Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genotipagem para resistência primária e secundária em pacientes infectadospelo HIV-1 do estado de Goiás

A resistencia do HIV-1 aos antirretrovirais (ARV): inibidores da transcriptase reversa analogos a nucleosideos e nucleotideos (NRTI), inibidores da transcriptase reversa nao analogos a nucleosideos (NNRTI), inibidores da protease (IP) e novas classes de drogas antirretrovirais, como o enfurvitida (T-20), representa um desafio para a resposta virologica e imunologica dos pacientes HIV+/Aids. Este estudo descreve a prevalencia de resistencia primaria e secundaria do HIV-1 aos ARVs e os subtipos circulantes na regiao Centro-Oeste do Brasil. A diversidade filogenetica do HIV-1 e as mutacoes de resistencia foram avaliadas entre 97 pacientes virgens de tratamento, 48 pacientes em terapia ARV e 77 gestantes HIV+/Aids de Goiânia/GO. Os genes da protease (PR), parte da transcriptase reversa (TR) e da gp41 foram amplificados e sequenciados a partir do RNA plasmatico. Os subtipos no gene pol foram avaliados atraves da analise filogenetica e no gene env/gag foram identificados atraves da analise da mobilidade do heteroduplex (HMA). As mutacoes de resistencia aos ARVs foram analisadas atraves do banco de dados da Universidade de Stanford, da Sociedade Internacional de Aids, de Los Alamos e outras fontes. Entre os pacientes virgens de tratamento, a prevalencia de resistencia primaria variou de 8-10%: IP (n=2), NRTI (n=3), NRTI (n=1), IP+NRTI (n=1) e NRTI+NNRTI (n=3). O subtipo B representou 82,5%, o subtipo F1 6,2%, o subtipo C 3,1%, o mosaico BPR/F1RT 7,2% e uma amostra apresentou o mosaico F1PR/CBRT. Entre os pacientes em terapia ARV, a prevalencia de resistencia secundaria foi de 79%: NRTI (n=1), NNRTI (n=1), IP+NRTI or NRTI+NNRTI (n=20), IP+NRTI+NNRTI (n=16, considerados multiresistentes-MDR). No gene pol do HIV-1, o subtipo B representou 79,2%, o subtipo F1 4,2%, o subtipo C 2,1%, o mosaico F1PR/BRT 8,3% e o mosaico BPR/F1RT 6,3%. Entre os pacientes MDR, foram identificados o mosaico F1PR/BRT/F1ENV (n=1) e o subtipo BPR/BRT/BENV (n=13). As mutacoes de resistencia ao T-20, G36E, N42T e N43S, foram observadas em 3 pacientes MDR. No grupo das gestantes, nenhuma apresentou mutacao de resistencia primaria. Entre 42 gestantes em tratamento ARV, 16,7% apresentaram isolados do HIV-1 com mutacoes de resistencia aos ARVs: NRTI (n=2), NRTI+NNRTI (n=2), IP+NTRI (n=2) e IP+NRTI+NNRTI (n=1). Em relacao aos subtipos do HIV-1 nos genes env gag/PR TR, 66,2% foram do subtipo B, 3,9% subtipo C e 6,5% subtipo F1. Nossos resultados do Centro-Oeste do Brasil mostram grande diversidade genetica com significantiva proporcao de recombinantes BF1 e a co-circulacao de subtipos B, F1 e C. Alem disso, nossos dados mostram que pacientes virgens de tratamento e em terapia ARV, incluindo gestantes, podem se beneficiar da genotipagem do HIV-1 para resistencia aos ARVs, para melhorar a conduta clinica e a terapia de resgate, que tambem sao importantes para o controle da transmissao do HIV-1.
The Use of Continuous Regularization in the Automated Analysis of MRS Time-Domain Data

Abstract In this paper, it is shown how the advantages of continuous regularization (CR) can be exploited to achieve an improved, fully automated LPSVD analysis of MRS time-domain data. The main advantage of CR is its ability to determine the number of spectral components even at low signal-to-noise ratios, which suggested its use for in vivo spectroscopy. Estimation of the spectral parameters is possible. Two alternatives of automated data-analysis schemes are thoroughly investigated by means of Monte Carlo studies. The results suggest the combination of CR for model-order estimation with other methods for more-accurate parameter estimation. Several possible combinations, including those with an improved enhancement procedure and a total-least-squares method for quantitation, are discussed. Recommendations are given for spectral analysis, and a new data-analysis protocol which performs significantly better than previously used protocols of the same type is proposed.
Modeling of Particle Formation and Dynamics in a Flame Incinerator

