Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incidence of fasciolosis in animals slaughtered in Elazığ during the last five years and its economic significance.

Incidence of Fasciolosis in Animals Slaughtered in Elazig During Last Five Years Period and its Economic Significance Objective: This study was aimed to determine the incedence of fasciolosis infections in animals slaughtered in Elazig abattoirs during the years 2003 and 2007, and the extent of economic loss due to this infection. Materials and Methods: Agriculture Province Directorship's record that sends out repots from public or private six slaughterhouses in central and boroughs of Elazig were retrospectively investigated. Results: During the period between 2003 January 1-2007 December 31, fasciolosis was present in 1.6%, 0.8% and 1.5% of the slaughtered sheep, goats and cows, respectively. According the company's wholesale prices, the total economical loss due to fasciolosis was calculated to be 75.64 YTL (63.03 USA dollars). Conclusion: Despite the incidence of fasciolosis in animals slaughtered in Elazig is decreased in comparison with previous years, economical losses have continued to escalate. We believe that the determined ratios of fasciolosis incidence and economical losses can contribute to systematic investigations and the developing of protection strategy in the future in Elazig.
Using Alumina and Volcanic Ash in Producing Catalytic Converter Ceramics

This paper presents a study on the production and characterization of porous ceramic which is applied as an exhaust filter on a premium-fueled motor vehicle. The composition ratio of alumina-kaolin (1:4), volcanic ash and activated carbon: (50:50:0), (50:45:5), (50:40:10), (50:35:15), (50:30:20) weight percent. Alumina, kaolin, volcanic ash and activated carbon are sifted through 100 mesh respectively, mixed with homogenous mixtures, molded on a 5 ton pressure with dye pressing method, and burned at a temperature of 1100 C for two hours. It was obtained that the characteristics of porous ceramics on 15%wt of activated carbon composition has the ceramic density of 1.76 gr/cm, porosity of 23.54%, mass loss of 22.33%, volume loss of 18.07% and compressive strength of 12.73 MPa and hardness of 56.85 MPa. The ceramic has Corundum (Al2O3) phase, Trigonal crystal structure and Mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO2) phase, Orthorhombic crystal structure, and it was discovered that the ceramic pores are evenly distributed. CO and HC Gas emission absorption are 84.62% and 71.64% and an increase of 15% in CO2 gas and 77% in O2 gas. The increased absorption of CO and HC gases as well as the rise of CO2 and O2 gases suggests that the exhaust filter may effectively serve as a catalytic converter.
A Fitts' law study of click and dwell interaction by gaze, head and mouse with a head-mounted display

Gaze and head tracking, or pointing, in head-mounted displays enables new input modalities for point-select tasks. We conducted a Fitts' law experiment with 41 subjects comparing head pointing and gaze pointing using a 300 ms dwell (n = 22) or click (n = 19) activation, with mouse input providing a baseline for both conditions. Gaze and head pointing were equally fast but slower than the mouse; dwell activation was faster than click activation. Throughput was highest for the mouse (2.75 bits/s), followed by head pointing (2.04 bits/s) and gaze pointing (1.85 bits/s). With dwell activation, however, throughput for gaze and head pointing were almost identical, as was the effective target width (≈ 55 pixels; about 2°) for all three input methods. Subjective feedback rated the physical workload less for gaze pointing than head pointing.
The biological specificity of breastmilk.

