Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fermentation characteristics and ruminal ciliate protozoal populations in cattle fed medium- or high-concentrate barley-based diets.

Fermentation characteristics were measured and numbers and distribution by genera of ciliate protozoa were determined in ruminal fluid samples collected from 10 ruminally cannulated steers during the first 30 d of their being fed barley-based diets containing 62% (Medium Barley) or 95% (High Barley) barley grain (DM basis). Ruminal samples were collected at 5-d intervals over the 30-d periods beginning after adaptation (i.e., at the first full feeding of each diet). Ruminal pH and ammonia concentrations were lower (P < 0.001) with the High Barley than with the Medium Barley diet. Concentrations of total VFA and propionate and amylase activity of ruminal fluid were higher (P < 0.001) on High Barley than on Medium Barley. Total protozoal numbers in ruminal fluid were 42% lower (P < 0.05) on High Barley (470 x 10(3)/mL) than on Medium Barley (804 x 10(3)/mL). On Medium and High Barley diets, respectively, Entodinium spp. made up 89 and 91% of the ciliate protozoal populations. With the Medium Barley diet, relative proportions of Dasytricha, Ophryoscolex, Ostracodinium, Diplodinium, and Metadinium spp. in the total ciliate population were 4.5, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.3%, respectively. When the High Barley diet was fed, these genera were not detected. In a subsequent survey, ruminal samples were collected from 200 finishing cattle at slaughter. Average protozoal population was 328 x 10(3)/mL, and Entodinium spp. constituted 97% of the total. These data demonstrate that a large population of Entodinium spp. can persist in the rumen of cattle fed high barley grain-based finishing diets.
THE LONDON CONGESTION CHARGING RESEARCH PROGRAMME. 5. ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS

This is the fifth of six papers describing work done within the Government Office for London's Congestion Charging Research Programme. The Programme is described in two reports published by HMSO ((1) The London Congestion Charging Research Programme - principle findings, published 1995; (2) The London Congestion Charging Research Programme - final report, published 1995). In this paper a summary of the predicted impacts of congestion charging in London is presented. As noted in the earlier paper on assessment methods (May,AD et al, published in Traffic Engineering and Control 1996 v 34 no. 4 pp 277-282) congestion charging has an unusually wide range of potential impacts. Moreover, it is sufficiently flexible to offer a wide range of design options, whose effects will depend on the complementary measures with which it is combined. The study commenced by considering the strategic impacts which congestion charging would have had had it been implemented in 1991. The tests took two options, a cordon around Central London and the same cordon supplemented by a second around Inner London, as the reference options against which to assess alternative charging options. A limited set of these was then assessed in terms of their potential impact in 2011 (the results of which have not been presented here) and at a more detailed level using the WILTRAM model of Inner West London. Finally, the reference options were tested in conjunction with a set of illustrative complementary strategies.
Aneurysms of the distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery: experience with three cases and review of the literature.

We report 3 surgically treated aneurysms of the distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) and review 36 cases in the literature. More than half of the distal PICA aneurysms arose distal to the choroidal arch. These lesions often arose at a turning point (i.e., a hairpin curve) of an artery instead of at a junction of vessels. Distal PICA aneurysms are likely to be missed and it is necessary to investigate carefully with four-vessel angiography even if computed tomography is done. Eighty-two per cent of the surgically treated 39 patients had good recoveries and 8% had fair results. The mortality rate was 10%. Although clipping of the aneurysm neck is preferable, trapping is useful when neck clipping is impossible in segments distal to the choroidal arch.
Back to basics: primary immune deficiencies: windows into the immune system.

1. Thomas A. Fleisher, MD* 1. *Chief, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Md After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the basic role of the innate and adaptive immune systems in host defense. 2. Recognize the clinical features of the various categories of primary immune deficiencies. 3. List the screening laboratory tests that can define the primary immune deficiencies. 4. Discuss the general approaches to immune reconstitution for treating primary immune deficiencies. The inherited immune deficiencies have been invaluable instructors, extending our understanding of the contribution of components of the immune system to host defense. The information provided by studying these disorders also has generated new avenues of therapy, applications of which have influenced the treatment of a range of other human diseases. Currently, more than 120 genetic defects are associated with immune deficiency, and it appears that these numbers will continue to grow. This expansion of knowledge is being driven, in part, by clinicians becoming more aware of the subtleties of immune function and linking clinical phenotypes to potential immune deficiencies. This article focuses on the range of human immune deficiencies in the context of the underlying immunologic defects and associated infections. This link between components of the immune system and protection from infection to various categories of microorganisms serves as the basis for developing current approaches to therapy. Space constraints limit this discussion; readers are referred to major textbooks that deal specifically with immune deficiencies for in-depth discussions of these disorders. (1) Better understanding of the immune deficiencies requires a basic understanding of the immune system and its division into two major components: innate and adaptive immunity. The former is a phylogenetically more primitive system that responds without the requirement of prior exposure. The functional components of innate immunity include cellular components as well as circulating and secreted proteins (Fig. 1). An innate immune host response is activated by direct …
Comparison of first degree relatives and spouses of people with chronic tension headache

