Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phase-Controlled Pathway Interferences and Switchable Fast-Slow Light in a Cavity-Magnon Polariton System

We study the phase controlled transmission properties in a compound system consisting of a 3D copper cavity and an yttrium iron garnet (YIG) sphere. By tuning the relative phase of the magnon pumping and cavity probe tones, constructive and destructive interferences occur periodically, which strongly modify both the cavity field transmission spectra and the group delay of light. Moreover, the tunable amplitude ratio between pump-probe tones allows us to further improve the signal absorption or amplification, accompanied by either significantly enhanced optical advance or delay. Both the phase and amplitude-ratio can be used to realize in-situ tunable and switchable fast-slow light. The tunable phase and amplitude-ratio lead to the zero reflection of the transmitted light and an abrupt fast-slow light transition. Our results confirm that direct magnon pumping through the coupling loops provides a versatile route to achieve controllable signal transmission, storage, and communication, which can be further expanded to the quantum regime, realizing coherent-state processing or quantum-limited precise measurements.
Neutrino-Antineutrino Asymmetry From The Space-time Noncommutativity

A new mechanism having as an origin the space-time noncommutativity has been shown to generate anisotropy and axial-like interaction giving rise to a leptonic asymmetry for fermionic particles propagating in a curved noncommutative $FRW$ universe. As a by-product, for ultra-relativistic particles like neutrinos, an analytical expression of this asymmetry is derived explicitly. Constraints and bounds from the cosmological parameters are also discussed.
Turbulence explains the accelerations of an eagle in natural flight

Significance Although soaring birds spend a significant portion of their lives navigating turbulent environments, the role turbulence plays in their lives is unclear. This holds especially when turbulent air currents fluctuate on similar timescales as avian flight behaviors. Against a backdrop of complicated behavior and aerodynamics, we find that a simple linear model almost fully explains the interactions between an eagle and turbulence, and that this interaction, in turn, almost fully explains the accelerations of the eagle’s body throughout its airborne life. The turbulent nature of the atmosphere is not merely a subtle nuance to which the eagle adjusts but rather a fundamental characteristic that leaves its imprint on all modes of flight. Turbulent winds and gusts fluctuate on a wide range of timescales from milliseconds to minutes and longer, a range that overlaps the timescales of avian flight behavior, yet the importance of turbulence to avian behavior is unclear. By combining wind speed data with the measured accelerations of a golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) flying in the wild, we find evidence in favor of a linear relationship between the eagle’s accelerations and atmospheric turbulence for timescales between about 1/2 and 10 s. These timescales are comparable to those of typical eagle behaviors, corresponding to between about 1 and 25 wingbeats, and to those of turbulent gusts both larger than the eagle’s wingspan and smaller than large-scale atmospheric phenomena such as convection cells. The eagle’s accelerations exhibit power spectra and intermittent activity characteristic of turbulence and increase in proportion to the turbulence intensity. Intermittency results in accelerations that are occasionally several times stronger than gravity, which the eagle works against to stay aloft. These imprints of turbulence on the bird’s movements need to be further explored to understand the energetics of birds and other volant life-forms, to improve our own methods of flying through ceaselessly turbulent environments, and to engage airborne wildlife as distributed probes of the changing conditions in the atmosphere.
Object Detection in Aerial Images: A Large-Scale Benchmark and Challenges

In he past decade, object detection has achieved significant progress in natural images but not in aerial images, due to the massive variations in the scale and orientation of objects caused by the bird’s-eye view of aerial images. More importantly, the lack of large-scale benchmarks has become a major obstacle to the development of object detection in aerial images (ODAI). In this paper, we present a large-scale Dataset of Object deTection in Aerial images (DOTA) and comprehensive baselines for ODAI. The proposed DOTA dataset contains 1,793,658 object instances of 18 categories of oriented-bounding-box annotations collected from 11,268 aerial images. Based on this large-scale and well-annotated dataset, we build baselines covering 10 state-of-the-art algorithms with over 70 configurations, where the speed and accuracy performances of each model have been evaluated. Furthermore, we provide a code library for ODAI and build a website for evaluating different algorithms. Previous challenges run on DOTA have attracted more than 1300 teams worldwide. We believe that the expanded large-scale DOTA dataset, the extensive baselines, the code library and the challenges can facilitate the designs of robust algorithms and reproducible research on the problem of object detection in aerial images.
Distinct thermodynamic and dynamic effects produced by scale factors in conformally related Einstein-power-Yang-Mills black holes

