Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theory and Practice of MIMO Wireless Communication Systems

CONTENTS Summary 30 2.1 Shannon’s Capacity Formula 30 2.2 Extended Capacity Formula for MIMO Channels 31 2.2.1 General Capacity Formula 31 2.2.2 Transformation of the MIMO Channel into n SISO Subchannels 32 2.2.3 No CSI at the Transmitter 34 2.2.4 CSI at the Transmitter 35 2.2.5 Channel Estimation at the Transmitter 35 2.3 Remarks on the Extended Shannon Capacity Formula 36 2.3. 1 Bounds on MIMO Capacity 36 2.3. 2 Capacity of Orthogonal Channels 38 2.3. 3 Effective Degrees of Freedom 38 2.4 Capacity of SIMO — MISO Channels 39 2.5 Stochastic Channels 40 2.5. 1 Ergodic Capacity 40 2.5. 2 Outage Capacity 41 2.6 MIMO Capacity with Rice and Rayleigh Channels 41 2.6. 1 MIMO Channel Matrix for Rayleigh Propagation Conditions 42 2.6. 2 MIMO Channel Matrix for Ricean Propagation Conditions . 43 2.6. 3 Channel Matrix with Spatial Fading Correlation 45 2.7 Simulations 47 2.7. 1 MIMO Capacity for a Rayleigh Channel without Spatial Fading Correlation 48 2.7. 2 MIMO Capacity for a Rayleigh Channel with Spatial Fading Correlation 49 2.7. 3 MIMO Capacity for a Ricean Channel 50
Production of biofuel from fruits and vegetable wastes

Production of biofuel from fruits and vegetable waste has been carried out with the singular aim of converting the waste to useful material. The Bioethanol was produced by using fruit waste like Indian water chestnut, sweet potato, jackfruit and pineapple. To achieve this, the conversion of fruits and vegetable wastes were respectively carried out via acid hydrolysis, which yielded fermentable sugar. A pure culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to carry out the fermentation process. It was seen that after fermentation, pineapple waste produced 0.090% (0.90 mg/ml) ethanol, sweet potato waste produced 0.079% (0.79 mg/ml) ethanol, Indian water chestnut waste produced 0.045% (0.45ml/ml) ethanol whereas jackfruit waste produced 0.045% (0.45 mg/ml) ethanol. The study considered the enormous amount of fruits and vegetable wastes thrown away daily in every household, and therefore embarked upon the conversion of these wastes into a useful product, ethanol.
Influência do pH nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais de frozen yogurt de morango

O frozen yogurt e uma sobremesa fermentada congelada que apresenta caracteristicas estruturais semelhantes ao sorvete e propriedades nutricionais e sensoriais que se assemelham ao iogurte. A acidificacao da mistura base por meio das bacterias lacticas pode influenciar as propriedades do frozen yogurt. Por esse motivo, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a influencia do pH nas caracteristicas fisico-quimicas e sensoriais de frozen yogurt de morango. A formulacao consistiu de 6 % de gordura lactea; 10 % de solidos desengordurados do leite; 11 % de sacarose; 3 % de xarope de milho; 0,3 % de emulsificantes e 0,5 % de estabilizantes. As misturas base de frozen yogurt foram elaboradas com diferentes pontos finais de fermentacao, valores de pH de 4,5; 5,0 e 5,5. O preparado de frutas de morango foi adicionado a mistura base fermentada em um nivel de 4 % (m/m). De acordo com os resultados, o pH da mistura base de frozen yogurt nao influenciou as concentracoes de proteina, gordura e cinzas, enquanto que os teores de acidez, acucares redutores, nao redutores e totais sofreram influencia do pH em decorrencia da fermentacao. Avaliou-se a aceitabilidade dos frozen yogurts em relacao aos atributos sabor, textura, aspecto global e acidez ideal. Observou-se que o pH influenciou a aceitacao do frozen yogurt, sendo que os tratamentos com pH final de 5,0 e 5,5 apresentaram maior aceitabilidade para todos os atributos avaliados e acidez mais proxima a ideal. Por meio da analise de componentes principais verificou-se que as caracteristicas fisico-quimicas teor de acidez titulavel e concentracao de acucares (redutores, nao redutores e totais) tiveram efeito na aceitacao do produto. Em conclusao, os frozen yogurts de morango com pH 5,0 e 5,5 demonstraram boa aceitacao sensorial e, assim, apresentam potencial de serem melhor explorados pelas industrias de gelados comestiveis.
QTL underlying developmental behaviour of 100‐seed weight of soybean

