Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Party Reforms and the Unbalancing of the Cleavage Structure in Russian Regional Elections, 2012–2015

Abstract This study analyses the influence of the party reforms of 2012 and the ‘counter-reforms’ of 2013–2014 on the Russian party system, and the structure of political and electoral cleavages in Russian regions. The emergence of new political parties in 2012–2013 led to a temporary increase in electoral competition, an augmentation of the political space, and a rise in the number of electoral cleavages, but these developments did not weaken the domination of United Russia. The trend towards an ever greater tightening up of entry requirements for contestation in the elections led to a lowering of the number of political and, consequently, electoral cleavages, in addition to a reconfiguration of the political space. The study shows that there was an unbalancing of the political cleavage structure in 2012–2015: the socioeconomic political cleavage, whose primary place is a key determinant of equilibrium, ceded the top position to the authoritarian–democratic cleavage in 2012–2013, and to the ‘Ukrainian’ (systemic) cleavage in 2014–2015.
Infections in the Immunosuppressed Patient: An Illustrated Case-based Approach.

Identifying and dealing with infections in immunocompromised patients is a large part of most clinical practices in infectious diseases. Infections in the Immunosuppressed Patient is a new addition to the compendium of books for the practicing infectious diseases specialist. It uses a case-based approach in its organization. The book is divided into 5 sections: Infections in Cancer Patients, Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients, Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients, Infections in Patients Receiving Immunosuppressive Drugs, and Infections in Patients With Immunosuppression Due to Miscellaneous Conditions. Each section begins with a brief introduction and an overview of the topic that provides the reader with information on the general approach to a particular immunosuppressive condition. This is followed by a collection of cases that reflect common infections seen within each topic. Each case report goes through a clinical presentation, questions that arise, a differential diagnosis, and a discussion of the pathogenesis, treatment, and outcome of the case. The discussion often brings up references to data and literature that are applicable to the case. Section 1 (Infections in Cancer Patients) has 20 cases that cover a breadth of infectious pathogens and organ system involvements in this patient population. Similarly, section 2 (Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients) has 17 cases; section 3 (Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients) has 20 cases; section 4 (Infections in Patients Receiving Immunosuppressive Drugs) has 15 cases; and section 5 (Infections in Patients With Immunosuppression Due to Miscellaneous Conditions) has 9 cases. One minor criticism is that the order of the cases in each section does not appear to follow any theme. If one was searching for a specific clinical situation, some of the case titles may not provide an immediate clue as to what the topic is ultimately about. Also, section 4 (Infections in Patients Receiving Immunosuppressive Drugs) is just about the infectious complications seen with common disease-modifying biologic agents. Nevertheless, practicing clinicians who deal with all of these immunocompromised patient populations will find the book useful. Thewriting and case presentations are straightforward. Clinical learning is generally case-based, which is a strength of this book. Aside from the few caveats mentioned, the book covers nearly all the immunosuppressive conditions that one might encounter in practice. The book will make an excellent addition to the library of infectious disease clinicians who routinely see immunosuppressed patients.
Democracy, democratization and the death penalty

One of the most significant global trends of the last few decades has been the movement towards ending the death penalty. Describing this as the ‘age of abolition,’ Garland observes that, ‘what was once an unproblematic institution, universally embraced, is fast becoming a violation of human rights, universally prohibited’. 1 This surge towards de facto and de jure abolition has approximately coincided with the worldwide shift towards democracy, inaugurated by the ‘third wave’ of democratization. 2 The significant overlap in the timing of these two global movements has led many scholars to conclude that democratization has had a positive impact on the abolitionist cause. 3 Despite glaring counter-examples – most notably the United States – abolitionists regularly argue that the death penalty contradicts basic democratic principles. From this perspective, it is perhaps not so surprising that democratization has often been accompanied by partial or full abolition. Within the death penalty literature this correlation is taken as relatively robust. Notably, Neumayer has argued that the global trend towards abolition has been driven primarily by political factors, with
Modulation of human ether‐à‐go‐go‐related K+ (HERG) channel inactivation by Cs+ and K+

