Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Phyllantus emblica Linn on Type - II Diabetes, Triglycerides and Liver - Specific Enzyme

The effect of aqueous fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica Linn was studied on type-II diabetes, triglycerides (TG) and liver-specific enzyme, alanine transaminase (ALT). Our study showed that aqueous fruit extract, in a dose of 200mg/kg body weight, significantly decreased the blood glucose level after its intra- peritoneal administration in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (p<0.05). Almost similar decreased in glucose level was also observed by chlorpropamide, a known antidiabetic drug in a dose of 84 mg/kg. The aqueous extract also induced hypotriglyceridemia by decreasing TG levels at 0, 1, 2 and 4 hours in diabetic rats (p<0.05). In addition, the extract was also found to improve liver function by normalizing the activity of liver-specific enzyme alanine transaminase (ALT).
Oviposition and larval dispersal of the common armyworm, Mythimna convecta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The common armyworm, Mythimna convecta (Walker), is a pest of cereal crops and pasture grasses in Australia. During autumn, egglaying in grasslands commonly occurs before plant growth commences. The possible association between oviposition and dried grasses was investigated in field studies of larval distribution in a pasture and a crop habitat, and in laboratory studies of oviposition site preferences and the mode of dispersal of newly hatched first instar larvae. A comparison of a green grass pasture with and without a component of dried grass showed that highest densities of M. convecta larvea. were found in the former. In the laboratory, egg batches were laid between plant parts in close contact, such as between the stem and leaf axil and between seeds in the seed head. The crevices in dried plant material and seed-heads were significantly more acceptable for oviposition than in green foliage. Oviposition in dried plant material enables M. convecta to rapidly colonize ephemeral grasslands immediately after rains when the neonate larvae can disperse and feed on new vegetative growth. Shortly after hatching, 93% of first instar larvae used fine silken threads for aerial dispersal in 0.5 m s-1 air currents and 43% were blown a distance of more than 1.0 m. In the field, sticky traps caught larvae dispersing in all directions from a central source, and indicated that approximately 30% were transported 2 m after 7 days of light to medium breezes. Terminal velocities of newly hatched larvae were 20–130 cm s-1, depending on the length of the trailing thread.
Antihepatotoxic Activity of Spilanthes ciliata

Abstract The ethanol extract of the whole plant of Spilanthes ciliata was screened for its hepatoprotective effects in Wistar rats. A significant hepatoprotective effect was obtained against paracetamol-induced hepatic damage as evident from decreased levels of serum enzymes and an almost normal histological architecture of the liver, following treatment with the plant extract prior to paracetamol overdose-induced liver damage. The extract was also effective in increasing the choleretic activity of anaesthetized normal rats. The extract shortened hexobarbitone-induced sleeping time in mice, which was increased by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treatment, besides showing significant antilipid peroxidant effects in vitro.
Biomechanics of Frog Swimming: I. Estimation of the Propulsive Force Generated by Hymenochirus Boettgeri

Cine films were used to study swimming in the frog, Hymenochirus boettgeri (Tornier) during near-vertical breathing excursions. The animals generally decelerated during hindlimb flexion (recovery phase) and accelerated throughout hindlimb extension (power phase). Body velocity patterns of frogs are distinct from those of other drag-based paddlers, such as angelfish and water boatman, where the body is accelerated and decelerated within the power stroke phase. The propulsive force, estimated for a single sequence from quasi-steady drag and inertial considerations, was positive throughout extension. The upper and lower bounds of this estimate were calculated by considering additional components of the force balance, including the net effect of gravity and buoyancy, and the longitudinal added mass forces associated with the body. Consideration of the force balance implies that simple drag-based propulsion may not be sufficient to explain the swimming patterns observed in frogs.
The influences of genotype, environment, and genotype×environment interaction on wheat quality

