Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dopaminergic Dysfunction in Parkinsonism: New Lessons from Imaging

In recent decades, identification of the dopaminergic deficit in Parkinson's disease has spawned an explo sion of research in the molecular neurobiology of the basal ganglia. In vivo imaging has provided a tool to bridge developments in basic neuroscience and clinicial neurology. Imaging studies have opened a unique window on the neurochemical pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease and more specifically on the onset, progression and physiology of the degenerative process. As we are poised on the brink of new protective and restorative therapies for Parkinson's disease, the potential of imaging to teach us about in vivo brain neurochemistry offers both promise and challenge. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:333-340, 1999
Online Semi-Supervised Learning With Multiple Regularization Terms

Online semi-supervised learning (OS2L) has received much attention recently because of its well practical usefulness. Most of the existing studies of OS2L are related to manifold regularization. In this paper, we introduce a novel OS2L framework with multiple regularization terms based on the notion of ascending the dual function in constrained optimization. Using the Fenchel conjugate, different semi-supervised regularization terms can be integrated into the dual function easily and directly. This approach is derived by updating limited dual coefficient variables on each learning round. To be practical, we also employ buffering strategies and sparse approximation approaches in this paper. The experimental studies show that our methods achieve accuracy comparable to offline algorithms while consuming less time and memory. Especially, our OS2L algorithms can handle the settings where the target hyperplane of classification continually drifts with the sequence of arriving instances. This paper paves a way to design and analyze OS2L algorithms with multiple regularization terms.
Biodecolorization of Reactive Black 5 by laccase- mediator system

However, the laccase in the presence of syringaldehyde showed the strongest decolorization rate (98%), followed by vanillin (55.21%), aceto-vanillone (53.25%), ABTS (42.78%), p-coumaric acid (41.9%), DMP (39%), and catechol (36.33%); while least decolorization was observed with HBT at dye/mediator ratio of only 1:5 after 30 min. Therefore, syringaldehyde performance was evaluated at different mediator/dye ratios (1:1, 1:5 and 1:10) using commercial laccase and it was compared with that of synthetic mediator like HBT. It was found that the presence of syringaldehyde was essential for biodecolorization of RB-5. Moreover, it was observed that syringaldehyde was an effective natural redox mediator as compared to synthetic HBT. Enhanced decolorization (98%) of RB-5 by laccase was observed with 1:5 syringaldehyde and dye ratio for 30 min but maximum removal (22%) of RB-5 was recorded with HBT at 1:1 after 40 min. Thus, the study reveals that the phenolic compounds could be used as potential redox mediators for enhanced laccase-mediated decolorization of azo dyes.
Optimisation of the medium composition for production of protease and soybean peptides by Bacillus subtilis SHZ using response surface methodology

Responses surface methodology was employed to enhance the production of protease and soybean peptides by Bacillus subtilis SHZ. For screening of medium composition significantly influencing protease and soybean peptides yield, the two-level Plackett-Burman design was used. Among thirteen variables tested; KH 2 PO 4 , glucose and defatted soybean flour (DSF) were selected based on their high significant effect on both protease activity and soybean peptides yield. Then, a three-level Box-Behnken design was employed to optimise the medium composition for the production of the protease and soybean peptides in submerged fermentation. Mathematical models were then developed to show the effect of each medium composition and their interactions on the production of protease and soybean peptides. The model estimated that, the maximal protease activity (320 ± 1 U mL -1 ) could be obtained when the concentrations of glucose, KH 2 PO 4 , DSF were set at 8-9 g L -1 , 2-3 g L -1 , 55-65 g L -1 $, respectively; while a maximal yield of soybean peptides (8.5 ± 0.1 g L -1 ) could be achieved when the concentrations of glucose, KH 2 PO 4 , DSF were set at 7-9 g L -1 , 3-4 g L -1 and 55-58 g L -1 , respectively. These predicted values were also verified by validation experiments.
Analiza kvara 400 kV SF6 prekidača uslijed isklopa dalekovoda u praznom hodu

