Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the Special Issue on Digital Humanities and Computational Linguistics

Digital Humanities (DH) seeks to support research into Humanities disciplines using digital, computational techniques. Its exact definition is discussed often and may even be the subject of interesting debate (Vanhoutte, Nyhan, and Terras 2013), but we do not need to linger too long on definitional issues. At this time, DH invites contribution from all Humanities disciplines, including those where language plays a secondary role, such as anthropology, archeology, fine (visual) arts, film studies, and musicology. These are not the most likely disciplines for computational linguists to get involved in, but linguistics and literature (studies) are also Humanities discipline, where language is central, as are history and philosophy, where language is not of central interest, but where archival material in textual form often plays a central role. There are enormous opportunities for contributions from computational linguistics (CL) from all the disciplines where language and text are important. Just as in other computational disciplines, the fundamental benefits that DH can bring to its non-computational parent disciplines are the ability to deal with large amounts of data, the speed with which analyses can be tested, assessed, and criticized, and finally, the commitment to well-codified procedures, which can better be tested, replicated and modified. All of these benefits are being realized in some projects even today. Jockers (2013) analyzes 3,500 American, Irish and English novels of the nineteenth century, exploring especially the trends in themes over this period, e.g. when the religious themes of sin and salvation were popular in the different countries. Estimating conservatively, 3,500 novels would require about 100 meters of shelf space and reading — but not yet taking notes and analyzing them — would take over ten years for a disciplined reader, reading a novel a day. As larger amounts of material become available, so too will the scope of projects such as Jocker’s. Speed is of course related to the first advantage, that of capacity, since the capacity would be pointless if analyses could not be produced promptly. Nerbonne et al. (2011) describe Gabmap, a web application for dialectology. Gabmap requires that users input dialect data in the form of a table organized into sites on the one hand and forms that vary on the other. A given cell contains an indication of which form is used at a given site. The data may be categorical such as lexical or syntactic choice, numerical such as the formant frequencies of vowels, or strings such as pronunciation transcriptions. Analyses may be categorical (same vs. different), numerical (Euclidean distance), or, for strings, edit distance. Once data is
Diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis.

Tuberous sclerosis was first clearly documented in 1880 by Bourneville (hence Bourneville's disease or epiloia) who described the typical pathological features-areas of sclerosis and other areas of tuber like growths at postmortem examination-in patients with mental retardation and fits. ' For years the disease was only suspected in those suffering from mental retardation and fits but it is now known to occur in individuals of normal intelligence both with or without fits. The classic paper by Bundey and Evans brought this to attention by confirming that the disease is dominantly inherited often from unsuspecting parents who nevertheless have signs of the disease.2 The incidence was thought to be one in 100 000 but the best estimate3 has been recently updated (R H Lindenbaum, personal communication) to suggest one in 10 000. Mental retardation is thought to affect 50% of individuals with fits occurring in about 80%.
A Fourth Century Contribution To Literary Theory: Ibn Fāris's Treatise On Poetic Licenses

Preference for poetical works has been adduced as one of the principal impulses for the promotion of Arabic poetics in the 4th A.H. /l0th A.D. century. ' To this may also be added the ever-growing literary corpus, which derived from the emergence of new themes and styles. However, there were two significant issues which dominated the intellectual debate and discussion among the literati during this period. The first relates to the problem of evidential examples, shawdhid. The debate concerned which period of Arabic literary experience should be regarded as the terminus a quo, the poetical works emerging after which might not be cited as authoritative usages. The second issue was whether the employment of exceptional usages, darurat, with no few illustrations from the classical poetry, should be allowed to contemporary poets. In its most extreme form, the argument over the latter challenged the legitimacy of that dispensation which poets of no matter which historical classification had often utilized sometimes to the point of the absurd. With regard to the first issue, there was a curious lack of consensus, a startling fickleness, and indeed self-contradiction among the avantgarde of Arabic literay theory. Abu 'Amr b. (d. 154/770) and alAsma'i (d. 123/828) were classic representatives of this contradiction and confusion.2 We must, however, hasten to say that some other early theorists advocated the evaluation of poetry without parti pris, arguing that any poetical work, regardless of the period in which it was composed, should be assessed on its own merit. They did not consider lateness in the emergence of a poet as an argument against creativity or excellence.3 3
Migration of Langerhans cells and γδ+ dendritic cells from UV‐B‐irradiated sheep skin

