Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
[Analysis of parent-child sleeping and living habits related to later bedtimes in children].

PURPOSE To find the relationship between parents' sleeping and living behaviors and their children's sleeping habits, and to investigate factors specifically related to children staying up late in recent Japan. METHODS During regular health check-ups of children at three local health centers in the city A, we recruited the parents of one-and-half-year-old and three-year-old children to participate in the Child Sleep Cohort Project (ChiSCoP). Parents of 184 children who consented to participation were mailed three questionnaires by placement method. These are "sleeping diary for 10 days," "sleeping and lifetime rhythm survey," and "emotional behavior assessment scale (CBCL : Child Behavior Checklist 2rd/3rd edition)," of which valid data on 178 children were collected over two years and analyzed. ANALYSIS Participants' demographic data, perceived and actual sleeping and living habits, and bedtime patterns were compared among the groups classified by bedtime of children. Bedtimes were classified as early (before 21 : 00), normal (21 : 00 to 21 : 59), and late (after 22 : 00). Using one-way analysis of variance with two (early vs. late) and three bedtime categories, significant differences were found among the three bedtime categories about childcare environmental factors (meal, daytime activity, TV, nap, and bath). So we performed logistic regression analysis with "late bedtime" as the dependent variable and scores of environmental factors (upper or lower than median values) as independent variables in a stepwise manner to eliminate collinear variables and to obtain adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS 1) Among the 178 children, 96 and 82 were recruited during the physical check-up for one-and-half-year-old and three-years-old, respectively. There were 49, 72, and 57 children in the early, normal, and late bedtime groups, respectively, and no significant difference in attribute factors was found. 2) In children of the early bedtime group, proportions of those with "efforts to establish good life rhythm" (P < 0.0001), "efforts to cultivate sleeping habits" (P < 0.0001), and "keeping a regular bedtime" (P < 0.05) were significantly higher, as well as for children who had more than 105 minutes of "daytime nap" compared to children who had less (P < 0.05). 3) Children's bedtimes were significantly correlated with "mother's wake-up time on weekdays" (r = 0.33) and "mother's bedtime on weekdays" (r = 0.33). Children's wake-up times were also correlated with "mother's wake-up time on weekdays and weekends" (r = 0.49) and "mother's bedtime on weekdays" (r = 0.34), which indicates that children's wake-up times had relationship with mother's sleeping and life habits. 4) Later "wake-up time on weekends" (odds ratio = 4.9) and "regular bedtime hour" (odds ratio = 3.53) were found to be the determinant of late bedtimes of children. CONCLUSIONS To encourage earlier bedtimes in children, it is important to take he mother's sleeping and living habits into account and to maintain a regular wake-up and bedtime schedule across weekdays and weekends.
A review of factors associated with unprotected sex among adult women in the United States.

OBJECTIVE To provide an updated review of research since 2005 on factors associated with unprotected sex among women in the United States. DATA SOURCES PubMed, CINAHL, and PsychINFO were searched from January 2006 through April 2011 using the terms unsafe sex, sexual risk taking, contraception, contraception behavior, birth control, condoms, and condom utilization. STUDY SELECTION Inclusion criteria included studies written in English on adult women in the United States age ≥ 18. Forty-five publications met inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION All factors associated with engagement in unprotected sex are presented. DATA SYNTHESIS Unprotected sex has been associated with increasing age, being married, establishment of trust, recent experience of intimate partner violence, contraceptive side effects, infrequent sexual intercourse, and decreased arousal and pleasure due to contraceptive use. Religion, depression, history of abortion, number of children, having children, and number of pregnancies have not been associated with unprotected sex in recent studies. Several other variables have been studied with mixed results, possibly due to differences in research methods and sample characteristics. CONCLUSIONS More research is needed to elucidate the impact of cultural factors, relationship factors, attitude to pregnancy and motherhood, and reproductive coercion on prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Nurses can lead research on these topics and implement evidence-based practice based on study findings.
Statistics of ultrasonic spectral parameters for prostate and liver examinations

