Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Energetic electron precipitation associated with pulsating aurora: EISCAT and Van Allen Probe observations

Pulsating auroras show quasi‐periodic intensity modulations caused by the precipitation of energetic electrons of the order of tens of keV. It is expected theoretically that not only these electrons but also subrelativistic/relativistic electrons precipitate simultaneously into the ionosphere owing to whistler mode wave‐particle interactions. The height‐resolved electron density profile was observed with the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Tromsø VHF radar on 17 November 2012. Electron density enhancements were clearly identified at altitudes >68 km in association with the pulsating aurora, suggesting precipitation of electrons with a broadband energy range from ~10 keV up to at least 200 keV. The riometer and network of subionospheric radio wave observations also showed the energetic electron precipitations during this period. During this period, the footprint of the Van Allen Probe‐A satellite was very close to Tromsø and the satellite observed rising tone emissions of the lower band chorus (LBC) waves near the equatorial plane. Considering the observed LBC waves and electrons, we conducted a computer simulation of the wave‐particle interactions. This showed simultaneous precipitation of electrons at both tens of keV and a few hundred keV, which is consistent with the energy spectrum estimated by the inversion method using the EISCAT observations. This result revealed that electrons with a wide energy range simultaneously precipitate into the ionosphere in association with the pulsating aurora, providing the evidence that pulsating auroras are caused by whistler chorus waves. We suggest that scattering by propagating whistler simultaneously causes both the precipitations of subrelativistic electrons and the pulsating aurora.
A ‘No-Flow-Sensor’ Wind Estimation Algorithm for Unmanned Aerial Systems

A ‘no-flow-sensor’ wind estimation algorithm for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) is presented. It is based on ground speed and flight path azimuth information from the autopilot's GPS system. The algorithm has been tested with the help of the simulation option in the Paparazzi autopilot software using artificial wind profiles. The retrieval accuracy of the predefined profiles by the wind algorithm and its sensitivity to vertical aircraft velocity, diameter of the helical flight pattern and different data sampling methods have been investigated. The algorithm with a correspondingly optimized set of parameters is then applied to various scientific flight missions under real wind conditions performed by the UAS SUMO (Small Unmanned Meteorological Observer). The SUMO wind profiles are compared to measurements of conventional atmospheric profiling systems as radiosondes and piloted balloons. In general, the presented ‘no-flow-sensor’ wind estimation method performs well in most atmospheric situations and is now operationally used in the post-processing routine for wind profile determination from SUMO measurements.
Ambient sound as a cue for navigation by the pelagic larvae of reef fishes

Sound is a potentially important navigational cue for organisms in aquatic environments. Most reef fishes produce pelagic larvae that must locate suitable settlement habitat for the completion of their life-cycle. We used light traps and underwater loudspeakers to determine whether reef fish larvae are attracted to sounds produced on a reef. 'Sound traps' caught more triplefin (a benthic reef fish) larvae than did 'silent traps', demonstrating that the larvae of some reef fishes may use sound as a navigational cue in the field. Catches of pilchard larvae, a pelagic fish, did not vary between treatments. These results are the first demonstration, of which we are aware, of sound as a potential navigational cue in the aquatic environment.
A machine learning approach to automate facial expressions from physical activity

We propose a novel approach based on machine learning to simulate facial expressions related to physical activity. Because of the various factors they involve, such as psychological and biomechanical, facial expressions are complex to model. While facial performance capture provides the best results, it is costly and difficult to use for real-time interaction during intense physical activity. A number of methods exist to automate facial animation related to speech or emotion, but there are no methods to automate facial expressions related to physical activity. This leads to unrealistic 3D characters, especially when performing intense physical activity. This research highlights the link between physical activity and facial expression, and to propose a data-driven approach providing realistic facial expressions, while leaving creative control. First, biological, mechanical, and facial expression data are captured. This information is then used to train regression trees and support vector machine (SVM) models, which predict facial expressions of virtual characters from their 3D motion. The proposed approach can be used with real-time, pre-recorded or key-framed animations, making it suitable for video games and movies as well.
RECOVERY OF ANCHOVY ( ENGRAULIS ANCHOITA ) AND WHITEMOUTH CROAKER ( MICROPOGONIAS FURNIERI ) PROTEINS BY ALKALINE SOLUBILISATION PROCESS

aUNESP (São Paulo State University), Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto-SP. Brazil. bFederal University of Grande Dourados, Faculty of Engineering, Laboratory of Bioengineering – Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, Km 12 79.804-970, Dourados-MS. Brazil. cFederal University of Rio Grande, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Technology, Rua Alfredo Huch 475, 96.201-900, Rio Grande-RS. Brazil.
Hyperglycemic memory and its long term effects in diabetes

