Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Cell Voltage and Circulating Current With Zero-Mean Current Command Injection in Modular Multilevel Converters

One of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) applications with scalability is renewable energy generation. Nowadays, renewable energy is especially the source of momentum, which stimulates the energy transition and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. However, its existing control schemes may not precisely reveal the inherent mannerism of MMCs. The aim of this article is to optimize the cell voltage, arm current, and circulating current of converter arms in MMCs based on the Lagrange multiplier of an energy cost function and arm current tracking control law. Meanwhile, determination of the capacitors and switch ratings in each cell still has a big challenge, and it can result in cell-voltage fluctuations under unbalanced grid-connection conditions. This article presents unique approaches to derive cell-voltage expression in terms of arm currents, which reduces cell-voltage fluctuations by injecting zero-mean current, and the duty-ratio control laws. Moreover, tradeoff between cell voltage and circulating current can be also conducted. Experimental and simulated results from a 3-kW single-phase MMC have verified the functionality of the proposed control method, analysis, and comprehensive discussion.
Coordination of Electric Vehicle Charging Through Multiagent Reinforcement Learning

The number of Electric Vehicle (EV) owners is expected to significantly increase in the near future, since EVs are regarded as valuable assets both for transportation and energy storage purposes. However, recharging a large fleet of EVs during peak hours may overload transformers in the distribution grid. Although several methods have been proposed to flatten peak-hour loads and recharge EVs as fairly as possible in the available time, these typically focus either on a single type of tariff or on making strong assumptions regarding the distribution grid. In this article, we propose the MultiAgent Selfish-COllaborative architecture (MASCO), a Multiagent Multiobjective Reinforcement Learning architecture that aims at simultaneously minimizing energy costs and avoiding transformer overloads, while allowing EV recharging. MASCO makes minimal assumptions regarding the distribution grid, works under any type of tariff, and can be configured to follow consumer preferences. We perform experiments with real energy prices, and empirically show that MASCO succeeds in balancing energy costs and transformer load.
A 48 pW, 0.34 V, 0.019%/V Line Sensitivity Self-Biased Subthreshold Voltage Reference With DIBL Effect Compensation

This paper presents a self-biased subthreshold CMOS voltage reference for low-power and low-voltage applications. To achieve near-zero line sensitivity and high PSRR, a compensation structure utilizing the drain-induced-barrier-lowering (DIBL) effect is proposed to sink a supply dependent current from the output branch of a self-biased CMOS reference, which cancels the bias current’s dependence on the supply voltage due to the DIBL effect. Fabricated in a 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS technology, the measurement results demonstrate that the proposed circuit could operate under a minimum supply voltage of 0.34 V and generate a reference voltage of 147 mV, while consuming only 48 pW power. The PSRRs measured at 1 Hz and 10 kHz are −70.6 dB and −50.2 dB, respectively. For 39 measured samples, the mean line sensitivity is 0.019%/V in a supply voltage range from 0.34 to 1.8 V, and the average temperature coefficients before and after trimming are 64.81 and 10.06 ppm/°C in 0 ~ 100 °C temperature range, respectively. The total area of the voltage reference circuit is 0.0332mm2.
NEUROPROTEKCIJA U PARKINSONOVOJ BOLESTI

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease that damages neurons in nigrostriatal dopaminergic brain regions. It occurs in approximately 1% of the population aged over 60 years. It is believed that the etiology is multifactorial and results from interaction of genetic and environmental factors, while a large part is attributed to the action of free radicals, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress mechanism. Perhaps the most important challenge for the treatment of PD is mechanism how to delay or prevent further loss of dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons. This review presents the most important results of previous studies or systematic review of preclinical data on neuroprotective agents for PD. Levodopa is currently considered the gold standard for neuroprotective effects in PD, as the study showed. There are unanimously positive attitudes about the impact on the development of PD for inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), dopamine agonists, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers and nicotine. The data suggest that caffeine and melatonin are potent neuroprotectant and there are still no unanimous reliable data for acetylsalicylic acid, curcumin, coenzyme Q10 and green tea. Different results and attitudes of these issues point to the need for further research with clearly defined criteria and objectives in order to obtain reliable data. Only such data can be a starting point for inclusion in clinical practice based on evidence and can greatly contribute to the development of new and effective ways of treating PD.
Application of RCD and AFDD in low-voltage electrical installations for protection against fire

The paper presents the principles of application of residual current devices (RCDs) in protection against fire. The permissible rated residual operating current of RCDs is discussed. Limitations in the operation of RCDs in this type of protection are indicated. A new type of a protective device against fire – arc fault detection device (AFDD) – is described. Streszczenie. Artykuł przedstawia zasady stosowania wyłączników różnicowoprądowych w ochronie przed pożarem. Przeanalizowano wymagania odnośnie do największego dopuszczalnego prądu różnicowego zadziałania tych wyłączników. Zwrócono uwagę na przypadki, w których wyłączniki różnicowoprądowe mogą nie działać, mimo zagrożenia pożarowego. Omówiono również nowy typ zabezpieczeń w ochronie przed pożarem – urządzenia do detekcji zwarć łukowych. (Stosowanie zabezpieczen RCD i AFDD w instalacjach elektrycznych niskiego napiecia do ochrony przed pozarem).
A portable traveler's weblog

Portable Traveler's Web Log is a project aimed at providing people the ability to record and publish their travel experiences. The users can modify and view the site either from a normal web browser, or from a mobile device with WML capabilities. The visitors can view the site either from a normal web browser, or from a mobile device with WML capabilities. Furthermore, this site offers a secure environment to keep all the users' private information. So data security is important. The project includes two user interfaces: one is a normal web browser, which uses JSP (Java Server Page), HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) as the basic language. The other one is the cellular device, which uses JSP (Java Server Page) WML (Wireless Markup Language) as the basic language. The users can record, modify and store their travel experience anytime or anywhere by using these two tools. A Portable Traveler's Web Log is an "easy to use" application. Everyone knows how to use a web browser or cellular device, so they can easily login to record travel experiences or view the travel web log of other users of the system.
Computationally Efficient CN-PML for EM Simulations

Since nearly all studies concerning the approximate Crank–Nicolson perfectly matched layer (CN-PML) are limited to 2-D cases, a computationally efficient implementation that can be used to truncate 3-D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) lattices is presented in this article. More precisely, it is based on the CN direct-splitting (DS) scheme and the bilinear transform (BT) method. This article can fully exploit the unconditional stability of the standard CN-FDTD method and can be free from the Courant–Friedrich–Lewy (CFL) limit; hence, it is especially suitable for situations where space discretization step is much smaller than 1/10th or 1/20th of the smallest wavelength of interest. Aiming at further reducing the requirement of the computer resources, this new implementation can be reformulated in more simple forms if proper auxiliary variables are introduced. It therefore shows a higher iteration speed than other published unconditionally stable PMLs as fewer numbers of arithmetic operations are involved. Finally, three numerical examples, including scatting, transmission, and radiation, are also provided to validate its running time, unconditional stability, and absorption characteristic.
Unilateral pallidotomy versus bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in PD: A comparison of neuropsychological effects

Objective: To compare the cognitive and behavioural effects of unilateral pall idotomy and bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN)stimulation. Methods: After basel ine examination 34 patients were randomly assigned to unilateral pallidotomy (4 left-sided,10 right-sided) or bilateral STN stimulation (n=20). At baseline an d six and twelve months after surgery we administered neuropsychological tests o f language, memory, visuospatial function, mental speed and executive functions. Also a depression rating scale, and self and proxy ratings of memory and dysexe cutive symptoms were administered. Results: Six months after surgery, the STN gr oup and the pallidotomy group differed significantly in change from baseline in number of errors on two tests of executive functioning. After 12 months the STN group reported less positive affect compared with baseline than the pallidotomy group. One patient in the STN group showed an overall cognitive deterioration du e to complications.Conclusions: Although we need larger groups to draw firm conc lusions, our results suggest that bilateral STN stimulation has slightly more ne gative effects on executive functioning than unilateral pallidotomy.
Termination of probabilistic concurrent programs: (extended abstract)

The asynchronous execution behavior of several concurrent processes, which may use randomization, is studied. Viewing each process as a discrete Markov chain over the set of common execution states, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the processes to converge almost surely to a given set of goal states, under any fair, but otherwise arbitrary schedule, provided that the state space is finite. (These conditions can be checked mechanically.) An interesting feature of the proof method is that it depends only on the topology of the transitions and not on the actual values of the probabilities. We also show that in our model synchronization protocols that use randomization are in certain cases no more powerful than deterministic protocols. This is demonstrated by (a) Proving lower bounds on the size of a shared variable necessary to ensure mutual exlusion and lockout-free behavior of the protocol; and (b) Showing that no fully symmetric 'randomized' protocol can ensure mutual exclusion and freedom from lockout.
Development of Mechanical Engineering in Knowledge Economy: Search for New Business Model