A model has been developed to predict the formation and growth of metallic particles in a flame incinerator system. Flow fields and temperature profiles in a cylindrical laminar jet flame have been used to determine the position and physical conditions of the species along the flame. The size distribution of the particles formed was approximated by a unimodal lognormal function to describe the aerosol behavior in the flame. The effects of inlet metallic vapor feed concentrations, initial seed sizes and seed concentrations on the resultant particle size distribution are presented. The model has potential for further development to be used as a predictive technique for applications in design and operation of incinerator systems.
Three‐Dimensional Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Nanofiber Networks Derived from Bacterial Cellulose for Supercapacitors

Recently, heteroatom‐doped three‐dimensional (3D) nanostructured carbon materials have attracted immense interest because of their great potential in various applications. Hence, it is highly desirable to exploit a simple, renewable, scalable, multifunctional, and general strategy to engineer 3D heteroatom‐doped carbon nanomaterials. Herein, a simple, eco‐friendly, general, and effective way to fabricate 3D heteroatom‐doped carbon nanofiber networks on a large scale is reported. Using this method, 3D P‐doped, N,P‐co‐doped, and B,P‐co‐doped carbon nanofiber networks are successfully fabricated by the pyrolysis of bacterial cellulose immersed in H3PO4, NH4H2PO4, and H3BO3/H3PO4 aqueous solution, respectively. Moreover, the as‐prepared N,P‐co‐doped carbon nanofibers exhibit good supercapacitive performance.
Conjugated Polymers with Linear and Hyperbranched Structures and Advanced Materials Properties

Alkyne polymerizations are effected by tungsten- and tantalum-based catalysts, giving linear polyacetylenes(LPAs)and hyperbranched polyarylenes(HPAs)of high molecular weights(Mwup to 2.5 × 105)in high yields(up to 93%). All the LPAs and HPAs are thermally stable and completely soluble in common solvents such as THF, toluene, dichloromethane, and chloroform. Incorporation of biphenyl mesogenic pendants into poly(1-phenyl-1-hexyne)structure endows the LCPA with nematicity. Upon photoexcitation, the LPAs and HPAs emit strong UV and blue lights with high quantum yields(up to 94%). Multilayer electroluminescence devices of LPAs emit blue light with maximum luminance and external quantum efficiency of 1065 cd/m2and 0.86%, respectively. The HPAs attenuate strong laser pulses, with optical limiting performances comparable to that of C60, a well-known optical limiter.
Measurements of aerosol optical depths in the UV-A: a comparison between a USDA Yankee Environmental Systems UV-multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer and an EPA Brewer spectrophotometer

This study presents measurements of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) spectral dependence in the Ultraviolet (UV) (317-368 nm) from a USDA UV-Multi-Filter Rotating Shadow band Radiometer (UV-MFRSR) and an EPA Brewer spectrophotometer collocated at Boulder, Colorado. The square of the correlation coefficients between the two instruments are: 0.93 for the 317-320 nm wavelength pair, 0.86 for the 332- 340 nm wavelength pair, and 0.94 for the 368-360 nm wavelength pair (first wavelength represents the UV-MFRSR, while the second represents the Brewer). The ratio of the UV-MFRSR to Brewer AOD for all wavelengths is 1.01 +/- 0.35. The daily-averaged AOD for wavelengths 317/320, 332/340, and 368/360 nm range from 0.112 to 0.373, 0.136 to 0.328, and 0.103 to 0.289, respectively, based on averages from both instruments. The hourly mean angstrom exponents were calculated to be 0.8 +/- 1.5 for the UV-MFRSR and 1.3 +/- 2.4 for the Brewer (which are not statistically different than zero at the 95% confidence level). The wavelength dependence of the AOD is explained based on reasonable assumptions for the size distribution and optical properties of the aerosol particles using Mie theory.
Iron (Fe) bioavailability and the distribution of anti-Fe nutrition biochemicals in the unpolished, polished grain and bran fraction of five rice genotypes

