Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Health Risks of Dietary Salt

Besides raising the blood pressure dietary salt is responsible for several other harmful effects. The most important are a number which, though independent of the arterial pressure, also harm the cardiovascular system. A high salt intake is also responsible for increase in the mass of the left ventricle, thickens and stiffens conduit arteries and thickens and narrows resistance arteries, including the coronary and renal arteries. It also increases the chance of strokes, the severity of cardiac failure and platelets aggression. In renal disease, a high salt intake increases the rate of renal functional deterioration. Apart from its effect on the cardiovascular system dietary salt has an effect on calcium and bone metabolism, which highlights the finding that in post-menopausal women salt intake controls bone density of the upper femur and pelvis. Dietary salt controls the incidence of carcinoma of the stomach and there is some evidence which suggests that salt is associated with the severity of asthma in male asthmatic subjects. The intake of salt in our diet must be on balance, because the high Salt intake is associated with the occurrence of stomach cancer, Osteoporosis, Obesity, Kidney Stones, Kidney Disease, Ménière’s Disease, Diabetes, Liver problems, cardiovascular disease, Inflammation and sleep problems, and not just Hypertension. Keeping the above facts in mind the Objectives of the present review study was to clarify what is the diseases and harmful effects of high salt intake in addition to Hypertension and to explain the relationship between high salt intake and these diseases and problems.
XAI: A Middleware for Scalable AI

A major obstacle for the adoption of deep neural networks (DNNs) is that the training can take multiple hours or days even with modern GPUs. In order to speed-up training of modern DNNs, recent deep learning frameworks support the distribution of the training process across multiple machines in a cluster of nodes. However, even if existing well-established models such as AlexNet or GoogleNet are being used, it is still a challenging task for data scientists to scale-out distributed deep learning in their environments and on their hardware resources. In this paper, we present XAI, a middleware on top of existing deep learning frameworks such as MXNet and Tensorflow to easily scale-out distributed training of DNNs. The aim of XAI is that data scientists can use a simple interface to specify the model that needs to be trained and the resources available (e.g., number of machines, number of GPUs per machine, etc.). At the core of XAI, we have implemented a distributed optimizer that takes the model and the available cluster resources as input and finds a distributed setup of the training for the given model that best leverages the available resources. Our experiments show that XAI converges to a desired training accuracy 2x to 5x faster than default distribution setups in MXNet and
Application of Sentinel-2 and EnMAP new satellite data to the mapping of alpine vegetation of the Karkonosze Mountains

Effective assessment of environmental changes requires an update of vegetation maps as it is an indicator of both local and global development. It is therefore important to formulate methods which would ensure constant monitoring. It can be achieved with the use of satellite data which makes the analysis of hard-to-reach areas such as alpine ecosystems easier. Every year, more new satellite data is available. Its spatial, spectral, time, and radiometric resolution is improving as well. Despite significant achievements in terms of the methodology of image classification, there is still the need to improve it. It results from the changing needs of spatial data users, availability of new kinds of satellite sensors, and development of classification algorithms. The article focuses on the application of Sentinel-2 and hyperspectral EnMAP images to the classification of alpine plants of the Karkonosze (Giant) Mountains according to the: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithms. The effects of their work is a set of maps of alpine and subalpine vegetation as well as classification error matrices. The achieved results are satisfactory as the overall accuracy of classification with the SVM method has reached 82% for Sentinel-2 data and 83% for EnMAP data, which confirms the applicability of image data to the monitoring of alpine plants.
Fe b 20 07 phase transitions in social sciences : two-populations mean field theory

A mean field statistical mechanics model of two interacting groups of spins is introduced and the phase transition studied in terms of their relative size. A jump of the average magnetization is found for large values of the mutual interaction when the relative percentage of the two populations crosses a critical threshold. It is shown how the critical percentage depends on internal interactions and on the initial magnetizations. The model is interpreted as a prototype of resident-immigrant cultural interaction and conclusions from the social sciences perspectives are drawn.
Extraction, purification and characterisation of a milk-clotting protease from 'kesinai' (Streblus asper Lour.) leaves

