Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predicting medication noncompliance after hospital discharge among patients with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE The study sought to identify predictors of noncompliance with medication in a cohort of patients with schizophrenia after discharge from acute hospitalization. METHODS Adult psychiatric inpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder for whom oral antipsychotics were prescribed (N=213) were evaluated at hospital discharge and three months later to assess medication compliance. Comparisons were made between patients who reported stopping their medications for one week or longer and patients who reported more continuous medication use. RESULTS Of the 213 patients, about a fifth (19.2 percent) met the criterion for noncompliance. Medication noncompliance was significantly associated with an increased risk of rehospitalization, emergency room visits, homelessness, and symptom exacerbation. Compared with the compliant group, the noncompliant group was significantly more likely to have a history of medication noncompliance, substance abuse or dependence, and difficulty recognizing their own symptoms. Patients who became medication noncompliant were significantly less likely to have formed a good therapeutic alliance during hospitalization as measured by inpatient staff reports and were more likely to have family members who refused to become involved in their treatment. CONCLUSIONS Patients with schizophrenia at high risk for medication noncompliance after acute hospitalization are characterized by a history of medication noncompliance, recent substance use, difficulty recognizing their own symptoms, a weak alliance with inpatient staff, and family who refuse to become involved in inpatient treatment.
CC-1065 (NSC 298223), a potent new antitumor agent improved production and isolation, characterization and antitumor activity.

( Received for publication June 15, 1981)CC-1065 (NSC 298223) is a potent new antitumor antibiotic with a unique structure produced by Streptomyces zelensis. Improved production, isolation, and assay methods are described along with physico-chemical properties and antitumor activity.
Analysis of a deleted MC29 provirus: gag sequences are not required for fibroblast transformation

Recovered avian myelocytomatosis virus HBI is an MC29-related virus that induces lymphoid tumors in chickens rather than the predominant neoplastic disease induced by wild-type MC29 (namely, endotheliomas). An analysis of the structure of the HBI provirus(es) in the tumors demonstrated that the provirus(es) could be either full size or deleted. One tumor was found to be clonal in that it contained a single provirus which had been partially deleted; this raised a question concerning the role of this provirus in the maintenance of tumor growth. To characterize the detailed structure of this provirus and determine its biological activity, it was molecularly cloned from tumor DNA. Sequencing confirmed that the provirus contained a deletion which effectively removed the whole gag gene. However, the provirus was shown to encode a myc-specific protein, presumably initiating from within the myc gene, and to be biologically active when it was transfected onto quail embryo fibroblasts. Our results suggest that myc alone is sufficient to transform quail embryo fibroblasts and to maintain tumor growth in vivo.
History of Cannabis and Its Preparations in Saga, Science, and Sobriquet

Cannabis sativa L. is possibly one of the oldest plants cultivated by man, but has remained a source of controversy throughout its history. Whether pariah or panacea, this most versatile botanical has provided a mirror to medicine and has pointed the way in the last two decades toward a host of medical challenges from analgesia to weight loss through the discovery of its myriad biochemical attributes and the endocannabinoid system wherein many of its components operate.
Printed Texture With Triangle Flat Pins for Bandwidth Enhancement of the Ridge Gap Waveguide

Lately, there has been a growing interest in the ridge gap waveguide (RGW) technology as a guiding structure for high-frequency applications. Low loss and low dispersion are two major advantages of the RGW. On the other hand, the major disadvantage of this technology is the difficulty in fabrication as it requires fabrication with high precision, in particular for high-frequency applications. The operating bandwidth of the RGW is controlled by the stopband of the texture surrounding the ridge. A study to enhance the bandwidth is introduced for possible utilization of the full band achievable by the unit cell in the presence of the ridge. Modifications of the cell filling shape and the ridge structure are carried out to enhance the RGW bandwidth. We have introduced a new RGW based on mixed fabrication technology. The proposed architecture introduces adaptive and straightforward structure with improved bandwidth while keeping the characteristic impedance at the same value. The proposed structure is fabricated and measured. The measured scattering parameters are in excellent agreement with the simulated ones.
Improved early results for patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV in South Africa.

