Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
INBREEDING DEPRESSION, GENETIC LOAD, AND THE EVOLUTION OF OUTCROSSING RATES IN A MULTILOCUS SYSTEM WITH NO LINKAGE

We studied deterministic models of multilocus systems subject to mutation–selection balance with all loci unlinked, and with multiplicative interactions of the loci affecting fitness, in partially self‐fertilizing populations. The aim was to examine the fitnesses of the zygotes produced by outcrossing and by selling, and the magnitude of inbreeding depression, in populations with different levels of inbreeding. The fates of modifiers of the outcrossing rate were also examined. With biologically plausible parameter values, inbreeding depression can be very large in moderately selfing populations, particularly when the mutant alleles are fairly recessive and selection is weak. A modifier allele reducing the selfing rate can be favored under these circumstances. In more inbred populations, inbreeding depression is lower, and selection favors alleles that increase the selfing rate. When inbreeding depression is caused by mutant alleles with strong selective disadvantage, modifiers causing large increases in selfing can often be favored even when the inbreeding depression exceeds one‐half, though in these circumstances modifiers increasing selfing by smaller amounts are usually eliminated. Weaker selection appears to be more favorable to the maintenance of outcrossing.
Impacts of Oil Shocks on Trade Balance

This paper aims at examining impacts of oil shocks on Vietnam’s balance of trade and causal relationship between the balance of trade and relevant macro factors. Bound testing approach and ARDL are applied to data from Quarter I of 1999 to Quarter IV of 2011. The results demonstrate a negative relationship between oil price, exchange rate and trade balance in Vietnam. More specifically, a one-percent increase in the oil prices and exchange rate causes the trade balance to fall by 0.12% and 0.79% respectively in the long run. In the short run, however, international exchange rates and oil prices are positively corrrelated with Vietnam’s trade balance. These findings allow some recommendations and suggestions for policy makers in an effort to reduce negative effects of oil shocks on Vietnam’s trade balance.
The role of glutamatergic inputs onto parvalbumin-positive interneurons: relevance for schizophrenia

Abstract Cognitive impairment, a core feature of schizophrenia, has been suggested to arise from a disturbance of gamma oscillations that is due to decreased neurotransmission from the parvalbumin (PV) subtype of interneurons. Indeed, PV interneurons have uniquely fast membrane and synaptic properties that are crucially important for network functions such as feedforward inhibition or gamma oscillations. The causes leading to impairment of PV neurotransmission in schizophrenia are still under investigation. Interestingly, NMDA receptors (NMDARs) antagonism results in schizophrenia-like symptoms in healthy adults. Additionally, systemic NMDAR antagonist administration increases prefrontal cortex pyramidal cell firing, apparently by producing disinhibition, and repeated exposure to NMDA antagonists leads to changes in the GABAergic markers that mimic the impairments found in schizophrenia. Based on these findings, PV neuron deficits in schizophrenia have been proposed to be secondary to (NMDAR) hypofunction at glutamatergic synapses onto these cells. However, NMDARs generate long-lasting postsynaptic currents that result in prolonged depolarization of the postsynaptic cells, a property inconsistent with the role of PV cells in network dynamics. Here, we review evidence leading to the conclusion that cortical disinhibition and GABAergic impairment produced by NMDAR antagonists are unlikely to be mediated via NMDARs at glutamatergic synapses onto mature cortical PV neurons.
Temporomandibular joint related painless symptoms, orofacial pain, neck pain, headache, and psychosocial factors among non-patients

