Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GeV Neutrinos from Gamma-Ray Burst Fireballs

A gamma-ray burst fireball is likely to contain an admixture of neutrons. Inelastic collisions between differentially streaming protons and neutrons in the fireball produce nm n̄m of 10 GeV as well as ne n̄e of 5 GeV, which could produce 7 events year in km3 detectors, if the neutron abundance is comparable to that of protons. Photons of 10 GeV from p0 decay and 100 MeV n̄e from neutron decay are also produced, but will be difficult to detect. Photons with energies &1 MeV from shocks following neutron decay produce a characteristic signal which may be distinguishable from the protonrelated MeV photons.
Promising neuroprotective effects of oligostilbenes

Stilbenes (resveratrol derivatives) are a polyphenol class encountered in a large number of specimens in the vegetal realm. They adopt a variety of structures based on their building block: resveratrol. As the most widely studied stilbene to date, resveratrol has shown multiple beneficial effects on multiple diseases and on neurodegenerative diseases. Except for resveratrol, however, the biological activities of stilbenes have received far less attention, even though some of them have shown promising effects on neurodegenerative disease. This review covers the chemistry of stilbenes and offers a wide insight into their neuroprotective effects.
Phenolic Compounds: A Review of Their Possible Role as In Vivo Antioxidants of Wine*

Phenolic compounds are a large and complex group of chemical constituents found in red and white wines which not only affect their quality, but also contribute to their beneficial health effects. The antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds are important in determining their role as protective agents against free radical-mediated disease processes. This review discusses the principles of oxidative stress and the resultant cellular damage caused by lipid peroxidation in vivo. Different groups of wine phenolic compounds are detailed, with specific reference to their in vitro antioxidant activity and their relative potency as free radical scavengers. The absorption and bioavailability of phenolic compounds from dietary sources is discussed.
IN VIVO-MOBILIZED KIDNEY DENDRITIC CELLS ARE FUNCTIONALLY IMMATURE, SUBVERT ALLOREACTIVE T-CELL RESPONSES, AND PROLONG ORGAN ALLOGRAFT SURVIVAL1

Background. Migratory antigen-presenting cells resident in kidneys may have tolerogenic potential. Difficulties inherent in their isolation have limited their characterization. The authors examined the phenotype and function of murine kidney dendritic cells (DC) mobilized in vivo by systemic administration of fms-like tyrosine 3 kinase ligand (Flt3L). Methods. Monoclonal antibody staining was used to characterize DC subsets in situ, immediately after their isolation, and after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Cytokine and CC chemokine receptor (CCR) gene expression was analyzed by RNase protection assay. Mixed leukocyte reactions were performed to assess DC allostimulatory ability and also the function of putative T-regulatory cells. In vivo DC trafficking was monitored by fluorescence imaging of dye-labeled cells and the influence of renal DC on vascularized heart allograft survival was determined. Results. Flt3L induced a marked increase both in CD11c+CD8&agr;− and in CD11c+CD8&agr;+ DC within the renal cortex and medulla. Rarer, CD11c+B220+ (precursor plasmacytoid) DC were also detected. Bulk freshly isolated DC exhibited no interleukin (IL)-12p35 mRNA, low surface co-stimulatory molecule expression, and CCR transcripts, consistent with immaturity. They elicited only weak allogeneic T-cell proliferative responses, and repeated stimulation induced CD4+CD25+ IL-10+ T cells. In vivo, the freshly isolated DC failed to prime T cells of naive allogeneic hosts for anti-donor cytotoxic T-cell responses. When infused systemically, 1 week before organ transplantation, they prolonged graft survival without immunosuppressive therapy. Conclusions. Hematopoietin-mobilized renal DC are functionally immature and exhibit tolerogenic potential. Mobilization of DC within kidneys is likely to affect their antigen-handling capacity, immunogenicity, and tolerogenic ability.
Ultraviolet B irradiation increases the expression of inflammatory cytokines in cultured sebocytes

Sebaceous gland hyperplasia and increased sebum secretion after irradiation of ultraviolet (UV)‐B has been widely accepted. This study was performed to clarify expression of inflammatory cytokines after irradiating UV‐B in cultured sebocytes. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to measure gene expression of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8 and tumor necrosis factor‐α, in cultured sebocytes after exposure to 40 and 70 mJ/cm2 UV‐B. Protein expression of inflammatory cytokines and lipid production in cultured sebocytes after exposure to UV‐B were measured using enzyme‐linked immunoassay and lipid analysis kit. The expression of inflammatory cytokines, especially IL‐1β and IL‐8, was significantly increased in cultured sebocytes after treatment with UV‐B. Many more studies on the effect of UV‐B on sebaceous glands should be performed to reveal the pathogenic mechanism of acne.
Physical input modelling and identification for a helicopter UAV

Approaches to helicopter UAV control often use the main and tail rotor thrusts, and the main rotor flapping angles as inputs. However, servomotors control the helicopter's four physical inputs which are the main rotor cyclic and collective pitch, and the tail rotor collective pitch. Helicopter models which treat the physical input are generally intractable for model-based control. We propose and identify a physical input model which is algebraically simple and therefore suitable for use in control design. The proposed model includes the vehicle's velocity to improve its accuracy.
Blood flow to the trachea and bronchi: the pulmonary contribution.

