Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Effects of Dynamic Export Pricing on Export Sales: A Longitudinal Investigation

Little is known in the literature about dynamic export pricing, and particularly how the external environment interacts with a firm’s export pricing decisions and its long-term effect on export sales. Therefore, this study develops a longitudinal framework to examine the quadratic effect of dynamic export pricing and its interaction with customer/competitive turbulence on export sales. By employing product-level longitudinal data, the authors also estimate the lagged effect from past dynamic export pricing and export sales while simultaneously controlling for endogeneity and unknown firm heterogeneity. The results indicate that dynamic export pricing appears to have inverted quadratic effects on export sales; this quadratic relationship is moderated by customer turbulence and competitive turbulence. The authors also focus on the changes of the curve and shifts of the turning point and delineate the fit lines that pinpoint the optimal dynamic export pricing in different export markets. Finally, previous actions and outcomes significantly influence the following year’s export sales, which explains the long-term relationships.
Patterns of Movement Reflexes as the Result of the Order of Merge and Agree

Abstract In this article, I analyze patterns of reflexes of Ā-movement found within and across languages: reflexes may occur in all or none of the clauses of the dependency, in the clause where the dependency terminates, or solely in clauses where it does not terminate. I argue that the variation can best be captured by the variable timing of Agree and two subtypes of internal Merge (final vs. intermediate movement steps) triggered by a single head: early movement feeds Agree and gives rise to a reflex; late movement has the opposite effect. Since the subtypes of movement can apply at different points relative to Agree, reflexes may occur only in some clauses of the dependency.
Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War

Foreign intelligence played a number of important roles in the Cold War, but this topic has not received the scholarly attention it deserves. This survey article provides a broad overview of some of the new literature and documentation pertaining to Cold War era intelligence, as well as the key dimensions of the topic. Despite the continued obstacles posed by secrecy and the mixed reliability of sources, the publication of numerous memoirs and the release of a huge volume of fresh archival material in the post Cold War era have opened new opportunities to study the role of intelligence in Cold War history. Scholars should explore not only the micro level of the problem (the impact of intelligence on specific events) but also the macro level, looking at the many ways that the Cold War as a whole (its origins, its course, and its outcome) was influenced, perhaps even shaped, by the intelligence agencies of the United States, the Soviet Union, and other key countries. It is also crucial to examine the unintended consequences of intelligence activities. Some interesting examples of blowback (effects that boomerang against the country that initiated them) have recently come to light from intelligence operations that the United States undertook against the Soviet Union. Only by understanding the complex nature of the role of intelligence during the Cold War will we be able to come to grips with the historiographic challenge that the topic poses.
Environment, Equity and Globalization: Beyond Resistance

Some assessments of the new global economy are overstated and this, with environmentalism's predisposition to decentralization, has limited global environmental politics. While globalization does provoke equity and environmental failures, it does not universalize unemployment, nor is it necessarily financially unstable. It may be successful in its own termsadvancing total global GDP. As well, it is arguable that some wage restraint in rich nations is ultimately necessary to the simultaneous achievement of sustainability and global-scale equity. Rather than resisting globalization, the better strategy for progressive greens might be to promote a global policy agenda including the democratic control of global media, harmonized tax shifts to energy and material throughputs (and/or higher commodity prices), environmental treaty enforcement using trade-based sanctions, and the establishment of a global minimum wage.
Legitimacy in an Era of Fragmentation: The Case of Global Climate Governance

Studies grounded in regime theory have examined the effectiveness of “minilateral” climate change forums that have emerged outside of the UN climate process. However, there are no detailed studies of the legitimacy of these forums or of the impacts of their legitimacy on effectiveness and governance potential. Adopting the lens of legitimacy, we analyze the reasons for the formation of minilateral climate change forums and their recent role in global climate governance. We use Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen and Vihma's analytical framework for international institutions to examine three minilateral climate forums: the Asia-Pacific Partnership, the Major Economies Meetings, and the G8 climate process. These forums have significant deficits in their source-based, process-based, and outcome-based legitimacy, particularly when compared to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. If assessed purely on grounds of effectiveness, the minilateral forums might be easily dismissed as peripheral to the UN climate process. However, they play important roles by providing sites for powerful countries to shape the assumptions and expectations of global climate governance. Thus, the observed institutional fragmentation allows key states to use minilateral forums to shape the architecture of global climate governance.
Performance Pay System Preferences of Students Preparing to Be Teachers

