Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bayesian model comparison of quantum versus traditional models of decision making for explaining violations of the dynamic consistency principle

Recently, quantum decision theory has achieved considerable success as a new theory for providing a coherent account of a variety of di¤erent empirical ndings that appear paradoxical for traditional decision theory. But critics argue that this success may simply mean that quantum theories can  tbetter because they are more complex. To examine this issue, we compared quantum models with traditional models using a Bayes factor, which provides one of the most rigorous methods for evaluating models with respect to accuracy and parsimony. For this comparison, we used a large data set with a large number of conditions and subjects that examined a puzzling phenomenon called dynamic inconsistency  the failure of decision makers to carry out their planned decisions. The results of this model comparison supports the quantum model as compared to the traditional model of decision making. Keywords : Quantum probability, prospect theory, dynamic consistency, interference e¤ects, Bayes factor. Decision theorists are becoming increasingly concerned with the stochastic nature of choice for decisions under risk and uncertainty (Busemeyer & Townsend, 1993; Harless & Camerer, 1994; Hey & Orme, 1994; Loomes & Sugden, 1995; Regenwetter, Dana, & Davis-Stober, 2010; Wilcox, 2011). What is the fundamental source of this stochasticity? The most common explanation, described early on by Becker, DeGroot, and Marschak (1963), is that either the utilities or the subjective weights assigned to outcomes randomly vary across choice occasions. These stochastic mechanisms are "classic" in nature  they assume that at any moment of choice, speci c utilities and speci c weights are realized, and the choice is determined by the realizations experienced at that
Anastomosis after Large Bowel Resection in Adults : Two Specific Risk Factors in Maturation and Function

After decades of research, various factors have been identified to promote successful healing of the anastomoses, while others increase therisk for anastomotic disruption despite all the progress noted in the techniques of colonic resection/ anastomosis [1-4]. In general, the risk rate of anastomotic leakage in stable patients, irrespective of the surgical approach and the type of anastomosis, may be influenced by: a) local anatomic conditions (tumor site and stage -with decreasing tumor distance from the anal verge being a major risk factor-, obstruction, inflammation and peritonitis); b) technical problems in anastomosis construction (ischemia, disproportionate stumps, undue tension); c) underlying special gastrointestinal (GI) pathology, which might be either progressive, such as the mesenteric thrombo-embolic disease, or known inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with fistulating potentiality, such as Crohn’s disease; and d) complex factors associated with the patient’s history and status, such as age, diabetes mellitus, obesity (BMI >25), malnutrition, smoking, corticosteroid administration, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and preoperative chemoradiation. Other factors, such as prolonged operative time (>200 min), presence of abscess or fistula at the time of laparotomy, intraoperative blood loss (>200ml), massive blood transfusionhypotension, positive margin of histologic specimen (cancer, IBD, aganglionosis), intramural or general disorder of the blood circulation and chronic renal failure, have been also implicated in various studies [1-4]. If more than one of these factors arepresent, the cumulative risk for anastomotic rupture is highly increased, and a primary anastomosis should better be avoided. All these factors should be taken into account in perioperative decision-making regarding the stoma formation, irrespective of the primary disease (either a malignancy, a benign disease, or coexistence of the two) [1]. In patients with such adverse factors, ileo-colostomies may not be safer than colo-colostomies [3].
Proteinuria in Nondiabetic Patients: Clinical Significance

Proteinuria is a major health care problem, which affects millions of peoples globally. It is a characteristic of Diabetic Nephropathy and a strong indicator of kidney disease and renal dysfunction. It occurs in different forms with varied degree of severity. Proteinuria can be classified based on the amount and type of the protein and the pathological damage. Process involved in proteinuria is complex and multifactorial which includes tubular absorption, hemodynamics of glomerular and diffusion gradients. A continuous function of kidney is necessary for regular urine formation. In normal physiological condition urine is free of protein and this action was efficiently performed by nephrons in the kidneys. Nephrons play a major role in filtration and reabsorption. Thus kidney disease is associated with the malfunction of reabsorption mechanism.
Stability of sulfonated polytriazole and polyoxadiazole membranes

The performance and stability of sulfonated polytriazoles with polymer backbones containing diphenyl ether (S-DPE-PT) and hexafluorisopropylidene groups (S-FPT) were compared, aiming their application as proton conductive membranes for fuel cell. The chemical stability of both membranes were compared and analyzed by infrared spectroscopy after 24 h heating at temperatures up to 250 °C. The superior stability of the fluorinated polytriazole was confirmed. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revisiting “Success” and “Failure” of Marine Protected Areas: A Conservation Scientist Perspective

