Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diversity in the Acute CD8 T Cell Response to Vaccinia Virus in Humans 1 2

Orthopoxviruses have complex proteomes. Infection provokes a brisk CD8 response, which is required in some systems for recovery from primary infection. Little is known concerning the Ags and epitopes recognized by CD8 T cells. We examined the fine specificity of cloned and bulk human vaccinia-specific CD8 CTL by expressing polypeptide fragments from a library of vaccinia genomic DNA. This epitope discovery method emphasizes virus-specific biological activity, as the responder cells are all reactive with whole vaccinia virus. Sixteen novel epitopes, restricted by several HLA A and B alleles, were defined to the nomamer peptide level in diverse vaccinia open reading frames. An additional seven epitope were mapped to short regions of vaccinia proteins. Targets of the CD8 response included proteins assigned to structural, enzymatic, transcription factor, and immune evasion functions, and included members of all viral kinetic classes. Most epitopes were conserved in other orthopoxviruses. Responses to at least 18 epitopes were detected within a single blood sample, revealing a surprising degree of diversity. These epitopes will be useful in natural history studies of CD8 responses to vaccinia, a nonpersisting virus with long-term memory, and in the design and evaluation of attenuated and replication-incompetent vaccinia strains being tested for variola and monkeypox prevention and for the delivery of heterologous Ags.
Infektionen in der pädiatrischen Onkologie

Zusammenfassung Infektionen gehören zu den häufigen und auch zu den potenziell lebensbedrohlichen Komplikationen der zytotoxischen Therapie von Krebserkrankungen im Kindesalter. In dieser Übersicht werden Risikofaktoren bei pädiatrisch-onkologischen Patienten, das Spektrum der wichtigsten Infektionserreger, die initial erforderliche Diagnostik und das Management infektiöser Komplikationen beschrieben. Diagnostik und Therapie infektiöser Komplikationen binden einen erheblichen Anteil der personellen und finanziellen Ressourcen in pädiatrischonkologischen Abteilungen. Die strukturellen Voraussetzungen und Prinzipien der empirischen antibakteriellen und antimykotischen Chemotherapie, für die bislang in Deutschland noch keine Konsensusempfehlung vorliegt, werden ebenso diskutiert wie die Problematik nosokomial erworbener Infektionen. Ein Ausblick auf die ambulante Weiterbehandlung von ausgewählten Patienten mit Infektion und niedrigem Risiko einer systemischen Infektionsbeteiligung deutet auf zukünftige Behandlungsstrategien in dieser Patientenpopulation hin.
Viés de seleção na análise de desempenho de ações no mercado brasileiro

Revista de Administração, São Paulo v.37, n.2, p.38-45, abril/junho 2002 Uma das práticas mais freqüentes no mercado de valores mobiliários é preparar análises de desempenho de ações de vários tipos, bem como de carteiras de fundos de investimento. No primeiro caso, a finalidade é apresentar evidências de que uma certa estratégia de investimento, envolvendo a escolha preferencial de certo tipo de ação, tende a ser superior a alguma outra. Em geral, essa comparação é feita com base em rentabilidades acumuladas em períodos relativamente longos, desde que se possa acreditar que as duas ou mais estratégias alternativas apresentam riscos semelhantes. Por exemplo, um analista ou investidor pode desejar saber se é mais rentável aplicar em ações ordinárias ou em ações preferenciais. No caso do desempenho de fundos de investimento, tende-se a comparar suas rentabilidades acumuladas com as de alguma espécie de índice de referência (benchmark) que também represente a evolução do valor de mercado de uma carteira bastante diversificada. Por exemplo, o interesse pode estar em medir o desempenho de um fundo de ações em relação ao comportamento do Índice da Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (Ibovespa). Em análises como as mencionadas, um problema fundamental, que tende a tornar as análises enviesadas e, portanto, prejudicar seriamente as conclusões obtidas, é o que se convencionou chamar de viés de seleção ou viés de sobrevivência. Sharpe, Alexander & Bailey (1995, p.841), por exemplo, assim caracterizam o problema: Muitos estudos descrevem um sistema de seleção de ações que supera o desempenho de índices convencionais de mercado. Os autores oferecem o seguinte exemplo: uso de uma base de dados preparada em 1994 para analisar preços de 1983 a 1993. Os títulos escolhidos em 1994 podem ter sido selecionados porque eram importantes em 1994. No entanto, em outras palavras, o sistema descoberto em 1994 baseava-se em uma análise das ações que, com certeza, estavam vivas, bem e eram importantes em 1994. Portanto, esse sistema só poderia ter tido bom desempenho no período de 1983 a 1993 (p.842). A natureza do problema é bem definida na seguinte frase de Sharpe, Alexander & Bailey (1995): Entretanto, estudos desse tipo (.) exigem Viés de seleção na análise de desempenho de
How infants and toddlers react to antisocial others

