Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pigment Algorithm

The Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) mission will provide operational ocean color that will be superior to the previous Coastal Zone Color Sensor (CZCS) proof-of-concept mission. An algorithm is needed that exploits the full functionality of SeaWiFS whilst remaining compatible in concept with algorithms used for the CZCS. This document describes the theoretical rationale of radiance band-ratio methods for determining chlorophyll a and other important biogeochemical parameters, and their implementation for the SeaWIFS mission. Pigment interrelationships are examined to explain the success of the CZCS algorithms. In the context where chlorophyll a absorbs only weakly at 520 nm, the success of the 520 nm to 550 nm CZCS band ratio needs to be explained. This is explained by showing that in pigment data from a range of oceanic provinces chlorophyll a (absorbing at less than 490 nm), carotenoids (absorbing at greater than 460 nm), and total pigment are highly correlated. Correlations within pigment groups particularly photoprotectant and photosynthetic carotenoids are less robust. The sources of variability in optical data are examined using the NIMBUS Experiment Team (NET) bio-optical data set and bio-optical model. In both the model and NET data, the majority of the variance in the optical data is attributed to variability in pigment (chlorophyll a), and total particulates, with less than 5% of the variability resulting from pigment assemblage. The relationships between band ratios and chlorophyll is examined analytically, and a new formulation based on a dual hyperbolic model is suggested which gives a better calibration curve than the conventional log-log linear regression fit. The new calibration curve shows the 490:555 ratio is the best single-band ratio and is the recommended CZCS-type pigment algorithm. Using both the model and NET data, a number of multiband algorithms are developed; the best of which is an algorithm based on the 443:555 and 490:555 ratios. From model data, the form of potential algorithms for other products, such as total particulates and dissolved organic matter (DOM), are suggested.
Recurrent Event Network: Autoregressive Structure Inference over Temporal Knowledge Graphs

Knowledge graph reasoning is a critical task in natural language processing. The task becomes more challenging on temporal knowledge graphs, where each fact is associated with a timestamp. Most existing methods focus on reasoning at past timestamps and they are not able to predict facts happening in the future. This paper proposes Recurrent Event Network (RE-NET), a novel autoregressive architecture for predicting future interactions. The occurrence of a fact (event) is modeled as a probability distribution conditioned on temporal sequences of past knowledge graphs. Specifically, our RE-NET employs a recurrent event encoder to encode past facts and uses a neighborhood aggregator to model the connection of facts at the same timestamp. Future facts can then be inferred in a sequential manner based on the two modules. We evaluate our proposed method via link prediction at future times on five public datasets. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate the strength of RENET, especially on multi-step inference over future timestamps, and achieve state-of-the-art performance on all five datasets. Code and data can be found at this https URL
HA55_WEB_Maquetación HA

While most Latin American countries followed outward-looking policies of agrarian development during the 1990s, Cuba shifted towards inward-looking development to face the harsh crisis that followed the Socialist demise of the late 1980s. Although it was an indispensable response to the worst crisis in Cuban history, the island has become one of the few countries, if not the only one, that is currently experimenting with this pattern of alternative development on a national scale. This alternative is based on food self-provisioning, input substitution, internal liberalisation, land decentralisation and sustainable small farming1.
Effect of Feeding Regime on Meat Quality of Elk Deer Loin during Aging

The study aimed to investigate the effects of feeding regimes on chemical composition, meat quality, and fatty acid composition of elk deer loin (EDL) while aging at 4°C. Sixteen 3-year-old elk hinds were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments: pasture grazing (PG) and barn feeding (BF). While eight elks grazed on pastures with supplementary feed of 1.0% of body weight (PG), the remaining eight elks were fed 1.0% of concentrate with hay ad libitum for 5 months in a barn (BF). After slaughtering, EDL was dissected and aged for 56 days at 4°C under vacuum packaging. Proximate composition, physicochemical characteristics, and fatty acid composition of EDL were determined thereafter. Proximate composition of EDL showed no significant difference between feeding regimes and across aging period. The pH values of EDL increased with increase of storage days. Drip loss increased by day 14, compared to that on the first day, and shear force decreased during aging. Water holding capacity and cooking loss were not significantly affected by feeding regime or aging period. Lightness (L*) and redness (a*) were decreased on day 56 compared to the initial day. Yellowness (b*) of EDL decreased with increase of aging time. The α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid content was higher in PG treatment and increased with aging duration. Both feeding regimes and aging were found to affect meat quality and fatty acid profiles.
Transient Thermoelastic Analysis of a Cylinder Having a Varied Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

