Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non‐linear Absorption and Ionization of Gases by Intense Femtosecond Laser Pulses

Recent experiments on applications of high‐intensity femtosecond pulses for studying multi‐photon and tunnel ionization of different gases, including air, are discussed. Mechanisms of non‐linear absorption and ionization of pure atomic argon and molecular nitrogen gases by UV femtosecond laser pulses were studied using photogalvanic and photoacoustic technique. The effect of the intermediate Rydberg resonance, its dynamic Stark perturbation and ponderomotive up‐shift of the first ionization potential of argon atoms and nitrogen molecules by the intense laser pulses has been revealed by observing an increase of a power slope of ion yield from three to four at increasing laser intensity. The photoacoustic technique was also applied for studying the effect of tunnel ionization of air by IR femtosecond laser pulses with sub‐critical peak power in the range of intensity ∼0.5–20 PW/cm2. Saturation of ultrasonic signals at near‐atomic laser fields, which is well described by ADK model, is observed.
The Use of near Infrared Spectroscopy on Milk and Milk Products

Milk and milk products are a widely produced and traded source of nutrition globally. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is commonly applied to these products for the purposes of composition measurement and quality control. The last five years have seen a growing emphasis on areas such as applications of NIR spectroscopy to compositional parameters that were previously done by specialised assays. Studies on proof of origin and authenticity as well as more qualitative applications such as health benefits have also appeared in the NIR literature in increasing numbers. Both these areas are reviewed by reference to application to liquid milk and specific products produced from milk alongside a number of new approaches to the more traditional quantitative use of NIR to measure gross compositional parameters such as fat, protein and moisture. The importance of appropriate sample preparation for respective products is also emphasised and a summary of the relevant wavelengths important for NIR analysis of milk and milk products is presented.
Sea water fugacity of CO2 at the PIRATA mooring at 6°S, 10°W

In order to better understand the variability of surface CO2 in the Tropical Atlantic, a CARIOCA sensor has been installed on a PIRATA mooring at 6.S, 10.W in June 2006. The fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) is recorded hourly from 7 June 2006 to 30 October 2009 with two important data gaps. From July to September, an upwelling develops and a decrease in sea surface temperature (SST) is observed, associated with an fCO2 increase. However, the highest fCO2 is observed in October, after the upwelling season, due to the warming of surface waters. The region is a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere of 2.10 ) 0.69 molm.2 yr-1 in 2007. The monthly flux is maximum (3.21 ) 0.8molm-2 yr-1) in November (averaged over 2006 and 2008). High frequency variability is observed throughout the time series but is particularly pronounced after the upwelling season. Biological and thermodynamic processes explain the diurnal variability. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is calculated from (alkalinity) TA and fCO2 using an empirical TA. salinity relationship determined for the eastern equatorial Atlantic. Net community production (NCP) is calculated from DIC daily changes and ranges from 9 to 41 mmol m-2 d-1, which is consistent with previous measurements in this region.
A NEW HIGH-RELIABLE 2T/1C FeRAM CELL

ABSTRACT A new 2T/1C ferroelectric memory cell is proposed in this paper. Though the maximal high-density has been sacrificed to some extent, reliable performance with high immunity to data disturbance for good retention has been achieved. Furthermore, larger ferroelectric capacitor area can be available in 2T/1C cell than in conventional 1T/1C cell, which will increase the ferroelectric switchable charge and obtain larger sensing margin.
Compositional changes in grape polyphenols throughout maturation

Abstract Grape berries of Plavac Mali and Trnjak cv. were sampled during the period from onset of coloration to harvest. The polyphenol constituents were extracted from grape seeds. Fractionation of neutral phenolics was carried out on Sep Pak C18 cartridges. Separation and quantification of low molecular weight flavans was done using the high‐performance liquid chromatography reversed‐phase technique. The changes in composition of catechin monomers and procyanidin dimers were followed during the 1990, 1991 and 1992 seasons. The seed maturation was characterised by relative enrichment in dimeric compared to monomeric forms. The dominant monomer in grape seed extracts was (+)‐catechin for Plavac Mali cv. and ( — )‐epicatechin for Trnjak cv. The dominant procyanidin dimer was procyanidin dimer B2. The mass amounts of monomeric and dimeric forms were cultivar dependent.
Photoinduced energy transfer in associated, but noncovalently-linked photosynthetic model systems.