It is generally assumed that when pulmonary vascular pressures are normal the pulmonary contribution to central airway blood flow (Qp) is negligible compared with systemic blood flow (Qs). However, it has been suggested in recent reports that a substantial portion of central airway blood flow is Qp. We have attempted to confirm whether there is a pulmonary contribution to central airway blood flow and to describe how it is anatomically distributed. Measurements of Qp were made using the radioactive microsphere technique in anesthetized ventilated dogs (n = 7) and sheep (n = 6). Qs to the central airways was also measured in another group of sheep (n = 10). At the end of each study, animals were killed and the lungs and trachea were excised. Qp to the upper and lower trachea, mainstem bronchi, and lobar bronchi was calculated, and the relative distribution of Qp and Qs to mucosa, cartilage, and adventitia was determined. Results showed a progressive increase (P < 0.01) in Qp (in ml.min-1 x 100 g-1) from upper trachea to lobar bronchi in both dogs and sheep. Qp and Qs supplied mainly the airway adventitia and the mucosa, respectively. Expressed as a percentage, 89 +/- 4% (SE) of Qp was to the adventitia and 0.1 +/- 0.07% was to the mucosa (P < 0.01), whereas 60 +/- 3.2% of Qs was to the mucosa and 22 +/- 4.6% was to the adventitia. In conclusion, in dogs and sheep there is a pulmonary contribution to central airway blood flow that increases from upper trachea to lobar bronchi and that supplies mainly the peritracheal adventitia.
The ‘SUN’ family: yeast SUN4/SCW3 is involved in cell septation

SUN4 is the fourth member of the SUN gene family from S. cerevisiae, whose products display high homology in their 258 amino acid C‐terminal domain. SIM1, UTH1, NCA3 (the founding members) are involved in different cellular processes (DNA replication, ageing, mitochondrial biogenesis) and it is shown herein that SUN4 plays a role in the cell septation process. sun4Δ cells are larger than wild‐type and begin a new cell cycle before they have separated from their mother cell. This phenotype is more pronounced in sun4Δ cells also deleted for UTH1. FACS analysis shows apparent polyploidy which disappears when the cell cycle is arrested by mating factor or nocodazole, indicating that cell septation is delayed without modification of the doubling time. Elutriated sun4Δ uth1Δ daughter cells are born larger, and therefore enter S phase sooner than their wild‐type counterpart. S phase duration, as well as timing of Clb2 degradation, is normal, but cell septation is delayed. Sun4p/Scw3p was recently described as a cell wall protein (Cappellaro et al., 1998 ) and, consistent with this notion, electron micrographs of sun4Δ cells show defects in the final steps of cell wall septation. Our data suggest that Sun4p and Uth1p might contribute to the regulated process of cell wall morphogenesis and septation. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Therapeutics , Targets , and Chemical Biology Cancer Cell – Associated MT 1-MMP Promotes Blood Vessel Invasion andDistantMetastasis in Triple-NegativeMammary Tumors

