Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pricing FX Options under Intermediate Currency

We introduce a new pricing mechanism for FX options, which is based on the idea of an intermediate pseudo-currency market. This approach allows us to price options on all FX markets simultaneously under the same risk-neutral measure which ensures consistency of FX option prices across all markets. In particular, it is sufficient to calibrate a model to the volatility smile on the domestic market as, due to the consistency of pricing formulas, the model automatically reproduces the correct smile for the inverse pair (the foreign market). We first consider the case of two currencies and then we extend the pricing mechanism to the multi-currency setting. We illustrate the new pricing mechanism by applying it to the Heston and SABR stochastic volatility models, to the model in which exchange rates are described by an extended skewed normal distribution, and also to the model-free approach of option pricing.
Crecimiento y producción de nuevas leguminosas forrajeras anuales en la zona mediterránea de Chile

Se realizo este estudio durante tres temporadas (2000-2002) en la precordillera andina de la zona Centro Sur de Chile. El clima es mediterraneo perhumedo, con 1200 mm de precipitacion anual, suelo de origen volcanico (trumao) (ashy, mesic typic Haploxerands), profundo (> 1 m), textura liviana. Se evaluo el comportamiento productivo de una coleccion de leguminosas forrajeras anuales: seis cultivares de Ornithopus compressus, una accesion y un cultivar de Ornithopus sativus, un cultivar y dos accesiones de Biserrula pelecinus, y un cultivar de cada una de las siguientes especies: Trifolium michelianum, Trifolium resupinatum, Trifolium vesiculosum y Medicago polymorpha. Como testigo se utilizo trebol subterraneo (Trifolium subterraneum var. subterraneum) cv. Mount Barker. En el periodo de tres anos T. vesiculosum sobresalio por presentar una alta produccion de fitomasa, sobre todo en el tercer ano (sobre 4 t MS ha-1), adecuada persistencia, buena nodulacion y tolerancia a las bajas temperaturas invernales. O. compressus presento buena adaptacion y alto potencial de produccion, especialmente los cultivares Avila, Pitman y Madeira, de fenologia tardia, presentaron consistentemente altos rendimientos de fitomasa (aproximadamente 4 t MS ha-1 ano-1) en la tercera temporada de evaluacion. El cultivar y las dos accesiones de B. pelecinus presentaron bajos niveles de produccion (inferior a 1 t MS ha-1 ano-1) en los tres anos. Comportamiento similar experimentaron M. polymorpha, T. michelianum, O. sativus y T. resupinatum, y ademas no presentaron una persistencia de la produccion superior al testigo en el conjunto de los anos.
Prevalence of anaemia in pregnant and lactating women in India.

The prevalence of anaemia during pregnancy and lactation was significantly lower in the National Family Health Survey 1998-1999 (NFHS-2) using the hemocue method for haemoglobin estimation compared to earlier surveys. The present study selected seven States and used the same districts and villages studied in the NFHS-2 to see if the reported reduction in prevalence of anaemia was due to health and nutrition inputs and/or due to a different method for haemoglobin estimation. A total of 1751 women (1148 pregnant and 603 lactating-exclusively breastfeeding up to 3 months of age) from seven States-Himachal Pradesh and Haryana in north; Assam and Orissa in east; Kerala and Tamil Nadu in south and Madhya Pradesh in central India were selected. Haemoglobin was estimated by the cyanmethaemoglobin method so that comparison was possible with earlier studies. Data on socio-demographic characteristics pregnancy nutritional status and dietary intakes were collected. Prevalence as well as severity of anaemia was significantly higher in the present study as compared to the NFHS-2 study data. The difference could be due to haemocue method which gives higher haemoglobin values. The contributing factors found on multiple regression analysis for anaemia in pregnancy and lactation were: literacy occupation and standard living index of the study women; their awareness about anaemia its prevention by regular consumption of iron folate tablets and increase in food intake. Maternal height age of marriage parity and foetal loss also contributed to haemoglobin level. There were interstate differences; lower fertility higher literacy and better diet was observed in Himachal Pradesh as compared to Haryana. The literacy and nutritional status of women in Tamil Nadu was lower than Kerala. The remaining 3 states had poor fertility lower social living index and nutritional status with >90 per cent women being anaemic in pregnancy and lactation. Low prevalence of severe anaemia in Orissa as compared to Assam was due to availability and consumption of iron folate tablets. The antenatal services in the first trimester and checkup by a doctor along with availability and consumption of iron folate tablets over 3 months in all the States influenced haemoglobin levels. Despite the measures taken to control anaemia in pregnancy and lactation in the last two decades the severity of nutritional anaemia continues to remain a public health issue of great magnitude suggesting that these measures have been largely ineffective. The present findings also showed interstate differences particularly in fertility women education nutrition status and occupation; availability of antenatal services and iron folate tablets as possible factors responsible for differences in prevalence of anaemia. (authors)
Fast foods and risk of chronic diseases

