Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Molecular Dynamics and Chemical Kinetics

Interaction Potentials. Relative Motion. Collisional Approach. Partition Functions. Transition State Theory. Generalized Transition State Theory. Theory for Unimolecular Reactions. Classical Dynamics. Nonadiabatic Transitions. Surface Kinetics. Chemical Reactions in Solution. Energetic Aspects of Solvent Effects on Solutes. Models for Chemical Reactions in Solution. Kramers' Theory. The Classical Model of Electron Transfer Reactions in Solution. Appendices. Index.
Lightweight Reinforcement Algorithms for autonomous, scalable intra-cortical Brain Machine Interfaces

Intra-cortical Brain Machine Interfaces (iBMIs) with wireless capability could scale the number of recording channels by integrating an intention decoder to reduce data rates. However, the need for frequent retraining due to neural signal non-stationarity is a big impediment. This paper presents an alternate paradigm of online reinforcement learning (RL) with a binary evaluative feedback in iBMIs to tackle this issue. This paradigm eliminates time-consuming calibration procedures. Instead, it relies on updating the model on a sequential sample-by-sample basis based on an instantaneous evaluative binary feedback signal. However, batch updates of weight in popular deep networks is very resource consuming and incompatible with constraints of an implant. In this work, using offline open-loop analysis on pre-recorded data, we show application of a simple RL algorithm - Banditron -in discrete-state iBMIs and compare it against previously reported state of the art RL algorithms – Hebbian RL, Attention gated RL, deep Q-learning. Owing to its simplistic single-layer architecture, Banditron is found to yield at least two orders of magnitude of reduction in power dissipation compared to state of the art RL algorithms. At the same time, post-hoc analysis performed on four pre-recorded experimental datasets procured from the motor cortex of two non-human primates performing joystick-based movement-related tasks indicate Banditron performing significantly better than state of the art RL algorithms by at least 5%, 10%, 7% and 7% in experiments 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Furthermore, we propose a non-linear variant of Banditron, Banditron-RP, which gives an average improvement of 6%, 2% in decoding accuracy in experiments 2,4 respectively with only a moderate increase in power consumption.
Song structure and sex-specific features in the indris

In the dense tropical rainforests of Madagascar, visual communication is impeded by obstacles. Lemurs use scent marking to communicate at a short distance and loud calls to communicate at a long range. The Indri (Indri indri) is a diurnal primate that emits choruses of three distinct types. The song types are essential in advertising position within the group territory, in deciding the sorts of aggressive group encounters, and in maintaining cohesion between animals dispersed during feeding. A detailed examination of the advertisement songs showed that three main parts constitute them. The last, most consistent of these parts, showed phrases consisting of units emitted with a descending frequency. The rhythm of these units changed significantly between phrases of different durations and the sexes. We also found that the unit structure may provide conspecifics with information on the individual identity of the emitter and that male songs, but not female’s, are more similar to those of their parent of the same sex than to other indris. The song of the indris is an effective way to transfer information at a long distance and may transmit sex and individual identity information.In the dense tropical rainforests of Madagascar, visual communication is impeded by obstacles. Lemurs use scent marking to communicate at a short distance and loud calls to communicate at a long range. The Indri (Indri indri) is a diurnal primate that emits choruses of three distinct types. The song types are essential in advertising position within the group territory, in deciding the sorts of aggressive group encounters, and in maintaining cohesion between animals dispersed during feeding. A detailed examination of the advertisement songs showed that three main parts constitute them. The last, most consistent of these parts, showed phrases consisting of units emitted with a descending frequency. The rhythm of these units changed significantly between phrases of different durations and the sexes. We also found that the unit structure may provide conspecifics with information on the individual identity of the emitter and that male songs, but not female’s, are more similar to those of their parent of the s.
Low-Cost Brain-Computer Interface Using the Emotiv Epoc Headset Based on Rotating Vanes

Detailed In the brain-computer interface system (BCI), electroencephalography (EEG) signals are converted into digital signals and analyzed, allowing direct communication between humans and the electronic devices around them. The convenience of the user and the speed of communication with the surrounding devices are the most important challenges of BCI systems. The Emotiv Epoc headset minimizes the discomfort of the user thanks to its wet electrodes and easy handling. In the continuation of our previous works, in this paper, we developed our BCI system based on the gaze at the rotating vanes using the inexpensive Emotiv Epoc headset. In addition to user comfort, our design has an acceptable mean accuracy rate (ACC) and mean information transfer rate (ITR) compared to similar systems.
Influence of deterministic and stochastic processes on microbial community assembly during aerobic granulation

