Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Environmental modulation of self‐organized periodic vegetation patterns in Sudan

Spatially periodic vegetation patterns in arid to semi-arid regions have inspired numerous mechanistic models in the last decade. All embody a common principle of self-organization and make concordant, hence robust, predictions on how environmental factors may modulate the morphological properties of these patterns. Such an array of predictions still needs to be corroborated by synchronic and diachronic field observations on a large scale. Using Fourier-based texture analysis of satellite imagery, we objectively categorized the typical morphologies of periodic patterns and their characteristic scales (wavelength) over extensive areas in Sudan. We then analyzed the environmental domain and the modulation of patterns morphologies at different dates to test the theoretical predictions within a single synthetic and quantitative study. Our results show that, below a critical slope gradient which depends on the aridity level, pattern morphologies vary in space in relation to the decrease of mean annual rainfall in a sequence consistent with the predictions of self-organization models: gaps, labyrinths and spots with increasing wavelengths. Moreover, the same dynamical sequence was observed over time during the Sahelian droughts of the 1970s and 1980s. For a given morphology, the effect of aridity is to increase the pattern wavelength. Above the critical slope gradient, we observed a pattern of parallel bands oriented along the contour lines (the so called tiger-bush). The wavelength of these bands displayed a loose inverse correlation with the slope. These results highlight the pertinence of self-organization theory to explain and possibly predict the dynamics of these threatened ecosystems
Towards Readability Individuation: The Right Changes to Text Format make Large Impacts on Reading Speed

In our age of ubiquitous digital displays, adults often read in short, opportunistic interludes. We consider, for the ﬁrst time, whether reading outcomes in this unique Interlude Reading can be improved by tailoring typeface to the individual. Hun-dreds of participants provide a foundation for understanding which fonts people prefer and which make them more effective readers. Results reveal that while 77% believed their preferred font would be fastest to read in; this was only valid for 20%. Differences between best and worst font average 75 words per minute (WPM), with no signiﬁcant changes in comprehension. High WPM variability for every font suggests that one font does not ﬁt all. We here provide recommendations for favorable fonts related to higher reading speed without sacriﬁcing comprehension and suggest that our methodological approach can be used to model for individuation, allowing digital devices to match their users’ needs in-the-moment.
Digestibilidade e características ruminais de dietas com diferentes níveis de concentrado para bubalinos e bovinos

The objective of this trial was to evaluate three different concentrate levels (CL) (23, 43 and 63%) on intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal metabolism, and microbial efficiency in Holstein bovines and Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) fed diets containing ground corn and dry cassava by-product as energy sources. Three Holstein bovines and three Murrah buffaloes averaging, respectively, 473±54 kg and 400±33 kg of body weight (BW), fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were blocked by species and randomly assigned to two replicated 3 x 3 Latin squares with a factorial arrangement of treatments. Chromium oxide was used as duodenal and fecal flow marker. Intake of dry matter (DM) was lower on bubalines (1.40% of BW) than on bovines (1.63% of BW). The greatest CP intake was of 10.09 g/kg BW0.75 for bovines and 8.63 g/kg BW0.75 for bubalines with 44.4% of concentrate in the diet while the highest starch intake was of 32.83 g/kg BW 0.75 for bovines and 28.38 g/kg BW 0.75 for bubalines with 61.69% of concentrate in the diet. There were no effects of CL and species on total tract digestibility, ruminal digestibility, and intestinal digestibility of nutrients with the exception of starch and CP. Apparent total tract digestibility of starch was greatest on bovines (95.7 vs. 85.8%); ruminal starch digestibility was also greatest on bovines (87.4% vs. 81.9%) and that increased linearly when the CL was increased in the diet. It was observed lower ruminal digestibility (13.2 vs. 27.5%) and higher intestinal digestibility (86.8 vs. 72.5%) of CP on bovines compared to bubalines in this trial. Ruminal pH averaged 6.7 on bubalines and was greater that than on bovines (6.3). Ruminal ammonia concentration differed across treatments on bubalines but not on bovines whereas microbial efficiency was not affected either by dietary CL or by species.
Composition of the diet of chimpanzees and comparisons with that of sympatric lowland gorillas in the lopé reserve, gabon

