Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Implementation of the BokSmart Safe Six Injury Prevention Programme: a study protocol

Background The injury burden in rugby union (‘rugby’) is high. While exercise-based injury prevention programmes have successfully reduced injuries in other sports such as football, there is minimal research on this topic in rugby union. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and implementation of an exercise-based intervention (BokSmart Safe Six) in junior rugby players that aims to reduce the injury risk profile and burden of injury. Setting 14–16-year-old junior rugby players in two geographically separated locations in South Africa over the 2017 rugby playing season. Methods A cluster-randomised controlled trial where the teams are allocated to groups that either (1) have a coach-delivered exercise intervention in their warm-up (BokSmart Safe Six) or (2) continue with their warm-up ‘as usual’ (control group). Injury risk profiles will be assessed through musculoskeletal screening on all players performed at the beginning, middle and end of the trial. Epidemiological measurements include injury surveillance at all matches and training sessions, and exposure to the various warm-up exercises (including BokSmart Safe Six exercises). Behavioural determinants of coaches will be assessed through standardised theory of planned behaviour questionnaires and focus groups before and after the intervention. Outcome measures Comparison in injury risk profiles and burden of injury between the intervention and control groups. Changes in the behavioural determinants of coaches. Trial registration number: PACTR201608001730223. Pre-Results.
Electromyographic analysis of traditional and nontraditional abdominal exercises: implications for rehabilitation and training.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Performing nontraditional abdominal exercises with devices such as abdominal straps, the Power Wheel, and the Ab Revolutionizer has been suggested as a way to activate abdominal and extraneous (nonabdominal) musculature as effectively as more traditional abdominal exercises, such as the crunch and bent-knee sit-up. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of traditional and nontraditional abdominal exercises in activating abdominal and extraneous musculature. SUBJECTS Twenty-one men and women who were healthy and between 23 and 43 years of age were recruited for this study. METHODS Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to assess muscle activity from the upper and lower rectus abdominis, external and internal oblique, rectus femoris, latissimus dorsi, and lumbar paraspinal muscles while each exercise was performed. The EMG data were normalized to maximum voluntary muscle contractions. Differences in muscle activity were assessed by a 1-way, repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS Upper and lower rectus abdominis, internal oblique, and latissimus dorsi muscle EMG activity were highest for the Power Wheel (pike, knee-up, and roll-out), hanging knee-up with straps, and reverse crunch inclined 30 degrees. External oblique muscle EMG activity was highest for the Power Wheel (pike, knee-up, and roll-out) and hanging knee-up with straps. Rectus femoris muscle EMG activity was highest for the Power Wheel (pike and knee-up), reverse crunch inclined 30 degrees, and bent-knee sit-up. Lumbar paraspinal muscle EMG activity was low and similar among exercises. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The Power Wheel (pike, knee-up, and roll-out), hanging knee-up with straps, and reverse crunch inclined 30 degrees not only were the most effective exercises in activating abdominal musculature but also were the most effective in activating extraneous musculature. The relatively high rectus femoris muscle activity obtained with the Power Wheel (pike and knee-up), reverse crunch inclined 30 degrees, and bent-knee sit-up may be problematic for some people with low back problems.
M2, M3, and M4 muscarinic receptors are expressed in the guinea pig gallbladder

Aim: The identity of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAchR) involved in cholinergic-mediated contraction of the guinea pig gallbladder has been a matter of debate. Different groups have suggested the involvement of M1, M2, M3, or M4 receptor subtypes in the contraction of this tissue. The objective of this study was to identify the mAchR subtypes expressed in the guinea pig gallbladder by RT-PCR. Methods: Total RNA prepared from frozen guinea pig gallbladder tissue was amplified by using specific primers for the M1–M4 receptor subtypes. Results: M2, M3, and M4 transcripts were detected in the following rank order: M4 > M2 > M3. We were unable to demonstrate the expression of the M1 receptor subtype in this tissue. Conclusions: Our results are in agreement with our previous binding and functional data.
Developmentof Time-ResolvedImmunofluorometricAssayof VascularPermeability Factor

