Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Klienten mit Armparese – gezielte Behandlung in der Ergo- und Physiotherapie

und wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Inhalte und Prinzipien im Zeitverlauf weiter entwickelt und angepasst. Innerhalb der letzten Jahre ist es aufgrund knapper werdender Ressourcen im Gesundheitswesen für Ergound Physiotherapeuten zunehmend wichtig geworden, evidenzbasierte Behandlungsmethoden anzuwenden, das heißt Methoden, deren Effektivität durch Studien belegt werden konnte. Neuere Therapieverfahren zeigten sich gegenüber traditionellen Konzepten in der Behandlung des gelähmten Armes als gleich wirksam bzw. überlegen (für Bobath: [16, 26]). Es ist deshalb für Therapeuten erforderlich, sich mit aktuellen Erkenntnissen sowie den darauf basierenden Behandlungskonzepten auseinanderzusetzen, um Patienten mit der nach dem momentanen Wissensstand besten Therapie versorgen zu können.
Random, systematic, and common cause failure: How do you manage them?

A safety instrumented system (SIS) may fail to operate as desired when one or more of its devices fail due to random, systematic, and common cause events. IEC 61511 (ANSI/ISA 84.00.01–2004) stresses the importance of minimizing the propagation of device failure into system failure through design, operating, inspection, and maintenance practices. To fully understand the lifecycle requirements, it is first necessary to understand the types of failures and their potential effects on the SIS. Although several technical standards and other specialized literature address the topic, it is still a “fuzzy” matter, subject to misunderstanding and discussion. IEC 61511 Clause 11.9 requires that the SIL be verified using quantitative analysis, such as reliability block diagrams, fault tree analysis, and Markov modeling. This analysis includes only those dangerous failures that are random in nature. Common cause failures may or may not be included in the verification calculation depending on whether they exhibit random or systematic behavior. Any personnel assigned responsibility for verifying the SIL should understand each failure type and the strategies that can be used against it. Consequently, this article provides an overview of random, systematic, and common cause failures and clarifies the differences in their management within IEC 61511. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
Effects of Constraints on standing Balance Control of a Biped with TOE-joints

The constraints between biped foot-links and the ground have significant effects on bipedal motion planning and control. In this paper, such effects on balancing control of a standing biped moving in the sagittal plane are investigated. The biped consists of two parts: an inverted pendulum representing the legs and the upper body, and a foot having a toe-link and a heel-link. The biped is regulated by two torques at the ankle-joint and the toe-joint to maintain the upper body at the upright position and the foot-links being stationary on the ground. Three constraints namely no lifting, no slipping and no rolling over about either the toe or the heel are considered. The satisfaction of the constraints imposes bounds to the control torques, which are crucial to design a control law and predict the type of falls if the constraints are violated. The control bounds caused by each individual constraint are calculated and the interaction between the constraints is also investigated. During the investigation of the control bounds, critical angular velocities are calculated above which the constraints are violated regardless of the control torques. The importance of the toe-joint torque in preventing rolling-over and effect of the toe-link length on standing balance control are also discussed in this work.
Effectiveness of sealant treatment over five years in an insured population.

BACKGROUND The authors analyzed an insurance claim database to evaluate the use and effectiveness of placing sealants on first and second permanent molars of children in private dental practices. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted using an insured population with sealant coverage at 70 percent of the usual fee in a preferred provider organization than that limited reapplication to once every three years. Children were selected who were eligible for sealant benefits from July 1, 1990, to June 30, 1991. Two groups were selected for analysis, based on age, as determined by permanent molar eruption dates. Children who received sealants were compared with those who did not to determine post-sealant restorative outcomes after five years. RESULTS During the full year of coverage, sealants were used in only 16.3 percent of first permanent molars and 11.6 percent of second permanent molars. The five-year incidence of an occlusal restoration having been placed was 13.7 percent and 20.8 percent, respectively, on nonsealed first and second molars and 6.5 percent and 10.4 percent, respectively, on sealed first and second molars. From years three to five, sealant placement provided only nominal additional preventive effect. CONCLUSIONS In the population selected, both the incidence of occlusal caries and the use of sealants were lower than expected for both age groups. However, within these groups, molar occlusal surfaces were only half as likely to have been restored in sealed teeth than in nonsealed teeth after five years. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Based on the five-year data from a population with a low incidence of caries, the authors found that 15 sealed first permanent molars or 10 sealed second permanent molars prevented placement of one occlusal restoration. Therefore, sealants are more effective when placed in patients with risk factors for occlusal caries.
Morbidity and Mortality After Stroke, Eprosartan Compared With Nitrendipine for Secondary Prevention