Aerobic granular sludge is an energy efficient and compact biofilm process for wastewater treatment which has received much attention during the last decades and is now being implemented in full-scale. However, the factors involved in microbial community assembly during formation of granules are poorly understood and little is known about the reproducibility in treatment performance and community structure. Here we show that both deterministic and stochastic factors exert a dynamic influence during microbial community assembly into granular sludge. During granulation, the microbial communities in three replicate sequencing batch reactors followed similar successional trajectories of the most abundant taxa and showed similar dynamics in diversity. Deterministic factors dominated the assembly of the most abundant community members as the microbial community transitioned from floccular to granular form. Stochastic factors mostly affected rare members of the communities and caused the microbial community structure to diverge in one of the reactors; however, this did not have an impact on the treatment performance. This demonstrates that the reactor function and the dynamics of the most abundant community members are in fact reproducible during the formation of aerobic granules.
Climatology of Tropospheric Solitary Waves Observed over an Ice Shelf

Solitary-like wave events have been observed travelling through the lower troposphere over an Antarctic ice shelf. A catalogue of 73 events captured at Halley Station during the austral winter of 2003 implies that the waves are the remnants of micro-fronts or bores in the surface layer. The climatology of the direction of these events indicates that the wave generation mechanism is linked to flow over the surface and is not due to local orography. If this link is confirmed it suggests that the stable boundary layer has a self-induced horizontal complexity not previously recognised. This paper is an introduction to a more substantial paper on ice shelf boundary-layer waves presently in preparation.
Capacidades Dinámicas de la Organización: Revisión de la Literatura y un Modelo Propuesto

e purpose of the present work is to carry out a literature review in order to integrate two approaches of the streams of organizational theory thinking into a dynamic capabilities model. On the one hand, the theoretical perspective of dynamic capabilities which tries to explain the strategic responses of the company to the requirements of a changing and competitive environment through the renewal, integration and reconfiguration of its resources and capabilities. And on the other hand, the organization's cognitive school that studies the mental processes of managers and managers linked to decision-making activities. Both currents have been addressed in a very important way by the academic-scientific community within the scope of the organizations, whose revisions arises a model and a general proposition that raise the relation between the cognition of those who direct to the organization and the dynamic capabilities.
Nitrogen Transformations in Aerated Swine Manure Slurries

A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effect of aeration rate, temperature, and manure loading rate on nitrogen transformations in swine manure slurries. Periodic samples were collected and analyzed for residual organic N, NH₄-N, NO₂-N, and NO₃-N, as well as NH₃ volatilized from the aerated slurries. It was found that organic N decreased rapidly leaving a rather constant fraction after the first several weeks. At the end of the 83-day study at 25C, one-fourth of the N remained in solution in organic forms. This represents N that was not mineralized and consequently would not be lost during the denitrification process. From 16 to 26% of the added N was volatilized as NH₃-N and from 48 to 87% of the added C was evolved as CO₂-C during the study. Increasing temperature, increasing loading rate, and increasing aeration tended to increase volatilization of NH₃ and CO₂. An N balance at the conclusion of the study showed that 22 to 48% of the N was unaccounted for. While the mechanism responsible for the N losses was not determined, NH₃ volatilization apparently predominated. The quantities of lost N increased with an increase in temperature. There appeared to be no relationship between the losses of N and changes in concentration of oxidized forms of N in solution. While nitrification occurred in extensively aerated swine-manure slurries, about 1/4 of the original total N was not mineralized. As this represents a rather stable form and because only 3% of added N occurred in a mineral form at any given time, the extent of denitrification would be limited. Consequently, nitrification-denitrification schemes probably have limited application to N removal from waste substances.
Comparison of Efficacy of Intravenous Morphine and Sublingual Buprenorphine for Analgesia after Lower Limb (below the Knee) Orthopedic Surgery

Background and Objective: Postoperative pain is a common post operative side effect that can postpone patient's discharge from hospital. Pain control in orthopedic patients can significantly reduce limitation range of motion and patients can quickly return to normal life. In this study we aimed to compare the efficacy of Iv Morphine with sublingual Buprenorphine in postoperative pain control following orthopedic surgery of the lower extremities. Original Research Article Akbari et al.; AJMPCP, 1(2): 1-9, 2018; Article no.AJMPCP. 40145
Bone Loss in Black South African women: Transition from Perimenopause to Menopause