Marine protected areas (MPAs) form the cornerstone of marine conservation. Identifying which factors contribute to their success or failure is crucial considering the international conservation targets for 2020 and the limited funds generally available for marine conservation. We identified common factors of success and/or failure of MPA effectiveness using peer-reviewed publications and first-hand expert knowledge for 27 case studies around the world. We found that stakeholder engagement was considered to be the most important factor affecting MPA success, and equally, its absence, was the most important factor influencing failure. Conversely, while some factors were identified as critical for success, their absence was not considered a driver of failure, and vice versa. This mismatch provided the impetus for considering these factors more critically. Bearing in mind that most MPAs have multiple objectives, including non-biological, this highlights the need for the development and adoption of standardized effectiveness metrics, besides biological considerations, to measure factors contributing to the success or failure of MPAs to reach their objectives. Considering our conclusions, we suggest the development of specific protocols for the assessment of stakeholder engagement, the role of leadership, the capacity of enforcement and compliance with MPAs objectives. Moreover, factors defining the success and failure of MPAs should be assessed not only by technical experts and the relevant authorities, but also by other stakeholder groups whose compliance is critical for the successful functioning of an MPA. These factors should be considered along with appropriate ecological, social, and economic data and then incorporated into adaptive management to improve MPA effectiveness.
Evaluation of Lyophilized Human Amnion for Equine Wound Management

Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of lyophilized milled human amnion as a wound dressing of experimentally created equine distal limb wounds. Animals: Four clinically normal adult horses (3 Thoroughbred and 1 Paint, median age 11 years) obtained via donation. Procedures: One forelimb of each horse was randomly assigned to the treatment group, and the contralateral limb was assigned as the control. Full-thickness skin wounds were created on each metacarpus. Treatment limb wounds were dressed with lyophilized, milled, human-derived amnion material delivered under triple antibiotic ointment. Control wounds were dressed with triple antibiotic ointment. All wounds were covered in non-adherent dressings and distal limb bandages were applied. Digital photographs were taken of the wounds at each bandage change, performed every 2-4 days throughout a 98-day study period. Biopsies were collected at days 7, 21, 35, and 84. Results: One horse developed unilateral cellulitis that resolved with additional treatment. All treatment limbs exhibited an inflammatory response characterized by focal edema and discharge from the wounds. Wounds were completely epithelialized in control limbs sooner than treatment limbs in all horses, although there was no statistical difference between control (mean 46.8 days) and treatment (mean 51.8 days) wounds. Histologic scores were better in control wounds than in amnion-treated wounds at all time points. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Because wounds treated with amnion material in this study exhibited an inappropriate inflammatory response that resulted in delayed time to wound closure, human lyophilized milled amnion is not recommended for use in equine wound management. GENERAL AUDIENCE ABSTRACT Poorly healing wounds can be debilitating in horses. Amnion-derived treatments have been used in the horse and other species and been shown to improve wound healing. The purpose of this project was to evaluate a specific human-derived amnion material in the horse to evaluate its safety and efficacy. After creation of standardized skin wounds, the test product was applied to one limb and compared to untreated wounds on the horse's opposite limb. We found that the amnion material in this study caused swelling and longer wound healing times in horses. Therefore, this particular material is not recommended for use on horse wounds.
Sex-Gender-Conflicts in Aquatic Hermaphrodites: are Genes Immortal?

When the first edition of Richard Dawkin’s book The Selfish Gene was published (1976), the view that “altruistic behaviour” in animal populations is a common phenomenon was widely accepted. Dawkins questioned this interpretation and proposed his concept of the selfish (i.e., immortal) gene, which explains a number of phenomena, such as the evolution of anisogamy, or the roles of males vs. females during sexual reproduction in gonochorists (birds, mammals). In this 40th-2016-anniversary-analysis of Dawkins book I argue, based on observations on populations of “egoistic”, (hermaphroditic) freshwater leeches of the genus Erpobdella characterized by intraspecific cocoon cannibalism, that his theoretical deductions were basically correct. In addition, sex-gender-conflicts in leeches are discussed with reference to the avoidance of the female role in populations of these hermaphrodites. The idea of the “immortal (i.e., selfish) gene” is attributed to the 19th-century-work of the German zoologist August Weismann, and the “Post-Dawkinsian” concept of intragenomic conflicts is addressed.
Physiological and ecological responses of crustaceans to ocean acidification

