Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Initial tract formation in the mouse brain

Mouse embryos from embryonic days 8.5-10.5 (E8.5-E10.5) were fixed and labeled with an antibody to neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (Moody et al., 1987; Lee et al., 1990a,b) to reveal the first neurons, axons, and tracts in the brain. They were studied in whole-mounts and in light microscopic sections. Some conclusions were checked by labeling tracts in older embryos (E11.5 and E12.5) with the lipophilic dye 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine. The first immunoreactive cells appeared at E8.5, prior to neural tube closure, in the neural plate immediately caudal to the optic vesicle. Cells along the dorsal midline of the mesencephalon issued the first axons, on E9.0; the cells were the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, and the axons formed its descending tract. The tract reached the level of the trigeminal ganglion by E10.0 but did not enter the ganglion until after E12.5. On E9.5, the number of labeled cells and axons in the alar plate of the presumptive diencephalon and mesencephalon had increased substantially, and many of the rostral ones coursed into the basal plate to enter longitudinal tracts there. Two tracts originated from cells in the basal plate: the tract of the postoptic commissure (from the base of the optic stalk to the level of the cephalic flexure) and the medial longitudinal fasciculus (from the level of the cephalic flexure caudally through the mid and hind-brains). By E10.0, a small mammillotegmental tract paralleled the tract of the postoptic commissure, but immunolabeling was so widespread that discrete tracts were impossible to discern in the presumptive diencephalon and mesencephalon. The more rostral regions remained lightly labeled. In the cerebral vesicle, the presumptive cerebral cortex, the first immunoreactive cells appeared at E10.0; they had multiple processes oriented parallel to the pia, and were identified as the Cajal-Retzius cells. By E10.5, no tracts had formed in the cerebral vesicle. All the tracts formed by E10.0 were superficial, in the subpial lamina. Those that can be identified in the adult brain are very deep structures. These results are compared with previous descriptions of the embryonic brains of amphibians, fish, birds, and other mammals, including humans.
Multisensory musical entertainment systems

As a result of our research into multisensory perception, we developed two unique musical entertainment systems - Bubble Bumble and Magic Music Desk (MMD) - that provide users with multisensory experiences in creating and playing back music in 3D physical environments through augmented reality interfaces. During the process of creating and playing back music, users encounter visual-speech, visual-tactile, and tactile-auditory experiences. We applied visual, auditory, and tactile sensory modalities to create a system that could express a wide range of human-musical artifacts. During the process of creating and playing back music, users experience a unique sensing experience of 3D-visual-speech, 3D-visual-sound - music and nonspeech sound - and tactile-auditory perceptions. Users also can experience visual-tactile sensation by using their hands to cause a corresponding system action. Beyond the multi-sensory experience, our multimedia systems also emphasize tangible human-computer interactions and communications within a physical environment. In this article, rather than focus on the application's design, we examine the systems' multi-modal perceptions. We describe each system and how it works, and we present the results of a formal user study we conducted.
Effect of apparent ileal digestible lysine to energy ratio on performance of finishing pigs at different dietary metabolizable energy levels.

A study with a total of 96 crossbred barrows and gilts fed ad libitum in a body weight range of 56-110 kg was carried out in order to investigate whether the optimum ratio of apparent ileal digestible lysine : energy (ME) depends on the energy density of the diet. Dietary treatments were ratios of 0.34, 0.42, 0.50 and 0.58 g digestible lysine/MJ ME either at an energy density of 13 or 14 MJ ME. Body weight gain as well as feed and ME conversion rate were improved when lysine : ME ratio increased from 0.34 to 0.50, whereby all parameters showed a significant ratio x sex interaction. Feed intake and feed conversion rate were higher at a dietary energy density of 13 MJ ME than at an energy density of 14 MJ ME but energy density did not influence daily growth rate, ME intake and ME conversion rate. Fat area above eye muscle and meat : fat ratio were lower and eye muscle area and lean percentage were higher at a ratio of 0.42 compared with a ratio of 0.34. Daily feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion rate and parameters of fatness were higher in barrows than in gilts. Conversely, gilts had higher eye muscle area and lean percentage. Optimum ratio for body weight gain, feed and ME conversion rate calculated by exponential regression analysis were 0.42-0.43 in barrows. In gilts, feed and ME conversion rate were optimized at a ratio of 0.53 and 0.54. Because growth showed a linear response to increasing digestible lysine : ME ratios, optimum ratio for daily gain in gilts is considered to be at least 0.58.
Influence of typical angina versus inducible myocardial ischemia in the contemporary management of stable coronary artery disease

