Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cerium Oxyhydroxide Nanowire Growth via Electrogeneration of Base in Nonaqueous Electrolytes

The preparation of compact cerium oxyhydroxide nanowires into anodic alumina membranes from cerium chloride in ethanol solution via electrogeneration of base is reported. Scanning electron microscopy analyses indicate that dense, well-aligned, and highly ordered nanowires can be formed in a wide range of applied potentials and current densities in alcoholic solution. The employment of water brings to a hybrid nanotube/nanowire structure, suggesting a key role of the electrolyte nature in determining the morphology of the deposit. Electrochemical findings and X-ray diffraction analysis have shown that nanowires are constituted by a Ce(III)/Ce(IV) oxyhydroxide that can be completely oxidized into CeO 2 by thermal treatment.
Pattern Formation in Membranes with Quenched Disorder

The lateral heterogeneity in the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is an important factor for regulating biological functions. As opposed to plasma membranes, model membranes (either artificially prepared membranes, or membranes extracted from living cells) typically phase separate. To address this paradox, we present computer simulations of a coarse-grained membrane model that undergoes macroscopic phase separation at low temperature. Considering a coupling between local composition and local curvature of the membrane, we show that the system exhibits composition fluctuations with a nontrivial length scale, resembling microemulsion. The latter is identified as a region where lipid rafts can form. Additionally, we probe the nature of phase transition between the phase-separating regime and the mixed state. This transition is shown to be continuous and belongs to the two-dimensional Ising universality class for weak coupling to curvature, but becomes first-order for strong curvature-composition coupling. We furthermore consider the effect of quenched disorder, for example due to cytoskeleton network, on phase-separating model membranes in order to investigate physical mechanisms that prevent macroscopic phase separation in cells.
Thermal Activation of Mendable Epoxy through Inclusion of Microcapsules and Imidazole Complexes

ABSTRACT Epoxy resin was encapsulated in poly(urea–formaldehyde) microcapsules using an in situ dispersion polymerization technique. The efficiency of Ni and Cu–imidazole complexes as latent hardeners was compared to that of 2-methylimidazole. Calorimetric studies revealed higher reactivity of the nickel complex toward oxirane functionalities. Both the complexes could effectively cure the epoxy released from within the microcapsules in the event of damage followed by thermal treatment. The curing could be effected at lower temperature (Tonset = 145°C) using [Ni(2-Me-ImidH)4Cl]Cl as compared to [Cu(2-Me-ImidH)4Cl]Cl (Tonset = 152°C). A healing efficiency of 100 ± 2% could be achieved at 30% microcapsule loading, irrespective of the type of metal complex used. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Guaninium dinitrate dihydrate

In the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C5H7N5O2+·2NO3−·2H2O, the guanine base is diprotonated and cocrystallizes with two nitrate anions and two water mol­ecules. The structure is a layered one, and in each layer all H atoms bonded to O and N atoms are involved in a two-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network. Short contacts are observed between parallel layers and ensure the cohesion of the crystals.
COSMETIC APPLICATIONS OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL

The use of polyvinyl alcohol in the formulation of safe, improved cosmetic preparations is described. Polyvinyl alcohol has been accepted by the Food and Drug Administration as a component of topically applied products and is a raw material with unrealized potential for use in cosmetics. The formulation of suntan lotions, cream hair dressings and liquid make-ups containing polyvinyl alcohol is described. Polyvinyl alcohol acts as a protective colloid in emulsification and has unusual film-forming properties. A method for determining film-forming properties and film strength of cosmetic products containing polyvinyl alcohol is described.
Ultrafast heating and oxygen dissociation in atmospheric pressure air by nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharges

A detailed experimental investigation of the mechanism of ultrafast heating and oxygen dissociation produced by nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharges in atmospheric pressure air preheated at 1000 K is presented. The ultrafast mechanism creates excited electronic states of nitrogen, which then dissociate molecular oxygen through quenching reactions, with the remaining energy dissipated as heat. Optical and electrical diagnostic techniques have been applied to provide a self-consistent set of experimental data for a reference test-case with well-defined discharge and gas conditions. The pulses have a duration of 10 ns, an amplitude of 5.7 kV, a repetition frequency of 10 kHz and the pin-to-pin electrodes are separated by 4 mm. We present measurements of the gas temperature during and after the discharge using optical emission spectroscopy of the second positive system of nitrogen, spatially resolved profiles of the absolute densities of excited electronic states, determined using Abel-inverted spectra of the first and second positive systems of nitrogen, as well as the temporal evolution of the absolute densities of N2(A), N2(B), N2(C), electrons and atomic oxygen. These measurements are synchronized with electrical measurements of pulse current, voltage, and energy. The discharge is found to dissociate about 50% of molecular oxygen and to produce a temperature increase of about 900 K within 20 ns, corresponding to an ultrafast heating rate of about 5 × 1010 K s−1. Comparisons with numerical simulations show good agreement with the measurements and validate the ultrafast mechanism. About 35% of the electric energy deposited into the gas goes into O2 dissociation, and about 21% into gas heating. Finally, the dissociative quenching rates of N2(B) and N2(C) with O2 at 2200 K were measured and found to be 2.8(±0.6) × 10−10 cm3 s−1 and 5.8(±0.9) × 10−10 cm3 s−1, respectively. Combining these measurements with the literature values at 300 K, we propose a functional temperature dependence in the range 300–2200 K of 3.0 × 10−10(T/300)0.3 cm3 s−1 for the C state, and a constant value of 3.0 × 10−10 cm3 s−1 for the B state.
An analysis of the anomalous high‐current cathode emission in pseudospark and back‐of‐the‐cathode lighted thyratron switches

An analysis of the anomalously large cathode emission recently observed in the superdense glow of pseudospark and back‐lighted thyratrons is presented. These switches are low‐pressure (27 Pa H2) glow‐discharge pulsed‐power devices. After operating at peak discharge currents of 6–8 kA and pulse durations of 0.5–1 μs, the surface surrounding the cathode hole was found to have been homogeneously melted within a radius of ≊4 mm indicating that the discharge is a superdense glow discharge, not an arc, with a cross‐sectional area on the order of 1 cm2. This conclusion is also supported by streak camera measurements. The current density at the cathode surface under these conditions is 5–10 kA/cm2, several orders of magnitude larger than that of thermionic cathodes in common thyratrons. This high‐current density is explained by intense cathode heating from a high‐current density ion ‘‘beam’’ produced in the cathode fall during the initial stage of current buildup. The surface heating resulting from this ‘‘beam’’ .
Influence of Fe Doping on Structure and Water Oxidation Activity of Nanocast Co3O4

Herein, we demonstrate that a perfect replication of a desired composition is not only related to the degree of interconnectivity of the double gyroid ordered mesoporous silica template, there is also an enormous effect from the nature of precursor and its composition. For the first time, the symmetry of ordered mesoporous Co3O4 was tuned with iron doping by using the same batch of cubic ordered mesoporous silica (KIT-6) as a hard template. Nanocasting of the pure Co3O4 results in a negative replica of the silica template that has a monomodal pore size distribution and a dense coupled structure, while incorporation of a small amount of iron lowers the mesostructural symmetry and alters the pore system of the replica. The effect of this remarkable observation was further investigated for electrochemical water oxidation where superior catalytic activities were observed when Co3O4 was doped with small amounts of iron. Furthermore, iron incorporated Co3O4 indicated comparable water oxidation activity with nob.
THE INVESTIGATION ON INTERFACE CHARACTERISTIC OF CERAMIC SEALANTS PRODUCED FROM NATURAL ROCKS FOR SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS

Kati oksit yakit pilleri (KOYP), yakitin kimyasal enerjisini dogrudan elektrik ve onemli miktarda isi enerjisine donusturen, elektrolit olarak kati oksitlerin kullanildigi cevre dostu elektrokimyasal cihazlardir [1-3]. KOYP sistemlerinin baslica problemlerinden biri anot ve katotta kullanilan ve yuksek sicaklikta elektrokimyasal tepkimeye giren gazlarin tepkimeye girmeden karismasi ve/veya KOYP dizinin disina sizmasidir. Bu problem, KOYP’nin verimini dusurmekte ve guvenlik sorunu yaratmaktadir. KOYP’ler genel olarak 600-1000°C sicakliklarda calistigindan, bu sicaklikta guvenli bir sekilde sizdirmayi tam olarak onleyecek conta malzemesinin kullanilmasi cok onemlidir. Son donemlerde yapilan calismalarda sizdirmazlik elemani olarak en buyuk potansiyel cam-seramik malzemelerden yapilmis contalarda gorulmektedir. Cam-seramikler, kristallenmeye uygun camlarin kontrollu kristalizasyonu ile uretilen cok kristalli malzemelerdir. Degisik bilesimlerde uretilebilen cam-seramikler sahip olduklari genlesme katsayilarinin KOYP hucre elemanlariyla uyumunun yani sira yuksek sicaklik dayanimlari ve korozyon direncleri ile de KOYP’ler icin ideal bir sizdirmazlik elemani olarak dikkat cekmektedirler. Bununla birlikte, KOYP’nde cam-seramik sizdirmazlik elemanlarindan kaynaklanan sorunlar da bulunmaktadir. Gunumuzde KOYP’nde kullanilan ticari cam-seramik contalarda genellikle BaO ve SrO iceren cam-seramik contalar kullanilmaktadir. KOYP’nin calisma sartlarinda, BaO veya SrO iceren cam seramik contalarin Crofer APU 22 gibi akim toplayici interkonnektor malzemelerle birlikte kullanilmasi durumunda conta yuzeyinde farkli genlesme katsayilarina sahip BaCrO4 ve/veya SrCrO4 olusabilmektedir. Bu durum baglanma mukavemetinde ciddi azalmalar ile birlikte hem sizdirmazligin tam olarak saglanamamasina hem de catlaklar olusmasina neden olabilmektedir. Bu calismada, dogal kayaclardan KOYP’nde sizdirmazlik elemani olarak kullanilan camseramik bilesimleri hazirlanmis (BaO ve SrO icermeyen) ve KOYP’de kullanilan CroferAPU22 ile olan arayuzey ozellikleri incelenmistir. Deneysel calismalar sonucunda KOYP’nde akim toplayici olarak kullanilan CroferAPU22 paslanmaz celik malzeme ile iyi bir baglanma gosteren, kromat fazi icermeyen camseramik conta malzemelerinin dogal kayaclardan uretilebildigi gorulmustur.
Spectral absorption coefficients and imaginary parts of refractive indices of Saharan dust during SAMUM-1

During the SAMUM-1 experiment, absorption coefficients and imaginary parts of refractive indices of mineral dust particles were investigated in southern Morocco. Main absorbing constituents of airborne samples were identified to be iron oxide and soot. Spectral absorption coefficients were measured using a spectral optical absorption photometer (SOAP) in the wavelength range from 300 to 800 nm with a resolution of 50 nm. A new method that accounts for a loading-dependent correction of fibre filter based absorption photometers, was developed. The imaginary part of the refractive index was determined using Mie calculations from 350 to 800 nm. The spectral absorption coefficient allowed a separation between dust and soot absorption. A correlation analysis showed that the dust absorption coefficient is correlated (R2 up to 0.55) with the particle number concentration for particle diameters larger than 0.5 μm, whereas the coefficient of determination R2 for smaller particles is below 0.1. Refractive indices were derived for both the total aerosol and a dust aerosol that was corrected for soot absorption. Average imaginary parts of refractive indices of the entire aerosol are 7.4 × 10−3, 3.4 × 10−3 and 2.0 × 10−3 at wavelengths of 450, 550 and 650 nm. After a correction for the soot absorption, imaginary parts of refractive indices are 5.1 × 10−3, 1.6 × 10−3 and 4.5 × 10−4.
Electrochemically Stimulated Release from Liposomes Embedded in a Polyelectrolyte Multilayer

Triggered release of an entrapped dye from vesicles embedded in a polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM), as a consequence of the electrochemically induced local pH change in the vicinity of the electrode, is reported. The PEM was deposited on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode wherein lipid vesicles filled with a fluorescent dye were embedded. The use of vesicles with a strong negative charge and the polyelectrolyte species of the PEM matrix with a polycation as topmost layer enabled the generation of a stable layer of liposomes in the PEM.
Silicon surface damage caused by reactive ion etching in fluorocarbon gas mixtures containing hydrogen

For selective etching of SiO2 on silicon, gases or gas mixtures containing hydrogen are often used. Hydrogen from the glow discharge promotes the formation of a thin film polymer layer responsible for the selectivity of the etching process. The reactive ion etch (RIE) process is known to create damage in the silicon substrate. The influence of hydrogen on the damage and deactivation of dopants is investigated in the present work. The distribution of hydrogen in silicon, after different etching and annealing conditions have been studied. The influence of the RIE process on the charge carrier concentration in silicon has been investigated. Various analytical techniques like contact resistivity measurements, four point probe measurements, and Hall measurements have been used to determine the influence of the RIE process on the electrical properties of processed silicon wafers. The hydrogen profile in as‐etched and post annealed wafers was determined by the 1H(15N,αγ)12C nuclear reaction. The depth of the dea.
Thermal stability and composition of mineral‐bound organic matter in density fractions of soil