Although adults generally prefer helpful behaviors and those who perform them, there are situations (in particular, when the target of an action is disliked) in which overt antisocial acts are seen as appropriate, and those who perform them are viewed positively. The current studies explore the developmental origins of this capacity for selective social evaluation. We find that although 5-mo-old infants uniformly prefer individuals who act positively toward others regardless of the status of the target, 8-mo-old infants selectively prefer characters who act positively toward prosocial individuals and characters who act negatively toward antisocial individuals. Additionally, young toddlers direct positive behaviors toward prosocial others and negative behaviors toward antisocial others. These findings constitute evidence that the nuanced social judgments and actions readily observable in human adults have their foundations in early developing cognitive mechanisms.
Hypotension‐Induced Changes in Cerebral Function During Cardiac Surgery

In a series of 75 patients undergoing cardiac operations with the assistance of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), 15 patients were subjected to relatively large hypotensive stresses during CPB as measured by the depth and duration of the fall in cerebral perfusion pressure. Of these 15 patients, eight manifested cerebral dysfunction postoperatively ranging from temporary exacerbation of pre-existing focal neurological deficits to irreversible coma. In each of these eight cases, EEG disturbances which first appeared at the time of hypotensive episodes during CPB persisted postoperatively and correlated with the nature and evolution of the clinical deficit. In two of the patients who did not regain consciousness postoperatively, neuropathological studies revealed bilateral laminar cortical necrosis, primarily involving cerebral cortex in one case and cerebellar cortex in the other, with accentuation in arterial border zones. Of seven other patients who suffered comparable exposures to hypotension during CPB, none evidenced cerebral dysfunction postoperatively. The most important determinants of this selective vulnerability to low extracorporeal perfusion pressure appeared to be the “reperfusion” pressure established after the hypotensive episode, postoperative blood pressure and cardiac output, and brain temperature at the time of the hypotension. Advanced age and history of cerebrovascular insufficiency were the greatest risk factors among patient variables.
Considering marijuana legalization carefully: insights for other jurisdictions from analysis for Vermont.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS In 2014 the legislature of Vermont, USA passed a law requiring the Secretary of Administration to report on the consequences of legalizing marijuana. The RAND Corporation was commissioned to write that report. This paper summarizes insights from that analysis that are germane to other jurisdictions. METHOD Translation of key findings from the RAND Corporation report to the broader policy debate. RESULTS Marijuana legalization encompasses a wide range of possible regimes, distinguished along at least four dimensions: which organizations are allowed to produce and supply the drug, the regulations under which they operate, the nature of the products that can be distributed and taxes and prices. Vermont's decriminalization had already cut its costs of enforcing marijuana prohibition against adults to about $1 per resident per year. That is probably less than the cost of regulating a legal market. Revenues from taxing residents' purchases after legalization could be many times that amount, so the main fiscal cost of prohibition after decriminalization relative to outright legalization may be foregone tax revenues, not enforcement costs. Approximately 40 times as many users live within 200 miles of Vermont's borders as live within the state; drug tourism and associated tax revenues will be important considerations, as will be the response of other states. Indeed, if another state legalized with lower taxes, that could undermine the ability to collect taxes on even Vermont residents' purchases. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of possible outcomes if Vermont, USA, legalized marijuana reveal that choices about how, and not just whether, to legalize a drug can have profound consequences for the effects on health and social wellbeing, and the choices of one jurisdiction can affect the options and incentives available to other jurisdictions.
Zur Effizienz des Grundwasserschutzes - eine ökonomische Analyse

