Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Renewal of Healthcare Funding Systems by National Health Insurance in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (NHI)

The aim of this paper is to discuss the current structure of the Saudi health care system, and to assess financing healthcare services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) by implementing national health insurance. The paper focuses on improving Saudi Arabia's health care system as a national health insurance system is being introduced. The aim of this policy reform is to increase investment in the healthcare sector by the private sector and to reduce government costs for health services. Access to healthcare, sustainability, costs and quality of care, adaptation of new technologies and the use of health services are all expected to have a positive impact. We are reviewing the current health literature and the latest health reform of Saudi Arabia. In this area, the importance of public health: improving the health system is intended to improve the outcomes of community health. Whether it will have the desired impact will be clear as Saudi Arabia embarks on this move. In addition, if Saudi Arabia succeeds in providing high-quality healthcare to this segment of the population, expatriate healthcare in different countries is a challenge; other countries will follow the Saudi model. The purpose of this study is to analyze the existing structure of Saudi health systems, to assess the funding programs for health care in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) by introducing national health insurance schemes and to propose improvements.
Rule Extraction and Insertion to Improve the Performance of a Dynamic Cell Structure Neural Network

Rule Extraction and Insertion to Improve the Performance of a Dynamic Cell Structure Neural Network Osama Amhamed Elsarrar Artificial Neural Networks are extremely useful machine learning tools. They are used for many purposes, such as prediction, classification, pattern recognition, etc. Although neural networks have been used for decades, they are still often not completely understood or trusted, especially in safety and mission critical situations. Typically, neural networks are trained on data sets that are representative of what needs to be learned. Sometimes training sets are constructed in order to train the neural network in a certain way, in order to embed appropriate knowledge. The purpose of this research is to determine if there is another method that can be used to embed specific knowledge in a neural network before training and if this improves the performance of a neural network. This research develops and tests a new method of embedding pre-knowledge into the Dynamic Cell Structure (DCS) neural network. The DCS is a type of self-organizing map neural network that has been used for many purposes, including classification. In the research presented here, the method used for embedding pre-knowledge into the neural network is to start by converting the knowledge to a set of IF/THEN rules, that can be easily understood and/or validated by a human expert. Once the rules are constructed and validated, then they are converted to a beginning neural network structure. This allows pre-knowledge to be embedded before training the neural network. This conversion and embedding process is called Rule Insertion. In order to determine whether this process improves performance, the neural network was trained with and without pre-knowledge embedded. After the training, the neural network structure was again converted to rules, Rule Extraction, and then the neural network accuracy and the rule accuracy were computed. Also, the agreement between the neural network and the extracted rules was computed. The findings of this research show that using Rule Insertion to embed pre-knowledge into a DCS neural network can increase the accuracy of the neural network. An expert can create the rules to be embedded and can also examine and validate the rules extracted to give more confidence in what the neural network has learned during training. The extracted rules are also a refinement of the inserted rules, meaning the neural network was able to improve upon the expert knowledge based on the data presented.
Development of Co-Processed Powders Containing Lactose, Mucuna flagellipes Seed Gum and Ipomoea batatas Tuber Starch

Abstract Background: The search for new pharmaceutical excipients with multifunctional properties to meet the technical challenges inherent in the formulation of drug products containing special pharmacologically active compounds possessing complex physico-chemical characteristics and elaborate technologies in their production procedures is continuous. Aim: The development of directly compressible (DC) co-processed powders (CPPs) containing lactose (LTS), Mucuna flagellipes seed gum (Mucuna gum) (MG) and Ipomoea batatas tuber starch (potato starch) (PS) was undertaken. Materials and methods: Batches CPP-A: LTS (75%), MG (7.5%), PS (17.5%) and CPP-B: LTS (75%), MG (10%), PS (15%) were formulated. Homogenized constituents were transferred into a 1-litre beaker, blended with 80ml of deionized water, placed in a water-bath (100o C) and stirred till it began to gel. It was removed and stirred for 10 min, spread in an oven (50o C) for 1 h and sieved (1.7 mm), dried to constant weight (50o C) and sieved (250 µm). The CPPs were characterized, compressed into compacts and evaluated beside their constituent materials and MicroceLac®-100 (MC-100) as controls. Results: The CPPs with improved flowability (CPP-B>CPP-A>MC-100) and compressibility were obtained compared to their starting materials, resulting to compacts with mechanical strength: MC-100 > CPP-B >> CPP-A with CPP-A and CPP-B not disintegrating after 30 min. Conclusion: The CPP-A or CPP-B could be suitable as DC diluent for sustained-release or chewable tablets and in producing tablets with low dose drug of which a disintegrant may be incorporated extra-granularly.
The global numbers and costs of additionally needed and unnecessary caesarean sections performed per year: overuse as a barrier to universal coverage