Depletion of dendritic cells from UV‐B‐irradiated sheep skin was investigated by monitoring migration of these cells towards regional lymph nodes. By creating and cannulating pseudoafferent lymphatic vessels draining a defined region of skin, migrating cells were collected and enumerated throughout the response to UV‐B irradiation. In the present study, the effects of exposing sheep flank skin to UV‐B radiation clearly demonstrated a dose‐dependent increase in the migration of Langerhans cells (LC) from the UV‐B‐exposed area to the draining lymph node. The range of UV‐B doses assessed in this study included 2.7 kJ/m2, a suberythemal dose; 8 kJ/m2, 1 minimal erythemal dose (MED); 20.1 kJ/m2; 40.2 kJ/m2; and 80.4 kJ/m2, 10 MED. The LC were the cells most sensitive to UV‐B treatment, with exposure to 8 kJ/m2 or greater reproducibly causing a significant increase in migration. Migration of γδ+ dendritic cells (γδ+ DC) from irradiated skin was also triggered by exposure to UV‐B radiation, but dose dependency was not evident within the range of UV‐B doses examined. This, in conjunction with the lack of any consistent correlation between either the timing or magnitude of migration peaks of these two cell types, suggests that different mechanisms govern the egress of LC and γδ+ DC from the skin. It is concluded that the depression of normal immune function in the skin after exposure to erythemal doses of UV‐B radiation is associated with changes in the migration patterns of epidermal dendritic cells to local lymph nodes.
Stark's question and Popescu's conjecture for abelian L-functions

We prove that an affirmative answer to Stark’s question relating special values of abelian L-functions to S-units in certain number fields implies the truth of the main condition in Popescu’s conjecture for the same setting. We then compute two examples in which the question is seen to have an affirmative answer and the full conjecture follows from our result. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: 11R42,11R27
Regulatory effect of neuroglobin in the recovery of spinal cord injury

Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of neuroglobin in the recovery of spinal cord injury. Methods: The male albino Wistar strain rats were used as an experimental model, and adeno associated virus (AAV) was administered in the T12 section of spinal cord ten days prior to the injury. Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale was used to determine the recovery of the hind limb during four weeks post-operation. Malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in the spinal cord tissues. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay was carried out to determine the presence of apoptotic cells. Immunofluorescence analysis was carried out to determine the neuroglobin expression. Western blot analysis was carried out to determine the protein expressions of caspase-3, cytochrome c, bax and bcl-2 in the spinal cord tissues. Results: Experimental results showed that rats were recovered from the spinal cord injury due to increased neuroglobin expression. Lipid peroxidation was reduced, whereas catalase and SOD activity were increased in the spinal cord tissues. Apoptosis and lesions were significantly reduced in the spinal cord tissues. Caspase-3, cytochrome c and bax levels were significantly reduced, whereas bcl-2 expression was reduced in the spinal cord tissues. Conclusion: Taking all these data together, it is suggested that the increased neuroglobin expression could improve the locomotor function.
Nuclear translocation of mouse polycomb m33 protein in regenerating liver.