This paper is concerned with the mathematical modeling of transient thermal elastic problem involving a layered cylinder with a varied coefficient of thermal expansion and powered by a heat flux from an external surfaces. All material's properties are the same for each cylinder's layers, besides the coefﬁcient of linear thermal expansion which is varied and corresponds to hardened and unhardened layers. An obtained solution is a transient state of a heat transfer for the one-dimensional temperature change under the action of heat flux in continuous time. Cumbersome analytical solutions are converted into simple approximation. They are used to solve the inverse problems of the thermal stressed state–determining the time of action of the heat flux to achieve the specified maximum temperature or stress. Some numerical results for the stress distributions are shown in ﬁgures.
The Adaptiveness of Parental Care in Desmognathus ochrophaeus (Urodela: Plethodontidae)

Field observations indicated that egg clutches attended by Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope females were less susceptible to predation than were unattended clutches. Clutches deprived of females but protected from predation usually succumbed to phycomycete fungi within 12 days. Susceptibility of unattended eggs to fungal infestation was negatively correlated with their developmental age. In the laboratory, females successfully defended their eggs against homospecific predators of various age and sex classes. Females also successfully defended their eggs from attacks by ground beetles but were less successful in encounters with large salamanders and ringneck snakes. In the laboratory, dermal extracts did not retard fungal infection. Dead or infected eggs were removed from the clutch by oophagy. When the snouts of attending females were sewn closed, preventing oophagy, inoculated clutches succumbed to fungal infestation within eight days. Attending females maintained cephalic contact with their eggs more often than expected by chance. As a result of cephalic contact, the gular region of the female adjoined the clutch; and gular pulsations gently oscillated the eggs. Unattended clutches, mechanically vibrated, experienced a higher survivorship than controls.
FUZZY LOGIC BASED CONTINGENCY RANKING

In the present day power system planning and operation, considerable interest is being shown in system security and stability analysis. Pattern of load sharing / generation scheduling that results in heavy flows tend to incur greater losses, threaten stability, security and ultimately making certain generation patterns undesirable. Generation schedules mainly based on economic criteria may lead to lower reserve margins and therefore diminished reliability is a serious concern for the systems. With increased loading of existing power transmission systems, the problem of voltage stability and voltage collapse has also become a major concern in power system planning and operation. While the voltage stability is more dependent on the reactive power sources/voltage profile in the system, it is also a function of real power flows. In this paper, network sensitivity between load voltages and source voltages to compute voltage stability index (L), is used as the basis to evaluate desirable load sharing for improving stability margins. The proposed method has been tested on typical sample systems and also on a practical 24-bus equivalent power system, and results are presented to illustrate the proposed approach.
Reading Habits of Freshmen of Gedu College of Business Studies

Aim: The main purpose of this study was to determine college students’ attitude towards reading against the backdrop of perceived poor habit of reading among Bhutanese students and evidences showing decline in attitude towards reading observed among students as they matured. Study Design: Descriptive survey. Place and Duration of the Study: Gedu College of Business Studies (GCBS), a constituent college under the Royal University of Bhutan, during the 2019 academic session. Methodology: The authors administered Elementary Reading Attitude Survey (ERAS) questionnaire to 500 freshmen. Results: A descriptive statistical analysis of questionnaires returned revealed a positive attitude towards reading. Specifically, from the two types of reading, the respondents preferred recreational reading slightly more than the academic reading. In addition, an independent-samples t-test revealed a statistically significant attitudinal differences between genders towards reading. In both cases, female-respondents were found more positive towards both recreational and academic reading than their male counterparts. Conclusion: Analysis of the data revealed that the freshmen of GCBS held positive attitude towards reading with slight preference being given to recreational reading. Also, from the two genders, independent-samples t-test showed that females were more positive towards reading than males. Original Research Article Wangchuk et al.; AJARR, 13(1): 1-9, 2020; Article no.AJARR. 59459 2
Breast cancer screening in France: does space matters?

The breast cancer is the first cause of cancer mortality in the European Union. The early detection of cancer thanks to screening is the best way to decrease the mortality. In France, since 2004 a national organized breast cancer screening program is implemented for every woman 50-74 and it is free of charge. However, cancer screening rates are often below of the targeted value. The aim of this paper is to analyze regional variation in the use of mammograms between 2005 and 2012 in France. Cancer screening can be affected by spillover effects between neighbouring areas. Using spatial panel econometric regression on administrative data we find that cancer screening rates are spatially related in the sense that screening utilization is also determined by neighbouring behaviour. Key-words: France, cancer screening, spatial analysis, utilization of care
Sum Rate And Fairness Maximization In Device-To-Device Communication Underlaying Cellular Networks

: Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is one of the revolutionary technologies in the 5G mobile communication systems, it can provide high connection speed and massive device connectivity. However, the inclusion of D2D Users (DUs) into the cellular network interferes with (Cellular Users) CUs, thus hindering CU’s communication. Therefore, efficient resource allocation techniques for D2D communication need to be formulated to enhance system capacity while limiting interference experienced by CUs. In this article, resource allocation scheme for D2D communications underlay network is proposed. First, a resource allocation optimization problem is formulated to maximize the system sum rate, which is modelled into a maximum weight bipartite problem and solved using the Hungarian method. Then, a fair resource allocation optimization problem is formulated into a max min utility problem, which is solved using the bisection method together with the Hungarian method. The max sum algorithm leads to a higher sum rate compared to max min algorithm. However, the max min algorithm enhances fairness among DUs compared to max sum algorithm, by maximizing the minimum achievable rate of the DUs and ensuring uniformity in data rates among the D2D users. Index Terms: 5G, bisection method, D2D, Hungarian method, max min, max sum, resource allocation ——————————  ——————————
Foraging on patches: are groups disadvantaged?

