Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Illegal meat hunting in serengeti: dynamics in consumption and preferences

Although wild meat is an important source of protein across Africa, patterns and reasons for its demand are poorly defined. A study was conducted on consumption by inhabitants of ten villages in five districts to the west of Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. The first sample of 600 villagers was systematically selected from village registers and surveyed using a questionnaire. The second sample consisted of 341 arrested illegal meat hunters. Nine species dominated by eland (Taurotragus oryx) and wildebeest (Connachaetes taurinus) in terms of meat taste and hunting vulnerability respectively were found to be most preferred or consumed. There were remarkable variations in consumption and preferences for each species amongst ethnic groups and localities. The economics of protein consumption indicates that wild meat is consistently cheaper and hence consumed more frequently than other meats. Respondents’ topmost tasty meat – eland and topi (Damaliscus lunatus) – were rare; consequently, common species e.g. buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and wildebeest were the substitutes mostly consumed to supplement beef and fish. Presence of carnivore species on the menu clearly demonstrates survival techniques when availability changes. Wildlife managers should, therefore, bestow attention to the conservation of all species for a balanced ecosystem and species survival. Resume Bien que la viande de brousse soit une importante source de proteines dans toute l’Afrique, le schema et les raisons de cette demande sont mal definis. On a realise une etude sur la consommation des habitants de dix villages dans cinq districts situes a l’ouest du Parc National de Serengeti, en Tanzanie. Le premier echantillon de 600 villageois fut systematiquement selectionne sur les registres du village et suivi au moyen d’un questionnaire. Le second echantillon se composait de 341 chasseurs illegaux qui avaient ete arretes. On a decouvert que neuf especes, dominees par l’eland (Taurotragus oryx) et le gnou (Connochaetes taurinus) en ce qui concerne le gout et la vulnerabilitea la chasse, avaient la preference et etaient plus consommees. Il y avait de remarquables variations de consommation et de preferences pour chaque espece selon les groupes ethniques et les localites. L’economie de la consommation de proteines indique que la viande de brousse est notablement moins chere et donc consommee plus frequemment que les autres viandes. La viande la plus appreciee des repondants, l’eland et le topi (Damaliscus lunatus) etait rare. Par consequent, les especes communes comme le buffle (Syncerus caffer) et le gnou etaient les substituts les plus consommees pour completer le bœuf et le poisson. La presence de carnivores au menu montre bien les techniques de survie lorsque la disponibiliteevolue. Les gestionnaires de la faune sauvage devraient donc accorder leur attention a la conservation de toutes les especes pour la survie des especes elles-memes et d’un ecosysteme equilibre.
Cultivating Curiosity with Life in the Universe and WorldWide Telescope

When students encounter complex topics like the search for extraterrestrial life, questions abound thoughtful, unpredictable, and often profound. Despite this thriving curiosity, the first step to be able to explore complex questions is developing the capacity to verbalize a meaningful question. The WorldWide Telescope Ambassadors team designed an out-of-school curriculum called Life in the Universe, which engages middle school-aged students in the science and scientific process of the search for distant life. Students practice generating meaningful questions, which will guide them through the science content, as groups of students build to culminating capstone projects. Results from surveys administered to participating students indicate gains in curiosity in science, as well as in seeing oneself as successful in science. Strand: Science Education Audiences: K–12: Teachers and Students; Informal Audiences at Museums, Parks, Libraries, Afterschool, etc. Strategies/Practices: Curriculum Development, Out of School Learning for Children
Exposition prénatale aux pesticides organophosphorés et neurodéveloppement chez les jeunes enfants

