Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Eye fixations recorded on changing visual scenes by the television eye-marker.

By the use of television techniques it is possible to record the position of a man’s gaze upon a picture of the scene at which he is looking. The corneal reflection of a light is picked up by a television camera, which magnifies the movement of the spot about 100 times. The scene at which the man is gazing is provided by a second television camera, and the corneal reflection is superimposed upon another television monitor also showing the same scene. By suitable calibration, this spot can be made to lie upon that part of the scene being regarded and the accuracy with which this can be done is within one or two degrees.Thus it is possible to see where a man is looking at any moment, and simultaneously to record the composite eye-scene picture by means of a motion picture camera. In addition to its practical uses, this method is particularly useful for answering such general questions as whether a subject always sees what he is directly looking at, what kind of cues catch his attention when he is searching, and what sort of changes in a display catch his attention. It is primarily intended for use with a moving display, as it records the point of view directly on to each state of the display. Successive glances therefore indicate the order in which particular parts of complex displays are selected, as well as the exact moment at which the gaze changes to a new position.
Flexible energy storage devices based on nanomaterials

Flexible electronics in mobile environments such as those encountered in wearable devices also require energy sources. Ideally the energy source, typically batteries and supercapacitors, should also be flexible and have the same form factor as the electronic system. This has given rise to a new paradigm of flexible energy storage devices. The requirement for flexibility imposes limits on thickness of the component parts of a battery or supercapacitor. As a result the current collectors, electrode layers and the electrolytes all have to be thin enough and not crack or disintegrate under repeated cycles of flexing to the specified minimum arc diameter, typically 1 - 5 cm. In order to achieve sufficient reaction surface/volume in thin film form to have the required energy/power capacity nanomaterial formulations of the electrode become essential. The electrolyte requirements for a flexible energy storage device are particularly challenging. Hermetic sealing of a liquid electrolyte in a flexible package is never ideal. This leads to loss of electrolyte and performance over unacceptable short times. Solid electrolytes are therefore preferred, but they have higher resistance than their liquid counterparts and lead to a loss in performance. Recent developments in flexible batteries. Flexible primary and secondary batteries based on aqueous electrolytes being researched by the authors are introduced. Nanomaterial enhanced solid electrolytes for flexible Zn-MnO2 batteries are also introduced.
Green light for quantitative live-cell imaging in plants

ABSTRACT Plants exhibit an intriguing morphological and physiological plasticity that enables them to thrive in a wide range of environments. To understand the cell biological basis of this unparalleled competence, a number of methodologies have been adapted or developed over the last decades that allow minimal or non-invasive live-cell imaging in the context of tissues. Combined with the ease to generate transgenic reporter lines in specific genetic backgrounds or accessions, we are witnessing a blooming in plant cell biology. However, the imaging of plant cells entails a number of specific challenges, such as high levels of autofluorescence, light scattering that is caused by cell walls and their sensitivity to environmental conditions. Quantitative live-cell imaging in plants therefore requires adapting or developing imaging techniques, as well as mounting and incubation systems, such as micro-fluidics. Here, we discuss some of these obstacles, and review a number of selected state-of-the-art techniques, such as two-photon imaging, light sheet microscopy and variable angle epifluorescence microscopy that allow high performance and minimal invasive live-cell imaging in plants. Summary: This Review highlights the use of some selected advanced imaging technologies and setups recently used in plant cell biology.
Presence of Arsenic Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Kentucky and Other Serovars Isolated from Poultry

Abstract A collection of 125 Salmonella enterica poultry isolates (71 serovar Kentucky isolates, and the remainder belonging to serovars Alachua, Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, Montevideo, Mbandaka, Senftenberg, Typhimurium, and Worthington) were tested for the ability to grow on tryptic soy agar containing sodium arsenite [As(III)] or arsenate [As(V)]. All serovar Kentucky isolates and 18 of the non-Kentucky isolates were able to grow in the presence of 0.1 mM As(III), and 69 grew in the presence of 1 mM As(V). Thirty of the non-Kentucky isolates did not grow at these As(III) and As(V) concentrations, but seven grew at 1 mM As(III) and 10 mM As(V). PCR-based analysis demonstrated the presence of arsB and arsD sequences in all Kentucky isolates, whereas one or both of these sequences were present in only 30 of the other isolates. It remains to be determined if these arsenic-resistance determinants benefit Salmonella exposed to man-made arsenic-containing compounds in poultry environments.
The Stress Granule Component TIA-1 Binds Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus RNA and Is Recruited to Perinuclear Sites of Viral Replication To Inhibit Viral Translation

