Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neural Mechanism of Altered Limb Perceptions Caused by Temporal Sensorimotor Incongruence

Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with strokes or pathological pain suffer distorted limb ownership and an inability to perceive their affected limbs as a part of their bodies. These disturbances are apparent in experiments showing time delays between motor commands and visual feedback. The experimental paradigm manipulating temporal delay is considered possible to clarify, in detail, the degree of altered limb perception, peculiarity and movement disorders that are caused by temporal sensorimotor incongruence. However, the neural mechanisms of these body perceptions, peculiarity and motor control remain unknown. In this experiment, we used exact low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA) with independent component analysis (ICA) to clarify the neural mechanisms of altered limb perceptions caused by temporal sensorimotor incongruence. Seventeen healthy participants were recruited, and temporal sensorimotor incongruence was systematically evoked using a visual feedback delay system. Participants periodically extended their right wrists while viewing video images of their hands that were delayed by 0, 150, 250, 350 and 600 ms. To investigate neural mechanisms, altered limb perceptions were then rated using the 7-point Likert scale and brain activities were concomitantly examined with electroencephalographic (EEG) analyses using eLORETA-ICA. These experiments revealed that peculiarities are caused prior to perceptions of limb loss and heaviness. Moreover, we show that supplementary motor and parietal association areas are involved in changes of peculiarity, limb loss, heaviness and movement accuracy due to temporal sensorimotor incongruence. We suggest that abnormalities in these areas contribute to neural mechanisms that modify altered limb perceptions and movement accuracy.
Work-in-Progress: Design Concept of a Lightweight Runtime Environment for Robot Software Components Onto Embedded Devices

Although ROS (Robotic Operating System) has attracted attention to enhance the productivity of robot software development, it is necessary to adopt the device with high function and large power consumption enough to install Linux. This paper designs a lightweight runtime environment of ROS nodes onto mid-range embedded devices. Our environment, that is named to mROS, consists of a real-time OS and TCP/IP protocol stack to provide a tiny ROS communication library. mROS provides the connectivity to host and other ROS nodes with the native ROS network protocol. One of advantages for mROS is that native ROS nodes can be ported from Linux-based systems to RTOS-based systems since APIs with the same name of native ROS can be used in the embedded program. Experimental results validate that the performance requirement of mROS can be achieved for the construction of distributed robot systems.
A Review on the Synthesis and Bioactivity Aspects of Beauvericin, a Fusarium Mycotoxin

Beauvericin (BEA) is an emerging Fusarium mycotoxin that contaminates food and feeds globally. BEA biosynthesis is rapidly catalyzed by BEA synthetase through a nonribosomal, thiol-templated mechanism. This mycotoxin has cytotoxicity and is capable of increasing oxidative stress to induce cell apoptosis. Recently, large evidence further shows that this mycotoxin has a variety of biological activities and is being considered a potential candidate for medicinal and pesticide research. It is noteworthy that BEA is a potential anticancer agent since it can increase the intracellular Ca2+ levels and induce the cancer cell death through oxidative stress and apoptosis. BEA has exhibited effective antibacterial activities against both pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Importantly, BEA exhibits an effective capacity to inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 integrase. Moreover, BEA can simultaneously target drug resistance and morphogenesis which provides a promising strategy to combat life-threatening fungal infections. Thus, in this review, the synthesis and the biological activities of BEA, as well as, the underlying mechanisms, are fully analyzed. The risk assessment of BEA in food and feed are also discussed. We hope this review will help to further understand the biological activities of BEA and cast some new light on drug discovery.
The Effect of Shiga Toxin Binding to Globotriaosylceramide in Rafts of Human Kidney Cells and Burkitt's Lymphoma Ramos Cells

Shiga toxin, an enterotoxin produced from Shigella dysenteriae serotype and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli binds specifically to globotriaosylceramide, Gb3, on the cell surface and causes cell death. Stx is shown to induce apoptosis in several cell lines, including human renal tubular cell line ACHN and Burkitt's lymphoma Ramos cells. In order to study the early signal transduction after Stx addition, Gb3-enriched microdomains were prepared from these cells by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of Triton X-100 lysate as buoyant, detergent-insoluble microdomain, rafts. Gb3 was only recovered in rafts and associated with Src family kinase Yes or Lyn. Tyrosine residues of raft proteins were hyperphosphorylated in 10min and turned to resting level in 30min after Stx addition. Yes was thought to be responsible for hyperphosphorylation observed in raft proteins, because Yes activity increased in 3-10min after Stx addition. Unexpectedly, however, all of the Yes activity was obtained in high-density, detergent-soluble fraction, but not in rafts. Stx was known to be internalized as complex with Gb3 via retrograde endocytosis. Therefore, Yes was also thought to enter into intracellular space with Stx/Gb3 complex, where Yes was activated and increased solubility for Triton X-100. Since Stx B subunit could alone induce Yes activation, the binding of Stx to Gb3 might cause temporal activation of Yes in DS in the process of apoptosis.
WORKING PAPER SERIES No . 13 / 2005 PROTECTED AREAS , WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND LOCAL WELFARE

