Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Are We Wasting Our Time At School? Causal Evidence of the Impact of Shortening Secondary School Duration

This paper analyzes the impact of shortening the length of higher secondary schooling on human capital accumulation. A policy reform in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt implemented in 2003 provides a natural experiment by abolishing the 13th year for students in the 9th grade and leaving students in the 10th grade unaected. The curriculum remained almost unchanged. Using data from the double cohort of graduates in 2007, we nd signicant negative eects of shortening secondary school duration on student performance in math for both gender and in English for females, whereas the eects on literature are not statistically signicant.
A study of adjustment and emotional intelligence of university coaches in India

The purpose of the study was to examine the differences between state and central university coaches of India in their level of adjustment and emotional Intelligence. A random sample was selected from 42 different state and central recognized universities of India from different states. Two hypotheses for the study include ( 1) There is no significant difference in the adjustment of university coaches belonging to state and central universities of India and (2) There is no significantly difference in the Emotional intelligence of university coaches belonging to state and central universities of India. Tools employed were Saxena’s Adjustment Inventory and Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory that served as the main data sources. Critical Ratio was applied to get the results. It was observed that the mean scores of state university coaches in India (m = 52.4) was higher than the mean scores of central university coaches in India (m = 50.29) which further means that coaches belonging to state universities have better adjustment than the coaches belonging to central universities. It was also found that state and central university coaches did not differ significantly in their level of emotional-intelligence.
INTRODUCTION OF THE SERINE GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN ( SGFP ) Pyricularia grisea GENE NTO RA DC 4 I CE ISOLATED FROM USING Digitaria ciliaris Agrobacterium tumefaciens-MEDIATED GENETIC TRANSFORMATION

Blast disease (caused by ) has long been known as a serious problem for up rice. Now, it also Pyricularia grisea land attacks lowland rice. However, the mechanism facilitating this range expansion is still unknown. One option is to insert a marker into so that it can be used to monitor the spread of infection. ( P. grisea P. grisea S sGFP erin Green Fluorescent Protein ) gene of the study of has been used to monitor gene expression specific tagged proteins for fungal cell. genome of dc 4 from In this study, the gene has been integrated into the The sGFP igitaria c . P. grisea D iliaris p using the lasmid was introduced into triparental mating method (TPM). Genetic transformation sGFP A. tumefaciens was performed by co-cultivating spore dc4 with LBA4404–pCAMB-s . dc4 s of The P. grisea A. tumefaciens GFP P grisea . transformant was selected by using selection medium 300 μg/m hygromycin. The integration of a containing L of the the the c the sGFP sGFP sGFP gene into genome was confirmed by PCR using 's spe ific primer pair, -Nos terminator primer pair and -Tubulin primer pair as internal control. Expression of from the an the gene the β sGFP P. grisea dc4 transformant w detected with blue light fluorescent microscop as y.
Two Trends in Mobile Malware: Financial Motives and Transitioning from Static to Dynamic Analysis

The goal of this paper is to analyze the behavior and intent of recent types of privacy-invasive Android adware. There are two recent trends in this area: more financial (rather than ego) motives, and the development of more dynamic analysis tools. This paper starts with a review of Android mobile operating system security, and also addresses the pros and cons of open source operating system security. Static analysis of malware provides high quality results and leads to a good understanding as shown in this paper. However, as malware grows in number and complexity, there have been recent efforts to automate the detection mechanisms and many of the static tasks. As Android’s market share is rapidly growing around the world, Android security will be a crucial area of research for IT security professionals and their academic counterparts. The upside of the current situation is that malware is being quickly exposed, thanks to open-source software development tools. This cooperation is important in curbing the widespread theft of personal information with monetary value. KeywordsSecurity for Mobile Computing; Privacy Protection; Malware Analysis
Horizontal price transmission of the Finnish meat sector with major EU players

The integration of the Finnish meat market in the EU has important implications for domestic agricultural policy. Our aim is to estimate the characteristics of the Finnish pork and beef markets in relation to those of Germany and Denmark. Our analysis uses symmetric and asymmetric threshold error correction models. Both pork and beef prices in Finland are found to have slowly cointegrated with German prices, but the cointegration relationship of the two counties is only found to be symmetric for pork prices, while it is asymmetric for beef prices. The producer price for pork in Finland is symmetrically cointegrated with the Danish price, but the Finnish and Danish beef prices show a random walk. This implies that the price transmission to the Finnish pork producer market from the EU market is smoother and more efficient than for the beef market. However, the speed of transmission is still slow compared to that between the Danish and German markets.
Why Inflation Targeting?

