Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationship between tillage and nematicide, fungicide, and insecticide treatments on pests and yield of peanuts double-cropped with wheat.

The relationship between tillage and fenamiphos, aldicarb, PCNB, and chlorpyrifos treatments on damage caused by nematodes, soilborne fungi, and insects and yield of peanuts (Arachis hypogae) double-cropped with wheat was studied. Minimum-tilled peanuts sustained greater damage by Meloidogyne arenaria than did conventional-tilled peanuts, but damage by Pratylenchus brachyurus was the same in both tillage treatments. Aldicarb and fenamiphos each applied at 2.8 kg/ha at planting were equally effective in reducing nematode damage in both tillage treatments (.)
Strain group specific and virus specific hypersensitive reactions to infection with potyviruses in potato cultivars.

SUMMARY When 12 potato cultivars were inoculated with isolates (one each) of potato virus Y (PVY) ordinary (Yo), C (Yc) and tobacco veinal necrosis (Yn) strain groups, potato virus A (PVA) and potato virus V (PVV), none of them responded hypersensitively to Yn. However, with Yo, Yc, PVA and PW specific hypersensitive reactions developed depending on isolate-cultivar combination which were all independent of each other. When field isolates of PVY thought to be Yoor Ycwere inoculated to the same 12 cultivars, two did not fit into either strain group giving hypersensitive reactions in only two cultivars instead of seven with Yoor eight with Yc. These two isolates may represent a previously unreported PVY strain group (Yz). When Yowas graft-inoculated to seedlings of the cross Desiree × Maris Piper (hypersensitive × non-hypersensitive for Yo), the segregation ratio obtained for non-hypersensitive:hypersensitive reactions was close to 1:1 suggesting that a single dominant gene (Nytbr) determining Yospecific hypersensitivity may be present in cv. Desiree (simplex condition). In tests using PVV and Desiree × Maris Piper (non-hypersensitive × hypersensitive for PVV) seedlings, the segregation ratio obtained was close to 1:5 indicating that a single dominant gene (Nv) determining PVV specific hypersensitivity may be present in cv. Maris Piper (duplex condition). Cultivars Corine, Pirola and clone G5457(4) which each carry one of the extreme resistance genes (Ry) from Solanum stoloniferum were graft-inoculated with Yn, Yo, Yc, PVV and PVA. G5457(4) gave a strong localised hypersensitive reaction in all instances, while cv. Pirola did so with all except PVA to which it was immune. In cv. Corine a severe localised hypersensitive reaction developed with PVA, generalised hypersensitivity with PVV but an immune response with the three PVY strain groups. Large-scale grafting of Ynto plants of cvs Corine and Pirola gave no evidence of selection of a strain which overcomes Ry genes.
Child Labor

In recent years, there has been an astonishing proliferation of empirical work on child labor. An Econlit search of keywords "child labor" reveals a total of 6 peer reviewed journal articles between 1980 and 1990, 65 between 1990 and 2000, and 143 in the first five years of the present decade. The purpose of this essay is to provide a detailed overview of the state of the recent empirical literature on why and how children work as well as the consequences of that work. Section 1 defines terms commonly used in the study of child time allocation and provides a descriptive overview of how children spend their time in low income countries today. Section 2 reviews the case for attention to the most common types of work in which children participate, focusing on that work's impact on schooling, health, as well as externalities associated with that work. Section 3 considers the literature on the determinants of child time allocation such as the influence of local labor markets, family interactions, the net return to schooling, and poverty. Section 5 discusses the limited evidence on different policy options aimed at influencing child labor. Section 6 concludes by emphasizing important research questions requiring additional research such as child and parental agency, the effectiveness of child labor policies, and the determinants of participation in the worst forms of child labor.
Influence of Soil Water Status and Meteorological Conditions on Evaporation from a Corn Canopy1

