Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Causes of Deaths of HIV Infected Patients at the HIV/AIDS Center of Excellence of the University of Lubumbashi in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo

Antiretroviral therapy and its major scaling up over the past decade has contributed to improving the quality of life of people living with HIV, but the mortality associated with this pandemic remains a concern in our environment and opportunistic infections are the major causes of death in most patients. The objective is to determine the causes of patients’ deaths living with HIV at the Lubumbashi University Center of Excellence. A documentary review of patients was conducted from May 2011 to December 2015. Death is considered HIV-related if it is the result of an opportunistic infection in any patient with CD4 less than 200/mm3. 1717 patients were recruited to the center of excellence between May 2011 and December 2015, the mortality rate was 24.1% patient year, 67.95% women and 32.05% male 76.63% of patients had CD4 less than 200 mm3. 86% of the causes were directly related to HIV, Cryptococcal neuromeningitis comes first with 16.6%, while tuberculosis follows with 15.3%; 8% of the causes were not directly related to HIV, it is notably hepatopathies with 2.6%.
On the final definition of the causal boundary and its relation with the conformal boundary

The notion of causal boundary $\partial M$ for a strongly causal spacetime $M$ has been a controversial topic along last decades: on one hand, some attempted definitions were not fully consistent, on the other, there were simple examples where an open conformal embedding $i:M\hookarrow M_{0}$ could be defined, but the corresponding conformal boundary $\partial_{i}M$ disagreed drastically with the causal one. Nevertheless, the recent progress in this topic suggests a definitive option for $\partial M$, which is developed here in detail. Our study has two parts: (I) To give general arguments on a boundary in order to ensure that it is admissible as a causal boundary at the three natural levels, i.e., as a point set, as a chronological space and as a topological space. Then, the essential uniqueness of our choice is stressed, and the relatively few admissible alternatives are discussed. (II) To analyze the role of the conformal boundary $\partial_{i}M$. We show that, in general, $\partial_{i}M$ may present a very undesirable structure. Nevertheless, it is well-behaved under certain general assumptions, and its accessible part $\partial_{i}^{*}M$ agrees with the causal boundary. This study justifies both boundaries. On one hand, the conformal boundary $\partial_{i}^{*}M$, which cannot be defined for a general spacetime but is easily computed in particular examples, appears now as a special case of the causal boundary. On the other, the new redefinition of the causal boundary not only is free of inconsistencies and applicable to any strongly causal spacetime, but also recovers the expected structure in the cases where a natural conformal boundary is available. The cases of globally hyperbolic spacetimes and asymptotically conformally flat ends are especially studied.
A theoretical intellectual capital model applied to cities

New Management Information Systems (MIS) are necessary at local level as the main source of wealth creation. Therefore, tools and approaches that provide a full future vision of any organization should be a strategic priority for economic development. In this line, cities are “centers of knowledge and sources of growth and innovation” and integrated urban development policies are necessary. These policies support communication networks and optimize location structures as strategies that provide opportunities for social and democratic participation for the citizens. This paper proposes a theoretical model to measure and evaluate the cities intellectual capital that allows determine what we must take into account to make cities a source of wealth, prosperity, welfare and future growth. Furthermore, local intellectual capital provides a long run vision. Thus, in this paper we develop and explain how to implement a model to estimate intellectual capital in cities. In this sense, our proposal is to provide a model for measuring and managing intellectual capital using socio-economic indicators for cities. These indicators offer a long term picture supported by a comprehensive strategy for those who occupy the local space, infrastructure for implementation and management of the environment for its development.
Evaluation of Fracture Parameters by Double-G, Double-K Models and Crack Extension Resistance for High Strength and Ultra High Strength Concrete Beams

This paper presents the advanced analytical methodologies such as Double- G and Double - K models for fracture analysis of concrete specimens made up of high strength concrete (HSC, HSC1) and ultra high strength concrete. Brief details about characterization and experimentation of HSC, HSC1 and UHSC have been provided. Double-G model is based on energy concept and couples the Griffith's brittle fracture theory with the bridging softening property of concrete. The double-K fracture model is based on stress intensity factor approach. Various fracture parameters such as cohesive fracture toughness (4), unstable fracture toughness (K-Ic(c)), unstable fracture toughness (K-Ic(un)) and initiation fracture toughness (K-Ic(ini)) have been evaluated based on linear elastic fracture mechanics and nonlinear fracture mechanics principles. Double-G and double-K method uses the secant compliance at the peak point of measured P-CMOD curves for determining the effective crack length. Bi-linear tension softening model has been employed to account for cohesive stresses ahead of the crack tip. From the studies, it is observed that the fracture parameters obtained by using double - G and double - K models are in good agreement with each other. Crack extension resistance has been estimated by using the fracture parameters obtained through double - K model. It is observed that the values of the crack extension resistance at the critical unstable point are almost equal to the values of the unstable fracture toughness K-Ic(un) of the materials. The computed fracture parameters will be useful for crack growth study, remaining life and residual strength evaluation of concrete structural components.
An inverse technique for developing models for fluid flow in fracture systems using simulated annealing

