Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Field transplantation of a freshwater bivalve, Pyganodon grandis, across a metal contamination gradient. I. Temporal changes in metallothionein and metal (Cd, Cu, and Zn) concentrations in soft tissues

To test the response of the freshwater bivalve Pyganodon grandis (formerly Anodonta grandis) to increased metal exposure in the field, we transferred specimens (8 cm length; 4–6 years old) from a less to a more contaminated lake in the mining area of Rouyn-Noranda, in northwestern Quebec. The transplanted bivalves were maintained in open enclosures placed in the bottom sediments of the contaminated lake. Up to 16 individuals were removed from pairs of enclosures at times t = 0 (June 1990), 5, 14, 30, 60, 90, and 400 d; tissue concentrations of metallothionein (MT) and metals were monitored over time. Measurements on control molluscs enclosed in their lake of origin showed that enclosure per se had no apparent effect on tissue [MT] or tissue metal levels, but did decrease shell growth. Metallothionein levels in specimens transplanted to the more contaminated lake showed a slow but steady increase with time; in contrast, MT levels in the control populations showed only modest seasonal fluctuations. The incr.
Soil temperature, soil water, and no-till corn development following in-row residue removal

In northern areas where corn (Zea mays L.) is grown, no-till plants develop more slowly and, consequently, could be more susceptible to soil water limitations than plants under conventional tillage. This study was conducted to determine if removing in-row residues by pushing them into the interrow can solve problems related to no-till corn development in droughty soils. Residues were removed to produce a 30- cm band of bare soil along the corn row. This bare row no-tillage (BRNT) treatment was compared with conventional tillage (C), regular no-tillage (NT), and hare no-tillage (BNT) for plant development, plant height, crop yield, soil water content in the upper soil layers, and seed zone temperature [. ]
Effects of Unseeded Areas on Species Richness of Coal Mines Reclaimed with Municipal Biosolids

Land application of municipal biosolids on coal mine spoils can benefit vegetation establishment in mine reclamation. However, the application of biosolids leads to domination by early‐successional species, such as grasses, and low establishment of woody and volunteer species, thus reducing potential for forestry as a postmining land use. In this experiment, tree seedlings were planted in strips (0.6‐, 1‐, and 4‐m wide) that were not seeded with grasses, and the effects of unseeded strip width on seedling growth and species richness were assessed. Planted seedling mortality was high; therefore, the effect of unseeded strip width on seedling growth could not be determined. However, it was found that natural plant invasion and species richness were highest in the 4‐m unseeded strips. The practice of leaving 4‐m‐wide unseeded strips in mine reclamation with biosolids in the eastern United States, along with the improvement of tree seedling planting practices and planting stock, would help promote a more species‐rich plant community that could be utilized for forestry or a variety of other postmining land uses.
Tuna long‐line fishing I: Historical aspects

The history of the tuna long‐line fishing industry, starting from the seventh century, is introduced. Early fishing methods, fishing gear, fishing boats etc. are given in brief and also the factors behind their development up to the present time. The place of the tuna long‐line fishing industry in the entire fishing industry is also discussed with reference to historical records. It should be pointed out that Japanese boats quite recently started to go out to distant fishing grounds but only after fishing vessels, navigation equipment etc. had improved considerably. Development of overseas fishing grounds by the Japanese fishing industry is also discussed. The period since the war includes problems faced by the industry, government policies, development, and current status as well as future prospects for the industry. Interesting and useful information from well‐known skippers who have had first‐hand knowledge of the industry over the last 50 years is also included.
Holocene climate changes and warm man‐made refugia may explain why a sixth of British butterflies possess unnatural early‐successional habitats

Analyses of their habitats indicate that 18% of British butterfly species are restricted to the earliest seral stages of ecosystems, whereas the same species occupy later seral stages in central Europe, where spring and summer temperatures are warmer. The microclimates of their British habitats are exceptionally warm, compensating for the cooler climate. Most of these British habitats are also ephemeral, and have long depended on man for their creation and regeneration This poses the question of where these species lived before man created their habitats, roughly 6000 BP, I suggest that they are relics from a period when British summers were warmer than today, and that they avoided extinction when the climate cooled by moving into warm refugia created by prehistoric man within three types of ecosystem If summer temperatures become warmer, these species should return to later seral stages that are commoner and less dependent on man.
Instream flows and the decline of riparian cottonwoods along the St. Mary River, Alberta

