Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Physical and Chemical Properties of Biodiesel Produced from Jatropha Curcas Seeds Oil Cultivated in Rwanda

A yield of 26.88% of seed oil was obtained from Jatrophacurcas cultivated in Rwanda. Within 2 hours of reaction, the methyl ester (Biodiesel) was produced at a yield of 85.3% from obtained oil through direct base-catalysed trans-esterification process using methanol and sodium hydroxide as alcohol and catalyst. The proportion of 0.6g of NaOH in 20mL of methanol with 100 mL of Jatropha oil was the best ratio for making the biodiesel. The biodiesel obtained had 85.03% of ester content, 0.878 and 7.891Centistokes (at 200C) of specific gravity and viscosity respectively. The other physico-chemical properties were also characterized.
Research on the Integrated Security Supervision Technology of Cyber-Physical System in Substations

International hacker organizations have made more effort to research on the penetration attack technologies for smart grid automation system, planed and implemented attacks to international power grid systems, and caused accidents. The author of this paper discusses the security challenges of cyber-physical system in substations from three perspectives: security threats, issues of security system in power grid and security requirements in substations, and introduces the integrated security supervision technical solution. It shows that to make substations more security, two part of missions must be accomplished by the integrated security supervision system. On the substation side, the system collects operation information, system log, and mirrored communication packets of devices, analyses devices and systems behaviour, assesses the local security situation. On the main station side, the system gathers security information from substations, distributes the security policy to substations, monitors and analyses the overall security situation with aggregate data. The solution has been deployed in several projects and achieved remarkable results.
Period-doubling scenario and crisis-induced intermittency in natural convection between two vertical differentially heated plates

The chaotic regime of the natural convection of air between two vertical plates maintained at different temperatures is studied. The periodic dimensions of the plates are relatively small. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) is used to study the spatio-temporal behavior of the flow, as the Rayleigh number (Ra) increases. The flow becomes temporally chaotic through a period-doubling cascade. Chaos then becomes more developed, and windows of multi-periodic regimes, crises are observed. As the Rayleigh is further increased, intermittency is observed, and is seen to correspond to an ”attractor-merging” crisis. For still higher values of Ra, a periodic regime is observed, which then gives way to a fully chaotic and intermittent regime. Mots clefs : natural convection ; period-doubling scenario ; crisis-induced intermittency
Imunochemické stanovení ochratoxinu A ve víně a jeho aplikace An Immunochemical Method for the Determination of Ochratoxine A in the Wine and its Applications

Zajistěni bezpecnosti a zdravotni nezavadnosti produktů je jednim z nejvýznamnějsich aspektů potravinařských výrob už několik desitek let. Významným rizikem, kteremu je v tomto ohledu v posledni době věnovana pozornost, je problematika kontaminace mykotoxiny. U zastupců teto rozsahle (stovky sloucenin) skupiny sekundarnich metabolitů plisni, produkovaných zejmena rody Aspergillus, Fusarium, Alternaria a Penicillium, byly prokazany významne negativni zdravotni ucinky, vychazejici zejmena z jejich karcinogennich, teratogennich, nefrotoxických, hepatotoxických a imunosupresivnich vlastnosti (Bezerra da Rocha et al., 2014; Ostrý, 2008; Speijers a Speijers, 2004; Schlatter, 2004). V připadě výroby alkoholických napojů (piva a vina) je zdrojem mykotoxinů kontaminovana surovina, což je v připadě piva jecmen, respektive slad (Malachova et al., 2010, Kostelanska et al., 2009) a u vina jsou to hrozny, ktere jsou idealnim prostředim pro růst plisni rodu Aspergillus, produkujicich siroke spektrum mykotoxinů, zejmena aflatoxiny, ochratoxin A a sterigmatocystin (Anli a Bayram, 2009; Lasram et al., 2012). Hlavnim mykotoxinem vina je ochratoxin A (OTA), strukturně vychazejici z fenylalaninu (obr. 1), jehož výskyt ve vině byl poprve potvrzen již v 90. letech minuleho stoleti (Zimmerli a Dick, 1996). Obecně jsou za nejdůležitějsi producenty tohoto mykotoxinu považovany druhy A. ochraceus a P. verrucossum, nicmeně v připadě kontaminace revy a hroznů byl prokazan rozhodujici přispěvek druhů A. carbonarius Imunochemicke stanoveni ochratoxinu A ve vině a jeho aplikace
Comments on Simon Dietz and Nicholas Stern's Why Economic Analysis Supports Strong Action on Climate Change: A Response to the Stern Review's Critics