Objective: To investigate, in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (MPS),the interaction between patient symptoms and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) results, and their effects on patient outcomes. Previous data have shown that medical treatment may be as beneficial as invasive treatment for most patients with stable CAD. Nonetheless, patient presentation with typical angina (TA) seems to still lead to more aggressive management, regardless of the amount of myocardial ischemia detected by noninvasive methods. Methods: Over 33 ± 20 months, 2958 patients undergoing stress/rest cardiac SPECT were followed. Summed stress, rest and difference scores (SSS, SRS and SDS, respectively) were analyzed. Abnormal SPECT was defined as a SSS>3, and ischemic SPECT as a SDS>1. During follow up, cardiac catheterization (CATH), myocardial revascularization (either percutaneous or surgical), myocardial infarction (MI) and all-cause death were evaluated. Results: TA was found in 228 patients (7.7%). Comparing patients with TA with those without it, the former more often had had abnormal (43.0% versus 34.3%, p < 0.001) and ischemic SPECT (25.9% versus 13.6%, p < 0.001). Also, higher rates of MI (2.0% versus 0.6%, p < 0.001), CATH (10.1% versus 4.7%, p < 0.001) and revascularization (7.8% versus 3.0%, p < 0.001) were observed, while death was not significantly different (1.5% versus 1.0%, p = 0.2). Even in the absence of ischemia in SPECT, patients with TA had higher CATH and revascularization rates; death, again, was not significantly increased. Conclusion: Although patients with TA more often had ischemic SPECT, all-cause death was not significantly increased. Nonetheless, TA was associated with more frequent referrals for CATH and revascularization, even with nonischemic SPECT. This may suggest that despite current evidence, the management of stable patients with known or suspected CAD is influenced by symptom type.
Motor Cortex Stimulation

In 1991 Tsubokawa and colleagues first published their landmark results from a series in which epidural motor cortex stimulation (MCS) was used in the treatment of eight patients with central and neuropathic pain. In ensuing studies authors have elaborated on the indications, technique, hypotheical mechanisms, and beneficial results of this treatment. Epidural MCS is effective for trigeminal neuropathy, lateral medullary and thalamic infarction, anesthesia dolorosa, postherpetic neuralgia, spinal cord injury, and limb stump pain. Postoperative outcomes are better when patients present with only mild or absent motor weakness in the region of pain and when there is pain in the trigeminal region. It is hypothesized that MCS is effective because it increases regional cerebral blood flow in the ipsilateral ventrolateral thalamus in which corticothalamic connections from the motor and premotor areas predominate. The extent of pain alleviation also correlates with the increase of blood flow in the cingulate gyrus. This suggests that stimulation reduces the suffering experienced by a patient with chronic pain. Procedure-related morbidity has included epidural hematoma, subdural effusion, gradual diminution of benefit, and painful stimulation. Although of concern, treatment-induced chronic seizure disorders have not occurred as a complication or in animal models of chronic cortical stimulation. Stimulation-induced pain relief occurs within minutes. There are no associated paresthesias or muscle contractions that confirm function. Pain relief may last for hours after electrical stimulation is discontinued. Motor cortex stimulation is an established therapy for the treatment of complex central and neuropathic pain syndromes that have proved refractory to medical treatment.
A partial least‐square approach for modeling gene‐gene and gene‐environment interactions when multiple markers are genotyped

Genetic association studies achieve an unprecedented level of resolution in mapping disease genes by genotyping dense single nucleotype polymorphisms (SNPs) in a gene region. Meanwhile, these studies require new powerful statistical tools that can optimally handle a large amount of information provided by genotype data. A question that arises is how to model interactions between two genes. Simply modeling all possible interactions between the SNPs in two gene regions is not desirable because a greatly increased number of degrees of freedom can be involved in the test statistic. We introduce an approach to reduce the genotype dimension in modeling interactions. The genotype compression of this approach is built upon the information on both the trait and the cross‐locus gametic disequilibrium between SNPs in two interacting genes, in such a way as to parsimoniously model the interactions without loss of useful information in the process of dimension reduction. As a result, it improves power to detect association in the presence of gene‐gene interactions. This approach can be similarly applied for modeling gene‐environment interactions. We compare this method with other approaches, the corresponding test without modeling any interaction, that based on a saturated interaction model, that based on principal component analysis, and that based on Tukey's one‐degree‐of‐freedom model. Our simulations suggest that this new approach has superior power to that of the other methods. In an application to endometrial cancer case‐control data from the Women's Health Initiative, this approach detected AKT1 and AKT2 as being significantly associated with endometrial cancer susceptibility by taking into account their interactions with body mass index. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unsupervised Community Detection with Modularity-Based Attention Model

In this paper we take a problem of unsupervised nodes clustering on graphs and show how recent advances in attention models can be applied successfully in a "hard" regime of the problem. We propose an unsupervised algorithm that encodes Bethe Hessian embeddings by optimizing soft modularity loss and argue that our model is competitive to both classical and Graph Neural Network (GNN) models while it can be trained on a single graph.
Advances in chronic cerebral circulation insufficiency

