Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaporating brine from frost flowers with electron microscopy, and implications for atmospheric chemistry and sea-salt aerosol formation

Abstract. An environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) was used for the first time to obtain well-resolved images, in both temporal and spatial dimensions, of lab-prepared frost flowers (FFs) under evaporation within the chamber temperature range from −5 to −18 °C and pressures above 500 Pa. Our scanning shows temperature-dependent NaCl speciation: the brine covering the ice was observed at all conditions, whereas the NaCl crystals were formed at temperatures below −10 °C as the brine oversaturation was achieved. Finger-like ice structures covered by the brine, with a diameter of several micrometres and length of tens to 100 µm, are exposed to the ambient air. The brine-covered fingers are highly flexible and cohesive. The exposure of the liquid brine on the micrometric fingers indicates a significant increase in the brine surface area compared to that of the flat ice surface at high temperatures; the NaCl crystals formed can become sites of heterogeneous reactivity at lower temperatures. There is no evidence that, without external forces, salty FFs could automatically fall apart to create a number of sub-particles at the scale of micrometres as the exposed brine fingers seem cohesive and hard to break in the middle. The fingers tend to combine together to form large spheres and then join back to the mother body, eventually forming a large chunk of salt after complete dehydration. The present microscopic observation rationalizes several previously unexplained observations, namely, that FFs are not a direct source of sea-salt aerosols and that saline ice crystals under evaporation could accelerate the heterogeneous reactions of bromine liberation.
The determinants of housework time DisCUssion oF Pros anD Cons Understanding household production

Substantial resources are devoted to household production, and boosting efficiency in this sector could have large economic effects. A number of policies could support this effort. Sales and income taxes motivate people to spend time on housework that would be better spent on other activities. Basing tax rates on individual rather than household earnings would reduce such incentives, particularly for women entering couple households. Policies to reduce labor market discrimination and discourage gendered norms of behavior would further enhance efficiency, but any gender differences in housework time that reflect different preferences or abilities are appropriate. the determinants of housework time Boosting the efficiency of household production could have large economic effects
G a N FOR COMMUNICATION AND PHOTONIC DEVICES : A REVIEW

GaN has been established itself as an important material for the fabrication of communication as well as photonic devices. In terrestrial base stations and satellite communications systems, to transmit signa ls further to extend services to a wider area as well as to send more data over the existing frequency spectrum by using a high - level modulation scheme combined with a complicated multiple - access scheme requires high linearity or high peak power capability . Blue, blue/green, violet and ultraviolet (UV) Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) based on InGaN/AlGaN have already been developed and are used in many applications: traffic lights, outdoor displays, car headlights, lighting applications, medical applications e tc. GaN based semiconductor lasers and laser diodes find their applications for storing information with approximately 4 times higher density and direct emission Laser Diode (LD) sources for next generation disp lay applications, respectively [ 1, 2 ] . Due to the extraordinary wide range of wavelengths that are accessible within the AlN - GaN - InN alloy system, the development of optoelectronic devices can enable a multitude of new applications. This review paper intends to take a closer look at the various attri butes and applications that make GaN and its alloys the leading contender for both communication and photonic devices.
Do Price Uncertainties Affect the Use of Policy Flexibilities? The Selection of Sensitive Products in WTO Agricultural Negotiations

In a context in which price uncertainty is likely to increase, expected market trends need to be taken carefully into account while negotiating international trade policy rules. This paper aims at analyzing what is their influence on the use of policy flexibilities in the context of WTO agricultural negotiations. In particular, within the market access pillar, we focus on the selection of sensitive products. Our model, TRIMAG (Tariff Reduction Impact Model for Agriculture), defined at the 8-digit level, optimizes the domestic agricultural value added subject to a maximum number of sensitive tariff lines, accounting for various future international price scenarios. Furthermore, we test the use of alternative options for the implementation of “tariff simplification”. Findings confirm that the future expected development of world and domestic prices plays an important role in the selection of sensitive products, and that tariff simplification doesn’t affect the results, if provisions to ensure the neutrality of the exercise are put in place. Furthermore, TRIMAG can be considered as a tariff aggregation tool that can be linked to agricultural simulation models that operate at a higher level of aggregation.
The use of faba bean and sweet lupin seeds alone or in combination for growing lambs. 1. Effects on growth performance, carcass traits, and blood parameters.

