Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
WOOD COLOR VARIATION IN UNDRIED AND KILN-DRIED PLANTATION-GROWN LUMBER OF Vochysia guatemalensis VARIACIÓN DEL COLOR DE LA MADERA ASERRADA EN ESTADO VERDE Y SECA AL HORNO DE Vochysia guatemalensis PROVENIENTE DE PLANTACIONES DE RÁPIDO CRECIMIENTO

Vochysia guatemalensis has been planted over large tropical areas to obtain lumber products. However, compared with naturally-grown material variations in wood color have been noted. In the current research, trees from two 8-year-old fast-grown plantations were sampled from different climatic conditions in order to identify the causes of color variation. The study evaluated the heartwood presence, grain pattern, distance from pith, height within the tree, and effect of drying schedules. The wood color was measured by CIEL*a*b* systems. Wood color of Vochysia guatemalensis is a combination of different tonalities of lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*), however, the lightness and yellowness components were the dominant tones. The color of heartwood and sapwood were different before and after drying. A negative relationship was found between a* and L*, and a* and b* in the undried state, but no relationship was found between L* and b*. The L* index is only correlated with heartwood presence in undried wood. In dried wood, only a relationship between a* and L* is maintained, while other color parameters were affected by climate, drying schedule and heartwood presence, the L* parameter being the most affected. The dried wood displays a lighter surface than the wood before drying. The variations in the dried wood suggest that it is useful to establish dried lots of lumber according to the drying schedule, source and presence of sapwood and heartwood.
Quantifying fluxes and characterizing compositional changes of dissolved organic matter in aquatic systems in situ using combined acoustic and optical measurements

Studying the dynamics and geochemical behavior of dissolved and particulate organic material is difficult because concentration and composition may rapidly change in response to aperiodic as well as periodic physical and biological forcing. Here we describe a method useful for quantifying fluxes and analyzing dissolved organic matter (DOM) dynamics. The method uses coupled optical and acoustic measurements that provide robust quantitative estimates of concentrations and constituent characteristics needed to investigate processes and calculate fluxes of DOM in tidal and other lotic environments. Data were collected several times per hour for 2 weeks or more, with the frequency and duration limited only by power consumption and data storage capacity. We assessed the capabilities and limitations of the method using data from a winter deployment in a natural tidal wetland of the San Francisco Bay estuary. We used statistical correlation of in situ optical data with traditional laboratory analyses of discrete water samples to calibrate optical properties suited as proxies for DOM concentrations and characterizations. Coupled with measurements of flow velocity, we calculated long‐term residual horizontal fluxes of DOC into and out from a tidal wetland. Subsampling the dataset provides an estimate for the maximum sampling interval beyond which the error in flux estimate is significantly increased.
The Galactic Evolution of Si, Ti, and O Isotopic Ratios

Most meteoritic presolar grains of SiC and Al2O3 condensed around red giant and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars prior to the formation of the solar system. Here we use new and previously published isotopic data of presolar SiC and Al2O3 grains to constrain the Galactic chemical evolution (GCE) of Si, Ti, and O isotopic ratios. The 12C/13C ratios of the SiC grains limit the amount of He-shell material mixed to the surface of the parent AGB stars during third dredge-up to a few percent. Thus, the linear correlations observed between the SiC Si and Ti isotopic ratios probably reflect the average GCE trends of these elements. Moreover, the close proximity of these trends to the solar isotopic composition indicates that the latter cannot be very unusual for these elements. A χ2 fit to the SiC isotopic data has allowed us to accurately estimate the relative GCE paths for the Si and Ti isotopes. The fit estimates the nucleosynthetic components of the grains' compositions, the metallicities of their parent stars, and the mean GCE paths of the isotopes. For most of the isotopes, our results agree remarkably well with the GCE calculations of Timmes, Woosley, & Weaver and Timmes & Clayton after they are corrected to pass through solar. However, the abundances of both 30Si and 47Ti in the fit increase significantly more slowly with metallicity, relative to the other isotopes, than predicted by the corrected GCE model. Conversely, 49Ti increases more rapidly in the fit than predicted. These discrepancies probably reflect errors in the supernova models used to calculate the GCE paths. Our fit also suggests that the typical ISM at solar metallicity is enriched in 29Si and 30Si (by ~8% and ~5%, respectively) relative to solar. The GCE of the O isotopes cannot yet be so well constrained, but the Al2O3 data are most consistent with a GCE path that passes close to solar rather than one that is 18O depleted as suggested by measurements of molecular clouds. The inferred depletion of 29Si and 30Si in the Sun could be explained by the addition or removal of a small amount of supernova material. However, we can probably rule out a supernova explanation for the apparent enrichment of solar O relative to young stars and the local ISM and 18O relative to molecular clouds.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Overlapping Development Activities

