Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mapping of the azh locus to mouse chromosome 4.

The azh (abnormal spermatozoon headshape) mutation in the mouse, which results in abnormal sperm head formation, was demonstrated to display an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. The azh locus was mapped by crossing mice with the mutation on a relatively pure C57BL/6J(B6) background with C3H/HeKam and backcrossing the F1 mice to B6-azh/azh mice. Up to 60 backcross progeny were typed for azh, by microscopic examination of sperm heads, and for other markers. Eleven loci on chromosomes other than 4 showed no significant linkage with azh. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-1 (Gpd-1), located on the distal part of chromosome 4, showed 26% recombination frequency with azh, indicating significant linkage (P less than .001). Linkage with an anonymous DNA probe for the D4Rp1 locus in the central region of chromosome 4 was then analyzed, and only a 5% recombination frequency was observed. The map location indicates that azh is distinct from other known mutations that also result in abnormal sperm heads.
Hermansky‐pudlak platelets: Further studies on release reaction and protein phosphorylations

Platelets from a patient with the Hermansky‐Pudlak syndrome were studied. These platelets had decreased amounts of serotonin and adenine nucleotides, and a decreased number of mepacrine‐labeled dense bodies. β‐Thromboglobulin and acid hydrolases contained in alpha‐granules and lysosomes respectively were present in normal amount. Platelets in platelet‐rich plasma did not respond to collagen, but arachidonic acid and ionophore A 23187 induced normal aggregation and normal thromboxane (TX) synthesis. Alpha‐granule release was found impaired and remained subnormal even with high doses of inducers. In response to thrombin aggregation, release and TX synthesis of isolated metrizamide gradient platelets were found at lower than normal levels. Phosphorylation of P20 and P43 proteins was normal. Only a combination of ADP plus thrombin could restore a normal aggregation, with normal alpha‐granule and lysosome release and normal TX synthesis. These results indicated that in the absence of dense bodies: 1) the release of other granules is impaired; 2) the TX synthesis is delayed except when induced by arachidonic acid and A 23187 ionophore; 3) the absence of dense bodies could be compensated for by the addition of ADP which restores the impaired release reaction and TX formation; and 4) P20 and P43 polypeptides were phosphorylated as rapidly as those in normal platelets.
Rethinking Public Procurement in the context of Socio-technical Transitions

Addressing the challenge of sustainable development requires changing actual production and consumption patterns through socio-technical transitions. Recently, public procurement emerged as a key strategic approach to achieve sustainability and innovation goals. Despite this interest, transitions theory neglects the potential role of public procurement in system transitions. To address this gap, we propose to link the fields of public procurement and transitions theory. This purpose was fulfilled through the development of the sustainability transitions procurement model – STP Model, which prescribes practices that may support the transformation of sociotechnical systems, incorporating different approaches to public procurement (GPP, SPP, and PPI), in a three-level structure (niche, regime, and landscape). Although the STP Model was first presented in Cayolla Trindade et al. (2017), this paper sets forth a number of extensions and elaborations, as the further development of the model into a dynamic process illustrating the role of PP as a governance mechanism in the context of socio-technical transitions – the STP Process. The STP Model and the STP Process provide an analytical framework for a broader perspective on procurement approaches including insights from transitions theory, positioning public procurement as an additional mechanism of niche development that potentially enables system transitions.  Corresponding author. E-mail address: paula.trindade@lneg.pt
A Political Theory of American Corporate Finance

Why is the public corporation-with its fragmented shareholders buying and selling on the stock exchange-the dominant form of enterprise in the United States? Since Berle and Means, the conventional corporate law story begins with technology dictating large enterprises with capital needs so great that even a few wealthy individuals cannot provide enough. These enterprises consequently must draw capital from many dispersed shareholders. Shareholders diversify their own holdings, further fragmenting ownership. This combination of a huge enterprise, concentrated management, and dispersed, diversified stockholders shifts corporate control from shareholders to managers. Managers can pursue their own agenda, at times to the detriment of the enterprise.In the classic story, the large public firm survived because it best balanced the problems of managerial control, risk sharing, and capital needs. In a Darwinian evolution, the large public firm mitigated the managerial agency problems with a board of directors of outsiders, with a managerial headquarters of strategic planners overseeing the operating divisions, and with managerial incentive compensation. Hostile takeovers, proxy contests, and the threat of each further disciplined managers. Fragmented ownership survived because public firms adapted. They solved enough of the governance problems created by the large unwieldy structures needed to meet the huge capital needs of modern technology. In the conventional story, the large public firm evolved as the efficient response to the economics of organization.
Meta-Evaluation of a Context-Aware Mobile Device Usability

