Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of Lead Ions onto Citric Acid Modified Rubber (Hevea brasiliansis) Leaves

The removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions by citric acid modified rubber leaf powder (CARL) was investigated. The higher adsorptive removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions by CARL compared to untreated rubber leaf powder was due to the presence of more carboxylic functional groups in the former system. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to study the effect of pH, contact time for the removal of Pb(II) from Pb(II) aqueous systems and the mechanism of adsorption process was studied by kinetic models, pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic models. The functional groups on CARL played an important role in the adsorption of Pb(II). The kinetic and equilibrium adsorption data were well modeled using pseudo-first-order kinetics. Normal 0 21 false false false MS X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:. 0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
Pedotransfer functions for estimating total soil nitrogen up to the global scale

Realistic model representation of the dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems, including all relevant biophysical and biogeochemical interactions, is a prerequisite to accurate predictions of climate change. However, the current generation of models requires improvement. In particular, it is important to know the nitrogen status of soil for modelling global vegetation and the emission of pollutants such as nitrous oxide. For this reason, we collated several major datasets that record total nitrogen (TN) and other key properties of soils. From these data, we derived pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to predict TN of soils from other soil and site properties using stepwise multiple regressions. The most important predictor was found to be soil organic carbon (SOC). Other helpful soil and site properties for predicting TN included distance from the equator, soil texture class, soil group C:N ratio, pH, % clay and whether the soil contains more or less than 10% SOC. Several different PTFs are presented, giving the user a choice, depending on which soil and site properties are available. In all, we calculated that over 9000 observations were available, although not all datasets contained all the site properties listed above. The most useful PTF was found to be: TN = 0.0232 + 0.0250*C− 0.000534*D + 0.521*G + a(T), for C < 10%, and TN = 0.269 + 0.0449*C− 0.00575*D− 0.157*G + b(T), for C≥10%, where C is % SOC, D is the degrees from the equator, G is a soil group factor defined as (C/Median C:N ratio of soil group), T is a factor based on texture classes (1, 2 or 3), depending on clay and sand content and a takes the value 0.0, 0.0228 or 0.0296 when T is 1, 2 or 3, respectively, and similarly b takes one of the values 0.0, 0.328 or 0.440, respectively. The PTFs were validated against data not used in their derivation, which were held back for this specific purpose. On the basis of the PTF above and the pre‐existing digital soil map of the world, we publish a map of the global distribution of TN. It has been suggested that additional CO2 may be emitted from soils as a result of global warming, exacerbating warming still further. We calculate that the nitrous oxide formed as a result of the nitrogen that also mineralized could contribute a further 30% of additional warming.
Atmospheric chemistry of unsaturated alcohols

The atmospheric oxidation of the unsaturated alcohols [allyl alcohol (CH 2 =CHCH 2 OH), 3-buten-1-ol (CH 2 =C-HCH 2 CH 2 OH), and cis-3-hexen-1-ol (CH 3 CH 2 CH=CH-CH 2 CH 2 OH)] has been studied in experiments involving unsaturated alcohol-ozone-cyclohexane mixtures in the dark and involving unsaturated alcohol-nitric oxide mixtures in the sunlight. Major carbonyl products of the ozone-unsaturated alcohol reaction, with cyclohexane added to scavenge OH, included formaldehyde and hydroxyacetaldehyde from allyl alcohol (yields 0.50±0.03 and 0.30±0.03, respectively); formaldehyde from 3-buten-1-ol (yield 0.37±0.09); and propanal, methylglyoxal, and acetaldehyde from cis-3-hexen-1-ol (yields 0.59±0.12, 0.17±0.05 and 0.13±0.02, respectively)
Luminescence resonance energy transfer

