Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Small Boxes Big Data: A Deep Learning Approach to Optimize Variable Sized Bin Packing

Bin Packing problems have been widely studied because of their broad applications in different domains. Known as a set of NP-hard problems, they have different variations and many heuristics have been proposed for obtaining approximate solutions. Specifically, for the 1D variable sized bin packing problem, the two key sets of optimization heuristics are the bin assignment and the bin allocation. Usually the performance of a single static optimization heuristic can not beat that of a dynamic one which is tailored for each bin packing instance. Building such an adaptive system requires modeling the relationship between bin features and packing perform profiles. The primary drawbacks of traditional AI machine learnings for this task are the natural limitations of feature engineering, such as the curse of dimensionality and feature selection quality. We introduce a deep learning approach to overcome the drawbacks by applying a large training data set, auto feature selection and fast, accurate labeling. We show in this paper how to build such a system by both theoretical formulation and engineering practices. Our prediction system achieves up to 89% training accuracy and 72% validation accuracy to select the best heuristic that can generate a better quality bin packing solution.
Beige Can Be Slimming

Prostaglandins promote the development of thermogenic beige fat in mice and may be a therapeutic approach to treat obesity. How can we decrease the body's energy efficiency? The answer to this could be used to fight the exploding obesity crisis. Our ability to accumulate and retain energy reserves once provided a survival advantage. However, these ingrained energy-conservation pathways are now driving unprecedented weight gain in modern societies where calorie-dense food pervades. Burning off excess fuel (analogous to heating a house in winter with the windows open) may be an effective therapeutic avenue to reduce obesity when diet and exercise are not enough. On page 1158 in this issue, Vegiopoulos et al. demonstrate that the fatty acid derivatives called prostaglandins encourage adipocytes (fat cells) to do exactly this—waste energy through increased heat production (1).
Shoulder Range of Motion Deficits in Baseball Players With an Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tear

Background: Shoulder range of motion (ROM) deficits are associated with elbow injury in baseball players. Purpose: To compare the ROM characteristics of baseball players with a diagnosed ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tear with those of a group of age-, activity-, and position-matched healthy controls. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Sixty male competitive high school and collegiate baseball players participated. Thirty athletes (age [mean ± standard deviation], 18.20 ± 1.56 years) with a diagnosed UCL tear were compared with 30 (age, 18.57 ± 0.86 years) age-, activity-, and position-matched players without a UCL injury. Of the 60 participants, there were 44 pitchers, 4 catchers, 5 infielders, and 7 outfielders. Participants were measured for shoulder internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), and horizontal adduction (HA) at 90° of shoulder elevation. Participants were also measured for elbow extension in a seated position. Group comparisons were made between participants with and without a UCL injury using independent t tests with an α level set at P < . 05. All measurements were taken bilaterally, and the differences (involved to uninvolved) were used to calculate means for all variables, including glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD), total rotational motion (TRM), HA, and elbow extension. Results: Baseball players with a UCL tear (UCLInj) exhibited significantly greater deficits in TRM compared with the control group of healthy baseball players (NUCLInj) (UCLInj = −6.67° ± 11.82°, NUCLInj = 0.93° ± 9.91°; P = .009). No group differences were present for GIRD (UCLInj = −12.53° ± 5.98°, NUCLInj = −13.63° ± 5.90°; P = .476), HA (UCLInj = −3.00° ± 5.01°, NUCLInj = −3.23° ± 5.15°; P = .860), or elbow extension (UCLInj = −2.63° ± 7.86°, NUCLInj = −1.17° ± 2.76°; P = .339). Pitchers with a UCL tear had significantly greater deficits in TRM (UCLInjPitch = −6.96° ± 11.20°, NUCLInjPitch = 1.29° ± 8.33°; P = .0087) and dominant shoulder ER (UCLInjPitch = 112.04° ± 14.35°, NUCLInjPitch = 121.85° ± 9.46°; P = .011) than pitchers without a UCL tear. Conclusion: A deficit in TRM is associated with a UCL tear in baseball players. Although GIRD may be prevalent in throwers, it may not be associated with a UCL injury. When examining ROM in baseball players, it is important to assess both TRM and GIRD.
Modelo experimental de tumor de Walker

The aim of this work was standardize technical norms to obtain a model of Walker 256 tumor in animals and get the tumorous cells number needed to increase the tumorous join percentage and longevity, it makes possible the research development in several health areas. The work was realized in two stages. In first were used 120 rats to crews training and technicals definitions. In second stage were used 84 rats, these separated in 7 groups (G) with 12 animals each one. The tumor, in ascitic form was inoculated on subcutaneous cellular tissue on dorsal of rats with the follow number of cells : GI, 1 x 107; GII, 5 x 106; GIII, 2,5 x 106; GIV, 1 x 106; GV, 5 x 105; GVI, 3 x 105 e GVII, 2 x 105. Were evaluate the join percentage and longevity in groups. The animals of GI, GII, GIII e GIV obtained 100% of tumorous development, however low longevity. The two GV and GVI had tumorous development often high that 90% and satisfactory longevity. The GVII didnt show tumorous development . The conclusion was made all procedures must be exhaustivelly trained and the number of tumorous cells passable to inoculation, in subcutaneous cellular tissue of rats, must be in the range of 5x105 and 3x105 .
A Red-Shifted Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll Sees Red Among the first facts students learn about the natural world is that plants owe their green color to the pigment chlorophyll. There have actually been a handful of slightly different chlorophyll variants uncovered over the years, and Chen et al. (p. 1318, published online 19 August) have found another in bacteria from Shark Bay, Australia. The chlorophyll variant displayed a red-shifted absorption spectrum, which extended into the near-infrared region due to the insertion of a formyl group on the molecule's periphery. The precise cellular function of the pigment awaits further study. A natural chlorophyll is found to absorb further in the infrared than other light-harvesting chromophores in its class. Chlorophylls are essential for light-harvesting and energy transduction in photosynthesis. Four chemically distinct varieties have been known for the past 60 years. Here we report isolation of a fifth, which we designate chlorophyll f. Its in vitro absorption (706 nanometers) and fluorescence (722 nanometers) maxima are red-shifted compared to all other chlorophylls from oxygenic phototrophs. On the basis of the optical, mass, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, we propose that chlorophyll f is [2-formyl]-chlorophyll a (C55H70O6N4Mg). This finding suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis can be extended further into the infrared region and may open associated bioenergy applications.
A priority-based PCG algorithm for global deadlock detection and resolution in multidatabase systems

The paper presents a priority-based potential conflict graph algorithm for global deadlock-detection in a multidatabase system that extends the previous PCG algorithm by examining the following problems: unnecessary aborts, inefficient victim selections, and false deadlock reports. The PPCG algorithm addresses the problem of unnecessary aborts and provides for improved victim selection. <<ETX>>
Stability of the Regulatory T Cell Lineage in Vivo

Self-Renewing T Cells The homeostasis of cell populations within an organism can be achieved through a variety of mechanisms, including the differentiation of precursor populations, self-renewal of terminally differentiated cells, or by programming cells to be extremely long-lived. Regulatory T cells that express the transcription factor Foxp3 are critical for maintaining immune tolerance by preventing excessive inflammation and autoimmunity. Rubtsov et al. (p. 1667) now use genetic fate mapping and cell transfer studies in vivo to demonstrate that Foxp3-expressing cells are remarkably stable under both basal and inflammatory conditions. Thus, regulatory T cells appear to be maintained through self-renewal and should maintain their identity if used in adoptive cell therapies for treatment of autoimmunity or other inflammatory disorders. A subset of T cells that suppress immune-mediated inflammation is maintained by self-renewal. Tissue maintenance and homeostasis can be achieved through the replacement of dying cells by differentiating precursors or self-renewal of terminally differentiated cells or relies heavily on cellular longevity in poorly regenerating tissues. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) represent an actively dividing cell population with critical function in suppression of lethal immune-mediated inflammation. The plasticity of Treg cells has been actively debated because it could factor importantly in protective immunity or autoimmunity. By using inducible labeling and tracking of Treg cell fate in vivo, or transfers of highly purified Treg cells, we have demonstrated notable stability of this cell population under physiologic and inflammatory conditions. Our results suggest that self-renewal of mature Treg cells serves as a major mechanism of maintenance of the Treg cell lineage in adult mice.
Quantification of renal pathology by image analysis (Methods in Renal Research)

SUMMARY: Recent advances in computer image analysis techniques allow more accurate quantification of kidney pathological lesions, which are identified by histological staining or immunohistochemistry. This article provides a detailed description of the basic techniques for quantifying these lesions in digital images of light microscopy using Image J software, which is freely available over the Internet. The methods discussed include calibrating measurements, applying scales to images, assessment of object size and thickness, cell counting and point counting, and analysis of area stained. Our explanations indicate how these methods can be used to evaluate glomerular hypertrophy, tubular and vascular injury, accumulation of inflammatory cells and myofibroblasts, deposition of extracellular matrix, and the development of renal scarring.
Reactivation of Hepatic EPO Synthesis in Mice After PHD Loss

Stimulating erythropoietin production in the mouse liver points to a treatment for anemia caused by chronic kidney disease. The kidney controls erythropoietin production in adults, and the anemia that can accompany renal failure is a major medical problem. The liver controls erythropoietin production during fetal life but is silenced shortly after birth. Erythropoietin transcription is controlled by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which is inhibited by three prolyl hydroxylases (PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3). Systemic PHD2 inactivation has been found to increase renal, but not hepatic, erythropoietin production. In contrast, we show here that simultaneous genetic inactivation of all three PHD paralogs in mice reactivates hepatic erythropoietin production and stimulates red blood synthesis, suggesting that pan-PHD inhibitory drugs might be useful for the treatment of anemia caused by chronic kidney disease.
Generating formal cryptographic protocol specifications

This paper describes a tool which translates a cryptographic protocol specified in the semi-formal standard notation i. A/spl rarr/B:M into the formal language CKT5. We examine the standard notation syntax, and describe how it is exploited by the tool to infer protocol conditions which must hold for every principal, thereby obtaining a complete, formal specification of the protocol. The translation criteria described herein are applicable to other target languages than CKT5. <<ETX>>
Sustained‐release of naproxen sodium from electrospun‐aligned PLLA–PCL scaffolds

Spontaneous tendon healing may result in reduced tissue functionality. In view of this, tissue engineering (TE) emerges as a promising approach in promoting proper tendon regeneration. However, unfavourable post‐surgical adhesion formations restrict adequate tendon healing through the TE approach. Naproxen sodium (NPS), a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID), has been demonstrated to prevent adhesions by inhibiting the inflammatory response. Therefore, in this study, various factors, such as polymer composition, i.e. different poly‐l‐lactic acid (PLLA):polycaprolactone (PCL) ratios, and percentage of water:hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP; as co‐solvent) ratios, were investigated to understand how these can influence the release of NPS from electrospun scaffolds. By adjusting the amount of water as the co‐solvent, NPS could be released sustainably for as long as 2 weeks. Scaffold breaking strength was also enhanced with the addition of water as the co‐solvent. This NPS‐loaded scaffold showed no significant cytotoxicity, and L929 murine fibroblasts cultured on the scaffolds were able to proliferate and align along the fibre orientation. These scaffolds with desirable tendon TE characteristics would be promising candidates in achieving better tendon regeneration in vivo. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental Philosophy and the Problem of Free Will