Overlapping development activities is widely used to reduce project completion times in product development. However, research on the applicability of the concept in di fferent technological environments remains scarce. So far, very few industry-specific studies have statistically confirmed an accelerating effect of overlap. In the present article we statistically measure the effectiveness of overlapping development activities in reducing project completion time. Building on analytical research in operations management, we argue that this effectiveness differs with the organization's capability to resolve uncertainty early in the process. Projects benefit more from over lap if they are able to resolve uncertainty early. This contingency view to overlapping development activities is tested based on data from 140 completed development projects across several global electronics industries.
Tadpole Mouthpart Depigmentation as an Accurate Indicator of Chytridiomycosis, an Emerging Disease of Amphibians

Abstract Chytridiomycosis is an emerging infectious disease of amphibians caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, and its role in causing population declines and species extinctions worldwide has created an urgent need for methods to detect it. Several reports indicate that in anurans chytridiomycosis can cause the depigmentation of tadpole mouthparts, but the accuracy of using depigmentation to determine disease status remains uncertain. Our objective was to determine for the Mountain Yellow-legged Frog (Rana muscosa) whether visual inspections of the extent of tadpole mouthpart depigmentation could be used to accurately categorize individual tadpoles or R. muscosa populations as B. dendrobatidis-positive or negative. This was accomplished by assessing the degree of mouthpart depigmentation in tadpoles of known disease status (based on PCR assays). The depigmentation of R. muscosa tadpole mouthparts was associated with the presence of B. dendrobatidis, and this association was particularly strong for upper jaw sheaths. Using a rule that classifies tadpoles with upper jaw sheaths that are 100% pigmented as uninfected and those with jaw sheaths that are <100% pigmented as infected resulted in the infection status of 86% of the tadpoles being correctly classified. By applying this rule to jaw sheath pigmentation scores averaged across all tadpoles inspected per site, we were able to correctly categorize the infection status of 92% of the study populations. Similar research on additional anurans is critically needed to determine how broadly applicable our results for R. muscosa are to other species.
Estimation of vocal tract area functions in children based on measurement of lip termination area and inverse acoustic mapping

Although vocal tract area functions for adult talkers can be acquired with medical imaging techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), similar information concerning children's vocal tracts during speech production is difficult to obtain. This is largely because the demanding nature of the data collection tasks is not suitable for children. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of mapping formant frequencies measured from the [i, ae, a, u] vowels produced by three children (age range 4 to 6 years), to estimated vocal tract area functions. Formants were measured with a pitch-synchronous LPC approach, and the inverse mapping was based on calculations of acoustic sensitivity functions [Story, J. Acoust. Soc. , Am. , 119, 715-718]. In addition, the mapping was constrained by measuring the lip termination area from digital video frames collected simultaneously with the audio sample. Experimental results were augmented with speech simulations to provide some validation of the techniq.
SelectiveOpening Secure Functional Encryption

Functional encryption (FE) has more fine-grained control to encrypted data than traditional encryption schemes. The well-accepted security of FE is indistinguishability-based security (IND-FE) and simulation-based security (SIMFE), but the security is not sufficient. For example, if an adversary has the ability to access a vector of ciphertexts and can ask to open some information of the messages, such as coins used in the encryption or secret key in multikey setting, whether the privacy of the unopened messages is guaranteed. This is called selective opening attack (SOA). In this paper, we propose a stronger security of FE which is secure against SOA (we call SOFE) and propose a concrete construction of SO-FE scheme in the standard model. Our scheme is a non-adaptive IND-FE which satisfies selective opening secure in the simulation sense. In addition, the scheme can encrypt messages of any bit length other than bitwise and it is secure against SOA-C and SOAK simultaneously while the two attacks were appeared in different model before. According to the different functionality f, our scheme can specialize as IBE, ABE and even PE schemes secure against SOA.
The transition from classical to digital thinking Reflections on

The purpose of this article is two-fold: firstly, to illustrate the collaborative work of the TEXTE programme at NUI, Galway, in order to facilitate the move that an »old-style editor« had to undertake to electronically edit the correspondence of Irish painter James Barry, and secondly to discuss certain aspects that arose from this work in reflection to editor Tim McLoughlin’s observations which he describes by himself elsewhere in this volume. This article focuses mainly on what ›using‹ a scholarly edition means and problematizes what impact this has on the shift from hard-copy to electronic editing. It is argued that there is not so much a gap between print and electronic medium but much more a transition in a thinking process: from the output orientation of the classical style of editing towards a dataand user-driven new approach.
EERA: Charting The Rise Of Polycentric Evaluation

