Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ADISM v.1.0: an adjoint of a thermomechanical ice-sheet model obtained using an algorithmic differentiation tool

Abstract. A number of problems in contemporary glaciology could benefit from the application of adjoint models. On a simple level, adjoint models can be used to calculate ice-sheet sensitivities with respect to spatially varying parameters such as the basal sliding coefficient. At a more sophisticated level, adjoint models may be used as components of variational data assimilation schemes, allowing problems of model initialization and data-constrained evolution to be tackled. Fundamentally, adjoint models calculate the sensitivity of a cost function to a suite of control parameters. Such model sensitivities can alternatively be obtained by running the model many times, perturbing each control parameter separately in turn, and calculating the resulting sensitivity in each case. For large numbers of control parameters, however, such as the case where a control parameter corresponds to each point in the model domain, the computational cost becomes prohibitive. The use of adjoint models allows sensitivities to be obtained more efficiently – adjoint model sensitivities are obtained in a single run – and more accurately, since the differentiation of the model is done with machine precision. We present a finite-difference shallow ice approximation (SIA), thermomechanical ice-sheet model (the forward model), and its adjoint, as generated by using the OpenAD algorithmic differentiation tool. We verify the ice-sheet model using standard SIA benchmark tests and check the consistency between derivatives computed by OpenAD and certain numerically approximated derivatives. Typical adjoint calculations are demonstrated by application to the Greenland ice sheet.
An analysis of sovereign risk in South Africa with the focus on fiscal determinants

This paper investigates the sovereign risk premium as an indicator of sovereign risk. An attempt was made to capture evidence that best explains bond yield spreads for the 21-year period after the inception of democracy in South Africa in 1994. Conventional unit root testing techniques were applied, and the results revealed unit roots at monthly, quarterly and annual frequency, warranting further econometric testing. The fi nancial crisis in the period 2007 to 2011 posed a potential signifi cant break in data and was built into the analysis. The results for the crisis period differed substantially from the pre- and post-crisis period and are reported as such. The results reveal a unique combination of explanatory factors (cointegration), but also a special implication for bond yield spreads. They re-affirm the importance of fiscal policy decision making and fiscal balance, taking all factors into account such as long-and shortterm interest rates. Current spending and the public sector borrowing requirement have a statistically positive effect on spreads depending on whether they were pre- or post-crisis. The latter could be an indication of investor sensitivity, especially in terms of the way in which the borrowing requirement is utilised and the fact that capital formation is preferred to current spending. Furthermore, the maturity of domestic debt shows up as statistically negative, probably confirming investor interest and thus confidence in the long run, with possible consequences for financial stability as a regional public good. Key words: policy, sovereign risk, spreads, bond markets
Soft-Error-Rate Adaptive Intervals for Low-Overhead Checkpoint Mechanism

Soft errors are increasingly important threats to the reliability of integrated circuits. Chips manufactured in advanced technologies show variations in SER caused by variations in the process parameters. Ongoing reduction of feature sizes and complexity of operating environment (temperature, voltage, radiation pressure and so on), SER variation is increasingly manifesting. Checkpoint is one of the most popular recovery method used for many systems, and the intervals of checkpoint can obviously influence performance. However, optimal intervals of checkpoint rely on SER. Theoretically speaking, SER adaptive checkpoint (SACP) which dynamically match checkpoint intervals with real time SER can improve checkpoint overhead under variable SER. But benefits of SACP are relative with SER variation. We give a mathematical model of SER variation and proposal a way to predict SER based errors occurred most currently. Results show high accuracy of SER prediction and much overhead improvement of SACP.
Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Momordica charantia L. leaves

