Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Studies in Animal Locomotion: I. The Movement of Fish with Special Reference to the Eel

I. The waves of muscular contraction which pass along the body of a swimming eel occur also in other fish. The waves vary greatly in speed of propagation, amplitude and frequency. The speed of propagation of the waves is too low to be controlled by the rate of conduction of a simple nervous impulse. 2. The movements executed by a localised area on the surface of the body are such that each area moves in a direction transvene to the line of forward movement. During these movements the leading surface of the body is inclined backwards towards the tail and at an angle to the path of motion of the area concerned. The angle of inclination and the angle made with the path of motion vary with (a) different regions of the body, and (b) with different phases in the motion of each region. 3. Each point on the body travels in a horizontal figure of 8 relative to a transvene axis which is moving forward at the same average velocity as the whole fish. A segment of the body at the mid-point of its transverse motion is travelling forwards at a rate slightly less than that of a segment at the extreme position of its transverse movements. These movements are the mechanical result of the inextensibility of the body, and they effect significant changes in the angle between the surface of the body and its direction of movement. 4. The movements of each part of the body are shown to be such as to generate a forward thrust which drives the fish forwards against the resistance of the water. The magnitude of the forward thrust depends among other things on (a) the angle which the surface of the fish makes with its own path of motion, and (b) on the angle between the surface of the fish and the axis of forward movement of the whole fish, (c) on the velocity of transverse movement of the body. 5. The propulsive properties of each segment of the body are greatest as the segment is crossing the axis of forward movement.
Meat bone meal as an alternative animal feed: a brief review

ABSTRAK Meat bone meal (MBM) dapat dianggap sebagai limbah pemotongan hewan utama, karena proporsi bahan dan residu terbesar tidak dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pangan manusia sehingga digunakan untuk memproduksi MBM. Meat bone meal tidak hanya lebih murah, tetapi juga sumber protein kasar, mulai dari 35 hingga 55% serta kandungan kalsium dan fosfor yang tinggi, sehingga menjadikannya bahan pakan penting untuk ternak dan hewan kesayangan. Larangan penggunaan MBM sebagai bahan pakan ternak disebabkan oleh munculnya wabah bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) yang disebut juga penyakit sapi gila. Meat bone meal terbukti menjadi vektor yang sangat potensial untuk BSE dan dapat dianggap sebagai penyebab utama penyebaran penyakit tersebut.Tujuan dari ulasan ini adalah untuk memberikan informasi mengenai manfaat dan risiko menggunakan MBM dalam industri peternakan.
Improving Stem Cell Survival and Differentiation in Ischemic and Inflammatory Tissues

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . vi VITA . viii LIST OF TABLES . xx LIST OF FIGURES . xxi CHAPTER 1: Introduction: Approach to improve cell survival in stem cell therapy for treating ischemia induced disease . 1 1.
Rhabdomyosarcoma - genetic changes in tumor pathogenesis

