Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does Information Disclosure Improve Consumer Knowledge? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment of Restaurant Menu Calorie Labels

The United States, in 2018, implemented a nationwide requirement that chain restaurants disclose calorie information on their menus and menu boards. This law was motivated by concern that consumers underestimate the number of calories in restaurant food, but it remains unclear the extent to which this information disclosure affects consumer knowledge. This paper fills that gap by estimating the impact of information disclosure on consumer knowledge through a randomized controlled field experiment of calorie labels on the menus of a full-service restaurant. The results indicate that information disclosure significantly reduces the extent to which consumers underestimate the number of calories in restaurant food; the labels improve the accuracy of consumers’ post-meal estimates of the number of calories they ordered by 4.0 percent and reduces by 28.9% the probability of underestimating the calories in one’s meal by 50% or more, both of which are statistically significant. However, even after information disclosure, there remains considerable error in consumer beliefs about the calorie content of the restaurant food they ordered. Even among the treatment group who received calorie labels, the average absolute value of percent error in their report is 34.2%.
Winter desiccation and rapid changes in the live fuel moisture content of Calluna vulgaris

Background: Dramatic reductions in early-spring Calluna vulgaris moisture content have been linked to extreme fire hazard and plant die-back. Aims: To investigate spatial and temporal variation in the fuel moisture content of Calluna vulgaris. Methods: Calluna vulgaris plants were sampled in different sites and seasons to examine vertical profiles in moisture content. Live moisture content was monitored throughout autumn 2003 and spring 2004. Changes were compared to trends in temperature, soil resistance and rainfall. The effect of exposure was examined by comparing shoot moisture content in sheltered and exposed locations. Results: Significant spatial and temporal variation in moisture content was observed. In spring rapid fluctuations in moisture coincided with periods of dry weather, low temperatures and frozen ground. Shoots from exposed locations had significantly lower moisture content when the ground was frozen. Conclusions: Significant declines in the live fuel moisture content of Calluna vulgaris are associated with physiological drought caused by cold, clear conditions and frozen ground. Over-winter damage to leaf cuticles reduces the ability of the plant to regulate water loss. Changes in moisture content can be rapid, and managers should be aware of the potential for extreme fire behaviour.
Fracionamento dos carboidratos e cinética de degradação in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro da extrusa de bovinos a pasto

The objectives of the present work were to characterizate and determinate the parameters estimates related to the ruminal degradation kinetics of the carbohydrates in extrusa samples from animals maintained in a natural pasture of the Zona da Mata (MG) region, during the rainy and dry seasons of the year. To obtain representative samples, four esophageal fistulated steers were used in two experimental periods during the rainy season, and three of these animals were used in two experimental periods during the dry season, in the year of 1996. The carbohydrate fractionation according to the Cornell system was done, and the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation rates were obtained from the in vitro degradation profiles of this component. The potentially degradable (B2) and undegradable (C) fractions of NDF corrected for protein and ash, the dynamic lag rates, the degradations rates, and the specific growth rates of microorganism upon fraction B2 were obtained, as well as the degradability coefficients and the rumen fill effect of NDF. As a result, it was possible to observe that the nonstructural carbohydrates comprised a minor fraction of the total carbohydrates in the pasture samples in both seasons. The structural carbohydrates were responsible by the total carbohydrate increase in the extrusa from the rainy to the dry season; nevertheless, due to the C fraction increase and to the lower specific microorganism growth rates during the dry season, it was noticeable the reduction of the extrusa NDF degradability and its increased rumen fill effect.
A Robust Scheme for Sparse Reflectivity Recovering From Uniformly Quantized Seismic Data

This article proposes an innovative scheme for recovering sparse reflectivity series from uniformly quantized seismic signals. In this scheme, the statistically less affected impulses by the quantization error are assigned higher weights than the ones with a larger error. First, the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm is applied on a quantized seismic trace to obtain a set of conservative estimates of the reflectivity impulses. Second, the quantization error is formulated as a systematic uncertainty within a neighborhood of the obtained conservative estimates from the OMP. Finally, a robust worst case (RWC) deconvolution method is developed to recover an improved estimate of the reflectivity impulses. The proposed scheme significantly increases the robustness and enhances the recovered reflectivity impulses obtained by the OMP algorithm. This is substantiated by experiments on both synthetic and real seismic data. Specifically, the falsely or overly estimated impulses are significantly suppressed, and the robustness to the change of the quantization interval is enhanced.
Aufbau und Erprobung einer Ionenstrahl-Apparatur für die Bestimmung von Bindungsdissoziationsenergien