The establishment and expansion of protected areas in Africa have been motivated by the aspiration of increased wildlife abundance. During the past decades, however, this practise has been subject to a massive debate. While some claim that protected areas have failed in preserving African wildlife, others claim that existing protected areas are successful. This paper adds to this debate by presenting a bio-economic analysis of protected area expansion. The model considers a hunter-agrarian community located on the border of a protected area. An expansion of the protected area means less land for agricultural cultivation and hunting. Depending on the economic conditions in these activities, it is demonstrated that protected area expansion may reduce the degree of wildlife conservation. In addition, it may reduce the welfare of the local people.
A Northbound Interface for Software-based Networks

The current shift from traditional network architectures to software-based solutions is offering new opportunities to allow network functionality to be managed in a flexible way. Substantial efforts have been invested in the recent years in the development of new network management approaches taking advantage of emerging paradigms such as software-defined networking and network function virtualization. Until now however there has not been much progress in the development of a northbound interface (NBI) linking high-level requirements (HLRs) capturing business objectives to management operations. This is a crucial functionality to facilitate faster service deployment and realization of business objectives. In this paper we extend the efforts towards the development of a NBI and propose a novel approach for the automatic decomposition of HLRs to network management operations. We demonstrate its functionality based on representative use cases and evaluate its feasibility through prototype implementation. The results obtained show that our solution can translate new technical requirements to network configurations in the order of a few seconds, thus enabling the management of network functionality and services in short timescales.
Isolation and molecular identification of yeast strains from “Rabilé” a starter of local fermented drink

“ Rabile ” is dried yeast harvested from Sorghum beer, used as a traditional starter culture but more especially as ingredient in sauce and food cooking in Burkina Faso. The present study aimed to isolate and identify indigenous yeast flora of “ Rabile ”. Standard microbiological process was carried out to value and isolate yeast in different samples of “Rabile” coming from four localities of Burkina Faso. Phenotypical method and molecular method (PCR and RFLP) were used for yeast strains characterization and identification. The results showed that yeast counts ranged from 9.49 to 10.35 log cfu/g of “ Rabile ”. A total of twenty yeast strains were isolated. Based on phenotypical characters three genera were detected: Candida (40%), Saccharomyces (35%) and Rhodotorula (25%). Molecular identification revealed two specific strains among yeasts isolated as S. cerevisiae with a frequency of 35% and R. mucilaginosa with a frequency of 25%. This data highlights the diversity of indigenous yeast flora of “ Rabile ”. Key words: Rabile , yeast, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), traditional starter culture.
ON COMLETE SHRINKING RICCI-HARMONIC SOLITONS

In this paper, we study the geometry of shrinking Ricci-harmonic solitons. By utilizing the method of Manola, Gabriele and Carlo [ 4 ] under the Ricci soliton, we prove the result that every compact shrinking Ricci-harmonic soliton is a gradient one, which extends the result in the case of Ricci solition. Moreover, by utilizing the method of Zhang [ 14 ], we prove a more precise volume growth estimate than that of at most Euclidean growth for the complete non-compact gradient shrinking Ricci-harmonic soliton, which extends the result of Zhang [ 14 ] in the case of Ricci solition.
Equatorial inertial-parametric instability of zonally symmetric oscillating shear flows

This study revisits the problem of the zonally symmetric instability on the equatorial $\beta$-plane. Rather than treating the classical problem of a steady basic flow, it treats a sequence of problems of increasing complexity in which the basic flow is oscillatory in time with a frequency $\omega_0$. First, for the case of a homogeneous fluid, a time-oscillating barotropic shear forcing may excite a subharmonic parametric resonance of inertial oscillations. Because of the continuous distribution of inertial oscillation frequencies, this resonance occurs at critical inertial latitudes $y_c$ such that $\beta y_c {=}{\pm} {\omega_0}/2$. Next the effects of stratification, characterized by Brunt–Väisälä frequency $N$, are taken into account. It is shown analytically (in the asymptotic limit of a weak shear) that the forced temporal oscillation leads to an inertial-parametric instability, when a resonance condition between the basic flow frequency and the sum of two inertio-gravity free-mode frequencies is met. This inertial-parametric instability has a well-defined inviscid vertical scale selection favouring the high-vertical mode $m_c{\sim}7. 45m_0$, where $m_0{=}{\beta N}/{\omega_0^2}$ is the equatorial vertical mode characteristic of frequency $\omega_0$. The viscous critical shear of inertial-parametric instability is lower than the steady inertial instability one. Finally, this type of setting naturally arises when the basic flow is considered to be an equatorial wave, so the problem is recast with the nonlinear adjustment of the vertically sinusoidal basic state of a zonally symmetric mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) wave. Initial-value numerical simulations show that the same inertial-parametric instability exists leading to a resonant subharmonic excitation of free modes with vertical scales 7 and 8 times smaller than the basic-state wave. A simplified dynamical model of the instability is introduced, demonstrating that the oscillatory nature of the shear with height for the MRG wave necessarily implies a resonance between distinct vertical modes, the most unstable ones being modes 7 and 8 for a large enough Froude number of the MRG wave. The nonlinear action of the instability is described in terms of angular momentum and potential vorticity changes: a significant mixing due to the breaking of the excited high vertical modes creates a vertically averaged westward flow at the equator and extra-equatorial eastward flows. The ideas exposed may play a part in explaining layering phenomena and the latitudinal structure of the zonal flow in the equatorial oceans below the thermocline.
Some results in the theory of quasigroups

