Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reexamining Stock Valuation and Inflation: The Implications Of Analysts' Earnings Forecasts

This paper examines the effect of inflation on stock valuations and expected long-run returns. Ex ante estimates of expected long-run returns are constructed by incorporating analysts' earnings forecasts into a variant of the Campbell-Shiller dividend-price ratio model. The negative relation between equity valuations and expected inflation is found to be the result of two effects: a rise in expected inflation coincides with both lower expected real earnings growth and higher required real returns. The earnings channel mostly reflects a negative relation between expected long-term earnings growth and expected inflation. The effect of expected inflation on required (long-run) real stock returns is also substantial. An increase of one percentage point in expected inflation is estimated to raise required real stock returns about one percentage point, which on average would imply a 20 decline in stock prices. But the inflation factor in expected real stock returns is also in long-term Treasury yields; consequently, expected inflation has little effect on the long-run equity premium.
Étude de chimères dérivés d'un rétrovirus murin et du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine

The human imrnunodeficiency virus type 1 (HW-1) requires a programmed —1 frameshifi event to synthesize the precursor of its enzymes, Gag-Pol. This frameshifi occurs at a slippery sequence followed by a secondary structure called the stimuÏatory signal. The aim of my project was to develop a convenient animal model to study in vivo the effects of agents targeting the frameshifi of HIV1. Our strategy was to create a chimeric derivative of the murine leukemia virus (MuLV), a murine retrovirus that uses the readthrough of a stop codon to synthesize Gag-PoÏ. We inserted the FIIV-1 frameshifi region into MuLV genome in such a way that the synthesis of Gag-Pol depends upon a —1 frameshifi. The stirnulatory signal was either a long bulged helix, corresponding to the complete HIV-1 signal, or a simple stem-loop, previously considered as the stimulatory signal, or a complete signal with a three-nucleotide deletion. The chimenc proviruses replicated and propagated in cukured celis, but infectivity assays revealed a decrease of about three to five-fold in the infectivity of the chimeric virions. In parallel, we compared the readthrough efficiency of MuLV to the frameshifi efficiencies of the constructions used in this study. In ail the cases, the frameshifi efficiency was lower (24% to 55%) than the readthrough efficiency. This is reflected in a decrease of Gag-Pol in the chimeras, which likely accounts for the decreased infectivity of the chimeric viruses. Even if the chimeras are less infectious than the wild-type virus, they are potentially interesting tools to assess in vivo the effect of anti-frameshifi agents.
Modern Education Finance: How It Differs from the Old and the Analytic and Data Collection Changes It Implies

This article contends that a new concept of education finance has emerged in response to substantial alterations in the U.S. education policy environment. The major distinction between modern and old is that the latter was principally concerned with arrangements of inputs in K-12 schooling. The former, modern-era education finance, is concerned with relationships of inputs to schooling outcomes. This modern education finance paradigm provokes a need for (1) research and data extending into the operations of education itself, not just financing; (2) far more fine-grained information than now exists regarding education inputs, throughputs, and outputs; (3) cohesive concepts for linking these data elements with one another to better understand their interactions; (4) an expanded set of outcome measures; (5) information about how previously public sector, dominant-education offerings interact with expanded private market conditions; and (6) better linkage between K-12 and postsecondary data and analyses.
Post-Sovereign Environmental Governance

This article examines a mode of hybrid governance in which sovereign states and nonstate parties collaborate as equal partners to address complex problems that are beyond the problem-solving capacities of states acting alone. Under conventional state-centric approaches, environmental policy is the exclusive province of territorially delimited sovereign states, subject only to such obligations as states incur through voluntary inter-sovereign agreements. In contrast, post-sovereign governance is non-exclusive, non-hierarchical, and post-territorial. These arrangements emerge from recognition of the limitations of top-down domestic regulation and rules of inter-sovereign obligation as means to address such complex environmental problems as ecosystem management. Examples are drawn from the US experience in the Chesapeake Bay region, and the joint US-Canadian Great Lakes ecosystem management effort.
Participatory Design in Large-Scale Public Projects: Challenges and Opportunities

