Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When in Rome, do as Bayesians do: Statistical learning and parochial norms

It’s a familiar point in anthropology that many norms are parochial, meaning they apply to people in certain groups (e.g., one’s ingroup) and not to others (e.g., one’s outgroup). One explanation for such parochialism is that people are just innately biased against outsiders. But it’s also possible that, given the evidence, people infer the parochiality of norms in statistically appropriate ways. This paper uses a Bayesian learning framework to investigate inferences of normative scope both experimentally and computationally. An experiment in which adult participants (n = 480) viewed sample violations of a novel rule among novel groups reveals that both sensitivity to statistical evidence and prior knowledge of relevant social categories are integral to computations of normative scope. In tandem with the experimental results, computational analysis supports the notion that degree of prior inclusivity bias (i.e., an expectation that a norm will be broad, rather than narrow, in scope) is another key factor. Together, these novel insights raise intriguing possibilities for integrating perspectives on norms research.
MoHA: A Composable System for Efficient In-Situ Analytics on Heterogeneous HPC Systems

Heterogeneous, dense computing architectures consisting of several accelerators, such as GPUs, attached to general-purpose CPUs are now integral High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems. However, these architectures pose severe memory and I/O constraints to computations involving in-situ analytics. This paper introduces MoHA, a framework for in-situ analytics that is designed to efficiently use the limited resources available on heterogeneous platforms. MoHA achieves this efficiency through the extensive use of bitmaps as a compressed or summary representation of simulation outputs. Our specific contributions in this paper include the design of bitmap generation and storage methods suitable for GPUs, the design and efficient implementation of a set of key operators for MoHA, and demonstrations of how several real queries on real datasets can be implemented using these operators. We demonstrate that MoHA reduces I/O transfer as well as overall processing time when compared to a baseline that does not use compressed representations.
Assessment of the Physicochemical Properties and Biological Effects of Water Activated by Non-thermal Plasma Above and Beneath the Water Surface

A direct current atmospheric pressure cold plasma microjet (PMJ) was used to produce plasma activated water (PAW) in two generation modes above (PAW-A) and beneath (PAW-B) the water surface. The physicochemical characteristics and biological effects of them were measured respectively. Results showed that PAW-B exhibited stronger disinfection efficiency than PAW-A, which was associated with ORP and conductivity, but not pH value, temperature, H2O2, NO3− or NO2−. Furthermore, the cell membrane integrity and membrane potential of S. aureus were destroyed more severely by PAW-B. More importantly, a significant increase of intracellular ROS was induced by PAW-B, which was supposed to contribute most to the sterilization. This work provides valuable guidance for the production and wide applications of PAW.
The Origins of Common Sense in Humans and Machines

People impose structure on raw percepts, filling the world with objects, agents, events, and properties. This reasoning develops early: by their first birthday, infants can determine features of objects such as number and motion (Spelke, 1990; Wynn, 1992), construe agents’ actions as goal-directed (Woodward, 1998; Gergely & Csibra, 2003), and distinguish helpers from hinderers (Hamlin, Wynn, & Bloom, 2007). Agents, objects, events, properties – these are the building blocks of meaning and common sense that allow even young children to rapidly understand and interact with novel scenes. Despite recent great strides in several domains (e.g., Devlin, Chang, Lee, & Toutanova, 2019; Silver et al., 2016), artificial systems cannot yet understand and act on the world in a human-like manner, and do not yet perform basic commonsense reasoning at the level of even young children (Lake, Ullman, Tenenbaum, & Gershman, 2017). What are these AI systems missing? Is it certain learning mechanisms, initial primitives, motivations, or the right environments and curricula? We focus on young children’s common sense as a step towards building general machine common sense: by understanding the origins of common sense in humans, we hope to understand how to recapitulate it in machines. In turn, by looking at the successes and failures of machines, we can make scientific progress towards understanding the initial state and learning mechanisms of human intelligence. This approach has spurred much interest across various fields of cognitive science and artificial intelligence, and investment from agencies that hope to design artificial systems with common sense. The organizers of this workshop are all members of a large, multi-site DARPA grant aimed at developing machine common sense inspired by the capabilities of young children, and represent a diverse set of teams and approaches to meeting this challenge. The origin, development, and engineering of common sense is a broad problem that is studied in many different ways by many different members of the Cognitive Science community. We aim to use this workshop as a forum to discuss this problem with the broader community by considering theories and approaches for understand and building common sense, presenting experimental research that probes the foundations of common sense in people, and reporting on progress made by the DARPA project teams and others on building artificial agents with infant-like commonsense reasoning capabilities. We have brought together leading researchers from cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, machine learning, neuroscience, and robotics, all of whom share a strong background and interest in the cognitive systems underlying common sense in humans, or in the effort to engineer commonsense reasoning into artificial agents in ways inspired by human reasoning. More specifically, the workshop will be a forum for addressing the following inter-related key questions:
Can Automated Gesture Recognition Support the Study of Child Language Development?

