Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder

The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) is a not-for-profit scientific and educational organization founded in 1995. In 2015, the CANMAT Depression Work Group began the process of producing new guidelines for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), to update the previous 2009 guidelines. The scope of the guidelines remains the management of adults with unipolar MDD with an identified target audience of community-based psychiatrists and mental health professionals. CANMAT, in collaboration with the International Society for Bipolar Disorders, has published separate guidelines for bipolar disorder. The editorial group defined 6 sections for inclusion in the CANMAT 2016 Depression Guidelines: (1) Disease Burden and Principles of Care, (2) Psychological Treatments, (3) Pharmacological Treatments, (4) Neurostimulation Treatments, (5) Complementary and Alternative Medicine Treatments, and (6) Special Populations (children/adolescents, women, elderly). Treatment recommendations for patients with MDD and psychiatric/medical comorbidities were published by a CANMAT task force in 2012. The methods used were similar to the previous CANMAT guidelines that have been well regarded by clinicians. In contrast to other guidelines that use highly formalized evidence summaries that may be less accessible to users, we chose a clinically useful method that balances systematic evidence review with consensus expert opinion by experienced clinicians. Expert panels were established for each of the 6 sections. Members represented content experts from the fields of psychiatry, pharmacy, and psychology. The familiar question-answer format from previous editions was retained because feedback from clinicians affirmed the clinical practicality and ease of use. Each group updated the key questions based on internal and focus group discussions and held regular teleconferences during the guidelines development process. We focused on evidence published since 2009. For each of the questions, a systematic literature search was conducted by research staff experienced in systematic reviews with medical librarian consultation as needed. Appropriate key words were used to identify Englishand Frenchlanguage studies published between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2015, in electronic databases (including OVID Medline, PsycInfo, and EMBASE). Relevant studies were identified and reviewed, with an emphasis on metaanalyses and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Studies were also identified by cross-referencing bibliographies, reviews of other major reports and guidelines, and feedback from experts. The evidence was summarized using evidence tables based on modified Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for meta-analyses and on Consolidated Standards of Reporting
Recovery of dicer-like 1-late flowering phenotype by miR172 expressed by the noncanonical DCL4-dependent biogenesis pathway

Arabidopsis dicer-like 1 (dcl1) mutants show pleiotropic, severe developmental defects due to the failed maturation of multiple miRNAs. However, it is difficult to determine which miRNA deficiencies cause which phenotypes. In this study the authors used the backbone of pre-miR839, which is processed by a noncanonical DCL4-dependent pathway, to enable expression of specific miRNAs in a dcl1 mutant background. The late flowering phenotype of a weak dcl1 mutant is partially rescued by miR172 generated from the miR839 precursor, establishing that this DCL4-dependent miRNA expression system can be used to specify the developmental roles of individual miRNAs in plants.
A marked animal–vegetal polarity in the localization of Na+,K+‐ATPase activity and its down‐regulation following progesterone‐induced maturation

The stage‐VI Xenopus oocyte has a very distinct animal–vegetal polarity with structural and functional asymmetry. In this study, we show the expression and distribution pattern of Na+,K+‐ATPase in stage‐VI oocytes, and its changes following progesterone‐induced maturation. Using enzyme‐specific electron microscopy phosphatase histochemistry, [3H]‐ouabain autoradiography, and immunofluorescence cytochemistry at light microscopic level, we find that Na+,K+‐ATPase activity is mainly confined to the animal hemisphere. Electron microscopy histochemical results also suggest that polarized distribution of Na+,K+‐ATPase activity persists following progesterone‐induced maturation, and it becomes gradually more polarized towards the animal pole. The time course following progesterone‐induced maturation suggests that there is an initial up‐regulation and then gradual down‐regulation of Na+,K+‐ATPase activity leading to germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). By GVBD, the Na+,K+‐ATPase activity is completely down‐regulated due to endocytotic removal of pump molecules from the plasma membrane into the sub‐cortical region of the oocyte. This study provides the first direct evidence for a marked asymmetric localization of Na+,K+‐ATPase activity in any vertebrate oocyte. Here, we propose that such asymmetry in Na+,K+‐ATPase activity in stage‐VI oocytes, and their down‐regulation following progesterone‐induced maturation, is likely to have a role in the active state of the germinal vesicle in stage‐VI oocytes and chromosomal condensation after GVBD. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79:138–160, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers, candesartan, on osteoprotegerin level in hypertensive patients: Link between bone and RAAS

