Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antimutagenic activity of aqueous extract of Momordica charantia

Toxicological studies have undergone a significant evolution during the past decade, with inclusion and great emphasis on chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and mutagenicity. Present study was taken up to evaluate antimutagenicity of aqueous extract of Momordica charantia (MC) by bone marrow micronucleus assay (MNT) and chromosomal aberration test (CAT) in mice. Cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg, i.p) was used as a genotoxic challenge and bone marrow of control and MC treated mice was collected after 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. In MNT, the bone marrow smears were stained with May-Grunwald’s followed by Giemsa stain. Polychromatic and Normochromatic erythrocytes were counted and P/N ratio was calculated. In CAT, colchicine, four mg/kg, i.p, was administered 90 min before sacrifice, bone marrow smears were prepared, stained with Giemsa stain and observed under 100X for different types of chromosomal aberrations. Mitotic index was calculated. The MC has significantly decreased the formation of micronuclei, increased the P/N ratio, inhibited the formation of chromosomal aberrations and increased the mitotic index. Hence, M. charantia has significant antimutagenic activity. Key words: Antimutagenic activity, chromosomal aberration test, micronucleus assay, Momordica charantia.
Learning Rate Adaptation for Differentially Private Learning

Diﬀerentially private learning has recently emerged as the leading approach for privacy-preserving machine learning. Diﬀerential privacy can complicate learning procedures because each access to the data needs to be carefully designed and carries a privacy cost. For example, standard parameter tuning with a validation set cannot be easily applied. In this paper, we propose a differentially private algorithm for the adaptation of the learning rate for diﬀerentially private stochastic gradient descent (SGD) that avoids the need for validation set use. The idea for the adaptiveness comes from the technique of extrapolation in numerical analysis: to get an estimate for the error against the gradient ﬂow we compare the result obtained by one full step and two half-steps. We prove the privacy of the method using the moments accountant mechanism. This allows us to compute tight privacy bounds. Empirically we show that our method is competitive with manually tuned commonly used optimisation methods for training deep neural networks and diﬀerentially private variational inference.
Right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) on jeffreys ledge : A habitat of unrecognized importance?

North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) are known to spend the majority of the year between the Great South Channel southeast of Cape Cod, and the Nova Scotian shelf. We examined sightings of right whales on and around Jeffreys Ledge, a 54-km-long glacial deposit off the coast of northern Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine. Sightings on Jeffreys Ledge were extracted from three data sets: (1) a systematic survey of the entire north-eastern continental shelf between 1979 and 1982, (2) whale-watch and research-cruise sighting data from 1984 to 1997, and (3) a collaborative database of sightings collected by organizations conducting right whale research and all other available sources. Each database supported two seasonal sighting peaks. During summer (especially July and August) sightings were primarily of mother-calf pairs. Several cow-calf pairs were seen over several days to weeks. Several females were resighted in more than one year, but only when calves were present. During October, November, and December, sightings included all age classes, surface-feeding behavior was frequently observed, and some animals were resighted over several weeks. Given the relatively reduced sighting effort during fall, this number of sightings is surprising. During the 20 yr of observations, 52 of 374 photo-identified North Atlantic right whales (13.9%) were seen at least once on Jeffreys Ledge. We suggest that Jeffreys Ledge may be a more important right whale habitat than previously believed, and that it may play an important role in annual movements and distribution of this population.
SEAWATER QUALITY FOR SHRIMP MARICULTURE BASED ON MICROBIOLOGY PARAMETERS

