Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Métodos de valoración ambiental: un nuevo método basado en la variación del Producto Interior Bruto

Este articulo, en su primera parte, consiste en la descripcion del estado del conocimiento de la valoracion medioambiental y de los conceptos teoricos referidos al valor de bienes, servicios y externalidades, tanto desde el punto de vista de mercado como ambiental. Se clasifican los distintos tipos de valor y se mencionan algunos aspectos de la valoracion medioambiental aplicados a diferentes ecosistemas, resaltando las funciones ambientales que desempenan. Se describen los metodos de valoracion, empleados en la actualidad, que permiten encontrar el valor economico de bienes y servicios medioambientales, con sus caracteristicas y ventajas e inconvenientes, como los de valoracion contingente, coste de viaje, precios hedonicos, costes evitados, medicion de la variacion de la produccion y los basados en costes. Tambien, se exponen otros metodos menos utilizados como los de Krutilla-Fisher, valoracion multicriterio, indicadores de presion-estado-respuesta y analisis jerarquico de Saaty. En una segunda parte del articulo, se presenta un nuevo y original metodo de valoracion medioambiental, desarrollado por los autores, basado en la variacion del Producto Interior Bruto (PIB) que produce el uso de un recurso ambiental y los resultados obtenidos de la aplicacion del mismo. Asi, los autores explican como los bienes y servicios suministrados por los recursos naturales juegan un papel importante en la economia de un pais o de una region en particular. Generalmente, la obtencion de su valor economico se realiza mediante la aplicacion de metodos que se basan en encuestas realizadas a personas. Asi, por ejemplo, se puede encontrar el valor de un servicio recreativo provisto por un recurso natural mediante el empleo de metodos como el del coste del viaje (MCV), que se basa en un mercado real que representa el valor, expresado en dinero, de los gastos en que se incurren para llegar hasta un determinado lugar; mientras que para hallar el valor economico de un bien ambiental se emplea el metodo de valoracion contingente (MVC), basado en un mercado hipotetico. Cuando se aplican tales metodos a recursos naturales que se encuentran en regiones o paises no desarrollados economicamente, los valores que pro-
Adaptive and Stochastic Algorithms for Electrical Impedance Tomography and DC Resistivity Problems with Piecewise Constant Solutions and Many Measurements

This article develops fast numerical methods for the practical solution of the famous electrical impedance tomography and DC resistivity problems in the presence of discontinuities and potentially many experiments or data. Based on a Gauss-Newton (GN) approach coupled with preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) iterations, we propose two algorithms. One determines adaptively the number of inner PCG iterations required to stably and effectively carry out each GN iteration. The other algorithm, useful especially in the presence of many experiments, employs a randomly chosen subset of experiments at each GN iteration that is controlled using a cross validation approach. Numerical examples demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithms.
Operation analysis of bipolar DC distribution system with voltage balancer

This paper describes operational analysis of the bipolar DC distribution system coupled with distributed generators. The energy management and operational principle of distributed generator and energy storages were first analyzed by computer simulations. After then a hardware simulator for the bipolar DC distribution system was built and various experiments were carried out. The developed simulator has an upper-level controller which operates in connection with the controllers for each distributed generator and the battery energy storage based on CAN (Controller Area Network). The developed simulator could be utilized in designing the bipolar DC distribution system and analyzing its performance.
Long-term effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis. A 12-month, double-blind, controlled study.

OBJECTIVE To study the long-term effects of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids (omega 3) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS Ninety patients were enrolled in a 12-month, double-blind, randomized study comparing daily supplementations with either 2.6 gm of omega 3, or 1.3 gm of omega 3 + 3 gm of olive oil, or 6 gm of olive oil. RESULTS Significant improvement in the patient's global evaluation and in the physician's assessment of pain was observed only in those taking 2.6 gm/day of omega 3. The proportions of patients who improved and of those who were able to reduce their concomitant antirheumatic medications were significantly greater with 2.6 gm/day of omega 3. CONCLUSION Daily supplementation with 2.6 gm of omega 3 results in significant clinical benefit and may reduce the need for concomitant antirheumatic medication.
Uncertain Interval Algebra via fuzzy/probabilistic modeling

A novel approach to uncertain temporal inference is presented. Allen Interval Algebra is extended to fuzzy time-intervals via representing the latter as trapeziums with distinct beginning, middle and end. An uncertain version of the Interval Algebra composition table is developed via running a computer simulation in which a large number of fuzzy time-intervals are drawn from an assumed probability distribution.
Update on chemoradiotherapy for head and neck cancer

Locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer is associated with a poor prognosis despite treatment with surgery or radiation or both. In the past several years, chemotherapy has become an integral part of potentially curative therapy for head and neck cancer and has been increasingly used to achieve the goals of organ preservation and prolongation of survival. Since 1998, many randomized studies that compared concurrent chemoradiotherapy with radiotherapy alone have been published. These studies used different chemotherapy regimens, either single-agent or combination, and various radiation fractionation schemes and almost uniformly supported the superiority of chemoradiotherapy over radiotherapy alone in terms of locoregional control as well as overall survival. Given the toxicity of concurrent chemoradiotherapy, careful selection of patients is critical. Many issues remain to be addressed in future trials, including the optimal chemotherapy regimen, the use of altered fractionation radiotherapy, and the role of induction chemotherapy.
Rise of the Rest: The Growing Impact of Non-Elite Journals

In this paper, we examine the evolution of the impact of non-elite journals. We attempt to answer two questions. First, what fraction of the top-cited articles are published in non-elite journals and how has this changed over time. Second, what fraction of the total citations are to non-elite journals and how has this changed over time. We studied citations to articles published in 1995-2013. We computed the 10 most-cited journals and the 1000 most-cited articles each year for all 261 subject categories in Scholar Metrics. We marked the 10 most-cited journals in a category as the elite journals for the category and the rest as non-elite. There are two conclusions from our study. First, the fraction of top-cited articles published in non-elite journals increased steadily over 1995-2013. While the elite journals still publish a substantial fraction of high-impact articles, many more authors of well-regarded papers in diverse research fields are choosing other venues. The number of top-1000 papers published in non-elite journals for the representative subject category went from 149 in 1995 to 245 in 2013, a growth of 64%. Looking at broad research areas, 4 out of 9 areas saw at least one-third of the top-cited articles published in non-elite journals in 2013. For 6 out of 9 areas, the fraction of top-cited papers published in non-elite journals for the representative subject category grew by 45% or more. Second, now that finding and reading relevant articles in non-elite journals is about as easy as finding and reading articles in elite journals, researchers are increasingly building on and citing work published everywhere. Considering citations to all articles, the percentage of citations to articles in non-elite journals went from 27% in 1995 to 47% in 2013. Six out of nine broad areas had at least 50% of citations going to articles published in non-elite journals in 2013.
A sense of powerlessness fosters system justification: Implications for the legitimation of authority, hierarchy, and government

In an attempt to explain the stability of hierarchy, we focus on the perspective of the powerless and how a subjective sense of dependence leads them to imbue the system and its authorities with legitimacy. In Study 1, we found in a nationally representative sample of U.S. employees that financial dependence on one’s job was positively associated with the perceived legitimacy of one’s supervisor. In Study 2, we observed that a general sense of powerlessness was positively correlated with the perceived legitimacy of the economic system. In Studies 3 and 4, priming experimental participants with feelings of powerlessness increased their justification of the social system, even when they were presented with system-challenging explanations for race, class, and gender disparities. In Study 5, we demonstrated that the experience of powerlessness increased legitimation of governmental authorities (relative to baseline conditions). The processes we identify are likely to perpetuate inequality insofar as the powerless justify rather than strive to change the hierarchical structures that disadvantage them.
Comparison of the frequency dependence of venous and arterial responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation in guinea‐pigs.

1. Intracellular potentials and measurements of contractions were recorded in adjacent veins and arteries in the colonic mesentery of the guinea‐pig in vitro during stimulation of post‐ganglionic nerve trunks. 2. Repetitive stimulation (0.5‐5 Hz) of lumbar colonic nerve trunks produced frequency‐dependent slow depolarizations in all venous and in 92% of arterial smooth muscle cells. Excitatory junction potentials were observed for each nerve shock in arteries, but not in veins. 3. Low‐frequency stimulations produced slow depolarizations of greater amplitude and longer duration in veins than in arteries. The frequencies at which half‐maximal depolarizations and contractions occurred were always lower for veins than for arteries. 4. The alpha 1‐adrenergic antagonist prazosin (5 X 10(‐7) M) reduced the mean arterial slow depolarizations by 82% and reduced mean venous slow depolarizations by 58% for 5 Hz stimulations. Arterial contractions were completely inhibited by prazosin but venous contractions were incompletely reduced in a frequency‐dependent manner. 5. These findings suggest that functional differences in activation between mesenteric veins and arteries during sympathetic stimulation are a result of differences in neuromuscular transmission.
APPROPRIATE ANIMAL MODELS