Research indicates that inspection models tend to be adapted when education accountability systems mature. Schools and their stakeholders develop evaluation literacy and innovation capacity to improve education on their own and thus have less need of being driven by top down inspections and reform initiatives (see Barber, 2004). Despite this a recent McKinsey report (2010) sparked a debate in many European countries about a lack of improvement in many education systems across the continent. The report argues that the education systems in many countries are ? good? but fail to improve to ? great? as schools are not aiming for higher achievement and fail to innovate their teaching and learning. In order to make this final but difficult phase ? from good to great? various inspectorates of education (e.g. the Netherlands and Northern Ireland) have begun to experiment with polycentric inspection.
Beam profile wire-scanner/halo-scraper sensor analog interface electronics

The halo experiment presently being conducted at the Low Energy Demonstration Accelerator (LEDA) at Los Alamos National Laboratory utilizes a generally traditional wire scanner for measurement of the beam core profile and a graphite scraper for measurement of the tails of the beam distribution. A lossy integrator is used to detect the replacement charge flowing to the wire and scraper. Independent programmable dc-bias voltages are applied to the wire and the scraper through the analog electronic interface to optimize the charge capture from the two sensors. A programmable guard voltage is applied to isolate the scraper from the resistivity of the cooling system. A programmable gain provides a total dynamic range in the analog electronics of greater than about one part in 10/sup 6/. The analog signal is digitized to 14 bits plus sign, and the equivalent input noise is nominally 30 fC.
EDITORIAL: ECONOMIC DECLINE AND THE RELEVANCE OF INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY

During the last century American agriculture has undergone a massive transformation from an industry dominated by a large number of small family-owned farms to an industry characterized by a fewer larger scale, heavily-capitalized enterprises. In this paper, we analyze the shifting geography of production with respect to the U.S. floriculture industry. The ongoing transformation of the floriculture industry is being driven by two interrelated phenomena. One is growing Canadian imports, particularly from Ontario. Canadian producers benefit from a fortuitous location with respect to major American markets, operate on a larger scale, enjoy a more favorable institutional setting, and until recently, profited from a favorable exchange rate. Another transformative process has been increasing sales of floricultural products by mass merchandisers in the U.S. The “big box” stores favor large scale operations, including Canadian exporters, due to larger scale demand and more complex sales agreements. As a result of these transformative changes, the U.S. floriculture industry will likely move to a dual market structure, consisting of large scale producers, who can supply the “big boxes” and compete effectively with foreign imports, and another segment of small scale producers who will have to carve out local markets based on higher quality customer service and/or being responsive to specialized consumer demands.
High school mathematics teachers’ use of technology in their learning and teaching

ed symbols and representations meant. Students’ individual practice followed his lecturing. Ways in Which Technology Was Used Simon pulled out a number line on his laptop screen by using GSP and his laptop screen was projected onto the dry erase white board through the DLP projector. He also used the document camera system to project the textbook, handouts, and notes onto the white board to make sure where the students were and what were the given problems for them. In this lesson, he used tools to enhance his writing and drawing. His tool use was pedagogically meaningful, but not mathematically meaningful. He used GSP simply to draw a number line. However, he could have used GSP to help students’ become aware of their misconceptions or explore the mathematical concepts, in ways similar to activities Simon had experienced in EMAT 3500. In the personal conversation, he said to me that he was teaching this course for the first time and did not have enough time to think about incorporating technology for teaching. I considered that his limited use of GSP was mainly due to this being his first time teaching the class. Observation day 2 (9/5) Mathematical Topic On this day, I observed two classes. The topics of his Algebra II class were writing equations of lines (homework review) and correlation and best fitting lines. Finding derivatives was the topic in his calculus class.
Effects of (6)-gingerol, ginger component on adipocyte development and differentiation in 3T3-L1

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of (6)-gingerol, ginger components proliferation and adipocyte differentiation from early to lately steps. Methods: 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were cultured. Differentiation of confluent cells was induced with dexamethasone, isobutylxanthin and insulin for 2 day and cells were cultured by medium with insulin in presence of various concentrations 0, 25, 50, 100 (μmol/L) of (6)-gingerol for 4 day. Cell viability was measured using the EZ Cytox assay kit. In addition, we examined the expression of mRNA levels associated with each adipocyte differentiation step by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: (6)-Gingerol inhibited adipocyte proliferation in a dose and time dependent manner. Expression of C/EBPβ, associated with early differentiation step remained unchaged. However, intermmediate, late differentiation step and adipocytokines were effectively changed in dose-dependently manner in cell groups treated with (6)-gingerol. Conclusion: This study has shown that treatment with (6)-gingerol inhibited adipocyte proliferation as well as each adipocyte differentiation step. In particular, the (6)-gingerol more effectively inhibited adipocyte differentiation from intermmediate differentiation step.
Monetary-Fiscal Game Analyzed Using a Macroeconomic Model for Poland

