Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CARBOHYDRATE STORAGE AND UTILIZATION DURING GRAIN FILLING AS REGULATED BY NITROGEN APPLICATION IN TWO WHEAT CULTIVARS

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar LZ953 is one of a type of large-spike and large-grain cultivars with delayed leaf senescence and slow grain filling. Its grain filling is adversely affected by the dry hot winds that generally occur during the late stages of the crop in northern China. This study investigated the possible reasons for the slow grain filling and compared LZ953 with an early ripening cultivar, LM14, cultivated at high and low nitrogen (N) levels. The results showed greater photosynthetic rate, carbon (14C) accumulation, leaf area, and soluble sugar accumulation in stems and sheaths at grain filling in LZ953 than LM14. However, export of soluble sugar from the stem and sheaths, as well as starch accumulation in the grains, were smaller in LZ953. As a result, grain filling was slow during the first 14 days after anthesis (DAA). Nitrogen level had no significant effect on the grain-filling rate of either cultivar. Under high N, LZ953 absorbed more N after anthesis than LM14. In LZ953 soluble sugar storage in the stems and sheaths and starch accumulation were greatly reduced under high N. Nevertheless, the soluble sugar contents of the stem and leaf sheaths of LZ953 were greater than those of LM14. At 15 DAA, the 14CO2 assimilation of LZ953 was significantly greater than that of LM14, while the percentage of assimilated 14C in the grains of LM14 was greater than that of LZ953. The proportion of 14C partitioned to the grains of LZ953 was reduced by increased N application. Our results suggest that carbohydrate utilization, starch synthesis, or both limit the rate of early grain filling in LZ953. This would lead to a negative feedback on the export of soluble sugar from vegetative organs.
Advances in Nanocarriers for Effective Delivery of Docetaxel in the Treatment of Lung Cancer: An Overview

Simple Summary As lung cancer has the highest incidence rate compared to any other type of cancer, there have been extensive research studies aiming at finding a better treatment for curing this disease. One of the many approaches is by improving the delivery of anticancer drugs towards cancer cells using advanced technologies. In this review, we focused on docetaxel as one of the most commonly used drugs for lung cancer treatment and discussed the properties of the drug and the application of nanotechnology in delivering this drug to improve its efficacy and specificity while reducing its side effects. Abstract Docetaxel (DCX) is a highly effective chemotherapeutic drug used in the treatment of different types of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The drug is known to have low oral bioavailability due to its low aqueous solubility, poor membrane permeability and susceptibility to hepatic first-pass metabolism. To mitigate these problems, DCX is administered via the intravenous route. Currently, DCX is commercially available as a single vial that contains polysorbate 80 and ethanol to solubilize the poorly soluble drug. However, this formulation causes short- and long-term side effects, including hypersensitivity, febrile neutropenia, fatigue, fluid retention, and peripheral neuropathy. DCX is also a substrate to the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp) that would reduce its concentration within the vicinity of the cells and lead to the development of drug resistance. Hence, the incorporation of DCX into various nanocarrier systems has garnered a significant amount of attention in recent years to overcome these drawbacks. The surfaces of these drug-delivery systems indeed can be functionalized by modification with different ligands for smart targeting towards cancerous cells. This article provides an overview of the latest nanotechnological approaches and the delivery systems that were developed for passive and active delivery of DCX via different routes of administration for the treatment of lung cancer.
Primary Immunodeficiency Disease Mimicking Pediatric Bechet’s Disease

