Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variation of Main Phenophases in Phenological Calendar in East China and Their Response to Climate Change

Based on the phenological data from China Phenological Observation Network, we compiled the phenological calendars of 3 phenological observation stations (Shanghai, Nanjing, and Hefei) in East China for 1987–1996 and 2003–2012 according to the sequences of mean phenophases. We calculated the correlated coefficient and the root mean square error (RMSE) between phenophases and the beginning of meteorological seasons to determine the beginning date of phenological season. By comparing new phenological calendars with the old ones, we discussed the variation of phenophases and their responses to temperature. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The beginning dates of spring and summer advanced, while those of autumn and winter delayed. Thus, summers got longer and winters got shorter. (2) The beginning time of the four phenological seasons was advancing during 1987–1996, while it was delaying during 2003–2012. (3) Most spring and summer phenophases occur earlier and most autumn and winter phenophases occur later in 2003–2012 than in 1987–1996. (4) The beginning time of phenological seasons was significantly correlated with temperature. The phenological sensitivities to temperature ranged from −6.49 to −6.55 days/°C in spring, −3.65 to −5.02 days/°C in summer, 8.13 to 10.27 days/°C in autumn, and 4.76 to 10.00 days/°C in winter.
About the choice of a turbulence model in building physics simulations

Environmental concerns and growing computer resources have promoted the emergence of new simulation tools and especially Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). A lot of academic studies have proved the interest of this approach. Unfortunately, for non-expert users, it is sometimes difficult to deal with turbulence modelling. Indeed, in this area, conclusions of previous studies are very fickle and sometimes contradictory. This paper aims to evaluate the impact of the turbulence modelling with different Reynolds-Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) techniques applied to airflows inside buildings. It appears that differences are often very small and completely insignificant at the design stage. However, when numerical resources requirements and computing time are considered, important differences appear in favour of the simplest model.
Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci for Powdery Mildew Resistance in Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.)

Powdery mildew (Oidium lini Skoric, [PM]), an obligate biotrophic ascomycete, is a common and widespread foliar disease of flax in most flax-growing areas of the world. In this study, we constructed a linkage map using 143 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and an F2 population of 300 individuals generated from a cross between the susceptible cultivar NorMan and the resistant cultivar Linda. The F2–derived F3 families were phenotyped in the field and the F3–derived F4 families were phenotyped in a controlled environment growth chamber. The 15 linkage group map covered 1241 cM and was largely collinear with the previously published consensus map. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was performed and three PM resistance QTL located on LG1, 7, and 9 were identified consistently using phenotyping data from both field and growth chamber studies. These QTL explained 97% of the phenotypic variation exhibiting a mainly dominant gene action. This work represents a first step toward understanding the genetics of PM resistance in flax and map-based cloning of candidate genes underlying the QTL. P. Asgarinia, A.F. Mirlohi, G. Saeidi, Dep. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Isfahan Univ. of Technology, Isfahan, Iran; S. Cloutier,* M. Banik, Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Rd, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2M9. S. Duguid, K. Rashid, Morden Research Station, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, Canada, R6M 1Y5. This research was supported by Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology and an Agriculture and AgriFood Canada A-base grant. Received 7 May 2013. *Corresponding author (Sylvie.J.Cloutier@agr.gc.ca). Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; AFLP, amplified fragment length polymorphism; BAM, binary alignment map; CIM, composite interval mapping; EST; expressed sequence tag; LAI, leaf area infected; LGs, linkage groups; LOD, logarithmic odds; PM, powdery mildew; QTL, quantitative trait loci; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; SSR, simple sequence repeat; WGS, whole genome shotgun. Published in Crop Sci. 53:2462–2472 (2013). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2013.05. 0298 Freely available online through the author-supported open-access option. © Crop Science Society of America | 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Published October 8, 2013
Effect of injector opening pressures on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of DI diesel engine running on honne oil and diesel fuel blend

The present work examines the use of a non-edible vegetable oil namely honne oil, a new possible source of alternative fuel for diesel engine. Highly viscous honne oil can be reduced by blending it with diesel fuel. A direct injection diesel engine typically used in agricultural sector was operated on neat diesel and a blend of 50% honne oil with 50% diesel fuel (H50). Injector opening pressure was changed to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics. It was observed that increasing the injector opening pressure with H50 from the rated injector opening pressure (200 bar) increased the brake thermal efficiency and reduced CO, HC, and smoke opacity emissions. However, NOx emission was increased. With H50, ignition delay decreased as injector opening pressure increased. Improved premixed heat release rate were observed with H50 when the injector opening pressure was advanced. The best injector opening pressure was 240 bar for H50 based on brake thermal efficiency and emissions.
The Influence of Store Location and Store Atmosphere on Costumer Shopping Behavior of Multi Mart Manado

