Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Natural Language Processing for Open Ended Questions in Mathematics within Intelligent Tutoring Systems

Intelligent tutoring systems continue to enable teachers insight into their students in an immediate fashion. With deep ﬁne-grained data provided to the teachers, they can gain a deeper understanding of the student’s learning. While multiple systems exist, most are limited to speciﬁc, close-ended questions; these include questions with a set of known acceptable answers, such as solving for ‘x’ in an equation (i.e. in ‘x+4=6’, the clear answer would be 2). Questions of this variety are implemented within these systems and al-lot for timely feedback to the students. A system can easily decipher certain values to be incorrect answers and help can be oﬀered to the student. While close-ended problems provide a wide range of insights into the student’s process, they are often unable to gain the deeper discernment of the student’s understanding. Open response questions elicit a greater scope of the student’s understanding. However, very few intelligent tutoring systems provide support to teachers and students for these types of questions. Within the few that can, they are not able to oﬀer automation for the process. One of the greater appeals of computer-based systems is that they provide teachers automated grading and give students immediate feedback. It is therefore my goal to further the study and development of automated assessment and feedback tools to support open-ended problems within computer-based systems. Toward this goal, my focus of research is on the development and deployment of automatic grading models, exploration of fairness within such models, and expansion of existing systems to leverage this research.
Influence of Moisture and Food Supply on the Movement Dynamics of a Nonbreeding Migratory Bird (Parkesia Noveboracensis) in a Seasonal Landscape

ABSTRACT. We radiotracked Northern Waterthrushes (Parkesia noveboracensis) in four habitats in Puerto Rico during two winters (i.e., January–April) in 2003 and 2004 to determine the ecological determinants of diurnal space use and overwinter sitepersistence in this species. The majority of birds (69%) were sedentary and used a contiguous area within a single habitat over the winter period. A smaller percentage (31%) initially used a contiguous area within a single habitat but then permanently moved from that area to another disjunct location (mean = 418 m). Most of these movements were out of the two habitats (dry forest and Black Mangrove) that became the driest from January to mid-March and into wetter mangrove areas. The primary determinants of movement probability were moisture and food availability on each bird's home range. Foraging areas of birds that eventually moved were drier and had lower food availability than areas used by site-persistent individuals. The sites that these itinerant birds moved to were wetter and had higher food availability, which suggests that individuals moved in response to changing resources. Our results (1) indicate that habitats used by this species differ in suitability and (2) support previous findings that turnover rates within a habitat could serve as an indicator of habitat quality. The ability to predict behavioral responses of individuals to habitat conditions that vary across space and time is essential for understanding individual and population responses to habitat loss and the effects of a changing climate in the New World tropics.
EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE

This report presents the results of the analysis of the seven different RAIM Algorithms implemented in the SAPPHIRE DUAU system. The study concludes with the validation of six of the algorithms by comparing the theoretical behaviour described in literature and the results obtained from two algorithms already independently validated. The study uses real flights on which some errors could be simulated. SAPPHIRE – RAIM Algorithms Validation EUROCONTROL
The interaction between physical disturbance and organic enrichment: An important element in structuring benthic communities