A theoretical analysis was performed to describe statistical characteristics of calibrated spectral parameters used for ultrasonic tissue evaluation in the prostate and liver. The analysis assumes that radiofrequency (rf) echo signals exhibit Gaussian statistics. It derives the probability density function (pdf) of spectral parameters that are computed using sliding-window analysis techniques. The analysis relates the standard deviations of linear-regression spectral-parameter estimates to system and analysis parameters including bandwidth, center frequency, and the length of the sliding analysis window. The analysis also derives the pdf for mid-band fit parameter images. Theoretical results are found to agree well with clinical data from homogeneous segments in liver and prostate. The results offer a basis for evaluating spectral-estimator precision and for conducting future studies of lesion detectability based on spectral features.
Altered macroautophagy in the spinal cord of SOD1 mutant mice

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by selective loss of motor neurons (MNs). About 20% familial cases of ALS (fALS) carried the Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene mutation, which plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of fALS. There is evidence suggesting that macroautophagy can degrade mutated SOD1 in vitro. To investigate whether the mutant SOD1 can induce macroautophagy in vivo, we examined the LC3 processing in spinal cord and the activation status of macroautophagy in MNs of SOD1G93A transgenic mice at different stages. Our data demonstrated that autophagy was activated in spinal cord of SOD1G93A mice indicating a possible role of macroautophagy in the pathogenesis of ALS.
Field Trial Evaluation of the Performances of Point-of-Care Tests for Screening G6PD Deficiency in Cambodia

Background User-friendly, accurate, point-of-care rapid tests to detect glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd) are urgently needed at peripheral level to safely recommend primaquine for malaria elimination. Methods The CareStart G6PD RDT (AccessBio, New Jersey, USA), a novel rapid diagnostic test and the most commonly used test, the fluorescent spot test (FST) were assessed against the quantitatively measured G6PD enzyme activity for detecting G6PDd. Subjects were healthy males and non-pregnant females aged 18 years or older residing in six villages in Pailin Province, western Cambodia. Findings Of the 938 subjects recruited, 74 (7.9%) were severe and moderately severe G6PD deficient (enzyme activity <30%), mostly in male population; population median G6PD activity was 12.0 UI/g Hb. The performances of the CareStart G6PD RDT and the FST, according to different cut-off values used to define G6PDd were very similar. For the detection of severe and moderately severe G6PDd (enzyme activity <30%, <3.6 UI/g Hb) in males and females, sensitivity and negative (normal status) predictive value were 100% for both point-of-care tools. When the G6PDd cut-off value increased (from <40% to <60%), the sensitivity for both PoCs decreased: 93.3% to 71.7% (CareStart G6PD RDT, p = 10−6) and 95.5% to 73.2% (FST, p = 10−6) while the specificity for both PoCs remained similar: 97.4% to 98.3% (CareStart G6PD RDT, p = 0.23) and 98.7% to 99.6% (FST, p = 0.06). The cut-off values for classifying individuals as normal were 4.0 UI/g Hb and 4.3 UI/g Hb for the CareStart G6PD RDT and the FST, respectively. Conclusions The CareStart G6PD RDT reliably detected moderate and severe G6PD deficient individuals (enzyme activity <30%), suggesting that this novel point-of-care is a promising tool for tailoring appropriate primaquine treatment for malaria elimination by excluding individuals with severe G6PDd for primaquine treatment.
BK Virus Screening and Management Following Kidney Transplantation: An Update

