Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Limit surface and moment function descriptions of planar sliding

The authors present two geometric descriptions of the frictional properties of a rigid body sliding on a planar surface. The limit surface from classical plasticity theory, is the boundary of the set of all possible frictional forces and moments that can be sustained by the frictional interface. Zhukovskii's moment function is the frictional moment as a function of the instantaneous center of rotation's location. Both of these descriptions implicitly contain the full relationship between slip motion and frictional load for an object that makes contact governed by a useful class of friction laws that includes Coulomb friction. These surfaces can be used to deduce results concerning the overall frictional motion behavior of rigid bodies, such as the existence of characteristic final slip motion directions. <<ETX>>
Otoacoustic interrelationships of the barn owl

Significant debate still exists about the biophysical mechanisms at work in otoacoustic emission (OAE) generation and how such may differ between mammals and non-mammals given gross morphological differences (e.g., existence of basilar membrane traveling waves, degree of tectorial membrane coupling). To further elucidate general principles at work, we examined the barn owl for interrelationships between spontaneous emissions (SOAEs) and those evoked using a single tone (SFOAEs). First, most ears exhibited SOAEs as a stable periodic ‘rippling’ whose peak-to-peak spacing was relatively constant (∼0.4 kHz). Some ears showed substantially larger narrowband peaks, although their statistical distributions were highly noisy. Second, significant interactions between a low-level tone and SOAE activity were observed via an interference pattern as the tone frequency was swept. Using a suppression paradigm to extract SFOAEs as the residual, the magnitude exhibited a stable pattern of peaks and valleys unique to each .
Flexible constraints for regularization in learning from data

By its very nature, inductive inference performed by machine learning methods mainly is data driven. Still, the incorporation of background knowledge—if available—can help to make inductive inference more efficient and to improve the quality of induced models. Fuzzy set–based modeling techniques provide a convenient tool for making expert knowledge accessible to computational methods. In this article, we exploit such techniques within the context of the regularization (penalization) framework of inductive learning. The basic idea is to express knowledge about an underlying data‐generating process in terms of flexible constraints and to penalize those models violating these constraints. An optimal model is one that achieves an optimal trade‐off between fitting the data and satisfying the constraints. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CT colonography: coming of age.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to highlight key issues in CT colonography (CTC) for radiologists so they can represent the technology accurately to referring physicians and provide a perspective that will hopefully augment best care for their patients. CONCLUSION With publication of the National CT Colonography Trial and the endorsement of CTC for screening by a multisociety task force that included the American Cancer Society, American College of Radiology, and U.S. Multisociety Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, the clinical validation of CTC has been completed, and CTC is now ready for widespread clinical application. Radiologists must be skilled in CTC and knowledgeable about colorectal cancer screening issues.
Distribution Sampling of Vector Variance without Duplications

In recent years, the use of vector variance as a measure of multivariate variability has received much attention in wide range of statistics. This paper deals with a more economic measure of multivariate variability, defined as vector variance minus all duplication elements. For high dimensional data, this will increase the computational efficiency almost 50 % compared to the original vector variance. Its sampling distribution will be investigated to make its applications possible. Keywords—Asymptotic distribution, covariance matrix, likelihood ratio test, vector variance.
The Wiimote with SAPI: Creating an Accessible Low-Cost, Human Computer Interface for the Physically Disabled

Summary In this paper we report on an inexpensive device that helps a person with physical disability to interact with the Web. The human computer interface is made through a head tracking pointer. The head tracking pointer consists of the Wii controller (Wiimote), a low cost and readily available game controller, and infrared (IR) LED. The Wiimote is used to detect the position of the user’s head. The Windows API (Application Programming Interface) has been used to move the pointer to the proper position according to the position given by the Wiimote. Microsoft SAPI (Speech Application Programming Interface) has been used to input commands via speech. The browser has been developed to provide a simple easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI) to be used by the physically disabled. The total cost of the system is less than $50, much less than any commercial product with the same functionality. The system received high marks in the field test.
Mechanosensing regulates virulence in Escherichia coli O157:H7

