Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multi-wavelength modeling of the spatially resolved debris disk of HD 107146

Aims. We aim to constrain the location, composition, and dynamical state of planetesimal populations and dust around the young, sun-like (G2V) star HD107146. Methods. We consider coronagraphic observations obtained with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (HST/ACS) onboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in broad V (lambda(c) approximate to 0.6 mu m) and broad I (lambda(c) approximate to 0.8 mu m) filters, a resolved 1.3 mm map obtained with the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA), Spitzer/IRS low resolution spectra in the range of 7.6 mu m to 37.0 mu m, and the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the object at wavelengths ranging from 3.5 mu m to 3.1 mm. We complement these data with new coronagraphic high resolution observations of the debris disk using the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (HST/NICMOS) aboard the HST in the F110W filter (lambda(c) approximate to 1.1 mu m). The SED and images of the disk in scattered light as well as in thermal reemission are combined in our modeling using a parameterized model for the disk density distribution and optical properties of the dust. Results. A detailed analytical model of the debris disk around HD107146 is presented that allows us to reproduce the almost entire set of spatially resolved and unresolved multi-wavelength observations. Considering the variety of complementary observational data, we are able to break the degeneracies produced by modeling SED data alone. We find the disk to be an extended ring with a peak surface density at 131 AU. Furthermore, we find evidence for an additional, inner disk probably composed of small grains released at the inner edge of the outer disk and moving inwards due to Poynting-Robertson drag. A birth ring scenario (i.e., a more or less broad ring of planetesimals creating the dust disk trough collisions) is found to be the most likely explanation of the ringlike shape of the disk.
Origin of the unique morphology of the shoulder girdle in turtles

The shoulder girdle of turtles has a triradiate morphology. Although its dorsal process represents the scapular blade, the skeletal identities of the two ventral processes remain uncertain. To elucidate the question, developmental patterns of the girdles were compared between Chinese soft‐shelled turtles, chickens, and mice. Despite the morphological diversity of adults, the initial primordia of the shoulder girdles showed similar morphological patterns. The ventral two processes developed from the anlagen comparable to those of the acromion and the coracoid in other amniotes. The developmental pattern of the acromion is very similar among embryos, whereas that of the coracoid in mammals differs from that in non‐mammals, implying that coracoids are not homologous between non‐mammals and mammals. Therefore, amniotes have retained the ancestral pattern of the girdle anlage, and the shoulder girdle of turtles has been achieved through a transformation of the pattern in the late ontogenic period.
NIDDM and Its Metabolic Control Predict Coronary Heart Disease in Elderly Subjects

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether noninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) and its metabolic control and duration predict coronary heart disease (CHD) events during a 3.5-year follow-up in a randomly selected Finnish population sample 65–74 years of age at baseline. Of 1,298 subjects participating in the baseline study, 1,069 were nondiabetic and 229 had NIDDM. During the follow-up, 3.4% of nondiabetic and 14.8% of NIDDM subjects died from CHD or had a nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI). The impact of NIDDM on CHD mortality and morbidity was more marked in women than in men. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals for CHD death and nonfatal MI in women with NIDDM compared with women with normal glucose tolerance were 11.7 (3.8–36.4) and 4.7 (3.6–6.1). In men, the corresponding ORs were 0.43 (0.1–1.9) and 1.4 (0.6–3.2). In multiple logistic regression analyses including all study subjects, NIDDM (P < 0.01), male sex (P < 0.05), and previous MI (P < 0.01) predicted CHD death (n = 45). NIDDM (P < 0.01), male sex (P < 0.05), previous MI (P < 0.05), current smoking (P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.01) predicted all CHD events (CHD death or nonfatal MI) (n = 107). In NIDDM subjects, only glycated hemoglobin A1c (GHbsA1c) at baseline (P < 0.01) and duration of diabetes (P < 0.05) predicted CHD death (n = 15) and all CHD events (n = 33). There was a significant increase in the risk of CHD death and all CHD events in NIDDM subjects with GHbA1c levels higher than 7.0% compared with diabetic subjects with lower GHbA1c (ORs 4.3 [1.1–16.7] and 2.2 [1.0–5.1]). In conclusion, NIDDM and its metabolic control and the duration of diabetes are important predictors of CHD in elderly subjects, particularly in women.
Gr upSM Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and their Derivatives for Disease Modeling and Therapeutic Applications in Alzheimer ’ s Disease

