Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensitivities to Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor of Intact and Decoated Spores of Bacillus subtilis As Influenced by Divalent Cations Supplemented in Sporulation Medium

We developed Mn-supplemented, Fe-supplemented, and Ca-supplemented spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 and ATCC9372 in the respective presence of manganese, ferric and calcium ions, and compared their resistance to vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide with that to aqueous phase hydrogen peroxide and heat. Mn-supplemented spores were the most sensitive to heat and hydrogen peroxide solution but was the most resistant to vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide at low relative humidities as compared with Fe-supplemented and Ca-supplemented spores of the two strains. In the vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide treatment, the spore resistance was affected by the relative humidity during the period for spore preparation and was lowest at a relative humidity of 33%. The removal of the spore coat from the spores of stra in 168 markedly sensitized Fe-supplemented and Ca-supplemented spores, and also slightly sensitized Mnsupplemented spores, to vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide. These results indicate that both divalent cations in spores and the relative humidity affect the spore resistance to hydrogen peroxide vapor and suggest that the spore coat plays a role in this resistance.
Modelling uptake into roots and subsequent translocation of neutral and ionisable organic compounds

A study on uptake of neutral and dissociating organic compounds from soil solution into roots, and their subsequent translocation, was undertaken using model simulations. The model approach combines the processes of lipophilic sorption, electrochemical interactions, ion trap, advection in xylem and dilution by growth. It needs as input data, apart from plant properties, log KOW, pKa and the valency number of the compound, and pH and chemical concentration in the soil solution. Equilibrium and dynamic (steady-state) models were tested against measured data from several authors, including non-electrolytes as well as weakly acidic and weakly basic compounds. Deviations from the measured values led to further development of the model approach: sorption in the central cylinder may explain the small transpiration stream concentration factor of lipophilic compounds. For non-electrolytes, the model predicted uptake and translocation with high accuracy. For acids and bases, the tendency of the results was satisfactory. The dynamic model and the equilibrium approach gave similar results for the root concentration factor. The calculation of the transpiration stream concentration factor was more accurate with the dynamic model, but still gave deviations up to factor of ten or more. The dominating process for monovalent weak electrolytes was found to be the ion trap effect. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of Lysiphlebia japonica (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), a parasitoid of Toxoptera citricida (Homoptera: Aphididae) at five temperatures.

The brown citrus aphid (BrCA), Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), a newly introduced pest of citrus, has become established in Florida. BrCA has shown the capacity not only to inflict direct feeding damage but also to transmit various strains of citrus tristeza virus. As a component of integrated pest management (IPM) against BrCA, an aphidiid parasitoid, Lysiphlebia japonica (Ashmead) was imported from Japan by USDA. In this study, the development of L. japonica was measured at five constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30C) using BrCA as a host. Development rate from oviposition to emergence of adult wasps increased linearly with increasing temperature between 10-25C. The developmental periods from oviposition to adult wasp emergence ranged from 29.7 d at 10C to 9.9 d at 25C. Developmental threshold and degree day (DD) requirement for development from oviposition to adult eclosion were 2.9C and 223.46 DD. The percentage of parasitism varied from 49.93-23.47% within the temperature range of 10-30C. Pupal survivorship and sex ratio decreased as temperature increased between 10-30C. Based on our data, this parasitoid is presumably more effective in control of BrCA in cooler months than in summer months.
An Exploration of the Customer-seller Relationship Break-up by Precursor Signals: a Dyadic Qualitative Analysis

