Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Functional Analysis of the Type 3 Effector Nodulation Outer Protein L (NopL) from Rhizobium sp. NGR234

Pathogenic bacteria use type 3 secretion systems to deliver virulence factors (type 3 effector proteins) directly into eukaryotic host cells. Similarly, type 3 effectors of certain nitrogen-fixing rhizobial strains affect nodule formation in the symbiosis with host legumes. Nodulation outer protein L (NopL) of Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 is a Rhizobium-specific type 3 effector. Nodulation tests and microscopic analysis showed that distinct necrotic areas were rapidly formed in ineffective nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris (cv. Tendergreen) induced by strain NGRΩnopL (NGR234 mutated in nopL), indicating that NopL antagonized nodule senescence. Further experiments revealed that NopL interfered with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in yeast and plant cells (Nicotiana tabacum). Expression of nopL in yeast disrupted the mating pheromone (α-factor) response pathway, whereas nopL expression in N. tabacum suppressed cell death induced either by overexpression of the MAPK gene SIPK (salicylic acid-induced protein kinase) or by SIPKDD (mutation in the TXY motif resulting in constitutive MAPK activity). These data indicate that NopL impaired function of MAPK proteins or MAPK substrates. Furthermore, we demonstrate that NopL was multiply phosphorylated either in yeast or N. tabacum cells that expressed nopL. Four phosphorylated serines were confirmed by mass spectrometry. All four phosphorylation sites exhibit a Ser-Pro pattern, a typical motif in MAPK substrates. Taken together, data suggest that NopL mimics a MAPK substrate and that NopL suppresses premature nodule senescence by impairing MAPK signaling in host cells.
Raising finance : a practical guide to starting, expanding and selling your business

1. Value -- what is it all about? Some basic rules on creating value Beauty is in the eye of the beholder (in this case the buyer) When to sell? A few final thoughts on value 2. Start-up financing Small and medium sized enterprise (SME) start-ups The funding options Key things to remember on funding Chapter summary 3. Growth financing What is wrong with bank overdrafts? Invoice financing Should you use invoice financing? Chapter summary 4. Equity funding Giving money away Business Angels Venture capital Alternative Investment Market (AIM) Stock Exchange (full or main listing) Should you use equity funding? Chapter summary 5. Buying a business Why should you buy a business? How do you buy a business? How do you make sure there are no nasty surprises afterwards? Should you be buying a business? Chapter summary 6. Debt-bound and failing businesses Never give up Restoring some profitability and managing cash Selling an unprofitable business What about you? Chapter summary 7. Grooming your business for sale Recognising the need to sell Recognise the gap It's all about timing What about your business grooming? Chapter summary 8. Exit routes Are you ready to sell? The options What about your exit routes? Chapter summary 9. Packaging the business Make sure all your ducks are lined up Where will the buyer come from? Getting to the buyers Marketing the business What about your packaging? Chapter summary Appendix: an example of an information memorandum 10 . From offer to payment On the last lap Handling enquiries/offers Negotiating the deal Sale and purchase contract What about your last lap? Chapter summary
Advantages and Disadvantages of Mammography Screening

Mammography screening is the only method presently considered appropriate for mass screening of asymptomatic women. Its frequent use, however, warrants diligent analysis of potential side effects. Radiation risk is far below the natural yearly risk of breast cancer and should not be used as an argument against screening. False-positive calls lead to additional imaging or histopathological assessment, mainly percutaneous breast biopsy. These measures are tolerated and accepted fairly well. Their number is limited by strict quality assurance and constant training. Interval cancers represent a limitation of breast screening that should prompt further research for optimization. Evaluation of overdiagnosis is a highly debated topic in the literature. According to the probably most realistic available calculations, overdiagnosis is acceptable as it is compensated by the potential mortality reduction. Nonetheless, this potential side effect warrants optimal adjustment of therapy to the patient’s individual risk. The mortality reduction seen in randomized studies was confirmed by results from national screening programs. A recent case referent study indicated that improvements in mortality reduction run parallel to improved mammographic techniques. Use of less aggressive therapies is another valuable effect of screening. Awareness of potential problems, strict quality assurance, and further research should help to further develop screening programs.
Letter: diet and relapse in Crohn's disease