ii Table des matières. iii Liste des tableaux . v Liste des figures . vi Liste des sigles . vii Remerciements . ix INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE . 10 Problématique . 10 État des connaissances . 13 Aperçu de la composition chimique des pesticides OP . 13 Historique du développement des pesticides OP . 15 Vente et utilisation des pesticides OP au Canada . 16 Toxicocinétique des pesticides OP . 17 Pesticides OP, physiologie du système nerveux . 20 Exposition prénatale aux pesticides OP et neurodéveloppement . 23 OBJECTIFS DE L’ETUDE . 34 METHODES . 35 Population d’étude . 35 Évaluation de l’exposition prénatale aux pesticides OP . 36 Suivi des enfants et évaluation neuro-comportementale . 37 Analyses statistiques . 39 ARTICLE SCIENTIFIQUE. 42 Contribution des auteurs . 43 Introduction . 45 Méthodes . 47 Population d’étude . 47 Collecte et analyse d'urine . 48 Évaluation neuropsychologique et questionnaires . 49
Social Organisation of the Bat Tadarida (Chaerephon) pumila (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Ghana, West Africa

The social organisation of the polyoestrous bat, Tadarida pumila, was studied in northern Ghana (W. Africa). Although this small (8.5 g) free-tailed bat is not sexually dimorphic in size, adult males develop an odorous inter-aural crest of long hairs. A social system based on female defense polygyny was found which, however, also involved elements of resource defense. Harems, each generally established in the roof space of separate dwelling houses with restricted access, consisted of an adult male and up to 21 females, with their young, and the larger harems were held by heavier males. Harem composition was stable and both harem males and females showed high site fidelity over the study span of 16 months. Some female young were recruited to their natal harems, at a sufficient rate to replace the annual loss of harem females. However, most young, which were born in three successive cohorts during the rainy season, apparently dispersed over the dry season, following early sexual maturation. The potential causes and benefits of female associations are discussed.
The annual and seasonal successions of larvae and imagines of water beetles in a shallow, man‐made lake in Northern Sweden

Abstract Four years after the reflooding of a shallow, man‐made lake in the coastal region of northern Sweden the water beetle fauna was studied over a 5‐year period. Samples were taken at regular intervals using emergence traps, a sweep net and a Rzoska core sampler. Altogether 28 different species were found, 23 of which belonged to the Dytiscidae. A certain seasonal sequence in the larval stages of the most abundant species was observed. Early in summer larvae of Colymbetes striatus and Agabus fuscipennis were present, and those of A. serricornis, Rhantus exsoletus and Graphoderus zonatus at midsummer, while larvae of Hygrotus inaequalis and Ilybius subaeneus were found almost exclusively during the late summer. Larvae of Coelambus impressopunctatus occurred over a longer period of time. During the 5‐year study period the values for species number, diversity and evenness all increased. As the lake increased in age, so did habitat complexity, mainly in connection with the development of the plant commun.
Temperature and pressure tolerance of embryos and larvae of the Atlantic seastars Asterias rubens and Marthasterias glacialis (Echinodermata: Asteroidea): potential for deep-sea invasion

Eggs of the shallow-water asteroids Asterias rubens and Marthasterias glacialis were fertilized in vitro and incubated through the early embryonic cleavages until the larval stage. Early embryos, blastulae, gastrulae, and swimming bipinnaria were subjected to a temperature/pressure matrix of 5, 10, 15 and 20°C and 1, 50, 100, 150 and 200 atm. Early embryos of both species were able to tolerate pressures up to 150 atm at 15°C and 100 atm at 10°C. Survivorship of A. rubens swimming bipinnaria remained high (>70%) after incubation at all the temperature/pressure combinations. Swimming larvae ranged from 100% survival at 10°C/50 atm to 72% at 15°C/200 atm. For M. glacialis the highest survival of swimming larvae was 100% at 5, 15 and 20°C/1 atm and 15 and 20°C/50 atm, but decreased to 56.85% at 5°C/200 atm. In general, survivorship decreased as pres- sure increased; nevertheless larvae generally tolerated pressures of 200 atm. Data for the tempera- ture and pressure effects on the later stages of development suggest that all the larval stages are more temperature/pressure tolerant than the early embryos and survivorship increases with larval age. All the developmental stages of both species have a potentially wider depth distribution than their respective adults. Therefore, the larvae of shallow-water species A. rubens and M. glacialis could survive transport to deeper waters and may be capable of acting as colonists in the deep sea.
There is more to the dissection of a pig's heart