Heavy density fractions of soil contain organic matter tightly bound to the surface of soil minerals. The chemical composition and ecological meaning of non‐metabolic decomposition products and microbial metabolites in organic–mineral bonds is poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the heavy fraction (density > 2 g cm–3) from the topsoil of a Gleysol (Bainsville, Ottawa, Canada). It accounted for 952 g kg–1 of soil and contained 19 g kg–1 of organic C. Pyrolysis‐field ionization mass spectra showed intensive signals of carbohydrates, and phenols and lignin monomers, alkylaromatics (mostly aromatic) N‐containing compounds, and peptides. These classes of compound have been proposed as structural building blocks of soil organic matter. In comparison, the light fraction (density > 2 g cm–3) was richer in lignin dimers, lipids, sterols, suberin and fatty acids which clearly indicate residues of plants and biota. To confirm the composition and stability of mineral‐bound organic matter, we also investigated the heavy fraction (density > 2.2 g cm–3) from clay‐, silt‐ and sand‐sized separates of the topsoil of a Chernozem (Bad Lauchstädt, Germany). These heavy size separates differed in their mass spectra but were generally characterized by volatilization maxima of alkylaromatics, lipids and sterols at about 500°C. We think that the observed high‐temperature volatilization of these structural building blocks of soil organic matter is indicative of the organic–mineral bonds. Some unexpected low‐temperature volatilization of carbohydrates, N‐containing compounds, peptides, and phenols and lignin monomers was assigned to hot‐water‐extractable organic matter which accounted for 7–27% of the carbon and nitrogen in the heavy fractions. As this material is known to be mineralizable, our study indicates that these constituents of the heavy density fractions are degradable by micro‐organisms and involved in the turnover of soil organic matter.
Tracer Exchange and Catalytic Reaction in Single-File Systems

Using a simple jump model of diffusion, Monte Carlo simulations are applied to determine the rate of tracer exchange and the effectiveness factor of chemical reactions in single-file systems. The influence of the characteristic parameters such as the file length, the jump rates, and the reaction rate are investigated. Particular consideration was dedicated to the temperature dependence of the output rate of the chemical reaction. The simulations are compared with the experimentally observed reaction behavior in zeolite L as described in the literature.
Size and surface effect in nematic‐isotropic phase transition of a liquid crystal

The size and surface effects on the nematic‐isotropic phase transition of a liquid crystal are analyzed using a functional form of the surface energy proportional to the square of the scalar order parameter. The evaluated temperature shift agrees with the published experimental observations. This form seems confirmed by experimental data of the anchoring energy versus temperature, determined by means of the Freedericksz technique. The obtained formula for the temperature shift is similar to the well‐known Thomson formula, usually considered in the classical phase transitions.
Colonización por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina en una unidad de cuidados intensivos de adultos de un hospital colombiano: caracterización fenotípica y molecular con detección de un clon de circulación en la comunidad

Introduccion. Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina (SARM) causa infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad y en el ambito hospitalario. El ser portador de SARM se ha descrito como factor de riesgo para desarrollar infeccion clinica. Objetivo. Caracterizar la colonizacion por SARM en pacientes adultos de una unidad de cuidados intensivos colombiana, utilizando herramientas de biologia molecular. Materiales y metodos. Entre febrero de 2007 y febrero de 2008 se tamizaron mediante hisopado nasofaringeo, 705 pacientes al ingresar a la unidad de cuidados intensivos, de los cuales, 683 (96,9%) fueron seguidos semanalmente y al egreso de la unidad. Se determino el perfil de sensibilidad de los aislamientos a 11 antibioticos por el metodo de dilucion en agar; el 62,0% de los aislamientos de SARM fueron caracterizados genetica y molecularmente. Resultados. Se tamizaron 705 pacientes al ingreso; 182 (25,8%) estaban colonizados por S. aureus, de los cuales, 51 (7,2%) eran resistentes a la meticilina. Se hizo el seguimiento durante la estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos a 683 pacientes, de los cuales, 62 (9,1%) fueron colonizados por SARM en dicha unidad. La prevalencia del clon chileno fue de 76,5% al ingreso y de 88,9% durante la estancia. El 16,0% de los pacientes colonizados desarrollaron algun tipo de infeccion por SARM. Se encontraron tres pacientes colonizados con SARM adquirido en la comunidad, los cuales fueron positivos para la leucocidina Panton-Valentine (Panton-Valentine leukocidin, PVL). Conclusiones. El 7,2% de los pacientes que ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos estaban colonizados con SARM. Este es el primer reporte de colonizacion por aislamientos de SARM-ST8-SCCmec IVc adquirido en la comunidad y relacionado geneticamente con el clon pandemico USA300-0114 en Colombia.
Giant Electrocaloric Response Over A Broad Temperature Range in Modified BaTiO3 Ceramics