SIRS, I read with interest the recent review article by Spooren et al., which reported on the impacts of diet and nutrients on relapse rates in patients with quiescent Crohn’s disease (CD). The authors found only one prospective study reporting on this issue. Only a decreased ratio of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid was associated with a higher rate of relapse. We conducted a more practical prospective study on this issue, which was not included in this review. Forty patients with quiescent CD were studied. Twenty patients received continuous elemental diet infusion during night-time and a low fat diet (20–30 g/day) during daytime (EN group), and 20 received neither nutritional therapy nor food restriction (non-EN group). The clinical relapse rate was significantly higher in the non-EN group (65% vs. 25%) during 1-year observation. Daily energy and nutrient intakes were regularly monitored (Table 1). In the EN group, 50–67% (mean 59%) of the calorie was derived from the elemental diet. There were significantly higher intakes of energy, protein and carbohydrate in the EN group (elemental diet plus low fat foods) than in the non-EN group. In contrast, there were significantly higher intakes of fats (saturated, monounsaturated, n-3 polyunsaturated and n-6 polyunsaturated fats) in the non-EN group. The proportion of these types of fat was not significantly different between the groups. We found that lower intakes of total energy, protein and carbohydrate were associated with higher relapsed rates, and higher intakes of fats significantly increased the incidence of relapse. These results suggest that the restriction of fat might reduce inflammation probably by decreasing eicosanoid precursors. However, larger prospective studies into the role of habitual diet as a trigger of relapses are needed.
Coronary heart disease mortality after irradiation for Hodgkin's disease

The authors conducted a study designed to evaluate the hypothesis that irradiation to the heart in the treatment for Hodgkin's disease (HD) is associated with increased coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. This report describes 957 patients diagnosed with HD in 1942–75 and analyzes follow‐up findings through December 1977. Twenty‐five coronary heart disease deaths have been observed, and 4258.2 person‐years of experience at risk have been accrued. The relative death rate (RDR), defined as the CHD mortality for heart‐irradiated subjects divided by the mortality for nonirradiated subjects, was estimated. After adjustment for the effect of interval of observation, age, stage, and class, the RDR estimate is 1.5 but does not differ significantly from unity (95% confidence limits: 0.59, 3.7).
Limits on the deterministic creation of pure single-photon states using parametric down-conversion

Parametric down-conversion (PDC) is one of the most widely used methods to create pure single-photon states for quantum information applications. However little attention has been paid to higher-order photon components in the PDC process, yet these ultimately limit the prospects of generating single-photons of high quality. In this paper we investigate the impacts of higher-order photon components and multiple frequency modes on the heralding rates and single-photon fidelities. This enables us to determine the limits of PDC sources for single-photon generation. Our results show that a perfectly single-mode PDC source in conjunction with a photon-number resolving detector is ultimately capable of creating single-photon Fock states with unit fidelity and a maximal state creation probability of 25%. Hence an array of 17 switched sources is required to build a deterministic (>99% emission probability) pure single-photon source.
Dephosphorylation of β2‐syntrophin and Ca2+/μ‐calpain‐mediated cleavage of ICA512 upon stimulation of insulin secretion

