Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
VIH y lactancia

Está confirmado que más del 90% de los niños con VIH adquirieron el virus a través de la transmisión de madre a hijo/a (TMAH). Se estima que 750,000 niños en todo el mundo llegan a infectarse por el VIH cada año; la mayoría de estos niños residen en África subsahariana. Entre las vías de la TMAH destacan las siguientes: transplacentaria durante el embarazo, durante el parto, a través de la leche materna y a través del sangrado de los pezones. El riesgo porcentual de TMAH varía según cada una de las vías mencionadas anteriormente. En ausencia de intervenciones específicas, la tasa de TMAH es del 15 al 20% aproximadamente y, con amamantamiento prolongado (>6 meses), las tasas se doblan hasta 35–40%. Aunque el empleo de sustitutos de la leche materna (SLM) puede parecer la elección obvia para reducir el riesgo de TMAH a través de la leche materna y los pezones sangrantes, esta opción puede resultar perjudicial para los lactantes nacidos de madres que viven en entornos con recursos limitados. En tales entornos, el elevado riesgo de mortalidad en menores de un año se debe a diarrea y malnutrición graves, en relación con una alimentación con SLM inseguros y una lactancia materna subóptima (es decir, omisión del amamantamiento exclusivo durante los seis primeros meses de vida). Según un informe reciente de la OMS (2006) se estima que en conjunto mueren hasta 1.45 millones de niños (menores de 2 años) anualmente debido al amamantamiento subóptimo en países en vías de desarrollo, frente a las 242,000 muertes estimadas de lactantes en relación con la TMAH. Las normas de la OMS para la alimentación de lactantes en el contexto del VIH representan un importante marco de principios que los gobiernos, los forjadores de políticas y los profesionales sanitarios tienen que considerar en el momento de compilar la prevención de las políticas y los protocolos de la TMAH. Tanto en países desarrollados como en países en vías de desarrollo existen comunidades que tienen o no acceso al agua segura y a la electricidad; en consecuencia, las políticas tienen que abordar las necesidades de las diferentes comunidades. Las normas de la OMS recomiendan: ‘Cuando la alimentación sustitutiva es aceptable, factible, asequible, sostenible y segura, el impedimento de la lactancia materna por parte de las madres infectadas por el VIH es aceptable’. La infección por VIH adquirida verticalmente ha sido prácticamente eliminada en los países desarrollados a través del uso apropiado de tratamiento antirretroviral, el uso y la oportunidad de la cesárea electiva y el apoyo al impedimento del amamantamiento; el resultado ha sido una reducción de la tasa de la TMAH hasta por debajo del 1–2%.
Requirement for terminal cytochromes in generation of the aerobic signal for the arc regulatory system in Escherichia coli: study utilizing deletions and lac fusions of cyo and cyd

Escherichia coli has two terminal oxidases for its respiratory chain: cytochrome o (low O2 affinity) and cytochrome d (high O2 affinity). Expression of the cyo operon, encoding cytochrome o, is decreased by anaerobic growth, whereas expression of the cyd operon, encoding cytochrome d, is increased by anaerobic growth. We show by the use of lac gene fusion that the expressions of cyo and cyd are under the control of the two-component arc system. In a cyo+ cyd+ background, expression of phi(cyo-lac) is higher when the organism is grown aerobically than when it is grown anaerobically. A mutation in either the sensor gene arcB or the pleiotropic regulator gene arcA almost abolishes the anaerobic repression. In the same background, expression of phi(cyd-lac) is higher under anaerobic growth conditions than under aerobic growth conditions. A mutation in arcA or arcB lowers both the aerobic and anaerobic expressions, suggesting that ArcA plays an activating role instead of the typical repressing role. Under aerobic growth conditions, double deletions of cyo and cyd lower phi(cyo-lac) expression but enhance phi(cyd-lac) expression. The double deletions also prevent elevated aerobic induction of the lct operon (encoding L-lactate dehydrogenase), another target operon of the arc system. In contrast, these deletions do not circumvent aerobic repression of the nar operon (encoding the anaerobic respiratory enzyme nitrate reductase) under the control of the pleiotropic fnr gene product. It thus appears that ArcB senses the presence of O2 by level of an electron transport component in reduced form or that of an nonautoxidizable compound linked to the process by a redox reaction, whereas Fnr senses O2 by a different mechanism.
Does a Quality Premium Exist in M & A Advisory Fees ?

