Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR)

This document describes the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. The protocol is an optimization of the classical link state algorithm tailored to the requirements of a mobile wireless LAN. The key concept used in the protocol is that of multipoint relays (MPRs). MPRs are selected nodes which forward broadcast messages during the flooding process. This technique substantially reduces the message overhead as compared to a classical flooding mechanism, where every node retransmits each message when it receives the first copy of the message. In OLSR, link state information is generated only by nodes elected as MPRs. Thus, a second optimization is achieved by minimizing the number of control messages flooded in the network. As a third optimization, an MPR node may chose to report only links between itself and its MPR selectors. Hence, as contrary to the classic link state algorithm, partial link state information is distributed in the network. This information is then used for route calculation. OLSR provides optimal routes (in terms of number of hops). The protocol is particularly suitable for large and dense networks as the technique of MPRs works well in this context.
GF120918, a P-Glycoprotein Modulator, Increases the Concentration of Unbound Amprenavir in the Central Nervous System in Rats

ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to determine the distribution of unbound amprenavir in the central nervous system (CNS) of rats. The concentration of unbound amprenavir in the extracellular fluid of the brain and the blood was examined in the presence and absence of the MDR modulator GF120918 by microdialysis. The brain-to-blood ratio of amprenavir in the absence and presence of GF120918 was found to be significantly different (P < 0.003; 0.076 and 0.617, respectively). The use of the MDR modulator GF120918 could potentially increase the penetration of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors into the CNS.
Exploiting the Language of Moderated Sources for Cross-classification of user Generated Content

Recent pandemics such as Swine Flu have caused concern for public health officials. Given the ever increasing pace at which infectious diseases can spread globally, officials must be prepared to react sooner and with greater epidemic intelligence gathering capabilities. However, state-of-the-art systems for Epidemic Intelligence have not kept the pace with the growing need for more robust public health event detection. Existing systems are limited in that they rely on template-driven approaches to extract information about public health events from human language text. In this paper, we propose a new approach to support Epidemic Intelligence. We tackle the problem of detecting relevant information from unstructured text from a statistical pattern recognition viewpoint. In doing so, we also address the problems associated with the noisy and dynamic nature of blogs by exploiting the language in moderated sources, to train a classifier for detecting victim reporting sentences in blog social media. We refer to this as Cross-Classification. Our experiments show that without using manually labeled data, and with a simple set of features, we are able to achieve a precision as high as 88% and an accuracy of 77%, comparable with the state-of-the-art approaches for the same task.
State estimation of power system based on SCADA and PMU measurements

A two stage state estimator (SE) of an Electric Power System (EPS) is presented in this paper. It combines SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) and PMU (Phasor Measurement Unit) measurements. This feature gives it more accuracy on estimation over conventional algorithms based on SCADA measurements and also the possibility to obtain dynamic information of the system behavior. In the first stage a nonlinear HSE (Hybrid State Estimator) is executed at every updating moment of SCADA measurements. The state is defined as the vector of complex bus voltages and it is estimated by WLS (Weighted Least Square) technique. The measurement vector includes SCADA measurements and PMU voltage measurements. In the second stage a nonlinear SE is executed at every updating moment of PMU measurements. The state is defined as the vector of complex branch currents and it is estimated by WLS technique. The measurement vector of this case includes only PMU voltage and current measurements. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed on a 17 bus system (IEEE 14 bus system modified). Results show the ability of the algorithm to track the voltage dynamic accurately.
Increasing the efficiency of erbium–based sources using silicon quantum dots

