Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF GLYCOALKALOIDS AND PHENOLICS ON POTATO FLAVOR

The principles of the flavor profile method were used to establish the relationship between the flavor of potatoes and their total glycoalkaloid and total phenolic contents. Tuber tissues from the seven potato clones that had glycoalkaloid contents in excess of 14 mg/100g were rated as bitter by the taste panel. The correlation between glycoalkaloid contents and bitterness ratings for the 13 clones included in the study was highly significant (r = 0.93). Tissues that had glycoaikaloid contents in excess of 22 mg/100g also produced a mild to severe burning sensation in the mouth and throat. The intensity of the burning sensation was highly correlated (r = 0.97) with glycoalkaloid contents. The correlations between phenolic contents and either bitterness or burning ratings were not significant.
Model Development and Validation of an Industrial UOP Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit with a High-Efficiency Regenerator

This work presents an enhanced model for the reactor−regenerator system of a UOP fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit with a high-efficiency regenerator. The model is derived from fundamental principles; relative to earlier versions, a different cracking deactivation model is considered, and the freeboard region in the regenerator vessel is also explicitly addressed. The resulting model is fitted to industrial data, using new correlations to estimate the cracking kinetic constants and other important parameters in the FCC heat balance. In the development of these correlations, only routinely available data and operating variables were considered. As demonstrated, parameter estimation allows a good agreement between the simulated results and the available industrial data. The procedure followed can, therefore, be used to adapt this model to different units of the same class. A comparison of the main features of the steady-state and the dynamic behavior of the validated model with previous results is also co.
Centimeter Wave Absorption in Molecular Crystals

Abstract : Molecular dynamics calculations performed at the University of Nebraska predict that temperature-dependent microwave activity is present in some ionic molecular crystals. This activity is due to the excitation of 'hindered rotations' or thermally activated 'hopping' modes for the molecular ions. Microwave reflectometer measurements performed at the BRL show temperature-dependent microwave losses occur in several ionic molecular crystals at or near the calculated order/disorder transition temperatures. These measurements, performed from 2 to 20 GHz from room temperature to about 300 deg C on the BRL 'arch,' were made on powder samples of the nitrates and nitrites of potassium, sodium, and other materials. Potassium nitrate displays an interesting temperature dependence with the absorption 'turning on' at about 1200 C, near the calculated order/disorder transition temperature. Measurements were also performed on selected ionic salts which uniformly show small microwave losses at any of the temperatures measured.
In Situ Polymerization of Pyrrole in Mesoporous Silica and Application to Electrode Modification

A hybrid system of mesoporous silica (MS) particles coated with polypyrrole (PPy) was constructed through chemical polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of the MS particles. The MS-PPy composite particles with immobilized hemoglobin (Hb) were used to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for detecting the electrocatalytic response to the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The structure of composite particles and the performance of biosensors were characterized by SEM, TEM, FT-IR, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and amperometric measurements, respectively. The results show that the PPy shell is uniformly coated over the silica surface without using any agent to modify the MS particles. Under optimal conditions, the sensors had a fast response of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The catalytic currents are linearly proportional to the concentrations of H2O2 in the range from 0.01 to 1.2 mM, and the corresponding detection limits are 0.01 mM (S/N = 3).
A double inductively coupled plasma for sterilization of medical devices

A double inductively coupled low pressure plasma for sterilization of bio-medical materials is introduced. It is developed for homogeneous treatment of three-dimensional objects. The short treatment times and low temperatures allow the sterilization of heat sensitive materials like ultra-high-molecular-weight-polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride. Using a non-toxic atmosphere reduces the total process time in comparision with common methods. Langmuir probe measurements are presented to show the difference between ICP- and CCP-mode discharges, the spatial homogeneity and the influence on the sterilization efficiency. To know more about the sterilization mechanisms optical emission is measured and correlated with sterilization results.
Cyclocopolymerization of Allyl-Acrylate Quaternary Ammonium Salts with Diallyldimethylammonium Chloride

