Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quality assessment of whole and gutted sardines (Sardina pilchardus) stored in ice

Summary The quality and shelf life of whole ungutted and gutted sardines (Sardina pilchardus) stored in ice were studied. The changes in the fish were investigated by sensory assessments, chemical analyses and microbiological analyses. The sensory scores of uneviscerated and gutted sardines stored in ice at +4 °C were 7 days. The chemical indicators of spoilage, total volatile basic nitrogen and trimethylamine values of gutted sardine increased very slowly, whereas for whole ungutted samples higher values were obtained reaching a final value of 15.03–29.23 mg per 100 g and 2.36–4.16 mg per 100 g, respectively (day 9). Peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values remained lower for whole ungutted sardine samples until day 9 of storage, whereas for gutted fish were higher. The level of histamine exceeded the legal limit in whole ungutted sardine after 7 days of storage in ice, during which sardines were rejected by the sensory panel. Mesophilic aerobic bacteria count, H2S-producing bacteria, sulphide reducing anaerobe Clostridias, Enterobacteriaceae count of whole ungutted sardine samples are higher than gutted sardine samples during the storage. Psychrotrophic bacteria counts of the two groups were not different. The limits of microbiological data were not exceeded throughout the storage in both the groups’ samples.
Evolutionary relationships among Ascochyta species infecting wild and cultivated hosts in the legume tribes Cicereae and Vicieae

Evolutionary relationships were inferred among a worldwide sample of Ascochyta fungi from wild and cultivated legume hosts based on phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), as well as portions of three protein-coding genes: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G3PD), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF) and chitin synthase 1 (CHS). All legume-associated Ascochyta species had nearly identical ITS sequences and clustered with other Ascochyta, Phoma and Didymella species from legume and nonlegume hosts. Ascochyta pinodes (teleomorph: Mycosphaerella pinodes [Berk. & Blox.] Vestergen) clustered with Didymella species and not with well characterized Mycosphaerella species from other hosts and we propose that the name Didymella pinodes (Berk. & Blox.) Petrak (anamorph: Ascochyta pinodes L.K. Jones) be used to describe this fungus. Analysis of G3PD revealed two major clades among legume-associated Ascochyta fungi with members of both clades infecting pea (“Ascochyta complex”). Analysis of the combined CHS, EF and G3PD datasets revealed that isolates from cultivated pea (P. sativum), lentil (Lens culinaris), faba bean (Vicia faba) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) from diverse geographic locations each had identical or similar sequences at all loci. Isolates from these hosts clustered in well supported clades specific for each host, suggesting a co-evolutionary history between pathogen and cultivated host. A. pisi, A. lentis, A. fabae and A. rabiei represent phylogenetic species infecting pea, lentil, faba bean and chickpea, respectively. Ascochyta spp. from wild relatives of pea and chickpea clustered with isolates from related cultivated hosts. Isolates sampled from big-flower vetch (Vicia grandiflora) were polyphyletic suggesting that either this host is colonized by phylogenetically distinct lineages of Ascochyta or that the hosts are polyphyletic and infected by distinct evolutionary lineages of the pathogen. Phylogenetic species identified among legume-associated Ascochyta spp. were fully concordant with previously described morphological and biological species.
Análisis de las comunidades de microhongos de la hojarasca de Scutia buxifolia (Rhamnaceae) en el este de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Allegrucci, N. , Cazau M. C. , Cabello, M. N. & Arambarri, A. M. 2005. Analysis of microfungal communities on Scutia buxifolia (Rhamnaceae) leaf litter from eastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Darwiniana 43(1-4): 1-9. Decomposer saprotrophic mycobiota of leaf litter from woods of Scutia buxifolia (Coronillo) was analyzed in both disturbed and non disturbed areas, evaluating their seasonal variations. The relative frecuency of each species was calculated, and this information was used to establish the Diversity Index (Shannon-Weaver), H; species richness, S; and evenness, E. From the analysis of the fungal community of Coronillo in both areas, we found the fungal community has not changed regarding disturbance, although its effects is reflected in the species richness and relative frecuency of the species. A principal component analysis showed seasonal tendencies: some species were found to be abundant in summer-autumn whereas others had higher abundance in winter-spring.
Water relations and osmotic adjustment in Lycopersicon esculentum and L. pennellii during short‐term salt exposure and recovery

Cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) Mill. cv. P-73 and its wild salt-tolerant relative L. pennellii (Correll) D'Arcy accession PE-47 growing on silica sand in a growth chamber were exposed to 0, 70, 140 and 210 mM NaCl nutrient solutions 35 days after sowing. The saline treatments were imposed for 4 days, after which the plants were rinsed with distilled water. Salinity in L. esculentum reduced leaf area and leaf and shoot dry weights. The reductions were more pronounced when sodium chloride was removed from the root medium. Reduction in leaf area and weight in L. pennellii was only observed after the recovery period. In both genotypes salinity induced a progressive reduction in leaf water potential and leaf conductance
Zoospore chemotaxis of mangrove thraustochytrids from Hong Kong

