Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High occurrence of "Flavescence dorée" phytoplasma early in the season on grapevines infected with grapevine yellows

Research Note A survey for the presence of phytoplasmas associated with grapevine yellows in about 500 Italian vineyards was conducted from 1999 to 2004. Grapevines with the earliest symptoms were mostly infected with Flavescence doree type C phytoplasma (FD-C). As the season advanced, a steady relative decrease in the occurrence of FD-C coincided with a clear relative increase in Bois noir phytoplasma. The relative occurrence of Flavescence doree type D phytoplasma remained stable.
Reintroduction as a tool for population recovery of farmland birds

Conservation efforts in the United Kingdom have increasingly sought to restore the populations and ranges of birds affected by changes to their habitat or by direct human persecution. One approach is reintroduction, although this is likely to be appropriate in only a limited set of circumstances, involving a small number of species. This paper reviews the use of reintroduction as a tool for conserving birds associated with lowland farmland, highlighting the benefits of this approach to conservation, as well as the potential dangers. Two case studies are presented to illustrate how different reintroduction techniques are required, depending on the species involved and the donor stock available. The internationally agreed, though not legally binding, IUCN guidelines for reintroduction projects are summarized, together with the requirements of The Wildlife & Countryside Act (1981) in relation to the release of birds into the wild in Britain. Potential changes to current legislation are suggested, to prevent inappropriate and potentially damaging reintroduction projects from being carried out in the future.
The guanine‐nucleotide‐exchange Complex (EF‐1βγδ) of Elongation Factor‐1 Contains two Similar Leucine‐Zipper Proteins EF‐1δ, p34 Encoded by EF‐1δ1 and p36 Encoded by EF‐1δ2

We have cloned and sequenced a Xenopus cDNA referred to as EF-1δ2. The cDNA is homologous to EF-1δ1 encoding for EF-1δ a protein of the guanine-nucleotide exchange complex of elongation factor-1 (EF-1). The protein sequence deduced from the cDNA, contains the two characteristic features of EF-1δ protein, the leucine-zipper domain and the guanine-nucleotide exchange domain. In vitro and in vivo translation leads to the production of a 36-kDa protein from EF-1δ2 and a 34-kDa protein from EF-1δ1. The clone EF-1δ2 therefore encodes for authentic p36 protein of EF-1βγδ complex, while EF-1δ1 encodes for a newly characterised p34 protein of the leucine zipper family. Both EF-1δ proteins are simultaneously present in oocytes extracts, at a molecular ratio around 1:10 for p34 versus p36 proteins. Both are associated in a macromolecular structure that is greater than 750 kDa upon gel filtration. The two proteins are targets for Cdc2 kinase in meiotic maturation.
Heavy Metal-induced Cuticular Alkane Changes of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Plantlets

Heavy metal pollution of ecosystems is of great concern, due to the persistence of metals in ecosystem. In this regard, the mountainous pastures of Romanian Carpathians, especially those in the areas of abandoned mines, need particular attention. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of heavy metals and metalloids exposure on cuticular wax composition of tall fescue leaves (Festuca arundinacea). Therefore, we have particularly investigated the variations of long chain hydrocarbon fractions, which are acknowledged to act as a protection for plants especially in toxic environments. The exposure experiments were conducted in triplicates for arsenic and the following metal ions: Ba2+, Cu2+, Fe2+ and Pb2+. The 0.5 mM aqueous solutions of their corresponding salts were used as treatment solutions. Triplicate experiments were also performed for control samples using distilled water as exposure media. The plantlets were kept for growing in controlled environment for 15 days followed by n-hexane hydrocarbon fraction extraction from 0.5 g of sampled leaves. The obtained extracts were semi-quantitatively analyzed (identification followed by peak area measurement) through an optimized method based on gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. We focused on the measurement of several long chain n-alkanes with the following number of carbon atoms: C21-C31. Significant differences were obtained between results performed for Ba2+, Pb2+ and Fe2+, when compared to AsO43- and Cu2+, which may suggest multiple mechanisms through which the tested plants could develop and adapt when exposed to various chemicals characterized by different degrees of toxicity.
The Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger: From Molecule to its Role in Disease

