Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms Underlying Socioeconomic Gradients in Language Development: New Answers to Old Questions

Although researchers have studied disparities in early language development related to socioeconomic status (SES), it is unclear how early and through which mechanisms these differences emerge. As income inequality continues to widen across the world, it is crucial to examine the child-level mechanisms that mediate the effects of SES on individual differences in language development. A deeper understanding of the nature of the differences will allow development of more effective intervention techniques. In this article, we discuss work on child-level cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying the relation between SES and early language development. We discuss possible factors behind individual differences in child-level mechanisms and cascading effects of these differences. We conclude with recommendations for research.
Suboptimal care in stillbirths – a retrospective audit study

Background. Stillbirth rates have decreased radically over the last decades. One reason for this is improved perinatal care. The aim of this study was to explore whether sub‐optimal factors in stillbirths were more frequent among non‐western than western women. Methods. Population‐based perinatal audit of 356 stillbirths after gestational week 23, in 2 Norwegian counties during 1998–2003 (4.2 per 1,000 deliveries); of these 31% were born to non‐western women. By audit, the stillbirths were attributed to optimal or sub‐optimal care factors. Multivariate methods were used to analyse the data. Results. Sub‐optimal factors were identified in 37% of the deaths. When compared to western women, non‐western women had an increased risk of stillbirth (OR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.3–3.8), and an increased risk of sub‐optimal care (OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.5–3.9). More often, non‐western women received sub‐optimal obstetric care (p<0.001), as e.g. failure to act on non‐reassuring fetal status or incorrect assessment of labour progression. A common failure in antenatal care for both groups was unidentified or inadequate management of intrauterine growth restriction or decreased fetal movements. Non‐western women were less prone to attend the program for antenatal care or to take the consequences of recommendations from health professionals. Inadequate communication was documented in 47% of non‐western mothers; an interpreter was used in 29% of these cases. Conclusions. Non‐western women constituted a risk group for sub‐optimal care factors in stillbirths. Possibilities for improvements include a reduction of language barriers, better identification and management of growth restriction for both origin groups, and adequate intervention in complicated vaginal births; with increased vigilance towards non‐western women.
Reading and the Mental Lexicon

Part I: Introduction. Models of Lexical Access. Finding an Appropriate Task. Basic Lexical Decision Findings. Part II: Evaluation of Models. Explaining the Frequency Effect. Explaining the Lexical Status Effect. Explaining the Nonword Legality Effect. Explaining the Word Similarity Effect. Explaining Repetition Priming Effect. Explaining the Degradation Effect. Overview of the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Models. Is the Lexical Task Appropriate? Part III: Semantic and Syntactic Influences in Lexical Processing. Effects of Semantic Characteristics of Isolated Words. Effects of Word Class. Beyond the Isolated Word. Tachistoscopic Recognition of Words in Context. Single Word Contexts. Sentence Contexts. Accessing Ambiguous Words. Syntactic Contexts. Conclusion. Part IV: Phonological Recoding. Homophony and Pseudohomophony. Form-priming. Articulatory Suppression. Regularity Effects. Consistency Effects. A Multiple-Levels Model. Pronouncing Nonwords. Overview. Part V: Morphographic Processing. Morphological Decomposition. Syllables. The Interactive-Activation Model Modified. Part VI: Conclusions and Future Directions. Overview. The Use of Simulations. A Distributed Connectionist Model. Processing in Languages other than English.
An ordering model for the commensurate antiphase structure of yoderite

Yoderite is a high-pressure, high-temperature orthosilicate with similarities to both andalusite and kyanite. Its average structure consists of [010] chains of edge-sharing [A(l)Os(OH)] octahedra interconnected by isolated [SiO+] tetrahedra and two edge-sharing trigonal bipyramids of composition [A(2)O+(OH)] and tA(3)O51. Using mean A{O,OH) bond lengths and the results of least-squares site refinements for iron, the structural formula may be written "ilMgAl3l'[MgAl]"[Al.saFe]itlzolorDrtsio4l4. Ordered yoderite has 'e' and 'f satellite reflections analogous to those in plagioclase feldspars and mullite indicating a commensurate antiphase structure with an A-facecentered superlattice of dimensions a x 6b x 2c, where a, b, c are the cell parameters of the average structure. In our model 3Al + lMg are presumed ordered in the edge-sharing A(l) octahedral chains and lAl + lMg in the A(2) trigonal bipyramid which shares an O'. 'OH edge with the A(l) octahedron. Al and Fe3+, which occupy the A(3) teigonal bipyramid in the ratio 516 to 116, may also be ordered. The 6b periodic modulation has conservative antiphase domain boundaries parallel to (010) with a displacement vector of Yz(2c). Disordered yoderite is produced by heating for 10 hours at 800'C, which destroys the modulation and disorders the iron among the A(1), A(2) and A(3) polyhedra, while leaving the mean A-{O,OH) bond lengths essentially unchanged.
Testing LISA drag-free control with the LISA technology package flight experiment