ABSTRACT Flaviviruses are a major cause of disease in humans and animals worldwide. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most important arthropod-borne flavivirus endemic in Europe and is the etiological agent of tick-borne encephalitis, a potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system. However, the contributions of host proteins during TBEV infection are poorly understood. In this work, we investigate the cellular protein TIA-1 and its cognate factor TIAR, which are stress-induced RNA-binding proteins involved in the repression of initiation of translation of cellular mRNAs and in the formation of stress granules. We show that TIA-1 and TIAR interact with viral RNA in TBEV-infected cells. During TBEV infection, cytoplasmic TIA-1 and TIAR are recruited at sites of viral replication with concomitant depletion from stress granules. This effect is specific, since G3BP1, another component of these cytoplasmic structures, remains localized to stress granules. Moreover, heat shock induction of stress granules containing TIA-1, but not G3BP1, is inhibited in TBEV-infected cells. Infection of cells depleted of TIA-1 or TIAR by small interfering RNA (siRNA) or TIA-1−/− mouse fibroblasts, leads to a significant increase in TBEV extracellular infectivity. Interestingly, TIAR−/− fibroblasts show the opposite effect on TBEV infection, and this phenotype appears to be related to an excess of TIA-1 in these cells. Taking advantage of a TBE-luciferase replicon system, we also observed increased luciferase activity in TIA-1−/− mouse fibroblasts at early time points, consistent with TIA-1-mediated inhibition at the level of the first round of viral translation. These results indicate that, in response to TBEV infection, TIA-1 is recruited to sites of virus replication to bind TBEV RNA and modulate viral translation independently of stress granule (SG) formation. IMPORTANCE This study (i) extends previous work that showed TIA-1/TIAR recruitment at sites of flavivirus replication, (ii) demonstrates that TIAR behaves like TIA-1 as an inhibitor of viral replication using an RNA interference (RNAi) approach in human cells that contradicts the previous hypothesis based on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) knockouts only, (iii) demonstrates that tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is capable of inducing bona fide G3BP1/eIF3/eIF4B-positive stress granules, (iv) demonstrates a differential phenotype of stress response proteins following viral infection, and (v) implicates TIA-1 in viral translation and as a modulator of TBEV replication.
A SPITZER INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH DETECTION OF CRYSTALLINE SILICATES IN A PROTOSTELLAR ENVELOPE

We present the Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Spectrograph spectrum of the Orion A protostar HOPS-68. The mid-infrared spectrum reveals crystalline substructure at 11.1, 16.1, 18.8, 23.6, 27.9, and 33.6 μm superimposed on the broad 9.7 and 18 μm amorphous silicate features; the substructure is well matched by the presence of the olivine end-member forsterite (Mg2SiO4). Crystalline silicates are often observed as infrared emission features around the circumstellar disks of Herbig Ae/Be stars and T Tauri stars. However, this is the first unambiguous detection of crystalline silicate absorption in a cold, infalling, protostellar envelope. We estimate the crystalline mass fraction along the line of sight by first assuming that the crystalline silicates are located in a cold absorbing screen and secondly by utilizing radiative transfer models. The resulting crystalline mass fractions of 0.14 and 0.17, respectively, are significantly greater than the upper limit found in the interstellar medium (≲0.02–0.05). We propose that the amorphous silicates were annealed within the hot inner disk and/or envelope regions and subsequently transported outward into the envelope by entrainment in a protostellar outflow.
A Rab GTPase Is Required for Homotypic Assembly of the Endoplasmic Reticulum*