Tension headache is known by virtually everyone. Most people have mild and infrequent attacks, but about 3% of the population have frequent attacks–chronic tension headache.1 Chronic tension headache often affects patients for a major part of their lives, causing considerable personal and socioeconomic expense.2 The aetiology of chronic tension headache remains largely unknown. A genetic factor has not previously been suspected, although patients suffering from chronic tension headache commonly report a family history of the condition. We examined the familial occurrence of chronic tension headache in spouses and first degree relatives of probands with chronic tension headache in order to evaluate …
Is there an information age in the whole developmental stages of the substance civilization of human society?

The "information age" and "information society" that have emerged in recent years and that have been clamored and overhyped by some people are not real existed. The entire historical facts of human society have proved that information and its communication and dissemination have existed since the advent of human beings. With the advancement of substance civilization, the highly developed information technology and means of communication are always accompanied, never left and interrupted. The six-stage theory proposed by the author for the development of material civilization in human society has theoretically ruled out the standard of information as the dividing stage of development of material civilization. Therefore either from the whole history facts or from the theoretical analysis there is no anyplace for the information age acting as a certain stage of the historical process of human social development.
A SVD and Adaptive Quantization Based Robust Digital Image Watermarking Technique

Digital Watermarking is a technology, to facilitate the authentication, copyright protection and Security of digital media. The objective of developing a robust watermarking technique is to incorporate the maximum possible robustness without compromising with the transparency. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) using Adaptive Quantization provides this objective of an optimal robust watermarking technique. In this paper watermarking technique has been developed using Adaptive Quantization and Singular Value Decomposition Technique (SVD). In this quantization step has been used and after that PSNR value is calculated and compare with the PSNR values of watermarked image designed by using Singular Value Decomposition technique.
High-speed processing for obtaining three-dimensional distance image and its application

A high-speed method of 3-D distance acquisition based on the triangulation principle is presented. This method uses conventional devices such as a CCD camera, a laser emitting semiconductor, and scanning mirrors; however, new circuits have been developed for detecting the position of spot image on the CCD. This development enables the high speed measurement and reduces the cost of the apparatus. Experiments showed that the apparatus and the method gave the practical measuring accuracy and speed, and it was found that the system is useful for image recognition. This method can easily display the stereoscopic image and cross-sectional figure of the object body. The method of real time processing has also been developed with the view to apply the device to the range finders for robots and blind persons. <<ETX>>
Aerobic regulation of the sucABCD genes of Escherichia coli, which encode alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinyl coenzyme A synthetase: roles of ArcA, Fnr, and the upstream sdhCDAB promoter

The sucABCD genes of Escherichia coli encode subunits for two enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (sucAB) and succinyl coenzyme A synthetase (sucCD). To examine how these genes are expressed in response to changes in oxygen and carbon availability, a set of sucA-lacZ, sucC-lacZ, sdhCDAB-sucA-lacZ, and sdhC-lacZ fusions were constructed and analyzed in vivo. While the expression of a sucA-lacZ fusion was low under all cell growth conditions tested, the expression of the sucA gene from the upstream sdhC promoter was considerably higher and varied by up to 14-fold depending on the carbon substrate used. Expression of the sdhCDAB-sucA-lacZ fusion varied by fourfold in response to oxygen. In contrast, no expression was seen from a sucC-lacZ reporter fusion, indicating that no promoter immediately precedes the sucCD genes. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the oxygen and carbon control of sucABCD gene expression occurs by transcriptional regulation of the upstream sdhC promoter. The weaker sucA promoter provides an additional low constitutive level of sucABCD gene expression to supplement transcription from the sdhC promoter. The negative control of sucABCD gene expression seen under anaerobic conditions, like that for the sdhCDAB genes, is provided by the arcA and fnr gene products. These findings establish that the differential expression of eight genes for three of the TCA cycle enzymes in E. coli is controlled from one regulatory element.
On a Closure Concept in Claw-Free Graphs