Valone (1993) describes the predictions of a mathematical model representing foraging for food which is distributed unevenly between patches. The reward rate from a patch is probabilistic and declines as the patch is exploited. Hence, it is optimal for foragers to elect to leave a patch when some criterion relating to the reward rate is triggered, rather than remain until the patch is absolutely exhausted. Valone compares the performance of the solitary forager to a cohesive group of foragers which leave together either when any individual elects to leave or when a designated "leader" elects to leave. He observed that (whichever leaving strategy was used) the average uptake of the group foragers was always lower than that of an individual foraging alone. Whilst sharing information between group members was seen to reduce the disadvantage, foragers never benefited from being in a cohesive group. Hence Valone's work seems to agree with Hutto's (1988) suggestion that the overriding importance of group cohesion (for reasons other than foraging) can result in a sacrifice in individual foraging efficiency. Here, I investigate whether Valone' s conclusion about the cost of group cohesion is sensitive to model assumptions and in particular to the criterion used in departure decisions.
Song "Dialects" in Three Populations of White-Crowned Sparrows

The phenomenon of "dialect" variation in bird song, appearing as a consistent difference in the predominant song type between one population and another of the same species, has a special interest for biologists, serving as a focus for attention in discussion of such diverse topics as speciation (for example, Huxley, 1942; Mayr, 1942), learning (Thorpe, 1954, 1958) and the mechanisms of social communication (Marler, 1959). The White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) affords one of the best known cases of such "dialect" variation among North American birds, and it has been commented upon by many who have observed this species (Blanchard, 1941; Peterson, 1941). Before the ontogenetic basis of such local song variation can be assessed and before its evolutionary significance can be satisfactorily determined, careful descriptions of the nature and extent of the variation are required. This paper seeks to provide some of this necessary information by describing song variation in the individual and in a population, both at one time and from year to year, and also by comparing songs in three populations, two adjacent and one distant.
Effects of several factors on the cryopreservation of Japanese flounder embryos by vitrification

This study was conducted to determine the best conditions for cryopreservation of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus embryos by vitrification. Several factors relating to cryopreservation of Japanese flounder embryos by vitrification were primarily studied: vitrification solutions, straw diameter, embryo stage, equilibrating time, equilibrating temperature, elution concentration and elution time. Results were as follows. (1) Vitrification solution PMDD (2% PVP) containing many cryoprotectants could vitrify stably and its devitrification rate was also low when 2.5 mm diameter straws were used in experiments, so it was suitable for embryo vitrification. (2) Embryos at tail bud stage were more tolerant of vitrification solutions. Vitrification solutions could completely penetrate Japanese flounder embryos when equilibrating for 40 min in vitrification solution. While equilibrating time exceeded 40 min, the survival rate of embryos decreased significantly. Embryos at every stage were sensitive to equilibrating temperature, the survival rate equilibrating at 15°2.Fishery College,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266003,China Abstract This study was conducted to determine the best conditions for cryopreservation of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus embryos by vitrification. Several factors relating to cryopreservation of Japanese flounder embryos by vitrification were primarily studied: vitrification solutions, straw diameter, embryo stage, equilibrating time, equilibrating temperature, elution concentration and elution time. Results were as follows. (1) Vitrification solution PMDD (2% PVP) containing many cryoprotectants could vitrify stably and its devitrification rate was also low when 2.5 mm diameter straws were used in experiments, so it was suitable for embryo vitrification. (2) Embryos at tail bud stage were more tolerant of vitrification solutions. Vitrification solutions could completely penetrate Japanese flounder embryos when equilibrating for 40 min in vitrification solution. While equilibrating time exceeded 40 min, the survival rate of embryos decreased significantly. Embryos at every stage were sensitive to equilibrating temperature, the survival rate equilibrating at 15°[KG-*9C was significantly lower than that at 0°[KG-*9C and 4°[KG-*9C. (3) When elution concentrations and elution time varied, the survival rate of Japanese flounder embryos did not significantly change. (4) Based on the optimized conditions,vitrification experiments of Japanese flounder embryos were conducted. From four successful experiments, 8 viable embryos were obtained from 26 cryopreserved embryos and 7 larvae with normal morphology successfully hatched. The survival time of 7 larvae varied from 2 days to 13 days and the hatching rate varied from 12.5% to 60%.
Low frequency of Shiny Cowbird parasitism on Scarlet-headed Blackbirds: anti-parasite adaptations or nonspecific host life-history traits?

