Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Obesity: is Type II diabetes a foregone conclusion or further dependent on genetic susceptibility?

ū To date, 32 loci are shown to be significantly associated with BMI and account for 1.45% of the total variation in BMI. ū A proportion of the BMI risk loci are highly expressed in the brain and highlight the importance of energy regulation in overall obesity.  Genetics of body fat distribution: ū To date, only 1.03% of the variance in waist:hip ratio (WHR), independent of BMI, is explained by the 14 associated loci. ū The 14 WHR-associated loci contain variation associated with cholesterol, insulin and insulin resistance, all linked to the development of Type 2 diabetes (T2D), and half of these loci show sex-specific effects. ū The overlap of loci that are associated with both WHR and T2D suggest a link between specific patterns of body fat, independent of overall obesity, and the development of T2D.  Role of obesity in T2D: ū While not all obese individuals develop T2D, obesity generally increases the risk of insulin resistance, and consequently, increases the risk of developing T2D. ū While increased intra-abdominal fat is associated with increased T2D risk, the accumulation of gluteal fat is shown to decrease T2D risk; emphasizing the important role of body fat distribution in the development of T2D.  Conclusion & future perspective: ū Both overall obesity and fat distribution patterns are linked to metabolic disturbances and T2D. ū There is a clear need to improve our understanding of the genes involved in obesity, body fat distribution and T2D. ū Fine mapping, sequencing and functional studies may be required to clarify the exact biological mechanisms for the implicated loci.
A biosensing method for detection of caffeine in coffee

A specific inhibition of 3′,5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase (CPDE) from bovine heart by methylxanthines was used in combination with a pH electrode to develop a new biosensing method for the detection of caffeine in coffee. The potential response changes of the sensor were proportional to the concentration of caffeine in the range 0–4 mg ml−1. The response time was about 2–4 min. The standard deviation of five measurements of a 0.2 mg ml−1 caffeine solution was ±7.1 µg ml−1. The electrode gave a detection limit of 0.6 mg l−1 caffeine. The concentration of caffeine in espresso coffee was analysed. This model gave excellent correlation between observed and predicted caffeine values. This electrode exhibits advantages such as fast response, short conditioning time and low cost of the instrumentation used. We also expected to be able to perform the detection of caffeine in food and clinical analysis. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Hubungan Status Gizi dengan Prestasi Belajar Siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri 01 Guguk Malintang Kota Padangpanjang

Abstrak Gizi merupakan salah satu faktor penentu utama kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia. Status gizi yang baik akan mempengaruhi proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak, salah satunya dapat meningkatkan kemampuan intelektual yang akan berdampak pada prestasi belajar di sekolah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan status gizi dengan prestasi belajar siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri 01 Guguk Malintang Kota Padang Panjang. Subjek pada penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas 1-5 yang berjumlah 120 siswa yang diambil dengan teknik Proportional Random Sampling. Data penelitian didapatkan dengan mengukur antropometri berdasarkan indeks IMT/U dan TB/U dengan timbangan injak digital dan microtoise serta hasil belajar dari nilai rapor. Data dianalisis dengan uji chi-square pada p-value<0,05. Hasil penelitian didapatkan siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri 01 Guguk Malintang mengalami stunting danwasting, yaitu 7,5% dan 21,66%. Prestasi belajar siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri 01 Guguk Malintang Kota Padang Panjang dibawah rata-rata sebesar 30,8%. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara status gizi stunting dan status gizi wasting dengan prestasi belajar siswa. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah terdapat hubungan antara status gizi dengan prestasi belajar siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri 01 Guguk Malintang Kota Padang Panjang. Kata kunci: status gizi, stunting, wasting, prestasi belajar. Abstract Nutrition is one of the main determinants of quality of Human Resource. Good nutritional status will affect the growth and development of children, one of which can increase the intellectual capability that will have an impact on learning achievement at school. This study aimed to determine the relationship between nutritional status with student achievement of 01 Guguk Malintang Elementary School Padang Panjang city. The subject in this experimental were 120 students from grade 1-5 were taken with Proportional random sampling technique. Research data from the antropometric based BMI index and high index and learning achievement from report cards. Data were analyzed using chi-square test.The results showed that the students 01 Guguk Malintang Elementary school experiencing stunting and wasting, 7,5% and 21,66. Learning achievement of students 01 Guguk Malintang undergrade are 30,8%. Based on the results of using chi-square statistical test, there is a significant association between nutritional status of stunting and wasting with student’s learning achievement.The conclusion of this study found that the nutritional status affect student’s learning achievement in 01 GugukMalintang Elementary School Padang Panjang city. Keywords: nutritional status, stunting, wasting, learning achievement
Avaliação da qualidade em modelos de requisitos i