Extracts from ‘kesinai’ (Streblus asper) leaves were investigated as a potential source of enzymes that can serve as an alternative to calf rennet in cheese making. Different types of extraction buffers were investigated namely sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.2-5.0), phosphate buffer (pH 6.0-7.0) and Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.0-9.0). Finally, the milk-clotting enzyme was extracted using 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) with and without 5.0 mg/mL polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.015 mL/mL Triton X-100 and 2 mM sodium metabisulphite. Purification was carried out using acetone precipitation, and ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatographic techniques. Results showed that 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) was the most efficient extraction buffer among the buffers used in the extraction study. After the final purification step of size-exclusion chromatography, the enzyme was purified 3.3-fold with 42.3% of recovery. The enzyme showed an optimum temperature and pH at 60°C and pH 7.4, respectively. The enzyme was stable up to 70°C for one hour and the partially purified enzyme retained 83% and 96% of its original activity at pH 6.0 and 8.0, respectively. The molecular weight of the partially enzyme was estimated to be 75.8 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The milk-clotting activity of ‘kesinai’ enzyme was found to be lower than that of commercial Mucor rennet.
Spatial and Temporal Comparisons of Benthic Composition at Necker Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

Necker Island, a remote island located in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, provides a unique opportunity to investigate species-level algal and benthic invertebrate assemblages and assess temporal variation of coral reef ecosystems exposed to minimal anthropogenic impacts. This study provides a robust baseline of common benthic species at Necker Island and their relative abundances before any known ecological response to changing oceanographic conditions. Rapid ecological assessment (REA) methods using photoquadrat imagery from long-term monitoring sites coupled with towed-diver surveys conducted between 2002 and 2006 were analyzed to determine percentage cover of benthic organisms around the island, and macroalgal species lists were compiled from voucher specimens. Benthic substrates were typically dominated by turf algae at all sites for all years, and macroalgal and coral covers were found to be low. A total of 25 macroalgal and 11 anthozoan species was identified. Of these, 13 macroalgal species and one coral species represent new records for Necker Island. Analyses of community similarity found spatial differences among sites in 2006, as well as temporal differences between 2005 and 2006, an outcome primarily driven by significant increases in percentage cover of macroalgae and coral at one site. However, benthic communities observed during extensive towed-diver surveys around Necker Island did not identify significant differences among geographical sectors or years, suggesting that benthic communities are relatively homogeneous. Necker Island contains macroalgal and coral populations similar to those of neighboring reef systems within the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, and this study provides a baseline of benthic assemblages for ongoing temporal monitoring.
Consenso latinoamericano para definir, categorizar y notificar patógenos multirresistentes, con resistencia extendida o panresistentes

RESUMEN Se presenta un consenso latinoamericano que permite estandarizar las definiciones de los diferentes niveles de resistencia a los antimicrobianos en bacterias de importancia en salud pública. Se describen los criterios de inclusión y exclusión para las metodologías a utilizar y para los antibióticos a incluir (por disponibilidad, relevancia y existencia de puntos de corte). Como propuesta piloto se eligieron tres microorganismos gramnegativos de gran impacto en el ambiente hospitalario (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Acinetobacter spp.). La falta de puntos de corte para ciertos antibióticos (por ejemplo, tigeciclina, fosfomicina y colistina), claves para el tratamiento de infecciones causadas por estos patógenos que presentan multirresistencia o resistencia extendida, llevó a la necesidad de discutir y consensuar puntos de corte provisorios para la vigilancia de la resistencia a estos fármacos. Se abordó y consensuó también el uso de pruebas de sensibilidad alternativas a los métodos aprobados por las guías internacionales, de aplicación más sencilla como pruebas de rutina en los laboratorios de bacteriología clínica. El principal beneficio de este documento es proporcionar a los laboratorios latinoamericanos un marco estandarizado y consensuado para la identificación y la vigilancia constante y unificada de microorganismos resistentes. Las recomendaciones incluidas en este documento son el resultado consensuado por los representantes de los laboratorios nacionales de referencia de los países que integran la Red Latinoamericana de Vigilancia de la Resistencia a los Antibióticos coordinada por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud.
Taxation , inequality and growth : The current state of play 1 . 1 . The current challenges in fostering inclusive growth

Globalisation and technological change, including digitalisation and advances in automation, have generated substantial increases in quality of life for many households, and have reduced poverty rates in many emerging economies. Global integration, new technology and flexible work arrangements create benefits for society and offer significant opportunities to improve well-being. Consumers face a wider range of consumption goods of higher quality at cheaper prices. Flexible work arrangements can provide workers with opportunities to better reconcile work and broader life priorities across the life-cycle. Equally, businesses face increased opportunities to innovate and sell their goods and services to a global market.
Cardiac and electro-cortical concomitants of social feedback processing in women

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CAUSE OF DEATH ASSESSMENT WITH VERBAL