Chronic cerebral circulation insufficiency (CCCI) may not be an independent disease; rather, it is a pervasive state of long‐term cerebral blood flow insufficiency caused by a variety of etiologies, and considered to be associated with either occurrence or recurrence of ischemic stroke, vascular cognitive impairment, and development of vascular dementia, resulting in disability and mortality worldwide. This review summarizes the features and recent progress of CCCI, mainly focusing on epidemiology, experimental research, pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, imaging presentation, diagnosis, and potential therapeutic regimens. Some research directions are briefly discussed as well.
Relations of Parenting to Adolescent Externalizing and Internalizing Distress Moderated by Perception of Neighborhood Danger

Parental monitoring and warmth have traditionally been studied in the context of White, middle-class families. This article explores optimal levels of these parenting behaviors in preventing adolescent psychopathology in impoverished, urban high-crime areas while accounting for child perceptions of neighborhood danger. In this study, data were collected longitudinally at 2 time points 1 year apart from a sample of 254 African American young adolescents (T1: M age = 12.6 years, 41% male) and their parents. Parental monitoring and warmth, child perception of neighborhood danger, and child internalizing and externalizing behaviors were measured using questionnaires. Child internalizing behaviors were also measured using a time sampling technique capturing in vivo accounts of daily distress. Findings indicated associations between parental monitoring and children's externalizing behaviors along with linear and quadratic associations between parental monitoring and internalizing behaviors. Monitoring and warmth were differentially related to symptoms depending on neighborhood danger level. When children perceived less danger, more monitoring related to less externalizing. When children perceived more danger, more warmth related to less internalizing. In addition, adolescents' perceptions of neighborhood danger emerged as equally strong as monitoring and warmth in predicting symptoms. This study underscores the influence of carefully considering parenting approaches and which techniques optimally prevent adolescents' externalizing, as well as prevent internalizing difficulties. It also highlights how context affects mental health, specifically how perceptions of danger negatively influence adolescents' psychopathology, emphasizing the importance of initiatives to reduce violence in communities.
Monogamy in Mammals

This review considers the behavioral, ecological, and reproductive characteristics of mammals exhibiting monogamy, i.e., mating exclusivity. From a discussion of the life histories of selected species of monogamous primates, carnivores, rodents and ungulates, several trends emerge. Two forms of monogramy occur, Type I, facultative, and Type II, obligate. The selective pressures leading to these two forms of monogamy may have been different. Facultative monogamy may result when a species exists at very low densities, with males and females being so spaced that only a single member of the opposite sex is available for mating. Obligate monogamy appears to occur when a solitary female cannot rear a litter without aid from conspecifics, but the carrying capacity of the habitat is insufficient to allow more than one female to breed simultaneosuly within the same home range. Within both types of monogamy, the following traits are typically seen: (1) adults show little sexual dimorphism either physically or behaviorally; (2) the adult male and female exhibit infrequent socio-sexual interactions except during the early stages of pair bond formation. Additional trends specific to mammals exhibiting obligate monogamy are: (1) the young exhibit delayed sexual maturation in the presence of the parents, and thus only the adult pair breeds; (2) the older juveniles aid in rearing young siblings; and (3) the adult male (father) aids in the rearing of young by any or all of the following: carrying, feeding, defending, and socializing offspring.
Fhos, a mammalian formin, directly binds to F-actin via a region N-terminal to the FH1 domain and forms a homotypic complex via the FH2 domain to promote actin fiber formation

Formins constitute a family of eukaryotic proteins that are considered to function as a cytoskeleton organizer to regulate morphogenesis, cell polarity and cytokinesis. Fhos is a recently identified mammalian formin, which contains the conserved domains FH (formin homology) 1 and FH2 in the middle region and the Dia-autoregulatory domain (DAD) in the C-terminus. The role of Fhos in the regulation of cytoskeleton, however, has remained unknown. Here we show that Fhos, in an active form, induces the formation of actin stress fibers and localizes to the actin-based structure. Fhos appears to normally exist in a closed inactive form via an intramolecular interaction between the N-terminal region and the C-terminal DAD. Both FH1 and FH2 domains are required for the induction of the stress fiber formation. However, the N-terminal region of Fhos is required for the targeting of this protein to stress fibers, which is probably mediated via its F-actin-binding activity. We also show that Fhos occurs as a homotypic complex in cells. The self-association of Fhos seems to be mediated via the FH2 domain: the domains bind to each other in a direct manner. Thus, the mammalian formin Fhos, which directly binds to F-actin via the N-terminal region, forms a homotypic complex via the FH2 domain to organize actin cytoskeleton.
Oestrogen metabolites in relation to isoprostanes as a measure of oxidative stress

