Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social annotation in query expansion: a machine learning approach

Automatic query expansion technologies have been proven to be effective in many information retrieval tasks. Most existing approaches are based on the assumption that the most informative terms in top-retrieved documents can be viewed as context of the query and thus can be used for query expansion. One problem with these approaches is that some of the expansion terms extracted from feedback documents are irrelevant to the query, and thus may hurt the retrieval performance. In social annotations, users provide different keywords describing the respective Web pages from various aspects. These features may be used to boost IR performance. However, to date, the potential of social annotation for this task has been largely unexplored. In this paper, we explore the possibility and potential of social annotation as a new resource for extracting useful expansion terms. In particular, we propose a term ranking approach based on social annotation resource. The proposed approach consists of two phases: (1) in the first phase, we propose a term-dependency method to choose the most likely expansion terms; (2) in the second phase, we develop a machine learning method for term ranking, which is learnt from the statistics of the candidate expansion terms, using ListNet. Experimental results on three TREC test collections show that the retrieval performance can be improved when the term ranking method is used. In addition, we also demonstrate that terms selected by the term-dependency method from social annotation resources are beneficial to improve the retrieval performance.
L1 cell adhesion molecule as a therapeutic target in cancer

SUMMARY L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) is the prototype member of the L1-family of closely related neural adhesion molecules. L1CAM is differentially expressed in the normal nervous system as well as pathological tissues and displays a wide range of biological activities. In human malignancies, L1CAM plays a vital role in tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Recently, increasing evidence has suggested that L1CAM exerts a variety of functions at different steps of tumor progression through a series of signaling pathways. In addition, L1CAM has been identified as a promising target for cancer therapy by using synthetic and natural inhibitors. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the role of L1CAM involved in cancers and the rationale for L1CAM as a novel molecular target for cancer therapy.
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: Perspectives on Cerebrovascular Dysfunction

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) occurs sporadically in elderly populations or in familial forms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is characterized by insoluble deposition of amyloid-beta peptides (Aβ), within arterial vessels of the central nervous system. Amyloid precursor protein is processed by β- and γ-secretases generating Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 species that exist as soluble monomers, soluble oligomers (toxic intermediate species), and insoluble fibrils (principle component of CAA) [1]. Of interest, the co-morbidity and relationship between vascular compromise and neurodegenerative processes are not fully understood. CAA is an associated risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke and also may contribute to the cognitive decline observed in aging, AD, or both [1]. Most AD cases feature early decreases in cerebral perfusion that may arise as a consequence of peripheral vascular disease (e.g., type II diabetes, hypertension) and/or loss of basalocortical cholinergic innervation that regulates cerebral blood flow (CBF) among other neurological functions [2]. Much remains to be understood concerning CAA-induced vasomotor impairment and its impact toward the occurrence and/or progression of impaired cognitive function within neurodegenerative disease.
The FilmArray® respiratory panel: an automated, broadly multiplexed molecular test for the rapid and accurate detection of respiratory pathogens

The FilmArray Respiratory Panel (RP) (BioFire™ Diagnostics, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA) is the first multiplex molecular panel cleared by the US FDA for the detection of both bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens in nasopharygeal swabs. The FilmArray RP targets 20 pathogens including 17 viruses and subtypes and three bacteria, and is performed with minimal sample manipulation. The FilmArray RP has a fully automated sample-to-answer workflow with a turn-around-time of approximately 1 h. The reported sensitivity and specificity of the assay ranges from 80 to 100 and 100%, respectively, with the sensitivity for the adenovirus as low as 46%. A new version of the FilmArray RP assay (version 1.7) with improved sensitivity for the adenovirus was released in 2013. The performance characteristics and simplified workflow have allowed its implementation in a wide range of laboratories. The FilmArray RP has changed the diagnostic landscape and will have a significant impact on the care of patients with respiratory tract infection.
Relaxin and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms.