Goal-oriented requirements engineering approaches provide mechanisms to help eliciting and modelling requirements. This thesis focuses on the i* framework, one of the most important languages for specifying goal-oriented requirements models, which has working groups in over twenty countries and has seven editions of international workshops. There are some problems that can affect the quality of i* models. Their creation can result in complex and/or incomplete models, as well as incorrect ones due to the misuse of the i* notation. These problems contribute to difficulties in the management and understanding of software systems, which in turn leads to increased development costs. The quality of the models should then be a permanent concern, in order to construct models that are correct, complete and whose accidental complexity is minimized. Despite its importance, the effective management of these three aspects is still an open problem. In this thesis, we propose a set of metrics to support the quantitative assessment of the quality attributes complexity, completeness and correctness of i* models. Those metrics are defined through the Goal-Question-Metric approach, being specified both informally, in natural language, as well as formally, with OCL (Object Constraint Language), and incorporated in an i* modelling tool so that they can be automatically collected. The metrics are evaluated both experimentally, through a set of real-world and academic case studies, as well as theoretically, through Weyuker’s properties.
Feeding and Breeding Responses of Five Mice Species to Overwintering Aggregations of the Monarch Butterfly

(2) Large numbers of adult P. melanotis, with a significant bias of females, immigrated to trapping grids inside aggregations, established residency, and bred intensively throughout the winter. The other species also immigrated to the aggregations, but did not establish residency. On grids outside aggregations, individuals of all species established residency and showed comparatively little breeding throughout the winter. (3) We estimated an average of 6 5 live, moribund, and bird-damaged monarchs per m2 per night on the forest floor inside aggregations. Stomach content analyses indicated that P. melanotis inside aggregations fed exclusively on monarchs. Even though all five species scavenged some butterflies on grids outside aggregations, P. melanotis scavenged significantly more. (4) We tested two hypotheses to explain why only P. melanotis established residency on grids inside aggregations: (i) unique plant species compositions in overwintering sites rendered them suitable only to P. melanotis, and (ii) P. melanotis aggressively excluded the other species. We rejected the first hypothesis because the understorey vegetation on grids inside and outside aggregations did not differ significantly, and rejected the second because P. melanotis did not dominate the other species in experimental agonistic encounters.
Breakdown of Pl2, a major gene of resistance to apple powdery mildew, in a French experimental orchard

Pl2, a major resistance gene to powdery mildew originating from Malus zumi, is mainly used in apple-breeding programmes. In an experimental orchard in France, an increase of susceptibility to powdery mildew was observed on apple genotypes carrying Pl2. This increase of susceptibility could not be explained by an effect of the age of the trees, or by an effect of the amount of inoculum on expression of the resistance Pl2. It was demonstrated by tests of pathogenicity in controlled conditions that isolates of Podosphaera leucotricha sampled in this orchard were virulent to Pl2. The appearance of virulent isolates within 6 years after planting apple genotypes selected for the presence of Pl2 resulted in a breakdown of the resistance. Ten years after planting, the percentage of genotypes that were still resistant to powdery mildew varied between 2 and 56%, depending on the progenies. This suggested that additional quantitative resistance genes may influence the durability of the resistance Pl2.
A Challenge to Three Widely Held Ideas