Behcet’s disease (BD) is a chronic inflammatory disease with multisystemic involvement. Its etiology is considered to involve complex environmental and genetic factors. Several susceptibility genes for BD, such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A26, IL23R-IL12RB2, IL10 and ERAP1, in addition to the well-studied HLA-B51, were mainly identified by genome-wide association studies. A heterozygous mutation in TNFAIP3, which leads to A20 haploinsufficiency, was found to cause an early-onset autoinflammatory disease resembling BD in 2016. Several monogenic diseases associated with primary immunodeficiency disease and trisomy 8 have recently been reported to display BD-like phenotypes. Among the genes causing these diseases, TNFAIP3, NEMO, RELA, NFKB1 and TNFRSF1A are involved in the NF-κB (nuclear factor κ light-chain enhancer of activated B cells) signaling pathway, indicating that this pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of BD. Because appropriate treatment may vary depending on the disease, analyzing the genetic background of patients with such diseases is expected to help elucidate the etiology of pediatric BD and assist with its treatment. Here, we summarize recently emerging knowledge about genetic predisposition to BD.
HIV/AIDS treatment funding system to support the people affected by HIV/AIDS in Surakarta, Indonesia

ABSTRACT People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA's) quality of life (QoL) is determined by the lifetime treatment sustainability. Republic of Indonesia Minister of Health's Decree Number 328 of 2003 stated that government subsidies the PLWHA's medication and treatment, despite not covering entire medication and treatment cost. The objective of research was to analyse the cost assumed by PLWHA in accessing HIV/AIDS treatment service in Surakarta, Indonesia. The target group in this case study was PLWHAs, and related stakeholders of medical treatment in one of Public Health Centers and a Public Hospital in Surakarta; AIDS Commission of Surakarta City; Solo Plus Peer Support Group and AIDS-Care NGO selected purposively. Data collection was carried out using observation, in-depth interview, and documentation. Method and data source triangulations were used to validate data that was then analysed using Grossman's Demand for Health Capital theory. The result of research showed that the sources of HIV/AIDS treatment cost were self-income, Social Insurance Administration Organization (BPJS) fund and Local Government subsidy. Admission and physican services are given for free to PLWHA because it has been paid by BPJS Fund or has been subsidied by Local Government. Otherwise, they should pay registration cost of IDR 50,000, in Public Hospital and IDR 75,000 in Private Hospital. Physician service costs IDR 50,000–IDR 200,000. VCT Counsellor costs IDR 35,000-IDR 150,000. Non-Subsidy ARV costs IDR 687,000. 1 bottle containing 60 TB meningitis drug capsules costs IDR 145,000 for 10–20 d use and maximally IDR 210,000, while herpes drug costs IDR 295,000. CD4 examination costs IDR 126,000-IDR 297,000, RNA Viral load IDR 1,275,000–IDR 1,471,000, Haematology IDR 60,000-IRD 90,000, Cholesterol and triglyceride IDR 100,000-IDR 250,000, and SGOT/SGPT IDR 100,000–IDR 200,000. There is monthly non-medical cost the patient should spend, including transportation cost to go to health centre, and food, beverage, and newspaper cost while waiting for the service. BPJS fund and local government subsidy relieved health economic burden of PLWHAs, so that the average HIV/AIDS treatment cost in PLWHAs was relatively low, less than 10% of expense. National Insurance System including BPJS fund and local government subsidy as the answer to the integration of HIV/AIDS treatment funding management into national insurance system had provided PLWHA a funding access involving prevention, care, support, and treatment, and mitigated the effect despite less optimum.
A review of twin screw wet granulation mechanisms in relation to granule attributes

Abstract Due to the trend of continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing, twin screw wet granulation (TSWG), a continuous process, has gained increased research interest as a potential substitution of traditional batch granulation processes. Despite the complex nature of TSWG, its mechanisms have been gradually unveiled with the aid of innovative research strategies. This review synthesizes these recent findings to provide a comprehensive and mechanistic understanding of TSWG. We explain the impact of screw profiles (i.e. conveying, kneading, turbine mixing, and screw mixing elements) and process conditions (i.e. screw speed, feed rate, and liquid-to-solid ratio) on TSWG mixing performance and granule growth along the barrel, both of which ultimately affect critical granule attributes such as content uniformity, size distribution, strength, and compaction properties.
Effect of Pd Precursor Salts on the Chemical State, Particle Size, and Performance of Activated Carbon-Supported Pd Catalysts for the Selective Hydrogenation of Palm Biodiesel

