Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variable expression of latent membrane protein in nasopharyngeal carcinoma can be related to methylation status of the Epstein-Barr virus BNLF-1 5'-flanking region

Seven virus-coded proteins, the nuclear proteins EBNA-1 to EBNA-6 and the latent membrane protein (LMP), are regularly expressed in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. In nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), only EBNA-1 is regularly expressed; LMP is detected in about 65% of the tumors. In Burkitt's lymphoma tumors only EBNA-1 is expressed. We have recently shown that the methylation patterns of the EBV genome varied between these cell types. In virally transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines of normal origin, the EBV DNA is completely unmethylated. In contrast, in the Burkitt's lymphoma-derived cell line Rael and in a nude mouse-passaged NPC tumor, C15, there was an extensive methylation of CpG pairs. The methylation extended into the coding regions of the two expressed genes, EBNA-1 (in both tumor types) and LMP (in C15). Two presumptive control regions were exempted from this overall methylation: the oriP that contains both an origin of DNA replication and an EBNA-1-dependent enhancer and the 5'-flanking region of the BNLF-1 open reading frame that codes for LMP. The latter was only exempted in the LMP expressing NPC. We have now investigated the relation between expression of LMP and methylation of DNA in the 5'-flanking 1 kb region of BNLF-1, coding for LMP. LMP was methylated in 3 of 12 NPC biopsies that did not express LMP but was partially or totally unmethylated in the remaining 9 that expressed the protein. The three BNLF-1 exons were highly methylated in all the tumors. The oriP region was unmethylated in all the tumors, as in the previously studied Rael cell line and nude mouse-passaged NPC. Also, the BamHI W enhancer region involved in the expression of EBNA nuclear proteins was methylated. None of the biopsies expressed EBNA-2. Our data show that the EBV genomes are highly methylated in NPC tumors. The strong reverse correlation between the methylation of the putative control region of the LMP gene and the expression of LMP suggests that methylation has a role in the regulation of this gene.
Development of 2" AlN Substrates Using SiC Seeds

The unique properties of the group III-nitrides (Edgar et al., 1999; Jain et al., 2000; Kasap & Capper, 2006) make them the best semiconductor material for • optoelectronic devices emitting light in the visible and UV spectral ranges (Orton & Foxon, 1998), including sources for general illumination (Craford, 2005; Liu, 2009; Miyajima et al., 2001; Nakamura et al., 2000; Schubert & Kim, 2005; Schubert, 2006; Taguchi, 2003; Zukauskas et al., 2002), • photodetectors for these spectral ranges, including solar-blind UV detectors, • high power/high frequency electronic devices capable of operating at high temperatures and in harsh environment (Bennett et al., 2004; Morkoc, 1998; Pearton et al., 2000; Shur, 1998; Skierbiszewski, 2005; Xing et al., 2001). To fully exploit the potential of the group III-nitrides in optoelectronics and communication technology, two problems are to be solved: 1. difficulties of doping group III-nitrides, especially attaining the high-level p-doping in 1999 AlN was even called an "undopable" material (Fara et al., 1999) (p-doping is also a problem for other wide bandgap semiconductors oxides such as ZnO and chalcogenides such as ZnSe; ) and 2. the lack of large high crystalline quality native substrates with required electrical properties.
A 10-Bit, 40 MSamples/s Low Power Pipeline ADC for System-on-a-Chip Digital TV Application

A 10-bit, 40 Msample/s ADC for a SoC DTV receiver has been designed. Simulations verify that the required dynamic specification of 9.2 effective bits and a spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) higher than 64dB has been reached. Several unconventional techniques have been applied to achieve low power dissipation: Among others, the normally used sample-and-hold stage has been abandoned and the comparators do not exhibit static currents. The ADC core dissipates less than competitive 18mW static power
A Simple Algorithm for Large-Scale Mapping of Evergreen Forests in Tropical America, Africa and Asia