BREASTMILK IS SOMETIMES REFERRED to as white blood because it is considered similar to the placental blood of intraute rine life. Indeed, human milk is similar to unstructured living tissue, such as blood, and is capable of transporting nutrients, affecting biochemical systems, enhancing immunity, and destroying pathogens. With the use of sophisticated laboratory techniques, many scientific investigators have substantiated the life-sustaining properties of breastmilk. Organs themselves provide evidence of the profound influence of breastfeeding. For example, the thymus plays a role in the development of the immune system by providing the environment for T-cell differentiation and maturation. At age 4 months, the thymus is about twice as large in exclusively breastfed infants as in infants fed only infant formula. This difference in size continues until the child is at least 10 months old (Hasselbalch et al., 1999). Although thymus size can be influenced by many factors, it would not be unreasonable to generate a variety of hypothetical mechanisms whereby breastfeeding might influence thymic size (Prentice & Collinson, 2000). Breastmilk, like all other animal milks, is species specific. It has been adapted throughout human existence to meet nutritional and anti-infective requirements of the human infant to ensure optimal growth, development, and survival. At birth the baby’s immune system is small but complete. It expands in response to exposure of newly acquired bacteria but takes time before the infant develops full capacity to defend itself (Larsson, 2004). National and international health organizations consistently recommend that mothers breastfeed for the entire first year of life and thereafter as long as it is beneficial to the mother and infant (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). Because an infant’s birth weight normally requires about 4 to 6 months to double, the nutritional needs of the human baby must be substantially different from those of other mammals whose birth weight doubles much more rapidly. In addition, breastmilk enhances brain development: breastfed children may be more intelligent than children not breastfed. A meta-analysis of 11 studies in which confounding variables were adjusted showed an average 3.2-point higher cognitive development score among breastfed infants. This advantage was seen early on and continued through childhood (Anderson, Johnstone, & Remley, 1999). Chapter 18 presents a detailed discussion of this topic. This chapter breaks down the general properties of human milk into specific components and describes for each component species-specific “biochemical
Darwinian populations and natural selection

1. Introduction and Overview 2. Natural Selection and its Representation 3. Variation, Selection, and Origins 4. Reproduction and Individuality 5. Bottlenecks, Germ Lines, and Queen Bees 6. Levels and Transitions 7. The Gene's Eye View 8. Cultural Evolution Appendix. Models
Embryonic Stem Cells: Introducing Exogenous Regulators into Embryonic Stem Cells

The application of embryonic stem (ES) cells to research and therapy has been a landmark development in science. Cell therapy using ES cells depends on the progress of the stable culture conditions and differentiation induction methods. ES cells were first obtained directly from inner cell masses (ICMs) of blastocysts by Evans and Kaufman (1981), and Martin (1981). These cells can self renew to produce stem cell itself and repopulate into many different tissues, including the somaticand germ-cell lineages in chimeras (Bradley et al., 1984). After developing the methods for establishing the ES (mES) cell lines of mice, ES cell lines of other species including primates and human were also established (Thomson et al., 1995, 1998). Although ES cells can be obtained from 8-cell stage embryos or morula, they are more easily obtained from blastocyst stage embryos (Delhaise et al., 1996; Strelchenko et al., 2004). Now the sources of ES cells have been extended to include epiblast cells (Nichols and Smith, 2011) (Fig. 1).
OCCURRENCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND COAGULASE POSITIVE STAPH. AUREUS IN ARTISANAL CHEESE IN KOSOVO

The aim of this study is to verify the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in artisanal cheese, for which 45 samples of artisanal cheese were analyzed from 3 regions of Kosovo. The Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in Baird Parker agar where typical and atypical colonies were selected and submitted to coagulase test and identified biochemical profile, using the api Staph. Out of 45 samples of artisanal cheese studied, 18 showed contamination by Staphylococcus aureus corresponding to 40% of the samples being contaminated. Out of 18 samples showed contamination by S. aureus, 10 of them were coagualase positive S. aureus or 55.5 % (or 22% of total samples analyzed). The presence of this pathogenic microorganism indicates a potential health hazard to those who consume this artisanal cheese from these regions.
Effect of silicon sources on rice diseases and yield in the State of Tocantins, Brazil - doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v33i3.6573