To improve the oxidative stability of biodiesel fuel (BDF), the polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (poly-FAME) presented in commercial palm oil-derived biodiesel fuel (palm-BDF) were selectively hydrogenated to monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (mono-FAME) under a mild condition (80 °C, 0.5 MPa) using activated carbon (AC)-supported Pd catalysts with a Pd loading of 1 wt. %. The partially hydrotreated palm-BDF (denoted as H-FAME) which has low poly-FAME components is a new type of BDF with enhanced quality for use in high blends. In this study, we reported that the chemical states and particle sizes of Pd in the prepared Pd/AC catalysts were significantly influenced by the Pd precursors, Pd(NO3)2 and Pd(NH3)4Cl2, and thus varied their hydrogenation activity and product selectivity. The 1%Pd/AC (nit) catalyst, prepared using Pd(NO3)2, presented high performance for selective hydrogenation of poly-FAME into mono-FAME with high oxidation stability, owning to its large Pd particles (8.4 nm). Conversely, the 1%Pd/AC (amc) catalyst, prepared using Pd(NH3)4Cl2, contained small Pd particles (2.7 nm) with a little Cl residues, which could be completely removed by washing with an aqueous solution of 0.1 M NH4OH. The small Pd particles gave increased selectivity toward unwanted-FAME components, particularly the saturated fatty acid methyl esters during the hydrogenation of poly-FAME. This selectivity is unprofitable for improving the biodiesel quality.
Plant Morphological, Physiological and Anatomical Adaption to Flooding Stress and the Underlying Molecular Mechanisms

Globally, flooding is a major threat causing substantial yield decline of cereal crops, and is expected to be even more serious in many parts of the world due to climatic anomaly in the future. Understanding the mechanisms of plants coping with unanticipated flooding will be crucial for developing new flooding-tolerance crop varieties. Here we describe survival strategies of plants adaptation to flooding stress at the morphological, physiological and anatomical scale systemically, such as the formation of adventitious roots (ARs), aerenchyma and radial O2 loss (ROL) barriers. Then molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptive strategies are summarized, and more than thirty identified functional genes or proteins associated with flooding-tolerance are searched out and expounded. Moreover, we elaborated the regulatory roles of phytohormones in plant against flooding stress, especially ethylene and its relevant transcription factors from the group VII Ethylene Response Factor (ERF-VII) family. ERF-VIIs of main crops and several reported ERF-VIIs involving plant tolerance to flooding stress were collected and analyzed according to sequence similarity, which can provide references for screening flooding-tolerant genes more precisely. Finally, the potential research directions in the future were summarized and discussed. Through this review, we aim to provide references for the studies of plant acclimation to flooding stress and breeding new flooding-resistant crops in the future.
Effects of Luminal Na and Li

The behavior of individual Na channels in the apical membrane of the rat cortical collecting tubule (CCT) was studied at different concentrations of the permeant ions Na and Li. Tubules were opened to expose their luminal sur- faces and bathed in K-gluconate medium to minimize tubule-to-tubule variation in cell membrane potential and intracellular Na concentration. The patch-clamp technique was used to resolve currents through individual channels. The patch- clamp pipette was filled with solutions containing variable concentrations of either NaC1 or LiCl. In one series of experiments, the concentrations were changed with- out substitutions. In another series, the ionic strength and CI concentration were maintained constant by partial substitution of Li with N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG). In cell-attached patches, both the single-channel conductance (g) and the single-channel current (i) saturated as functions of the Na or Li activity in the pipette. Without NMDG, the saturation of i was well described by Michaelis- Menten kinetics with an apparent K m of ~20 mM activity for Na and ~50 mM activity for Li. Km was independent of voltage for both ions. With substitution for Li by NMDG, the apparent K m value for Li transport through the channels increased. The values of the probability of a channel's being open (Po) varied from patch to patch, but no effect of pipette ion activity on Po could be demonstrated. A weak dependence of Po on membrane voltage was observed, with hyperpolariza- tion increasing Po by an average of 2.3%/mV.
Synergistic effects of harvest and climate drive synchronous somatic growth within key New Zealand fisheries