A number of randomized trials suggest that glycemic control in the initial stages decreases the macro vascular outcome and complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy due to micro vascular changes. Epidemiological studies indicate that memory effect continues and complications develop even after return to normoglycemia in hyperglycemic diabetic patients. Metabolic abnormalities that occur during diabetes stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria and hyperglycemic memory initiates a vicious cycle of ROS induced mutations in mitochondrial DNA. Interaction of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with its receptor (RAGE) has played an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. AGEs upregulate RAGE mRNA levels by promoting intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation. Hence, to overcome the long term complications which develop due to hyperglycemia, therapeutic interventions to reduce the formation of oxygen radicals and block the formation of advanced glycation end products is crucial.
Correlative association of Interleukin-6 with malondialdehyde in prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects *

Background: Hypertension is a major health burden throughout the world because of its high prevalence and its association with increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension have played a major role in recent dramatic declines in coronary artery disease and stroke mortality in developing countries. Inflammatory process is the important mechanism in the pathophysiology of hypertension and Coronary artery disease. The identification of these inflammatory markers leading to the activation of inflammation should contribute to the development of specific therapeutic approaches to treat hypertension. Aim: The present study was conducted to assess Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels a marker of systemic inflammation in newly diagnosed prehypertensive and hypertensive patients, its association with malondialdehyde a generalized lipid peroxidation marker and serum lipids. Materials and methods: Seventy hypertensive patients in the age group of 30 to 50 years were selected for this study and 36 healthy age matched subjects were selected as a control group. Serum IL-6 was assessed by ELISA, malondialdehyde (MDA) was assessed by Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) method and routine investigations were done by ERBA EM-360 fully automated analyzer. Results: The serum IL-6 was significantly elevated in hypertensive subjects compared with controls, and there was also significant difference between prehypertension and hypertension subjects. Serum IL-6 levels were positively correlated with malondialdehyde, Cholesterol, TGL, LDL and negatively correlated with and HDL. Conclusion: Interleukin-6 levels are elevated in prehypertension and hypertension subjects compared with controls. The elevation of IL-6 levels in prehypertension indicates the process of low systemic inflammation is involved in pathophysiology of prehypertension itself. Development of specific therapeutic strategies and lifestyle measures should be initiated early to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients.
Table olive processing technologies

Olive is one of the most important agricultural products of the countries in the Mediterranean basin. Olive and olive oil play a leading role in the Mediterranean diet, being one of the best and healthiest dietary habits. Olives are processed either as table olives or used for olive oil extraction. Though the processing methods of table olives vary according to the variety, ripeness and consumer habits, they can be classified under three main headlines: (1) Treated green olives (Spanish style green olives); (2) Olives darkened by oxidation (ripe olives); and (3) Natural black olives. Turkey, playing an important role in world table olive production, processes 70% of its production for olive oil production while leaving the rest 30% for table olive processing. 85% of t he olives are processed as black table olives and the rest, 15%, is processed as green table olives. Turkish consumer preferences are still in favor of natural green and black olives.
Benthic metabolism in shallow coastal ecosystems of the Banc d’Arguin, Mauritania

Benthic primary production and respiration were investigated at 4 sites representative of the major coastal communities bordering the Sahara Desert in the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania, Western Africa. These sites correspond to intertidal Zostera noltii beds (270 km(2)), intertidal bare sediments (88 km(2)), subtidal Cymodocea nodosa beds (374 km(2)), and subtidal bare sediments (311 km(2)). At each site, production-irradiance relationships were established in situ in November 2008 and January 2010, and used to calculate daily carbon fluxes for these communities. In intertidal areas, compared to emersion, the gross maximal photosynthetic rates for Z. noltii bed and bare sediment communities were on average 8-and 7-fold higher during immersion, respectively; community respiration rates were 3-and 18-fold higher during immersion, respectively. The Z. noltii bed was autotrophic during the 2 study periods, with a mean (+/- 95% probability limit) daily net community production of 71.3 +/- 58.6 mmol C m(-2) d(-1). Conversely, net community production was always negative in intertidal regions and subtidal bare sediments (average -7.3 +/- 46.7 mmol C m(-2) d(-1) and -47.0 +/- 38.9 mmol C m(-2) d(-1), respectively); the C. nodosa bed was negative in November (-96.2 +/- 85.1 mmol C m(-2) d(-1)) and positive in January (33.4 +/- 82.6 mmol C m(-2) d(-1)). Community respiration was highest in subtidal communities, indicating active mineralization of organic matter and demonstrating that Z. noltii beds are likely to increase the bio logical richness of the Banc d'Arguin by exporting energy. Our results confirm the ecological importance of seagrass beds in the net coastal carbon fluxes and justify their protection.
ANTINUTRITIONAL FACTORS AND THEIR DETOXIFICATION IN PULSES- A REVIEW

