Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COMPARAÇÃO DA CONTAGEM DE CÉLULAS SOMÁTICAS EM LEITE CRU POR QUATRO MÉTODOS DE COLORAÇÃO

A contagem de celulas somaticas (CCS) determina a quantidade de leucocitos e celulas epiteliais presentes no leite. Em caso de inflamacao (mastite subclinica ou clinica), ha um aumento consideravel na CCS, principalmente de neutrofilos. E importante quantificar e qualificar os tipos celulares presentes para conhecer o grau de inflamacao e caracterizar como aguda ou cronica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar quatro metodos de coloracao de celulas somaticas; broadhurst-Paley, hematoxilina-eosina, corante Panotico® e May Grunwald-Giemsa por meio da microscopia optica e determinar a mais adequada para nossas condicoes de laboratorio. Diante dos dados obtidos, elegeu-se a coloracao de associacao de eosina e azul de metileno (May Grunwald-Giemsa) com a qual se obteve resultados variando entre 60.000 e 58.690. 000 celulas/mL em diferentes amostras de leite bovino. Nao foi possivel quantificar as celulas pelos outros tres metodos de coloracao devido as alteracoes morfologicas exacerbadas das mesmas. Palavras chave: celulas somaticas, coloracao, leite
Respostas fisiológicas e produtivas de vacas holandesas em lactação submetidas a diferentes ambientes

This work was carried out during the summer of 2002 to evaluate the influence of some cooling systems on the milk yield and animal thermoregulation. Ten heifers and seventeen milking cows were assigned to the control housing (ICO), mist & fan housing (ICL) and shade cloth (80%) (IT). The milk yield and the individual intake were daily measured for each animal. The rectal temperature was measured three times a day with three animals from each treatment. The skin surface temperature was collected three times a day for all the animals and the respiratory frequency two times a day for all the animals. The climatic data of each housing were registered to calculate the temperature humidity index (ITU) and the black globe humidity index (ITGU). Twenty six days of high enthalpy were selected and analyzed. The study showed that temperature humidity index from 75 to 76 was not associated with stress conditions for the animals, although many researches propose this situation as stressing. The milking cows in the mist & fan treatment showed respiratory frequency and skin surface temperature significantly lower than the cows in the other treatments. The heifers presented respiratory frequency and rectal temperature higher than the cows in all the registration times. The higher milk yield of the cows was observed in the shade cloth treatment.
Methodologies to determinate the digestibility of foods used in feeding dogs.

La nutrición es uno de los campos más estudiados en la medicina veterinaria, no solamente en animales de abasto, sino también en animales de compañía; por tal motivo, es de gran importancia conocer la calidad y qué tan digestibles son las materias primas con las cuales se fabrican los alimentos balanceados, ya que de estas depende en gran medida el rendimiento y el bienestar para los animales. Por definición, la digestibilidad es la fracción de alimento consumido que no aparece en las heces y por lo tanto se absorbe en el tracto gastrointestinal; aunque se diferencian la digestibilidad aparente y la verdadera, la primera no incluye los aportes metabólicos y endógenos provenientes de enzimas, células epiteliales, células microbiales, metabolitos, entre otros, que llegan a la luz intestinal y son excretados en las heces, mientras que en la digestibilidad verdadera estas fracciones de origen metabólico y endógeno se descuentan de la fracción excretada en las heces para la realización de los cálculos. Para determinar el coeficiente de digestibilidad de un nutriente en un alimento existen métodos in vivo directos como la recolección total de heces, indirectos cuando se usan indicadores; métodos in situ como la canulación ileal y finalmente los métodos in vitro en los cuales se usan enzimas y técnicas de fermentación. Los diferentes métodos varían en precisión y mecanismos empleados para determinar los coeficientes de digestibilidad. Por lo tanto, el siguiente artículo tiene como objetivo describir las principales técnicas utilizadas en la determinación de la digestibilidad de los alimentos utilizados en la alimentación canina, y establecer las ventajas y desventajas de cada una de ellas para que los investigadores usen a su criterio la técnica que mejor se adapte a sus necesidades.
Strain Improvement of Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus D29 for Enhanced Lipase Production by Screening Sodium Citrate Resistant Mutants

