Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects on Artemisia annua Growth with the Addition of Gibberellic Acid, Salicylic Acid, and Methyl Jasmonate in Hydroponic Systems

Malaria is a global health issue that will continue to spread with the increase in mosquito populations caused by the rise in global temperatures. The most effective drugs currently available for malaria treatment contain the anti-malarial compound, artemisinin, derived from Artemisia annua. To potentially increase efficiency of artemisinin production in A. annua, I investigated the effects of adding gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, and methyl jasmonate in hydroponics on the growth of intact plants. The goal of the study was to determine the optimal concentrations of each elicitor that maximizes the growth of A. annua, investigate the effects of different combinations of these elicitors on growth, and to determine the optimal exposure period of each elicitor that maximizes growth. I hypothesized that the concentrations of these chemicals that increased growth in previous studies would also yield the best results in hydroponic systems. Also, I hypothesized that the combination of all of these chemicals would yield maximum growth by inducing growth through different pathways. In terms of the optimal exposure periods, I hypothesized that the rate of growth would decrease over time and stabilize at around four weeks. My results show that the treatments containing gibberellic acid demonstrated the highest dry weights, suggesting that gibberellic acid enhances A. annua growth. In addition, the combination treatment with all three elicitors yielded the lowest dry weights. The data shows that the optimal exposure period for all elicitors and combinations was between 8 weeks and higher, except for individual salicylic acid treatments that showed the greatest growth between weeks 4 and 6. Future studies can expand on this study by investigating the relationship between A. annua growth and the addition of gibberellic acid.
[Neglect: the phenomena of unilateral neglect following brain damage].

The term "neglect" designates various kinds of failure to orient or respond to or to report stimuli appearing at the side contralateral to a cerebral lesion. This failure cannot be explained by primary sensory or motor disorders. Essentially the following symptoms of neglect have been reported: inattention to visual (or) acoustical stimuli in one hemifield under unilateral and simultaneous bilateral presentation reduction in orienting responses (eye and head movements) to the neglected hemispace and deviation of head and gaze axes towards the intact hemispace omission or incomplete reproduction of one side of a figure of a text when copying or drawing from memory omission of one half of a well-known scene or picture when reporting from memory deviation of the egocentre as tested by visual, acoustic and somatesthetic stimuli towards the intact hemispace reduction of motor activities, especially for the extremities of one half of the body, which cannot be attributed to a sensory motor deficit inattention to somatesthetic stimuli presented on one side of the body displacement of somatesthetic stimuli, presented on the affected body side, to the intact body side lack of "awareness" of the existence of one half of the body, resulting in, e.g., ignoring this body half when washing or dressing "reference" of the neglected body half to another person unawareness or denial of severe sensorimotor deficits (e.g. hemiparesis) in the affected body half. The syndrome of neglect should be carefully differentiated from inattention phenomena resulting from primary sensory (e.g. hemianopia, restriction of field of search) and motor deficits (hemiparesis, hemiakinesis). In some cases this differentiation is rather difficult, because both types of inattention may be combined. Thus, detailed testing of sensory and motor disorders is needed in order to avoid any precipitate diagnosis of "neglect". The neuropathology of the neglect syndrome is not yet known precisely. Damage to the parietal lobe (presumably of the nondominant hemisphere) is the most common cause for neglect. Lesions at the bank of the sulcus intraparietalis seem especially crucial. Lesions in the dorsolateral frontal lobe causing neglect are mainly situated in Brodmann's premotor areas 8, 9 and 46. Furthermore, lesions of the anterior cingular cortex (area 24), of the thalamus (intralaminar nuclei, nucleus ventralis lateralis, pulvinar) and of the basal ganglia seem to induce neglect.
Single-Relay Cooperative Diversity with Scaled Selection Combining

For a single-relay cooperative diversity system employing the decode-and-forward protocol in Rayleigh fading, a scaled signal-to-noise ratio-based selection combining scheme, which uses a deterministic scale factor for link selection to incorporate the effect of the source-to-relay link, is presented. Its error probability for binary phase-shift keying is derived in closed-form.
Using a co-operative co-evolutionary genetic algorithm to solve optimal control problems in a hysteresis system

This paper presents the use of a co-operative co-evolutionary genetic algorithm (CCGA) for solving optimal control problems in a hysteresis system. The hysteresis system is a hybrid control system which can be described by a continuous multivalued state-space representation that can switch between two possible discrete modes. The problems investigated cover the optimal control of the hysteresis system with fixed and free final state/time requirements. With the use of the Pontryagin maximum principle, the optimal control problems can be formulated as optimisation problems. In this case, the decision variables consist of the value of control signal when a switch between discrete modes occurs while the objective value is calculated from an energy cost function. The simulation results indicate that the use of the CCGA is proven to be highly efficient in terms of the minimal energy cost obtained in comparison to the results given by the searches using a standard genetic algorithm and a dynamic programming technique. This helps to confirm that the CCGA can handle complex optimal control problems by exploiting a co-evolutionary effect in an efficient manner.
Characteristics and Propagation of Airgun Pulses in Shallow Water with Implications for Effects on Small Marine Mammals

