Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of low-income mothers about the causes and ways to prevent overweight in children.

BACKGROUND Childhood overweight and obesity remain major health conditions, affecting nearly one-third of children in the USA. Multiple factors have been identified that contribute to children becoming overweight; however, little is known regarding what low-income mothers perceive to be the causes of and the ways to prevent children from becoming overweight. METHODS Low-income mothers (n = 286) with children aged 4-8 years participated in semi-structured interviews, during which they were asked for their opinions about the causes of and ways to prevent children from becoming overweight. After themes were identified, interviews were coded for the presence or absence of each theme. RESULTS The majority of mothers were non-Hispanic White (69.2%) and overweight or obese (77.3%). Additionally, many of the children (41.9%) were overweight or obese. Six causes of children becoming overweight were identified by mothers: types or quantities of food eaten (90.9%); parenting behaviours (44.9%); lack of activity (42.3%); genetics, slow metabolism or medical issues (24.5%); stress or emotion (5.2%); and limited access to resources (3.5%). Five ways to prevent children from becoming overweight identified by mothers included the following: healthy eating (84.9%), more activity (54.8%), limiting screen time (19.9%), limiting sugar-sweetened beverages (12.2%) and drinking more water (6.6%). The majority of mothers (77.1%) reported that they carried out their suggestions to prevent their children from becoming overweight. CONCLUSION Within this cohort with a high prevalence of maternal and child overweight, most mothers identified many of the evidence-based strategies for childhood obesity prevention. Future intervention development may benefit from focusing on content areas that were less commonly identified by mothers as well as helping mothers translate knowledge to implementation.
Ceftriaxone protects against tobramycin nephrotoxicity

The effect of ceftriaxone on tobramycin-induced nephrotoxicity was investigated. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated during 4 and 10 days with saline (NaCl, 0.9%), ceftriaxone at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight/12 h subcutaneously, tobramycin at doses of 40 and 60 mg/kg/12 h intraperitoneally, or the combination ceftriaxone-tobramycin. Creatinine levels in serum were significantly higher in animals treated with tobramycin alone given at 60 mg/kg/12 h during 10 days, compared with control animals (P < 0.01) or animals receiving the combination tobramycin-ceftriaxone (P < 0.01). After 10 days of treatment, ceftriaxone did not accumulate in renal tissue but did reduce the renal intracortical accumulation of tobramycin (P < 0.05). Tobramycin given alone at either 40 or 60 mg/kg/12 h induced a significant inhibition of sphingomyelinase activity compared with control animals (P < 0.05). However, this enzyme activity was significantly less inhibited when tobramycin was injected in combination with ceftriaxone (P < 0.05). Ceftriaxone alone had no effect on the activity of this enzyme. The [3H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA of renal cortex was also significantly lower in animals treated with tobramycin-ceftriaxone compared with animals receiving tobramycin alone (P < 0.05). The 24-h urinary excretion of beta-galactosidase was significantly reduced in animals treated with the combination tobramycin-ceftriaxone compared with the administration of tobramycin alone at 40 and 60 mg/kg/12 h after 5 and 10 days (P < 0.05). Histologically, ceftriazone induced very few cellular alterations and reduced considerably the presence of typical signs of tobramycin nephrotoxicity. This investigation demonstrated that ceftriaxone protects animals against tobramycin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Methanotrophic and Methanogenic Communities in Swiss Alpine Fens Dominated by Carex rostrata and Eriophorum angustifolium

