Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Loss Leading with Salient Thinkers

In various countries, competition laws restrict retailers’ freedom to sell their pro-ducts below cost. A common rationale, shared by policymakers, consumer interestgroups and brand manufacturers alike, is that such “loss leading” of products wouldultimately lead to a race-to-the-bottom in product quality. Building on Varian’s(1980) model of sales, we provide a foundation for this critique, though only whenconsumers are salient thinkers, putting too much weight on certain product attribu-tes. But we also show how a prohibition of loss leading can backfire, as it may makeit even less attractive for retailers to stock high-quality products, decreasing bothaggregate welfare and consumer surplus.
Space physiology and medicine, 2nd ed

The contents of this book are: Physiological Adaptation to Space Flight: Overall Adaptation to Space Flight and Implications; The Neurovestibular System; Performance; The Cardiopulmonary System; Nutrition; Bone and Mineral Metabolism; Hematology, Immunology, Endocrinology, and Biochemistry; Microgravity: Stimulations and Analogs; Health Maintenance of Space Crewmemebers: Medical Evaluation for Astronaut Selection and Longitudinal Studies; Biomedical Training of Space Crews; Ground-Based Medical Programs; Countermeasures to Space Deconditioning; Medical Problems of Space Flight: Toxic Hazards in Space Operations; Radiation Exposure Issues and Medical Care and Health Maintenance in Flight.
Cellualr Subsets Involved in Protective Immunity to Babesia rodhaini Infection in BALB/c Mice

Protective immune responses and the functional role of spleen cells in mice infected with Babesia rodhaini were examined with an in vitro proliferation assay systems and by in vivo passive transfer of spleen cells to uninfected mice. Mice that resolved primary babesial infection after chemotherapy (Babesia immune mice) had transient and low parasitemia after challenge infection and high rates (75%) of survival. Babesia hyperimmune mice, by contrast, had no detectable parasitemia after challenge and 100% survival. Proliferative response of spleen cells to Babesia lysate antigen (BLA) were determined for mice from both groups. This proliferative response was inhibited by treatment of spleen cells with anti-T cell serum and monoclonal antibody (MAb) to Lyt l antigen. Spleen cells of hyperimmime mice produced larger amount of IL-2 production than those of immune mice. Transfer of spleen cells from immune mice to nonimmune mice provided protection against babesial infection and recipient mice had high titers of anti-babesial antibody. When these spleen cells were treated with anti-T cell serum or anti-mouse Ig serum, protection against challenge was abolished. By contrast, transfer of hyperimmune spleen cells was capable of protecting recipient mice. Treatment of hyperimmune spleen cells with antiserum to mouse Ig or MAb against Lyt 1 and Lyt 2 antigens did not interfere with their ability to protect recipient mice against infection, even though recipient mice had low levels of antibody production. These results indicate that humoral immune response is important in establishing protection after primary infections while the panicipation of Lyt 1 + cells and Lyt 2 + cells and other aspects of the cell-mediated immune response is important in controlling secondary infections.
Pricing and capacity allocation strategies: Implications for manufacturers with product sharing

Emerging sharing modes, like the consumer‐to‐consumer (C2C) sharing of Uber and the business‐to‐consumer (B2C) sharing of GoFun, have considerably affected the retailing markets of traditional manufacturers, who are motivated to consider product sharing when making pricing and capacity decisions, particularly electric car manufacturers with limited capacity. In this paper, we examine the equilibrium pricing for a capacity‐constrained manufacturer under various sharing modes and further analyze the impact of capacity constraint on the manufacturer's sharing mode selection as well as equilibrium outcomes. We find that manufacturers with low‐cost products prefer B2C sharing while those with high‐cost products prefer C2C sharing except when the sharing price is moderate. However, limited capacity motivates manufacturers to enter into the B2C sharing under a relatively low sharing price, and raise the total usage level by sharing high‐cost products. We also show that the equilibrium capacity allocated to the sharing market with low‐cost products first increases and then decreases. Finally, we find that sharing low‐cost products with a high limited capacity leads to a lower retail price under B2C sharing, which creates a win‐win situation for both the manufacturer and consumers. However, sharing high‐cost products with a low limited capacity creates a win‐lose situation for them.
The Hybridization of Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Forecasting Models: Application of Short-Term Wind Speed and Power Modeling

