Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CEO Incentives and Firm Productivity

This paper investigates the relationship between firm productivity and CEO performance incentives in a sample of 917 U.S. manufacturing firms during the period 1992-2003. We first find that CEO equity ownership enhances firm productivity and that firm productivity enhances corporate financial performance. We then find that the relationship between CEO performance incentives and productivity is quite complex. There is an inverse U-shaped relationship between productivity and the sensitivity of CEO wealth to share value (delta), which suggests that the high CEO portfolio risk associated with high delta discourages CEOs from undertaking risky positive-NPV, productivity-enhancing projects. We also find that greater sensitivity of CEO option wealth to stock return volatility (vega) generally increases firm productivity, consistent with stock option grants making CEOs less concerned with risk due to the down-side protection it offers. However, for a range of delta values, higher vega may actually reduce productivity, a result that has not been previously documented empirically. This suggests that stock options may not always achieve their intended effect of making CEOs less risk-averse. These results highlight the importance of careful structuring of CEO compensation contracts. Encouragingly, we find that CEO performance incentives positively impact productivity for the vast majority of the firms in our sample.
Determinants of Ex-Ante Banking System Distress: A Macro-Micro Empirical Exploration of Some Recent Episodes

This paper empirically analyzes the contribution of microeconomic and macroeconomic factors in five recent episodes of banking system problems in the U.S. Southwest (1986-92), Northeast (1991-92), and California (1992-93); Mexico (1994-95); and Colombia (1982-87). The paper finds that a low capital equity and reserve coverage of problem loans ratio is a leading indicator of bank distress, signaling a high likelihood of near-term failure. Distress is shown to be a function of the same fundamental macro-micro sources of risk that determine bank failures. Focusing on distress has the advantage that the fragility of the banking system can be assessed before a crisis actually occurs.
A Paleoarchean coastal hydrothermal field inhabited by diverse microbial communities: the Strelley Pool Formation, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia

The 3.4‐Ga Strelley Pool Formation (SPF) at the informally named ‘Waterfall Locality’ in the Goldsworthy greenstone belt of the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, provides deeper insights into ancient, shallow subaqueous to possibly subaerial ecosystems. Outcrops at this locality contain a thin (<3 m) unit of carbonaceous and non‐carbonaceous cherts and silicified sandstones that were deposited in a shallow‐water coastal environment, with hydrothermal activities, consistent with the previous studies. Carbonaceous, sulfide‐rich massive black cherts with coniform structures up to 3 cm high are characterized by diverse rare earth elements (REE) signatures including enrichment of light [light rare earth elements (LREE)] or middle rare earth elements and by enrichment of heavy metals represented by Zn. The massive black cherts were likely deposited by mixing of hydrothermal and non‐hydrothermal fluids. Coniform structures in the cherts are characterized by diffuse laminae composed of sulfide particles, suggesting that unlike stromatolites, they were formed dominantly through physico‐chemical processes related to hydrothermal activity. The cherts yield microfossils identical to previously described carbonaceous films, small and large spheres, and lenticular microfossils. In addition, new morphological types such as clusters composed of large carbonaceous spheroids (20–40 μm across each) with fluffy or foam‐like envelope are identified. Finely laminated carbonaceous cherts are devoid of heavy metals and characterized by the enrichment of LREE. This chert locally contains conical to domal structures characterized by truncation of laminae and trapping of detrital grains and is interpreted as siliceous stromatolite formed by very early or contemporaneous silicification of biomats with the contribution of silica‐rich hydrothermal fluids. Biological affinities of described microfossils and microbes constructing siliceous stromatolites are under investigation. However, this study emphasizes how diverse the microbial community in Paleoarchean coastal hydrothermal environment was. We propose the diversity is at least partially due to the availability of various energy sources in this depositional environment including reducing chemicals and sunlight.
The metabolism of antihistamines and drug interactions: the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes

The non‐sedating antihistamines show a diversity of fates in the body and the parent drugs and metabolites may differ in their biological properties. Clinically significant interactions with inhibitors of cytochrome P450 have been reported primarily for terfenadine, which has the potential for cardiac toxicity, and is metabolized to fexofenadine, an antihistamine without cardiac effects. Astemizole shares many of these characteristics and important safety‐related interactions are likely. Loratadine undergoes extensive metabolism so that pharmacokinetic interactions could occur, but they would be of little clinical importance because of the lack of cardiac activity of the parent drug and its metabolites. Ebastine also undergoes pharmacokinetic interactions, the significance of which is dependent on clarification of the extent of any relevant cardiotoxicity of both ebastine and its metabolite. Interactions would not be clinically important for cetirizine and fexofenadine which do not show cardiac effects and are eliminated with little metabolism.
Assessment and Treatment of Social Phobia