This is the second chapter of a forthcoming monograph entitled "On Implementing Full-Fledged Inflation-Targeting Regimes: Saying What You Do and Doing What You Say. " We begin by discussing the costs of inflation, including their role in generating boom-bust cycles. Following a general discussion of the need for a nominal anchor, we describe a specific type of monetary anchor, the inflation-targeting regime, and its two key intellectual roots-the absence of long-run trade-offs and the time-inconsistency problem. We conclude by providing a brief introduction to the way in which inflation targeting works.
EVALUATION OF BIOMASS, INDIAN JUJUBA SEED (IJS) FOR REMOVAL OF CONGO RED

The present investigation deals with the removal of Congo Red (CR) from aqueous solution by using Indian Jujuba Seed (IJS) as low-cost biosorbent. The effect of pH and size experimental parameters has been investigated using a Batch adsorption technique. Adsorption data were modeled using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Adsorption kinetics was verified by pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models. The kinetic adsorption data fitted the pseudo-second order kinetic model well and also followed the intraparticle diffusion model. The results indicated that IJS could be employed as low-cost biosorbent in wastewater treatment for the removal of CR.
STANFORD CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Working Paper No. 229 Global Outsourcing and FDI: Can the Least Developed Countries Participate in the Process? by

Today’s corporations have a much wider set of options how and where to organize their production and sales, including options to outsource the supply of certain parts to external producers – either in their home country or offshore. These changes in the structure, scale and geographical distribution of the production and supply chain of the multinational corporations, were set off by the rapid technological progress, the sharp reduction in transport costs, the wide range of international agreements to facilitate trade and, in particular, by the spread of global and highly effective information and communication technologies. These changes contributed, in turn, to wider changes in the structure of international trade. The paper examines the forces that drove these changes and their impact on the less developed countries.
INVITED ARTICLE High-resolution spectroscopy and analysis of the m3/2m4 dyad of CF4

is a strong greenhouse gas of both anthropogenic and natural origin [D.R. Worton et al., Environ. Sci.Technol. 41, 2184 (2007)]. However, high-resolution infrared spectroscopy of this molecule has received only alimited interest up to now. Until very recently, the public databases only contained cross-sections for this species,but no detailed line list. We reinvestigate here the strongly absorbing
Experiences from the application of HLA-based distributed simulations in the production of vehicles

Abstract: This article discusses the application of distributed simulation in the context of vehicle production planning. The experiences are derived from a real industrial project which aimed at connecting up to seven individually developed simulation models. The article reports on lessons learned which include the need for efficient ways to manage and control HLA-based distributed federations, to maintain a single code base for the models as well as lookahead considerations for synchronization.
Probiotic potentials of Mucuna beans flour fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus

Aims: The specific aim of this study is to investigate the probiotic potentials of mucuna beans flour fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus. Methodology and results: The L. acidophilus used was isolated from neonate faeces using the pour plate technique, thereafter, it was screened for growth and survival in the mucuna beans flour. Liquid fermentation method was adopted for fermentation of mucuna beans flour and at the end of 72 h fermentation at 37 °C, the L. acidophilus showed appreciable growth (90 × 10 5 CFU/mL). After storage for 14 days at refrigeration (4 ± 2 °C) and room temperature (25 ± 2 °C), there was a considerable increase in the Lactobacillus found in the products stored at room temperature (183.67 ± 3.28 ×10 5 CFU/mL) compared to the one stored at refrigeration temperature (94 ± 2.33 × 10 5 CFU/mL). There was a steady increase in the total titratable acidity and temperature with concomitant reduction in the pH of samples during the fermentation period. The proximate analysis showed that there was an increase in the protein and moisture contents with decrease in carbohydrates, fats, fiber and ash contents of the fermented samples compared to the unfermented sample. Under varying pH range, L. acidophilus showed high growth and survival at pH 2 to 3. Supplementing the diet of albino rats infected with E. coli and Shigella with fermented products reduces significantly (p ≤ 0.05) the numbers of these pathogens and other enteric bacteria while the number of the Lactobacilli increased considerably. Furthermore, the body weight of the rats fed the fermented product was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than the control group. Also, the haematological analysis showed that the rats infected with the pathogens and later fed the fermented mucuna beans flour recovered fully since their values are well within the permissible limit and are not significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different from the control group. In all, the rats fed the product fermented with L. acidophilus showed good recovery compared to the control. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The results of this investigation suggest that mucuna beans flour supports the growth and survival of L. acidophilus and exerts considerable probiotic effect on young mammals. Therefore, mucuna may be used as an ideal probiotic food.
Turbulence and ichtyoplankton: influence on vertical distributions and encounter rates

