Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimization of pumping schedule based on forecasting the hourly water demand in Seoul

In modern water distribution systems, pumping accounts for a large portion of the costs; therefore, water utilities need to reduce the pumping cost. The purpose of this study was to reduce and optimize the pumping costs. The study area was composed of one filtration plant, five reservoirs and 3 pumping stations. The IP (Integer programming) method used for the optimization, as it gave a global solution, with the pump controlled as either on or off. It is necessary to correctly forecast the hourly water demand to obtain an IP solution as both the optimized pumping schedule and low limitation of the reservoir are dependent on this factor. Therefore, three methods (time index, multiple regression + time index & Fourier series + transfer ARIMA) were compared to forecast the hourly water demand. As a result of these comparisons, the multiple regression + time index model was selected. The low limitation of the reservoir was also determined depending on the correction of the hourly water demand model. The optimization of pumping in the water distribution system had previously been simulated for 3 months using the IP. As a result of this simulation, it was found that the pumping cost could be reduced by 12.2%∼38.7%.
Grão de soja integral e moído na alimentação de vacas leiteiras

NAVES, A. B. Whole and ground soybeans in diet of dairy cows [Grao de soja integral e moido na alimentacao de vacas leiteiras]. 2010. 88f. Dissertacao (Mestrado em Ciencias) – Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, 2010. This study carried out to evaluate the effects the use of whole soybean grain and milled in different screens, on the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, fermatation and rumen microbial protein synthesis, yield and milk composition, fatty profile of the milk concentration of blood paramenters and energy balance nitrogen. Twelve Holstein cows were allocated in three balanced Latin square balancead and comtemporary 4x4, and fed with the following diets: 1) control (C), 2) whole soybean (GI), 3) ground in sieve of 2 mm (G2), and 4) ground soybean in sieve of 4 mm (G4). In the GI, G2 and G4 diets were used 20% of soybean in the dry matter. The sample used for analyzing the milk composition were collected on the 16 th day of each period, and from the two milkings. Blood samples used were colleted in tubes vacuolated by venipuncture and / or coccygeal artery. Samples of rumen fluid were collected with use of esophageal gavage three hours after the morning feeding. The digestibility was determined through of an internal indicator iADF. A reduction in dry matter intake, organic matter and NDF in cows fed with diet containing soybean in relation to the control diet. Effect was observed in the consumption of EE where the cows that received diets containing soybean showed higher intake of this nutrient. Differences in total apparent digestibility of the nutrients between the experimental diets, and diets with soybean showed an increase in EE digestibility and grain processing also affected the digestibility, a was observed higher values for grain processed against the whole grain. There was no difference in the experimental diets, and diets for the values of pH and NH3-N concentration between diets used. The yield and milk composition, and the FAP of milk fat were not influenced by experimental diets. The concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were higher for cows fed with diets containing soybean in relation to the control diet. The ration used did not affect microbial protein systhesis. The energy balance and nitrogen were not influenced by experimental diets. The use of whole soybean or processed in diets changes in composition without influencing the performance and metabolism in dairy cows. Key-word: Dairy cows. Soybeans. Yield and milk composition. Digestibility. Blood parameters.
A study of particle generation during laser ablation with applications

