Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SugE, a New Member of the SMR Family of Transporters, Contributes to Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterobacter cloacae

ABSTRACT We cloned a gene, sugE, from the chromosome of Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 13047. Analysis of the susceptibilities of the sugE-containing strain (Escherichia coli KAM32/pSUGE28) and sugE-deficient E. cloacae (EcΔsugE) showed that SugE confers resistance to cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, tetraphenylphosphonium, benzalkonium chloride, ethidium bromide, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. We also investigated expression of sugE. We confirm here that SugE from E. cloacae is an SMR family transporter as determined by observing its energy-dependent drug efflux activity.
Circadian Phase in Adults of Contrasting Ages

There is evidence that aging may impair phase‐shifting responses to light synchronizers, which could lead to disturbed or malsynchronized circadian rhythms. To explore this hypothesis, 62 elder participants (age, 58 to 84 years) and 25 young adults (age, 19 to 40 years) were studied, first with baseline 1‐wk wrist actigraphy at home and then by 72 h in‐laboratory study using an ultra‐short sleep‐wake cycle. Subjects were awake for 60 minutes in 50 lux followed by 30 minutes of darkness for sleep. Saliva samples were collected for melatonin, and urine samples were collected for aMT6s (a urinary metabolite of melatonin) and free cortisol every 90 minutes. Oral temperatures were also measured every 90 minutes. The timing of the circadian rhythms was not significantly more variable among the elders. The times of lights‐out and wake‐up at home and urinary free cortisol occurred earlier among elders, but the acrophases (cosinor analysis‐derived peak time) of the circadian rhythm of salivary melatonin, urinary aMT6s, and oral temperature were not significantly phase‐advanced among elders. The estimated duration of melatonin secretion was 9.9 h among elders and 8.4 h among young adults (p<0.025), though the estimated half‐life of blood melatonin was shorter among elders (p<0.025), and young adults had higher saliva melatonin and urinary aMT6s levels. In summary, there was no evidence for circadian desynchronization associated with aging, but there was evidence of some rearrangement of the internal phase‐angles among the studied circadian rhythms.
Marine Reserves as a Tool for Ecosystem-Based Management: The Potential Importance of Megafauna

Abstract Marine predators attract significant attention in ocean conservation planning and are therefore often used politically to promote reserve designation. We discuss whether their ecology and life history can help provide a rigorous ecological foundation for marine reserve design. In general, we find that reserves can benefit marine megafauna, and that megafauna can help establish target areas and boundaries for ecosystem reserves. However, the spatial nature of the interplay between potential threats and predator life histories requires careful consideration for the establishment of effective reserves. Modeling tools such as demographic sensitivity analysis will aid in establishing protection for different life stages and distributional ranges. The need for pelagic marine reserves is becoming increasingly apparent, and it is in this venue that marine predators may be most effectively used as indicator species of underlying prey distribution and ecosystem processes.
Nucleocytoplasmic Transport of MicroRNAs and Related Small RNAs

Small RNAs with lengths of 20–30 nucleotides, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), play important regulatory roles in various cellular processes. In conventional linear processing pathways, precursors of miRNAs are transported out of the nucleus by the specific nuclear transport receptor, exportin‐5. The exported precursors are further processed and eventually incorporated into the RNA‐induced silencing complex (RISC), which silences the expression of the target genes by posttranscriptional mechanisms in the cytoplasm. Subsequent identification and characterization of P‐element induced wimpy testis (PIWI)‐interacting small RNAs (piRNAs) and endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo‐siRNAs) revealed that the processing mechanisms of these newly emerging small RNAs differ from those of miRNAs. Moreover, cumulative experimental evidence indicates that the nuclear functions of the small RNAs, such as transcriptional gene silencing, could be widespread in divergent species. These observations appended other interesting features in the biogenesis and nucleocytoplasmic transport mechanisms of these small RNAs. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and biological significance of the intracellular trafficking of small RNAs in animal cells.
Implementation of obstacle avoidance technique for indoor coaxial rotorcraft with Scanning Laser Range Finder

Obstacle avoidance is one of the most challenging problems for the topic of UAV indoor navigation. In this paper, an indoor obstacle avoidance strategy based on Scanning Laser Range Finder (SLRF) is developed, so that high-level flight commands and flight paths can be generated for an unmanned coaxial rotorcraft in real time. The developed strategy comprises three flight modes including hovering turn, forward flight and gate exploration. During flight, the UAV can switch from one mode to another in the presence of obstacles according to the analysis of SLRF measurements. Both simulations and real experiments have been conducted to validate the proposed strategy. The test results have successfully demonstrated that the method is feasible and effective.
Identification of Gln313 and Pro327 as Residues Critical for Substrate Inhibition in Tyrosine Hydroxylase

