Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Australian Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications

We study the local boundedness of weak solutions for evolutional p-L placian systems in the singular case. The initial data is belonging to Lebesgue space L∞(0, T ;W (Ω, R)). We use intrinsic scaling method to treat the boundedness of weak solutions. The main result is to make the local boundedness of weak solution for the systems well-worked in the intrinsic scaling.
Advantages from diel vertical migration can explain the dominance of Gonyostomum semen (Raphidophyceae) in a small, steeply-stratified humic lake

In late summer, a large flagellated alga, Gonyostomum semen (Raphidophyceae), consti- tuted most of the phytoplankton biomass in a small steeply-stratified humic lake. Its diel vertical migration (DVM) was very distinct and extended at night into the anoxic hypolimnion. After midsummer, the depletion of hypolimnetic oxygen led to a gradual release of soluble reactive phos- phorus (SRP) from the sediment, but one month later, irrespective of continuing stratification, the concentrations again returned to undetectable levels down to the bottom. As this coincided with the rapid increase in G.semen population, the latter was probably responsible for the depletion of SRP. The flux of SRP from the sediment to the epilimnion was virtually interrupted, making non-migrating phytoplankton dependent only on regenerated and inflowing inorganic phosphorus. Besides nutrient availability, DVM also benefited G.semen in the reduction of metabolic and grazing losses. In this lake, the remarkable multiple advantages of DVM probably explain the dominance of the large G.semen in the late summer phytoplankton biomass over much smaller algae.
Universal Dependencies for Irish

Les ressources linguistiques permettant aux études cross-langues de se développer sont très importantes pour les langues minoritaires telles que l’irlandais, car elles favorisent le partage des ressources pour palier au problème du manque de données. Le projet «Universal Dependencies » (UD) a pour but de faciliter les études cross-langues des arbres syntaxiques, des structures linguistiques et de l’analyse syntaxique. L’objectif principal de ce projet est de former un ensemble harmonieux d’arbres syntaxiques en utilisant un schéma d’annotations universelles. Dans cet article, nous présentons la transformation de l’arbre de dépendance syntaxique irlandais (IDT) (Lynn, 2016) au schéma d’annotations universelles du projet UD, suivie d’une description claire des changements structurels nécessaires à cette conversion. Le nouvel arbre est ainsi appelé « Irish Universal Dependency Treebank » ( IUDT ).
Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis for the Effect of Rht-B1 Dwarfing Gene on Coleoptile Length and Seedling Root Length and Number of Bread Wheat

It has been documented that the dwarfi ng genes, Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b, can reduce wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) coleoptile length (CL), but their effects on number of roots (RN) and root length (RL) have not been determined. Our objectives were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling CL, RN, and RL and to determine if any of the QTL correspond to wheat dwarfi ng genes. A population consisting of 159 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was derived from the cross of Rio Blanco (Rht-B1b, Rht-D1a), a semidwarf cultivar with short CL, and IDO444 (Rht-B1a, Rht-D1a), a tall germplasm with long CL. The CL, RN, longest root length (LRL), and total root length (TRL) were evaluated at two temperature regimes (18 and 22°C). A major QTL mapped to the Rht-B1 locus on chromosome 4B explained 64% of the phenotypic variation for CL, 9% for LRL, 26% for TRL, and 14% for plant height. The CL of the semidwarf RILs was signifi cantly less than that of the tall lines while the reverse results were observed for LRL and TRL. Our results indicated that the Rht-B1 gene had the pleiotropic effect of decreasing CL while increasing LRL and TRL. None of the six QTL for RN were mapped to the regions containing the Rht-B1 locus although semidwarf RILs had more roots than the tall lines. This study suggested that selection of the Rht-B1b allele tended to increase root biomass, perhaps ameliorating its negative effect of reduced CL.
A New Species of Phasmahyla Cruz, 1990 (Anura: Hylidae) from the State of Bahia, Brazil

