Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An instrumental variable model of multiple discrete choice: IV model of multiple discrete choice

This paper studies identification in multiple discrete choice models in which there may be endogenous explanatory variables, that is, explanatory variables that are not restricted to be distributed independently of the unobserved determinants of latent utilities. The model does not employ large support, special regressor, or control function restrictions; indeed, it is silent about the process that delivers values of endogenous explanatory variables, and in this respect it is incomplete. Instead, the model employs instrumental variable restrictions that require the existence of instrumental variables that are excluded from latent utilities and distributed independently of the unobserved components of utilities. We show that the model delivers set identification of latent utility functions and the distribution of unobserved heterogeneity, and we characterize sharp bounds on these objects. We develop easy-to-compute outer regions that, in parametric models, require little more calculation than what is involved in a conventional maximum likelihood analysis. The results are illustrated using a model that is essentially the conditional logit model of McFadden (1974), but with potentially endogenous explanatory variables and instrumental variable restrictions.
Delayed Hydrocephalus and Perianeurysmal Cyst Formation After Stent-Assisted Coil Embolization of a Large, Unruptured Basilar Apex Aneurysm: A Case Report and Literature Review

PurposeEndovascular aneurysm embolization possesses a unique set of infrequently seen complications distinct from those associated with microsurgical clipping, which may arise after an otherwise uncomplicated coil embolization procedure, including postembolization, hydrocephalus, and perianeurysmal cyst formation. DesignThe authors report an illustrative case of 2 rarely seen complications of aneurysm embolization with literature review. MethodsWe present a case of a basilar apex aneurysm that was treated with endovascular coil embolization with multiple Cerecyte (Micrus Endovascular, San Jose, Calif) coils and 2 Enterprise (Codman & Shurtleff, Inc, Raynham, Mass) stents. ResultsPostembolization angiography demonstrated complete aneurysm obliteration without distal branch occlusion or other complication. Twenty-two months after the embolization, however, the patient presented with progressively worsening headaches. Repeat magnetic resonance imaging revealed hydrocephalus and a perianeurysmal cyst measuring 1 × 2 cm adjacent to the previously coiled basilar apex aneurysm. After endoscopic third ventriculostomy, the patient experienced significant relief of her headaches and was discharged to rehabilitation. ConclusionsClinicians should be aware that worsening or new neuro-ophthalmic findings may be the presenting sign of postembolization hydrocephalus or perianeurysmal cyst formation.
Women in the economy: a review of recent literature.

Drawing attention to the numerous aspects of gender inequality that limit womens full participation in "productive" activities this paper investigates the unique position of women within the economy. It explores why the inclusion of gender issues is not only beneficial but also crucial to the success of economic development programs. Through examining the domains of economic development and trade liberalization the paper emphasizes that integrating gender considerations leads to a greater understanding of the impediments that hinder womens full participation in the economy. This recognition enables the creation of more targeted assistance programs to address those hindrances; thereby creating an environment for better policy response. (authors)
Effects of Treatment With Risedronate and Alfacalcidol on Progression of Atherosclerosis in Postmenopausal Women With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Accompanied With Osteoporosis

Introduction:Accumulating evidence suggests that osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease have epidemiologic similarities. This study investigated the effects of treatment with risedronate and alfacalcidol on parameters of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes accompanied with osteoporosis. Methods:Thirteen Japanese type 2 diabetes postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed osteoporosis (osteoporosis group) and 13 age- and weight-matched diabetic women with normal bone mineral density (control group) were enrolled in this 1-year prospective study. Risedronate (2.5 mg/d) and alfacalcidol (1 &mgr;g/d) were given to the osteoporosis group for a year. We measured parameters of atherosclerosis, such as ultrasonographically evaluated plaque score (PS) and abdominal aortic calcification score (AACS) calibrated by x-ray. Results:Patients with osteoporosis had significantly higher PS and AACS than control [mean (range)—PS: 11.85 (0.00–27.50) versus 4.90 (0.00–10.90), P = 0.02 and AACS: 4.0 (0.0–14.0) versus 1.0 (0.0–7.0), P = 0.01]. After 1-year treatment, PS and AACS in the osteoporosis group were not statistically changed, whereas both parameters in the control group were significantly increased (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). When percent changes in these parameters were compared between 2 groups, they were significantly different at any time points (at least P < 0.05). Conclusions:Atherosclerosis parameters in diabetic patients with osteoporosis were higher than those in patients without it. Combination therapy of risedronate with alfacalcidol might protect against progressive atherosclerosis.
All change in the age of alliances! : a critical evaluation of contemporary management theory and practice for major collaborative change, comparing the public and private sectors, with particular reference to policing