Abstract: Rat tyrosine hydroxylase was expressed in Escherichia coli. High‐level expression was obtained after incubation at 27°C for 18 h. The smallest fragment of tyrosine hydroxylase that gave a soluble active molecule was from Leu188 to Phe456. This fragment corresponds directly to the section of phenylalanine hydroxylase that had previously been shown to be this enzyme's catalytic core region. It has been shown that Glu286 plays a critical role in pterin function in phenylalanine hydroxylase. The corresponding residue in tyrosine hydroxylase (Glu332) has no significant role in pterin function. Substitution of a leucine for a proline at position 327 in tyrosine hydroxylase produces a molecule with a Km for tetrahydrobiopterin 20‐fold higher than that of the wild‐type molecule, whereas the same substitution at the corresponding residue in phenylalanine hydroxylase (Pro281) has no effect on the kinetic constant for the cofactor. This suggests that corresponding residues in phenylalanine hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase can have different roles in pterin function. Substitution of a leucine for a proline at position 281 in phenylalanine hydroxylase increases the Km for phenylalanine >20‐fold over that of the wild‐type. Substitution of leucine or alanine for Pro327 or a glutamic acid for Gln313 in tyrosine hydroxylase eliminates the substrate inhibition shown by wild‐type tyrosine hydroxylase.
Mechanism of action of the Aurora kinase inhibitor CCT129202 and in vivo quantification of biological activity

The Aurora family of serine/threonine kinases is important for the regulation of centrosome maturation, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis during mitosis. Overexpression of Aurora kinases in mammalian cells leads to genetic instability and transformation. Increased levels of Aurora kinases have also been linked to a broad range of human tumors. Here, we describe the properties of CCT129202, a representative of a structurally novel series of imidazopyridine small-molecule inhibitors of Aurora kinase activity. This compound showed high selectivity for the Aurora kinases over a panel of other kinases tested and inhibits proliferation in multiple cultured human tumor cell lines. CCT129202 causes the accumulation of human tumor cells with ≥4N DNA content, leading to apoptosis. CCT120202-treated human tumor cells showed a delay in mitosis, abrogation of nocodazole-induced mitotic arrest, and spindle defects. Growth of HCT116 xenografts in nude mice was inhibited after i.p. administration of CCT129202. We show that p21, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is induced by CCT129202. Up-regulation of p21 by CCT129202 in HCT116 cells led to Rb hypophosphorylation and E2F inhibition, contributing to a decrease in thymidine kinase 1 transcription. This has facilitated the use of 3′-deoxy-3′[18F]fluorothymidine-positron emission tomography to measure noninvasively the biological activity of the Aurora kinase inhibitor CCT129202 in vivo. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(12):3147–57]
Statistical Analysis of Spatial Point Patterns. Second Edition. By PETER J. DIGGLE (London: Edward Arnold). [Pp. viii+159]. ISBN 0-340-74070-1. Price £40.00. Hardback

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Fos Expression in the Rat Brain and Spinal Cord Evoked by Noxious Stimulation to Low Back Muscle and Skin

Study Design. Acute noxious stimulation delivered to lumbar muscles and skin of rats was used to study Fos expression patterns in the brain and spinal cord. Objectives. The present study was conducted to determine the differences in Fos expression in the brain and spinal cord as evoked by stimuli delivered to lumbar muscles and skin in rats. Summary of Background Data. Patients with low back pain sometimes show psychological symptoms, such as quiescence, loss of interest, decreased activities, appetite loss, and restlessness. The pathway of deep somatic pain to the brain has been reported to be different from that of cutaneous pain. However, Fos expression has not been studied in the central nervous systems after stimulation of low back muscles. Methods. Rats were injected with 100 L of 5% formalin into the multifidus muscle (deep pain group; n = 10) and into the back skin of the L5 dermatome (cutaneous pain group; n = 10). Two hours after injection, the distribution of Fos-immunoreactive neurons was studied in the brain and spinal cord. Results. Fos-immunoreactive neurons were observed in laminae I–V in the spinal cord in the cutaneous pain group, but they were not seen in lamina II in the deep pain group. In the brain, Fos-immunoreactive neurons were significantly more numerous in the deep pain group than in the cutaneous pain group in the piriform cortex, the accumbens nucleus core, the basolateral nucleus of amygdala, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the ventral tegmental area, and the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. Conclusion. The finding that Fos-immunoreactive neurons were absent from lamina II of the spinal cord in the deep pain group is similar to that of the projection pattern of the visceral pain pathway. Fos expression in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray in the deep pain group may represent a reaction of quiescence and a loss of interest, activities, or appetite. Furthermore, the detection of large numbers of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the core of accumbens nucleus, basolateral nucleus of amygdala, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, and ventral tegmental area in the deep pain group may suggest a dominant reaction of dopaminergic neurons to stress, and a different information processing pathway than from that of cutaneous pain.
Circulating Epstein–Barr virus microRNAs miR‐BART7 and miR‐BART13 as biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis and treatment

