Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The design and development of PIGOUT® - a target-specific feral pig bait.

No commercially available feral pig bait exists in Australia or overseas, despite feral pigs being a widespread problem. Animal Control Technologies Australia (ACTA) and the Pest Animal Control Cooperative Research Centre (PAC CRC) are developing a feral pig bait (PIGOUT) that addresses this situation by providing a highly palatable, target-specific, quality controlled and cost effective broadacre bait that lessens the risks to non-target species when compared to currently-employed baiting techniques for feral pig control. The development of such a product will have the potential to reduce the labour investment in feral pig control campaigns while increasing target specificity. If PIGOUT is adopted widely by landholders for large-scale, integrated control of feral pig populations, it is expected that the agricultural sector will benefit from increased lamb survival, improved pasture productivity, decreased infrastructure damage and potential control of exotic disease outbreaks. While improved profits for primary producers can only be speculative (it will vary between sites, seasons, product uptake and many other factors), the benefit to the agricultural industry is potentially great.
Respiratory energy requirements of roots vary with the potential growth rate of a plant species

The rates of growth, net rate of nitrate uptake and root respiration of 24 wild species were compared under conditions of optimum nutrient supply. The relative growth rate (RGR)of the roots of these species varied between 110 and 370 mg g-1 day-1 and the net rate of nitrate uptake between 1 and 7 mmol (g root dry weight)-1 day-1. The rate of root respiration was positively correlated with the RGR of the roots. Root respiration was also calculated from the measured rate of growth and nitrate uptake, using previously determined values for the costs of maintenance, growth and ion uptake of two slow-growing species. The calculated rate of respiration was slightly lower than the measured one for slow-growing species, but twice as high as measured rates for rapid-growing species. This discrepancy was not due to a relatively smaller electron flow through the alternative pathway and, consequently, a more efficient ATP production in the fast-growing species. Neither could variation in specific costs for root growth or maintenance explain these differences. Therefore, we conclude that fast-growing species have lower specific respiratory costs for ion uptake than slow-growing ones. Due partly to these lower specific costs of nutrient uptake, the fraction of respiration that rapid-growing species spend on anion uptake is lower than that of slow-growing species, in spite of the much higher rate of ion uptake of the fast-growing ones.
Approximate evolutionary stasis for bivalve morphology over millions of years: a multivariate, multilineage study

We have calculated rates of evolution for 19 lineages of Neogene bivalves over time intervals ranging from 1 ma to 17 ma. Our morphometric comparisons are based on 24 variables, for which we have made more than 43,000 individual measurements normalized for shell size. We initially assessed evolutionary changes in shape for 19 early Pliocene (4 ma old) species of bivalves by comparing these forms to their closest living relatives, which in 12 cases have traditonally been assigned to the same species. To make our study unbiased and comprehensive, we included all species that met certain predetermined guidelines and that offered suitable fossil material for measurement. We compared early Pliocene and Recent populations using (1) all 24 variables treated separately, (2) multivariate distance (Mahalanobis' D), based on the full set of variables, and (3) eigenshapes for shell outlines. For these comparisons, we used as a yardstick the same measures of morphologic distance applied to pairs of geographically separated Recent populations that belong to eight of the living species to which the fossil populations were compared. As it turns out, with minor exceptions, the distribution of morphologic distances between 4 ma old and Recent populations resembled the distribution of distances between conspecific Recent populations. We calculated net rates of evolution separating pairs of populations that belong to single lineages. For all intervals of time, the distribution of differences between population means for individual variables is remarkably similar to a comparable distribution representing the comparison of pairs of conspecific Recent populations from separate geographic regions. Because morphologic differences between populations do not vary greatly with evolutionary time, measured “rates” of evolution, on the average, decrease with interval of measurement. Because these differences resemble intraspecific variability, however, the rates do not represent significant evolution. Evolution has followed a weak zigzag course, yielding only trivial net trends. The weak and reversible “trends” that we measured yield net rates averaging less than 10 millidarwins, which is much lower than most rates previously reported for marine invertebrates (average ~200 millidarwins for a 1 ma interval and ~60 millidarwins for a 10 ma interval). We attribute this disparity (1) to the fact that most previously published rates have been calculated when a significant amount of evolution was recognized in advance (often for a poorly documented lineage) and (2) to the fact that most measured variables have represented nothing more than some measure of body size. We conclude that shape, as opposed to size, has been highly stable in bivalve evolution over millions of years and 106–107 generations. We conclude that to characterize rates or evolution for any group of organisms, one must employ a large, unbiased sample of measurements for numerous well-documented lineages, and one must segregate data depicting shape from data depicting size.
The lactation curve in cattle: a mathematical model of the mammary gland