Airguns used in seismic surveys are among the most prevalent and powerful anthropogenic noise sources in marine habitats. They are designed to produce most energy below 100 Hz, but the pulses have also been reported to contain medium-to-high frequency components with the potential to affect small marine mammals, which have their best hearing sensitivity at higher frequencies. In shallow water environments, inhabited by many of such species, the impact of airgun noise may be particularly challenging to assess due to complex propagation conditions. To alleviate the current lack of knowledge on the characteristics and propagation of airgun pulses in shallow water with implications for effects on small marine mammals, we recorded pulses from a single airgun with three operating volumes (10 in3, 25 in3 and 40 in3) at six ranges (6, 120, 200, 400, 800 and 1300 m) in a uniform shallow water habitat using two calibrated Reson 4014 hydrophones and four DSG-Ocean acoustic data recorders. We show that airgun pulses in this shallow habitat propagated out to 1300 meters in a way that can be approximated by a 18log(r) geometric transmission loss model, but with a high pass filter effect from the shallow water depth. Source levels were back-calculated to 192 dB re µPa2s (sound exposure level) and 200 dB re 1 µPa dB Leq-fast (rms over 125 ms duration), and the pulses contained substantial energy up to 10 kHz, even at the furthest recording station at 1300 meters. We conclude that the risk of causing hearing damage when using single airguns in shallow waters is small for both pinnipeds and porpoises. However, there is substantial potential for significant behavioral responses out to several km from the airgun, well beyond the commonly used shut-down zone of 500 meters.
A 2-MHz Wide-Input Hybrid Resonant Converter With Ultracompact Planar Coupled Inductor for Low-Power Integrated On-Chip Applications

A trend for low-power conversion system is to integrate every component to a single chip. Magnetic component has been the key to determine the power density of the integrated switching power converter. In this paper, a hybrid resonant buck-type converter with an ultracompact custom-designed coupled inductor is presented for low-power integrated on-chip applications. This converter achieves zero-voltage switching for the high-side switch and near zero-voltage zero-current switching for low-side and auxiliary switches. The soft-switching condition allows the circuit operating at high switching frequencies. An ultracompact planar coupled inductor with a dimension of 5.25 mm × 1.95 mm × 3.86 mm is designed and customized for future integrated on-chip applications. The high-power density of this magnetics component is achieved by high switching frequency and optimized printed circuit board (PCB) windings design. A hardware prototype with 24 to 60-V input and 3.3 to 5-V, 3-A output operating at 2–3 MHz is presented to verify the circuit operation. The prototype achieves a peak efficiency of 90.7% using silicon devices at 2-MHz switching frequency.
Age-Related Differences in Acute Physiologic Response to Focal Traumatic Brain Injury in Piglets

Introduction: The goal of the present study was to determine whether age-related differences in the acute physiologic response to scaled cortical impact injury contribute to differences in vulnerability to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), brain temperature (BrT) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were measured in 22 piglets (7 of age 5 days, 8 of age 1 month, 7 of age 4 months) at baseline and for 3 h following scaled cortical impact injury. Results: There were no age-dependent variations from baseline in HR, MAP or BrT following injury. CBF increased in the 5-day-old animals following injury while CBF in the 1- and 4-month-old animals decreased following injury (p = 0.0049). Conclusion: CBF was shown to have a significant age-dependent response to TBI with the youngest animals exhibiting increased CBF following injury.
The Inhibitory Mechanism of Protein Synthesis by YoeB, an Escherichia coli Toxin*

YoeB is a toxin encoded by the yefM-yoeB antitoxin-toxin operon in the Escherichia coli genome. Here we show that YoeB, a highly potent protein synthesis inhibitor, specifically blocks translation initiation. In in vivo primer extension experiments using two different mRNAs, a major band was detected after YoeB induction at three bases downstream of the initiation codon at 2.5 min. An identical band was also detected in in vitro toeprinting experiments after the addition of YoeB to the reaction mixtures containing 70 S ribosomes and the same mRNAs, even in the absence of \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{tRNA}_{\mathrm{f}}^{\mathrm{Met}}\) \end{document}. Notably, this band was not detected in the presence of YoeB alone, indicating that YoeB by itself does not have endoribonuclease activity under the conditions used. The 70 S ribosomes increased upon YoeB induction, and YoeB was found to be specifically associated with 50 S subunits. Using tetracycline and hygromycin B, we demonstrated that YoeB binds to the 50 S ribosomal subunit in 70 S ribosomes and interacts with the A site leading to mRNA cleavage at this site. As a result, the 3′-end portion of the mRNA was released from ribosomes, and translation initiation was effectively inhibited. These results demonstrate that YoeB primarily inhibits translation initiation.
Synthesis , Characterization of Calcium Ferrite Nanoparticles and their Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for the Electrochemical Investigation of Dopamine in Presence of Uric Acid and Folic Acid