BK virus is a ubiquitous human virus with a peak incidence of primary infection in children 2-5 years of age and a seroprevalence rate of greater than 60-90% among the adult population worldwide. Following primary infection, BK virus preferentially establishes latency within the genitourinary tract and frequently reactivates in the setting of immunosuppression. In renal transplant recipients, BK virus is associated with a range of clinical syndromes including asymptomatic viruria with or without viremia, ureteral stenosis and obstruction, interstitial nephritis, and BK allograft nephropathy (BKN). BKN most commonly presents with an asymptomatic rise in serum creatinine between 2 to 60 months after engraftment (median 9 months). A definitive diagnosis requires an allograft biopsy. Over the last two decades, BKN has been recognized as an important cause of allograft dysfunction and graft loss in kidney transplant recipients. Nonetheless, there is currently no standardized protocol for the management of BK viremia or established BKN. In this article, a brief overview of the literature on the various treatment strategies for BK-associated clinical spectrum is presented followed by the authors’ suggested approach for posttransplant screening and monitoring for BK virus replication. Suggested treatment strategies are also discussed.
On the description of the spray flame structure in a mixture fraction space

Spray combustion is of practical relevance to many industrial applications, including aeronautical combustors, automotive engines, and liquid rocket motors. In such systems, a liquid fuel is injected and atomized due to aerodynamic forces, generating a spray. The spray evaporates in the hot environment, mixes with an oxidizer stream, and eventually burns. Due to the evaporation process, spray flames are characterized by a strong inhomogeneous distribution of gaseous fuel (Luo et al. 2011). As a consequence, different combustion modes (premixed, partially-premixed, and diffusion) coexist in the flame (Sirignano 1983; Hollmann & Gutheil 1998). Therefore, complex modeling of the complex spray flames is of primary importance for applications, impacting relevant phenomena of the system (efficiency, pollutant emissions, extinction, stabilization), and is even more challenging compared to pure gaseous flames. Classically, the structure of laminar gaseous diffusion flames is studied in the composition space defined by a passive scalar, called mixture fraction, in order to separately treat mixing and combustion. The goal of the present work is to investigate the possibility of using a passive scalar to describe the structure of spray flames. In Section 2, the modeling framework is presented as well as the classical structure of counterflow spray flames. In Section 3, it is shown that its representation is not possible using the classical definition of the mixture fraction based on mass fraction of gaseous carbon atoms due to its non-monotonic behavior for spray flames. A new mixture fraction, which is based on carbon atoms of both liquid and gaseous phases, is defined in Section 4. Modeling assumptions to obtain a monotonic mixture fraction are also discussed . The impact of such modeling assumptions on the flame structure is investigated in Section 5. Conclusions about the usefulness of such a definition are discussed in Section 6.
'Real-world' effectiveness of smoking cessation treatments: a population study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is a need for more evidence on the 'real-world' effectiveness of commonly used aids to smoking cessation from population-level studies. This study assessed the association between abstinence and use of different smoking cessation treatments after adjusting for key potential confounding factors. DESIGN Cross-sectional data from aggregated monthly waves of a household survey: the Smoking Toolkit Study. SETTING England. PARTICIPANTS A total of 10 335 adults who smoked within the previous 12 months and had made at least one quit attempt during that time. MEASUREMENTS Participants were classified according to their use of cessation aids in their most recent quit attempt: (i) medication (nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion or varenicline) in combination with specialist behavioural support delivered by a National Health Service Stop Smoking Service; (ii) medication provided by the prescribing health-care professional without specialist behavioural support; (iii) nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) bought over the counter; and (iv) none of these. The main outcome measure was self-reported abstinence up to the time of the survey, adjusted for key potential confounders including tobacco dependence. FINDINGS Compared with smokers using none of the cessation aids, the adjusted odds of remaining abstinent up to the time of the survey were 3.25 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.05-5.15] greater in users of prescription medication in combination with specialist behavioural support, 1.61 (95% CI = 1.33-1.94) greater in users of prescription medication combined with brief advice and 0.96 (95% CI = 0.81-1.13) in users of NRT bought over the counter. CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for major confounding variables such as tobacco dependence, smokers in England who use a combination of behavioural support and pharmacotherapy in their quit attempts have almost three times the odds of success than those who use neither pharmacotherapy nor behavioural support. Smokers who buy nicotine replacement therapy over the counter with no behavioural support have similar odds of success in stopping as those who stop without any aid.
Time Course of Pharmacological Modulation of Peak Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation after Mite Challenge in Guinea Pigs: A Therapeutic Approach