The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity and to carryout phytochemical screening of aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves of Momordica charantia L. The result of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. However, the antimicrobial activity was investigated by agar-well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The result showed that at a concentration of 100 mg/ml, both aqueous and ethanol extracts inhibited the growth of all the tested pathogenic bacteria, though with varying degrees of susceptibility of the bacterium. The diameter of zones of inhibition obtained ranged from 17 to 14 and 15 to 11 mm for ethanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 6.5 to 12.5 mg/ml for the ethanol extract and 12.5 to 50 mg/ml for the aqueous extract. Similarly, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranged from12.5 to 25 mg/ml for the ethanol extract and 50 to 100 mg/ml for the aqueous extract. Also, the antimicrobial activity of both extracts was more under acidic conditions and at elevated temperatures. The results obtained in this study support the use of M. charantia in herbal medicine and it could be used as a source of broad spectrum oral antimicrobial agent for the treatment of diseases associated with these pathogenic bacteria investigated.
Effect of Enzyme Preparation with Activity Directed Towards Degradation of Non Starch Polysaccharides on Yellow Lupine Seed Based Diet for Young Broilers

This work examined the impact of enzyme preparation with specific activity towards non starch polysaccharides on performance, morphological characteristics of gastrointestinal tract organs, microscopic evaluation of jejunal mucosa, and microbial status of ileum, caeca, and excreta in broilers fed a diet containing a high content of lupine meal. One-day-old chickens (Ross 308, mixed sex) were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Each group consisted of 36 birds, with 6 replications,and with 6 chickens per replication. The control group was fed the basal diet (consisting of maize and 40% of lupine), while the experimental treatment group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.06% commercial enzyme (Ronozyme VP). Chickens were fed diets in mash form for 4 weeks. Enzyme preparation significantly (P < 0.05) improved feed consumption and chicken growth, and slightly improved total tract digestibility of dietary ingredients and energy. Enzyme preparation significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the size of gastrointestinal tract organs and had an impact on jejunal mucous membrane of chickens evidenced by elongation of villi and deepening of crypts. No significant effects of dietary enzyme on counts of the analysed bacteria in the jejunal digesta were observed, but enzyme preparation significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the number of Enterobacteriaceae in caeca and excreta, and coliforms in excreta only (P < 0.01). Appropriate combination of enzyme preparations with activity towards degrading carbohydrates may offer a potential to reduce the deleterious impact of lupine in broilers. Chicken growth, Lupinus luteus, carbohydrates, feed enzymes, gastrointestinal tract
What can forest managers learn from research on fossil insects? Linking forest ecological history, biodiversity and management

INTRODUCTION Insects, recovered as fossils, potentially provide one of the most effective means of reconstructing both past environments and the details of changing climate, being very sensitive to environmental change and occupying almost every possible habitat on land and in freshwater (Elias 1994). As a group, their remains may be the most frequent identifiable fossils in terrestrial, waterlogged sediments and are similarly common in anaerobic archaeological sediments (fig. 1). Most fossil insect research has focused on Coleoptera, but increasingly, other insect groups are studied, in particular the Diptera (e.g., Brooks and Birks 2000, Panagiotakopulu 2004). Much of the following account concentrates on the former rather than the latter, as these form the basis of our understanding of the palaeoentomology of woodlands, the subject of this paper.
When are Multiple Tasks a Problem

Production requires that workers are assigned to tasks and given incentives. Sometimes it is impossible to provide incentives such that production is carried out in a desired way, e.g. because workers focus effort on the wrong task (multi-task problem). While it is well-known that such problems can arise, the conditions under which this happens have –to my knowledge– not been systematically studied. Here, we examine when and how information structure and assignment of workers to tasks restrict what can be achieved by incentives. We show that at the heart of the impossibility to implement activities is an identification problem. We provide conditions under which this problem is caused by the assignment, i.e. when it is a multi-task problem, and when it can hence be overcome by assigning workers differently. The analytical framework encompasses well-known models on multitasking and advocacy. keywords: moral hazard, hidden action, principal-agent theory, implementation, multi-tasking, identification problem JEL-Codes: D86, M52, J33, D82, M41 ∗wendelin.schnedler@awi.uni-heidelberg.de, University of Heidelberg, Department of Economics, Grabengasse 14, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
Corporate Social Responsibility Behavior Norms and its Management Issues Research