In this Post-Modern era, the costumer expectation of a retail store are develop. To compensate the market development and satisfy the costumer needs and wants, the marketers have to create a new concept of a store that can give a new shopping experience. The objectives of this research are to analyze the influence of Store Location and Store Atmosphere of Costumer Shopping Behavior of Multi Mart Paal 2. This research is conduct in Manado. This research is a causal type of research where investigate the influence of store location and store atmosphere on costumer shopping behavior and using a multiple regression model to answer the research problem. The population of this study is a costumer of Multi Mart Paal 2 in Manado with sample taken by 100 respondent. In the hypothesis testing, this research conduct a conclusion where there is a simultaneously and significantly influence of store location and store atmosphere on costumer shopping behavior of Multi Mart Paal 2. Partially, the store location have most influencing on costumer shopping behavior and store atmosphere have least influencing on costumer shopping behavior. This study approve that for post-modern peoples just like in Manado, a location and atmosphere of a store will affect the costumer shopping behavior, where they mental decision decide to do their shopping efficiently in a store who have easy transport access with good combination of attractive storefront, good service, and comfortable atmosphere. Keywords : post-modern, store location, atmosphere, behaviour.
Yamamoto The Effect of Realizing Emotional Synchrony with Teachers or Peers on Children ’ s Linguistic Proficiency : The Case Study of Uji Elementary School L

1154  Abstract—This paper reports on a joint research project in which a researcher in applied linguistics and elementary school teachers in Japan explored new ways to realize emotional synchrony in a classroom in childhood education. The primary purpose of this project was to develop a cross-curriculum of the first language (L1) and second language (L2) based on the concept of plurilingualism. This concept is common in Europe, and can-do statements are used in forming the standard of linguistic proficiency in any language; these are attributed to the action-oriented approach in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). CEFR has a basic tenet of language education: improving communicative competence. Can-do statements are classified into five categories based on the tenet: reading, writing, listening, speaking/ interaction, and speaking/ speech. The first approach of this research was to specify the linguistic proficiency of the children, who are still developing their L1. Elementary school teachers brainstormed and specified the linguistic proficiency of the children as the competency needed to synchronize with others – teachers or peers – physically and mentally. The teachers formed original can-do statements in language proficiency on the basis of the idea that emotional synchrony leads to understanding others in communication. The research objectives are to determine the effect of language education based on the newly developed curriculum and can-do statements. The participants of the experiment were 72 third-graders in Uji Elementary School, Japan. For the experiment, 17 items were developed from the can-do statements formed by the teachers and divided into the same five categories as those of CEFR. A can-do checklist consisting of the items was created. The experiment consisted of three steps: first, the students evaluated themselves using the can-do checklist at the beginning of the school year. Second, one year of instruction was given to the students in Japanese and English classes (six periods a week). Third, the students evaluated themselves using the same can-do checklist at the end of the school year. The results of statistical analysis showed an enhancement of linguistic proficiency of the students. The average results of the post-check exceeded that of the pre-check in 12 out of the 17 items. Moreover, significant differences were shown in four items, three of which belonged to the same category: speaking/ interaction. It is concluded that children can get to understand others’ minds through physical and emotional synchrony. In particular, emotional synchrony is what teachers should aim at in childhood education.
Assessing the viability of Sukuk for portfolio diversification using MS-DCC-GARCH.

Many of the earlier researches postulate that Sukuk, being of some fundamental difference from conventional bond, offers a diversification strategy for investors and portfolio managers. However, other works have argued that Sukuk has many properties it shares with the conventional bonds and as a result it might not be a viable strategy for portfolio diversification. In essence, the viability of Sukuk for portfolio diversification remains unresolved both theoretically and empirically. This paper therefore examines the viability of international diversification benefits of Sukuk for equity investors in conventional stock markets. A comparison of the Sukuk diversification benefits with other conventional alternatives from advanced and emerging markets was carried out. Markov regime-switching GARCH model with dynamic conditional correlations (MS-DCC-GARCH) was applied. The regime-based model provides insight to possible segmentation (or integration) of these securities from global markets during different market states for weekly return series for conventional (advanced and emerging) and Islamic stock and bond indices examined. Asymmetric shocks are observed from conventional stocks and bonds into Sukuk. Compared to emerging market bonds, Sukuk are found to display a different pattern in the transmission of global market shocks. The analysis of dynamic correlations suggests a low degree of association between Islamic bonds and global stock markets with episodes of negative correlations observed, particularly during market crises periods. Portfolio performance analysis suggests that Islamic bonds provide valuable diversification benefits that are not possible to obtain from conventional bonds.
Institutional innovations for smallholder farmers’ competitiveness in Africa