Environmental valuation is the branch of environmental economics in which researchers estimate the economic value of environmental goods and services. Environmental valuation has been practiced for decades. However, there are some ideas in the field of environmental valuation held by many environmental economists and nonenvironmental economists that appear to be outdated. This article discusses three such ideas: 1) that it is better to estimate willingness-to-pay values than willingness-to-accept values; 2) that stated preference valuation methods are questionable because they are based on hypothetical choices rather than real choices; and 3) that it is better to use a repeated-choice question format than a singlechoice format in choice experiments. We discuss the origins of each idea and why the idea became prevalent in the first place.We then review recent literature, which casts doubt on the idea.We conclude with a reminder for researchersâ€”in environmental economics and in other economic fieldsâ€”to periodically reassess ideas they currently hold in light of recent research developments and in light of the context in which they are used.
Morphologic and morphometric aspects of oenocytes of Apis mellifera queens and workers in different phases of life

Oenocytes of adult workers and queens of Apis mellifera L. were studied in different ages or life stages, by means of morphometric and histologic techniques. In workers, the oenocytes were found in the head, near the mandibles and in the abdomen, immersed in the parietal fat body mainly below the sterna, close to the wax gland. In queens, two populations of oenocytes different in size and localization were found within the parietal and visceral fat body, respectively. The oenocytes of workers and queens show the presence of acid lipids and acid phosphatase. The role of these cells in the castes differences is discussed.
A rapid, efficient method for the bioassay of extracts, fractions and compounds for activity against tropical aphids

Abstract Although aphids remain serious pests, bioassay-guided purification of anti-aphid compounds depends upon assays that are laborious and often have incomplete descriptions of methods. We provide the protocol for a rapid, efficient assay using a 96-well microtiter plate format for testing extracts for activity against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae), and the black bean aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. Assays of extracts composed of low molecular weight metabolites from 28 species of plants from 15 families from Panamanian forest showed variation in toxicity to A. craccivora. Three metabolite extracts and one protein extract were active, with more than 70% mortality in 72 h, averaged over three independent experiments. For three species of plants with protein extracts having intermediate activity, the metabolite extracts were inactive; hence, the activity probably was due to the toxic proteins, rather than contaminating toxic metabolites.
Microrganismos associados a frutos de diferentes cultivares de noz Pecan

O conhecimento do comportamento natural da nogueira Pecan as principais doencas e de suma importância para o estabelecimento do planejamento da implantacao da cultura. O controle fitossanitario e tratos culturais devem ser realizados de modo a nao comprometerem a qualidade do produto final, as amendoas. Foram avaliadas nozes produzidas na safra de 2005 e oriundas de Urai-PR, pelas cultivares Burkett, Frotscher e Moneymaker, para identificar e quantificar os microrganismos associados a amendoas e cascas dos frutos, bem como observar diferencas entre organismos colonizadores das cultivares. Os frutos foram avaliados na pos-colheita, aos trinta dias de armazenamento em ambiente, atraves da metodologia do papel de filtro, sendo submetidos ou nao a assepsia superficial. O fungo Cladosporium caryigenum, promotor da rancificacao das amendoas foi observado, em amendoas e cascas, nas cultivares Burkett, Frotscher e Moneymaker; Fusarium sp. , foi encontrado em porcentuais elevados, tanto em amendoas quanto em cascas das tres cultivares estudadas; Cephalothecium roseum, causador do mofo roseo em amendoas, na cultivar Frotscher. Aspergillus sp. e Penicillium sp. , causadores de emboloramento e produtores de aflotoxinas foram observados em porcentuais representativos, em amendoas da cultivar Frotscher e em amendoas e cascas das cultivares Frotscher, Burkett e Moneymaker, respectivamente. Os maiores porcentuais de perda do rendimento foram observados na cultivar Burkett, por causa da incidencia de Colletotrichum sp. , causador da antracnose em amendoas, que acarreta escurecimento e deterioracao do produto final, levando-o ao descarte.
An index to fire incidence

