Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Utilisation de la spectroscopie infrarouge comme élément d’aide à la décision pour la gestion du risque fongique et mycotoxique

Les champignons (ou moisissures) et certains de leurs metabolites secondaires appeles mycotoxines ont des impacts economiques et sanitaires importants lorsqu’ils se trouvent dans les cereales. Par consequent, un controle de ces matieres premieres se met progressivement en place au niveau mondial, via une reglementation pour l’alimentation humaine et de recommandations pour l’alimentation animale. Les techniques de dosage classiques sont longues et couteuses, et necessitent une expertise. A contrario, les methodes analytiques alternatives permettent une evaluation rapide, simple et peu couteuse du risque de presence de mycotoxines dans les produits. La spectroscopie infrarouge fait partie de ces outils. Elle traite de la region infrarouge du spectre electromagnetique et exploite le fait que les molecules absorbent les frequences specifiques qui sont caracteristiques de leur structure. Cette technique est donc tres utilisee en caracterisation, mais egalement en quantification. La premiere partie de cette synthese en aborde les principes generaux. La seconde partie fait le point sur les travaux menes pour son utilisation dans la gestion du risque fongique et mycotoxique.
Foliar nutrient concentrations and resorption efficiency in plants of contrasting nutrient‐acquisition strategies along a 2‐million‐year dune chronosequence

Long‐term pedogenesis leads to important changes in the availability of soil nutrients, especially nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Changes in the availability of micronutrients can also occur, but are less well understood. We explored whether changes in leaf nutrient concentrations and resorption were consistent with a shift from N to P limitation of plant productivity with soil age along a > 2‐million‐year dune chronosequence in south‐western Australia. We also compared these traits among plants of contrasting nutrient‐acquisition strategies, focusing on N, P and micronutrients. The range in leaf [P] for individual species along the chronosequence was exceptionally large for both green (103–3000 μg P g−1) and senesced (19–5600 μg P g−1) leaves, almost equalling that found globally. From the youngest to the oldest soil, cover‐weighted mean leaf [P] declined from 1840 to 228 μg P g−1, while P‐resorption efficiency increased from 0% to 79%. All species converged towards a highly conservative P‐use strategy on the oldest soils. Declines in cover‐weighted mean leaf [N] with soil age were less strong than for leaf [P], ranging from 13.4 mg N g−1 on the youngest soil to 9.5 mg N g−1 on the oldest soil. However, mean leaf N‐resorption efficiency was greatest (45%) on the youngest, N‐poor soils. Leaf N:P ratio increased from 8 on the youngest soil to 42 on the oldest soil. Leaf zinc (Zn) concentrations were low across all chronosequence stages, but mean Zn‐resorption efficiency was greatest (55–74%) on the youngest calcareous dunes, reflecting low Zn availability at high pH. N2‐fixing species had high leaf [N] compared with other species. Non‐mycorrhizal species had very low leaf [P] and accumulated Mn across all soils. We surmise that this reflects Mn solubilization by organic acids released for P acquisition. Synthesis. Our results show community‐wide variation in leaf nutrient concentrations and resorption that is consistent with a shift from N to P limitation during long‐term ecosystem development. High Zn resorption on young calcareous dunes supports the possibility of micronutrient co‐limitation. High leaf [Mn] on older dunes suggests the importance of carboxylate release for P acquisition. Our results show a strong effect of soil nutrient availability on nutrient‐use efficiency and reveal considerable differences among plants of contrasting nutrient‐acquisition strategies.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE FAUNA OF BUMBLE BEES (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE: BOMBUS LATREILLE, 1802) OF THE REPUBLIC OF KHAKASSIA, EASTERN SIBERIA

An annotated list of nineteen species of bumble bees collected in the Republic of Khakassia in 2012 is given. The list accounts 32 species including one doubtful species. Eleven species: Bombus barbutellus (Kirby), B. confusus Schenck, B. filchnerae Vogt, B. hortorum (Linnaeus), B. patagiatus Nylander, B. pseudobaicalensis Vogt, B. ruderarius (Muller), B. sibiricus (Fabricius), B. subterraneus (Linnaeus), B. sylvarum (Linnaeus) and B. veteranus (Fabricius) are newly recorded from Khakassia. Patterns of bumble bees diversity in the Khakassia and Siberia are discussed.
Grazing management strategies for massaigrass-forage peanut pastures: 2. productivity, utilization and sward structure