We examine the pricing and performance of advisers in M&A transactions. We determine adviser quality on the basis of a contemporaneous market share measure and show that high quality advisers receive higher M&A advisory fees. High quality advisers also complete deals faster, but their superiority is not reflected in increasing the likelihood of deal completion or delivering greater abnormal equity returns to their clients. It is well known that stock bids are received more negatively than cash bids, so we further partition the sample of acquirers by consideration type and examine the abnormal returns of each partition. We find that high quality investment banks are able to differentiate themselves by delivering greater abnormal returns to their acquirer clients in deals involving stock.
Osteopontin: a key cytokine in cell‐mediated and granulomatous inflammation

Osteopontin (Opn) is a secreted adhesive, glycosylated phosphoprotein that contains the arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid (RGD) cell‐binding sequence that is found in many extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (for a review of Opn see References Denhardt & Guo 1993 ; Patarca et al. 1993 ; Rittling & Denhardt 1999 ). Since its initial description in 1979 as a secreted protein associated with malignant transformation, Opn has been independently discovered by investigators from diverse scientific disciplines, and has been associated with a remarkable range of pathologic responses. Opn is an important bone matrix protein, where it is thought to mediate adhesion of osteoclasts to resorbing bone. However, studies from the past decade have identified an alternative role for Opn as a key cytokine regulating tissue repair and inflammation. Recent work by our laboratory and that of others has underlined the importance of Opn as a pivotal cytokine in the cellular immune response. Despite this Opn is not well known to the immunologist. In this review we will focus on studies that pertain to the role of Opn in cell‐mediated and granulomatous inflammation.
Cutaneous wound healing : Significance of proteoglycans in scar formation

Proteoglycans (PGs), components of extracellular matrix (ECM), play an important role in modulating the structure and regulating the functions of the skin. The timely turnover of PGs influence the development and differentiation of cells. Wound healing also depends on the level of PGs which if not adequate leads to abnormal scars. The role of PGs in different phases of wound healing and their implication in the formation of abnormal scars and several other skin disorders are discussed in the present review.
Scan matching method using projection in dominant direction of indoor environment

In this paper, we propose a new scan matching method, which uses the feature of structure in an artificial environment where walls are located parallel or perpendicular to one another. This method can precisely obtain the relative pose between two scan data using the dominant direction with a small calculation cost. Efficacy of this method is proved by an experiment conducted in an indoor environment. Graphical Abstract
Application of Evoked Potentials to the Prediction of Discharge Status in Minimally Responsive Patients: A Pilot Study

Evoked potentials (EPs) have been shown to have useful prognostic value during the acute phase of traumatic and anoxic coma. We have hypothesized that EPs obtained in the subacute phase can be used to assess prognosis for functional recovery in minimally responsive patients with diffuse brain damage due to either brain trauma or anoxia. This pilot study correlated graded brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and upper extremity somatosensory evoked potentials (UESSEPs) with outcome grade based on the discharge Disability Rating Scale (DRS) score of 33 patients admitted to a responsiveness assessment program of a brain injury rehabilitation unit with an initial DRS score of 22 or greater. Results indicated a significant correlation with outcome grade for both the BAEP grade (P < .02) and the UESSEP grade (P < .02). The BAEP had a higher sensitivity and lower specificity, as false-positive exceeded false-negative predictions. The UESSEP tended to predict outcome more accurately and with a balanced number of false-positive and false-negative predictions. EPs were also found to be useful for detecting occult impairment of sensory function. This pilot study demonstrates that EPs performed near the time of admission to the rehabilitation unit can be useful in guiding the rehabilitation management of the minimally responsive patient by helping to predict functional recovery and to detect occult impairment of sensory systems.
The sensitivity of Medicare claims data for case ascertainment of six common cancers.

