Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TRADE OFF THEORY DAN KECEPATAN PENYESUAIAN KE ARAH TARGET LEVERAGE (SUATU TINJAUAN TEORITIS DAN EMPIRIS)

Trade off theory of capital structure predicts that firms have optimal target leverage. However, empirical studies provide evidence that firms’ capital structure often deviate from the target because of economic shocks. Therefore firm should make adjustment toward target leverage to maintain optimal trade off between cost and benefit of their financing decision. Understanding of adjustment behavior of the firm is key factor to comprehend firms’ capital structure dynamic. Nevertheless, asan important issue in corporate finance, speed of adjustment estimation still have several problems caused bias and spurious result. Recent studies identified several econometric problems of the model used by previous studies. This paper revisited these problems and provide several alternative solutions from recent studies.
Epigenetic loss of heparan sulfate 3‐O‐sulfation sensitizes ovarian carcinoma to oncogenic signals and predicts prognosis

Precision medicine requires markers for therapeutic guidance. The purpose of this study was to determine whether epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) epigenetics can lead to the identification of biomarkers for precision medicine. Through integrative methylomics, we discovered and validated the epigenetic signature of NEFH and HS3ST2 as an independent prognostic factor for type II EOC in our dataset (n = 84), and two independent methylomics datasets (total n = 467). Integrated transcriptomics dataset (n = 1147) and tissue microarrays (n = 54) of HS3ST2 also related to high‐methylation statuses and the EOC prognosis. Mechanistic explorations of HS3ST2 have assessed responses to oncogenic stimulations such as IL‐6, EGF, and FGF2 in cancer cells. The combination of HS3ST2 and various oncogenic ligands also confers the worse outcome. 3‐O‐sulfation of heparan sulfate by HS3ST2 makes ovarian cancer cells intrinsically sensitive to oncogenic signals, which sheds new light on the application of HS3ST2 as a companion diagnostic for targeted therapy using kinase inhibitors or therapeutic antibodies.
Financial Burden and Impoverishment Due to Cardiovascular Medications in Low and Middle Income Countries: An Illustration from India

Background Health expenditures are a major financial burden for many persons in low and middle-income countries, where individuals often lack health insurance. We estimate the effect of purchasing cardiovascular medicines on poverty in low and middle-income populations using rural and urban India as an example. Methods We created step-up treatment regimens for prevention of ischemic heart disease for the most common cardiovascular medications in India based on their cost and relative risk reduction. Cost was measured by Government of India mandated ceiling prices in rupees (Rs. 1 = $0·016) for essential medicines plus taxes. We calculated step-wise projected incidence and intensity of impoverishment due to medicine purchase. To do this we measured the resources available to individuals as daily per-capita expenditures from the latest National Sample Survey, subtracted daily medication costs, and compared this to 2014 poverty thresholds recommended by an expert group. Findings Analysis of cost-effectiveness resulted in five primary prevention drug regimens, created by progressive addition of Aspirin 75 mg, Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5mg, Losartan 25 mg, and Atorvastatin 10 mg or 40mg. Daily cost from steps 1 to 5 increased from Rs. 0·13, Rs. 1.16, Rs. 3.81, Rs. 10.07, to Rs. 28.85. At baseline, 31% of rural and 27% percent of urban Indian population are poor at the designated poverty thresholds. The Rs. 28.85 regimen would be unaffordable to 81% and 58% of rural and urban people. A secondary prevention regimen with aspirin, hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol and atorvastatin could be unaffordable to 81% and 57% rural and urban people respectively. According to our estimates, 17% of the rural 32% of the urban adult population could benefit with these medications, and their out of pocket purchase could impoverish 17 million rural and 10 million urban people in India and increase respective poverty gaps by 2.9%. Conclusion Medication costs for cardiovascular disease have the potential to cause financial burden to a significant proportion of people in India. These costs increase the likelihood that patients will forego needed treatment and emphasize the need for programs to reduce the costs of medications for cardiovascular patients in India, including by expansion of prescription drug coverage.
Technological Literacy: Assessment and Measurement of Learning Gains

