Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the H9N2 influenza genotype that facilitated the genesis of the novel H7N9 virus

Significance The emergence of human infection with a novel H7N9 avian influenza reassortant in China raises a pandemic concern. However, it is not fully understood how these H9N2 chicken viruses facilitated the genesis of the novel H7N9 viruses. Here we show that a “fittest” genotype (G57) emerged with changed antigenicity and improved adaptability in chickens. It became predominant in vaccinated farm chickens and caused widespread outbreaks before the H7N9 virus emergence, increasing reassortment between H9N2 and other subtype viruses and finally providing all of their internal genes to the novel H7N9 viruses. The prevalence and variation of H9N2 influenza virus in farmed poultry could provide an important early warning of the emergence of novel reassortants with pandemic potential. The emergence of human infection with a novel H7N9 influenza virus in China raises a pandemic concern. Chicken H9N2 viruses provided all six of the novel reassortant’s internal genes. However, it is not fully understood how the prevalence and evolution of these H9N2 chicken viruses facilitated the genesis of the novel H7N9 viruses. Here we show that over more than 10 y of cocirculation of multiple H9N2 genotypes, a genotype (G57) emerged that had changed antigenicity and improved adaptability in chickens. It became predominant in vaccinated farm chickens in China, caused widespread outbreaks in 2010–2013 before the H7N9 viruses emerged in humans, and finally provided all of their internal genes to the novel H7N9 viruses. The prevalence and variation of H9N2 influenza virus in farmed poultry could provide an important early warning of the emergence of novel reassortants with pandemic potential.
ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF CEREBRAL BIOELECTRIC BEHAVIOR IN DOGS WITH EPILEPSY THROUGH ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM

The goal of the current study was to evaluate electrophysiological status of primary (EP) and secondary epilepsy (ES) regarding clinical and neurological findings. Other purpose was to analyze the interictal, intraictal and postictal parameters that could help to differentiate between the two types of epilepsy and a description of interictal epileptiform discharges (EDs) for a better understanding of canine epilepsy. Methods 93 dogs with histories of seizures were referred to the Clinic for Internal Medicine from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iași, during the study period. Electrical potentials acquisition was performed using the electroencephalograph Neurofax S, MEB 9400K Nihon Kohden. Before the test, all dogs underwent general anesthesia with medetomidine hydrochloride (Domitor, Pfizer) 30 μg/kg inj. i.m. Stainless steel needle electrodes were subcutaneously placed, in an 8 channel bipolar montage, according to the model Redding and Knecht (1984). Results – In the present study, the neurological examination was suggestive of ES in 70% of cases in ES group, but in EP group clinical and neurological examination were typically unremarkable and postictal behavioural changes were occasionally observed. Interictal electroencephalographic examination of dogs with epilepsy often showed EDs. We found EEG changes that could be considered EDs in 88.88 % from dogs with primary epilepsy and 100% in those with secondary epilepsy. The EEG abnormalities identified were polispikes, spikes, sharp waves and spikes-waves complexes. As the EDs in our epileptic dogs, were often detected, the diagnostic value of the EEG in the work-up appeared to be very high. Conclusion – The clinical and neurological findings are important indicators, but not enough to distinguish between ES and EP. EEG in epileptic dogs seems to have a high sensitivity for detecting EDs in this clinical setting.
The Relative Effect of Milk Base, Starter, and Process on Yogurt Texture: A Review

Yogurt is a milk curd produced all over the world, obtained by a lactic fermentation of a milk base enriched with milk proteins, and sometimes sugars and thickeners. One of the most important sensorial attributes for yogurt is texture, which could be assessed by sensory or instrumental analysis. A lot of work has been published in studying the contribution of milk base, starter, and process on yogurt texture in order to develop new textures, or simply to reduce fat content, or the level of addition of protein and thickener in milk. However, these studies are limited to only a few factors. The topic of this review was to synthesize the data of literature, with the aim of extracting and classifying factors on the basis of their influence on yogurt texture. Three factors, milk base heating, starter, and yogurt shearing after fermentation, respectively, play a key role in the elaboration of texture. The control of these three parameters allows the improvement of the textural attributes of yogurts by 2 to 15 times.
Fission yeast pheromone blocks S‐phase by inhibiting the G1 cyclin B–p34cdc2 kinase

