Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Economic Perspective on Industrial Ecology

Industrial ecology aims to identify how the environmental performance of industrial systems can be improved. Key analytical tools of industrial ecology include material flow analysis, which tracks flows of materials from source to sink, and life cycle assessment, which quantifies the environmental impacts of a product across all stages of its life cycle. Although industrial ecology is considered to be a multidisciplinary field that includes the social sciences, economic analysis has not been fully incorporated into the industrial ecology literature and vice versa. Thus both industrial ecology and economics would likely benefit from closer collaboration. The main objectives of this article are to introduce key concepts and techniques of analysis in industrial ecology, identify important developments at the intersection of industrial ecology and economics, and to suggest areas for future collaboration and integration of the two disciplines. We argue that economists can play an important role in expanding and deepening industrial ecology and addressing the current gaps in the literature, thus improving the ability of industrial ecology to reach its full potential as a policy-supporting tool.
THROMBOXANE AUGMENTATION OF ALLOREACTIVE T CELL FUNCTION

Thromboxane (Tx) plays a vital role in the dysfunction and ultimate rejection of MHC-disparate renal allografts. In addition to its potent vasoconstrictory properties, in vivo studies have implied that Tx is capable of promoting immune cytotoxic T cell function within transplants. In this study, we have examined the in vitro effect of Tx inhibition on alloreactive immune cells using MHC-disparate mouse strain combinations. Coculture of either Tx-synthetase or Tx-receptor inhibitors modified the response of unprimed mouse lymphoid populations in a primary MLR, implying that Tx inhibition and not endoperoxide shunting was responsible for the modulatory effects seen. For example, B10.S lymphoid cells displayed decreased proliferation to H-2 disparate B10.A cells with Tx inhibitors present during the MLR, at pharmacologically active drug concentrations. Moreover, in vitro addition of TxA2 had an augmentory effect on the response in the primary and secondary MLR. Interleukin 2 production and percentages of T cell populations in the primary MLR were not affected by the presence of these compounds, although CD4 and CD8 expression was often increased in the treated populations. Finally, alloreactive primed effector cells also displayed reduced proliferation to specific alloantigen in a secondary MLR when Tx inhibitors were also present, although responses to IL-2 by T cells were not influenced by thromboxane inhibition. These data imply that thromboxane is an important immunoregulatory mediator capable of potentiating the function of naive and primed alloreactive immune T cell populations crucial to the rejection of the transplant.
On the Opportunity Cost of Crop Diversification

Distance functions are increasingly being augmented, with environmental goods treated as conventional outputs. A common approach to evaluate the opportunity cost of providing an environmental good is the exploitation of the distance function's dual relationship to the value function. This implies that the opportunity cost is assumed to be non‐negative. This approach also requires a convex technology set. Focusing on crop diversification for a balanced sample of 44 cereal farms in the East of England for the years 2007–2013, this paper develops a novel opportunity cost measure that does not depend on these strong assumptions. We find that the opportunity cost of crop diversification is negative for most farms.
There is a crucial need for competent social scientists

We decided to conduct our journal’s first interview with Ronald F. Inglehart – Lowenstein Professor of Political Science at the University of Michigan (USA), Academic Supervisor of the Laboratory for Comparative Social Research at National Research University Higher School of Economics (Russia) and Founding President of the World Values Survey Association. We asked him about challenges to contemporary social sciences and trends in their development. Professor Inglehart is interviewed by Olga Iakimova, the executive editor of CS&P.
Religion's Responsibility for the Ecological Crisis: An Argument Run Amok

The current passion for a “theology of ecology” got its chief start with the appearance in Scietice in March, 1967, of an article titfed- The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis. “ Its . author, medieval historian Lynn White, Jr., of UCLA, is an engaging raconteur with a gift for the memorable phrase and the arresting thought. He is professionally adept at rummaging through heaps of historical scraps and making sense of them, frequently rather novel sense. Specializing in the development of technology in the Middle Ages, he links happenings from seemingly different realms, particularly ideas and artifacts, so that once familiar history suddenly looks quite different, rather like the shock one gets when old stories of kings and armies and conquests are retold from the medical point of view.
Ethics of the Teaching Profession among Secondary School Teachers from School Leaders’ Perspective in Riyadh

