Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring the knowns to manage the unknown: How to choose the gate timing strategy in NPD projects

Stage-wise timing of new product development (NPD) activities is advantageous for a project's performance. The literature does not, however, specify whether this implies setting and adhering to a fixed schedule of gate meetings from the start of the project or allowing flexibility to adjust the schedule throughout the NPD process. In the initial project plan, managers and/or development teams often underrate the time required to complete the project because of task underestimation. Although the level of task underestimation (i.e., the unknown) is not identifiable at the start of the project, our study argues that project managers and/or teams can manage the unknown by measuring three project conditions (i.e., the knowns) during front-end execution, and use their values to select the best gate timing strategy. These project conditions entail: (i) the number of unexpected tasks discovered during the front-end, (ii) the willingness of customers to postpone their purchase in case the execution of these unexpected tasks would lead to a delayed market launch, and (iii) the number of unexpected tasks discovered just before the front-end gate. Together these conditions determine whether a more fixed or more flexible gate timing strategy is most appropriate to use. The findings of a system dynamics simulation corroborate the supposition that the interplay between the three project conditions measured during front-end execution determines which of four gate timing strategies with different levels of flexibility (i.e., one fixed, one flexible, and two hybrid forms) maximizes new product profitability. This finding has important implications for both theory and practice as we now comprehend that the knowns can be used to manage the unknown.
Demirjian's method in the estimation of age: A study on human third molars

Aim: The primary aim of the following study is to estimate the chronological age based on the stages of third molar development following the eight stages (A to H) method of Demirjian et al. (along with two modifications-Orhan) and secondary aim is to compare third molar development with sex and age. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 115 orthopantomograms from South Indian subjects with known chronological age and gender. Multiple regression analysis was performed with chronological age as the dependable variable and third molar root development as independent variable. All the statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 11.0 package (IBM ® Corporation). Results: Statistically no significant differences were found in third molar development between males and females. Depending on the available number of wisdom teeth in an individual, R2 varied for males from 0.21 to 0.48 and for females from 0.16 to 0.38. New equations were derived for estimating the chronological age. Conclusion: The chronological age of a South Indian individual between 14 and 22 years may be estimated based on the regression formulae. However, additional studies with a larger study population must be conducted to meet the need for population-based information on third molar development.
Understanding heterogeneities in mosquito-bite exposure and infection distributions for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis

It is well known that individuals in the same community can be exposed to a highly variable number of mosquito bites. This heterogeneity in bite exposure has consequences for the control of vector-borne diseases because a few people may be contributing significantly to transmission. However, very few studies measure sources of heterogeneity in a way which is relevant to decision-making. We investigate the relationship between two classic measures of heterogeneity, spatial and individual, within the context of lymphatic filariasis, a parasitic mosquito-borne disease. Using infection and mosquito-bite data for five villages in Papua New Guinea, we measure biting characteristics to model what impact bed-nets have had on control of the disease. We combine this analysis with geospatial modelling to understand the spatial relationship between disease indicators and nightly mosquito bites. We found a weak association between biting and infection heterogeneity within villages. The introduction of bed-nets increased biting heterogeneity, but the reduction in mean biting more than compensated for this, by reducing prevalence closer to elimination thresholds. Nightly biting was explained by a spatial heterogeneity model, while parasite load was better explained by an individual heterogeneity model. Spatial and individual heterogeneity are qualitatively different with profoundly different policy implications.
PENGARUH KEPEMILIKAN KELUARGA TERHADAP BIAYA AUDIT DENGAN PILIHAN AUDITOR SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of family ownership on audit fees wuth auditor choices as intervening variable. This study uses secondary data which sourced from Indonesia Stock Exchange period 2013-2015. The populations in this study are 413 manufacturing companies which listed on Indonesia Stock Echange. Based on the criterias which had been specified, the samples of this study are 118 manufacturing companies. The method of analysis uses in this study are logistic regression analysis, linear regression analysis, and path analysis. The results show that variable of family ownership has positive effect on variable of auditor choices. Variable of auditor choices has positive effect on variable of audit fees. Variable of family ownership has negative effect on variable of audit fees with variable of auditor choice as intervening variable.
Farmer-Funded R&D : Institutional Innovations for Enhancing Agricultural Research Investments

Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In the United States and Canada, as in many other high-income countries, agriculture in the 21 st century is faced with a variety of longstanding challenges, and some new ones. Among these challenges we can count: (1) a widespread slowdown in agricultural productivity growth at a time when the global demand for food and fiber production is growing rapidly but key resources of land and water are increasingly scarce, and climate change will impose new constraints and challenges; (2) a slowdown in growth of (and in some places a real decline in) support for public-sector agricultural research and development (R&D) and a commensurate slowdown in the growth in private agricultural R&D spending; (3) within the public agricultural R&D portfolio, a diversion of funds away from investments in farm-productivity-enhancing innovations towards other areas of concern, such as food safety, human health and nutrition, and the environmental impacts of agriculture; (4) within the private agricultural R&D portfolio, as dictated by appropriability requirements, an emphasis on certain types of (a) food technology, (b) chemical and mechanical farming innovations, and (c) varietal innovations for a few major crops (mainly feed grains, oilseeds, and cotton), for which intellectual property rights and the scale of the potential market make the investments attractive; (5) high and rising royalty rates for private seed technologies; (6) a comparative neglect by both the private sector and the public sector of many areas of farm-productivity-oriented agricultural R&D such as varietal ii improvement for food grains, many horticultural products and much of the livestock sector—especially those elements that are not highly concentrated. These trends are apparent in spite of a large and compelling body of evidence showing that the private and social, national and global returns to public and private agricultural research have been extraordinarily handsome—benefit-cost ratios in the range of 10:1 or 20:1, well better than can be expected from other uses of funds. Paradoxically, farm-productivity-oriented agricultural R&D is tending to become more neglected at a time when the demands for productivity growth are becoming more pronounced and the payoffs can be expected to be higher than ever before. This outcome can be seen as a combination of government failure and market failure. The purpose of this report is to review options for alternative …
Analisis Finansial USAha Keramba Jaring Apung di Perusahaan Perseorangan Dobro

This research is intended to know factors influencing fish production, financial performance and business security of private company Dobro. Data which are analyzed including production data (production, feed, seed and worker) for fish production factors analysis, balancing and profit/loss statement 2006 - 2009 for financial performance and business security analysis. The production factors analysis in this research uses regression method with Cobb-Douglas production function approach. The financial performance and business security use financial statement comparison and ratio analysis. Ratios that be researched are liquidity (ratios that be researched are current and quick ratio), solvability (ratios that be researched are total debt to total asset ratio and total debt to equity ratio), efficiency (ratios that be researched are inventory turnover, account receivable turnover, fixed asset turnover and total asset turnover) and profitability ratio (ratios that be researched are gross profit margin, operating profit margin, net profit margin and return on investment). Business security analysis use Altman Z” score to detect company position in Altman area of bankruptcy. The result of this research could be concluded that fish production is simultaneous and individually influenced by feed, seed and worker. Financial analysis shows company liquidity in good condition with positive average growth values. Solvability is also in good condition with negative average growth values. Commonly efficiency and profitability have normal values, but have negative average growth value. Based Altman Z” score, company exists in area which secure from bankruptcy threat. Keywords: Production, financial, bankruptcy
Integrin α and β subunit contribution to the kinetic properties of α2β1 collagen receptors on human keratinocytes analyzed under hydrodynamic conditions

The adhesion of keratinocytes to type I collagen or laminin 5 was studied in a laminar flow chamber. These experiments provided an insight into the binding kinetics of integrins in their natural environment and the effects of monoclonal antibodies specific for α and β chains. Cells driven by a force too low to alter the natural lifetime of a single bond displayed multiple arrests. Studying the frequency and duration of these arrests yielded fairly direct information on the rate of bond formation (on-rate) and dissociation (off-rate). Off-rate values obtained on collagen or laminin 5 (0.06 seconds -1 ) were tenfold lower than values determined on selectins. Bond stability was strongly regulated by anti-β1 chain antibodies since the off-rate was decreased sixfold by activating antibody TS2/16 and increased fivefold by inhibitory antibodies Lia1/2 or P4C10, whereas neutral antibody K20 had no effect on this parameter. Binding frequencies were not significantly changed by all these antibodies. In contrast, both binding frequency and off-rate were altered by antibodies specific for the α2 chain, suggesting that these antibodies interfered with ligand recognition and also with the ligand- β1 chain interactions responsible for bond stabilization. The latter hypothesis was supported by the finding that the partial alteration of α2 chain function by inhibiting antibodies was corrected by anti-β1 chain antibody TS2/16. These results could not be ascribed to allosteric changes of the functional region of β1 integrin subunits regulated by TS2/16 since there was no competition between the binding of TS2/16 and anti-α2 chain antibodies. Interpreted within the framework of current concepts of integrin-ligand binding topology, these data suggest that ligand-alpha chain interactions may be qualitatively important in ligand recognition and also influence the formation of the ligand-β1 subunit bonding involved in stabilization of the ligand-integrin complex by regulating its dissociation rate. SUMMARY
LDL receptor deficiency or apoE mutations prevent remnant clearance and induce hypertriglyceridemia in mice s⃞