Over an eight‐year period, a total of 174 food items were recorded for chimpanzees (Pan t. troglodytes) in the Lopé Reserve in central Gabon. Plant foods, principally fruit, dominated the diet but insects were eaten regularly, and predation on at least three species of mammal occurred infrequently. The diversity of the vegetative component of the diet (leaves, stems, and bark) was probably underestimated by fecal analysis. Comparison of chimpanzee diet at Lopé with that of sympatric lowland gorillas showed the majority of foods were eaten by both species (73% of chimpanzee food items and 57% of gorilla food items). The overlap of fruit species was greater (82% and 79%, respectively) than that of other food classes. Both chimpanzees and gorillas harvested the majority of their plant foods arboreally (76% and 69%, respectively). The high degree of dietary overlap suggested that ecological competition between these two closely related species might exist. Few overt signs of competition for food either between or within species were observed but when fruit was scarce, the diets of the two species showed greatest divergence. The major differences between chimpanzee and gorilla diet at Lopé were the larger quantities of vegetative foods regularly eaten by gorillas and their ability to resort to a diet dominated by vegetative foods when fruit was scarce. In these respects, chimpanzees at Lopé resembled populations of Pan troglodytes studied elsewhere while Lopé gorillas resembled mountain gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) in their greater dependence on vegetative foods. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abies sibirica in the Ural region is attacked by the S type of Heterobasidion annosum

Summary Specimens of Heterobasidion annosum were collected in seven mixed stands of Abies sibirica and Picea abies in Yekaterinburg and Perm regions on the western side of the Ural Mountains, Russia. Pure cultures were isolated from 60 collections and identified in mating tests. Only the S intersterility group was found, attacking both fir and spruce. Based on the appearance of clamp connections in matings, the compatibility of 12 homokaryons from the Ural area with 14 S group homokaryons from western Europe was 100%, with 13 F group homokaryons from southern Europe 76% and 9 P group homokaryons from western Europe 3%. The results show that A. sibirica, in contrast to A. alba, is very susceptible to the S type H. annosum.
Chemical composition of body including fatty acids

Chemical composition of meat including fatty acids of four two-years old cyprinid fish species cultured at the same conditions was compared in this study. Samples of two-years old common carp, silver carp, grass carp and tench were taken in the winter time from a pond where the production is taken place in the semi-intensive system of production. Moisture content was 77.6±0.41 in tench, 77.00±0.36 in silver carp, 76.22±1.03 in grass carp, and 75.02±0.29 in common carp (p<0.01). The amount of protein was 18.02±0.15 in the fillets of silver carp, 15.59±0.21 in carp, 14.8±0.08 in tench and 14.68±0.12 in grass carp fillets (p<0.01). Fat percentage in the fillets of silver carp, tench, grass carp and common carp was, respectively, 4.07±0.05; 5.78±0.11; 6.39±0.24 and 6.85±0.14 (p<0.01). Ash content in percentage was 0.84±0.03 for grass carp, 0.89±0.035 for common carp, 1.18±0.01 for silver carp and 2.00±0.04 for tench (p<0.01). The fatty acid composition of fish varies greatly depending on fish species. The amount of saturated fatty acids was the highest in tench (36.36±0.33) and lowest in common carp (24.23±0.06) (p<0.01). Tench contained the least amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (34.97%), and the largest percentage was measured in common carp (64.34%) (p<0.01). Silver carp contained the higest percent of polyunsaturated fatty acids 24.23% of which was 18.17% n-3 and 6.07% n-6, the lowest percentage was in common carp which contained 10.95% and the ratio n-3/n-6 was 0.14 (p<0.01). Fish species determined chemical composition and the relative fatty acid content in meat. Nutritive value of examinated freshwater fish is high since their fatty acid composition is characterized by favourable proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and by high proportion of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic and arachidonic acids.
Theoretical and computational aspects of expressive power of deep neural networks

associated with the network. Here v ∈ Rp is the input and Fi denotes the operation at the ith (hidden) layer. DNN creates complex functions from simple ones by composition. We focus on DNNs that have piecewise linear activation functions, e.g. ReLU(v) = v+. In this case, each layer of nodes slices the input space by a number of hyperplanes, thereby enriching the learning function by allowing it to be linear on each of the sliced pieces that are increasing in number and shrinking in size. The optimization procedure employed when we train the network is nothing but a systematic approach for determining this slicing so that the learning function matches with the data. That is, given data {vi, yi}, we aim to find function F ∗ in some function class such that
Elevational gradients and species richness: do methods change pattern perception?

