Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review of Depression, Anxiety, and Other Indicators of Psychological Distress Among U.S. and Canadian Medical Students

Purpose To systematically review articles reporting on depression, anxiety, and burnout among U.S. and Canadian medical students. Method Medline and PubMed were searched to identify peer-reviewed English-language studies published between January 1980 and May 2005 reporting on depression, anxiety, and burnout among U.S. and Canadian medical students. Searches used combinations of the Medical Subject Heading terms medical student and depression, depressive disorder major, depressive disorder, professional burnout, mental health, depersonalization, distress, anxiety, or emotional exhaustion. Reference lists of retrieved articles were inspected to identify relevant additional articles. Demographic information, instruments used, prevalence data on student distress, and statistically significant associations were abstracted. Results The search identified 40 articles on medical student psychological distress (i.e., depression, anxiety, burnout, and related mental health problems) that met the authors' criteria. No studies of burnout among medical students were identified. The studies suggest a high prevalence of depression and anxiety among medical students, with levels of overall psychological distress consistently higher than in the general population and age-matched peers by the later years of training. Overall, the studies suggest psychological distress may be higher among female students. Limited data were available regarding the causes of student distress and its impact on academic performance, dropout rates, and professional development. Conclusions Medical school is a time of significant psychological distress for physicians-in-training. Currently available information is insufficient to draw firm conclusions on the causes and consequences of student distress. Large, prospective, multicenter studies are needed to identify personal and training-related features that influence depression, anxiety, and burnout among students and explore relationships between distress and competency.
Colon cancer: polyps, prevention, and politics.

Colorectal cancer is the second deadliest cancer in the United States when cancer deaths for men and women are combined (1). It ranks behind lung cancer in mortality for men and behind lung and breast cancers in women. In 1997, an estimated 131,000 new cases of colorectal cancer are expected and about 55,000 people will die of it, divided evenly between men and women (1). Many patients with colorectal cancer undergo treatment by drugs, radiation, and surgery, and some require a permanent colostomy. Thus, the mortality and morbidity of colorectal cancer more than justify programs to detect or prevent it. However, the awareness of both the public and the medical profession of this deadly disease is low compared to such high-profile cancers as breast, prostate, and lung cancer, perhaps because of lack of information or simply because it is not polite to talk about something to do with one's rectum and colon. A great deal ofnew information about colorectal cancer has appeared in recent years, particularly with regard to screening and prevention. In this article, first I will affirm the importance of the polyp-cancer sequence and identify those conditions that confer an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Next, I will discuss the prevention of colorectal cancer, both by means of screening programs that detect and remove the precursor lesions, polyps, and also by the more fanciful but hopeful means of using pharmacologic agents, such as calcium, certain vitamins, and some nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Finally, I will comment on the recent successful efforts to include the benefit for screening for colorectal cancer in the Medicare legislative package, a process that has had political consequences both internal to the medical profession and, of course, within the halls of Congress.
Word meaning, what is said and explicature

