Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
XMPP architecture and security challenges in an IoT ecosystem

The elusive quest for technological advancements with the aim to make human life easier has led to the development of the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT technology holds the potential to revolutionise our daily life, but not before overcoming barriers of security and data protection. IoTs’ steered a new era of free information that transformed life in ways that one could not imagine a decade ago. Hence, humans have started considering IoTs as a pervasive technology. This digital transformation does not stop here as the new wave of IoT is not about people, rather it is about intelligent connected devices. This proliferation of devices has also brought serious security issues not only to its users but the society as a whole. Application layer protocols form an integral component of IoT technology stack, and XMPP is one of such protocol that is efficient and reliable that allows real-time instant messaging mechanism in an IoT ecosystem. Though the XMPP specification possesses various security features, some vulnerabilities also exist that can be leveraged by the attacking entity to compromise an IoT network. This paper will present XMPP architecture along with various security challenges that exist in the protocol. The paper has also simulated a Denial of Service (DoS) attack on the XMPP server rendering its services unresponsive to its legitimate clients.
O pensamento algébrico na aprendizagem da Matemática nos primeiros anos

The article discusses the notion of algebraic thinking, analyzing essential aspects and two of its main strands: generalized arithmetic and functional thinking. On the second part, the article identifies the recent curricular orientations concerning algebraic thinking in the early grades, focusing particularly on the new program of Mathematics in Portugal. The third part of the article discusses three aspects of concern when trying to promote the development of algebraic thinking in classroom: tasks and their algebraic potential; multiple mathematical representations as resources for algebraic reasoning nd its expression by students; teacher role in creating a classroom culture of discussion and construction of collective generalizations by students. The article is based on the recent investigation on the domain of early algebra and is illustrated with episodes from classrooms of the first and the second grades in Portugal.
Considering the team in team formulation: a systematic review

Purpose Team formulation, used to understand patient problems and plan care, is a growing practice in adult mental health and learning disability services. The purpose of this paper is to explore definitions applied to team formulation (as distinct to therapy formulation), its underpinning theories, and the inter-relationship between the team and the process of formulation. Design/methodology/approach A database search (main search term of team formulation) of peer-reviewed studies was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. A main and second reviewer conducted quality appraisals and thematic analysis. Data were analysed by convergent qualitative synthesis design using thematic analysis to transform evidence from quantitative and qualitative studies into qualitative findings. Findings Initial searching produced 4,532 papers, 10 of which were eligible for inclusion. Team formulation has no distinct definition. Theories underpinning the practice of therapy formulation emanating from general psychological theory underpin team formulation. Seven studies applied psychological theories to the examination of team formulation. No studies examined the impact of the team on the formulation. Six themes were generated regarding the impact of team formulation on the team; “increased knowledge and understanding”, “altered perceptions, leading to altered relationships, feelings and behaviours”, “space to reflect”, “useful when stuck or challenged”, “perceived increase in effectiveness” and “improved team working”. Research limitations/implications Limited evidence and variable quality compromised the availability of review evidence. Originality/value This is the first review to examine team formulation through the context of the team. The authors argue that a conceptual framework to encompass team inputs, processes and outputs in team formulation practice should guide future research.
The Effects of CRM Commitment and Organizational Culture on CRM Performance

The purpose of this study is to identify the organizational characteristics that enhance CRM performances of a company. Based on a review of diverse definitions of CRM performance, this study examines the relationships among CRM performance measures and organizational characteristics. A questionnaire survey of 123 CRM managers of Korean companies was conducted to test the proposed research model, and a series of structural equation modeling identified the strong effects of organizational characteristics on CRM performance. It was found that top management commitment to CRM and a firm's strategic readiness lead to high levels of CRM investment, which, in turn, enhance directly task-related performance and indirectly customer-related performance. This study also confirmed that customer orientation is significantly related to task-related CRM performance and that the variables of CRM commitment and organizational culture may enhance customerrelated performance indirectly through their effects on the task-related performance. However, organizational members' resistance to change was found to have no effects on CRM performance. Overall our research broadly supports the role of organizational characteristics revealed in the CRM literature.
Hope Theory: A framework for understanding the relation between childhood maltreatment and adult suicidal action

