Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of formation of muscle fiber types.

Introduction The formation of skeletal muscles as anatomic units is one of the earliest events in vertebrate development. While little is known about how muscles form, understanding of some the processes that lead to myogenesis, such as the early events in the formation of myogenic cells, has greatly increased in recent years (1-5). Many of the discoveries about myogenesis have focused on the formation of myogenic cells per se, with much less emphasis on the formation of myogenic cells of different functional types. For example, in a cross-section of the sartorius from a young or old bird there are fibers of at least three types: those that express just fast, those that express just slow, and those that express both fast and slow isoforms of myosin (6). Furthermore there is a pattern to the distribution of fibers and this pattern of fiber distribution is commonto all birds within the species.
AMPK : A Bridge between Inflammation and Metabolism

Hypercholesterolemia and low-grade inflammation are both basic factors that contribute to the genesis and progression of atherosclerosis. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is proposed to be a key regulator of cellular and organismal metabolism. Increased evidence shows that AMPK signaling can inhibit inflammatory responses. The macrophages play a diverse array of roles in atherogenesis, such as scavenge ring, immune modulation, and as a source of chemotactic molecules and cytokines. It has been considered that macrophages are central to all stages of atherosclerosis. AMPK lies at the crossroads of metabolically driven macrophage inflammation. In this review we propose to introduce the roles of AMPK and macrophage in the early stage of atherosclerosis. A comprehensive understanding in the role of AMPK between energy metabolism and inflammation in atherosclerosis may contribute to development of novel approaches in anti-atherosclerosis treatment.
A brief history and future aspects in automatic cleaning systems for solar photovoltaic panels

The energy or efficiency produced by solar photovoltaic modules is related with the Sun’s available irradiance and spectral content, as well as other factors like environmental, climatic, component performance and inherent system. These dust, dirt and bird droppings are the major reasons for the solar photovoltaic system underperformance. This paper discusses a comprehensive overview of dust problem and the recent developments made on automated cleaning system for solar photovoltaic modules which give brief overview on techniques like electrical, mechanical, chemical and electrostatic. The main objective of the study is to review the literature on solar photovoltaic module automated cleaning techniques for identifying research gaps in the automated cleaning systems.
Ontogeny of acute tolerance to ethanol-induced social inhibition in Sprague-Dawley rats.

BACKGROUND Adolescent rats are less sensitive than adults to a number of acute effects of ethanol, including ethanol-induced social inhibition. Adolescent insensitivity to the suppressing effects of ethanol on social interactions could be related in part to age differences in compensatory responses, including acute tolerance, that serve to counteract these inhibitory effects of ethanol. The present study explored ontogenetic development of acute tolerance within 30 minutes after administration of a relatively low ethanol dose, using ethanol-induced social impairment as the target response measure. METHODS Overall social activity was examined following challenge with 1 g/kg ethanol (intraperitoneally) at 2 postinjection intervals (5 or 30 minutes) in early [postnatal day (P) 28], mid (P35), or late (P42) adolescent or adult (P70) group-housed male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (Experiment 1). Blood and brain ethanol concentrations (BECs and BrECs) were assessed in separate groups of animals 5 or 30 minutes after ethanol administration (Experiment 2). Expression of acute tolerance was examined by assessing the relationship between BrECs and the degree of social impairment in individual animals at P28, P35, P42, and P70 during early recovery period (up to 30 minutes) following acute ethanol challenge (Experiment 3). RESULTS Effects of ethanol on overall social activity were age-dependent and time-dependent. Whereas all age groups showed equivalent ethanol-induced social inhibition 5 minutes after injection, testing at 30 minutes revealed marked age differences. Social inhibition was still pronounced at this time in adults, but was diminished in an age-related manner at younger ages (Experiment 1). In contrast to the ontogenetic differences in rates of decline in social impairment across time, decreases in brain and blood ethanol levels over time were similar across age (Experiment 2). Only P28 and P35 adolescents showed acute tolerance to ethanol-induced social inhibition, as indexed by an increasing time-dependent dissociation between BrECs and ethanol-induced social impairment, with social impairment declining faster than BrECs (Experiment 3). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to document enhanced acute tolerance in adolescent rats relative to adult animals at nonhypnotic doses of ethanol. The greater expression of acute tolerance in young animals may reflect an enhanced predisposition of their nervous systems to respond rapidly to even modest doses of ethanol with compensatory adaptations. A greater propensity of early adolescents to develop acute tolerance may contribute to their resistance to adverse effects of ethanol, thereby permitting heavy drinking at this age and placing early adolescents at higher risk for extensive alcohol use.
Effect of antioxidants on lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated induction of mangano superoxide dismutase mRNA in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells

Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common event in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. Endothelial cells may be both a target and a source of the ROS. Exposure of bovine pulmonary endothelial cells (BPAEC) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to result in intracellular generation of both ROS and the antioxidant enzyme, mangano superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). The present study investigates whether alterations in intracellular oxidant state affect LPS‐stimulated cytotoxicity and induction of MnSOD mRNA. BPAEC were pretreated with either the free radical scavenger, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), the xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol, or N‐acetylcysteine (a cysteine derivative capable of increasing glutathione stores) prior to exposure to LPS (0.1 μg/ml) for either 4, 8 or 18 hours. We found that pretreatment of BPAEC with DMSO blocked both LPS‐induced cytotoxicity and induction of the MnSOD gene. Nuclear run‐off experiments demonstrated that LPS‐stimulated induction of the MnSOD mRNA occurred at the transcriptional level and that DMSO blocked this event. Pretreatment with allopurinol also prevented the cytotoxicity associated with LPS but, in contrast to DMSO, did not alter induction of MnSOD mRNA. N‐acetylcysteine did not affect the LPS‐stimulated cytotoxicity but resulted in an early and transient reduction in induction of the MnSOD gene. We conclude that LPS stimulates generation of intracellular ROS that regulate induction of the MnSOD gene at the transcriptional level. Further, we conclude that LPS‐stimulated cytotoxicity involves both the xanthine oxidase pathway and perhaps intracellular generation of hydroxyl radicals. The difference in the protective effect between DMSO, NAC and allopurinol suggests that upregulation of the MnSOD gene does not contribute to LPS‐induced cytotoxicity. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of atopic status in Toll‐like receptor (TLR)7‐ and TLR9‐mediated activation of human eosinophils

Viral respiratory infections are increasingly implicated in allergic exacerbations. The mechanisms behind this are not known, but a virus‐induced activation of eosinophils through TLRs could be involved. Herein, we investigated the expression and function of TLR7 and TLR9 in purified eosinophils from peripheral blood and assessed their role in allergic airway inflammation. Eosinophils expressed TLR7 and TLR9 proteins. Stimulation with the cognate ligands R‐837 and CpG was found to prolong survival, up‐regulate expression of CD11b and conversely down‐regulate L‐selectin expression, increase expression of the activation marker CD69, facilitate the chemotactic migration, and enhance IL‐8 secretion by eosinophils. Also, CpG induced release of eosinophil‐derived neurotoxin (EDN), and R‐837 failed to do so. Analogously, eosinophils activated by CpG, but not R‐837, promoted airway epithelial cell death and cytokine release. Priming with the allergic mediators histamine, IL‐4, and most prominently IL‐5, augmented the TLR‐induced IL‐8 and EDN secretion, revealing an ability to sensitize eosinophils for TLR7 and TLR9 activation. Moreover, the TLR responses of eosinophils were higher in allergic as compared with healthy subjects, manifested by an increase in IL‐8 and EDN release. Correspondingly, allergic subjects displayed an elevated serum level of IL‐5, suggesting increased IL‐5‐mediated priming. This study shows that activation via TLR7 and TLR9 affects several eosinophil functions and that the atopic status of the donor and the presence of a Th2‐like cytokine milieu affect the outcome of the response. Thus, eosinophil activation via TLR7 and TLR9 might engender a link between viral infection and allergic exacerbations.
Efficient Privacy Leakage Discovery for Android Applications Based on Static Analysis