In his logic of conversation, Paul Grice made an important distinction between two kinds of act that speakers may perform when uttering a sentence and, correspondingly, two kinds or levels of speaker meaning: (i) saying, hence what is said, and (ii) implicating, hence what is implicated (implicature) (Grice 1975). The distinction between what is said and what is implicated can be seen as one instantiation of a distinction between the explicit content of an utterance and its implicit import. This distinction, albeit with numerous modifications and extensions, has proved indispensable to all subsequent attempts to account for speaker meaning, communicated content and utterance interpretation. It is generally agreed, however, that in his few characterisations of ‘what is said’, Grice underestimated the extent to which context/pragmatics can contribute to a hearer’s recovery of this level of content. He maintained that ‘what someone has said [is] closely related to the conventional meaning of the words (the sentence) he has uttered’ (1975: 44), and, beyond conventional linguistic meaning, he explicitly acknowledged only the need to identify the reference of pronouns, the time of utterance, and the intended sense of any ambiguous words or phrases (1975: 44). In the meantime, a plethora of linguistic phenomena has been put forward as requiring or, at least, allowing for further contextual/pragmatic effects at the level of explicit utterance content. These include the following: (i) cases of syntactically complete but semantically non-propositional sentences, e.g. ‘Jane is ready’, ‘Bill is tall enough’; (ii) cases of (apparently) unarticulated constituents of content, e.g. the location constituent usually inferred for utterances of ‘It is raining’, the cause-consequence constituent often inferred for conjunctive utterances such as ‘Jane did Bill’s lectures and he recommended her for promotion’; (iii) the modulation of word meaning, e.g. colour terms as in ‘red bird’, ‘red house’, ‘red pen’, ‘red crystal’, ‘red hair’, and so on; (iv) more controversially, certain kinds of non-literal uses (metaphorical or metonymic) of words, e.g. ‘John is a saint’, ‘Mary is a butterfly’, ‘The mushroom omelette wants her bill’. It has been suggested that, if he had considered the matter in more detail, Grice would not have been averse to including at least some of these kinds of pragmatic contributions in what is required for a full identification of what the speaker has said (Wharton 2002, Stephen Neale (pc)). This may be so for semantically incomplete sentences as in (i) above: Grice might have agreed to add to what is required for a full identification of what
Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND We sought to provide a contemporary picture of the presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis (IE) in a large patient cohort from multiple locations worldwide. METHODS Prospective cohort study of 2781 adults with definite IE who were admitted to 58 hospitals in 25 countries from June 1, 2000, through September 1, 2005. RESULTS The median age of the cohort was 57.9 (interquartile range, 43.2-71.8) years, and 72.1% had native valve IE. Most patients (77.0%) presented early in the disease (<30 days) with few of the classic clinical hallmarks of IE. Recent health care exposure was found in one-quarter of patients. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen (31.2%). The mitral (41.1%) and aortic (37.6%) valves were infected most commonly. The following complications were common: stroke (16.9%), embolization other than stroke (22.6%), heart failure (32.3%), and intracardiac abscess (14.4%). Surgical therapy was common (48.2%), and in-hospital mortality remained high (17.7%). Prosthetic valve involvement (odds ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.90), increasing age (1.30; 1.17-1.46 per 10-year interval), pulmonary edema (1.79; 1.39-2.30), S aureus infection (1.54; 1.14-2.08), coagulase-negative staphylococcal infection (1.50; 1.07-2.10), mitral valve vegetation (1.34; 1.06-1.68), and paravalvular complications (2.25; 1.64-3.09) were associated with an increased risk of in-hospital death, whereas viridans streptococcal infection (0.52; 0.33-0.81) and surgery (0.61; 0.44-0.83) were associated with a decreased risk. CONCLUSIONS In the early 21st century, IE is more often an acute disease, characterized by a high rate of S aureus infection. Mortality remains relatively high.
Individual Differences in Prototypical Moral and Conventional Judgments and Children's Proactive and Reactive Aggression.

This article examined links between 4- and 6-year-olds' (n = 101; Mage = 5.12 years, SD = 0.67; 53% male) ability to distinguish moral and conventional transgressions along different criteria and teacher ratings of proactive and reactive aggression. Latent difference score modeling revealed that moral transgressions were judged more unacceptable and wrong independent of rules and authority than conventional violations, but significant variability in moral-conventional distinctions was also observed. Proactive aggression was associated with less-and reactive aggression was associated with greater-differentiation in moral and conventional concepts. Proactive aggression was not associated with deficits in moral knowledge when other common assessments of early moral understanding were employed, highlighting the importance of using theoretically informed measures of moral judgments and aggression.
Cytolytic T lymphocytes recognize alloantigens on schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni, but fail to induce damage.

