Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accurate Traffic Splitting on SDN Switches

Traffic splitting is essential for load balancing over multiple servers, middleboxes, and paths. Often the target traffic distribution is not uniform (e.g., due to heterogeneous servers or path capacities). A natural approach is to implement traffic split in existing rule matching tables in commodity switches. In this paper, we conduct an analytical study to understand this ability of switches. To do that, we indicate on a surprising strong connection between the description of distributions in switches to signed representations of positive integers. We introduce an optimal algorithm that minimizes the number of rules needed to represent a weighted traffic distribution. Since switches often have limited rule-table space, the target distribution cannot always be exactly achieved. Accordingly, we also develop a solution that, given a restricted number of rules, finds a distribution that can be implemented within the limited space. To select among different solutions, we describe metrics for quantifying the accuracy of an approximation. We demonstrate the efficiency of the solutions through extensive experiments.
Grow Old With Me! Future Directions of Race, Age, and Place Scholarship: Grow Old With Me!

This article reviews current theories of age and place to demonstrate a more inclusive perspective in sociology that considers race, age, and place. Scholars who study age have advanced our knowledge about what place means to old people or how environment operates in an oppressive way to aged bodies. Likewise, race scholars have advanced our knowledge about the ways oppression and White supremacy are rooted in place. Yet the two bodies of literature do not inform one another, and there are potentially dangerous gaps in our knowledge that contribute to oppression. The result is age scholarship about environment that lacks a critical race perspective and race scholarship on place that ignores the oppressive conditions of age. By reviewing these pieces, I argue that scholars must inform themselves of the ways in which we overlook important analyses and may potentially contribute to our own ageism. As a graduate student, I had the opportunity to present some very early findings of my dissertation research about age and place at the Midwest Sociological Society (Byrnes, 2007). During the question and answer period, an old woman, a Black old woman, and distinguished professor (ashamedly, I do not remember her name), remarked (and I paraphrase), I think this is the first study I have seen about old blackmen that did not problematize them as a body of diseases or criminals. They are a real group of people with very ordinary lives, desires, and dreams: nice
The Local Dark Matter Density from SDSS-SEGUE G-dwarfs

We derive the local dark matter density by applying the integrated Jeans equation method from Silverwood et al. to SDSS-SEGUE G-dwarf data processed and presented by Budenbender et al. We use the MULTINEST Bayesian nested sampling software to fit a model for the baryon distribution, dark matter, and tracer stars, including a model for the `tilt term' that couples the vertical and radial motions, to the data. The α-young population from Budenbender et al. yields the most reliable result of ρ_dm= 0.46^{+0.07}_{-0.08} {GeV cm}^{-3}= 0.012^{+0.002}_{-0.002} M_{☉} pc^{-3}. Our analyses yield inconsistent results for the α-young and α-old data, pointing to problems in the tilt term and its modelling, the data itself, the assumption of a flat rotation curve, or the effects of disequilibria.
1 AUTHENTICITY AND INDIVIDUATION : A JUNGIAN CONTRIBUTION TO THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF LEADING AUTHENTICALLY

Along with increasing interest from both leadership scholars and organizational members in the concept of ‘authenticity’ as it applies to leadership, critique of the dominant way in which authentic leadership is theorized is also on the rise. In particular, recent empirical accounts of individuals attempting to enact authentic leadership reveal the difficulties associated with doing so, especially in relation to current theorizing’s emphasis on leaders’ display of predominantly positive, pro-social behaviours. This paper enriches current theorizing by introducing Carl Jung’s notion of ‘individuation’ as a journey through which shadow aspects of the self can be incorporated into, rather than dismissed from the act of leading. Such a construction develops current authentic leadership theorizing by 1) highlighting the limits of conscious decision making in relation to behavioural choices and recognizing the powerful influence the unconscious exerts on thoughts and actions, 2) proposing that authenticity is achieved through integrating less desirable aspects of the self rather than repressing them, and 3) appreciating the role of the collective in creating an authentic sense of self, rather than valorising individual self-knowing as authenticity’s sole source. By enlarging the authentic leadership construct from this perspective, the paper provides a psychologically robust, if developmentally challenging, means by which those aspiring to bring something of their ‘real’ selves into their enactment of leading might do so.
Blood brain barrier dysfunction and delayed neurological deficits in mild traumatic brain injury induced by blast shock waves

