Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
WEAK COMPACTNESS IN Ll(p,X)

Let (Q.,l,ß) be a probability space, X a Banach space, and L (fi, X) the Banach space of Bochner integrable functions f: Í2 —> X . Let W = {/ € Ll(p, X) : for a.e. w in Í2, ||/(w)|| < 1} . In this paper we characterize the rwc (relatively weakly compact) subsets of L (ß, X). The main results are as follows: Theorem A. A subset H of W is rwc iff given any sequence (/„) in H there exists a sequence (/„), with fn € Co(/n , fn+l, .) such that, for a.e. a> in Í2 , the sequence (/„(«)) converges weakly in X. Theorem B. A subset A of L (ß, X) is rwc iff given any e > 0 there exist an integer N and a rwc subset H of NW suchthat A Ç H + eB{0), where B(0) is the unit ball of L [ß, X). Introduction Let (Q., X, p) be a probability space, X an arbitrary Banach space, and Lx(p, X) the Banach space of Bochner integrable functions /: Q —» X equipped with its usual norm [6, p. 50]. The problem of characterizing the rwc (relatively weakly compact) subsets of the space L (p, X) is a well-known longstanding open problem, see Chapter IV of [6] for a review of known results about this problem up to 1977 and [1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 12] for some more recent results. In this note we present a characterization of the rwc subsets of the space L (p, X). The characterization is obtained in two steps. In the first step we characterize the rwc subsets of the set W = {/ e Ll (p, X) : for a.e. coinQ, ||/(w)|| < 1}. This result is as follows: A subset H of W is rwc iff given any sequence (fn) in H there exists a sequence (fn) with fn £ Co(fn, fn+x, ■■■) such that, for a.e. co in £2, the sequence (fn(co)) converges weakly in X. In the second step we show that a subset A of L (p, X) is rwc iff it is a small perturbation of a rwc subset of NW for some integer N. More precisely, we prove the following result: A subset A of the space L (p, X) is rwc iff given any e > 0 there exist Received by the editors March 10, 1990. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision). Primary 46E40; Secondary 46B20.
Factors causing interrupted delivery of enteral nutrition in trauma intensive care unit patients.

BACKGROUND The intent of this study was to ascertain the adequacy of delivery of enteral nutrition (EN) to critically ill adult multiple trauma patients and to identify potential detrimental factors that affect EN delivery. METHODS Retrospective observational study. Trauma intensive care unit (TICU) in a university-affiliated hospital. Adult patients (>/=18 years of age) admitted to the TICU who received enteral feeding. RESULTS Fifty-six adult patients were enrolled for study. Patients received, on average, 67% +/- 19% of what was prescribed for 5.7 +/- 2.0 days. A total of 222 occurrences for temporary discontinuation of tube feeding were identified. Gastrointestinal intolerance, as defined by a gastric residual volume of >150 mL, abdominal pain, or >3 liquid stools per day, accounted for only 11% of the occurrences for discontinuation of feeding. Surgery (27%) and diagnostic procedures (15%) represented the majority of reasons for inadequate nutrient delivery. Minor factors for EN interruptions were mechanical feeding tube problems (8%), pharmacy delivery delay (4%), and miscellaneous factors (3%). Multiple and unknown reasons contributed to 14% and 18% of the occurrences, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Surgery and diagnostic procedures accounted for the largest factor in enteral feeding discontinuations in our critically ill trauma patients. Gastrointestinal intolerance contributed a minor role in the temporary discontinuation of enteral feeding.
Pulmonary artery endothelial abnormalities in patients with congenital heart defects and pulmonary hypertension. A correlation of light with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.

Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were applied to lung biopsy specimens from patients with congenital heart defects, and pulmonary artery endothelium was analyzed for alterations in surface characteristics and intracytoplasmic composition which might reflect abnormal function. The patients were divided into four groups distinguished by increasing severity of pulmonary vascular changes on light microscopy graded both morphometrically and by the Heath-Edwards classification; group 1, normal vasculature or only abnormal extension of muscle into peripheral arteries; group 2, medial hypertrophy; group 3, medial hypertrophy +/- decreased artery number + intimal hyperplasia; group 4, decreased artery number + occlusive intimal hyperplasia. On scanning electron microscopy, the pulmonary artery endothelial surface in group 1 patients was "crinkled" or "corduroy-like", i.e., composed of narrow, even ridges; in groups 2 and 3, it was "cable-like", i.e., comprised of deep intertwined ridges; in group 4 it was "chenille" in texture, i.e., high ridges alternated with low, uneven, and twisted ones. There was significant increased density of surface microvilli in groups 2 and 3 patients when compared to groups 1 and 4 (p less than 0.05 for each comparison). On transmission electron microscopy pulmonary artery endothelial cells in groups 2 and 3 patients were also characterized by a significant increase in the volume density of rough endoplasmic reticulum (p less than 0.01) and microfilament bundles (p less than 0.05). The coarse endothelial surface characteristics associated with pulmonary vascular changes may result in abnormal interaction with blood elements and release of vasoactive substances. The increased microvilli, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and microfilament bundles in patients with moderate but not advanced arterial changes suggest a phase where increased endothelial metabolic function and alterations in the cytoskeleton may also contribute to heightened pulmonary vascular reactivity.
Static and dynamic behaviour of paralleled IGBTs

The current balance, thermal stability, and switching behavior characteristics of parallel insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are analyzed. The influences of heat sink mounting, lay-out, and the drive circuit are described in order to demonstrate the best way to parallel IGBTs for optimum performance. An example of two paralleled IGBTs in a fully insulated package is discussed. <<ETX>>
Clearance and Secretion Rates of Prolactin in Dairy Cattle in Various Physiological States 1

Summary Basal clearance rates (CR; ml/min/kg body wt) and secretion rates (SR; μg/hr/kg body wt) of prolactin (PRL) were calculated for Holstein cows. Among late lactating, pregnant cows (n = 8) tested in December, estimates of basal CR and SR were not different (P > 0.05) during infusion of either 4 or 8 mg PRL/cow/hr for 4 hr. In a second experiment, basal CR estimates were similar (P > 0.05) in four nonlactating and four early lactating cows but basal SR was 35% greater (P ~ 0.1) in early lactating than in nonlactating cows tested in April. In a third experiment designed to avoid possible seasonal effects, basal CR estimates of PRL were 75 and 25% greater and basal SR estimates 140 and 40% greater (P < 0.05) in early lactating and late lactating cows than in nonlactating cows, respectively. Differences in basal CR and SR of PRL among all lactating cows were correlated with mean daily milk production (r = 0.36; P < 0.05 and r = 0.52; P < 0.005, respectively) during the week prior to each experiment. We conclude that increased basal CR and SR of PRL are associated with increased milk yields in dairy cows.
Combining scanning microscopy and robotics: Automated analysis and manipulation on the small scale

The ongoing miniaturization in micro- and nanotechnology requires multi-physical characterization methods on the same small scale as the materials and components are. Although many characterizations systems exist, only few approaches allow to gather several different types of information collaboratively. Furthermore, functional building blocks and devices working on the nanoscale, have to be characterized and tuned during the manufacturing process. This can be done with combined microscopic and processing systems. A software framework, which controls and acquires all units and data, is engaged and allows combined analysis and automation. This combination approach is demonstrated by several applications in microscopy, manipulation and automation on the small scale.
Modifications of transthyretin in amyloid fibrils: analysis of amyloid from homozygous and heterozygous individuals with the Met30 mutation.

