Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acute stroke: improved nonenhanced CT detection--benefits of soft-copy interpretation by using variable window width and center level settings.

PURPOSE To assess the use of nonstandard, variable window width and level review settings in computed tomography (CT) without contrast material administration in the detection of acute stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nonenhanced CT was performed in 21 patients with acute (< 6 hours) middle cerebral arterial stroke and nine control patients. Two blinded neuroradiologists rated all scans for presence of parenchymal hypoattenuation. Images were reviewed at a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) workstation, with standard, locally determined center level and window width settings of 20 and 80 HU and with variable soft-copy settings initially centered at a level of 32 HU with a width of 8 HU. Reviewers altered settings to accentuate gray and white matter contrast. RESULTS With standard viewing parameters, sensitivity and specificity for stroke detection were 57% and 100%. Sensitivity increased to 71% with variable window width and center level settings, without loss of specificity. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed a significant improvement in accuracy with nonstandard, soft-copy review settings (P = .03, one-tailed z test). CONCLUSION In nonehanced CT of the head, detection of ischemic brain parenchyma is facilitated by soft-copy review with variable window width and center level settings to accentuate the contrast between normal and edematous tissue.
Evidence of rickettsial disease agents in ticks from Ethiopian cattle.

Evidence has recently been accumulating that domestic animals may play an ancillary role in rickettsial zoonoses. In particular, attention has been focused on the activity of Rickettsia prowazekii in Egyptian and Ethiopian livestock and their ticks. An attempt has now been made to confirm previous findings of R. prowazekii in the sera of zebus, sheep and goats in Ethiopia, which brought epidemic typhus into the category of a zoonosis. This attempt was not successful, but tests did indicate that some ticks were infected with R. conori (boutonneuse fever or tick-borne typhus) and Coxiella burneti (Q fever), this being the first evidence for the existence of these agents in Ethiopia.Antibodies against R. conori were found in significant numbers in the sera of sheep and goats from one locality, but Q-fever antibodies were surprisingly rare.
Security for 5G and Beyond

The development of the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks is gaining momentum to connect almost all aspects of life through the network with much higher speed, very low latency and ubiquitous connectivity. Due to its crucial role in our lives, the network must secure its users, components, and services. The security threat landscape of 5G has grown enormously due to the unprecedented increase in types of services and in the number of devices. Therefore, security solutions if not developed yet must be envisioned already to cope with diverse threats on various services, novel technologies, and increased user information accessible by the network. This paper outlines the 5G network threat landscape, the security vulnerabilities in the new technological concepts that will be adopted by 5G, and provides either solutions to those threats or future directions to cope with those security challenges. We also provide a brief outline of the post-5G cellular technologies and their security vulnerabilities which is referred to as future generations (XG) in this paper. In brief, this paper highlights the present and future security challenges in wireless networks, mainly in 5G, and future directions to secure wireless networks beyond 5G.
MacWilliams' extension theorem for infinite rings

Finite Frobenius rings have been characterized as precisely those finite rings satisfying the MacWilliams extension property, by work of Wood. In the present note we offer a generalization of this remarkable result to the realm of Artinian rings. Namely, we prove that a left Artinian ring has the left MacWilliams property if and only if it is left pseudo-injective and its finitary left socle embeds into the semisimple quotient. Providing a topological perspective on the MacWilliams property, we also show that the finitary left socle of a left Artinian ring embeds into the semisimple quotient if and only if it admits a finitarily left torsion-free character, if and only if the Pontryagin dual of the regular left module is almost monothetic. In conclusion, an Artinian ring has the MacWilliams property if and only if it is finitarily Frobenius, i.e., it is quasi-Frobenius and its finitary socle embeds into the semisimple quotient.
Toward the Shannon Limit of Spectral Efficiency

Progress in high-capacity optical communication systems in 2010 is reviewed, with spectral efficiency (SE) as the main figure of merit. Advanced modulation formats, such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), together with polarization-division multiplexing (PDM) and digital coherent detection, are playing key roles in approaching the Shannon limit of SE for optical fiber communication. Photonics is now entering into a new era of high SE on par with electronics (wireless), yet with orders of magnitude higher overall system capacity.
Branch retinal artery occlusion and central retinal vein occlusion associated with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C

A 62-year-old male treated with pegylated interferon α-2b plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C complained of sudden painless decreased visual acuity. This patient was diagnosed as having simultaneous occlusions of the branch retinal artery and central retinal vein, although he had no history of major risk factors for retinal vessel (artery and vein) occlusion. Unfortunately, visual acuity did not completely recover. Furthermore, the patient was heterozygous for interleukin (IL) 28B genetic polymorphisms. The etiology of interferon-associated retinal vessel occlusion is not yet clear. However, a review based on previous case reports suggested that some factors including ribavirin might act as a risk or cause of retinal vessel occlusion.
Alcohols Inhibit a Cloned Potassium Channel at a Discrete Saturable Site

