Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ancient genomic changes associated with domestication of the horse

Ancient genomics of horse domestication The domestication of the horse was a seminal event in human cultural evolution. Librado et al. obtained genome sequences from 14 horses from the Bronze and Iron Ages, about 2000 to 4000 years ago, soon after domestication. They identified variants determining coat color and genes selected during the domestication process. They could also see evidence of admixture with archaic horses and the demography of the domestication process, which included the accumulation of deleterious variants. The horse appears to have undergone a different type of domestication process than animals that were domesticated simply for food. Science, this issue p. 442 The genomes of 14 ancient horses reveal selection during domestication stages and a recent loss of diversity. The genomic changes underlying both early and late stages of horse domestication remain largely unknown. We examined the genomes of 14 early domestic horses from the Bronze and Iron Ages, dating to between ~4.1 and 2.3 thousand years before present. We find early domestication selection patterns supporting the neural crest hypothesis, which provides a unified developmental origin for common domestic traits. Within the past 2.3 thousand years, horses lost genetic diversity and archaic DNA tracts introgressed from a now-extinct lineage. They accumulated deleterious mutations later than expected under the cost-of-domestication hypothesis, probably because of breeding from limited numbers of stallions. We also reveal that Iron Age Scythian steppe nomads implemented breeding strategies involving no detectable inbreeding and selection for coat-color variation and robust forelimbs.
A 330-µW 400-MHz BPSK Transmitter in 0.18- µm CMOS for Biomedical Applications

An energy-efficient 400-MHz binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) transmitter (TX) is proposed for biomedical applications in this brief. The BPSK signal is generated by edge-combining multiple phases from a low-frequency voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), which avoids power-hungry local oscillator generation at RF. Furthermore, the output matching network and edge combiner are merged into a power amplifier (PA), leading to a hardware-efficient and low-power design. Fabricated in a 0.18- $\mu\mbox{m}$ CMOS process, the proposed TX consumes 330 $\mu\mbox{W}$ and delivers −15-dBm output power. The modulator operates at 0.8 V, and PA operates at 0.2-V supply voltage. The TX can support a data rate up to 20 Mb/s, achieving an energy efficiency of 14.9 pJ/bit. The measured error vector magnitude at 20 Mb/s is 10%.
Dynamic Optimality - Almost

We present an O(lg lg n)-competitive online binary search tree, improving upon the best previous (trivial) competitive ratio of O(lg n). This is the first major progress on Sleator and Tarjan's dynamic optimality conjecture of 1985 that O(1)-competitive binary search trees exist.
Methodologies for Evaluating and Measuring Capacitance Mismatch in CMOS Integrated Circuits

In this brief, two figures of merit and a switched-capacitor filter are used to estimate and measure, respectively, the mismatch between fully integrated capacitors. The theoretical estimations are compared with the experimental results obtained for different layouts fabricated in a test chip using a 0.35- <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu\text{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS technology.
Identification of a primordial asteroid family constrains the original planetesimal population

Family ties reveal original planetesimals The asteroid belt originated from leftover debris from the formation of our solar system, including objects that never grew big enough to become planets. Destructive collisions led to the present proliferation of asteroids; groups that were initially part of the same body have related orbits and are known as families. Delbo' et al. identified an ancient family mostly consisting of dark asteroids that previously had not been linked to families (see the Perspective by DeMeo). From this, they calculated the original population of the belt, showing that it contained several dozen midsized bodies known as planetesimals. Science, this issue p. 1026; see also p. 972 An ancient family of asteroids leads to the original planetesimals that formed the asteroid belt. A quarter of known asteroids is associated with more than 100 distinct asteroid families, meaning that these asteroids originate as impact fragments from the family parent bodies. The determination of which asteroids of the remaining population are members of undiscovered families, or accreted as planetesimals from the protoplanetary disk, would constrain a critical phase of planetary formation by unveiling the unknown planetesimal size distribution. We discovered a 4-billion-year-old asteroid family extending across the entire inner part of the main belt whose members include most of the dark asteroids previously unlinked to families. This allows us to identify some original planetesimals, which are all larger than 35 kilometers, supporting the view of asteroids being born big. Their number matches the known distinct meteorite parent bodies.
Modeling General, Specific, and Method Variance in Personality Measures: Results for ZKA-PQ and NEO-PI-R

Contemporary models of personality assume a hierarchical structure in which broader traits contain narrower traits. Individual differences in response styles also constitute a source of score variance. In this study, the bifactor model is applied to separate these sources of variance for personality subscores. The procedure is illustrated using data for two personality inventories—NEO Personality Inventory–Revised and Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personality Questionnaire. The inclusion of the acquiescence method factor generally improved the fit to acceptable levels for the Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personality Questionnaire, but not for the NEO Personality Inventory–Revised. This effect was higher in subscales where the number of direct and reverse items is not balanced. Loadings on the specific factors were usually smaller than the loadings on the general factor. In some cases, part of the variance was due to domains being different from the main one. This information is of particular interest to researchers as they can identify which subscale scores have more potential to increase predictive validity.
Circlets: circuits as applets