If G is a claw-free graph, then there is a graph cl(G) such that (i) G is a spanning subgraph of cl(G), (ii) cl(G) is a line graph of a triangle-free graph, and (iii) the length of a longest cycle in G and in cl(G) is the same. A suucient condition for hamiltonicity in claw-free graphs, the equivalence of some conjectures on hamiltonicity in 2-tough graphs and the hamiltonicity of 7-connected claw-free graphs are obtained as corollaries.
Sharing Tacit Knowledge within Organizations: Evidence from the Czech Republic

Knowledge is a changing system with interactions among experience, skills, facts, relations, values, thinking processes and meanings. Literature differentiates between the two dimensions of knowledge, explicit and tacit. Explicit knowledge can be expressed in formal and systematic language and can be shared in the form of data. ICT makes this process easy these days. Tacit knowledge is highly personal and hard to discover. Explicit knowledge and intuition, mental models, experience, crafts and skills etc., create it. It is partly or fully subconscious, deeply rooted in action, procedures, routines, commitment, ideas, value and emotions of individuals or groups. It is very difficult to turn into data. Attempts to formalize it usually lead to its damage. Even though tacit knowledge is an important asset that enables us to do practical activities, many organizations underestimate it. This article discusses the basic theoretical background of tacit knowledge, its importance for modern organization and the results of research on tacit knowledge management in organizations in the Czech Republic (Central Europe). The research is qualitative and helps us to monitor development of knowledge management activities in our country. It started in 2004, continues to this day and currently provides the experience of 145 organizations.
Nuclear Import Strategies of High Risk HPV16 L1 Major Capsid Protein*

During the late phase of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, the L1 major capsid proteins enter the nuclei of host epithelial cells and, together with the L2 minor capsid proteins, assemble the replicated viral DNA into virions. We investigated the nuclear import of the L1 major capsid protein of high risk HPV16. When digitonin-permeabilized HeLa cells were incubated with HPV16 L1 capsomeres, the L1 protein was imported into the nucleus in a receptor-mediated manner. HPV16 L1 capsomeres formed complexes with Kap α2β1 heterodimers via interaction with Kap α2. Accordingly, nuclear import of HPV16 L1 capsomeres was mediated by Kap α2β1 heterodimers, required RanGDP and free GTP, and was independent of GTP hydrolysis. Remarkably, HPV16 L1 capsomeres also interacted with Kap β2 and binding of RanGTP to Kap β2 did not dissociate the HPV16 L1·Kap β2 complex. Significantly, HPV16 L1 capsomeres inhibited the nuclear import of Kap β2 and of a Kap β2-specific M9-containing cargo. These data suggest that, during the productive stage of infection, while the HPV16 L1 major capsid protein enters the nucleus via the Kap α2β1-mediated pathway to assemble the virions, it also inhibits the Kap β2-mediated nuclear import of host hnRNP A1 protein and, in this way, favors virion formation.
Immunohistochemical Markers of Melanocytic Lesions: A Review of Their Diagnostic Usefulness

We critically reviewed recent literature reports of 25 melanocytic immunohistochemical markers. This review organizes and summarizes the many new studies of old and novel melanocytic markers and identifies the most promising diagnostic immunohistochemical markers that can be used to distinguish melanocytic from nonmelanocytic lesions and benign melanocytic from malignant melanocytic lesions.
Disclosure of the Dealings Between Drug Developing Companies and the FDA Under the Federal Securities Laws

The purpose of this article is to highlight the main issues raised by the Food and Drug Administrationi? ½s (i? ½FDAi? ½) approval process relating to new drugs and the treatment of this process receives in the context of the Federal Securities Laws . The partial inspiration for this article has been the recent highly publicized case concerning ImClone Systems Incorporated i? ½ a case, which well exemplifies both the connection between the valuation of a biotech/medical company and the FDAi? ½s approval process for new drugs, and also the huge effect of the approval process to the marketi? ½s valuation of the stock price.
CHAPTER 6 SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE

Software maintenance is an integral part of a software life cycle. However, it has not historically received the same degree of attention as the other phases. Historically, development has had a much higher profile than maintenance in most organizations. This is now changing as organizations strive to obtain the most out of their development investment by keeping software operating as long as possible. Concerns about the Year 2000 (Y2K) rollover did bring significant attention to this important phase. Further, the Open Source paradigm has brought attention to the issue of maintaining code developed by others. Maintenance is also expensive. For these reasons, there is an opportunity to pursue further research to enhance productivity of maintenance activities.
Multiple regulation of STE2, a mating-type-specific gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae STE2 gene, which is required for pheromone response and conjugation specifically in mating-type a cells, was cloned by complementation of the ste2 mutation. Transcription of STE2 is repressed by the MAT alpha 2 gene product, so that the 1.4-kilobase STE2 RNA is detected only in a or mat alpha 2 strains, not in alpha or a/alpha cells. However, STE2 RNA levels are also increased by the mating pheromone alpha-factor and decreased in strains bearing mutations in the nonspecific STE4 gene. Regulation of STE2 expression in a cells is therefore achieved by several mechanisms.
A Clamping Circuit Architecture Implementing Charges Injection Reduction Techniques