We study the thermodynamics and dynamics of high-dimensional Einstein-power-Yang-Mills black holes in conformal gravity. Specifically, we investigate a class of conformally related black holes whose metrics differ by a scale factor. We show that a suitable scale factor cures the geodesic incompleteness and the divergence of Kretschmann scalars at the center of black holes. In the aspect of thermodynamics, we analyse the Hawking temperature, the entropy, and the specific heat, and verify the existence of second-order phase transitions. We find that the thermodynamics of this class of conformally related black holes is independent of scale factors. In the aspect of dynamics, we find that the quasinormal modes of minimally coupled scalar field perturbations are dependent on scale factors. Quite interesting is that the behavior of quasinormal mode frequencies also supports the independence of scale factors for the second-order phase transitions. Our results show that the scale factors produce distinct thermodynamic and dynamic effects in the conformally related Einstein-power-Yang-Mills black holes, which provides an interesting connection between thermodynamics and dynamics of black holes in conformal gravity.
Relating Reading, Visualization, and Coding for New Programmers: A Neuroimaging Study

Understanding how novices reason about coding at a neurological level has implications for training the next generation of software engineers. In recent years, medical imaging has been increasingly employed to investigate patterns of neural activity associated with coding activity. However, such studies have focused on advanced undergraduates and professionals. In a human study of 31 participants, we use functional near-infrared spectroscopy to measure the neural activity associated with introductory programming. In a controlled, contrast-based experiment, we relate brain activity when coding to that of reading natural language or mentally rotating objects (a spatial visualization task). Our primary result is that all three tasks—coding, prose reading, and mental rotation—are mentally distinct for novices. However, while those tasks are neurally distinct, we find more significant differences between prose and coding than between mental rotation and coding. Intriguingly, we generally find more activation in areas of the brain associated with spatial ability and task difficulty for novice coding compared to that reported in studies with more expert developers. Finally, in an exploratory analysis, we also find a neural activation pattern predictive of programming performance 11 weeks later. While preliminary, these findings both expand on previous results (e.g., relating expertise to a similarity between coding and prose reading) and also provide a new understanding of the cognitive processes underlying novice programming.
Experimental measurement of the isolated magnetic susceptibility

The isolated susceptibility $\chi_{\rm I}$ may be defined as a (non-thermodynamic) average over the canonical ensemble, but while it has often been discussed in the literature, it has not been clearly measured. Here, we demonstrate an unambiguous measurement of $\chi_{\rm I}$ at avoided nuclear-electronic level crossings in a dilute spin ice system, containing well-separated holmium ions. We show that $\chi_{\rm I}$ quantifies the superposition of quasi-classical spin states at these points, and is a direct measure of state concurrence and populations.
Elliptical Accretion Disk as a Model for Tidal Disruption Events

Elliptical accretion disk models for tidal disruption events (TDEs) have been recently proposed and independently developed by two groups. Although these two models are characterized by a similar geometry, their physical properties differ considerably. In this paper, we further investigate the properties of the elliptical accretion disk of the nearly uniform distribution of eccentricity within the disk plane. Our results show that the elliptical accretion disks have distinctive hydrodynamic structures and spectral energy distributions, associated with TDEs. The soft X-ray photons generated at pericenter and nearby are trapped in the disk and advected around the ellipse because of large electron scattering opacity. They are absorbed and reprocessed into emission lines and low-frequency continuum via recombination and bremsstrahlung emission. Because of the rapid increase of bound–free and free–free opacities with radius, the low-frequency continuum photons become trapped in the disk at large radius and are advected through apocenter and back to the photon-trapping radius. Elliptical accretion disks predict sub-Eddington luminosities and emit mainly at the photon-trapping radius of thousands of Schwarzschild radii with a blackbody spectrum of nearly single temperature of typically about 3 × 104 K. Because of the self-regulation, the photon-trapping radius expands and contracts following the rise and fall of accretion rate. The radiation temperature is nearly independent of BH mass and accretion rate and varies weakly with the stellar mass and the viscosity parameter. Our results are well consistent with the observations of optical/UV TDEs.
An analytical kinetic model for chemical-vapor deposition of pureB layers from diborane

