Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Boundary classification and simulation of one-dimensional diffusion processes

Diffusion processes are of great interest both in theoretical and applied mathematics. They may approximate or modelise many physical, biological, economic, and social phenomena. Their behaviour on or near the endpoints of any given initialisation interval of the state space, is an important notion which plays a fundamental role in mathematical modelling. In order to deal with the comportment of diffusion processes at boundary points, we follow an analytic delineation which uses an appropriate second-order differential operator (the basic infinitesimal operator of the process) coupled with boundary conditions. The nature of these boundary constraints delimits the boundary classification of the diffusion process. We make in this paper an overview on the modern classifications of possible behaviour near the boundaries of a given sub-interval of the state space. We also shed light on simulation of one-dimensional diffusion processes using discretisation techniques.
The Chemnitz Hybrid Evolutionary Optimization System

This paper introduces the Chemnitz Hybrid Evolutionary Optimization System to the scientific community. CHEOPS is a non-standard, high-performance genetic algorithm framework allowing simple as well as advanced modes of operation. Universal genetic algorithms well-suited for solving both singleand multiobjective optimization problems are still a matter of serious research. The Omni Optimizer was a milestone in that research topic, but now it is dramatically outperformed by CHEOPS in single-objective optimization. The comparison should soon continue, because CHEOPS will be straightforwardly enhanced to solve multiobjective problems as well.
Analytical Validation and Interobserver Reproducibility of EnzMet GenePro: A Second-Generation Bright-Field Metallography Assay for Concomitant Detection of HER2 Gene Status and Protein Expression in Invasive Carcinoma of the Breast

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has both excellent sensitivity and specificity in detecting HER2 gene amplification in invasive breast carcinoma. FISH has not been widely implemented in clinical practice because of reagent costs and the special instrumentation and expertise required to perform and integrate the assay. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for HER2 protein is widely used, but false-positive and false-negative results are problematic. We developed a bright-field assay to visualize HER2 gene amplification and concomitant HER2 protein expression (EnzMet GenePro). This assay detects HER2 gene amplification via deposition of metallic silver by enzyme metallography™ (EnzMet™, Nanoprobes, Yaphank, NY) combined with HER2 protein detection by IHC using alkaline phosphatase and fast red K substrate visualization (CB11;Ventana, Tucson, AZ). The assay was performed on 94 invasive breast carcinomas, for which FISH (PathVysion™, Vysis, Downer's Grove, IL), conventional IHC (CB11), and enzyme metallography (EnzMet™) results were known. The EnzMet™ component of the assay was scored as either HER2 gene amplified, polysomic, or nonamplified. The IHC component was scored using the conventional FDA scale of 0 to 3+. Concordance of the EnzMet component of the assay versus FISH was assessed and showed an excellent correlation (Pearson coefficient of 0.95; P < 0.001). The combination of gene and protein detection (EnzMet GenePro) displayed a specificity of 100% and an accuracy of 92.6% (95% confidence interval 85.3-97.0), facilitated recognition of gene/protein discordances, and allowed for efficient interpretation of the slide by conventional light microscopy. The interobserver kappa for each component was excellent (IHC, κ = 0.94; and EnzMet™, κ = 0.96). EnzMet is the first bright-field ISH assay in our experience that routinely and nonambiguously detects endogenous HER2 signals, essential for a reliable clinical HER2 assay, and in combination with HER2 protein enables improved diagnosis in borderline cases.
In–Vitro High–Resolution Ultrasonography of Benign and Malignant Lymph Nodes: A Sonographic-Pathologic Correlation

