Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electrocardiographic analysis during uninterrupted cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Objective:Prior studies have shown that interruptions of chest compressions could result in high failure rates of resuscitation. Chest compression artifacts force the interruption of compressions before electrocardiographic rhythm analysis. It was the goal of this study to evaluate the accuracy of an automated electrocardiographic rhythm analysis algorithm designed to attenuate compression-induced artifact and minimize uninterrupted chest compressions. Design:Retrospective diagnostic analysis. Setting:Out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Subjects:Eight hundred thirty-two patients. Interventions:Patients were treated with defibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Continuous data were recorded using automated external defibrillators with concurrent measurement of electrocardiographic and sternal motion during chest compressions. Measurements and Results:Human electrocardiographics recorded by automated external defibrillators were annotated and randomly selected to build distinct training and testing databases. The artifact reduction and tolerant filter was applied to the electrocardiographic signal. The algorithm was optimized with the training database (sensitivity, 93.9%; specificity, 91.2%) and tested with the testing database (sensitivity, 92.1%; specificity, 90.5%). Average attenuation of compression-induced artifact was more than 35 dB. Conclusions:Shockable ventricular arrhythmias can be differentiated from electrocardiographic rhythms not requiring defibrillation in the presence of chest compression-induced artifact with sensitivity and specificity above 90%. With the artifact reduction and tolerant filter, it is possible to effectively eliminate pre- and postshock compression pauses.
Smoking restrictions in the home and car among rural Native American and white families with young children.

BACKGROUND This paper examines the prevalence of household and car smoking restrictions, factors associated with these restrictions, and children's exposure to secondhand smoke in homes with varying levels of household smoking restrictions in rural Native American and White families. METHODS In-person interviews were conducted with 380 rural, low-income Native American and White parents or guardians who were the primary caregivers of children aged 1-6 in northeastern Oklahoma. RESULTS Prevalence of complete smoking bans was 49.1% in Native American homes and 42.7% in White homes. Car smoking bans were less common, with 34.9% of Native American and 39.6% of White caregivers reporting complete bans. Among nonsmoking households, the proportion of friends who smoked was associated with both car and home smoking bans. Race and education of the caregivers were also associated with car smoking bans in homes with no adult smokers. Among smokers, cigarettes smoked per day, quit attempts within the past year, and the strong belief that secondhand smoke harmed children and babies were related to household smoking bans, whereas cigarettes smoked per day and the proportion of friends who smoked were related to car smoking bans. CONCLUSIONS Despite the relatively low prevalence of smoking bans in our population, factors associated with household and car smoking bans were similar to those found in the general population.
The involvement of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in antiepileptic action of alpha-asarone on pentylenetetrazol molding rats.

The aim of the present study was to research the role of nitric oxide (NO) as a mediator of alpha (α)-asarone effect at the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptiform discharge in rat. α-Asarone that was injected intraperitoneally twenty minutes before PTZ injection suppressed the clonic discharge effectively and the significant actions lasted for 30 min with no change of clonic amplitude. Administration of α-asarone did not influence interictal discharge. Four kinds of NO regulators were administered, including non-selective NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, aminoguanidine (AG) and NO substrate, L-arginine (ARG) and their influence on the actions of α-asarone were studied, and all of the regulators were administered fifteen minutes before α-asarone injection. L-NAME and 7-NI reversed the anticlonic activity of α-asarone, and a significant increase of clonic activity was induced by L-NAME later in L-NAME +. α-asarone + PTZ group. There were no significant differences between AG + α-asarone + PTZ and α-asarone + PTZ group. L-ARG played a dual role in this study. It aggravated clonic discharge in the early stage but relieved interictal discharge in the late stage compared with PTZ group alone, and the beneficial effect of α-asarone was also reversed. All the above results suggest that nNOS/NO pathway mediates the anticonvulsant effect of α-asarone, and NO played a biphasic role in PTZ modeling process, while iNOS was unrelated to the inhibition effect of α-asarone on PTZ induced epileptiform activity.
Localization of Cathepsins D, K, and L in Degenerated Human Intervertebral Discs

