Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of intraspecific egg destruction on the strength of marsh wren eggs

-Marsh Wrens (Cistothorus palustris) regularly peck and break eggs of conspecifics, presumably to drive conspecifics away and thereby reduce the potential for intraspecific competition. We hypothesized that egg-pecking behavior represents a strong selective force that should favor adaptations, such as structurally stronger eggs, that lower the effect of conspecific attacks on Marsh Wren reproductive success. We tested this hypothesis by investigating whether Marsh Wren eggs are structurally stronger than would be expected for their size. We compared the strength of Marsh Wren eggs with that of eggs of 10 other passerine species and found that Marsh Wren eggs tolerated 2.9 times greater pressure than would be expected for their size. To identify the structural mechanisms responsible for greater strength of Marsh Wren eggs, we conducted two analyses. First, we related variation in the strength of Marsh Wren eggs to variation in their volume, shape, and eggshell thickness. Eggshell thickness was the only significant predictor of the strength, explaining 30% of the variation. Second, we selected 101 passerine species that lay eggs of similar size and compared eggshell thickness and shape of their eggs with those of Marsh Wren eggs. Marsh Wren eggs had significantly thicker eggshells and rounder eggs than eggs of the other species, indicating that both characteristics contributed to their unusual strength. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that, in Marsh Wrens, conspecific egg destruction has led to the evolution of unusually strong eggs. Received 21 March 1995, accepted 6 September 1995. THE MARSH WREN (Cistothorus palustris) is a polygynous passerine that breeds in marshes throughout temperate North America (Bent 1948). Males defend all-purpose territories within which they construct many domed nests (Verner 1965, Verner and Engelsen 1970). Females choose one of these nests for breeding, line the nest cup with a large amount of soft material, and lay a clutch of four to six eggs (Welter 1935, Bent 1948, Verner 1965). Only females incubate, but males frequently feed older nestlings and fledglings (Welter 1935, Verner
Survival Rates of Mountain Lions in Southern Utah

We monitored survival of resident mountain lions (Felis concolor) during a radio-telemetry study between 1980 and 1986 in southern Utah. Yearly survival of resident adults ranged from 52 to 100% (9 = 74%). Causes of death included intraspecific killing, injury related to prey capture, trapping, and starvation. Deaths of dispersing offspring were human-related. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 52(4):664-667 Mountain lions were first protected as game animals in the 1960's (Nowak 1976). Since that time, most states and provinces with viable mountain lion populations have assumed authority for their management. Management efforts have been hindered by a lack of data on the dynamics of mountain lion populations. Annual mortality rates were estimated by Robinette et al. (1977:123) at 32% based on the age distribution of harvested mountain lions. Ashman et al. (1983) reported similar mortality rates from the percent of marked animals harvested. Tanner (1975) reported an annual survival rate for mountain lions 1-13 years old of 88%, which he calculated from the literature (principally Hornocker 1970), and a highest survival rate of 95%, which he felt was possible in an optimum environment. Sport hunting is the major humanrelated cause of death for mountain lions. Other causes of death include predator control programs, injuries suffered during attempts to capture prey (Gashwiler and Robinette 1957, Hornocker 1970), intraspecific killing (Robinette et al. 1961, Hemker et al. 1984) and starvation (H. G. Shaw, Ariz. Game and Fish Dep., pers. commun.). Survival rates are commonly used in management programs but are difficult to estimate for long-lived, secretive mammals occurring at low densities. Inadequate or biased samples and failure to meet necessary assumptions often preclude use of techniques traditionally used to estimate survival rate, such as life table analysis (Caughley 1977:85-106). We analyzed longterm telemetry records and estimated survival rates for resident mountain lions using 2 techniques: MICROMORT (Heisey and Fuller 1985) and product-limit (Kurzejeski et al. 1987). We appreciate suggestions on analyses provided by G. C. White and D. R. Anderson and the field assistance of A. J. Button, W. W. Button, J. Roberson, T. D. Becker, F. G. Van Dyke, V. Judkins, C. H. Greenwood, and C. S. Mecham. Funding for this project was provided by the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. The project was conducted under auspices of the Utah and Wyoming Cooperative Fishery and Wildlife research units.
Field and Analytical Studies of Transmission Line Shielding: Part

An analytical model for the shielding of transmission lines against lightning is extended to the case of partially effective shielding, including the effect of possible leader approach angle distributions. Results of the Pathfinder projects are brought up to date, and the data are shown to be consistent with the model. An index number is developed to aid in classifying line performance, and suggestions are made regarding the study of the backflash problem.
Phenotypic Plasticity of Size--Fecundity Relationships in Arabidopsis Thaliana