Background: It is well known that eosinophilic airway inflammation develops after allergen challenge in sensitized humans and animals. However, the detailed time course of suppression of early eosinophilic airway inflammation by pharmacological agents given just after challenge has not been discussed. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the time course relationship of the suppression of peak eosinophilia by anti–cytokines and pharmacological agents given several hours after the aerosol challenge by a therapeutic approach. Methods: We used crude mite extract as an allergen to create a sensitization and inhalation challenge, and performed bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) after the inhalation challenge to observe the degree of eosinophilic airway inflammation in guinea pigs. Various anti–cytokines (anti–IL–3 and anti–IL–5) and pharmacological agents (dexamethasone, theophylline, and roxithromycin) were given within several hours after the acute aeorosol challenge to evaluate the suppressive effect on peak eosinophilia in BAL fluid, which occurred 24 h after the challenge. Results: Our results show that anti–IL–5 and dexamethasone, given within 4 and 8 h after the inhalation challenge, respectively, inhibit the acute allergen–induced peak eosinophilia in BAL fluid. However, anti–IL–3, theophylline, and roxithromycin had no effect on peak eosinophilic airway inflammation after challenge. Conclusion: These observations suggest that several hours are needed to complete the process of cytokine–induced recruitment of eosinophils from the blood to the airways after acute allergen challenge. This may be the optimal time to administer anti–cytokines and dexamethasone to attenuate the subsequent eosinophilic airway inflammation after acute allergen–induced asthmatic attacks.
Recipes for Making Human Interneurons from Stem Cells Require Multiple Factors, Careful Timing, and Long Maturation Periods

Commentary Regenerative medicine, and in particular stem cells, bring the promise of curing diseases by providing replacements for worn-out or defective tissue and organs. For many epilepsies, the GABAergic inhibitory interneurons are either in too short supply or do not function properly. Thus, the balance of excitatory to inhibitory neurotransmission is tipped to overloaded excitation and runaway neural activity and seizures. Several anti-epileptic drugs function by increasing the concentration of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA to restore the balance between excitation and inhibition. However, drug therapy acts globally, having adverse effects on areas that do not require additional inhibition. A targeted strategy to replace the GABAergic interneurons at the seizure focus, such as the hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy, could provide a cure, permanently restoring the excitation/inhibition balance and leading to resolution of the seizures. Neuroprogenitors, capable of proliferating in the tissue culture dish, have been studied for the past 25 years. Neural stem cells and differentiated neurons have been obtained from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem Directed Differentiation and Functional Maturation of Cortical Interneurons from Human Embryonic Stem Cells.
PGC-1 (cid:1) plays a functional role in exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis but not ﬁber-type transformation in mouse skeletal muscle