Study Design. Localization of cathepsins D, K, and L in degenerated intervertebral discs was examined by immunohistochemistry. Objectives. To determine the involvement of cathepsins in the pathomechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration by monitoring the immunolocalization of cathepsins in degenerated intervertebral disc tissue. Summary of Background Data. Cathepsins D, K, and L are enzymes that contribute to the matrix destruction seen in the articular cartilage affected by osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, little is known about the contribution of these cathepsins to intervertebral disc degeneration. Methods. Paraffin-embedded sections of degenerated intervertebral disc tissue collected at the time of surgery (13 discs from 12 patients) were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies for cathepsins D, K, and L. For further characterization of the stained cells, immunohistochemical detection of CD68 and TRAP staining were performed. Results. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed obvious signs of degeneration in all sections. Cathepsins D and L were immunolocalized in disc fibrochondrocytes at various sites exhibiting degeneration. Cathepsins K were found in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells, in particular near the cleft within the cartilaginous endplate. However, few cells were positive for these cathepsins in anulus fibrosus that maintained the lamellar structure of collagen fibers. Conclusions. Marked expression of cathepsins D and L was observed at the site of degeneration. Cathepsins D and K localized in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells existed at the cleft between the cartilaginous endplate and vertebral body. The site-specific localization of these cathepsins suggests the association of these proteinases with endplate separation and disorganization of the anulus fibrosus in degenerative spinal disorders.
Wall Shear Rate Measurement: Validation of a New Method Through Multiphysics Simulations

Wall shear stress is known to affect the vessel endothelial function and to be related to important pathologies like the development of atherosclerosis. It is defined as the product of the blood viscosity by the blood velocity gradient at the wall position, i.e., the wall shear rate (WSR). The WSR measurement is particularly challenging in important cardiovascular sites, like the carotid bifurcation, because of the related complex flow configurations characterized by high spatial and temporal gradients, wall movement, and clutter noise. Moreover, accuracy of any method for WSR measurement can be effectively tested only if reliable gold standard WSR values, considering all the aforementioned disturbing effects, are available. Unfortunately, these requirements are difficult to achieve in a physical phantom, so that the accuracy test of the novel WSR measurement methods was so far limited to straight pipes and/or similar idealistic configurations. In this paper, we propose a new method for WSR measurement and its validation based on a mathematical model of the carotid bifurcation, which, exploiting fluid-structure simulations, is capable of reproducing realistic flow configuration, wall movement, and clutter noise. In particular, the profile near the wall, not directly measurable because affected by clutter, is estimated through a power-law fitting and compared with the gold standard provided by the model. In this condition, the WSR measurements featured an accuracy of ±20 %. A preliminary test on a volunteer confirmed the feasibility of the WSR method for in vivo application.
Prevalence of Botched Code Integrations

Integrating code from different sources can be an error-prone and effort-intensive process. While an integration may appear statically sound, unexpected errors may still surface at run time. The industry practice of continuous integration aims to detect these and other run-time errors through an extensive pipeline of successive tests. Using data from a continuous integration service, Travis CI, we look into the prevalence of integration errors. We find code integration causes failure less often than regular commits. Repairing is usually done the same day and takes less than ten lines of code, largely in the source code. These results indicate that applying proper practices mitigates many issues associated with code integration.
Knowledge and Attitude of Dental Students towards HIV/AIDS Patients in Melaka, Malaysia.

BACKGROUND Cross contamination of HIV is a real threat today. Dental treatment often includes direct contact with a patient's blood and saliva, therefore dental professionals can be easily exposed to HIV microorganisms. Hence, it is essential to gain insight into dental students' knowledge and attitude towards HIV patients. METHOD A cross-sectional survey of 186 clinical year dental students (year 3, 4 and 5) in the 2015-2016 academic session at the Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka-Manipal Medical College (MMMC), Manipal University, Melaka volunteered to participate in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to determine their knowledge and attitude towards HIV/AIDS patients. RESULTS Among 137 respondents (females 74.5% and males 25.6%), 40.9% were Malay, 46.7% were Chinese, 10.2% were Indian and 2.2% were others. The majority had an excellent (41.6%) to good (56.2%) knowledge and only (18%) had a professional attitude. There was a statistically significant association of knowledge with gender (P = 0.009) and ethnicity (P = 0.024), However, no association was found between attitude and gender (P = 0.756) or ethnicity (P = 0.792), or between knowledge and attitude (P = 0.473) of dental students. CONCLUSION Dental students' knowledge was not significantly associated with attitude. However, knowledge was associated with gender and ethnicity, but no association was found between age and knowledge and between age, gender, or ethnicity and attitude.
Characterization of the antimicrobial peptide attacin loci from Glossina morsitans