Seawater quality plays an important factor for the success of mariculture such as microbiology paramater. The research aimed to analize the waters quality for shrimp mariculture in Barru, Pangkep, and Maros based on bacteriology parameters. The research were carried out in June 2012. Bacteriology parameters analysed were total coliform, E.coli, pathogen, heterotrophic, halotolerant, and phosphate-nitrate-ammonia bacteria. Coliform and E.coli bacteria were analysed based on filtration. Pathogenic bacteria was identified using biochemical test. Heterotrophic, halotolerant, and phosphate-nitrate-ammonia bacteria were analysed using pour plate. The results from shrimp aquaculture showed the total abundance of coliform cell of >1000 colony forming unit (cfu)/100 ml, E.coli of 0-4 cfu/100ml, heterotrophic bacteria of about (31-176)x10 3 cfu/ml, and halotolerant bacteria of about (31-375)x10 3 cfu/ml. The results from sediment for heterotrophic bacteria was about (350-3920)x10 3 cfu/ml, halotolerant of about (350-4980) 3 x10 cfu/ml, and phosphate-nitrate-ammonia bacteria of about 14-46 cfu/ml. The pathogen bacteria waere found such as genus Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Citrobacter, Shigella and Yersinia. The dominant pathogens in shrimp aquaculture water and sediment were Proteus and Citrobacter. The results indicated that seawaters in Barru, Pangkep, and Maros can be used for mariculture including shrimp Panaeid. Keywords: bacteria, parameter, marineculture, shrimp.
A New Genus and Species of Late Miocene Inioid (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Meherrin River, North Carolina, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT A new genus and species of extinct inioid odontocete (Meherrinia isoni) is based on nine partial crania that probably originated from the late Miocene marine Eastover Formation in North Carolina, U.S.A. They were collected from the riverbed of the Meherrin River, a tributary of the Chowan River. Ossification of the mesethmoid and the tight inter-digitation of many sutures indicate that these specimens represent mature individuals. Key characteristics of the new inioid include maxillae that ‘squeeze’ the nasals into a slight hourglass shape and supraoccipital that is deeply wedged between the frontals and maxillae on the vertex. As compared to the extant iniid Inia geoffrensis (Amazon River dolphin) and the extant pontoporiid Pontoporia blainvillei (La Plata dolphin), Meherrinia is more plesiomorphic in having less elevated premaxillary eminences and supraorbital processes. In other respects Meherrinia is intermediate in morphology between the two extant genera of inioids. For example, the essentially symmetrical vertex is intermediate in height between the low and high vertices in Pontoporia blainvillei and Inia geoffrensis, respectively. A cladistic analysis of morphological and molecular data supports a sister-group relationship between Meherrinia and Inia; thus our new taxon is tentatively assigned to the Iniidae. If correct, this is the first iniid represented by diagnostic remains from marine deposits and just the second from North America.
Projets parentaux des femmes vivant avec le VIH/sida à l'ère des thérapies antirétrovirales

L'evolution, au cours de la derniere decennie, de la structure demographique et epidemiologique de l'epidemie par le VIH/sida amene a faire le point sur les projets parentaux des personnes atteintes. En effet, dans le contexte actuel, grâce aux traitements antiretroviraux, un controle efficace de l'infection chez les parents potentiels vivant avec le VIH est assure, de meme qu'un fort taux de reduction du risque de transmission du virus de la mere a l'enfant. L'etude presentee ici concerne le desir d'enfant des femmes en âge de reproduction, ayant participe a l'enquete Anrs-Vespa, en fonction de l'origine ethnique, du mode de vie, de facteurs culturels et de sante (etat immunovirologique, traitement). Cinq cent cinquante cinq femmes se declarant heterosexuelles et qui n'avaient pas d'antecedent connu d'infertilite ont ete incluses dans l'analyse. Parmi elles, 33 % ont rapporte le desir d'avoir des enfants. L'âge moyen des femmes retenues dans l'analyse est de 36 ans (31-40). L'Afrique sub-saharienne est le pays d'origine de 30 % d'entre elles. Chez les femmes seropositives, les determinants d'un projet d'enfant mis en evidence dans cette etude comprennent d'une part, des facteurs classiques comme le jeune âge, le fait de vivre en couple stable et de ne pas etre deja mere et, d'autre part, des facteurs culturels comme l'origine ethnique (naissance au Maghreb ou en Afrique sub-saharienne). Par ailleurs, les couples sont plus susceptibles de s'engager dans un projet parental si au moins l'un d'eux n'est pas infecte par le VIH. L'etat de sante par rapport au VIH/sida n'est pas associe au projet parental. Au vu de ces resultats, il semble que la problematique de la parentalite devrait dorenavant etre mieux prise en compte au cours de la prise en charge medicale de la seropositivite.
The Role of Endogenous Abscisic Acid in the Response of Plants to Stress

