Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Flows and the Structure of Control Within Multinational Corporations

Virtually all research on strategic control within multinational corporations (MNCs) has focused on macro differences in control systems and processes across entire MNCs. Taking a less macro (i.e., subsidiary-specific contingency perspective), this article examines how, within the same corporation, the nature of corporate control might also vary systematically across subsidiaries. Differences in subsidiary contexts are analyzed along two dimensions: (a) the extent to which the subsidiary is a user of knowledge from the rest of the corporation and (b) the extent to which the subsidiary is a provider of such knowledge to the rest of the corporation.
A boundaries and flows perspective of green supply chain management

Purpose – Managing the green (environmentally sustainable) supply chain is an important issue for industry. This paper aims to provide a framework to understand and appreciate the relationships of various research streams and topics in this field. Utilizing this framework, emergent research directions to advance the field are also presented.Design/methodology/approach – Published research in peer‐reviewed journals is evaluated using a new framework of nine non‐exclusive, interrelated boundaries and five flows of resources related to green supply chains and supply chain management.Findings – The research literature can be integrated into these comprehensive multidimensional frameworks, which also provide opportunities as vehicles for future research. Research directions are described utilizing the framework presented in this paper.Research limitations/implications – This work presents one potential set of frameworks. Insights relating to other potential frameworks are additional areas of investigation and .
Importance of nondopaminergic features in evaluating disease severity of Parkinson disease

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the role of predominantly nondopaminergic (PND) features in evaluating disease severity and progression of Parkinson disease (PD). Methods: Principal component analysis was used on the baseline data of 396 patients to explore consistency of interrelations between important PND domains (cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms, excessive daytime sleepiness, psychotic symptoms, autonomic dysfunction, and postural instability and gait difficulty) across different ranges of disease duration. Hereafter, we evaluated the reliability and validity of a composite score of all PND domains and examined reproducibility of the findings in a large independent cohort. Results: Principal component analysis revealed a consistent 1-factor solution across groups with different disease durations. Cronbach α of the total group was 0.75 for the PND composite score, and corrected item-total correlations were all above the criterion value of 0.3. Validity of the PND composite score was confirmed by significant positive correlations with Hoehn and Yahr stage, severity of motor symptoms, disease duration, and age. Findings were replicated in the independent cohort. Conclusions: Our findings show the robustness of a composite score of PND domains as a measure of disease severity across the disease course of PD. Composite measures of PND domains, which largely are insensitive to dopaminergic medication, may provide a more complete and accurate evaluation of disease severity and progression in PD.
DIRECT RADIATING ARRAYS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS VIA APERIODIC TILINGS

This paper presents an innovative Direct Radiating Array (DRA) architecture exploiting aperiodic tilings of the plane. In particular, a pinwheel tiling has been selected in order to flx positions of the difierent radiating sources, which are constituted by properly shaped elements. Such a choice allows to achieve a good aperture e-ciency and very low pseudo-grating lobes while using only two difierent kinds of radiating elements. Preliminary results are shown and discussed with reference to both cases wherein the single tiles are not fully populated and wherein ad-hoc sub-array radiators are used. The very encouraging results achieved leave open the way for further interesting possibilities.
Best practice for teaching and learning strategies to facilitate student reflection in pre-registration health professional education: an integrative review

There is a growing expectation from registering authorities and the public for health professionals to enter their respective professions armed with the necessary skills, attitudes and behaviours to be reflective practitioners. However, there is limited and inconsistent evidence of the effectiveness of pedagogic strategies used for teaching reflective practice in health practitioner courses. We therefore conducted an integrative literature review of recent original studies (2004-2014) to gain an understanding of current initiatives for teaching reflective practice. A key finding from the review is the shift from the reliance on written reflective activities to more dialogic and social based reflection. Studies that use reflective dialogue suggest that facilitated dialogue with peers and clinical educators is the most effective approach to foster deeper reflection, critical thinking and clinical reasoning. Also the consensus evident from the review is that for reflection to be meaningful it needs to be intentionally connected to clinical programs. Although we find compelling evidence of the usefulness of embedding reflective learning strategies in health curricula, repeated reference to a lack of adequate training to prepare health educators to teach reflective practice suggests that there is an urgent need for research into how this can be achieved.
Study on the Impacts of Accessibility Along the Wuguang High Speed Railway in Hunan

