Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mobility of Missouri deer and their harassment by dogs

There is little information on the mobility of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the middle United States; data are equally limited on the mobility of whitetails on land that is primarily agricultural or where there is yearlong harassment by dogs. The present study was made under all those conditions. It was based principally upon repeated observations of individually marked deer rather than upon kill records of tagged animals, which have often been the principal source of movement data for deer. The study was carried out on the University of Missouri's Ashland Wildlife Research Refuge in Boone County and on adjacent private farmland. Most of the 2,240-acre refuge is forested with secondgrowth oak and hickory. Few stands of mature timber are found, but mast-producing trees are abundant. Large, bottomland corn fields are nearby, and small, ridge-top openings are planted to crops or are in various stages of old-field succession. The deer population in this locality probably did not exceed 20 per square mile during the study. Snow was never deep, and the deer did not yard. The period of intensive study was September 1952 to May 1956, but some data were gathered as early as March 1951, and as late as November 1957. Deer were captured in modified Stephenson-type traps baited with ear corn and stock salt. Although trapping was carried on intermittently throughout the year, most of it was done during the winter and spring. The animals were marked individually in various ways. All except those recognized by distinctive antler shapes or other natural markings were tagged with plastic discs that were attached to the ears with button-type stock tags. Several ear-tagged deer were also marked with small bells attached to dog collars or with wide, colored collars, as described by Progulske (1957). Searches for marked deer were made by varied methods: on foot, from a tower, blind, automobile, small airplane, and by trailing in the snow; a few records were obtained from hunting recoveries. Although there is probably some bias in favor of the more sedentary deer, deliberate attempts were made to avoid this by varying methods, routes, and times, and by frequent searches for marked deer several miles from any trap. One hundred ninety-four records of movement were obtained for 31 deer identified by the markings described above. These included 17 recognizable adult bucks, 11 adult does, and 3 fawns. Nine other deer were tagged but not seen again. An adult doe, tagged in November 1954, was shot in November 1957; this 36-month span was the longest for any of the marked deer. The greatest number of records for any one animal was 30; this number was obtained both for a doe shot 19 months after being tagged, and for a buck last seen 6 months after being marked.
Somaclonal variation in micropropagated dormant axillary buds of pineapple (Ananas comosus L., Merr.)

Summary Dormant axillary buds excised from crowns of pineapple (Ananas comosus L., Merr.) cultured on growth regulator free Nitsch medium sprouted after 8–10 d. Sprouted buds produced multiple shoots (7–10 shoots per bud) upon transfer to solidified Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 9.67 μM NAA, 9.84 μM IBA and 9.29 μM KIN. Each isolated shoot upon subculture to liquid medium of the same composition further proliferated to form more multiple shoots (60–65 shoots) and were maintained on a gyratory shaker (90–100 rpm). In vitro grown shoots were rooted on White medium supplemented with 0.54 μM NAA and 1.97 μM IBA. In vitro plantlets were established in cups with soilrite and hardened for four weeks. Phenotypic variants such as albinos, white streaked shoots and shoots with elongated internodes were observed in in vitro cultures. Approximately 520 in vitro produced plantlets were established in the field and these plants exhibit somaclonal variation. Thirty-eight plants were found to be yellowish, spineless with anthocyanin streaks and three were anthocyanin rich, spined plants.
A Population Study of the Gray Fox