Murine peritoneal exudate cells rich in cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) with specificity for alloantigens were found to adhere specifically to schistosomula, recovered from the lungs of mice, which bear alloantigens on their surface as a result of passive acquisition from the host. The presence of CTL in the adherent cell population was confirmed by a mixed killing reaction, in which it was shown that most of the cells that had adhered to the schistosomula were subsequently able to kill an appropriate tumor target cell. These CTL, however, failed to damage the schistosomula even after prolonged periods of culture (up to 66 hr) at high effector to target ratios. The same organisms were at least partially susceptible to complement-dependent damage by antibody with specificity for the same alloantigens. Furthermore, the same CTL preparations could artificially be induced to adhere to skin-stage schistosomula, which do not bear alloantigens on their surface, by using concanavalin A as a nonspecific binding agent to overcome the requirement for specific recognition of target antigens by the CTL. Such organisms were also insusceptible to CTL-mediated damage, even though they have previously been shown to be damaged by both eosinophils and neutrophils. Reasons for the lack of CTL damage are discussed, and it is emphasized that the adherence reaction provides a new model for examining the early stages of the interaction of CTL with their targets, and for studying the recognition by CTL of antigens that have been passively inserted into a target membrane.
Absence of arterial baroreflex modulation of skin sympathetic activity and sweat rate during whole‐body heating in humans

1 Prior findings suggest that baroreflexes are capable of modulating skin blood flow, but the effects of baroreceptor loading/unloading on sweating are less clear. Therefore, this project tested the hypothesis that pharmacologically induced alterations in arterial blood pressure in heated humans would lead to baroreflex‐mediated changes in both skin sympathetic nerve activity (SSNA) and sweat rate. 2 In seven subjects mean arterial blood pressure was lowered (≈8 mmHg) and then raised (≈13 mmHg) by bolus injections of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine, respectively. Moreover, in a separate protocol, arterial blood pressure was reduced via steady‐state administration of sodium nitroprusside. In both normothermia and heat‐stress conditions the following responses were monitored: sublingual and mean skin temperatures, heart rate, beat‐by‐beat blood pressure, skin blood flow (laser‐Doppler flowmetry), local sweat rate and SSNA (microneurography from peroneal nerve). 3 Whole‐body heating increased skin and sublingual temperatures, heart rate, cutaneous blood flow, sweat rate and SSNA, but did not change arterial blood pressure. Heart rate was significantly elevated (from 74 ± 3 to 92 ± 4 beats min−1; P < 0.001) during bolus sodium nitroprusside‐induced reductions in blood pressure, and significantly reduced (from 92 ± 4 to 68 ± 4 beats min−1; P < 0.001) during bolus phenylephrine‐induced elevations in blood pressure, thereby demonstrating normal baroreflex function in these subjects. 4 Neither SSNA nor sweat rate was altered by rapid (bolus infusion) or sustained (steady‐state infusion) changes in blood pressure regardless of the thermal condition. 5 These data suggest that SSNA and sweat rate are not modulated by arterial baroreflexes in normothermic or moderately heated individuals.
Animal-rights activism. A tricky balance between activists' and researchers' rights.

Last November, federal prosecutors charged Scott DeMuth, a sociology graduate student at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, with felony conspiracy in connection with a 2004 break-in at an animal research lab at the University of Iowa. DeMuth9s trial was scheduled to begin last week, but at the last minute prosecutors offered him a plea agreement: They would drop all charges related to the Iowa case if he pleaded guilty to a lesser misdemeanor conspiracy charge for an unspecified role in a 2006 break-in at a ferret-breeding facility in Minnesota. DeMuth took the deal and now faces up to 6 months in jail and a fine of up to $5000, considerably lighter penalties than he could have received if convicted of the felony. DeMuth9s case and others highlight the difficulty of identifying the small minority of animal-rights activists who break the law and successfully prosecuting those who are charged.
Parâmetros bioquímicos clínicos de vacas de alta e média produção de leite, criadas em sistema freestall

