Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ULTRASOUND‐ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM TEA SEEDS

ABSTRACT Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of oil from tea seeds, and the effects of some operating parameters such as ultrasonic power, extraction time, extraction temperature and solvent to solid ratio on the yield of tea seed oil were investigated; some of the results were compared with those of the conventional method. It was found that UAE requires a shorter extraction time and a reduced solvent consumption. The yield of tea seed oil increased with the increase of the ultrasonic power and decreased as the temperature increased. The fatty acid compositions of the oils extracted by the ultrasound-assisted method and the conventional method were analyzed using gas chromatography. The result showed no significant affect on the compositions of the tea seed oil by the application of ultrasound. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) can enhance the extraction efficiency, facilitating solvent penetration into the plant material and allowing the intracellular product release. Ultrasound also agitates the solvent used for extraction, thus increasing the contact surface area between the solvent and the targeted compounds by permitting greater penetration of the solvent into the sample matrix. Therefore, UAE reduces extraction time as well as solvent consumption. In addition, UAE can be carried out at a lower temperature, thus avoiding thermal damage to the extracts and minimizing the loss of bioactive compounds. Therefore, it may serve as an effective method for extraction of oil from tea seeds.
Application of a water soluble alkoxysilane for the formation of mesoporous silica from nonionic surfactant micelles bearing cholesterol

A water soluble silica precursor, tetrahydroxyethyl orthosilicate (THEOS), was used for the synthesis of mesoporous silica from micellar solutions of a nonionic surfactant bearing cholesterol moiety (ChEO 10 ), which also forms a variety of lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) structures. The resulting mesoporous silica showed ribbon-like structures, both in μm and nm scale, corresponding to the rectangular LLC phase of ChEO 10 . We propose the use of THEOS as a novel silica precursor for the investigation of tailored imprinting of LLC topology into the mesoporous silica.
Spectral Characterization of Nitrogen in Farmland Soil by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Nitrogen is one of the most important elements in farmland soil, and nitrogen content is one of the evaluation indicators of fertilizers. It is difficult to measure the nitrogen content in farmland soil because the chemical and physical properties of farmland soil are complex. Through the adoption of buffer gases to remove the influence of the nitrogen in air, this paper studied the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) characteristics of nitrogen in soil to establish a foundation for in situ measurement of nitrogen in farmland soil. Three characteristic spectral lines have been found. Based on the precise controlling of laser power and triggering of delay time between laser generation and spectra collection, we have studied the effects of laser energy on LIBS spectral characteristics and the time evolution characteristics to supply the basis of parameter optimization for the measurement. In addition, we have studied the relationship between nitrogen concentration and LIBS spectral intensity. The results demonstrated that LIBS was an effective measurement method of nitrogen content in farmland soil with simple hardware structure, fast detection, and high precision.
Progress in polymeric separators for lithium ion batteries

This study reviews the recent developments and the characteristics of polymeric separators used for lithium ion batteries. According to the structure and composition of the separators, they are broadly divided into four types: (1) polyolefin microporous separators, (2) heterochain polymer microporous separators, (3) polymer electrolytes and (4) non-woven separators. In particular, polymer electrolytes were defined as one category of separators for convenient description in this review; these feature intermediates between the two electrodes and possess transport properties comparable with the separator in liquid LIBs. For each category, the structure, characteristics, modification, and performance of separators are described. Finally, guidelines for further improvements in this research are outlined.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERISATION AND ANTI TUBERCULOSIS ACTIVITY OF NOVEL TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES OF HETEROCYCLIC SCHIFF BASES

