Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trust the Crowd: Wireless Witnessing to Detect Attacks on ADS-B-Based Air-Traffic Surveillance

—Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) has been widely adopted as the de facto standard for air-trafﬁc surveillance. Aviation regulations require all aircraft to actively broadcast status reports containing identity, position, and movement information. However, the lack of security measures exposes ADS-B to cyberattacks by technically capable adversaries with the purpose of interfering with air safety. In this paper, we develop a non-invasive trust evaluation system to detect attacks on ADS-B-based air-trafﬁc surveillance using real-world ﬂight data as collected by an infrastructure of ground-based sensors. Taking advantage of the redundancy of geographically distributed sensors in a crowdsourcing manner, we implement veriﬁcation tests to pursue security by wireless witnessing. At the core of our proposal is the combination of veriﬁcation checks and Machine Learning (ML)-aided classiﬁcation of reception patterns—such that user-collected data cross-validates the data provided by other users. Our system is non-invasive in the sense that it neither requires modiﬁcations on the deployed hardware nor the software protocols and only utilizes already available data. We demonstrate that our system can successfully detect GPS spooﬁng, ADS-B spooﬁng, and even Sybil attacks for airspaces observed by at least three benign sensors. We are further able to distinguish the type of attack, identify affected sensors, and tune our system to dynamically adapt to changing air-trafﬁc conditions.
Impact of Both Prior Knowledge and Acquaintanceship on Collaboration and Performance: A Pair Program Tracing and Debugging Eye-Tracking Experiment

We compared the collaboration of pairs whose composition was based on both prior knowledge and degree of acquaintanceship as they traced and debugged fragments of code. We performed a cross-recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA) to build cross-recurrence plots using the eye tracking data and computed for the CRQA metrics, such as recurrence rate (RR), determinism (DET), entropy (ENTR), and laminarity (LAM) using the CRP toolbox for MATLAB. Findings revealed that high prior knowledge pairs who were poorly acquainted (BH/PA) performed better among categories despite having collaborated the least. This confirmed the findings of prior studies that skilled strangers perform best. Mixed prior knowledge pairs who were highly acquainted (M/HA) collaborated the most but their familiarity did not translate to better performance. The results of this study could contribute to the learning sciences and pedagogy. If we know what makes collaboration successful as measured through their performance, we can design interventions that could facilitate the process of creating programming pairs who can collaborate and perform better.
Persistence of the Glass Ceiling in Academia Globally with a Focus on Women Academics in Kenyan Universities

Despite the existence of elaborate legal frameworks in Kenya that guarantee gender equity in all spheres of life, women academics in Kenyan universities still encounter many roadblocks in their quest to become professors. One position that has dominated recent discourse regarding the promotion of women in Kenyan universities is that women have generally arrived late into academia. It is also argued that the conflict between women’s traditional roles at home and productive work interferes with academic leadership. This paper offers a rebuttal of these arguments, and gives empirical statistics on the number of women PhDs that have come through the ranks in Kenya during the past 15 years. It is guided by African feminism theory in the analysis of whether the absence of female professors in Kenyan universities is occasioned by the cultural paradigms of family and work; a decline in tenure positions in academic areas where women are dominant; and, a male supported administration. Finally, the paper evaluates the strategies that female academicians have adopted to break the ‘glass ceiling’ in Kenyan universities.
Title: Gene edited fluorescent cerebral organoids to study human brain function and disease

Cerebral organoids are a promising model to study human brain function and disease, though the high inter-organoid variability of the mini-brains is still challenging. To overcome this limitation, we introduce the method of labeled mixed organoids generated from two different hiPSC lines, which enables the identification of cells from different origin within a single organoid. The method combines a gene editing workflow and subsequent organoid differentiation and offers a unique tool to study gene function in a complex human 3D tissuelike model. Using a CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing approach, different fluorescent proteins were fused to β-actin or lamin B1 in hiPSCs and subsequently used as a marker to identify each cell line. Mixtures of differently edited cells were seeded to induce embryoid body formation and cerebral organoid differentiation. As a consequence, the development of the 3D tissue was detectable by live confocal fluorescence microscopy and immunofluorescence staining in fixed samples. Analysis of mixed organoids allowed the identification and examination of specifically labeled cells in the organoid that belong to each of the two hiPSC donor lines. We demonstrate that a direct comparison of the individual cells is possible by having the edited . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license perpetuity. It is made available under a preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in The copyright holder for this this version posted November 24, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11. 24.395533 doi: bioRxiv preprint
WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTION AT A RIGHT ANGLE OVER ROUGH BEDS: TURBULENCE ANALYSIS

