Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the AP‐2 Adaptor Complex and Cargo During Clathrin‐Mediated Endocytosis

Previously, we reported that the hetero‐tetrameric adaptor complex AP‐2 co‐localizes with the static population of clathrin spots, whereas it is excluded from clathrin spots that disappear from the plasma membrane (forming clathrin‐coated vesicles). More recently however, another group provided evidence that AP‐2 markers could be observed coincident with disappearing clathrin spots. Thus, we tested several possible explanations for the apparent discrepancies in these two studies. We evaluated the potential contribution of nonred emission of clathrin‐dsRed (used in both studies) in the simultaneous measurement of AP‐2 and clathrin at various times. Additionally, we directly compared two different green fluorescent protein‐tagged AP‐2 constructs (similar to those used in the previous reports). These studies demonstrated that the duration of expression time greatly influences the subcellular localization of the AP‐2 markers. Furthermore, we quantitatively evaluated the AP‐2 fluorescence at the sites of numerous static and disappearing clathrin spots (at least 80 per group) and confirmed our initial observation that while AP‐2 is present in nearly all static clathrin spots, it is excluded from the disappearing population of clathrin spots. Finally, in order to verify that clathrin spot disappearance represents clathrin‐coated vesicle internalization, we simultaneously imaged clathrin and the cargo molecule transferrin at the cell surface.
A New Fuzzy Neural Network Based Insulator Contamination Detection

The contamination condition of insulators is usually estimated by detecting the root mean square (r.m.s) of surface leakage current via online monitoring system, ignoring the influence of environment factors, such as temperature, humidity, etc. For the detection factors have fuzzy characters, a new method based on fuzzy neural network is proposed in order to overcome the disadvantages of traditional insulation condition detection. It is through the build of the structure of fuzzy neural network and the establishment of net weights by training samples as well to estimate the contamination severity of insulators. The test samples simulation experiment result proves the validity of the method presented in this paper, which shows an instructive significance for the prevention of the insulator from flashover fault and the condition-based maintenance (CBM)
Caracterizando las elecciones venezolanas a través de Twitter. Caso: #26s

Esta investigacion tuvo como objetivo describir las rutinas que establecen los usuarios de la plataforma Twitter durante el dia 26 de Septiembre de 2010, dia de las elecciones de diputados a la Asamblea Nacional en Venezuela. Se basa en los aportes de boyd (2005), Masten y Plowman (2003) y la FAO (2011) relacionados a con la etnografia digital y observacion pasiva como metodos y tecnicas de estudio mas apropiados para los trabajos que buscan modelar y caracterizar a los participantes de una comunidad digital. La recoleccion de datos se realizo con la herramienta The Archivist y para el procesamiento de los mismos se desarrollo el software CAVAnaTuit version v0.9. Entre los primeros resultados se puede destacar que los venezolanos han desarrollado una serie de rutinas, practicas y juegos que ejecutan durante el dia del evento electoral de forma sistematica; asimismo se detecto que los usuarios se convierten en reporteros digitales durante el dia cubriendo desde el establecimiento de los centros electorales hasta el ejercicio y conteo de los votos. La hora que registro la mayor cantidad de tuits fueron las 6 de la tarde mientras que el valor minimo se tuvo a las 4pm (hay que tomar como punto de referencia que estas son las horas en las cuales comienza el cierre de mesas). La descarga de datos se establecio con la etiqueta #26S pero las mas comunes, segun su frecuencia de uso, fueron: #Venezuela, #Cuba, #ElNacional, #cosasquepasaranantesdelboletin y #fuerafocas. En la madrugada del 27S se posicionaron en las Tendencias del Momento Mundial de Twitter 8 de 10 etiquetas.
Comparison of relative susceptibilities of Candida species to three antifungal agents as determined by unstandardized methods

