Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of gaseous ammonia on barley straws showing different rumen degradabilities

Straw samples from five cultivars of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L; Golden Promise, Golf, Klaxon, Heriot and Doublet), selected to show a range of rumen degradabilities, were examined to measure the effect of gaseous ammonia on aspects of their cell wall composition and degradability after treatment. Cellulose degradability of the untreated straws, as measured by the nylon-bag method, ranged from 41.0% for Golden Promise to 57.1% for Doublet. The extent of improvement in degradability following ammonia treatment was 12.5% units for Golden Promise and only 2.5% units for Doublet, showing that the effect of ammonia was more pronounced for materials of lower inherent degradability (r= −0.774). Straw from three of the five cultivars was dissected into its botanical parts, and the dry matter content and digestibility of the fractions were determined. Leaf material formed a higher fraction of dry matter in Doublet (0.48), the most degradable cultivar, than in Golden Promise (0.30), the least degradable straw. Half of the observed difference in degradability between Doublet and Golden Promise could be attributed to differences in dry matter distribution between botanical fractions. For untreated straw, degradability was weakly, negatively correlated with the proportion of arabinose residues substituted with alkali-labile linkages at position 0–5 (r = −0.690), and positively correlated with the moisture retention (water-holding capacity) of straws (r = 0.838), water-soluble dry matter content (r = 0.922) and water-soluble phenolic content (r = 0.791). The proportion of pentose residues carrying alkali-labile linkages was only slightly decreased followign ammonia treatment. In the case of the 0–5 position of arabinose residues the original values were reduced by 2.4–15.9%. Ammonia treatment had little effect on the capacity of the straw to retain moisture, and did not significantly increase the proportion of water-soluble dry matter or phenolics. Cellulose degradability, or the improvement in degradability, of ammonia-treated straw was not correlated with any of the physical and chemical characteristicds of staw considered above.
The Impact of Rye Cover Crops on Weeds, Insects, and Diseases in Snap Bean Cropping Systems

ABSTRACT We investigated the impact of a cereal rye mulch, either alone or interseeded with red clover, on weeds, insects and diseases of snap beans. Yield loss and poor growth in plots with rye mulch and red clover was attributed to poor kill of rye, herbicide application, and soil compaction during mowing. Initial weed suppression by rye mulch was similar to conventional tillage, although supplemental manual weed control was necessary in the rye plots later in the season. Early dandelion infestation from wind-blown seeds was a problem in rye mulch in 1995. Rye mulch had a variable impact on insect populations. The reductions in populations of potato leafhoppers and thrips feeding on snap beans in the rye plots were related to the smaller size of the plants. Although leaf-feeding insects such as bean leaf beetles and southern corn rootworm were not affected by management system, there was more leaf damage in the rye plots than in the control treatments. Levels of white mold were lower in the rye mulched .
Effects of short periods of frequent milking on the persistency of milk yield and SCS in Turkish Saanen goats

The major purpose of this study was to investigate if increasing milking frequency for a short period of 3 weeks had any effects on the persistency of milk yield and the persistency of the somatic cell score (SCS). The methyl green–pyronin method was used for the direct microscopic SCS, converted to SCS for the analyses. Two groups were formed (control, n = 14 and treatment, n = 14). The treatment group was milked four times a day for 3 weeks after weaning. Both groups were milked twice a day outside this 3-week period, throughout lactation. For the milk yield, persistencies were higher in the treatment group when the distance between the test days was equal to or less than 3 months. The exact opposite was true for the SCS; that is, the treatment group had higher persistencies when the distance between the test days was more than 3 months. Overall, persistencies related to milk yield were higher than persistencies related to SCS. For fat corrected milk yield, treatment persistencies were always higher than the control group persistencies, regardless of the distance between the tests. The same was true for the fat content. Increasing milking frequency for a short period of time (3 weeks) after weaning may help to increase the persistency of the milk yield, fat corrected milk yield and fat content. A 3-D plot of least squares means indicated that the milk yield tended to show a classical lactation curve in lower SCS values while forming an unstable curve in higher SCS values.
REGULATION OF PROTOCHLOROPHYLL(IDE) LEVELS IN DARK‐GROWN NON‐DIVIDING Euglena—II. INFLUENCE OF UTILIZABLE SUBSTRATES AND INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS *

Dark‐grown cells of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris incubated on resting medium for 7 days lose half of their extractable and phototransformable protochlorophyll(ide) [Pchl(ide)]. The readily‐utilized substrates glutamate and malate bring about a regeneration of both pools of Pchl(ide) to the levels found in growing cells, without causing cell division during the period of regeneration. Light does not cause a regeneration of total extractable Pchl(ide) to the levels found in growing cells, and the complete regeneration of phototransformable Pchl(ide) seen probably results from conversion of non‐transformable Pchl(ide) to transformable Pchl(ide). Optimal glutamate, malate, and light in any combination are no better in causing phototransformable Pchl(ide) regeneration than any one treatment alone, indicating that the Pchl(ide) pool size is limited by other factors. The regeneration of phototransformable Pchl(ide) induced by light or substrates is insensitive to inhibitors of protein synthesis on 80 S cytoplasmic ribosomes (cycloheximide) or on 70 S chloroplast ribosomes (streptomycin). Cycloheximide, however, induces the regeneration of phototransformable Pchl(ide) in darkness in the absencc of externally‐added substrates. Since cycloheximide is known to induce paramylum breakdown under the same conditions, it is likely that this process can provide internal substrates and/or reducing power for phototransformable Pchl(ide) regeneration. Possible mechanisms of regulation of formation of Pchl(ide)635 in Euglena are discussed and compared with regulation of Pchl(ide)650 in higher plants.
Gastropod communities in alpine grasslands are characterized by high beta diversity

Alpine grasslands harbour species-rich communities of plants and invertebrates. We examined how environmental variables and anthropogenic impact shape species richness and community structure of terrestrial gastropods in alpine grasslands in the Val Mustair (Eastern Alps, Switzerland). Gastropods were sampled using a standardised method at 76 sites spanning an elevation range from 1430 m to 2770 m. A total of 4763 specimens representing 52 species were recorded. Correspondence analysis based on presence/absence data revealed that the grassland gastropod community was structured in a complex way with elevation, wetness, grazing intensity and inclination of the sites as key factors, while abundance-based analysis identified the importance of the elevation and wetness of sites. Generalized linear model showed that species richness decreased with increasing elevation and increased with increasing soil pH. The grassland gastropod communities were characterized by a high beta diversity, as indicated by the SDR-simplex analysis. Species-specific traits of gastropods showed sensitivity to the environmental characters of the sites, as shown by a fourth-corner analysis.
Telomerase: Key to Mortal or Immortal Road

Gradual attrition of telomere to a critical short length elicits successive cellular response of cellular senescence and crisis. Cancer cells evade this process by maintaining functional telomeres via one of two known mechanisms of telomere maintenance. The first and most frequent mechanism involves reactivation of enzyme activity of telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein complex mainly via transcriptional up-regulation of TERT, a catalytic subunit of telomerase complex. The second mechanism utilizes telomerase-independent way termed ALT (for Alternative Lengthening of Telomere), which possibly involves recombination pathways. Thus master key for cellular immortalization is supposed to possess adequate telomere reserves. Indeed, telomerase can alone induce the immortalization under culture on feeder cell layers without generally known inactivation mechanism of tumor suppressor genes. Including this phenomena, this review will focus on telomerase and telomere-associated proteins, thereby implication of these proteins for cellular immortalization processes. (Immune Network 2002;2(4):183-188)
Predicting species distributions from museum and herbarium records using multiresponse models fitted with multivariate adaptive regression splines

Current circumstances — that the majority of species distribution records exist as presence‐only data (e.g. from museums and herbaria), and that there is an established need for predictions of species distributions — mean that scientists and conservation managers seek to develop robust methods for using these data. Such methods must, in particular, accommodate the difficulties caused by lack of reliable information about sites where species are absent. Here we test two approaches for overcoming these difficulties, analysing a range of data sets using the technique of multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS). MARS is closely related to regression techniques such as generalized additive models (GAMs) that are commonly and successfully used in modelling species distributions, but has particular advantages in its analytical speed and the ease of transfer of analysis results to other computational environments such as a Geographic Information System. MARS also has the advantage that it can model multiple responses, meaning that it can combine information from a set of species to determine the dominant environmental drivers of variation in species composition. We use data from 226 species from six regions of the world, and demonstrate the use of MARS for distribution modelling using presence‐only data. We test whether (1) the type of data used to represent absence or background and (2) the signal from multiple species affect predictive performance, by evaluating predictions at completely independent sites where genuine presence–absence data were recorded. Models developed with absences inferred from the total set of presence‐only sites for a biological group, and using simultaneous analysis of multiple species to inform the choice of predictor variables, performed better than models in which species were analysed singly, or in which pseudo‐absences were drawn randomly from the study area. The methods are fast, relatively simple to understand, and useful for situations where data are limited. A tutorial is included.
Evacuation Rates of Coded Wire Tags Implanted in Prey of Northern Pike

