Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A treatise on chicken dam nutrition that impacts on progeny

Chick quality is dependent upon conditions in the laying house, egg handling systems, and the hatchery. If any of these areas are sub-optimal, chick quality, in addition to hatchability, may deteriorate. Alternative methods to improve chick quality are warranted, especially in chicks from young broiler breeder flocks. Moreover, antibiotic compounds that improve early growth and prevent bacterial infections in broilers are becoming increasingly less available to commercial poultry producers. This paper is concerned with breeder hen nutrition as a means to improve chick quality. Published reports concerned with hen nutritional deficiencies and sufficiencies on progeny performance, rather than toxicities, are primarily discussed. The areas of protein, energy, fat, mineral, and vitamin hen nutrition that impact progeny status are reviewed. Non-nutritional substances (i.e., toxins) that impact progeny when present in the hen's diet are reviewed. Specific ingredients and nutrients fed to hens that influence progeny growth, carcass attributes, enzyme functions, and immunity are discussed.
Genetics of Wheat Storage Proteins and the Effect of Allelic Variation on Bread-Making Quality

Introduction. 141 Gliadin and Glutenin 142 HMW Subunit Genes (Glu-l} 143 Genes for LMW Subunits. wand y-Gliadins (Gli-l) . 146 Genes for aand f3-Gliadins (GIi-2) . 148 Minor Gene Loci. 149 Allelic Variation 150 Exploitation of Variation in Plant Breeding . 150
RESEARCH ARTICLE BIODEGRADATION OF METHYL PARATHION AND MONOCHROTOPHOS BY Pseudomonas aeruginosa AND Trichoderma viridae

In the present study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichoderma viridae were evaluated for their potential to degrade pesticides such as monochrotophos and methyl parathion. Soil alone, soil with pesticides, and soil with microbes and pesticides were taken as experimental modules. After 30 days of treatment different morphometric and biochemical parameters were analyzed. Percent germination, shoot and root length, content of chlorophyll-a, and b, total chlorophyll, protein and carotenoids were highly reduced in pesticide alone treated soil. However when the pesticide treated soil was mixed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichoderma viridae, the above mentioned parameters were restored to near normal indicating their capacity to degrade the pesticides. The present investigation showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more efficient in degrading monochrotophos and methyl parathion.
Et Ürünlerinden ‹zole Edilen Pediococcus acidilactici Sufllar›n›n Baz› Metabolik ve Antimikrobiyal Aktivitelerinin ‹ncelenmesi

Ozet : Bu araflt›rmada, piyasada sat›lan 10 adet deiflik marka sucuk ve sosis orneinden Pediococcus cinsine dahil toplam 74 adet bakteri izole edilmifltir. ‹dentifikasyon sonuclar›, bunlar›n 30 adedinin (%40.5) Pediococcus acidilactici olduunu gostermifltir. ‹dentifiye edilen sufllar›n oluflturduklar› laktik asit, H2O2 miktarlar› %0.11-0.64 duzeyinde belirlenirken, H2O2 miktarlar› 0.441- 0.90 (µg/10 ml aras›nda tespit edilmifltir. Sufllar›n H2S uretimleri Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar besiyerinde kalitatif olarak saptanm›flt›r. Sufllar›n genel inhibisyon etkileri ve bakteriyosin ve / veya bakteriyosin benzeri maddelerden kaynaklanan inhibisiyon etkileri baz› g›da kontaminantlar› ve g›da kaynakl› patojen bakteriler (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, koag.(+) ve koag. (-) Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes ve Pseudomonas fluorescens) uzerinde agar diffuzyon yontemi ile belirlenmifltir. Ayr›ca, sufllar›n starter kultur niteliindeki laktik asit bakterileri uzerinde ve starter kultur niteliindeki bakterilerin P.acidilactici uzerinde inhibisiyon etkisinin de araflt›r›lm›flt›r. Araflt›rma sonuclar›, P. acidilactici sufllar›n›n deiflik miktarlarda metabolik urunler sentezlediini ve test bakterileri uzerinde deiflik oranlarda inhibisiyon etkilerinin olduunu gostermifltir. Baz› starter bakterilerinin P. acidilactici sufllar› uzerinde inhibisiyon etkisinin olduu bulunmufltur. Anahtar Sozcukler : Et urunleri, P. acidilactici, Metabolik urunler, Bakteriosin, Antimikrobiyal aktivite. Studing on Metabolic and Antimicrobial Activities of Some P. acidilactici Strains Isolated from Meat Products Abstract : In this research, , In this study, a total of 74 Pediococci were isolated from 10 different sausage and sosis samples obtained from different retailers . The identification results showed that 30 (40.5%) isolates were from the species P. acidilactici. The amounts of lactic acid and H2O2 produced by the strains were in the ranges 0.11-0.64% and 0.441-0.90 (µg/10 ml, respectively. A Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar medium was used for estimating the H2S production of the strains. The generally, inhibitory effects and the inhibitory effects of the bacteriocins and / or bacteriocin-like substances in the P. acidilactici strains were determined on food contaminants and pathogen bacteria (E.coli, B.subtilis, coag. (+) and coag. (-) S.aureus, E.aerogenes, P.fluorescens) using the agar diffusion method. The antimicrobial activity of the strains on closely related starter bacteria and the inhibitory effects of these starter bacteria on the P.acidilactici strains were examined. The results showed that strains produced different amounts of metabolic compounds and varied in inhibition on the test bacteria. However some starter bacteria inhibited P.acidilactici strains.
Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops

Endophytic bacteria are ubiquitous in most plant species, residing latently or actively colonizing plant tissues locally as well as systemically. Several definitions have been proposed for endophytic bacteria; in this review endophytes will be defined as those bacteria that can be isolated from surface-disinfested plant tissue or extracted from within the plant, and that do not visibly harm the plant. While this definition does not include nonextractable endophytic bacteria, it is a practical definition based on experimental limitations and is inclusive of bacterial symbionts, as well as internal plant-colonizing nonpathogenic bacteria with no known beneficial or detrimental effects on colonized plants. Historically, endophytic bacteria have been thought to be weakly virulent plant pathogens but have recently been discovered to have several beneficial effects on host plants, such as plant growth promotion and increased resistance against plant pathogens and parasites. In general, endophytic bacteria origi.
Échanges gazeux de la tomate de serre cultivée sous éclairage d’appoint

This study reports on in situ gas-exchange measurements in tomatoes grown under a sequential intercropping system with supplemental lighting provided by high-pressure sodium-vapour lamps. A supplemental photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 150 μmol m−2 s−1 significantly increased the amount of light energy penetrating the canopy of intercropped tomato seedlings. During the day, the supplemental 150 μmol m−2 s−1 light regime increased the photosynthetic rate of leaves 5 and 10 by 67%, while at night the increases were 93 and 12%, respectively. Regression analysis of the photosynthetic rate of leaves 5 and 10 as a function of PPF received accounts for 58 and 45% of the variation, respectively. Hierarchical analysis demonstrated a significant linear relationship between PPF received during the day and photosynthetic activity of leaves 5 and 10 accounting for 46 and 28%, respectively, of the variance in the model. Regression analysis of the photosynthetic activity as a function of PPF received at night account.
A Theoretical Analysis of NADPH Production and Consumption in Yeasts

Theoretical calculations of the NADPH requirement for yeast biomass formation reveal that this parameter is strongly dependent on the carbon and nitrogen source. The data obtained have been used to estimate the carbon flow over the NADPH-producing pathways in these organisms, namely the hexose monophosphate pathway and the NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction. It was calculated that during growth of yeasts on glucose with ammonium as the nitrogen source at least 2% of the glucose metabolized has to be completely oxidized via the hexose monophosphate pathway for the purpose of NADPH synthesis. This figure increases to approximately 20% in the presence of nitrate as the nitrogen source. Not only during growth on glucose but also on other substrates such as xylose. methanol, or acetate the operation of the hexose monophosphate pathway as a source of NADPH is essential, since the N ADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction alone cannot meet the NADPH demand for anabolism. NADPH production via these pathways requires an expenditure of ATP. Therefore, the general assumption made in calculations of the ATP demand for biomass formation that generation of NADPH does not require energy is, at least in yeasts, not valid.
Influence of Temperature and Floret Age on Nectar Secretion in Trifolium repens L.