In this research, two hybrid intelligent models are proposed for prediction accuracy enhancement for wind speed and power modeling. The established models are based on the hybridisation of Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) with a Pattern Sequence-based Forecasting (PSF) model and the integration of EEMD-PSF with Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. In both models (i.e., EEMD-PSF and EEMD-PSF-ARIMA), the EEMD method is used to decompose the time-series into a set of sub-series and the forecasting of each sub-series is initiated by respective prediction models. In the EEMD-PSF model, all sub-series are predicted using the PSF model, whereas in the EEMD-PSF-ARIMA model, the sub-series with high and low frequencies are predicted using PSF and ARIMA, respectively. The selection of the PSF or ARIMA models for the prediction process is dependent on the time-series characteristics of the decomposed series obtained with the EEMD method. The proposed models are examined for predicting wind speed and wind power time-series at Maharashtra state, India. In case of short-term wind power time-series prediction, both proposed methods have shown at least 18.03 and 14.78 percentage improvement in forecast accuracy in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) as compared to contemporary methods considered in this study for direct and iterated strategies, respectively. Similarly, for wind speed data, those improvement observed to be 20.00 and 23.80 percentages, respectively. These attained prediction results evidenced the potential of the proposed models for the wind speed and wind power forecasting. The current proposed methodology is transformed into R package ‘decomposedPSF’ which is discussed in the Appendix.
Improving Deep Learning for Forecasting Accuracy in Financial Data

Financial forecasting is based on the use of past and present financial information to make the best prediction of the future financial situation, to avoid high-risk situations, and to increase benefits. Such forecasts are of interest to anyone who wants to know the state of possible finances in the future, including investors and decision-makers. However, the complex nature of financial data makes it difficult to get accurate forecasts. Artificial intelligence, which has been shown to be suitable for analyzing very complex problems, can be applied to financial forecasting. Financial data is both nonlinear and nonstationary, with broadband frequency features. In other words, there is a large range of fluctuation, meaning that predictions made only using long short-term memory (LSTM) are not enough to ensure accuracy. This study uses an LSTM model for analysis of financial data, followed by a comparison of the analytical results with the actual data to see which has a larger root-mean-square-error (RMSE). The proposed method combines deep learning with empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to understand and predict financial trends from financial data. The financial data for this study are from the Taiwan corporate social responsibility (CSR) index. First, the EMD method is used to transform the CSR index data into a limited number of intrinsic mode functions (IMF). The bandwidth of these IMFs becomes narrower, with regular cyclic, periodic, or seasonal components in the time domain. In other words, the range of fluctuation is small. LSTM is a good way to forecast cyclic or seasonal data. The forecast result is obtained by adding all the IMFs together. It has been verified in past studies that only the LSTM and LSTM combined with the EMD can be used. The analytical results show that smaller RMSEs can be obtained using the LSTM combined with EMD compared to real data.
Root Decomposition of Elephant Grass Pastures Grazed at Different Management Intensities

Grazing management may alter chemical composition of plant components affecting nutrient cycling. Among pasture management tools, adjustment of stocking rate (SR) and N fertilization have potential to affect nutrient cycling in the grassland ecosystem (Dubeux et al. 2007). Excreta from grazing animal and litter are the two major pathways of nutrient return on grazed pastures (Thomas 1992). Fertilization and SR may alter these pathways by different forms. Increasing fertilization generally increases pasture net primary productivity. Stocking rate affects different pasture and animal responses. Regarding nutrient cycling, increasing SR will likely increase proportion of nutrient returned through excreta as opposed to litter, increasing as a result nutrient losses (Dubeux et al. 2006). Root system may also be affected by management intensity. Frequent defoliation and low plant nutrition level may reduce root biomass (Richards 1993) and affect its decomposition. This study evaluated the effect of different SR ́s and N fertilization levels on the decomposition of elephant grass roots.
A Deep Calibration Method for Low-Cost Air Monitoring Sensors With Multilevel Sequence Modeling

Air pollution is growing ever more serious as a result of rising consumption of energy and other natural resources. Generally, governmental static monitoring stations provide accurate air pollution data, but they are sparsely distributed in the space. In contrast, microstations as a kind of low-cost air monitoring equipment can be distributed densely though their accuracy is relatively low. This article proposes a deep calibration method (DeepCM) for low-cost air monitoring sensors equipped in the microstations, which consists of an encoder and a decoder. In the encoding stage, multilevel time-series features are extracted, including local, global, and periodic time-series features. These features can not only capture local, global, and periodic trend information, but also benefit to alleviating cross-interference and noise effect. In the decoding stage, a final feature extracted by the encoder along with initial features of the moment to be calibrated are fed into the decoder to obtain a calibrated result. The proposed method is evaluated on two real-world datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that our method yields the best performance by comparison with eight baseline methods.
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) : why do they break, where they break and how to distinguish harmful from harmless sSMC?

Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) are defined as additional centric chromosome fragments too small to be identified or characterized unambiguously by banding cytogenetics alone. Even though certain sSMC were associated with specific clinical pictures and syndromes, for most of the sSMC only first steps towards genotype-phenotype correlations were achieved. Therefore sSMC are still a problem in clinical cytogenetics and can be harmful due to different mechanisms like induction of genomic imbalances and/or uniparental disomy of the sSMC’s sister chromosomes. This study had the aim to provide new insights into the questions (i) if and why sSMC include specific breakpoints and (ii) how to distinguish harmful from harmless sSMC. Thus, several approaches for better sSMC characterization (HCM-FISH) and/or, characterization of sSMC breakpoints were developed (PCL-FISH; 1MB sets spanning the transitions of dosage-sensitive and dosage-insensitive pericentric regions) and established. sSMC breakpoints were characterized in detail using these new approaches, but also by microdissection based array-comparative genomic hybridization. First hints were obtained that breakpoints involved in sSMC formation are situated preferentially in gene- poor regions of the pericentric regions. Concerning genotype-phenotype correlation of sSMC the present study further identified one new “complex sSMC” associated syndrome: the der(13 or 21)t(13 or 21;18) syndrome, which is associated with a mild clinical phenotype irrespective of partial trisomy 18p. Finally, influence of mosaicism on sSMC-related phenotypes was studied in detail. In conclusion, the present study provided important new data for genotype-phenotype correlation and biological understanding of sSMC.
Allozyme and Genome Size Variation in Tree Frogs from the Caucasus, with Description of a New Subspecies Hyla arborea gumilevskii , from the Talysh Mountains

The genome size and allozyme (20 loci) variation in the European ( Hyla arborea ) and Middle Eastern ( H. savignyi ) tree frogs in the Caucasus was studied. Additional samples of these species from eastern Europe and Turkey, as well as a sample of the Far Eastern H. japonica , were used for comparison. According to genome size and allozyme data, three geographically distinct groups were revealed among the Caucasian tree frogs. The main territory of the Caucasian region, including the Great Caucasian Range, is inhabited by H. arborea , the Caucasus Minor — by H. savignyi , whereas the Talysh Mountains (Azerbaijan) situated in the extreme south-east of the region harbor another tree frog with reduced inguinal loop. The highest genetic difference was found between the Talysh tree frog and H. savignyi ( D = 0.42), the middle one — between H. savignyi and H. arborea ( D = 0.27 – – 0.38), and the lowest value between the Talysh tree frog and H. arborea ( D = 0.13). The genetic distances between these West Palearctic species and H. japonica were relatively high ( D = 0.43 – 0.59). Additionally, we found high genome size differences between the Talysh tree frog and H. arborea , as well as between the former one and H. savignyi . Based on these data, we recognized the Talysh tree frogs as a new subspecies, Hyla arborea gumilevskii , subsp. nov. Hyla arborea schelkownikowi was treated as a junior synonym of H. a. arborea .
Factors Affecting Late Infertility Examination

Background: Infertility is the inability of a couple to get pregnant after 12 months of regular sexual intercourse at least 2-3 times a week with­out using contraception. Delay in the examina­tion will have a bad impact considering that in­creas­ing age will affect the success of the hand­ling of infertility, especially in women so it is neces­sary to know the factors that influence the delay of the initial examination in order to be over­come. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the late infertility examin­ation. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a cross sectional design. The study was conducted at Sekar Polyclinic, Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, from June to August 2019. A sample of 90 out­patients was selected by purposive sampling. The depen­­dent variable was late infertility exami­nation. The independent variables were family sup­port, knowledge, accessibility, and education. The data was collected by medical record and question­­naire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: Late infertility examination decreased with strong family support (OR= 0.20; 95% CI= 0.06 to 0.62; p= 0.006), high knowledge (OR= 0.29; 95% CI= 0.09 to 0.92; p= 0.036), good accessibility (OR= 0.18; 95% CI= 0.05 to 0.59; p= 0.005), and high education (OR= 3.41; 95% CI= 0.95 to 12.17; p= 0.059). Conclusion: Late infertility examination decreases with strong family support, high know­ledge, good accessibility, and high education. Keywords: infertility examination, family sup­port, accessibility, knowledge Correspondence: Uki Retno Budihastuti. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Moewardi Hospital,Jl. Kolo­nel Sutarto132, Jebres, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: ukiretno@gmail.com. Mobile: 0812­26­56­140. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 5(2): 206-212 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.02. 11
Phytoplankton diversity and ecosystem functioning in freshwater ecosystems

