Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Brief Introduction to Methods for Describing Body Temperature in Endotherms

Researchers commonly measure body, orifice, or skin temperature (collectively referred to as body temperature [T b] herein) of endothermic animals in biomedical, physiological, evolutionary, and ecological studies. However, comparing T b among species or placing a single study in context is challenging because there is no single, standard method to describe and synthesize T b data of endotherms. A variety of metrics are available, and each has strengths and weaknesses appropriate for answering different types of questions. Importantly, choosing the wrong metric to address the question posed can lead to misinterpretations and misleading presentation of T b data. Here I review standard metrics used to describe central tendencies and variation in T b of endothermic species, focusing on important strengths and weaknesses and suggested questions to be addressed using each metric. One of the most common mistakes in analyzing T b data is mismatching the analytical metric and the question being asked, so, ultimately, individual researchers need to determine which is most appropriate for addressing their question based on the implications of using each metric.
ON VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF ACCRETION DISKS IN TYPE IA SUPERNOVA PROGENITORS

We study the vertical structure of a thin α−disk [1] in a Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) progenitor system. Accurate equation of state and opacity of solar composition material are used. The results show pronounced features in the disk structure in the regions of ionization and molecule dissociation. We analyze the mass distribution in the disk, aiming to find the system parameters at which this mass distribution could explain the high velocity features (HVF) in SN Ia spectra [2]. We conclude that accretion disks are unlikely candidates for explaining the HVF.
Estimating statistical errors in retrievals of ice velocity and deformation parameters from satellite images and buoy arrays

Abstract. The objective of this note is to provide the background and basic tools to estimate the statistical error of deformation parameters that are calculated from displacement fields retrieved from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery or from location changes of position sensors in an array. We focus here specifically on sea ice drift and deformation. In the most general case, the uncertainties of divergence/convergence, shear, vorticity, and total deformation are dependent on errors in coordinate measurements, the size of the area and the time interval over which these parameters are determined, and the velocity gradients within the boundary of the area. If displacements are calculated from sequences of SAR images, also a tracking error has to be considered. Timing errors in position readings are usually very small and can be neglected. We give examples for magnitudes of position and timing errors typical for buoys and SAR sensors, in the latter case supplemented by magnitudes of the tracking error, and apply the derived equations on geometric shapes frequently used for deriving deformation from SAR images and buoy arrays. Our case studies show that the size of the area and the time interval for calculating deformation parameters have to be chosen within certain limits to make sure that the uncertainties are smaller than the magnitudes of deformation parameters.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ARITHMETIC ADDITION OPERATION IN THE SYSTEM OF RESIDUAL CLASSES

The subject of the article is the development of a method for implementing the arithmetic operation of addition numbers that are represented in the system of residual classes (SRC). This method is based on the use of the principle of circular shift (PCS). The purpose of the article is to reduce the time it takes to implement the arithmetic operation of addition numbers that are represented in the SRC. Tasks : to analyze and identify the shortcomings of existing number systems that are used in the construction of computer systems and components, to explore possible ways to eliminate identified deficiencies, to evaluate the implementation time of the arithmetic addition operation based on the use of the developed method. Research methods : methods of analysis and synthesis of computer systems, number theory, coding theory in SRC. The following results are obtained. It is shown that the basic principle of the implementation of arithmetic operations in positional number systems is the use of binary adders. Moreover, the use of such number systems determines the presence of inter-bit connections, which in turn increases the time it takes to implement arithmetic operations, and also cause errors to occur. It is established that the use of a non-positional number system in residual classes allows us to eliminate these shortcomings, through the use of the basic properties of SRC. The peculiarity of the developed method is the result of the operation of adding numbers can be found by successive cyclic shifts of the bits of the contents of the data blocks by the corresponding SRC modules. The use of PCS allows eliminating the influence of inter-bit bonds between the residues of the processed numbers, which allows to reduce the implementation time of the operation of adding two numbers in the SRC. Conclusions . The results of the studies showed that the use of SRC allows to eliminate the existing shortcomings of positional number systems, and also improves the speed of implementation of arithmetic operations.
Feynman type formulas for Feller semigroups in Riemannian manifolds