In predicting evaporation rates for field crops, it is important to consider the influence of soil water status on the actual evaporation rate relative to the potential rate. This study was conducted to determine actual evaporation rates of corn (Zea mays L.) as influenced by soil water status and potential evaporation rate. Actual evaporation rates were measured during the 1972 growing season with a weighing lysimeter. Evaporation rates were found to be practically independent of the soil water status for all existing conditions of potential evaporation. During the season more than 20 cm of soil water was removed from the 120-cm deep profile. Leaf diffusion resistance and leaf water potential measurements indicated that at least 80% of the extractable soil water was freely available to plant roots. These findings differ from those of Denmead and Shaw (Agron J. 54:385–390, 1962) who found that evaporation reduction in container grown corn plants started when about 20% of the extractable water was removed from the soil for potential evaporation rates above 6 mm/day. The difference between the results from the experiment reported by Denmead and Shaw and this experiment point out that serious errors are possible when using their results for predicting evaporation from corn plants growing under field conditions.
Limonoids from the root bark of Dictamnus angustifolius: potent neuroprotective agents with biometal chelation and halting copper redox cycling properties

Six novel limonoids, dictangustones A–F (1–6), along with four known limonoids were isolated from the root bark of Dictamnus angustifolius. The structures of the new limonoids were established by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic experiments. In vitro studies show that all limonoids exhibited metal chelating property. Moreover, the Cu–ascorbate redox system assay revealed that the selected limonoid 2 could control Cu(I/II)-triggered hydroxyl radical (OH˙) production by halting copper redox cycling via metal complexation. Importantly, the selected limonoids 1, 2, 4 and 6 were nontoxicity to SH-SY5Y cells and showed significant neuroprotective activity against neuronal death induced by oxidative stress. Taken together, these limonoids such as limonoid 2 may be good candidates for developing new drugs in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Distribution of Pteridophyta and Melastomataceae along an edaphic gradient in an Amazonian rain forest

Abstract. Pteridophyta and Melastomataceae were studied in an area of non-flooded (tierra firme) rain forest in Peruvian Amazonia, close to the village of Mishana (River Nanay, in the vicinity of Iquitos City). The general objective of the study was to establish a method for rapidly documenting changes in the floristic composition among and within rain forests in geologically different areas. More specifically, the changes in the plant communities were documented along an edaphic and topographic gradient from clay soil on level ground to quartzitic sand on a hill top. Two 5-m-wide, parallel transects were established 50 m apart. A total of 40 species of pteridophytes were found; 18 of these were confined to clayey soil and 11 to sandy soil. The total number of Melastomataceae on the transects was 22, and 14 of these were confined to clayey soil while only two were confined to sandy soil. Further differences in the abundance of many species correlated with drainage conditions and the accumulation of organic matter on the soil surface. Cluster analyses were made using both edaphic and floristic criteria, and in all cases the transects could be divided into distinct sections. Both transects gave rather similar results, and therefore it was concluded that the chosen transect width was sufficient to document the prevalent floristic patterns.
Scale biogenesis in Synurophycean protists: phylogenetic implications

Abstract The Synurophyceae is a class of golden-brown, freshwater, photosynthetic flagellates with a world-wide distribution. A well-developed taxonomy exists where genera and species are distinguished by colony or cell morphology or by the siliceous scales that cover the cells. However, phylogenetic relationships within the class are poorly understood, and incongruous taxonomic concepts occur. This study reviews scale morphology from field-collected samples and controlled culturing experiments as well as from studies of scale biogenesis. The information is used to identify homologous silicification surfaces among taxa and to document the diversity of the resulting scale structures. Thirty-two character states are coded into 11 characters in a cladistic analysis of 13 pivotal taxa. Colonial species are emphasized. One most-parsimonious phylogenetic tree is found (HI = 0, CI = 1). Synura lapponica is shown to be most closely related to Tessellaria volvocina. S. sphagnicola emerges at the base of the tree.
Understanding the Return of Genomic Sequencing Results Process: Content Review of Participant Summary Letters in the eMERGE Research Network