In dieser Arbeit wurde eine Apparatur zur Bestimmung von Dissoziationswirkungsquerschnitten und Bindungsdissoziationsenergien aufgebaut. Der Versuchsaufbau besteht aus einem modifizierten Elektrospray-Quadrupol-Massenspektrometer als Ionenselektionsstufe, einem selbstgebauten Ringionenleiter und einem Ringionentrichter als Ionentransfereinheit, einer modifizierten Kollisionszelle und einem selbstgebautem orthogonalen Flugzeitmassenspektrometer als Detektionsstufe. Mit diesem experimentellen Aufbau konnten uber einen Versuchstag hinweg stabile Mutter-Ionen-Intensitaten erzeugt werden. Die Mutter-Ionen konnen bei Zugabe eines Gases in die Kollisionszelle energieabhangig fragmentiert werden, sodass aus dem detektierten Fragment-Ionen- zu Mutter-Ionen-Verhaltnis der Dissoziationswirkungsquerschnitt erhalten werden kann. Beispielhaft wurde die Fragmentierung von FeOH+(H2O)3 studiert. Aus der Modellierung der experimentellen Daten wird eine Schwellenenergie fur den Verlust eines Wassermolekuls von 0,83 ± 0,10 eV ermittelt. Dieser Wert entspricht der Bindungsdissoziationsenergie bei einer Temperatur von 0 Kelvin und stimmt innerhalb der experimentellen Unsicherheit mit dem Literaturwert von 0,94 ± 0,05 eV, gemessen am GIBMS, Utah, uberein. Daraus resultiert eine Bindungsdissoziationsenergie von 79,7 ± 9,3 kJ/mol, die ebenfalls gut mit quantenchemisch bestimmten Werten von 81,0 - 97,5 kJ/mol ubereinstimmt.
Review on Phishing Sites Detection Techniques

- Due to the rapid growth of the Internet, user interact with social network such as Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin and many more for communicate with each other. By using the unusual structure of the Internet, attacker set out new techniques, such as phishing, to lure the user to interact with the fake websites through social networks that appears similar to legitimate ones. The main motive behind this attack is to steal the sensitive information such as password, username, credit card details and many more details from the users. There are various platforms where phishing attack can occur like online payment sector, webmail, and financial institution, file hosting or cloud storage and many more. In this paper, presenting a comprehensive survey of phishing detection using different features of website and machine learning approach.
Standardized short‐term acute heat stress assays resolve historical differences in coral thermotolerance across microhabitat reef sites

Coral bleaching is one of the main drivers of reef degradation. Most corals bleach and suffer mortality at just 1–2°C above their maximum monthly mean temperatures, but some species and genotypes resist or recover better than others. Here, we conducted a series of 18‐hr short‐term acute heat stress assays side‐by‐side with a 21‐day long‐term heat stress experiment to assess the ability of both approaches to resolve coral thermotolerance differences reflective of in situ reef temperature thresholds. Using a suite of physiological parameters (photosynthetic efficiency, coral whitening, chlorophyll a, host protein, algal symbiont counts, and algal type association), we assessed bleaching susceptibility of Stylophora pistillata colonies from the windward/exposed and leeward/protected sites of a nearshore coral reef in the central Red Sea, which had previously shown differential mortality during a natural bleaching event. Photosynthetic efficiency was most indicative of the expected higher thermal tolerance in corals from the protected reef site, denoted by an increased retention of dark‐adapted maximum quantum yields at higher temperatures. These differences were resolved using both experimental setups, as corroborated by a positive linear relationship, not observed for the other parameters. Notably, short‐term acute heat stress assays resolved per‐colony (genotype) differences that may have been masked by acclimation effects in the long‐term experiment. Using our newly developed portable experimental system termed the Coral Bleaching Automated Stress System (CBASS), we thus highlight the potential of mobile, standardized short‐term acute heat stress assays to resolve fine‐scale differences in coral thermotolerance. Accordingly, such a system may be suitable for large‐scale determination and complement existing approaches to identify resilient genotypes/reefs for downstream experimental examination and prioritization of reef sites for conservation/restoration. Development of such a framework is consistent with the recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences and the Reef Restoration and Adaptation Program committees for new intervention and restoration strategies.
Fault Tolerance Analysis for a Class of Reconfigurable Aerial Hexarotor Vehicles

Several works have addressed the issue of fault tolerance in multirotors in case of a rotor total failure, particularly their ability to keep full independent control of attitude and altitude. It has been proven that to achieve this, a minimum of six rotors is needed. In this article, the performance of several standard and nonstandard hexarotor structures is analyzed, both for a nominal case (without failure) and in the case where one of the actuators is under failure (incapability to exert thrust). The performance is shown in terms of maximum rotational torque and vertical force that the vehicle can exert. The main contribution of this article is the proposal and analysis of converting these vehicles into reconfigurable ones through the addition of a minimum number of servomotors, to deal with failures and to greatly improve the maneuverability under these conditions, in order to identify the reconfigurable structure with the best performance. An experimental demonstration in an outdoor environment is shown for the proposed reconfigurable structure with best performance in case of a full rotor failure.
The components of an innovation ecosystem framework for Botswana's mobile applications