Three groups of isolates, each comprising four isolates of Candida species, were selected for their diversity of susceptibilities to amphotericin B, flucytosine, or ketoconazole. The isolates were distributed in duplicate and in blinded fashion to three laboratories where a total of eight procedures were performed for each drug. From the decoded results, intralaboratory variability among replicate determinations was found usually to fall within a fourfold range. Interlaboratory variation, however, was 16-fold or greater for all isolates, ranging to 50,000-fold differences for some isolates. Relative susceptibilities of isolates within each method could be determined in 11 of the 24 drug-method combinations and agreed with the reference rank order in all but one instance. Our findings underscore the lack of agreement among laboratories for the susceptibility testing of yeasts but indicate that such differences could likely be resolved by standardization without loss of clinical value.
DINOSAURS AS DINOSAURS

Bakker (1971) made an original and highly interesting, though admittedly controvertible attempt to infer certain physiological attributes of dinosaurs, members of one of the greatest radiations of terrestrial vertebrates the earth has witnessed. His attempt has considerable heuristic value even if it has not removed all doubt that dinosaurs were homeothermic endotherms. To maintain that evidence of endothermy is impossible of verification is to ensure that such evidence will never be found. It is appropriate in considering the success of an adaptive radiation to assess factors that permit major adaptive shifts and to recognize the constraints that limit diversity. Highly significant analyses of such groups as infaunal bivalves (Stanley, 1968) j gastropods (Vermeij, 1971) j sharks (Schaeffer, 1967) j osteichthyes (Shaeffer and Rosen, 1961) j amphibians (Thomson, 1966) and synapsid reptiles (DeMar and Barghusen, 1972) have followed such an approach. The spectacular success of the dinosaurs requires and is susceptible to explanation in these terms. While Bakker has not yet substantiated all of his points, he has succeeded in formulating a plausible and satisfying synthesis that evolutionary biology requires to account for the success of the dinosaurs. The purpose of this paper is to respond to certain fallacies concerning the biology of dinosaurs that have been perennially expressed but that have been recently concisely and effectively formulated by Feduccia (1973). The prodigious size of large dinosaurs perhaps causes undue attention to be paid to the characteristic of gigantism among these creatures. Feduccia suggests (p. 167) that upright posture "might best be interpreted in retrospect as pre-adaptive for the evolution of gigantism. " While upright posture is indeed a prerequisite for terrestrial gigantism, such an attitude sidesteps the crucial fact that the development of upright posture had nothing to do with the attainment of large size j selection acts for the present, not for retrospect or prospect. The fact that upright posture prevailed among progressive thecodonts of small size such as Euparkeria and Ornithosuchus, that it characterized small primitive dinosaurs of the Late Triassic such as Coelophysis, Fabrosaurus and Heterodon-
Stigma among Iranian family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease: A hermeneutic study.

Although there is evidence of stigmatization of patients with Alzheimer's disease, few studies have evaluated stigma among family caregivers. This study was aimed at understanding the experiences of family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease within Iran. We conducted a qualitative study using hermeneutic phenomenology. Semistructured in-depth interviews with 10 Iranian family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's were audiotaped and transcribed. The transcriptions were then analyzed using Van Manen's method. Family stigma emerged as one of the most important themes in this study. It consisted of two subthemes of "feeling of shame due to the unusual behaviors and speech of the patients" and "fear of judgments made by others. " An understanding of the experience of family stigma may lead to the development of supportive strategies to manage this problem among the caregivers. Educating families of patients about the disease plays a critical role in facilitating the process of caregiving. In addition, promoting public awareness about Alzheimer's disease can diminish stigma and prejudice toward patients and their caregivers. Educating caregivers on stigma management may also be an important factor in alleviating their stress.
Identificación mediante proteómica de nuevas adipoquinas y mioquinas implicadas en la obesidad