A study has been made of the generation of particles during laser ablation and has included size distribution measurements and observation of the formation processes. The particle size distribution with respect to different laser parameters was obtained in-line using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and a particle counter. The experimental results show that the particle size varies with laser energy, laser pulsewidth, ambient gas flow rate and sample properties. The results serve as a basis for controlling the size of nanoparticles generated by laser ablation. Laser shadowgraph imaging was used to study mass ejection processes and mechanisms. At higher laser irradiance, some particles were ejected in the liquid and even in the solid phase. Time-resolved images show the propagation of the shockwaves: external shockwaves propagate outward and decelerate, and internal shockwaves reflect back and forth between the gas contact surface and the sample surface. The internal shockwave is proposed to cause the ejection of liquid particles when the internal shockwave strikes the liquid molten layer. A simulation based on vapor plume expansion was carried out and provides satisfactory agreement with experimental results. Different material properties result in different particle ejection behavior:particle ejection for most materials including metals result in a conically shaped envelope for the ejected material while ejection for silicon resembles a liquid jet. The difference in density change when the materials melt was proposed to be an important factor in the different ejection behavior. The characteristics of particles generated by laser ablation have a strong influence on the chemical analysis of the irradiated sample. Large particles are more difficult to completely vaporize and ionize, and induced preferential vaporization causes fractionation (i.e. a detected chemical composition that differs from the sample material). Large particles also result in spikes in measurements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) which result in errors. Three different methods were employed to study the effects of particle size on chemical analysis: generating smaller particles utilizing a fs laser, filtering out larger particles with a cascade impactor and altering the size distribution by using a second pulse to fracture particles generated from the first pulse. It was found that the chemical composition of the particles varies with particle size. The variation of the composition with respect to particle size was analyzed and it was proposed that it was related to the vapor formed particles condensing on larger ejected liquid droplets.
Trapping of multiple hydrogen atoms in a tungsten monovacancy

The configuration of multiple hydrogen atoms trapped in a tungsten monovacancy is investigated using first-principles calculations to determine trapping energy. Unlike previous computational studies, which have reported that hydrogen in BCC metal monovacancies occupies octahedral interstitial sites, it is found that the stable sites shift towards tetrahedral interstitial sites as the number of hydrogen atoms increases. As a result, a maximum of twelve hydrogen atoms can become trapped in a tungsten monovacancy.
Use of carbon dioxide as feedstock for chemicals and fuels: homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis

CO2 is considered to play a key role in an eventual climate change, due to its accumulation in the atmosphere. The control of its emission represents a challenging task that requires new ideas and new technologies. The use of perennial energy sources and renewable fuels instead of fossil fuels and the conversion of CO2 into useful products are receiving increased attention. The utilization of CO2 as a raw material for the synthesis of chemicals and fuels is an area in which scientists and industrialists are much involved: the implementation of such technology on a large scale would allow a change from a linear use of fossil carbon to its cyclic use, mimicking Nature. In this paper the use of CO2 as building block is discussed. CO2 can replace toxic species such as phosgene in low energy processes, or can be used as source of carbon for the synthesis of energy products. The reactions with dihydrogen, alcohols, epoxides, amines, olefins, dienes, and other unsaturated hydrocarbons are discussed, under various reaction conditions, using metal systems or enzymes as catalysts. The formation of products such as formic acid and its esters, formamides, methanol, dimethyl carbonate, alkylene carbonates, carbamic acid esters, lactones, carboxylic acids, and polycarbonates, is described. The factors that have limited so far the conversion of large volumes of CO2 are analyzed and options for large-scale CO2 catalytic conversion into chemicals and fuels are discussed. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts are considered and the pros and cons of their use highlighted. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of Extrusion on Dietary Fiber and Isoflavone Contents of Wheat Extrudates Enriched with Wet Okara

ABSTRACT Okara is the residue left after soymilk or tofu production. In North America, okara is used either as animal feed, fertilizer, or landfill. The purpose of this study was to use wet okara to produce and enrich extruded cereal products and to study the effects of extrusion on the dietary fiber and isoflavone contents. Wet okara was combined with soft wheat flour to produce two different formulations (33.3 and 40% okara) and extruded using four combinations of two screw configurations and two temperature profiles. Various physicochemical properties, dietary fiber by enzymatic-gravimetric method, and isoflavone content by HPLC were analyzed. The radial expansion ratio decreased as fiber content increased. On the other hand, both bulk density and breaking strength increased as fiber content increased. Combining okara with soft wheat flour resulted in increased protein, dietary fiber, and isoflavone contents compared with soft wheat flour alone. Extrusion of the formulations resulted in decreased insol.
Organic Acid-Dependent Iron Mineral Formation by a Newly Isolated Iron-Reducing Bacterium, Shewanella sp. HN-41