Iron (Fe) bioavailability in unpolished, polished grain and bran fraction of five rice genotypes with a range of Fe contents was measured by in vitro digestion and cultured Caco-2 cells of cooked grain. There was a significant difference in Fe bioavailability among the five rice genotypes tested, in both the unpolished and polished grain. The range of Fe bioavailability variation in polished rice was much wider than that of unpolished, suggesting the importance of using Fe levels and bioavailability in polished rice grain as the basis for selecting high-Fe rice cultivars for both agronomic and breeding purposes. Milling and polishing the grain to produce polished (or white) rice increased Fe bioavailability in all genotypes. Iron bioavailability in polished rice was high in the UBON2 and Nishiki, intermediate in both IR68144 and KDML105, and low in CMU122. All genotypes had low bioavailability of Fe in bran fraction compared to unpolished and polished grain, except in CMU122. CMU122 contained the lowest level of bioavailable Fe in unpolished and polished grain and bran, because of the dark purple pericarp colored grain and associated tannin content. The level of bioavailable Fe was not significantly correlated with grain Fe concentration or grain phytate levels among these five genotypes tested. The negative relationship between Fe bioavailability and the levels of total extractable phenol was only observed in unpolished (r = -0.83**) and bran fraction (r = -0.50*). The present results suggested that total extractable phenol and tannin contents could also contribute to lowering bioavailability of Fe in rice grain, in addition to phytate.
Structure and Properties of Sodium Lignosulfonate with Different Molecular Weight Used as Dye Dispersant

Three purified sodium lignosulfonates (SLs) with different molecular weights were prepared by ultrafiltration. The structural characteristics of SL and their effects on the properties of dye were investigated. When the molecular weight is increased, the chroma, purity, and the content of guaiacyl of SL increases, whereas the phenolic hydroxyl, carboxyl, and sulfonic groups in SL decrease, the dispersibility, heat stability properties, and dyeing rate of SL on dye improve, and the fiber staining of SL weakens at high concentration. The fraction of SL with the cutoff molecular weight above 2.5 kDa has the weakest reduction effect on dyestuffs. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Thermodynamics of multi‐solute adsorption from dilute liquid solutions

The thermodynamics of ideal dilute solutions is applied toward establishing a method for predicting multi-solute adsorption using only data for single-solute adsorption from dilute liquid solution. The method is similar to that proposed by Myers and Prausnitz for adsorption of gas mixtures. Experimental adsorption data for activated carbon at 25°C are reported for dilute aqueous solutions containing acetone and propionitrile, and p-chlorophenol and p-cresol. Calculated and experimental results are in excellent agreement for the first system and in fair agreement for the second system. It appears that the ideal dilute-solution theory for predicting multisolute adsorption is most reliable for those systems where solute adsorption loading is moderate. When solute adsorption loading is large, the simplifying assumptions in the theory must be relaxed to allow for solute-solute interactions on the surface. The method presented here is simple to use and provides good approximations for engineering design.
The effect of mobile polymers on the normal and shear forces between polymer brushes

We used the surface force balance technique to investigate the influence of free polymer chains on the equilibrium and dynamic properties of dense polymer brushes, focusing on their extension and swelling under oscillatory shear flow. In particular, we extend earlier results on shear of brushes (Nature 1991, 352, 413) both to additional molecular weights of the brush and especially, for the first time, to the effect of the added free polymer. We present experimental studies on how the equilibrium properties of these polymer brushes are influenced by the presence of free, chemically identical polymer chains well above the overlap concentration, c ≈ 40−50 c*. We observe a strong influence of the free chains on the behavior of the brushes when high shear rates are applied, even when the brushes are well away from contact, indicating a clear coupling between the brush and the free polymer. The onset of shear-induced swelling in our experiments correlates reasonably well with the relaxation properties of the o.
Pneumatic nebulisers and spray chambers for inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. A review. Part 1. Nebulisers

This review provides a comprehensive description of the mechanism of operation and operating characteristics of pneumatic nebulisers and spray chambers used for analytical atomic spectrometry. The relevant literature has been reviewed and new data presented that elucidate the geometric and parametric factors that determine performance. Based on these findings suggestions for new designs are presented and a set of benchmark tests advocated that enable the objective comparison of different systems.
Comparison of Two Sequential Extraction Procedures for Trace Metal Partitioning in Sediments