Zoospores of mangrove isolates of Schizochytrium mangrovei KF6, KF7, KF12 (three strains), Thraustochytrium striatum KF9 and Ulkenia sp. KF13 were examined for their chemotactic responses to amino acids, carbohydrates, ethanol, and leaf extracts using a capillary root model. Most leaf extracts of mangrove plants and a marsh grass tested were shown to induce moderate chemotactic responses in zoospores of both S. mangrovei KF6 and Ulkenia sp. KF13. Of the remaining amino acids and carbohydrates evaluated, glutamic acid and pectin induced strong attraction in zoospores of S. mangrovei KF6 and Ulkenia sp. KF13, suggesting these are the major components in leaves which may be responsible for the chemotactic response of thraustochytrid zoospores in nature. Zoospores of T. striatum KF9, in general, showed a weak chemotactic response to all the tested compounds and extracts except cellulose, which elicited a moderate response. The ecological significance of the data presented is discussed.
Activated γδ T cells express the natural cytotoxicity receptor natural killer p44 and show cytotoxic activity against myeloma cells

γδ T cells account for up to 10% of T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of healthy donors. They can be activated by cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐12 and IL‐15, express natural killer (NK) cell markers such as NKG2D and show cytotoxic activity against several tumour cells, including multiple myeloma. Here, we present activated polyclonal γδ T cells from healthy donors with an NK T cell‐like phenotype expressing the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp44. Natural cytotoxicity receptors NKp30, NKp44 and NKp46 have been regarded as specific NK receptors; only two γδ T cell clones described so far expressed NKp44. Isolated polyclonal γδ T cells cultured for 7 days according to the cytokine‐induced killer cell (CIK) protocol with additional IL‐15 revealed a surface expression of NKp44 of 8 ± 7% (n = 22). This could be confirmed by detection of NKp44 mRNA by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). γδ T cells exhibited a marked cytotoxic activity against myeloma cells, which could be reduced by inhibition of NKp44. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the expression of NKp44 on polyclonal γδ T cells.
A redescription of Aaptos aaptos with descriptions of new species of Aaptos (Hadromerida: Suberitidae) from northern New Zealand

The problematic genus Aaptos Gray (Hadromerida: Suberitidae) is evaluated in the light of new and re-defined taxonomic characters. Aaptos aaptos (Schmidt) is re-described from type material and a framework is constructed for the recognition of new species. Trachya pernucleata Carter is also re-examined and relegated in synonymy with Aaptos. Four new species from northern New Zealand are described.
Influence of Water Balance and Microclimate on the Local Distribution of the Redback Vole and White‐Footed Mouse

A comparison was made of the importance of water balance, as influenced by microclimate, upon the local distribution of the white—footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, and the redback vole, Clethrionomys gapperi. The characteristic habjtats of the two species in southern New England are dry upland woods and low swamps, respectively. Temperature and relative humidity in the habitats of the two species differed only from 0800 to 1600 on clear days; at other times they were the same. Daytime relative humidities averaged 75 to 85 and 70 to 80% in swamp and upland sites, respectively. There was no consistent difference in the absolute humidities between the swamp and upland at any season. Air temperatures during the summer were 2 and 3oC lower in the swamp than in the upland; during the winter they were the same in both. Water turn—over rate of C. gapperi is appriximately 2.2 times that of P. leucopus (10.46 and 4.82 g/day, respectively). The difference results primarily from a more dilute urine from C. gapperi; the urine of P. leucopus is 2.2 times as concentrated as that of C. gapperi. Restriction of C. gapperi to low, wet areas in southern New England is correlated with the availability of standing water or an accessible water table, not with micorclimate. Evaporative water losses of C. gapperi are significantly greater than those of P. leucopus at absolute humidities of 6.0—12.8 mg/l; they were essentially the same at 16.3 mg/l. C. gapperi is only slightly diurnal; living in the drier uplands would increase its water requirements by only 0.02 g/day. The low water requirement for kidney function of P. leucopus permits it to live in drier upland wooded situations where free water is normally restricted to that available in food (fruits and insects). P. leucopus is strictly nocturnal; mcroclimates in swamps and uplands are similar at these times and would not be a factor in the water balance or local distribution of this species.
Aggressive treatment of LDL-cholesterol and patients undergoing CABG: news from IMPROVE-IT