The LISA test masses must be kept fre eo fs tray acceleration noise to within 3 × 10 −15 ms −2 Hz −1/2 in order to obtain the low-frequency gravitational wave sensitivity goal. The LISA technology package (LTP) is a dedicated ESA flight experiment for testing the drag-free control technology that must ensure purity of free fall in the LISA mission. We present here a brief description of the LTP experimental configuration, specific measurements to be performed and the requirements that must be met in order to demonstrate the LTP stray acceleration upper limit goal of 3 × 10 −14 ms −2 Hz −1/2 at 1 mHz.
Serotonergic mechanisms in Parkinson's disease.

Parachlorophenylalanine, a potent and specific depletor of brain serotonin, was administered to six patients with idiopathic parkinsonism. Although cerebrospinal fluid levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the principal metabolite of serotonin, were substantially reduced, no consistent change in cardinal parkinsonian signs was observed. These findings suggest that the alterations in central serotonin metabolism attending Parkinson's disease may reflect a secondary derangement which has no effect on the severity of the extrapyramidal signs characteristic of this disorder.
Adult outcome of hyperactive boys. Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status.

OBJECTIVE The paucity of data concerning the long-term natural history of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a common childhood psychiatric disorder, prompted a longitudinal study to investigate the adult sequelae of the childhood disorder. DESIGN Prospective study, follow-up intervals ranging from 13 to 19 years (mean, 16 years), with blind systematic clinical assessments. SUBJECTS Ninety-one white males (mean age, 26 years), representing 88% of a cohort systematically diagnosed as hyperactive in childhood, and 95 (95%) of comparison cases of similar race, gender, age, whose teachers had voiced no complaints about their school behavior in childhood. RESULTS Probands had significantly higher rates than comparisons of ADHD symptoms (11% vs 1%), antisocial personality disorders (18% vs 2%), and drug abuse disorders (16% vs 4%). Significant comorbidity occurred between antisocial and drug disorders. Educational and occupational achievements were significantly compromised in the probands. These disadvantages were independent of psychiatric status. We did not find increased rates of affective or anxiety disorders in the probands. CONCLUSIONS Childhood ADHD predicts specific adult psychiatric disorders, namely antisocial and drug abuse disorders. In the adolescent outcome of this cohort, we found that these disturbances were dependent on the continuation of ADHD symptoms. In contrast, in adulthood, antisocial and drug disorders appeared, in part, independent of sustained ADHD. In addition, regardless of psychiatric status, ADHD placed children at relative risk for educational and vocational disadvantage. The results do not support a relationship between childhood ADHD and adult mood or anxiety disorders.
The role of the therapeutic alliance in the treatment of substance misuse: a critical review of the literature.

BACKGROUND In the past two decades, a number of studies investigating the role of the therapeutic alliance in drug treatment have been published and it is timely that their findings are brought together in a comprehensive review. AIMS This paper has two principal aims: (1) to assess the degree to which the relationship between drug user and counsellor predicts treatment outcome and (2) to examine critically the evidence on determinants of the quality of the alliance. METHODS Peer-reviewed research located through the literature databases Medline, PsycInfo and Ovid Full Text Mental Health Journals using predefined search-terms and published in the past 20 years is considered. Further papers were identified from the bibliographies of relevant publications. FINDINGS A key finding is that the early therapeutic alliance appears to be a consistent predictor of engagement and retention in drug treatment. With regard to other treatment outcomes, the early alliance appears to influence early improvements during treatment, but it is an inconsistent predictor of post-treatment outcomes. There is relatively little research on the determinants of the alliance. In studies that are available, clients' demographic or diagnostic pre-treatment characteristics did not appear to predict the therapeutic alliance, whereas modest but consistent relationships were reported for motivation, treatment readiness and positive previous treatment experiences. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic alliance plays an important role in predicting drug treatment process outcomes, but too little is known about what determines the quality of the relationship between drug users and counsellors.
Las Vegas Development and Implementation of a Culturally Tailored , Community-Based Intervention to Raise Awareness of Brain Health Among African Americans

