Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Continuities and Discontinuities in the Economic Growth of Spain. 1850-1936

The Spanish pattern of economic growth during the last two centuries is quite unique. In the nineteenth century, Spain remained outside the process of industrialization, but during the twentieth century it has joined the small group of developed economies. This article checks the possible existence of discontinuities between 1850-1936 in the series of PNB, industrial production and private and public investment by utilizing recent developments in the econometric analysis associated with the work of Perron and Ziwot and Andrews. The results confirm the continuity of the Spanish growth during the long period considered. However, they also show two breakpoint years: 1870 in the series of industrial production and 1919 in the data of public investment. El crecimiento economico en Espana durante los dos ultimos siglos, ha sido un proceso singular. Durante el siglo XIX su economia quedo al margen del proceso de industrializacion, pero durante el XX ha conseguido incorporarse al reducido grupo de los paises desarrollados. Aprovechando algunos de los recientes avances de la econometria asociados a los trabajos de Perron y Ziwot y Andews, este articulo contrasta, para la etapa 1850-1936, la posible existencia de rupturas en las series de PNB, produccion industrial e inversion publica y privada. Los resultados confirman la continuidad basica del crecimiento economico espanol en el largo plazo. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo, muestran dos rupturas estadisticamente significativas: 1870 en la serie de produccion industrial y 1919 en la de inversion publica.
Assessment of Knee Pain in Obese and Non-Obese Individuals Diagnosed with Osteoarthritis of the Knee Before and After Performance-Based Tests: A Pilot Study

Objective: 1) To examine whether self-reported pain, measured with the Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index pain subscale and Visual Analog Scale, of individuals diagnosed with knee Osteoarthritis would change after performance-based tests were completed; irrespective of their body weight and Body Mass Index. 2) To assess whether self-reported pain before and after performance-based tests differs between obese and non-obese individuals and whether both VAS and WOMAC scales of pain would demonstrate similar changes from before to after the completion of performance-based tests in obese and non-obese individuals with knee OA. 3) To observe whether depressive symptoms and BMI explain the variance of self-reported pain before and after performance based tests. Methods: This pilot study included 31 participants diagnosed with radiographic knee osteoarthritis by an orthopedic surgeon using the Kellgren-Lawrence Scale. The sample was divided in two groups of obese individuals with knee Osteoarthritis and non-obese individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Two self-reported measures, the Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index and Visual Analog Scale assessed knee pain before and after performance-based tests in these two groups of individuals. Depressive symptom was obtained with Back depression questionnaire II. Results: The Visual Analog Scale ratings showed a significant increase in pain in both groups, but the Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index pain subscale only captured a significant increase in the obese osteoarthritis group. A significant proportion of variance in pain before and after functional activities was explained by depressive symptoms and obesity, with higher levels of depression and obesity predicting worse reports of pain. Conclusion: The Visual Analog Scale pain rating may be a better tool for assessing knee pain of obese and non-obese individuals diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis. Furthermore, symptoms of depression might predict increase in knee pain and disability in obese individuals.
FINANCIAL MODELS INDUCED FROM AUXILIARY INDICES AND TWITTER DATA Jae-pill

As we know, some indices and data are strong influence to the price movement of some assets now, but not to another assets and in future. Thus we define some asset models for several time intervals; intraday, weekly, monthly, and yearly asset models. We define these asset models by using Brownian motion with volatility and Poisson process, and several deterministic functions(index function, twitter data function and big-jump simple function etc). In our asset models, these deterministic functions are the positive or negative levels of auxiliary indices, of analyzed data, and for imminent and extreme state(for example, financial shock or the highest popularity in the market). These functions determined by indices, twitter data and shocking news are a kind of one of speciality of our asset models. For reasonableness of our asset models, we introduce several real data, figurers and tables, and simulations. Perhaps from our asset models, for short-term or long-term investment, we can classify and reference many kinds of usual auxiliary indices, information and data. Received July 31, 2014. Revised September 21, 2014. Accepted September 21, 2014. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 60G15, 60H10, 60j65, 60J75, 62P20.
The carbon monoxide tape recorder

Using Aura MLS data we have identified the stratospheric ‘tape recorder’ in carbon monoxide (CO). Unlike the water vapor tape recorder, which is forced by the upper tropospheric seasonal variation in dehydration processes, the CO tape recorder is linked to seasonal changes in biomass burning. Since CO has a chemical lifetime of only a few months, the CO tape recorder barely extends above 20 km. The tape head for CO appears to be close to 360 K near the same location as the water vapor tape head (Read et al., 2004). Both tape heads are below the equatorial cold point tropopause but above the base of the tropical tropopause layer. The Global Modeling Initiative chemical transport model forced by the climatology of biomass burning reproduces the CO tape recorder. The tape recorder signal in the GMI model becomes more distinct from 360 K to 380 K suggesting that convective detrainment plays a decreasingly important role with altitude.
GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS IN MEASURING QUALITY OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND TRANSFER INVESTOR LEVELS