Android smart phones often carry personal sensitive information, which makes Android a tempting target for malwares. Recent studies have showed that Android applications frequently are over privileged and the risk of personal privacy leakage is very high. With known Android statics security analysis techniques in literatures, due to lack of considering the control flow between components, the static analysis of sensitive data transmission paths often costs a larger computation overheads, static analysis methods have to make a trade-off between computing time and the precision of analysis results. In this work, we propose a static analysis framework to discovery the sensitive data propagation paths and extract execution conditions (including data inputs and events inputs) of these paths. Our approach first extract a asynchronously executing events sequence graph that directly handles inter-components control flows, it then can be used to archive higher efficient taint analysis when the data propagation path asynchronously cross the boundaries of multiply components. The represented analysis results (data and events inputs) will make the analyst easier to determine if the sensitive data transmission is really a privacy leakage. We present an evaluation with a typical Android malicious app. The result of case study shows that our scheme can effectively help discover the privacy leakage behaviors in the malicious apps.
Inhibition of Maximal Voluntary Isokinetic Torque Production Following Stretching Is Velocity‐Specific

Recent research has shown that a regimen of stretching provides an acute inhibition of maximal force production by the stretched muscle group. To further characterize this phenomenon, the effect of an acute stretching regimen on maximal isokinetic knee-extension torque at 5 specific movement velocities (1.05,1.57, 2.62, 3.67, and 4.71 rad·s−1) was examined in 10 men and 5 women (22–28 years). Each person's 5 baseline maximal isokinetic knee-extension torques (dominant leg) were measured on a Cybex NORM dynamometer. Following the baseline torque measurements, the participants stretched the dominant quadriceps for 15 minutes using 1 active and 3 passive stretching exercises. Once the stretching exercises were completed, the maximal torque measurements were repeated. Poststretch maximal torque at 1.05 rad·s−1 was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) from 218 ± 47 Nm (mean ± SD) to 199 ± 49 Nm (7.2% decrease). At 1.57 rad·s−1, a similar decrease (p < 0.05) was also seen (204 ± 48 Nm vs. 195 ± 47 Nm; 4.5% decrease), but at the other velocities (2.62, 3.67, and 4.71 rad·s−1), poststretch maximal torque was unaltered (p > 0.05). It appears, therefore, that the deleterious impact of stretching activities on maximal torque production might be limited to movements performed at relatively slow velocities.
The design and implementation of a simulation game for teaching knowledge management

Knowledge management is a discipline that has rapidly gained attention from both practitioners and academics over the last decade. However, the number of simulation games designed for knowledge management education has been limited. This is largely due to the emerging nature of knowledge management, whose domain the established gaming and simulation community has yet to enter. For this reason, the value and relevance of knowledge management simulation games is highlighted in this article by detailing the design and implementation of a simulation game entitled The Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO). The study was intended to meet two objectives: (a) to provide a template for designing knowledge management simulation games, and (b) to determine the effectiveness of CKO through a pretest-posttest research design. An empirical study which involved 32 final-year Business Studies students reading an elective module entitled Knowledge Management Systems in an institute of higher education in Singapore was conducted. The findings confirmed that CKO was a viable and effective instructional tool for imparting knowledge to the participants. In addition, the scores obtained from CKO had a moderating effect on the participants' attitude towards the subject matter.
Atypical PFAPA Syndrome (Periodic Fever, Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis, Adenitis) in a Young Girl with Fanconi Anemia