The influence of organic acids used as substrates for bacterial respiration coupled to dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction on the mineralogy of formed iron minerals was examined. A newly isolated dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium, Shewanella strain HN-41 exhibited different mineral formation patterns resulting from the reduction of poorly crystalline Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide, akaganeite (β-FeOOH; ∼ 70 mM) depending upon the presence of the different organic acids: lactate, pyruvate, and formate (10 mM) under anaerobic conditions. X-ray diffraction analysis identified the minerals as magnetite, siderite, and a mixture of magnetite and siderite, which were produced by strain HN-41 using lactate, pyruvate, and formate as a sole electron donor, respectively. With the descending order of the amount of Fe(II) in aqueous phase, the pyruvate-, formate-, and lactate-incubations released Fe(II) into aqueous phase from the poorly crystalline akaganeite by the bacterial Fe(III) reduction. The amount of Fe(II) released into aqueous phase was inversely related to the degree of crystallinity. Magnetite produced during lactate-incubation with the least amount of Fe(II) in aqueous phase, and final pH of 8.6 and Eh of –408 mV showed the highest crystallinity, while siderite formed by pyruvate-incubation with the largest release of Fe(II) in aqueous phase, and final pH of 8.1 and Eh of –394 mV showed the lowest crystallinity. When strain HN-41 was incubated with the organic acid substrates at 10 mM and Fe(III)-citrate at 20 mM, total inorganic carbon (TIC) contents, which is the collective term of free carbon dioxide [CO 2 ], carbonate ion [CO3 2 − ], bicarbonate ion [HCO 3 −], and carbonic acid [H 2 CO 3 ], also showed different trends with different organic acids as electron donors. TICs produced from both pyruvate-and formate-incubations were relatively fast and decreased with time after early phase increases, while TIC from the lactate-incubation increased gradually. Therefore, low molecular weight organic acids lactate, pyruvate, and formate, may differentially affect mineral formation through chemistry change of the environmental conditions created by the newly isolated dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium Shewanella strain HN-41.
Theory of Polydispersity Effects on Polymer Rheology. Binary Distribution of Molecular Weights

Effects of polydispersity on rheological properties of entangled polymers are analyzed. A number of models of tube renewal are discussed and compared with each other and with experiments. A theory incorporating reptation, tube renewal, and fluctuations in the tube length into a general description of stress relaxation is developed. Dynamical moduli were calculated for monodispersed and bidispersed systems and compared with experiments. The product of viscosity and recoverable shear compliance is predicted to be of the order of the longest relaxation time of the higher molecular weight component with a weakdependence on the relative volume fraction of the binary mixture for a large enough concentration of longer molecules.
FT-Raman Spectroscopy: Development and Justification

There has long been a widespread interest in the feasibility of Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. The well-deserved reputation of FT-IR has generated hopes for similar benefits in Raman spectroscopy, and the complementarity of IR and Raman spectroscopy has made the use of a single instrument for both spectroscopies both convenient and cost-effective.
Single Crystal Neutron Diffraction From Molecular Materials

This important book presents a comprehensive account of the techniques and applications of single crystal neutron diffraction in the area of chemical crystallography and molecular structure. Beginning with a brief description of the general principles and the reasons for choosing the technique — the “why” — the book covers the methods for both the production of neutrons and the measurement of their scattering by molecular crystals — the “how” — followed by a detailed survey of past, present and future applications — the “what”. The coverage of both steady state and pulsed neutron sources and instrumentation is extensive, while the survey of applications is the most comprehensive yet undertaken. The book endeavours to show why the technique is an essential method for studying areas as diverse as hydrogen bonding and weak interactions, organometallics, supramolecular chemistry and crystal engineering, metal hydrides, charge density and pharmaceuticals. It is an ideal reference source for the research worker interested in using neutron diffraction to study the structure of molecules.
Characterization of a projection lens using the extended Nijboer-Zernike approach