Abstract The influence of temperature on nectar secretion in non-pollinated florets of Trifolium repens was investigated in growth chambers at 10, 14, 18 and 22°C. The effect of temperature on the rate of nectar secretion was significant in all clones. The optimum temperature for secretion in three clones varied from 10°C for a clone of Icelandic origin, to 18°C in a clone selected from a Danish variety. Similarly, the average nectar yield varied significantly among clones of different geographical origin. One clone secreted two to four times more than others at 10°C. The optimum day temperature for nectar secretion was higher when the plants were exposed to low night temperature, presumably a result of decreased night respiration. Nectar accumulated at the floret base until senescence. Evidence for reabsorption of nectar was obtained in four clones. Sucrose, fructose and glucose were identified as the major sugars in the nectar. High night temperatures led to decreased sucrose percentage in favour of glucose and fructose. The frequency of new florets opening per day was not influenced by temperatures between 10 and 22°C in one clone, whereas low temperatures significantly decreased the number of new florets in another. Few or no modified stomata were observed in the epidermis of the nectary. The high variation with respect to nectar secretion at low temperatures, along with the high heritability of this quality, suggests that breeding for high nectar production at low temperature is plausible. The significance of nectar yield in pollination biology is discussed.
Isolation, Production & Application of Extracellular Phytase By Serratia Marcescens

Phytase is an extracellular enzyme that can catalyse the hydrolysis of phytic acid to inorganic monophosphate and lower myoinositol phosphates. Serratia marcescens is a phytase secreting microorganism that can be isolated from legume soil sample, purified and production of phytase could be effected. Phytases decomposes phytate, which is the primary storage form of phosphate in plants. Phytase application can reduce phosphorus excretion by up to 50%, a feat that would contribute significantly toward environmental protection. All commercial phytase preparations contain microbial enzymes which are produced by fermentation. A wide variety of phytases were discovered and characterized in the last 10 years. Different formulation technologies are used to produce enzyme powders that retain enzyme activity, are stable in application, resistant against high temperatures, dust-free, and easy to handle. The ability of phytase secreting serratia marcescens to make phytate phosphorous available for plant nutrition during the low phosphate concentration, contributes to their plant growth promoting activity. Phytase, Serratia marcescens, Phosphate, Fermentation, nutrition
Vorkommen von Salmonella spp. und Shigatoxin-bildenden Escherichia coli (STEC) in Pferdefaeces und Pferdefleischprodukten

Um die Bedeutung von Pferden als mogliches Reservoir fur Salmonellen und Shigatoxin-bildende Escherichia coli (STEC) beurteilen zu konnen, wurden 400 Pferdefaeces- und 100 Pferdefleischproduktproben (Rohwurste, Hackfleisch) mittels PCR-Screening auf Salmonellen (invA-Gen) und STEC (stx-Gen) untersucht. Salmonellen wurden aus keiner Probe isoliert. Aus einer Faeces- und einer Pferdfleischproduktprobe wurde jeweils ein STEC-Stamm isoliert. Das Isolat aus der Faecesprobe gehorte dem Serotyp O113:H21 an und verfugte uber die Fahigkeit zur Bildung von Shigatoxin 2c sowie von Enterohamolysin. Das Isolat aus einem Pferdefleischprodukt hatte den Serotyp O87:H16 und besas des stx 2d-Gen. Nach den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit scheint von Pferden in Deutschland fur den Menschen ein sehr geringes Infektionsrisiko durch Salmonellen und EHEC auszugehen.In order to assess the relevance of horses as a possible reservoir of Salmonella and Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), 400 samples of horse faeces and 100 samples of horse meat products were examined by PCR-screening methods. Salmonella enterica was not found in any of the samples. One faeces-sample and one horse meat product were proved to be STEC positive. The STEC-strain from faecal origin belonged to the serotype 0113:H21 and had the stx 2c gene and the enterohemolysin gene. The STEC-strain isolated from a horse meat product had the serotype O87:H16 and the stx 2d gene. The results indicate a very low risk for human to get a Salmonella- or EHEC- infection from horses in Germany.
Generation and phenotypic analysis of sigma receptor type I (σ1) knockout mice

