Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF MYB33 AND AP2 GENES AND RESPONSE OF TY RESISTANT PLANTS TO BEET CURLY TOP IRAN VIRUS INFECTION IN TOMATO

Beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV) is a member of ge- nus Becurtovirus , family Geminiviridae , which constrains host crop production in various geographical regions in Iran. This virus causes significant crop loss in sugar beet and has been also reported from other hosts including to- mato. Various plant factors such as resistance genes and microRNA pathways were found to be involved in plant– geminivirus interaction. Ty resistant hybrids were found to confer resistance to both monopartite and bipartite bego- moviruses through increasing cytosine methylation of the viral genome. In this study we investigated the response of various tomato cultivars and Ty resistant hybrids to BCTIV infection. In addition, the effect of the virus on the regula- tion of microRNA target genes in plant development was investigated. Based on the evaluated disease severity in- dex and coefficient of infection, Ty resistant hybrids were grouped as moderately susceptible plants and produced leaf curling symptoms after BCTIV infection. However, no clear symptom was observed in the cultivar Super Chief. In addition, a significantly lower level of virus accumula- tion was observed in Super Chief plants compared to the susceptible cultivar, Grosse Lisse. Expression analysis of miRNA target genes in infected plants showed that AGO1 was induced in both cultivars. However, MYB33 and AP2 were differentially regulated in the susceptible and mod- erately resistant cultivars. The importance of regulation of these miRNA target genes in viral symptom development is discussed.
Levels of Glutathione S - Transferase In Different Larval Tissues of Papilio Demoleus

Papilio species are of economic importance, as their larvae are important defoliator of citrus known from almost all the citrus growing areas of the world. As a result, the overall vigour and vitality of the citrus plant is reduced considerably. The aim of the present article is to study the glutathione S-transferase in different larval tissues of Papilio demoleus. CDNB - conjugation activity was compared in various fifth instar larval tissues of laboratory reared and field collected Papilio demoleus using CDNB (1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene) as substrate. Different tissues estimated for GST include the midgut, fat bodies, cuticle, haemolymph and the whole body of two days old fifth instar larvae. The GST activity was found highest (648.93 ± 0.08 µM mg protein -1 min -1 ) in fat bodies of field-collected larvae while the corresponding value in the laboratory-reared larvae was 80.19 ± 0.05 µM mg protein -1 min -1 , where it showed 8.09 fold increases in GST activity. The fat bodies showed highest GST activity suggesting that the fat body is the major site of metabolism of insecticide, especially the organophosphate class, whiles the gut, cuticle and haemolymph also plays an important role in the metabolism of insecticide.
ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF AVIRULENCE GENE FROM INDIAN ISOLATES OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SP. LYCOPERSICI

Characterization of avirulence is crucial to unveil mechanism of resistance by signal transduction process induced after pathogen infection. Isolation of Avirulence genes (Avr3 and Avr1) by PCR based method showed an amplicon of 175 bp for Avr 3 gene and 459 bp for Avr 1 gene in both the fungal cultures, indicating the presence of both the genes in race I isolates. Identification of Avirulence protein (Avr1) by one dimensional and two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that this protein is of 23 kDa in weight with a pI value of 8.5-9.0, secreted in xylem sap of susceptible variety only after infection. The identification of SIX4 protein of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causing fusarium wilt in susceptible tomato plant can be applied for further studies to identify avirulence-R gene intercation.
[Staphylococcus enterotoxins, their properties and role as pathogenicity factors].

: Data on staphylococci species producing staphylococcus enterotoxins (SE) are presented in the review. Genetics of toxin formation, SE biosynthesis, factors influencing SE formation (pH, temperature, effect of inductors and repressors), physical-chemical properties of SE, influence of temperature on enterotoxin stability, enterotoxin structure, immunologic properties, super antigen properties, SE mechanism of action, role of SE in nosocomial infections, intestine dysbacteriosis, atopic dermatitis, enterotoxin toxicity, clinical manifestations are examined.
Evaluation terrain de l'efficacité du vaccin Ingelvac® M. hyo en injection unique contre la pneumonie enzootique du porc

