Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Rate of Blood Withdrawal Affects the Accuracy of Jugular Venous Bulb: Oxygen Saturation Measurements

Background: Accuracy of jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjvO2) measurement depends on sampling of cerebral venous outflow blood not contaminated by systemic venous blood. The influence of the rate of blood withdrawal has not been determined. Methods: The authors examined the effect of withdrawing blood at different rates from jugular venous bulb catheters (JVBC) on SjvO2 in 10 mechanically ventilated patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures. All patients received a standardized anesthetic consisting of propofol, fentanyl, vecuronium, and isoflurane. Routine monitors included electrocardiograph (ECG), invasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and a JVBC. During a period of stable anesthetic and surgical conditions, JVBC blood samples were drawn at 2, 4, and 10 ml/min using a calibrated pump (Harvard Pump model 900, Harvard Apparatus, South Natick, MA) during mild and moderate hypocapnia (arterial carbon dioxide tension [PaCO2], 26.0 +/‐ 0.5 and 33.0 +/‐ 0.5 mmHg). Results: Faster rates of withdrawal (10 and 4 ml/min vs. 2 ml/min) resulted in significantly higher SjvO2 values at both levels of Pa sub CO2 (66.0 +/‐ 3% and 61.2 +/‐ 3% vs 56.9. +/‐ 3% at PaCO2 = 26.0 0.5 mmHg, and 75.0 +/‐ 3% and 71.3 +/‐ 3% vs. 68.0 +/‐ 3% at PaCO2 = 33.0 +/‐ 0.5 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.01). Conclusions: The authors conclude that the SjvO2 values measured with intermittent sampling are affected by the rate of withdrawing blood from JVBC, probably as a result of extracranial contamination. They recommend blood samples should be drawn slowly.
Breakdown degradation of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with multi-finger gate patterns

This paper describes breakdown characteristics of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with multi-finger gate patterns. We studied the spatial profile of electroluminescence (EL) from AlGaN/GaN HEMTs under high drain and near pinch-off gate bias. As a result, different EL emission profiles and breakdown characteristics were observed depending on the drain electrode pattern of the devices.
IS INTERNATIONAL DIVERISIFCATION PRUDENT TO EITHER THE INDIVIDUAL OR THE CORPORATE INVESTOR

All investments are subject to risk. What diversification does is to spread the risk across different assets1 and in the case of international diversification, across different economies operating in different countries. It does not guarantee profit or a perfect protection against the possibility of a loss and inherent risk. Aside the risks faced by domestic investors, international investors have to contend with the possibility or risk of foreign exchange uncertainties and political uncertainty. These uncertainties and inherent risk have led to many investors shying away from engaging in international investment diversification. French and Porteba (1991) conclude that U.S investors prefer to invest domestically and that it is only a fraction of their investments that can be traced abroad. In 1997, U.S investors invested 91% of their stock domestically even though U.S stocks represented only 49% of the world market portfolio (Dalquist, Pinkowitz, Stulz and Williamson, 2002). Home country bias is also prevalent among German and Swedish investors as alluded to by Oehler, Rummer and Wendt (2008) and McQueen and Karlsson (2007) respectively. However the benefits of international investment diversification are real. This paper investigates the benefits against the risk for corporate and individual investors. Investors are gradually increasing their international portfolios2. As shown by Philips et al (2010), 30% of all U.S equity mutual fund holdings are international. There is the benefit of a substantial reduction in risk if investors diversified internationally since correlation is very low (Solnik, 1974). This paper finds that international diversification is prudent for both individual and corporate investors due to its ability to maximize returns and lower risk. The fact that international diversification may lead to economies of scale3 especially for the corporate investor is buttressed by this paper. The paper concludes that investors should engage in international diversification but should also have an eye on the risks it presents and engage in the practice but with prudence.
Sports governance, development and corporate responsibility

and the accounts here add empirical weight to the wider debates. Others chapters present a broader summary of the contemporary challenges facing their domestic game and draw in debates around the influence of Europe in less direct ways. Those with detailed knowledge of their own national context with regard to some of these issues may be a little disappointed in the rather broad-brush approach taken by some of the case study authors. The overall result is a series of articles that present a lively picture of contemporary professional football across Europe. In particular, almost all the chapters provide a welcome up-to-date account of the legacy of the Bosman ruling and its associated implications for both player mobility and youth development in the domestic game. There is also a lot of discussion in the collection about the changing nature of TV rights negotiations which may be of interest to sport management and economics students. The key appeal of the book is the diverse and rich case studies that allow for comparative analysis of the differential rates of change in domestic football across European nation states and, to some extent, their engagement with the europeanization process within one collection. The book will also be of interest to those seeking an introduction to the influence of both transnational football bodies and wider European politics on the domestic game. While some chapters might be criticized for not quite fully delivering on their brief, the majority provide content that is likely to be essential reading for students, teachers and researchers wanting to know more about the influence of the EU and transnational bodies on domestic football.
American Geriatrics Society Position Statement on Feeding Tubes in Advanced Dementia