Islet cell autoantigen (ICA) 512 is a receptor‐tyrosine phosphatase‐like protein associated with the secretory granules of neuroendocrine cells, including pancreatic β‐cells. Binding of its cytoplasmic tail to β2‐syntrophin suggests that ICA512 connects secretory granules to the utrophin complex and the actin cytoskeleton. Here we show that stimulation of insulin secretion from INS‐1 cells triggers the biosynthesis of pro‐ICA512 and the degradation of its mature form. Inhibition of calpain, which is activated upon stimulation of insulin secretion, prevents the Ca2+‐dependent proteolysis of ICA512. In vitro μ‐calpain cleaves ICA512 between a putative PEST domain and the β2‐syntrophin binding site, whereas binding of ICA512 to β2‐syntrophin protects the former from cleavage. β2‐syntrophin and its F‐actin‐binding protein utrophin are enriched in subcellular fractions containing secretory granules. ICA512 preferentially binds phospho‐β2‐syntrophin and stimulation of insulin secretion induces the Ca2+‐dependent, okadaic acid‐sensitive dephosphorylation of β2‐syntrophin. Similarly to calpeptin, okadaic acid inhibits ICA512 proteolysis and insulin secretion. Thus, stimulation of insulin secretion might promote the mobilization of secretory granules by inducing the dissociation of ICA512 from β2‐syntrophin–utrophin complexes and the cleavage of the ICA512 cytoplasmic tail by μ‐calpain.
Unusual Helicobacter Pylori in Gastric Resection Specimens: An Old Friend With a New Look

Immunohistochemical staining is useful in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori—induced gastritis. The authors encountered gastric resection specimens with an unusual pattern of reactivity on H pylori immunostains where the typical morphology of the organism was not recognizable, but the characteristic chronic gastritis associated with infection was present. The authors sought to explore this phenomenon by retrospectively reviewing and immunostaining 28 gastric resection specimens for H pylori. Six cases with large clumps of immunohistochemically positive but morphologically unrecognizable material were identified on light microscopy, corresponding on electron microscopy to clusters of predominantly coccoid H pylori, some located intracellularly. Such organisms were not identifiable without immunohistochemistry, and the phenomenon was not encountered in gastric biopsies. The authors conclude that this staining pattern reflects true H pylori infection that is not diagnosable without immunohistochemistry. Based on its occurrence only in resections, it may be the result of hypoxic or other stress induced when the mucosa is not promptly fixed.
Early prediction of prolonged ventilator dependence in thermally injured patients.

BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that when prolonged ventilator dependence (PVD) can be predicted in trauma or intensive care unit patients, early tracheostomy may reduce hospital stay and improve utilization of resources. This study was performed to develop criteria predictive of PVD (> 14 days) in burn patients. METHODS We reviewed burn patients aged > or =16 years admitted between 1990 and 1994 who required ventilator support for > or =3 days. Using the variables full-thickness burn size, age, inhalation injury, and worst PaO2/FiO2 on ventilator day 3, an equation predicting PVD was created using logistic regression. The equation was tested by applying it to 1995 patients. RESULTS When a probability of >0.5 was considered predictive of PVD, the equation correctly predicted PVD in 82% of 1990 to 1994 patients (n = 110) and 90% of 1995 patients (n = 29). CONCLUSION PVD in burn patients can be predicted using objective variables in the early postburn period. Predictions can be used to select patients for prospective studies of early tracheostomy.
Polymerase chain reaction for detection of the cholera enterotoxin operon of Vibrio cholerae

We report a set of oligonucleotide primers and amplification conditions for the polymerase chain reaction to detect the ctx operon of Vibrio cholerae. The results of this assay on strains of V. cholerae and related organisms were identical with those obtained by the DNA colony hybridization test with the polynucleotide probe. The detection limit of this system was 1 pg of chromosomal DNA or broth culture containing three viable cells. The polymerase chain reaction method could directly detect the ctx operon sequences in rice-water stool samples from patients with cholera.
Mechanisms of action of mineralocorticoid hormones.