This article analyzes the completeness and the correctness of usability analyses conducted in usability laboratories compared to analyses conducted in reality testing (where the context is real and video recordings impossible for technical or privacy reasons). To do so, we set up a meta-evaluation of a mobile device in a quasi-realistic context. We collected two sets of data. The first type refers to data usually available in a classic usability laboratory, the second simulates data which could be collected in reality testing. We did two independent analyses and then, afterward, compared their findings. The meta- evaluation concludes that it is possible -with limitations- to evaluate the usability of a mobile device in reality testing without video recordings. However, the usability problems detected may remain unexplained without the help of the video recordings.
Location of the motoneurons supplying the rabbit pharyngeal constrictor muscles and the peripheral course of their axons: A study using the retrograde HRP or fluorescent labeling technique

The location of the motoneurons supplying the rabbit pharyngeal constrictor muscles (the superior and the middle constrictors, and the thyropharyngeus and the cricopharyngeus; the last two collectively compose the inferior constrictor) was investigated with intramuscular injection of HRP or the fluorescent tracer nuclear yellow into the individual muscles. Moreover, the peripheral course of their axons was investigated by injection of HRP into all of the pharyngeal constrictors in conjunction with intracranial severing of either the vagus or the glossopharyngeal nerves. The pharyngeal constrictor motoneurons were ipsilaterally located within a subdivision of the nucleus ambiguus which is formed by a compact arrangement of the smallest neurons of the nucleus and situated in the rostral half of the nucleus. We named that subdivision the compact cell group (CoG). Axons of the pharyngeal constrictor motoneurons traversed the vagal rootlets. The rostrocaudal extent of the pharyngeal constrictor motoneurons covered almost the entire length of CoG at a level from about 500 to 2,900 μm rostral to the obex, with their number being most numerous in the middle one‐third level of the CoG. Although the motoneurons of the superior constrictor, those of the middle constrictor, and those of the thyropharyngeus and the cricopharyngeus overlapped considerably in location, they tended to be arranged rostrocaudally in that order. At the middle one‐third level of the CoG, where the CoG is subdivided into dorsomedial and ventrolateral subgroups of neurons, the superior and the middle constrictor motoneurons were confined to the medial portion of the dorsomedial subgroup, while the inferior constrictor motoneurons were distributed throughout its entirety.
A Model of Bacterial Intestinal Infections in Drosophila melanogaster

Serratia marcescens is an entomopathogenic bacterium that opportunistically infects a wide range of hosts, including humans. In a model of septic injury, if directly introduced into the body cavity of Drosophila, this pathogen is insensitive to the host's systemic immune response and kills flies in a day. We find that S. marcescens resistance to the Drosophila immune deficiency (imd)-mediated humoral response requires the bacterial lipopolysaccharide O-antigen. If ingested by Drosophila, bacteria cross the gut and penetrate the body cavity. During this passage, the bacteria can be observed within the cells of the intestinal epithelium. In such an oral infection model, the flies succumb to infection only after 6 days. We demonstrate that two complementary host defense mechanisms act together against such food-borne infection: an antimicrobial response in the intestine that is regulated by the imd pathway and phagocytosis by hemocytes of bacteria that have escaped into the hemolymph. Interestingly, bacteria present in the hemolymph elicit a systemic immune response only when phagocytosis is blocked. Our observations support a model wherein peptidoglycan fragments released during bacterial growth activate the imd pathway and do not back a proposed role for phagocytosis in the immune activation of the fat body. Thanks to the genetic tools available in both host and pathogen, the molecular dissection of the interactions between S. marcescens and Drosophila will provide a useful paradigm for deciphering intestinal pathogenesis.
A Protease-Resistant Catalase, KatA, Released upon Cell Lysis during Stationary Phase Is Essential for Aerobic Survival of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa oxyR Mutant at Low Cell Densities

ABSTRACT A Pseudomonas aeruginosa oxyR mutant was dramatically sensitive to H2O2, despite possessing wild-type catalase activity. Oxygen-dependent oxyR phenotypes also included an inability to survive aerobic serial dilution in Luria broth and to resist aminoglycosides. Plating the oxyR mutant after serial dilution in its own spent culture supernatant, which contained the major catalase KatA, or under anaerobic conditions allowed for survival. KatA was resistant to sodium dodecyl sulfate, proteinase K, pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin and the neutrophil protease cathepsin G. When provided in trans and expressed constitutively, the OxyR-regulated genes katB,ahpB, and ahpCF could not restore both the serial dilution defect and H2O2 resistance; only oxyR itself could do so. The aerobic dilution defect could be complemented, in part, by only ahpB andahpCF, suggesting that the latter gene products could possess a catalase-like activity. Aerobic Luria broth was found to generate ∼1.2 μM H2O2 min−1via autoxidation, a level sufficient to kill serially dilutedoxyR and oxyR katA bacteria and explain the molecular mechanism behind the aerobic serial dilution defect. Taken together, our results indicate that inactivation of OxyR rendersP. aeruginosa exquisitely sensitive to both H2O2 and aminoglycosides, which are clinically and environmentally important antimicrobials.
Electric Versus Hydraulic Hospital Beds: Differences in Use During Basic Nursing Tasks