Unlike many other native and cloned K+ channels, human ether‐à‐go‐go‐related K+ (HERG) channels show significant Cs+ permeability with a PCs/PK (the permeability of Cs+ relative to that of K+) of 0.36 ± 0.03 (n= 10). Here, we find that raising the concentration of external Cs+ (Cs+0) dramatically slows HERG channel inactivation without affecting activation. Replacement of 5 mm K+0 by 135 mm Cs+0 increased both inactivation and recovery time constants and shifted the mid‐point of the steady‐state inactivation curve by 25 mV in the depolarized direction (n= 6, P < 0.01). Raising [Cs+]o also modulated the voltage sensitivity of inactivation gating. With 130 8mm Cs+1 and 135 mm NMDG+o, the inactivation time constant decreased e‐fold per 47.5 ± 1.1 mV (n= 5), and when 20 mm Cs+ was added to the bath solution, the inactivation time constant decreased e‐fold per 20.6 ± 1.3 mV (n= 5, P < 0.01). A quantitative analysis suggests that Cs+0 binds to a site in the pore that is influenced by the transmembrane electrical field, so that Cs+0‐induced slowing of HERG inactivation is less prominent at strong depolarizations. K+0 has effects that are similar to Cs+0 and their effects were additive, suggesting Cs+0 and K+0 may share a common mechanism of action. The strong effects of Cs+ on inactivation but not on activation highlight the importance of ion and channel interactions during the onset of inactivation in the HERG channel.
Did the ‘Be Clear on Bowel Cancer’ public awareness campaign pilot result in a higher rate of cancer detection?

Objectives To assess the impact of a 7-week public bowel cancer awareness campaign pilot by reviewing the number of 2-week referrals from general practitioners (GPs) to hospital, endoscopic procedures and new cancers diagnosed throughout the five acute hospitals in The Peninsular Cancer Network, UK. Design A retrospective before and after study. Setting The Peninsula Cancer Network in the South West of England, UK. Main outcome measures For the period July 2010–July 2011, data were collected on the number of 2-week referrals, number of endoscopic procedures performed and number of new cancers diagnosed. The average for the 6 months before the campaign was compared with the immediate 3 months and then the fourth to sixth months following the campaign. Student's t test was used to compare the means of the three groups. Results There was a statistically significant increase in the number of 2-week referrals from GPs to hospital in the 3 months following the campaign but this effect disappeared after that. There was no statistical increase in the number of endoscopic procedures or new cancers diagnosed following the awareness campaign. Conclusions The pilot ‘Be Clear on Cancer’ awareness campaign had a significant effect on the number of patients being referred from GPs to hospital; however, the effect was short lived and had returned to baseline by 3 months. The campaign had no effect on the number of new cancers diagnosed, which was the stated underlying aim of the pilot.
AN AUTOMATIC, INTERCAPILLARY AREA-BASED ALGORITHM FOR QUANTIFYING DIABETES-RELATED CAPILLARY DROPOUT USING OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY

Purpose: To develop a robust, sensitive, and fully automatic algorithm to quantify diabetes-related capillary dropout using optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA). Methods: A 1,050-nm wavelength, 400 kHz A-scan rate swept-source optical coherence tomography prototype was used to perform volumetric optical coherence tomography angiography imaging over 3 mm × 3 mm fields in normal controls (n = 5), patients with diabetes without diabetic retinopathy (DR) (n = 7), patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) (n = 9), and patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (n = 5); for each patient, one eye was imaged. A fully automatic algorithm to quantify intercapillary areas was developed. Results: Of the 26 evaluated eyes, the segmentation was successful in 22 eyes (85%). The mean values of the 10 and 20 largest intercapillary areas, either including or excluding the foveal avascular zone, showed a consistent trend of increasing size from normal control eyes, to eyes with diabetic retinopathy but without diabetic retinopathy, to nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy eyes, and finally to PDR eyes. Conclusion: Optical coherence tomography angiography-based screening and monitoring of patients with diabetic retinopathy is critically dependent on automated vessel analysis. The algorithm presented was able to automatically extract an intercapillary area-based metric in patients having various stages of diabetic retinopathy. Intercapillary area-based approaches are likely more sensitive to early stage capillary dropout than vascular density-based methods.
Bees monitoring in citizen science context

