Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiplicative factorization of multi-valued NIN-AND tree causal models

Multiplicative Factorization of Multi-valued NIN-AND Tree Causal Models Yiting Jin Advisor: University of Guelph, 2016 Dr. Yang Xiang Bayesian networks (BNs) are compact representations of uncertain knowledge, which combine probability theory and graph theory. However, the size of each conditional probability table (CPT) in BNs still grows exponentially on the number of causes. Causal independence models (CIMs) are proposed to tackle this issue by exploiting causal independency among variables. However CIMs are not directly utilizable by common inference algorithms including lazy propagation. Multiplicative factorization (MF) is proposed as an efficient representation of CIMs, which makes CIMs applicable to lazy propagation. MF of CIMs such as noisy-OR, noisy-MAX and binary NIN-AND trees are proposed. Noisy-OR models are over binary variables and only model reinforcement. Noisy-MAX models are over multi-valued variables but only model reinforcement. Binary NIN-AND trees model both reinforcing and undermining causal interactions as well as their recursive mixtures but only for binary variables. Multi-valued NIN-AND trees generalize binary NIN-AND tree models, so they can now be applied to multi-valued variables. In order to take advantage of the generality and expressiveness of multi-valued NIN-AND trees as well as the efficiency of MF, we propose MF of multi-valued NINAND trees. MF of multi-valued NIN-AND trees involves four types of MFs: MF of dual NIN-AND gates, MF of direct NIN-AND gates, extended MF of dual NIN-AND gates and extended MF of direct NIN-AND gates. For each type of MF, we show its configuration by an example as well as the general form. We also analyze the correctness of each type of MF. MF of multi-valued NIN-AND trees preserves the linear complexity of NIN-AND tree models. The order of multiplication and marginalization is unconstrained as well. Finally, we conduct a set of experiments comparing between the lazy propagation with MF applied and the standard lazy propagation. By comparing the posteriors from both types of inferences, we demonstrate the soundness of MF. We also show the efficiency of MF in terms of space consumption and runtime.
Deep brain stimulation modi fi es cognitive function

The advent of brain stimulation techniques to treat movement disorders and psychiatric diseases has shown potential to decode the neural mechanism that underlies the cognitive process, by modulating the interrupted circuit. Given the increased interest in deciphering of the cognitive process, brain stimulation is under vigorous examination to explore its potential ability in facilitating cognitive function. Clinical studies involving brain stimulation have demonstrated increased cognition. Herein we summarize the cerebral circuits implicated in cognition and memory, and also proposed mechanisms that might underlie behavioral improvements after stimulation. Translational studies in animals and humans and technological advancements in bioengineering that expand the applicability of brain stimulation to ameliorate diseases with learning or memory impairment can be anticipated in the near future. Copyright 2013, Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All
Why Laws Work Pretty Well, but Not Great: Words and Rules in Legal Interpretation

Words and Rules is Steven Pinker's third "popular" book about linguistics and cognitive psychology. ' It is not about the law. In fact, it barely even mentions the law. Words and Rules is a book about how we form plurals of nouns and past tenses of verbs. According to Pinker, the words for irregular plurals and past tenses, like children and went, are learned from experience and stored in our minds as separate words. We remember them individually and relate them to their singular or present tense forms, child and go. In contrast, regular forms, like books and rained, are rule governed. Although we might remember them individually, we need not do so, because we routinely apply regular rules of pluralization (adding the sound s or z or iz depending on the final sound of the word being pluralized) and of past tense formation (adding the sound t
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) on the Human Head as Function of Orientation of Plane Wave Radiation: FDTD-Based Analysis

In this paper we have evaluated the specific absorption rate (SAR) in two-dimensional (2D) human head model at GSM 900 MHz (Global System for Mobile telecommunication) radiation. The head model is exposed to an incident plane wave with amplitude of 61.4 V/m. Two cases of incidence are considered in this paper. The first is the coronal incidence case where the incident field is directed toward the coronal plane of the head model. The second is the sagittal incidence where the incident field is directed toward the sagittal plane. The computations are performed in both cases using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The FDTD code is implemented using Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) software. It is observed that the two incidence cases have almost the same whole head averaged SAR.
Digital WPI Major Qualifying Projects ( All Years ) Major Qualifying Projects April 2009 Authentication Schemes based on Physically Unclonable Functions

