Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization of nonlinearity for transient processes: Its evaluation and application

A brief outline of the method of transient analysis which employs half-period transient-gain (HPTG) characterizing functions to linearize the nonlinearity in control systems is first given. Two theorems concerning these functions are then presented. The first theorem shows that the HPTG of a nonlinearity, which is formed by adding N other characteristics, is the sum of the HPTG functions of the N individual characteristics. The second theorem shows that the imaginary part of the HPTG is proportional to the area of the loop in the nonlinearity. With these theorems, a general method for calculating the HPTG of any single- or double-valued nonlinearity is developed which involves only arithmetic computations. The method is illustrated by application to a magnetic hysteresis characteristic with variable loop width and saturation. With the HPTG assumed calculated, a method of evaluating the transient response is developed which avoids the step-by-step calculations necessary with an earlier approach[13] and also leads to direct ways of finding rise time, overshoot, time to first overshoot, and settling time of a step-function response. This work is illustrated by application to a position control system in which nonlinear friction is the important nonlinearity. It is shown that the method accurately predicts heavily damped transients and the initial sticking present.
The Radiansphere around a Small Antenna

The "radiansphere" is the boundary between the near field and the far field of a small antenna. Its radius is one radianlength (λ/2π), at which distance the three terms of the field are equal in magnitude. A "small" antenna is one somewhat smaller than the radiansphere, but it has a "sphere of influence" occupying the radiansphere. The power that theoretically can be intercepted by a hypothetical isotropic antenna is that which flows through the radiansphere or its cross section, the "radiancircle. " From a small electric dipole, the far field of radiation is identified as a retarded magnetic field. Between two such dipoles, the far mutual impedance is that of mutual inductance, expressed in terms of space properties and the radiansphere. A small coil wound on a perfect spherical magnetic core is conceived as an ideal small antenna. Its radiation power factor is equal to the ratio of its volume over that of the radiansphere. A fraction of this ratio is obtainable in various forms of small antennas (C or L) occupying a comparable amount of space. A radiation shield, in the form of a conducting shell the size of the radiansphere, enables separate measurement of radiation resistance and loss resistance.
Negatif Duygunun Siber Zorbalık ve Mağduriyete İlişkin Yordayıcı Rolünün İncelenmesi

Bu arastirmanin amaci negatif duygunun siber zorbalik ve magduriyet uzerindeki yordayici etkisini incelemektir. Arastirmanin orneklemini Erzurum ilinde ogrenim goren 360 ortaokul ogrencisi olusturmaktadir. Katilimcilara Negatif Duygu Olcegi ile Siber Zorbalik Envanteri uygulanmistir. Negatif duygu ile siber zorbalik ve magduriyet arasindaki iliskileri incelemek icin yapilan korelasyon sonucunda siber zorbalik ve siber magduriyetin negatif duygu ile pozitif iliskili oldugu gorulmustur. Yapisal esitlik modeli analizi sonuclari negatif duygunun siber zorbaligi ve magduriyeti pozitif yonde yordadigini gostermistir. Siber zorbaligin ve magduriyetin negatif duygu tarafindan aciklanma duzeyini belirlemek icin kurulan yapisal esitlik modelinden elde edilen uyum iyiligi indeksleri modelin iyi uyum verdigini gostermistir. Bu sonuc, negatif duygunun azalmasinin siber zorbalik ve magduriyetin onlenmesi konusundaki onemini ortaya koymaktadir
A Wide-Band Hybrid Ring for UHF

A 6λ/4 hybrid ring was modified by replacing the 3λ/4 long arm, with aλ/4 line and a frequency insensitive π phase shift. Calculations are shown for input and transfer admittances, insertion loss, and the effect of capacitance across the loads. Some experimental results are given and applications for the wide-band hybrid ring are suggested.
The Corona Produced by Continuous Potentials

This paper deals with an experimental investigation of the corona around small wires as produced by continuous potentials up to 15,000 volts. The continuous potentials were obtained from a series of 500-volt generators. The wire and coaxial cylinder method was employed for a number of experiments. Critical voltages and characteristic potential difference and current curves were obtained for different sized wires. The effect of lowering the pressure in the cylinder upon appearance of corona, critical voltage, and current, was studied. It was found that the appearance of the corona depended upon the polarity of the wire; positive polarity gave continuous glow, while discontinuous beaded appearance characterized the negative corona, the number of beads being a function of the pressure and the potential difference for a given size wire. A short arc in series affected the nature of the discharge by superimposing a high-frequency current upon the direct current. Characteristic curves were taken to show the effect of varying pressure, moisture and temperature. An increase of pressure inside the closed cylinder was produced by the application of a potential difference greater than the critical value; this increase is due to ionization. Corona in the case of parallel wires was studied by taking characteristic curves and exploring the field. Field exploration showed anode fall of potential greater than cathode. Corona accompanied by mechanical effects on wires: deflection on both wires and circular vibration of positive wire.
SiCILIA—Silicon Carbide Detectors for Intense Luminosity Investigations and Applications