One of the characteristics of flow and transport in fractured rock is that the flow may be largely confined to a poorly connected network of fractures. In order to represent this condition, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory has been developing a new type of fracture hydrology model called an “equivalent discontinuum” model. In this model we represent the discontinuous nature of the problem through flow on a partially filled lattice. This is done through a statistical inverse technique called “simulated annealing. ” The fracture network model is “annealed” by continually modifying a base model, or “template,” so that with each modification, the model behaves more and more like the observed system. This template is constructed using geological and geophysical data to identify the regions that possibly conduct fluid and the probable orientations of channels that conduct fluid. In order to see how the simulated annealing algorithm works, we have developed a synthetic case. In this case, the geometry of the fracture network is completely known, so that the results of annealing to steady state data can be evaluated absolutely. We also analyze field data from the Migration Experiment at the Grimsel Rock Laboratory in Switzerland.
Structural change, National Innovation System and balance-of-payments constraint: a theoretical and empirical analysis of the Brazilian case

The paper explores the relationship between the income elasticities of demand for exports and for imports, economic growth, the technological content of local production, and the level of development of the National Innovation System (NIS). According to the literature, differences in long-run growth rates are associated with differences in the income elasticities of demand, which would in turn be determined by the maturity of the NIS. Mature NIS imply higher degrees of product diversification, leading to trade patterns which favour exports of goods with higher technological content (high income elasticity of demand), and imports of basic goods (low income elasticity). Hence, we test the relationship between the exports and imports of Brazilian high-tech products and the number of Brazilian patents registered in the USPTO, as a proxy for the level of development of the Brazilian NIS. The results of the analysis are corroborated by the investigation of innovations of the variables, through impulse response functions and forecast error decomposition, which confirm the theoretical hypothesis discussed.
Impact of the characteristics of CEO's overconfidence on the determination of incentive compensation

The aim of this article is to examine the impact of the characteristics of overconfident CEO's on determining incentive compensation. The sample consists of 100 US non-financial companies in the S&P 500. The model estimation results, during the period from 2000 to 2010, showed that overconfident executives have a significant negative impact on his incentive compensation. Furthermore, the results of multiple linear regression showed that experienced, and older CEO has a significant and positive impact on the level of incentive compensation.
Infrastructure regulation in developing countries : an exploration of hybrid and transitional models

This publication results from the support to the African Forum for Utility Regulators (AFUR) by the Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF). This current collection is based on papers jointly commissioned and sponsored by both PPIAF and AFUR for the 3rd Annual Conference and General Assembly of AFUR. The theme for this conference is -- Regulatory Governance : Exploring Innovative and Hybrid Models. The AFUR Conference took place from 15-16 March 2006, in the midst of other AFUR activities organized from 11- 7 March 2006. This paper includes: introduction; challenges and problems with utility regulation in developing countries; a range of regulatory models; towards improved design of regulatory systems; towards improved regulatory performance; mitigating regulatory risk; and conclusion.
Sexual orientation discrimination: Exploring the experiences of lesbian, gay and bisexual employees in Turkey

This article explores workplace sexual orientation discrimination in the context of Turkey, a developing country displaying a unique set of gendered intersectionalities permeating the employment sphere. Using a multifarious theoretical backdrop steeped in a combinatorial analytical approach sustained by post-structural constructs, queer theory and relational perspectives, this study locates homophobic practices at work in terms of their variegated determinants, instantiations and possibilities for transformation. Open-ended, unstructured, probing interviews support the exploratory effort in gaining an authentic sense of meaning as evidenced by personal experience, and conditioned by contextual detail in the working lives of 20 lesbian, gay and bisexual individuals. This allows for the emergence of an account of how sexual orientation discrimination is diffused through a plethora of work environments in Turkey and at what particular ideational levels of signification emergent processes may combat such discriminatory practices.
Design and Test Based on Stream Processor Programmable Cluster Architecture

