Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ELECTRODE SYSTEMS FOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING IN CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY

Instruments capable of continuously indicating the chemical composition of blood have proved to be useful in controlling heart-lung machines, in regulating operative and postoperative management of patients, and in teaching and research. At first, such instruments were used with sensors mounted directly in the extracorporeal blood circuit that is used for perfusion of open-heart surgery patients. ] Later, continuous monitoring of both machine and patients was conducted by means of continuous withdrawal of blood pumped into external cuvettes equipped with appropriate sensors. Improvement in the design and construction of electrode systems and their associated electronic instrumentation, together with the commercial development and availability of stable amplifiers and recorders, has now provided entirely satisfactory systems for the rapid and accurate measurement of blood pH, pCO2, and pOz. Electrodes for measurement of blood p 0 2 and $ 0 2 can also be used for recording these tensions in gases. By mixing blood with certain reagents, these electrodes can be used to record blood gas contents as well as tensions. Intravascular electrodes are being used to time hydrogen appearance, to detect changes in oxygen tension, and to record ascorbate indicator dilution curves. Such electrodes are proving valuable in cardiac catheterization and in evaluation of the effectiveness of corrective endocardiac surgical procedures. Speed of response, ease of use, autoclavability, smallness of size, and the practicability of using multiple electrodes simultaneously is often sufficient advantage to overcome the present lack of quantitative response of these relatively simple electrodes. By withdrawing blood through microcatheters, continuous recording of blood composition for many hours, even days, is possible, using only about 10 cc. of blood per hr. Continued development of electrode systems may extend their usefulness to the measurement of blood ions, sugar, and urea and finally result in instruments with which analyses can be performed with a minimum of reagents and with but little delay. Electrode systems readily lend themseIves to either intermittent, semiautomatic, or continuous analytical processes. Blood oxygen tension. Electrodes available at present, mounted in thermostated cuvettes, have proved very satisfactory for the measurement of p 0 2 in blood samples. Thousands of analyses have been performed with the several units available here. We have evaluated several means of utilizing electrodes to follow blood pO2 under conditions encountered in cardiovascular operating rooms and have found that analysis of individual samples, withdrawn in plastic syringes, is the least troublesome and most
Experimental evolution, behavior and genetics: Associative learning as a case study

The evolutionary dynamics of behavioral traits reflect phenotypic and genetic changes. Methodological difficulties in analyzing the genetic dynamics of complex traits have left open questions on the mechanisms that have shaped complex beha- viors and cognitive abilities. A strategy to investigate the change of behavior across generations is to assume that genetic con- straints have a negligible role in evolution (the phenotypic gambit) and focus on the phenotype as a proxy for genetic evolution. Empirical evidence and technologic advances in genomics question the choice of neglecting the genetic underlying the dynamics of behavioral evolution. I first discuss the relevance of genetic factors - e.g. genetic variability, genetic linkage, gene interactions - in shaping evolution, showing the importance of taking genetic factors into account when dealing with evolutionary dynamics. I subsequently describe the recent advancements in genetics and genomics that make the investigation of the ongoing evolutionary process of behavioral traits finally attainable. In particular, by applying genomic resequencing to experimental evolution - a me- thod called Evolve & Resequence - it is possible to monitor at the same time phenotypic and genomic changes in populations exposed to controlled selective pressures. Experimental evolution of associative learning, a well-known trait that promptly re- sponds to selection, is a convenient model to illustrate this approach applied to behavior and cognition. Taking into account the recent achievements of the field, I discuss how to design and conduct an effective Evolve & Resequence study on associative learning in Drosophila. By integrating phenotypic and genomic data in the investigation of evolutionary dynamics, new insights can be gained on longstanding questions such as the modularity of mind and its evolution (Current Zoology 61 (2): 226-241, 2015 ).
Studies on Adaptive Reorganization of Flash Crowds Alleviation Network