The science of economics has made a number of important contributions to understanding greenhouse gases and their optimal control. From basic economic theory, economists have pointed out the need to minimize the sum of mitigation costs and climate damages (Nordhaus 1992). From this simple insight, society can derive an elegant solution to greenhouse gases. The optimal policy for society should balance marginal mitigation costs with marginal damages. Economics also provides an important perspective on time. Time is valuable and cannot be ignored. This is especially critical for a problem that has a very long time horizon. Costs borne in the present are more burdensome than costs born in the future. Finally, economics has much to offer in quantifying both the costs of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions (Weyant 2008) and the damages that climate change will cause to society (Pearce et al. 1996; Tol 2002; Mendelsohn et al. 2006). Stern (2007) and Dietz and Stern (2008) largely reject all of these contributions by economics. They argue that “minimizing the present value of costs of climate change and costs of abatement is both misleading and dangerous. ” They argue that treating future costs as though they are worth less than current costs is “unethical. ” They reject the empirical analysis of actual impacts arguing that the impacts are unknowable. They reject the economic estimates of mitigation costs in favor of the free-lunch estimates of technologists. Dietz and Stern argue that “strong and urgent action is in fact good economics. ” To make this case, they assume that the discount rate is effectively zero, that climate change poses “severe risks” far beyond any we can measure, and that the mitigation costs will be lower than the most optimistic scenario. Even then, they suggest a formal weighing of costs and damages is unacceptable and that instead society should turn to ethical principles to guide greenhouse gas policy. They invoke an “ethics of responsibility of current generations for future generations. ” This is climate advocacy, not good economics. What can the current generation do for future generations? By investing in capital, infrastructure, and technology, many generations since the industrial revolution have spurred economic growth, allowing future generations to enjoy a much higher standard of living. Dollars invested in capital and new technology grow at the interest rate, providing a reward
Decreasing Serial Cost Sharing under Economies of Scale

We consider the problem of cost sharing in the presence of increasing returns to scale and potential strategic behavior on the part of consumers. We show that any smooth and strictly monotonic mechanism for which a Nash equilibrium exists for all profiles of convex and monotonic preferences must be dictatorial. However, we propose a cost sharing mechanism, the decreasing serial mechanism, for which an interesting domain restriction ensures existence of a noncooperative equilibrium for its cost sharing game. A characterization theorem of the mechanism based on the strategic properties of existence, uniqueness, and efficiency of its noncooperative equilibrium is provided. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C70, C72, D70. Cost allocation is a practical problem that organizations of all kinds face. Universities allocate computing costs among departments. Aviation authorities set landing fees for aircraft based on their size. Regulatory com­ missions set rates for electricity, water, and other utilities based on the costs of providing these services. The common feature in all of these exam­ ples is that prices are not determined externally by market forces, but are set internally by mutual agreement or administrative decision. A simple situation where a cost sharing problem can emerge is when a set of users share a technology that transforms a single input into a single output. We study this cost sharing problem when the cost function is increasing and concave. Examples include the division of costs incurred in setting telephone lines or a water supply system, the assessment of fees to pay for a secretary or a gardener'S services, and so on. The situations we have in mind are those of cooperative production or natural nonregulated monopolies. For either of these situations there is no obvious answer to the question of how to divide the cost of producing the total output among the users.
How is the Toxicity of Heavy Metals Detected in the Problems of Metal-Metal Hip Arthroplasties?

Patients subjected to total metal-metal hip arthroplasties, in some cases, present different intraoperative complications such as fractures, peripheral nerve injury, vascular damage or hypotension and other long-term complications after surgery, such as thromboembolic disease, infection, dislocations, osteolysis and wear of the components, aseptic mobility, periprosthetic fractures, dismetrias or definitive failure by mobilization of the prosthetic components [1-4]. The appearance of heavy metals in serum can be an indicator of the beginning of the wear of a prosthesis, although not always the appearance of an elevation of prosthetic metals in serum means that the implant does not work correctly. The presence of metal debris can be due to several factors, since in the total hip arthroplasties the existence of several components involves friction surfaces that generate metallic, ceramic or polyethylene wastes; Most waste comes from the friction surface.
Evolution of hierarchical structures in polyelectrolyte-micelle coacervates