Aim Species richness patterns along elevational gradients have been documented extensively. Yet, the implications of differences in how the data are compiled are seldom explored. We investigate the effect of grain size on the richness–elevation relationship. Grain size varies among the principal methods used to collect or aggregate species occurrences: localized sites, elevational ‘bins’ and interpolation of species ranges. Assumptions of sampling and species distributions also vary among these methods. Methodology can influence the pattern that is perceived and comparability of results. We compare patterns from all three methods explicitly using the same suite of observations, based on museum records and field surveys of non-flying small mammals. Our assessment is enhanced by comparing patterns resulting from each method for each of six adjacent mountain ranges. Location Utah, North America. Methods We document elevational species richness patterns using generalized linear models (GLMs), comparing the general shape of the trend as well as curvature, location and magnitude of peak richness across methods, both within and among gradients. We also introduce a new procedure to test for richness peaks using site-based occurrences. Results We find a general congruence of the richness–elevation relationship, depicting a hump-shaped pattern with a second-order polynomial GLM showing a significant fit to nearly all gradient-methodology combinations. However, underlying characteristics of the trend may vary with grain size. As grain size coarsens, maximum species richness increases and elevation of the mode slightly decreases. Results for curvature vary, but degree of curvature tends to increase as grain size coarsens. The richness–elevation patterns are independent of sampling effects. Main conclusions The perceived elevational diversity pattern for small mammals along these mountain ranges is not scale-dependent. Differences in how the data are compiled are not reflected in major differences in patterns, even when local samples are neither uniformly spaced nor sampled with the same intensity. This result lends confidence to the assertion that patterns documented in similar studies with different methodologies and for which sampling is sufficiently comprehensive are good indicators of diversity. However, consistency of results from more than one compilation method may help to address issues of scale-dependence, more so when these comparisons are made explicit.
STUDIES ON PRODUCTIVITY OF COFFEE III‐DIFFERENCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS BETWEEN FOUR VARIETIES OF COFFEE

SUMMARY Net photosynthesis was measured in plants of four coffee varieties (two of Coffea arabica and two of Coffea canephora(robusta)) at several temperature and light conditions. It was observed that light saturation occurred at approximately 0.11 cal cm–2 min–1, whereas net photosynthesis decreased with increasing temperatures above 20 °C (approximately 7% per °C). The arabica selection S288–23 showed the highest net photosynthesis and the lowest percentual decrease with excessive temperatures. The results are in good agreement with field experiments of plants of the same groups. The method used, may be applied for a comparison of potential dry matter production between varieties under different environmental conditions.
Storage of environmental signals in flax. Their morphogenetic effect as enabled by a transient depletion of calcium

It is possible to induce the formation of epidermal meristems in the hypocotyl of non-injured and non-hormone-treated plantlets of flax, by combining various sorts of physical stimulations with a transient depletion of calcium. The characteristic times for the decrease of the tissue concentration of calcium during calcium depletion and for the recovery of the normal tissue concentration of calcium after resupplying the latter ion, are close to 1 day. The stimuli may correspond to wind or drought or even to the manipulation stress occurring when the plantlets are transferred from their germination to their growth vessel. Meristem production is increased by combining several physical stimulations. When calcium depletion is delayed relative to the application of the physical stimulation(s), the production of meristems is delayed accordingly. This means that the signal induced by the physical stimulation(s) may be stored within the plants, without apparent effect, until a calcium depletion finally allows the stored signal to take effect (formation of meristems). For storage periods of up to 8 days no loss of the potency of the stored signal was observed. A few other examples of storage of morphogenetic signals in plants have been described in the literature. The mechanism involved in signal storage is still not clearly understood. However, it seems that the sensing and/or storing of the signals require that the plant tissues are sufficiently rich in calcium, whereas the licensing of the plants for the translation of signals into the final response (meristem production) is done by a transient calcium depletion.
Information-structural variations in Siouan languages

Most previous information-structural analysis on Siouan languages has been fragmentary and based on incommensurable definitions and frameworks. A corpus study drawing on transcribed and recorded utterances from languages in all major branches of Siouan represents a first step towards generalizable and practical knowledge of the morphosyntactic and intonational indices of informationstructural categories in Siouan languages. This study focuses on variations previously noted in the literature – intonational marking and demarking, postverbal arguments, reduction of referring expressions, OSV word order and switch-topic markers.
Nodular gastritis and Helicobacter pylori in paediatric patients