U radu je prikazana „post-mortem“ analiza kvara 400 kV SF6 prekidača uslijed isklopa dugog i neopterećenog 400 kV dalekovoda. Pri analizi su korišteni podaci o snimljenim prijelaznim pojavama za vrijeme kvara iz sustava za praćenje kvalitete električne energije i sustava WAMS. Isklapanje prekidača simulirano je u programu EMTP-RV i rezultati proračuna su uspoređeni s mjerenjima. Analiziran je utjecaj kondenzatora ugrađenih paralelno prekidnim komorama na raspodjelu napona.
Um Mapeamento Sistemático sobre Sistemas que envolvem IoT e Deep Learning conjuntamente

Na última década, a Internet das Coisas (IoT) e Deep Learning receberam significativa atenção da indústria, bem como das universidades e dos centros de pesquisa. As principais razões por trás desse interesse está no fato que IoT permite conectar diversos dispositivos ao nosso redor por meio da Internet - criando ambientes inteligentes - e Deep Learning mostrou-se ter bons resultados em uma série de aplicações, em comparação com as abordagens tradicionais, principalmente, na classificação de imagens. Neste trabalho realizamos um mapeamento sistemático de literatura com o objetivo de identificar como IoT e Deep Learning podem funcionar conjuntamente em diversos sistemas e aplicações. Os resultados apontaram que a união dessas duas abordagens é útil para a solução de vários problemas práticos.
Soils contain two different activities for oxidation of hydrogen

Hydrogen oxidation rates were measured in a neutral compost soil and an acidic sandy loam at H2 mixing ratios of 0.01 to 5000 ppmv. The kinetics were biphasic showing two different Km values for H2, one at about 10–40 nM dissolved H2, the other at about 1.2–1.4 μM H2. The low-Km activity was less sensitive to chloroform fumigation than the high-Km activity. If sterile soil was amended with Paracoccus denitrificans or a H2-oxidizing strain isolated from compost soil, it exhibited only a high-Km (0.7–0.9 μM) activity. It also failed to utilize H2 mixing ratios below a threshold of 1.6–3.0 ppmv H2 (160–300 mPa). A similar result was obtained when fresh soil samples were suspended in water, and H2 oxidation was determined from the decrease of dissolved H2. However, H2 was again utilized to mixing ratios lower than 0.05 ppmv, if the supernatant of the soil suspension or the settled soil particles were dried onto sterile soil or purified quarz sand. Obviously, soils contain two different activities for oxidation of H2: (1) a high-Km, high-threshold activity which apparently is due to aerobic H2-oxidizing bacteria, and (2) a low-Km, low-threshold activity whose origin is unknown but presumably is due to soil enzymes.
A reassessment of global bioenergy potential in 2050

Many climate change mitigation strategies rely on strong projected growth in biomass energy, supported by literature estimating high future bioenergy potential. However, expectations to 2050 are highly divergent. Examining the most widely cited studies finds that some assumptions in these models are inconsistent with the best available evidence. By identifying literature‐supported, up‐to‐date assumptions for parameters including crop yields, land availability, and costs, we revise upper‐end estimates of potential biomass availability from dedicated energy crops. Even allowing for the conversion of virtually all ‘unused’ grassland and savannah, we find that the maximum plausible limit to sustainable energy crop production in 2050 would be 40–110 EJ yr−1. Combined with forestry, crop residues, and wastes, the maximum limit to long‐term total biomass availability is 60–120 EJ yr−1 in primary energy. After accounting for current trends in bioenergy allocation and conversion losses, we estimate maximum potentials of 10–20 EJ yr−1 of biofuel, 20–40 EJ yr−1 of electricity, and 10–30 EJ yr−1 of heating in 2050. These findings suggest that many technical projections and aspirational goals for future bioenergy use could be difficult or impossible to achieve sustainably.
Allometric growth of protein, amino acids, fat and minerals in slow- and fast-growing young chickens.