Everybody agrees to say that churn rates are becoming higher and higher. Furthermore, it is said that it is more cost effective to retain customers than to acquire them (Reichheld 1993). In this context, customer relationship management has become an important focus for firms. Morgan and Hunt (1994) argue that managing business relationships not only implies managing their development but also preventing their damage and their ending and, if needed, managing the dissolution. Previous research has explored drivers of customer defection (e.g. Keaveney 1995), business relationship ending factors (e.g. Prim-Allaz 2000) and also relationship dissolution processes in both consumer (e.g. Hocutt 1998) and business relationships (e.g. Halinen and Tähtinen 2002). Alajoutsijarvi, Moller and Tähtinen (2000) suggest that when trying to maintain a relationship, a firm may recognize precursor signals of a potential dissolution and then take adequate actions to restore this relationship. Therefore the aim of this paper is to shed light on how firms can anticipate the relationship break-up. In particular, the purpose is to outline the existence of relationship break-up precursor signals in the dissolution process and then to identify these signals. To confront this issue, we will review prior research on the dissolution process that provides reasons for believing that such signals exist. Then, with regard to prior research, the influencing factors of relationship dissolution, which help to identify precursor signals, will be presented. Following this, we will expose the research method (a set of qualitative interviews) and the main results. The main results and contributions of the paper are related to breakup anticipation. By analysing the speeches of saleseople and industrial customers, we outline that relationship break-ups can be detected before they happen. Actually, this research has determined that complaint behavior, information seeking, objective knowledge about alternatives and relationship neglect can be seen as precursor signals of relationship break-ups.
Forest Fragmentation, Pollination, and Plant Reproduction in a Chaco Dry Forest, Argentina

In a fragmented, dry subtropical forest in northwestern Argentina, we com- pared pollination levels, fruit set, and seed set among small ( 2 ha) fragments, and continuous forest in 16 plant species representing a wide range of pollination systems, breeding systems, and growth forms. For three species, Prosopis nigra (Mimosoideae), Cercidium australe (Caesalpinoideae), and Atamisquea emarginata (Cap- paraceae), the three treatments were replicated across four sites; we achieved less replication for other species. Because comparisons between forest and fragment populations for dif- ferent species took place in different sites, however, by treating all 16 species as a unit we lessened the potential bias of confounding site effects and could evaluate the overall impact of fragmentation. Significant or marginal (P < .10) fragmentation-related declines in number of pollen tubes per style, fruit set, and seed set occurred in 9 of 16, 5 of 15, and 3 of 14 species, respectively. Overall, significant or nonsignificant declines occurred in 8 1% (pollen tubes), 73% (fruit set), and 79% (seed set) of the species. In all cases these proportions were greater (P ' .06) than the null binomial expectation of a 1: 1 ratio of increases to decreases. Breeding system did not explain sensitivity to fragmentation: the magnitudes of declines in pollen tubes, fruit set, and seed set were virtually indistinguishable between self-compatible and self-incompatible species. At least 4 of the 10 self-incompatible species, however, were heavily visited in small fragments by Africanized honey bees, which may have compensated for a decline in visits by native pollinators. The exact nature of responses varied among plant species. In some, the absolute quantity of pollen grains transferred to stigmas decreased with fragmentation, and sometimes this was reflected in reduced fruit or seed set. In Cercidium, Prosopis, and Atamisquea, the quality of the grains transferred apparently changed: number of pollen tubes produced per pollen grain on the stigma declined with increasing fragmentation, and at least in the latter two species seed production declined as well. Overall, levels of pollination and seed production undoubtedly integrated many idio- syncratic effects of fragmentation on particular plant and animal populations, and indicated that "community health" of fragments suffered in comparison with that of continuous forest. Median decreases in pollination levels and seed output from forest to fragments approached 20%. The impact of these declines on plant recruitment is less clear, however, because cattle grazing and trampling of seedlings and saplings in fragments may constitute a much more serious short-term conservation problem.
Relação entre a atividade de esterases e a resistência de Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Sternorrhyncha:Aphididae) a pirimicarbe