This study was carried out to evaluate the productivity, utilization and sward structure of a mixed massaigrass (Panicum maximum x P. infestum, cv. Massai) and forage peanut (Arachis pintoi Ac 01) pasture, intermittently stocked at three daily herbage allowance levels (9.0, 14.5 and 18.4% of live weight). In each grazing cycle, dry matter (DM) accumulation rates, defoliation intensity (%), grazing depth (%) and grazed horizon (cm) were evaluated. The structure of massaigrass tussocks was characterized in both dry and rainy seasons by measuring its pre-grazing morphological composition and post-grazing height and density (tussocks/m). Pastures submitted to higher herbage allowance (HA) levels showed higher productivity, but were less efficiently utilized. On average, over the experimental period, DM accumulation rates increased linearly from 56.8 to 81.3 kg/ha/day as HA levels increased from 9.0 to 18.4% of live weight. However, defoliation intensity and grazing depth declined linearly with increasing HA levels. During the dry season, pre-grazing morphological composition of massaigrass was characterized by 41% of green leaf blades, 10% of pseudostems and 49% of dead material, irrespective of HA levels. In the rainy season, however, it showed higher percentage of green leaf blades and lower percentage of pseudostems when submitted to lower HA levels, although there were not differences in relation to percentage of dead material. The structure of massaigrass tussocks tended to deteriorate at high HA levels.
Employing participatory surveys to monitor the illegal killing of elephants across diverse land uses in Laikipia–Samburu, Kenya

Levels and trends of illegal killing of elephants are measured by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) programme in sites across Africa and Asia. In the mostly unprotected Laikipia–Samburu MIKE site in northern Kenya, elephant mortality data were collected using both standard law enforcement monitoring procedures, relying on patrolling, and participatory methods involving local communities. Qualitatively, traditional patrolling techniques were more successful in protected areas whereas participatory approaches provided more information outside protected areas, where elephant were most at risk from ivory poachers. A minimum of 35% of the 389 verified carcasses during 2001–2003 were illegally killed. In this baseline study, land uses ranked from highest to lowest by the proportion of illegally killed elephants (PIKE) were community conservation areas, government trust lands, forest reserves, private ranches, settlement areas and national reserves. PIKE trends derived from traditional and participatory data sources were similar across years and indicate elephants were at greater risk in regions outside government or privately patrolled areas. We suggest that PIKE is a useful index for comparing levels and trends in illegal killing of elephants, and that carcass ratios and presence ⁄ absence of tusks are useful proxy indicators of mortality and its causes.
Evolutionary assembly rules for fish life histories

We revisit the empirical equation of Gislason et al. (2010, Fish and Fisheries11:149–158) for predicting natural mortality (M, year−1) of marine fish. We show it to be equivalent to , where L∞ (cm) and K (year−1) are the von Bertalanffy growth equation (VBGE) parameters, and L (cm) is fish length along the growth trajectory within the species. We then interpret K in terms of the VBGE in mass , and show that the previous equation is itself equivalent to a −⅓ power function rule between M and the mass at first reproduction (Wα); this new −⅓ power function emerges directly from the life history that maximizes Darwinian fitness in non-growing populations. We merge this M, Wα power function with other power functions to produce general across-species scaling rules for yearly reproductive allocation, reproductive effort and age at first reproduction in fish. We then suggest a new way to classify habitats (or lifestyles) as to the life histories they should contain, and we contrast our scheme with the widely used Winemiller–Rose fish lifestyle classification.
Optisch aktive Amine durch Lipase-katalysierte Methoxyacetylierung†

Optically Active Amines via Lipase-Catalyzed Methoxyacetylation Racemic amines can be efficiently resolved using ethylmethoxyacetate as acylating agent in a lipase-catalyzed reaction. The reaction of 1-phenyethylamine with ethylmethoxyacetate in the presence of a lipase from Burkholderia plantarii is presented. Excellent yields and selectivity and minimal amount of enzyme characterize this new process.
Reply

EDITOR,-Macintyre and O'Brien (Gut 1994; 35: 451-4), although discussing our paper' in some detail, seem to have misunderstood it. They claim that Caygill et al reported an 'increased risk of cancers of the colon, rectum, biliary tract and female breast', in contrast with their own results in duodenal ulcer patients. In fact, firstly we did not separate colon and rectum but, like them we reported a decreased risk (relative risk 0 8) in duodenal ulcer patients of colorectal cancer (see our Table I). We did report an excess risk of biliary tract cancer in duodenal ulcer patients but it was not significant. The excess risk of female breast cancer that we reported was seen only after a 20 year latency. Elsewhere in the paper they claim that we reported an excess risk of oesophageal cancer, again in contrast with their own results. But like them we found no significant excess of oesophageal cancer in duodenal ulcer patients (see our Table I). We did report significant excess risks at these sites in gastric ulcer patients or in our whole cohort of peptic ulcer patients.
Cannabinoides : substances potentiellement antitumoraales ?