Objective Oestradiol (E2) and its metabolites 2‐hydroxyoestrone (2‐OHE1) and 16α‐hydroxyoestrone (16α‐OHE1) are thought to curtail the greater oxidative stress found in the development and progression of disease conditions including atherosclerosis. We related oestrogen levels to F2a‐isoprostane levels, a biomarker of oxidative stress.
Effects of a lengthy period of undernutrition from birth and subsequent nutritional rehabilitation on the synapse: Granule cell neuron ratio in the rat dentate gyrus

Recent evidence showing alterations in spatial memory due to a period of undernutrition during early life has implicated the hippocampus as one of the brain centres that may be particularly adversely affected. However, there arc very few quantitative morphological studies that have examined the neuronal and synaptic populations of the hippocampi from undernourished animals. We decided to carry out such experiments, paying particular attention to the granule cell of the dentate gyrus.
Network Interface Architecture for Remote Indirect Memory Access (RIMA) in Datacenters

Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) fabrics such as InfiniBand and Converged Ethernet report latency shorter by a factor of 50 than TCP. As such, RDMA is a potential replacement for TCP in datacenters (DCs) running low-latency applications, such as Web search and memcached. InfiniBand’s Shared Receive Queues (SRQs), which use two-sided send/recv verbs (i.e., channel semantics), reduce the amount of pre-allocated, pinned memory (despite optimizations such as InfiniBand’s on-demand paging (ODP)) for message buffers. However, SRQs are limited fundamentally to a single message size per queue, which incurs either memory wastage or significant programmer burden for typical DC traffic of an arbitrary number (level of burstiness) of messages of arbitrary size. We propose remote indirect memory access (RIMA), which avoids these pitfalls by providing (1) network interface card (NIC) microarchitecture support for novel queue semantics and (2) a new “verb” called append. To append a sender’s message to a shared queue, the receiver NIC atomically increments the queue’s tail pointer by the incoming message’s size and places the message in the newly created space. As in traditional RDMA, the NIC is responsible for pointer lookup, address translation, and enforcing virtual memory protections. This indirection of specifying a queue (and not its tail pointer, which remains hidden from senders) handles the typical DC traffic of an arbitrary sender sending an arbitrary number of messages of arbitrary size. Because RIMA’s simple hardware adds only 1--2 ns to the multi-\mu s message latency, RIMA achieves the same message latency and throughput as InfiniBand SRQ with unlimited buffering. Running memcached traffic on a 30-node InfiniBand cluster, we show that at similar, low programmer effort, RIMA achieves significantly smaller memory footprint than SRQ. However, while SRQ can be crafted to minimize memory footprint by expending significant programming effort, RIMA provides those benefits with little programmer effort. For memcached traffic, a high-performance key-value cache (FastKV) using RIMA achieves either 3× lower 96 th-percentile latency or significantly better throughput or memory footprint than FastKV using RDMA.
Healthcare Outcomes Associated with Beers' Criteria: A Systematic Review

Objective: To examine healthcare outcomes associated with Beers' criteria of inappropriate medication use based on a literature review. Data Sources: A search of MEDLINE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature was conducted to identify articles published from October 1991 to October 2006. The following key words were used: Beers, inappropriate, medication, drug, use, prescribing, and elderly. A manual search was also conducted using the references listed in the articles identified through the database search. Study Selection And Data Extraction: Studies that examined the impact or outcomes of Beers' criteria of inappropriate medication use (1991, 1997, and 2003 critera) were selected. Each article was examined for study setting, data source, study sample, study design, criteria, analysis and covariates, type of healthcare outcome, and study findings. Of 235 articles retrieved, 18 presented studies that examined healthcare outcomes associated with inappropriate medication use based on Beers' criteria. Specifically, setting-specific evidence as well as overall evidence was examined from the selected studies. The review considered evidence of association if more than 50% of the findings were statistically significant. Data Synthesis: Most of the 18 studies evaluated were retrospective cohort studies involving patients 65 years of age or older from diverse healthcare settings. In community settings, there was no evidence of association with respect to mortality and other healthcare use, and evidence regarding quality of life and costs was inconclusive. However, inappropriate medication use was associated with hospitalization measures in community elderly. In nursing homes, there was no evidence of association with mortality and the association with hospitalization measures was inconclusive. In hospitals, there was inconclusive evidence to make any generalizations. Across healthcare settings, inappropriate medication use was associated with adverse drug reactions and costs but not with other outcome measures. Conclusions: There is evidence that Beers' criteria of inappropriate medication use is associated with adverse healthcare impact in the community-dwelling elderly. With increasing use of Beers' criteria as quality-of-care measures, there is a need to strengthen the predictive validity of these criteria in all healthcare settings.