With 4 tables Abstract The objective of this study was to determine QTL underlying seed weight from earlier developmental stage to postharvest in soybean, using a F5:8-derived recombinant inbred line (RIL) (n = 125) population. Twenty-three unconditional QTL and 17 conditional QTL associated with seed weight were identified in different developmental stages in 2008 and 2009. Four conditional QTL QSW J-1 (on LG J, Gm 16), QSWF-1(on LG F, Gm 13), QSWK-2 (on LG K, Gm 9) and QSWA2-2 (on LG A2, Gm 8) were identified across multiple stages and the two years. Fifteen QTL with conditional additive main effect (a) and/or conditional additive ×environment interaction effect (ae) at certain stages were identified. Of them, seven conditional QTL possessed significant additive main effect (a), and ten conditional QTL had significant ae effects. Twenty-six epistatic pairwise QTL (aae) were identified in different developmental stages. Eleven pairs showed aa effect, and twelve pairs showed aae effect in different developmental stages.
Solubilization, purification, and reconstitution of a 2 b 1 isozyme of Na + /K + -ATPase from caveolae of pulmonary smooth muscle plasma membrane: comparative studies with DHPC, C12E8,

We identified a2, a1, and b1 isoforms of Na ? / K ? -ATPase in caveolae vesicles of bovine pulmonary smooth muscle plasma membrane. The biochemical and biophysical characteristics of the a2b1 isozyme of Na ? /K ? - ATPase from caveolae vesicles were studied during solubilization and purification using the detergents 1,2- heptanoyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine (DHPC), poly(oxy-eth- ylene)8-lauryl ether (C12E8), and Triton X-100, and reconstitution with the phospholipid dioleoyl-phosphati- dylcholine (DOPC). DHPC was determined to be superior to C12E8, whereas C12E8 was better than Triton X-100 in the active enzyme yields and specific activity. Fluores- cence studies with DHPC-purified a2b1 isozyme of Na ? / K ? -ATPase elicited higher E1Na-E2 K transition com- pared with that of the C12E8- and Triton X-100-purified enzyme. The rate of Na ? efflux in DHPC-DOPC-recon-
Public Response to Wildfire: Is the Australian “Stay and Defend or Leave Early” Approach an Option for Wildfire Management in the United States?

feasible. In addition, there is growing evidence that many homeowners do not intend to evacuate (Cohn et al. 2006, Alexander et al. 2007, Mozumder et al. 2008). These challenges have led to increased discussion of possible alternatives to evacuation such as shelter in place and the Australian strategy to “stay and defend or leave early” (SDLE) [1] (Welch 2007, Paveglio et al. 2008). Some fire departments, in areas as diverse as Painted Rocks, Montana, and Ventura County, California, have begun providing homeowners with information on what to do if they can not evacuate. Given the increased attention being paid to evacuation alternatives, we think it is time to ask two pivotal questions: (1) What do these various alternatives encompass? and (2) Are they relevant and appropriate in the US context? This article will focus on answering these two questions in relation to the Australian SDLE approach. The approach is described in the Australasian Fire Authorities Council position paper, “Community Safety and Bushfire,” which articulates “a national position that provides the doctrine and describes good practice in relation to creating and maintaining bushfiresafe communities throughout Australia” (AFAC 2005). Although in the United States shelter in place is often equated with SDLE, the two are not inherently the same. We believe that the Australian position is worthy of closer examination and that this examination needs to be systematic and any decisions about its relevance in the US context needs to be evidence based. We also believe that such an examination will identify a range of research issues that, if followed through, will benefit both countries by providing further insight into effective management of wildfire risk. There are many widely recognized similarities between United States and Australian wildfire problems. Large areas of both countries are prone to wildfire and changing demographics and land-use patterns are exposing larger and new populations to the wildfire risk. Recently, both have experienced major destructive wildfires with significant losses of life and property. Climate change is likely to exacerbate the risk of fire in both countries or at least in particular regions of each country. The significance of wildfire events is reflected in increased attention from both countries’ media, and growing political and community concern in each country has led to major inquiries, development of high-level strategies, and increased research attention to wildfire-related issues (Ellis et al. 2004, Brookings Institu-
Sources of resistance, effectiveness of Xa/xa genes and evaluation of botanicals and non-conventional chemicals against bacterial blight of rice