The antimicrobial peptide Attacin is an immune effector molecule that can inhibit the growth of gram‐negative bacteria. In Glossina morsitans morsitans, which serves as the sole vectors of African trypanosomes, Attacins also play a role in trypanosome resistance, and in maintaining parasite numbers at homeostatic levels in infected individuals. We characterized the attacin encoding loci from a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library. The attacin genes are organized into three clusters. Cluster 1 contains two attacin (attA) genes located in head‐to‐head orientation, cluster 2 contains two closely related genes (attA and attB) located in a similar transcriptional orientation, and cluster 3 contains a single attacin gene (attD). Coding and transcription regulatory sequences of attA and attB are nearly identical, but differ significantly from attD. Putative AttA and AttB have signal peptide sequences, but lack the pro domain typically present in insect Attacins. Putative AttD lacks both domains. Analysis of attacin cDNA sequences shows polymorphisms that could arise either from allelic variations or from the presence of additional attacin genomic loci. Real time‐PCR analysis reveals that attA and attB expression is induced in the fat body of flies per os challenged with Escherichia coli and parasitized with trypanosomes. In the midgut, expression of these attacins is similarly induced following microbial challenge, but reduced in response to parasite infections. Transcription of AttD is significantly less relative to the other two genes, and is preferentially induced in the fat body of parasitized flies. These results indicate that the different attacin genes may be differentially regulated.
Socioeconomic inequality and short‐term outcome in Hodgkin's lymphoma

Socioeconomic status (SES) is a determinant of outcome in various types of cancer. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the SES in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). From 2001 to 2005, 194 consecutive patients were prospectively followed in 5 institutions. Patients answered a questionnaire with a set of items used to determine the SES, and were then divided in 2 groups according to their SES score. There were 151 patients (78%) with a higher SES and 43 patients (22%) with a lower SES. The complete remission (CR) rate was 82%. Patients with a higher SES had a higher CR rate than those with a lower SES (85 vs. 72%, crude odds ratio = 2.27, p = 0.046). A lower SES and the performance status >1 were independently associated with a trend towards a lower CR, even when controlled for the other covariables of interest. Ten patients (5%) died during treatment. Death during treatment was associated with a lower SES (16 vs. 2%, p = 0.001), a performance status >1 (p < 0.0001), a lower lymphocyte count (p = 0.012) and weakly with a lower albumin level (p = 0.065). With a median follow‐up of 1.7 years, a higher SES was associated with a better 2‐year overall survival (93 vs. 79%, p = 0.01). In underprivileged countries, patients with a lower SES require a more careful monitoring during treatment, possibly with specific support measures. Regimens more intense than doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine could pose a prohibitive risk of complications in this group of patients. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pre‐emptive analgesia and its supraspinal mechanisms: enhanced descending inhibition and decreased descending facilitation by dexmedetomidine

Despite the clinical importance of pre‐emptive analgesia, the mechanisms by which it attenuates pain associated with central sensitization are poorly understood. We find that fentanyl and the α2‐adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine (Dex) differ significantly in their modulatory actions on noxious mechanical and noxious heat‐evoked nociception in vivo. Unlike fentanyl, Dex modified descending control of nociception by decreasing the threshold for descending inhibition and/or increasing the threshold for descending facilitation. Dex exhibited after‐actions on activities of thalamus in prolongation of noxious heat‐evoked paw withdrawal latency that persisted for at least 7 days. This study provides insight into the organization of thalamic modulation in pre‐emptive analgesia.
Influence of timing of sea ice retreat on phytoplankton size during marginal ice zone bloom period on the Chukchi and Bering shelves

Abstract. The size structure and biomass of a phytoplankton community during the spring bloom period can affect the energy use of higher-trophic-level organisms through the predator–prey body size relationships. The timing of the sea ice retreat (TSR) also plays a crucial role in the seasonally ice-covered marine ecosystem, because it is tightly coupled with the timing of the spring bloom. Thus, it is important to monitor the temporal and spatial distributions of a phytoplankton community size structure. Prior to this study, an ocean colour algorithm was developed to derive phytoplankton size index FL, which is defined as the ratio of chlorophyll a (chl a) derived from cells larger than 5 µm to the total chl a, using satellite remote sensing for the Chukchi and Bering shelves. Using this method, we analysed the pixel-by-pixel relationships between F L during the marginal ice zone (MIZ) bloom period and TSR over the period of 1998–2013. The influences of the TSR on the sea surface temperature (SST) and changes in ocean heat content (ΔOHC) during the MIZ bloom period were also investigated. A significant negative relationship between FL and the TSR was widely found in the shelf region during the MIZ bloom season. However, we found a significant positive (negative) relationship between the SST (ΔOHC) and TSR. Specifically, an earlier sea ice retreat was associated with the dominance of larger phytoplankton during a colder and weakly stratified MIZ bloom season, suggesting that the duration of the nitrate supply, which is important for the growth of large-sized phytoplankton in this region (i.e. diatoms), can change according to the TSR. In addition, under-ice phytoplankton blooms are likely to occur in years with late ice retreat, because sufficient light for phytoplankton growth can pass through the ice and penetrate into the water columns as a result of an increase in solar radiation toward the summer solstice. Moreover, we found that both the length of the ice-free season and the annual median of FL positively correlated with the annual net primary production (APP). Thus, both the phytoplankton community composition and growing season are important for the APP in the study area. Our findings showed a quantitative relationship between the interannual variability of FL, the TSR, and the APP, which suggested that satellite remote sensing of the phytoplankton community size structure is suitable to document the impact of a recent rapid sea ice loss on the ecosystem of the study region.
Built Environment and Mobility of Older Adults: Important Policy and Practice Efforts

