Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The 2007 M7.7 Tocopilla northern Chile earthquake sequence: Implications for along-strike and downdip rupture segmentation and megathrust frictional behavior

[1] In 2007 a M7.7 earthquake occurred near the town of Tocopilla within the northern Chile seismic gap. Main shock slip, derived from coseismic surface deformation, was confined to the depth range between 30 and 55 km. We relocated ∼1100 events during six months before and one week after the main shock. Aftershock seismicity is first congruent to the main shock slip and then it spreads offshore west and northwest of Mejillones Peninsula (MP). Waveform modeling for 38 aftershocks reveals source mechanisms that are in the majority similar to the main shock. However, a few events appear to occur in the upper plate, some with extensional mechanisms. Juxtaposing the Tocopilla aftershocks with those following the neighboring 1995 Antofagasta earthquake produces a striking symmetry across an EW axis in the center of MP. Events seem to skirt around MP, probably due to a shallower Moho there. We suggest that the seismogenic coupling zone in northern Chile changes its frictional behavior in the downdip direction from unstable to mostly conditionally stable. For both earthquake sequences, aftershocks agglomerate in the conditionally stable region, whereas maximum inter-seismic slip deficit and co-seismic slip occurs in the unstable region. The boundary between the unstable and conditionally stable zones parallels the coastline. We identify a similar segmentation for other earthquakes in Chile and Peru, where the offshore segments break in great M > 8 earthquakes, and the onshore segments in smaller M < 8 earthquakes. Using critical taper analysis, we demonstrate a causal relationship between varying slip behavior on the interface and forearc wedge anatomy that can be attributed to spatial variations in the rate-dependency of friction.
A new approach to time-dependent inversion of geodetic data using a Monte Carlo mixture Kalman filter

SUMMARY In the last decade, continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) networks have observed transient crustal deformation associated with various types of aseismic fault-slip event in many subduction zones. It is important to precisely clarify the entire time history of these events to understand the physical process of earthquake generation. For this purpose, we have developed a new time-dependent inversion method for imaging transient fault slips from geodetic data. Segall & Matthews (1997) presented a time-dependent inversion method to infer the spatiotemporal distribution of fault slip from geodetic data. They modelled a transient crustal deformation associated with fault-slip events using a linear Gaussian state space model and employed a Kalman filter. They introduced a scaling parameter that represents the temporal smoothness of the fault slip, and assumed that the scaling parameter is constant over the observation period. Under this assumption, abrupt changes of slip have been overly smoothed, whereas estimated slips in a ‘quiet’ steady-state period have been oscillatory. To improve the method, we developed a new filtering technique, a Monte Carlo mixture Kalman filter (MCMKF), and apply it to time-dependent inversion. The MCMKF allows variations of the temporal smoothness of slips by regarding it as a stochastic variable. The MCMKF is based on a Monte Carlo method in which conditional probability density functions of the stochastic variable are estimated recursively. We examine the validity of the introduced MCMKF-based inversion scheme through numerical experiments using simulated displacement time-series. Then, the results are compared with those obtained by a conventional Kalman filter-based scheme. In all cases, MCMKF gives a significantly smaller Akaike information criterion (AIC) values than the Kalman filter. This indicates that MCMKF yields better state estimates than the Kalman filter. We also find that MCMKF is capable of imaging the initiation process of transient slip events in cases with a high signal-to-noise ratio, while the Kalman filter is not. Furthermore, MCMKF is superior to the Kalman filter in detecting small signals from noisy data sets. From all of the results above, we conclude that the new filtering approach introduced here may provide a powerful tool for imaging the time history of fault slips.
DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF PARENTAL EFFORT DURING CHICK-REARING BY FEMALE AND MALE THICK-BILLED MURRES (URIA LOMVIA) AT A LOW-ARCTIC COLONY