Novel transition metal Zn(II) complexes of bidentate Schiff base ligands were obtained from 4-Methyl 7-hydroxy 8-formyl coumarin, and Dimethylamino propylene diamine and N-methylamino propylene diamine . Zn(II) complexes were also prepared by condensing with schiffs base of Ethyl 2-(3-formyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-ethyl1,3-thiazole-5- carboxylate with Dimethylamino propylene diamine . 2-Butyl-5-amino-1-benzofuran, 4-(4-aminobenzyl)-1,3-oxazolidine-2-one and 4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl methyl) aniline were synthesized by known litrature procedures and Schiff bases were prepared by condensation with salicyaldehyde and Zn(II) complexes were prepared subsequently by template method. All these Schiff bases and their Zn(II) metal complexes were characterized by physicochemicalal and spectral analytical methods. The synthesized Schiff bases act as bidentate ligand for the complexation reaction with Zn(II) ions. The new compounds, possess general formula [Zn(L)2.2H2O] and octahedral geometry is proposed. In order to evaluate the effect of metal ions upon chelation, the Schiff base and their metal complexes have been screened for antituberculosis activity against M.Tuberculosis. The transition metal complexes have shown moderate antimycobacterium activities as compared to standard Pyrazinamide and Streptomycin.
The Effect of Baffle Installation on the Performance of a Single-Cell Stabilization Pond

The effect of baffles on the performance of an ineffective, single-celled stabilization pond with theoretical retention time of 5-10 days, was investigated. The efficiency of the pond was evaluated by comparing the microbiological and chemical quality of pond9s influent and effluent, as well as by hydraulic tests. Removal of indicator microorganism (1 log) and BOD 5 (55%) remained unchanged, regardless of the number of baffles. Tracer study findings were characterized by the appearance of a peak of tracer within 15-20 hours after injection of the tracer, followed by a long “tail” of lower concentration. These findings, along with optical observations, indicated that the baffles succeeded in channeling influent flow to the planned routes (resulting in increased traveling distance of the wastewater). However, the actual retention time of the influent, particularly a small but important fraction of it, remained short regardless of baffle installation. The lack of mixing caused by thermal stratification of the water column resulted in rapid bottom flow in the cool hypolimnion. These findings may explain, in part, the lack of success in improving treatment efficiency.
CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN AND PLANT ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY DURING ENSILAGE OF LUCERNE TREATED WITH DIFFERENT ADDITIVES

Effects of formic acid, formaldehyde and two levels of tannic acid on changes in the distribution of nitrogen (N) and plant enzymatic activity during ensilage of lucerne (Medicago sativa) were studied. Lucerne [300 g dry matter (DM) kg−1 forage] silages were prepared untreated (control) and with formic acid (4 g kg−1 DM), formaldehyde (1 g kg−1 DM) and two levels of tannic acid (20 and 50 g kg−1 DM) as additives. Inhibition of proteolysis by formic acid was more effective than the other additives during the first 7 d of ensiling. Tannic acid was as effective at inhibiting production of non-protein-N, ammonia-N and free amino acid-N as formic acid and formaldehyde. However, increased concentrations of non-protein-N and free amino acid-N in silage from day 1 to 35 of ensiling were less with the higher level of tannic acid than that in the control and other additive-treated silages. Carboxypeptidase lost its activity slowly with increasing time of ensiling. At day 2, it still had 0·79 of the original activity in the control silage. After 21 d of ensiling, high levels of carboxypeptidase activity, proportionately 0·41, 0·49, 0·10, 0·35 and 0·30 of the original activity, remained in the control silage, and silages made with formic acid, formaldehyde, and low and high levels of tannic acid respectively. There were higher levels of activity of acid proteinase in formic acid-treated silage than in the control silage until day 2 of ensilage indicating that the reduction of proteolysis by formic acid was probably due to acidifying the forage below the pH optima of plant protease. Aminopeptidase activity in all silages declined rapidly after ensiling.
Characterization of a crystal grown from Ocimum Basilicum leaves and branches

Leaves and branches of Ocimum Basilicum were dried, reduced to coarse powder and extracted in aqueous metanol and aqueous hexane. This paper discusses the X‐ray diffraction and FT‐Raman spectra measured at room temperature. The data obtained have been used to propose a general assignment of the vibrational fundamentals on the base of frequencies assigned in other related single crystals. From the results we can conclude that the crystal has a high symmetry. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Equilibrium Exchange Rates: a Guidebook for the Euro-Dollar rate