ABSTRACT This study aims to develop a theory of determining the quality of financial statement reports that can increase investor confidence in financial information presented by management. This research would like to find the role of good corporate governance in improving the quality of financial statements as measured by accounting conservatism and earnings management, then it will be seen how the quality ability of financial statement can influence investor confidence level. The result of the research did not find the influence of corporate governance mechanism on the quality of financial statements. However, the simultaneous test results found that corporate governance mechanisms and the quality of financial statements affect the level of investor confidence. Profit management as an indicator of the quality of financial statements negatively affects the level of investor confidence. But accounting conservatism declared no effect on the level of investor confidence. The results of the test with path analysis found that the variables that have a direct influence of the mechanism of good corporate governance is the ownership of the institution, while other variables have no influence either directly or indirectly.
Kinetic aspects of humic substances bleaching during biological Kinetic aspects of humic substances bleaching during biological Kinetic aspects of humic substances bleaching during biological Kinetic aspects of humic substances bleaching during biological mineralization

Kinetic aspects of humic substances bleaching during biological mineralization. Assays were carried out to describe the kinetic aspects of biological bleaching of humic substances during its mineralization. Samples of aquatic plant and water (Oxycaryum cubense ) were collected in the Infernao lagoon (21o 35' S and 47o 05' W; Sao Paulo State, Brazil). Experiments were carried out using fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) derived from leachates of O. cubense decay (120 days). FA and HA were added to 450 mL of lagoon water and incubated under high and low dissolved oxygen concentrations and at three temperatures. The optical density was monitored (95 days) and the data were fitted to first-order kinetic model. The processes involved with bleaching were favored with increasing temperature only during HA mineralization at low dissolved oxygen availability, indicating that in the Infernao lagoon, the biological bleaching of HA is more effective between November and April. Overall, FA presented higher bleaching coefficients than HA. Low HA bleaching coefficients are probably due to the complexity of the chemical structures and its transformation in FA.
Image Authentication by Detecting Traces ofDemosaicing and Color Classification Methods

Recently advanced image processing tools and computer graphics techniques make it straight forward to edit or modify digital images. In court, for police agencies, for insurance or media companies, this raises the challenge of discriminating original images from malicious forgeries. Particular region from an image is pasted into other image with purpose to create image splicing. Image splicing is a common type of image tampering (manipulation) operation. , currently pictures can't be thought of trustworthy proof. In this project, machine learning approach is used that exploits refined inconsistencies within the color of the illumination of pictures, distinguishes between computer generated and photographic image and exploits forged region in digital image. The technique is applicable to photographs containing two or additional individuals and normal non face images also and needs no knowledgeable interaction for the tampering decision. For differentiating the photorealistic computer generated image (PRCG) and photographic image (PIM), a completely unique approach is to concentrate on the image textures, and can acknowledge that pictures from digital cameras contain traces of resampling as a results of employing a color filter array with demosaicing parameters.
Design and simulation of resonance based DC current sensor

A novel resonance based proximity DC current sensor is proposed. The sensor consists of a piezo sensed and actuated cantilever beam with a permanent magnet mounted at its free end. When the sensor is placed in proximity to a wire carrying DC current, resonant frequency of the beam changes with change in current. This change in resonant frequency is used to determine the current through the wire. The structure is simulated in micro and meso scale using COMSOL Multi physics software and the sensor is found to be linear with good sensitivity.
Hardware Implementation for Real-Time Speech Processing with Multiple Microphones

Nowadays, various speech processing systems are being introduced in the fields of robotics. However, real-time processing and high performances are required to properly implement speech processing system for the autonomous robots. Achieving these goals requires advanced hardware techniques including intelligent software algorithms. For example, we need nonlinear amplifier boards which are able to adjust the compression radio (CR) via computer programming. And the necessity for noise reduction, double-buffering on EPLD (Erasable programmable logic device), simultaneous multi-channel AD conversion, distant sound localization will be explained in this paper. These ideas can be used to improve distant and omni-directional speech recognition. This speech processing system, based on embedded Linux system, is supposed to be mounted on the new home service robot, which is being developed at KIST (Korea Institute of Science and Technology)
Non-invasive cerebellar stimulation-