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), in which a fluorescent donor molecule transfers energy via a nonradiative dipole-dipole interaction to an acceptor molecule (which is usually a fluorescent molecule), is a standard spectroscopic technique for measuring distances in the 10-70 Angstrom range. We have used a luminescent europium chelate as donor and an organic dye, CY-5, as acceptor. This luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) has several advantages over the more conventional FRET. The distance at which 50% of the energy is transferred (R[sub 0]) is large, 70 [angstrom]; the donor lifetime is single exponential and long (0.63 ms in H[sub 2]O; 2.5 ms in D[sub 2]O), making lifetime measurements facile and highly accurate; the orientation dependence (k[sup 2]) of energy transfer is minimized by the donor's multiple electronic transitions and long lifetime, limiting uncertainty in the measured distance due to orientation effects to [+-]12% in the worst case; the sensitized emission of the acceptor can be measured with little or no interfering background, yielding a >50-fold improvement in signal to background over standard donor-acceptor pairs and enabling distances several times R[sub 0] to be measured. 13 refs., 4 figs.
Site-Selective Assemblies of Gold Nanoparticles on an AFM Tip-Defined Silicon Template

This paper provides a convenient method for fabricating highly controlled arrays of gold nanoparticles on silicon by combining AFM nanolithography and self-assembly techniques. Our main methodology is to fabricate nanopatterns on silicon, covered with amino group and methyl group terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), at different surface locations. These nanopatterns were then used to guide the assembly of gold nanoparticles according to their different affinities for amino and methyl groups. AFM was employed to induce a localized degradation of the methyl SAM on the silicon and therefore to control the amino SAM-covering area for nanoparticle adsorption, where the amino SAM was formed on the degraded regions by the conventional self-assembly technique. Gold nanoparticles (15 nm in diameter) selectively assembled at the AFM tip-defined amino regions, forming precisely positioned nanoparticle arrays. Such kinds of highly ordered nanoparticle assemblies are believed to contribute to the studies of na.
Effects of Precipitation on Nonpoint Sources of Nitrogen Contamination to Surface Waters in the U.S. Great Plains

Declining surface water quality is of great concern across the Great Plains. Recent trends in the earth’s climate can create abrupt changes in precipitation, which can alter the impact of nonpoint sources on water quality. A 2-year study [dry (2009) and wet (2010) year] was initiated to assess the impact of nitrate nitrogen (N) loss from the Roca watershed on water quality in Salt Creek. The water flow and nitrate N concentration was determined weekly in Salt Creek. The predicted average nitrate N concentration in runoff during the dry year (38.3 mg L−1) was almost five times greater than that (7.9 mg L−1) for the wet year. However, the predicted amount of nitrate N in runoff was similar for both years because the runoff for the wet year (51.8 million m3) was about five times greater than that for the dry year (10.7 million m3). The total amount of nitrate N found in Salt Creek was 18 and 127 metric tons for the dry and wet years, respectively. These data implied that 95% (dry year) and 69% (wet year) of the nitrate N has been removed from streams water in Salt Creek. Factors responsible for removing nitrate N from water include heavy growth of algae, weeds, and aquatic plants as well as denitrification and volatilization reactions. The predicted amount of nitrate N lost from soils by leaching was almost seven times greater for the wet (1,037 metric tons) than the dry year (156 metric tons). It was concluded that high precipitation for the wet year raised both the amount of nitrate N in runoff and loading into Salt Creek and could increase the negative impact on water quality.
Factors Associated with Thyroid Dysfunction in Hypothyroidism-Endemic Region of Ravansar, 2017-2018: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

1. Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 2. Dept. of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 3. Environmental Determinants of Health Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 4. Dept. of Public Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Heteroepitaxial growth of high mobility InAsP from the vapor phase

High quality InAsxP1−x epitaxial layers were heteroepitaxially deposited on InP substrates from the vapor phase using the hydride technique. For phosphorus rich alloys electron mobilities as high as 29 800 cm2/Vs were observed at 77 K. Electrical data indicated that ionized impurity scattering was limiting the mobility at low temperatures since alloys had 77‐K mobilities comparable to that of InP grown in this system. Alloys with high electron mobilities could be prepared without deliberate compositional grading.
Study on Synthesis of Nitrophenyl Isocyanates Using Triphosgene