Knowledge of the relative contributions of genotype (G), environment (E), and genotype and environment interaction (G × E) effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) quality leads to more effective selection in breeding programs and segregation of more uniform parcels of grain better suited to the needs of customers. Their effects on wheat quality were reviewed using papers obtained from 4 major international databases. The literature is dominated by research from North America, with lesser contributions from Europe, Australia, and the rest of the world. Use of analysis of variance to partition sources of variation due to G, E, and G × E was the most common approach but, more recently, residual maximum likelihood methods that can accommodate large, but unbalanced, datasets have been used. In North America and Europe, the relative contributions of G, E, and G × E varied across studies, but traits associated with protein content were more influenced by E and G × E than those associated with protein quality, dough rheology and starch characteristics, where G effects were more important. Variation in the relative contributions of G, E, and G × E was highly dependent on the G and E sampled. The Australian studies were characterised by a relative lack of G × E, with G and E rankings being similar across the country for the protein quality, dough rheology, and starch quality traits examined in detail. This suggests that, in Australia, more efficient testing of potential cultivars will be possible for these traits, especially when the underlying variation at the gene level is known, and that efficiencies in the design and conduct of trial systems and quality evaluations could be achieved by testing samples from targetted environments without affecting genetic gain and overall crop quality.
Body mass relationships affect the age structure of predation across carnivore–ungulate systems: a review and synthesis

The size or body mass of predators relative to prey plays a key role in structuring animal communities, as the strength of predator–prey interactions is often dependent on the body mass relationship. Also, in long-lived species, a direct functional relationship exists between adult survival and population growth rate. Therefore, any cause of mortality acting on the adult segment of the population is expected to exert a strong influence on population performance. Despite the large amount of literature available on carnivore–ungulate predation patterns, the relationship of predator and prey body mass with the age structure of predation has not yet been synthesised within a common framework. We review the main studies conducted during the last five decades on carnivore–ungulate predation patterns, and synthesise how the body mass relationship influences the age composition of individuals killed. For each study, we compiled the predator and prey species under study, their body mass and sex, the geographical location of the study site, the methodology used, and the resulting age composition of individuals killed, at the highest available resolution. We used generalised linear mixed effects models to assess the influence of all these variables on the proportion of individuals killed consisting of juveniles. The proportion of individuals killed that were juvenile in a given predator–prey system was strongly dependent on prey body mass, with a positive asymptotic relationship. The asymptote value decreased for increasing predator body mass. Also, felids and canids followed different trajectories. Male predators killed more adults than female predators, and the proportion of juveniles in their diet was lower when predators were preying on solitary ungulates, than when they were preying on species living in groups or herds. Morphological and behavioural traits of predator and prey species interact to influence the age structure of predation, with possible consequences on the potential for different carnivore species to affect their prey demography.
Microsatellite-assisted backcross selection in maize

Abstract A microsatellite marker (SSR) was chosen to simulate a target allele and three criteria (02, 04 and 06 markers perchromosome) were tested to evaluate the most efficient parameters for performing marker-assisted backcross(MAB) selection. We used 53 polymorphic SSRs to genotype 186 BC 1 maize (Zea mays L.) plants produced bycrossing the inbred maize lines L-08-05 (donor parent) and L-14-4B (recurrent parent). The second backcross (BC 2 )generation was produced with 180 plants and screened with markers which were not recovered from the firstbackcross (BC 1 ) generation. A total of 480 plants were evaluated in the third backcross (BC 3 ) generation from which48 plants were selected for parental genotype recovery. Recurrent genotype recovery averages in three backcrossgenerations were compatible with those expected in BC 4 or BC 5 , indicating genetic gain due to the marker-assistedbackcrossing. The target marker (polymorphic microsatellite PHI037) was efficiently transferred. Six markers perchromosome showed a high level of precision for parental estimates at different levels of maize genome saturationand donor alleles were not present in the selected recovered pure lines. Phenotypically, the plants chosen based onthis criterion (06 markers per chromosome) were closer to the recurrent parent than any other selected by othercriteria (02 or 04 markers per chromosome). This approach allowed the understanding that six microsatellites perchromosome is a more efficient parameter than 02 and 04 markers per chromosome for deriving a marker-assistedbackcross (MAB) experiment in three backcross generations.
IMMUNODIAGNOSIS OF CUCURBIT YELLOW STUNTING DISORDER VIRUS USING POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES DEVELOPED AGAINST RECOMBINANT COAT PROTEIN

