Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rumen digestion and rumen outflow rate in deer fed fresh chicory (Cichorium intybus) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Pure swards of chicory (Cichorium intybus) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) were grown at Palmerston North, New Zealand. They were cut daily and fed hourly at 2·25 kg dry matter (DM)/day to eight hand-reared, rumen-fistulated castrated red deer stags kept in metabolism crates during December 1994 and January 1995 (summer). Apparent digestibility, rumen fractional disappearance rate (FDPR), rumen fractional degradation rate (FDR), rumen fractional outflow rate (FOR) and mean retention time (MRT) were measured. The ratio of readily fermentable carbohydrate to structural carbohydrate was approximately three times higher in chicory than in perennial ryegrass. Apparent digestibility of DM was higher in deer fed chicory than in deer fed perennial ryegrass (0·785 v. 0·727), whilst apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was lower in deer fed chicory (0·679 v. 0·755), due to a reduced hemicellulose digestibility (0·667 v. 0·783). Relative to deer fed perennial ryegrass, those fed chicory had higher rumen FDPR values for DM (14·5 v. 8·6%/h), soluble carbohydrate (69·9 v. 54·7%/h), cellulose (15·5 v. 9·8%/h) and lignin (6·8 v. 3·8%/h). Rumen FDR in deer fed chicory was higher than those fed perennial ryegrass for cellulose (11·4 v. 7·0%/h) and lignin (2·7 v. 1·0%/h), but tended to be lower for hemicellulose. Rumen FOR was higher and MRT was lower for both liquid and particulate matter in deer fed chicory compared to deer fed perennial ryegrass. It is concluded that rumen FDPR and apparent digestibility were much higher in deer fed chicory than in deer fed perennial ryegrass, due to faster degradation rates of most constituents in the rumen and faster outflow rates from the rumen. An exception was hemicellulose, where reduced rumen degradation rates and shorter rumen particulate MRT contributed to reduced apparent digestibility. Faster clearance from the rumen, due to both faster degradation and outflow rates may be used to explain the greater voluntary feed intake (VFI), as well as faster growth rate in deer grazing chicory compared to those grazing perennial ryegrass. Faster rates of lignin solubility in the rumen probably contributed to the more rapid breakdown of chicory in the rumen.
Formation of Complex Organic Molecules in Cold Interstellar Environments through Nondiffusive Grain-surface and Ice-mantle Chemistry

A prevailing theory for the interstellar production of complex organic molecules (COMs) involves formation on warm dust-grain surfaces, via the diffusion and reaction of radicals produced through grain-surface photodissociation of stable molecules. However, some gas-phase O-bearing COMs, notably acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), methyl formate (CH3OCHO), and dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3), are now observed at very low temperatures, challenging the warm scenario. Here, we introduce a selection of new nondiffusive mechanisms into an astrochemical model to account for the failure of the standard diffusive picture and to provide a more generalized scenario of COM formation on interstellar grains. New generic rate formulations are provided for cases where (i) radicals are formed by reactions occurring close to another reactant, producing an immediate follow-on reaction; (ii) radicals are formed in an excited state, allowing them to overcome activation barriers to react with nearby stable molecules; and (iii) radicals are formed through photodissociation close to a reaction partner, followed by immediate reaction. Each process occurs without thermal diffusion of large radicals. The new mechanisms significantly enhance cold COM abundances, successfully reproducing key observational results for prestellar core L1544. H abstraction from grain-surface COMs, followed by recombination, plays a crucial role in amplifying chemical desorption into the gas phase. The ultraviolet-induced chemistry produces significant COM abundances in the bulk ices, which are retained on the grains and may persist to later stages. O2 is also formed strongly in the mantle though photolysis, suggesting cometary O2 could indeed be interstellar.
Evaluation of Uncemented Total Hip Arthroplasty in Acetabular Protrusio

