Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Calcium silicate-based root canal sealers: a literature review

Epoxy resin-based sealers are currently widely used, and several studies have considered AH Plus to be the gold-standard sealer. However, it still has limitations, including possible mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, inflammatory response, and hydrophobicity. Drawing upon the advantages of mineral trioxide aggregate, calcium silicate-based sealers were introduced with high levels of biocompatibility and hydrophilicity. Because of the hydrophilic environment in root canals, water resorption and solubility of root canal sealers are important factors contributing to their stability. Sealers displaying lower microleakage and stronger push-out bond strength are also needed to endure the dynamic tooth environment. Although the physical properties of calcium silicate-based sealers meet International Organization for Standardization recommendations, and they have consistently reported to be biocompatible, they have not overcome conventional resin-based sealers in actual practice. Therefore, further studies aiming to improve the physical properties of calcium silicate-based sealers are needed.
Micro-computed tomographic evaluation of a new system for root canal filling using calcium silicate-based root canal sealers

Objectives This study evaluated by using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) the filling ability and sealer apical extrusion promoted by a new Sealer Injection System (SIS; Angelus) with side openings needle, in comparison with the conventional injection system, associated with a new ready-to-use calcium silicate-based sealer (Bio-C Sealer). Materials and Methods Acrylic resin models containing a main curved artificial canal and 3 simulated lateral canals in apical, middle and cervical thirds were used. The main root canals were prepared using a rotary system up to size 35.05. The canals were filled with Bio-C sealer by using a single cone technique and the conventional delivery system or SIS. Samples were scanned in micro-CT. The percentage of voids throughout the entire extension of the main root canal and in each third of the lateral canals, besides the apical extrusion of the sealer was calculated. Data were submitted to t-test (p < 0.05). Results There was no difference between both systems in the main root canals filling. Although the volume percentage of voids was similar in the apical and middle thirds of lateral canals, SIS had the greatest filling ability of the cervical third lateral canal. Moreover, the conventional system showed the highest apical extrusion of the sealer. Conclusions The conventional and SIS obturation systems had an appropriate filling ability of the main root canal. SIS had the best filling of the cervical third of the lateral canals, besides lower sealer apical extrusion, suggesting its clinical indication.
Comparison of the cyclic fatigue resistance of VDW.ROTATE, TruNatomy, 2Shape, and HyFlex CM nickel-titanium rotary files at body temperature

Objectives This study aims to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of VDW.ROTATE, TruNatomy, 2Shape, and HyFlex CM nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary files at body temperature. Materials and Methods In total, 80 VDW.ROTATE (25/0.04), TruNatomy (26/0.04), 2Shape (25/0.04), and HyFlex CM (25/0.04) NiTi rotary files (n = 20 in each group) were subjected to static cyclic fatigue testing at body temperature (37°C) in stainless-steel artificial canals prepared according to the size and taper of the instruments until fracture occurred. The number of cycles to fracture (NCF) was calculated, and the lengths of the fractured fragments were measured. The data were statistically analyzed using a 1-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tamhane tests at the 5% significance level (p < 0.05). Results There were significant differences in the cyclic fatigue resistance among the groups (p < 0.05), with the highest to lowest NCF values of the files as follows: VDW.ROTATE, HyFlex CM, 2Shape, and TruNatomy. There was no significant difference in the lengths of the fractured fragments among the groups. The scanning electron microscope images of the files revealed typical characteristics of fracture due to cyclic fatigue. Conclusions The VDW.ROTATE files had the highest cyclic fatigue resistance, and the TruNatomy and 2Shape files had the lowest cyclic fatigue resistance in artificial canals at body temperature.
A Survey on the Incidence of Salmonellae in Wild Birds