Technological Literacy: Assessment and Measurement of Learning Gains Dr. John Krupczak, Hope College Dr. John Krupczak is a professor of Engineering at Hope College in Holland, Mich. He is a former chair of the ASEE Technological Literacy Division and a former chair of the ASEE Liberal Education Division. Dr. Krupczak was a CASEE senior fellow from 2008 to 2010. Kate A Disney, Mission College Kate Disney teaches engineering at Mission College in Santa Clara, California. She has been involved in teaching technology literacy at both Mission College and Cabrillo College in Aptos, CA.
Behavioral and Electrophysiological Correlates of Memory Binding Deficits in Patients at Different Risk Levels for Alzheimer's Disease.

Deficits in visual short-term memory (VSTM) binding have been proposed as an early and specific marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, no studies have explored the neural correlates of this domain in clinical categories involving prodromal stages with different risk levels of conversion to AD. We assessed underlying electrophysiological modulations in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), patients in the MCI stages of familial AD carrying the mutation E280A of the presenilin-1 gene (MCI-FAD), and healthy controls. Moreover, we compared the behavioral performance and neural correlates of both patient groups. Participants completed a change-detection VSTM task assessing recognition of changes between shapes or shape-color bindings, presented in two consecutive arrays (i.e., study and test) while event related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Changes always occurred in the test array and consisted of new features replacing studied features (shape-only) or features swapping across items (shape-color binding). Both MCI and MCI-FAD patients performed worse than controls in the shape-color binding condition. Early electrophysiological activity (100-250 ms) was significantly reduced in both clinical groups, particularly over fronto-central and parieto-occipital regions. However, shape-color binding performance and their reduced neural correlates were similar between MCI and MCI-FAD. Our results support the validity of the VSTM binding test and their neural correlates in the early detection of AD and highlight the importance of studies comparing samples at different risk for AD conversion. The combined analysis of behavioral and ERP data gleaned with the VSTM binding task can offer a valuable memory biomarker for AD.
Adherence to Microsatellite Instability Testing in Young-Onset Colorectal Cancer Patients

BACKGROUND: In 1997, the Bethesda guidelines recommended microsatellite instability testing for colorectal cancer in patients younger than 45 years to screen for Lynch syndrome. In 2004, these guidelines were revised to set the screening age at younger than 50 years. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent these guidelines were followed in young patients with colorectal cancer in the Mid-Netherlands and to identify the predictors of nonadherence. DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study. SETTINGS: This study was conducted in 1 academic and 5 nonacademic hospitals. PATIENTS: All patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer younger than 45 years in the period 1999 to 2004 and younger than 50 years in the period 2005 to 2008 were included. Patients known to be affected by or at risk for Lynch syndrome before diagnosis were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient and tumor characteristics, including microsatellite instability testing results, were collected from the database of the Comprehensive Cancer Center, the National Pathological Archive, participating hospitals, and the regional institute of clinical genetics. Logistic regression analysis was performed to detect a trend in adherence over the years and to identify the predictors of nonadherence. RESULTS: A total of 335 patients were identified. Microsatellite instability testing was performed in 130/335 (39%) patients. Adherence did not improve in the period 1999 to 2008. We found that older age at diagnosis (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92–1.00), male sex (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.38–0.95), and stage IV colorectal cancer (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.24–0.84) were independent predictors of nonadherence, whereas proximal tumor localization, poor differentiation, and mucinous histology were not. LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by its retrospective design. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to the Bethesda guidelines in young-onset colorectal cancer is low, particularly in older and male patients and in patients with metastatic disease, which suggests that efforts to improve adherence are needed.
Disturbance Estimation and Compensation in Grid Connected DFIG Wind Turbine

