Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Debt, Default, and Risk Management: Corporate Policies Under Incomplete Markets

We develop a dynamic theory of capital structure, liquidity and risk management, and payout policies for a financially constrained firm under incomplete markets. In addition to costly external equity financing, the key friction we emphasize is limited financial spanning. We show that the marginal source of external financing on a on-going basis is debt. The firm only relies on costly external equity financing or costly default, when it is near or exceeds its endogenous debt capacity. The firm may be either endogenously risk-averse or risk-loving depending on the degree of market incompleteness and its current leverage. When it is risk-averse, the firm optimally manages its risk by fully hedges its hedgeable risk so as to minimize the volatility of its leverage. When it is risk-loving, the firm gambles for resurrection by selling insurance or excessively loading up on insurance. A key prediction of our theory is that the most important determinant of future leverage is current leverage, in line with existing empirical evidence.
Current Treatment of Schizoaffective Disorder According to a NeuralNetwork

Schizoaffective disorder, which is combined with schizophrenic and affective, i.e. depressive or manic or alternating depressive and manic symptoms, has a prevalance of 0.5%. Here, we describe the alterations of the most important classical neurotransmitters in the brain regions involved in schizophrenic and affective symptoms. Schizoaffective is undoubtedly an inheritable chronic psychiatric disease, whereby traumata can enhance schizophrenic and affective symptoms in one third of patients. Neural networks are described in the brainstem, hippocampus and ventral tegmental area and the mentioned neurotransmitter alterations are considered. Prophylactic treatment of schizoaffective patients consists of administering mostly second-generation antipsychotic drugs alone or in combination with mood-stabilizing drugs. The clinical importance of the antipsychotic drug clozapine for a pharmacotherapy of treatment-resistant forms of the disease is underlined.
CryoEM structure of the Nipah virus nucleocapsid assembly

Nipah virus is a highly pathogenic zoonotic RNA virus, causing fatal encephalitis in humans. Like other negative-strand RNA viruses including Ebola and measles, its genome is wrapped by the nucleocapsid (N) protein forming a helical assembly. Here we report the CryoEM structure of the Nipah nucleocapsid protein-RNA assembly, at near atomic resolution. The N protein wraps the RNA genome with a periodicity of six nucleotides per protomer, around the outer edge of the helical assembly, in common with other paramyxoviruses. This structure uncovers details of the nucleocapsid assembly, demonstrating the role of the N-terminal arm of the N protein in the formation of the helical assembly and revealing details of the sequence-independent coordination of RNA binding in the “3-bases-in, 3-bases-out” conformation. CryoEM analysis also reveals formation of clam-shaped assemblies of the N-protein, mediated by intersubunit interactions involving several N protein loop regions.
Comparative evaluation of erythrocyte osmotic fragility between anemic and chronically iron exposed sheep in Iraq

The experiments were conducted with the aim of determining which of the two groups, anemic and chronically iron exposed sheep, is more fragile erythrocyte using Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility as an index. A total of 20 ewes were used for this study, comprising of 10 anemic and 10 chronic iron exposed eweswhich were injected IM of10mg/kg BW iron dextran weekly for (12week). Approximately 5 ml of blood was collected from each animal for blood smear and erythrocyte fragility test. The result of blood smear showed iron accumulation in erythrocyte when stained with giemsa and Prussian blue stains, also presence of pallor center, anisocytosis and poikilocytosis in anemic sheep. The result of fragility test showed a significant differences at (P < 0.05) between anemic and iron exposed ewes, which was higher in chronically iron exposed ewes as compared with the anemic group. In conclusion, the chronic iron exposed animals have an erythrocyte more fragile than the anemic animal so that anemic animals must be treated with recommended dose.
Reducing Violent Incidents between Police Officers and People with Psychiatric or Substance Use Disorders

This article describes evidence-based strategies designed to reduce the prevalence of police encounters with people in behavioral crisis (PBCs) and to make such encounters less dangerous for all parties when they do occur. Some of these strategies are implemented by law enforcement, including gun violence restraining orders and the training of officers to provide time, distance, and cover during encounters with PBCs. Other strategies involve broader systems of community care, including assertive community treatment for people with serious psychiatric disorders, and critical time interventions for individuals leaving incarceration or inpatient psychiatric care. Broader adoption of such strategies should both reduce the risk of police shootings of PBCs as well as improve the effectiveness and well-being of police officers.
Maternal ABO Phenotype as a Predictive Factor for Pregnancy Complications Related to Prematurity