Completed in 1951, the St. Mary Dam enables water storage and diversion for irrigation; river flows downstream are consequently dramatically reduced during summer months. To assess historical changes in the abundance of riparian cottonwoods (Populus balsamifera, Populus angustifolia, and a few Populus deltoides), airphoto analyses were conducted for 40-km river reaches upstream and downstream from the dam and along adjacent dammed and undammed rivers. Cottonwoods along the lower St. Mary River are confined by steep-walled canyons to narrow bands and consequently analyses of the lineal river distance associated with cottonwoods were conducted. These revealed a 68% decline from 1951 to 1985. The decline was progressive, with 28.9, 27.6, 15.1, and 7.6% of the reach associated with cottonwoods in 1951, 1961, 1981, and 1985, respectively. Ground surveys from 1985 to 1994 indicated further decline after 1985 and an absence of cottonwood seedlings and saplings. Cottonwood stands upstream from the St. Mary Dam an.
Couplings of watersheds and coastal waters: Sources and consequences of nutrient enrichment in Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts

Human activities on coastal watersheds provide the major sources of nutrients entering shallow coastal ecosystems. Nutrient loadings from watersheds are the most widespread factor that alters structure and function of receiving aquatic ecosystems. To investigate this coupling of land to marine systems, we are studying a series of subwatersheds of Waquoit Bay that differ in degree of urbanization and hence are exposed to widely different nutrient loading rates. The subwatersheds differ in the number of septic tanks and the relative acreage of forests. In the area of our study, groundwater is the major mechanism that transports nutrients to coastal waters. Although there is some attenuation of nutrient concentrations within the aquifer or at the sediment-water interface, in urbanized areas there are significant increases in the nutrient content of groundwater arriving at the shore’s edge. The groundwater seeps or flows through the sediment-water boundary, and sufficient groundwater-borne nutrients (nitrogen in particular) traverse the sediment-water boundary to cause significant changes in the aquatic ecosystem. These loading-dependent alterations include increased nutrients in water, greater primary production by phytoplankton, and increased macroaglal biomass and growth (mediated by a suite of physiological responses to abundance of nutrients). The increased macroalgal biomass dominates the bay ecosystem through second- or third-order effects such as alterations of nutrient status of water columns and increasing frequency of anoxic events. The increases in seaweeds have decreased the areas covered by eelgrass habitats. The change in habitat type, plus the increased frequency of anoxic events, change the composition of the benthic fauna. The data make evident the importance of bottom-up control in shallow coastal food webs. The coupling of land to sea by groundwater-borne nutrient transport is mediated by a complex series of steps; the cascade of processes make it unlikely to find a one-to-one relation between land use and conditions in the aquatic ecosystem. Study of the process and synthesis by appropriate models may provide a way to deal with the complexities of the coupling.
Reproduction in the Female Dasyurid Antechinus-Minimus-Maritimus (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae)

Reproduction in male Antechinus minimus maritimus was investigated in the field and laboratory by morphological, histological and endocrinological techniques. All males died in late July or early August immediately after mating. Testicular weight was maximal in May and then declined abruptly in June. Spermatogenesis lasted from February to May. The germinal epithelia of some tubules at the time of testicular regression consisted of only Sertoli cells, while in others some spermatogonia were also present. Prostate and Cowper's glands were maximally enlarged in June and July, which coincided with the maximal concentration (5 ng ml-¹) of androgens in the blood. During the rest of the year concentrhtions were less than l ng ml-¹. It is concluded that reproduction in male A. m. maritimus is essentially the same as in other Antechinus which exhibit male 'die-off'. The low concentrations of plasma androgens during spermatogenesis in Antechinus indicate that if these steroids are important for spermatogenesis, only relatively small amounts are required.
A disturbing synergism between cattle ranch burning practices and selective tree harvesting in the eastern Amazon.

