Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Teachers’ and parents’ beliefs about effective teaching and their assumptions on the other group’s perspective

Lehrerprofessionalitat beinhaltet Fachwissen und Reflexion uber die Perspektive von Eltern zum Gegenstand Lehren und Lernen. Solche Uberlegungen leiten die Kommunikation mit Eltern. In diesem Artikel werden zwei Sichtweisen auf Lehren und Lernen verglichen: (a) Die lehrenden-/inhaltsorientierte Sichtweise und (b) die lernendenorientierte Sichtweise. Fur beide Sichtweisen wurde empirisch die Auspragung bei Lehrkraften (N = 15) und Elternteilen (N = 92) erhoben. Dazu wurde eine an die Befragung von Lehrkraften und Eltern adaptierte Version des revidierten Approaches to teaching Inventory (ATI-R) verwendet. Der ATI-R misst die beiden unterschiedlichen Sichtweisen auf zwei Skalen mit einem 22 Items umfassenden Fragebogeninventar. Erganzend wurde in der Eltern-Stichprobe die Fremdperspektive durch eine offene Frage dazu, was guten Unterricht in der Grundschule ausmacht, erhoben. Die Antworten wurden inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen systematische Unterschiede in den Sichtweisen der beiden befragten Gruppen. In der Diskussion wird ausgefuhrt, dass Wissen uber diese Unterschiede fur die erfolgreiche Kommunikation mit Eltern fur Lehrkrafte wichtig ist: nicht nur als unmittelbar relevantes Hintergrundwissen, sondern auch als Hintergrundannahme in jeder Interaktion mit Eltern. Zudem wird die Ubertragbarkeit der Erfassung von Lehransatzen mit dem ATI-R fur die Schule diskutiert.
Non-Standard Monetary Policies Implemented By The European Central Bank After The Financial Crisis

The financial crisis which began in the U.S. in 2007 influenced all economies on a global scale following the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008. As a response to the crisis, central banks started to implement non-standard monetary policy tools as well as short-term interest rates also known as standard policy tools in order to help monetary policy transmission channels work effectively. The European Central Bank (ECB) implemented non-standard monetary policies as in addition to the standard policy tools during this period. The non-standard monetary policies introduced by the ECB were different from those implemented by other central banks (Fed, Bank of England) in terms of implementation and results. Firstly, the policies of the ECB were not specific to one single country. Secondly, the banking system was the major source of finance in Europe, which had an impact on the policies. In this regard, the ECB introduced a policy of enhanced credit support consisting of five main elements in order to maintain price stability over the medium term following the crisis. By 2010, public debt in some member countries of the European Union reached high levels, requiring them to take additional measures. The Securities Markets Programme was introduced to that end. Initially focusing on the debt securities of Greece, Ireland, and Portugal, the Securities Markets Programme was expanded in August 2011 to cover the debt securities of Italy and Spain. In addition, two Long-term Refinancing Operations (LTROs) were introduced. This article presents a descriptive analysis of the non-standard monetary policy tools introduced by the ECB following the financial crisis. However, the monetary policy implemented in the Euro zone is not specific to one single country, and every country has a different financial structure, both of which limit the effectiveness of the policies implemented. The changing structure of the monetary policy implemented in the aftermath of the crisis aims to help the transmission channel work effectively. This depends on countries’ having a strong budget and financial structure as well as an effective monetary policy. Therefore, general economic factors may have complicated impacts on shaping the expected results of the policies when there are various implementations of monetary policies.
Study on the Role Change of English Teacher in the Context of Reforms in English Teaching

The aim of this paper is to investigate the possible effects of reforms in College Entrance Examination and college- level English education on teachers' position and development. We examine the history of English teaching reforms in recent 36 years in major cities and regions, its driving forces and traditional role of English teachers. The results we obtain prove that a reform in English is closely related to the economic demand of the society and political concerns. While English is still regarded as a critical skill, its position as a key subject in the whole education system has been weakening. The result suggests that English teachers should regard specialty English teacher and communicator of advanced foreign culture and brilliant traditional culture as a better direction of career transformation. However, the necessity and reasonableness of such reforms is still to be further studied.
Promoting Organizational Innovation among Agricultural Extension Experts: The Role for Knowledge Management

