Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PET correlates of normal and impaired memory functions.

To date, positron emission tomography (PET) has been the only technology for the quantitative imaging of the changes of regional cerebral glucose (rCMRGl) or oxygen metabolism and blood flow (rCBF) associated with psychophysical stimulation and with the performance of mental tasks. So far, the majority of studies performed in healthy subjects demonstrated activation patterns involving not only certain limbic structures, most of all hippocampus, amygdala, parahippocampus, and cingulate, but also temporal, parietal, and occipital association cortex, depending on the applied paradigm. Indeed, the closest correlation between regional metabolism and memory test scores was found in mesiotemporal structures during the performance of memory tasks. Metabolic or CBF studies also seem to indicate that memorizing strategies may differ among individuals. PET was repeatedly used to investigate metabolic and/or blood flow abnormalities in patients with various amnestic syndromes. In cases with uni- or bilateral lesions of mesiotemporal structures, caused by surgery, herpes simplex encephalitis, or permanent ischemic, anoxic, or toxic damage, disturbances of metabolism and blood flow typically extended far beyond the morphological defects detected by computed tomography or magnetic resonance. In acute transient global amnesia, CBF and metabolism were decreased bilaterally in the mesiotemporal lobes, where hypometabolism persisted for some time, while higher values were observed in thalamus and some cortical areas. Diencephalic lesions causing Korsakoff's syndrome were associated with decreased rCMRGl in the hippocampal formation, upper brainstem, cingulate, and thalamus. Discrete thalamic infarcts caused amnesia and metabolic depression in the morphologically intact ipsilateral thalamus and in various projection areas of the infarcted nuclei. In ischemic forebrain lesions, amnestic deficits could be related to involvement of the anterior cingulate and of basal cholinergic nuclei. A large number of pathologies are diffusely spread out in the brain and affect partially or predominantly structures in memory processing. This holds true especially in the various dementias where memory disturbances are a consistent and often leading feature. Notably, Alzheimer's disease can be distinguished from other dementias by its characteristic pattern of metabolic dysfunction, with the most prominent changes occurring in parietotemporal and frontal association cortex whose residual metabolism is related to the severity of the disease. Therefore, activation studies using paradigms involving memory functions enhance that typical pattern. Only in the activated state is metabolism of mesiotemporal structures significantly correlated with the performance in memory tests. Other dementias also affect some of the distributed memory networks, with Huntington's disease suggesting a role of the striatum in memory processing. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Response of the intestinal mucosa to ischaemia.

The small intestinal mucosa is particularly sensitive to ischaemia, but it also possesses a tremendous regenerative potential. The mucosa of the colon is less easily destroyed by a reduction in the blood supply, but, once damaged, it recovers imore slowly. In these pages we shall review the various structural and functional studies, performed in experimental animals, that have contributed to our understanding of the response of these epithelia to dfifferent degrees of ischaemia.
Research of iphone application UI design based on children cognition feature

This research through the apperception, thinking, and memory of children cognition behavior respectively analyzes the features, combines the related knowledge of software interface design, gets the effective inspiration of iphone application design towards children, fully carry out the analysis of interaction manner and visual elements of hot procedure Fingerprint doodle, demonstrates the interface design direction effect produced by children cognition feature research.
Fault Interference and Coupling Effect

Any program may contain more than one fault, and these faults may interfere with each other in a variety of ways. Software behavior may be affected by the interference, resulting in some uncertain results. Such results have negative impact on many software engineering tasks, including regression testing, fault localization, debugging, fault clustering etc. Therefore, understanding the interference becomes an important topic. This paper investigates the fault interference from the perspective of software construction. We introduce the coupling of software construction in order to explain the reasons for fault interference. We observed that different types of coupling may cause three kinds of fault interference and have different probabilities to make the software strike the fault interference traps. We conducted a preliminary experiment on four industrial programs. The results show that our approach gives a good explanation on fault interference.
Tumor necrosis factor‐α at the crossroads of neuronal life and death during HIV‐associated dementia