This study was designed to increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the link between childhood maltreatment and suicidality in adulthood using the theoretical framework of Hope Theory (Snyder, 1991). Two hundred university students between the ages of 18 and 60 took part in the study. One hundred participants were pre-selected for having suicidal behaviour histories and 100 participants were preselected for having no previous suicidal behaviours. In total, 34 males and 166 females participated in groups of five to ten. The following measures were administered to all participants in the same order: Hope Scale (HS; Snyder et al.,1991); Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS; Beck & Steer, 1988), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ: Bernstein & Fink, 1998); Suicide Behaviours Questionnaire (SBQ-14; Linehan, 1996); and the Linehan Reasons for Living Inventory (LRFL; Linehan, Goodstein, Neilsen, & Chiles, 1983). The results revealed strong correlations between hope, suicidal behaviours, child maltreatment, reasons for living, and hopelessness. Participants with either a history of childhood maltreatment or a history of suicidal behaviours had lower hope, lower pathways thinking and lower agency than did participants without histories of either childhood maltreatment or suicidality. Although the interaction between hope and overall child maltreatment did not explain suicidal behaviours, suicidal behaviour was significantly affected by the interaction between emotional abuse and hope. Furthermore, hope partially mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult suicidal behaviours. In conclusion, this study shows that hope plays an important role in the relation between childhood maltreatment and suicidal action. The findings support
Classification of Benthic Habitat Based on Object with Support Vector Machines and Decision Tree Algorithm Using Spot-7 Multispectral Imagery in Harapan and Kelapa Island

The research of object based image classification (OBIA) with machine learning algorithm for high resolution image in Indonesia is still limited especially for coral reef mapping, therefore further research needed for comparison in method and application of algorithms as alternative of classification. This research aims to map benthic habitat based on multiscale classification using OBIA method with support vector machine and decision tree algorithm in Harapan Island and Kelapa Island, Kepulauan Seribu. Segmentation was performed using a multiresolution segmentation algorithm with a scale factor of 15. The OBIA method is applied to atmospheric corrected images with a predefined benthic habitat classification scheme. The overall accuracy of SVM and DT algorithm implementations are 76.68% and 60.62%, respectively. The Z statistic value analysis obtained from the application of two algorithms used is 2.23, where this value indicates that the classification with SVM algorithm is significantly different from the DT algorithm. This research suggest that the OBIA technique could be a promise approach for mapping benthic habitats.
Seasonal nutrient dynamics in the vegetation on a southern Appalachian watershed

Nutrient dynamics in vegetation play an important role in determining the circulation and storage of nutrients in an ecosystem. The major objectives of this study were to estimate the plant nutrient pools (K, Ca, Mg, and Na) on a hardwood forest watershed at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina, on a seasonal basis and to relate any observed trends to seasonal productivity and phenology. Late-summer nutrient standing crops in the vegetation were calculated to be 551 kg/ha Ca, 233 kg/ha K, 48 kg/ha Mg, and 48 kg/ha Na. Nitrogen P, and K concentrations in the leaves decreased seasonally, whereas Ca concentrations increased and Mg and Na concentrations remained relatively constant. Nutrient concentrations in the woody portion of the plants remained relatively constant. Standing crops of all nutrients increased seasonally with slight decreases of N and K in the leaves in the fall. Major conclusions of the study were (1) individual species and different plant components have nutrient storage-pool turnover times ranging from one year to several hundred years. Canopy species are important in long and short term nutrient cycles; nutrient-rich understory species such as Cornus florida are important in the annual cycle; and evergreen species are important in cycles of intermediatemore » length because of nutrient storage in their perennial leaves. (2) Even though most of the annual nutrient uptake is recycled the same season (92 percent, 79 percent, 93 percent and 68 percent of K, Ca, Mg, and Na uptake, respectively), the total accumulation of nutrients is considerable in a mature forest stand. « less
Kinematic Errors Identification and Compensation Method Analysis of the Machining Robots

Industrial robots were widely used in the area of stacking, handling, welding because of their good repeatability position accuracy. When the industrial robot is applied in the manufacturing area, they can do cutting work instead of the machine tool. However, the error of the machining robot is comparatively large in cutting process, the error measurement and identification process is complicated, and the error compensation is difficult. The identification and compensation method of the machining errors of machining robot are analyzed in this paper. This analysis can support a foundation and reference for improving the kinematic errors identification and compensation method of the machining robot.
Incidence of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and aflatoxins in Brazil nuts in the Amazon forest environment

This work aimed to evaluate, in the Amazon Forest environment, the effect of time on contamination of Brazil nuts with Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and aflatoxins after falling of the pods. Samples were collected at three different times and analysed for water activity, potentially aflatoxigenic fungi A. flavus and A. parasiticus, other fungi and aflatoxins. The mean values for the parameters tested were: water activity 0.98; A. flavus and A. parasiticus 1.3×101 colony forming units (cfu)/g; other fungi 3.2×103 cfu/g; aflatoxin B1 0.073 μg/kg, aflatoxin B2 0.009 μg/kg, aflatoxin G1 0.034 μg/kg and aflatoxin G2 0.007 μg/kg. The incidence of A. flavus and A. parasiticus was not significantly affected by the time, during which the pods were on the forest soil. Moreover, aflatoxins levels were low during the whole study period, suggesting that adverse forest conditions were not the main factor that stimulate the production of aflatoxins.
Preparando a los futuros maestros contra el racismo: una experiencia formativa en la Universidad de Almería