This thesis examines inter organisational or collaborative change. The research commenced with an investigation of organisational change in policing and then broadened to encompass other organisations in the public and private sectors, thereby enabling comparison and contrast. The intention was to explore first principles of best practice for organisations embarking upon collaborative change. The researcher was motivated to learn and develop his thinking as a consequence of professional exposure to this area of strategic management. The exponential growth in the number and complexity of collaborative schemes, coupled with a reported pan sector failure rate of 60% 80%, underlines the topicality and relevance of this research. In the public sector, there is evidence of a new collaborative paradigm emerging, driven by ideology and austerity. Available evidence indicates that the police have been slow to embrace these changes and achieve the benefits desired. The methodological approach commenced with systematic and targeted reviews of existing literature. Gaps and contradictions were explored and used to inform the primary research, which consisted of forty-three semi structured interviews and two electronic surveys, producing two hundred and fifty-six responses. The findings suggest that shortcomings in delivering inter organisational change were indicative of wider management failings encompassing other categories of major change. Poor leadership, inadequate resourcing, weak planning, unrealistic timescales and an over emphasis on structure and process, while ignoring the people issues, all contributed to a sub optimal outcome. Opinions were polarised about the performance of the police, where a strong organisational culture, dominant leaderships styles and poor business acumen appear to be conspiring to inhibit ambition and delivery. Ten generic key research findings are discussed, with another dedicated to policing. Collectively, they provide an evidence based foundation for developing best practice for organisations embarking on major inter organisational change.
The yeast ubiquitin genes: a family of natural gene fusions.

Ubiquitin is a 76‐residue protein highly conserved among eukaryotes. Conjugation of ubiquitin to intracellular proteins mediates their selective degradation in vivo. We describe a family of four ubiquitin‐coding loci in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. UB11, UB12 and UB13 encode hybrid proteins in which ubiquitin is fused to unrelated (‘tail’) amino acid sequences. The ubiquitin coding elements of UB11 and UB12 are interrupted at identical positions by non‐homologous introns. UB11 and UB12 encode identical 52‐residue tails, whereas UB13 encodes a different 76‐residue tail. The tail amino acid sequences are highly conserved between yeast and mammals. Each tail contains a putative metal‐binding, nucleic acid‐binding domain of the form Cys‐X2‐4‐Cys‐X2‐15‐Cys‐X2‐4‐Cys, suggesting that these proteins may function by binding to DNA. The fourth gene, UB14, encodes a polyubiquitin precursor protein containing five ubiquitin repeats in a head‐to‐tail, spacerless arrangement. All four ubiquitin genes are expressed in exponentially growing cells, while in stationary‐phase cells the expression of UB11 and UB12 is repressed. The UB14 gene, which is strongly inducible by starvation, high temperatures and other stresses, contains in its upstream region strong homologies to the consensus ‘heat shock box’ nucleotide sequence. Elsewhere we show that the essential function of the UB14 gene is to provide ubiquitin to cells under stress.
A genetic analysis of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in 1560 World War II male veteran twins in the NAS–NRC Twin Registry

