Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A lattice-model representation of continuous-time random walks

We report some ideas for constructing lattice models (LMs) as a discrete approach to the reaction-dispersal (RD) or reaction-random walks (RRW) models. The analysis of a rather general class of Markovian and non-Markovian processes, from the point of view of their wavefront solutions, let us show that in some regimes their macroscopic dynamics (front speed) turns out to be different from that by classical reaction–diffusion equations, which are often used as a mean-field approximation to the problem. So, the convenience of a more general framework as that given by the continuous-time random walks (CTRW) is claimed. Here we use LMs as a numerical approach in order to support that idea, while in previous works our discussion was restricted to analytical models. For the two specific cases studied here, we derive and analyze the mean-field expressions for our LMs. As a result, we are able to provide some links between the numerical and analytical approaches studied.
Estimation of energy value of grassland forage.

Concentration of metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL) of 19 samples of green forage, 5 samples of grass silage and one sample of hay with known in vivo measured digestibility were estimated according to official German system (DLG, 1997). Energy value and organic matter digestibility (dOM) were comparatively estimated on the basis of chemical composition and digestibilities from tables. It was established that on the basis of data form DLG tables dOM was underestimated for 2.1 ± 3.95%, concentration of ME for 0.29 ± 0.52 MJ and concentration of NEL for 0.21 ± 0.37 MJ kg dry matter (DM). Somewhat lower deviation from in vivo estimates were obtained in estimation of ME (0.04 ± 0.45 MJ kg DM) and NEL (0.03 ± 0.33 MJ kg DM) on the basis of chemical composition and regression equations from literature (GfE, 1998). By the use of Hohenheim gas production test (in vitro) and adequate regression equations from literature the accuracy of estimate was increased markedly. Relatively precise was found to be the equation by (Menke and Steingass, 1987), which in comparison to in vivo estimation underestimated the concentration of ME for 0.12 ± 0.26 MJ and concentration of NEL for 0.09 ± 0.19 MJ kg DM. Equations by Aiple et al. (1995) overestimated in vivo estimated concentration of ME for 0.15 ± 0.24 MJ kg DM and concentration of NEL for 0.10 ± 0.17 MJ Babnik, D. in Verbic, J. Ocenjevanje energijske vrednosti krme s travinja. Zb. Biotehnike fak. Univ. v Ljubljani. Kmetijstvo. Zootehnika, 76(2000)2 62 kg DM. The major part of variability in concentration of ME can be explained with multiple regression equation on the basis of gas production, which is developed during the incubation of samples with rumen liquor and concentration of crude fat (R = 0.96).
Did Antitrust Policy Cause the Great Merger Wave?

PERHAPS as much as one-half of U.S. manufacturing capacity took part in mergers during the years 1898 to 1902. These mergers frequently included most of the firms in an industry and often involved firms that had been fixing prices or that had been operated jointly through the legal mechanism of an industrial trust. The histories of Standard Oil and U.S. Steel provide well-known instances in which merger followed looser forms of organization in what has come to be known as the Great Merger Wave. What caused this rapid change of industry structure? The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in 1890, and the first crucial decisions making price fixing illegal-Trans-Missouri (1897), Joint Traffic (1898), and Addyston (1899)-occurred just before or during the first stages of the merger wave. ' Merger of competing firms remained unchallenged until 1904. Although it certainly seems plausible that antitrust policy caused the Great Merger Wave, the question has never been looked into at length, and some influential studies of the mergers and of early antitrust policy play down the possibility of a connection. This is puzzling because the search for alternatives has not borne fruit. One reason economists may be
Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy followed by bilateral mastectomy for treating synchronous cancer and sarcoma — a rare case report