Allometric growth of body constituents and apparent efficiency of amino acid and nitrogen retention were examined in slow-growing laying-type cockerels (SG) and in fast-growing male broiler hybrids (FG) during the growth period from hatch to Day 22. The respective allometric coefficients for water, pro - tein (N × 6.25), ash and fat in relation to body weight were 0.971, 1.080, 1.096 and 1.284 for SG chickens and 0.977, 1.099, 0.993, and 1.198 for FG chickens. The respective allometric coefficients describing the relationships of water, fat and ash weight with protein weight were 0.894, 1.014, and 1.186 for SG chickens and 0.893, 0.910, and 1.097 for FG chickens. High allometric coefficients for ash in both genotypes likely indicate the rapid growth of skeletal tissues which requires adequate mineral nutrition during this period of growth. The deposition of ash relative to protein was significantly higher ( P < 0.05) in SG chickens thus suggesting that the relative growth of ash may be affected by genotype. Allometric coefficients relating amino acids to body protein were less than unity in most cases which indicates that an increasing amount of non- protein N is deposited in the body with advancing age. Except for cysteine, the apparent efficiency of amino acid retention was lower in SG as compared to FG chickens. The high retention efficiency of cysteine in SG genotype was likely associated with the conversion of surplus methionine to cysteine, required for feather protein synthesis in laying-type birds at an early age.
Visual cues during the alarm reaction of Gymnocharacinus bergi (Pisces, Characidae)

Summary Gymnocharacinus bergi (Pisces, Characidae), an endemic fish in the headwaters of the Valcheta stream in northern Patagonia, displays a fright reaction. As this species inhabits a rapid stream, we hypothesized that the alarm reaction might be socially transmitted through visual information, because the detection of alarm pheromone would be restricted to those fish located downstream from the releaser. Alarm substances elicited a decrease in the swimming activity and a tendency to remain at the bottom of the aquarium. Individuals that observed the fright reaction, but were not exposed to the pheromone, spent significantly more time at the bottom of the aquarium imitating the alarm response, and tended to approach the others. Gregarious behaviour was observed; however, interactions (number of approaches) were stronger between those fish held prior to testing in the same aquarium; smaller fish in particular tended to get closer to bigger ones. Greater group cohesion was found between individuals that were exposed to the alarm pheromone.
Prevention of embryonic death using different hormonal treatments in ewes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate different treatment protocols to prevent embryonic death in ewes. A total of 180 Akkaraman crossbred ewes and 10 healthy rams were used as material. The ewes were divided into 3 equal groups, with each of the 3 groups then separated into 3 subgroups. Ewes in estrus, determined with teaser rams, were exposed to mating. Three different treatment protocols of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog (buserelin, intramuscularly) at a dose of 20 µg, vaginal sponges containing 30 mg fluorogestone acetate (FGA), and saline at a dose of 1 mL (control, intramuscularly) were applied on days 4, 12, and 16, respectively, for each subgroup after mating. No significant differences were observed in the pregnancy or multiple birth rates among any of the treatment groups. In the groups treated on days 4 and 12 after mating, the hormonal treatments gave lower rates of embryonic death compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the application of GnRH or FGA on days 4 and 12 after mating was found to be effective in preventing embryonic death in ewes.
Immunohistochemical localization of 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 5α‐reductase in the brain of the African lungfish Protopterus annectens