There is a lack of documentary evidence on the incidence and distribution of salmonellae in the free-flying wild bird population in the United States. The first record of S. pullorum recovered from a wild pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) was reported in Minnesota (2). The isolation of S. pullorum from the ovary of a coot (Fulica americana) was reported in Ohio (6). Four outbreaks of S. typhimurium infection in 4 species of wild birds occurred in northcentral New Jersey (5). A survey made to determine the incidence of S. pullorum in wild pheasants in southern Michigan resulted in 5 isolations from 65 pheasants examined (1). Cultures obtained from the internal organs of coots in California (7) were positive in two birds, one being S. typhimurium and the other S. hessarek. A septicemic infection of S. typhimurium var. copenhagen was identified in a common tern (Sterna hirundo), and S. typhimurium infection in a house sparrow (Passer domesticus), both from southeastern Massachusetts (3,4). This report describes 12 natural outbreaks of Salmonella infection encountered in wild avian species in Massachusetts and Rhode Island during a one-year survey (March 9, 1964, through March 16, 1965).
Distinguishing numbers for graphs and groups

A graph G is distinguished if its vertices are labelled by a map \phi: V(G) \longrightarrow {1,2,. ,k} so that no graph automorphism preserves \phi. The distinguishing number of G is the minimum number k necessary for \phi to distinguish the graph. It is one measure of the complexity of the graph. We extend these definitions to an arbitrary group action of G on a set X. A labelling \phi: X \longrightarrow {1,2,. ,k} is distinguishing if no nontrivial element of G preserves \phi except those in the stabilizer of X. The distinguishing number of the group action on X is the minimum k needed for \phi to distinguish the group action. We show that distinguishing group actions is a more general problem than distinguishing graphs. We completely characterize actions of the symmetric group S_n on a set with distinguishing number n.
Fiber Digestion in the Emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae, a Large Bird with a Simple Gut and High Rates of Passage

The ability to digest plant fiber was examined in the emu, a large ratite bird which is widely distributed in Australia. Emus digested between 35% and 45 % of the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in their diets (NDF content 26%-36%). Hemicellulose was more digestible than either cellulose or lignin. The digestion and metabolism of 14C-labeled cellulose and significant volatile fatty acid production showed that fermentative digestion was involved in NDF digestion. Energy from the digestion of NDF contributed up to 63% of the standard metabolism and 50% of maintenance requirements for energy on the highest fiber diet. The considerable NDF digestion was achieved despite the facts that the rate of passage of feed residues through the tract is rapid and the gastrointestinal tract is simple in structure; the distal small intestine (ileum) was the principal site of fermentation. The mean retention time of the fluid phase of the diet was 4.1 ± 0.2 h and that of the particulate phase was 5.5 ± 0.4 h (n = 11). The ability of the emu to digest and metabolize plant fiber may assist its survival during periods of decreased food quality and abundance in the interior of Australia.
Near-infrared spectroscopy as a potential quality assurance tool for the wood preservation industry

Preservatives are used to extend the service life of wood used in situations where it is vulnerable to biodegradation. Wood preservation standards typically specify quality assurance procedures to differentiate heartwood and sapwood and to measure preservative loading and penetration. For spruce and hem–fir there are no reliable chemical spot tests to differentiate sapwood and heartwood. This makes it more difficult for these species to meet penetration requirements. For many of the recently introduced carbon-based preservatives, the only methods available to determine penetration involve detecting a surrogate in the formulation, or only some of the active ingredients. Multivariate models based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) have been used to predict a wide range of wood properties over the past 20 years. The present research evaluates the potential use of NIRS-based models as quality assurance tools for the wood preservation industry. Models were developed to differentiate hemlock and amabilis fir .
Videogames as Third Places

Immediately after logging in, John checks his friends-list to see who is online. Many of the regular gang are there. David, a school friend, has arrived home and logged on. John was talking to him at the bus stop only half an hour ago. Henry, another schoolmate, is still on the bus, but is present via his PortaGamer. Lewis, their friend who moved interstate, is also online and chatting with David. Of the four overseas members of their clan, Heinz in Berlin has stayed up late and logged into a chat room, and Matt in San Francisco is hanging around a racing game lobby. Hitomi and Ivan are not present. They’re probably asleep, or doing their homework. Ivan’s parents are trying to get him to spend less time on GameWorld.
Plastid Structure, Diversification and Interconversions II. Land Plants