The combination of pasture burning to control weeds and selective timber harvesting is resulting in the spread of wildfires in Amazonian rain forests near Paragominas, Para, Brazil. We visited 15 cattle ranchers who had permitted selective logging on their land and found that eight of the affected forests had burned shortly after logging. In selectively logged, high forests, fire-induced mortality was greatest for trees less than 10 cm DBH, whereas in low and second-growth forests, nearly all trees were killed. Fires affect regeneration mechanisms such that the more severely forests are burned, the more complex and prolonged will be the pattern of succession. OF ALL THE OPTIONS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT in the Amazon region, the selective harvest of valuable timber species on a rotational basis is one of the most ecologically sound (Goodland 1980, Fearnside 1983). Selective tree harvesting, when done carefully, usually creates three to six canopy gaps per hectare which are akin to natural forest tree fall disturbances. Regeneration following natural tree falls is rapid (Brokaw 1984, Whitmore 1983). Pre-existing seedlings and saplings (advance regeneration) and fast-growing pioneer trees, usually originating from seeds buried in the soil, dominate the regrowth. Moreover, because only the nutrient-poor boles are removed (i.e., the relatively nutrient-rich twigs, leaves, and roots remain) and because regeneration is rapid, nutrient loss is probably inconsequential. Although regeneration occurs rapidly without further disturbance, selective tree harvesting leaves the forest in an open, fuel-rich, fire-prone state. We have observed that fires set to control weeds in degraded pastures in eastern Amazonia commonly spread into adjacent forests. Fire readily spreads through exploited (selectively logged) forests causing extensive damage, but fires reaching the edge of unexploited forests quickly die out. Thus, the effects of forest timber removal and pasture burning interact to produce more detrimental effects than either pro-
APC truncation and increased β-catenin levels in a human breast cancer cell line

Mutations in the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene or the beta-catenin gene are present in most colon cancers and less frequently in other tumor types. In this study, we screened 24 human breast cancer cell lines and three immortalized human breast epithelial cell lines for alterations in beta- and gamma-catenin and APC by western blotting, protein truncation assay and DNA sequence analysis. In one cell line (DU 4475), an APC mutation was identified (E1577stop) that resulted in expression of truncated APC. This mutation was associated with elevated cytosolic beta-catenin levels, probably due to loss of APC function, as in colon cancers. No mutations were found in exon 3 of the beta- or gamma-catenin genes. We conclude that APC mutations and beta-catenin upregulation may occur with low frequency in human breast cancer cells.
Tail and pelvis pathologies of ankylosaurian dinosaurs

Ankylosaurid dinosaurs had modified distal caudal vertebrae (the handle) and large terminal caudal osteoderms (the knob), which together form the tail club. The tail club may have been used as a weapon. Ankylosaur pelvic and caudal elements were surveyed for evidence of healing wounds that may indicate traumatic injury, and which could support clubbing behaviour. No pathologies were found in the handle vertebrae, but several proximal caudal vertebrae show evidence of infection in the neural spines and transverse processes. One tail club knob has a lesion that may represent infection, and another knob has an unusual, furrowed texture of unknown aetiology. Two pelves each have large lesions at the junction of the fourth dorsosacral transverse process and the ilium, also of unknown aetiology. The cause of some lesions remains unknown and none of the pathologies can be used to support any hypothesised behaviour. If ankylosaurid tail clubs were used as weapons, then they were either well adapted for resisting fracture, or typical injuries were catastrophic and unlikely to heal.
Polychaetous Annelids of Ungava Bay, Hudson Strait, Frobisher Bay and Cumberland Sound

A collection of 74 species of polychaetous annelids, the greater part of which was obtained by the Calanus expeditions of 1947–1952 in Ungava Bay, Hudson Strait, Frobisher Bay and Cumberland Sound, is described. Twelve species are new records for the Canadian eastern arctic, and 2 are new for North America. The zoogeographical relationships of the known Canadian eastern arctic polychaete fauna are discussed.
Upper Limb Self-Efficacy Test (Upset): A Measure Of Confidence In The Use Of The Upper Limb After Stroke.