The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of temporomandibular joint related (TMJ) painless symptoms, orofacial pain, neck pain, and headache in a Finnish working population and to evaluate the association of the symptoms with psychosocial factors. A self-administered postal questionnaire concerning items on demographic background, employment details, perceived general state of health, medication, psychosocial status, and use of health-care services, was mailed to all employees with at least 5 years at their current job. The questionnaire was completed by 1339 subjects (75%). Frequent (often or continual) TMJ-related painless symptoms were found in 10%, orofacial pain in 7%, neck pain in 39%, and headache in 15% of subjects. Females reported all pain symptoms significantly more often than men (P < 0.001). Frequent pain and TMJ-related symptoms were significantly associated with self-reported stress, depression, and somatization (P < 0.001). Perceived poor general state of health (P < 0.001), health care visits (P < 0.001), overload at work (P < 0.001), life satisfaction (P < 0.05), and work satisfaction (P < 0.05) were also significantly associated with pain symptoms, but the work duty was not (P > 0.05). Our findings are in accordance with earlier studies and confirm the strong relationship between neck pain, headache, orofacial pain, TMJ-related painless symptoms, and psychosocial factors. Furthermore, TMJ-related symptoms and painful conditions seem to be more associated with work-related psychosocial factors than with type of work itself.
Locking Plate Fixation for Pediatric Femur Fractures

Background: The use of locking plates for pediatric femur fractures has not been studied. Locking plate applications for fractures associated with comminution, osteopenia, or minimal bone available for purchase have been well studied in the adult trauma population. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of children at our institution treated with a locking plate for a femur fracture. We identified 32 patients treated at an average age of 11 years (6-15 years of age). Locking plates were chosen for comminution in 13 patients, nonmalignant pathologic fracture in 9 patients, fracture location in 7 patients, and osteopenia in 3 patients. All patients were treated with a locking plate and followed up until definitive radiologic union. Results: There were no intraoperative complications related to this technology. All patients were healed with near-anatomic alignment with the exception of 1 patient who had valgus malalignment of 12 degrees, which was of no clinical concern and required no intervention. Seven patients had the plates removed with no noted complications. Conclusions: Locking plates are a safe and effective treatment for children and adolescents with femur fractures that may not be amenable to other current means of stabilization. Level of Evidence: Level IV.
A Kind of Demand-Forecasting Model Based on Analysis of Demand Booming and Principle of NIve Forecasting

According to the principle characters of forecasting problems concerning some industries, such as hotels and car manufactories, a kind of quantitative demand forecasting model is proposed, which is based on the demand booming analysis and the na¨ve forecasting technology. Firstly the booming patterns of product are partitioned. Secondly, the best matching point on historical line of current status point is found out and whence the forecasting value of demand is computed. The relative concepts of the model and the corresponding algorithms are presented. Two application examples using practical data sets were introduced to test the forecasting performance of the model, which showed satisfactory forecasting accuracy.
The Molecular Chaperone Hsp90 Mediates Heme Activation of the Yeast Transcriptional Activator Hap1*

Hsp90 plays critical roles in the proper functioning of a wide array of eukaryotic signal transducers such as steroid receptors and tyrosine kinases. Hap1 is a naturally occurring substrate of Hsp90 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hap1 transcriptional activity is precisely and stringently controlled by heme. Previous biochemical studies suggest that in the absence of heme, Hap1 is bound to Hsp90 and other proteins, forming a higher order complex termed HMC (high molecular weight complex), and is repressed. Heme promotes the disruption of the HMC and activates Hap1, permitting Hap1 to bind to DNA with high affinity and to stimulate transcription. By lowering the expression levels of wild-type Hsp90, using a highly specific Hsp90 inhibitor, and by examining the effects of various Hsp90 mutants on Hap1, we show that Hsp90 is critical for Hap1 activation by heme. Furthermore, we show that many Hsp90 mutants exert differential effects on Hap1 and steroid receptors. Notably, mutant G313N weakens Hsp90 steroid receptor interaction but strongly enhances Hsp90-Hap1 interaction and increases Hap1 resistance to protease digestion. Additionally, we found that a heme-independent Hap1 mutant still depends on Hsp90 for high activity. These experiments together suggest that Hsp90 promotes Hap1 activation by inducing or maintaining Hap1 in a transcriptionally active conformation.
Antioxidant and other biological activities of phenols from olives and olive oil