SUMMARY: Two different aspects of the effects of turbulent mixing on eggs and fish larvae are considered here. In the first topic the effects of physical processes on the vertical distribution of the eggs are considered. The physical processes which determine the vertical distribution of fish eggs, and all other immobile plankton, are the buoyancy of the plankton and the vertical mixing of the water column. Analytical models are presented to demonstrate the influence of the various terms. A numerical model is also applied to show the effects of non-stationary solutions. The model results are compared with field measurements. In the second topic the effects of turbulence on plankton encounter rates are considered. The processes are illustrated by field data on first-feeding cod larvae feeding on Calanus nauplii. These field data show that wind-induced turbulence strongly enhances the feeding rate of the larvae. For first-feeding cod larvae the feeding rate increases by a factor of about 7 when the wind speed increases from 2 m s -1 to 10 m s -1 . Model simulations show how the influence of turbulenceenhanced encounter rate decreases as the larvae grow, increase their swimming speed and switch to larger prey of lower concentration. The simulations show that the turbulence-induced encounter rate decreases exponentially as cod grow, but significantly influences feeding until the stage of 2 months old juveniles.
Defending Against LDoS Attacks Using Fair AQM

According to the instant high rate and high intensity of LDoS attacks, this paper explores using fair queue management mechanism to mitigate their effect. We perform simulation experiments to evaluate the performance of fair AQM FRED and CHOKe under LDoS attacks. The simulation results show that they are able to reduce the impact of the attacks in various degrees. FRED outperforms CHOKe in throttling the attacks, but it is slightly inferior to CHOKe in time performance.
The Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System:

The Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) is the U. S. Department of Defense (DoD) high-resolution (T239L30) global weather prediction system. Its development and operation is a joint activity of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and the U.S. Navy's Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC). NOGAPS forecasts provide high-resolution six-day forecasts every six hours and a daily-extended ten-day guidance using the FNMOC ensemble (T119L30), to numerous defense and civilian users. NOGAPS products are used as boundary conditions and forcing for a large number of DoD environmental and application systems. Prominent among these applications are the U.S. Navy's Coupled OceanAtmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System and the FNMOC version of NOAA’s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab tropical cyclone model, which is called GFDN. The tropical forecasts are used as guidance by both the DoD Joint Typhoon Warning Center and the NOAA National Hurricane Center and are part of the Florida State University super-ensemble (Kumar et al. 2003) and the consensus ensemble (Goerss 2000). NOGAPS is also used as the principal tool in the U.S. Navy's extensive global numerical weather prediction (NWP) research programs. The introduction of the Emanuel cumulus convective scheme (Emanuel 1991 and Emanuel and Zivkovic-Rothman 1999) in May 2000 marked a significant improvement in the tropical cyclone (TC) track performance of NOGAPS. Subsequent additions to the parameterization scheme have further improved both the TC performance and the mid-latitude skill of NOGAPS (Peng et al. 2004). One of the key features of the Emanuel cumulus scheme is the treatment of momentum mixing by the convection through a sophisticated algorithm for convective momentum transport (CMT). The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate through data assimilation tests the influence of the current CMT algorithm in NOGAPS and contrast the results with those using no CMT algorithm and with the results of an alternative algorithm proposed by Robe and Emanuel (2001). It will be shown that without a CMT algorithm the 72-120 h TC track performance of NOGAPS is degraded. The results using the CMT algorithm in Robe and Emanuel (2001) are nearly equivalent to the current scheme but show a slightly higher TC track error at 120 hours. Section 2 provides a brief description of the CMT formulation in the current NOGAPS Emanuel cumulus parameterization and the CMT calculation of Robe and Emanuel (2001). Section 3 consists of a brief description of the data assimilation/medium range tests, which were conducted for the period August – September 2004. In Section 4 we present the TC track results of the three forecast tests: (1) with the current CMT algorithm, (2) with no CMT, and (3) with the CMT algorithm in Robe and Emanuel (2001). We end in Section 5 with a brief summary and a mention of the current operational NOGAPS CMT.
A mathematical model of multistage hematopoietic cell lineages

We investigate a mathematical model of blood cell production in the bone marrow (hematopoiesis). The model describes both the evolution of primitive hematopoietic stem cells and the maturation of these cells as they differentiate to form the three kinds of progenitors and mature blood cells (red blood cells, white cells and platelets). The three types of progenitors and mature cells are coupled to each other via their common origin in primitive hematopoietic stem cells compartment. The resulting system is composed by eleven age-structured partial differential equations. To analyze this model, we don't take into account cell age-dependence of coefficients, that prevents a usual reduction of the structured system to an unstructured delay differential system. We study the existence of stationary solutions: trivial, axial and positive steady states. Then we give conditions for the local asymptotic stability of the trivial steady state and by using a Lyapunov function, we obtain a sufficient condition for its global asymptotic stability. In some particular cases, we analyze the local asymptotic stability of the positive steady state by using the characteristic equation. Finally, by numerical simulations, we illustrate our results and we show that a change in the duration of cell cycle can cause oscillations.
Isolation and characterization of Organosolv lignins from wheat straw