Objective: Loss of bone mineral density follows as a consequence of hormonal changes, as women transit from perimenopause to menopause. This study investigated the effect of such a transition on bone demineralisation among Black South African women. Methods: Two groups of women stratified by their menstrual history into perimenopause (n = 28) and postmenopause (n = 32), were enrolled for the study. Each of the study participants had her Body Mass Index (BMI) determined and a sample of blood was taken and analysed for follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Bone mineral density was assessed for the hip bone using the Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry machine (DEXA; Hologic 4500). Results: The mean age (± SD) of perimenopausal women was 44.6 years (± 3.6) compared with 63.4 years (± 7.2) for postmenopausal women. There was no statistical significant SCIREA Journal of Clinical Medicine ISSN: 2706-8870 http://www.scirea. org/journal/CM December 1, 2020 Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2020
The Relationship between the Level of Equity Incentive and Performances Based on EVA

Since equity incentive was supported by the government in 2005, more and more firms implement the equity incentive but in different levels. This paper analyzes the reasons which influence the level of implementing the equity incentive, basing on the 164 companies which carried it out from January 2005 to December 2014. EVA as enterprise performance indicators, this paper finds that the better the firm performs on EVA for the first time, the higher level of equity incentive will be put into action, which means this kind of firms are more likely to carry out the equity incentive for the second time. However, companies don’t perform better for the second time. Therefore, the government should support the equity incentive policy further and strengthen the promotion. What’s more, enterprises should make adequate preparation before they implement equity policy and be more careful for the second time.
Building a network for collaborative support in professional development

This paper aims to explore and describe important steps in creating beneficial conditions for networked learning in a project in organisations. In the inception phase of the project, four important steps were identified: creating a common virtual space, the handshake, the initial support and the mentorship. It is concluded that all the four described steps are important for a successful establishment of a networked community of practice.
Effect of Nitrogen Concentration on Capacitance, Density of States, Electronic Conductivity, and Morphology of N-Doped Carbon Nanotube Electrodes

Heteroatom doping (e.g., boron and nitrogen) of graphitic carbon lattices affects various physicochemical properties of sp2 carbon materials. The influence of nitrogen doping in carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) on their electrochemical and electrical properties such as the differential capacitance, density of states at the Fermi level (D(EF)), bulk conductivity, and work function is presented. Studies were performed on free-standing N-CNTs electrode mats to understand the intrinsic physicochemical properties of the material without relying on the secondary influence of another conductive support. N-Doping levels ranging from 0 to 7.4 atom % N were examined, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to evaluate the differential capacitance and to estimate the effective density of states, D(EF). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman microscopy were used to assess the compositional and structural properties as a function of nitrogen doping. XPS N1s spectra show three principle types of ni.
Risk Factors for Traffic Crash Fatalities in Older Motorcyclists: A Study Linking Police Traffic Crash Dataset with Cause of Death Dataset

In Taiwan, the official traffic crash dataset was compiled and maintained by the National Police Agency (NPA), Ministry of the Interior. Before 2008, the injury severity reported by the police in the crash report was classified into four levels: fatally injured, injured, not injured, and unknown. The fatally injured category applies to victims who died within 24 hours of a traffic crash due to their injuries. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Organization for European Cooperation and Development defined traffic fatality as a case in which victims died within 30 days of a traffic crash (hereafter, 30-day definition). This is the international definition of traffic fatality that was recommended by organizations, such as the International Road Traffic and Accident Database, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, and WHO, and has been adopted by most countries. In response to this 30-day definition, the NPA has added one more category (i.e., death of the victim occurring between 24 hours and 30 days) in the crash report since 2008. However, as the police are not required to check and report if the victim died between 24 hours and 30 days of a traffic crash, most fatalities that fit within the 30-day definition remain assigned to the injury level of “injured”. Motorcycles are a popular transportation mode in Taiwan because of their convenience and affordability. As of December 2018, the number of registered motorcycles was 13,776,210. On an average, there is one motorcycle for every 1.7 persons. Chen indicated that many older people in Taiwan use motorcycles for several trip purposes (e.g., shopping, visiting a friend, and seeing a doctor), especially older people living in rural districts. Thus, identifying the factors that cause older motorcyclists fatalities is essential to improving motorcycle safety and reducing the number of fatal crashes in older motorcyclists. Most traffic crash occurrences are attributable to human factors, including traffic violation behaviors. In this study, traffic violation behaviors were defined as driver actions that contribute to traffic crashes. Several studies have examined the effect of traffic violations on injury severity for people involved in traffic crashes. For instance, Ayuso et al. investigated the associations between drivers’ injury severities and traffic violations. The analyzed results revealed that some traffic violations (e.g., speeding, driving an overloaded vehicle, and driving into the opposite lane) are associated with a higher probability of serious or fatal crashes. In addition to analyzing the risks drivers who exhibit violation behaviors pose to themselves, Penmetsa et al. investigated the risks the International Journal of Gerontology Special Issue (2019) S68 S72 https://doi.org/10.6890/IJGE.201910/SP.0011
Magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating tumor resectability in advanced ovarian cancer