Silicon nanoclusters exhibit novel and interesting optical and electrical properties that are not observed in bulk silicon. Moreover, it has been discovered that there exists a strong coupling between nanoclusters and rare–earth ions that results in efficient energy exchange between the two species. This paper presents a review of recent work at University College London in this area, in which we have studied the optical properties of silicon nanoclusters in silica with rare–earth co–dopants and have developed a model for the excitation of erbium ions in erbium–doped silicon nanocrystals via coupling from optically generated excitons confined within the silicon nanoclusters. The model provides a phenomenological description of the exchange mechanism and allows us to evaluate an effective absorption cross–section for erbium that is up to four orders of magnitude higher than the corresponding value in stoichiometric silica. This paper also discusses the origin of the 1.6eV emission band associated with the silicon nanoclusters and determines absorption cross–sections and excitonic lifetimes for nanoclusters in silica.
Early mortality following spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

The authors reviewed the charts of 1,421 patients with cerebral hemorrhage to determine the cause of death. Limitation or withdrawal of life-sustaining interventions was the most common cause of death (68%) followed by brain death (28%). Neurologic reasons were the most common cause of delayed decisions to withdraw or limit therapy. Brain death was more common in African Americans, whereas life-sustaining interventions were withdrawn or limited early more often in whites.
Borehole electromagnetic induction system with noise cancelation for casing inspection

A borehole electromagnetic induction (EMI) system with noise cancelation for casing inspection is presented. Based on the analysis of the model for received signal in multi-cylindrical borehole structures, we choose to utilize a receive-only channel as the reference to cancel the effect of the background noise, where a registration matrix is used to compensate for the correlation of the non-isolated reference channel. Moreover, the performance of noise cancelation is verified by applying it to an oil borehole EMI system for the inspection of oil-well casings. Field experiments are conducted and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A computational model for face location

The authors adopted a model-based approach, where the shape of the object is defined in terms of several mini-templates. The mini-templates are abstract descriptions of simple geometric features like arcs and corners. Relationships between mini-templates are not rigid. Rather, they are represented by springs that allow deformation of a template in terms of its size and orientation. Cost functionals are determined empirically. The authors expect their system to generate candidate regions in a given photograph associated with a rank of its goodness. <<ETX>>
Manipulating Reviews in Dark Net Markets to Reduce Crime

Online marketplaces account for a rapidly growing portion of the global trade in illicit products and services. Platforms like Agora and Silk Road have brought together three key technological innovations – anonymous Internet browsing through TOR, anonymous payments through electronic currencies, and the ubiquitous consumer reviews mechanism – and have built Dark Net Markets (DNMs) that have proven resilient to efforts by Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) to interfere with their actual operation. In this paper we ask whether LEAs may be able to interfere with the effective operation of DNMs, by manipulating buyer reviews in such a way so as to meaningfully reduce the volume or value of goods being traded. Our game-theoretic analysis shows that a LEA is not able to target the volume of goods traded. This happens because the buyers are able to fully account for LEA’s actions, and the LEA fails to have an impact. However, the LEA is able to successfully target the value of the goods traded. In this case the LEA is always able to reduce the informativeness of the reviews, as the optimal LEA strategy when targeting trade volume always takes into account product quality, which the buyers cannot fully account for, due to inherent quality uncertainty. The LEA is not only able to reduce the quality of the goods traded, but also their value and seller profitability, and moreover, to do so with a positive utility for itself.
Functional equivalence of Escherichia coli sigma E and Pseudomonas aeruginosa AlgU: E. coli rpoE restores mucoidy and reduces sensitivity to reactive oxygen intermediates in algU mutants of P. aeruginosa

