Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TELEMETERING TECHNIQUES FOR PERIODICITY STUDIES

Recent advances in telemetering techniques permit new insights into the role and importance of measurement errors in periodicity studies. These errors can result in biased estimates of period, amplitude, and phase relationships of cyclic biological processes. In a manner somewhat analogous to giving eyesight to a hitherto blind person, telemetering equipment that automatically senses and records data from a group of animals greatly increases the realistically achievable possibilities for research design and data reduction in periodicity studies. This paper describes the results of several studies involving the automatic telemetering of rat temperature to illustrate these major sources of measurement error in periodicity analysis: (1) errors introduced by inaccurate calibration of measuring equipment; (2) errors introduced through physiological reactions of the organism to the measuring process itself; ( 3 ) errors resulting from too infrequent sampling and inadequate sample size. Before considering these sources of error, I shall briefly describe the telemetering equipment used in these studies. Physiological telemetering techniques are not new. There are numerous reports in the literature describing wellcalibrated single transmitter-single receiver systems, Our approach has been to use a system in which the duplicative components, such as transmitters and cages, are inexpensive in comparison to more complicated receiver and recording equipment. In this way it becomes practicable to run a single study automatically while using a statistically meaningful sample size. In addition to allowing for the simultaneous collection of data from several animals, this system has been constructed in a manner which isolates each animal within a carefully controlled environment thus reducing several important sources of measurement error. FIGURE 1 shows the radio transmitter, a disk slightly larger than a nickel, which is implanted in the animal. By a blocking oscillator principle of operation, the transmitter operates satisfactorily for over 100 days from a selfcontained hearing aid battery. When depleted, the battery can be replaced and the polyethylene case resealed. The size and shape of the transmitter permits its implantation subdermally or intraperitoneally in animals as small as the rat. The particular transmitter shown here is accurate f0.15' C. over the range of 3 0 4 2 O C. FIGURE 2 shows a rat in a circular plastic cage enclosed by a helical radio antenna. The transmitted radio signal is picked up by the antenna and carried to the receiver by coaxial cable. Twenty such cages connect to a single receiver. It can manually or automatically sample 1 cage at a time with a total capacity of 20 cages. Actual temperature at the site of the implanted transmitter is either read from the dial or is recorded by an analog pen or magnetic tape recording system. FIGURE 4 shows 20 of the circular plastic cages shown in FIGURE 2 mounted FIGURE 3 shows the receiver used in these studies.
Intraurban differentials of perinatal mortality: modeling for identifying priority areas

Abstract Objective: To analyze the intraurban spatial distribution of perinatal mortality, its avoidability, and relationship with socioeconomic indicators in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, in the period from 2013 to 2015. Method: An ecological study with data from the Information Systems on Mortality and Live Births and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, using neighborhoods as the analysis unit. We elaborated an indicator of social deprivation formed by variables from the demographic census. We estimated the Kernel density of the deaths and calculated the Moran index of the perinatal mortality coefficients in the spatial analysis. We elaborated thematic maps of avoidable perinatal mortality and social deprivation. Results: The global statistical analysis of the mortality distribution indicated evidence of spatial aggregation. Moran's index was 0.18. We found clusters of perinatal mortality in neighborhoods of the Central, North, Northwest, and South Regions. In the North, Northwest, Southwest, and South Regions we identified neighborhoods with greater social deprivation and avoidable mortality coefficients. The primary cause of death was of fetuses and newborns affected by hypertensive maternal disorders. Conclusion: We demonstrated intraurban differentials in perinatal mortality among neighborhoods. The stratification of the urban space according to the social deprivation indicator presented a relation with the perinatal mortality and its avoidability.
KODA score: an updated and validated bowel preparation scale for patients undergoing small bowel capsule endoscopy