Die erneuerbare Ressource Grundwasser steht in einem Nutzungskonflikt: Einerseits wollen Trinkwasserkonsumenten durch qualitativ hochwertiges Grundwasser ein kostengunstiges Angebot an Trinkwasser erhalten. Andererseits mochten Landwirte und Gartenbauer im Rahmen ihrer betrieblichen Zielsetzung die Moglichkeit aufrecht erhalten, Grundwasser als Senke fur uberschussiges Nitrat zu nutzen. Aufgrund dieser konkurrierenden Anspruche kann das Thema "Grundwasserschutz" auch aus okonomischer Sicht betrachtet werden. Dabei wird gefragt, welche Regelungen im Grundwasserschutz mit einem Minimum an gesamtwirtschaftlichen Nutzenverlusten verbunden sind. Die hier angestellten analytischen Uberlegungen zu einem effizienten Grundwasserschutz lassen zwei verschiedene Anknupfungspunkte fur ein Versagen im Grundwasserschutz erkennen. Zum einen werden die Ziele im Grundwasserschutz mangelhaft festgelegt (Effizienzverluste erster Ordnung) und zum anderen werden die Ziele im Grundwasserschutz mangelhaft umgesetzt (Effizienzverluste zweiter Ordnung).
The biomedical effects of laser application

This paper briefly reviews the authors' experimental and clinical use of lasers over a 20‐year period, during which laser effects on 15 biological systems were studied. Low‐energy laser radiation was found to have a stimulating effect on cells, and high‐energy radiation had an inhibiting effect. The application of lasers to stimulate wound healing in cases of nonhealing ulcers is recommended.
On-farm assessment of environmental enrichment for broiler breeders

1. A field experiment was conducted with commercial broiler breeder females to assess the hypothesis that the provision of bunches of string and bales of wood shavings would provide attractive environmental enrichment and improve welfare by decreasing aggression and feather damage. 2. The experiment was a randomised block factorial design conducted in a commercial flock of 21 600 female broiler breeders in 12 pens of 1800 chicks. Treatments were environmental enrichment (4 plastic coated bales of wood shavings and 50 bunches of string) from hatch (EE1) or 8 weeks of age (EE2) and a control treatment with no environmental enrichment. There were 4 replicates (rooms). 3. Bird activity was videotaped at 5, 10 and 16 weeks of age and subsequently scored for the number of birds using the perch or pecking at a bale, drinker, litter and section of the wall at 10-min intervals for 4 h throughout the photoperiod (24 times/d). Aggression was assessed by determining the number of aggressive acts in 2-min intervals during 8 periods of the day. The skin and feather condition of 25 birds in each pen were scored at 6, 12 and 18 weeks and the condition of the string bunches was scored at the end of the experiment. 4. The proportion of birds pecking the bales, wall and litter declined and the proportion pecking at the drinker and using the perch increased with age. The number of birds pecking at the bale was similar in EE1 and EE2 at 10 and 16 weeks of age. 5. The string bunches were not extensively used. The condition of the bunches of string in EE2 was worse than in EE1 at the end of the experiment. 6. The number of aggressive acts increased with age and there was no consistent difference between treatments. 7. There was an increase with age in the damage score for feathers over the back and wings and around the tail and vent but no differences between treatments. 8. Provision of litter in the form of unopened bales of wood shavings was a commercially acceptable form of environmental enrichment, but there was no evidence that behavioural changes associated with feed restriction, including the prevalence of aggression, were improved.
Comunidades de práctica de profesores de escuelas primarias públicas: un estudio de caso colombiano

Este articulo presenta el resultado de una investigacion desa- 69 rrollada en una institucion educativa publica colombiana ubicada en Sincelejo (Sucre, Colombia), con el proposito de conocer los aspectos de la escuela que favorecen y afectan la formacion y el funcionamiento de comunidades de practica de profesores de primaria. Se realizo un estudio de caso con un enfoque cualitativo en el que se utilizaron como tecnicas de recoleccion de datos: observacion participante, revision de documentos y entrevista cualitativa. Se concluye que en la escuela solo existen comunidades de practica formales que se identifican con las caracteristicas que Hargreaves le atribuye a la colegialidad artificial: reglamentada por la administracion, obligatoria, orientada a la implementacion, fija en el tiempo y el espacio y previsible.
Extending the c‐statistic to nominal polytomous outcomes: the Polytomous Discrimination Index

