Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Antrodia camphorata Extracts on the Viability, Apoptosis, [Ca(superscript 2+)](subscript i), and MAPKs Phosphorylation of OC2 Human Oral Cancer Cells

The effect of Antrodia camphorata (AC) on human oral cancer cells has not been explored. This study examined the effect of AC on the viability, apoptosis, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation and Ca(superscript 2+) regulation of OC2 human oral cancer cells. AC at a concentration of 25μM induced an increase in cell viability, but AC at concentrations ≥50μg/ml decreased viability in a concentration-dependent manner. AC at concentrations of 100-200μg/ml induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner as demonstrated by propidium iodide staining. AC (25μg/ml) did not alter basal [Ca(superscript 2+)](subscript i), but decreased the [Ca2(superscript +)](subscript i) increases induced by ATP, bradykinin, histamine and thapsigargin. ATP, bradykinin, and histamine increased cell viability whereas thapsigargin decreased it. AC (25μg/ml) pretreatment failed to alter ATP-induced increase in viability, potentiated bradykinininduced increase in viability, decreased histamine-induced increase in viability and reversed thapsigargininduced decrease in viability. Immunoblotting suggested that AC induced phosphorylation of ERK and JNK MAPKs, but not p38 MAPK. Collectively, for OC2 cells, AC exerted multiple effects on their viability and [Ca(superscript 2+)](subscript i), induced their ERK and JNK MAPK phosphorylation, and probably evoked their apoptosis.
A checklist of the fungi recorded from Serra da Jibóia, Bahia state, Brazil Part 1—quick overview

Serra da Jiboia is one of the priority areas for the conservation of biodiversity located in the semiarid Caatinga biome of Northeast Brazil. Two hundred and fifty-nine species of fungi (mitosporic and meiosporic ascomycetes and basidiomycetes) were reported from Serra da Jiboia and are presented here. These species are distributed in 155 genera among which Dictyochaeta was the most highly represented genus with nine species. Inventory of the Serra da Jiboia region has thus far contributed to the description of one new genus and seven new species to science; six species are considered rare while 121 are new records of fungi. These data were based on literature records.
Diversification of tree stands as a means to manage pests and diseases in boreal forests: myth or reality?

Pure forest stands are widely believed to be more prone to pest outbreaks and disease epidemics than mixed stands, leading to recommendations of using stand diversification as a means of controlling forest pests and pathogens. We review the existing evidence concerning the effects of stand tree-species diversity on pests and pathogens in forests of the boreal zone. Experimental data from published studies provide no overall support for the hypothesis that diversi- fication of tree stands can prevent pest outbreaks and disease epidemics. Although beneficial effects of tree-species di- versity on stand vulnerability are observed in some cases, in terms of reductions in damage, these effects are not consistent over time and space and seem to depend more on tree-species composition than on tree-species diversity per se. In ad- dition, while mixed stands may reduce the densities of some specialized herbivores, they may be more attractive to gener- alist herbivores. Given that generalist mammalian herbivores cause considerable tree mortality during the early stages of stand establishment in boreal forests, the net effect of stand diversification on stand damage is unlikely to be positive. Resume : On croit generalement que les peuplements purs de foret sont davantage sujets a des epidemies de depreda- teurs et de maladies que les peuplements melanges, d'ou la recommandation d'avoir recours a la diversification des peuplements pour controler les parasites de la foret. Dans cet article, Les auteurs passent en revue les donnees existantes concernant les effets de la diversite des especes d'arbres dans les peuplements sur les parasites en foret boreale. Globale- ment, les donnees experimentales provenant des etudes publiees ne supportent pas l'hypothese voulant que la diversifica- tion des arbres dans un peuplement puisse prevenir les epidemies de depredateurs et de maladies. Bien que la diversite des especes d'arbres ait dans certains cas des effets benefiques sur la vulnerabilite d'un peuplement, qui se traduisent par une reduction de la quantite de dommages, ces effets ne sont pas consistants dans le temps ni dans l'espace et semblent dependre plus de la composition en especes d'arbres que de la diversite en soi des especes d'arbres. De plus, alors que les peuplements melanges peuvent reduire la densite de certains herbivores specialises, ils peuvent etre plus attrayants pour les herbivores generalistes. Etant donne que les mammiferes herbivores generalistes sont d'importantes causes de mortalite des arbres dans les premiers stades d'etablissement des peuplements en foret boreale, l'effet de la diversification du peuplement sur les dommages causes au peuplement a peu de chance d'etre positif.
Oxidative stress: the role of cytochromes P450 in oxygen activation

