Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Head and Cervical Spine Posture in Behaving Rats: Implications for Modeling Human Conditions Involving the Head and Cervical Spine

The aim of this study was to define the temporal and spatial (postural) characteristics of the head and cervical vertebral column (spine) of behaving rats in order to better understand their suitability as a model to study human conditions involving the head and neck. Time spent in each of four behavioral postures was determined from video tape recordings of rats (n = 10) in the absence and presence of an intruder rat. Plain film radiographic examination of a subset of these rats (n = 5) in each of these postures allowed measurement of head and cervical vertebral column positions adopted by the rats. When single they were quadruped or crouched most (∼80%) of the time and bipedal either supported or free standing for only ∼10% of the time. The introduction of an intruder significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced the proportion of time rats spent quadruped (median, from 71% to 47%) and bipedal free standing (median, from 2.9% to 0.4%). The cervical spine was orientated (median, 25–75 percentile) near vertical (18.8°, 4.2°–30.9°) when quadruped, crouched (15.4°, 7.6°–69.3°) and bipedal supported (10.5°, 4.8°–22.6°) but tended to be less vertical oriented when bipedal free standing (25.9°, 7.7°–39.3°). The range of head positions relative to the cervical spine was largest when crouched (73.4°) and smallest when erect free standing (17.7°). This study indicates that, like humans, rats have near vertical orientated cervical vertebral columns but, in contrast to humans, they displace their head in space by movements at both the cervico‐thoracic junction and the cranio‐cervical regions. Anat Rec, 298:455–462, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tongue and Hyoid Musculature and Functional Morphology of a Neonate Gray Whale (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Eschrichtius robustus)

Little is known about the anatomy and musculature of the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), especially related to the anatomy of the tongue and hyoid region. The recovery of an extremely fresh head of a neonatal female gray whale provided an opportunity to conduct the first in‐depth investigation of the musculoskeletal features of the tongue and hyoid apparatus. Unlike other mysticetes, the gray whale tongue is strong, muscular, and freely mobile inside the buccal cavity. In particular, the genioglossus and hyoglossus muscles are extremely large and robust making up the majority of the body of the tongue. In addition, the genioglossus had a unique position and fiber orientation in the tongue compared to other mammals. The structure of the hyoid apparatus differs between E. robustus and other mysticete species, although there are similarities among individual elements. We provide the first documentation of fungiform papillae that may be associated with taste buds in Mysticeti. The highly mobile, robust tongue and the presence of well‐defined tongue and hyoid musculature are in keeping with observations of gray whale feeding that suggest this group of whales utilize oral suction to draw benthic prey into the buccal cavity. Anat Rec, 298:660–674, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of a Clinical Preceptor Model

To reflect contemporary nursing care, the practicing nurse is in an ideal position to shape the clinical experience for student nurses. Although nurse preceptors are frequently used to assist in practice education of nursing students, their contribution to the creation of these programs has not been explored. The author discusses the results of a participatory action research study with the aim of creating a preceptor-guided practice education model for use throughout an undergraduate bachelor of science in nursing curriculum.
The Anatomy of the Mummy: Mortui Viventes Docent—When Ancient Mummies Speak to Modern Doctors

There is almost a universal fascination with prehistoric, protohistoric, and historic human remains that preserve the soft tissues (nonskeletal) of the body (general definition of a mummy). While most people within the general public engage with mummies as part of a museum exhibit process, many scientists have taken that fascination much further. Starting as a general fascination with mummification, the scientific process involved in the study of mummies began in earnest in the late 18th Century AD. This issue of the Anatomical Record was conceived and formulated to bring together a series of researchers to highlight their most groundbreaking research on the scientific advances that surround the 21st Century AD study of these preserved biological beings including an illumination of the cultural processes that purposefully or inadvertently are preserved either within their tissues or are present within the context (archaeological) in which they are found (excavated). Twenty‐six research articles are presented in this volume on a variety of topics all related to the rich transdisciplinary fields that are now directing their research efforts to the state‐of‐the art analysis of human mummified remains. Anat Rec, 298:935–940, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Guideline for the Prevention of Falls in Older Persons

BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE Falls are among the most common and serious problems facing elderly persons. Falling is associated with considerable mortality, morbidity, reduced functioning, and premature nursing home admissions. 1–5 Falls generally result from an interaction of multiple and diverse risk factors and situations, many of which can be corrected. This interaction is modified by age, disease, and the presence of hazards in the environment. 6 Frequently, older people are not aware of their risks of falling, and neither recognize risk factors nor report these issues to their physicians. Consequently opportunities for prevention of falling are often overlooked with risks becoming evident only after injury and disability have already occurred. 7–9 Both the incidence of falls and the severity of fallrelated complications rise steadily after age 60. In the age 65-and-over population as a whole, approximately 35% to 40% of community-dwelling, generally healthy older persons fall annually. After age 75, the rates are higher. 10,11 Incidence rates of falls in nursing homes and hospitals are almost three times the rates for community-dwelling persons age $ 65 (1.5 falls per bed annually). Injury rates are also considerably higher with 10% to 25% of institutional falls resulting in fracture, laceration, or the need for hospital care. 12 Fall-related injuries recently accounted for 6% of all medical expenditures for persons age 65 and older in the United States. 12,13 A key concern is not simply the high incidence of falls in older persons (young children and athletes have an even higher incidence of falls) but rather the combination of high incidence and a high susceptibility to injury. This propensity for fall-related injury in elderly persons stems from a high prevalence of comorbid diseases (e.g., osteoporosis) and age-related physiological decline (e.g., slower reflexes) that make even a relatively mild fall potentially dangerous. Approximately 5% of older people who fall require hospitalization. 14 Unintentional injuries are the fifth leading cause of death in older adults (after cardiovascular, neoplastic, cerebrovascular, and pulmonary causes), and falls are responsible for two-thirds of the deaths resulting from unintentional injuries. More pointedly, 75% of deaths due to falls in the United States occur in the 13% of the population age 65 and over. 15 In addition to physical injury, falls can also have psychological and social consequences. Recurrent falls are a common reason for admission of previously independent elderly persons to long-term care institutions. 16,17 One study found that falls were a major reason for 40% of nursing home admissions. 14 Fear of falling and the post-fall anxiety syndrome are also well recognized as negative consequences of falls. The loss of self-confidence to ambulate safely can result in self-imposed functional limitations. 1,18
Preoperative Assessment of Microvascular Compression of Cranial Nerve IX and X Using 3D Fast Imaging Employing Steady-state Acquisition Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia

We report a case of glossopharyngeal neuralgia associated with a vascular loop of the postero-inferior cerebellar artery, precisely diagnosed by preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a sequence of 3-dimensional fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (3D-FIESTA). A 44-year old man experienced paroxysmal and excruciating pain, starting in the left tongue and descending to mandibular angle. Preoperative 3D-FIESTA-MRI delineated a small vascular loop compressing the vago-glossopharyngeal nerve at its cisternal portion. The patient underwent a microvascular decompression surgery. Intraoperative inspection revealed that the glossopharyngeal nerve root was in contact with a small arterial loop at its cisternal portion and was deformed as demonstrated by preoperative 3D-FIESTA-MRI. At the operation, we adopted the method of repositioning the offending loop of the postero-inferior cerebellar artery by lifting and attaching it to the nearby dura of the petrous bone with glue. The patient's neuralgia resolved immediately after the operation. 3D-FIESTA may be a useful method for visualization of microvascular compression of glossopharyngeal nerve in this relatively rare condition.
Sparse signal recovery by accelerated ℓq (0

ABSTRACT The nonconvex regularization, which has superiority on sparsity-inducing over the convex counterparts, has been proposed in many areas of engineering and science. In this paper, we present an accelerated regularization thresholding algorithm for sparse signal recovery, which can be viewed as an extension of the well-known Nesterov's accelerated gradient method from convex optimization to nonconvex case. It has shown numerically that the proposed algorithm keeps fast convergence, and also maintains high recovery precision. Extensive numerical experiments have been to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. It is also mentioned that the proposed algorithm has much faster convergence and higher recovery precision in sparse signal recovery over the commonly non-accelerated thresholding algorithm.
Commentary on the AAOS Position Statement: Recommendations for Enhancing the Care of Patients with Fragility Fractures: A Call to Arms (and Hips, Vertebrae, and So On)

Numerous organizations, including the National Osteoporosis Foundation, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, have developed guidelines regarding when to perform bone density testing and when and how to treat osteoporosis. Their rationale is sound. Bone density is a better predictor of fracture risk than blood pressure is for stroke or than cholesterol level is for heart attack. For example, in white women, each 1-standard-deviation drop in bone mineral density (BMD) increases the risk of a hip fracture by 2to 3-fold. However, many other factors also increase fracture risk: advanced age, weight loss, a personal or family history of falls, altered bone quality, poor eyesight, frailty, and debilitating disease, to name just a few. The problem for orthopaedic surgeons is that we do not see patients for routine osteoporosis evaluation, much less monitor them for the effects of aging or weight loss. What we do see is fractures. We now understand that patients with fragility fractures—fractures that occur from a minimal trauma such as a fall from a standing height or less—are special. Patients with fragility fractures are at significantly increased risk for future fractures. Although fracture-management techniques have improved significantly in recent years, the risk of deformity, disability, and even death remains significant for many of our patients, particularly for those who have had a hip fracture. In response to these data, the Board of Directors of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) approved a position statement in June 2003 titled “Recommendations for Enhancing the Care of Patients With Fragility Fractures” (see Appendix on page 123). The document was developed jointly by the AAOS Women’s Health Issues Committee and the World Orthopaedic Osteoporosis Organization. It underscores the fact that a fragility fracture is, by itself, a warning to caregivers that a patient could have poor bone quality and be at high risk for repeat fractures. The AAOS did not develop guidelines for fragility-fracture care because it recognized that most orthopaedists prefer to refer patients in need of osteoporosis evaluation and treatment to their medical colleagues.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Different Musculoskeletal Arrangements in Psittacosaurus and Implications for Cranial Function