This study explored the potential acceptability of performance pay to new teachers by investigating attitudes toward performance pay of students preparing to be teachers. Focus groups and a survey of students preparing to be teachers at a large U.S. university were conducted. Most students expressed a preference for some form of performance pay and tended to prefer pay based on individual performance or pay for knowledge and skill development instead of pay based on school performance. Personality traits and work values were not related to preferences for different performance pay approaches or performance pay in general. These results suggest that teachers' experiences rather than personality or work values may be the dominant influences on attitudes toward performance pay. This implies that beginning teachers may view performance pay more favorably than their more experienced colleagues, suggesting a strategy of applying performance pay to new teachers only.
The economics of happiness

Daedalus Spring 2004 Most of us, I think it is safe to say, would like to be happier, would like, indeed, to hold the ‘keys to happiness. ’ For centuries the contemplation of this desire was the exclusive preserve of philosophers and theologians, who speculated and offered prescriptions on ‘the good life. ’ Only fairly recently has it come into the domain of social science– 1⁄2rst in psychiatry, where depression had been the object of concern, and then, since around 1950, in the mainstream social sciences. The impetus for social science research in this area during the last half century has been the development of population surveys inquiring into people’s feelings of well-being. A very simple survey question, for example, might ask a respondent, “In general, how happy would you say you are–very happy, pretty happy, or not so happy? ” Another question might be, “How satis1⁄2ed are you with your life as a whole– very, somewhat, so-so, not very, or not at all? ” Over the years a substantial methodological literature has developed to consider the value of the answers to such questions. The professional consensus is that the responses, though not unproblematic, are meaningful and reasonably comparable among various groups of individuals. Although there are subtle differences between happiness and life satisfaction, I will treat them for the present purpose as interchangeable measures of overall feelings of well-being, that is, of subjective well-being. My focus will be on what we are learning from the survey data on the causes of subjective wellbeing, and, based on this, what we might do as individuals to improve it. As I go along I shall discuss two prominent and contrasting theories of wellbeing, one from psychology, one from economics. In psychology, setpoint theory has gained increasing attention in the last decade or so. Each individual is thought to have a 1⁄2xed setpoint of happiness or life satisfaction determined by genetics and personality; life events such as marriage or divorce, job loss, or serious injury or disease may temporarily Richard A. Easterlin
Evolving Expressions and Art by Choice

One common criticism of algorithmic art is its slavish devotion to technical virtuosity at the expense of artistic intent and content. To address this problem, the author uses an algorithmic method known as evolving expressions, which both challenges the technical ability of the artist and also paves the way to art by choicean art that re-creates what lies in the imagination by visualizing the creatures that live there, the creatures of our dreams.
Collecting Food, Cultivating People: Subsistence and Society in Central Africa

Cultivating Food, Cultivating People challenges many of the historical narratives researchers often hold up in explaining the development of food systems. First, the region of focus, the Botatwe-speaking part of central Africa, has largely been left out of these narratives because of its unusual dispersed political structure. Second, the book pushes readers to ask why a culture may choose a certain type of food system. This decision may not involve not just efficiency, but also resilience in a variable ecosystem, and involve interplay with social power dynamics. The book moves through time, using largely a linguistic approach to describe the evolution and dispersal of pre-Botatwe foods and cultures from around 1000 BCE to 1700 AD. Over that long span of time, one of the biggest messages is that the trajectory of food system growth is not monolithic nor does it follow a single, straight path. The shifting climate in central Africa from wet to dry and back again left its residents with a desire to mitigate risk through multiple streams of food production. In any given year, one form would be “best,” and there was great value in maintaining open options. Tied to the milieu of food production systems is the unique social structure of the region. The common understanding of the evolution of food systems is the story of a march of progress from hunter-gatherer societies to agriculture and animal husbandry. This account also rests on a social structure evolving towards central power, and a patriarchal nuclear family structure. Instead, de Luna argues that the hunter-gatherer community in the Botatwe-speaking region was more decentralized, with many distributed nodes of power, and with a form of matriarchal family structure that awarded status by multiple kinds of contributions to society. This society changed in tandem with the local environment, shifting from grain-based agriculture to pastoralism depending on which product best fit the climate regime of the time. This non-traditional and dynamic view of social design can have lessons for how we categorize current societies as well. The linguistic approach used to describe the changes in Botatwe food and culture through time allows a methodological lens well tailored to a society that did not leave much behind for traditional archeological and historical techniques. While the analysis through time does include conclusions from examining pottery, jewelry, and gravesites, the nature of the diversity and adaptability
Comments by Kaliappa Kalirajan and Sylvie Dmurger