To the Editor: We agree with the American Geriatrics Society Ethics Committee and Clinical Practice and Models of Care Committee in that careful hand feeding should be offered to all individuals with advanced dementia. However, people with dementia must have a feeding tube placed under certain circumstances (e.g., beliefs, family burdens, family-related responsibilities, nursing home characteristics, acute hospital settings). Sometimes, surprisingly, the main and only indication for placing a feeding tube is prevention of aspiration pneumonia. Taking this into consideration those circumstances, we disagree that difficulty eating and feeding is associated with poor prognosis over the short term. Although the short-term prognosis, accurate prognosis of survival in advanced dementia is elusive. In addition, the assertion that tube feeding is associated with agitation and greater use of physical and chemical restraints is not completely correct. The setting might be completely different for individuals with dementia with a nasoenteric tube and those with percutaneous gastrostomy (PEG). In the case of nasoenteric tube, behavioral disturbances appear in many individuals and it is therefore necessary to prescribe physical or chemical (e.g., neuroleptics, benzodiazepines) restraints. In a previous letter to this journal, we reported that individuals with advanced dementia and PEG tubes did not exhibit PEG-associated behavioral disturbances and did not need any physical or chemical restrain. Although advanced dementia is a serious burden for health systems, professionals, relatives, and the individuals themselves we must be aware of some opinions on this topic. The individual’s comfort must be the main goal, but is an untreated individual with pneumonia, fever, or eating problems comfortable? Finally, advanced dementia is usually a complicated condition with a long trajectory. To affirm that all individuals with dementia have a terminal illness and therefore that use of a PEG tube must be completely excluded in elderly adults with dementia is similar to the idea described in a famous children’s story: “Sentence first—verdict afterwards. ”
A wide load range high-efficiency DC-DC based on fast multi-frequency switch

A full load range high efficiency DC-DC converter with fast current detection (CD) and frequency adjustment (FA) operation is proposed in this paper. According to the analysis, the losses of DC-DC converter are most related to the switching loss of MOSFET, and the regulation of frequency is the main method to reduce the loss. In order to achieve high efficiency, the oscillator designed has three different frequencies and the FA selects the appropriate frequency for DC-DC system according to the value of load current. The CD could detect the change of load current and put them into several stages with a fast way to promote the response speed when the load current changes. This structure can achieve high efficiency and maintain a low ripple at a wide load range (10mA to 2.5A).
Lysholm Machines as Two-Phase Expanders

Power recovery from the expansion of saturated liquids and wet vapours is discussed. Applications in large scale refrigeration systems, and in the recovery of power from low grade heat sources are reviewed. Twin screw machines are well suited for this function and a computer simulation of their operation in this mode is described. Performance estimates are compared with test results carried out by the authors using Rll3, us investigators using water and Japanese workers using R12 as the working fluid. Agreement at tip speeds of up to 30 m/s is good but mass flow rates are overestimated at higher speeds. Further experimental work is proceeding to resolve this. Adiabatic efficiencies of the order of 80% appear to be possible in large machines. INTRODUCTION The expansion of saturated liquids or wet vapours has been recognised as a potential means of generating power for more than seventy years [1] . Unfortunately, the practical problems of expanding a two-phase mixture efficiently proved an insuperable obstacle. Post world war two interest in geothermal power led to consideration of the use hot pressurised water or very wet steam, emerging directly from natural aquifers, as a power plant working fluid. The normal means of achieving this is to flash the fluid to some intermediate pressure, separate the steam from the vapour, expand the dry steam in a turbine and reinject the separated hot water. In the early nineteen seventies, Sprankle [2] proposed the use of the Lysholm twin screw machine to expand the "total flow" of steam and water to recover power without separation and thereby to increase the recoverable power by 50 100%. This stimulated a great deal of investigation of both twin-screw machines and turbines [3-7] as two-phase expanders. The results of these investigations were largely disappointing. Rotor sizes of up to 28 ft diameter were predicted for large scale geothermal power plant using screws while measured adiabatic efficiencies of such machines using water were only of the order of 50%. Performance analysis of these machines was limited largely to parametric studies [8] . Turbines, although smaller, were also found to be relatively inefficient, with water as the working fluid, and maximum predicted efficiencies hardly exceeded 65%. Using organic fluids in a closed cycle, Elliott [3] predicted maximum turbine efficiencies of up to 70%. Independently, one of the authors considered closed cycle systems with organic working fluids as a means of recovering power from hot water sources in a system similar to that proposed by Elliott but using a twin-screw expander [9] . The system, described as a Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC) system is shown in Fig 1. The use of organic fluids reduces the size of the expander required by a factor of 10 and the volume ratio
A reference target for polarimetric radar cross-section measurements

