Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pressure-induced structural phase transitions in zirconia under high pressure.

Angular-dispersive x-ray in situ powder-diffraction experiments have been performed on pure zirconia, ${\mathrm{ZrO}}_{2}$, at room temperature under high pressure up to 50 GPa. Under increasing pressure four phases were successively encountered: baddeleyite (monoclinic, P${2}_{1}$/c) from normal pressure up to about 10 GPa, orthorhombic-I (Pbca) to 25 GPa, orthorhombic-II to 42 GPa, and orthorhombic-III above 42 GPa. The unit-cell parameters and the volume have been determined as a function of pressure. The bulk moduli of the two lower pressure phases have been calculated using Birch's equation of state. The bulk modulus of baddeleyite, 95 GPa, is much lower than expected from bulk modulus-volume systematics, 195 GPa, while for the orthorhombic-I phase, the experimental and calculated values are almost identical. A generalized P-T diagram for ${\mathrm{ZrO}}_{2}$, including an orthorhombic-IV phase, is proposed and discussed. The phase transitions to orthorhombic-II and orthorhombic-III phases can be described by a simple rotation of the unit cell of the orthorhombic-I phase about either the b axis to form the orthorhombic-II phase or a axis to form the orthorhombic-III phase. All high-pressure cells (orthorhombic-I, -II, and -III) have eight formula units (Z=8). The orthorhombic-II phase was found not to have the cotunnite ${\mathrm{PbCl}}_{2}$-type structure which was proposed previously. There is no longer any example of a compound which transforms to such a cotunnite-type structure under high pressure. The behavior of zirconia and hafnia under high pressure is different although they have very close chemical properties at ambient pressure and identical structures in the two lower-pressure phases.
Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies on Biosorption of Chromium (VI) By Mixed Biosorbents

Biosorption is a process, which represents a biotechnological innovation as well as a cost effective excellent tool for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The kinetics and equilibrium of the biosorption of Chromium (VI) from aqueous solution were investigated using immobilized mixed biosorbents of Annona squamosa seeds and Aspergillus niger in a batch system. The biosorption characteristics of Chromium (VI) ions were studied with respect to well-established effective parameters including initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature and biosorbent dosage. Biosorption equilibrium was established in about 24 h. The Chromium (VI) sorption data were analyzed using the Lagergren first and second order kinetic models. The Lagergren second-order rate equation was the most appropriate equation to predict the biosorption capacities of immobilized mixed biosorbents. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The characteristic parameters of Langmuir sorption isotherm provided the best correlation for Chromium (VI) onto immobilized mixed biosorbents.
Experimental neural decomposed dynamic adaptive control of robot manipulator

We investigate a new neural network decomposed dynamic adaptive controller for the robot manipulator. The robot controller is divided into two components. The dynamic action is based on the decomposition of dynamical model into fixed and variable torque. The fixed torque represents the nominal torque and the variable torque, based on the parameter estimation obtained with an ANN, tracks the change in the dynamical system. To estimate the variable parameters we used an ANN parameter estimator. Two schemes were derived from this approach and applied successfully to a SCARA robot.
Prevalence and Pattern of Lumbar Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes in a Population Study of One Thousand Forty-Three Individuals

Study Design. A cross-sectional population study of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes. Objective. To examine the pattern and prevalence of lumbar spine MRI changes within a southern Chinese population and their relationship with back pain. Summary of Background Data. Previous studies on MRI changes and back pain have used populations of asymptomatic individuals or patients presenting with back pain and sciatica. Thus, the prevalence and pattern of intervertebral disc degeneration within the population is not known. Methods. Lumbar spine MRIs were obtained in 1043 volunteers between 18 to 55 years of age. MRI changes including disc degeneration, herniation, anular tears (HIZ), and Schmorl’s nodes were noted by 2 independent observers. Differences were settled by consensus. Disc degeneration was graded using Schneiderman’s classification, and a total score (DDD score) was calculated by the summation of the Schneiderman’s score for each lumbar level. A K-mean clustering program was used to group individuals into different patterns of degeneration. Results. Forty percent of individuals under 30 years of age had lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (LDD), the prevalence of LDD increasing progressively to over 90% by 50 to 55 years of age. There was a positive correlation between the DDD score and low back pain. L5–S1 and L4–L5 were the most commonly affected levels. Apart from the usual patterns of degeneration, some uncommon patternsof degeneration were identified, comprising of subjects with skip level lesions (intervening normal levels) and isolated upper or mid lumbar degeneration. Conclusion. LDD is common, and its incidence increases with age. In a population setting, there is a significant association of LDD on MRI with back pain.
Performance comparison of HMM and VQ based single channel speech separation

