Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contemplating compliance: European compliance mechanisms in international perspective

How can international organizations make their Member States comply with the rules of the organization? Which is the more effective method: to coax and entice, to argue and persuade, or to threaten and punish? On the basis of which criteria should a compliance mechanism be construed and applied, given the character of the underlying obligations and the nature and set-up of the organization? Contemplating Compliance provides the reader with an understanding of what determines the effective functioning of compliance mechanisms. A three-dimensional compliance model is developed and applied to mechanisms in four international organizations: the European Union (EU), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). This systematic comparative analysis offers new insights into the way compliance mechanisms function, highlighting the importance of the existence of different types of mechanisms. Especially the possibility for interaction between hard and softer mechanisms plays an important role in inducing Member State compliance with the rules of an international organization.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Reorientational Motion in α-Mg(BH4)2

To study the reorientational motion of BH4 groups in the low-temperature (α) phase of Mg(BH4)2, we have performed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements of the 1H and 11B spin−lattice relaxation rates in this compound over wide ranges of temperature (82−443 K) and resonance frequency (14−90 MHz for 1H and 14−28 MHz for 11B). It is found that the thermally activated reorientational motion in α-Mg(BH4)2 is characterized by a coexistence of at least three jump processes with strongly differing activation energies. Taking into account the anisotropy of the local environment of BH4 groups in α-Mg(BH4)2, these jump processes can be attributed to different types of reorientation. The nearly linear coordination of BH4 groups by two Mg atoms suggests that the fastest jump process corresponds to the rotation around the 2-fold axis connecting B and two Mg atoms, whereas the slowest process is associated with the rotation around two other 2-fold axes perpendicular to the Mg−B−Mg line.
On the spectral analysis of speech for subsequent resynthesis by acoustic instruments

This text is to draw your attention to two techniques I have developed for the approximated reproduction of speech sounds solely by acoustic instruments. In both, a Fast Fourier Analysis of sound waves is the starting point. Eight diagrammes are supplied as illustration. The first of these techniques, Additive Synthesis through Musical Instruments, which I will call Synthrumentation, creates a polyphonic note score in which all pitches at any given time are upper partials of a (not necessarily explicitly played) melody, acoustically coalescing to project the melody, if physically absent, as a residual tone or simply to enhance its timbre if it is physically present ; the second technique, Spectral Stochastics, here called Spectastics, redefines time-variant spectral amplitude envelope as a probability distribution curve for a monographic sequence of pitches, which if performed rapidly enough, can dissolve a cloud of notes reflecting the input timbres
Comparison of Compression Schemes for CLARA

CLARA (Compact Linear Advanced Research Accelerator)at Daresbury Laboratory is proposed to be the UK's national FEL test facility. The accelerator will be a ~250 MeV electron linac capable of producing short, high brightness electron bunches. The machine comprises a 2.5cell RF photocathode gun, one 2 m and three 5 m normal conducting S-band (2998MHz) accelerating structures and a variable magnetic compression chicane. CLARA will be used as a test bed for novel FEL configurations. We present a comparison of acceleration and compression schemes for the candidate machine layout.
Stop Staring: Facial Modeling and Animation Done Right

Lips, brows, frown lines--theyre all in motion in an expressive face. Stop Staring analyzes facial structures and movements and shows animators how to enliven the faces of their characters. The author, whose own handsome head (in modeled form) graces the cover, is an experienced animator currently working on The Sims. He writes with a dry wit and a confidence born from experience. The book is friendly but also loaded with content and precise in its directions. "I am by no means Gods gift to animation, but I do pretty well at making a talking head look like a living one, not just a set of gums flapping. " This is not a how-to manual, but a richly detailed guide to achieving the right movements for a given situation and emotion. The companion CD includes all the pieces readers will need in order to work along with the text: models (both realistic and stylized toon characters), lip-synching samples, finished Quicktime movies, and even a copy of Maya Personal LE. (More info and some movies can be found at jasonosipa.com.) Readers move from "Getting to Know the Face," to synching audio, working on the mouth, eyes, and brows, and rigging. Osipa has created a methodology for facial animation that gets results and makes the process fun. The book can be used as a step-by-step guide for learning new skills or finessing techniques, or as a reference book for troubleshooting specific expressions (for example, "happy eyes," "frustration," and "sneers" are all in the index). Although the projects are presented using Maya, the concepts involved pertain to animation in general. There are lots of production tips and, in Chapter 13, case studies using five scripted scenes. Readers can even begin with this last chapter, watching the movies (theyre funny! ) and enjoying Osipas debates as he works through animating his face telling a lame bartender joke or a sassy toon gal weighing the pros and cons of pink and blue bows. This hip writer knows what hes talking about, even when its his own animated mug thats doing the talking! --Angelynn Grant
Modelling temperature effects on crop photosynthesis at high radiation in a solar greenhouse