Functional roles for the cancer cell–associated membrane type I matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) during early steps of the metastatic cascade in primary tumors remain unresolved. In an effort to determine its significance, we determined the in vivo effects of RNAi-mediated downregulation in mammary cancer cells on the migration, blood and lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI), and lymph node and lung metastasis. We also correlated the expression of cancer cell MT1-MMPwith blood vessel invasion (BVI) in 102 breast cancer biopsies. MT1-MMP downregulation in cancer cells decreased lung metastasis without affecting primary tumor growth. The inhibition of lung metastasis correlated with reduced cancer cell migration and BVI. Furthermore, cancer cell–expressed MT1-MMP upregulated the expression of MT1-MMP in vascular endothelial cells, but did not affect MT1-MMP expression in lymphatic endothelial cells, LVI, or lymph node metastasis. Of clinical importance, we observed that elevated MT1-MMP expression correlated with BVI in biopsies from triplenegative breast cancers (TNBC), which have a poor prognosis and high incidence of distant metastasis, relative to other breast cancer subtypes. Together, our findings established that MT1-MMP activity in breast tumors is essential for BVI, but not LVI, and that MT1-MMP should be further explored as a predictor and therapeutic target of hematogenous metastasis in TNBC patients. Cancer Res; 71(13); 4527–38. 2011 AACR.
A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND The strong correlation between national consumption of fat and national rate of mortality from prostate cancer has raised the hypothesis that dietary fat increases the risk of this malignancy. Case-control and cohort studies have not consistently supported this hypothesis. PURPOSE We examined prospectively the relationship between prostate cancer and dietary fat, including specific fatty acids and dietary sources of fat. We examined the relationship of fat consumption to the incidence of advanced prostate cancer (stages C, D, or fatal cases) and to the total incidence of prostate cancer. METHODS We used data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, which is a prospective cohort of 51529 U.S. men, aged 40 through 75, who completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire in 1986. We sent follow-up questionnaires to the entire cohort in 1988 and 1990 to document new cases of a variety of diseases and to update exposure information. As of January 31, 1990, 300 new cases of prostate cancer, including 126 advanced cases, were documented in 47855 participants initially free of diagnosed cancer. The Mantel-Haenszel summary estimator was used to adjust for age and other potentially confounding variables. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate relative risks (RRs) when controlling simultaneously for more than two covariates. RESULTS Total fat consumption was directly related to risk of advanced prostate cancer (age- and energy-adjusted RR = 1.79, with 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04-3.07, for high versus low quintile of intake; P [trend] = .06). This association was due primarily to animal fat (RR = 1.63; 95% CI = 0.95-2.78; P [trend] = .08), but not vegetable fat. Red meat represented the food group with the strongest positive association with advanced cancer (RR = 2.64; 95% CI = 1.21-5.77; P = .02). Fat from dairy products (with the exception of butter) or fish was unrelated to risk. Saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and alpha-linolenic acid, but not linoleic acid, were associated with advanced prostate cancer risk; only the association with alpha-linolenic acid persisted when saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, linoleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid were modeled simultaneously (multivariate RR = 3.43; 95% CI = 1.67-7.04; P [trend] = .002). CONCLUSION The results support the hypothesis that animal fat, especially fat from red meat, is associated with an elevated risk of advanced prostate cancer. IMPLICATIONS These findings support recommendations to lower intake of meat to reduce the risk of prostate cancer. The potential roles of carcinogens formed in cooking animal fat and of alpha-linolenic acid in the progression of prostate cancer need to be explored.
Brucella abortus Genes Identified following Constitutive Growth and Macrophage Infection

ABSTRACT The chronicity of Brucella abortus infection in humans and animals depends on the organism's ability to escape host defenses by gaining entry and surviving inside the macrophage. Although no human vaccine exists for Brucella, vaccine development in other bacteria has been based on deletions of selective nutritional as well as regulatory systems. Our goal is to develop a vaccine for Brucella. To further this aim, we have used a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter system to identify constitutively and intracellularly induced B. abortusgenes. Constitutively producing gfp clones exhibited sequence homology with genes associated with protein synthesis and metabolism (initiation factor-1 and tRNA ribotransferase) and detoxification (organic hydroperoxidase resistance). Of greater interest, clones negative for constitutively producedgfp in agar were examined by fluorescence microscopy to detect promoter activity induced within macrophages 4 and 24 h following infection. Bacterial genes activated in macrophages 4 h postinfection appear to be involved in adapting to intracellular environmental conditions. Included in this group were genes for detoxification (lactoglyglutathione lyase gene), repair (formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase gene), osmotic protection (K+ transport gene), and site-specific recombination (xerD gene). A gene involved in metabolism and biosynthesis (deoxyxylulose 5′ phosphate synthase gene) was also identified. Genes activated 24 h following infection were biosynthesis- and metabolism-associated genes (iron binding protein and rhizopine catabolism). Identification of B. abortusgenes that are activated following macrophage invasion provides insight into Brucella pathogenesis and thus is valuable in vaccine design utilizing selective targeted deletions of newly identified Brucella genes.
Immune‐mediated regulation of chronic intestinal nematode infection

Summary: Gastrointestinal nematode infection is extremely prevalent worldwide in humans and animals. Infection levels vary between individuals in infected populations and exhibit a negative binomial distribution, and some individuals appear to be predisposed to certain infection levels. Moreover, infection tends to be chronic, despite evidence for the acquisition of some degree of acquired immunity. The host is subject to constant and repeated antigenic challenge, and individuals vary in the response they make. While a considerable amount of information is emerging on the immunoregulatory mechanisms operating during acute nematode infection from a variety of laboratory model systems, relatively little work has been carried out on the immune mechanisms underlying chronic infection. This review details some of the work that has addressed this important facet of gut nematode infection, highlighting studies from model systems that give insight into the induction of nonprotective immunity, while at the same time avoiding the induction of host‐damaging pathology.
Light-directed gene delivery by photochemical internalisation