Yeast pheromones block cell cycle progression in G1 in order to prepare mating partners for conjugation. We have investigated the mechanism underlying pheromone‐induced G1 arrest in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We find that the G1‐specific transcription factor p65cdc10–p72res1/sct1 which controls the expression of S‐phase genes is fully activated in pheromone, unlike the analogous control in budding yeast. In contrast, the G1 function of p34cdc2 acting after activation of the G1‐specific transcription is blocked. Pheromone inhibits the p34cdc2 kinase associated with both the G1‐specific B‐type cyclin p45cig2 and the B‐type cyclin p56cdc13 and overexpression of p45cig2 or p47cdc13Δ90 overcomes the pheromone‐induced G1 arrest. G1 arrest is compromised in enlarged cells. We suggest that onset of S‐phase is controlled by pheromone inhibiting the B‐cyclin‐associated kinase in G1, and that increasing cell size contributes to the mechanism for pheromone adaptation. Thus, pheromone in fission and budding yeast acts similarly in inhibiting the G1 cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK), but differs in its effects on the G1/S transcriptional control, suggesting that inhibition of CDKs may be a more general mechanism for the control of G1 progression compared with G1/S transcriptional control.
Baillargeon : innate object knowledge

Piaget (1954) claims that infants do not conceive of objects that have an independent existence, separate from themselves. In the infant’s world, objects pop in and out of existence as they impinge on the child’s senses or cease to do so. Before about eight or nine months an infant will not search for a toy that is hidden under a cloth in front of it. Piaget took the child’s failure to search to mean that once the object was out of sight, it was also out of the child’s mind, since the child did not understand that the toy continued to exist whilst hidden. Around nine months, the child will begin to search for the hidden object. However, it does not have a full understanding of the independent existence of objects. If a toy is hidden in one place, and then immediately moved in the child’s view to another hiding place, the child will still search for it in the first location it saw the object hidden (this is called the ‘A not B error’). Piaget thought that this represented a transitional phase in the child’s understanding. The child has a notion that the object still exists whilst hidden, but believes that it is it’s own actions that determine the place where the toy will be uncovered, as if the act of searching ‘calls the object back into existence’. The child’s belief that its own perceptions and actions are the centre of everything is a manifestation of what Piaget called egocentrism. It is not until the child is about eighteen months old that it reliably searches for an object in the correct location.
Debridement: a vital component of wound bed preparation.

PURPOSE To provide practitioners with an overview of debridement and its role in wound healing. TARGET AUDIENCE This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses who assess and treat wounds. OBJECTIVES After reading the article and taking the test, the reader should be able to: 1. Discuss the physiologic process of wound healing and the rationale for debridement. 2. Describe evidence-based indications for and methods of debridement.
Research on fault pattern analysis of marine diesel engine based on random forest algorithm

A feature selection method, GRRF-A, based on guided regularized random forest is proposed in this paper, aiming at solving marine diesel engine fault problem. GRRF-A improves GRRF algorithm according to the characteristics of marine diesel engine by using mean decrease in accuracy as importance measure, which is proven to be effective. The computation cost of GRRF-A is small and its results are relatively accurate and stable, which makes this method more suitable for marine diesel engine diagnosis than other methods discussed in this paper.
Removal of contaminants released from room surfaces by displacement and mixing ventilation: modeling and validation.

UNLABELLED This paper presents the experimental and numerical modeling of contaminant dispersion in a full-scale environmental chamber with different room air distribution systems. For the experimental modeling, an area source with uniform emissions of a hypothetical contaminant (SF6) from the entire floor surface is designed and constructed. Two different types of ventilation are studied: displacement and mixing ventilation. A computer model for predicting the contaminant dispersion in indoor spaces was validated with experimental data. The validated model is used to study the effects of airflow and the area-source location on contaminant dispersion. Results show that the global airflow pattern has a strong impact on the distribution of the contaminants. In general, the personal exposure could be estimated by analyzing the relative source positions in the airflow pattern. Accordingly, the location of an exhaust diffuser may not greatly affect the airflow pattern, but can significantly affect the exposure level in the room. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS When designing ventilation in addition to bringing fresh air to occupants, it is important to consider the removal of contaminants released in the off-gassing of building materials. Typical indoor off-gassing examples are emissions of volatile organic compounds from building enclosure surfaces such as flooring and painted walls. In this study, we conducted experimental and numerical modeling of different area sources in a mock-up office setup, with displacement or mixing ventilation. Displacement ventilation was as successful as mixing ventilation in removing the contaminant source from the floor area. Actually, the most important consideration in the removal of these contaminants is the relative position of the area source to the main airflow pattern and the occupied zone.
Modulación de la N170 por caras con expresiones emocionales en un paradigma de P300

