Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New approaches to HIV protease inhibitor drug design II: testing the substrate envelope hypothesis to avoid drug resistance and discover robust inhibitors

Purpose of reviewDrug resistance results when the balance between the binding of inhibitors and the turnover of substrates is perturbed in favor of the substrates. Resistance is quite widespread to the HIV-1 protease inhibitors permitting the protease to process its 10 different substrates. This processing of the substrates permits the virus HIV-1 to mature and become infectious. The design of HIV-1 protease inhibitors that closely fit within the substrate-binding region is proposed to be a strategy to avoid drug resistance. Recent findingsCocrystal structures of HIV-1 protease with its substrates define an overlapping substrate-binding region or substrate envelope. Novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors that were designed to fit within this substrate envelope were found to retain high binding affinity and have a flat binding profile against a panel of drug-resistant HIV-1 proteases. SummaryThe avoidance of drug resistance needs to be considered in the initial design of inhibitors to quickly evolving targets such as HIV-1 protease. Using a detailed knowledge of substrate binding appears to be a promising strategy for achieving this goal to obtain robust HIV-1 protease inhibitors.
Factors that influence the oral health status between Korean adults living in Korea and the US

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to compare and investigate oral health status between Korean adults living in Korea and the US. Methods : Subjects were 1,785 persons including 399 Korean adults living in Virginia, US and those from the second year 2011 of the 5th National Health and Nutrition Survey. Darta were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 for frequency analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc Tukey. Results : 1. In general characteristics, adult living in Korea revealed higher DT and DMFT than those in the US. 2. In oral health status, adult living in Korea revealed higher DT and DMFT than those in the US. 3. The variables affecting oral health status in Korean adults in the US were age, private health insurance and number of tooth brushing. 4. The variables affecting oral health status in adults in Korea included gender, age, private health insurance, smoking, drinking, use of secondary oral hygienic products and number of tooth brushing. Conclusions : It is necessary to emphasize the importance of oral health care and to establish the oral health education in dental care agencies.
Predicting the transition from juvenile delinquency to adult criminality: Gender-specific influences in two high-risk samples.

BACKGROUND Most juvenile offenders desist from offending as they become adults, but many continue and ultimately enter the adult corrections system. There has been little prospective examination of which variables may predict the latter transition, particularly for women. AIMS Our aim was to find out, for men and women separately, what variables identifiable in adolescent offenders predict their continuation of offending into adult life. METHODS Participants were 61 male and 81 female youths who had been referred from the juvenile justice system for chronic delinquency and recruited into randomised controlled trials comparing Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care with group care ('treatment as usual'). All participants had attained adulthood by the time of our study. We first examined gender differences in childhood risk factors and then used Cox proportional-hazards models to estimate the relationship of potential risk factors to first adult arrest. RESULTS Results indicated that, for men, juvenile justice referrals alone predicted risk of any first adult arrest as well as arrest for felony arrest specifically. Each additional juvenile referral increased the risk of any adult arrest by 9% and of adult felony arrest by 8%. For women, family violence, parental divorce and cumulative childhood risk factors, but not juvenile justice referrals, were significant predictors of adult arrest. Each additional childhood risk factor increased the risk of adult arrest by 21%. Women who experienced parental divorce were nearly three times more likely to be arrested as an adult, and those who experienced family violence 2.5 times more so than those without such experiences. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE We found preliminary evidence of gender differences in childhood risk factors for adult offending, and, thus potentially, for the development and use of interventions tailored differently for girls and boys and young men and young women to reduce their risk of becoming adult recidivists. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances and future directions in HIV surveillance in low- and middle-income countries

Purpose of reviewTo present recent advances in HIV/AIDS surveillance methods in low- and middle-income countries. Recent findingsFrom 2001 to 2008, 30 low- and middle-income countries implemented national population-based surveys with HIV testing. Antenatal clinic HIV sentinel surveillance sites in sub-Saharan Africa increased from just over 1000 in 2003–2004 to almost 2500 in 2005–2006, becoming more representative of rural areas. Between 2003 and 2007, at least 122 behavioral surveys in low- and middle-income countries used respondent-driven sampling for surveillance among high-risk populations, although many countries with concentrated epidemics continue to have major sentinel surveillance gaps. Improvements have been made in modeling estimates of number of persons HIV infected, and systems are now in place to measure HIV drug resistance. However, the reliable monitoring of trends and the measuring of HIV incidence, morbidity, and mortality is still a challenge. SummaryIn the past 5 years, there have been substantial improvements in the quantity and quality of HIV surveillance studies, especially in the countries with high prevalence. Further efforts should be made in countries that lack fully implemented surveillance systems to improve HIV incidence, morbidity, and mortality surveillance and to use data more effectively.
The Primary Acoustic Nuclei

