Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Las arañas del bosque mesófilo de montaña de la Reserva de la Biosfera Volcán Tacaná, Chiapas, México

Se realizo un estudio para conocer la fauna de aranas del suelo y del sotobosque en 2 sitios de bosque mesofilo de montana de la Reserva de la Biosfera Volcan Tacana. Las aranas del suelo se recolectaron con trampas de caida y mediante el procesamiento de hojarasca en embudos de Berlese; para las aranas del sotobosque se realizaron recolectas directas, por golpeo (red y manta) y con trampas de refugio. En total se registraron 32 familias, 99 generos y 151 especies, que representan 32.5% de la araneofauna del estado de Chiapas. Se encontraron 7 registros nuevos de generos y 12 de especies para Mexico, asi como de 6 generos y 9 especies para el estado de Chiapas. Las familias con mayor riqueza fueron Theridiidae, Linyphiidae, Anyphaenidae, Araneidae y Salticidae. En el suelo se registraron 75 especies, 57 generos y 26 familias mientras que en el sotobosque se encontraron 112 especies, 74 generos y 22 familias; 36 especies fueron comunes a los 2 estratos, en tanto que 39 fueron exclusivas del suelo y 76 del sotobosque. La complementariedad entre los 2 estratos fue de 76.2%.
Response of an understory plant community to elevated [CO2 ] depends on differential responses of dominant invasive species and is mediated by soil water availability.

• Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are likely to have direct effects on terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we describe effects of elevated concentrations of CO2 on an understory plant community in terms of production and community composition. • In 2001 and 2002 total and species-specific above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) were estimated by harvesting above-ground biomass within an understory community receiving ambient [CO2 ] and elevated [CO2 ] at Oak Ridge National Laboratory's free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) facility. • During a wet year, community composition differed between plots receiving ambient [CO2 ] and elevated [CO2 ], but total ANPP did not differ. By contrast, during a drier year, community composition did not differ, but total ANPP was greater in elevated than ambient [CO2 ] plots. These patterns were driven by the response of two codominant species, Lonicera japonica and Microstegium vimineum, both considered invasive species in the south-eastern United States. The ANPP of L. japonica was consistently greater under elevated [CO2 ], whereas the response of M. vimineum to CO2 enrichment differed between years and mediated total community response. • These data suggest that community and species responses to a future, CO2 -enriched atmosphere may be mediated by other environmental factors and will depend on individual species responses.
Validity of the Scale Method for Aging Hatchery-Reared Atlantic Salmon

Abstract Scale samples from 142 hatchery-reared lake Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, of known age were studied to determine degree of correlation between known age and age as determined by scale interpretation. Salmon sampled had been marked by finclips before stocking and had been at large for 1 to 5 years. They were survivors of three successive stockings of 16-month-old (from hatching), fall-stocked fish. All scales were taken from angled salmon checked during a continuing creel census at Long Pond, Hancock County, Maine. Approximately 80 percent of the 142 fish could be correctly aged by employing usual criteria for annulus location. Winter band counts were the best single criterion for aging after Age I. All ages could be determined within 1 year. The patterns of scale growth that occurred under hatchery conditions were usually more irregular than patterns formed under lake conditions. These irregularities led to most errors in age determination. Scale absorbtion associated with reproduction was not a .
α-Galactosylceramide-Induced Liver Injury in Mice Is Mediated by TNF-α but Independent of Kupffer Cells1