To be able to demonstrate the performance of new algorithms and research results in the area of inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging and radar-cross section measurements, a comparison standard is needed. Such reference targets should not only allow a comprehensive comparison of measurement results, but also show the applicability of new ideas to real-world problems. Therefore we designed a reference target with the shape of a ship following a previously developed requirements catalogue. By performing measurements of the radar cross-section and applying ISAR imaging, we could demonstrate that the target fulfills the requirements.
Social factors influencing the decision to pay for the protection of biodiversity: A case study in two national parks of Northern Greece

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of social factors (expressed as social norms, institutional and social trust and social networks) on the decision of individuals to pay for the protection of biodiversity. For this purpose an empirical study was carried out in two National Parks of Northern Greece. Three scenarios were proposed differing on the payment mechanism and the management actors (regulatory, market-based and community-based scenarios). Our empirical results show that social capital variables, especially social norms and social trust, have a strong influence both on the decision of individuals to pay and the specific amount stated. Specifically, we find that social norms have a positive influence for the willingness to pay (WTP) of individuals of a state-tax and an entrance fee (regulatory and market-based scenario respectively). Furthermore, social trust has a positive impact for the WTP through an entrance fee and a community tax (market-based and community-based scenario respectively). We also find a higher WTP of individuals towards the market based scenario where participation of citizens is higher compared to the current management status. Concerning the impact of demographic factors, we find that income does not influence the specific amount stated by individuals.
Multilevel current source inverter to improve power quality in a distribution network

This paper deals with the problem of reactive power and harmonics in a standard medium voltage (MV) distribution network. It presents the design of a shunt active filter implemented with a multilevel current source inverter (MCSI) connected to the medium voltage level of a power distribution system. The proposed MCSI is made by identical modules where all inductors carry the same amount of current. The current balance is achieved by a Phase-Shifted Carrier SPWM proper implementation. The performance of proposed active filter is thoroughly simulated with Matlab Simulink. It shows very good behavior in steady state and transient conditions.
A drain avalanche hot carrier lifetime model for n- and p-channel MOSFETs

A simple and physical drain avalanche hot carrier lifetime model has been proposed. The model is based on a mechanism of interface trap generation caused by recombination of hot electrons and hot holes. The lifetime is modeled as /spl tau/(I/sub d//W)/sup 2//spl prop/(I/sub sub//I/sub d/)/sup -m/. The formula is different from the conventional /spl tau/I/sub d//W-I/sub sub//I/sub d/ model in that the exponent of I/sub d//W is 2, which results from the assumed mechanism of the two-carrier recombination. It is shown that the mechanism gives a physical basis of the empirical /spl tau/-I/sub sub//W model for NMOSFETs. The proposed model has been validated experimentally both for NMOSFETs and for PMOSFETs. Model parameters extracted from experimental data show that carrier critical energies for creating damage are lower than the interface potential barriers. It is supposed that oxide band edge tailing enables low-energy carriers to create the damage. The channel hot electron condition becomes the worst case in short channel NMOSFETs, because gate voltage dependence of the maximum channel electric field decreases.
Biological Simulation of Scale-invariant Time Cells

Scale-invariant timing has been observed in a wide range of behavioral experiments. The scale-invariant firing property of recently described time cells provides a possible neural substrate for this behavior. Earlier work proposed a mathematical model that generates scale-invariant time cells based on neurons with long time constants and an approximation of inverse Laplace transform. This paper presents a biologically detailed network model of this mathematical algorithm. The simulations incorporate exponentially decaying persistent firing maintained by the CAN-current and a network structure given by the inverse Laplace transform to generate time cells with scaleinvariant firing rates. This model provides the first biologically detailed neural circuit for generating scale-invariant time cells.
Development of Salivary Gland Cell Lines for Studies of Signaling and Physiology a,

We developed and characterized an immortalized rat parotid cell line to use in salivary gland studies. The cells were immortalized by retroviral transduction of SV40 large T antigen into isolated parotid cells. Using immunocytochemical techniques, we found that the immortalized epithelial cells were ductal, rather than acinar, in nature. Cells were grown under coculture conditions with lethally irradiated NIH3T3 cells. One cell line, which was designated RPG1/SV40 cells (for rat parotid gland 1/SV40 transformant), was selected for characterization. These cells formed a sheet epithelium with tight junctions and a measurable transepithelial resistance. RPG1/SV40 cells responded to muscarinic receptor (carbachol) and/or P2 purinoceptor (ATP and UTP) stimuli with increases in the following: (1) intracellular free‐calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i); (2) the short‐circuit current (ISC) across the epithelium; (3) the tyrosine phosphorylation of PKCδ; and (4) MAP kinase activity. Thus, the cells appear to be useful for a wide range of studies involving physiology, biochemistry, and signal transduction approaches.
Predictability in Hedge Fund Returns