In the course of endosymbiogenesis, the photosynthetic prokaryotes engulfed and retained by different het- erotrophic organisms have partially lost their independence during evolution and became semi-autonomous organelles, the chloroplasts. The chloroplast represents the most ancestral form of plastids that has parallelly evolved in several algal groups (reviewed in (1)) and in land plants. After briefly discussing plastid morphology, we review the most important ul- trastructural features of the plastids of land plants. Then we discuss how plastids got gradually specialized in parallel with the increasing developmental and/or organizational complexity of the plant body. The plastids of non-photosynthetic tis- sues and cells do not need to produce and maintain a photosynthetic apparatus, but have adjusted their metabolism to the major function of the host cell (and tissue). This way, different plastid forms specialized for other functions such as stor- age (e.g. starch storing leucoplasts called amyloplast) or carotenoid synthesis (chromoplasts) have developed. However, the classical ultrastructural characterization and classification of plastids is often problematic. First of all, the term plastid refers to the extremely high plasticity of this organelle, and its capacity to be readily transformed from one type into an- other one upon different environmental or developmental stimuli. Therefore, transitional (or if persistent, intermediate) plastids with morphological features characteristic for two different plastid types can be often observed. Sometimes plas- tids with similar ultrastructure can have different specific functions and basically different metabolism, and should be therefore treated separately. After having recalled the different plastid types of land plants we present a dynamic model about their interconversions.
REGULATION OF ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS - Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms

OF THE DISSERTATION ii DEDICATION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vi Chapter 1. Overview 1 1.1 General properties of OATs 1 1.1.1 Structure features of OATs 1 1.1.2 Transport mechanism of OATs 2 1.1.3 Substrate specificity of OATs 3 1.2 Involvement of OATs in Drug-Drug interaction 4 1.3 Clinical implications of OATs 5 1.4 Regulation of OAT 6 1.5 Significance of my thesis work 7 1.6 References 8 Chapter 2. Regulation of OATs by Angiotensin II and Bradykinin 10 2.
Recognition of neighbors' song in a species with large and complex song repertoires : The Thrush Nightingale

To investigate aspects of neighbor recognition in a migratory bird with large and complex song repertoires we conducted playback experiments in the field with male territorial Thrush Nightingales Luscinia luscinia as subjects. Males sing with immediate variety and neighbors can share a considerable part of their repertoire of song components and song types. Subjects responded significantly more to their neighbors' song broadcast from the unshared (opposite) territorial boundary than to playback of the same song broadcast from the shared territorial boundary. Thus, this study did not detect constraints on neighbor recognition imposed for instance by large and complex song repertoires, high singing versatility, or sharing of song patterns. Because Thrush Nightingales sing shared patterns in different ways, either by constructing different song types out of the shared pool of elements or by singing shared song types in different sequential order, they could attend to song components and their syntactical arrangement, full songs, or their sequential delivery for neighbor recognition. Which mechanism they use might depend on the similarity of the song and singing style of a singer compared to other familiar conspecifics.
First molecular data on Bornean banteng Bos javanicus lowi (Cetartiodactyla, Bovidae) from Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships among three subspecies of banteng, Burma banteng Bos javanicus birmanicus in mainland Southeast Asia, Javan banteng Bos javanicus javanicus in Java, and Bornean banteng Bos javanicus lowi in Borneo, and the presence/absence of interbreeding between wild Bornean banteng and domestic cattle in Sabah, Malaysia, were investigated by partial sequences of cytochrome b and D-loop of mitochondrial DNA. The results show that genetic distance of the Bornean banteng are relatively close to the gaur Bos gaurus/gayal Bos frontalis (the cytochrome b, 0.004–0.025; the D-loop, 0.012–0.021) followed by Burma banteng (the cytochrome b, 0.027–0.035; the D-loop, 0.040–0.045), and kouprey Bos sauveli (the cytochrome b, 0.031–0.035; the D-loop, 0.037–0.042). There are much greater distances between Bornean banteng and domestic cattle, Bos taurus and Bos indicus (the cytochrome b, 0.059–0.076; the D-loop, 0.081–0.090). These results suggest that the Bornean banteng diverged genetically from other banteng subspecies and that the wild Bornean banteng from this study are pure strain and have high conservation value.
The Paradox of Plant Height in an Andean Giant Rosette Species

