Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
LEV VYGOTSKY’S CULTURAL-HISTORICAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE PROBLEM OF MENTAL TOOLS

150 ne of the most important areas of psychological science implication in Russia is education, of which preschool education was considered as significant stage. Since 1960, when USSR Institute of Preschool Education was founded, early years education became a task of the governmental level, which was carried out by prominent Soviet and Russian psychologists and educators. The purpose of this article is to identify approaches towards understanding mediation forms used in educational programs for preschool children in Russia. To a large extent, they are based on the ideas of the outstanding Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky. There are different interpretations of Vygotsky and his texts, but there are common ideas that are acknowledged in Russia by most psychologists. He paid much attention to the analysis of child development in the preschool age. Unlike most psychologists of his time, Vygotsky considered mental development as a process of appropriating higher forms of the psyche, which are held by culture and passed on to the child during interaction with the adult. In this case, it is not a matter of passive transfer of knowledge. Development is understood as a continuous process of self-movement, the emergence of new properties and qualities that were not in existence in previous stages. According to Vygotsky, this process is determined by “the unity of material and mental aspects, the unity of the social and the personal as the child ascends the developmental steps” (1984, p.248). In his description of development, Vygotsky introduces the concept of a zone of proximal development (ZPD) (Vygotsky, 1978). ZPD becomes clearly visible if we were to compare the individual independent activity of a child and that based on imitating an adult. Vygotsky notes that the results that the child achieves through imitation are much higher than those based on self-activity. Although they transcend far beyond the independent capabilities of children, they do have limitations inherent in each age. Thus, Vygotsky assigns an important role in his theory to the imitative behavior of the child. He understands imitation as not thoughtless mechanical copying but any activity which the child performs in collaboration with an adult or another child rather than all on his own. He emphasizes that the development of all of the child’s personal characteristics occurs in the process of cooperation with an adult. In doing so, LEV VYGOTSKY’S CULTURAL-HISTORICAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE PROBLEM OF MENTAL TOOLS
Mobile Learning Applications using Handheld Devices : Ubiquitous training of visual-spatial skills

This research seeks the development of mobile learning applications that provide ubiquitous training in visual-spatial skills using wireless handheld mobile devices (i.e. PDA, cell phones). The paper reports about the findings of a first stage in which the application targeted the handling of spatial representations and the qualitative understanding of 3D spaces. Evidence was collected regarding effectiveness of the instructional strategy related to specific aspects of the students’ visual-spatial competency and obtained qualitative feedback regarding the students’ level of satisfaction about the learning experience using the initial prototype. The paper provides recommendations for future implementations of an m-learning beta version.
Effect of FEC and VC Additives in Electrolyte on the Performance of Si Anode for Lithium Ion Cell

Lityum iyon hucrelerin performansi, elektrot yuzeyinde olusan Kati Elektrolit Arayuzey (KEY)’in yapisina baglidir. Bu calismada, elektrolit cozeltisinin bileseni olarak FEC (floroetilen karbonat) ve VC (vinil karbonat)kullandik. %2, %5 ve %10 FEC ve VC katkilandirilmis EC:DEC icinde LiPF6 elektolitinin Si anot uzerinde olusan KEY tabakasina etkileri tartisilmistir.
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT : ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN MALAYSIA : A PRELIMINARY FINDING

The objective of this paper is to examine the issues and challenges facing Malaysian organisations and the implications in its ef fort towards implementing knowledge management. This paper hopes to provide an insight into what are the issues and challenges facing Malaysian organisations toward successful implementation of knowledge management. For practitioners and researchers, this study will add on to the literature on the issues and challenges facing Malaysian organisations. This will certainly aid to better understanding of the pre-requisites necessary to succeed in business especially in today’s global and competitive environment.
Marked increase in mitochondrial DNA deletion levels in the cerebral cortex of Huntington's disease patients