1 The patterns of above ground allocation of meristems and resources are primary components of plant life history strategies, and are reflected in fecundity allocation, i.e. the observed relationship between plant size and fecundity. Phenotypic plasticity in fecundity allocation was investigated in the annual Arabidopsis thaliana. Individuals of each of three genotypes were grown under light, nutrient and pot volume gradients. Plant size (above ground vegetative mass excluding seeds) and fecundity (number of seeds) were measured for each individual at complete senescence. 2 In all combinations of three genotypes and three environmental factors, fecundity increased significantly with increasing plant size (P < 0.001). This increase was expressed through linear, quadratic, cubic and exponential relationships. Analyses of covariance with transformed data indicated that size-fecundity relationships were variable both between factors for individual genotypes and between genotypes within environmental factors. Hence not only size and fecundity, but also the relationship between size and fecundity can display phenotypic plasticity in this species. 3 Under light limitation some plants remained vegetative throughout their life span and it was therefore possible to identify a minimum size necessary to initiate production of reproductive meristems. However, some individuals of the same genotypes under nutrient limitation flowered and set seed although they were below this size limit. Hence, the minimum size for reproduction may also show phenotypic plasticity in A. thaliana. The observed variability in minimum size for reproduction and in fecundity allocation was not due to variation in developmental stage since all plants were harvested after fully completing their development. 4 Phenotypic plasticity in fecundity allocation and minimum size for reproduction implies that plants of the same size, in different environments, may not have the same fecundity, even if they are the same genotype. This plasticity has important implications in the interpretation of fitness estimates and in comparisons of life histories in plants.
The Rap GTPases regulate B cell polarity and morphology by controlling the localization of Scribble and the activation of cofilin

ii Table of contents . iv List of tables . viii List of figures . ix List of abbreviations. xi Acknowledgments. xiv Dedication. xv 1. Introduction . 1 1.1. The immune system . 1 1.2. Innate and adaptive immunity. 1 1.3. B cells in immunity. 3 1.3. 1. B cells secrete protective antibodies. 3 1.3. 2. B cell development . 3 1.3. 3. Assembly of the B cell receptor. 4 1.4. Chemoattractants and B cell migration. 6 1.4. 1. B cell homing to secondary lymphoid organs. 6 1.4. 2. Chemoattractant receptor signaling . 9 1.4. 3. The role of the Rho and Ras families of GTPases in chemotaxis . 12 1.5. B cell receptor signaling . 14 1.5. 1 BCR signaling pathways . 14 1.5. 2. BCR microclusters are important for signaling. 16 1.6. Antigen encounter by B cells. 17
The Midsummer Heat Balance of an Alaskan Maritime Glacier

Abstract The heat balance of an Alaskan mountain glacier located close to the sea is calculated for a period of 16 d in midsummer—a period which is typical of the summer in this region in its high cloudiness and in its temperature and humidity conditions. The radiative and the combined sensible and latent heat components are found to contribute equally to the observed high rate of ice melting.
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MALARIA

Pathological processes in malaria are the consequence of the erythrocytic cycle of the parasites. Merozoites invade erythrocytes, in which they develop through early trophozoites (ring forms) to late trophozoites and eventually to schizonts. During this process, development of knobs and cytoadherence or rosetting with the knobs play important roles for the falciparum malaria patient to be severely ill. Expression of variant surface neoantigens stimulates the reticuloendothelial system and can cause anemia, tissue hypoxia and cytokine production. Associated fever, paroxysms, headache and other pains are thought to result from cytokines such as interleukins, interferons and tumor necrosis factor released from macrophages or other cells at the time of schizont rupture. In the present paper, pathological and pathophysiological changes mainly in human falciparum malaria are reviewed, emphasizing the importance of basic research to “roll back” the emerging trends of malaria.
Dielectric Properties of Low Molecular Weight Polychlorotrifluoroethylene

Measurements of dielectric properties of six polychlorotrifluoroethylene samples with different molecular weights, between 500 and 1300, were made in the temperature range between -70° and +200°C as a function of frequency (30 Hz–3 MHz). The temperature dependence of NMR line width was measured in the temperature range between -150° and +80°C. A dielectric absorption due to the dipole orientation in crystalline phase is observed in low molecular weight samples. The activation energy of the dielectric process is 35 Kcal/mole for sample # 2 (:600) but diminishes to 17 Kcal/mole for # 7 (:110,000). The magnitude of the absorption increases with increasing molecular weight. Loci of e'' vs e' in these low molecular weight samples are fitted by the Davidson-Cole plot, but they approach the Cole-Cole plot with increasing molecular weight. The dielectric process is explained in terms of the dipole orientation of two modes: main chain dipole and end-group dipole. The effective dipole moment of a polar group unit in the chain, measured for a dilute solution, increases with increasing molecular weight.
Effect of Sulphur Supply on the Seed Globulin Composition of Lupinus angustifolius