Human immunodeficiency type‐1 (HIV‐1) infection is known to cause disorders of the CNS, including HIV‐associated dementia (HAD). It is suspected that tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) released by infected microglia and macrophages play a role in neuronal injury seen in HAD patients. Accordingly, studies suggest that the level of TNF‐α mRNA increases with increasing severity of dementia in patients, and that inhibitors of TNF‐α release reduces neuronal injury in murine model of HAD. However, the exact role of TNF‐α in relation to neuronal dysfunction is a matter of ongoing debate. One school of thought hails TNF‐α as the inducer and mediator of neurodegeneration and their evidence suggest that TNF‐α kill neurons directly by recruiting caspases or may kill indirectly by various means. In sharp contrast to this, another concept theory envisages a role for TNF‐α in negotiating neuroprotection during HAD. The current compilation examines these contradictory concepts, and evaluates their efficacy in the light of TNF‐α signaling. It also attempts to elaborate the current consensus outlook of TNF‐α's role during HAD.
A constant-frequency double-rotor generator for wind power application

A new constant-frequency double-rotor (CFDR) generator for the wind power generation is proposed in this paper. The CFDR generator needs only part-size power converter which is the same as that of the doubly-fed induction generator. As permanent magnets are mounted on the outer rotor of the CFDR generator, high performances may be achieved. In this paper, the structure of the double-rotor generator is introduced and the principle is briefly presented. The CFDR generator owns the advantages such as low cost, high power density, low speed direct driven, and good performance on grid fault ride-through. It has the potential on application of future large-scale wind power generation systems.
Information and Communication Technology in Microfinance Sector: Case Study of Three Indian MFIs

Financial sector has witnessed transformation with the adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) in providing financial services that ensured financial services to distant customers and reduced cost of providing financial services. The advent of ICT in financial system in general and microfinance sector in particular would not only scale up the access to finance but also attempt to ensure provision of financial services to the remotest and far-flung areas. Adoption of technology by microfinance institutions (MFIs) has increased its outreach and achieved cost reduction but confronted numerous challenges especially with respect to regulatory issues and delivery channels used. In this context, this article aims to assess the impact of ICT in client management, risk management and work efficiency of MFIs based on the case study of three MFIs (Cashpor Microcredit, SKS Microfinance Ltd and Utkarsh Microfinance Pvt Ltd). The article finds that the use of ICT has succeeded in bringing efficiency in terms of cost and client management, yet ICT adoption in MFIs needs a policy overhaul especially in terms of regulatory and infrastructure issues taking into account the aspirations and problems of all the stakeholders to microfinance sector.
Cellular immune response to hepatitis B virus-encoded antigens in acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

The proliferative response of PBMC to hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope, core, and e Ag was analyzed prospectively in 21 patients with acute self-limited HBV infection and compared with the response of patients with chronic HBV infection and different levels of HBV replication (i.e., hepatitis e Ag (HBeAg)- or anti-HBe-positive) and liver damage (i.e., chronic active hepatitis or chronic asymptomatic carriers). Our results indicate that: 1) HBV-infected subjects who develop a self-limited acute hepatitis show a vigorous PBMC response to hepatitis B core Ag and HBeAg, as expression of T cell activation; 2) appearance of a detectable lymphocyte response to HBV nucleocapsid Ag is temporally associated with the clearance of HBV envelope Ag; 3) in patients with chronic HBV infection the level of T cell responsiveness to hepatitis B core Ag and to HBeAg is significantly lower than that observed during acute infection; 4) T cell sensitization to HBV envelope Ag in acute and chronic HBV infection is usually undetectable and when measurable is expressed transiently and at low levels. These results may reflect immune events of pathogenetic relevance with respect to evolution of disease and viral clearance.
Primary optic centers of the rat in relation to the terminal distribution of the crossed and uncrossed optic nerve fibers