In this paper, single channel speech separation (SCSS) techniques based on hidden Markov models (HMM) and vector quantization (VQ) are described and compared in terms of (a) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) between separated and original speech signals, (b) preference of listeners, and (c) computational complexity. The SNR results show that the HMM-based technique marginally outperforms the VQ-based technique by 0.85 dB in experiments conducted on mixtures of female-female, male-male, and male-female speakers. Subjective tests show that listeners prefer HMM over VQ for 86.70 % of test speech ﬁles. This improvement, however, is at the expense of a drastic increase in computational complexity when compared with the VQ-based technique.
Anestesia para endoscopía digestiva en el paciente cardiópata isquémico

257 www.medigraphic. org.mx * Anestesiólogo Cardiovascular, Departamento de Anestesiología y Clínica del Dolor. Centro Médico del Instituto de Seguridad Social del Estado de México y Municipios (ISSEMyM). ** Departamento de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular. Centro Médico del Instituto de Seguridad Social del Estado de México y Municipios (ISSEMyM). *** Departamento de Gastroenterología. Centro Médico del Instituto de Seguridad Social del Estado de México y Municipios (ISSEMyM). **** Departamento de Anestesiología Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología «Ignacio Chávez».
Occipital alpha activity as a measure of retinal involvement in oculomotor control.

Two experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that a reduction of alpha energy in the occipital EEG reflects an increased dependency of oculomotor control on retinal feedback. In an ocular pursuit task subjects followed a target with their eyes. The target either moved in a repetitive, predictable pattern or varied unpredictably. Subjects were instructed to minimize eye-tracking errors during the task, and performance feedback was provided. Oculomotor control depends on retinal feedback during on-target performance in the unpredictable condition and during error correction in both conditions. However, subjects' on-target performance in the predictable condition may involve some degree of automatic control, which is less dependent on retinal feedback. As expected, alpha activity was maximal in this condition. In a second experiment, alpha activity was shown not to reflect impaired information processing, since here again alpha was greatest during correct on-target performance in the predictable condition, while reaction times (to visual stimuli presented in the moving target) were shortest in this condition and appeared to be independent of the amount of alpha during stimulus presentation.
Decentralized two-level 0-1 programming through genetic algorithms with double strings

We consider two-level programming problems in which there are one decision maker (the leader) at the upper level and two or more decision makers (the followers) at the lower level and decision variables of the leader and the followers are 0-1 variables. We assume that there is coordination among the followers while between the leader and the group of all the followers, there is no motivation to cooperate each other, and fuzzy goals for objective functions of the leader and followers are introduced in order to take fuzziness of their judgments into consideration. The leader maximizes the degree of satisfaction and the followers choose in concert so as to maximize a minimum among their degrees of satisfaction. A computational method, which is based on the genetic algorithms, for obtaining a solution to the above mentioned problem is developed. To demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed algorithm, numerical experiments are carried out.
A Tutorial of Adversarial Learning

Just for fun, far from complete. 1 Problem Definition We define x ∈ X as an instance, where X is the instance space. x is represented by a vector variable with n dimensions, namely x = (x1, . . . , xn). xi denotes the ith feature in instance x. Each instance can belong to one of two classes: positive (malicious) or negative (innocent), which are denoted by x and x respectively. Let training set S ⊂ X and test set T ⊂ X consist of both positive and negative instances. In practice, S is usually a finite set, whereas T = X \ S has infinite size. We call a function C : X 7→ {−1, 1} as a Boolean classifier, or a classifier for short. We refer to x for which C(x) = 1 and x for which C(x) = −1. The task of a classifier is to learn from S a function C(x) that will correctly predict new instance x ∈ T . Obviously, a well-performed classifier can secure the system by detecting malicious instances in advance (e.g. spam filtering and virus detection). An adversary attempts to defeat the system by sending malicious instances without being detected. In fact, adversaries are actively disguising their behavior to evade detection. For instance, senders of junk email often add “good” words or sentences to cheat the spam filter for decreasing the likelihood of detection. Although these disguised instances are more indicative of innocent than malicious, they may also decrease the reward of adversary due to their ineffectiveness. For adversary, some instances are more effective than others. We explain such differences on utility by an adversarial cost function A(x) 7→ R. Note, that A(x) is domain-dependent function. We assume that adversaries have a base instance x for which C(x) = 1 on hand. To evade detection, they are interested in finding an instance x ∗ that most similar to x but will be classified as negative. To measure the similarity between two instances, we first define an adversarial cost function as A(x) = n ∑ i=1 ai|xi − x a i |, where positive scalars1 ai represent the relative cost of changing each feature, allowing that some features may be more important than others (from adversaries’ perspective of view). An illustrative example is depicted in Figure 1. 1 The positive scalar ai is under an assumption that x is the best instance as far as the adversary knows. That is, any changes to x costs an utility loss.
A Comparison of Three Dental Techniques for Estimating Age at Death in Humans

Abstract For a number of years it has been realized that age related morphological changes in the human skeleton are not the most accurate, or precise, means of estimating the age at death for an individual, and that dental changes can be used as an alternative. This paper critically examines three of the methods used for estimating human age from the dentition which have appeared in the forensic science literature, testing them against a known modern sample population. A new statistical technique to improve age estimates is described and applied to some archaeological specimens.
Altered Executive Function in Pre-Mild Cognitive Impairment.

