Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neurotransmitter Interaction in Release of Intranuclear Oxytocin in Magnocellular Nuclei of the Hypothalamus

Abstract: Oxytocin (OT) is released within the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei of the hypothalamus in response to several stimuli. However, the neurotransmitters that control this intranuclear OT release are unknown. In vivo microdialysis was used to examine the roles of norepinephrine and histamine in intranuclear OT release in conscious, lactating female rats. Administration of α‐ or β‐noradrenergic agonists, or histamine, increased OT release in the PVN. In addition, the increase in PVN OT evoked by exogenous histamine was prevented by simultaneous blockade of either H1 or H2 receptors. Furthermore, histamine‐induced release of intranuclear OT was also prevented by blockade of α‐adrenergic receptors. Finally, the increase in magnocellular OT release induced by suckling was abolished by administration of α‐adrenergic antagonists. These data demonstrate that norepinephrine and histamine are important neurotransmitters for release of intranuclear OT, and histamine releases intranuclear OT by stimulating norepinephrine release.
Differentiating Entrepreneurs from Small Business Owners: A Conceptualization

The literature of small business and entrepreneurship is explored. It is established that, although there is an overlap between entrepreneurial firms and small business firms, they are different entities. Using the 1934 work of Schumpeter and recognizing the additions to the field of current writers, a conceptual framework is established for the differentiation of entrepreneurs from small business owners. Keywords: entrepreneurial, Small business
The mechanisms to decide on caching a packet on its way of transmission to a faulty node in wireless sensor networks based on the analytical models and mathematical evaluations

The behavior of sensor networks is highly unpredictable because of randomness in individual node state and network structure. When a node fails, the packets transmitted to this faulty node is dropped if it is not cached by an operational node. In this paper some analytical models based on fault tolerance mechanisms have been proposed to be used in different aspects of caching a packet regarding this situation. The ratio of the time to be allocated to cache the packet by an operational node and the expected repair time of the faulty node represents a threshold that decides whether this operational node should cache the packet or it will pass the packet to a selected neighbor node. Analytical models developed in this paper have made detail and clear inspections in these respects. Distributed caching mechanism has been described in this paper, which makes a way to use the energy of the nodes in a distributed fashion to cache a packet. The models and mechanisms, described in this paper are distributed and highly scalable, which ensure energy efficient caching of a packet and thus highly applicable to the sensor networks.
Heterogeneity in Synaptic Vesicle Release at Neuromuscular Synapses of Mice Expressing SynaptopHluorin

Mammalian neuromuscular junctions are useful model synapses to study the relationship between synaptic structure and function, although these have rarely been studied together at the same synapses. To do this, we generated transgenic lines of mice in which the thy1.2 promoter drives expression of synaptopHluorin (spH) as a means of optically measuring synaptic vesicle distribution and release. SpH is colocalized with other synaptic vesicle proteins in presynaptic terminals and does not alter normal synaptic function. Nerve stimulation leads to readily detectable and reproducible fluorescence changes in motor axon terminals that vary with stimulus frequency and, when compared with electrophysiological recordings, are reliable indicators of neurotransmitter release. Measurements of fluorescence intensity changes reveal a surprising amount of heterogeneity in synaptic vesicle release throughout individual presynaptic motor axon terminals. Some discrete terminal regions consistently displayed a greater rate and extent of release than others, regardless of stimulation frequency. The amount of release at a particular site is highly correlated to the relative abundance of synaptic vesicles there, indicating that a relatively constant fraction of the total vesicular pool, ∼30%, is released in response to activity. These studies reveal previously unknown relationships between synaptic structure and function at mammalian neuromuscular junctions and demonstrate the usefulness of spH expressing mice as a tool for studying neuromuscular synapses in adults, as well as during development and diseases that affect neuromuscular synaptic function.
Genetic diversity of four cattle breeds using microsatellite markers