taking S + Ez compared with those assigned to S + Pl (incidence-rate ratio, RR, 0.70: 0.59–0.84). [1] The corresponding RR for the group without prior CABG was 0.96 (0.89–1.03). Overall, there were 4231 additional primary endpoint events; 1050 in the prior CABG group (9% of the IMPROVE-IT population) and 3181 additional events in the non-prior CABG group (91% of the IMPROVE-IT population) (p < 0.001). The IMPROVE-IT trial “prior CABG” analysis [1] has several limitations. For example, patients with prior CABG represented only 9% of the participants; this limited the power to carry out any further detailed analysis within this population. Also, the time elapsed from the CABG was not available and there are no details regarding the type of grafts. Despite several limitations, IMPROVE-IT provides credible evidence that patients with prior CABG who develop an ACS are a high-risk subset with a substantial increased risk of recurrent CV ischemic events (56% at 7 years). These patients benefit more from adding ezetimibe to simvastatin (so as to achieve lower LDL-C levels) than patients without prior CABG. Future guidelines will need to consider this finding. Also, prior CABG + ACS patients may constitute an ideal population for assessing the effect of new potent LDL-C lowering drugs (e.g. proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin nine inhibitors). The role of lipid lowering therapy for patients undergoing CABG was recognised several decades ago. [5–19] Also, of interest is that this literature includes evidence that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride and non-HDL-C levels may be relevant in terms of predicting disease progression in patients who underwent CABG. A meta-analysis also considered statin loading for CABG although it seems that the increased dose of statins was administered after CABG to achieve lower LDL-C levels long term; more aggressive statin treatment was superior. [20] It is of interest that even a recent study showed that post-CABG patients were undertreated with statins and aspirin. [21] In contrast, in IMPROVE-IT, at randomisation, 94.8% of those with prior CABG and 97.3% of those without prior CABG were on aspirin. [1] In addition, the corresponding % of patients on a thienopyridine was 79.0 and 87.2%, respectively. [1] There is evidence from IMPROVE-IT that more patients achieved the dual target of LDL-C (<70 mg/dl; 1.8 mmol/l) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (<2 mg/l) with combination therapy than with monotherapy. [22] In turn, those achieving this dual target had fewer events than those not achieving this goal. [22] A dual target analysis was not carried out to the IMPROVE-IT CABG subgroup analysis probably because of the smaller number of participants in the CABG group. [1] OPEN ACCESS
Growth Promotion of Wheat Seedlings by Streptomyces atroolivaceus

Treating grains and roots of wheat seedlings with supernatants of different aged cultures of Streptomyces atroolivaceus stimulated plant growth. The treatment resulted in increased shoot elongation, shoot fresh and dry weights, and root fresh and dry weights but suppressed the depth of the root system. The supernatants resulted in increased shoot DNA but not root DNA. Shoot and root contents of RNA and protein were also enhanced. Effects probably caused by activity of plant growth regulators.
Patterns of Genetic Differentiation in Appalachian Desmognathine Salamanders

Studies of allozymic variation In salamanders of the Desmognathus ochrophaeus complex have revealed complex patterns of genetic fragmentation among populations and species. Populations of D. carolinensls within the Black and Great Craggy Mountains of western North Carolina exhibit pronounced variation In allozyme frequencies at five polymorphic loci. Allozyme frequencies at one of these loci vary with elevation. There are no obvious patterns at the remaining loci with respect to elevation, latitude, or longitude, and only a weak suggestion of isolation by distance among populations. On a broader geographic scale, the northernmost form (D. ochrophaeus) exhibits very little Intrademic variation, even over distances ap-proaching 1000 km. Forms with progressively more southern distributions exhibit progressively higher levels of Isolation by distance. Genetic distances among local populations of the more southern forms (D. orestes,
The transcultural transferability of Bourdieu's sociology of education

