Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Study and Evaluate Influence of Minimizing Dimensions HEMT FET Transistor on the (I-V) Curves Characteristics

Continuous miniaturization of HEMTs for the development of ultra high density ICs has resulted in degradation of device parameters by increasing the effects of reducing dimensions. At present time, AlGaN/GaN HEMT is considered as a backbone of both optical and microwave high power electronic applications. Gallium Nitride (GaN) is a wide bandgap semiconductor material with excellent material properties for high frequency, high power, and high temperature electronics. In this work two models of GaN field-effect transistors based on High Electron Mobility Transistors ( HEMT ) technology with different length dimensions ( 4 μm and 8 μm ) and channel length ( 0.5 μm, 1μm ) respectively. Two models have been studied and investigated using SchotckyReadHall ( SRH ) model, which take in account recombination's effects and simulate currents due to voltage field and thermal leakage. Another model ( FermiDirac ) are used as carrier statics model that deals about reducing carrier concentrations in the heavily doped region. Simulation results based on Silvaco Atlas TCAD software for ( I-V) diagrams of the two models, where drain voltage ( 0 to 5 V ) and four different gate source voltage applied ( 0, -1, -2, -3 V). It can be seen the drain current for ( 4 μm) model decreased to (0.346 ) when dimensions minimized ( 50 % ),when gate voltage ( -3V ), while this ratio reduced to ( 0.302 ) at gate voltage ( 0V ), and it will increased as the gate voltage increases, however drain current seems going to saturation region as the drain voltage increased, which gives the best suitability for these types of devices in the radio frequency power applications. ( IdsVg ) a good parameter to understand effects of reducing device dimensions, where the current ranging ( 2070 μA) for (4 μm) and ( 1.01 – 1.09 mA ) for the other model, at the same voltage conditions. The work has contributed to a substantial improvement in the area of device simulation and increased efficiency in device design in general, but particularly for ( GaN) HEMT nanometric technologies.
DOUBLE STARS IN THE USNO CCD ASTROGRAPHIC CATALOG

The newly completed Fourth USNO CCD Astrographic Catalog (UCAC4) has proven to be a rich source of double star astrometry and photometry. Following initial comparisons of UCAC4 results against those obtained by speckle interferometry, the UCAC4 catalog was matched against known double stars in the Washington Double Star Catalog in order to provide additional differential astrometry and photometry for these pairs. Matches to 58,131 pairs yielded 61,895 astrometric and 68,935 photometric measurements. Finally, a search for possible new common proper motion (CPM) pairs was made using new UCAC4 proper motion data; this resulted in 4755 new potential CPM doubles (and an additional 27,718 astrometric and photometric measures from UCAC and other sources).
Partitioning N2O emissions within the U.S. Corn Belt using an inverse modeling approach

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions within the US Corn Belt have been previously estimated to be 200–900% larger than predictions from emission inventories, implying that one or more source categories in bottom‐up approaches are underestimated. Here we interpret hourly N2O concentrations measured during 2010 and 2011 at a tall tower using a time‐inverted transport model and a scale factor Bayesian inverse method to simultaneously constrain direct and indirect agricultural emissions. The optimization revealed that both agricultural source categories were underestimated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) inventory approach. However, the magnitude of the discrepancies differed substantially, ranging from 42 to 58% and from 200 to 525% for direct and indirect components, respectively. Optimized agricultural N2O budgets for the Corn Belt were 319 ± 184 (total), 188 ± 66 (direct), and 131 ± 118 Gg N yr−1 (indirect) in 2010, versus 471 ± 326, 198 ± 80, and 273 ± 246 Gg N yr−1 in 2011. We attribute the interannual differences to varying moisture conditions, with increased precipitation in 2011 amplifying emissions. We found that indirect emissions represented 41–58% of the total agricultural budget, a considerably larger portion than the 25–30% predicted in bottom‐up inventories, further highlighting the need for improved constraints on this source category. These findings further support the hypothesis that indirect emissions are presently underestimated in bottom‐up inventories. Based on our results, we suggest an indirect emission factor for runoff and leaching ranging from 0.014 to 0.035 for the Corn Belt, which represents an upward adjustment of 1.9–4.6 times relative to the IPCC and is in agreement with recent bottom‐up field studies.
The “Green” Geography: Corporate Environmental Policies and Local Institutional Investors