The high-speed railway between Wuhan and Guangzhou has been opened for over a year,which improved the daily accessibility of the cities along the railway significantly.Moreover,the speed and the efficiency of the factors' flow has been enhanced substantially as well.Thus,the growth of the economy has also been stimulated and promoted to a great extent.In this article,we chose the data of 5 typical cities along the high-speed railway in Hunan province to calculate daily accessibility,weighted average time of travel and economic potential to conduct a quantitative research about the impact the high-speed railway exerted on these cities.The result can shed critical light on the positive influence the high-speed railway brought to the cities,while the conclusion revealed that there existed the possibility of relative negative growth of the economy of the other cities which are not along the high-speed railway at the same time.Apart from that,this article further anticipated the change trends of the development patterns of regional economy under the implications of the high-speed railway.
Novel keto acid formate‐lyase and propionate kinase enzymes are components of an anaerobic pathway in Escherichia coli that degrades L‐threonine to propionate

An immunological analysis of an Escherichia coli strain unable to synthesize the main pyruvate formate‐lyase enzyme Pfl revealed the existence of a weak, cross‐reacting 85 kDa polypeptide that exhibited the characteristic oxygen‐dependent fragmentation typical of a glycyl radical enzyme. Polypeptide fragmentation of this cross‐reacting species was shown to be dependent on Pfl activase. Cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding this protein revealed that it coded for a new enzyme, termed TdcE, which has 82% identity with Pfl. On the basis of RNA analyses, the tdcE gene was shown to be part of a large operon that included the tdcABC genes, encoding an anaerobic threonine dehydratase, tdcD, coding for a propionate kinase, tdcF, the function of which is unknown, and the tdcG gene, which encodes a L‐serine dehydratase. Expression of the tdcABCDEFG operon was strongly catabolite repressed. Enzyme studies showed that TdcE has both pyruvate formate‐lyase and 2‐ketobutyrate formate‐lyase activity, whereas the TdcD protein is a new propionate/acetate kinase. By monitoring culture supernatants from various mutants using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we followed the anaerobic conversion of L‐threonine to propionate. These studies confirmed that 2‐ketobutyrate, the product of threonine deamination, is converted in vivo by TdcE to propionyl‐CoA. These studies also revealed that Pfl and an as yet unidentified thiamine pyrophosphate‐dependent enzyme(s) can perform this reaction. Double null mutants deficient in phosphotransacetylase (Pta) and acetate kinase (AckA) or AckA and TdcD were unable to metabolize threonine to propionate, indicating that propionyl‐CoA and propionyl‐phosphate are intermediates in the pathway and that ATP is generated during the conversion of propionyl‐P to propionate by AckA or TdcD.
Diagnostic significance of apparent diffusion coefficient values with diffusion weighted MRI in breast cancer: a meta- analysis.

AIMS Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of nodes in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) are widely used in differentiating metastatic from non-metastatic lymph nodes. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to demonstrate whether DWI could contribute to the precise diagnosis of breast cancer (BC) with and without lymph node metastasis (LNM). MATERIALS AND METHODS English and Chinese electronic databases were searched for relevant studies followed by a comprehensive literature search. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of the included trials based on the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS). Summary odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. RESULTS Final analysis of 624 BC subjects (patients with LNM = 254, patients without LNM = 370) were incorporated into the current meta-analysis from 9 eligible cohort studies. Combined ORs of ADCs suggested that ADC values in BC patients without LNM were higher than in patients with LNM (OR=0.56, 95%CI: 0.11-1.01, p=0.015). Subgroup analysis stratified by country indicated a low ADC value in BC patients with LNM rather than those without LNM among Chinese (OR=1.27, 95%CI: 0.89-1.66, p<0.001), Italians (OR=0.75, 95%CI: 0.13-1.38, p=0.018), and Egyptians (OR=1.27, 95%CI: 0.71-1.84, p<0.001). The findings of subgroup analysis by MRI machine type revealed that ADC values from diffusion MRI may be potential diagnostic indicators for BC using Non-Philips 1.5T (OR=1.10, 95%CI: 0.84-1.36, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The main findings of our meta-analysis demonstrated that increased signal intensity on DWI and decreased signals on ADC are helpful in diagnosis of BC patients with or without LNM. DWI could therefore be an important imaging investigation in patients suspected of BC.
The folate pathway is a target for resistance to the drug para‐aminosalicylic acid (PAS) in mycobacteria

The increasing rate of multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis has led to more use of second‐line antibiotics such as para‐aminosalicylic acid (PAS). The mode of action of PAS remains unclear, and mechanisms of resistance to this drug are undefined. We have isolated PAS‐resistant transposon mutants of Mycobacterium bovis BCG with insertions in the thymidylate synthase (thyA) gene, a critical determinant of intracellular folate levels. BCG thyA mutants have reduced thymidylate synthase activity and are resistant to known inhibitors of the folate pathway. We also find that mutations in thyA are associated with clinical PAS resistance. We have identified PAS‐resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from infected patients, which harbour mutations in thyA and show reduced activity of the encoded enzyme. Thus, PAS acts in the folate pathway, and thyA mutations probably represent a mechanism of developing resistance not only to PAS but also to other drugs that target folate metabolism.
Behind the Scenes: Performance Target Setting of Annual Incentive Plans