wo media reports have been published in the last recent issues of the Journal regarding fast foods 1, 2 , discussing a movie named "Super size me" 1 and a book en- titled "Fast food nation"2. In "super size me" a 30-day fast food diet increased weight by 25 pounds and resulted in a higher blood choles- terol level. Actually this provocative film em- phasizes on the "toxic environment" that is produced by the fast food restaurants 1 . The book "Fast food nation" discussed the diseases transmitted via the meat processing techniques and also the flavors and aromas which had been added to the fast foods for increasing the taste by the fast food industry. These natural or artificial flavor oils both are toxic. Higher consumption of fast foods has been associated with the risk of many chronic dis- eases. Recently, the link between fast food in- takes and prevalence of obesity has been con- sidered mostly. Fast foods have an extremely high energy density. Previous investigations have shown that humans have a weak innate ability to recognize foods with a high energy density and to appropriately down-regulate the bulk of food consumed to maintain energy balance. It is estimated that at a typical fast food restaurant the average energy density of a entire menu is approximately 1100 KJ/100 g which is more than twice the energy density of a healthy menu 3 . Two commonly eaten fast foods i.e. French-fries and hotdogs have been found to be associated with risk of obesity and weight gain 4, 5 . A cross-sectional study in the United States showed that secular increases in the fast food availability may contribute to high prevalence of obesity 6 . Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that high energy den- sity foods are less costly per calorie and are cheaper than healthy ones. The low energy density foods such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low-fat dairies are more expensive. This might be the reason for wide use of fast foods. This could also explain, to some extent, the highest prevalence of obesity among the low income groups 7 . Obesity is the core of other non- communicable diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, cardio- vascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. So, fast food intakes might also be correlated with the mentioned non- communicable diseases. Besides the high en- ergy density of the fast foods, their content of trans fatty acids should also be taken into ac- count. The trans fat content of fast foods from two international fast food chains in 20 coun- tries showed a high range of trans fats in their products in different countries 8. Higher con- sumption of trans fats have been reported as a
The Effect of Concentration and Exposure Time Acyclovir for Elimination Sugarcane Mosaic Virus (SCMV) on The Apical Bud Culture of Sugarcane PS 881

SCMV (Sugarcane Mosaik Virus) is sugarcane crop disease resulting in chlorosis in leaves with the formation of the colors yellow and green intermittents. Based on survey information obtained that the air observation of all varieties of sugarcane was already stricken with the virus SCMV. Even the most formidable attack is on PS881 varieties with the intensity of the attacks reached 80%, so that it is estimated will lose up to 40% of the harvest. The sugarcane is virus free can be obtained via organogenesis in tissue culture method directly on the apical meristem, somatic embryogenesis at, and also with the addition of khemoterapeutan (acyclovir). The workings of the khemoterapi materials are the chemotherapi will interfere with replication and synthesis of genetic material of the virus but also cause the same effect against the mechanism of synthesis of nuklet acid on plants hosts. This research aims to find the best concentration and exposure time the most good in eliminating viruses SCMV in the apical bud culture of sugarcane PS881, using the antiviral acyclovir in conditions of invitro, so that the resulting plant will be virus free. The methods used to detect the presence of the virus by using the two ways, the first is by serology test through the protein content of the virus / checking nucleic acid virus with ELISA and the second is by RT-PCR. The results of the analysis showed that the interaction between the concentration of khemoterapi and exposure time produces the best treatment in eliminating the virus was . treatment with acyclovir concentration of 20 ppm and exposure time of 5 weeks.
Clinical ethics and the commercial pressures