The molecular basis of general anesthetic action on membrane proteins that control ion transport is not yet understood. In a previous report (Covarrubias, M., and Rubin, E.(1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90, 6957-6960), we found that low concentrations of ethanol (17-170 mM) selectively inhibited a noninactivating cloned K channel encoded by Drosophila Shaw2. Here, we have conducted equilibrium dose-inhibition experiments, single channel recording, and mutagenesis in vitro to study the mechanism underlying the inhibition of Shaw2 K channels by a homologous series of n-alkanols (ethanol to 1-hexanol). The results showed that: (i) these alcohols inhibited Shaw2 whole-cell currents, the equilibrium dose-inhibition relations were hyperbolic, and competition experiments revealed the presence of a discrete site of action, possibly a hydrophobic pocket; (ii) this pocket may be part of the protein because n-alkanol sensitivity can be transferred to novel hybrid K channels composed of Shaw2 subunits and homologous ethanol-insensitive subunits; (iii) moreover, a hydrophobic point mutation within a cytoplasmic loop of an ethanol-insensitive K channel (human Kv3.4) was sufficient to allow significant inhibition by n-alkanols, with a dose-inhibition relation that closely resembled that of wild-type Shaw2 channels; and (iv) 1-butanol selectively inhibited long duration single channel openings in a manner consistent with a direct effect on channel gating. These results strongly suggest that a discrete site within the ion channel protein is the primary locus of alcohol and general anesthetic action.
Fokas's Uniform Transform Method for linear systems

We demonstrate the use of the Unified Transform Method or Method of Fokas for boundary value problems for systems of constant-coefficient linear partial differential equations. We discuss how the apparent branch singularities typically appearing in the global relation are removable, allowing the method to proceed, in essence, as for scalar problems. We illustrate the use of the method with boundary value problems for the Klein-Gordon equation and the linearized Fitzhugh-Nagumo system. The case of wave equations is treated separately in an appendix.
Early Switch Strategy in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A Double-Blind, Randomized Study

Objective Antidepressant switch is a commonly used strategy in the absence of an adequate response, but optimum timing is not well established. We compared the efficacy of an early and a conventional antidepressant switch strategy in patients with major depressive disorder. Methods Patients with no or minimal improvement (<30% reduction in baseline 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HAMD17] score) after 4 weeks on escitalopram 10 mg/d were randomized to either early switch strategy with duloxetine 60 to 120 mg/d for 12 weeks (arm A) or conventional switch strategy (arm B): 4 further weeks on escitalopram 10 to 20 mg/d; then, in case of nonresponse (response, ≥50% reduction in HAMD17), switch to duloxetine 60 to 120 mg/d for 8 weeks, or continued escitalopram in responders. Co-primary end points were time to confirmed response and remission (HAMD17, ⩽7). Strategies were compared using Kaplan-Meier, logistic regression, and repeated-measures analyses. Results Sixty-seven percent (566 of 840) of patients showed no or minimal improvement and were randomized to arm A (282 patients) or arm B (284 patients). No between-strategy differences in time to confirmed response (25% Kaplan-Meier estimates, 3.9 vs 4.0 weeks, P = 0.213) or remission (6.0 vs 7.9 weeks, P = 0.075) were found. Rates of confirmed responders were similar (64.9% vs 64.1%); however, more patients randomized to early switch achieved confirmed remission (43.3% vs 35.6%; P = 0.048). Conclusions Although no differences in the primary end points were found, a higher remission rate was seen with the early switch strategy. Our findings suggest that further investigations to reevaluate the conventional approach to antidepressant switch strategy would be worthwhile.
Advances in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Since the first successful allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant in 1972 by Dr. Thomas, the technique has gained importance worldwide. It has become potentially curative for many neoplastic and nonmalignant disorders. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) using autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cells has progressed and evolved because of the ability to apply new transplant concepts with this therapy, such as cord blood transplantation (CBT) and, more recently, haploidentical donor transplants. These advances have allowed for a broader range of donors. On the other hand, strategies to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis, is a viable alternative. Many strategies for GVHD prophylaxis are in course in many preclinical or clinical studies. Pitfalls, such as graft rejection, severe GVHD and patient immune suppression are becoming less harmful as the advances in the field progresses.
Antiangiogenic Therapy for Cancer: An Update

The identification and characterization of several important regulators of angiogenesis, which led to Food and Drug Administration approval of the first antiangiogenic drugs, has opened a new era in cancer therapy. This article focuses on the clinical progress in targeting one of the major regulators of angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor-A and also discusses some recent advances in the elucidation of potential cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying refractoriness or resistance to antiangiogenic therapies.
Plant-Specific Microtubule-Associated Protein SPIRAL2 Is Required for Anisotropic Growth in Arabidopsis1