The interaction between physical disturbance and organic enrichment, with respect to its effect on the diversity and community structure of a macroinfaunal assemblage, has been examined in a benthic mesocosm experiment. The experiment was conducted at the Solbergstrand mesocosm (Norwegian Institute for Water Research) using subtidal sediment collected from Bjørnhordenbukta, a small sheltered bay in Oslofjørd. Ninety‐eight areas of homogenized sediment were subjected to one of seven levels of organic enrichment, combined with one of seven different frequencies of physical disturbance, each replicated once. This structured matrix of physical disturbance and organic enrichment treatments demonstrated the combined effects of these factors to be nonadditive. Diversity was lower than expected when low frequencies of physical disturbance acted in conjunction with high levels of organic enrichment or when high frequencies of physical disturbance were combined with low levels of organic enrichment. Diversity was higher than expected when both disturbance and enrichment were either high or low. The implications of this interaction between physical disturbance and organic enrichment for the application of the dynamic equilibrium model (Huston 1979) to sediment communities are discussed. Multivariate analysis also showed community structure to be significantly affected by physical disturbance, organic enrichment, and interactions between the two. It is concluded that strong interactions between physical disturbance and organic enrichment, coupled with both small‐ and large‐scale variability in these factors, could promote heterogeneity and diversity in benthic infaunal assemblages. However, this remains to be tested in field conditions. Additionally, interactions between physical disturbance and organic enrichment may have important implications for matters of coastal zone management.
‘Golden Patient’: A quality improvement project aiming to improve trauma theatre efficiency in the Royal Gwent Hospital

The efficiency of trauma lists when compared with elective orthopaedic lists is a frustration of many orthopaedic departments. At the Royal Gwent Hospital, late start times affecting total operating capacity of the trauma list were recognised as a problem within the department. The design team aimed to improve the start time of the list with the introduction of the ‘golden patient’ initiative. A protocol was agreed between the orthopaedic, anaesthetic and theatre staff where a ‘golden patient’ was selected for preoperative anaesthetic assessment by 14:00 the day before surgery and sent for at 08:15 as the first case on the trauma list. Baseline data was collected over a month. Two Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles were completed, one on the month the ‘golden patient’ initiative was implemented and one 4 months after the change. All data was collected from the Operating Room Management Information Service theatre system for the trauma theatre at the Royal Gwent Hospital. Results demonstrated significant improvement in patient arrival time in the theatre suite; PDSA1 by 33 min (p≤0.001) and PDSA2 by 29 min (p≤0.001) and an earlier start of the first procedure; PDSA1 by 19 min (p=0.018) and PDSA2 by 26 min (p≤0.001). There was also increased mean operating time per list (PDSA1 +16 min and PDSA2 +33 min), increased total case number (PDSA1 +20 cases and PDSA2 +36 cases) and reduced cancellations (PDSA1 −2 cases and PDSA −5 cases) compared with our baseline data. We demonstrated that the introduction of a ‘golden patient’ to the trauma theatre list improved the start time and overall operating capacity for the trauma list. Continuing this project, we plan to introduce assessment of all patients with fractured neck of femur in a similar way to the ‘golden patient’ to continue improving trauma theatre efficiency and reduce case cancellations.
Quantifying the "Pollution Haven": an Existing Effect but an Unsupported Hypothesis

We develop a full-fledged general equilibrium trade model with pollution as a by-product of production to study the interaction between international trade and pollution emissions. Our quantitative evaluation based on the model suggests that even in the presence of support for the existence of the pollution haven effect, the pollution haven hypothesis is still unsupported. The reason is that environmental policy stringency, being a crucial determinant of pollution emissions and abatement, is relatively weak in determining international specialization. By comparing environmental policy stringency with other comparative advantage forces one by one, we identify productivity and trade costs to be the major forces that suppress the pollution haven effect, which leads to the failure of the pollution haven hypothesis. In addition, a reduction in trade costs would induce more worldwide pollution.
Analysing the Utility of Fresh Frozen Plasma in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital, South India

DOI: 10.21276/sjpm.2018. 3.8. 1 Abstract: Transfusion of Fresh frozen plasma is relatively common in neonatal intensive care units. Most common indications for transfusion being neonatal sepsis, deranged coagulation profile or co existence of both these conditions. However a universal protocol for FFP transfusion in neonates is lacking, leading to injudicious administration of FFP to neonates in many hospitals and thus exposing them to untoward risks of transfusion. This is our attempt towards analyzing the use of FFP in our neonatal intensive care unit and our compliance with the established guidelines (AIIMS protocol for FFP transfusion in neonates). Data was collected retrospectively of all the neonates who received FFP transfusions in our hospital from January 2014 to December 2017 and relevant analysis was performed. Most of the neonatal transfusions (93%) at our hospital during the study period were compliant with AIIMS guidelines. Most common indication for transfusion was bleeding manifestations followed by sepsis and deranged coagulation profile. However on analysis of pre and post transfusion coagulation parameters in these babies, no statistically significant improvement was seen. FFP was often used in accordance with the published guidelines in our study. However evidence based uniform guidelines need to be established and implemented to increase the benefit and minimise the risk associated with transfusion, especially in newborns.
Antihyperlipidaemic Efficacy of Trachyspermum ammi in Albino Rabbits