Seeds from L. angustifolius grown at three levels of applied sulphur contain similar amounts of protein whereas the ratio of total nitrogen to total sulphur in the whole seed and in the extracted protein is greatly increased under sulphur deficiency. This large change in nitrogen to sulphur ratio is accompanied by suppression of the synthesis of conglutins α and γ which usually contain most of the sulphur-containing amino acids found in these seeds. This is balanced by synthesis of an increased amount of conglutin β which normally contains no methionine and a lower proportion of cystine. Studies of the protein subunit composition show that the overall molecular weight distribution of the polypeptides is independent of the level of sulphur, but under sulphur deficiency the higher molecular weight subunits do not contain the disulphide linkages normally present. It is not known whether these higher-molecular-weight conglutin β subunits are normally absent or present only in trace amounts in the seeds.
Size-based approaches to aquatic ecosystems and fisheries science: a symposium in honour of Rob Peters

This special issue honours Rob Peters’ outstanding contributions to the field of aquatic ecology. It focuses on the size spectrum approach — in which individual organisms, rather than species, are the most basic biological unit — and highlights applications of this approach to fisheries management. The 21 papers in this issue cover three subject areas: (i) the use of size spectra to characterize variation in community structure, (ii) the development of size-based models of ecosystem dynamics to address fisheries questions, and (iii) applications of size-based theory to examine the consequences of variation in predator–prey size relationships, body size – trophic level relationships, and body size – life history relationships. The empirical studies herein demonstrate the utility of size spectra as indicators of population or community structure and for detecting impacts associated with environmental change. Future research focused on refining size-based sampling methods, standardizing metrics and analytica.
CD10 Expression in Dentigerous Cyst, Odontogenic Keratocyst and Ameloblastoma

To investigate the expression of CDK6 in odontogenic lesions. In this study 77 odontogenic lesions consist of 19 unicystic ameloblastoma (UA), 18 solid ameloblastoma (SA), 20 odontogenic keratocysts (OKC), and 20 dentigerous cysts were reviewed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CDK6 staining. Frequency of positive cytoplasmic CDK6 expression in ameloblastoma (solid and unicystic) and DCs, were recorded as, 100% and 15% respectively which show a statistically significant different (p=0.000). Positive nuclear CDK6 in SAs and UAs was 100% and 94.7% respectively which was significantly higher than DCs and OKCs (p=0.000). Mean percentage of both cytoplasmic (72.71 ± 10.0) and nuclear (45.0 ± 10.7) CDK6 staining in SAs was significantly higher than other lesions (p=0.000). Our study demonstrated that overexpression of the nuclear CDK6 and dysregulation of the PRb pathway play a role in the oncogenesis of ameloblastoma but not DCs and OKCs and might be one of the reasons for aggressive behavior of ameloblastoma. © 2013 Elixir All rights reserved ARTICLE INF O Articl e h istory: Received: 10 July 2013; Received in revised form: 28 August 2013; Accepted: 13 September 2013;
A one‐dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline II. The general theory and its consequences

A theory of the layer formation due to surface processes is presented, which is more general than that used in the preceding paper I. Convection due to heating at depth and cooling at the surface is included, as well as the mechanical stirring due to wind action. The theory is applicable to arbitrary forms of heating, including intermittent or continuous processes, and could be used to investigate diurnal as well as seasonal effects. A detailed application is made to the case treated approximately in I, for which a solution is now obtained in analytic form. The results obtained allow a quantitative, as well as qualitative, comparison with the ocean. It is found that reasonable layer depths are predicted using measured heating rates, and a value of the turbulent kinetic energy input to the water deduced from the mean surface stress. The effects of heating at depth can be comparable with wind stirring, even when the temperature of the upper layer is increasing. During the winter, convection due to surface cooling dominates the processes which deepen the layer. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967. tb01462.x
Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Reproductive System of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer, 1837) (Copepoda: Caligidae)