BACKGROUND Although Medicare claims data have been used to identify cases of cancer in older Americans, there are few data about their relative sensitivity. OBJECTIVES To investigate the sensitivity of diagnostic and procedural coding for case ascertainment of breast, colorectal, endometrial, lung, pancreatic, and prostate cancer. SUBJECTS Three hundred and eighty nine thousand and two hundred and thirty-six patients diagnosed with cancer between 1984 and 1993 resided in one of nine Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) areas. MEASURES The sensitivity of inpatient and Part B diagnostic and cancer-specific procedural codes for case finding were compared with SEER. RESULTS The sensitivity of inpatient and inpatient plus Part B claims for the corresponding cancer diagnosis was 77.4% and 91.2%, respectively. The sensitivity of inpatient claims alone was highest for colorectal (86.1%) and endometrial (84.1%) cancer and lowest for prostate cancer (63.6%). However, when Part B claims were included, the sensitivity for diagnosis of breast cancer was greater than for other cancers (93.6%). Inpatient claim sensitivity was highest for earlier years of the study, and, because of more complete data and longer follow up, the highest sensitivity of combined inpatient and Part B claims was achieved in the late 1980s or early 1990s. CONCLUSIONS Medicare claims provide reasonably high sensitivity for the detection of cancer in the elderly, especially if inpatient and Part B claims are combined. Because the study did not measure other dimensions of accuracy, such as specificity and predictive value, the potential costs of including false positive cases need to be assessed.
Glomerular filtration rate and levels of serum and urinary proteins in nonpregnant, pregnant and post puerperal Pakistani women.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) was determined in non-pregnant, fullterm pregnant (38-40 weeks of gestation) and post-puerperal (8-12 weeks post-partum) women. GFR. was determined by 24 hoursendogenous creatinine clearance method. In addition, serum and urinary proteins were estimated in these women to examine whether or not these parameters were also associated with the possible alterations of GFR during pregnancy. The data obtained revealed that GFR is considerably higher in Pakistani women as compared to the values reported from temperate countries. At full term, GFR was observed to fall significantly. The mechanism of fall might be some hormonal influ-ence working in terminal stages of pregnancy. The GFR returns to normal after 8-12 weeks of puerperium. Total serum proteins at terminal stage of pregaancy were significantly lower than non-pregnant levels. During post-puerperal stage, they were slightly raised but there was no significant difference from the levels in the full term pregnancy. In pregnancy total excretion of urinary protein increased significantly than in the nonpregnant women, indicating a functional proteinuria. The total urinary protein levels apparently returned to normal after puerperium as the values were not significantly different from non-pregnant stage. This may be due to removal of the physiological stresses of pregnancy. Low GFR during terminal pregnancy was found to be associated with proteinuria (JPMA 32.257, 1982).
Efficacy of etanercept in the treatment of the entheseal pathology in resistant spondylarthropathy: a clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) blockade with etanercept on the clinical manifestations of resistant spondylarthropathy (SpA) and on axial and peripheral entheseal lesions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS We performed a descriptive longitudinal study of 10 SpA patients, all of whom had active inflammatory back pain and peripheral involvement. Patients were treated with 25 mg subcutaneous etanercept twice weekly for 6 months. Clinical assessments included entheseal count, visual analog scale (VAS) scores for spinal pain during the day and night, VAS scores for entheseal pain, the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), and the Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life (ASQoL) questionnaire. MRI scans of sacroiliac (SI) joints, the lumbar spine, and affected peripheral joints were performed using a 1.5T scanner employing T1-weighted, T2-weighted fat-suppressed (FS), and T1-weighted FS postgadolinium sequences at baseline and at 6 months. Enthesitis and associated osteitis were scored semiquantitatively in pre- and posttreatment scans. RESULTS There was a statistically significant improvement in all clinical and functional parameters (P = 0.008 for VAS spinal pain score during the day and for VAS spinal pain score during the night, P = 0.008 for the BASFI, and P = 0.005 for the BASDAI) as well as in quality of life (P = 0.005 for the ASQoL) at 6 months. Nine patients had a total of 44 MRI-detectable entheseal lesions. These were seen in the SI joints in 6 patients (n = 15 lesions), in the lumbar or cervical spine in 9 patients (n = 22 lesions), and in peripheral joints in 5 patients (n = 7 lesions). Overall, 86% of MRI-detected entheseal lesions either regressed completely or improved. No new lesions developed. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that TNFalpha blockade with etanercept is markedly effective in controlling the clinical manifestations of SpA that is resistant to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. This is associated with marked improvement of enthesitis and associated osteitis pathology as determined by MRI.
Molecular dynamics (MD) investigations of preformed structures of the transmembrane domain of the oncogenic Neu receptor dimer in a DMPC bilayer