We investigated the temperature-induced liquid–liquid phase separation (coacervation) of polyelectrolyte (PE)–micelle systems and the structure of the resultant coacervates. Dynamic light scattering, small angle neutron scattering and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (DLS, SANS, Cryo-TEM) were used to examine the evolution of complex structure up to the point of temperature-induced coacervation and beyond. Three diffusional modes, seen in the single phase samples and in the coexisting coacervated supernatant phases were attributed respectively to free micelles, PE–micelle complexes, and aggregates thereof. They corresponded to SANS Guinier region slopes yielding Rg ∼ 4 nm (micelles) and Rg ∼ 50 nm (unresolved complexes and aggregates). Cryo-TEM images of coacervates indicated how these subunits are organized within dense and dilute coacervate domains at larger length scales. Taken together, these results are understood to arise from the requirements of overall charge neutralization, and ion-pairing and counterion release during coacervation. We conclude that a polyelectrolyte:micelle system at incipient coacervation with charge stoichiometry ([+]/[−] > 1) donates excess polycations to other complexes in solution. In the coacervate, a similar disproportionation but at different length scales ejects excess polycations and their counterions into dilute domains. In both phases, association and desolvation are driven by counterion release, enhanced chain configurational entropy, and ion-pairing. These enthalpic and entropic forces operating in both phases could explain the structural similarities between soluble aggregates and coacervate dense domains.
CONTRIBUTION OF SIMULATION TO THE STUDY OF COGNITIVE EXPERTISE IN SPORT

﻿﻿This study has as its main object to show the effect of categorization of the configurations of play in football. According to Mervis and Rosch (1981), the category is an organization which makes it possible to gather various physical objects or concepts in the same class. This many make us suppose that the elements (i.e., specimens) of the same category have physical features (perceptive) or conceptual (concept) similarities. The main results of this study show, on the one hand, that the experts acquire a rich person repertory of conceptual knowledge by the practice and the experiment and the other hand, through the process of the activity that facilitates the visual data. This operating process of the expert system reduced considerably the space of research. This generally results in an effective and a rapid cognitive performance.
Measuring the social value of local public goods : a hedonic Analysis within Paris Metropolitan Area

We use a (non-linear) hedonic model to estimate the implicit prices of 24 local public goods and amenities in the Paris suburban area on an original data set of some 8500 units of housing. The results reveal a capitalization of the local tax rates at a real discount rate of 2,6%. In contrast to what is observed in many American studies, the pupils/teachers ratio does not explain signi.cantly housing prices. We attribute this di¤erence between France and the US to the di¤erent institutionnal mechanisms used to . nance public schools in the two countries. We . nd however that school backwardness (measured by the fraction of junior high school students who have failed at least twice at school) a¤ects signi.cantly housing prices. We interpret the latter result as re‡ecting a signi.cant “peer group” e¤ect at school. Moreover, the results suggest that avoiding bad peer at school is not a luxury good. It is observed also that housing owners’ marginal willingness to pay for reducing commuting time is higher for public transportation than it is for car transportation. This . nding re‡ects the relative importance of public transit in large European agglomerations. An illustration of the potential usefulness of our results for cost-bene.t analysis is also provided. ¤This paper has been presented at the American Economic Association Annual Meeting January 4-6, 2002, Atlanta. This article originates from a paper entitled “The social value of local public goods: An empirical analysis within Paris Metropolitan area” and co-authored by N. Gravel, M. Martinez and A. Trannoy. We gratefully aknowledge the . nancial support from the “Direction Générale de l’équipement du Val d’Oise” and from the “Action concertée incitative Villes ACIV”. We thank also Stéphane Bujeau and Jean-François Guillaume for their competent research assistance, André de Palma and Cedric Fontan for providing us the data about transportation time costs and Richard Arnott and Nancy Wallace for helpful comments. The usual caveat applies. y IDEP-GREQAM and Université Paul Valéry, Centre de la Vieille Charité, 2 rue de la Charité, 13 002 Marseille Cedex, France, gravel@ehess.cnrs-mrs.fr. zTHEMA, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 33 boul. du Port, 95 011 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, Alain.trannoy@eco.u-cergy.fr xTHEMA, Université de Cergy-Pontoise . alexandra.michelangeli@eco.u-cergy.fr
Global Synchronization of Moving Agent Networks with Time-Varying Topological Structure

The synchronization of moving agent networks with linear coupling in a two dimensional space is investigated. Base on the Lyapunov stability theory, a criterion for the synchronization is achieved via designed decentralized controllers. And, an example of typical moving agent network, having the Rössler system at each node, has been used to demonstrate and verify the design proposed. And, the numerical simulation results show the effectiveness of proposed synchronization approaches.
Neural Learning Technique Inculcation for Commended Social Network Rating (CSNR) System

Broadcasting the online social networks, the main aim over proposed suggestions of social websites became desperate for victory of online applications signifying role in accessing user preference. Though user preference executed data deficiency and cold start problem immerge together causing major defect against recommender system. Existing techniques used matrix factorization method to avoid data lacking yet the process used many deviated methods to stop it completely affecting the trustee relationship. In our proposed system the intention is to explore trustee information in commended system and the choice made significantly persuading social content. We propose a neural learning technique for providing commendation in Commended Social Network Rating (CSNR) the promotion also incorporates trustee and distrust relation and its learning. The main aim is to incorporate the neural learning technique that classifies the positive and negative feedbacks from the trustee and according to their prediction the social network rating will be done. The character prediction and analysis of trustee helps in finding their recommendation to be taken in apt way or they might be categorized into always positive or negative segregation.
COMPARISON OF TWO MODELS FOR HUMAN EVACUATING SIMULATION IN LARGE BUILDING SPACES