ABSTRACT Vascular plants play a key role in controlling CH4 emissions from natural wetlands, because they influence CH4 production, oxidation, and transport to the atmosphere. Here we investigated differences in the abundance and composition of methanotrophic and methanogenic communities in three Swiss alpine fens dominated by different vascular plant species under natural conditions. The sampling locations either were situated at geographically distinct sites with different physicochemical properties but the same dominant plant species (Carex rostrata) or were located within the same site, showing comparable physicochemical pore water properties, but had different plant species (C. rostrata or Eriophorum angustifolium). All three locations were permanently submerged and showed high levels of CH4 emissions (80.3 to 184.4 mg CH4 m−2 day−1). Soil samples were collected from three different depths with different pore water CH4 and O2 concentrations and were analyzed for pmoA and mcrA gene and transcript abundance and community composition, as well as soil structure. The dominant plant species appeared to have a significant influence on the composition of the active methanotrophic communities (transcript level), while the methanogenic communities differed significantly only at the gene level. Yet no plant species-specific microbial taxa were discerned. Moreover, for all communities, differences in composition were more pronounced with the site (i.e., with different physicochemical properties) than with the plant species. Moreover, depth significantly influenced the composition of the active methanotrophic communities. Differences in abundance were generally low, and active methanotrophs and methanogens coexisted at all three locations and depths independently of CH4 and O2 concentrations or plant species.
An efficient two-level protection and restoration scheme in GMPLS-based IP networks

Due to the explosive growth of real-time and multimedia-oriented applications and services on the Internet, network survivability becomes much more important than before. Future mobile broadband IP networks will be generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) based. Many protection and restoration (P&R) techniques have been developed to improve survivability in GMPLS-based IP networks. We propose an efficient two-level P&R scheme for GMPLS-based IP networks. In the scheme, LSP (label switched path) P&R is the first level and LSP segment P&R is the second level. An LSP protection path selection (LPPS) algorithm has been designed for the proposed scheme. The protection path establishment acceptance rate can be improved in the scheme. The proposed scheme achieves better quality of service (QoS) and reliability guarantees. In addition, a shorter failure recovery time can be obtained.
Antinociceptive Action of Nitrous Oxide Is Mediated by Stimulation of Noradrenergic Neurons in the Brainstem and Activation of α2B Adrenoceptors

Although nitrous oxide (N2O) has been used to facilitate surgery for >150 years, its molecular mechanism of action is not yet defined. Having established that N2O-induced release of norepinephrine mediates the analgesic action at α2 adrenoceptors in the spinal cord, we now investigated whether activation of noradrenergic nuclei in the brainstem is responsible for this analgesic action and which α2adrenoceptor subtype mediates this property. In rats, Fos immunoreactivity was examined in brainstem noradrenergic nuclei after exposure to nitrous oxide. After selective lesioning of noradrenergic nuclei by intracerebroventricular application of the mitochondrial toxin saporin, coupled to the antibody directed against dopamine β hydroxylase (DβH–saporin), the analgesic and sedative actions of N2O were determined. Null mice for each of the three α2 adrenoceptor subtypes (α2A, α2B, and α2C), and their wild-type cohorts, were tested for their antinociceptive and sedative response to N2O. Exposure to N2O increased expression of Fos immunoreactivity in each of the pontine noradrenergic nuclei (A5, locus coeruleus, and A7). DβH–saporin treatment eliminated nearly all of the catecholamine-containing neurons in the pons and blocked the analgesic but not the sedative effects of N2O. Null mice for the α2B adrenoceptor subtype exhibited a reduced or absent analgesic response to N2O, but their sedative response to N2O was intact. Our results support a pivotal role for noradrenergic pontine nuclei and α2B adrenoceptors in the analgesic, but not the sedative effects of N2O. Previously we demonstrated that the analgesic actions of α2 adrenoceptor agonists are mediated by the α2A subtype; taken together with these data we propose that exogenous and endogenous α2adrenoceptor ligands activate different α2 adrenoceptor subtypes to produce their analgesic action.
VX2 carcinoma in rabbits after radiofrequency ablation: comparison of MR contrast agents for help in differentiating benign periablational enhancement from residual tumor.