Objective: The ABO blood types are associated with cancers, cardiovascular disease, and Type 2 diabetes in adult males and females. Associations of ABO blood type and adverse pregnancy outcomes have not been extensively studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship with ABO blood groups and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes contributing to premature birth. Study design: Data on ABO phenotypes and pregnancy outcomes were collected from the medical records of 1,462 premature infants (22-34 weeks). Adverse pregnancy outcomes that were studied in relation to maternal blood type included gestational hypertension (GHTN), preeclampsia (PREE), chorioamnionitis (CA), preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) Results: 1,462 charts of mothers with premature infants (22-34 weeks) were studied measuring the relative risk by using standardized statistical software (SPSS). Our study group had 46 mothers with GHTN, 405 with PREE, 282 with CA, 504 with PPROM, and 94 with IUGR. A+ Caucasian mothers had a 28% increased risk of developing preeclampsia (RR= 1.28 (1.09-1.52); 95% CI= . 003). B mothers are ata 46% decreased risk of developing chorioamnionitis versus all other blood groups (RR= 0.54, 95% CI= 0.36-0.81; P= .003). Conversely, O+ Caucasian mothers were 2.53 times more likely to develop chorioamnionitis compared to all other blood types (RR=2.53, 95% CI= 1.09-5.88; P= .031). Conclusions: Maternal ABO phenotype significantly influences the incidence of preeclampsia and chorioamnionitis. Pregnancy is a unique antigen-antibody phenomenon with the fetus serving as an antigen to the mother. We postulate that blood group antigen expression at the endothelial level may influence maternal disease states.
Prevalence and clinical criteria predicting diagnosis and out come of dengue infection among Sudanese patients

This is a prospective case controlled hospital based study done in khartoum teaching hospital in the period feb 2004-Aug2004 . The aim of the study was to asses the prevalence and clinical presentation of Dengue fever and to determine morbidity and mortality among febrile patients. 107 patients of age ranged between (15-60) years and who had fever for less than two weeks duration were selected for the study . A written consents were obtained from all patients and controls . Base line data was collected through a questionnaire that included the history of illness and clinical examination for each patient. Investigations were done for all patients including blood film for malaria ,ICT for malaria, white blood count and urine analysis . All pateints and control were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies against Dengue virus by rapid test. Significant immuogobulim M(IgM) was detected in (10.28%) of the study group(febrile patients). • No positive result for immuonglobulin G(IgG) against dengue virus was detected neither in febrile patients nor in controls. The study showed a significant association between presence of I gM antbody against Dengue virus and the following symptoms . • Fever between (3738.5 C) • Headache and cough(100%) • Myalgia(90.9%) • Neck pain(63.3%) While diarrhea , retro-orbital pain and photophobia were less likely presentation (27.3%). Lymphadenopathy (cervical& submandibular) was detected in (99%) of the study group and in all IgM positive patients suggesting other infections beside Dengue fever . No haemorrhagic signs were detected in the study and all patients recovered in 1-2 weeks with only supportive treatment.
The Effect of Phenylephrine Infusion on Maternal Hemodynamic Changes During Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery

Background Spinal anesthesia is used as a common anesthetic technique in many routine and outpatient surgeries. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the effect of phenylephrine on maternal hemodynamic changes during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Methods This double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 116 pregnant women candidate for the elective cesarean section through spinal anesthesia in the Shahid Akbarabadi Hospital, Tehran in 2019. The eligible women were randomly divided into the intervention (phenylephrine; n = 58) and control (normal saline; n = 58) groups. The data collection tool was a checklist, including the demographic and clinical variables, such as age, height, weight, body mass index, gravid, gestational age, Apgar score of 1 and 5, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, SPO2, PH of the umbilical cord, PCO2, HCO3, base excess, nausea, and vomiting. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software and P value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results The intervention and control groups showed a significant difference in terms of the PH of the umbilical cord, PCO2, and nausea and vomiting (P value < 0.05). The results of the repeated measure ANOVA test showed a significant statistical difference between the intervention and control groups at different time points in terms of arterial pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressures (P value < 0.05). Conclusions Phenylephrine is effective in the prevention of some complications, like reducing mean arterial pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, nausea, and vomiting during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Therefore, these drugs can be used based on maternal hemodynamic status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery.
An Adaptive and Wearable Thermal Camouflage Device