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author and should not be attributed in any manner whatsoever to the World Health Organization. Abstract Objective To estimate the additional number of needed CS (cesarean section) that would be required in countries with lower than recommended national rates, as well as the number of excess CS in countries in which the procedure is arguably overused and to understand the resource-use implications of the 'needed' and 'excess' CS. Methods We obtained data on the number of CS performed in 137 countries, accounting for approximately 95% of global births for that year. Countries with C-section rates below 10% were considered to show underuse, while countries with rates above 15% were considered to show overuse. We estimated the units costs and the quantities of the physical inputs needed in performing CS. Only the marginal costs of the C-section procedure itself were included. Results A total of 54 countries had C-section rates below 10%, whereas 69 showed rates above 15%. 14 countries had rates between 10 and 15%. We estimated that in 2008, 3.18 million additional CS were needed and 6.20 million unnecessary sections were performed. The cost of the global " excess " CS was estimated to amount to approximately U$S 2.32 …
Contiguous bifacet cervical fracture dislocations

Bifacet dislocations of the cervical spine are severe debilitating injuries often associated with complete cord injury. Contiguous bilateral facet dislocations are extremely rare and, to the best of our knowledge, have only been described once before. We present a patient who was involved in a road traffic accident. Pre-operative radiographs suggested contiguous bifacet injury and this was confirmed intra-operatively. This should alert physicians to the possibility of contiguous injuries to the cervical spine. Introduction Bifacet dislocation of the cervical spine is associated with a complete cord injury in up to 85% of injuries with the majority of the other patients suffering some form of neurological compromise. During dislocation, the inferior articular facets of the upper vertebra separate and displace anteriorly while rotating primarily in flexion, relative to the superior facets of the lower vertebra and become locked in the intervertebral foramina. At the time of the dislocation, dynamic spinal-canal narrowing occurs, producing cord compression and complete or incomplete cord lesions. At the dislocated spinal level, the spinal cord is dynamically compressed between the anterior edge of the neural arch of the upper vertebra and the posterosuperior corner of the lower vertebral body. These injuries are hence quite debilitating. We describe a contiguous bifacet dislocation of the C4/5 and C5/6 regions. This is rare and, to our knowledge, has only been described once before. Case report A 23-year-old man was admitted to the emergency ward after being involved in a road traffic crash. He was a motorcycle (bodaboda) rider who fell off his motorcycle after being knocked from behind by a speeding motor vehicle. He immediately had neck pain and an inability to move all four limbs. Initial assessment on admission to the Accident and Emergency Ward revealed a Glasgow Coma Scale of 15, and quadriplegia with a sensory level of T4. The patient was transferred to the spine unit after resuscitation and initial imaging of the spine. SAOJ Spring 2010 8/5/10 4:24 PM Page 83
Inhibitive effect of polypeptide extract from scorpion venom(PESV) on the growth and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinomas

Objective To study the inhibitory mechanism of polypeptide extract from scorpion venom(PESV) on the growth and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinomas(LLC). Methods Thirty C57BL/6J mice were subcutaneously inoculated with LLC cells suspension(1×107/mL) in the right armpit. The tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into three groups:the control group,the 5-fluorouracil(5-FU)group and the PESV group. PESV was intragastrically subjected to the mice for 18 days. The tumor volume and tumor inhibitory rate were determined. A LLC cell suspension(5×106/mL) was injected into the tail veins of another twenty C57BL/6J mice,which were randomly divided into two groups:the control group and the PESV group. PESV was intragastrically subjected to the mice for 28 days. The mice were killed and the numbers of lung metastatic nodules were measured. Expressions of OPN and MMP-9 were determined by immunohistochemical-staining and ELISA. Results The growth and metastasis inhibitory rate of PESV were respectively 46.02% and 76.19%. Expression levels of OPN and MMP-9 were both decreased in the tumor and serum. Compared with the control group,the differences were both significant(P0.05). Conclusion PESV has an inhibitory effect on growth and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma.
The impact of the Split Share Structure Reform in China on the relationship between executive compensation and firm performance. Working Paper.