La obesidad y la ausencia de ejercicio son los dos factores de riesgo mas importantes para el desarrollo de enfermedades metabolicas como la diabetes tipo 2, hipertension, ateroesclerosis o incluso varios tipos de cancer. En los ultimos anos se ha avanzado en el estudio del tejido adiposo y el tejido muscular esqueletico desde una perspectiva endocrinologica como tejidos implicados en la produccion y secrecion a la circulacion de diversos factores con propiedades paracrinas/endocrinas capaces de regular la homeostasis energetica del organismo. Estos factores reciben el nombre de adipoquinas y mioquinas respectivamente. A pesar de que cada vez se identifican mas miembros de esta clase de proteinas, el conocimiento que existe sobre estos factores y sus efectos sobre el organismo todavia no ha aclarado la etiologia de muchas de las enfermedades relacionadas con la obesidad o la ausencia de ejercicio. Asi, la identificacion de nuevas adipoquinas y mioquinas y la caracterizacion de las mismas es un paso de gran importancia para aclarar los mecanismos de regulacion en los que se encuentran implicados. Los modelos animales han sido durante muchas decadas muy importantes en el estudio endocrino de diversas enfermedades metabolicas, dada su capacidad de emular diversas condiciones observadas en humanos como la obesidad o la anorexia; por otro lado, la proteomica se ha destacado en los ultimos anos como una herramienta fundamental para el estudio e identificacion de un gran numero de proteinas en una muestra biologica en un relativo corto espacio de tiempo. Por lo tanto, la combinacion del uso de modelos animales y de herramientas proteomicas se definen de gran utilidad en el estudio endocrino de la secrecion tanto del tejido adiposo como del tejido muscular esqueletico. En esta tesis doctoral se han establecido una serie de modelos animales tanto fisiologicos como patologicos para su uso en la caracterizacion de proteinas secretadas por el tejido adiposo y muscular, se ha optimizado la tecnica de obtencion de secretomas de explantes de tejido adiposo, y desarrollado una nueva tecnica para la obtencion del secretoma de explantes de tejido muscular esqueletico. De esta forma, se han identificado por proteomica nuevas adipoquinas en los depositos mas relevantes de tejido adiposo con potencial importancia en estudios endocrinos futuros como la fetuina A, caracterizada en este trabajo, que juega un papel importante en el desarrollo de enfermedades como la diabetes tipo II. En cuanto al tejido muscular esqueletico, se han identificado nuevas mioquinas y se ha demostrado que existen diferencias en la secrecion y expresion de estas proteinas segun el tipo de fibras que presente el musculo. Finalmente se ha caracterizado en los modelos animales establecidos la nueva mioquina FNDC5/irisina, descubriendo por primera vez que esta proteina tambien es producida y secretada por el tejido adiposo jugando un papel importante sobretodo en condiciones de indice de masa corporal elevado.
Improved Reference Speaker Weighting Using Aspect Model

We propose an improved reference speaker weighting (RSW) and speaker cluster weighting (SCW) approach that uses an aspect model. The concept of the approach is that the adapted model is a linear combination of a few latent reference models obtained from a set of reference speakers. The aspect model has specific latent-space characteristics that differ from orthogonal basis vectors of eigenvoice. The aspect model is a “mixture-of-mixture” model. We first calculate a small number of latent reference models as mixtures of distributions of the reference speaker's models, and then the latent reference models are mixed to obtain the adapted distribution. The mixture weights are calculated based on the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. We use the obtained mixture weights for interpolating mean parameters of the distributions. Both training and adaptation are performed based on likelihood maximization with respect to the training and adaptation data, respectively. We conduct a continuous speech recognition experiment using a Korean database (KAIST-TRADE). The results are compared to those of a conventional MAP, MLLR, RSW, eigenvoice and SCW. Absolute word accuracy improvement of 2.06 point was achieved using the proposed method, even though we use only 0.3 s of adaptation data.
DETECTION, ASSAY, AND PRELIMINARY PURIFICATION OF THE PIGMENT CONTROLLING PHOTORESPONSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS.