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) resulting from exposure to blast shock waves (BSWs) is one of the most predominant causes of illnesses among veterans who served in the recent Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Such mTBI can also happen to civilians if exposed to shock waves of bomb attacks by terrorists. While cognitive problems, memory dysfunction, depression, anxiety and diffuse white matter injury have been observed at both early and/or delayed time-points, an initial brain pathology resulting from exposure to BSWs appears to be the dysfunction or disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Studies in animal models suggest that exposure to relatively milder BSWs (123 kPa) initially induces free radical generating enzymes in and around brain capillaries, which enhances oxidative stress resulting in loss of tight junction (TJ) proteins, edema formation, and leakiness of BBB with disruption or loss of its components pericytes and astrocyte end-feet. On the other hand, exposure to more intense BSWs (145–323 kPa) causes acute disruption of the BBB with vascular lesions in the brain. Both of these scenarios lead to apoptosis of endothelial and neural cells and neuroinflammation in and around capillaries, which may progress into chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and/or a variety of neurological impairments, depending on brain regions that are afflicted with such lesions. This review discusses studies that examined alterations in the brain milieu causing dysfunction or disruption of the BBB and neuroinflammation following exposure to different intensities of BSWs. Furthermore, potential of early intervention strategies capable of easing oxidative stress, repairing the BBB or blocking inflammation for minimizing delayed neurological deficits resulting from exposure to BSWs is conferred.
ASAS/EULAR recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis

Objective: To develop evidence based recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) as a combined effort of the ‘ASsessment in AS’ international working group and the European League Against Rheumatism. Methods: Each of the 22 participants was asked to contribute up to 15 propositions describing key clinical aspects of AS management. A Delphi process was used to select 10 final propositions. A systematic literature search was then performed to obtain scientific evidence for each proposition. Outcome data for efficacy, adverse effects, and cost effectiveness were abstracted. The effect size, relative risk, number needed to treat, and incremental cost effectiveness ratio were calculated. On the basis of the search results, 10 major recommendations for the management of AS were constructed. The strength of recommendation was assessed based on the strength of the literature evidence, risk-benefit trade-off, and clinical expertise. Results: The final recommendations considered the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (conventional NSAIDs, coxibs, and co-prescription of gastroprotective agents), disease modifying antirheumatic drugs, treatments with biological agents, simple analgesics, local and systemic steroids, non-pharmacological treatment (including education, exercise, and physiotherapy), and surgical interventions. Three general recommendations were also included. Research evidence (categories I–IV) supported 11 interventions in the treatment of AS. Strength of recommendation varied, depending on the category of evidence and expert opinion. Conclusion: Ten key recommendations for the treatment of AS were developed and assessed using a combination of research based evidence and expert consensus. Regular updating will be carried out to keep abreast of new developments in the management of AS.
A tight RMR lower bound for randomized mutual exclusion

The Cache Coherent (CC) and the Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) models are standard shared memory models, and the Remote Memory Reference (RMR) complexity is considered to accurately predict the actual performance of mutual exclusion algorithms in shared memory systems. In this paper we prove a tight lower bound for the RMR complexity of deadlock-free randomized mutual exclusion algorithms in both the CC and the DSM model with atomic registers and compare & swap objects and an adaptive adversary. Our lower bound establishes that an adaptive adversary can schedule n processes in such a way that each enters the critical section once, and the total number of RMRs is Ω(n log n/log log n) in expectation. This matches an upper bound of Hendler and Woelfel (2011).
Energy-efficient, utility accrual scheduling under resource constraints for mobile embedded systems

We present an energy-efficient real-time scheduling algorithm called the Resource-constrained Energy-Efficient Utility Accrual Algorithm (or ReUA). ReUA considers an application model where activities are subject to time/utility function-time constraints, resource dependencies including mutual exclusion constraints, and statistical performance requirements including probabilistically satisfied, activity (timeliness) utility bounds. Further, ReUA targets mobile embedded systems where system-level energy consumption is a major concern. For such a model, we consider the scheduling objectives of (1) satisfying statistical performance requirements, and (2) maximizing system-level energy efficiency, while respecting resource dependencies. Since the problem is NP-hard, ReUA allocates resources using statistical properties of application cycle demands and heuristically computes schedules with a polynomial-time cost. We analytically establish several timeliness and non-timeliness properties of the algorithm. Further, our simulation experiments illustrate ReUA's effectiveness.
Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation the Visual Amplification of Goal-oriented Movements Counteracts Acquired Non-use in Hemiparetic Stroke Patients

Background: Stroke-induced impairments result from both primary and secondary causes, i.e. damage to the brain and the acquired non-use of the impaired limbs. Indeed, stroke patients often under-utilize their paretic limb despite sufficient residual motor function. We hypothesize that acquired non-use can be overcome by reinforcement-based training strategies. Methods: Hemiparetic stroke patients (n = 20, 11 males, 9 right-sided hemiparesis) were asked to reach targets appearing in either the real world or in a virtual environment. Sessions were divided into 3 phases: baseline, intervention and washout. During the intervention the movement of the virtual representation of the patients' paretic limb was amplified towards the target. Results: We found that the probability of using the paretic limb during washout was significantly higher in comparison to baseline. Patients showed generalization of these results by displaying a more substantial workspace in real world task. These gains correlated with changes in effector selection patterns. Conclusions: The amplification of the movement of the paretic limb in a virtual environment promotes the use of the paretic limb in stroke patients. Our findings indicate that reinforcement-based therapies may be an effective approach for counteracting learned non-use and may modulate motor performance in the real world.
Five-phase interior permanent magnet motor with low torque pulsation