Olive oil is the principal source of fats in the Mediterranean diet, which has been associated with a lower incidence of coronary heart disease and certain cancers. Phenolic compounds, e.g., hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, in extra‐virgin olive oil are responsible for its peculiar pungent taste and for its high stability. Recent findings demonstrate that olive oil phenolics are powerful antioxidants, both in vitro and in vivo, and possess other potent biological activities that could partially account for the observed healthful effects of the Mediterranean diet. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Med Res Rev, 22, No. 1, 65–75, 2002
Comparison of Tibial Tunnel Enlargement after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Patellar Tendon Autograft or Allograft

This retrospective study was designed to compare tibial tunnel enlargement in patients with autograft or allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. The changes were related to position of the tibial tunnel and clinical outcome. Twenty-six patients with autograft reconstructions and 41 with allograft reconstructions were studied at a mean follow-up of 59 months (range, 41 to 84) after surgery. The average tunnel enlargement on the anteroposterior view was 2.2 mm (SD, 2.5) for autografts and 2.8 mm (SD, 2.1) for allografts. On the lateral view, the tunnel enlargement was 2.6 mm (SD, 2.4) and 3.4 mm (SD, 2.6) for autografts and allografts, respectively. No significant differences were found between the autograft and allograft groups. A trend was found in the correlation between the position of the tibial tunnel and the tunnel enlargement: more anteriorly placed tunnels had more enlargement. The changes in tunnel diameter did not relate to knee functional score or laxity. There was a significant correlation between malposition of the tibial tunnel and poor clinical scores. A significant negative correlation was found between postoperative follow-up time and tunnel enlargement in both groups. We conclude that placement of the tibial tunnel is a determining factor in tibial tunnel enlargement and clinical knee scores after anterior cruciate ligament replacement with an autograft or allograft. Tunnel enlargement tends to be less at a longer postoperative follow-up.
Enteroendocrine cell counts correlate with visceral hypersensitivity in patients with diarrhoea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether or not the number of enteroendocrine cells (ECs) in the gut is related to visceral hypersensitivity in patients with diarrhoea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome (D‐IBS). Twenty‐five subjects with D‐IBS (mean, 43.1 years; 16 women, nine men) were recruited into our study, along with 13 healthy controls (mean, 40.7 years; nine women, four men). Maximally tolerable pressures were evaluated via barostat testing, and the levels of ECs were immunohistochemically identified and quantified via image analysis. The numbers of ECs between the D‐IBS subjects and the controls were not significantly different in the terminal ileum, ascending colon and rectum. However, the maximally tolerable pressures determined in the D‐IBS subjects were significantly lower than those of the control subjects (P < 0.01), and we detected a significant relationship between the maximally tolerable pressures and the numbers of ECs in the rectum (r = −0.37, P < 0.01). Rectal sensitivity was enhanced to a greater degree in D‐IBS patients exhibiting an elevated level of rectal ECs. This study provides some evidence to suggest that ECs play an important role in visceral hypersensitivity.
Exchange Rate Behaviour under Flexible Exchange Rate

O of the prominent competing theories of exchange rate determination in a system of floating exchange rates is the monetary approach. This approach claims that the exchange rate determination is a purely monetary phenomenon and is determined by the relative demands and supplies of money in the two countries. In the purely monetary approach, the exchange rate is defined as the rel2\tive price of two moneys [see e.g. , Bilson (l 978), Dornbusch (l 976), Frankel (l 976~ Frenkel (1983), and Huang (l 984)]. Although the emphasis in the monetary model is placed on the general equilibrium nature of the exchange and the balance-of-payments determination, it remains true that the impact of real disturbances on the exchange rate and the effect of exchange rate changes on the real sector receive little attention . In particular, it ignores the influence of changes in the real terms of trade and internal relative prices , both of which function to clear national and international markets for real goods and services by commodity demand and supply. Humphrey (1981 ), in a theoretical model, has suggested an augmented version of the monetary approach which incorporates the effect of real terms of trade and internal prices on the exchange rate.
Household transmission of the 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 influenza virus: elevated laboratory‐confirmed secondary attack rates and evidence of asymptomatic infections.