The sensitivity of marine crustaceans to ocean acidification is poorly understood, but can be assessed by combining data from physiological and ecological studies. The species most at risk are exclusively marine and have limited physiological capacities to adjust to environmental change. They are poor iono- and osmoregulators and have limited abilities to compensate for acid-base dis- turbances. The problems are compounded in slow-moving, relatively inactive species because they have low circulating protein levels and low buffering capacities. Species living in low-energy envi- ronments, such as deep-sea and polar habitats, are particularly vulnerable, because they are meta- bolically limited with respect to environmental change. Elevated pCO2 levels in seawater, such as those predicted for the year 2300, are known to have diverse effects on calcification rate, little effect on egg production and a negative effect on growth rate and moulting frequency in marine crustacean species. At these levels, embryonic development is negatively impacted, but larval and juvenile stages do not appear to be affected, unless the changes in pCO2 are accompanied by rising tempera- tures. Overall, marine crustaceans are broadly tolerant to the seawater pCO2 levels expected by 2100 and 2300, but only in the medium-term (weeks) and only in the more adaptable species. The reduc- tions in growth rate are of concern, as these changes could affect species survival, distribution and abundance. Studies are urgently needed to evaluate whether the patterns of vulnerability identified here in crustaceans will still be relevant after long-term (months) exposure to the relevant pCO2 lev- els, in combination with changes in other environmental factors.
Land Fragmentation, agricultural productivity and implications for agricultural investments in the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) region, Tanzania

1 Department of Food and Resource Economics, School of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. 2 Department of Forest Resources Assessment and Management, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Tourism, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. 3 Department of Wildlife Management, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Tourism, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O Box 3000, Morogoro, Tanzania. 4 The Nature Conservancy, Africa Regional Office, 31 El Molo Drive, Off MajiMazuri Road, Lavington, Nairobi, Kenya. 5 Department of Development Studies, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. 6 Department of Agricultural Engineering and Technologies, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
Sublethal effects of the herbicide diuron on the freshwater snail Physella acuta

Diuron is an herbicide present in European rivers at concentrations of environmental concern. Its effects on pulmonate gastropods are not well studied. A 16-day bioassay at five concentrations, including realistic ones, was performed with the freshwater snail Physella acuta to determine the effects of this herbicide on reproductive and metabolic traits as well as tissues and organs. The responses measured were survival, biomass, reproduction, motility, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents and histology. Diuron at concentrations similar to those found in freshwater environments (9.5 igL�1) causes sublethal effects in the freshwater snail. Results showed an increase in the C:N molar ratio at 9.5, 46.5 and 1172.5 igL�1 and in the volume of secretory cells in the tegument at the same concentrations. The number of egg clutches increased slightly from a concentration of 46.5 igL�1, but this was not statistically significant. No effects on locomotor ability, biomass or survival, even at the highest concentration (1172.5 igL�1), were detected.
A Longitudinal Test of a Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Union Loyalty

In the present study we aimed to construct a process model of union loyalty. Various personal, work, and union-related variables were hypothesized to predict union loyalty, which in turn would cause greater participation in essential union activities. Furthermore, the study assessed whether different models of union loyalty existed for 169 Black and 139 White members of a multiracial South African union. For both samples, cross-lagged regression analyses showed that union loyalty caused greater formal participation in union activities. Separate path analyses demonstrated that perceptions of union instrumentality, extrinsic job dissatisfaction, and early socialization experiences predicted union loyalty in both samples. However; the nature and strength of several relationships between the antecedent variables and union loyalty were moderated by race. In a further refinement of the model, perceived union instrumentality was found to moderate the relationship between union loyalty and union participation, and the relationships between the predictor variables and union loyalty.
What exactly should we look to AI, and NLP especially, for?

Text is now, and will remain, an essential embodiment of information. It is a logical error, not a practical folly, to suppose that in general we can replace a mass of text by an equivalent AI-type propositional knowledge base with accompanying inference engine for search: getting information mostly, because properly, means seeing what someone has said about something. What, therefore, could AI (and especially NLP) techniques contribute to text-based information handling? Specifically, would they be for searching, or for indexing?
IMAGE TAMPER DETECTION AND RECOVERY USING LIFTING SCHEME-BASED FRAGILE WATERMARKING