We describe a two-site time-resolved immunofluorometnc assay for guinea pig vascular permeability factor (VPF) for quantifying VPF in different biological fluids. Antibody against the carboxy terminus (C-lgG) is immobilized on microtiterwells, and antibody against the amino terminus (N-lgG) is labeled with Eu#{176}-chelate. Line 10 tumor culture medium, known to be rich in VPF, is assayed in a two-step incubation. Bound Eu3 is then quantified by dissociationinto a fluorescent enhancement solution,with measurement of the time-resolved fluorescence. The analytical sensitivity is 0.35 VPF unit, and the intra-assay CV is about 20%. The assay is specific for VPF, because pre-treatment with the appropriate Cor N-peptide, or pre-extraction of VPF, greatly decreases fluorescence. The VPF immunoassay is highly correlated (2 = 0.94) with the Miles permeability assay, the classical bioassay of VPF. In addition, the immunofluorometric assay is about 30-fold more sensitive than the Miles assay.
Influencia de la capacidad de absorber conocimiento en la capacidad estratégica intraemprendedora: un modelo causal en empresas españolas

En un ambiente empresarial de competitividad creciente, complejo, incierto, en el cual el cambio es una constante, se hace necesario para sobrevivir que gerentes y empleados aprendan a cambiar mas deprisa, adquiriendo nuevas competencias y siendo flexibles y agiles a la adaptacion ante dichos cambios. En la situacion anteriormente descrita aparecen dos capacidades dinamicas fundamentales para las organizaciones: por una parte una variable empresarial, la capacidad de absorcion o habilidad de la organizacion para adquirir, asimilar, transformar y aplicar nuevo conocimiento proveniente del exterior y por otra, una capacidad estrategica, la capacidad intraemprendedora o espiritu emprendedor dentro de una organizacion ya existente que queda descrita por la innovacion, proactividad, autorrenovacion y por la creacion de negocios nuevos que tengan lugar en la empresa. Ambas capacidades dinamicas han adquirido una importancia y atencion crecientes, tanto en el ambito academico como en el empresarial. La rapidez en la proliferacion de contribuciones en la investigacion cientifica, tanto teorica como empirica, denota la existencia de ciertas confusiones vigentes en la actualidad y manifiesta la falta de consenso en la literatura relacionada. Ante la existencia de sinergias entre ambas capacidades.esta tesis investiga el efecto queproducen las dos dimensiones de la capacidad de absorcion (potencial y realizada), por separado y conjuntamente, sobre la capacidad de emprender de las organizaciones, es decir sobre la formacion de expectativas empresariales que las organizaciones formulen. Las relaciones entre ambos campos pueden son la base para la creacion y el mantenimiento de ventajas competitivas sostenibles en el largo plazo para la organizacion. La discusion de la relacion entre la capacidad de absorcion y la capacidad intraemprendedora asi como sus repercusiones en el desempeno son el nucleo central de este trabajo.
Contextualising primate origins – an ecomorphological framework

Ecomorphology – the characterisation of the adaptive relationship between an organism's morphology and its ecological role – has long been central to theories of the origin and early evolution of the primate order. This is exemplified by two of the most influential theories of primate origins: Matt Cartmill's Visual Predation Hypothesis, and Bob Sussman's Angiosperm Co‐Evolution Hypothesis. However, the study of primate origins is constrained by the absence of data directly documenting the events under investigation, and has to rely instead on a fragmentary fossil record and the methodological assumptions inherent in phylogenetic comparative analyses of extant species. These constraints introduce particular challenges for inferring the ecomorphology of primate origins, as morphology and environmental context must first be inferred before the relationship between the two can be considered. Fossils can be integrated in comparative analyses and observations of extant model species and laboratory experiments of form–function relationships are critical for the functional interpretation of the morphology of extinct species. Recent developments have led to important advancements, including phylogenetic comparative methods based on more realistic models of evolution, and improved methods for the inference of clade divergence times, as well as an improved fossil record. This contribution will review current perspectives on the origin and early evolution of primates, paying particular attention to their phylogenetic (including cladistic relationships and character evolution) and environmental (including chronology, geography, and physical environments) contextualisation, before attempting an up‐to‐date ecomorphological synthesis of primate origins.
Business rules as the basis of an organization's information systems

Business rules are statements that aim to influence or guide behavior and information in the organization. They are the business policies, the business practices, and business definitions that should be well known and treated as a valuable asset to the organization. They are in essence how the actual business is run. Yet so often these business rules are implicit, assumed in the development of information systems in an organization. They have been buried in code, lived in the business experts’ heads and sporadically been documented in system manuals. In this paper we examine the value of business rules, compare the thinking of business rule experts and provide guidelines on how to derive and store an organization’s business rules.
Oxygen Transport and Exchange in the Microcirculation