The synthesis and photophysical characterization of nucleobase-substituted porphyrins designed to form rigid hydrogen-bonded ensembles, and to allow for energy transfer within the resulting complexes, is reported Watson-Crick nucleobase-pairing interactions between guanosine- and cytidine-bearing porphyrins are used to assemble the hydrogen-bonded ensembles. Likewise, zinc(II) and free-base porphyrins are used respectively as the donors and acceptors within these ensembles that, depending on design, contain either two or three total porphyrin subunits within the supramolecular assembly. The association constant for guanosine-to-cytidine association representing the primary interaction in each donor-acceptor assembly, is ca, 22 000 [+-] 200 M[sup [minus]1] in CD[sub 2]Cl[sub 2] as determined from [sup 1]H NMR titration analyses. Both singlet and triplet energy transfer was observed within the various donor-acceptor assemblies. Whereas the singlet-state energy-transfer dynamics are consistent with a Foerster-type process, triplet energy transfer within the same complex is believed to occur through the hydrogen-bonded interface. The presently-described noncovalent approach to donor-acceptor ensemble generation is thus considered to provide a novel and useful approach to modeling aspects of the photon antennae that are part of the natural photosynthetic process. 31 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.
Automation and evaluation of three pesticide fate models for a national analysis of leaching risk in Canada

Under the National Agri-Environmental Health Analysis and Reporting Program (NAHARP), pesticide fate models are being used to develop an indicator of risk of water contamination by pesticides (IROWC-Pest) in Canada. The large number of model runs needed for a national analysis of the risk of pesticide leaching to ground water required the development of a computer program, AutoPFM (Automate Pesticide Fate Model), to automate the running of pesticide fate models. Using Manitoba as a test province, and the selected pesticide fate models PRZM, LEACHP, and MACRO, AutoPFM permitted the estimation of the leaching potential of the fourteen most used agricultural pesticides in Manitoba. Assuming an application rate of 300 g ha-1 for each pesticide, only six pesticides demonstrated leaching across most soil series. For these six pesticides, there was significant correlation in how PRZM and LEACHP ranked the leaching potential of 337 Manitoba soil series. Because of its long running times, the estimation of leachin.
Agro-industry wastewater treatment

Treatment of agro-industry wastewater using the RBC system and the combined Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket - Rotating Biological Contactor (UASB - RBC) system was investigated. The raw wastewater was highly contaminated with organic matter as indicated by COD (3500 – 4000 mgl−1), BOD5 (1620 – 1800 mgl−1), and TSS (375 – 402 mgl−1). RBC system led to an effluent that does not comply with the Egyptian Standards for discharging effluents to canals or drains. The combined system (UASB-RBC) achieved remarkable pollutants elimination. The treated effluent has BOD5 < 15 and COD < 40 mgO2 l−1. TSS, and oil and grease, are below the recommended limits for discharging industrial effluents into the surface water.
In Situ FTIR-ATR Examination of Poly(acrylic acid) Adsorbed onto Hematite at Low pH

The adsorption of water-soluble polymers (e.g., flocculants, coagulants) onto mineral particles is typically characterized by “trains” of adsorbed polymer segments with “loops” and “tails” of unadsorbed polymer segments that extend into the solution. Ex situ spectroscopic studies carried out in the past have been complicated by the way in which the unadsorbed segments of the polymer interact with the surface of the substrate upon drying. In this study, an in situ Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection technique was used to examine the interaction of poly(acrylic acid) and hematite at pH 2. A hematite colloid was deposited onto a ZnSe crystal, and the poly(acrylic acid) solution was subsequently pumped across the coated crystal at a known rate. Polymer adsorption was irreversible and could be described by a Langmuir isotherm, the rate of curvature of which suggested that the adsorption was weak. The mode of adsorption was shown to be bidentate chelate complexation by the carboxylate functio.
Optimized genetic transformation of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides by Agrobacterium rhizogenes and the production of chelerythrine and skimmiamine in hairy root cultures

Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides is an endangered African tree producing numerous bioactive substances including antileukemic and antisickling agents. Here, the potential of Z. zanthoxyloides hairy root cultures was tested for the production of bioactive substances with limited natural resources. The efficiency of Agrobacterium rhizogenes LBA9402‐mediated transformation of leaf material was evaluated using different techniques. An optimal transformation frequency of 77% was obtained after 11 days by inoculating A. rhizogenes directly onto the central vein of 14‐week‐old leaves followed by a co‐cultivation period of 3 days. Different treatments in immersion mode (manual wounding, acetosyringone, CaCl2, ultrasonication) never exceeded these results. A maximum growth rate of 0.37 cm/day was determined during the exponential phase. Liquid chromatography‐diode array detection analysis showed the presence of skimmiamine, sesamine, chelerythrine, and chelerythrine derivatives in Z. zanthoxyloides hairy root lines. The maximum production of skimmiamine and chelerythrine in 28‐day‐old hairy root cultures was 45 ± 2 and 107 ± 4 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively. The present results highlight the potential of Z. zanthoxyloides hairy root cultures for the sustainable production of skimmiamine and chelerythrine.
Large-Scale Phase Retrieval via Stochastic Reweighted Amplitude Flow

Phase retrieval, recovering a signal from phaseless measurements, is generally considered to be an NP-hard problem. This paper adopts an amplitude-based nonconvex optimization cost function to develop a new stochastic gradient algorithm, named stochastic reweighted phase retrieval (SRPR). SRPR is a stochastic gradient iteration algorithm, which runs in two stages: First, we use a truncated sample stochastic variance reduction algorithm to initialize the objective function. The second stage is the gradient refinement stage, which uses continuous updating of the amplitude-based stochastic weighted gradient algorithm to improve the initial estimate. Because of the stochastic method, each iteration of the two stages of SRPR involves only one equation. Therefore, SRPR is simple, scalable, and fast. Compared with the state-of-the-art phase retrieval algorithm, simulation results show that SRPR has a faster convergence speed and fewer magnitude-only measurements required to reconstruct the signal, under the real- or complex- cases.
Wine cluster formation in New Zealand: operation, evolution and impact

Summary This paper analyses the Waipara wine cluster, located in the South Island of New Zealand, in relation to formation, operation, evolution and impact. The unique methodological approach of this research is that it analyses the current and desired future state of the cluster and secondly examines the cluster in relation to both the domestic and international markets. Key findings from the research include a greater understanding of the relationships between cluster members, the operation of cluster, problems within the cluster and how the cluster operates for both domestic and international markets. The research lends itself to a new definition of internationalisation –‘direct and indirect methods of increasing the likelihood of international sales’– and also provides new insights for cluster theory, wine clusters and the wine industry in general. Some of the practices detailed have use in the wider wine community of the world, making the paper of interest to a wide audience.
Specific Absorption Rates and Magnetic Properties of Ferrofluids with Interaction Effects at Low Concentrations

The specific absorption rate (SAR) of a maghemite-based ferrofluid, measured at 315 K, 3 kA/m, and 109 kHz, was found to double as the ferrofluid concentration was decreased by a factor of 4. The ferrofluid contained nonagglomerated, highly crystalline, and monodisperse nanoparticles with an average size of 11.6 nm and an initial concentration of 8.14 mg/mL. The magnetic characterization of three different concentrations of this ferrofluid revealed several effects typical of the presence of magnetic interactions, such as the decrease of initial susceptibility values (liquid ferrofluid) and Neel relaxation times, τN (frozen ferrofluid), with increasing concentration. The accurate SAR determination in adiabatic conditions allowed estimating the τN values of the liquid ferrofluid, which displayed the same trend against concentration as those obtained in the frozen state. Such a trend allowed explaining qualitatively the degradation of the heating performance of the ferrofluid upon increasing concentration. E.
Watermelon juice pretreatment with microfiltration process for obtaining lycopene