An attempt was made to analyze some of the component forces of some gray fox populations in northern Florida. The size of the populations studied was determined by the use of an age-ratio-reduction method. In this method the size of the population was indirectly derived by determining the magnitude of the effect on the age ratio of sterilizing a known number of females. A knowledge of the degree of reduction of the age ratio caused by sterilizing these females allowed the calculation of the entire female population. Application of the sex ratio permitted an estimation of the size of the entire fox population. It was possible to estimate the size of these same populations by several variations of the recapture method (Lincoln Index and Schnabel method) and the removal method. The recapture methods usually gave higher estimates than the age-ratio-reduction method. The estimates of the age-ratio-reduction method indicated a density of slightly less than 3 to 4 foxes per square mile. From recapture distances, a probable approximate diameter of two miles was estimated for the size of the home range of the gray fox in this region. Groups of foxes of family composition were captured in areas isolated from captures of other foxes and were termed family aggregations. Twenty-one family aggregations were found. The diameters of these family aggregations were in close agreement with the recapture data concerning the estimate of the size of the home range. This study explores the possibility of estimating the size of a gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus floridanus) population by altering the breeding capacity of a known number of females and determining the effect on the age ratio of the population. The size of the population is deduced from the magnitude of this effect. The study also includes investigations of reproduction, mortality, and movement. The census method is similar to the methods used by Allen (1942), Kelker (1940;1945), and Riordan (1948) in estimating the sizes of populations of game animals that were selectively hunted according to sex. Their method was to compare preand postopen season sex ratios after which they computed the size of the populations by the use of knowledge of the number of male and/or female animals killed. Kelker's formulae estimated population sizes for each sex and fawns separately. The age ratio was used to determine the number of fawns, but the observed change takes place in the adults rather than in the young as in the method presented here. The recapture method (Jackson, 1939) derives an estimate from the proportion of marked individuals in the population. In contrast to the recapture method, the age-ratio-reduction method presented here does not require the recapture of a large number of the pre1 A portion of the author's doctoral dissertation presented to the Division of Vertebrate Ecology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health.
Endophyte: The Evolution of a Term, and Clarification of Its Use and Definition

For many terms in biology, giving an ironclad definition which is robust over biological time, is like trying to present a single, immutable, measurement for the length of the femur bone of a horse. You can say how long it is now, and how long is was at different stages in the evolutionary history of the animal, but you probably can not predict what it will be a millennium from now. Definitions of many biological terms are the same, they evolve over time. Just as our knowledge evolves, so we change the meaning of terms to better describe what we need to say. This is very apparent when one compares terms in the scientific literature, or the unabridged Oxford dictionary of the English language, from several decades ago, to the meaning we give to the same terms today. So what about the term Endophyte? Wennstrdm (1994) argues that it is an abused and misused term to the extent that its use is no longer meaningful. He further suggests that we should either use the term with its original definition, or redefine the term, but argues against the latter. Wennstrdm (1994) used Ainsworth (1971) as an example of the original definition and incorrectly stated it as "an organism that lives in another organism". Ainsworth (1971) actually defines endophyte as "a plant living inside another organism". Endophyte owes its origin to De Barry (1866) who first coined the term. Since then it has become deeply embedded in the literature. Within the last decade, different authors have proposed a range of similar, but more complex definitions (e.g., Carroll 1986, Petrini 1991, Wilson 1993). However, endophyte does not stand alone as a term whose definition has changed over time, or as a term whose definition biologists might not agree over. What about the definition of a species? There are probably many definitions of this term. They have changed over time. Darwins concept of a species is quite different to the biologists of today, and biologists might not all agree on the concept of a species (Moore 1990). But does this make the term meaningless? I would argue that it does not. I will propose a useful working definition of endophyte which is meaningful at our current level of understanding about the microorganisms to which we have applied the term. In addition, I will identify areas where the term has been erroneously used as a synonym, and show why it is a valuable term whose meaning has simply evolved to keep up with our increasing understanding of the biology.
Feeding by Trionyx spiniferus in Backwaters of the Upper Mississippi River

mochelys coriacea at the Miami Seaquarium. Internat. Zoo Yrbk. 15:170-171. FRAZIER, J. 1979. Marine turtles in Peru and the East Pacific. Typescript (Smithsonian Institution). LAZELL, J. D. JR. 1976. This broken archipelago: Cape Cod and the island amphibians and reptiles. New York Times Book Company, New York. 260 pp. 1980. New England waters: critical habitat for marine turtles. Copeia 1980:290-295. MROSOVSKY, N. 1981. Plastic jellyfish. Marine Turtle Newsletter. 17:5-7.
Chapter 1:General Properties of Flavins