Immunoblots probed with an antibody to M33 protein, a homolog of Drosophila Polycomb, revealed that most M33 in adult mouse liver had a higher electrophoretic mobility than that in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. High-mobility 60-kDa M33 localized in the cytoplasmic fraction of liver homogenates, and two less abundant 66- and 70-kDa species were detected in the nuclear fraction. Immunocytochemistry of freeze-substituted tissues showed a punctate pattern of immunofluorescence in the cytoplasm of hepatic parenchymal cells. Nuclear M33 isoforms treated with alkaline phosphatase had increased mobilities corresponding to cytoplasmic M33. In partially hepatectomized mice, nuclear M33 isoforms appeared after 48 h, near the time of maximum DNA synthesis as measured by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. By 60 h, most M33 was in the form of these low-mobility species, and the pattern of immunofluorescence suggested the existence of chromatin-bound and free states of the protein in the nucleus. Thereafter, high-mobility 60-kDa M33 reappeared. The data are consistent with a phosphorylation-associated translocation mechanism that is a cell cycle-dependent.
The Membrane-proximal Scavenger Receptor Cysteine-rich Domain of CD6 Contains the Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule Binding Site (*)

Binding studies with a CD6 immunoglobulin fusion protein (CD6 Rg) resulted in the identification and cloning of a CD6 ligand. This ligand was found to be a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family and was named ALCAM (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule). Cell adhesion assays showed that CD6-ALCAM interactions mediate thymocyte-thymic epithelium cell binding. ALCAM is also expressed by activated leukocytes and neurons and may be involved in interactions between T cells and activated leukocytes and between cells of the immune and nervous systems, respectively. Herein we describe the preparation of domain-specific murine CD6 Rg fusion proteins and show that the membrane-proximal SRCR (scavenger receptor cysteine-rich) domain of CD6 contains the ALCAM binding site. We also show that mAbs which bind to this domain preferentially block CD6-ALCAM binding. These results demonstrate that the membrane-proximal SRCR domain of CD6 is necessary for CD6 binding to ALCAM and provide the first direct evidence for the interaction of an SRCR domain with a ligand.
Sleep and behavior problems among preschoolers.

This study described the relationship between amount of sleep and behavior problems among preschoolers. Participants were 510 children aged 2 to 5 years who were enrolled through 68 private pediatric practices. Parents reported on the amount of sleep their child obtained at night and in 24-hour periods. With demographic variables controlled, regression models were used to determine whether sleep was associated with behavior problems. The relationship between less sleep at night and the presence of a DSM-III-R psychiatric diagnosis was significant (odds ratio = 1.23, p = .026). Less night sleep (p < .0001) and less sleep in a 24-hour period (p < .004) were associated with increased total behavior problems on the Child Behavior Checklist; less night sleep (p < .0002) and less 24-hour sleep (p < .004) were also associated with more externalizing problems on that measure. Further research is needed to ascertain whether sleep is playing a causal role in the increase of behavior problems.
Protein Remote Homology Detection by Combining Chou’s Pseudo Amino Acid Composition and Profile‐Based Protein Representation

Protein remote homology detection is a key problem in bioinformatics. Currently the discriminative methods, such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) can achieve the best performance. The most efficient approach to improve the performance of SVM‐based methods is to find a general protein representation method that is able to convert proteins with different lengths into fixed length vectors and captures the different properties of the proteins for the discrimination. The bottleneck of designing the protein representation method is that native proteins have different lengths. Motivated by the success of the pseudo amino acid composition (PseAAC) proposed by Chou, we applied this approach for protein remote homology detection. Some new indices derived from the amino acid index (AAIndex) database are incorporated into the PseAAC to improve the generalization ability of this method. Finally, the performance is further improved by combining the modified PseAAC with profile‐based protein representation containing the evolutionary information extracted from the frequency profiles. Our experiments on a well‐known benchmark show this method achieves superior or comparable performance with current state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Accounting for Risk and Uncertainty in Climate Policy Assessment

Problems of risk and uncertainty arise throughout the assessment of climate change and the development of climate policy. Both the climate system and the economic system are characterized by long time lags and complex causal connections; over long periods of time, both climate and economic outcomes are necessarily uncertain. In view of the centrality of risk and uncertainty to climate assessment, it will be helpful to begin by clarifying the meaning of these concepts. Recommended approaches to risk and uncertainty are addressed in the final section in this document. Definitions of risk and uncertainty
Channel Aligned Beamforming in Two-Way Multi-Pair Decode-and-Forward Relay Down-Link Channels