Recently, innovation has become a very important issue, as it provides a strategic advantage for organizations to outperform competition and remain agile in the environment. Additionally, knowledge management is considered to be a strong support for innovation. However, few studies examine the role of human resource management in fostering knowledge capability which leads more innovation in the organizations. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of knowledge management components in organizational innovation among agricultural extension experts in Khuzestan Province. The statistical population of this study consisted of all agricultural extension experts in Khuzestan Province (N=328). Using Bartlett’s et al. (2001) sampling table, 130 of them were selected as a sample using the proportionate stratified random sampling method (n=130). The instrument of gathering data was a questionnaire that validity was confirmed by the panel of experts and its reliability was established by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient (α>0.70). The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that knowledge management components (knowledge creation, knowledge acquisition, knowledge storage and knowledge sharing and application) had positive significant effect on organizational innovation among agricultural extension experts in Khuzestan Province. The results emphasize the importance of knowledge management components to the success of innovation process in agricultural extension system.
Shape optimization of polygonal rooms for a correct modal distribution at low frequencies based on psychoacoustic criterion

Resonances in small rooms may lead to inadequate frequency responses. In rooms, where the exigencies on the listening conditions are important, these resonances may cause non wanted coloration effects, which implies a non desirable sound quality. By choosing the right shape and dimensions it is possible to reduce the audible effects of these resonances. The presented methodology aims to determine the shape and size of small and medium polygonal‐shaped rooms based on the finite element method for modeling the physical acoustic behavior of the room; a neural network for loudness estimation and genetic algorithm for estimating the optimal dimensions. A comparison with previous techniques used to choose the dimension of rectangular room is also presented.
Odour‐conditioned anemotaxis of apterous aphids (Cryptomyzus korschelti) in response to host plants

ABSTRACT. Orientation responses of adult apterous virginoparae of Cryptomyzus korschelti Börner were recorded using a locomotion‐compensator in front of a wind tunnel. Individual aphids were tested under four consecutive treatments: without wind; clean wind; and wind carrying odour of the host plant Stachys sylvatica or odour of a non‐host plant Solanum tuberosum. The walking tracks were tortuous in all treatments except when the odour of host plants was used. Host plant odour induced upwind orientation of aphids (odour‐conditioned positive anemotaxis). Track variables such as vector length, straightness, upwind time and upwind length, increased when the aphids moved upwind. Walking speeds were not affected. The simultaneous stimulation by wind and host plant odour caused aphids to walk upwind for more than 1 m in 10 min. These findings suggest that olfactory attraction of aphids is involved in host plant selection.
Viable Approaches for Advancing Rural Livelihoods through Agriculture in Tanzania

Despite recent reports that Tanzania has made progress with some of the MDGs (URT, 2011), poverty reduction remains a serious national challenge at 33.6% and 16.6% for basic needs and food poverty, respectively (MKUKUTA II, 2010). Poverty is especially a rural issue given that majority of poor Tanzanians (83.4%) live in rural areas. By default, agriculture is the main source of livelihood in rural areas (ADB, 2006) 1 . Such a situation makes agriculture critically important for economic growth, poverty reduction and food security, not only for the rural but also the urban population.
Prediction of Food Security Levels in Rural Households Based on Socio-Economic Factors (The Case of Nahavand County, Iran)

The role of nutrition in the health area, increasing efficiency and its relationship with economic development has been approved through extensive research in the world using scientific foundations and empirical evidence. Therefore, accessing to food security is the basic pillar of development. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of socioeconomic factors affecting the food security of rural households in Nahavand County, Iran. The statistical population consisted of 26599 rural households of Nahavand County that 255 people were selected using Cochran formula and stratified random sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to data collection, which its validity was confirmed by a panel of faculty members in the University of Tehran and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha which its range was 0.72 to 0.91 for different sections of the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed in two parts of descriptive and inferential statistics using the software SPSS21. Results showed that the difference in various levels of household income in terms of food insecurity levels was statistically significant at the 0.01 level. The results of logit regression (probit) analysis suggested that variables of decision-making ability, nutritional awareness of head of the household and the household income have the greatest impact on rural households’ food security.
Estimating Peanut Production Efficiency and Assessing Farm-Level Impacts of the 2002 Farm Act

The paper presents preliminary results of the analysis of cost efficiency of peanut production in the South-Eastern region utilizing data from the 2001 Peanut Farm Costs and Returns Survey. Stochastic cost frontier analysis using both Cobb-Douglas and translog functional forms is used as the most suitable given data availability and the nature of the industry. Estimation results are used in a discussion of the likely farm-level effects of the 2002 Farm Act, which substituted quota support with marketing assistance loan program. Contrary to our expectations, quota ownership did not significantly affect cost efficiency, which implies that quota ownership is not a discriminating factor in considering the effects of the Farm Act. Other producer characteristics, such as farm size and operator’s age have significant effect on cost efficiency. These findings, however, must be treated with caution, as the survey data appears to be too noisy, and the underlying assumptions may not be appropriate due to highly regulated nature of peanut production. We plan to further refine the data, as well as to use the DEA methodology which, due to its unrestricted and flexible nature, might provide more conclusive results and deeper insights.
Impact of Social Media Networks on Consumer Patronage in Nigeria: A Study of Jumia and Konga Nigeria Limited