The purpose of the study is to propose a procedure for choosing a business model of a machine-building enterprise, depending on the degree of utilization of scientific knowledge of the company’s employees in the production. The subject of the article is the search for a new business model based on education and science in order to develop Russian mechanical engineering in the period of the emergence of the knowledge economy. At the same time, mechanical engineering is positioned as a basic branch of the knowledge economy. To select a business model, depending on the degree of use of scientific knowledge at a machine-building enterprise, a system of factors and their indicators is substantiated. The identified factors are related to possible knowledge-based business models. When choosing a business model in mechanical engineering, the most adequate to the development of the knowledge economy is the option with a high degree of utilization of scientific knowledge of workers. Therefore, the management of the system of selected factors should be aimed at the predominant use of indicators that provide this option in the production. Knowledge management is selected as the mechanism for implementing the required business model. Prospects for further research are in the organic combination of business modeling with knowledge management technologies created and applied in the dominance of the humanistic paradigm.
Pressure Drop and Thermal Characteristic Prediction for Staggered Strip Fin Microchannel

In this article, pressure drop and thermal characteristic of the staggered strip fin (SSF) microchannel were investigated by using the simulation method. In recent decades, the pressure drop and thermal properties of many fins with different geometries were studied. However, the SSF has a high heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and the highest heat conductance at uniform pumping power. We believe that SSF can be widely used in IC cooling, so it was studied systematically in this article. First, the feasibility of simulation method was verified with the experimental results in a reference. Then, the design of experiment (DOE) was performed to investigate the effect of fin configuration on the pressure drop between the inlet and the outlet of microchannel and the thermal resistance between the base and inlet of microchannel. The results show that the pressure drop is decreased by about 200%, and the thermal resistance is increased by about 100% with channel pitch increased by two times. The ratio of fin width to channel width increased from 0.5 to 1.5, resulting in an increase in pressure drop of about 200% and no significant change in thermal resistance. There is no obvious change in pressure drop and thermal resistance when the fin length and end angle are increased. Finally, the formulas for predicting pressure drop and convective HTC (CHTC) were fit by 220 sets of simulation results, and the formula for predicting thermal resistance was deduced by theory. In addition, the validity of prediction formulas was verified, and the application range of the formula was studied preliminarily.
Relationship between gastrin, somatostatin and functional disturbance of gastrointestinal tract

AIM To explore the relationship between gastrointestinal hormones and pathogenesis of functional disturbance of gastrointestinal tract. METHODS The variations of gastrin (Gas), somatostatin (SST) in body fluid and tissues were measured by RIA. Sijunzi decoction (SIJD) was chosen for confirmation. RESULTS The level of Gas in plasma, gastric juice, intestinal fluid, gastric antrum, jejunum and hypothalamus of functional disturbance of gastrointestinal tract was significantly lower ( 109 46*! ng/*! L ± 40 88*! ng/*! L , 30 78*! ng/*! L ± 6 81*! ng/*! L , 96 58*! ng/*! L ± 14 36*! ng/*! L , 232 61*! ng/*! g ± 53 88*! ng/*! g , 22 47*! ng/*! g ± 3 02*! ng/*! g , 68 09*! ng/*! g ± 13 40*! ng/*! g , all P 0 05 ) and SST markedly higher ( 32 56*! ng/*! L ± 7 91*! ng/*! L , 29 21*! ng/*! L ± 4 58*! ng/*! L , 25 74*! ng/*! L ± 4 16*! ng/*! L , 367 15*! ng/*! g ± 42 30*! ng/*! g , 47 31*! ng/*! g ± 10 97*! ng/*! g , 66 76*! ng/*! g ± 6 55*! ng/*! g , all P 0 05 ) than the control group, Gas and SST level were improved much better than those of spontaneous recovery group after prevention and therapy with SIJD (all P 0 05) . CONCLUSION The study confirmed that disorder of Gas and SST would lead to functional disturbance of gastrointestinal tract.
High Even-Modulus Injection-Locked Frequency Dividers