NKT cells expressing phenotypic markers of both T and NK cells seem to be pivotal in murine models of immune-mediated liver injury, e.g., in Con A-induced hepatitis. Also α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a specific ligand for invariant Vα14 NKT cells, induces hepatic injury. To improve the comprehension of NKT-cell mediated liver injury, we investigated concomitants and prerequisites of α-GalCer-induced hepatitis in mice. Liver injury induced by α-GalCer injection into C57BL/6 mice was accompanied by intrahepatic caspase-3 activity but appeared independent thereof. α-GalCer injection also induces pronounced cytokine responses, including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6. We provide a detailed time course for the expression of these cytokines, both in liver and plasma. Cytokine neutralization revealed that, unlike Con A-induced hepatitis, IFN-γ is not only dispensable for α-GalCer-induced hepatotoxicity but even appears to exert protective effects. In contrast, TNF-α was clearly identified as an important mediator for hepatic injury in this model that increased Fas ligand expression on NKT cells. Whereas intrahepatic Kupffer cells are known as a pivotal source for TNF-α in Con A-induced hepatitis, they were nonessential for α-GalCer-mediated hepatotoxicity. In α-GalCer-treated mice, TNF-α was produced by intrahepatic lymphocytes, in particular NKT cells. BALB/c mice were significantly less susceptible to α-GalCer-induced liver injury than C57BL/6 mice, in particular upon pretreatment with d-galactosamine, a hepatocyte-specific sensitizer to TNF-α-mediated injury. Finally, we demonstrate resemblance of murine α-GalCer-induced hepatitis to human autoimmune-like liver disorders. The particular features of this model compared with other immune-mediated hepatitis models may enhance comprehension of basic mechanisms in the etiopathogenesis of NKT cell-comprising liver disorders.
Régulation des processus cellulaires par Huntingtin interacting protein 1-related (HIP1R)

HIP1R (Huntingtin interacting protein 1-related) a des roles dans l'endocytose mediee par la clathrine, l'apoptose et la mitose. Elle induit l'assemblage de la clathrine, regule la polymerisation de l'actine, contribue au clivage de la caspase-9 et aide l'ancrage des chromosomes sur les microtubules lors de la metaphase. Les domaines proteiques responsables de ces contributions et les facteurs permettant a HIP1R de changer de role ne sont pas encore bien connus. Nous avons utilise la technique du knock-down et nous avons reintroduit des versions mutees ou tronquees d'HIP1R pour caracteriser ses roles en modifiant ses liaisons avec ses partenaires. Les resultats indiqueraient qu'HIP1R participe principalement a l'internalisation des plaques de clathrine et qu'HIP1R n'induit pas l'activation de la caspase-3. Finalement, nous avons montre que la liaison d'HIP1R avec la clathrine lui confere son role lors de la mitose lui permettant ainsi de se localiser sur les microtubules pendant la metaphase.
Studies on the Ecology of Chrozophora tinctoriaL. and Rubia tinctorumL. in Western Anatolia

This study was carried out to determine the autecological and economic importance of Chrozophora tinctoria L. ( Euphorbiaceae) and Rubia tinctorumL. ( Rubiaceae) distributed in western Anatolia. A Physical and chemical analysis was performed on the soils where these plants grow and a chemical analysis of the plants was also carried out. The results obtained were assessed using regression analysis. It was found that both of the plants generally grow on loam and clayey-loam; neutral to slightly alkaline soils which are both poor and rich in calcium carbonate; slightly saline; moderately rich, rich and very rich in organic matter; rich and moderately rich in phosphorus; and high and very high in potassium content.
Antifeedant effects of sublethal dosages of imidacloprid on Bemisia tabaci

The effects of sublethal dosages of the chloronicotinyl insecticide imidacloprid on different strains of the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), have been studied after leaf dip and systemic application. All bioassays were performed with the insecticide susceptible strain, SUD‐S, and two Spanish biotypes, ALM‐2 and LMPA‐2, both resistant to conventional insecticides and with a lower susceptibility towards imidacloprid. Honeydew, excreted by all strains feeding on treated and untreated cotton leaf discs was quantified by photometric analysis of its carbohydrate content. EC50‐values for the depression of honeydew excretion in female adults after systemic application of imidacloprid were calculated at 0.037 ppm, 0.027 ppm and 0.048 ppm for strains SUD‐S, ALM‐2 and LMPA‐2, respectively, indicating no significant differences between strains in feeding behaviour throughout an 48 h testing period. Depending on the strain these EC50‐values were 150‐ to 850‐times lower than LC50‐values calculated for mortality in the same bioassay. Starvation tests revealed mean survival times of >48 h for female adults placed on agar without leaf discs, indicating that sublethal dosages of imidacloprid which caused antifeedant responses, were probably not covered in common 48 h systemic bioassays, used to monitor resistance to imidacloprid. Effects of sublethal dosages on honeydew excretion after leaf dip application seem to be minor. In choice situations with systemically treated and untreated leaf discs in a single container, female adults of B. tabaci showed a clear preference for the untreated leaf discs. However, when using leaf discs treated by painting the surface with imidacloprid in the same bioassay, feeding activities on treated and untreated leaf discs were not significantly different. The results of the present study demonstrate the antifeedant properties of imidacloprid on B. tabaci, which might play an essential role after soil application or seed treatment under field conditions.
Changes in Unsaturated Levels of Fatty Acids in Thylakoid PSII Membrane Lipids During Chilling‐induced Resistance in Rice