The NMC specifies that a nurse's professional judgement should not be influenced by commercial pressures, but this guidance is limited to rather broad statements of intent. More specific guidelines tend to be written by employing bodies such as primary care trusts. Prescribers are contrained by local or national guidelines on whether they may or may not prescribe certain medicines. However, parmaceutical companies continue to offer gifts emblazoned with logos and invitations to attend sponsored educational events - indicating that they still believe that prescribers have a certain amount of automony. This article reflects on whether it is ever acceptable to accept gifts or invitations from pharmaceutical companies and offers suggestions for arriving at a personal ‘code of conduct’ when faced with commercial pressures.
OSTEOPOROSIS: PATHOGENESIS, MANAGEMENT AND EFFECT OF VITAMIN D3 (CHOLECALCIFEROL) SUPPLEMENTATION ON FRACTURES AND MORTALITY IN MEN AND WOMEN

Osteoporosis, characterized by the loss of bone mass and strength that leads to fragility fractures, has probably existed throughout human history but only recently became a major clinical problem as human lifespan increased. Osteoporosis in men will become an increasing worldwide public health problem. It represents a heterogenous group of disorders of skeletal homeostasis characterized by reduced bone mass with defective skeletal function. Based on laboratory studies, that indicates osteoporosis is likely to be caused by complex interactions among local and systemic regulators of bone cell function. The concept that estrogen deficiency is critical to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis was based initially on the fact that postmenopausal women, whose estrogen levels naturally decline, are at the highest risk for developing the disease. The concept that osteoporosis is due primarily to calcium deficiency, particularly in the elderly, was initially put forward as a counterproposal to Albright’s estrogen deficiency theory. Decreased calcium intake, impaired intestinal absorption of calcium due to aging or disease, as well as vitamin D deficiency can result in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Prevention of osteoporosis is a high priority, especially because treatment of the established disease remains sub-optimal. Prevention requires immediate, intermediate-term and long-term strategies. First line therapy for established osteoporosis in women in many countries is estrogen or estrogen plus progestin, calcium and vitamin D. Pharmacotherapy for osteoporosis has been focused mainly on interventions that could reverse the second pathogenetic mechanism, excessive bone resorption. In the past, estrogen replacement was the most widely used therapy. Calcitonin deficiency was not found in osteoporotic patients, and calcitonin therapy has been less effective than other antiresorptive agents, possibly because osteoclasts can escape calcitonin inhibition. Extensive studies on the mechanism of action of PTH are underway and should help us in identifying the critical pathways that regulate bone formation and are abnormal in osteoporotic patients.
A Keyframe-based Continuous Visual SLAM for RGB-D Cameras via Nonparametric Joint Geometric and Appearance Representation

This paper reports on a robust RGB-D SLAM system that performs well in scarcely textured and structured environments. We present a novel keyframe-based continuous visual odometry that builds on the recently developed continuous sensor registration framework. A joint geometric and appearance representation is the result of transforming the RGB-D images into functions that live in a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS). We solve both registration and keyframe selection problems via the inner product structure available in the RKHS. We also extend the proposed keyframe-based odometry method to a SLAM system using indirect ORB loop-closure constraints. The experimental evaluations using publicly available RGB-D benchmarks show that the developed keyframe selection technique using continuous visual odometry outperforms its robust dense (and direct) visual odometry equivalent. In addition, the developed SLAM system has better generalization across different training and validation sequences; it is robust to the lack of texture and structure in the scene; and shows comparable performance with the state-of-the-art SLAM systems.
Drndalo: Lightweight Control Flow Obfuscation Through Minimal Processor/Compiler Co-Design