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a compound semiconductor, which is considered as a possible alternative to silicon for particles and photons detection. Its characteristics make it very promising for the next generation of nuclear and particle physics experiments at high beam luminosity. Silicon Carbide detectors for Intense Luminosity Investigations and Applications (SiCILIA) is a project starting as a collaboration between the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) and IMM-CNR, aiming at the realization of innovative detection systems based on SiC. In this paper, we discuss the main features of silicon carbide as a material and its potential application in the field of particles and photons detectors, the project structure and the strategies used for the prototype realization, and the first results concerning prototype production and their performance.
Systems Thinking Education in RN-BSN Programs: A Regional Study

Background Nurses need to take a lead in reducing medical errors. Formal education of systems thinking (ST) can be a catalyst for error prevention. Problem Integration of ST in RN-BSN education has not been studied. Approach A descriptive, cross-sectional design using survey methods was used. Outcomes Deans of accredited RN-BSN programs across the Midwest reported on ST integration across their RN-BSN programs. Gaps in ST integration were identified as (1) a lack of evaluation tools to determine mastery of systems theory, thinking and awareness, and the application of quality and safety competencies for systems-level synthesis and (2) program outcomes emphasizing autonomy of systems-level decisions. Conclusions Systems thinking was integrated across curricula among most accredited RN-BSN programs in the Midwest. Recommendations are to integrate systems theory into program outcomes and to develop evaluation tools that validate ST mastery.
Directional Antennas

The object of this paper is to develop analytical methods which are readily applicable to the general problems that arise in array design and to provide design curves that may be used without reference to the field theory underlying the problem. The cases of both driven and parasitic arrays have been treated. Where possible, the results have been tested by comparison with experimental results. The field and circuit conditions are treated for the case of multielement driven arrays. The effective impedance and the total radiated power, as well as the power radiated by each antenna, are determined. Expressions are given for the radiation patterns of the arrays. Examples are treated which show how these arrays are used to protect the service areas of other stations operating on the same frequency assignment. In the case of a single parasitic reflector, it is found that spacings less than a quarter wave length are desirable in both the transmitting and receiving case. It is seen that the parasitic antenna functions equally well as a director or a reflector. The case of an antenna parallel to an infinite sheet acting as a reflector is treated. It is shown that it is desirable to space the antenna very much less than a quarter wave length from the sheet. A method of measuring the mutual impedance between antennas is advanced. A systematic method of adjusting a complicated array is outlined.
Analysis of errors in sampled-data feedback systems

The system error in sampled-data feedback systems resulting from the application of a test function is an important design parameter. The “system error” is defined as the difference between the actual output of the system and the desired output. There are two components which contribute to this error: one, called “organic error,” is brought about by the system energy storages, and the other, called “ripple,” is brought about by the sampling process. Formulation of the system error is obtained by the application of the Laplace and z-transformations. Both the system error time function in intersampling times and the rms system error are formulated in terms of the system parameters. Illustrative examples demonstrate the theory.
Transistor Internal Parameters for Small-Signal Representation

The joint IRE-AIEE Task Group 28.4. 7, on Transistor Internal Parameters, was organized with the following objectives: 1) To formulate a small-signal equivalent-circuit representation of a transistor, the parameters of which emphasize separately the principal physical mechanisms of the device. 2) To recommend symbols for these parameters consistent with accepted usage and other standards. 3) To exhibit the relationship between the equivalent-circuit representation described in item 1 above and those simplified representations commonly employed in circuit analysis or design. 4) To propose and discuss methods of determining these parameters from electrical measurements at the terminals. This report summarizes the work of the group on the first three of these objectives.
Transmission Lines with Exponential Taper

Exponential lines, like exponential horns, are useful as impedance-matching devices. They are best inserted in a high-pass filter having the same cutoff frequency determined by the rate of taper. Unusual rules are derived for inserting the line in the filter with exact matching of iterative and image impedances. Design formulas are derived for the construction of exponential lines.
Longitudinal Genotype-Phenotype Association Study through Temporal Structure Auto-Learning Predictive Model