Interspecific brood parasitism is a strong selective force that has favoured the evolution of anti-parasite strategies. The Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis is a generalist parasite that uses more than 200 species as hosts. Scarlet-headed Blackbirds Amblyramphus holosericeus are infrequently parasitized by Shiny Cowbirds in contrast to other sympatric marshbird species that are heavily parasitized. In this paper, we attempted to identify specific anti-parasite defences of the Scarlet-headed Blackbird. Parasitism by Shiny Cowbirds of Scarlet-headed Blackbirds averaged 14.2%, whereas in Brown-and-yellow Marshbirds Pseudoleistes virescens, a sympatric marsh-nesting species, it was 52%. Both host species reared Shiny Cowbird chicks. Scarlet-headed Blackbird did not reject artificially added parasite eggs and did not respond more aggressively toward a female Shiny Cowbrid dummy model than to control species, the Yellow-winged Blackbird Agelaius thilius or the Brown-and-yellow Marshbird. However, high levels of nest attentiveness were recorded during nest-building, egg-laying and incubation stages. About 95-98% of the time at least one parent remained less than 20 m from the nest. Our results show that the low frequency of parasitism on the Scarlet-headed Blackbird may be better explained by life-history traits such as territorial defence, rather than by evolved anti-parasite strategies.
Costs and Benefits of Activation of the Heat-Shock Response in Drosophila melanogaster

1. The costs of conditioning adult Drosophila melanogaster with a mild thermal stress that activates the genes for heat-shock proteins were examined by comparing the number of offspring produced by females maintained continuously at 25 o C with females exposed to a non-lethal stress, 36 o C for 75 min, once, twice or three times. The comparison was done under two nutritional treatments, with or without yeast added to the medium. 2. Benefits of conditioning adult D. melanogaster to thermal stress were examined by comparing survival after a severe stress (39 o C for 100 min) among flies that were not conditioned with those conditioned once, twice or three times by exposure to 36 o C for 75 min
Cooperative breeding among Chinese passerines: inference from social behavior, diet, and migratory status

Recent estimates suggest that 9% of bird species are cooperative breeders. However, little is known about the breeding behavior of many species, particularly those in the Indomalayan and Neotropical regions. Our objective was to provide an overview of the prevalence of cooperative breeding among Chinese songbirds. Examination of the social behavior, diet, and migratory status of 55 known cooperative-breeding species of songbirds in China revealed that 90.9% live in small groups, 89.1% are residents in at least one or all their subspecies, 81.8% are insectivores, and 14.5% are omnivores. In contrast, 58.2% of the 55 species are resident insectivores that live in small groups, 10.9% are resident omnivores that live in small groups, and 12.7% include subspecies that are resident insectivores. We used these combinations of traits of known cooperative breeders and phylogenetic relationships to infer that an additional 106 species of songbirds in China are probable cooperative breeders and 22 species are possible cooperative breeders. Our analysis suggests that a maximum of 27.2% (183 of 674 species) of Chinese passerines are cooperative breeders, with more occurring in subtropical southern China than in temperate northern China. Cooperative breeding is the main breeding system of species in the families Corvidae, Pycnonotidae, and, especially, Timaliidae (105 of 183 species, 57%). Based on our analyses, cooperative breeding might be more common than previously assumed, particularly among species in the families Timaliidae, Corvidae, and Sturnidae, and species in southern, subtropical China. Because most cooperative-breeding species in our study were either inferred cooperative breeders or possible cooperative breeders, additional study of these species is needed to confirm our results. A better understanding of the prevalence of cooperative breeding in birds will improve our insight into the evolutionary and ecological factors that select for cooperative breeding.
Increased inosine 5-mono ~ hos ~ hate accumulation demite

Muscle metabolism during one-legged submaximal exercise executed in a hypobaric chamber (corresponding to 2300 m above sea level) was studied by percutaneous muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis and compared with corresponding data from the other leg, exercising at the same absolute load under normobaric conditions on another Occasion. After 15 min of exercise, the adenosine triphosphatehdenosine &phosphate ratio was lower and inosine 5-monophosphate higher in the hypobaric than in the normobaric leg. The possibility is suggested that this metabolic alteration stimulates increased expression of oxidation-related mitochondrial enzymes. Despite this sign of energy depletion, there was no indication of increased glycolysis. A tendency to increased citrate concentration in the hypobaric leg could suggest an increased mobilization and utilization of fat, which auld have counteracted any stimulating effect on the glycolytic rate. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1992: 2 7-9.