Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effectuation in the undergraduate classroom: three barriers to entrepreneurial learning

Purpose Since Sarasvathy’s (2001) research on decision-making logics of expert entrepreneurs, effectuation has become a cornerstone in entrepreneurship education. Effectuation is not only subjectified in entrepreneurship education, but has also become conceptualized as a method in the learning process. The purpose of this paper is to explore how students, who are novice entrepreneurs, react to working effectually and which barriers they face when applying effectual decision-making logics in a university course. Design/methodology/approach A student-centered process course in entrepreneurship with 142 students provides a unique opportunity to explore the phenomena. Participant/teacher observations, written and oral work from the students and finally formal and informal written evaluations of the course by the students provide comprehensive data. Findings The authors find that students experience three barriers to using effectuation. These are: noviceness, regarding the project as a “school project,” perceived lack of legitimacy of both the instructors and the process. Originality/value The contribution of this study is threefold: first, to contribute to the understanding of the applicability of effectuation for novice entrepreneurs in the classroom; second, to articulate the factors that hinder entrepreneurial learning when effectuation is used in a process course; and third, to shed light on the importance of contextual factors for individual learning.
Mechanisms of Signal Change During Intraoperative Somatosensory Evoked Potential Monitoring of the Spinal Cord

Summary In scoliosis surgery, intraoperative somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring has reduced the incidence of postoperative neurologic deficits. Many factors affect the amplitude and latency of SSEP waveforms during surgery. Somatosensory evoked potential amplitude decreases with ischemia and anoxia because of temporal dispersion of the afferent volley and conduction block in damaged axons. In conjunction with surgical manipulations, minor drops in blood pressure may result in substantial SSEP changes that reverse when perfusion pressure is increased. Irreversible anoxic injury to central nervous system white matter with loss of SSEP waveforms is dependent on calcium influx into the intracellular space. Somatosensory evoked potential monitoring may be less sensitive for detecting acute insults in the presence of preexisting white matter lesions. Increased extracellular potassium from acute baro-trauma can block axonal conduction transiently even when there is no axonal disruption. Marked temperature-related drops in SSEP amplitude may occur after exposure of the spine but before instrumentation and deformity correction. Hypothermia may increase false-negative outcomes. Short-interval double-pulse stimulation may improve the sensitivity of the SSEP in detecting early ischemic changes. For neurosurgical procedures on the spinal cord the use of SSEP monitoring in improving postoperative outcome is less well established.
On the relation of flexible and rigid control of eating to body mass index and overeating in patients with binge eating disorder.

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship of flexible and rigid dimensions of restrained eating to body mass index (BMI) and overeating in outpatients with binge eating disorder (BED). METHOD Participants were 148 consecutive outpatients who met criteria for BED. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) was administered to assess Cognitive Restraint, Hunger, and Disinhibition. The TFEQ also contains two Cognitive Restraint subscales--Flexible Control and Rigid Control. The Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire version (EDE-Q) was administered to assess frequency of different forms of overeating during the past 28 days and the attitudinal features of eating disorders. RESULTS Flexible Control and Rigid Control were significantly correlated with each other. They were both negatively correlated with BMI, but neither was significantly correlated with the frequency of binge eating or other forms of overeating. In addition, Flexible Control and Rigid Control predicted almost the same amount of variance in BMI. DISCUSSION BED patients exhibit flexible and rigid control of eating that is related to BMI, but not to the frequency of binge eating or other forms of overeating. Results of the present study provide preliminary evidence that flexible and rigid control of eating may not be a useful distinction in BED patients. However, increased restraint, regardless of type, may prove to be of benefit with regard to weight control and may not have adverse effects on binge eating in obese BED patients.
Association between public views of mental illness and self-stigma among individuals with mental illness in 14 European countries

Background Little is known about how the views of the public are related to self-stigma among people with mental health problems. Despite increasing activity aimed at reducing mental illness stigma, there is little evidence to guide and inform specific anti-stigma campaign development and messages to be used in mass campaigns. A better understanding of the association between public knowledge, attitudes and behaviours and the internalization of stigma among people with mental health problems is needed. Method This study links two large, international datasets to explore the association between public stigma in 14 European countries (Eurobarometer survey) and individual reports of self-stigma, perceived discrimination and empowerment among persons with mental illness (n=1835) residing in those countries [the Global Alliance of Mental Illness Advocacy Networks (GAMIAN) study]. Results Individuals with mental illness living in countries with less stigmatizing attitudes, higher rates of help-seeking and treatment utilization and better perceived access to information had lower rates of self-stigma and perceived discrimination and those living in countries where the public felt more comfortable talking to people with mental illness had less self-stigma and felt more empowered. Conclusions Targeting the general public through mass anti-stigma interventions may lead to a virtuous cycle by disrupting the negative feedback engendered by public stigma, thereby reducing self-stigma among people with mental health problems. A combined approach involving knowledge, attitudes and behaviour is needed; mass interventions that facilitate disclosure and positive social contact may be the most effective. Improving availability of information about mental health issues and facilitating access to care and help-seeking also show promise with regard to stigma.
Many-body localization: stability and instability