Four cattle breeds (Gyr, Nellore, Guzerat and Holstein) were analyzed by amplification of genomic DNA using microsatellite loci to evaluate the genetic diversity within and among them. DNA samples of 18 animals from each breed were collected to access the genetic content of them. Allele frequencies were calculated and used to generate a Nei's genetic distance matrix what was used to build a dendrogram following UPGMA clustering. As expected, Holstein breed was the most distinct from the other breeds: 1.15 in relation to Gyr, 1.12 in relation to Nellore and 0.94 in relation to Guzerat. The closest genetic distance was 0.25 between Guzerat and Nellore. A total of 64 alleles in all four breeds were detected using nine microsatellite primers. Each breed showed 53% of the total number of alleles. The average number of alleles per locus was 7.11 ± 3.21. The most informative locus was BMS1237 with 53% of observed heterozygosity and the least informative locus was BMS3004 with 12% only. The average heterozygosity detected for the nine loci were 35% and the expected value for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was 53%. This low heterozygosity suggests a high endogamy level among the animals sampled within each breed.
PROMISE of Coronary CT Angiography: Precise and Accurate Diagnosis and Prognosis in Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is a rapidly growing and powerful diagnostic test that offers a great deal of precision with respect to diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD). Guideline statements for patients with stable ischemic heart disease have recommended CCTA for only a limited portion of intermediate-risk patients who have relative or absolute contraindications for exercise or vasodilator stress testing. The publication of two large, prospective randomized clinical trials, the Prospective Multicenter Imaging Study for Evaluation of Chest Pain and the Scottish Computed Tomography of the Heart Trial are likely to expand these indications. These new data from large trials, in addition to other studies, show that CCTA is highly sensitive for the detection of CAD, identifies high-risk patients for cardiac events based on extent or plaque morphology of CAD that would not be identified by other noninvasive means, and provides significantly greater diagnostic certainty for proper treatment, including referral for invasive coronary angiography with revascularization more appropriately. Superior diagnostic accuracy and prognostic data with CCTA, when compared with other functional stress tests, may result in a reduction in unnecessary downstream testing and cost savings. In addition, newer CCTA applications hold the promise of providing a complete evaluation of a patient’s coronary anatomy as well as a per-vessel ischemic evaluation. This review focuses on the interval knowledge obtained from newer data on CCTA in patients with stable ischemic heart disease, primarily focusing on the contributions of the Prospective Multicenter Imaging Study for Evaluation of Chest Pain and the Scottish Computed Tomography of the Heart Trial.
Effective Management of Long-Term Care Facilities

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Corporate social responsibility : a framework for analysing CSR heterogeneity through the case of Indonesian palm oil

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) represents a recent manifestation of the shifting of Role of Business in Society (RBiS). This thesis aims to study the development of and negotiation of various RBiS among various governance actors as manifested in CSR practices. In so doing, it reveals the heterogeneity of CSR practices over time as a contrast to the rigid and simplistic delineation of CSR practices; the institutionalisation of CSR into business strategy that so far has been perceived as a black box in the CSR literatures; and the co-constructed dynamic exchanges between perspectives of RBiS and their respective supporters, which I have called a relational perspective on governance and RBiS.This research employs a single case study research strategy with a qualitative multi-methods design as the synthesis of multiple instruments each pertain to particular level of analysis i.e. institutional, organisational, and individual. The research methodology is intentionally designed to operationalise a multilevel analysis of CSR and longitudinal insights on CSR. As such, the research methodology is offered as one of contributions in this research.The thesis finds that longitudinal insights matter, in order to understand various CSR practices as responses to external crises and situations, which at the same time, serve as an arena for negotiating interests between related parties in particular political-economic-social-environmental contexts. The thesis reveals processes of incorporating CSR into business strategy. Particularly, it demonstrates how businesses mobilise external resources and internal resources to meet shifting domains of responsibility through various investment inputs, to achieve a range of CSR outcomes. CSR practices, as situated within changing understandings of RBiS, reflect the negotiation between various interests, in relational perspective, linked to the perceived effectiveness of government as the guardian of wider public interests. The thesis argues that a simplistic view of CSR and RBiS as suggested by much of the available literature is partial and provides inadequate accounts and explanations of the burgeoning of CSR practices; in particular in appreciating the various competing interests and perspectives which are brought to bear during processes which continually shape and (re-) shape CSR practices; as well as the variety of mechanisms and practices through which CSR is incorporated into business strategy.I conclude the research by offering a proposition to examine and understand CSR. I propose to see CSR as a dynamic heterogeneous temporal and contextual tool incorporated by businesses through multi-avenues into corporate strategy as a result of negotiation of interests of various alliances of governance actors.
Current Account Deficits in European Emerging Markets