Introduction: Nodular Gastritis in a frequent diagnosis in upper digestive endoscopies in children and much more common in those infected with Helicobacter pylori. Recent research suggests that this diagnosis in childhood may increase the risk of cancer in adulthood. With this study we aim to provide an approach to the theme at the Institute of Gastroenterology. Materials and methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in patients under the age of 19 with endoscopic diagnosis of nodular gastritis at the Gastroenterology Institute in Cuba between 2013 and 2019 in which they were diagnosed 312 patients and 70 of them met the selection criteria needed for research. Results: 51.4 % of patients were male. Diagnosis of nodular gastritis and HP infection increased with the increase in age, with the age group being 15 to 19 years the most affected with 40 % of patients of whom 68.7 % were infected with the bacteria and the highest positivity was in the 11-14 years with an increase a ratio of 1.6 positives per year. The antral location was more significant with 72.8 % of which 64.7 % were HP positive. An increase in chronic inflammatory infiltrate and the extent of the inflammation was appreciated with increased age and most hp patients had activity. 90% of patients with moderate activity had HP. Conclusions: Nodular gastritis affects children of both sexes in equal measure, becoming more common as age increases. It affects the antral region to a greater extent and evidences an increase in lymphoplasmoctical infiltrate as age increases. Helicobacter pylori infection was diagnosed in more than half of patients with nodular gastritis and increased their diagnosis as age increased. It was most commonly evident in patients over 10 years of age, with anthracite gastritis and in most of them degrees of activity were shown ISSN: 2637-4501
A Model for Accommodation Selection using GIS and Multi-Criteria System

-The main purpose of this research to develop a preference model for the best accommodation selection process in Chittagong city, Bangladesh based on College, Market, Hospital and Park with GIS and Multi-Criteria System (MCS). A decision is the result of a comparison of one or more alternatives concerning one or more criteria that we considered relevant for the task at hand. MCS is primarily concerned with how to combine the information from Multi-Criteria to form a single index of evaluation. Multi-Criteria System (MCS) provides a more logical and scientific way for best accommodation selection. MCS describes any structured approach used to determine overall preferences among alternative options, where accomplish several criteria . The results were having a sample of the computerized program that could be used to measure these indicators and their weights. The integration of multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques with the Geographical information system (GIS) are forward as providing the user with the means to evaluate various alternatives by multiple and collecting criteria. These criteria are Market, Office, Rood, Park, Sea beach, Hospital, University, College, School, Mosjid, Mondir, Temple, Playground, Airport and Police station. There is a most important option is weight.
The Phylogenetic Relationships of the Endemic Genera of Australo-Papuan Hawks

Abstract Six genera of accipitrids (Erythrotriorchis, Hamirostra, Harpyopsis, Henicopernis, Lophoictinia, and Megatriorchis), composed of a total of eight species, are endemic to the Australo-Papuan region. Traditionally, these were assigned to four subfamilies in the Accipitridae; however, a recent hypothesis suggested they together comprise an endemic radiation of closely related genera and species. We investigated these alternatives using phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of the slowly evolving nuclear RAG-1 exon. Bootstrapped maximum likelihood trees and a permutation likelihood ratio test provide robust evidence that these genera represent four clades placed in three divergent higher taxa of accipitrids: (1) Hamirostra, Henicopernis, and Lophoictinia comprise a monophyletic clade of pernine kites, (2) Harpyopsis is a harpy eagle, and (3) Erythrotriorchis and Megatriorchis represent two unrelated clades of accipiters. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses confirmed these results. The hypothesis that the six genera are monophyletic was firmly rejected. The data are consistent with a southeast Asian or Australo-Papuan origin for each of the four clades. These six genera each include only one or two species and are closely related to other monotypic taxa; an efficient classification would place most of these genera in synonymy. RELACIONES FILOGENÉTICAS DE GÉNEROS ENDÉMICOS DE HALCONES AUSTRALO-PAPUANOS Seis géneros de accipítridos (Erythrotriorchis, Hamirostra, Harpyopsis, Henicopernis, Lophoictinia y Megatriorchis), compuestos por un total de ocho especies, son endémicos de la región Australo-Papuana. Tradicionalmente, estos géneros fueron asignados a cuatro subfamilias en Accipitridae; sin embargo, hipótesis recientes sugirieron que juntos comprenden una radiación endémica de géneros y especies relacionados cercanamente. Investigamos estas alternativas usando análisis filogenéticos de secuencias de ADN del exón nuclear de evolución lenta RAG-1. Árboles de máxima probabilidad de bootstrap y una prueba de radio de probabilidad de permutación proporcionaron evidencia robusta de que estos géneros representan cuatro clados ubicados en tres taxa divergentes más elevados de accipítridos: (1) Hamirostra, Henicopernis y Lophoictinia comprenden un clado monofilético de milanos perninos, (2) Harpyopsis es un águila harpía y (3) Erythrotriorchis y Megatriorchis representan dos clados de accipítridos no relacionados. Análisis de parsimonia y bayesianos confirmaron estos resultados. La hipótesis de que los seis géneros son monofiléticos fue firmemente rechazada. Los datos son consistentes con un origen del sureste asiático o Australo-Papuano para cada uno de los cuatro clados. Estos seis géneros sólo incluyen una o dos especies y están cercanamente relacionados con otros taxa monotípicos; una clasificación eficiente ubicaría a la mayoría de estos géneros en sinonimia.