PURPOSE To prospectively compare the accuracy of a blood pool agent, SH L 643A, with that of gadopentetate dimeglumine in differentiating benign periablational enhancement from residual tumor in VX2 carcinomas in rabbits after radiofrequency (RF) ablation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiment was approved by the animal care committee. Sequential MR images were obtained before and with SH L 643A (17 000 Da, 0.05 mmol/kg) and, after a 24-hour interval, gadopentetate dimeglumine (546 Da, 0.1 mmol/kg) in 12 rabbits with VX2 carcinoma in the back muscle prior to (n = 12) and early (n = 12), 1 week (n = 8), and 4 weeks (n = 4) after RF ablation. RF ablation was performed with output of 90 W but at less than 300 seconds to ensure incomplete tumor ablation. The pathologic specimens were sectioned in the same plane as MR imaging, and the enhancement ratios (ie, the ratios of postcontrast to precontrast signal intensity) and the microvessel densities of residual tumor and benign periablational enhancement were assessed. RESULTS With SH L 643A, the peak enhancement ratios of residual tumor (1.64 +/- 0.31 [standard deviation]) were significantly higher than those of benign periablational enhancement (0.97 +/- 0.16) (P < .001). With gadopentetate dimeglumine, the peak enhancement ratios of residual tumor (1.82 +/- 0.33) were not different from those of benign periablational enhancement (1.71 +/- 0.36). In benign periablational enhancement, enhancement ratios with injection of SH L 643A were lower than those with injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine for all time points up to 30 minutes (P < .05). The microvessel density was 25.72 +/- 5.43 vessels per field of view for residual tumor and 10.37 +/- 2.88 vessels per field of view for benign periablational enhancement (P < .001). CONCLUSION Blood pool contrast agent SH L 643A permits more accurate differentiation of benign periablational enhancement from residual tumor compared with the extracellular agent gadopentetate dimeglumine.
High efficiency delta-sigma transmitter architecture with gate bias modulation for wireless applications

This paper proposes an efficient envelope delta-sigma based transmitter architecture with gate bias modulation for modern wireless communication systems. Using this architecture, envelope varying signals are converted to constant envelope signals. The constant envelope phase signal is up-converted and amplified utilizing high efficiency power amplifier, while the two level delta-sigma modulated envelope signal is used to switch the gate of the power amplifier. To validate the proposed technique, a prototype transmitter is implemented and evaluated. A Long-Term Evolution (LTE) uplink signal with the bandwidth of 3.84 MHz and the peak-to average power ratio (PAPR) of 7 dB is used to validate the linearity and efficiency performance of the transmitter setup. Using the LTE uplink signal, the polar architecture with modulated gate bias is able to achieve the average drain efficiency of 48% and PAE of 42% at the output power of 25.5dBm. The adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) measured for this signal is less than -31dBc at 10 MHz offset from the center frequency of 2.35GHz. The measurement results are able to meet the spectrum mask without linearization techniques.
Orthodontic treatment need and malocclusion prevalence in Turkish adult males

The purpose of this study is to assess the objective and subjective levels of orthodontic treatment needs and severity of malocclusion in Turkish male adults considering the effect of regional variation. A sample of 556 adult males (median age of 21 years) from 7 different regions of Turkey have been subject to this study. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was used to evaluate the orthodontic treatment need. Questionnaires were used to evaluate the perception of malocclusions and the benefit of orthodontic treatment of subjects. Forty-seven percent of subjects had definite need of orthodontic treatment based on dental health component (DHC) of IOTN. Severe contact point displacement (4d-14%) was the most frequently encountered occlusal traits in the sample. 63.3% of subjects had no need of treatment according to the subjective esthetic component (EC) of the IOTN whereas, 59% of subjects had no need treatment based on objective EC of the IOTN. South East region had the highest proportion with no treatment need based on objective EC (p=0.036). It is found a good correlation between objective and subjective EC (p=0.614). Turkish male adult could evaluate the objective orthodontic treatment need. Most of the subjects (64%) did not demand the orthodontic treatment in this study. Class I (51%) was the most frequently seen malocclusion type in these subjects.
Correlations between the concentrations of the four sub-classes of IgG and Gm Allotypes in normal human sera.