Abstract Using temperature loggers and radio telemetry, foraging and brooding behaviors of female and male Thick-billed Murres (Uria lomvia) were measured during chick rearing at the Gannet Islands, Labrador, to quantify parental roles during this crucial stage of reproduction. We recorded 2,725 foraging dives by 10 females and 7 males during 1,416 bird-hours of monitoring. Our study birds made between 21 and 107 dives per day between 0327 and 2220 hours, with 54% of females' dives and <1% of males' dives occurring in conditions of low illumination between sunset and sunrise. Males foraged mostly at midday and, overall, made longer and presumably deeper dives (mean duration 116.2 ± 37.6 s) than females (mean duration 84.1 ± 46.0 s). The maximum dive duration recorded was 240 s. Final dives of foraging trips were inferred to include dives during which chick meals (∼95% by number daubed shanny [Lumpenus maculatus]) were obtained. Those dives (mean duration 134.0 ± 36.1 s) and dives in final diving bouts prior to return to the breeding site (mean duration 139.1 ± 40.2 s) averaged longer than other dives, and longer in males than in females, but there was no difference between the sexes in their daily frequency. The modal travel time from the last dive in a feeding trip to arrival at the breeding site was 8 min (no difference between sexes), which represents a maximum travel distance at 65 km h−1 of 8.7 km, suggesting that foraging occurred close to the colony. Females spent 9 h day−1 (38% of day, mostly diurnal brooding) at breeding sites whereas males spent 16 h (67% of day, mostly nocturnal brooding). Taken together, these data indicated drastic differences in patterns of foraging and brooding behavior between male and female Thick-billed Murres, but suggest that individual and intercolony variation were also significant.
Critical Life Events in Women's Identity Development: Lessons for the Course in Human Development

Teaching identity development is vital to a.thorough understanding of human development. However, little is known about identity formation in general, and women's identity formation in particular. The purpose of this article was to document experiences that two groups of women perceive as important factors shaping their identity formation, and to propose applications for teaching human development. Interview data from Avery's (1980) study of citical lifu events is used to compare college educated African American and European American women's perceptions of the events that shaped their lives and their identities. Marriage and motherhood were the most frequently cited citical events for European American women. Returning to school and racism were the most frequently cited critical events for Afican American women. The article is specifically organized and conceptualized for classroom use and includes questions to challenge students' thinking and to foster discussion' "One is not born, but rather becomes a woman"' -Simone de Beauvoir Teaching about female identity development is often a difftcult area in human development because many introductory texts derive ideas about human development from theoretical models that do not adequately take into account women's development, a feminine perspective (Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger' & Tarule, 1986; Chodorow, 1978; Gilligan, 7911, 1982; Miller, 7976), ot ethnicity (Robinson & Ward, 1991). Instead, they view the process of female Direct correspondence to the first author: The Penn State Altoona, 3000 lvyside Park, Altoona, PA 16601 (ladl2@psu.edu). The second author is at Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, while the third author is in the Department of Family Studies, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824-3599.
A Novel Learning Algorithm on Probability Measure for Intrusion Detection

