Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Point-of-Sale Report to the Nation: Realizing the Power of States and Communities to Change the Tobacco Retail and Policy Landscape

As tobacco companies continue to heavily market their products at the point of sale, tobacco control groups seek strategies to combat the negative effects of this marketing. Store observations, which have been widely used by researchers and practitioners alike, are an excellent surveillance tool. This article provides a guide for public health practitioners interested in working in the tobacco retail environment by detailing the steps involved in conducting store observations of tobacco marketing and products including 1) obtaining tobacco product retailer lists, 2) creating measures, 3) selecting a mode of data collection, 4) training data collectors, and 5) analyzing data. We also highlight issues that may arise while in the field and provide information on disseminating results of store observations, including the potential policy implications.
Genetic Variability and Population Structure of Ark Shell in Japan

Ark shell Scapharca kagoshimensis is one of the commercially important bivalve resources in East Asia. In Japan, the mass production method for its natural seedlings was developed in the 1880s, and they had been transplanted to an array of the major fishing areas. It has been therefore concerned with its genetic disturbance among not only current but also former fishing areas in Japan. This study was undertaken to ascertain its genetic diversity and population structure in East Asia by means of nucleotide sequence analysis of a 555-bp portion of the mitochondrial DNA COI gene. Of 225 individuals collected from 8 populations and 1 population in Japan and Korea, respectively, a total of 59 haplotypes, including 14 common haplotypes, were found, and Japan and Korea shared 3 common haplotypes. In Japan, the haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity ranged from 0.65 to 0.93 and from 0.22% to 0.59%, respectively, reflecting relatively high levels of genetic diversity. The values in Korea were determined to be 0.45% and 0.19%, respectively, indicating significantly lower genetic diversity compared with that in Japan. Mismatch distribution analysis and neutrality tests showed a recent history of multiple types of reproduction and signals of demographic change in each population. These results suggest that S. kagoshimensis has experienced rapid population growth or reduction in population size such as a bottleneck in a short period.
Comparison of Conventional and Organic Arable Farming Systems in the Netherlands by Means of Bio-Economic Modelling

ABSTRACT Growing environmental concern in society combined with policy stimuli has encouraged farmers to switch from conventional to organic production technologies. However, so far not many have made this switch. This raises the question, what could lie behind the decisions of farmers concerning conversion. A first step in studying this decision is to compare farming results in an organic situation with conventional farm results from technical, economic and environmental points of view. In this paper a linear programming model of a conventional arable farm and an organic arable farm are presented. The models include environmental externalities such as losses of nutrients and pesticide use, the levels of which can be influenced by using different production structures (cropping plans). With the conventional model two different crop rotations (3-year and 4-year), and with the organic model one rotation (6-year) are analysed and the results of these three situations are compared. The example farm modelled is typical for the central clay region in The Netherlands. The results show that organic farming leads to less intensive land use, better environmental results and better economic results. Expenditure on hired labour is much higher in organic farming which also leads to higher variable costs. Prices for organic products are higher than for similar conventional products, but lower yields and the less intensive cropping plan mitigates the effects on total revenues.
Specific characters of vessel primary walls during the early stages of wood differentiation

At the peak of its activity, the cambial zone comprises several layers of undifferentiated, apparently identical cells. In order to find criteria indicating the commitment of cambial cells either to phloem or xylem, early changes in primary wall structure and composition were looked for, using sycamore branches as experimental material. Several chemicals were employed to extract cell wall polysaccharides. Treated specimens were studied by electron microscopy after selective staining. Extracted matrix components were analysed through HPLC. Comparison of ultrastructural and biochemical results indicated that in contrast to phloem derivatives cellulose biosynthesis in xylem derivatives was delayed. Among xylem‐committed cells, the very young vessels were characterized by a nearly complete lack of a cellulose skeleton and a high amount of xylose‐rich hemicelluloses in their primary walls. This organization would cause the wall plasticity necessary for the cell extensive growth in diameter.
Use of polymerase chain reaction to produce oligonucleotide probes for mycoplasmalike organisms.