The areal extent and spatial distribution of evergreen forests in the tropical zones are important for the study of climate, carbon cycle and biodiversity. However, frequent cloud cover in the tropical regions makes mapping evergreen forests a challenging task. In this study we developed a simple and novel mapping algorithm that is based on the temporal profile analysis of Land Surface Water Index (LSWI), which is calculated as a normalized ratio between near infrared and shortwave infrared spectral bands. The 8-day composites of MODIS Land Surface Reflectance data (MOD09A1) in 2001 at 500-m spatial resolution were used to calculate LSWI. The LSWI-based mapping algorithm was applied to map evergreen forests in tropical Africa, America and Asia (30°N–30°S). The resultant maps of evergreen forests in the tropical zone in 2001, as estimated by the LSWI-based algorithm, are compared to the three global forest datasets [FAO FRA 2000, GLC2000 and the standard MODIS Land Cover Product (MOD12Q1) produced by the MODIS Land Science Team] that are developed through complex algorithms and processes. The inter-comparison of the four datasets shows that the area estimate of evergreen forest from the LSWI-based algorithm fall within the range of forest area estimates from the FAO FRA 2000, GLC2000 and MOD12Q1 at a country level. The area and spatial distribution of evergreen forests from the LSWI-based algorithm is to a large degree similar to those of the MOD12Q1 produced by complex mapping algorithms. The results from this study demonstrate the potential of the LSWI-based mapping algorithm for large-scale mapping of evergreen forests in the tropical zone at moderate spatial resolution.
Automatic Building Extraction from Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data

of point clouds with different local densities, especially in the presence of random noisy points, is still a formidable challenge. In this paper, we present a complete strategy for building extraction from terrestrial laser scanning data. First, a novel segmentation method is proposed to facilitate the task of building extraction. The points are grouped based on the normals and the adjacency relationships. Second, the planar surfaces are recognized from the segmentation results based on the properties of the Gaussian image. Finally, the buildings are extracted from the urban point clouds based on a collection of characteristics of point cloud segments like shape, normal direction and topological relationship. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can be used as a robust way to extract buildings from terrestrial laser scanning data. At the same time, the buildings are decomposed into several patches which lay a good foundation for building reconstruction.
On the Origin of Insects

THE metamorphoses of this group have always seemed to me one of the greatest difficulties of the Darwinian theory. In most cases the development of the individual reproduces to a certain extent that of the race, but the motionless, imbecile, pupa cannot represent a mature form. Fritz Müller considers that the wingless Blattidæ probably most closely represent the original insect stock; Haeckel is inclined rather to the Pseudo-Neuroptera. I feel great difficulty in conceiving by what natural process an insect with a suctorial mouth like that of a gnat or butterfly could be developed from a powerfully mandibulate type like the Orthoptera, or even from the Neuroptera. M. Brauer has recently suggested that the interesting genus Campodea is, of all known existing forms, that which probably most nearly resembles the parent insect stock. He considers that the grub form of larva is a retrograde type, in which opinion I am unable to concur, though disposed to agree with M. Brauer on the first point. M. Brauer in coming to this conclusion relies partly on geological considerations; partly on the fact that larvæ, more or less resembling Campodea, are found among widely different groups of insects. I think there are other considerations which offer considerable support to this view. No one, so far as I know, has yet attempted to explain, in accordance with Mr. Darwin's views, such a life history as that, for instance, of a butterfly, in which the mouth is first mandibulate and then suctorial. A clue to the difficulty might, I think, be found in the distinction between developmental and adaptive changes, to which I called the attention of the Society in a previous memoir. The larvæ of insects are by no means mere stages in the development of the perfect animal. On the contrary, they are subject to the influence of Natural Selection, and undergo changes which have reference entirely to their own requirements and condition. It is evident then that, while the embryonic development of an animal in the egg gives us an epitome of its specific history, this is by no means the case with species in which the immature forms have a separate and independent existence. Hence, if an animal when young pursues one mode of life, and lives on one kind of food, and subsequently, either from its own growth in size and strength, or from any change of season, alters its habits or food, however slightly, immediately it becomes subject to the action of distinct forces; Natural Selection affects it in two different, and it may be very distinct, manners, gradually leading to differences which may become so great as to involve an intermediate period of change and quiescence.
An efficient routing protocol for heterogeneous wireless ad hoc networks