BACKGROUND This study determined whether relaxin or matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 influences angiotensin II (AngII)-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Methods and Results:Male C57BL/6 or apolipoprotein E-/-mice were infused with AngII with or without relaxin. Relaxin did not influence AngII-induced AAA in either mouse strain. Infusion of AngII reduced, but relaxin increased, MMP-9 mRNA in macrophages. We then determined the effects of MMP-9 deficiency on AAA in apolipoprotein E-/-mice. MMP-9 deficiency led to AAA formation in the absence of AngII, and augmented AngII-induced aortic rupture and AAA incidence. CONCLUSIONS MMP-9 deficiency augmented AngII-induced AAA.
Pituitary Tumors

Pituitary tumors are the most commonly occurring intracranial neoplasms. They are found in 8% to 24% of autopsied people, most of whom in life harbored small asymptomatic tumors that did not cause hormonal disturbance (Kovacs et al., 1980; Parent et al., 1981; Teramoto et al., 1994; Tomita and Gates, 1999). Pituitary tumors can, however, produce profound physiologic upset by secreting supraphysiologic amounts of hormones or, when large, by compressing critical neural structures adjacent to their typical location in the sella turcica. The treatment of pituitary tumors has undergone a renaissance since the revival of transsphenoidal techniques by Guiot and Hardy 35 years ago. This process has been aided by the development of hormonal assaying techniques and radiographic imaging during the last three decades. Today, small pituitary tumors can be detected more easily and their hormonal activity can be assessed more accurately than has previously been possible. Medical therapy, particularly for prolactin-secreting adenomas, but also for acromegaly, has developed sufficiently so that surgery can be avoided in some patients who can be managed with drugs alone. In general, pituitary tumors are diagnosed earlier and treated more effectively now than at any previous time. Nevertheless, a significant number of pituitary tumors deviate from the typical pattern of benign histology and slow growth. Pituitary adenomas can be invasive and penetrate adjacent dura to enter the sphenoid sinus, cavernous sinuses, or other parts of the skull base. These tumors can grow to a significant size and cause neurologic damage by provoking cranial neuropathies or optic nerve dysfunction; engulfing the carotid arteries and their tributaries; or impinging on the brain. Such aggressive variants behave as malignant tumors of the skull base. Even small, benign tumors may produce a chronic, uncontrolled hypersecretion of pituitary hormone that causes profound physiologic changes over time. By any of these means, pituitary adenomas continue to pose an oncologic threat that warrants their inclusion in any list of clinically significant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS).
EFEITOS DE TRÊS PROGRAMAS DE FISIOTERAPIA RESPIRATÓRIA (PFR) EM PORTADORES DE DPOC

Effects of Three Respiratory Physical Therapy Programs on Patients with COPD Objective: To evaluate the effects of three respiratory physical therapy programs consisting of physical training on a treadmill and/or respiratory muscle training (RMT), on patients with COPD. Methods: Twenty-five patients of both sexes with moderateto-severe COPD were randomized into three groups: the first group (G1) underwent RMT at 30% of the maximal inspiratory pressure obtained each week; the second group (G2) underwent physical training at 70% of the heart rate achieved in the symptom-limited cardiorespiratory exercise test (CRET); and the third group (G3) underwent RMT together with physical training, at the same intensities mentioned above. All of the programs consisted of three sessions per week for six consecutive weeks. Results: Following treatment, significantly increased respiratory muscle strength was observed in G1. In G2, there was significantly increased walking distance and decreased heart rate and expiratory minute ventilation in CRET at the same velocity (isovelocity), and improvement in the functional capacity domain of the quality of life (QOL) questionnaire. In G3, there was significantly increased respiratory muscle strength, increased walking distance, decreased systolic arterial pressure and decreased blood lactate in CRET at the same velocity, and improvement in QOL. Conclusion: These findings suggest that physical training together with RMT was the best therapeutic alternative among the programs investigated in the present study. As well as providing an evident improvement in effort tolerance and QOL in the patients, it provided an additional effect regarding physiological adaptations to exercise with greater efficacy in clearance and/or lower production of blood lactate during effort.
Artist friendly facial animation retargeting

