Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of strain localisation in the lithosphere

This thesis examines the development of shear-zone localisation in the continental lithosphere. I use non-Newtonian, viscous models to examine the controls on strain localisation with depth and on the development of horizontal shear-zones in regions away from strength contrasts. I show how the vertical extent of strain localisation is principally controlled by lithology and geothermal gradient, and how the horizontal extent of localisation is a consequence of strain-weakening and the geometry of strength contrasts. I explore how strain localisation develops from an initial isolated weak inclusion. The progress of strain localisation follows a power-law growth that is strongly non-linear. When applied to the rheological laws for common lithospheric minerals, the temperature and stress-dependence provide a direct means of predicting the depth below which localisation does not occur. I apply the calculations to four major continental strike-slip zones and find observations from seismic data agree with the calculations. Localisation to the base of the lithosphere is not supported by the calculations or the geophysical data. I use a model configured to resemble the India-Asia convergence that includes an isolated weak region within the Tibetan Plateau area and, in selected experiments,strong regions representing the Tarim and Sichuan Basins. I rotate a strong India region into a weaker Asia and observe the evolving strain. Shear zones develop adjacent and propagate outwards from the weak region. Where the Basins are present then high strain- rate zones develop adjacent to them and the overall distribution of strain within the model is altered. A high strain-weakening component enables shear-zones to localise. Micro-plate models assume the pre-existence of such high strain regions but I show how a continuum model can initiate and grow localised deformation within a region of generally diffuse deformation.
Cultured Ito cells of rat liver express the α2‐macroglobulin gene

Ito cells were isolated from rat liver and kept in culture for up to 13 days. The capability of the Ito cells to synthesize a2-macroglobulin was analyzed at different times after isolation and by pulse-chase experiments. Newly synthesized a2-macroglobulin was determined by immunoprecipitation followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/ polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. a2-Macroglobulin synthesis was hardly detectable in Ito cells and their media 3 days after plating. However, 5 - 11 days after the isolation of the cells, increasing amounts of a2-macroglobulin were synthesized. The results of pulse-chase experiments performed on day 7 showed that radioactively labeled a2-macroglobulin decreased in the intracellular compartment and increased in the culture medium. a2-Macroglobulin was identified by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing and non-reducing conditions. Furthermore, when unlabeled a2-macroglobulin was added during the immunoprecipitation, a competition was observed. Incubation of pancreatic elastase with culture medium of rat Ito cells or rat hepatocytes led to the same cleavage products as found with a2-macroglobulin. a2-Macroglobulin-specific mRNA could be demonstrated by Northern blot analysis of total RNA extracted from rat Ito cells. Under the conditions where a2-macroglobulin was synthesized in Ito cells, no synthesis of al-macroglobulin, al-inhibitor 3, a,-proteinase inhibitor, al-acid glycoprotein, al-acute-phase globulin (T-kininogen) and albumin could be demonstrated. It is concluded that a2-macroglobulin is a true secretory protein of rat Ito cells in culture. This could be of importance for collagen metabolism in liver diseases. Ito cells of the liver (fat-storing cells, lipocytes, stellate cells) are located in the perisinusoidal space underneath the endothelial cells and in tight contact with hepatocytes. In the rat they represent 8 - 13% of the non-parenchymal cells [l,
THE UPTAKE OF UREA BY MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON 1

Half‐saturation constants for urea uptake by 4 clones of neritic diatoms capable of utilizing urea were determined from short‐term uptake studies with 15N‐labeled urea. K8 values obtained were similar to those determined, earlier for ammonium, and since ammonium and urea concentrations are similar in the marine environment, it was concluded that these species are capable of utilizing ecologically significant concentrations of urea. Two of 3 species unable to grow on urea showed patterns of short‐term uptake not unlike those of species capable of utilizing urea, which implies that, their assimilatory rather than uptake processes are defective with, regard to urea utilization. The third species initially took 15N (supplied as urea) into the cells but subsequently released it back into the medium.
Activity patterns in moose and roe deer in a north boreal forest