In most sub-Saharan African economies, agriculture is the dominant sector and plays an essential role in rural and overall economic development. Paradoxically, sub-Saharan Africa is the sole region in the developing world where per capita food production has remained low for many years. Agricultural growth in the region has been impeded by factors related to production, marketing and institutions, and by macro-economic factors and policies. This paper offers an indepth analysis of how institutional innovations can enhance smallholder agriculture in the region. Institutional support systems are needed to help integrate smallholders into national economic systems. Smallholder farming has been the institutional structure underpinning some of the most effective contributions of agriculture to economic development. Institutional reforms will play out in five functional areas critical to agricultural growth: contractual arrangements, functioning financial markets, agricultural insurance, public-private partnerships and vibrant producer organizations.
Atp-lipids - protein anchor and energy source in two dimensions

The ubiquitous function of ATP as energy equivalent in nature has resulted in a common folding pattern of ATP-binding proteins. Their binding pocket tolerates modifications of the adenine ring to some extend, whereas those of the triphosphate group strongly affect the binding affinity. In consequence, immobilized C8- and N6-modified ATP analogues are frequently used for affinity purification of ATPases or kinases. To combine this unique recognition principle with the fascinating properties of self-assembly, we have synthesized a novel class of hydrolyzable and nonhydrolyzable ATP-lipids where the nucleotides are covalently attached via C8- or N6-position of the adenine ring to a synthetic lipid. These ATP-lipids were characterized by various enzyme assays in micellar solution, resulting in ATPase and competition activities that are comparable to their free counterparts. The specific docking of actin as a model of an ATP-binding protein to ATP-lipid monolayers was followed by film balance technique and epi.
SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES (DDGS)

With the rapid growth in the fuel ethanol industry in recent years, considerable research is being devoted to determining distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) nutritional properties and to optimizing their inclusion in livestock diets; physical properties of these materials, however, have been largely ignored. Using standard laboratory methods, several physical properties for typical DDGS streams were determined, including moisture content, water activity, thermal properties (conductivity, resistivity, and diffusivity), bulk density, angle of repose, and color. The DDGS samples in this study were golden-brown in color and exhibited physical properties similar to other dry feed ingredients, such as hominy feed, corn gluten feed, and other corn-based materials. As a first step, the numerical data generated during this study will help fill a current void in design information for the ethanol and livestock industries.
Growth and Uptake of Sodium and Potassium in Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.) under Salinity Stress

Vicia faba L. (broad bean or faba bean), a food crop of worldwide importance, is moderately tolerant of saline conditions, such as are increasingly common in Mediterranean countries and in Turkey. Our objective was to determine the influence of two salinity levels [50 and 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)] and two potassium salts, potassium nitrate (KNO3) (N1 and N2) or potassium acetate (CH3COOK) (A1 and A2), on the development of seedlings of two cultivars of broad bean (cvs. Eresen 87 and Filiz 99) grown in pots of perlite under controlled greenhouse conditions. Flame photometer (FP) analysis of tissues from roots, stems, and leaves of 3-month-old seedlings showed significant differences in growth, internodal length, and potassium (K+)/sodium (Na+) ratios. The FP analyses revealed that Na+ was the ion most responsible for inhibition of growth parameters seen in both cultivars and salt treatments. K+ contents were consistently higher in cv. Filiz 99 than in cv. Eresen 87. Possible correlations between these data and the tolerance to salinity of these cultivars are discussed.
Nonparametric estimation of the gap time distributions for serial events with censored data

In many follow-up studies, each subject can potentially experience a series of events, which may be repetitions of essentially the same event or may be events of entirely different natures. This paper provides a simple nonparametric estimator for the multivariate distribution function of the gap times between successive events when the follow-up time is subject to right censoring. The estimator is consistent and, upon proper normalisation, converges weakly to a zero-mean Gaussian process with an easily estimated covariance function. Numerical studies demonstrate that both the distribution function estimator and its covariance function estimator perform well for practical sample sizes. An application to a colon cancer study is presented.
Study the potential effect of Rheum palmatum root extract against the toxicity of A.fumigatus in adult male rabbits

The present study was conducted to find the correlation between the potential effects of Rheum palmatum root extract against the toxicity of A. fumigatus. 16 male rabbits were used and divided into four groups (each group contain 4 rabbits). Control group; infected group; infected group and treated with (50mg) root extract and infected group and treated with (100mg) root extract. MDA levels in infected rabbits show high significant increased (P < 0.05) compared with normal rabbits GSH and catalase levels in infected rabbits show significant decreased (P < 0.05) compared with normal rabbits. While, MDA, GSH and catalase levels in groups treated with root extract (50mg & 100mg) show non-significant changes (P < 0.05) compared with normal rabbits. It was concluded from this study that the Rheum palmatum root extract has potential effects against the toxicity of A. fumigatus.
Enzyme Activities Related to Cyanophycin Metabolism in Heterocysts and Vegetative Cells of Anabaena spp.

