Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GPs' perception of their role in the identification and management of family violence.

OBJECTIVES To examine the following: (1) GPs' perception of their role in identification and management of family violence in New Zealand, possible barriers and how these might be overcome and (2) opinions of GPs regarding the prevalence of family violence in their practices. METHODS Three focus group (18 participants) discussions were conducted in 2002. Participants were GPs from southern New Zealand urban and rural general practices, Student Health and one medical officer from a provincial hospital. The groups' discussions were audio taped, transcribed, then analysed and coded using qualitative methodology. RESULTS Participating GPs thought they were in a good position to identify and manage family violence but estimated prevalence in their practice populations was low. Barriers included perceived difficulty, complexity and stress in dealing with family violence. Lack of time, confidence or experience in dealing with family violence, lack of information and access to referral agencies were also noted. GPs felt powerless when victims would not change their situation. Dealing with the perpetrator was difficult. Training and coordinated support and referral systems could improve GPs' involvement with identification and management of family violence. CONCLUSIONS The GPs' estimation of family violence prevalence in their practices is low compared to community-based research. Many issues affect the GP in identifying and managing family violence and must be considered in developing guidelines and training, referral systems and support for GPs.
Context dependent transactivation domains activate the immunoglobulin mu heavy chain gene enhancer.

Enhancers and promoters nucleate the assembly of multiprotein complexes that are required for the transcriptional activation of eukaryotic genes. Although multimerized binding sites of individual transcription factors sometimes mimic the properties of an enhancer, the combinatorial use of factors is considered to be crucial for achieving biological specificity. The minimal B cell specific immunoglobulin mu heavy chain gene enhancer is activated by a combination of tissue‐restricted ETS proteins and ubiquitously expressed basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factors. Here we show that a domain of PU.1 that activates transcription from multimerized PU.1 binding sites is not required to activate the mu enhancer together with Ets‐1. In contrast, a transactivation domain in Ets‐1 is necessary to activate this enhancer synergistically with PU.1. Furthermore, the Ets‐1 activation domain functions only when tethered to the muA site of the enhancer. These observations illuminate two forms of context dependence: first, all possible transcription activation domains may not be required to achieve combinatorial specificity; second, functional transcription activation domains may require appropriate positioning on DNA.
17β‐Oestradiol acutely regulates Cl− secretion in rat distal colonic epithelium

1 In this study we used the short circuit current (ISC) technique to measure the non‐genomic effects of the female sex steroid 17β‐oestradiol (E2) on electrogenic transepithelial ion transport in rat distal colonic epithelium. 2 Basal ISC was largely composed of a transepithelial Cl− secretory component with minimal electrogenic Na+ movement. E2 (1‐100 nm) caused a significant decrease in basal ISC after 15 min. In addition, pre‐treating colonic epithelial tissues with E2 (0.1‐100 nm) for 10 min significantly reduced forskolin (20 μm)‐induced Cl− secretion. E2 also down‐regulated Cl− secretion which was pre‐stimulated by forskolin. Cl− secretory responses to the Ca2+‐dependent secretagogue carbachol (10 μm) were also significantly reduced in the presence of E2 (10‐ 100 nm). However, E2 had no effect on amiloride‐sensitive Na+ absorption. 3 The rapid anti‐secretory effect of E2 was abolished in the presence of the intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA (50 μm) or the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine chloride (1 μm). However, in the presence of the nuclear oestrogen receptor antagonist tamoxifen (10 μm), E2 still produced an inhibition of Cl− secretion. Testosterone, progesterone and 17α‐oestradiol had no significant effect on colonic Cl− secretion. Also, E2 (100 nm) did not alter Cl− secretion in colonic epithelia isolated from male rats. 4 We conclude that E2 inhibits colonic Cl− secretion via a non‐genomic pathway that involves intracellular Ca2+ and PKC. It is possible that this gender‐specific mechanism contributes to the salt and water retention associated with high E2 states.
Somatic hypermutation of the AID transgene in B and non-B cells

