Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
JAAOS-D-14-00024 550..557

Osteoporosis-related fracturescreateaheavyeconomicandhealthcare burden. Although diphosphonate medications have been successful at decreasing the risk of osteoporotic fragility fractures and have become staples in the treatment of osteoporosis, concerns have been raised about the association of diphosphonate therapy with spontaneous nonvertebral fractures. Diphosphonate fractures are characteristically transverse or slightly oblique in nature and occur in the lateral cortex, or tension side, of the subtrochanteric region of the femur where diffuse cortical thickening and fracture can be observed on radiographs. A multidisciplinary approach incorporating both medical and surgical teams should be used in the case of diphosphonate-associated fractures. Future medical and surgical developments that augment fracture fixation and counteract diphosphonate-associated osteoclast apoptosis may play a role in therapy. Although diphosphonate use has decreased the rate of osteoporosis-related fractures, increased awareness and association with atypical subtrochanteric fractures is an important concern for clinicians to keep in mind. One of every two Caucasian women and one in five men aged $50 years will experience an osteoporosis-related fracture at some point in their remaining lifetime.1 The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III estimates that . 10 million Americans have osteoporosis and an additional 33.6 million have low bone density of the hip.1 These osteoporosis-related fractures create a heavy economic and healthcare burden, accounting for.432,000 hospital admissions; 2.5 million medical office visits; and 180,000 nursing home admissions each year.1 Since its release in 1995, alendronate and other diphosphonate medications have been successful at decreasing the risk of these fragility fractures and have become staples in the treatment of osteoporosis. However, since 2005, case reports have raised concerns about the associationofdiphosphonate therapywith spontaneous nonvertebral fractures. Diphosphonate-related fractures have been reported after atraumatic or low-energy events that result in atypical fractures near the metaphysealdiaphyseal junction or the diaphyseal region of the femur with distinctive radiographic findings.2,3 In January 2010, the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research published the major and minor criteria used to define atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures.4 A few years later, the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research further refined these criteria5 (Table 1). Although a rare entity, the incidence of atypical fractures is increasing with 550 Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Tessa Balach, MD
Political Marketing

ABSTRACT Political marketing is an exciting new area. Research produced over the last decade has been pioneering in showing the applicability of marketing to politics. However, this article argues that the field now needs to move in a different direction if we are to reach political marketing's full potential. Political marketing needs a comprehensive approach: it can be applied not just to party-electoral behaviour but also legislatures, local government, the media, and public services, with both concepts and techniques from marketing, and an understanding from political science literature as well as management studies. The article, therefore, maps out the route to be taken to reach the end of the rainbow and the pot of gold that the political marketing field potentially offers.
Molekulare Charakterisierung des Nukleokapsidaufbaus von TSWV (Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus)

The encapsidation process of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV), a member of the Bunyaviridae family with a tripartite, ambisense RNA genome, was investigated. Encapsidation is the binding of many copies of the nucleocapsid protein N to the viral RNA in a well-ordered manner. It is known that other viruses of the same family encapsidate both genomic and antigenomic RNA but not viral mRNA or cellular RNAs. There are only few exceptions known. This work focuses on the molecular basis of this encapsidation specificity. Furthermore, the influence of the N protein oligomerization state on RNA binding is investigated by using N protein mutants with a decreased ability to form multimers. Both gel filtration and Blue Native electrophoresis experiments demonstrated that untagged wild type TSWV nucleocapsid protein N was mainly present as a high molecular weight complex. Tetrameric and trimeric complexes were also found, but hardly any dimers or monomers were present. These low molecular weight complexes may represent stable intermediate states in the encapsidation process. Biochemical analyses of point and deletion mutants of the N protein support the view of a homotypic “head-to-tail” interaction with an N-terminal and a C-terminal interaction domain. Secondary structure analyses using circular dichroism spectroscopy provide evidence for an involvement of α-helices in the protein – protein interaction. The results presented demonstrate the successful utility of Blue Native PAGE in analysing nucleocapsid protein oligomerization of a plant virus. Protein – RNA complexes were analysed in GEMSAs and filter binding assays. Compared to wildtype N protein, N protein mutants with a reduced ability to oligomerize showed an apparently higher RNA binding capability. In BN-PAGE and gel filtration studies, these mutants were present as monomers to a much higher degree than wild type N protein. This suggests that monomeric N protein interacts with RNA. Different N protein – RNA interactions were quantified and cooperativity was found in most cases, even for N protein mutants with a limited ability to oligomerize. A higher affinity of the N protein for sequences at the 5’ end of the genomic S RNA segment was found, as compared to the 3’ end and other viral and nonviral RNAs. The specifically recognized sequence resides within a 39-nucleotide stretch at the 5’ terminal end. This observation is in agreement with recent studies of members of the closely related Hantavirus and Bunyavirus genera. Therefore, the 5’ terminal sequence may represent a conserved origin of assembly within the Bunyaviridae family. Although this sequence is part of both the genomic S RNA and the NSsmRNA, the host-derived 5’ terminal cap structure of viral mRNAs may alter the secondary structure of the proposed origin of assembly such that only genomic S RNAs are recognized by the N protein. Based on these results, a model describing the molecular events during encapsidation as well as an N protein-mediated switch from transcription to replication is discussed.
Effects of omitting the dry period on plasma progesterone and prolactin during lactogenesis and on colostrum IgG content in dairy cows during the periparturient period

Omitting the dry period represents a strategy that may reduce the metabolic stress in early lactating cows (e.g. Andersen et al., 2005). A drawback of continuous milking with no dry period might compromise colostrum quality in goats (Caja et al., 2006): however, insufficient studies have been carried out to confirm this in dairy cows.
Fluoroscopic Investigation of Cervical Joint Motion in Healthy Subjects

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Forensic Examination of Benzodiazepines: A Case Study

Benzodiazepines are currently among the most frequently prescribed drugs all over the world. These drugs are misused because of their wide variety of color, have no specific smell, hence easy to mix with any eatabe and can be easily available without prescription. Considering their increased potential for addiction and abuse in case of crime, suicide and drug facilitated sexual assault. Benzodaizepines are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemcial structure is the fusion of benzene ring and a diazepene ring. In this study, sedatives were extracted from cream biscuits using drug extraction procedure and analysed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR). In extraction procedure, Diethyl ether and chloroform (3:1) were used. In TLC, two solvent systems Chloroform: Methanol (9:1) and Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Ammonia (15:5:0.5) were used. FTIR spectrum analysis also confirmed the match of suspected sample with the standard Lorazepam. Benzodiazepines are challenging to analyse in FTIR because of their varied color which sometimes interfere to give appropriate results. Therefore, the separation and identification of these compounds is of great interest and it is important to develop an efficient sample preparation procedure as well as method able to determine benzodiazepines in different matrices.
Polewards microtubule flux in the mitotic spindle: evidence from photoactivation of fluorescence

I have synthesized a novel derivative of carboxyfluorescein that is nonfluorescent, but can be converted to a fluorescent form by exposure to 365-nm light. This photoactivable, fluorescent probe was covalently attached to tubulin and microinjected into mitotic tissue culture cells, where it incorporated into functional spindles. To generate a fluorescent bar across the mitotic spindle, metaphase cells were irradiated with a slit microbeam. This bar decreased in intensity over the first minute, presumably due to turnover of nonkinetochore microtubules. The remaining fluorescent zones, now presumably restricted to kinetochore microtubules, moved polewards at 0.3-0.7 microns/min. This result provides strong evidence for polewards flux in kinetochore microtubules. In conjunction with earlier biotin-tubulin incorporation experiments (Mitchison, T. J., L. Evans, E. Schulze, and M. Kirschner. 1986. Cell. 45:515-527), I conclude that microtubules polymerize at kinetochores and depolymerize near the poles throughout metaphase. The significance of this observation for spindle structure and function is discussed. Local photoactivation of fluorescence should be a generally useful method for following molecular dynamics inside living cells.
Physical Exhaustion Induced Variations in Event-Related Potentials and Cognitive Task Performance in Young Adults

Background/Aims: Physical exhaustion is not always peripheral, and it is the brain that causes the sensation of fatigue either due to decrease of metabolic resources or due to central activation process that regulates attention and performance. This study was undertaken to observe the variations in event-related potentials (ERPs) and cognitive performance after an exhausting physical exercise. Methods: A total of 60 healthy young adult subjects were included in the study. The study was conducted in 2 phases with at least a week gap between the phases. The participants answered a Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) questionnaire before and after trials in each phase to measure the induced physical exhaustion. In phase I (control trial), the ERP data were processed using P300, Standard auditory “oddball paradigm,” on computerized evoked potential recorder (RMS EMG MK-2) using 10/20 system to know the engagement of attention after which participants were given to perform cognitive tasks such as “Stroop Test, Trial Making Test and Mini Mental State Examination. ” In Phase II (exercise trial), the participants were instructed to cycle as hard as they could, till they could not continue anymore, which was followed by recording of P300-evoked potentials and performance of cognitive tasks as in Phase I. Paired t test was used to compare between any dependent variables. Results: Fatigue-related subjective measures (MFI-20) showed that both mental and physical exhaustion were significantly greater in the exercise-involved cognitive trial than in the control trial. Lower P300 latencies reflect faster reaction time; however, their response accuracies were poorer resulting in poorer cognitive performances. Participants subjected to control trial performed better in terms of higher percentage accuracy but with slow reaction time. Conclusion: The participants experienced more fatigue physically and mentally during the exercise that involved cognitive tasks. An apparent decrease in attention based on decreased percentage accuracy of response was evident, implying that fatigue, performance, and attention are interdependent.
Visualizing neuronal network connectivity with connectivity pattern tables

A model illustration should present the model accurately and give a precise picture of the implemented model. Illustrations created manually using a computer present the mental image in the mind of the artist, and this might differ from the implemented model. Illustrations created automatically from the same piece of code which generates the network model avoid this disparity. This has two advantages: First, the researcher can use the illustrations to verify the model setup, thus making sure the model is implemented as desired, and second, the illustrations can be used as a starting point for the model description to ensure a correct description of the model. The aim of an illustration is to convey specifi c information via the visual channel to the reader. Beck took the complex tube maps and simplifi ed them by removing information to more effectively convey the specifi c information of greatest interest to the subway users. Travelers interested in the geography had to look elsewhere for that information. The same principles should be applied to illustrations of neuronal network models. A better defi nition of what to display in illustrations will help both authors and readers of neuronal network model papers to better understand the model. Tufte (1983, p. 191) characterizes the designer's task such: What is to be sought in designs for the display of information is the clear portrayal of complexity. Not the complication of the simple; rather the task of the designer is to give visual access to the subtle and the diffi cult – that is, the revelation of the complex. Faced with a publication practice marked by unsatisfactory illustrations of neuronal network models, we take on the role of the designer (Simon, 1996) to change this situation for the better by devising new types of network diagrams. We suggest to split model illustrations into two parts. Box-and-arrow diagrams provide an overview of the network structure. To present details, we propose Connectivity Pattern Tables (CPTs) as a
" Influência dos Polimorfismos das Glutationa S-Transferases, nos Genes GSTA1 e GSTP1, na resposta à Terapia do Cancro da Mama ".

ix Lista de siglas e abreviaturas . xi 1. Enquadramento Teórico . 2 1.1. Cancro da Mama . 3 1.1.1. Epidemiologia . 4 1.1.2. Factores de risco . 5 1.1. 3. Etiologia e classificação patológica . 6 1.1. 4. Tratamento do Cancro da Mama . 9 1.1. 4.1. Cirurgia . 11 1.1. 4.2. Quimioterapia . 13 1.1. 4.3. Terapia dirigida . 13 1.1. 4.4. Hormonoterapia . 13 1.1. 4.5. Radioterapia . 15 1.2. A molécula Glutationa . 16 1.2.1. Falhas no metabolismo da Glutationa . 17 1.2.2. Enzimas Glutationa S-Transferases . 18 1.2.2.1. Polimorfismos nos genes humanos das Glutationa S-Transferases . 20 1.2.2.1.1.GSTA1 . 23 1.2.2.1.2.GSTP1 . 23 2. Objectivos . 26 2.1. Objectivo Geral . 26 2.2. Objectivos específicos . 26 3. Material e Métodos . 28 3.1. Desenho experimental geral . 28 3.2. População . 28 3.3. Selecção dos doentes . 29 3.3.1. Estudo da influência dos polimorfismos -567T/G, -69C/T, -52G/A e Ile105Val, nos genes GSTA1 e GSTP1, na resposta à terapia em doentes tratados com radioterapia 29
Preliminary analysis of population genetics of Myotis punicus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the maltese islands: implications for its conservation

By combining cellulose acetate allozyme electrophoresis with a non-lethal sampling technique, it was possible to undertake a preliminary study of the population structure of Myotis punicus Felten, 1977 in the Maltese Islands. Since previous local ecological studies indicated declining numbers, it was considered important to undertake a combinatorial study including molecular genetic techniques. Twelve sites spread around the Maltese Islands were investigated and a total of 36 individuals found in four of these sites were sampled over a period of 6 months. The use of 4mm biopsy punches (a non-lethal method) was adopted to obtain tissue for analysis. Morphometric data was also collected involving measurements of forearm length, ear length, tragus length, wing-span and weight. Comparison of average values for these measurements between the sexes (using chi-square at p = 0.05) gave an indication of sexual dimorphism, with females being the larger sex. A recapture rate of 19% was achieved in this study. Nei’s (1978) Genetic Identity (I) showed values from 0.954 to 0.686, while Genetic Distance (D) values ranged from 0 to 0.047. The results obtained in this study indicate that the population on the Maltese Islands is as yet a single panmictic unit, even though the overall FST value of 0.272 indicates that these sites are approaching the threshold beyond which there will be isolated mating systems. doi:10.4404/hystrix-21.1-4453
When Double is not Twice as Much