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) stanowi powy ̋ej 50% wszystkich mi ́saków wyst ́pujàcych u dzieci [1]. Na podstawie cech histopatologicznych RMS dzieli si ́ na 2 g∏ówne typy: alweolarny (ARMS) i embrionalny (ERMS) [2, 3]. ARMS wyst ́puje g∏ównie u doros∏ych i m∏odzie ̋y. Lokalizuje si ́ najcz ́Êciej w koƒczynach i tu∏owiu i charakteryzuje si ́ gorszym rokowaniem, zwiàzanym z wczesnym i rozleg∏ym rozsiewem (cz ́sto obejmujàcym szpik kostny) oraz ze s∏abà odpowiedzià na leczenie. Natomiast ERMS wyst ́puje u dzieci poni ̋ej 10 r. ̋. i jest zlokalizowany najcz ́Êciej w uk∏adzie moczowo-p∏ciowym, g∏owie, szyi, przestrzeni zaotrzewnowej. Ten typ RMS charakteryzuje si ́ lepszym rokowaniem, w porównaniu do ARMS. Diagnostyka histopatologiczna RMS obejmuje immunohistochemi ́, ocen ́ ekspresji okreÊlonych bia∏ek mi ́Êniowych – takich jak MyoD, desmina, mioglobina, oraz mi ́Êniowo-specyficzna aktyna. W mikroskopie elektronowym stwierdza si ́ obecnoÊç miofilamentów [4]. Diagnostyka histologiczna RMS jest obarczona szeregiem trudnoÊci, wynikajàcych z braku cech histologicznych, wyró ̋niajàcych RMS od innych guzów, litych nale ̋àcych do grupy tzw. „small round cell tumors” oraz brakiem metody ró ̋nicujàcej ERMS i ARMS. Chocia ̋ wi ́kszoÊç przypadków RMS objawia si ́ jako sporadyczne, odosobnione guzy, istnieje ma∏a podgrupa zwiàzana z zespo∏ami genetycznymi. Zespó∏ Beckwith-Wiedemanna (BWS) charakteryzuje si ́ przerostem tkanki w trakcie rozwoju i zwi ́kszonà predyspozycjà do wyst ́powania guza Wilmsa, raka nadnerczy, hepatoblastoma lub ERMS. Zespó∏ Li Fraumeni charakteryzuje rodzinne wyst ́powanie szerokiego spektrum nowotworów, m.in. raka piersi, glioblastoma, bia∏aczek, osteosarcoma, RMS i innych guzów tkanek mi ́kkich. Równie ̋ u pacjentów z rodzinnie wyst ́pujàcym siatkówczakiem obserwuje si ́ cz ́stsze przypadki mi ́saków koÊci i tkanek mi ́kkich, w tym równie ̋ RMS [5]. Wymienione cechy kliniczne i patologiczne rhabdomyosarcoma zainicjowa∏y szereg badaƒ nad zmianami molekularnymi komórek tego nowotworu. Wyniki tych badaƒ majà znaczenie zarówno dla rozwoju diagnostyki, poznania patomechanizmów molekularnych tego nowotworu, jak i dla terapii RMS. NOWOTWORY Journal of Oncology • 2003 • volume 53 Number 3• 286–292
Enhanced Optical 13C Hyperpolarization in Diamond Treated by High‐Temperature Rapid Thermal Annealing

Methods of optical dynamic nuclear polarization open the door to the replenishable hyperpolarization of nuclear spins, boosting their nuclear magnetic resonance/imaging signatures by orders of magnitude. Nanodiamond powder rich in negatively charged nitrogen vacancy defect centers has recently emerged as one such promising platform, wherein 13C nuclei can be hyperpolarized through the optically pumped defects completely at room temperature. Given the compelling possibility of relaying this 13C polarization to nuclei in external liquids, there is an urgent need for the engineered production of highly “hyperpolarizable” diamond particles. Here, a systematic study of various material dimensions affecting optical 13C hyperpolarization in diamond particles is reported on. It is discovered surprisingly that diamond annealing at elevated temperatures ∼1720 °C has remarkable effects on the hyperpolarization levels enhancing them by above an order of magnitude over materials annealed through conventional means. It is demonstrated these gains arise from a simultaneous improvement in NV− electron relaxation/coherence times, as well as the reduction of paramagnetic content, and an increase in 13C relaxation lifetimes. This work suggests methods for the guided materials production of fluorescent, 13C hyperpolarized, nanodiamonds and pathways for their use as multimodal (optical and magnetic resonance) imaging and hyperpolarization agents.
Gaps in coverage and access in the European Union

At the request of the European Commission, the Observatory on Health Systems and Policies and the HSPM network have undertaken a study to explore gaps in universal health coverage in the European Union and increase the level of granularity in terms of areas or groups where accessibility is sub-optimal. To explore these gaps more systematically a survey was developed based on the so-called cube model that comprises different dimensions determining health coverage, including population coverage, service coverage and cost coverage. In addition, access can also be hampered by other factors, which relate more to the physical availability of care, a person's ability to obtain necessary care or the attitude of the provider. The survey was sent to country contacts from the Health Systems and Policy Monitor network. Within the diversity of country cases found in the survey, the most significant barriers for accessing health care still seem to be associated with social and income status, rather than specific medical conditions. However, groups like mentally ill, homeless, frail elderly, undocumented migrants are more likely to face multiple layers of exclusion and complex barriers to access. Health system interventions can close access gaps for these vulnerable groups and address inequities in access to care. Through detailed coverage design countries can indeed determine the extent to which financial hardship and catastrophic out-of-pocket spending can be prevented. Furthermore, scope exists to improve current data collection practice.
Comparison of Generalized Linear Model and Generalized Linear Mixed Model – An Application to Low Birth Weight Data