This article designs and analyzes wide locking range (LR) high even-modulus <italic>LC</italic>-tank injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFDs) with current-reused topologies. The current-reused <italic>LC</italic> ILFD uses two stacked <italic>LC</italic> sub-ILFDs sharing the same dc current. The current-reused ILFD becomes a divide-by-4 (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\div 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) ILFD, when both sub-ILFDs are used <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\div 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ILFDs, and it is used as a divide-by-8 (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\div 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) ILFD when one sub-ILFD is used a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\div 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ILFD. Both sub-ILFDs use nMOSFETs as linear injection mixers for high conversion gain. For the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\div 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> <italic>LC</italic> ILFD designed in the TSMC 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS process, the circuit uses one high-frequency <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\div 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> sub-ILFD and one low-frequency <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\div 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> sub-ILFD, at the supply of 1.6 V, and at the incident power of 0 dBm, the LR is 4 GHz (38.835%), from the incident frequency 8.3 to 12.3 GHz. The <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\div 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ILFD core power consumption is 13.98 mW, and the die size is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.2 \times 1.2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm<sup>2</sup>. Both the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\div 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> <italic>LC</italic> ILFD and the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\div 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> sub-ILFD have nonoverlapped and overlapped LRs, which are due to a dual-resonance resonator used in the varactor-free n-core sub-ILFD. The <italic>LC</italic> dual-resonance resonator is due to parasitic capacitors in active FETs and on-chip spiral inductors and inductive elements, and it is used to get wide overlapped LR. Two <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\div 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> <italic>LC</italic> ILFDs inherent in the designed circuit are also studied.
Survey on the correlation factors of the pathogenesis of asthma in children in Guangzhou community

Objective To investigate the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema in children in Guangzhou community, and to explore the correlated syndrome of asthma in children. Methods 5 500 aged 0 ～ 14 children in Guangzhou community were collected by a multi-stage sampling method, and the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema were investigated by the international comparison of allergic disease questionnaire (ISAAC). Results The prevalence of asthma in children in Guangzhou community was 2.09% (male vs female was 1.59∶1), which was the highest in 2 ～ 6 age group. As compared with the results of survey on asthma in children in national urban in 2000, the prevalence of asthma in children in Guangzhou community was significantly higher. The asthma correlated factors were chronic cough and recurrent respiratory tract infection. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was 7.81%, and was increased gradually in children older than 3 years of age, and reached the peak in 6 ～ 9 age group. The prevalence of eczema was decreased gradually with the increase of age. Conclusion The correlated clinical factors of allergic diseases in children play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma.
Expression and Significance of E-Cadherin and β-Catenins in Pituitary Adenoma

This study used immunohistochemical methods for detecting the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in pituitary adenoma. Specimens were collected from 91 cases. EnVision was used for immunohistochemical staining. The results were graded depending on the staining intensity and range. Associations between E-cadherin and β-catenin expression and tumor subtype, invasiveness, and postoperative recurrence were investigated. There was a significant downregulation of E-cadherin and β-catenin in growth hormone (GH)-type tumors when compared with prolactin-type tumors (uc = 2.693 and 2.109, respectively; P < .05). E-cadherin and β-catenin were downregulated in invasive pituitary adenomas (uc = 3.563 and 4.166, respectively; P < .05) and in clinically recurring pituitary adenomas (uc = 2.871 and 3.866, respectively; P < .05). There was no difference in the percentage of invasive prolactin and GH secreting tumors (28.57% and 22.86%, respectively; P > .05). The expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in pituitary adenoma was significantly downregulated and related to subtype, invasiveness, and postoperative recurrence.
Multi‐scale transient modelling and simulation for distribution network‐interactive CHB multilevel converters

This study presents a multi-scale transient model of cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converter for distribution network-interactive studies, which is capable of simulating slow-changing dynamics up to high-frequency switching transients. The switching pulse behaviours of H-bridges are described using the waveform propagation theory. By taking individual H-bridge sub-modules into account, a semi-analytic function (SAF) model of the CHB multilevel converter is developed. It allows for accelerated simulation of switch-type electromagnetic transients (EMTs). During slow-changing dynamics, the developed SAF is converted to a shifted-frequency phasor (SFP) model using the Fourier series expansion. Due to the consistent modulation and complex analytical signal processes, smooth transitions between the SAF and SFP are achieved for different running stages. Moreover, the proposed model is readily integrated with external multi-scale models of the distribution network. The validity of the proposed multi-scale model is performed through case studies that include the CHB internal fault, distribution network faults, and also interactive dynamics between them. The accuracy and efficiency of the multi-scale model is verified through comparisons of the results with those obtained from the full EMT-type programmes.
Observation on Comprehensive Intervention of Simple Obesity in Children

Objective To help obesity children reduce body weight,and to establish healthy life style.Methods Obese children were enrolled into a summer camp to undergo 10-～ 15-day comprehensive intervention,which included nutrition,sports,health education,and life style interventions.Results Among the 512 obese children in observation group,98.83% of them lost their weights in different degrees,1.17% kept the same weight,and no child was found to gain weight.There were statistically significant differences between observation group and control group.Conclusions The comprehensive intervention in the summer camp is an effective way for the weight control in obese children.