The dissection of the mammalian heart in secondary biology classes need not be restricted to revealing the internal structure of the heart and its function. It could also be used to demonstrate other important aspects of blood circulation, including the blood supply to the heart itself as well as the causes and effects of coronary heart disease. The activities described in this paper serve to enrich this kind of classical dissection and extend its objectives to address new curricular emphases on Science-Technology-Society themes.
Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises

Chromosomes were examined and karyotypes were established for 47 of the 65 species recognized in Section Oncocyclus (Siems.) Baker of the genus Iris L. All species manifested a strikingly similar, bimodal, asymmetric, chromosome complement (2n = 20). We concluded that, in spite of the considerable floral divergence in this section, the chromosomes remained basically unchanged.
Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of northern Misiones Province, Argentina

Abstract Information on distribution and hosts of hard ticks of northern Misiones Province in Argentina is presented in this study. Ticks were identified by morphological characters and by sequences of a 410 bp fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. A total of 292 ticks collected from the environment and wild and domestic mammals were identified: Amblyomma coelebs, A. brasiliense, A. dubitatum, A. incisum, A. ovale, Haemaphysalis juxtakochi and Rhipicephalus microplus. The presence of A. coelebs was confirmed for Argentina and the first record of H. juxtakochi in Misiones was presented. Some of the species as A. incisum, A. ovale and R. microplus are ticks of medical and veterinary importance. Therefore, further studies on the vectorial role of these species in Misiones Province are necessary to determine their epidemiological relevance.
First Evidence of Altered Sensory Quality in a Shellfish Exposed to Decreased pH Relevant to Ocean Acidification

ABSTRACT Understanding how seafood will be influenced by coming environmental changes such as ocean acidification is a research priority. One major gap in knowledge relates to the fact that many experiments are not considering relevant end points related directly to production (e.g., size, survival) and product quality (e.g., sensory quality) that can have important repercussions for consumers and the seafood market. The aim of this experiment was to compare the survival and sensory quality of the adult northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) exposed for 3 wk to a temperature at the extreme of its thermal tolerance (11°C) and 2 pH treatments: pH 8.0 (the current average pH at the sampling site) and pH 7.5 (which is out of the current natural variability and relevant to near-future ocean acidification). Results show that decreased pH increased mortality significantly, by 63%. Sensory quality was assessed through semiqualitative scoring by a panel of 30 local connoisseurs. They were asked to rate 4 shrimp (2 from each pH treatment) for 3 parameters: appearance, texture and taste. Decreased pH reduced the score significantly for appearance and taste, but not texture. As a consequence, shrimp maintained in pH8.0 had a 3.4 times increased probability to be scored as the best shrimp on the plate, whereas shrimp from the pH 7.5 treatment had a 2.6 times more chance to be scored as the least desirable shrimp on the plate. These results help to prove the concept that ocean acidification can modulate sensory quality of the northern shrimp P. borealis. More research is now needed to evaluate impacts on other seafood species, socioeconomic consequences, and potential options.
Challenges in teaching business Russian to advanced learners: a case-study

The paper will examine problems associated with teaching Business Russian to Advanced Learners at Regent rsquo s University London and identify appropriate methodology and techniques to address them According to CEFR for Languages advanced learners are those who have achieved lsquo effective operational proficiency rsquo C or lsquo mastery of proficiency rsquo C It means that these learners should lsquo understand a wide range of demanding longer texts and recognise implicit meaning and also express their ideas fluently and spontaneously rsquo C or lsquo understand virtuously everything heard or read with ease and be able to summarise information from different spoken and written sources rsquo C Typically advanced learners of Russian at Regent rsquo s University struggle to fulfil most of the above criteria for a variety of reasons students are deemed to have become advanced learners after returning from their SPA Study Period Abroad in Russia but sometimes the SPA has an effect of lowering the students rsquo overall level of the competence the lsquo advanced learners rsquo do not properly understand more complex grammatical phenomena and are unable to use complex grammatical constructions e g participles gerunds numerals they fail to acquire political vocabulary to enable them to understand or summarise political or business news their speaking skills are inadequate they generally lack motivation to achieve a genuine advanced level in Russian language they lack effective strategies to enable them to learn a foreign language in an organised manner their writing skills are weak especially for academic and business purposes The paper will also provide a detailed overview of the grammatical phenomena necessary at this level of language proficiency as well as practical examples of exercises designed to achieve it
Extremely low levels of genetic diversity in the terrestrial orchid Epipactis thunbergii (Orchidaceae) in South Korea: implications for conservation