1: Regulation of Intracellular pH in Mammalian Cells. 1. Introduction. 2. Intracellular Compartmentalization Of pH. 3. Cytoplasmic pH. 4. Intracellular Buffers. 5. Measurement Of pHi During Acid-Base Loading. 6. Transport Systems That Regulate pHi. 2: Molecular and Functional Diversity of Mammalian Na+/H+ Exchangers. 1. Introduction. 2. Genetic Heterogeneity. 3. Conclusion. 3: Two Functional Regulatory Factors of Na+/H+ Exchangers: The Proton and aHP. 1. Introduction. 2. The Proton. 3. CHP. 4. Conclusion. 4: Regulation of Expression of the Na+/H+ Exchanger in the Myocardium and Other Tissues. 1. Introduction. 2. Na+/H+ Exchanger Expression Varies In Response To The Environment. 3. Transcriptional Regulation Of The Na+/H+ Exchanger Gene. 4. Conclusion. 5: Na-H Exchange Function in Colonic Epithelial Cells. 1. Introduction. 2. Apical Membrane NHEs. 3. Basolateral Membrane NHEs. 6: NhaA Na+/H+Antiporter. Structure, Mechanism and Function in Homestasis of Na+ and pH. 1. Introduction. 2. The Response to Na+ Occurs At The Transcription Level. 3. The Ecological Importance Of The Antiporters In The Enteric Bacteria Escherichia coli And Vibrio cholerae. 4. The NhaA Protein. 5. Relationship Between Function And Structure Of NhaA. 6. Dynamics Of NhaA. 7. Dynamics In 3D Of The pH Induced Conformational Changes Of NhaA. 8. Conclusion. 7: The Use of Transgenic Animal Models to Study Na+/H+ Exchange. 1. Introduction. 2. Transgenic Studies On The NHE1 Isoform Of The Na+/H+ Exchanger. 3. Transgenic Studies On The NHE2 And NHE3 Isoform Of Na+/H+ Exchanger. 4. Pitfalls In Transgenic Studies. 5. Conclusion. 8: pH-Regulatory Mechanisms in the Mammalian Oocyte and Early Embryo. 1. Introduction. 2. Oocyte And Embryo Development. 3. Expression Of Na+/H+ Exchanger (NHE) And Anion Exchanger (AE) Isoforms In Mammalian PI Embryos. 4. Activity Of pHi-Regulatory Mechanism In PI Embryos. 5. pHiRegulatory Mechanisms During Meiosis And Fertilization. 6. Conclusion. 9: Na+/H+ Exchanger Activation by Myocardial Stretch. 1. Introduction. 2. Mechanism Of Stretch-Induced Increase Of The NHE Activity. 3. Mechanical Counterpart Of Stretch-Induced Increase Of The NHE Activity. 10: The Paradoxical Role of Na+/H+ Exchanger in the Diabetic Heart. 1. Introduction. 2. Depressed Na+/H+ Exchanger (NHE) Activity In Insulin-Deficient (TYPE I) Diabetes And Associated Increased Resistance Of Diabetic Hearts To Ischemia And Reperfusion Injury. 3. NHE In Non-Insulin-Dependent (TYPE 2) Diabetes. 4. Conclusion. 11: Role of Na-H Exchanger in Vascular Remodelling in
SHEAR BOND STRENGTH AND FAILURE PATTERN OF TWO SELF-ADHESIVE RESIN CEMENTS TO HYBRID CERAMIC UNDER DIFFERENT MODES OF POLYMERIZATION

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of two self-adhesive cements with different polymerization modes. cemented to a Hybrid-Ceramic CAD/CAM blocks (VITA ENAMIC® for CEREC®/ inLab®, VITA Zahnfabrik H. Rauter GmbH & Co.KG., Germany), Methods: Two self-adhesive resin cements: Rely X U200 (RX, 3M ESPE,St. Paul, MN, USA) and G-CEM Link ACE (GC, GC corporation, Tokyo, Japan). RX and GC groups with different polymerization modes (photo-curing (P) and self-curing (S)), were used in this study on hyprid ceramic Vita Enamic CAD/CAM blocks. Shear bond strength (SBS) tests were performed on all the specimens.Results: The highest SBS was recorded with RX S group whilst the lowest SBS values were recorded with the GC S groups. Based on Tukey’s post hoc significance analysis test, significance differences were observed between the RX S group compared to the GC S group (p < 0.05). No significance differences were found between data obtained from different curing modes of neither, RX S and RX P nor GC S and GC P. Adhesive pattern of failure was predominantly for most of the groups except RX S that was presented as predominant cohesive form of failure with the CAD/CAM hybrid ceramic block.Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, polymerization modes had no significance, but more mixed failure patterns were observed when using the photo-curing mode than when using the self-curing mode.
Temporal expression analysis and cloning of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fiber genes.