In the paper a monetary-fiscal game is formulated and analyzed. It describes interactions of the monetary and fiscal authorities. Each authority tries to achieve its own goal: the fiscal authority – assumed GDP growth, and the monetary authority – an inflation level. A macroeconomic model for the Polish economy has been formulated on the basis of the New Neoclassical Synthesis concept and respectively extended to describe effects of the fiscal instruments. The model parameters have been estimated using statistical data of the Polish economy from the period 2000–2014. A computer-based system calculating results of the game has been constructed using the above model. A sequence of simulations have been made in which payoffs of the game were derived for alternative monetary and fiscal policies. Results of the policy mix strategies alternative to the historical policies in Poland were also considered. In the paper the best response strategies of the authorities and the Nash equilibria are analyzed when the authorities assume independently their goals. The simulation results are presented and discussed for the cases when the Nash equilibria is Pareto optimal but also when it is not Pareto optimal. It is shown also that the best response strategies may lead to the extremely restrictive or expansive policies.
Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Potential of Nigerian Red Palm Oil (Elaeis Guineensis)

Polyphenols have been shown in both in vitro and in vivo experiments to induce responses that are consistent with the protective effects of diets rich in fruits and vegetables against degenerative conditions such as cardiovascular disorders and cancer. Red palm oil, extracted from the fruit mesocarp of Elaeis guineensis is very important in the diet of many Nigerians, and indeed many citizens of developing countries living around the tropics. It contains antioxidant components such as carotenoids (alpha, beta, and gamma carotenes) and vitamin E (tocophorols and tocotrienols), which are of known nutritional and health benefits, but the antioxidant polyphenol contents of this oil is not fully explored. To assess the total antioxidant potential due partly to the scavenging of reactive oxygen specie (ROS) and the inhibition of the enzyme, xanthine oxidase, the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase assay system and the 2-deoxyguanosine-assay model were utilized. These revealed that the oil possesses promising antioxidant and radical scavenging activities with IC50 values of 95 ? M and 219 ? M for the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase and 2-deoxyguanosine assays, respectively. Liquid-Chromatography with Electrospray – Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI) showed the presence of the antioxidant, 3,4 hydroxybenzyaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid and ferulic acid in the red palm oil. Thus, in addition to antioxidant compounds like carotenoids, and vitamin E, the red palm oil also contains a rich mixture of phenolic compounds with potent antioxidant and radical scavenging capacities that might also account significantly for its widely reported capacity to modulate stress-related disorders.
Hypernymy Extraction Based on Shallow and Deep Patterns

There exist various approaches to construct taxonomies by text mining. Usually these approaches are based on supervised learning and extract in a first step several patterns. These patterns are then applied to previously unseen texts and used to recognize hypernym/hyponym pairs. Normally these approaches are only based on a surface representation or a syntactic tree structure, i.e., a constituency or dependency tree derived by a syntactical parser. In this work we present an approach which, additionally to shallow patterns, directly operates on semantic networks which are derived by a deep linguistic syntacticosemantic analysis. Furthermore, the shallow approach heavily depends on semantic information, too. It is shown that recall and precision can be improved considerably than by relying on shallow patterns alone.
Social Cybersecurity : Understanding and Leveraging Social Influence to Improve End-User Security Sensitivity

2 Chapter 1: Introduction . 5 Chapter 2: Background and Related Work . 8 Security Sensitivity . 8 Social Influence and Security Sensitivity . 8 Gaps and Opportunities . 10 Chapter 3: A Typology of How Social Influence Affects Security Behaviors . 12 Summary . 12 Motivation . 12 Methodology . 12 Semi-Structured Interviews . 12 Recruitment . 13 Data Coding and Analysis . 14 Results . 15 Social Triggers in Driving Behavior Change . 16 Discussion . 21 Opportunities . 21 Future Work . 22 Chapter 4: Understanding How Security Information Is Communicated . 24 Summary . 24 Motivation . 24 Methodology . 24 Data Coding and Analysis . 25 Results . 25 Catalysts for Security Related Communication . 25 Conversation Goals . 28 Identifying a typology of communications: The Interaction of catalysts and goals . 28 Discussion . 33 Opportunities . 33 Future Work . 34 Chapter 5: How Social Influences Affects Security Tool Diffusion . 35 Summary . 35 Motivation . 35 Hypotheses . 36 Social Diffusion and Friend Diversity . 36 Social Diffusion and Observability . 36 Social Diffusion on Security Adoptions . 36 Methodology . 37 Results . 39 How exposure to friends from distinct social circles relates to adoption . 39 How social influence affects the adoption of security tools . 41 Summary of Results As They Relate to Hypotheses . 45 Discussion . 45 Future Work . 46