Oxidative stress is associated with a number of degenerative disease states, such as cancer and AIDS. Fundamental to oxidative stress is the generation of superoxide, peroxide and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review focuses on the importance of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in the activation of oxygen and ROS generation, together with a discussion of defence mechanisms which can offer protection against oxidative stress. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.
Occurrence of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in healthy cattle and goats and distribution of virulence genes among isolates

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are receiving more attention mainly because they are zoonotic and food borne in nature. The objectives of the present study were to determine the occurrence of non-O157 Shiga toxin producing E. coli in cattle and goats and distribution of the virulence genes in the isolates. The overall isolation rates of non-O157 STEC was 15.27% (7/87) in cattle and 8.14% (22/144) in goats. Four serogroups namely O8, O26, O103 and O128 were detected. Of these serogroups, O8, O26 and O103 were common in both, cattle and goats, whereas O128 was carried by goats only. Using Duopath Verotoxin (DV) test, 52.63% of sero-positive E. coli isolates from cattle were positive for Stx1 shiga toxin whereas none of the isolates was positive for Stx2. Similarly, 42.9% (3/7) of sero-positive E. coli isolates from goats produced Stx1 and 14.3% (1/7) were positive for both, Stx1 and Stx2. The study on virulence genes showed that stx1 was commonly distributed among non-O157 STEC isolates of cattle (57.9%) and goats (57.1%). Key words: Non-O157 STEC, cattle, goats, virulence genes.
The Efficacy of Inactivated Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida Combined with Levan/Alum as Vaccine against Photobacteriosis in Cobia, Rachycentron canadum

Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp) is a major pathogen of cultured cobia (Rachycentron canadum), a primary target species for offshore cage culture in Taiwan. Serum antibody titers as well as efficiency and duration of protection against Phdp were evaluated following intraperitoneal administration of a candidate vaccine prepared with formalin-inactivated whole cells in combination with levan/alum adjuvants. The results showed vaccinates delayed the disease onset and had significantly (P < 0.05) less mortality than control nonvaccinates during Days 21–105 postvaccination with highest relative percentage of survival (RPS) and antibody titer up to 81.4% and 1:614, respectively. There was a highly significant positive linear correlation between the RPS and antibody titer (R2 = 0.841). Long-lasting and significant protection against Phdp can be achieved with inactivated Phdp plus levan/alum, a potential cobia vaccine against photobacteriosis. Levan/alum complex may represent a promising adjuvant formula for the development of a Phdp vaccine.
Soluções atrativas para o monitoramento populacional de Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) em pomar de figo

The fig fly ( Zaprionus indianus ) is one of the major fig pests in Brazil, being its monitoring important for reducing the use of chemical insecticides. This study aimed at evaluating the efficiency of attractive food for Z. indianus , in fig orchard. The experiment was installed in a domestic fig (‘Roxo de Valinhos’ cultivar) orchard, using five treatments (fig juice at 50%, sugarcane molasses at 7% and grape juice at 30%, 40% and 50%), with five replicates, in a completely randomized design. A total of 3,284 adult fig flies (1,983 female and 1,301 male) were captured, representing 42% of the total insects and 62% of the drosophilids captured. The proportion of males and females was similar for all attractive solutions. Fig juice at 50% was effective in capturing the fig fly, being recommended for its monitoring in domestic orchards. Sugarcane molasses at 7%, despite its effectiveness, did not present regularity in fig fly capturing, being only indicated for periods of less than 28 days. At the concentrations tested, the grape juice was not effective.
Conservation status and causes of decline of the threatened New Zealand Long-tailed Bat Chalinolobus tuberculatus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