The general properties of flavins in free solution and when bound to flavoproteins as cofactors are analysed. The extremely high chemical versatility of flavins is reflected in the remarkable versatility of flavoproteins, when considered as a whole. However, each flavoprotein is also characterized by a strict specificity, thus implying that one of the most important roles of the protein component is to limit the wide range of possible flavin–protein interactions to those beneficial to the reaction to be catalysed.Many attempts have been made to achieve a rational classification of flavoproteins, depending on their different properties. However, when general classifications are based on the different possible catalytic mechanisms, in most cases there is uncertainty, owing to the wide range of reaction mechanisms potentially available to the flavin cofactor. Despite the significant accumulation of information in recent years on catalysis, biomimetics and structural studies, the factors that determine the specificity of flavoproteins are still poorly understood.
‘Chambourcin’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera Vitis L.) berries display sustained post-veraison accumulation of oxalic acid

SUMMARY A substantial accumulation of organic acids (OAs) occurs during pre-veraison grape berry development, which results in low pH conditions and contributes to the organoleptic properties of the fruit. The main OAs in most grape berries are tartaric acid (TA) and malic acid (MA). MA is accumulated via a primary metabolic shunt, whereas TA is accumulated via ascorbic acid (AA; vitamin C) metabolism. Oxalic acid (OX) is also derived from AA in competition with TA, and results from a cleavage between the second and third carbon atoms. Oxalic acid is subsequently biomineralised as calcium oxalate crystals in idioblast cells. We have examined the biosynthesis of TA, MA, and OX during grape berry development in four grapevine cultivars. We show that in the Vitis vinifera L. Vitis L. complex inter-specific hybrid, ‘Chambourcin’, there is a high capacity to accumulate OX during post-veraison fruit development. OX content increased from approx. 1 mg g–1 to 3 mg g–1 berry fresh weight between 14 and 16 weeks post-anthesis, resulting in OX levels that were similar to the MA levels in mature fruit. Whether OX accumulation occurs due to increased biomineralisation or biosynthesis, our results show that ‘Chambourcin’ grape berries represent the only documented case of post-veraison accumulation of OX.
The Columbian Timber Beetle, Corthylus columbianus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). VIII. Artifacts and Characteristics of the Host Tree

The spatial distribution of Corthylus columbianus Hopkins was studied to determine associations with structural properties of the hosts red maple, Acer rubrum L. , and silver maple, A. saccharinum L. A significant relationship between percent beetle attack and tree height is given by the regression Log (Ŷ + 0.368) = 3.9008 - 1.1378 (Log X) (all size classes grouped). The mean height above ground of within-tree beetle populations increased 0.42 feet for each 1 inch increase of tree diameter (over a range of diameters 1–17 inches breast height). Prediction curves were calculated to describe the heights above ground which contain 50, 67, or 90% of the population. As host diameter increased, the probability of attack multiplied exponentially. No host trees with diameters 1 inch or less were infested. The similar infestation patterns of different tree sizes in outbreak compared to nonoutbreak years led to the conclusion that, at least with regard to diameter, initial attack behavior is essentially the same from year to year.
Initial litter respiration as indicator for long-term leaf litter decomposition of Carex species

We investigated the relation between initial litter respiration and litter mass loss in the field. Thereto, we conducted a laboratory experiment on initial leaf litter respiration rates of 12 types of Carex leaf litter (a factorial combination of 4 species and 3 litter types). Water-saturated litter it-as incubated at a constant temperature of 20°C and a relative humidity of 97%. Respiration rates were measured at 6 and 13 d after the start of the incubation. The results were compared with data from a three-year litter bag experiment in the field with the same litter types. Initial litter respiration rates were positively correlated with field-determined litter mass loss rates for periods varying from 1.5 to 36 months of incubation in the field. Litter respiration measurements performed after 6 d of incubation gave higher correlations than rates determined after 13 d of incubation. From these results we conclude that for the litter types under study, which are characterized by low lignin concentrations, initial litter respiration rates are reliable indicators for long-term litter decomposability. Thus, this quick and easy method may be a valuable tool in comparative studies of (long-term) litter decomposition rates. Initial litter respiration rates where significantly related to various litter chemistry parameters, but the patterns difffered depending on whether the entire data set was considered or only the three litter types of individual species. In general, N related litter chemistry parameters explained the highest percentage of variance when the entire data set was considered, but when individual species were considered the strongest relations were generally, found with P related parameters. Thus, broad-scale relations between decomposition rate and litter chemistry can be very different from small-scale comparisons. This may be one of the explanations for the fact that the relations found between decomposition rates and litter chemistry show such strong differences between studies.
Molecular Study of Occult Hepatitis C Infection among Iranian Hemophilia Patients Treated with Direct-acting Antiviral Agents