The current study discusses the ethics of the teaching profession among secondary school teachers from school leaders’ perspective in Riyadh. It aimed at providing a proposal for the ethics of the teaching profession. The study utilized the descriptive approach and a questionnaire applied to 426 school leaders. The sample responses means were moderate and high in the domain of teacher professional performance, and his relation to students, community, and school community as well as family. There were no statistically significant differences in the sample responses due to school type, age, years of experience, and qualification. The study recommended developing a code of ethics approved by the Ministry of Education and adopted by teachers, preparing rehabilitation training programs for teachers, designing a website of educational supervision and ethics of teaching, creating an atmosphere of mutual relations among teachers, educational supervisors, and school leaders.
Serotoninergic modulation of sensory transmission to brainstem reticulospinal cells

Sensory inputs are subjected to modulation by central neural networks involved in controlling movements. It has been shown that serotonin (5‐HT) modulates sensory transmission. This study examines in lampreys the effects of 5‐HT on sensory transmission to brainstem reticulospinal (RS) neurons and the distribution of 5‐HT cells that innervate RS cells. Cells were recorded intracellularly in the in vitro isolated brainstem of larval lampreys. Trigeminal nerve stimulation elicited disynaptic excitatory responses in RS neurons, and bath application of 5‐HT reduced the response amplitude with maximum effect at 10 μm. Local ejection of 5‐HT either onto the RS cells or onto the relay cells decreased sensory‐evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in RS cells. The monosynaptic EPSPs elicited from stimulation of the relay cells were also reduced by 5‐HT. The reduction was maintained after blocking either N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) or α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid (AMPA) receptors. The local ejection of glutamate over RS cells elicited excitatory responses that were only slightly depressed by 5‐HT. In addition, 5‐HT increased the threshold for eliciting sustained depolarizations in response to trigeminal nerve stimulation but did not prevent them. Combined 5‐HT immunofluorescence with axonal tracing revealed that the 5‐HT innervation of RS neurons of the middle rhombencephalic reticular nucleus comes mainly from neurons in the isthmic region, but also from neurons located in the pretectum and caudal rhombencephalon. Our results indicate that 5‐HT modulates sensory transmission to lamprey brainstem RS cells.
γ‐Ray irradiation induces B7.1 expression in myeloid leukaemic cells

Expression of B7 molecules provides co‐stimulatory signals to T lymphocytes, which prevent the induction of anergy. It has been previously reported that B7.1 gene transfer in a murine leukaemia model induced a potent antileukaemic immunity and that relative expression of B7.1 and B7.2 in human acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) had prognostic significance. As ex vivo engineering of leukaemic cells for immunotherapy protocols would require prior irradiation of these cells before reinjection to the patient, we investigated in murine and leukaemic cell lines and in 20 ex vivo primary cultured acute myeloid leukaemic cells the effect of γ‐irradiation on the expression of B7 molecules. We observed that γ‐irradiation enhanced B7.1 molecule expression in murine leukaemic cell lines and in B7.2 molecules in human HL60 and K562 cell lines. γ‐Irradiation induced B7.1 molecule expression in 90% AML samples but only 21% showed B7.2 molecule expression enhancement. B7.1 expression was increased both at the protein and RNA level in human AML cells but only at the protein level in the DA1‐3b murine cell line. Oxidative stress increased B7.1 expression in the murine DA1‐3b cell line but human cell lines and AML samples remained unaffected both by heat shock and oxidative stress, suggesting different pathways of B7.1 induction between mouse and human cells. Our data show that B7.1 expression can be induced by ex vivo irradiation of AML cells, indicating that these cells can express co‐stimulatory molecules without gene transfer.
Full-mouth Tooth Extraction Lowers Systemic Inflammatory and Thrombotic Markers of Cardiovascular Risk