As early as 1970, M. S. Archer argued that Bourdieu's sociology of education was the product of the particular conditions of the French educational system within which it was formulated. The same argument was subsequently advanced more generally by Richard Jenkins, who insisted that Bourdieu's sociology of culture, particularly the analysis contained in La Distinction/Distinction (Bourdieu, 1979, 1986), was an expression of the peculiarly French emphasis on taste as a basis for social differentiation. Bourdieu was himself interested in the relations between particular and universal explanation in social science, and in many of his later articles he focused specifically on the question of the transferability of his concepts, such as ‘cultural capital’. The English Preface to Homo Academicus (Bourdieu, 1988) is an explicit discussion of how the analysis presented in the text of French higher education should be read and adopted by English readers, while Practical Reason (Bourdieu, 1994, 1998) contained published lectures in which Bourdieu considered the applicability of La Distinction to Japanese society. The purpose of my proposed contribution is to trace the development of Bourdieu's sociology of education in the context of educational policy developments in France during his lifetime and, equally, to trace the ways in which his work has been used in the British context during the period between the first reception of his educational work in the United Kingdom in Knowledge and Control (Young, 1971) to the reception of his more polemical political interventions of the 1990s, many of which implicitly invoked earlier educational thinking. The intention is that this discussion should revive interest in the relevance of Bourdieu's work to the British situation by reference to many of the later texts that appeared after the emphasis of the British field of reception had shifted from education to cultural studies. La noblesse d'e´tat/State nobility (Bourdieu, 1989, 1996) and La mise`re du monde/The weight of the world (Bourdieu et al., 1993, 1999) have direct implications for British thinking about education that are different from the implications of the texts of the 1960s, and it is important to disrupt the tendency still to see the importance of Bourdieu's educational work primarily in relation to Les he´ritiers/The Inheritors (Bourdieu & Passeron, 1964b; 1977) and La reproduction/Reproduction (Bourdieu & Passeron, 1970, 1977). Finally, the discussion will confront the question of transferability and ask whether the comparative conditions in Britain and France between 1960 and 2002 justify the transfer of his analyses and research methods across the cultures in the future beyond his death.
A new species of Arctotis (Compositae, Arctotideae) from kommetjie grassland in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Arctotis debensis R.J.McKenzie, a new species from the Albany Centre of Floristic Endemism, South Africa, is described and illustrated. It grows almost exclusively in grassland on kommetjies, a distinctive landform of depressions and mounds associated with giant earthworms, in a restricted area west of King William’s Town, Eastern Cape Province. It is the first plant taxon reported to be endemic or near-endemic to this unusual habitat. The new species appears to have been collected rarely and previous collections examined have remained undetermined to species level. The new species is distinguished from closely allied species by the combination of its usually larger dimensions in all parts, prostrate habit, coriaceous leaves that are green, scabrous, and eglandular on the adaxial surface and densely lanate on the abaxial surface, and involucral-bract morphology. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 151, 581–588.
Book Reviews and Responses

I still vividly remember the contagious enthusiasm with which Istvan Hont inspired me in my first semester at Harvard in his seminar on commercial society in the Enlightenment. The dominant theme of his political philosophy in that seminar, an idea that is also central to his study of Jealousy of Trade, is that 18thcentury arguments about the interdependence of politics and the economy provide the richest context for understanding the challenges of the modern-day politics of globalisation. The subject of Hont’s study is concerned with the various aspects in which the economy has figured as a constitutive component of political theory from the middle of the 17th century to the emergence of the nation-state after the French Revolution. The book is a compilation of seven previously published essays introduced by a detailed introduction that occupies almost a third of the entire work. The purpose of the comprehensive introduction is not so much to develop new arguments as to systematise and provide coherence to the collected essays as a whole. Although the essays do follow a certain chronological order, they are organised thematically in three broad categories that explore the place of liberty in economic competition, the inherent paradoxes of economic reform, and the relationship between the nation-state and popular sovereignty. Hont’s study, rich in Scottish rather than English overtones, makes it clear from early on that the true mark of modernity, as David Hume argued, is the interjection of economic relations into the political sphere. In this sense, Thomas Hobbes is not, as any historian of early modern Europe would expect, the starting point for Hont’s intellectual discourse: he was indeed ‘the last of the postRenaissance or “new humanist” theorists of politics’ (21). Instead, the debate on the jealousy of trade, as the first essay on the language of sociability and commerce argues, originated with the thought of the German natural jurist Samuel Pufendorf, to whom every Scottish Enlightenment theorist owes more debt than anyone else in the 17th century. Although it should be noted that while Hont emphasises that ‘jealousy of trade can be seen as an application of Hobbes’s jealousy of state to trade’ (9), he nevertheless regards it as ‘a post-Hobbesian development’. The single most important contribution of Pufendorf, as Hont contends, is his denial of the pure Hobbesian ‘state of nature’ and his reinsertion of ‘natural sociability’ in the discourse on the stages of human development. The implication of the Pufendorfian state of nature as one of natural liberty and social disposition is not only that humankind follows a moral development, but also that humans are, above all, communicative creatures with Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 19, Number 3, September 2006
Distribution and ecology of dictyostelid cellular slime molds in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Great Smoky Mountains National Park encompasses an area of 2080 km2 in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina between 35°28′ and 35°47′N. Elevations are 270–2000 m above sea level, and the topography and vegetation are as diverse as any region of eastern North America. In 1998–2004 soil/litter samples for isolation of dictyostelid cellular slime molds were collected throughout the park. Collecting sites included examples of all major forest types along with the more common types of nonforest vegetation. More than 2300 clones of dictyostelids were recovered from 412 samples. These clones included representatives of 20 described species together with at least 10 species new to science. This total is higher than those reported for other temperate regions of the world. In general both numbers of species and numbers of clones/g of sample material decreased with increasing elevation and several species displayed a distinct preference for either the low or high end of the elevation gradient. The relatively high number of new species recovered from samples collected at high elevations is an important new finding for dictyostelid ecology and distribution.