In the present work, an investigation on the hydrodynamics of wave-current orthogonal combined flow has been carried out. The work focuses on the effects of the oscillatory flow superposed on the current steady boundary layer, and on how the oscillatory flow affects the current velocity distribution. A laboratory experimental campaign of wavecurrent orthogonal interaction has been carried out in a shallow water basin at DHI Water and Environment (Hørsholm, Denmark), in order to investigate the orthogonal combined flow in the presence of different roughness beds. Mean flow has been investigated by computing timeand space-averaged velocity profiles. Friction velocity and equivalent roughness have been inferred from the velocity profiles by best fit technique, in order to quantify the shear stress experienced by the current mean flow. Tests in the presence of only current, only waves and combined flow have been performed. Instantaneous velocities have been Reynolds-averaged in order to obtain turbulent fluctuations time series and compute turbulence related quantities, such as Reynolds stresses. The mean current velocity profiles have been also compared with a selection of analytical models in order to assess their validity for the case of wave-current orthogonal flow for the considered wave and current condition ranges. The analysis of the mean flow revealed a complex interaction of the waves and currents combined flow. Depending on the relative strength of the current with respect to the waves, the superposition of the oscillatory flow may determine an increase or a decrease of the bottom friction experienced by the current. Such a behavior is also strictly related to the bed physical roughness. Analysis of the turbulence Reynolds stresses seems to confirm the results of the mean flow investigation.
Evaluation of a new portable device that measures diameter of animal fibres

Increasing production of animal fibres has increased the need for a portable instrument that measures fibre diameter and associated characteristics with precision and accuracy. This research evaluated a new portable fibre tester (PFT) by measuring the diameter and related characteristics of tops and scoured fibres of wool, alpaca, and vicuna. The PFT was constructed with integrated mechanical, optical, electronic, and informatic components. Textile tops of sheep wool, alpaca fibres, and mohair goat fibres were used as standard references to calibrate the PFT and determine its accuracy and precision. The results were compared with those from a wool industry standard instrument (OFDA2000) that uses similar technology. The PFT had high accuracy (-0.01, -0.12, and -0.01 μm) for average fibre diameter (AFD) of wool, alpaca, and mohair fibres, respectively. Deviations of standard tops (ST) were within industry-accepted tolerance ranges. Standard errors, indicating precision, were low, ranging from 0.07 to 0.25 μm, 0.02 to 0.44 μm, and 0.09 to 0.024 μm, for wool, alpaca, and mohair fibre tops, respectively. The correlations of measurements of AFD from the two instruments were 0.99 for wool, alpaca, and mohair fibres, but lower for vicuna fibres (0.82). No evidence of bias was observed. Therefore, the PFT may be used as an alternative instrument for measuring fibre diameter and quantifying variation in diameter of wool, mohair, and alpaca fibres. The PFT has appeal for use in the field for practical animal selection and fleece classification based on fibre characteristics. Keywords: alpaca, fibre diameter, mohair, vicuna, wool
Mondrian: Comprehensive Inter-domain Network Zoning Architecture

—A central element of designing IT security infrastructures is the logical segmentation of information assets into network zones sharing the same security requirements and policies. As more business ecosystems are migrated to the cloud, additional demands for cybersecurity emerge and make the network-zone operation and management for large corporate networks challenging. In this paper, we introduce the new concept of an inter-domain transit zone that securely bridges physically and logically non-adjacent zones in large-scale information systems, simplifying complex network-zone structures. With inter-zone translation points, we also ensure communication integrity and conﬁdentiality while providing lightweight security-policy enforcement. A logically centralized network coordinator enables scalable and ﬂexible network management. Our implementation demonstrates that the new architecture merely introduces a few microseconds of additional processing delay in transit.
A quantitative study of experienced young women by Early Stage Breast Cancer

Jyothi Singamsetty*1, Tarak Krishna2, Midhun Kumar G H3, Kokila Selvaraj3 1Department of OBG, Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences Research Foundation, Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India 2Department of Surgery, Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences Research Foundation, Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India 3Department of Community Medicine, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Gender and the Media: Assessing the Visibility of Women in the Nigerian Press from Five Widely Circulated National Dailies