Custom computing is concerned with deriving benefits from importing the flexibility of (software) programs into (conventionally, hardware) circuitry. A main aim is to gain speed-ups by programming at a level closer to the physical hardware, and in a medium that allows explicit parallelism. The paper is concerned with making the first steps towards another benefit: portability of circuitry in a network computing environment. That is, expressing applets in circuitry terms, rather than program terms. An implemented client server system is described, and then this is followed by discussion of how circlets-a term introduced in the paper to denote applets expressed as circuits-might best be represented in a portable form, and also how circlets may be supported by appropriate execution environments. At this point in history, it is apt to study the problems posed by circlets, since this should influence future directions for FPGA technological development.
Refining Diagnostic Procedures for Adults With Symptoms of ADHD

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic disorder that afflicts individuals into adulthood. The field continues to refine diagnostic standards for ADHD in adults, complicated by the disorder’s heterogeneous presentation, subjective symptoms, and overlap with other disorders. Two key diagnostic questions are from whom to collect diagnostic information and which symptoms should be contained on an adult diagnostic checklist. Using a trifactor model, Martel et al. examine these questions in a sample of adults with and without self-identified ADHD symptoms. In this response, we highlight the importance of their finding that self and informant symptom reports differ in a sample of adults who acknowledge ADHD symptoms. We also review issues that continue to face the field related to model specification, evaluating symptom utility, and sample composition, discussing how these issues influence conclusions that may be drawn from Martel et al. and similar investigations. We conclude that the article makes an important research contribution about the nature of self and informant ADHD symptom reports but emphasize that symptom checklist refinement must occur through a broad lens that considers work from a range of sample types and clinically informative analytic strategies.
An All-MOSFET Voltage Reference With −50-dB PSR at 80 MHz for Low-Power SoC Design

This brief presents a voltage reference (VR) for modern low-power system-on-chip applications, in which a high-frequency supply ripple can degrade system performance. With a compact MOSFET low-pass filter, which was developed along with a feedback technique for a wide-bandwidth power supply rejection (PSR), the VR achieves PSR better than 50 dB for frequencies of up to 80 MHz, which was not achieved in previous works. The proposed all-MOSFET VR was fabricated in a standard 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${ \mu }\text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS process. It achieves a temperature coefficient of 19 ppm/°C from −30 °C to 80 °C. The line regulation is 0.098%/V for a step from 1.1 to 2.3 V supply voltage with 550-nW power consumption at room temperature and an area of 0.0180 mm<sup>2</sup>.
A Power-Efficient Signal-Specific ADC for Sensor-Interface Applications

A novel signal-specific power-efficient analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is proposed for sensor-interface applications. Instead of digitizing each analog sample independently, the proposed ADC determines the digital code corresponding to each new input sample by digitizing the difference of two consecutive samples. Therefore, for the applications with low-varying input signals, such as image sensors and ECG readouts, the difference of two consecutive samples is much smaller than the ADC full-scale range for the majority of the input samples, the power consumption of the capacitive digital-to-analog converter, the comparator, and the digital circuits of the proposed ADC is saved due to reducing the ADC activity. The prototype was fabricated using a 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mu }\text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS technology. Measurement results of 1 V, 8 bit, 20 kS/s ADC confirm that for a 10-kHz input sine wave, the effective number of bits is 7 while the power consumption of the entire ADC is 1.12 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ {\mu }\text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. However, for the same sampling rate, the power consumption is only 106 nW for a low-varying 100-Hz input sine wave.
A Study of Japanese Concepts of Community

How can Community Music Therapy be practiced in Japan? This paper aims to describe two Japanese concepts of community – "shakai" and "seken" – and to explore the relation between these two concepts and the practice of Community Music Therapy in Japan. 'Shakai' is an official equivalent for society while 'seken' is a traditional view of the world as human relationships. It is probable that these two concepts represent the basic ideas of community in Japan. So far, there has been no thorough attempt to clarify the relevance of these concepts for music therapy practice and theory, in spite of the fact that music therapy has grown and developed in Japan over a number of years. In this paper, I will illuminate the Japanese situation and problem of community, present the possibility of Community Music Therapy in Japan, and discuss implications for Community Music Therapy.
Single-cell Wnt signaling niches maintain stemness of alveolar type 2 cells

