Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Southeastern caddisfly fauna: origins and affinities

About 40% of the 1369 Nearctic caddisfly species occur in the southeastern portion of North America, with 12% being endemic to it. Using techniques of cladistic historical biogeography, generalized tracks were found among Trichoptera species that link the Southeast with areas outside of the continent and with areas elsewhere in the Nearctic Region. A few tracks are known internally among the major southeastern areas of endemism, but none are sufficiently well corroborated to be considered generalized. Intercontinentally, the most recent generalized tracks are with the Eastern Palearctic, Neotropical, and Western Palearctic areas of endemism. At least 16 species occur exclusively in both the southeastern part of the Nearctic Region and the Neotropical Region, suggesting a greater modern bio-continuity between these areas than with other intercontinental regions. Within North America, the Southeast is most properly considered a subset of the Eastern Nearctic area of endemism or, on a more refined scale, as a mosaic of at least three areas of endemism. The biota of the Southeastern Coastal Plain, especially, probably has experienced many episodes of cosmopolitanism and vicariance through time.
Studies on the Distribution of the Body Fat in Sheep during Continuous Growth, and following Nutritional Restriction and Rehabilitation

Merino wether sheep were completely dissected at c. 3,6 and 12 months of age following steady growth. Further 12-month-old animals were subjected to nutritional restriction producing a liveweight loss of some 25 %; dissections were carried out at this point, and following a 30% rehabilitative gain in liveweight. Two animals were involved at each dissection point. Total body fat was separated into the dissectable visceral, intermuscular and subcutaneous depots, and the chemically extractable intramuscular, skeletal and viscera plus blood fractions. The restricted animals contained the same amount of fat per unit of wool-free empty body weight as did those grown continuously, but the rehabilitated animals did not. Rehabilitation was associated with the accumulation of less fat and more protein and water than occurred during steady growth. Nutritional restriction caused a relatively greater loss of fat from the subcutaneous depot than occurred through the body fat as a whole, and some further deposition of fat occurred in the skeleton. This resulted in the restricted animals having, at comparable amounts of body fat, a significantly lower proportion in the subcutaneous depot and a higher proportion in the skeleton than had continuously grown animals. Rehabilitation to the degree employed in this work did not restore the normal contributions of those fat depots to total fat. Total intramuscular fat could not be predicted from the fat content of samples from five superficial muscles, nor was the relationship of intramuscular fat to total body fat sufficiently close for predictive purposes.
Extrinsic Effects on Long-term Population Trends of Virginia Opossums and Striped Skunks at a Large Spatial Scale

Abstract Long-term data on wildlife populations are needed to elucidate the relative importance of extrinsic factors on population dynamics; however, such data are rare for most species such as medium-sized mammals. We present long-term population indices for Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) in Illinois from 1975 to 1998. Annual road-kill indices (RKI) and spotlight indices were correlated for opossums, but not for skunks. Opossum indices exhibited an overall increase (P < 0.01) during the study, but there was no trend since 1983. Skunk RKI exhibited a negative slope (P < 0.01), but this was influenced by a fluctuation in RKI during the late 1970s and there has been no overall trend since. Mean winter temperatures (t − 1) were positively correlated with opossum RKI, but were not correlated with skunk RKI. Estimated harvest (t = 0) was positively related to skunk RKI, and effective harvest was positively correlated with opossum RKI. Annual rabies cases in skunks were positively (P < 0.001) correlated with skunk RKI. These results suggest there are interspecific differences in long-term population dynamics, and associated limiting factors, between these species at large spatial scales.
Manipulatives Work!

Traditionally, teachers have relied on workbooks, drills, and memorization to present mathematics concepts. Yet, as CainCaston (1996, 271) has argued, the use of these approaches "has proven to be ineffective and outdated. " Bruner (1995) advocated teaching mathematics more in depth, with less coverage. This task is difficult under current curriculum reforms, especially given the standardized testing pressures felt by many classroom educators. The inclusion movement has caused some instructors to be indecisive about how best to meet the needs of all students in their diverse classrooms. Kimmel, Deek, Farrell, and O'Shea (1999) supported maintaining high standards for all students, which is in alignment with Bruner's view of depth being more important than breadth in the curriculum. The use of manipulatives strengthens these pedagogical ideals, reinforcing the notion that worksheets should not be the beginning or the end of any student's mathematical experience. BACKGROUND Using manipulatives well takes time and practice. Using them strictly because they are the latest fad or because of some administrative mandate, without teachers investing their time or interest, results in a less than desirable outcome for students, teachers, and administrators. Karp and Voltz (2000, 212) established that "using manipulative materials well takes reflective practice," but also found "blind compliance [to] the uncritical use of manipulatives [was] not the answer. " As Stein and Bovalino (2001, 356) stated, "Simply using manipulatives does not guarantee a good mathematics lesson. " Cain-Caston (1996) and Heuser (2000) further stipulated that student reflection on these activities enhances mathematical learning and reduces mathematics anxiety. Thus, the use of manipulatives for teaching mathematical concepts in the classroom may not work initially for everyone or for everything. Teachers must gain proficiency
Mr Keynes, the Classics and the new Keynesians: A suggested formalisation