A useful definition of an animal model of human disease is Wessler’s: an animal model is “a living organism with an inherited, naturally acquired, or induced pathological process that in one or more respects closely resembles the same phenomenon in man. ” Of course, biomedical research involves much more than pathology, and the concept of an animal model is broader. So, for example, the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR) of the National Academy of Sciences adopted and modified Wessler’s definition in a recent report on mammalian models for research on aging. * With a slight modification, their definition may well be an ideal general definition of an animal model. An animal model is a living organism in which normative biology or behavior can be studied, or in which a spontaneous or induced pathological process can be investigated, and in which the phenomenon in one or more respects resembles the same phenomenon in humans or other species of animal. An animal model might vary from a one-cell protozoan, the study of which can lead to a better understanding of cellular function, to the chimpanzee, one of the species phylogenetically closest to humans, which may be the only species other than humans susceptible to a particular infectious agent. My subject is the appropriate animal model. In a broad sense, any study of animals that is humanely performed and adds to the body of knowledge and understanding of life processes can be an example of the appropriate use of an animal model. Human beings are a part of the biological continuum, and what we learn from the study of animals often leads to a better understanding of human physiology, biochemistry, and behavior. I will not take time in this paper to discuss the essentiality of animal models in biomedical research. I am sure that many examples are presented in this volume. Rather, on that subject I would merely reaffirm the strong statement of Coffey and Isaacs in their discussion of animal models for prostatic cancer: namely, that “most of our basic knowledge of human biochemistry, physiology, endocrinology, and pharmacology has been derived from initial studies in subhuman animal models. ”3 Although these models may be in species far removed from the human in evolutionary development, and marked differences are often apparent at the anatomic and physiologic levels, it is important to recognize that a great portion of our recent progress in biological and medical science has been obtained through animal studies. To be appropriate, a proposed animal model must first of all be relevant: that is, the phenomenon being studied in the animal must be Comparable to a phenomenon in humans, or, in the case of veterinary medicine, to a phenomenon in another particular animal species. For the purpose of the rest of this presentation, however, I shall focus only on humans as the primary species of concern. Among the relevant animal models for some human phenomenon, the choice of the most appropriate for a given study depends upon a complex of other factors that makes a model particularly useful, or perhaps even the very best animal model for the
Acute-on-chronic liver failure: the kidneys

Purpose of reviewAcute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is defined as an abrupt deterioration of liver function in patients with established liver disease. Kidney function is almost universally altered in patients with ACLF due to underlying circulatory abnormalities. We review current advances during the past year in the diagnosis and management of renal failure in ACLF. Recent findingsThe adequate measurement of renal function by means of clearance methods remains the gold standard for estimation of the glomerular filtration rate in patients with cirrhosis. The new definition of acute kidney injury needs to be specifically studied in patients with cirrhosis. Alternative kidney biomarkers of renal function in cirrhosis are promising and need further investigation. The most common cause of renal failure in cirrhosis is that associated with infections followed by hypovolemia-induced renal failure, intrinsic renal diseases, hepatorenal syndrome, and drug-induced renal failure. Adrenal insufficiency commonly occurs in patients with cirrhosis and hemodynamic instability. The proper diagnosis relies on corticotropin stimulation testing and the role of hydrocortisone therapy in these patients merits further investigation. Hyponatremia in cirrhosis is a major risk factor for the development of hepatic encephalopathy and is associated with a poor outcome in patients with ACLF and also after deceased donor and living-related liver transplantation. Vasoconstrictor drugs, particularly terlipressin, are effective for the management of hepatorenal syndrome. Predictive factors of response to terlipressin include serum bilirubin levels and the presence of an early increase in mean arterial pressure. SummaryThe ongoing advances in the diagnosis and management of patients with ACLF and renal failure will improve the diagnosis, therapy and outcome of these patients.
Inhibition of IKK activation, through sequestering NEMO, blocks PMMA‐induced osteoclastogenesis and calvarial inflammatory osteolysis

Osteoclasts, the primary bone‐resorbing cells, play a crucial role in periprosthetic bone loss in response to implant‐derived wear debris. Differentiation and activation of osteoclasts at the implant–bone interface are fueled by elevated levels of locally secreted inflammatory cytokines that heighten the osteolytic response. Among these cytokines are members of the TNF superfamily, including TNF and RANKL, which primarily act through activation of the transcription factor NF‐κB. Activation of NF‐κB is required for osteoclast formation, and its inhibition hampers osteoclastogenesis and bone loss. Activation of NF‐κB is permitted following its dissociation from the inhibitory protein IκBα, an event subsequent to phosphorylation of the latter protein by the upstream IκBα kinase (IKK) complex. Our recent findings show that attenuating IKK complex assembly, by using a short peptide termed NEMO‐binding domain (NBD) peptide, that blocks binding of IKK2 and IKK1 to IKKγ/NEMO, inhibits NF‐κB activation, and arrests RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we examined if NBD is capable of blocking inflammatory osteolysis by PMMA particles. Our findings indicate that NBD peptide inhibits PMMA‐induced IKK2 and NF‐κB activation. More importantly, this peptide potently arrests PMMA‐stimulated osteoclastogenesis and alleviates PMMA‐induced inflammatory and osteolytic responses in mice. Thus, NBD peptide is considered as a promising modality to regulate inflammatory osteolysis. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1358–1365, 2006
Perspectives on Massive Coral Growth Rates in a Changing Ocean

