Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of imidacloprid toxicity in two Apis mellifera subspecies

Imidacloprid (1‐(6‐chloro‐3‐pyridylmethyl)‐N‐nitroimidazolidin‐2‐ylideneamine) belongs to a new chemical family of chloronicotinyl compounds whose mode of action on the insect nervous system differs from that of traditional neurotoxic products. Imidacloprid, a strong systemic compound, is effective against several sucking and mining pests. The acute toxicity of contact and oral applications on two Apis mellifera subspecies, Apis mellifera mellifera and Apis mellifera caucasica, was investigated. In all toxicological studies, each dose included three cages of 20 individuals and each study was replicated three times. The dose‐mortality relation revealed some unusual characteristics. At low imidacloprid concentrations, a biphasic mortality appeared, particularly with the contact exposure route. At moderate doses, mortality profiles at 24 and 48 h were different only after oral application. Response kinetics showed that mortality was delayed at the higher doses of imidacloprid. After oral intoxication, the LD50 values of imidacloprid at 24 and 48 h were about 5 ng/bee for both A. m. mellifera and A. m. caucasica. After contact application, the LD50 values at 24 and 48 h were approximately 24 ng/bee for A. m. mellifera and 14 ng/bee for A. m. caucasica. Imidacloprid ranks among the more potent contact insecticides in this important pollinator species.
Seasonal variations in cod liver oil

The iodine value of cod liver oil varies regularly in an annual cycle over a range of 20–30 units. Maximum values occur in winter, an abrupt fall takes place in March, when the cod spawns, and the unsaturation slowly increases again during the summer period of intensive feeding. These changes in iodine value correspond to complementary changes in the total polyunsaturated fatty acids and the total monoenoic acids, the saturated fatty acids of the oil remaining virtually constant throughout the cycle.
Comparison of Techniques to Detect Fake News

: Authenticity of Information is becoming a longstanding issue affecting businesses and society, both for digital as well as printed media. On social networks, the information spreads at such a fast pace and is so amplified that inaccurate, distorted or wrong information acquires a tremendous potential to cause real world impacts for millions of users, within minutes. Currently a number of concerns about this problem were raised and consequently some solutions to mitigate this problem were put forward. There are various dynamic predictive models such as Random Forest, XGBoost, Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression that can be used for predicting whether a news article is fake or not. In this paper, we describe four different machine learning models. The performance of these models has been examined. Each model was tested against the header and content of the articles and the results were noted.
Simple sequence repeat-based diversity in elite pigeonpea genotypes for developing mapping populations to map resistance to Fusarium wilt and sterility mosaic disease

In order to maximize polymorphism in the mapping populations for mapping loci for Fusarium wilt (FW) and sterility mosaic disease (SMD) resistance in pigeonpea, a set of 32 pigeonpea lines were screened for polymorphism with 30 microsatellite or simple sequence repeat markers. A total of 23 marker loci showed polymorphism with 2–4 alleles and the polymorphism information content for these markers ranged from 0.12 to 0.65 with an average of 0.43 per marker. High number of polymorphic markers, higher genetic dissimilarity coefficient and contrasting phenotypic data taken into consideration and five parental combinations were identified and crosses initiated for developing five genetically diverse mapping populations. Of these crosses, one cross segregates for FW resistance, two for SMD resistance and the remaining two crosses segregate for resistance to both FW and SMD. Development of mapping populations is in progress for mapping loci for resistance to FW and SMD in pigeonpea.
Biomasse du zooplancton et productivité des Cladocères d'eaux de degré trophique différent