Many of the emerging market economies in Europe are presently running current account deficits which are quite high relative to any global or historical standard and are fundamentally unsustainable. This includes the three poorer European Union (EU) members of the old Europe (Greece, Portugal, and Spain), many of the EU’s new member states (largely the former transition economies which have joined since 2004), most of those non-EU members in south-east Europe, and a number of the CIS economies in eastern Europe and the Caucasus. The unweighted average current account deficit for this group has more than doubled from under four percent of GDP in 2003 to well over eight percent in 2007. This trend is significantly different than what has evolved in many of the world’s other emerging markets; these other economies have generally been running current account surpluses. This paper documents this development, describes the underlying factors that have brought it about, assesses the underlying vulnerability that has been created, and discusses the implications of this development for other emerging markets and global financial stability more generally. In addition, how these risks have evolved since the appearance of the global credit crisis beginning in the summer of 2007 is examined.
Model Predictive Control-Based AGC for Multi-Terminal HVDC-Connected AC grids

Multi-terminal high-voltage direct current (MTDC) grids are seen as the enabling technology in the development of massive scale international grids such as the European supergrid. It is expected that these grids can play a significant role in regulating ac system frequencies. To date, many proportional-integral (PI) controller-based techniques have been proposed for frequency regulation in ac MTDC-connected grids. In this paper, model predictive control (MPC) is proposed as a means of implementing automatic generation control, while minimizing dc grid power losses. The advantages of using MPC versus PI are highlighted with regard to improvements in both frequency and dc grid regulation, while explicitly considering both delays and dc voltage constraints.
LMI based depth control for autonomous underwater vehicle

The task of achieving depth control of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is rendered complex by its coupled non-linear dynamics. The paper deals with depth control of a REMUS AUV, for which different types of control strategies have been presented. Specifically, control strategies like PID, LQR, MPC have been discussed, which are quantitative controllers. The time consuming online optimization problem with traditional PID, LQR and Model Predictive Control(MPC) can be overcome by proposed Linear Matrix Inequality(LMI) based Control to ensure controlled behaviours in an uncertain environment. Comparative analysis and simulation results for proposed LMI control have been validated and robustness property has been tested by incorporating input gain parametric uncertainties.
Locational, neighborhood, structural and socio-cultural attributes of housing in homeownership decisions

The sharp increase in house prices has brought government and housing developers to take close attention to the housing need of first-time homebuyers by supplying quality affordable housing to them through PR1MA housing scheme. The goal of this paper is to determine the right housing attributes required by potential first-time homebuyers which will ensure this affordable housing scheme gets off the right footing. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed to potential first-time homebuyers in Klang Valley, Malaysia but only 265 questionnaires were returned. Results revealed that accessibility and guarded neighborhood influence homeownership preferences by first-time homebuyers. It also showed that first-time homebuyers were receptive to environmentally-sensitive homes. However, socio-cultural attributes of housing exert less influence on homeownership decisions.
Psychometric properties of the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to present the reliability and validity of the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) in the adolescent age group. METHOD Adolescents with symptoms of depression were assessed using the CDRS-R and global severity and functioning scales at screening, baseline, and after 12 weeks of fluoxetine treatment. Global improvement was also assessed at week 12 (or exit). Reliability and validity were analyzed using Classical Test Theory (item-total correlations and internal consistency) and correlations between the CDRS-R and other outcomes. RESULTS Adolescents (n = 145) were evaluated at screening; 113 (77.9%) met criteria for major depressive disorder, 8 (5.5%) had subthreshold depressive symptoms, and 24 (16.6%) had minimal depressive symptoms. Ninety-four adolescents had a baseline visit after 1 week, and 88 were treated with fluoxetine. Internal consistency for the CDRS-R was good at all three visits (screening: 0.79; baseline: 0.74; exit: 0.92), and total score was highly correlated with global severity (r = 0.87, 0.80, and 0.93; p < 0.01). Only exit CDRS-R score was significantly correlated with global functioning (Children's Global Assessment Scale; r = -0.77; p < 0.01). Reductions on the CDRS-R total score were highly correlated with improvement scores at exit (Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement; r = -0.83; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate good reliability and validity in adolescents with depression.
Color discrimination as a function of observer adaptation.