We have used adenovirus-mediated gene transfer and bolus injection of purified apolipoprotein E (apoE) in mice to determine the contribution of LDL receptor family members in the clearance of apoE-containing lipoproteins in vivo and the factors that trigger hypertriglyceridemia. A low dose [5 × 108 plaque-forming units (pfu)] of an adenovirus expressing apoE4 did not normalize plasma cholesterol levels of apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE−/−) × low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLr−/−) mice and induced hypertriglyceridemia. A similar phenotype of combined dyslipidemia was induced in apoE−/− or apoE−/− × LDLr−/− mice after infection with a low dose (4 × 108 pfu) of an adenovirus expressing the apoE4[R142V/R145V] mutant previously shown to be defective in receptor binding. In contrast, a low dose of 5 × 108 pfu of the apoE4-expressing adenovirus corrected hypercholesterolemia in apoE−/− mice and did not trigger hypertriglyceridemia. Bolus injection of purified apoE in apoE−/− × LDLr−/− mice did not clear plasma cholesterol levels and induced mild hypertriglyceridemia. In contrast, similar injection of apoE in apoE−/− mice cleared plasma cholesterol and caused transiently mild hypertriglyceridemia. These findings suggest that a) the LDL receptor alone can account for the clearance of apoE-containing lipoproteins in mice, and the contribution of other receptors is minimal, and b) defects in either the LDL receptor or in apoE that affect its interactions with the LDL receptor, increase the sensitivity to apoE-induced hypertriglyceridemia in mice.
Therapeutic Hypothermia in the Postresuscitation Patient: The Development and Implementation of an Evidence‐Based Protocol for the Emergency Department

Studies have shown that therapeutic hypothermia (TH) improves outcomes in patients who have experienced a cardiac arrest (Bernard et al., 2002; Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Study Group, 2002). This article discusses TH and the process used by one emergency department to develop and implement an evidence-based protocol on TH for the postresuscitation patient.
India's Horticulture Sector - A Port- Level Analysis of Onion Export Pricing

Extending the traditional model of agricultural pricing behaviour and market structure with the constructed commodity specific export weighted exchange rates, this paper analyses the exchange rate induced market power, asymmetric effects of exchange rate, country specific discrimination as well as the impact of government’s minimum export price policy on the export prices of Indian onion exporters using port-level data. Onion price escalation has been seen to cause tears not only in the kitchen but tumble governments. Although this study observes a competitive market structure in majority of the destination market, however, the pricing-to-market behaviour was prevalent in three destination markets where the exporters were following local currency stabilization. Furthermore, minimum export price policy variable showed that even when the minimum export price requirement was in place, exporters were able to adjust their price downward and sell in those markets.
DEVELOPMENT OF LEVEL OF SAFETY USING FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEM FOR REAR END COLLISIONS BASED ON MICROSCOPIC DRIVING BEHAVIORS

The purpose of this study is to develop 'Level of Safety' of rear end collision using fuzzy theory considering microscopic driving behaviors. The factors for accidents can be represented by microscopic driving behaviors, so traffic condition data are investigated by field surveys of the test vehicle on the expressway of Seoul, and revised by wavelet function. Then, a fuzzy rule is generated based on the risk evaluation model developed by Chung (2003) and rough set theory, and risk degrees of each two vehicle are calculated using the other set. Finally, each safety degrees are aggregated using membership function values of each safety degree, and 'Level of Safety' is suggested based on the relation of aggregated degrees and average speed. Level of safety suggested using fuzzy logic system based on microscopic driving behaviors would be an efficient and reasonable countermeasure for identifying the real risk conditions in various fields.
Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade caused by intrapericardial granulation tissue in a dog.

OBJECTIVE To describe and report successful surgical management of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade in a dog caused by intrapericardial granulation tissue. CASE SUMMARY An 8-month-old, intact male, Greater Swiss Mountain Dog was referred for cardiac evaluation following 2 weeks of progressive lethargy, abdominal distention, and difficulty breathing. On the day of presentation, the dog had an episode of acute collapse. A 14-cm multilocular pericardial cystic lesion causing collapse of the right atrial free wall and resulting in pericardial tamponade was observed on echocardiogram. After the dog subsequently experienced two acute episodes of pericardial effusion, a subtotal pericardectomy was performed and clinical signs resolved. The histopathologic diagnosis of the mass was inflammation and granulation tissue, likely caused by a resolving hematoma or abscess. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED This is the first report of intrapericardial granulation tissue as the cause of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade.
Allergic Rhinitis and Sports