Feynman formulas are representations of solutions to initial value problems, for some parabolic and Schrodinger equations, by the limits of integrals over finite Cartesian powers of some spaces. Two versions of these formulas which were suggested by Feynman himself are associated with names of Trotter and Chernoff respectively. These formulas can be interpreted as approximations for path integrals over spaces of functions of a real variable; the corresponding representations of the solutions to the said equations are usually known as Feynman-Kac formulas. This work presents some new Feynman type formulas, related to the Chernoff theorem, on Riemannian manifolds. The used manifolds are of boundend geometry which include all compact manifolds and also a wide range of non-compact manifolds. Sufficient conditions are established for a class of second order elliptic operators to generate a Feller semigroup on a generally non-compact manifold of bounded geometry. A construction of Chernoff approximations is presented for those Feller semigroups in terms of shift operators. This provides approximations for solutions to initial-value problems for parabolic equations with variable coefficients on the manifold. It also yields the weak convergence of a sequence of random walks on the manifold to the diffusion process associated with the elliptic generator. For parallelizable manifolds this result is applied to the Brownian motion
Daily Stock Price Regime Model Detection using Markov Switching Model

Changes in stock prices randomly occur due to market forces with reoccurrence possibilities. This process, also known as the structural break model, is captured through changes in the linear model parameters among periods with the Markov Switching Model (MSwM) used for detection. Furthermore, using the smallest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) value on all feasible MSwM alternatives formed for a daily stock price, the complete MSwM model with its Markov transition is determined. This method has been tested and applied to daily stock price data in several sectors. The result showed that the number of regime models coupled with its transition probability helped investors make investment decisions.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUBSURFACE FATIGUE CRACK GENERATION AND STRAIN INCOMPATIBILITY

: The arguments on subsurface fatigue crack generation have been integrated from a viewpoint of strain incompatibility to progress the understanding of cyclic damage and microcracking stages. Phenomenological aspects of subsurface crack generation in both high-cycle fatigue and rolling contact fatigue were reviewed. Strain incompatibility may give an essential origin for a microcracking, but no evidences have been available to show microcrack initiated at localized deformation structure directly. Not only heterogeneous microplasticity due to planar slip and restricted system in high-cycle fatigue but also localized slip due to strain gradient in rolling contact fatigue are considered to play an important role on making the subsurface crack.
An Empirical Analysis on the Business Cycle Transmission between Japan and the United States

This paper analyzes the business cycle transmission between Japan and the USA. A two-step procedure developed by Cheung and Ng (1996) is used to analyze mean and variance causal relationships to examine the mean and volatility causation relationships between the two countries. The empirical results that the information flows between the two countries affect the output movements but not the volatility movements of both countries. Kew words: business cycle transmission, international linkages JEL classification number: E32, F41 Please send correspondence to: Shigeyuki Hamori Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University Rokkodai, Nada-Ku, Kobe 657-8501 Japan Email: hamori@econ.kobe-u.ac. jp
Case studies of drug abused youth of Kashmir valley

The present study was conducted to study a case study of drug abused youth of Kashmir valley of Jammu and Kashmir state. A sample of 18 respondents (drug addicts) was selected for the current study. The sample for the study consisted of the drug user patients of district Srinagar. Two hospitals were selected randomly for data collection viz, Police Control Room, Drug De-addiction Centre and SMHS Hospital, Srinagar. A self- designed validated Questionnaire was used to collect the information. For analysis of data, the data was carefully analyzed and interpreted. In order to quantify the data, the data was coded and processed through SPSS-20 software. The data was analyzed by using simple column percentages. The study revealed that all the drug abusers were males and majority of them were unmarried. All the men were aware about the bad effects of drug abuse on their health. Most of the respondents had given medication to help abstain from using drugs.
The Roles of School Principal Leadership in Developing English Teachers’ Creativities in Palu

This research is a descriptive qualitative that explaines and describes any pertinent things related to the school principal leadership and teachers’ creativities which occur now at the research spot. This study aims to investigate the roles of the school principal in encouraging, driving, and directing teachers to be creative in performing their works. Results indicated that in encouraging his teachers, the school principal: 1) provides conducive climate and condition by involving his teachers in designing school programs and by welcoming his teachers’ comments and arguments on any policies he applies or any decisions he takes; 2) introduces and assures his teachers that education paradigm has changed therefore the school should be managed as a business firm in the area of public services where the most thing that should be considered is how to satisfy customers; 3) informs clearly that in evaluating the staffs’ performances he applies reward and punishment policy; and 4) optimizes managerial functions especially in monitoring what happens in the classroom. In driving the teachers, the school primcipal should applies his or her policy and delegates several responsibilities and jobs to the right persons. In directing the teachers he or s lets his or staffs free to do their best .
Evaluation of Spray-Dried Plasma in Broiler Diets With or Without Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate

SUMMARY The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of dietary inclusion of spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) during the starter phase with or without bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) on broiler performance. The experimental design included a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of SDAP (0 or 2% during the starter phase only) and BMD (0 or 50 g/ton during the whole study) resulting in a total of four dietary treatments. Prior to placement, broilers received a coccidiosis vaccine via a commercial spray cabinet and were placed on recycled litter for a 41-d assay period. The addition of BMD positively influenced growth performance with elevated BW on day 10, 28, and 41, and a reduction in FCR during the finisher phase and cumulatively throughout the entirety of the trial. Inclusion of SDAP at 2% during the starter phase increased (P
More Than 4 Million Parents of Young Children Were Uninsured in 2017–18

Whether parents have health insurance coverage affects not only their health care access but the financial stability and well-being of the entire family. The harmful consequences of parents’ uninsurance may be magnified for young children, given early childhood’s importance for long-term growth and development. Moreover, compared with a vast body of evidence on maternal and child health, research on fathers’ insurance coverage and its implications for children and families is limited. In this brief, we assess uninsurance among parents living with young children from birth to age 5, using National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from 2017 and 2018, and report separate estimates for mothers and fathers. Our main findings are as follows:
Effect of the number of radiographs taken in CT for dimensional metrology

This paper addresses reducing the number of radiographs taken for X-ray computed tomography (CT) to optimize the scanning time while maintaining accuracy of dimensional measurements. Reduced image numbers correspond to under-sampling of signal data in the Fourier domain. The goal is to reduce the costs of measurement processes particularly in production lines. The study was performed by experimental measurements on two objects: a (cheese-like) hole-cube made in both aluminium and nylon; and also by theoretical simulations with MatlabTM using the standard test image ‘Shepp-Logan phantom’. Image quality is assessed using three metrics: the root mean square error (RMSE), the peak signal-to-noise ratio, and the mean structural similarity Index; in all of these metrics degradation of image quality by diminishing the number of radiographs Np collected during the CT scans was observed. Particularly, the experimental results showed the proportionality RMSE with 1/√Np as predicted from the theory of imaging with X-ray photons, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a reconstructed CT image holds the proportionality SNR~√Np. This is contrasted by observations of dimensional measurements; the accuracy of measurements of dimension with the CT technique remained about the same when collecting anything from 2000 to 400 radiographs for CT reconstruction of the aluminium and nylon hole-cubes, with deviations |∆| = |? ̅? CT − ? ̅? CMM| mostly in the range 2 to 20 μm despite noticeable variation on image quality. This is an important result for optimizing CT measurement. Effectively, for dimensional metrology, a loss in image quality can be tolerated as a trade-off for time reduction, particularly with added uncertainties of only a few micrometers and measurement time reduction of several minutes with current technology. If less than 400 or 360 radiographs are used,|∆|-deviations of greater than 50 μm were found.
Characterization of a 2,2-Dichloropropionic Acid (2,2-DCP) Degrading Alkalotorelant Bacillus megaterium strain BHS1 Isolated from Blue Lake in Turkey

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq Department of Biosciences Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia Department of Chemistry Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy University Medical Hawler, Erbil, Iraq Department of Plant Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia Department of Biotechnology, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia Department of Animal Production Faculty of Agriculture Bani Walid University, Bani Walid, Libya Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek 720038, Kyrgyzstan
Proximity Induced magnetism in Graphene for Energy Storage Application

Low-dimensional Fe3O4 nanoparticles, with properties rather different from those of bulk magnetite, are particularly promising for applications in energy storage applications with large supercapacitance value for use in supercapacitors [1] and rechargeable lithium ion batteries [2]. For viable applications, it is desirable to have magnetic nanoparticles with controllable size, uniform morphology, good crystallinity, and high dispersibility [3, 4]. However, magnetic nanoparticles tend to aggregate easily into larger clusters owing to their intrinsic attraction and are susceptible to losing dispersibility over time. Therefore, a large number of studies are aimed on stabilizing magnetic nanoparticles by modifying them with surfactants, polymers, organic, and inorganic chemicals [5-10]. In this paper, we report a facile approach to coat graphene nanosheets with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The mechanisms for attachment of Fe3O4 nanoparticles onto graphene and their magnetic properties are discussed.
El paisaje fluvial en ciudades medias