1Deux etangs de trutticulture , voisins, mais de degre trophique different, sont compares quant a la biomasse des differents groupes du zooplancton et quant a la productivite des Cladoceres. Les biomasses relatives des divers groupes ne sont pas identiques dans les deux etangs ou regnent des pressions predatrices differentes en truitelles. La biomasse du zooplancton total (filtreurs + carnivores) de l'etang naturel atteint les 2/3 de celle de l'etang fertilise (1 121 cal/m 3 au lieu de 1 504). La biomasse du zooplancton filtreur de l'etang naturel est a peine inferieure a celle de l'etang fertilise (971 cal/m 3 au lieu de 1015). La biomasse des Cladoceres de l'etang naturel depasse de peu la moitie de celle de l'etang fertilise (451 cal/m 3 au lieu de 886). La production des Cladoceres de l'etang naturel n'atteint pas la moitie de celle de l'etang fertilise (13 816 cal/m 3 au lieu de 30 897). Les rapports P/B quotidiens de chaque Cladocere sont donnes, par intervalle d'une semaine. Ces rapports sont compares avec ceux avances par d'autres auteurs. Les P/B quotidiens sont toujours, sauf exceptions analysees, inferieurs dans l'etang naturel en raison des plus faibles concentrations nutritives. Les especes de petite taille telles Ceriodaphnia, Bosmina ont, dans les deux etangs,, un P/B moyen pour la saison de croissance inferieur a celui des especes de plus grande taille telles Scapholeberis, Simocephalus et Daphnia. Le P/B et la productivite des Cladoceres de l'etang fertilise sont limites par la forte activite predatrice des truitelles. Le mecanisme de cette action est explique pour chaque espece.
Split roles in peer reviewing

The focal article by Köhler et al. (2020) provided a much needed competency model for peer review. In addition to noting required competencies, their article provides a nice overview of the function and limitations of peer review. I will expand on some of their points from the perspective of three roles that peer reviewers might serve: gatekeeper, developmental editor, and coauthor. The situation in which peer review occurs determines which role is most appropriate for a given peer reviewer to take. I will focus largely on peer review in industrial and organizational (I-O) and management journals where the roles have become confounded, although the principles of maintaining clear role boundaries would hold in other peer review contexts, as well. In their classic article “Split Roles in Performance Appraisal,” Meyer, Kay, and French Jr. (1965) described research showing that mixing different purposes in an organizational endeavor (in their case performance appraisals) is often ineffective and can have unintended negative consequences. They showed that mixing a decision-making function (i.e., discussions of salary) with a feedback function designed to improve performance not only failed to improve performance, but it resulted in defensiveness and poor attitudes. Because split roles have become the norm in journal peer review, it is no wonder that most of us receive our reviews in such poor spirit. As Köhler et al. (2020) correctly note, peer review provides several vital functions in our professional work, but it is not without problems. One source of the problem is that too often peer review mixes what should be separate roles. This produces role conflict for the reviewer, who is focused on more than one purpose, and for recipients who are torn among purposes of the review. Köhler et al. document well the problems that exist with peer review, and at least some of this can be attributed to mixing roles. There are at least three distinct roles that a peer reviewer might assume, and in many contexts those roles are clearly distinguished. But in journal reviewing in particular, too often the boundaries among roles have become severely blurred.
Observations on the Method of Human Infection with Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Tahiti.

Infective larvae of the rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the causative agent of parasitic meningoencephalitis in man, have been found in about 4% of the stomach contents of freshwater prawns examined in Tahiti. This is believed to constitute the main source of the local human infection. These crustaceans and "taioro," a food consisting of grated coconut and prawn juice, are commonly eaten raw by Tahitians and some local Europeans. Infected mollusks have also been found on vegetation commonly eaten raw, and may constitute an occasional source of human infection. Laboratory-raised rats have been experimentally infected with A. cantonensis by applying infective larvae on the abraded skin. No infection occurred when the larvae were placed on the intact skin. In addition to land mollusks, the freshwater snail (Fossaria ollula) was also found to be a suitable intermediate host for A. cantonensis.
Variability of bioassays with metsulfuron‐methyl in soil