Children’s prelinguistic gestures play a central role in their communicative development. Early gesture use has been shown to be predictive of both concurrent and later language ability, making the identiﬁcation of gestures in video data at scale a potentially valuable tool for both theoretical and clinical purposes. We describe a new dataset consisting of videos of 72 infants interacting with their caregivers at 11&12 months, annotated for the appearance of 12 different gesture types. We propose a model based on deep convolutional neural networks to classify these. The model achieves 48 . 32% classiﬁcation accuracy overall, but with signiﬁcant variation between gesture types. Critically, we found strong (0 . 7 or above) rank order correlations between by-child gesture counts from human and machine coding for 7 of the 12 gestures (including the critical gestures of declarative pointing, hold outs and gives). Given the challenging nature of the data - recordings of many different dyads in different environments engaged in diverse activities - we consider these results a very encouraging ﬁrst attempt at the task, and evidence that automatic or machine-assisted gesture identiﬁcation could make a valuable contribution to the study of cognitive development.
The Rainbow Mnemonic Improves Recall in Preschool Children

Mnemonic devices aid recall. However, little research has explored their use with preschool-aged children. The present studies examined whether a new peg-type mnemonic technique (rainbow mnemonic) could be used to improve memory in preschool children. Item cards, which displayed a picture and its label, were studied alongside colored cards, and this condition was compared to a control condition in which children were left to their own devices to study the item cards. In Experiment 2, the rainbow mnemonic was also compared to a condition in which the children did not have access to the color cues during study or recall. The experiments revealed that the rainbow mnemonic could improve recall for preschool children as compared to control. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a novel peg-type technique with preschoolaged children.
Preschoolers are Sensitive to their Performance Over Time

Tracking one’s performance over time is essential to efficient self-guided learning but it is not clear whether young children can accurately monitor their past performance. Here, we looked at whether 4-6-year-olds can use the trajectory of their past performance to allocate future resources. Across four experiments (N = 274), we found that children were sensitive to their rate of change in past performance: Children assigned to a condition in which they got better over time were more likely to take on challenges and teach others than children in conditions where they got worse or stayed the same. Furthermore, children privileged their rate and direction of change more than their total or final score. These results suggest that young children monitor their rate of improvement and can use this information to guide their future efforts.
Gesture Production and Theory of Mind: Effective Disambiguation in Communication through Gesture

People design their speech acts with their listeners in mind, accounting for their knowledge and other mental states. Is this ability specific to spoken language and co-speech gesture, or does it appear in pantomimic gestures as well? We ask whether adults flexibly shift their silent gestures to emphasize relevant information, representing different features of the target in different contexts. In a two-item reference game, adults gestured to a partner to indicate which object was the target. Item pairs differed in one of three features (size, shape, pattern). We found that adults were more likely to gesture a feature when it was relevant to distinguishing the two possible referents, versus when it was not. Thus, adults flexibly modified their gestures to meet their partners’ needs, emphasizing the relevant feature. These data lay a foundation for future work on the development of use of theory of mind in gestural communication in childhood.
Screening of potential biomarkers for distinguishing between latent and active tuberculosis in children using bioinformatics analysis

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and death globally. Lack of rapid, effective non-sputum diagnosis and prediction methods for TB in children are some of the challenges currently faced. In recent years, blood transcriptional profiling has provided a fresh perspective on the diagnosis and predicting the progression of tuberculosis. Meanwhile, combined with bioinformatics analysis can help to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functional pathways involved in the different clinical stages of TB. Therefore, this study investigated potential diagnostic markers for use in distinguishing between latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active TB using children's blood transcriptome data. From the Gene Expression Omnibus database, we downloaded two gene expression profile datasets (GSE39939 and GSE39940) of whole blood-derived RNA sequencing samples, reflecting transcriptional signatures between latent and active tuberculosis in children. GEO2R tool was used to screen for DEGs in LTBI and active TB in children. Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery tools were used to perform Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. STRING and Cytoscape analyzed the protein-protein interaction network and the top 15 hub genes respectively. Receiver operating characteristics curve was used to estimate the diagnostic value of the hub genes. A total of 265 DEGs were identified, including 79 upregulated and 186 downregulated DEGs. Further, 15 core genes were picked and enrichment analysis revealed that they were highly correlated with neutrophil activation and degranulation, neutrophil-mediated immunity and in defense response. Among them TLR2, FPR2, MMP9, MPO, CEACAM8, ELANE, FCGR1A, SELP, ARG1, GNG10, HP, LCN2, LTF, ADCY3 had significant discriminatory power between LTBI and active TB, with area under the curves of 0.84, 0.84, 0.84, 0.80, 0.87, 0.78, 0.88, 0.84, 0.86, 0.82, 0.85, 0.85, 0.79, and 0.88 respectively. Our research provided several genes with high potential to be candidate gene markers for developing non-sputum diagnostic tools for childhood Tuberculosis.
Prefrontal-striatal circuitry supports adaptive memory prioritization across development