Mineralocorticoid hormones increase sodium reabsorption and promote potassium and hydrogen secretion in a variety of high resistance (“tight'') epithelia, such as the distal part of the colon or of the nephron. Clearly the kidney plays a major role in controlling the sodium homeostasis of the extracellular space. The distal part of the mammalian nephron, more specifically the cortical collecting tubule (CCT) (or its counterpart, the amphibian urinary bladder) has been recognized as the major site of hormonal control
So, You Want To Move Out?!—An Awareness Program of the Real Costs of Moving Away From Home

The So, You Want To Move Out? program was developed to help teens explore the financial realities of moving away from home. This 3-day camp program allows youth the opportunity to interview for a job, work, earn a paycheck, and pay financial obligations. After paying expenses and trying to put some money away in savings, the participants begin to grasp the difficulty of meeting day-to-day living expenses. Based on the evaluation, participants gained at least a basic knowledge of the concept of living within their means. The goal of the program is to increase youth financial literacy.
MiR-23a-depressed autophagy is a participant in PUVA- and UVB-induced premature senescence

Autophagy is a cellular catabolic mechanism that is activated in response to stress conditions, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, starvation, and misfolded protein accumulation. Abnormalities in autophagy are associated with several pathologies, including aging and cancer. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are potent modulators of the autophagy pathway. As a result, the current study aims to elucidate the role of the autophagy-related miRNA miR-23ain the process of photoaging. Experiments demonstrated that the antagomir-mediated inactivation of miR-23a resulted in the stimulation of PUVA- and UVB-depressed autophagy flux and protected human fibroblasts from premature senescence. Furthermore, AMBRA1 was identified as a miR-23a target. AMBRA1 cellular levels increased following the introduction of miR-23a antagomirs. And a bioinformatics analysis revealed that the AMBRA1 3′ UTR contains functional miR-23a responsive sequences. Finally, it was also demonstrated that both AMBRA1 overexpression and Rapamycin treatment were both able to rescue fibroblasts from PUVA and UVB irradiation-induced autophagy inhibition, but that these effects could also be mitigated by miR-23a overexpression. Therefore, this study concludes that miR-23a-regulated autophagy is a novel and important regulator of ultraviolet-induced premature senescence and AMBRA1 is a rate-limiting miRNA target in this pathway.
TECHNOLOGY ROLES IN AN ECOSYSTEM MODEL OF TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION

We propose a new conceptual model for understanding technological evolution that highlights dynamic and highly interdependent relationships among multiple technologies. We propose that, when technology evolution is discussed, a single technology cannot be considered in isolation. Instead, we argue that technology evolution is best viewed as a dynamic system that includes the totality of interrelated technologies. We build on theories from technological forecasting, technology evolution, and innovation research to develop the concept of a technology ecosystem. By considering the interdependent nature of technology evolution, we identify three roles that technologies play within a technology ecosystem. These roles are components, products and applications, and support and infrastructure. Technologies within an ecosystem interact through these roles and impact technological evolution. We also classify types of interactions between technology roles, which we term paths of influence. The model provides insights for technology development and forecasting. We demonstrate the use of this model through a business minicase on the digital music industry. ______________________________________________________________________________
Temperature-controlled transparent-film heater based on silver nanowire–PMMA composite film

We fabricated a high-performance film heater based on a silver nanowire and polymethyl methacrylate (Ag NW–PMMA) composite film, which was synthesized with the assistance of mechanical lamination and an in situ transfer method. The films exhibit excellent conductivity, high figure of merit, and strong adhesion of percolation network to substrate. By controlling NW density, we prepared the films with a transmittance of 44.9–85.0% at 550 nm and a sheet resistance of 0.13–1.40 Ω sq−1. A stable temperature ranging from 130 °C–40 °C was generated at 3.0 V within 10–30 s, indicating that the resulting film heaters show a rapid thermal response, low driving voltage and stable temperature recoverability. Furthermore, we demonstrated the applications of the film heater in defrosting and a physical therapeutic instrument. A fast defrosting on the composite film with a transmittance of 88% was observed by applying a 9 V driving voltage for 20 s. Meanwhile, we developed a physical therapeutic instrument with two modes of thermotherapy and electronic-pulse massage by using the composite films as two electrodes, greatly decreasing the weight and power consumption compared to a traditional instrument. Therefore, Ag NW–PMMA film can be a promising candidate for diversified heating applications.
High-dose catecholamine treatment decreases polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytic capacity and reactive oxygen production