Abstract A new species of the genus Phasmahyla is described from an Atlantic Rain Forest remnant at Serra do Timbó, Municipality of Amargosa, State of Bahia, Brazil. The new species is recognized by its medium size for the genus (snout-vent length 32.4 to 35.8 mm in males); reduced to absent coloration with purple spots on concealed surfaces of arm, forearm, thigh, tibia, tarsus, and digits; male with moderate nuptial pad of minuscule horny asperities on finger I; tympanum distinct only on ventral half; dorsolateral glands well developed; dorsal skin slightly coarse; larval oral disc with distinct anterior and two posterior series of horny teeth; interrupted first posterior series of horny teeth slightly larger than the anterior one. Temporal and spectral parameters of the advertisement call are described for the new species, and for the first time for the genus Phasmahyla.
On the convergence of spherical multiergodic averages for Markov action groups

In this note we study the norm convergence of multiple ergodic spherical averages from actions of word hyperbolic groups or more generaly strongly Markov groups. The objective is the generalization of the results by Bufetov, Khristoforov and Klimenko and by Pollicott and Sharp. We use the techniques that Walsh introduced for proving the norm convergence of multiple ergodic averages from measure-preserving transformations and for integer valuated polynomials. M.S.C. 2010: 37C85
A comparison of underwater visual distance estimates made by scuba divers and a stereo-video system: implications for underwater visual census of reef fish abundance

Underwater visual census of reef fish by scuba divers is a widely used and useful technique for assessing the composition and abundance of reef fish assemblages, but suffers from several biases and errors. We compare the accuracy of underwater visual estimates of distance made by novice and experienced scientific divers and an under- water stereo-video system. We demonstrate the potential implications that distance errors may have on underwater visual census assessments of reef fish abundance. We also investigate how the accuracy and precision of scuba diver length estimates of fish is affected as distance increases. Distance was underestimated by both experienced (mean relative error =− 11.7%, s.d. = 21.4%) and novice scientific divers (mean relative error =− 5.0%, s.d. = 17.9%). For experienced scientific divers this error may potentially result in an 82% underestimate or 194% overestimate of the actual area censused, which will affect estimates of fish density. The stereo-video system also underestimated distance but to a much lesser degree (mean relative error =− 0.9%, s.d. = 2.6%) and with less variability than the divers. There was no correlation between the relative error of length estimates and the distance of the fish away from the observer.
Weak Signal Enhance Based on the Neural Network Assisted Empirical Mode Decomposition

In order to enhance weak signals in strong noise background, a weak signal enhancement method based on EMDNN (neural network-assisted empirical mode decomposition) is proposed. This method combines CEEMD (complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition), GAN (generative adversarial networks) and LSTM (long short-term memory), it enhances the efficiency of selecting effective natural mode components in empirical mode decomposition, thus the SNR (signal-noise ratio) is improved. It can also reconstruct and enhance weak signals. The experimental results show that the SNR of this method is improved from 4.1 to 6.2, and the weak signal is clearly recovered.
What is the relationship between changes in canopy leaf area and changes in photosynthetic CO2 flux in arctic ecosystems?

1 The arctic environment is highly heterogeneous in terms of plant distribution and productivity. If we are to make regional scale predictions of carbon exchange it is necessary to find robust relationships that can simplify this variability. One such potential relationship is that of leaf area to photosynthetic CO2 flux at the canopy scale. 2 In this paper we assess the effectiveness of canopy leaf area in explaining variation in gross primary productivity (GPP): (i) across different vegetation types; (ii) at various stages of leaf development; and (iii) under enhanced nutrient availability. To do this we measure net CO2 flux light response curves with a 1 × 1 m chamber, and calculate GPP at a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 600 µmol m−2 s−1. 3 At a subarctic site in Sweden, we report 10‐fold variation in GPP among natural vegetation types with leaf area index (LAI) values of 0.05–2.31 m2 m−2. At a site of similar latitude in Alaska we document substantially elevated rates of GPP in fertilized vegetation. 4 We can explain 80% of the observed variation in GPP in natural vegetation (including vegetation measured before deciduous leaf bud burst) by leaf area alone, when leaf area is predicted from measurements of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). 5 In fertilized vegetation the relative increase in leaf area between control and fertilized treatments exceeds the relative increase in GPP. This suggests that higher leaf area causes increased self‐shading, or that lower leaf nitrogen per unit leaf area causes a reduction in the rate of photosynthesis. 6 The results of this study indicate that canopy leaf area is an excellent predictor of GPP in diverse low arctic tundra, across a wide range of plant functional types.
EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES AND PROTECTION BY PUGNACIOUS BODYGUARDS