Introduction: A lack of bone stock, deficient medial cup support and medial & proximal migration of the joint center are the main challenges in treating cases of protrusio acetabuli with end stage arthritis. The purpose of this prospective study was to assess the functional outcome, radilogical parameters & complications related to uncemented total hip arthroplasty in these patients. Material and methods: From November2017 to December 2019, 20 patients (33 hips) with secondary acetabular protrusions (25 grade II & 8 grade I) with end stage arthritis underwent uncemented total hip arthroplasties with or without autologous bone grafting. The Harris hip scoring system was used to evaluate hip function during follow-up. X-rays were taken to assess the prosthesis loosening, bone graft healing, cup inclination angle & comparing various pre and postoperative radiological parameters. Results: The operation time ranged from 60 to 120 min (mean =77.12 ± 14 min). The blood loss was 200 to 400 mL (mean = 252 ± 49.5 mL). The average follow-up duration was 1.5 years (range 6m-2yrs). Postoperative X-rays revealed bone graft union at 6 months post-surgery. The Harris hip scores increased from 34.07 ± 11.43 to 86.22 ± 6.85 postoperatively that was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The distance from the center of the femoral head to Kohler’s line increased from 18.76 ± 3.7 mm to 20.4 ± 3.3 mm after the operation (P < 0.01). During follow-up, no hip acetabular prosthesis loosening & progression of protrusio was evident.There was no dislocation but one case of infection and one case of sciatic nerve injury as postoperative complication. Conclusion: The use of impacted or unimpacted morselized autograft in conjunction with porous-coated cementless acetabular components was a technically straight forward solution through which the hip bio mechanics were restored and strong fixation was achieved, thereby preventing recurrence of protrusio in grade II or III. For grade I protrusio with end stage arthritis only uncement THR without bone graft was adequate.
Memory-Efficient Structured Convex Optimization via Extreme Point Sampling

Memory is a key computational bottleneck when solving large-scale convex optimization problems such as semidefinite programs (SDPs). In this paper, we focus on the regime in which storing an $n\times n$ matrix decision variable is prohibitive. To solve SDPs in this regime, we develop a randomized algorithm that returns a random vector whose covariance matrix is near-feasible and near-optimal for the SDP. We show how to develop such an algorithm by modifying the Frank-Wolfe algorithm to systematically replace the matrix iterates with random vectors. As an application of this approach, we show how to implement the Goemans-Williamson approximation algorithm for \textsc{MaxCut} using $\mathcal{O}(n)$ memory in addition to the memory required to store the problem instance. We then extend our approach to deal with a broader range of structured convex optimization problems, replacing decision variables with random extreme points of the feasible region.
Effects of Banana Feeding on Deoxycorticosterone-Induced Hypertension and Salt Consumption in Rats

AbstractPulp of ripe banana, supplied daily (50 g/rat/day) together with standard food pellets, prevented an increase in blood pressure induced by the intramuscular injection of deoxycorticosterone enantate (DOC, 25 mg/rat) in rats given access to both water and 2% NaCl solution. The antihypertensive effect of banana was not related to reduced salt intake: on the contrary animals receiving banana during DOC-treatment consumed significantly larger amounts of salt relative to controls. The enhanced salt intake in banana-fed animals was not due to increased renal excretion of sodium. Ritan-serin, a 5-HTjc receptor antagonist, partially inhibited the effect of banana on DOC-induced salt intake, suggesting that the effect may be partially mediated by serotonergic mechanisms. This finding suggests that an increase in central serotonin levels triggered by the high triptophan and carbohydrate content of banana is responsible for the serotonin-mediated component of the natriorexic effect of banana. However, both t.
Determining single-ion Soret coefficients from the transient electrolyte Seebeck effect

Single-ion Soret coefficients characterize the tendency of ions in an electrolyte solution to move in a thermal gradient. When these coefficients differ between cations and anions, an electric field can be generated. For this so-called electrolyte Seebeck effect to occur, the different thermodiffusive fluxes need to be blocked by boundaries---electrodes, for example. Local charge neutrality is then broken in the Debye-length vicinity of the electrodes. Confusingly, many authors point to these regions as the source of the thermoelectric field but also readily ignore them in derivations of the time-dependent Seebeck coefficient $S(t)$, giving a false impression that the electrolyte Seebeck effect is purely a bulk phenomenon. Here, we derive $S(t)$ generated by a $z_{+}:z_{-}$ electrolyte subject to a thermal gradient, without enforcing local electroneutrality. Next, we experimentally measure $S(t)$ for twelve acids, bases, and salts near stainless steel and titanium electrodes. At steady state, we find $S\approx2~\mathrm{mV~K}^{-1}$ for many electrolyte-electrode combinations, much higher than predictions based on previous literature. We fit our expression for $S(t)$ to the experimental data, treating the single-ion Soret coefficients as fit parameters, and also find larger-than-literature values, accordingly.
Sentiment Frames for Attitude Extraction in Russian

Texts can convey several types of inter-related information concerning opinions and attitudes. Such information includes the author’s attitude towards mentioned entities, attitudes of the entities towards each other, positive and negative effects on the entities in the described situations. In this paper, we described the lexicon RuSentiFrames for Russian, where predicate words and expressions are collected and linked to so-called sentiment frames conveying several types of presupposed information on attitudes and effects. We applied the created frames in the task of extracting attitudes from a large news collection.
Differentially Private Variational Autoencoders with Term-wise Gradient Aggregation

