Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Echoic Memory In Primitive Auditory Selective Attention

This study explored possible confounding effects of echoic memory on estimates of attentional capacity by attempting to estimate capacity while controlling the effect of echoic memory. Detection of a target stimulus and identification of its carrier stream was investigated as a function of variation in number of concurrent nonoverlapping auditory streams (1 to 4) and of condition of echoic memory involvement (available or eliminated via articulatory suppression). Error rates were found to increase nonlinearly as a function of number of streams, but with a different point of discontinuity – indicative of a processing limitation – under different conditions of memory involvement, a higher capacity (3 as opposed to 2 streams) being achieved with echoic memory contribution. Detection response latencies also increased as a function of number of streams, but the increases were linear. Echoic memory also significantly reduced the response latency. These findings, which implicate echoic memory as a contributory factor in estimates of auditory attention, may help to resolve discrepancies in previous research and have implications for modeling auditory attentional processes.
< Explanation of Improved the Quality of ALU And Ten Different Types of Designs for Decreasing Power Dissipation >

The goal of this paper is explaining what is ALU and how can we improve the quality of ALU. The topics are including the basic explanation of ALU and one bit Full Adder, different types of the adders and more important the requirements to increase the quality of ALU. There are several key requirements for a better ALU are width of data bus, ITRS technology node, execution time and energy consumption. Moreover, this paper will also discuss about ten different ALU designs. Most of designs are design for lower energy consumption with a different length of node. For instance, design number 10 in the table; the paper is about a 32-bit ALU with a 180 nm CMOS technologies, the goal of it is decrease the power dissipation. Keywords— CMOS technology node, Adder, Multiplier, Floating point, Data path width, operand, Model of chip, execution time, power dissipation, enery consumption.
California Academy Early College High School: Creating Community through Rigor, Relevance & Relationships

California Academy Early College High School (California Academy) 1 Pseudonym. , an independent charter high school serving at-risk students in Santa Ana has created, developed, and sustained a community of family through rigor, relevance, and relationships. Over the past 10 years three different educational leaders, each with unique professional training, experiences, and leadership styles, served as California Academy’s principal from its founding and development, to a sustained thriving early college high school (ECHS), effectively educating traditionally underserved students in Santa Ana. This longitudinal narrative case study depicts how aligned successive leaders created an academically successful community of formerly at-risk students in a California charter school, through the enduring values of rigor, relevance, and relationships.
Depth Estimation from Video with a Single RGB Camera of Known Position

Extracting depth information from a robot's environment is an often mission-critical task that demands the use of specialized equipment such as infrared sensors or dedicated stereoscopic camera rigs. Many depth estimation algorithms that bypass the use of such equipment still require extensive supervised learning on training sets of images that have been painstakingly annotated by hand. Thus, we consider the task of plug-and-play sparse depth map generation using any RGB camera and its position. We construct a structure-from-motion computer vision pipeline that matches features across frames using the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) algorithm and estimates objects' distances based on features' pixel disparities between frames and the known camera trajectory. The pipeline is tested on a set of images captured indoors by a medium resolution 640px x 400px camera on the right end effector of a force-compliant Baxter system. The pipeline estimates depth well on camera trajectories mostly parallel to the camera plane but functions poorly when rotating around objects in front of the camera. Due to the structure-from-motion nature of the algorithm, it is tolerant of minor amounts of image rotation, sensor noise, and motion blur. The pipeline is highly generalizable to any platform, capable of being deployed on any system that makes camera pose information available. Runtime averaged between . 06 to . 08 seconds per call, depending on the feature-richness of the scene, demonstrating that real-time application of the pipeline is possible. The algorithm's main drawbacks are the inaccuracy in depth measurement and the difficulty of tuning feature matching, as poor tuning results in extreme levels of noise. Keywords—structure from motion, depth estimation, computer vision, feature matching
Language, Use and Contrastive Analysis

There are at present two main views of language and its relation to the world: the older and classical view which is here termed the Objectivist theory of language and the more recent view which is referred to, following Moore and Carling (1982: 10), the Epiphenomenalist theory of language . The traditional Objectivist view considers language a homogeneous 'object', a formal system to a large extent independent of its users and its context of use (Lee, 1992: 185). On this view, language is a code consisting of a set of phonological, grammatical and lexical features which· may be investigated out of context. Phenomena in the external world are classified into discrete categories conceived by the speaker, which are in turn reflected in linguistic categories. Meaning originates in the mind of the speaker in the form of mental constructs or concepts, which are planed or encoded by the speaker into a text functioning as a container of the speaker's thought. All that the addressee or the hearer has to do is to decode the linguistic sign and arriveat the meaning of the sentence. The act of communication is therefore relativeiy unproblematic with language functioning as a means for carrying the meaning of the speaker to the hearer. Words and sentences are given independent meanmg - that which is intended by the speaker - to be decoded by the hearer.
Non-haemolytic enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus strains from raw and pasteurized milk and milking utensils in Kelantan , Malaysia