Abstract Two sequential extraction schemes (a modified Tessier procedure with five steps and a three steps protocol designed by BCR) are applied to four sediment samples with different heavy metal contents. The results obtained for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn partitioning show that the metal distribution obtained with both procedures are significantly different. With the second procedure amounts of all the heavy metals are extracted with the oxidizing reagent (third fraction) whereas with the first one the non residual metals are distributed among the second, third and fourth fractions (acetic acid-acetate buffer (pH=5), reducing and oxidizing reagents respectively). The residual fraction obtained applying the three steps procedure is in general higher than that obtained using the five steps procedure, except for cadmium.
Photoacoustic spectroscopy to evaluate the penetration of two antifungal agents through the human nail

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the penetration of two antifungal agents through human nail by using Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. The experiments were performed using ciclopirox in two different vehicles, resulting in formulations coded as G0291L and G0291C. The propagation rate of the two formulations through the nails was evaluated in different samples from 15 healthy volunteers. The statistical test One Way ANOVA was used to discriminate the formulation with higher penetration rate. The results showed that G0291L has the higher penetration rate. In conclusion, our results showed that Photoacoustic Spectroscopy is a useful tool to evaluate the propagation of topically applied substances through the human nail.
Fatty acids profile in Carassius spp. From Lake Gopło, Poland

Effects of sex and age on fatty acids profile in the meat of Carassius spp. were evaluated. Carassius auratus fillets displayed a higher content of SFA and MUFA than Carassius carassius. In contrast, Carassius carassius had a higher content of PUFA (higher proportion of linoleic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, docosatetraenoic and docosapentaenoic acids) and total n-3 and n-6 PUFA, compared with Carassius auratus. Moreover, γ-linolenic acid was higher in fillets from Carassius auratus. What is more, fillets from females had a greater content of eicosapentaenoic acid than males. Finally, 4-year-old fish had a lower content of ALA, higher MUFA content and better nutritional indexes (n-3/n-6, AI) than 3-year-old fish.
How do we legislate for improved community development

A large mining project has the potential to be a partner in assisting local communities in their development efforts. Communities located in close proximity to a large mine have every right to expect that the project will benefit their community. Often, reality falls short of their expectations and a hostile environment can result. The use of a contract between a miner and neighbouring communities can be a valuable tool to achieve community development and to help define and manage expectations. This paper introduces the principal issues involved in legislating requirements for community development agreements and also contains model mining act provisions and regulations.
Electromagnetic characterization of the CFRPs anisotropic conductivity: modeling and measurements

This work deals with the characterization of the conductivity tensor of a carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite (CFRP) thin plate. We propose a contactless method based on the eddy current non destructive testing technique. The used eddy current sensor consists of a ferrite torus on which a winding is wound. The torus is of a rectangular section and contains a thin air-gap in which the thin CFRP plate is inserted. We developed analytical relations giving the longitudinal and transversal conductivities of the CFRP plate as functions of the impedances variations of the eddy current sensor, corresponding to the orientations of the carbon fibers parallel and transverse to the direction of the torus width which is much greater than its thickness. The analytical relations are developed by inverting interpolation functions of curves giving the variations of the sensor impedances as functions of the longitudinal and transversal conductivities of the CFRP plate. These curves are obtained by a numerical model based on a simplified integro-differential formulation in terms of the electric vector potential in the CFRP plate, coupled to the magnetic circuit equations in the ferrite torus. The modeling results are supported by measurements.
Sponge phases in surfactant solutions

In surfactant solutions the amphiphilic molecules can self-assemble reversibly into a variety of structures. In many cases the most stable structural unit is a bilayer which, although locally flat, tends to wander entropically at large distances. This can result in a stable isotropic phase, known as L 3 , which consists of a spongelike «random surface» of bilayer that divide space into two interpenetrating solvent labyrinths. This phase has unusual thermodynamics
Multi-stage micropore filling mechanism of nitrogen on microporous and micrographitic carbons

The detailed nitrogen adsorption isotherms of activated carbon fibres (ACFs) and molecular sieving carbons (MSCs) at 77 K with or without pretreatment have been gravimetrically measured using a computer-controlled apparatus. These microporous carbons have also been examined by powder XRD; the crystallite size and crystallinity due to the micrographitic structures for the microporous carbons were determined. The detailed nitrogen adsorption isotherms of 60–80 points were mainly analysed by Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) plots and the default structural considerations on the micrographites, showing the multi-stage micropore filling of nitrogen. Here the multi-stage micropore filling consists of micropore filling in the nitrogen bilayer-sized ultramicropores, monolayer adsorption on the pore walls of the nitrogen three and/or four layer-sized supermicropores, and cooperative filling in the monolayer-coated supermicropores. The two-stage model proposed by Sing et al. has been supported and their model has been extended into a new multi-stage micropore filling mechanism.
The origin of black colouration in onyx agate from Mali