Historical anecdotes and preliminary monitoring since 1990 indicate that New Zealand Longtailed Bats (Chalinolobus tuberculatus, Vespertilionidae) are now rare or absent at many sites where formerly they were common. Chalinolobus tuberculatus appeared to be common throughout New Zealand in the 1800s but by 1900‐30 it was becoming scarce in many districts. Formal surveys in the South Island since 1990 either failed to find C. tuberculatus ,o r recorded bats in low numbers. Of eight sites where transect counts were undertaken, bats were recorded frequently at two sites (45‐66% of counts; Eglinton and Dart Valleys), rarely at four sites (2.4‐10.7% of counts), and were not recorded at the remaining two sites despite considerable survey effort. Of 10 sites where stationary counts using automatic detector units were used, no C. tuberculatus were recorded in three areas (153 nights combined), they were found rarely at six sites (2.1‐21.0% of nights; 461 nights combined) and were recorded commonly only in the Eglinton Valley (85% of 120 nights). Assertions that C. tuberculatus are ‘common’ and that the conservation status is ‘secure’ are questionable and this review supports suggestions that the species should be classed as ‘Vulnerable’. Possible causes of decline have been suggested including clearance and logging of lowland forests, predation by introduced mammals and owls, competition for roost sites by introduced mammals, birds and wasps, and human interference and disturbance at roosting sites. However, authors’ claims have all been speculative and unsubstantiated. There has been no research undertaken to quantify these claims, and this is required urgently. The results of these preliminary surveys provide a new baseline against which future population trends might be compared. Increased effort using standardized monitoring techniques, applied at a national level, is required to confirm the possible trends and to help identify the best sites where conservation managers may attempt to restore the population level.
Characteristics of Microcapsule of ?-3 Fatty Acids Enriched Oil from Lemuru Meal Processing

Omega-3 fatty acids enriched fish oil from lemuru fishmeal processing met the quality standard of food grade fish oil, but it was susceptible to oxidation. Microencapsulation by spray drying was one method that could protect this oil against oxidation and the microcapsule could be applied more widely and easier to handle. The important factor that affected microencapsulation process by spray drying method was encapsulant to core ratio. The objective of research was to elucidate the effect of encapsulant to core ratio (2:1; 3:1; 4:1; 5:1; and 6:1 (w/w)) on characteristics of ? -3 fatty acids enriched fish oil microcapsule. The increase of microencapsulation efficiency and the decrease of surface oil proportion were related to better emulsion stability prior to spray drying and film forming ability around oil globule as the sodium caseinate proportion increased. Emulsification and heating during spray drying could induce hydrolysis of triglycerides in fish oil. Therefore, the quantity of free fatty acids relatively unchanged although the proportion of encapsulated oil decreased. The decrease of oxidation degree is caused by better protective effect of sodium caseinate during emulsification and spray drying due to better film forming ability as proportion of encapsulant increased. However, it was followed by the decrease of ? -3 fatty acids content that related to decreasing proportion of fish oil. This phenomenon was supported by unchanging ? -3 fatty acids retention that showed protective effect of sodium caseinate on oxidation during microencapsulation. Different encapsulant to core ratio did not change yield of microcapsule. Different proportion of surface oil did not affect microcapsule recovery. Key words : fish oil from by product of lemuru meal processing, ? -3 fatty acids enriched oil, microencapsulation, spray drying, encapsulant to core ratio
Fourteen Years of Bt Cotton Advances IPM in Arizona