The finding of individuals homozygous for FAP I (familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, transthyretin TTRMet30) with amyloid deposits in the vitreous body, gave us access to a unique material lacking wild type transthyretin and contaminating proteins. Amyloid TTR is modified in several ways. Besides the full‐length protein and its dimer form, two smaller bands were identified by SDS‐PAGE and protein sequencing. One corresponded to a peptide starting at amino acid Thr49, the other was a mixture of two peptides starting at positions 1 and 3 in a 3:1 ratio. Upon reduction the amount of the TTR dimer decreased, the monomer amount increased, and the resulting monomers became available for carboxymethylation. Moreover, the mobility of the small band, which includes Cys10, increased upon reduction. This cysteine seemed to be involved in an interchain disulfide bridge both between intact TTR molecules and between small fragments. The same pattern was found in heterozygous fibril material although smaller amounts of the truncated peptides were found. Fibrils were formed both from normal and mutated TTR in heterozygotes. The significance of our results for amyloid formation is discussed.
Identification and validation of prognostic markers in breast cancer with the complementary use of array‐CGH and tissue microarrays

Gene amplification, an important mechanism of oncogene activation in breast cancer, can have both prognostic and therapeutic implications. In this work, an attempt is made to identify amplified genes that can be used to improve prognostication in breast cancer. A series of 52 node‐negative tumours was screened for genomic gains at 57 loci by array‐CGH. A subset of these genes was identified that could divide the series into two divergent outcome groups of either long‐term survivors or early disease‐related deaths (p = 0.01) using a combination of k‐means clustering and statistical analysis. The prognostic significance of amplification of four of the genes (EMS1, TOP2A, CCNE1, and ERBB2) was then evaluated, using fluorescent in situ hybridization on a tissue microarray, in a second larger ‘validation’ series of 232 tumours with a median follow‐up of 4.8 years. Adverse disease‐related outcome was associated with amplification of TOP2A (p = 0.004); ERBB2 (p = 0.002); and with the combined amplification of TOP2A, ERBB2, and EMS1 (p = 0.01). EMS1 amplification was more common (26% of cases) than previously reported but, in isolation, had no prognostic significance. Amplification of CCNE1, seen in only 6% of cases, had no prognostic role. These results indicate that the complementary use of array‐CGH and tissue microarrays has the potential to help in the identification and validation of molecular markers that can be used to classify breast cancers into different prognostic groups. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrastructural Localization of the Vascular Permeability Factor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VPF/VEGF) Receptor-2 (FLK-1, KDR) in Normal Mouse Kidney and in the Hyperpermeable Vessels Induced by VPF/VEGF-expressing Tumors and Adenoviral Vectors

Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF) interacts with two high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptors, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, to increase microvascular permeability and induce angiogenesis. Both receptors are selectively expressed by vascular endothelial cells and are strikingly increased in tumor vessels. We used a specific antibody to localize VEGFR-2 (FLK-1, KDR) in microvascular endothelium of normal mouse kidneys and in the microvessels induced by the TA3/St mammary tumor or by infection with an adenoviral vector engineered to express VPF/VEGF. A pre-embedding method was employed at the light and electron microscopic levels using either nanogold or peroxidase as reporters. Equivalent staining was observed on both the luminal and abluminal surfaces of tumor- and adenovirus-induced vascular endothelium, but plasma membranes at interendothelial junctions were spared except at sites connected to vesiculovacuolar organelles (VVOs). VEGFR-2 was also localized to the membranes and stomatal diaphragms of some VVOs. This staining distribution is consistent with a model in which VPF/VEGF increases microvascular permeability by opening VVOs to allow the transendothelial cell passage of plasma and plasma proteins.
Stabilization of the Soluble, Cleaved, Trimeric Form of the Envelope Glycoprotein Complex of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

ABSTRACT The envelope glycoprotein (Env) complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 has evolved a structure that is minimally immunogenic while retaining its natural function of receptor-mediated virus-cell fusion. The Env complex is trimeric; its six individual subunits (three gp120 and three gp41 subunits) are associated by relatively weak, noncovalent interactions. The induction of neutralizing antibodies after vaccination with individual Env subunits has proven very difficult, probably because they are inadequate mimics of the native complex. Our hypothesis is that a stable form of the Env complex, perhaps with additional modifications to rationally alter its antigenic structure, may be a better immunogen than the individual subunits. A soluble form of Env, SOS gp140, can be made that has gp120 stably linked to the gp41 ectodomain by an intermolecular disulfide bond. This protein is fully cleaved at the proteolysis site between gp120 and gp41. However, the gp41-gp41 interactions in SOS gp140 are too weak to maintain the protein in a trimeric configuration. Consequently, purified SOS gp140 is a monomer (N. Schülke, M. S. Vesanen, R. W. Sanders, P. Zhu, D. J. Anselma, A. R. Villa, P. W. H. I. Parren, J. M. Binley, K. H. Roux, P. J. Maddon, J. P. Moore, and W. C. Olson, J. Virol. 76:7760-7776, 2002). Here we describe modifications of SOS gp140 that increase its trimer stability. A variant SOS gp140, designated SOSIP gp140, contains an isoleucine-to-proline substitution at position 559 in the N-terminal heptad repeat region of gp41. This protein is fully cleaved, has favorable antigenic properties, and is predominantly trimeric. SOSIP gp140 trimers are noncovalently associated and can be partially purified by gel filtration chromatography. These gp140 trimers are dissociated into monomers by anionic detergents or heat but are relatively resistant to nonionic detergents, high salt concentrations, or exposure to a mildly acidic pH. SOSIP gp140 should be a useful reagent for structural and immunogenicity studies.
Energy-efficient distribution in smart grid

With the increasing complex operating environment of the electric power system and the ongoing electric power system reform, the traditional power grid needs to be further improved to achieve the transition to the smart grid. At the same time, the global energy and environmental problems became public concern, and the energy-efficient distribution of the power grid can effectively raise the energy efficiency. In the smart grid, the energy-efficient distribution will be more accurate and efficient, and also show a richer content. Based on the above-mentioned issues elaborated in the paper, according to the Chinese current situations, a power grid energy-efficient distribution model is put forward, and the prospect of the smart grid energy-efficient distribution is depicted on such basis.
The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome and pseudo-Cushing's states.

I. Introduction II. Definitions and Etiology III. Diagnostic Overview IV. Clinical Features V. Biochemical Diagnosis of Cushing’s Syndrome A. Cardinal features B. Urinary free cortisol (UFC) C. Low-dose dexamethasone testing D. Circadian rhythm assessment E. Cyclical Cushing’s syndrome VI. ACTH-Dependent vs. ACTH-Independent Cushing’s Syndrome VII. Differential Diagnosis of ACTH-Dependent Cushing’s Syndrome A. Overview B. Basal testing C. Dynamic noninvasive testing D. Invasive testing VIII. Other Causes of Cushing’s Syndrome IX. Imaging A. Pituitary B. Adrenal C. Ectopic secretion X. Differentiation from Pseudo-Cushing’s States XI. Conclusions
Do local bias and local-to-global interference reflect intact global processing in autism?

The study of Wang, Mottron, Peng, Berthiaume and Dawson (2007) investigated the effects of task constraints on visual hierarchical processing in high-functioning individuals with autism. The researchers employed free-choice vs. forced-choice techniques to study global and local processing of Navon numerals. When given a free-choice, individuals with autism did not show any clear preference: they randomly chose the (global or local) target level. Nonetheless, they were significantly faster in naming local targets than global ones, independent of visual angle and duration of exposure. Participants in the control group exhibited the opposite effect: they showed a global advantage in naming time, which was affected by both visual angle and duration of presentation. In the forced-choice condition, individuals with autism demonstrated local-to-global interference, whereas participants from the control group showed global advantage and interference from both global and local distractors. According to the authors, when taken together, these results indicate that individuals with autism show evidence of normal global perception. Moreover, they suggest that local bias with local interference is a major aspect of autistic visual cognition. Wang and colleagues (2007) interpret their data in terms of the enhanced perceptual functioning (EPF) hypothesis, which claims that overdeveloped low-level perception and atypical relationships between lowand high-level processing are typical characteristics of individuals with autism. Yet it is important to note that the pattern of data reported by the above authors is consistent with the competing weak central coherence (WCC) hypothesis (Frith, 2003; Frith & Happe, 1994). According to theWCC hypothesis, participants with autism experience difficulty in integrating individual pieces of information into a coherent percept or concept. This deficit results in over-reliance on piecemeal, local information rather than on holistic processes. Thus, the experimental manipulations employed by Wang and colleagues (2007) could not dissociate between these two alternative hypotheses. If, indeed, the EPF hypothesis is correct and individuals with autism show superior local perception (rather than a global deficit), then we would expect them to demonstrate a general local advantage with both congruent and incongruent stimuli. However, Wang and colleagues (2007) did not find superior performance with congruent stimuli (where the local digits were the same as the global numeral). Moreover, the fact that optimal global perception among the autistic participants was obtained in the longest
Position statement: ICSE-12 workshop on industrial experience using formal methods