The coat protein (CP) gene of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) was amplified by reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The amplicon was cloned in pGEM-T, sequenced and subcloned into a bacterial expression vector (pQE-31). The recombinant CYSDV CP was expressed as a fusion protein with an N-terminal hexa-histidine tag, purified by affinity chromatography yielding 8 mg native protein per liter of bacterial culture, and used as an antigen to produce CYSDV CP antiserum in a rabbit. The resulting antiserum was successfully assayed in tissue blot immunoassay (TBIA), dot blot immunoassay (DBIA), indirect ELISA and DAS- ELISA, with a titer of about 103 for all methods. TBIA was very specific and showed the virus localization in the phloem tissue and is recommended for large-scale surveys.
Identification of genes for cold hardiness in Japanese spurge

Pachysandra terminalis Sieb et Zucc is a cold hardy, but heat susceptible evergreen perennial plant. In this study transcript abundance and enzyme activity were measured for genes previously shown to be differentially expressed by temperature stress to identify those genes that may be useful for improving temperature stress tolerance. Rooted seedlings were treated at cold (4 o C), heat (38 o C) and control condition (22 o C) for four d, and young leaves were collected daily from each treatment. In the photorespiratory pathway, glycolate oxidase showed higher level of transcript and enzyme activity when plants were subjected to cold than heat stress; the enzyme activity of NADPH-dependent hydroxypyruvate reductase was suppressed by temperature treatments whereas the transcript level fluctuated during the treatment period. For the plastidal-targeted proteins, carbonic anhydrase was induced by cold, but suppressed by heat temperature. The treated plants contained higher transcript level of photosystem II 10 kD PsbR and Rubisco activase compared to the control. Results from this study have shown that gene expression and enzyme activity of glycolate oxidase and carbonic anhydrase were correlated with the cold hardiness and heat susceptibility of Japanese spurge, thus these two genes may be good candidate genes for cold tolerance in this species.
DROUGHT LIMITS INDUCED TWINING BY LEAF DAMAGE IN THE CLIMBING PLANT IPOMOEA PURPUREA (L.) ROTH (CONVOLVULACEAE)

El ambiente puede limitar la expresion de las respuestas inducidas por la herbivoria, como el aumento en las defensas quimicas o fisicas. Estudios recientes en plantas trepadoras muestran que el dano foliar induce el trepado. Esta respuesta podria conferir proteccion contra herbivoros en terreno. En este estudio investigamos el efecto de la sequia sobre la induccion de trepado en la trepadora anual Ipomoea purpurea (Convolvulaceae), planta que en condiciones naturales puede experimentar estres por sequia. En un experimento de invernadero, se registro la tasa de enredo (proporcion de plantas que se enredan exitosamente en un tiempo dado) de plantas danadas y no danadas de I purpurea, expuestas a tratamientos de riego control y sequia. Tambien se estimo la tasa de crecimiento y el contenido hidrico del tallo, justo despues de la evaluacion del trepado. Las plantas en el tratamiento de sequia mostraron una reduccion en la induccion de trepado por dano foliar comparado con plantas control. Ni la tasa de crecimiento ni el contenido hidrico se afectaron por el dano foliar o la sequia. Los resultados sugieren que la sequia limita la induccion de trepado por medio de mecanismos no directamente relacionados con el crecimiento y el contenido hidrico del tallo. Se sugiere que la sequia podria inducir senales que se contraponen con las generadas por el dano foliar. La induccion de trepado puede ser una ventaja en la presencia de herbivoros rastreros, pero la susceptibilidad ambiental de esta respuesta puede limitar su relevancia ecologica.
Species assignment in Pupilla (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Pupillidae): integration of DNA-sequence data and conchology