Abstract The climate inside a solar greenhouse (a high-tech greenhouse essentially heated by solar energy and provided with facilities for seasonal energy storage) is more dependent on outside conditions than in ordinary greenhouses. To optimise ventilation, one has to take into account that optimum temperature for canopy photosynthesis rises with increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2. To predict canopy photosynthesis and to relate dry weight production to temperature control, a reliable model is needed. Models of canopy photosynthesis have not yet been validated at the extreme climate situations that may be expected in a solar greenhouse in summer (high irradiation, temperature and humidity). Three versions of increasing complexity of leaf photosynthesis simulation models, M1, M2, and M2 were evaluated in a canopy photosynthesis model under such conditions. The reference (SUCROS related) model, M1, has been extensively validated for a tomato crop under normal greenhouse conditions. M2 is an extension of M1 with a more biochemical description of the underlying processes. M2 is an extension of M2, including a sub-model of stomatal resistance. In a crop model, the three sub-models were compared under fixed conditions and with observed climate data. There were substantial differences between the three models, especially at high temperatures and high radiation, irrespective of the CO2 level. The biochemical model, M2, performed somewhat differently than M1. But, the strongest discrepancies were observed with model M2 due to the much higher predicted stomatal resistance compared to the values adopted in M1 and M2. The results demonstrate that it is necessary to investigate the performance of greenhouse crop models under a wider range of conditions when they are to be applied in a solar greenhouse.
Product Costing in Lean Manufacturing Organizations

Lean manufacturing has been widely adopted by many organizations since the early 1990s. At the same time, the traditional accounting methods are almost obsolete with respect to Lean Manufacturing system. It fails to properly assess the operational improvements and therefore new cost management methods are needed to support the newly implemented lean manufacturing system. This paper discusses the drawbacks of traditional accounting methods used in companies that adopt Lean Manufacturing and presents two costing methods compatible with lean manufacturing organizations, Value Stream Costing (VSC) and features & characteristics costing which intended to cast light on the operational improvements achieved in organizations adopting lean manufacturing. Value Stream Costing appears to provide a bridge between operational views and financial views of lean, which enhances the transfer of information from shop level to management level. Keywords: lean manufacturing, lean accounting, Activity-Based Costing, Value Stream Costing
On the Secrecy Capacity in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks

본 논문에서는 면허 사용자와 감청 사용자가 존재하는 인지무선 네트워크에서 릴레이 선택 기능을 이용한 물리 계층 보안 시스템을 제안하고 성능을 분석한다. 먼저 감청에 대한 보안성 확보를 위해 수신기 측에서의 채널 정보를 이용하는 기회적 최적 릴레이 선택 방법과 다중 안테나 다이버지시티를 이용하는 시스템을 제안한다. 이러한 시스템에서 인지무선 네트워크의 보안 outage 확률을 정의하고 수학적으로 정확한 확률 식을 유도한다. 아울러 송신전력에 제한이 없는 경우에 대한 점근적 outage 확률을 구한다. 수치 해석 결과를 제시함으로써 유도한 확률식의 정확성을 검증한다.
An Optimization Based Multilevel Algorithm for Variational Image Segmentation Models

Variational active contour models have become very popular in recent years, especially global variational models which segment all objects in an image. Given a set of user-de(cid:28)ned prior points, selective variational models aim to segment selectively one object only. We are concerned with fast solution of the latter models. Time marching methods with semi-implicit schemes (gradient descents) or additive operator splitting are used frequently to solve the resulting Euler Lagrange equations derived from these models. For images of moderate size, such methods are e(cid:27)ective. However, to process images of large size, urgent need exists in developing fast iterative solvers. Unfortunately geometric multigrid methods do not converge satisfactorily. Here we propose an optimization based multilevel algorithm for e(cid:30)ciently solving a class of selective segmentation models. It also applies to solution of global segmentation models. In level set function formulation, our (cid:28)rst variant of the proposed multilevel algorithm has the expected optimal O ( N log N ) e(cid:30)ciency for an image of size n × n with N = n 2 . However modi(cid:28)ed localized models are proposed to exploit the local nature of segmentation contours and consequently our second variant after modi(cid:28)cation is up to practically super-optimal e(cid:30)ciency O ( √ N log N ) . Numerical results show that good segmentation quality is obtained and, as expected, excellent e(cid:30)ciency is observed in reducing computational time.
Partial Zero-Forcing Precoding for Interference Channels with Limited Transmitter Cooperation