Diagnostic problems in medicine are sometimes polytomous, meaning that the outcome has more than two distinct categories. For example, ovarian tumors can be benign, borderline, primary invasive, or metastatic. Extending the main measure of binary discrimination, the c‐statistic or area under the ROC curve, to nominal polytomous settings is not straightforward. This paper reviews existing measures and presents the polytomous discrimination index (PDI) as an alternative. The PDI assesses all sets of k cases consisting of one case from each outcome category. For each category i (i = 1, … ,k), it is assessed whether the risk of category i is highest for the case from category i. A score of 1∕k is given per category for which this holds, yielding a set score between 0 and 1 to indicate the level of discrimination. The PDI is the average set score and is interpreted as the probability to correctly identify a case from a randomly selected category within a set of k cases. This probability can be split up by outcome category, yielding k category‐specific values that result in the PDI when averaged. We demonstrate the measures on two diagnostic problems (residual mass histology after chemotherapy for testicular cancer; diagnosis of ovarian tumors). We compare the behavior of the measures on theoretical data, showing that PDI is more strongly influenced by simultaneous discrimination between all categories than by partial discrimination between pairs of categories. In conclusion, the PDI is attractive because it better matches the requirements of a measure to summarize polytomous discrimination. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Esansiyel Hipertansiyon Hastalarında Serum Koenzim Q1 (CoQ1 ) ve Homosistein Düzeylerinin Araştırılması

ÖZET Amaç: En do jen sen tez le nen, li pid faz da çö zü nen tek an ti ok si dan olan ko en zim Q10 (CoQ10, ubi ki non) ser best ra di kal le rin üre ti mi ni en gel le di ği gi bi pro te in le rin, li pid le rin ve DNA’ nın da ok si da tif mo di fi kas yo nu nu en gel ler. CoQ10 ay nı za man da mi to kon dri yal so lu num zin ci rin de ki elek tron ta şı yı cı sı dır. İnsan lar da azal mış CoQ10 se vi ye le ri, kar diy ak bo zuk luk lar ve nö ro de je ne ra tif has ta lık lar gi bi pek çok pa to lo ji de göz len miş tir. Ho mo sis te in do ğal ola rak olu şan, sül für içe ren bir ami noasit tir ve art mış se rum ho mo sis te in dü zey le ri kar di yo vas kü ler has ta lık lar için ba ğım sız bir risk fak tö rü dür. Bu ça lış ma da se rum ho mo sis te in ve CoQ10 dü zey le ri nin esan si yel hi per tan si yon da ki rol le ri ni araş tır ma yı amaç la dık. Ge reç ve Yön tem ler: Ça lış ma 38-79 yaş la rı ara sın da (57.23 ± 10.68) 30 esan si yel hi per tan si yon has ta sı (10 E, 20 K) ile 38-83 yaş la rı ara sın da (56.50 ± 11.36) 30 sağ lık lı gö nül lü (12 E, 18 K) üze rin de ger çek leş ti ril di. Has ta ve kon trol le rin aç lık se rum ör nek le rin de ho mo sis te in ve CoQ10 dü zey le ri HPLC (high per for man ce li qu id chro ma tog raphy) me to du ile öl çül dü. Bul gu lar: Esan si yel hi per tan si yon has ta la rı nın ho mo sis te in dü zey le ri (17.35 ± 4.81 μmol/L) sağ lık lı kon trol le rin ho mo sis te in dü zey le rin den (11.16 ± 3.18 μmol/L) an lam lı ola rak yük sek (p< 0.01) bu lu nur ken has ta la ra ait CoQ10 dü zey le ri (801.22 ± 285.91 μg/L) sağ lık lı ki şi le re ait CoQ10 dü zey le rin den (810.07 ± 278.63 μg/L) bi raz dü şük bu lun du. Fa kat, ara da ki fark is ta tis ti ki açı dan anlam lı de ğil di. So nuç: Esan si yel hi per tan si yo nun et iyo lo ji sin de yük sek se rum ho mo sis te in dü zey le ri nin ro lü ola bi le ce ği, CoQ10 dü zey le ri nin ise bu has ta lı ğın et yo lo ji sin de önem li bir et ki si nin ol ma dı ğı so nu cu na ulaş tık.
Effects of EPC-K1 on Lipid Peroxidation in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury

Study Design. A study in which levels of lipid peroxidation were measured, the thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances were estimated in an experimental rat model, and the recovery was assessed. Objective. To ascertain the occurrence of thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances in the damaged spinal cord, and to investigate the effectiveness of a hydroxyl radical scavenger EPC-K1, a phosphate diester linkage of vitamins E and C, in attenuating the severity of spinal cord injury. Summary of Background Data. Lipid peroxidation has been reported to play an important role in spinal cord injury. There is no report on the use of EPC-K1 to attenuate the severity of spinal cord injury in either animal or human studies. Methods. Spinal cord injury was induced by placing a 25-g weight on T12, and the animals were divided into six groups. Group 1 (sham) received only laminectomy. Group 2 (control) received spinal cord injury. Group 3 received EPC-K1 5 minutes before injury. Group 4 received it 5 minutes after injury. Group 5 received it 3 hours after injury. Group 6 received it five times, respectively: at 5 minutes, then 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after injury. The levels of thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances were measured in the spinal cord, and the recovery was assessed. Results. The thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances content increased after injury, with two peaks, at 1 and 4 hours. Concentration at the 4-hour peak was lower in nitrogen mustard–induced leukocytopenia rats than in the control rats. The EPC-K1 injection reduced thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances content at 1 and 4 hours after injury in Group 3 (respectively, 34.3% and 42.7%vs. control) and only that at 4 hours in Group 6 (24.9%vs. control). Motor function recovery and histologic findings were better in these two groups than in Group 2. Conclusion. Repeated injection of EPC-K1 attenuated the severity of spinal cord injury.
Concurrent sickle-cell anemia and alpha-thalassemia: effect on severity of anemia.

We studied 47 patients with sickle-cell anemia to determine the effect of alpha-thalassemia on the severity of their hemolytic anemia. We diagnosed alpha-thalassemia objectively by using alpha-globin-gene mapping to detect alpha-globin-gene deletions, studying 25 subjects with the normal four alpha-globin-genes, 18 with three, and four with two. The mean hemoglobin, hematocrit, and absolute reticulocyte levels (+/- S.D.) were 7.9 +/- 0.9 g per deciliter (4.9 +/- 0.6 mmol per liter), 22.9 +/- 2.9 per cent, and 501,000 +/- 126,000 per cubic millimeter, respectively, in the non-thalassemic group; 9.8 +/- 1.6 g per deciliter (6.1 +/- 1.0 mmol per liter), 29.0 +/- 5.0 per cent, and 361,000 +/- 51,000 per cubic millimeter in the group with three alpha-globin genes; and 9.2 +/- 1.0 g per deciliter (5.7 +/- 0.6 mmol per liter), 27.5 +/- 3.0 per cent, and 100,000 +/- 15,000 per cubic millimeter in the group with two alpha-globin genes. Deletion of alpha-globin genes was also accompanied by a decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in post-reticulocyte erythrocytes and by increased hemoglobin F levels. The decreased intraerythrocytic hemoglobin S concentration and elevated hemoglobin F levels associated with alpha-thalassemia appear to diminish the degree of hemolytic anemia found in sickle-cell disease.
Autonomic imbalance hypothesis and overtraining syndrome.

PURPOSE The parasympathetic, Addison type, overtraining syndrome represents the dominant modern type of this syndrome. Beside additional mechanisms, an autonomic or neuroendocrine imbalance is hypothesized as underlying. METHODS/RESULTS Several findings support this thesis. During heavy endurance training or overreaching periods, the majority of findings give evidence of a reduced adrenal responsiveness to ACTH. This is compensated by an increased pituitary ACTH release. In an early stage of the overtraining syndrome, despite increased pituitary ACTH release, the decreased adrenal responsiveness is no longer compensated. The cortisol response decreases. In an advanced stage of overtraining syndrome, the pituitary ACTH release also decreases. In this stage, there is additionally evidence for decreased intrinsic sympathetic activity and sensitivity of target organs to catecholamines. This is indicated by decreased catecholamine excretion during night rest, decreased beta-adrenoreceptor density, decreased beta-adrenoreceptor-mediated responses, and increased resting plasma norepinephrine levels and responses to exercise. However, this complete pattern is only observed subsequent to high-volume endurance overtraining at high caloric demands. CONCLUSION The described functional alterations of pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic system can explain persistent performance incompetence in affected athletes.
Design of TEGFET devices for optimum low-noise high-frequency operation

In the context of applications requiring high gain and minimal noise at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies, the optimization of a number of interrelated structural and electrical parameters is necessary. This paper discusses the relative importance of these parameters in the design of TEGFET devices and their influence on the considerations necessary far wideband LNA design. The discussion is illustrated with recent microwave data obtained with millimeter-wave TEGFET devices.