Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Morphospace occupation in thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs: skull shape variation, species delineation and temporal patterns

Abstract: Skull shape variation in thalattosuchians is examined using geometric morphometric techniques in order to delineate species, especially with respect to the classification of Callovian species, and to explore patterns of disparity during their evolutionary history. The pattern of morphological diversity in thalattosuchian skulls was found to be very similar to modern crocodilians: the main sources of variation are the length and the width of the snout, but these broad changes are correlated with size of supratemporal fenestra and frontal bone, length of the nasal bone, size of the orbit and premaxilla and position of the narial opening. Patterns of shape variation, in combination with discrete‐state morphology and stratigraphic and geographic range data were used to distinguish nine species of teleosaurid and 14 species of metriorhynchid, with the four currently recognized Callovian species being split into eight. Metriorhynchids were found to be more disparate from the average shape of morphospace than teleosaurids. However, short‐snouted metriorhynchids and long‐snouted teleosaurids showed the greatest amount of disparity with respect to snout morphotypes, indicating that each group tended to explore opposite areas of morphospace. Phylogeny was found to have a moderate influence on the pattern of morphospace occupation in metriorhynchids, but little effect in teleosaurids suggesting that other factors or constraints control the pattern of skull shape variation in thalattosuchians. A comparison of thalattosuchians with dyrosaur/pholidosaurids shows that thalattosuchians have a unique skull morphology, implying that there are multiple ways to construct a ‘long snout’. Moreover, the skull geometry of the problematic species Pelagosaurus typus was found to converge on the teleosaurid area of morphospace. Finally, the temporal distribution of thalattosuchian species and morphotypes demonstrate a clear and highly correlated relationship with sea level curves and mass extinction events through the Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous.
Optimization of Siamese Neural Networks Using Genetic Algorithm

: The power of Deep Learning Networks has allowed us to build applications far beyond what was thought possible during our time. But the basic forms of these architectures still have their limitations in terms of the data needed and difficulty in understanding and tuning the parameters of these networks. Our project aims to deal with these limitations as effectively as possible. For this reason we have chosen to implement a Siamese Neural Network in order to overcome the requirements of classical Deep Learning based image classification. And in order to further increase the efficiency of the network, we will process it using a genetic algorithm and harness it to improve the architecture and training efficiency by letting the algorithm fine-tune the parameters to get the best possible configuration for the neural network.
Digital Revolution of Education 4.0

The purpose of this article is to show the evolution and requirement of the educational system such as the Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0). The fourth industrial revolution (RI 4.0) brought about a state of change in education. IR 4.0 is disciplined by artificial intelligence and digital physical frames, making the human-machine interaction even extra versatile. By preparing students for the next life and working with IR 4.0, you can replace people working in specific fields with smarter robots. Education requires the use of relevant information and skills that cannot be replaced by robots. Creative Education 4.0 ends innovation by focusing on improving education and skills to make future learning more personal, super, smart, portable, global and virtual. The explosion of IR 4.0 has changed future learning into fairy tale miles. Science fiction goes to sciencecreative energy is omnibus; virtual classrooms and augmented reality grow in smart classrooms. Self-sufficient smart robots, guided tours, vehicles and classrooms are today's pleasures. State-of-the-art instructors need to look for new ways to improve their future learning using educational innovations. In this sense, this introduction assumes that teachers need to review the old origins of orientation and learning and update their learning experience to complete the necessities of Education 4.0.
Synthesis of 3-Deoxy-d-threopentofuranose 5-Phosphate, a Substrate of Arabinose 5-Phosphate Isomerase

3-Deoxy-d-threopentofuranose 5-phosphate, a substrate of arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase, has been synthesised starting from d-arabinose. Selective protection of the hydroxyl groups at C-1, C-2, and C-5 allowed deoxygenation of position 3 by conversion into a thiocarbamate and radical reduction. Deprotection and phosphorylation of the primary hydroxyl group and final deprotection of the other hydroxyl groups afforded the desired compound.
An Anaerobic World in Sponges

Abstract Associated microorganisms have been described in numerous marine sponges. Their metabolic activity, however, has not yet been investigated in situ. We quantified for the first time microbial processes in a living sponge. Sulfate reduction rates of up to 1200 nmol cm−3d−1 were measured in the cold-water bacteriosponge Geodia barretti . Oxygen profiles and chemical analysis of sponge tissue and canal water revealed steep oxygen gradients and a rapid turnover of oxygen and sulfide, dependent on the pumping activity of the sponge. Identification of the microbial community with fluorescently labelled oligonucleotide probes (FISH) indicates the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria belonging to the Desulfoarculus/Desulfomonile/Syntrophus -cluster in the choanosome of this sponge. Analysis of lipid biomarkers indicates biomass transfer from associated sulfate-reducing bacteria or other anaerobic microbes to sponge cells. These results show the presence of an anoxic micro-ecosystem in the sponge G. barretti, and imply mutualistic interactions between sponge cells and anaerobic microbes. Understanding the importance of anaerobic processes within the sponge/microbe system may help to answer unsolved questions in sponge ecology and biotechnology.
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors α and γ Are Activated by Indomethacin and Other Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs*

Indomethacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and cyclooxygenase inhibitor that is frequently used as a research tool to study the process of adipocyte differentiation. Treatment of various preadipocyte cell lines with micromolar concentrations of indomethacin in the presence of insulin promotes their terminal differentiation. However, the molecular basis for the adipogenic actions of indomethacin had remained unclear. In this report, we show that indomethacin binds and activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a ligand-activated transcription factor known to play a pivotal role in adipogenesis. The concentration of indomethacin required to activate PPARγ is in good agreement with that required to induce the differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells to adipocytes. We demonstrate that several other NSAIDs, including fenoprofen, ibuprofen, and flufenamic acid, are also PPARγ ligands and induce adipocyte differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells. Finally, we show that the same NSAIDs that activate PPARγ are also efficacious activators of PPARα, a liver-enriched PPAR subtype that plays a key role in peroxisome proliferation. Interestingly, several NSAIDs have been reported to induce peroxisomal activity in hepatocytes both in vitro and in vivo Our findings define a novel group of PPARγ ligands and provide a molecular basis for the biological effects of these drugs on adipogenesis and peroxisome activity.
Potential Protective Effect of Dietary Intake of Non-α-Tocopherols on Cellular Aging Markers Mediated by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Prediabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study of Chinese Adults

It remains unknown how different glucose tolerance status affects the relationships between dietary intake of different tocopherol isoforms (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol) and cellular aging, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. The authors conducted a cross-sectional study among 582 Chinese adults with different glucose tolerance status to explore the association between dietary intake of different tocopherol isoforms and cellular aging, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. The inverse correlations between non-α-tocopherols and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) varied substantially across different glucose tolerance status, with the strongest observed in prediabetes (r = −0.33 for β-/γ-tocopherol, r = −0.37 for δ-tocopherol, p < 0.01), followed by normal glucose tolerance (NGT). While such correlations were abolished in established diabetes. Furthermore, within prediabetes, the strongest inverse correlations between non-α-tocopherols and TNF-α were observed in impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (r = −0.42 for β-/γ-tocopherol, r = −0.55 for δ-tocopherol, p < 0.01), while such correlations were significantly attenuated in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and IFG+IGT. And mediation model analysis displayed that TNF-α mediated the protective effect of non-α-tocopherols on leukocyte telomere length and mitochondrial DNA copy number, which was uniquely observed in prediabetes, while such mediation effect was statistically nonsignificant in NGT and established diabetes. In conclusion, our findings indicate that dietary intake of non-α-tocopherols might protect against cellular aging markers mediated by TNF-α in prediabetes. Individuals with prediabetes, especially for IFG, might benefit from increasing dietary intake of non-α-tocopherol in alleviating inflammation and cellular aging, which might provide a new dietary avenue for delaying diabetes onset.
Unique clustersofArchaea inSalar deHuasco, anathalassohaline evaporitic basin oftheChileanAltiplano

Unique clustersofArchaea inSalar deHuasco, anathalassohaline evaporitic basin oftheChileanAltiplano Cristina Dorador, Irma Vila, Francisco Remonsellez, Johannes F. Imhoff 2 & Karl-Paul Witzel Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany; Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences, Kiel, Germany; Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Recursos del Mar, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and Departamento de Ingenierı́a Quı́mica, Facultad de Ingenierı́a y Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
A Comparison of Sperm Health in Declining and Stable Populations of Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis and C.a. bishopi)

Abstract Animals in many freshwater habitats are experiencing decreased recruitment due to declines in reproductive health. Both subspecies of a long-lived aquatic salamander, (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis and C. a. bishopi) have experienced severe population declines characterized by low recruitment. For many states throughout their geographic range, captive propagation and translocation are the only remaining form of management given the severity of declines. These captive rearing programs should rely on techniques to assess male reproductive health, which are currently lacking. In this study, we compared the sperm health (motility, viability, and concentration) of male hellbenders from declining and stable populations. Sperm motility and viability were similar among populations, but sperm concentrations (sp/ml) were significantly lower in declining Missouri populations than in hellbenders from populations with higher recruitment in the southeast. Sperm from Ozark hellbenders was successfully cryopreserved but with low post thaw motilities. This method for assessing male reproductive health provides the first baseline comparative study among populations of this cryptic species in decline and has broad implications for use in monitoring male health across the distribution of the eastern hellbender.
Reputation System for Collaborative Community

This project aims to develop a reputation system for System of Collaborative Community . The organized workﬂow would be ensured but every activity of the person would be governed by only one person while in automating the reputation system, the peer to peer reputation model[10] has been implemented where one person who is the publisher can help a person who is a author by suggesting the changes which article requires.
Statistical analysis of wind characteristics of a railway arch bridge based on long-term monitoring data

Analysis of wind characteristics of in-service railway bridges is crucial for structural serviceability and safety evaluation. As an important part of wind field analysis, the precise joint distribution of wind speed and direction at the bridge site is vital for the estimation of the wind-induced dynamic excitation of long-span railway bridges. In this study, a genetic algorithm (GA)-based finite mixture modeling approach is developed to construct the joint probability density function (JPDF) of the wind speed and direction which can describe the wind characteristics nearby the bridge site. The Weibull mixture distributions are used to represent the marginal distribution of wind speed, while the marginal distribution of wind direction adopts a finite mixture of von Mises distributions. In addition, a GA-based mixture parameter estimation method is proposed to estimate the parameters of the JPDF of wind speed and direction. The formulated JPDF of wind speed and direction by the proposed approach is compared with that calculated by traditional AL distribution-based modeling approach in accordance with the values of Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and R statistic. The obtained results indicate that the GA-based finite mixture modeling approach has a favorable capability in constructing the JPDF of wind speed and direction.
Influence des rythmes émersion-immersion sur le développement des boutures de Cystoseira stricta Sauvageau (phéophycées, fucales) en culture

Growth and Regeneration of Detached Tips of Cystoseira stricta Sauvageau (Phaeophyta, Fucales) vvhen Cultivated Submerged and in Various Regimes of Emersion/Immersion Vegetative cuttings of the alginophyte Cystoseira stricta were cultivated in a free-living System. Growth and regeneration were studied on apical and subapical segments of l cm long and on fragments without any appendages. The regeneration rate of the latter increased four fold when submitted to various emergencesubmergence cycles. The results obtained show that an emergence ratio of 20%, in the cycle, is necessary to get well developed cuttings. Two of these rhythms are significantly favourable for the growth of the cuttings: 25 and 33% emergence.
Autophagy Induced by ROS Aggravates Testis Oxidative Damage in Diabetes via Breaking the Feedforward Loop Linking p62 and Nrf2

Testicular dysfunction due to hyperglycemia is the main cause of infertility in diabetic men. Over the years, in order to solve this growing problem, a lot of research has been done and a variety of treatments have been created, but so far, there is no safe, effective, and practical method to prevent male infertility caused by diabetes. In this review, we emphasize the male infertility mechanism caused by diabetes from the effects of oxidative stress and autophagy on the function of testes via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and we highlight that oxidative stress-induced autophagy breaks the feedforward loop linking Nrf2 and p62 and promotes oxidative damage in diabetic testes.
A Systematic Review of Essential Oils and the Endocannabinoid System: A Connection Worthy of Further Exploration

Aromatic compounds have a long history of use as medicines in most recorded cultures. An increasing interest in these therapeutic volatile molecules in both scientific and lay communities has led to the advancement of essential oils as phytomedicines. Recent discoveries suggest essential oils augment the endocannabinoid system in a positive manner to mitigate various pathologies. However, the exact mechanisms whereby essential oils influence endocannabinoid system activity are not fully known, these studies provide a glimpse into their involvement and warrant further evaluation. Additional study of the interaction between essential oils and the endocannabinoid system may lead to promising phytomedicines for the treatment of diseases and conditions involving dysregulation or activation of the endocannabinoid system.
Molecular Insight into the Therapeutic Promise of Targeting APOE4 for Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes chronic cognitive dysfunction. Most of the AD cases are late onset, and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) isoform is a key genetic risk factor. The APOE gene has 3 key alleles in humans including APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4. Among them, APOE4 is the most potent genetic risk factor for late-onset AD (LOAD), while APOE2 has a defensive effect. Research data suggest that APOE4 leads to the pathogenesis of AD through various processes such as accelerated beta-amyloid aggregations that raised neurofibrillary tangle formation, cerebrovascular diseases, aggravated neuroinflammation, and synaptic loss. However, the precise mode of actions regarding in what way APOE4 leads to AD pathology remains unclear. Since APOE contributes to several pathological pathways of AD, targeting APOE4 might serve as a promising strategy for the development of novel drugs to combat AD. In this review, we focus on the recent studies about APOE4-targeted therapeutic strategies that have been advanced in animal models and are being prepared for use in humans for the management of AD.
Biological Aging and Immune Senescence in Children with Perinatally Acquired HIV