Thermal cloaking and camouflage have attracted increasing attention with the progress of infrared surveillance technologies. Previous studies have been mainly focused on emissivity manipulation or using sophisticated thermal metamaterials. However, emissivity control is only applicable for objects that are warmer than the environment and lower emissivity is usually accompanied with high reflectance of the surrounding thermal signals if they have nonuniform temperature. Metamaterial‐based thermal camouflage holds great promise but their applications on human subjects are yet to be realized. Direct temperature control represents a more desirable strategy to realize dynamically adjustable camouflage within a wide ambient temperature range, but a wearable, portable, and adjustable thermo‐regulation system that is suitable for human subjects has not been developed. This work demonstrates a wearable and adaptive infrared camouflage device responding to the background temperature change based on the thermoelectric cooling and heating effect. The flexible thermoelectric device can realize the infrared camouflage effect to effectively shield the metabolic heat from skin within a wide range of background temperature: 7 °C below and 15 °C above the ambient temperature, showing promise for a broad range of potential applications, such as security, counter‐surveillance, and adaptive heat shielding and thermal control.
Frequency and Distribution of rph2 Gene in Tribolium castaneum Collected from Grain Supply Chain of Coimbatore, Kangeyam and Theni

India is the second largest producer of food grains and also a major exporter of cereals globally. Around 50 per cent of produce is stored by the farmers for their consumption and remaining surplus grains are procured by the government based stored grain agency like Food Corporation of India (FCI) and state warehouses. However, the wastage of food grains is witnessed due to lack of storage infrastructure and primitive grain handling mechanism. It is reported that post harvest grain losses in India is upto 12 to 16 million metric tons of food grains each year. The major loss is due to stored product insect pests which plays a key role in food grain deterioration and wastage is upto 5-10%. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 11 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
Salt og sundhed

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Improving source modeling of auditory steady-state responses with frequency-specific brain maps

Auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) are evoked brain responses to modulated or repetitive acoustic stimuli. Due to a wide range of clinical and research applications, there is a great (clinical) interest to investigate the underlying neural generators of ASSRs. The cortical sources of ASSRs mostly are located in the auditory cortex (AC), although some studies avoiding prior assumptions regarding the number and location of the sources have also reported activity of sources outside of the AC. However, little is known about the number and location of these sources. In this study, we present a novel extension to minimum-norm imaging (MNI) which facilitates ASSR source reconstruction and provides a comprehensive and consistent picture of sources in response to low- as well as high modulation frequencies, monaurally presented to the left and right ears. Results demonstrate that the proposed MNI approach is successful in reconstructing sources located both within (primary) and outside (non-primary) of the AC. The locations of the non-primary sources are consistent with the literature. Primary sources are detected in every experimental condition, thereby corroborating the robustness of the approach. Moreover, we show that the MNI approach is capable of reconstructing the subcortical activities of ASSRs. In summary, the results indicate that the MNI approach outperforms the previously used method of group-ICA, in terms of detection of sources in the AC, reconstructing the subcortical activities and reducing computational load.
Correlation of Electroacupuncture on the Heart and Lung Meridians with Dopamine Secretion in the Hypothalamus of Rats in a Myocardial Ischemia Model

Abstract Background: Based on former work, the current authors hypothesized that acupuncture might regulate visceral organs' function through effects on the central nervous system and its control of the autonomic nervous system that could protect the brain injury caused by myocardial ischemia. Objective: The aim of the current research was to establish a mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) in protecting the brain and the heart after myocardial injury. Materials and Methods: Design, Setting and Model: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, and a model group treated with EA to HT 7, HT 3, LU 9, and LU 5, with 30 rats in each group. This study was conducted in a university setting. The models were rats who had undergone thoracotomy and ligation of their distal left anterior descending coronary arteries. Intervention: Treatment rats received 1 mA and 10 Hz EA daily for 7 days with 15-minute needle retention. Main Outcome Measure: Cardiac troponin T (cTnt) levels in.
Future haze events in Beijing, China: When climate warms by 1.5 and 2.0°C

China is the world's second‐largest economy, and its capital Beijing has been suffering from severe haze pollution in recent years. However, how the winter haze events in Beijing vary under different global warming scenarios is still open for debate. In order to analyse long‐term winter haze characteristics in Beijing in the future, we have simulated haze events using the haze weather index (HWI) for the warming periods of 1.5 and 2.0°C, based on 20 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models under two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Our results indicate that 16 CMIP5 models have preferable performance in simulating the spatial pattern and occurrence frequency of winter haze events in Beijing. We highlight that in the 1.5 and 2.0°C global warming period (2020s–2050s), Beijing will face a significant increasing trend (6–9% growth rate) in the occurrence of winter haze events compared with the reference period (1986–2005). The frequency of winter haze events under the RCP4.5 increases less than under the RCP8.5 in the 1.5°C warming period but is closer to RCP8.5 in the 2.0°C warming period. The increase of winter haze events with respect to natural factors in Beijing could be attributed to stronger atmospheric inversions, weaker East Asian winter monsoons, and a shallowing East Asian trough induced by global warming. Our results will provide scientific instructions for environmental departments to better face meteorological hazards, such as air pollution episodes, thereby improving the early warning mechanism system for global warming.
Multiview Clustering via Robust Neighboring Constraint Nonnegative Matrix Factorization

