Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using a Nutrition Assessment to Determine a Nutrition Prescription

Correspondence to Amy E. Peterson, MS, RD, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215. Reprint requests to The Diabetes Educator, 367 West Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60610. Nutrition therapy is an essential and integral part of diabetes management, and one of the most challenging and frustrating aspects for both patients and health professionals. ’ I The American Diabetes Association issued Nutr-ition Recommendations and Principles for People with Diabetes Mellitus’ in 1994, which helped to change the concept of managing diabetes from using a stan-
Micrometer Wire Assisted Inline Mach–Zehnder Interferometric Curvature Sensor

A highly sensitive curvature sensor based on the inline Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) adjoined with a micrometer wire taper is realized using all single mode fiber (SMF). Experimental results suggest that the addition of the SMF micrometer wire with MZI reduces the period of the interference pattern from 39.27 to 1.76 nm and increases the amplitude sensitivity by twofold. The sensitivity of the proposed sensor is -11.92 dB/m-1 and has a resolution of 8.4×10-5 m-1 in the curvature range of 0-1 m-1. The sensing setup is highly stable and shows negligible hysteresis. The proposed sensor shows the negligible temperature sensitivity less than 0.0008 dB/°C. All the SMF structure and intensity-based interrogation method makes the sensor an economical alternative to the existing curvature sensors.
Recycling endosomes

The endocytic and exocytic system is important for cells to communicate with their surroundings. For instance, endocytosis allows the regulated internalisation of receptors (which can be ligand bound or not) into peripheral early endosomes and can thus modulate responses to external stimuli. Internalised molecules can be degraded after entering the late-endosomal/lysosomal pathway or be recycled to the cell surface (Maxfield and McGraw, 2004). Recycling to the cell surface can occur directly from peripheral early endosomes. However, many cells display a distinct subpopulation of endosomes that have a slightly higher pH of ~6.4 and also recycle membrane components. These are typically located deeper in the cell and centered around the microtubule-organising centre (MTOC) (Perret et al., 2005). These socalled recycling endosomes (REs) display a heterogeneous tubular-vesicular morphology, which suggests dynamic and intense trafficking activity, and connect the endocytic pathway to the exocytic pathway (Ang et al., 2004; Lock and Stow, 2005; Murray et al., 2005).
Neurite outgrowth from bipolar and horizontal cells after experimental retinal detachment.

PURPOSE To study the responses of horizontal cells and rod bipolar cells, the second-order neurons in the retina, to the degeneration induced by experimental retinal detachment. METHODS Retinas from the eyes of domestic cats were examined 1, 3, 7, and 28 days after detachment using immunocytochemical and electron microscopic analyses. Retinal sections were labeled with antibodies to synaptophysin, calbindin D, and protein kinase C (PKC), proteins that serve as markers for synaptic terminals, horizontal cells, and rod bipolar cells, respectively. RESULTS Beginning 1 day after detachment, the outer plexiform layer becomes disorganized and synaptophysin-labeled photoreceptor terminals are detected among the cell bodies of photoreceptors in the outer nuclear layer (ONL). At the same time, horizontal and rod bipolar cell processes grow into the ONL. In some cases, these processes contact photoreceptor terminals that have withdrawn deep into the ONL. Double-labeling experiments with antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (Müller cell labeling) and phosphodiesterase gamma (cone labeling) demonstrate that the calbindin D- and PKC-positive neurite outgrowths are not derived from either Müller cells or cone photoreceptors. CONCLUSIONS Horizontal and rod bipolar cell processes lengthen after retinal detachment, perhaps in response to a withdrawal of their presynaptic targets, the photoreceptor synaptic terminals. This apparent attempt to maintain synaptic contact after injury demonstrates a plasticity in the adult retina that may be of importance for the recovery of vision in human patients.
Function-Based Test Generation for (Non-Robust) Path Delay Faults Using the Launch-off-Capture Scan Architecture

Non-robust tests for path delay faults (PDFs) have gained importance in industry as a high percentage of PDFs are non-robustly testable in comparison to robustly testable PDFs. In this paper we present a novel function-based method to generate test patterns for the non-robust testable PDFs under the launch-off-capture (LOC) scan architecture. In contrast to a recently proposed function-based method (Flanigan, 2007) which generates LOC tests for the robustly testable paths, the proposed approach presents a new framework which simplifies the test functions and has simpler algorithms for LOC test generation. Experimental results show that the proposed method has less space and time complexity when compared to (Flanigan, 2007), and is scalable to path intensive designs
Properties of motor units of the frog sartorius muscle.

1. The mechanical properties of single motor units in the sartorius muscle of the frog Litoria aurea were examined during single shock and repetitive stimulation of motor axons. 2. The tetanic tension developed by motor units lay in the range 1‐40% of whole muscle tension with two peaks in the distribution, in the range 5‐10% and 25‐30%. The large units had briefer times‐to‐peak for the twitch than the small units and were more readily fatigued during prolonged repetitive stimulation. 3. Histological examination of the muscle gave a count of 620 muscle fibres with a diameter range of 28‐128 mum. Cholinesterase stained preparations showed that the majority of muscle fibres had several nerve terminals (mean 3, range 1‐5). 4. Muscle fibres received their multiple innervation from different axons (polyneuronal) or branches of the same axon (multiterminal). The presence of polyneuronal innervation of muscle fibres was confirmed by a comparison of the tensions when each of a pair of motor units was stimulated alone and when they were stimulated together. The tension excess, or overlap, was up to 60% when expressed in terms of the tension developed by either unit alone. Motor units developing similar amounts of tension tended to show more overlap in their innervation than units with very different tensions. 5. An estimate of the amount of multiterminal innervation gave variable results but could account for up to 60% of a motor unit's tension. No correlation could be detected between the values for multiterminal innervation and any other measured parameter. However, it is argued that because of the limitations of the measurements the existence of a relationship between the extent of multiterminal or polyneuronal innervation and the mechanical properties of the motor unit cannot be excluded.
Optimal control of multi-axis robotic system using Particle Swarm Optimization

Optimization is a mathematical technique that concerns the finding of maxima or minima of functions in some feasible region. There is no business or industry which is not involved in solving optimization problems. A variety of optimization techniques compete for the best solution. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a relatively new, modern and powerful method of optimization that has been empirically shown to perform well on many of these optimization problems. This paper presents an application of `Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)' for tuning the parameters of PID controller to achieve system stability. Here the system is two axis robotic arm. PSO algorithm will search for best possible PID controller parameters within its three dimension space of Kp, Ki, Kd. Optimization of peak overshoot (Mp) and settling time (ts) is achieved by using a multi-purpose performance criterion (MPPC). The system is stabilized by minimizing the performance criterion. This paper presents simulation results using MATLAB Simulink to demonstrate tuning of PID controller using PSO along with MPPC gives minimum Mp and ts.
Bone Regeneration and Repair: Current and Future Aspects

Bone regeneration is a complex, well-orchestrated physiological process of bone formation, which can be seen during normal fracture healing, and is involved in continuous remodelling throughout adult life. However, there are complex clinical conditions in which bone regeneration is required in large quantity, such as for skeletal reconstruction of large bone defects created by trauma, infection, tumour resection and skeletal abnormalities, or cases in which the regenerative process is compromised, including avascular necrosis, atrophic non-unions and osteoporosis. Further understanding in this area could be the key to an improved and integrated strategy for skeletal repair. In the future, control of bone regeneration with strategies that mimic the normal cascade of bone formation will offer successful management of conditions requiring enhancement of bone regeneration, and reduce their morbidity and cost in the long term. Research is ongoing within all relevant fields, and it is hoped that many bone disease processes secondary to tra uma, bone resection due to ablative surgery, ageing, and metabolic or genetic skeletal disorders will be successfully treated with novel bone-regeneration protocols that may address both local and systemic enhancement to optimize outcome.
Buccal Bone Plate in the Immediately Placed and Restored Maxillary Single Implant: A 7-Year Retrospective Study Using Computed Tomography

Aim: The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the long-term buccal bone plate changes in cases of single implants in the maxillary aesthetic area placed and restored immediately after extraction. Material and Methods: A private practice's database was reviewed to find patients who had a standard computed tomography (CT) scan taken no more than 24 hours after insertion of a single, immediately restored, postextractive implant in the anterior maxilla. After a minimum period of 7 years, a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed. Buccal bone plate measurements were performed on CT and CBCT Dicom images and in vivo records. Results: Two thousand nine hundred eighty patient records were scanned. Sixteen of them met the primary inclusion criteria. Three CTs were excluded because of poor imaging. Thirteen patients were then eligible to be recalled and 12 of them agreed to a follow-up. One implant failed due to severe periimplantitis. The resulting 11 patients were scanned by CBCT. Vertical mean resorption of 0.5 mm at buccal aspect and an average of 0.9-mm thick buccal bone plate was revealed. In 2 patients (18.18%), the bone peak resorbed under the level of the implant shoulder. Conclusion: The buccal bone plate of single implants placed and restored immediately after tooth extraction in the maxillary aesthetic areas was subjected to a moderate vertical and horizontal reabsorption 7 years after surgery. If a careful selection of the patient and strict clinical protocol are observed, the immediate placement of a single implant in a fresh extraction socket and its immediate restoration do not compromise the preservation of the buccal bone plate.
Epidemiologie der Multiplen Sklerose – Eine populationsbasierte deutschlandweite Studie

Hintergrund: Die Multiple Sklerose (MS) ist die haufigste Autoimmunerkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems. Fur Deutschland wurde die Diagnosepravalenz in der ambulanten und stationaren Versorgung im Jahr 2010 auf 0,3 % beziffert. Bis dato liegen keine aktuelleren Pravalenzdaten vor. Schatzungen fur die Anzahl jahrlicher Neuerkrankungen in den deutschen Regionen fehlen bisher vollig. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war die Analyse der aktuellen Entwicklung der MS-Pravalenz in Deutschland uber die Jahre 2009 bis 2015 und die Schatzung der kumulativen Inzidenz fur das Jahr 2015. Dabei lag ein Schwerpunkt auf der Untersuchung regionaler Unterschiede der MS-Erkrankungslast. Methodik: Die jahrliche Diagnosepravalenz der MS wurde auf Basis deutschlandweiter, krankenkassenubergreifender Daten der vertragsarztlichen Versorgung fur die Jahre 2009 bis 2015 als der Versichertenanteil bestimmt, der in mindestens einem Quartal des jeweiligen Berichtsjahres eine und innerhalb eines Zeitraums von drei Folgequartalen eine weitere gesicherte MS-Diagnose (ICD-10-GM: G35.-) aufwies. Die kumulative Inzidenz wurde fur das Jahr 2015 geschatzt. Versicherte galten als inzidente Erkrankungsfalle, insofern sie nach einem MS-diagnosefreien Vorbeobachtungszeitraum von mindestens drei Jahren (2012-2014) die Falldefinition erstmalig in 2015 erfullten. Ergebnisse/Schlussfolgerung: Die alters- und geschlechtsstandardisierte MS-Diagnosepravalenz in Deutschland stieg im Studienverlauf kontinuierlich von 0,247 % (2009) auf 0,318 % (2015) an (+29 %). Frauen waren in allen Jahren nahezu 2,5-mal haufiger betroffen als Manner. Die hochste Pravalenz fand sich fur beide Geschlechter und in allen Jahren in der Altersgruppe 45-54 Jahre. Die geschatzte kumulative Inzidenz bezifferte sich auf 18 Neuerkrankungen pro 100.000 Versicherte und ubertraf damit deutlich Schatzer aus einzelnen regionalen deutschen Studien. Pravalenz und Inzidenz waren raumlich sehr heterogen verteilt, mit einer relativ hohen Erkrankungslast in Nordwestdeutschland und einem deutlichen West-Ost-Gefalle. Stetige Zunahmen der Diagnosepravalenz in sieben Beobachtungsjahren unterstreichen eine kontinuierlich wachsende Bedeutung der Multiplen Sklerose im ambulanten Versorgungssetting in Deutschland. Die hier beobachtete regional variierende MS-Erkrankungslast sollte als Anlass fur epidemiologische Primarstudien zu raumlich heterogen verteilten MS-Risikofaktoren genommen werden.
Expression of drug pathway proteins is independent of tumour type

Current clinicopathological staging systems have the advantage of standardized criteria for assessing tumour stage, and a relationship between advancing tumour stage and poor prognosis has been established for most cancers. However, these tools have not led to clear criteria for therapy selection in individual patients. Indeed, the concept of therapy based on anatomical location seems quaint. Therefore, a representative drug pathway (irinotecan) was evaluated across common tumour types to test the hypothesis that pharmacological proteins are expressed independent of anatomical location. Many enzymes are involved in controlling the disposition of irinotecan, including the cellular target (TOP1), metabolism enzymes (CES2, UGT1A1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5), and cellular transporters of the anti‐cancer agent (ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCC3, ABCC5, ABCG2). These 11 proteins were evaluated in tissue microarrays containing colon, breast, prostate, ovary, and lung cancers; brain tumours; melanoma; lymphoma; and selected normal tissues. A total of 255 tumours and 37 normal tissue samples were evaluable for all proteins. Linear discriminant analysis designed to predict the tissue type from the protein expression levels revealed a 49.6% misclassification rate, indicating that protein expression of this drug pathway is not associated with tissue type. Cluster analysis identified a variety of tumours with the same pharmacological profile. The anatomy independence of drug pathways stimulates efforts to move away from our traditional approaches to the selection of cancer therapy. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CD28‐mediated costimulation impacts on the differentiation of DC vaccination‐induced T cell responses

Costimulatory signals such as the ones elicited by CD28/B7 receptor ligation are essential for efficient T cell activation but their role in anti‐tumour immune responses remains controversial. In the present study we compared the efficacy of DC vaccination‐induced melanoma specific T cell responses to control the development of subcutaneous tumours and pulmonary metastases in CD28‐deficient mice. Lack of CD28‐mediated costimulatory signals accelerated tumour development in both model systems and also the load of pulmonary metastases was strongly increased by the end of the observation period. To scrutinize whether lack of CD28 signalling influences priming, homing or effector function of Trp‐2180−188/Kb‐reactive T cells we investigated the characteristics of circulating and tumour infiltrating T cells. No difference in the frequency of Trp‐2180−188/Kb‐reactive CD8+ T cells could be demonstrated among the cellular infiltrate of subcutaneous tumours after DC vaccination between both genotypes. However, the number of IFN‐γ‐producing Trp‐2‐reactive cells was substantially lower in CD28‐deficient mice and also their cytotoxicity was reduced. This suggests that CD28‐mediated costimulatory signals are essential for differentiation of functional tumour‐specific CD8+ T‐effector cells despite having no impact on the homing of primed CD8+ T cells.
The crucial role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in resistance to Salmonella dublin infections in genetically susceptible and resistant mice.

Macrophages are considered to be the mediators of resistance to extra-intestinal Salmonella infections. Nevertheless, the initial cellular response to Salmonella infections consists primarily of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). To determine whether PMN serve an important function for the infected host, we made mice neutropenic with the rat mAb to RB6-8C5 and infected them i.v. with approximately 10(3) Salmonella dublin or an isogenic derivative that lacks the virulence plasmid (LD842). We infected BALB/c mice, which have a point mutation in the macrophage-expressed gene Nramp1 that makes them susceptible to Salmonella, and BALB/c.D2 congenic mice, which have the wild-type Nramp1 gene that makes them resistant to Salmonella. Both mouse strains were resistant to LD842, and neutropenia made only the BALB/c strain susceptible to this infection. Neutropenic congenic mice, however, were susceptible only to wild-type S. dublin (plasmid+). These results show a complex interplay between plasmid-virulence genes in Salmonella, host macrophages, and PMN. Mice with normal macrophages need PMN to defend against nontyphoid Salmonella that carry a virulence plasmid but not against Salmonella without virulence plasmids. Mice with a mutant Nramp1 gene need PMN to defend against all Salmonella, even those that lack virulence plasmids. These results, plus the evidence that PMN kill Salmonella efficiently in vitro, suggest that Salmonella have adapted to grow inside macrophages where they are relatively sheltered from PMN. The adaptations that allow Salmonella to survive in macrophages do not protect them from PMN.
Application of pop-up satellite archival tag technology to estimate postrelease survival of white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus) caught on circle and straight-shank ("J") hooks in the western North Atlantic recreational fishery