A significant amount of research has been devoted to the predictability of traditional asset classes, but little is known about the predictability of returns emanating from alternative vehicles, such as hedge funds. We attempt to fill this gap by documenting evidence of predictability in hedge fund returns. Using multifactor models for the return on nine hedge fund indexes, for which the factors were chosen to measure the many dimensions of financial risk, we found strong evidence of significant predictability in hedge fund returns. We also found that the benefits of tactical style allocation portfolios are potentially large. We obtained even more spectacular results for an equity-oriented portfolio that mixed traditional and alternative investment vehicles and for a debt-oriented portfolio that mixed traditional and alternative investment vehicles. These results do not seem to have been significantly affected by the presence of reasonably high transaction costs.
Role of nitric oxide and guanosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate in mediating nonadrenergic, noncholinergic relaxation in guinea‐pig pulmonary arteries

1 Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) nerves mediate vasodilatation in guinea‐pig pulmonary artery (PA) by both endothelium‐dependent and endothelium‐independent mechanisms. The transmitter(s) involved in the endothelium‐independent pathway have not yet been identified. We have therefore investigated the possibility that nitric oxide (NO) and guanosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) may mediate this neural vasodilator response in guinea‐pig branch PA rings denuded of endothelium. 2 Electric field stimulation (EFS, 50 V, 0.2 ms) induced a frequency‐dependent (1–24 Hz), tetrodotoxin‐sensitive relaxation of the U44069‐precontracted PA rings in the presence of adrenergic and cholinergic blockade. 3 The NO synthase inhibitors NG‐monomethyl l‐arginine (l‐NMMA, 100 μm) and NG‐nitro l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME, 30 μm), and the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor methylene blue (5 μm) inhibited the EFS (16 Hz)‐induced relaxation by 53 ± 5, 74 ± 9 and 82 ± 9% respectively (n = 5–7, P < 0.01, compared with control rings). 4 Excess concentrations of l‐, but not d‐arginine (300 μm) completely reversed the inhibitory effect of l‐NMMA. 5 The EFS‐elicited relaxation (4 Hz) was potentiated by 1 μm zaprinast, a type V phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits guanosine 3′:5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) degradation, but was unaffected by 0.1 μm zardaverine, a type III/IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits cyclic AMP degradation. 6 EFS (50 V, 0.2 ms, 16 Hz) induced a 3 fold increase in tissue cyclic GMP content, an action which was inhibited by l‐NMMA (100 μm). 7 Pyrogallol (100 μm), a superoxide anion generator, also inhibited the EFS‐induced relaxation by 53 ± 9%, and this effect was prevented by superoxide dismutase. 8 Chemical sympathetic denervation with 6‐hydroxydopamine had no effect on the relaxant response to EFS in the endothelium‐denuded PA rings. 9 In endothelium‐denuded branch PA rings at resting tone, l‐NMMA (100 μm) significantly augmented the adrenergic contractile response, an effect which was completely reversed by l‐arginine, but not by d‐arginine. In the same groups of vessel rings, l‐NMMA had no significant effect on the matched contractile response to exogenous noradrenaline. 10 These results suggest that NO may be released from intramural nerve endings other than adrenergic nerves (probably NANC nerves), and this leads to vasodilatation via activation of guanylyl cyclase.
Theoretical study on spectroscopy and molecular con- stants of the ground and low-lying excited states of GeO molecule

The potential energy curves (PECs) of X 1 S + ,a ,3 S + ,a 3 P, A 1 P states for GeO molecule arecalculatedby the multireferenceconfiguration interactionmethod (MRCI) and MRCI with the Davidson's corrections (MRCI+Q) with aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. All these states involved dissociate into the same dissociation channel Ge( 3 P)+O( 3 P). For the four states, the spectroscopic parameters (Re, De, we, Be, wece and Te) have been obtained, which shows that our results are in very good agreement with the exper- imental value and other theoretical data at MRCI+Q level. The dipole moments of these states are also obtained. In addition, based on the accurate results of spectro- scopic constants at MRCI+Q level, the first 30 vibrational states are determined for the four low-lying electronic states when J=0. The vibrational levels G(v) and inertial ro- tation constants Bn at MRCI+Q level are calculated when J=0, the results of X 1 S + and A 1 P states are in concordance with the available other theoretical values and experi- mental work. The dissociation limits, dissociation energies, electronic configurations at equilibrium internuclear distance for a ,3 S + , a 3 P states also are predicted for the first time.