Les composés actifs des cannabinoïdes du cannabis sativa L agissent au niveau du corps comme par mimétisme de substances endogènes – les endocannabinoïdespar activation de certains récepteurs spécifiques présents à la surface des cellules. Ils soulagent beaucoup les patients atteints de cancer chez lesquels ils réduisent les nausées et vomissements en cours de chimiothérapie, stimulent l’appétit et contribuent à réduire la douleur. De plus, chez les animaux de laboratoire, ils inhibent la croissance tumorale. Cette action résulte de leur influence sur les voies importantes de la conduction des signaux cellulaires qui aboutissent à l’induction d’une action anti-tumorale comme par exemple la mort des cellules cancéreuses par apoptose ou l’inhibition de la néovascularisation des tissus tumoraux. Il est intéressant de constater que les cannabinoïdes semblent constituer des substances anti-tumorales sélectives puisqu’ils peuvent tuer les cellules tumorales sans endommager de manière significative les cellules saines du tissu tumoral. Sur la base de ces observations chez l’animal, on a récemment entrepris une étude clinique pilote avec du ∆-tétrahydrocannabinol (THC) chez des patients présentant des récidives multiformes de glioblastomes. Le profil suffisamment sécuritaire du THC associé à la possibilité de son effet inhibiteur sur la croissance des cellules cancéreuses pourrait abondamment justifier l’extension future d’études visant à préciser l’action anticancéreuse du THC. Mots-clés : Cannabinoide, récepteur, tumeur, cancer, apoptose, néovascularisation, protocoles thérapeutiques expérimentaux, étude clinique.
The looming crisis: interactions between marine mammals and fisheries

Abstract Direct fisheries interactions pose a serious threat to the conservation of many populations and some species of marine mammals. The most acute problem is bycatch, unintended mortality in fishing gear, although this can transition into unregulated harvest under some circumstances. A growing issue in some fisheries is depredation, in which marine mammals remove captured fish from nets or lines. Depredation reduces the value of catch and may lead to a greater risk of entanglement and the potential for retaliatory measures taken by fishermen. The conservation threat caused by direct fisheries interactions is most dire for small populations of cetaceans and dugongs. Immediate action is needed to assess the magnitude of bycatch, particularly in many areas of Africa and Asia where little work has been conducted. New and innovative solutions to this problem are required that take account of the socioeconomic conditions experienced by fishermen and allow for efficient transfer of mitigation technology to fisheries of the developing world.
Effects of supplementing a multienzyme to broiler diets containing a high level of wheat or canola meal on intestinal morphology and performance of chicks

SUMMARY This experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of broiler chicks to Natuzyme (a commercial multienzyme) supplementation in diets containing wheat and canola meal. A total of 336 male Arbor Acres broiler chicks were used in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments that comprised 3 basal diets (corn-soybean, corn-wheat-soybean, corn-wheat-soybean-canola) and 2 enzyme levels (without enzyme and 0.350 g/kg of Natuzyme plus) (4 cage replicates per treatment). The corn-wheat-soybean diet contained 30% wheat, and the corn-wheat-soybean-canola diet contained 30% wheat and 10% canola meal. Results showed that Natuzyme-supplemented diets containing wheat or wheat and canola meal led to significant improvements in growth performance compared with enzyme-unsupplemented diets, which resulted in a decrease of digesta viscosity and increase of villi height and villus height:crypt depth ratio in the small intestine.
Melatonin Implants Have No Effect on the Testis Volume and Body Weight in Mongolian Gerbils