Field trials conducted at CCSHAD Rice Research Station, Kaul during Khari 2003 to 2009 revealed that out of 4052 rice genotypes and 22 near isogenic lines (NILs) evaluated under artificial epiphytotics, 45 genotypes viz. BC1F1-1094-128-549-0-1-0, BC4F1, 111-120-2735-12, CR 837, CRK22, CRMAS 2231–36, CRMAS 2231–37, CRMAS 2231–48, CRMAS 2232–23, CRMAS 2621-7-1, CRMAS 2621-7-2, CRMAS 2622-2-2, CRMAS 2622-3-4, CRMAS 2622-7-6, CRMAS 2622-43-5, HKR 95–75, HKR 95–128, HKR 95–131, HKR 95–138, HKR 99–57, HKR 99–58, HKR 99–60 (HKR 48), HKR 2000–57, HKR 2001-115, HKR 2001-116, PAD 1973-121-1-2-1-1, PAD 2020-10-3-1, PAD 2520-3-2-3-2-1-2-2-2, PAD 2769-20-2-3-3-2-1-2, PAD 2991-48-2, PAD 2991-102-1, PAD 3040-3-4-4, PAD 3042-33-4, PAD 3075-20-3, PAD 3110-37-1-1-1, PAD 3111-45-1, PAD 3116-7-8-1, PAD 3127-143-2-1, PR 106-P2 PR 106-P9 PR 116, PR 118, RP Bio 170, RP Bio 226, SS 1113, Tainjung 72 and three NILs namely, IRBB 58 (Xa4 + xa13 + Xa21), IRBB 59 (xa5 + xa13 + Xa21) and IRBB 60 (Xa4 + xa5 + xa13 + Xa21) were found consistently resistant to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Among various botanicals and non-conventional chemicals evaluated, foliar application of dimethyl sulphoxide, crude extract of Pilkhan (Ficus infectoria) fruits, Aonla (Emblica officinalis) leaves and soil application of probenazole reduced the disease severity by 30–35 per cent. However, maximum disease control (54.4%) along with a significant increase in grain yield were provided by a combination treatment of single spray of 2,4-D ethyl ester (1.0 mg/l) and two sprays of Streptocycline (200 mg/l) + copper oxychloride (2.5 g/l) followed by a combination of nickel nitrate and maleic acid.
Do Antlers Honestly Advertise the Phenotypic Quality of Fallow Buck (Dama dama) in a Lekking Population

Size and symmetry of secondary sexual traits are supposed to be honest signals of male phenotypic quality in vertebrates. Antler size and symmetry, male quality and mating success have not been fully demonstrated to be correlated in cervids. Such correlations can be particularly intriguing in the case of species adopting costly mating strategies, which imply territorial defence without feeding. In these cases, body condition appears to be crucial at the onset of the rut, and large and symmetrical antlers may be borne by successful males. For these reasons, during four consecutive years, we analysed growth rate, size and symmetry of 26 fallow bucks' antlers in relation to individual mating strategy and success in a lekking population. Territorial (T) males, which gained higher mating success in the lek, showed a faster antler growth (about 10 g/d per antler) than non-territorial (NT) males (3.6-5.2 g/d per antler) during the velvet period, and this was likely because of optimized foraging strategies. At the onset of the rut, when antler growth was completed, T males had larger antlers than NT males. Possibly because of worsened body conditions, NT males showed a pronounced antler directional asymmetry, while T males did not. However, no direct link between antler symmetry and mating success was found, thus confirming the ambiguous role of antler asymmetry as an indicator of fitness. The faster the antler growth, the larger its final size and the higher its beholder's mating success. Our results confirmed that, like groaning and scent marking, antler size reflects social status and dominance in male fallow deer, and therefore represents an honest advertisement of phenotypic quality.
Conditional release of new organisms in New Zealand