Gene and genome duplications provide a playground for various selective pressures and contribute significantly to genome complexity. It is assumed that the genomes of all major eukaryotic lineages possess duplicated regions that result from gene and genome duplication. There is evidence that the model plant Arabidopsis has been subjected to at least three whole-genome duplication events over the last 150–200 million years. As a result, many cellular processes are governed by redundantly acting gene families. Plants pass through two distinct life phases with a haploid gametophytic alternating with a diploid sporophytic generation. This ontogenetic difference in gene copy number has important implications for the outcome of deleterious mutations, which are masked by the second gene copy in diploid systems but expressed in a dominant fashion in haploid organisms. As a consequence, maintaining the activity of duplicated genes might be particularly advantageous during the haploid gametophytic generation. Here, we describe the distinctive features associated with the alteration of generations and discuss how activity profiles of duplicated genes might get modulated in a life phase dependent fashion.
Enhancing inferential abilities in adolescence: new hope for students in poverty

The ability to extrapolate essential gist through the analysis and synthesis of information, prediction of potential outcomes, abstraction of ideas, and integration of relationships with world knowledge is critical for higher-order learning. The present study investigated the efficacy of cognitive training to elicit improvements in gist reasoning and fact recall ability in 556 public middle school students (grades seven and eight), vs. a sample of 357 middle school students who served as a comparison group, to determine if changes in gist reasoning and fact recall were demonstrated without cognitive training. The results showed that, in general, cognitive training increased gist reasoning and fact recall abilities in students from families in poverty as well as students from families living above poverty. However, the magnitude of gains in gist reasoning varied as a function of gender and grade level. Our primary findings were that seventh and eighth grade girls and eighth grade boys showed significant increases in gist reasoning after training regardless of socioeconomic status (SES). There were no significant increases in gist reasoning or fact recall ability for the 357 middle school students who served as a comparison group. We postulate that cognitive training in middle school is efficacious for improving gist reasoning ability and fact recall in students from all socioeconomic levels.
Novel strategies in the use of lopinavir/ritonavir for the treatment of HIV infection in children

Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) is considered by many as the first choice protease inhibitor (PI) for children. This co-formulation avoids the need for children to take ritonavir separately to “boost” the levels of lopinavir. LPV/r has high virologic potency, an excellent toxicity profile and a high barrier to the development of viral resistance. However, LPV/r has poor tolerability of the oral suspension (due to the poor taste of ritonavir), difficult dosing requirements and metabolic side effects, especially hyperlipidemia. The new tablet low-dose formulation (100/25 mg) may allow more convenient antiretroviral treatment in children. Novel strategies of LPV/r in childhood could maximize its advantages. For example, infants infected with HIV despite single dose Nevirapine after birth need effective combination antiretroviral treatment. This can be given using a higher dose of LPV/r with therapeutic drug monitoring. Other novel uses include once daily LPV/r regimens in older children and adolescents and lower doses of LPV/r in certain populations, which may decrease hyperlipidemia. Heavily pre-treated children might benefit from a double PI/r regimen which includes LPV/r. The high potency of LPV/r needs to be balanced with convenient regimens, to enhance adherence and decrease toxicity whenever possible. The aim of this review is to discuss the rationale behind these novel strategies of LPV/r use in pediatric antiretroviral treatment as well as their results and limitations.
Hepatic, Pancreatic, and Renal Histo-Morphologic Alterations in Administration of Aqueous and Ethanol Seed Extract of Buchholzia Coriacea in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Physiologically, Insulin is a hormone that helps the body’s cells to absorb glucose (sugar) so it can be used as a source of energy. In diabetics however, due to pancreatic production of insufficient amounts of insulin or failure of body’s cells to respond to available insulin, blood and urine glucose levels build up to cause excessive urination, thirst, hunger, and problems with fat and protein break down. Recently, medicinal herbs have been implicated in traditional medical practice for the treatment of this ailment (Diabetes Mellitus, DM). Present study sought to investigate the effect(s) of oral administration of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Buchholzia Coriacea on the liver, pancreas and kidney in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Forty adult rats of both sexes were randomly assigned into two groups (normoglycemic and hyperglycemic). While group 1 (normoglycemic) had normal control, metformin, aqueous extract (250 mg/kg) and ethanol extract (250 mg/kg) treated sub-groups respectively, Group 2 (hyperglycemic) contained the diabetic control, metformin, aqueous extract (250 mg/kg), and ethanol extracted (250 mg/kg) treated sub-groups dosed daily by oral gavage for 14 days. At the end of treatment, rats were euthanized via cervical dislocation; with selected visceral (liver, pancreas and kidney) harvested and observed for histo-architectural changes. Blood samples were also collected and checked for sugar levels. Slight modulations were seen in the histo- morphology of the pancreas, liver and renal tissues as Buccholzia Coriacea apparently posed some hypoglycemic effects. Hitherto, there was an appreciable improvement and merit in the use of the extract in the management of diabetes across groups.