More than 75% of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients have already developed local or regional spread at diagnosis, which hampers effective treatment and results in a poor prognosis. It is essential to characterize more sensitive and specific biomarkers for screening of high risk individuals and assessment of NPC treatment effectiveness. NPC is an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) associated tumor in which only a few viral proteins but more than 20 BamHI A rightward transcripts (BART) microRNAs are detected, at abundant levels. We hypothesized that these BART microRNAs may be novel biomarkers for NPC. Systematic analysis of EBV BART microRNA expression profiles in EBV latently infected Mutu I and Mutu III cell lines, EBV‐harboring NPC and noncancerous NP cells found that miR‐BART3, miR‐BART7 and miR‐BART13 microRNAs are highly expressed and regularly secreted into the extracellular environment of NPC cells. These BART microRNAs were evaluated for used as potential NPC biomarkers. Analysis of plasma specimens obtained from NPC patients (n = 89), and healthy (n = 28) and non‐NPC tumor patient controls (n = 18) found levels of both miR‐BART7 and miR‐BART13, but not miR‐BART3, to be distinctly presence among NPC patients, with elevated levels being particularly apparent among patients with advanced disease. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis combining miR‐BART7 and miR‐BART13 levels produces a 90% predictive value for the presence of NPC. Analysis of 41 NPC patients before and after radiotherapy showed that miR‐BART7 and miR‐BART13, but not miR‐BART3, were diminished after treatment. These results indicate that EBV microRNAs, miR‐BART7 and miR‐BART13, may constitute useful new serological biomarkers for diagnosis of NPC and prediction of treatment efficacy.
Chemoprevention strategies for the control of cancer

High incidence and low survival rates of many epithelial cancers remain beyond the control of established preventive and therapeutic modalities. Chemoprevention is a new approach under study that involves the intervention within the premalignant process with specific chemical agents to reverse carcinogenesis and prevent the development of invasive cancer. The two biologic concepts that underlie this research are multistep carcinogenesis and field carcinogenesis. Major clinical issues include trial design and drug development in head and neck, lung, and breast cancer chemoprevention. Within the area of trial design, intermediate end point biomarkers will become very important for providing biologic insights in the short term and greater trial efficiencies in the long term. Drugs that are under the strongest investigation include retinoids and β‐carotene in the head and neck and lung, calcium in the colon, and tamoxifen in the breast. This new field has the potential to make an important contribution toward increasing our control over many deadly epithelial cancers.
Multiple Model Predictive Control for Wind Turbines With Doubly Fed Induction Generators

A multivariable control strategy based on model predictive control techniques for the control of variable-speed variable-pitch wind turbines is proposed. The proposed control strategy is described for the whole operating region of the wind turbine, i.e., both partial and full load regimes. Pitch angle and generator torque are controlled simultaneously to maximize energy capture, mitigate drive train transient loads, and smooth the power generated while reducing the pitch actuator activity. This has the effect of improving the efficiency and the power quality of the electrical power generated, and increasing the life expectancy of the installation. Furthermore, safe and acceptable operation of the system is guaranteed by incorporating most of the constraints on the physical variables of the wind energy conversion system (WECS) in the controller design. In order to cope with nonlinearities in the WECS and continuous variations in the operating point, a multiple model predictive controller is suggested which provides acceptable performance throughout the whole operating region.
Low Power Mach–Zehnder Modulator in Silicon-Organic Hybrid Technology

We report on a silicon-organic hybrid modulator based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) operating at 10 Gbit/s with an energy consumption of 320 fJ/bit. The device consists of a striploaded slot waveguide covered with an electro-optic polymer cladding. The MZI modulator is poled to be driven in push-pull operation by a single coplanar RF line. Our nonlinear coefficient r33 = 15 pm/V in combination with an 80 nm narrow slot enables RF peak-to-peak drive voltages as low as 800 mVpp to suffice for an extinction ration of 4.4 dB for a 1.5 mm long modulator.
Evaluation of Relationship between Light Intensity (Lux) and Growth of Chaetoceros muelleri