This paper documents the performance metrics used in annual incentive (bonus) plans for chief executive officers (CEOs). Our detailed analysis using earnings per share (EPS) shows that at the time of plan approval, in general, EPS growth targets are set lower than earnings expectations such as EPS growth implied by analyst consensus and the historical EPS growth of the firm and that of the firm’s industry over various horizons. A lower EPS target in the annual incentive plan increases the probability of achieving the target and enhances the ex-ante value of the annual incentive payout for the CEO. However, the slack in setting performance targets is small. Moreover, we find that performance targets are more challenging at firms with strong corporate governance and when the performance measure is more important. Interestingly, while not linked to subsequent performance or risk-taking at the firm, an easy performance target increases the amount of the ex-post payout for the CEO.
Classification and heterogeneity of preterm birth

Three main conditions explain preterm birth: medically indicated (iatrogenic) preterm birth (25%; 18.7–35.2%), preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) (25%; 7.1–51.2%) and spontaneous (idiopathic) preterm birth (50%; 23.2–64.1%). The majority of multiple pregnancies (10% of all preterm births) are delivered preterm (50% for medical reasons). Although medical indications relate more to feto‐maternal conditions, PPROM to infections and idiopathic preterm birth to lifestyle, these risk factors are identified in any category, emphasising that preterm birth has a multifactorial origin. Still, several incidences of preterm birth are not completely explained with a plausible cause for PPROM or spontaneous preterm labour suggesting that other causes have yet to be identified. In addition, preterm birth is associated with unrecognised severe congenital anomalies. Variability within the main categories may be explained by the studied population, ethnic group, social class and preventive interventions towards reducing spontaneous preterm birth where the proportion of medically‐indicated preterm birth is increased. Despite being retrospective a classification according to gestational age at birth is important for neonatal prognosis. Preterm birth is stratified into mild preterm (32–36 weeks), very preterm (28–31 weeks) and extremely preterm (<28 weeks) with increasing neonatal mortality and morbidity. Recent studies suggested that infection was mostly responsible for extreme preterm birth, while stress and lifestyle accounted for mild preterm birth, and a mixture of both conditions contributed to very preterm birth.
EMPLOYEES PERCEPTIONS OF THE EFFECT OF BUSINESS PROCESS RE-ENGINEERING ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT NATIONAL BANK OF KENYA

As organizations strive to enhance their competitive positions in an increasingly turbulent marketplace, they are discovering that they can cut costs, maintain quality and improve their employee performance by undertaking organizational business reengineering. Organizational restructuring has attracted much attention due to its implications for firms operations and employee performance which eventually enable firms to create and retain the competitive advantages. The objective of the study was to establish employee’s perceptions of the effect of business process re-engineering on employee performance at National Bank of Kenya. The research adopted a descriptive research design where data was collected using a selfadministered questionnaire that was distributed to 59 senior and middle level managers at the organization. The findings were that the organization needs to maintain employees friendly interaction, confidence and trust on peer, team working and problem solving techniques. Top management commitment was found to be an important factor for successful restructuring process and also influences employee performance during and after the reengineering process. The attitude change of the employees was also found to be important in facilitating the BPR process since any form of resistance will affect the success of the process. Organizational restructuring should be informed from situational based analysis of the firms operating environment and aimed at adapting the business to changing business environment with top management support being a key ingredient to successful process. The study concludes that business process reengineering improves delivering speed in service organizations. Organizational restructuring has been recognized as a vital tool to confront the competitive pressure in the market and also as a tool of improving the performance of these firms. The study recommends that for restructuring to be a success, management needs to take employee needs and concerns into consideration. The inclusion of employees in planning and implementation of strategies, enables an organization to use its inherent knowledge in moving theory into practice.
The Evolution of Protein Structures and Structural Ensembles Under Functional Constraint

Protein sequence, structure, and function are inherently linked through evolution and population genetics. Our knowledge of protein structure comes from solved structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), our knowledge of sequence through sequences found in the NCBI sequence databases (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), and our knowledge of function through a limited set of in-vitro biochemical studies. How these intersect through evolution is described in the first part of the review. In the second part, our understanding of a series of questions is addressed. This includes how sequences evolve within structures, how evolutionary processes enable structural transitions, how the folding process can change through evolution and what the fitness impacts of this might be. Moving beyond static structures, the evolution of protein kinetics (including normal modes) is discussed, as is the evolution of conformational ensembles and structurally disordered proteins. This ties back to a question of the role of neostructuralization and how it relates to selection on sequences for functions. The relationship between metastability, the fitness landscape, sequence divergence, and organismal effective population size is explored. Lastly, a brief discussion of modeling the evolution of sequences of ordered and disordered proteins is entertained.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder dimensions: a twin study of inattention and impulsivity-hyperactivity.