Social phobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by heightened fear and avoidance of one or more social or performance situations, including public speaking, meeting new people, eating or writing in front of others, and attending social gatherings. People with social phobia are typically anxious about the possibility that others will evaluate them negatively and/or notice symptoms of their anxiety. Social phobia affects up to 13% of individuals at some time in their lives and is usually associated with at least moderate functional impairment. Research on the nature and treatment of social phobia has increased dramatically over the past decade. As with many of the anxiety disorders, sensitive assessment instruments and effective treatments now exist for people suffering from heightened social anxiety. Typical assessment strategies include clinical interviews, behavioural assessments, monitoring diaries, and self-report questionnaires. Treatments with demonstrated efficacy for social phobia include pharmacotherapy (for example, phenelzine, moclobemide, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor [SSRI] medications) and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) (for example, cognitive restructuring, in vivo exposure, social skills training). Although preliminary comparative studies suggest that both approaches are about equally effective in the short term, each approach has advantages and disadvantages over the other. Trials examining combined psychological and pharmacological treatments are now under way, although no published data on the relative efficacy of combined treatments are currently available.
Fundamental Analysis Vs Technical Analysis in The Egyptian Stock Exchange - Empirical Study

This Study aims at attempting to answer the following question: Which of the Analysis Methods i.e. technical analysis or fundamental analysis has more credibility in forecasting the value (prices & returns) of the share? To achieve this objective, the study used the Pooled Cross- Sectional and Time Series Analysis. In this paper, we have applied on an arbitration sample consisting of (37) non- financial companies listed in the Egyptian Financial Markets (The Egyptian Exchange EGX) and which represent the most active companies in EGX through the Period (1998 - 2009) i.e. yearly periods. The results show that there is a significant difference between the results of the technical analysis and the fundamental analysis concerning the value (prices & returns) of the share in EGX in favor of the technical analysis method, that is a result of the characteristics of the Egyptian market which is inefficient financially, and the variation in financial reports and statements, in addition to the impact of the non- economic aspects. This result matches with some of the studies which were applied in the emerging financial markets.
Successful Treatment of Occipital Radiating Headache Using Pulsed Radiofrequency Therapy

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving multiple joints. The cervical spine is often affected, and cases involving atlantoaxial joint can lead to instability. Anterior atlantoaxial subluxation in RA patients can lead to posterior neck pain or occipital headache because of compression of the C2 ganglion or nerve. Here, we report the successful treatment of a RA patient with occipital radiating headache using pulsed radiofrequency therapy at the C2 dorsal root ganglion.
Determination of the level of benzo[a]pyrene in fatty foods and food supplements

A routine method was developed for the quantification of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in edible oils and food supplements. BaP is often taken as an indicator of the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The method consists of on-line liquid chromatography clean-up followed by injection to an HPLC system with fluorescence detection. The method has good performance characteristics and gave good results in proficiency tests. From 2002 to 2004, about 1350 samples of oils and food supplements were analysed using this method to test the level of BaP. About 20% of the edible oils contained more than 1.2 µg kg−1 BaP (which is the limit applied by the Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority until 1 April 2005, and includes measurement uncertainty). In the case of food supplements, more then 30% contained too high levels of BaP, ranging from 1.2 to 135 µg kg−1.
Brewer’s spent grain and corn steep liquor as substrates for cellulolytic enzymes production by Streptomyces malaysiensis

Aims: To evaluate cellulase production by Streptomyces malaysiensis in submerged fermentation using brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and wheat bran (WB) as carbon source, and corn steep liquor (CSL) as nitrogen source, as compared to yeast extract (YE), and partial characterization of the crude enzyme.
Consumers’ Perception of Safety of Leafy Vegetables and Its Effect on Their Vegetable Purchasing Decisions in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana

Aim: The study sought to determine consumersperception of the safety of leafy vegetables and how it affects their decision to purchase leafy vegetables in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana. Methodology: Data employed in the study comes from 200 consumers in the study area. Perceptions of consumers were assessed by using a 5 -point Likert-type scale. Consumers were asked to indicate the extent to which they agree to statements about safety of vegetables in the retail market of Kuma si-Ghana. These perception scores were averaged to form the consumer perception index. Consumersdemographic characteristics were cross tabulated against their perception to find the influence one has on the other. Also, consumersperceptions were cross -tabulated against their purchasing decision of leafy vegetable to fi nd the association between them. OriginalResearch Article
Business Model Implementation: The Antecedents of Multi-Sidedness