SETTING A public tuberculosis (TB) referral hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. OBJECTIVE To present treatment outcomes of patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) patients and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection with and without highly active antiretroviral therapy. METHODS Retrospective cohort study. Eligible patients had drug susceptibility testing that met a consensus definition for XDR-TB, and agreed to treatment. Therapy was based on drug susceptibilities, available medications and patient tolerance. RESULTS Overall, 60 XDR-TB patients initiated therapy with a median number of 5.5 drugs. Of these, 43 (72%) were HIV-positive, and 21 (49%) were on antiretroviral therapy; 29 HIV-infected patients (67%) had available CD4 counts, with a median CD4 count of 200.5 cells/mm(3) (standard deviation 127.4 cells/mm(3)). Of 60 patients, 31 (52%) had adverse events (AEs), and 17/60 patients (28%) had severe AEs. During follow-up, 12/60 (20%) experienced sputum culture conversion, while 25/60 (42%) patients died. None of the following was significantly associated with mortality: HIV status, previous MDR diagnosis or severe AEs. DISCUSSION In this study, it was possible to treat HIV-XDR-TB coinfected patients and prolong survival in a resource-limited setting. We highlight the challenges in treatment, including high frequencies of AEs and death. Expanded identification of cases, prompt referral for treatment, and attention to management of comorbidities may facilitate successful treatment of XDR-TB in HIV-infected patients.
Substrate Specificity and Reaction Mechanism of Murine 8-Oxoguanine-DNA Glycosylase*

Genomic DNA is prone to oxidation by reactive oxygen species. A major product of DNA oxidation is the miscoding base 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG). The mutagenic effects of 8-oxoG in mammalian cells are prevented by a DNA repair system consisting of 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (Ogg1), adenine-DNA glycosylase, and 8-oxo-dGTPase. We have cloned, overexpressed, and characterized mOgg1, the product of the murine ogg1 gene. mOgg1 is a DNA glycosylase/AP lyase belonging to the endonuclease III family of DNA repair enzymes. The AP lyase activity of mOgg1 is significantly lower than its glycosylase activity. mOgg1 releases 8-oxoG from DNA when paired with C, T, or G, but efficient DNA strand nicking is observed only with 8-oxoG:C. Binding of mOgg1 to oligonucleotides containing 8-oxoG:C is strong (K D = 51.5 nm), unlike other mispairs. The average residence time for mOgg1 bound to substrate containing 8-oxoG:C is 18.3 min; the time course for accumulation of the NaBH4-sensitive intermediate suggests a two-step reaction mechanism. Various analogs of 8-oxoG were tested as substrates for mOgg1. An electron-withdrawing or hydrogen bond acceptor moiety at C8 is required for efficient binding of mOgg1. A substituent at C6 and a keto group at C8 are required for cleavage. The proposed mechanism of 8-oxoG excision involves protonation of O8 or the deoxyribose oxygen moiety.
Genetic control of natural resistance to nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in mice

Results show that various inbred strains of mice can be segregated into two distinct groups, based on their capacity to allow a number of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections to grow in target organs following experimental intravenous infection. The first group, which allowed these infections to grow progressively, was thus designated as naturally susceptible to these infections; in contrast, those strains which were able to exert detectable bacteriostasis were designated as naturally resistant. It was then found that segregation of mouse strains based on this distinction also mirrored the capacity of these animals to generate acquired immunity to the mycobacterial infections. For example, Mycobacterium simiae grew progressively in susceptible C57BL/6 mice, subsequently triggering acquired mechanisms of immunity, whereas no evidence for acquired immunity could be found in resistant A/Tru mice infected with this organism. The possibility that acquired immunity could not be expressed in the latter strain as a result of a defect in macrophage activation was excluded. Moreover, it was found that the trait of resistance to these infections could be transferred by bone marrow cells into radiation chimeras, thus indicating that this trait was expressed by the progeny of hemopoietic precursor cells. Subsequent backcross analysis to determine the mode of inheritance of the trait of resistance to these mycobacterial infections revealed data that were consistent with the hypothesis that this resistance is controlled by more than one gene. Statistical analysis of the data by the maximum likelihood method suggested polygenic control, although in some cases the probability values suggested control by a major gene, influenced by modifier genes. These findings suggest that the previous hypothesis that the growth of mycobacterial infections in inbred strains of mice is controlled by a single gene should be reevaluated.
Cyclin A Is a Functional Target of Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Protein-mediated Cell Cycle Arrest*