Temperature is one of the abiotic factors limiting growth and productivity of plants. In the present work, the effect of low non-freezing temperature, as an inducer of “chilling resistance”, was studied in three cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.), japonica cv. 9516 (j-9516), the two parental lines of superhigh-yield hybrid rice between subspecies, Peiai/E32 (ji-PE), and the traditional indica hybrid rice Shanyou 63 (i-SY63). Leaves of chill-treated rice showed chilling-induced resistance, as an increase of their low-temperature tolerance was measured using chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, revealing a change in photosystem II (PSII) efficiency. After 5 d of exposure to 11°C under low light (100 μmol m-2 s-1), levels of unsaturated fatty acids in PSII thylakoid membrane lipids decreased during the initial 1-2 d, then increased slowly and reached 99.2%, 95.3% and 90.1% of the initial value (0 d) in j-9516, ji-PE and i-SY63, respectively, on the fifth day. However, under medium light (600 μmol m-2 s-1), all cultivars experienced similar substantial photoinhibition, which approached steady state levels after a decline in levels of unsaturated fatty acids in PSII thylakoid membrane lipids to about 57.1%, 53.8% and 44.5% of the initial values (0 d) in j-9516, ji-PE and I-SY63 on the fifth day. Under either chilling-induced resistance (the former) or low temperature photoinhibition (the latter) conditions, the changes of other physiological parameters such as D1 protein contents, electron transport activities of PSII (ETA), Fv/Fm, xanthophyl cycle activities expressed by DES (deepoxide state) were consistent with that of levels of unsaturated fatty acids in PSII thylakoid membrane lipids. So there were negative correlations between saturated levels of fatty acids (16:1(3t), 16:0, 18:0), especially the 16:1(3t) fatty acid on thylakoid membrane and other physiological parameters, such as D1 protein contents, ETA and (A+Z)/(A+V+Z). A specific role of desaturation of fatty acids and the photoprotective pigments of the xanthophyl cycle, leading to an acclimation response in thylakoid membrane lipids may be involved. We conclude that chilling-induced resistance is accelerated by the unsaturation of thylakoid membranes, and the ability of rice plants to cold-harden can be enhanced by genetic engineering.
Effects of water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes root extracts on midge Chironomus ramosus larvae: a preliminary note

The effects of crude root extracts of Eichhornia crassipes (Marts) Solms on Chironomus ramosus Chaudhuri eggs and larvae are studied under laboratory conditions. Egg masses of C. ramosus that are subjected to varying concentrations of exudates (final concentrations 0.25–2.5%) show 100% viability. However, larvae reared further at these concentrations reveal a dose–response relationship, with an LC50 value of 1.33% and an LC90 value of 2.05%. A striking feature is the occurrence of supernumerary salivary glands in larvae (three glands per larva) reared in the 1%, 1.25%, 1.5% and 1.75% extracts. This deviates from the normal two glands per larva and may be explained by altered growth as a result of the putative bioactive compounds present in the hyacinth extracts. In nature, hyacinth and midges co‐exist in many freshwater habitats, implying that hyacinth compounds present from natural leaching could be encountered by the larvae. These preliminary findings suggest that hyacinth can influence the larval development of midges, giving rise to long‐term ecological implications.
Extração Automática de Conteúdo Semi-Estruturado na Web: Estudo de Caso do Futebol Brasileiro

Information extraction techniques provide automated generation of a structured representation from unstructured or semi-structured content. Structured information enables or facilitates further processing by third-part Web applications. This work describes the implementation of a domain-oriented information extraction system. The system automatically converts semi-structured Web content into structured content, by means of object-oriented production rules that instantiate a specific domain classes provided. These rules are implemented in JEOPS, a Java-based first-order forward chaining inference engine. We have fully specified classes modeling the Brazilian Soccer Championship to show the feasibility of the proposal. Taking as input a Web site address, the system uses facts and rules defined in its knowledge base in order to identify related links, find the championship classification table and extract table data. As a result, it automatically fulfills domain classes’ instances.
Endogenous Production of TGF-β Is Essential for Osteoclastogenesis Induced by a Combination of Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand and Macrophage-Colony- Stimulating Factor1

