Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Letter to the Editor

Dear Editor: My best wishes go to you and the editorial staff of "Communications". It is a publication which has an important function to serve in the computer world. Not the least important, in my estimation, is the "Letters to the Editor Department. " This department can serve as a forum on all sorts of controversial questions-questions which will need answers, but which cannot be asked because either our purposes or our understanding are as yet too vaguely formulated. As our language develops and we reach for appropriate expression of as yet unformulated concepts, we try to express such concepts in language already developed. Occasionally this economy of expression in already existing terms turns out to be impossible, and the impossibility is made manifest by the appearance of paradoxes. It is important that these paradoxes be publicly evident. To make them so, an open forum for loud and lusty argument is invaluable. In my opinion, philosophy has served some of its most important functions to the world of communication in society by just such a critical evaluation of the fundamental concepts of the arts and sciences. In many cases some centuries of critical evaluation by philosophy have resulted in the emergence of major branches of science. The general subject matter of the letters-to-the-editor department should include, then, the philosophy of computing, or, as I prefer to call it, "information transforming. " It is not hard to give examples of controversial matters in the computer area which can be settled only by taking a good look at our material and aims. In many cases such controversies appear to have already been settled; yet they will be reopened because the solutions accepted were only temporary ones determined by past limitations in understanding and available techniques. The technical limitations have, of course, been 1. reliability 2. speed 3. quantity of storage, and, of course, 4. cost, both initial and running. The general questions, which, I believe, are still open, all concern themselves with the kinds of general purpose machines we ought to have. The first all-electronic machine, Eniac, in its original form, had certain inconveniences. To set up a program on it, one had to set up wired connections between the various arithmetic and storage registers. Later, the Eniac was so arranged that the same banks of switches (called function tables) which stored initial constants could also be made to set the required interconnections at …
Sodium flux and electrical activity of arterial smooth muscle

1. The intracellular concentration and transmembrane flux of Na in smooth muscle cells of sheep carotid arteries were measured by identifying a fraction of tissue Na whose efflux was markedly sensitive to removal of external Ca. This allowed intracellular Na to be distinguished from extracellular bound Na exchanging with a similar time constant.
Static and dynamic balance in young athletes

Ricotti L. Static and dynamic balance in young athletes. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 616628, 2011. The creation of a mature athlete necessarily passes through the expression of his potential during each phase of his development. Young athletes’ trainers often neglect specific balance programs, above all in certain sports (e.g. soccer) where balance is poorly considered, but that is fundamental for the execution of complex technical movements, as well as for the prevention of future injuries. In this paper we highlight that balance training at specific ages is important for the maturation of the sensorimotor abilities that are important for a high level athlete. We discuss the main methods used to assess balance in sports, including some useful formulae that can be used to quantify postural performances, and we report the major findings concerning static and dynamic analyses on children and adolescents. Finally, we discuss the existing literature regarding balance recordings on adults, adolescents and children involved in one or more sport activities at regional, national or international level, highlighting the need of further research on the mechanisms underlying balance improvements related to different sport activities at various ages. Keywords: STATIC BALANCE, DYNAMIC BALANCE, COP, CHILDREN TRAINING, YOUNG ATHLETES, POSTURAL PERFORMANCES.
Implementation of the NICE guidelines for the primary prevention of mortality from ventricular tachyarrhythmias: implications for UK electrophysiology centres; activity modelling from the UK-HEART study

It is now well established that the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is the most effective treatment for the primary prevention of life threatening ventricular arrhythmia.1 2 Despite this, its widespread use in the UK for this indication has been minimal, at least in part because of perceived resource implications. In September 2000, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommended electrophysiological testing (EPS) for all patients with a history of myocardial infarction who have an ejection fraction of less than 35% and three or more beats of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) on a 24 hour Holter monitor. NICE further recommended that all patients in whom a significant ventricular arrhythmia is induced at EPS should have an ICD implanted. The potential effect of the NICE guidelines on workload in UK electrophysiology centres has not been evaluated. UK-HEART examined the utility of …
The Southern Illinois Twins and Siblings Study (SITSS): Description and Update

This update on the Southern Illinois Twins and Siblings Study (SITSS) documents some of the follow-up studies that have been conducted and results that have been obtained from this sample. At the current time, 283 twin pairs, 8 triplet families, 98 non-twin sibling pairs, and 287 singletons have been enrolled in SITSS. Twins and triplets are tested as young as 1 year of age and then every year on their birthday through age 5 years. A variety of follow-up studies have been conducted for SITSS children through age 20. Results thus far have demonstrated significant genetic influences on social behaviors such as aggression, victimization, and attention toward facial expressions. Interesting interactions have been documented between the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) and the social environment (parental sensitivity or peer aggression) as they predict children's aggressive behaviors. In addition, increased difficulty with social interactions has been noted for twins versus singletons. Thus, this multi-trait, multi-method behavior genetic data set contributes to our understanding of the etiology of social behaviors in preschoolers and to predictors of similar behaviors through adolescence.
Psychiatric Advance Directives

Psychiatric advance directives are gaining attention as the number of consumers seeking metal health services increases. Even though medical advance directives have existed for years, psychiatric advance directives are in their infancy. The goal of these directives is to increase patient autonomy and decrease coercive treatment. Although this concept sounds simple, advance directives have generated heated debates that encompass ethics, law, and medicine. Psychiatric advance directives are also not universally accepted—only 14 states currently recognize such directives. This review article discusses the premise behind psychiatric advance directives and explores possible benefits and obstacles to the use of such directives.
Studies on Hybrid Sterility IV. Transplanted Testes in Drosophila Pseudoobscura.

NTERSPECIFIC hybrids may be equal or superior to their parents in I somatic vigor and, at the same time, show disturbances in the gonads of such a nature that no functional gametes are produced. This antithesis between the general vigor on one hand and the degeneration of the reproductive tissues on the other constitutes an interesting developmental problem. In previous papers of this series (DOBZHANSKY 1934, 1936) it has been pointed out that there are two types of hybrid sterility, the “chromosomal” type in which meiosis is abnormal because of the structural noncorrespondence of the two parental sets of chromosomes, and the “genic” type in which sterility is caused by interactions of complementary genes contributed by both parents. In the chromosomal type the phenomenon of sterility is an intracellular one. In the case of genic sterility, on the other hand, it is possible, a priori, that intercellular influences are involved. One might suppose, for example, that there are diffusible substances, not characteristic of the parental species, produced in the hybrid, and that such substances have specific effects on the reproductive system. The work of IRWIN and COLE (1936 a, b, c) on hybrids of doves and pigeons has in fact demonstrated, by means of immunogenetic reactions, the ,existence in the erythrocytes of such “hybrid” substances, that is, of specific substances present in the hybrid but absent in the parents. Of course, the hypothesis of the intercellular causation of sterility does not necessarily involve the assumption of specific hybrid substances. The fate of a gonad may be determined by the general metabolism (in the broad sense of the term) of the body containing it. Transplantation of hybrid gonads to the parental forms, and vice versa, provides a direct method for testing the above hypothesis. By means of appropriate transplants, it is possible to determine whether hybrid sterility, in a particular case, is determined by the constitution of the gonad itself (autonomous development), or whether the genetic constitution of the surrounding tissues is a contributing factor (dependent development). Races A and B of Drosophila pseudoobscura provide favorable material for such studies. The F, males from interracial crosses are fully viable and vigorous, but show profound and characteristic disturbances in their spermatogenesis and are completely sterile. Except for the testes, the reproductive system appears to be quite normal.
Performance of turbo equalizer employing MMSE filter and LDPC codes

The performance of the receiver combining a minimum mean square error (MMSE) filter and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes is investigated. Spatial multiplexing techniques can improve spectral efficiency without channel information at the transmitter over rich scattering wireless channel environments. A multiuser scenario is assumed where different users transmit LDPC encoded information simultaneously at the same carrier frequency. The receiver separates the multiplexed signal into signals for each user by the MMSE filter. The log likelihood ratios (LLR) of these signals are updated by the LDPC decoder. From the LLR and channel information, soft replicas are generated. Soft interference cancellation is performed by subtracting interference components from the received signal. The MMSE filtering is applied to the resultant signal. The interference component is eliminated by an iterative process between the MMSE filter and LDPC decoders. The paper shows the performance of this scheme using feedback channel estimation assuming a 4/spl times/4 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system.
Study on control system of low speed PM generator direct driven by wind turbine

The rotor of a typical wind turbine rotates at a speed of 20-100 rpm. In conventional wind power plants the generator is coupled with the turbine via a gearbox so that it can rotate at a speed of 1000 r/min or higher. However, the gearbox brings weight, generates noise, needs regular maintenance and increases losses. There is currently a great deal of interest in directly driven generators. In a directly driven, low-speed wind generator no gears are needed and these disadvantages can be avoided. This paper introduces the control system of a permanent magnet (PM) generator direct driven by a variable speed wind turbine with rated power in the region of 10-50 kW. The wind generator can be either grid connected or stand alone as a distributed power supply. The system design, control strategy and implementation method based on the PIC single-chip-computer for a practical 20 kW PM generator direct driven by wind turbine are introduced in detail. The dynamic performance simulation results under optimal power control during the wind speed variation are presented
Febrile seizures in patients with complex partial seizures

ABSTRACT – Febrile seizures occurred in 14 of 155 (9%) out‐patients with complex partial seizures. Twelve patients had prolonged or recurrent febrile seizures, convulsive status epilepticus or a transient postictal neurological deficit. Febrile seizures were associated with perinatal abnormalities, an earlier onset of epilepsy and with a poor seizure control. Recurrent febrile seizures or those with complicating features are associated with an unfavourable therapeutic outcome in adult patients with complex partial seizures.
IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF GROUP F STREPTOCOCCI; ISOLATION OF GROUP SPECIFIC OLIGOSACCHARIDES.

A disaccharide was isolated by partial hydrolysis from the group specific polysaccharide of a streptococcus strain carrying the group antigen F. The most probable structure of the substance is 3-0-β-d-gluco-pyranosyl-N-acetyl-d-galactosamine. The disaccharide was 300 times more active than cellobiose in the inhibition of the F/anti-F system. This denotes that it is a component of the determinant group of the group antigen. Two other serologically active oligosaccharides were isolated from the hydrolysate. Though their structure was not fully elucidated, evidence was obtained that a tetrasaccharide consisting of two molecules of the disaccharide is an important part of a determinant group of the F antigen.
A quantum PSO algorithm for feedback control of semi-autonomous driver assistance systems

With the aging of the population, the development of automotive technology has become increasingly important for preventing car accident caused by senior drivers. As a basic research of driver assistance system for senior drivers, we propose a novel control design method for steering support. In this method, we consider the stability and limitation of a system, so that senior drivers can driver more safely and comfortably. In the context, we first use a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based method to search the optimal feedback gain under constraints for achieving tracking control. Moreover, to reduce the convergence time further, the particle swarm optimization algorithm is combined with quantum computing for the purpose. Simulation results also indicate that the proposed feedback controller based on the quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) is capable of providing satisfactory computational performance for the trajectory tracking and stabilization.
The underuse of insulin therapy in North America

At least 8% of the combined population of the United States (US) and Canada have diabetes, and in about one‐third of these people, the disease is undiagnosed 1 . Diabetes is not evenly distributed geographically, and there is surprisingly little consensus among categories of medical providers as to when and how intensive insulin therapy should be initiated. Although some physicians worry that insulin therapy may promote insulin resistance or increase the risk of cardiovascular events, the best current clinical evidence suggests that such fears are largely unfounded. Similarly, new evidence shows that the weight gain associated with insulin therapy is by no means always dramatic or progressive. The view that insulin is not effective in type 2 diabetes, although common in the US, is not shared by physicians experienced and skillful in its use and is refuted by recent clinical studies. Promising new patterns of insulin use in type 2 patients are emerging in the US: the availability of insulin as a single dose, rather than moving directly to multiple daily injections; the practice of continuing rather than stopping oral agents when an evening insulin dose is added; and the use of new insulins and insulin‐sensitizing agents that facilitate therapy and increase its effectiveness. Several new treatment options are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Long to Treat with Bisphosphonates

Bisphosphonate class of drugs, the most commonly prescribed for the treatment of osteoporosis, is effective in preventing and treating bone loss and fractures. However, the treatment duration and the applicability of “drug holidays” for bisphosphonates need optimization in order to minimize long-term exposure. Drug holidays may prevent potential adverse events while still maintaining some degree of antifracture efficacy via residual antiresorptive activity by retained bisphosphonates. Patients receiving bisphosphonates, who are at low-moderate risk of fracture, are potential candidates for a drug holiday. However, for high-risk patients or patients with previous history of fragility fractures, the benefits of continuing bisphosphonate therapy considerably out-weigh their potential harm. Evidence-based guidelines regarding starting and stopping a drug holiday are not available; therefore, it is appropriate to monitor patients on a drug holiday to assess a declining antiresorptive effect. In case of a significant rise in bone turnover markers or significant decrease in bone mineral density, it may be time to restart therapy.
Sativex®: clinical efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of symptoms of multiple sclerosis and neuropathic pain