The concentrations of the four subclasses of IgG were determined in the sera of 108 young male adults. The relative concentrations are 60.9% for IgG1, 29.6% for IgG2, 5.3% for IgG3 and 4.2% for IgG4. Mean concentrations of IgG2 and IgG4 are higher in sera positive for Gm(23) than in sera lacking this genetic marker. High mean IgG3 concentrations are associated with sera homozygous and heterozygous for Gm(3,5,13,14).
A Critical Examination of State Regulation of Accounting Principles

Stianle Siegel analyzes the manner in which state law addresses issues of accounting principles. He uses corporate asset distributions to illustrate how state laws do not properly define accounting concepts. The resulting ambiguity in determininhg appropriate accounting principles makes it difficult for the corporate planner to ascertain when a distribution is proper. Conceding that Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are constantly changing, tie author points out that they represent a narrower class of variability than current state law. The article concludes by recommending that state law incorporate GAAP on a selective basis.
Connected pattern segmentation and title grouping in newspaper images

This paper presents an algorithm that performs automated segmentation and classification of newspaper images. The algorithm discusses a technique for segmenting components that are connected to other components and presents another technique to correctly group titles and subtitles. The algorithm uses a bottom-up approach to initially segment the image, classify patterns and extract text lines. The classified patterns are then merged into complete regions. The algorithm is tested on a set of complex newspaper images taken from the First International Newspaper Segmentation Contest, and the results are compared with the contest results.
Critical Parameters of Integral Systems with a Class of Analytic Kernels

Abstract The critical frequencies of integral delay systems with a class of analytic kernels are determined via an auxiliary delay free system, and an upper bound on the number of critical frequencies is obtained. The critical delays are obtained by substituting these frequencies into the characteristic equation of the system. The procedure is validated with a number of nontrivial examples.
Positioning Medical Students for the Geriatric Imperative: Using Geriatrics to Effectively Teach Medicine

Medical schools must consider innovative ways to ensure that graduates are prepared to care for the aging population. One way is to offer a geriatrics clerkship as an option for the fulfillment of a medical school's internal medicine rotation requirement. The authors' purpose was to evaluate the geriatrics clerkship's impact on internal medicine knowledge and medical student attitudes toward older adults. Mean National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) internal medicine subject exam scores from geriatrics and internal medicine students who matriculated from 2005 to 2011 were compared using student's t-tests. Academic performance was controlled for using the United States Medical Licensing Exam Step 1 exam scores. Focus groups were conducted to explore student attitudes. Geriatrics students performed just as well on the NBME exam as their internal medicine colleagues, but reported greater comfort with elder care. Geriatrics students also reported more positive attitudes toward older adults. Completing an internal medicine requirement using a geriatrics clerkship is an innovation for medical school curriculum structure.
Converting Night-Time Images to Day-Time Images through a Deep Learning Approach

This paper examines the application of a deep learning approach to converting night-time images to day-time images. In particular, we show that a convolutional neural network enables the simulation of artificial and ambient light on images. In this paper, we illustrate the design of the deep neural network and some preliminary results on a real indoor environment and two virtual environments rendered with a 3D graphics engine. The experimental results are encouraging and confirm that a convolutional neural network is an interesting approach in the fields of photo-editing and digital image postprocessing.
Advances in Brief Chemopreventive Effects of myo-Inositol and Dexamethasone on Benzo [ a ] pyrene and 4-( Methylnitrosoamino )-143-pyridyl )-1-butanone-induced Pulmonary Carcinogenesis in Female A / J Mice '

The objective of the present investigation was to prevent cancer of the lung by use of chemopreventive agents. Administrations of diets contain ing added myo-inositol or dexamethasone singly or in combination (the latter being the most potent) are being StUdied for this purpose. In previous work, the two compounds were shown to Inhibit benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P]-induced pulmonary adenoma formation in female A/J mice when fed during the postinitiatlon period [Le. , starting 1 week after the last of three administrations of B(a)P by oral intubationi. In the present inves ligation, a longer administration schedule was used, which encompasses both the initiation and the postinitiatlon stages of carcinogenesis. The feeding of the test compounds was started 2 weeks prior to the first dose of carcinogen and continued for the duration of the experiment. Under these conditions, reductions in tumor formation were: myo-inositol, 64%; dexamethasone, 56%; and both together, 86% (P < 0.001 for all three). Addition of both compounds resulted in the largest inhibition that has been achieved with this experimental model as used in these investigations. Studies have begun of inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)1-butanone-induced pulmonary adenoma formation by myo-inositol and dexamethasone. The two compounds inhibit pulmonary carcinogenesis when fed singly or in combination. When fed throughout the entire protocol, reductions in tumor formation were: myo-inosltol, 46%; dexa methasone, 41%; and both together, 71% (P < 0.001 for all three). The results of these investigations demonstrate that myo-lnosltol and dexam ethasone inhibit pulmonary adenoma formation resulting from exposures to two major pulmonary carcinogens, B(a)P and 4-(methylnitrosamlno)1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone.
Earnings Before Bad Stuff: Pro-forma-Kennzahlen am Schweizer Aktienmarkt