Differentiation of osteoclasts, the cells primarily responsible for bone resorption, is controlled by a variety of osteotropic hormones and cytokines. Of these factors, receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) ligand (RANKL) has been recently cloned as an essential inducer of osteoclastogenesis in the presence of M-CSF. Here, we isolated a stroma-free population of monocyte/macrophage (M/Mφ)-like hemopoietic cells from mouse unfractionated bone cells that were capable of differentiating into mature osteoclasts by treatment with soluble RANKL (sRANKL) and M-CSF. However, the efficiency of osteoclast formation was low, suggesting the requirement for additional factors. The isolated M/Mφ-like hemopoietic cells expressed TGF-β and type I and II receptors of TGF-β. Therefore, we examined the effect of TGF-β on osteoclastogenesis. TGF-β with a combination of sRANKL and M-CSF promoted the differentiation of nearly all M/Mφ-like hemopoietic cells into cells of the osteoclast lineage. Neutralizing anti-TGF-β Ab abrogated the osteoclast generation. These TGF-β effects were also observed in cultures of unfractionated bone cells, and anti-TGF-β blocked the stimulatory effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Translocation of NF-κB into nuclei induced by sRANKL in TGF-β-pretreated M/Mφ-like hemopoietic cells was greater than that in untreated cells, whereas TGF-β did not up-regulate the expression of RANK, the receptor of RANKL. Our findings suggest that TGF-β is an essential autocrine factor for osteoclastogenesis.
Long‐term experimental manipulation of climate alters the ectomycorrhizal community of Betula nana in Arctic tundra

Climate warming is leading to shrub expansion in Arctic tundra. Shrubs form ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associations with soil fungi that are central to ecosystem carbon balance as determinants of plant community structure and as decomposers of soil organic matter. To assess potential climate change impacts on ECM communities, we analysed fungal internal transcribed spacer sequences from ECM root tips of the dominant tundra shrub Betula nana growing in treatments plots that had received long‐term warming by greenhouses and/or fertilization as part of the Arctic Long‐Term Ecological Research experiment at Toolik Lake Alaska, USA. We demonstrate opposing effects of long‐term warming and fertilization treatments on ECM fungal diversity; with warming increasing and fertilization reducing the diversity of ECM communities. We show that warming leads to a significant increase in high biomass fungi with proteolytic capacity, especially Cortinarius spp. , and a reduction of fungi with high affinities for labile N, especially Russula spp. In contrast, fertilization treatments led to relatively small changes in the composition of the ECM community, but increased the abundance of saprotrophs. Our data suggest that warming profoundly alters nutrient cycling in tundra, and may facilitate the expansion of B. nana through the formation of mycorrhizal networks of larger size.
Exercise and Adaptation to Microgravity Environments

The sections in this article are: 1 Exercise Performance After Adaptation to Microgravity 1.1 Maximal Oxygen Uptake 1.2 Exercise Endurance 1.3 Oxygen Uptake and Mechanical Efficiency during Submaximal Exercise 1.4 Time Course of Change in Microgravity 1.5 Age and Gender 1.6 Level of Aerobic Fitness 1.7 Muscle Function: Strength and Fatigability 1.8 Effects of Return to Terrestrial Gravity 2 Physiological Changes Associated with Reduced Exercise Capacity 2.1 Pulmonary Function 2.2 Blood Volume 2.3 Cardiovascular Function 2.4 Morphological Changes in Skeletal Muscle 2.5 Cellular Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle 2.6 Venous and Muscle Compliance 2.7 Changes in Thermoregulation 3 Recovery after Return to the One-Gravity Environment 3.1 Effects of Ambulation and Exercise during Recovery 3.2 Repeated Exposures to Microgravity 4 Exercise as a Countermeasure to Microgravity Adaptation 4.1 and Hemodynamic Responses to Exercise 4.2 Effects on Muscle Structure and Function 4.3 Orthostatic Hypotension after Microgravity Exposure 4.4 Considerations of Future Exercise Prescriptions for Microgravity 5 Summary
Stimulation by G Protein βγ Subunits of Phospholipase C β Isoforms in Human Platelets

