Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
„Wie aus der Hirnforschung bekannt ist…“. Zur pädagogischen Metaphysik eines Organs, ohne das es einfach auch nicht geht

Padagogik und Sonderpadagogik sind auf Theorieimport angewiesen. Momentan steht in diesem Zusammenhang die Hirnforschung hoch im Kurs. Das Hirn hat einen guten Ruf. Wie das Kind. Kinderhirne verstehen daher auch. Komisch, dass nun einzelne Hirnforscher schon jetzt alles uber das Lernen, die Padagogik und die Verbesserung des Schul- und Bildungssystems wissen. Nur manche, zum Beispiel Manfred Spitzer. Noch komischer, wie die padagogische Gemeinde bereit ist, jeden Sein-Sollen-Fehlschluss zu akzeptieren, wenn er nur irgendwie passt. Da konnen einschlagige Lernforscherinnen noch lange dagegen reden. So schreibt Elsbeth Stern: "Die Hirnforschung ist (…) nicht die Grundlagenwissenschaft der Lernforschung, weil wir bisher keine auch nur im Ansatz zufriedenstellende Vorstellung davon haben, wie sich geistige Zustande, also Gedanken, Emotionen, Empfindungen und dergleichen im Gehirn abbilden. " (Stern 2010, 1)
Efficacité pollinisatrice de Megachile rotundata F. (Hym., Megachilidae) utilisée sur luzerne (Medicago sativa L.)

RÉSUMÉ Sur une trentaine de luzernières à graines, dans les conditions actuelles de culture en France, les effets de l’élevage de mégachiles (Megachile rotundata) sont mesurés à l’aide de différents critères. L’implantation de nichoirs peuplés par 500 à 3 000 femelles permet des accroissements du taux de déclenchement (taux des fleurs pollinisées) jusqu’à 100 m du site de nidification. C’est dans un rayon de 20 m que la densité de méga-chiles et les taux de déclenchement sont les plus élevés. La répartition des femelles de mégachiles autour des b nichoirs peut s’exprimer selon la formule Y a a + - où Y est la densité de femelles sur les fleurs et X et X la distance de l’abri. Lorsque le sous-sol des champs est homogène, le rendement grainier s’exprime en fonction du logarithme du nombre total d’insectes pollinisateurs. Un meilleur ajustement est donné par la régression multiple évaluant le rendement en fonction des variables : nombre d’abeilles sauvages, de mégachiles, note de floraison ou de verse. Deux mille femelles de mégachiles élevées sur un hectare,
Activation of PKC‐ε and ERK1/2 participates in shear‐induced endothelial MCP‐1 expression that is repressed by nitric oxide

Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) continuously experience hemodynamic shear stress generated from blood flow. Previous studies have demonstrated that shear stress modulates monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) expression in ECs. This study explored the roles of protein kinase C (PKC), extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2), and nitric oxide (NO) in sheared‐induced MCP‐1 expression in ECs. The activation of PKC‐α and PKC‐ε isoforms was observed in ECs exposed to shear stress. The use of an inhibitor (calphostin C) to PKC‐α and PKC‐ε decreased ERK1/2 activation and MCP‐1 induction by shear, whereas an inhibitor (Go6976) to PKC‐α did not affect ERK1/2 activation or MCP‐1 induction. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation by PD98059 blocked MCP‐1 induction. Transfection of ECs with an antisense to PKC‐ε abolished the shear inducibility of MCP‐1 promoter. These results demonstrate that PKC‐ε and ERK1/2 participate in shear‐induced MCP‐1 expression. We also examined the regulatory role of NO in MCP‐1 expression. An NO donor (NOC18) suppressed shear‐induced activation of PKC‐ε and ERK1/2, and also repressed MCP‐1 induction. Consistently, overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to enhance the endogenous generation of NO in ECs decreased the activation of PKC‐ε and ERK1/2, and also inhibited MCP‐1 expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that PKC‐ε and ERK1/2 are critical in the signaling pathway(s) leading to the MCP‐1 expression induced by shear stress. Additionally, this study indicates that NO, by repressing PKC‐ε activity and ERK pathway activation, attenuates shear‐induced MCP‐1 expression. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of Glibenclamide on Catecholamine Secretion in the Isolated Rat Adrenal Gland

