Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cellular characterization of the peritumoral edema zone in malignant brain tumors

Brain edema is a hallmark of human malignant brain tumors and contributes to the clinical course and outcome of brain tumor patients. The so‐called perifocal edema or brain swelling imposes in T2‐weighted MR scans as high intensity areas surrounding the bulk tumor mass. The mechanisms of this increased fluid attraction and the cellular composition of the microenvironment are only partially understood. In this study, we focus on imaging perifocal edema in orthotopically implanted gliomas in rodents and correlate perifocal edema with immunohistochemical markers. We identified that areas of perifocal edema not only include the tumor invasion zone, but also are associated with increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and aquaporin‐4 expression surrounding the bulk tumor mass. Moreover, a high number of activated microglial cells expressing CD11b and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) accumulate at the tumor border. Thus, the area of perifocal edema is mainly dominated by reactive changes of vital brain tissue. These data corroborate that perifocal edema identified in T2‐weighted MR scans are characterized with alterations in glial cell distribution and marker expression forming an inflammatory tumor microenvironment. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1856–1862)
Electricity Generation based on One‐Dimensional Group‐III Nitride Nanomaterials

[*] Prof. Z. Hu, Dr. X. B. Wang, Dr. F. Zhang, Dr. C. Y. He Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Jiangsu Provincial Lab for Nanotechnology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing, 210093, China E-mail: zhenghu@nju.edu. cn Prof. Z. L. Wang, Dr. J. H. Song School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA E-mail: zlwang@gatech.edu
Comparison of midazolam and propofol during induction in elective CABG

Hemodynamic changes during induction of anaesthesia, with midazolam and propofol were compared in patients undergoing elective CABG. Group M (Midazolam) was administered midazolam 0.2 mg/kg/IV and Group P(propofol) was administered propofol 2 mg/kg/IV. All patients were adndnistered fentanyl 2 mg/kg/hr/IV. together with 50 % N20, 50 % 02 after induction. We measured heart rate (HR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), before induction, after midazolam or propofol, after fentanyl, postintubation and after sternotomy. In both groups, the total dose of fentanyl was similar.
Identification of the transforming activity of Indian hedgehog by retroviral expression screening

To identify novel cancer‐promoting genes in biliary tract cancer (BTC), we constructed a retroviral cDNA expression library from a clinical specimen of BTC with anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junction (APBDJ), and used the library for a focus formation assay with 3T3 fibroblasts. One of the cDNAs rescued from transformed foci was found to encode Indian hedgehog homolog (IHH). The oncogenic potential of IHH was confirmed both in vitro with the focus formation assay and in vivo with a tumorigenicity assay in nude mice. The isolated IHH cDNA had no sequence alterations, suggesting that upregulation of IHH expression may contribute to malignant transformation. Quantitation of IHH mRNA among clinical specimens has revealed that the expression level of IHH in BTC with APBDJ is higher than that in BTC without APBDJ and than in non‐cancerous biliary tissues. Our data thus implicate a direct role of IHH in the carcinogenesis of BTC with APBDJ. (Cancer Sci 2009)
How Noniridescent Colors Are Generated by Quasi‐ordered Structures of Bird Feathers

We investigate the mechanism of structural coloration by quasi‐ordered nanostructures in bird feather barbs. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) data reveal the structures are isotropic and have short‐range order on length scales comparable to optical wavelengths. We perform angle‐resolved reflection and scattering spectrometry to fully characterize the colors under directional and omni‐directional illumination of white light. Under directional lighting, the colors change with the angle between the directions of illumination and observation. The angular dispersion of the primary peaks in the scattering/reflection spectra can be well explained by constructive interference of light that is scattered only once in the quasi‐ordered structures. Using the Fourier power spectra of structure from the SAXS data we calculate optical scattering spectra and explain why the light scattering peak is the highest in the backscattering direction. Under omni‐directional lighting, colors from the quasi‐ordered structures are invariant with the viewing angle. The non‐iridescent coloration results from the isotropic nature of structures instead of strong backscattering.
Engineering Nanoassemblies of Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides offer a wealth of biochemical and biomechanical functionality that can be used to develop new biomaterials. In mammalian tissues, polysaccharides often exhibit a hierarchy of structure, which includes assembly at the nanometer length scale. Furthermore, their biochemical function is determined by their nanoscale organization. These biological nanostructures provide the inspiration for developing techniques to tune the assembly of polysaccharides at the nanoscale. These new polysaccharide nanostructures are being used for the stabilization and delivery of drugs, proteins, and genes, the engineering of cells and tissues, and as new platforms on which to study biochemistry. In biological systems polysaccharide nanostructures are assembled via bottom‐up processes. Many biologically derived polysaccharides behave as polyelectrolytes, and their polyelectrolyte nature can be used to tune their bottom‐up assembly. New techniques designed to tune the structure and composition of polysaccharides at the nanoscale are enabling researchers to study in detail the emergent biological properties that arise from the nanoassembly of these important biological macromolecules.
Estudio descriptivo de factores de riesgo cardiovascular a una muestra de la población de una comunidad indígena de Honduras