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES.The authors assess the value of combining high-resolution ultrasonography (HRUS) findings in a scoring scale for distinguishing malignant from reactive lymphadenopathy and explain the pathologic causes of altered nodal sonographic architecture. MATERIALS AND METHODS.Sixty-one nodes obtained from 32 consecutive patients were prospectively scanned with 7.5-MHz ultrasound probes in a waterbath. Three sonographic features— long-to-short axis ratio (L/S), hilar width, and cortical width—were graded on a 5-level scoring scale (0-4). Nodes scored 5≥ 3 were considered malignant and ≤ 2 benign. Subsequently, all nodes were microscctioned in a plane matching the sonograms, allowing direct sonographic-pathologic correlation. RESULTS.Eighty-two percent of nodes were correctly characterized using the above cut-off point (sensitivity: 87%, specificity: 74%). Eighty-three percent of nodes scored 4 were malignant and 95% scored 0 were benign. Eighty-two percent of nodes with L/S < 2, 81% with no hilus, and 70% with eccentric cortical widening were malignant, whereas 72% with L/S ≥ 2, 86% with a wide hilus, and 91% with a narrow cortex were benign. Sonographic-pathologic correlation showed that tumor infiltration results in rounded nodal shape, loss of hilar echogenicity and cortical widening, whereas reactive disease tends to preserve nodal architecture. CONCLUSION.Morphologic changes detectable using HRUS help distinguish benign from malignant lymph nodes.
How Potassium Affects the Activity of the Molecular Chaperone Hsc70

Several functions of the 70-kilodalton heat shock cognate protein (Hsc70), such as peptide binding/release and clathrin uncoating, have been shown to require potassium ions. We have examined the effect of monovalent ions on the ATPase activity of Hsc70. The steady-state ATPase activities of Hsc70 and its amino-terminal 44-kDa ATPase fragment are minimal in the absence of K and reach a maximum at 0.1 M [K]. Activation of the ATPase turnover correlates with the ionic radii of monovalent ions; those that are at least 0.3 Å smaller (Na and Li) or larger (Cs) than K show negligible activation, whereas ions with radii differing only 0.1 Å from that of K (NH4 and Rb) activate to approximately half the turnover rate observed with K. Single turnover experiments with Hsc70 demonstrate that ATP hydrolysis is 5-fold slower with Na than with K. The equilibrium binding of ADP or ATP to Hsc70 is unperturbed when K is replaced with Na. These results are consistent with a role for monovalent ions as specific cofactors in the enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP.
Event based surveillance video synopsis using trajectory kinematics descriptors

Video synopsis has been shown its promising performance in visual surveillance, but the rearranged foreground objects may disorderly occlude to each other which makes end users hard to identify the targets. In this paper, a novel event based video synopsis method is proposed by using the clustering results of trajectories of foreground objects. To represent the kinematic events of each trajectory, trajectory kinematics descriptors are applied. Then, affinity propagation is used to cluster trajectories with similar kinematic events. Finally, each kinematic event group is used to generate an event based synopsis video. As shown in the experiments, the generated event based synopsis videos can effectively and efficiently reduce the lengths of the surveillance videos and are much clear for browsing compared to the states-of-the-art video synopsis methods.
Traducción Automática usando conocimiento semántico en un dominio restringido

El proposito que sigue este trabajo es incorporar conocimiento semantico a la traduccion automatica con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de esta en dominios restringidos. Nos centraremos en la traduccion entre ingles, frances y espa˜nol en el contexto de consultas telefonicas a un servicio de informacion ferroviaria. Se han desarrollado varias estrategias para la incorporacion de la semantica en el proceso de traduccion. Algunas de estas aproximaciones incorporan la semantica directamente en los elementos al ser traducidos, mientras que otras utilizan una interlingua o lengua pivote que representa la semantica. Todas estas aproximaciones han sido comparadas experimentalmente con una traduccion automatica basada en segmentos lexicos que no incorpora conocimiento semantico.
Cyclin D1‐CDK4 complex, a possible critical factor for cell proliferation and prognosis in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas

Cyclin D1 and its catalytic partner CDK4 are known to play important roles in the G1/S checkpoint of the cell cycle. The complex formed by CDK4 and cyclin D1 has been strongly implicated in the control of cell proliferation and prognoses in human malignancies. We investigated the immunohistochemical expression of cyclin D1, CDK4 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in 102 patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Cyclin D1 overexpression was observed in 59 cases (57.8%) of LSCC, and was significantly correlated with tumor site, tumor size, lymph node metastasis and advanced stage. CDK4 overexpression was observed in 48 cases (47.1%), and was significantly correlated with tumor size and advanced stage. Cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression was significantly associated with cell proliferation measured by PCNA (r = 0.812, p < 0.0001 and r = 0.725, p < 0.0001, respectively). The Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that cyclin D1 overexpression was significantly associated with disease‐free survival and overall survival. CDK4 overexpression was significantly associated with overall survival. When cyclin D1 and CDK4 are combined, the patients with co‐overexpression of cyclin D1‐CDK4 revealed the poorest overall survival. Additionally, in early‐stage (I‐II) cases, co‐overexpression of cyclin D1‐CDK4 was also revealed to possess a significant prognostic role. By multivariate analysis, cyclin D1 overexpression, lymph node metastasis and advanced stage were independent prognostic factors for disease‐free survival. Cyclin D1 overexpression, CDK4 overexpression, tumor grade, lymph node metastasis and advanced stage were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. These findings indicate that cyclin D1 and CDK4 overexpression and/or co‐overexpression of these proteins may play a pivotal role in the biological behavior of LSCC and may provide a strong prognostic implication. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transfer of heme from ferrihemoglobin and ferrihemoglobin isolated chains to hemopexin.

Incubation of ferrihemoglobin as well as of hemoglobin isolated chains in ferri-form with hemopexin at pH 7.0 leads to the gradual transfer of heme to the hemopexin molecules until the equilibrium is attained. The reaction of ferrihemoglobin with hemopexin can be described as a four-stage process involving successive transfer of the four heme groups from hemoglobin tetramer to the four molecules of hemopexin. The heme binding sites of the hemoglobin molecule are nonequivalent and cooperative. The transfer of heme from the isolated hemoglobin chains in ferri-form occurs as the simple competitive reaction which can be characterized by a single equilibrium constant. The affinity constant value for the binding of heme to the single binding center of hemopexin molecule was estimated as 1.9 × 1014× M−1. The direct transfer of heme from hemoglobin to hemopexin may occur in vivo as a part of hemoglobin degradation process.
The Uracil Transporter Fur4p Associates with Lipid Rafts*

Sphingolipids are abundant components of eucaryotic membranes, where they perform essential functions. To uncover new roles for sphingolipids, we studied Saccharomyces cerevisiae lcb1–100 cells, which have a temperature-sensitive block in the first step in sphingolipid synthesis. We find that the level of all five species of the sphingoid long chain base intermediates is reduced 2–7-fold in cells grown at a permissive temperature, and the level of complex sphingolipids is reduced 50%. In addition, lcb1–100 cells make no detectable phosphorylated sphingoid bases. After transfer to a restrictive temperature (a heat shock), the level of the major sphingoid bases drops rather than transiently rising, as in wild type cells. These changes affectlcb1–100 cells in multiple ways. Basal uracil transport by Fur4p is reduced 25%, and when cells are heat-shocked, uracil transport activity falls rapidly and is not restored as it is in wild type cells. Restoration requires a functional secretory pathway and synthesis of complex sphingolipids, leading us to hypothesize that Fur4p associates with lipid rafts. The finding that Fur4p is insoluble in TritonX-100 at 4 °C and behaves like a raft-associated protein on a density gradient supports this hypothesis. Raft association may be essential for regulating breakdown of Fur4p in response to stresses and other factors that govern uracil transport activity. Our results show that long chain bases do not contribute to the inactivation of Fur4p transport activity after heat stress, but they are essential for some later, but unknown, process that leads to degradation of the protein. Further studies using lcb1–100 cells should reveal new roles of sphingolipids in nutrient uptake and other membrane-dependent processes.
Neocortex size predicts deception rate in primates

