Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Handwriting : an exploration of foundational skills / by Karen Pontello.

Latent Class Analyses were used to identify two Latent Classes from a sample population of 200 students with slow handwriting who were referred to occupational therapy because of difficulties keeping up with the writing demands of the classroom. The underlying foundational handwriting skills o f developmental hand skills, visual perception, visual motor skills, upper limb speed and dexterity, letter motor memory, handwriting legibility and letter formation skills were used to determine that Latent Class One and Latent Class Two exist within the data gathered from the students’ occupational therapy clinical files. A one way Multivariate Analysis o f Variance (MANGYA) revealed that Latent Class One and Latent Class Two were statistically different from each other. Univariate Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) as follow up to the MANOVA identified that Latent Class One was different from Latent Class Two in all o f the foundational handwriting skill areas except upper limb speed and dexterity. Letter motor memory skills were associated with 79% of the variance between the Two Latent Classes. Letter formation skills were associated with 37% o f the variance between Latent Class One and Latent Class Two. Handwriting legibility was associated with 27 % of the variance between the Latent Classes. Developmental hand skills, visual motor skills, and visual perceptual skills were associated with a smaller yet still significant percentage of the variance between the Latent Classes. Students in Latent Class One tended to have very low letter motor memory, handwriting legibility and letter formation skills. Their developmental hand skills and visual motor skills were below average. They demonstrated low end average upper limb speed and dexterity skills. while their visual perceptual skills were average. Students in Latent Class Two had below average handwriting legibility and letter formation skills. They had borderline upper limb speed and dexterity skills and borderline developmental hand skills. Their visual motor skills and letter motor memory skills were average. These students demonstrated very strong visual perceptual skills. The findings suggest that for students with slow handwriting, there are two Latent Classes with very distinct profiles of foundational handwriting skills.
Determination of the partial specific volumes of thermoreversible gelatin/water and κ-carrageenan/water gels

In this paper systematic density measurements of gelatin/water and κ-carrageenan/water gels are presented in a wide range of concentrations and temperatures. From about 600 measurements for gelatin/water and about 500 measurements for the system κ-carrageenan/water empirical relations for both systems have been derived which allow to calculate the densities of these gels in a limited concentration range if the temperatures and the polymer weight fractions are known. The calculated densities have an accuracy of better than 0,001 g/cm−3 compared with the directly measured densities. If the extrapolated partial specific volumes of the pure polymer are plotted against the temperature, a jump with an inflexion point can be detected at about 23–24°C for both systems. These data indicate a Λ-type transition of the expansion coefficient α for both systems at 23–24°C although there are still too few data to make clear conclusions.
Preparation of PVA hydrogel with high-transparence and investigations of its transparent mechanism

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels with high-transparence were prepared by dissolving PVA powders into dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) aqueous solutions with different concentrations to obtain 16.7 wt% PVA hydrogels followed by several freeze–thaw cycles. The transparence, crystallinity, mechanical strength and compositions of the PVA hydrogels were tested and analyzed by using a spectrophotometer, a universal testing machine and infrared spectroscopy (IR), indicating that when the concentration of DMSO was 80 wt%, the transparence of the PVA hydrogel displayed a maximum value of 99.8 ± 0.2%, close to that of the natural human cornea (99.7–99.9%), which is closely related to the interaction between DMSO and H2O molecules as well as the crystallinity of the PVA hydrogel. Based on this, the interaction between DMSO and H2O molecules and the transparent mechanism were also explored. It has been found that the viscosity of the DMSO aqueous solution reaches the maximum value when its concentration is 68.5% and is prone to be affected by temperature, while the 80 wt% DMSO aqueous solution endows the PVA hydrogel with the highest transparence. Based on IR and DSC analysis, the spatial structures of the PVA hydrogels prepared with different DMSO aqueous solutions were schematised, and it was thought that the formation of a 1DMSO/2H2O network structure contributes the most to the crystallinity and the transparence of the PVA hydrogel. Such a PVA hydrogel with high transparence could have great potential to be used as the optical core of an artificial cornea.
FUROSEMİDİN ÇÖZÜNME HIZININ PVP İLE KATI DİSPERSİYONLARI HAZIRLANARAK ARTIRILMASI : IMPROVEMENT OF DISSOLUTION RATE OF FUROSEMİDE BY PREPARING SOLID DISPERSIONS WITH POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE

ÖZET Bu çalışmada pH 1.2 suni mide ortamında çözünürlüğü az olan furosemidin (FR) katı dispersiyonları hazırlanarak çözünürlüğünün artırılması düşünülmüş, bu amaçla polivinilpirolidon(PVP-40) kullanılarak farklı etken madde/taşıyıcı oranlarında katı dipersiyonlar, çözme yöntemi kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Katı dispersiyonlarda çözünme hızı deneyleri sürekli akış hücresi kullanılarak, 9ml/dak akış hızında yapılmış olup hazırlanan kompleksler X-ışını, I.R. ve DSC analizleri ile incelenmiştir. Saf furosemide göre çözünme hızı PVP-40 kullanılarak hazırlanan katı dispersiyonlarda artmış ve en fazla etken madde çıkışı göstermesi nedeniyle 1:6 oranında hazırlanan komplekslerin ideal olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca hazırlanan katı dispersiyonlardan etken madde çıkış hızının partikül büyüklüğünden etkilenmediği bulunmuş olup stabilite sorunu olan FR 'nin hazırlanan katı dispersiyonlarının 9 ay boyunca stabil olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Resolution of Racemic Propranolol in Liquid Membranes Containing TA‐β‐cyclodextrin

Abstract The pharmacological properties of propranolol enantiomers are quite different, the β‐adrenergic blocking activity resides in the (S)‐(−) isomer, while the (R)‐(+)‐enantiomer has only a membrane stabilizing effect. The inherent chirality of cyclodextrins (CDs) allows them to form diastereomeric complexes. In this work, a peracetylated β‐CD (TA‐β‐CD) that preferentially interacts with the (S)‐(−) isomer of propranolol was used. Two liquid membranes, bulk liquid membrane (BLM) and supported liquid membrane (SLM) were tested. A recovery of 30% and a enantiomeric excess of 12% were obtained, using a SLM with 10 mM of propranolol and a pH gradient between feed and stripping phases.
Combined neutron powder and X-ray single-crystal diffraction refinement of the atomic structure and hydrogen bonding of goslarite (ZnSO4·7H2O)

Abstract The atomic structure of synthetic, deuterated goslarite (ZnSO4·7D2O), a = 11.8176(6) Å, b = 12.0755(7) Å, c = 6.8270(4) Å, space group P212121, Z = 4, has been refined in a combined neutron powder diffraction and X-ray single-crystal data refinement to wRp 1.92%, Rp 1.45% and R(F2) 12.66% for the neutron powder data contribution and R(F2) 8.72% for the X-ray single-crystal data contribution. Both data sets were necessary to achieve the best overall fit agreement in the Rietveld refinement and reasonable geometry within structural units. The results of this study confirm that the H-bonding scheme for goslarite is the same as that of the other epsomite group minerals. Small but significant variations of the Zn-O bond lengths can be attributed to details of the H bonds to the O atoms of the Zn octahedra. This investigation of the atomic structure and hydrogen bonding of goslarite is groundwork for future studies into phase relationships and the mechanisms of hydration and dehydration in the ZnSO4-H2O system.
Spectroscopic studies of the size and composition of single aerosol droplets