Levels of allozyme variation, population genetic structure, and fine-scale genetic structure (FSGS) of the rare, both sexually and clonally reproducing terrestrial orchid Epipactis thunbergii were examined for eight (N = 734) populations in a 20 × 20-km area in South Korea. Twenty-three putative allozyme loci resolved from 15 enzyme systems were used. Extremely low levels of allozyme variation were found within populations: the mean frequency of polymorphic loci was 3.8% [isocitrate dehydrogenase (Idh-2) with two alleles was polymorphic across populations], the mean number of alleles per locus was 1.04, and the mean expected heterozygosity was 0.013. The overall fixation index was not significantly different from zero (FIS = 0.069), although the species is self-compatible. However, a significantly high degree of population differentiation was found between populations at Idh-2 (FST = 0.388) in the studied area. Furthermore, spatial autocorrelation analyses revealed a significant FSGS (up to 3 m) within populations. These observations suggest that the main explanatory factors for the extremely low levels of genetic diversity and the shaping of the population genetic structure of E. thunbergii are genetic drift as a result of a small effective population size, a restricted gene flow, and the isolation of populations. Considering the current genetic structure of E. thunbergii, three guidelines are suggested for the development of conservation strategies for the species in South Korea: (1) protection of habitats of standing populations; (2) prohibition by law of any collection of E. thunbergii; and (3) protection of nearby pollinator populations, given the fact that fruit set in natural habitats is very low. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 155, 161–169.
Homology of the palpebral and origin of supraorbital ossifications in ornithischian dinosaurs

The palpebral is a small ossification that projects across the orbit in some ornithischian dinosaurs and its presence is considered a synapomorphy of the clade. By contrast, other ornithischians lack the palpebral but possess accessory ossifications, commonly termed supraorbitals, which form the dorsal margin of the orbit. The homology of the ornithischian palpebral to one or more of the supraorbitals is widely accepted in the literature, but this homology has never been explicitly tested and no hypotheses have been proposed regarding the function of the palpebral or why it was incorporated into the orbital margin. As homology is synonymous with synapomorphy, incorrect homology statements can lead to incorrect hypotheses of relationships being obtained during cladistic analysis. The primary and secondary homologies of the ornithischian palpebral and the anterior supraorbital of more derived members of the major ornithischian clades are tested and we demonstrate that these homology hypotheses can be accepted. Osteological correlates indicate that the palpebral supported a layer of connective tissue that roofed the orbit; ossification of this connective tissue resulted in the incorporation of the palpebral into the skull roof and gave rise to additional supraorbital elements, which are neomorphic ossifications. Large-scale structural changes in the ornithischian skull, including dermal ossifications associated with display or defence and the development of complex feeding mechanisms, may have led to the incorporation of the palpebral into the skull roof.
Seasonal Changes in Lipid Composition of Sardine (Sardina pilchardus)

Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) lipids have important nutritional characteristics because of their high level of ω3 fatty acids. Studies of the lipid composition of this pelagic species, studies were carried out monthly during one year. Total lipids ranged between 1.2% and 18.4% (w/w). The nonpolar lipids were dominant, mainly composed of triacylglycerols and highest in the fatty season. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were the principal polar lipids. They were both high in ω3 polyenoic fatty acids mainly 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3. PC and PE were isolated and their fatty acid profiles determined; PE was higher in 22:6ω3 than PC.
Growth and Zinc Uptake and Use Efficiency in Food Crops