Prior studies of a link between periodontal and cardiovascular disease have been limited by being predominantly observational. We used a treatment intervention model to study the relationship between periodontitis and systemic inflammatory and thrombotic cardiovascular indicators of risk. We studied 67 adults with advanced periodontitis requiring full-mouth tooth extraction. Blood samples were obtained: (1) at initial presentation, immediately prior to treatment of presenting symptoms; (2) one to two weeks later, before all teeth were removed; and (3) 12 weeks after full-mouth tooth extraction. After full-mouth tooth extraction, there was a significant decrease in C-reactive protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and fibrinogen, and white cell and platelet counts. This study shows that elimination of advanced periodontitis by full-mouth tooth extraction reduces systemic inflammatory and thrombotic markers of cardiovascular risk. Analysis of the data supports the hypothesis that treatment of periodontal disease may lower cardiovascular risk, and provides a rationale for further randomized studies.
Constitutive STAT3 activation in peripheral CD3+ cells from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome

Objective: Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are crucial mediators of cytokine signalling. Constitutive activation of STATs, especially STAT3, has been reported in several diseases. Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is associated with overproduction of cytokines such as interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), although the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. As STAT3 is a potent inducer of IL‐10, this study focused on determining the pattern of STAT3 activation in peripheral lymphocytes from patients with pSS. Methods: Twelve pSS patients and 12 healthy age‐matched control subjects were studied. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by gradient centrifugation. Phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) and also STAT3 expression were determined by flow cytometry in gated CD3+ and CD19+ lymphocytes. Similarly, pJak1 and pTyk2 were also determined in gated CD3+ lymphocytes. Results: Although the protein expression of STAT3 was similar among controls and pSS patients, we found that STAT3 was constitutively activated in CD3+ lymphocytes from pSS patients. Neither Jak1 nor Tyk2 (the upstream activators of STAT3) was activated in pSS CD3+ lymphocytes, suggesting that the constitutive activation of STAT3 observed in pSS patients might not depend on cytokine stimulation but instead might be the result of an abnormal inactivation of pSTAT3. Conclusions: These data provide evidence of abnormal STAT3 signalling in T cells from pSS patients.
Pattern of open eye injuries in northwest Turkey: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND We aimed to review the epidemiology and visual outcome of patients with open globe injuries in the northwest part of Turkey. METHODS All patients admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine with open globe injuries between 2004-2008 were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Ninety-five eyes of 95 patients, aged between 3 and 79 years, were reviewed. The type of open eye injury was laceration in 76 eyes (80%) and rupture in 19 eyes (20%). In all age groups, projectile objects were the most common cause of injury. In patients 18 years and older, sharp objects (11.1%) were the least prevalent cause of open globe injuries; however, traumas with sharp objects were common in patients younger than 18 years (38.1%) (p=0.01). In patients younger than 18 years, most injuries occurred at home (68.3%), while in patients 18 years and older, the majority of ocular traumas occurred at work (59.2%) (p=0.000). Isolated Zone I lesions showed more improvement in visual acuity than other zones (p=0.043). CONCLUSION Open globe injury in northwest Turkey varied with age and gender. Education and safety precautions are essential to prevent open eye injuries.
Effect of mode of delivery on vertical human papillomavirus transmission – A meta-analysis

A systematic review of the literature has been conducted (last update March 2014) for clinical studies reporting the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the offspring of HPV-infected women in association to their mode of delivery. A meta-analysis was carried out according to the identification of concordant neonatal to maternal HPV types. Overall eight studies were included in the meta-analysis. Our pooled results, showed that caesarean section is associated with significantly lower rates of HPV transmission than vaginal birth (14.9% vs. 28.2%, risk ratio or RR: 0.515, 95% confidence interval or CI: 0.34–0.78). The number of caesarean sections needed to prevent one case of perinatal infection (number needed to treat or NNT) would be 7.5. As a conclusion it should be noted that caesarean section decreases the risk for perinatal HPV transmission by approximately 46%. Perinatal transmission still occurs in approximately 15% of the children born by caesarean section.
Heterogeneity in a mouse model of histiocytosis: transformation of Langerin+ dendritic cells, macrophages, and precursors