As the representative of common programmable stream processor, the performance of GPU develops rapidly, which has broken Moore's law which is obeyed by CPU. GPU applies the performance of programmability and functional expansibility to support complicated computation and process, and the feature has been acknowledged in the industry. The paper deeply researches programmable model CUDA based on NVIDIA GPU, and analyzes CUDA technique. And the paper applies MPI+CUDA hybrid programming model and common stream processor to load the model, which not only separates the control of stream processor cluster from computation, and optimizes multi-data stream processing strategy, but also promotes the performance of stream processor cluster system compared with traditional x86 cluster system.
Identification of the potential inhibitors of malolactic fermentation in wines

Malolactic fermentation plays an important role in reducing acidity and improving both the microbiological stability and the aroma profile of wines. The conditions required for the induction and appropriate course of MLF include initial temperatures of 20 °C to 25 °C, a free-SD2 content below 10 mg L -1, a total SD2 concentration below 30 mg L-1, a pH level between the range of 3.2 and 3.4, and nutrients, which are obtained from the sediment of yeast cells (Lasik, 2013). Spontaneous MLF, however, cannot be guaranteed due to the harsh environmental conditions present in wine. Malolactic fermentation may fail or occur many months after alcoholic fermentation is complete, which impairs the production processes and may cause wine-depreciation associated with the occurrence of spoilage or the production of toxic compounds (Oorizzo et al., 2016).
Does Debt Relief Lead to Economic Growth

Despite various measures of reducing poverty in the world, was more than 25 percent of the world’s population living on less than $ 1.25 a day in 2005. There is a mutual ambition of accelerating development and economic growth, the issue is only how to achieve this goal. The Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative was launched in 1996 to release the poorest and most indebted countries of their debt burden. Despite the long record of debt relief are many of the developing countries still poor and debt burdened, and the effect of debt relief can be questioned. Most development economists agree that functioning institutions combined with debt relief promote economic growth, but it is still questionable if the debt relief effect is positive in less developed institutional environments. This study evaluates the effect of debt relief on growth in low and lower middle income countries conditional on the institutional quality in the economy. Low levels of debt affect growth positively, but very high debt levels have negative effects on growth. Some development economists believe that the HIPC countries are burdened by a debt overhang which reduces investments and hampers growth. Debt relief reduces the debt ratios to sustainable levels, which has positive effects on investments and thus growth. The effect is likely to be greater in countries with high quality institutions, as the investment quality is likely to be higher. The downside of debt relief is the potential increase in moral hazard. This study uses a pooled OLS panel data model to estimate the effect of debt relief in 85 low and lower middle income countries between the years 1995-2008. Debt relief seems to have no or even a negative effect on growth in all institutional environments, whereas the effect is significantly positive in economies with good quality institutions. The positive effect occurs through the new inflow of capital and restored investor incentives, which thus increases investment. If the institutional quality is poor, the investment quality and productivity is likely to remain low and thus not have a big impact on GDP growth. Debt relief to economies with poor institutions could furthermore increase moral hazard and help finance irresponsible governments bad economic policies. This could be detrimental for growth. As debt relief to countries with non-functioning institutions does not promote economic development, the HIPC Initiative should be reformed to only grant debt relief to countries after they reach a certain level of institutional functionality. Considering that the poorest countries usually do not have the most developed institutions, is debt relief not the most efficient mechanism for promoting development and reduce poverty in the HIPC countries.
Risk Stratification in Severe and Asymptomatic Mitral Valve Regurgitation : How Could Patients with Adverse Outcomes Be Identified ?

Material and Methods We assessed 375 asymptomatic patients with severe organic mitral valve regurgitation (61±10 years, left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 67%±5%). The score performed included the presence of atrial fibrillation, end-diastolic diameter e”40 mm, effective regurgitant orifice 55 mm2, left atrium volume >120 cm3, age >60, and exercise time <7 minutes. The score ranged from 0 to 6.5. The primary endpoint was the development of symptoms and/or left ventricular dysfunction, defined as a decrease in LVEF >5% or LVEF <60%. The secondary endpoints included isolated symptoms, isolated left ventricular dysfunction, sudden death and valvular surgery.
Four Achnanthidium species (Bacillariophyta) formerly identifi ed as Achnanthidium minutissimum from the Antarctic Region

Four taxa belonging to the complex of species around Achnanthidium minutissimum were found during the ongoing taxonomic revision of the Antarctic freshwater and limno-terrestrial diatom fl ora. Two taxa were previously described as Achnanthidium lailae and A. sieminskae. Two others were formerly identifi ed as A. minutissimum but detailed light and scanning electron microscopical observations revealed suffi cient morphological differences compared to the type of A. minutissimum, to justify their separation and description as new taxa: Achnanthidium indistinctum and A. maritimo-antarcticum. The morphology and ecology of all four taxa are discussed comparing the species with morphologically similar taxa. The biogeographical consequences of the splitting of the former A. minutissimum complex in the Antarctic Region are discussed.
Morpho-physiological responses of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) to exogenous salicylic acid application under drought stress.