Previous work has revealed that the ability to strategically encode high-value information may improve gradually over development as cognitive control mechanisms mature. However, studies of value-directed memory have relied on explicit cues of information value, which are rarely present in real-world contexts. Here, using a novel fMRI paradigm, we examined whether individuals across a wide age range (N = 90; ages 8 – 25 years) could learn the value of information from experience and use learned value signals to strategically modulate memory. We found that memory prioritization for high-value information improved across development, and was supported by increased engagement of the caudate and prefrontal cortex during both encoding and retrieval of high-value information. Our results suggest that across development, the dynamic adjustment of memory based on the statistics of the environment is supported by a wide network of brain regions involved in both the recognition and use of information value.
Characterization and in vitro Permeation Study of Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) Nanocapsules Containing Hinokitiol

Nanocapsules containing hinokitiol (HKL) were prepared by an emulsion‐diffusion method. Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL), synthesized according to a ring‐ opening method, was used as a wall material, and HKL dissolved in octylsalicylate (OS), was used as a core material. Under a microscope, submicron‐sized microcapsules were observed. The apparent shape was either spherical or amorphous. According to the image analyzer analysis, the size ranges from tenths of a nanometer to one micron, and more than 50% in number were less than 300 nm. In a calorimetric study, HKL exhibited an endothermic peak around 52°C, but no peak for the melting of HKL was observed when it was encapsulated in microcapsules. This suggests HKL remained dissolved in the nanocapsule cores but did not exist as a solid crystalline. In an in vitro permeation study, the flux of HKL encapsulated in the nanocapsules was somewhat higher than that of HKL dissolved in either propylene glycol or ethanol. This is probably because that PCL is hydrophobic, so the nanocapsules would readily interact with skin lipid.
STUDY ON ROUGH RICE FISSURING DURING INTERMITTENT DRYING

Abstract The Assuring of rough rice during intermittent drying was studied through experimental and numerical methods. The moisture distribution inside the rice kernel during drying and tempering was obtained by diffusion model. The moisture gradients were used to analyze the hydro stresses in the rice kernel during intermittent drying. Discontinuing the drying process with tempering can decrease the hydro stresses in the rice kernel. Decreased unit drying time or increased intermittent ratio caused decrease of the stresses in the rice kernel during intermittent drying. Less fissured rice was also observed by discontinuing the drying process in the experiments. Higher intermittent ratio or lower unit drying time caused lower percentage of fissured rice in the experiments.
Unconscious learning of automatic inhibition is reflected in frontal theta and sensorimotor oscillations

The cognitive control of action is thought to be mediated by conscious effort as reflected by changes in frontal theta activity. We measured frontal theta during a response inhibition task in 16 healthy adults who implicitly learned repeated patterns of go/switch cues, resulting in unaware differences in cognitive demand for different cues. Learning was reflected by reduced reaction times (RT) to probable compared to unexpected switch cues. In the rare absence of behavioural (RT) differences, concurrent measures of pupil diameter revealed changes in effort with stimulus probability, while effort was accompanied by parametric increases in theta. Additionally, theta predicted pre-response sensorimotor gamma, suggesting interactions between frontal and sensorimotor cortex during cognitive control. These results provide further evidence for a functional role of theta in cognitive effort during response preparation, inhibition and execution, even in the absence of conscious awareness.
Malleability of Working Memory Through Chess in Schoolchildren - A Two-Year Intervention Study