Somatic hypermutation (SHM) of the Ig genes is required for affinity maturation of the humoral response to foreign antigens. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which is specifically expressed in germinal center centroblasts, is indispensable for this process. Expression of AID is sufficient to activate SHM in hybridomas, non-B cells, and Escherichia coli, suggesting that it initiates the mutational process by deaminating DNA. However, the cis-acting sequences that are responsible for targeting AID activity to the variable (V) region of Ig genes are unknown. Here we show that expression of AID in B cell lines (i.e., Burkitt's lymphoma Ramos and hybridoma P1–5) not only causes hypermutation of Ig sequences, but also of the AID transgene itself. Because it is possible that B cell-specific transacting factors bind to and recruit the “mutator” to the AID transgene, we tested whether the AID transgene can mutate in non-B cells. Indeed, we show that expression of AID in Chinese hamster ovary cells causes SHM of both the Ig and AID transgenes. These data suggest that high transcription rates alone may predispose any gene to mutation by AID but do not preclude that there are specific B cell factors that account for the extremely high rate of V mutation in vivo and its targeting to the V region.
The mutual interaction between cell volume and cell function: a new principle of metabolic regulation.

Even in organisms with perfectly regulated extracellular osmolarity cell volume is not constant but continuously challenged, requiring volume-regulatory mechanisms. In the past decade, a number of cell volume-regulatory ion transport systems have been identified in a great variety of cells. Furthermore, the production and disposal of organic osmolytes has been shown to allow for adaptation to high ambient osmolarity in kidney medulla. However, it is only within the past 2 years that cell volume is realized to have profound influences on cellular metabolism. Since on the other hand, cell volume is markedly altered by amino acids and hormones, cell volume serves as a cellular signal participating in the cellular transmission of hormonal effects and the regulation of cellular metabolism by amino acids. It is the aim of this review to unravel the mutual interaction of cell volume and cellular metabolism and transport.
Antiplatelet therapy and vascular disease: an update

Atherosclerosis is a diffuse, systemic disorder of the large and medium-sized arterial vessels, affecting the coronary, cerebral and peripheral circulation. Chronic inflammatory processes are the central pathophysiological mechanism largely driven by lipid accumulation, and provide the substrate for occlusive thrombus formation. The clinical sequelae of acute arterial thrombosis, heart attack and stroke, are the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in the industrialized world. Such acute events are characterized by rupture or erosion of the atherosclerotic plaque leading to acute thrombosis. The atherosclerotic process and associated thrombotic complications are collectively termed atherothrombosis. The platelet is a pivotal mediator of various endothelial, immune, thrombotic and inflammatory responses and therefore a key player in the initiation and progression of atherothrombosis. A robust evidence base supports the clear clinical benefits of antiplatelet agents in the primary and secondary therapy of atherothrombotic disorders. Percutaneous coronary and peripheral interventions have an established central role in the management of atherothrombotic disease and demand a greater understanding of platelet biology. In this article, we provide a clinically orientated overview of the pathophysiology of arterial thrombosis and the evidence supporting the use of the various established antiplatelet therapies, and discuss new and future agents.
Physical activity, dipping and haemodynamics