By Tsuyoshi Kunihama∗, Zehang Richard Li† Samuel J. 4 Clark‡ and Tyler H. McCormick§ 5 Kwansei Gakuin University∗, Yale University†, the Ohio State University‡, 6 and University of Washington§ 7 8 The distribution of deaths by cause provides crucial information 9 for public health planning, response, and evaluation. About 60% 10 of deaths globally are not registered or given a cause, limiting 11 our ability to understand disease epidemiology. Verbal autopsy 12 (VA) surveys are increasingly used in such settings to collect 13 information on the signs, symptoms, and medical history of people 14 who have recently died. This article develops a novel Bayesian 15 method for estimation of population distributions of deaths by 16 cause using verbal autopsy data. The proposed approach is based 17 on a multivariate probit model where associations among items 18 in questionnaires are flexibly induced by latent factors. Using 19 the Population Health Metrics Research Consortium labeled data 20 that include both VA and medically certified causes of death, we 21 assess performance of the proposed method. Further, we estimate 22 important questionnaire items that are highly associated with causes 23 of death. This framework provides insights that will simplify future 24 data collection. 25 26
Effects of Coal Combustion By-Product–Encapsulated Ammonium Nitrate on Wheat Yield and Uptake of Nitrogen and Metals

Ammonium nitrate (AN) is an essential plant nutrient for plant growth. Ammonium nitrate is also an ingredient in explosives. Research is being conducted on reducing the explosiveness of AN by encapsulating it with the use of coal by-products. The objective of this greenhouse pot study was to determine the effects of class C and F fly ash and flue gas desulfurization–gypsum–encapsulated AN on biomass, grain, and straw yield and nitrogen and metals uptake by wheat. Encapsulated AN was mixed with a low-nitrogen soil at 56 and 112 kg N ha, as well as unencapsulated AN as a control, and planted with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The biomass yield was significantly higher than the other treatments for the high rate of class C fly ash–encapsulated AN treatment only. Grain yields were significantly higher for plants grown on the high rate of encapsulated AN treatments compared with treatments with low and high rates of unencapsulated AN. Coal by-product–encapsulated AN did not significantly affect nitrogen concentration in wheat biomass and grain compared with the unencapsulated AN treatments. In this pot study, encapsulated AN fertilizer was as effective as unencapsulated AN for wheat growth and grain yield, with no significant increase in tissue metal concentrations. f 2013 The University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research and the American Coal Ash Association All rights reserved. A R T I C L E I N F O Article history: Received 18 September 2012; Received in revised form 2 January 2013; Accepted 3 January 2013
“Condescending, Rude, Assholes”: Framing gender and hostility on Stack Overflow

The disciplines of Gender Studies and Data Science are incompatible. This is conventional wisdom, supported by how many computational studies simplify gender into an immutable binary categorization that appears crude to the critical social researcher. I argue that the characterization of gender norms is context specific and may prove valuable in constructing useful models. I show how gender can be framed in computational studies as a stylized repetition of acts mediated by a social structure, and not a possessed biological category. By conducting a review of existing work, I show how gender should be explored in multiplicity in computational research through clustering techniques, and layout how this is being achieved in a study in progress on gender hostility on Stack Overflow.
ENTREPRENEURIAL ATTITUDE OF ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY GRADUATING STUDENTS-THE CASE OF SCHOOL OF COMMERCE

The aim of the study or the research was to assess entrepreneurial attitude of Addis Ababa University School of commerce students and associated factors that can potentially influence the students’ attitude toward entrepreneurship. The research was conducted on Addis Ababa University School of commerce regular graduating students. The total population of the study was 924. In this study stratified random sampling techniques on the basis of the students’ year of study and field of study area are used. Totally 105 students were taken as a total sample size for the study. The study predominantly obtained the required data from primary source by using questionnaire. Descriptive analysis method was used in order to analyze the data collected through this method. The result of this study shows that most students, their families and close friends possess good entrepreneurial attitude. Generally, this study indicates the need to use this positive attitude productively by creating good environment for students to pursue their ideas.
Ultrafast dynamics of fractional particles in α-RuCl 3

Haochen Zhang, Subin Kim, Young-June Kim, Hae-Young Kee, 2 and Luyi Yang 3, ∗ Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Quantum Materials Program, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China (Dated: August 15, 2019)
Epidemiology and pathogenesis of obesity

The aim of this study was to draw attention to the issue of obesity, which has been growing for over a dozen years, in particular its epidemiology and pathogenesis. Obesity is a consequence of weight gain due to a positive energy balance, i.e.: the consumption of more calories than the body demands. Excessive fat gain, exceeding human body’s physiological needs and adaptation possibilities leads to structural and functional defects of many organs and systems, biochemical and physiological disorders, and as a consequence to shortening the life expectancy. Among the many methods assessing the severity of obesity, the most common and most frequently used is the determination of the body mass index (BMI), which is the quotient of body weight (kg) and height (m) squared. Using this method, we recognize overweight in patients with a BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m2, and obesity with BMI above 30 kg/m2. Morbid obesity is diagnosed when the patient’s BMI is above 40 kg/m2.
How free is ‘free’ word order in Sanskrit?