PGC-1 (cid:1) plays a functional role in exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis but not ﬁber-type transformation in mouse skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol C572–C579, Endurance exercise stimulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (cid:2) coactivator-1 (cid:1) (PGC-1 (cid:1) ) expression in skeletal muscle, and forced expression of PGC-1 (cid:1) changes muscle metabolism and exercise capacity in mice. However, it is unclear if PGC-1 (cid:1) is indispen-sible for endurance exercise-induced metabolic and contractile adaptations in skeletal muscle. In this study, we showed that endurance exercise-induced expression of mitochondrial enzymes (cytochrome oxidase IV and cytochrome c ) and increases of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31)-positive endothelial cells in skeletal muscle, but not IIb-to-IIa ﬁber-type transformation, were signiﬁcantly attenuated in muscle-speciﬁc Pgc-1 (cid:1) knockout mice. Interestingly, voluntary running effectively restored the compromised mitochondrial integrity and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) protein expression in skeletal muscle in Pgc-1 (cid:1) knockout mice. Thus, PGC-1 (cid:1) plays a functional role in endurance exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis, but not IIb-to-IIa ﬁber-type transformation in mouse skeletal muscle, and the improvement of mitochondrial morphology and antioxidant defense in response to endurance exercise may occur independently of PGC-1 (cid:1) function. We conclude that PGC-1 (cid:1) is required for complete skeletal muscle adaptations induced by endurance exercise in mice. Cre mice (gener-ous gift from Dr. Eric Olson) with loxP ﬂanked- Pgc-1 (cid:1) mice (gen-erous gift from Dr. Bruce Spiegelman). Wild-type littermates (WT) were used as control. All animal protocols were approved by the Duke University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Genotyping. Mouse DNA was isolated with a phenol-chloroform-based DNA extraction protocol and used in PCR with primers for the Cre allele (5 = -AGGTTCGTTCACTCATGGA-3 = and 5 = -TCGACCAGTT-TAGTTACCC-3 = ) and the loxP-ﬂanked Pgc-1 (cid:1) allele (5 = -TCCAGT-AGGCAGAGATTTATGAC-3 = and 5 = -TGTCTGGTTTGACAATCTGC-TAGGTC-3 = ). The PCR reaction for the Cre allele was 4 min of initial denaturation at 94°C, 30 cycles of denaturation (94°C for 30 s), annealing (56°C for 30 s) and extension (72°C for 45 s), and a ﬁnal 7 min of extension at 72°C. The PCR for the loxP-ﬂanked Pgc-1 (cid:1) allele was 4 min of initial denaturation at 94°C, 40 cycles of denaturation (94°C for 30 s), annealing (58°C for 30 s), and extension (72°C for 45
Ensemble distribution models in conservation prioritization: from consensus predictions to consensus reserve networks

Conservation planning exercises increasingly rely on species distributions predicted either from one particular statistical model or, more recently, from an ensemble of models (i.e. ensemble forecasting). However, it has not yet been explored how different ways of summarizing ensemble predictions affect conservation planning outcomes. We evaluate these effects and compare commonplace consensus methods, applied before the conservation prioritization phase, to a novel method that applies consensus after reserve selection.
Composite Script Identification and Orientation Detection for Indian Text Images

A major preprocessing step in a multi-script OCR is to identify the script type of the test document image. The published papers on script identification usually assume that the test image is in correct i.e. 0° orientation. But by mistake a document may be fed to the system in wrong orientation, say at an angle of nearly 180° or ±90°. In this method we propose a script identification method that works for unknown orientation for all 11 official Indian scripts. Here, we first find the skew and counter-rotate the document by the skew angle. This will lead to correct (0°) or upside down (180°) orientation. Then script identification is done by a multi-stage tree classifier using features invariant to 0°/180° orientation. Next we go to find the orientation of the image by a two class classifier for each script. Performance of the proposed method has been tested on a variety of documents and promising results have been obtained.
Carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone-resistant Escherichia coli mutant that exhibits a temperature-sensitive unc phenotype

Two spontaneous Escherichia coli mutant strains which are resistant to an oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler, carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, were isolated. Strain CM22 (ccr-2) was resistant to another uncoupler, pentachlorophenol, and to the inhibitors of proton-translocating ATPase, namely tributyltin and sodium azide. Carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone or pentachlorophenol administered to cell suspensions of strain CM22 did not cause a pH change induced by H+ influx, and a similar result was obtained with everted particles. The respiratory rate of strain CM22 with succinate was twice that of wild-type strain KH434. When carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone was administered, a stimulation of O2 uptake was observed in wild-type strain KH434 but not in the mutant strain CM22. Strain CM22 did not grow on succinate at 42 degrees C. Isolation of a true revertant at a frequency of 10(-8) demonstrated that the pleiotropic phenotype was induced by a single mutation. P1 transduction indicated that the mutant allele, ccr-2, was cotransduced with the ilv genes at a frequency of about 55%.