The literature on information and communication technology comprises numerous studies on the role of mobile technologies in developing communities, including examples of innovative mobile applications which improve literacy and access to healthcare, banking and agricultural services. There is a growing understanding that sustainable development requires more than rational, scientific and technological means – it also requires a web of support from both social networks and business infrastructure. Innovation ecosystems consist of economic agents and relations, as well as non‐economic components such as technology, institutions, sociological interactions and culture, which facilitate idea‐making, innovation and the diffusion of such innovations. There is, as yet, no evidence‐based innovation ecosystem conceptualisation to describe the situation in Botswana. This study aims to identify and present the essential components of a mobile application innovation ecosystem, by using Design Science Research methodology and adopting a pragmatic research approach which draws on two theoretical streams: the Computing, Connectivity, Content and Capacity (4Cs) framework for information and communications technology, and a systems theory‐based Triple Helix Model of Innovation. In addition to making a theoretical contribution towards understanding information and communications technology for development innovation frameworks, the study provides practical recommendations in respect of supporting mobile application innovations in Botswana.
Function and Evolution of Aggregated Pollen in Angiosperms

The evolution of different forms of pollen aggregation (tetrads, polyads, pollen threads, pollinia) from individual monads is a recurring transition in angiosperm history, having occurred independently at least 39 times. Aggregation should evolve only under special circumstances, because diminishing returns associated with pollen removal and receipt instead favor monads that act largely independently. All forms of aggregation result in sibling pollen grains acting together, but they seem to evolve to ease different limitations on siring success: tetrads may evolve most commonly when pollinators visit infrequently, pollen threads may be most beneficial when ovules become available synchronously, and pollinia greatly increase the probability that a pollen grain removed by a pollinator reaches a conspecific stigma. Once pollen aggregation evolves, its implications for gametophytic competition and the relatedness of seeds within fruits probably influence further reproductive evolution, especially the frequency with which pollen from a single donor sires all seeds in a fruit. This latter effect, rather than improvements in pollination efficiency, probably accounts for the common association of pollen aggregation with low pollen:ovule ratios. The ability of orchid pollinia to reduce diminishing returns during pollination may explain both the floral diversity and the widespread occurrence of deceit pollination in this clade.
Elaboração e validação da escala diagramática para avaliação da mancha branca do milho

Precise evaluation of plant diseases is very important for epidemiology studies and elaboration of control strategies. The diagrammatic scale of diseases contributes for an accurate evaluation and supplies an uniform standard for different evaluators. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a diagrammatic scale to quantify the severity of maize white foliar spot disease. In order to build the scale, minimum and maximum severity extremes of the disease were set by observation, and the intermediate levels were defined by logarithmic increment, according to "Weber-Fechner law of stimulus". The scale is composed by seven levels of severity: 1.1; 2.1; 4.2; 7.9; 14.4; 25.0 and 39.7%, which were validated by evaluators (10) without any experience in maize white spot disease quantification. Thirty leaves of corn with heterogeneous levels of the disease were analyzed and the severity was estimated by the evaluators, at first, without the scale and then, prior to that, with the proposed scale. Simple linear regressions relating the real values of severity and the estimated severities were used for the accuracy analysis of the evaluators, while the coefficients of determination and variance of absolute errors determined the precision of the evaluators. Visual estimation of severity was precise with the use of the diagrammatic scale. The proposed diagrammatic scale is adequate to estimate the severity of maize white foliar spot disease, and can be used in epidemiology studies.
Popularity and worldwide reach of targeted, evidence-based internet streaming video interventions focused on men’s health topics

Streaming video has emerged as a dominant content-delivery medium for healthcare information, with over 30 million visitors daily to the YouTube platform alone. Videos related to men’s health have proliferated, but content produced by trained health care providers remains scarce. We evaluated educational YouTube streaming videos created in collaboration with a large, university-based health system focused on male factor infertility, men’s health, and Peyronie’s disease, uploaded during 2016–2018. All videos featured a board-certified urologist with fellowship training in andrology. Using YouTube’s native analytics tools, we extracted data on views, engagement, and geographic reach through 8/2019. We obtained data for streaming videos on male infertility (n=3), general men’s health (n=2), and Peyronie’s disease (n=1). Video length ranged from 29 to 51 min, with a mean video duration of 39 min 41 sec. Actual mean watch time by viewers ranged from 3:45 to 8:30. The total view count was 646,684, with a watch time of nearly 3 million mins, reaching viewers in 47 countries. Fifty-three percent of watch time was on a mobile device and 33% on a personal computer. As patients increasingly turn to the internet for health information, health systems and physicians may wish to leverage high impact social media platforms such as YouTube to share evidence-based content. This study highlights the impressive reach a health system-sponsored video intervention using YouTube can have in sharing accurate video content related to a diverse range of men’s health topics. This is the first health systems-based streaming-video intervention to leverage the video streaming and social media platform YouTube, to facilitate sharing reputable, high quality, and evidence-based men’s health content.
Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection Using Dual Window Density