Although RB inhibits the G1-S transition, the mechanism through which RB prevents cell cycle advancement remains unidentified. To delineate the mechanism(s) utilized by RB to exert its anti-proliferative activity, constitutively active RB proteins (which cannot be inactivated by phosphorylation) or p16ink4a (which prevents RB inactivation) were utilized. Both proteins inhibited the G1-S transition, whereas wild-type RB did not. We show that active RB acts to attenuate cyclin A promoter activity, and that overexpression of cyclin E reverses RB-mediated repression of the cyclin A promoter. Although cyclin A is an E2F-regulated gene, and it has been long hypothesized that RB mediates cell cycle advancement through binding to E2F and attenuating its transactivation potential, cyclin E does not reverse dominant negative E2F-mediated repression of the cyclin A promoter. Although active RB repressed both cyclin A and two other paradigm E2F-regulated promoters, only cyclin A transcription was restored upon co-expression of cyclin E. Additionally, we show that RB but not dominant negative E2F regulates the cyclin A promoter through the CCRE element. These data identify cyclin A as a downstream target of RB-mediated arrest. Consistent with this idea, ectopic expression of cyclin A reversed RB-mediated G1 arrest. The findings presented suggest a pathway wherein cyclin A is a downstream target of RB, and cyclin E functions to antagonize this aspect of RB-mediated G1-S inhibition.
Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (BPIV3) Fusion and Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Glycoproteins Make an Important Contribution to the Restricted Replication of BPIV3 in Primates

ABSTRACT This study examines the contribution of the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein genes of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) to its restricted replication in the respiratory tract of nonhuman primates. A chimeric recombinant human parainfluenza type 3 virus (HPIV3) containing BPIV3 F and HN glycoprotein genes in place of its own and the reciprocal recombinant consisting of BPIV3 bearing the HPIV3 F and HN genes (rBPIV3-FHHNH) were generated to assess the effect of glycoprotein substitution on replication of HPIV3 and BPIV3 in the upper and lower respiratory tract of rhesus monkeys. The chimeric viruses were readily recovered and replicated in simian LLC-MK2 cells to a level comparable to that of their parental viruses, suggesting that the heterologous glycoproteins were compatible with the PIV3 internal proteins. HPIV3 bearing the BPIV3 F and HN genes was restricted in replication in rhesus monkeys to a level similar to that of its BPIV3 parent virus, indicating that the glycoprotein genes of BPIV3 are major determinants of its host range restriction of replication in rhesus monkeys. rBPIV3-FHHNH replicated in rhesus monkeys to a level intermediate between that of HPIV3 and BPIV3. This observation indicates that the F and HN genes make a significant contribution to the overall attenuation of BPIV3 for rhesus monkeys. Furthermore, it shows that BPIV3 sequences outside the F and HN region also contribute to the attenuation phenotype in primates, a finding consistent with the previous demonstration that the nucleoprotein coding sequence of BPIV3 is a determinant of its attenuation for primates. Despite its restricted replication in the respiratory tract of rhesus monkeys, rBPIV3-FHHNH conferred a level of protection against challenge with HPIV3 that was indistinguishable from that induced by previous infection with wild-type HPIV3. The usefulness of rBPIV3-FHHNH as a vaccine candidate against HPIV3 and as a vector for other viral antigens is discussed.
Linking environmental gradients, species composition, and vegetation indicators of sugar maple health in the northeastern United States