This study was carried out on the impact of social media networks on consumers’ patronage of products. It was premised on the proliferating notion of online retail businesses in Nigeria particularly through the use of many social media like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google Stores, Likedlin, etc despite the nefarious atrocities of internet fraudsters. Among the most notable retail companies that engage in such online businesses in Nigeria are Jumia and Konga Nigeria Ltd, upon which this study was carried out as well as on the consumers who patronize the companies both in Enugu and in Lagos state. Two objectives were sought; to determine the perception of the consumers toward online shopping and to determine the extent to which the consumers patronize the online retailers.To achieve these objectives, a cross sectional survey research design was adopted with questionnaire being the data collection instrument. The data collected were analysed and presented in tables. The hypotheses were tested using ANOVA and Chi-square statistical tools at 5% level of significance and specified degrees of freedom. Among others, the findings revealed that there is a significant difference in the perceptions of the entire consumers and that consumers patronize online retailers very significantly. The study concluded that consumers would continue patronizing online retailers at a crescendo despite their varying perception of internet usage. Keywords: Network, Data, Social media and Consumer.
Scaling Biodiversity: The distribution of species: occupancy, scale, and rarity

Introduction Species occupancy is typically measured as the number of cells occupied by the species in a study area. Because it is easy to document and interpret and it correlates with species abundance, occupancy is widely used for measuring species rarity and for assessing extinction risk on which conservation decisions are made (Gaston, 1994; Fagan et al., 2002; Hartley & Kunin, 2003; Wilson et al., 2004). Ecologists and conservation practitioners, however, have long realized that occupancy often fails to capture significant spatial features of distribution. It is possible that two species having the same occupancy can exhibit very different patterns (Fig. 3.1). Most species in nature are discretely distributed due to the patchiness of landscapes, or due to intrinsic reproductive or dispersal behavior of the species. An outstanding problem concerning species distribution in space is how to describe the patchiness of a species and to measure the effect of changing spatial scale (cell size) on the patchiness for the purpose of predicting distribution at fine scales from coarse scales. There are two primary approaches to addressing this question. The first one is to use existing measures and methods to describe patchiness and scale effect. Many fragmentation indices in landscape ecology can be used for this purpose (Turner, Gardner & O’Neill, 2001; Wu et al., 2003). These include edge length (perimeter), the number of patches, perimeter/area ratio and many other indices to capture the spatial features of species distribution. An interesting development on this front is the percolation models for edge length and the number of patches proposed by He and Hubbell (2003). These models unify edge length, the number of patches, spatial scale and abundance and show that the edge length and number of patches of a distribution can accurately be predicted by the abundance of the species and the degree of fragmentation. These models are useful for analyzing and comparing species distributions.
The Ethics of Liberty

In recent years, libertarian impulses have increasingly influenced national and economic debates, from welfare reform to efforts to curtail affirmative action. Murray N. Rothbard's classic The Ethics of Liberty stands as one of the most rigorous and philosophically sophisticated expositions of the libertarian political position. What distinguishes Rothbard's book is the manner in which it roots the case for freedom in the concept of natural rights and applies it to a host of practical problems. An economist by profession, Rothbard here proves himself equally at home with philosophy. And while his conclusions are radical-that a social order that strictly adheres to the rights of private property must exclude the institutionalized violence inherent in the state-his applications of libertarian principles prove surprisingly practical for a host of social dilemmas, solutions to which have eluded alternative traditions. The Ethics of Liberty authoritatively established the anarcho-capitalist economic system as the most viable and the only principled option for a social order based on freedom. This edition is newly indexed and includes a new introduction that takes special note of the Robert Nozick-Rothbard controversies.
De novo characterization of Platycladus orientalis transcriptome and analysis of its gene expression during aging

and analysis of its gene expression during aging 2 3 Ermei Chang1*, Xiamei Yao1,2*, Jin Zhang1, Nan Deng1, Zeping Jiang1§, Shengqing Shi1§ 4 5 1State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and 6 Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy 7 of Forestry, Beijing, China. 8 2School of Biological Science and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 9 Anhui, China 10 11 *Co-first author. 12 §Correspondence: 13 Dr. Shengqing Shi 14 Chinese Academy of Forestry 15 Research Institute of Forestry 16 State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding 17 No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road 18 Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China 19 shi.shengqing@caf.ac. cn 20 21 Dr. Zeping Jiang 22 Chinese Academy of Forestry 23 Research Institute of Forestry 24 State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding 25 No. 1 Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road 26 Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China 27 jiangzp@caf.ac. cn 28 29
An On-Line Edge-Deletion Problem