African Americans bear a disproportionate burden of age-related cognitive impairment in the United States compared to Whites or Hispanics. African Americans experience greater prevalence, higher risk, and lower rates of treatment and diagnosis for dementia. In response to these health disparities the Alzheimer’s Association developed and implemented the Healthy Brain Initiative (HBI) demonstration project, the first community-level intervention to help reduce health disparities related to cognitive impairment among African Americans. The HBI promotes awareness of brain health, understanding of the heart-brain connection, and seeks to increase African American baby boomers engagement in health-protective behaviors to promote brain and overall health. The intervention was developed and implemented following engagement of local chapters and expert advisors, extensive formative evaluation to test intervention concepts, messages and materials, research on theoretical approaches and intervention strategies, and development of the HBI program theory or logic model. The core elements of the intervention included development of strategic partnerships, conduct of knowledge and awareness building educational workshops, community events and use of local media to promote the intervention and recruit participants.
Visualizing multivariate functions, data, and distributions

The problem of visualizing a scalar-dependent variable that is a function of many independent variables is addressed, focusing on cases with three or more independent variables. A hierarchical axis using different metrics for each independent variable is used, as are hierarchical data symbols. The technique is described for the case in which each independent variable is sampled in a regular grid or lattice-like fashion (that is, in equal increments), but it can be generalized to a variety of less restrictive domains. Rather than presenting a formal mathematical description, the authors use a visual means of describing the technique for a simple three-dimensional data case, and then demonstrate by example how to extend it to higher dimensions. It is demonstrated that these techniques for plotting scalar fields on an N-dimensional lattice work for such data visualization tasks as the location of maxima, minima, saddle points, and other features, as well as for visually fitting multivariate data and the visual determination of dominant and weak or irrelevant variables. <<ETX>>
Design and Motion Analysis of Wheel-Legged Climbing Robot

This paper develops a miniature wheel-legged climbing robot which can move on the ground and climb on the wall surfaces. The robot system combines the merits of wheeled mechanism, legged mechanism and vacuum-sorbs mechanism, and possesses many advantages, such as less weight, small volume, simplicity structure and quickly response. The robot can change the moving modes according different conditions of terrain; it moves on the ground with high speed and remote distance using wheeled system, and climbs flexibly on the smooth wall surfaces using four impendent-swing-legs and vacuum-sorbs system. The control system based on DSP technology is adopted to ensure the robot to be with low power consuming, good reliability and high real-time characters. The Theoretical analysis and experiment results show that the climbing robot has high mobility, good environment adaptability and climbing wall surface ability.
Statistical Methods for Assessing the Fairness of the Allocation of Shares in Initial Public Offerings

In the late 1990s the stocks of technology companies, especially those involved with the Internet, were highly profitable. Customers of investment firms requested many more shares of new issues or initial public offerings (IPOs) than were available. Some customers allegedly made questionable arrangements with brokers for favourable treatment. This article describes statistical measures for assessing the fairness of an investment firm’s or broker’s allocations of IPO shares to their customers. One approach compares the success rates of different groups of customers, e.g. those alleged to be favoured with those of other groups. The second method incorporates the prior business each customer gave the firm into the comparison as an allocation criterion. This metric is an objective quantification of the fact that it is economically sensible for a firm to allocate more IPO shares to its ‘best’ customers.
Adjuncts for maximizing resection: 5-aminolevuinic acid.

The rationale for maximizing resection in surgery for malignant glioma has become broadly accepted in the neuro-oncology community, and technological adjuncts to facilitate achievement of this goal have incrementally assisted the neurosurgeon. One such adjunct of considerable interest today is 5-aminolevuinic acid (5-ALA)–induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence. Preoperative oral administration of 5-ALA leads to preferential accumulation of the fluorophore PpIX within tumor cells, and under the violet-blue light illumination of the surgical field with an adapted operating microscope, tumor tissue exhibits visible red and near-infrared fluorescence. A German multi-institutional trial in 2006 demonstrated the potential utility of this technique,1 and although Food and Drug Administration approval in the United States is still pending, Investigational New Drug (IND)-supported experience in this country has furthered our understanding of this technology. This article presents the background for this methodology, the early clinical experience, its practical utility in intraoperative tumor boundary appreciation, its role near the end of resection, the development of quantitative fluorescence techniques, the experience in low-grade gliomas, and the implications of using this technique with respect to the objectives of surgery.
Permittivity measurements for high-permittivity materials at NMIJ using resonator methods

This paper describes material characterizations for high-permittivity materials with the dielectric constant up to 3,000 by using resonator methods. Samples considered in this study are substrates with 0.5 mm in the thickness. Two types of measurement methods have been proposed: rectangular resonator method with controlling a sample insertion length, and waveguide reflection method with a sample terminated by a short circuit. Both methods have the advantage of providing nondestructive measurements. Numerical calculations for both and experimental measurements for the latter have been performed to investigate their validity and ranges of application.
State‐dependent access to the batrachotoxin receptor on the sodium channel