Mucoid colony morphology is the result of the overproduction of the exopolysaccharide alginate and is considered to be a major pathogenic determinant expressed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa during chronic respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis. Conversion to mucoidy can be caused by mutations in the second or third gene of the stress-responsive system algU mucA mucB. AlgU is 66% identical to the alternative sigma factor RpoE (sigma E) from Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium and directs transcription of several critical alginate biosynthetic and regulatory genes. AlgU is also required for the full resistance of P. aeruginosa to reactive oxygen intermediates and heat killing. In this work, we report that E. coli sigma E can complement phenotypic defects of algU inactivation in P. aeruginosa: (i) the rpoE gene from E. coli complemented an algU null mutant of P. aeruginosa to mucoidy; (ii) the presence of the E. coli rpoE gene in P. aeruginosa induced alginate production in the standard genetic nonmucoid strain PAO1; (iii) the plasmid-borne E. coli rpoE gene induced transcription of algD, a critical algU-dependent alginate biosynthetic gene; and (iv) when present in algU::Tcr mutants, E. coli rpoE partially restored resistance to paraquat, a redox cycling compound that increases intracellular levels of superoxide radicals. A new gene, mclA, encoding a polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 27.7 kDa was identified immediately downstream of rpoE in E. coli. The predicted product of this gene is 28% identical (72% similar) to MucA, a negative regulator of AlgU activity in P. aeruginosa. The results reported in this study demonstrate that RpoE and AlgU are functionally interchangeable in P. aeruginosa and suggest that elements showing sequence similarity to those known to regulate AlgU activity in P. aeruginosa are also present in other bacteria.
Primary aorto enteric fistula: report of 18 Belgian cases and literature review.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS We searched for Belgian cases of primary aorto enteric fistula (PAEF). After reviewing the literature we compared our data concerning incidence, types, pathogenesis, aetiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, treatment and prognosis of PAEF. We especially focus on the clinical picture and diagnostic options. PATIENTS AND METHODS We present our atypical case report. A questionnaire was send to 196 Belgian vascular surgeons in order to evaluate retrospectively the Belgian experience with PAEF. A Medline search of relevant literature from January 1980 to February 2006 was conducted. RESULTS In total 18 Belgian cases of PAEF were detected usually originating from infrarenal abdominal aorta (83%), ending in the third or fourth part of the duodenum (67%) and affecting men (94%) with a mean age of 70-years-old. Main cause is aneurysm (89%). Gastrointestinal bleeding is the main symptom (83%). Untreated, no one survives and overall mortality is 29%. Most patients are treated with in situ grafts (83%). With our experience we propose a diagnostic flow chart to obtain early diagnosis of PAEF. CONCLUSIONS PAEF is suspected when a patient presents with (considerable) (upper) gastrointestinal blood loss and has a known aneurysm, initial herald bleed or pulsating abdominal mass. In case of hemodynamic instability, prompt surgical exploration is mandatory. Hemodynamically stable patients must undergo contrast enhanced multislice computerized tomography rather than gastroduodenoscopy or arteriography to make early diagnosis. Surgery is the only definitive life saving treatment. Overall mortality is at least 30%. Late diagnosis, positive peroperative cultures and shock are indicators of poor prognosis.
P 300 latency and amplitude in Alzheimer ’ s disease : a systematic review Abstract