Sigma (σ) sites are a type of nonopiate receptor whose role has been associated with several behaviours, including anxiety, depression, analgesia, learning processes and psychosis. Although there are several known σ receptor types, only the type I receptor (σ1) has been cloned. To uncover the in vivo relevance of σ‐receptors, we have generated knockout mice for σ1. Despite the broad expression pattern found for the σ1‐gene, homozygous mutant mice are viable, fertile and do not display any overt phenotype, compared with their wild‐type litter‐mates, in mixed genetic backgrounds. However, a significant decrease in the hypermotility response has been measured in knockout mice upon challenge with (+)SKF‐10 047, in agreement with the involvement of σ1‐receptors in the induction of psychostimulant actions. The activity of σ2‐receptors seems to be unaffected in σ1‐mutant mice. These knockout mice could contribute to better understand the in vivo role of σ‐receptors.
The effect of chlorite delignification on digestibility of some grass forages and on intake and rumen microbial activity in sheep fed barley straw

Summary Sodium chlorite increased the degradability of fibre from a range of mature grass forages inoluding barley straw by 40–50 digestibility units when comparisons were made using ground (1 mm sieve) material incubated either in vitro with cellulase or in nylon bags in the rumen. However, when fed to sheep, chlorite-treated barley straw was digested to a similar degree to untreated straw (49 and 57% respectively), but intake was significantly reduced (385 and 790 g/day respectively). The poor in vivo utilization of chlorite-treated straw coincided with high proportions of propionic to acetic acid in the rumen (0·85, cf. 0·28 with untreated feed) and absence of rumen fungi. Rumen pH and ammonia concentrations were not significantly different between diets. When incubated in nylon bags in the rumen of animals fed the corresponding diet, both untreated and treated straw (< 1 mm) were well colonized with micro-organisms, as measured by cystine accumulation which showed peaks on the fibres after 24 and 72 h. While large numbers of fungal sporangia were observed after 24 h incubation on digesta from untreated forage, no fungi could be detected on the chlorite-treated material. Cystine accumulation on the untreated straw after 72 h was not associated with a secondary growth of fungi. Although barley straw chaff, ground (< 1 mm) after treatment with chlorite, was highly degraded in nylon bags in the rumen and with cellulase in vitro, larger particles (1 cm) suspended in nylon bags in an animal fed chlorite-treated straw actually gained weight, probably due in part to the degree of microbial colonization.
Production rates of 36Cl in basalts from the calibration site of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands

Age determination based on cosmogenic nuclides is an important tool to investigate landscape development and age relations of geologically very young materials. The aim of this study is to contribute data to establish age determination of the basis of cosmogenic 36Cl production as a generally reliable method. 36Cl is a radionuclide that is in situ produced by cosmic radiation at the earth surface. It is formed by spallation from Ca, K, Ti, and Fe, by thermal neutron capture in 35Cl, and by muogenic production from Ca and K. The concentration of the cosmogenic nuclide provides a measure of the exposure age of the surface, but also of the exposure history which may include periods of burial or erosion. Several factors such as the geographic position of the site, the topographic shielding of the surrounding hillside and the sample thickness or sampling depth influence the effective amount of radiation hitting the surface and are taken into account by applying appropriat e scaling factors. Basalt samples from the mid-latitude, low altitude calibration site of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands were collected and the production rates of 36Cl were determined. Geologically young samples covering an age range of approximately 50 to 400 ka could be collected from a number of flows, which suit the time span that can be covered with 36Cl age determination. The age was independently determined with the 40Ar/39Ar method. From nine lava flows 7 or 8 samples were collected whose surface structures indicated as little erosion as possible. ICP and XRF measurements proved that the basalts were very similar in chemical composition. The preparation of the AMS samples followed generally the procedure established by Stone et al. (1996b). The measurements were performed at the AMS facility at the University of Utrecht. From the results of the measurements total chlorine concentrations the amount of 36Cl, and the production rates were deduced. The high variability of the produ ction rates for the individual production mechanisms given in the literature make the estimation of expected total production rates rather difficult. Production rates for individual production mechanisms of 36Cl could not be obtained due to the lack of suitable phenocrysts. The production rates for the total rock are somewhat higher, except for erosion affected flows, but still compare fairly well with data presented elsewhere in the literature. For the samples of 36Cl concentrations higher than expected a number of possible reasons is evaluated which in combination may cause increased 36Cl build-up, such as thin water layers trapped in the uppermost vesicles in the rock, or a weaker earth magnetic field or problems with the Ar ages. The calculation of the production rate of 36Cl from Ca and of the thermal neutron flux had to be based on literature data for the other production paths involved in the total production. These data indicate loss of 36Cl in some of the samples while other s amples even show increased 36Cl contents compared to the expected amounts.
ASSESSING EDGE AVOIDANCE AND AREA SENSITIVITY OF RED-EYED VIREOS IN SOUTHCENTRAL ONTARIO