Introduction: Self-efficacy means the degree of one’s confidence in carrying out his activities tasks or duties. Following a stroke, a survivor may lose their self-efficacy depending on the level of their impairment. There is a specific measure known as stroke selfefficacy questionnaire to measure self-efficacy in various tasks after stroke. However, there seems to be no specific upper limb selfefficacy measure after stroke. The aim of this study was therefore to develop and validate an upper limb self-efficacy test (UPSET). Method: The developed UPSET was administered alongside, SSQ, MAL (amount of use and how well) and Tinetti gait subscale on 17 stroke patients with mean age, 53.35±10.60 on the first day and 2 days after the first day. The convergent validity between UPSET and SSQ, the discriminant/ divergent validity between UPSET and MAL (amount of use and how well) and Tinetti gait subscale, and the testretest reliability between first and second UPSET measurements were determined using Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Additionally, the internal consistency of UPSET was determined using Cronbach’s alpha. Result: The result showed that, there was a strong correlation between UPSET and SSQ, and high test-retest reliability between UPSET measurements at first and 2 days (r>0.70 and p≤0.001). Additionally, the study showed that UPSET has good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=0.99). However, there were no significant correlations between UPSET and MAL (amount of use), MAL (how well) and Tinetti gait subscale (r 0.001). Conclusion: The Upper Limb Self-efficacy Test (UPSET) is a valid and reliable instrument.
Synthesis and in Vivo Antitumor Activity of Poly(l-glutamic acid) Conjugates of 20(S)-Camptothecin

Poly-α-(l-glutamic acid) (PG) conjugates of 20(S)-camptothecin (1, CPT) displayed improved aqueous solubility compared to CPT, were stable in aqueous solution at neutral pH, and were potent antitumor agents in vivo. Evaluation of PG molecular weight, CPT loading, aqueous solubility, and CPT equivalent dosing with respect to in vivo antitumor potencies of various linked conjugates led to identification of a preferred conjugate composition.
Influence of straw management, nitrogen fertilization and dosage rates on the dissipation of five sulfonylureas in soil

The dissipation behaviour of metsulfuron-methyl, tribenuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron and amidosulfuron were studied in soil following post-emergence spring applications to cereal crops. Incorporation or removal of straw and different fertilizer applications had no influence on the disappearance time (DT 50 ) of the herbicides. However, in laboratory trials dissipation of metsulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron and amidosulfuron at higher application rates was accelerated after incorporation of straw into the soil. The addition of straw decreases soil pH thereby causing faster hydrolysis of the compounds. Addition of nitrogen fertilizer increased the half-lives (t 1/2 ) of the herbicides. Combination of both straw and N fertilizer, however, had no effect. Neither straw nor N influenced the degradation of tribenuron-methyl and thifensulfuron-methyl. The DT 50 of all herbicides investigated varied from 6 to 17 days in the field trials. Except for amidosulfuron, herbicides could not be detected 38-68 days after application. In the laboratory, t 1/2 values were higher than those in the field at 75 days (amidosulfuron), 63 days (metsulfuron-methyl), 35 days (triasulfuron) and 13 days (tribenuron-methyl). Only the t 1/2 of thifensulfuron-methyl was at 29 h faster under laboratory conditions. T 1/2 values of all herbicides were influenced by their initial concentration. The t 1/2 values of amidosulfuron and tribenuron-methyl at 1 mg a.i. kg -1 soil were 2-2.5 times higher than at the recommended field application rate of 42 μg a.i. kg -1 soil.
Citizen Science auf dem Weg in den Wissenschaftsalltag