To determine if somatic mtDNA mutations might contribute to the neurodegeneration observed in Huntington's disease (HD), we quantitated the amount of the common mitochondrial 4977 nucleotide pair deletion (mtDNA4977) in cortex and putamen of HD patients and age-matched controls by the serial dilution-polymerase chain reaction method. Cortical deletion levels were analyzed in the temporal, frontal, and occipital lobes. HD temporal lobes had an 11-fold greater mean mtDNA4977 deletion level than age-matched controls, and HD frontal lobes had fivefold greater levels. HD occipital lobe and putamen deletion levels were comparable with control levels. These results support the hypothesis that HD is associated with elevated cortical mtDNA damage. NEUROLOGY 1995;45: 1879-1883
A rare case of multifocal pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma, involving soft tissues and bone, misdiagnosed as a rhabdomyosarcoma: Diagnostic and treatment implications

Pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma (PHE) is an uncommon, but distinctive soft tissue tumor, characterized by multifocality. A 17-year-old male referred to us with progressively increasing multiple subcutaneous nodular lesions over his left leg and foot, reported elsewhere as a spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma. On review, microscopy showed a cellular tumor comprising plump spindle cells arranged in loose fascicles with interspersed inflammatory cells. Tumor cells exhibited mild nuclear variation. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells expressed AE1/AE3, CD31, Fli-1, and smooth muscle actin (SMA), confirming diagnosis of PHE. Whole-body positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) scan revealed multiple, metabolically active, subcutaneous nodular lesions over the left lower leg and in the distal tibia. Subsequently, resection specimens from the various lesions and bone curettage also revealed features of PHE. Three months later, the patient developed multiple lesions over his fourth toe and left foot, for which he underwent tumor resections. At present, he is disease-free. PHE is a locally aggressive soft tissue tumor characterized by multifocality, rarely bony involvement and can be misdiagnosed as a high-grade sarcoma.
Introduction of CRISPR / Cas system , as a genetic interference pathway and essential factor in genome evolution

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats / (CRISPR) associated protein system is an adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea. This system mimics eukaryotic RNA interference (RNAi) system and can play an important role in gene regulation and immune system. CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) defends the bacteria against invader agents, such as phages and plasmids. As a result, it can provide a genetic interference pathway depending on the integration of a small stretch of invader DNA of the bacterial or archaeal genome, which acts as a heritable genetic memory to defense against viruses or phages.
Influence of Copper Oxide Nanoparticle on Hematology and Plasma Biochemistry of Caspian Trout (Salmo trutta caspius), Following Acute and Chronic Exposure

The Caspian trout is an endangered and quite vulnerable fish, considered for a natural protection program in the southern area of the Caspian Sea. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) are toxic substances, which induce oxidative stress, not to mention other pathophysiological states. The toxicity of nanoparticles on fish needs more characterization for shortand long-term effects. Thus, the present paper examines the acute and chronic effects of CuO-NPs on hematology and plasma biochemistry of juvenile Caspian trout. After determining the lethal concentrations (LC50), juvenile Caspian trout is exposed to 0.1 LC5096 CuO-NPs for 28 days in three replicates. The blood samples are then collected from fish after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours as well as 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of exposure to the CuO-NPsto deal with shortand long-term effects, respectively. Analysis of these samples shows that some hematological factors like hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC), and hematocrit (Hct) are significantly increased after acute exposure, compared to the control group (p<0.05). The number of white blood cells (WBC), neutrophilis, and monocytes are also increased after acute and chronic exposure with significant differences (p< 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of lactate dehydrogenase after acute and alkaline phosphatase along with aspartate aminotransferase after acute and chronic exposure are significantly increased (p<0.05). Thus, results indicate that the presence of even a tiny amount of CuO-NPs can affect most haematological and metabolic enzymes of the Caspian trout in the short and long-term exposure. It is therefore essential to prevent these nanomaterials from entering the aquatic environment.
Probiotics in Diabetic Wound Care

BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot is a leading cause of DALY with both physical and economic cost to the patient. It can range from a small trophic ulcer to frank sepsis and shock. With increasing cost of healthcare and antibiotic resistance, there is a need for new and innovative methods for management of the diabetic foot ulcers. AIM OF TH STUDY: To study the effect of local application of probiotics on the healing of Diabetic foot ulcers. OBJECTIVES: 1. To compare the change in wound bed score in the test and control population. 2. To compare the wound swab culture results in the test and control population. METHODOLOGY: Diabetic patients presenting with acute infected ulcers of the foot (below ankle) are taken up for surgical debridement on the day of presentation. The size of their wounds are assessed by wound tracing and planimetry method. The patients are screened for peripheral vascular disease by using ankle brachial pressure index. The patients are also screened for peripheral neuropathy. The patients who consented to participate in the study were allocated into two. The control group where the current regimen of sharp and chemical debridement at ward, cleaning and dressing, glycemic management and antibiotic therapy is given. In the intervention group, in addition to the above, probiotic solution is applied daily during dressing. Wound bed scoring system developed by Falanga was utilised to monitor the wound in an objective manner. Wound swab cultures are taken at Day 0, Day 5 and Day 10. Both the groups will be compared with respect to the wound bed score at day 1, day 7 and day 14 and the wound swab cultures and outcomes identified. The results were analysed. RESULTS: 1. A total study population of 36 was analysed. 2. All the patients had improvement in the wound status. 3. The mean wound bed score of the intervention group was better than the control group. 4. The wound swab culture report was also reported as no growth in more number in the intervention group however it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: 1. Probiotics can be safely utilized in therapy of infected diabetic wounds. 2. They do hasten the wound healing process as evidenced by the significant difference in the day 7 wound bed score. 3. More studies are needed in this field to give better evidence for the support of probiotic use.
Prognostic value of the density of Wilms tumour protein 1 (WT-1) positive microvessels in stage IIA colorectal cancer

Stage IIA colorectal cancer (CRC) displays 5-year survival rate around 85%; hence it is not currently submitted to any adjuvant treatment. However a percentage of stage IIA CRCs undergoes disease progression and would benefit from additional therapies. In the aim to investigate whether Wilms Tumor-1 (WT-1) expression might represent a prognostic factor in stage IIA CRC, we analyzed its immunohistochemical expression in 90 stage IIA CRCs divided into two groups according to the evidence of disease progression. While WT-1 staining in the neoplastic cells was not significantly associated with any of the clinico-pathological parameters, the density of intra-tumoral microvessels positive for WT-1 (WT-1 MVD) was significantly higher in stage IIA CRCs characterized by disease progression compared to non-recurring tumours and it was significantly and independently associated with shorter disease-free survival. This study is the first to demonstrate that WT-1 MVD may be useful to discriminate high risk patients with stage IIA CRCs and who may benefit from adjuvant treatment. WT-1 expression in the tumor vessels, but not in the vessels of normal colorectal mucosa, suggests its possible role in tumor neo-angiogenesis and it may represent a target for novel anti-angiogenic therapies in stage IIA CRC at high risk of progression.
Digital Strategy formation: Fostering New Institutional Work Practices

Pervasive digitalization is challenging established organizational modes of operating and practices in strategy formation. Both theoretical and empirical accounts detail how such processes involve moving from perceived views of information technologies as important but functional resources used to achieve business goals, towards digital strategy grounded in a synthesized perspective where strategies for organizational goals are both formed and executed by leveraging digital resources. While multiple studies detail the underlying rationales for this shift, and what a digital strategy is how such strategies are formed has received less attention. We draw on the notion of planned and emergent strategy formation to analyze how the distributed agency and blurred boundaries induced by digitization are harmonized with organizational governance requirements. We contribute an empirical account of strategizing across three phases identified in an interpretative case study of a digital strategy formation process at the Swedish Transport Administration (STA), marked by distinct approaches to balance and integrate business and digital competencies. Second, we identify distinct work practices aimed at creating new institutional arrangements in the three phases. Third, the analysis demonstrates the cumulative nature of digital strategy formation and how organizations may develop capacity for strategizing over time.
Possible Noncausal Bases for Correlations between Low Concentrations of Ambient Particulate Matter and Daily Mortality