Rare regions with weak disorder (Griffiths regions) have the potential to spoil localization. We describe a non-perturbative construction of local integrals of motion (LIOMs) for a weakly interacting spin chain in one dimension, under a physically reasonable assumption on the statistics of eigenvalues. We discuss ideas about the situation in higher dimensions, where one can no longer ensure that interactions involving the Griffiths regions are much smaller than the typical energy-level spacing for such regions. We argue that ergodicity is restored in dimension d>1, although equilibration should be extremely slow, similar to the dynamics of glasses. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Breakdown of ergodicity in quantum systems: from solids to synthetic matter’.
Components of Foreign Direct Investment Flows

Abstract Foreign direct investment (FDI) flows constitute an important element of both regional and global integration. FDI data are often appraised as if they consist exclusively of new equity flows, when in fact they also include reinvested earnings as well as short-term and long-term intra-company debt flows. This paper examines these “components” of inward FDI flows in the balance-of-payments of Latin American countries, and compares them with inward and outward FDI flows for OECD countries, including the United States. The paper examines whether the component flows for individual countries are substitutes or complements for each other, or whether they are independent of one another; the results indicate that the component flows often are independent of each other. Therefore, differences in alternative FDI theories can be partially resolved by more explicit recognition of differences in the determinants and consequences of the components of FDI. Such differences, furthermore, have a variety of implica.
Mutational Analysis of the cbb Operon (CO2 Assimilation) Promoter of Ralstonia eutropha

ABSTRACT PL promoters direct the transcription of the duplicatedcbb operons from the facultative chemoautotrophRalstonia eutropha H16. The operons encode most enzymes of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham carbon reduction cycle required for CO2 assimilation. Their transcription depends on the activator protein CbbR. Structure-function relationships in the cloned chromosomal promoter region were analyzed by site-directed mutagenesis. PL was altered in its presumed hexameric −35 and/or −10 box or in the spacer region between the boxes to achieve a greater or lesser resemblance to the structure of the ς70 consensus promoter of Escherichia coli. PL::lacZ transcriptional fusions of various promoter variants were assayed in transconjugant strains ofR. eutropha as well as in corresponding cbbRdeletion mutants. Mutations increasing the similarity of the −35 and/or −10 box to the consensus sequence stimulated PLactivity to various extents, whereas mutations deviating from the consensus decreased the activity. The length of the spacer region also proved to be critical. The conversion of the boxes, either individually or simultaneously, into the consensus sequences resulted in a highly active PL. All improved PL mutants, however, retained the activation under inducing or derepressing growth conditions, although the full-consensus promoter was nearly constitutive. They were also activated in the cbbR mutants. The activity of the overlapping, divergently oriented cbbRpromoter was less affected by the mutations. The half- and full-consensus PL mutants were comparably active inE. coli. Two major conclusions were drawn from the results: (i) the location and function of PL were verified, and (ii) indirect evidence was obtained for the involvement of another regulator(s), besides CbbR, in the transcriptional control of theR. eutropha cbb operons.
An improved simulation method for high-speed data transmission through electrical backplane

Wireline transceivers for high-speed data transmission through backplane and ethernet cables are important applications for microelectronic and nanoelectronic CMOS technologies. Although many circuit simulators provide correct system-level and transistor-level simulations, they usually fail to give correct results for many highly lossy or/and highly dispersive channels. This paper discusses the advanced simulator that we developed. It can give correct simulation results for those channels. It can also process those channel model files to allow commercial circuit simulators to give correct results. This simulator when used together with commercial simulators gives correct system-level and transistor-level simulation results.
ORAL I NTERVENTIONS VERSUS ACTUAL INTERVENTIONS IN F X M ARKETS - AN EVENT-STUDY A PPROACH*

The article assesses whether exchange rate communication – or oral intervention – has been an effective policy tool for monetary authorities to influence exchange rates. It employs an event-study methodology that identifies intervention clusters or events. For the euro–dollar and the dollar–yen exchange rates, the article finds that both oral intervention events and actual intervention events have been highly successful over the short to medium-run. The article shows that the success of intervention events is related to market conditions and to the coordination among policy makers. It also finds that the success of communication and actual interventions is largely unrelated to monetary policy, thus suggesting that interventions primarily function through a coordination channel. Is exchange rate communication an effective policy tool? The literature on exchange rate policy has almost exclusively focused on the role of actual interventions, finding mostly mixed evidence about the effectiveness of such intervention activities by central banks. 1 However, an important development over the past decade has been that many
Maturity-Matched Bond Fund Performance