Photoperiod is an important environmental cue in the regulation of reproductive activity in Mongolian gerbils. Photoperiodic information is ultimately transduced into a hormonal signal by the pineal gland. We examined the effect of constant- release melatonin capsules on the testicular size and body weights of male Mongolian gerbils exposed to a long (14L: 10D) photoperiod. Three groups were formed: control (n = 10), intact + melatonin implant (n = 10) and pinealectomy + melatonin implant (n = 10). The testes and body weights of the gerbils were recorded every week for 8 weeks. Body weights (76 - 2.0 g intact + melatonin implant; 79 - 3.0 g pinealectomy + melatonin implant) and testes weights (1.54 - 0.21 g intact + melatonin implant; 1.47 - 0.19 g pinealectomy + melatonin implant) of intact + melatonin implanted and pinealectomy + melatonin implanted groups were not statistically different from those of the control group (80 - 3.1 g body weight; 1.55 - 0.20 g testes weight) (P > 0.05) at the end of the study. Regardless of treatment, the animals fully reflected the characteristics of a long photoperiod. These results indicate that masking the endogenous melatonin rhythm via constant-release melatonin implants has no effect on the testis volume or body weight of Mongolian gerbils when the animals are kept in a long photoperiod. Mongolian Gerbillerde Melatonin ‹mplantasyonlar›n›n Testis Hacmi ve Vucut A¤›rl›klar› Uzerine Bir Etkisi Yoktur Ozet: Mongolian gerbillerin ureme aktivitelerinin duzenlenmesinde fotoperiyot onemli bir faktordur. Fotoperiyodik bilgi en son pineal bez taraf›ndan hormonal sinyale cevrilir. Bu cal›flmada uzun fotoperiyotta (14L: 10D) tutulan Mongolian gerbillerin testis boyutlar›na ve vucut a¤›rl›klar›na, surekli sal›n›m gosteren melatonin hormonunun etkisini inceledik. Uc grup oluflturuldu; kontrol (n = 10), intakt + melatonin implantasyonu (n = 10) ve pinealektomi + melatonin implantasyonu (n = 10). Sekiz hafta suresince gerbillerin testis ve vucut a¤›rl›k deiflimleri haftada bir kaydedildi. Deney sonunda intakt + melatonin implantasyonu ve pinealektomi + melatonin implantasyonu gruplar›n›n vucut a¤›rl›¤› (76 - 2,0 g ‹ntakt + melatonin implantasyonu; 79 - 3,0 g pinealektomi + melatonin implantasyonu) ve testis a¤›rl›klar› (1,54 - 0,21 g ‹ntakt + melatonin implantasyonu; 1,47 - 0,19 g pinealektomi + melatonin implantasyonu) ile kontrol grubu (80 - 3,1 g vucut a¤›rl›¤›; 1,55 - 0,20 g testis a¤›rl›¤›; P > 0,05) aras›nda anlaml› bir farkl›l›k tespit edilmedi. Uygulamalara bakmaks›z›n, hayvanlar uzun fotoperiyodun ozelliklerini gosterdiler. Bu sonuclar gostermektedir ki surekli sal›nan melatonin implantasyonlar› ile maskelenen endojen melatonin ritmi, hayvanlar uzun fotoperiyotta tutulduklar› zaman testis hacmi ve vucut a¤›rl›¤› uzerinde bir etki gostermemektedir. Anahtar Sozcukler: ‹mplantasyon, Melatonin, Pinealektomi, Gerbil
E-016 An Atherosclerotic Plaque Phantom for Medical Imaging