A total of 74 independently run bioassays with soil incorporated metsulfuron-methyl from 12 different laboratories was analysed by a logistic dose-response curve to assess the precision of regression parameters and relate ED 50 to soil properties. The potency in terms of ED 50 of metsulfuron-methyl in Brassica rapa L. , which was used by all laboratories, varied between 0.05 and 3.9 g a.i. ha -1 . ED 50 was negatively correlated with pH and positively correlated with organic matter. The majority of laboratories had ED 50 within the interval 0.1-1.0 g a.i. ha -1 . At one laboratory using three test species, the most sensitive species was Beta vulgaris L. followed by Brassica rapa L. and Lepidium sativum L. The coefficients of variation were smallest for the ED 50 and ED 90 response levels and largest for the ED 10 . The slope of the response curves had considerably lower coefficients of variation than the EDs. The results are discussed in relation to a previous collaborative bioassay study. Finally it is suggested that standardization of bioassays with herbicides could be achieved in the same way as standardization of chemical analyses.
Use of a genetic algorithm in the development of a synthetic growth medium for Arthrobacter simplex with high hydrocortisone Δ1-dehydrogenase activity

The production process for Arthrobacter simplex with high specific hydrocortisone Δ 1 -dehydrogenase activity was improved by medium optimization in parallel shake flask experiments. Using a genetic algorithm, the concentrations of 12 medium components (mineral salts and amino acid) were optimized within 144 experiments to give maximum specific hydrocortisone Δ 1 -dehydrogenase activity and biomass yield (full experimental plan : 1.5 x10 14 experiments). The specific hydrocortisone Δ 1 -dehydrogenase activity was improved by a factor of 4.5 to 1800 U g -1 . With the optimized medium composition in a stirred tank reactor for batch production of A. simplex, a specific hydrocortisone Δ 1 -dehydrogenase activity of 2000-3000 U g -1 dry biomass was achieved depending on harvest time (previously reported data : 18-37 U g -1 ).
Haematological disorders in pregnancy

Pregnancy causes several physiological changes that can change normal haematological parameters. There are also pathological haematological conditions that can occur during pregnancy. This article will look at the presentation, causes, clinical features, initial investigations, and management of anaemia, white blood cell disorders, platelet disorders, bleeding disorders and prothrombotic conditions, and their effects on pregnancy.
Effect of toughened polyamide/carbon fiber interlace braid fabric on the mechanical performance of CFRP laminates

Delamination resistance and epoxy matrix brittle fracture have been the main issues in carbon/epoxy composites laminates. Various studies have been reported to complement the brittle fracture of epoxy matrix. Conventional methods of fabricating toughened carbon/epoxy composite laminates were thermo-plastic veils and films interleaving methods, directly toughening the matrix resin and dispersing nanoparticles in the matrix. In this study, the carbon/epoxy composites laminates were manufactured using carbon fiber/polyamide fiber braided fabrics. The chemical interactions between polyamide and epoxy matrix resin were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which resulted in ring opening of the epoxide group by the amide group. The compression after impact strength and the interlaminar toughness of the carbon/epoxy composite laminate were increased by 31%, and the strain energy release rates were increased by 120% compared to the virgin interface composite. In the case of carbon/epoxy composite laminates interlaced with polyamide fibers, the mechanical properties, such as the tensile strength and fatigue properties, were improved as tensile modulus decreased.
Compensatory growth responses to defoliation and light availability in two native Mexican woody plant species