Attacks cyber-based have already seriously threaten the security of network environment and network application with the rapid development and wide application of network services. Intrusion detection plays a vital role in the network security. The machine learning methods have been utilized in Intrusion Detection. Because the network intrusion system has to deal with a huge amount of data, its consumption is too large in the space and time. We present an algorithm that learns from probability measures instead of the specific samples in the traditional support vector machine (SVM). The novel algorithm can increase efficiency by the scale down dataset. The simulation test results on the KDD cup99 dataset show that our method is faster than traditional SVM algorithm at the premise of recognition accuracy. Keywords—Intrusion detection; Support vector machine; Probability measures; Kernal fuction
Genetic variability of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae isolates obtained from the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin are the most common entomopathogenic fungi used in microbial control programs all over the world. Assessments of the genetic variability of these 2 important species are useful for the development of effective biocontrol strategies and for evaluating the impact of artificial epizootics. In this study, the genetic diversity of 13 B. bassiana and 33 M. anisopliae var. anisopliae strains isolated from the hazelnut-growing region of Turkey was determined by using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and a- and b-isoenzyme analyses. Cluster analysis of AFLP data clearly separated both B. bassiana and M. anisopliae var. anisopliae strains into 3 and 4 different groups, respectively. While a- and b-esterase banding patterns clearly separated M. anisopliae var. anisopliae strains, it did not give enough information about B. bassiana strains. We also assessed the growing ability of all isolates at different temperatures (8, 16, 25, and 37 °C) and UV exposures (30 and 60 min), and virulence against Tenebrio molitor. These results indicated that there is a significant variability within the B. bassiana and M. anisopliae var. anisopliae populations in this region. Although the diversity of B. bassiana isolates is associated with geographic location, it is not associated with habitat type. There is also no association amongst B. bassiana isolates in terms of the ability to grow at different temperatures and UV exposures, or virulence against T. molitor. The diversity of M. anisopliae var. anisopliae strains is neither associated with habitat type nor geographic location, and there is no association amongst M. anisopliae var. anisopliae strains in terms of the ability to grow at different temperatures (except for 16 °C) and UV exposure, or virulence against T. molitor. The data presented here might be useful for controlling some hazelnut pests in this region.
Effectiveness of marine reserve networks in representing biodiversity and minimizing impact to fishermen: a comparison of two approaches used in California

We compared the effectiveness of marine reserve networks designed using a numerical optimization tool with networks designed by stakeholders during the course of California's Marine Life Protection Act Initiative at representing biodiversity and minimizing estimated negative impacts to fishermen. We used the same spatial data representing biodiversity and recreational fishing effort that were used by the stakeholders to design marine reserves. In addition, we used commercial fishing data not explicitly available to the stakeholders. Networks of marine reserves designed with numerical optimization tools represented the same amount of each habitat, or more, and had less of an estimated impact on commercial and recreational fisheries than networks designed by the stakeholders. The networks designed by the stakeholders could have represented 2.0–9.5% more of each habitat with no additional impact on the fisheries. Of four different marine reserve proposals considered in the initiative, the proposal designed by fishermen was more efficient than the proposals designed by other stakeholder groups at representing biodiversity and minimizing impact to the fishing industry. These results highlight the necessity of using comprehensive information on fishing effort to design a reserve network that efficiently minimizes negative socioeconomic impacts. We recommend that numerical optimization tools support, not replace, the stakeholder‐driven reserve design process along California's northern and southern coasts to help accomplish two of the initiative's core objectives: (1) Protect representative and unique marine habitats, and (2) Minimize negative socioeconomic impacts. The involvement of stakeholders is necessary as additional factors important to reserve design can not be considered using a numerical optimization tool.
Central and East European labor markets in transition: Developments, causes, and cures

The main questions addressed in this paper are: First, how did labour markets in the Visegrad countries react to the breakdown of a command economy and the transformation to a market economy? Second, which way ahead is likely, or to put it differently, what should be done now to improve conditions in the labour market in these countries? A comprehensive survey of labour market developments in each country under consideration is offered at some length. Special emphasis is then put on the dynamics of employment and unemployment in order to identify key issues for the sources of the malfunctioning of these labour markets. The paper then looks at the wage formation process including institutional settings and income policies, active and passive labour market policies, and the structure of employment and output.
No such thing as a language

Davidson’s later work presents the startling conclusion that a shared language in the form of conventions is not necessary to explain verbal communication. This paper argues that this conclusion can and should be avoided, through a variety of amendments. These allow for recognizing a linguistic division of labor, a role for conventions, and real normativity of meaning. Furthermore, a comparison of Davidson’s notion of triangulation with the notion of joint attention suggests that the latter might form an important bridge from precognitive to linguistic cognition. Lastly some reections
Antioxidant Capacity of Plasma after Pomegranate Intake in Human Volunteers