Introduction In the years since methods for involving potential end-users as codesigners in systems development were first introduced in the 1970s and 1980s, Participatory Design has grown to become an established field of practice and research. Participatory methods and techniques currently are employed in a range of projects, spanning from software development to urban planning. However, Participatory Design approaches have primarily been used in projects that concern the development of individual systems, services, or products. In A Retrospective Look at PD Projects, Clement and van den Besselaar find that, with few exceptions, early Participatory Design projects “. were generally small-scale and isolated from other levels of the host and sponsoring organization. ”1 These findings are echoed by Simonsen and Hertzum: “[. ] a review of the PD literature reveals that most PD experiments have been restricted to small-scale systems (often driven by researchers) or to the initial parts of larger scale information systems development followed by a conventional contractual bid. ”2 In light of this situation, Shapiro poses the challenge that “Participatory Design as a community of practitioners should seriously consider claiming an engagement in the development of large-scale systems, and more particularly an engagement with the procurement and development of systems in the public sector. ”3 In this paper, I examine a specific large-scale public project—the development of a new municipal library titled Mediaspace—from a Participatory Design perspective. My aim is to outline central challenges and opportunities for participation in large-scale public projects. In doing so, I address the role that participation can play in such projects and how insights and approaches from Participatory Design can be appropriated for them. The scale and scope of the Mediaspace project extends beyond many traditional studies of Participatory Design projects in that it deals not with the development of a single technological system, but with the transformation of a large public institution. This transformation has a dual nature: It concerns the development 1 Andrew Clement and Peter van den Besselaar, “A Retrospective Look at Participatory Design Projects,” Communications of the ACM 36, no. 4, (1993): 32. 2 Jesper Simonsen and Morten Hertzum, “Sustained Participatory Design: Extending the Iterative Approach,” Design Issues 28, no. 2 (Spring 2012): 11. 3 Dan Shapiro, “Participatory Design: The Will to Succeed,” In Proceedings of the 4th Decennial Conference on Critical Computing: Between Sense and Sensibility (CC ‘05), Olav W. Bertelsen, Niels Olof Bouvin, Peter G. Krogh, and Morten Kyng, eds., (New York, NY: ACM), 32.
The Persistence of the Kyoto Protocol: Why Other Annex I Countries Move on Without the United States

The United States, the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases, is not going to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in the foreseeable future. Yet, a number of countries have decided to stay on the Kyoto track. Four main explanations for this apparent puzzle are considered. The first is that remaining Annex I countries still expect the Kyoto Protocol to reduce global warming sufficiently to outweigh the economic costs of implementation. The second is that the parties, by implementing the treaty, hope to induce non-parties to follow suit at some later stage. A third hypothesis is that EU climate institutions have generated a momentum that has made a change of course difficult. Finally, Kyoto's persistence may be linked to the European Union's desire to stand forth as an international leader in the field of climate politics. We conclude that the first two explanations have little explanatory power, but find the latter two more promising.
Education and Politics in Wartime: School Systems in North and South Vietnam, 1965–1975

From the late 1950s until 1975, the war between North and South Vietnam had both domestic and international consequences. Unlike the Cold War divide between the United States and the Soviet Union, the war between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV, the Communist North) and the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, the non-Communist South) was an armed conflict between two polities that both identified themselves as Vietnamese. In this twenty-year-long struggle, the fates of the DRV and the RVN were tied to their success in producing new generations who would subscribe to their respective agendas. This was done through many venues, of which education was one of the most important. Relying on archival materials and published documents, this article compares the educational systems at the primary and secondary school levels in the DRV and RVN after the division of the country, with a special focus on the period 1965–1975.
De verfijndheid van kostprijssystemen: een ‘cross-case benadering'

Onderzocht wordt waarom sommige organisaties een ogenschijnlijk verfijnder kostprijssysteem hebben dan andere. Er wordt verondersteld dat een toename van productdiversiteit, de mate van concurrentie en de mate van inzichtelijkheid van de indirecte kosten in de kostenstructuur van een organisatie samenhangen met meer verfijnde kostprijssystemen. De resultaten bevestigen slechts zeer ten dele dergelijke verwachtingen. Er zijn den indicaties gevonden voor een samenhang tussen de kostenstructuur en de mate van verfijndheid. Er worden echter geen aanwijzingen gevonden voor een samenhang tussen de mate van concurrentie en de verfijndheid van kostprijssystemen.
The Intertemporal Variability of Teacher Effect Estimates

The utility of value-added estimates of teachers' effects on student test scores depends on whether they can distinguish between high- and low-productivity teachers and predict future teacher performance. This article studies the year-to-year variability in value-added measures for elementary and middle school mathematics teachers from five large Florida school districts. We find year-to-year correlations in value-added measures in the range of 0.20. 5 for elementary school and 0.30. 7 for middle school teachers. Much of the variation in measured teacher performance (roughly 3060 percent) is due to sampling error from noise in student test scores. Persistent teacher effects account for about 50 percent of the variation not due to noise for elementary teachers and about 70 percent for middle school teachers. The remaining variance is due to teacher-level time-varying factors, but little of it is explained by observed teacher characteristics. Averaging estimates from two years greatly improves their ability to predict future performance.
Almost Equal: the Method of Adequality from Diophantus to Fermat and Beyond