Fibroblasts as lung stem cell niche Each breath that we take provides oxygen to the bloodstream via tiny sacs in the lung called alveoli. AT1 cells line the alveoli and mediate gas exchange, whereas AT2 cells secrete lung surfactant. A subset of AT2s also serve as stem cells that slowly generate new alveolar cells throughout adult life. Nabhan et al. show that the rare AT2 stem cells have a special niche next to a fibroblast secreting Wnts. This Wnt activity is needed to select and maintain the stem cells. Injury expands the stem cell pool by transiently inducing autocrine Wnts in other surfactant-secreting alveolar cells. This simple but expandable niche sustains oxygen delivery, and it is co-opted in lung cancer. Science, this issue p. 1118 Juxtacrine Wnts select and maintain lung stem cells, and injury-induced autocrine Wnts recruit stem cells. Alveoli, the lung’s respiratory units, are tiny sacs where oxygen enters the bloodstream. They are lined by flat alveolar type 1 (AT1) cells, which mediate gas exchange, and AT2 cells, which secrete surfactant. Rare AT2s also function as alveolar stem cells. We show that AT2 lung stem cells display active Wnt signaling, and many of them are near single, Wnt-expressing fibroblasts. Blocking Wnt secretion depletes these stem cells. Daughter cells leaving the Wnt niche transdifferentiate into AT1s: Maintaining Wnt signaling prevents transdifferentiation, whereas abrogating Wnt signaling promotes it. Injury induces AT2 autocrine Wnts, recruiting “bulk” AT2s as progenitors. Thus, individual AT2 stem cells reside in single-cell fibroblast niches providing juxtacrine Wnts that maintain them, whereas injury induces autocrine Wnts that transiently expand the progenitor pool. This simple niche maintains the gas exchange surface and is coopted in cancer.
Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Commonly Consumed Cheese and Yogurt Samples in Ankara, Turkey

The potential hazardous human exposure to aflatoxin M1 via consumption of milk and milk products has been demonstrated by several workers. Considering its risk to human health, determination of aflatoxin M1 levels in dairy products is important. Since there are limited data available on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 levels in dairy products in Turkey, the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of this toxin in various types of commonly consumed cheese and yogurt samples in the capital city of Turkey—Ankara. For this purpose, 39 samples of cheese and 40 samples of yogurt were randomly collected from supermarkets in Ankara. Aflatoxin M1 levels were determined by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in 11 cheese samples ranging from 78.20 to 188.44 ng/kg. Thirty-two of the 40 yogurt samples had aflatoxin M1 levels between 61.61 and 365.64 ng/kg. The results of this study indicated the importance of continuous surveillance of commonly consumed cheese and yogurt samples for aflatoxin M1 contamination in Turkey.
What is asthma?

While almost every paediatrician would agree that asthma is a very common condition in childhood, often underdiagnosed despite being a major cause of absence from school,' it has never been satisfactorily defined. True, there have been a number of more or less satisfactory attempts by august bodies such as the Ciba Guest Symposium2 and the Americah Thoracic Society,3 and one of the most lucid attempts to explain the definition of asthma was that of Professor J G Scadding.4 He made the point that the disease should be characterised by its functional effect: 'Asthma is a disease characterised by wide variations over short periods of time in resistance to flow in intrapulmonary airways'. Professor Scadding went on to point out that the definition can be amplified by comments on causative mechanisms where known. With typical clarity he also tackled the difficult question as to what constitutes 'wide variations' by suggesting that this means changes that are symptomatically and therapeutically important. This being so, what is the problem in defining asthma and why the need for this annotation? Physicians treating adult patients have long been troubled by the fact that chronic airflow obstruction can be due to chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, or any combination of these conditions, and that it is often very difficult to separate the components. Many patients with these types of chronic obstructive lung disease have symptomatic and therapeutic variations in their airflow obstruction without ever reverting to normal or near normal lung function. To make matters worse, adults with asthma not infrequently smoke or reside in polluted areas, and add an irreVersible component to their disease. Finally, there are the occupational asthmas that can occur in anyone without any special predisposition to the disease5 and resolve after removal from the offending environment. For all these reasons and others, those treating adult patients can rarely agree on what constitutes asthma. We paediatricians often feel rather smug about asthma and tell our colleagues that we cannot see what all the fuss is about since the diagnosis is perfectly straightforward in children. But is it? If we accept Professor Scadding's definition4 as a good starting point and also that the adult type of chronic obstructive lung disease probably never occurs in childhood,' ' what paediatric conditions could be confused with asthma and in what ways can asthma seem to be something else?
Responses to Women with Learning Disabilities as they go Through the Menopause

The research investigated how women with learning disabilities understand and experience the menopause, and the support available. This paper Reports the experiences and attitudes of those people to whom women with learning disabilities might turn for support. GPs generally Reported relatively little experience in treating women with learning disabilities for menopause‐related symptoms and some recognised the need for pro‐active work. Carers played a key role in facilitating women's access to primary health care. Staff in residential and day services recognised the role they played in supporting women through the menopause, but were hampered by lack of time and resources. Mothers of middle‐aged women with learning disabilities who still lived at home felt well‐placed to support their daughters through the menopause and viewed this transition positively. The need for specialist educational materials was emphasised by all those who took part in this research.
Book Review: Cell Death in the Peripheral Nervous System: Potential Rescue Strategies

