Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Control in L2 English and Spanish: More on grammar at the syntax-semantic interface

In this paper we investigate the acquisition of control in second language (L2) English and Spanish by adult native speakers of Spanish and English by means of a bidirectional experimental study which contrasts different control structures according to the type of controlled clause (complement vs. adjunct control structures) and the type of control (obligatory vs. non-obligatory control). Our results will show that our experimental subjects transfer their L1-knowledge when interpreting and producing control structures, and learn language-specific rules. The term "control" refers to a relation of referential dependence that appears in complex structures that contain non-finite embedded clauses. The unexpressed subject (or controlled element) of the embedded clause typically corefers with an expressed or unexpressed constituent (or controller) of the matrix clause as shown
Use of Electrically Heated Metal Catalytic Converter in Cold Starting To Reduce Automotive Emissions

The environmental degradation all over the world has led the researchers to work towards the development of Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) and Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV). Automobile vehicles emit substantial quantities of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter. These pollutants have significant adverse health effects and deteriorate environmental quality. To address the serious pollution problems posed by vehicles, growing number of countries worldwide? Catalytic converters have implemented that in motor vehicle pollution control programs aimed substantially reducing harmful emissions from spark ignited vehicles. Catalytic exhaust controls have been developed as a result of these regulations and are generally recognized to be the most cost—effective way to meet stringent emission standards. The catalytic converter does a great job at reducing the pollution, but it can still be improved substantially. One of its biggest shortcomings is that it only works at a fairly high temperature. When car start at cold, the catalytic converter does almost nothing to reduce the pollution from exhaust. Preheating the catalytic converter is a good way to reduce emissions. The easiest way to preheat the converter is to use electric resistance heaters. The electrical systems on most cars provide enough energy or power to heat the catalytic converter fast enough. So, in this research the main converter remains its usual position, whereas the heated catalyst is placed close to the exhaust manifold. The EHMC quickly reaches high temperature levels due to the heat supply from external source, sensible heat of the exhaust and the heat generated by the exothermic oxidation. This in turn helps the faster light off of the main converter.
Demand for M2 in Developing Countries: An Empirical Panel Investigation: Discussion Paper No. 149

A significant body of literature on developed countries support the view that disequilibrium in the money market can affect the future output gap and/or inflation. This paper examines the major determinants of the demand for real money balances in eight developing countries for which consistent annual time series data are available. Pooling cross-country and time series data for the 1979-1999 period and employing the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) estimation technique, this paper models a standard money demand function. Various country-specific coefficients are allowed to capture inter-country heterogeneities. Consistent with theoretical postulates, this paper finds that the demand for money positively responds to an increase in real income and negatively to a rise in the interest rate spread, the rate of inflation and the US long-term interest rate. This study supports the hypothesis that disequilibrium in the money market can exacerbate inflation and widen the output gap.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Catalytic Property of A Zn(II) Complex with 5-Bromosalicylaldehyde Ligand

The study on catalytic activity of complex materials has been one of the hot spots in coordination chemistry. In order to extensively study the catalytic activity of complexes, a new six-coordination Zn(II) complex material, [ZnL 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] (C1) (HL = 5-bromosalicylaldehyde), has been prepared with 5-bromosalicylaldehyde, NaOH, and Zn(CH 3 COO) 2 ·2H 2 O as raw materials. The structure of C1 was determined by elemental analysis, IR spectra, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The Zn(II) complex shows a moderate catalytic activity for A 3 coupling reaction of benzaldehyde, piperidine, and phenylacetylene with the benzaldehyde conversion reached 54.6 %. Furthermore, the Zn(II) complex catalyst exhibited 54.8 %, 53.8 %, and 54.4 % conversions of benzaldehyde in the second, third, and fourth cycles, respectively. In addition, the Zn(II) complex features a selectivity of 100 % to the product of propargylamine for the A 3 coupling reaction. Copyright © 2017 BCREC Group. All rights reserved Received: 25 th December 2016; Revised: 10 th March 2017; Accepted: 10 th March 2017 ; Available online: 273 th October 2017; Published regularly : December 2017 How to Cite : Tai, X.S. , Li, P.F. , Wang, X. , Liu, L.L. (2017). Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Catalytic Property of A Zn(II) Complex with 5-Bromosalicylaldehyde Ligand. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis , 12(3): 364-369 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.12.3.876.364-369)
A Power-Efficient FFT Preprocessing Algorithm Utilizing Analysis Filter Bank