Abstract: Defoliation, often caused by herbivory, is a common cause of biomass loss for plants that can affect current and future growth and reproduction. There are three models that predict contrasting compensatory growth responses of plants to herbivory and resource availability: (1) Growth rate model, (2) Compensatory continuum hypothesis and (3) Limiting resource model. The predictions of these three models were tested on the tree Brosimum alicastrum and the liana Vitis tiliifolia. Seedlings were subjected to three levels of experimental defoliation (0%, 50% and 90% leaf removal) along a light resource gradient (1%, 9% and 65% of full sun). In both species, defoliation significantly increased leaf production rate and relative growth rate of leaf area, but not of biomass. Net assimilation rate was the strongest driver of biomass growth in both species, but leaf area ratio and specific leaf area were also important in B. alicastrum. Compensatory responses of leaf area growth in B. alicastrum were significantly greater in higher than lower light availability, consistent with the compensatory continuum hypothesis predictions, but in contrast to the growth rate model predictions. The limiting resource model offered an explanation for all possible experimental outcomes by directly considering the effects of environmental differences in resource availability. Resumen: La defoliación ocasionada por herbivoría causa pérdida de biomasa que puede afectar el crecimiento y la reproducción en plantas. Tres modelos que predicen respuestas contrastantes del crecimiento compensatorio de plantas a la herbivoría y a la disponibilidad de recursos son: (1) Modelo de la tasa de crecimiento, (2) Hipótesis de la compensación continua, y (3) Modelo del recurso limitante. Se examinaron las predicciones a estos tres modelos en la especie arbórea Brosimum alicastrum y en la liana Vitis tiliifolia. Las plántulas se sometieron a tres niveles de defoliación experimental (0, 50 y 90% de defoliación total) a lo largo de un gradiente de luz (1, 9 y 65% de luz total). En ambas especies, la defoliación afectó de manera positiva y significativa la tasa de producción foliar y la tasa relativa de crecimiento en área foliar, pero no afectó la biomasa. La tasa de asimilación neta fué el parámetro que mejor explicó las diferencias en la tasa relativa de crecimiento en biomasa en ambas especies, pero en B. alicastrum la relación foliar y el área específica foliar también fueron factores importantes. Las respuestas compensatorias de B. alicastrum en la tasa de producción foliar fueron significativamente mayores en alta disponibilidad de luz comparadas con baja disponibilidad de luz, consistente con la hipótesis de la compensación continua pero contrario a las predicciones esperadas por el modelo de la tasa de crecimiento. El modelo del recurso limitante ofrece la mejor explicación para todos los posibles resultados experimentales, ya que considera directamente los efectos de diferencias ambientales en la disponibilidad de recursos.
Some Adaptive Features in the Respiratory System of Dineutes indicus Aubé (Coleoptera, Gyrinidae)

The spiracular structure characterized with a system of snarling dense outgrowths, has been studied in order to elucidate their reinterpreted role in respiration. The tracheal anatomy has undergone modifications to subserve a secondary function of reducing the metabolic heat in the thorax—a region of relatively high metabolic activity. Tracheation is so arranged as to enable this insect to lead successfully an amphibious existence. The rate of its oxygen consumption and its capacity to remain under water with an air bubble which functions as an efficient physical gill with temperature as an important limiting factor has been studied. Attempts have been made to analyse the anatomy of the respiratory system with reference to the insect's behaviour in its environment.
Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016

Abstract Objective To generate global and regional estimates for the prevalence and incidence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2 infection for 2016. Methods To obtain data, we undertook a systematic review to identify studies up to August 2018. Adjustments were made to account for HSV test sensitivity and specificity. For each World Health Organization (WHO) region, we applied a constant incidence model to pooled prevalence by age and sex to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HSV types 1 and 2 infections. For HSV type 1, we apportioned infection by anatomical site using pooled estimates of the proportions that were oral and genital. Findings In 2016, an estimated 491.5 million people (95% uncertainty interval, UI: 430.4 million–610.6 million) were living with HSV type 2 infection, equivalent to 13.2% of the world’s population aged 15–49 years. An estimated 3752.0 million people (95% UI: 3555.5 million–3854.6 million) had HSV type 1 infection at any site, equivalent to a global prevalence of 66.6% in 0–49-year-olds. Differing patterns were observed by age, sex and geographical region, with HSV type 2 prevalence being highest among women and in the WHO African Region. Conclusion An estimated half a billion people had genital infection with HSV type 2 or type 1, and several billion had oral HSV type 1 infection. Millions of people may also be at higher risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), particularly women in the WHO African Region who have the highest HSV type 2 prevalence and exposure to HIV.
Optimisation of cutting parameters for minimising carbon emissions and cost in the turning process