It is a rare opportunity to review a new book written by a legendary neuroscientist who has emerged from the pages of history. Professor Rafael Lorente de No' has put together a comprehensive, detailed description of the primary auditory nuclei in the cat using Golgi material. The complexity and importance of the cochlear nulcear complex relates to the diversification of the auditory system, which is controlled by this primary nucleus in the central auditory pathway. The organization of this monograph logically begins with an overall description of the organization of peripheral cochlear innervation and its central termination in the cochlear nuclei. Professor Lorente de No' displays confidence in recognizing his earlier mistake of mislabeling the position of basal and apical turn cochlear nerve fibers where they penetrate the cochlear nucleus. The correct organization of these fibers has been demonstrated in the experimental anatomic studies he has referenced. The basic subdivisions
'Everything contradicts in your mind': a qualitative study of experiences of forensic mental health staff in two contrasting services.

BACKGROUND In the theoretical literature, there is growing recognition of the psychological impact on staff of working in challenging healthcare settings. In forensic mental health (FMH) services, powerful transference and counter-transference reactions in staff-patient relationships may emerge and may even play a role in contributing to incidents of malpractice, but there is little empirical research here. AIM The exploration of the experiences of FMH staff in two contrasting services. METHOD Thirteen in-depth interviews were carried out with staff from a range of clinical disciplines in a mainstream National Health Service (NHS) medium secure unit (MSU), and 12 interviews were undertaken with such staff from a Personality Disorder Unit (PDU) in an MSU. All interview data were analysed independently using the grounded theory method. To synthesise the two separate analyses, a thematic analysis of both data sets was carried out, in which 'thematic units' were defined as significant points of comparison between the analyses of the two sets of interviews. RESULTS The combined analysis yielded six main themes under two main headings. Themes under the first heading Experience of the Clinical Task were: 'difficulty in achieving task integration'; 'motivation to build relationships, work through difficulty and bring about change'; and 'minimal sense of risk and anxiety at the centre'. Themes under the second heading Experience of the Organisation were: 'a distant and difficult relationship with outside'; 'preoccupation with staff relationships'; and 'feeling unsafe'. The overarching concept of the combined analysis was encapsulated in the quotation: 'Everything contradicts in your mind'. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Clinical and organisational aspects of work seemed separate in the minds of staff, with the latter reported to be more stressful; staff support came in the form of close relationships with colleagues, who saw themselves as isolated in the context of the wider environment. Promotion of the well-being and effectiveness of FMH staff should therefore take account of clinical, organisational and societal aspects of their situation.
Nutritional Status and the Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Pregnant Women in Kamrup District of Assam

Pregnancy is a critical time in the course of life, having both health and social impacts for individuals, family, and society. The prevalence of undernutrition among pregnant women in a rural area of Assam, India, was examined using anthropometric and biochemical assessments. Key socioeconomic factors that affect nutritional status were examined. A cross-sectional study with a sample of 285 women from all three trimesters was done. The results found that 48% of the women were below normal for Body Mass Index (BMI), indicating a high level of undernutrition. The age of the mother and husband's occupation showed a strong positive correlation with BMI, while family size and income level showed a negative correlation. The results of the biochemical analysis showed that 62% of the women were anemic, and copper and zinc levels were 29% and 12% below normal levels, respectively. The study findings indicate that undernutrition is far higher than national and global standards.
The diffusion of educational technology in Indonesia: a multi-faceted approach