In diffusely growing plant cells, cortical microtubules play an important role in regulating the direction of cell expansion. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) spiral2 (spr2) mutant is defective in directional cell elongation and exhibits right-handed helical growth in longitudinally expanding organs such as root, hypocotyl, stem, petiole, and petal. The growth of spr2 roots is more sensitive to microtubule-interacting drugs than is wild-type root growth. The SPR2 gene encodes a plant-specific 94-kD protein containing HEAT-repeat motifs that are implicated in protein-protein interaction. When expressed constitutively, SPR2-green fluorescent protein fusion protein complemented the spr2 mutant phenotype and was localized to cortical microtubules as well as other mitotic microtubule arrays in transgenic plants. Recombinant SPR2 protein directly bound to taxol-stabilized microtubules in vitro. Furthermore, SPR2-specific antibody and mass spectrometry identified a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) SPR2 homolog in highly purified microtubule-associated protein fractions from tobacco BY-2 cell cultures. These results suggest that SPR2 is a novel microtubule-associated protein and is required for proper microtubule function involved in anisotropic growth.
Status, communality, and agency: implications for stereotypes of gender and other groups.

Four studies addressed the hypothesis, based on correspondence bias, that low- relative to high-status individuals are perceived as more communal and less agentic. Study 1 instantiated status in terms of occupations, and findings were as expected. The findings of Study 2 reconciled those of Study 1 and of A.H. Eagly and V.J. Steffen (1984) in that they demonstrated that high-status occupations are differentially construed in terms of their interpersonal communal demands. The hypothesis received clear support in Studies 3 and 4, in which a general instantiation of status independent of occupations, social roles, and gender was adopted. The findings are discussed in terms of gender stereotypes and social role theory of gender (A.H. Eagly, 1987) as well as in terms of other stereotypes.
Breakdown of homogenization for the random Hamilton-Jacobi equations

We study the homogenization of Lagrangian functionals of Hamilton-Jacobi equations (HJ) with quadratic nonlinearity and unbounded stationary ergodic random potential in R, d≥1. We show that homogenization holds if and only if the potential is bounded from above. When the potential is unbounded from above, homogenization breaks down, due to the almost sure growth of the running maxima of the random potential. If the unbounded randomness appears in the advection term, homogenization may or may not hold depending on the structure of the flow field. In (compressible) unbounded gradient flows, homogenization holds in spite of the unboundedness. In (incompressible) unbounded shear flows, homogenization breaks down again due to unbounded running maxima of the flows. Results for random advection follow from a transformation of the problem to that of HJ with random potential. Analogous effective behavior is present for front speeds in reaction-diffusion-advection equations with unbounded random advection, and may have broader implications for wave propagation in random media.
The role of histone acetylation in the allelic expression of the imprinted human insulin-like growth factor II gene.

Reversible histone acetylation plays a central role in X chromosome inactivation. Histones are hypoacetylated on the heavily methylated inactive X chromosome and are hyperacetylated in the unmethylated "CpG islands" in animal genomes. We have investigated whether histone acetylation is involved in the regulation of the allelic expression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2), a maternally imprinted gene. HSK09, a human fibroblast cell line, retained normal monoallelic expression of IGF2 in culture. When these cells were treated with histone deacetylase inhibitors, sodium butyrate or trichostatin A, biallelic expression of IGF2 was observed from all of the promoters that are expressed. These results suggest that, in addition to DNA methylation, differential histone acetylation of two parental alleles may be another potential mechanism by which the imprinting of IGF2 is regulated, probably through changes in the local chromatin structure of the imprinted locus on chromosome 11p15.
Attachment Play Related to Piaget's Conservation Task with Parent

Piaget's conservation concept still influences many disciplines such as pedagogy and psychology. It is said that this idea is difficult for children to acquire before they are 6 years old if Piaget’s task methods are adhered to. This study aims to verify whether the acquisition of the conservation concept (substance, weight, and volume) can be accelerated through an intentional environmental change (the setting of play related to conservation accompanied by the development of affection with parent). To this end, a single case study was conducted on a 3-year-old child. Specifically, monthly retention tasks (and related content) were executed in the form of a quiz game. The results of the experiment suggested that the conservation concept may be obtained by 3-year-old children. Hence, it may be asserted that play related to conservation accompanied by the formation of attachment with a parent influences the early acquisition of the conservation concepts of substance, weight, and volume.
A Cryptography Framework for Secure Electronic Health Record and Exchange