We analyze some of the main approaches in the literature to the method of ‘adequality’ with which Fermat approached the problems of the calculus, as well as its source in the παρισότης of Diophantus, and propose a novel reading thereof. Adequality is a crucial step in Fermat's method of finding maxima, minima, tangents, and solving other problems that a modern mathematician would solve using infinitesimal calculus. The method is presented in a series of short articles in Fermat's collected works (62, pp. 133–172). We show that at least some of the manifestations of adequality amount to variational techniques exploiting a small, or infinitesimal, variation e. Fermat's treatment of geometric and physical applications suggests that an aspect of approximation is inherent in adequality, as well as an aspect of smallness on the part of e. We question the relevance to understanding Fermat of 19th century dictionary definitions of παρισότης and adaequare, cited by Breger, and take issue with his interpretation of adequality, including his novel reading of Diophantus, and his hypothesis concerning alleged tampering with Fermat's texts by Carcavy. We argue that Fermat relied on Bachet's reading of Diophantus. Diophantus coined the term παρισότης for mathematical purposes and used it to refer to the way in which 1321/711 is approximately equal to 11/6. Bachet performed a semantic calque in passing from parisoo to adaequo. We note the similar role of, respectively, adequality and the Transcendental Law of Homogeneity in the work of, respectively, Fermat (1896) and Leibniz (1858) on the problem of maxima and minima.
When Is Information Visualization Art? Determining the Critical Criteria

ABSTRACT This paper initially examines the differences between functional and aesthetic forms of visualization for information visualization. The author then shows such a dual categorization to be ineffective as a critical scheme for evaluating artwork that utilizes comparable visualization techniques. Adopting Joline Blais and Jon Ippolito's classification of artistic production, the author argues for the use of genre art and research art as more suitable criteria for the analysis and assessment of such artwork.
Locative-Media Artists in the Contested-Aware City

ABSTRACT The adoption of mobile devices as the computers of the 21st century marks a shift away from the fixed terminals that dominated the first 50 years of computing. Associated with this shift will be a new emphasis on context-aware computing. This article examines design approaches to context-aware computing and argues that the evolution of this technology will be characterized by an interplay between top-down systems for command and control and bottom-up systems for collective action. This process will lead to the emergence of contested-aware cities, in which power struggles are waged in public spaces with the assistance of context-aware systems.
“Anything that Is Strang”: Normality, Deviance, and the Tradescants’ Collecting Legacy

The Tradescants—father and son—naturalists, gardeners, and collectors, are credited with major contributions to seventeenth-century Britain’s natural and cultural landscapes. Keen collectors, they amassed artefacts and other objects in what soon became Britain’s most illustrious “cabinet of curiosities”—known as Tradescant’s “Ark. ” Here, drawing from historical and scientific evidence, I discuss ways in which the Tradescants’ collection reflects, reinforces, and challenges the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century understanding of human relation to knowledge, and offers an alternative interpretation of the conceptual categories that it represents. Specifically, I propose a shift of emphasis from the contrast between the natural and the artificial—the two categories into which the collection is explicitly divided—to the one between the normal and the deviant. I suggest that, by embodying the coexistence and juxtaposition of the familiar and the foreign, the near and the far, the common and the rare, Tradescant’s Ark provided a safe physical and intellectual context for encountering normality and deviance, possibly marking the way seventeenth-century British (and Westerners at large) imagined, learned about, and engaged with the other, and with the self.
A Paradox of Virtue?: Other Knowledges and Environment-Development Politics

Local, indigenous, and traditional knowledge are emerging as important categories in environment-development policy-making. This paper provides an overview of international policies and programs for addressing these historically marginalized ways of knowing, and explores how the World Bank, and processes under the Convention to Combat Desertification, and the Convention on Biological Diversity are attempting to incorporate other knowledges and knowledge holders. The study argues that long-standing assumptions and practices of multilateral policy-making are often at odds with the new perspectives for which these knowledges presumably provide a vehicle. On the one hand, policy-making bodies cite other knowledges as alternatives to technocratic problem-solving methods of earlier decades because they are unique and situated, holistic and processual. On the other hand, international institutions are attempting to systematize other knowledges in ways that seem poised to render them standardized and universal, compartmental, and instrumental.
CODEX: Mapping Co-Created Data for Speculative Geographies

Abstract This article discusses a series of artworks named CODEX, produced by the authors as part of a collaborative research project between the Centre for Research in Education, Art and Media (CREAM), University of Westminster and the Oxford Internet Institute. Taking the form of experimental maps, large-scale installations and prints, the series shows how big data can be employed to reflect upon social phenomena through the formulation of critical, aesthetic and speculative geographies.
Conceptualizing Climate Governance Beyond the International Regime