La llegada de estudiantes extranjeros a las escuelas espanolas ha conllevado que estas se conviertan en espacios multiculturales. Por ello, los futuros maestros deben recibir una formacion adecuada en materia de diversidad cultural. Este articulo ofrece un estudio detallado del concepto de racismo manejado por un grupo de estudiantes de magisterio que cursaron Educacion y Diversidad Sociocultural, y su influencia para posibilitar un cambio conceptual y/o actitudinal en aspectos vinculados al racismo. El estudio muestra como los estudiantes problematizaron este concepto y reconocieron algunos de sus prejuicios mas arraigados. Esta investigacion reivindica la conveniencia de incluir asignaturas relacionadas con diversidad cultural en el ambito universitario, concretamente en los estudios de magisterio.
Gender differences in the epidemiology and prevention of human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV-related diseases

Human papilloma virus infection is frequent in both sexes. It can be latent, subclinical or clinically apparent and can cause precancerous and cancerous lesions (HPVrelated diseases) in cases of persistence. It has a particular tropism for the ano-genital area and for the epithelium of the head and neck, but it has been recently detected in other cutaneous and mucosal sites. HPV studies have mainly focused on women, due to the high spread of cervical cancer, especially in developing countries, and to the fact that the metaplastic cervical transformation zone is the ideal ground for virus replication. However, men are also infected, and scientific findings have clearly shown genderspecific disparities in human susceptibility to viral infection, in the incidence and the evolution of chronic viral diseases and in the prevalence of HPV-related cancers throughout the world. Many biological factors can affect the dimorphic host-virus relationship in both men and women, but cultural factors, lifestyles, social and relational behaviours create a variegated epidemiological tissue-specific profile, with some interesting sex-gender peculiarities. Much is yet to be discovered but the gender perspective should be a strategic goal for medical research, education and for social and health policies. It could lead to the formulation of more adequate prevention programmes, and the ability to treat patients fairly and appropriately with more targeted plans.
Detection of PrPSc in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue by Western Blot Differentiates Classical Scrapie, Nor98 Scrapie, and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

Transmissible, spongiform encephalopathies including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and scrapie are fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with the presence of an infectious abnormal isoform of normal mammalian proteins called prions. Identification of the prion protein associated with scrapie (PrPSc) in the central nervous system is typically based upon immunoassays including immunohistochemistry (IHC) using formalin-fixed tissues or Western blot (WB) assays using fresh and/or frozen, non–formalin-fixed tissues. Each assay can discriminate between BSE, classical scrapie, and a previously reported strain of scrapie recently identified in the United States named Nor98 scrapie. Different tissue samples are required from the same animal to run these 2 different immunoassays. This may result in inconsistent test results for the same animal. Sampling problems such as collecting insufficient volumes of fresh tissue or less than optimal anatomic location of brainstem for IHC can affect the ability of the test procedures to offer definitive and discriminatory results. Recently, a WB method using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue to identify PrPSc was developed that successfully identified PrPSc in sheep affected by classical scrapie. In the current study, the use of this technique to produce discriminatory results identifying classical BSE in bovine tissue and both classical and Nor98 scrapie in ovine tissue using paraffin-embedded brain samples is described. Protein-banding patterns from WB using FFPE tissue were similar to protein-banding patterns produced by WB assays utilizing fresh tissues from the same animals, and results correlated well with the IHC PrPSc-positive staining present in the cerebellum and obex regions of brain samples from these animals.
Homopteran Attendance by Wasps and Ants:The Stochastic Nature of Interactions

Associations of Hymenoptera with Homoptera have intrigued ecologists and evolutionary biologists as model systems of mutualism. The extensive body of literature, however, tends to be skewed to the interactions between ants and homopteran trophobionts in the Aphidae or Coccoidea (e.g., Kloft et al. 1965, Nixon 1951, Way 1963, Wilson 1971). In the following account we document a web of multispecies interactions within and between trophic levels, involving a species of wasp, several species of ants, and two species of Homoptera. This account is unique in the literature on Hymenoptera-Homoptera associations because it (1) addresses observable interference between hymenopteran attendants, (2) reports behavioral preference by homopterans for certain hymenopreran attendants, and (3) describes an interaction between a polistine wasp and an aetalionid planthopper. In addition, this study has general implications about the quality of diffuse and multiple associations between Homoptera and their honeydew foragers.
Error estimates for fully discrete BDF finite element approximations of the Allen–Cahn equation