The cardiovascular system is responsible for maintaining an adequate convective delivery of oxygen to the smallest branches of the network of blood vessels—the microcirculation—from which oxygen passes to the parenchymal cells by passive diffusion. The aim of this brief review is to trace the development of the study of oxygen transport from the point of view of the microcirculation. August Krogh performed measurements that allowed him to use his keen insight to draw conclusions about oxygen transport that remained the foundations of this field for decades. After an extended period of neglect, Duling rekindled interest in the field of oxygen transport by discovering that substantial amounts of oxygen diffused from the arteriolar network. Subsequent investigations confirmed this finding in various vascular beds and extended these studies to capillaries and venules. The important contributions of computational modeling and new techniques in intravital microscopy continue to led to more advances in our understanding of the role of the microcirculation in the supply of oxygen to tissues. Current work is applying the concepts and principles learned in normal tissues to pathophysiological situations, as well as increasing our understanding of artificial oxygen carriers, oxygen sensing, and the connections between nitric oxide and oxygen transport.
Production of a standard closed fracture in laboratory animal bone

To develop a technique for the production of a standard closed experimental fracture, a new apparatus was designed and tested on 40 male Sprague‐Dawley rats. First, the femur was treated with an intramedullary Steinmann pin. The femoral diaphysis was then fractured by means of a blunt guillotine driven by a dropped weight. Radiographically, this technique resulted in a highly reproducible transverse fracture. There was minimal comminution and minimal angulation of the intramedullary pin. Histologically, there was minimal soft tissue damage. Mechanical testing showed that all fractures healed. Pin removal was accomplished with ease and without disturbance of the healed fracture site. The apparatus is simple to use and inexpensive to build. Through its use, a highly reproducible closed fracture model is established.
Impact of blood pressure and other components of the metabolic syndrome on the development of cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND Few prospective studies have explored blood pressure (BP) and other components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and their interaction in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in China. METHODS AND RESULTS A prospective study of the prevention of multiple metabolic disorders and MetS in Jiangsu province, China: 3,598 subjects were followed for a median of 6.3 years. The Asian criterion of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III was used to define the MetS. Independent risk of the MetS and its components on developing CVD was analyzed, but only BP was associated with CVD. Incidence and risk of CVD increased with the number of MetS components. A linear association was found between the risk of CVD, BP and the number of other components (trend, P<0.01). The adjusted relative risk of developing CVD was increased when BP and other components coexisted. However, the interaction of BP and other components of MetS was not significant (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS In Chinese, among the components of MetS BP was an independent risk factor for CVD. No significant interaction was found between BP and the other MetS components.
Factors affecting milk yield and ewe's lactation curves estimated with test-day models

Test-day records of purebred Tsigai, Improved Valachian and Lacaune ewes were analysed with a general linear model in order to investigate the effects of flock-test day, lactation number, days in milk, litter size and month of lambing. In total, 121 576 (Tsigai), 247 902 (Improved Valachian) and 2 196 (Lacaune) test-day records gathered over the period 1995-2005 were included in the analyses. Average daily milk yields were 0.604 ± 0.279 kg (Tsigai), 0.595 ± 0.243 kg (Improved Valachian) and 1.053 ± 0.475 kg (Lacaune). The significant ( P < 0.05) or highly significant ( P < 0.01) effects of flock-test day, lactation number (except for Lacaune), days in milk, litter size (except for Lacaune) and month of lambing (either fixed effects or covariates) tested by Fisher's tests were shown. The model explained about 50% of daily milk yield variability, with coefficients of determination as follows: 0.479 for Improved Valachian; 0.487 for Tsigai; 0.537 for Lacaune. Differences in estimated least-squares means were tested using multiple-range Scheffe's tests. A lower daily milk yield was found for the first lactation, single litter and lactations starting in March in comparison with daily milk yield for the second and third lactations (except for Lacaune), multiple litter and lactations starting in January and February (except for Improved Valachian). Ali- Schaeffer regression adopted for sheep was used for the fitting of lactation curve according to breed.
Congenital infection of mice with Japanese encephalitis virus

