Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DES AND RES PROCESSES AND THEIR EXPLICIT SOLUTIONS

This paper defines and studies the down entrance state (DES) and the restart entrance state (RES) classes of quasi-skip free (QSF) processes specified in terms of the nonzero structure of the elements of their transition rate matrix Q. A QSF process is a Markov chain with states that can be specified by tuples of the form (m, i), where $m \in {\open Z}$ represents the “current” level of the state and $i \in {\open Z}^{+}$ the current phase of the state, and its transition probability matrix Q does not permit one-step transitions to states that are two or more levels away from the current state in one direction of the level variable m. A QSF process is a DES process if and only if one step “down” transitions from a level m can only reach a single state in level m − 1, for all m. A QSF process is a RES process if and only if one step “up” transitions from a level m can only reach a single set of states in the highest level M2, largest of all m. We derive explicit solutions and simple truncation bounds for the steady-state probabilities of both DES and RES processes, when in addition Q insures ergodicity. DES and RES processes have applications in many areas of applied probability comprising computer science, queueing theory, inventory theory, reliability, and the theory of branching processes. To motivate their applicability we present explicit solutions for the well-known open problem of the M/Er/n queue with batch arrivals, an inventory model, and a reliability model.
Development of a Haptic Device Expressing Hardness of the Virtual Object Using Solenoid

As one kind of new input device or new information exhibition device, haptic devices representing a tactile feeling of the object are actively researched in recent years. However, existing haptic devices bring some discomfort due to attaching certain devices to fingers, or they need the dedicated exclusive apparatus and panels. Therefore, in this study, we propose a haptic device which can express hardness of the virtual object using solenoid. By simply putting the existing touch panels such as smartphones or tablets on this device, the device can represent a tactile feeling. The device reproduces reaction force to fingers by displacement of the object according to control voltage of the solenoid, and expresses hardness of the virtual object. As a result of the preliminary experiment measuring the reaction force on prototype device, we show that it is possible to control reaction force using solenoid. In addition, for example of application using this device, we design a software keypad that adds the feel of buttons in image displayed on the touch panel. As a result of this case study, compared with the case not changing the hardness of the imaged buttons, we demonstrate that the case changing the hardness by using our device can finish inputting numbers faster and can reduce the miss ratio of the key typing.
ORGANIC MATTER AND CRUDE PROTEIN RUMINAL DEGRADATION SYNCHRONY IN DIETS SELECTED BY RANGE GOATS (SINCRONIA DE LA DEGRADACION RUMINAL DE LA MATERIA ORGANICA Y PROTEINA CRUDA EN DIETAS SELECCIONADAS POR CAPRINOS EN PASTOREO)

1 Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Apartado Postal 676, La Paz Baja California Sur. 2300, México. Tel. : +612 80545. rramirez@uabcs.mx; 2 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apartado Postal 142, Sucursal F, San Nicolás de los Garzas, N. L. 66450, México. roqramir@fcb.uanl. mx; 3 Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Apartado Postal 676, La Paz Baja California Sur 23080, México. eromero@uabcs.mx E-mail: rramirez@uabcs.mx *Corresponding Author
Effect of Multi-berries Drink on Endogenous Antioxidant Activity in Subjects Who Are Regular Smokers or Drinkers

The multi-berries drink (MBD) has been demonstrated to possess high total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity measuring by ORAC and CAA assays. The influence of MBD supplement on endogenous antioxidant activity in healthy subjects was evaluated in this study. Twenty adults who smoke or drink alcohol regularly were allocated to MBD (100 mL/d, n = 10) or the control (placebo, 100 mL/d, n = 10) group for a 90-day, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The results showed that MBD supplementation significantly increased glutathione (GSH), the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSH-Rd), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) compared with the placebo. Additionally, hepatic and renal functions were not adversely altered in MBD-ingested subjects. It is suggested that MBD effectively promotes the endogenous antioxidant activity, and can be consumed as a functional supplement for people who are in danger of suffering oxidative-related chronic diseases.
Phonological Status of Korean /w/: Based on the Perception Test