Internet plays important role in human lives. It becomes integrated, inseparable part of our daily routine we cannot imagine a day without using Internet. Internet is used for many purposes like fun, shopping, communication, research, study.The Internet technology has emerged so rapidly since it became public in early 1990s. According to the Internet World Stats 19.1% of world population is using Internet, another interesting aspect is that Usage growth is 249.6% in the world in general. Day by day web servers have to support more and more clients, but most of the systems cannot keep up with this growing demand. This continuous growth in the number of Internet users often results in popular, commonly visited web sites becoming overloaded. This might happen, for example, when web site has content which is very popular among Internet users, or when a web site is linked by some very popular web site such as Slashdot, or when web site’s link is advertised to a wide public in the media. In these cases, the number of requests received by the web site grows rapidly, causing the server’s capacity to become overloaded. Overloaded web sites proceed as many requests as possible, and simply drop the remaining ones. Such events are often referred to as Slashdot effects, hot spots, or flash crowds. Main topic of our research is the flash crowd and Internet systems related to alleviation of the flash crowds. The flash crowd is a rapid increase in incoming traffic load to some particular web site. This rapid increase causes the web site to become unreachable for Internet users, leaving the clients with unsatisfied requests. Flash crowds present a significant problem to web site owners. In the case of commercial web sites, a flash crowd can lead to severe financial losses, as clients often resign from using the web site its resources or purchasing the goods and switch to another, more accessible web site. However, non-commercial web sites can also experience flash crowds. In general, it is impossible to predict which sites shall be subject to flash crowds, and so almost every web site should be ready to handle them. The mostly used method in alleviation of the flash crowds is distributed infrastructure of surrogate servers called Content Distribution Network(CDN). The CDN is a widely used Internet technique to improve the performance and availability of web sites by deploying geographically dispersed surrogate servers and
Plasticity in the Neurotransmitter Repertoire

A switch in the type of neurotransmitter released in the brain underlies changes in mammalian behavior associated with day-night cycles. [Also see Research Article by Dulcis et al.] In the earliest days of neuroscience, it was thought that a neuron made and released only a single chemical, known as a neurotransmitter, to send a signal across a synapse to an adjacent neuron (1). At the same time, it was deeply mysterious why so many signaling molecules were used in nervous systems. Subsequently, it became clear that many, if not most, neurons (including those in mammals) make and release two or more neurotransmitters including small-molecules and neuropeptides (2–4). As the list of these potential cotransmitters and their receptors has increased, we are faced with understanding the functional relevance of this embarrassment of riches for neural circuits and behavior. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators (substances often released with small-molecule neurotransmitters) can elicit a variety of different actions on their neuron targets, including directly opening ion channels or acting through signal transduction pathways to alter neuronal excitability or synaptic transmission. Thus, characterizing the mixture of cotransmitters released by a neuron is important for understanding how neuronal circuits operate. The mechanisms that change the profile of neurotransmitter release provide opportunities for plastic changes in circuit function, and consequently in organism behavior. On page 449 of this issue, Dulcis et al. (5) report changes in the neurotransmitter profile of neurons that underlie photoperiod-triggered changes in animal behavior. The findings argue that neurotransmitter switching is a new mechanism for neuroplasticity (6) in adult nervous systems.
The Relation between the Firm's Characteristics and the Quality of Profit Accrual Items

In this article the existed relation between firm's characteristics and the accrual items' quality and the profit has been examined; the statistic population of the research includes 88 accepted firms in Tehran stock exchange during the years 2006-2010. To select the sample, the omissive method has been chosen so that those firms with the expected characteristics would be used. To examine the variables of present research the Dechow-Dichev approach (DD) has been used. The standard measure of the accrual items' quality in this research is the remained items of the working capital change regression on the cash flows operations in the past period, present period and future period; as the high position of remained items' standard deviation indicates low quality of the accrual items. This research's results indicate that firm's characteristics (such as firm's operation cycle, firm's size, sale swing, the number of time losses are reported during different periods and accrual items' size) can be used as a tool for evaluating the quality of accrual items and profit. According to the obtained results from this research, the quality of accrual items has a significant relation with the operational period, firm's size, the number of time losses are reported and the accrual items' size while it has nit any significant relation with sale swing.
Controlled Elimination of Clathrin Heavy-Chain Expression in DT40 Lymphocytes

We exploited the high rate of homologous recombination shown by the chicken B cell line DT40 to inactivate the endogenous alleles for clathrin heavy chain and replace them with human clathrin complementary DNA under the control of a tetracycline-regulatable promoter. Clathrin repression perturbed the activities of Akt-mediated and mitogen-activated protein kinase–mediated signaling pathways and induced apoptosis; this finding suggests that in DT40 cells clathrin helps to maintain the integrity of antiapoptotic survival pathways. We also describe a variant cell line in which these signaling pathways were unaffected by clathrin down-regulation. This variant cell line did not undergo apoptosis in the absence of clathrin and was used to examine the effects of clathrin depletion on membrane-trafficking pathways. Receptor-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis were both substantially inhibited, and transferrin-receptor recycling was modestly inhibited. Surprisingly, clathrin removal did not affect the morphology or biochemical composition of lysosomes.
Role of Financial Services and Real Estate Management — Towards a New Value Chain: Exploratory Research Findings

This paper aims at focusing the role of financial services and of Real Estate Management within the Real Estate Industry and suggests some useful paths for the definition of a new value chain better tied to the evolutionary profiles of the sector. By means of an exploratory and systematic research methodology, this work proposes to conceptualize a model directed towards value creation highlighting the role of financial services and the growing importance assumed by integrated services (asset, property and facility management) in the Real Estate’s value chain evolution.
Proteome Analysis During Chondrocyte Differentiation in a New Chondrogenesis Model Using Human Umbilical Cord Stroma Mesenchymal Stem Cells*

Umbilical cord stroma mesenchymal stem cells were differentiated toward chondrocyte-like cells using a new in vitro model that consists of the random formation of spheroids in a medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum on a nonadherent surface. The medium was changed after 2 days to one specific for the induction of chondrocyte differentiation. We assessed this model using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and secretome analyses. The purpose of this study was to determine which proteins were differentially expressed during chondrogenesis. Differential gel electrophoresis analysis was performed, followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry protein identification. A total of 97 spots were modulated during the chondrogenesis process, 54 of these spots were identified as 39 different proteins and 15 were isoforms. Of the 39 different proteins identified 15 were down-regulated, 21 were up-regulated, and 3 were up- and down-regulated during the chondrogenesis process. Using Pathway Studio 7.0 software, our results showed that the major cell functions modulated during chondrogenesis were cellular differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Five proteins involved in cartilage extracellular matrix metabolism found during the differential gel electrophoresis study were confirmed using Western blot. The results indicate that our in vitro chondrogenesis model is an efficient and rapid technique for obtaining cells similar to chondrocytes that express proteins characteristic of the cartilage extracellular matrix. These chondrocyte-like cells could prove useful for future cell therapy treatment of cartilage pathologies.
Dynamic games-based modeling of electricity markets

In this paper, an electricity market is modeled as a dynamic process. Generators "learn" market opportunities on daily and/or hourly bases and evaluate their next bids by following the assumed strategies and by using the available information about the past market clearing prices and their own marginal-cost functions to adjust the chosen strategy. The model developed shows that repetition of bidding actually plays a significant role in the market dynamics. Simulations are provided to illustrate several critical factors in determining level of market power exercised. Most of these factors cannot be captured using traditional static market models.
Bi-Analysis Recommendation for Utilization of ICT in E-Governance Services for BSNL using Data Analytics

Background: The main objective of this research work is to develop an E-Governance model based on bi-analysis results in standard database environment with aid of SWOT analysis along with cluster analysis. Methods: A model based questionnaire survey was conducted in all BSNL centers of Tamil Nadu, to know the infrastructure facilities like computer, software, hardware, network structure and automation components etc. A separate questionnaire was framed to know the present status of existing problems persisting throughout the BSNL center of Tamil Nadu, India. This research covers the entire research process including: formulating research questions, performing bi-analysis through SWOT analysis and Cluster analysis and modeling best recommendation model for BSNL public sector. Findings: SWOT analysis based Hierarchal clustering model is drawn as one among the best of other comparable models. Also produce 96% as success rate and 4% as weaken rate will promote this as opportunities for others to avail the ICT in BSNL organization. Applications: This model will provide a smooth flow of information, commands, requests and reporting between the government (BSNL administration) and the citizens (BSNL staff and Public), so as to enhance the speed and quality of internal functioning, as well as to provide a user-friendly access to outsiders. Also recommends the users to avail the ICT facility in public sector with maximum of utilization.
Transformation of a Simple Plastic into a Superhydrophobic Surface

Superhydrophobic surfaces are generally made by controlling the surface chemistry and surface roughness of various expensive materials, which are then applied by means of complex time-consuming processes. We describe a simple and inexpensive method for forming a superhydrophobic coating using polypropylene (a simple polymer) and a suitable selection of solvents and temperature to control the surface roughness. The resulting gel-like porous coating has a water contact angle of 160°. The method can be applied to a variety of surfaces as long as the solvent mixture does not dissolve the underlying material.
General stabilization techniques for microwave oscillators

A general stabilization technique is proposed to suppress undesired spurious oscillations in microwave oscillators. The purpose is to eliminate these oscillations while maintaining the oscillation frequency and amplitude of the originally-unstable solution. The main advantage of the technique is its wide generality of application, not restricted to low-frequency spurious oscillations. It has been tested on an unstable 18-GHz push-push oscillator that has been manufactured and measured, with very good agreement with the simulation results.
Neutrophils Are Essential for Containment of Vibrio cholerae to the Intestine during the Proinflammatory Phase of Infection