The critical Val/Glu mutation in the membrane spanning domain of the rat Neu receptor confers the ability for ligand‐independent signaling and leads to increased dimerization and transforming ability. There is evidence that the two transmembrane interacting helices play a role in receptor activation by imposing orientation constraints to the intracellular tyrosine kinase domains. By using MD simulations we have attempted to discriminate between correct and improper helix–helix packing by examining the structural and energetic properties of preformed left‐handed and right‐handed structures in a fully hydrated DMPC bilayer. The best energetic balance between the residues at the helix–helix interface and the residues exposed to the lipids is obtained for helices in symmetrical left‐handed interactions packed together via Glu side chain/Ala backbone interhelical hydrogen bonds. Analyses demonstrate the importance of the ATVEG motif in helix–helix packing and point to additional contacting residues necessary for association. Our findings, all consistent with experimental data, suggest that a symmetrical left‐handed structure of the helices could be the transmembrane domain configuration that promotes receptor activation and transformation. The present study may provide further insight into signal transduction mechanisms of the ErbB/Neu receptors. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2005
Comparison of Outcomes in Patients With Generalized Ligamentous Laxity and Without Generalized Laxity in the Arthroscopic Modified Broström Operation for Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability

Background: The arthroscopic modified Broström operation (MBO) has been frequently used to treat chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI). However, no reports comparing the clinical outcomes between patients with or without generalized ligamentous laxity (laxity or no laxity, respectively) currently exist. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of the 2 groups with CLAI. Methods: Between January 2013 and November 2015, arthroscopic MBO was performed on 99 patients with CLAI. Patients were divided into 2 groups: the laxity group (24 ankles) and no laxity group (75 ankles). Generalized ligamentous laxity was defined as a Beighton score of 4 or more points. Evaluation tools included the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot ankle score, a pain visual analog scale (VAS), and talar tilt angle. Results: The change in talar tilt angle from preoperative to 12 months postoperative was significantly greater in the laxity group (–6.9 ± 5.2) compared with the no-laxity group (–4.2 ± 4.2) (P = .03). The final follow-up AOFAS hindfoot ankle score and pain VAS in both groups showed improvement compared with the preoperative values. Conclusion: All groups achieved successful clinical and radiological final follow-up outcomes. Arthroscopic MBO should be considered a reasonable method in patients who have chronic lateral ankle instability, regardless of generalized ligamentous laxity. Level of Evidence: III, comparative study.
Les propriétés organisantes du langage des chiffres. Actes de calcul et esthétique des comptes : le cas de la fabrique du budget