The sound /w/ has been traditionally regarded as an independent segment in Korean regardless of the phonological contexts in which it occurs. There have been, however, some questions regarding whether it is an independent phoneme in /CwV/ context (cf. Kang 2006). The present pilot study examined how Korean /w/ is realized in context by performing some perception tests. Our assumption was that if Korean /w/ is a part of the preceding complex consonant like , it should be more or less uniformly articulated and perceived as such. If /w/ is an independent segment, it will be realized with speaker variability. Experiments I and II examined the identification rates as "labialized" of the spliced original stimuli of and , and the cross-spliced stimuli and . The results showed that round qualities of /w/ are perceived at significantly different temporal point with speaker and context variability. We therefore conclude that /w/ in context is an independent segment, not a part of the preceding segment. Full-scale examination of the production test in the future should be performed to verify the conclusion we suggested in this paper.
THE MOTIVATING FACTORS FOR ENTERING INTO FOREIGN MARKETS-THE CASE OF REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

The purpose of this study is to analyze the most important motives that make companies consider while operating out of their borders into other potential markets. It will also analyze the factors of internal and external environment. Therefore, the goal of this research is to analyze the motives and factors of foreign companies that have already entered Macedonia in any mode of entry by finding out the factors and motives that influenced their decision making while choosing the proper mode for that particular market. As a research methodology for collecting primary data, a structured questionnaire was used with 13 variables- motives for the internationalization of businesses. The SPSS software is used in order to analyze these variables. Cronbach Alfa is used for checking the internal reliability of variables. According to this analysis the following factors: international knowledge and experience of the company , identification of international opportunities , following competitors , international and competitive nature of the industry /the firm are considered as the most important motivating factors for the internationalization of businesses. While the following factors: economic stability, social stability, political stability, infrastructure, access to capital, аnd the level of education influence the modes of entry for companies that entered the Macedonian market.
Modeling of ambient O 3 : a comparative study

Air pollution is one of the biggest environmental concerns. Besides passive monitoring, the recent trend is shifting towards prediction of pollutants levels for near and far future. Since the pollution sources are constantly changing the need for adaptive modeling and prediction rises. This results in usage of variety of different machine learning algorithms for modeling. Recently, support vector machines (SVMs) and fuzzy identification are becoming very popular tools for modeling environmental systems. Both methods have short learning and execution time. The aim of this study is to examine the performances of the models built with these two methods. The modeling techniques are applied to real data for summer and winter 2005.
Resonance meets homogenization - Construction of meta-materials with astonishing properties

Meta-materials are assemblies of small components. Even though the single component consists of ordinary materials, the meta-material may behave eﬀectively in a way that is not known from ordinary materials. In this text, we discuss some meta-materials that exhibit unusual properties in the propagation of sound or light. The phenomena are based on resonance eﬀects in the small components. The small (sub-wavelength) components can be resonant to the wave-length of an external ﬁeld if they incorporate singular features such as a high contrast or a singular geometry. Homogenization theory allows to derive eﬀective equations for the macroscopic description of the meta-material and to verify its unusual properties. We discuss three examples: Sound-absorbing materials, optical materials with a negative index of refraction, perfect transmission through grated metals.
Cover Crop Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emissions: Role of Mineralizable Carbon

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from denitrification in agricultural soils often increases with N fertilizer and soil nitrate (NO3) concentrations. Overwintering cover crops in cereal rotations can decrease soil NO3 concentrations and may decrease N2O emissions. However, mineralizable C availability can be a more important control on N2O emission than NO3 concentration in fertilized soils, and cover crop residue provides mineralizable C input. We measured the effect of a winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop on soil N2O emissions from a maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system treated with banded N fertilizer at three rates (0, 135, and 225 kg N ha–1) in Iowa. In addition, we conducted laboratory incubations to determine if potential N2O emissions were limited by mineralizable C or NO3 at these N rates. The rye cover crop decreased soil NO3 concentrations at all N rates. Although the cover crop decreased N2O emissions when no N fertilizer was applied, it increased N2O emissions at an N rate near the economic optimum. In laboratory incubations, N2O emissions from soils from fertilizer bands did not increase with added NO3, but did increase with added glucose. These results show that mineralizable C availability can control N2O emissions, indicating that C from cover crop residue increased N2O emissions from fertilizer band soils in the field. Mineralizable C availability should be considered in future evaluations of cover crop effects on N2O emissions, especially as cover crops are evaluated as a strategy to mitigate agricultural greenhouse gas emissions.
2010 | 07 Conditional forecasts in DSGE models Working Paper