The shortcoming of the DFIG connected to the utility grid is its sensitive to perturbations that may arise internally and grid voltage dip. This paper proposes a nonlinear controller-observer based control of grid-connected Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind turbine system. The proposed disturbance rejection strategy estimates and compensates for disturbances in the system to improve tracking performance, mitigate against parameter variations and protect the rotor power converters against inrush rotor current and DC-link capacitor overcharge in case of deep grid voltage dips. Improved simulation results of a 1.5MW DFIG are presented and compared with conventional PI-controller performance.
Housing benefits and minimum income schemes in Austria – an application of the residual income approach to housing affordability of welfare recipients

Recently, housing costs have increased considerably in and around the main Austrian cities. For low-income households and vulnerable groups on the housing market, the nine Austrian regions have set up housing benefit schemes as income-dependent monetary transfers to cover housing costs, and, for destitute households, minimum income schemes as a subsidiary safety net of last resort. As the schemes are designed and interact very differently across the regions, it is unclear whether low-income households are protected sufficiently by them to meet housing costs. This contribution applies a comprehensive residual income approach to housing affordability in order to identify market segments and household types where affordability is at risk. This is done by calculating overall benefit levels across four different household types and four different income levels in the nine Austrian regions, and comparing these with typical regional housing costs. Desk research is complemented with 26 qualitative interviews with policy practitioners to scrutinise and discuss the results. We find that especially in and around the capital city, Vienna, and some other main Austrian cities, overall benefits do not cover common housing costs, resulting in insufficient funds for necessary non-housing expenses. Policy recommendations are discussed in an international context.
Postservice Recovery Customer Satisfaction in Indian Retail Banking: Scale Development and Validation

ABSTRACT The construct of postservice customer satisfaction with respect to Indian retail banking has been studied. Furthermore, the development and validation of the postservice recovery customer satisfaction scale in Indian retail banking is detailed. The scale development process was carried out over three stages (item generation, scale purification, scale validation) and comprised of conducting depth interviews and focus groups for item generation and three separate phases of data collection, involving a total of 851 individual respondents. The data provide evidence for face, content, discriminant and convergent validity, dimensionality, reliability, and generalizability of the customer satisfaction scale in Indian retail banking.
Studies on the role of plasminogen activator in systemic infection by virulent Yersinia pestis strain C092.

Plasminogen activator is an outer membrane protease of Yersinia pestis encoded by the pla gene on plasmid pPst. Pla of the KIM-10 strain of Y. pestis appears to be required for the virulence from a subcutaneous (sc) but not an intraperitoneal (ip) or intravenous (iv) route of infection in mice. However, other strains of Y. pestis are highly virulent by the sc route yet lack pPst and pla. In this study, the pPst- Pestoides F strain was lethal to mice inoculated sc, with an LD50 (3 cfu), equal to that of C092, a virulent pPst+ strain. To analyse further the role of Pla in invasive infection, isogenic derivatives of C092, including one harboring pla with a frameshift mutation and another cured of pPst, were made. Although the ip LD50 of pPst- C092 and of the pla mutant were nearly identical to that of the wild type, the subcutaneous LD50 of the cured and mutant strains were 4 to 6 logs greater than that of wild type. Thus, pPst appears to be required for development of a lethal infection by some strains after sc inoculation but not after direct ip inoculation. Pla-associated virulence did not appear to be mediated by interference with the phagocyte chemoattractant C5a, as shown by the lack of correlation of C5a production with susceptibility to Y. pestis in C5a+ and C5a- congenic mice. In a footpad model of the early host response to subcutaneous infection, pPst- C092 proliferated at the subcutaneous injection site to a similar extent as did the wild type parent strain, and elicited a similarly large, local inflammatory response. However, the wild type was present at higher concentrations at more distant sites such as the popliteal lymph node and spleen.
Accounting Techniques in Korea: 18th Century Archival Samples from a Non-Profit Association in the Sinitic World

Little is known about pre-1900 East Asian accounting techniques. A double-entry method of accounting may date from the 11th century in Korea, but extant commercial ledgers are no older than 1854. However, extensive accounts of cooperative associations survive from the early 18th century. The Mun Clan Association accounts are examined to reveal their organizing principles and accuracy. The accounts demonstrate a highly accurate system that was intermediate between single-entry and double-entry accounting. While they are not from a commercial house, the accounts display sophisticated bookkeeping techniques designed to maximize rationality within a Confucian moral economy.
The evolution of the OATP hepatic uptake transport protein family in DMPK sciences: from obscure liver transporters to key determinants of hepatobiliary clearance