This paper presents a novel facial animation retargeting system that is carefully designed to support the animator's workflow. Observation and analysis of the animators' often preferred process of key-frame animation with blendshape models informed our research. Our retargeting system generates a similar set of blendshape weights to those that would have been produced by an animator. This is achieved by rearranging the group of blendshapes into several sequential retargeting groups and solving using a matching pursuit-like scheme inspired by a traditional key-framing approach. Meanwhile, animators typically spend a tremendous amount of time simplifying the dense weight graphs created by the retargeting. Our graph simplification technique effectively produces editable weight graphs while preserving the visual characteristics of the original retargeting. Finally, we automatically create GUI controllers to help artists perform key-framing and editing very efficiently. The set of proposed techniques greatly reduce the time and effort required by animators to achieve high quality retargeted facial animations.
AMINONUCLEOSIDE NEPHROSIS

Experimental renal disease was produced in young rats by daily subcutaneous injections of 6-dimethylamino purine, 3-amino-d-ribose (aminonucleoside). The physiologic, biochemical, and light microscopic changes were similar to those observed in human nephrosis. Electron microscopy of the glomeruli from animals which received seven or more daily injections of aminonucleoside revealed characteristic abnormalities of the epithelial cells of the glomerular capillaries. These changes consisted of swelling, coalescence, and eventual obliteration of the epithelial cell foot processes and an increase in the number and the size of epithelial cytoplasmic vacuoles. The serial development of the ultramicroscopic pathologic changes in the epithelial cells, as observed by study of animals through the course of the disease, indicated that the smudging of the foot processes occurred at the time of onset of severe proteinuria. Further changes, consisting of hypercellularity due primarily to an increase in the number of endothelial cells and an increase in the amount of basement membrane-like material, were regularly observed by the 12th day after injections were begun. These abnormalities were correlated with the development of uremia in the later stages of the disease process. The distal and proximal renal tubules were abnormal by the 7th day after injections were begun, and showed localized swelling between the cristae of the mitochondria and a decrease in over-all cytoplasmic density, described as hydropic change. Electron microscopy of glomeruli from animals which had partially recovered from aminonucleoside nephrosis revealed areas of normal epithelial cell morphology. This observation was interpreted as evidence of partial reversal of the ultramicroscopic changes in the recovery phase of the disease. These observations of the fine structure of pathologically altered glomeruli and tubules in aminonucleoside nephrosis are similar to our findings in human nephrosis as revealed by electron microscopy of serial renal biopsies.
Predictions for the future of kallikrein-related peptidases in molecular diagnostics

Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) form a cancer-related ensemble of serine proteases. This multigene family hosts the most widely used cancer biomarker that is PSA-KLK3, with millions of tests performed annually worldwide. The present report provides an overview of the biomarker potential of the extended KLK family (KLK1-KLK15) in various disease settings and envisages approaches that could lead to additional KLK-driven applications in future molecular diagnostics. Particular focus is given on the inclusion of KLKs into multifaceted cancer biomarker panels that provide enhanced diagnostic, prognostic and/or predictive accuracy in several human malignancies. Such panels have been described so far for prostate, ovarian, lung and colorectal cancers. The role of KLKs as biomarkers in non-malignant disease settings, such as Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis, is also commented upon. Predictions are given on the challenges and future directions regarding clinically oriented KLK research.
Haptic reassurance in the pitch black for an immersive theatre experience

An immersive theatre experience was designed to raise awareness and question perceptions of 'blindness', through enabling both sighted and blind members to experience a similar reality. A multimodal experience was created, comprising ambient sounds and narratives -- heard through headphones -- and an assortment of themed tactile objects, intended to be felt. In addition, audience members were each provided with a novel haptic device that was designed to enhance their discovery of a pitch-black space. An in the wild study of the cultural experience showed how blind and sighted audience members had different 'felt' experiences, but that neither was a lesser one. Furthermore, the haptic device was found to encourage enactive exploration and provide reassurance of the environment for both sighted and blind people, rather than acting simply as a navigation guide. We discuss the potential of using haptic feedback to create cultural experiences for both blind and sighted people; rethinking current utilitarian framing of it as assistive technology.
Health-related Quality of Life and Informed Decision-making in Lung Cancer Screening

Lung cancer is worldwide the most common form of cancer and the most common cause of death from cancer. It accounts for approximately 28% of all cancer deaths. World-wide 1.2 million people die from lung cancer each year. In the Netherlands, 9,918 people died from lung cancer in 2008. Lung cancer is often diagnosed in an advanced incurable stage. Despites advances in treatment, 85% or more patients will die within 5 years after diagnosis. In the Netherlands, the mortality-incidence ratio is 95%. Total costs of lung cancer in the Netherlands were estimated to be 193 million euro in 2005.
Number and size of myocytes, amount of interstitial space and extent of disarray of the hearts in patients with systemic hypertension and asymmetric septal hypertrophy.