Background: Generalized Linear models are mostly fitted to data that are not correlated. However, very often data that are collected from health and epidemiological studies are correlated either as a result of the sampling methods or the randomness associated with the collection of such data. Therefore, fitting generalized linear models to such data that produce only fixed effects could lead to over dispersion in the model estimates. Objectives: The objective of this study is to fit both generalized linear and generalized linear mixed models to a correlated data and compare the results of the two models. Methods: Logistic regression is employed in fitting the generalized linear model since the dependent variable in the study is bivariate whilst the GLIMMIX model in SAS is used to fit the generalized linear mixed model. Results: The generalized linear model produces over dispersion with higher errors among the parameter estimates than the generalized linear mixed model. Conclusion: In dealing with a more correlated data, generalized linear mixed model, which can handle both fixed and random effects, is preferable to generalized linear model.
Identification of Dominant Microorganisms in Pickle Juice

Using plate dilution method for 5 kinds of pickle juice in microbial identification research, the results show that lactic acid bacteria were the dominant species in the packaged, unpackaged and homemade pickles, yeast were second dominant species, Pichia yeast and candida appear in 5 kinds of pickles. The number of lactic acid bacteria were most in packaged sauerkraut termed Chaqi, mainly included in Lactobacil lus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis and Leuconostoc. Lactobacillus are dominant in Kimchi and Pickles, Sichuan Style; Lactobacillus plantarum and Streptococcus lactis in cabbage, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis in pickle contained pepper oil; Penicillium in the homemade pickles and the packaged sauerkraut termed Chaqi, but homemade pickles are more.
Analysis of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Corrugated Porous Fin Heat Sinks

Abstract This study reports on a mathematical model for predicting the fluid and heat flow characteristics of a Z-shaped corrugated foam heat sink. Experiments were carried out to validate local as well as overall pressure drop predictions. The mathematical model was further validated against corrugated carbon foam experimental measurements from the literature. A general flow parameter emerges from the formulation that is descriptive of flow uniformity. Based on a scaling analysis, it was found that a relatively low permeability foam, compared to the square of the conduit hydraulic diameter, is more effective than high permeability foam because of its ability to achieve uniform flow distribution. An illustrative study is carried that estimates the optimum number of porous fins that can be packaged within a given volume under fixed pressure drop constraint. Further, this study elaborates on the importance of achieving uniform flow distribution across the porous fins. The ideal condition of uniform flow was found to be useful in increasing the rate of heat transfer when compared with the actual condition of non-uniform flow for the range of parameters explored in this work. Finally, the impact of the flow non-uniformity parameter on the overall Nusselt number is illustrated.
Water assisted formation of highly oriented CsPbI2Br perovskite films with the solar cell efficiency exceeding 16%

Cesium lead halide perovskites are promising alternatives as light-absorbing materials for achieving perovskite solar cells with excellent thermal stability, but their inferior power conversion efficiency (PCE) and ambient instability are impeding their application. In this work, we show that liquid water can assist the formation of CsPbI2Br perovskites under the synergetic adsorption of H2O and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), which enabled uniform, [100] oriented CsPbI2Br films with a grain size up to 4.4 μm. It was found that a suitable amount of H2O helps desorb the DMSO molecules, and thus favours the formation of a cubic perovskite phase from DMSO complexed intermediates. Perovskite solar cells based on our strategy delivered an optimized PCE of 16.47% with a high open-voltage of 1.33 V, as well as good device stability against humidity, light and heat.
Epigenetic Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Differentiation