The cerebellum processes motor, cognitive and affective information. The field of neurostimulation of the cerebellum either with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS; single pulse or repetitive rTMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS; anodal or cathodal) is gaining popularity in the scientific community, in particular because these stimulation techniques are non invasive and provide novel information on cerebellar function. There is a consensus amongst the panel of experts that both TMS and tDCS can effectively influence cerebellar functions, not only in the motor domain but also for the cognitive and affective operations handled by the cerebellar circuits. Both TMS and tDCS modulate the connectivity between the cerebellum and the primary motor cortex, tuning cerebellar excitability. Cerebellar TMS is an effective and valuable method to evaluate the cerebello-thalamo-cortical loop functions. DCS induces a polarity-dependent sitespecific modulation of cerebellar activity. However, several important issues still remain unsolved and require further studies. In particular, the role of TMS in promoting cerebellar plasticity is not established. Moreover, the exact positioning of electrode stimulation or the duration of the after effects of tDCS remain unclear. The long-term neural consequences of non-invasive cerebellar modulation are unclear. There is an agreement that the clinical applications in cerebellar disorders are likely numerous, but rigorous clinical trials are missing. Further studies should clarify the role of using non-invasive neurostimulation techniques over the cerebellum in motor, cognitive and psychiatric rehabilitation strategies.
Verification of SNOWPACK model

Verification of the multi-layer SNOWPACK model with different water transport schemes N. Wever, L. Schmid, A. Heilig, O. Eisen, C. Fierz, and M. Lehning WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Early explorations of EEG as a method for interactive evolutionary design of 3-dimensional objects

Automatic generation of art has aided artists in creating novel 2-dimensional artforms in a field known as evolutionary art. The development of technology on 3D printing has attracted people of different fields to designing 3D shapes for art display, an architecture design, a prototype or even an aiding tool. However, current automatic generation algorithms have focused primarily on 2D art only and have not successfully crossed the realm into 3D. This paper introduces an automatic method for generation of 3D artforms using electroencephalogram (EEG). Interactive evolutionary computing (IEC) is the typical method used to evolve art, however, IEC is often reported to cause significant fatigue among its users due to its repetitive and time-consuming characteristics. With the combination of brain-computer interface (BCI) and IEC, the hope is to speed up the interactive process, hence reducing user fatigue and at the same time be able to produce promising solutions. The proposed approach focuses on understanding human emotions in order to identify user preferences of the 3D shapes automatically and further evolve the selected artform. The use of a natureinspired shape generation formula, called the Gielis supershape, is used as the encoding for generation of 3D art and is shown to be able to bring forth large varieties of shapes during the automatic evolutionary optimization process.
On the Optimal Design of Multilayer Microwave Absorbers

In this paper, some common misconceptions in several papers dealing with the optimal design of multilayer microwave absorbers are indicated. Specifically, it is emphasized that Chew's recursive formula for the reflection coefficient of multilayer media for the TM polarization corresponds to the magnetic field, not the electric field. It is also emphasized that both TM and TE polarizations should have the same magnitude of the reflection coefficient for the case of normal incidence. Numerical optimal results are also presented and compared with those existing in the literature.
Empirical Evidence on the Effects of Environmental Policy Stringency on Productivity Growth

This paper investigates the impact of changes in the stringency of environmental policies on productivity growth in OECD countries. Using a new environmental policy stringency (EPS) index, it estimates a reduced-form model of multi-factor productivity growth, where the effect of countries' environmental policies varies with pollution intensity of the industry and technological advancement. A multi-layer analysis provides insights at the aggregate economy, the industry and the firm level. At the aggregate economy level, a negative effect on productivity growth is found one year ahead of the policy change. This negative “announcement effect” is offset within three years after the implementation. At the industry level, a tightening of environmental policy is associated with a short-term increase in industry-level productivity growth, for the most technologically advanced country-industry pairs. This effect diminishes with the distance to the global productivity frontier, becoming insignificant at larger distances. At the firm level, only the technologically most advanced firms show a positive effect on productivity growth from a tightening of environmental policies, while a third of firms, the less productive ones, experience a productivity slowdown. Donnees empiriques sur les effets de la severite des politiques environnementales sur la croissance de la productivite Ce document etudie l’impact qu’ont les modifications de la severite des politiques environnementales sur la croissance de la productivite dans les pays de l’OCDE. A l’aide d’un nouvel indice de severite des politiques environnementales (SPE), il estime un modele en forme reduite de la croissance de la productivite multifactorielle, dans lequel l’effet des politiques environnementales des pays varie selon l’intensite de pollution de l’industrie et le degre d’avancement technologique. Une analyse multicouche donne des indications au niveau macro-economique, a celui de l’industrie et a celui des entreprises. Au niveau macro-economique, un effet negatif sur la croissance de la productivite est observe un an avant la modification des politiques. Cet « effet d’annonce » negatif est compense dans un delai de trois ans apres la mise en oeuvre. Au niveau de l’industrie, le durcissement des politiques environnementales est associe a une acceleration a court terme de la croissance de la productivite pour les couples pays-industrie les plus avances d’un point de vue technologique. Cet effet diminue jusqu’a devenir insignifiant a mesure qu’on s’eloigne de la frontiere de productivite mondiale. Au niveau des entreprises, enfin, seules celles qui sont les plus en pointe du point de vue technologique voient la croissance de leur productivite influencee de facon positive par un durcissement des politiques environnementales, tandis qu’un tiers des entreprises, en l’occurrence les moins productives, accusent un ralentissement de leur productivite.
A Comparison of the Volatile Components of Cold Pressed Hamlin and Valencia (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) Orange Oils Affected by Huanglongbing