Nectar glands. are of indirect use by attracting suitable pollinators to flowers, by luring prey to the digestive apparatus of some carnivorous plants, or by maintaining upon the plant a bodyguard of pugnacious insects which more or less efficiently protect it against certain of its enemies. "Nuptial" nectary glands are those which attract pollinators . and "extra-nuptial" nectary glands are those which have no value in this respect. The subject of extra-nuptial nectar and its relation to ants, is deserving of much fuller discussion. Broadly speaking this class of extra-nuptial nectar glands, by their secretion, attracts to the plants which bear them, hordes of ants (rarely wasps) which constitute a temporary and changing bodyguard, disputing the presence of all other insects with the exception of their proteges the sugar-secreting aphids, coccids, etc, and resisting often furiously and effectively, the onslaught of ruminants and other large animals. That this is a true explanation of the reason for the existence of these structures is generally admitted.
New model to predict the timing of olive (Olea europaea) flowering: A case study in central Italy

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyse the statistical relationships among climatic variables and flowering dates for olive species (Olea europaea). Data were collected over 21 years (1982–2002) from the study area located in the province of Perugia, central Italy. Flowering was studied through the aerobiological method and daily pollen concentrations (expressed as pollen grains/ m3) were recorded. A new flowering forecasting indicator (modified chilling unit, CUm) is proposed to identify the beginning and the central phase of anthesis (maximum pollen concentration) in olive groves. Correlation and regression analyses were carried out regarding two different flowering stages and meteorological variables expressed as thermal amounts. A mean temperature variable was introduced to consider the current conditions during flowering (from the first pollen concentrations to the maximum). The best fitting model was obtained considering the maximum pollen concentration date and the modified chilling unit formula with a cut‐off temperature of 12°C. The validity of this model was tested using data from 1999 to 2002 (not included in the model parameterisation). The results showed that this new climatic indicator is able to accurately forecast the timine of fiowerina for olive trees.
Does “supersaturated coexistence” resolve the “paradox of the plankton”?

In contradiction with field observations, theory predicts that the number of coexisting plankton species at equilibrium cannot exceed the number of limiting resources, which is called the "paradox of the plankton". Recently, Huisman & Weissing (1999, 2000) showed, in a model study, that the number of coexisting species may exceed the number of limiting resources when internal system feedback induces oscillations or chaos. In this paper, we use the term "supersaturated coexistence" for this phenomenon. On the basis of these findings, they claimed that the paradox of the plankton is solved. We investigated the prerequisites for supersaturated coexistence in the same model. Our results indicate that supersaturated coexistence is a rare phenomenon in parameter space, requires a very precise parameterization of the community members and is sensitive to the introduction of new species and the removal of the present species. This raises the question of whether supersaturated coexistence is likely to occur in nature. We conclude that the claim by Huisman & Weissing (1999, 2000) is premature. [KEYWORDS: biodiversity; chemostat; chaos; model;multiple resource competition; oscillations; persistence phytoplankton; supersaturated coexistence Phytoplankton; biodiversity; competition]
Atmospheric CO2 concentration may directly affect leaf respiration measurement in tobacco, but not respiration itself*