In this project we investigate di erent hardware authentication schemes based on Physically Unclonable Functions. We start by analyzing the concepts of a fuzzy extractor and a secure sketch from an information-theoretic perspective. We then present a hardware implementation of a fuzzy extractor which uses the code o set construction with BCH codes. Finally, we propose a new cryptographic protocol for PUF authentication based upon polynomial interpolation using Sudan's list-decoding algorithm. We provide preliminary results into the feasibility of this protocol, by looking at the practicality of nding a polynomial that can be assigned as a cryptographic key to each device.
Classification of HHV-6 A and HHV-6 B as distinct viruses

Shortly after the discovery of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), two distinct variants, HHV-6A and HHV-6B, were identified. In 2012, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classified HHV-6A and HHV-6B as separate viruses. This review outlines several of the documented epidemiological, biological, and immunological distinctions between HHV-6A and HHV-6B, which support the ICTV classification. The utilization of virus-specific clinical and laboratory assays for distinguishing HHV-6A and HHV-6B is now required for further classification. For clarity in biological and clinical distinctions between HHV-6A and HHV-6B, scientists and physicians are herein urged, where possible, to differentiate carefully between HHV-6A and HHV-6B in all future publications. Introduction and classification history In 1986, a new virus was isolated in the USA from patients with AIDS as well as lymphoproliferative disorders [111]. Initially designated “human B-lymphotropic virus (HBLV)”, the virus was renamed human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) (GS strain), following herpesvirus nomenclature guidelines, soon thereafter [2]. In 1987 and 1988, independent isolates were obtained from AIDS patients in Africa, designated U1102 (from Uganda) [50] and Z29 (from Zaire) [80, 124]. As other strains were isolated from various geographic regions and clinical settings, it became gradually apparent that all HHV-6 isolates could be included in one of two well-defined groups, differing in their molecular, epidemiological and biological properties [4, 16, 71, 113, 129]. The two groups showed different in vitro tropism for selected T cell lines, specific immunological reactivity with monoclonal antibodies, distinct patterns of restriction endonuclease sites, and specific and conserved interstrain variations in their DNA sequences [68, 69, 71]. In the early 1990s, the scientific community debated whether the two groups simply reflected a normal population heterogeneity within a single virus species [113], and in 1992 a first consensus was reached to designate such groups as two variants of the same species: Ablashi et al. Page 2 Arch Virol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 February 11. A uhor M anscript
A Web Design Modeling System to Improve Communication between Web Designers and Programmers

Web development has multidisciplinary features involving diverse team members. Owing to the diverse backgrounds, however, there may be communication problems among web team members, especially between designers and programmers. Programmers often use a graphical modeling notation to communicate their designs. The graphical modeling concepts can also be helpful to designers, but most designers generally find graphical modeling notations hard to understand. We, therefore, propose an interactive computer-aided collaborative web design system including revised web graphical model notations to improve communication between web designers and programmers. We have designed and implemented a computational prototype to validate the approach and illustrate how the prototype works using concrete examples.
SYNTHESIS OF NANOSCALEVATERITE CaCO 3 IN W / O MICROEMULSION WITH THE REGULATION OF POLYASPARTIC ACID

School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China A complex method was used to synthesize nanoscale vaterite CaCO3 by the addition of polyaspartic acid (PASP) into W/O microemulsion to control the crystal shape and particle size. The samples synthesized by using different concentration of reactant and PASP were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption–desorption and FTIR. The results show that the sample prepared by the addition of 2.5 mg/ml PASP in the 0.5 M reactant system exhibited superior property: nanoparticles size was ca. 50 nm, pore sized distribution was mainly around 40-60 nm and the surface area and mesoporous volume were 27.012 m 2 /g and 0.15 cm 3 /g, respectively. The possible precipitation process of the nanometer vaterite CaCO3 in the complex system was also discussion. This study will provide a potential method of the combination of the theory of biomineralization and microemulsion.
BGP Replay Tool ( BRT ) v 0 . 1

This technical report describes the operation of BGP replay tool v0.1 (BRT v0.1), a tool to replay past BGP updates with time stamp. Comparing with other BGP replay and inject tools, BGP replay tool does not require kernel modification at host’s OS and support different BGP attributes. The evaluation of this tool has been done using Virtual Internet Routing Lab (VIRL) as a controlled testbed.
The prediction of the academic performance of MBA students by means of specific aptitudes And competencies

The Council on Higher Education (CHE) (2004) states that graduation rates across all provider types of MBA qualifications in South Africa are not very high. Various studies have reported that, in order to address poor throughput rates, one of the important aspects that needs to be addressed, is the criteria used to select students. The purpose of this study was to identify valid predictors and measures of the academic performance of MBA students. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the significance of different competencies and aptitudes in predicting academic success. The sample consisted of 135 MBA students from a South African School of Management. The results show that certain aptitudes and competencies, namely numerical aptitude, personal motivation, verbal aptitude, and resilience, contributed statistically significant to academic success.
A CONVERTER CONTROLLER OF VIRTUAL SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE FOR STABLE OPERATION OF MICROGRID