Abstract The paper suggests a new Keynesian model of the General Theory. A reduced form entails a diagram with three curves relating employment and the real wage, which represent the two fundamental classical postulates and the principle of effective demand. This diagram illustrates better than IS–LM the generality of Keynes's theory, clarifying the distinction between voluntary and involuntary unemployment. Other significant features are the role of the distribution of expected interest rates among heterogeneous agents, whether dispersed or concentrated, in shaping the LM curve, as well as the role of wage competitiveness constraints as a foundation of Keynes's relative wage hypothesis.
EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL REDUCTION IN PANICLE SIZE ON WEIGHT OF SECONDARY SEEDS IN OATS (Avena sativa L.)

Reductions in panicle size of oat (Avena sativa L.) by spikelet removal and sterilization of primary florets were used to study the growth potential of secondary seeds. Treatments to reduce panicles to three sizes, representing 25, 50 or 75% of the average number of secondary seeds in a panicle, were applied either at anthesis or 14 d later. Experiments included either two or four genotypes. Statistical analyses indicated that secondary seeds had a greater potential for growth than found in intact panicles. Grain weights in the treated panicles were significantly higher than secondary seed weights in control panicles when treatments were applied at anthesis. For the postanthesis treatments, seed weights in treated panicles were generally higher than control weights though the differences were not always significant. While large-seeded genotypes achieved higher seed weights under sink reduction treatments relative to their controls, the increases were not proportionally greater than those found for the sma.
The Mechanism of Renal Excretion of Fructose and Galactose in Rabbit, Cat, Dog and Man: (with Special Reference to the Phosphorylation Theory)

Summary. Fructose and galactose were demonstrated to be threshold substances, by which is meant that they are both reabsorbed actively by the renal tubular cells. A kidney threshold for fructose and galactose was demonstrated for man only (U/P ratio below 1). The U/P ratio for fructose and galactose, which at plasma concentrations between 15 and 20 mgm. per cent, did not exceed 1, rose very steeply at plasma concentrations above these values. In rabbits, cats and dogs the active reabsorption of fructose and galactose was demonstrated by: 1the indepence of fructose reabsorption of variations in the excretion of water. 2the sensitivity of the mechanism of reabsorption to poisoning of the tubular cells with phlorizin. 3experiments in saturating the mechanism of reabsorption for glucose (hyperglycaemia), which reduced the reabsorption of simultaneously filtered fructose and galactose (cat, man). The reabsorption of fructose and galactose was found to increase in proportion to increasing amounts filtered. In the experiments on the cat creatinine was employed for filtration determinations after the identity between creatinine and inulin clearances in this animal had been established. The results obtained appear to agree with the theory of an intermediate phosphorylation and dephosphorylation during the reabsorption of glucose, fructose and galactose in the kidneys. In regarding the adenylic acid system as a common phosphate donator to these three hexoses, the specific kidney threshold for each of the three hexoses is explained by the assumption of specific phosphorylating and dephosphorylating enzymic systems for each hexose in the cells of the tubules.
A Chromosomal Hybrid Zone in the Australian Huntsman Spider, Delena cancerides (Araneae : Sparassidae). Evidence for a Hybrid Zone near Canberra, Australia

Data are presented that indicate the presence of a hybrid zone between two chromosomal races of the endemic Australian spider Delena cancerides. Electrophoretic data verify the hybridising taxa as members of the Victorian telocentric race and a chain-carrying race. Evidence is presented that indicates the hybrid zone is of natural origin, as opposed to being the result of human introductions.
52 EFFECT OF TRICHOSTATIN A ON DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL OF INTER-SPECIES CLONED GAUR (BOS GAURUS) EMBRYOS