For a class of compatible profiles of initial data describing bulk phase regions separated by transition zones, we approximate the Cauchy problem of the Allen–Cahn (AC) phase field equation by an initial-boundary value problem in a bounded domain with the Dirichlet boundary condition. The initial-boundary value problem is discretized in time by the backward difference formulae (BDF) of order $1\leqslant q\leqslant 5$ and in space by the Galerkin finite element method of polynomial degree $r-1$, with $r\geqslant 2$. We establish an error estimate of $O(\tau ^q\varepsilon ^{-q-\frac 12}+h^{r}\varepsilon ^{-r-\frac 12}+{e}^{-c/\varepsilon })$ with explicit dependence on the small parameter $\varepsilon$ describing the thickness of the phase transition layer. The analysis utilizes the maximum-norm stability of BDF and finite element methods with respect to the boundary data, the discrete maximal $L^p$-regularity of BDF methods for parabolic equations and the Nevanlinna–Odeh multiplier technique combined with a time-dependent inner product motivated by a spectrum estimate of the linearized AC operator.
BIRCH SEEDLING RESPONSES TO DAILY TIME COURSES OF LIGHT IN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST GAPS AND SHADEHOUSES

This study examined the consequences of differing daily time courses of light availability, while controlling for total photon flux density (PFD, measured in moles per square metre), on the physiology, architecture, and growth of seedlings of two birch species (Betula populifolia and B. alleghaniensis) that differ in shade tolerance. In an experimental garden, seedlings were grown in two sets of contrasting diurnal light regimes, "gaps" and "shadehouses," and at four levels of total integrated PFD (°12, 27, 50, and 70% of full sun.) In gaps, seedlings received relatively more heterogeneous diurnal light regimes, with midday full sun peaks lasting between 40 and 280 min on sunny days, depending on gap size. In shadehouses, seedlings received daily total and average PFDs similar to that in gaps, but received no midday direct sunlight, and an overall more uniform distribution of light. The daily time course of light availability, independent of total PFD, significantly affected growth of seedlings. For both species, seedlings in shadehouses grew significantly larger than gap seedlings. Differences between diurnal treatments were greatest at lower integrated light levels in B. populifolia, but not for the more shade—tolerant B. alleghaniensis. Diurnal light regimes also significantly influenced the degree of plasticity in a seedling's sun—shade responses. However, the magnitude of effect due to diurnal light regime depended on the particular trait investigated, the integrated light level, and the species. At similar total PFDs most characters (e.g., specific leaf mass, leaf mass ratio) exhibited more of a sun—type response in shadehouses that in gaps, however, maximum net photosynthesis and chlorophyll a/b ratios reflected more of a sun—type response in gap light regimes. For most growth, physiological, and morphological characters, seedling responses to increasing total PFD were generally more sensitive in gap than in shadehouse regimes. Our results also show that differences between species were greater when compared along the total PFD gradient in gaps vs. shadehouses. Both these results suggest that experimental studies employing uniform light regimes, which incorporate little of the temporal variability experienced by seedlings in natural gaps, may underestimate plasticity within regenerating tree species, and the potential for species niche differences and coexistence.
Effects of terrestrial and aerial predators on rodent foraging: Do GUDs differ between protective cover types?

A predator’s influence on a forager extends beyond killing and eating it as prey. The perceived threat of a predator can influence where and how the forager obtains energy necessary for survival and reproduction, thereby affecting the fitness of the prey. Prey will feed most intensively in patches that they perceive to be safest; however, the level of safety in a patch will depend on the type of predator. For example, the risk of predation by aerial predators may be greater in open patches, while shrub cover may conceal terrestrial predators. In this study, the relative risk perception of these two categories of predators by nocturnal and diurnal rodents was evaluated using giving-up densities of food resources (GUDs). GUDs were measured in feeding trays providing vertical cover, horizontal cover, or no cover. Rodents foraged most heavily, thereby leaving the lowest GUDs, in the patches they perceived as safest. Diurnal rodents had highest GUDs in trays with horizontal cover possibly because the cover acted as a visual obstruction, hindering vigilance. Nocturnal rodents had lowest GUDs in trays with vertical cover, indicating they perceive owls as a greater threat than terrestrial predators. Introduction One of the most important decisions a forager must make is how to forage while avoiding predators. Many prey species trade-off energy intake for increased safety from predators (MacArthur and Pianka 1966). A predator’s influence on prey can extend beyond killing and consuming prey. For example, the foraging behavior of prey can be altered by a predator’s recent presence in an area or by a higher perceived risk of an attack. The perceived level of risk depends on factors such as the level of illumination or