Partial Zero-Forcing Precoding for Interference Channels with Limited Transmitter Cooperation Siddarth Hari Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto 2010 This thesis looks at the problem of designing a coding strategy for interference channels with rate-limited transmitter cooperation. We first consider a simple communication model in which the classic two-user Gaussian interference channel is augmented by ratelimited conferencing links between the transmitters. The main contribution is a partial zero-forcing precoding strategy based on a shared-private rate splitting scheme at the transmitter, in which each transmitter communicates part of its message to the other transmitter, and subsequently partially pre-subtracts the interfering signal using a zeroforcing precoder. We extend the proposed strategy to a class of multiuser interference channels, and outline a distributed algorithm to compute the precoder coefficients. The partial zero-forcing precoding strategy is shown to be particularly effective in certain high SNR/INR regimes, and simulation results for a multicell system highlight the cooperation gain due to the proposed strategy.
Further improvement of N6 medium for callus induction and plant regeneration from maize immature embryos

To explore the possibility to improve N6 medium for callus induction and plant regeneration from maize immature embryos, comparative experiments were conducted to screen the optimal calcium concentration for the callus induction medium and the subculture medium modified from N6 medium and to examine the effects of uniconazole and ABT root promoting powder supplement on plant regeneration and root generation. According to the results, the calcium concentration of N6 medium was increased from 1.13 to 5 mmol/l for callus induction and subculture. Uniconazole from 0.25 and 0.5 mg/l and ABT root promoting powder of 0.5 mg/l were suggested to be supplemented to the regeneration medium and the root generation, separately. On these improved media, the frequency of callus induction, the relative proliferation rate of callus subculture, the regeneration rate and the average root biomass of the regenerated plantlets increased significantly. All these improvements facilitate the establishment of acceptor system from elite parental inbred lines of commercial hybrids and provide a solid basis for transgenic manipulation of maize. Keywords: ABT root-promoting powder, calcium, callus induction, immature embryo, maize, N6 medium, plant regeneration, uniconazole
DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR A MULTIPLE-LEVEL WAREHOUSE LAYOUT BASED ON PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM

The multi-level warehouse layout problem with different z-axis storage spaces is investigated. In this study, a design methodology for a multiple-level warehouse layout (MLWL) is developed in order to minimize the total material handling costs by considering different number of the storage areas allocated to different groups along the z-axis under physical constraints. The proposed mathematical model is NP-hard. Boundary conditions are often used in particle swarm optimization (PSO) in order to keep the particles as much as possible in the allowable solution spaces. Moreover, two new boundary conditions are proposed for keeping the particles in the allowable solution spaces. Besides, a proposed assignment algorithm for particles’ initial values is used to overcome the problem of the time lost while particles are searching inappropriate solutions in allowable solution spaces
Snacking Increased among United States Adults between 1977 and 2006 1-3

This study built on limited knowledge about patterns and trends of adult snacking in the US. We selected adults aged 19 y and older (n = 44,754) between 1977–1978 and 2003–2006 with results weighted and adjusted for sample design effects. Differences testing, by a Student’st test, used STATA 10 (P #0.01). We defined a snacking event as intakeof foods over a 15-min period and excluded food defined as snacks but eaten at a meal. Dietary data were obtained from the first 2 d for the 1977–1978 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS 77) and the 1989–1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII 89); and 2-d dietary data from the 1994–1996 CSFII (CSFII 96) and the NHANES from 2 consecutive surveys: NHANES 2003–2004 and NHANES 2005–2006 (NHANES 03–06). Results showed that snacking prevalence increased significantly from 71 to 97% in 2003–2006 with increases in both the 1989–1994 and the 1994–2006 periods. In all adults, snacking occasions increased 0.97 events over this time period (P , 0.01) and the contribution of snacks to total energy intake increased from 18 to 24% (P , 0.01). The energy density of snacks (food plus beverages) also increased progressively over the time period studied. Important changes in snacking food sources were found among desserts, salty snacks, candies, and sweetened beverages. More research is needed to gain a better understanding of the implications for overall energy intake and energy imbalance. J. Nutr. doi: 10.3945/jn.109. 112763.
Spatially resolved observation of the fundamental and second harmonic standing kink modes using SDO/AIA