The tropical ocean environment is changing at an unprecedented rate, with warming and severe tropical cyclones creating obvious impacts to coral reefs within the last few decades and projections of acidification raising concerns for the future of these iconic and economically important ecosystems. Documenting variability and detecting change in global and regional climate relies upon high-quality observational records of climate variables supplemented, prior to the mid-19th century, with reconstructions from various sources of proxy climate information. Here we review how annual density banding patterns that are recorded in the skeletons of massive reef-building corals have been used to document environmental change and impacts within coral reefs. Massive corals provide a historical perspective of continuous calcification processes that pre-date most ecological observations of coral reefs. High-density stress bands, abrupt declines in annual linear extension, and evidence of partial mortality within the skeletal growth record reveal signatures of catastrophic stress events that have recently been attributed to mass bleaching events caused by unprecedented thermal stress. Comparison of recent trends in annual calcification with century-scale baseline calcification rates reveals that the frequency of growth anomalies has increased since the late 1990s throughout most of the world’s coral reef ecosystems. Continuous coral growth histories provide valuable retrospective information on the coral response to environmental change and the consequences of anthropogenic climate change. Co-ordinated efforts to synthesize and combine global calcification histories will greatly enhance our understanding of current calcification responses to a changing ocean.
Efficient Seed and K-Value Selection in K-Means Clustering using Relative Weight and New Distance Metric

: K-mean clustering algorithm is used for clustering the data points which are similar to each other. K-means algorithm is popular due to its simplicity and convergence tendency. The general distance metrics used this algorithm are Euclidian distance, Manhattan distance etc. which are best suited for numeric data like geometric coordinates. These distance metrics does not given full proof results for categorical data. We will be using a new distance metric for calculating the similarity between the categorical data points. The new distance metric uses dynamic attribute weight and frequency probability to differentiate the data points. This ensures the use of categorical properties of the attributes considered while clustering. The k-mean algorithm needs the information about number of clusters present in the dataset in advance before proceedingfor cluster analysis. We will be using a different technique for finding out the number of clusters which is based on the data density distribution.Also the initial cluster seeds are selected in a random fashion which may lead to more iteration required for convergent solution. In proposed method, seeds are selected considering the density distribution which ensures the even distribution of initial seed selection. This will reduce the overall iteration required for convergent solution.
Nerve supply of the human knee and its functional importance

This investigation utilized gross dissections, histolog ical preparations, and neurophysiologic experiments to gain an improved understanding of the innervation of the human knee. Anatomical illustrations represent the findings of dissections of 15 fresh amputation specimens. Neurohistologic preparations using silver staining techniques demonstrate the rich innervation of the soft tissues of the knee, and a variety of spe cialized receptors are identified. In 10 subjects with normal knees, an experimentally produced knee ef fusion of 60 cc was found to result in profound inhi bition of reflexly evoked quadriceps contraction. Clin ical implications of the anatomical and physiologic data are discussed.
A STUDY ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK A STUDY ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

Wireless Sensor Networks have gained wonderful growth and becomes an emerging research area in Internet of Things. The sensor nodes are capable of sensing the surrounding information, actuating, and controlling the collected data. As a sensor node is usually -powered by battery devices, the critical concern is how to reduce the energy consumed by the node, so that the lifetime of the network can be extended to reasonable times. The paper we give a comprehensive insight into energy saving techniques at physical, mac network and cross layer level.
Confidentialité et disponibilité des données entreposées dans les nuages

Avec l'avenement de l'informatique dans les nuages (Cloud Compu- ting) comme un nouveau modele de deploiement des systemes informatiques, les entrepots de donnees proﬁtent de ce nouveau paradigme. Dans ce contexte, il devient necessaire de bien proteger ces entrepots de donnees des differents risques et dangers qui sont nes avec l'informatique dans les nuages. En consequence nous proposons dans ce travail une facon de limiter ces risques a travers l'algorithme le partage de cles secret de Shamir et nous mettons cette contribution en pratique.