BACKGROUND Characterizing household transmission of the 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 influenza virus (pH1N1) is critical for the design of effective public health measures to mitigate spread. Our objectives were to estimate the secondary attack rates (SARs), the proportion of asymptomatic infections, and risk factors for pH1N1 transmission within households on the basis of active clinical follow-up and laboratory-confirmed outcomes. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study during the period May-July 2009 (ie, during the first wave of the pH1N1 pandemic) in Quebec City, Canada. We assessed pH1N1 transmission in 42 households (including 43 primary case patients and 119 contacts). Clinical data were prospectively collected during serial household visits. Secondary case patients were identified by clinical criteria and laboratory diagnostic tests, including serological and molecular methods. RESULTS We identified 53 laboratory-confirmed secondary case patients with pH1N1 virus infection, for an SAR of 45% (95% confidence interval [CI], 35.6%-53.5%). Thirty-four (81%) of the households had ≥1 confirmed secondary case patient. The mean serial interval between onset of primary and confirmed secondary cases was 3.9 days (median interval, 3 days). Influenza-like illness (fever and cough or sore throat) developed in 29% (95% CI, 20.5%-36.7%) of household contacts. Five (9.4%) of secondary case patients were asymptomatic. Young children (<7 years of age) were at highest risk of developing laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness. Primary case patients with both diarrhea and vomiting were the most likely to transmit pH1N1. CONCLUSION Household transmission of pH1N1 may be substantially greater than previously estimated, especially in association with clinical presentations that include gastrointestinal complaints. Approximately 10% of pH1N1 infections acquired in the household may be asymptomatic.
Pharmacologic Options for Reducing the Shivering Response to Therapeutic Hypothermia

Recent literature has demonstrated significant improvements in neurologic outcomes in patients who have received induced hypothermia in the setting of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. Through multiple metabolic mechanisms, the induction of hypothermia slows the progression and devastation of transient cerebral hypoxia. Despite these benefits, the desired reduction in core temperature is often a challenging venture as the body attempts to maintain homeostasis through the induction of thermoregulatory processes aimed at elevating body temperature. Shivering is an involuntary muscular activity that enhances heat production in an attempt to restore homeostasis. For successful induction and maintenance of induced hypothermia, shivering, as well as other thermoregulatory responses, must be overcome. Several pharmacologic options are available, either used alone or in combination, that safely and effectively prevent or treat shivering after the induction of hypothermia. We conducted a PubMed search (1966–March 2009) to identify all human investigations published in English that discussed pharmacologic mechanisms for the control of shivering. Among these options, clonidine, dexmedetomidine, and meperidine have demonstrated the greatest and most clinically relevant impact on depression of the shivering threshold. More research in this area is needed, however, and the role of the clinical pharmacist in the development and implementation of this therapy needs to be defined.
Coxiella burnetii effector protein subverts clathrin-mediated vesicular trafficking for pathogen vacuole biogenesis