Purpose. Bilateral postmastectomy irradiation (BPMI) poses a challenge to radiotherapists. The difficulty lies whenever targets are large, irregular and lying at different depths. When breathing movements occur it is very hard to obtain homogenous dosing on such targets and also to not exceed those doses acceptable for at-risk organs, particularly the lungs and heart. The presented study is an example of using a single isocenter Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) technique for a BPMI case. Materials and methods. We report the case of a 66-year-old woman with simultaneous malignant sarcoma of the right breast and an invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast. After modified radical mastectomy of the left breast and simple mastectomy of the right breast, the patient underwent adjuvant irradiation of the bilateral chest wall and left axillary and supraclavicular nodes region. Planning Target Volumes (PTV) and organs at risk (OAR) were deline­ated on CT scans. A single isocenter VMAT plan was created. The radiotherapy consisted of 50 Gy delivered in 2 Gy per fraction to the left side and 56.5 Gy delivered in 2.25 Gy per fraction to the right side in 25 fractions, five times a week over 5 weeks. Results. The left and right CTV (Clinical Target Volume) received 90% of the prescribed dose in 100% of the CTV volume. The mean heart dose was 14.4 Gy and V25 for the heart was 8.9%. The mean lung dose was 16.6 Gy and the V20 for both lungs was 28.3%. The dose to the anterior wall area of the heart was exceeded according to established constraints, but was accepted. One session of irradiation lasted about four minutes during which the patient received 595 monitor units. The treatment was carried out without interruption and complications. The early and late skin reaction was assessed as being second grade. After one year of follow-up, the patient did not present any serious side effects or recurrence. Conclusions. Synchronous irradiation of both sides of the chest wall after bilateral mastectomy with a single isocenter VMAT technique is possible and well tolerated.
Mechanism of Schottky barrier height modulation by thin dielectric insertion on n-type germanium

Although high channel electron mobility has been reported after some passivation techniques, the performance of n-channel Ge metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor is still limited by the high Schottky barrier height at the metal/n-Ge contact interface, which comes from the Fermi level pinning effect. Recent experiments demonstrated that the Schottky barrier height can be reduced by inserting a thin dielectric layer between metal and Ge. However, the mechanism has not been well clarified. In this paper, the metal induced gap state model, the dipole layer model, and the fixed charge model are verified by varying contact metals, dielectric thicknesses, as well as the annealing temperatures. The pinning factor is improved slightly by dielectric insertion but its value is independent of the dielectric thickness and is still much lower than the ideal value of the non-pinning case. This pinning effect is consistent with the Fermi level pinning at the metal/TiO2 interface. After thermal process, no in.
Regulation in Oligopolistic Markets with Differentiated Products: The Demand for New Cars

In recent years governments have began to explore the role of taxation to effect the relative demand for cars with different CO2 emissions. This paper explores the demand response in the market for new cars subsequent to changes in the pricing of vehicle emissions. Our model is founded upon a number of utility components, principally the average utility of each vehicle choice and variation in utility that derives from both observed and unobserved characteristics. This approach allows for non-proportional substitution and therefore facilitates the estimation of own and cross-elasticities that are consistent with prior expectations. Based upon an assumption of Bertrand pricing our modelling approach accounts for endogeneity of unobserved attributes and price, We present findings utilising a bespoke survey of households together with a database of new car prices and attributes provided by JATO dynamics.
Does Auditor Rotation Increase Auditor Independence

This study aims to empirically test the effects of auditor rotation and auditor tenure on an auditor’s independence in companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the years 2002-2010. This study using logistic regression estimation technique. The results show that, statistically, the auditor’s tenure has significant negative effects on the auditor’s independence, measured by the tendency to give a ‘going concern’ opinion. Furthermore, the results also show significant differences between the effects of short and long term tenures on the auditors’ independence. Auditor rotation has significant positive effects on the auditors’ independence.
Co-occurrence of host plants associated with plant quality determines performance patterns of the specialist butterfly, Battus polydamas archidamas (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae: Troidini)