To define the requirements for the homotypic fusion of mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes, we have developed a quantitative in vitro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This assay measures the formation of IgG (H2L2) following the fusion of ER microsomes containing either the heavy or light chain subunits. Guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI), a protein that extracts Rab GTPases in the GDP-bound form from membranes, potently inhibits fusion. Inhibition was not observed using GDI mutants defective in Rab binding. Kinetic analysis of the inhibitory effects of GDI revealed that Rab activation is required immediately preceding or coincident with fusion and that this step is preceded by a priming event requiring a member of the AAA ATPase family. Our results suggest that homotypic fusion of ER membranes requires Rab and that Rab activation is a transient event necessary for the formation of a fusion pore leading to the mixing of luminal contents of ER microsomes.
Sécheresse climatique au Maroc durant les dernières décennies

La secheresse a toujours ete presente dans l'histoire du Maroc, elle s'est imposee avec force ces dernieres decennies en tant qu'element structurel du climat du pays. Le Maroc vit actuellement l'episode sec le plus long de son histoire contemporaine, caracterise par une diminution des precipitations et une tendance nette a la hausse des temperatures. La caracterisation de la secheresse climatique au cours de la periode 1961- 2004 a montre une augmentation significative de la frequence des secheresses, de leur severite et de leur champ de couverture spatiale. Cette dynamique de secheresse s'accompagne d'un rechauffement important lie au changement climatique planetaire, qui rend ces annees seches de plus en plus difficiles pour differents secteurs socio-economiques du pays.
Higher rates of sex evolve under K‐selection

The geographical distribution of sexual and related asexual species has been suggested to correlate with habitat stability; sexual species tend to be in stable habitats (K‐selection), whereas related asexual taxa tend to be in unstable habitats (r‐selection). We test whether this broad‐scale pattern can be re‐created at a microevolutionary scale by experimentally evolving populations of facultatively sexual rotifers under different ecological conditions. Consistent with the pattern in nature, we find that the rate of sex evolves to lower levels in the r‐selected than in K‐selection environments. We consider several different explanations for these results.
The scientific and technological secrecy management of military enterprise based on the dynamical theory of tacit knowledge transition

Tacit knowledge is the foundation and source of enterprise core competitive edge, also is an important content of scientific and technological secrecy management on national defense and military enterprise. From the view point of the whole tacit knowledge transition system, we set up the nonlinear dynamic model of tacit knowledge transition on the employees of national defense and military enterprise, established the equilibriums of model and threshold value of individual knowledge converting into organizational knowledge. By use of threshold value situation, the organization can control the secret knowledge shift of employees by control some parameters, so can formed the secrecy consciousness, secrecy habits, secrecy skills and secrecy experience of the whole enterprise member, and enhanced the effectiveness of scientific and technological secrecy management of national defense and military enterprise.
A building automation system demonstration

This paper presents a building automation system based on the Arduino hardware and Android software. The system supports various sensor functions with a very practical and low cost system configuration. Android blocks that control the Arduino components and sensors are developed with MIT App Inventor 2 software. Additionally, all Arduino components and sensors are put into an unique demonstration model with the purpose of test of the system and the presentation in real-time. With this model, smart building environment is animated and correspondent functions become more understandable. Presented system that supports comprehensive functions has also potential for educational usage and teaching activities due to its practical configuration.
Dysregulated generation of follicular helper T cells in the spleen triggers fatal autoimmune hepatitis in mice.