Volatiles from huanglongbing (HLB) symptomatic and asymptomatic cold pressed orange oils from Florida Hamlin and Valencia fruit were assessed. Qualitative gas-liquid chromatography studies showed the presence of several compounds (β-longifolene, perillene, and 4-decenal) which are not commonly identified in Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck oils. Oils derived from huanglongbing symptomatic fruit had lower concentrations of linalool, decanal, citronellol, neral, geranial, carvone, dodecanal, and 2-decenal and higher concentrations of citronellal compared to asymptomatic fruit. A comparison to historic literature of orange oil investigations before HLB was of issue in Florida orange crops showed lower levels of linalool, decanal, neral, and geranial in Hamlin peel oil samples, as well as higher levels of dodecanal. Valencia peel oil samples showed lower concentrations of linalool and increased concentration of citronellol and dodecanal. As a result of huanglongbing (HLB) phenomena, the concentrations of several important volatiles found in Hamlin and Valencia peel oil profiles have changed compared to historic values. Differences in volatile concentrations of symptomatic and asymptomatic HLB affected peel oil compounds in orange fruit are identified.
HDL: a molecular view of the "classic" antiatherogenic lipoprotein

L'estudi del metabolisme de les HDL (lipoproteines de densitat alta) i la seva relacio amb l'arteriosclerosi es un tema complex, en el qual, recentment, s'han fet avencos importants. Primer, s'ha demostrat que les HDL tenen una accio antiaterogenica. Segon, s'ha establert que aquesta accio es deguda a fraccions que tenen apoA-I pero no apoA-II. Tercer, s'han definit alguns mecanismes clau en l'accio antiaterogenica de les HDL: transport invers de colesterol i prevencio de la modificacio oxidativa de les LDL (lipoproteines de densitat baixa). Es previsible que aquests avencos permetran el desenvolupament d'estrategies efectives, que complementaran les existents per al tractament i la prevencio de les malalties cardiovasculars aterotrombotiques.
Classical Bifurcation and Entanglement Generation in an Internal Bosonic Josephson Junction

In this work the dynamical behavior of an internal bosonic Josephson junction is investigated. The junction is realized using two Zeeman sub states of the ground state hyperfine manifold in a Bose-Einstein condensate of 87 Rb . With several hundreds of atoms, the size of the system is at the crossover where its classical description breaks down and quantum mechanical effects become important. The system allows for a high level of control in terms of state preparation, readout and its important parameters. Thus its classical dynamics, which show a striking bifurcating behavior, can be studied by mapping out the full phase space and revealing its topological change. Furthermore the dynamics at the unstable classical fixed point arising in the course of the bifurcation are investigated. The dynamics at this point clearly show the breakdown of the classical description. The dynamical evolution leads to spin squeezing and entanglement and subsequently to macroscopic superposition states. The generation of squeezing is quantitatively analyzed and the generated states are reconstructed in terms of their Wigner functions by tomography. This work is an important step for the understanding of highly entangled macroscopic quantum states.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF COVENANT GERONTOLOGY SCALE: SCREENING TOOL FOR COUNSELLING PURPOSE JONATHAN ADEDAYO ODUKOYA

As it applies in the medical world, professional psychological counselling is hardly complete without adequate assessment with relevant standardized psychological instruments. The objective of this study, therefore, was to develop and validate a Gerontology Scale that could empirically measure the psychological and physical wellbeing of elderly people. The emphasis of this preliminary study was on internal consistency reliability, content validity and construct validity. Seventy-two people with age ranging from 40 to 80 years served as study sample. Their responses were subjected to descriptive statistics [frequency count, percentages and charts] and parametric statistics [t-test and regression]. The core findings were: the CGS has acceptable internal consistency reliability (r = 0.84); the CGS further furnished evidence of discriminant validity in being able to differentiate the health status of middle aged and elderly respondents. It was therefore recommended that Counselling Psychologists, Gerontologists and related professionals should regularly administer a standardized gerontology scale of this nature to allow for timely preventive interventions that would facilitate the health and overall wellbeing of the aged in our communities.