The mass media have been accused of inequality in gender representations from the continuous decline of female reporters to the stereotyping of women in news reportage and the exclusion of women in news source selection. The visibility of women in the Nigerian press was assessed by analysing the manifest content of an edition each of five widely circulated national dailies namely: Vanguard, The Guardian, Daily Sun, New Telegraph and The Nation, published in August, 2020. The purpose was to find out if the various accusations are justified. The study was hinged on the muted group theory which stated that women belong to the minority group in environments where men control power. The visibility of women in the Nigerian press was examined by checking the representations of women against their male counterparts through the by-lines, newsmakers, contributors, photographs, portrayal, beats, prominence and senior staff positions which made up the content categories where the units of analysis were drawn. Data collected were statistically presented in tables and graphs. The findings show that the male gender dominated with over 80% in every content category examined in each of the newspapers. The study concluded that there still remains an overwhelming gender gap in favour of the men in the Nigerian press. The women are the muted group and are almost invisible the print media. Therefore, the study recommended that the media should consider gender reforms and avoid the exclusion of women.
Rheological studies of thermo-responsive diblock copolymer worm gels

A series of diblock copolymer worms are prepared via aqueous dispersion polymerization using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization chemistry. More specifically, a poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) (PGMA) RAFT chain transfer agent is used to polymerize a water-miscible monomer, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, at 70 °C. The poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (PHPMA) chains become increasingly hydrophobic as they grow, which leads to nanoparticle formation. Careful control of the diblock composition is achieved by fixing the mean degree of polymerization (DP) of the PGMA stabilizer block at 54 and systematically varying the DP of the core-forming PHPMA block. This strategy enables the worm phase space to be targeted reproducibly. These worms form soft free-standing gels in aqueous solution due to inter-worm entanglements. Rheological studies enable the influence of the diblock copolymer composition on the gel strength, critical gelation concentration (CGC) and critical gelation temperature (CGT) to be assessed. A maximum in gel strength is observed as the DP of the PHPMA block is increased from 130 to 170. The initial increase is due to longer worms, while the subsequent decrease is associated with worm clustering, which leads to more brittle gels. The gel strength is reduced from approximately 100 Pa to 10 Pa as the copolymer concentration is lowered from 10 to 5 w/w%, with a CGC being observed at around 3 to 4 w/w%. The CGT is relatively concentration-independent, but sensitive to the diblock copolymer composition: longer (more PHPMA-rich) chains lead to the CGT being reduced from 20 °C to 7 °C. This is because longer PHPMA blocks require a greater degree of hydration to induce the worm-to-sphere transition, which can only achieved at progressively lower temperatures. Reversible de-gelation also occurs on cooling, since there can be no entanglements between isotropic particles. This RAFT formulation also provides a rare example of thermo-responsive diblock copolymer worms.
The Impact of the Accession of Macedonia in the EU on the Banking System

The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the accession of Macedonia in the EU on the banking system. EU enlargement is a complex process with enormous impact on the economy of the new member countries. The financial system of the new member country, and the banking system as part of it, faces the challenge of integration in the EU financial system. The best evidence of the EU accession impact on the banking system is the analysis of the basic characteristics of banking systems of the countries that have become members in the last 20 years. The future banking development in the new EU member countries will very likely follow some main patterns known from the old EU members. In a way, banks from candidate countries can see their own future by observing the current developments in the Western European banking. The process of restructuring in the banking system through consolidation which has led to increased concentration has been one of the main drivers of changes. The existence of this process in new EU countries will be examined together with the structure of the Macedonian banking system. It is important to examine whether significant efficiency improvements have been achieved in the banking systems of the new EU countries and if they are a result of the bigger market power or some other factor. Also, there have been changes in the funding sources of the banks from the new EU countries with a lot of potentials for alternative funding. The financial crises has made these potentials evaporate, but on the long-term horizon, those opportunities will appear again. The low level of financial intermediation in new EU countries leaves space for increasing the range of financial services and their scope.
BIODEGRADATION OF RECALCITRANT FOODBORNE CLONES OF CANDIDA ALBICANS BY HURDLING WITH PASTEURIZATION POSTED BY PEPPERMINT PROCESSING ECOSYSTEM IN BAGHDAD, IRAQ

