Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tissue oxygenation and haemodynamics measurement with spatially resolved NIRS

We describe the use of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) for the non-invasive investigation of changes in haemodynamics and oxygenation of human peripheral tissues. The goal was to measure spatial variations of tissue NIRS oxygenation variables, namely deoxy-haemoglobin (HHb), oxy-haemoglobin (HbO2), total haemoglobin (HbT), and thereby to evaluate the responses of the peripheral circulation to imposed physiological challenges. We present a skinfat- muscle heterogeneous tissue model with varying fat thickness up to 15mm and a Monte Carlo simulation of photon transport within this model. The mean partial path length and the mean photon visit depth in the muscle layer were derived for different source-detector spacing. We constructed NIRS instrumentation comprising of light-emitting diodes (LED) as light sources at four wavelengths, 735nm, 760nm, 810nm and 850nm and sensitive photodiodes (PD) as the detectors. Source-detector spacing was varied to perform measurements at different depths within forearm tissue. Changes in chromophore concentration in response to venous and arterial occlusion were calculated using the modified Lambert-Beer Law. Studies in fat and thin volunteers indicated greater sensitivity in the thinner subjects for the tissue oxygenation measurement in the muscle layer. These results were consistent with those found using Monte Carlo simulation. Overall, the results of this investigation demonstrate the usefulness of the NIRS instrument for deriving spatial information from biological tissues.
Bismalonamides (BISMA) as new extractants for Am(III) and Eu(III) from aqueous high-level wastes

Bismalonamides 1–8 and bisthiomalonamides 9–13 were synthesised and studied as extracting agents for Am(III) and Eu(III) from nitric acid solutions into organic solvents. Bismalonamides 7a and 7g display higher distribution coefficients in chlorinated solvents than single malonamide DMDOHEMA, suggesting that bismalonamides could pre-organise the binding groups around the cation more efficiently. Additionally, back-extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) from a loaded organic solution of 7g in (50:50)% vol TPH/1-octanol mixture allowed to recover 99% of the initially extracted Am(III) and Eu(III) after three times of contact with fresh 0.01 mol/L nitric acid solutions.
Temperature dependence of the radiative recombination coefficient in silicon

The temperature dependence of the intrinsic radiative recombination coefficient B in silicon was measured from 100 to 400 °K. In contrast to previous calculations, B decreases with temperature. For interpretation of the measurements, a unique theory of the indirect radiative band-to-band and free exciton recombination is given. The decrease of B with increasing T is due to the decrease to the exciton concentration and of the Coulomb-enhancement of the band-to-band recombination rate. The latter however is smaller than the exciton recombination part even at room temperature. The constants of the exciton and band-to-band recombination are determined.
Ballistic electron emission spectroscopy of noble metal–GaP(110) interfaces

Ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) was used in an UHV environment to investigate the current–voltage spectra of Cu, Ag, and Au films on cleaved n‐type GaP(110). Current thresholds, which occur when the applied tip‐to‐metal bias exceeds the Schottky barrier height, were remarkably uniform to within ±0.02 V for any particular metal–GaP interface, but varied for interfaces with different metals. The fitted threshold voltage Vo depends on the model used for the interface current transport. Its value varies by ∼0.05 V between a prior model that predicts a (V−Vo)2 dependence near threshold and a new (V−Vo)5/2 dependence proposed here. The latter includes an energy dependent transmission coefficient for transport across the metal–semiconductor interface. Significant BEEM current variations and fluctuations were observed, which are associated with topographic gradients of the metal surface and sudden changes in the tunneling geometry during the experiment. The transport model is further developed to in.
Desafíos multidimensionales en la educación para migrantes en México

The article presents an overview of the public policy challenges that Mexico faces in the context of return migration from the United States. The social and institutional factors that are hindering the process of integration of children, adolescents and young migrants to school communities in the places of arrival are analyzed. Information is retrieved from government actions that Mexico has developed to serve the population and ponder about the major challenges in the subject. In order to develop this work, documentary information on return migration, government programs for the attention of the migrant population for their access to the educational system was analyzed.
Glioma cell-targeting doxorubicin delivery and redox-responsive release using angiopep-2 decorated carbonaceous nanodots

Angiopep-2 modified and doxorubicin loaded carbonaceous nanodots (AN-PEG-DOX-CDs) were synthesized for glioma cell targeting, delivery and redox-responsive release of doxorubicin. Our results provided the possibility of using CDs to construct smart drug delivery systems.
Temperatures Generated by the Flow of Liquids in Pipes