The cyanophycin granule polypeptide (CGP) is known to serve as a nitrogen reserve protein in cyanobacteria and is mobilized during nitrogen starvation. An exopeptidase, provisionally called cyanophycinase, which degraded CGP in vitro has been studied, and its product characterized, in two N2-fixing Anabaena species. The enzyme had a pH optimum of 85, had no requirement for monovalent or divalent cations and was inhibited by l-arginine and l-aspartic acid. The product of this enzyme was an aspartic acid-arginine dipeptide. A higher activity of both arg-poly(asp) synthetase and cyanophycinase was observed in extracts of heterocysts of both Anabaena species than in vegetative cells. This supports the view that CGP has a dynamic role in nitrogen metabolism of cyanobacteria as well as a storage function.
Feeding behavior of F1 Holstein x Zebu lactating cows fed increasing levels of banana peel

This study evaluated the feeding behavior of F1 Holstein x Zebu cows fed increasing levels of banana peel. Diets contained 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% replacement of sorghum silage with banana peel. The experimental design was two 5x5 Latin squares. Cows were subjected to visual observation after adaptation of each trial period. The times spent in feeding (4.13 to 5.58 hours day -1 ) and in idle (10 to 12.53 hours day -1 ) presented quadratic effect. The time spent ruminating, number and duration of rumination periods, chews per cud, and numbers of cuds per day were not affected by treatments. The total chewing time showed a quadratic effect, with peak at 18.58% replacement. The banana peel levels did not affect consumption, rumination and chewing neutral detergent fiber. Intake, rumination and chewing of dry matter showed a decreasing linear effect. The replacement of sorghum silage with banana peel up to 60% in the diet for lactating cows reduces the time spent in feeding and improves feeding and rumination efficiencies of dry matter, keeping the milk production of cows.
Meso-mechanical simulation of a large scale triaxial test of rockfill materials

The three dimension particle flow code calculation program is used to simulate the large scale triaxial drained shear test of rockfill materials.During the formation of numerical specimen a procedure is writing to generate particles of assemly until the target porosity and gradation composition are achieved.Dynamic relaxation method is applied to solve DEM(discrete element method) equation.Local damping is used to accelerate to arrive at a steady solution in a reasonable number of cycles to dissipate energy of the particle system.Normal and shear contact bond strengths are used to increase the assemly’speak strength.With the selected micro parameters the numerical simulation tests of the large scale triaxial test are performed under series of confining pressures.The stress-strain curves from numerical simulation with the selected micro parameters are in agreement well with the results of the laboratory test.So the particle flow code program is a better method to simulate the large scale triaxial drained shear test of rockfill materials.A large range of shear dilatancy occurs with the increase of axial strain because particle shape and breakage are not considered.
Hemispheric asymmetry of subauroral ion drifts: Statistical results

A large database of more than 18,000 subauroral ion drift (SAID) events from DMSP observations from 1987 to 2012 is used to systematically investigate the features of SAID. SAID occurs mostly at ~62°/−60° magnetic latitude (MLAT) and ~22:15/22:45 magnetic local time (MLT) for geomagnetically quiet conditions and at ~58°/−56° MLAT and ~22:15/22:45 MLT for geomagnetically disturbed conditions in the North Hemisphere (NH)/South Hemisphere (SH), respectively. Significant north‐south asymmetries in SAID occurrence, shape, and geomagnetic activity variations are found in this statistical study. The latitudinal width of a SAID is larger in the NH than in the SH. An interesting finding of this work is that the SAID occurrence probability peaks have an ~180° difference in longitude between the two hemispheres in the geographic coordinates for both geomagnetically quiet and disturbed conditions. The SAID width peaks in almost the same geomagnetic meridian zone with a geomagnetic longitude of ~80°–120° in both hemispheres. Significant hemispheric asymmetries and spike signatures with sharp dips are found in all the latitudinal profiles of the horizontal velocities of SAIDs. The SAID is highly correlated to geomagnetic activity, indicating that the location and evolution of the SAID might be influenced by global geomagnetic activity, auroral dynamics, and the dynamics of ring currents.