Dietary antioxidants including phenolic compounds are believed to be effective nutrients in the prevention of oxidative stress related disease. Pomegranate has been used for centuries in ancient cultures for its medicinal purpose and is widely acknowledged for antioxidant properties. The present study was designed to assess the effect of pomegranate fresh fruit consumption on the plasma antioxidant capacity. Thirty healthy volunteers were recruited for the study. Volunteers were randomly divided into three groups (pomegranate, vitamin E and water consumption). Blood samples were collected, after at least 12 hours overnight fast, the day before beginning supplementation period and the day after supplementation had finished. Total antioxidant capacity measurement by FRAP method and clinical laboratory test were performed for all volunteers in two selected times. The obtained data revealed that consumption of 100 grams pomegranate and vitamin E per day for ten days resulted in a significant rise (14.05%, 8.28%) plasma antioxidant capacity respectively, but this difference was not significant for water group.
Hydrochemistry and levels of some heavy metals in samples of Ibeshe, Lagos Lagoon Complex, Nigeria

The concentration of Iron, Copper, Chromium, Nickel, Lead, Manganese, Arsenic, Cadmium and Zinc were determined in the surface water, sediments and fish samples (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus ) of an industrial effluent receiving water in Ibeshe, Lagos Lagoon Complex between February and June, 2009. In assessing the impact of effluent discharge on the lagoon, Water and fish samples result were compared with the WHO/FEPA standard while the sediments results were compared with the results for unpolluted sediment. The average levels of heavy metals found in surface water, sediment and fish samples were as follows: surface water; 0.293mg/l for Fe, 0.177mg/l for Cu, 0.107mg/l for Pb, 0.213mg/l for Cr, 0.177mg/l for Mn, 0.233mg/l for Ni and <0.10mg/l for Cd. Sediment; 85303.33ig/g for Fe, 53.967ig/g for Cu, 38.35ig/g for Pb, 110.183ig/g for Zn, 93.88ig/g for Cr, 274.967 ig/g for Mn, 1.017 ig/g for As, 67.4 ig/g for Ni and 1.00ig/g for Cd. Fish sample; 4.263 ig/g for Fe, 8.229ig/g for Cu, 1.967ig/g for Pb, 11.338ig/g for Zn, 1.329ig/g for Cr, 1.513ig/g for Mn, 4.046ig/g for Ni and 0.458ig/g for Cd. The concentration of Pb and Ni in surface water were higher than WHO / FEPA limits, while Cd, Zn, Cr and As were found below FEPA limit. Fe, Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn were all higher in concentration when compared with the values of unpolluted sediment. Consequently, the concentration of Zn, Cr, Cd in fish were below the FEPA limit. Water quality of Ibeshe were typify of alkaline pH (8.90 - 9.00), high Dissolved Oxygen content (4.20 -7.80mg/l), Turbidity (24.8 - 156NTU) and freshwater salinity values (0‰). The findings reported in this study would be expected to serve as baseline level for future heavy metal pollution status of the Ibeshe, Lagos Lagoon area. (Ladigbolu Ismail Adejare , Balogun Kayode James and Shelle R.O. Hydrochemistry and levels of some heavy metals in samples of Ibeshe, Lagos Lagoon Complex, Nigeria. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):625-632). (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience. org .
A Petri Net Based Multi-Agent System Behavioral Testing

In Multi-Agent System (MAS), developers concentrate on creating design models and evolving them, from higher level models to lower level models, in several steps. Considerable part of MAS implementations is automatically produced from the design models. If a design model contains faults, they are passed to the generated implementations. Practical model validation techniques are required to discover and delete faults in abstract design models. In this paper, we introduce a formal approach for MAS design testing. It specifies a testing process that complements Multi-agent Systems Engineering (MaSE) methodology and strengthens the mutual relationship between UML and MAS. Besides, it defines a structured and comprehensive testing process for engineering software agents at the design level by providing a systematic way of converting the MAS design models to UML design diagram. Then a Petri Net (PN) diagram is generated from the UML models to simulate the behavior of the MAS system. Finally, because Petri Nets (PNs) are formal models, their analysis techniques can be applied to automatic MAS behavioral testing.
On traffic dynamical aspects of inter vehicle communications (IVC)