Abstract We assessed edge avoidance, area sensitivity, and the relationship between local and regional forest cover for nesting Red-eyed Vireos (Vireo olivaceus) in 13 forest fragments (1–2,353 ha in size) in southcentral Ontario, Canada. Red-eyed Vireo territories and nests were not significantly farther from the edge than random points in any of the forest fragments, and there was no relationship between the probability of a male pairing and the distance of the territory from the edge of the forest fragment. The density of singing males and the probability of a male being paired increased significantly with increasing local forest cover within a 2-km radius of a study site, but not with forest fragment area or regional forest cover within a 10-km radius. Nest success was low and the probability of a nest being parasitized by the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) or successfully fledging ≥1 host young did not vary with distance of the nest from the forest edge or with any of our area or forest cover measures. Red-eyed Vireos did not display edge avoidance nor did they appear to be area sensitive within our study region, but there was a positive relationship with the amount of local (2-km radius) forest cover. Maintaining localized regions with high forest cover has been recommended on numerous occasions for the conservation of area sensitive species; our results suggest high forest cover also may benefit species that do not appear to be area sensitive.
General and biochemical composition of caviar from Sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) farmed in Korea.

Our study was undertaken to gain basic and detailed information about the composition of caviar from sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) aqua-cultured in Korea. The moisture, protein, and lipid content of caviar samples was 51.32 ± 2.36%, 25.43 % ± 0.32, and 13.21% ± 0.44, respectively. Hunter color L, a, and b value of unprocessed caviars was 14.83, 0.58, and 1.87, respectively. In accordance with time distribution, a and b values were not significantly changed during the period of observation, but L values indicative of brightness began to decline from 5 weeks. The fatty acids of the caviars consisted of saturated (27.87%), monounsaturated (43.14%), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (28.99%), especially, omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (11.39%) and eicosapentanoic acid (4.69%). Among the total amino acids, glutamic acid of 33.5 mg/g (13.9%) was the largest portion of caviars, followed by lysine (27.1 mg/g, 11.3%), leucine (23.1 mg/g, 9.6%), and phenylalanine (22.4 mg/g, 9.3%).
N2O fluxes of a bio‐energy poplar plantation during a two years rotation period

Nitrous oxide emissions are of critical importance for the assumed climate neutrality of bio‐energy. In this study we report on the N2O fluxes from a bio‐energy poplar plantation measured with eddy covariance for 2 years, after conversion of agricultural fields to few months after harvesting of the plantation. A pulse peak of N2O was detected after the land use change and in the wake of the first heavy rainfall. The N2O‐N emission during just a single week was 2.7 kg N2O‐N ha−1 which represented approximately 42% of the total N2O‐N emitted during the 2 years of measurements. After this peak emission, N2O fluxes were constantly rather low, not increasing after rainfall events any longer. Lowest emissions (and even N2O sink) occurred mostly during the end of the second growing season with maximum canopy development, and water table deeper than 80 cm. Gross primary production (GPP) explained 68% of the monthly averaged variability in N2O emission from August to December 2011. Probably N uptake by vegetation during the peak of the second growing season limited N2O emission, which in fact increased again after the plantation was coppiced. For the majority of the measuring period, N2O fluxes did not present a well‐defined diurnal pattern, with the exception of two periods: (1) from 19–22 August 2010 and (2) from September–November 2011. In both cases wind speed played a major role in controlling the diurnal pattern in these fluxes (explaining up to 80% of the diurnal variability in N2O fluxes on 19–22 August 2010), whereas at the end of the second growing season (September–November 2011), GPP explained 73% of the diurnal pattern in N2O fluxes.