A strain improvement program was developed to increase lipase production by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus D29, in which mutants were generated by Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and selected by resistance to 1.5% (w/v) sodium citrate. One of the mutant strains UN9 exhibited 48.69% more lipase activity than the original strain did. Although the UV random mutagenesis alone is an effective method for general strain improvement, our results showed that UV mutagenesis combined with selection for sodium citrate resistance is a more efficient strategy for screening mutant strains with enhanced lipase production.
Antixenosis and larval and adult dispersal in the Mediterranean corn borer, Sesamia nonagrioides, in relation to Bt maize

Sesamia nonagrioides Lefèbvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a key pest of maize [Zea mays L. (Poaceae)] and a main target of Bt maize in the Mediterranean area. To choose the most suitable non‐Bt refuge strategy for preventing or delaying resistance development in this maize borer, we examined its biology and behaviour. No antixenotic effects were found on numbers of eggs and egg batches per plant in choice (Bt vs. non‐Bt plants) and no‐choice assays. However, a greater ratio of young larvae dispersed from Bt than from non‐Bt plants. In addition, larvae that hatched on Bt plants tended to disperse more than those that hatched on non‐Bt plants, particularly during young growth stages. Many adults, especially females, could fly at least up to 400 m, as was found in a dispersal study with rubidium‐marked adults. The stimulation of larval dispersal by the Bt trait and the dispersal capacity of adults might compromise the efficacy of seed mixtures as an insecticide resistance management strategy.
Localization of lnterleukln-1 Receptor Messenger RNA in Murlne Hippocampus

The cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) has numerous actions in brain, including pronounced neuroendocrine effects. Recent radioligand binding studies have identified high-affinity binding sites for 125l-recombinant human IL-1 a in the hippocampus with characteristics similar to those of IL-1 receptors in immune cells. The present study employed insiiU hybridization histochemistry with 35S-labeled anti-sense cRNA probes derived from a full-length murine T-cell IL-1 receptor cDNA to identify cells producing IL-1 receptor mRNA in the murine hippocampus. An intense signal was observed over granule cells in the dentate gyrus. A weak to moderate signal was observed over the pyramidal cell layer of the hilus and CA3 region. Other aspects of the hippocampal formation, including the CA2 and CA1 regions, the subiculum, and the entorhinal area, displayed no signal above background. This distribution of IL-1 receptor mRNA was similar to that of 125I-IL-1α binding sites and supports the growing body of evidence implicating.
Alfa-Lipoic Acid Controls Tumor Growth and Modulates Hepatic Redox State in Ehrlich-Ascites-Carcinoma-Bearing Mice

The effect of oral supplementation of α-lipoic (LA) on growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EACs) and hepatic antioxidant state in mice was investigated. The results revealed that α-lipoic (LA) acid at 50 mg/kg body wt reduced the viability and volume of EAC cells and increased the survival of the treated animals. In addition, LA normalized oxidative stress in liver of mice-bearing EAC cells evidenced by increasing the levels of total thiols, glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalyse. On the other hand, significant decreases in the levels of malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl were demonstrated in liver indicating controlled oxidative stress in these animals. As a consequence, LA regulated liver enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. The data also indicated the efficiency of LA as cancer inhibitor and therapeutic influence. In conclusion, the present data suggest LA as a potential therapeutic complement in the treatment or prevention of different pathologies that may be related to an imbalance of the cellular oxidoreductive status associated with malignancy.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Supercoiled DNA Minicircles Tightly Bent and Supercoiled DNA in Atomistic Resolution