The Split Share Structure Reform in China enables state shareholders of listed firms to trade their restricted shares. This renders the wealth of state shareholders more sensitive to share price movements. We predict this reform will create remuneration arrangements that increase the relationship between Chinese firms‟ executive pay and stock market performance. We confirm this prediction by showing such effect among state-controlled firms and especially those where dominant shareholders have greater incentives to improve share return performance. Our results indicate this reform strengthens the accountability of executives to external monitoring by stock market and therefore benefit minority shareholders in China.
Are the Seeds of Bad Governance Sown in Good Times

This paper examines the extent to which the corporate governance structure of a firm arises endogenously in response to its performance. We demonstrate that following periods of abnormally good performance, managers are more likely to call special meetings and to propose and pass governance measures that are contrary to shareholder interests (based on IRRC classification). These results are driven primarily by firms that are characterized as having poor governance according to either the GIM Index or the proportion of activist shareholders. Following these special meetings, we find that the next quarter performance of the firm is negative. Our results are consistent with an interpretation of shareholder inattention to governance following good firm performance or a desire to reward management for good past performance. Overall, our evidence seems more consistent with the former interpretation.
Editorial: The Scope of Teaching and Learning in Environmental Education

Environmental Education involves a variety of teaching and learning processes which are diversely situated in a range of social and educational contexts. The diversity of scope is an interesting 'contour' of a field like environmental education. Contemporary environmental sciences and complexity studies draw our attention to an ever-changing world and to increasingly complex social-ecological issues, patterns and risks that require our attention. These too influence the scope of environmental education teaching and learning processes. This edition of the Southern African Journal of Environmental Education provides a window through which we may see some of the scope of environmental education activities, research questions, learning and teaching settings, and educational activity. It provides insight into the range of research methodologies that are being deployed to investigate the educational processes that are needed for re-orientation towards sustainability, equity, adaptability and transformation at the people-environment interface.
Turnover and Voice in Philippine Call Centers

In this study on Philippine call centers and business process outsourcing (BPO) firms, the authors take a closer look at the model for employee voluntary turnover developed by March and Simon (1958) and cited by Kochan (1980). Based on the model, turnover is affected by two factors, that is, ease of leaving and desirability of leaving a firm. Ease of leaving a firm is primarily determined by alternative employment opportunities outside the firm. This means that the more attractive the labor market outside the firm, the higher the probability of leaving. The desire to leave is a function of dissatisfaction at the current job, that is the higher the dissatisfaction level, the greater the probability of leaving. However, if there is opportunity to voice out employee dissatisfaction that would lead to changes in work conditions, employees might choose the “voice” rather than the “exit” option. Thus, Hirschman’s (1970) exit, voice and loyalty model, Rusbult, et al.’s (1982) contribution thereto and Hyman’s thoughts on unions are also explored, together with recent legislation on the right to unionize. Building on information generated from their previous studies and using new data on turnover rates, the authors try to determine and explain the relationship, if any, between turnover and voice in call centers and BPOs. Do turnover rates relect the demand for voice? If so, what voice mechanisms need to be put in place? Are there existing voice mechanisms? These are some questions that the study hopes to address.
Trophic macrophages in development

Specialized phagocytes are found in most primitive muhicellular organisms.Their roles in homeosta-sis and in distinguishing self from non-self are evolved with the complexity of organisms and their immune sys-tems.The roles of macrophages in tissue development are equally important.In this review, the functions of macrophages in branching morphogenesis, neuronal patterning, angiogenesis and bone morphogenesis are dis-cussed.In each of the events mentioned abve, the depletion of macrophage impairs the formation of tissue and its function.The aim of this review is to discuss that the unrestrained acquisition of these developmental macro-phage functions exacerbates pathology in several diseases. Key words: Macrophages ,Trophism, Development
Studies in mineral metabolism XXIX. The iodine content of foodstuffs in relation to the occurrence of endemic goitre in the Langkloof Valley

THE literatme relating to the problem of iodine metabolism with and "·ithout regard to deficieney diseases has been reviewed so comprehensively in recent years that a general discussion will not be attempted in this paper. Only work having a direr t bearing will be eonsidered. Von Fell en berg (19:2G), McClendon (1927), Schaner (1928), and Orr and Leiteh (1929) have all given full accounts of the exit>ting literatme, while Hercus and e·o-workers (1925, 1927, 1931) published valuable information regarding the problem of endellli c goitre in New Zealand.
L'insécurité alimentaire pour raisons financières en France