Objetivo: Describir los principales factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en una muestra de la Etnia Lenca del Departamento de Intibuca, Honduras. Materiales y Metodos: Se realizo un estudio descriptivo transversal, en un muestreo a conveniencia de personas mayores de 18 anos en San Francisco de Opalaca, Intibuca. Se utilizo consentimiento informado y se aplico un cuestionario socio demografico y epidemiologico mediante una entrevista. El cuestionario incluyo los siguientes aspectos: Antecedentes patologicos y nutricionales, habitos toxicos y actividad fisica. Ademas se hizo un examen fisico que incluyo la toma de presion arterial, talla y peso. Se tomaron muestras de sangre venosa para evaluar la glucometria y el perfil lipidico. Resultados: De las 122 personas entrevistadas, 68 (55,7%) fueron mujeres y 54 (44,3%) hombres. La media para la edad fue de 36,2 anos. Un total de 26 personas (21,3%) reportaron fumar al momento del estudio (20,5% de los hombres y 1% de las mujeres, p<0,001) y 33 personas (27,0%) reportaron uso de alcohol (25,4% de los hombres y 1,6% de las mujeres, p<0,001). La presion arterial se distribuyo de la siguiente manera; 17 (13,9%) hipotension, 95 (77,8%) normal, 6 (4,9%) prehipertension, 1 (0,8%) HTA sistolica aislada y 3 (2,5%) HTA grado I. Conclusion: La poblacion estudiada posee factores de riesgo importantes para el desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular, dentro de los cuales los mas significativos fueron el tabaquismo y alcoholismo.
ANÁLISE DO CONTROLE POSTURAL DE MULHERES JOVENS DURANTE A EXPOSIÇÃO Á PERTURBAÇÕES SENSORIAIS

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of sensory disturbance on postural orthostatic balance of young women, based on the oscillation of the pressure center. Participated in this study five women, with mean age 27,4 ± 5,4 years, body weight 598.7 ± 146.7 N, and height 1.7 ± 0,13 m. Data collection was performed on a force platform under four conditions, with eyes open and eyes closed, with and without the foam backer. Three repetitions of 60 seconds for each condition. The variables analyzed were: RMS velocity average, and RMS displacement of the center of pressure. The results obtained showed that the foam support with increased body sway in both situations visuals, and yet, deprivation of vision also increased body sway in different situations of support.
Mechanical Properties of Cellularly Responsive Hydrogels and Their Experimental Determination

Hydrogels are increasingly employed as multidimensional cell culture platforms often with a necessity that they respond to or control the cellular environment. Specifically, synthetic hydrogels, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based gels, are frequently utilized for probing the microenvironment's influence on cell function, as the gel properties can be precisely controlled in space and time. Synthetically tunable parameters, such as monomer structure and concentration, facilitate initial gel property control, while incorporation of responsive degradable units enables cell‐ and/or user‐directed degradation. Such responsive gel systems are complex with dynamic changes occurring over multiple time‐scales, and cells encapsulated in these synthetic hydrogels often experience and dictate local property changes profoundly different from those in the bulk material. Consequently, advances in bulk and local measurement techniques are needed to monitor property evolution quantatively and understand its effect on cell function. Here, recent progress in cell‐responsive PEG hydrogel synthesis and mechanical property characterization is reviewed.
Multifunctional Shape‐Memory Polymers

The thermally‐induced shape‐memory effect (SME) is the capability of a material to change its shape in a predefined way in response to heat. In shape‐memory polymers (SMP) this shape change is the entropy‐driven recovery of a mechanical deformation, which was obtained before by application of external stress and was temporarily fixed by formation of physical crosslinks. The high technological significance of SMP becomes apparent in many established products (e.g., packaging materials, assembling devices, textiles, and membranes) and the broad SMP development activities in the field of biomedical as well as aerospace applications (e.g., medical devices or morphing structures for aerospace vehicles). Inspired by the complex and diverse requirements of these applications fundamental research is aiming at multifunctional SMP, in which SME is combined with additional functions and is proceeding rapidly. In this review different concepts for the creation of multifunctionality are derived from the various polymer network architectures of thermally‐induced SMP. Multimaterial systems, such as nanocomposites, are described as well as one‐component polymer systems, in which independent functions are integrated. Future challenges will be to transfer the concept of multifunctionality to other emerging shape‐memory technologies like light‐sensitive SMP, reversible shape changing effects or triple‐shape polymers.
RNAi‐mediated CD73 suppression induces apoptosis and cell‐cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells

Ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase (CD73), a cell surface protein that hydrolyzes extracellular AMP into adenosine and phosphate, is overexpressed in many solid tumors. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that increased CD73 may promote tumor progression by examining the effect of CD73 suppression via RNA interference and CD73 overexpression on tumor growth in vivo and in vitro. Using digitized whole‐body images, plate clone forming assay and TUNEL assay in frozen tissue sections, we found that the cell growth rate was significantly lower in vivo and in vitro after CD73 suppression and late apoptosis was much higher in xenograft tumors developed from the CD73‐siRNA transfected MB‐MDA‐231 clone (P1). By flow cytometry, the P1 cell cycle was arrested in the G0/G1 phase. Moreover, Bcl‐2 was downregulated, while Bax and caspase‐3 were upregulated with CD73 suppression. CD73 inhibitor α,β‐methylene adenosine‐5′‐disphosphate (APCP) functioned similarly with RNAi‐mediated CD73 suppression. In addition, in transfected MCF‐7 cells, we found that CD73 overexpression increased cell viability and promoted cell cycle progression, depending on its enzyme activity. More intriguingly, CD73 overexpression in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells produces a tumorigenic phenotype. We conclude that CD73 plays an important role in breast cancer growth by affecting cell cycle progression and apoptosis. (Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 2561–2569)
High‐Resolution Transmission X‐ray Microscopy: A New Tool for Mesoscopic Materials

The whole is sometimes more than the sum of its parts. Certainly it is true for ordered mesoscopic materials, when the assembly of particles acquires properties which are not the intrinsic ones of the constituent particles. One of the best illustrative examples is the case of photonic crystals – attractive optical materials for controlling and manipulating the fl ow of light. Since the appearance of seminal papers in 1987 the number of research papers devoted to the subject, began to grow exponentially. [ 1–2 ] Three-dimensional photonic crystals offer additional features compared to 1D (gratings, multilayers) and 2D cases, possibly leading to new device concepts (e.g., for optical computing), but manufacturing problems are still far from being solved. While 2D structures could be created by techniques adapted from semiconductor industry, this is less obvious for the 3D case, and as an alternative self-assembly approaches are considered to have a great potential. [ 3 ] The effi ciency of the latter approach is demonstrated long ago by the very existence of prototypical photonic crystals – gem opals. In the case of photonic materials, the crystalline structure of individual subunits is practically of no relevance. The target design properties are not only defi ned by the average mesoscopic structure, but by its specifi c realization, including random or correlated defects (non-monodisperse subunits, vacancies, dislocations, stacking faults, etc.). The mesoscale can be probed by imaging-related or diffraction-related methods. The fi rst family of techniques was exclusively limited to surface imaging, namely to scanning electron microscopy and a replica-technique variety of transmission electron microscopy. [ 4–6 ]
Técnicas de psicoterapia breve en psiquiatría de enlace

Introduction: Liaison psychiatrist treat patients and conditions that require short psychotherapeutic techniques, which will contribute to solve the patient’s problems, and reduce the burden on both family and health professionals. Objective: To do a narrative review of some therapeutic techniques used in liaison psychiatry. Method: Literature review. Development: Some short therapy techniques are reviewed, i.e. group therapy, relaxation techniques, hypnosis, ordalia therapy and others used by health professionals, such as Balint Groups, as well as psychoeducation for the patients and their families.
Direct Identification of the Conducting Channels in a Functioning Memristive Device

Structures composed of transition metal oxides can display a rich variety of electronic and magnetic properties including superconductivity, multiferroic behavior, and colossal magnetoresistance. [ 1 ] An additional property of technological relevance is the bipolar resistance switching phenomenon [ 2–4 ] seen in many perovskites [ 5–7 ] and binary oxides [ 8 ] when arranged in metal/insulator/metal (MIM) structures. These devices exhibit electrically driven switching of the resistance by 1000x or greater and have recently been identifi ed [ 9 ] as memristive systems, the fourth fundamental passive circuit element. [ 10 , 11 ] A full understanding of the atomic-scale mechanism and identifi cation of the material changes within the oxide remains an important goal. [ 12 ] Here, we probe within a functioning TiO 2 memristor using synchrotron-based x-ray absorption spectromicroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We observed that electroforming of the device generated an ordered Ti 4 O 7 Magnéli phase within the initially deposited TiO 2 matrix. In a memristive system, [ 11 ] the fl ow of charge dynamically changes the material conductivity, which is “remembered” even with the removal of bias. While bipolar resistance switching of metal oxides has been observed since the 1960s, [ 2 , 4 ] only recently has the connection to the analytical theory of the memristor been made. [ 9 ] In an attempt to describe microscopically the source of the resistance change, many physical models have been put forth, including generation and dissolution of conductive channels, [ 3 , 6 ] electronic trapping and space-charge current limiting effects, [ 13 ] strongly correlated electron effects such as a metal-insulator transition, [ 14 ] and changes localized to the interface. [ 15 ] Identifying the correct model and quantifying its physical parameters has been diffi cult using primarily electrical characterization. Meanwhile, direct physical characterization [ 7 ]
Long interspersed nuclear element‐1 hypomethylation is a potential biomarker for the prediction of response to oral fluoropyrimidines in microsatellite stable and CpG island methylator phenotype‐negative colorectal cancer