(1) Espeletia schultzii (Compositae), a perennial rosette species common above the treeline in the Venezuelan Andes, increases in mean stem height and maximum stem height with increasing altitude, whereas, in general, species occurring above tropical and temperate treelines decrease in size with increasing elevation. (2) Greater height in E. schultzii is the result of greater longevity, which may be caused by reduced interspecific competition, and by reduced intraspecific competition between pre-reproductive and adult plants. (3) In addition, selection at high altitudes may favour genotypes which produce longer-lived plants.
Control of Changes in Body Temperature, Metabolism, and Circulation by the Agamid Lizard, Amphibolurus barbatus

I N VIEw of the importance of behavior in regulating the body temperature of lizards (Cowles and Bogert, 1944) it is not surprising that little attention has been given to the contributions of physiology to ameliorating the effects of environmental temperature on body temperature in these animals. However, limited capacity for physiological thermoregulation may exist, and since such a capacity could have theoretical implications for the evolution of homeother-
Un análisis comparativo de las características de las microempresas en España

A pesar del creciente interes y de la atencion prestada a las microempresas por parte de las administraciones publicas, se echan en falta investigaciones empiricas sobre este tema en Espana. En el presente trabajo se examinan las principales caracteristicas de este segmento empresarial en Espana y se comparan con las de varios paises de la union Europea a partir de multiples fuentes de datos. Los resultados indican que el elevado peso de las microempresas en Espana en sectores como la construccion, el comercio, la hosteleria y los transportes parece responder a la falta de oportunidades de empleo asalariado adecuado. Los resultados tambien muestran que el nivel deformacion de los empresarios-directivos de microempresas es inferior al que se observa en la UE e incluso es menor al de los parados en los mencionados sectores. Para finalizar, se discuten las implicaciones que se derivan de los resultados obtenidos y se presentan orientaciones para futuras investigaciones.
Diet, smoking and cardiovascular risk in people with schizophrenia: Descriptive study

Background Physical health of people with schizophrenia is poor and they die early from cardiovascular disease. Aims To describe the lifestyle of people with schizophrenia through diet, smoking habits, weight and exercise, and to report risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Method Dietary habits of 102 community-dwelling people with schizophrenia were assessed by the Scottish Health Survey Questionnaire. Also assessed were smoking habits, physical activity biochemical indices of nutrition and future risk of CHD. Results Fewer males, compared with the general population, reached acceptable levels for consumption of fruit, vegetables, milk, potatoes and pulses. Fewer females reached the levels for consumption of milk and potatoes. Mean number of fruit and vegetable portions consumed per week was 16 (s.d.=14); 71 (70%) were smokers; 25 (86%) females and 50 (70%) males were overweight or obese; 59 (59%) considered themselves physically active; 46 (53%) had a raised cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein ratio, and 64 (74%) a low α-tocopherol: cholesterol ratio. Mean 10-year risk of CHD in males was 10.5% (s.d.=8) and in females 7% (s.d.=6). Conclusions The lifestyle of people with schizophrenia must give cause for concern in relation to CHD Care from secondary care services must address physical as well as mental health.
Mecanismos de dispersion de diasporas de una selva decidua en Venezuela