Background and Purpose— In hypertensive stroke patients, for the same level of blood pressure control, eprosartan will be more effective than nitrendipine in reducing cerebrovascular and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Methods— A total of 1405 well-defined, high-risk hypertensives with cerebral event during the last 24 months (proven by cerebral computed tomography scan or nuclear magnetic resonance) were randomized to eprosartan or nitrendipine (mean follow-up 2.5 years). Primary end point was the composite of total mortality and all cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, including all recurrent events. Results— Randomization was successful without significant differences in the baseline characteristics. Blood pressure was reduced to a comparable extent without any significant differences between the 2 groups during the whole study period (150.7/84 mm Hg and 152.0/87.2 mm Hg with eprosartan and nitrendipine therapy to 137.5/80.8 mm Hg and 136.0/80.2 mm Hg, respectively, confirmed by ambulator.
The indications for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in myeloid malignancies.

BACKGROUND The overall incidence of myeloid malignancies is 8.6 per 100 000 persons. Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (SCT) is a major therapeutic option despite its risks, which include graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and infection. In Germany, about 1600 patients with myeloid malignancies undergo SCT each year. The indications for SCT have changed since the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and improved methods of SCT. METHODS This article is based on relevant guidelines from Germany and abroad and on a selective review of the literature from 2010 onward. RESULTS The individual indication for SCT is based on the risk of disease progression, accompanying illnesses, the probability that SCT will result in cure, and the risk of complications. There is good evidence favoring allogeneic SCT in the following situations affecting 20% to 50% of patients with the respective disease: advanced chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or CML that does not respond to TKI, Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (Ph- MPN) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with a high risk of progression, and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that has high-risk cytogenetic features or is recurrent. Good evidence is accumulating in favor of allogeneic SCT in older patients as well. CONCLUSION The prognosis of patients with myeloid neoplasm can now be assessed more accurately than before. This facilitates well-founded clinical decision-making about SCT, which is the only potentially curative treatment for most patients with myeloid neoplasm. Patients up to about age 75 should be referred to a transplantation center for consultation at an early stage of their disease so that the treatment options can be evaluated. A major goal of current research is to reduce toxicity with innovative forms of treatment.
Independent association of rheumatoid factor and the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope with radiographic outcome in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE Findings of a recent study suggested that HLA-DRB1 alleles encoding the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) "shared epitope" (SE) were not predictive of erosive damage at 2 years in patients with early inflammatory arthritis who were rheumatoid factor (RF) positive, but were predictive in those who were RF negative. The present study was undertaken to determine whether RF status was also important in the association between the SE and radiographic outcome in patients with longstanding RA. METHODS The association between radiographic outcome, HLA-DRBI, and RF status was examined in 299 RA patients with established disease (5-30 years). Radiographic outcome was measured by scoring radiographs of the hands and feet using the standard radiographs of Larsen. HLA-DRB1 typing was performed using polymerase chain reaction methodology. Results were stratified by RF status and analyzed by multiple regression. RESULTS An association between radiographic severity and the SE was found in RF-, but not RF+, patients. RF- patients carrying an SE allele had higher Larsen scores than RF- patients lacking the SE, although there was no association with SE dosage. The mean Larsen score was significantly higher in RF+ patients than in RF- patients, but there were no differences between RF+ patients with 0, 1, or 2 SE alleles. Multiple regression analysis confirmed independent associations of RF and SE positivity with radiographic outcome. No significant associations were found between RF and the SE, or RF and individual SE alleles. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that RF and the SE are independently associated with radiographic outcome in RA. In RF+ patients with longstanding RA, there is no apparent association between the presence of the SE and radiographic damage. However, in RF-patients, although radiographic outcome is generally less severe, there is an association between severity and presence of the SE.
FPGA Implementation of Memory Design and Testing

Memories are the most universal components of our day to day real time applications. Almost all application system chips contain some type of embedded memory chips, such as ROM, Static RAM, Dynamic RAM, and flash memory. The goal of the semiconductor technology is to continue to scale the technology in overall performance. Memories have complex design structures than any other core in SoC. Due to higher levels of integration and huge memory size, manufacturing cost of the device is reducing and testing cost is increasing. Testing is required to guarantee fault free products. Exhaustive number of bit patterns will take more time to test the circuit. Test algorithms are necessary to optimize the testing time. In this paper memory is designed and tested for different fault models. We have simulated and analyzed the memory design using ChipScope Pro and synthesis is done by using Spartan 3E FPGA
Hospital Community Benefit Spending: Leaning In on the Social Determinantsof Health.