Neuronal death occurs in many diseases of the peripheral nervous system including genetic, developmental, metabolic, degenerative, and toxic disorders. Specific diseases are mediated by one or several interlinked death-initiating pathways. These may involve oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, membrane disruption, loss of calcium homeostasis, DNA damage, trophic factor loss, or aberrant entry into the cell cycle. The death initiators activate two major final common pathways that lead to cell death. Necrosis is a catastrophic loss of ionic integrity caused by membrane disruption or loss of energy supply. Apoptosis is an endogenous programmed cell death pathway normally active in development and tissue homeostasis. It leads to orderly disassembly of the cell. Advances in understanding of the pathways from specific disease to neuronal death are leading to new strategies designed to prevent death and treat diseases of the nervous system.
Neurotrophic Modulation of Motor Neuron Development

Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are a pleiotropic group of secreted growth factors that regulate multiple aspects of neuronal development, including the regressive event of cell death. Skeletal muscleinnervating lower motoneurons (MNs) of the brain stem and spinal cord comprise one population of central neurons in which programmed cell death (PCD) during embryogenesis has been actively investigated, as much for reasons of technical facility as clinical relevance. The precise identity of NTF-dependent MNs has remained unclear, with most studies simply reporting losses or gains across the entire spinal cord or individual brain-stem nuclei. However, MNs are grouped into highly heterogenous populations based on transcriptional identity, target innervation, and physiological function. Therefore, recent work has focused on the effects of NTF overexpression or deletion on the survival of these MN subpopulations. Together with the recent progress attained in the generation of conditional mutant mice, in which the function of an NTF or its receptor can be eliminated specifically in MNs, these recent studies have begun to define the differential trophic requirements for MN subpopulations during PCD. The intent of this review is to summarize these recent findings and to discuss their significance with respect to neurotrophic theory.
Why tolerance invites resistance

Bacteria that encounter antibiotics first become tolerant and then resistant to them Bacteria use two strategies to avoid being killed by antibiotics: resistance and tolerance. Resistance mechanisms such as destruction of a drug or modification of its target allow bacteria to grow in the presence of antibiotics. Tolerance is a property of dormant, nongrowing bacterial cells in which antibiotic targets are inactive, allowing bacteria to survive. The two phenomena are mechanistically distinct and assumed to be unrelated. On page 826 of this issue, Levin-Reisman et al. (1) show that tolerance nevertheless leads to resistance.
THE INFLUENCE OF GROWTH HORMONE TREATMENT ON THYROID FUNCTION IN SWINE

Twelve castrated male pigs of Yorkshire and Landrace breeding were selected at 95.9 ± 1.6 kg body weight (BW) and allocated equally to receive daily injections of either porcine growth hormone (pGH) at 90 μg kg−1 BW or vehicle buffer for four consecutive days. Following the last pGH injection, the pigs were infused via indwelling vena caval cannulae with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) at 0.5 μg kg−1 BW. Blood samples were obtained at 10 and 0 min before TRH and thereafter at 10-min intervals for 90 min. Serum concentrations of thyroxine and thyrotropin were lower (P < 0.06 and P < 0.1, respectively) but those of triiodothyronine higher (P < 0.01) in pGH-treated pigs throughout the sampling period. There were no significant treatment-by-time interactions indicating that the thyroid response to TRH was not influenced by pGH treatment. Key words: Swine, thyroid, growth hormone, somatotropin
MAGUKs, Synaptic Development, and Synaptic Plasticity

MAGUKs are proteins that act as key scaffolds in surface complexes containing receptors, adhesion proteins, and various signaling molecules. These complexes evolved prior to the appearance of multicellular animals and play key roles in cell-cell intercommunication. A major example of this is the neuronal synapse, which contains several presynaptic and postsynaptic MAGUKs including PSD-95, SAP102, SAP97, PSD-93, CASK, and MAGIs. Here, they play roles in both synaptic development and in later synaptic plasticity events. During development, MAGUKs help to organize the postsynaptic density via associations with other scaffolding proteins, such as Shank, and the actin cytoskeleton. They affect the clustering of glutamate receptors and other receptors, and these associations change with development. MAGUKs are involved in long-term potentiation and depression (e.g., via their phosphorylation by kinases and phosphorylation of other proteins associated with MAGUKs). Importantly, synapse development and function are dependent on the kind of MAGUK present. For example, SAP102 shows high mobility and is present in early synaptic development. Later, much of SAP102 is replaced by PSD-95, a more stable synaptic MAGUK; this is associated with changes in glutamate receptor types that are characteristic of synaptic maturation.