A series of copolymers of N,N-dialkyl-N-2-(methoxycarbonyl)allyl allyl ammonium chloride, N,N-dialkyl-N-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)allyl allyl ammonium chloride, and N,N-dialkyl-N-2-(t-butoxycarbonyl)allyl allyl ammonium bromide with diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) were prepared in water at 60 °C with 2,2′-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride. A strong effect of ester substituents on cyclopolymerization was observed. The methyl and ethyl ester monomers showed high cyclization efficiencies during homopolymerizations and copolymerizations. Unexpectedly, the t-butyl ester derivatives showed high crosslinking tendencies. Water-soluble copolymers were obtained only with a decrease in the molar fraction of t-butyl ester monomer below 30%. Relative reactivities of the allyl-acrylate monomers in photopolymerizations were compared with the relative reactivity of DADMAC. Allyl-acrylate monomers were much more reactive than DADMAC; the photopolymerization rate decreased in the following order: N,N-morpholine-N-2-(t-butoxycarbonyl)allyl allyl ammonium bromide > N,N-piperidyl-N-2-(t-butoxycarbonyl)allyl allyl ammonium bromide > N,N-dibutyl-N-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)allyl allyl ammonium chloride > N,N-piperidyl-N-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)allyl allyl ammonium chloride ∼ N,N-morpholine-N-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)allyl allyl ammonium chloride ∼ N,N-piperidyl-N-2-(methoxycarbonyl)allyl allyl ammonium chloride > N-methyl-N-butyl-N-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)allyl allyl ammonium chloride. Intrinsic viscosities of the polymers measured in 0.09 M NaCl ranged from 1.06 to 3.20 dL/g. The highest viscosities were obtained for copolymers of the t-butyl ester monomers with piperidine and morpholine substituents. The copolymer of the t-butyl ester with piperidine substituent and DADMAC was hydrolyzed in acid to give a polymer with zwitterionic character. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 640–649, 2001
Nonresonant Energy Transfer from Er3+ to Yb3+ in LaF3

Energy transfer in LaF3; Er, Yb is studied by observing the lifetimes of Er3+ in excited states and the excitation spectra both at room temperature and at 77 °K. It is found that the energy transfer from Er3+ (4S3/2→4I13/2) to Yb3+ (2F7/2→2F5/2) is associated with the emission of three phonons of about 350 cm−1, and that the energy transfer from Er3+ (2H9/2→4F9/2) to Yb3+ accompanied by the absorption of phonons takes place.
Water diffusion, T2, and compartmentation in frog sciatic nerve

A potential relationship between structural compartments in neural tissue and NMR parameters may increase the specificity of MRI in diagnosing diseases. Nevertheless, our understanding of MR of nerves and white matter is limited, particularly the influence of various water compartments on the MR signal is not known. In this study, components of the 1H transverse relaxation decay curve in frog peripheral nerve were correlated with the diffusion characteristics of the water in the nerve. Three T2 values were identified with nerve. Water mobility was found to be unrestricted on the timescale of 100 msec in the component of the signal with the intermediate T2 time, suggesting some contribution from the interstitial space to this T2 component. Restricted diffusion was observed in the component with the longest T2 time, supporting the assignment of at least part of the spins contributing to this component to an intracellular compartment. The observed nonexponential behavior of the diffusion attenuation curves was investigated and shown to be potentially caused by the wide range of axon sizes in the nerve. Magn Reson Med 42:911–918, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occurrence of endocrine disruptor compounds in the estuary of the Iberian Douro River and nearby Porto Coast (NW Portugal)

Previous studies in the Douro River estuary, based on occasional sampling, showed the presence of several estrogenic disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In sequence, we hypothesized that such type of pollution was more likely an enduring issue than an occasional phenomenon, and that it may even affect recreational beaches in each side of the estuarine mouth. Thus to conclude about the continuous influx of EDCs, water samples were taken twice a day, once per a week, from March to May of 2009, at four sites within the estuary and at two sites in the coastline. After solid-phase extraction, the extracts were prepared for GC-MS analysis of 11 reference EDCs. These embraced natural and pharmaceutical estrogens (17β-estradiol, estrone and 17α-ethynylestradiol) and xenoestrogenic industrial pollutants (4-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, and their mono and diethoxylates and bisphenol A). Data showed the ubiquitous presence of potentially hazardous amounts of natural estrogens (particularly of estradiol, ca 5.5 ng L−1) and persistent organic pollutants such as nonylphenol mono (up to 550 ng L−1) and diethoxylate (up to 2000 ng L−1). It was concluded that the targeted area is continuously polluted by the assayed EDCs, and as a consequence, conditions exist for endocrine disturbance in the biota by chronic exposure to EDCs.
Chemical Clusters in Polyurethane Networks. SAXS, Photoelastic and Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Networks from Poly(Oxypropylene)Diol, Diisocyanate, and Trimethylolpropane Prepared One‐Stage and Two‐Stage Process

The effect of the initial ratio of components and of the one‐ or two‐stage process of formation of polyurethane networks prepared from poly(oxypropylene)diol (PD, M n=2100), 4,4′‐diisocyanatodiphenylmethane (MDI) and trimethylolpropane (TMP) on their extraction, swelling, small‐angle X‐ray spectroscopy (SAXS), photoelastic, and dynamic mechanical behavior was investigated. The networks were prepared at various ratios of hydroxy (OH) to isocyanate (NCO) groups, r HT=[OH]TMP/(0.5[NCO])=1–1.5, by a one‐ or two‐stage process (in the first step [OH]PD/[NCO]=1/2) up to the full conversion of NCO groups. Due to decreasing reactivity of OH groups on TMP a nonuniform distribution of hard (TMP‐MDI‐TMP) segments (chemical clusters) was developed in both network series. The SAXS experiments proved that one‐stage networks exhibit a more heterogeneous structure than two‐stage ones. As expected, the weight fraction of the gel, w g, and equilibrium modulus, G e, decrease with increasing deviation from stoichiometry; the G e and w g values of one‐stage networks at constant r HT are always higher than those of two‐stage networks. The frequency‐temperature (f‐T) superposition of both components of the complex compliance J* (=J′–iJ″) was performed and the horizontal shift factor, log a T, satisfied the WLF equation for all networks. From the dependence of superimposed storage, J′p, and loss, J″p compliances on reduced frequency f.a T, three contributions could be determined from the Cole‐Cole distribution; each process was characterized by the relaxation strength, ΔJ i, relaxation time, τi and distribution broadness, b i. The broadness b and strength ΔJ of the high and medium frequency process (i=1,2), which correspond to the glass‐rubber transition, are roughly independent of r HT and the preparation method. The τ3 and ΔJ 3 values of the low‐frequency process in networks prepared by the two‐stage process are always greater than those in networks prepared by the one‐stage process. Dedicated to Professor John L. Stanford on the occasion of his 60th birthday.
Sodium potassium niobate based piezoelectric ceramics

NKN doped samples, (100-x)NKN-xSBN (0 ? x ? 10) were produced using the conventional mixed oxide route with 0.45 wt% Fe2O3 sintering aid (xSBNF). After 20-24 hours mixing, samples were calcined at 850�C and sintered at 1100? 1140�C (� 180�C/hour) for 4 hours. By XRD 4 mol% SBN was found to be the solubility limit for single phase structure. By SEM, second phases were visible when 2 ? x ? 4; their structure was subsequently shown to be tungsten bronze type (TBT). 2-4 SBNF samples were high density, over 96% theoretical. For x = 0, TC = 457�C, TO-T = 234�C, Pr = 22 ? C/cm2 and EC = 16.5 kV/cm. TC was found to decrease by 14.7�C and TO-T by 9.0�C per 1 mol% addition SBN. 2SBNF was the optimal formulation in terms of microstructure and electrical properties, with average grain size 3 ? m, Pr = 25 ? C/cm2 and EC = 8.8 kV/cm, ? = 4.7 k? m and Q = 1.16 eV. This material comprised approximately 90% orthorhombic and 10% tetragonal phases coexisting. Pseudo-cubic lattice parameters are a? = c? = 3.947180 �, and b? = 3.999996 � for orthorhombic phase; the tetragonal has a? = c? = 3.989798 �, and b? = 3.975777 �. Synchrotron XRD studies were undertaken as a function of temperature on 99.5NKN-0.5CuO + 0.6 wt% Nb2O5 solid and powder samples. The data were Rietveld refined. The solid sample underwent two polymorphic phase transitions at 300�C and 515�C; the latter was between two tetragonal phases: lattice parameters for the tetragonal phase (300-520�C) were a? = c? = 4.99557 �, and b? = 4.0363 �; high temperature tetragonal (>500�C) exhibited a? = c? = 4.9519 �, and b? = 4.4941 � The powder sample of the same formulation exhibited more, smaller transformations. It was only orthorhombic at temperatures <140�C with a? = c? = 4.10680 �, and b? = 4.02620 �. Above 140�C both orthorhombic and tetragonal phases were present. Another significant transformation occurred at 360�C where the structural unit cell parameters changed significantly. Parameter lengths are provided. P-E data was characterised by Pr = 19.9 ? C/cm2 and EC = 13.5 kV/cm.Synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis of 94 NKN-6LiTaO3 showed that tetragonal phase was present at 20-390�C, although an orthorhombic phase was identified at 20-200�C and again at 340-390�C just before the cubic transition temperature at 390�C. This is a new observation for NKN. A new and simple method for tape casting was developed to reduce powder wastage, enabling thick films of 50 ? m to be cast. The reactive templated grain growth (RTGG) method was employed to orient 95NKN-5LiNbO3 and 94NKN-6LiNbO3 samples; CuO was utilised as a sintering aid. Pre-cursor BNN and NN template particles were produced using the molten salt synthesis (MSS) method, using a salt to oxide ratio of 1:1. Resulting NN particles were 15 ? m wide and 0.5 ? m thick. Eight layered 6LN + 0.4 wt% tapes produced using 10 wt% template particles resulted in 210 ? m thick tapes with 67% orientation when sintered at 1150�C. Resulting properties include TC = 440�C and TO-T = 70�C, 25 k? resistance and capacitance 21.6 pF.
Modeling of practical nonidealities in a permanent magnet synchronous motor drive

The modeling of a permanent magnet synchronous motor drive with different practical nonidealities is presented in this paper. Many papers have addressed saturation effects but issues such as friction, cogging, delays and truncation effects in the digital control system seem to have been largely ignored. In applications such as electric power steering where the performance requirements are stringent, all of these issues need evaluation so as to accurately predict performance and provide understanding of the system interactions. The practical issues listed above were incorporated into a simple model to make it closer to the practical set-up. The model was exercised on different loads, and both the dynamic and steady state behaviors of the drive system had been observed from the motor torque, speed and current plots at different operating conditions. This development contributes to the motor performance predictions after the motor design stage and serves as a tool to help analyze system interactions.
Toxicity, bioaccumulation and biomagnification of silver nanoparticles in green algae (Chlorella sp.), water flea (Moina macrocopa), blood worm (Chironomus spp.) and silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus)

Abstract The toxicity, bioaccumulation and biomagnification of material containing silver nanoparticles were studied in a model food chain. Two forms of silver namely, Ag+ and nano Ag° particles (AgNPs) were examined for their toxicity effects on Chlorella sp. , Moina macrocopa, Barbonymus gonionotus and Chironomus spp. The results showed that the toxicity order on the four organisms was free Ag+> AgNPs. For toxicity of Ag+, the EC5° (effective concentration) was 0.39±0.32 mg L-1 for Chlorella sp. and the LC5° (lethal concentration) of M. macrocopa, B. gonionotus and Chironomus spp. were 0.026±0.43 mg L-1, 0.057±1.15 mg L-1, and 0.042±0.19 mg L-1, respectively. For toxicity, the EC5° of AgNPs was 0.89±0.68 mg L-1 for Chlorella sp. and the LC5° of M. macrocopa, B. gonionotusand Chironomus spp. were 1.11±0.86 mg L-1, 1.76±0.19 mg L-1, and 1.08±1.21 mg L-1, respectively. The results of the bioaccumulation study indicated that the highest bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of Ag+ was 101.84 L g-1 in Chlorella sp. and the lowest BAF of AgNPs was 1.89 L g-1 in B. gonionotus. The food chain transfer of AgNPs occurred only from Chlorella sp. to M. macrocopa and there was no evidence of biomagnification from food sources to consumers in a simple tropical food chain.
Trace elements in nutrition of children, II

This volume contains the proceedings of the second Nestle Nutrition Workshop on trace elements in paediatric nutrition. Clinicians and the basic scientists review the research done in the five years since the first Workshop and describe how this research has found practical application in the revised formulation of infant nutrition products and parenteral solutions. In addition, the contributors discuss the reasoning used in assessing trace mineral requirements, deficiency and toxicity and establish a basis for evaluating claims about the new ultratrace minerals. The book presents findings on the role of zinc, selenium and fluoride in nutrition of infants and children, the disorders associated with iodine and iron deficiency, the effects of trace elements on immune responses and the risks of aluminium and other trace mineral toxicity. There is also discussion of the view that serveral ultratrace elements are essential for reproductive and pre- and postnatal development. Specialists examine the metabolism of trace elements during pregnancy and offer guidelines for assessing trace element requirements in full-term and preterm infants. Attention is also given to the concentrations, compartmentation and bioavailability of trace elements in human milk and infant formula, as well as to trace metals in parenteral nutrition.
Subwavelength-resolution fluorescent correlation spectroscopy using a solid immersion lens

In this paper we present recent spectroscopic studies using a Solid Immersion Lens for Fluorescent Correlation Spectroscopy measurements. We compare the performance of the Solid Immersion Lens confocal microscope built-up in our group to the performance of a conventional confocal microscope used for FCS. The novelty of the new SIL-FCS microscope is a system containing a conventional objective (NA = 0.6) combined with a Solid Immersion Lens used for single molecule experiment. Important parameters for single molecule experiments such as collection efficiency and excitation field confinement are investigated for different modes of the SIL objective system.
Enhancement of Human Blood Storage Period by Irradiation of Low Level He-Ne Laser

The aim of the present work is to investigate the effect of the He-Ne laser irradiation on the whole human blood (HB) in order to enhance the conditions of conservation. The HB was irradiated by He-Ne laser; (λ = 632 nm, continuous wave, power 30 mW, 2 mm diameter beam spot), electrical properties and complete blood count CBC were measured at three doses (0.0287, 0.0563 and 0.198 J/cm3) to the relevant best exposure dose during storage periods 9, 24, 30, 35 & 50 days. The irradiation process with the selected dose was performed by the exposure of the laser beam on the blood sample flow through narrow tube of cross section area, 0.0831 cm2. Blood dielectric parameters, (electric conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss and dipole moment) and CBC, (red blood cell, white blood cell, hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean cell or corpuscular hemoglobin in concentration) were measured. The obtained results were compared with that of the control and showed that the best irradiation exposure dose suitable for increasing the time of blood storage with minimum changes in properties is 0.198 J/cm3 and storage period of about 50 days. The present study revealed that irradiation by He-Ne laser could be considered a good means to improve the conservation conditions of human blood.
Methyl mercury concentrations in macroinvertebrates and fish from burned and undisturbed lakes on the Boreal Plain

Methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations in macroinvertebrates and fish were compared among five lakes in burned catchments and five reference lakes on the western Canadian Boreal Plain to determine the influence of forest fire on MeHg bioaccumulation. Two years after fire, MeHg concentrations in five of six aquatic taxa were similar in burned and reference lakes. Among a larger set of 12 lakes, MeHg concentrations in biota were negatively correlated with lake water pH, trophic status, and hardness, reflecting a pre-existing gradient in water chemistry. Biomagnification of MeHg (as determined by regression of MeHg concentration on baseline-adjusted δ15N) was negatively correlated with lake water chlorophyll a concentration. A subsequent logging experiment interrupted by fire provided an opportunity to compare pre- and post-fire MeHg concentrations in aquatic biota. Three months after fire, biota MeHg concentrations had decreased by 32%50%, and lake water ammonium concentrations had increased 11-fold relative.
Integrating Model Based Fault Diagnosis with Model Predictive Control

Model predictive control (MPC) schemes are typically developed under the assumption that the sensors and actuators are free from faults. Attempts to develop fault-tolerant MPC schemes have mainly focused on dealing with hard faults, such as sensor or actuator failures, process leaks, etc. However, soft faults such as biases or drifts in sensors or actuators are more frequently encountered in the process industry. Occurrences of such faults can lead to degradation in the closed loop performance of the MPC controller. Since MPC controllers are typically used to control key operations in a chemical plant, this can have an impact on safety and productivity of the entire plant. The conventional approach to dealing with such soft faults in MPC formulations is through the introduction of additional artificial states to the model. The main limitation of this approach is that number of artificial extra states introduced cannot exceed the number of measurements. This implies that it is necessary to have a priori kn.