The characterization of aerosol properties and processes, non-intrusively and directly, poses a severe analytical challenge. In order to understand the role of aerosols in often complex environments, it is necessary to probe the particles in situ and without perturbation. Sampling followed by end-of-line analysis can lead to perturbations in particle composition, morphology and size, particularly when analysing liquid aerosol droplets containing volatile components. Optical spectroscopy can provide a strategy for the direct assessment of particle size, composition and phase. We review here the application of linear and non-linear Raman spectroscopies in the characterization of liquid aerosol droplets. Spontaneous Raman scattering can allow the unambiguous identification of chemical components and the determination of droplet composition. Stimulated Raman spectroscopy can allow the determination of droplet size with nanometre accuracy and can allow the characterization of near-surface composition. When combined, the mixing state and homogeneity in droplet composition can be investigated. We highlight some applications of these spectroscopic techniques in studies of the kinetics of particle transformation, the equilibrium composition of aqueous aerosol droplets, and the coagulation and mixing state of organic and aqueous aerosol components. Specifically, we examine the heat and mass transfer accompanying the evaporation of volatile components from liquid droplets, the equilibrium size of aqueous/sodium chloride droplets with varying relative humidity, and the mixing of the immiscible decane and water components during droplet coagulation. We conclude by considering the potential of these techniques for improving our understanding of aerosol properties and processes.
The effect of surface recombination on current in AlxGa1−xAs heterojunctions

We show that the 2kT current in double‐heterostructure AlxGa1−xAs p‐n junctions is primarily due to surface recombination at the junction perimeter. The rate of surface recombination is evaluated by means of two luminescence experiments. Both experiments provide evidence that the rate of surface recombination increases with bias as exp(eV/2kT) and has the correct magnitude to account for the measured I‐V curves. It is shown theoretically that recombination at a depleted surface is proportional to exp(eV/2kT) at high bias. The 2kT behavior is a consequence of the nearly constant ratio of electron and hole densities at the surface. The nearly constant ratio is needed to maintain equality of surface and surface depletion layer charge. p‐n junction perimeters of cleaved, etched, and proton‐bombarded interfaces are evaluated and found to have similar rates of nonradiative recombination with the rate of surface recombination given by R=s0(np)1/2, where s0 is approximately 4×105 cm/sec.
Molecular insights into aggregates made of amphiphilic Fmoc-tetrapeptides

Pre-assembled aggregates made of Fmoc-conjugated RGDS and GRDS peptides, where Fmoc refers to fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, have been investigated using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. The structural characteristics of twelve different models involving two sheets packed with the Fmoc-aligned or with the charged side groups oriented face-to-face, each one containing seven explicit peptide molecules arranged in parallel or antiparallel, have been evaluated for each Fmoc-tetrapeptide. Structural criteria have been used to select the preferred assembly for each Fmoc-tetrapeptide. The two peptides have been found to prefer β-sheet assemblies with a parallel configuration under simulated low concentration conditions. Furthermore, the assembly is dominated by the interactions among Fmoc units. The overall results provide a complete atomistic view of the interactions between Fmoc-peptide molecules comprised within the same sheet or in different sheets that was not achieved experimentally.
Acid decomposition of decavanadate: specific salt effects

The reaction of decavanadate(V), V10O286–, and also the reduced decavanadate VIV7VV3O2813–, with acid in the presence of a number of supporting electrolytes has been studied. Large cations such as tetra-alkylammonium ions and trialkylsulphonium ions markedly decrease the rate of reaction. This is shown to be due to the formation of stable ion pairs with decavanadate which do not react with acid. The effect is greater the larger the size of the onium ion. Such ion pairs do not form with the alkali-metal cations.
Amino acids in AOT reversed micelles. 1. Determination of interfacial partition coefficients using the phase-transfer method

The solubilization of amino acids in AOT reversed micelles using the phase-equilibrium method is analyzed in terms of a simple solubilization model allowing the partition coefficients of amino acids between water and the reversed micellar interfaces to be deduced by using only bulk concentration measurements. The partition coefficient is mostly influenced by those factors that affect the interfacial properties (surface pressure and bending moment) of the microemulsion droplets, namely, the organic solvent used and the type and concentration of cations in the system
Fabrication and Performance of Thin-Film YSZ Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