Introduction: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has recently been considered as a possible link between bone and vascular disease. The present study was designed to determine the effect of the angiotensin II receptor blocker candesartan on circulating osteoprotegerin (OPG) in hypertensive patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Material and methods: A total of 69 hypertensive patients were randomized to two groups: Group 1 included patients treated with oral candesartan in doses of 16 mg to 32 mg per day in addition to routine standard of care (routine care + ARB), and Group 2 included patients who received routine standard of care other than ARBs or ACEIs, with no change to their treatment (routine care). Patients were evaluated for lipid profile, HbA1C, insulin, C-peptide, CRP, aldosterone, renin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and OPG. Results: Baseline OPG levels did not differ significantly by treatment group. Post-treatment serum OPG levels were marginally lower in Group1 compared with Group 2; however, this decrease did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.077). Conclusions: In the present study, treatment with the ARB candesartan had no significant effect on circulating OPG levels in hypertensive patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to estimate an effect of candesartan on bone remodeling marker such as OPG.
Recent changes in phenology over the northern high latitudes detected from multi-satellite data

Phenology of vegetation is a sensitive and valuable indicator of the dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change. Therefore, to better understand and predict ecosystems dynamics, it is important to reduce uncertainties in detecting phenological changes. Here, changes in phenology over the past several decades across the northern high-latitude region (≥60°N) were examined by calibrating and analyzing time series of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Over the past decade (2000–10), an expanded length of the growing season (LOS) was detected by MODIS, largely due to an earlier start of the growing season (SOS) by 4.7 days per decade and a delayed end of the growing season (EOS) by 1.6 days per decade over the northern high latitudes. There were significant differences between North America and Eurasia in phenology from 2000 to 2010 based on MODIS data (SOS: d f = 21, F = 49.02, p < 0.0001; EOS: d f = 21, F = 49.25, p < 0.0001; LOS: d f = 21, F = 79.40, p < 0.0001). In northern America, SOS advanced by 11.5 days per decade, and EOS was delayed by 2.2 days per decade. In Eurasia, SOS advanced by 2.7 days per decade, and EOS was delayed by 3.5 days per decade. SOS has likely advanced due to the warming Arctic during April and May. Our results suggest that in recent decades the longer vegetation growing seasons can be attributed to more advanced SOS rather than delayed EOS. AVHRR detected longer LOS over the past three decades, largely related to delayed EOS rather than advanced SOS. These two datasets are significantly different in key phenological parameters (SOS: d f = 17, F = 14.63, p = 0.0015; EOS: d f = 17, F = 38.69, p < 0.0001; LOS: d f = 17, F = 16.47, p = 0.0009) from 2000 to 2008 over the northern high latitudes. Thus, further inter-calibration between the sensors is needed to resolve the inconsistency and to better understand long-term trends of vegetation growth in the Arctic.
The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND The effect of adding progestins to estrogen therapy on the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women is controversial. METHODS To quantify the relation between the use of hormones and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, we extended our follow-up of the participants in the Nurses' Health Study to 1992. The women were asked to complete questionnaires every two years to update information on their menopausal status, use of estrogen and progestin preparations, and any diagnosis of breast cancer. During 725,550 person-years of follow-up, we documented 1935 cases of newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer. RESULTS The risk of breast cancer was significantly increased among women who were currently using estrogen alone (relative risk, 1.32; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.14 to 1.54) or estrogen plus progestin (relative risk, 1.41; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.15 to 1.74), as compared with postmenopausal women who had never used hormones. Women currently taking hormones who had used such therapy for 5 to 9 years had an adjusted relative risk of breast cancer of 1.46 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.22 to 1.74), as did those currently using hormones who had done so for a total of 10 or more years (relative risk, 1.46; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.20 to 1.76). The increased risk of breast cancer associated with five or more years of postmenopausal hormone therapy was greater among older women (relative risk for women 60 to 64 years old, 1.71; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.34 to 2.18). The relative risk of death due to breast cancer was 1.45 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.01 to 2.09) among women who had taken estrogen for five or more years. CONCLUSIONS The addition of progestins to estrogen therapy does not reduce the risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. The substantial increase in the risk of breast cancer among older women who take hormones suggests that the trade-offs between risks and benefits should be carefully assessed.
An age-based method for planning sclerotomy placement during pediatric vitrectomy: a 12-year experience.