Biomechanical, postural and ergonomic aspects during real patient-assisting tasks performed by nurses using an electric versus a hydraulic hospital bed were observed. While there were no differences in the flexed postures the nurses adopted, longer performance times were recorded when electric beds were used. Subjective effort, force exertion and lumbar shear forces exceeding safety limits proved electric beds were superior. Patients’ dependency level seemed to influence the type of nurses’ intervention (duration and force actions), irrespective of the bed used. The nurses greatly appreciated the electric bed. Its use seemed to reduce the level of effort perceived during care giving and the postural load during critical subtasks. Ergonomics and organizational problems related to adopting electric beds in hospital wards should be addressed further to make their use more efficient.
Toward Automating HIV Identification: Machine Learning for Rapid Identification of HIV-Related Social Media Data

Introduction: “Social big data” from technologies such as social media, wearable devices, and online searches continue to grow and can be used as tools for HIV research. Although researchers can uncover patterns and insights associated with HIV trends and transmission, the review process is time consuming and resource intensive. Machine learning methods derived from computer science might be used to assist HIV domain experts by learning how to rapidly and accurately identify patterns associated with HIV from a large set of social data. Methods: Using an existing social media data set that was associated with HIV and coded by an HIV domain expert, we tested whether 4 commonly used machine learning methods could learn the patterns associated with HIV risk behavior. We used the 10-fold cross-validation method to examine the speed and accuracy of these models in applying that knowledge to detect HIV content in social media data. Results and Discussion: Logistic regression and random forest resulted in the highest accuracy in detecting HIV-related social data (85.3%), whereas the Ridge Regression Classifier resulted in the lowest accuracy. Logistic regression yielded the fastest processing time (16.98 seconds). Conclusions: Machine learning can enable social big data to become a new and important tool in HIV research, helping to create a new field of “digital HIV epidemiology. ” If a domain expert can identify patterns in social data associated with HIV risk or HIV transmission, machine learning models could quickly and accurately learn those associations and identify potential HIV patterns in large social data sets.
Internet and E-commerce Law: Business and Policy

Over the last two decades, the internet and e-commerce have reshaped the way we communicate, interact and transact. In the converged environment enabled by high speed broadband, web 2.0, social media, virtual worlds, user-generated content, cloud computing, VoIP, open source software and open content have rapidly become established features of our online experience. Business and government alike are increasingly using the internet as the preferred platform for delivery of their goods and services and for effective engagement with their clients. New ways of doing things online and challenges to existing business, government and social activities have tested current laws and often demand new policies and laws, adapted to the new realities. The focus of this book is the regulation of social, cultural and commercial activity on the World Wide Web. It considers developments in the law that have been, and continue to be, brought about by the emergence of the internet and e-commerce. It analyses how the law is applied to define rights and obligations in relation to online infrastructure, content and practices.
Dose‐dependent effects of carbendazim on rat thymus

In this study, the effects of carbendazim on the thymus in male rats were evaluated. Carbendazim was administered at 0, 150, 300 and 600 mg kg−1 day−1 doses by gavage to male rats for 15 weeks. Body weights of rats in all groups were recorded weekly during treatment. At the end of the experiment, the effects of carbendazim on the thymus were investigated histopathologically and morphologically. Also, based on these effects, change in immunolocalization of fibronectin (FN), which is a component of the extracellular matrix, was investigated immunohistochemically. Fibrosis and oedema were observed in the thymus of rats treated with 300 and 600 mg kg−1 day−1 doses of carbendazim. Also in this region, an increase in FN density was noted at the end of the immunohistochemical investigation. A decrease was observed in absolute and relative thymus weights of rats treated with carbendazim compared with the control group. While the decrease in absolute thymus weight was statistically significant in rats exposed to carbendazim at the highest dose, the decrease in relative thymus weights was statistically significant for all carbendazim doses. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring Node Repair Locality in Fractional Repetition Codes

In this letter, we focus on fractional repetition (FR) codes, which enable uncoded exact node repair with the minimum disk reads and network bandwidth. We investigate the problem of designing FR codes that also incorporate the preferable property of local repair, i.e., the nodes participating in the repair operation are less than those required for data reconstruction. We propose explicit code constructions based on the combinatorial structure called symmetric design. The benefits of the proposed construction include: 1) each contacted helper node transfers the same amount of data in the repair process, and 2) each failed storage node can have multiple local repair alternatives.
p63RhoGEF—a key mediator of angiotensin II‐dependent signaling and processes in vascular smooth muscle cells