Asian Economic Papers 1:3 © 2002 The Earth Institute at Columbia University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Kaliappa Kalirajan: Signiacant variations in regional economic growth within national boundaries exist across different types of economies worldwide. Many factors inouence regional development patterns: natural endowments; stage of development; mobility of resources; and economies of scale, leading to specialization. Balanced regional development has been a touchstone for policy evaluation in India. The Planning Commission of India often states that the national policy of the Indian government is aimed at reducing interregional disparity.
Autoregressive Transformations in Cointegrated Regressions

Standard autocorrelation corrections applied to cointegrating regressions can lead to erroneous first-differencing. Such outcomes are shown to be possible under a range of environments, including cases with autocorrelation coefficients substantially less than 1. First-differencing of a cointegrating regression results in estimates that may bear little relation to the parameters in the original untransformed relation, resulting in misinterpretation of the parameter estimates. These results are proved analytically and demonstrated with simulations and empirical examples.
Imposing Moment Restrictions from Auxiliary Data by Weighting

In this paper we analyze the estimation of coefficients in regression models under moment restrictions in which the moment restrictions are derived from auxiliary data. The moment restrictions yield weights for each observation that can subsequently be used in weighted regression analysis. We discuss the interpretation of these weights under two assumptions: that the target population (from which the moments are constructed) and the sampled population (from which the sample is drawn) are the same, and that these populations differ. We present an application based on omitted ability bias in estimation of wage regressions. The National Longitudinal Survey Young Men's Cohort (NLS)in addition to containing information for each observation on wages, education, and experiencerecords data on two test scores that may be considered proxies for ability. The NLS is a small dataset, however, with a high attrition rate. We investigate how to mitigate these problems in the NLS by forming moments from the joint distribution of education, experience, and log wages in the 1 sample of the 1980 U.S. Census and using these moments to construct weights for weighted regression analysis of the NLS. We analyze the impacts of our weighted regression techniques on the estimated coefficients and standard errors of returns to education and experience in the NLS controlling for ability, with and without the assumption that the NLS and the Census samples are random samples from the same population.
Raised Objects and Superiority

En se basant sur le travail de Postal (1974), Lasnik et Saito (1991) ont presente un certain nombre d'arguments en faveur d'une analyse des phrases telles que John believes Mary to be intelligent et John believes her to be intelligent a l'aide du phenomene de montee vers l'objet. Dans cette note, l'A. montre que le principe de superiorite fournit des preuves supplementaires en faveur de cette analyse, dans la mesure ou il permet de mieux comprendre les relations entre les elements deplaces, d'identifier les positions des elements deplaces et de determiner le niveau de realisation du phenomene de montee. Ce principe stipule en effet que, dans une phrase contenant deux syntagmes WH de meme portee, c'est le plus haut qui se deplace vers [Spec, CP] dans la syntaxe de surface. Il permet ainsi d'etablir le fait que les objets montes se comportent comme des objets conventionnels, dans la mesure ou ils c-commandent le syntagme adjoint dans la proposition principale
On The Need For More Rigorous Thinking About The Laws Of Form

Vague terminology, lack of basic definitions—these are the foremost defects of art criticism. Music and architecture fare better, but in most writing on the visual arts, waffle and muddle add up to total irresponsibility—a situation that suits some artists and critics just fine, but deprives both of objective criteria. Here in Leonardo, which has since its founding struggled to encourage a more “scientific” approach to art, I want to make the attempt—for my own sake and for that of colleagues whose help I would like to enlist—to define some basic laws binding on the maker of pictures and essential to the understanding of picture-making. First, though, it must be clearly stated that these laws do not exist in isolation but coexist and struggle in such a way that one law will appear to dominate a given space, thereby subordinating others. Essentially, however, all are equally valid for all work on flat surfaces, whether figurative or abstract, i.e. for prints, drawings and paintings. For monumental forms the laws are somewhat differently accentuated. For performance art and installations they are modified by theatrical considerations.
Visualizing the Vague: Invisible Computers in Contemporary Design