The intensity of rice diseases in regions with poor levels of silicates (Si) in the soil, together with high control costs, can make the cultivation of rice unfeasible. Surprisingly, there are scarce research data available regarding the influence of Si on rice diseases in tropical lowland regions. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the effect of three silicon sources on rice yield and disease management. Three experiments were carried out from December 2005 to April 2006 at an experimental field area located in Formoso do Araguaia, Tocantins state, Brazil. Each experiment consisted of one silicon source (powder, granular or liquid) and the treatments consisted of six Si doses. All the treatments were performed in a completely randomized block design. The data presented in this study provide evidence that Si applications in Si-deficient soils of lowland regions, depending on the application source, dose and disease intensity, can decrease the severity of brown spot and the incidence of panicle blast. Calcium silicate effectively reduced the brown spot and the panicle blast, which resulted in an increased rice yield. In contrast, Ca and Mg silicate and potassium silicate did not show an efficient control of rice diseases nor an increase in productivity.
Clear-felling effects on colonization rates of shade-tolerant forest herbs into a post-agricultural forest adjacent to ancient forest

Question: Does clear-felling influence forest herb colonization into post-agricultural forest? Location: A stand of poplar cultivars with a dense understorey of Acer pseudoplatanus in Muizen forest (northern Belgium), planted in 1952 on farmland adjacent to ancient forest and clear-felled in 1997. Methods: Shade-tolerant forest herbs were surveyed in 112 grid-based sample plots: just before clear-felling, and 5 and 10 yr afterwards. Shade-tolerant herbs were subdivided into ancient forest species (AFS) and other shade-tolerant species (OSS). Effects of clear-felling on species number per plot, total cover per plot and colonization rate of species groups were compared using non-parametrical tests. Species number per plot was modelled by means of generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), with inventory time, distance to the nearest parcel edge, and cover of light-loving species (LS) as explanatory variables. The C-S-R signature (competitive, stress-tolerant and ruderal strategies, respectively) shift of sample plots was calculated on the selected shade-tolerant species. Results: Frequency of most species increased during the 10-yr period. Number of OSS increased more and faster than that of AFS. OSS increased to the level of the adjacent forest, but was lower where LS cover remained high. There was a positive correlation between the change of the colonization rate and the competitive plant strategy. Conclusions: We assume that clear-felling stimulated generative reproduction of shade-tolerant herbs, whereas quickly emerging woody species controlled competitive exclusion by LS. Succession of dark and light phases, such as provided by an understorey managed as a coppice, could promote colonization of shade-tolerant herbs into post-agricultural forest.
Sound use, sequential behavior and ecology of foraging bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus

Abstract : Odontocetes are assumed to use echolocation for navigation and foraging, but neither of these uses of biosonar has been conclusively demonstrated in free-ranging animals. A new observation platform combining underwater acoustic recording and a remote controlled video camera suspended from a tethered airship allowed me to describe previously unreported foraging behaviors and elucidate functions for behaviors already defined but poorly understood. A single-step transition analysis beginning with prey capture and receding in time identified significant links between observed behaviors and prey capture. Ecological factors affecting the occurrence of specific behaviors and behavioral transitions include mesoscale habitat variation and individual preferences. The role of sound in foraging, especially echolocation is less well understood than the behavioral component. Acoustic recordings revealed that single animals are much more vocal than animals in groups, both overall and during foraging. For single foraging animals, the use of whistles and pops varied significantly by habitat, but echolocation occurred consistently throughout foraging sequences and across habitat types. Acoustic data were also collected with a newly developed tag that recorded all sounds produced by an individual. Low overall click and whistle rates were recorded with both occurring in bouts separated by relatively long periods of silence.
Calcul de configurations de tiges élastiques pour la modélisation des acides nucléiques