The purpose of our study was to investigate the role of endogenous p63RhoGEF in Gq/n‐dependent RhoA activation and signaling in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). Therefore, we studied the expression and subcellular localization in freshly isolated RASMCs and performed loss of function experiments to analyze its contribution to RhoGTPase activation and functional responses such as proliferation and contraction. By this, we could show that p63RhoGEF is endogenously expressed in RASMCs and acts there as the dominant mediator of the fast angiotensin II (ANG II)‐dependent but not of the sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (SjP)‐dependent RhoA activation. p63RhoGEF is not an activator of the concomitant Rac1 activation and functions independently of caveo‐lae. The knockdown of endogenous p63RhoGEF significantly reduced the mitogenic response of ANG II, abolished ANG II‐induced stress fiber formation and cell elongation in 2‐D culture, and impaired the ANG II‐driven contraction in a collagen‐based 3‐D model. In conclusion, our data provide for the first time evidence that p63RhoGEF is an important mediator of ANG II‐dependent RhoA activation in RASMCs and therewith a leading actor in the subsequently triggered cellular processes, such as proliferation and contraction. —Wuertz, C. M. , Lorincz, A. , Vettel, C. , Thomas, M. A. , Wieland, T. , Lutz, S. p63RhoGEF—a key mediator of angiotensin II‐dependent signaling and processes in vascular smooth muscle cells. FASEB J. 24, 4865–4876 (2010). www.fasebj. org
Mapping Sites of O-GlcNAc Modification Using Affinity Tags for Serine and Threonine Post-translational Modifications*

Identifying sites of post-translational modifications on proteins is a major challenge in proteomics. O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic nucleocytoplasmic modification more analogous to phosphorylation than to classical complex O-glycosylation. We describe a mass spectrometry-based method for the identification of sites modified by O-GlcNAc that relies on mild β-elimination followed by Michael addition with dithiothreitol (BEMAD). Using synthetic peptides, we also show that biotin pentylamine can replace dithiothreitol as the nucleophile. The modified peptides can be efficiently enriched by affinity chromatography, and the sites can be mapped using tandem mass spectrometry. This same methodology can be applied to mapping sites of serine and threonine phosphorylation, and we provide a strategy that uses modification-specific antibodies and enzymes to discriminate between the two post-translational modifications. The BEMAD methodology was validated by mapping three previously identified O-GlcNAc sites, as well as three novel sites, on Synapsin I purified from rat brain. BEMAD was then used on a purified nuclear pore complex preparation to map novel sites of O-GlcNAc modification on the Lamin B receptor and the nucleoporin Nup155. This method is amenable for performing quantitative mass spectrometry and can also be adapted to quantify cysteine residues. In addition, our studies emphasize the importance of distinguishing between O-phosphate versus O-GlcNAc when mapping sites of serine and threonine post-translational modification using β-elimination/Michael addition methods.
Reduced Noradrenergic Tone to the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Contributes to the Stress Hyporesponsiveness of Lactation

Lactation in mammals is accompanied by a marked decrease in stress responsiveness that we previously attributed, in part, to a reduction in noradrenergic (NA) innervation of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons controlling neuroendocrine stress responses. In the present study, we compared in‐vivo PVN catecholamine secretion by microdialysis between nonlactating and lactating females and tested the effects of NA α–1 and α–2 receptor antagonists (corynanthine and idazoxan, respectively) on the acute stress response of lactating and virgin female rats. To determine if PVN α–adrenoreceptor density, affinity, or synthesis, changes as a function of lactation, we performed receptor autoradiography, Scatchard analysis and in situ hybridization of α–adrenoreceptors. Densitometric analysis of the α–adrenoreceptors in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) was used to evaluate changes in magnocellular neurons. Endogenous PVN norepinephrine release under basal conditions was lower in lactating females than in females who had their pups removed for 2 days, and microdialysate concentrations of adrenaline and MHPG were attenuated in lactating females. α–2 adrenoreceptor density in the PVN showed a significant decrease from lactation day 3 to lactation days 10–12 and a reduction to 40% of virgin controls on days 10–20 of lactation. A similar pattern was observed for the SON. The affinity of hypothalamic α–2 adrenoreceptors was reduced as a function of lactation. α–1 adrenoreceptor density in the PVN and in the hypothalamus rose as a function of lactation, although the affinity of these receptors was not altered. In contrast, α–1D adrenoreceptor subtype mRNA expression in the PVN decreased in middle lactating females (day 10) compared to virgins. Intracerebroventricular (icv) application of idazoxan, significantly increased the ACTH response to swim stress in virgin females, but had the opposite effect in lactating females. In contrast, icv corynanthine treatment significantly decreased the ACTH response in virgins, but not in lactating females. Overall, these data suggest that the secretion of NA in the PVN is reduced during lactation, and that the ability of PVN parvocellular neurons to respond to changes in synaptic NA levels (i.e. after stress) is also altered.