The objective of this research was to evaluate the relationship between the total activity of carboxylesterase and the resistance of M. persicae populations to pirimicarb. The aphids were collected on potato plants in Contenda and Pirai do Sul, PR and Ibicoara, BA, Brazil. For the bioassay, five replicates for each concentration were prepared with 10 aphids placed in plastic vials with a fine fabric mesh on the bottom, and dipped into pirimicarb concentrations (%) at 0.0031; 0.0062; 0.0125; 0.025; 0.05, and 0.1%, during 10 seconds, then dried on filter paper. After 1h inside a 25°C chamber, the aphids were examined under a stereomicroscope, recording the number of dead insects. The carboxylesterase activity was assessed by in vitro colorimetric technique. A simple correlation was established between the results of the LC50 bioassay and the frequency of M. persicae resistant variants. According to the absorbance level, the aphids were classified as variants S; S/R1 (S or R1); R1; R1/R2 (R1 or R2); R2 and R3, respectively susceptible; partially resistant, resistant and highly resistant. It was found a significant positive correlation between the LC50 and the frequency of R2 forms and a significant negative correlation between LC50 and the frequency of S and S/R1 forms. The colorimetric data supported the bioassay results, indicating that the bioassay was precise enough to determine either populations with high frequency of susceptible individuals or population with high proportion of resistant and highly resistant individuals.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of Mannich bases of isatin and its derivatives with 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenylacetic acid

A series of 2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1,3-disubstituted indoles were prepared by the reaction of 2,3dihydro-2-oxo-3-substituted indoles with 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenylacetic acid in the presence of formaldehyde. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, H NMR and mass spectra. All the synthesized compounds were tested for their antibacterial activities against Gram + and Gram – bacteria, and antifungal activities. Among the synthesized compounds RS II showed moderate antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, RS I, RS II, RS III and RS VI showed moderate antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, RS V and RS VI showed good anti fungal activity against P. notatum.
Using phylogenomics to resolve mega‐families: An example from Compositae

Next‐generation sequencing and phylogenomics hold great promise for elucidating complex relationships among large plant families. Here, we performed targeted capture of low copy sequences followed by next‐generation sequencing on the Illumina platform in the large and diverse angiosperm family Compositae (Asteraceae). The family is monophyletic, based on morphology and molecular data, yet many areas of the phylogeny have unresolved polytomies and interpreting phylogenetic patterns has been historically difficult. In order to outline a method and provide a framework and for future phylogenetic studies in the Compositae, we sequenced 23 taxa from across the family in which the relationships were well established as well as a member of the sister family Calyceraceae. We generated nuclear data from 795 loci and assembled chloroplast genomes from off‐target capture reads enabling the comparison of nuclear and chloroplast genomes for phylogenetic analyses. We also analyzed multi‐copy nuclear genes in our data set using a clustering method during orthology detection, and we applied a network approach to these clusters—analyzing all related locus copies. Using these data, we produced hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships employing both a conservative (restricted to only loci with one copy per targeted locus) and a multigene approach (including all copies per targeted locus). The methods and bioinformatics workflow presented here provide a solid foundation for future work aimed at understanding gene family evolution in the Compositae as well as providing a model for phylogenomic analyses in other plant mega‐families.
Effect of Several Variables on in Vitro Rumen Fermentation

Summary In vitro rumen fermentations were carried out in which the effect of several variables on dry matter and cellulose digestion and/or volatile fatty acid production was determined. With the regimes imposed, it was shown that percentages of cellulose and dry matter digestibility were improved by a reduced concentration of substrate and an increase in rumen liquor. Mineral media concentration had little effect within the ranges employed. Different sources of rumen liquor at times had marked effects on substrate digestion, with significant differences observed between twin steers in two trials. Adjustment of pH was shown to have a significant influence on cellulose digestibility, with indications that the optimum pH may be dependent to some extent on the rumen liquor source. Decreasing particle size of an alfalfa substrate was observed to depress dry matter and cellulose digestibility, but had no effect on peavine hay. Fritted glass disc crucibles were used to estimate dry matter digestion. The correlation between these data so determined, and cellulose digestibility on a limited number of comparisons, was . 96 (P
Enzyme applications for monogastric feeds: a review.