Towards the complete understanding of the DNA response to superhelical stress, sequence dependence structural disruptions on the ~100 base pairs supercoiled DNA minicircles were examined through a series of atomistic MD simulations. The results showed the effects from some subtle structural characteristics of DNA on defect formation, including flexibility at base pair step level and anisotropy, whose dynamic information are available only from atomistic MD simulations. For longer supercoiled DNA minicircles (240-340 bp), the molecules adapt into their writhed conformations. Writhe can be calculated by a Gauss’ integral performed along the DNA central axis path. A new mathematical definition for the DNA central axis path was developed for the more exact writhe calculation. Finally, atomistic representation of supercoiled 336 base pairs minicircles was provided by fitting the DNA structure obtained by explicitly solvated MD simulations into the density maps from electron cryo-tomography. Structural data were analysed and provided a decent explanation for the mechanism of the sequence specific binding of the enzyme topoisomerase 1B onto the negatively supercoiled DNA.
Peer Reviewed Title: The evolution of myrmicine ants: Phylogeny and biogeography of a hyperdiverse ant clade (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The Royal Entomological Society. This study investigates the evolutionary history of a hyperdiverse clade, the ant subfamily Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), based on analyses of a data matrix comprising 251 species and 11 nuclear gene fragments. Under both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods of inference, we recover a robust phylogeny that reveals six major clades of Myrmicinae, here treated as newly defined tribes and occurring as a pectinate series: Myrmicini, Pogonomyrmecini trib.n. , Stenammini, Solenopsidini, Attini and Crematogastrini. Because we condense the former 25 myrmicine tribes into a new six-
Population genetics and conservation of critically small cycad populations: a case study of the Albany Cycad, Encephalartos latifrons (Lehmann)

Declining populations of less than 250 mature individuals are symptomatic of many Critically Endangered cycads, which, globally, comprise the most threatened group of organisms as a result of collecting and habitat loss. Survival plans focus on law enforcement, reintroduction, and augmentation programmes using plants from the wild and botanical gardens. Augmentation is one of the few remaining options for cycad populations, although the assumed benefits remain untested and there is a possibility that augmentation from different sources could compromise the genetic integrity of existing populations, especially when garden plants have no provenance data. We studied Encephalartos latifrons, a South African endemic, which is a typical Critically Endangered cycad. We studied the extent and structure of genetic diversity in wild and ex situ populations to assess the potential benefits and risks associated with augmentation programmes. We examined 86 plants using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). The 417 AFLP markers thus generated yielded a unique DNA ‘fingerprint’ for each plant. Wild populations retain high levels of genetic diversity and this is reflected among the ex situ holdings at the Kirstenbosch Botanical Garden. No population differentiation is evident, indicating a single panmictic population, consistent with moderately high levels of gene flow between subpopulations and a sexual mode of reproduction. Bayesian clustering identified four genotype groups in the wild, as well as a genotype group only found in ex situ collections. Our results indicate that E. latifrons would benefit from augmentation programmes, including the use of undocumented collections, and careful management of breeding plants would increase the heterogeneity of propagules. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 105, 293–308.
Purification and Characterization of a Glutenin Hydrolysing Proteinase from Wheat Damaged by the New Zealand Wheat Bug, Nysius huttoni

Abstract A glutenin hydrolysing enzyme (bug proteinase), present in New Zealand wheat damaged by Nysius huttoni , was purified 50000-fold by anion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, immobilized metal ion affinity and gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme had an apparent M r of 14·1k as determined by gel filtration chromatography. SDS-PAGE showed a major protein band of M r 30k and six minor bands of M r 13·2-28·5k, none of which was a glycoprotein. Isoelectric focusing revealed two major enzyme active bands (pI 9·6 and 9·2) and three minor activity bands (pI 9·9, 8·8 and 8·2). IEF showed no protein contaminants in the most purified sample. The enzymes had optimum activity at pH 8·9 and 45°C. The activity was stable in the pH range 4·5-11 and at 50°C for 20 min at pH 8·9. The bug proteinase was shown to be a serine proteinase by inhibition with phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride and potato proteinase inhibitors (POT-IC and POT-ID). Thirty other proteinaceous serine proteinase inhibitors did not inhibit the enzyme. Bread baking with partially purified enzyme produced loaves with the poor quality characteristics of loaves made with bug-damage wheat.
Effects of vitamin A deficiency on skin and hair growth in mice