Now days, the medical domain adopted Electronic Health Record (EHR) for digitalizing patient records and also computerizing medical core processes to get instant access of the patient health information. The EHR promises the ability of exchanging health information for betterment of social life. Since the EHR goal involves fully inter accessible, patient centric and easy to use the systems, it demand security while storing, accessing and transmitting health information from one to another. This paper presents a secure cryptography framework for Health Information Exchange (HIE) and Health Information Record (HIR). In this paper, the proposed secure cryptography framework uses Secure Hash Algorithm-3 (SHA-3) as security technique. The SHA function is constructed using linear equation and modulo exponentiation techniques. Finally, the secure framework implemented for few medical transcripts and benchmark medical images.
Autocrine regulation of collagenase 3 (matrix metalloproteinase 13) during osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE To correlate the increased collagenase production previously seen in chondrocytes isolated from osteoarthritic (OA) lesions and the expression of cytokines and cytokine receptors. METHODS Chondrocytes were isolated from OA cartilage and characterized for synthesis of collagenases, cytokines, and cytokine receptors by Northern and Western blot analyses, RNA protection assay, and flow cytometry. RESULTS Chondrocytes located in cartilage proximal to the macroscopic OA lesions bound more tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) compared with chondrocytes isolated from morphologically normal cartilage from the same joint. In response to TNFalpha stimulation, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for the IL-1 receptor I (IL-1RI), IL-1RII, TNF receptor II (TNFR II), and IL-6 receptor as well as the level of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, lymphotoxin beta, TNFalpha, and IL-6, also increased. In contrast, treatment with transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) resulted in down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and MMP-13 concomitant with a reduction in the levels of mRNA for IL-1RI, IL-1RII, TNFRI, and TNFRII and proinflammatory cytokine levels. In contrast, the levels of mRNA for TGFbeta receptor I, TGFbeta1, and TGFbeta3 were up-regulated. CONCLUSION These data show that TGFbeta1 has antagonistic effects upon OA chondrocytes, in contrast to the effects seen with TNFalpha. The cyclical course of OA, where a period of active disease is followed by a period of remission, can be explained by a sequential pattern of cytokine stimulation followed by a feedback inhibition of autocrine cytokine production and cytokine receptor expression, thus affecting collagenase synthesis.
MOLECULAR CLOCK DIVERGENCE ESTIMATES AND THE FOSSIL RECORD OF CETARTIODACTYLA

Abstract Molecular clock estimates of divergence times for artiodactyls and whales vary widely in their agreement with the fossil record. Recent estimates indicate that the divergence of whales from artiodactyls occurred 60 Ma, a date which compares well with the first appearances of fossil whales around 53.5 Ma, and artiodactyls at 55 Ma. Other estimates imply significant gaps in the fossil record. A date of 65 Ma for the divergence of Suidae and Ruminantia predates the appearance of Ruminantia by over 10 million years, and an estimate of 58 Ma for the divergence of Suidae from Cetacea implies a gap of over 20 million years. Further, although a molecular clock estimate has not been reported, the hypothesis that hippos are the closest living relatives of the whales implies a potential ghost lineage for hippos of over 40 million years. There are only two living species of hippos, and their fossil record is sparse, while cetaceans and other artiodactyls are speciose and have rich fossil records. A 40-million-year gap in the fossil record of hippos could be explained by several possibilities: inadequate biogeographic sampling, taphonomic biases, or undifferentiated primitive morphology. Similarly, a number of possible problems may exist in the molecular data: rate variation in the genes sampled, the low numbers of genes examined, and insufficient age calibrations. In addition, there are potential problems in molecular phylogeny estimation, such as long branch attraction and inappropriate taxonomic sampling. Additional estimates of divergence times among living taxa should provide a broader framework for comparison with the fossil record and provide information to help identify which of these factors are causing conflict.
Spatial Patches ‐ A Primitive for 3D Model Representation

The commonly used solution for real‐life 3D model representation is polygonal spatially consistent geometry, with texture, and, optionally, bump or displacement maps attached. Although the idea of displacement mapping is well known, there are just a few approaches to its efficient implementation. In this paper we develop a technique that allows for efficient representation and rendering of 3D models by getting a new angle on the displacement mapping concept. We introduce a new primitive that is defined as the range image of a small part of the model's surface; therefore, it is called a spatial patch. The whole model is just a collection of patches with no connectivity information between them. Such a representation can be directly acquired by 3D scanning machinery, and stored in a compact uniform form. It also allows for efficient visualization, which is the major focus of this paper. Thus, we present the logical structure of a rendering unit based on conventional z‐buffering, and discuss the involved algorithms in detail. These algorithms benefit from modern features of computing units for which we believe the proposed technique can be used in a wide range of applications dealing with real‐life 3D data.
Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame Relay

This memo describes an encapsulation method for carrying network interconnect traffic over a Frame Relay backbone. It covers aspects of both Bridging and Routing. Systems with the ability to transfer both this encapsulation method, and others must have a priori knowledge of which virtual circuits will carry which encapsulation method and this encapsulation must only be used over virtual circuits that have been explicitly configured for its use.