The study investigates faba bean and lupin seeds when used alone or in combination as protein supplements for growing lambs, and their effects on growth, carcass characteristics, and hematological traits. Twentyfour Gentile di Puglia male lambs were weaned at 38  2 days of age, and divided into three homogeneous groups, based on body weight (BW). For eight weeks before slaughter, the lambs were assigned to one of three isoenergetic and isonitrogenous dietary treatments, differing in the protein supplement: a faba bean diet (FB) containing 300 g/kg diet (on as fed basis) of faba bean seeds; a faba bean plus lupin diet (FB+L) containing 150 g/kg diet of faba bean seeds plus 150 g/kg diet of lupin seeds (both on as fed basis); a lupin diet (L) containing 250 g/kg diet of lupin seeds (on as fed basis). Individual body weights and feed intakes were recorded weekly to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio. In the 1st and 8th weeks of the trial, blood samples were taken in order to measure glucose, total cholesterol, NEFA, creatinine, urea and total protein concentration and respective electrophoresis fractions. Carcass traits and tissue composition of leg and loin were determined. Slaughter body weight was lower for lambs fed on diets containing lupin than for lambs fed on diets containing faba beans. In Group L, ADG was lower than FB and FB+L groups. Group L lambs had lower ADFI than the other two groups. For Group FB lambs, loin weight was a higher percentage of half carcass weight than for Groups L and FB+L lambs. Leg and loin dissection data showed Group L lambs to have a greater percentage of bone in the leg than Group FB+L lambs. Group L lambs had higher concentrations of urea than the other two groups at the end of the trial. The use of lupin alone was associated with lower growth performances whereas, when lupin is given with faba bean the results suggest positive effects.
Landscapes After The Bifurcation of Nature

Landformations have not historically been the purview of design production or intervention. Whether it is the spatial extensions in which they emerge, the temporal extensions in which they operate, the complexities of their generative and sustaining processes, or a cultural and institutional deference to a notion of natural processes, designers as individuals or design as a discipline has not treated landformation as an area of design inquiry. But the inability to grasp nature fully has not stopped geological-scale manipulation by humans. In fact, anthropogenic activity is responsible for the re-formation of more of the Earth’s surface than all other agents combined. And yet as designers we often disregard this transformation as a design problem, precisely because it eludes the artifices of information visualization employed by designers. This paper examines ongoing research into the generation of speculative landformations through an analysis of underlying geological and anthropogenic processes as the quantitative basis for creating generative computational models (figure 1). The Speculative Landformations Project posits human geological-scale activity as a design problem by expanding the operability and agency of environmental design practice through hybrid human/digital computations.
Impact of ICT and innovation on industrial productivity in Uruguay

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) refers to technological progress provided by informatics, telecommunications and audiovisual technologies. Basically, these technologies provide information, and serve as tools for its processing and communication channels. This generates innovation defined as a process oriented towards the solution of productive problems (Nelson and Winter, 1982), characterized by matching productive needs and technical capabilities. In short, ICT refer to informatics, Internet and telecommunications. Since we are immersed in an information society, ICT use is increasingly common and unavoidable (Castells, 2001).
The Influence of Students' Loans Borrowers' Characteristics on Default Rate in Tanzania

The cost of students’ loans defaulting has lead to a serious discussion among participants. Substantial attention has been made on the students’ loans and its impact on higher education finances while researches on students’ loans defaults have not been taken for more than a decade. Therefore this study examines the influence of students’ loans borrowers’ characteristics on default rate in Tanzania by taking into consideration the background characteristics termed as pre-college measures, these factors includes age, gender and attitude. This study was conducted in Dar es salaam region, were by five universities from the region formed the basis of the population and respondents encompasses only students who were loans beneficiaries from these universities/colleges. Data were collected from 150 respondents. Data collected were analyzed using Software Package for Statistical Science (SPSS) and the techniques used for data analysis were regression and correlation. The study concluded that age, gender and attitude has an influence on the students’ loans default rate. The study also recommends that higher education students’ loans board (HESLB) should conduct an attitude tests among loans applicants before loans provision by using personal interview and observation by competent psychologists on behavioural science by conducting psychomotor test to understand the attitude among the loans applicants, those with negative attitude should be declared ineligible for students’ loans. Age should be given priority by HESLB before loans provision only applicants with the age of 18-24 years should be considered as eligible for students’ loans. Strict rules and regulation against males applicants should be instituted by HESLB to ensure their ability and willingness to repay back the loans for instance presence of genuine grantor and adequate collateral security. Students’ loans beneficiaries should be educated by HESLB to reduce confusion on repayment process.
Pre- and postselected quantum states: Density matrices, tomography, and Kraus operators