In this paper we give the proof of principle of a new experimental method to determine the aberrations of an optical system in the field. The measurement is based on the observation of the intensity point spread function of the lens. To analyze and interpret the measurement, use is made of an analytical method, the so-called extended Nijboer-Zernike approach. The new method is applicable to lithographic projection lenses, but also to EUV mirror systems or microscopes such as the objective lens of an optical mask inspection tool. Phase retrieval is demonstrated both analytically and experimentally. Theory and experimental results are given.
The calculation of molecular Eigen-frequencies

A method of determining molecular eigen-frequencies based on the function of Einstein expressing the variation of the atomic heat of various elements is proposed. It is shown that the same equation can be utilized to calculate both atomic heat and optically identifiably eigen-frequencies - at least to an order of magnitude - suggesting that in both cases the same oscillating structure is responsible.
Kozje mlijeko: karakteristike i mogućnosti

Kozjem mlijeku se danas pridaje sve veća pažnja. U odnosu na ostale vrste mlijeka, proizvodnja kozjeg mlijeka je u najvećem porastu. Iako je sastav kozjeg i kravljeg mlijeka u osnovi vrlo sličan, kozje mlijeko ima znatne dijetetske i terapijske prednosti. Nažalost, ono je puno slabije istraženo. Ovaj rad sadrži pregled glavnih sastojaka te broja somatskih stanica kozjeg mlijeka u usporedbi s kravljim. Poseban je naglasak na okusu i zdravstvenoj vrijednosti kozjeg mlijeka kao i na glavnim proizvodima od kozjeg mlijeka (sir i fermentirani napitci).
High-performance supercapacitors based on a graphene–activated carbon composite prepared by chemical activation

Graphene has been widely applied as a promising supercapacitor material based on the electric double-layer mechanism. In order to solve the dispersed problem of graphene, noncovalent functionalized graphene is prepared. However, not all of these functionalized graphene materials can be employed in supercapacitors due to non-electrochemically activated molecules absorbed on graphene. Here we find a route of chemical activation with KOH to transfer noncovalent functionalized graphene to a graphene–activated carbon composite with a high specific surface area. Stable graphene colloids absorbed by oligomers of p-phenylene diamine was produced during the reduction of graphite oxide. KOH can homogeneously contact the solid graphene nanosheets after drying the colloid. Chemical activation by annealing the graphene based hybrid with KOH leads to a greatly increased specific surface area of 798 m2 g−1. The resulting graphene–activated carbon composite has a good capacitance of 122 F g−1 and energy density of 6.1 Wh kg−1 in aqueous electrolyte. The supercapacitor exhibits maximum energy densities of 52.2 and 99.2 Wh kg−1 in an ionic liquid electrolyte at room temperature and 80 °C, respectively.
Konzept zur Maßstabsübertragung beim Suspendieren im Rührbehälter

The relationships derived for the suspension of solids in a propeller loop can be applied to corresponding processes in a stirred tank by means of analogy considerations. Accordingly, the ratio of stirrer power to slip power of laminar flow state is inversely proportional to the vessel diameter. In contrast, the power ratio remains constant in turbulent flow. There is a pronounced transition range between these two limiting states. The author's own experimental studies performed over a wide range of Re numbers for the recycling flow confirm this relationship. The observations presented explain why numerous authors have determined scale-up rules lying between these two extremes. The experiments shows that the power input for suspension is always significantly greater than the slip power. Under otherwise identical conditions, the necessary stirrer power is smaller by a factor of three for a propeller stirrer than for a disk impeller. The suspension of small solids concentrations can also be approximated by the flow model presented. The somewhat different physical relations valid in this case are substantiated by the author's experiments. The model also provided information relevant to scale-up when the particle properties are unknown. This is demonstrated for an example in a 21 m 3 vessel
Cometary Glycine Detected in Stardust-Returned Samples

