in two of three cases of parasitic infections of the ears. Twelve of the 26 white-beaked dolphins stranded in Germany were found between 1993 and 1994, but there was no evidence of epizootic disease events or mass strandings during the monitored period.
Reconciling Svalbard Glacier Mass Balance

Since the first estimates of Svalbard-wide glacier mass balance were made in the early 2000s, there has been great progress in remote sensing and modeling of mass balance, existing field records have been extended, field records at new locations have been added, and there has been considerable environmental change. There is a wide spread in the available estimates of both total mass balance and surface or climatic mass balance, but there is overall agreement that the glaciers on Svalbard have been losing mass since the 1960s, with a tendency toward more negative mass balance since 2000. We define criteria to select data that are representative and of high credibility; this subset shows a more coherent evolution and reduced spread. In addition, we combine individual field mass balance records collected by different groups into a single dataset that samples glaciers across Svalbard and a range of different size classes. We find a close relationship between measured specific surface mass balance and size of the glacier, in such a way that smaller glaciers experience more negative surface mass balances. A qualitatively similar relationship between the accumulation area ratio and glacier area is found for all glaciers in the Svalbard, suggesting that the relation derived from glaciological records is not only an artifact caused by the limited number of samples (n = 12). We apply this relation to upscale measured surface mass balance for a new estimate for all glaciers of Svalbard. Our reconciled estimates are −7 ± 4 Gt a–1 (2000–2019) for the climatic mass balance, and −8 ± 6 Gt a–1 for the total mass balance. The difference between the two represents the sum of frontal ablation and the combined uncertainty, which together amount to ca. −2 ± 7 Gt a–1. While this is consistent with a previous estimate of Svalbard-wide frontal ablation, the uncertainties are large. Furthermore, several large and long-lasting surges have had considerable and multi-year impact on the total mass balance, and in particular on calving rates, emphasizing the need for better-resolved and more frequently updated estimates of frontal ablation.
Are uniform regional safety factors an objective of adaptive modeling/remodeling in cortical bone?

SUMMARY It has been hypothesized that a major objective of morphological adaptation in limb-bone diaphyses is the achievement of uniform regional safety factors between discrete cortical locations (e.g. between cranial and caudal cortices at mid-diaphysis). This hypothesis has been tested, and appears to be supported in the diaphyses of ovine and equine radii. The present study more rigorously examined this question using the equine third metacarpal (MC3), which has had functionally generated intracortical strains estimated by a sophisticated finite element model. Mechanical properties of multiple mid-diaphyseal specimens were evaluated in both tension and compression, allowing for testing of habitually tensed or compressed regions in their respective habitual loading mode (`strain-mode-specific' loading). Elastic modulus, and yield and ultimate strength and strain, were correlated with in vivo strain data from a previously published finite element model. Mechanical tests revealed minor variations in elastic modulus, and yield and ultimate strength in both tension and compression loading, while physiological strains varied significantly between the cortices. Contrary to the hypothesis of uniform safety factors, the MC3 has a broad range of tension (caudo-medial, 4.0; cranio-lateral, 37.7) and compression (caudo-medial, 5.7; cranio-lateral, 68.9) safety factors.
Coxsackievirus B3 Infection Early in Pregnancy Induces Congenital Heart Defects Through Suppression of Fetal Cardiomyocyte Proliferation

Aims Coxsackievirus B (CVB), the most common cause of viral myocarditis, targets cardiomyocytes through Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor, which is highly expressed in the fetal heart. We hypothesized CVB3, a well-recognized culprit for viral myocarditis, can precipitate congenital heart defects (CHD), when fetal infection occurs during critical window of gestation. Methods & Results We infected C57Bl/6 pregnant mice with CVB3 during serial time points in early gestation (E5, E7, E9 and E11). We used different viral titers to examine possible dose- response relationship and assessed viral loads in various fetal organs as well as kinetics of virus passage into the fetus during gestation. Provided viral exposure occurred between E7-E9, we observed characteristic features of ventricular septal defect (33.6%), abnormal myocardial architecture resembling non-compaction (23.5%), and double outlet right ventricle (4.4%) among 209 viable fetuses examined. We observed a direct relationship between viral titers, severity and incidence of CHD, with apparent predominance among female fetuses. Infected dams remained healthy; we did not observe any maternal heart or placental injury suggestive of direct viral effects on developing heart as likely cause of CHD. We examined signaling pathways in CVB3-exposed hearts using RNAseq, KEGG enrichment analysis and immunohistochemistry. Signaling proteins of the Hippo, tight junction, transforming growth factor β1 and extracellular matrix proteins were the most highly enriched in CVB3-infected fetuses with VSD (log fold change >1.9, P<0.02). Moreover, cardiomyocyte proliferation was 50% lower in fetuses with VSD compared with uninfected controls. Conclusion Prenatal CVB3 infection can induce CHD, provided the infection occurs during a critical window. Alterations in myocardial proliferate capacity and consequent changes in cardiac architecture and trabeculation appear to account for the majority of observed phenotypes. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Duplication of AKT3 as a cause of macrocephaly in duplication 1q43q44