Dans le cadre de l’approche Biopolymer Chain Elasticity (BCE) developpee au Laboratoire Jean Perrin, cette these s’interesse a la modelisation des acides nucleiques par des tiges elastiques. Motivee par de nombreux travaux theoriques et experimentaux, cette approche innovante a ete validee sur plusieurs structures dites en epingle a cheveux. Le modele multi-echelle et hierarchique utilise est particulierement adapte a l'implementation de simulations interactives. Pour en tirer le meilleur parti, deux problemes de mecanique des tiges doivent cependant etre resolus. Premierement, il s’agit de classer l’ensemble des configurations d'equilibre des tiges elastiques, afin d’en faire des outils de description, d'analyse et de comparaison des molecules qu'elles representent. Deuxiemement, une methode doit etre mise en place pour calculer ces configurations sous des conditions d’encastrement specifiees. L’objectif de la these est de resoudre ces deux problemes. Pour ce faire, une description complete de la statique des tiges 3D dites ideales est etablie. Des configurations particulieres, proches de structures d'acides nucleiques connues, sont caracterisees. Plus essentiellement, des proprietes geometriques generales sont identifiees : les tiges elastiques sont toujours inclues a l'interieur d'un tube helicoidal, et s'enroulent autour de l'axe de ce tube avec trois proprietes de chiralite. Cela conduit a deux classifications des configurations d’equilibre, en fonction des chiralites puis en fonction du tube enveloppe. Enfin, une methode de calcul de geometrie inverse est proposee et implementee, pour imposer des conditions d'encastrement 3D aux tiges elastiques.
Ovipositional response of tomato fruit worm (Helicoverpa armigera) (Hubner) to different tomato genotypes under agroecological conditions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan.

The present study on ovipositional response of toma to fruit worm (Helicoverpa armigera) (Hub) to different tomato genotypes was conducted at the New Developmental Farm of Agricultural University, Pes hawar, Pakistan during 2009 and 2010. For this purpose, 14 commercially available tomato genotypes, viz. Miss ion 102, Sultan, 027, Chinar, GS 5575, Sourabh, T 7008, R 16 5, RK 101, Riogrande, Roma, Bambino, Super Classic and Roma VF were tested under field conditions. Oviposi tion was higher during 2009 than 2010. The moth pre ferred to lay more eggs on abaxial leaf surface (1.30 to 2.23 eggs per plant) than adaxial leaf surface (0.81 to 1.37 eggs per plant). Mean number of eggs laid were highest on So urabh (3.46 eggs per plant) and lowest on Bambino ( 2.13 eggs per plant).
Endocrine Delivery System of NK4, an HGF-Antagonist and Anti-Angiogenic Regulator, for Inhibitions of Tumor Growth, Invasion and Metastasis

Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 27 cancers in 2008 have been prepared for 182 countries by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (Ferlay et al., 2010). Overall, an estimated 12.7 million new cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths occur in 2008, with 56% of new cancer cases and 63% of the cancer deaths occurring in the less developed regions of the world. The most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide are lung (1.61 million, 12.7% of the total), breast (1.38 million, 10.9%) and colorectal cancers (1.23 million, 9.7%). Cancer is neither rare anywhere in the world, nor mainly confined to highresource countries. Many cancer subjects die from cancer as a result of organ failure due to “metastasis” (Geiger & Peeper, 2009), thus indicating that medical control of tumor metastasis leads to a marked improvement in cancer prognosis. The acquisition of the metastatic phenotype is not simply the result of oncogene mutations, but instead is achieved through an interstitial stepwise selection process (Mueller & Fusenig, 2004). The dissociation and migration of cancer cells, together with a breakdown of basement membranes between the parenchyme and stroma, are a prerequisite for tumor invasion. The next sequential events involved in cancer metastasis include the following: (i) penetration of cancer cells to adjacent vessels (i.e., intravasation); (ii) suppressed anoikis (i.e., suspension-induced apoptosis) of cancer cells in blood flow; and (iii) an extravascular migration and re-growth of metastatic cells in the secondary organ. For an establishment of anti-metastasis therapy, it is important to elucidate the basic mechanism(s) whereby tumor metastasis is achieved through a molecular event(s). Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was discovered and cloned as a potent mitogen of rat hepatocytes in a primary culture system (Nakamura et al., 1984, 1989; Nakamura, 1991). Beyond its name, HGF is now recognized as an essential organotrophic regulator in almost all tissues (Nakamura, 1991; Rubin et al., 1993; Zarnegar & Michalopoulos, 1995; Birchmeier & Gherardi, 1998; Nakamura & Mizuno, 2010). Actually, HGF induces mitogenic, motogenic
Impact of host plants on the efficacy of nucleopolyhedrovirus as a biopesticide against insect pest Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The present study evaluated the effect of three host plants: chickpea, Cicer arietinum, tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum and cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, on the efficacy of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV). The results showed that HearNPV was inactivated within one hour when sprayed on to the leaf surface of chickpea indicating that leaf surface factors on this plant were responsible for the effect. In contrast, virus that has been sprayed onto the leaf surface of cotton and tomato was not significantly affected compared to untreated HearNPV. This study also showed that HearNPV was inactivated on the chickpea leaf surface in field experiments. One compound was shown to be induced on the chickpea leaf surface in response to spraying with 0.02% Triton X-100 which was used as a surfactant. The induced compound was isolated and identified as sissotrin, and isoflavonoid. Sissotrin was shown to reduce the efficacy of HearNPV, although not by as much as when the virus was exposed to the chickpea leaf surface. The results indicated that sissotrin was partially responsible for the inactivation of HearNPV and that other compounds which accumulated on the leaf surface after spraying with HearNPV must also have an additional effect in combination with sissotrin. This is the first study to show that isoflavonoids reduce the efficacy of baculovirus against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Field trials were also conducted with different low cost additives mixed with HearNPV on chickpea crop and these increased the efficacy and persistence of HearNPV under field conditions. This study may therefore help to improve biopesticide based pest management on chickpea.
Guanylatkinase: Von einem aktiven Enzym zu einem inaktiven Multidomänen-Protein.