Pulses are relatively a cheaper source of protein than milk, cheese, cashew, almond, meat and fish etc., hence valuable for developing countries. The seeds of pulses are most commonly eaten can be economically stored well for future use. The food values of seeds of pulses is high, have about the some calorific value per unit weight as cereals and are fair sources of some vitamins and minerals. Their protein contents are generally about double that of most cereals. Consumption of pulses is highest in India as compared to other pulses growing countries due to low purchasing power and religious restrictions on non-vegetarian diet. Pulses contain about 18.0 to 32.0% protein and about 1 to 5% fat. Pulses are considerably richer in calcium than most cereals and contain about 100 to 200 mg of calcium per 100 g of grain. They are also considerably rich in iron, thiamine, riboflavin and nicotinic acid as compared to cereals. Young sprouts of pulses like mungbean, mothbean and chickpea are popular foods in some places. Pulses contain several anti-nutritional factors, such as trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors, lectins, polyphenols, flatulence factors, lathyrogens, saponins, antihistamines and allergens. The protease inhibitors, lectins and other antinutrients cause toxicity. Heat treatment has been well established to destroy proteinaceous antinutrients, such as protease inhibitors and lectins, but heat treatment destroys some of the amino acids and vitamins as well. For maintaining the nutritional value of food, it is necessary that heating temperature and length of processing do not exceed the optimum temperature required to eliminate the effect of inhibitors. Proteins in pulses are known to interact with lipids, tannins, phytates, flavor compounds and pigments. These interactions occur when pulses are processed and converted into products. It decreases the bioavailability of proteins. Similarly, tannins and phytates interact with minerals and vitamins resulting in a decrease in their bioavailability. Thus, bioavailability of nutrients depends not only on their content in the seed, but also on the interaction of nutrients under various processing conditions. The pulses are subjected to various processing techniques like milling, dehulling, soaking, germination, fermentation and cooking. These processing techniques not only save time, energy and fuel but have several nutritional advantages and produce edible products having a higher nutritional value and lower toxic compound. The degrees of elimination of toxic compound depend on type of pulses and the processing technique.
1 General Principles of MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) derives directly from the phenomenon of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR [1–4]), which is widely used by chemists to determine molecular structure. The word “nuclear” was dropped in the switch to imaging to avoid alarming patients as NMR has nothing to do with radioactivity. This book is intended mainly for chemists, who are generally familiar with the NMR spectra. After a brief overview of the technique explaining the notion of relaxation time and saturation transfer used in MRI, we will describe localization techniques, which are less well-known in chemistry. The purpose of this short chapter is not to provide a complete theory of MRI [5–8], but to understand the rest of the book concerning the action of contrast agents. We will not go into the theoretical background of the phenomena, and while it is important to have some understanding of quantum mechanics, it is not our purpose to develop this aspect. This is a “nuts and bolts” description of MRI. Whenever possible, we refer to chemists’ knowledge of NMR (for example, “2D NMR”).
A qualitative method for parameter estimation in gene regulatory networks using extended Kalman filtering

Gene regulatory networks present a complex logic control of the cellular metabolism in all living organisms. Over the last decade, study of their synthetic implementation has made an intensive use of accurate modeling and simulation approaches. These are essentially based on the models of cellular activity as dynamical systems defined by complex biochemical processes and reactions, which are described by various numerical parameters. Unfortunately, most of these parameters are usually unknown. In this paper we present a parameter estimation method using extended Kalman filtering and χ statistical test for model validation. The extended Kalman filtering approach is suitable for many improvements in the meaning of computational complexity and model verification in the contrast to other state of the art methods. As a reference model, we propose a synthetic gene regulatory network, which exhibits an oscillatory behavior for a different range of parameters.
Enhanced flow visualisation of complex aerodynamic phenomena using automatic stream surface seeding with application to the BLOODHOUND SSC Land Speed Record vehicle

ABSTRACT This application paper describes a novel, cluster-based, semi-automatic, stream surface placement strategy for structured and unstructured computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data, tailored towards a specific application: The BLOODHOUND jet and rocket propelled land speed record vehicle. An existing automatic stream surface placement algorithm(8), is extensively modified to cater for large unstructured CFD simulation data. The existing algorithm uses hierarchical clustering of velocity and distance vectors to find potential stream surface seeding locations. This work replaces the hierarchical clustering algorithm, designed to work with small regular grids, with a K-means clustering approach suitable for large unstructured grids. Modifications are made to the seeding curve construction algorithm, improving the smoothness and distribution of the discretised curve in complex cases. A new distance function is described which allows the user to target particular characteristics of simulation data. The proposed algorithm reduces the required memory footprint and computational requirement compared to previous work(8). The performance and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated, and CFD domain expert evaluation is provided describing the value of this approach.
Performance analysis of AlGaAs/GaAs tunnel junctions for ultra-high concentration photovoltaics