ABSTRACT Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a food-borne pathogen transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and can cause bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in the human host. Although a range of colonization factors, Shiga toxins and a type III secretion system (T3SS) all contribute to disease development, the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) encoded T3SS is responsible for the formation of lesions in the intestinal tract. While a variety of chemical cues in the host environment are known to up-regulate LEE expression, we recently demonstrated that changes in physical forces at the site of attachment are required for localized, full induction of the system and thus spatial regulation of virulence in the intestinal tract. Here, we discuss our findings in the light of other recent studies describing mechanosensing of the host and force-dependent induction of virulence mechanisms. We discuss potential mechanisms of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction, and the level of conservation across bacterial species.
Signal transduction pathways mediating parathyroid hormone regulation of osteoblastic gene expression

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays a central role in regulation of calcium metabolism. For example, excessive or inappropriate production of PTH or the related hormone, parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP), accounts for the majority of the causes of hypercalcemia. Both hormones act through the same receptor on the osteoblast to elicit enhanced bone resorption by the osteoclast. Thus, the osteoblast mediates the effect of PTH in the resorption process. In this process, PTH causes a change in the function and phenotype of the osteoblast from a cell involved in bone formation to one directing the process of bone resorption. In response to PTH, the osteoblast decreases collagen, alkaline phosphatase, and osteopntin expression and increases production of osteocalcin, cytokines, and neutral proteases. Many of these changes have been shown to be due to effects on mRNA abundance through either transcriptional or post‐transcriptional mechanisms. However, the signal transduction pathway for the hormone to cause these changes is not completely elucidated in any case. Binding of PTH and PTHrP to their common receptor has been shown to result in activation of protein kinases A and C and increases in intracellular calcium. The latter has not been implicated in any changes in mRNA of osteoblastic genes. On the other hand activation of PKA can mimic all the effects of PTH; protein kinase C may be involved in some responses. We will discuss possible mechanisms linking PKA and PKC activation to changes in gene expression, particularly at the nuclear level. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4) in various tumors

Peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4/PADI4) posttranslationally converts peptidylarginine to citrulline, in a process known as citrullination. Evidence suggests that PAD4 plays an essential role in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA synovium has many features in common with tumor tissues, including abnormal cell proliferation, extensive fibrin deposition, high coagulation activity, and extreme angiogenesis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate expression of PAD4 in various tumor tissues. Immunohistochemistry indicated that PAD4 had significant expression in many tumor tissues, especially various adenocarcinoma. Western blotting with anti PAD4 antibody and immunostaining with anti citrulline antibody confirmed the expression of the enzyme in these tumors. Furthermore, our immunohistochemistry also detected co‐location of PAD4 with cytokeratin (CK), a well‐known tumor marker for oncological study in many tumors. Western blot analysis also detected citrulline signals in CK extracted from the tumors. In addition, CK 8, 18, and 19 following in vitro citrullination resisted to the digestion of caspase. The results further confirm the expression of PAD4 in the tumors and support that PAD4 may contribute to the disrupted apoptosis of tumors by caspase‐mediated cleavage of CK. Double immunofluorescent labeling detected co‐location of PAD4 with CD34, a cell marker of heamatopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) in bone marrow and other normal tissues, as well as in some fibroblast‐like cells at stroma region of tumors, but not in the tumor cells. The findings imply that PAD4 is initially expressed in CD34+ cells of bone marrow and then distributed in derives of the multi‐potent progenitor cells in diverse tissues. The development of tumor cells expressing PAD4 is possibly associated with abnormal proliferation of CD34+ stem cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A bias‐free two‐alternative forced choice procedure to examine intersensory illusions applied to the ventriloquist effect by flashes and averted eye‐gazes

We compared with a new psychophysical method whether flashes and averted eye‐gazes of a cartoon face induce a ventriloquist illusion (an illusory shift of the apparent location of a sound by a visual distracter). With standard psychophysical procedures that measure a direct ventriloquist effect and a ventriloquist aftereffect, we found in human subjects that both types of stimuli induced an illusory shift of sound location. These traditional methods, though, are probably contaminated by response strategies. We therefore developed a new two‐alternative forced choice procedure that allows measuring the strength of an intersensory illusion in a bias‐free way. With this new procedure we found that only flashes, but not averted eye‐gazes, induced an illusory shift in sound location. This difference between flashes and eye‐gazes was validated in an EEG study in which again only flashes illusorily shifted the apparent location of a sound thereby evoking a mismatch negativity response. These results are important because they highlight that commonly used measures of multisensory illusions are contaminated while there is an easy yet stringent way to measure the strength of an illusion in a bias‐free way.
Detection of Anomalous Crowd Behavior Based on the Acceleration Feature