Purpose: To describe a case of atypical, severe, periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis syndrome (PFAPA syndrome) in a patient with Fanconi anemia. Important aspects about the PFAPA syndrome and Fanconi anemia are reviewed. Patients and Methods: An 8-year-old girl with Fanconi anemia was noted to have a pattern of periodic fever, stomatitis, and pharyngitis consistent with the diagnosis of PFAPA syndrome, a generally benign disorder. After prednisone treatment for the syndrome, life-threatening intestinal ulceration and perforation developed, which was successfully treated. Conclusion: In patients with underlying hematologic disease such as Fanconi anemia. PFAPA syndrome may be associated with severe clinical problems in contrast to otherwise normal children with the disorder.
Multiple electrical breakdowns and electrical annealing using high current approximating breakdown current of silver nanowire network

The failure of a silver nanowire (AgNW) random network due to high electric current density is described. The AgNW network breaks down as result of electromigration and Joule heating at junctions, which leads to destroyed interconnections between AgNWs. The AgNW network is not completely destroyed after breakdown, but instead is able to undergo multiple breakdowns after being cooled down, with increased resistance and reduced breakdown current density. The breakdown current density of AgNW network is J m a x = 25 A cm − 2 ? > for a network with R s ~ 40 &OHgr; sq − 1 , ? > outperforming a CuNW network. An effective electrical annealing method is demonstrated to decrease network resistance by 18% by periodically applying high current that is slightly lower than breakdown current with a period of 1 min for a few cycles.
Effect of Leadership Approach to Organizational Commitment: A Study in Transportation Sector

Employees commitments of vision and mission of organization is effected due to manager’s executes by approach of leadership The leaders who have attributions like vision, confidence and correctitude, sharing and participation, creativeness, progressive learning –improvement and responsibility are effective to increase organizational commitment if they are sensitive to expectation and requirement of employees in an organization. Studies about organizational commitment appear results that employees who have strong organizational commitment have the most contribution. In this study, “Leadership” and “Organizational Commitment” conduct surveys to 31 employees of Ahmet Özdemir Nak. Tic. San. A. Ş. which has operations in road and railway transportation sector. It is analyzed the effects of leadership approach to organizational commitment deals with result of survey. Keywords—Leadership Approach, Organizational Commitment, Study
Presurgical chemotherapy compared with immediate surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy for nonmetastatic osteosarcoma: Pediatric Oncology Group Study POG-8651.

PURPOSE Successful therapeutic interventions to prevent disease progression in patients with nonmetastatic osteosarcoma have included surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy. Presurgical chemotherapy has been advocated for these patients because of putative improvement in event-free survival (EFS). The advantages of presurgical chemotherapy include early administration of systemic chemotherapy, shrinkage of primary tumor, and pathologic identification of risk groups. The theoretic disadvantage is that it exposes a large tumor burden to marginally effective chemotherapy. The contribution of chemotherapy and surgery timing has not been tested rigorously. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 1986 and 1993, we conducted a prospective trial in patients with nonmetastatic osteosarcoma who were assigned randomly to immediate surgery or presurgical chemotherapy. Except for the timing of surgery (week 0 or 10), patients received 44 weeks of identical combination chemotherapy that included high-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue, doxorubicin, cisplatin, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, and dactinomycin. RESULTS One hundred six patients were enrolled onto this study. Six were excluded from analysis. Of the remaining 100 patients, 45 were randomly assigned to immediate chemotherapy, and 55 were randomly assigned to immediate surgery. Sixty-seven patients remain disease-free. At 5 years, the projected EFS +/- SE is 65% +/- 6% (69% +/- 8% for immediate surgery and 61% +/- 8% for presurgical chemotherapy; P =.8). The treatment arms had similar incidence of limb salvage (55% for immediate surgery and 50% for presurgical chemotherapy). CONCLUSION Chemotherapy was effective in both treatment groups. There was no advantage in EFS for patients given presurgical chemotherapy.
Dementia and aggressiveness: stimulated recall interviews with caregivers after video-recorded interactions.