Although there is now a considerable amount of experimental data establishing that the lateral geniculate body, pretectal region and superior colliculus are the principal terminal centers for optic nerve fibers, evidence of the precise relationship between crossed and uncrossed optic fibers within these centers in rodents remains conflicting. There is agreement that within the unlaminated rodent lateral geniculate nucleus (pars dorsalis) an overlap occurs between the ipsilateral and contralateral optic projection fields, but there remains disagreement concerning the nature and extent of this overlap, principally because of difficulties encountered in precisely delineating these fields. Consequently it remains uncertain whether there are cells within this nucleus innervated only by uncrossed optic fibers as in the laminated nuclei of higher mammals, e.g. carnivores and primates; also it still remains doubtful whether cells of the pars ventralis of the lateral geniculate nucleus are in synaptic relationship with fibers of retinal origin. The generally accepted view that the pretectal region is an optic terminal center is supported by only meager anatomical evidence. Only two of the pretectal nuclei (large-celled nucleus of the optic tract and pretectal nucleus) have been reported to be terminally related to crossed optic fibers; whether the remaining nuclei of this cytoarchitecturally complex region show a similar relationship remains uncertain. Despite the fact that the superior colliculus has been long accepted as a principal terminal center for optic fibers, the precise relationship between its superficial laminae and the crossed optic terminals remains controversial. Although a small number of optic fibers are known to remain uncrossed (estimated at 5-10% in rodents), it remains doubtful whether these proceed beyond the lateral geniculate body to terminate in the pretectal and superior collicular regions. In the present investigation we have reexamined these problems with a view to relating more precisely the ipsilateral and contralateral optic projection fields to the cytoarchitecture of the abovementioned primary optic centers. In view of the fact that the optic nerves in the rat contain a considerable number of unmyelinated fibers in addition to small myelinated fibers (Bruesch and Arey, '42), we have used principally the silver impregnation method of Nauta and Gygax ('54). This technique, because of its capacity to reveal fine degenerating axons, whether myelinated or unmyelinated, is more critical than the experimental degeneration techniques used previously.
Latitudinal differentiated water table control of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from hydromorphic soils: feedbacks to climate change

The possibility of carbon (C) being locked away from the atmosphere for millennia is given in hydromorphic soils. However, the water‐table‐dependent feedback from soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition to the climate system is less clear. At least three greenhouse gases are produced: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). These gases show emission peaks at different water table positions and have different global warming potentials (GWP), for example a factor of 23 for CH4 and 296 for N2O as compared with the equivalent mass of CO2 on a 100‐year time horizon. This review of available annual data on all three gases revealed that the radiative forcing effect of SOM decomposition is principally dictated by CO2 despite its low GWP. Anaerobic SOM decomposition generally has a lower potential feedback to the climatic system than aerobic SOM decomposition. Concrete values are constrained by a lack of data from tropical and subarctic regions. Furthermore, data on N2O and on plant effects are generally rare. However, there is a clear latitudinal differentiation for the GWP of soils under anaerobic conditions compared with aerobic conditions when looking at CO2 and CH4: in the tropical and temperate regions, the anaerobic GWP showed a range of 25–60% of the aerobic value, but values varied between 80% and 110% in the boreal zone. Hence, particularly in the vulnerable boreal zone, the feedback from ecosystems to climate change will highly depend on plant responses to changing water tables at elevated temperatures.
Clinical Relevance of Single-Voxel (1)H MRS Metabolites in Discriminating Suprasellar Tumors.