BACKGROUND & AIMS To clarify mechanisms involved in the development of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), we recently developed a mouse model of spontaneous AIH by inducing a concurrent loss of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)-mediated signaling. Fatal AIH in these mice was characterized by severe T-cell infiltration and huge production of antinuclear antibodies (Abs). This study aims to identify induction sites, responsible T-cell subsets, and key molecules for induction of AIH. METHODS To develop the mouse model of AIH, neonatal thymectomy (NTx) was performed on PD-1-deficient (PD-1(-/-)) mice. We then conducted neonatal splenectomy or in vivo administration of Abs to cytokines, chemokines, or cell-surface molecules. RESULTS In NTx-PD-1(-/-) mice, either neonatal splenectomy or in vivo CD4(+) T-cell depletion suppressed CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell infiltration in the liver. In the induction phase of AIH, splenic CD4(+) T cells were localized in B-cell follicles with huge germinal centers and showed the Bcl6(+) inducible costimulator (ICOS)(+) interleukin (IL)-21(+) IL-21 receptor (IL-21R)(+) follicular helper T (T(FH)) cell phenotype. Blocking Abs to ICOS or IL-21 suppressed T(FH)-cell generation and induction of AIH. In addition, IL-21 produced by T(FH) cells drove CD8(+) T-cell activation. Splenic T(FH) cells and CD8(+) T cells expressed CCR6, and CCL20 expression was elevated in the liver. Administration of anti-CCL20 suppressed migration of these T cells to the liver and induction of AIH. CONCLUSIONS Dysregulated T(FH) cells in the spleen are responsible for the induction of fatal AIH, and CCR6-CCL20 axis-dependent migration of splenic T cells is crucial to induce AIH in NTx-PD-1(-/-) mice.
Outcome of congenital heart defects–a population‐based study

In a population‐based study including 35 218 infants born alive during the 15‐y period 1982–96, 360 (1%) were diagnosed as having a congenital heart defect (CHD). At a follow‐up 3–18 y after birth (median 9.5 y) 154 patients (42.8%) were spontaneously cured; of these, 142 (92.2%) had ventricular septal defects (VSDs). Forty‐two patients (11.7%) died, 22 of these (52.4%) during the neonatal period (0–28 d after birth). A total of 119 patients (33.1%) underwent therapeutic procedures (surgery, catheter interventions), 24 (20.2%) of whom died. Of the 95 children surviving therapeutic procedures, 54 (56.8%) had their defects completely repaired, while 41 (43.2%) had residual defects or cardiac sequelae, often of minor importance. In 69 children (19.2%) with persistent non‐operated defects, 43 (62.3%) had VSDs. A chromosomal disorder, syndrome or associated extracardiac malformation occurred in 72 children (20%).
Une mesure de l'impact de la reformulation du rapport général des commissaires aux comptes

Une premiere etude nous a permis de souligner en 1994 que Ceux qui emettent le rapport d'audit, les commissaires aux comptes, et ceux qui l'utilisent n'en ont pas la meme perception. Cet article met en evidence les resultats d'une nouvelle etude menee en 1998 pour mesurer l'impact de la reforme engagee en 1995 par la Compagnie Nationale des Commissaires aux Comptes sur la formulation du rapport general d'audit.
Descending projections of the songbird nucleus robustus archistriatalis

The descending, efferent projections of nucleus robustus archistriatalis were investigated in male zebra finches and greenfinches with injections of either biotinylated dextran amine or cholera toxin B‐chain conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. The results show that in addition to the well‐known projections to the tracheosyringeal motor nucleus and the dorsomedial nucleus of the intercollicular complex, there are other projections of comparable density to the ipsilateral nucleus ambiguus and nucleus retroambigualis. Within nucleus ambiguus, robustus axons terminate in close proximity to laryngeal motoneurons which were retrogradely labelled in the same bird by injections of cholera B‐chain into the laryngeal muscles; and within nucleus retroambigualis robustus axons terminate in relation to bulbospinal neurons previously shown to project to regions of spinal cord containing motoneurons innervating abdominal expiratory muscles (J.M. Wild, Brain Res. 606:119–124, 1993). These projections of nucleus robustus thus seem well placed to coordinate syringeal, laryngeal, and expiratory muscle activity during vocalization. Other relatively sparse, but distinct, projections of nucleus robustus were found to nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami, pars medialis, to a narrow region between the superior olivary nucleus and the spinal lemniscus, and to the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Neurons in these last two locations were retrogradely labelled bilaterally following injections of cholera B‐chain into nucleus retroambigualis of one side. Together with sparse contralateral projections of nucleus robustus to all brainstem targets receiving ipsilateral projections, potential pathways are thus identified by which the respiratory‐vocal activity controlled by one side of the lower medulla can be influenced by the nucleus robustus of either side, thereby possibly bringing about bilateral coordination of respiratory‐vocal output. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Possible relation between land surface feedback and the post‐landfall structure of monsoon depressions