Summary Different phospholipase C (PLC) isoforms were located in human platelet cytosol and membranes. PLCγ2 and PLCβ3b were mainly located in the cytosol and PLCβ2 and PLCβ3a were in both cytosol and membranes by using specific antibodies against PLC isozymes (Banno Y, Nakashima S, Ohzawa M, Nozawa Y. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 14989-94). Three PLC fractions activated by G protein βγ subunits were purified from human platelet cytosol and membrane fractions. Two PLC fractions from membranes were identified as PLCβ2 and PLCβ3a, and one from cytosol was PLCβ3b. These PLCβ isoforms were activated by the purified βγ subunits of brain G proteins in the order PLCβ3b > PLCβ3a > PLCβ2. Western blot analysis of γ subunits of the purified platelet G proteins with antibodies against various standard γ subunits revealed that the major component of the γ subunit of Gi2 and Gq was γ5, and that γ7 was a minor component. Studies using various subtypes of βγ subunits, βγ2, βγ3, and βγ7 purified from bovine brain, βγ5 from bovine lung, or βγ12 from bovine spleen, failed to show differences in their ability to stimulate the isolated platelet PLCβ isoforms. These results suggest that the βγ subunits of Gi2 and Gq have similar efficacy in regulation of effectors in human platelets.
Mutation detection by primer extension on oligonucleotide microarrays

The technology and application of arrayed primer extension (APEX) is presented. We describe an integrated system with DNA chip and template preparation, multiplex primer extension on the array, fluorescence imag­ ing, and data analysis. The method is based upon an array of oligonucleotides, immobilized via the 5' end on a glass surface. A patient DNA is amplified by PCR, digested enzymatically, and annealed to the immobilized primers, which promote sites for template-dependent DNA polymerase extension reactions using four unique fluorescently labeled dideoxy nucleotides. A mutation is detected by a change in the color code of the primer sites. The technology was applied to the analysis of 10 common /J-thalassemia mutations. Nine patient DNA samples, each of which carries a different mutation, and four wild-type DNA samples were correctly identi­ fied. The signal-to-noise ratio of this technology is, on the average, 40:1, which enables the identification of heterozygous mutations with a high confidence level. The APEX method can be applied to any DNA target for efficient analysis of mutations and polymorphisms.
Belowground herbivore tolerance involves delayed overcompensatory root regrowth in maize

Plants can tolerate leaf‐herbivore attack through metabolic reconfigurations that allow for the rapid regrowth of lost leaves. Several studies indicate that root‐attacked plants can re‐allocate resources to the aboveground parts. However, the connection between tolerance and root regrowth remains poorly understood. We investigated the timing and extent of root regrowth of tolerant and susceptible lines of maize, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), attacked by the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in the laboratory and the field. Infested tolerant maize plants produced more root biomass and even overcompensated for the lost roots, whereas this effect was absent in susceptible lines. Furthermore, the tolerant plants slowed growth of new roots in the greenhouse and in the field 4–8 days after infestation, whereas susceptible plants slowed growth of new roots only in the field and only after 12 days of infestation. The quick response of tolerant lines may have enabled them to escape root attack by starving the herbivores and by saving resources for regrowth after the attack had ceased. We conclude that both timing and the extent of regrowth may determine plant tolerance to root herbivory.
Some Observations on the Influence of Salinity on Photosynthetic Activity and Chloride Ion Loss in Several Seaweeds

The photosynthetic rates of Enteromorpha intestinalis, Fucus vesiculosus and Laminaria saccharina from the Baltic Sea were measured in different salinity range of Medium A (with NaHCO3) and Medium B (without NaHCO3). Photosynthetic activity in Medium A showed higher values than those in Medium B. The materials pretreated for one day showed a higher O2 output than those untreated at almost every salinity range. In a chloride loss experiment the pretreated thalli of Porphyra umbilicalis, Fucus vesiculosus and Laminaria digitata were placed for a three minute period in distilled water. The excreted chloride ion content showed a higher value in sublittoral species after hypotonic and hypertonic treatment than in intertidal species.