Over the last two decades the impact on drug pharmacokinetics of the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs: OATP-1B1, 1B3 and 2B1), expressed on the sinusoidal membrane of the hepatocyte, has been increasingly recognized. OATP-mediated uptake into the hepatocyte coupled with subsequent excretion into bile via efflux proteins, such as MRP2, is often referred to as hepatobiliary excretion. OATP transporter proteins can impact some drugs in several ways including pharmacokinetic variability, pharmacodynamic response and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). The impact of transporter mediated hepatic clearance is illustrated with case examples, from the literature and also from the Pfizer portfolio. The currently available in vitro techniques to study the hepatic transporter proteins involved in the hepatobiliary clearance of drugs are reviewed herein along with recent advances in using these in vitro data to predict the human clearance of compounds recognized by hepatic uptake transporters.
Cutting Edge: Human CD4+CD25+ T Cells Restrain the Maturation and Antigen-Presenting Function of Dendritic Cells1

The characteristics and functions of CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells have been well defined in murine and human systems. However, the interaction between CD4+CD25+ T cells and dendritic cells (DC) remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of human CD4+CD25+ T cells on maturation and function of monocyte-derived DC. We show that regulatory T cells render the DC inefficient as APCs despite prestimulation with CD40 ligand. This effect was marginally reverted by neutralizing Abs to TGF-β. There was an increased IL-10 secretion and reduced expression of costimulatory molecules in DC. Thus, in addition to direct suppressor effect on CD4+ T cells, regulatory T cells may modulate the immune response through DC.
Central nervous system metastases in patients with high‐risk breast carcinoma after multimodality treatment

The current study was performed to determine the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) metastases and to examine associated disease characteristics in a group of patients with locally advanced breast carcinoma (LABC) or inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC) treated at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX).
Alcohol consumption and withdrawal in new-onset seizures.

We studied alcohol use before the onset of a first seizure in 308 patients with seizures and 294 controls. The risk of seizures increased with increasing current alcohol use. For unprovoked seizures (i.e., seizures occurring without an antecedent event, such as a recent stroke), the adjusted odds ratios rose from 3-fold at intakes of 51 to 100 g of ethanol per day (95 percent confidence limits, 1.3 and 6.3), to 8-fold at 101 to 200 g per day (95 percent confidence limits, 3.3 and 18.7), and to almost 20-fold at 201 to 300 g per day (95 percent confidence limits, 6.1 and 6.2). For provoked seizures, the odds ratios were lower and statistically significant only above 200 g per day (odds ratio, 10.1; 95 percent confidence limits, 2.3 and 43.8 at 201 to 300 g per day; odds ratio, 7.4; 95 percent confidence limits, 1.8 and 30.5 above 300 g per day). Among ex-drinkers (abstention greater than or equal to 1 year), no increased risk was detected. Alcohol withdrawal was not associated with the onset of seizures in this study; 16 percent of first seizures in drinkers fell outside the conventionally defined withdrawal period, and the remainder exhibited a seemingly random timing after the last drink. We conclude that the relation of seizures to alcohol use is dose dependent and appears to be causal, and that seizures can be interpreted as a disorder induced by the ingestion of alcohol, independently of alcohol withdrawal.
Cytochrome bc1 complex [2Fe-2S] cluster and its interaction with ubiquinone and ubihydroquinone at the Qo site: a double-occupancy Qo site model.