F or as long as the Internal Revenue Code has existed, federal tax policy has exempted corporate entities organized and operated for charitable purposes, as long as they meet applicable federal requirements. The Code does not identify the promotion of health as an explicit charitable purpose, but since 1956 the IRS has recognized that hospitals can qualify as tax-exempt charities. The 1956 standards identified the provision of charity care as the sine qua non of tax-exempt status. But in 1969 the Nixon administration revised the standard, eliminating charity care as a basic requirement and substituting in its place a nebulous “community benefit” standard that gave hospitals broad latitude to define activities that would benefit their communities. These activities ranged from financial assistance to uninsured and underinsured patients to participation in government insurance programs, research, health professions education and training, and other “community health improvement” activities identified by a hospital. Legal services advocates for the poor unsuccessfully sought to halt this basic shift in federal policy; over many decades, the IRS offered no further elaboration on its revised standard and engaged in virtually zero enforcement activities. With some notable exceptions, state laws, which typically parallel federal tax law, remained unenforced.1 Several important developments have led to renewed attention on tax-exempt hospitals’ community benefit spending practices. The first development has been an intensifying focus on the social determinants of health, which contribute significantly to elevated health care spending because of the impact of poor health on the volume and intensity of care needed to address avoidable health problems. A second major development has been the fundamental shift across public and private payers alike—encapsulated by Medicare payment
Real-Time Rendering and Synthesis of Digital Surface Models Using Textures of Time-Varying Extension

Digital surface models represent surfaces by finite sets of sampling points based in some plane of reference together with associated sampled values such as elevation and color. These models can be stored as texture data and are used in many applications to create three-dimensional renderings of the underlying surface. Due to advances in data processing and data transmission, it has become possible to already render these surface models while the data acquisition is still in progress. However, the texture data required for rendering will not only vary in content, but also in extension in the course of time during data acquisition, and thus pose a challenge to real-time rendering. This dissertation addresses the problem of creating digital surface models by means of aerial photographs, as well as managing and rendering such data by using textures of time-varying extension, while the acquisition of the data about the underlying surface is still proceeding.
Flavin Mononucleotide-Based Fluorescent Reporter Proteins Outperform Green Fluorescent Protein-Like Proteins as Quantitative In Vivo Real-Time Reporters

ABSTRACT Fluorescent proteins of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) family are commonly used as reporter proteins for quantitative analysis of complex biological processes in living microorganisms. Here we demonstrate that the fluorescence signal intensity of GFP-like proteins is affected under oxygen limitation and therefore does not reflect the amount of reporter protein in Escherichia coli batch cultures. Instead, flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-binding fluorescent proteins (FbFPs) are suitable for quantitative real-time in vivo assays under these conditions.
Preference for Alprazolam as Opposed to Diazepam in Benzodiazepine-Dependent Psychiatric Inpatients

Fourteen inpatients with long-term benzodiazepine (BDZ)-dependency were gradually withdrawn from their medication. During a four-day study period patients received 5 mg diazepam t.d. s. Under double-blind conditions the 5 mg diazepam was replaced twice, by either 0.5 mg or 0.37 mg alprazolam. When the hypothetically realistic alprazolam to diazepam equivalent ratio of 1:10 with regard to hypnosedative and anxiolytic properties was used, alprazolam was clearly preferred to diazepam in three sensitive tests. When alprazolam and diazepam were tested using the altered equivalent ratio of 1:14, "liking" and "seeking potentials" revealed no significant differences. However, also under these test conditions alprazolam tended to be preferred in a drug choice test. It is concluded that alprazolam appears to implicate somewhat higher reinforcing properties, possibly leading to a higher abuse liability in BDZ-dependent patients as compared to diazepam.
Cokeromyces recurvatus isolated from pleural and peritoneal fluid: case report

The zygomycetous mold Cokeromyces recurvatus was isolated from the pleural and peritoneal fluids of a 64-year-old man with a history of peptic ulcer disease and alcohol abuse. The patient presented to the hospital with severe abdominal pain and a ruptured duodenal ulcer. This is one of the few times that C.recurvatus has been isolated from a human source, and the organism may have contributed to the death of this patient.
Cortical representation of self‐paced finger movement

We compared the cortical fields activated by simple, self-paced index-finger flexions with those activated during visually triggered movement and rest using PET. Of 12 fields detected during self-paced movement compared to rest, three were located in the classically defined motor areas: primary motor area (M1), premotor cortex (PM) and supplementary motor area (SMA). The latter extended into the cingulate motor area (CMA). Four corresponding clusters were also found when triggered movement was subtracted from self-paced movement. The change in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was greater in SMA than in PM during self-paced movement compared with either control. We conclude that repetitive, self-paced index-finger flexions can activate SMA, PM and CMA, and that this movement activates SMA more strongly than PM.
Modeling of on-chip spiral inductors with a center-tap