PURPOSE Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in children requires that sclerotomy placement be adjusted for changing dimensions of the ciliary body during ocular development. Experience with an aged-based method for sclerotomy placement is described. METHODS Using data from previously reported morphometric studies on ciliary body length by age, an age-based method was used for planning sclerotomy location in children between 1 month and 18 years of age. Sclerotomies were placed 1.5 mm posterior to the limbus in those aged 1 to 6 months, 2.0 mm in those 6 months to 1 year, 2.5 mm in those 1 to 2 years, 3.0 mm in those 2 to 6 years, and 3.5 mm in those 6 to 18 years. RESULTS Between 1993 and mid-2005, 82 pediatric PPV procedures were performed using this scheme. None of the 82 procedures were complicated by inadvertent lens trauma or retinal perforation during sclerotomy placement. CONCLUSION The age-based method for sclerotomy placement may provide a useful guideline for vitrectomy in children with normal ocular growth and development.
A 750 bp sensory integration region directs global control of the Escherichia coli GadE acid resistance regulator

Escherichia coli survives pH 2 environments through an acid resistance (AR) system regulated by the transcriptional activator GadE. Numerous proteins control gadE at an upstream, conserved, 798 bp intergenic region. We show this region produces three transcripts starting at −124 (T1), −324/−317 (T2) and −566 (T3) bp from the gadE start codon. Transcriptional lacZ fusions to gadE promoter regions revealed P1 and P3 were active while P2 alone was not. However, pairing P3 with P2 activated P2 and increased expression 20‐fold above P3 alone. The fusions were transferred to Salmonella, which lacks this AR system, and plasmid‐borne E. coli‐specific regulators EvgA, YdeO, GadE and GadX were introduced. Data revealed that YdeO and GadX activate P3, P2 and P3P2, while GadE autoactivates P1 and represses P3 and P3P2. The developing model indicates that different signals activate YdeO, GadX, or an MnmE‐dependent regulator, which stimulate gadE transcription from the P3 and P2 promoters. Once made, GadE activates P1 and represses P3 and P2. The P1 region also enables efficient downstream transcription and translation of the P3 or P2 transcripts. Evidence indicates the entire 750 bp sensory integration locus is necessary for a versatile response.
An 800MHz star-connected on-chip network for application to systems on a chip

A 10.8/spl times/6.0mm/sup 2/ prototype chip is implemented with a star-connected on-chip network. The chip consists of a PLL, 1KB SRAM, two 2/spl times/2 crossbar switches, Up/Down-Samplers, two off-chip gateways, and synchronizers. The on-chip network contains 81k transistors, dissipates 264mW at 2.3V and 800MHz, and provides 1.6GB/s per port and 12.8GB/s aggregated bandwidth, supporting plesiochronous communication without global synchronization.
Distributed High-Temperature Optical Fiber Sensor Based on a Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analyzer and Multimode Gold-Coated Fiber