The masseter muscle complex is a unique feature of extant mammals and their advanced cynodont precursors, originating from the zygomatic arch and inserting onto the lateral surface of the dentary. This muscle complex is absent in sauropsids, with the exception of the neomorphic m. pseudomasseter complex that is unique to psittaciform birds (parrots and cockatiels). The anterior position and anterodorsally inclined line of action of both muscle groups increases leverage of the jaw and is thought to contribute to increased bite force, particularly in psittaciforms. A corollary is that in mammals at least, the masseter places increased load on the zygomatic arch, which may be withstood by soft tissue temporal fascia. Recently the existence of a m. pseudomasster (mPSM) and m. adductor mandibulae externus ventralis (mAMEV) has been proposed in the ornithischian dinosaur Psittacosaurus. Here we use computed tomography, digital restoration of skull anatomy and adductor musculature and computational biomechanics to test how the presence of anterodorsally inclined muscle loads influences stress, strain, deformation and estimated bite forces in the skull of Psittacosaurus. We find that the m. pseudomasseter and m. amev increases bite force with an associated increase in cranial stress and deformation. There is, however, limited osteological evidence for the existence of these two additional muscles in the psittacosaur skull and geometric morphometric informed sensitivity analysis of our finite element models shows that bite position has a greater effect on loading‐induced deformation than muscle loading or material property variation. Anat Rec, 300:49–61, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transforming Growth Factor-β1, -β2, and -β3 In Vivo: Effects on Normal and Mitomycin C–Modulated Conjunctival Scarring

PURPOSE. To compare the effects of the three human isoforms of transforming growth factor (TGE)-beta in vivo using a mouse model of conjunctival scarring, both in normal eyes and after treatment with MMC, with a view to delineating the role of this growth factor in glaucoma filtration surgery.METHODS. Application of recombinant human TGF-beta was assessed in a prospective, randomized study of mouse conjunctival scarring, in which subconjunctival TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 (all 10(-9) M) were compared with control (phosphate-buffered saline [PBS] carrier) and mitomycin C (MMC; 0.4 mg/ml) treatment at 6 hours, and 1, 3, and 7 days after surgery (six eyes/treatment/time point). Effects of TGF-beta 2 on eyes previously treated with MMC were also assessed. Histologic studies of enucleated eyes were performed to analyze development of the scarring response, extracellular matrix deposition, and the inflammatory cell profile.RESULTS. All three isoforms of TGF-beta behaved in a similar manner in vivo, being associated with a rapid-onset and exaggerated scarring response compared with control and MMC treatment. TGF-beta-treated eyes showed evidence of an earlier peal; in inflammatory cell activity (P < 0.05) and increased collagen type III deposition (P < 0.05). TGF-beta 2 treatment significantly stimulated scarring after MMC application (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS. TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 appear to have similar actions in vivo and stimulate the conjunctival scarring response. Application of TGF-beta 2 modified the effects of MMC. All TGF-beta isoforms may be potent modulators of the conjunctival scarring response. These studies indicate that TGF-beta 2 may naturally modify the antiscarring effects of antimetabolites such as MMC in glaucoma filtration surgery.
Possible Role of the Myelinated Neural Network in the Parietal Peritoneum in Rats as a Mechanoreceptor

A network of myelinated nerve fibers in the peritoneum covers the abdominal wall. We studied the topographic distribution of this network, explored the fibers' destination in the central nervous system, and examined the markers in these fibers in order to identify the nature of the sensation conveyed by the network of nerve fibers in rats. We used Sihler's method, which stains myelinated fibers in whole mount materials, and observed a dense nerve network and endings toward the peritoneal cavity in the peritoneum that covers the abdomen's lateral bulge. We studied the axonal transport of cholera toxin subunit B to investigate the central projections of this network in order to identify its function. After applying the tracer in the peritoneum, we observed many labeled terminals in the medial part of laminae 3–5 of the spinal cord. A small number of labeled terminals was observed in the dorsal nucleus of Clarke and gracile nucleus. Labeled somata were observed in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Most (96%) were larger than 35 μm. We performed immunohistochemistry of the abdominal wall, using antiserum against the 200‐kD neurofilament (a marker for mechanosensory neurons). We observed many positive nerve fibers in the peritoneum. Because cell bodies in the DRG were large, their nerve terminals ended in the base of the dorsal horn, which is known to transmit proprioceptive information, and the network possesses the marker for mechanosensitive fibers; therefore, it appears that the myelinated nerve network conveys information about distension and/or contraction of the abdominal wall. Anat Rec, 300:1662–1669, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myricetin Induces Protective Autophagy by Inhibiting the Phosphorylation of mTOR in HepG2 Cells