Citizen science is based on volunteers involved in scientific surveys. In this innovative approach, we find a number of advantages, just to name couple like public education and the opportunity for volunteers to gain research experience. At the same time, using new tools and media, the science of species ecology can reach new, broader scale, which could not be achieved by scientists working by themselves (Dickinson et al., 2012). Therefore, citizen science can be treated as the common weal that extends the awareness of the valuable, surrounding nature. We are currently observing the trend of inflorescence of thermophilic species of insects (Durak, Wojton, Dampc, & Mołoń, 2018), like bees – i.e. Xylocopa (Pawlikowski, Olszewski, Sikora, & Przybylińska, 2018), which creates an excellent opportunity to involve the public in monitoring the emergence very characteristic species. The development of technology and universal access to telephones allows also to use the potential of mobile applications, like the "Bumblebee Detector" application. The aim of the work is to present citizen science solutions functioning in our country in monitoring endangered bees species.
Na+/H+ EXCHANGE INHIBITION DELAYS THE ONSET OF HYPOVOLEMIC CIRCULATORY SHOCK IN PIGS

Severe blood loss is a major cause of death occurring within hours of traumatic injury. Na+/H+ exchange (NHE-1) activity is an important determinant of the extent of ischemic myocardial injury. The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that NHE-1 inhibition delays the onset of hypovolemic circulatory shock, thereby preventing early death due to severe hemorrhage in pigs. Severe hypovolemia was studied in 16 (25.2 kg) anesthetized male pigs in steps of 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-mL kg−1 blood loss, each in 30-min intervals. Shed blood resuscitation was started 30 min after 50 mL kg−1 blood loss. The experiment was terminated after 3 h of resuscitation. Eight pigs were used as saline control. Eight pigs received 3 mg kg−1 benzamide,N-(aminoiminomethyl)-4-[4-(2-furanylcarbonyl)-1-piperazinyl]-3-(methylsulfonyl),methanesulfonate (NHE-1 inhibitor) 15 min before hemorrhage. Seven control pigs died at 40- to 50-mLkg−1 blood loss. One control pig survived initial resuscitation but died soon after. In contrast, all animals treated with NHE-1 inhibitor survived the entire protocol. In control animals, cardiac output and MAP gradually decreased at each step of blood loss with marked increase in heart rate. Cardiovascular decompensation occurred at 40 mL kg−1 blood loss. Na+/H+ exchange inhibition increased oxygen delivery, attenuated cardiovascular decompensation, delayed the onset of irreversible hypovolemic circulatory shock, and enabled resuscitation to survival. Echocardiography analysis showed that myocardial hypercontracture gradually developed with each step of blood loss in control animals, but this hypercontracture was attenuated in the animals receiving the NHE-1 inhibitor. We conclude that NHE-1 inhibition attenuates ischemic myocardial hypercontracture, cardiovascular decompensation, delays the onset of hypovolemic circulatory shock, and prevents early death in severe hemorrhage.
Rapid and nonisotopic SSCP‐based analysis of the BAT‐26 mononucleotide repeat for identification of the replication error phenotype in human cancers