The effects of vitamin A deficiency on tlie skin of the mouse and particularly on the hair growth cycle have not been previously investigated. In order to appraise the effects of avitaminosis A on the skin of mice, however, it is imperative that one understands tlie pattern of normal hair growth cycles in these animals. For instance, spontaneous waves of hair growth occur with increasing irregularity as the animals become older, and during periods of rest and growth of the hair follicles the entire surrounding skin undergoes remarkable changes in thickness (Chase et al., '53). Thus unless the condition of the skin and the stage of hair growth is regulated, it is impossible to differentiate normal physiological variations from the effects of the experimental procedures. Plucking of club hairs initiates growth of hair in the plucked follicles. Clipping or shaving the hair, however, does not effect a new growth of hair. In this study growth of hair was regulated by plucking club hairs at regular intervals from areas on one side of the back. The other side of the back was clipped to facilitatc detection of spontaneous waves of hair growth.
A study on the effect of cadmium on the antioxidative defense system and alteration in different functional groups in castor bean and Indian mustard

Abstract The present study was planned to delineate the role of antioxidants and different functional groups of Ricinus communis and Brassica juncea in the tolerance mechanisms toward cadmium (Cd) for phytoremediation. Application of Cd caused a reduction in dry biomass of 53.84% and 26.58% in root and 45.33% and 33.84% in shoots of B. juncea and R. communis, respectively. Antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase, and metabolites (proline) increased in both the species due to Cd exposure. The metal caused substantial changes in the functional groups present in the roots and leaves of the plants. A number of new peaks appeared in the Cd-treated plants, which indicate the production of the compounds responsible for the metal tolerance of these plants. R. communis has been found to possess a good antioxidant defense system against Cd stress and may be used for the phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soils in place of edible crops, which enhance the risk of contaminating the food chain. It has been observed that R. communis accumulated 213.39 and 335.68 mg Cd in roots and shoots, respectively, whereas B. juncea accumulated 28.19 and 310.15 mg Cd in the roots and shoots, respectively.
A comparison of the endophytic fungi from leaves of Banksia integrifolia at three sites on the east coast of Australia.

Fungi were isolated from healthy leaves of the xeromorphic shrub Banksia integrifolia at two locations from each of three sites in New South Wales. From a total of 2,399 isolates, eleven common species were found at each site. Of the eleven species, the seven that remain unidentified appear to be specific endophytes of the host species. Most of the remaining species were rare being found at only one site. While more detailed sampling may indicate a wider array of potential endophytes, many fungi appear to be occasional colonists of the host plant.
Differential virulence in a multiple-host parasite of bumble bees: resolving the paradox of parasite survival?

Parasite virulence determines both the impact that parasites have on their hosts and parasite fitness. While most studies of virulence have involved single-species host–parasite interactions, the majority of parasites are likely to use multiple concurrent host species. Our understanding of how this impacts on parasite epidemiology and virulence is limited. Using the bumble bee Bombus lucorum, which exists in sympatry with B. terrestris in multi-species assemblages, and their generalist micosporidian parasite Nosema bombi, we tested whether the apparent paradox of parasite maintenance due to parasite virulence in a single host, B. terrestris, could be resolved through understanding the parasite's virulence in this sympatric host species. Nosema bombi significantly impacted colony growth, individual longevity, and individual development in B. lucorum. However, these effects were different both qualitatively and quantitatively to the parasite's impact in B. terrestris. Infected colonies of B. lucorum successfully produced both male and female reproductives, and infected female reproductives were capable of successful mating. Variation in life-history across host species may explain differences in the virulence, or impact of the parasite in B. terrestris and B. lucorum, with species with shorter life-cycles being more likely to transfer the parasite from one annual generation to the next. These results suggest that to understand the virulence and epidemiology of multi-host parasites we need to examine their ecological interactions across their various host species.
SEROPREVALENCIA DEL Mycobacterium paratuberculosis EN BOVINOS LECHEROS DEL VALLE DE LIMA