We present a general formalism for characterizing 2-time quantum states, describing pre- and postselected quantum systems. The most general 2-time state is characterized by a “density vector” that is independent of measurements performed between the preparation and postselection. We provide a method for performing tomography of an unknown 2-time density vector. This procedure, which cannot be implemented by weak or projective measurements, brings new insight to the fundamental role played by Kraus operators in quantum measurements. Finally, after showing that general states and measurements are isomorphic, we show that any measurement on a 2-time state can be mapped to a measurement on a preselected bipartite state.
A simple demonstration of Bell's theorem involving two observers and no probabilities or inequalities

This paper describes a device, consisting of a central source and two widely separated detectors with six switch settings each, that provides a simple gedanken demonstration of Bell's theorem without relying on either statistical effects or the occurrence of rare events. The mechanism underlying the operation of the device is revealed for readers with a knowledge of quantum mechanics.
Effect of silage type and energy concentration on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat from dairy cows

40 lactating cows were fed either clovergrass or maize silage and a low or high dietary energy concentration in a 2×2 factorial design. The maize silage diets rich in starch and linoleic acid resulted in a higher content of c9t11 and t10c12 CLA in milk fat than the grass silage diets. A high energy concentration plus maize silage led to a pronounced shift in the biohydrogenation pathway of linoleic acid, the highest t10c12 CLA content and lowest milk fat percentage. Energy concentration had no effect on milk fat CLA content or milk fat percentage in grass silage fed cows.
Effect of Transmembrane Pressure on Performance of Dynamic Membrane for Treatment of Wastewater Containing Humic Acid

The effects of transmembrane pressure on the performance of treatment of wastewater containing humic acid using dynamic membrane were studied, in which the relative permeate fluxes, pollutant removal efficiency and membrane fouling characteristics were investigated. The results indicated that the removal rates of pollutant UV254 and UV436 all gradually reduced with running time, in which the initial removal rates of pollutant UV254 and UV436 all exceed 90% and 97%, respectively. In steady states, UV254 removal rates from high to low were 0.11Mpa, 0.06Mpa, 0.25Mpa and 0.16Mpa. The resistance of fouling dynamic layer took up most of the total membrane resistance. The fouling degree of the dynamic membrane layer was much more serious than that of the support. The resistances of the fouling dynamic layer and total fouling membrane both increased with the rise of transmembrane pressure. The pore blockage rates of support increased from 0.06Mpa to 0.16Mpa, and then reduced as the transmembrane pressure increased to 0.25Mpa.
Graphene channel liquid container field effect transistor as ph sensor

Graphene channel liquid container field effect transistor pH sensor with interdigital microtrench for liquid ion testing is presented. Growth morphology and pH sensing property of continuous few-layer graphene (FLG) and quasi-continuous monolayer graphene (MG) channels are compared. The experiment results show that the source-to-drain current of the graphene channel FET has a significant and fast response after adsorption of the measured molecule and ion at the room temperature; at the same time, the FLG response time is less than 4 s. The resolution of MG (0.01) on pH value is one order of magnitude higher than that of FLG (0.1). The reason is that with fewer defects, the MG is more likely to adsorb measured molecule and ion, and the molecules and ions can make the transport property change.The output sensitivities of MG are from 34.5% to 57.4% when the pH value is between 7 and 8, while sensitivity of FLG is 4.75% when the pH = 7. The sensor fabrication combines traditional silicon technique and flexible electronic technology and provides an easy way to develop graphene-based electrolyte gas sensor or even biological sensors.
MODERN MANNED, UNMANNED AND TELEOPERATED EXCAVATOR SYSTEM

This paper presents a re-evaluation on the modern development and practical use of manned, unmanned and teleoperated construction vehicles in universities around the world, which focuses on the use of robotized excavators. Unmanned operation is becoming synonymous in the extreme environment operation. The operation is also becoming important in order to increase working efficiency and situational awareness. The review includes the theoretical, experimental and practical applications of such technology in the present days, particularly for excavators. Various innovation and control methods have been studied over the years by various entities, which provide the significant contribution by the scientific community to the progressing world.
Mechanistic Insights into the Stimulant Properties of Novel Psychoactive Substances ( NPS ) and Their Discrimination by the Dopamine Transporter In Silico and In Vitro Exploration of Dissociative

Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) may have unsuspected addiction potential through possessing stimulant properties. Stimulants normally act at the dopamine transporter (DAT) and thus increase dopamine (DA) availability in the brain, including nucleus accumbens, within the reward and addiction pathway. This paper aims to assess DAT responses to dissociative diarylethylamine NPS by means of in vitro and in silico approaches. We compared diphenidine (DPH) and 2-methoxydiphenidine (methoxphenidine, 2-MXP/MXP) for their binding to rat DAT, using autoradiography assessment of [125I]RTI-121 displacement in rat striatal sections. The drugs’ effects on electrically-evoked DA efflux were measured by means of fast cyclic voltammetry in rat accumbens slices. Computational modeling, molecular dynamics and alchemical free energy simulations were used to analyse the atomistic changes within DAT in response to each of the five dissociatives: DPH, 2-MXP, 3-MXP, 4-MXP and 2-Cl-DPH, and to calculate their relative binding free energy. DPH increased DA efflux as a result of its binding to DAT, whereas MXP had no significant effect on either DAT binding or evoked DA efflux. Our computational findings corroborate the above and explain the conformational responses and atomistic processes within DAT during its interactions with the dissociative NPS. We suggest DPH can have addictive liability, unlike MXP, despite the chemical similarities of these two NPS.
Unconfined Unsteady Laminar Flow of a Power-Law Fluid across a Square Cylinder

The flow of a non-Newtonian, power-law fluid, directed normally to a horizontal cylinder with square cross-section (two-dimensional flow) is considered in the present paper. The problem is investigated numerically with a very large calculation domain in order that the flow could be considered unconfined. The investigation covers the power-law index from 0.1 up to 2 and the Reynolds number ranges from 60 to 160. Over this range of Reynolds numbers the flow is unsteady. It is found that the drag coefficient and the Strouhal number are higher in a confined flow compared to those of an unconfined flow. In addition some flow characteristics are lost in a confined flow. Complete results for the drag coefficient and Strouhal number in the entire shear-thinning and shear-thickening region have been produced. In shear-thinning fluids chaotic structures exist which diminish at higher values of power-law index. This study represents the first investigation of unsteady, non-Newtonian power-law flow past a square cylinder in an unconfined field.
Quantum magnetism without lattices in strongly interacting one-dimensional spinor gases

We show that strongly interacting multicomponent gases in one dimension realize an effective spin chain, offering an alternative simple scenario for the study of one-dimensional (1D) quantum magnetism in cold gases in the absence of an optical lattice. The spin-chain model allows for an intuitive understanding of recent experiments and for a simple calculation of relevant observables. We analyze the adiabatic preparation of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic ground states, and show that many-body spin states may be efficiently probed in tunneling experiments. The spin-chain model is valid for more than two components, opening the possibility of realizing SU(N) quantum magnetism in strongly interacting 1D alkaline-earth-metal or ytterbium Fermi gases. (Less)
Ultra-Low Voltage Analog IC Design: Challenges, Methods and Examples

The paper brings an overview of main challenges and design techniques effectively applicable for ultra-low voltage analog integrated circuits in nanoscale technologies. New design challenges linked with a low value of the supply voltage and the process fluctuation in nanotechnologies, such as device models, robustness to process variation, device mismatch and others are discussed firstly. Then, design techniques and approaches to analog integrated circuits towards (ultra) low-voltage systems and applications are described. Finally, examples of basic building blocks of ultra-low voltage analog ICs designed in standard CMOS technology using such design techniques are presented. Finally, the developed circuits are compared to the state-of-the-art solutions in terms of the main parameters and features.
Parallel and Cooperative Particle Swarm Optimizer for Multimodal Problems

Although the original particle swarm optimizer (PSO) method and its related variant methods show some effectiveness for solving optimization problems, it may easily get trapped into local optimum especially when solving complex multimodal problems. Aiming to solve this issue, this paper puts forward a novel method called parallel and cooperative particle swarm optimizer (PCPSO). In case that the interacting of the elements in -dimensional function vector , ,…, ,…, is independent, cooperative particle swarm optimizer (CPSO) is used. Based on this, the PCPSO is presented to solve real problems. Since the dimension cannot be split into several lower dimensional search spaces in real problems because of the interacting of the elements, PCPSO exploits the cooperation of two parallel CPSO algorithms by orthogonal experimental design (OED) learning. Firstly, the CPSO algorithm is used to generate two locally optimal vectors separately; then the OED is used to learn the merits of these two vectors and creates a better combination of them to generate further search. Experimental studies on a set of test functions show that PCPSO exhibits better robustness and converges much closer to the global optimum than several other peer algorithms.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Infections , coagulation and thrombosis

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