The objective of the present study was to investigate the antihyperlipidaemic efficacy of Trachyspermum ammi (L) Sprague, seed (Ajowan) powder in albino rabbits. Hyperlipidaemia was induced with butter ad libitum and oral intubation of cholesterol 400 mg/kg body weight. Simvastatin, (Tablet survive ® ) was used as a synthetic cholesterol lowering drug. The results suggest that 2 g/kg T. ammi seed powder produced hypolipidaemic activity, rendering 49%, 53%, 71% and 63% reduction in total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, respectively. However, at this dosage level 62% increase in the value of HDL-cholesterol was induced by T. ammi seed powder. Nonetheless, 0.5 g/kg and 1 g/kg T. ammi seed powder did not show antihyperlipidaemic activity. T. ammi seed powder at the rate of 2 g/kg and simvastatin (0.6 mg/kg body weight) were equally effective in treating hyperlipidaemia in albino rabbits. Moreover, this dosage level also significantly reduced the cholesterol content of liver tissue. It can be anticipated that the lipid lowering mechanism may involve enhanced removal or catabolism of lipoproteins, inhibition of HMG COA reductase, and/or inhibition of lysosomal lipid hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the liver.
Exposing a novel genetic interaction between unc-33/CRMP and hmp-2/β-catenin during Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis

Figure 1. Percentage of embryos that failed to hatch after feeding RNAi knockdown in wildtype (A) or unc33(e204) homozygous animals (B): Box limits indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles as determined by R software; whiskers extend 1.5 times the interquartile range from the 25th and 75th percentiles, outliers are represented by dots. Horizontal bars indicate the medians, asterisks indicate the means, and polygons represent density estimates of data and extend to extreme values. From left to right in the plot, n=24, 23, 24, 23, 23, 24, where each n is the percentage that failed to hatch from a single hermaphrodite. Standard deviations from left to right are 4.8, 14.8, 4.3, 19.2, 18.4, 30.9.
The Two Approaches to Performance

This paper works on conceptual level reviewing academic literature on performance and its measurement or management and points out an inconsistency in the discourse on performance. Two different meanings of performance are distinguished. On the one hand, there is an analytic approach claiming that performance is the result of a causal system of goal-setting and measuring. On the other hand, a more synthetic approach claims performance to be a by-product of exemplary behavior. Managing performance means replicating this behavior. Both approaches fail to explain what performance is and create further problems on practical, theoretical and scientific level.
Self-Tuning Controller Based On Process Fuzzy Model

A self-tuning controller based on the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model of the process is proposed. The fuzzy model is represented as a linear time-varying model and the pole-placement design procedure modified for the time-varying systems is applied to obtain the desired closed-loop poles. The stability is proven for a class of SISO systems. Because of its simplicity, the proposed method is suitable for the on-line controller design in the adaptive control systems. As an example, the proposed method is applied in adaptive control of a laboratory liquid level rig. The obtained results are much better than the results obtained with the self-tuning controller based on linear process model. IMACS/IEEE CSCC'99 Proceedings, Pages: 2161-2166 Key-Words: Fuzzy control, fuzzy model, adaptive control, pole-placement design
Scalable and Approximate Program Dependence Analysis