Cet article pose l'hypothese que les chiffres sont un langage, c'est-a-dire un systeme de communication gouverne par des regles et exercant une influence organisante sur les comportements. Apres une presentation du modele Conversation Texte (Taylor, 1993, Cooren et al., 2006), il analyse, a partir du cas d'une entreprise du secteur de la construction, les processus communicationnels par lesquels les informations economiques, comptables et gestionnaires sont elaborees. Quel role joue le travail d'enonciation et d'ecriture des chiffres dans le processus de structuration des organisations ? La notion d'acte de calcul permet de comprendre comment les textes officiels et les structures d'autorite qui regulent la fabrique du budget s'incarnent dans les situations de paroles a travers des actes de langage au cours desquels se construit une signification partiellement partagee du calcul. En definissant qui peut dire quel calcul a qui et dans quelles circonstances, les acteurs produisent, reproduisent, mais parfois aussi transforment le systeme de regles qui gouverne leurs interactions.
Coupling Planar Cell Polarity Signaling to Morphogenesis

Epithelial cells and other groups of cells acquire a polarity orthogonal to their apical–basal axes, referred to as Planar Cell Polarity (PCP). The process by which these cells become polarized requires a signaling pathway using Frizzled as a receptor. Responding cells sense cues from their environment that provide directional information, and they translate this information into cellular asymmetry. Most of what is known about PCP derives from studies in the fruit fly, Drosophila. We review what is known about how cells translate an unknown signal into asymmetric cytoskeletal reorganization. We then discuss how the vertebrate processes of convergent extension and cochlear hair-cell development may relate to Drosophila PCP signaling.
Erasure-Code-Based DTN Multi-path Routing for Contact Avoidance

Delay (or disruption) tolerant networks (DTNs) have widely studied as promising technology for providing communications in environments where all nodes are not connected with each other. Assuming the existence of adversary nodes, in this study we evaluate effectiveness of erasure-code-based DTN routing in terms of secure transmission. We combine secret-sharing-based multi-path routing with several routing strategies, and evaluate the ratio of successful transmission by simulation.
Uplink capacity analysis for multihop TDD-CDMA cellular system

Multihop TDD-CDMA cellular system becomes a promising candidate for fourth generation (4G) cellular systems because it provides wider coverage and higher throughput. In this paper, we analyze the uplink system capacity of a multihop TDD-CDMA cellular system. We first analyze a one-hop TDDCDMA cellular system with different base station's (BS's) direct coverage area. We find that the system capacity can be improved if a BS only covers a center small area of the cell. Besides, the high downlink transmission power of the surrounding BSs can degrade the capacity severely. Thus, we propose a multihop TDD-CDMA cellular system to overcome the high downlink inter-cell interference. In our system, a cell area is divided into two regions: inner-region and outer-region. The mobile users in the inner- and outer- region of the cell communicate with BS and relay station (RS), respectively. Based on this model, the uplink system capacity in both regions with the assumption that the inter-cell and intra-cell interference follow the Gaussian distribution is obtained. A comparison equation to provide a fair comparison with conventional one-hop TDD-CDMA cellular system is presented. From the results, we conclude that multihop TDD-CDMA cellular system can improve capacity significantly.
c‐Src PROTEIN EXPRESSION IS INCREASED IN HUMAN BREAST CANCER. AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS

In human breast cancer, c‐Src activity is elevated compared to normal breast tissue. It is not yet known whether this increase in c‐Src activity is accompanied by an increase in c‐Src protein expression. In this study, c‐Src activity and protein expression were determined in a series of human breast cancers and in normal breast tissue, using immune complex kinase assays and immunoblotting. As the heterogeneity of breast cancer is not taken into account in these biochemical experiments, immunohistochemistry was also used to distinguish between normal and malignant cells. In human breast cancers, the c‐Src activity is increased 4‐ to 30‐fold, compared with normal breast tissue. This enhanced activity is accompanied by an increase in c‐Src protein expression, as shown by both immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry indicates that the majority of c‐Src appears to be concentrated around the nucleus in malignant cells, whereas in normal cells, it is distributed more evenly in the cytoplasm. These data confirm that c‐Src activity is increased in human breast cancer. In addition, this study provides strong immunohistochemical evidence that the c‐Src protein is also overexpressed, enabling a distinction to be made between normal and malignant cells.