Fisheries harvest has pervasive impacts on wild fish populations, including the truncation of size and age structures, altered population dynamics and density, and modified habitat and assemblage composition. Understanding the degree to which harvest‐induced impacts increase the sensitivity of individuals, populations and ultimately species to environmental change is essential to ensuring sustainable fisheries management in a rapidly changing world. Here we generated multiple long‐term (44–62 years), annually resolved, somatic growth chronologies of four commercially important fishes from New Zealand's coastal and shelf waters. We used these novel data to investigate how regional‐ and basin‐scale environmental variability, in concert with fishing activity, affected individual somatic growth rates and the magnitude of spatial synchrony among stocks. Changes in somatic growth can affect individual fitness and a range of population and fishery metrics such as recruitment success, maturation schedules and stock biomass. Across all species, individual growth benefited from a fishing‐induced release of density controls. For nearshore snapper and tarakihi, regional‐scale wind and temperature also additively affected growth, indicating that future climate change‐induced warming and potentially strengthened winds will initially promote the productivity of more poleward populations. Fishing increased the sensitivity of deep‐water hoki and ling growth to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). A forecast shift to a positive IPO phase, in concert with current harvest strategies, will likely promote individual hoki and ling growth. At the species level, historical fishing practices and IPO synergized to strengthen spatial synchrony in average growth between stocks separated by 400–600 nm of ocean. Increased spatial synchrony can, however, increase the vulnerability of stocks to deleterious stochastic events. Together, our individual‐ and species‐level results show how fishing and environmental factors can conflate to initially promote individual growth but then possibly heighten the sensitivity of stocks to environmental change.
The Role of Electrospun Nanomaterials in the Future of Energy and Environment

Electrospinning is one of the most successful and efficient techniques for the fabrication of one-dimensional nanofibrous materials as they have widely been utilized in multiple application fields due to their intrinsic properties like high porosity, large surface area, good connectivity, wettability, and ease of fabrication from various materials. Together with current trends on energy conservation and environment remediation, a number of researchers have focused on the applications of nanofibers and their composites in this field as they have achieved some key results along the way with multiple materials and designs. In this review, recent advances on the application of nanofibers in the areas—including energy conversion, energy storage, and environmental aspects—are summarized with an outlook on their materials and structural designs. Also, this will provide a detailed overview on the future directions of demanding energy and environment fields.
The Tomato Interspecific NB-LRR Gene Arsenal and Its Impact on Breeding Strategies

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a model system for studying the molecular basis of resistance in plants. The investigation of evolutionary dynamics of tomato resistance (R)-loci provides unique opportunities for identifying factors that promote or constrain genome evolution. Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) receptors belong to one of the most plastic and diversified families. The vast amount of genomic data available for Solanaceae and wild tomato relatives provides unprecedented insights into the patterns and mechanisms of evolution of NB-LRR genes. Comparative analysis remarked a reshuffling of R-islands on chromosomes and a high degree of adaptive diversification in key R-loci induced by species-specific pathogen pressure. Unveiling NB-LRR natural variation in tomato and in other Solanaceae species offers the opportunity to effectively exploit genetic diversity in genomic-driven breeding programs with the aim of identifying and introducing new resistances in tomato cultivars. Within this motivating context, we reviewed the repertoire of NB-LRR genes available for tomato improvement with a special focus on signatures of adaptive processes. This issue is still relevant and not thoroughly investigated. We believe that the discovery of mechanisms involved in the generation of a gene with new resistance functions will bring great benefits to future breeding strategies.
Splicing Genomics Events in Cervical Cancer: Insights for Phenotypic Stratification and Biomarker Potency