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) decline has occurred throughout its range over the past 50 years, although decline symptoms are minimal where nutritional thresholds of Ca, Mg, and Mn are met. Here, we show that availability of these elements also controls vascular plant species composition in northern hardwood stands and we identify indicator species of these nutrient thresholds. Presence and abundance of vascular plant species and data on 35 environ- mental variables were collected from 86 stands in New Hampshire and Vermont (NHVT) and Pennsylvania and New York (PANY). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination was used to determine which variables affected presence and abundance of species; both measures gave similar results. A base cation - acid cation nutrient gradient on axis one ac- counted for 71.9% (NHVT) and 63.0% (PANY) of the variation in the nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination. Measures of Ca, Mg, and pH formed the base end and Al, Mn, K, soil acidity, and organic matter the acid end in both subregions. In both subregions, sugar maple foliar Mg and Ca had the strongest association with the base end of axis 1; exchangeable Al in NHVT and foliar Mn in PANY were strongly associated with the acid end. McNemar's exact test and indicator species analysis were used to determine which species were present in stands that met the nutritional thresholds for Ca, Mg, and Mn foliar chemistry. McNemar's exact test identified 16 species in NHVT and PANY, 16 additional spe- cies in NHVT only, and 12 additional species in PANY only. Indicator species analysis identified a subset of these species with the highest frequency of occurrence. Indicator species could provide land managers with a diagnostic tool for deter- mining where on the landscape sugar maple is ''at risk'' or likely to remain healthy in the face of stresses.
Pathogenicty and immune prophylaxis of cag pathogenicity island gene knockout homogenic mutants.

AIM To clarify the role of cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori ) in the pathogenicity and immune prophylaxis of H pylori infection. METHODS Three pairs of H pylori including 3 strains of cagPAI positive wildtype bacteria and their cagPAI knockout homogenic mutants were utilized. H pylori binding to the gastric epithelial cells was analyzed by flow cytometry assays. Apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells induced by H pylori was determined by ELISA assay. Prophylaxis effect of the wildtype and mutant strains was compared by immunization with the sonicate of the bacteria into mice model. RESULTS No difference was found in the apoptasis between cagPAI positive and knockout H pylori strains in respective of the ability in the binding to gastric epithelial cells as well as the induction of apoptosis. Both types of the bacteria were able to protect the mice from the infection of H pylori after immunization, with no difference between them regarding to the protection rate as well as the stimulation of the proliferation of splenocytes of the mice. CONCLUSION The role of cagPAI in the pathogenicity and prophylaxis of H pylori infection remains to be cleared.
A Universal Signaling, Switching and Reservation Framework for Future Optical Networks

Conventional approaches to designing one signaling protocol for each type of traffic will not be scalable, economical and efficient when new applications emerge, each with significantly different traffic characteristics and service requirements. As a partial answer to the call for an converged control and management framework for future optical networks, this paper presents a new network called PATON, which uses a unified signaling, switching and reservation framework, called Polymorphous Optical Burst Switching (POBS). POBS can seamlessly support various types of services, including but not limited to wavelength services, sub-wavelength circuit services and best-effort services with or without scheduled reservation. An overview of the proposed signaling framework is presented before implementation challenges and main features of PATON are discussed. Finally, the advantage of POBS over three representative optical circuit switching approaches is shown through both qualitative and quantitative studies.
Evaluating software engineering methods and tool—part 4: the influence of human factors

In previous articles, we have described the range of methods available if you want to evaluate a software engineering method/tool and the criteria you need to consider to select a method appropriate to your individual circumstances. In future articles we will describe some guidelines to help you perform quantitative case studies and feature analysis. However, in this article we would like to review some of the human factors issues that can affect an evaluation exercise.
Simultaneous deletion of D-alanine carboxypeptidase IB-C and penicillin-binding component IV in a mutant of Escherichia coli K12.