A colorimeter was constructed to measure the size of just-noticeable color differences as a function of observer adaptation. It was of the Burnham type with 1.6° test and matching fields and a 15° adaptation field that had a luminance of 3400 cd/m2. Nine different adaptations were used: dark adaptation, adaptation to five near-planckian white-light sources that had color temperatures in the range 6500–2000 K, and adaptation to three colors, red, green, and blue. Very little difference was found between the sets of discrimination data obtained for adaptations to the five white lights; a slight increase of the size of the just-noticeable color difference with decreasing color temperature was observed. To permit the data to be compared on a basis of equal appearance, rather than equal chromaticity, the colorimeter was modified so that color-appearance shifts could be measured, using a binocular-matching technique. Appearance-shift matrices were computed from the experimental results so that the discrimination data for each adaptation could be plotted in terms of the appearance of colors with adaptation to 6500 K. The results for the white-light adaptations showed that there was very little difference between the data when plotted directly and the data plotted as they would appear in 6500-K adaptation. This was also found for the results obtained with dark adaptation, but it was not true for the results obtained for color adaptations.
E-Commerce Strategy Assessment

Strategy assessment is the continuous evaluation of the organizations strategic goals, resulting in correctives action and if necessary strategy reformulation. The firms need to specific measures called metrics to assist the progress of the strategy and evaluate the performance improvement initiatives; one of the most popular metrics is balanced scorecard. This paper investigates how to use the BSC metrics to measure the bank’s strategy. The aims of the study are to identify the effects of implementing balanced scorecard metrics for e-commerce strategy assessment. The researcher investigates the relation between balanced scorecard metric and the e-commerce strategy in Jordan e-banking. The study will be drawn upon qualified questionnaires which have been sent to strategic management at Jordanian banks to collect the needed data and to test the research hypotheses. The results recommend that managers should align strategy performance by measuring what drives success, and prioritize e-initiatives based on accurate metrics. Strategic managers should be a wear for customer needs and requirements, banks need to maintain their customer services in which customers have easy access to information for banks services. in Jordan e-banks informational exists. The finance impact, internal process, and customer interaction were found to be the main aspects to achieve organization strategy. The study demonstrates that the BSC is clearly feasible and powerful in non-financial issues like customer interaction, which supports the value propositions of the e-banking informational area and assists strategic managers to aligned strategy performance by measuring what drives success, and prioritize e-strategy initiatives based on BSC metrics. Finally, the study showed that was a weak correlation between customization and strategy assessment. The result leads to recommend that the strategic managers should be a wear for customer needs and requirements, if banks wish to maintain their customer base in a competitive environment in which customers have easy access to information for banks services.
Digoxin inhibits retinal ischemia‐induced HIF‐1α expression and ocular neovascularization

Digoxin and other cardiac glycosides in‐hibit hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) transcriptional activity in cultured cells and suppress tumor xenograft growth. We tested the hypothesis that digoxin reduces HIF‐1 levels in ischemic tissue in vivo and suppresses neovascularization. Well‐established murine models of ocular neovascularization were used to test our hypothesis. In mice with ischemic retinopathy, intraocular or intraperitoneal injection of digoxin markedly reduced retinal levels of HIF‐1α protein and mRNAs encoding multiple hypoxia‐regulated proangiogenic proteins and their receptors. Daily intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg/kg starting at postnatal day (P) 12 or a single intravitreous injection of 100 ng of digoxin at P12 reduced retinal neovascularization by >70% at P17. Digoxin also reduced the number of CXCR4+ cells and F4/80+ macrophages in ischemic retina and significantly reduced choroidal neovascularization at Bruch's membrane rupture sites. Digoxin suppresses retinal and choroidal neovascularization by reducing HIF‐1α levels, which blocks several proangiogenic pathways. Since digoxin suppresses multiple pathways in addition to VEGF signaling, it may provide advantages over specific VEGF antagonists for treatment of patients with retinal and choroidal diseases complicated by neovascularization and/or excessive vascular permeability. It may also be useful for treatment of neovascular diseases in other tissues. —Yoshida, T. , Zhang, H. , Iwase, T. , Shen, J., Semenza, G. L. , Campochiaro, P. A. Digoxin inhibits retinal ischemia‐induced HIF‐1α expression and ocular neovascularization. FASEB J. 24, 1759–1767 (2010). www.fasebj. org