Responses of plant materials to radiation indicate that flowering and many other aspects of development are controlled by a reversible photoreaction1'2 involving two forms of a pigment, with action maxima near 660 and 735 mg. The photoreversible pigment can readily be changed from one to the other form, as indicated by response of the plant to irradiation in the region of the appropriate action maximum. Because the nature of the enzymatic action involved is still unknown, it appeared that direct observation of the pigment in the living material and an assay for its isolation would have to be based on spectrophotometric methods. The pigment should show a change in absorption at 655 and 735 mjA following conversion by radiation. The location of the pigment and its concentration in specific cells are evidenced by the photoinduced formation of anthocyanin, which depends upon energy transfer from both forms of the excited pigment.3 The concentration based on a molar absorptivity of 1 X 105 is estimated to be the order of 10-6 molar in the most effective cells and probably about 10-7 molar in the average tissue.4 A spectrophotometer suitable for detecting this low concentration of the pigment in tissue must measure absorption of radiation with high sensitivity in dense light-scattering material. Such measurements cannot be made with commercial instruments. Instrumentation. -The presence of the photoreversible pigment in intact tissue has been demonstrated with a recording, single-beam spectrophotometer. This spectrophotometer5 employs an end-window multiplier-type phototube placed directly behind the sample to collect a large fraction of the transmitted light. The sample is illuminated by monochromatic light from the exit slit of a double, prism monochromator. Spectral measurements can be made on light-scattering samples having optical densities between 0 and 6, with a sensitivity as high as 0.1 for full scale deflection. The noise level is equivalent to an optical density change of 0.002 for samples having an optical density less than 4. Since this is a single-beam instrument the recorded curve includes the spectral response of the instrument in addition to the absorption characteristics of the sample. The system response is sufficiently reproducible that valid difference spectra can be obtained by subtracting one recorded curve from another. When the spectral curve is very steep in the region of interest, an electrical compensation can be applied to alter the slope of the curve. This is achieved with a potentiometer geared to the wavelength drum which supplies an additional signal to the Y-axis. The compensation merely alters the system response to make it easier to compute difference spectra. A more useful instrument for assay of the pigment is one which measures directly the optical density difference between two fixed wavelengths. Such an instrument,
LATMAPA: Load-Adaptive Throughput- MAximizing Preamble Allocation for Prioritization in 5G Random Access

Persistently high traffic loads and heterogeneous quality of service (QoS) requirements arising from machine-to-machine communication in wireless 5G systems require effective random access prioritization. 5G systems will likely evolve from mature wireless technologies, e.g., long term evolution (LTE). LTE conducts random access through preamble contention based on slotted Aloha principles. Prior studies have mainly examined random access prioritization for addressing temporary traffic bursts through manipulating the access contention procedure on a given set of preambles, such as adapting the number of permitted transmission attempts and back off windows. We conduct a detailed study of random access prioritization through separating (splitting) the random access preambles into non-overlapping priority classes. Based on the obtained insights, we develop the Load-Adaptive Throughput-MAximizing Preamble Allocation (LATMAPA). LATMAPA automatically adjusts the preamble allocation to the priority classes according to the random access load and a priority tuning parameter. Extensive analytical and simulation evaluations indicate that LATMAPA provides effective QoS differentiation across a wide range of random access loads, which are expected in 5G systems.
Is There a Relation between Docosahexaenoic Acid Concentration in Mothers' Milk and Visual Development in Term Infants?

Background Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), present in high concentrations in the brain and retina, has a role in visual development. DHA is present in human milk, but not in most infant formulas. It is, however, under discussion whether DHA should be added to formulas intended for term infants. The concentration of DHA in human milk, which is influenced by maternal diet, varies considerably, but it is unknown whether this variation affects visual development in term infants. Methods The authors investigated 39 4-month-old fully breast-fed term infants in a cross-sectional study. Visual acuity was measured by swept visual evoked potentials, milk DHA was determined by gas chromatography, and maternal fish intake was assessed by a frequency questionnaire. Results Frequency of fish intake correlated positively to the DHA level in breast-milk (P = 0.001). Mothers who ate fish the day before sampling had a milk DHA level higher than expected from habitual fish intake (P = 0.002). If this was taken into account, 57% of the variation in milk DHA could be explained by fish intake. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant association between visual acuity and milk DHA (P = 0.02, R2 = 0.09). Conclusion This finding suggests a cause-and-effect relationship between infant milk DHA intake and visual acuity. If these data are confirmed, there is a need to consider the optimal intake of DHA for the lactating mother.
Nutrient intakes of an adult Pakistani, European and African-Caribbean community in inner city Britain.