Microalgae have the most significant contribution towards the global environment, oxygen production and carbon cycle consequently understanding marine microalgae is vital. Hence the factors that affect the growth should be considered and studied in advance before the culturing of these algae. Photosynthesis is most important in plant growth. Thus this study tries to find out the optimum light intensity (Lux) required for achieving maximum yield of Chaetoceros muelleri in a laboratory culture. The inoculation of the algae was done under controlled environment where the cells were counted and assumed to be the same for all. The pure strand of C. muelleri with f2 media (8 sets of 3 flasks) were placed in front of the light source at lux values of 0 lux, 500 lux, 1000 lux, 1500 lux, 2000 lux and 2500 lux. The cell count was the basic result that was collected. At every 24 hours cells were counted and readings were recorded. The experiment lasted 7 days. The result showed that there was significant growth that is the number of cells increased exponentially as the Light intensity (lux) increased till the culture was exposed to a 1000 lux where maximum cells were counted during the culture period (168 hours). From previous studies it was evident that the optimum light intensity for flask culture in laboratory was 1000 lux. However, results from the experiment show that the cell growth with 1500 lux is very close and similar to 1000 lux. Some recommendations after the experiment are; that there is very little literature on the above topic and that this area requires a lot more attention as Fiji’s Aquaculture Industries are blooming thus there is a need for further research and study around the same area.
Murine models of inherited monoaminergic and GABAergic neurotransmitter disorders

Monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitters perform diverse biological functions in mammals, including the regulation of inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmission in the brain and spinal cord, movement and sleep, autonomic function, mood and reward, and numerous other processes. The primary transmitters involved include dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). With the exception of the amino acid transmitter GABA, the cofactor integrating these systems is tetrahydrobiopterin, an oxidizable intermediate found in high concentrations in dopaminergic neurons. With growing awareness of the clinical phenotypes, expanding numbers of patients with monoaminergic and GABAergic neurotransmitter disorders are being identified. For some people, therapeutic intervention demonstrates remarkably positive benefits; conversely, for most other disorders therapy offers limited efficacy. Decoding of the complete mouse genome, coupled with methodology capable of ablating specific genes, has revolutionized how geneticists understand and treat human genetic disease. This is well-exemplified in the disorders covered in this review, which focuses predominantly on monoaminergic (tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent) and GABAergic signaling neurotransmitter disorders.
EARLY DETECTION OF COLORECTAL CANCER AT PRIMARY CARE LEVEL HEALTH SERVICES

CANCER CONTROL 2014 67 P rimary health care, hereafter referred as primary care (PC), involves providing universally accessible essential health care based on acceptable, pragmatic, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology to individuals and families in the community. PC is about caring for people, rather than specific diseases, constitutes the foundation of health services for the population at large and has become a core concept of World Health Organization’s (WHO) goal of “Health for All”. PC is often the first point of contact between people and health care providers in the health care system. A primary health care approach is the single most efficient and cost-effective foundation to build a health system on. International evidence overwhelmingly demonstrates that health systems oriented towards primary health care produce better outcomes, at lower costs and with higher user satisfaction. Protecting populations from risks to health and illness by prevention and health promotion is the core objective of PC. The aim is to provide an easily accessible route to care for people with common illnesses, as well as for chronic diseases such as diabetes, and the prevention of future ill-health through advice, immunization and early detection. Professionals working in PC are general doctors, nurses, midwives and health workers, dealing with a broad range of physical, psychological and social problems, rather than highly qualified specialists in any particular disease area. The most common source of PC in rural areas are government health services. In many lowand middle-income countries these services are found at the primary health centre (PHC), a dispensary or a polyclinic in urban areas, and with the general practitioners (GPs) in these centres or in the private/voluntary sector. More than 80% of clinical care in the United Kingdom is delivered in general practice and the PC practitioners refer less than 5% of their patients each year for specialist consultations, opinions and hospital investigations. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the potential of PC to deliver the global health policy agendas with the new focus on non-communicable diseases. The frequent interaction of apparently healthy people with PC provides important opportunities for cancer prevention, screening and early diagnosis as well as for providing followup care for treated cancer patients. EARLY DETECTION OF COLORECTAL CANCER AT PRIMARY CARE LEVEL HEALTH SERVICES