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of trichostatin A (TSA) treatment on interspecies cloned gaur (Bos gaurus) embryos development and implantation rate after transfer to bovine (Bos taurus) recipients. The bovine (Bos taurus) enucleated oocytes were used as recipient cytoplasm for male and female gaur fibroblasts. After electrical fusion, oocytes were separated into two groups, TSA treatment and control. For the TSA group, the oocytes were placed in EmCare (ICPbio, Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand) holding medium + 50 nm TSA for 1 h. The fused oocytes were activated by 7% ethanol + 50 nm TSA for 5 min at room temperature and 10 μg mL–1 cycloheximide + 1.25 μg mL–1 cytochalasin D + 50 nm TSA at 38.5°C under 5% CO2 in air for 5 h. Then the embryos were cultured in mSOFaa medium + 3 mg mL–1 bovine serum albumin (BSA) + 50 nm TSA up to 10 h. After 10 h, the reconstructed embryos were transferred to embryo culture medium without TSA and culture for 2 days at 38.5°C under 5% CO2, 5% O2, 90% N2. The control embryos were cultured with the same culture system without TSA supplementation. Eight-cell stage embryos were selected and co-cultured with bovine oviductal epithelial cells in culture medium at 38.5°C under 5% CO2 in air for 5 days. Half volume of the culture medium was replaced daily. Two blastocysts at days 7 or 8 derived from male fibroblasts of treated and non-treated TSA were non-surgically transferred to each synchronized estrous bovine recipients. The statistical analysis was done by ANOVA and the comparison of means by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The development to blastocyst stage was not different among male and female, treated and non-treated TSA embryos which range between 34.8 to 39.3%. The pregnancy rate at 40 days after recipients received cloned embryos derived from male fibroblasts treated v. non-treated TSA was 11% (2/18) v. 10% (1/10) (Table 1). One recipient which received a non-treated embryo gave birth by C-section on March 4, 2008. The male gaur calf died from respiratory problem at 12 h after birth. Eight bovine microsatellite markers analysis confirmed that the newborn gaur was derived from the donor gaur fibroblast. In this study, TSA has no effect on pre-implantation cloned gaur embryos development either derived from male or female gaur fibroblasts. Cloned gaur calves could be produced by interspecies cloning using bovine oocytes as recipient cytoplasm. Table 1.Pregnancy and birth rates after transferred cloned gaur embryos derived from male fibroblasts to recipients This study was supported by National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) and Suranaree University of Technology.
Book Reviews

For higher education, as in many other spheres of life, the approach of the twenty-first century has spawned an introspective mood. Analysts in many countries and various settings have reviewed what the salient issues have been during the last few decades and have offered their views on the prospects and challenges of the future. Two recent books add to this growing genre of stocktaking on higher education. One book, written by Richard Miller, a wellrecognized analyst and American academic who has often published on similarly broad topics, offers a synthesis of current and emerging trends facing American colleges and universities. The other book, an edited collection organized by three highly regarded academics, offers many diverse views; it includes essays by 20 different individuals, most of whom hold academic positions in the USA and have strong records of scholarship in the areas they discuss. Similarities abound. Both books start with the objective of analyzing the c̀entral’ or `most important’ trends that will confront higher education during the next decade. Both focus almost entirely on the experience of American colleges and universities, although comparative perspectives appear on some topics. Both also share an emphasis on current history. As such, they offer excellent resource guides to the changing practices and policy issues that have shaped American higher education in recent decades. Predictably, many of the same issues are addressed in both works. Each gives extensive attention to what might be considered the three most controversial issues in higher education today: funding, equity for minority students, and the search for curriculum revisions that will respond effectively to changing times. An obvious difference between Miller’s book and the book edited by Altbach et al. is stylistic. Miller’ s voice is direct and lively. He leavens his text with interesting anecdotes and shares his own concerns as he surveys recent events. The book organized by Altbach and colleagues is more serious, serving up facts and analyses in scholarly tone. It is a matter of reader’s choice: both are solid, well-balanced accounts, the first an easier r̀ead’ while the latter offers greater depth and historical context on each topic. Miller’s analysis, much shorter than the edited book, offers a personal synthesis of a wide range of current policy issues. Having only one author, it has a coherent style, offering thorough yet succinct commentary on each topic. Miller is especially sensitive to popular views of higher education issues, and often quotes from the news media and public figures, even from Broadway plays, thus lending an interesting flavor of popular history. He also offers a practical emphasis, usefully summarizing some of the best thinking on strategies for resolving each of the issues he discusses. A chapter on assessment and accountability, for example, suggests a balanced institutional response to external pressures. Notably, he also presents a rationale for conducting evaluations of university administrators, not just the instructional staff. Another chapter is devoted entirely to strategies for
EVIDENCE FOR FUNCTIONAL β-ADRENOCEPTOR SUBTYPES IN CG-5 BREAST CANCER CELLS

