Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using Translations to Distinguish Between Homonymy and Polysemy

Distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy can facilitate word sense disambiguation (WSD), as WSD systems use the standard sense inventories that are excessively fine-grained and include many polysemous senses. We classify words as either homonymous or polysemous by building graphs of word senses as nodes and the semantic relatedness between them as edges. To find these edges, we build upon a previous hypothesis on the role of shared translations in semantic relatedness, and after developing new theorems, we propose methods of obtaining semantic relatedness information from translations of multilingual sense inventories. Additionally, we create a new homonym resource, as well as updating an existing one. These resources include lists of homonyms and their short definitions, manually mapped to their corresponding WordNet senses. We evaluate our methods on a balanced dataset of homonymous and polysemous words, and our methods achieve state-of-the-art results in the task of homonym detection.
Salt inhibition on anaerobic treatment of high salinity wastewater by upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor

AbstractThe adverse effects of salt concentration on anaerobic treatment of synthetic high salinity wastewater were investigated using four lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors at different salt (NaCl) concentrations. The reactors were inoculated with granular sludge previously not adapted to salinity, and they were fed with synthetic wastewater containing the salt concentrations of 0, 10, 25, and 50 g L−1 NaCl. Hydraulic retention time and organic loading rate were kept constant at 1 d and 2 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m−3 d−1, respectively. Salt inhibition on the COD removal rate and efficiency, methane production were determined. COD removal rate and efficiency significantly decreased when the salt concentration in the feed increased to 50 g L−1 from 0. The maximum COD removal was obtained at salt concentration of 10 g L−1.
“ONCO-AESTETHIC”, A new medical approach to improve quality of life in cancer patients

Health-related quality of life is now considered a significant endpoint in studies of outcomes in oncology. Indeed, quality of life valuations in cancer patients may contribute to enhanced treatment and could even be of prognostic value [1]. Nevertheless, the quality of life of people affected by cancer is still neglected: doctors rarely address this aspect, few patients talk about it, and in a great number of the studies still their "well-being" is excluded from the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of cancer therapy. Aesthetics and cancer are two concepts that are kept separate by instinct. It seems almost disrespectful to even imagine that a woman, or even more so a man, who has been diagnosed with cancer still has the desire and time to feel beautiful. But it is a mistake, especially since we too often underestimate how important the psychological aspect and relationships are in a therapeutic process. Early pivotal studies, lasting more than 30 years ago, showed already a positive relationship between some psychosocial and quality of life parameters and survival time in cancer patients [2,3]. Currently, a great number of studies have clearly demonstrated that global quality of life or global health status is associated with prolonged survival time [4].
Metacognição e a emergência de uma pedagogia científico-espiritual: instrumentos de ampliação e ressignificação da educação

VERUSSA, P. M. Metacognição e a emergência de uma Pedagogia Científico-Espiritual: instrumentos de ampliação e ressignificação da educação. In: BATAGLIA, P. U. R. , and ALVES, C. P., eds. Humanização e educação integral refletindo sobre rotas alternativas [online]. Marília: Oficina Universitária; São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica, 2020, pp. 101-124. ISBN: 97865-5954-007-5. Available from: https://books.scielo. org/id/4bfn7. https://doi.org/10.36311/2020.978-65-5954-007-5.p101-124.
A New Global Framework for Clean Energy Technology Deployment Under the Paris Agreement: The Role of Carbon Capture and Storage (Ccs) in a Future Global Carbon Market

This paper examines the detailed provisions on clean energy technology deployment under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), with a particular focus on the design of international cooperation under Article 6 of the 2015 Paris Agreement and on the critical role of carbon capture and storage technologies (CCS) in meeting the climate goals of the Agreement. <br><br>It is organized as follows:<br><br>A first introductory section sets the scene for the deployment of clean energy technologies under the Paris Agreement. <br><br>A second section examines the nature and dynamics of technological innovation and clean energy technology deployment, with an emphasis on multidimensional, context-sensitive characteristics, including drivers and inhibitors. <br><br>A third section considers the potential for Article 6 to be a game-changer for clean technology deployment that can connect low-carbon policies and mechanisms worldwide, under a common blueprint. It looks at lessons learnt from the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and at the challenges of designing rules under Article 6 that effectively incentivize clean technology deployment, from both a technical and institutional governance perspective. <br><br>A fourth and concluding section looks at perspectives for the effective deployment of CCS under Article 6 and at the role of supply side policies in mitigating GHG emissions worldwide in the context of current international cooperation challenges and dynamics and future G20 and UNFCCC events. <br><br>
Modelling metal–humic substances–surface systems: reasons for success, failure and possible routes for peace of mind