Abstract Background and study aims A reliable outcome measure is needed for bowel preparation quality during capsule endoscopy. Currently, no scales are adequately validated. Our objective was to update an existing small bowel preparation score, create a standardized training module, then determine its inter-rater and intra-rater reliability. Patients and methods Modification to produce standardized scoring of an existing small bowel preparation score was performed followed by development of a training module and validation to create the new Korea-Canada (KODA) score. Twenty readers from a range of backgrounds, including capsule endoscopists, gastroenterology fellows, residents, medical students, and nurses rated bowel cleanliness in 25 capsule videos consisting of 1,233 images, in duplicate 4 weeks apart, after completing the training module. Sequential images selected in 5-minute intervals during small bowel transit were rated on a scale between 0–3 based on the amount of visualized mucosa and the degree of obstruction. Reliability was assessed using estimates of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results Intraclass correlation coefficients for inter-rater (ICC 0.81, 95 % CI 0.70–0.87) and intra-rater (ICC 0.92, 95 % CI 0.87–0.94) reliability were almost perfect among the 20 readers. Inter-rater reliability ranged between 0.72 (95 % CI 0.57–0.81) and 0.89 (95 % CI 0.79–0.93) for nurses and residents, respectively. Intra-rater reliability was greater than 0.90 for all groups except for nurses, which was still almost perfect (ICC 0.86, 95 % CI 0.79–0.90). Conclusions Almost perfect inter-rater and intra-rater reliability was observed for the KODA score. This simple score could be used for future clinical trials after completion of the training module.
Commonplace Books and Reading in Georgian England

1. The problem with reading: history and theory in the culture of Georgian England Part I. Origins: 2. 'Many sketches and scraps of sentiments': what is a commonplace book? 3. A very short history of commonplacing 4. Commonplacing modernity: enlightenment and the necessity of note-taking Part II. Form and Matter: 5. 'A sort of register or orderly collection of things: Locke and the organisation of wisdom 6. The importance of being epigrammatic 7. Manufacturing an encyclopaedia Part III. Readers and Reading: 8. Critical autonomy and readership 9. Dexterity and textuality: the experience of reading Part IV. Ancient and Modern: 10. Sounding the muses' lyre: rhetoric and neo-classicism 11. Invention and imitation: practising the art of composition Part V. Texts and Tastes: 12. Taming the Bard: dramatic readings 13. Commonplacing and the modern canon Part VI. Anatomising the Self: 14. The selfish narrator 15. Self-made news 16. Reading excursions: on being transported Envoi: 17. The rise of the novel and the fall of commonplacing: conjoined narratives? Bibliography Index.
Trophic interactions between benthic copepods and algal assemblages: a laboratory study

Abstract Meiofauna are potentially capable of controlling microphytobenthic biomass. Grazing by copepods in high densities has been hypothesized to lead to successional changes in algal assemblages toward less-edible algal species with consequent effects on copepod survival and growth. In our study, adult Attheyella trispinosa were offered monospecific algal films of 3 benthic diatom species and 1 benthic cyanobacterial species and algal assemblages consisting of different combinations of these species. Changes in abundances of algal species were observed over 17 d. Nauplii of A. trispinosa and Bryocamptus minutus were grown with a similar range of algal assemblages supplied as food, and their survival and development rates were measured. Feeding by A. trispinosa decreased the density of the diatom Nitzschia perminuta, whereas biomass of all other diatom species generally was unaffected by copepod feeding. The biomass of the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya foveolarum was either unaffected or slightly enhanced by copepod feeding. Nevertheless, the architecture of the algal assemblages changed. Leptolyngbya foveolarum was ingested and partly digested by the copepods, and copepods were able to develop on this diet. However, L. foveolarum alone or combined with diatoms reduced the survival and development rate of nauplii and diminished copepodid sizes of A. trispinosa and B. minutus. Our results suggest that these algal species can exert a strong effect on harpacticoid copepods. Specific effects of copepod grazing on bispecific algal assemblages were masked to a large extent by the interactions among autotrophic species. In contradiction to our hypothesis, copepods grazing on L. foveolarum altered the physiognomy of algal assemblages and promoted the persistence of (edible) diatom species otherwise overgrown by L. foveolarum of lower food quality.
Morphological alterations of zooxanthellae in bleached cnidarian hosts