LSD1 and PHF2 are lysine de-methylases that can de-methylate both histone proteins, influencing gene expression and non-histone proteins, affecting their activity or stability. Functional approaches using Lsd1 or Phf2 inactivation in mouse have demonstrated the involvement of these enzymes in the engagement of progenitor cells into differentiation. One of the best-characterized examples of how progenitor cells multiply and differentiate to form functional organ is myogenesis. It is initiated by the specific timing expression of the specific regulatory genes; among these factors, MYOD is a key regulator of the engagement into differentiation of muscle progenitor cells. Although the action of MYOD during muscle differentiation has been extensively studied, still little is known about the chromatin remodeling events associated with the activation of MyoD expression. Among the regulatory regions of MyoD expression, the Core Enhancer region (CE), which transcribes for a non-coding enhancer RNA (CEeRNA), has been demonstrated to control the initiation of MyoD expression during myoblast commitment. We identified LSD1 and PHF2 as key activators of the MyoD CE. In vitro and in vivo ablation of LSD1 or inhibition of LSD1 enzymatic activity impaired the recruitment of RNA PolII on the CE, resulting in a failed expression of the CEeRNA. According to our results, forced expression of the CEeRNA efficiently rescue MyoD expression and myoblast fusion in the absence of LSD1. Moreover PHF2 interacts with LSD1 regulating its protein stability. Indeed in vitro ablation of PHF2 results in a massive LSD1 degradation and thus absence of CEeRNA expression. However, all the histone modifications occurring on the CE region upon activation cannot be directly attributed to LSD1 or PHF2 enzymatic activity. These results raise the question of the identity of LSD1 and PHF2 partners, which co-participate to CEeRNA expression and thus to the engagement of myoblast cells into differentiation.
Immunomodulatory Effect and Supportive Role of Traditional Herbs, Spices and Nutrients in Management of COVID-19

Corona Virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new strain of coronavirus that causes respiratory illnesses with a start of flu like symptoms. This disease is fatal and is spread all over the world. The Scientist are working day and night to find vaccine or a cure. World Health Organisation has declared COVID-19 as pandemic [1]. In the view of the pandemic many treatments are being tried on the patients and various treatment modalities are being followed, the traditional medicine has shown a major role to manage this disease. The traditional medicines include the use of herbs, nutrition and spices that are freely available in Asian countries. These are used in day to day life by Asian population [2]. In this paper we have compiled and reviewed the role of various herbs and spices such as Oregano, Ashwagandha, Ginseng, Basil, Sage, Curcumin, Fenugreek, Ginger and Garlic in building immunity and also in curing pathogenic invasions based on evidence based researches. As there is no cure available for COVID-19 till now so supportive therapy is playing a major role for the patients to fight with this pandemic. The AYUSH ministry has also promoted the use of above herbs for a patient suffering from this disease. The corona virus is present in respiratory system as shown by different studies and it has different strains. The guidelines laid by the ICMR and WHO shows that use of herbs, spices and nutrients can be helpful to manage this virus by increasing the immunity in patients. Hence we are not claiming any cures but the herbs and spices used in day to day life are very much effective in management of COVID-19. World Health Organisation (WHO) has recognised the use of alternative and traditional medicine in the management of COVID-19 but the herbs should be used in prescribed amounts and overdose of them can be harmful for health [1,3]. Therefore the present article will enlighten the readers about the role of herbs, spices and nutrients in improving the conditions in COVID-19.
Isolates of the Nematophagous Fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia Are Endophytic in Banana Roots and Promote Plant Growth

The biocontrol fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia colonizes banana roots endophytically. Root hairs and root surface were colonized by a stable GFP (green fluorescent protein) transformant of the fungus. Hyphal penetration in root cells was also observed. Spores of P. chlamydosporia 123, significantly increase root and leaf length and weight in banana plantlets (Musa acuminata cv. ‘Dwarf Cavendish’) in growth chamber experiments 30 days post-inoculation. In greenhouse 8-L pot experiments, P. chlamydosporia 123 spore inoculation significantly increases root, corm and leaf length, and leaf weight in banana plants (75 days post-inoculation). Spore inoculation of P. chlamydosporia strains from diverse origin (Pc21, Pc123, Pc399, and Pccat), significantly increase root, corm and leaf length and weight in banana plantlets. Pc21 from Italy was the best colonizer of banana roots. Consequently, this strain significantly increases banana root and leaf length most. Root colonization by P. chlamydosporia was also detected using cultural techniques and qPCR.
Dentin/composite bond strength: effect of aging and experimental unit