With the development of high-speed sampling and real-time signal processing technologies, the power consumption for implementing large-point FFT operations is drastically increasing in application systems. This paper presents an FFT preprocessing algorithm based on a multi-channel analysis filter bank, which is implemented by an efficient multi-phase parallel structure. The operating frequency is reduced to fs M for each constituent channel, while the spectrum width and the resolution are maintained. Meanwhile, the valid frequency point can be correctly identified and the resulting error is controlled below -30dB. Compared with the two-dimensional FFT algorithm, the power consumption accelerating factor can reach 2.4~4 by utilizing 4-channel analysis filter bank.
Microwave assisted synthesis of 3-(Tetrahydro-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)-2-aryl/heteroaryl-4H-chromonesand their biological importance

This research communication is toward the investigation of microwave synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-(tetrahydro-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)-2-aryl/heteroaryl-4H-chromones (3-O-􀈕-Dglucopyranosyloxyflavones). These compounds have been obtained by the interaction of α-acetobromoglucose with 3- hydroxy-2-aryl/heteroaryl-4H-chromones under microwave condition. The structures of these newly synthesized 3-O- 􀈕-D-glucopyranosides were established on the basis of chemical, elemental, and spectral analyses. Further, All compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. The inhibition caused by 3-hydroxy flavones was relatively low whereas that of its 3-O-􀈕-D-glucopyranosides analogues was substantially more
Precautionary Saving in Europe

The main aim of this paper is to find out whether European households show precautionary saving behaviour due to labour uncertainty. Motivated by the increased labour uncertainty during the Great Recession (2007-2009) and its aftermath, Carroll, Slacelek & Sommer (2012), as well as Mody, Ohnsorge & Sandri (2012) already showed the existence of precautionary saving following from labour uncertainty at a macro-economic level for respectively the US and OECD countries. My main results, which stem from applying various regression specifications, estimators and time samples, show that precautionary saving following from labour uncertainty was present between 1980 and 2009. However, I find evidence that the importance of precautionary saving due to labour uncertainty has diminished after 2009. Hence, I claim that the precautionary saving behaviour of European households following from labour uncertainty might not be as influential as indicated by Mody et al. (2012). With the help of a second dataset including a longer time period, I show that whether I measure precautionary saving or not depends on the variables, type of estimator and specific time sample I use. This casts doubts on general claims about aggregate precautionary household saving that have been made in previous studies.
Ammonia production, ammonia absorption,and urea recycling in ruminants. A review

Relevant research on ammonia production, ammonia absorption, and urea recycling in ruminants was reviewed. Ammonia production and utilization in the rumen and post-ruminal digestive tracts are described in detail. Absorption of ammonia into portal-drained viscera, ammonia detoxifi cation and urea synthesis in the liver, and urea degradation in the gastrointestinal tract are then discussed. The factors of affecting urea recycling and its pathways are also analysed. Suggested future research should focus on urea recycling dynamics and improvement of protein conversion effi ciency, and on the development of an integrated mechanistic model to describe the digestion and metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds in ruminants fed practical diets.
Closed-Form Optimal Strategies of Continuous-Time Options with Stochastic Differential Equations

A continuous-time portfolio selection with options based on risk aversion utility function in financial market is studied. The different price between sale and purchase of options is introduced in this paper. The optimal investment-consumption problem is formulated as a continuous-time mathematical model with stochastic differential equations. The prices processes follow jumpdiffusion processes (Weiner process and Poisson process). Then the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation of the problem is represented and its solution is obtained in different conditions. The above results are applied to a special case under a Hyperbolic Absolute Risk Aversion (HARA) utility function.The optimal investment-consumption strategies about HARA utility function are also derived. Finally, an example and some discussions illustrating these results are also presented.
Cointegration and Structural Change in the Exports-Gdp Nexus: The Case of Iran, 1960-2003

This paper examines the major sources of economic growth in Iran using annual time series data (1960 to 2003). The time series properties of the data are analysed by Perron’s innovational outlier and additive outlier models. The empirical results based these models show that there is not enough evidence against the null hypothesis of unit root for all of the variables under investigation. Moreover, we found that the most significant structural breaks over the last four decades which have been detected endogenously in fact correspond to the regime change (e.g the 1979 Islamic revolution) and the Iraqi war in the 1980s. Finally, an ARDL methodology is employed to obtain the short and long-term determinants of economic growth. The results show that while the effects of gross capital formation and oil exports are highly significant, as expected, non-oil exports and human capital have an even smaller effect than had been anticipated.
Predicting Component Failures Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation

Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is a statistical topic model that has been widely used to abstract semantic information from software source code. Failure refers to an observable error in the program behavior. This work investigates whether semantic information and failures recorded in the history can be used to predict component failures. We use LDA to abstract topics from source code and a new metric (topic failure density) is proposed by mapping failures to these topics. Exploring the basic information of topics from neighboring versions of a system, we obtain a similarity matrix. Multiply the Topic Failure Density (TFD) by the similarity matrix to get the TFD of the next version. The prediction results achieve an average 77.8% agreement with the real failures by considering the top 3 and last 3 components descending ordered by the number of failures. We use the Spearman coefficient to measure the statistical correlation between the actual and estimated failure rate. The validation results range from 0.5342 to 0.8337 which beats the similar method. It suggests that our predictor based on similarity of topics does a fine job of component failure prediction.
Lasing in the photonic crystal

In this paper we describe the lasing in a 1D photonic crystal containing gain layers. It is shown that the lasing threshold can be determined by linear (negative loss) approximation. Connecting the onset of lasing with the passage of the transfer function pole into the upper half-plane of the complex frequency, we show that (i) if the pump frequency lies in a pass band then an increase in the number N of elementary cells will sooner or later lead to lasing; (ii) if the frequency of the pump lies in the band gap, then lasing at band gap frequencies may occur in a sample with a low N, lasing will be suppressed by a further increase in N.
One Percent Determination of the Primordial Deuterium Abundance

We report a reanalysis of a near-pristine absorption system, located at a redshift toward the quasar Q1243+307, based on the combination of archival and new data obtained with the HIRES echelle spectrograph on the Keck telescope. This absorption system, which has an oxygen abundance [O/H] = −2.769 ± 0.028 (≃1/600 of the solar abundance), is among the lowest metallicity systems currently known where a precise measurement of the deuterium abundance is afforded. Our detailed analysis of this system concludes, on the basis of eight D i absorption lines, that the deuterium abundance of this gas cloud is , which is in very good agreement with the results previously reported by Kirkman et al., but with an improvement on the precision of this single measurement by a factor of ∼3.5. Combining this new estimate with our previous sample of six high precision and homogeneously analyzed D/H measurements, we deduce that the primordial deuterium abundance is or, expressed as a linear quantity, this value corresponds to a one percent determination of the primordial deuterium abundance. Combining our result with a big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) calculation that uses the latest nuclear physics input, we find that the baryon density derived from BBN agrees to within 2σ of the latest results from the Planck cosmic microwave background data.
"IMPLEMENTED ENCRYPTION SCHEME USING EVEN(10'S AND 2'S) COMPLEMENT WITH BINARY ADDITION APPROACH"

This paper we propose new methods for encryption by considering basic theory of unbreakable one time pad. Network security is often an unpopular subject it is unhandy, restricts what we can and cannot do, and offers no immediate payoff or reward. Its implementers may ultimately get a pat on the back, but only after disaster strikes. More frequently, security policies and the people who implement them are cursed. Nonetheless, security is absolutely essential to a network survival. It is important a company-wide security plan that takes into account the needs of every location, every department, and every machine and user within the enterprise, regardless of what type of system they may be using. In these articles we try to verify how implemented one time security encryption scheme is more lucid, effective, however it is more difficult in nature of attacker life point of view. Here in this experimental analysis, we combined different and various approaches of even complements for setting proper (one time pad) unbreakable encryption scheme for effective performance and proper security benefit.
A Theory of Wage Adjustment Under Loss Aversion

We present a new theory of wage adjustment, based on worker loss aversion. In line with prospect theory, the workers’ perceived utility losses from wage decreases are weighted more heavily than the perceived utility gains from wage increases of equal magnitude. Wage changes are evaluated relative to an endogenous reference wage, which depends on the workers’ rational wage expectations from the recent past. By implication, employment responses are more elastic for wage decreases than for wage increases and thus firms face an upward-sloping labor supply curve that is convexly kinked at the workers’ reference price. Firms adjust wages flexibly in response to variations in labor demand. The resulting theory of wage adjustment is starkly at variance with past theories. In line with the empirical evidence, we find that (1) wages are completely rigid in response to small labor demand shocks, (2) wages are downward rigid but upward flexible for medium sized labor demand shocks, and (3) wages are relatively downward sluggish for large shocks.
Tele-Monitoring for Medical Diagnosis Availability