Many real-world datasets are described by multiple views, which can provide complementary information to each other. Synthesizing multiview features for data representation can lead to more comprehensive data description for clustering task. However, it is often difficult to preserve the locally real structure in each view and reconcile the noises and outliers among views. In this paper, instead of seeking for the common representation among views, a novel robust neighboring constraint nonnegative matrix factorization (rNNMF) is proposed to learn the neighbor structure representation in each view, and L2,1-norm-based loss function is designed to improve its robustness against noises and outliers. Then, a final comprehensive representation of data was integrated with those representations of multiviews. Finally, a neighboring similarity graph was learned and the graph cut method was used to partition data into its underlying clusters. Experimental results on several real-world datasets have shown that our model achieves more accurate performance in multiview clustering compared to existing state-of-the-art methods.
Understanding the temporal variability of skin-associated bacterial communities for the conservation of threatened amphibian species

15 INTRODUCTION . 15 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 16 RESULTS . 20 DISCUSSION . 22 CONCLUSIONS . 25 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 25 LITERATURE CITED . 25 TABLES AND FIGURES . 33 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL . 38 Chapter 3. Variation of bacterial communities associated with the skin of lowland amphibians in the Panama Canal Watershed . 42 INTRODUCTION . 42 METHODS . 43 RESULTS . 46 DISCUSSION . 48 LITERATURE CITED . 51 TABLES AND FIGURES . 55 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL . 61 Chapter 4. Body condition, skin bacterial communities and disease status: Insights from the first release trial of the endangered Limosa harlequin frog, Atelopus limosus. 66 ABSTRACT . 66 INTRODUCTION . 66 METHODS . 68 RESULTS . 72 DISCUSSION . 74 CONCLUSION . 77 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 78 LITERATURE CITED . 78 TABLES AND FIGURES . 86.66 INTRODUCTION . 66 METHODS . 68 RESULTS . 72 DISCUSSION . 74 CONCLUSION . 77 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 78 LITERATURE CITED . 78 TABLES AND FIGURES . 86
Soil erosion characteristics of three-dimensional overburdened stockpiles

Overburdened stockpiles, a kind of typical loose mixture composed of different proportions of soil and gravel that are created by various production and construction projects, are one of the main sources of man-made accelerated erosion. Because of their specific source of production and unique three-dimensional shape, overburdened stockpiles often present a peculiar erosion process given rainfall conditions. To study this erosion process, a stockpile platform device was designed and used to simulate three-dimensional overburdened stockpiles. A series of indoor artificially simulated rainfall experiments at different precipitation intensities were conducted using loessial soil with different gravel contents. The following key results were obtained: (a) the runoff rate and flow velocity had the same trend over time – that is, a rapid increase, followed by a slower increase and stabilization, while the three-dimensional shape resulted in smaller numerical values of the Reynolds number and Froude number than a rectangular slope; (b) the sediment yield increased exponentially in response to the increasing rainfall intensity and decreased with increasing gravel content in a logarithmic manner; and (c) stream power could be the optimal factor describing soil erosion because it produced the strongest correlation and fitting degree for soil detachment rate. These findings improve our understanding of the hydraulic characteristics and erosion processes of overburdened stockpiles and also have implications for predictive soil and water loss models.
Mobility-assisted adaptive routing for intermittently connected FANETs

Flying Ad Hoc Network (FANET), a self-configuring network consisting of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), can undertake different kinds of civilian and military tasks. As a particular instance of FANETs, intermittently connected FANETs (IC-FANETs) are characterized by a highly dynamic network topology and intermittent connectivity. Existing routing algorithms have been proposed for FANETs given that the underlying network is well connected, which are not suitable for such network environments. In this paper, we present a geographic routing algorithm called mobility-assisted adaptive routing (MAAR) targeting IC-FANETs. Different from conventional geographic routing protocols exploiting other location services to obtain the location information, MAAR combines routing strategy with location service in order to reduce the packet latency and routing overhead. MAAR updates the information of neighbour nodes dynamically according to nodal mobility and introduces a new metric called IDM to update the positions of other nodes in the network adaptively. In addition, we use a store-carry-and-forward paradigm to handle the technical issues of networks suffering from communication interruptions. When the forwarder node does not have any solution to find an appropriate relay node, mobility is exploited. Simulation results demonstrate that the MAAR scheme performs remarkably in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput and routing overhead.