*Correspondence Email: A_bolhasani@pasteur.ac. ir Tel: +98 21 66953311 Ext. 2240 Fax: +98 21 66465132 Introduction: A new pathological form of HCV named as occult HCV infection (OCI) has been recently characterized by the presence of HCV RNA in liver biopsy and/or peripheral blood mononuclear cell specimens (PBMCs) and the absence of detectable circulating HCV RNA in plasma samples. In this study, we investigated the presence of HCV RNA in PBMCs and plasma samples of 100 hemophilia patients with negative serum HCV RNA. Methods: One hundred hemophilia participants receiving IFN-free direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) regimens as a treatment of HCV infection participated in this study. PBMCs were separated with Ficoll before RNA extraction. The HCV genotypes of the positive specimens were also analyzed by RT-PCR assay. Finally, data analysis was performed by SPSS software. Results: Our data revealed that out of 100 hemophilia patients, three (3%, 95% CI: 0.006-0.085) were positive for OCI, showing a significant association between OCI and genotype3/drug regimens (p = 0.0203). There was no significant increase at ALT and AST levels in patients with OCI. Moreover, a genotype difference was observed between plasma and PBMCs samples of 1% (1/100) of patients. Conclusion: Generally, HCV genotyping in PBMCs along with plasma subtyping before beginning the therapy is vital due to the possibility of OCI detection.
The Pattern of Animal Communities

Preface. - 1 Patterns in Nature. - 2 Ecological Survey. - 3 Wytham Hill. - 4 The Classification of Habitats. - 5 Recording Communities: The Wytham Ecological Survey. - 6 Open Ground and Meadow. - 7 Heath, Mountain and Croplands. - 8 The Terrestrial Maritime Zone. - 9 Scrub and Hedgerow. - 10 The Forest Canopy: Herbivores. - 11 Hunters in the Forest Canopy. - 12 The Ground-Plan of Woodland. - 13 Natural Fuel Stations: Concourses on Flowers and Fruits. - 14 Dying and Dead Wood. - 15 Bracket Fungi and Toadstools. - 16 Carrion, Dung and Nests. - 17 Woods and Water Bodies. - 18 Dispersal and Invaders. - 19 The Whole Pattern. - References. - Notes.
Extreme diel variation in the feeding behavior of humpback whales along the western Antarctic Peninsula during autumn

Most humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae populations partition their time between prey-rich feeding and prey-deficient breeding/calving regions. How these whales feed and optimize the consumption of prey resources prior to long-distance migrations and fasting is largely unknown. We deployed multi-sensor tags on humpback whales around the western Antarctic Peninsula to describe their daily activity patterns late in the feeding season to test the hypothesis that feeding behavior varies over the diel cycle so as to maximize energy intake and limit energy expenditure. Dives were assigned to a behavioral state (feeding, resting, traveling, exploring) to determine hourly rates and to build an ethogram of activity patterns. Our results show a distinct diel pattern of whales feeding exclusively at night. Feeding depth was deeper around sunrise/sunset and shallower (~50 m) at night, consistent with diel vertical prey move- ment. Shallow feeding dives typically contained a single feeding lunge, a strategy known to increase feeding efficiency and maximize intake rates by maintaining proximity to the surface and reducing the energetic costs of deep diving. The lack of feeding during daytime may indicate prey being too deep for efficient foraging. Our results add information where currently there is a paucity of data describing how baleen whales optimize feeding behavior, specifically in relation to prey distribution and movement, to fuel their extraordinary energetic requirements necessary for growth, migration, and reproduction. Understanding behavioral patterns and predator/prey dynamics in rapidly changing marine environments, like the Antarctic Peninsula, is critical for understanding how these changes will affect ecosystem structure and function.
Polar Bears and PCBs