Numerous studies of populations living in areas with good air quality have reported correlations between daily average levels of ambient particulate matter (PM) and daily mortality rates. These associations persist at PM levels below current air quality standards and are difficult to reconcile with the toxicology of PM chemical constituents. The unusual level of lethality per unit PM mass predicted by these associations may result from confounding by unmeasured societal, behavioral, or stress factors. Daily average ambient PM levels may be expected to correlate with societal activity level, because a working population increases PM emissions through increased manufacture, power utilization, construction, demolition, farming, and travel. Also, people's perceived and actual health depend on societal and psychological factors. A stress such as anger strongly increases the risk of death due to heart attack. Societal factors modify mortality as shown by calendar-related changes in mortality that are unrelated to air quality. Cardiovascular and respiratory mortality are correlated to day of the week, end of the month, and to the first week of the year. There is likely a role of such nontoxicologic variables in the PM associations, and without vigorously testing if other variables correlate as well as PM, we may erroneously conclude that reducing already low levels of PM will yield real public health benefits.
An Enhanced RFID Mutual Authentication Protocol based on Quantum Dynamic Basis

RFID technology is a type of automatic identiﬁcation technology, which has broad application prospects in the ﬁelds of production, transportation, logistics and national defense. However, there are some problems about security and privacy because of the design of RFID open system, an attacker can learn the content of communication between the reader and the tag by eavesdrop and relay and can also tag tracking. Limited tag resources are the main reason why RFID security and privacy problems are diﬃcult to solve. In this paper, a novel quantum dynamic basis theory is applied to RFID system to detect relay attacks, which the core idea is to make advantage of the quantum characteristics and once each authentication is completed, the database and tag automatically update the key. We argue that our protocol improve the security and reduce the computational cost for identifying a tag.
Strengthening Social Service Systems for Vulnerable Children and Adolescents : A Conceptual Framework

There is emerging global consensus on the importance of strengthening social service systems for vulnerable children and adolescents in Africa, but no agreement on the conceptual definition and the scope of strengthening social service systems, whether strengthening social service systems is achievable or not, how to move towards it, common indicators for measuring its progress, and its long-term sustainability. This has resulted in various interpretations of the concept, emanating from different disciplinary perspectives. This paper discusses the various dimensions of strengthening social service systems emerging from these interpretations and argues for the need to pay attention to the complex interactions across the various components of social service systems in the pursuit for better social service delivery to vulnerable children and adolescents in Africa. The paper highlights major components of strengthening social service systems and proposes that these are utilized for measuring social service system strengthening.
Mycobacterial proliferation in macrophages is prevented by incubation with lymphocytes activated in vitro with a mycobacterial antigen complex

Antigen A60 from Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette Guérin was shown to trigger both humoral and cellular immune reactions. We explored the ability of A60 to block intracellular proliferation of phagocytosed mycobacteria with a model system involving peritoneal murine macrophages infected with Mycobacterium avium. Mixed lymphocytes from lymph nodes of mice inoculated with A60 hindered intracellular proliferation of this mycobacterium, owing to A60‐specific cells, proliferation of which was induced in vitro in an antigen concentration‐dependent manner. The lymphokines released by A60‐stimulated T lymphocytes in vitro were identified as interleukin 2 (IL 2) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) : their production showed a clear A60 dose dependence. When supernatants of such induced lymphocyte cultures were incubated with anti‐IFN‐γ antibodies, macrophage activation was prevented, whereas anti‐IL 2 immunoglobulin had little effect. Treatment of infected macrophages with recombinant IFN‐γ reduced intracellular proliferation of mycobacteria, while exogenous IL 2 and tumor necrosis factor were ineffective. Therefore, A60 elicits in vitro proliferation of T lymphocytes responding specifically to this antigen with production of IFN‐γ, which in turn activates macrophages and prevents mutiplication of phagocytosed mycobacteria.
CMOS Design of Wideband Inductor-Less LNA