A new technique for the fabrication of dense yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thin-film electrolytes (between 3 and 10 μm) on porous electrode substrates has been used to make planar solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The YSZ electrolyte is strongly bonded to the Ni-YSZ and La 0.89 Sr 0.1 MnO 3 (LSM)-YSZ electrode substrates, and the power density of a Ni-YSZ/YSZ/LSM-YSZ cell is over 0.8 W/cm 2 at 800°C. Initial investigations of doped YSZ mixed-conducting electrodes in our thin-film YSZ cells indicate that Tb- and Ti-doped YSZs enhance cell power densities from 15 to 50% at 800°C. New Cu-CeO 2 -YSZ anodes for the dry oxidation of methane have also been investigated. Initial results show that the Cu-CeO 2 -based anodes are stable in hydrocarbon fuels, and that the principle anodic reaction is a direct, electrocatalytic oxidation of the hydrocarbon fuel.
Dynamics of electron transfer for a nonsuperexchange coherent mechanism. 2. Numerical calculations

The expressions in part 1 are used to treat the dynamics of electron transfer in the donor-acceptor system D*BA via a molecular bridge B. By use of a fast Fourier transform method, results are obtained for the maximum "population" of B^- and for other properties for this coherent but nonsuperexchange model. Several approximate ideas on rate populations and energy distributions are tested by using various values for the numerical parameters.
Removing colour from dyehouse waste waters — a critical review of technology available

Strict controls are being introduced on coloured effluents from UK dyehouses discharged to sewer. Failure to comply with these new regulations could result in prosecution. Yet in certain cases the technology to treat dyehouse waste waters adequately is either not available or prohibitively costly. This paper (originally given at a conference at the Manchester Conference Centre entitled ‘Waste water management for industry’) reviews the treatment technologies that can currently be used by the textile processor and discusses those newer techniques that may emerge in the near future.
Effect of surface treatment of ramie fiber on the interfacial adhesion of ramie/acetylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) green composite

Recently, many researchers have attempted to convert soybean oil into useful polymers. One of the ways to make soybean oil into a matrix of green composites is to modify its triglyceride structure to obtain the acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) through epoxidization and acrylation. In this study, the effects of ramie fiber surface treatments such as acetylation, silane, and peroxide treatments on the chemical, morphological, and interfacial adhesion properties of a ramie/AESO green composite were studied. Surface-treated fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic contact angle analysis. The crystallinity and thermal stability of chemically treated fibers were investigated by wide angle X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyzer. It was demonstrated that surface treatments lead to several morphological changes, including the formation of micro-cracks and removal of impurities by acetylation and peroxide treatment as well as surface smoothing by silane treatment. Surface energy of acetylated fiber decreased with treatment time and showed the lowest value for silane treated fiber. The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of a fiber/AESO composite was investigated through the microbond test. The IFSS of silane treated ramie was higher than that of others. The result indicates that silane treated fibers improve the interfacial property, which is the most important characteristic for the end use of green composites.
High Tg Triphenylamine-Based Starburst Hole-Transporting Material for Organic Light-Emitting Devices

This paper reports the synthesis of a new starburst molecule, 4,4′,4′′-tris[(2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl)phenyl]phenylamine (TTPPPA) and its application as a hole-transporting material in organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). Although TTPPPA has almost the same ionization potential as 1,4-bis(1-naphthylphenylamino)biphenyl (NPB), the TTPPPA-based device of ITO/TTPPPA/Alq3/LiF/Al yields much better efficiency of 5.3 cd/A and 4.3 lm/W than the standard ITO/NPB/Alq3/LiF/Al device (3.0 cd/A and 2.9 lm/W). The remarkable performance enhancement is attributed to a better balance of hole and electron injection in the TTPPPA-based device. Further, TTPPPA has a much higher glass-transition temperature (Tg, 202 °C) than NPB (Tg, 98 °C), suggesting that TTPPPA can be an alternative material to NPB especially for high-temperature applications of OLEDs and other organic electronic devices.
Rice husk as reinforcing filler in polypropylene composites

Abstract Commodity plastics such as polypropylene can be reinforced with lignocellulosic materials such as rice husk, available in the environment in abundance. Bonding between the polymer and rice husk can be improved by proper selection of compatibilizer or coupling agents. Thermoplastic composites thus prepared have potential applications in automotive industries and as good building material.
Monte Carlo simulation of the thermalization of sputtered atoms and reflected atoms in the magnetron sputtering discharge