Responses to the eight‐item Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) obtained from 1560 World War II male veteran twin pairs [818 monozygotic (MZ), 742 dizygotic (DZ)] were analysed to determine the extent to which genetic influences are involved in self‐reported daytime sleepiness in the elderly. Average ESS score (± SD) in this sample was 7.1 ± 3.9, range 0–24. More than half of the twins (65%–67%) reported a moderate to high chance of falling asleep while lying down to rest; fewer than 3% admitted that this would occur while sitting and talking to someone or while stopped in traffic. Daytime sleepiness was not associated with age but was significantly and positively associated with obesity. The intraclass twin correlation on ESS scores was 0.39 in MZ pairs and 0.21 in DZ pairs (both P < 0.001). Structural equation modeling of the observed variance–covariance matrices for MZ and DZ twins estimated the heritability of ESS to be 38% (95% confidence interval 33%–44%). Environmental influences not shared by twin brothers accounted for the remaining variance in daytime sleepiness. A reasonable interpretation of the heritability of ESS in this healthy cohort of elderly male twins is a genetic susceptibility for disordered breathing during sleep.
Early postoperative compensatory anti‐inflammatory response syndrome is associated with septic complications after major surgical trauma in patients with cancer

Patients who undergo major surgery for cancer are at high risk of postoperative infection. Postoperative immunosuppression may be due to dysregulation of cytokine production. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between changes in serum proinflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokine concentrations and postoperative septic complications after major surgery.
Early vulvar and umbilical incisional scar recurrence of cervical squamous cell carcinoma: Earlier than usually expected

Cutaneous metastasis is considered as a hazardous condition depending on the mean survival around 9 months, which usually originates from cancers of the breast, lung, ovary, colon, and rarely from the cervix. The crucial prognostic factor of cutaneous metastasis depends on the period between the primary malignancy and cutaneous metastasis. We report two cases of the unusual presentation of squamous cell cancer of the cervix that developed vulvar and umbilical metastasis in the 5th month of primary treatment. Both of our patients survived for 11 months following the primary treatment. In addition, our first case is the earliest vulvar recurrence of cervical carcinoma in the English literature following appropriate medical and surgical management.
Electronic throttle state estimation and hybrid theory based optimal control

Electronic throttle body (ETB) is a car device that regulates air inflow into the motor's combustion system. Its performance has a major impact on the quality of the overall engine speed control. However, due to the usage of cheap components and some design features the ETB exhibits several nonlinear phenomena. This nonlinear behavior and the fact that there is only one measurement available - low quality measurement of the throttle position makes a design of the throttle controller a challenging task. Our approach is to model the ETB as a discrete time piecewise affine (PWA) system and apply model predictive control (MPC) strategy to design an explicit state feedback control law. Since MPC is a full-state controller and there is only one measurement available the rest of the states have to be estimated. We have chosen unscented Kalman filter (UKF) for the estimation purpose since it was performing the best in the presence of strong, almost discontinuous, process nonlinearities. In the end, MPC and UKF algorithm were implemented and tested on the real electronic throttle for the case of set-point reference. Experimental results indicate that the performance of cheaply produced components can be significantly improved with a good control strategy.
Clinical spectrum of primary hyperparathyroidism: Evolution with changes in medical practice and technology

Over the last 25 years, the perceived clinical spectrum of primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) has changed dramatically from a disorder characterized by severe bone and renal disease to one typically manifested by few or mild symptoms and little evidence of organ damage. Reasons for this change in spectrum include changing demographics (primary HPT is primarily a disease of the middle‐aged and elderly), diffusion of medical knowledge leading to a higher index of suspicion, and improved clinical laboratory technology (especially inexpensive and accurate determination of serum calcium and parathyroid hormone). In the first 343 cases of primary HPT seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital, 57% had renal stones, 23% had hyper‐parathyroid bone disease, and < 1% had no symptoms. By contrast, studies dating from the availability of automated serum calcium measurement found renal stones and hyperparathyroid bone disease in < 5% of cases, and about half of cases had few or no symptoms. Most patients with primary HPT today have mild, nonspecific symptoms, such as weakness, fatigue, and mental depression, and such signs as arterial hypertension and osteopenia, and detection of their hypercalcemia is generally serendipitous. The mildness and slow progression seen in many cases of primary HPT has resulted in much controversy about appropriate management.
Cancer/testis antigens: an expanding family of targets for cancer immunotherapy

Summary: Cancer/testis (CT) antigens are a category of tumor antigens with normal expression restricted to male germ cells in the testis but not in adult somatic tissues. In some cases, CT antigens are also expressed in ovary and in trophoblast. In malignancy, this gene regulation is disrupted, resulting in CT antigen expression in a proportion of tumors of various types. Since their initial identification by T‐cell epitope cloning, the list of CT antigens has been greatly expanded through serological expression cloning (SEREX) and differential mRNA expression analysis, and approximately 20 CT antigens or antigen families have been identified to date. Characteristics commonly shared by CT antigens, aside from the highly tissue‐restricted expression profile, include existence as multigene families, frequent mapping to chromosome X, heterogeneous protein expression in cancer, likely correlation with tumor progression, induction of expression by hypomethylation and/or histone acetylation, and immunogenicity in cancer patients. Spontaneous humoral and cell‐mediated immune responses have been demonstrated against several CT antigens, including NY‐ESO‐1, MAGE‐A, and SSX antigens. Since CT antigens are immunogenic and highly restricted to tumors, their discovery has led directly to the development of antigen‐specific cancer vaccines, and clinical trials with MAGE‐A and NY‐ESO‐1 are in progress.
Evaluation of an Isogenic Major Outer Membrane Protein-Deficient Mutant in the Human Model of Haemophilus ducreyi Infection

ABSTRACT Haemophilus ducreyi expresses 2 OmpA homologs, designated MOMP and OmpA2, whose genes are arranged in tandem on the chromosome. Northern blot analysis indicated that momp andompA2 are transcribed independently. Sequences of themomp open reading frame (ORF) lacking the transcriptional start site were amplified by PCR, and an Ω-Km2 cassette was ligated into the ORF. A plasmid containing this construction was electroporated into H. ducreyi 35000HP, and an isogenic MOMP-deficient mutant (35000HP-SMS2) was generated by allele exchange. In Southern blotting, 35000HP-SMS2 contained one copy of the Ω-Km2 cassette inmomp. 35000HP and 35000HP-SMS2 had similar outer membrane protein (OMP) and lipooligosaccharide profiles and growth rates except for up-regulation of a putative porin protein in the mutant. Five subjects were inoculated with three doses of live 35000HP-SMS2 on one arm and two doses of live 35000HP and one dose of a heat-killed control on the other arm in a double-blind escalating dose-response trial. Pustules developed at 7 of 10 sites inoculated with 35000HP and at 6 of 15 sites inoculated with 35000HP-SMS2 (P = 0.14). 35000HP and 35000HP-SMS2 were recovered at similar rates from daily surface cultures and semiquantitative cultures. The data suggest that expression of MOMP is not required for pustule formation by H. ducreyi in the human model of infection.
Submandibular Diagnostic and Interventional Sialendoscopy: New Procedure for Ductal Disorders

We present our initial experience with submandibular sialendoscopy, a new therapeutic approach for disorders of Wharton's duct. We review the sialendoscopes used and discuss their respective merits. We evaluated and treated 129 consecutive patients with suspected ductal disorders. Diagnostic sialendoscopy was used for classifying ductal lesions as sialolithiasis, stenosis, sialodochitis, or polyps. Interventional sialendoscopy was used to treat these disorders. The type of endoscope used, the type of sialolith fragmentation and/or extraction device used, the total number of procedures, the type of anesthesia, and the number and size of the sialoliths removed were the dependent variables. The outcome variable was the endoscopic clearing of the ductal tree and resolution of symptoms. Diagnostic sialendoscopy was possible in 131 of 135 glands (97%), with an average (±SD) duration of 28 ± 15 minutes. Interventional sialendoscopy was attempted in 110 cases, with an average duration of 71 ± 41 minutes, with a success rate of 82%. Multiple sialendoscopies were necessary in 25% of cases. General anesthesia was used in 12% of cases. Submandibular gland resection was performed in 4%. The average size of the stones was 4.9 ± 2.9 mm. Multiple sialoliths were found in 31 cases (29%). Sialolith fragmentation was required in 26%. Larger and multiple stones often required longer and multiple procedures and general anesthesia, and more often resulted in failures. Semirigid endoscopes had a higher success rate (85%) than flexible sialendoscopes (54%). Complications were mostly minor, but were encountered in 10% of cases. Diagnostic sialendoscopy is a new technique for evaluating salivary duct disorders that is associated with low morbidity. Interventional sialendoscopy allows the extraction of sialoliths in most patients, thus preventing open gland excision.
Ratio of dihydropyridine to ryanodine receptors in mammalian and frog twitch muscles in relation to the mechanical hypothesis of excitation-contraction coupling.