When atmospheric CO 2 concentration increases, various consequences for plant metabolism have been suggested, such as changes in photosynthesis, photorespiration or respiration which can affect growth and carbon sequestration. In addition to long-term (indirect) effects on respiration, short-term (direct) effects of CO 2 concentration on the respiration of leaves, shoots and roots are described in the literature. In most cases, respiration is reported to be inhibited by increased CO 2 concentration, but the mechanism(s) are not yet understood. It has been shown previously that, when the respective technical problems and properties of a gas exchange system are fully considered, a short-term increase in CO 2 (up to 4200 μmol mol -1 ) had no effect on respiration of Phaseolus or Populus leaves (Jahnke, Plant, Cell and Environment 24, 1139-1151, 2001). However, in the present study, large (apparent) CO 2 effects were found with mature Nicotiana leaves whereas, in young leaves, the effect was absent. The experimental results clearly show that the observed direct CO 2 effect on dark CO 2 efflux in the mature tobacco leaves was caused by leakage of CO 2 inside the leaves (and the magnitude of the effect was dependent on the size of the leakage). Nicotiana leaves are, in contrast to Phaseolus and Populus leaves (which are heterobaric), characterized by a homobaric anatomy in which intercellular air spaces are not compartmented and provide a continuous system of open pores in the lateral (paradermal) direction of the leaves. Mesophyll porosity increases with leaf development, which explains the differences between young and mature tobacco leaves. When internal leakage was experimentally restricted, the CO 2 inhibition on CO 2 efflux was no longer observed. It is concluded that the measured direct CO 2 effect(s) on leaf CO 2 efflux in the dark are artefactual, and that a true direct CO 2 effect on leaf respiration does not exist.
Relationships at the aboveground-belowground interface: plants, soil biota and soil processes

Interactions at the aboveground-below ground interface provide important feedbacks that regulate ecosystem processes. Organisms within soil food webs are involved in processes of decomposition and nutrient mineralization, and their abundance and activity have been linked to plant ecophysiological traits such as species identity and the quality and quantity of plant tissue. We tested aboveground-below ground diversity relationships in a naturally developed plant community of native tallgrass prairie by taking soil samples from beneath naturally established grass tillers of chosen characteristics (e.g., homogeneous vs. heterogeneous plant combinations or C-4 vs. C-3 photosynthetic pathway) without imposing any disturbances to existing plant-soil relationships. The goal of this study was to elucidate the consequences, for soil microbiota (microflora phospholipid fatty acids, protozoa, and nematode functional groups) and for C and N mineralization, of plant community properties such as species richness, resource quality, resource heterogeneity, species identity, and presence of exotics. None of the biotic or abiotic soil variables was related to plant resource heterogeneity. Protozoa were not responsive to any of the plant community traits. Some bacterial and nematode groups were affected by plant characteristics specific to a particular plant species, but no uniform pattern emerged. Invasive and native plants generally were similar with respect to soil variables tested in this study. The lack of clear responses of soil variables to plant community traits indicates that idiosyncratic effects dominate both at the plant and soil biotic level and that generalized plant and soil diversity effects are hard to predict.
Optimization of Virus-induced Gene Silencing to Facilitate Evo-devo Studies in the Emerging Model Species Mimulus guttatus (Phrymaceae)1

Abstract Mimulus guttatus DC. (yellow monkey-flower; Phrymaceae) is an important model species for ecological and evolutionary studies, being locally adapted to a wide range of elevation, moisture and temperature gradients, soil types, and pollinator availabilities. In order to advance this species as a model for evolutionary genetic studies, we have developed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) using the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) to assay gene function. We demonstrate the effectiveness of Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS in two divergent populations of M. guttatus, Iron Mountain 767 (IM767) and Point Reyes (PR). Plants infected with a fragment of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway gene PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PDS) cloned into the TRV2 vector exhibited endogenous PDS silencing and photobleached phenotypes. We further assayed for VIGS-induced floral phenotypes by silencing paralogous genes putatively affecting floral symmetry, CYCLOIDEA1 (CYC1) and CYCLOIDEA2 (CYC2). Simultaneous silencing of CYC1 and CYC2 resulted in organ number defects in the petal and stamen whorls; silencing of CYC1 affected petal margin growth; and silencing of CYC2 had no effect on flower development. Infection with TRV2 and TRV1 is significantly higher and more pervasive in the IM767 versus the PR population and is more efficient after vacuum infiltration. These results demonstrate the efficacy of VIGS for determining the function of developmental genes, including those involved in ecologically important reproductive traits.
VEGF‐A promotes tissue repair‐associated lymphatic vessel formation via VEGFR‐2 and the α1β1 and α2β1 integrins

Vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A) is strongly up‐regulated in wounded cutaneous tissue and promotes repair‐associated angiogenesis. However, little is known about its role in lymphatic regeneration of the healing skin. We studied wound healing in transgenic mice that overexpress VEGF‐A specifically in the epidermis and in wild‐type mice in the absence or presence of inhibitors of VEGF‐A signaling. Surprisingly, transgenic overexpression of VEGF‐A in the skin promoted lymphangiogenesis at the wound healing site, whereas systemic blockade of VEGFR‐2 prevented lymphatic vessel formation. Studies in cultured lymphatic endothelial cells revealed that VEGF‐A induced expression of the α1 and α2 integrins, which promoted their in vitro tube formation and their haptotactic migration toward type I collagen. VEGF‐A‐induced lymphatic endothelial cord formation and haptotactic migration were suppressed by anti‐α1 and anti‐α2 integrin blocking antibodies, and systemic blockade of the α1 and α2 integrins inhibited VEGF‐A‐driven lymphangiogenesis in vivo. We propose that VEGF‐A promotes lymphatic vasculature formation via activation of VEGFR‐2 and that lineage‐specific differences of integrin receptor expression contribute to the distinct dynamics of wound‐associated angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.
Índice geral de criminalidade Bayesiano para o estado de Sergipe

A criminalidade e um fenomeno complexo, pois abrange multiplos fatores e constitui-se na ocorrencia prevalente de variadas atitudes que infligem a lei. Estas acoes provocam na sociedade a sensacao de inseguranca, prejudicando seu bem-estar social. Neste sentido, o presente estudo tratou a criminalidade como um fenomeno multivariado, objetivando construir um unico indice (IGCrime) indicando o nivel de criminalidade em cada um dos 75 municipios do estado de Sergipe em funcao dos expressivos delitos registrados entre os anos de 2010 a 2018. As principais infracoes estudadas foram Homicidio Doloso, Latrocinio, Roubo, Furto, Estupro, Lesao Corporal Dolosa, Ameaca e Vias de Fato. Em estudo descritivo, observou-se que os crimes de Homicidio, Latrocinio e Roubo evoluiram rapidamente entre estes anos. Por outro lado, as demais infracoes obtiveram pouca variacao anual. Para uma avaliacao conjunta de todos os delitos utilizou-se o indice de criminalidade geral baseado na abordagem Bayesiana. Os resultados deste indice mostraram o aumento no nivel de criminalidade no estado, destacando o deslocamento do indice mais elevado na regiao metropolitana no ano de 2010, para as cidades vizinhas englobando a regiao leste e sul do estado, sendo cidades de maior densidade urbana e proxima ao centroeconomico. Portanto, o IGCrime e uma ferramenta de suma importância para avaliar a evolucao espacial do fenomeno, alem de subsidiar informacoes para estudos futuros e contribuir com os gestores da seguranca publica indicando as localidades que estao em alerta ou nao de acordo com o indice nos nove anos de analise.
Cell death regulation by the Bcl‐2 protein family in the mitochondria

An increase in the permeability of the outer mitochondrial membrane is central to apoptotic cell death, since it leads to the release of several apoptogenic factors, such as cytochrome c and Smac/Diablo, into the cytoplasm that activate downstream death programs. During apoptosis, the mitochondria also release AIF and endonuclease G, both of which are translocated to the nucleus and are implicated in apoptotic nuclear changes that occur in a caspase‐independent manner. Mitochondrial membrane permeability is directly controlled by the major apoptosis regulator, i.e., the Bcl‐2 family of proteins, mainly through regulation of the formation of apoptotic protein‐conducting pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane, although the precise molecular mechanisms are still not completely understood. Here, I focus on the mechanisms by which Bcl‐2 family members control the permeability of mitochondrial membrane during apoptosis. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative Methods for Evaluating the Unilateral Effects of Mergers

We describe the quantitative modeling techniques that are used in horizontal merger review for the evaluation of unilateral effects, and discuss how the 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines helped legitimize these methods and motivate scholarly research. We cover markets that feature differentiated products pricing, auctions and negotiations, and homogeneous products, in turn. We also develop connections between quantitative modeling and market concentration screens that are based on the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI).