Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coupling of a Signal Response Domain in IkBato Multiple Pathways for NF-kB Activation

The eukaryotic transcription factor NF-kB plays a central role in the induced expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and in many aspects of the genetic program mediating normal T-cell activation and growth. The nuclear activity of NF-kB is tightly regulated from the cytoplasmic compartment by an inhibitory subunit called IkBa. This cytoplasmic inhibitor is rapidly phosphorylated and degraded in response to a diverse set of NF-kB-inducing agents, including T-cell mitogens, proinflammatory cytokines, and viral transactivators such as the Tax protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. To explore these IkBa-dependent mechanisms for NF-kB induction, we identified novel mutants of IkBa that uncouple its inhibitory and signal-transducing functions in human T lymphocytes. Specifically, removal of the N-terminal 36 amino acids of IkBa failed to disrupt its ability to form latent complexes with NF-kB in the cytoplasm. However, this deletion mutation prevented the induced phosphorylation, degradative loss, and functional release of IkBa from NF-kB in Tax-expressing cells. Alanine substitutions introduced at two serine residues positioned within this N-terminal regulatory region of IkBaalso yielded constitutive repressors that escaped from Tax-induced turnover and that potently inhibited immune activation pathways for NF-kB induction, including those initiated from antigen and cytokine receptors. In contrast, introduction of a phosphoserine mimetic at these sites rectified this functional defect, a finding consistent with a causal linkage between the phosphorylation status and proteolytic stability of this cytoplasmic inhibitor. Together, these in vivo studies define a critical signal response domain in IkBa that coordinately controls the biologic activities of IkBa and NF-k Bi n response to viral and immune stimuli.
Effect of age on egg quality in chicken

Egg quality traits were measured at 28, 40, 52, 64 and 72 weeks of age in Vanaraja male line (PD1) utilizing 20 to 40 eggs at different ages. Egg weight, colour index, Haugh unit, yolk index, albumen index, shell thickness, yolk weight, albumen weight, shell weight, yolk %, albumen % and yolk to albumen ratio differ significantly (P≤0.05) at different age of measurements. Egg weight increases linearly upto 52 weeks of age and then it remain stable. Colour index significantly lower during beginning and end of the measurements. Shell thickness was lower during 28 and 40 weeks of age. Yolk weight increases as the age advances, whereas albumen weight decreased significantly at 72 weeks of age compared to 40, 52 and 64 weeks of age. Shell weight increases as the age advances. Yolk % and yolk to albumen ratio increases as the age of measurements increases. Egg weight was negatively correlated with yolk % and positively correlated with albumen % irrespective of age. Yolk to albumen ratio was negatively correlated with egg weight irrespective of age of measurements. Correlation coefficient between egg weight with yolk, albumen and shell weight were positive. Haugh unit and albumen ratio was negatively correlated with egg weight at 64 and 72 weeks of age. The results indicates that the age of the birds significantly affect different parameters of egg quality and as the age advances, at the end of cycle most of the quality parameters decreased in magnitude and the yolk content increases compared to the albumen content
Long‐term change and spatial variation in butterfly communities over an elevational gradient: driven by climate, buffered by habitat

Efforts to adapt conservation to climate change are hampered by a scarcity of studies of community‐level ecological responses. We examined temporal (40 years) and spatial (1700 m elevational gradient) variation in butterfly communities, aiming to test whether the composition of communities in terms of species' thermal envelopes tracked regional warming, and whether local habitat influenced community responses to climate variation.
Climatic regulation of seed dormancy and emergence of diverse Malva parviflora populations from a Mediterranean-type environment

Abstract Malva parviflora L. (Malvaceae) is rapidly becoming a serious weed of Australian farming systems. An understanding of the variability of its seed behaviour is required to enable the development of integrated weed management strategies. Mature M. parviflora seeds were collected from four diverse locations in the Mediterranean-type climatic agricultural region of Western Australia. All of the seeds exhibited physical dormancy at collection; manual scarification or a period of fluctuating summer temperatures (50/20°C or natural) were required to release dormancy. When scarified and germinated soon (1 month) after collection, the majority of seeds were able to germinate over a wide range of temperatures (5–37°C) and had no light requirement. Germination was slower for seeds stored for 2 months than seeds stored for 2 years, suggesting the presence of shallow physiological dormancy. Seed populations from regions with similar annual rainfall exhibited similar dormancy release patterns; seeds from areas of low rainfall (337–344 mm) were more responsive to fluctuating temperatures, releasing physical dormancy earlier than those from areas of high rainfall (436–444 mm). After 36 months, maximum seedling emergence from soil in the field was 60%, with buried seeds producing 13–34% greater emergence than seeds on the surface. Scanning electron microscopy of the seed coat revealed structural differences in the chalazal region of permeable and impermeable seeds, suggesting the importance of this region in physical dormancy breakdown of M. parviflora seeds. The influence of rainfall during plant growth in determining dormancy release, and hence, germination and emergence timing, must be considered when developing management strategies for M. parviflora.
Ion Transport in Isolated Rabbit Ileum : II. The interaction between active sodium and active sugar transport

The addition of actively transported sugars to the solution bathing the mucosal surface of an in vitro preparation of distal rabbit ileum results in a rapid increase in the transmural potential difference, the short-circuit current, and the rate of active Na transport from mucosa to serosa. These effects are dependent upon the active transport of the sugar per se and are independent of the metabolic fate of the transported sugar. Furthermore, they are inhibited both by low concentrations of phlorizin in the mucosal solution and by low concentrations of ouabain in the serosal solution. The increase in the short-circuit current, ΔIsc, requires the presence of Na in the perfusion medium and its magnitude is a linear function of the Na concentration. On the other hand, ΔIsc is a saturable function of the mucosal sugar concentration which is consistent with Michaelis-Menten kinetics suggesting that the increase in active Na transport is stoichiometrically related to the rate of active sugar transport. An interpretation of these findings in terms of a hypothetical model for intestinal Na and sugar transport is presented.
Caracterização parcial e utilização da fitase extraída de sementes germinadas de girassol

The objective of this work was to activate, extract and partially characterize the phytase in hybrid sunflower M734 (Hellianthus annuus). The enzyme was extracted from seeds germinated for eight days, with CaCl2 2%, fractionated with (NH4)2SO4 up to 80% saturation. The obtained crude extract was partially characterized and applied over defatted sunflower flour in order to evaluate the phytate hydrolysis. In germination, there was an increase in the phytase activity and a reduction of phytate content. The highest enzyme activity was observed from the 5 th to the 8 th day of germination. The phytase extracted from sunflower seeds at the 5 th day of germination presented optimum activity at pH 5.2 and temperature at 55oC. The phytase was heat stable at 50oC for 10 minutes, and presented Vmax of 1.87 U g -1 of substract and Km of 0.29 mM, indicating high specificity to phytate. When applied over defatted sunflower flour, after eight hours of incubation the phytase hydrolyzed 92% of phytate. Sunflower seeds germination stimulates phytase activity, making easy the extraction process, in the production of phytate-free feed products.
Inducible and Reversible Gene Neurotechnique Expression with the rtTA System for the Study of Memory

pression in brain by combining rtTA with the CaMKIIa To obtain rapidly inducible and reversible expression promoter. In two independent lines of mice, doxycycline of transgenes in the forebrain of the mouse, we have rapidly induced expression in forebrain of a lacZ recombined the reverse tetracycline-controlled transporter gene and of a transgene encoding an active form activator (rtTA) system with the CaMKIIa promoter. of calcineurin (a Ca1-dependent phosphatase, PP2B), We show that doxycycline induces maximal gene exDCaM-AI (O’Keefe et al., 1992). Further, removal of pression in neurons of the forebrain within 6 days and doxycycline after induction suppressed the expression that this expression can be reversed by removal of of the transgene. Consistent with previous genetic exdoxycycline. Using calcineurin as a test transgene, periments (Mansuy et al., 1998; Winder et al., 1998), we show that doxycycline-induced expression impairs induction of the calcineurin transgene led to a specific both an intermediate form of LTP (I-LTP) in the hippodefect in an intermediate form of long-term potentiation campus and the storage of spatial memory. The re(I-LTP) in area CA1 of the hippocampus and interfered versibility of the rtTA system in turn allowed us to with memory storage. By temporally manipulating the examine the effects of the transgene on memory reexpression of the calcineurin transgene with doxycytrieval after normal storage had occurred. This examicline, we could obtain preliminary evidence that trannation suggests that retrieval requires some of the sient overexpression of calcineurin interferes not only same molecular components required for storage. with the storage but also with the retrieval of spatial
Biochemical and technical observations supporting the use of copepods as live feed organisms in marine larviculture

The use of live prey is still necessary for a large number of raised ¢sh species. Small sized rotifers are usually used as live preys during the ¢rst days of feeding in small mouth ¢sh. An alternative to this is the use of copepods as prey for ¢rst feeding. In this study, the sizes, weight and biochemical contents of two copepods and one rotifer species raised on similar algal food conditions were compared. Rotifers contained a higher proportion of essential amino acids in the free amino acid (FAA) fraction (43%) than copepods (30^32%). However, rotifers had lower levels of important fatty acids like DHA (7% compared with 23^32% in copepods) and their DHA/EPA ratio was lower than that in copepods (0.54 compared with 1.35^1.63 in copepods). The FAA pattern of the preys tended to be species-speci¢c and its implications from an aquaculture point of view is discussed. In contrast, the-protein bound amino acids tended to be very conservative among the studied organisms. The second part of the work is focused on ‘the price’ of hatching in Acartia tonsa eggs before or after cold storage at 31C. The fatty acid contents in A. tonsa tended to decrease with the storage time. It also decreased with hatching of the nauplii, but its proportion compared with the dry weight remained constant.
Ten interesting species of aquatic Hyphomycetes from South Africa

Examination of the foam spora of South Africa has revealed the presence of ten interesting species from nine genera, seven of which are new records for the African continent and three for South Africa. These are Anguillospora crassa Ingold, Condylospora spumigena Nawawi, Flabellospora verticillata Alasoadura, Lateriramulosa uni-inflata Matsushima, Lemonniera alabamensis Sinclair & Morgan-Jones, Lemonniera filiformis Petersen ex Dyko, Lunulospora cymbiformis Miura, Speiropsis irregularis Petersen, Tetrachaetum elegans Ingold and Tricellula aquatica Webster.
Fruiting and frugivores at a strangler fig in the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico

ABSTRACT Diurnal and nocturnal censuses were conducted on animal visitors at a single strangler Ficus aff. cotinifolia (H.B.K.) tree during the entire period of ripe fruit availability. Fruit fall to the ground was measured with fruit traps, and chemical analyses were conducted on the figs. Fourteen species of birds, four species of nonvolant mammals and two species of bats consumed the figs. Of the total number of ripe figs accounted for during the sampling period (N= 1.9 X 105), 42% fell to the ground, 45% were removed by mammals and 13% by birds. Frugivores such as the howling monkey Alouatta palliata, the cacomistle Bassariscus sumichrasti, the keel-billed toucan Ramphastos sulphuratus and fruit-eating bats removed the largest amounts of figs from the tree and deposited seeds of 13 plant species other than figs below the tree crown. RESUMEN Se llevaron a cabo censos diurnos y nocturnos de los animates que visitaron un higo estrangulador, Ficus aff. cotinifolia (H.B.K) durante el periódo completo de disponibilidad de higos maduros. La lluvia de higos bajo la sombra de la copa del árbol se medió por medio de trampas de colecta de frutos y muestras de los higos fueron sometidas a análisis quimicos. Catorce especies de aves, cuatro especies de mamiferos no voladores y dos especies de murcielagos fueron obscrvados alimentandose de los higos en la copa. Del total de higos contados durante el periódo de frutación (N= 1.9 X 105), 42% cayeron al suelo, 45% fueron removidos por mamiferos y 13% por aves. Frugivoros como el mono alluador (Alouatta palliata), el cacomixtle (Bassariscus sumichrasti), el tucàn (Ramphastos sulphuratus) y murcielagos consumidores de frutos retiraron la mayor cantidad de higos durante sus visitas al àrbol y depositaron las semillas de 13 especies de plantas bajo la sombra de la copa.
Effects of oregano (Oregano Onites) on performance, hatchability and egg quality parameters of laying quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

abstract This study aimed to determine the effects of different inclusion levels of oregano into the diet on daily feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, egg production, hatchability, egg palatability, egg weight, external and internal egg quality, live weight increase, serum cholesterol and yolk cholesterol level in laying quails. A total of 216 laying quails at 42 days of age were divided into 36 cages, 6 birds in each (4 females and 2 males), 6 cages per thesis. The 1st group was left as control (OR0) without any supplementation of oregano. The other five experimental groups were OR10, OR20, OR30, OR40, and OR50 which were fed with the diets supplemented with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g/kg of oregano, respectively. The experiment lasted for 63 days until the quails reached 105 days of age. As a result of this study, 50 g/kg oregano supplementation appeared to be the best as respects taste (P<0.002). The inclusion level of 20 g/kg increased fertility (P<0.02) however, above that level fertility was reduced. This peculiarity of oregano may be taken into account by the poultry breeder companies. For the other segments of the poultry industry, the usage of oregano up to 50 g/kg seemed to be appropriate.
Control of cambial activity in roots of turnip (Brassica rapa)

The physiological control of cambium activity in seedling roots and isolated cultured root tips of turnip was investigated. In seedlings, excision of the root tip had no effect on root cambial activity while excision of the shoot (including cotyledons) resulted in a dramatic reduction in both cambial derivatives and secondary xylem elements. Removal of one or two cotyledons also reduced root cambial activity. An investigation of the control of cambial activation in cultured first-transfer root tips of turnip showed that a combination of an auxin, a cytokinin, sucrose, and myoinositol was necessary for maximum radial growth of these excised root tips. The deletion of any one of these substances resulted in a reduction in cambial activity. Likewise, root tips treated with any one of these growth regulators alone showed little cambial activation. The present results are compared to results obtained by earlier workers using other genera of plants, and it is shown that the control of cambial activity is simila.
Production of Intracellular Calcium Oscillation by Phospholipase C Zeta Activation in Mammalian Eggs

Egg activation is a crucial step that initiates embryo development upon breaking the meiotic arrest. In mammalian, egg activation is accomplished by fusion with sperm, which induces the repeated intracellular Ca 2+ - increases ([Ca 2+ ] i oscillation). Researches in mammals support the view of the [Ca 2+ ] i oscillation and egg activation is triggered by a protein factor from sperm that causes [Ca 2+ ] i release from endoplasmic reticulum, intracellular [Ca 2+ ] i store, by persistently activation of phosphoinositide pathway. It represents that the sperm factor generates production of inositol trisphosphate (IP 3 ). Recently a sperm specific form of phospholipase C zeta, referred to as PLCZ was identified. 1n this paper, we confer the evidence that PLCZ represent the sperm factor that induces [Ca 2+ ] i oscillation and egg activation and discuss the correlation of PLCZ and infertility.
Some effects of rate of application of nitrogenous fertilizer to wheat grown continuously compared with wheat in a four-course rotation

SUMMARY An experiment comparing continuous winter wheat with the two wheat crops in a rotation of beans, oats, wheat, wheat, with four rates of application of N fertilizer, is described and the results discussed. The wheat following wheat in the rotation consistently outyielded the wheat following oats, but the continuous wheat yielded on average less. Response to N fertilizer was not affected by sequence of cropping and since there was practically no response to the highest increment of N, it is clear that additional N could not have brought the yield of the continuous wheat up to the level of the wheat in rotation.
Fermentation in the rumen of cows given rations containing hay and flaked maize or rolled barley in widely different proportions