A high-temperature distributed sensor system based on a Brillouin optical time-domain analyzer and a multimode gold-coated fiber is presented in this paper. Distributed measurements of temperatures up to 600 °C are demonstrated with a temperature accuracy of about 10 °C. The system shows a consistent response for repetitive measurements, even considering increasing or decreasing temperature changes. This is the first time to the best of our knowledge that a gold-coated fiber is used for high-temperature distributed measurements in a Brillouin-based system. The proposed solution via the gold-coated fiber allows a feasible deployment in field applications such as industrial scenarios.
Capital accumulation of a firm facing environmental constraints

In this paper we consider the dynamic behaviour of a firm subject to environmental regulation. As a social planner the government wants to reduce the level of pollution. To reach that aim, it can, among other actions, set an upper limit on polluting emissions of the firm. The paper determines how this policy instrument influences the firm's decisions concerning investments and abatement efforts. Using standard control theory in determining the firm's optimal dynamic investment decisions it turns out that it is always optimal to approach a long-run optimal level of capital. In some cases this equilibrium is reached within finite time, but usually it will be approached asymptotically. Also, a necessary condition is determined under which history-dependent equilibria can occur. Some of them are saddle point equilibria and others are unstable nodes or spirals (focuses). These history-dependent equilibria can be identified as being good or bad for society. We show that it is possible to eliminate bad equilibria through government intervention. Finally we derive conditions under which equilibrium capital stock and equilibrium investment rate in the regulated case decrease compared with the unregulated case.
Clinical biocompatibility of a neutral peritoneal dialysis solution with minimal glucose-degradation products--a 1-year randomized control trial.

BACKGROUND Chronic utilization of a bio-incompatible peritoneal dialysis (PD) solution with acidic pH and a high content of glucose degradation product (GDP) has been implicated as a contributing cause of peritoneal failure. We compared a newly formulated solution of neutral pH and low levels of GDP to a standard PD solution. METHODS Fifty new PD patients were randomized to a conventional lactate-buffered fluid (control) and a pH neutral, lactate-buffered, low GDP solution (balance). Patients were followed for 12 months. Serum samples were assayed for C-reactive protein (CRP). PD effluent was collected and assayed for cancer antigen-125 (CA125) and hyaluronan (HA). Clinical end points were the residual renal function and dialysis adequacy indices. RESULTS After 52 weeks of treatment, PD fluid CA125 rose from 2.45 +/- 0.96 to 14.30 +/- 2.17 U/ml (P < 0.001), and HA declined from 2.26 +/- 0.60 to 1.45 +/- 0.32 mug/ml (P = 0.07) in the balance group. The balance group had a higher PD fluid CA-125 (14.30 +/- 2.17 vs 7.36 +/- 2.23 U/ml, P = 0.007), lower HA (1.45 +/- 0.32 vs 2.55 +/- 0.32 mug/ml, P = 0.007), and lower serum CRP level (1.77 +/- 0.42 vs 7.73 +/- 2.42 mg/l, P = 0.026) than the control group at 52 weeks. There was no difference in dialysis adequacy indices, ultrafiltration volume, urine output, residual renal function, peritonitis rate or need of hospitalization in 1 year. CONCLUSION As compared to conventional PD solution, the use of balance, a neutral pH, low GDP solution resulted in a superior profile of PDE mesothelial cell marker and a lower degree of systemic inflammation, and the difference was maintained for 1 year. It remains to be determined whether these effects could result in better long-term clinical outcome.
Effect of Tick Saliva on Mechanisms of Innate Immune Response Against Borrelia afzelii

Abstract The effect of salivary gland extract (SGE) and saliva from the tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) on the interaction of Borrelia afzelii spirochetes with mouse macrophages as well as on the borreliacidal effect of calf serum was studied. SGE reduced both the number of phagocytosing cells and phagocytosed bacteria. An inhibitory effect of SGE on the killing of spirochetes by the alternative pathway of complement activation also was observed. Both SGE and saliva down-regulated production of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-&agr; by macrophages stimulated with interferon-&ggr; and live B. afzelii spirochetes. The production of another macrophage cytokine, interleukin-6, remained unchanged. SGE and saliva exerted a different effect on the production of nitric oxide by stimulated macrophages. Whereas SGE up-regulated NO production, saliva decreased it. The significance of immunosuppressive effects of tick saliva for the transmission of Borrelia spirochetes is discussed.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes : An overview of the problem