In the development of molecular theories of liquid and polymer structure, great importance is attached to stress and time dependences of the apparent viscosity of materials and their solutions. Some of these dependences can be accounted for by the heating of the fluid which is a consequence of the flow. In this report, solutions for the time and space distributions of the temperature in an incompressible fluid flowing steadily in a capillary with isothermal walls are presented. A comparison of the computed temperature changes with observed changes in apparent viscosity of some lubricating oils suggests that the temperature effect is significant. The possible usefulness of the solutions for understanding the origin of turbulence in flow and the heating of a cylindrical rod loaded in torsion is also discussed.
Schwingungsspektroskopie nah- und überkritischer Lösungsmittel

Expansions of compressed fluids find wide application. Here, they are characterized via vibrational spectroscopy. The focus is on the phase state of particles emerging from flash atomization of compressed liquids. As a function of stagnation pressure, nozzle temperature, and nozzle distance particle formation in nitrous oxide, tert-butyl alcohol and n-pentane is investigated. The results form a basis for the expansion of near-critical solutions.
The Nucleation of CVD Silicon on SiO2 and Si3 N 4 Substrates III . The System at Low Temperatures

The growth of polycrystalline silicon layers on and substrates can be hampered in the early stages of growth by the presence of different species adsorbed on the surface. In this article nucleation experiments with silicon on and are described in the system at temperatures between 600° and 900°C. In this temperature regime (and without addition) the saturation nucleus density of silicon clusters on substrates shows a decrease in density with decreasing temperature, whereas on substrates the opposite occurs. Experiments with nitrogen as a carrier gas, however, give almost the same saturation nucleus densities of silicon clusters on and substrates. Additions of to the system produce a decrease in the nucleus saturation density on and substrates, and the density also decreases with decreasing temperatures below 900°C. It is further shown that selective growth of silicon on partly coated silicon substrates becomes more difficult at lower growth temperatures. Adsorption of different surface species (H, Cl, , and ) on and substrates is discussed and it is concluded that a strong adsorption of atomic hydrogen, notably on surfaces, may explain the difference in nucleus densities on and substrates at temperatures below 900°C.
O CONTROLE DAS PAIXÕES E AÇÕES MEDIANTE O HÁBITO SEGUNDO DESCARTES

Desenvolvemos uma analise critica da relacao mente-corpo, em particular, da mutua influencia entre paixoes da mente (emocoes) e movimentos do corpo (acoes), com vistas a explicar a possibilidade do controle de ambas, segundo a concepcao cartesiana. Explicitamos as caracteristicas e funcoes proprias do corpo e da mente e da conexao entre eles. Mostramos como e possivel o controle das emocoes e das acoes, ressaltando o papel do habito neste proposito. Finalizamos o artigo esbocando algumas criticas a abordagem apresentada.
Direct Syntheses of Ordered SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica Containing Sulfonic Acid Groups

A simple procedure has been developed for the syntheses of functionalized mesoporous materials with sulfonic groups involving the co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane and mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane in the presence of block copolymers and hydrogen peroxide under acidic conditions. The modified SBA-15 materials show hexagonal mesoscopic order and pore sizes up to 60 A, with acid exchange capacities ranging from 1 to 2 mequiv of H+/g of SiO2, surface areas up to 800 m2/g, and excellent thermal and hydrothermal stabilities. The formation of the sulfonic groups during co-condensation of the silica species coincides with enhanced mesoscopic ordering and changes in the adsorption properties of the final materials. 31P MAS NMR measurements of chemically adsorbed triethylphosphine oxide confirm the presence of Bronsted acid centers that are stronger that those found in Al-MCM-41. Finally, this procedure has been generalized to prepare functionalized mesoporous solids containing sulfonic groups and other organi.
Li+‐Ion Extraction/Insertion of Ni‐Rich Li1+x(NiyCozMnz)wO2 (0.005