There are lots of devices with different power in the network. This phenomenon may be nothing in the wired network, but in the wireless network that would be a serious problem. Most of the traditional routing protocols assume that the link is symmetric. We found that heterogeneity network performance will be severely affected. We give new routing protocol that employs adaptive technique to the MANET routing protocols. In this routing protocol, nodes can sense the power to determine whether to forward packets or not. By avoiding dependence on periodic beaconing, this method requires low overhead and delay. Performance results show that technique improve performance in heterogeneous environments.
Crosstalk reduction through wavelength assignment in WDM photonic switching networks

As the deployment of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) transmission facilities speeds up, the next step is to add cross-connects to route WDM signals. Electro-optical directional couplers (DCs) are well suited for the task since they can pass WDM signals. However, DCs suffer an intrinsic crosstalk problem. Removing crosstalk has been an important design issue. In this paper, we show how to take advantage of the multiple-wavelength characteristic of a WDM signal to reduce crosstalk in a DC-based photonic switching system.
Longitudinal evaluation of optical aberrations following laser in situ keratomileusis surgery.

Objective measurements of the optical aberrations of an eye were taken with a Shack-Hartmann aberrometer immediately before, immediately after, and at regular intervals over a two month recovery period following LASIK refractive surgery. Results indicate that the surgery induced large amounts of positive spherical aberration which regressed slightly during recovery. Computed point-spread functions for various pupil diameters indicate that retinal image quality was the same before and after surgery for small and medium sized pupils (<4 mm diameter) but was significantly degraded for large pupils (>4 mm).
Design of single leg foot force controller for hydraulic actuated quadruped robot based on ADRC

To deal with the requirement of high-performance controller of single leg foot force for improving the flexibility of complex environment for quadruped robot, the inaccuracies of dynamical model of quadruped robot, and the model of force control changing through the load changes, through analysis of hydraulic system and single leg dynamical model, hydraulic actuated leg model is built for foot force controlling. Combined with the characteristic of force control, a feed-forward paralleled Active Disturbance Rejection Controller (ADRC) for foot-end-force control of support leg is designed, which have not only the model flexibility of ADRC but also a fast responding as feed-forward. Proved by RecurDyn/Matlab united simulation platform and quadruped bionic robot prototype system, the force controller gives accurate, stabile performance and fast responding. As a basic of force control frame of quadruped robot, the force controller plays an important role in following research of quadruped robot.
An RNA Activator of Subgenomic mRNA1 Transcription in Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus*

Many (+)-strand RNA viruses transcribe small subgenomic (sg) mRNAs that allow for regulated expression of a subset of their genes. Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) transcribes two such messages and here we report the identification of a long-distance RNA·RNA interaction that is essential for the efficient accumulation of capsid protein-encoding sg mRNA1. The relevant base pairing interaction occurs within the TBSV RNA genome between a 7-nucleotide (nt) long sequence, separated by just 3 nt from the downstream sg mRNA1 initiation site, and a complementary sequence positioned some ∼1000 nt further upstream. Analyses of this interaction indicate that it (i) functions in the (+)-strand, (ii) modulates both (+)- and (−)-strand sg mRNA1 accumulation, (iii) specifically regulates the accumulation of sg mRNA1 (−)-strands, (iv) controls sg mRNA1 expression from an ectopic transcriptional initiation site, (v) may occur in cis and, and (vi) could nucleate the formation of a more complex RNA structure. These data are most consistent with a role for this interaction in regulating sg mRNA1 accumulation at the level of transcription.
The Effects of Rotation on Radiographic Evaluation of the Tibiofibular Syndesmosis