Performance regressions lever expected benchmark returns linearly to the risk exposures of the fund. The interest rate (IR) risk premium, however, usually follows a decreasingly upward-sloping yield curve, characterizing the nonlinearity between expected return and IR risk exposure—for example, maturity or duration. If the exposures of the fund and the benchmark differ, this discrepancy causes alpha to deviate from the active bond selection performance it is supposed to measure. Performance ratings and investor flows are affected by this alpha deviation. Our simple remedy is to individually match funds and benchmarks using their durations. Beta and R2 are candidates for alternative matchings. Disclosure: The authors report no conflicts of interest. Editor’s Note: Submitted 10 July 2020 Accepted 9 December 2020 by Stephen J. Brown This article was externally reviewed using our double-blind peer-review process. When the article was accepted for publication, the authors thanked the reviewers in their acknowledgments. Quan Wen and one anonymous reviewer were the reviewers for this article.
Depressive Mood Symptoms and Fatigue After Exercise Withdrawal: The Potential Role of Decreased Fitness

Objective: Depressive symptomatology is more prevalent among sedentary than physically active individuals. The present prospective study examines whether withdrawal of regular aerobic activity provokes depressive mood symptoms and fatigue, and to what extent reductions in fitness levels contribute to the development of these symptoms. Methods: Forty participants (mean age of 31.3 ± 7.5 years, 55% women) who exercised regularly (≥30 minutes aerobic exercise ≥3 times/week) were randomized to aerobic exercise withdrawal (n = 20) or to continue regular exercise (n = 20) for 2 weeks. Protocol adherence was documented using ambulatory actigraphy. Negative mood was measured with the Profile of Mood States (POMS), depressive symptoms with the Beck Depression Inventory–II (somatic and cognitive–affective components), and fatigue with the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI). Fitness levels were documented by cycle ergometry testing. Results: Fatigue and somatic depressive symptoms emerged after 1 week of exercise withdrawal (p = .05) and subsequently predicted the development of cognitive–affective depressive symptoms at 2 weeks (&bgr; = 0.62; p = .046). Exercise withdrawal also resulted in increased negative mood (POMS; p ≤ .01), and this increase was correlated with decreases in fitness level (r = −0.36, p = .03). Decreased fitness was related to increased POMS fatigue (p = .003) when statistically adjusting for baseline fitness levels and group condition. Conclusion: Depressed mood and fatigue are commonly observed in individuals deprived of usual exercise activities, and the increase in fatigue may be partially mediated by reduced fitness levels. These findings may explain mood changes in response to short-term exercise withdrawal such as injuries and recovery from medical procedures that do not require full bedrest. BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory–II; BMI = body mass index; HR = heart rate; MET = metabolic equivalent of task; MFI = Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory; POMS = Profile of Mood States; TMD = total mood disturbance; VO2max = maximum volume of oxygen that can be used per minute; index of maximal aerobic power.
Collaborative depression care, screening, diagnosis and specificity of depression treatments in the primary care setting

The identification, referral and specific treatment of midlife patients in primary care who are distressed by mood, anxiety, sleep and stress-related symptoms, with or without clinically confirmed menopausal symptoms, are confounded by many structural issues in the delivery of women’s healthcare. Diagnosis, care delivery, affordability of treatment, time commitment for treatment, treatment specificity for a particular patient’s symptoms and patient receptiveness to diagnosis and treatment all play roles in the successful amelioration of symptoms in this patient population. The value of screening for depression in primary care, the limitations of commonly used screening instruments relative to culture and ethnicity, and which clinical care systems make best use of diagnostic screening programs will be discussed in the context of the midlife woman. The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) program illustrates the relatively high rate of unremitted patients, regardless of clinical setting, who are receiving antidepressants. Nonmedication treatment approaches, referred to in the literature as ‘nonsomatic treatments’, for depression, anxiety and stress, include different forms of cognitive–behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, structured daily activities, mindfulness therapies, relaxation treatment protocols and exercise. The specificity of these treatments, their mechanisms of action, the motivation and time commitment required of patients, and the availability of trained practitioners to deliver them are reviewed. Midlife women with menopausal symptoms and depression/anxiety comorbidity represent a challenging patient population for whom an individualized treatment plan is often necessary. Treatment for depression comorbid with distressing menopausal symptoms would be facilitated by the implementation of a collaborative care program for depression in the primary care setting.
Asymmetric Business Cycle Effects and Tourism Demand Cycles

This study examines the relationship between business and tourism demand cycles in Aruba and Barbados during 1970–2015. The study uses a 2SLS method and is grounded in the output gap approach. The results indicate that business cycles explain nearly 49% of tourism demand flows to Aruba and nearly 91% to Barbados. Thus, the study sheds light on the nature of the relationship between business and tourism demand cycles, which could help managers and policy makers refine their strategies to further tourism development. Procyclical and asymmetric movements characterized the long-term co-movements between the business cycles and tourism demand variables. However, individual variables were stationary, hence transitory in nature, and therefore mainly driven by demand motivations. The asymmetric fluctuations were defined by positive and negative gaps, with the former displaying stronger duration effects compared to the latter. The relationship between the two variables seems country specific in nature.
Illness behaviour and patient satisfaction as correlates of self-referral in Japan.