Transplacental transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) when given intraperitoneally was demonstrated in pregnant mice as shown by isolation of the virus from placenta and fetal tissues. Furthermore, JEV could be isolated from the brain, liver, and spleen of newborn mice. The effect of JEV at different periods of gestation in pregnant mice was demonstrated for the first time, and the consequences of maternal infection on fetuses and neonates were studied. JEV infection during the 1st week of gestation caused a significantly higher number of fetal and neonatal deaths (66%) than during the 3rd week of gestation (13.8%). The number of abortions, stillbirths, and neonatal deaths was higher in infected mothers than in controls. No congenital abnormalities were found in any of the newborn mice. Sera obtained from 5-week-old health mice delivered by mothers infected during the 3rd week of gestation contained JEV hemagglutination inhibiting and immunoglobulin M antibodies. The results of these preliminary experiments show the usefulness of mice as a model for further elucidation of JEV infection during pregnancy and its effects on the fetus.
Free/Open-Source Resources in the Apertium Platform for Machine Translation Research and Development

Free/Open-Source Resources in the Apertium Platform for Machine Translation Research and Development This paper describes the resources available in the Apertium platform, a free/open-source framework for creating rule-based machine translation systems. Resources within the platform take the form of finite-state morphologies for morphological analysis and generation, bilingual transfer lexica, probabilistic part-of-speech taggers and transfer rule files, all in standardised formats. These resources are described and some examples are given of their reuse and recycling in combination with other machine translation systems.
SUMOylation Regulates the Transcriptional Activity of JunB in T Lymphocytes1

The AP-1 family member JunB is a critical regulator of T cell function. JunB is a transcriptional activator of various cytokine genes, such as IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10; however, the post-translational modifications that regulate JunB activity in T cells are poorly characterized. We show here that JunB is conjugated with small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) on lysine 237 in resting and activated primary T cells and T cell lines. Sumoylated JunB associated with the chromatin-containing insoluble fraction of cells, whereas nonsumoylated JunB was also in the soluble fraction. Blocking JunB sumoylation by mutation or use of a dominant-negative form of the SUMO-E2 Ubc-9 diminished its ability to transactivate IL-2 and IL-4 reporter genes. In contrast, nonsumoylable JunB mutants showed unimpaired activity with reporter genes controlled by either synthetic 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response elements or NF-AT/AP-1 and CD28RE sites derived from the IL-2 promoter. Ectopic expression of JunB in activated human primary CD4+ T cells induced activation of the endogenous IL-2 promoter, whereas the nonsumoylable JunB mutant did not. Thus, our work demonstrates that sumoylation of JunB regulates its ability to induce cytokine gene transcription and likely plays a critical role in T cell activation.
Realities and perspectives of adolescent mothers in their first pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE to understand the trajectory of adolescents regarding the first pregnancy, contemplating realities and perspectives. METHOD qualitative study, based on the Schütz theoretical framework, with 30 adolescents assisted in an outpatient clinic for adolescents in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. From the narrative interviews carried out in the first semester of 2013, in the return for the first consultation of the puerperium, the communicative processes were identified, the central ideas and units of meanings expressed in the themes were abstracted: I was dating and became pregnant; realities and perspectives. RESULTS adolescents justified pregnancy through sexual drive and insufficient prevention; they narrated the fear faced, difficulties in motherhood and continuity of studies. The realities coexisted with the prospects of family members and partners helping to educate the child to achieve a different future from what they themselves experienced. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS adolescents experienced motherhood with ambivalent conflicts because they were young mothers, but they wanted to raise and educate their children, even those with minimal living conditions.
Reimbursement policies constrain the practice of oncology.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of off-label anticancer drug use (ie, using drugs to treat conditions other than those listed on the Food and Drug Administration's approved drug label), the extent of reimbursement denials for these uses, and the effect of denials on the treatment of cancer patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A three-part questionnaire was sent to a randomized sample of oncologists taken from the 1990 membership of the American Society of Clinical Oncology in March 1990. A response rate of 56% yielded information from 681 oncologists on the drugs they prescribed to 2018 new cancer patients and on those they frequently use in treating 11 specific types of cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The labeled uses of the drugs prescribed and frequently used in chemotherapies were checked against the indications treated to determine whether they were prescribed for off-label uses. Three drug compendia were used as cited sources of off-label drug uses. The extent of reimbursement denials over the last 12 months and their effects on treatments were based on respondent opinions. MAIN RESULTS Off-label drug use is prevalent and dominates the chemotherapy regimens of cancers that are more difficult to treat and for which there are no cures or agreements on standardized treatment. Most oncologists reported frustration with shifting reimbursement policies in general and with an increasing rate of denials for some off-label drug uses. Indeed, a surprising number of oncologists claimed that these policies caused them to alter preferred treatments and site of care. CONCLUSION These findings suggest the need for public discussion of off-label drug use issues so that appropriate policies can be developed.