Gynaecological cancers are attributed to the second most diagnosed cancers in women after breast cancer. On a global scale, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the most common cancer in developing countries with rapidly increasing mortality rates. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major contributor to the disease. HPV infections cause prominent cellular changes including alternative splicing to drive malignant transformation. A fundamental characteristic attributed to cancer is the dysregulation of cellular transcription. Alternative splicing is regulated by several splicing factors and molecular changes in these factors lead to cancer mechanisms such as tumour development and progression and drug resistance. The serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins and heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) have prominent roles in modulating alternative splicing. Evidence shows molecular alteration and expression levels in these splicing factors in cervical cancer. Furthermore, aberrant splicing events in cancer-related genes lead to chemo- and radioresistance. Identifying clinically relevant modifications in alternative splicing events and splicing variants, in cervical cancer, as potential biomarkers for their role in cancer progression and therapy resistance is scrutinised. This review will focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying the aberrant splicing events in cervical cancer that may serve as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and novel drug targets.
In-Situ Iodine Doping Characteristics of Conductive Polyaniline Film Polymerized by Low-Voltage-Driven Atmospheric Pressure Plasma

In-situ iodine (I2)-doped atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma polymerization is proposed, based on a newly designed AP plasma reactor with a single wire electrode that enables low-voltage-driven plasma polymerization. The proposed AP plasma reactor can proceed plasma polymerization at low voltage levels, thereby enabling an effective in-situ I2 doping process by maintaining a stable glow discharge state even if the applied voltage increases due to the use of a discharge gas containing a large amount of monomer vapors and doping materials. The results of field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) show that the polyaniline (PANI) films are successfully deposited on the silicon (Si) substrates, and that the crosslinking pattern of the synthesized nanoparticles is predominantly vertically aligned. In addition, the in-situ I2-doped PANI film fabricated by the proposed AP plasma reactor exhibits excellent electrical resistance without electrical aging behavior. The developed AP plasma reactor proposed in this study is more advantageous for the polymerization and in-situ I2 doping of conductive polymer films than the existing AP plasma reactor with a dielectric barrier.
An Experiment on Photochromism and Kinetics for the Undergraduate Laboratory

An experiment on photochromism and photochemical kinetics for the undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory is presented. Solutions of the photochromic compound 1',3'-dihydro-1',3',3'-trimethyl-6-nitro- spiro(2H-1-benzopyran-2,2'-2H-indole) (referred to as 6-NO2-BIPS) are irradiated with UV light, inducing a change of color by photoisomerization of the closed-ring isomer (N) to an open-ring isomer (the merocyanine isomer, MC). The thermal back-isomerization from MC to N is followed by recording the absorbance decay of MC in the visible region. Relaxation times at different temperatures were obtained and the activation energy and entropy calculated for the back isomerization. The value of ΔH° for the thermal equilibrium was calculated by measuring the changes of the UV absorbance of N and the visible absorbance of MC when temperature is varied. The system presents very strong solvent effects, which are illustrated by comparing the remarkable differences of the 6-NO2-BIPS photochromism in ethanol and tolu.
The Quality of Red Bell Pepper Subjected to Freeze-Drying Preceded by Traditional and Novel Pretreatment

It has been demonstrated previously in the literature that utilization of PEF or a combination of a pulsed electric field (PEF) and ultrasounds (US) can facilitate dehydration processes and improve the quality of dried products even better than the application of thermal methods such as blanching. The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of red bell pepper subjected to freeze-drying preceded by blanching or PEF or US treatment applied in a single and combined mode. Furthermore, the freeze-drying was preceded by shock freezing or vacuum freezing performed inside the freeze-dryer as a result of pressure drop during the first stage of freeze-drying. All of the analyzed technological variants enhanced the drying kinetics when compared to the intact material. Freeze-dried bell pepper subjected to non-thermal pretreatment exhibited higher vitamin C, total phenolic and carotenoids content than blanched material despite the fact that blanching reduced drying time the most compared to all other analyzed methods.