BACKGROUND In a previous study, nine caregivers and two residents with dementia showing aggressive behaviour, were video recorded. Caregivers who reported problems when dealing with such behaviour and caregivers, who did not, were included in this study. AIM The aim of the present study was to obtain insight into the reasoning of the caregivers who had reported problems when dealing with older people with dementia and aggressiveness and those who did not relative to their respective video-recorded interactions with these residents. A further aim was to gain insight by discussing their reasoning in relation to each other. METHOD Stimulated recall interviews were carried out with all the caregivers who had been video taped in the previous study. The text was analysed by thematic content analysis. FINDINGS Two main ways of thinking and discussing the care situations emerged. The caregivers, who had reported problems in handling behavioural and psychiatric symptoms in dementia earlier, reasoned that they were more focused on their duties, this included being responsible for the resident receiving her weekly shower. For this group of caregivers, the well being of the resident was in focus, but their attention was concentrated on the resident's well being and comfort after their shower. However, these caregivers seemed therefore unwittingly to prevent a positive interaction with the resident. The other caregivers were able to reflect spontaneously and appeared to be self-critical. This caregiver group seemed to sustain a positive interaction with the resident both during and after the shower. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE In this study a nurturing and supportive climate and competence seemed to be the conditions necessary to facilitate reflections and promote creativity in the caregivers such that they are able to develop possible ways of handling difficult situations like aggressiveness in residents with dementia.
Cathepsin D protease mediates programmed cell death induced by interferon‐gamma, Fas/APO‐1 and TNF‐alpha.

A functional approach of gene cloning was applied to HeLa cells in an attempt to isolate positive mediators of programmed cell death. The approach was based on random inactivation of genes by transfections with antisense cDNA expression libraries, followed by the selection of cells that survived in the presence of the external apoptotic stimulus. An antisense cDNA fragment identical to human cathepsin D aspartic protease was rescued by this positive selection. The high cathepsin D antisense RNA levels protected the HeLa cells from interferon‐gamma‐ and Fas/APO‐1‐induced death. Pepstatin A, an inhibitor of cathepsin D, suppressed cell death in these systems and interfered with the TNF‐alpha‐induced programmed cell death of U937 cells as well. During cell death, expression of cathepsin D was elevated and processing of the protein was affected, which resulted in high steady‐state levels of an intermediate, proteolytically active, single chain form of this protease. Overexpression of cathepsin D by ectopic expression induced cell death in the absence of any external stimulus. Altogether, these results suggest that this well‐known endoprotease plays an active role in cytokine‐induced programmed cell death, thus adding cathepsin D to the growing list of proteases that function as positive mediators of apoptosis.
More attention should be paid to schizophrenic patients with risk of violent offences

other tunes to rid his mind of the obsessive tunes. He also avoided places where he might hear the ringing of cell phones owned by others; consequently, he avoided peer interactions and places of public congregation. He had full insight into the dysfunctional nature of his experiences and recognized them to be part of his own thought processes. The only other obsessive–compulsive phenomenon also present was occasional checking. His symptoms interfered with his ability to study and he began to feel depressed. During the month before presentation, the ring tones preoccupied him for 6–8 h per day. The symptoms were graded as severe on the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (total score 27). He was prescribed fluvoxamine 200 mg/day and clomipramine 75 mg/day, with which combination he reported 90% subjective improvement and no residual functional impairment at 3-month follow up. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only report in the literature of a musical obsession occurring as a mobile phone ring tone. Most common psychological symptom associated with mobile phone users is ringxiety (http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ringxiety). It is defined as a nagging sense that you can hear your mobile phone ringing when actually it is not. The experience of common jingles and tunes running through one’s head is so common that it is puzzling that patients with OCD may not report musical obsessions more frequently. In the present case, the clinical presentation does not fit that of musical hallucinations because hallucinations cannot be obsessional because they are not experienced as ego-alien, nor is there an attempt to get rid of them. Further, this patient had developed OCD in the past. Awareness of this interesting phenomenon may be necessary because the mobile phone is the fastest growing market and it is one of the forms of social revolution throughout the world.