Significance The vesicular trafficking pathways required for generation of the phagolysosome-like vacuole occupied by Coxiella burnetii are poorly defined, and no pathogen effectors of vesicular trafficking are known. Here, we reveal an important role for clathrin-mediated vesicular trafficking in Coxiella vacuole formation and identify a type 4B secretion system effector protein [Coxiella vacuolar protein A (CvpA)] that engages this pathway. C. burnetii CvpA traffics through the endocytic recycling compartment, and endocytic sorting motifs within CvpA bind the clathrin adaptor complex AP2. Mutation of cvpA, or depletion of AP2 or clathrin, significantly restricts Coxiella replication. Thus, our results reveal a effector–clathrin interaction that benefits pathogen replication. Successful macrophage colonization by Coxiella burnetii, the cause of human Q fever, requires pathogen-directed biogenesis of a large, growth-permissive parasitophorous vacuole (PV) with phagolysosomal characteristics. The vesicular trafficking pathways co-opted by C. burnetii for PV development are poorly defined; however, it is predicted that effector proteins delivered to the cytosol by a defective in organelle trafficking/intracellular multiplication (Dot/Icm) type 4B secretion system are required for membrane recruitment. Here, we describe involvement of clathrin-mediated vesicular trafficking in PV generation and the engagement of this pathway by the C. burnetii type 4B secretion system substrate Coxiella vacuolar protein A (CvpA). CvpA contains multiple dileucine [DERQ]XXXL[LI] and tyrosine (YXXΦ)-based endocytic sorting motifs like those recognized by the clathrin adaptor protein (AP) complexes AP1, AP2, and AP3. A C. burnetii ΔcvpA mutant exhibited significant defects in replication and PV development, confirming the importance of CvpA in infection. Ectopically expressed mCherry-CvpA localized to tubular and vesicular domains of pericentrosomal recycling endosomes positive for Rab11 and transferrin receptor, and CvpA membrane interactions were lost upon mutation of endocytic sorting motifs. Consistent with CvpA engagement of the endocytic recycling system, ectopic expression reduced uptake of transferrin. In pull-down assays, peptides containing CvpA-sorting motifs and full-length CvpA interacted with AP2 subunits and clathrin heavy chain. Furthermore, depletion of AP2 or clathrin by siRNA treatment significantly inhibited C. burnetii replication. Thus, our results reveal the importance of clathrin-coated vesicle trafficking in C. burnetii infection and define a role for CvpA in subverting these transport mechanisms.
Money and monetary policy since 1945

INTRODUCTION In the years since the Second World War the role of money, and the use of monetary policy, has been peculiarly subject to the whims of intellectual fashion in economic thought, in Britain as elsewhere. At the outset the most commonly held view among British economists was that ‘money does not matter (much)’ for maintaining high employment, fostering economic growth or controlling inflation. By the 1970s, however, monetary policy had become a major issue in public policy debate; under Mrs Thatcher in the 1980s it became front page news. The ‘monetarist’ view that money matters a lot especially so far as inflation is concerned had come to dominate among economists and policy makers. The objectives of monetary policy have also changed, from facilitating government borrowing at low interest rates to supporting a fixed exchange rate and then to combating inflation with a floating exchange rate, to exchange-rate stability and back to price stability. The monetary history to be described here runs from the nationalization of the Bank of England by the first majority Labour government in 1945–6 to the restoration, by another Labour government, of operational independence to the Bank in 1997–8. For the purposes of this chapter it is divided into four periods: (i) the immediate post-war policies of the 1945–51 Labour governments under Prime Minister Clement Attlee, when the Keynesian’ downgrading of monetary policy was still in the ascendant; (ii) the 1950s Conservative governments’ revival’ of monetary policy which, in spite of confused aims and uncertain methods, effectively reassigned it to the preservation of external balance with a fixed exchange rate; (iii) the 1970s and early 1980s, which saw new attempts at monetary control in competition and credit control’, the adoption of monetary targets (that is, announced targets for the rate of growth of the money supply somehow defined) and the medium-term financial strategy of Mrs Thatcher’s first government; and (iv) another reorientation of monetary policy after the abandonment of monetary targets, first towards exchange-rate stability and then back to price stability by means of inflation targeting.
The Role of Rules in Representation: Group Membership and Electoral Incentives

Existing research shows that the election of members of previously underrepresented groups can have significant consequences for policymaking. Yet, quotas, reserved seats, communal rolls, and race-conscious districting make it difficult to distinguish whether it is group membership, electoral incentives, or a combination of the two that matters. It is argued here that lawmakers who are members of underrepresented groups will stand out as defenders of their group’s interests only when electoral rules incentivize them to do so. This is demonstrated empirically using data from New Zealand, showing that Māori Members of Parliament systematically vary in the extent to which they represent their ethnic group as a function of the three different sets of rules under which they were elected.