Cotton fiber, a seed trichome and the longest plant cell, is an important model system to dissect the molecular genetic basis of fiber cell development processes. The expression patterns of 19 fiber specific genes in cotton (Gossypium hirustum L.) were determined by RT-PCR and Northern blots. Total RNA, extracted from cotton fibers at 0, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days post anthesis (DPA), was reverse transcribed to cDNA for PCR amplification and cloning. Transcripts of expansin and tubulin were observed from 5 to 15 DPA. Lipid transfer protein (LTP) and E6 gene transcription was evident throughout fiber development. Out of the ten partially characterized genes, five showed expression patterns similar to LTP and E6, while the remainder showed distinct profiles. This information is valuable in selecting promoters for the fiber specific expression of transgenes in cotton species. © 2011 Friends Science Publishers
Prevalence and evolution of human parvoviruses

6 LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS . 9 ABBREVIATIONS . 10 REVIEW OF LITERATURE . 12 PREFACE. 12 BASIC FEATURES AND TAXONOMY OF PARVOVIRUSES . 12 MOLECULAR FEATURES OF PARVOVIRUSES HUMAN PARVOVIRUS B19 AS AN EXAMPLE . 15 Genome structure and replication of B19V . 15 Genotypes of B19V. 17 Transmission and epidemiology . 19 Disease associations . 20 Persistence of B19V in body parts . 21 Diagnosis and treatment of B19V infections . 30 NEWLY FOUND HUMAN PARVOVIRUSES . 32 Human bocavirus 1 . 32 Human bocaviruses 2-4 . 35 Human parvovirus 4 . 37 EVOLUTION OF PARVOVIRUSES . 39 Evolution rates of carnivore-, porcine-, and human parvovirus B19V . 39 AIMS OF THE STUDY . 42 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 43 Clinical material . 43 Plasmid clones . 44 DNA extraction. 47 DNA amplification . 47 Southern hybridization . 54 Serological assays . 54 Phylogenetic analysis and calculation of evolutionary rates . 55 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . 56 EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL QUANTITATIVE PCR ASSAYS FOR DETECTION OF B19V GENOTYPES (I) . 57 B19V GENOTYPES IN BLOOD (I AND II) . 60 PARVOVIRUS B19V PERSISTENCE IN SOLID TISSUES (II AND V). 65 DISTRIBUTION OF B19V GENOTYPES (II) . 67 B19V AND HEART DISEASES (V) . 69 NEWLY FOUND HUMAN PARVOVIRUSES IN HUMAN TISSUES (IV, V) . 70 5 Prevalence of human parvovirus 4 in tissues and blood (IV) . 70 Occurrence of human bocaviruses and corresponding antibodies against them (IV, V)76 POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF TISSUE PERSISTENCE OF PARVOVIRUSES . 79 RAPID SEQUENCE CHANGES OF B19V (III) . 83 CONCLUSIONS. 88 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 90 REFERENCES . 92 REPRINTS OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS . 122
Contrôle de la neuroinflammation par la kinase PKR dans les processus pathologiques de la maladie d'Alzheimer

La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est la pathologie neurodegenerative entrainant une demence la plus frequente. Elle touche plus de 3% des plus de 65 ans. Les lesions cerebrales qui la constituent sont les depots de substance β amyloide (Aβ) et les degenerescences neurofibrillaires responsables de la mort neuronale, en particulier dans le cortex et l’hippocampe. Ces lesions s’accompagnent d’une reaction inflammatoire centrale qui participe au processus de neurodegenerescence. Les modeles murins d’endotoxemie reproduisent une reaction inflammatoire du systeme nerveux central comme observe chez l’homme. Nous avons utilise un modele murin d’endotoxemie par injections peripheriques de LPS et mis en evidence une activation microgliale, une augmentation de la production d’Aβ et de l’expression de BACE1 ainsi qu’une alteration du metabolisme dans l’hippocampe des animaux en reponse au LPS. Ces reactions sont controlees par la kinase de stress PKR (double-stranded RNA-dependant protein kinase) dont l’invalidation exerce in vivo un effet neuroprotecteur. La production d’Aβ serait regulee dans ce modele par l’activation PKR-dependante du facteur de transcription STAT3, responsable du controle transcriptionnel de BACE1. L’activation de PKR a ete retrouvee a plusieurs niveaux du processus degeneratif associe a la MA et a ete identifiee comme un potentiel biomarqueur diagnostique et pronostique de la maladie. Nos resultats confirment le role de PKR dans la pathogenese de la MA et l’interet de l’inhibition de PKR pour la recherche therapeutique.
THE USE OF BOTULINUM TOXIN INJECTION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MYOFASCIAL PAIN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME

Objectives: To evaluate the short-term effect of the botulinum toxin, type A (BTX-A) injection for the treatment of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome.Materials & Methods: Foueteen female patients suffering from myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome were included in this study. For all patients both the masseter and temporalis muscles were injected once with 20-30 Units of BTX-A respectively and followed up for three months. Follow up included clinical assessment of maximal inter-incisal opening, range of lateral movement and visual analogue scale for pain. Electromyography (EMG) images were ordered pre-operatively and at the end of 3 months’ period to quantify the changes in muscle activity. Results: Results of the present study showed resolution of pain in all patients upon completing the follow up period. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study BTX-A can be used effectively for the treatment of myofacial pain dysfunction syndrome.
BEBIDA FUNCIONAL CON POTENCIAL ANTIDIABÉTICO Y ANTIHIPERTENSIVO ELABORADA CON MAÍZ AZUL Y FRIJOL NEGRO BIOPROCESADOS

Mexico, the center of origin and domestication of maize (Zea mays L.), has the largest diversity of this species in the world, with approximately 59 races. Anthocyanin-rich blue corn can be considered as nutraceutical because of the preventive effects of these pigments against oxidative stress, chronic-degenerative diseases and cancer. Likewise, Mexico is recognized as a center of origin and diversity of about 70 species of Phaseolus, of which common bean (P. vulgaris L.) stands out for its economic, social, nutritional and cultural importance. Beans are a good source of protein, rich in soluble fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acids; in addition, beans contain phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. This research developed a functional beverage, with high nutritional value and antihypertensive and antidiabetic potential from a 60:40 mixture of whole grains flours of blue corn and black common bean bioprocessed under optimum solid state fermentation (SSF) conditions. For production of optimized bioprocessed blue corn and black common bean flours (OBBMF, OBBCBF) temperatures/fermentation times of 37 oC/90 h and 38 oC/100 h, respectively, were applied. These conditions were optimized in previous studies to maximize antioxidant activity (AoxA) and total phenolic compunds (TPC). The SSF bioprocess increased AoxA (from 36.8 to 75.6 %), TPC (from 85 to 127 %) and antihypertensive and antidiabetic potential of blue corn and black beans. A 200 mL serving of this functional beverage, prepared with 25 g mixture (60 % OBBMF + 40 % OBCBF) supplies 34.2 % and 23.4 % of the daily protein requirements for children from ages 1 to 3 and 4 to 8, respectively, and 90 to 150 % of the recommended daily intake of antioxidants. Due to its nutritional value and antihypertensive and antidiabetic potential, this functional beverage might be used to promote health and as an alternative to beverages with a high caloric content and low nutritional value.
Symbiosis as a source of evolutionary innovation : speciation and morphogenesis

A departure from mainstream biology, the idea of symbiosis - as in the genetic and metabolic interactions of the bacterial communities that became the earliest eukaryotes and eventually evolved into plants and animals - has attracted the attention of a growing number of scientists.These original contributions by symbiosis biologists and evolutionary theorists address the adequacy of the prevailing neo-Darwinian concept of evolution in the light of growing evidence that hereditary symbiosis, supplemented by the gradual accumulation of heritable mutation, results in the origin of new species and morphological novelty. They include reports of current research on the evolutionary consequences of symbiosis, the protracted physical association between organisms of different species. Among the issues considered are individuality and evolution, microbial symbioses, animal bacterial symbioses, and the importance of symbiosis in cell evolution, ecology, and morphogenesis.Lynn Margulis, Distinguished Professor of Botany at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, is the modern originator of the symbiotic theory of cell evolution. Once considered heresy, her ideas are now part of the microbiological revolution. Rene Fester is a graduate student in the biological sciences at Northern Arizona University.Contributors: Peter Atsatt. Richard C. Back. David Bermudes. Paola Bonfante-Fasolo. Rene Fester. Lynda J. Goff. Anne-Marie Grenier. Ricardo Guerrero. Robert H. Haynes. Rosmarie Honegger. Gregory Hinkle. Kwang W. Jeon. Bryce Kendrick. Richard Law. David Lewis. Lynn Margulis. John Maynard Smith. Margaret J. McFall-Ngai. Paul Nardon. Kenneth H. Nealson. Kris Pirozynski. Peter W. Price. Mary Beth Saffo. Jan Sapp. Silvano Scannerini. Werner Schwemmler. Sorin Sonea. Toomas H. Tiivel. Robert K. Trench. Russell Vetter.
Etude fonctionnelle et évolutive de la voie de l'acide rétinoique et de la phosphorylation des récepteurs chez le poisson zèbre