Wall thickness, the extent of disarray, the number and the size of myocytes and the amount of interstitial space were measured in the ventricular septum (VS) and left ventricular (LV) free wall in hearts of 6 patients with chronic systemic hypertension and asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH). Twenty-five subjects (15 with no cardiac disease, and 10 with systemic hypertension) without ASH served as the controls. In the six patients with ASH, the degree of ASH ranged from 1.3 to 1.6. The extent of disarray in VS was 20% in one heart and within normal limits (mean +/- SD = 3 +/- 3%) in the other 5. The size of myocytes increased both in the VS and LV free wall and the VS/LV ratio ranged from 0.9 to 1.0. There was no significant difference in the % area of interstitial space between hearts with ASH and controls, and the VS/LV ratio ranged from 0.9 to 1.1. The number of transmural muscle layers (number of myocytes) was 680 +/- 90 in the VS and 440 +/- 40 in the LV free wall of these with ASH, and 500 +/- 60 in the VS and 490 +/- 60 in the LV free wall of control subjects. The VS/LV ratio of the number of myocytes ranged from 1.3 to 1.7 and was correlated with the VS/LV ratio of wall thickness. Although the sample is small, our findings suggest that most hearts from patients with chronic systemic hypertension and ASH have no diffuse disarray in the VS and that ASH probably occurs secondary to pressure overload. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Immune biomarkers: how well do they serve prognosis in human cancers?

In order to be optimally efficacious, therapeutic cancer vaccines must induce robust tumor-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, which are responsible for tumor cell lysis. Unlike cytotoxic drugs, which act directly on the tumor, cancer vaccines demonstrate new kinetics involving the generation of specific cellular immune responses, which need to be translated into antitumor responses to delay tumor progression and improve survival. These delayed kinetics of action establish a new concept of benefit in the long term, which implies a slow down in tumor growth rates, than a marked reduction in tumor size. Therefore, there is a significant need to identify intermediate biomarkers so that clinical responses can be evaluated in a timely manner. Therapeutic vaccination as a modality for cancer treatment has received significant attention with multiple clinical trials demonstrating improvements in overall survival. Significant challenges to this modality remain, including increasing vaccine potency and minimizing treatment-related toxicities and identifying prognostic and predictive biomarkers of clinical benefit that may guide to select and optimize the therapeutic strategies for patients most likely to gain benefit.
XRCC1 polymorphism and lung cancer risk

DNA repair plays a critical role in protecting the genome of the cell from the insults of carcinogens or ionizing radiation. Reduced DNA repair capacity can increase the susceptibility to environmental- or occupational-induced cancers. Three coding polymorphisms at codon 194, codon 280 and codon 399 in the x-ray cross complementing group 1 (XRCC1) DNA repair gene have been identified, and it is possible that these polymorphisms may affect DNA repair capacity and thus modulate cancer susceptibility. In this review, we summarize the literature and discuss the relevance of XRCC1 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk. The frequency of genetic polymorphisms is dependent on the ethnic origins of a population. The frequency of the variant allele of codon 194 among Asians is on average 31.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 29.6–32.8), which is significantly higher than among Caucasians (6.6%; 95% CI: 5.9–7.4) or Africans (7.3%; 95% CI: 5.7–9.2). The variant allele in codon 399 occurs among Africans at a frequency of 15.5% (95% CI: 13.5–17.7), 34.7% in Caucasians (95% CI: 33.8–35.6) and 26.5% in Asians (95% CI: 25.6–27.4). Results regarding lung cancer risk are inconsistent. The lung cancer risk associated with polymorphisms of the XRCC1 codon 194 demonstrate an odds ratio (OR) of around 1.0. For the XRCC1 codon 280, lung cancer risk varied between ORs of 0.26 and 1.8; and for the XRCC1 codon 399 between 0.32 and 3.25. Only two studies showed significantly elevated risks (OR: 3.25; 95% CI: 1.2–10.7; OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.0–1.8, respectively), whereas one study showed a decreased lung cancer risk (OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.46–40.80). Lung cancer risk increased with cigarette smoking. A significant association was not observed between the single-nucleotide polymorphisms and tobacco-related cancers. Lung cancer risk increased significantly for the variant XRCC1 -77 genotypes (TC and CC) compared with the TT genotype (OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.18–1.82). The risk was more pronounced in smokers (OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.20–2.21) than in nonsmokers (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 0.94–1.76). No association with polymorphisms were found for various histological tumor types. The XRCC1 399 Gln/Gln variant genotype was associated with a higher median survival time.
Rheumatoid arthritis in the elderly: recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis, risk factors, comorbidities and risk–benefit of treatments