Radiographs of 12 normal cadaveric lower extremities were prepared with each extremity in seven increments of axial rotation, ranging from 5° of external rotation to 25° of internal rotation. The tibiofibular clear space, the tibiofibular overlap, the width of the tibia and fibula, and the medial clear space were measured on each film. The width of the tibiofibular clear space (syndesmosis A) averaged 3.9±0.9 mm (range, 2 to 5.5 mm), but did not change significantly with rotation. Its size was independent of the size of tibia and fibula. All other measurements changed dramatically with rotation. In our specimens, a true mortise view of the ankle joint was obtained by internally rotating the extremity an average of 13.6±0.7° (range, 12.0° to 17.0°). Based on our results the width of the tibiofibular clear space on the anterior-posterior view is the most reliable parameter for detecting widening of the syndesmosis on plain radiographs. However, due to its variability among different individuals, comparison views of the contralateral extremity are warranted for confirmation of clinical suspicion of syndesmosis disruption.
Caspase 3-mediated Proteolysis of the N-terminal Cytoplasmic Domain of the Human Erythroid Anion Exchanger 1 (Band 3)*

The N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of the anion exchanger 1 (AE1 or band 3) of the human erythrocyte associates with peripheral membrane proteins to regulate membrane-cytoskeleton interactions, with glycolytic enzymes such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and aldolase, with the protein-tyrosine kinase p72syk, with hemoglobin and with hemichromes. We have demonstrated that the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of band 3 (CDB3) is a substrate of the apoptosis executioner caspase 3 (1). CDB3 has two non-conventional caspase 3 cleavage sites, TATD45 and EQGD205 (2). In vitro treatment of recombinant CDB3 with caspase 3 generated two fragments, which could be blocked by pretreatment with the caspase 3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-fmk (3). Recombinant CDB3 in which the caspase 3 cleavage sites Asp45 and Asp205 were mutated, was resistant to proteolysis (4). Proteolytically derived fragments crossreactive with polyclonal anti-band 3 antibody appeared with simultaneous cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and procaspase 3 in staurosporine (STS)-treated HEK293 cells transiently transfected with CDB3 (5). In vivo cleavage of CDB3 could be blocked by pretreatment of cells with Z-DEVD-fmk or in cells transfected with mutant CDB3 (D45A, D205A) (6). Co-transfection experiments showed that STS-mediated cleavage of CDB3 diminished its interaction with the N-terminal domain of protein 4.2, confirming that such cleavage interferes with the interaction of CDB3 with cytoskeletal proteins (7). Active caspase 3 was observed in aged red cells but not in young cells. This red cell caspase 3 could cleave band 3 present in inside-out vesicles prepared from young erythrocytes arguing in favor of a physiological role of caspase 3 in aged erythrocytes.
Meniscal Allografts—Where Do We Stand?

Meniscal transplantation has been recommended for selected meniscus-deficient patients in an effort to forestall progressive joint degeneration. Meniscal allograft transplantation may be considered for patients with symptoms (pain and swelling) due to meniscal deficiency in an effort to prevent progressive articular cartilage degeneration. Medial meniscal transplantation may also be considered during concomitant anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, since absence of the medial meniscus results in increased forces in the anterior cruciate ligament graft. Contraindications for meniscal transplantation include advanced articular cartilage degeneration (especially on the flexion weightbearing zone of the condyle), axial malalignment, and flattening of the femoral condyle. Patient evaluation should include standing, long-leg radiographs for assessment of the mechanical axis and magnetic resonance imaging with appropriate pulse sequences for evaluation of hyaline cartilage thickness. Fresh-frozen and cryopreserved allografts are currently the most commonly used transplantation materials. Appropriate graft sizing is critical; most tissue banks size the meniscus based on radiographic tibial plateau measurements. Early results of meniscal transplantation indicate predictable improvements in pain, swelling, and knee function; however, no long-term results are available. Poor results have been reported in patients with advanced cartilage degeneration. Objective evaluations often demonstrate some degree of degeneration of the posterior horn of the transplant. Earlier transplantation should be considered for patients with known meniscal deficiency.
Silicon Carbide Fully Differential Amplifier Characterized Up to 500 °C