ABSTRACT The morphology, histology, ultrastructure, and development of the reproductive system in Lepeophtheirus salmonis, a major pathogen of farmed salmon, are described using LM, TEM, and SEM. In both sexes the reproductive structures are visible at the preadult stage, but they do not mature until the adult stage. The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, oviducts, cement glands, and a single receptaculum seminis. Various stages of oogenesis are discernible within the ovaries and oviducts of preadult II and adult females. Oogonia divide to primary oocytes which pass into the oviduct and undergo vitellogenesis. The reproductive system of male L. salmonis consists of a pair of testes, vasa deferentia, spermatophore sacs, and cement glands. Various stages of spermatogenesis are discernible within the testes of preadult and adult males. Degenerating spermatocytes in the testes form "A" globules which pass down the vasa deferentia and fuse to form the inner secretion of the spermatophore, which later forms the spermatophore tube and fills the copulatory duct of the female. Several features of the reproductive system suggest that adult female L. salmonis are monogamous, while adult males are polygamous.
Epstein-barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 activates NF-ｋB via a mechanism involving TRAF2 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Objective: Our recent studies show the strong relationship between NF-ｋB activation mediated by LMP1 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) neoplastic phenotype. We are trying to identify the mechanism involved. Methods: A stable transfectant cell line established by introducing LMP1 cDNA into HNE2 cells, HNE2-LMP1, was used as cell model. The association of LMP1 with TRAF2 was detected with immunoprecipitation-Western-blotting in the HNE2-LMP1; the role of TRAF2 in LMP1, LMP1 (1-231) or LMP1 A187-351-mediated NF-ｋB activation was evaluated using TRAF2 dominant negative mutant TRAF2△6-86 with reporter gene analysis; blocking of the association of TRAF2 with LMP1 by TRAF2△6~86 was investigated by immunoprecipitation-western blotting. Results: TRAF2 was bound and coprecipitated to LMP1 in an HNE2-LMP1 cell line. A dominant negative TRAF2 inhibits NF-ｋB activation from LMP1 and competes with TRAF2 for LMP1 binding. TRAF2△6-86 inhibits NF-ｋB activation mediated by LMPI (1-231) by more than 75% but inhibits NF-ｋB activation through LMP1△187-351 by less than 40%. Conclusion: These data implicate TRAF2 aggregation in NF-ｋB activation by LMP1 and provide an experimental basis for our study beginning from the signal transduction pathway for elucidation of the mechanism of LMP1 carcinogenesis.
Lipid Rafts and Their Role in Signal Transduction-Mast Cells as a Model

Ligand- or antibody-mediated aggregation of surface receptors, such as antigen receptors on T cells, B cells and mast cells, induces signaling pathways resulting in diverse functional responses. Cell activation can also be initiated by aggregation of glycoproteins anchored to the plasma membrane via glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), as well as by some glycolipids. Numerous recent data suggest that the signaling capacity of the aggregated membrane glycoconjugates reflects their association with specialized membrane microdomains (lipid rafts), enriched in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol and signal transduction molecules. These domains are relatively resistant to solubilization by nonionic detergents at low temperature, and due to their low density they can be easily isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation. Under certain conditions the lipid rafts can be observed by microscopy. Although the concept of lipid rafts as hot spots of transmembrane signaling (signalosomes) is an attractive hypothesis, the issue is controversial and little is known about their properties and functions under in vivo conditions. This minireview is focused on recent research on the role of lipid rafts in transmembrane signaling, based mostly on biochemical, morphological and functional studies of mast cells and their derivatives.
Ecological zoogeography of North European waders, or Why do so many waders breed in the North?

tative censuses (4900 observations on 26 wader species). Most variables used to describe latitudinal gradients have their maxima in the north: number of species, proportion of wader species in the land bird fauna, density of waders and proportion of wader density, biomass of waders and proportion of wader biomass, and energy demand of waders and proportion of total energy demand. No trends were observed in species diversity (Shannon function), while the evenness of the species-abundance distribution decreases northwards. The patterns can apparently be explained by effects of habitat heterogeneity: presence of seashore and mountain habitats increase numbers of wader species by 5-6 and 2-3, respectively, while species richness on peatlands is known to increase northwards at least partly due to habitat complexity. The high productivity (e.g. dipterans) of temporary shallow waters during the hatching period of the birds may also contribute to the northward increase in density and number of species of waders. North European waders could be grouped ecogeographically in five distribution types, which correlated well with the faunal types of the species.
Pollen Viability and Seed Formation of Autotetraploid Broccoli

Diploid and autotetraploid broccoli plants' pollen viabilities were studied by using TTC staining,in vitro as well as in situ germination,and their seed formation abilities by orthogonal experimentation.The results showed that: 1) the pollen TTC staining rates of the tetraploid and the diploid were 48.6% and 60.8%,respectively,which were significantly different;2) the in vitro pollen germination rate of the autotetraploid reached a maximum of 66.45% in 4h and leveled off afterward,while that of the diploid peaked at 69.4% in 5h and then leveled off;3) abnormalities were found on the size and germination of the autotetraploid pollen,while those were uniform for the diploid pollen;4) the germination rate of the autotetraploid was lower than that of the diploid broccoli,the pollen tubes of the autotetraploid grew slower with more irregularities than did the diploid broccoli,the in situ germinations of the hybrid and self-bred autotetraploid,as well as,the self-bred diploid were similar,but significantly lower than the diploid hybrids;and 5) the seed formation indices of the hybrid and self-bred diploid were significantly higher than that of the autotetraploid.Through selection process,the seed formation of self-bred autotetraploid was improved by 62.1% in 2009 from 2008.