Abstract Iron oxides and oxyhydroxides are commonly of considerable importance in the sorption of ions onto rocks, soils and sediments. They can be the controlling sorptive phases even if they are present in relatively small quantities. In common with other oxides and clay minerals, the sorption pH-edge of metals is directly linked to their hydrolysis: the higher the residual charge on the metal ion, the lower the pH-edge. Modelling of this process has been successfully carried out using different microscopic or macroscopic definitions of the interface (e.g. surface complexation or ion exchange models that may or may not include mineralogical descriptions). The influence of organic material on the sorption of many metals is of significant. This organic material includes simple organic molecules and more complex exopolymeric substances (e.g. humic substances) produced by the decay of natural organic matter. Sorption of this organic material to mineral surfaces has been the subject of a large body of work. The various types of organic substances do not share the same affinities for mineral surfaces in general, and for iron oxides and oxyhydroxides in particular. In those cases in which successful models of the component binary systems (i.e. metal_surface, metal_organic, organic_surface) have been developed, the formation of mixed surface complexes, the evolution of the surface itself, the addition order in laboratory systems, and the evolution of natural organic matter fractions during sorption, have often precluded a satisfactory description of metal_surface_organic ternary systems over a sufficiently wide range of parameter values (i.e. pH, ionic strength, concentration of humic substances). This manuscript describes the reasons for some successes and failures in the modelling of the ternary systems. Promising recent advances and possible methods of providing more complete descriptions of these intricate systems are also discussed.
Carbon Footprint of the Kuwaiti Public Road Transport Industry

Throughout the last fifty years, Kuwait's population has grown and its oil exploration has produced massive economic changes. That has led to high vehicle demand. As a result air pollution is increasing in urban areas in particular. The objective of the paper was to measure, in compliance with IPCC recommendations and the national fuel prices, carbon emissions of the State of Kuwait road travel between 2001 and 2015. There is no plan to increase the annual vehicle rise of 9%. This study looks into the contribution of road transport to CO2 emissions. Therefore, in order to encourage sustainable forms of transport, a policy strategy is to be set in motion to reduce the carbon footprint of highway transport.
Gender Association Of Restorative Techniques Performed For Class 1 Cavities In University Hospital.

Restoration of carious teeth is of immense importance to avoid the progression of further sequelae of dental caries forming pulpits and causing periodontitis. This can be done either with direct restorative materials such as resin composites, amalgam or glass ionomer cements or with indirect restoration techniques such as with cast metals. Restorative material should be chosen bearing in mind all the factors influencing the properties of restorative material along with its advantages and disadvantages. Thus the aim of the current study is to evaluate the association of gender and material used for restoration among patients visiting university hospitals. All the cases reported between the month of June 2019 to March 2020 for class 1 dental caries were chosen for this study. Data of patients with class 1 caries and the type of restoration preferred were retrieved from the Dental records, Data of Patients who had class 1 caries were shortlisted and the type of restorative techniques used were analyzed, tabulated and was subjected to statistical analysis by running chi square test and P value was calculated to verify the significance of each of the variables used. From the statistical analysis it can be concluded that, direct restorative techniques were highly preferred for restoring class 1 cavities (99.65%). Of those, composite restorations (95.36%) were highly preferred than amalgam. With regard to the indirect restorative techniques, ceramic inlays were highly preferred by both the genders (56.3%). Within the limitations of the given study, patients with class 1 dental caries predominantly preferred tooth coloured restoration such as composites (direct restorative technique). Thus, there is no associated significance between gender and restorative techniques for restoring class 1 cavities.
Depression-related stigma among primary care providers

Introduction Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in the United States and is often treated in primary care settings. Despite its prevalence, depression remains underdiagnosed and undertreated for a variety of reasons, including stigma. This may result in suboptimal management of depression. Studies evaluating stigma in US primary care providers (PCP) are scarce. The main objective of this study was to describe stigma in a cohort of PCPs. Methods We utilized a validated questionnaire to measure stigma (score range 15 to 75 with lower scores indicating lower stigma levels). PCPs in 2 academic internal medicine clinics were sent an electronic questionnaire and received a small monetary incentive for responding. In addition to the stigma survey, we collected demographic data, including age, provider type, gender, and other data related to social proximity to mental illness. To describe stigma, differences in stigma between provider characteristics were evaluated using t tests and ANOVA tests as appropriate. Results Of 107 PCPs, 71 responded (66.4% response rate). Male responders displayed higher stigma scores than females (31.8 vs 27.4, P = .0021). Medical residents displayed higher stigma scores than nonresidents (31.3 vs 27.2, P = .0045). Providers with personal exposure to mental illness and those who reported they frequently treated depression had less stigma. Discussion Overall, a range of stigma was present among PCPs surveyed. Higher levels of stigma were found in men, medical residents, those without personal exposure to mental illness, younger PCPs, and those who reported treating depression less frequently. Future studies should utilize larger sample sizes and focus on the impact of stigma on quality of care.
Anemia and Vitamin B-12 and Folate Status in Women of Reproductive Age in Southern India: Estimating Population-Based Risk of Neural Tube Defects