High torque pulsation is the major disadvantage of most IPM motor configurations. Choosing proper number of stator slots and winding distribution as well as increasing number of phases are among the possible solutions for reducing torque pulsation. In this paper, five-phase interior permanent magnet motor with fractional-slot stator is studied. It is shown that despite other IPM motors; the proposed five-phase IPM motor with fractional slot has a very low torque pulsation. For comparison purposes, a five-phase IPM motor with 20 stator slots which is a common configuration for four pole five-phase motors is also considered. It is shown that the torque pulsation of the proposed fractional-slot five-phase IPM motor is much lower than the five-phase IPM motor with 20 stator slots. Nonlinear finite element method is used to analyze different machine configuration. A prototype four pole, five-phase IPM motor with 15 stator slots has been built and is used for experimental verification.
Speculative execution via address prediction and data prefetching

Data dependencies have become one of the main bottlenecks of current superscalar processors. Data speculation is gaining popularity as a mechanism to avoid the ordering imposed by data dependencies. Loads and stores are very good candidates for data speculation since their effective address has a regular behavior and then, they are highly predictable. In this paper we propose a mechanism called Address Prediction and Data Prefetching that allows load instructions to obtain their data at the decode stage. Besides, the effective address of load and store instructions is also predicted. These instructions and those dependent on them are speculatively executed. The technique has been evaluated for an out-of-order processor with a realistic configuration. The performance gain is about 19% in average and it is much higher for some benchmarks (up to 35%).
Network calculus meets queueing theory -a simulation based approach to bounded queues

Quality of Service (QoS) is an area with high academic curiosity. Our long-term goal is to develop a unified mathematical model. This paper is a first step towards this ambitious goal. The most widespread models for network QoS are network calculus and queueing theory. While the strength of queueing theory is its proven applicability to a wide area of problems, Network calculus can offer performance guarantees. We analyse by simulation the benefit of bringing the two of them together, i.e., bounding the stochastic processes of a queue with methods from network calculus. A basic result from network calculus is that enforcing traffic shaping and service curves bounds the buffer. This leads to denying buffer states in queues with infinite buffer. Specifically, we analyse what happens with the probability mass of such buffer states. Finally, we discuss how our results can be used for dimensioning buffers for multiplexed traffic.
Scattering performance of a reflectarray using log-periodic dipole array element

Scattering performance of a reflectarray using a log-periodic dipole array (LPDA) element is demonstrated numerically and experimentally. The LPDA element and the reflectarray are designed using method of moments (MoM). The designed 10 × 1 reflectarray was fabricated using a 3D printing technology. A bistatic radar cross section (BRCS) of the designed reflectarray was measured in a radio anechoic chamber. The measured BRCS is in good agreement with that obtained using the MoM except for ripples and the effect of near-field. According to so-called self-complementary structure of the LPDA element, 1-dB bandwidth over 40 % is achieved for the designed reflectarray.
Antigen modification regulates competition of broad and narrow neutralizing HIV antibodies

Some HIV-infected individuals develop broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), whereas most develop antibodies that neutralize only a narrow range of viruses (nNAbs). bNAbs, but not nNAbs, protect animals from experimental infection and are likely a key component of an effective vaccine. nNAbs and bNAbs target the same regions of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), but for reasons that remain unclear only nNAbs are elicited by Env immunization. We show that in contrast to germline-reverted (gl) bNAbs, glnNAbs recognized diverse recombinant Envs. Moreover, owing to binding affinity differences, nNAb B cell progenitors had an advantage in becoming activated and internalizing Env compared with bNAb B cell progenitors. We then identified an Env modification strategy that minimized the activation of nNAb B cells targeting epitopes that overlap those of bNAbs. Higher affinities let narrow neutralizing HIV antibodies outcompete broadly neutralizing HIV antibodies early in infection. [Also see Perspective by Ofek and Diskin] A fierce competition to attack HIV The Holy Grail in the HIV field is a protective vaccine. However, because HIV mutates rapidly, it can escape from vaccine-elicited antibodies. Nevertheless, some HIV-positive individuals harbor antibodies that HIV cannot escape from very easily, so-called broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). McGuire et al. asked why these bNAbs don't win out over their more narrow brethren (nNAbs) early after infection (see the Perspective by Ofek and Diskin). They compared the responses of B cells carrying germline versions of nNAbs and bNAbs—that is, versions of these Abs that HIV would initially encounter—to HIV's envelope glycoprotein (Env). The nNAbs could recognize Env from a more diverse array of viruses compared to bNAbs, which puts them at a competitive advantage. Science, this issue p. 1380; see also p. 1290
The Right Ventricle: Biologic Insights and Response to Disease

