Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Biogas Generation from Food Waste

A biogas plant is an anaerobic digester that converts various waste materials viz. food waste, animal waste into biogas. Biogas is an example of a clean and easily controlled source of renewable energy from organic waste materials and its production does not require much labor input Moreover, Biogas is a sustainable substitute for firewood or fossil fuels which are slowly depleting and hence becoming more expensive. Biogas can be produced by anaerobic digestion of biodegradable materials by micro-organisms in the absence of oxygen. Since biogas is a mixture of mainly methane (also known as marsh gas or natural gas, CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), it is a renewable fuel produced from waste treatment. Production of biogas from food waste is 10 times faster than the production of biogas from cow dung. In this study, the food waste from the canteen of Budge Budge Institute of Technology has been decomposed to form Biogas. Presently the food waste is being collected by some outside agency and the fate of the waste is not known. Hence this study focuses on the design of a prototype biogas plant which will demonstrate the feasibility of conversion of this waste food into biogas. This study contemplates the proper management of the food waste generated daily from the canteen and conversion of the same to biogas which may be used for cooking to reduce the LPG consumption in the college canteen. Due to the presence of anaerobic bacteria decomposition of food wastecow dung mix will take place under two phases of reaction. In the first phase, acidification will occur, where pH level may fall due to acid formation. To maintain the pH in the alkaline level (which is a pre-requisite for methanogenesis), NaOH has been added in requisite dose. Hence in the second phase at higher pH (above 7) and higher temperature (above 40°C), methane (CH4) formation has occurred.
CD1a 1 CD14 2 and CD1a 2 CD14 1 dendritic cell precursors in vitro

We examined the effect of interleukin (IL)-4 or CD40 ligation on the differentiation and maturation of CD1a 1 CD14 2 and CD1a 2 CD14 1 dendritic cell (DC) precursors. Cord blood CD34 1 cells were cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tumor ne- crosis factor a (TNF-a), to which stem cell factor and Flt-3 ligand were added for 5 days. Phenotypic analysis of DC precursors on culture day 7 showed that CD1a 1 CD14 2 cells expressed higher CD11c and CD80 levels and lower CD116/GM-CSFR and CCR-5 levels than their CD1a 2 CD14 1 counter- parts. Culturing CD1a 1 CD14 2 precursors with GM- CSF and TNF-a resulted in DC with heterogeneous CD1a, HLA;SMDR (DR), CD11b, and CD83 ex- pression, 10% of which acquired CD14. IL-4 and CD40 ligation affected their differentiation in contrasting ways: IL-4 induced CD1a hi CD14 2 DR lo CD11b 1 CD83 2 S100 1 DC with reduced MLR- stimulating capacity, whereas CD40 ligation led to CD1a lo/- CD14 2 CD40 2 DR hi CD11b 2 CD83 1 S100 1/- DC with stronger MLR-stimulating capacity. Also, both IL-4 and CD40 ligation promoted RelB expres- sion and nuclear translocation. When CD1a 2 CD14 1 precursors were maintained in only the presence of GM-CSF and TNF-a, this led to mixed populations of adherent macrophages and nonadherent CD1a 2 CD14 1 monocytes, and of CD1a 1 CD14 2 and CD1a 1 CD14 1 DC, which were DR lo CD11b 1 - CD83 2 S100 2 . IL-4 or CD40 ligation prevented their differentiation into macrophages and resulted in DC with phenotypes close to those issued from CD1a 1 CD14 2 precursors, with only a minority staying CD14 1 but most being S100 2 ; their MLR- stimulating capacity also increased but remained lower than that of DC differentiated from CD1a 1 CD14 2 precursors. Thus, IL-4 or CD40 ligation induced CD1a 1 CD14 2 and CD1a 2 CD14 1 DC precursors to differentiate into phenotypically close but functionally different DC populations, suggesting that DC function is primarily determined by their origin. The heterogeneity of DC should then be related to different developmental path- ways and to different stages of maturation/activa- tion. J. Leukoc. Biol. 64: 235-244; 1998.
REPELLENT EFFECT OF SOME INDIGENOUS PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST SAW-TOOTHED GRAIN BEETLE, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)

