Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Selective Leaching of Steelmaking Slag for Indirect CO2 Mineral Sequestration

Indirect CO2 mineral sequestration, which could make CO2 fixate into precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) of value-added products, is an important technology that is used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions economically. It can be conducted in two steps, one of which has been investigated in the previous paper. In this work, extraction of calcium ions from steelmaking slag using a novel leaching medium, which involves organic solvent tributyl phosphate (TBP), acetic acid, and ultrapure water, was studied. Several operating variables, including stirring speed, phase-volume ratio, organic solvent-to-solid ratio, initial acetic acid concentration, acid-to-slag ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time were investigated. It was found that the leaching process could be divided into three regions according to the acid-to-slag ratio. The first region below 0.5 g/g was characterized by the acid-to-solid ratio; the second region above 0.5 g/g but below 1.0 g/g was characterized by the acid-to-solid ratio; and .
IMAGING OF CELLULAR ACTIVITY OF SINGLE CULTURED CELLS BY SCANNING ELECTROCHEMICAL MICROSCOPY

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) based on oxygen reduction current was used for imaging of respiration activity of living animal cells (SW-480). The addition of KCN into the culture medium paled the image of the cells. The semiquantitative analysis of the SECM responses suggested that the membrane permeability of SW-480 cells to CN− is on the order of 10−7 cm/s.
Volatile Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Aerial parts of Ocimum gratissimum Linn.

Aromatic compounds in the steam distilled volatile oil obtained from aerial parts of Shrubby basil (Hindi - Ramtulasi), Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (Lamiaceae) were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The volatile oil mainly comprises of twenty (20) components, out of which all twenty constituents comprising 100 % of the oil were identified. The volatile oil mainly contains 13 monoterpenes (68.10 %) and bornyl acetate (14.5 %) was found to be predominant constituents followed by β-pinene (10.8 %), camphor (9.0 %), c-tagetone (8.6 %), t-tagetone (7.4 %), αpinene (4.2 %), myrtenal (4.1 %), α-thujene (3.0 %), α-camphene (1.8 %), O-methyl eugenol (1.6 %), ctagetone isomer (1.4 %), sabinene (0.9 %) and α-terpineol (0.8 %). Five sesquiterpene comprising (20.2 %) i.e. α-Selinene (5.9 %), t-caryophyllene (5.5 %), β-guaiene (4.0 %), β-gurjunene (2.0 %) and bicyclo germacrene (2.8 %). The two non terpenic components comprise (11.7 %) i.e. ethyl cyclohexenal ketone (7.1 %), n-butyl benzoate (4.6 %). The antimicrobial activity of O. gratissimum oil was studied by cup plate method against both Gram-positive and negative bacterial strains and pathogenic fungal species. Antimicrobial activity was concentration dependent on Shigella flexineri, Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans.
Are land deals driving 'water grabs'?

Investors in land often look for land with a high growing potential, which means land with lots of rainfall or land that can be irrigated. In multimillion dollar investments involving irrigation, investors typically want to secure water rights as part of the deal. Motivated by potential revenues from water fees and the prospect of improved agricultural productivity, many African governments are signing away water rights for decades to large investors. But they are doing so with little regard for how this will impact the millions of other users — from fishermen to pastoralists — whose livelihoods depend on customary access to water. Water managers must seriously consider the extent to which water rights should be linked to land in this way before setting a long-term precedent that could compromise sustainable and equitable supply to all users in the future.
A Survey of the Routing and Wavelength Assignment Problem