Summary The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of microfiltration on the lycopene content and antioxidant capacity of watermelon juice using ceramic membranes with an average pore size of 0.1 μm and a permeable area of 0.022 m2. The influence of the tangential cross-flow velocity (4.3–6.4 m s−1) and temperature (23–37 °C) on the permeation flux, lycopene content and antioxidant capacity was evaluated. A 22 complete factorial experimental design was used. Increases in tangential cross-flow velocity and temperature had positive effects on permeation flux, with a maximum of 92.4 l h−1 m−2 achieved at 6.4 m s−1 and 30 °C. With regard to the lycopene content and antioxidant capacity, tangential cross-flow velocity was the only factor that exhibited significant effects on these responses. For the most concentrated extract, the lycopene concentration and antioxidant capacity were enhanced by 402.8% and 416.3%, respectively.
Isolation of Marine Sediment Colloids and Associated Polychlorinated Biphenyls: An Evaluation of Ultrafiltration and Reverse-Phase Chromatography

Environmental colloids are suspected of having significant effects on nonpolar organic contaminant geochemistry, transport, and bioavailability. However, environmental data on colloid−contaminant interactions is limited because isolating colloids from the dissolved and particulate phases is problematic. In this study, two practical methods using ultrafiltration and reverse-phase chromatography were evaluated for isolating environmentally contaminated marine sediment interstitial water colloids and associated PCBs. In assessing each method, ultrafiltration demonstrated extensive sorption of radiolabeled nonpolar compounds (>90%) and a re-occurring breakthrough phenomena, both of which compromise the method for accurately assessing colloid−PCB interactions. Conversely, C18 reverse-phase chromatography, performed using laboratory-packed columns, generated reproducible organic carbon-normalized colloidal partitioning coefficients (Kcoc) that agreed with literature and theoretical considerations. Evaluations o.
Mechanisms of Post-transcriptional Control in Mammalian Neural Stem Cells

The diverse types of neurons that populate the mammalian forebrain are the fundamental requirement for the assembly of complex circuitry. However, the mechanisms regulating the genesis of these distinct neuronal populations from neural precursor cells (NPCs) are still not well understood. In this thesis, I address the question of whether post-transcriptional mechanisms regulate neuronal differentiation and fate specification within the developing forebrain. First, I show that embryonic NPCs are transcriptionally primed to make diverse neuronal subtypes, and that a Pum2-4E-T complex represses the translation of neuronal specifier mRNAs to ensure the appropriate temporal specification of daughter neurons. Second, I show that 4E-T mediated translational repression continues to act as a critical regulator of NPC maintenance and differentiation at postnatal stages. Based on the work presented in this thesis, I propose that translational repression mechanisms act to ensure the appropriate differentiation of transcriptionally primed NPCs in response to rapidly changing environmental cues.
Ge nanoparticles growth in Ge-doped sol-gel silica by e-beam exposure

Silica xerogels doped with Ge(IV), substituting for Si(IV) in the oxide network, are prepared from tetraethylorthosilicate and germanium-tetraethoxide. The sintering process is carried out in reducing atmosphere at 700 - 900° C by reaction with H2. Raman spectroscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that reactions with H2 give rise, in the porous silica network, to uncontrolled islands of crystallites of elemental cubic germanium with average size of 50 nm. Sintering process in reducing H2 atmosphere at temperatures just below the phase separation, at about 610°C, gives materials where Ge atoms are dispersed in the matrix in conditions of incipient clustering. Evidences of segregation of germanium nanocrystals are observed with electron irradiation during TEM analysis. Furthermore, the electron beam induced precipitation leads to the formation of isolated quantum dots-like nanocrystals (5-6 nm in diameter) and with narrower size dispersion. The ranges of suitable temperature and germanium concentration are analysed, as well as the size dispersion of the resulting Ge nanophases.
How To Determine Diffusion Coefficients in Planar Phospholipid Systems by Confocal Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

Confocal fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) allows for the determination of lateral diffusion coefficients and surface densities in planar phospholipid systems. The determination of the vertical (z-) position of the laser focus relative to the phospholipid surface plane is of crucial importance for the accuracy of the confocal FCS experiment. In this work we determine for the first time this vertical (z-) position of the laser focus by a so-called “Z-scan”, which is based on the determination of diffusion times and particle numbers in 0.2 μm steps along the vertical (z-) axis. Experiments on supported phospholipid bilayers composed of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and small amounts of Rhodamine Red-X 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, triethylammonium salt (Rhodamine Red-X DHPE) adsorbed onto atomically flat mica and borosilicate glass demonstrate that results obtained by the Z-scan approach are significantly more precise than those results obtained when the fluorescence in.
Boron Diffusion Through Pure Silicon Oxide and Oxynitride Used for Metal‐Oxide‐Semiconductor Devices