Neoplastic diseases of macrophages (Mφ) and dendritic cells (DC), collectively called histiocytoses, are relatively rare. The etiology of most forms of histiocytosis is poorly understood, and the development of animal models is crucial for further research in this field. Previously, an animal model for malignant histiocytosis (MH), involving transformed histiocytic cells, has been generated by infecting mice with malignant histiocytosis sarcoma virus (MHSV). However, increased insight into the heterogeneity of Mφ and DC, and the associated reappraisal of human proliferative diseases involving these cells inspired us to re‐evaluate the mouse model. We analyzed spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes of susceptible mice at various time points after infection. From day 11 onwards, a heterogeneous population of cells, consisting of CD8α+ Langerin+ DC, ER‐MP58+ CD11b+ myeloid precursor cells, CD169+ metallophilic Mφ, and CD71hi erythroblasts, was affected by viral transformation. In different mice, these subsets expanded at different rates in different organs, causing a variable disease profile in terminal stages. Cell lines, which were generated from MHSV‐transformed tumors, showed a DC‐like morphology and phenotype, and appeared to be arrested in different stages of maturation. Upon injection into healthy mice, different preferential homing patterns were observed for the various cell lines, and the cells acquired distinct phenotypes depending on the organ of homing. This indicates that these transformed cells adapt to their microenvironment by switching between precursor, DC/Langerhans cell, and Mφ phenotypes. Our results demonstrate that the MHSV model represents a heterogeneous neoplastic disease with characteristics of Mφ/DC sarcomas.
Protecting Children Online?: Cyberbullying Policies of Social Media Companies

A critical examination of efforts by social media companies? including Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, and Instagram? to rein in cyberbullying by young users.High-profile cyberbullying cases often trigger exaggerated public concern about children's use of social media. Large companies like Facebook respond by pointing to their existing anti-bullying mechanisms or coordinate with nongovernmental organizations to organize anti-cyberbullying efforts. Do these attempts at self-regulation work? In this book, Tijana Milosevic examines the effectiveness of efforts by social media companies? including Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Snapchat, and Instagram? to rein in cyberbullying by young users. Milosevic analyzes the anti-bullying policies of fourteen major social media companies, as recorded in companies' corporate documents, draws on interviews with company representatives and e-safety experts, and details the roles of nongovernmental organizations examining their ability to provide critical independent advice. She draws attention to lack of transparency in how companies handle bullying cases, emphasizing the need for a continuous independent evaluation of effectiveness of companies' mechanisms, especially from children's perspective. Milosevic argues that cyberbullying should be viewed in the context of children's rights and as part of the larger social problem of the culture of humiliation.Milosevic looks into five digital bullying cases related to suicides, examining the pressures on the social media companies involved, the nature of the public discussion, and subsequent government regulation that did not necessarily address the problem in a way that benefits children. She emphasizes the need not only for protection but also for participation and empowerment? for finding a way to protect the vulnerable while ensuring the child's right to participate in digital spaces.
Effects of Matrix Heterogeneity on Animal Dispersal: From Individual Behavior to Metapopulation‐Level Parameters