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have recently been generated for various inherited diseases. These hiPSC have the capacity to differentiate into any given cell type with the help of small compounds and growth factors aiding the process. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD) several specific neural subpopulations in the brain are more susceptible to degeneration and apoptosis and hiPSCs can be used in order to generate these subpopulations in cell culture dishes via directed differentiation. Subsequently these cells can be used to optimize small compound screens to identify novel drug targets and to study AD pathology on a cellular level. Recently, it has also become possible to repair the genetic defect found in familiar forms of AD (FAD) through the application of CRISPR Cas9 mediated gene editing. Both hiPSC from FAD patients and isogenic controls generated via gene editing provide an excellent basis for investigation of cellular pathologies of AD and a screening platform to develop novel drugs for treatment. Furthermore, the current efforts to optimize neural 3D differentiation methods provide an even more natural Pires C1, Hall V1 and Freude KK1* 1Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark *Corresponding author: Kristine K Freude, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegardsvej 7, Frederiksberg C DK-1870, E-mail: kkf@sund.ku. dk Published Date: May 20, 2016
Induction of Endocytic Vesicles by Exogenous C6-ceramide*

Ceramide is a newly discovered second messenger that has been shown to cause cell growth arrest and apoptosis. Here, we present evidence that exogenously added C6-ceramide induces enlargement of late endosomes and lysosomes. 10 μm C6-ceramide caused the formation of numerous vesicles of varying sizes (2–10 μm) in fibroblasts (3T3-L1 and 3T3-F442A), without toxic effects. Vesicle formation induced by C6-ceramide was time- and dose-dependent, rapid, and reversible. Numerous small vesicles appeared within 8 h of treatment with 10 μm C6-ceramide. They enlarged with time, with large vesicles found in the perinuclear region and small ones observed at the cell periphery. Within 24 h of treatment, ∼30% of the cells exhibited these vesicles. Removal of ceramide from the culture medium caused disappearance of the vesicles, which reappeared upon readdition of ceramide. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopic analysis using an anti-lysosome-associated membrane protein antibody identified the enlarged vesicles as late endosomes/lysosomes. The fluorescent C6-NBD-ceramide, a vital stain for the Golgi apparatus, did not stain these vesicles. The effect on vesicle formation was influenced by ceramide structure;d-erythro-C6-ceramide was the most active ceramide analogue tested. Short chain ceramide metabolites, such as sphingosine, sphingosine 1-phosphate,N-hexanoyl-sphingosylphosphorylcholine,N-acetylpsychosine, and C2-ceramide GM3, (GM3,N-acetylneuraminosyl-α(2,3)-galactosyl-β(1,4)-glucosylceramide), were inactive in causing vesicle formation when added exogenously. Together, these studies demonstrate that exogenous C6-ceramide induces endocytic vesicle formation and causes enlarged late endosomes and lysosomes in mouse fibroblasts.
Interpersonal variability in timing strategy and temporal accuracy in rapid interception task with variable time-to-contact

Abstract In rapid interceptive actions such as hitting a baseball, cricket ball or tennis ball, ball speed varies between trials, and players have to compensate the time lag by controlling the moment of movement onset and movement duration. Previous studies have found that these two variables can flexibly co-vary and are robustly influenced by target speed (i.e. velocity-coupling effect: faster movement for faster target). However, some studies reported an interpersonal variability in the timing control strategy and the relationship between the strategy and temporal accuracy in rapid interception is unclear. We used a baseball-simulated rapid interceptive task to assess this issue. Under relatively easy time constraints, there was a large interpersonal variability, and participants were distinctively divided into two groups: those who mainly modulated their movement duration and those who mainly controlled their movement onset. When the time constraint became severe, the second strategy shifted to the first strategy in most of the second group participants. In the both cases, being able to mainly control movement onset resulted in higher temporal accuracy. These results suggest that minimising the velocity-coupling effect is an important factor to achieve high temporal accuracy in rapid interception.
Expression of adiponectin and its receptors in the porcine hypothalamus during the oestrous cycle.