Introduction Design is a powerful tool in getting us to accept new ideas and things. In the past, this tool has been used to introduce new products and technologies as safe, familiar, and even invisible. But design also can be used in a critical or subversive way that challenges the prevailing norm. Because product design often operates within tight economic parameters, there have been few opportunities for designers to use their skills for critical projects. During the last decade, the concept that computers should be “invisible” has influenced much IT development and research. But technology as such, and computers in particular, are too problematic to be hidden away. Instead of hiding computer technology, we should use the power of design to visualize and express the complex issues it raises. This paper will outline the background behind the concept of an “invisible computer,” as well as present some historical references in connection with the introduction of new technology. The idea of hiding something problematic will be discussed, drawing on ideas from psychology, design theory, and sociology. The idea of double invisibility from feminist theory also will be used as a tool to criticize invisible computers and to point out other available options.
The Effect of Income on Mortality: Evidence from the Social Security Notch

Legislation in the 1970s created a Notch in social security payments, with those born after January 1, 1917, receiving sharply lower benefits. Using restricted-use versions of the National Mortality Detail File combined with Census data, we use this quasi experiment to examine the income mortality link in an elderly population. Estimates from difference-in-difference and regression discontinuity models show the higher-income group has a statistically significantly higher mortality rate, contradicting the previous literature. We also found that younger cohorts responded to lower incomes by increasing postretirement work effort, suggesting that moderate employment has beneficial health effects for the elderly.
Community Consensus: Design Beyond Participation

The importance of user involvement in design activities has been widely recognized in efforts to design more usable and acceptable systems. Tools and methods used in some approaches, such as user-centered, interaction, and Participatory Design, shifted the focus to the user; nevertheless, “user involvement” remains a vague concept and a highly varied practice. Value-based approaches have heightened awareness of the need to explicitly redefine who is making the design decisions and to explicate what design processes say about users. However, to date, design discourse has merely scratched the surface in unpacking meanings about participation and the ways these meanings affect design outcomes. We rarely discuss the assumptions inherent in concepts related to being human, whether as an individual or a community member (i.e., participating with others within a community), nor do we articulate how participation and design activities together define the identity of the user/community member as “the designer from within” and “the technologist/researcher/designer” as the “designer from outside” not originating from the community in which the design takes place. In this article, we propose that grappling with meanings about participation is critical to design and, in particular, to cross-cultural design. Societies and groups based on other value systems conceptualize “participation” differently, and this understanding directly affects the intercultural design process.
How Society Shapes Aging: The Centrality of Variability

old suddenly or seem much older than their chronological age. Conversely, we see people who appear vibrant and seem resilient to the challenges they face late in life. What role does society play in shaping these distinct outcomes of aging? The kinds of dif1⁄2culties each of us are liable to face as we grow older are determined by our opportunities for social interaction and intimacy, by our economic and educational experiences, and by our exposure to severe social and physical stresses. We believe that a great deal of what super1⁄2cially may seem like random variability in health outcomes is in fact patterned by the kinds of social and economic experiences that people confront throughout their lives. Such variability is key to understanding aging. Social conditions help determine several health outcomes as we age. Variations in life expectancy and disability, for example, reflect differences in past social investments in the health and well-being of different groups within society. Perhaps more surprising, aging at the biological level–as indicated by measures of metabolic function, glucose metabolism, blood pressure regulation, and pulmonary function–is also correlated with social conditions.
Water Quality Awareness and Breastfeeding: Evidence of Health Behavior Change in Bangladesh

Abstract Decades of campaigns have cautioned households in Bangladesh about waterborne contaminants such as arsenic. In addition to switching water sources, mothers can protect young children from contaminated water by breastfeeding longer. We exploit time series variation in whether children were born before or after a nationwide information campaign and geographic variation in exposure to arsenic. We find that mothers breast-feed children longer in response to the campaign, especially when they have less access to uncontaminated wells, and that infants are more likely to be exclusively breast-fed. We find consistent evidence of lower mortality rates and diarrheal incidence for infants.
A New Measure of College Quality to Study the Effects of College Sector and Peers on Degree Attainment

Students starting at a two-year college are much less likely to graduate than similar students who start at a four-year college, but the sources of this attainment gap are largely unexplained. This paper investigates the attainment consequences of sector choice and peer quality among recent high school graduates. Using data on all Preliminary SAT (PSAT) test-takers between 2004 and 2006, we develop a novel measure of peer ability for most two-year and four-year colleges in the United States—the average PSAT of enrolled students. We document substantial variation in this measure of peer quality across two-year colleges and nontrivial overlap between the two-year and four-year sectors. We find that half the gap in bachelor's degree attainment rates across sectors is explained by differences in peers, leaving room for structural barriers to transferring between institutions to also play an important role.