Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Five decades of alfalfa cultivar improvement: impact on forage yield, persistence, and nutritive value

Previous research has implied that forage yield in released alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars declined slightly between 1978 and 1996. Our objective was to compare alfalfa cultivars released during the past five decades side by side in replicated yield trials to test for any changes in forage yield across time. Ten cultivars, two from each of the five decades, four recently released cultivars, and two check cultivars were compared for forage yield, persistence,and nutritivevalueat four locations. Cultivars were established in May 1999 at Iowa, Wisconsin, Ohio, and Minnesota. Forage was harvested three to four times in each of four production years depending on location. Plots were subsampled for nutritive value analyses for the first and third harvests in 2000 and 2001. Year 3 location 3 cultivar-release date interactions demonstrated that forage yield and final stand densities differed among the cultivars in each year of the experiment at each location. Nutritive value traits were similar among all cultivars. Evidence for changes in forage yield for cultivars released between 1940 and 1995 was environmentally dependent. In environments where conditions lead to plant stand losses, recently released cultivars with multiple disease resistance had a yield advantage over older cultivars, but in environments where no differences in plant density occurred across time, older cultivars yielded the same as recent cultivars.
Women Members of Local Government Led Rural Sanitation in Bangladesh : Policy and Technology

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) aims sanitation for all. The SDG will create access among population having no latrine and maintains it. Although local government is often responsible for sanitation and women play important roles in sanitation, women have rarely led sanitation representing the institutions. A randomized controlled trial was implemented to learn whether Women Members of the institution (WMUPs), with community women’s groups (CWGs), could lead sustained sanitation programs in high sanitation achieved rural Bangladesh representing local government Union Parishad (UP). All 64 Unions (32 intervention and 32 comparison) were selected with >70% sanitation. All members of UPs and CWGs received training on sanitation related policy, gender and social aspects in intervention unions. The outcomes were assessed by comparing the structure of UPs and conditions of household latrines during baseline and end line surveys. Randomly selected approximately 1,143 households in intervention and 1,134 in comparison areas were observed. WMUP led UP sanitation structure changed from 6% to 97% in intervention area while remained same in comparison area (25%). The ‘basic’ latrine use was significantly different/higher in intervention than comparison during endline survey (77.7% vs 69.3%, C.I. 0.047 to 0.120, P <0.0001); while it was similar (44.0% vs 46.3%, C.I. -0.018 to 0.063, P =0.273) during baseline survey. The water-seal maintenance rate was significantly higher in intervention than in comparison area (75.2% vs 62.7%, P <0.0001). WMUP led sanitation representing UP proven. Policy update and research on WMUP demanded roles recommended.
Ecological effects of artificial light at night on wild plants

Plants use light as a source of both energy and information. Plant physiological responses to light, and interactions between plants and animals (such as herbivory and pollination), have evolved under a more or less stable regime of 24‐h cycles of light and darkness, and, outside of the tropics, seasonal variation in day length. The rapid spread of outdoor electric lighting across the globe over the past century has caused an unprecedented disruption to these natural light cycles. Artificial light is widespread in the environment, varying in intensity by several orders of magnitude from faint skyglow reflected from distant cities to direct illumination of urban and suburban vegetation. In many cases, artificial light in the night‐time environment is sufficiently bright to induce a physiological response in plants, affecting their phenology, growth form and resource allocation. The physiology, behaviour and ecology of herbivores and pollinators are also likely to be impacted by artificial light. Thus, understanding the ecological consequences of artificial light at night is critical to determine the full impact of human activity on ecosystems. Synthesis. Understanding the impacts of artificial night‐time light on wild plants and natural vegetation requires linking the knowledge gained from over a century of experimental research on the impacts of light on plants in the laboratory and glasshouse with knowledge of the intensity, spatial distribution, spectral composition and timing of light in the night‐time environment. To understand fully the extent of these impacts requires conceptual models that can (i) characterize the highly heterogeneous nature of the night‐time light environment at a scale relevant to plant physiology; and (ii) scale physiological responses to predict impacts at the level of the whole plant, population, community and ecosystem.
Potential Impact of Some Soil Borne Fungi on Biodegradation of Some Organophosphorous Nematicides