Shah M. M. R. , Prodhan M. D. H. , Siddquie M. N. A. , Mamun M. A. A. and Shahjahan M. 2008. Repellent Effect of Some Indigenous Plant Extracts against Saw-Toothed Grain Beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.). Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod. 3(5):51-54 The study was conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Leaves of six indigenous plants viz., Typhonium trilobatum, Cleome viscosa, Cassia occidentalis, Pongamia pinnata, Mesua ferrea, and Trewia nudiflora were extracted using acetone, ethanol and water solvents. These extracts were evaluated for their repellent effect against Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% concentrations. Three replications were used for each dose of all the plant extracts and examined in petridishes. Extracts of water solvent showed higher repellent effect than that of others except ethanol extract of M. ferrea. Considering mean repellency rate, extracts of three solvents of all six plants were in the same repellency class i.e. class II except water extract of P. pinnata (class III). It was found that the rate of repellency increased with the increase of dose level. At 10.0% dose level all plant extracts showed the highest repellency rate and were in repellency class III.
Two-Factor Access Control Protocol Using a Lightweight Security for Cloud Computing Services

: Cloud computing is a revolutionary computing paradigm which enables flexible, on-demand and low-cost usage of computing resources. Those advantages, ironically, are the causes of security and privacy problems, which emerge because the data owned by different users are stored in some cloud servers instead of under their own control. To deal with security problems, various schemes based on the Attribute-Based Encryption have been proposed recently. Data access control is an effective way to ensure the data security in the cloud. However, due to data outsourcing and untrusted cloud servers, the data access control becomes a challenging issue in cloud storage systems. Data security is the key concern in the distributed system. Various schemes based on the attribute-based encryption have been proposed to secure the cloud storage. However, most work focuses on the data contents privacy and the access control, while less attention is paid to the privilege control and the identity privacy. In this paper, we present 2FA access control system an attribute-based access control mechanism is implemented with the necessity of both a user secret key and a lightweight security device. As a user cannot access the system if they do not hold both, the mechanism can enhance the security of the system, especially in those scenarios where many users share the same computer for web-based cloud services. In addition, attribute-based control in the system also enables the cloud server to restrict the access to those users with the same set of attributes while preserving user privacy, i.e., the cloud server only knows that the user fulfills the required predicate, but has no idea on the exact identity of the user. Finally, we also carry out a simulation to demonstrate the practicability of our proposed 2FA system.
Ecological and evolutionary role of photobiont-mediated guilds in lichens

Lichens have arisen independently on several occasions and there have also been multiple losses of the lichen symbiosis in different fungal lineages. This pluralistic evolutionary history explains major patterns in the current diversity of lichens and the mixed occurrences of lichenized and non-lichenized species in many fungal groups. However, we still have an insufficient understanding of factors that induce re- and de-lichenization events and promote phylogenetic change in lichen symbionts over evolutionary time. While lichens are often cited as one classic example of coevolution, reciprocal evolutionary change between symbionts has been difficult to demonstrate. The apparent lack of phylogenetic tracking in many lichen groups indicates that a broader context is needed in which to interpret coevolution. This article provides some elements for such a framework and argues that the present diversity of lichen symbionts has evolved within an ecological kaleidoscope of photobiont-mediated guilds.
Protein supplementation of stocker cattle in the Northern Great Plains.