Human brain organization is built upon a more ancient adaptation, the large brain of simian primates: on average, monkeys and apes have brains twice as large as expected for mammals of their size, principally as a result of neocortical enlargement. Testing the adaptive benefit of this evolutionary specialization depends on finding an association between brain size and function in primates. However, most cognitive capacities have been assessed in only a restricted range of species under laboratory conditions. Deception of conspecifics in social circumstances is an exception, because a corpus of field data is available that encompasses all major lines of the primate radiation. We show that the use of deception within the primates is well predicted by the neocortical volume, when observer effort is controlled for; by contrast, neither the size of the rest of the brain nor the group size exert significant effects. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that neocortical expansion has been driven by social challenges among the primates. Complex social manipulations such as deception are thought to be based upon rapid learning and extensive social knowledge; thus, learning in social contexts may be constrained by neocortical size.
Patient-Reported Outcomes and Quality of Life in PROFILE 1007: A Randomized Trial of Crizotinib Compared with Chemotherapy in Previously Treated Patients with ALK-Positive Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Introduction: The main objective of the current post hoc analysis was to compare patient-reported outcomes between crizotinib (N = 172) and chemotherapy subgroups (pemetrexed [N = 99] and docetaxel [N = 72]) in previously treated patients with advanced ALK-positive non–small-cell lung cancer, in PROFILE 1007 study (Pfizer; NCT0093283). Methods: Patient-reported outcomes were assessed at baseline, day 1 of each cycle, and end of treatment. General health status was measured using the EuroQol-5D visual analog scale and health utility index scores were assessed using the EuroQol-5D descriptive system. Functioning, lung cancer symptoms, and global quality of life (QOL) were assessed using European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 and the QLQ-LC13 lung cancer module. Repeated measures mixed-effects analyses compared overall scores and change from baseline scores, controlling for baseline scores. Results: The overall mean EQ-5D health utility index scores (95% CI) on treatment were significantly greater (p < 0.05) for crizotinib (0.82 [0.79−0.85]) than for chemotherapy (0.73 [0.70−0.77]; 0.74 [0.70−0.79] for pemetrexed and 0.66 [0.58−0.74] for docetaxel). A significantly greater improvement from baseline was observed with crizotinib versus pemetrexed and versus docetaxel treatment groups for general health status, physical functioning, global QOL, dyspnea, fatigue, and pain. Improvement rates for fatigue, cough, pain, dyspnea, and global QOL were significantly greater on crizotinib compared with pemetrexed and docetaxel, respectively. Worsening rates for diarrhea and constipation were higher with crizotinib. Conclusion: The benefits of crizotinib in improving symptoms and QOL are demonstrated regardless of whether the comparator is pemetrexed or docetaxel.
Modulation of the immune system by human milk and infant formula containing nucleotides.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether human milk and nucleotides added to infant formula at levels present in human milk enhance development of the immune system during infancy. METHODS A 12-month, controlled, randomized and blinded, multisite feeding trial was conducted on two infant formulas: iron-fortified, milk-based control formula (Control) or the same formula fortified with nucleotides (Nucleotide). The level (72 mg/L) and ratio of individual nucleotides selected were patterned after those available in human milk. A third group fed human milk exclusively for 2 months and then human milk or Similac with iron until 12 months of age also was studied. Response to immunizations was chosen to assess development of the immune system. Infants followed the immunization schedule recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1991. OUTCOME VARIABLES Antibody responses were determined at 6, 7, and 12 months of age to Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide (Hib), to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and to oral polio virus (OPV) immunizations. RESULTS Of 370 full-term, healthy infants enrolled, 311 completed the study (107 Control, 101 Nucleotide, 103 human milk/Similac with iron). Intake, tolerance, and growth of infants were similar in all three groups. Compared with the Control group 1 month after the third immunization (7 months of age), the Nucleotide group had a significantly higher Hib antibody concentration (geometric mean concentrations of 7.24 vs 4.05 micrograms/mL, respectively), and a significantly higher diphtheria antibody concentration (geometric mean of 1.77 vs 1.38 U/mL). The significantly higher Hib antibody response in the Nucleotide group persisted at 12 months. The antibody responses to tetanus and OPV were not enhanced by nucleotide fortification. There also was an effect of breastfeeding on immune response. Infants who breastfed had significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers to polio virus than either formula-fed group (1:346 vs 1:169 and 1:192 in the Control and Nucleotide groups, respectively) at 6 months of age. CONCLUSION Infant formula fortified with nucleotides enhanced H influenzae type b and diphtheria humoral antibody responses. Feeding human milk enhanced antibody responses to OPV. Dietary factors play a role in the antibody response of infants to immunization.
Towards a vision system for a domestic robot