Organophosphorous nematicides are highly toxic pesticides used to control nematodes in agriculture soil. An in vitro Biodegradation study was conducted to determine the biodegradability of, ethoprophos, fenamiphos and triazophos nematicides, using fungi strains isolated from sandy agriculture soil under date palm trees. Five fungi strains labeled as S1 (Fusarium oxysporum), S2(Aspergillus flavus), S3 (Aspergillus fumigatus), S4 (Fusarium moniliforme) and S5 (Trichothecium roseum) were isolated and identified, then incubated with nematicides at successive intervals untill 45 days in liquid medium paralleled with control samples. Recovery rates were performed at two levels 0.1 and 1 mg kg-1, values were over 90% for all nematicides. Limit of detection values (LOD) were 0.010, 0.012 and 0.011 mg kg-1 and limit of quantitation values (LOQ) were 0.033, 0.040 and 0.036 mg kg-1 respectively. Data indicated that S1 (Fusarium oxysporum) and S2 (Aspergillus flavus) accelerated the degradation rate of all mentioned nematicise, and S2 had the highest impact more than S1, while the other strains had no significant effect. Half-life values (RL50) for nematicides with S1 were 18.15, 16.65 and 15.24 days, respectively, and with S2 were 10.35, 13.87 and 11.18 days, respectively, while control values were 26.30, 24.28 and 26.70 days, respectively.
OF INFERTILE COUPLES Semen Quality of Infertile Couples-- Comparison Between Smokers and Non-Smokers

INTRODUCTION: Infertility is a common problem affecting one in ten couples. As a large number of men smokes worldwide and the fact that cigarette smoke contains known mutagens and carcinogens, there has been much concern that smoking may have unfavorable effects on male reproduction. (1, 2) . The clinical studies on the relationship between smoking and male reproduction, the literature results have been non-conclusive. Several studies from different parts of the world have observed that cigarette smoking has an effect on the semen quality, especially in those who are heavy smokers or who
The impact of market penetration on social capital changes at the fishing community in Small Island: A case in Barrang Lompo Island Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province

This paper is based on one of the topics in a dissertation “Capital Social, State and Market in Fisherman Communities in Small Islands (a Case Study in Barrang Lompo Island Makassar-South Sulawesi Province)”. The research was conducted approximately in one year and specific for this paper, the research lasted for six months. Data were collected through in-depth interview and limited observation on twelve informants selected through snowball sampling. Data then were analyzed qualitatively to explain research’s data and facts. Research result shows that market penetration through the rapid flow of incoming goods, services and people to the island and commercialization of marine products in fisherman communities in small islands for the last ten years has diminished the values prevailed in and obeyed by the communities. On the other side, however, it has created additional values in the communities, whereas some other values have shifted to new forms. Key words: The impact, social capital changes, fisherman communities, market penetration, commercialization, local community and trust.
Conceptual and Procedural Approaches to Mathematics in the Engineering Curriculum: Student Conceptions and Performance

Demands by engineering faculties of mathematics departments have traditionally been for teaching computational skills while also expecting analytic and creative knowledge‐based skills. We report on a project between two institutions, one in South Africa and one in Sweden, that investigated whether the emphasis in undergraduate mathematics courses for engineering students would benefit from being more conceptually oriented than the traditional more procedurally oriented way of teaching.
Scattering from dielectric frequency selective structures

A plane wave impinges on a laterally double‐periodic inhomogeneous lossy dielectric structure. Using a wave splitting approach, and an expansion of the fields and permittivity in entire domain basis functions, the scattered fields are determined via a propagator. The formulation is originally intended for constitutive parameters which vary continuously but is here applied to structures with an abruptly varying permittivity. The method resembles the so called coupled‐wave analysis method. Calculated results are compared with experimental data for a slab with domains of a piecewise homogeneous permittivity. The agreement is good considering the error sources in the experiment. The results are compared with calculated results obtained by an entirely different method showing very good agreement for the examples given. The method is also used on a pyramidal absorber‐like structure.
Frequency Response Study on the ERCOT under High Photovoltaic (PV) Penetration Conditions

Solar photovoltaic (PV) generation is growing rapidly around the world. However, PV generation, based on inverter, is fundamentally different from conventional synchronous generators. It is of vital importance to understand the impacts of increased penetration of PV generation on power system dynamic performance. This paper investigates frequency response of the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) with high PV penetration in the future year. In this work, a realistic baseline dynamic model is validated using synchrophasor measurements. Then, dynamic simulation is performed to evaluate the impacts of high PV generation on frequency response.
Implementation of Plagiarism Detection Tool in JAVA

With the advent of internet everything that has been researched is available on the internet. This information can be copied and used as original by someone in their own work which poses a major challenge for academia and industries like publications. A lot of work has been done in the field to detect plagiarism in the documents and algorithms have been made. In this paper, we have implemented porter algorithm for stemming, TF-IDF and cosine similarity to detect plagiarism
Stochastic model for the dynamics of interacting Brownian particles