Sophisticated hygienic problems of residual-persistent thermoduric infectious foci of recalcitrant encapsulated clones of Candida albicans within matrix of biofilm with other dangerous microbiome causing serious multidrug resistance risks and an emerging hazard life threatening problems. These struggling could be terminated by verified hurdle biodegradation technology using pasteurization regimes cascaded by peppermint extract processing as flavoring antimicrobial potentiation synergistic module ecosystem against these forbidden survivors with superior importance to reducing and even killing regime in Baghdad. Forbidden thermoduric clones of biofilm-producing and multidrug-resistant (azoles and polyenes resistant) C. albicans were recovered from different dairy series ecosystems from scanned zones of Abu-Ghraib, Al-Fudhaliyah and AlSadrya in Baghdad within specified episodes. Low temperature long time pasteurization module at 63°C for 30 minutes (LTLT) and high temperature short time pasteurization module at 72°C for 16 seconds (HTST) posted by processing with alcoholic and watery extracts of peppermint as a potentiation module were dependent for this enrollment strategy. Thermal reduction time (D-values) and thermal reduction temperature (Z-values) verified with the determination of lowest or minimum inhibitory and maximum fungicidal concentrations or titers of both extracts. Variable and diverse results on viability of different clones or electrotypes of C. albicans achieved during exposure to cascaded and verified stress-processing hygienic regimes. Watery extracts of peppermint were the powerful antimicrobial and antifungal processing in which, it diminish or reduce and even kill powerful isolates that own complex biofilm clouds, multidrug resistant and most heat tolerant thermoduric strains that not exposed earlier to thermal shock. Combined hurdle processing regimes with thermal processing cascaded by peppermint were efficient for reducing and combating the denominator to the limits that not harmful while pasteurization regimes alone could reduce majority but not thermoduric strains.
University of Birmingham Disrupted prediction errors index social deficits in autism spectrum disorder

Social deﬁcits are a core symptom of autism spectrum disorder; however, the perturbed neural mechanisms underpinning these deﬁcits remain unclear. It has been suggested that social prediction errors—coding discrepancies between the predicted and actual outcome of another’s decisions—might play a crucial role in processing social information. While the gyral surface of the anterior cingulate cortex signalled social prediction errors in typically developing individuals, this crucial social signal was altered in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Importantly, the degree to which social prediction error signalling was aberrant correlated with diagnostic measures of social deﬁcits. Effective connectivity analyses further revealed that, in typically developing individuals but not in autism spectrum disorder, the magnitude of social prediction errors was driven by input from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These data provide a novel insight into the neural substrates underlying autism spectrum disorder social symptom severity, and further research into the gyral surface of the anterior cingulate cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex could provide more targeted therapies to help ameliorate social deﬁcits in autism spectrum disorder.
Development and Decay: Political Organization, Economic Conditions, and Municipal Corruption in Puerto Rico, 1952-2015

Corruption has been a salient feature of Puerto Rico (PR)’s modern history. However, systematic empirical research on this subject has been generally lacking. In this paper, we examine trends and patterns in municipal government malfeasance and corruption during a period spanning over six decades. Using data from all municipal audit reports conducted by the PR Office of the Comptroller between 1952 through 2015, we characterize patterns of corruption across three periods of change that altered governance practices in the territory: the time of hegemonic dominance of the Partido Popular Democrático (PPD), the era of intense political competition between the PPD and the pro-statehood Partido Nuevo Progresista (PNP), and the final collapse of the territory’s institutional model. We show that institutions and political practices, as opposed to economic determinants, play a key role in explaining corruption patterns. We argue that corruption patterns can be explained through the lens of politics in divided and polarized societies. ** We thank María Enchautegui, Emilio Pantojas García, and Orlando Sotomayor for their thoughtful comments, as well as numerous seminar and conference participants for very helpful comments and suggestions on the research program related to this project. We are especially grateful to Hon. José M. Díaz Saldaña, former Comptroller of Puerto Rico, for providing us access to the municipal government audit reports of the Office of the Comptroller of Puerto Rico, as well as Fred Finan for invaluable help and advice in the construction of the audit reports data. Laura Delgado, Aileen Cardona, María del Mar Ortiz, Zorimar Rivera, Vilma López, Adriana Robertson, Sara Urbina, Felipe Sepúlveda, Carlos Felipe Muñoz Cárcamo, Alessandra Sancassani, and Ernesto J. Del Rosario Camareno provided superb research assistance. Research support from the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), the Canada Research Chairs program, the EH Cliometrics Lab at PUC-Chile, the University of Puerto Rico Social Research Center and Office of the Dean for Graduate Studies and Research is gratefully acknowledged. We are responsible for any errors. 1 Professor, Department of Economics, University of Toronto, BREAD, and J-PAL. Address: 150 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G7, Canada. Tel: 416-946-5299. Fax: 416-978-6713. E-mail: gustavo.bobonis@utoronto.ca. 2 Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras. Address: P.O. Box 23445, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA. Tel: 787-764-0000, ext. 4332. E-mail: luis.camara@upr.edu 3 Teaching Professor, Keough School of Global Affairs, University of Notre Dame. E-mail: htorotu1@nd.edu. 4 MA, Department of Economics, University of Toronto. E-mail: julie.wilson@utoronto.ca.