Die Regulierungsdichte in der Rechnungslegung hat in den letzten Jahren markant zugenommen. Nach IFRS bilanzierende Unternehmen mussen heute mehr als 3000 Seiten Regelungen berucksichtigen. Deren Einhaltung wird neben den Wirtschaftsprufern in vielen Landern auch durch (halb-)staatliche Enforcement-Organe uberwacht. Dies alles ist einem hohen Ziel geschuldet: der Vergleichbarkeit der Abschlusse verschiedener Unternehmen miteinander, sowie auch der Vergleichbarkeit der Abschlusse eines einzelnen Unternehmens im Zeitablauf. Nur eine solche Vergleichbarkeit ermoglicht rationale Investitionsentscheide. Die sich auf Basis dieses engen Korsetts ergebenden Zahlen scheinen allerdings nicht immer jedem zu gefallen: Vielleicht weichen sie in den Augen der Unternehmensleitung von den Erwartungen der Anleger ab, oder sie geben die vermeintliche tatsachliche wirtschaftliche Situation in nur ungenugender Weise wieder. Als Konsequenz hat sich in den letzten Jahren auch in Europa eine teilweise fast schon folkloristische Kultur der Pro-forma-Kennzahlen etabliert.
Clinical spectrum and genotype‐phenotype associations of KCNA2‐related encephalopathies

&NA; Recently, de novo mutations in the gene KCNA2, causing either a dominant‐negative loss‐of‐function or a gain‐of‐function of the voltage‐gated K+ channel Kv1.2, were described to cause a new molecular entity within the epileptic encephalopathies. Here, we report a cohort of 23 patients (eight previously described) with epileptic encephalopathy carrying either novel or known KCNA2 mutations, with the aim to detail the clinical phenotype associated with each of them, to characterize the functional effects of the newly identified mutations, and to assess genotype‐phenotype associations. We identified five novel and confirmed six known mutations, three of which recurred in three, five and seven patients, respectively. Ten mutations were missense and one was a truncation mutation; de novo occurrence could be shown in 20 patients. Functional studies using a Xenopus oocyte two‐microelectrode voltage clamp system revealed mutations with only loss‐of‐function effects (mostly dominant‐negative current amplitude reduction) in eight patients or only gain‐of‐function effects (hyperpolarizing shift of voltage‐dependent activation, increased amplitude) in nine patients. In six patients, the gain‐of‐function was diminished by an additional loss‐of‐function (gain‐and loss‐of‐function) due to a hyperpolarizing shift of voltage‐dependent activation combined with either decreased amplitudes or an additional hyperpolarizing shift of the inactivation curve. These electrophysiological findings correlated with distinct phenotypic features. The main differences were (i) predominant focal (loss‐of‐function) versus generalized (gain‐of‐function) seizures and corresponding epileptic discharges with prominent sleep activation in most cases with loss‐of‐function mutations; (ii) more severe epilepsy, developmental problems and ataxia, and atrophy of the cerebellum or even the whole brain in about half of the patients with gain‐of‐function mutations; and (iii) most severe early‐onset phenotypes, occasionally with neonatal onset epilepsy and developmental impairment, as well as generalized and focal seizures and EEG abnormalities for patients with gain‐ and loss‐of‐function mutations. Our study thus indicates well represented genotype‐phenotype associations between three subgroups of patients with KCNA2 encephalopathy according to the electrophysiological features of the mutations.