The activity patterns of a coarse browser, the moose. Alces alces, and a selective browser, the roe deer, Capreolus capreolus. in a north boreal forest, central Sweden, were compared with respect to time allocated for foraging and processing (ruminating) in different seasons. Data were quantified by measuring 24 h activity patterns which included both the duration and frequency of active and inactive periods. Activity patterns were measured from 9 female moose and 9 roe deer that were radiomarked during April 1974–May 1978 (roe deer) and February 1982–December 1984 (moose). In total, data were available from 4345 h for roe deer and 14745 h for moose. Roe deer differed from moose in having active bouts more evenly distributed over the day. Generally, both species were most active during sunrise and sunset. Total daily active time varied with season, reaching the highest value in late May – early June among roe deer (56.7% of the day) and a month later among moose (51.9%). Both species were least active in February (30–40%). Average length of active bouts did not differ significantly between the species but changed with season (roe deer 48.6–99.2 min, moose 61.6–88.7 min). Average length of inactive bouts varied significantly with season, with moose having consistently longer bouts (89.3–156.3 min) than roe deer (55.8–107.0 min). The number of activity bouts per day were also higher among roe deer. During midsummer, they changed activity nearly twice as many times as moose (26 times d−1 vs 16 times d−1).
Inferring Relative Activity between Pathway and Downstream Genes to Classify Melanoma Cancer Progression

I.J., J.L. , C.C. and D.K. designed the methods and experimental setup; I.J. and J.L. of pathways, and this can be attributed to loss of expressiocarried out the implementation of the various methods; I.J. wrote the manuscript under J.L. , C.C. and D.K. ; All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
REVIEW: The detection of aquatic animal species using environmental DNA – a review of eDNA as a survey tool in ecology

Summary 1. Knowledge of species distribution is critical to ecological management and conservation biology. Effective management requires the detection of populations, which can sometimes be at low densities and is usually based on visual detection and counting. 2. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the detection of short species-specific environmental DNA (eDNA) fragments to allow aquatic species monitoring within different environments due to the potential of greater sensitivity over traditional survey methods which can be time-consuming and costly. 3. Environmental DNA analysis is increasingly being used in the detection of rare or invasive species and has also been applied to eDNA persistence studies and estimations of species biomass and distribution. When combined with next-generation sequencing methods, it has been demonstrated that entire faunas can be identified. 4. Different environments require different sampling methodologies, but there remain areas where laboratory methodologies could be standardized to allow results to be compared across studies. 5. Synthesis and applications. We review recently published studies that use eDNA to monitor aquatic populations, discuss the methodologies used and the application of eDNA analysis as a survey tool in ecology. We include innovative ideas for how eDNA can be used for conservation and management citing test cases, for instance, the potential for on-site analyses, including the application of eDNA analysis to carbon nanotube platforms or laser transmission spectroscopy to facilitate rapid on-site detections. The use of eDNA monitoring is already being adopted in the UK for ecological surveys.
Isolation and immunochemical characterization of the alcohol-extractable proteins (kafirins) of sorghum-bicolor (l) moench

The differential extractabilities of kafirins were exploited in purifying α-, β- and γ- kafirins. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against them. Immunoblotting showed no cross reactivity between the three kafirins. Nitrogen analysis, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), immunoblotting and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to demonstrate the qualitative and quantitative differences between kafirins and cross-linked kafirins. ELISA indicated that increased extractability of β- and γ-kafirins was responsible for the increase in the total kafirin extracted when a reducing agent was added to aqueous t-butanol. All three kafirin antibodies reacted with specific prolamins from other tropical millets and cereals suggesting homologies amongst the prolamins contained within them.
Forager polymorphism, size‐matching, and load delivery in the leaf‐cutting ant, Atta cephalotes