This paper presents the simulated results of human evacuation in a large space building. Two different models, Cellular Automata (CA) model and social force (SF) model are adopted. The simulated evacuation time and main characteristics of human evacuation are simulated and these results by the two models are compared. To check the practicability of the models for actual complicated cases, the simulating time is also compared. The results denote that both the two models can simulate the "arch" and "faster-is-slower" effect for human evacuation. It also could be found that the CA model is easily analyzed and possess fewer CPU time, while the SF model is much easier to be expanded to consider more complicated human behavior models.
Performance and health effects of Zuprevo 18% in newly received, highly stressed beef cattle

Experimental Procedures A total of 729 high-risk calves, over 4 phases from 2012–1013, were procured from an order buying facility in Dickson, TN. Calves were individually identified, weighed, tested for persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea (BVD-PI), and randomly assigned to treatment group pre-shipment. Eight animals that tested positive for BVD-PI were removed from the group before shipment. Calves were then transported to the Kansas State University Beef Stocker Unit. Upon arrival, calves were housed in dirt-surfaced pens overnight with free access to long-stemmed prairie hay and water. Within 24 hours of arrival, calves were individually weighed (mean weight 462 lb); vaccinated with Cavalry 9 (Schering-Plough Animal Health; Omaha, NE) and either Vista 5 (Intervet; Millsboro, DE) or Vista Once (Intervet); dewormed using Safe-guard (Intervet) oral drench; and implanted with Ralgro (Schering-Plough Animal Health). In addition, calves were mass-medicated with Zuprevo (Merck Animal Health; Summit, NJ) or not (Control). Calves were allocated to 56 pens, each containing 12 to 14 animals. There were 24 pens (309 head) of Control animals and 32 pens (412 head) of calves allocated to the Zuprevo treatment during the four study phases.
Impact of Bentonite Quality on Hydraulic Conductivity of Geosynthetic Clay Liners

The differences in hydraulic conductivity for two geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) containing different qualities of bentonite are evaluated based on permeation with water and chemical solutions containing 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 500 mM CaCl2. The GCL with the higher quality bentonite (GCL-HQB) is characterized by a greater content of sodium montmorillonite (86 versus 77%), a higher plasticity index (548 versus 393%), and a higher cation exchange capacity (93 versus 64 meq/ 100 g) relative to the GCL with the lower quality bentonite (GCL-LQB). The tests using CaCl2 solutions as permeant liquids were continued until chemical equilibrium between the influent and effluent was established, resulting in test durations that ranged from less than 1 to more than 900 days. The hydraulic conductivity for GCL-HQB, kHQB ,i s,33 lower than the hydraulic conductivity for GCL-LQB, kLQB, when specimens of both GCLs are permeated with water. However, the hydraulic conductivity for GCL-HQB is always higher than that for GCL-LQB when the specimens are permeated with the CaCl2 solutions. For example, kHQB/ kLQB ranges from 2.0 to 2.6 for the tests performed using 5, 10, and 20 mM CaCl2 solutions as the permeant liquids, whereas the kHQB/ kLQB values are ,230, ,100, and ,40 for the tests performed using 50, 100, and 500 mM CaCl2 solutions as the permeant liquids, respectively. Thus, the GCL with the higher quality bentonite is more susceptible to chemical attack than the GCL with the lower quality bentonite.
UNDERSTANDING OF EARLY NUMBER AND NUMERATION OF MATHEMATICS AT IIUM EDUCARE, GOMBAK, MALAYSIA

The understanding of number of mathematics for the young children is very crucial in their life. The purpose of this study is to find out the methods used in teaching young children’s construction of mathematics. Also to find out the understanding and different ability between the boys and girls in early number and numeration in mathematics. This study direct observation using checklist method. A sample size 12 children aged ranging from 4, 5 and 6 years-old consisting of 2 boys and 2 girls from selected class. The results indicate that there are three concepts in teaching and learning of early number and numeration of mathematics (a. Memorizing the sequence of the number names, b. Symbol of the number, and c. Development model in number). In addition, the concepts for teaching in early number needed the variation and interactive approaches in model of teaching for this subject. Finally, the results indicate that there are similarity abilities between boys and girls for 4 year-old and 6 year-old, while for 5 year-old, indicated that there are different abilities between girls and boys in pre-mathematics. Implications and recommendations are stated for stakeholders. Keywords: Early Numbers, Numeration and IIUM Educare