RESUMEN. Las emociones constituyen una clave importante para las relaciones sociales y producen respuestas fisiologicas que preparan al organismo para adoptar una conducta relacionada con la supervivencia. El analisis de las expresiones faciales de los individuos proporciona las pistas mas importantes de sus estados emocionales. Sin embargo, se conoce poco acerca de las bases cerebrales del procesamiento de las expresiones faciales. Los potenciales relacionados a eventos (PRE), debido a su excelente resolucion temporal, permiten investigar el curso temporal de varios niveles de procesamiento implicados en una funcion cognitiva. Muchos estudios han explorado los PRE obtenidos a partir de expresiones emocionales faciales y reportado efectos diferentes sobre los componentes. Este articulo tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto de algunas expresiones emocionales faciales sobre el componente N170 especifico para caras utilizando un paradigma en el cual estas pertenecen a la condicion experimental infrecuente en una tarea oddball. El paradigma consistia en la presentacion frecuente (70 %) de caras masculinas sin expresion emocional (caras neutras), mezcladas aleatoriamente con caras femeninas que aparecian con menor frecuencia (30 %). Los resultados muestran que el componente N170, es modulado por las expresiones emocionales, ya que su amplitud es mayor para las caras con miedo o alegria, que para las caras neutras. Sin embargo, la amplitud del componente tardio P300 generado por los estimulos infrecuentes (caras femeninas) es la misma para diferentes expresiones. La modulacion del componente temprano N170 representa una respuesta fisiologica al reconocimiento de expresiones emocionales faciales que revela la activacion automatica del sistema neural emocional.
Maturité affective et sociale de l'enfant dyslexique-dysorthographique

Dans ce travail experimental, nous sommes demande si le contexte pedagogique, linguistique, et culturel a un effet sur les productions graphiques des enfants de 5-12 ans. Nous avons travaille dans deux contextes pedagogiques, culturels et linguistiques differents, en Grece et en France et nous avons pose l’hypothese que les enfants grecs produiront des formes ecrites plus longues que les enfants francais. Les resultats confirment l’influence du contexte pedagogique et culturel sur les productions graphiques des populations etudiees. 1. Les enfants grecs ont tendance a ecrire legerement plus de lettres que les enfants francais, pour un mot equivalent (ceci a partir de trois syllabes). 2. La longueur des mots produits par les enfants varie suivant la longueur des mots oraux (en France et en Grece). Pour un meme nombre de syllabes dans les mots de depart, le nombre de formes graphiques est plus grand chez les enfants grecs que chez les enfants francais. Ce travail a montre que, d’un point de vue interculturel, le sujet apprenti-scripteur prend en compte l’environnement linguistique, pedagogique et culturel dans la production des formes graphiques.
SciPy and OpenCV as an interactive computing environment for computer vision

In research and development (R&D), interactive computing environments are a frequently employed alternative for data exploration, algorithm development and prototyping. In the last twelve years, a popular scientific computing environment flourished around the Python programming language. Most of this environment is part of (or built over) a software stack named SciPy Stack. Combined with OpenCV’s Python interface, this environment becomes an alternative for current computer vision R&D. This tutorial introduces such an environment and shows how it can address different steps of computer vision research, from initial data exploration to parallel computing implementations. Several code examples are presented. They deal with problems from simple image processing to inference by machine learning. All examples are also available as IPython notebooks.
Associations between aldosterone antagonist therapy and risks of mortality and readmission among patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction.

CONTEXT Aldosterone antagonist therapy for heart failure and reduced ejection fraction has been highly efficacious in randomized trials. However, questions remain regarding the effectiveness and safety of the therapy in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE To examine the clinical effectiveness of newly initiated aldosterone antagonist therapy among older patients hospitalized with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Using clinical registry data linked to Medicare claims from 2005 through 2010, we examined outcomes of eligible patients hospitalized with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. We used Cox proportional hazards models and inverse-weighted estimates of the probability of treatment to adjust for treatment selection bias. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All-cause mortality, cardiovascular readmission, and heart failure readmission at 3 years, and hyperkalemia readmission at 30 days and 1 year. RESULTS Among 5887 patients who met the inclusion criteria, the mean age was 77.6 years; of those 1070 (18.2%) started aldosterone antagonist therapy at discharge. Cumulative incidence rates among treated and untreated patients were 49.9% vs 51.2% (P = .62) for mortality; 63.8% vs 63.9% (P = .65) for cardiovascular readmission; and 38.7% vs 44.9% (P < .001) for heart failure readmission at 3 years; and 2.9% vs 1.2% (P < .001) for hyperkalemia readmission within 30 days and 8.9% vs 6.3% (P = .002) within 1 year. After inverse weighting for the probability of treatment, there were no significant differences in mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% CI, 0.96-1.14; P = .32) and cardiovascular readmission (HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.91-1.09; P = .94). Heart failure readmission was lower among treated patients at 3 years (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.77-0.98; P = .02). Readmission associated with hyperkalemia was higher with aldosterone antagonist therapy at 30 days (HR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.51-4.29; P < .001) and 1 year (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.23-1.84; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Initiation of aldosterone antagonist therapy at hospital discharge was not independently associated with improved mortality or cardiovascular readmission but was associated with improved heart failure readmission among eligible older patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. There was a significant increase in the risk of readmission with hyperkalemia, predominantly within 30 days after discharge.
Some aspects of hot-electron aging in MOSFET's