In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm based on the acceleration feature to detect anomalous crowd behaviors in video surveillance systems. Different from the previous work that uses independent local feature, the algorithm explores the global moving relation between the current behavior state and the previous behavior state. Due to the unstable optical flow resulting in the unstable speed, a new global acceleration feature is proposed, based on the gray-scale invariance of three adjacent frames. It can ensure the pixels matching and reflect the change of speed accurately. Furthermore, a detection algorithm is designed by acceleration computation with a foreground extraction step. The proposed algorithm is independent of the human detection and segmentation, so it is robust. For anomaly detection, this paper formulates the abnormal event detection as a two-classified problem, which is more robust than the statistic model-based methods, and this two-classified detection algorithm, which is based on the threshold analysis, detects anomalous crowd behaviors in the current frame. Finally, apply the method to detect abnormal behaviors on several benchmark data sets, and show promising results.
When Overgrowth Bumps Into Cancer: The PTEN-Opathies.

PTEN is a dual-specificity phosphatase and well-known tumor suppressor gene. When functioning properly, it works in its canonical pathway to inhibit AKT/mTOR and MAPK signaling, leading to cell death and growth regulation. PTEN mutations cause dysregulation of these pathways, resulting in cellular proliferation and overgrowth. When germline mutations are present as in patients with PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS), benign and malignant neoplasias occur as well as cerebral overgrowth and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. This review article will summarize recent laboratory and clinical investigations relating to PTEN, highlighting the overgrowth aspects of this syndrome and the molecular drivers behind these key phenotypes. Finally, therapies developed targeted the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway for other tumor predisposition syndromes will be discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photosynthesis and Nutritive Value in Leaves of Three Warm-Season Grasses before and after Defoliation

Forage yields are influenced by plant response to defoliation. We examined the photosynthesis and nutritive value of first (first leaves) and third (third leaves) fully expanded leaves (numbered from the apex) in three warm-season (C4) grasses. Net photosynthetic rates at uniform temperature and light both before and after a 2-wk exposure to full sunlight and the effect of leaf position on nutritive value were determined on vegetative tillers in well-established swards of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon L. (Per.) cv. Tifton 44], Caucasian bluestem [Bothriochloa caucasica (Trin.) C.E. Hubb. ], and Atlantic coastal panicgrass [Panicum amarum var. amarulum (Hitchcock and Chase) P.G. Palmer] growing on a Cedl clay loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults). Bermudagrass had the greatest level of crude protein (CP), followed by panicgrass and bluestem. Fiber was greater in the first leaves than in the third leaves for bermudagrass and panicgrass but not for bluestem. Photosynthetic rates of panicgrass and bluestem third leaves estimated 2 wk after defoliation of the surrounding canopy were less than estimates made before defoliation in the first leaves but were similar to the third leaves before canopy defoliation. The third leaves of bermudagrass 2 wk after defoliation had lesser photosynthetic rates per unit chlorophyll than the first or third leaves before defoliation. Photosynthetic rates were correlated with hemicellulose across leaf classes and species (r 2 = 0.93). The photosynthetic decline observed in third leaves of bermudagrass compared with panicgrass and bluestem is evidence of variation in leaf response after defoliation among warm-season grasses.
Role of tumor necrosis factor in macrophage leishmanicidal activity in vitro and resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis in vivo

Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and purified murine TNF were both able to activate macrophages to destroy intracellular Leishmania major in vitro. In addition, parasitizing macrophages with L. major markedly increased the ability of the cells to produce TNF. Finally, when mice were vaccinated with an avirulent form of L. major, the animals produced large amounts of TNF but no gamma interferon in response to infection with virulent L. major. Treating these mice with a neutralizing anti-TNF antibody led to partial but not complete inhibition of the resistant state, which suggests that factors other than TNF and gamma interferon contribute to resistance to L. major.
Weak measurement of optical spin Hall effect in phase-discontinuity metasurface

Recently it has been demonstrated that a rapid phase-change at a phase-discontinuity metasurface (PDM) leads to an additional momentum gradient enabling a direct observation of optical spin Hall (OSH) shift. We show that the helicity-dependent OSH shift depends on incidence and refraction angles at PDM, and construct a weak value measurement to control OSH shift by a variable phase retardance in the post-selection.
Resource allocation for D2D-enabled inter-vehicle communications in multiplatoons