INTRODUTION Spatially resolved metabolic data obtained from Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) provides information which increases the diagnostic accuracy of imaging sequences in predicting the histology of suprasellar tumors. AIM To evaluate the role of (1)H MRS in the diagnosis of various suprasellar tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty cases of various suprasellar, hypothalamic and third ventricular neoplasms were investigated with long-echo single voxel (1)H -MRS using 1.5 Tesla clinical imager. Single-voxel spectroscopic examinations were guided by T1-weighted or T2-weighted images. Statistical analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS software version 19. RESULTS We observed that whenever brain tissue was damaged or replaced by any process, NAA was markedly reduced. Extra-axial lesions which do not infiltrate brain or contain neuroglial tissue, didn't demonstrate any NAA resonances. Cr was used as an internal standard for semi-quantitative evaluation of metabolic changes of other brain metabolites. Increased Cho was seen in processes with elevated cell-membrane turnover. CONCLUSION Spectra obtained from different tumors exhibit reproducible differences while histologically similar tumors yield characteristic spectra with only minor differences. Pituitary tumors were typically characterized by significant reduction of NAA, Cr peak and moderate elevation of Cho peak. Gliomas were typically characterized by decrease of NAA and Cr peaks and increase of Cho peak. Craniopharyngiomas were typically characterized by significant decrease of all metabolites.
Different types of in vivo induced cytolytic T lymphocytes are all LFA-Ihigh and lack CD45 exon 4 (CD45RA) but show distinct CD45RC profiles.

Due to alternate mRNA splicing of exons 4, 5 and 6 (or A, B and C respectively), the CD45 cell surface glycoprotein is structurally heterogeneic in lymphoid cells of different lineage or stage of activation. Previous studies show that in vivo induced allo- and superantigen reactive rat cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) preferably belong to the CD45RClow subset, whereas tumour selective CTL express high amounts of CD45RC cell surface molecules. In this paper, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique (RT-PCR) was utilized to evaluate CD45 isoform expression of rat lymphoid cells and in vivo activated rat CTL with distinct specificity and CD45RC profile. Cells from lymphoid organs expressed six CD45 mRNA isoforms, exon(45678), exon(5678), exon (578), exon(678), exon(78) and a novel extensively spliced exon(8) variant. In vivo activated TCR alpha beta + CD8+ cells sorted as CD45RClow expressed exon(78), exon(578) and exon(8), whereas TCR alpha beta + CD8+CD45RChigh cells expressed exon(78), exon(578), exon(5678) and full-length exon(45678). Triple-colour staining indicated high expression of LFA-1 in the cytotoxic CD45RCintermediate and CD45RClow cells, and low expression of LFA-1 in CD45RChigh non-cytotoxic cells from allo- and superantigen activated rats. In contrast, tumour activated TCR alpha beta +CD45RChigh cells were divided in LFA-1high and LFA-1low subsets, and sorting of these subsets revealed that tumour-selective cytotoxicity was confined to the LFA-1high effector cell subset. Furthermore, it was evident that the LFA-1high effector cell subset expressed high levels of exon(5678), exon(578) and exon(78) isoforms and, in contrast to the LFA-1low subpopulation, lacked expression of exon 4 containing full-length CD45 mRNA transcript. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Patient-reported outcome measures: an on-line system empowering patient choice

An innovative web-based system was developed to allow patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) to be easily administered. Stakeholders guided the design and implementation. The software gives patients access to their current and previous scores. This pilot study focused on patients undergoing arthroscopic subacromial decompression, evaluated using the Oxford shoulder score (OSS). Patients showing good improvement in their OSS were offered the choice to return for routine follow-up clinic appointments, or continue rehabilitation, reassured by their improved score. Thirty-six of 117 patients were eligible. Thirty of these (83%) were opted to avoid further clinics. PROMs 2.0 can be used for any medical intervention with a validated PROM. Evolution and refinement is ongoing. Funding has been granted for 12 primary and secondary healthcare trusts to implement PROMs 2.0. Further work is needed to assess economic impact, patient views and satisfaction with the process.
Cytokine regulation of metalloproteinase gene expression