Boom: Soziale und technologische Entwicklungen ermöglichen neue Formen der Partizipation, aber auch politische Bedürfnisse nach Transformations-, Beteiligungs-, Akzeptanzund Demokratisierungsprozessen können bedient werden. Zu den sozialen Entwicklungen, die Citizen Science-Ansätze seit Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts befördern, zählen ein höheres Bildungsniveau, ein Mehr an Freizeit und eine längere (gesunde) Lebenszeit (Haklay 2015: 12–13). Gleichzeitig hat die Digitalisierung unserer Gesellschaft eine neue Qualität der Mitwirkung an wissenschaftlichen Projekten befördert. Internet und mobile Kommunikation, einfache und günstige Sensoren zur Datenerfassung sowie Open-Access-Datenbanken sind heute eine wichtige Voraussetzung für regionenoder auch länderübergreifende Citizen Science-Projekte.
Development and Corroboration of a Bioenergetics Model for Northern Pikeminnow Feeding on Juvenile Salmonids in the Columbia River

Abstract A bioenergetics model was developed and corroborated for northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis, an important predator on juvenile salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. Predictions of modeled predation rate on salmonids were compared with field data from three areas of John Day Reservoir (Columbia River). To make bioenergetics model estimates of predation rate, three methods were used to approximate the change in mass of average predators during 30-d growth periods: Observed change in mass between the first and the second month, predicted change in mass calculated with seasonal growth rates, and predicted change in mass based on an annual growth model. For all reservoir areas combined, bioenergetics model predictions of predation on salmon were 19% lower than field estimates based on observed masses, 45% lower than estimates based on seasonal growth rates, and 15% lower than estimates based on the annual growth model. For each growth approach, the largest differences in field-versus-model pr.
An Introduction to Crop Physiology

Prefaces Acknowledgements 1. Prolegomena 2. The environment 3. The supply and use of water 4. The absorption and transport of mineral nutrients 5. Photosynthesis and respiration 6, Germination and seeding emergence 7. vegetative growth 8. Flowering and fruit growth 9. Some aspects of overall growth and its modification 10. The prediction of responses Glossary Appendices Index.
SYSTEMATICS, MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY Descrição do Último Ínstar Larval e do Pupário de Ptecticus testaceus (Fabr.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

The larva and the puparium of Ptecticus testaceus are described based on 6 larvae and 45 puparia of imagoes emerged in laboratory. The larvae were reared in the pulp of the "abrico-de- macaco" fruit, Couroupita guianensis (Lecythidaceae). Some notes on the biology of the species are presented.
The fauna of dynamic riverine landscapes

1. Riverine landscapes are heterogeneous in space (complex mosaic of habitat types) and time (expansion and contraction cycles, landscape legacies). They are inhabited by a diverse and abundant fauna of aquatic, terrestrial and amphibious species. 2. Faunal distribution patterns are determined by interactive processes that reflect the landscape mosaic and complex environmental gradients. The life cycles of many riverine species rely upon a shifting landscape mosaic and other species have become adapted to exploit the characteristically high turn-over of habitats. 3. The complex landscape structure provides a diversity of habitats that sustains various successional stages of faunal assemblages. A dynamic riverine landscape sustains biodiversity by providing a variety of refugia and through ecological feedbacks from the organisms themselves (ecosystem engineering). 4. The migration of many species, aquatic and terrestrial, is tightly coupled with the temporal and spatial dynamics of the shifting landscape mosaic. Alternation of landscape use by terrestrial and aquatic fauna corresponds to the rise and fall of the flood. Complex ecological processes inherent to intact riverine landscapes are reflected in their biodiversity, with important implications for the restoration and management of river corridors.
Can Plants Normally Produce Seeds under Microgravity in Space

Growth analysis was performed on a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mutant line showing an abnormal gravity response, and also on the original normal line. The reproductive structures of mutant plants were quite different from the original normal plants. Analysis by stratified clip method revealed difference in distribution of leaves, stems, and heads, as well as leaf area index (LAI) in the mutant line caused by diagravitropic or plagiogravitropic growth. Mutant plants showed an abnormal gravity response even in the seedling stage. In mutant but not normal plants, the direction of first-leaf growth depended on the position of the embryo. Seed production of mutant plants was about 60% compared with normal plants, even though net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were not decreased. Seed fertility of mutant plants was correlated with the angle between heads and ground level. However, when plants were turned upside down, all heads, both mutants and normal, were nearly vertical, and seed fertility recovered to a level that not significantly different from normal plants. From these results, it was predicted that barley plants may not produce seeds normally under microgravity.