The toxigenic strains of Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) produce toxins such as haemolytic and nonhaemolytic toxins. Fresh milk, pasteurized milk and swab samples were collected from milking utensils in a diary farm. Routine microbiological examination for B. cereus, antimicrobial sensitivity tests and PCR detection of the Bacillus group specific genes and genes encoding for haemolytic enterotoxin and non-hemolytic eneterotoxin genes were conducted. Bacillus cereus was isolated from raw bulk mlik, pasteurized milk and milking utensils swabs collected. Detection of B. cereus was higher in milking utensils compared to raw and pasteurized milk. Bacillus cereus was also detected in corn-flavoured pasteurized milk and milking utensils of dairy colonies. There were non-hemolytic enterotoxin gene positive isolates and most of them were susceptible to Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxacin compare to other beta lactam antibiotics. As control and prevention stratgies, increase in public awareness through public education, proper hygiene practices in farms and dairy processing plants, regular surveillance and quality control including intensive screening for milk and milk products need to be in place. However, further in-depth study based on larger and diversified sample and detection of other toxigenic genes are recommended.
A Cryptocurrency Evaluation and Trading System Ibrahim Alshibani

Accurately predicting asset prices in a financial market is a very difficult task. This difficulty arises from the large number of real-world factors that drive the price. Often these factors are hard to model or follow a random behaviour. This thesis studies the predictability of a financial market of a new type of asset, cryptocurrencies. We employ two types of approaches to this problem, the first one is based on Technical Analysis. We utilized an approach based on grid search and cross validation to find the best set of parameters for the trading strategies based on technical analysis. This approach was applied to 5 different cryptocurrencies and 7 different trading strategies. All candidate strategies that resulted from the cross-validated grid search method performed well on out-of-sample data, yielding positive returns. The second approach used to tackle the problem was based on computer learning. We fitted historical data for 5 different cryptocurrencies to a Recurrent Neural Network model that uses the Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) architecture. The model was able to achieve limited accuracy improvement over a random classifier by around 5% for 3 out of 5 currencies. Complementary to the first approach, we designed a trading system that enables the user to run trading simulations on historical data, and launch a trading bot to perform automated trading based on a selected trading strategy. By comparing the performance of the trading bot to that of the offline trading simulations, we found that our offline simulation is a realistic approximation to real-world live trading.
Chance-Constrained Bin Packing Problem with an Application to Operating Room Planning

We study the chance-constrained bin packing problem, with an application to hospital operating room planning. The bin packing problem allocates items of random size that follow a discrete distribution to a set of bins with limited capacity, while minimizing the total cost. The bin capacity constraints are satisfied with a given probability. We investigate a big-M and a 0-1 bilinear formulation of this problem. We analyze the bilinear structure of the formulation and use the lifting techniques to identify cover, clique and projection inequalities to strengthen the formulation. We show that in certain cases these inequalities are facet defining for a bi-linear knapsack constraint that arises in the reformulation. An extensive computational study is conducted for the operating room planning problem that minimizes the number of open operating rooms. The computational tests are performed using problems generated based on real data from a hospital. A lower bound improvement heuristic is combined with the cuts proposed in this paper in a branch-and-cut framework. The computations illustrate that the techniques developed in this paper can significantly improve the performance of the branch-and-cut method. Problems with up to 1,000 scenarios are solved to optimality in less than an hour. A safe-approximation based on conditional value at risk (CVaR) is also solved. The computations show that the CVaR approximation typically leaves a gap of one operating room (e.g., six instead of five) to satisfy the chance constraint.
- 1-Integrated Motorway Traffic Flow Control

The development and deployment of simple, yet efficient, coordinated and integrated control tools for motorway traffic control remains a challenge. A generic integrated feedback-based motorway traffic flow control concept has been proposed recently by the authors of this paper. It is based on the combination and suitable extension of control algorithms and tools proposed or deployed in other studies, such as ramp metering or VSL (Variable Speed Limit)-enabled cascade-feedback mainstream traffic flow control, and allows for consideration of multiple bottlenecks. The new controller enables coordination of ramp metering actions at a series of on-ramps, as well as integration with VSL control actions towards a common control goal, which is bottleneck throughput maximization. While doing this, the approach considers a pre-specified (desired) balancing of the incurred delays upstream of the employed actuators, via a suitably designed knapsack problem. Despite the multitude of the offered configurations, options and possibilities, the generic control algorithm remains simple, efficient and suitable for field implementation. The control algorithm is demonstrated and evaluated using validated macroscopic traffic flow models for two case studies and for a number of different scenarios.
Enhanced Multiloop Control Scheme for an LCL-filtered Grid-connected Inverter under Abnormal Grid Voltage Conditions