Binary analysis is traditionally used in the realm of malware detection. However, the same technique may be employed by an attacker to analyze the original binaries in order to reverse engineer them and extract exploitable weaknesses. When a binary is distributed to end users, it becomes a common remotely exploitable attack point. Code obfuscation is used to hinder reverse engineering of executable programs. In this paper, we focus on securing binary distribution, where attackers gain access to binaries distributed to end devices, in order to reverse engineer them and find potential vulnerabilities. Attackers do not however have means to monitor the execution of said devices. In particular, we focus on the control flow obfuscation --- a technique that prevents an attacker from restoring the correct reachability conditions for the basic blocks of a program. By doing so, we thwart attackers in their effort to infer the inputs that cause the program to enter a vulnerable state (e.g., buffer overrun). We propose a compiler extension for obfuscation and a minimal hardware modification for dynamic deobfuscation that takes advantage of a secret key stored in hardware. We evaluate our experiments on the LLVM compiler toolchain and the BRISC-V open source processor. On PARSEC benchmarks, our deobfuscation technique incurs only a 5\% runtime overhead. We evaluate the security of Drndalo by training classifiers on pairs of obfuscated and unobfuscated binaries. Our results shine light on the difficulty of producing obfuscated binaries of arbitrary programs in such a way that they are statistically indistinguishable from plain binaries.
High-quality Speech Synthesis Using Super-resolution Mel-Spectrogram

In speech synthesis and speech enhancement systems, melspectrograms need to be precise in acoustic representations. However, the generated spectrograms are over-smooth, that could not produce high quality synthesized speech. Inspired by image-to-image translation, we address this problem by using a learning-based post filter combining Pix2PixHD and ResUnet to reconstruct the mel-spectrograms together with super-resolution. From the resulting super-resolution spectrogram networks, we can generate enhanced spectrograms to produce high quality synthesized speech. Our proposed model achieves improved mean opinion scores (MOS) of 3.71 and 4.01 over baseline results of 3.29 and 3.84, while using vocoder Griffin-Lim and WaveNet, respectively.
A New Framework for Pinning Control of Boolean Networks

Boolean networks (BNs) are discrete-time systems where gene nodes are inter-connected (here we call such connection rule among nodes as network structure), and the dynamics of each gene node is determined by logical functions. In this paper, we propose a new framework on pinning control design for global stabilization of BNs based on BNs' network structure (named as NS-based distributed pinning control). By deleting the minimum number of edges, the network structure becomes acyclic. Then, a NS-based distributed pinning control is designed to achieve global stabilization. Compared with existing literature, the design of NS-based distributed pinning control is not based on the state transition matrix of BNs. Hence, the computational complexity in this paper is reduced from $O(2^n\times 2^n)$ to $O(2\times 2^K)$, where $n$ is the number of nodes and $K<n$ is the largest number of in-neighbors of nodes in a BN. In addition, without using state transition matrix, global state information is no longer needed, and the design of pinning control is just based on neighbors' local information, which is easier to be implemented. The proposed method is well demonstrated by several biological networks with different network sizes. The results are shown to be simple and concise, while the traditional pinning control can not be implemented for BNs with such a large dimension.
Genome heterogeneity drives the evolution of species

Most of the DNA that composes a complex organism is non-coding and defined as junk. Even the coding part is composed of genes that affect the phenotype differently. Therefore, a random mutation has an effect on the specimen fitness that strongly depends on the DNA region where it occurs. Such heterogeneous composition should be linked to the evolutionary process. However, the way is still unknown. Here, we study a minimal model for the evolution of an ecosystem where two antagonist species struggle for survival on a lattice. Each specimen possesses a toy genome, encoding for its phenotype. The gene pool of populations changes in time due to the effect of random mutations on genes (entropic force) and of interactions with the environment and between individuals (natural selection). We prove that the relevance of each gene in the manifestation of the phenotype is a key feature for evolution. In the presence of a uniform gene relevance, a mutational meltdown is observed. Natural selection acts quenching the ecosystem in a non-equilibriumstate that slowly drifts, decreasing the fitness and leading to the extinction of the species. Conversely, if a specimen is provided with a heterogeneous gene relevance, natural selection wins against entropic forces, and the species evolves increasing its fitness. We finally show that heterogeneity together with spatial correlations is responsible for spontaneous sympatric speciation.
Magnetic Inflation and Stellar Mass. V. Intensification and Saturation of M-dwarf Absorption Lines with Rossby Number