When a continuous stream of warm air (38 °C) was directed on to the leaves of dwarf bean seedlings they wilted and then gradually regained turgor. This process of adaptation was accompanied by an increasing abscisic acid (ABA) level in the leaves and an increase in leaf resistance (RL). It is suggested that the leaf-water deficit induced by the warm-air treatment caused the increase in ABA level and that the latter was responsible for stimulating stomatal closure, enabling the plants to regain full turgor. A similar type of adaptation, brought about by an increased level of ABA in the leaves, is believed to occur in tomato, dwarf bean, and wheat plants when they are flooded. Predictably, in rice, a species adapted to a flooded environment, seedlings showed no increase in ABA level as a result of flooding. It is proposed that adaptation may involve the formation of an equilibrium between ABA and its conjugate form (i.e. the glucose ester). The ABA-conjugate was observed to disperse slowly from leaves recovering from a water deficit and therefore it may act as a metabolic 'back-stop', enabling the 'free' ABA level to remain high for a period even when the leaves have regained turgor. Abscisic acid appears to be responsible for alleviating the effects of water stress in plants, making it possible for plants to pass through periods of stress with little harm.
Weed–barley interactions affect plant acceptance by aphids in laboratory and field experiments

Increased botanical diversity can lead to suppression of insect pests. One route by which botanical diversity is increased in crops is through the occurrence of weeds, which increasingly interact with crop plants as organic production expands. However, the mechanisms by which this might affect insect herbivores are poorly understood. This study examined whether volatile chemical interactions between weeds and barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), can affect plant acceptance by the bird cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In laboratory experiments, exposure of barley to volatiles from Chenopodium album L. (Amaranthaceae) and Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) resulted in significantly reduced aphid acceptance compared with unexposed plants. In a series of field experiments in which the occurrence of weeds was manipulated in plots of barley, significantly lower aphid acceptance was recorded on barley plants grown in plots with C. album compared with barley plants in weedless plots. The results indicate that interaction between weeds and barley can affect aphid–plant interactions in the field as well as in the laboratory and provide further evidence that the effects of chemical interactions between visibly undamaged plants can extend to higher trophic levels.
Working Models of Specific Recognition in Plant-Microbe Interactions

Plants are very resilient even though they are under attack from many different organisms such as viruses, fungi, bacteria, mycoplasmas, insects, and nematodes. The breeder Farrer (42) first recognized that resistance to rust infection in wheat is inherited. Later studies showed that variation in wheat­ cultivar resistance to rust obeys Mendelian laws (6). Variation in pathogenic­ ity of isolates (races) of rust fungi to wheat cultivars was first reported by Stakman & Piemeisel (147). During the 1920s to 1940s, studies on the genetics of pathogen virulence showed that virulence and avirulence are Mendelian traits (121), and the segregation of these virulence and avirulence alleles can only be followed on certain host cultivars (71). A fundamental feature of these interactions was first described by Flor in a series of studies in the 1940s in which he demonstrated a gene-for-gene relationship between each resistance/susceptibility gene locus in flax and each virulence/avirulence gene locus in Melampsora lini (46-48). Since then, gene-for-gene rela­ tionships have been demonstrated or suggested in at least 43 different plant! pathogen interactions, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, insects, and nema­ todes (143).
Impact of Probiotic on the Number of Lactic Acid Rods Forming Hydrogen Peroxide Isolated From Porkers and on Changes in Drug Resistance of Selected Escherichia Coli Isolates