Abstract Background: This study will evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate tumor resectability at primary debulking surgery among women experiencing advanced-stage ovarian cancer. Methods: We will systematically search the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for potentially eligible studies from electronic databases, including 4 English databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) and 3 Chinese databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang, and China Biomedical Database). The study language will be restricted to English and Chinese. Also, 2 independent authors will collect and carry out data extraction as well as quality assessment. Data will be synthesized using appropriate statistical methods. Results: We will summarize present study's evidence to assess the diagnostic accuracy of MRI for evaluating tumor resectability at primary debulking surgery in women experiencing advanced-stage ovarian cancer. Conclusion: The present study will put forward the latest high-quality evidence for MRI's clinical application for evaluating tumor resectability in women experiencing advanced ovarian cancer. Ethics and dissemination: Since the present study is a systematic review and meta-analysis based on the published literature, ethical approval will not be necessary. Protocol registration number: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/UWDRF (https://osf.io/uwdrf/)
MULTIDISCIPLINARY MODELING AND SIMULATION FRAMEWORK FOR REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND CONTROL Lâle

Future concepts and key technologies for reusable launch vehicles are currently investigated by the DLR project AKIRA, focusing on vertical takeoff and horizontal landing (VTHL), as well as horizontal takeoff and horizontal landing (HTHL) concepts. Dedicated developments of multidisciplinary frameworks for launch vehicle modeling and preliminary design optimization have been presented in the relevant literature. These activities are often performed by several independent and discipline-specific tools; such an approach can only account for limited interactions of the involved disciplines with the overall system dynamics. Therefore, it is the objective of this paper to focus on a multidisciplinary launch vehicle dynamics modeling, guidance, and control framework to support reusable launch vehicle design activities at DLR while taking into account the highly interconnected disciplines involved and the changing environmental conditions. The modeling framework is based on the object-oriented, multidisciplinary, and equation-based modeling language MODELICA. Dedicated 3-DOF and 6DOF model implementations, covering the kinematics and dynamics formulation, environmental effects, aerodynamics, and propulsion models are presented. Within this framework, a method to obtain a direct connection between 3-DOF and 6-DOF models is shown. This is done by considering results from the trajectory optimization package ‘trajOpt’ in combination with nonlinear 6-DOF inverse models obtained automatically by MODELICA. Angular rates and the resulting moments can be obtained by this intermediate 6-DOF modeling approach for subsequent controllability studies. We discuss some of these benefits in terms on nonlinear flight control simulations for an HTHL reusable launch vehicle concept.
Protective Effects of Paeonia lactiflora and Its Active Compound, Paeoniflorin, against Neuronal Oxidative Stress in H2O2-Treated SH-SY5Y Cells

Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2 ), hydroxyl radical ( OH), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) causes lipid peroxidation and protein damage, resulting in oxidative stress. Brain has a higher oxygen demand for metabolism than that of other organs, and it also has low concentrations of antioxidants and related enzymes. Because unsaturated fatty acids are abundant in the brain, lipid peroxidation occurs more easily in the brain than in other organs. Neuronal cells in the brain are constantly exposed and irreversibly damaged by oxidative stress, which may cause neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therefore, the antioxidant effects of natural plant products, such as resveratrol, green tea, and curcumin, have received much attention owing to their effects in reducing the risk of neurodegenerative disease. The dried roots of peony, Paeonia lactiflora (PL), had been widely used in Asian countries, including China, Japan, and Korea. PL has been reported to have beneficial health effects, such as anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. Studies on component analysis have shown that PL contains monoterpene glycosides, such as paeoniflorin (PF), albiflorin, and lactiflorin. Among these components, PF, a water-soluble monoterpene glucoside, is an essential active ingredient in the biological activities of PL. Previous studies showed that PF has various pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuro-protective effects. In particular, PF has been reported to ameliorate cognitive impairment in mouse model. However, the neuroprotective mechanisms of PL and PF against oxidative stress have not been fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the neuro-protective effects of PL and PF against oxidative stress and the underlying mechanism of these effects on apoptosis in H2O2-treated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells.