Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Off‐Fault Inelasticity on Near‐Fault Directivity Pulses

Near‐fault motion is often dominated by long‐period, pulse‐like particle velocities with fault‐normal polarization that, when enhanced by directivity, may strongly excite middle‐ to high‐rise structures. We assess the extent to which plastic yielding may affect amplitude, frequency content, and distance scaling of near‐fault directivity pulses. Dynamic simulations of 3‐D strike‐slip ruptures reveal significant plasticity effects, and these persist when geometrical fault roughness is added. With and without off‐fault yielding, these models (~M 7) predict fault‐normal pulse behavior similar to that of observed pulses (periods of 2–5 s, amplitudes increasing with rupture distance until approaching a limit), but yielding systematically reduces pulse amplitude and increases the dominant period. Yielding causes near‐fault (< ~2 km) peak ground velocity (PGV) to saturate with respect to increases in both stress drop and epicentral distance, and, in that distance range, yielding may contribute significantly to the observed magnitude saturation of PGV. The results support the following elements for functional forms in empirical pulse models: (i) a fault‐normal distance saturation factor, (ii) a period‐dependent and along‐strike distance‐dependent factor representing directivity, and (iii) an along‐strike saturation factor to truncate growth of the directivity factor. In addition to the foregoing effects on long‐period fault‐normal pulses, the model with off‐fault plasticity is very efficient in suppressing the high‐frequency fault‐parallel acceleration pulses that otherwise develop when rupture breaks free surface. This effect is likely to inhibit the initiation of a sustained supershear rupture triggered by a strong free surface breakage.
Short-term anoxia treatment maintains tissue energy levels and membrane integrity and inhibits browning of harvested litchi fruit

Pericarp browning is the main limitation to the postharvest storage, handling and marketing life of litchi fruit. Pre-storage treatment with pure N-2 gas is potentially effective in reducing skin browning and maintaining eating quality of litchis. To better understand inhibition of pericarp browning by a short period of anoxia, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) levels, adenylate energy charge and membrane permeability were investigated. Litchi fruit were exposed to pure N-2 gas for 6 h and then kept in closed but vented containers for 6 days in the dark at 25 degrees C and 95-100% relative humidity. Changes in the mentioned fruit physiology and biochemistry parameters and in browning index were measured. ATP concentration and adenylate energy charge decreased rapidly and membrane permeability (relative leakage) increased gradually during storage. Fruit exposed to N-2 gas exhibited higher concentrations of ATP, ADP and AMP and adenylate energy charge levels, and lower levels of browning index and membrane permeability, compared to control (non-N-2-treated) fruit. Greater differences in ATP and ADP concentrations and adenylate energy charge levels of pericarp, tissues between N-2-treated and control fruit were more manifest after 4 and 6 days of storage, in association with significant differences at the 5% level in the pericarp browning index. It is suggested that pre-storage anoxia treatment maintains membrane integrity of pericarp tissues, with high ATP and ADP concentrations and high adenylate energy charge levels. Thus, the loss of cellular compartmentalization (mixing of enzymes and substrates) that leads to enzymatic browning of litchi fruit pericarp is delayed. (c) 2007 Society of Chemical Industry.
Profile of information and communication technologies (ICT) skills of prospective teachers

ICT skills are skills that prospective teachers must possess. Smartphones owned by all prospective teachers allow to be applied in ICT-based bleended learning. The purpose of this study was to determine the profile of ICT skills of prospective teachers through ICT-based learning on the concept of cell communication. ICT skills using the ETS framework Binkley 2012 are measured by two tools, that are observation and self-assessment on prospective teachers with the assignment of articles review. The study was conducted on one hundred and four at second semester prospective teachers at one of the universities in West Java. The results of the study show that prospective teachers are at the level of mastering independently for all ICT skill indicators. ICT skill indicator covers basic knowledge, download, search, navigate, classify, integrate, evaluate, cooperate and create. This study can be concluded that prospective teachers have ICT skills as pedagogical skills.
Taxonomic Re-Evaluation of the Jaguar

The purpose of this report is to re-examine jaguar (Panthera onca) subspecies using morphometric skull characters and multivariate statistical methods to analyze differences. Eleven skull characters used historically to define jaguar subspecies were measured on 170 specimens in U.S. natural history museums. Relationships among the eight recognized subspecies of jaguar were examined. using Multigroup Discriminant Analysis (MDA) and univarite statistics. Discriminant analyses of these skull characteristics does not indicate distinct groups, supporting the null hypothesis. This analysis was conducted to add to systematic studies such as DNA analysis to assist the Felid Taxon Advisory Group (Felid TAG) and the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) establish valid taxonomic differences in the jaguar. Zoo Biol 16:107–120, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A random matrix perspective of cultural structure: groups or redundancies?

Recent studies have highlighted interesting properties of empirical cultural states—collections of cultural trait sequences of real individuals. Matrices of similarity between individuals may be constructed from these states, allowing for more insights to be gained using random matrix techniques, approach first exploited in this study. We propose a null model that enforces, on average, the empirical occurrence frequency of each possible trait. With respect to this null model, the empirical matrices show deviating eigenvalues, which may be signatures of subtle cultural groups. However, they can conceivably also be artifacts of arbitrary redundancies between cultural variables. We study this possibility in a highly simplified setting, allowing for a side-by-side mathematical comparison of the two scenarios (groups and redundancies). The scenarios are shown to be completely indistinguishable in terms of deviating eigenvalues, confirming that the latter can in general be signatures of either redundancies or groups. The scenarios can be distinguished after evaluating the eigenvector uniformities and the associated deviations from null model expectations. This provides a uniformity-based validation criterion, which is reliable when searching for groups that are internally uniform, but fails when these exhibit significant internal non-uniformity. For empirical data, all the relevant eigenvector uniformities are compatible with the null model, indicating the absence of any internally uniform groups. Although there are various indications that some of the deviating eigenvalues could correspond to internally non-uniform groups, a generic procedure for distinguishing such groups from redundancy artifacts requires further research.
Response of Male Hawaii Elepaio Chasiempis sandwichensis to Conspecific Songs: A Small-Scale Playback Study

Summary. Oscine passerine birds learn their songs principally through cultural transmission. However, habitat fragmentation might induce cultural variation in song, leading to restrictions in the transmission of cultural information. In this study, we aim to evaluate individual responsiveness to conspecific vocalisations within and between two nearby bird populations to assess within-species behavioural changes with distance. To do so, we used song playbacks of'Elepaio Chasiempis sandwichensis in a fragmented landscape on the north-east slope of Mauna Loa Volcano (Hawaii Island, USA). We evaluated the response of'Elepaio males to songs recorded in their own populations and to those recorded in another population. We also compared vocalisations between both populations to assess acoustic differentiation. Our results indicate behavioural divergence in song responsiveness over a small spatial scale for this species as well as significant differences in acoustic traits. However, contrary to what was expected,'Elepaio individuals from both populations did not vary in their response pattern to songs depending on their origin. This suggests that acoustic differentiation may not be strong enough to drive behavioural divergence in response of'Elepaio individuals despite the existence of differences in the acoustic traits between both populations. —Oñate-Casado, J., Sebastián-González, E. & Hart, P.J. (2020). Response of male Hawaii Elepaio Chasiempis sandwichensis to conspecific songs: a small-scale playback study. Ardeola, 67: 387-400.
To the Question of Determining the Limiting Particle Size of Corundum during Grinding

Based on the principle of minimum production of entropy, dependence is obtained for determining the size of particles resistant to crushing. The size of particles resistant to crushing is proportional to the surface energy of the particles to the 3/5 degree and inversely proportional to the specific mixing power to the 2/5 degree. Experimental studies have been carried out on the crushing of aluminum oxide particles by varying the process parameters: the grinding time, the size of the grinding balls, the mass ratio of the grinding balls and Al2O3 powder. The specific mixing power is represented by regression dependence on the parameters of the grinding process mode. Using the obtained dependences to determine the size of particles during grinding, the conditions of the process were found that ensure the production of particles no larger than 1.5 μm. 
Hormesis: interpreting the β‐curve using control theory

Data from experiments exposing colonial hydroids to toxic growth inhibitors have provided evidence of growth control mechanisms that respond adaptively to counter toxic inhibition. Analysis of growth data and the development of simulation models provide an interpretation of both α‐ and β‐curves. The hypothesis also suggests that hormesis is related to adaptation by growth control mechanisms that confer tolerance to subsequent exposure. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross-listing in the European ETP market

The European ETP market is the second largest in the world and presents a unique structure, characterised by high levels of cross-listings across multiple jurisdictions. This paper estimates the extent of cross-listing in the European ETP market, finding that roughly 88% of the instruments listed in Europe are cross-listed on more than one exchange, accounting for 98% of the total market capitalisation. This result calls for further investigation of the European ETP market structure, in particular on the topics of price formation and fragmentation/best execution.
Seasonal variations in the high time-resolved aerosol composition, sources, and chemical process of background submicron particles in North China Plain

For the first time in the North China Plain (NCP), we investigated the seasonal variations of submicron particles (NR-PM1) and its chemical composition at a background mountain station using Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS). The averaged NR-PM1 were highest in autumn (15.1g m) and lowest in summer 15 (12.4 g m), with the abundance of more nitrate in spring (34%), winter (31%), and autumn (34%), and elevated organics (40%) and sulfate (38%) proportion in summer. The submicron particles were almost neutralized by excess ammonium in all four seasons except summer, when the aerosol particles appeared to be slightly acidic. The size distribution of all PM1 species showed a consistent accumulation mode peaked at approximately 600-800 nm (dva), indicating the highly aged and internally mixed nature of the background aerosols, which further supported by the source appointment using multilinear engine (ME-2) 20 and significant contributions of aged secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in organic aerosol (OA) were resolved in all seasons (>77%), especially in summer (95%). The oxidation degree and evolution process of OAs in the four seasons were further investigated, and enhanced carbon oxidation state (-0.45-0.10), O/C (0.54-0.75) and OM/OC (1.86-2.13) ratios compared with urban studies were observed, with the highest oxidation degree of which appeared in summer, likely due to the relatively stronger photochemical processing which dominated the processes of both less oxidized OA (LO-OOA) and more oxidized 25 OA (MO-OOA) formations. Aqueous-phase processing also contributed to the SOA formation but prevailed in autumn and winter and the role of which to MO-OOA and LO-OOA also varied in different seasons. In addition, compared with the urban atmosphere, LO-OOA formation in the background atmosphere exhibited more regional characteristics, as photochemical and aqueous-phase processing enhanced during the transport in summer and autumn, respectively. Furthermore, the backward trajectories analysis showed that higher submicron particles were associated with air mass for short distance transported from 30 the southern regions in four seasons, while the long-range transport from Inner Mongolia (west and north regions) also contributed to the summer particle pollutions in the background areas of NCP. Our results illustrate the background particles in NCP are influenced significantly by aging processing and transport, and the more neutralized state of submicron particles https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-213 Preprint. Discussion started: 18 May 2020 c © Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.
A Pattern Recognition Receptor, SIGN-R1, Mediates ROS Generation against Polysaccharide Dextran, Resulting in Increase of Peroxiredoxin-1 and Its Interaction to SIGN-R1

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the major pathogen that frequently causes serious infections in children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients. S. pneumoniae is known to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and S. pneumoniae-produced ROS is considered to play a role in pneumococci pathogenesis. SIGN-R1 is the principal receptor of capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of S. pneumoniae. However, there is a considerable lack of knowledge about the protective role of SIGN-R1 against S. pneumoniae-produced ROS in SIGN-R1 + macrophages. While investigating the protective role of SIGN-R1 against ROS, we found that SIGN-R1 intimately bound to peroxiredoxin-1 (Prx-1), one of small antioxidant proteins in vitro and in vivo. This interaction was increased with ROS generation which was produced by stimulating SIGN-R1 with dextran, a polysaccharide ligand of SIGN-R1. Also, SIGN-R1 crosslinking with 22D1 anti-SIGN-R1 antibody increased Prx-1 in vitro or in vivo. These results suggested that SIGN-R1 stimulation with CPSs of S. pneumoniae increase the expression level of Prx-1 through ROS and its subsequent interaction to SIGN-R1, providing an important antioxidant role for the host protection against S. pneumoniae.
A TWO-STAGE TECHNIQUE FOR THE IN VITRO DIGESTION OF FORAGE CROPS

A simple technique for the determination in vitro of the dry- or organic-matter digestibility of small (0·5 g) samples of dried forages is described. It involves incubation first with rumen liquor and then with acid pepsin. Using 146 samples of grass, clover and lucerne of known in vivo digestibility (Y), the regression equation Y= 0·99 X– 1·01 (S.E. ± 2·31) has been calculated, where X=in vitro dry-matter digestibility. This technique has been used for the study of the digestibilities of plant breeder's material, of the leaf and stem fractions of herbage and of herbage consumed by animals.
A novel similarity measure for missing link prediction in social networks

Social Networks progress over time by the addition of new nodes and links, form associations with one community to the other community. Over a few decades, the fast expansion of Social Networks has attracted many researchers to pay more attention towards complex networks, the collection of social data, understand the social behaviors of complex networks and predict future conflicts. Thus, Link prediction is imperative to do research with social networks and network theory. The objective of this research is to find the hidden patterns and uncovered missing links over complex networks. Here, we developed a new similarity measure to predict missing links over social networks. The new method is computed on common neighbors with node-to-node distance to get better accuracy of missing link prediction. We tested the proposed measure on a variety of real-world linked datasets which are formed from various linked social networks. The proposed approach performance is compared with contemporary link prediction methods. Our measure makes very effective and intuitive in predicting disappeared links in linked social networks.
Effet de la date de plantation sur la croissance et le développement de plantules d'igname (Dioscorea alata L.) produites par culture in vitro

Apres plantation a des dates echelonnees entre les mois de septembre et d'avril, de jeunes plantules de D. alata produites par culture in vitro, de morphologie comparable, ont ete cultivees en conditions irriguees. En plein champ, ces plantes different d'une plantation a l'autre par le developpement et la croissance des parties aeriennes (architecture et taille maximale) et par les rendements en poids de tubercules qui, pour les plantations des mois d'octobre a decembre, deviennent infimes par rapport aux plantations des mois de janvier a avril. [. ]
Preliminary morphometric investigation of the brain Of red sokoto (maradi) goat.

Morphometric studies were undertaken of the brain of Red Sokoto goat. A total of 13 frozen/unfixed specimens were used. The mean brain weight was 85.85±10.85g, mean brain length (from cerebrum, rostral to the coronal sulcus to the medulla oblongata at the level of the occipital condyles) was 10.19±0.52cm and the mean brain depth/ height was 4.67±0.34cm (measured from the level of the hypothalamus to the top of the cerebrum). The mean cerebellum depth, length and cerebrum length was 3.72±0.44cm, 2.83±0.39cm and 6.42±0.28cm respectively. The average ratio of brain to body weight was 0.006 or 1:165. There were no significant differences in brain linear dimensions, brain weight and brain to body weight ratio between male and female. There was, however, a significant difference P (Tropical Veterinarian: 2002 20(2): 80-84)
Effective, Low-cost Methods of Applying Computer Vision to Public Earth Observation Data

We have an unprecedented ability to analyze and map the Earth’s surface, as deep learning technologies are applied to an abundance of Earth observation systems collecting images of the planet daily. In order to realize the potential of these data to improve conservation outcomes, simple, free, and effective methods are needed to enable a wide variety of stakeholders to derive actionable insights from these tools. In this paper we demonstrate simple methods and workflows using free, open computing resources to train well-studied convolutional neural networks and use these to delineate objects of interest in publicly available Earth observation images. With limited training datasets (<1000 observations), we used Google Earth Engine and Tensorflow to process Sentinel-2 and National Agricultural Imaging Program data, and use these to train U-Net and DeepLab models that delineate ground mounted solar arrays and parking lots in satellite imagery. The trained models achieved 81.5% intersection over union between predictions and ground-truth observations in validation images. These images were generated at different times and from different places from those upon which they were trained, indicating the ability of models to generalize outside of data on which they were trained. The two case studies we present illustrate how these methods can be used to inform and improve the development of renewable energy in a manner that is consistent with wildlife conservation.
CONDUTÂNCIA ESTOMÁTICA DE EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORA E E. GRANDIS, EM RESPOSTA A DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE ÁGUA NO SOLO E DE CONVIVÊNCIA COM BRACHIARIA BRIZANTHA STAPF

The effects Brachiaria brizantha interference on stomatal conductance (gs) of Eucalyptus citriodora and E. grandis seedlings, were evaluated. The experiments were performed in soil, with three water levels, in greenhouse conditions, between December 1995 and February 1996. The treatments were distributed in factorial arrangement (2 x 3 x 4): two species of eucalyptus (E. citriodora and E. grandis), three levels of water (20, 23 and 26%), and four populations of B. brizantha (0, 1, 2 and 3 plants per vase). Four replicates per treatment were considered. Water level at the pots was maintained constant until the last experiment evaluation, at 70 days following seedlings transplanting. Moisture control was performed by microtensiometer and daily weighting with three repositions of evapotranspired water. A mensuration was done with an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). The presence of B. brizantha cultivated in the same pot with E. citriodora and E. grandis promoted eucalyptus stomatal conductance (gs) reduction, regardless of water level in the soil. E. citriodora and E. grandis seedlings upper third leaves, cultivated in the same pot, with and without B. brizantha, presented higher stomatal conductance than median and lower thirds, regardless of water levels in the soil and of the B. brizantha population. The highest values of the stomatal conductance were exhibited for eucalyptus plant upper third leaves, when water level in the soil was at 26% (near field capacity).
Type III functional response in the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha

Distinguishing between functional response types requires observations at low food concentrations, but surprisingly these tend to be rare. A paucity of feeding observations at low food concentrations is especially acute for dreissenid mussels, despite their importance as invading species in fresh waters. We assessed the functional response of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) via feeding experiments and behavioral observations conducted at low food levels. Critically, food levels were chosen to be in the vicinity of minimum concentrations found in lakes with established D. polymorpha populations. Results of two feeding experiments show clear evidence of a Type III functional response for D. polymorpha feeding on Ankistrodesmus falcatus — clearance rate increased with increasing food concentration at low food levels. Mussels were always open and feeding during these experiments. An independent set of behavioral observations further showed that the fraction of mussels actively feeding (valves open, sipho.