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of glibenclamide, a hypoglycemic sulfonylurea, which selectively blocks ATP-sensitive K channels, on secretion of catecholamines (CA) evoked by cholinergic stimulation and membrane depolarization from the isolated perfused rat adrenal glands. The perfusion of glibenclamide (1.0 mM) into an adrenal vein for 90 min produced time-dependently enhanced the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh (5.32 mM), high K (a direct membrane depolarizer, 56 mM), DMPP (a selective neuronal nicotinic receptor agonist, 100 M for 2 min), McN-A-343 (a selective muscarinic M1 receptor agonist, 100 M for 2 min), Bay-K-8644 (an activator of L-type dihydropyridine Ca channels, 10 M for 4 min) and cyclopiazonic acid (an activator of cytoplasmic Ca-ATPase, 10 M for 4 min). In adrenal glands simultaneously preloaded with glibenclamide (1.0 mM) and nicorandil (a selective opener of ATP-sensitive K channels, 1.0 mM), the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh, high potassium, DMPP, McN-A-343, Bay-K-8644 and cyclopiazonic acid were recovered to the considerable extent of the control release in comparison with that of glibenclamide-treatment only. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that glibenclamide enhances the adrenal CA secretion in response to stimulation of cholinergic (both nicotinic and muscarinic) receptors as well as by membrane depolarization from the isolated perfused rat adrenal glands. It seems that this facilitatory effect of glibenclamide may be mediated by enhancement of both Ca influx and the Ca release from intracellular store through the blockade of K channels in the rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. These results suggest that glibenclamide-sensitive K channels may play a regulatory role in the rat adrenomedullary CA secretion.
Effect and Mechanism of miR-26a-5p on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

Aim This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of miR-26a-5p on proliferation and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Methods RT-PCR was used to analyze the expression of miR-26a-5p in HCC cells and its targeted gene HMGA2 mRNA determined by biological information prediction. The rate of proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, and expression levels of related proteins of HCC cells overexpressing miR-26a-5p or those after knocking down HMGA2 expression were detected by MTT, invasion and apoptosis rate tests. Moreover, the apoptosis-promoting protein bax was upregulated and the anti-apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2 was downregulated. Results RT-qPCR results showed that the level of miR-26a-5p was downregulated in HCC tissues and cells, and the expression of HMGA2 was upregulated; besides, the expression of miR-26a-5p and HMGA2 was negatively correlated; miR-26a-5p was correlated with tumor diameter, differentiation degree, TNM staging and lymph node metastasis. Cell tests confirmed that miR-26a-5p functioned in tumor suppression, including inhibiting cell proliferation and invasion in two hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and promoting apoptosis. Bioinformatics prediction and subsequent experiments proved that HMGA2 was the direct target of miR-26a-5p; moreover, after knocking down HMGA2 expression in HCC cells, cell proliferation and invasion ability were significantly inhibited, and apoptosis rate increased significantly. Conclusion miR-26a-5p can inhibit the proliferation and invasion of HCC cells and promote their apoptosis by directly targeting HMGA2. Abnormal decrease of miR-26a-5p and increase of its target HMGA2 are important factors that may participate in the occurrence and development of HCC. miR-26a-5p may be a new potential target for its treatment.
The "Challenge Hypothesis": Theoretical Implications for Patterns of Testosterone Secretion, Mating Systems, and Breeding Strategies