BACKGROUND For the early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is increasing interest in pre-mild cognitive impairment (pre-MCI). OBJECTIVE We explored the neuropsychological characteristics in a group of pre-MCI and cognitively normal (CN) elderly individuals, with the aim of providing measures sensitive to cognitive change in pre-MCI. METHODS We included 188 CN elderly and 77 individuals with pre-MCI. All participants underwent comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological assessment. We compared 17 cognitive tests between the CN and pre-MCI groups by using one-way ANOVAs with false discovery rate correction for multiple comparisons. Pearson's correlations were also obtained between episodic memory and executive function tests in the pre-MCI group. RESULTS The pre-MCI group showed significantly lower scores for visual immediate recall, fluency tests, and Stroop color naming in the color-word incongruent condition than the CN group (p < 0.05). Most of these executive function measures were significantly correlated with episodic memory (p < 0.05). There were no significant group-differences in other tests assessing attention, verbal memory, visuospatial ability, and language. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that poor executive function especially demanding inhibition and goal-directed behaviors within time limit could be the characteristics of the very early cognitive sign in the course of AD.
Aerobic fitness, muscle efficiency, and motor unit recruitment during ramp exercise.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to test whether the higher slope of the oxygen uptake/work rate relationship (DeltaVO2/DeltaW) in aerobically trained subjects compared with less trained counterparts during a ramp protocol is related to changes in muscle fiber activation. METHODS Ten cyclists and 10 physically active (PA) students performed two ramp exercises (ramp 25 protocol and relative ramp protocol, leading to exhaustion in 12 min) and a step protocol (20-60-100-140-180-220 W). Pulmonary gas exchange was measured, and muscle fiber activity was recorded with surface EMG of the musculus vastus lateralis. V O2 and integrated EMG (iEMG) were described as functions of work rate up to the gas exchange threshold, and linear regression analysis was used to determine the DeltaVO2/DeltaW and the slope of the iEMG/W relationship (DeltaiEMG/DeltaW). RESULTS The statistical analysis revealed a higher DeltaVO2/DeltaW in cyclists compared with PA students in ramp exercises (ramp 25 = 9.98 +/- 0.51 vs 9.18 +/- 0.59 mL x min(-1) x W(-1); relative ramp = 9.87 +/- 0.30 vs 9.16 +/- 0.33 mL x min(-1) x W(-1) in the cyclists and PA students, respectively; P < 0.05) but not in step exercise (9.97 +/- 0.32 and 9.83 +/- 0.37 mL x min(-1) x W(-1) in cyclists and PA students, respectively; P > 0.05). In addition, cyclists demonstrated a higher DeltaiEMG/DeltaW in ramp exercises (0.96 +/- 0.14% x W(-1) and 0.98 +/- 0.14% x W(-1) in ramp 25 and relative ramp, respectively) compared with step exercise (0.75 +/- 0.12% x W(-1), P < 0.05), whereas in the PA students, DeltaiEMG/DeltaW did not differ between the ramp protocol (0.75 +/- 0.10% x W(-1) and 0.70 +/- 0.12% x W(-1) in ramp 25 and relative ramp, respectively) and the step protocol (0.77 +/- 0.17% x W(-1), P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that trained cyclists demonstrate reduced mechanical efficiency in the ramp protocol and that this phenomenon is associated with an "overactivation" of muscle fibers.
Inclusion of gaming disorder criteria in ICD-11: A clinical perspective in favor

Data from a specialist treatment facility for Internet addiction (IA) in Japan showed that (a) the vast majority of treatment seekers are addicted to online games, (b) their symptoms are often quite severe, and (c) there is a significant demand for IA treatment. In addition, systemic obstacles to the delivery of medical services in Japan exist due to the exclusion of IA criteria from ICD-10. Consequently, the inclusion of GD criteria in ICD-11 will almost certainly increase the capacity and quality of treatment through advances in research and possible changes in national medical systems to meet treatment demand.
Leishmania: naive human T cells sensitized with promastigote antigen and IL-12 develop into potent Th1 and CD8(+) cytotoxic effectors.