In herbivorous insects, differences in the degree of specialization to host plants emerge when the distribution of an herbivore differs from that of its host plants, which results in a mosaic of populations differing in performance on the different host plants. Using a specialized butterfly, Battus polydamas archidamas Boisduval, 1936, which feeds exclusively on the genus Aristolochia, we test whether host plant co-occurrence and associated differences in host quality modify local adaptation in terms of larval preference and performance. We compared individuals from a monospecific host stand of Aristolochia chilensis with those from a mixed host stand of A. chilensis and A. bridgesii. Individuals were reared in a reciprocal transfer experiment in which source population and the host species fed to larvae were fully crossed in a two-by-two factorial experiment in order to quantify their preference, performance (development time, size and growth rate) and survival. Individuals from both populations preferred the species they ate during their larval development over the other host, which indicates host plant-induced preference with non-adaptive implications. Larvae from mixed and monospecific stands grew faster and survived better when reared on A. bridgesii than A. chilensis. Larvae from a monospecific host stand grew slower and fewer individuals survived under the same local conditions, which is contrary to expectations. Therefore, rearing the butterfly on A. bridgesii consistently resulted in better performance, which indicates that the monospecific population is less well adapted to its host than the mixed population. Variation in the occurrence of the two host plants in the two populations can result in divergent selection due to the variation in plant quality, which in this case could result in opposing adaptive processes.
SIMULTANEOUS CALIBRATION OF MULTIPLE CAMERA HEADS WITH FIXED BASE CONSTRAINT

Image acquisition systems based on multi-head arrangement of digital cameras are attractive alternatives enabling larger imaging area when compared to a single frame digital camera. Besides that, acquisition of multispectral imagery is easier when independent cameras are used. Considering that in multicamera systems the heads are tightly attached to an external mount, it can be supposed that relative position and orientation between cameras are stable during image acquisition. This work presents an approach based on simultaneous calibration of two or more cameras using constraints stating that the relative rotation matrix and the base distance between the cameras heads are stable. Experiments with images acquired by an arrangement of two Hasselblad H3D cameras were accomplished with terrestrial calibration field. The experiments have shown that the calibration technique with RO constraints allows advantages when compared to the approach based on single camera calibration.
Resistance breeding in apple at Dresden-Pillnitz.

Resistance breeding in apple has a long tradition at the Institute of Fruit Breeding now Julius Kuehn-institute in Dresden-Pillnitz. The breeding was aimed at the production of multiple resistance cultivars to allow a more sustainable and environmentally friendly production of apple. In the last decades a series of resistant cultivars (Re®-cultivars) bred in Dresden-Pillnitz has been released, ‘Recolor’ and ‘Rekarda’ in 2006. The main topic in the resistance breeding programme was scab resistance and the donor of scab resistance in most cultivars was Malus x floribunda 821. Due to the development of strains that are able to overcome resistance genes inherited by M. x floribunda 821 and due to the fact that single resistance genes can be broken easily, pyramiding of resistance genes is necessary. Besides scab, fire blight and powdery mildew are the main disease for which a pyramiding of genes is aspired in Pillnitz. Biotechnical approaches are necessary for the early detection of pyramided resistance genes in breeding clones. This paper will give an overview of the resistance breeding of apple in Pillnitz and the methods used.
Developing a Model for Promoting Professional Ethics of Faculty Members at the Islamic Azad University in the Dimension of Education

The current research aimed to develop a model for promoting professional ethics of faculty members of the Islamic Azad University. For this, the most important components and areas of professional ethics were identified; also, relationship between professional ethics and some demographic characteristics, including gender, age and educational major were addressed. To meet this goal, a sample of education practitioners, faculty members and doctoral students was selected via a purposive sampling method for the qualitative part of the research. Also, via studying documents and interviews conducted with the academic practitioners and doctoral students, professional ethics related components were identified, and accordingly, an inventory consisting of 81 items was prepared and was administered to 600 faculty members of Azad University. Factorial analysis results indicated that the individual area consisted of 4 components, which explained 78/53% of its variance in total; organizational area consisted of 3 components which explained 68/96% of its variance and one factor was obtained within the environmental area that explained 86/82% of its variance. Results of structural equations modeling suggested that the recommended conceptual model enjoyed some acceptable goodness of fit with data. Findings pertaining to the validation of the model, including five parts (philosophy and objectives, theoretical basics, perception framework, administrative stages and evaluation system) illustrated that the model enjoys good validity from the views of experts.
MEGAHERTZ-GENERATED FEMTOLITER MICROFLUIDIC DROPLETS FOR SINGLE-MOLECULE-COUNTING IMMUNOASSAY