An indirect argument in favour of the mechanical hypothesis of excitation-contraction (EC) coupling [Schneider & Chandler (1973) Nature 242, 244-246] is the fixed stoichiometry between the voltage-driven dihydropyridine receptor (DHP-R) on the transverse tubule (TT) and the ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ channel (RyR) of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) terminal cisternae (TC), based mainly on the structural arrangement described by Block et al. at junctional triads of toadfish swimbladder muscle [Block, B. , et al. (1988) J. Cell Biol. 107, 2587-2600]. We calculated the overall DHP-R/RyR ratios for a wide variety of rabbit twitch muscles, as compared to fast- and slow-twitch muscles of the rat, and to frog sartorius, following quantification of high-affinity binding sites for tritiated PN200-110 and ryanodine. To this purpose, we carried out our binding measurements on both skeletal muscle membranes detached from myofibrils by extensive extraction with low-ionic strength medium, and on the myofibrillar residue containing a proportion of binding sites. Our results expressed per gram of muscle allow the following main conclusions: i) The overall DHP-R/RyR ratio is approximately 2 in both fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle of the rabbit, implying that most, if not all, Ca(2+)-channels at junctional triads are stoichiometrically associated with the voltage sensor; in agreement with Block's model; ii) There is a major inconsistency in these values, rather than in the absolute values of RyR sites, on side by side comparison of fast-twitch and of slow-twitch muscles of the rabbit and rat, in that the DHP-R/RyR ratio is invariably lower for the rat, i.e., only about 1.2. Since the absolute values of DHP-R sites, according to our calculations, agree well with those obtained for the same muscles by Lamb & Walsh [(1987) J. Physiol. 393, 595-617], it seems improbable that they were underestimated. On the assumption that there is a fixed stoichiometry between DHP-R and RyR at the junctional contact area between TT and TC, the relatively large excess of RyR sites in the rat, expressed per g. muscle, should be attributed to the presence of a proportion of Ca(2+)-channels that are located outside this area, i.e., are extrajunctional [Dulhunty, A. , et al. (1992) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B) 247, 69-75]. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D Is Dispensable for Development of the Lymphatic System

ABSTRACT Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (Vegfr-3) is a tyrosine kinase that is expressed on the lymphatic endothelium and that signals for the growth of the lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis). Vegf-d, a secreted glycoprotein, is one of two known activating ligands for Vegfr-3, the other being Vegf-c. Vegf-d stimulates lymphangiogenesis in tissues and tumors; however, its role in embryonic development was previously unknown. Here we report the generation and analysis of mutant mice deficient for Vegf-d. Vegf-d-deficient mice were healthy and fertile, had normal body mass, and displayed no pathologic changes consistent with a defect in lymphatic function. The lungs, sites of strong Vegf-d gene expression during embryogenesis in wild-type mice, were normal in Vegf-d-deficient mice with respect to tissue mass and morphology, except that the abundance of the lymphatics adjacent to bronchioles was slightly reduced. Dye uptake experiments indicated that large lymphatics under the skin were present in normal locations and were functional. Smaller dermal lymphatics were similar in number, location, and function to those in wild-type controls. The lack of a profound lymphatic phenotype in Vegf-d-deficient mice suggests that Vegf-d does not play a major role in lymphatic development or that Vegf-c or another, as-yet-unknown activating Vegfr-3 ligand can compensate for Vegf-d during development.