The effect of pre‐storm land surface on the monsoon depressions (MDs) is studied. The Weather Research Forecast (WRF) model was configured with two nested domains to explore the sensitivity of MDs to antecedent soil moisture and land surface representation for selected three landfalling MDs during August 2006. Results indicate that WRF had good ability to simulate the MDs, and the post landfall model response was sensitive to antecedent soil moisture and modestly dependent on land surface representations. This was verified by reviewing the climatology of 125 MDs (1970–2003) which revealed that if the surface received heavier rainfall a week ahead of MD landfall, the inland intensity was maintained for a longer duration. The gradient in surface heat fluxes as the depression made landfall affected the evolution of the MDs over India. In particular, warmer, wetter (cooler, drier) land surface can intensify (weaken) the landfalling MDs over the Indian monsoon region.
The change-in-stage and updated smoking status results from a cluster-randomized trial of smoking prevention and cessation using the transtheoretical model among British adolescents.

BACKGROUND The transtheoretical model (TTM) and computer technology are promising technologies for changing health behavior, but there is little evidence of their effectiveness among adolescents. METHOD Four thousand two hundred twenty-seven Year 9 (ages 13-14) pupils in 26 schools were randomly allocated to control and 4,125 in 26 schools were allocated to TTM intervention. TTM pupils received three whole class lessons and three sessions with an interactive computer program. Control pupils received no special intervention. Positive change in stage and smoking status was assessed from a questionnaire completed at baseline, 1 year, and 2 years. Random effects logistic regression was used to compare the change in stage and smoking status between the arms. RESULTS Eighty-nine percent of the TTM group and 89.3% of the control group were present at 1-year and 86.0 and 83.1%, respectively, were present at 2-year follow-up. The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for positive stage movement in the TTM relative to control was 1.13 (0.91-1.41) at 1 year and 1.25 (0.95-1.64) at 2 years and for regular smoking was 1.14 (0.93-1.39) at 1 year and 1.06 (0.86-1.31) at 2 years. Subgroup analysis by initial smoking status revealed no benefit for prevention or cessation. CONCLUSIONS The intervention was ineffective.
Attacking Breast Cancer at the Preinvasion Stage by Targeting Autophagy

Preinvasive breast carcinoma cells that proliferate and accumulate within the nonvascular, closed intraductal niche are under severe hypoxic and metabolic stress. Understanding the survival mechanisms used by these cells has revealed therapeutic strategies for killing preinvasive neoplasms. We have found that autophagy (‘self-eating’) is a major survival strategy used by preinvasive carcinoma and breast cancer stem-like cells. Based on this finding, we have opened a clinical trial that is exploring neoadjuvant oral chloroquine antiautophagy therapy for ductal carcinoma in situ. We envision that antiautophagy therapy can be administered in combination with other treatments such as those that elevate intracellular calcium, to create a state of intolerable stress for preinvasive neoplastic cells, and thereby stop breast cancer before it starts.
L'Union européenne et la crise de la dette

Depuis l’explosion de la crise des dettes souveraines europeennes, la zone euro vit un psychodrame. Une serie de sommets de crise, des plans d’aides a repetition, des centaines de milliards d’euros distribues par les Etats membres et par la Banque centrale europeenne, ont temporairement calme les marches, avant que la panique ne reprenne, plus violente. Cet article retrace l’historique de la crise des dettes souveraines europeennes, s’interroge sur ses raisons profondes, sur les erreurs politiques qui ont ete commises dans le pilotage franco-allemand de la reponse a la crise, mais surtout se demande comment sortir de celle-ci. La dimension politique, est mise en avant pour expliquer la crise et pour en identifier une issue. En effet, meme si la crise de la dette venait a etre resolue en 2012, vaste defi, il reste a gerer en Europe un sentiment de mal-etre de plus en plus repandu.