We investigated the clinical value of methylation of long interspersed nuclear element‐1 (LINE‐1) for the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and for the survival benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy with oral fluoropyrimidines. LINE‐1 methylation in tumor DNA was measured by quantitative methylation‐specific PCR in 155 samples of stage II and stage III CRC. The presence of microsatellite instability and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) were assessed and 131 microsatellite stable/CIMP− cases were selected for survival analysis, of which 77 patients had received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with oral fluoropyrimidines. The CRC cell lines were used to investigate possible mechanistic links between LINE‐1 methylation and effects of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). High LINE‐1 methylation was a marker for better prognosis in patients treated by surgery alone. Patients with low LINE‐1 methylation who were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy survived longer than those treated by surgery alone, suggestive of a survival benefit from the use of oral fluoropyrimidines. In contrast, a survival benefit from chemotherapy was not observed for patients with high LINE‐1 methylation. The CRC cell lines treated with 5‐FU showed increased expression of LINE‐1 mRNA. This was associated with upregulation of the phospho‐histone H2A.X in cells with low LINE‐1 methylation, but not in cells with high LINE‐1 methylation. The 5‐FU‐mediated induction of phospho‐histone H2A.X, a marker of DNA damage, was inhibited by knockdown of LINE‐1. These results suggest that LINE‐1 methylation is a novel predictive marker for survival benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy with oral fluoropyrimidines in CRC patients. This finding could be important for achieving personalized chemotherapy. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 166–174)
Role of the Charge Transfer State in Organic Donor–Acceptor Solar Cells

Charge transfer complexes are interfacial charge pairs residing at the donor–acceptor heterointerface in organic solar cell. Experimental evidence shows that it is crucial for the photovoltaic performance, as both photocurrent and open circuit voltage directly depend on it. For charge photogeneration, charge transfer complexes represent the intermediate but essential step between exciton dissotiation and charge extraction. Recombination of free charges to the ground state is via the bound charge transfer state before being lost to the ground state. In terms of the open circuit voltage, its maximum achievable value is determined by the energy of the charge transfer state. An important question is whether or not maximum photocurrent and maximum open circuit voltage can be achieved simultaneously. The impact of increasing the CT energy—in order to raise the open circuit voltage, but lowering the kinetic excess energy of the CT complexes at the same time—on the charge photogeneration will accordingly be discussed. Clearly, the fundamental understanding of the processes involving the charge transfer state is essential for an optimisation of the performance of organic solar cells.
Inhibition of tumor growth and sensitization to chemotherapy by RNA interference targeting interleukin‐6 in the androgen‐independent human prostate cancer PC3 model

The objective of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) secretion by androgen‐independent human prostate cancer PC3 cells on their growth and chemosensitivity. In this study, we established PC3 in which the expression vector containing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting IL‐6 was introduced (PC3/sh‐IL6). Changes in the growth and sensitivity to docetaxel in PC3/sh‐IL6 were compared with those in PC3 transfected with control vector alone (PC3/Co). Concentration of IL‐6 in the culture supernatant from PC3/sh‐IL6 was approximately 20% of that from PC3/Co. Both in vitro and in vivo, the growth of PC3/sh‐IL‐6 was significantly inferior to that of PC3/Co, accompanying downregulation of Bcl‐2, Bcl‐xL, phosphorylated Akt, p44/42 mitogen‐activated protein kinase, and signal transducers and activation of transcription 3 in PC3/sh‐IL‐6 compared with that in PC3/Co. Despite the higher sensitivity of PC3/sh‐IL6 to docetaxel than that of PC3/Co, the secretion of IL‐6 by both cell lines was increased after treatment with docetaxel due to the formation of positive autocrine loops between these cell lines and NFκB signaling pathways. Furthermore, combined treatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, which completely inhibited the docetaxel‐induced IL‐6 secretion via the inactivation of NFκB signaling, resulted in the marked sensitization of these cell lines to docetaxel both in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that suppressed IL‐6 secretion using shRNA, either alone or in combination with docetaxel and bortezomib, could be a useful therapeutic strategy against androgen‐independent prostate cancer. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 769–775)