Hyperspectral anomaly detection is one of the most active topics in hyperspectral image (HSI) analysis. The fine spectral information of HSIs allows us to uncover anomalies with very high accuracy. Recently, an intrinsic image decomposition (IID) model has been introduced for low-rank IID (LRIID) in multispectral images. Inspired by the LRIID, which is able to effectively recover the reflectance and shading components of the multispectral image, this article adapts the LRIID for obtaining the reflectance component of HSIs (which is the key feature for the discrimination of different objects). In order to exploit the reflectance component, we also propose a new dual window density (DWD)-based detector for anomaly detection, which is based on the idea that anomalies are usually rare pixels and, thus, exhibit low density in the image. The density analysis of DWD is intended not only to circumvent the Gaussian assumption regarding the distribution of HSI data, but also to mitigate the contamination of background statistics caused by anomalies. The dual window operation of our DWD is specifically designed to adaptively calculate the density of each pixel under test, so as to identify anomalies with nonspecific sizes. Our experimental results, obtained on a database of real HSIs including Airport, Beach, and Urban scenes, demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in terms of detection performance when compared to other widely used anomaly detection methods.
Cryptographically Enforced Dynamic Access Control and traceable group data sharing in the Cloud

: Now a day’s people are using their smart phones for various purposes like uploading data, sharing data, use of online services, etc. along with their primary functions. But the problem with smart phones is that they are having limited computational and storage resources. Use of cloud computing in a mobile computing environment solves this problem which also increases the capacity of mobile devices. But the major concern about the use of cloud is the security issue which also becomes the problem in the mobile cloud computing environment. We proposed a light-weighted cryptographic mechanism a proxy re-encryption to solve the data integrity, data security issues in which users have to keep only short secret keys for all cryptographic operations in the mobile cloud without the involvement of any trusted third party. Group information sharing in cloud environments has become a boiling topic in modern decades. With the recognition of cloud computing, the way to reach secure associated economical information sharing in cloud environments is a pressing drawback to be resolved. Additionally, the way to reach each obscurity and traceability is a challenge within the cloud for information sharing. This paper focuses on sanctioning information sharing associated storage for a constant cluster within the cloud with high security and potency in an anonymous manner. By investment, the key agreement and therefore the cluster signature, a piece of unique traceable cluster information sharing theme is projected to support anonymous multiple users publically clouds. On the one hand, cluster members will communicate anonymously regarding the cluster signature, and therefore the real identities of members are traced if necessary.
Exploring Communicative Skills as Workforce for Dynamic Entrepreneurship

Acquisition of skills and its continual development may be considered as a defining element for the growth story of India, where we need to explore its integration with education. If we look back at the conventional model of education, we find that the success of those students totally depends on, what we don’t see are the countless hours they consumed behind the divisions, improving their expertise, and edifying their skills. Today’s Indian workforce is massively talented and adaptable. It focuses not only on economic, infrastructure and technical development but also tend to lead the nation towards industrial development, giving a global recognition in Indian Industry. The present paper explores how the institution, employer, and government need to collaborate to make sure that the employability skill honed by the graduates of higher learning institutions match with the needs of the industry and its job requirements. The study aims to consider the place of skills in the universities to draw a suggested framework with an initiative that may be introduced to promote such skills for dynamic entrepreneurship.
An indirect approach to study sperm precedence in a subsocial spider

The subsocial spider Anelosimus cf. studiosus has a sex ratio biased toward females, but unexpectedly males perform ritualised fights to gain first access to females. Usually females will mate first with the winner male, but they can remate with loser males, remaining as satellite. We tried to discover why loser males wait to mate with a copulated female, instead of looking for virgin females. We considered the first male as a winner and the second as a loser, without allowing them to engage in fights. The objective of the present study was to determine sperm priority, by performing double copulations, with normals and males sterilised with gamma radiation (2000 rad). They were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental groups (IN, NI or NN). In the group IN, 13 females mated with irradiated males and 24–48 hr later with normal males. In the group NI, 12 females mated with normal males and 24–48 later with irradiated males, and in the control group NN, 12 females mated with 2 normal males. We opened the egg sac and counted the number of embryos and eggs. In the IN and NN groups we obtained 80% successful egg sacs and 75% in NI. We did not find differences in the total number of eggs laid per egg sac (eggs + embryos) or between the total number of embryos, among the three groups. The results suggest that first and second males would have similar percentages of paternity. Future studies will focus on morphology and mechanisms of female choice in this species.