Abstract. 1 This study examined the importance of forager polymorphism and division of labour among foragers of different size for the economics of load delivery in a leaf‐cutting ant, Atta cephalotes (L.). I collected A.cephalotes foragers coming down trees carrying leaf fragments to evaluate the degree of match between forager mass and the density (mass per unit area) of leaves being cut, and to quantify how this match affects whether the mass of leaf fragments cut by the ants are within the range which maximizes the rate and efficiency of load delivery. 2 Foragers ranged 23‐fold in mass (1.4–32.1 mg). On average, larger workers cut at denser leaf sources. Leaf fragment area increased with ant mass, but relative area (fragment area/ant mass) decreased with ant mass. The density of a leaf type had little or no effect on the area cut by ants of a given size. As a result, ants of a given mass cut heavier fragments from the denser leaves. The effect of leaf density, however, was partly counteracted at the colony level by recruitment of larger ants, which cut smaller area fragments relative to their body mass, to cut at denser leaf sources. 3 Despite a fairly high variance in the relationship between ant mass and fragment mass, overall 87% of the laden ants (74–100% for different trees) carried leaf fragments in the 1.5–6 times body mass range. Earlier studies indicate that loads in this range yield the highest biomass transport rate and transport efficiency. Thus, the variance falls within bounds such that it has little effect on load transport efficiency. Having a broad range in optimal load mass may be considered an adaptation to the expected variability in load masses. 4 If there were no correlation between ant mass and leaf density, mismatches between ant mass and load mass would be more common than observed. Thus, size‐matching of larger workers to cut denser leaves increases the rate and ergonomic efficiency of load delivery.
Habitat use, size and age structure in sympatric brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) stocks: resistance of populations to change following harvest

Abstract– Habitat use and population dynamics in brown trout Salmo trutta and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus were studied in an oligotrophic lake over a period of 10 years. Previous studies showed that the species segregated by habitat during summer. While brown trout occupied the surface water down to a depth of 10 m, Arctic charr were found deeper with a maximum occurrence at depth 10–15 m. Following the removal of a large number of intermediate sized fish in 1988–89, habitat segregation between the species broke down and Arctic charr were found in upper waters, while brown trout descended to deeper waters. The following year, both species were most frequently found in surface waters at depths of 0–5 m. During the last four years, the species reestablished their original habitat segregation despite another removal experiment of intermediate-sized fish in 1992–1994. The removal of fish resulted in an increased proportion of large (≥ 25 cm) fish in both species. Furthermore, the charr stock responded by reduced abundance and increased size-at-age. The results revealed plasticity and strong resistance to harvest populations of brown trout and Arctic charr. This is probably due to internal mechanisms of intraspecific competition within each population, which result in differential mortality among size classes.
PENGARUH ASIMETRI DARI PERBEDAAN MARKET DAN BOOK LEVERAGE TERHADAP BOOK LEVERAGE