Abstract The presented investigations were conducted on a group of 60 porkers of crossbreed Polish Landrace x Large White Polish. The animals were divided into two equal experimental groups. The control group (K) was fed diets without supplementation with probiotics, group (P) - diets with the addition of probiotic (0.2 kg t-1 feed). The aim of the study was to determine the effect of probiotic preparation on total numberof lactic acid rods from the Lactobacillus genus and those forming hydrogen oxide. The second part of experiment concerned the influence of probiotic preparation on the number, haemolytic ability and changes in drug resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from animal faeces. The significantly highest number of Lactobacillus sp. were determined in the saliva of porkers fed diets with the addition of probiotic, while the lowest in the control group. Lactobacillus sp. rods capable of forming hydrogen peroxide were isolated from 17 animals in group K and from three animals in group P. E. coli was determined in each examined sample of faeces. In groups K and P, counts of these bacteria were similar and did not differ statistically. High numbers of haemolytic isolates (haemolysis β) were found in faeces of animals fed diets with the addition of probiotic. Number and proportions of resistant isolates in groups K and P were different. Gentamicin was characterised by exceptionally high in vitro effectiveness. The used probiotic increased drug resistance of E. coli and increased frequency of incidence of haemolysis β.
Comparative Abundance of the Large Subunit of Rubisco in Aerial Organs of the Japanese Morning Glory (Ipomoea (Pharbitis) nil) Suggests a Photosynthetic Role for Sepals

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. carbon assimilation, immunoblotting, differential expression ABSTRACT. Levels of the large subunit (LSU) of rubisco (ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) were measured in vegetative and floral organs of 'Violet' Japanese morning glory ( Ipomoea ( Pharbitis) nil Roth). Identification of the LSU in polypeptides separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis allowed estimation of the relative abundance of this polypeptide in the organs examined. Further quantitation was achieved by immunoblotting protein extracts either alone or in combination with various amounts of extracts from other organs. The amount of LSU decreased in the order leaves > cotyledons > sepals > corollas > androecium, gynoecium. The relative abundance of LSU in sepals (74%) compared to photosynthetically competent organs (leaves (100%) and cotyledons (81%)) suggests that sepals may be photosyntheti- cally competent in supporting development of the other floral organs. In higher plants carbon is partitioned from organs that fix CO 2 or store long-term carbohydrate reserves (source organs) to those organs or plant parts that require imported carbon for growth and maintenance (sink organs). Virtually all organs act as sinks at some time or another during their development. For example, roots and young leaves of tomato were shown to compete more effectively for assimilates than flowers; however, when tomatoes began to fruit, the fruit were stronger sinks than either roots or young leaves (Bravdo et al., 1977; Ho, 1984). The competitiveness of a particu- lar organ or tissue as a sink is related to the number of cells in the organ and its physiological state, and is therefore a consequence of both genetic determination and environmental influences (Ho, 1988).
Shifting dynamic forces in fish stock fluctuations triggered by age truncation?

Accumulating evidence shows that environmental fluctuations and exploitation jointly affect marine fish populations, and understanding their interaction is a key issue for fisheries ecology. In particular, it has been proposed that age truncation induced by fisheries exploitation may increase the population's sensitivity to climate. In this study, we use unique long‐term abundance data for the Northeast Arctic stock of cod (Gadus morhua) and the Norwegian Spring‐Spawning stock of herring (Clupea harengus), which we analyze using techniques based on age‐structured population matrices. After identifying time periods with different age distributions in the spawning stock, we use linear models to quantify the relative effect of exploitation and temperature on the population growth rates. For the two populations, age truncation was found to be associated with an increasing importance of temperature and a relatively decreasing importance of exploitation, while the population growth rate became increasingly sensitive to recruitment variations. The results suggested that the removal of older age classes reduced the buffering capacity of the population, thereby making the population growth rate more dependent on recruitment than adult survival and increasing the effect of environmental fluctuations. Age structure appeared as a key characteristic that can affect the response of fish stocks to climate variations and its consequences may be of key importance for conservation and management.
Thymic differentiation of TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ IELs