Matrix metalloproteinases belong to a family of zinc‐dependent enzymes capable of degrading extracellular matrix and basement membrane components. Their expression is greatly modulated by cytokines and growth factors and involves the gene products of the Fos and Jun families of oncogenes. After extra(peri)cellular activation, their activity can be further controlled by specific tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. A correct balance between these regulatory mechanisms is necessary to ensure matrix remodeling in normal physiological processes such as embryonic development, but the overexpression of these enzymes may initiate or contribute to pathological situations such as cartilage degradation in rheumatoid arthritis or to tumor progression and metastasis. Delineation of the mechanisms of metalloproteinase and metalloproteinase inhibitors gene expression, understanding of their mode of interactions, and characterization of their patterns of expression in various tissues in normal and pathological states will lead to new therapeutic strategies to counteract the deleterious effects of matrix metalloproteinases in human disease.
n-3 Essential fatty acids decrease weight gain in genetically obese mice

1. Lean (ln/ln) and obese (ob/ob) mice were given diets containing a fat source of 100 g evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil (fatty acids 18:2n-6, 18:3n-6; EPO) or 100 g cod liver oil (20:5n-3, 22:6n-3; CLO)/kg diet. 2. Weight gain was lower in the ob/ob mice fed on CLO, an effect unrelated to food intake. 3. In the ob/ob mice fed on CLO, thromboxane synthesis by clotting platelets was reduced compared with that in ob/ob mice fed on EPO. 4. The ob/ob CLO-fed mice had lower arachidonic acid but higher levels of n-3 fatty acids in liver, brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue. 5. The n-3 fatty acids in CLO therefore replaced the n-6 fatty acids in tissue lipids and reduced synthesis of '2 series' prostaglandins in addition to causing lower weight gain in the CLO-fed ob/ob mice.
Assembly and testing of thermal test chip on silicon interposer with Through Silicon Via

Silicon interposer with Through Silicon Via (TSV) has been a promising technology for 3D integration. Good thermal property is one of the advantages. Thermal resistance was usually used to estimate thermal property of a package. In order to obtain thermal resistance of silicon interposer, chip junction temperature needs to be measured. However, it is a challenge to acquire junction temperature Tj because hotspot in chip is difficult to be detected. In this work, thermal test chip containing diodes was employed to calibrate the junction temperature. Testing vehicle and assembly process of thermal test chip and silicon interposer with TSV were designed and realized. Firstly, fabrication of silicon interposer with TSVs was introduced briefly meanwhile resistance of TSV was measured by daisy chain structure. Then assembly of silicon interposer and thermal test chip was completed by high lead solder ball. Finally the assembled vehicle was mounted on printed circuit board (PCB). The electrical property of the whole assembly as well as linear coefficient of forward voltage Vf and junction temperature were achieved to evaluate the testing vehicle. The electrical resistance of TSV with 25µm diameter and 125µm depth was 144mΩ calculated from daisy chain structure. Low assembly electrical resistance, which is equivalent to the theoretical value, illustrated good assembly quality of the testing vehicle. Good linear characteristic of voltage and temperature for thermal test chip also indicated successful testing vehicle design as well as thermal resistance of silicon interposer could be measured in further study.
The Shunned-Stock Effect and the Error-in-Expectation Effect of Corporate Socially Responsible Investment——From the Perspective of Product Market Competition

The relationship between corporate social responsible performance and corporate asset price can be explained by two effects:the Shunned-stock effect and the Error-in-expectation effect.We also consider the asymmetric influence of these two effects on firms with different level of product market competition,which might in turn have impacts on the abnormal return of socially responsible investment portfolio.We construct the socially responsible investment hedge portfolio by selling socially irresponsible firms' stock and buying socially responsible firms' stock,and then estimate the abnormal return of this portfolio with Carhart's four factor model.Using monthly data of year 2009—2013 from Chinese A-Stock listed companies,we find the following results:the Shunned-stock effect is long lasting in China,especially in firms with low product market competition,statedowned enterprises and export firms;The Error-in-expectation effect only exist in firms with fierce product market competition,which does not exist in private-owned enterprises and non-export firms;Socially responsible investment portfolio consist of all firms on average has an annual risk premium of 5.7%—10.2%,however it is 9.66%—13.44% in noncompetitive portfolio;In the short term,the significant error-in-expectation effect of socially responsible investment portfolio in competitive industry might on average result in an annually abnormal return of 2.42%—3.12%.