The localization of the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of neurosteroids in the brain of dipnoans has not yet been determined. In the present study, we investigated the immunohistochemical distribution of 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD) and 5α‐reductase (5α‐R) in the brain and pituitary of the African lungfish Protopterus annectens by using antibodies raised against type I human 3β‐HSD and type I human 5α‐R. The 3β‐HSD and 5α‐R immunoreactivities were detected in cell bodies and fibers located in the same areas of the lungfish brain, namely, in the pallium, thalamus, hypothalamus, tectum, and periaqueductal gray. Identification of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons with antisera against glial fibrillary acidic protein, galactocerebroside and neurofilaments revealed that, in the lungfish brain, 3β‐HSD immunolabeling is expressed exclusively by neurons, whereas the 5α‐R‐immunoreactive material is contained in both neurons and glial cells. In the pituitary gland, 3β‐HSD‐ and 5α‐R‐like immunoreactivity was localized in both the pars distalis and the pars intermedia. The present study provides the first immunocytochemical mapping of two key steroidogenic enzymes in the brain and pituitary of a lungfish. These data strongly suggest that neurosteroid biosynthesis occurs in the brain of fishes, as previously shown for amphibians, birds, and mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:123–135, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A prospective study on drug utilization pattern of anti-diabetic drugs in a tertiary care teaching hospital of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with common denominator of hyperglycemia, arising from a variety of pathogenic mechanisms. The aim of the study was to evaluate the drug utilization pattern of anti-diabetic drugs in diabetic patients and observe adverse drug events (ADEs) associated with anti-diabetic therapy in a prospective way.Methods: A prospective study was carried out in diabetic patients visiting the Departments of General Medicine in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Demographic data, drug utilization pattern and ADEs due to Anti-diabetic drugs were summarized.Results: In the present study, 153 (54%) of the 282 diabetic patients were males and 129 (46%) were females. Majority of patients were in the age group of 51-60 years (31.20%) and most of the patients (31.56%) had a diabetic history of 11-15 years. Metformin was the most commonly prescribed drug (64.89%). Majority of the patients (36.87%) were on multidrug therapy. Co-morbid condition was found in 232 patients (82.26%) where hypertension (22.69%) being the most common co-morbid condition. 32 ADRs were observed with Nausea being the most common ADR reported.Conclusions: The present study helps to find out current prescribing pattern of oral diabetic medications with different co-morbidities with respect to diagnosis, cost of treatment and it also highlight the need for comprehensive management of diabetic patients, including life style changes, dietary control, hypoglycemic agents, cardiovascular prevention, treatment of complications and co-morbidity. Therefore, through the existing prescribing patterns, attempts can be made to improve the quality and efficiency of drug therapy.
Mini-review: Enhancement of endotoxin activity by muramyldipeptide

Synthetic muramyldipeptide (MDP), the minimum structural moiety of bacterial peptidoglycan for adjuvant and related activities, sensitized mice for two types of lethal shock induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS): an early anaphylactoid shock and late endotoxin shock. In relation to the late reaction in MDP-primed mice, enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines was induced in response to various bacterial components. MDP showed a priming effect in mice not only when administered parentally but also via the oral route. MDP activated human monocytic THP-1 cells in a CD14-, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)- and TLR4-independent manner to increase expression of MyD88, a common adaptor and signaling molecule for TLRs, and exhibited synergistic cytokine-inducing effects with TLR4 agonists (LPS, synthetic lipid A), TLR2 agonist (synthetic lipopeptide), and TLR9 agonist (bacterial CpG DNA) in THP-1 cells in culture. Consistent with these findings, MDP primed TLR2 knockout mice as well as wild-type controls, but not TLR4-mutated C3H/HeJ mice, to enhance production of tumor necrosis factor-α upon stimulation with synthetic lipid A. In contrast to the BCG- and Propionibacterium acnes-priming system, MDP primed mice in an interferon-γ-independent manner. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms of the synthetic and priming activities of MDP for various bacterial components.
Macrophysiology: large‐scale patterns in physiological traits and their ecological implications

A little more than a decade ago, physiological ecology lay at a cross-roads. In relatively short succession, two major symposia were convened to examine both the successes of the field and its future prospects (Feder et al . 1987; Calow & Grace 1991). Although practitioners agreed that the approaches adopted by physiological ecology had led to major advances, and in many cases could continue to do so (e.g. Bartholomew 1987; Bennett 1987a; Woodward & Diament 1991), they also argued that the field’s survival would necessitate a change in approach (Bennett 1987a; Feder 1987a; Feder & Block 1991). So convincing were the warnings about the likelihood of a bleak future if the field did not alter, that among the many suggestions made for potentially productive research directions (e.g. Bennett 1987b; Feder 1987a; Randall 1987; Griffiths 1991; Lawton 1991; Wieser 1991) the large majority have since come to enjoy prominence. Undoubtedly, some of the changes in direction have been a consequence of the development of new molecular tools (Flannagan et al . 1998; Feder & Hofmann 1999; Yocum 2001; Lerman et al . 2003), and the increasing availability of sequences for entire genomes (Levine & Tjian 2003). However, much of the renewed vigour in the field of physiological ecology can be attributed to the enthusiasm with which the issues raised by these seminal symposia have subsequently been pursued, and to a better appreciation of scale as a key issue. Of the productive research directions identified at those meetings, four stand out as having subsequently enjoyed substantial attention. These are:
Application of Genetic Algorithm to Convolutional Neural Networks