ABSTRACT Background Women of reproductive age (WRA) are a high-risk population for anemia and micronutrient deficiencies. However, there are few representative population-level data from India, which could help inform evidence-based recommendations and policy. Objective To conduct a population-based biomarker survey of anemia and vitamin B-12 and folate status in WRA as part of a periconceptional surveillance program in southern India. Methods Participants were WRA (15–40 y) who were not pregnant or lactating. Whole blood (n = 979) was analyzed for hemoglobin via a Coulter counter (Coulter HMX). Plasma, serum, and RBCs were processed and stored at −80°C or less until batch analysis. Vitamin B-12 concentrations were measured via chemiluminescence; RBC and serum folate concentrations were evaluated via microbiological assay. Anemia and severe anemia were defined as hemoglobin <12.0 g/dL and <8.0 g/dL, respectively. Vitamin B-12 deficiency and insufficiency were defined as total vitamin B-12 <148 pmol/L and <221 pmol/L, respectively. Folate deficiency and insufficiency were defined as RBC folate <305 nmol/L and <748 nmol/L. A previously developed Bayesian model was used to predict neural tube defect (NTD) prevalence per 10,000 births. Results A total of 41.5% of WRA had anemia and 3.0% had severe anemia. A total of 48.3% of WRA had vitamin B-12 deficiency and 74.3% had vitamin B-12 insufficiency. The prevalence of RBC folate deficiency was 7.6%, and 79.3% of WRA had RBC folate <748 nmol/L, the threshold for optimal NTD prevention. Predicted NTD prevalence per 10,000 births based on RBC folate concentrations was 20.6 (95% uncertainty interval: 16.5–25.5). Conclusions The substantial burden of anemia, vitamin B-12 deficiency, and RBC folate insufficiency in WRA in this setting suggests an opportunity for anemia and birth defects prevention. Findings will directly inform the development of a randomized trial for anemia and birth defects prevention in southern India. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04048330.
Identification of robust diagnostic and prognostic gene signatures in different grades of gliomas: a retrospective study

Background Gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system. The complexity and heterogeneity of the tumor makes it difficult to obtain good biomarkers for drug development. In this study, through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), we analyze the common diagnostic and prognostic moleculer markers in Caucasian and Asian populations, which can be used as drug targets in the future. Methods The RNA-seq data from Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed to identify signatures. Based on the signatures, the prognosis index (PI) of every patient was constructed to predict the prognostic risk. Also, gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and KEGG analysis were conducted to investigate the biological functions of these mRNAs. Glioma patients’ data in the CGGA database were introduced to validate the effectiveness of the signatures among Chinese populations. Excluding the previously reported prognostic markers of gliomas from this study, the expression of HSPA5 and MTPN were examined by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical assay. Results In total, 20 mRNAs were finally selected to build PI for patients from TCGA, including 16 high-risk genes and four low-risk genes. For Chinese patients, the log-rank test p values of PI were both less than 0.0001 in two independent datasets. And the AUCs were 0.831 and 0.907 for 3 years of two datasets, respectively. Moreover, among these 20 mRNAs, 10 and 15 mRNAs also had a significant predictive effect via univariate COX analysis in CGGA_693 and CGGA_325, respectively. qRT-PCR and Immunohistochemistry assay indicated that HSPA5 and MTPN over-expressed in Glioma samples compared to normal samples. Conclusion The 20-gene signature can forecast the risk of Glioma in TCGA effectively, moreover it can also predict the risks of Chinese patients through validation in the CGGA database. HSPA5 and MTPN are possible biomarkers of gliomas suitable for all populations to improve the prognosis of these patients.
The postcranial skeleton of Cerrejonisuchus improcerus (Crocodyliformes: Dyrosauridae) and the unusual anatomy of dyrosaurids