A challenge in returning genomic test results to research participants is how best to communicate complex and clinically nuanced findings to participants in a manner that is scalable to the large numbers of participants enrolled. The purpose of this study was to examine the features of genetic results letters produced at each Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE3) Network site to assess their readability and content. Letters were collected from each site, and a qualitative analysis of letter content and a quantitative analysis of readability statistics were performed. Because letters were produced independently at each eMERGE site, significant heterogeneity in readability and content was found. The content of letters varied widely from a baseline of notifying participants that results existed to more detailed information about positive or negative results, as well as materials for sharing with family members. Most letters were significantly above the Centers for Disease Control-suggested reading level for health communication. While continued effort should be applied to make letters easier to understand, the ongoing challenge of explaining complex genomic information, the implications of negative test results, and the uncertainty that comes with some types of test and result makes simplifying letter text challenging.
Changes in fungal community structure in bulk soil and spinach rhizosphere soil after chemical fumigation as revealed by 18S rDNA PCR-DGGE

Abstract To analyze the impact of chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropene on fungal community structure in bulk soil and spinach rhizosphere soil in a field, developed a new nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to facilitate the detection of major fungal taxa and we used the method to monitor 18S rDNA PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles for 3 years. The cropping system consisted of soil fumigation in September and two subsequent consecutive spinach cultivations each year. The soil was treated with fumigants (chloropicrin at 20 mL m−2 or 1,3-dichloropropene at 32 mL m−2) and covered with polyethylene film for approximately 2 weeks. The nested PCR method with primer pairs AU2/AU4 and GC-FR1/FF390 successfully amplified sequences from all major fungal taxa, but not from plants or oomycetes, which were amplified from rhizosphere soil samples using direct PCR with the primer pair GC-FR1/FF390. The DGGE analysis of the nested PCR products indicated that the chloropicrin treatment had a greater impact on the fungal community than 1,3-dichloropropene, both in terms of the magnitude and duration of the effect. Chloropicrin treatment changed DGGE profiles drastically and reduced the diversity index H′ in both bulk soil and rhizosphere soil 2 months after fumigation. Profiles and diversity indices did not recover completely after 1 year. Bands with high sequence similarity to ascomycetous fungi decreased in intensity and, conversely, bands inferred to represent chytridiomycota became dominant. In contrast, 1,3-dichloropropene did not reduce the diversity index significantly after 2 months. The DGGE profiles of 1,3-dichloropropene plots revealed a smaller change 2 months after fumigation, but became indistinguishable from those of control plots after 6 months. Spinach cultivation also affected the soil fungal community structure because the differences in DGGE profiles between control and chloropicrin plots were smaller in rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil 2 months after fumigation. These results suggest that the rhizosphere effect may contribute to minimizing the effect of chemical fumigation.
Annual and Perennial Grass Growth on Nitrogen‐Depleted Decomposed Granite

Decomposed granite (DG) is often difficult to revegetate because of its low nitrogen (N) content and poor physical properties. Use of soluble fertilizers on DG sites increases plant‐available N but may encourage invasive annuals to grow rapidly and exclude perennial species. This study evaluates the effect of N availability on two potential DG revegetation species: an invasive, exotic annual grass (Bromus mollis) and a native perennial grass (Elymus glaucus). Plants in 10‐L pots filled with DG were irrigated with all essential elements except N, which was provided in treatments ranging from zero to 1000 μM NO3‐N. Shoot biomass and root distribution were measured in monocultures and in mixtures of annual and perennial plants, both when the two species were seeded simultaneously and when the perennials were seeded 50 days prior to the annuals. At the higher N treatments, growth of annuals exceeded that of perennials. At solution N concentrations lower then the 50–100 μM treatments, however, growth of the perennial grasses equaled or exceeded that of the annuals. When seeded simultaneously, both species showed reduced biomass in mixtures to an extent similar to that when each species grew alone. When the perennials were already established, the biomass of annuals was reduced proportionately more than that of perennials, even at the highest N treatment. At low and medium N treatments, root placement of the perennial was deeper than that of the annual. At high N treatments, however, root distribution of both species was similar, and the deep rooting characteristic of the perennial was no longer observed.
Editorial