The authors define a system of coordinate systems within which one might profitably discuss the proper role of and experience with formal methods in industrial software development. So far, contributions of formal methods have primarily been within narrow confines of techniques for carrying out minute subtasks. Formal studies of the method aspects, those of connecting various notations, techniques, and tools so as to form a coherent, formally justifiable method, have been lacking. <<ETX>>
Blood cultures for community-acquired pneumonia: are they worthy of two quality measures? A systematic review.

BACKGROUND Obtaining blood cultures (BCs) for patients hospitalized with community-acquired-pneumonia (CAP) has been recommended by experts and used as a measure of quality of care. However, BCs are infrequently positive in these patients and their effect on clinical management has been questioned. PURPOSE We performed a systematic review of the literature to determine the impact of BCs on clinical management in CAP requiring hospitalization and thus its appropriateness as a quality measure. DATA SOURCES We searched MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, and the Cochrane databases for English-language studies that reported the effect of BCs on management of adults hospitalized with CAP. We also searched the reference lists of included studies and background articles and asked experts to review our list for completeness. STUDY SELECTION Studies were chosen if they included adults admitted to the hospital with CAP, BCs were obtained at admission, and BC-directed management changes were reported. DATA EXTRACTION We abstracted study design, BC positivity, and frequency of BC-directed management changes. DATA SYNTHESIS Fifteen studies, all with observational cohort design, were identified and reviewed. Two included only patients with BCs positive for pneumococcus, yielding 13 studies for the primary analysis. BCs were true-positive in 0% to 14% of cases. They led to antibiotic narrowing in 0% to 3% of patients and to antibiotic broadening ultimately associated with a resistant organism in 0% to 1% of patients. CONCLUSIONS BCs have very limited utility in immunocompetent patients hospitalized with CAP. Pneumonia quality measures that include BCs should be reassessed.
General population's knowledge and attitudes about antibiotics: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Nowadays, the development of antibiotic resistance represents one of the most important issues of the global public health. The incorrect use of antimicrobial drugs is recognized as one of the leading causes of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, a better understanding of the existing pieces of evidence pertaining knowledge and attitudes about antibiotic and antibiotic resistance in the general population worldwide is advisable.
Predictive value of ultrasonography in the screening of non‐ascitic cirrhotic patients with large varices.

To evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonography in the screening of cirrhotic patients with large varices, the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves of the portal, mesenteric, and splenic veins of 215 consecutive non‐ascitic patients were plotted in order to select the most indicative optimal threshold. The contribution of respiratory variations of splenic and mesenteric veins was also evaluated. Taking 13 mm as the limit for the normal diameter of the portal vein, 10 and 9 mm for the upper limits of the mesenteric and splenic veins, respectively, and respiratory variations being absent, the positive rates were 91, 88, and 92 per cent and the false‐positive rates were 44, 38, and 42 per cent, respectively. The predictive values of a positive test were 0.34, 0.33, and 0.34, respectively, and the predictive values of a negative test were 0.96 for the portal and mesenteric veins and 0.97 for the splenic vein. Because the portal vein is always visible, the portal diameter may be employed in the screening through the presence of large varices in association with the assessment of respiratory variation in the splenic or mesenteric diameter. A cut‐off point of 13 mm and the absence of respiratory variations precludes the need for endoscopy in 47 per cent of patients.