We discuss a way to set up a reliable 3D office scene recognition and interpretation scheme for a home robot using artificial vision only. It is a very difficult problem which has been studied by numerous scientists for many years. We do not pretend to describe the solution of this problem in the present paper, but simply to express our state of mind. Our efforts are concentrated on the manner to produce a well posed problem and on the use of an analysis/synthesis feedback loop in order to solve it. It is expected to produce a more robust solution than the visual open loop solutions already available in the literature. <<ETX>>
MEASUREMENT OF EMISSIONS FROM AIR POLLUTION SOURCES. 2. C1 THROUGH C30 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM MEDIUM DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS

Gas- and particle-phase tailpipe emissions from late-model medium duty diesel trucks are quantified using a two-stage dilution source sampling system. The diesel trucks are driven through the hot-start Federal Test Procedure (FTP) urban driving cycle on a transient chassis dynamometer. Emission rates of 52 gas-phase volatile hydrocarbons, 67 semivolatile and 28 particle-phase organic compounds, and 26 carbonyls are quantified along with fine particle mass and chemical composition. When all C1−C13 carbonyls are combined, they account for 60% of the gas-phase organic compound mass emissions. Fine particulate matter emission rates and chemical composition are quantified simultaneously by two methods: a denuder/filter/PUF sampler and a traditional filter sampler. Both sampling techniques yield the same elemental carbon emission rate of 56 mg km-1 driven, but the particulate organic carbon emission rate determined by the denuder-based sampling technique is found to be 35% lower than the organic carbon mass co.
Mitofusin 2 gene mutation (R94Q) causing severe early‐onset axonal polyneuropathy (CMT2A)

Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMT) has been classified into two types: demyelinating forms (CMT1) and axonal forms (CMT2). Mutations in the CMT2A locus have been linked to the KIF1B and the mitofusin 2 (MFN2) genes. Here, we report a German patient with CMT2 with an underlying spontaneous mutation (c.281G→A) in the MFN2 gene. Clinically, the patient presented with early‐onset CMT that was not associated with additional central nervous system pathology. The disease course was rapidly progressive in the first years and slowed afterwards. We also suggest that single patients with early‐onset axonal polyneuropathies should be screened for MFN2 mutations.
Assessment of the Influence of Histaminergic Actions on Cocaine-Like Effects of 3α-Diphenylmethoxytropane Analogs

Previous studies demonstrated that analogs of benztropine (BZT) possess high affinity for the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) but generally have behavioral effects different from those of cocaine, suggesting either unique actions at the DA transporter or that another action of these drugs interferes with cocaine-like effects. Because the parent compound has histamine-antagonistic effects, the affinity of its analogs for histamine H1, H2, and H3 receptors were compared with DA transporter affinity to assess whether those differences predicted the amount of cocaine-like activity. All of the compounds displaced [3H]mepyramine from H1, [125I]iodoaminopotentidine from H2, and [3H]N-α-methylhistamine from H3 histamine receptors with affinities ranging from 15.7 to 37,600, 218 to >4430, and 4040 to >150,000 nM, respectively. Affinities at histamine H1 receptors were, respectively, approximately 25- or 300-fold greater than those at H2 or H3 histamine receptors. Relative affinities for H1 and DAT binding did not reliably predict the degree of cocaine-like stimulation of locomotor activity. In addition, interactions of various histaminic agents with cocaine assessed whether an action at any of the histamine sites could interfere with cocaine-like effects. None of the histaminic agents fully substituted for cocaine in rats trained to discriminate 10 mg/kg cocaine from saline nor did any of the compounds antagonize or otherwise diminish the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine. The results suggest that affinity for histamine receptors cannot account for the diminished cocaine-like effects of the BZT analogs and suggest alternatively that these compounds have actions different from those of cocaine but likely mediated by their interaction with the DAT.