Flow cytometry was used to study phagocytic function (uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled bacteria) and release of reactive oxygen products (dihydrorhodamine 123 converted to rhodamine 123) following phagocytosis by neutrophil granulocytes of heparinized whole blood treated with adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, dobutamine, or orciprenaline. Reduced neutrophil phagocytosis and reactive oxygen production were seen at 12 micrograms of adrenaline per liter (72% each compared with control values); at 120 micrograms of noradrenaline (72% each), dobutamine (83 and 80%, respectively), and orciprenaline (81 and 80%, respectively) per liter; and at 100 micrograms of dopamine per liter (66 and 70%) (P < 0.05 for all). At these dosages, neutrophil chemotaxis was reduced to < 50% of control values for all catecholamines. Treatment with catecholamines at lower dosages had no significant effect on phagocytosis or generation of reactive oxygen products or chemotaxis. The phagocytic capacity of granulocytes was related to the generation of reactive oxygen products (r = 0.789; P < 0.05). The results demonstrate that catecholamines have a suppressive effect on the response of phagocytic cells to bacterial pathogens at high therapeutic levels in blood.
Draft Genome Sequence of Flavobacterium sp. Strain TAB 87, Able To Inhibit the Growth of Cystic Fibrosis Bacterial Pathogens Belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia Complex

ABSTRACT We report here the draft genome sequence of the Flavobacterium sp. TAB 87 strain, isolated from Antarctic seawater during a summer campaign near the French Antarctic station Dumont d'Urville (60°40′S, 40°01′E). It will allow for comparative genomics and the fulfillment of both fundamental and application-oriented investigations. It allowed the recognition of genes associated with the production of bioactive compounds and antibiotic resistance.
Total removal of large global meningiomas at the medial aspect of the sphenoid ridge. Technical note.

✓ An operative technique for total removal of large global meningiomas at the medial aspect of the sphenoid ridge is described, and experience with 11 patients reported. The technique involves extradural liberation of the dural and tumor attachments to the underlying bone, and extradural occlusion of the blood supply through bone and middle meningeal artery. Subsequent procedures are carried out sequentially in the parasellar area to free the optic nerve and carotid, in the subtemporal tentorial region to release tumor from neighboring structures, and in the Sylvian fissure to isolate the middle cerebral artery.
Pengaruh Perilaku Keluarga terhadap Penggunaan Jamban

National figure showed that only 39% household are using healthy latrine, in which 60% was in the city, much higher than 23% in rural area. Low latrine utilization is one of important health problem in rural area such as in Sukamurni Village, Bekasi District. There is only 19.8% of household have own latrine in Sukamurni Village. The purpose of the study is to explore the family behavior determinant on latrine utilization at Sukamurni Village, using cross sectional design. The sample is women who have child or children under five. Sample is then comprises of 196 respondents. Data are collected from April to May 2008, using direct interview with a structured questionnaire. Result showed that only 46,4% households are occupying latrine, and the rest are using river (55,2%) and pond (38,1%) to defecate. As bivariate analysis of Chi Square test showed that all variables are statistically have significant relationship with family’s behavior on latrine utilization. Those variables are: education, knowledge, attitude, latrine ownership, availability on clean water, IEC from health provider, and support from village leader, posyandu cadres, and related NGO. Advance analysis with Logistic Multiple Regression found that variables of education and knowledge are confounder. Meanwhile, latrine ownership is the dominant factor of family behavior determinant on latrine utilization, with OR = 27,036. Key words: Family behavior, latrine utilization
The mysterious practice of petrol sniffing in isolated Indigenous groups

The practice of petrol sniffing is a unique and poorly understood phenomenon that is associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and social devastation in affected remote Indigenous communities. For these groups and for the wider community, much mystery has surrounded the practice and its effects. Here we introduce the epidemiology of petrol sniffing among Indigenous groups internationally, review its impact on the brain, behaviour and social functions and summarise related interventions.