Abstract In 2001–2003, all of the 400,000 juvenile brown trout Salmo trutta to be stocked into the watercourse of Lake Inari, in northernmost Finland, will be coded-wire-tagged to indicate rearing hatchery, genetic strain, site of stocking, and age of fish. One of our future objectives will be studying the relative predation by northern pike Esox lucius on stocked brown trout with respect to the different groups, as identified by coded wire tags. However, successful sampling of northern pike and the subsequent diet analysis will require answers for the following questions: Do coded wire tags injected into the snouts of juvenile brown trout accumulate in the intestine of a northern pike? If not, what is the evacuation time of the tags? Does evacuation time depend on the size of northern pike and brown trout? In experimental feeding trials, we found that coded wire tags implanted into snouts of juvenile brown trout (weight range, 28–260 g) did not accumulate in the intestine of northern pike (weight range, .
Effective classification of occlusion therapy with single trial P-VEP signals for squint eyes

P-VEP was used to observe the human visual perception process such as pattern reversal of check board. This paper examines the possibilities of classifying the effectiveness of the occlusion therapy when viewed by checker board pattern reversal process in single trial using single channel PVEP wave forms of the frontal area (Fz) and occipital area (Oz) of the brain. The first 10 trials were used for calibration, and the remaining trials were assigned to test data set. Feature vectors for each trial were created as P-VEP, 100 msec up to 800 msec after the stimuli was shown. To extract features of waveforms, the regression relationship between EEG and P-VEP waveforms was used to transform observed signals. As a result, the performance of cross validation rates of the test data set increased incrementally during the pattern reversal process for both Fz and Oz. The predicted waveforms were measured using regression relationship. Also the effectiveness of predication using the regression relationship for the classification performance of the occlusion therapy was determined. This provides evidence that a procedure using relationship between EEG and P-VEP is effective in predicting occlusion
Factors Affecting Population Fluctuations in Larval and Adult Stages of the Wood Frog (Rana Sylvatica)

During a 7-yr population study on the wood frog, Rana sylvatica, the breed- ing population size fluctuated by a factor of 10 and juvenile production by a factor of 100. Variation in the adult population among years was largely due to variation in juvenile recruitment. Annual net replacement rates (Ro) varied from 0.009 to 7.49. Survivorship curves (calculated using the number of eggs deposited as the initial point) showed that most variation in the proportion of individuals surviving to adulthood was due to variation in larval survival; juvenile and adult survival was relatively constant among years. Male and female survival did not differ. Because females matured a year later than males, on average 2.3 times as many males as females from a given clutch survived to breed. This difference accounted for the observed male-biased sex ratio in breeding choruses. Pre- metamorphic survival and size at metamorphosis were negatively correlated with the number of eggs deposited. Length of larval period was positively correlated with number of eggs deposited. Survival was higher among juveniles that metamorphosed early and were large at metamorphosis. Larger juveniles matured earlier and were also larger as adults. The population appeared to be regulated through density-dependent factors affecting larval survival, larval size, and time of metamorphosis. Adult population size also nega- tively affected total clutch volume. Mean monthly rainfall positively affected adult survival.
Histology and carbohydrate histochemistry of the alimentary canal in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

A histological and histochemical analyses were carried out on the entire alimentary canal of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. In particular the oesophageal region showed presence of terminal β-D-galactose(1–3)-N-acetylgalactosamine and α-N-acetylgalactosamine. In the anterior and posterior regions of the stomach, lining epithelium and gastric pits exhibited the presence of β-gal and α-GalNAc. In addition sialoglycoconjugates having sialic acid–β–galactose(1–3)-N-acetylgalactosamine and sialic acid-N-acetylgalactosamine as terminal tri- and di-saccharides, were demonstrated. In proximal and distal intestine goblet cells showed the presence of sialoglyconjugates, having sialic acid-β-gal(1–3)-GalNAc and sialic acid-GalNAc as terminal sequences, belonging to N-linked chains. In the enterocytes of the entire intestine, terminal GlcNAc, α-Gal, α-fucose were found.
Use of Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Monitor Conformational Changes of Some Small, Spherical Plant Viruses

Several small, spherical plant viruses undergo conformational changes (swell) under conditions that deprotonate carboxyl groups and/or remove divalent cations. In this study, swollen, ribonuclease A susceptible turnip crinkle carmovirus (TCV) and tomato bushy stunt tombusvirus (TBSV) particles migrated more slowly than contracted virions during agarose gel electrophoresis, and swollen TCV virions stained more intensely with ethidium bromide than did contracted virions (.)
Production of Crescenza Cheese by Incorporation of Bifidobacteria