Adiponectin is a hormonal link between obesity and reproduction, and its actions are mediated by two types of receptors: adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) and adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2). This study compares the expression levels of adiponectin and adiponectin receptor mRNAs and proteins in selected areas of the porcine hypothalamus responsible for GnRH production and secretion: the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), pre-optic area (POA) and stalk median eminence (SME). The tissue samples were harvested on days 2-3, 10-12, 14-16 and 17-19 of the oestrous cycle. Adiponectin mRNA expression in MBH was significantly lower on days 14-16, whereas in SME, the most pronounced gene expression was found on days 2-3 of the cycle (p < 0.05). Adiponectin protein in MBH was most abundant on days 17-19 and in POA on days 2-3 (p < 0.05). Adiponectin protein expression in SME was at similar level throughout the most of the cycle with a statistically significant drop (p < 0.05) on days 14-16. AdipoR1 gene expression in POA was potentiated on days 2-3 and 10-12 of the oestrous cycle (p < 0.05). In SME, the highest AdipoR1 mRNA expression was noted on days 2-3 (p < 0.05). The concentrations of the AdipoR1 protein in POA were similar throughout the luteal phase (days 2-14 of the cycle), and they decreased on days 17-19 (p < 0.05). In SME, AdipoR1 protein expression peak occurred on days 2-3 (p < 0.05). The expression patterns of the AdipoR2 gene in MBH, POA and SME revealed the highest mRNA levels on days 2-3 of the cycle (p < 0.05). The highest content of AdipoR2 protein in MBH was reported on days 2-3 (p < 0.05), while in POA on days 17-19 and in SME on days 10-12 and 14-16 (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that adiponectin and adiponectin receptor mRNAs and proteins are present in the porcine hypothalamus and that their expression levels are determined by the pig's endocrine status related to the oestrous cycle.
Validated numerical solutions for some semilinear elliptic equations on the disk

Starting with approximate solutions of the equation $-\Delta u=wu^3$ on the disk, with zero boundary conditions, we prove that there exist true solutions nearby. One of the challenges here lies in the fact that we need simultaneous and accurate control of both the (inverse) Dirichlet Laplacean and nonlinearities. We achieve this with the aid of a computer, using a Banach algebra of real analytic functions, based on Zernike polynomials. Besides proving existence, and symmetry properties, we also determine the Morse index of the solutions.
Modeling and analysis of static and dynamic characteristics for buck-type three-phase PWM rectifier by circuit DQ transformation

The static and dynamic characteristics of buck-type three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier are fully analyzed based on the DC and AC circuit models developed by the circuit DQ transformation. Various static power converter characteristics such as gain, real and reactive power, power factor and unity power factor conditions are completely analyzed. Transition characteristics are also analyzed by both exact small-signal models with full set of equations and simplified output models in explicit form. The usefulness of the models is verified through computer simulations and experiments with good agreement shown.
Enamel hypoplasia in molars of sheep and goats, and its relationship to the pattern of tooth crown growth

Enamel is the most highly mineralized and durable tissue of the mammalian body. As enamel does not undergo remodeling or repair, disturbances of enamel formation leave a permanent record in the tissue that can be used for life history reconstruction. This study reports light and scanning electron microscope findings on hypoplastic enamel defects, and on the chronology of crown growth in the molars of sheep and goats. A marked reduction of enamel extension rates in cervical compared with more cuspal crown portions of sheep and goat molars was recorded, with formation of the cervical 25% of the crown taking about the same time as that of the upper 75% of the crown. This explains the more frequent occurrence of enamel hypoplasia in cervical compared with upper and middle crown portions. Regarding the identification of hypoplastic enamel defects by external inspection, our results suggest a dependence on the type of defect and the associated presence of smaller or larger amounts of coronal cementum. Defects considered to reflect a slight to moderate impairment of secretory ameloblast function can normally be correctly diagnosed as they are not occluded by thick layers of cementum. In contrast, defects denoting a severe impairment of enamel matrix secretion can typically not be correctly identified because they are occluded by large amounts of cementum, so that neither depth nor extension of the defects can be assessed on external inspection. In these cases, microscopic analysis of tooth sections is required for a correct diagnosis of the hypoplastic enamel defects.
Time varying EEG Bandpower Estimation Improves 3D Hand Motion Trajectory Prediction Accuracy