Despite ample evidence that right ventricular function is a critical determinant of the clinical response to a spectrum of cardiovascular diseases, there has been only a limited analysis of the unique and distinguishing physiologic properties of the RV under normal circumstances and in response to pathologic insults. This review highlights some of these features and underscores the fact that rational therapy in RV failure should acknowledge this physiology and ought to be chamber specific.
Resource Needs for the Trivalent Oral Polio to Bivalent Oral Polio Vaccine Switch in Indonesia

Abstract Background. We present an empirical economic cost analysis of the April 2016 switch from trivalent (tOPV) to bivalent (bOPV) oral polio vaccine at the national-level and 3 provinces (Bali, West Sumatera and Nusa Tenggara) for Indonesia’s Expanded Program on Immunization. Methods. Data on the quantity and prices of resources used in the 4 World Health Organization guideline phases of the switch were collected at the national-level and in each of the sampled provinces, cities/districts, and health facilities. Costs were calculated as the sum of the value of resources reportedly used in each sampled unit by switch phase. Results. Estimated national-level costs were $46 791. Costs by health system level varied from $9062 to $34 256 at the province-level, from $4576 to $11 936 at the district-level , and from $3488 to $29 175 at the city-level. Estimated national costs ranged from $4 076 446 (Bali, minimum cost scenario) to $28 120 700 (West Sumatera, maximum cost scenario). Conclusions. Our findings suggest that the majority of tPOV to bOPV switch costs were borne at the subnational level. Considerable variation in reported costs among health system levels surveyed indicates a need for flexibility in budgeting for globally synchronized public health activities.
Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke.

To the Editor: In the Mechanical Retrieval and Recanalization of Stroke Clots Using Embolectomy (MR RESCUE) trial, reported by Kidwell et al. (March 7 issue),1 22 participating centers enrolled 118 patients during the period from 2004 through 2011. Thus, on average, each participating center enrolled 1 patient every 16 months. This extremely low rate may suggest that inclusion in the trial was selective and not representative of patients with stroke in general. This notion is supported by the poor outcomes reported for both forms of treatment in the study. A good clinical outcome, defined as a 90-day score of 2 or less on the modified Rankin scale (ranging from 0 [no symptoms] to 6 [death]), was achieved in 44% of the patients in the Local versus Systemic Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke (SYNTHESIS Expansion) trial reported by Ciccone et al.2 and in 42% of the patients in the Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS) III trial reported by Broderick et al.3 in the same issue. However, the corresponding proportion in the MR RESCUE study was only 19%. Assessment of a diagnostic tool with ineffective treatment methods will make even a very valuable diagnostic tool appear to be useless.4 Accordingly, when the value of perfusion imaging is addressed in a population in which neither of the treatment methods under study appears to work, the validity of the entire study may be questionable. Unfortunately, neither the authors of the MR RESCUE study nor Chimowitz,5 in the corresponding editorial, addresses this threat to the generalizability of the results.
Recoverable virtual memory through the multi-view memory computer system

Recoverable virtual memory (RVM) is very useful for applications that require fault tolerance for persistent data structures. Updates to a recoverable region of memory are recorded so that recovery in case of faults is possible. Multi-view virtual memory (MVM) provides recoverability for a memory region by defining a view, consisting of access units, on that region. Finite state machines (FSMs) control access to the units of the view. The FSM states are defined to trap on the first,write to an access unit in order to save the before-image or to simply change the state of the unit so that an after-image can be recorded at a commit point. The recoverability provided by the MVM approach is compared to the hardware approach of Logged-RVM and to the software approach of Light-weight-RVM. The comparison is made qualitatively in terms of the interface and functionality, and also quantitatively by examining the delays using simple back of the envelope calculations.
The Evolving Scale and Profile of Cancer Worldwide: Much Ado About Everything

Today, cancer is responsible for one in three premature deaths from noncommunicable diseases worldwide, and the number of annual cancer diagnoses will rise to well over 20 million by the year 2030. That cancer is of profound importance to future global health reflects both recent gains in human development as well as mortality transitions that are centuries old. Still, cancer is complex, and the extensive geographical and temporal heterogeneity alerts us to the need for targeted, local approaches to cancer control. The study of trends in specific cancer types remains essential in monitoring and evaluating such strategies and as a descriptive tool for hypothesizing possible contributory factors. Of greatest necessity is an expansion of the availability of high-quality data. To improve the limited cancer incidence data available in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), the Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development (http://gicr.iarc.fr) is an international partnership supporting countries to redraw the surveillance map. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(1); 3–5. ©2015 AACR. See related article by Torre et al., p. 16