A combination of field and laboratory investigations has revealed that the temporal patterns of testosterone (T) levels in blood can vary markedly among populations and individuals, and even within individuals from one year to the next. Although T is known to regulate reproductive behavior (both sexual and aggressive) and thus could be expected to correlate with mating systems, it is clear that the absolute levels of T in blood are not always indicative of reproductive state. Rather, the pattern and amplitude of change in T levels are far more useful in making predictions about the hormonal basis of mating systems and breeding strategies. In these contexts we present a model that compares the amplitude of change in T level with the degree of parental care shown by individual males. On the basis of data collected from male birds breeding in natural or captive conditions, polygynous males appear less responsive to social environmental cues than are monogamous males. This model indicates that there may be widely different hormonal responses to male-male and male-female interactions and presumably equally plastic neural mechanisms for the transduction of these signals into endocrine secretions. Furthermore, evidence from other vertebrate taxa suggests strongly that the model is applicable to other classes
Etude morphologique du tissu adipeux de couverture au stade de sa formation chez le foetus de porc

first lipogenic cells in the various sites of tegument at inguinal, dorsal, scapular, sternal and neck levels appeared between days 52 and 56 of pregnancy. In the subcutaneous adipose tissue area two layers separated by a dense connective tissue barrier were observed before and at the beginning of lipogenesis. Components of connective, vascular and nervous tissues were distributed within each layer ; the aspect of these differed according to site of tissue sampling. The first multivocuolar adipose cells of endothelial type were observed near deve-
The spindle assembly checkpoint and speciation

A mechanism is proposed by which speciation may occur without the need to postulate geographical isolation of the diverging populations. Closely related species that occupy overlapping or adjacent ecological niches often have an almost identical genome but differ by chromosomal rearrangements that result in reproductive isolation. The mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint normally functions to prevent gametes with non-identical karyotypes from forming viable zygotes. Unless gametes from two individuals happen to undergo the same chromosomal rearrangement at the same place and time, a most improbable situation, there has been no satisfactory explanation of how such rearrangements can propagate. Consideration of the dynamics of the spindle assembly checkpoint suggest that chromosomal fission or fusion events may occur that allow formation of viable heterozygotes between the rearranged and parental karyotypes, albeit with decreased fertility. Evolutionary dynamics calculations suggest that if the resulting heterozygous organisms have a selective advantage in an adjoining or overlapping ecological niche from that of the parental strain, despite the reproductive disadvantage of the population carrying the altered karyotype, it may accumulate sufficiently that homozygotes begin to emerge. At this point the reproductive disadvantage of the rearranged karyotype disappears, and a single population has been replaced by two populations that are partially reproductively isolated. This definition of species as populations that differ from other, closely related, species by karyotypic changes is consistent with the classical definition of a species as a population that is capable of interbreeding to produce fertile progeny. Even modest degrees of reproductive impairment of heterozygotes between two related populations may lead to speciation by this mechanism, and geographical isolation is not necessary for the process.
Development of an Integrated Total Dietary Fiber Method Consistent with the Codex Alimentarius Definition

Interest in dietary fiber is a consequence of the belief that dietary fiber contributes positively to the health/quality of life of the consumer. The physiological effects of dietary fiber are what make it of interest to the consumer, food nutritionists, and regulators. Because dietary fiber is a multicomponent mixture, it is essential that there is a clear definition and a methodology to allow measurement of the defined components. Over the past thousands of years, the human diet has changed from one based on a wide range of coarse plant materials with little animal products to one in which the plant components are limited to few plant products (which are highly milled and processed) and a larger portion of animal products. The need for coarse foods of plant origin to combat constipation can be traced back to Hippocrates in the 4th century bc (5), who commented on the laxative action of the outer layers of cereal grains.
Reproductive Effort in Plants. 2. Does Carbon Reflect the Allocation of Other Resources?