Abstract Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis , and Bifidobacterium longum were incorporated into Crescenza cheese, individually or as multispecies mixtures and as free cells or as cells immobilized in calcium alginate gel. The viability of the bifidobacteria differed in 14-d-old cheeses: when added individually, the cell counts of B. bifidum, B. longum , and B. infantis were log 10 8.05, 7.12, and 5.23 cfu/g, respectively. The multispecies mixtures only reached about log 10 5.0 cfu/g of cheese. The presence of bifidobacteria did not influence the aerobic microflora, the growth of Streptococcus thermophilus used as starter, or the gross composition of the cheese. No differences were found in the primary proteolysis with respect to the conventional production of Crescenza cheese, but higher levels of pH 4.6-soluble N and more pronounced activities of aminopeptidase, iminopeptidase, dipeptidase, and tripeptidase were detected in all of the cheeses with added bifidobacteria. Crescenza cheeses with added bifidobacteria contained only traces of lactose and had slightly higher concentrations of lactic and acetic acids than did the conventional cheese. The presence of bifidobacteria was also related to high α - and β -galactosidase activities in the cheese. Sensory evaluation of the cheeses with incorporated bifidobacteria was very similar to that of Crescenza cheese produced by the conventional method.
What about the 'other' Fusarium mycotoxins?

Most Fusarium species are capable of producing mycotoxins that may cause adverse effects on human or animal health. The most commonly studied Fusarium mycotoxins include trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins. However, it seems that nearly all of the most prevalent Fusarium species infecting grains are also capable of producing other toxic metabolites. The existing studies, although exiguous, have clearly demonstrated that other toxic metabolites of Fusarium spp. are also present in our foods and feeds, occasionally at very high levels. It is apparent that since mycotoxins, including these 'other' metabolites, are natural toxins, they cannot be completely eliminated from food and feed chains. However, scientific studies are needed to determine their true significance. Thus, the mechanism and level of toxicity as well as presence and concentration levels will have to be fully clarified. In this paper, we briefly review the prevalence of the dominant Fusarium species contaminating maize and small-grain .
ESSENTIAL ASPECTS OF PHYSIOTHERAPY IN THE SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF A PATIENT WITH CERVICAL DISC HERNIATION: A CASE REPORT

Background: Cervical disc herniation is one of the major conditions resulting in neck pain, which in turn affects the patient's activities of daily living. The Conservative approach is always being challenging among these patients due to the feeling of insecurity and the related severity of symptoms. McKenzie's approach has been used worldwide for slipped disc issues in providing relief by reducing the disc pressure and radiating symptoms. Deep Cervical Flexors strengthening plays a vital role in providing neck stability and thereby improving the posture. Case Summary: A case of neck pain with radiation into the left upper extremity going down to the left hand in a 47-year-old female was presented to physical therapy and has been referred by an orthopedic surgeon with a diagnosis of acute cervical disc prolapse at the C5-6 level. After the initial evaluation, muscle energy techniques were initially given to increase the ROM of the cervical spine as the neck was stiff. Mckenzie techniques were executed, including manual traction for 15 days along with basic ROM, neck isometrics, and DCF strengthening. Outcome measures: Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Cervical ROM, Neck Disability Index (NDI), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) were used. Conclusion: Mckenzie protocols combined with Muscle Energy Techniques (MET) and DCF strengthening exercises revealed that there was a significant improvement in the patient's functional ADL with a marked reduction in disc herniation and its associated symptoms.
Survival, growth, and radula morphology of postlarval pinto abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) when fed six species of benthic diatoms

iv Acknowledgements . vi Table of Figures . viii Table of Tables . ix Introduction . 1 Materials and Methods . 6 Results . 17 Discussion . 35 Literature Cited . 49
A Rare Case of Measles-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in an Infant

Measles continues to be a threat in most European countries due to suboptimum vaccination coverage. Although measles leads to several complications, measles-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) has been rarely reported. Herein, we present a case of a four-month-old male infant, the first child of unrelated, healthy parents, with no significant medical history or unexplained infant death in the family, otherwise healthy, who was diagnosed with measles-associated HLH and was successfully treated with IV dexamethasone and IV immunoglobulin (IVIG). Additionally, we review previously reported cases of HLH secondary to measles and highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with its early recognition and treatment. High suspicion, early recognition, and appropriate treatment are essential for a favorable outcome of measles-associated HLH.
The use of biomarkers in aquatic biomonitoring: the example of esterases

1. The term biomarker refers to the physiological, biochemical, and histological changes used as indicators of exposure to chemical contaminants and/or of its effects at the suborganismal or organismal level. Recently the development of sensitive biochemical markers for monitoring environmental quality in aquatic ecosystems has raised a great deal of interest. 2. Selected biochemical markers measured in feral organisms can provide sensitive indexes, or early warning signals, of potential ecosystem degradation caused by contaminants. Compared with chemical residue analysis, biomarkers have the advantage of measuring the stress on the organism, thus being more biologically relevant. 3. Some of the most frequently used biomarkers in aquatic biomonitoring in different countries are briefly described. 4. The use of cholinesterase activity as a biomarker of pesticide exposure for biomonitoring in estuarine areas is also given as an example. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.