L'efficacite d'un vaccin contre Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Ingelvac® M. hyo, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc.) dans le controle de la pneumonie enzootique, a ete testee dans trois elevages naisseurs-engraisseurs conventionnels infectes de facon chronique. Dans chaque elevage, les porcelets de trois bandes successives de truies ont ete repartis par tirage au sort dans l'un ou l'autre des deux groupes de traitement (vaccin ou placebo). La moitie des porcelets d'une bande a recu, a 10 semaines d'âge environ, une injection unique de 2 ml de vaccin et les porcelets de l'autre moitie la meme dose de placebo (solute physiologique isotonique). A l'abattoir, le taux de poumons porteurs de lesions de pneumonie s'est avere significativement (p < 0,001) moins eleve dans le groupe vaccine (37,0 %) que dans le groupe placebo (48,9 %). Il n'a pas ete note de difference significative entre les deux groupes sur l'etendue des lesions de pneumonie. Le GMQ des animaux vaccines s'est avere significativement (p = 0,022) plus eleve que celui des temoins (784 g/j versus 767 g/j, soit une amelioration de +2,2 %). Il n'a ete observe aucun effet secondaire lie a la vaccination, ni au niveau local, ni au niveau systemique.
Critical role of spatial information from chiral-asymmetric peptides in the earliest occurrence of life

Abstract The earliest functional living system on Earth should have been able to reproduce an ordered configuration and a self-organization dynamics. It was capable of resisting a random variability in time and space to keep the functionality. Amino acids (AAs) and nucleobases generated from abiotic reactions as seen in laboratory-based experiments have demonstrated that molecular elements for life can be obtained by predictable physicochemical processes. However, a functional, self-organized living system needs complex molecular interactions to endure. In this paper, we address the transference of spatial information on highly enantiopure polymers as a critical condition to support the dynamics in a self-organized biogenic system. Previous scenarios have considered almost exclusively the information encoded in sequences as the suitable source of prebiotic information. But the spatial information transference has been poorly understood thus far. We provide the supporting statements which predict that the ordered configuration in a biogenic system should be significantly influenced by spatial information, instead of being exclusively generated by sequences of polymers. This theoretical approach takes into consideration that the properties of mutation and inheritance did not develop before definition of the structures that allow the management of information. Rather, we postulate that the molecular structures to store and transfer information must exist at first, in order to retain particular functional ‘meaning’, and subsequently, such information can be ‘inherited’ and eventually modified. Thus, the present contribution follows the theory that life was originated from an unstable prebiotic environment that involves the early spatial information transference based on large chiral asymmetry.
Onco-Mir-155 Targets SHIP to Regulate TNF-Dependent B-Cell Lymphoma Growth

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) accounts for approximately 40% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, with an overall 3-year relapse-free survival of 53%. DLBCL consists of a germinal center B-cell (GCB-like) subgroup and an activated B-cell (ABC-like) subgroup exist, associated with good and poor prognosis, respectively. In addition to differential expression of coding genes, ABC-type lymphoma cells express high levels of the non-coding microRNA, miR-155, an onco-miR whose ectopic expression in the mouse has been shown to give rise to B-cell malignancies. DLBCL feature a dysregulated PI3 kinase pathway, which can promote proliferation and survival. PI3K is regulated by phosphatases PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten) and SHIP (SH2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase). PTEN is a known tumor suppressor and is mutated in human cancer with a frequency approaching that of p53 . cDNA array analyses of DLBCL patient specimens indicate that low mRNA expression level of SHIP can be used as a negative prognostic marker for survival. We have now identified SHIP as the first bona-fide target of miR-155. RT-PCR analysis of micro-dissected lymphoma samples confirmed high levels of miR-155 and low levels of SHIP in poor-prognosis ABC-cells as compared to GCB-cells. We further demonstrate that elevated levels of miR-155, and consequent abrogation of SHIP expression, is not due to point mutations or promoter hypermethylation of SHIP in primary DLBCL cells, but rather the result of a TNFa-mediated autocrine loop, a pro-inflammatory cytokine whose serum levels are elevated in DLBCL patients. Consequently, anti-TNFa regimens (Etenercept (Enbrel®), Infliximab (Remicade®)) are sufficient to reduce miR-155 levels, restore expression of SHIP, decrease p-Akt levels, and slow tumor cell growth of ABC-sub-type DLBCL cell lines. Furthermore, we observe a highly significant decrease in tumor growth when DLBCL-xenograft mice are treated with Etenercept, suggesting a novel approach for restoring tumor suppressor activity and inducing growth inhibition of these aggressive tumors. Our findings offer the first direct evidence that specific miRs can function as a the link between inflammation and cancer. Finally, our hypothesis, that TNFa promotes survival of DLBCL via miR-155, SHIP and pAkt, opens up a novel and immediately accessible (co)treatment for poor prognosis DLBCL.
The development of the hatching gland and the secretion of hatching enzyme in Odontobutis potamophila