&NA; Batrachotoxin causes sustained opening of voltage‐gated sodium channels. Toxin binds irreversibly to wild type channels; however, it dissociates rapidly fromchannels with mutation F1710C in transmembrane segment IVS6. This dissociation requires channel activation, suggesting that the activation gate guards the toxin‐binding site. Here we show that activity‐dependent toxin dissociation was not affected by external sodium, arguing against a binding site within the pore, and demonstrate that dissociation occurred only during the first few milliseconds after membrane depolarization, as if the toxin leaves its binding site during closed states that precede the final open state in the activation pathway. Toxin interaction with preopen states may facilitate subsequent channel opening, thus accounting for the batrachotoxin‐induced negative shift in channel activation. NeuroReport 14:1353–1356 © 2003 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Bearing wear caused by converter-induced bearing currents

The basic interrelationships that are required to investigate the cross-system subject of “bearing currents in converter operation”, are discussed in this paper. In order to obtain an integrated overview of the situation, it is decisive that the main points of the investigation are not discussed individually, but must be considered from an overall point of view. Results from the parameter test area and their link to the overall situation are shown. Higher-level systemology to simulate electric currents flowing through a bearing is outlined, taking into account the various processes that take place in the bearing. The paper is completed by presenting a new type of bearing current sensor system. A review of the steps still required is provided in the conclusion.
Gait and balance characteristics after a non-cerebellar stroke

One of the most common neurological injuries in the elderly is a stroke event, affecting nearly 800,000 adults in the U.S. alone every year. Since falls occur at a rate of 73% per year with people who are more than six months past the stroke event compared to approximately 30% with aged matched healthy, the potential consequences for injury are devastating. Current literature does not completely address the specific deficits in gait and balance after a stroke. To resolve this problem, the purpose of this thesis was to compare gait mechanics to clinical tests that indicate fall risks in 20 healthy elderly adults (63.4±8.9) and 7 non-cerebellar/non-brain stem post-stroke survivors (57.6±7.7). The dependent variables for gait were step width, step length, stride length, step time and stride time. The metrics of mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CoV), detrended fluctuation analysis alpha (DFA α) and sample entropy (SampEn) were calculated for each dependent variable. Further, the Timed Up and Go (TUG), Berg balance assessment (Berg), Functional Gait Assessment (FGA), Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC), lower extremity strength, and lower extremity flexibility were all taken as clinical assessments. The data showed that most dependent variables for mean, SD, and CoV were different between groups, whereas DFA α and SampEn generally were not. The TUG, Berg, FGA, and ABC showed group differences. No differences in strength or flexibility were observed between the unaffected limbs of the stroke survivor group and matched limbs of the healthy elderly group. However, significant differences were observed in strength and flexibility between the affected and matched limbs between groups. Sixty-four out of a possible 200 correlations between the gait and clinical metrics were significant. These data suggest that summary metrics (mean, SD, and CoV) may be the strongest indicators of gait dysfunction after a stroke.
Situation awareness to support decision-making among emergency care practitioners

Motivation - To understand a new work role in emergency medical services, the relationship between situation awareness (SA) and decision-making among emergency care practitioners (ECPs) is examined. Research approach - A scoping study was completed and involved observations (36 hours of ride-outs and 4 hours of sit-ins) and semi-structured interviews with a group of ECPs and Triage Nurses at an ambulance control room. A subject matter expert was consulted to validate a communication map derived from the observations and interviews. Findings/Design - The results show that system's factors could affect the creation of SA and decision-making. As a result, a framework for SA and decision-making among ECPs was developed. Originality/Value - This study extends the study of SA into emergency medical services domain. It also contributes in understanding a new practitioner role in the UK. Take away message - Factors related to the development of SA should be understood to support decisionmaking among ECPs and thereby improve the quality of care in emergency medicine.
Quasiparallel programming

This paper describes SIMONE, an extension of PASCAL,1 which provides the quasiparallel programming facility of SIMULA 67, but without classes or references. The language is intended to be suitable for the design, testing and simulation of operating system algorithms. It is illustrated by simple examples, suitable as project material in a course on operating systems. A simple, restricted, but efficient implementation is described. It is suggested that the language might be suitable for more general simulation purposes, and an example of a general job shop simulation is given.
Toroidal forms of graphitic carbon.

A series of the toroidal cage forms of graphitic carbon is proposed. They have local topological structures of positive Gaussian curvature (for instance C 60 ) and of negative Gaussian curvature. The toroidal forms consist of fivefold, sixfold, and sevenfold carbon rings. The cohesive energies of the tori (C n , where n ranges from 120 to 1920), which are calculated by molecular dynamics, indicate that these structures are energetically more stable than C 50 . These structures are also found to be thermodynamically stable by means of a finite-temperature simulation