OBJECTIVE This study used a model-fitting strategy to estimate genetic and environmental contributions to the core behavioral dimensions associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 576 twin boys, aged 11 and 12 years. METHOD Teacher ratings and maternal structured interview reports composed of behavioral items including DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria for ADHD were obtained for 194 pairs of monozygotic and 94 pairs of dizygotic twins. Factor analysis of these measures yielded two ADHD-related dimensions, inattention and impulsivity-hyperactivity. Scales representing these dimensions were used in the genetic analyses. RESULTS Univariate analyses supported a substantial contribution of genetic factors in the expression of inattention and impulsivity-hyperactivity and smaller contributions of shared and nonshared environmental factors. Results varied according to informant source, with mothers' reports suggestive of rater bias effects. Bivariate analyses indicated that the correlation between these two ADHD dimensions was also genetically mediated. CONCLUSIONS Genetic factors are etiologically important in the expression of the separate dimensions of ADHD and in the covariation between them. However, it is important to obtain reports from more than one informant because rater bias effects may be operative, particularly in maternal reports.
Adsorption Behaviors of Heavy Metal Ions by Steel Slag-An Industrial Solidwaste

Batch experiments were carried out to investigate heavy metal ions adsorption properties of steel slag, the results showed that steel slag could be used as an effective adsorbent to removal heavy metals such as Cr 3+ ,Cu 2+ ,Pb 2+ and Zn 2+ from the aqueous solution. For the heavy metal Cr 3+ , the removal yield increased with increasing contact time and reached the equilibrium state within lh; The removal of Cr 3+ increased from 44% to 99% at the rang of steel slag particle size from 2.5 mesh to 80 mesh, but go on decreasing the steel slag size, the removal of Cr 3+ did not almost change; The adsorption of Pb 2+ was not affected by pH value from 1.3 to 7.5, the removal percentages were all above 99%; at the same experimental conditions, the adsorption capacity of steel slag for mixed system decreased in the order of Cr 3+ > Zn 2+ > Cu 2+ > Pb 2+ , and comparing to the single metal ion system, the adsorption capacities all decreased, respectively.
J ul 2 01 1 On Multiplicative Sidon Sets

Fix integers b > a ≥ 1 with g := gcd(a, b). A set S ⊆ N is {a, b}-multiplicative if ax 6= by for all x, y ∈ S. For all n, we determine an {a, b}-multiplicative set with maximum cardinality in [n], and conclude that the maximum density of an {a, b}-multiplicative set is b b+g . Erdős [2, 3, 4] defined a set S ⊆ N to be multiplicative Sidon1 if ab = cd implies {a, b} = {c, d} for all a, b, c, d ∈ S; see [8–10]. In a similar direction, Wang [13] defined a set S ⊆ N to be double-free if x 6= 2y for all x, y ∈ S, and proved that the maximum density of a double-free set is 23 ; see [1] for related results. Here the density of S ⊆ N is lim n→∞ |S ∩ [n]| n . Pór and Wood [7] generalised the notion of double-free sets as follows. For k ∈ N, a set S ⊆ N is k-multiplicative (Sidon) if ax = by implies a = b and x = y for all a, b ∈ [k] and x, y ∈ S. Pór and Wood [7] proved that the maximum density of a k-multiplicative set is Θ( 1 log k ). Here we study the following alternative generalisation of double-free sets. For distinct a, b ∈ N, a set S ⊆ N is {a, b}-multiplicative if ax 6= by for all x, y ∈ S. Our main result is to determine the maximum density of an {a, b}-multiplicative set. Assume that a < b throughout. Say x ∈ N is an i-th subpower of b if x = biy for some y 6≡ 0 (mod b). If x is an i-th subpower of b for some even/odd i then x is an even/odd subpower of b. First suppose that gcd(a, b) = 1. Let T be the set of even subpowers of b. We now prove that T is an {a, b}-multiplicative set with maximum density. In fact, for all [n], ∗Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (woodd@unimelb.edu.au). Supported by a QEII Research Fellowship from the Australian Research Council. Additive Sidon sets have been more widely studied; see the classical papers [5, 11, 12] and the recent survey by O’Bryant [6]. Let N := {1, 2, . } and [n] := {1, 2, . , n}.