The development of the hatching gland and the secretion of hatching enzyme in Odontobutis potamophila (Gunther) were examined with microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hatching gland with monolayered cells originates from the ectoderm. The hatching gland(HG)appeared first at the stage of lens formation; the hatching gland cells(HGCs)were located in the ventral part of the head and in the joint region between the head and the yolk sac. The HG with monolayered cells was still distributed on the outer surface of embryonic body and yolk sac, the number and the volume of HGCs increased significantly, HGCs spread more widely with the development of the embryo. When the embryo reached the eye pigmentation stage, the number of HGCs reached about 900- 1 200 . HGCs were located in the lateral parts and the ventral part of the head, the joint region between the head and the yolk sac, the anterior part and the ventral part of the yolk sac. The HGCs in Odontobutis potamophila (Gunther) were oval cells 5-8 μm in short diameter and 7-12 μm in long diameter. HGCs were darkish pink when stained with eosin. The hatching enzyme was formed in the HGCs at the stage of lens formation and accumulated until the prehatching stage. When the embryo reached the prehatching stage, the hatching enzyme granules were secreted into the perivitelline space from the top of HGCs. Secretory granules were spherical and 0.5-1.0 μm in diameter. The hatching enzyme was dissolved in the perivitelline fluid, where it gained access to the egg envelope and digested the inner layer of the egg envelope. The outer layer remained like a fragile veil that was then broken by the embryo. HGCs disappeared from epidermis about 2 days after hatching.
Epigenetic regulation of gene transcription: Jhdm1b characterization and genome-wide localization of H2A ubiquitylation

Eric M. Kallin Epigenetic regulation of gene transcription: Jhdm1b characterization and genome-wide localization of H2A ubiquitylation (Under the direction of Dr. Yi Zhang) Histone methylation and ubiquitylation play important roles in regulating gene expression and form part of the epigenetic memory system that regulates cellular fate. Two general classes of enzymes linked to covalent modification are the JmjC domain-containing proteins capable of histone demethylation and the E3 ubiquitin ligases. Here we report the evolutionary conservation of JmjC domain-containing proteins with the goal of predicting active demethylases. We demonstrate that one of these proteins, Jhdm1b, is an H3K36 demethylase both in vitro and in vivo. Knock-down of Jhdm1b in primary MEFs inhibits cell proliferation and induces cellular senescence in a pRb and p53 pathway-dependent manner that is mediated through direct de-repression of p15. Jhdm1b binds to the p15 promoter and maintains low levels of local H3K36me2. Importantly, knock-down followed by rescue experiments demonstrate that this function is mediated through an active JmjC domain. Transcriptional regulation by PcG proteins is achieved at least partly through the PRC1-mediated ubiquitylation of histone H2A (uH2A). Bmi1 has been demonstrated to be critical for H2A ubiquitylation. Although recent studies have revealed the genome-wide binding patterns of some of the PRC1 components there have been no reports describing
Update on oak seed quality research: Hardwood recalcitrant seeds