Inter vehicle communication (IVC) has become a major topic during the last few years. Within the FleetNet project a novel mobile ad hoc network will be developed - based on the UMTS terrestrial radio access time division duplex (UTRA TDD) air interface - to interconnect vehicles and vehicles with roadside gateways via a mobile Internet. In this paper we focus on the impact of vehicular traffic dynamics on protocols for ad hoc networks. Based on analytical treatment of vehicular traffic and on realistic traffic scenarios, we deduce requirements and their interdependencies for the developed ad hoc networking protocols, and verify them by simulation. We show that the proposed MAC and RRM protocols are suitable for inter vehicle communication with its high dynamics in freeway environments.
Airborne electromagnetic imaging of discontinuous permafrost

The evolution of permafrost in cold regions is inextricably connected to hydrogeologic processes, climate, and ecosystems. Permafrost thawing has been linked to changes in wetland and lake areas, alteration of the groundwater contribution to streamflow, carbon release, and increased fire frequency. But detailed knowledge about the dynamic state of permafrost in relation to surface and groundwater systems remains an enigma. Here, we present the results of a pioneering ∼1,800 line‐kilometer airborne electromagnetic survey that shows sediments deposited over the past ∼4 million years and the configuration of permafrost to depths of ∼100 meters in the Yukon Flats area near Fort Yukon, Alaska. The Yukon Flats is near the boundary between continuous permafrost to the north and discontinuous permafrost to the south, making it an important location for examining permafrost dynamics. Our results not only provide a detailed snapshot of the present‐day configuration of permafrost, but they also expose previously unseen details about potential surface – groundwater connections and the thermal legacy of surface water features that has been recorded in the permafrost over the past ∼1,000 years. This work will be a critical baseline for future permafrost studies aimed at exploring the connections between hydrogeologic, climatic, and ecological processes, and has significant implications for the stewardship of Arctic environments.
Preparation and Study of Electrical Characteristics of (n-CdS/p-Ge) Thin-Film Heterojunction

A thin film (400±5 nm) of Germanium was deposited on the slide glass, then another thin film (200±3 nm) of Cadmium Sulphide directly deposited on the Ge thin film, with high purity (99.999%) Aluminum metal was used as O ’hmic contact on two sides of heterojunction (n-CdS/p-Ge) by vacuum thermal evaporation technique. From ideality factor (n) values, the current transporting mechanism in the heterojunction was explained, where three regions in I-V curve were appeared, that is to say, three mechanism of current transportation through the manufactured heterojunction in this research were eventually existed, the saturation current (IS) was found for each region at different temperature (100, 200, 300) K. Through C-V measurements we found built – in potential (Vbi), the donor density (ND), the difference between Fermi level and conduction band ( Φ n), the difference between Fermi level and valance band (Φp), the conduction and valence bands discontinuity ( Δ E C, ΔEV), and the depletion regions width (Xn, X p) of heterojunction (nCdS/p-Ge) of the frequencies (1, 0.5) MHz.
Do macroeconomic announcements move inflation forecasts

This paper presents an empirical strategy that bridges the gap between event studies and macroeconomic forecasts based on common-factor models. Event studies examine the response of financial variables to a market-sensitive "surprise" component using a narrow event window. The authors argue that these features - narrow event window and surprise component - can be easily embedded in common-factor models that study the real-time impact of macroeconomic announcements on key policy variables such as inflation or gross domestic product growth. Demonstrative applications are provided for Swiss inflation that show that (i) the communication of monetary policy announcements generates an asymmetric response for inflation forecasts, (ii) the pass-through effect of import price releases on inflation forecasts is weak, and (iii) macroeconomic releases of real and nominal variables generate nonsynchronized effects for inflation forecasts.