New-generation DSGE models are sometimes misspeci ed in dimensions that matter for their forecasting performance. The paper suggests one way to improve the forecasts of a DSGE model using a conditioning information that need not be accurate. The technique presented allows for agents to anticipate the information on the conditioning variables several periods ahead. It also allows the forecaster to apply a continuum of degrees of uncertainty around the mean of the conditioning information, making hard-conditional and unconditional forecasts special cases. An application to a small open-economy DSGE model shows that the bene ts of conditioning depend crucially on the ability of the model to capture the correlation between the conditioning information and the variables of interest. Keywords: DSGE model, conditional forecast JEL classi cation: C53, F47 First version: February 2009. This project was started when I was visiting the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta in April 2008. The hospitality of the Atlanta Fed is gratefully acknowledged. I would like to thank seminar participants and discussants at the 15th conference on Computing in Economics and Finance in Sydney, the 2009 EEA-ESEM in Barcelona, the Atlanta Fed, Bundesbank, the ECB, Norges Bank, the Bank of Israel, the Bank of Korea, the Norwegian school of Management, the University of Oslo, and, in particular, Alon Binyamini, Christian Dreger, Domenico Giannone, Luca Guerieri, Will Roberds, John Robertson, Dan Waggoner and Tao Zha, for the many useful comments and suggestions. The views expressed herein at my own and do not necessarily reect the opinions of Norges Bank. All errors are my own fault. yMonetary Policy Department, Norges Bank, Bankplassen 2, P.O. Box 1179 Sentrum, NO-0107 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: junior.maih@norges-bank.no, tel: +47 22 31 62 20
Knowledge Discovery in Climate Science using Jess rule Engine

Climate change is a difficult research problem, requiring insight from vast fields such as chemistry, biology, climatology and oceanography. As the ever increasing publishing of information in these fields continue, text mining and knowledge discovery systems are being developed to alleviate the workload of extracting relevant information from literature. This master thesis focuses on knowledge discovery from extracted information, and ranking of proposed hypotheses. A rule-based inference system was implemented i Java using the Jess rule engine. The application consist of a set of general and domain specific logic rules, which operate on domain knowledge inputted to the system, and proposes hypotheses based on this input. The system can also abductively attempt to explain contradictions between expected and inputted knowledge. The system was tested on the domain hypotheses known as the iron hypothesis and the DOC hypothesis. The system was able to infer these hypotheses. Trondheim, 2016-06-01
Climatic Changes and its Impact on Biodiversity

Seeking explanations for this fascinating question of how animals and plants are distributed in the world has a long history among bio geographers and ecologists. The present distribution pattern of any species on the Earth is affected by a set of historical, climatological, geological and ecological factors, mainly elevation, temperature, precipitation, soil type and vegetation cover. Moreover, habitat suitability and its relevant issues (e.g. micro-climatic conditions) and organism association with its ecological niche, the environmental requirements of species or the impact that the species can have on its environment, have crucial role for providing better insights on dispersal, diversification patterns and speciation mode of different taxa. However, a limited number of studies have been focused on climatic conditions as an important key affecting species presence, their activity and life cycle and different levels of ecological hierarchy [1].
LUBRICANTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON MAGNESIUM STEARATE

Lubrication plays a key role in successful manufacturing of pharmaceutical solid dosage form; lubricants are essential ingredients in robust formulation to achieve this. Although many failures in pharmaceutical manufacturing operations are caused by issues related to lubrication, in general, lubricants do not gain adequate attention in the development of pharmaceutical formulations. The addition of lubricants also affect tablet properties and can affect the behaviour of the powder mixture. In this review, the fundamental background on lubrication is introduced, in which the relationships between lubrication and friction/adhesion forces are discussed. The application of lubrication in the development of pharmaceutical products and manufacturing processes is discussed with an emphasis on magnesium stearate. In particular, the effect of hydration state (anhydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, and trihydrate) of a lubricant like Magnesium stearate and its powder characteristics on lubricant efficiency, as well as product and process performance is summarized. KEYWORD: lubricant, magnesium stearate, efeect of lubricant on tablet properties. INTRODUCTION The most important drug delivery route is undoubtedly the oral route. Despite the phenomenal advances in the inhalable, injectable, transdermal, nasal and other routes of administration the unavoidable truth is that oral drug delivery remains well ahead of the pack as the preferred delivery route. [1] Oral drug delivery is the most desirable and preferred World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 7.523 Volume 6, Issue 9, 131-146. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105 Article Received on 30 June 2017, Revised on 20 July 2017, Accepted on 10 August 2017 DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20179-9170 *Corresponding Author
Histopathology And Activities Of Proteases, Aminases And Glutamate Dehydrogenase In Clarias Gariepinus Fingerlings Exposed To Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate (LAS)