Myricetin, a natural flavonoid present in a variety of fruits and vegetables, has been studied as a promising cancer chemopreventive agent in many cancer models. It has been reported that myricetin could inhibit tumor promotion by inducing cell cycle arrest and promoting apoptotic cell death. At present, autophagy is considered to be closely associated with cancer, functioning as either an anti‐cancer or pro‐cancer mechanism depending on the cancer stage. Till date, the role of myricetin in regulating autophagy has not been reported. In this study, we found that myricetin can induce autophagy by inhibiting mTOR activation in HepG2 cells. Our findings thus provide evidence for further research and application of myricetin as a potential cancer therapeutic agent. Anat Rec, 301:786–795, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HPV, cervical cancer risks, and barriers to care for lesbian women

Abstract:The purpose of this article is to identify Pap testing rates among lesbians and identify reasons for lack of recognition of cervical cancer risks in lesbians. Articles that reported cervical cancer screening rates among lesbians were searched. Between 48% and 81% of lesbians reported recent Pap smears. The lesbian community requires better education, and healthcare providers should promote regular Pap smears for all women.
Microbiological diversity of generalized aggressive periodontitis by 16S rRNA clonal analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIM The purpose of this study was to determine the bacterial diversity in the subgingival plaque of subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis by using culture-independent molecular methods based on 16S ribosomal DNA cloning. METHODS Samples from 10 subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis were selected. DNA was extracted and the 16S rRNA gene was amplified with the universal primer pairs 9F and 1525R. Amplified genes were cloned, sequenced, and identified by comparison with known 16S rRNA sequences. RESULTS One hundred and ten species were identified from 10 subjects and 1007 clones were sequenced. Of these, 70 species were most prevalent. Fifty-seven percent of the clone (40 taxa) sequences represented phylotypes for which no cultivated isolates have been reported. Several species of Selenomonas and Streptococcus were found at high prevalence and proportion in all subjects. Overall, 50% of the clone libraries were formed by these two genera. Selenomonas sputigena, the species most commonly detected, was found in nine of 10 subjects. Other species of Selenomonas were often present at high levels, including S. noxia, Selenomonas sp. EW084, Selenomonas sp. EW076, Selenomonas FT050, Selenomonas sp. P2PA_80, and Selenomonas sp. strain GAA14. The classical putative periodontal pathogens, such as, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, was below the limit of detection and was not detected. CONCLUSION These data suggest that other species, notably species of Selenomonas, may be associated with disease in generalized aggressive periodontitis subjects.
Role of gap3 in Fap1 glycosylation, stability, in vitro adhesion, and fimbrial and biofilm formation of Streptococcus parasanguinis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS Streptococcus parasanguinis is a primary colonizer of the tooth surface. Its adhesion is mediated by the long fimbriae, which are composed of multiple subunits of a serine-rich glycoprotein, Fap1. Previous studies revealed that a chromosomal region located downstream of fap1 is involved in the secretion and glycosylation of Fap1. In this study, we investigated the role of a glycosylation-associated gene, gap3, in Fap1 biogenesis. METHODS A gap3 non-polar mutant was constructed by insertional inactivation. The phenotype of the mutant and the subcellular distribution of its products were investigated. The binding ability of the mutant was tested with saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (SHA). Electron microscopy was used to observe the morphological changes on the mutant cell surface. Confocal microscopy was utilized to determine biofilm formation ability. RESULTS The gap3 mutant produced a partially glycosylated Fap1 precursor, that was less stable than mature Fap1. The Fap1 precursor was distributed in all subcellular fractions including the cell surface and culture medium although in decreased amounts. These data suggest a role for Gap3 in Fap1 glycosylation as well as a link between glycosylation and secretion of Fap1. The gap3 mutant had reduced binding to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Electron microscopy revealed that the gap3 mutant had lost its long fimbriae. Biofilm formation was also inhibited by the gap3 mutation. Fewer gap3 mutant cells adhered to the biofilm surface and microcolony formation was decreased. CONCLUSION Gap3 is required for the complete glycosylation and secretion of Fap1, which is important for fimbrial assembly, bacterial adhesion, and in vitro biofilm formation.