A comparison of the response of varying classes of growing beef cattle to protein supplementation was conducted on Northern Great Plains rangeland during the summer and early fall. Response was evaluated in 2 experiments, conducted in 1988 and 1989, by measuring organic matter intake and body weight gain in 13-month-old (spring-born steers) and 7-month-old steers (fall-born steers), which received either a 26% crude protein supplement or no supplement. Weight gain was also monitored in 7-month old heifers (fall-born heifers). In experiment 1, spring-born steers were fed 1.28 kg and fall-born steers and heifers 1.64 kg of protein supplement every other day. During experiment 2, spring-born steers were fed supplement at a rate of 1 kg and fall-born steers and heifers at 1.8 kg every other day. Intake of forage organic matter for steers was not affected (P > 0.10) by supplementation in either experiment. In experiment 1, total organic matter intake tended to be increased by protein supplementation in June but not in August (date X supplementation level interaction, P = 0.08). Forage organic matter digestibility was greater (P < 0.01) in June than in August during experiment 1 and in August than September in experiment 2. In experiment 1, this difference was greater for fall-born steers than spring-born steers. In experiment 1, supplementation increased (P < 0.01 average daily gain of cattle from 0.63 to 0.78 kg/day. In experiment 2, daily pin of cattle was increased (P < 0.01) from 0.62 0.82 kg/day with protein supplementation. Also, in experiment 2, cattle receiving supplement were 18 kg heavier (P < 0.05) at the end of the grazing season than unsupplemented controls. Protein supplementation increased weight pins of growing cattle in the late summer in the Northern Great Plains. The advantage was most consistent for fall-born steers with higher relative protein requirements.
Towards a Method for the Assessment of Cerebral Aneurysms Surgery with a Bi-Directional Doppler System for Blood Flow Measurement

This paper shows the application of Doppler flowmetry techniques to evaluate the development of surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysms, during surgery. It also shows the architecture of a Bidirectional Doppler System for Blood Flow Measurement that has already been used to evaluate the quality of bypasses in coronary revascularization surgeries. This system has also been proposed to evaluate the development of the surgical treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations, during the intervention. Two methods of spectral analysis for the analysis of the quadrature Doppler signal are detailed. The first is a nonparametric method, specifically it is the calculation of the spectrogram using the shorttime Fourier transform. The second is a parametric method, specifically it is an autoregressive method called the modified covariance method. These methods are tested with a simulated Doppler signal that characterizes the blood flow mean velocity in the Middle Cerebral Artery. Finally, preliminary results obtained in the surgery room are shown.
Anti-HIV Activities of Anionic Metalloporphyrins and Related Compounds

Various water-soluble polysulphonated and polycarboxylated porphyrins and some of their metallated derivatives have been prepared and their antiviral properties against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HIV-2), simian immunodeficiency virus and other viruses are reported. Besides these polyanionic compounds, two new series of porphyrins were included and studied from the perspective of bio-availability modulation: (i) acefylsulphonamido derivatives endowed with weak acidity properties (deprotonation gives the corresponding anionic derivatives in a pH range 4.5-8.5) and (ii) compounds with the anionic charge transiently masked by esterification (acetoxymethyl- and pivaloyloxymethylesters). Among the more active compounds in inhibiting HIV-induced cytopathic effects, the sulphonated and carboxylated porphyrin complexes were found to interact directly with the HIV protein gp 120 and not with the CD4 cellular receptor.
CARACTERÍSTICAS PRODUTIVAS DE CODORNAS JAPONESAS ALOJADAS EM DIFERENTES DENSIDADES

O presente experimento foi desenvolvido com objetivo de avaliar a densidade de alojamento das codornas de acordo com as caracteristicas produtivas. Cento e cinco codornas japonesas ( Coturnix coturnix japonica) foram criadas em gaiolas em tres densidades diferentes (166,7; 142,9 e 125 cm²/ave), em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com 5 repeticoes durante 42 dias. Foram analisadas as variaveis: consumo de racao (g/ave/dia), peso dos ovos (g), producao de ovos (%/ave/ciclo) e a conversao alimentar (kg de racao/duzia de ovos). Onde as aves submetidas as diferentes densidades de alojamento nao tiveram resultados significativos (P>0,05) para peso dos ovos e conversao alimentar. Ja a taxa de producao de ovos e o consumo de racao tiveram resultados significativos (P<0,05), comprovando os possiveis efeitos das densidades de alojamento utilizados. Conclui-se que a densidade 142,9 cm² apresentou bom desempenho produtivo e menor consumo de racao.
License Plate Image Estimation of Moving Vehicle