Studying the morphological changes of zooxanthellae in the host gastroderm is essential to understand the mechanisms of bleaching. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe samples from four coral species - three collected from a barrier reef in Madagascar (Acropora digitifera (Dana, 1846), Echinopora hirsutissima Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1849 and Porites (Synaraea) rus Forskal, 1775)) and one cut from an aquarium-grown coral (Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) - and from the hermatypic (zooxanthellae-containing) sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella (Carlgren, 1943). Zooxanthellae from bleached animals showed different stages of degradation or disorganization. Some were free, detached from the host gastroderm, associated or not with host-cell remains. Others were vacuolated, with abundant reserve material globules and angular holes probably created by the loss of crystalline material during cutting. Experimentally heat-shocked P. damicornis harboured, moreover, a greater number of dividing algae. Bleached individuals were found to vary as regards their response to stress, and zooxanthellae expelled from heat-shocked anemones showed a greater mitotic index and a higher survival rate than algae extracted or naturally externalized from healthy individuals. We propose a combination of morphological criteria for use in diagnosing the health state of algae-cnidarian symbiosis, so vulnerable in the case of bleaching. Resume : Alterations morphologiques des zooxanthelles d'hotes cnidaires atteints par le blanchissement. L'etude des changements morphologiques s'operant au sein des zooxanthelles presentes dans le gastroderme hote est essentielle pour comprendre les mecanismes du blanchissement. Quatre especes de coraux - trois provenant d'un recif barriere a Madagascar (Acropora digitifera (Dana, 1846), Echinopora hirsutissima Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1849 et Porites (Syneraea) rus Forskal, 1775)) et une produite par bouturage en aquarium (Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)) - et l'anemone hermatypique Aiptasia pulchella (Carlgren, 1943) ont ete echantillonnees et observees au microscope electronique a transmission. Les zooxanthelles des animaux blanchis presentent differents stades de degradation ou de desorganisation. Certaines sont vacuolees, avec de nombreux globules de reserve et des trous anguleux crees par la perte de cristaux mineraux durant la coupe. Les echantillons de P. damicornis soumis a un stress thermique experimental hebergent plus d'algues en division. Dans cette etude, nous avons montre une certaine variabilite de reponse au stress parmi Cah. Biol. Mar. (2008) 49 : 215-227
Comparison of the Influence of Hyperoxia on Shortterm Performance at Low and Higher Altitudes

Clanek srovnava vliv inhalace koncentrovaneho kysliku na kratkodobý opakovaný výkon v nižině a vyssi nadmořske výsce (1 835 m n.m.). Zdrojem koncentrovaneho kysliku byl připravek Oxyfit. Probandi (n=10) absolvovali celkem ctyři testovani, ktera zahrnovala dva Wingate testy v rozmezi 10 minut. Dvě testovani se uskutecnila v nižině a dvě ve vyssi nadmořske výsce. V ramci zotavne pauzy mezi testy inhalovaly sledovane osoby Oxyfit nebo placebo (v nižině i vyssi nadmořske výsce). Výzkum prokazal signifikantně (p < 0,05) vyssi výkon u opakovaneho Wingate testu po inhalaci koncen- trovaneho kysliku ve srovnani s placebem v nižině i vyssi nadmořske výsce. Inhalace koncentrovaneho kysliku ovlivni ve větsi miře výkon ve vyssi nadmořske výsce v porovnani s nižinou.
Elephants, selective logging and forest regeneration in the Kibale Forest, Uganda

ABSTRACT The Kibale Forest, western Uganda, is the only site where studies have compared the impact of elephants on rainforest regeneration in logged and unlogged control areas. Elephants used heavily logged areas more than lightly logged and unlogged areas. Forest gaps were used more by elephants than closed-canopy areas and large gaps more than small ones. Gaps were larger in logged than unlogged forest. There were lower densities of young trees (saplings and poles) and a higher incidence of elephant damage to them in heavily logged forest than in lightly logged and unlogged sites. Elephant use of an area and damage to young trees was inversely or unrelated to the density of young trees and directly related to the density of herbaceous tangle. Heavy logging resulted in large areas of herbaceous tangle, which attracted elephants who suppressed forest regeneration by damaging young trees and perpetuating the herbaceous tangle. The tangle directly competed with regeneration of young trees while also attracting elephants and rodents (seed and seedling predators) and facilitating increased windthrow of trees. Selective browsing of young trees by elephants affected rates of regeneration, growth form and species composition. Rather than remove elephants, a more effective and humane approach to long-term management of logging is to reduce logging offtake and incidental damage caused by timber extraction.
Mathematical model of a drive system with synchronous motors and vertical pumps