We present a characteristic function approach to parameter extraction for Si-based on-chip spiral inductors with a center tap. A closed-form analytical expression to extracting the model parameters specifically for the center tap branch is developed. The model parameters can then be extracted analytically. The validity of the present approach is verified by measurement based on 0.18 ¿m CMOS process.
Investors’ Perceptions of Activism Via Voting: Evidence from Contentious Shareholder Meetings

We examine investors’ perceptions of shareholder activism via voting. To identify instances of activism via voting, we focus on annual meetings with at least one ballot item where a substantial fraction of shareholders is expected to vote against management’s voting recommendation, indicating an increase in their monitoring activity. We define such meetings as “contentious”. Using a sample of almost 28,000 meetings between 2003 and 2012, we examine stock returns over the period between the proxy filing and the annual meeting, when investors learn about the contentious nature of the upcoming meeting and form expectations about its likely impact on firms’ policies. We find that abnormal stock returns prior to contentious meetings are significantly positive and higher than prior to non-contentious meetings. These higher abnormal returns increase with the contentiousness of the meeting, are more pronounced in firms with poor past performance (which are more likely to respond to shareholder pressure) and persist after controlling for firm-specific news and proxies for risk factors. Our results are consistent with investors expecting activism via voting to have a positive impact on firm value, on average.
Effects of an n-3-deficient diet on brain, retina, and liver fatty acyl composition in artificially reared rats Published, JLR Papers in Press, June 1, 2004. DOI 10.1194/jlr.M400087-JLR200

Rat pups born to dams fed a diet with 3.1% of total fatty acids as α-linolenic acid (LNA) were fed, using an artificial rearing system, either an n-3-deficient (n-3-Def) or an n-3-adequate (n-3-Adq) diet. Both diets contained 17.1% linoleic acid, but the n-3-Adq diet also contained 3.1% LNA. The percentage of brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) continuously decreased (71%) with time over the 29 days of the experiment, with concomitant increases in docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-6). In the retina, the percentage of DHA rose in the n-3-Adq group, with an apparent increased rate around the time of eye opening. However, there was a flat curve for the percentage of DHA in the n-3-Def group and a rising DPAn-6 with time. Liver DHA was highest at the time of birth in the n-3-Adq group but fell off somewhat over the course of 29 days. This decrease was more pronounced in the n-3-Def group, and the DPAn-6 rose considerably during the second half of the experiment. This method presents a first-generation model for n-3 deficiency that is more similar to the case of human nutrition than is the commonly employed two-generation model.
The detection of gratings by independent activation of line detectors.

1. The visibility of composite stimuli (double lines, multiple lines and sinusoidal gratings) is analysed in terms of the visibility of single lines. 2. The detection mechanisms for the composite stimuli were examined by measuring the probabilities for seeing these stimuli, the probabilites of "recognition" near their detection thresholds and by using the method of subthreshold summation. 3. The simplest composite stimulus consists of two lines spaced apart by 15 min; it was found that both the probability of seeing this stimulus and the probability of reporting either one or two lines may largely be explained by assuming independent detection of the two lines. For a 12 min spacing some antagonistic interaction was observed between the two lines, confirming the existence of an antagonistic surround in the line detector. 4. The probability of seeing a multiple line target (rectangular grating) of spacing 15 min is slightly greater than that predicted assuming independent detection of its component lines; this probability can be calculated from the probabilities of seeing a central line (near the fixation point) and pairs of lines spaced 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min on either side of the fixation point. The observed threshold for the grating was about 0.05 log units less than the prediction. 5. The probability that a subject reports only one line from a rectangular grating was found to be consistent with independent detection of its component lines when the subject used a low (detection) threshold criterion but not for higher criteria. 6. The spatial frequencies involved in the detection of the rectangular grating were determined by subthreshold summation; the high spatial frequency selectivity was shown to be consistent with independent detection of the component lines. 7. The detection mechanism for a 4 c/deg sinusoidal grating was found to be similar to that for the 15 min rectangular grating. 8. Evidence is presented that the detection of finer and coarser gratings may be analysed in similar terms. 9. It is shown that lines are not detected by independent activation of sharply tuned grating detectors but that sub‐units may be involved which are slightly more narrowly tuned than the line detector. 10. These sub‐units contain both inhibitory and disinhibitory regions; the disinhibitory responses may be the basis of the deviations from probability summation noted in 4. 11. The properties of the proposed sub‐units are in reasonable accord with the results of adaptation experiments.