Working memory is the ability to actively maintain information in conscious awareness, carry out cognitive operations on it, and produce an outcome. Working memory holds a small amount of information in the mind and is used in the execution of cognitive tasks, in contrast to long-term memory, which is extensive. Many important cognitive behaviors, such as reading, reasoning, and problem-solving, require working memory because for each of these activities, some information must be maintained in an accessible state while new information is processed and potentially distracting information is ignored. While the effect of chess training on intelligence and academic performance has been examined, its impact on working memory needs to be studied. This study, funded by the Cognitive Science Research Initiative, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, analyzed the effect of 2-year chess training on the working memory of children. A pretest–posttest with control group design was used. The randomly selected sample consisted of 88 children in the experimental group and 90 children in the control group for the baseline and first-year assessments. Children of both genders studying in school (grades 3 to 9) comprised the sample. At the second-year assessment, there were 80 children in the experimental group and 77 in the control group. The experimental group underwent weekly chess training for 2 years, while the control group was actively involved in sports and extracurricular activities offered by the school. Working memory was measured by two subtests of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) INDIA. The children were trained using Winning Moves curriculum, audiovisual learning method, hands-on chess training and recording the games using score sheets, and analyzing their mistakes. They were also trained in Opening theory, Checkmating techniques, End-game theory, and Tactical principles. Analysis of covariance revealed that the experimental group had significant gains in working memory compared to the control group. The present study supports a link between chess training and working memory. The transfer of skills acquired in chess training to the improvement of working memory could be attributed to the fact that while playing chess, children evaluate positions, visualize new positions in their mind, evaluate the pros and cons of each move, and choose moves based on the information stored in their mind. If working memory’s capacity could be expanded or made to function more efficiently, it could result in the improvement of executive functions as well as the scholastic performance of the child.
Role of second phase particles in pitting corrosion of 3003 Al alloy in NaCl solution

The second phase particles in 3003 aluminum (Al) alloy were characterized by scanning electron microscope, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis and X‐ray diffraction techniques. The role of second phase particles in Al alloy pitting corrosion was investigated by cyclic polarization measurement, and scanning vibrating electrode technique. Results demonstrated that the second phase particles in 3003 Al alloy are mainly Alx(Fe,Mn) intermetallics, with an average diameter of about 5 µm. The enrichment of Mn in second phase particles forms a galvanic cell effect relative to the adjacent Al alloy substrate. The initiation of pitting corrosion of 3003 Al alloy is the local dissolution of Al substrate around the second phase particles. When a sufficient amount of Al is dissolved away, the second phase particles drop off from the Al substrate, forming large pitting cavities that are usually linked each other.
Plastic deformation of the γ phase isotactic polypropylene in plane-strain compression at elevated temperatures

Plastic deformation behavior of iPP homopolymer crystallized exclusively in the γ modification was studied. Samples of γ-iPP were obtained by isothermal crystallization under pressure of 200 MPa. Deformation experiments in plane−strain compression were performed in the temperature range of 55−100 °C. Samples of γ-iPP demonstrated higher modulus, higher yield stress, and flow stress, yet slightly lower ultimate strain comparing to α-iPP in the entire range of temperature studied. During plastic deformation numerous fine shear bands, initiated by the interlamellar shear of the amorphous layers, start to develop already at the yield point. Their propagation across the sample causes a limited destruction of γ lamellae oriented perpendicularly to the direction of the band. Destroyed fragments of crystallites partially reconstruct into either mesophase (smectic) domains or crystals of α phase, depending on the deformation temperature. Mesophase is produced upon deformation at room temperature, while at 55 °C an.
Photoluminescence of manganese‐ and copper‐doped CdS nanowires

Arrays of CdS:Mn2+:Cu+ micro‐ and nanowires grown in polycarbonate ion‐track templates exhibit photoluminescence in the spectral domain ranging from 500 to 800 nm at room temperature. A comparison with similar CdS and CdS:Mn2+ wire arrays is presented. The individual contributions to the emission spectra of Cu+ and Mn2+ ions in the CdS matrix are explained using their energy level schemes. Also SEM, EDX and EPR data are given for these wires. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Selective recovery of gold using some cross-linked polysaccharide gels

Effective recovery of gold from aqueous acidic chloride media was achieved with different kinds of polysaccharides with different structures by treating with concentrated sulfuric acid. The gels were found to be highly selective for Au(III) over other precious and base metals at varying hydrochloric acid solution. The adsorption isotherms of Au(III) followed the Langmuir type of adsorption and the maximum adsorption capacities for Au(III) was evaluated as high as 7.57, 7.20, 5.64 and 4.80 mmol g−1 for the gels of cellulose, dextran, alginic acid and pectic acid, respectively. Analysis of kinetic data shows that the uptake of gold(III) on celulose gel at the initial stage follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. Crystalline structure of the cellulose before and after the treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid was measured by XRD analysis. Furthermore, Au(III) was found to be reduced to elemental form by all types of polysaccharides gels, which was confirmed by the formation of clearly visible elemental gold particles and by means of the XRD-spectra of the adsorbents after adsorption. Infrared spectrum studies provided supporting evidence for the reduction of Au(III) to Au(0) with a suitable mechanism of Au(III) adsorption followed by reduction using various polysaccharide gels.