The injection of hot carriers from Si into SiO_{2} in various MOSFET structures is characterized via direct measurements of gate current. A method of mapping gate currents as a function of both gate and drain bias potentials is described. The deterioration of device parameters with hot-electron injection is also characterized, and it is proposed that the rate of aging is a function not only of the injection and trapping efficiencies, but also of the physical location of the trapped charge.
Should Developing Countries Participate in the Clean Development Mechanism Under the Kyoto Protocol? The Low-Hanging Fruits and Baseline Issues

Under the Kyoto Protocol, industrialized countries committed to emission reductions may fullfil part of their obligations by implementing emission reduction projects in developing countries. In doing so, they make use of the so-called Clean Development Mechansim (CDM). Two important issues surround the implementation of the CDM. First, if the cheapest abatment measures are implemented for CDM projects, developing countries may be left with only more expensive measures when they have to meet their own commitments in the future (the so-called low-hanging fruits issue). Second, a choice must be made on the type of baseline against which emission reductions are measured : an absolute baseline or a relative (to output) one (the baseline issue). The purpose of this paper is to study the interactions between these two issues from the point of view of the developing country. Two major results are obtained. First, when possible future commitments for developing countries and irreversibility of abatement measures are taken into account, we show that the industry where CDM projects are implemented enjoys large profits under an absolute baseline than under a relative one. Second, concerning the low-hanging fruits problem, the financial compensation required by the developing country for implementing ‘too many’ CDM projects is larger under the relative baseline.
Unsupervised Clustering of Hyperspectral Images of Brain Tissues by Hierarchical Non-negative Matrix Factorization

Hyperspectral images of high spatial and spectral resolutions are employed to perform the challenging task of brain tissue characterization and subsequent segmentation for visualization of in-vivo images. Each pixel is high-dimensional spectrum. Working on the hypothesis of pure-pixels on account of high spectral resolution, we perform unsupervised clustering by hierarchical non-negative matrix factorization to identify the pure-pixel spectral signatures of blood, brain tissues, tumor and other materials. This subspace clustering was further used to train a random forest for subsequent classification of test set images constituent of in-vivo and ex-vivo images. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering helps visualize tissue structure in in-vivo test images and provides a inter-operative tool for surgeons. Furthermore the study also provide a preliminary study of the classification and sources of errors in the classification process.
Three independent isolates of feline sarcoma virus code for three distinct gag-x polyproteins

Cells nonproductively transformed by the Snyder-Theilen, Gardner-Arnstein, and McDonough strains of feline sarcoma virus synthesize gag-x polyproteins of 78,000, 100,000, and 180,000 daltons, respectively. These feline sarcoma virus-coded products were precipitated by antisera to polypeptides encoded by the gag gene of feline leukemia virus and by rat antisera raised to feline sarcoma virus-transformed rat tumor cells. Precipitation with rat antisera absorbed with feline leukemia virus showed that the x-portions of the three gag-x proteins were each antigenically distinct, suggesting that the src genes of the three independent isolates are not identical. Anti-x sera did not precipitate products from radiolabeled cat lymphoid tumor cells (FL74) and therefore lacked reactivity to the feline leukemia virus-induced tumor-specific antigen, FOCMA.
Primary structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL4 gene

The GAL4 gene encodes a positive regulator of the galactose-inducible genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recently, GAL4 has been cloned and its 2.8-kilobase mRNA has been identified. We report here the DNA sequence of GAL4 and the mapping of the 5' and 3' ends of its transcripts. The region sequenced contains a single open reading frame, 881 codons long, which could encode a 99,350-dalton protein. The 5' ends of the GAL4 transcripts fall into two clusters. Transcripts which begin at the upstream cluster would encode the 99,350-dalton protein, whereas those starting at the downstream cluster may result in the synthesis of a shorter, 91,600-dalton protein. The putative GAL4 proteins contain an amino acid sequence near their amino termini which resembles a DNA-binding motif found in bacterial and phage repressors and gene activator proteins.
Design of Axial-mode Helical Antennas for Doppler-based continuous non-contact vital signs monitoring sensors

An Axial-Mode Helical Antenna (AMHA) design for applications in Doppler-based continuous non-contact vital signs (NCVS) monitoring sensor systems is presented. Two methodologies of on-reflector impedance matching are presented as a solution to the helical antennas' non-50Ω input impedance issue. The antennas are evaluated on their performance of VSWR, impedance, radiation pattern directivity, size and gain. A size reduction design process is given for custom sizing the helical antenna, and the resulting structures are compared versus a patch antenna at 2.4GHz that is often used in NCVS systems. Our test data indicates that an AMHA can significantly increase accuracy of NCVS systems by increasing the system's Signal-to-Noise-and-Interference Ratio (SNIR).