Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of the Local Chemical Structure of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide

www.MaterialsViews. com C O M M Determination of the Local Chemical Structure of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide U N IC A By Kris Erickson , Rolf Erni , Zonghoon Lee , Nasim Alem , Will Gannett , and Alex Zettl * IO N Although the unique electronic and mechanical properties of graphene suggest numerous intriguing applications, the requisite large-scale direct synthesis and solution-based handling have proven diffi cult. [ 1 , 2 ] It has been suggested that a functionalized form of graphene, graphene oxide (GO), could provide a solution-friendly route to facile, high-throughput graphene manipulation. [ 2 ] For such a route to be viable, however, GO must be convertible back to graphene, ostensibly via chemical reduction and thermal annealing. Unfortunately, transport measurements indicate that the reconstituted material, reduced and annealed graphene oxide (raGO), has electrical conductivity orders of magnitude lower than that of graphene. [ 2 , 3 ] This raises the question: can oxidized graphene be effectively converted back to graphene, and if not, what can it be converted to? Central to this question are the detailed atomic structures of GO and raGO, which, despite their importance, remain largely unknown. [ 4 ] We present here ultra-high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and dynamics studies of suspended sheets of graphene, GO, and raGO, obtained using aberration-corrected instrumentation. It should be noted that both the label GO and raGO (also referred to as “chemically converted graphene”) [ 5 ] refer to a wide variety of materials with the properties of each material being largely dependent upon the particular synthetic route employed. This study presents one particular synthetic method for GO and raGO. Among the various methods possible for synthesizing GO and raGO, we followed methods which have yielded the highest reported fi nal conductivities, as this material would be most suitable as a potential graphene alternative. [ 2 , 6–11 ] The local and global structure and stability of GO and raGO are revealed. We fi nd that the raGO material under study is greatly structurally dissimilar to graphene, being unstable under signifi cant electron beam
High‐Speed Spatial Atomic‐Layer Deposition of Aluminum Oxide Layers for Solar Cell Passivation

In this Communication we show that with spatially separated ALD of Al2O3 growth rates of 1.2 nm s-1 can be achievd, showing excellent surface passivation (surface recombination velocities of <2 cm s-1). This implies a revolutionary breakthrough in industrial throughput ALD of Al2O3 passivation of silicon solar cells.
Outcomes of using the internet for sexual purposes: fulfillment of sexual desires.

BACKGROUND The purpose of the current study was to examine the characteristics of those who report fulfillment of sexual desires as a result of internet use for sexual purposes and which sexually related online activities contribute to the fulfillment of sexual desires. METHODS Data were collected through a questionnaire posted on Swedish-language websites in 2009. The sample comprised 1614 respondents who reported using the internet for sexual purposes, 62% women and 38% men. RESULTS The results showed that the majority of the respondents had their sexual desires fulfilled as a result of their sexually related activities on the internet; 21% to a great extent and 59% to a small extent, but 20% did not have their sexual desires fulfilled. Using a multinomial logistic regression analysis, respondents who had their sexual desires fulfilled to a small or great extent were each compared with those who did not have their sexual desires fulfilled at all. At the level of individual characteristics and sexual behaviours, those with no fulfillment of their sexual desires did not differ from those who had their sexual desires fulfilled, with the exceptions of age and masturbation. In comparison to fulfillment to a small extent, fulfillment of sexual desires to a great extent was predicted by a larger number of sexually related online activities that were based on interaction. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that the internet may contribute to fulfillment of sexual desires among a large internet population, irrespective of sex or sexual identity.
Efek Minyak Atsiri dari Bawang Putih (Allium sativum) terhadap Persentase Jumlah Neutrofil Tikus Wistar yang diberi diet kuning telur