BACKGROUND Patients who frequently change physicians without letters of referral are common, and this has become a source of concern among primary care doctors in Japan. Previous studies have shown a correlation between psychiatric disorders and patient dissatisfaction and the utilization of medical resources. Abnormal illness behaviours such as hypochondria and inappropriate treatment seeking have been associated with various psychiatric disorders. The relationship between illness behaviour and self-referral in Japan has yet to be fully explored. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to describe the characteristic illness behaviour and satisfaction level of self-referred patients in the general medicine clinic of Saga Medical School Hospital. METHODS Using the Japanese version of the Illness Behaviour Questionnaire (J-IBQ), we examined the illness behaviour of 277 self-referred patients visiting the clinic. Patient satisfaction with previous medical care was examined with the use of our original Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire. The results were compared with those for physician-referred patients. RESULTS Self-referred patients differed significantly from original-visit patients on the GH (general hypochondriasis), DC (disease conviction), AD (affect disturbance) and I (irritability) scales and from physician-referred patients on the GH and DC scales. In comparison with physician-referred patients, self-referred patients showed significant dissatisfaction with their most recent medical visit elsewhere. Dissatisfaction toward the medical staff, especially the doctors, was stronger than that toward the medical environment, waiting time or the on-site medical equipment. CONCLUSIONS It is important to give patients appropriate overall support, not only physical but also emotional, when they first visit a general physician for medical advice. The J-IBQ may be a useful instrument for primary identification of self-referral patients with probable somatization syndromes. Open doctor-doctor and patient-doctor communication is necessary to increase patient satisfaction, which may be helpful to minimize the self-referral phenomenon in Japan.
Reliability evaluation of islanded microgrids with stochastic distributed generation

Microgrids can potentially improve distribution system reliability when enabled to operate in an islanded mode. Future microgrids will likely contain substantial amounts of stochastic generation, which have a more uncertain impact on reliability as compared to dispatchable generation sources. New methods that realistically represent the stochastic behavior of these sources and their impact on reliability need to be developed. This paper proposes a new methodology for assessing local generation adequacy for an islanded microgrid with limited stochastic resources. Instead of modeling the generation and load independently, a combined generation-to-load ratio (GLR) is modeled as a Markov process, thereby preserving the correlation among disperse photovoltaic installations and the load. Historical data on solar irradiation and electric load are scaled and smoothed to account for their spatial distribution and used to estimate the Markov transition rates and the final reliability indices. The process illustrates the impact of stochastic behavior on reliability in a transparent manner and is useful for evaluating the reliability benefits of load curtailment and increasing local generation capacity.
The Arabidopsis LUT1 locus encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 family that is required for carotenoid ε-ring hydroxylation activity

Lutein, a dihydroxy xanthophyll, is the most abundant carotenoid in plant photosynthetic tissues and plays crucial structural and functional roles in the light-harvesting complexes. Carotenoid β-and ε-hydroxylases catalyze the formation of lutein from α-carotene (β,ε-carotene). In contrast to the well studied β-hydroxylases that have been cloned and characterized from many organisms, the ε-hydroxylase has only been genetically defined by the lut1 mutation in Arabidopsis. We have isolated the LUT1 gene by positional cloning and found that, in contrast to all known carotenoid hydroxylases, which are the nonheme diiron monooxygenases, LUT1 encodes a cytochrome P450-type monooxygenase, CYP97C1. Introduction of a null mutant allele of LUT1, lut1-3, into the β-hydroxylase 1/β-hydroxylase 2 (b1 b2) double-mutant background, in which both Arabidopsis β-hydroxylases are disrupted, yielded a genotype (lut1-3 b1 b2) in which all three known carotenoid hydroxylase activities are eliminated. Surprisingly, hydroxylated β-rings were still produced in lut1-3 b1 b2, suggesting that a fourth unknown carotenoid β-hydroxylase exists in vivo that is structurally unrelated to β-hydroxylase 1 or 2. A second chloroplast-targeted member of the CYP97 family, CYP97A3, is 49% identical to LUT1 and hypothesized as a likely candidate for this additional β-ring hydroxylation activity. Overall, LUT1 defines a class of carotenoid hydroxylases that has evolved independently from and uses a different mechanism than nonheme diiron β-hydroxylases.