This paper takes the consumer demands and corporate group competition as the orientation, treating CSR as a social public product. It also focus on the core problem about how to output the CSR behavior, combining with social norm, dramaturgical and social comparison theory, based on the related literature review, from three ways including CSR behavior orientation, communication tactics and the influence on brand performance, putting up with the urgent need to study and solve problems about CSR. The research conclusions will not only enrich the theory related CSR, but also provide the guides for the output of CSR front-stage behavior.
Research on Dynamic Coverage Based on V-DE Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

With the development and application of sensor network technology, how to achieve a dynamic multi network coverage optimization has become an important issue currently facing the sensor network. By analysis of algorithm for the dynamic overlay node mobi DE algorithm was put forward to optimize the degree of coverage which combines the advantages of both differential evolution algorithm and virtual force algorithm. The have shown that the derived virtual force-differential evolution algorithm has a significant effect optimization on the stability of dynamic coverage. Keywords-dynamic coverage; wireless sensor networks algorithm
Friction Compensation for Dynamic and Static Models Using Nonlinear Adaptive Optimal Technique

Friction is a nonlinear phenomenon which has destructive effects on performance of control systems. To obviate these effects, friction compensation is an effectual solution. In this paper, an adaptive technique is proposed in order to eliminate limit cycles as one of the undesired behaviors due to presence of friction in control systems which happen frequently. The proposed approach works for nonlinear dynamic and static friction models and is applicable to a wide range of different mechanical systems. It is also applied to a simple inverted pendulum on a cart as a highly nonlinear under-actuated system. A nonlinear optimal controller based on the approximate solution of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman partial differential equation is designed to fulfill our control objectives and achieve preferable performance compared to those of the linear optimal controllers. It causes to have more accuracy in system's response and positioning in the presence of friction. Simulation result approve the effectiveness of both the presented technique and controller.
Levels of Serum IgA in Healthy Blood Donors

Objectives : We evaluate that the prevalence of immunoglobulin A deficiency in Turkish blood donors. The most of authors describe an IgA concentration of<5 mg/dL −1 as IgA deficiency and has been broadly studied in different ethnic groups. The patients with IgA deficiency may form specific antibodies against IgA. The antibodies against IgA can cause an anaphylactic response when the patient receives an IgA-containing blood transfusion. Methods : The blood samples were taken after blood donation. These serum samples stored at -20oC until analysis. The amount of serum IgA was measured using the Dade Behring assay with automated Dade Behring Nephelometer (Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Marburg, Germany). Results : Of the total 1077 healthy blood donors screened, none of the donors was found to be selective IgA deficiency. Conclusion : The incidence of IgA deficiency in Turkish blood donors is very low. But, anaphylaxis risks exist in performing blood transfusion to IgA-deficient individual, and measures should be taken to reduce IgA anaphylaxis.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (Pparγ) in Redlip Mullet Liza haematocheila ：Molecular Cloning, Tissue Distribution, and Response to Dietary Lipid Levels

Redlip mullet (Liza haematocheila) PPARγ cDNA (lhPPARγ) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) were isolated in this study. The full-length cDNA was 2985 bp, consisted of a 200 bp 5’UTR, 1183 bp 3’UTR and 1599 bp ORF encoding a polypeptide with 533 amino acids. lhPPARγ protein was predicted to consist of four domains, i.e. N-terminal domain, DNA-binding domain, C-terminal ligand binding domain and flexible hinge domain. Real time quantitative RT-PCR revealed that lhPPARγ mRNA was detected in all tested tissues. The highest expression level of lhPPARγ mRNA was observed in abdomen fat followed by intestine, gill, kidney, liver, skin, brain, spleen, stomach, liver, heart and muscle. These results suggested that lhPPARγ was functionally and evolutionarily conserved between redlip mullet and other vertebrates. Six iso-nitrogenous diets with different lipid level (from 2.0% to 14.6%) were fed to triplicate groups. Although fish fed diets containing 14.6% lipid showed higher lhPPARγ mRNA expression in the liver, intestine and muscle than fish fed other diets, no significant difference was observed, which indicated redlip mullet might adapt to high lipid level below 14.6%.
Prospective EFL Teachers' Perceptions of Listening Comprehension Problems in Turkey.

Listening skill has been called as the ‘Cinderella Skill’ which is overlooked by its elder sister speaking in language learning. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to reemphasize the importance of listening skill in ELT context and to determine prospective English teachers’ perceptions of listening comprehension problems. The study was conducted at ELT Department at a state-run University in Turkey and subjects were 124 prospective English teachers. The questionnaire on the ‘Beliefs on English Language Listening Comprehension Problems’ was used to collect data to assess prospective teachers’ beliefs about the English language listening comprehension problems they could encounter in unidirectional listening. The data was analyzed in SPSS program. The study revealed that participants used top-down processes effectively during the listening process, but they were not so good at using bottom-up processes. In addition, no significant difference was found in terms of genders’ perceptions of listening problems.
Sharp Tactile Line Display using Superposition of Vibtotactile stimuli

We report the development of a vibrotactile line presentation device using voice coil motors. This device can present a sharp continuous line sensation instead of dots combination formed by pin-vibrator matrix devices in previous studies. The vibrotactile stimulation method used in this device takes advantage of a vibrotactile sensitivity enhancing phenomenon from our past studies; two vibratory surfaces in close proximity generate a high frequency vibration in the gap between the surfaces. We call this method the vibration overlap (V.O.) method. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of the high frequency generation by conducting deformation analysis and formulated the behavior of the deformation inside the skin. It has been shown that there is a nonlinear filtering effect that leads to the generation of high frequency vibration. We then conducted a series of psychophysical experiments in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the V.O. method used in the developed tactile device.
Finger Gesture Detection and Application Using Hue Saturation Value

In this paper, we developed a mathematical model for finger gesture identification using two colored glove. The glove is designed in such a manner that wristband and middle finger of the glove are marked by blue color and other fingers are marked by red color. HSV values of those colors are implicated in order to identify red and blue colors. After detecting colors, two processes are employed for identification of fingers. One of them is the angle created at the wristband center between the middle finger and any other fingers. Other is examining the ratio between the wristband-middle finger distance and the projection of the wristband and other fingers distance on wrist-middle finger joining line. For both processes, the middle finger must present in order to identify the fingers. After identification of fingers gesture using both methods, an application of finger detection is presented here by changing a PowerPoint slide. This mathematical model was tested on several conditions and got the accuracy of more than 82%.
Investigating the effects of different levels of CRM investment on development of brand equity

Article history: Received July 28, 2013 Accepted 14 January 2014 Available online February 27 2014 This paper investigates the effects of different marketing strategies including basic marketing, reactive marketing, accountable marketing, proactive marketing and partnership marketing on brand equity. The proposed study uses two questionnaires, one for measuring the effects of different marketing strategies and the other for brand equity in Likert scale. Cronbach alphas for brand equity and marketing strategies are calculated as 0.71 and 0.86, respectively. The study has been implemented among 385 regular customers of a Picnic Gas distributer in city of Karaj, Iran. Using Spearman correlation ratio as well as stepwise regression analysis, the study has detected that there were positive and meaningful relationship between marketing strategies and brand equity. © 2014 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) vertical column density measurements by Pandoraspectrometer over the Canadian oil sands

Abstract. Vertical column densities (VCDs) of SO2 retrieved by a Pandora spectral sun photometer at Fort McKay, Alberta, Canada, from 2013 to 2015 were analysed. The Fort McKay site is located in the Canadian oil sands region, approximately 20 km north of two major SO2 sources (upgraders), with total emission of about 45 kt yr−1. Elevated SO2 VCD values were frequently recorded by the instrument, with the highest values of about 9 Dobson Units (DU; DU = 2.69 × 1016 molecules cm−2). Comparisons with co-located in situ measurements demonstrated that there was a very good correlation between VCDs and surface concentrations in some cases, while in other cases, elevated VCDs did not correspond to high surface concentrations, suggesting the plume was above the ground. Elevated VCDs and surface concentrations were observed when the wind direction was from south to southeast, i.e. from the direction of the two local SO2 sources. The precision of the SO2 measurements, estimated from parallel measurements by two Pandora instruments at Toronto, is 0.17 DU. The total uncertainty of Pandora SO2 VCD, estimated using measurements when the wind direction was away from the sources, is less than 0.26 DU (1σ). Comparisons with integrated SO2 profiles from concurrent aircraft measurements support these estimates.
Response to Referee # 1 ′′ Direct radiative effect of carbonaceous aerosols from crop residue burning during the summer harvest season in East China ( acp-2016-759 ) ′′

14 East China experiences extensive crop residue burnings in fields during harvest 15 season. The direct radiative effect (DRE) of carbonaceous aerosols from crop residue 16 burning in June 2013 in East China was investigated using the Weather Research and 17 Forecasting Model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). Absorption of organic aerosol 18 (OA) in the presence of brown carbon was considered using the parameterization of 19 Saleh et al. (2014), in which the imaginary part of the OA refractive index is a function 20 1 of wavelength and the ratio of black carbon (BC) and OA. The carbonaceous emissions 21 from crop fires were estimated using the Moderate Resolution Imaging 22 Spectroradiometer (MODIS) fire radiative power product with a localized crop 23 burning-sourced BC-to-organic carbon (OC) ratio emission ratio of 0.27. Evaluation of 24 the model results with in situ measurements of particulate matter with aerodynamic 25 diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) chemical composition, MODIS aerosol optical depth 26 detections and meteorological observations showed that this model was able to reproduce 27 the magnitude, spatial variation and optical characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol 28 pollution. The observed BC and OC peak concentrations at the site in Suixi, Anhui 29 province, during the 2013 wheat burning season reached 55.3 μg m and 157.9 μg m. 30 WRF-Chem simulations reproduced these trends with a correlation coefficient of 0.74, 31 estimating that crop residue burning contributed 86% and 90% of peak BC and OC, 32 respectively. The simulated hourly DRE from crop residue burning at the top of 33 atmosphere (TOA) reached a maximum of +22.66 W m at the Suixi site. On average, 34 the simulations showed that the crop residue burning introduced a net positive DRE of 35 +0.14 W m at TOA throughout East China, with BC from this source as the main 36 heating contributor (+0.79 W m). The OA DRE from crop burning (−0.22 W m) was 37 a combined effect of the positive DRE of absorption (+0.21 W m) and a stronger 38 negative DRE of scattering (−0.43 W m). Sensitivity tests showed that the DRE of OA 39 absorption strongly depended on the imaginary part of the OA refractive index, the 40 BC-to-OA emission ratio from crop residue burning, and the assumed mixing state of the 41 aerosol, whereby the volume mixing treatment resulted in a higher positive DRE 42
Tax Policy and Sole Proprietorships: A Closer Look

The 21 million sole proprietorship returns filed in 2005 represent a wide variety of economic activity. This paper examines three major tax policy issues related to sole proprietorships—taxpayer compliance, taxpayer burden, and incentives for growth. It uses tax return data to take a closer look at sole proprietorships. It proposes a new taxonomy for describing these returns in an economically meaningful way, based on the principal factors of production that they use: their own labor, hired labor, and capital. It uses the taxonomy to examine several aspects of sole proprietorships. The paper concludes with suggestions for further research.