Program dependence is a fundamental concept to many software engineering tasks, yet the traditional dependence analysis struggles to cope with common modern development practices such as multilingual implementations and use of third-party libraries. While Observation-based Slicing (ORBS) solves these issues and produces an accurate slice, it has a scalability problem due to the need to build and execute the target program multiple times. We would like to propose a radical change of perspective: a useful dependence analysis needs to be scalable even if it approximates the dependency. Our goal is a scalable approximate program dependence analysis via estimating the likelihood of dependence. We claim that 1) using external information such as lexical analysis or a development history, 2) learning dependence model from partial observations, and 3) merging static, and observation-based approach would assist the proposition. We expect that our technique would introduce a new perspective of program dependence analysis into the likelihood of dependence. It would also broaden the capability of the dependence analysis towards large and complex software.
Phyto-molecules for Kidney Stones Treatment and Management

It has been centuries since humans are being affected by kidney stones or urolithiasis. In the past decade, in rural and the urban sectors, kidney stone cases are rising at an alarming rate having a high relapse rate. The rate and prevalence of urolithiasis has been attributed to a number of factors such as age, fluid intake, infections of the urinary tract, climatic conditions sex, genetic predisposition, ethnicity as well as diet. Kidney stones may cause extreme pain and blockage of urine flow, urinary tract infection, hydronephrosis and severe bleeding which necessitates the use of surgery in some cases to remove or break the stones. Although a number of treatments for kidney stones are available which include extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and drug therapy but the expensive nature of these therapies and the severe side effects caused by exposure to these shock waves such as acute renal injury, decreased renal function and increased stone recurrence limit their use. As proposed by several in vivo and in vitro studies and clinical trials, using phyto-molecules in the treatment and management of kidney stones has emerged as a novel option. The following study discuses about the various plants, their chemical constituents involved along with their mechanism of action that can be used for the treatment of kidney stones.
A Dataset of Learnersourced Explanations from an Online Peer Instruction Environment

Online Peer Instruction has become prevalent in many“ﬂipped classroom” settings, yet little work has been done to examine the content students generate in such a learning environment. This study characterizes a dataset generated by an open-source, web-based homework system that prompts students to ﬁrst answer questions, and then provide explanations of their reasoning. Of particular interest in this dataset, is that students are also prompted to evaluate a subset of peer explanations based on how convincing they are, as part of the Peer Instruction learning script. Since these student“votes”are then used in the selection of what is shown to future learners, we cast this as an instance of learn-ersourcing , a paradigm that presents new research opportunities for the Learning Analytics community. This study characterizes a dataset from one Peer Instruction tool, that includes not only the student generated answers and explanations, but this novel “vote” attribute, which aims to capture how convincing each explanation is to other learners. The dataset includes longitudinal observations of student responses over the course of a semester, following groups from three STEM disciplines. The data is made available to interested researchers 1 .
The Effect of Visual Cues on Cognitive Load Depending on Self-Regulation in Video-Based Learning

Recently, online learning has been increasingly used due to its advantages that allow people to study anytime and anywhere. Learners, on the other hand, are separated from the instructor in video-based learning, which makes learners difficult to maintain their motivation until the end of the activity. Therefore, it is required to provide instructional treatment so that learners keep their motivation and be immersed in learning. Visual cues, lowering cognitive load, are known a putative way in which learners can distinguish essential information from irrelevant one. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of visual cues on cognitive load depending on the level of self-regulation. The result shows that self-regulation lower cognitive load in the nonvisual-cue group as time series, but self-regulation doesn’t have an effect on cognitive load in the visual-cue group. This indicates learners in the non-visual-cue group experience difficulty to keep their motivation so that they are hard to put mental effort into the learning. This study suggests that the pupil dilation which reflects cognitive load can be predicted by behavior log which indicates self-regulation. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance learners’ cognitive strategies, as well as the reduction of the factors causing unnecessary cognitive load.
Chilling at 0 deg C in air induces ethylene production in Fuji and Lady Williams apples