Abstract Natural onyx agate from Mali was investigated in an integrated mineralogical and chemical study to reveal the origin of the unusual black colouration. Detailed studies by polarizing microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy showed that the colour of the dark bands is related to the incorporation of small particles of carbon (low-crystalline graphite) up to 200 nm in size into the cryptocrystalline silica matrix. The dark bands have carbon contents of 1.88 wt. %. The location of the graphite particles is closely related to the primary structural banding in the chalcedony. Cathodoluminescence data shows that the banding is interrupted by small fissures containing secondary hydrothermal quartz. The carbon isotope composition (δ13C value of - 31.1±0.2‰) of the carbonaceous material points to an organic precursor. Both the direct hydrothermal formation of graphite from methane under elevated temperature and the graphitization of organic precursors by secondary hydrothermal or metamorphic overprint are possible explanations for the colour of the dark bands. The graphitization of organic precursors results in an intense electron spin resonance line at geff = 2.0026.
Application of Ulva sp. biomass for single and binary biosorption of chromium(III) and manganese(II) ions: Equilibrium modeling

The ability of green algal biomass of Ulva sp. to biosorb Cr(III) and Mn(II) from single‐ and binary‐ solute systems was investigated. Experimental results showed that pH 4.5 resulted in highest metal uptake by Ulva sp. biomass. Determined levels of maximum biosorption capacities were 2.89 and 1.07 mmol g−1 for Cr(III) and Mn(II), respectively, during single‐solute systems. Isotherms were modeled using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich‐Peterson models with the later able to describe the biosorption isotherms with high correlation coefficients and low % error values. The removal kinetics were described using pseudo ‐first and ‐second order models. Desorption was possible using 0.01 M HCl and with this elutant, Ulva sp. biomass was reused for three cycles of sorption‐desorption. Experiments with binary metal solutions showed that Ulva sp. biomass preferred Cr(III) (2.03 mmol g−1) compared to Mn(II) (0.34 mmol g−1) at pH 4.5. Binary isotherms were described using the extended Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich‐Peterson models incorporated with interaction factor. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 147–153, 2014
Ethanol as Fungal Sanitizer in Paper Conservation

SUMMARIES After discussing the basic data on fungal growth and the qualities of ethanol the results from a methodological study of the sporicidal efficiency of ethanol are evaluated. Spores from four different fungal species have been studied, applied as a mixed suspension inoculum. The sporicidal effects of ethanol applied as a 70% solution by spray and immersion to spore contaminated papers are compared to the effects of ethanol on mature and swollen spores from sporulating colonies on paper and to untreated reference samples. The results suggest that ethanol as applied is not sporicidal. Après une discussion de base sur la structure des champignons causant la moisissure et sur les conditions d'une infection fongique ainsi que sur les propriétés de l'éthanol nous présentons les résultats d'une analyse de l'effet sporicide de l'éthanol. Des spores de quatre différents types de champignons ont fait l'objet de l'étude réalisée sous forme de suspension inoculum mélangée. On a comparé les effets sporicides de l'éthanol appliqué en solution de 70% sous forme de pulvérisation ou d'immersion à des papiers contaminés par les spores aux effets de l'éthanol sur des spores mûres, séchées par le vent et créant des colonies de spores. On a abouti au résultat que l'éthanol appliqué sous cette forme n'est pas sporicide. Nach einer Diskussion der Struktur von Schimmelpilzen und ihren Wachstumsbedingungen sowie der Eigenschaften des Äthanol werden die Ergebnisse einer Studie über die sporenabtötende Wirkung von Äthanol referiert. Sporen von vier unterschiedlichen Schimmelpilztypen waren Gegenstand der Untersuchung, appliziert als Misch-Inokulum. Der sporenabtötende Effekt von 70% Äthanol auf sporenpräpariertes Papier, aufgebracht als Spray oder in Immersion, wird mit dem Effekt von Äthanol auf reife und luftgetrocknete Sporen sporenbildendes Kolonien verglichen. Es ergab sich, daß Äthanol in der untersuchten Anwendungsform Schimmelsporen nicht abtötet.