In 2 experiments, acorns of cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) and water oak (Q. nigra L.) were stored at 2 temperatures and 2 moisture contents for 3 years, and acorns of white oak (Q. alba L.) and cherrybark oak were desiccated over a span of up to 11 days and examined for physiological and biochemical changes. We found that after 2 years of storage, only cherrybark and water oak acorns that had been stored fully hydrated retained high viability. In addition, those stored at -2 ∞C (28 ∞F) were more viable than those stored at 4 ∞C (39 ∞F). In the desiccation study, we found rapid decreases in acorn viability, accompanied by changes in the lipid, protein, and carbohydrate fractions. Changes were seen in membrane lipids and proteins in as few as 3 to 4 days of drying, suggesting that the physiological deterioration of these acorns begins relatively soon after shedding. We suggest that all precautions against moisture loss be taken during collection and storage, especially if acorns are not used immediately.
Epigenetics and Metabolic Syndrome

Epigenetics can be defined as stable and heritable changes in gene expression that are not produced by changes in DNA sequence. The most studied epigenetic modifications are DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications. Epigenetic modifications might explain how environmental, nutritional and others factors contribute to the modulation of gene expression and the development of different diseases. Metabolic syndrome is defined by the presence of mainly central obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and a prothrombotic and proinflammatory state, which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The genetic factors of these diseases are complex, and it is known that genetic susceptibility or resistance backgrounds as well as environmental factors contribute to the development of this syndrome. We have studied the in- volvement of epigenetic modifications in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. These modifications might play an important role in the development of these diseases in adulthood, and according to our results, they might also predispose an individual from prenatal life. In this review, we describe the main epigenetic modifications, and which could be their role in the development of metabolic syndrome. Understanding how epigenetic modifications act in these diseases could not only help to identify new avenues of treatment but also to establish preventive measures from gestation. Rev Argent Endocrinol Metab 52:35-44, 2015
Characterization of Phospholipase C Productivity by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus isolates

Of 205 bacterial isolates, 28 have shown high phospholipase production. Three isolates, identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus, have shown the highest PLC productivity compared to isolates from the same morphological class and were selected for characterization of enzyme production. PLC production by these isolates took place in phosphate starved media (PS-TMM). For Pseudomonas aeruginosa D183, PS- TMM supported maximum PLC production. Replacing glucose with other carbon sources at different concentrations, increasing glucose concentration, adding organic proteins (except for peptone at 0.5% and BSA at 1.5%), or replacing metal salt components of PS-TMM, inhibited PLC production. PS- TMM, to which BSA (1 or 1.5%) or sodium cholate (0.05%) was added, supported maximum PLC production by Bacillus cereus D101. PLC production by this isolate was increased with increasing glucose concentration in PS-TMM, while replacing glucose with other carbon sources either decreased or abolished PLC production. Adding BSA, triton X-100, sodium cholate (at 0.05 and 0.1%), tween 20, or tween 80 to PS-TMM or removing CaCl2 from it increased PLC production by this isolate. Production of PLC by Staphylococcus isolate in PS-TMM occurred only when glucose concentration was increased to 110 mM, when BSA (0.5, 1 or 1.5%) or sodium cholate (1.25 or 2.5%) was added. PLC production by all three isolates was growth associated. Optimum pH for PLC production by the three isolates was pH 7-8 while optimum temperatures were 37˚C (Pseudomonas aeruginosa D183), 30˚C (Bacillus cereus D101) and 25-37˚C (Staphylococcus aureus D173). (Nooran Sh. Elleboudy, Mohammad M. Aboulwafa, Nadia A. Hassouna, Characterization of Phospholipase C Productivity by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(8): 545-566). (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience. org.
Innate and acquired components of oligophagy in the herbivorous lepidopteran, Manduca sexta