The Monte Carlo simulation code acat−gas has been developed in order to simulate the whole system of a planar magnetron sputtering discharge. The atomic collisions in the cathode, which lead to sputtering and reflection, are simulated by the acat routine of the acat−gas code; the thermalization of emitted atoms in the background gas within the a planar sputtering discharge is simulated by the Monte Carlo technique, where the Thomas–Fermi–Morse potential is used to describe collisions between ejected atoms and background gas atoms. The simulated average energy of sputtered atoms at the midpoint between the cathode and the substrate is in good agreement with experimental results. It is found that various physical quantities such as the velocity distributions of sputtered atoms and reflected atoms, the transmission rate of sputtered atoms and reflected atoms, the average energies in the background gas, and the normalized energy of arriving reflected atoms at the substrate depends strongly on the discharge vo.
Effect of charge density on the formation and salt stability of polyelectrolyte complexes

Cationic copolymers of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) and N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide (NMVA) were synthesized by radical polymerization in a broad range of composition. Since the cyclocopolymerization of DADMAC and NMVA proceeded as nearly ideal reaction, linear copolymers of different charge densities but approximately equal molecular weights and acceptable polydispersities could be obtained. These polycations were used in combination with a sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) to study the effect of charge density on the course of polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) formation and the response of the PECs to subsequent addition of salt. Static light scattering was employed for the characterization of the complex structures. PEC formation followed in deionized water for all copolymers the same scheme, but yielding higher swollen particles with decreasing charge density of the polycations. In the cases of stronger mismatching of the charge densities of the components the presence of NaCl during complex formation led to highly swollen complexes on a very low level of aggregation. Subsequent addition of NaCl resulted for these polyelectrolyte combinations at first in disintegration into very small subunits before flocculation occurred.
Synthesis of ferrocenyldiimine metal carbonyl complexes and an investigation of the Mo adduct encapsulated in cyclodextrin

Cr and Mo tetracarbonyl complexes bearing the diimine ligand N,N′-bis(ferrocenylmethylene)ethylenediamine (FcNN) have been prepared from the ligand and M(CO)6. Two isomeric forms of (FcNN)Mo(CO)4, corresponding to the cis,cis and cis,trans geometries with respect to the CN bonds of the free ligand, were shown to exist in a 1∶12.5 ratio by 1H NMR (NOE experiments). By contrast, only the trans,trans isomer is observed for the Cr complex (FcNN)Cr(CO)4. The compounds (FcNN)M(CO)4 show ferrocene-based irreversible oxidation processes that lead to the deposition of a film at the electrode surface. (FcNN)Mo(CO)4 was immobilised in permethylated β-CD (TRIMEB) by addition of the guest to a solution of TRIMEB in dichloromethane. Removal of the solvent led to the isolation of an inclusion compound with a 2∶1 host∶guest stoichiometry, as evidenced by powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR and 13C CP MAS NMR spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties of (FcNN)Mo(CO)4 upon encapsulation are discussed.
KINETIC ANALYSIS OF THE PHOTOREACTION (365 nm) BETWEEN PSORALEN AND DNA

Abstract— Psoralen complexed with DNA under irradiation at 365 nm forms monofunctional and bifunctional adducts with pyrimidine bases of DNA. while the fraction of psoralen which remains free in the aqueous solution forms photodimer and photooxidation products. We havc studied the photoreaction betwecn psoralen and DNA from a kinetic point of view. Only some products of this photoreaction could be measured quantitatively. Thus. in order to present a picture of the overall photoreaction. we have represented this by a mathematical model consisting of a system of seven differential equations. Utilizing all the experimental data that it was possible to obtain. we were able to estimate rate constants for formation of all photoproducts. From the general picture thus obtained. we conclude that monofunctional adducts are formed in a four to one ratio to bifunctional adducts. Among the monofunctional photoproducts. 3,4‐cycloadducts occur with a higher yield than 4',5'‐cycloadducts. The combined rate constant of formation of photodimer and photooxidation products of psoralen is small. indicating that they are marginal by‐products relative to the cycloadducts formed in the photoreactions with DNA.