Mutants of Escherichia coli with much decreased activity of D-alanine carboxypeptidase (peptidyl-D alanine hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.11) were found among E. coli K12 extensively mutagenized with nitrosoguanidine treatment by assaying individual colonies for the enzyme activity. One such mutant with only 10-12% residual activity was characterized extensively. The soluble carboxypeptidase activity (corresponding to D-alanine carboxypeptidase IC of Tamura T., Imae, Y. & Strominger, J.L. [(1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 414-423] was deleted. This enzyme activity in the particulate fraction was markedly reduced but transpeptidase activity was normal. However, penicillin-binding component IV was deleted from the particulate fraction. Both the physiology and penicillin sensitivity of the organism were relatively normal, except that mutant cells were markedly more stable to penicillin-induced lysis, suggesting the possibility that carboxypeptidase IC really functions as an endopeptidase. The possible relationship of the deleted carboxypeptidase activity and the deleted penicillin binding component are discussed.
Prostate diseases in Lagos, Nigeria: a histologic study with tPSA correlation.

OBJECTIVE To present a 10year retrospective histologic study of prostate diseases in Lagos, Nigeria. The aim is to document the prevalence, histologic pattern, age distribution and PSA values of prostatic diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS The materials consisted of slides, paraffin embedded tissue blocks, patients case files and histology request forms of all prostatic biopsies received at the Morbid Anatomy department of Lagos University Teaching Hospital Idi-Araba, Lagos from 1999 to 2008. Each sample represents a different patient. RESULTS Prostatic biopsies comprised 3.6 % of all biopsies in LUTH. BPH was the commonest prostatic lesion and accounted for 70.9% of all cases. The age range was 40 to 94 years with a mean of 67 years and a peak age group at 60-69 years. Stromoglandular pattern was the most common histological type of BPH accounting for 72.2 %( 393) of the cases. Malignant tumours constituted 28.9% of all prostatic biopsies. Most (93.7%) of these malignancies were seen in trucut biopsies. Adenocarcinoma accounted for 99.1% of the total 222 malignant tumours. It showed an age range of 40 to 98 years, a mean age of 66 years and peak prevalence in the 60-69 year age group. Gleason score nine was the most frequent (16.8%) in occurrence. Most adenocarcinomas were poorly differentiated (40%). Incidental carcinoma was seen in 4.2% of prostatectomy samples. High grade PIN was seen in 19.1% of adenocarcinoma cases. The most common inflammatory lesion was chronic non-specific prostatitis accounting for 76.4% of all inflammatory lesions. Malignant and benign lesions were accountable for PSA levels of 1 to 49.9ng/ml while values of 50ng/ml and above were seen exclusively in malignant lesions. CONCLUSION Prostatic lesions constitute a significant source of morbidity among adult males in Lagos. Adenocarcinoma is the commonest histologic subtype of prostatic cancer and most are of poorly differentiated variety. Elevated levels of tPSA in Nigerian males may be as a result prostate cancer, BPH or BPH with prostatitis. PSA should in our opinion be used as a component of a strategy integrating multiple diagnostic approaches for prostate cancer screening and not to be used alone in our environment.
Optimal spare utilization in repairable and reliable memory cores

Advances in System-on-Chip (SoC) technology rely on manufacturing and assembling high-performance system cores for many critical applications. Among these cores, memory occupies the largest portion of the SoC area; this trend much likely will continue in the future as it is widely anticipated that it will approach the 94% level by the year 2014. As memory cells are more prone to defects and faults than logic cells, redundancy has been extensively used for enhancing defect and fault tolerance through repair by spare (row and column) replacement. Unlike legacy PCB (printed circuit board) or MCM (multichip module) based systems, embedded cores cannot be physically replaced once they are fabricated onto a SoC. To realize both enhanced manufacturing yield and field reliability, ATE (automated test equipment) and BISR (built-in-self-repair) are utilized to allocate redundancy for the embedded memory cores. As ATEs (for the repair of manufacturing defects) and BISR (for repairing field faults) rely on the provided redundancy (rows and columns), spare partition and utilization techniques are proposed in this paper to achieve an optimal combination of yield and reliability for embedded memory cores. Parametric simulation results for the single dimensional (i. e., spare columns) and two-dimensional (i. e., both spare columns and rows) cases are provided.