We studied boron diffusion in thin silicon oxides including pure SiO 2 and oxynitride that are used for metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors. We measured the boron penetration using secondary ion mass spectrometry. By comparing simulated and experimental results, we found that the boron diffusivity in pure SiO 2 , D PO , is 3.96 × 10 -2 exp (-3.65eVLkT) cm 2 /s, and that in oxynitride containing 4% nitrogen, D NO , is 3.42 × 10 -2 exp (-3.75 eV.kT) cm 2 /s
Implementação de estratégia como um processo de mudança organizacional

O artigo examina o topico execucao de estrategia sob o prisma da mudanca organizacional. Para tanto, uma revisao da literatura sobre implementacao e uma categorizacao dos estudos sao realizadas como forma de mapear o atual estagio do conhecimento. Em seguida, duas abordagens sao desenvolvidas com apoio de literatura sobre mudanca organizacional. A primeira explora o fenomeno como um processo e a segunda identifica lacunas no desenvolvimento de conteudo sobre o tema. Implicacoes para a teoria e a pratica sao apresentadas.
Proton Conductivity: Compounds and their Structural and Chemical Peculiarities

The problem of proton conductivity in condensed matter is summarized from a phenomenological point of view. Different families of compounds with proton conductivity are distinguished with particular emphazise on their conduction mechanism. Finally some structural peculiarities typically occuring with proton conductivity are extracted from the comparison of data from good and poor proton conductors.
PATIENT DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (ICU) USING LABVIEW

This paper proposes a new system that takes the benefits of data flow technology. Its objective is to collect the data from monitoring system in the intensive care unit (ICU) and store that data for further analysis. Then it will be available for medical personnel to analyze data and take the suitable medication for patients. In fact, the monitoring system in intensive care unit provides a large amount of data quickly and continuously. Most units operate with a very limited storage capacity which can make the data available for a limited time. To avoid losing data, a medical staff monitors the parameters after some interval of time and then stores them using the computer in past years. However, decisions made by doctors may be influenced by the level of consistency of the data. In some cases, these decisions can be inaccurate especially if important information is not stored and ignored. Our proposed system improves the quality of treatment followed by real-time monitoring data. It collects and stores all data from monitoring devices, avoiding the loss of important information. The new system will make the data available for medical staff to provide better care for patients.
Comparison of Reaction Energetics and Leaving Group Interactions during the Enzyme-Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Displacement of Chloride from Haloalkanes

The SN2 displacement of chloride from haloalkanes methyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethane by a series of carboxylate nucleophiles is characterized using ab initio calculations. Comparison of reactivities of methyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethane in the gas phase and aqueous solution reveals that relative reactivities of these two haloalkanes depend on the reaction environment. 1,2-Dichloroethane is more reactive in the gas phase than methyl chloride, but the order of reactivities is reversed in water. The origin of this effect is analyzed. The activation free energy barrier for the reaction between acetate and 1,2-dichloroethane is 25 kcal/mol (104.6 kJ/mol) in the aqueous environment. A similar reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme haloalkane dehalogenase with activation barrier of 15.3 kcal/mol (64.0 kJ/mol). The origin of this 10 kcal/mol (41.8 kJ/mol) catalytic effect is investigated by calculating how activation free energies depend on the dielectric constant of medium. Comparison of results obtained fo.
Identification, Enrichment, and Cytokine Production of Murine Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

32 INTRODUCTION . 33 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 34 RESULTS . 40 CONCLUSIONS . 67 CHAPTER III . 71 ACTIVITY OF KIT LIGAND AND INTERLEUKIN-7 IN COMBINATION ON NORMAL BONE MARROW B LINEAGE CELLS . 71 ABSTRACT . 72. 72 INTRODUCTION . 73 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 74 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . 76