Los espacios naturales en las ciudades que generan mayor escala por su área beneficios ambientales, sociales y económicos son los ríos y sus riberas a través del paisaje fluvial. Estos espacios facilitan una relación directa entre los ciudadanos y la naturaleza, ofrece una amplia gama de servicios ambientales que ayudan a combatir problemas urbanos y mejorar la vida de los habitantes de la ciudad. Sin embargo, han sido impactados negativamente por las dinámicas de urbanización desordenada propiciando la pérdida de la biodiversidad, la estructura y configuración fluvial. La opinión de los ciudadanos sobre los recursos paisajísticos supone un aumento del conocimiento de la realidad al que es necesario aproximarse. El objetivo es determinar la percepción que tienen habitantes y expertos del paisaje fluvial urbano del río The natural spaces in cities that generate the greatest environmental, social and economic benefits due to their scope area are rivers and their banks through the river landscape. These spaces facilitate a direct relationship between citizens and nature, o ering a wide range of environmental services which help solve urban problems and improve the lives of the inhabitants. However, they have been negatively impacted by the disorganized urbanization dynamics, leading to the loss of fluvial biodiversity, its structure and configuration. The opinion of the citizens on the landscape resources supposes an increase of the knowledge of the reality to which it is necessary to approach. The aim is to determine the perception that inhabitants and experts have of the urban fluvial landscape of the Tamazula River, as well as their willingness to pay for its conserAbstract 9
DYSKUSJA WARUNKÓW PRZESUWALNOŚCI BIEGUNÓW UKŁADÓW LINIOWYCH

W artykule przeprowadzono dyskusję typowych warunków przesuwalności biegunów układów liniowych za pomocą statycznych sprzężeń zwrotnych od wyjścia. Jako typowe warunki wystarczające przesuwalności biegunów rozważono warunki Kimury [12] i Wanga [20]. Dla ilustracji problemu rozważono dyskretne zbiory punktów, którym odpowiada określona liczba wejść i wyjść układu. Dla różnych wartości n (4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16) zaznaczono granice obszarów spełniających warunki Kimury oraz Wanga. Przeanalizowano właściwości poszczególnych obszarów oraz obliczono liczbę Schuberta [3] dla wybranych punktów szczególnych, badając tym samym, czy układy o tych wymiarach mają generycznie właściwość pełnej przesuwalności biegunów.
The Waterlogged Limits of the Infrastructural State: The Failure of the T’aean Canalization Projects in Pre-Industrial Korea, 1134-1537

One of the chronic problems of pre-industrial Korean history has been the difficulty of material integration between core regions of the Korean peninsula. This article analyzes five major canalization attempts made by Koryŏ and Chosŏn states in the T’aean region to address the problem of infrastructural integration. Located along a critical shipping route between the southern grain basket and the capital region, the T’aean coastline had been infamous for centuries for its treacherous tides and proclivity for hastening shipwrecks. Consequently, from 1134 to 1537, Koryŏ and Chosŏn officials attempted canalization projects that, if successful, would have allowed grain ships to bypass the most troublesome zones. However, the canalization efforts all ended in failure. Utilizing Chosŏn-era institutional records, I argue that the canalization failures: 1) exposed a preindustrial state’s logistical and technological limits, notably, the difficulty of coastal canalization efforts in areas of high tidal variation and granite bedrock, and 2) prompted shifts in the infrastructural priorities of the Chosŏn state.
Screening for Potential Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Associated with Five Musa spp. Cultivars in SOCCSKSARGEN, Philippines

Rhizospheric bacteria (PGPR) associated with 5 banana cultivars planted in SOCCSKSARGEN were studied. Microbial population in newly established and old plantation was compared. Bacteria were purified and their beneficial characteristics were determined. This study was able to collect one hundred twenty (120) bacterial isolates, 20 (17%) of which were nitrogen-fixers, nineteen (19/20) were phosphate solubilizers and seventeen (17/20) were IAA producers. From this study, five bacterial isolates coded PE05, RS10, PE11, PE13, and PE18 were found positive for nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and IAA production which may be further evaluated for their potential application in the formulation of biofertilizers for banana cultivation. Read full article here.
Body Energy Systems Comparison and Glutamine Supplementation in Handball Players

The aim of this study investigated the effects of glutamine supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic energy system. Handball players (n=80) volunteered for this study. Weight and height of the players were measured and the age range was between 17-24 years old (20.7±4.3). Forty players performed wingate test and 40 players performed cooper test. The Experimental Group (n=20) was given glutamine treatment of 0.3g/kg/day of glutamine for a period of six weeks and the Control Group (n=20) had no treatment that both of the groups were for the wingate test and cooper test, too. Cooper test and Wingate test was performed by the participants that selected as two groups. Peak power and mean power were determined as the highest and average power achieved during any 30s of the test. There was a significant effect (p<0.05) of the supplementation on VO2max and on Wmax producing a higher value post-test than the pre-test. The glutamine supplement had significant effects (p<0.05) on the mean and peak power under anaerobic circumstances. The study results confirm previous reports of a significant effect of glutamine supplementation on VO2max, peak power and mean power and concluded to examine different doses of glutamine.