Indonesia, like many developing countries, has problems of increasing numbers of students, shortage of qualified teachers, limited resources and strong support for traditional schooling. Educational technology has been introduced to help alleviate some of the problems and has been relatively successful over the past 15 years. A planned effort to use educational technology in appropriate ways began in the mid-1970s and is still growing. Such success does not come easily. The lessons learned from this effort are explicitly stated in four categories: (1) cultural affairs (2) personnel and training (3) organisation and management and (4) leadership. Each ‘lesson’ is stated as a principle or guideline. Conclusions emphasise the importance of leadership, commitment, local control, long-range planning and the presence of a communications satellite.
Aspectos clínicos da tuberculose pulmonar em idosos atendidos em hospital universitário do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical aspects and the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PT) in the aged. METHODS: We compared 117 patients over 60 years of age (elderly group) and 464 patients aged 15 to 49 years old (nonelderly group) treated at the Thoracic Diseases Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, from 1980 to 1996. RESULTS: Previous history of PT was predominant in the elderly group (OR = 2.09; 95% CI = 1.26-3.45; p = 0.002), whereas household contact with PT was predominant in the nonelderly group (OR = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.10-0.66; p = 0.002). Mean time for diagnosis was 90 days in the elderly group and 60 days in the nonelderly group. In the elderly group, dyspnea (OR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.06-2.53; p = 0.018) and weight loss (OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.01-2.82; p = 0.047) were predominant. In the nonelderly group, hemoptysis (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.32-0.81; p = 0.002), chest pain (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.40-0.97; p = 0.027) and fever (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.35-0.86; p = 0.006) were more common. The most common radiological abnormalities were infiltrates and cavitations. Bilateral involvement was more common in the elderly patients (OR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.12-2.78; p = 0.009). There were no differences between the two groups regarding positivity for Mycobacterium tuberculosis identified through tuberculin skin testing, sputum smear microscopy and culture. CONCLUSIONS: There are few clinical and laboratory differences between the age groups. The delayed diagnosis in the elderly group can be explained by the low clinical suspicion in these patients.
Bidirectional manipulation facilitating percutaneous retrieval of Swan‐Ganz catheter entrapped in tricuspid valve apparatus

We present a case of a 69‐year‐old male patient who, after uneventful coronary artery bypass grafting, had a Swan‐Ganz catheter entrapped in the tricuspid apparatus. An original technique to remove the catheter percutaneously was used after unsuccessful attempts using a conventional lasso technique. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of Dietary Status as a Risk Factor of Cardiovascular Heart Disease in Turkish Elderly People

This study was performed to determine the status of diet as a risk factor of cardiovascular heart disease in a group of Turkish elderly people. We performed a cross-sectional study using the data of voluntary participants aged between 65–74 years old. Participants completed 3-day diet records. Of participants, 64.1% of the men and 62.2% of the women reported their daily dietary fat intake as being > 30% of total energy (p > .05). More than 20% of these elderly respondents’ daily intakes of vitamin E, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate were found to be under the recommended values. As a result, the total fat intake of these elderly people was found to be high; while their intake of fiber and vitamin B6, vitamin B12 were found to be low, compared to American Heart Association recommendations. In conclusion, it is recommended that developing sufficient and balanced diets may decrease cardiovascular risk factors.
Computer conferencing with access to a 'guest expert' in the professional development of special educational needs coordinators

This article describes and outlines the implications of a one-year case study of students’ use of the computer conferencing facility of a postgraduate module for special educational needs coordinators (SENCOs) at a distance-learning institution. This facility incorporates a virtual space for a ‘guest expert’. The aim of the study was to inform future development of courses at a time when computer conferencing was just becoming widespread in the university concerned. Quantitative data associated with the volume and patterns of individual participation in the computer conference were collected as well as interview material from students, tutors and the ‘guest expert’. Findings from the study indicate that computer conferencing has the potential to facilitate the professional development of teachers as reflective practitioners and researchers. However, they also point to a number of barriers to student participation that must be addressed. These include access issues related to time constraints, unfamiliarity with the medium, and lack of confidence in expressing personal views in a public arena. A major conclusion drawn from this study is that it may be appropriate to consider future developments which incorporate the assumption that, in computer conferences of large professional development courses, students are much more likely to participate through reading rather than making personal contributions to conference discussions. This opens the possibility of reconceptualising the role of the ‘guest expert’ as two or more discussants with relevant expertise dialoguing with each other while students follow a threaded discussion and/or make personal contributions.
Nonreplicating vectors in HIV vaccines.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review the broad spectrum of nonreplicating viral vectors which have been studied extensively, from preclinical studies through clinical efficacy trials, and include some of our most promising HIV vaccine candidates. RECENT FINDINGS The success of the RV144 trial, with a canarypox virus-based regimen, contrasts with the failures of the adenovirus-5 (Ad5)-based regimens in the Step study, the Phambili study [HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) 503], and the HVTN 505 study which was recently modified to halt vaccinations because of clinical futility. SUMMARY The safety profile, immunogenicity, and variety of available candidates make the nonreplicating viral vectors attractive in HIV vaccine development. Building from the success of the RV144 study, further studies of Orthopoxvirus-based vaccines, including vaccinia-based vaccines, are ongoing and planned for the future. Despite the failures of the Ad5-based vaccines in clinical efficacy trials, other adenovirus serotypes remain promising candidates, especially in prime-boost combination with other products, and with the potential use of mosaic inserts. Other nonreplicating viral vectors such as the rhabdoviruses, alphaviruses, and the nonhuman adenoviruses, provide additional avenues for exploration.
Calbindin-D 28K Localization in Rat Molars During Odontogenesis