Microsatellite instability is an important new form of genetic alteration that characterizes tumors of the replication error phenotype (RER+). The RER status of tumors has been determined until now by analyzing several microsatellite loci for size variations compared with matching normal DNA. This has been done by separating isotopically labeled PCR products on denaturing gels. We recently showed that deletions within BAT‐26, a polyadenine tract within the hMSH2 gene, could be used to establish the RER status of tumors without the need for matching normal DNA. We now propose a rapid and nonisotopic method of determining RER status based on PCR‐SSCP analysis of the BAT‐26 poly(A) tract. Compared with conventional means of examining RER+, this method reduces the PCR and gel manipulations involved by 10‐fold. Size variations of as little as 2 bp in the BAT‐26 sequence were readily detected using mini‐sized, silver‐stained SSCP gels run for 2.5 h. The incidence of RER+ detected in 183 right‐sided colonic, 121 gastric, and 123 endometrial carcinomas was 20%, 10%, and 5% respectively, using this method. Frameshift mutations in the mononucleotide repeat of the TGF‐β RII gene were found in 86% (42/49) of RER+ but less than 1% (1/237) of RER– colon and gastric tumors identified by BAT‐26 analysis. Our results demonstrate that nonisotopic PCR‐SSCP of the poly(A) BAT‐26 tract is a specific, sensitive and rapid method for determining the RER status of human tumors. Hum Mutat 12:355–360, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Twitter, Mobile Device and Citizen Journalism

—People have been engaged in citizen journalism for a long time, and in the era of internet and communication technology becomes rapidly advanced, the compression and convergence of ICT technology were all combined to support for citizen journalism practice. What is more is Twitter that affords mobility through access from mobile devices is becoming more suitable for citizen journalism compare to other social network platforms. Therefore, we are interested to unravel the phenomenon of Twitter access from mobile device. Is it true that Twitter and mobile device access amplifies citizen journalism engagement? This question was addressed with a quantitative study, and the results indicated that frequent access to Twitter through cell phone did not entirely explain citizen journalism engagement.
In what respect does high frequency positive pressure ventilation differ from conventional ventilation?

The original rationale for HFPPV was that under certain conditions adequate alveolar ventilation could be achieved with high ventilatory frequencies and small tidal volumes. It was theorized further that increased ventilatory frequencies and low tidal volumes would decrease the airway pressures, barotrauma, and cardiovascular and other systemic consequences seen with conventional mechanical ventilation. The first clinical applications of HFPPV were in bronchoscopy and laryngoscopy for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes. Apart from these endoscopic applications, volume‐controlled HFPPV has been compared with conventional ventilation in upper abdominal surgery and coronary artery bypass grafting. The possible advantages of HFPPV over conventional volume‐controlled ventilation in the intensive care setting are still unclear. Provided that the mean lung volumes are similar, oxygenation in acute respiratory failure is similar with both ventilation methods. Although the role of HFPPV in the management of pulmonary diseases still remains to be clarified, it does provide effective ventilation in selected types of patients needing ventilatory support. New modes of pressure‐controlled ventilation have not resolved all clinical problems in severe ARDS and/or acute respiratory failure. The search for means of optimal ventilatory support with minimal complications must continue, as conventional ventilation does not always offer the best treatment.
코스피200선물가격과 코스피200옵션의 내재변동성 스마일 (Kospi200 Futures Price and Implied Volatility Smile of Kospi200 Options)