Objective To determine the effect of physical activity on diurnal blood pressure (BP) and haemodynamic variation. Methods Ambulatory measurements were performed during 24 h in 36 subjects (18 hypertensive, 13 male), aged 49.7 ± 13.5 years. BP was recorded in the brachial artery. Physical activity and posture were measured with five acceleration sensors. Results Of the subjects 50% were dippers (nocturnal decrease in systolic or diastolic BP ⩾ 10%). Dippers and non-dippers had similar daytime BP, daytime, night-time, and day–night difference in physical activity, subjective sleep quality, and nocturnal cardiac output decrease (14.9 ± 9.6 and 16.0 ± 5.9%). In non-dippers vascular resistance increased from day to night by 9.7 ± 8.3%, while it remained unchanged (−1.0 ± 13.9%) in dippers. Day–night changes in heart rate and cardiac output were correlated with day–night changes in physical activity (r = 0.39 and 0.43), whereas day–night changes in systolic BP were correlated with night-time activity (r = −0.34). By selection of the active (i.e. walking) and inactive (i.e. not walking) periods during the day, we showed that physical activity has a large potential effect on dipping status and diurnal haemodynamic variation underlying BP variation. Depending on the BP taken (systolic or diastolic, respectively) the proportion of dippers increased to 81% or decreased to 25% if only the walking period was considered, whereas it decreased to 36% or increased to 53% if only the non-walking period was considered. Conclusions Non-dippers differ from dippers by an increase of vascular resistance during the night. The degree of physical activity normally encountered during ambulatory monitoring has little influence on the diurnal BP profile or dipping status, but significantly influences underlying haemodynamics. Related to the different effects of posture and activity on systolic and diastolic BP, dipping classification may vary with the BP index taken.
The Effect of Acidosis on the Ecg of the Rat Heart

We have investigated the effect of acidosis on the ECG in isolated rat heart to determine whether acidosis has marked effects on the ECG, and have used pharmacological agents to investigate possible mechanisms whereby acidosis alters the ECG. Acidosis produced a marked decrease in heart rate and an increase in P‐R interval with little apparent effect on the duration of the QRS complex. The effects of acidosis did not appear to be due to acidosis‐induced changes in transmitter release from severed autonomic nerve terminals within the heart.
A cell-replicating approach to minicut-based circuit partitioning

An extension to the Fiduccia and Mattheyses minicut algorithm (1982) allows cells to be replicated in both sides of the partition. This technique can substantially reduce the number of cut nets in a partitioned network below what can be obtained without replication. The extensions to the algorithm to permit replication are easily implemented and maintain the linear-time complexity of the algorithm. This technique is dependent solely upon the interconnect topology and the direction of signal flows between cells and nets. The formulation of cell gains is extended to model the effect of cell replication, and the necessary modifications to the algorithm are described. <<ETX>>
Feature extraction for robust impact damage classification of CRFP plates using ultrasonic signals

In the context of ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation, we have developed a classification system oriented to damaged material testing, in particular, carbon fiber-reinforced composites which accurately identifies the severity of flaws. The proposed methodology consists of two main elements. Firstly, a sparse digital signal model that idealizes the ultrasound-material interactions is used to alternatively provide cepstral or discrete cosine transform features with a high discriminative power. Then, we can classify the signals according to the damage level of the considered specimen. In particular, we analyze the benefits of different feature reduction and classification techniques over the proposed system. According to the results, the proposed approach further enhances the classification performance while reduces the computational burden.
La evolución de la Enfermería Psiquiátrica

This essay aims to make a synthesis and at the same time an exhibition of the evolution of psychiatric nursing, highlighting its importance in the rehabilitation of people with mental illness. Based on the history of psychiatric nursing and its evolution over time, it’s determined the progress of Nursing in the area of psychiatry, from being bare caregivers, to professionals with graduate studies in the field.
Classification of Neural Tumors in Laboratory Rodents, Emphasizing the Rat

Neoplasms of the nervous system, whether spontaneous or induced, are infrequent in laboratory rodents and very rare in other laboratory animal species. The morphology of neural tumors depends on the intrinsic functions and properties of the cell type, the interactions between the neoplasm and surrounding normal tissue, and regressive changes. The incidence of neural neoplasms varies with sex, location, and age of tumor onset. Although the onset of spontaneous tumor development cannot be established in routine oncogenicity studies, calculations using the time of diagnosis (day of death) have revealed significant differences in tumor biology among different rat strains. In the central nervous system, granular cell tumors (a meningioma variant), followed by glial tumors, are the most common neoplasms in rats, whereas glial cell tumors are observed most frequently in mice. Central nervous system tumors usually affect the brain rather than the spinal cord. Other than adrenal gland pheochromocytomas, the most common neoplasms of the peripheral nervous system are schwannomas. Neural tumors may develop in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system from other cell lineages (including extraneural elements like adipose tissue and lymphocytes), but such lesions are very rare in laboratory animals.
Photophysical investigation of starburst dendrimers and their interactions with anionic and cationic surfactants

Fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to characterize the structure of a unique class of anionic macromolecules: starburst dendrimers (SBDs) possessing an external anionic surface. Pyrene was used as a photoluminescence probe to sense various hydrophobic sites in the microheterogeneous architecture offered by poly(amidoamine) starburst dendrimers possessing sodium carboxylated surfaces. A series of IO different "half-generations, n.5" starburst dendrimers, which differ systematically in molecular weight, size, and surface charge density, have been studied. The probe method provides experimental evidence for a structural surface transition between generations 3.5 and 4.5. The same probe method was applied to study how the structural properties of the starburst dendrimers determine their interactions with small ionic amphiphilic molecules. Whereas starburst dendrimers do not noticeably affect the micellization process of an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS), the association process with a cationic surfactant (dodecyltetrammonium bromide, DTAB) leads to the formation of two different types of SBD-templated surfactant aggregates. Addition of DTAB to aqueous solutions containing the earlier generation (0.5-3.5) SBD leads to the formation of SBD-templated surfactant aggregates that result from noncooperative, random condensation of surfactant molecules on the anionic dendrimer surface. Addition of DTAB to aqueous solutions containing later generation (4.5-9.5) SBDs leads to the formation of SBD-templated surfactant aggregates resulting from initial, noncooperative, random condensation, followed by cooperative condensation of surfactant molecules on the anionic dendrimer surface. The results are shown to be consistent with a change in the morphology of SBDs from an open, branched structure for generations 0.5-3.5 to a closed, increasingly compact surface for generations 4.5-9.5.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT Pathway Activation in Human Vestibular Schwannoma

Hypothesis: The neurofibromatosis 2 gene, which encodes the tumor suppressor protein merlin, is frequently mutated in vestibular schwannomas (VS). Merlin can inhibit phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3 kinase) by binding to PI3 kinase enhancer long isoform. Therefore, we hypothesized that the PI3 kinase/AKT pathway is activated in VS. Background: Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, VS continue to cause patient morbidity. A more thorough understanding of the signaling pathways deregulated in VS will aid in the development of novel medical therapeutics. Activation of the PI3 kinase/AKT pathway increases cell survival and cell proliferation and has been observed in a variety of human cancers. However, whether the PI3 kinase/AKT pathway is activated in human VS has not been reported. Methods: Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid microarrays were performed using cultured Schwann cells, 4 VS specimens, and 2 paired normal vestibular nerves. Immunohistochemical analysis using antibodies to activated phosphorylated-AKT was performed on 14 VS tissue sections. Western blots using various antibodies to components of the PI3 kinase/AKT pathways were conducted. Results: Microarray analysis demonstrated that total AKT gene expression was upregulated in VS, compared with normal vestibular nerves. Immunohistochemical analysis of 14 VS tissue sections detected positive staining for activated AKT phosphorylated at both serine-473 and threonine-308 in all tumors. Western blots comparing VS specimens with normal vestibular nerves showed that the AKT pathway was activated in VS but not in normal nerve. Total AKT, phosphorylated-AKT, PI3-kinase, phosphorylated-phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10, phosphorylated-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1, phosphorylated-forkhead box O, phosphorylated-glycogen synthase kinase 3&bgr;, and phosphorylated-mammalian target of rapamycin were upregulated in VS. Conclusion: The PI3 kinase/AKT pathway is activated in VS. Using our recently reported quantifiable VS xenograft model, novel inhibitors of the PI3 kinase/AKT pathway may be tested for VS growth inhibition in vivo.
Complex Dynamical Behaviors of the Chaotic Chen's System

In this paper, the complex dynamical behaviors of the chaotic trajectories of Chen's system are analyzed in detail, with its precise bound derived for the first time. In particular, it is rigorously proved that all nontrivial trajectories of the system always travel alternatively through two specific Poincare projections for infinitely many times. The results provide an insightful understanding of the complex topological structure of Chen's chaotic attractor.
Activities of the triazole D0870 in vitro and against murine blastomycosis