With the rapid development of high-throughput genotyping and neuroimaging techniques, imaging genetics has drawn significant attention in the study of complex brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Research on the associations between genotype and phenotype improves the understanding of the genetic basis and biological mechanisms of brain structure and function. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disease; therefore, the study on the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and longitudinal variations of neuroimaging phenotype is crucial. Although some machine learning models have recently been proposed to capture longitudinal patterns in genotype-phenotype association studies, most machine-learning models base the learning on fixed structure among longitudinal prediction tasks rather than automatically learning the interrelationships. In response to this challenge, we propose a new automated time structure learning model to automatically reveal the longitudinal genotype-phenotype interactions and exploits such learned structure to enhance the phenotypic predictions. We proposed an efficient optimization algorithm for our model and provided rigorous theoretical convergence proof. We performed experiments on the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort for longitudinal phenotype prediction, including 3123 SNPs and 2 biomarkers (Voxel-Based Morphometry and FreeSurfer). The empirical results validate that our proposed model is superior to the counterparts. In addition, the best SNPs identified by our model have been replicated in the literature, which justifies our prediction.
Analysis of Rectifier Operation

An analysis of rectifier operation in principal circuits is made. The introduction of linear equivalent diode resistance values permits a simplified and accurate treatment of circuits containing high-vacuum diodes and series resistance. The evaluation of these equivalent resistance values and a discussion of emission characteristics of oxide-coated cathodes precede the circuit analysis. Generalized curve families for three principal condenser-input circuits are given to permit the rapid solution of rectifier problems in practical circuits without inaccuracies due to idealizing assumptions. The data presented in this paper have been derived on the basis of a sinusoidal voltage source. It is apparent that the graphic analysis may be applied to circuits with nonsinusoidal voltage sources or intermittent pulse waves. It is also permissible to consider only the wave section during conduction time and alter the remaining wave form at will. Complicated wave shapes may thus be replaced in many cases by a substantially sinusoidal voltage of higher frequency and intermittent occurrence as indicated by shape and duration of the highest voltage peak. The applications of these principles have often explained large discrepancies from expected results as being caused by series or diode resistance and excessive peak-current demands. Practical experience over many years has proved the correctness and accuracy of the generalized characteristics of condenser-input circuits.
Application of Signal Corps Radar to Combat Surveillance

The U. S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory has developed several types of radar equipment to fulfill the combat requirements of the Field Army. To aid in obtaining an all-weather continuous surveillance capability, the AN/PPS-4 and AN/TPS-25 ground radar sets were developed. To extend and supplement their coverage of the combat zone, the AN/APS-94 airborne radar was developed. Locating weapons of interest is another important function of combat surveillance. The AN/MPQ-4 mortar locator was developed for this purpose.
An Electromechanical Representation of a Piezoelectric Crystal Used as a Transducer

An electromechanical representation of a piezoelectric crystal which can represent the crystal when it is used to drive an external mechanical system is given in this paper. The elements of the system are evaluated in terms of the electrical, piezoelectric, and mechanical constants of the crystal. When the crystal is used as a purely electrical element, the representation reduces to the usual form. The equivalent network is applied in evaluating the effect of supersonic radiation on the decrement of a quartz crystal and in the design of a mechanical system driven by a piezoelectric crystal.
Automated measurement of upper thermal limits in small aquatic animals

ABSTRACT We present a method for automating the measurement of upper thermal limits in small aquatic organisms. Upper thermal limits are frequently defined by the cessation of movement at high temperature, with measurement being performed by manual observation. Consequently, estimates of upper thermal limits may be subject to error and bias, both within and among observers. Our method utilises video-based tracking software to record the movement of individuals when exposed to high, lethal temperatures. We develop an algorithm in the R computing language that can objectively identify the loss of locomotory function from tracking data. Using independent experimental data, we validate our approach by demonstrating the expected response in upper thermal limits to acclimation temperature. Summary: We present a method for the automated measurement of upper thermal tolerance in small aquatic organisms from video data.
The Bidirectional Communication Theory - A Generalization of Information Theory

A generalization of information theory is presented with the aim of distinguishing the direction of information flow for mutually coupled statistical systems. The bidirectional communication theory refers to two systems. Two directed transinformations are defined which are a measure of the statistical coupling between the systems. Their sum equals Shannon's transinformation. An information flow diagram explains the relation between the directed transinformations and the entropies of the sources. An extension to a group of such systems has also been proposed. The theory is able to describe the informational relationships between living beings and other multivariate complex systems as encountered in economy. An application example referring to group behavior with monkeys is given.
Frequency and Loss Characteristics of Microwave Ferrite Devices

The four major microwave ferrite devices, ie. , the Faraday rotator, the resonance isolator, the nonreciprocal phase shifter, and the field displacement devices are discussed in terms of their loss properties over a range of frequencies. By means of perturbation theory the figure of merit of these devices is derived in the idealized limits for various ferrite geometries. These limiting values are analyzed in terms of the experimental results of the resonance loss for polycrystalline and single crystal measurements and compared with existing data on practical devices. The analysis indicates a possible low-frequency limit of Faraday and nonreciprocal phase shift circulators at about 1000 mc. The low-frequency limit of the resonance isolator is estimated at about 200 mc with a reverse-to-forward ratio of about 10. The problem of broad banding is also discussed in terms of the perturbation results.
Eyes and Ears for Computers