Using the Pupilla faunas of Europe, North America, the Altai region of central Asia and eastern Asia, we consider whether the existing taxonomy based primarily on shell apertural characteristics correlates with relationships established on the basis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA-sequence data. We obtained DNA sequence from nuclear ITS1 and ITS2 and mitochondrial COI and CytB from 80 specimens across 22 putative Pupilla taxa. The sequence data were analysed using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, Bayesian and neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree reconstruction, as well as base-pair substitution and insertion-deletion analysis. Revised species-level concepts were generated by identifying reciprocally monophyletic clades that exhibited unique conchological features. These analyses document that, although many previously described taxa have biological merit, the highly plastic nature of shell apertural features makes them unreliable indicators of species identity in several independent lineages. However, shell surface sculpture and architecture appear to provide more reliable diagnoses. Because of the traditional reliance of species-level taxonomy in Pupilla on plastic apertural features, too many species-level entities have been described in Europe and the Altai. Also, because taxonomically useful shell sculpture features have tended to be ignored, too few species have been described in eastern Asia and North America. As a result, confusion exists about species ranges, ecological tolerances and interpretation of Quaternary fossils within the genus. Based on these analyses three new species are described: P. alaskensis, P. hudsonianum and P. hokkaidoensis.
L'haptoglobine, marqueur protéique de l'inflammation aiguë, dans l'espèce bovine

La réaction inflammatoire aiguë représente la réponse de l'animal hôte face à un trouble de son homéostasie contre toute lésion tissulaire pouvant être de nature infectieuse, traumatique, immunologique, néoplasique ou autre (Gruys et al., 1994). De plus, elle est aspécifique. Ce type de réponse a pour but d'aider l'animal à lutter contre l'agresseur ou le trauma en vue de restaurer l'homéostasie et de prévenir la croissance microbienne. La réaction locale au niveau du site de la lésion est caractérisée par diverses réponses dont l'aggrégation plaquettaire, la formation du clou plaquettaire, une dilatation et une augmentation de perméabilité des vaisseaux sanguins mais également une accumulation des granulocytes et cellules mononucléaires qui libèrent des médiateurs de l'inflammation : les cytokines (Heinrich et al., 1990). Les cytokines agissent sur des récepteurs spécifiques situés au niveau des cellules cibles pour déclencher une réaction systémique dont les symptômes principaux sont la fièvre, l'anorexie, une leucocytose (avec neutrophilie), une augmentation de la vitesse de sédimentation des globules rouges, une augmentation de la sécrétion d'adrénocorticotropine (ACTH) et de glucocorticoïdes, l'activation du complément et de la cascade de coagulation, une diminution des taux sériques du fer, du zinc, du calcium et des vitamines A et E, une balance azotée négative se traduisant par une diminution de poids vif, une augmentation des concentrations sériques de certaines protéines appelées les protéines de la phase aiguë (Acute phase proteins ou APPs) mais encore une diminution d'autres protéines qui sont des marqueurs négatifs, minoritaires : l'albumine, la retinol-binding protein, la transthyrétine et la transferrine (Eckersall et Conner, 1988 ; Heinrich et al., 1990 ; Van Miert et al., 1990 ; Gruys et al., 1994 ; Gabay et Kushner, 1999). Les marqueurs protéiques positifs sont pour la plupart des glycoprotéines synthétisées par le foie et libérées dans la circulation lorsque des récepteurs spécifiques de l'hépatocyte sont stimulés par les cytokines en réponse à divers stress comme une inflammation locale, une infection bactérienne, l'action d'endotoxines, une néoplasie, une lésion thermique ou encore mécanique (Kushner, 1993). Les APPs appartiennent à dif-
Increased reproductive capacity and physical defense but decreased tannin content in an invasive plant

Abstract Plant invasions create novel plant–insect interactions. The EICA (evolution of increased competitive ability) hypothesis proposes that invasive plants will reallocate resources from defense to growth and/or reproduction because they have escaped from their co‐evolved insect natural enemies. Testing multiple herbivory by monophagous and oligophagous herbivores and simultaneous measurement of various plant traits will provide new insights into the evolutionary change of invasive plants. In this context, we conducted a common garden experiment to compare plant growth and reproduction, chemical and physical defense, and plant responses to herbivory by different types of herbivores between invasive North American populations and native East Asian populations of mile‐a‐minute weed, Persicaria perfoliata. We found that invasive mile‐a‐minute exhibited lower biomass, flowered earlier and had greater reproductive output than plants from the native range. Compared with native populations, plants from invasive populations had lower tannin content, but exhibited higher prickle density on nodes and leaves. Thus our results partially support the EICA hypothesis. When exposed to the monophagous insect, Rhinoncomimus latipes and the oligophagous insects, Gallerucida grisescens and Smaragdina nigrifrons, more damage by herbivory was found on invasive plants than on natives. R. latipes, G. grisescens and S. nigrifrons had strong, moderate and weak impacts on the growth and reproduction of mile‐a‐minute, respectively. The results indicate that mile‐a‐minute may have evolved a higher reproductive capacity in the introduced range, and this along with a lack of oligophagous and monophagous herbivores in the new range may have contributed to its invasiveness in North America.
Temperature acclimation in crucian carp, Carassius carassius L., morphometric analyses of muscle fibre ultrastructure