Welcome to Part 2 of Volume 6 of Childhood in the Past, the journal of the Society for the Study of Childhood in the Past (SSCIP). This issue comprises four research papers and five book reviews. In the first of the research papers, Laura Bonsall critically reviews the osteological findings that have been considered to be evidence for the practice of infanticide in Roman Britain. She examines the different arguments that have been advanced both for and against the interpretation of a pronounced peak in perinatal mortality around the time of birth as a reflection of widespread infanticide. Included within the paper is a case study of infant burial and mortality in Late Roman Winchester, Hampshire, which, on the basis of current methodologies, appears to reveal evidence for the practice of infanticide. She discusses the inherent problems associated with using perinatal ageing data as the basis for such an interpretation and concludes by cautioning that further studies of the problems associated with ageing methods, possible cultural and taphonomic biases and changes in perinatal mortality over time may help to ascertain whether or not it is correct to interpret a peak in perinatal mortality as evidence for infanticide. In their paper, Dr V. A. Crewe and Professor D. M. Hadley show how material culture recovered from excavations at Sheffield Manor in Sheffield can provide valuable insights concerning nineteenth-century working-class childhoods. Drawing upon multiple strands of evidence, they discuss the complexity of the messages about childhood conveyed by the material culture at Sheffield Manor, the tensions within the community, and the competing influences of such local institutions as the Methodist chapel, the pub and the coal mine. They highlight the centrality of children to broader nineteenth-century historical processes, such as the growth of the Methodist and temperance movements, and conclude that there is much potential for archaeologists to make important contributions to discussions already underway amongst historians. Professor Jane Eva Baxter’s insightful paper examines the contemporary intellectual and scholarly spaces that children occupy in the study of America’s nineteenth-century cemeteries. She examines published works on these historic burial grounds to gain an understanding of the analytical frameworks and ideas that formed the basis for such studies. This process enabled her to identify that much of the previous research undertaken on children’s memorials revolved around two themes – children as indicators of a family’s wealth and status and children as subjects of loss and sentimentality. She suggests that sociologist Anthony Giddens’ (1984) concept of structuration might be a way of reconciling these two different approaches, thereby providing ‘an integrated and multi-scalar childhood in the past: an international journal, Vol. 6 No. 2, September, 2013, 71–72
What does the male function hypothesis claim?

Paternal, rather than maternal, fitness consequences of reproductive traits are the lynchpin in many hypotheses about reproductive evolution in hermaphroditic angiosperms. These hypotheses often differ in their predictions, so that supporting or contradictory evidence for one hypothesis may not reflect similarly on another, even though both may be referred to as ‘the male function hypothesis’. We provide graphical representations of four male function hypotheses from the recent literature in order to highlight their differences. We offer and explain two recommendations to reduce ambiguity in terminology: (1) male function hypotheses should address the evolution of excess flowers per se, rather than total flower number, which is usually highly plastic in modular organisms with open growth form; and (2) attention must be given to whole plant fitness, rather than fitness per flower or per inflorescence. In empirical studies, we recommend the use of path analysis to dissect the multiple pathways (through both male and female function) by which selection may act on excess flower number.
Genomic selection