L’acide retinoique (AR) est le derive actif majeur de la vitamine A et a de multiples roles au niveau cellulaire ainsi que pendant le developpement. L’AR agit via deux familles de recepteurs nucleaires : les Recepteurs de l’Acide Retinoique (RAR) et les Recepteurs X des Retinoides (RXR). Ces recepteurs sont des facteurs de transcription dependants du ligand et leur activite est regulee par des phosphorylations via des kinases activees par l’AR. Durant ma these, je me suis interesse a l’etude fonctionnelle et evolutive de la voie de l’AR et de la phosphorylation des RAR chez le poisson-zebre Danio rerio. En etudiant l’activite des differents sous-types de RAR chez le poisson-zebre, nous avons mis en avant qu’il existe une activite transcriptionnelle propre a chaque sous-type dans un embryon precoce de poisson-zebre. De plus, mes travaux ont montre qu’au cours de l’evolution, l’acquisition d’un site de phosphorylation chez RARα permet une regulation fine de son activite chez les mammiferes. Enfin, en etudiant les mecanismes moleculaires a l’origine de la diversification de la denture chez les poissons, mes travaux mettent en avant un role de la voie de l’AR dans la genese de nouveaux traits phenotypiques.
Three Hierarchies in Skeletal Muscle Fibre Classification Allotype, Isotype and Phenotype

Immunocytochemical analyses using specific anti-myosin antibodies of mammalian muscle fibers during regeneration, development, and after denervation have revealed two distinct myogenic components determining fiber phenotype. The jaw-closing muscles of the cat contain superfast fibers which express a unique myosin not found in limb muscles. When superfast muscle is transplanted into a limb muscle bed, regenerating myotubes synthesize superfast myosin independent of innervation. Reinnervation by the nerve to a fast muscle leads to the expression of superfast and not fast myosin, while reinnervation by the nerve to a slow muscle leads to the expression of a slow myosin. When limb muscle is transplanted into the jaw muscle bed, only limb myosins are synthesized. Thus jaw and limb muscles belong to distinct allotypes, each with a unique range of phenotype options, the expressions of which may be modulated by the nerve. Primary and secondary myotubes in developing jaw and limb muscles are observed to belong to different categories characterized by different patterns of myosin gene expression. By taking into consideration the pattern of myosins synthesized and the changes in fiber size after denervation, 3 types of primary (fast, slow, and intermediate) fibers can be distinguished in rat fast limb muscles. All primaries synthesize slow myosin soon after their formation, but this is withdrawn in fast and intermediate primaries at different times. After neonatal denervation, slow and intermediate primaries express slow primaries hypertrophy with other fibers atrophy. In the mature rat, the number of slow fibers in the EDL is less than the number of slow primaries. Upon denervation, hypertrophic slow fibers matching the number and topographic distribution of slow primaries appear, suggesting that a subpopulation of the slow primaries acquire the fast phenotype during adult life, but reveal their original identity as slow primaries in response to denervation by hypertrophying and synthesizing slow myosin. It is proposed that within each muscle allotype, the various isotypes of primary and secondary fibers are myogenically determined, and are derived from different lineage of myoblasts.
Deposition of Iron(III) Hydroxide on Aggregations of Several Proteins

We have found that deposition of the iron(III) hydroxide occurred rapidly on the aggregates of amyloid beta‐peptide (1‐40), transferrin, and albumin induced by zinc(II) chloride in the solution containing iron(III) compounds with amino acid derivatives; the deposition of iron(III) hydroxide may proceed via the coordination of nitrogen and oxygen atoms of the amino acid residues of the aggregated proteins to the iron(III) ion, implying that iron(III) compounds with amino acids or peptides in plasma, so‐called “non‐specific iron,” should be an intrinsic iron(III)‐ion carrier to induce the high level accumulation of iron(III) ions in the amyloid deposits.
Tangent points of lower content $d$-regular sets and $\beta$ numbers

We present a generalisation of C. Bishop and P. Jones' result in [BJ1], where they give a characterisation of the tangent points of a Jordan curve in terms of $\beta$ numbers. Instead of the $L^\infty$ Jones' $\beta$ numbers, we use an averaged version of them, firstly introduced by J. Azzam and R. Schul in [AS1]. A fundamental tool in the proof will be the Reifenberg parameterisation Theorem of G. David and T. Toro (see [DT1]).