ABSTRACT Cholera is classically considered a noninflammatory diarrheal disease, in comparison to invasive enteric organisms, although there is a low-level proinflammatory response during early infection with Vibrio cholerae and a strong proinflammatory reaction to live attenuated vaccine strains. Using an adult mouse intestinal infection model, this study examines the contribution of neutrophils to host defense to infection. Nontoxigenic El Tor O1 V. cholerae infection is characterized by the upregulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 alpha in the intestine, indicating an acute innate immune response. Depletion of neutrophils from mice with anti-Ly6G IA8 monoclonal antibody led to decreased survival of mice. The role of neutrophils in protection of the host is to limit the infection to the intestine and control bacterial spread to extraintestinal organs. In the absence of neutrophils, the infection spread to the spleen and led to increased systemic levels of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha, suggesting the decreased survival in neutropenic mice is due to systemic shock. Neutrophils were found not to contribute to either clearance of colonizing bacteria or to alter the local immune response. However, when genes for secreted accessory toxins were deleted, the colonizing bacteria were cleared from the intestine, and this clearance is dependent upon neutrophils. Thus, the requirement for accessory toxins in virulence is negated in neutropenic mice, which is consistent with a role of accessory toxins in the evasion of innate immune cells in the intestine. Overall, these data support that neutrophils impact disease progression and suggest that neutrophil effectiveness can be manipulated through the deletion of accessory toxins.
Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis

Objectives: To quantify, using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), the tissue damage in lesions and normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) from a large cohort of patients with MS and to investigate the magnitude of the correlation between DTI-derived metrics and clinical disability. Methods: Dual-echo and DTI scans were obtained from 78 patients with relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, or primary progressive MS and from 20 normal control participants. Post-contrast T1-weighted images were also obtained from the patients. After creating mean diffusivity () and fractional anisotropy (FA) images and image coregistration, and FA values were measured for 4846 lesions (3207 nonenhancing T1-isointense, 1511 nonenhancing T1-hypointense, and 128 enhancing), 497 NAWM areas from patients, and 160 white matter areas from the controls. Results: The average lesion was higher and the average lesion FA was lower than the corresponding quantities of the NAWM (p < 0.001). The values of enhancing and nonenhancing lesions were not different, whereas enhancing lesions had lower FA (p < 0.001). T1-hypointense lesions had higher and lower FA than T1-isointense lesions (p < 0.001). NAWM of patients had higher and lower FA than white matter of controls (p = 0.01). Significant correlations were found between T1 and T2 lesion volume and and FA of lesions and NAWM. In the overall patient sample, a moderate correlation was also found between lesion and the Expanded Disability Status Scale score (r = 0.28, p = 0.01). However, the r value of this correlation was 0.48 in patients with secondary progressive MS, whose disability was also correlated with average lesion FA (r = −0.50). Conclusions The results of this study show that DTI is able to identify MS lesions with severe tissue damage and to detect changes in the NAWM. They also indicate that DTI-derived measures are correlated with clinical disability, especially in patients with secondary progressive MS, thus suggesting a role for DTI in monitoring advanced phases of the disease.
New Markets for Pollution and Energy Efficiency: Credit Trading Under Automobile Greenhouse Gas and Fuel Economy Standards

Recent changes to the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards have created new opportunities for lowering the cost of meeting strict new standards through provisions for credit banking and trading. In this paper, we explore these new markets for reductions in both fuel consumption (fuel economy) and greenhouse gases (GHGs). We examine the two separate credits markets for fuel economy as regulated by NHTSA and for GHG gases under EPA and find that there are some important differences between them. For example, the market for NHTSA fuel economy credits has an effective credit price ceiling while the market for EPA GHG credits does not. We then evaluate the functionality of these markets using publicly available data on credit holdings and trades through 2013. Finally, we assess the potential for the following to interfere with well-functioning markets: overlapping regulations, lack of additionality, thin markets, and use of monopoly power. We find that features of robust trading markets are missing in these early years, and suggest reasons why. We also explore the implications of the fact that the two regulations are almost fully overlapping.
Optimization of a new score function for the generation of accurate alignments

The accuracy of the alignments of protein sequences depends on the score matrix and gap penalties used in performing the alignment. Most score functions are designed to find homologs in the various databases rather than to generate accurate alignments between known homologs. We describe the optimization of a score function for the purpose of generating accurate alignments, as evaluated by using a coordinate root‐mean‐square deviation (RMSD)‐based merit function. We show that the resulting score matrix, which we call STROMA, generates more accurate alignments than other commonly used score matrices, and this difference is not due to differences in the gap penalties. In fact, in contrast to most of the other matrices, the alignment accuracies with STROMA are relatively insensitive to the choice of gap penalty parameters. Proteins 2002;48:605–610. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.