Zinc (Zn) deficiency in annual crops is very common in Brazilian Oxisols. Data are limited on Zn uptake and use efficiency during crop growth cycles. A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive years with the objective to determine shoot dry weight and Zn uptake and use efficiency in upland rice, dry bean, corn, and soybean during growth cycles. Shoot dry weight of four crops was significantly increased in an exponential quadratic fashion with increasing plant age. Rice and corn had higher shoot dry weights and grain yields than dry bean and soybean. Zinc concentration in rice and corn decreased in a quadratic fashion with increasing plant age. However, in dry bean and soybean, Zn concentration had a quadratic increase. Zinc uptake followed an exponential quadratic response in four crops, and it was higher in corn and upland rice than in dry bean and soybean. Zinc use efficiency in shoot dry‐weight production had significant quadratic responses in upland rice and soybean with increasing plant age. In corn, Zn use efficiency for shoot dry‐weight production was linear as a function of plant age. Zinc use efficiency for grain production was maximum for corn and minimum for soybean. Hence, cereals had higher Zn use efficiency than legumes. Zinc concentration in grain of dry bean and soybean was higher than in upland rice and corn, which is a desirable quality factor for human consumption so as to avoid Zn deficiency.
Selfing and outcrossing in hermaphrodite freshwater gastropods (Basommatophora): where, when and why

Abstract Hermaphrodite freshwater snails offer the opportunity to study the evolution of selfing and outcrossing. Laboratory studies using genetic markers have shown that selfing is possible in all species investigated, although outcrossing seems to be favoured in most. Predominance of outcrossing is promoted by sperm storing for up to several months. Studies using electrophoretic markers also suggest that outcrossing is the main breeding system in natural populations. However, heterozygote deficiencies found in some populations could indicate (partial) selfing. The evolution of self-fertilization and cross-fertilization is driven by numerous forces. Inbreeding depression is thought to select for outcrossing, and has been experimentally investigated in hermaphrodite freshwater snails. Other traits have evolved that prevent selfing. On the other hand, selfing could be selected under low density, or to preserve local adaptation, or when aphallic individuals occur within populations.
Status of introduced parasites of Queensland fruit fly Dacus (Strumeta) Tryoni. 1962–1965

The paper describes fruit sampling carried out in eastern Australia during January 1960–March 1962 to assess the status of parasites of the oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis) liberated in Australia during 1956–1959 against the Queensland fruit fly (Strumeta tryoni). Opius oophilus was the only introduced parasite extant on the mainland in 1962, parasitizing up to 78% of the host fly stages in Averrhoa carambola in north Queensland and 0–35% in other fruit types. O. oophilus was well established in north Queensland at five localities near Cairns and two near Innisfail, and less well established at three localities near the Queensland–New South Wales border. It had died out during 1960 from two localities further south in New South Wales in which it had been well established since late 1958. O. oophilus was present on Lord Howe Island from October 1959 to March 1961 but died out subsequently. O. longicaudatus was extant in low numbers on the island in 1962. Under Australian conditions Opius oophilus mated satisfactorily. The parasite was able to utilize as hosts fruit flies of the following species: Strumeta barringtoniae, S. cacuminata, S. humeralis, S. tryoni, and possibly Afrodacus jarvisi and S. kraussi, but preferences could not be measured with available techniques. Although it was reared from a total of 14 types of fruits, O. oophilus displayed marked discrimination between fruits, but the preferences varied with season and locality. The most consistent preference was for Averrhoa carambola in north Queensland. O. oophilus showed no preference for operating in the more highly infested fruits of any of the six fruit types tested. The maximum dispersal recorded of a population of O. oophilus from a liberation site was 5 miles, 46 months after establishment. A review of climatic factors indicated that winter temperatures of 60°F or less were unfavourable to the persistence of O. oophilus. The presence of O. oophilus was not associated with a reduction in the degree of infestation of fruits. It is suggested that this is contributed to in the north, where climatic conditions for the parasites are favourable, ,by the presence of abundant fruits which are infested by Dacinae but not favoured by the parasite.