Abstract. The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), first invaded Arizona in 1926 and has been a key pest of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. , since the early 1960s. A broad range of tactics has been developed to manage this pest including a variety of cultural methods, mating disruption via pheromones, sterile insect release, and plant resistance. Transgenic cotton producing the insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) was introduced in 1996 and was rapidly and widely adopted by producers in Arizona. Adoption rose to approximately 86% by 2006 and has been more than 93% since 2007 when the state was granted a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency exemption to eliminate required refuge plantings as part of a regional eradication program. The deployment of Bt cotton for selective control of caterpillars led to dramatic regional reductions in abundance of pink bollworm, and associated crop damage and insecticide use. Bt cotton has also been a key technology enabling more selective and biologically-based control approaches for sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight, two other keys pests of cotton in Arizona. Overall insecticide use (statewide average number of sprays per hectare) in cotton has dropped 88% since 1995. Some challenges ahead include re-invasion of eradicated zones, maintaining susceptibility of pink bollworm to Bt cotton, the economics of Bt cotton use in a post-eradication future, and a rapidly changing agroecosystem.
Effects of algal diet on larval survival and growth of the barnacle Amphibalanus (=Balanus) improvisus

The effects of algal diet on larval survival and growth of the barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus was for the first time examined under controlled laboratory conditions. Larvae were obtained by dissecting egg lamellae at later developmental stage out of the adults. Hatched nauplii were reared in 0.6-l glass beakers (200 larvae l-1) on a monoalgal diet of Chaetoceros calcitrans, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus quadricauda at 1x105 and 2x105 cells ml-1, under continuous light at 25 ±1°C. The rate of development, survival and size (at Stage V) of the larvae were measured for each diet. The majority of nauplius II larvae (~70%) fed with Cha. calcitrans and Chl. vulgaris developed into cyprids within seven days while those fed with S. quadricauda remained at Stage II. A shorter time interval for Stage II to III was observed in larvae fed with a Chl. vulgaris monoalgal diet than Cha. calcitrans. Larvae fed with Cha. calcitrans had shorter developmental intervals for later larval stages (Stages IV–VI). The highest mortality was observed in the treatment with a monoalgal diet of S. quadricauda, while the highest survival was achieved with a diet of Cha. calcitrans. The mixed diet of Cha. calcitrans, Chl. vulgaris and S. quadricauda resulted in a shorter developmental duration of larval cycle (six days). Both food type and food concentration significantly affected the length and width of the nauplius larvae.
Populus Responses to Edaphic and Climatic Cues: Emerging Evidence from Systems Biology Research

The emergence of Populus as a model system for tree biology continues to be driven by a community of scientists dedicated to developing the resources needed to undertake genetic and functional genomic studies in this genus. As a result, understanding the molecular processes that underpin the growth and development of cottonwood, aspen, and hybrid poplar has steadily increased over the last several decades. Recently, our ability to examine the basic mechanisms whereby trees respond to a changing climate and resource limitations has benefited greatly from the sequencing of the P. trichocarpa genome. This landmark event has laid a solid foundation upon which biologists can now quantify, in breathtaking and unprecedented detail, the diversity of genes, proteins, and metabolites that govern the growth and development of some of the longest living and tallest growing organisms on Earth. Although the challenges likely to be encountered by scientists who work with trees are many, recent literature provides a few examples where a systems approach, one that focuses on integrating transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses, is beginning to provide insights into the molecular-scale response of poplars to their climatic and edaphic environment. In this review, our objectives are to look at evidence from studies that examine the molecular response of poplar to edaphic and climatic cues and highlight instances where two or more omic-scale measurements confirm and hopefully expand our inferences about mechanisms contributing to observed patterns of response. Based on conclusions drawn from these studies, we propose that three requirements will be essential as systems biology in poplar moves to reveal unique insights. These include use of genetically-defined individuals (e.g., pedigrees or transgenics) in studies; incorporation of modeling as a complement to transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic data; and inclusion of whole-tree and stand-level phenotypes to place molecular-scale insights into a real-world context.
Phenological Model for Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract The development time of different stages of Sesamia nonagrioides Léfèvbre was studied in the laboratory at constant temperatures in the range 10–36°C. The relationship between the developmental rate (1/d) and the temperature (°C) was determined using both linear and nonlinear (Logan type III) models. The fit of the linear regression in the temperature range 15–27.5°C and Logan type III equation was good (R2 > 0.97). The lower developmental threshold, calculated using the linear model, was tb = 12°C. The nonlinear model gave a higher threshold of Tmax = 36°C, and an optimal developmental temperature of Trmax = 30°C. The flights of S. nonagrioides were studied in Lleida, Spain, from 1984 to 1997, and the number of degree-days required for their occurrence was calculated. A relationship between the degree-days required for the first flight calculated by the averaging method and the degree-days required for estimated diapause termination was obtained (R2 = 0.84). This relationship allowed the prediction of the first flight occurrence in the field. The degree-days required for the second and third generations were then calculated as 730 and 491, respectively.
Warming increases aboveground plant biomass and C stocks in vascular‐plant‐dominated Antarctic tundra