This paper studies how to learn variational autoencoders with a variety of divergences under differential privacy constraints. We often build a VAE with an appropriate prior distribution to describe the desired properties of the learned representations and introduce a divergence as a regularization term to close the representations to the prior. Using differentially private SGD (DP-SGD), which randomizes a stochastic gradient by injecting a dedicated noise designed according to the gradient's sensitivity, we can easily build a differentially private model. However, we reveal that attaching several divergences increase the sensitivity from O(1) to O(B) in terms of batch size B. That results in injecting a vast amount of noise that makes it hard to learn. To solve the above issue, we propose term-wise DP-SGD that crafts randomized gradients in two different ways tailored to the compositions of the loss terms. The term-wise DP-SGD keeps the sensitivity at O(1) even when attaching the divergence. We can therefore reduce the amount of noise. In our experiments, we demonstrate that our method works well with two pairs of the prior distribution and the divergence.
Robust Differentially Private Training of Deep Neural Networks

Differentially private stochastic gradient descent (DPSGD) is a variation of stochastic gradient descent based on the Differential Privacy (DP) paradigm which can mitigate privacy threats arising from the presence of sensitive information in training data. One major drawback of training deep neural networks with DPSGD is a reduction in the model's accuracy. In this paper, we propose an alternative method for preserving data privacy based on introducing noise through learnable probability distributions, which leads to a significant improvement in the utility of the resulting private models. We also demonstrate that normalization layers have a large beneficial impact on the performance of deep neural networks with noisy parameters. In particular, we show that contrary to general belief, a large amount of random noise can be added to the weights of neural networks without harming the performance, once the networks are augmented with normalization layers. We hypothesize that this robustness is a consequence of the scale invariance property of normalization operators. Building on these observations, we propose a new algorithmic technique for training deep neural networks under very low privacy budgets by sampling weights from Gaussian distributions and utilizing batch or layer normalization techniques to prevent performance degradation. Our method outperforms previous approaches, including DPSGD, by a substantial margin on a comprehensive set of experiments on Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing tasks. In particular, we obtain a 20 percent accuracy improvement over DPSGD on the MNIST and CIFAR10 datasets with DP-privacy budgets of $\varepsilon = 0.05$ and $\varepsilon = 2.0$, respectively. Our code is available online: this https URL.
Factorized Deep Retrieval and Distributed TensorFlow Serving

Many systems need to retrieve and score items from a huge catalog, such as recommender and search ranking systems. We call this the deep retrieval problem. In this paper, we focus on the design and implementation of a large-scale deep retrieval system for catalogs with hundreds of millions of items, utilizing three critical components: (1) distributed matrix factorization trainer, (2) approximate dot-products with hashing techniques, and (3) distributed serving in TensorFlow. This factorized deep retrieval system has been pro-ductionized at Google for a terabyte-byte-sized model, and is highly scalable, low-lantency, and adapts to long-tail and fresh content. Furthermore, the distributed serving capability is general and can serve other large-scale models in the future.
Impact of domestic violence: a study in communities of Bangkok Metropolitan, Thailand

Introduction: Domestic violence, now a national health concern, has pervasive effects at both individual and social levels. The objective of this study was to survey the prevalence of DV, the characteristics and the impact of the violence among married women living in the slum communities of metropolitan Bangkok, Thailand. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out. A total of 580 married women aged 15 years and above were randomly sampled from seven slum communities in Bangkok. Information on age, education, occupation, income, family size, alcohol use, and experience of DV were collected. Results: The prevalence of DV was 27.2%. Most of the violent episodes were triggered either by factors related to personal characteristic of the couples, such as bad temper (89.9%) and being grumpy (83.5%), or circumstantial factors, such as financial problems (74.7%) and suspicion of adultery (28.5%). Twelve per cent of the abuse episodes were moderate violence, and 34.2% was severe violence. The impacts of victims of violence included mental, family, and social problems. The mental impacts, e.g., anxiety, stress and nervousness were found in 79.1%. Others were sad, unhappy, and depressed at 68.4%. Of those, 50.3% could not control their emotion, got angry easily, and threw things. Other important mental episodes were that they wanted to harm others or revenge at 19% and injured themselves or committed suicide at 17.1%. The last was negative attitude about sex at 12.2%. Conclusion: DV is common in slum communities and highly related to socioeconomic status, personality characteristics, and alcohol consumption of the couples.
Moderate turbidity enhances schooling behaviour in fish larvae in coastal waters