The synchronizing torque is an important factor for stable operation of the traditional grid supplied by a lot of synchronous generators. However, high penetration of static power converters which are accompanied by batteries or renewable energies may results in weakening the synchronizing torque, especially in a microgrid. In this case, a Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) can be one of the effective methods to enhance the synchronizing torque by making the power converter behave like a synchronous machine. It can achieve better stability of the microgrid but it requires high power rating to the converters. This paper verifies the benefit and cost of the VSM based on simulation study from the viewpoint of steady-state stability of the microgrid.
APPROVE USE OF COMBINED MEASLES , MUMPS , AND RUBELLA ( MMR ) VACCINE BASED ON INADEQUATE SAFETY STUDIES ?

On February 28, 1998, Dr. Andrew Wakefield published an article in the Lancet on 12 children “with a history of pervasive developmental disorder and intestinal symptoms. Onset of behavioral symptoms was associated, by the parents, with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination in eight of the 12 children. ” Though not claiming the MMR vaccine caused the symptoms, adding what parents thought certainly raised the possibility. Statements and articles by Wakefield suggested he believed such a link probable. Vaccination rates plummeted in the UK and outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases followed. Investigative journalist Brian Deer uncovered dishonest and unethical medical practices by Wakefield, resulting in Wakefield losing his medical license. Rather than appeal the decision, Wakefield wrote a book, “Callous Disregard: Autism and Vaccines – The Truth Behind a Tragedy,” wherein he claims loss of his license was a political attempt to silence his criticism of vaccine safety. This paper examines the validity of Wakefield’s claims. A careful review of publicly available information makes it clear that Wakefield’s claims regarding vaccine safety are wrong. It is hoped that this review will be used by doctors and public health personnel to encourage parents hesitating to have their children vaccinated to question anti-vaccination claims in general, given that many proponents often refer to Wakefield as an authority and display in their own writings and pronouncements similar erroneous claims.
Implementação de um compressor JPEG em FPGA

Este documento descreve a implementacao com pipeline de um compressor JPEG em FPGA. Para isso, apresenta-se a funcionalidade e implementacao dos blocos principais da arquitectura do compressor. O destaque vai para a DCT 2-D, implementada com 2 blocos DCT 1-D e um bu er de transposicao. O componente mais critico em termos de espaco e desempenho e o multiplicador da DCT 1-D, que por ser usado para multiplicar um inteiro por uma de 4 constantes reais possui uma arquitectura baseada em 4 barrel shifters, e e aqui apresentado em maior detalhe.
Efficient Local Model-Checking for Fragments of the Modal p-Calculus

This paper develops efficient local model-checking algorithms for expressive fragments of the modal/z-calculus. The time complexity of our procedures matches that of the best existing global algorithms; however, in contrast to those routines, ours explore a system's state space in a needdriven fashion and do not require its a priori construction. Consequently, our algorithms should perform better in practice. Our approach relies on a novel reformulation of the model-checking problem for the modal mucalculus in terms of checking whether certain linear-time temporal formulas are satisfied by generalized Kripke structures that we call and-or Kripke structures.
An Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm with Search Space Zoomed Factor and Attractor: An Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm with Search Space Zoomed Factor and Attractor

To control particles to fly inside search space and deal with the problems of slow convergence speed and premature convergence of particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm,this paper studies the movement of particles and stability analysis of canonical PSO algorithm and proposes an improved PSO algorithm,called PSO with search space zoomed factor and attractor(SzAPSO),where search space zoomed factor is a key parameter to control the original search space to zoom in and out,which is benefit to retain the connection of particles' position,reduce the subjective interference,and enforce the ability of global search,and attractor is a weighted average of global best and personal best for the normal particles except the global-best particle,which utilizes known information to enhance the power of local search and escaping from an inferior local optimum.SzAPSO is not only a kind of boundary condition,but also an effective PSO algorithm.Experimental studies show that SzAPSO algorithm proposed in this paper is more effective to do with errant particles,furthermore,improves greatly the convergence speed and accuracy,and obtains the admirable optimization results with smaller population size and evolution generations independent of the problem dimension and the location of the global optimum with respect to search space boundary.
Review and Advances in Style Curvature for the Malvaceae