The governance of climate change has traditionally been conceived as an issue of international co-operation and considered through the lens of regime analysis. Increasingly, scholars of global governance have highlighted the multiple parallel initiatives involving a range of actors at different levels of governance through which this issue is being addressed. In this paper, we argue that this phenomenon warrants a re-engagement with some of the conceptual cornerstones of international studies. We highlight the conceptual challenges posed by the increasing involvement of non-nation-state actors (NNSAs) in the governance of climate change and explore the potential for drawing from alternative theoretical traditions to address these challenges. Specifically, the paper combines insights from neo-Gramscian and governmentality perspectives as a means of providing the critical space required to generate deeper understanding of: (a) the nature of power in global governance; (b) the relationship between public and private authority; (c) the dynamics between structure and agency; and (d) the rationalities and practices of governance.
Complementizer Agreement and the Relation between C0 and T0

Several proposals suggest a φ-feature dependency between C0 and T0 (see, e.g., Zwart 1993, Chomsky 2008). In most (if not all) of these proposals, the core piece of empirical evidence is complementizer agreement (CA). On the basis of two sets of CA data, CA with coordinated subjects and CA with external possessors, we conclude that there is no φ-feature dependency between C0 and T0; instead, C0 and T0 must each be endowed with a discrete set of φ-features.
The Impact of Labor Demand on Time to the Doctorate

The goal of this paper is to estimate the impact of labor demand on time to the doctorate. Empirical investigation of this relationship in previous research was hampered by the difficulty of measuring labor demand. I construct a measure of labor demand in seven fields in the humanities and social sciences based on the annual number of job listings from 1975 to 2005. My empirical strategy relates variation over time in the number of job listings within a field to the timing of completion using student-level data on all doctorates awarded in these fields by U.S. universities. Estimates indicate that the number of job listings is not correlated with expected time to degree. This finding implies that cyclical variation in labor demand is not responsible for changes in time to degree within fields.
Faust Music On Line: An Approach to Real-Time Collective Composition on the Internet

Collective creation and the production of open and continuously evolving works are, according to the author, two of the major and more appealing artistic breakthroughs the Internet can offer to composers and creators in general. In this context, concepts such as authorship and copyright will necessarily have to evolve and adapt to a new reality. The author discusses an Internet project for real-time collective composition commissioned by La Fura dels Baus, which has been used for the soundtrack of La Fura's play Fust 3.0.
Can Teacher Quality Be Effectively Assessed? National Board Certification as a Signal of Effective Teaching

In this paper, we describe the results of a study assessing the relationship between the certification of teachers by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) and elementary-level student achievement. We examine whether NBPTS assesses the most effective applicants, whether certification by NBPTS serves as a signal of teacher quality, and whether completing the NBPTS assessment process serves as a catalyst for increasing teacher effectiveness. We find consistent evidence that NBPTS is identifying the more effective teacher applicants and that National Board Certified Teachers are generally more effective than teachers who never applied to the program. The statistical significance and magnitude of the NBPTS effect, however, differs significantly by grade level and student type. We do not find evidence that the NBPTS certification process itself does anything to increase teacher effectiveness.
Can happiness be taught?

Dædalus Spring 2004 Since World War II, the 1⁄2eld of psychology has largely focused on suffering. Psychologists now measure such formerly fuzzy concepts as depression, schizophrenia, and anger with respectable precision. We have discovered a fair amount about how these disorders develop across life, about their genetics, their neurochemistry, and their psychological underpinnings. Best of all, we can relieve some of the disorders. By my last count fourteen of the several dozen major mental illnesses could be effectively treated–and two of them cured–with medications or speci1⁄2c psychotherapies.1 Unfortunately, for many years interest in relieving the states that make life miserable has overshadowed efforts to enhance the states that make life worth living. This disciplinary bias has not preempted the public’s concern with what is best in life, however. Most people want more positive emotion in their lives. Most people want to build their strengths, not just to minimize their weaknesses. Most people want lives imbued with meaning. What I have called Positive Psychology concerns the scienti1⁄2c study of the three different happy lives that correspond to these three desires: the Pleasant Life, the Good Life, and the Meaningful Life. The Pleasant Life is about positive emotions. The Good Life is about positive traits– foremost among them the strengths and the virtues, but also the talents, such as intelligence and athleticism. The Meaningful Life is about positive institutions, such as democracy, strong families, and free inquiry. Positive institutions support the virtues, which in turn support the positive emotions.2 In its scope, then, Positive Psychology diverges markedly from the traditional subject matter of psychology: mental disorders, developmental stunting, troubled lives, violence, criminality, prejudice, trauma, anger, depression, and therapy.