We evaluated the effects of turbidity on school formation in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) [24.5+ 2.2 mm standard length (Ls)], Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) (29.1+ 3.1 mm Ls) larvae, which often live in turbid coastal waters, and yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) juveniles (37.1+ 2.5 mm Ls), which live in clear offshore waters. Fish were introduced into experimental tanks at one of five turbidity levels obtained by dissolving 0, 5, 20, 50, or 300 mg l of kaolin in seawater. Their behaviour was video recorded, and the nearest neighbour distance (DNN) and separation angle (AS) were compared among turbidity levels. Mean DNN of ayu was significantly smaller at 20 and 50 mg l than any other level of turbidity, as was AS at 20 mg l 21 compared with 0 mg l. Mean AS of anchovy was smaller at 50 mg l of turbidity than any others. In contrast, mean DNN of yellowtail was larger at 300 mg l 21 than any others. These results suggest that moderate turbidities enhance schooling behaviour in ayu and Japanese anchovy larvae, whereas turbidity has an inhibitive effect on schooling of yellowtail juveniles, corresponding well to the habitat characteristics of each species.
A review of plants of genus Leucas

Plants of genus Leucas (Lamiacae) are widely used in traditional medicine to cure many diseases such as cough, cold, diarrhoea and inflammatory skin disorder. A variety of phytoconstituents has been isolated from the Leucas species which include lignans, flavonoids, coumarins, steroids, terpenes, fatty acids and aliphatic long chain compounds. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiarrhoeal, antimicrobial, antioxidant and insecticidal activities have been reported in the extracts of these plants and their phytoconstituents. An overview of the ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological investigations on the Leucas species is presented in this review. Key words: Leucas, ethnomedicinal plants, bioactive constituents.
Effective Formal Verification of Neural Networks using the Geometry of Linear Regions

Neural Networks (NNs) have increasingly apparent safety implications commensurate with their proliferation in real-world applications: both unanticipated as well as adversarial misclassifications can result in fatal outcomes. As a consequence, techniques of formal verification have been recognized as crucial to the design and deployment of safe NNs. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to formally verify the most commonly considered safety specification for ReLU NNs -- i.e. polytopic specifications on the input and output of the network. Like some other approaches, ours uses a relaxed convex program to mitigate the combinatorial complexity of the problem. However, unique in our approach is the way we exploit the geometry of neuronal activation regions to further prune the search space of relaxed neuron activations. In particular, conditioning on neurons from input layer to output layer, we can regard each relaxed neuron as having the simplest possible geometry for its activation region: a half-space.This paradigm can be leveraged to create a verification algorithm that is not only faster in general than competing approaches, but is also able to verify considerably more safety properties. For example, our approach completes the standard MNIST verification test bench 2.7-50 times faster than competing algorithms while still proving 14-30% more properties. We also used our framework to verify the safety of a neural network controlled autonomous robot in a structured environment, and observed a 1900 times speed up compared to existing methods.
From magnetoelectric response to optical activity

We apply a microscopic theory of polarization and magnetization to crystalline insulators at zero temperature and consider the orbital electronic contribution of the linear response to spatially varying, time-dependent electromagnetic fields. The charge and current density expectation values generally depend on both the microscopic polarization and magnetization fields, and on the microscopic free charge and current densities. But contributions from the latter vanish in linear response for the class of insulators we consider. Thus we need only consider the former, which can be decomposed into "site" polarization and magnetization fields, from which "site multipole moments" can be constructed. Macroscopic polarization and magnetization fields follow, and we identify the relevant contributions to them; for electromagnetic fields varying little over a lattice constant these are the electric and magnetic dipole moments per unit volume, and the electric quadrupole moment per unit volume. A description of optical activity and related magneto-optical phenomena follows from the response of these macroscopic quantities to the electromagnetic field and, while in this paper we work within the independent particle and frozen-ion approximations, both optical rotary dispersion and circular dichroism can be described with this strategy. Earlier expressions describing the magnetoelectric effect are recovered as the zero frequency limit of our more general equations. Since our site quantities are introduced with the use of Wannier functions, the site multipole moments and their macroscopic analogs are generally gauge dependent. However, the resulting macroscopic charge and current densities, together with the optical effects to which they lead, are gauge invariant, as would be physically expected.
Diagrams, Fibrations, and the Decomposition of Colimits

This paper consists of two parts. First, within the framework of Grothendieck's fibrational category theory, we present a certain web of fundamental adjunctions surrounding the category of all small diagrams in a given category. This extends earlier work of Guitart and the Ehresmann school and promises to be of independent interest. Then we demonstrate the utility of those adjunctions by deriving three formulae for (co-)limits: a `twisted' generalization of the well known Fubini formula---known from a monograph by Chakolski and Scherer, and a `colimit decomposition formula', a special case of which has been found independently and a little earlier by Batanin and Berger. Extending the formation of the diagram category from a given category to a given functor, we establish a generalized Guitart adjunction, as part of a network of 2-adjunctions which, at its core, includes the equivalence of split Grothendieck (co-)fibrations and strictly (co-)indexed categories.