A giant electrocaloric effect (ECE) near room temperature is reported in a lead‐free bulk inorganic material. By tuning Ba(ZrxTi1–x)O3 compositions which also exhibit relaxor ferroelectric response to near the invariant critical point, the Ba(ZrxTi1–x)O3 bulk ceramics at x ∼ 0.2 exhibit a large adiabatic temperature drop of 4.5 K, a large isothermal entropy change of 8 J kg−1 K−1, and a large EC coefficient (|ΔTc/ΔE| = 0.52 × 10−6 KmV−1 and ΔS/ΔE = 0.93 × 10−6 J m kg−1 K−1 V−1) over a 30 K temperature range. These properties added together indicate a general solution of the electrocaloric materials with high performance for practical cooling applications.
Lead uptake, distribution, and remobilization in cucumber

Abstract Mobility and distribution of lead (Pb) were investigated in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown in solution culture. Based on the observation that Pb uptake is influenced by the chemical form of iron (Fe) (complexed or ionic) in the solution, Fe distribution was also determined. Iron concentration was even in the stem (separated to internodes) and petioles but slightly increased at the shoot tip while Pb concentration decreased upwards. In the leaves Fe concentration decreased upwards (whereas in the control it increased a little at the youngest leaves) while Pb concentration increased to the largest leaves then decreased towards the shoot tip. It is suggested that the distribution of Pb in cucumber is passive process and it accumulates in the apoplast while Fe distribution is determined by the requirements of synthetic processes in young or photosynthesizing tissues. Lead probably lowers Fe transport into the symplast in the leaves causing slight chlorosis at the youngest leaves. In the plants t.
High Compacted DNA−Polymer Complexes via New Polynorbornene Polycationic Latexes with Acetate Counterion

Complexation and aggregation of DNA in small particles are the bases of efficient vehicles for gene delivery. The aggregation properties of new linear polycationic polynorbornene polymers with acetate counterions are described. These polymers spontaneously form stable latexes in water, offering a large cationic surface for favorable adsorption of DNA. Furthermore, such polymers are able to bind and efficiently compact the DNA into very small aggregates because of cationic charges and the hydrophobic packing of norbornane units. By use of transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, gel electrophoresis, and zeta potential measurements, we have studied both the polymer organization and the DNA−polymer complex formation.
Synthesis of MWCNTs using CVD without metallic catalysts

We have developed a simple and unique metal-free chemical vapor deposition technique in mild condition for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes on carbon black and graphite surfaces. The existence of topologically heterogeneous surfaces is a key factor for inducing the growth of the CNTs. Surface functional groups also play an important role in manipulating the reaction path of the carbon deposition reaction. A surface structure-related model was proposed to describe the growth procedure of CNTs on carbon surfaces. We anticipate that this method will be useful for controlling the growth of metal-free CNTs at desired sites on various carbon surfaces.
Titania and Pt/titania aerogels as superior mesoporous structures for photocatalytic water splitting

The highly porous, three-dimensionally well-connected through-pore structure of TiO2 aerogels is proven a superior material form for applications in photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production. At the reaction temperature of 30 °C, the specific hydrogen evolution rate achieved by the TiO2 aerogel is 3.40 and 9.63 times those obtained by hydrothermally prepared TiO2 nanocrystals and commercial P25 TiO2 nanoparticles, respectively. Decoration of Pt nanocrystals onto the backbone of the TiO2 aerogel leads to a one-order of magnitude improvement in hydrogen evolution rate over the plain TiO2 aerogel. Two methods are developed for the Pt decoration: a polyol process and an immersion-calcination-reduction process. The latter produces smaller sized Pt nanocrystals of around 1.9 nm, versus 4.7 nm from the polyol process, and achieves the same level of maximum specific hydrogen evolution rates as the polyol process at only a 1/10 Pt loading.