A partir de l’enquete nationale INCA 2 (Individuelle nationale sur les consommations alimentaires), cette etude indique que 12% des adultes vivent en France dans un foyer en situation d’insecurite alimentaire pour raisons financieres et representent un groupe distinct des personnes en situation de pauvrete monetaire. Ces personnes sont plus jeunes que les autres et en majorite des femmes. Malgre un revenu superieur en moyenne au seuil de pauvrete, elles semblent devoir plus souvent faire face seules a des depenses hors alimentation elevees, notamment pour le logement, mais aussi pour le tabac, et a des contraintes importantes en termes d’acces aux soins et a l’alimentation. Elles consomment beaucoup de boissons sucrees, et tres peu de fruits, de legumes et de poisson, si bien que la qualite nutritionnelle de leur alimentation est globalement tres mediocre. Ces resultats temoignent de l’interet de suivre en routine un indicateur d’insecurite alimentaire et de l’integrer aux indicateurs de pauvrete et d’exclusion habituellement etudies
Anemia hemolítica imunomediada em caes - relato de très casos

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a common type of anemia in dogs and cats. The disease e most common in middle-aged female dogs, especially American Cocker Spaniel. The clinical signs are associated with severe anemia. There is no pathognomonic test for IMHA, but the presence of hemolytic anemia in a young adult or middle age, autoagglutination and spherocytosis or positive results of Coombs test, elimination of any other underlying cause of anemia and an appropriate response to immunosuppressive therapy are suggestive of it. The aim of the present paper is to report of three cases of serious IMHA, and highlighting the therapeutic modalities and prognosis associated with them.
Theoretical study of orientations of biofunctionalized thiolates on Au(111) surface

A theoretical analysis of the orientation of biofunctionalized thiolate has been made by changing the surface configuration. The results show that it is possible to match the experimental data by changing the molecular density and also that it is possible to match the experimental data using only hollow sites in the gold surface as placements for the molecules. Some configurations that match available data using only hollow sites positions have been suggested. Moving away from the (sqrt(3) x sqrt(3)) R30° configuration result in a large energy gain for Bor Capped.
Nondegenerate parametric amplification in superlattice and the limits of strong and weak dissipation

We develop a semiclassical theory of the nondegenerate parametric amplification in a single miniband of superlattice. We present the formulas describing absorption and gain of signal and idler fields in superlattice and analyze the limiting cases of strong and weak dissipation. We show how the well-known Manley-Rowe relations arise in the tight-binding lattice in the weak dissipation limit. Our results can be applied to an amplification of THz signals in semiconductor superlattices and a control of nonlinear transport of cold atoms in optical lattices.
IMPACT OF SOME CARBOHYDRATE-BASE FAT REPLACERS ON THE LOW FAT MOZZARELLA-LIKE CHEESE CHARACTERISTICS

Two carbohydrate-base fat replacers were used to study the chemical and physical properties of low- fat Mozzarella cheese being made by using 1.5% fat cow's milk. The obtained curd was divided into seven equal parts, the first one was used as a control while the rest parts were treated with 4, 6 or 8% (w/w) of maize starch or rice starch such effects on the cheese properties were followed during storage of cheese at 4oC for six weeks . Only 4% of maize or rice starch treatments improved cheese meltability after one week of storage as compared with control cheese (82%and 23%), and the increases steadly continued as storage period advanced to reach the maximum after six weeks (177% and 105%) . Addition of 6% or 8% maize or rice starchs had bad or no impact on cheese meltability during the first two weeks of storage. All treatments had significant effect on the cheese contents of total solids, fat, protein and acidity .
Organic and Inorganic Photochemistry

A comparison of experimental and theoretical studies of electron transfer within DNA duplexes coordination complexes and nucleic acids perspectives on electron transfer, binding mode, and cooperativity photoinduced electron transfer in metal-organic dyads photochemistry and photophysics of liquid crystalline polymers photochemical solid-to-solid reactions chemical and photophysical processes of transients derived from multiphoton excitation - upper excited states and excited radicals environmental photochemistry with semiconductor nanoparticles.
Exploiting Objective Annotations for Minimising Translation Post-editing Effort

With the noticeable improvement in the overall quality of Machine Translation (MT) systems in recent years, post-editing of MT output is starting to become a common practice among human translators. However, it is well known that the quality of a given MT system can vary significantly across translation segments and that post-editing bad quality translations is a tedious task that may require more effort than translating texts from scratch. Previous research dedicated to learning quality estimation models to flag such segments has shown that models based on human annotation achieve more promising results. However, it is not yet clear what is the most appropriate form of human annotation for building such models. We experiment with models based on three annotation types (post-editing time, post-editing distance and post-editing effort scores) and show that estimations resulting from using post-editing time, a simple and objective annotation, can reliably indicate translation post-editing effort in a practical, taskbased scenario. We also discuss some perspectives on the effectiveness, reliability and cost of each type of annotation.