Specific oligonucleotide probes for detecting apple proliferation and clover phyllody MLOs (mycoplasmalike organisms) in infected tissues were derived from a partial sequence of their 16S ribosomal RNA genes and were tested by dot blot hybridization against amplified DNA from both healthy plants and plants infected by MLOs. Probes were disease specific, with the exception of probes designed for the apple proliferation MLO, which reacted with the DNA extracted from a periwinkle infected by the plum leptonecrosis MLO. The sequenced DNAs were obtained by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) from crude nucleic acid extracts with primers that allowed the amplification of an 865-bp DNA fragment from infected but not from healthy periwinkles [. ]
A Note on Trophic Complexity and Community Stability

That "stability" is conferred approximately in proportion to the diversity of energy pathways characterizing any particular community is a widely held axiom among ecologists. As examples of this belief, one can read that "Stability increases as the number of links increase" (MacArthur, 1955, p. 535) or "a rich fauna and flora . tends to be very stable because of a multiplicity of ecological checks and balances" (Watt, 1964, p. 1434). There appears to be little or no sound evidence available to accept or reject these statements, because an operational definition of stability is lacking, as are data from the more complex associations. The most workable definition involves statements about the relative variability of population numbers in space and/or time, although limits on the extent of the spatial dimension are not usually stated, and collections of acceptable data through time are tedious to gather, and hence minimal. The basic data for a community tend to be species lists with comparisons and evaluations made between years on a presence or absence basis, an analysis providing a measure of predictability, not necessarily stability. At the population level the direction and magnitude of change in numbers, that is, a measure of the tendency to oscillate, may be adequate as a measure. Even impressions based on the intuitive understanding of a competent naturalist may prove acceptable. Any or all of these would suffice for the present purpose, although they fail to make the critical distinction between describing the relative continuity of a community, that static component which is relatively easily measured, and the ability of that community to withstand perturbation, the dynamic and presumably more fundamental component which is discernible only upon alteration. Thus, the
Deep Attentive Skip Connection Model and Gaussian Priors based Visual Saliency Prediction.

Predicting human visual attention mechanisms using deep learning has recently attracted a great amount of research interest in the computer field. The visual system of humans serves as a filter to guide greater attention to the most attractive and interesting objects for subsequent processing. With the recent widespread use of deep learning algorithms, the problem of predicting saliency has seen a tremendous improvement. In this study, a saliency prediction scheme is proposed that includes an Attentive Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory network (Attentive ConvLSTM) that repeatedly refines saliency features by focusing on key spatial locations. The input picture is first utilised to extract a series of feature maps using VGG16, a dilated convolutional network. After that, to improve predictions Attentive ConvLSTM architecture is proposed in the form of Skip Connection with VGG16 feature map which successively focuses on different spatial locations of a stack of features. Then the predictions are merged with various learned priors to illustrate the tendency of humans to fix the centre region of the image. The success of this proposed Deep Attentive Skip Connection with Gaussian Priors Model (DASC-GP-Model) is evaluated on MIT saliency benchmark dataset and this model achieves 90.97% of accuracy. From the results, it is observed that this proposed network can predict strong saliency values on individuals, things, faces, and other important cues and also it creates virtuous saliency maps.
Morphological characteristics in relation to diet in five coexisting Thai fish species

Morphological characteristics and intestinal content were analysed for five species of coexisting freshwater fishes in Thailand: Rasbora caudimaculata, Schistura desmotes, Dermogenys pusillus, Xenentodon cancila and Monopterus albus (all found in riffle habitats in Thai streams). Rasbora caudimaculata, S. desmotes and D. pusillus fed predominantly on ephemeropterans, hymenopterans and dipterans, X. cancila fed predominantly on fishes, and larger aquatic invertebrates such as Odonata. and M. albus fed on detritus as well as invertebrate prey such as crustaceans and Odonata. Intestine length, mouth height, mouth width, eye position and mouth orientation varied among all five species. Canonical analysis of discriminance of mouth height, width and intestine length showed a clear dispersion of species, which was supported by intestine content. Evolutionary processes leading to the present differences in morphological characters resulted in each of the five species consuming a different portion of the available resource base, thereby facilitating coexistence.
The Fescue Grassland in Saskatchewan