Latar Belakang: Minyak atsiri bawang putih mengandung diallyl dysulfide. Dari beberapa literatur dikatakan bahwa senyawa tersebut mampu menekan respon inflamasi dari cedera endotel dengan menghambat pembentukan radikal lipid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek minyak atsiri bawang putih terhadap perentase jumlah neutrofil sebagai penanda inflamasi dari cedera endotel pada tikus wistar. Metoda: Penelitian eksperimental Post Test Only Control Group Design. Sampel terdiri dari 21 tikus wistar 8 minggu yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok secara random. Kelompok pertama adalah kelompok kontrol yang diberi diet standar (K1). Kelompok kedua diberi diet kuning telur dan diet standar (K2). Dan kelompok ketiga diberi diet kuning telur intermiten selama 2 minggu, minyak atsiri bawang putih 0,5 mldalam 2 minggu, dan diet standar (P). Hasil: Persentase jumlah neutrofil kelompok K2 (25,43 ± 3,154) lebih tinggi dari kelompok K1 (24,14 ± 3,313) tetapi lebih rendah daripada kelompok P (40,86 ± 5,833). Test dengan One way anova menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan antar grup (p=0,04 ; p<0,05). Test post hoc menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok K 1 dengan kelompok P dan juga pada kelompok K2 dengan kelompok P. Kesimpulan: Minyak atsiri bawang putih dengan dosis 0,05 ml tidak terbukti menurunkan persentase jumlah neutrofil tikus wistar yang diberi diet kuning telur.
Evolution of nickel–titanium instruments: from past to future

Over the decades, a wide array of nickel–titanium (NiTi) instruments has been introduced for shaping root canals. Each generation of instruments has had something new to offer and has been intended to improve upon previous generations. Many variables and physical properties influence the clinical performance of NiTi rotaries. Ultimately, clinical experience, handling properties, safety, and case outcomes should decide the fate of a particular instrument design. This review article summarizes the metallurgical and mechanical properties of NiTi endodontic instruments and the design features of each generation, with a special focus on the latest generation of NiTi instruments. Experimental and clinical evaluations of the performance of NiTi instruments in endodontic treatment are discussed.
Glutathione‐Induced Intracellular Release of Guests from Mesoporous Silica Nanocontainers with Cyclodextrin Gatekeepers

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Si-MPs) have been demonstrated to be excellent hosts for molecules of various sizes, shapes, and functionalities. [ 5 ] The organically functionalized Si-MPs have unique structural features such as environmentally stable mesoporous structures, large surface area, tunable pore size, and well-defi ned surface properties. [ 3 ] In particular, the facile surface functionalization of Si-MPs and their effi cient internalization into cells provided Si-MPs with unique properties for stimuli-responsive controlled delivery applications. [ 2 , 4 ]
Who participates in the gastric cancer screening and on‐time rescreening in the National Cancer Screening Program? A population‐based study in Korea

Gastric cancer (GC) screening is a major challenge in countries where the disease is highly prevalent. This study was conducted to identify the factors associated with participation in GC screening and on‐time rescreening among the average‐risk population in Korea. The study population was derived from the National Cancer Screening Program database. The population for this study was 22 913 618 individuals aged ≥40 years who had been invited to participate in a GC screening program from 2005 to 2006. We determined whether these individuals had attended the GC screening program and which method – an upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS) or endoscopy–they underwent. We followed the participants to determine whether they had a second GC screening after 2 years. The overall participation rate in the GC screening was 20.5%. More people underwent UGIS than endoscopy. Individuals who had been screened by endoscopy rather than UGIS were more likely to be younger, male, or those who were National Health Insurance (NHI) beneficiaries with a higher premium rate. Of those who underwent baseline screening, 59.4% participated in a rescreening program 2 years later. NHI beneficiaries with a higher premium rate were significantly more likely to be rescreened than medical aid recipients. The results from this study showed that the UGIS were more commonly used in organized GC screenings in Korea, and those who underwent UGIS were more likely to return for subsequent screening compared to those who underwent an endoscopy. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 2241–2247)
Infrared Colloidal Quantum Dots for Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Recent Progress

Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are solution‐processed semiconductors of interest in low‐cost photovoltaics. Tuning of the bandgap of CQD films via the quantum size effect enables customization of solar cells’ absorption profile to match the sun's broad visible‐ and infrared‐containing spectrum reaching the earth. Here we review recent progress in the realization of low‐cost, efficient solar cells based on CQDs. We focus in particular on CQD materials and approaches that provide both infrared and visible‐wavelength solar power conversion CQD photovoltaics now exceed 5% solar power conversion efficiency, achieved by the introduction of a new architecture, the depleted‐heterojunction CQD solar cell, that jointly maximizes current, voltage, and fill factor. CQD solar cells have also seen major progress in materials processing for stability, recently achieving extended operating lifetimes in an air ambient. We summarize progress both in device operation and also in gaining new insights into materials properties and processing – including new electrical contact materials and deposition techniques, as well as CQD synthesis, surface treatments, film‐forming technologies – that underpin these rapid advances.
Jordan: Mass Media Cmapaign Combating Smoking Requires Serious Commitment and Not Just Words

Jordan: Mass Media Campaign Combating Smoking Requires Serious Commitment and Not Just Words Introduction Tobacco use is a growing problem in Jordan, a developing country with a population of 5.3 million (1). Each year, cardiovascular diseases are responsible for about 42% of all deaths in Jordan and cancer is responsible for 13% (2). Smoking has been found to be the main factor contribut-ing to these health problems. In 2000, Jordan’s National Cancer Registry recorded an average of 3 360 new cancer cases. Lung cancer was the most prevalent type, with 223 cases. Of these cases, 185 lung cancer patients were smokers. Smoking is highly prevalent among adolescents. Jordan’s Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) conducted in 1999 showed that 19.3 % of students between the ages of 13 and 15 (25% of male students and 14.5 % of female stu-dents) are smokers. This is primarily due to their imitating adults, peer pressure and easy access to cigarettes. This is a high percentage in a country where half of the popula-tion is under the age of 18 (1). Another study on morbidity, conducted in 1996, revealed that the prevalence of smoking among Jordanian adults over 25 years was 26.9% (4). Almost 48% of males and 10.2% of females smoked daily . However, only 9.7% of the adult population was able to quit. National figures reveal that smokers in the Kingdom spend an estimated JD 250 million1 (2) annually on tobacco products, or some 4% of the country’s national gross domestic product. Smoking the water pipe or Argileh is also becoming a very popular practice in tobacco use.
Engineering the Extracellular Environment: Strategies for Building 2D and 3D Cellular Structures

Cell fate is regulated by extracellular environmental signals. Receptor specific interaction of the cell with proteins, glycans, soluble factors as well as neighboring cells can steer cells towards proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis or migration. In this review, approaches to build cellular structures by engineering aspects of the extracellular environment are described. These methods include non‐specific modifications to control the wettability and stiffness of surfaces using self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) and polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) as well as methods where the temporal activation and spatial distribution of adhesion ligands is controlled. Building on these techniques, construction of two‐dimensional cell sheets using temperature sensitive polymers or electrochemical dissolution is described together with current applications of these grafts in the clinical arena. Finally, methods to pattern cells in three‐dimensions as well as to functionalize the 3D environment with biologic motifs take us one step closer to being able to engineer multicellular tissues and organs.
Bakterielle Meningitis

Zusammenfassung Akute Anfälle während einer bakteriellen Meningitis treten in 20–50 % der Fälle auf. Sie stellen einen negativen prognostischen Parameter dar und zeigen ein höheres Risiko für eine spätere Epilepsie. Als Spätfolge einer akuten bakteriellen Meningitis entwickelt sich in bis zu 10 % der Fälle eine Epilepsie. Risikofaktoren hierfür sind insbesondere Pneumokokken als Krankheitserreger, das Auftreten akuter Anfälle während der Akutphase und persistierende neurologische Defizite. Diese symptomatische Epilepsie ist generell schwierig zu behandeln und durch fokale Anfälle charakterisiert. Eine prophylaktische antikonvulsive Therapie zur Prävention von akuten Anfällen während der Akutphase einer bakteriellen Meningitis wird nicht empfohlen, da sie die Entwicklung einer späteren Epilepsie wahrscheinlich nicht verhindern kann. Akute Anfälle während einer bakteriellen Meningitis werden genauso behandelt wie andere akute Anfälle auch. Nach der akuten Unterbrechung des Anfalls werden die antikonvulsiven Medikamente häufig als Dauertherapie für bis zu einem Jahr weiter verabreicht, allerdings gibt es zur Dauer dieser Fortsetzung als orale Medikation keinen eindeutigen Konsens.
A comparison of soil acidification and aluminum under Eucalyptus forest and unimproved pasture