Innate and acquired aspects of oligophagy were investigated in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), a species normally restricted to members of the family Solanaceae. Larvae were reared in the laboratory on solanaceous species tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), strawberry groundcherry (Physalis pruinosa L.), and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), as well as the non‐solanaceous foods cowpea [Vigna sinensis (L.) (Fabaceae)], rapeseed [Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae)], and artificial diet. Feeding assays were conducted using the above plants plus corkscrew vine [Vigna caracalla (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae)], lettuce [Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae)], and moist glass‐fiber filter paper. Larval feeding was characterized using two camera‐monitored assays: (1) a quantitative no‐choice disc test that determines consumption over time, delays in initiation of feeding, and % of larvae rejecting the food, and (2) a novel no‐choice emigration test that measures how soon a larva abandons a whole plant. Experimental results from both assays revealed that larvae displayed high levels of acceptance of Solanaceae regardless of whether they had been reared on solanaceous or non‐solanaceous food. We conclude that solanaceous oligophagy in M. sexta is primarily innate and does not require (but may be strengthened by) previous feeding experience on Solanaceae. In contrast, larvae tested on non‐solanaceous plants or moist filter paper showed large variation in both acceptance of foods and emigration times that were strongly dependent on the food on which they had been reared (analogous to the ‘induction of preference’ of earlier literature). Two types of induction were identified: an increase in acceptability of a plant of (1) the same species as the one on which the larva was reared, or (2) a related species. These discoveries both challenge and expand our current understanding of oligophagy in the tobacco hornworm.
Dietary Sulfur Amino Acid Availability and Molt Dynamics in White-Crowned Sparrows

reason proposed by Smith (1980), yearling males still are able to exploit the system and gain access to space. I thank the Robert Erickson family, especially Carrie, for their generous hospitality while I was in Arizona and Carrie Erickson for her help in the field. Mary Bornberger, John Hoogland, Sievert Rohwer, and Dan Rubenstein made helpful comments on the manuscript. My parents, Raymond and Kathryn Brown, financially supported this research.
Uso da abordagem Bayesiana no estudo da dieta do peixe-galo, Selene setapinnis (Teleostei: Carangidae) nova proposta de análise

This work aimed to study the diet of Atlantic moonfish, Selene setapinnis , on the Bayesian approach. Specimens were collected during fishing cruises accomplished by bottom trawling boats in the Itagua Bay (Ubatuba, Sao Paulo State). All registered stomach material was classified in four alimentary categories: teleost fish, cephalopod molluscs, crustacean and vegetal remains. The numeric percentage of each alimentary category was the base of the Bayesian inference, adopting the Jeffreys method for obtaining the non-informative a priori distribution. 496 alimentary items were registered; the category composed by crustaceans was responsible for approximately 90% of diet, being characterized as primary resource of juvenile S. setapinnis . Due to low values in the proportion of the registered gastric content, teleost fish, cephalopod molluscs, crustacean and vegetal remains are characterized as accidental prey. The use of Bayesian approach comes as an alternative to the traditional methodology.
Biomass estimation using a length-weight relationship in beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Aphodiidae, Histeridae, Hydrophilidae, Staphylinidae) obtained from cow dung

Abstract This research enabled the relationship between length and dry body mass to be determined for 158 beetle larvae taken from cow dung in north-eastern Poland. The larvae were divided into three morphological types, for which the power and linear function of the body length-weight relationship were determined. The linear regression equation characterizes the relationship between body weight and length for all morphological types of larvae very well (0.8955≤R2≤0.9752). The power regression equation characterizes this relationship for all morphological types of larvae well (0.8562≤R2≤0.9742). The equations obtained can be used to compute dry mass for most beetle larvae inhabiting dung.
Cariotipos de las principales serpientes coral (Elapidae: Micrurus) de Costa Rica

We describe the karyotypes of the three most abundant coral snake species (Elapidae: Micrurus ) in Costa Rica: Micrurus nigrocinctus, M. alleni and M. mipartitus . In M. nigrocinctus there are two karyotypic populations which correspond to two of the three subspecies described in our country. In M. n. nigrocinctus there are 26 chromosomes (16 macro- and 10 microchromosomes) and in M. n. mosquitensis 30 chromosomes (16 macro- and 14 microchromosomes) in the diploid set. Females from both populations are heteromorphic in the sixth chromosome pair. M. alleni has 34 chromosomes in the diploid set, with 20 macro- and 14 microchromosomes. In M. mipartitus the diploid set also has 34 chromosomes, but with 14 macro- and 20 microchromosomes. In all three species there is an evident secondary constriction in one pair of macrochromosomes.