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) increases in incidence and prevalence with age, with a peak in the sixth decade of life. Elderly onset RA (EORA) may be genetically different from younger onset RA, and with immune dysfunction associated with aging, environmental factors may also influence EORA onset. Smoking, periodontitis and viral infections are examples of environmental factors that have been shown to be associated with development of EORA, and even hormonal changes with menopause may be a source of RA activation in older patients. EORA can be distinguished from polymyalgia rheumatica, inflammatory hand osteoarthritis or psoriatic arthritis by rheumatoid factor or anticitrullinated protein antibodies. Comorbidities influence treatment risk–benefit and require proactive management; these include arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, GI tract conditions, lung disease, renal disease or malignancies, as well as susceptibility to infection. As inclusion of older RA patients is lower in clinic.
Systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren syndrome

from the journals listed at the end of this publication. It is based on literature entered into our database between May 1, 2003 and April 30, 2004 (articles are generally added to the database about two and a half months after publication). In addition, the bibliography contains every paper annotated by reviewers; these references were obtained from a variety of bibliographic databases and published between the beginning of the review period and the time of going to press. The bibliography has been grouped into topics that relate to the reviews in this issue.
Immunomodulatory effects of glatiramer acetate as they relate to stage-specific immune dysregulation in multiple sclerosis.

要約:多発性硬化症(MS)はヘルパー T細胞1(Th1), Th17 細胞などの獲得免疫により髄鞘タンパク質に対 する自己免疫性炎症反応とそれに伴う脱髄が病態形成 の中心とされてきたが,MSの進行に強く影響する神 経変性過程では炎症性反応の他にもいまだ未解明の病 態が関与していると考えられる. 近年,MS変性過程 での主なプレイヤーは自然免疫とされ,MSは経過に より免疫病態がシフトする不均一な疾患と捉えられる. また,MSの大多数を占める再発寛解型MS(RRMS) 患者は発症から 10 年以内に 50%が二次性進行型MS (SPMS)へ移行するが,急性発作に対するステロイド 療法では再発抑制と障害進行抑制効果に対してのエビ デンスはないことから,MS治療では再発抑制効果, 障害進行抑制効果が期待されるインターフェロン β製 剤,グラチラマー酢酸塩(GA)をはじめとする病態修 飾療法(DMT)が主な治療選択肢となる. GAは,MS の動物モデルである実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎(EAE) の病因探索でミエリン塩基性タンパク(MBP)の生物 学的認識を模倣する目的で 4つのアミノ酸で化学合成 され,EAEを改善することが示された合成ランダムポ リペプチドである. GAは EAEに対する効果に基づい て開発され,RRMS患者を対象とした一連のピボタル 試験で有効性が示されたことから 1996 年に米国,イ スラエルで承認されて以降,世界 50 ヵ国以上で IFN β 製剤とともに RRMSに対する第一選択薬として用い られている. GAは日本においても 2015 年に「多発性 硬化症の再発予防」の効能効果で厚生労働省から製造 販売承認を受けている. 海外での 20 年以上にわたる 臨床経験で確立された安全性に加え,MSにおける獲 得免疫,自然免疫の炎症機序を標的とする免疫調整作 用により,多くの新規 DMTが登場しつつある現在で も,優れた治療選択肢となるものと期待される. 1. はじめに