A comparison was made of pH (1:5, soil: 0.01 M CaCl2) and easily extractable forms of Al [0.01 M CaCl2 (Alca); 1 M KCl (AlK); and 0.05 M CuCl2 (AlCu)] between forest and pasture soils near Bendigo, Victoria. Perennial pasture growth is required in this region to reduce groundwater recharge as part of the management of dryland salinity, but pasture growth may be inhibited by Al and Mn toxicity as a consequence of soil acidification. Both forest and pasture soils were found to be acidic (mean pH of 4.0 and 4.3 respectively) and AlCa concentrations are sufficient to anticipate toxicity to sensitive species. The forest site was cleared of timber over 50 years ago, and has since acidified by 63 kmol H+ ha-1, which is accounted for by organic anion accumulation in the forest regrowth. The forest soil has lower concentrations of AlCa, for a given pH, and more Al complexed to organic matter (Alcu-AlK), even though forest and pasture soils have equal amounts of organic carbon. The different A1 concentrations in forest and pasture soils are accounted for by a lag in A1 response to acidification, and greater complexation of Al with organic matter in the forest soil.
Reproductive factors and breast cancer risk in relation to hormone receptor and menopausal status in Japanese women

The associations between menstrual and reproductive factors and breast cancer risk in relation to estrogen/progesterone receptor (ER/PgR) status have been unclear in Japanese women. This case‐control study evaluated these associations, overall and separately, by menopausal status. A total of 1092 breast cancer cases and 3160 controls were selected from among female patients aged 30 years and over admitted to a single hospital in Miyagi Prefecture between 1997 and 2009. The receptor status distribution among the cases (missing: 8.4%) was 571 ER+/PgR+, 133 ER+/PgR−, 24 ER−/PgR+ and 271 ER−/PgR−. Menstrual and reproductive factors were assessed using a self‐administered questionnaire. Polytomous logistic regression and tests for heterogeneity across ER+/PgR+ and ER−/PgR− were conducted. Later age at menarche was significantly associated with a decreased risk of both ER+/PgR+ and ER−/PgR− cancer among women overall (Ptrend = 0.0016 for ER+/PgR+; Ptrend = 0.015 for ER−/PgR−) and among postmenopausal women (Ptrend = 0.012 for ER+/PgR+; Ptrend = 0.0056 for ER−/PgR−). Nulliparity was associated with an increased risk of ER+/PgR+, but not ER−/PgR− cancer among women overall (Pheterogeneity = 0.019) and among postmenopausal women (odds ratio for ER+/PgR+ = 2.56, 95% confidence interval = 1.61–4.07; Pheterogeneity = 0.0095). A longer duration of breastfeeding tended to be associated with a decreased risk in all subtypes among women overall. Later age at menarche has a protective effect against both ER+/PgR+ and ER−/PgR− cancer. However, parity might impact differently on various subtypes of breast cancer. Further studies are needed to clarify the etiology of the rare ER+/PgR− and ER−/PgR+ cancer subtypes.
Expression of bitter taste receptors of the T2R family in the gastrointestinal tract and enteroendocrine STC-1 cells