Guanylate kinase (GUK) is an essential enzyme for nucleotide metabolism and catalyses the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphoryl group from Mg×(d)ATP to (d)GMP. Although the catalytic mechanism of the guanylate kinase is known, functional and structural data of the ezyme in comparison to other nucleoside monophosphate kinases are rare. In this work we analysed the guanylate kinases of several species. In contrast to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mouse and human guanylate kinases that have similar catalytic efficiencies, the Arabidopsis thaliana guanylate kinase AGUK1 shows considerable structural and kinetic deviations. Unlike the guanylate kinases from other sources, AGUK1 carries N- and C-terminal extensions of unknown functions surrounding the central guanylate kinase domain. The purified recombinant full length AGUK1 and the guanylate kinase domain are 100-fold less active than the yeast enzyme. N- and C-terminal deletions appear to have no regulatory effect on enzyme catalysis. Because of structural similarities the plant enzyme may represent an evolutionary link between the small guanylate kinases and the larger membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs). MAGUKs are modular cytoskeletal proteins composed of one to three PDZ domains, an SH3 domain and a C-terminal GK domain with 33-37% identity to guanylate kinases from mammals. When purified from E. coli the GK domains of the MAGUK proteins SAP97 and hCASK showed no measurable guanylate kinase activity and were not able to complement the recessive lethal phenotype of a GUK1-deficient yeast strain. The GK domain appears to have evolved a structural role in assembly of macromolecular complexes. This view is supported by the recent finding of a new family of proteins (GKAP and SAPAPs) that specifically interact with this domain. Using nano electrospray mass spectrometry as a tool for direct observation of protein-ligand interactions several purine nucleotides were identified as ligands of SAP97-GK. Of all purine nucleotides tested, GMP showed the highest affinity to the GK domain. By means of analytical ultracentrifugation a specific interaction between the SH3 domain and the GK domain of SAP97 was identified. This intramolecular interaction dominates in monomeric SAP97-SH3/GK construct and is mediated by at least two interaction sites. On the basis of our preliminary results we established a model for the regulation of the intramolecular interaction in SAP97. According to this GMP has the role of an effector molecule, that together with ligands of the SH3 domain modulates the intramolecular interaction in SAP97-SH3/GK. This intramolecular regulation might influence the binding of the GK domain with its binding partners in trans.