Russo, D. M. , Chakrabarti, P., and Higgins, A. Y. 1999. Leishmania: Naive human T cells sensitized with promastigote antigen and IL-12 develop into potent Th1 and CD8(+) cytotoxic effectors. Experimental Parasitology 93, 161-170. The differentiation of naive human T cells into Leishmania-specific Th1 or cytotoxic effector cells was examined by sensitizing T cells in vitro with dead Leishmania antigen in the presence or absence of IFN-gamma or IL-12. These Leishmania-specific T cell lines proliferated and produced cytokines in response to challenge with autologous Leishmania-infected macrophages. Sensitization in the presence of IL-12 or IFN-gamma induced Leishmania-specific human Th1 responses, with IL-12 inducing more potent Th1 responses. However, IL-12-induced Th1 responses were IFN-gamma dependent. T cell lines exhibited Th2 or Th0 phenotypes when primed in the absence of cytokines. Only T cell lines primed in the presence of IL-12 contained high percentages of CD8(+) cells. These cells lysed autologous Leishmania-infected but not uninfected macrophages in an MHC-dependent manner. Thus, this in vitro sensitization system can be used to delineate the conditions for optimally priming human Leishmania-specific effector cells.
There is a worldwide shortfall of simulation platforms for minimally invasive surgery

Background: The need for simulation in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has been established. Uptake of simulator training remains poor however. This study quantifies the global availability of simulation equipment, how it is currently used and clinicians’ aspirations for the future, including the emerging phenomenon of pre-operative rehearsal/warm-up. Methods: An online survey was distributed to 1314 operating clinicians via a global professional media network. Results: Two hundred ninety-two responses were received from 145 different cities in 63 countries. Responders were drawn from a range of surgical specialties. Only 34% reported access to a simulator during working hours, falling to 20% outside working hours. Forty-six percent had not used a simulator at all in the last 12 months, and only 19% had used it for more than 6 h in the preceding year. Seventy-nine percent supported the idea that a trainee should demonstrate basic competency on a simulator before operating on patients. Three-quarters think that there is a role for take-home MIS simulators; 86% support the use of MIS simulators for pre-operative warm-up, but only 26% currently do this. Conclusion: Worldwide there is great enthusiasm for the integration of simulators into training and surgical practice. Suitable simulation equipment is lacking however. There is strong support for the concept of take-home simulation to address this problem.
Sarpogrelate: cardiovascular and renal clinical potential

Sarpogrelate is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtype 2A (5-HT2A) antagonist. It is metabolised to racemic M-1 and both enantiomers of M-1 are also antagonists of 5-HT2A receptors. Sarpogrelate inhibits responses to 5-HT mediated by 5-HT2A receptors such as platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction and vascular smooth muscle proliferation. There is no information available on the pharmacokinetics of sarpogrelate. Sarpogrelate is efficacious in animal models of thrombosis, coronary artery spasm, atherosclerosis, restenosis, peripheral vascular disease, pulmonary hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, diabetes and kidney disease. Small clinical trials indicate that sarpogrelate may be beneficial in the treatment of coronary artery disease, angina, restenosis, heart valve prostheses surgery, diabetes mellitus, Raynaud’s phenomenon, systemic sclerosis and Buerger’s disease. Larger, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of sarpogrelate in intermittent claudication, coronary artery disease, restenosis and diabetes should be considered.
Safety of lumbar puncture for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and thrombocytopenia.

CONTEXT Patients with thrombocytopenia are at risk for spontaneous or procedure-related hemorrhage. Whether such patients can safely undergo lumbar puncture (LP) without prophylactic platelet transfusion is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether an association exists between thrombocytopenia and LP complications among children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Retrospective review of the records of 958 consecutive children (median age, 5.5 years) with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia who were treated at a pediatric cancer center between February 1984 and July 1998. INTERVENTIONS All patients underwent a diagnostic LP followed by a median of 4 LPs to instill intrathecal chemotherapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Serious complications of LP occurring during the remission induction and consolidation treatment periods (when thrombocytopenia is likely to occur), defined as any neurologic, infectious, or hemorrhagic problems related to the procedure, reported by platelet count at the time of the procedure. RESULTS Of the 5223 LPs evaluated, 29 were performed at platelet counts of 10 x 10(9)/L or less, 170 at platelet counts of 11 to 20 x 10(9)/L, and 742 at platelet counts of 21 to 50 x 10(9)/L. No serious complications were encountered, regardless of the platelet count. The 95% confidence interval for the proportion of serious complications in the 199 patients with platelet counts of 20 x 10(9)/L or less was 0% to 1.75% and that for the 941 patients with platelet counts of 50 x 10(9)/L or less was 0% to 0.37%. CONCLUSIONS In our study of children undergoing remission induction or consolidation therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, serious complications of LP were not observed, regardless of platelet count. Prophylactic platelet transfusion is not necessary in children with platelet counts higher than 10 x 10(9)/L. Due to the small number of patients in our study with platelet counts of 10 x 10(9)/L or less, conclusions cannot yet be drawn for such patients. JAMA. 2000;284:2222-2224.