Delignification of wheat straw with aqueous methanol, ethanol, l-propanol, n-butanol, dioxane, and acetone in the presence of acid catalyst (0.02 N H 2 SO 4 ) at low temperature (75°C) for 2 h was studied. The effect of ethanol-water ratios on the yield of dissolved lignin is also reported here. There was no significant difference in the organosolv lignin yields among the various organic solvents used, which accounted for 24-28% of the total amount of acidic chlorite lignin present in wheat straw. Increase of ethanol-water volume ratio from 40/60 to 70/30 resulted in raising lignin yields from 25 to 31%, while the reverse yield from 31 to 24% appeared in the increase of volume ratio from 70/30 to 90/10. The isolated organosolv lignin fractions contained low amounts of polysaccharide sugars (4.5-5.3%) and had low average molecular weights (1190-1650 Da), which corresponded with the ball-milling lignin, enzyme lignin, and alkali lignin obtained from wheat straw. The predominant components of the alkali nitrobenzene oxidation products were found to be vanillin and syringaldehyde. The yield of vanillin was slightly higher than that of syringaldehyde in all the nitrobenzene oxidation products of the isolated organosolv lignin preparations.
Cloud and aerosol classification for 2.5 years of MAX-DOAS observations in Wuxi (China) and comparison to independent data sets

Abstract. Multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations of trace gases can be strongly influenced by clouds and aerosols. Thus it is important to identify clouds and characterize their properties. In a recent study Wagner et al. (2014) developed a cloud classification scheme based on the MAX-DOAS measurements themselves with which different "sky conditions" (e.g., clear sky, continuous clouds, broken clouds) can be distinguished. Here we apply this scheme to long-term MAX-DOAS measurements from 2011 to 2013 in Wuxi, China (31.57° N, 120.31° E). The original algorithm has been adapted to the characteristics of the Wuxi instrument, and extended towards smaller solar zenith angles (SZA). Moreover, a method for the determination and correction of instrumental degradation is developed to avoid artificial trends of the cloud classification results. We compared the results of the MAX-DOAS cloud classification scheme to several independent measurements: aerosol optical depth from a nearby Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) station and from two Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments, visibility derived from a visibility meter and various cloud parameters from different satellite instruments (MODIS, the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME-2)). Here it should be noted that no quantitative comparison between the MAX-DOAS results and the independent data sets is possible, because (a) not exactly the same quantities are measured, and (b) the spatial and temporal sampling is quite different. Thus our comparison is performed in a semi-quantitative way: the MAX-DOAS cloud classification results are studied as a function of the external quantities. The most important findings from these comparisons are as follows: (1) most cases characterized as clear sky with low or high aerosol load were associated with the respective aerosol optical depth (AOD) ranges obtained by AERONET and MODIS; (2) the observed dependences of MAX-DOAS results on cloud optical thickness and effective cloud fraction from satellite confirm that the MAX-DOAS cloud classification scheme is sensitive to cloud (optical) properties; (3) the separation of cloudy scenes by cloud pressure shows that the MAX-DOAS cloud classification scheme is also capable of detecting high clouds; (4) for some cloud-free conditions, especially with high aerosol load, the coincident satellite observations indicated optically thin and low clouds. This finding indicates that the satellite cloud products contain valuable information on aerosols.
Types and Functions of Citations in Native vs. Non-native Written Medical Research Articles

Citation is an essential prevalent feature of all academic writings in various fields of knowledge. It is employed by authors and researchers across disciplines for diverse reasons. This study was aimed at comparing types and functions of citations in medical research articles in discussion sections between Iranian medical faculty members and their native counterparts. Method: To this end, discussion sections of 48 native and non-native written Research Articles (RAs) from credible ISI-indexed journals with good impact factor (about 0.5-1.5) from each group were analyzed in terms of citation types and functions. Results: The results revealed that non-integral citations were found to be the most frequent citation type both among RAs written by non-native and native researchers. Also, Vancouver referencing style in non-native articles was used more while in native articles APA referencing style was the dominant style. Concerning citation functions, referencing was the most common one in native articles. However, referencing and comparisons were the most two frequent functions among non-native articles. As the results revealed, there were striking differences in citation practices of native and non-native researchers in medical sciences. Conclusion: This study calls for reevaluation of citation practices among Iranian authors and systematic treatment of types and functions of citations in ESM and EAP writing courses