Calcium ferrite nanoparticles (CaFe2O4) were prepared by a solution based method using calcium chloride (CaCl2), Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), dl serine and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a precipitant and the obtained precipitation was calcinated under 500 oC for 4 h. The resulting material was characterized by using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The CaFe2O4 NPs were used for the preparation of CaFe2O4 NPs/carbon paste electrode (CaFe2O4 NPs/CPE) and applied for the electrochemical investigation of dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA) and folic acid (FA) which exhibits good electrocatalytic activity for investigation of DA, UA and FA at physiological pH 7.4. The electrocatalytic currents increased linearly with an increase in DA, UA and FA concentration and the scan rate effect was studied. The modified electrode shows, overall electrode process is adsorption and diffusion controlled. KeywordsCalcium ferrite nanoparticles, Carbon paste electrode, Cyclic voltammetry, Dopamine, Uric acid and folic acid Analytical & Bioanalytical Electrochemistry 2015 by CEE www.abechem. com Anal. Bioanal. Electrochem. , Vol. 7, No. 2, 2015, 197-209 198
Plasmodium berghei development in irradiated sporozoite-immunized C57BL6 mice

The C57BL6 strain of mice is highly susceptible to Plasmodium berghei sporozoite infections and consequently requires repeated immunizations with irradiated sporozoites to obtain protective immunity. After a live sporozoite challenge in the immunized hosts, hepatic-stage parasites found in the liver after 48 h are of different sizes – small schizonts corresponding to blocked forms (derived from irradiated sporozoites), and schizonts of intermediate size (derived from live sporozoites). Large schizonts corresponding to mature hepatic forms are found only in unimmunized but challenged C57BL6 mice. Using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed to liver-stage parasites, different patterns of binding reactivity to the above forms are observed. More than 20% of the irradiated sporozoites transform into blocked forms after immunization and persist in the liver. Upon sporozoite challenge in such immunized animals the rate of transformation of sporozoites into hepatic parasites is less than 2%. These observations shed light on the fate of live sporozoite development in irradiated sporozoite-immunized C57BL6 mice.
Optimized design of high fan-in multiplexers using tri-state buffers

In this work, a strategy to design high-fan-in multiplexers with minimum delay is proposed. The work extends the optimization proposed by Lin (2000) to the case of switches with driving capability, that exhibit better performance in terms of noise immunity as well as being suitable for voltage scaling, which are becoming increasingly important properties in today's CMOS technologies. Moreover, the design strategy explicitly accounts for wiring parasitics in design equations. The criteria found are simple and useful right from the early design phases, as well as being independent of the technology used. In addition, an approximate expression of delay is given to predict the speed performance achievable for a given process before actually carrying out the optimized design. As a design example, a 256-input multiplexer was designed and simulated after extracting the parasitics from layout using a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS process. The predicted delay agrees well with simulation data.
High-volume continuous hemofiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass attenuates pulmonary dysfunction in neonatal lambs after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.

BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces an inflammatory reaction that activates neutrophils and releases free radicals in tissue. Ischemia-reperfusion further aggravates inflammation. Hemofiltration (HF) could potentially remove inflammatory mediators and reduce injury. This study assessed the effect of continuous high-volume HF during CPB on systemic edema formation and pulmonary function after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA). METHODS AND RESULTS Anesthetized lambs (n = 16) underwent CPB with systemic cooling (40 minutes), DHCA (120 minutes at 18 degrees C), and rewarming (40 minutes). All animals were weaned from CPB and observed for 3 hours after reperfusion. Continuous HF was used in 8 lambs at a flow rate of 300 mL/kg per hour throughout CPB, simultaneously replacing hemofiltration volume with a balanced salt solution (HF group). In 8 control animals, no hemofiltration was performed. Hematocrit remained at 23% to 25% during the experiment in both groups. Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), lung dynamic compliance (Cdyn), alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (AaDO2), and total body water content (bioimpedance) were measured. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, was assayed in lung tissue. Percent increase of body water content at 180 minutes of reperfusion was significantly lower in the HF group than in control (132 +/- 2% vs 152 +/- 5%, P < 0.005). There was less of a rise in PVR compared with baseline at 180 minutes of reperfusion in the HF group than in control (131 +/- 8% vs 238 +/- 26%, P < 0.005). In addition, percent recovery of Cdyn and AaDO2 in the HF group was preserved significantly (respectively, P < 0.05) 2 hours after reperfusion than in the control group. Lung tissue MDA in the HF group (46.2 +/- 12.6 vs 65.3 +/- 17.1 nmol/L per gram of tissue, P < 0.05) was significantly lower than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS High-volume, continuous hemofiltration during CPB attenuates systemic edema formation, pulmonary hypertension, the extent of lung dysfunction, and depression of cardiac output and reduces free radical-mediated tissue injury after CPB with DHCA. This technique may have a clinical application to reduce the morbidity rate of CPB.
Validity and Community Utility of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure

This study addressed the validity and community utility of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) (Law et al., 1991; 1994; 1998): a measure that now represents a national standard in clinical practice and research in occupational therapy in Canada. The study employed a crosssectional design. Participants for the study were former consumers of occupational therapy services, recruited from the Queen's University catchment area (Kingston, North Bay, Oshawa, Perth, Peterborough). A sample of 61 disabled individuals living in the community were recruited. Each individual was sent a package of self-administered measures including the Satisfaction with Performance Scaled Questionnaire, the Reintegration to Normal Living Index, the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Perceived Problems List. An interview was also arranged with the project coordinator, which was based on the COPM and the Consumer Utility Questionnaire. Multivariate analyses showed that construct validity was supported; scores on the COPM were significantly related to theoretically related constructs: satisfaction with performance, reintegration to normal living and life satisfaction. In addition, criterion validity was supported. A majority of participants (53%), when asked about problems of daily living, spontaneously reported at least one of the problems raised on the COPM. Community utility was evaluated highly by participants, 75% of whom found the COPM useful in identifying and rating their problems, and 100% of whom reported no problems in understanding the COPM.
Wrapping Our Heads around Endocytosis

Endocytic vesicle formation is a complex process that couples sequential protein recruitment and lipid modifications with dramatic shape transformations of the plasma membrane. Although individual molecular players have been studied intensively, how they all fit into a coherent picture of endocytosis remains unclear. That is, how the proper temporal and spatial coordination of endocytic events is achieved and what drives vesicle scission are not known. Drawing upon detailed knowledge from experiments in yeast, we develop the first integrated mechanochemical model that quantitatively recapitulates the temporal and spatial progression of endocytic events leading to vesicle scission. The central idea is that membrane curvature is coupled to the accompanying biochemical reactions. This coupling ensures that the process is robust and culminates in an interfacial force that pinches off the vesicle. Calculated phase diagrams reproduce endocytic mutant phenotypes observed in experiments and predict unique testable endocytic phenotypes in yeast and mammalian cells. The combination of experiments and theory in this work suggest a unified mechanism for endocytic vesicle formation across eukaryotes. Citation: Liu J, Sun Y, Drubin DG, Oster GF (2009) The Mechanochemistry of Endocytosis. PLoS Biol 7(9): e1000204. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio. 1000204 Academic Editor: Fred Hughson, Princeton University, United States of America Received February 16, 2009; Accepted August 19, 2009; Published September 29, 2009 Copyright: 2009 Liu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work was supported by National Institutes of General Medical Sciences grants 1 R01 GM 50399 and 1 R01 GM 42759 to DGD. GFO was supported by National Science Foundation grant DMS 0414039. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Abbreviations: BAR, Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs; BDP, BAR Domain Protein. * E-mail: drubin@berkeley.edu (DGD); goster@nature.berkeley.edu (GFO) ¤ Current address: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America . These authors contributed equally to this work.
Conditions for Highly Efficient and Reproducible Round-Window Stimulation in Humans

Round-window stimulation is a new clinical approach for the application of active middle-ear implants. To investigate factors influencing the efficiency of round-window stimulation, experiments in 6 human temporal bones were performed with different actuator geometries and coupling conditions. The experiments show that the amplitude ratio between stapes and round-window actuator vibration is most efficient when using a 1.0-mm diameter rod with a 30° inclined tip geometry and an attached silicone pad. In this case, the amplitude ratio is 0.34 for frequencies up to 1.5 kHz and 0.27 for frequencies up to 20 kHz, with a standard deviation of only 4–6 dB at most frequencies. The analysis of data presented here and in a companion paper suggests that control of proper round-window membrane pretension as well as the inclined tip geometry are the major requirements for maximal performance.