In an all-optical network, optical (cid:28)bers are used to transmit data. An optical (cid:28)ber carries light along its length at high rates and with little loss. Several wavelengths on a single (cid:28)ber can be used to transfer data, when using wavelength-division multiplexing. In this way, several data transmissions at very high speed can take place on a single (cid:28)ber. When transmitting data in an all-optical network, data connections must be established in such a way, that two or more connections never share a wavelength on the same (cid:28)ber. The routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem consists of (cid:28)nding a path and a wavelength for a set of data connections. The objective is typically to maximize the pro(cid:28)t of established data connections or to minimize the cost of establishing all data connections. The RWA is NP -hard, thus much research has been conducted to (cid:28)nding a good way of approaching the RWA. This paper introduces the RWA and lists a number of restrictions from the literature on the RWA and on the underlying network topology. An overview of heuristic, meta-heuristic and exact solution methods is given. Running times for the heuristic methods are presented and computational results from the literature are discussed.
Dopant compensation in HfO2 and other high K oxides

The theory of doping limits in semiconductors and insulators is applied to the case of wide gap oxides, crystalline, or amorphous, and used to explain that impurities do not in general give rise to gap states or a doping response. Instead, the system tends to form defect complexes or undergo symmetry-lowering reconstructions to expel gap states out of the band gap. The model is applied to impurities, such as trivalent metals, carbon, N, P, and B, in HfO2, the main gate dielectric used in field effect transistors.
Quality characteristics of four mulberry (Morus sp) cultivars in the area of Chania, Greece

Four cultivars of mulberry, Morus sp (cvs Mavromournia (red-fruited), Mavri (black-fruited), Rodini (purple-fruited) and Aspri (white-fruited)) were harvested at three stages of harvest maturity (immature, mature and fully mature). The fruit were evaluated for fresh weight, firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity and anthocyanin content and composition. Mavromournia mulberries significantly differed compared to the other cultivars in all quality characteristics and especially in titratable acidity and anthocyanin content. Cyanidin-3-grucorutinoside is responsible for about 60% of the fruit coloration. Mavromournia mulberries are fruit of excellent quality characteristics and have a great market potential as fresh or processed product. © 1997 SCI.
Mineral composition of peach leaves affected by iron chlorosis

Abstract The effect of Fe chlorosis on the mineral composition of field grown peach tree leaves was studied in two different areas. No significant differences in total Fe content were found, whereas 2,2’ bipyridyl extractable Fe, K and the K/Ca ratio were significantly affected in both experiments. Phosphorus and the P/Fe ratio were significantly affected only in one experiment.
Anisotropic displacement parameters for molecular crystals from periodic Hartree–Fock and density functional theory calculations

Fully periodic Hartree–Fock and density functional theory calculations have been used to compute the anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs) of molecular crystals at different temperatures by using the CRYSTAL code. Crystalline urea was adopted as a benchmark system to investigate the dependence on basis set and Hamiltonian. The results were compared with ADPs derived from neutron diffraction experiments. The approach can estimate the internal ADPs, corresponding to the contributions of high-frequency intramolecular vibrations, and for these internal contributions the results are almost independent of the basis set and Hamiltonian. Much larger variations and discrepancies from neutron diffraction experiments are seen for the external, low-frequency modes, which become dominant at higher temperatures. The approach was then tested on benzene and urotropine. Finally, ADPs of l-alanine were predicted at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. The total ADPs, including low-frequency external modes, are underestimated, but can be brought into good agreement with the experimental ADPs by introducing a Gruneisen parameter, which partly accounts for anharmonicity of the potential energy surface, but likely also contains contributions from other deficiencies of the calculations.
Bioactivity of falcarinol and the influenceof processing and storage on its content in carrots (Daucus carota L)