The potential for industrial enzyme products as animal feed additives has attracted substantial interest from feed manufacturers as a novel means of improving animal performance. Enzyme manufacturers have also targeted feed as an alternate outlet for their products, which have primarily been in the food, beverage, and detergent industries. Despite a history dating back 35 years or more, only recently has enzyme application been extensive and efforts in research intensified. The use of enzymes that degrade polysaccharides of the endosperm cell wall has become most prominent. The major cell wall polysaccharides are the β-glucans in barley and oats and arabinoxylans (pentosans) in rye, wheat, and triticale. In barley and rye particularly, the cell wall carbohydrates are prone to solubilization. The major enzymes are endolytic and achieve their beneficial effects by removal of diffusion constraints that interfere with nutrient absorption. Although most nutrients are affected, fat malabsorption may be severe i.
Growth and Ion Distribution Is Affected by Irrigation with Saline Water in Selected Landscape Species Grown in Two Consecutive Growing Seasons: Spring―summer and Fall―winter

Landscape irrigation is the second largest user of reclaimed water in industrial-ized countries; however, its high concentration of soluble salts, especially Na + and Cl ― , may induce growth reduction and leaf necrosis or bronzing in ornamental species. The present study was conducted to determine the growth and quality responses and nutritional ion imbalances of selected landscape species during the container production phase when subjected to irrigation with water of increasing NaCl + CaCl 2 concentrations. Plants of boxwood [Buxus microphylla var. japonica (Mull. Arg. ex Miq) Rehder & E.H. Wilson], escallonia (Escallonia ×exoniensis hort. Veich ex Bean), hawthorn [Raplziolepis indica (L.) Lind. Ex Ker Gawl. x 'Montic'], hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.), and juniper (Juniperus chinensis L.) were grown in a greenhouse in the Spring-Summer and in the Fall-Winter in separate experiments. Saline irrigation consisted of solutions with electrical conductivities (EC iw ) of 0.6, 2, 4, 6, and 8 dS·m ―1 in the Spring-Summer experiment and 0.6, 4, 6, 8, and 12 dS·m ―1 in the Fall-Winter. Growth of the five species decreased when irrigated with saline waters. Leaf growth was highly sensitive to salinity and the average decrease in leaf dry weight was the criterion used to rank the tolerance of the species. In the Spring-Summer experiment, the ranking was (higher tolerance to lower tolerance): juniper ∼ boxwood > escallonia > hawthorn > hibiscus, whereas in Fall―Winter, the ranking was: juniper ∼ boxwood > hibiscus > escallonia > hawthorn. The species were ranked according to their visual attractiveness in the Spring―Summer experiment. The threshold EC iw at which visual attractiveness was affected gave the following ranking (higher to lower tolerance): hibiscus > juniper > escallonia > hawthorn > boxwood. Estimating the EC of drainage water from threshold EC iw , boxwood was classified as sensitive, hawthorn as moderately sensitive, escallonia as moderately tolerant, and hibiscus and juniper as highly tolerant. Tolerance of juniper was ascribed to Na + and Cl ― retention in the roots observed in both growing seasons and to the higher root biomass that allowed a higher accumulation of salts in this organ, preventing translocation to the leaves. Although boxwood exhibited acceptable tolerance in terms of growth, visual quality severely decreased; in contrast, growth of hibiscus was the most severely reduced but was rated as the most tolerant species in terms of visual quality. This opposite response may be the result of an excellent capacity to compartmentalize salts in hibiscus, whereas in boxwood, this mechanism may be absent.
Characterization and analysis of the molecular weight of lignin for biorefining studies

The molecular weight of lignin is a fundamental property that influences the recalcitrance of biomass and the valorization of lignin. The determination of the molecular weight of lignin in native biomass is dependent on the bioresources used and the isolation and purification procedures employed. The three most commonly employed isolation methods are milled wood lignin (MWL), cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL), and enzymatic mild acidolysis lignin (EMAL). Common characterization techniques for determining the molecular weight of lignin will be addressed, with an emphasis on gel permeation chromatography (GPC). This review also examines the mechanisms behind several biological, physical, and chemical pre‐treatments and their impact on the molecular weight of lignin. The number average molecular weight (Mn), weight average molecular weight (Mw) and polydispersity index (D) all vary in magnitude depending on the biomass source, pre‐treatment conditions, and isolation method. Additionally, there is a growing body of literature that supports changes in the molecular weight of lignin in response to genetic modifications in the lignin biosynthetic pathways. This review summarizes different procedures for obtaining the molecular weight of lignin that have been used in recent years and highlight future opportunities for applications of lignin. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
COEXISTENCE OF PECCARIES AND FERAL HOGS IN THE BRAZILIAN PANTANAL WETLAND: AN ECOMORPHOLOGICAL VIEW