In this paper, an analytical model is established to describe the deposition kinetics and the deposition chamber characteristics that determine the deposition rates of pure boron (PureB-) layers grown by chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) from diborane (B2H6) as gas source on a non-rotating silicon wafer. The model takes into consideration the diffusion mechanism of the diborane species through the stationary boundary layer over the wafer, the gas phase processes and the related surface reactions by applying the actual parabolic gas velocity and temperature gradient profiles in the reactor. These are calculated theoretically and also simulated with fluent software. The influence of an axial and lateral diffusion of diborane species and the validity of the model for laminar flow in experimental CVD processes are also treated. This model is based on a wide range of input parameters, such as initial diborane partial pressure, total gas flow, axial position on the wafer, deposition temperature, activation energy of PureB deposition from diborane, surface H-coverage, and reactor dimensions. By only adjusting these reactor/process parameters, the model was successfully transferred from the ASM Epsilon One to the Epsilon 2000 reactor which has totally different reactor conditions. The model's predictive capabilities have been verified by experiments performed at 700 °C in these two different ASM CVD reactors.
Case Study: Neuropathic Itching Following S3 and S4 Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulator Trial

1Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; 2Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA; 3Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; 4Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Introduction Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation is a novel treatment modality for patients suffering from chronic neuropathic pain. When compared to the traditional and broader acting spinal cord stimulator (SCS) implants, DRG stimulation has been shown to be more effective at treating chronic pain. However, the literature is mixed regarding associated complications of DRG vs traditional SCS implantation. Some studies demonstrate a decreased incidence of paresthesia in DRG stimulators versus SCS, while others show an increased risk of developing new neurologic symptoms. The specific characterization of these neurologic symptoms is also less clear. Herein, we present a case of a 49-year-old female who developed neuropathic itching following a bilateral S4 DRG stimulator trial. We include a literature review that demonstrates this approach as a novel and previously unreported complication of a DRG stimulation trial. This project was deemed exempt from the Mayo Clinic Arizona’s institutional review board as it acknowledged that it did not meet the criteria for human subject research. The patient provided informed consent for the case to be published.
CO2 sequestration by direct gas-solid carbonation of air pollution control (APC) residues

Direct gas−solid carbonation of alkaline residues from air pollution control (APC) systems was investigated with the aim of evaluating its contribution as a CO2 storage option as well as its effect on the properties of the residues, namely, the leaching behavior, which may affect the strategies for their disposal or reuse. APC residues from a medical solid-waste incinerator located in the vicinity of Rome, Italy, were selected for performing carbonation experiments with pure CO2 at reaction temperatures in the 200−500 °C range. The extent of calcium conversion to the carbonate form was found to be negligible below 300 °C, whereas the maximum conversion of 57% was already measured at 400 °C. This implies a storage capacity of 0.12 kg of CO2/kg of dry solid. Considering that the APC residues production in the EU25 equals 1260 kiloton/year, this translates in a CO2 storage potential for the European market of 0.15 megatons of CO2/year. On the basis of the ENV 12457-2 leaching test procedure performed after a.
Bidirectional Correlations Between Dopaminergic Function and Motivation in Parkinson’s Disease