The ubiquinone complement of Rhodobacter capsulatus chromatophore membranes has been characterized by its isooctane solvent extractability and electrochemistry; we find that the main ubiquinone pool (Qpool) amounts to about 80% of the total ubiquinone and has an Em7 value close to 90 mV. To investigate the interactions of ubiquinone with the cyt bc1 complex, we have examined the distinctive EPR line shapes of the [2Fe-2S] cluster of the cyt bc1 complex when the Qpool-cyt bc1 complex interactions are modulated by changing the numbers of Q or QH2 present (by solvent extraction and reconstitution), by the exposure of the [2Fe-2S] to the Qpool in different redox states, by the presence of inhibitors specific for the Qo site (myxothiazol and stigmatellin) and Qi site (antimycin), and by site-specific mutations of side chains of the cyt b polypeptide (mutants F144L and F144G) previously identified as important for Qo site structure. Evidence suggests that the Qo site can accommodate two ubiquinone molecules. One (designated Qos) is bound relatively strongly and is second only to the ubiquinone of the QA site of the reaction center in its resistance to solvent extraction. In this strong interaction, the Qo site binds Q and QH2 with approximately equal affinities. Their bound states are distinguished by their effects on the [2Fe-2S] cluster spectral feature at gx at 1.783 (Q) and gx at 1.777 (QH2); titration of the line-shape change reveals an Em7 value of approximately 95 mV. The other molecule (Qow) is bound more weakly, in the same range as the ubiquinone of the QB site of the reaction center. Again, the affinities of the Q form (gx at 1.800) and QH2 form (gx at 1.777) are nearly equal, and the Em7 value measured is approximately 80 mV. These results are discussed in terms of earlier EPR analyses of the cyt bc1 complexes of other systems. A Qo site double-occupancy model is considered that builds on the previous model based on Qo site mutants [Robertson, D. E. , Daldal, F. ,& Dutton, P. L. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 11249-11260] and includes the recent suggestion that two of the [2F3-2S] cluster ligands of the R. capsulatus cyt bc1 complex are histidines [Gurbiel, R. J. Ohnishi, T. , Robertson, D. E. Daldal, F. , & Hoffman, B. M. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 11579-11584]. We speculate that the cyt bc1 complex complexes a full enzymatic turnover without necessary exchange of ubiquinone with the Qpool.
Influence of Formal Academic Leadership Programs on Undergraduates' Leadership Mindset: An Assessment of a Corps of Cadets Program

Students enrolled in a Corps of Cadets program at Texas A&M University [N = 336] were surveyed to examine their leadership mindsets and whether their participation in a formal academic leadership program simultaneously influenced their hierarchical and systemic-thinking preferences. No significant differences were found between students involved in the Corps of Cadets program only and those enrolled in a formal academic leadership program. Significant differences did exist for gender and classification of students; women scored higher in systemicthinking and juniors and seniors not enrolled in a formal academic leadership program scored lower in hierarchical-thinking than freshman and sophomore not enrolled in a formal academic leadership program. Students within the formal academic leadership programs have lower hierarchical scores and higher systemic scores than those who are not in a formal academic leadership program.
Comparing State Legislative Aides’ Perspectives on Tobacco Policymaking in States With Strong and Weak Policies: A Qualitative Study

Purpose: The study compared perceptions of state legislative aides about tobacco policymaking in states with strong and weak tobacco control policies. Approach: Qualitative in-depth interviews carried out in 2009. Setting: The US states were ranked on a combination of tobacco prevention funding, taxes, and presence of smoke-free policies. States at the top and bottom of the rankings were chosen. Participants: Interviews were conducted with 10 legislative aides in 5 states with strong tobacco control policies and 10 aides in 7 states with weak policies. Method: Twenty semistructured interviews were conducted, coded, and analyzed using a consensus coding process. Results: Tobacco control was a lower priority in states with weak policies, and respondents from these states listed more barriers to tobacco control policymaking than those from states with strong policies. Successful arguments for tobacco control emphasized operational applications, for example, enhanced revenue from tobacco taxes or safety of children and employees. Conclusion: Our findings support propositions posited in the Advocacy Coalition Framework. They point to the preeminence of contextual factors, notably political leanings and economic climate on success of policy change efforts. Lessons learned from participants from states with strong policy nonetheless show promise for success in states with weak policy.