Corporate environmental concerns (i.e., weaknesses) are spatially clustered, unlike environmental strengths. Firms headquartered in cities friendlier towards the environment (“green” cities) are less likely to have environmental concerns. Manufacturing facilities operated by such firms pose lower risks of toxic releases, even when the facilities are located in less environmentally friendly areas. This higher sensitivity to environmental performance is mirrored by investors. Institutional investors located in “green” cities do not overweight local firms with environmental concerns, unlike those in other cities who hold disproportionately more local stocks in their portfolios regardless of corporate environmental policies. Consistent with this asymmetric preference, firms with environmental concerns experience poor future stock performance and receive lower market valuations if they are located in “green” cities. We conclude that local environmental norms and preferences influence corporate policies, ownership structure, and valuation.
Bivalve Response to Estuarine Eutrophication: The Balance between Enhanced Food Supply and Habitat Alterations

ABSTRACT As a result of insufficient sampling, differences in estuarine attributes, species variation, and poor links to anthropogenic sources, responses of bivalve mollucs to anthropogenic nutrient enrichment of coastal waters remains poorly defined for most systems worldwide. To establish the net effect of nutrient enrichment on bivalves, we compared changes in growth and survival of different bivalve species reported in 5 studies conducted in a representative estuarine system (on Cape Cod, MA) in which effects of eutrophication on food supply and habitat were quantified and related directly to land-derived nitrogen (N) sources. N-stable isotope ratios in suspended particulates and bivalve tissues demonstrated that N derived from anthropogenic wastewater was assimilated into bivalve tissues as N loads increased. Bivalve shell and soft-tissue growth also increased in response to increased chlorophyll a concentrations driven by land-derived N loads. Growth was accompanied by increased percent N content of tissues in some species, suggesting a change in tissue composition with N enrichment. In contrast, bivalve survival was lower in years of higher microalgal production, suggesting eutrophic-driven habitat degradation may have contributed to mortality. The net effect of eutrophication on bivalves, therefore, depended on the balance between enhanced food supply and habitat alterations that are mediated by attributes of the receiving estuary, and differences among species, particularly feeding habits, feeding physiology, and tolerance to hypoxia.
Unified Power Sharing Control in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids Employing Synchronous Machine Principle

Due to the highly developed AC grids and extend merits of DC grid, the future of power system architecture would more likely be a hybrid AC-DC grid. The only method to interconnect these two subgrids is employing power electronic converters. In this paper, a unified power sharing approach based on synchronous machine principle is proposed for Interlinking Converter (IC) in hybrid AC-DC grids. This approach interconnects dc link voltage to ac frequency by emulating the synchronous machine model, and hereby, introducing a proper power sharing between DC and AC sources. Simulations results validate the effectiveness of the control scheme.
Code Complexity Management for Practitioners

Code complexity has massive influence on defect-proneness and maintainability of software. Therefore, many complexity measures were created in the past for managing it. These measures, however, were created based on theoretical frameworks, which require that a given measure should fulfill certain a priory properties of complexity. But fulfilling the properties does not guarantee that the measure can indicate complex code as experienced by practitioners. For this reason the existing complexity measures evidently have been of little help in supporting such decisions as refactoring or proactive code improvements. The goal of this study is to provide empirical basis for more accurate assessment and thus management of code complexity. To reach the goal, 24 distinct code characteristics are identified, which influence the increase of code complexity. The influence of each of the characteristics is evaluated by a survey with 393 developers worldwide. Every characteristic is examined in the context of results to understand its essentiality in coding. The results show that there are nine code characteristics that have substantial influence on complexity increase but are poorly captured in the current complexity measures. Crucially, these characteristics are mostly avoidable in practice.
Corruption and Technology-Induced Private Sector Development

This paper asks whether corruption might be the outcome of a lack of outside options for public officials or civil servants. We propose an occupational choice model embedded in an agency framework to address the issue. We show that technology-induced private sector expansion leads to a decline in publicly supplied corruption as it provides outside options to public officials who might otherwise engage in corruption. We provide empirical evidence that strongly shows that technology-induced private sector development is associated with a decline in aggregate corruption. This suggests that the decline in publicly supplied corruption outweighs the potential increase in privately supplied corruption that could result from private sector expansion.
Challenges to Pedagogical Content Knowledge in lesson planning during curriculum transition: a multiple case study of teachers of ICT and Computing in England.