The concentration-dependent activity of the polyacetylene falcarinol ((9Z)-heptadeca-1,9-dien-4,6-diyn-3-ol), isolated from carrots, was investigated in a bioassay with primary mammary epithelial cells in collagen gels and compared with that of β-carotene, the orange pigment in carrots. Falcarinol showed biphasic activity, having stimulatory effects between 0.01 and 0.05 µg ml−1 and inhibitory effects between 1 and 10 µg ml−1, whereas β-carotene showed no effect in the concentration range 0.001–100 µg ml−1. The results are discussed in relation to the health-promoting effects of carrots and related vegetables. Falcarinol was quantified in the carrot cultivars Bolero, Rodelika and Fancy by analytical reverse phase HPLC, subjected to various processing and storage conditions in order to study how long-term storage, blanching, freezing and boiling influence the content of falcarinol. Long-term storage of raw carrot cubes (1 cm3) reduced the falcarinol content by almost 35%. A similar reduction was found in steam-blanched carrot cubes (1 cm3). Long-term storage at −24 °C of steam blanched carrot cubes did not reduce the falcarinol content further. A reduction of almost 70% in the falcarinol content was found in carrot pieces boiled in water for 12 min compared with raw carrots. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Wetting of the upper needle surface of Abies grandis : influence of pH, wax chemistry and epiphyllic microflora on contact angles

Wetting of the upper needle surface of Abies grandis Lindl. by aqueous solutions of different pH values was investigated. With increasing needle age, contact angles decreased significantly from about 75° on current-year needles to values lower than 30 ° on 4-year-old needles. On older needles, contact angles were significantly lower, by more than 10°, when aqueous solutions of pH9.0 were used compared with those of pH3.0. On the surfaces of older needles, contact angle titrations were carried out, contact angles being measured with aqueous solutions covering a pH range from 3.0 to 11.0. Measured titration curves showed clear inflection points around pH 7.0, indicating the existence of ionizable carboxylic groups in the interface between needle surface and atmosphere. The evidence seems convincing that the pronounced pH dependence of wetting is mainly due to the presence and/or activity of epiphyllic micro-organisms, whereas the cuticular wax composition of Abies grandis needles does not appear to contribute significantly to this phenomenon. Thus, the results presented here allow the general conclusion that changes of contact angles measured on leaf surfaces may not always be due to changes in the leaf surface chemistry and/or the fine structure of leaf surface waxes, but may also be due to increased amounts of epiphyllic micro-organisms significantly altering the leaf surface wetting properties.
Adsorption and desorption behavior of an anionic pyrene chromophore in sequentially deposited polyelectrolyte-dye thin films.

Alternating thin films of the anionic dye pyrenetetrasulfonic acid (4-PSA) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) were formed by the squential deposition of 4-PSA and PAH from aqueous solution onto solid substrates. Film growth was followed by absorption spectroscopy, and the resulting polyelectrolyte-dye multilayer assemblies were characterized by using fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray reflectivity, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. 4-PSA was successfully deposited in alternation with PAH when the ionic strength of the PAH solution was greater than 0.1 M. At each PAH adsorption step a given amount of previously adsorbed 4-PSA was extracted. The amount of dye released depended on the film thickness and the salt concentration in the PAH solution from which PAH was subsequently adsorbed. However, the total amount of dye remaining in the film after PAH deposition was essentially independent of the salt content in the PAH solution. Both X-ray reflectivity and AFM measurements revealed a high r.
End-Linked Poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl Methacrylate]–Poly(methacrylic acid) Polyampholyte Conetworks: Synthesis by Sequential RAFT Polymerization and Swelling and SANS Characterization

Four well-defined end-linked triblock polyampholyte conetworks composed of positively ionizable 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) repeating units and negatively ionizable methacrylic acid (MAA) repeating units were synthesized using one-pot, sequential reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, by employing 1,4-bis[2-(thiobenzoylthio)prop-2-yl]benzene (1,4-BTBTPB) as the chain transfer agent, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker. From the four end-linked conetworks, three were based on ABA triblock polyampholytes with polyDMAEMA midblocks with a constant degree of polymerization (DP) and polyMAA end-blocks of different DPs. The fourth end-linked polyampholytic conetwork was based on an equimolar BAB triblock polyampholyte with a polyMAA midblock. Furthermore, two polyampholyte networks were also prepared: one based on an end-linked equimolar statistical polyampholyte, and one with a randomly cross-linked, rather than an end-linked, architec.
Effects of Rapid Intramolecular Electron Transfer on Vibrational Spectra