Attempts to mechanize character reading and speech recognition have greatly accelerated in the past decade. This increased interest was prompted by the promise of computer inputs more flexible in format than punched cards or magnetic tape. Research has shown that automatic sensing can be done reliably if the task is suitably delimited. Cleverly designed marks on standard forms can be both machine and man readable. A single type font or a few fixed ones are tractable if the print quality is controlled. Handprinting can be handled for careful writers, as can meticulous handwriting. Isolated spoken words taken from a small number of talkers and a limited vocabulary can be automatically recognized. Typical error rates for these machine-sensings run between 0.5 and 25 per cent. These results imply that reading unrestricted typestyles, handwritten scrawl, or recognizing conversational speech is beyond the reach of present methods. From the engineering viewpoint, questions of values enter. Might it not be wiser to punch cards or tape while making copy rather than depend upon complex character recognition hardware? Is it useful to have voice input to a computer when a finger and typewriter are available? Answers to such questions will depend upon the specific application. Certainly, the utility of automatic sensing will depend upon what is to be done with the material after it enters the computer as well as the internal organization of the machine itself.
The Effects of Short Duration Neutron Radiation on Semiconductor Devices

Transistors, semiconductor diodes, and solid-electrolyte batteries were exposed to short duration, high-intensity neutron radiation from a U-235 critical assembly which was primarily a neutron source. The effect on these components was ascertained by comparing their principal parameters before and after exposure, and in several cases units of operating equipment utilizing these components were monitored during irradiation. Of the transistor electrical parameters altered by irradiation, most significant were the decrease in common emitter forward current gain (Beta) and the increase in collector diode reverse leakage current (Ico). The higher frequency units were less affected by neutron fluxes than were the audio transistors. High-frequency surface barrier transistors remained virtually undamaged by irradiation up to 1013 total neutrons per square centimeter, an exposure which rendered the audio units nearly useless. Semiconductor diodes suffered an increase in forward resistance and a decrease in back resistance in reasonable accord with the degree of neutron irradiation, while the solid-electrolyte batteries were not permanently affected. The results obtained are in reasonable agreement with those obtained by others who used pile-type reactors with much longer exposure times, thus indicating that the integrated neutron dosage is of primary significance rather than the rate of exposure. The degradation of performance of the operating equipment during irradiation was almost entirely attributable to changes in the semiconductor devices utilized therein.
Molecular switch-like regulation enables global subunit coordination in a viral ring ATPase

Significance The φ29 DNA packaging motor can be thought of as a five-cylinder engine, where each cylinder (subunit) catalyzes ATP hydrolysis to power DNA translocation. The motor operates in two phases: first, the subunits load fuel (ATP) sequentially one at a time; second, all subunits rapidly hydrolyze ATP in sequential fashion. How the subunits coordinate their activities remained unknown. Here, we show that the subunits use regulatory features observed in signaling pathways, a very different biological context, to coordinate their activities. Moreover, one of the subunits is stimulated by a contact with the DNA, transforming it into a “timer” element that paces the activity of the remaining cylinders. Similar mechanisms are likely present in other molecular machines. Subunits in multimeric ring-shaped motors must coordinate their activities to ensure correct and efficient performance of their mechanical tasks. Here, we study WT and arginine finger mutants of the pentameric bacteriophage φ29 DNA packaging motor. Our results reveal the molecular interactions necessary for the coordination of ADP–ATP exchange and ATP hydrolysis of the motor’s biphasic mechanochemical cycle. We show that two distinct regulatory mechanisms determine this coordination. In the first mechanism, the DNA up-regulates a single subunit’s catalytic activity, transforming it into a global regulator that initiates the nucleotide exchange phase and the hydrolysis phase. In the second, an arginine finger in each subunit promotes ADP–ATP exchange and ATP hydrolysis of its neighbor. Accordingly, we suggest that the subunits perform the roles described for GDP exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins observed in small GTPases. We propose that these mechanisms are fundamental to intersubunit coordination and are likely present in other ring ATPases.
Traveling-Wave Tubes

Very-broad-band amplification can be achieved by use of a traveling-wave type of circuit rather than the resonant circuit commonly employed in amplifiers. An amplifier has been built in which an electron beam traveling with about 1/13 the speed of light is shot through a helical transmission line with about the same velocity of propagation. Amplification was obtained over a bandwidth 800 megacycles between 3-decibel points. The gain was 23 decibels at a center-band frequency of 3600 megacycles.