Carp show a partial compensation in metabolic rate and activity following temperature acclimation. In the present study crucian carp, Carassius carassius, were acclimated for eight weeks to either 2. Cor 28. C. The effects of temperature acclimation on muscle fibre ultrastructure has been investigated. The fractional volume (%) of each fibre type occupied by mitochondria and myofibrils was determined using a point counting morphometric method. Mitochondrial density was found to be higher in the muscles of cold (red fibres 25%; pink fibres 20% and white fibres 4%) than in those of warm acclimated fish (red fibres 14%, pink fibres 11%, white fibres I%). The proportion of subsarco1emmal to intramyofibrillar mitochondria was significantly lower in the red fibres of cold acclimated fish. Metabolic compensation to low temperatures are therefore associated with an increase in the number of mitochondria per cell. In contrast, the fractional volume occupied by myofibrils actually decreased following cold acclimation. Evidence is reviewed that temperature compensation of contractile activity results from qualitative rather than quantitative changes in myofibrillar proteins. I. INTRODUCfION
Karakteristik Ukuran Tubuh dan Polimorfisme Gen GH, GHRH dan Pit-1 pada Populasi Kerbau di Banten

ROHMAT DIYONO. Body Measurements Characteristic and Polymorphism of GH, GHRH and Pit-1 Genes of Buffalo Population in Banten. Supervised by CECE SUMANTRI and ACHMAD FARAJALLAH. The objectives of this study were to get information about body measurements characteristic and molecular polymorphisms of Banten buffalo population consisted of Pandeglang and Lebak subpopulations. Five variables of body measurement which were body length (BL), wither height (WH), chest circumference (CC), chest depth (CD) and hip height (HH) were analyzed on body measurement study. While, three loci of growth hormone genes (GH/MspI, GHRH/HaeIII and Pit-1/HinfI) were used on molecular polymorphism study. The results showed that body measurements of Pandeglang generally was not differ from Lebak subpopulation according to t-test analysis (P>0.05). Molecular analysis showed that GH/MspI and GHRH/HaeIII loci of Banten population were polymorphic, while Pit-1/HinfI locus was monomorphic. Genetic polymorphisms of GH/MspI locus was low showed by expected heterosigosity value (He=0.0469). While, genetic polymorphisms of GHRH/HaeIII locus was higher (He=0.4908). FIS index showed negative value indicated that there was a random mating system on Banten buffalo population. FIT value for GH/MspI locus near to 0 (-0.0207) indicated that there was a balanced population according to Hardy-Weinberg principle. A bias of Hardy Weinberg principle was on GHRH/HaeIII locus showed with FIT value near to -1 (-0.7224). Population differentiation indicator, FST index showed a small value (0.0024) indicated that differentiation of Banten population to two subpopulations (Pandeglang and Lebak) only decreased a small number of genetic diversity (0.24%). Correlation analysis showed that GHRH/HaeIII genotypes was not significantly correlated with body measurements of Banten buffalo population (P>0.05).
Weak point analyze of nutrient cycles in organic dairy farms

The aim of the current study is to clarify if weak points analyze of nutrient cycles in organic dairy farms enables farm managers to identify the points in the farm nutrient cycle at which nitrogen leaching is most critical. Different nutrient cylce system levels of the Educational and Research Farm at the Justus-Liebig-University Giesen, Gladbacherhof have been observed. The weak point at this farm was localised at the cropland level with an nitrogen efficiency of only 49 %. In the present study it can be resumed that weak points analyse is able to identify critical points in the nitrogen cycle of a farm system. The analyse has to go on „deeper“ levels of the nutrient cycle. Keywords: dairy producition, nitrogen leaching, nutrient cycle