We consider a coronal loop kink oscillation observed by the atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) of the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) which demonstrates two strong spectral components. The period of the lower frequency component being approximately twice that of the shorter frequency component suggests the presence of harmonics. Methods. We examine the presence of two longitudinal harmonics by investigating the spatial dependence of the loop oscillation. The time-dependent displacement of the loop is measured at 15 locations along the loop axis. For each position the detrended displacement is fitted as the sum of two damped sinusoids, having periods P1 and P2, and a damping time τ. The shorter period component exhibits anti-phase oscillations in the loop legs. Results. We interpret the observation in terms of the first (global or fundamental) and second longitudinal harmonics of the standing kink mode. The strong excitation of the second harmonic appears connected to the preceding coronal mass ejection (CME) which displaced one of the loop legs. The oscillation parameters found are P1 “ 5.00 ˘ 0.62 minutes, P2 “ 2.20 ˘ 0.23 minutes, P1{2P2 “ 1.15 ˘ 0.22, and τ{P “ 3.35 ˘ 1.45.
Examining Selected Business Factors Determining Access to Black Business Supplier Development Programme Funding in South Africa

This paper examines selected business factors determining access to Black Business Supplier Development Programme (BBSDP) funding in South Africa over the financial period 2011/12 to 2014/15. Raw data was sourced from the BBSDP database. Approved amount (AM) was the dependent variable while turnover amount prior to application (TA), number of employees in the previous year (NE), and distinct amounts required for tools and machinery (TM), business development (BD), and training (TR) were used as covariates in the model. Weighted estimation regression through the origin in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical program was applied for statistical analysis. Estimated results indicate that turnover prior to application, and the distinct amounts required for tools and machinery, business development, and training purposes, all had statistically significant positive effects on the amounts approved for firms during the period under review. In conclusion, the paper recommends that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) need to focus on investing in tools and machineryand business development as well as increasing their turnover levels in order to improveaccess to government funding.
Current Challenges of Research into Fibromyalgia: From Clinical Studies to Animal Models

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain [1]. The prevalence increases with age, ranging from 2 to 6 % of the population [2,3]. This syndrome predominantly affects female; the prevalence is six times more common in women than in men [4,5]. Patients with FM often describe their symptoms as a constant dull musculoskeletal ache, and sometimes muscle spasm or tightness [6]. The pain is diffuse over both sides of body, and may last for several months or even longer. The syndrome is commonly associated with several other symptoms, including fatigue, sleeping disturbance, cognitive impairment, and mood disorders [6,7]. Patients with FM usually complain about moderate to severe fatigue, even after sleeping for long period of time. Poor sleeping quality or insomnia is other common presentations. These patients can also suffer from cognitive disturbance. Patients may report difficulty in remembering and concentrating [7]. Depression and anxiety are also common in this group of patients (ranging from 30 to 50%) [8-10]. In addition, a variety of other pain symptoms are also reported in comorbidity with FM, such as headache and irritable bowel syndrome [8, 11].
Loughborough University Institutional Repository Evidence based dementia personas : Human factors design for people living with dementia

The complex needs of people with dementia can create challenges when designing care environments. A Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) approach to the design of dementia care environments was used to address this challenge, and support wellbeing and independence for system users. Four individual personas (Alison, Barry, Christine and David) and a couple persona (Chris and Sally) were developed to represent the needs of people living with dementia. The aim was to facilitate the exchange of information and expertise between stakeholders and improve understanding of the characteristics of system users. An evidence-based approach involved extracting information from design, dementia, and clinical literature. This was followed by an iterative persona development process and a validation exercise to review the concept, content and applications. This paper outlines the development process, describes each persona and discusses current and potential applications.
The individual and the actuation of sound change

This paper reviews current experimental approaches to sound change. An ongoing challenge in sound change research is to link the initiation of sound change within individual cognitive grammars to the diffusion of novel variants through the community. The articulatory and perceptual phonetic forces that bring about the pre-conditions for sound change and that explain its directionality are always present in the transmission of spoken language, yet sound systems are remarkably stable over time. This paper describes how recent approaches to the actuation problema converge on the idea that variability between individuals may be the key to understanding how some synchronic variation can become sound change. It then reviews the evidence for individual differences based on four areas of phonetic research (speech production, speech perception/cognitive processing, the perception-production link, and linguistic experience and imitation). This evidence suggests that differences between individuals may help to explain why sound change is so rarely actuated even though the phonetic pre-conditions are constantly being generated in spoken language interactions.