As modern world evolves, so does the technique, economy, the life style, and unfortunately, the diseases; therefore, nowadays mainly due to stress, pollution and rush life style we confront with a new medical problem: the diagnosis of multiple diseases and the diagnosis of mutant diseases. In an optimistic case, doctors are confronted with patients who suffer from one disease and the diagnosis tries to find the cause and the most adequate treatment (Cacioppo & Tassinary, 1990), (Lyons, Budynek, & Akamatsu, 1999). This approach give birth to classic diagnosis, e.g. to ordered tables or lists well known in medicine as well as in medical informatics that make a correspondence between symptoms and disease (Ekman, Levenson, & Friesen, 1983), (Ekman, Friesen, & Ellsworth, 1972), (Posner, Russell, & Peterson, 2005). In our view this is only the starting point for developing a new way for applying computational modeling techniques in medical diagnosis procedure. This is explained by the fact that while in the above mentioned rule-based systems deterministic models are considered (e.g. there are facts determined by certain factors), our approach deals with dependent probabilities of medical symptoms, signs and tests, and therefore we model the diagnosis procedure with Markov chains. Basically, the doctors` expertise based on clinical symptoms, physical examination and laboratory results are the foundation for a correct diagnosis and treatment procedure for the patients. In order to optimize this complex process and to help performing correct computational modeling diagnosis our paper focuses on built-in diagnosis procedure (Picard, Vyzas, & Healy, 2001), (Groshan, 2012). This chapter is organized as follows: section 2 presents our tele-monitoring framework diagnosis approach, section 3 deals with Markov models for performing built-in diagnosis, section 4 illustrates our approach by an example and section 5 concludes the present work and gives a few directions for future research in the area.
The NAIRU and the Extent of the Low-Pay Sector

The creation of jobs in the low-pay sector is considered to be an approach to reduce unemployment, especially with respect to low-skilled workers. By now, the expansion of the German low-wage sector over the last 15 years is empirically confirmed, which indicates a successful implementation of corresponding recommendations from policy advisers. In order to evaluate the effects of an increasing low-wage sector on unemployment, the concept of the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is used. In a first step, the unobservable, exogenous NAIRU is estimated for Germany in a state space setting. In a second step, data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) is used to calculate a time series of the extent of the low-pay sector. Finally, by treating the NAIRU as the dependent variable, the impact of the low-wage share is estimated within an error correction framework. According to the proponents of the low-pay expansion, there should be a negative relationship between the NAIRU and the share of the low-wage sector. This hypothesis is rejected empirically. Indeed, for the time after the German reunification, cointegration is found between both variables suggesting a slightly positive relationship.
Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms and Viral Infections

In 2014, over 119,000 solid organ transplants were performed worldwide, whereas, more than 30,000 were performed in the United States alone in 2015. Renal transplants were the most common transplant among all solid organ transplants. Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in renal transplant and second leading cause of death in patients with allograft function. Many opportunistic pathogens have been reported in renal transplant recipients including bacterial and fungal organisms, and viruses, among these, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and BK virus are prominent. CMV infection is the most common opportunistic infection occurs in 8% of renal transplant recipients. Individual’s exposure to the virus amount and the virus’s replication dynamics, presence of other viral or bacterial infections are the factors contributes to the development of CMV infection. On the other hand, cytokines play an important role in the reactivation and pathogenesis of CMV infection and CMV disease. Polymorphisms of cytokine gene were found to be associated with the individual susceptibility and outcome of CMV infection. The major goal of preventing CMV infection is to reduce the incidence of CMV disease and the indirect effects associated with viral replication. Exploration of the role of cytokine gene polymorphisms is paramount for researchers and healthcare providers to improve health outcomes in patients especially with renal transplants and in patients with other disease conditions.
Harmonic analysis of precipitation, pressure and temperature over Turkey

Monthly averages of temperature, precipitation and pressure values from ground-based measurements for long-term data observed in different geographical regions in Turkey have been investigated. The main purpose of this study is to define the role of small- and large-scale phenomena (local and synoptic fluctuations) on precipitation, pressure and temperature variations and their periods. Hence, the Fourier transformation analysis of the monthly average value of meteorological parameters has been considered, and phase angles and amplitudes have been calculated. The first-order harmonics of temperature, precipitation and pressure values show large-scale effects, while higher-order harmonics show the effects of small-scale variations. The variations of first–sixth-order harmonic amplitudes and phases provide a useful means of understanding the large- and local-scale effects on meteorological parameters. The phase angle can be used to determine the time of the year when the maximum or minimum of a given harmonic occurs. The analysis helps us distinguish different precipitation, pressure and temperature regimes and transition regions. Local- and large-scale phenomena and some unusual seasonal patterns are also defined. This analysis also shows strong annual variations of precipitation in the Southern and Western part of Anatolia and that strong semi-annual fluctuations are predominant in the eastern part of Turkey. Strong annual influence on pressure variations is mostly observed in the coastal part of Turkey. The dominance of the first three harmonics of pressure is smaller over most of the terrestrial stations. Temperature variations are mostly influenced by the annual fluctuations in eastern and south-eastern Anatolia. The urban heat Island caused by developing metropolitan areas refers to local warming effects and heat islands. The local effects are observed in the western part of Turkey.