The paper presents a mathematical model of an electrical load node consisting of a power transformer and synchronous motors which rotate vertical pumps using non-rigid transmission. Modified principle of Hamilton–Ostrogradsky served as the basis for construction of the model. Using the developed mathematical model of the node, electromechanical transients in the object are studied. The resultant system of dynamic state nonlinear differential equations is introduced in the normal Cauchy’s form. Computer simulation findings are displayed by means of figures; they are under ongoing analysis.
The relationship of research to total quality control with special reference to sterile insect technique 1

Research is but one of the elements of total quality control in insect mass rearing programs, but the pre‐operational research phase is usually very extensive and is likely to provide documentation and experience for virtually all of the elements of quality control. The duration of the research phases is largely program‐dependent, whereas the scope of research subject matter is generally similar from program to program. The relationship of pre‐operational research in release programs to program decision‐making and the establishment of quality control methodology is outlined in this report.
Titans of the skies: azhdarchid pterosaurs

Pterosaurs, the flying reptiles of the Mesozoic, often play second fiddle in popularity to their contemporaries, the dinosaurs. Such treatment conceals the remarkable diversity and biology of this group: not only were pterosaurs the first vertebrates to achieve powered flight, but they also existed for 160 million years—longer than any other flying vertebrates. Named after the Uzbek mythical dragon ‘azhdarkho’, the Azhdarchidae are among the most enigmatic of all pterosaurs. As with most pterosaurs, azhdarchid remains are rare, and their fossil record is largely represented by isolated bones or incomplete skeletons. Despite the collection of azhdarchid fossils over the last 100 years, recognition of these pterosaurs as a distinct group was not achieved until relatively recently. It is now clear that the azhdarchids were a highly successful group that probably first appeared in the Early Cretaceous, gradually spreading across the globe until the latest Cretaceous when they, as one of the last remaining groups of pterosaurs, became extinct. Although most notable for achieving wingspans comparable with light aircraft, other aspects of azhdarchid morphology and ecology make them not just aberrant animals but also unusual pterosaurs.
EFFECT OF THIAMETHOXAM AND EMAMECTIN BENZOATE ON HEMATOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN FEMALE RATS

The oral toxicity of both insecticides: the neonicotinoid Thiamethoxam (TMX) and the avermectin Emamectin Benzoate (EB) was conducted daily in female rats with doses of 25, 50, 100 mg/kg/body weight (bw) for TMX and 1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/kg bw for EB for 90 successive days. Significant decrease in the body weight gain and food consumption was observed at highest dose (100 mg/kg bw) of TMX and (5 mg/kg/ bw) of EB and at necropsy the relative body weights of liver and kidney was also significantly increased at this dose level. There were no significant changes in hematological parameters for TMX, while the high dose of EB significantly decreased in all the investigated hematological parameters. In clinical chemistry parameters a significant increase (p < 0.05) was noted in serum AST, ALT, ALP and BUN in animals exposed to 100 mg/kg bw dose of TMX and 5 mg/kg bw of EB. On the other hand, at the same levels there was a dose-depended significant decrease in serum total protein and albumin. Oral administration of TMX and EB to female rats for 90 days resulted in 16–30% and 15–26% inhibition of serum cholinesterase (ChE) activity, respectively. Liver and kidney of rats exposed with high dose of TMX and EB had showed mild pathological changes. Based on the hematological, biochemical and histpathological studies it is evident that TMX and EB has not produced any significant effects at 20 and 1.25 mg/kg bw doses respectively but induced toxicological effects at 100 mg/kg bw for TMX and 5 mg/kg bw for EB to female rats. Hence, 25 mg/kg bw/day for TMX and 1.25 mg/kg bw/day for EB dose may be considered as No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) for female rats for both insecticides respectively.
Growth, meat yield, and economic responses of broilers provided three- and four-phase schedules formulated to moderate and high nutrient density during a fifty-six-day production period