The dominance of Festuca scabrella Torr. in parts of the grassland of western Canada has been noted by various workers. The grasslands of the foothills of southwestern Alberta, the Cypress Hills, and of parts of the aspen grove section were considered by Clarke et al. (1942) to belong to a "submontane" type of mixed prairie which they defined as the "FestucaDanthonia Association. " Moss (1944) described the grasslands of southwestern Alberta and concurred with the view that the black soils there supported the "Festuca-Danthonia Association. " In a later paper (Moss and Campbell 1947), however, the presence of Danthonia was considered to be associated with the effects of overgrazing, and the grasslands of the black soils of Alberta were described as belonging to the "Festuca scabrella Association. " The purposes of the present investigation were to obtain data of a quantitative nature concerning the floristic composition and structure of the vegetation dominated by Festuca scabrella in Saskatchewan, to compare these with the composition of fescue communities already described in Alberta, to ascertain the extent of the area dominated by Festuca scabrella in Saskatchewan, to relate the fescue vegetation to other major grassland communities of North America, and to characterize the transition of fescue communities with the contacting types of vegetation. The data presented in this paper were
Responses of african penguins to regime changes of sardine and anchovy in the Benguela system

Regional trends in numbers of African penguins Spheniscus demersus conform with an altered distribution of sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis capensis prey. In the 1950s, sardine dominated the pelagic fish component of the Benguela system. Abundance of this fish decreased in the 1960s and early 1970s and it was replaced by anchovy. Beginning in the early 1980s, sardine started to increase and anchovy to decrease in abundance. The decrease of the sardine resulted in collapses of colonies of African penguins between Luderitz and Table Bay. Although colonies east of Table Bay increased, the overall population of African penguins fell by 25%. As the Benguela system started to revert to one dominated by sardine, penguin colonies between Luderitz and Table Bay stabilized. Three new colonies were established in the vicinity of Table Bay, but the large colony at Dyer Island underwent a massive decrease. As a result, overall numbers of African penguins decreased by a further 19%. During shifts between regimes dominated by sardine and anchovy, African penguins that are breeding for the first time immigrate to colonies where food is plentiful. Inability of African penguins to cope with recent shifts between regimes may have resulted from increased competition for food with fishermen and seals during the 20th century.
Sulfonylurea Induced β-Cell Apoptosis in Cultured Human Islets

Loss of beta-cell mass and function raises a concern regarding the application of sulfonylureas for the treatment of type 2 diabetes because previous studies have shown that agents that cause closure of inwardly rectifying K(+) sulfonylurea receptor subtype of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, such as tolbutamide and glibenclamide, induce apoptosis in beta-cell lines and rodent islets. Therefore, we investigated the effect of the new insulin secretagogues, repaglinide and nateglinide, and the sulfonylurea, glibenclamide, on beta-cell apoptosis in human islets. Human islets from six organ donors were cultured onto extracellular matrix-coated plates and exposed to glibenclamide, repaglinide, or nateglinide. The doses of the three compounds were chosen according to detected maximal effects, i.e. efficacy. Exposure of human islets for 4 h to 0.1 and 10 microm glibenclamide induced a 2.09- and 2.46-fold increase in beta-cell apoptosis, respectively, whereas repaglinide (0.01 and 1 microm) did not change the number of apoptotic beta-cells. At low concentration (10 microm), nateglinide did not induce beta-cell apoptosis. However, at high concentration of 1000 microm, it induced a 1.49-fold increase in the number of apoptotic beta-cells. Prolonged exposure for 4 d of the islets to the secretagogues induced beta-cell apoptosis. The increase was of 3.71- and 4.4-fold at 0.1 and 10 microm glibenclamide, 2.37- and 3.8-fold at 0.01 and 1 microm repaglinide, and of 3.2- and 4.6-fold at 10 and 1000 microm nateglinide, respectively. Glibenclamide at 0.1-10 nm (doses that were less efficient on insulin secretion) did not induce beta-cell apoptosis after 4 h incubation as well as 0.1 nm after 4 d incubation. However, 1 and 10 nm glibenclamide for 4 d induced a 2.24- and 2.53-fold increase in beta-cell apoptosis, respectively. Taken together, closure of the inwardly rectifying K(+) sulfonylurea receptor subtype of ATP-sensitive potassium channels induces beta-cell apoptosis in human islets and may precipitate the decrease in beta-cell mass observed in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Investigation of Polymorphisms on ABCG2, AA-NAT and FABP3 Genes in the Kıvırcık Sheep Reared in Three Different Provinces of Turkey