Summary: Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) contain several subsets, but the origin of the T‐cell receptor (TCR)αβ+ CD8αα+ IELs has been particularly controversial. Here we provide a synthesis, based on recent work, that attempts to unify the divergent views. The intestine has a primordial function in lymphopoiesis, and precursors with the potential to differentiate into T cells are found both in the epithelium and underlying lamina propria. Moreover, the thymus has been reported to export cells to the intestine that are not fully differentiated. TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ IELs can differentiate in the intestine from each of these sources, but in normal euthymic mice, the thymus appears to be the major source for TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ IELs. This unique IEL subset is a self‐reactive population that requires exposure to self‐agonists for selection in the thymus, similar to other regulatory T‐cell populations. IELs transition through a double‐positive (DP) intermediate in the thymus, but they originate from a subset of the DP cells that can be identified by its expression of CD8αα homodimers. The agonist‐selected cells in the thymus are TCRβ+ but CD4 and CD8 double negative. The evidence suggests that reacquired expression of CD8αα and downregulation of CD5 occur after thymus export, perhaps in the intestine under the influence of interleukin‐15. As a result of agonist exposure, a new gene expression program is activated. Therefore, the increased understanding of the developmental origin of TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ IELs may help us to understand how they participate in immune regulation and protection in the intestine.
Effects of cutting height on shoot regrowth and forage yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in a short‐term cultivation system

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has been cultivated increasingly widely in the arable area of the middle-eastern regions of China as a short-term (1 or 2 years) component of a forage–grain rotation system, but little is known about the harvesting technique for this legume in the short-term rotation. This study investigated the effects of cutting height (0-, 5- and 10-cm stubble height above the soil surface) on shoot regrowth and forage yield of alfalfa in the second-year growing season at two sites in Shandong Province, China. Forage yield at the first harvest was higher under lower cutting height (0 > 5 > 10 cm) at both sites due to greater length and weight of individual shoots harvested. At the site where plants were fertilized and irrigated after the first harvest, lower cutting height increased the number of buds during the early regrowth period and the number of shoots per plant at the second harvest, though it decreased the length and weight of individual shoots harvested. At the site without fertilizer and irrigation, lower cutting height delayed the sprouting of buds after defoliation, and decreased the length of shoots harvested at the second cut. Forage yield at the second harvest was ranked 0 ≈ 5 > 10 cm under fertilizer and irrigation, and 0 ≈ 5 ≈ 10 cm under no fertilizer and irrigation. The path analysis showed that forage yield was affected primarily by the weight of individual shoots at the first cut and by shoot number per plant in the aftermath. Harvesting close to the ground is considered to be a management option to increase alfalfa yield in a short-term forage production system subjected to irrigation and fertilizer.
Assessment of A Few Non Enzymatic Anti Oxidants in Selected Fruits

The therapeutic benefits of the plant are often attributed to their antioxidant properties. The fruits and vegetables play an important role in providing antioxidants to the body. Antioxidants are needed to protect against free radicals that is produced in the body.Free radicals Free radicals damages the cells and play an important role in aging process and disease progression. The free radicals attack and damage the healthy cells and their structure and function are lost.This cell damage contributes to aging and degenerative diseases.The anti oxidant protection system is helpful in protecting the cells from reactive oxygen species.Plant derived materials are increasingly used for antioxidant activity. Plant metabolites function as protectants of cells.Antioxidants protect the body against oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals. Plants contain rich amount of polyphenols which are very potent natural antioxidants. The present study was designed to evaluate the relative contribution of different polyphenols such as total phenolics, flavonoids and flavonol contents and their antioxidants activities. Now a days it is a trend to search for natural products to replace the synthetic ones. The present work was carried out with an objective to assess the non enzymatic antioxidants in the selected fruits(Ficus carica, Emblica officinalis, Cephalandra indica and Terminalia chebula). Among different plants studied Emblica officinalis fruits was found to contain more ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione, polyphenol, carotenoides and lycopene.The C.indica had least non enzymatic antioxidants. T. chebula extract had maximum α – tocopherol.
Exopolygalacturonase protein accumulates late in peach fruit ripening

Two exo-acting polygalacturonase enzymes (exoPG, EC 3.2. 1.67) increase in activity as peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch cvs Coronet and Flavorcrest) fruits ripen. By examining populations of fruit, we show that the increase in activity occurs late in ripening when the fruit are very soft (below 2 kgf). The more abundant form of the enzyme, exoPG 2, was extensively purified and analyzed for its amino acid content and N-terminal amino acid sequence