In this paper, we investigate different views of equilibrium exchange rates within a single, stock-flow adjustment framework. We then compare FEER and BEER estimations of equilibrium exchange rates based on the same, econometric model of the net foreign asset position, with special focus on the euro-dollar rate. These estimations suggest that, although more robust to alternative assumptions, the BEER approach may rely on excessive confidence on past behaviors in terms of portfolio allocation. Symmetrically, FEERs may underestimate the plasticity of international capital markets because they focus on the adjustment of the trade balance.
Characteristics and Properties of a Mixture Containing Fly Ash, Hydrated Lime, and an Organic Additive

Laboratory tests were carried out to obtain the "stabilization" of a fly ashes (FA) from municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator plant, by addition of hydrated lime (20% w/w). Room-temperature granulation of the mix with different amounts of water, containing a polyaminoalkylolic additive, was carried out in a rotating drum. The presence of the organic additive in the mixes increases the compressive strength of the granules seasoned at the room temperature; moreover, the leachability of the chromium (VI) ion in acid medium (standard test) decreases. Cylindrical specimens were also tested for both mechanical strength and leaching behaviors. The inertization with hydrated lime and organic additive is simpler and less expensive than any other method so far investigated. The FA was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, chemical, and particle-size analyses.
Bioaccumulation of metals and induction of metallo‐ thioneins in selected tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) co‐exposed to cadmium, mercury and lead

The concentrations of mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) at various exposure periods were determined in the gill, kidney, liver and muscle of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) co-exposed to 1.0 µg ml−1 each of Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ for up to 10 days. Metallothionein fractions (MTs) in these organs were characterized using the hyphenated technique of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). After 10 days of exposure, maximum toxic metal concentrations of Hg, Cd and Pb were 10.7 (gill), 0.145 (kidney) and 0.112 µg g−1dryweight (gill), respectively. The pattern of accumulation of Hg and Pb was in the order gill > kidney > liver > muscle. In the case of Cd, accumulation was in the order kidney > gill > liver > muscle. Cd and Hg binding MTs were significantly induced in the gill, kidney and liver of all the exposure groups in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05), and the amounts of them increased with the longer exposure time. Despite the higher intracellular Hg concentration and the stronger HgSH binding affinity, the amount of Cd-binding MTs was much higher than that of Hg-binding MTs. The results indicate that MT synthesis in these organs was clearly metal-specific. MTs in gill may be used as a bio-marker to detect the metal pollution caused by Hg and Cd. Zinc and copper binding MTs in the organs of the exposed fish were also increased. This may be due to the MTs' important role in the homeostatic regulation of essential metals and their protective role against the acute toxicity of non-essential metals. Even though there was considerable accumulation of lead in the organs of the exposed fish, Pb-binding MT synthesis was non-significant. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing Passive Capillary‐Wick Samplers for monitoring resident nitrate concentration in real field

Abstract. We evaluated the effectiveness of capillary‐wick samplers (PCAPS) for continuous monitoring of resident nitrate concentration in three ‘soil‐crop‐climate’ systems differing in soil type, land use and climate. These systems involved: (i) acid silty soils under a beech‐oak forest affected by heavy N‐NH4+ deposition in Belgium; (ii) silty soils under wheat cropping and a short rotation willow coppice plantation (SRC) in Belgium; and (iii) volcanic ash soils under plantain cultivation with and without urea fertilization in Colombia. The PCAPS continuously applied a suction of 0 to 5.4 kPa to the soil water below the effective rooting zone without the need for an auxiliary vacuum source. The nitrate concentrations showed large variations over time and ranged between 6–192 mg l–1 under forest, 19–143 mg l–1 under wheat, 11–47 mg l–1 under SRC and 3–138 mg l–1 under fertilized plantain. The analysis of the soil leachates collected with PCAPS confirms previous results dealing with leaching of nitrate and alkaline and alkaline‐earth cations in similar ‘soil‐crop‐climate’ systems. It was concluded that PCAPS was a suitable tool to collect soil solutions and that it could help to assess nitrate leaching losses in various ecological or cropping conditions.
GC-MS analysis of volatile oil components of Artemisia anomala

With hydrodistillation and GC-MS,the volatile oil was extracted from Artemisia anomala and 115 chromatographic peaks were seperated.46 identified components accounted for 62.60% of the total mass of volatiole oil.The most abundant component was borneol,accounting for 7.44%;caryophyllene oxide and camphor accounted for 7.15% and 7.01% respectively.Of the 46 components,monoterpenoid accounted for 28.57% and sesquitpenoid accounted for 17.40%.
Soybean Whey Treatment with an Air Sparging Ultrafiltration System

A pilot study was carried out to evaluate the incorporation of air sparging for enhancing ultrafiltration membrane filterability in treating soybean whey. The results showed that the decline of membrane permeate flux was slowed down by air sparging. The filtration could continue for 1200 minutes with acceptable permeate flux under the optimal parameters as temperature of 45°C, pH of 7.0, transmembrane pressure (TMP) of 0.05MPa and air sparging intensity of 5.0m3/h. The experiment also revealed that air sparging was advantageous to hydrodynamic flushing and chemical cleaning to reclaim membrane permeate flux. Moreover, the effect of air sparging on the retaining ratios of protein and sugar was investigated.
Structural and performance variation of activated carbon-polymer films†

Activated carbon particles were obtained by a solvatation method and added as fillers in cellulose triacetate as polymeric matrix. Various composite films were prepared by solvent casting at different controlled temperature and relative humidity (35–55° C, 10–70% RH) conditions, for three different filler loadings (0, 1 and 3%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that for slow solvent evaporation rates (low temperature and high RH) a non-agglomerated composite film is achieved. This condition observed in SEM was correlated to the film with the best mechanical properties found by stress-strain and creep tests. Water flux and mechanical resistance is also higher for the membrane obtained at the best synthesis conditions found (M1) (35°C, 70% RH). Contact angle measurements indicated that there is differentiation among membranes of different carbon loading respect to M1, associated to surface homogeneity. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images showed structural variation among membranes (M1 and its counterpart without carbon) in the nanoscale. Contrast phase AFM analysis exposed homogeneous dispersion of activated carbon particles on membrane M1. Major adhesion between entangled polymer network and activated carbon is postulated as the main factor for the composite polymer proper structural performance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convenient Controllable Synthesis of Inorganic 1D Nanocrystals and 3D High‐Ordered Microtubes

Polyoxometalates (POMs) nanorods, hollow particles, microtubes, and 3D-ordered tube systems were prepared using a novel and simple PEG/H2O liquid system. POM nanorods with various diameters (30−400 nm) and lengths (500 nm to 2 μm) were produced in a well-controlled manner. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Graphene-based electrodes for electrochemical energy storage

The ever-increasing demands for energy and environmental concerns due to burning fossil fuels are the key drivers of today's R&D of innovative energy storage systems. This paper provides an overview of recent research progress in graphene-based materials as electrodes for electrochemical energy storage. Beginning with a brief description of the important properties of single-layer graphene, methods for the preparation of graphene and its derivatives (graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide) are summarized. Then, graphene-based electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors and lithium-ion batteries are reviewed. The use of graphene for improving the performance of lithium–sulfur and lithium–oxygen batteries is also presented. Future research trend in the development of high-power-density and high-energy-density electrochemical energy storage devices is analysed.
Bioreactor Scale‐Up for the Oxygen‐Sensitive Culture Bacillus subtilis: The Influence of Stirrer Shaft Geometry