In this study mutations located in intron 5 of ABCG2, exon 3 of AA-NAT and exon 2 of FAB3 genes were investigated by PCR based methods in the Kıvırcık sheep sampled from Bursa, Manisa, and İstanbul provinces of Turkey. All loci investigated were found as polymorphic. While in the ABCG2 and FABP3 loci two alleles and three genotypes were found, in the AA-NAT locus two alleles and two genotypes were detected. In ABCG2 locus allele “”, in AA-NAT allele A, in FABP3 locus allele G were observed as predominant. The frequency values of the predominat alleles at ABCG2, AA-NAT and FABP3 loci were found 0.60, 0.87 and 0.58, respectively. While the whole population investigated exhibits deviation from the HardyWeinberg equilibrium for ABCG2 and FABP3 loci, was found at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for AA-NAT locus.
Chromatographical analysis of phenolic acids in some species of Polygonum L. genus. Quantitative determination of the major components by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Nine major phenolic acids (protocatechuic, gentisic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic, synapic) were investigated in 9 species of the genus Polygonum L. The total amount of these compounds equated 65.8 µg/g of dry herb in Polygonum persicaria L. , 61.2 µg in P. convolvulus L. , 59.1 µg in P. lapathifolium ssp. nodosum (Pers.) Dans, 53.3 µg in P. bistorta L. , 42.1 µg in P. mite Schrank, 38.2 µg in P. lapathifolium ssp. tomentosum (Schrank) Dans, 37 µg in P. anrphibium L. , 33.2 µg in P. hydropiper L. , 31.1 µg in P. aviculare L. , and 14,1 µg in rhizome P. bistorta L. Among the analysed phenolic acids, synapic acid (28.6 µg/g) in P. persicaria L. , protocatechuic acid (34 µg/g) in P. lapathifolium ssp. nodosum (Pers) Dans, and ferulic acid (21 µg/g) in P. bistorta L. , were dominating.
NON SPESİFİK KRONİK ALT BEL AĞRILARINA EŞLİK EDEN RAHATSIZLIKLAR

Non spesifik alt bel agrilarina eslik eden rahatsizliklarin belirlenmesi amaclanmistir. Butunsel degerlendirmenin, kronik agri tedavisinde onemli oldugu vurgulanmaktadir. Klinigimize Ocak-Mart 2014 doneminde non spesifik kronik alt bel agrisi sikayeti ile basvuran hastalarda eslik eden rahatsizliklarin degerlendirmeleri yapilmistir. Kronik alt bel agrilarina eslik eden rahatsizliklara bakildiginda; birinci siklikta gastrointestinal disfonksiyonlar (% 60), ikinci siklikta anksiyete (% 40), ucuncu siklikta Bozucu Alanlar (% 36) tespit edilmistir. Bozucu alan ve gastrointestinal semptomlarin duzeltilmesi butunsel noralterapi yaklasimi ile cozumlenebilir. Non spesifik kronik alt bel agrilarinda etiyolojinin dogru belirlenmesi, butunsel noralterapi uygulamalari ve eslik eden rahatsizliklarin tedavisi ile basarili sonuclar alinabilir
Resistant starch as prebiotic: A review