To facilitate the transition between the standalone mode and grid-connected mode of a grid-connected inverter with LCL filters, multiloop and indirect current control schemes have been widely used. By considering the capacitor voltages as control variables, these control schemes can provide seamless transfer of operation modes to the inverter even at the event of unintentional islanding. However, since these schemes are mainly based on the proportional integral controller which is generally unable to cope with sinusoidal disturbances, the injected currents are adversely influenced by distorted grid voltages. To address such a problem, this paper proposes an enhanced multiloop control scheme for an LCL-filtered gridconnected inverter under abnormal grid voltage conditions. Since resonant controllers are incorporated into grid-side current control loop, the proposed scheme can guarantee the high quality of injected currents to grid regardless of adverse grid voltage conditions. Comparative simulation results are given to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed enhanced multiloop control scheme.
BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF AQUA-SPHERE

Irrespective of the nature of the environment, whether it is the sea, river, lake or pond, organisms make even the hot spring and ground water as their habitat. Organisms living in the earth’s aquasphere are called aquatic organisms. Primeval forms of life were born and a major part of history of evolution has progressed in the sea. Therefore, biodiversity in the aquasphere, which has several endemic species, is higher than that in aerosphere and terrasphere. We can find all phyla of prokaryotes, protists, fungi, plants and animals in the aquatic environment. Animals that have strong connection with aquatic environment in their life such as the seabirds and seals are also members of aquatic organisms, and constitute a part of the ecosystem through interrelationships among them. The aquatic environments can be differentiated into riverine, coastal, and deep sea ecosystem. However, as most water bodies on earth including the seas and inland water bodies have some connections to other water bodies, the boundary of the ecosystems is obscure. Ecosystems are connected through migration of organisms and material transportation. In order to live in water, aquatic organisms have developed specialized adaptive functions and organs. The endemic and common organs, tissues and cells such as gills, lateral line, swim-bladder and chloride cells are some examples. These functions characterize not only the behavior of aquatic organisms but also their life history, population structure, reproduction, feeding, migration etc. For example, being denser than air, water offers higher buoyancy to organisms thereby helping large scale dispersion at larval stage, which is a common characteristic trait in aquatic species. In this chapter the authors will discuss about the biodiversity, and the physiological and ecological peculiarities and commonalities of organisms in the aquatic ecosystem. (Katsumi Tsukamoto)
explored the effectiveness of Visual Phonics as a reading instructional tool when used in conjunction with a modified version of the Fountas and Pinnell Kindergarten Phonics

AND DISORDERS, MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY, SPRINGFIELD. In general, deaf and hard of hearing students continue to plateau at a thirdto-fourth-grade reading level, where they fail to make the transition between learning to read and reading to learn (Moores, 2001). Phonological awareness is thought to be a necessary skill if one is to be a proficient reader. Neilsen and Luetke-Stahlman (2002) defined it as “sensitivity to the patterns of spoken language that recur and can be manipulated without respect to the meaning [that word parts or words] ordinarily convey” (p. 12). The National Reading Panel (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [NICHD], 2000) concluded that the acquisition of phonological awareness largely determines a student’s ability to decode, learn vocabulary, and read fluently, and thereby demonstrate comprehension. Phonological awareness also relates to speech articulation (Jennings, Caldwell, & Lerner, 2006; Nielsen & Luetke-Stahlman, 2002). It is thought that deaf children, despite a lack of hearing, make use of cues from any residual hearing, their ability to speechread, and any articulatory training they may have (Waters & Doehring, 1990), and that it is therefore likely that a strategy for teaching phonological awareness that capitalizes on these assets will be the most effective. However, Adams (1990) argued that more important than the ability to hear or articulate phonemes THE IMPACT OF VISUAL PHONICS ON THE PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS AND SPEECH PRODUCTION OF A STUDENT WHO IS DEAF: A CASE STUDY
The Influence of Visual Perspective on Body Size Estimation in Immersive Virtual Reality

The creation of realistic self-avatars that users identify with is important for many virtual reality applications. However, current approaches for creating biometrically plausible avatars that represent a particular individual require expertise and are time-consuming. We investigated the visual perception of an avatar’s body dimensions by asking males and females to estimate their own body weight and shape on a virtual body using a virtual reality avatar creation tool. In a method of adjustment task, the virtual body was presented in an HTC Vive head-mounted display either co-located with (first-person perspective) or facing (third-person perspective) the participants. Participants adjusted the body weight and dimensions of various body parts to match their own body shape and size. Both males and females underestimated their weight by 10-20% in the virtual body, but the estimates of the other body dimensions were relatively accurate and within a range of ± 6%. There was a stronger influence of visual perspective on the estimates for males, but this effect was dependent on the amount of control over the shape of the virtual body, indicating that the results might be caused by where in the body the weight changes expressed themselves. These results suggest that this avatar creation tool could be used to allow participants to make a relatively accurate self-avatar in terms of adjusting body part dimensions, but not weight, and that the influence of visual perspective and amount of control needed over the body shape are likely gender-specific.
KURATOWSKI’S CONTRIBUTION IN THE TOPOLOGY OF HYPERSPACES