With the current trend of ever developing communication systems, and every communicating system consisting of an antenna and receiver requires foremost a Low Noise Amplifier with a good gain and as well contributing to not much noise, hence LNA design has been an ever challenging task to Analog designers. With this work a wideband, inductor-less LNA with noise canceling technique is examined and designed in 45-nm CMOS process. The proposed LNA combines two techniques, resistive feedback and noise cancellation to provide both a wideband input match and good noise performance. The result is a wideband, differential LNA without any need for external matching components. As the solution is inductor-less hence saves valuable area on chip. The LNA covers frequency bands within 0.1 – 2GHz a voltage gain of 24.7 dB. The NF is below 3.46 dB with a power consumption of only 6 mW. This solution has many features such as high bandwidth with a good input match, inductor-less design saving area and cost.
IMPLEMENTATION OF EXTENSIBLE FLOWCHARTING SOFTWARE USING MICROSOFT DSL TOOLS

Currently there are commercial and freeware tools that allow users to specify algorithms using visual flowcharting software. These tools are widely used for many purposes – from visual programming to specification of common actions, yet they usually can't be extended with additional elements and have limited execution capabilities. Our goal is to choose a flexible implementation platform and create extensible executable flowchart system that can be used to teach students programming. In this article we present a flowchart metamodel created with Microsoft DSL Tools – a graphical designer for domain models with a set of code generators.
Physostigmine's Impact on Brief Shock-Induced Hypoalgesia Parallels Its Effect on Memory

Past research indicates that the anticholinergic drug scopolamine disrupts memory and environmentally induced hypoalgesia in rats. The present study examined the impact of the centrally active cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine, which enhances memory and central cholinergic activity, on brief shock-induced hypoalgesia on the tail-flick test using Sprague-Dawley rats. It is reported that physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) potentiates the magnitude of this hypoalgesia. Contrary to past research, our results showed that omission of baseline testing did not eliminate hypoalgesia or its potentiation by physostigmine. Similar to its effects on memory, physostigmine (0.04, 0.1, and 0.25 mg/kg) has a nonmonotonic impact on brief shock-induced hypoalgesia; low doses potentiated hypoalgesia (0.1 mg/kg), whereas a high dose (0.25 mg/kg) disrupted it. These results provide further evidence that the cholinergic system indirectly affects pain reactivity by modulating the memory of the aversive event.
Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration using the SEBAL Model for the Atankwidi and Afram Catchments in Ghana

Evapotranspiration (ET) monitoring has important implications on global and regional climate modelling. It is important for the hydrological cycle and assessment of environmental stress that affects ecosystems. Accurate measurement and estimation of ET is a basic input in computing water balance and to estimate water availability and requirements. Most methods for ET computation can only provide point estimates of ET for a specific location and fails to provide ET on a regional scale and makes it inadequate for proper water resource management. In this study, the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) model is used to estimate actual evapotranspiration (ETa) for different land use/cover types (closed woodlands, gallery forests, open woodlands, farmlands, water bodies, barelands, rocky areas and built-up areas) for the Atankwidi and Afram catchments in the Volta Basin of Ghana. It was found that the SEBAL model can successfully estimate and distinguish ETa among different land use/cover types in the two catchments. SEBAL estimates of ETa varied from 1.4 to 7.30 mm/day across the different land use/cover types. The range of CVs for ETa was 5−75% across the different land use/cover types for the two catchments. The results confirms SEBAL is an appropriate algorithm for estimating ETa using satellite images in catchments similar to that of the study areas, where few or no ground measurements are available.