In this paper, triphosgene respectively reacting with o-nitrophenyl aniline, m-nitrophenyl aniline and p-nitrophenyl aniline to synthesize corresponding isocyanates. The effects of reactants molar ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature on the yield were investigated. As a result, using 1,2-dichloroethane as reaction solvent, the optimum molar ratio of the three kinds of nitroaniline and triphosgene were all 2.5:1, the optimum reaction time of synthesis of o-nitrophenyl isocyanate, m-nitrophenyl isocyanate and p-nitrophenyl isocyanate respectively was 6h, 5.5h and 5h; the optimum reaction temperature of synthesis of the three kinds of nitrophenyl isocyanates were all 75°C. Under the optimal conditions, the yield of o-nitrophenyl isocyanate, m-nitrophenyl isocyanate and p-nitrophenyl isocyanate could respectively be 80.3%, 83.7% and 83.5%. The products were characterized by meltingtest, ebulliometry, IR, and HPLC
The influence of hedge structure, management and landscape context on the value of hedgerows to birds: a review

In this review, we discuss the value of hedgerows as bird habitat in lowland-farming landscapes to provide a background against which decisions concerning hedgerow management might be evaluated. The two most important factors positively associated with species richness and abundance of breeding birds in hedgerows are hedge size (height/width/volume) and the presence/abundance of trees. The provision of cover and the botanical and structural complexity of the vegetation are also important. However, large hedges do not suit all species; birds tend to prefer hedgerow types which most closely resemble their usual non-hedgerow breeding habitat. The value of hedgerows to birds can be increased by combining them with other features such as headlands (for game birds), verges, wildflower strips, game and wild-bird cover and well-vegetated banks and ditches. The presence of well-grown, dead or decaying trees is beneficial to many species, providing nest holes, foraging sites and perches. Increasing the structural complexity of a hedgerow and its associated habitat may also reduce the incidence of predation. Hedgerows also provide physical shelter and roost sites and are an important source of winter food supplies, especially berries and other fruits. Some bird species, usually those whose primary habitat is woodland, live mainly within the hedgerow itself, whereas others are more dependent on the surrounding landscape to a greater or lesser extent. However, even the presence of woodland bird species is influenced by the availability and characteristics of alternative habitats in the surroundings and therefore hedgerows and their bird populations do not function as isolated patches. As linear landscape elements, hedgerows also provide safe cover for both local and larger-scale movements and may facilitate access to resources or habitat which might otherwise be too risky or too remote for birds to use or colonise. A number of recommendations for improving hedgerow habitat for birds are reiterated from an extensive literature and include combining hedgerows with other semi-natural habitat, providing a variety of structural types, maintaining good cover in the hedge-base, e.g. by excluding stock and herbicide, and avoiding excessive cutting. However, good hedgerow management has costs and is unlikely to be applied widely in the absence of national policy and funding.
Hormone Induced Lactation in the Bovine. II. Response of Nulligravida Heifers to Modified Estrogen-Progesterone Treatment

Abstract Subcutaneous injection of 17 β -estradiol (60 mg/600kg body weight per day) and progesterone (150 mg/600kg body weight per day) for 7 days initiated lactation in nulligravida heifers. Lactation was initiated with 17 β -estradiol-progesterone ratios of 1:2.5, 1:2, and 1:1 when constant 17 β -estradiol (60 mg/600kg body weight per day) was maintained. Varying the dose of 17 β -estradiol (20, 40, or 60 mg/600kg body weight per day) while maintaining a constant 17 β -estradiol:progesterone ratio of 1:2.5 also initiated lactation at all rates of 17 β -estradiol. Number of days of injection (7 or 10) and, thus, the total amount of hormone injected had little effect on the abilitv of the treatment to initiate lactation. Lactation was not successfully induced following intramuscular injection of the hormones or when a suspension of estrone rather than dissolved 17 β -estradiol was injected subcutaneously Regardless of treatment the mammary gland did not change during hormone injection. Major glandular growth occurred between the last (7th) day of hormone injection and 14 days after the last hormone injection. Mammary glands of heifers that lactated continued to grow until approximately peak lactation. Neither amount nor ratio of 17 β -estradiol and progesterone is critical in initiation of lactation. Failure to initiate lactation following intramuscular injection or injection of a suspension of estrone may reflect an altered absorption pattern from the injection site and suggests that the dynamics of hormone absorption are important in success or failure of the treatment to initiate lactation
Size and Stability of Catanionic Vesicles: Effects of Formation Path, Sonication, and Aging