Fingerlings of the African catfish, C. gariepinus (mean weight 13.13±2.77g) were exposed to linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (0.0166mg/L) under laboratory conditions. The tissues (liver, gill, muscle and kidney) enzyme parameters were analysed after 0hr (initial) 2hr, 12hr and 24h exposure. The increased neutral and alkaline proteases activities in the different tissues of C. gariepinus indicates the damage caused due to impairment of energy supply and alkaline proteases activity indicates higher protein degradation. Therefore, the proteins are denatured leading to more activation of protease. During the toxic exposure of LAS, the aspartate aminotransfarase (AAT) and alaninetransfarase (ALAT) were enhanced which led to incorporation of amino acids into TCA cycle for energy production. Whereas, glutamate dehydrogenase activity similarly enhanced the elevated level of amino acids, transaminases which possibly suggest the utilization of protein under stress condition of fish. Possible Impaired respiration was evident due to the toxic insult of LAS to the gill which showed severe damage such as filaments with disjointed lamella. In the liver, there was mild vacuolation and congestion of the liver tissue. The kidney showed sequensiation of the kidney architecture with accumulation of hyaline droplets in the tubular epithelial cell. These changes occur predominantly in the 24hr exposure. LAS is toxic to fingerlings fish C. gariepinus are more susceptible to LAS, therefore their use on/near fish farm or in area close to aquatic environment should be discouraged. Keyword : Linear alkyl benzene sulphonate, proteases, aminases, glutamate dehydrogenase, histopathology
Research on the Application of Partial Differential Equation in Remote Sensing Image Denoising and Classification

In the process of acquisition and transmission of remote sensing images. A variety of internal and external interferences make the image contains noise. That leads to the decreasing of image quality. It is difficult to identify and analyze the remote sensing image. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the noise of the remote sensing image before use. In recent years, image processing based on partial differential equation (PDE) has been widely used in the field of image processing. The application of PDE in the field of remote sensing image processing can solve some difficult problems that exist for a long time. This paper mainly research on the denoising and the classification of remote sensing image based on PDE method. Application of image denoising is studied with many experiments, including P-M anisotropic diffusion model proposed by Persona and Malik, the basic TV restoration model proposed by L.Rudin and S.Osher in 1992 and direction diffusion model proposed in 1974. Then, we have researched on the application of direction diffusion method based on PDE in remote sensing image classification. It is proved by experiments that the application of PDE in remote sensing image processing has a good effect.It has practical significance.
Training second-career teachers : a different student profile, a different training approach?

Second-career teachers are career changers who leave their current jobs to become teachers. This study conducts a narrative literature review which explores the student profiles of these teachers, asking how they differ from school leavers entering teacher education. The literature review also explores the characteristics of training approaches that are most suitable for second-career teachers based on their general student profile. Results show that second-career teachers are older, have strong intrinsic motivation, possess a wide range of knowledge and skills, have a self-directed and application-oriented approach to learning and teaching, and appreciate peer support. They benefit from teacher education programs that are flexible and include a preparatory period, that transfer their expertise into the teaching profession, provide opportunities for self-directed learning and peer support, integrate coursework and field experience, offer a significant amount of field experience and provide intensive
Effects of international monetary integration on inflation, economic growth and current account

There are various benefits which countries could derive from the renouncement of a national currency hallmarked by unstable external and internal values. The most evident one is the reduction of a long-term inflation rate. The objective of this paper is to test the hypothesis of the positive influence which monetary integration exerts on monetary stability and economic growth. On the other hand, monetary integration can also cause certain economic problems to countries economies, such as the one of the balance-of-payments adjustment. Hence this paper surveys its influence on the current account balance of national economies. The hypotheses are tested empirically by examining the sample of 42 countries from different regions and of different development levels. The results suggest that the monetary integration influences the inflation reduction in developing countries, but not the achieved economic growth rates. At the same time, the results indicate that monetary integration contributes to an increase in the current account deficit of developing countries, but not of developed ones.
Statistical Analysis of Harmony and Melody in Rock Music

Abstract We present a corpus of harmonic analyses and melodic transcriptions of rock songs. After explaining the creation and notation of the corpus, we present results of some explorations of the corpus data. We begin by considering the overall distribution of scale-degrees in rock. We then address the issue of key-finding: how the key of a rock song can be identified from harmonic and melodic information. Considering both the distribution of melodic scale-degrees and the distribution of chords (roots), as well as the metrical placement of chords, leads to good key-finding performance. Finally, we discuss how songs within the corpus might be categorized with regard to their pitch organization. Statistical categorization methods point to a clustering of songs that resembles the major/minor distinction in common-practice music, though with some important differences.