In September 2014 the new National Curriculum programmes of study for Computing became mandatory in England, replacing Information and Communications Technology (ICT) as a school subject and introducing Computer Science into schools. This posed a challenge for in-service ICT teachers without Computer Science subject knowledge: teachers needed to develop both subject and pedagogical knowledge to make the transition from teaching ICT to teaching Computing. This multiple case study explores teachers’ perceptions of the curriculum change and how they have responded in practical and pedagogical terms to planning lessons aligning with the new programmes of study. Nine teachers participated, each of whom had been teaching ICT pre-2014. The study used semi-structured interview questions while teachers engaged in lesson-planning activities, captured mostly using desktop-sharing via internet telephony. A modified version of Shulman’s pedagogical reasoning framework and Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) facilitated analysis of teachers’ pedagogic practices in lesson planning. The study shows teachers’ concerns about the lack of clarity surrounding the curriculum change, and the lack of access to suitable professional development (CPD). Most highlighted the primacy of programming and Computer Science at the expense of Information Technology and Digital Literacy, the other two strands of the new curriculum. The study also shows the dynamic nature of lesson planning. Knowledge deficits slowed down the fluency of teachers’ lesson-planning processes, but the use of lesson materials created by others helped them to develop PCK. The term transitional pedagogical reasoning has been used to describe the process by which unfamiliar but necessary concepts are assimilated into the pedagogical reasoning process while the teacher develops sufficient subject knowledge and PCK. Recommendations have been made for Computing curriculum policies to recognise and promote Computing pedagogy. This understanding should underpin initial teacher education in Computing, CPD for in-service teachers, and strategic development of the subject in the longer term.
Flowering time divergence and genomic rearrangements in resynthesized Brassica polyploids (Brassicaceae)

Novel phenotypes often arise in generations immediately following polyploidization. Previous studies have shown that separate lineages derived from a resynthesized Brassica napus allopolyploid rapidly evolved heritable differences in flowering time. These early-flowering and late-flowering polyploid lines were expected to be genetically identical because they were derived from a single, chromosome-doubled amphihaploid plant. In this study, we investigated the molecular genetic basis for these flowering time differences. We assessed the diploid B. rapa and B. oleracea parents and the early- and late-flowering B. napus lineages for changes in genome structure, and for changes in transcript levels of four sets of FLOWERING LOCUS C ( FLC ) genes. No such changes were observed for BnFLC1 , but we detected chromosomal rearrangements (e.g. de novo non-reciprocal transpositions) and changes in transcript level for BnFLC2 and BnFLC3 between the early- and late-flowering B. napus . A chromosomal rearrangement of a genomic segment containing BnFLC3 was responsible for 29% of the phenotypic variation among the B. napus lines. Expression of BnFLC5 was silenced in all polyploids, although no changes in genome structure were detected. An ongoing investigation of 50 identical B. napus allopolyploids may further reveal the dynamics of changes in phenotype, genome and transcriptome at the early stages in polyploid evolution. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 82 , 675‐688. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: Brassica napus ‐ chromosomal rearrangements ‐ de novo variation ‐ epigenetics ‐ evolution ‐ FLOWERING LOCUS C ‐ gene silencing ‐ life history traits ‐ polyploidy ‐ translocations.
Vertical structure of eddies and Rossby waves, and their effect on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5°N

The meridional overturning circulation (MOC) at inline image in the Atlantic has a standard deviation of 4.9 Sv and contains large fluctuations at subannual periods. The geostrophic component of the MOC is believed to be influenced on subannual time scales by eddies and Rossby waves. To quantify this effect, the vertical structure and surface characteristics of westward propagating signals are studied using altimetric data and full-depth mooring measurements from the RAPID array at inline image. Westward propagating features are observed in the western North Atlantic in both data sets and have periods of 80–250 days in the first baroclinic mode. These features are still observed by the RAPID moorings 20 km offshore of the western boundary. The western boundary also exhibits deep variability characterized by enhanced energy in higher baroclinic modes. The effect of eddies and Rossby waves on the geostrophic transport is quantified by representing their vertical structure with the first baroclinic mode. In total, 42% of the variance of the transbasin thermocline transport inferred from geostrophic calculations at inline image can be attributed to first mode variability, which is associated with eddies and Rossby waves at periods of 80–250 days. The standard deviation of the transbasin thermocline transport due to eddies and Rossby waves is estimated to be 2.6 Sv.
Direct Dissolution of Cellulose: Background, Means and Applications

Being the main structural component in plants, cellulose is by far the most abundant organic polymer on earth. The highest quantity of cellulose is found in the secondary walls of higher plants, such as wood, were the polymer is incorporated in a matrix of lignin and shorter heteropolysaccharides such as hemicelluloses and pectins. Cellulose is also found in some fungi and algae, in the marine animal family of tunicates and as an extracellular product of some bacteria. In theory, cellulose is an inexhaustible resource and yields 1.5x1012 tons of biomass every year. Despite the fact that cellulose is available in any plant, wood pulp provides the main part of cellulose used today, for example in board, paper and textile. Historically, cellulose has been used for as long as man has existed, first as fuel and shelter and later for clothing and writing material such as papyrus. Cotton was domesticated thousands of years ago and the soft fiber surrounding the cotton seed was used for making textiles in many parts of the world. Cotton is still the main source of cellulose for textile but the demand for wood based raw material is increasing due to the environmental drawbacks associated with cotton cultivation and processing, such as high water and pesticide usage. Both cotton and wood based cellulose can also be used as the basis for cellulose derivatives such as cellulose ethers and cellulose esters. These are widely used, for example in pharmaceuticals, food, construction materials and paint. When it comes to sustainable raw materials for future demands on fuel, chemicals and materials, both bulk and high performance, cellulose is definitely a resource of great importance and still today one that is underutilized.
Injection of Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells in the Knee of Patients with Severe Osteoarthritis has a Systemic Effect and Promotes an Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype of Circulating Immune Cells