Rhinitis is an inflammation of the mucosal lining of the nose and is characterized by one or more of the following symptoms: nasal congestion, anterior and posterior rhinorrhea, sneezing, and itching (Bousquet, Khaltaev et al. 2008; Wallace, Dykewicz et al. 2008). It can be associated with eye symptoms (rhinoconjuntivitis) and ear or throat complains (Bousquet, Khaltaev et al. 2008). Rhinitis can be classified etiologically in two types: Allergic Rhinitis (AR) and Nonallergic Rhinitis (Table1) (Bousquet, Khaltaev et al. 2008; Wallace, Dykewicz et al. 2008). The most common type is AR, and its prevalence has increased over the last decades (Bousquet, Khaltaev et al. 2008). Associated risk factors, such as atopy, family history of allergy, and exposure to allergens and pollution, might explain this fact (Bousquet, Khaltaev et al. 2008; Scadding, Durham et al. 2008). AR is a multifactorial disease influenced by genetic and environmental interaction (Davila, Mullol et al. 2009). Despite that 30-50% of rhinitis patients have non-allergic triggers, 44 to 87% might have a combination of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis mechanism (Dykewicz and Hamilos 2010). Allergic inflammation is the basic mechanism of this disease, and classically is considered to result from an IgE mediated reaction (Bousquet, Khaltaev et al. 2008). Allergic response can be biphasic, mediated by an early and a late phase (Durham 1998). Early phase response, occurs within the first 0-60 min following allergen exposure, and is mediated by mast cell degranulation and mediator release (Durham 1998; Bousquet, Khaltaev et al. 2008; Scadding, Durham et al. 2008). The late phase reaction involves inflammation, mediated by recruitment of several inflammatory cells, specifically Th2 mediated cell response (Durham 1998). Clinically, AR appears as nasal sneezing, itching of the nose, rhinorrhoea and nasal blockage, in the first minutes after allergen contact. Symptoms like chronic obstruction, hyposmia, post-nasal mucous discharge and nasal hyper-reactivity occur in the late-phase response (Scadding, Durham et al. 2008; Lim and Leong 2010). World Health Organization (WHO) through the working group Allergic Rhinitis Impact on Asthma (ARIA), changed the classification from time of exposure point of view (seasonal, perennial and occupational) to a symptomatic definition (intermittent allergic rhinitis and persistent allergic rhinitis) and severity characterization (mild or moderate-severe). The seasonal and perennial rhinitis classification is still useful for diagnosis and immunotherapy treatment decision and can be used alongside with ARIA classification (Bousquet, Khaltaev et al. 2008).
The health care experience of patients with low literacy.

OBJECTIVES To understand the difficulties that patients with poor reading ability have interacting with the health care system and to identify the coping mechanisms they use to deal with these problems. DESIGN Focus groups and individual interviews with patients who are illiterate and patients with low literacy. SETTING Two large, urban public hospitals. PARTICIPANTS Sixty patients with marginal to poor reading abilities as measured by the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine were interviewed in focus groups or individual interviews. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Patients with low literacy harbor a deep sense of shame, which is reinforced by hospital staff who become frustrated or angry when someone cannot complete a form or read instructions. Seeking medical care is intimidating for patients with low literacy because they cannot understand signs and registration forms. Many patients recounted serious medication errors resulting from their inability to read labels. To cope with these problems, the patients with low literacy rely heavily on oral explanations, visual clues, and demonstrations of tasks to learn new material. Most also use a friend or family member as a surrogate reader. CONCLUSIONS Patients with poor reading ability have important problems accessing the health care system, understanding recommended treatments, and following the instructions of providers. Because of their shame, patients with low literacy may be unwilling to disclose their problem to health care providers, and screening tests of reading ability may be necessary to identify those who need special assistance. Patients' coping mechanisms give insight into possible interventions that may improve their interactions with the health care system.
Ethics in Psychiatric Research: Issues and Recommendations

Psychiatric research has increased remarkably over recent decades to help in understanding the current trends and better therapeutic options for illness. On the other hand, there is also a trend toward higher rates of retraction of published papers in the recent years. Ethics is required to maintain and increase the overall quality and morality of research. Psychiatric research faces several unique ethical challenges. Ethical guidelines are very important tool of research which safeguards participants; however, there is a dearth of such guidelines in India. The present paper aims to review available ethical issues and guidelines pertaining to psychiatric research. A search was conducted on Pubmed using search terms (e.g., “ethics,” “psychiatry,” “research”). Relevant studies were selected for the review after manual screening of title/abstract. Additional sources were referred to using cross references and Google Scholar. Psychiatric research has several important ethical issues which are different from other medical disciplines. These issues are related to informed consent, confidentiality, conflict of interest, therapeutic misconception, placebo related, vulnerability, exploitation, operational challenges, among others. The current paper has made several recommendations to deal with ethical challenges commonly faced in psychiatric research. The ethical guidelines are utmost needed for Indian psychiatric research. Specific guidelines are lacking pertaining to psychiatric research. The issues and recommendations merit a further discussion and consideration.