This study investigates how to minimise environmental cost and maximise economic benefits in the turning process with regard to high carbon emission characteristics in mechanical processing enterprises. Based on the processing task-based evaluation method, carbon emissions and cost are taken as the optimisation objectives. Based on the multi-objective optimisation algorithm concept, NSGA-II was selected to obtain the Pareto frontier. In addition to carbon emissions and cost, the effects of processing time are simultaneously considered, and the Pareto frontier is sorted using the TOPSIS method to determine the optimal combination of the cutting parameters. Contour and single factor analyses were carried out to analyse the influence of cutting parameters on the optimisation objectives. The concept of the processing interval with high economy and low environmental cost was proposed and the calculation method of the interval was presented, which is helpful for mechanical processing enterprises to select reasonable cutting parameters on the premise of meeting the environmental costs and economic benefits.
Role of Inflammation and Serum Creatine Phospho Kinase in Seizures

Background and Objectives: Epilepsy which is a disorder with an extensive variability of symptomatology and multifactorial origins is categorized by emergent and recurrent seizures. Numerous studies showed that seizures are triggered by hyperactivity of the neurons of the brain which may be atypical and synchronous. Our study was aimed to find out the association of inflammation in terms of total leukocyte count (TLC) and serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) concentration in epilepsy and their comparison with pseudo-seizures and healthy controls. Methodology: We conducted this study in Mayo Hospital, Lahore with the collaboration of the Physiology Department of King Edward Medical University, Lahore after approval from Advanced Studies and Research Board of KEMU, Lahore. The sample size was ninety and they were divided equally into three groups, 30 patients of GTCS, 30 patients with a history of pseudoseizures and 30 healthy subjects of comparable age. p< 0.001 was taken as significant. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS 21. Results: Mean total leukocyte count (TLC) in Pseudo-seizures groups was 8216.3 ± 2195.8 cu.mm, in the epileptic group was 13219.9 ± 2686.8 cu.mm and in the control group, the mean TLC was 6832.1 ± 1154.9 cu.mm. Mean serum CPK in pseudo-seizure groups was 130.1 ± 74.3 IU/100 ml, in the epileptic group was 257.7 ± 24.6 IU/100 ml and in the control group, the mean CPK was 79.9 ± 27.7 IU/100 ml. Conclusion: Total leukocyte count (TLC) and CPK were higher in the epileptic group as compare to the pseudo-seizure groups as well as the control group. Elevated WBC levels may be a result of continuing inflammatory progressions in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Therefore it was concluded that serum CPK and TLC may serve as a differentiating marker between epileptic generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) and pseudo seizers.
Horizontal transmission of Wolbachia in a Drosophila community

Abstract. 1. Wolbachia bacteria are reproductive parasites of arthropods and infect an estimated 20% of all insect species worldwide. In order to understand patterns of Wolbachia infection, it is necessary to determine how infections are gained or lost. Wolbachia transmission is mainly vertical, but horizontal transmission between different host species can result in new infections, although its ecological context is poorly understood. Horizontal transmission is often inferred from molecular phylogenies, but could be confounded by recombination between different Wolbachia strains.
A COMPARITIVE VIEW OVER THE SYNTHESIS OF SCHIFF BASE LIGANDS AND METAL COMPLEXES BY CONVENTIONAL AND SOLVENT FREE ROUTES

In the present paper, synthesis of Schiff base ligands and the metal complexes are studied and compared by conventional and solvent free route. The synthesis of Schiff base ligands of amino acids (Glycine, Phenylalanine and Tyrosine) with salicylaldehyde and their mixed ligand ternary Cu(II) complexes are discussed. Other ligands are used in co-ordinaion with the schiff base is 1,10- Phenanthroline/thiourea in equimolar ratio. The environmentally efficient and modern developed method for synthesis is the solid state synthesis of salicylidene amino acids through pestle mortar synthetic procedure. This method is compared with the conventional method that require refluxing the reactant mixture for hours in an organic solvent, here ethanol. The complexes are characterized by spectral techniques IR spectroscopy and UV spectroscopy. The investigations concluded that the pestle mortar assisted method is very rapid , simple and economic for the preparation of ligands and complexes as well. The Antimicrobial studies were also performed for the complexes. The spectral data for the ligands and complexes obtained from either method, conventional and solventless procedure are in good agreement with one another. The azomethine bonding(-CH=N-) between salicylaldehyde amino acids based Schiff bases is described by the IR spectral peak around 1600 cm-1.