To support the development and use of an index to fire incidence, historical data from modern fire records and forest resource inventory maps were used to test the null hypothesis that fire incidence within pine, intolerant hardwood, and tolerant hardwood forests does not differ significantly. The null hypothesis was tested with (i) the χ2 test of goodness of fit applied to species dominance type data within burned plots and randomly chosen plots and (ii) a t-test to identify significant fire incidence differences among the 10 overstory species and the three forest types. The first test showed a significant difference between expected and observed results. The second test showed that, although not significantly different themselves, the pine and intolerant hardwood forest types had a significantly higher fire incidence than the tolerant hardwood type. Although no one overstory species had a fire incidence significantly different from all others, each species differed significantly from at least two others.
Exigência de metionina + cistina para frangos de corte na fase de crescimento e acabamento

ABSTRACT - With the objective to determine the methionine+cystine requirements, 1440 and 1080 commercial Hubbard broilerswere used, 50% of each sex at the growing and finishing phases, respectively. Six supplemental levels of DL-methionine (.0, .06 , .12,.18, .24, and .30%) were added to methionine+cystine deficient basal diets. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed:gain ratio, car cass yieldand composition, abdominal fat and plasma uric acid concentration were evaluated from 22-42 and 43-56 days of age. Based on thestatistical analysis of the studied parameters during the growing phase (22 to 42 days of age), it is suggested to use . 896 and . 856% oftotal methionine+cystine for males and females, respectively. For the finishing phase (43 to 56 days of age), based in the stat istic analysisand in the studied parameters, it is suggested to use . 764% and . 740% of total methionine+cystine for males and females, respec tively.Key Words: broilers, carcass yield, composition carcass, performance, sulfur amino acids requirements,
Genetics in conservation and wildlife management: a revolution since Caughley

In his 1994 review of conservation biology, Graeme Caughley questioned the central role for genetics in that discipline. His central theme was that there was no known case of genetic malfunction leading to the extinction of a population or species, and that driving forces such as overkill, habitat fragmentation and introduced predators as well as environmental and demographic stochasticity of small populations should be considered ahead of genetics in the debate about extinction prevention. At the time, only indirect and theoretical evidence existed for genetic contributions to the declines of wildlife and most of the debate revolved around the impact of genetic variation on fitness and long-term persistence. In addition, the application of DNA technologies to the study of wildlife was in its infancy. Though this was not Caughley’s intention, many within wildlife management took his criticisms of genetic aspects of species decline as the cue to dismiss this branch of science as of minor relevance to conservation biology. Since Caughley’s critique, there has been a revolution in genetic technologies for non-model organisms with the arrival of highly informative hypervariable DNA markers. Perhaps even more importantly, developments in DNA and gene technologies have provided the opportunity to study fundamental life-history traits such as disease resistance in more direct ways than previously possible. In concert with these tools, conservation geneticists have risen to Caughley’s challenge and demonstrated unambiguously a clear role for genetic analysis in conservation biology. Despite these impressive advances, there remains an important gap between the genetic approaches available and their uptake by managers. Bridging this gap will greatly increase the capacity of wildlife managers to generate the data necessary for sound management.
The Systematic and Geographical Distribution of Hawkmoth Flowers in the Temperate North American Flora

A list of the plant species with hawkmoth flowers that occur naturally in temperate North America north of Mexico contains 105 species in 16 families; hawkmoth pollination records are available for 38 species in 12 families. The most important single plant group contributing hawkmoth flowers in temperate North America is Oenothera (40 species that collectively range throughout the entire area), followed by Nyctaginaceae (13 species in the Southwest), Amaryllidaceae (15 species in the South and Southeast), and Datura (five widely distributed species). Other plant groups are represented by only one or a few sphingophilous species. Temperate North American sphingophilous plant species fall into two classes in terms of their floristic affinities: (1) subtropical or tropical species that extend north into the southern part of the United States, and (2) new indigenous species that have evolved in temperate North America. The floral tube in most of these sphingophilous species is moderately long, 2-7 cm, corresponding to the proboscis length of common and widespread sphingids such as Hyles lineata. A number of sphingophilous species in the southern part of the United States have floral tubes of 9 cm or more. The southwestern sphingophilous species with very long tubes are associated with Manduca moths with correspondingly long proboscides. A comparable association may occur in the south-central and southeastern United States.
Effects of Smoking on Steroid Production, Metabolism, and Estrogen-Related Disease