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os parâmetros bioquimico-clinicos de vacas primiparas e multiparas de alta e media producao de leite criadas em sistema freestall . Foram utilizadas 174 vacas da raca Holandes, divididas em quatro grupos: primiparas de alta producao (PA, n=37; 42,92±0,78 kg leite/dia); primiparas de media producao (PM, n=50; 26,44±0,91 kg leite/dia); multiparas de alta producao (MA, n=37; 44,28±0,87 kg leite/dia) e multiparas de media producao (MM, n=50; 24,87±0,91 kg leite/dia), com 216±12 dias em lactacao. Analisaram-se os seguintes metabolitos: concentracoes de: colesterol total, colesterol HDL (HDL), triglicerideos (TAG), beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB), proteinas totais, albumina, ureia, e a atividade da enzima aspartato aminotransferase (AST). O grupo PM apresentou maiores concentracoes de albumina ( P = 0,001), colesterol ( P = 0,001), HDL ( P = 0,002) e TAG ( P = 0,010) quando comparado com as do grupo MM. O grupo PA apresentou maiores concentracoes de HDL ( P = 0,001) quando comparado com a MA. PA apresentou maiores concentracoes de HDL ( P = 0,023) e AST ( P = 0,05) ao se comparar com PM. MA apresentou maiores concentracoes de albumina ( P = 0,009), colesterol ( P = 0,041), HDL ( P = 0,053) e TAG ( P = 0,052) quando comparado com a MM. As diferencas encontradas nos metabolitos analisados tornam-se importantes no estabelecimento dos valores de referencia para uma populacao regional de categorias semelhantes, alem da possibilidade de utilizacao de parâmetros bioquimico-clinicos na prevencao e monitoramento de transtornos metabolicos.
Removal of Organics and Nitrogen from Municipal Landfill Leachate in Two-Stage SBR Reactors

The aim of this study was to investigate efficiency of ammonium nitrogen removal from municipal landfill leachate in activated sludge in two-stage SBR reactors. Treated leachate contains low concentrations of organic substances measured as chemical oxygen demand (COD) − 757 mg O2/dm 3 and high concentrations of ammonium − 362 mgNNH4/dm 3. Nitrification was studied in two parallel, aerated SBR reactors with two different hydraulic retention times (HRT), 3 and 2 days, respectively. We have found that 2 days HRT was sufficient to achieve complete nitrification. In the effluent ammonium, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen concentrations were 0.08 mgNNH4/dm 3, 0.04 mgNNO2/dm 3 and 320 mgNNO3/dm 3, respectively. The ammonium nitrogen removal rate was 20.2 mgNNH4/dm 3.h. The effluent from aerobic reactors (HRT 2 days) was fed to the anoxic SBR reactors. An external carbon source (methanol) was added to promote denitrification. In the anoxic reactor, at a methanol dosage 3.6 mg COD/mg NNO3 and HRT of 1 day complete denitrification was achieve with nitrate nitrogen residual concentrations of 0.9 mgNNO3/dm 3. The maximum denitrification rate was 48.4 mgNNOx/dm 3.h. The highest values of the yield methanol coefficient Ym/N-NOx were determined for dosages 3.6 mg COD/mg NNO3 and 5.4 mg COD/mg NNO3,, the lowest for 1.8 mg COD/mg NNO3.
Gastroesophageal Reflux in Young Children and Adolescents: Is There a Relation Between Symptom Severity and Esophageal Histological Grade?

Background: The pediatric literature about the correlation between symptoms and histological lesions in patients investigated for gastroesophageal reflux disease is scarce and inconclusive. The primary aim of the present study was to assess the relation between the complained symptom severity and the esophageal histological grade, through the use of validated and reliable scores. Methods: All children ages between 2 and 17 years referred to perform upper gastrointestinal endoscopy because of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms were asked to complete the Pediatric Gastroesophageal Symptom and Quality of Life validated questionnaire, investigating the main symptoms complained and their impact on daily life and school activities. Esophageal mucosal samples taken during the procedure were analyzed and scored according to the Yerian‐Fiocca classification. Results: A total of 164 children were included in the study. No significant association was found between symptomatic score and histological score (rs: 0.05, P: 0.49). Even when focusing only on adolescents with heartburn or chest pain, no correlation between symptom severity and esophageal lesions was found (rs: −0.18, P: 0.264). Intercellular space diameter values did not mirror symptom severity. Conclusions: The main finding of this study on children with reflux symptoms is the lack of correlation between symptom severity and esophageal histological grade. The magnitude of intercellular spaces was found not to be related with the clinical score as well.
Self‐organizing tree‐growing network for the classification of protein sequences