Summary Three dry cows, each fitted with a permanent rumen fistula, were fed hay and flaked maize or hay and rolled barley in widely different proportions. All rations were offered at 7 kg dry matter daily for 3 weeks following hay alone. The cows refused all cereal 3 or 4 days after introduction of rations including 80 and 100% flaked maize; recovery of intake occurred in most instances within a further 3–10 days. On the 100% flaked maize ration, the refusals were associated with very low pH and high concentrations of lactic acid in the rumen.Refusalsof rolled barley were small and showed no clear pattern. Rumen fermentation was reasonably stable during the last week of each period except with the 100% barley rations. On the rations containing flaked maize, molar proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) varied widely but on only one occasion did the proportion of acetic acid fall below 55% and in two cows that consumed flaked maize alone, the proportion of acetic acid in the rumen exceeded 60%. On the rations containing rolled barley, increasing proportions of barley were associated with large decreases in the proportion of acetic acid and increases in the proportion of propionic acid. The maximum proportion of n-butyric acid was found on the rations containing 50% cereal. It is suggested that, when large proportions of cereals are fed, the proportions of VFA bear no clear relationship to the crude fibre content of the ration but that an association with rumen pH may exist.
RhoA Recruits Ect2 and Anillin to the Cortex where they interact to Maintain Furrow Ingression during Cytokinesis.

Cytokinesis is the division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells due to the ingression of an actin-myosin based contractile ring. Cytokinesis failure can lead to genomic instability and cancer. In human cells, contractile ring formation and ingression depends on active RhoA, which forms in a discrete region of the cortex during anaphase. Signals from the mitotic spindle shape the zone of active RhoA, but the mechanism is still poorly understood. We investigate how this discrete zone of active RhoA is formed to establish the division plane. Ect2, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RhoA, localizes to the anaphase spindle and activates RhoA after anaphase onset. We found that Ect2 is also recruited to the equatorial cortex in a RhoA-dependent manner, suggesting a positive feedback loop reinforces the activation of RhoA in the division plane. Ect2’s cortical interaction is essential for its activity, and one hypothesis is that cortical Ect2 is more active vs. Ect2 in other locations of the cell. Furthermore, Ect2 can interact with anillin, a conserved scaffold protein that also localizes to the cell cortex during anaphase and is essential for cytokinesis. In anillin-depleted cells, the cortical pool of Ect2 is lost, which could lead to decreased localization of active RhoA and unstable furrowing. We hypothesize that in human cells, the Ect2-anillin interaction anchors anaphase spindle microtubules to the equatorial cortex to generate active RhoA in a discrete zone to form the contractile ring and maintain its ingression in the correct plane.
Immune Modulators of HIV Infection: The Role of Reactive Oxygen

A continue loss of CD4 + T lymphocytes, immune response dysfunction and chronic immune activation (IA) are hallmarks of untreated chronic HIV-1 infection. ROS and the subsequent oxidative stress have been connected with chronic activation of the immune system, viral replication, immune dysfunction, programmed cell death, and neurological damage, all considered to be major contributing issues in HIV-1 diseases progression. It has been demonstrated that HAART partially restore the antioxidant capacity by suppressing HIV, and it has been suggested that antioxidant therapy in combination with HAART could protect the blood brain barrier from oxidative stressinduced damage. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how HIV could modulate ROS generation and several HIV proteins have been shown to modulate ROS production. This review is intended to highlight the role played by ROS as modulators of the immune system during the course of HIV infection, which could explain its contribution to disease progression, opening the scope to new strategies for drug design and future treatment.
Circadian Rhythms of Ethylene Emission

Ethylene controls multiple physiological processes in plants, including cell elongation. Consequently, ethylene synthesis is regulated by internal and external signals. We show that a light-entrained circadian clock regulates ethylene release from unstressed, wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings, with a peak in the mid-subjective day. The circadian clock drives the expression of multiple ACC SYNTHASE genes, resulting in peak RNA levels at the phase of maximal ethylene synthesis. Ethylene production levels are tightly correlated withACC SYNTHASE 8 steady-state transcript levels. The expression of this gene is controlled by light, by the circadian clock, and by negative feedback regulation through ethylene signaling. In addition, ethylene production is controlled by the TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 and CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 genes, which are critical for all circadian rhythms yet tested in Arabidopsis. Mutation of ethylene signaling pathways did not alter the phase or period of circadian rhythms. Mutants with altered ethylene production or signaling also retained normal rhythmicity of leaf movement. We conclude that circadian rhythms of ethylene production are not critical for rhythmic growth.