Con el objeto de determinar la seroprevalencia de Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, agente causal de la enfermedad de Johne, en bovinos lecheros del Valle de Lima se estudia- ron 346 muestras de sueros bovinos procedentes de 18 hatos lecheros del Valle de Lima, colectados durante 1997. La deteccion de los anticuerpos contra el M. paratuberculosis fue realizada mediante la prueba de ELISA (HerdCheck, IDEXX, USA). El 13,3% (4 6/346) de las muestras presentaron anticuerpos contra M. paratuberculosis. El 50% (9/18) de los establos muestreados estuvieron infectados. Del total de animales de los establos infecta- dos (n=286), 42 (16,1 %) animales tuvieron anticuerpos contraM. paratuberculosis, pero los porcentajes de animales seroreactores en estos hatos fluctuaron entre 2,9 a 46,2%. El 78,2% (36/46) de las muestras positivas tuvieron densidades opticas (DO) entre 0,30 a 0,69 mientras que el 21,7% (10/46) tuvieron entre 0,70 a> a 2,0. Los resultados del presente estudio corroboran la presencia de la paratuberculosis en el pais y evidencia su amplia distribucion en los establos lecheros del Valle de Lima.
Homologous Recombination, DNA Repair, and Mycobacterial recA Genes

This chapter discusses the mechanisms involved in homologous recombination and DNA repair, what is known about these systems in mycobacteria, and recent information on the unusual structure of the recA gene in the pathogenic mycobacteria. The RecA protein of Escherichia coli induces the expression of several genes in response to DNA damage, resulting in an increase in cell survival. The RecA protein is essential for homologous recombination in E. coli. Homologous recombination provides a tool for creating and characterizing specific mutations. "Gene knockout" techniques, for example, involve the replacement of a wild-type gene with a disrupted, nonfunctional mutated gene. Homologous recombination has been reported in the fast-growing mycobacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis. When DNA encoding the intein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was used to probe genomic DNA of a range of mycobacteria, no hybridization was obtained. The presence of independently acquired inteins in the recA genes of the two major mycobacterial pathogens raised the possibility that they are a common feature of mycobacterial recA genes. Recent studies of the recA genes of mycobacteria have indicated that the major human pathogens M. tuberculosis and M. leprae have an unusual recA structure, suggesting that these organisms may have evolved novel mechanisms for dealing with DNA damage and effecting genetic recombination.
The South American genus Oziroë (Hyacinthaceae-Oziroëoideae)

Guaglianone, E. R. & Arroyo-Leuenberger, S. 2002. The South American genus Oziroe (Hyacinthaceae-Oziroeoideae). Darwiniana 40(1-4): 61-76. The genus Oziroe (Hyacinthaceae), better known under the later name Fortunatia, is the only representative of the family in South America and ranges from Peru and Chile to Bolivia, Paraguay and north to central Argentina. Some of the species were originally described in the genera: Scilla, Allium, Ornithogalum, Nothoscordum and Fortunatia; and some temporarily considered to belong to Camassia. This paper deals with the taxonomic history of the genus and presents the results of a taxonomic revision, recognizing five species: Oziroe acaulis, O. argentinensis, O. arida, O. biflora and O. pomensis. A key to recognize the species, descriptions of the genus and species, together with illustrations and distribution maps are provided. The study revealed Oziroe argentinensis as a new record for Paraguay, O. acaulis for Chile, and O. pomensis as new for Bolivia, Chile and Peru; O. arida is endemic to Chile, and O. biflora was confirmed only for Chile and Peru.