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare bond strengths between composite and dentin using different adhesive systems and to assess the influence of the experimental unit during thermocycling. Ninety recently extracted human molars were selected, and the occlusal third of each crown was removed. The teeth were divided into 15 groups (n = 6), according to the type of adhesive (1, 2, or 3 steps), the aging conditions (dry, distilled water storage, or thermocycling), and the experimental unit used during aging (sticks or blocks). On occlusal surfaces, composite blocks were constructed. Specimens from the “blocks” experimental units were aged as blocks and then cut into sticks, while specimens from the “sticks” experimental units were cut before being aged. The microtensile bond strength test was performed and the failure types were classified. Data were statistically analyzed. The type of adhesive was the only variable that significantly influenced the bond strength among tested groups (p = .0024). Lower values were obtained for the specimens cemented with the 3-step adhesive and thermocycled before being cut (p = .0024), while the highest values were obtained for the 2-step adhesive thermocycled as sticks. Dunnett's test showed that the group differing from the dry subgroups (control) was that with the 3-step adhesive thermocycled as blocks. The predominant failure mode was the cohesive failure of the composite resin. It can be concluded that the different adhesive systems applied to dentin demonstrated similar bond strength, except for the 3 and 2-step adhesives after thermocycling. Moreover, the aging protocols and the experimental unit did not influence the µTSB.
Students' satisfaction and continuance intention of the cloud-based e-learning system: roles of interactivity and course quality factors

The purpose of this study is to propose a research model based on expectation-confirmation model (ECM) to examine whether interactivity and course quality factors (i.e. course content quality, course design quality) as antecedents to student beliefs can influence students' satisfaction and continuance intention of the cloud-based electronic learning (e-learning) system within the educational institution. ,Sample data were collected from students enrolled in a comprehensive university in Taiwan. A total of 600 questionnaires were distributed in the campus, and 515 (85.8%) useable questionnaires were analyzed using structural equation modeling. ,Findings showed that students' perceptions of interactivity, course content quality and course design quality positively significantly contributed to their perceived usefulness, confirmation and satisfaction with the cloud-based e-learning system, which in turn directly or indirectly led to their continuance intention of the system. Thus, the results strongly supported the research model based on ECM via positioning key constructs as the drivers with all hypothesized links being significant. ,This study identifies three factors (i.e. interactivity, course content quality, course design quality) as drivers from the learner perspective within the cloud-based e-learning environment, and links these factors to students' satisfaction and continuance intention of the cloud-based e-learning system based on ECM. It is particularly worth mentioning that the three drivers can serve as precursors for recognizing the determinants that are crucial to understand students' satisfaction and continuance intention of the cloud-based e-learning system. Hence, this study may provide new insights in nourishing the cloud-based e-learning continuance literature in the future.
A Survey of Multi-Task Deep Reinforcement Learning

Driven by the recent technological advancements within the field of artificial intelligence research, deep learning has emerged as a promising representation learning technique across all of the machine learning classes, especially within the reinforcement learning arena. This new direction has given rise to the evolution of a new technological domain named deep reinforcement learning, which combines the representational learning power of deep learning with existing reinforcement learning methods. Undoubtedly, the inception of deep reinforcement learning has played a vital role in optimizing the performance of reinforcement learning-based intelligent agents with model-free based approaches. Although these methods could improve the performance of agents to a greater extent, they were mainly limited to systems that adopted reinforcement learning algorithms focused on learning a single task. At the same moment, the aforementioned approach was found to be relatively data-inefficient, particularly when reinforcement learning agents needed to interact with more complex and rich data environments. This is primarily due to the limited applicability of deep reinforcement learning algorithms to many scenarios across related tasks from the same environment. The objective of this paper is to survey the research challenges associated with multi-tasking within the deep reinforcement arena and present the state-of-the-art approaches by comparing and contrasting recent solutions, namely DISTRAL (DIStill & TRAnsfer Learning), IMPALA(Importance Weighted Actor-Learner Architecture) and PopArt that aim to address core challenges such as scalability, distraction dilemma, partial observability, catastrophic forgetting and negative knowledge transfer.