Although a role for the gastric and intestinal mucosa in molecular sensing has been known for decades, the initial molecular recognition events that sense the chemical composition of the luminal contents has remained elusive. Here we identified putative taste receptor gene transcripts in the gastrointestinal tract. Our results, using reverse transcriptase–PCR, demonstrate the presence of transcripts corresponding to multiple members of the T2R family of bitter taste receptors in the antral and fundic gastric mucosa as well as in the lining of the duodenum. In addition, cDNA clones of T2R receptors were detected in a rat gastric endocrine cell cDNA library, suggesting that these receptors are expressed, at least partly, in enteroendocrine cells. Accordingly, expression of multiple T2R receptors also was found in STC-1 cells, an enteroendocrine cell line. The expression of α subunits of G proteins implicated in intracellular taste signal transduction, namely Gαgust, and Gαt-2, also was demonstrated in the gastrointestinal mucosa as well as in STC-1 cells, as revealed by reverse transcriptase–PCR and DNA sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. Furthermore, addition of compounds widely used in bitter taste signaling (e.g., denatonium, phenylthiocarbamide, 6-n-propil-2-thiouracil, and cycloheximide) to STC-1 cells promoted a rapid increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. These results demonstrate the expression of bitter taste receptors of the T2R family in the mouse and rat gastrointestinal tract.
Encoding Localized Strain History Through Wrinkle Based Structural Colors

Surface wrinkles are created on a metallic film supported on a shape memory polymer substrate. The wrinkle wavelength approaches that of visible lights, resulting in diffraction colors. The spatial and geometric distribution of the surface wrinkles can be controlled in an arbitrary fashion, allowing the capture of a three dimensional arbitrary image on a macroscopically flat surface.
External‐Strain Induced Insulating Phase Transition in VO2 Nanobeam and Its Application as Flexible Strain Sensor

[ ∗] Dr. B. Hu , Ding , . Y D. Kulkarni , Shen , . Y Prof. sukruk , T . V. V Prof. Z. L. Wang School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA 30332-0245 (USA) E-mail: zhong.wang@mse.gatech. edu Dr. B. Hu , Prof. W Chen . State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan, 430070 (P. R. China) E-mail: chenw@whut.edu. cn
Specificity in protein interactions and its relationship with sequence diversity and coevolution

Studies of interacting proteins have found correlated evolution of the sequences of binding partners, apparently as a result of compensating mutations to maintain specificity (i.e., molecular coevolution). Here, we analyze the coevolution of interacting proteins in yeast and demonstrate correlated evolution of binding partners in eukaryotes. Detailed investigation of this apparent coevolution, focusing on the proteins' surface and binding interface, surprisingly leads to no improvement in the correlation. We conclude that true coevolution, as characterized by compensatory mutations between binding partners, is unlikely to be chiefly responsible for the apparent correlated evolution. We postulate that the correlation between sequence alignments is simply due to interacting proteins being subject to similar constraints on their evolutionary rate. Because gene expression has a strong influence on evolutionary rate, and interacting proteins will tend to have similar levels of expression, we investigated this particular constraint. We found that the absolute expression level outperformed correlated evolution for predicting interacting protein partners. A correlation between sequence alignments could also be identified not only between pairs of proteins that physically interact but also between those that are merely functionally related (i.e., within the same protein complex). This indicates that the observed correlated evolution of interacting proteins is due to similar constraints on evolutionary rate and not coevolution.
Distribution of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow according to regional hypoxia

The interaction of stem cells with their bone marrow microenvironment is a critical process in maintaining normal hematopoiesis. We applied an approach to resolve the spatial organization that underlies these interactions by evaluating the distribution of hematopoietic cell subsets along an in vivo Hoechst 33342 (Ho) dye perfusion gradient. Cells isolated from different bone marrow regions according to Ho fluorescence intensity contained the highest concentration of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) activity in the lowest end of the Ho gradient (i.e., in the regions reflecting diminished perfusion). Consistent with the ability of Ho perfusion to simulate the level of oxygenation, bone marrow fractions separately enriched for HSCs were found to be the most positive for the binding of the hypoxic marker pimonidazole. Moreover, the in vivo administration of the hypoxic cytotoxic agent tirapazamine exhibited selective toxicity to the primitive stem cell subset. These data collectively indicate that HSCs and the supporting cells of the stem cell niche are predominantly located at the lowest end of an oxygen gradient in the bone marrow with the implication that regionally defined hypoxia plays a fundamental role in regulating stem cell function.