Single-electron reductions of linked triruthenium clusters of the general type Ru3-pyrazine-Ru3 produced mixed valence systems showing spectroscopic characteristics of rapid intramolecular electron transfer. Reflectance infrared spectroelectrochemistry was used to characterize the vibrational spectra of mixed valence systems that contained one carbon monoxide ligand on each Ru3 cluster. Infrared spectra in the CO stretching region showed two resolved, partially coalesced, and coalesced ν(CO) bands for clusters with rate constants for intramolecular electron transfer k e increasing from = 1 × 109 s– 1 up to 5 × 1011 and 9 × 1011s– 1, respectively. These data provide a strong correlation between rates of intramolecular electron transfer and infrared spectral bandshape.
Insulating polyimide films containing n-type perylenediimide moieties

Oxadiazole-containing polyperyleneimides were prepared by high-temperature solution polycondensation reaction of an aromatic diamino-oxadiazole with a mixture of two dianhydrides, one containing a perylene moiety and the other containing a hexafluoroisopropylidene unit. Flexible films having good mechanical properties were made therefrom. The structure of the polymer films was confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Some polymer films were subjected to measurements of electrical insulating properties. The variation of the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric permittivity with frequency and temperature was recorded. The values of the dielectric constant, dielectric loss and specific resistance were obtained at 25 °C and in the frequency domain from 1 Hz to 130 kHz. The dielectric spectroscopy data showed distinct γ and β subglass transitions for these polymers at low activation energies. Electronic conduction through a hopping mechanism in these polyimide films was determined from AC conductivity measurements. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of a Chloride Ion‐Selective Solid State Sensor Based on Doped Polypyrrole‐Graphite‐Epoxy Composite

This paper reports the development and characterization of a solid state potentiometric sensor for chloride ions, based on doped polypyrrole-graphite-epoxy composite. The optimum mixture proportion found for polypyrrole:graphite was 60 : 40 meanwhile a 50 : 50 proportion was used for the polypyrrol+graphite:epoxy mixture. The stabilization time was approximately 16 min, while the response times varied within 2 and 23 s. The sensor displayed a sensitivity of 58 mV/decade [Cl−], and 3×10−6 M detection limit. The selectivity coefficients showed a greater selectivity to that reported for commercial-type sensors. The statistical analysis for chlorides' determination in commercial saline serums did not show significant differences respect to data reported by the manufacturers.
Effect of thickness on the stability of transparent conducting impurity‐doped ZnO thin films in a high humidity environment

The resistivity of transparent conducting Al‐ and Ga‐doped ZnO (AZO and GZO) thin films prepared with a thickness in the range from 20 to 200 nm on glass substrates at a temperature below 200 °C was found to increase with exposure time when tested in a high humidity environment (air at 90% relative humidity and 60 °C). The resistivity stability (resistivity increase) was considerably affected by the thin film thickness. In particular, thin films with a thickness below about 50 nm were very unstable. The increase in resistivity is interpreted as carrier transport being dominated by grain boundary scattering resulting from the trapping of free electrons due to oxygen adsorption on the grain boundary surface. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Interaction of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate with Oligomers of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) in Aqueous Solution

Isothermal calorimetric titrations of aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) are known to exhibit a peculiar trend consisting of endothermic and exothermic effects. This behavior was explained with the formation of two different mixed micellar aggregates, one characterized by hydrophobic interactions and the second by ion−dipole association. Present NMR measurements on 13C, 1H, and 23Na nuclei do not support the formation of a number of PEG−SDS aggregates characterized by interactions of different nature. Our data are rather in accordance with the initial formation, at low surfactant concentration, of a polymer−surfactant aggregate in which the polymeric chain assumes a strained conformation in order to bind a small micellar cluster. The subsequent growing of the aggregate with increasing surfactant concentration allows the polymer to relax to a more expanded, energetically favored, conformation. Further calorimetric titrations with a set of PEG samples of diffe.
Resonance-enhanced light transmission through metal nanochannels