: Sanskrit being inﬂectionally rich, the conventional wisdom about Sanskrit word order is that it is free. The concept of sannidhi (proximity), one of the necessary factors in the process of verbal cognition, provides a constraint on the word order of Sanskrit. We study the free word order of Sanskrit in the light of the dependency framework. The weak non-projectivity condition on dependency graphs captures the sannidhi constraint. Gillon worked within the framework of phrase-structure syntax and noted that the freeness is constrained by clause boundaries. In an examination of the cases of dislocation observed by Gillon and all verses of the Bhagavadg¯ıt¯a , we notice that two relations, viz. adjectival and genitive, are more frequently involved in sannidhi violation. We conclude that the relations involved in sannidhi violation correspond to utth¯apya-¯ak¯a˙nks. ¯a (expectancy which is to be raised) barring a few exceptional cases.
Decoding Downset codes over a finite grid

In a recent paper, Kim and Kopparty (Theory of Computing, 2017) gave a deterministic algorithm for the unique decoding problem for polynomials of bounded total degree over a general grid. We show that their algorithm can be adapted to solve the unique decoding problem for the general family of Downset codes. Here, a downset code is specified by a family D of monomials closed under taking factors: the corresponding code is the space of evaluations of all polynomials that can be written as linear combinations of monomials from D.
Two essays on an annotated edition of Darwin’s ORIGIN OF SPECIES

Without disclaiming the role of natural selection and allopatry in speciation, the author implies that the appearance of new species is predominantly induced under high environmental stress in a process called spotted sympatry. Such high-level stress frequently causes mass extinctions and, according to the author, is mainly triggered by abrupt increases of gravity. That gravity is the main culprit in this tandem process of extinction-speciation is demonstrated by the longevity of some clades that produced “living fossils” like Latimeria and Nautilus. These clades outlived several mass extinctions due to key innovations that permitted them to successfully adapt to the stepwise increase of gravity.
P ARIS , F RANCE QUANTITATIVELY TESTING NUMERICAL MODELS OF CONTINENTAL BREAK-UP

With increasing computational power the complexity of numerical models of continental break-up is ever increasing. High resolution two and three dimensional models show a rich set of behaviours in terms of rift architecture and asthenosphere to lithosphere interaction. Historically these models tend to be compared qualitatively with geological evidence from passive margins. However, to understand how continental break-up occurs we would argue that it is necessary to test plausible dynamic scenarios against a wide range of observations. For example, the structure of the upper mantle below Afar, at the northern end of the largest active rift zone on the planet, is uncertain. Based on geochemical and seismic data, there is ongoing debate as to the existence, or not, of a large thermal plume, and if the region is currently rifting or has achieved break-up [1, 2]. The likelihood of each argument can be assessed through quantitative comparisons between physically plausible forward models and observational constraints. We have developed a relatively simple 2-D geodynamic model of decompression melting during extension that incorporates melt retention and dehydration. This model can explain the seismic structure below the East Pacific Rise as imaged by surface waves, including a double low velocity zone, with triangular anomaly above 50-60 km depth due to dry melting and low velocity layer between 60 and 200km depth mainly resulting from solid-state anelasticity in hydrated mantle [3]. When the same simple 2-D numerical model of extension is tested against the rock geochemistry and seismic structure of the upper mantle below Afar in the northern East African Rift, we find that extension above a 1450 ◦C hot upper mantle matches the timing and composition of the Pleistocene lavas. Furthermore, recent S and P-wave tomographic models of the region show a complex strucutre, with zones of fast and slow anomalies within the upper mantle [4]. By converting a simple 3-D numerical model of the growth of Rayleigh Taylor instabilities to synthetic tomographic images, we find that the tomographic models inverted from the true observation can be explained simply by the growth of small plumes at a wavelength of roughly 500 km. These plumes form due to an increase in temperature from 1350 ◦C to 1450 ◦C at the base of the model domain (at a depth of 700 km). By comparing the predicted melt chemistry and seismic structure from forward numerical models against the observations, we therefore find that that it is most likely that the Afar region is still in a state of continental extension and that the upper mantle below Afar contains small-scale convective instabilities. These instabilities rise from the below the 660 km discontinuity, most probably due to the ponding of a deeper larger plume-like structure. These idealised forward numerical models therefore suggest a more complex interaction between rifting and deep mantle plumes, and they demonstrate that simple geodynamic structures can appear complex due to the resolution of seismic studies.