Sativex® is one of the first cannabis-based medicines to undergo conventional clinical development and to be approved as a prescription medicine. It is an oromucosal spray that allows flexible, individualised dosing. Patients self titrate their overall dose and pattern of dosing according to their response to and tolerance of the medicine. This usually results in the administration of ∼ 8 – 12 sprays/day. Each spray delivers tetrahydrocannabinol 2.7 mg and cannabidiol 2.5 mg, giving an approximate average dose of tetrahydrocannabinol 22 – 32 mg/day and cannabidiol 20 – 30 mg/day. Development has concentrated on the treatment of symptoms of multiple sclerosis, notably spasticity and neuropathic pain, as well as the treatment of neuropathic pain of other aetiologies. Positive results in placebo-controlled trials of the use of Sativex as an add-on therapy in these indications demonstrate that Sativex is efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of these symptoms. Sativex has been approved for use in neuropathic pain due to multiple sclerosis in Canada. If ongoing studies replicate the results already observed, further approvals for the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis and for neuropathic pain are likely.
Graft vs. Host Disease and Graft vs. Myeloma Effect after Non-myeloablative Allogeneic Transplantation

For many years progress in event free and overall survival in patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma have been modest, however recently newer therapeutic options have become available and, for a small but increasing subset of patients, an "operational cure" can be offered. Although autologous transplantation is associated with a prolongation in event free and overall survival as compared to conventional chemotherapy, there is no plateau in the survival curves. By contrast, the use of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells provides a tumor-free stem cell source and graft-vs.-myeloma activity leading to a higher frequency of long term survivors in molecular remission. Unfortunately, allogeneic transplantation has been associated with high transplant-related mortality (TRM). Non-myeloablative or reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens, designed to be immunosuppressive rather than myeloablative, in an effort to reduce the toxicity and TRM associated with high dose chemotherapy, but maintaining the GVM effect, have been developed showing up to 90% overall response rate and low TRM. Interestingly, in a significant proportion of patients disease response is preceded by GVHD, suggesting a clear relationship between GVHD and graft vs. myeloma effect. Nevertheless these patients are at risk of developing life threatening complications and, on the contrary, some patients who reach disease control after GVHD and respond to GVHD therapy may finally relapse. Thus, efforts to separate GVM and GVHD are still required in order to improve the outcome of myeloma patients receiving allogeneic transplantation.
Measurements by filter elution of DNA single- and double-strand breaks in rat hepatocytes: effects of nitrosamines and gamma-irradiation.

This work presents a filter elution method for measuring DNA single- and double-strand breaks in primary rat hepatocytes without radioactive labeling of DNA. We have studied the effects of a series of nitrosamines and of gamma-irradiation on DNA single- and double-strand break induction. The repair of DNA single-strand breaks in the hepatocytes was measured after treatment with 60Co, 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea, and N-nitrosodimethylamine. The hepatocytes were isolated by ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetra acetic acid-collagenase perfusion and had a mean viability of 91 +/- 4% (S.D.). The isolated cells were treated for varying lengths of time with nitrosamines in suspension culture in L-15 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. After treatment, the cells were chilled, loaded onto 2 micrometers polycarbonate filters, and lysed in a 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate-proteinase K solution, pH 9.6. The DNA was eluted from the filter at either native or denaturing pH with fractions collected every 3 hr. The quantity of DNA in each fraction was determined by measuring the fluorescent product formed between it and diaminobenzoic acid after ethanol-sodium acetate precipitation and trapping of the DNA on 0.2-micrometer polycarbonate filters. The results show that the carcinogens, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodipropylamine, N-nitrosodibutylamine, and 1-nitrosopiperidine all made dose- and time-related increases in the number of single-strand breaks in rat hepatocytes. N-Nitrosodiphenylamine produced small numbers of single-strand breaks. No double-strand breaks were formed by any of the nitrosamines. Single-strand breaks induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine were repaired very slowly relative to repair of either gamma-ray of 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea-induced single-strand breaks. This system has many advantages for studying carcinogen metabolism and DNA damage in hepatocytes, one of the major target cells for many carcinogens. -
Is there a difference between classic and common migraine? What is migraine, after all?

In the Classification of Headache developed by the select committee of the National Institutes of Health in 1962, the following definitions are given 1 : VASCULAR HEADACHES OF THE MIGRAINE TYPE These consist of recurrent attacks of headache, widely varied in intensity, frequency, and duration. The attacks are commonly unilateral in onset, are usually associated with anorexia and sometimes nausea and vomiting, in some are preceded by or associated with conspicuous sensory, motor, and mood disturbances; they are often familial. Evidence supports the view that cranial arterial distention and dilatation are importantly implicated in the painful phase, but cause no permanent changes in the involved vessel. The following are particular varieties of headache, each sharing some but not necessarily all the previously mentioned features: "Classic" migraine, is a vascular headache with sharply defined, transient visual or other sensory and/or motor prodromes. "Common" migraine, is a vascular headache without striking prodromes and