The relative amounts of the metabolites acetoin and 2,3‐butanediol, formed in a Bacillus subtilis culture, depend strongly on the dissolved oxygen concentration (DO). Hence any factor determining DO can influence the product ratio Ac/Bu. Experiments in a 0.045 m3 stirred bioreactor, fitted with three Rushton turbines, have shown different product ratios when the diameter of the drive shaft was changed and all other conditions were kept constant. This unexpected result was attributed to changes in the power consumption and the pumping and gas handling capacities of the turbines. B. subtilis was cultivated in three geometrically similar vessels (0.045, 0.45, and 4.5 m3) using a constant superficial gas velocity (0.0075 m s−1). The product ratio and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient were essentially independent of scale when the gassed power input per unit volume was constant. This scale‐up result reflects the importance of adequate oxygenation of this culture, which was violated when the shaft diameter was not scaled with the vessel diameter. Geometrical similarity was an important factor in the scale‐up of this fermentation.
Synthesis of New 1H-Indazoles through Diels–Alder Transformations of 4-Styrylpyrazoles under Microwave Irradiation Conditions

Microwave irradiation under solvent-free conditions induces 1-acetyl-4-styrylpyrazoles to undergo Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions with N-methyl- or N-phenylmaleimide to give tetrahydroindazoles in good yields and with high selectivities. With conventional heating, these reactions either do not occur or afford only traces of the cycloadducts. These cycloadducts were then converted into the corresponding 1H-indazoles by dehydrogenation with DDQ in dry 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene under microwave irradiation or classical heating conditions. The structures of all new derivatives and the stereochemistries of the cycloadducts were assigned by NMR spectroscopy. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Electrodes and charge injection in low-density polyethylene using the pulsed electroacoustic technique

The effects of electrode materials on space charge formation in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) have been investigated experimentally using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) technique. Common electrode materials used in either the laboratory or power cable industry were selected, i.e. aluminum, gold and carbon loaded crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE), and space charge accumulation after the application of high electric stress was monitored. Experimental results demonstrated that charge injection processes take place in all cases once the applied stress has exceeded a threshold. However the amount of charge, and the polarity of the dominant injected charges showed a significant dependence on the electrode materials under the same applied electric stress.
I-123/I-131 Metaiodobenzylguanidine in Theranostics

I-123/I-131 ile işaretlenen meta-iyodobenzilguanidin (MIBG) teranostik ajanlara örnek olup nöral krest kökenli tümörlerin görüntüleme ve tedavisinde önemini korumaktadır. Günümüzde görüntülemede daha pahalı olmasına rağmen daha düşük radyasyon dozuna sahip, imaj kalitesi daha iyi olan ve uygun dozimetrik özelliklerinden dolayı daha kaliteli single-foton emisyon tomografi (SPECT) görüntülemeye olanak sağlayan I-123 MIBG tercih edilmektedir. Teorik olarak I-123/I-131 MIBG ile görüntülenebilen tüm tümörlerin tedavisinde I-131 MIBG kullanılabilmekle birlikte günümüzde özellikle nöroblastom ve malign/inoperabl feokromasitoma/ paragangliomaların tedavisinde tercih edilmektedir. Bu derlemede MIBG’nin teranostik etkinliği, klinik kullanımı ve yan etkileri hakkında bilgi vermek amaçlandı. Anahtar kelimeler: I-123/I-131 metaiyodobenzilguanidin, teranostik Abstract
A highly efficient heterogeneous copper-catalyzed three-component coupling of tetrahydroisoquinolines, aldehydes and 1-alkynes

A highly efficient heterogeneous three-component coupling of tetrahydroisoquinolines, aldehydes and 1-alkynes was achieved in toluene at 70 °C in the presence of a 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl-functionalized MCM-41-supported copper(I) complex [MCM-41-2N–CuI], yielding a variety of C1-alkynylated tetrahydroisoquinolines (endo-yne-THIQs) in good to excellent yields with high regioselectivity. This heterogeneous copper catalyst can be easily prepared by a simple two-step procedure from commercially available and inexpensive reagents, and recovered by a simple filtration and reused for at least 10 times without any decrease in activity.