Motion trajectory prediction (MTP) employs a time-series of band-pass filtered EEG potentials for reconstructing the three-dimensional (3D) trajectory of limb movements with a multiple linear regression (mLR) block. While traditional multiclass classification methods use power values of mu (8-12Hz) and beta (12-30Hz) bands for limb movement based classification, recent MTP brain-computer interface (BCI) studies report the best accuracy using a 0.5-2Hz band-pass filter. We recently introduced a novel approach for MTP BCIs where the time-series of band-pass filtered EEG potentials were replaced with the time-series of power values of subject-specific frequency band(s) prior to the application of mLR. Here we present an analysis of three subjects performing 3D arm movements and comparing the accuracy rates of the standard EEG potential model and the proposed spectrum power-based approach.
First‐trimester diagnosis of conjoined twins: a report of three cases

Conjoined twins are defined by the conjoined (shared) body area, resulting from incomplete monozygotic twinning. Where the embryonic disc does not divide completely, or adjacent embryonic discs fuse, various types of conjoined monozygotic twins may form. Prenatal diagnosis of conjoined twins is relatively difficult and has been rarely reported in the first trimester. The incidence of conjoined twins is estimated at 1 in 100 000 births 1 . The earliest prenatal diagnosis enabling assessment for shared vital organs is desirable for optimal obstetric management of such pregnancies. Sonographic diagnosis of conjoined twins has been reported 2 , but there have been few cases diagnosed in the first trimester, and especially of the rarer types of conjoining 2–4 . We present three cases of conjoined twins (diprosopus, omphalopagus, and thoracopagus, respectively) detected in the first trimester. To our knowledge, this includes the earliest reported diagnosis of diprosopus twinning.
Repeated West Nile Virus Epidemic Transmission in Kern County, California, 2004–2007

ABSTRACT West Nile virus (WNV) has remained epidemic in Kern County, CA, since its introduction in 2004 through 2007 when the human case annual incidence increased from 6–8 to 17 per 100,000, respectively. The 2007 increase in human infection was associated with contradicting surveillance indicators, including severe drought, warm spring but cool summer temperature anomalies, decreased rural and urban mosquito abundance but increased early season infection in urban Culex quinquefasciatus Say, moderate avian “herd immunity,” and declines in the catch of competent (western scrub-jay and house finch) and noncompetent (California quail and mourning dove) avian species. The decline in these noncompetent avian hosts may have increased contact with competent avian hosts and perhaps humans. The marked increase in home foreclosures and associated neglected swimming pools increased urban mosquito production sites, most likely contributing to the urban mosquito population and the WNV outbreak within Bakersfield. Coalescing five surveillance indicators into a risk assessment score measured each half month provided 2- to 6-wk early warning for emergency planning and was followed consistently by the onset of human cases after reaching epidemic conditions. St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) antibody was detected rarely in wild birds but not mosquitoes or sentinel chickens, indicating that previously infected birds were detected in Kern County, but SLEV reintroduction was not successful. In contrast, western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) was detected during 3 of 5 yr in Culex tarsalis Coquillett, sentinel chickens, and wild birds, but failed to amplify to levels where tangential transmission was detected in Aedes mosquitoes or humans. A comparison of transmission patterns in Kern County to Coachella Valley in the southeastern desert of California showed the importance of mosquito phenology and spatial distribution, corvids, or other avian “super spreaders” and anthropogenic factors in WNV epidemiology.
High occurrence of various Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes in pigs arriving at the slaughterhouse