Business model research has long focused on external triggers, drivers, and enablers of business model adoption. What is less well known is how business models are adopted in practice. Using a conceptual framework developed by Baden-Fuller & Mangematin, we propose 16 ideal types of business models. Based on a qualitative comparative analysis of 77 businesses, we explore the antecedents of these business model types, paying particular attention to multi-sided models, which are growing in prominence, and require businesses to manage complexity and interdependencies. Surprisingly, our analyses reveal that tools developed to support business design, creativity or visualization were systematically absent from the operationalization of complex, multi-sided business models. The paper contributes to our understanding in three ways: (1) it reveals how businesses with complex, multi-sided models are crafted using heuristics rather than rational business model design tools, (2) it highlights consistent relationships between the practices employed during business creation/reconfiguration and the business models that are adopted, and (3) it opens fruitful research avenues to develop tools to support heuristics in business design and implementation.
Polymicrobial Septicemia in the Cancer Patient

The medical records of 507 patients with polymicrobial septicemia were examined to determine prognostic and descriptive factors. Over 50% of the episodes occurred in patients with solid tumors and 80% originated during hospitalization. Invasive procedures and immunosuppressive therapy frequently preceded development of polymicrobial septicemia, and infection was often accompanied by shock and pneumonia. A majority of infections were caused by at least 1 aerobic gram-negative bacillus (76%) and anaerobic infections were not infrequent. Overall response among these patients was 50%, with poorest response seen among patients with persistent neutropenia (25%), pneumonia (19%), and gram-negative bacillary infection (46%). Therapy with an antibiotic regimen to which all causative organisms were sensitive was of greatest prognostic significance. Response to appropriate therapy was 58%, whereas only 10% of those who received inappropriate therapy were cured (p less than .0001).
The role of the website in a magazine business – revisiting old truths

This paper explores consumer behavioural patterns on a magazine website. By using a unique dataset of real-life click stream data from 295 magazine website visitors, interesting behavioural patterns are noted: most importantly, 86% of all sessions only visit the blogs hosted by the magazine. This means that the visitors short-circuit the start page and are not exposed to any editorial content at all, and consequently not to any commercial content on those pages. Sessions visiting editorial content, commercial content or social media links actually represent only 1% or less of all sessions recorded. Consequently, the online platform gives very limited support for the business model. Our data questions the general assumption that online platforms are key components of a contemporary magazine’s business model.
New understanding about calcific aortic stenosis and opportunities for pharmacologic intervention

Purpose of review This review article will discuss aortic stenosis, the evolving studies defining the cellular mechanisms and the potential for medical therapies for the treatment of this disease. Recent findings Currently, the only therapy for these patients is surgical valve replacement. In the past decade there has been a change in the paradigm towards our understanding of the cellular biology of this disease process. Studies in laboratories across the world have demonstrated that this disease has an active biology and that this biology may be targeted with medical therapies similar to that of vascular atherosclerosis. Summary Calcific aortic stenosis is the third most common form of cardiovascular disease in the USA. It has replaced rheumatic heart disease in prevalence in western countries due to improved access to healthcare and the widespread use of antibiotics.
Linguistic models and linguistic modeling

The study is concerned with a linguistic approach to the design of a new category of fuzzy (granular) models. In contrast to numerically driven identification techniques, we concentrate on budding meaningful linguistic labels (granules) in the space of experimental data and forming the ensuing model as a web of associations between such granules. As such models are designed at the level of information granules and generate results in the same granular rather than pure numeric format, we refer to them as linguistic models. Furthermore, as there are no detailed numeric estimation procedures involved in the construction of the linguistic models carried out in this way, their design mode can be viewed as that of a rapid prototyping. The underlying algorithm used in the development of the models utilizes an augmented version of the clustering technique (context-based clustering) that is centered around a notion of linguistic contexts-a collection of fuzzy sets or fuzzy relations defined in the data space (more precisely a space of input variables). The detailed design algorithm is provided and contrasted with the standard modeling approaches commonly encountered in the literature. The usefulness of the linguistic mode of system modeling is discussed and illustrated with the aid of numeric studies including both synthetic data as well as some time series dealing with modeling traffic intensity over a broadband telecommunication network.
Controle acionário, remuneração de executivos e desempenho empresarial: evidências para o mercado brasileiro