The increase in consumers demand for high-quality food products has led to the growth in the use of new technologies and ingredients such as RS. RS occurs basically in all starchy foods and has a long history as food source for humans. RS includes the portion of starch that can resist digestion by human pancreatic amylase in the small intestine and thus, reach the colon. His great nutritional interest is associated with his physiological effects, similar to those of dietary fibre. The regular consumption of certain subclasses of highly fermentable dietary fibre sources result in gut associated immune and microbiota modulation as well as a significant production of SCFAs. Among the different physiological roles of RS, its prebiotic effect is of great interest. RS can be considered prebiotic and it is not absorbed in the intestine. The best approach of prebiotic–probiotic symbiosis is achieved by encapsulation. But other food biocompounds can be encapsulated too using RS.
Dual-stream Convolutional Neural Networks for Koala Detection and Tracking

Conservation of koalas is an urgent task for Australia given their rapidly declining numbers in the wild. To better estimate koala populations and analyse koala activity, a camera network was deployed to capture video of koalas from zoos and the wild. This led to the creation of the world's first koala video tracking dataset. Based on this dataset, a two-stream convolutional neural network model was constructed to detect and track koala activity in the video. The model has two branches, one using semantic information for object detection in the original video frames, and the other using optical flow for motion information tracking. Both branches use Yolov5, which generates the positions of objects detected in colour or infrared video. Finally, the features generated by the two branches are fused to determine the final position of the koala in each frame. Experimental results show that the dual-stream network can significantly improve the tracking performance when compared with the baseline model that uses only semantic information for tracking.
Spinal Cord Repair: Progress Towards a Daunting Goal

Research over the past decade has demonstrated that, under some circumstances, structural reorganization of the CNS, including the spinal cord, can occur after injury, raising hopes that spinal cord repair associated with functional recovery, although a daunting goal, may not be an unreachable one. This brief review dis cusses recent approaches to this problem: use of neurotrophins and the rerouting of axons within the transected spinal cord from white matter to gray matter through nerve grafts, and the transplantation of exogenous myelin-forming glial cells to spinal cord tracts in which myelin has been lost. Results available to date indicate that, in models mimicking some aspects of human spinal cord injury, these approaches may yield anatomical repair that is associated with partial restoration of physiological and behavioral func tion. Many important questions remain unanswered. Nevertheless, although the clinical goal of repairing spinal cords in humans is a very challenging one, results in animal models suggest that spinal cord repair is a realistic objective and provide a glimpse of what is likely to be a period of rapid progress. NEURO SCIENTIST 3:263-269, 1997
Degeneration in sweetpotato due to viruses, virus‐cleaned planting material and reversion: a review

This review examines viral degeneration in sweetpotato in different regions of the World, particularly that caused by Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) and Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV), comparing impacts on yield in single and complex infections of all the major viruses affecting the crop. How cultivars are generated and virus resistance are also covered, especially for Africa. The synergistic (SPCSV + SPFMV) sweet potato virus disease (SPVD) is amongst the most dramatic diseases of sweetpotato but its overall yield impacts may not be as high as is generally assumed. It is constrained by resistance, roguing and selection of symptomless planting material. Instead, the cumulative impact of individual and combinations of symptomless viruses may be globally greater. These include sweepoviruses and various potyviruses, of which the commonest is SPFMV. A number of aspects of virus-cleaned planting stocks are identified, including reinfection rates, that need investigating before their use is considered as sustainable in developing countries. Popular East African cultivars appear to sustain their long-term survival by reverting from symptomless infection. The likely biochemistry of this is discussed, and parallels are drawn with other crops. It is concluded that breeding for this attribute will be the best strategy for achieving long-term control of most sweetpotato viruses.