Abstract Computer simulation was used to examine the relationship between the number of loci included in the model and the accuracy of whole-genome methods for genetic evaluation. Random-regression BLUP (RR-BLUP) and Bayesian inference (Bayes-B) were compared with BLUP based on trait phenotypes and pedigree (TP-BLUP), where the genomic information consisted of genotypes at 110 or 2010 unlinked SNP loci. Of these loci, 10 were the actual trait loci. Accuracies for RR-BLUP were much higher than for TP-BLUP with 110 loci, but they were closer to TP-BLUP with 2010 loci. Accuracies with Bayes-B were close to 1 with 110 or with 2010 loci. Results for Bayes-B were also examined with a range of 3000 to 60 000 markers in linkage disequilibrium on 30 chromosomes. Increasing the number of markers did not lower the accuracy of Bayes-B. Thus, Bayes-B seems to be well suited for whole-genome analyses with large numbers of loci. This may not be the case for RR-BLUP.
Estimation of genomic variation between British populations of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida using RAPD‐PCR

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) has been used to investigate the interrelationships of 20 populations of Globodera pallida collected originally from field soils around the UK. RAPD analysis revealed a high level of relative genomic diversity within British G. pallida but there was no general correlation of genomic similarity with geographic distribution. Two populations of pathotype Pa1 were clearly divergent from the bulk of G. pallida and might represent a distinct introduction. Two other populations, from Scotland and Wales, were also dissimilar from each other and from the rest of the G. pallida populations.
Physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity and inhibition ofα‐glucosidase of a novel fermented pepper (Capsiccum annuum L.) leaves‐based vinegar

Summary The aim of this study was to utilise by-product pepper leaves for vinegar production due to its nutritional value. Changes in physicochemical and functional properties in four main process from raw material (leaves) to lactic acid (juice), alcohol (wine) and acetic acid (vinegar) fermentations were evaluated and compared. Their nutritional compositions were significantly different and particularly the wine and vinegar had higher total phenol content and their expanded diversity than the juice and then leaves (P juice > leaves. Especially, AGI activity was greatly enhanced depending on fermentation steps beyond expectation. Thus, these data confirm that pepper leaves is a good functional source and the vinegar fermentation improved the functionality in stages.
Research directions for future generations of cochlear implants

Abstract Physiological and psychophysical research indicates that improved hearing in noise and music appreciation are likely with cochlear implants, with better reproduction of the fine temporospatial patterns of neural response in the auditory pathways due to phase differences in neuron firing patterns as the result of the basilar membrane travelling wave. An initial speech-processing strategy, to in part reproduce this information, is showing better frequency discrimination and musical perception. However, more exact reproduction is likely with a new generation electrode array which could involve the use of neurotrophins and inherently conducting polymers. The siting and design of this, as well as safety, needs further investigation before it is implemented.
Diet and Habitat use of Hispid Hare Caprolagus hispidus in Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, Nepal

Abstract. Hispid hare Caprolagus hispidus is one of the less studied endangered small mammal species in the world. Hispid hare distribution includes the tropical grassland ecosystem in Nepal. Grassland fire is one of the management regimes used in this region and its impact on biodiversity is controversial. We investigated the diet and habitat use of hispid hare before and after a grassland fire at Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve (SWR) in Nepal. Fecal pellets were used for micro-histological analysis to understand hispid hare diet. We laid out sampling plots in areas where we encountered hispid hare sign and recorded habitat and vegetation information. We also looked for signs of hare presence along systematically positioned transect lines and used these data to assess the population status of hispid hare. Population density of hispid hare was 5.76 individuals/km2 and we estimated a population size of 219 ± 40 hispid hare within the 41 km2 grasslands of SWR. Hispid hare primarily used tall grassland habitat. Nineteen plant species were identified in hispid hare pellets with Saccharum spontaneum and Imperata cylindrica having the highest frequency of occurrence. There were no significant differences in the distribution of plant species in the pellets before and after the fire; however a significantly higher diversity of plants were recorded in hispid hare diet after the fire. We recommend a change to the timing of grass burning to either before or after the hispid hare breeding season to reduce the direct (burning, destruction of nests) and indirect (increased risk of predation) negative effects of such grassland management on hare populations. Population management strategies and a field based conservation captive breeding program should be implemented immediately to maintain a viable population of hispid hare in SWR.