Renata Valle Pedroso, Francisco J. Fraga, Danilla Icassatti Corazza, Carla Andrezza Almeida Andreatto, Flávia Gomes de Melo Coelho, José Luiz Riani Costa, Ruth Ferreira Santos-Galduróz 1 B.A. in Physical Education Julio de Mesquita Filho Paulista State University (UNESP); MSc student in Human Motility Sciences Julio de Mesquita Filho Paulista State University (UNESP). 2 PhD from the Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA) (III Adjunct Professor Federal University of ABC UFABC). 3 MSc in Human Motility Sciences Julio de Mesquita Filho Paulista State University (UNESP); PhD student in Human Motility Sciences Julio de Mesquita Filho Paulista State University (UNESP). 4 B.A. in Psychology Uniararas (MSc in Human Motility Sciences Julio de Mesquita Filho Paulista State University (UNESP). 5 PhD in Collective Health UNICAMP (University of Campinas); Assistant Professor UNESP). 6 PhD in Psychobiology Federal University of São Paulo UNIFESP; Adjunct Professor III Federal University of ABC. Institute of Biosciences UNESP Paulista State University, Rio Claro Campus, Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Physical Activity and Aging (LAFE), Rio Claro, SP Brazil. Send correspondence to: Francisco J. Fraga. UNESP Univ. Estadual Paulista. Campus de Rio Claro. Av. 24 A, 1515. Bela Vista. Rio Claro SP. Brazil. CEP: 13506-900. Email: geanm2011@gmail.com Paper submitted to the BJORL-SGP (Publishing Management System Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology) on June 21, 2011; and accepted on February 21, 2012. cod. 8640. The P300 plays a key role as a method for monitoring and evaluating dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. Objective: The goal of this study was to search for articles which analyzed P300 latency and amplitude values in Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: We searched in the following databases: Web of Science, Pub Med, Psyc Info, Medline, Biological Abstracts and Scielo using the following keywords: speed of information processing, processing speed, information processing, aged, older, elderly, older people, alzheimer dementia, alzheimer disease, Alzheimer and cross-references of selected articles. Results: We found eight studies matching the inclusion criteria. These studies showed that there is a consensus on a P300 latency increase of elderly patients with Alzheimer’s disease compared with subjects without the disease. However, it appears that, with respect to the P300 amplitude, there is still no consensus; however, it may be related to different methodological variables adopted in the reviewed studies. Conclusion: There is a need to standardize the variables involved in P300 measurement for senior citizens with Alzheimer’s disease in order to be able to compare P300 latency and amplitude values for this population. REVIEW ARTICLE Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;78(4):126-32. BJORL
Stochastic geometry based asymptotic analysis for two‐tier HetNets with massive MIMO relay employing MRC/MRT and ZF processing

This paper focuses on the multi‐pair amplify‐and‐forward massive multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) relay enabled two‐tier heterogeneous cellular networks in terms of aggregate spectral efficiency (SE), where the macro cells are overlaid with dense small cells. Specially, the maximum ratio combining/maximal ratio transmission and zero‐forcing processing schemes are employed at massive MIMO relay, respectively. The macro base stations located in the center of the cells are equipped with massive MIMO antenna array, while the randomly distributed macro users (MUs), small cell base stations, and small cell users are equipped with single antenna. The positions of MUs, small cell users and small cell base stations are modelled as independent Poisson point processes. For such two‐tier heterogeneous cellular networks, to obtain the aggregate SE in target cell, we first formulate the end‐to‐end signal‐to‐interference noise ratios for a communication pair as well as the expression of power amplification factor at target macro base stations so that the total spectrum efficiency per cell is formulated. Then, by employing stochastic geometry, the closed‐form expressions of the power amplification factor and the expectation of the reciprocal of the equivalent end‐to‐end signal‐to‐interference noise ratios are achieved. With these results, we derive the lower bounds of SEs for maximum ratio combining/maximal ratio transmission and zero‐forcing schemes. The derivations display a clear perspective about the impact of network parameters on the system‐level performance, which includes macro cell radius, small cell radius, macro cell guard radius, the mean number of MUs per cell and so on. To achieve optimal (or suboptimal) system performance, we find that the radius of small cell should be less than the guard radius. For the guard radius, there exists an upper bound, only under which the increase of the guard radius would contribute to the improvement of SE. At the same time, our results show that with given network parameters, especially the guard radius and the small cell radius, there exists a unique greatest lower bound in terms of macro cell radius. When the macro cell radius is less than the greatest lower bound, the aggregate SE is increasing with the macro cell radius. On the contrary, the achievable aggregate SE saturates to the corresponding constant, approximately. In addition, the greatest lower bound of the macro cell radius is the function of the guard radius and the small cell radius. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of radiofrequency treatment and mechanical debridement of fibrillated cartilage in an equine model