Abstract This study examined growth responses and meat yield of broilers provided a 3- or 4-phase feeding schedule formulated to moderate or high nutrient density. Four dietary treatments were implemented consisting of high or moderate nutrient density diets that were provided for the duration of 3 phases (1 to 17, 18 to 35, and 36 to 56 d) or 4 phases (1 to 17, 18 to 35, 36 to 46, and 47 to 56 d). Provision of a 3-phase schedule did not alter growth performance, meat yield, or diet cost per final BW. Broilers receiving high nutrient diets had improved growth rate and feed conversion from 1 to 35 d. In the 3-phase schedule, birds given the high nutrient density diets had advantages in BW gain and pectoralis minor breast weight. Market changes in meat prices impact differences in gross feeding margins between diets formulated to high or moderate nutrient density more than variation in diet cost.
Dolly mixtures: retrospect and prospects for animal and human cloning.

The recent controversy over Dolly the cloned sheep has shocked many people unfamiliar with the 40-year history of animal cloning by nuclear transfer. This background is briefly reviewed to provide a context for assessing the true novelty of Dolly and her colleagues. Likely uses of this technology in animal systems are surveyed, and possible future applications to humans are outlined. Some of the ethical and theological issues raised by this development are discussed in the final sections. A knee-jerk ban on cloning research is inappropriate, but a moratorium on work towards human cloning is essential to allow proper assessment of the complex ethical and safety issues involved. Much of the discussion to date has dealt in soundbites and polemic; a more considered reappraisal is presented here.
Reality check: a reply to Smith

Sir, Smith (2013) argued that Rindal and Brower’s (2011, hereafter RB) meta-analysis showing that phylogenetic analyses performed using parsimony (MP) and model-based methods almost always produce similar results is based on a “heavily biased” sample, and that when relationships among “higher taxa” are examined, parsimony “deviates from biological reality”. Here we explore the legitimacy of these claims.
Systematics and Glacial Population History of the Alternifolium Group of the Flowering Plant Genus Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae)

vii Chapter One: INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter Two: CHRYSOSPLENIUM 17 PHYLOGENY Chapter Three: CHRYSOSPLENIUM 31 IOWENSE ISSR STUDY Chapter Four: CHRYSOSPLENIUM 57 TETRANDRUM ISSR STUDY Chapter Five: COMPARATIVE 89 STUDY OF GENE STATISTIC ESTIMATION METHODS List of References 123 Appendix LIST OF SPECIMENS 152
Association of years to parent's sporadic onset and risk factors with neural integrity and Alzheimer biomarkers

Objective To evaluate the hypothesis that proximity to parental age at onset (AAO) in sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) is associated with greater AD and neural injury biomarker alterations during midlife and to assess the role of nonmodifiable and modifiable factors. Methods This observational study included 290 cognitively unimpaired (CU) participants with a family history (FH) of clinically diagnosed sporadic AD (age 49–73 years) from the Alzheimer's and Families (ALFA) study. [18F]flutemetamol-PET standardized uptake value ratios, CSF β-amyloid42/40 ratio, and phosphorylated tau were used as AD biomarkers. Hippocampal volumes and CSF total tau were used as neural injury biomarkers. Mental and vascular health proxies were calculated. In multiple regression models, we assessed the effect of proximity to parental AAO and its interaction with age on AD and neural injury biomarkers. Then, we evaluated the effects of FH load (number of parents affected), sex, APOE ε4, education, and vascular and mental health. Results Proximity to parental AAO was associated with β-amyloid, but not with neural injury biomarkers, and interacted with sex and age, showing that women and older participants had increased β-amyloid. FH load and APOE ε4 showed independent contributions to β-amyloid load. Education and vascular and mental health proxies were not associated with AD biomarkers. However, lower mental health proxies were associated with decreased hippocampal volumes with age. Conclusion The identification of the earliest biomarker changes and modifiable factors to be targeted in early interventions is crucial for AD prevention. Proximity to parental AAO may offer a timeline for detection of incipient β-amyloid changes in women. In risk-enriched middle-aged cohorts, mental health may be a target for early interventions. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02485730. Classification of evidence This study provides Class II evidence that in CU adults with FH of sporadic AD, proximity to parental AAO was associated with β-amyloid but not with neural injury biomarkers.