This note is devoted to Kazimierz Kuratowski’s contribution to the theory of hyperspaces. Some modern applications of his results, in particular, to the theory of absorbing sets in the infinite-dimensional manifolds, are presented. “. his personal copy of that book, the red one, what was it? ” “The Topology of Hyperspace. ” “Right. And he said, ‘It’s too difficult for you . ’ ” StanisÃ law Lem, “Return From The Stars”
Gene Expression Profiles Induced by Growth Factors in In Vitro Cultured Myocytes

Disruption in the normal adolescent growth spurt can cause the spinal deformities that result in idiopathic scoliosis. It is defined by the presence of lateral deformity of the spine, with otherwise normal vertebrate bodies and without other diagnoses. Due to its prevalence of 2%3% in school-aged children it poses a considerable health burden in the pediatric population. In general, spinal curvatures can be classified into congenital, neuromuscular, and the idiopathic forms [1,2]. Congenital forms of scoliosis involve structural malformations of the spine that are visible on radiographs and include segmental abnormalities such as hemivertebrae, wedge-shaped vertebrae, vertebral fusions and bars. In contrast to most idiopathic forms of scoliosis, congenital forms are resistant to correction and frequently progress to cause severe deformation, thus pose the most clinical problems [3]. In line with the segmental patterning that leads to the formation of the spine, four mutations associated with congenital scoliosis have been found in genes associated with the human segmentation clock mechanism (DLL3, MESP2, LFNG, HES7) [4]. Genome-wide association studies have been performed for families with idiopathic scoliosis and have identified polymorphisms in one gene (CHD7) that regulates multiple genetic pathways [5]. This implies that variations in other genes responsible for rare disorders may likewise contribute to idiopathic scoliosis. This notion has been contended before [6] arguing that so-called “idiopathic” scoliosis may be the result of sub-clinical lower motor neuron disorder. Histochemical studies of the thoracic part of the erector spinae muscles in scoliosis have shown consistently a changed fiber structure on the convex versus the concave side of the spine. Thus, this deviation in adult onset idiopathic scoliosis also may constitute one of the primary factors in the pathogenesis of the spinal curvature [7-9], but controversies still exist [10]. In any case, the formation of contractile myofibrils requires the ordered stepwise onset of expression of muscle specific proteins. Any defects in the expression patterns of muscle-specific genes may underlie muscle disorders [11] and, consequently, congenital or idiopathic disorders of the human skeletal apparatus including scoliosis. Changes in mRNA levels have been shown to be the primary genetic defects in muscular dystrophies, including mRNA for embryonic myosin heavy chain, α-cardiac actin, versican, acetylcholine receptor α-1, thrombospondin 4 and others [12]. Further, a heterozygous missense mutation in the MEGF10 gene was found to impair the regeneration of adult muscle in response to injury or disease and leads to myopathy and scoliosis [13]. Minor defects in muscle-specific genes might thus instigate adolescentonset idiopathic scoliosis due to altered responses to a changed growth factor environment during Research Article
Total Factor Productivity Growth , Employment and Openness : A Case Study of Indian Automobile and Textile Industry

The performance of manufacturing sector in India is analysed by examining the new technologies, improvements in technical efficiency and Total Factor Productivity Growth. Technological Progress, namely, the adoption /availability of new and better technology in an industry makes an industry better equipped and hence it is likely to become more productive and efficient. Technological progress is normally denoted by a shift in the Production Possibility Frontier which is defined as the maximum possible outputs given the level of inputs. Technical efficiency, on the other hand, refers to how well a firm uses the given know-how or technology and the inputs. It is an indicator of how efficiently the inputs are being used by the firms to produce output. So, Technical Efficiency shows how far a firm is from the Production Possibility Frontier. Total Factor Productivity is the increase in output not explained by increase in inputs. It can be because of factors like improvements in technology, changes in business environment and managerial skills. It is a sum of technological progress and technical efficiency. For analyzing this difference across industries and within industries over time, 2 industries have been chosen for time period 1997-2012. To get a better picture of the changes in industry, a capital intensive and a labour intensive industry has been chosen. Automobile, two and three wheeler industry is highly “capital intensive” in nature, so that has been chosen. Secondly, for the “labour intensive industry”, the handmade