Zero-order transmission silver gratings of very narrow and deep enough slits exhibit exceptional transmission properties in visible and near-IR light. By using a rigorous electromagnetic analysis of light diffraction, we show that the transmission enhancement occurs as a result of a resonant interaction of the incident light with surface plasmons located inside the grating slits.
Understanding drivers and barriers : the key to water use behaviour change

In southwest Victoria, like many other regions in Australia, drought, climate change and population growth have exposed gaps in water supply. To develop effective demand management strategies for rural and regional areas, this paper investigates the drivers and barriers to water saving in southwest Victoria. Although the majority of people felt water saving was important, the drivers for water saving differed between different groups. Residential users were saving water for altruistic reasons, while for farmers the drivers were farm viability and productivity. Although the barriers differed between property types, common barriers included lack of understanding of the impact their water use has on supplies, lack of knowledge, the pricing system and distrust of the water authority. The findings provide information for effective demand management strategies for the region.
Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell grown on flexible polymer substrate with efficiency exceeding 17%

Development of a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cell on a polyimide film with a conversion efficiency of 17.1%, measured under standard test conditions at the European Solar Test Installation (ESTI) of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, Ispra, is reported. The drastic improvement from the previous record of 14.1% efficiency is attributed to a more optimized compositional grading, better structural and electronic properties of the absorber layer as well as reduced reflection losses. Basic film and device properties, which led to the improvement in the efficiency record of flexible solar cells are presented for the new process and compared to the old process. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Funcionalidades de um software aplicado ao gerenciamento de desastres – um mapeamento sistemático

Disasters have been often happening in the world, thus affecting urban and agricultural residents and causing material and immaterial damages. Therefore, identifying requirements for managing such disasters has been an increasingly complicated task. As there is not much information about characteristics of the requirements applied to disaster management, a systematic literature mapping was proposed to find ways to identify these requirements. This literature mapping aims to answer these questions based on current literature, where it has been realized that approaches need to be verified to facilitate communication at all different stages of the disaster and how important it is for a disaster management support system to be reliable and to the information provided is accurate, in short, the results do not provide special characteristics, but show how reliable and accurate it has to be.
The interaction of halogen molecules with SWNTs and graphene

The interaction of halogen molecules of varying electron affinity, such as iodine monochloride (ICl), bromine (Br2), iodine monobromide (IBr) and iodine (I2) with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and graphene has been investigated in detail. Halogen doping of the two nanocarbons has been examined using Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with electronic absorption spectroscopy and extensive theoretical calculations. The halogen molecules, being electron withdrawing in nature, induce distinct changes in the electronic states of both the SWNTs and graphene, which manifests with a change in the spectroscopic signatures. Stiffening of the Raman G-bands of the nanocarbons upon treatment with the different halogen molecules and the emergence of new bands in the electronic absorption spectra, both point to the fact that the halogen molecules are involved in molecular charge-transfer with the nanocarbons. The experimental findings have been explained through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which suggest that the extent of charge-transfer depends on the electron affinities of the different halogens, which determines the overall spectroscopic properties. The magnitude of the molecular charge-transfer between the halogens and the nanocarbons generally varies in the order ICl > Br2 > IBr > I2, which is consistent with the expected order of electron affinities.
Morphology control of silicon nanotips fabricated by electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching

Formation of well-aligned silicon nanotips etched monolithically from a silicon substrate has been demonstrated. The effect of the process temperature on the physicochemical etching of silicon and subsequent fabrication of these nanotips has been investigated. 2.2-μm-long nanotips were formed at the process temperature of 250°C and then decreased in length with increasing process temperature. Above 800°C, the formation of the silicon nanotips was inhibited. Spectroscopic evidence attributes this fact to the efficient formation of silicon carbide thin film at higher process temperatures, instead of discontinuous nanomasks at lower process temperatures that prevent etching of the substrate. Another reason for this inhibited formation of nanotips is the reduced etching rate of the silicon by agents such as atomic H at higher process temperatures.