Abstract Niche partitioning among sympatric populations of white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), and feral hog (Sus scrofa) is evaluated using an ecomorphological approach. Masticatory apparatus and head-elevation lever system of the 3 species are compared by skull measures related to moment arms of associated muscles. Force-rates based on the equation of static equilibrium are proposed as a basis of comparison between species-specific cranial designs related to mastication and digging ability. Morphofunctional data suggest that feral hogs have a powerful bite and are able to feed on seeds of different degrees of resistance. With an optimized lever system of head elevation, feral hogs are more efficient than peccaries at rooting. These facts, along with the capacity of feral hogs to explore a wide range of habitats, support the view that the species acts as a potential competitor of native peccaries.
Detección de adenovirus en niños menores de 5 años con síndrome diarreico: Estado Zulia-Venezuela

Las diarreas son una de las principales causas de enfermedad infantil en todo el mundo, especialmente en paises en vias desarrollo, en donde las enfermedades diarreicas representan un factor muy importante de mortalidad infantil, alcanzando, principalmente, a menores de 5 anos de edad. Se calcula que los adenovirus pueden ser el segundo agente causal de las diarreas agudas despues del rotavirus y que contribuye entre el 5 y 20% de los ninos hospitalizados por diarrea. El objetivo del estudio fue detectar la presencia de adenovirus entericos 40 y 41, utilizando la tecnica de PCR en muestras de heces diarreicas de 190 ninos de ambos sexos, menores de 5 anos de edad, de diferentes municipios y centros de salud del estado Zulia, recolectadas en el periodo de Enero de 2011 a Noviembre 2013. Se encontro un 22,10% (42/190) de positividad en las muestras estudiadas, lo que demostro que este virus es causa de gran parte de los casos de diarreas en los ninos. Segun la procedencia el mayor numero de casos estuvo en el Municipio Jesus Enrique Lossada con un 28,57%. Adenovirus predomino en el grupo lactante menor con un 52,38% (22/127), con diferencias significativas (p<0,05) con el resto de los grupos etarios. El sexo masculino fue el mas afectado con un 57,14% (24/92) con respecto al femenino. La relacion en cuanto a positividad para el virus y las manifestaciones clinicas, se destacan, diarrea en 42/42 (100%), seguido de vomitos 28/42 Deteccion de adenovirus en ninos menores de 5 anos con sindrome diarreico 67 (73,80%). El presente estudio indica que adenovirus 40 y 41 son agentes etiologicos importantes de las diarreas en la poblacion infantil estudiada.
Gastrointestinal Parasites of the Swallow-Tailed Kite (Elanoides forficatus), Including a Report of Lesions Associated with the Nematode Dispharynx sp

Abstract Endoparasites of raptors are rarely documented to cause pathogenecity. We examined 60 live and 5 salvaged Swallow-tailed Kites (Elanoides forficatus) for gastrointestinal parasites. Methods included screening excreta collected from nestling and adult kites and their nests and dissecting the alimentary canals of salvaged nestlings. Kites hosted the following helminths (nematodes: Dispharynx sp., Procyrnea sp., and an immature ascarid; trematodes: Order Strigeatida; cestodes: Taenia vexata; acanthocephalan: Centrorhynchus spinosus), and two taxa of protozoans (Phylum Sporozoa: unidentified coccidia; and Phylum Metamonada: Giardia sp.). Two of 43 nestlings we examined during banding hosted larval Protocalliphora sp. (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Helminth prevalence was 27.7%, with trematodes and nematodes being most prevalent, 13.8% and 10.8% respectively (n = 65). The prevalence of Dispharynx sp. in first-year kites was 11.5% (n = 52). Dispharynx sp. caused stomach lesions in two first-year kites.