Short-duration (5- or 10- day) deployments of pop-up satellite archival tags were used to estimate survival of white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus) released from the western North Atlantic recreational fishery. Forty-one tags, each recording tem- perature, pressure, and light level readings approximately every two minutes for 5-day tags (n= 5) or four minutes for 10-day tags (n=36), were attached to white marlin caught with dead baits rigged on straight-shank ("J") hooks (n=21) or circle hooks (n=20) in offshore waters of the U.S. Mid-Atlantic region, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Venezuela. Forty tags (97.8%) transmitted data to the satellites of the Argos system, and 33 tags (82.5%) transmitted data consistent with survival of tagged ani- mals over the deployment duration. Approximately 61% (range: 19−95%) of all archived data were successfully recovered from each tag. Survival was significantly (P<0.01) higher for white marlin caught on circle hooks (100%) than for those caught on straight- shank ("J") hooks (65%). Time-to- death ranged from 10 minutes to 64 hours following release for the seven documented mortalities, and five ani- mals died within the first six hours after release. These results indicate that a simple change in hook type can significantly increase the sur- vival of white marlin released from recreational fishing gear.
Studies in healthy human T‐cell‐leukemia lymphoma virus (HTLV‐I) carriers from the Caribbean

Six healthy relatives of 3 adult T‐cell leukemia lymphoma (ATLL) patients and 6 members of a Caribbean family immigrant to the UK have been investigated for the presence of HTLV‐I and expression of interleukin 2 (IL‐2) receptors. Serum antibodies to HTLV‐I were detected in all but 4 samples. Four to 10% of circulating cells from 3/4 seropositive donors studied displayed IL‐2 receptors (anti‐Tac+) and were shown to be convoluted lymphocytes by light microscopy morphology and immunoelectronmicroscopy. After 5 to 28 days in culture, cells from 4 seropositive donors reacted with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the HTLV‐I core proteins, p19 and p24, and released retrovirus particles. Similar experiments with blood from 3 seronegative donors from the same families and 4 normal controls proved negative. Our findings indicate that seropositive individuals harbour the virus in a population of T‐lymphocytes which may then acquire receptors for IL‐2. These individuals are at risk of developing ATLL.
Emergence of Fluoroquinolone Resistance among Multiply Resistant Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Hong Kong

ABSTRACT The MICs of 17 antimicrobial agents for 181 Streptococcus pneumoniae strains were determined by the E-test. Overall, 69.1% were penicillin resistant (MIC > 0.06 μg/ml). Resistance to ciprofloxacin (MIC > 2 μg/ml), levofloxacin (MIC > 2 μg/ml), or trovafloxacin (MIC > 1 μg/ml) was found in 12.1, 5.5, or 2.2% of the strains, respectively. These high rates of resistance raise concerns for the future.
"Subversive" substrates for the enzyme trypanothione disulfide reductase: alternative approach to chemotherapy of Chagas disease.

The trypanosomatid flavoprotein disulfide reductase, trypanothione reductase, is shown to catalyze one-electron reduction of suitably substituted naphthoquinone and nitrofuran derivatives. A number of such compounds have been chemically synthesized, and a structure-activity relationship has been established; the enzyme is most active with compounds that contain basic functional groups in side-chain residues. The reduced products are readily reoxidized by molecular oxygen and thus undergo classical enzyme-catalyzed redox cycling. In addition to their ability to act as substrates for trypanothione reductase, the compounds are also shown to effectively inhibit enzymatic reduction of the enzyme's physiological substrate, trypanothione disulfide. Under aerobic conditions, trypanothione reductase is not inactivated by these redox-cycling substrates, whereas under anaerobic conditions the nitrofuran compounds cause irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. When tested for biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes, many of the test compounds were trypanocidal, and this activity correlated with their relative ability to act as substrates for trypanothione reductase. The activity of the enzyme with these redox-cycling derivatives constitutes a subversion of its normal antioxidant role within the cell. For this reason these compounds may be termed "subversive" substrates for trypanothione reductase.