The self‐organizing tree algorithm (SOTA) was recently introduced to construct phylogenetic trees from biological sequences, based on the principles of Kohonen's self‐organizing maps and on Fritzke's growing cell structures. SOTA is designed in such a way that the generation of new nodes can be stopped when the sequences assigned to a node are already above a certain similarity threshold. In this way a phylogenetic tree resolved at a high taxonomic level can be obtained. This capability is especially useful to classify sets of diversified sequences. SOTA was originally designed to analyze pre‐aligned sequences. It is now adapted to be able to analyze patterns associated to the frequency of residues along a sequence, such as protein dipeptide composition and other n‐gram compositions. In this work we show that the algorithm applied to these data is able to not only successfully construct phylogenetic trees of protein families, such as cytochrome c, triosephophate isomerase, and hemoglobin alpha chains, but also classify very diversified sequence data sets, such as a mixture of interleukins and their receptors.
A 10-Year Systematic Review of HIV/AIDS Mass Communication Campaigns: Have We Made Progress?

The purpose of the current study was to conduct a 10-year systematic review of HIV/AIDS mass communication campaigns focused on sexual behavior, HIV testing, or both (1998–2007) and to compare the results with the last comprehensive review of such campaigns, conducted by Myhre and Flora (2000). A comprehensive search strategy yielded 38 HIV/AIDS campaign evaluation articles published in peer-reviewed journals, representing 34 distinct campaign efforts conducted in 23 countries. The articles were coded on a variety of campaign design and evaluation dimensions by two independent coders. Results indicated that compared with the previous systematic review (1986–1998 period), campaigns increasingly have employed the following strategies: (1) targeted defined audiences developed through audience segmentation procedures; (2) designed campaign themes around behavior change (rather than knowledge change); (3) used behavioral theories; (4) achieved high message exposure; (5) used stronger research designs for outcome evaluation; and (6) included measures of behavior (or behavioral intentions) in outcome assessments. In addition, an examination of 10 campaign efforts that used more rigorous quasi-experimental designs revealed that the majority (8 of 10) demonstrated effects on behavior change or behavioral intentions. Despite these positive developments, most HIV/AIDS campaigns continue to use weak (i.e., preexperimental) outcome evaluation designs. Implications of these results for improved design, implementation, and evaluation of HIV/AIDS campaign efforts are discussed.
Welfare Benefits to Farm Animals from Their Use in Research

Domestication is the purposeful selection and modification of livestock to suit the human-made production environments. While the application of modern breeding theory has accelerated genetic change, traditional practices also modify the genetic makeup of livestock. Threats to the welfare of farm animals can arise from husbandry practices, attributes of the production environment and failure to match the genotype to the production environment. The selection of sheep for resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes, the yard weaning of calves and the selection of cattle with docile temperament (e.g. slow flight time) are described as methods for improving welfare outcomes for grazing sheep and feedlot cattle, respectively. Contemporary production breeds exist as global populations. The move to the life-long individual identification of animals improves the power of breeding and management programmes that satisfy the criteria of scientific experimentation in their manner of implementation. In contrast to the use of farm animals, prejudice exists against comparable uses of more-recent domesticates (e.g. laboratory rodents). The growing global demand for livestock products suggests that Russell & Burch's Three Rs no longer provide a valid framework for deliberation on ethics of domestic animal use. A welfare outcome metric, such as that adopted by Grandin, is proposed as more robust than input quantification (reduce, replace) for appraisal of the ethics of animal use.