Using the scheme of mesoscopic non-equilibrium thermodynamics, we construct the oneand two-particle Fokker–Planck equations for a system of interacting Brownian particles. By means of these equations we derive the corresponding balance equations. We obtain expressions for the heat 6ux and the pressure tensor which enable one to describe the kinetic and potential energy interchange of the particles with the heat bath. Through the momentum balance, we analyze in particular the di8usion regime to obtain the collective di8usion coe9cient in terms of the hydrodynamic and the e8ective forces acting on the Brownian particles. c © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 05.40. Jc; 02.50. Ey; 05.70. Ln; 82.70. Dd
Bias Error Reduction of Digital Image Correlation Based on Kernel

Kernel based Digital Image Correlation (KDIC) method is proposed to improve accuracy of the displacement field calculation. With the effect of the image noise considered, a new kernel based similarity coefficient is defined for robust grid data match. Different types of kernel function mean different weighted forms. Two kinds of kernel function are applied for displacement calculation. One is Epanechnikov kernel, and KDIC is equivalent to the traditional digital image correlation (TDIC). The other is a Gaussian kernel used in KDIC to help get more accurate sub-pixel displacement measurement. Simulation analyses validate the effectiveness of this new method in this paper.
CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS OF PHASE GLINT IN INSAR IMAGE PROCESSING

This paper investigates the phase glint problem involved in interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) image processing, which refers to the multiple scatterer interference of a single pixel, and studies the distribution of interferometric phase in the case of double scatterer interference. It is found that the value range of the observed interferometric phase is related to several factors including the complex scattering coefficient ratio and interferometric phase difference between the elementary scatterers, and no matter what values of interferometric phases of elementary scatterers are taken, the range of interferometric phase of phase glint is always 2π. This paper also briefly analyzes the impact of phase glint on classical InSAR image processing and man-made target height retrieval, and it is concluded that the phase glint will induce significant height estimating error. Simulation and real data results verify the conclusion.
Cultural attitudes are stronger predictors of bushmeat consumption and preference than economic factors among urban Amazonians from Brazil and Colombia

Bushmeat consumption persists in urban areas in the Neotropics, yet knowledge of its scale and the relative importance of cultural and economic factors in determining consumption and preference remain elusive. Moreover, the roles of cultural beliefs, social norms, and attitudes in driving urban bushmeat consumption are rarely evaluated. Therefore, we explored in this article the factors that influence consumption and preference for bushmeat in Amazonian towns. Given the availability of other sources of animal protein and the cultural and social importance of bushmeat in the region, we hypothesized that cultural attributes should be better predictors than economic factors of bushmeat consumption and preference. Data analysis involved fitting two-level mixed-effects regressions (random intercepts) to a structured sample of 227 individuals (99 households) from four towns in the Brazilian (Tabatinga and Atalaia do Norte) and Colombian (Leticia and Puerto Narino) Amazon. The results indicate that a third of the interviewees had consumed bushmeat in the past month, which had primarily been harvested by the family or received as a gift rather than obtained through trade. In general, both economic and cultural factors predicted bushmeat consumption and preference, but the objective proxy for culture, individual origin, was unimportant. Among the tested indicators, the strongest predictor was the importance of bushmeat to social relations. Moreover, informal social norms, such as the greater importance attributed to taboos, tended to decrease the average number of wild species that a person would eat, whereas attitudes toward the illegality of hunting were less important. The two economic indicators, increased income and wealth, tended to decrease preference for bushmeat and the likelihood of consumption. Our findings highlight the importance of human beliefs, attitudes, and social norms to the understanding of bushmeat consumption and preference and may contribute to the design of more effective and locally appropriate conservation and management strategies.
Seismic wave attenuation beneath the Australasian region

The attenuation of seismic waves is strongly influenced by temperature and rheological changes, and so provides an important supplement to information from seismic wavespeeds. Differential attenuation measurements are made for seismic waves refracted through the mantle beneath the Australasian region and are then used to construct 3D images of the attenuation of shear and compressional waves. The differential attenuation between different seismic phases is estimated using a spectral ratio method in the frequency band 0.25–1.0 Hz using a multi-taper method. Over this band the attenuation is nearly independent of frequency so that the logarithmic spectral ratio is a linear function of frequency. Differential measurements are made either between P and S phases on the same record or between stations for P and S waves separately. Images of seismic attenuation for the Australasian region are produced using a tomographic inversion, with the fast marching method employed to trace ray paths in an initial 3-D model derived from surface wave tomography. There is a deep seated horizontal contrast between central Australia and the eastern seaboard. The crustal and lithospheric mantle beneath the Archean and Proterozoic rocks in the west and in the middle of the continent have low seismic attenuation, whereas the Phanerozoic material in the east is more attenuative. Regions with recent volcanism, most likely associated with hot spots such as near Bass Strait and the Coral Sea, display high seismic attenuation anomalies. There is a strong contrast in attenuation between the relatively low loss lithosphere and the high loss asthenosphere beneath with a change by a factor of 6–10. Anisotropy in attenuation is slight even though some would be expected from the radial anisotropy seen in shear wavespeed in the lithosphere.
End-to-End Goal-Oriented Dialog Learning Based On Memory Network