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used extensively from digit recognition to natural language processing. Commonly, the error back propagation method is used to learn the CNN models. However, when learning with the error backpropagation method, the learning efficiency is not sufficiently high due to a problem called the vanishing gradient problem as the CNN model becomes deeper. In the feedforward neural networks, the error is propagated in the opposite direction, which makes it difficult for the human to intuitively understand. Therefore, the implementation of the learning algorithm is difficult. If the weights of a neural network model are regarded as genes and if we let the system learn these genes by evolution, the learning process may become more intuitive and efficient than the existing backpropagation method. In this paper, how to learn the model by applying a genetic algorithm is addressed. The simplest fully-connected model and the LeNet-5 model with MNIST, which is a widely used dataset for handwritten digits recognition are used to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Optimization of Component Elements in Integrated Coding Systems for Green Communications: A Survey

The rapid development of the information-exchange networks accelerates the consumption of resources and energy. For future green communications, the integration of many conventional communication systems is necessary, where the optimization of the component elements in the communication integrated systems realizes energy-savings. In this paper, integrated physical-layer and cross-layer communication coding systems are reviewed, where the physical-layer design focuses on coded modulation and the cross-layer design focuses on the joint source-channel coding scheme and joint channel physical-layer network coding scheme. The characteristics of the integrated systems are analyzed using the extrinsic information transfer algorithm. Taking the re-design of the protograph low-density parity-check codes as an example, different design principles for various integrated systems are discussed, showing the necessity and significance of optimization for component elements in integrated coding systems for green communications.
Analysis of reproduction and litter performance of the Zlotnicka Spotted breed and its different crossbreeds

Zlotnicka Spotted (ZS) is a native Polish pig breed. It is characterized by low reproduction and litter performance. This study aimed to determine the suitability of ZS pigs when crossed with Duroc and Polish Large White (PLW) according to reproduction and litter performance. Data concerning the number of piglets in the litter, litter weight, litter balance and piglet wastage were evaluated at birth, on the 7th and 21st days, and during weaning. ZS sows in purebred litters had 8.82 piglets at birth. However, the number of weaned piglets was of particular importance being only 7.33 heads in this study population. Wastage in purebred litters up to weaning was 17.34%. The highest number of piglets at birth (10.76 heads) and number of weaned piglets (8.98 heads) were estimated for D/ZS x ZS litters, although, at weaning, the heaviest piglets (9.61 kg) came from PLW x ZS litters. Results show that crossing ZS sows with Duroc, PLW boars, as well as crossing of D x ZS, improves reproduction and litter performance.
Towards a language for mapping relationships among taxonomic concepts

Abstract Taxonomic concepts (sensu Berendsohn) embody the underlying meanings of scientific names as stated in a particular publication, thus offering a new way to resolve semantic ambiguities that result from multiple revisions of a taxonomic name. This paper presents a comprehensive and powerful language for representing the relationships among taxonomic concepts. The language features terms and symbols for concept relationships within a single taxonomic hierarchy, or between two related but independently published hierarchies. Taxonomic concepts pertaining to a single hierarchy are characterised by parent/child relationships, whereas those pertaining to two independent hierarchies may have the following basic relationships: congruence, inclusion (non‐symmetrical, relative to the side of comparison), overlap, and exclusion. The relationships are asserted by specialists who have the option to add or subtract concepts on one or both sides of a relationship equation in order to reconcile differences betwee.