New organisms are defined as species not present in New Zealand prior to 29 July 1998, the date the New Organisms component of the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (HSNO) Act 1996 came into effect. New organisms also include genetically modified (GM) organisms, organisms that have been approved for containment or conditional release, and exotic organisms that have been eradicated. There are three ways a new organism can occur in New Zealand: accidental incursions, deliberate but illegal introductions, and legal introductions. Applications for introductions are evaluated by the Environmental Risk Management Authority (ERMA New Zealand). In October 2003, the HSNO Act was amended to allow for the conditional release of new organisms, including GM organisms. This paper describes the process for the introduction of new organisms into New Zealand, with an emphasis on conditional release to assess the risks, costs and benefits of new organisms to human health, the environment and the economy.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES

The review touches upon a problem of coinfection caused by several important fungal infections (aspergillus, candida, pneumocystis, cryptococcus) and infectious or parasitic diseases. The authors also investigate epidemiologic determinants of such clinical forms of pathologic process. There are a lot of scientific gaps in the studying coinfections concerning mycosis and other infections. Physicians and infection control practitioners sometimes reveal such cases therefore complex characteristics of the coinfections is required.
Phylogenetic diversity of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit genes of bacterioplankton in the East China Sea

Phylogenetic diversity of Form I and Form II ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) large subunit (rbcL) genes in the inshore and offshore areas of the East China Sea were investigated. Two new primer sets were designed for amplifying partial sequences of rbcL genes from Proteobacteria. Four rbcL gene clone libraries were constructed by amplification and cloning of approximately 640-800 bp sequences of bacterioplankton populations. The method of screening library by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was introduced. The results show that the diversity of Form I is higher in offshore waters with higher salinity and lower productivity, while that of Form II is higher at the inshore station where salinity is lower and productivity is higher. Several clusters of sequences obtained are deeply rooted and show low similarity (60%∼78%) to the known rbcL in existing databases. The degree of diversity of rbcL genes is directly related to environmental variables, including temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, etc. These results indicate that rbcL gene can be used as an effective indicator for genetic diversity and population variability of bacterioplankton with the ability of carbon dioxide fixation in the sea.
Magnaporthe and Its Relatives

The ascomycetous family Magnaporthaceae includes plant pathogenic fungi that cause diseases on members of the Poaceae worldwide, affecting the turfgrass industry and staple food crops such as rice, wheat, millet and maize. The economically significant turfgrass root pathogen Magnaporthe poae belongs to this family. Two of the most damaging fungal pathogens of wheat and rice also belong to this family: the intractable root-infecting fungus and causal agent of take-all disease, Gaeumannomyces graminis and the blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. M. grisea has emerged as a paradigm for the understanding of fungal aerial attack. Interestingly, M. grisea can also infect roots and is far more amenable to transformation than G. graminis and M. poae. Consequently, M. grisea constitutes an excellent fungal model system for the dissection of genetic determinants required for infection on underground tissues, and for comparative analysis of the distinct tissue-specific pathogenic mechanisms observed during leaf and root colonization. Key concepts Appressorium: Infection structure formed by fungal hypha that mediates attachment and penetration in aerial plant tissues. This term is also used for penetration structures produced by symbiotic fungi on roots. Clade: Phylogenetic group which comprises a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor. EST (expressed sequenced tags): Short cDNA (complementary deoxyribonucleic acid) sequences, generally obtained from cDNA libraries generated under different nutrient conditions and/or tissues. Hyphopodium: Specialized structure produced at the tip of the hyphae that mediate fungal penetration into root tissue. G. graminis can produce simple or lobed hyphopodia. QTL (quantitative trait locus): Region of DNA associated with a certain quantitative phenotypic trait. The molecular identification of QTLs usually enables the identification and sequencing of genes that are responsible for such a phenotypic trait. Keywords: root infection; take-all; rice blast; hyphopodium; fungal pathogenesis
Beyond taxonomy: a review of macroinvertebrate trait‐based community descriptors as tools for freshwater biomonitoring