The predominant life-forms in a deciduous forest of northern Venezuela are found to be phanerophytes, lianas and chamaephytes. The dispersal mechanisms in this forest are anemochory (42%), zoochory (30%), barochory (19%), and autochory (9%). The distribution of dispersal mechanisms is a function of topography and the stratification of vegetation; anemochory dominates at higher elevations and in the upper strata of vegetation, whereas zoochory is most common at lower elevations and in lower levels of the forest. AUN CUANDO CINCUENTA Y TRES POR CIENTO DEL TERRITORIO de Venezuela corresponde a ecosistemas forestales, de los cuales 15 percent son selvas deciduas (Atlas Forestal de Venezuela 1961), existen pocas investigaciones sobre estas selvas (Aristeguieta 1968, Castillo 1977; Gordon 1977, Ruiz 1976). Ellas representan un gran potencial ecologico y economico: sus caracteristicas las hacen ideales para estudios forestales, en algunos casos son importantes en la regulacion del regimen hidrico de una zona (Pacheco 1978) y con frecuencia son de importancia maderable. Han sido muy disturbadas por el hombre, de modo que es de gran relevancia el conocimiento de su ecologi'a y en especial de su potencial de auto-regeneracion y reforestacion. Uno de los aspectos menos estudiados en estas selvas deciduas es la dispersion de su material reproductivo, lo cual cobra importancia cuando se considera que los mecanismos dispersantes han sido comtemplados como un fenomeno adaptativo (van der Pijl 1972). Las selvas deciduas venezolanas son particularmente convenientes para el estudio de estos mecanismos, ya que su diversidad de especies es relativamente baja, presentan una estacion seca y una hiumeda claramente definidas y estan sujetas a la influencia regular de los vientos alisios. Aparentemente existe abundante literatura sobre los mecanismos de dispersion de una especie en particular, pero el estudio de estos mecanismos en el contexto de una vegetacion como un todo son menos profusos, aunque existe informacion de vegetaciones fuera del pais (Frankie et al. 1974, Keay 1957, Opler et al., 1975, Prance 1978). Estos puntos se han tenido presentes en un intento de clarificar el fenomeno dispersivo de una selva decidua, sobre todo tomando en consideracion algunas caracteristicas tipicas de la selva y de la influencia de un elemento meteorologico como el viento.
ENDOCYTIC PATHWAY OF ACETYLATED LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN IN RAT PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES

It has been generally admitted that cholesteryl ester-loaded foam cells, one of the major cell components of atherosclerotic lesions, are derived from macrophages or smooth muscle cells and that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the major atherogenic lipoprotein (8, 17) . The discovery of the LDL pathway by Goldstein and Brown not only contributes to our understanding of cholesterol metabolism but also suggests the importance of a receptor-mediated endocytic mechanism in biological systems. However, endocytosis of LDL via this pathway by most cultured cells does not lead to substantial intracellular cholesterol accumulation and this receptor is poorly expressed by macrophages or macrophage-derived cells. Moreover, atheromatous plaques comprised of typical foam cells develop in the patients genetally devoid of this receptor. A subsequent discovery that incubation of cultured macrophages with acetylated LDL (acetyl-LDL) resulted in massive intracellular accumulation of cholesteryl esters has shed light on this dilemma (9). The scavenger function of macrophages or macrophage-derived cells for chemically modified proteins has since been intensively studied from its potential link to atherosclerosis (4). These studies have suggested that the endocytosis of LDL preparations chemically modified by acetylation, acetoacetylation, malondialdehyde treatment or modified by in vitro incubation with endothelial cells is mediated by a scavenger receptor termed the acetyl-LDL receptor (7, 9, 10, 22). This has been demonstrated in macrophages or macrophage-derived cells, such as mouse peritoneal macrophages, human monocytes or sinusoidal liver cells (2, 7, 9, 11, 14, 22). In the present communication, morphological approaches have been attempted to reveal the endocytic pathway for acetyl-LDL and subsequent foam cell formation in rat peritoneal macrophages. The results are presented with discussions on the pathophysiological significance of the scavenger function in cholesterol metabolism of macrophages or macrophage-derived cells.
Análisis comparativo de lenguajes de modelado orientados a objetivos basados en i

Los modelos orientados a objetivos son usados frecuentemente en disciplinas tales como la ingenieria de requisitos o el modelado de procesos en organizaciones. i* es una de las notaciones mas empleadas para construir este tipo de modelos. Desafortunadamente, no existe una definicion unica de i* sino diferentes versiones y variantes que, con frecuencia, no estan totalmente definidas dificultando su comprension y utilizacion. En este articulo, se presenta un estudio comparativo de las tres variantes mas utilizadas de i*: la propuesta original de Eric Yu, el lenguaje GRL y el lenguaje utilizado en el metodo TROPOS. A continuacion, se formula un modelo conceptual generico como marco de referencia de las variantes estudiadas, se muestra como a partir de este modelo generico pueden generarse los modelos especificos de cada una, y se evidencia que tambien puede usarse para clasificar algunas variantes puntuales que encontramos en la literatura.