Introduction. The concept of isotopy, recently introduced(') by A. A. Albert in connection with the theory of linear non-associative algebras, appears to have its value in the theory of quasigroups. Conversely, the author has been able to use quasigroups(2) in the study of linear non-associative algebras. The present paper is primarily intended as an illustration of the usefulness of isotopy in quasigroup-theory and as groundwork for a later paper on algebras, but is bounded by neither of these aspects. The first two sections are devoted to the basic definitions of quasigroup and isotopy, along with some elementary remarks and two fundamental theorems due to Albert. Then there is initiated a study of special types of quasigroup, beginning with quasigroups with the inverse property (I. P. quasigroups). A system Q of elements a, b, * * * is called an I. P. quasigroup if it possesses a single-valued binary operation ab and there exist two one-to-one reversible mappings L and R of Q on itself such that
The Role of Environmental and Spatial Factors on the Fauna of Ephemeroptera ( Insecta ) in Atlantic Forest Streams

Ephemeroptera of 23 streams were sampled in order to evaluate the influence of environmental and spatial factors on the fauna. A multiple partial regression to abundance and richness and a partial Redundancy Analyses to composition were used with the aim to partition the specific effects of the environment and space. The spatial variables were obtained using the PCNM method considering both, the distance through the overland matrix and along the lotic environment. Considering respectively overland and aquatic distances, the environment explained 11.4% and a not significant portion of abundance, the environment undistinguishable from space explained 20.8% and 31.7% and the space 27.5 % and 31.7%. The richness, independent of type of distance matrix used, were not explained by any of the components. On the other hand, the environmental factors explained 19.5% and 12.6% of composition based on abundance, and 17.1% and 11.6% based on incidence, considering respectively overland and aquatic distances, in both cases the space did not significant. Our results suggest that to Ephemeroptera: 1) the size of stream can be a good predictor of total abundance, but it not true for richness; 2) the fauna fits the Species Sorting metacommunity model and the dispersion is sufficient to maintain the possibillity of taxa arrive at different streams, in which the establishment it is determined by combination of local factors.
We define a generalized state-space model with interactive unawareness and probabilistic beliefs . Such models are desirable for potential applications of asymmetric unawareness

We define a generalized state-space model with interactive unawareness and probabilistic beliefs. Such models are desirable for potential applications of asymmetric unawareness. Applying our unawareness belief structures, we show that the common prior assumption is too weak to rule out speculative trade in all states. Yet, we prove a generalized “No-speculative-trade” theorem according to which there can not be common certainty of strict preference to trade. Moreover, we prove a generalization of the “No-agreeing-to-disagree” theorem. Finally, we show the existence of a universal unawareness belief type space.
Climate of the Past Discussions Interactive comment on “ Can we predict the duration of an interglacial ? ” by P . C . Tzedakis

The study is a survey of the latest 9 interglacial periods. The question being addressed is whether their durations obey simple rules involving, for example, specific measures of insolation such as summer solstice insolation or a quantity termed ‘Summer Energy’ (commented on later in this review). The authors observe that the timing of the beginning of an interglacial is related to the phase of the obliquity signal. By contrast, the timing of the end of an interglacial cannot be predicted empirically. The authors, however, observe a few rules. Opposite trends in precession and obliquity tend to cause long interglacials, spanning two precession cycles; early peaks in CO2 and Antarctic C528
Structural and hydraulic properties of a small fault zone in a layered reservoir