Summary 1. Species traits have been frequently used in ecological studies in an attempt to develop a general ecological framework linking biological communities to habitat pressures. The trait approach offers a mechanistic alternative to traditional taxonomy-based descriptors. This review focuses on research employing traits as biomonitoring tools for freshwater ecosystems, although the lessons learned have wider application in the assessment of other ecosystem types. 2. We review the support from ecological theory to employ species traits for biomonitoring purposes (e.g. the habitat templet concept, landscape filtering hypothesis), and the subsequent studies that test the hypotheses arising from these theories, and apply this knowledge under real freshwater biomonitoring scenarios. We also include studies that deal with more specific issues such as trait trade-offs and trait syndromes. 3. We highlight the functional trait approach as one of the most promising tools emerging for biomonitoring freshwater ecosystems. Several technical issues are addressed and solutions are proposed. We discuss the need for: a broader unified trait biomonitoring tool; a more accurate understanding of the natural variation of community patterns of trait expression; approaches to diminish the effects of trait trade-offs and trait syndromes; additional life history and ecological requirement studies; and the detection of specific impacts under multiple stressor scenarios. 4. Synthesis and applications. This review provides biologists with the conceptual underpinning for the use of species traits as community descriptors and for freshwater biomonitoring and management. We expect that the functional trait approach will ultimately improve communication to managers and legislators of the importance of protecting freshwater ecosystem functions.
Genetic, morphological, ecological and phenological differentiation between Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L. in a mixed stand of northwest of France

The sessile and pedunculate oaks are the most common tree species in Europe. The 2 taxons are closely related, and, in spite of their ecological differences, they form frequently mixed forests, where hybridisation is suspected to occur. In this paper, we describe a mixed forest stand of sessile and pedunculate oaks, in which a regular slope establishes an ecological gradient. Genetic, morphological, phenological and ecological differentiation between the 2 species and the existence of parallel variations among these different types of characters are analysed. The sessile and the pedunculate oaks studied here showed a weak differentiation for the genetic, morphological and ecological characters. The flowering of the 2 species was synchronous over 3 years. Morphological and ecological traits showed an overlapping distribution ; with allozymes any specific marker was not identified. Within each species the diversity is not structured along the ecological gradient, we do not find associations among ecological, morphological, phenological traits and allozyme markers. Inferences about the taxonomie relationships of these species are discussed.
Variação temporal do teor de SVA/ MES e avaliação integrada do sedimento do braço do Rio Grande (Complexo Billings - SP)

xx Resumo.xxi Cap.1 Introdução. 1 1 Substâncias contaminantes no ambiente.2 2 O que é Ecotoxicologia.5 3 Relevância ecológica. 6 4 Análise Integrada (AI) e Avaliação de Risco Ecológico (ERA). 7 5 Tríade de Qualidade de Sedimentos e “Weight-of-Evidence” (WOE). 8 6 Escolha do Local de Estudo.10 7 Objetivo. 10 8 Referências. 11 Cap.2 General Introduction to Methodology.14 1 Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG) and Integrated Assessment.14 2 Sampling Area.17 3 Methodology.20 3.1 Digestion and Measurement of AVS and SEM. 20 3.1. 1 Organic Carbon Calculation. 21 3.2 Water Column. 22 3.3 Extraction. 22 3.4 Battery of Bioassays.24 3.4. 1 RTL-W1 cell and cell culture. 24 3.4. 2 Cytotoxicity Assay – Neutral Red. 26 3.4. 3 Alkaline Comet assay. 27 3.4. 4 Micronucleus assay. 29 3.4. 5 Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity. 32 3.4. 6Ames Fluctuation Test.33
New cultivation strategies for terrestrial microorganisms.

Soils are populated by microbial cells from all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Cultivation of soil bacteria that may display the characteristics of true soil K-strategists can now be carried out routinely, albeit with some effort, and future comparisons with the better-known r-strategists will reveal any underlying physiological and genetic bases for these ecological strategies in soil bacteria. This chapter reviews some of the factors that allow successful isolation of a wider phylogenetic representation of soil bacteria than has traditionally been thought to be possible. Addition of cAMP to media results in significant increase in the cultivation efficiency of marine and freshwater bacteria but did not have an effect on the overall culturability of soil bacteria. Microorganisms can interact in a positive, neutral, or negative manner, and denser inocula can increase the likelihood of these interactions, and so potentially increase or decrease culturability. Some soil bacteria isolated in liquid media grow as colonies on the surfaces of glass tubes in which they are cultured, and do not disperse into liquid culture, and soil myxobacteria often grow on the solid surfaces of culture vessels when grown in liquid culture. The size of the inoculum is an important consideration when attempting to isolate soil bacteria.