Rationale: Recent studies confirmed that osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with systemic inflammation. Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) could become the most promising cell-based therapy in OA, based not only on their differentiation capacities and trophic and paracrine effects on the existing cartilage, but also on their immunomodulatory properties. Here, we wanted to determine the biological effect of autologous ASC intra-articular (IA) injection. Method: To this aim, we monitored the profile of immune cells in fresh peripheral blood after IA injection of autologous ASCs in the knee of 18 patients with severe OA (ADIPOA phase I study). Specifically, we used 8-color flow cytometry antibody panels to characterize the frequencies of innate and adaptive immune cell subsets (monocytes, dendritic cells, regulatory T cells and B cells) in blood samples at baseline (before injection) and one week, one month and three months after ASC injection. Results: We found that the percentage of CD4+CD25highCD127lowFOXP3+ regulatory T cells was significantly increased at 1 month after ASC injection, and this effect persisted for at least 3 months. Moreover, CD24highCD38high transitional B cells also were increased, whereas the percentage of classical CD14+ monocytes was decreased, at 3 months after ASC injection. These results suggest a global switch toward regulatory immune cells following IA injection of ASCs, underscoring the safety of ASC-based therapy. We did not find any correlation between the scores for the Visual Analogic Scale for pain, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (pain subscale and total score) at baseline and the immune cell profile changes, but this could be due to the small number of analyzed patients. Conclusion: ASCs may drive an immediate local response by releasing paracrine factors and cytokines, and our results suggest that ASCs could also initiate a cascade resulting in a long-lasting systemic immune modulation.
RENORMALIZATION AND UNIVERSALITY OF NEURAL DYNAMICS

Spike number is the number of spikes per burst in neural systems. A neural system is isospiking if the spike number is a constant integer for all bursts. Some scaling laws are derived for the corresponding code partitioning scheme. A new renormalization operator, R, is used to demonstrate that the first natural number 1 is a universal number for the spike number code in the sense that 1 is an expanding eigenvalue of R and the spike number code partitioning of an appropriate stimulus parameter of any neural model is related to an approximating scheme for the eigenvalue. It is also demonstrated that R has a super dynamical structure having these properties: all finite dimensional dynamical systems can be conjugate embedded into the renormalization dynamics R on an invariant set X0 in infinitely many ways and R is chaotic in X0 which in particular has a dense orbit. It is also demonstrated that the operator R can contract at any rate smaller than 1 and expand at any rate greater than and equal to 1.
Reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability criteria for water resource system performance evaluation

Three criteria for evaluating the possible performance of water resource systems are discussed. These measures describe how likely a system is to fail (reliability), how quickly it recovers from failure (resiliency), and how severe the consequences of failure may be (vulnerability). These criteria can be used to assist in the evaluation and selection of alternative design and operating policies for a wide variety of water resource projects. The performance of a water supply reservoir with a variety of operating policies illustrates their use.
Spillover Crime and Jurisdictional Expenditure on Law Enforcement : a Municipal Level Analysis

This paper finds evidence for the existence of significant effects of spillover crime on municipal expenditure by studying how enforcement expenditure varies with the spatial structure of metropolitan areas. There are limited data on the location of criminal activities and the corresponding residence of the perpetrators. I turn, instead, to the spatial structure of a metropolitan area to measure the amount of spillover because travel distance between municipalities affects the net benefit to criminals to relocating their activities. Two potential sources of endogeneity bias create another set of challenges to measuring the impact of spillover crime on enforcement. The first source of bias is the endogeneity between expenditure and municipal level demographic characteristics, due to Tiebout sorting. I address this issue with an empirical test that relies on metropolitan level variation to identify the key relationship between travel distance and enforcement expenditure. A second source of bias is the endogeneity between crime and enforcement. The model utilizes the innovation of temperature-based instruments to identify the relationship between enforcement and interjurisdictional movement of criminals, while controlling for the crime rate. For the analysis, a database was created for metropolitan areas in the U.S. from multiple sources. The empirical evidence shows that the spatial structure of metropolitan areas significantly affects the aggregate expenditure by municipal governments. This result is robust to variations in the specification of the model. The direction of the relationship between expenditure and travel distance supports the prediction that spillover crime affects enforcement expenditure.