By analyzing the classic clamping circuit, it is shown that the analog switches limit the precision of such a circuit, to 12 bits for 10Msamples/s signals, using a low-voltage CMOS 0.35mum technology. This paper presents an improved clamping architecture that overcomes these limitations. Precisions on the order of 16 bits and more can then be reached, the operational amplifiers being the new limiting factor
Semiquantitative analysis of corpus callosum injury using magnetic resonance imaging indicates clinical severity in patients with diffuse axonal injury

Objective: To evaluate the hypothesis that the extent of corpus callosum injury indicates the depth of shearing lesions in the central brain structure and therefore relates to the clinical severity of diffuse axonal injury. Methods: A simple and objective procedure for semiquantitative analysis of magnetic resonance images (MRI)—the maximum signal intensity ratio (MSIR)—was employed prospectively in 21 patients with diffuse axonal injury but without apparent injury to the ventral pons. All were diagnosed using serial combination MRI scans of fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2* weighted gradient echo imaging during the initial two weeks after the injury. The signal intensity ratio between the two regions of interest—the corpus callosum and the normal appearing ventral pons—was calculated serially in mid-sagittal and parasagittal FLAIR image sections in each patient. The MSIR during the study period was determined as a semiquantitative index of corpus callosum injury in each patient. The correlations between MSIR and the duration of unconsciousness, Glasgow outcome scale at six months, and the presence of apparent midbrain injury were investigated. Results: The mean (SD) MSIR value was 1.12 (0.18) at 7.4 (3.1) days after the injury (n = 21). MSIR correlated strongly with the duration of unconsciousness (n = 19, R2 = 0.74, p < 0.0001), and was higher in patients with both an unfavourable GOS outcome (p = 0.020) and apparent midbrain injury (p < 0.001). Conclusions: MSIR, which is a simple and objective procedure for semiquantitative analysis of corpus callosum damage in diffuse axonal injury, correlated with clinical severity. A high MSIR value may indicate the presence of concomitant midbrain injury.
Competition and Collusion in the IPO Market *

This article provides a game-theoretic model to explain the pattern of “clustering” of gross spreads for moderate size offerings and lower spreads for large offerings in the IPO market. I show that investment bankers, while acting non-cooperatively, may charge above-competitive spreads in equilibrium. JEL classification : C73, G24
Neurodevelopmental outcome and lifestyle assessment in school-aged and adolescent children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study are to describe the quality of life and cognitive function in school-aged children who have undergone staged palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), and to identify factors that are predictive of neurodevelopmental outcome in this population. METHODS School-aged survivors with HLHS who had undergone palliative surgery at our institution were identified and mailed a questionnaire to assess subjectively quality of life, school performance, and incidence of medical complications. A subgroup of local patients underwent standardized testing of cognitive function and neurologic examination. These patients were compared with the larger (remote) group of questionnaire respondents to determine whether results may be generalizable to the entire HLHS population. Potential predictors of neurologic and cognitive outcome were tested for their association with test scores using multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS Questionnaire results were obtained from 115 of 138 eligible children (83%; mean age: 9.0 +/- 2.0 years). Standardized testing was performed in 28 of 34 (82%) eligible local patients (mean age: 8.6 +/- 2.1 years). The majority of parents or guardians described their child's health as good (34%) or excellent (45%) and their academic performance as average (42%) or above average (42%). One third of the children, however, were receiving some form of special education. Chronic medication usage was common (64%); the incidence of medical complications was comparable to that previously reported in children with Fontan physiology. Cognitive testing of the local group demonstrated a median full scale IQ of 86 (range: 50-116). Mental retardation (IQ: <70) was noted in 18% of patients. In multivariate analysis, only the occurrence of preoperative seizures predicted lower full scale IQ. CONCLUSIONS Although the majority of school-aged children with HLHS had IQ scores within the normal range, mean performance for this historical cohort of survivors was lower than that in the general population.
Linear approximation of bilinear Processes

The linear approximation for a first-order bilinear process perturbed using pseudorandom binary and ternary signals is studied, in terms of the related linear dynamics consisting of the underlying linear dynamics and bias caused by nonlinear distortions. The related time constant is derived from the input-output cross-correlation function. The analysis is extended by simulation to the case of multilevel input signals. Simulation results are also given for a second-order bilinear process, as theoretical results are not available.