Article points 1. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in much of the developed world, occurring in 20% of the general population and 70% of people with type 2 diabetes. 2. NAFLD makes it more difficult to achieve good glycaemic control and is also associated with an increased risk of serious comorbidities and overall mortality. 3. Lifestyle and weight loss have been found to improve both the signs and the risk of NAFLD. Bariatric surgery, orlistat, antihypoglycaemic agents, and vitamin E and omega-3 supplements have also been shown to improve the disease in the short term, but evidence for their long-term effects is lacking.
The elementary events of Ca2+ release elicited by membrane depolarization in mammalian muscle

Cytosolic [Ca2+] transients elicited by voltage clamp depolarization were examined by confocal line scanning of rat skeletal muscle fibres. Ca2+ sparks were observed in the fibres' membrane‐permeabilized ends, but not in responses to voltage in the membrane‐intact area. Elementary events of the depolarization‐evoked response could be separated either at low voltages (near −50 mV) or at −20mV in partially inactivated cells. These were of lower amplitude, narrower and of much longer duration than sparks, similar to ‘lone embers’ observed in the permeabilized segments. Their average amplitude was 0.19 and spatial half‐width 1.3 μm. Other parameters depended on voltage. At −50 mV average duration was 111 ms and latency 185 ms. At −20 mV duration was 203 ms and latency 24 ms. Ca2+ release current, calculated on an average of events, was nearly steady at 0.5–0.6 pA. Accordingly, simulations of the fluorescence event elicited by a subresolution source of 0.5 pA open for 100 ms had morphology similar to the experimental average. Because 0.5 pA is approximately the current measured for single RyR channels in physiological conditions, the elementary fluorescence events in rat muscle probably reflect opening of a single RyR channel. A reconstruction of cell‐averaged release flux at −20 mV based on the observed distribution of latencies and calculated elementary release had qualitatively correct but slower kinetics than the release flux in prior whole‐cell measurements. The qualitative agreement indicates that global Ca2+ release flux results from summation of these discrete events. The quantitative discrepancies suggest that the partial inactivation strategy may lead to events of greater duration than those occurring physiologically in fully polarized cells.
Arthroscopic medial meniscectomy on stable knees

We reviewed 74 partial medial meniscectomies in 57 patients with stable knees, to assess the long-term functional and radiological outcome. The International Knee Documentation Committee score and the residual laxity were assessed in both knees. At the time of surgery the mean age of the patients was 36 +/- 11 years and the mean follow-up was 12 +/- 1 years. All had a limited medial meniscectomy. The anterior cruciate ligament was intact in all cases. The meniscal tear was vertical in 95% and complex in 5%. The posterior part of the meniscus was removed in 99%. A peripheral rim was preserved in all cases. After 12 years 95% of the patients were satisfied or very satisfied with their knee(s). Objectively, 57% had grade A function and 43% were grade B. The outcome correlated only with the presence of anterior knee pain at final follow-up. In the 49 cases of arthroscopic meniscectomy for which there was a contralateral normal knee there was narrowing of the 'joint-space' in 16% of the operated knees. There was no correlation between this and other parameters such as age or different meniscal pathologies.
Inhibition of Neuroepithelial Patched-Induced Apoptosis by Sonic Hedgehog

During early development in vertebrates, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is produced by the notochord and the floor plate. A ventrodorsal gradient of Shh directs ventrodorsal patterning of the neural tube. However, Shh is also required for the survival of neuroepithelial cells. We show that Patched (Ptc) induces apoptotic cell death unless its ligand Shh is present to block the signal. Moreover, the blockade of Ptc-induced cell death partly rescues the chick spinal cord defect provoked by Shh deprivation. Thus, the proapoptotic activity of unbound Ptc and the positive effect of Shh-bound Ptc on cell differentiation probably cooperate to achieve the appropriate spinal cord development.