Objective: To test the hypothesis that striatal dopamine function influences motivational alterations in Parkinson disease (PD), we compared vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and dopamine transporter (DaT) imaging data in PD patients with impulse control disorders (ICDs), apathy, or neither. Methods: We extracted striatal binding ratios (SBR) from VMAT2 PET imaging (18F-AV133) and DaTscans from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) multicenter observational study. Apathy and ICDs were assessed using the Movement Disorders Society-revised Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) and the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease (QUIP), respectively. We used analysis of variance (ANOVA) and log-linear mixed-effects (LME) regression to model SBRs with neurobehavioral metrics. Results: Among 23 participants (mean age 62.7 years, mean disease duration 1.8 years) with VMAT2 imaging data, 5 had apathy, 5 had an ICD, and 13 had neither. ANOVA indicated strong groupwise differences in VMAT2 binding in right anterior putamen [F(2,20) = 16.2, p < 0.0001), right posterior putamen [F(2,20) = 16.9, p < 0.0001), and right caudate [F(2,20) = 6.8, p = 0.006)]. Post-hoc tests and repeated-measures analysis with LME regression also supported right striatal VMAT2 elevation in the ICD group and reduction in the apathy group relative to the group with neither ICD nor apathy. DaT did not exhibit similar correlations, but normalizing VMAT2 with DaT SBR strengthened bidirectional correlations with ICD (high VMAT2/DaT) and apathy (low VMAT2/DaT) in all striatal regions bilaterally. Conclusions: Our findings constitute preliminary evidence that striatal presynaptic dopaminergic function helps describe the neurobiological basis of motivational dysregulation in PD, from high in ICDs to low in apathy.
Harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides impairs the feeding behavior of larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus).

Research evaluating the toxicity of the harmful dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium (a.k.a. Margalefidinium) polykrikoides, has been dominated by acute bioassays while the sublethal effects remain less well-understood. This study examined the sublethal effects of C. polykrikoides exposures on the feeding behavior of larval estuarine fish. Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) larvae were used in feeding experiments which assessed the total consumption of zooplankton prey (i.e. Artemia nauplii) over defined time periods. Larvae exposed to intermediate concentrations (i.e. 102 cells ml-1 ) of clonal cultures of C. polykrikoides saw statistically significant reductions (range = 10% - 81%) in the Artemia consumed compared to controls (i.e. filtered seawater, culture media, or non-toxin producing dinoflagellate). These reductions were found independent of whether the larvae were fed or starved prior to experimentation. As these concentrations are similar to those typically found during mild blooms or at the periphery of dense blooms, these findings have significant implications for the feeding behavior of ichthyoplankton.
Growth, optical, and electrical properties of single-crystalline Si-CdSe biaxial p-n heterostructure nanowires

Single-crystalline Si−CdSe biaxial p−n heterostructure nanowires (NWs) have been grown via chemical vapor deposition method and characterized. The Si and CdSe subnanowires have diameters of about 30 and 60 nm, respectively, and grow along the [211] and [0001] directions, respectively. Room-temperature photoluminescence (PL), Raman-scattering, and electrical transport measurements were made on single Si−CdSe biaxial heterostructure NWs. Strong CdSe band-edge emission peaked around 710 nm together with a broad emission centered at 600 nm is observed in the PL spectra. Intense sharp longitudinal optical phonon modes from both CdSe and Si are observed in Raman-scattering spectra. The resistivities, carrier concentrations, and carrier mobilities of single CdSe NW and Si subnanowire are estimated. A good rectification characteristic is observed in the I−V curve of Si−CdSe biaxial NW, which confirms that the Si−CdSe biaxial NW is a p−n heterostructure.
pH-Sensitive Hydrogels Composed of Chitosan and Polyacrylamide – Preparation and Properties

Three types of polymer networks of chitosan and polyacrylamide (PAAm) – semi-interpenetrating networks (semi-IPNs) of chitosan and crosslinked PAAm (net-PAAm–t-chitosan), semi-IPNs of PAAm and crosslinked chitosan (net-chitosan–t-PAAm), and interpenetrating networks (IPNs) of crosslinked chitosan and crosslinked PAAm (net-PAAm–net-chitosan) were prepared. Chitosan, in a two-fold molar excess to PAAm, provided pH-sensitivity to hydrogel networks. The amount of the crosslinking agent did not have much influence on the microhardness of network films, while higher contents of PAAm increased it. The equilibrium degree of swelling of the hydrogels had the highest values at pH 4 and decreased on increasing pH (pH 7, pH 9) or the ionic strength of the medium as well as with increasing of the degree of crosslinking. The networks in which chitosan was crosslinked, – semi-IPNs net-chitosan–t-PAAm and IPNs net-chitosan–net-PAAm, showed five cycles of completely reversible swelling.
Isolated cystic liver metastasis in a case of squamous cell carcinoma of cervix