We present the results of our in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy measurements for the first Li-ion extraction/insertion (charge/discharge) processes of nickel-rich Li1+x(NiyCozMnz)wO2 (0.005<x<0.03; y:z=8:1, w is nearly 1) electrodes in Li cells. These cells were of a special design that provide in situ (at-work) measurements during electrochemical polarization and can be used for regular cycling tests of practical Li-battery electrodes. By using XRD measurements, it was established that, upon Li+ extraction, these cathode materials demonstrate structural transformations of the hexagonal phase (space group R-3m) H1 to another hexagonal phase H2 (with a lower Li-ion content in the lattice) and to domains comprising both of these two phases, coexisting at potentials E≈4.2–4.3 V. The above phases differ by the a and c lattice constants, which is in agreement with literature results. Evolution of the lattice constants with the electrode potential upon charge/discharge is shown to be in correlation with the differential capacity dQ/dE versus E plots and with some Raman parameters calculated from complementary in situ studies of these cathode materials by Raman spectroscopy.
Synthesis and structures of crystalline dilithium diamides and aminolithium amides derived from N,N′-disubstituted 1,2-diaminobenzenes or 1,8-diaminonaphthalene

The crystalline dilithium diamides [Li2(μ-A)]21, [Li(μ-A){μ-Li(thf)(μ-thf)}]22, [Li(thf)2(μ-A)Li(thf)] 3, [{Li(tmen)}2(μ-A)] 4, [{Li(μ-A′)(thf)2}(μ-Li)]25, [{Li(tmen)}2(μ-A″)] 6, [{Li(μ-B′)(thf)}(μ-Li)]27, [{Li(tmen)}2{μ-NSi(Me)2C10H6N-1,8}] 9 and [{Li(tmen)}2(μ-B)] 13 and aminolithium amides [Li{(μ-NC10H6NH-1,8)SiMe2}(OEt2)]28, [Li(tmen)2{NSi(Me)2C10H6NH-1,8}] 12 and [Li(tmen){μ-NSi(Me)2C10H6NH-1,8}] 15 have been prepared from the appropriate H2(A), H2(A′), H2(A″), H2(B′) or H2(B) [A = 1,2-{N(SiMe3)}2C6H4, A′ = 1,2-{N(CH2But)}2C6H4, A″ = 1,2-{N(SiMe2CHCH2)}2C6H4, B = 1,8-{N(SiMe3)}2C10H6 and B′ = 1,8-{N(CH2But)}2C10H6], LiBun and (except for 1) the chosen neutral coligand (thf, tmen or Et2O). The X-ray structures of 1–8 are presented and further evidence for 9 and 13 is provided by converting them into derivatives: Me2Si{N(R′)C10H6NR′-1,8} (R′ = Me 10 or H 11) from 9 and [Zr(η5-C5H5)2(B)] 14 from 13. The formation, from H2(B) and LiBun under appropriate and mild conditions, of N-lithio- or dilithio-derivatives 8, 12 and 15 of the tricyclic anions [1,8-{NSi(Me)2C10H6NH}]− or [1,8-{NSi(Me)2C10H6N}]2− is especially noteworthy.
Partial Nitrification from Domestic Wastewater by Aeration Control at Ambient Temperature

这篇论文的目的是仅仅由通风控制在环境温度从未加工的国内废水检验部分氮的硝化作用的可行性。 气流率作为唯一的运作的参数被选择。 定序批反应堆的 A 14L 在 23 ° C 被操作 8 个月，与国内废水的输入。 有到 28L · h 的气流率的规划减少(? 1 ) ，相应平均溶解氧() 是 0.32mg · L (? 1 ) ，并且平均亚硝酸根累积率在 3 个星期内增加了到 92.4% 。 随后，进一步处于气流率增加到 48L · h (? 1 ) 没破坏部分氮的硝化作用到亚硝酸根， 0.60mg · L 对一般水准做(? 1 ) 并且 95.6% 的亚硝酸根积累率。 结果证明有限气流评价到在反应堆的氧缺乏将最后导致的原因仅仅这个系统相对显示出的氮的硝化作用到亚硝酸根并且不进一步在最适 PH 和温度的更高的气流率独立人士的稳定性。 大约 50% 流入的全部的氮被消除结合部分氮的硝化作用，拿优点低在反应期间做。
Ornamental Pest Management Using Imidacloprid Applied with the Kioritz® Soil Injector