Salicylic acid has been found to play an important role in the regulation of plant growth and development in response to environmental stresses. In the present study, the effect of salicylic acid (SA) (0 and 0.1 mM) on growth parameters and some physiological characteristics of two strawberry cultivars ("Kurdistan" and "Queen Elisa") was investigated under drought stress treatments (-0.1 and -1 MPa). Experimental design was factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. Results showed that drought stress decreased leaf area, leaf dry matter, shoot dry matter, total dry matter, relative water content, stomatal conductance, yield, and fruit weight. Salicylic acid application increased total leaf area and leaf and shoot dry matter in both cultivars. Leaf number, root dry matter, total dry matter, yield and fruit weight were increased by SA application in "Kurdistan" under drought stress. "Kurdistan" cultivar had higher RWC than "Queen Elisa" and SA application increased RWC , proline and soluble carbohydrate in "Kurdistan" compared to "Queen Elisa" under drought stress conditions. RWC , proline and soluble carbohydrate of “Queen Elisa" did not change with SA spray. Total soluble protein was not affected in "Kurdistan" under drought stress, while "Queen Elisa" showed a reduction in total protein. SA application increased catalase and peroxidase activity in both cultivars under drought stress. In conclusion, “Kurdistan” was less susceptible to drought stress than “Queen Elisa” because “Kurdistan” showed less reduction in leaf number and area, crown, and total dry matter compared to “Queen Elisa”. SA application altered some physiological responses of both cultivars under drought stress. The effect of SA was more pronounced in "Kurdistan” than "Queen Elisa".
Preliminaries Descriptions of Chaos Measuring Tools : Lyapunov exponents , Topological Entropies , Correlation Dimensions : ( i ) Lyapunov Exponents ( Lyapunov Numbers )

In this paper, A discrete-time food chain model of three species has been introduced comprising of a set of three nonlinear difference equations. Evolutionary dynamics of this system have investigated and regular as well as chaotic attractors have been obtained for certain parameter values. Bifurcation diagrams have been drawn by varying parameters along coordinate axes and the motion has been analyzed. Numerical calculations have been carried out for calculations of Lyapunov exponents, topological entropies and correlation dimension. The investigation is then further extended to obtain FLI, SALI and DLI for regular and chaotic evolution of the food chain model.
7 Parabolic Flights

Aircraft parabolic flights are useful for performing short-duration scientific and technological experiments in reduced gravity. Their principal value is in the verification tests that can be conducted prior to space experiments in order to improve their quality and success rate, and after a space mission to confirm (or invalidate) results obtained from space experiments. Parabolic flight experiments might also be sufficient as stand-alone, addressing a specific issue. The levels of reduced gravity that can be attained during parabolic flights vary between 0 and 1 g (where g is the acceleration created by gravity at Earth’s surface, on average 9.81 m/s2). Near weightlessness at micro-g (μg) levels is commonly achieved during ballistic parabolic flights for microgravity research since more than 30 years. Recent years have seen more and more emphasis on partial-g flight profiles allowing to obtain gravity levels similar to those on the Moon (0.16 g) and on Mars (0.38 g) to prepare for future space exploration. This section introduces the objectives of parabolic flights for research and the flight profiles to achieve μg and partial-g environments. The various airplanes used throughout the world to create these reduced gravity environments are introduced. These airplanes can be grouped in three categories: (1) large airplanes allowing to embark several tens of passengers and several large experiments; (2) medium-sized airplanes usually used for single experiment with several operators and/or subjects; and (3) small airplanes and jets embarking single passengers and small experiments.
Third-Party Punishment: Retribution or Deterrence?

We conduct an experiment to examine the role of retribution and deterrence in motivating third party punishment. In particular, we consider how the role of these two motives may differ according to whether a third party is a group or an individual. In a one-shot prisoner’s dilemma game with third party punishment, we find groups punish more when the penalty embeds deterrence than when it can only be retributive. In contrast, individual third parties’ punishment decisions do not vary on whether the punishment has any deterrent effect. In general, third party groups are less likely to impose punishment than individuals even though the punishment is costless for third parties.
Programmation Orientée Émotion (EOP)

Some current algorithmic problems are facing a multitude of states, often due to a dynamic environment. The human being's approach to such problems consists of using emotions which increase his reactivity and help him in his decisions. We put forward an algorithmic problem solving method using a modelling of the human emotional system aiming at improving the resolution's reactivity and performance.