In January 2006, NASA's Stardust spacecraft returned samples from comet 81P/Wild 2 to Earth. The Stardust cometary collector consisted of aerogel cells lined with aluminum foils designed to capture impacting particles and facilitate removal of the aerogel. Preliminary examinations of these comet-exposed materials revealed a suite of organic compounds, including several amines and amino acids which were later examined in more detail. Methylamine (NH2CH3) and ethylamine (NH2C2H5) were detected in the exposed aerogel at concentrations greatly exceeding those found in control samples, while the amino acid glycine (NH2CH2COOH) was detected in several foil samples as well as in the comet-exposed aerogel. None of these three compounds had been previously detected in comets, although methylamine had been observed in the interstellar medium. Although comparison with control samples suggested that the detected glycine was cometary. the previous work was not able to conclusively identify its origin. Here, we present the results of compound-specific carbon isotopic analysis of glycine in Stardust cometary collector foils. Several foils from the interstellar side of the Stardust collector were also analyzed for amino acid abundance, but concentrations were too low to perform isotopic ana! ysis.
High-power 808 nm lasers with a super-large optical cavity

We present a detailed design and experimental study of diode laser structures emitting at 808 nm based on the combination of a GaAsP quantum well with well-established AlGaAs waveguide structures. By increasing the thickness of the confinement layers of the laser structure, its vertical far field divergence is reduced down to 15° with only a small increase of the threshold current and small loss of efficiency. 200 µm aperture ‘broad area’ devices achieve at a heat sink temperature of 25 °C a continuous wave (CW) output power of more than 15 W with a wall-plug efficiency of 50% with a vertical far field divergence of 18°. This output power illustrates the excellent high-power performance by using super-large optical-cavity structures with improved beam characteristics in comparison to the conventional broad waveguide lasers.
ANOMALOUS DIELECTRIC RELAXATION OF AQUEOUS PROTEIN SOLUTIONS

Dielectric relaxation of aqueous protein solutions show many anomalous properties. For example, (i) protein solutions have higher static dielectric constant compared to that of pure water, (ii) the real part of the dielectric function (DF) exhibits a crossover with varying concentration, and (iii) the imaginary part of DF exhibits a bimodal frequency dependence. There is no coherent microscopic explanation available for any of these phenomena. Here we present the first unified, microscopic theory of the dielectric relaxation spectra of an aqueous protein solution that explains all the above anomalies, with excellent agreement with all the known experimental results.
Determination of Individual Carotenoids in Human Plasma by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract A high performance liquid chromatography procedure using an internal carotenoid standard, echinenone, is described. The method uses a C-18, reverse-phase column, an isocratic solvent (acetonitrile:methylene chloride:methanol, 70:20:10) and requires only thirteen minutes. Most human plasmas gave seven distinct peaks; six carotenoids are identified. The sum of seven peaks is 90 percent or more of the total carotenoids in a total lipid extract.
An acceptor‐acceptor conjugated copolymer based on perylene diimide for high mobility n‐channel transistor in air

A new solution-processable acceptor-acceptor conjugated copolymer (P1) based on perylene diimide (PDI) incorporating planar electron-deficient fluorenone was synthesized by palladium(0)-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction. Relative to the donor-acceptor conjugated copolymer (P2) of PDI and dithienothiophene, polymer P1 exhibits 0.1 eV down shift of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level, 70 nm blue shift of low-energy absorption band, and 0.36 eV increase of optical band gap. Polymer P1 in top-contact bottom-gate organic field-effect transistors exhibits a saturation electron mobility of 0.01 cm2/(V s) in air, while P2 does not function in the same device in air. The better air stability of P1 is attributed to a more dense packing of the polymer chains excluding oxygen or water and lower LUMO level of P1. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012