This paper presents a monolithic fully differential amplifier implemented in a low-voltage 4H-silicon carbide bipolar junction transistor technology. The circuit has been designed, considering the variation of device parameters over a large temperature range. A base-current compensation technique has been applied to overcome the low input resistance of the amplifier. The bare chip of the amplifier has been measured from 27 °C to 500 °C using a hot-chuck probe station. Its open-loop gain is 58 dB at 27 °C, and monotonically decreases to 37 dB at 500 °C. Its closed-loop gain reduction is ~5 dB over the investigated temperature range. The gain-bandwidth product drops from 2.8 MHz at 27 °C to 1.3 MHz at 500 °C with 470 pF off-chip compensation capacitors. A low total-harmonic-distortion of -58.4 dB at 27 °C and -46.9 dB at 500 °C is achieved due to the fully differential implementation. A low input offset voltage of 0.5 mV at 27 °C and 6.9 mV at 500 °C is achieved without calibration. The relative high linearity and the low offset demonstrate the potential of this technology to be further investigated for the front-end sensor circuits in high-temperature applications.
Design Low Pass FIR Filter Using Generalized Regression Neural Network

In this paper a low pass finite impulse response (FIR) filter has been designed using artificial neural network. The optimization of the network has been done using generalized regression algorithm. The proposed approach has been compared with rectangular window method. The accuracy of this algorithm is about 98%, that is much higher than multi layer perceptron (MLP) back propagation algorithm.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Pediatric Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome:: A Comparative Analysis

The primary aim of the study was to investigate the generic health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of pediatric patients meeting Rome II criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in comparison to healthy children. The secondary aim was to compare pediatric patients with IBS to pediatric patients with Rome II criteria diagnosed functional abdominal pain (FAP) and patients with diagnosed organic gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. The study also investigated the associations between GI symptoms with generic HRQOL and evaluated group differences in school days missed and days sick in bed and needing care. HRQOL was measured with the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales (Physical, Emotional, Social, and School Functioning). The PedsQL™ was administered in outpatient pediatric gastroenterology clinics in California, Texas, and New Jersey. A total of 287 families (280 child self-report, 286 parent proxy-report) with children diagnosed with IBS (n = 123), FAP (n = 82), or organic GI disorders (n = 82) participated. Pediatric patients with IBS demonstrated significantly lower Physical, Emotional, Social, and School Functioning in comparison to healthy children, and comparable HRQOL to patients with FAP and organic GI diagnoses. GI symptoms were significantly associated with generic HRQOL. Patients with IBS demonstrated a significantly greater number of days missed from school, days sick in bed/too ill to play, and days needing someone to care for them than healthy children, but significantly fewer days than patients with FAP and organic GI disorders. Pediatric patients with IBS demonstrated impaired HRQOL in dimensions measuring Physical, Emotional, Social, and School Functioning. These findings suggest the need for targeted interventions to address these dimensions of impaired HRQOL.
A new adaptive switching frequency modulation for optimizing low power cascaded buck-boost converter

This paper presents a new technique to optimize the efficiency of the Cascaded Buck-Boost (CBB) converters by using adaptive switching frequency selection algorithm. Such bidirectional DC-DC CBB topology is typically deployed in PV-Battery systems. A precise loss-model that accounts for component nonlinearities is developed in which an optimal switching frequency is chosen that corresponds to the lowest total loss in both the buck and the boost modes of operation. Based on the developed algorithm, and once the optimal switching frequency is selected, a digital control system is designed to frequently adjust the selected optimal frequencies to modulate the PWM duty cycle accordingly and to take in account any load and line regulations. A 100 W CBB converter prototype is built to verify the developed algorithm and its loss model and to validate the theoretical efficiency improvement of the proposed adaptive switching frequency modulation technique.
The Psychiatry of the Epileptic

practice that both petit mal and granid mal may be closely related to psychological disturbances, the notion that there might be a close interrelationship between the two is quite recent. Epilepsy, a disorder of the brain, has been studied from a physical and a physiological point of view and until recently what interest there has been in the psychiatry of the epileptic patient has been in studying the associated intellectual defects, or personality disorders which have been evidently the result of a common physical cause within the brain (Lennox 1944, Pruyser 1953). The so-called epileptic temperament has also been thought to have such a physical basis.