The majority of vesicles prepared from dispersions of phospholipids in water are nonequilibrium structures. Thermodynamically stable vesicles must display distinctive physicochemical properties. To investigate the size and stability properties of the vesicles formed in the catanionic mixture of single-tailed (SDS) and double-tailed (DDAD) surfactants, we evaluate the influence of the formation path on size, polydispersity, and equilibration time, by means of microscopy methods and water NMR self-diffusion. The different paths used involve mixing of solutions, mixing of solids, or dilution of preequilibrated concentrated samples. Water self-diffusion and microscopy show that all of the methods are able to yield vesicle solutions, but their size and polydispersity present some differences. Under the effect of a short sonication time, all solutions gain identical macroscopic appearance and with time they apparently equilibrate to a common state (as probed by water self-diffusion data). This stable state coin.
Investigation of the Spin Hamiltonian Parameters of Yb3+ in CaWO4 Crystal

In this paper, the spin Hamiltonian parameters g factors g∥ and g⊥ of Yb3+ and hyperfine structure constants A∥ and A⊥ of 171Yb3+ and 173Yb3+ in CaWO4 crystal are calculated from the two-order perturbation formulae. In these formulae, the contributions of the covalence effects, the admixture between J =7/2 and J =5/2 states as well as the second-order perturbation are included. The needed crystal parameters are obtained from the superposition model and the local structure of the studied system. The calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the observed values. The results are discussed.
A New Adsorption Isotherm for Heterogeneous Sorbents

An adsorption isotherm has been suggested for the intended description of the experimental isotherms for the adsorption of gases and vapours on heterogeneous surfaces. Two parameters of the suggested equation, which characterize the heterogeneity of a sorbent, were expressed in the form of explicit functions of temperature as well as of variance and the excess coefficient for the corresponding energy distribution of adsorption sites. The presence of such explicit expressions allowed the application of the suggested equation for the description of the dependence of the adsorption not only on pressure but also on temperature. The adsorption of N2 on TiO2 was considered as an example. It was shown that the suggested equation could be used as the thermal equation of state for a real adsorption system over quite wide ranges of temperature and pressure.
The Heritage of N. D. Kondratieff in the Context of Modern Problems of the World Economy

There are researchers whose problems and theories remain relevant for a long time after their death. Nikolai Kondratieff, an outstanding Russian economist, of course, is among them. He is one of those whose name is well-known around the world. On the occasion of the 125 anniversary of Kondratieff's birth and the 80 anniversary of his death which we commemorated respectively in 2017 and 2018 it is all the more important to highlight the relevance of his ideas. The papers of this issue are dedicated to the link between Kondratieff's ideas and the problems of modern economy and economic science. As a peasant's son, Nikolai Kondratieff managed to realize his abilities and in his young years he became a professor of economics. In one of his Suzdal letters from prison (May 2, 1938) summing up the results of his activity he wrote, ‘. I did not acquire any education like most peasant children. Therefore, my character was shaped spontaneously in the hard school of life that I had to go through in my time. But without my character, I would never have made my way from a plow to the professor's lecturing desk’ (Kondratieff 1991 [1931]: 559). Nikolai Kondratieff made a significant contribution to various fields of economic science. He founded and headed the Conjuncture Institute, developed the theory of economic planning. During his lifetime he gained fame abroad. In Suzdal prison, Kondratieff wrote an outstanding work The Basic Problems of Economic Statics and Dynamics. Therefore, the assessment of the researcher's merits, made for his centenary, remains true, ‘After six decades most of his works have not lost their significance and serve as a basis for the most relevant research. One should particularly mention the exceptional scientific rigor of his
Energy and entropy of protein adsorption.