The Australian Greens party won a record 7.5% of the vote in the Australian national election, held on October 16, making them the third political force behind the two major parties. The 2.5% rise in Greens support will probably deliver the party another two Senate seats, bringing their total to four. The result also strengthens the Greens' political influence. Minor parties' votes are often crucial in determining the outcome in close elections under Australia's
Dickkopf-1 ou un candidat têtu à l'induction de la tête.

Spemann et Mangold avaient montré dans les années 1920 que le centre organisateur (dit de Spemann) chez l’amphibien peut être subdivisé en tissus capables d’induire la formation du tronc ou de la tête. Cette dichotomie physique des potentialités d’induction de l’organisateur indiquait que les mécanismes moléculaires de l’induction de la tête et du tronc pourraient être découplés chez les vertébrés. Dans l’analyse de la spécification des axes du plan de l’organisme, les mécanismes organisateurs du tronc ont été largement étudiés. En particulier, plusieurs facteurs sécrétés par le centre de Spemann ont été caractérisés et leur identification a permis de confirmer la proposition originale de Spemann, selon laquelle l’organisateur des vertébrés devait être subdivisé en domaines séparés induisant la tête et le tronc [1]. Les signaux organisateurs de la tête sont moins bien connus que ceux du tronc, bien que plusieurs gènes candidats à l’induction de structures antérieures aient été décrits ces dernières années. Il semble qu’on s’avance résolument vers l’élucidation de cette question fondamentale du développement, à l’aide du modèle incontournable du xénope mais aussi de la souris après les récentes caractérisations des gènes Dickkopf, ou dkk-1, et m-Cerberus-like [2, 3].
Zoogeography and Speciation of Australian Desert Lizards: An Ecological Perspective

Geographic distributions of 94 species of Australian desert lizards are compared and 72 of these ranges are classified into eight biogeographic categories: ubiquitous (7 species), northern (8 species), southern (10 species), eremaen (6 species), central relicts (6 or 7 species), sandridges (8 species), shrub-Acacia (16 species), and sandplain-Triodia (10 species). Habitat specificity in nearly half these species has been well documented. Sandridge, shrub-Acacia, and sandplain-Triodia habitats are three particularly important desert habitats to which lizards have become specialized. Various routes by which habitat-restricted lizards could disperse between subregions of the desert are described and discussed. One of these, a band of shrub habitat through the southern part of the Gibson Desert, the Warburton Ranges, and the southern part of the Northern Territory, is named "The Giles Corridor. " Points of habitat juncture are described, and it is suggested that several fairly localized regions have played major roles in both the speciation and the movements of habitat-restricted Australian desert lizards. A model of speciation based upon habitats fluctuating in space and time is proposed and discussed.
Effect of an Evaporative Cooling Procedure on the Physiological responses of Lactating Dairy Cows in a Hot, Humid Climate

新たな気化冷却法を考察し, それが夏期高温時における搾乳牛の生理生産反応に及ぼす影響について調査した. 本法では, 牛体からの熱放散を効率よく行なうために牛の背部に水を噴霧し, ついでその噴霧した水を風によりほとんど完全に気化させた. 1985年および1986年の両年, 本法の効果を明らかにするために, 8頭および9頭の搾乳牛を用いて二つの実験を行なった. 対照区と比較すると, 本法の処理区では, 20時の体温(直腸温あるいは膣温)は1. 0℃ および呼吸数は22-25回/分低く(P<0.01), 乳量では1. 15-1. 90kg多かった(P<0.05およびP<0.01). また1986年の結果では, 処理区で乾物摂取量が0. 63kg/日増加(P<0.05)するとともに体重も10. 5kg増加した(P<0.01). さらに従来から使用されている各種防暑用装置と比較すると, 本気化冷却装置は低価格で運転経費もわずかであった.