High prevalence of digital images imposed a great interest in the process of authority and integrity investigation. In many cases, high accuracy image tamper detection techniques involves with high computational overhead in addition to the complexity produced from recovering original image process. In this work, blind image tamper detection and self-recovery is presented using Lifting Scheme which characterized by simplicity and integer based calculations and LSB modification. Experimental results reveal that proposed model performs well in terms of detection and recovery for different types of tampering as removing and cloning. Furthermore, produced watermarked images have very accepted perceptual quality in terms of subjective and objective evaluations.
NEST SITE SELECTION AND NESTING SUCCESS OF THE RED-EYED VIREO IN CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA

Abstract We compared nest placement and characteristics of nesting habitat used by Red-eyed Vireos (Vireo olivaceous) in deciduous forests of central Pennsylvania during the breeding seasons of 1998 and 1999. Nest patches versus random patches (0.04-ha circular plots centered on nests or random points, respectively) and successful versus unsuccessful nest patches were compared. Vireos selected nest patches in a nonrandom fashion with respect to vegetative characteristics at two strata: canopy level and ground/shrub level (<1.0 m). Nests were located closer to surrounding trees and were found in areas with greater canopy coverage, less ground vegetation, and fewer small (0.5–1.0 m in height) stems than random patches. Of the four microhabitat characteristics that distinguished used from random patches, however, only ground vegetation was associated with nest fate. Successful nests were surrounded by less ground vegetation than failed nests. Nest placement characteristics were not significantly associated with nest fate. We suggest that current nesting success may be independent of patch or site level attributes because the processes responsible for determining what constitutes a suitable nest patch or site characteristic may act at different spatial or temporal scales.
In Search of a Potent Antimalarial Agent: Antiplasmodial Assessment of Three Herbs with Folkloric Antimalarial Claims

Malaria has remained a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the under developed and developing countries of the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. In spite of the substantial progress made in the treatment of parasitic diseases, malaria remains a significant therapeutic challenge especially because of the wide spread resistance of malaria parasites to currently available anti-malarial agents, the resistance of the mosquito vectors to currently available insecticides, the limited success in the development of malarial vaccines and the debilitating adverse reactions of conventional anti-malarial drugs. The wide spread resistance of malaria parasites to conventional anti-malarials have stimulated the search for new drug entities with new modes of action. The efficacy of Agelanthus dodoneifolius (A.D) , Parkiabiglobosa (P.B) and Vernonia ambigua (V.A) for the treatment of malaria have been widely acclaimed by the Hausa, Ibo and Yoruba communities of the Northern, Eastern and Western Nigeria respectively. The aim of this study is to authenticate this claim as a step in the search for a new anti-malarial. The oral median lethal dose (LD 50 ), phytochemical components and antioxidant activity of the three aqueous extracts were determined. The extracts were also evaluated for in vivo and in vitro antiplasmodial activities against Plasmodium berghei and clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum respectively. A. dodoneifolius showed maximum inhibition (78.7±1.6, 80.1±1.0 and 69.8±1.2%) of parasitaemia and moderate anti-plasmodial activity in vitro (21.54µg/ml > IC50 > 50µg/ml) among three plant extracts. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, steroids, phenols, terpenes and anthraquinones. It also showed a strong free radical scavenging activity on 2,2diphenyl2picrylhydrazyl. The aqueous extract of A. dodoneifolius contains biologically active principles that are relevant in the treatment of malaria, thus supporting further studies of these components.
Non-invasive Neuromodulation of Spinal Cord Restores Lower Urinary Tract Function After Paralysis

It is commonly assumed that restoration of locomotion is the ultimate goal after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction is universal among SCI patients and significantly impacts their health and quality of life. Micturition is a neurologically complex behavior that depends on intact sensory and motor innervation. SCI disrupts both motor and sensory function and leads to marked abnormalities in urine storage and emptying. Current therapies for LUT dysfunction after SCI focus on preventing complications and managing symptoms rather than restoring function. In this study, we demonstrate that Transcutaneous Electrical Spinal Stimulation for LUT functional Augmentation (TESSLA), a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique, can reengage the spinal circuits' active in LUT function and normalize bladder and urethral sphincter function in individuals with SCI. Specifically, TESSLA reduced detrusor overactivity (DO), decreased detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD), increased bladder capacity and enabled voiding. TESSLA may represent a novel approach to transform the intrinsic spinal networks to a more functionally physiological state. Each of these features has significant clinical implications. Improvement and restoration of LUT function after SCI stand to significantly benefit patients by improving their quality of life and reducing the risk of incontinence, kidney injury and urinary tract infection, all the while lowering healthcare costs.