Abstract β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) were identified in CG-5 breast cancer cells using a radiometric assay. The total β-AR concentration was measured using the highly potent β-adrenergic antagonist (−)[ 3 H]CGP 12177, and the densities of β-AR subtypes were discriminated in the presence of highly selective unlabelled ligands (CGP 20712A and ICI 118551). Scatchard analysis revealed good linearity ( r >0.95) and K d values (0.05–1 n M ) indicated the presence of high affinity binding sites in CG-5 cell membranes. β 2 -AR concentrations (74%) were significantly ( P 1 -AR concentrations (36%). Displacement studies indicated that tested adrenergic agonists displaced (−)[ 3 H]CGP 12177 from its specific binding sites in the order of potency (−)isoproterenol>(±)clenbuterol>(−)adrenaline>(±)dobutamine⪢>(−)noradrenaline, whereas β-adrenergic antagonists inhibited the binding in the following order of potency: (−)propranolol⪢ICI 118 551⪢⪢CGP 20712A. The functionality of β-ARs identified in CG-5 cell membranes was demonstrated by the significant increase in cAMP production induced by different concentrations of isoproterenol vs unstimulated cells (control). The pathophysiological role of β-ARs in breast cancer cells is still undefined, but their presence suggests the possible adrenergic regulation of some cellular activities such as proliferation and/or differentiation.
The Manitoba Horse Fly Trap

The development of the Manitoba Horse Fly Trap was motivated initially by the need to control tabanid flies in spite of a lack of effective and safe insecticides. This objective could be realized only through a study of orientation behaviour in the field. Starting with the old observation that tabanids are attracted to darkcoloured objects (‘targets’), the influence of colour of target, colour of background, size, shape and movement of target were investigated. The most attractive target proved to be a glossy black (or red) sphere about 24 inches diameter, about three feet above the ground. In the course of its development the trap has provided interesting insights into visual perception of tabanids which will require physiological confirmation. The attractant principle is overwhelmingly visual. An initial surmise that thermal radiation contributes to the attraction significantly has been superseded, although a thermal stimulus may be involved in the behaviour of the flies after they reach the trap. Since only the hemato- phagous sex (females) is attracted to the trap, the behaviour involved appears to be teleologically related to host seeking activity. On arrival at the trap the insects fly in the space around the target and eventually move upward into the no-return chamber at the apex. When the trap is used for fly control the apical chamber is not needed if the interior of the trap is treated with a powerful, residual insecticide. In addition to its potential uses in conjunction with insecticides for control of tabanids, the Manitoba Horse Fly Trap can be used to study the correlation of flight activity with meteorological conditions as well as the seasonal and geographical distribution of tabanid species. The trap can be used effectively in the study of Stomoxys behaviour and control. If the sphere is replaced by a wick containing organic sulfides, blow flies can be attracted to it in considerable numbers.
Examining the Ability of Tanzanian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to Increase their Penetration into Export Markets

Tanzanian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) face a number of hurdles that constrain their ability to increase their penetration into export markets. This finding emanates from analysing a sample of Tanzanian exporting SMEs from the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey Data for 2013. The analysis shows that only a few among the sampled exporting SMEs had internationally recognized quality certificates, used technology licensed from a foreign-owned company, spent on research and development (RD and many were unable to enter export markets within three years of being established, that is, they are not born-global firms. The paper argues that the SMEs’ ability to penetrate into export markets faces three main constraints, namely, access to finance, electricity outages and numerous taxes. Thus, to enhance the SMEs’ ability to increase their penetration into export markets, policies should focus on easing the examined constraints. Firstly, there is a need to have policies for assisting exporting SMEs to access credit for expanding their activities and increasing productivity. Secondly, is to ensure that exporting SMEs get the required electricity through industrial parks that get preferential treatment in terms of general infrastructure. Lastly, the government should consider streamlining the taxes levied on these enterprises that hamper their operations. The implementation of these policies as a package would enable the SMEs to contribute more to generating export revenues and creating employment.
The restructuring of higher education and part-time instructors: a theoretical and political analysis of undergraduate teaching in Canada

In the last two decades, there have been noticeable changes in the ranks of academic labourers, specifically the increasing reliance on part‐time instructors. The use of part‐time instructors can be attributed to, among other things, cutbacks in state funding to universities and colleges due to, or as a response to, globalization. This study examines, at a theoretical level, the role of part‐time academic labourers in the teaching mandate of Canadian universities and colleges. The study analyses the teaching duties of part‐time academic labourers and notes significant theoretical difficulties that could undermine the quality of undergraduate teaching. The study also addresses the political problem of how to ensure that the quality of undergraduate teaching is not jeopardized due to the increasing reliance on part‐time instructors.