Chronic HIV-infected children suffer from premature aging and aging-related diseases. Viral replication induces an ongoing inflammation process, with the release of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), the activation of the immune system, and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Although combined highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly modified the natural course of HIV infection, normalization of T and B cell phenotype is not completely achievable; thus, many HIV-infected children display several phenotypical alterations, including higher percentages of activated cells, that favor an accelerated telomere attrition, and higher percentages of exhausted and senescent cells. All these features ultimately lead to the clinical manifestations related to premature aging and comorbidities typically observed in older general population, including non-AIDS-related malignancies. Therefore, even under effective treatment, the premature aging process of HIV-infected children negatively impacts their quality and length of life. This review examines the available data on the impact of HIV and ART on immune and biological senescence of HIV-infected children.
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Miodesin™: Modulation of Inflammatory Markers and Epigenetic Evidence

Purpose To investigate the effects of a combined herbal medicine Miodesin™ on the inflammatory response of key cells involved in the acute and chronic inflammatory processes as well as the possible epigenetic involvement. Methods After the establishment of the IC50 dose, the chondrocyte, keratinocyte, and macrophage cell lines were pretreated for 2 hours with Miodesin™ (200 μg/mL) and stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 24 hours. The supernatant was used to measure the levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5), and the cells were used to extract the mRNA for the transcription factor (NF-κβ), inflammatory enzymes (COX-1, COX-2, PLA2, and iNOS), and chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5). Results Miodesin™ inhibited the release of LPS-induced cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α; p < 0.01) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5; p < 0.01) and the expression of the transcription factor (NF-κβ; p < 0.01), inflammatory enzymes (COX-1, COX-2, PLA2, iNOS; p < 0.01), and chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5; p < 0.01). In addition, the evaluation of epigenetic mechanism revealed that Miodesin™ did not induce changes in DNA methylation, assuring the genetic safeness of the compound in terms of the inflammatory response. Conclusions Miodesin™ presents anti-inflammatory properties, inhibiting hyperactivation of chondrocytes, keratinocytes, and macrophages, involving epigenetics in such effects.
A Hopeless Conflict in Chemical Literature

(right) Suchandra Chakraborty is a Senior Research Fellow in the Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata. She is carrying out her research under the supervision of Chandan Saha. In French science literature, the term dissymmetry appeared as early as in 1820, before Louis Pasteur. Pasteur, a French scientist, in his lecture ‘Recherches sur la Dissymétrie Moléculaire des Produits Organiques Naturels’ in 1860 used the term dissymmetric which was translated in English as asymmetric. A methodical study of his work reveals that the choice of the word dissymmetry is ideal even in the context of present-day science. Strictly speaking, there should be no conflict between the two terms dissymmetry and asymmetry.
SS-SWT and SI-CNN: An Atrial Fibrillation Detection Framework for Time-Frequency ECG Signal

Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia and is associated with high morbidity and mortality from stroke, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and cerebral thrombosis. Effective and rapid detection of atrial fibrillation is critical to reducing morbidity and mortality in patients. Screening atrial fibrillation quickly and efficiently remains a challenging task. In this paper, we propose SS-SWT and SI-CNN: an atrial fibrillation detection framework for the time-frequency ECG signal. First, specific-scale stationary wavelet transform (SS-SWT) is used to decompose a 5-s ECG signal into 8 scales. We select specific scales of coefficients as valid time-frequency features and abandon the other coefficients. The selected coefficients are fed to the scale-independent convolutional neural network (SI-CNN) as a two-dimensional (2D) matrix. In SI-CNN, a convolution kernel specifically for the time-frequency characteristics of ECG signals is designed. During the convolution process, the independence between each scale of coefficient is preserved, and the time domain and the frequency domain characteristics of the ECG signal are effectively extracted, and finally the atrial fibrillation signal is quickly and accurately identified. In this study, experiments are performed using the MIT-BIH AFDB data in 5-s data segments. We achieve 99.03% sensitivity, 99.35% specificity, and 99.23% overall accuracy. The SS-SWT and SI-CNN we propose simplify the feature extraction step, effectively extracts the features of ECG, and reduces the feature redundancy that may be caused by wavelet transform. The results shows that the method can effectively detect atrial fibrillation signals and has potential in clinical application.