ABSTRACT Protein adsorption data. in particular adsorption isotherms and calorimetric results, are interpreted using thermodynamic arguments. Energetic and entropic contributions from the major factors that constitute the overall process are presented. With respect to the adsorption behavior the protein molecules may be classified as “rigid” or “soft”. With rigid proteins structural rearrangements do not contribute to the adsorption process. They adsorb on hydrophobic surfaces and on hydrophilic surfaces only if electrostatically attracted. Soft proteins show a stronger affinity for surfaces, so that they even may adsorb under the adverse conditions of a hydrophilic, electrostatically repelling surface. With these proteins there is a significant driving force for adsorption resulting from intramolecular structural rearrangements.
Nitrous Acid in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Homes

Experimental studies have shown that nitrogen acid species, particularly nitrous acid, are formed indoors during unvented combustion and by heterogeneous reactions of nitrogen dioxide. Limited measurements support the occurrence of nitrous acid production in occupied homes. The authors report additional measurements of HONO and NO[sub 2] in homes located in Albuquerque, NM, and assess the relationship with housing variables. Indoor HONO concentrations were found to be well correlated with indoor NO[sub 2] levels; HONO concentrations ranged from 5% to 15% of the measured NO[sub 2] concentrations. Given the correlation between HONO and NO[sub 2] in indoor environments, and the plausibility of HONO respiratory toxicity, investigations of respiratory health effects of unvented combustion should consider HONO, in addition to NO[sub 2], as a potentially hazardous indoor pollutant. 38 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.
New Approaches for Permanent Downhole Gauge (PDG) Data Processing

Abstract One of the major issues in processing permanent downhole gauge (PDG) data is that too many transients exist over a reasonable time period, say 6 months. A formula was proposed to predict the transients that may be detected or missed. Reasonable prediction was achieved via the formula. Noise usually exists in data recorded by PDGs. Denoising is thus one of the most important steps in PDG data processing. In order to denoise the data, the data noise level must be estimated beforehand. Unfortunately, the data noise level is typically case-dependent, and therefore, it is impossible to identify a universal value for the level that may be used for all the application scenarios. One appropriate approach to estimate the noise level is to first best fit the data, subtract the predicted pressure response from recorded values, and then calculate the noise level based on the difference. We propose to apply nonlinear regression via the Polytope method (Gill, Murray, and Wright, 1981) for best-fitting PDG data to determine the noise level. It is found that the new approach is superior to the least square error (LSE) linear regression as used by Khong (2001), because the bottom-hole wellbore pressure response in a well should be treated as a nonlinear function of time over the majority of the well production/injection/shut-in period. Unless a very small range of the data (say 2 h) is considered, a linear pressure response with time is not anticipated. Furthermore, with nonlinear regression through the Polytope approach, there is no strong restriction in data quantity and data density, hence, automatic detection of the data noise level can be implemented.
Experimental Verification of the SERS Electromagnetic Model beyond the |E|4 Approximation: Polarization Effects

The failure of the so-called |E|4 approximation of the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) electromagnetic (EM) enhancement factor is demonstrated experimentally using arrays of highly uniform gold nanoparticles specially designed for this purpose. This is first demonstrated for unpolarized detection, and the interpretation of the results then becomes evident by studying the case of polarized detection. These results provide, at the same time, a clear experimental verification of the generalized EM theory of SERS beyond the |E|4 approximation (Chem. Phys. Lett. 2006, 423, 63). A nontrivial consequence of these concepts is the almost complete polarization rotation of the SERS signal with respect to the incident polarization. This occurs for a prolate nanoparticle with plasmon resonances peaking on either side of the main spectral range covered by the Raman spectrum of the probe. Finally, we discuss how such experiments can be used to extract some information about the molecular adsorption orientation .