The assessment of reproductive effort (RE) in plants has been hampered by the uncertainty about which resource should be used as the currency to evaluate resource-allocation patterns. In this paper, we argue that carbon, because of its important energetic role in plants, tends to integrate the allocation patterns of other resources and can therefore be used as a common currency to assess allocation patterns. We show that the respiratory cost of plant growth in Agropyron repens increases as the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the tissue increases. Furthermore, the respiratory cost per unit of nutrient generally increases as these nutrients become less available. This means not only that carbon allocation tends to reflect the distribution of other nutrients, but also that the allocation of carbon tends to be biased toward that of the most limiting resources. The second point is particularly important because the concept of resource allocation is relevant in life history studies only if resources are limiting growth. This bias in the allocation of carbon is reflected in the convergence at low levels of applied nitrogen of RE calculated in terms of total carbon (biomass plus respiratory carbon) and that calculated in terms of nitrogen. In our experiments, the overall rank correlation between RE calculated in terms of carbon and nitrogen across various genotypes and resource treatments was 0.804. Convergence was not evident between reproductive efforts calculated in terms of carbon and phosphorus, probably because phosphorus was not a seriously limiting factor in these experiments. However, the overall rank correlation between carbon- and phosphorus-based measures of RE was still high (0.900), suggesting that even when phosphorus is not limiting, carbon is an adequate measure of phosphorus allocation.
The relationships between gas production and chemical composition of 23 browses of the genus Sesbania

This study evaluated the differences in the gas produced by Sesbania accessions and related gas production to macro-constituents and tannin content of the browse species. Fresh samples were incubated in triplicate (about 200 mg per syringe) in a medium prepared from sieved rumen liquor harvested from two rumen-fistuiated cows fed native pasture hay ad libitum and 2.0 kg cottonseed cake per head per day. Sesbania species had similar rates of gas production but differed (P S sesban > S keniensis > S goetzei. There was little variation in the gas production parameters within S grandiflora and S goetzei. But the variation was large within S sesban. Regression analysis showed that the rate of gas production was negatively affected (P < 0.025) by the lignin content of the browses, but the volume of gas produced was negatively related to the neutral detergent fibre, hemicellulose, lignin and insoluble proanthocyanidins content of browses. Ouster analysis showed a broad agreement between gas production constants, macro-constituents and tannin contents in classifying accessions into high or low nutritive value groups.
PREY VULNERABILITY AND SIZE SELECTION BY CHAOBORUS LARVAE

The planktonic larva of Chaoborus trivittatus (Diptera: Chaoboridae) feeds in an op- portunistic manner on all sizes of its major prey, Daphnia pulicaria. Nevertheless, medium-sized prey constitute a greater portion of the diet than would be expected on the basis of their relative abundance in the environment alone. The differential vulnerability of food items is responsible for this apparent size-selection. Vulnerability is defined here as the product of the encounter rate between predator and prey and the capture success of the predator. The rate of encounter increases as a function of prey size, whereas the capture success of the predator decreases with prey size. This leads to a vulnerability curve that is concave to the prey size axis; hence, medium-sized items should be overrepresented in the diet when the predator feeds indiscriminately. A model of foraging behavior, which incorporates this concept of differential vulnerability, is used to predict the optimal breadth of diet for Chaoborus feeding on a mixture of prey sizes. Because Chaoborus is an "ambush" predator, pursuit time is insignificant, and the profitability of prey size i(eilti) can be approximated by the joules assimilated from eating an individual of size i divided by the handling time. The energy content of Daphnia increases as approximately the third power of body length. Handling time, defined as the time taken to swallow an item, increases exponentially as a function of prey size. The profitability curve is concave to the prey-size axis, peaking in the middle of the prey size range. However, the foraging model predicts that the larva should include all sizes of Daphnia in its diet within the range of prey densities commonly found in nature. Furthermore, an analysis of the crop contents of C. trivittatus in Lake McDonald and in laboratory feeding experiments supports the hypothesis that larvae are opportunistic feeders on Daphnia; the size composition of the diet can be explained by the relative abundance of prey sizes in the environment weighted by their relative vulnerability. Since vulnerability may be correlated with profitability for many predator- prey combinations, it is possible that many apparent examples of "optimal behavior'" can be explained simply on the basis of the differential vulnerability of prey.
Using a cognitive orthosis to support older adults during meal preparation: Clinicians’ perspective on COOK technology