The flowers of the Malvaceae with varying levels of herkogamy via style curvature have long intrigued evolutionary botanists. This review covers the flower opening process, approach herkogamy, style curvature and character evolution based on molecular phylogenetic trees, adaptive significances of style curvature and the mating system in some portions of the genera in this family. Hermaphroditic flowers of some species have showy petals and pollen and nectar rewards to pollinators. Approach herkogamy, in which stigmas are located on the top of a monadelphous stamen, has evolved as a mechanism to reduce the frequency of intra-floral self-pollination or the interference between male-female organs. Protandrous or monochogamous flowers in the fields open at about 5-7 days and 1-2 days respectively, and pollination is conducted by insects and birds. Interestingly, un-pollinated styles in some species curve when pollination fails. According to our observations and published or internet data, this curvature occurs in 23 species distributed in eight genera of four tribes (Malvavisceae, Ureneae, Hibisceae, Malveae) and appears to have evolved at least eight times. A shift to use style curvature is associated with a shift to annual or perennial herbs, and an unpredictable pollinator environment is likely an important trigger for this evolution. The adaptive significances of style curvature in the Malvaceae include delayed selfing, promotion of outcrossing or reduction in intrafloral male-female interference, sometimes two or three of which simultaneously occur in style curvature of one species (e.g., Kosteletzkya virginica). Delayed selfing via style curvature represents reproductive assurance and a mixed mating system, but the relationship between them is still an evolutionary enigma. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The effect of data-relatedness in interactive glyphs

Interactive visualization of multidimensional data is an important activity in many information acquisition tasks. We introduce a new interaction method for glyphs, an adoption of the 'small multiples' presentation method. It has been used extensively in printed graphics and also in scientific visualization, but its applications in information visualization have been few. We propose a method for interacting with small multiple displays that allows rapid and easy experimentation with glyph property assignments. In addition, we present findings on the relation between the glyphs and the data. The results of our experiment with 18 subjects support the idea that a data-related glyph is more favored by the users and about 13% more accurate than an unrelated glyph in information acquisition tasks. Additionally, the proposed visualization technique may prove to be efficient enough for non-experts to explore multi-dimensional data sets.
Automatic extraction of definitions

This doctoral research work provides a set of methods and heuristics for building a definition extractor or for fine-tuning an existing one. In order to develop and test the architecture, a generic definitions extractor for the Portuguese language is built. Furthermore, the methods were tested in the construction of an extractor for two languages different from Portuguese, which are English and, less extensively, Dutch. The approach presented in this work makes the proposed extractor completely different in nature in comparison to the other works in the field. It is a matter of fact that most systems that automatically extract definitions have been constructed taking into account a specific corpus on a specific topic, and are based on the manual construction of a set of rules or patterns capable of identifyinf a definition in a text. This research focused on three types of definitions, characterized by the connector between the defined term and its description. The strategy adopted can be seen as a "divide and conquer"approach. Differently from the other works representing the state of the art, specific heuristics were developed in order to deal with different types of definitions, namely copula, verbal and punctuation definitions. We used different methodology for each type of definition, namely we propose to use rule-based methods to extract punctuation definitions, machine learning with sampling algorithms for copula definitions, and machine learning with a method to increase the number of positive examples for verbal definitions. This architecture is justified by the increasing linguistic complexity that characterizes the different types of definitions. Numerous experiments have led to the conclusion that the punctuation definitions are easily described using a set of rules. These rules can be easily adapted to the relevant context and translated into other languages. However, in order to deal with the other two definitions types, the exclusive use of rules is not enough to get good performance and it asks for more advanced methods, in particular a machine learning based approach. Unlike other similar systems, which were built having in mind a specific corpus or a specific domain, the one reported here is meant to obtain good results regardless the domain or context. All the decisions made in the construction of the definition extractor take into consideration this central objective.
Management Within the System

Structural tensions turn systems viable. The same is true of organizations. Structural tensions create problems involving changes both within the organization and in its environment that need to be addressed and reflected in decisions. Under this premise, we can assume that the function of an organization’s executive is to secure and smooth such tensions. Because management does not have the human resources to perform this function, tensions are institutionalized both on the personnel level and on the structural level in the dual sense that they are kept under constant surveillance and dealt with as a matter of routine. This paper develops an argument related to societal preconditions for management, administration and leadership, as there are division of labor, hierarchy and professional ideologies (with special respect to German Betriebswirtschaftslehre). The overall attempt is meant to provide a system’s theoretical perspective on organization with an evolutionary perspective. The focus is on communication, both the communication of "no" and of "yes". The argument is that it is helpful to distinguish between system and structure.