We passively warmed tundra on the Antarctic Peninsula over four growing seasons and assessed its effect on dry mass and C and N stocks associated with the vascular plants Colobanthus quitensis (a cushion‐forming forb) and Deschampsia antarctica (a tussock grass), and mosses. Temperature treatments involved a warmed treatment that raised diurnal and diel canopy air temperatures by 2.3 and 1.3 °C, respectively, and a near‐ambient temperature treatment that raised diurnal and diel temperatures by 0.2 °C. These two different temperature regimes were achieved by wrapping filters around the frames to different extents and were nested within three UV treatments that filtered different solar UV wavebands. The experiment also included an ambient control treatment (unfiltered frames), and supplemental water and fertilizer treatments (applied to unfiltered frames). After four growing seasons, we collected cores of each vascular plant species and assessed the mass and C and N content of the aboveground current‐year biomass, the litter layer (which included nongreen live stems), and the organic soil horizon (which included roots). The thin nature of the organic soil horizon allowed us to sample this complete horizon and estimate near‐total ecosystem C and N stocks. A comparison of the warmed and near‐ambient temperature treatments found that warming led to greater aboveground biomass of C. quitensis, and more C in the aboveground biomass of both vascular plant species. Warming resulted in lower N concentrations of the aboveground biomass of both species. The water use efficiency of both species was greater under warming, based on their higher δ13C values. The mass of the litter layer under C. quitensis was greater under warming, and this layer contained more C and N and had a higher C : N ratio. The mass of the organic soil horizon under both species was greater under warming, and this horizon also contained more C and N. Warming also changed the species composition of the plant community – cover of C. quitensis increased while that of mosses declined. Warming resulted in the input of biomass into the system that had greater C : N ratios (and was likely more recalcitrant to decomposition) because (1) warming increased the C : N ratio of the biomass produced by both vascular plant species, (2) these inputs increased with warming because of greater biomass production, and (3) increases in C. quitensis cover led to greater biomass inputs by this species and its biomass had a greater C : N ratio than D. antarctica. Water or fertilizer supplements had few effects on aboveground biomass or C and N concentrations or pools, consistent with the relatively wet maritime climate and high soil nutrient levels of this system. Total C pools in the aboveground biomass, litter, and organic soil horizon were greater under warming. Warmed plots contained from 272 to 319 g m−2 more C than plots under near‐ambient temperatures, corresponding to a 23–34% increase in ecosystem C.
Microwave Filters Containing High-Q Dielectric Resonators

Dielectric objects with free-space boundaries have for many years been known to exhibit resonances in various modes. Since practical applications of this phenomenon in microwave filters have not been made, a study program was instituted to explore the feasibility of dielectric resonators as filter elements, and to derive formulas and obtain experimental data useful for filter design.
The genus Drepanolejeunea (Marchantiophyta: Lejeuneaceae) in India with a note on three new additions from Eastern Himalaya

Diversity of the genus Drepanolejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn. in India has been reviewed and three species, viz. D. longii Grolle & R.L. Zhu, D. siamensis (Bischl.) Grolle & R.L. Zhu and D. tibetana (P.C.Wu & J.S.Lou) Grolle & R.L. Zhu, are recorded for the first time in Indian bryoflora from Eastern Himalaya. A key to the Indian species of the genus has been provided and the newly recorded taxa have been described and illustrated.