Introduction Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is a common cause of ischemic stroke, but little is known about how the characteristics of intracranial plaques are related to stroke risk. Recently, studies have attempted to correlate ICAD lesions with high-resolution MRI (HR MRI) vessel wall findings, an important emerging technology, to identify various plaque components. However, long-term, multi-center clinical studies are needed to show if HR MRI plaque components contribute to stroke risk. The goal of this study is to build an ICAD phantom that incorporates materials mimicking a stenotic vessel and plaque components (fibrous cap and lipid core) for standardizing MRI pulse sequences across multiple imaging platforms necessary for development of multi-center ICAD HR MRI networks. Materials and methods HRMRI data from a patient with a basilar artery plaque was used to acquire the detailed structure of the stenotic artery and plaque components. A virtual core-shell mold of the basilar artery plaque was 3D printed to form a physical object. During 3D printing, the volume and shape of each plaque component were defined in the model. Polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel was infused into the core-shell mold to form the stenotic artery. A fibrous cap was constructed using a mixture of agarose, carrageenan, sodium azide, and water. The lipid core was mimicked using vegetable fat, sodium azide, and carrageenan mixture. Two phantoms were manufactured and scanned using various 3 T MRI systems across 7 different sites for image quality assessment. Quantitative comparisons of the scan results for both structural dimensions of plaque components (e.g. lumen diameter) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were based on the thin cross-sectional slices from 3D T2-weighted TSE/FSE sequences. Results HRMRI provides a detailed benchmark for validation of lumen geometry (Figure 1A, top). Quantitative evaluation of the lumen diameter in the vicinity of the stenosis using imaging data acquired from 7 different centers is presented as weighted mean and standard deviation (Figure 1A, bottom). It was observed that along the centerline of the lumen, the radius ranged from 0.8–1.6 mm and was highly reproducible across all imaging platforms. The highest CNRs were observed for comparisons between lipid and vessel wall (Figure 1B). CNR mean variation between the two phantom models for each comparison between plaque components was 3.68–6.09, demonstrating excellent reliability in manufacturing technique.Abstract E-016 Figure 1 Conclusion A plaque phantom composed of a stenotic vessel wall and plaque components, including fibrous cap and a lipid core, was successfully constructed for multi-center HRMRI standardization. Disclosures J. Chueh: None. T. Turan: None. K. van der Marel: None. T. LeMatty: None. T. Brown: None. S. Ansari: None. T. Carroll: None. A. Buck: None. X. Zhou: None. A. Chatterjee: None. R. King: None. S. Zheng: None. R. Swartz: None. E. Feldmann: None. M. Gounis: None.
The Interaction of γδ T Cells with Activated Macrophages Is a Property of the Vγ1 Subset 1

Immunoregulation is an emerging paradigm of γδ T cell function. The mechanisms by which γδ T cells mediate this function, however, are not clear. Studies have identified a direct role for γδ T cells in resolving the host immune response to infection, by eliminating populations of activated macrophages. The aim of this study was to identify macrophage-reactive γδ T cells and establish the requirements/outcomes of macrophage-γδ T cell interactions during the immune response to the intracellular bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). Using a macrophage-T cell coculture system in which peritoneal macrophages from naive or Lm-infected TCRδ−/− mice were incubated with splenocytes from naive and Lm-infected αβ/γδ T cell-deficient and wild-type mice, the ability to bind macrophages was shown to be restricted to γδ T cells and the GV5S1 (Vγ1) subset of γδ T cells. Macrophage adherence resulted in a 4- to 10-fold enrichment of Vγ1+ T cells. Enrichment of Vγ1 T cells was dependent upon the activation status of macrophages, but independent of the activation status of γδ T cells. Vγ1 T cells were cytotoxic for activated macrophages with both the binding to and killing of macrophages being TCR dependent because anti-TCRγδ Abs inhibited both Vγ1 binding and killing activities. These studies establish the identity of macrophage cytotoxic γδ T cells, the conditions under which this interaction occurs, and the outcome of this interaction. These findings are concordant with the involvement of Vγ1 T cells in macrophage homeostasis during the resolution of pathogen-mediated immune responses.
How Different Landscape Elements Limit the Breeding Habitat of Meadow Bird Species

Meadow bird species in the Netherlands have shown a long-term decline in numbers. This has been generally attributed to agricultural intensification, but in addition an increase of disturbing elements may have played a role in the decline. In this review we compiled data from literature to explore to what extent breeding by meadow birds (Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus, Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus, Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa) is limited by disturbing landscape elements. We considered elements that can be considered ‘view-obstructing’ (like trees or houses), and those that can be considered ‘flat’ (canal, road or railway). Our review shows that breeding birds keep a distance to both types of landscape elements, with distances ranging over 1 km for highways and village edges. Roads with high traffic intensity caused the largest disturbance. Eurasian Oystercatcher was most tolerant to the presence of landscape elements, and Black-tailed Godwit least tolerant.
The dynamics of symbiosis: an historical overview

Two facets of symbiosis theory are discussed: the role of symbiosis in evolution and the evolution and ecology of symbiosis. Research on symbiosis developed in virtual conflict with the aims and doctrines of the major biological disciplines for most of the 20th century. To gain a better understanding of this aspect of biology, I briefly sketch some of the phenomena and issues that have shaped discourse over its scope and significance. Diverse explanations for the various relations exhibited by symbiosis have been proposed from the 19th century to the present. The usefulness of the word itself has been debated, and its anthropomorphisms have been discussed. Research on mycorrhizas has been paradigmatic for revealing the dynamic nature of symbiosis and the inherent complexities of costbenefit accounting across the parasitismmutualism continuum.Key words: ecology, evolution, parasitism, mutualism, mycorrhizas, symbiosis.