ABSTRACT This article examines the impact of market leverage and book leverage spread to the adjustment of book leverage. A sample of 352 listed companies in Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) over the period, 2000 to 20017 is used. The article applies the partial adjustment model to capture changes from book leverage. GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) is used as regression method to estimate the parameter. According to Welch (2004), companies will not take any action as a response to the spread of market leverage and book leverage which was caused by a fluctuation of stock price. In contrast, this article shows that the spread of market leverage and book leverage has an asymmetrical impact to the adjustment of book leverage. When market leverage decreases until it falls under the book leverage, there will be adjustment for the book leverage. The results are consistent with Ferris et al. (2018), who stated that the spread of market leverage and book leverage is caused by firm’s future growth opportunities that will decrease the market leverage. Because that situation has not been captured in the book leverage, Ferris et al. (2018) said that the adjustment for book leverage is needed. But in the other hand, there will not be any adjustment needed when market leverage increases. Keywords; Book Leverage, GMM, Market Leverage, Struktur Modal ABSTRAK Artikel ini meneliti mengenai pengaruh dari perbedaan antara market leverage dan book leverage terhadap penyesuaian book leverage . Data yang digunakan adalah data perusahaan yang tercatat dalam Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) pada periode tahun 2000 sampai tahun 2017 dengan jumlah sampel perusahaan sebesar 352 perusahaan. Artikel ini menggunakan model regresi penyesuaian parsial ( partial adjustment model ) untuk menangkap perubahan dari book leverage . Metode regresi yang digunakan adalah GMM ( Generalized Method of Moments ) untuk mengestimasi parameter. Menurut Welch (2004), perusahaan tidak akan turun tangan untuk menanggapi perbedaan antara market leverage dan book leverage sebagai dampak dari perubahan harga saham. Namun hasil pengolahan data dalam artikel menunjukkan hal yang berbeda yaitu perbedaan antara market leverage dan book leverage memiliki pengaruh yang asimetri terhadap penyesuaian book leverage oleh perusahaan. Dalam keadaaan market leverage yang menurun hingga lebih kecil dibandingkan book leverage akan dilakukan penyesuaian pada book leverage . Hasil penelitian ini konsisten dengan Ferris et al. (2018) yang mengatakan bahwa perbedaan antara market leverage dan book leverage terjadi akibat adanya kesempatan perusahaan untuk bertumbuh di masa depan yang akan menurunkan market leverage namun tidak tertangkap dalam book leverage sehingga perlu dilakukan penyesuaian terhadap book leverage tersebut. Namun dalam keadaan sebaliknya, tidak ada perubahan yang terjadi saat market leverage memiliki peningkatan. Kata Kunci; Book Leverage, GMM, Market Leverage, Struktur Modal.
Cross entropy as objective function for music generative models

The election of the function to optimize when training a machine learning model is very important since this is which lets the model learn. It is not trivial since there are many options, each for different purposes. In the case of sequence generation of text, cross entropy is a common option because of its capability to quantify the predictive behavior of the model. In this paper, we test the validity of cross entropy for a music generator model with an experiment that aims to correlate improvements in the loss value with the reduction of randomness and the ability to keep consistent melodies. We also analyze the relationship between these two aspects which respectively relate to short and long term memory and how they behave and are learned differently.
On the Significance of Consecutive Ballots in Paxos

In this paper we examine the Paxos protocol and demonstrate how the discrete numbering of ballots can be leveraged to weaken the conditions for learning. Specifically, we define the notion of consecutive ballots and use this to define Consecutive Quorums. Consecutive Quorums weakens the learning criterion such that a learner does not need matching $accept$ messages sent in the $same \; ballot$ from a majority of acceptors to learn a value. We prove that this modification preserves the original safety and liveness guarantees of Paxos. We define $Consecutive \; Paxos$ which encapsulates the properties of discrete consecutive ballots. To establish the correctness of these results, we, in addition to a paper proof, formally verify the correctness of a State Machine Replication Library built on top of an optimized version of Multi-Paxos modified to reflect $Consecutive \; Paxos$.
Genetic diversity in durum wheat based on RFLPs, morphophysiological traits, and coefficient of parentage

Estimation of genetic diversity present in gene pools is an important determination for breeding programs. This study was conducted to determine the level of variation in durum wheat cultivars (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) based on different measures. Genetic diversity in durum wheat was measured in a collection of 113 improved cultivars and landraces of diverse ecogeographical origin by means of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), morphophysiological traits, and coefficient of parentage (COP). Thirty-nine clones and a single restriction enzyme were used to measure the RFLP-based genetic distance. Average taxonomic distances were calculated for the morphophysiological traits evaluated in four location-years. Lower genetic distances were observed for both RFLP and morphophysiological traits for the improved cultivars and for some landraces from Morocco and Jordan, while genetic distances were larger for the rest of the landraces. Patterns of variation for morphophysiological traits were associated with days to heading, plant height, and harvest index. Landraces contained 99% of the total fragments observed in the pool of improved varieties and showed 13% unique fragments. Coefficient of parentage analysis revealed 15 ancestral lines that contributed 72% of the genetic make up of improved cultivars. Thirty-nine different ancestors contributed to the remaining 28%. Correlation of distances based on different measures was higher for average taxonomic distance and Nei's genetic distance (r = 0.47) while COP relationship with the other two measures was lower. Narrower genetic diversity in breeding lines based on the measures used, suggests the utilization of other sources of variation.
Relative importance of convective uncertainties in massive stars