Specific antiserum raised against Calbindin-D28K, a vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) isolated from chick intestine, was used for localization of the protein in developing rat molars. Previously, CaBP had been localized in specific cells associated with the continuously erupting rat incisor: late pre-secretory ameloblasts, secretory and maturation zone ameloblasts, stratum intermedium cells adjacent to ameloblasts in the late zone of enamel secretion, and papillary cells underlying maturation zone ameloblasts. In this study, the peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique was used for localization of CaBP in histological sections of rat mandibles from 18-day-old rat embryos through 20-day-old neonates. CaBP was not detected in any cells of the enamel organ, dental papilla, or dental sac during early odontogenesis from the dental lamina stage through the advanced bell stage. The protein first appeared in secretory ameloblasts which were situated opposite odontoblasts with newly secreted dentin. CaBP was present in the cytoplasm of more mature ameloblasts, but not in less mature ameloblasts. Some stratum intermedium cells subjacent to well-developed secretory and maturation zone ameloblasts also contained CaBP. The protein was not detected in odontoblasts, pulp cells, or other cells associated with the developing molars. It was also absent from the demineralized enamel and dentin matrix. In developing rat molars, the time-course of appearance of CaBP, a protein dependent for its synthesis on the vitamin D endocrine system in other organ systems, suggests a potential direct role of this hormonal system in enamel mineralization.
An Evaluation of the Impact of a Fibromyalgia Self-management Programme on Patient Morbidity and Coping

Medical intervention often has little effect on the symptoms of fibromyalgia (FM) patients, and there is a need to identify new approaches to treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate a self-management programme for FM patients. Subjects recruited from the rheumatology clinic with a diagnosis of FM participated in the 5-week self-management programme. Six weeks after its completion a sub-set of 10 patients took part in a follow-up semistructured interview which explored their beliefs about their condition, and the actions they took to deal with it. Parameters measured for all patients were pain; fatigue; sleep; perceived exertion; attitude to condition. Results were compared with a control group of patients who underwent a 6-week nontreatment period. The intervention group showed significant positive change in pain, perceived exertion and attitude in the experimental group. No significant difference could be found between any of the pre- and post-test scores in the control group. Feedback from the patient interviews endorsed these findings. The study concluded that participation in a FM self-management programme brings about positive changes in patients' attitude to their condition, coping behaviour, and to their perception of some of their symptoms.
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE Original Studies Carotid Artery Stent Placement Is Safe in the Very Elderly (≥80 Years)

Background: Carotid artery stent (CAS) placement is an alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for stroke prevention. Clinical adoption of CAS depends on its safety and efficacy compared to CEA. There are conflicting reports in the literature regarding the safety of CAS in the elderly. To address these safety concerns, we report our single-center 13-year CAS experience in very elderly (≥80 years of age) patients. Methods: Between 1994 and 2007, 816 CAS procedures were performed at the Ochsner Clinic Foundation. Very elderly patients, those ≥80 years of age, accounted for 126 (15%) of all CAS procedures. Independent neurologic examination was performed before and after the CAS procedure. Results: The average patient age was 82.9 6 2.9 years. Almost one-half (44%) were women and 40% were symptomatic from their carotid stenoses. One-third of the elderly patients met anatomic criteria for high surgical risk as their indication for CAS. The procedural success rate was 100% with embolic protection devices used in 50%. The 30-day major adverse coronary or cerebral events (MACCE) rate was 2.7% (n 5 3) with all events occurring in the symptomatic patient group [death 5 0.9% (n 5 1), myocardial infarction 5 0%, major (disabling) stroke 5 0.9% (n 5 1), and minor stroke 5 0.9% (n 5 1)]. Conclusion: Elderly patients, ≥80 years of age, may undergo successful CAS with a very low adverse event rate as determined by an independent neurological examination. We believe that careful case selection and experienced operators were keys to our success. ' 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.