We consider the down-link of multi-pair two-way decode-and-forward (DaF) relay channel with multiple antennas at all the nodes. We propose schemes composed of relay pre-coder and user receive beam-formers to support 2M degrees of freedom when M antennas are employed at the relay. A channel aligning technique, where the channel vectors of a pair are forced to be aligned, is introduced so that we can use, at the relay, the well-known pre-coder like zero forcing (ZF) or the regularized channel inversion (RI) from the cellular down-link channels. Alternation based optimization of the pre-coder and the beam-formers searches the channel aligned vector space to further enhance the performance of the scheme in the low and mid SNR range.
Improving Analytical Delay Modeling for CMOS Inverters

Analytical methods for gate delay estimation are very useful to speedup timing analysis of digital integrated circuits. This work presents a novel approach to analytically estimate the CMOS inverter delay. The proposed method considers the influence of input slope, output load and I/O coupling capacitance, as well as relevant effects such as channel length modulation and drain induced barrier lowering. Experimental results are on good agreement with HSPICE simulations, showing significant accuracy improvement compared to published related work. The delay model error has an average value of 3%, and the worst case error is smaller than 10%.
New adhesive factor (antigen 8786) on a human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O117:H4 strain isolated in Africa

An enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain, E. coli 8786, of serotype O117:H4 produced only heat-stable enterotoxin and gave mannose-resistant hemagglutination with human and bovine erythrocytes. The strain adhered to the brush border of human enterocytes and to enterocytelike cell line Caco-2. Adhesion inhibition assays using Caco-2 cells with different adhesive factor extracts showed that the adhesive factor of E. coli 8786 is different from colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I). CFA/II, CFA/III of Darfeuille et al. (A. Darfeuille, B. Lafeuille, B. Joly, and R. Cluzel, Ann. Microbiol. Inst. Pasteur 134A:53-64, 1983), CS6, and antigen 2230. A bacterial surface protein, designated antigen 8786, with a molecular mass of 16,300 Da was responsible for the adhesion to intestinal cells. It was immunologically different from previously described adhesive factors as determined by immunoblotting. Antigen 8786 was detected on the bacterial cell surface and appeared to be nonfimbrial. NH2-terminal analysis of antigen 8786 showed no homology with the previously described adhesive factors. Nevertheless, antigen 8786 is closely related to the NH2-terminal sequence of Salmonella enteritidis fimbrin. A hybridization experiment using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe based on the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of antigen 8786 revealed that the coding region was located on a 70-MDa plasmid.
Persistent problems and practices in information systems development

Abstract. This paper identifies and discusses the persistent problems and development practices of information systems development (ISD). A critical examination and comparison of past times’‘traditional’ and present‐day ‘web‐based’ development shows that contemporary ISD can be seen as an accentuated evolution – rather than a revolution – of well‐known challenges and solutions. On this basis, (1) diversity; (2) knowledge; and (3) structure are identified as inherent and interrelated problems, while the practices for coping with these three challenges are (a) organization and specialization; (b) constant verbal communication and negotiation; and (c) pragmatic application of certain development methods and methodical concepts. We conclude that more research on the occurrence and interaction of problems and practices at, and between, different contextual levels (e.g. the business environment, company, project, team and individual levels) is needed to understand and assess (the gap between) ‘observed practice’ and ‘good practice’ across the many types of Web and non‐Web ISD projects conducted today. We outline a possible research agenda to investigate these issues.
Fatty acid regulation of adenylyl cyclase Rv2212 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv

Adenylyl cyclase Rv2212 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a domain composition identical to the pH‐sensing isoform Rv1264, an N‐terminal regulatory domain and a C‐terminal catalytic domain. The maximal velocity of Rv2212 was the highest of all 10 mycobacterial cyclases investigated to date (3.9 µmol cAMP·mg−1·min−1), whereas ATP substrate affinity was low (SC50 = 2.1 mm ATP). Guanylyl cyclase side activity was absent. The activities and kinetics of the holoenzyme and of the catalytic domain alone were similar, i.e. in distinct contrast to the Rv1264 adenylyl cyclase, in which the N‐terminal domain is autoinhibitory. Unsaturated fatty acids strongly stimulated Rv2212 activity by increasing substrate affinity. In addition, fatty acids greatly enhanced the pH sensitivity of the holoenzyme, thus converting Rv2212 to a pH sensor adenylyl cyclase. Fatty acid binding to Rv2212 was modelled by homology to a recent structure of the N‐terminal domain of Rv1264, in which a fatty acid‐binding pocket is defined. Rv2212 appears to integrate three cellular parameters: ATP concentration, presence of unsaturated fatty acids, and pH. These regulatory properties open the possibility that novel modes of cAMP‐mediated signal transduction exist in the pathogen.
Chat program censorship and surveillance in China: Tracking TOM-Skype and Sina UC

In this paper, we present an analysis of over one year and a half of data from tracking the censorship and surveillance keyword lists of two instant messaging programs used in China. Through reverse engineering of TOM-Skype and Sina UC, we were able to obtain the URLs and encryption keys for various versions of these two programs and have been downloading the keyword blacklists daily. This paper examines the social and political contexts behind the contents of these lists, and analyzes those times when the list has been updated, including correlations with current events.
What is the appropriate model for crosstalk control?

Crosstalk is inherently an analog phenomenon, and can be modeled on many levels. These models range from simple to complex, with the more complex models giving more accurate predictions, but requiring more data. In the interest of easier tool development, simpler characterization, or reduced file size, however a simpler model may be used. Such a model must be conservative, since it is acceptable to fix a problem that may or may nor exist, but not acceptable to fabricate a chip that does nor work. This paper examines the tradeoffs between different crosstalk models, with experimental data on the effectiveness and computer demands of different types of analysis and fixing. A lumped crosstalk model with timing windows and slopes, and with characterized cell thresholds, reaches the point of diminishing returns in the examples shown. All errors reported by such a model can be repaired without increasing the chip size or hurting the performance, so a more detailed analysis is unnecessary.
Systematic Thinking Fostered by Illustrations in Scientific Text

In 2 experiments, students who lacked prior knowledge about car mechanics read a passage about vehicle braking systems that either contained labeled illustrations of the systems, illustrations without labels, labels without illustrations, or no labeled illustrations. Students who received passages that contained labeled illustrations of braking systems recalled more explanative than nonexplanative information as compared to control groups, and performed better on problem solving transfer but not on verbatim recognition as compared to control groups. Results support a model of meaningful learning in which illustrations can help readers to focus their attention on explanative information in text and to reorganize the information into useful mental models. What can be done to improve the understandability of expository text? In particular, how can we design text so that readers will be able to use the information creatively to solve problems? To answer these questions, my colleagues and I have been engaged in a series of studies investigating the effects of advanced organizers (Mayer, 1975a, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1983; Mayer & Bromage, 1980), signaling (Loman & Mayer, 1983; Mayer, Dyck, & Cook, 1984), and adjunct questions (Mayer, 1975b; Sagerman & Mayer, 1987). This work has been based on the idea that different instructional manipulations may have effects on different aspects of cognitive processing in different learners. In particular, assimilation theory—the idea that learning involves integrating new information with existing knowledge—suggests three primary functions of cognitive processes: to guide selective attention towards certain information in the text, to foster the building of internal connections among ideas from the text, and to foster building external connections between ideas in the text and the learner's existing knowledge (Mayer, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1987). The present study opens a new line of attack by investigating the role of illustrations as potential vehicles for helping students understand expository text.