In this work, we investigate the impact of uncertainties due to convective boundary mixing (CBM), commonly called ‘overshoot’, namely the boundary location and the amount of mixing at the convective boundary, on stellar structure and evolution. For this we calculated two grids of stellar evolution models with the MESA code, each with the Ledoux and the Schwarzschild boundary criterion, and vary the amount of CBM. We calculate each grid with the initial masses of 15, 20, and $25\, \rm {M}_\odot$. We present the stellar structure of the models during the hydrogen and helium burning phases. In the latter, we examine the impact on the nucleosynthesis. We find a broadening of the main sequence with more CBM, which is more in agreement with observations. Furthermore, during the core hydrogen burning phase there is a convergence of the convective boundary location due to CBM. The uncertainties of the intermediate convective zone remove this convergence. The behaviour of this convective zone strongly affects the surface evolution of the model, i.e. how fast it evolves redwards. The amount of CBM impacts the size of the convective cores and the nucleosynthesis, e.g. the 12C to 16O ratio and the weak s-process. Lastly, we determine the uncertainty that the range of parameter values investigated introduces and we find differences of up to $70{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ for the core masses and the total mass of the star.
Morphological evolution of Ceratophryinae (Anura, Neobatrachia)

Body form is one of the major consequences of development, and diversification of body shapes implies developmental changes among species. In anurans, changes in the timing of developmental events or heterochrony, have been emphasized as a source of variation in the patterns of development that has lead to diverse morphology. Herein, different approaches are used to explore morphological traits in members of the Ceratophryinae (Anura: Leptodactylidae), a group of frogs with some features produced by overdevelopment. Cladistic analyses were conducted in order to distinguish the shared history of Ceratophrys, Chacophrys and Lepidobatrachus and other anurans. From these studies, morphological variation of selected skeletal features in ceratophryines reveals the presence of ancient structures, which have been considered lost in the neobatrachian phylogeny, integrated in particular designs. Thin-plate spline morphometric analyses of skull shapes among ceratophryines describe Lepidobatrachus as the most distinctive shape. Moreover, thin-plate spline morphometric analyses among anurans show divergent skull shapes between ceratophryines and other anurans, reflecting that the skull shapes of ceratophryines are a result of peramorphosis (increase of developmental rates). This study represents the first detailed examination of the role of peramorphosis in a clade of anurans. Resumen Numerosos estudios han enfatizado la importancia en la generacion de novedades de aquellas heterocronias que implican paedomorfosis en los anuros. En este trabajo se analiza la variacion morfologica en Chacophrys, Ceratophrys y Lepidobatrachus, generos que se reunen en la sufamilia Ceratophryinae de Leptodactylidae. Estos presentan rasgos particulares que reflejan tasas de desarrollo incrementado y ofrecen la posibilidad de explorar su variacion a nivel intergenerico. La monofilia de los Ceratophryinos es soportada en el analisis de caracteres morfologicos. A diferencia de otros anuros, donde los rasgos caracteristicos son resultado de ausencias o reducciones, en la morfologia de los ceratophryinos aparecen todos los rasgos observados en la variacion intraordinal, algunos de los cuales se encuentran exageradamente desarrollados y/o representan reapariciones de caracteres que se consideraban perdidos entre los neobatracios. La forma de la cabeza, que tambien refleja un patron de peramorfosis, es otra caracteristica distintiva que presentan estos anuros. Representa la integracion del conjunto de variacion cuantitativa que ocurre a nivel de los distintos elementos craneales y tiene en comun el acortamiento del craneo y un alargamiento concomitante de las mandibulas. Este estudio evidencia el papel de la peramorfosis en la evolucion morfologica de un clado monofiletico de anuros.