Somatic and germline duplications of AKT3 and activating mutations of this gene have been reported in individuals with megalencephaly and hemimegalencephaly. We report on a patient with macrocephaly and a 3 Mb duplication on 1q43q44 that includes AKT3. This duplication was detected by array comparative genomic hybridization. The patient presented with moderate developmental delays in gross motor movements and speech. She also had macrocephaly, frontal bossing, hypertelorism, wide nasal bridge, small alae nares, short philtrum, prominent upper lip, and low‐set, protruding ears. The 3 Mb duplicated region contained 15 genes including AKT3. The observation of megalencephaly in a child with 1q43q44 duplication provides further evidence of involvement of AKT3 dosage imbalances in brain growth disturbance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiple Symptoms in Pediatric Oncology Patients: A Systematic Review

Clinical experience suggests that children with cancer experience multiple symptoms as a result of their disease and/ or its treatment. These symptoms may have a negative impact on children’s ability to function and on their quality of life. No systematic review has summarized the findings from studies that assessed multiple symptoms in these patients. The purposes of this article are to summarize the findings from the studies of multiple symptoms in pediatric oncology patients and to describe directions for future research. Although there has been a recent increase in the studies of the multiple symptoms in pediatric cancer patients, only 9 studies were found that met the inclusion criteria for this review. Thus, little is known about the relationships between demographic and clinical characteristics and the occurrence of multiple symptoms. Additional research is warranted on the prevalence and impact of multiple symptoms, particularly among homogeneous samples of patients. Future directions for symptom studies in pediatric oncology include symptom cluster research and the search for biological bases for the untoward effects of cancer treatment.
Cofactor Requirements for the Formation of & Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Mycobacterium phZei *

The conversion of stearyl coenzyme A and palmityl coenzyme -1 to the A9 derivatives by a particulate enzyme from yeast requires molecular oxygen and a reduced pyridine nucleotide (1, 2). These cofactors are also necessary for the formation of monounsaturated fatty acids by rat liver preparations (3, 4) and for the formation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell-free &ems from both liver (5) and yeast (6). As reported in a preliminary note (7), the desaturation of fatty acyl coenzyme A esters to the A9 derivatives in cell-free preparations from Mycobacteriwn phki requires Fe++ and a flavin, in addition to reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide and 02. We now wish to describe a more quantitative study of these cofactor requirements.
The Skin Bacterium Propionibacterium acnes Employs Two Variants of Hyaluronate Lyase with Distinct Properties

Hyaluronic acid (HA) and other glycosaminoglycans are extracellular matrix components in the human epidermis and dermis. One of the most prevalent skin microorganisms, Propionibacterium acnes, possesses HA-degrading activity, possibly conferred by the enzyme hyaluronate lyase (HYL). In this study, we identified the HYL of P. acnes and investigated the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. Investigations include the generation of a P. acnes hyl knockout mutant and HYL activity assays to determine the substrate range and formed products. We found that P. acnes employs two distinct variants of HYL. One variant, HYL-IB/II, is highly active, resulting in complete HA degradation; it is present in strains of the phylotypes IB and II. The other variant, HYL-IA, has low activity, resulting in incomplete HA degradation; it is present in type IA strains. Our findings could explain some of the observed differences between P. acnes phylotype IA and IB/II strains. Whereas type IA strains are primarily found on the skin surface and associated with acne vulgaris, type IB/II strains are more often associated with soft and deep tissue infections, which would require elaborate tissue invasion strategies, possibly accomplished by a highly active HYL-IB/II.