: License plate recognition (LPR) of vehicle is most relevant fields in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). LPR systems main purpose is to locate, segment and recognize the license plate from the snapshot of the car. As a remarkable recognizable proof, license plate is a key piece of information to reveal over-speed vehicles or the ones included in attempt at manslaughter hit and run accidents. Nevertheless, the photograph of over-speed vehicle caught by supervision camera is hazy and unclear because of quick movement, which is even unrecognizable by human. Those observed plate pictures are more often in low resolution and endure serious loss of edge data, which cast difficulty to existing visually impaired de-blurring techniques. In license plate picture obscuring is created by quick movement, the obscure bit can be seen as direct uniform convolution and parametrically demonstrated with edge and length. In this paper a novel plan based on sparse representation to recognize the obscure portion. By examining the sparsely represented coefficients of the recuperated picture, an angle is estimated by examining the recuperated picture. After that the length of the movement portion with Radon change in Fourier space is assessed. This scheme can well handle large motion blurs even when the license plate is unrecognizable by human. The approach is evaluated using real-time images to access the similarities, difference between two or more number of various popular blind image de-blurring algorithms.
Interaction between lanthanum and lipid moieties of biological membranes

: The binding of colloidal lanthanum to isolated biological membranes and lipid vesicles was studied by optical and X-ray spectroscopy, and by electron microscopy. Excellent correlation was observed using these techniques. The increase in turbidity and electron density appeared to be directly proportional to the extent of negative charge in the system. X-ray microanalysis confirmed the presence of lanthanum on the lipid vesicles. Among the negatively charged phospholipids, phosphatidylinositol showed the greatest affinity for lanthanum.
Drought mitigation strategies in pulses

Pulses are very crucial in human diet as it is a potent source for protein. These also play significant roles in conservation farming systems and add to food security in the developing countries. Climate change in particular with drought is one of the most important reasons for the adverse effect on its area production and productivity in many regions of the world. The amount of water reduction is directly proportional with yield reduction, but the degree of the impact varies with legume species and the phenological state during which drought occurs. On the whole lentil, groundnut and pigeon pea were found to experience lower drought induced yield reduction as compared to legumes such as cowpea and green gram. Usually yield reduction is greater when legumes experience drought during the period of the reproductive stage as compared to the vegetative stage. In the face of changing climate, our study provides useful information about the physiological base and research information for development of drought resistant legume species to improve alteration and flexibility of agricultural systems in the drought affected regions of the world.
Fauriea, a new genus of the lecanoroid caloplacoid lichens (Teloschistaceae, lichen-forming ascomycetes)

The robust monophyletic branch having the highest level of bootstrap support in the phylogenetical tree of the Teloschistaceae based on combined data set of ITS, LSU nrDNA and 12S SSU mtDNA sequences, which does not belong to any other earlier proposed genera of the subfamily Caloplacoideae, is described as the new genus Fauriea S. Y. Kondr. , L. Lőkos et J.-S. Hur, gen. nova for lecanoroid South Korean Caloplaca chujaensis, and newly described Eastern Chinese Fauriea orientochinensis. Descriptions of the new genus Fauriea and the species Fauriea orientochinensis, a comparison with closely related taxa and a discussion of their position are provided. New name Tayloriellina is proposed for the genus of the subfamily Brownlielloideae Tayloriella S. Y. Kondr. , Karnefelt, A. Thell, Elix et Hur (nom. illeg., non Tayloriella Kylin, Rhodomebaceae, Rhodophyta). New combinations for type species of the genera Fauriea and Tayloriellina (i.e.: Fauriea chujaensis (basionym: Caloplaca chujaensis S. Y. Kondr. , L. Lőkos .
Morphological and photosynthetic variations in the process of spermatia formation from vegetative cells in Porphyra yezoensis Ueda (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) and their responses to desiccation