This paper describes a microfluidic droplet-based approach enabling the measurement of chemical reactions of individual enzyme molecules and its application to a single-molecule-counting immunoassay. A microfluidic device is used to generate and manipulate <10-fL droplets at rates of up to 1.3 MHz. The femtodroplets produced with this device encapsulate single biomolecular complexes tagged with a reporter enzyme; their small volume enables the fluorescent product of a single enzyme molecule to be detected within 10 minutes of on-chip incubation. Our prototype system is validated by detection of a biomarker for prostate cancer down to a concentration of 46 fM.
Lens and Skin Protein Glycation, Lipid Peroxidation and Glutathione Levels in Vitamin C Administered Diabetic Rats

the diabetes induction, the total protein, nonenzymatic glycation of proteins (NEG), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and glutathione (GSH) levels in the lens and skin homogenates were determined by the methods of Lowry, thiobarbituric acid, Ledwozwy, and Ellman, respectively. Laemmli SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was also carried out on the lens or skin homogenates. Uncontrolled induced diabetes caused significant increases in blood glucose (p<0.01), NEG of skin and lens proteins, significant increase in skin LPO(respectively, p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.05) and significant decrease in lens GSH (p<0.01). SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed no significant differences in any protein bands between any of the groups. As vitamin C, in dose we used, did not reduce blood glucose level, it could not reverse the diabetic alterations of the skin and lens parameters in rats.
Solar Energy Harvester for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are employed today in many application areas, ranging from health and lifestyle to automotive, smart building, predictive maintenance, active RFID tags. The commercially available sensor nodes are battery-driven devices. As days proceed, the batteries used in the nodes losses their charge and subsequently get isolated from the network. Energy harvesting and management is the most convenient ways to solve the problem of making WSN autonomous and enable widespread use of these systems in many applications. Out of various energy sources, solar radiation energy is available everywhere and fulfil the power requirement of WSN. Thus, a solar energy harvester for low powered wireless sensor networks is proposed. In this paper, a solar energy harvester which composed of a solar panel and energy harvesting module is introduced. This scheme works on the principle of photo voltaic effect. Harvested energy is used to charge the EnerChip batteries in the EH module, which is used to communicate the integrated temperature and RF signal strength information of environment at end point or WSN to the access point.
On the Simulation of Two-Phase Flow Pressurized Thermal Shock (PTS)

This paper reports some activity about the Pressurized Thermal Shock (PTS) performed within the European Integrated Project NURESIM. The PTS phenomenon is expected to take place in some water cooled nuclear reactors equipped with pressure vessels during selected accident scenarios. The PTS implies the formation of temperature gradients in the thick vessel walls with consequent localized stresses and the potential for propagation of possible flaws present in the material. Current generation Pressurized Water Reactors, PWR (including the Russian VVER types), are primarily affected by the phenomenon which is investigated within three broad areas: material damage originated by irradiation, thermal-hydraulics (including single and two-phase flow conditions in the region of the ‘shock’) and structural mechanics with main reference to fracture mechanics. The present paper, in the area of thermal-hydraulics, focuses on the study of two-phase conditions that are potentially at the origin of PTS. Within the above context, the paper summarizes recent advances in the understanding of the two-phase phenomena occurring within the geometric region of the nuclear reactor, i.e. the cold leg and the downcomer, where the ‘PTS fluid-dynamics’ is relevant. Available experimental data for validation of two-phase CFD simulation tools are reviewed and the capabilities of such tools to capture each basic phenomenon are discussed. Key conclusions show that several two phase mechanisms (or subphenomena) are involved and can individually be simulated at least at a qualitative level, but the capability to simulate their interaction and the overall system performance (case of two phase flow) is presently not available. ∗ Corresponding Author Lucas et al. NURETH-12 Two-phase PTS Simulation Log: 35 (2/22)
Photosynthetic Characteristics and a Sensitive Indicator for $O_3$-exposed Platanus orientalis