In young Sun-like stars and field M-dwarf stars, chromospheric and coronal magnetic activity indicators such as Hα, X-ray, and radio emission are known to saturate with low Rossby number (Ro ≲ 0.1), defined as the ratio of rotation period to convective turnover time. The mechanism for the saturation is unclear. In this paper, we use photospheric Ti i and Ca i absorption lines in the Y band to investigate magnetic field strength in M dwarfs for Rossby numbers between 0.01 and 1.0. The equivalent widths of the lines are magnetically enhanced by photospheric spots, a global field, or a combination of the two. The equivalent widths behave qualitatively similar to the chromospheric and coronal indicators: we see increasing equivalent widths (increasing absorption) with decreasing Ro and saturation of the equivalent widths for Ro ≲ 0.1. The majority of M dwarfs in this study are fully convective. The results add to mounting evidence that the magnetic saturation mechanism occurs at or beneath the stellar photosphere.
Modelling Semantic Categories using Conceptual Neighborhood

While many methods for learning vector space embeddings have been proposed in the field of Natural Language Processing, these methods typically do not distinguish between categories and individuals. Intuitively, if individuals are represented as vectors, we can think of categories as (soft) regions in the embedding space. Unfortunately, meaningful regions can be difficult to estimate, especially since we often have few examples of individuals that belong to a given category. To address this issue, we rely on the fact that different categories are often highly interdependent. In particular, categories often have conceptual neighbors, which are disjoint from but closely related to the given category (e.g. fruit and vegetable). Our hypothesis is that more accurate category representations can be learned by relying on the assumption that the regions representing such conceptual neighbors should be adjacent in the embedding space. We propose a simple method for identifying conceptual neighbors and then show that incorporating these conceptual neighbors indeed leads to more accurate region based representations.
Stable shredded spheres and causal random maps with large faces

We introduce a new familiy of random compact metric spaces ${\mathcal{S}}_\alpha$, $\alpha\in(1,2)$, which we call stable shredded spheres. They are constructed from excursions of $\alpha$-stable L\'evy processes on $[0,1]$ possessing no negative jumps. Informally, viewing the graph of the L\'evy excursion in the plane, each jump of the process is "cut open" and replaced by a circle and then all points on the graph at equal height which are not separated by a jump are identified. We show that the shredded spheres arise as scaling limits of models of causal random planar maps with large faces which have been studied in the physics literature. We also establish that their Hausdorff dimension is almost surely equal to $\alpha$. Point identification in the shredded spheres is intimately connected to the presence of decrease points in stable spectrally positive L\'evy processes as studied by Bertoin in the 90's.
On sets containing a unit distance in every direction

We investigate the box dimensions of compact sets in $\mathbb{R}^n$ that contain a unit distance in every direction (such sets may have zero Hausdorff dimension). Among other results, we show that the lower box dimension must be at least $\frac{n^2(n-1)}{2n^2-1}$ and can be at most $\frac{n(n-1)}{2n-1}$. This quantifies in a certain sense how far the unit sphere $S^{n-1}$ is from being a difference set.
Geodesic Folding of Tetrahedron

In this work, we show the geometric properties of a family of polyhedra obtained by folding a regular tetrahedron along regular triangular grids. Each polyhedron is identified by a pair of nonnegative integers. The polyhedron can be cut along a geodesic strip of triangles to be decomposed and unfolded into one or multiple bands (homeomorphic to a cylinder). The number of bands is the greatest common divisor of the two numbers. By a proper choice of pairs of numbers, we can create a common triangular band that folds into different multiple polyhedra that belongs to the family.