Porphyra yezoensis has a macroscopic foliage gametophyte phase with only a single cell layer, and is ideally suited for the study of the sexual differentiation process, from the vegetative cell to the spermatia. Firstly, we compared variations in the responses of the vegetative and male sectors to desiccation. Later, cell tracking exper- iments were carried out during the formation of spermatia from vegetative cells. The two sectors showed similar tol- erance to desiccation, and the formation of spermatia from vegetative cells was independent of the degree of desicca- tion. Both light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of the differentiation process showed that the formation of spermatia could be divided into six phases: the one-cell, two-cell, four-cell, eight-cell, pre-release and spermatia phases. Photomicrographs of Fluorescent Brightener staining showed that the released spermatia had no cell walls. Photosynthetic data showed that there was a significant rise in Y(II) in the four-cell phase, indicating an increase in photosynthetic efficiency of PSII during this phase. We propose that this photosynthetic rise may be substantial and provide the increased energy needed for the formation and release of spermatia in P. yezoensis.
A Modified Z-Source based Non-Isolated High Step-up Converter with Reduced Device Count

High step-up dc-dc converters are predominantly used for interfacing low-voltage renewable sources including solar photovoltaic (SPV), fuel-cells, and DC microgrid. Several high gain topologies reported in the literature to integrate such sources, however, suffer from issues such as limited voltage boosting factor, higher device voltage stress, inability to deal with wide input voltage variations, increased device count, discontinuous input current, and so on. To address the aforementioned limitations, this article proposes a modified high gain converter. This is achieved by methodically adjusting the Z-source (ZS) converter to obtain high gain while lowering voltage stress and device count. As a result, switches with lower on-state resistance $(R_{ds(on)})$ are employed, which facilitates reduced switching losses and enhanced efficiency. Furthermore, while drawing continuous input current, the converter has improved efficiency at lower duty ratios, which is a crucial aspect of an SPV interface converter. The implemented topology performed well when compared to similar recent topologies. Eventually, experimental waveforms validate the theoretical claims and analysis. A 93.5% peak converter efficiency has been obtained.
Histomorphological studies on the cerebellar cortex of pig (Sus scrofa)

The histomorphological aspects of cerebellar cortex were studied in 18 Large White Yorkshire pigs at different age groups. The cerebellar cortex revealed three layers viz., the molecular layer, the Purkinje cell layer and the granular layer. Five neuronal cell types were observed in the cerebellar cortex viz., the granule cells, Purkinje cells, stellate cells, Basket cells and Golgi cells. There was an increase in the dendritic arborization from preweaner to grower age group, whereas there was discontinuation in dendritic branching in finisher age group. Significant difference was noticed in width of the layers between preweaner and grower age groups, whereas no significant difference was observed between grower and finisher age group. Lipofuscin pigmentation was seen only in Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex and it was increased from grower to finisher age groups. There was a slight decrease in the neuronal cell number, size of cell bodies, amount of Nissl substance and an increase in neuropil, glial cell number was noticed with advancement of age.
Detection and enumeration of injured bacterial spores in processed foods.

Injury of bacterial spores is manifested in ways similar to those for vegetative cells, i.e. altered nutritional requirements, increased sensitivity to inhibitors and modified optimum temperatures. However, injury in spores may involve activation, germination and/or outgrowth systems, in addition to the vegetative growth processes. Food processes in the form of heat, acid, inhibitors, preservatives, low water activity and combinations of these factors can stress spores. Consequently, detection and enumeration methods designed to recover bacterial spores from processed foods must always consider the requirements of injured spores. Injury to germination systems has been circumvented through the addition of non-nutritive agents, such as lysozyme, to recovery media, or by incubation at an alternative temperature which favours a secondary germination system. A shift in temperature has also permitted repair of damaged outgrowth systems. Addition of materials such as starch and charcoal can reduce the sensitivity of injured spores to some inhibitors. Our current research on hypochlorite injury of Cl. botulinum, differing injury responses for B. cereus in rice and TSB, and injury of B. cereus earlier in the heating process at 85 degrees C than at 90 degrees C indicate a need for more information on the injury of spores in processed foods.