Cette these porte sur biodiversite et le fonctionnement des ecosystemes (BEF) dans les ecosystemes d'eau douce. Le chapitre 1 presente et explique de maniere generale les sujets importants de la these. Le chapitre 2 comprend une revue exhaustive de la litterature sur les etudes experimentales et sur le terrain associant la diversite du phytoplancton au fonctionnement des ecosystemes. Le chapitre 3 presente un rapport sur les etudes d'une experience de laboratoire que nous avons realisee Le chapitre 4 decrit une deuxieme experience de laboratoire qui explore les interactions facilitantes dans les communautes de phytoplancton. Le chapitre 5 presente une etude de terrain sur BEF dans des lacs tropicaux de haute altitude du sud de l’Equateur. Le chapitre 6 est l'application et la prospective des etudes BEF. Le chapitre 7 propose une discussion generale de la these.
Enteric Human Pathogens Associated with Fresh Produce: Sources, Transport, and Ecology

Now in the cold parts of the country, don't you think people get to wanting perishable things in the winter—like peas and lettuce and cauliflower? In a big part of the country they don't have those things for months and months. And right here in Salinas valley we can raise them all the year round. Do you know we could ship lettuce right to the east coast in the middle of winter? " John Steinbeck
The relevance of non-farmland habitats, uncropped areas and habitat diversity to the conservation of farmland birds

Use of non-farmland habitats by species generally perceived as ‘farmland birds’ is common, yet these habitats are not always considered in conservation strategies aimed at population recovery. At the national scale, many farmland species occur in landscapes not dominated by farmland. An analysis of distribution atlas data coupled with remotely sensed habitat data showed that for 16 out of 28 farmland species, less than half of the breeding range was associated with high cover of lowland farmland. However, with a few exceptions, populations breeding in non-farmland habitats are likely to depend on farmland at some time in the year. Within farmland landscapes, uncropped areas and patches of non-farmland habitat can provide nesting, foraging or roosting resources. Habitats that are scarce on farmland and that provide potential supplementary or complementary resources to those available within the productive areas of farmland include ruderal vegetation, rough grassland and scrub. Enhancing habitat diversity through provision of modest quantities of these habitats will benefit farmland birds. Complete knowledge of year-round habitat requirements and patterns of resource use at all scales is needed if robust national conservation plans are to be developed for farmland species. Similarly, interactions between the farmland and non-farmland sections of populations need to be determined.
An 11.8 nA ultra-low power active diode using a hysteresis common gate comparator for low-power energy harvesting systems

This paper proposes an ultra-low power active diode (ADIO) using a hysteresis common gate comparator for low-voltage and low-power energy harvesting systems. The proposed ADIO consists of a MOS switch and hysteresis common gate comparator, which eliminates unwanted ripple and noise voltages. The hysteresis comparator controls the MOS switch to turnONorOFF,dependingontheinputandoutputvoltages. Thehysteresis voltages of the comparator can be controlled by the current ﬂowing in the comparator. The measurement results demonstrated that the hysteresis comparator had (cid:0) 26 and 25 mV hysteresis voltages and the ADIO using the hysteresis comparator eliminated unwanted ripple voltage. The maximum current consumption of our ADIO was 11.8 nA.
The package as a weapon of influence: Changes to cigarette packaging design as a function of regulatory changes in Canada

INTRODUCTION Given existing regulations that ban the tobacco industry from engaging in traditional forms of advertising and require warning labels on cigarette packaging, we suggest that one response on the part of tobacco manufacturers has been to make alterations to design elements of cigarette packages themselves. The current research seeks to examine how cigarette manufacturers have altered elements of cigarette packaging in response to regulatory changes by the Government of Canada in 2011, which increased health warning sizes on cigarette packages from 50% of the principal display surface to 75%. METHODS Cigarette packages (n=1689) that had been on the market in Canada in the period 2001–2017 were examined and coded for package design elements including package innovation (size and package style), color (hue and saturation), and branding elements (use of iconography and variant names). Characteristics of pre-regulation packaging were then systematically compared to characteristics of post-regulation packaging. RESULTS Many of these packaging design elements, including package size and package style, primary and secondary hue, color saturation, use of variant label names, and use of iconography have systematically varied in response to regulatory changes in Canada. For example, we observed increases in the use of flip-top (vs slide and shell) packaging, the use of yellow, black and white as the focal color, incidence of color-themed variant names, and the use of female and crest-related logos. CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggests that many packaging design elements have varied systematically along with regulatory changes in Canada.