A model to fulfill the requirements of Dialog System Technology Challenges 6 (DSTC6) Track 1 was developed, where the task was to build end-to-end dialog systems for goal-oriented applications. This involved learning of a dialog policy from transactional dialogs of a given domain. Automatic system responses were generated using given taskoriented dialog data [http://workshop.colips. org/dstc6/index.html]. As this task has a similar structure to the question answering task [Weston, Bordes et al 2015], we employed the MemN2N architecture [Sukhbaatar et al 2015] in our model, because it outperforms other networks based on recurrent neural networks or long short-term memory. Problems arose when applying this model to the DSTC6 task. First, the original model yields an answer in word form, but a sentenceform answer was required for the DSTC6 tasks. Thus, we added an additional output memory representation (“D_layer”) to the original model. Second, an out-of-vocabulary problem was encountered, which we resolved by changing the types of words that did not exist in the knowledge base. Finally, we developed a word-level prediction architecture for memory networks.
A Comparison of Statistical Methods for Estimating Forest Biomass from Light Detection and Ranging Data

Strong regression relationships between light detection and ranging (LIDAR) metrics and indices of forest structure have been reported in the literature. However, most papers focus on empirical results and do not consider LIDAR metric selection and biological interpretation explicitly. In this study, three different variable selection methods (stepwise regression, principle component analysis [PCA], and Bayesian modeling averaging [BMA]) were compared using LIDAR data from three study sites: Capitol Forest in western Washington State, Mission Creek in central Washington State, and Kenai Peninsula in south central Alaska. Separate aboveground biomass regression models were developed for each site as well as common models using three study sites simultaneously. Final biomass models have R 2 values ranging from 0.67 to 0.88 for three study sites. PCA indicates that three LIDAR metrics (mean height, coefficient variation of height, and canopy LIDAR point density) explain the majority of variation contained within a larger set of metrics. Within each study area, forest biomass models using these three predictor variables had similar R 2 values as the stepwise and BMA regression models. Individual site models using these three variables are recommended because these models are straightforward in terms of model form and biological interpretation and are easily adopted for application.
The rates and pathways of carbon oxidation in bioturbated saltmarsh sediments

This study was carried out to quantify the effects of higher organisms, invertebrate macrofauna, and macrophyte plants on the rates and pathways of microbial respiration coupled to organic matter oxidation in saltmarsh sediments. Sediment geochemistry, rates of microbial metabolism, and the abundance of anaerobic respiratory bacteria were determined at sites differing in the abundance of fiddler crab (Uca pugnax) burrows and vegetation (Spartina alterniflora) coverage. Solid‐phase Fe(III) concentrations were 50 to 100 times higher, and solid sulfide concentrations were eight times lower in bioturbated, vegetated sediments (BVL) as compared to nonbioturbated, unvegetated (NUC) sediments. Integrated sulfate reduction rates were 10 times lower in BVL (2 mmol m−2 d−2) as compared to NUC sediments (20 mmol m−2 d−1). Directly measured Fe(III) reduction rates were high at the BVL site, whereas no Fe(III) reduction was detected at NUC or in killed sediment treatments. Molybdate, a specific inhibitor of sulfate reduction, inhibited 70% of carbon oxidation when added to NUC sediment but showed no effect on Fe(III) reduction or C oxidation in BVL sediments. Counts of Fe(III)‐reducing bacteria (FeRB) were two orders of magnitude higher in BVL sediments (107 cells g−1) in comparison to NUC sediments (105 cells g−1). Fe(III) respiration comprised up to 100% of carbon oxidation in BVL sediments, whereas sulfate reduction was the dominant respiration process (≥70% of C oxidation) at NUC. We provide strong evidence to show that macroorganisms stimulate FeRB to outcompete sulfate‐reducing bacteria in saltmarsh sediments by supplying an abundance of reactive Fe(III) through reoxidation processes.