Mounting theoretical and empirical evidence shows that matrix heterogeneity may have contrasting effects on metapopulation dynamics by contributing to patch isolation in nontrivial ways. We analyze the movement properties during interpatch dispersal in a metapopulation of Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). On a daily temporal scale, lynx habitat selection defines two types of matrix habitats where individuals may move: open and dispersal habitats (avoided and used as available, respectively). There was a strong and complex impact of matrix heterogeneity on movement properties at several temporal scales (hourly and daily radiolocations and the entire dispersal event). We use the movement properties on the hourly temporal scale to build a simulation model to reconstruct individual dispersal events. The two most important parameters affecting model predictions at both the individual (daily) and metapopulation scales were related to the movement capacity (number of movement steps per day and autocorrelation in dispersal habitat) followed by the parameters representing the habitat selection in the matrix. The model adequately reproduced field estimates of population‐level parameters (e.g., interpatch connectivity, maximum and final dispersal distances), and its performance was clearly improved when including the effect of matrix heterogeneity on movement properties. To assume there is a homogeneous matrix results in large errors in the estimate of interpatch connectivity, especially for close patches separated by open habitat or corridors of dispersal habitat, showing how important it is to consider matrix heterogeneity when it is present. Movement properties affect the interaction of dispersing individuals with the landscape and can be used as a mechanistic representation of dispersal at the metapopulation level. This is so when the effect of matrix heterogeneity on movement properties is evaluated under biologically meaningful spatial and temporal scales.
Competition among Colleges for Students across the Nation

Colleges compete with one another for students. This article overcomes historical data limitations associated with forming a national picture of competition among colleges using the universe of SAT‐takers. We identify and measure competition by the overlap within the set of colleges to which students send their SAT scores (Score Sends). We document the competitive landscape for 1152 colleges between 1996 and 2013 including the number of competitors, the intensity of the competition, and characteristics of a college's primary competitors. For example, on average, a college has Score Send overlap with 736 other institutions and their primary competitors are located 104 miles away and have 34.2% Score Send overlap. All of the documented measures of competition vary greatly by institution type but do not change dramatically over the time period examined.
DNA Methylation as a Therapeutic Target in Hematologic Disorders: Recent Results in Older Patients with Myelodysplasia and Acute Myeloid Leukemia

DNA methylation provides a major epigenetic code (besides histone modification) of the lineage- and developmentspecific genes (such as regulators of differentiation in the hematopoietic lineages) that control expression of normal cells. However, DNA methylation is also involved in malignancies because aberrant methylating gene activity occurs during leukemic transformation.Thus, genes such as tumor suppressor genes, growth-regulatory genes, and adhesion molecules are often silenced in various hematopoietic malignancies by epigenetic inactivation via DNA hypermethylation. This inactivation is frequently seen not only in transformed cell lines but also in primary leukemia cells. Because this defect is amenable to reversion by pharmacologic means, agents that inhibit DNA methylation have been developed to specifically target this hypermethylation defect in leukemia and preleukemia cases. The most clinically advanced agents, the azanucleosides 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (decitabine), were discovered more than 25 years ago, when their methylation-inhibitory activities, even at low concentrations, became apparent.Although both of these agents, like cytarabine, had been clinically used until then at high doses, the redevelopment of these agents for low-dose schedules has revealed very interesting clinical activities for treating myelodysplasia (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Because these diseases occur mostly in patients over 60 years of age, low-dose schedules with these compounds provide a very promising approach in such patient groups by virtue of their low nonhematologic toxicity profiles. In the present review, we describe the development of treatments that target DNA hypermethylation in MDS and AML, and clinical results are presented. In addition, pharmacologic DNA demethylation may be viewed as a platform for biological modification of malignant cells to become sensitized (or resensitized) to secondary signals, such as differentiating signals (retinoids, vitamin D3) and hormonal signals (eg, estrogen receptor in breast cancer cells, androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells). Finally, an in vitro synergism between the reactivating potency of demethylating agents and inhibitors of histone deacetylation has been tested in several pilot studies of AML and MDS treatment. Finally, gene reactivation by either group of compounds results in therapeutically meaningful reactivation of fetal hemoglobin in patients with severe hemoglobinopathies, extending the therapeutic range of derepressive epigenetic agents to nonmalignant hematopoietic disorders.