Fuji apples have low rates of ethylene production at commercial harvest maturity, whereas Lady Williams apples, which are harvested commercially in late autumn, produce large concentrations of ethylene. We investigated whether chilling at 0¦C, which has previously been shown to stimulate ethylene synthesis in preclimacteric Granny Smith apples, would stimulate Fuji and Lady Williams fruit as well. Preclimacteric Fuji and Lady Williams apples were stored in air at 0¦C and were removed at intervals to 20¦C. Ethylene production remained low in Fuji apples held continuously in air at 20¦C. Fruit held for 32 days at 0¦C accumulated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and developed ACC oxidase activity. On return to 20¦C these fruit had a high and sustained level of ethylene production. ACC accumulated in all chilled Lady Williams apples at 0¦C but decreased to low levels within 2 days after transfer to 20¦C. A sustained increase in ACC was not found until 15 days at 20¦C in fruit chilled for 32 days. A distinct temporary increase in internal carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration was observed in Fuji apples but not in Lady Williams apples following chilling. Chilling for 32 days was required to stimulate sustained levels of CO2 in Lady Williams apples.
Improving the Dialogue Generation Consistency via Self-supervised Learning

Generating responses that are consistent with the dialogue context is one of the central challenges in building engaging conversational agents. We demonstrate that neural conversation models can be geared towards generating consistent responses by maintaining certain features related to topics and personas throughout the conversation. Past work has required external supervision that exploits features such as user identities that are often unavailable. In our approach, topic and persona feature extractors are trained using a self-supervised discriminative training scheme that utilizes the natural structure of dialogue data. We further adopt a feature disentangling loss which, paired with controllable response generation techniques, allows us to promote or demote certain learned topics and persona features. Evaluation results demonstrate the model’s ability to capture meaningful topics and persona features. The incorporation of the learned features brings significant improvement in terms of the quality of generated responses on two datasets.
A Rabbit Model of Corneal Endothelial Injury Induced by Intracameral Injection of 0.05% Benzalkonium Chloride

Introduction: Rabbits are currently not suitable to be used as an animal model of corneal endothelial disorders because their corneal endothelial cells (CEC) maintain a highly proliferative capacity in vivo. A recent ex vivo study suggests that intracameral injection (ICI) of 0.1 mL 0.05% benzalkonium chloride (BAC) in rabbits produces a selective endothelial damage. This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of BAC ICI in rabbits in vivo to define the most appropriate BAC dose for inducing a rabbit model of corneal endothelial disease. Methods: Twenty-four healthy adult New Zealand White rabbits were divided into 4 groups (n = 6) based on the compound injected unilaterally into the anterior chamber: 0.025% BAC, 0.05% BAC, 0.1% BAC, and BSS (Control group). Complete physical and ophthalmic examinations, pachymetry and specular microscopy were performed at 0, 2, 7 and 14 days. After 14 days, rabbits were euthanized and subconjunctival enucleation of the injected eye was performed. Excised corneas were vital-stained and observed under the light microscope to assess the corneal endothelial cells (CEC) morphology and mortality rate. The entire eye globe was sent for histopathology. Results: Compared to BSS, concentrations of ≥ 0.025% BAC led to significant increases in corneal edema, corneal thickness, mean CEC area and polymegathism. CEC mortality was significantly higher with 0.05% and 0.1% BAC. CEC density and hexagonality were significantly decreased with all BAC concentrations. Higher incidence of conjunctival congestion and corneal ulceration was detected with 0.1% BAC. Histopathology revealed CEC loss and ruled out alterations affecting the rest of the ocular structures. Conclusion : BAC ICI in vivo leads to dose-dependent corneal endothelial toxicity in rabbits, being 0.05% the minimum required concentration to achieve a sufficient, but not excessive, selective corneal endothelial damage. This method could consequently be used for inducing a rabbit model of corneal endothelial disease.