This paper focuses on a small fault zone (too small to be detected by geophysical imaging) affecting a carbonate reservoir composed of porous and low-porous layers. In a gallery located at 250-m depth in the Underground Low Noise Laboratory, hydraulic properties of a 20-m thick section of the reservoir affected by the studied fault are characterized by structural measurements and by a hydraulic injection in boreholes. Main result is that the damage zone displays contrasted permeability values (up to two orders of magnitude) inherited from the differential alteration of the intact rock layers. To characterize the impact of these hydraulic properties variations on the flow of fluids, numerical simulations of supercritical CO 2 injections were performed with the TOUGH2 code. It appears, the permeability variations inside the fault zone favor the appearance of high fluid overpressure located in the layers having the highest permeability and storativity.
Siolic Acid on the Surface of Photoreceptors and Pigment Epithelium in RCS Rots

surgically excised preretinal membrane proliferations in diabetes mellitus. Am J Ophthalmol 94:473, 1982. 6. Simionescu M, Simionescu N, and Palade GE: Preferential distribution of anionic sites on the basement membrane and the abluminal aspect of the endothelium in fenestrated capillaries. J Cell Biol 95:425, 1982. 7. Bar-Sella P, Front D, Hardoff R, Peyser E, Borovich B, and Nir I: Ultrastructural basis for different pertechnetate uptake patterns by various human brain tumours. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 42:924, 1979. 8. Townes-Anderson E and Raviola G: The formation and distribution of intercellular junctions in the rhesus monkey optic cup: The early development of the cilio-iridic and sensory retinas. Dev Biol 85:209, 1981. 9. Fawcett DW: The Cell, second edition. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1981, p. 146. 10. Townes-Anderson E and Raviola G: Morphology and permeability of blood vessels in the prenatal rhesus monkey eye: How plasma components diffuse into the intraocular fluids during development. Exp Eye Res 35:203, 1982.
Vibration effect on the anthropo-technical systems reliability

Man operates many different types of technical objects (one of which are motor vehicles). In most cases, these are anthropo-technical systems (A-T S) taking into account the essential components of the process of exploitation: man – the operator, the technical object – hardware and software, and the environment - external and internal. One of the important features of exploitation is reliability. It is specified method for assessing the reliability of the system A-T S. Many factors determine reliability. Selecting necessary to take into account factors was possible after analyzing literature and environmental monitoring and a set of representative factors make the man (behavior), the system (ready to use) and threats (vibration, sun, water, etc.). Given the above, indicators have been developed (probability) for the identification of system reliability. In the next planned to use these indicators in the research of the real environmental conditions. The authors engaged in this topic, because in the literature found no studies which take into account so many variables.
Nutrient Metabolism Extent of Hypophagia Caused by Propionate Infusion Is Related to Plasma Glucose Concentration in Lactating Dairy Cows 1 , 2

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate how dose-response effects of intraruminal infusion of propionate on feeding behavior and plasma metabolites are altered by diets differing in fermentability. Twelve ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were used in each experiment. Cows were fed diets containing either steam flaked corn or dry cracked corn (30% of dietary dry matter) in expt. 1, and diets differing in forage-to-concentrate ratio (66:34 vs. 36:64) in expt. 2. For both experiments, the experimental design was a crossover for dietary treatment, and a 6 6 Latin square for infusion treatment within a diet for each period. Infusion treatments were mixtures of sodium propionate and sodium acetate, containing propionate at 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 as a fraction of total volatile fatty acids infused. Treatment solutions were infused into the rumen continuously for 18 h starting 6 h before feeding at a rate of 23.1 mmol/min. Although propionate production from ruminal fermentation was expected to be different, dietary treatments did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) responses to propionate infusion for either experiment. However, propionate infusion decreased DMI linearly in expt. 1, but did not decrease DMI at lower rates of propionate infusion, which were much more effective at increasing plasma glucose concentration in expt. 2. Propionate had a smaller hypophagic effect at low concentrations of plasma glucose and had a greater hypophagic effect at elevated concentrations of plasma glucose, which could be explained by changes in the metabolism of propionate in the liver. J. Nutr. 133: 1105–1112, 2003.
Interactive comment on “ Spatial patterns in glacier area and elevation changes from 1962 to 2006 in the monsoon-influenced eastern Himalaya ” by A

at the terminus. In spatial domain 2 a series of glaciers just north of Zemu Glacier: Changsang, East Langpo, Jongsang, Middle Lhonak, South Lhonak all terminate in glacial lakes, and some have had rapid retreat during recent decades. Some like Changsang Glacier have seen a recent merging of supra-glacial lakes into a single more appropriately termed pro-glacial terminus lake. Jongsang has a section of terminus that only has supra-glacial lakes. The impact of these lakes on retreat is worth including as a parameter. South and Middle Lhonak in particular have retreated rapidly with lake expansion. The lakes that have developed may have some relict ice cored moraine on their banks, but it is not plausible that the larger lakes indicated by red arrows in Figure 2 are underlain by glacier ice at this point (Figure 1 and 2).