There is given an undirected graph G -- (V, E) from which edges are deleted one at a time and about which questions of the type, "Are the vertices u and v in the same connected component? " have to be answered "on-line. " There is presented an algorithm which maintains a data structure in which each question is answered in constant time and for which the total time involved in answering q questions and maintaining the data structure is O(q + I VI" lED.
Maximal functions of multilinear multipliers

Let mj be Fourier multipliers on R2d that satisfy |∂mj(ξ1, ξ2)| ≤ Aα(|ξ1|+ |ξ2|) for sufficiently large α uniformly in j, for j = 1, 2, . , N . We study the maximal operator of two variables M(f, g)(x) = sup 1≤j≤N |Tmj (f, g)(x)|, where Tmj are the associated bilinear operators Tmj (f, g)(x) = Z R2d m(ξ1, ξ2) b f(ξ1)b g(ξ2)e12dξ1dξ2. We prove that M maps Lp1 (Rd) × Lp2 (Rd) to Lp(Rd) with norm at most a constant multiple p log(N + 2). We also provide an example to indicate the sharpness of this result.
Are Part-Time Workers Poor?

The proportion of Australian workers who are employed on a part-time basis has almost trebled in the last thirty years to reach its current level of 28 per cent. Part-time work is one type of ‘non-standard’ employment that is viewed with concern for it is alleged that part-time jobs provide a low standard of living for those employed in them. This paper focuses upon an extreme version of that concern: the incidence of poverty among part-time workers. Unit-record data are used to compare the poverty rates of part-time workers with those of full-time workers, the unemployed and people not in the labour force. The incidence of poverty among part-time workers is found to be a little lower than that of the entire adult population. The major reason for the relatively modest poverty rate of part-time workers is that a large proportion of them live in families with a full-time worker.
DOES PROMOTIONAL STRATEGY AFFECT SALES GROWTH OF MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN SOUTH EAST NIGERIA

This study sought to identify and analyse promotional strategies and the extent to which they affect sales growth in some selected manufacturing firms in South East Nigeria. The survey design was used. The population of the study was 7112 staff drawn from ten (10) manufacturing firms purposively selected from the five (5) states in South-east Nigeria. A sample size of 553 was obtained using Godden’s statistical formula for calculating sample size from the finite population at 5% error margin. Proportional stratified random sampling formula was used to calculate the proportionate sample size for the clusters. Questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents after being validated by experts from the firms and the academia. Out of the 553 copies of the questionnaire administered, 526 were returned and used for the analyses while 27 copies were not returned. Data were collected through primary and secondary sources. Spearman rank order correlation coefficient was used to test the reliability of the instrument given a coefficient of 0.83, thus confirming the reliability of the instrument. The hypotheses formulated were tested using ordinal logistic regression model. Findings from the study revealed that advertising, public relations and personal selling were promotional strategies that affected sales growth in the manufacturing firms. The study also revealed that promotional strategy had a positive and significant effect on sales growth. (b = 78.234, p = 0.009 < 0.05) during the period studied. Based on these findings, it is recommended that manufacturing firms should adopt advertising, public relations and personal selling as promotional strategies for enhancing their sales growth. Again, manufacturing firms should improve their process of production and their selling and distribution strategies of their existing products and services in order to enhance their life cycles. These are necessary especially in developing countries of which Nigeria is one where environmental dynamics are regularly changing.
The Control of Tillering in the Barley Plant 1. The Pattern of Tillering and its Relation to Nutrient Supply

The tillering patterns of barley plants were followed from germination until grain maturity under a variety of nutrient regimes. Where nutrients were supplied solely before germination, tiller emergence was restricted to two periods in the development of the plants, and the extent and duration of tillering in the first phase was governed by nutrient supply. The period of non-tillering which followed was not due to the absence of tiller buds and could be terminated at any time by the application of nutrients; the recommencement of tillering late in the development of the plant was not directly related to the development of the early tillers.
Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Rainbow Trout Spleen with Special Reference to the Role of the Reticular Meshwork in Erythrocyte Release

The fine structure of the perfused spleen of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was studied by scanning electron microscope. Morphological comparisons were carried out between the spleen in dilated (resting) condition and in contracted condition induced by 5.5 μM adrenaline infusion. Sphincter-like constrictions of the arterioles terminate additional blood supply to the spleen during splenic contraction. It is suggested that reticulum cells contributed to the marked decrease in splenic volume and expulsion of blood cells stored in the reticular meshwork following adrenergic stimulation. The fenestrae found in the walls of the proximal section of the venules function as major passages enabling erythrocytes to be propelled from the reticular meshwork to the vascular lumen