Many philosophical problems are rooted in everyday thought, and experimental philosophy uses social scientific techniques to study the psychological underpinnings of such problems. In the case of free will, research suggests that people in a diverse range of cultures reject determinism, but people give conflicting responses on whether determinism would undermine moral responsibility. When presented with abstract questions, people tend to maintain that determinism would undermine responsibility, but when presented with concrete cases of wrongdoing, people tend to say that determinism is consistent with moral responsibility. It remains unclear why people reject determinism and what drives people’s conflicted attitudes about responsibility. Experimental philosophy aims to address these issues and thereby illuminate the philosophical problem of free will.
Trunk and Hip Biomechanics Influence Anterior Cruciate Loading Mechanisms in Physically Active Participants

Background: Excessive trunk motion and deficits in neuromuscular control (NMC) of the lumbopelvic hip complex are risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, the relationship between trunk motion, NMC of the lumbopelvic hip complex, and triplanar knee loads during a sidestep cutting task has not been examined. Purpose: To determine if there is an association between multiplanar trunk motion, NMC of the lumbopelvic hip complex, and triplanar knee loads with ACL injury during a sidestep cutting task. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: The hip and knee biomechanics and trunk motion of 30 participants (15 male, 15 female) were analyzed during a sidestep cutting task using an optoelectric camera system interfaced to a force plate. Trunk and lower extremity biomechanics were calculated from the kinematic and ground-reaction force data during the first 50% of the stance time during the cutting task. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated between trunk and lower extremity biomechanics. Multiple linear regression analyses were carried out to determine the amount of variance in triplanar knee loading explained by trunk motion and hip moments. Results: A greater internal knee varus moment (mean, 0.11 ± 0.12 N·m/kg*m) was associated with less transverse-plane trunk rotation away from the stance limb (mean, 20.25° ± 4.42°; r = −0.46, P = .011) and a greater internal hip adduction moment (mean, 0.33 ± 0.25 N·m/kg*m; r = 0.83, P < .05). A greater internal knee external rotation moment (mean, 0.11 ± 0.08 N·m/kg*m) was associated with a greater forward trunk flexion (mean, 7.62° ± 5.28°; r = 0.42, P = .020) and a greater hip internal rotation moment (mean, 0.15 ± 0.16 N·m/kg*m; r = 0.59, P = .001). Trunk rotation and hip adduction moment explained 81% (P < .05) of the variance in knee varus moment. Trunk flexion and hip internal rotation moment explained 48% (P < .05) of the variance in knee external rotation moment. Conclusion: Limited trunk rotation displacement toward the new direction of travel and hip adduction moment are associated with an increased internal knee varus moment, while a combined increase in trunk flexion displacement and hip internal rotation moment is associated with a higher internal knee external rotation moment. Clinical Relevance: Prevention interventions for ACL injury should encourage trunk rotation toward the new direction of travel and limit excessive trunk flexion while adjusting frontal- and transverse-plane hip NMC.
Research Note: The relationship between triclosan antimicrobial product usage and the susceptibility of the staphylococci to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin

Abstract Triclosan (2, 4, 4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether) is a bisphenol antimicrobial agent that can promote antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The purpose of the present study was to determine a possible association between triclosan exposure and bacterial susceptibility of the staphylococci to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Determining this relationship will allow a deeper understanding of triclosan's affects on the development of antibiotic resistance. For this study, a one month double-blind and randomized home hygiene intervention trial was conducted that consisted of 12 participants. Half of these individuals were randomly assigned to use a non-antibacterial soap, while the other half were assigned to use a similar appearing liquid soap containing 0.2%triclosan. The participants were required to use only those products that were assigned to them, and were asked not to change any of their other normal hygiene practices. If any of these participants were found to use any other home hygiene product that was not assigned to them, they were automatically dropped from this study. A hand-wash culture from each participant was taken before and after the use of the soap for the period of one month. These cultures were then plated on increasing concentrations of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin to determine if ciprofloxacin minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and susceptibility trends changed in response to triclosan exposure. Although our sample size was not large enough for our results to be considered significant, the results do suggest that antibacterial soap containing triclosan does indeed decrease ciprofloxacin susceptibility in the staphylococci.
Cytochrome P450 Compound I: Capture, Characterization, and C-H Bond Activation Kinetics

The Power Behind P450 Drugs, toxins and a range of metabolic substrates are detoxified in the liver by family of iron-containing enzymes called cytochrome P450. The iron component transfers oxygen to compounds that are often highly resistant to chemical reaction, but we know very little about the mechanism of this vital detoxification process. Rittle and Green (p. 933; see the Perspective by Sligar) have managed to capture the P450 reaction intermediate by freezing a solution of the enzyme as it reacts with an oxidant. Spectroscopic techniques and kinetic studies then revealed an iron(IV)oxo intermediate that passes its oxygen along to the substrate with remarkable speed. The iron-bound oxygen intermediate responsible for many challenging biochemical oxidations has been thoroughly characterized. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are responsible for the phase I metabolism of approximately 75% of known pharmaceuticals. P450s perform this and other important biological functions through the controlled activation of C-H bonds. Here, we report the spectroscopic and kinetic characterization of the long-sought principal intermediate involved in this process, P450 compound I (P450-I), which we prepared in approximately 75% yield by reacting ferric CYP119 with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. The Mössbauer spectrum of CYP119-I is similar to that of chloroperoxidase compound I, although its electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum reflects an increase in |J|/D, the ratio of the exchange coupling to the zero-field splitting. CYP119-I hydroxylates the unactivated C-H bonds of lauric acid [D(C-H) ~ 100 kilocalories per mole], with an apparent second-order rate constant of kapp = 1.1 × 107 per molar per second at 4°C. Direct measurements put a lower limit of k ≥ 210 per second on the rate constant for bound substrate oxidation, whereas analyses involving kinetic isotope effects predict a value in excess of 1400 per second.
Granulosa Cell Ligand NPPC and Its Receptor NPR2 Maintain Meiotic Arrest in Mouse Oocytes

Arresting Meiosis In mammals, meiotic maturation of oocytes must be coordinated precisely with ovulation to produce a developmentally competent egg at the right time for fertilization. How is coordination achieved? Follicular granulosa cells prevent precocious resumption of meiosis in oocytes, maintaining meiotic arrest until the pre-ovulatory hormone surge. Granulosa cells produce cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which is delivered to oocytes and arrests meiotic progression by inhibiting oocyte cyclic adenosine monophosphate degradation. How cGMP production is regulated is unclear. Now, Zhang et al. (p. 366) report that NPPC (natriuretic peptide precursor type C), produced by mural granulosa cells, and its receptor NPR2, a guanylyl cyclase expressed by cumulus cells, together promote cGMP production by cumulus cells and are thus essential for maintaining meiotic arrest in mouse oocytes. A peptide from follicle cells contributes to timing of chromosome segregation in meiosis. Granulosa cells of mammalian Graafian follicles maintain oocytes in meiotic arrest, which prevents their precocious maturation. We show that mouse mural granulosa cells, which line the follicle wall, express natriuretic peptide precursor type C (Nppc) messenger RNA (mRNA), whereas cumulus cells surrounding oocytes express mRNA of the NPPC receptor NPR2, a guanylyl cyclase. NPPC increased cGMP levels in cumulus cells and oocytes and inhibited meiotic resumption in vitro. Meiotic arrest was not sustained in most Graafian follicles of Nppc or Npr2 mutant mice, and meiosis resumed precociously. Oocyte-derived paracrine factors promoted cumulus cell expression of Npr2 mRNA. Therefore, the granulosa cell ligand NPPC and its receptor NPR2 in cumulus cells prevent precocious meiotic maturation, which is critical for maturation and ovulation synchrony and for normal female fertility.