An n(++)-GaAs/p(++)-AlGaAs tunnel junction with a peak current density of 10 100Acm(-2) is developed. This device is a tunnel junction for multijunction solar cells, grown lattice-matched on standard GaAs or Ge substrates, with the highest peak current density ever reported. The voltage drop for a current density equivalent to the operation of the multijunction solar cell up to 10 000 suns is below 5 mV. Trap-assisted tunnelling is proposed to be behind this performance, which cannot be justified by simple band-to-band tunnelling. The metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy growth conditions, which are in the limits of the transport-limited regime, and the heavy tellurium doping levels are the proposed origins of the defects enabling trap-assisted tunnelling. The hypothesis of trap-assisted tunnelling is supported by the observed annealing behaviour of the tunnel junctions, which cannot be explained in terms of dopant diffusion or passivation. For the integration of these tunnel junctions into a triple-junction solar cell, AlGaAs barrier layers are introduced to suppress the formation of parasitic junctions, but this is found to significantly degrade the performance of the tunnel junctions. However, the annealed tunnel junctions with barrier layers still exhibit a peak current density higher than 2500Acm(-2) and a voltage drop at 10 000 suns of around 20 mV, which are excellent properties for tunnel junctions and mean they can serve as low-loss interconnections in multijunction solar cells working at ultra-high concentrations.
Differences in arithmetic performance between Chinese and German adults are accompanied by differences in processing of non-symbolic numerical magnitude

Human beings are assumed to possess an approximate number system (ANS) dedicated to extracting and representing approximate numerical magnitude information. The ANS is assumed to be fundamental to arithmetic learning and has been shown to be associated with arithmetic performance. It is, however, still a matter of debate whether better arithmetic skills are reflected in the ANS. To address this issue, Chinese and German adults were compared regarding their performance in simple arithmetic tasks and in a non-symbolic numerical magnitude comparison task. Chinese participants showed a better performance in solving simple arithmetic tasks and faster reaction times in the non-symbolic numerical magnitude comparison task without making more errors than their German peers. These differences in performance could not be ascribed to differences in general cognitive abilities. Better arithmetic skills were thus found to be accompanied by a higher speed of retrieving non-symbolic numerical magnitude knowledge but not by a higher precision of non-symbolic numerical magnitude representations. The group difference in the speed of retrieving non-symbolic numerical magnitude knowledge was fully mediated by the performance in arithmetic tasks, suggesting that arithmetic skills shape non-symbolic numerical magnitude processing skills.
Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) Use Human and Conspecific Social Cues to Locate Hidden Food

Ten domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) of different breeds and ages were exposed to 2 different social cues indicating the location of hidden food, each provided by both a human informant and a conspecific informant (for a total of 4 different social cues). For the local enhancement cue, the informant approached the location where food was hidden and then stayed beside it. For the gaze and point cue, the informant stood equidistant between 2 hiding locations and bodily oriented and gazed toward the 1 in which food was hidden (the human informant also pointed). Eight of the 10 subjects, including the one 6-month-old juvenile, were above chance with 2 or more cues. Results are discussed in terms of the phylogenetic and ontogenetic processes by means of which dogs come to use social cues to locate food. The use of social cues to locate food and other important entities in the environment is a skill with obvious adaptive benefits. For example, an "informant" may look toward an entity, and this look may be accompanied by both head and body orientation to the same location and sometimes by other behaviors such as vocalizations or travel toward the target location. The ability of observer individuals to exploit social cues of this type enables them to benefit from knowledge possessed only by specific groupmates. Despite the potential importance of this social ability for the foraging of many highly social species such as mammals, there has been very little systematic research in this area. Virtually all of the relevant research has been conducted with nonhuman primates and their skills of gaze following. There are two basic experimental paradigms, and these have produced different sets of results. The first paradigm is simple gaze following in which 1 individual orients its head and eyes in a certain direction (sometimes accompanied by gestures), and another individual either does or does not orient itself similarly. For example, Itakura (1996) had a human approach nonhuman primate individuals and either look or look and manually point to the right or left. Many of the 11 different nonhuman primate species tested visually tracked the pointing gesture, but only 1 (an orangutan) visually followed gaze direction by itself. Using a similar methodology, Povinelli and Eddy (1996a) also found positive results for 6 juvenile chimpanzees following the gaze of