Introduction Occupational therapists promote safety and autonomy of older adults with cognitive impairments. A technology, named COOK, offers support on a touch screen installed next to the stove to support task performance while correcting risky behaviors. We aimed to document (1) the functional profiles according the diagnosis (2) the types of interventions used to increase autonomy in the kitchen (3) the facilitators and obstacles to the implementation of COOK with this clientele. Methods Four focus groups were conducted with occupational therapists (n = 24) and were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis, including coding and matrix building. Results Occupational therapists identified different (1) functional profiles and (2) interventions for both diagnoses. The use of COOK (3) could be more beneficial in mild cognitive impairment, as many barriers occur for the use in Alzheimer’s disease. Some parameters, such as digital control of the stove and complex information management, need to be simplified. Discussion According to occupational therapists, this technology is particularly applicable to people with mild cognitive impairment, because this population has better learning abilities. Conclusion This study documented the specific needs of older adults with cognitive impairments as well as interventions used by occupational therapists. The perspectives of caregivers should be captured in future research.
Environmental determinants of primate abundance in Maracá Island, Roraima, Brazilian Amazonia

A primate community was studied in a fluvial tropical rain forest island, in the northernmost part of Brazilian Amazonia, in the State of Roraima. Density and biomass were determined, and the differences between the forest types were assessed. The line-transect method was used from the east towards the centre of the island. No previous studies had been carried out in this remote undisturbed area. Density and biomass varied between the forest types, as well as between frugivorous primates; the smaller-bodied species were more abundant in the forest that was richer in fruiting trees, while they were absent from a monodominant forest. The folivorous, or partly folivorous, primates were abundant in those forests with less fruiting trees. The abundance of the primates in the different forest types was shown to be a function of food availability.
The effect of pH, acidulant and temperature on the survival of Yersinia enterocolitica

The survival of Yersinia enterocolitica at sub‐optimal temperatures (0–23°C) and growth inhibitory pH values, achieved using a range of acidulants, was investigated. At a given pH, survival was greater the lower the temperature. Sulphuric and citric acids had lower bactericidal activity than acetic and lactic acids and in nearly all cases where the four acids could be compared at the same pH the order of bactericidal activity was acetic > lactic > citric > sulphuric. Attempts to model this behaviour by a negative square root relationship gave good correlation coefficients for plots of the square root of death rate against temperature at different combinations of pH and acidulant but so too did several other functions of death rate. The high coefficient of variation for T0 determined from square root plots prevented construction of a combined temperature/pH model similar to that already described for growth.
Diversité des espèces de mouches des fruits (Diptera : Tephritidae) dans un verger mixte dans la localité de Malang (Ngaoundéré, Cameroun)

La presente etude avait pour but d’inventorier les especes de mouches des fruits (Diptera :Tephritidae) infeodees au manguier dans la localite de Malang, situee dans la region de l’Adamaoua (Ngaoundere, Cameroun), en zone Soudano-Guineenne. Pour cela, nous avons identifie les principales especes presentes dans le verger grâce a un piegeage de detection d’avril 2008 a avril 2009, et, d’autre part, nous avons cherche a connaitre les especes responsables des degâts a partir du ramassage des mangues dans le verger. Au total, 83 052 adultes de mouches des fruits appartenant a neuf especes ont ete captures et huit especes ont ete determinees. L’espece invasive Bactrocera invadens Drew Tsuruta & White est la plus abondante dans les pieges (66,55% des captures), suivie de Dacus punctatifrons (Karsch) (29,92% des captures). La troisieme espece par ordre d’importance est Ceratitis cosyra (Walker) (3,38% des captures). Six autres especes sont presentes mais en tres faible effectif (avec au total 0,15% des captures). Les adultes de Tephritidae qui ont emerge des mangues mures ramassees sous les arbres appartiennent a deux especes B. invadens (98,5%) et D. punctatifrons (1,5%). Le pic de pullulation de B. invadens coincide avec celui des mangues arrivees a maturite alors que D. punctatifrons est surtout present apres la periode de maturite des mangues. B. invadens est la principale espece de Tephritidae responsable des degâts sur mangues a Malang. Les organisations de protection phytosanitaire doivent mettre en oeuvre dans les meilleurs delais des programmes de lutte integree afin de pouvoir reduire les degâts de cette nouvelle espece invasive en dessous d’un seuil economique de nuisibilite.