This article reviews a novel technology, named photochemical internalisation (PCI), for light-directed delivery of transgenes. Most gene therapy vectors are taken into the cell by endocytosis and, hence, are located in the endocytic vesicles. Although viral vectors have developed the means to escape from these vesicles, poor endosomal release is one of the major obstacles for non-viral vectors. PCI is a technology that allows liberation of the entrapped vectors carrying a gene in response to illumination. The method is based on chemical compounds (photosensitisers) that localise specifically in the membranes of endocytic vesicles and, following activation by light, induce the rupture of the vesicular membranes. The released transgenes can further be transferred to the nucleus, transcribed and translated. As gene liberation depends on light, enhancement of gene expression is achieved only at illuminated regions. PCI substantially improves gene transfer in vitro not only with non-viral gene vectors, but, surprisingly, also with adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses. This article will review the background for the PCI technology and its role for gene delivery using both non-viral and viral vectors. Some aspects of the potential of PCI for site-specific gene delivery in therapeutic situations will also be discussed.
Iron Overload, Chelation Therapy and Survival in Lower-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes: State of the Evidence

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal stem cell disord ers that primarily affect older persons and are associated with peripheral blood cytopenias, increased risk of conversion to acute myeloid leukemia and shortened survival. Treatment strategies in MDS are guided by patient risk categories, with higher -riskpatients receiving more aggressive interventions. Patients with lower -risk MDS receive less aggressive therapies or supportive care/red blood cell transfusion. Transfusion -dependent patients with lower risk MDS are likely to develop iron overload because o f their longer predicted survival and, hence, greater transfusion burden. Transfusion requirement and elevated serum ferritin further complicate the treatment landscape because they have dose -dependent effects on overall and leukemia -free survival, with in creasing serum ferritin levels associated with increased risk of death. Lower iron burden could provide a survival benefit, and an association with improved survival has been shown in retrospective studies. However, lack of random assignment to treatment i
An Embedded DRAM-FPGA Chip With Instantaneous Logic Reconfiguration

Reconfigurable computing is attracting wide attention as a novel general purpose computing paradigm for accelerating compute intensive and/or data-parallel applications, such as compression, encryption, searching, sorting, and image processing. A key enabling technology for a reconfigurable computer is in-system logic reconfiguration of SRAM-based FPGAs, through which its hardware architecture is dynamically customized for a specific task on demand. Quicker a reconfiguration is, more frequent the reconfigurations can become: i.e., a reconfigurable computer can adapt to applications which have more dynamic behavior. A whole-chip reconfiguration in conventional FPGAs, however, takes at least 100/spl mu/s. With this long latency, a reconfigurable computer is adaptable only to static applications, substantially losing the general-purposeness of the original concept. Integrating a DRAM with an FPGA can become an ideal solution to this problem. The on-chip DRAM can store hundreds of configuration programs, and the logic reconfiguration can get extremely faster by context-switching among the programs utilizing huge bandwidth internal to the DRAM core. Being driven by this observation, we have conducted prototype design of an embedded DRAM-FPGA chip.
Localizing P300 generators in high-density event- related potential with fMRI.

BACKGROUND To assess the effects of stimulus context on the P300 component, an eight-orientation Landolt ring task was introduced. As the stimulus context of this task differs from the traditional two-stimulus oddball paradigm, the purpose here was to apply EEG/fMRI integration to investigate the localization and activities of the P300 generators involved with this task. MATERIAL/METHODS Ten healthy subjects performed the visual P300 task while fMRI and 64-channel ERP data were acquired. The voltage topographical maps of the P300 component were calculated and analyzed for the main activation foci. Furthermore, constraints from fMRI were used to identify the source activities of visual P300 ERP. RESULTS Analysis of the hemodynamic response to the visual target stimuli revealed a distributed network of neural sources in the bilateral parietal lobules, middle and inferior frontal gyrus, precentral and postcentral cortex, and anterior cingulate gyrus. The analysis particularly showed preponderant activations of the bilateral superior parietal lobules. In this target detection design, two distinct P300 peaks were observed in the dipole waveforms, the bilateral prefrontal and the right inferior parietal dipole waveforms displayed the higher peak at short latency, while the four parietal, the anterior cingulate, and the temporal dipole waveforms had the higher peak at long latency. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the classical oddball paradigm, the amplitude decreased in this study, which might be related to its particular stimulus context. The source technique was utilized to yield a realistic 11-dipole model and distinguish the anatomical generators of early and late components of the P300 response.