Smoking is a common social practice in the United States. In spite of methodologic problems associated with studying the pharmacologic effects of cigarette smoke, which has over 4,000 constituents, the conse­ quences of smoking on pulmonary, cardiovascular, and other systemic diseases have been studied ex­ tensively. Until recently, however, it has not been clear how smoking affects steroid hormones. In the last decade, evidence has been accumulating which demonstrates that smoking affects the hypothala­ mus, pituitary and adrenal glands, testis, ovary, liver, and placenta, the glands and organs that con­ trol steroid production and metabolism. These ef­ fects of smoking on the steroid hormone system probably have important clinical effects as evidenced by the changed incidence of certain estrogen-related diseases in smokers. In this survey, we critically review the recent data concerning the effects of ciga­ rette smoking on steroid production, metabolism, and estrogen-related diseases.
Antibacterial Activities of Six Medicinal Plants Used Traditionally by Saudi People to Treat Common Diseases

Antibiotic resistance is increasing and dangerous problem resulting in a decrease in the used number and fully active antimicrobial agents available to treat infections with multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Herbal medicines may be an alternative treatment options. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of some medicinal plants used traditionally in Saudi Arabia against some pathogenic and MDR bacteria. The antimicrobial activities of water and organic crude extracts were prepared. Out of the 6 plants tested, 5 showed antimicrobial activities against one or more of the tested genera using paper disc diffusion assay. The most active antimicrobial plants were the extract of Azadirachta indica (neem), Zingiber officinale (ginger) Eucalptus globules , Rosmarinus officinalis and Lawsonia inermis with minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs) values ranged from 50-150µg/ml. Lepidium sativium have very weak activity with MIC of ≥200 µg/ml. At 600µg/ml, no toxicity was recorded for all tested extracts except of A. indica extract that showed toxicity (% of mortality ≥50). No antitumor activities for the different plant extracts were recorded against Human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. The
PCR-TTGE and RAPD-PCR Techniques to Analyze Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis Isolated from Craft Beers

In the Friuli Venezia Giulia region (North East of Italy) the production of craft beers has been increasing constantly. Usually microbreweries use yeasts supplied by Italian or foreign industrial breweries for beer production. Yeast species are often not known, moreover the vitality, the viability, the physiological state and the number of generation are not known. To improve the quality of the final product it is important to evaluate the quality of the yeast strain used and the lactic acid bacteria contamination. Various molecular methods have been developed to compare genetic characteristics of yeast strains used in beer and wine production. The methods proposed in this work, PCR-TTGE and RAPD-PCR techniques, allow the comparison of specific DNA sequences to identify and/or characterize yeast strains. The molecular methods are faster than traditional methods and they allowed the identification of the strains analysed as S. cerevisiae and the intraspecies differentiation among yeast strains tested within 8 h after cell growth.
Reaction of two potato cultivars to leaf infection by Verticillium albo-atrum

Leaf infection by Verticillium albo-atrum in both a susceptible cultivar and a resistant cultivar of potatoes was investigated. In both cultivars penetration occurred directly through the cuticle, leaf hairs, and stomata. In the resistant variety, hyphae were restricted to cells in the epidermis and palisade mesophyll resulting within 5 days in pinpoint necrotic spots, whereas in the susceptible cultivar hyphae penetrated freely from cell to cell in the entire leaf and killed the leaf within 5 days. It is suggested that the resistance is manifested as a hypersensitive reaction and that the method herein described offers a possible alternative to the root-dip method of testing for resistance.