The Kioritz® (Kioritz Corporation, 7-2, Suehirocho 1 -Chome, Ohme, Tokyo 198, Japan) is a handheld soil injector made for injecting fertilizer and systemic pesticides into the root zone of trees and shrubs. It is approximately 1 m (3.3 ft) long with a 25-cm (9.8-in.) injector tip, holds up to 2.8 L (90 oz) of solution, and weighs approximately 2.7 kg (6 Ib). A mixed solution, ready for application, is poured in the reservoir, the injector tip is placed 7.6 to 20.0 cm deep in the soil around the base of the plant to be treated, and the dispensing knob is struck with the hand to deliver the required amount of solution around the targeted plant. The Kioritz has advantages over conventional power soil-injection methods in that no power spray equipment is required. With the Kioritz, a fraction (usually less than 1/100th) of the water is used for making soil injection treatments as compared to conventional power soil-injection treatments. Imidacloprid, the active ingredient contained in Merit,® is a systemic chloronicotinyl insecticide used for control of insect pests in turf and ornamentals. Soil applications of imidacloprid effectively control a wide range of tree and shrub pests including adelgids, aphids, lace bugs, leafminers, mealybugs, scales, thrips, whiteflies, elm leaf beetles, leafhoppers, and Japanese beetle adults. Imidacloprid controls pests by contact and ingestion (Mullins and Christie 1995). Imidacloprid translocates systemically via xylem and can be effectively applied as a soil treatment to the root system (i.e., soil drench or soil injection) (Tattar et al. 1998). Soil injection with imidacloprid may provide season-long control of pests (Sclar and Cranshaw 1996), and the many disadvantages of foliar sprays are reduced or eliminated. The objective of this study was to determine if imidacloprid could be effectively applied by this soil-injection method to control certain damaging and commonly occurring pests on ornamental trees and shrubs. Although a few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of the Kioritz (Marion et al. 1990), more research was needed to further broaden the experience and usefulness of this additional method of application for imidacloprid and other soil insecticides.
ESCAPE OF ATMOSPHERES AND LOSS OF WATER

The properties and limitations of several loss processes for atmospheric gases are presented and discussed. They include thermal loss (Jeans and hydrodynamic); nonthermal loss (all processes involve charged particles); and impact erosion, including thermal escape from a molten body heated by rapid accretion. Hydrodynamic escape, or 'blowoff', is of particular interest because it offers the prospect of processing large quantities of gas and enriching the remainder in heavy elements and isotopes. In a second part, the water budgets and likely evolutionary histories of Venus, Earth and Mars are assessed. Although it is tempting to associate the great D/H enrichment on Venus with loss of a large initial endowment, a steady state with juvenile water (perhaps from comets) is equally probable.
Evaluation of Lanthanum(III)-Loess Composite as an Adsorbent for Phosphate Removal

In this work, a composite formed by adding loess with lanthanium ("La-Loess") was proposed for effective removal of phosphate found in confined water bodies such as lake and reservoir. It was found that the theoretical maximum amount of lanthanum that can be attached to Loess was 2.68 mg La/g Loess. The phosphate removal was enhanced as an added amount of La-Loess composite increased. Furthermore, there was a noticeable difference in phosphate removal between Loess and La-Loess as the latter required 1.5 to 10 times less Loess than the former. Both Isotherm equations of Freundlich and Langmuir can be used to explain the phosphate adsorption characteristics in using La-Loess composites. The phosphate removal was very effective in the pH range of 5~8, which means that the proposed adsorbent can be directly applied to natural water without adjusting pH. Also, the La-Loess composites were well settled within 30 min without causing turbidity in water. Consequently, the proposed La-Loess can be strongly recommended for phosphate removal in confined water bodies.
Variation in the content of glucosinolates, hydroxycinnamic acids, carotenoids, total antioxidant capacity and low-molecular-weight carbohydrates in Brassica vegetables

Bioactive compounds were investigated in genotypes (cauliflower 10, white cabbage 10, curly kale 1) and plant parts of the three crops. The content of most of the major glucosinolates glucobrassicin, sinigrin and glucoiberin differed significantly between cultivars. Samples harvested in 2000 had higher amounts of several glucosinolates than samples from 1999. Within cauliflower the buds of the floret had 1.5 to 2.5-fold higher concentration of glucobrassicin and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin than the stalk. In white cabbage several glucosinolates had their highest content in the outer leaves (up to 2-fold higher). Upper leaves of curly kale contained 5-fold more of total glucosinolates than lower leaves. Chlorogenic acid was the dominating hydroxycinnamate in curly kale, which also contained at least ten times more of carotenoids (mainly lutein) than white cabbage. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assayed with the FRAP method was 0.76 (0.06) mu mol/g fw (mean (SD)) in water-soluble and 0.32 (0.04) in water-insoluble extracts of cauliflower which was 62-68% higher than in white cabbage. Curly kale contained 6.4 and 6.1 mu mol/g fw TAC in water-soluble and water-insoluble extracts. TAC did not differ between plant parts. Progoitrin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin were correlated to water-soluble TAC in white cabbage, probably reflecting a variation in other compounds. Cauliflower contained less glucose, fructose and sorbitol but more sucrose than white cabbage. Curly kale had lower contents of glucose (similar to 2 times), fructose (similar to 4-S times) and sucrose (20 and 36 times, respectively) than cauliflower and white cabbage, while inositol was only found in curly kale. Storage of white cabbage reduced the amount of sorbitol and sucrose. The study shows that cultivar, plant part and storage affect the content of bioactive compounds in Brassica vegetables. The variation between years, as in cauliflower, is due to environmental factors. Since the cultivar ranking order was rather stable for several components the data could provide a basis for the selection of cultivars optimised for valuable health components for fresh market consumption. (c) 2005 Society of Chemical Industry.
Oxidation of dicyclopentadiene in surface water

Electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used to identify four oxygenated derivatives and characterize a fifth derivative of dicyclopentadiene in methylene chloride extracts of wastewater and ground water from the Rocky Mountain Arsenal near Denver, Colorado. Based on their EI fragmentation patterns and resistance to trimethylsilylation, putative structures of these derivatives were proposed, and authentic standards were synthesized. For structural confirmation, aliquots of each water extract were spiked with a synthetic standard, and coelution of each of four environmental dicyclopentadiene derivatives with one of the standards was demonstrated on three different capillary gas chromatography columns. In addition, the EI mass spectra of each of the four environmental derivatives and the corresponding synthetic standards were found to be essentially identical. Two monoepoxides, one ketone and a monoepoxide-ketone derivative of dicyclopentadiene were identified in wastewater from a sewage treatment facility that had been contaminated by ground water. An extract of activated charcoal that had been used to remove dicyclopentadiene wastes from contaminated ground water was found to contain the same ketone derivative, dicyclopentadien-1-one, but no epoxide derivatives. Next, it was demonstrated in vitro that the three monooxygenated dicyclopentadiene derivatives could be formed by light-catalyzed autoxidation independently of microbial metabolism.
Applications of X‐ray computed tomography for examining biophysical interactions and structural development in soil systems: a review

Soil systems are characterized by the spatial and temporal distribution of organic and mineral particles, water and air within a soil profile. Investigations into the complex interactions between soil constituents have greatly benefited from the advent of non‐invasive techniques for structural analysis. In this paper we present a review of the application of one such technique, X‐ray computed tomography (CT), for studies of undisturbed soil systems, focusing on research during the last 10 years in particular. The ability to undertake three‐dimensional imaging has provided valuable insights regarding the quantitative assessment of soil features, in a way previously unachievable because of the opaque nature of soil. A dynamic approach to the evaluation of soil pore networks, hydro‐physical characteristics and soil faunal behaviour has seen numerous scanning methodologies employed and a diverse range of image analysis protocols used. This has shed light on functional processes across multiple scales whilst also bringing its own challenges. In particular, much work has been carried out to link a soil's porous architecture with hydraulic function, although new technical improvements allowing the characterization of organic matter and the influence of soil biota on structural development are showing great promise. Here we summarize the development of X‐ray CT in soil science, highlight the major issues relating to its use, outline some of the applications for overcoming these challenges and describe the potential of future technological advances for non‐invasive soil characterization through integration with other complementary techniques.
Preparation and study of electromagnetic interference shielding materials comprised of ni-co coated on web-like biocarbon nanofibers via electroless deposition

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials made of Ni-Co coated on web-like biocarbon nanofibers were successfully prepared by electroless plating. Biocarbon nanofibers (CF) with a novel web-like structure comprised of entangled and interconnected carbon nanoribbons were obtained using bacterial cellulose pyrolyzed at 1200°C. Paraffin wax matrix composites filled with different loadings (10, 20, and 30 wt%, resp.) of CF and Ni-Co coated CF (NCCF) were prepared. The electrical conductivities and electromagnetic parameters of the composites were investigated by the four-probe method and vector network analysis. From these results, the EMI shielding efficiencies (SE) of NCCF composites were shown to be significantly higher than that of CF at the same mass fraction. The paraffin wax composites containing 30 wt% NCCF showed the highest EMI SE of 41.2 dB (99.99% attenuation), which are attributed to the higher electrical conductivity and permittivity of the NCCF composites than the CF composites. Additionally, EMI SE increased with an increase in CF and NCCF loading and the absorption was determined to be the primary factor governing EMI shielding. This study conclusively reveals that NCCF composites have potential applications as EMI shielding materials.