As people age, they prefer to “age in place. ” The concept of aging in place refers to the ability to live in one's own home, wherever that might be, for as long as one can feel confident and comfortable. Where people live and whether these environments can support them are critical questions for public health and public policy, especially since the baby boomers began to turn 65 on January 1, 2011. Equally important for public policy, those aged 85 and older are the fastest growing population group in the United States. The Health and Aging Policy Fellows Program, with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Healthy Aging Program, has supported a project to determine how design features of the built environment can support the mobility of older adults. Mobility refers to physical activity, usually walking, but also encompasses the ability to stay connected to nearby community resources and services. The project's purpose is to investigate features that support mobility in built environments. This policy brief introduces the realist synthesis method used in the project and selected national initiatives and activities to place this work in a broader context. Given the importance of mobility concerns to older adults, it must be determined without delay which design features support mobility and how local areas can better prepare to support the health of their aging populations.
A top-down approach impedes the use of theory? Interprofessional educational leaders' approaches to curriculum development and the use of learning theory

International policy has emphasized the development of interprofessional education (IPE) to reinforce interprofessional practice. This study explored the extent to which IPE initiatives in the UK are based on sound theoretical frameworks. Findings from semi-structured interviews with lead IPE curriculum developers at eight higher education institutions are presented which identified curriculum developers' developmental approaches to IPE. The findings reveal a notable lack of explicit theoretical basis for models of IPE. In many cases, senior managers determined the institutional approach to IPE which academic staff then needed to deliver. Curriculum developers reported adopting a largely practical approach to IPE curriculum development. However, questioning that focused on learning and teaching methods revealed that a range of learning theories was used implicitly. The significance of these findings is discussed with recommendations to inform future curriculum development of IPE initiatives.
Photic EEG-driving responses related to ictal phases and trigger sensitivity in migraine: A longitudinal, controlled study

Introduction: Photic driving is believed to be increased in migraineurs and has been interpreted as a sign of cortical hyperexcitability. However, most previous studies have included patients in various phases of the migraine cycle. The results are, therefore, difficult to interpret as neurophysiological abnormalities tend to accumulate close to the attack in migraineurs. Subjects and Methods: We recorded steady state visual evoked EEG-responses (SSVEPs) for 6, 12, 18 and 24 Hz flash stimuli from 33 migraineurs without aura, eight migraineurs with aura and 32 healthy controls. Interictal recordings were compared pair-wise with recordings before, during and after attack, as well as with EEGs from healthy controls. Driving power was also correlated with sensory hypersensitivity and severity of migraine. Results: Between attacks, driving responses to 18 Hz and 24 Hz were attenuated in migraineurs without aura. Driving power of 12 Hz increased before the attack. Attack trigger sensitivity, photophobia, pain intensity and a family history of migraine were related to decreased and/or symmetric photic driving. Conclusions: Earlier results may have overestimated the driving response in migraine due to inclusion of recordings during the preictal interval and/or habituation among controls. Abnormal photic driving may be related to the pathophysiology of clinical sensory hypersensitivity.
Alcohol intake, type of beverage, and risk of breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND Most studies of the relation between alcohol consumption and breast cancer have shown a modestly increased risk, although the results are still conflicting. METHODS The aim of this prospective population-based cohort study was to assess the influence of alcohol intake and type of beverage (beer, wine, or spirits) on breast cancer risk in relation to menopausal status. Among 13,074 women aged 20 to 91 years, we examined the relationship between breast cancer risk, total alcohol intake, and type of alcohol in relation to menopausal status. The women were classified as premenopausal or as postmenopausal at younger than 70 years or 70 years or more. RESULTS During follow-up, 76 premenopausal and 397 postmenopausal women developed breast cancer. Premenopausal women who had an intake of more than 27 drinks per week had a relative risk of breast cancer of 3.49 (95% confidence limits, 1.36-8.99) compared with light drinkers (p = 0.011), whereas there were no differences in risk in the lower-intake categories. The increased risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women was independent of the type of alcohol. Postmenopausal women older than 70 years of age who had an intake of more than six drinks per week of spirits had a relative risk of breast cancer of 2.43 (95% confidence limits, 1.41-4.20) compared with women who consumed less than one drink of spirits per week (p = 0.0014). CONCLUSIONS Total alcohol intake of more than 27 drinks per week increases breast cancer risk in premenopausal women independently of the type of alcohol. Among postmenopausal women, an intake of spirits of more than six drinks per week increases breast cancer risk.