This paper aims to examine how the type of owner affects the relationship between compensation and performance in Brazilian companies in the period 2010 to 2013. First, the control in Brazil is still largely exercised by family firms, and that ownership is also concentrated, on average 65% of shares are held by the five largest shareholders. The econometric analysis showed that: The family and the government controlled companies remunerate their managers with a lower value in relation to other types of control; inferences about the influence of the controller in the institutional companies were not possible to make; and firms that don’t have a controller remunerate their manager with a higher amount of compensation. Finally, about performance, in any of the equations ROA was significant, demonstrating weak compensation mechanisms or manager's ability to determine their compensation. ©Marcelo Daniel Araujo Ermel and Paulo Aguiar do Monte. ermel.marcelo@gmail.com CONTROLE ACIONÁRIO, REMUNERAÇÃO DE EXECUTIVOS E DESEMPENHO EMPRESARIAL: EVIDÊNCIAS PARA O MERCADO BRASILEIRO RESUMO Esse artigo buscou examinar como o tipo de controlador afeta a relação remuneração e desempenho da diretoria nas empresas brasileiras no período de 2010 a 2013. Primeiramente, o controle no Brasil ainda é majoritariamente exercido por firmas familiares, e que o capital também é concentrado, sendo em média 65% do capital detido pelos 5 maiores acionistas. Quanto a análise econometrica os resultados indicaram que: As empresas de controle familiar e governamental remuneram seus gestores com um valor menor em relação os outros tipos de controle; Não foi possível fazer inferência acerca da influência do controlador nas empresas institucionais; As empresas sem controlador remuneram o seu gestor com um valor maior de remuneração. Por fim, quanto ao desempenho, em nenhuma das equações o ROA foi significativo, demonstrando fracos mecanismos de remuneração ou capacidade do gestor em determinar sua compensação. Palavras-chave: Controle acionário; Remuneração de executivos; Governança Corporativa
Human Skeletal Muscle Insulin Receptor Substrate-1: Characterization of the cDNA, Gene, and Chromosomal Localization

Insulin receptor substrate-1 is a major substrate of insulin receptor Tyr kinase. We have now cloned the IRS-1 cDNA from human skeletal muscle, one of the most important target tissues of insulin action, localized and cloned the human IRS-1 gene, and studied the expression of the protein in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Human IRS-1 cDNA encodes a 1242 amino acid sequence that is 88% identical with rat liver IRS-1. The 14 potential Tyr phosphorylation sites include 6 Tyr-Met-X-Met motifs and 3 Tyr-X-X-Met motifs that are completely conserved in human IRS-1. Human IRS-1 has >50 possible Ser/Thr phosphorylation sites and one potential ATP-binding site close to the NH2-terminal. The human IRS-1 gene contains the entire 5ʹ-untranslated region and protein coding region in a single exon and was localized on chromosome 2 q36–37 by in situ hybridization. By Northern blot analysis, IRS-1 mRNA is rare and consists of two species of 6.9 and 6 kilobase. By using quantitative polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription of total RNA from human fetal tissues, IRS-1 mRNA could be identified in all tissues. When human IRS-1 cDNA was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, the protein migrated between 170,000–180,000 Mr in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was rapidly Tyr phosphorylated upon insulin stimulation. Thus, IRS-1 is widely expressed and highly conserved across species and tissues. Compared with rat protein, human IRS-1 contains more potential Ser/Thr phosphorylation sites and only one nucleotide binding site. The entire protein coding sequence is contained within a single exon.
Will Consumers be Willing to Pay more when your Competitors Adopt your Technology? The Impacts of the Supporting-Firm Base in Markets with Network Effects

Network effects and standards competition introduce significant market uncertainty, creating a substantial challenge to the success of innovating firms. Although the literature has highlighted the importance of establishing a large installed-user base (the number of users adopting the same product) in such markets, the authors draw attention to a different, but potentially important, market force: the supporting-firm base, which they define as the number of firms supporting the same technological standard. They test their proposed hypotheses using data from two markets: the floppy disk drive and personal digital assistant markets. Their results show that (1) consumer product valuation is positively affected not only by the installed-user base but also by the supporting-firm base, (2) the two positive effects interact with each other and the nature of the interaction changes over the evolution of the market (i.e., they strengthen each other's impact in the early stage but weaken each other's impact in the late stage of the product life cycle), and (3) not all supporting firms are equally valuable to the innovator—specifically, consumers are affected more by firms exclusively supporting a single standard than by firms supporting multiple standards and by incumbents than by new entrants.
INDIAN APPROACH TO LOGIC

Compared with the logic of the ancient Greeks, Indian logic is not very impressive. The development of Indian logic was severely handicapped by the failure of its logicians to make use of variables. As a result, no logical principles could be stated directly. Finally in Indian thought logical topics were not always separated from metaphysical and epistemological topics (on the nature of being and knowledge respectively). Both in the West and in the East, the origin of logic is associated with an interest in the grammar of language and the methodology of argument and discussion, be it in the context of law, religion or philosophy. More is needed, however, for the development of logic. It appears that logic can thrive only in a culture that upholds the conviction that controversies should be settled by the force of reason rather than by the orthodoxy of a dogma or the tradition of a prejudice. This is why logic has made much greater progress in the West than in the East. 1