<b>Korean Abstract:</b> 코스피200 주가지수 선물과 코스피200 주가지수 옵션은 선물-풋-콜 패리티로 연결되어 있다. 본 연구는 비교적 장기간 선물 및 옵션의 거래 자료를 분석하여 선물의 가격이 행사가격별 옵션의 내재변동성에 차별적으로 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 선물가격이 고평가될수록 상대적으로 Call의 내재변동성은 상승하고 Put의 내재변동성은 하락하였고, 선물가격이 저평가될수록 상대적으로 Put의 내재변동성은 상승하고 Call의 내재변동성은 하락하였다. 이러한 선물의 영향력은 변동성이 낮은 경우에 더 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 선물가격의 영향력은 내가격옵션에서 더 크게 나타났다. 선물가격의 영향에 따라 옵션시장에서 변동성 스큐 모양과 변동성 스머크 모양이 나타났다. 셋째, 옵션의 잔존만기가 감소함에 따라 선물가격의 영향력이 증가하고 특히 내가격옵션의 내재변동성에 더 큰 영향을 주었다. 잔존만기가 감소함에 따라 변동성 스큐 현상과 변동성 스머크 현상이 심화되기도 하고 새로 발생하기도 하였다. 코스피200 주가지수 선물과 코스피200 주가지수 옵션시장처럼 동일한 기초자산을 갖는 파생상품의 가격은 서로 연결되어 있으며 영향을 준다는 사실을 가지고 옵션시장의 변동성 스마일 현상을 상당히 설명할 수 있었다. <b>English Abstract:</b> The KOSPI200 stock index futures and the KOSPI200 stock index options are linked to futures-put-call parity. This study analyzes the effect of the futures price on the implied volatility of option by exercise price by analyzing the long - term futures and options trading data. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, as the futures price is overvalued, the implied volatility of the call increases and the implied volatility of the put decreases, while the implied volatility of the put increases and the implied volatility of the call decreases as the futures price becomes undervalued. The influence of these futures is higher when the volatility is low. Second, the influence of futures prices is greater in ITM options. The volatility skew shape and the volatility smirk shape appeared in the option market depending on the influence of the futures price. Third, as the remaining maturity of the option decreases, the influence of futures price increases, especially the implied volatility of ITM options. As the remaining maturity decreases, the volatility skew and the volatility smirk shape become more severe and new. The fact that the prices of derivatives with the same underlying assets, like the KOSPI200 stock index futures and the KOSPI200 stock index options market, are linked and influenced, could explain the volatility smile of the option market considerably.
Leaking, leak prevention, and decoupling in public administrations: the case of the European Commission

Abstract The European Commission is frequently faced with leaks, much like other public administrations in Western democracies. While executive leaders often criticise the practice of leaking as an unwanted breach of confidentiality and secrecy, leak prevention is usually not taken seriously compared to the scale of the phenomenon. This article discusses leaking and leak prevention more broadly and analyses the efforts of the European Commission to prevent leaks. It finds that leaking and leak prevention were regularly discussed at the highest level of the EU’s executive between 2006 and 2015. However, few Commission officials have been sanctioned for leaking in that period, and mostly for leaks that appear unrelated to the substance of those discussed at the political level. This mismatch is explained by a decoupling of talk and action regarding leak prevention, allowing the European Commission and other public administrations to manage inconsistencies in competing internal and external demands for openness and confidentiality.
Association Between Parental Depression and Children's Health Care Use

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to determine the association between parental depression and pediatric health care use patterns. METHODS. We selected all children who were 0 to 17 years of age, enrolled in Kaiser Permanente of Colorado during the study period July 1997 to December 2002, and linked to at least 1 parent/subscriber who was enrolled for at least 6 months during that period. Unexposed children were selected from a pool of children whose parents did not have a depression diagnosis. Outcome measures were derived from the child's payment files and electronic medical charts and included 5 categories of use: well-child-care visits, sick visits to primary care departments, specialty clinic visits, emergency department visits, and inpatient visits. We compared the rate of use per enrollment month for these 5 categories between exposed and unexposed children within each of the 5 age strata. RESULTS. Our study population had 24391 exposed and 45274 age-matched, unexposed children. For the outcome of well-child-care visits, teenagers showed decreased rates of visits among exposed children. The rate of specialty department visits was higher in exposed children in the 4 oldest age groups. The rates of both emergency department visits and sick visits to primary care departments were higher for exposed children across all 5 age categories. The rate of inpatient visits was higher among exposed children in 2 of the 5 age groups. CONCLUSIONS. Overall, having at least 1 depressed parent is associated with greater rate of emergency department and sick visits across all age groups, greater use of inpatient and specialty services in some age groups, and a lower rate of well-child-care visits among 13- to 17-year-olds. This pattern of increased use of expensive resources and decreased use of preventive services represents one of the hidden costs of adult depression.