The rate of radiological detection of metastatic masses in the liver is increasing with the improvements in imaging modalities and advances in treatment because patients with prolonged survival times develop metastatic lesions (Matos et al. 2015). Although metastatic masses in the liver are generally solid, they may also be partial or completely cystic (Lewis and Chezmar 1997). Cystic metastases are very rare and usually secondary to neuroendocrine tumours and ovarian malignancies (Wang et al. 2019). In this case report, we discuss the newly developed cystic metastasis of the liver in a patient with previously known cervical squamous cell carcinoma controlled by radiotherapy.
A Mössbauer temperature study of a cold nematic liquid crystal: Nematic glass–supercooled nematic

A 0.2% (by weight) solution of 1,1′‐diacetylferrocene (DAF) in n‐ (p‐methoxybenzylidene) ‐p‐butylaniline (MBBA) was prepared and studied with the Fe‐57 Mossbauer effect. The Mossbauer parameters were observed for the temperature range 110–300 K. The recoil‐free fraction (f) data showed that the MBBA crystal phase exhibited Debye behavior for the entire temperature range with a Mossbauer–Debye temperature (ϑL) of 70 K. The lower temperature data for the cold nematic also gave a linear lnf vs T plot with ϑL=47 K for the MBBA glass. The ϑL for the nematic glass was indepentent of molecular orientation. The nematic glass–supercooled nematic transition was determined to be Tg=181 K from the deviation of the lnf vs T curve from linear behavior. The nematic glass provided a nonvanishing temperature independent contribution to the Fe‐57 vibrational ellipsoil (eL). Above 180 K eL became temperature dependent. Line broadening and a reduction of the quadrupole splitting were observed for the supercooled nematic with.
Nine years of enriched CO2 changes the function and structural diversity of soil microorganisms in a grassland

To gain insight into microbial function following increased atmospheric CO2 concentration, we investigated the influence of 9 years of enriched CO2 (600 μl litre−1) on the function and structural diversity of soil microorganisms in a grassland ecosystem under free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE), as affected by plant species (Trifolium repens L. and Lolium perenne L. in monocultures and mixed culture) and nitrogen (N) supply. We measured biomass and activities of enzymes covering cycles of the most important elements (C, N and P). The microbial community was profiled by molecular techniques of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. The enrichment in CO2 increased soil microbial biomass (+48.1%) as well as activities of invertase (+36.2%), xylanase (+22.9%), urease (+23.8%), protease (+40.2%) and alkaline phosphomonoesterase (+54.1%) in spring 2002. In autumn, the stimulation of microbial biomass was 25% less and that of enzymes 3–12% less than in spring. Strong correlations between activities of invertase, protease, urease and alkaline phosphomonoesterase and microbial biomass were found. The stimulation of microbial activity in the enriched atmosphere was probably caused by changes in the quantity and kind of root litter and rhizodeposition. The response of soil microorganisms to enriched CO2 was most pronounced under Trifolium monoculture and under greater N supply. The PLFA analysis revealed that total PLFA contents were greater by 24.7% on average, whereby the proportion of bioindicators representative of Gram‐negative bacteria increased significantly in the enriched CO2 under less N‐fertilized Lolium culture. Discriminant analysis showed marked differences between the PLFA profiles of the three plant communities. Shannon diversity indices calculated from DGGE patterns were greater (+12.5%) in the enriched CO2, indicating increased soil bacterial diversity. We conclude that greater microbial biomass and enzyme activity buffer the potential increase in C sequestration occurring from greater C addition in enriched CO2 due to greater mineralization of soil organic matter.