Dyrosauridae is a clade of neosuchian crocodyliforms that diversified in terrestrial and aquatic environments across the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition. The postcranial anatomy of dyrosaurids has long been overlooked, obscuring both their disparity and their locomotive adaptations. Here we thoroughly describe of the postcranial remains of an unusually small dyrosaurid, Cerrejonisuchus improcerus, from the middle-late Paleocene Cerrejón Formation of Colombia, and we provide a wealth of new data concerning the postcranial anatomy of the key dyrosaurids: Congosaurus bequaerti and Hyposaurus rogersii. We identify a series of postcranial autapomorphies in Cerrejonisuchus improcerus (an elliptic-shaped odontoid laterally wide, a ulna possessing a double concavity, a fibula bearing a widely flattened proximal end, a pubis showing a large non-triangular distal surface) as well as functionally-important traits such as a relatively long ulna (85% of the humerus’ length), short forelimb (83% of hindlimb’s length), or thoracic vertebra bearing comparatively large lateral process (with widened parapophysis and diapophysis) along with strongly arched thoracic ribs allowing a more sturdy and cylindrical rib cage. These indicate a more terrestrial lifestyle for Cerrejonisuchus compared to the derived members of the clade. We also built a dataset of 187 traits on 27 taxa, that extensively samples the cranial and postcranial architectures of exemplar crocodyliforms. We analyze these data in via Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) to visualize the postcranial morphospace occupation of Dyrosauridae, Thalattosuchia, and Crocodylia. Our data reveal the existence of a distinctive postcranial anatomy for Dyrosauridae that is markedly distinct from that of crocodylians. As a result, modern crocodylians are probably not good functional analog for extinct crocodyliformes. Postcranial data should also be more widely used in phylogenetic and disparity analyses of Crocodyliformes.
A case report of an elderly male with isolated coronary sinus atrial septal defect

Abstract Background Isolated coronary sinus atrial septal defect (CSASD) is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly, comprising <1% of atrial septal defects. Elderly patients with this anomaly are even more uncommon and sometimes overlooked. Case summary A 73-year-old man with a history of electrical defibrillation therapy for atrial flutter presented with worsening exertional dyspnoea. Cardiac examination revealed CSASD without persistent left superior vena cava, showing only moderate tricuspid regurgitation. Surgical repair of the defect and regurgitant valve improved symptoms dramatically. Discussion Elderly patients with atrial arrhythmias might show uncommon presentations of congenital heart disease. Cardiologists should pay attention to enlarged right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and, in particular, enlarged coronary sinus. Direct closure with interrupted sutures secured with pledgets is effective in some case of terminal type of CSASD.
Treatment with Yeast to Reduce the Concentration of Ochratoxin A in Red Wine

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by species of fungi within the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Optimal results in reducing the concentration of OTA in wine have been obtained with the use of decolorizing charcoal, a treatment not legally permitted for red wines. The goal of this study was to evaluate the reduction of ochratoxin A in red wines by using active dry yeast and yeast lees obtained from alcoholic fermentation. The effectiveness of the treatment depends upon the quantity of the active dry yeast used. In the case of yeast lees, the greatest reduction was found in those obtained from white wine.
Morphological Development Trajectory and Structural Covariance Network of the Human Fetal Cortical Plate during the Early Second Trimester.

During the early second trimester, the cortical plate, or "the developing cortex", undergoes immensely complex and rapid development to complete its major complement of neurons. However, morphological development of the cortical plate and the precise patterning of brain structural covariance networks during this period remain unexplored. In this study, we used 7.0 T high-resolution magnetic resonance images of brain specimens ranging from 14 to 22 gestational weeks to manually segment the cortical plate. Thickness, area expansion, and curvature (i.e., folding) across the cortical plate regions were computed, and correlations of thickness values among different cortical plate regions were measured to analyze fetal cortico-cortical structural covariance throughout development of the early second trimester. The cortical plate displayed significant increases in thickness and expansions in area throughout all regions but changes of curvature in only certain major sulci. The topological architecture and network properties of fetal brain covariance presented immature and inefficient organizations with low degree of integration and high degree of segregation. Altogether, our results provide novel insight on the developmental patterning of cortical plate thickness and the developmental origin of brain network architecture throughout the early second trimester.
Visual working memory items drift apart due to active, not passive, maintenance.

How are humans capable of maintaining detailed representations of visual items in memory? When required to make fine discriminations, we sometimes implicitly differentiate memory representations away from each other to reduce interitem confusion. However, this separation of representations can inadvertently lead memories to be recalled as biased away from other memory items, a phenomenon termed repulsion bias. Using a nonretinotopically specific working memory paradigm, we found stronger repulsion bias with longer working memory delays, but only when items were actively maintained. These results suggest that (a) repulsion bias can reflect a mnemonic phenomenon, distinct from perceptually driven observations of repulsion bias; and (b) mnemonic repulsion bias is ongoing during maintenance and dependent on attention to internally maintained memory items. These results support theories of working memory where items are represented interdependently and further reveals contexts where stronger attention to working memory items during maintenance increases repulsion bias between them. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).