The novel triazole D0870 was tested for in vitro activity, as well as in vivo in a murine model of pulmonary blastomycosis. In vitro, D0870 had inhibitory and fungicidal activity against Blastomyces dermatitidis (MIC = 0.048 microgram/ml; minimal fungicidal concentration = 0.097 microgram/ml). In vivo, D0870 was approximately 100-fold more active than fluconazole on the basis of milligrams per kilogram of body weight given once daily (QD) against blastomycosis. D0870 doses of both 1 or 10 mg/kg given QD and 10 or 100 mg/kg given every other day prolonged survival (P < 0.001) over fluconazole (100 mg/kg given QD). A D0870 dosage of 1 mg/kg QD was equivalent to fluconazole given at 100 mg/kg in reduction of lung burdens of B. dermatitidis, and D0870 administered at 10 mg/kg QD and 10 or 100 mg/kg every other day caused greater reduction (P < 0.001). However, D0870 at 100 mg/kg given QD was lethally toxic, whereas fluconazole at 100 mg/kg was not. These results indicate that D0870 is an effective therapy for murine blastomycosis and should be further tested.
Guard-ring dependence of noise characteristics for single-photon avalanche diodes in a standard CMOS technology

We investigate the effects of guard-ring structure on noise characteristics for CMOS-compatible single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). SPADs with different guard-ring structures are fabricated in standard 0.18-μm CMOS technology and the noise characteristics as dark current, dark-count rate and afterpulsing probability are measured and analyzed.
[Snacks consumption in Chinese children and adolescents at the ages of 3-17 years].

OBJECTIVE To describe the status of snacks consumption, the characteristics, and the contribution to their diet and nutrients intake in Chinese children and adolescents at the ages of 3-17 years. METHODS Chinese health and nutritional survey (1991-2004), Chinese National nutrition and health survey (2002), and 2007 typical survey on snacks in Chinese residents were used in this report. The incidence of snacks consumption and snacking contribution were calculated by consecutive day 3 dietary recalls of the first 2 surveys. At least 1 snacks intake in 3 days was snacking consumption. RESULTS The incidences of snacks consumption in Chinese population at the ages of 3-17 years were increased from 1991 (13.2%) to 2004 (19.3%). There were 35.1% of Chinese children and adolescents consuming snacks, 55.7% in urban and 29.6% in rural. Snacks provided 7.7% of total daily energy, 18.2% of fiber, 17.9% of VC, 9.9% of calcium, 9.7% of VE, 6.9% of iron and 6.3% of zinc. The snacks were mainly consumed in the evening. The main reasons were not nutrition of food but good taste, thirsty or hungry and food advertisement. The location of snacking was mainly at home and school. The snacks came from parents or other family members. They also buy snacks themselves. The consumption of candies and chocolate, jelly more than 4-6 day a week had a certain proportion. CONCLUSION It was important to supervise snacks selection and consumption in Chinese children and adolescents at the ages of 3-17 years. The limitations of snacks consumption data perhaps lowed underestimate the effects of snacks to dietary intake.
The role of scientific knowledge in shaping public attitudes to GM technologies

Depending on the perceived balance of risk and benefit, and on the perceived unnaturalness, some applications of gene technology appear more acceptable to the public than others. This study asks whether a person’s knowledge of biology affects their assessment of these factors differently. A random sample of the Danish population (n = 2000) was presented with questionnaires. The respondent’s knowledge was measured by a number of textbook questions on biology. The results indicated that knowledge increases the likelihood that a person will have differentiated opinions on medical and agricultural applications, but decreases the likelihood that he or she will differentiate between cisgenic and transgenic cereals. We discuss the implication that knowledge makes people more likely to base their acceptance on judgements of risks and benefits, rather than on judgements of naturalness. The article concludes that the effect of knowledge on acceptance cannot be generalised wholesale from one application, or method, to others.