Platooning has been identified as a promising vehicular traffic management strategy to improve road capacity, energy efficiency, and on-road safety in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Inter-vehicle communications within a platoon and among multiple platoons can assist platoon control by maintaining a constant inter-vehicle distance, which in turn enhances road safety. An efficient method of sharing inter-vehicle information successfully and timely is critical to many platooning applications. In this paper, a resource allocation (RA) approach is proposed to support inter-vehicle communications underlaying cellular network for a multiplatooning (a chain of platoons) scenario. By applying the evolved multimedia broadcast multicast services (eMBMS) in the Evolved Node B (eNB), the transmission delay for intra-platoon and inter-platoon communications can be reduced. Then, using the proposed subchannel allocation and power control schemes, the number of required subchannels and the transmission powers of each vehicle and the eNB can be minimized. Numerical results show that the proposed approach outperforms the candidate RA scheme in terms of transmission delay, especially in a multiplatooning scenario with a large number of vehicles.
Research on Method of Multi-agent Formation Control

Multi-robot formation control is the most common form of control of coordinated control. Take the AmigoBot mobile robot which produced by ActivMediaRobotics in USA as a research platform, based on leader-follower model of multi-robot formation method and feedback control strategy. The results show that this model can maintain good V-formation, Simulation and physical experiment results prove that the model is correct and the method is effective, also obtain a good effect of robot formation.
HOMASCOW: a holonic multi-agent system for cooperative work

Assistance tools for actors of cooperative systems, which are often centralized are increasingly designed to adhere to the system organization using a distributed architecture. However, generally these systems have difficulty in managing data coherency at the global level. In answer to this problem, we turned towards a particular organizational model: holonic systems. This concept has guided us in the design of the Holonic Multi-Agent System (HOLOMAS), which offers a good compromise between the distribution of knowledge and control centralization. In fact, the use of the HOLOMAS appeared to be necessary following the study of the procedures used in the patent department of a large company.
The size of regional lymph nodes does not correlate with the presence or absence of metastasis in lymph nodes in rectal cancer

We evaluated the relationship between the size of regional lymph nodes and the presence of metastasis in them in rectal cancer. Of 1,064 lymph nodes in 46 specimens, 133 (13%) were found to have metastases. A half of the positive nodes and most of the negative ones were less than 5 mm in diameter. Therefore, we must find lymph nodes smaller than 5 mm in diameter for assessment of lymph node metastasis. Although positive nodes were larger than negative ones, there was no significant difference. However, when comparing the size of lymph nodes in relation to their location, the epi‐ and pararectal lymph nodes larger than 10 mm in diameter were highly suggestive of metastases, but the size of the lymph node was not a reliable indicator of lymph node metastases in other situations. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiparametric MEMS biosensor for cell culture monitoring

A novel micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) multiparametric biosensor system based on living cells is presented. The biosensor system includes two biosensing techniques; resonant frequency measurements and electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) on a single device. The multiparametric sensor system integrates uses the upper electrode of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) resonator and as working microelectrode for ECIS technique. The QCM consists of a thin AT-cut quartz substrate with two gold electrodes on opposite sides. Bovine aortic endothelial live cells (BAECs) were successfully cultured on this hybrid biosensor. The QCM upper gold electrode used for generating the acoustic wave is also used for ECIS measurements of the live cells. Gravimetric and impedimetric measurements were performed over a period of time on the same cell culture to validate the device's sensitivity. The time necessary for the cells to attach and form a compact monolayer is the same in the case of gravimetric and impedimetric measurements. This hybrid biosensor will be employed in the future for water toxicity detection.
Radiation therapy planning of a breast cancer patient with in situ pacemaker–challenges and lessons

A postmenopausal lady with an in situ pacemaker developed a lump in the left breast and was diagnosed to have breast cancer. The patient underwent breast conservative surgery and was planned for post operative radiotherapy. The location of the tumor relative to the pacemaker provided a unique challenge in planning radiotherapy and the patient had an uneventful post radiotherapy course. A literature review revealed that modern generation pacemakers are very sensitive to radiation compared to their older counterparts. The present article makes suggestions towards reducing dose in radiotherapy planning in pacemaker patients.