We investigated the effect of on the photosynthetic characteristics of oriental plane (Platanus orientalis L.) that is used as a side tree or ornamental tree in Korea. Two-year-old oriental plane seedlings were transplanted to pots and transferred into a closed chamber, Photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic characteristics of leaves were measured every three weeks during 100 ppb fumigation. There was no visible foliar injury by exposure and the content of photosynthetic pigments did not show significant differences between control and -treated seedlings. But photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency in leaves of -treated seedlings were reduced after six weeks of ozone fumigation. In addition, reduction of carboxylation efficiency and photochemical efficiency was observed in leaves of -treated seedlings after three weeks and six weeks. In accordance with our results, carboxylation efficiency, the most sensitive parameter to stress, was considered to be a suitable indicator of sensitivity.
Status in a Canonical Macro Model: Labour Supply, Growth and Inequality

We introduce status in a standard (‘canonical’) macro model of growth and distribution. Status is introduced in a flexible way that allows for intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, loss aversion, heterogeneity in motives and inequality aversion. We incorporate such considerations in the model and derive implications for growth, inequality and labour supply. We review empirical evidence related to these variables, and show that the predictions of the model with status are consistent with these observations. Thus, status can offer a rich set of new explanations related to important empirical patterns.
Mucoadhesive In Situ Gelling Liquid Crystalline Precursor System to Improve the Vaginal Administration of Drugs

The vaginal mucosa is a very promising route for drug administration due to its high permeability and the possibility to bypass first pass metabolism; however, current vaginal dosage forms present low retention times due to their dilution in vaginal fluids, which hampers the efficacy of many pharmacological treatments. In order to overcome these problems, this study proposes to develop a mucoadhesive in situ gelling liquid crystalline precursor system composed of 30% of oleic acid and cholesterol (7:1), 40% of ethoxylated and propoxylated cetyl alcohol, and 30% of a dispersion of 16% Poloxamer 407. The effect of the dilution with simulated vaginal fluid (SVF) on this system was evaluated by polarized light microscopy (PLM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), rheological studies, texture profile analysis (TPA), mucoadhesion study, in vitro drug release test using hypericin (HYP) as drug model, and cytotoxicity assay. PLM and SAXS confirmed the formation of an isotropic system. After the addition of three different concentrations of SVF (30, 50, and 100%), the resultant formulations presented anisotropy and characteristics of viscous lamellar phases. Rheology shows that formulations with SVF behaved as a non-Newtonian fluid with suitable shear thinning for vaginal application. TPA and mucoadhesion assays indicated the formation of long-range ordered systems as the amount of SVF increases which may assist in the fixation of the formulation on the vaginal mucosa. The formulations were able to control about 75% of the released HYP demonstrating a sustained release profile. Finally, all formulations acted as safe vaginal drug delivery systems.
Re-entry Flight Experiments Lessons Learned - The Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator ARD

Abstract : The Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator (ARD) successfully completed its atmospheric reentry flight on October 21st, 1998. This paper provides with a summary of the ARD flight data and presents some lessons learned that can be avantageously used for the development of future re-entry vehicles with precise landing capabilities. This paper widely uses materials from a serie of presentations dedicated to ARD Post-Flight analysis during the 2001 International Symposium on Re-entry systems and technologies in Arcachon.