Background: Clostridium difficile is recognized as an important cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in humans, especially in association with the administration of antibiotics. Furthermore, C. difficile can not only cause neonatal enteritis in pigs but can also be found in pigs without any clinical disease symptoms. Clostridium difficile had been found on pork samples destined for human consumption. However, little is known about the risk of food-borne transmission. Objective: To elaborate the risk of food-borne transmission of C. difficile via pigs. Animals and methods: The occurrence of C. difficile was assessed in pigs arriving at a slaughterhouse in the Netherlands. Rectal faecal samples from 50 pigs originating from 10 different farms were taken just after the pigs were stunned and bled. These samples were examined using a real-time PCR (BD GeneOhm™ Cdiff Assay) combined with culturing following enrichment. Results: Using real-time PCR, none of the faecal samples were found positive for C. difficile while after culturing following enrichment, 14 out of 50 samples (28%) contained C. difficile. The positive samples were derived from nine different farms and encompassed seven different PCR ribotypes (015 predominant). All isolated C. difficile strains were positive for the toxin A and B genes. Conclusion: These results indicate that C. difficile can be found in faecal samples obtained from pigs after they were stunned and bled in a slaughterhouse. Clinical importance: The potential risk of these findings on food-borne transmission via pigs and associated impact on human health cannot be excluded and needs further study.
Structure of Aquaporin-2 Vasopressin Water Channel (*)

Aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) is a vasopressin-regulated water channel in the kidney collecting duct. AQP-2 is selectively permeable to water molecule and is translocated between the apical membrane and subapical endosomes in response to vasopressin. To investigate the localization and structure of the aqueous pathway of the AQP-2 water channel, a series of site-directed mutants was constructed and functionally analyzed. Insertion of N-glycosylation reporter sequence into each hydrophilic loop (HL) indicated that AQP-2 has a six-membrane spanning topology and that insertional mutations in HL-2 or HL-5 do not alter water channel function. Mercury-sensitive site of AQP-2 is located near the second asparagine-proline-alanine (NPA) domain at cysteine 181, but not near the first NPA domain. Replacement of HL-3 or HL-4 with the corresponding part of Escherichia coli glycerol facilitator abolished water channel function without changing plasma membrane expression of the channel protein. Introduction of cysteine residues in His-122, Asn-123, Gly-154, Asp-155, or Asn-156 induced partial mercury sensitivity, and point mutations in asparagine 123 significantly altered water permeability. Our results implicate that the structure of AQP-2 is different from models previously proposed for AQP-1 and that HL-3 and HL-4 are closely located to the aqueous pathway.
Computer-Aided Analysis of Office Systems

Computer-aided support in the analysis and design of office information systems is discussed. The support system described includes a language for description of office practice, analysis and database maintenance systems, and analysis report generation software. The system components are consistent wit ha general model of office interactions. The objects and relations unique to the office environment are supported in the terminology for description of both manual and automated office activities. Analysis support providing consistency and completeness evaluations and alternative views of the system serve the analysis activity. A case study is briefly overviewed and conclusions are drawn concerning the utility of the tools. The major utility of the tools was perceived by management and analysts to be the application as a dynamic and structured documentation with consistency evaluation.
Serological diagnosis of acute tick‐borne encephalitis by demonstration of antibodies of the IgM class

A sensitive enzyme immunoassay is described for demonstrating specific antibodies of the IgM class to tick‐borne encephalitis virus (anti‐TBEV IgM). Anti‐m̈‐coated, flat‐bottomed microtiter plates are incubated with diluted patients'serum (2 hr at 37°C), then with purified TBEV, and later with pero‐xidase‐coupled anti‐TBEV immunoglobulin for a further 2 hr. After washing the plates, orthophenylenediamine is added and the optical density is measured at 510 nm. At an early stage after onset of illness anti‐TBEV IgM could be demonstrated up to serum dilutions of 10−4. The specificity of the test system was shown by total inhibition of the positive reaction by preincubation of patients'sera with anti‐m̈. Tick‐borne encephalitis (TBE) could be diagnosed serologically in 54 patients by the described method, and anti‐TBEV IgM could be demonstrated in sera drawn up to 9 months after onset of illness. A peak in the number of infections occurs in the age group of 31–40 years, and most infections occur from June to October with a small peak in July.