OBJECTIVES To report nutrient intakes for three different ethnic groups living in inner city Manchester and explore under-reporting in each group. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. All participants completed one of three food frequency questionnaires, specifically developed for each ethnic group, and took part in a larger international survey of risk factors for diabetes and hypertension. SETTING Participants were drawn randomly from seven GP registers in inner city Manchester, UK. PARTICIPANTS Men and women aged 25-79 years, 86 European, 246 African-Caribbean origin and 84 Pakistani origin participants were included in the analysis. RESULTS Body mass index was highest in the Pakistani women, 30.2 kg m-2. European participants had the highest reported energy intakes (EIs) for men and women (10.9 and 9.6 MJ, respectively). Pakistani men and women had the highest percentage of energy from fat (36.7 and 36.6%, respectively). Iron intakes were low in the African-Caribbean group and calcium intakes were low in the Pakistani group. Under-reporting [assessed as EI : basal metabolic rate (BMR) ratio <1.2] appeared to be high and occurred across all ethnic groups, with those apparently under-reporting having higher BMIs in all groups. CONCLUSION The data provide nutrient intake estimates in three different ethnic groups using a similar method. Limitations include under-reporting across all ethnic groups in a similar pattern with under-reporters having higher BMIs in all groups, as found elsewhere.
Two-stage melting of paramagnetic colloidal crystals in two dimensions

A novel two-dimensional system of colloidal particles with absolutely calibrated magnetic interaction is used to investigate static and dynamic properties at the 2D crystal to liquid phase transition. We observe two successive transitions from the solid to the liquid phase with an intermediate hexatic phase, in perfect agreement with the theory of Kosterlitz and Thouless. The absolute values of the transition temperatures are given, and we demonstrate that they depend neither on the system size nor on the cooling rate.
HIV and AIDS-related stigma in the context of family support and race in South Africa

Objectives. In this paper, we describe the first phase of a research project designed to quantify the role of race and cultural identity in HIV-related stigma. The ultimate purpose is to develop an intervention that could be implemented in Black and Colored communities in Cape Town, South Africa. Design. The PEN-3 model provided the theoretical basis for this research. A total of 397 Black and Colored participants were recruited from two communities to complete a 16-item multi-part questionnaire that was developed based on focus groups and key informant interviews. A total of 196 questionnaires were administered in Mitchell's Plain and 201 were administered in Gugulethu. Both communities are located approximately 20 km outside the city of Cape Town in an area known as the Cape Flats. Data were collected on individuals' perceptions of stigma in the contexts of the family, healthcare settings, and the community. However, only the family context is explored here. Participants were also asked to identify what they felt should be the most important area of emphasis for researchers in eliminating stigma. Similarities and differences in perceptions between Black and Colored South Africans were examined. Results. Data were compiled on the family support domain of stigma. Though most either disagreed or were neutral, nearly equal numbers of Blacks and Coloreds thought stigma occurred in families. Blacks were also more likely than Coloreds to report experiencing stigma in their families. Both Blacks and Coloreds felt the family should be the most important focus of interventions for eliminating HIV-related stigma. Conclusion. Within the context of the family race, cultural values, and religious and spiritual values all contribute to HIV stigma in South Africa. Interventions should address the role of stigma within families in order to promote better HIV prevention, treatment, and care.
Lecture Notes on Geometric Group Theory

III Lecture 3: Curvature II 18 7 Definitions and examples 18 8 Boundary of hyperbolic spaces 20 8.1 Visual topology . 20 8.2 Visual metric on ∂X . 22 Some references: (1) M. Bridson and A. Haefliger, Metric spaces of non-positive curvature, vol. 319, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1999. (a comprehensive book containing almost everything in GGT.)