Summary Objective: To compare a radiofrequency energy (RFE) prototype probe to mechanical debridement (MD) and a commercially available RFE system used for chondroplasty in the treatment of an experimentally created partial thickness cartilage lesion in horses. The study design was experimental, randomized complete block, n=8, using fifteen mature ponies. Methods: Grade 2 to 3 cartilage lesions were prepared in both patellae. After 10 months duration, the injuries were used to study the effects of MD, a commercially available bipolar RFE device (CoVac 50; ArthroCare Corporation) and a prototype monopolar RFE device (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy). Six months after treatment the patellae were examined for chondrocyte viability and cartilage structure. Results: Mean depth of cell death was significantly different among groups (controls, MD <prototype<CoVac 50) (P<0.05). Total histologic scores did not demonstrate any significant differences among the controls, MD and prototype RFE groups, which were all better than the CoVac 50 scores (P<0.05). There was a trend for the prototype RFE probe treated regions to have better surface structural characteristics than MD (P=0.11). Cartilage thickness was greater for the prototype RFE group than all other groups, and was the thinnest for the CoVac 50 group (P<0.05). Conclusion: When thermal chondroplasty is performed with a power-controlled prototype RFE probe, there is a better surface smoothing effect compared to MD, which causes less chondrocyte death and has the potential to maintain thicker cartilage compared to the commercially available RFE system.
Insomnia does not appear to be associated with substantial structural brain changes.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep has been demonstrated to significantly modulate brain plasticity and the manifestation of mental disorders. However, previous studies on the effect of disrupted sleep on brain structure have reported inconsistent results. The goal of the current study was to investigate brain morphometry in a well-characterized large sample of patients with primary insomnia (PI) in comparison with good sleeper controls. DESIGN Automated parcellation and pattern recognition approaches were supplemented by voxelwise analyses of gray and white matter volumes to analyze magnetic resonance images. All analyses included age, sex, and total intracranial volume as covariates. SETTING Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the University of Freiburg Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS There were 28 patients with PI (10 males; 18 females; age 43.7 ± 14.2 y) and 38 healthy, good sleepers (17 males; 21 females; age 39.6 ± 8.9 y). INTERVENTIONS N/A. RESULTS No significant between-group differences were observed in any of the investigated brain morphometry variables. CONCLUSIONS Altered brain function in insomnia does not appear to have a substantial effect on brain morphometry on a macroscopic level.
How Good a Bet is Good Form?

‘Good form’ theories of perception leave some latitude concerning how casually or cautiously order is imposed on the stimulus. Exploring this issue, the present experiment introduced a series of figures admitting up to three alternative ‘good’ readings. Eight college students estimated two angles in each of fifty-six pictured spatial forms. Theory predicted that geometrical regularities of rectangularity and symmetry would dominate their estimates. But a regularity would rarely appear when inconsistent with projective geometry and the given figure. The accuracy of subjects' estimates was also assessed. The results confirmed the hypotheses at high significance levels, arguing that such figures are interpreted through an order-imposing process restrained by projective geometry, and that subjects could make roughly accurate estimates based on the imposed order. Parallels with computer scene analysis are discussed. It is concluded that perceptual presumption of certain ‘good forms’ runs little risk of misinterpreting the stimulus.
WHAT MAKES A GOOD DESIGN QUESTION?

Designers ask questions throughout the design process. The resulting arguments about how best to answer them are critical in justifying solutions, but are rarely recorded. We are developing a representation of design rationale called QOC (Questions, Options and Criteria) which captures just such information (MacLean et al, 1991). It encourages evaluation of a broader range, or design space, of solutions than designers might otherwise consider.
A novel blind deconvolution method VIA maximum entropy

We propose a new closed form (approximated) expression for the conditional expectation that is based on Maximum Entropy. This expression does not rely on the knowledge of the convolutional noise power nor imposes any restrictions on the probability distribution of the unobserved input sequence and is suitable for the general case of real and complex source signals. In addition, we propose a set of algebraic linear equations for the Lagrange multipliers related to the blind deconvolution problem that can be easily computed in a non iterative approach. Our new derivation leads to a new blind deconvolution algorithm with improved equalization performance compared with Godard's equalizer