SUMMARY A simple model of the mammary gland is described. In this model secretory cells are produced by cell division from undifferentiated cells, and the rate of division is determined by the level of a postulated hormone. The total activity of the milk secreting cells depends on the number of cells, substrate supply (assumed constant), and the amount of milk currently present in the animal. The secretory cells have a finite life, although their death may be expedited by milk remaining in the animal over a longer period of time. The model gives a good description of an experimental lactation curve; it is able to simulate the removal of milk by a suckling calf and machine milking with a variable number of milking periods a day.
La biotecnología de Bacillus thuringiensis en la agricultura

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram-positive rod-shape bacterium that during its sporulation phase produces a parasporal inclusion formed by Cry proteins having biological activity against pest insects. Because of these proteins, Bt shows toxicity toward pest insect larvae of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera orders among others, besides of friendly with the environment, and for this reason Bt has a very common use for commercial products and transgenic plants with Cry protein basis in agriculture. In this review is described the most important Bt factors and their application as biotechnological tool in agrobusiness, considering Bt bioassays.
Sperm ultrastructure of Taenia mustelae (Cestoda, Taeniidae), an intestinal parasite of the weasel, Mustela nivalis (Carnivora)

Summary The present paper describes the ultrastructure of spermatozoa of Taenia mustelae as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. The mature spermatozoon of this tenid is filiform, tapered at both ends, and lacks mitochondrion. It is capped by an apical cone of electron-dense material and presents a single helical crest-like body 75-nm thick. The axoneme is of the 9+‘1’ pattern of trepaxonematan platyhelminthes and lacks a periaxonemal sheath. Transverse intracytoplasmic walls are observed in several regions of the spermatozoon. In cross-section, the spiralled nucleus shows a horse-shoe to annulus shape. The submembranous cortical microtubules are spiralled at an angle of about 45° to the hypothetical spermatozoon axis.
The flavour of milk and dairy products: II. Cheese: contribution of volatile compounds

This is the second of a series of three papers on the flavour of milk and dairy products (see also Nursten 1 and McSweeney 2 ). It deals with the odour components of the flavour of the whole range of cheeses, considering the different chemical classes in turn, methyl ketones, fatty acids, phenols, sulphur compounds, terpenes, α-dicarbonyls and related compounds, esters, amines ond other nitrogen containing compounds and lactones. The sensorily important flavour volatiles are tabulated. Off-flavours are also given some attention.
Nitrogen transformation from three soil organic amendments in a sandy soil

Abstract A sandy soil was amended with various rates (20 – 320 g air-dry weight basis of the amendments per kg of air-dry soil) of chicken manure (CM), sewage sludge (SS), and incinerated sewage sludge (ISS) and incubated for 100 days in a greenhouse at 15% (wt/wt) soil water content. At the beginning of incubation, NH4-N concentrations varied from 50 – 280 mg kg−1 in the CM amended soil with negligible amounts of NO3-N. Subsequently, the concentration of NH4-N decreased while that of NO3-N increased rapidly. In soil amended with SS at 20 – 80 g kg−1 rates, the NO3-N concentration increased sharply during the first 20 days, followed by a slow rate of increase over the rest of the incubation period. However, at a 160 g kg−1 SS rate, there were three distinct phases of NO3-N release which lasted for160 days. In the ISS amended soil, the nitrification process was completed during the initial 30 days, and the concentrations of NH4-N and NO3-N were lower than those for the other treatments. The mineralized N across different rates accounted for 20 – 36%, 16 – 40%, and 26 – 50% of the total N applied as CM, SS, and ISS, respectively.
Apprêtement non conventionnel de peptides antigéniques : production d’antigènes tumoraux par épissage inverse dans le protéasome ou par des protéases distinctes du protéasome

Peptides recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) on tumors usually originate from the degradation of cellular proteins by the proteasome. Understanding the parameters involved in the production of a given antigenic peptide is important to define the most appropriate vaccination modality for this peptide. In this work, we studied the unconventional processing of two tumor antigens deriving from the differentiation protein gp100PMEL17 and the cancer specific protein MAGE-A4. Peptide splicing is a novel mechanism of production of peptides relying on the proteasome and involving the linkage of fragments originally distant in the parental protein. In the first study of this work, we describe a new antigenic peptide, which is presented by HLA-A3 and comprises two non-contiguous fragments of the melanoma differentiation antigen gp100PMEL17 spliced together in the reverse order to that in which they appear in the parental protein. Contrary to the previously described spliced peptides, which are produced by the association of fragments of 3 to 6 amino acids, the peptide described here results from the ultimate association of an 8-amino acid fragment with a single arginine residue. As described before, peptide splicing takes place in the proteasome by transpeptidation involving an acyl-enzyme intermediate linking one of the peptide fragment to a catalytic subunit of the proteasome. Interestingly, we observe that the peptide causing the nucleophilic attack on the acyl-enzyme intermediate must be at least three-amino acid long in order to give rise to a spliced peptide. The spliced peptide produced from this reaction therefore bears an extended C-terminus that needs to be further trimmed in order to produce the final antigenic peptide. We show that the proteasome is able to perform the final trimming step required to produce the antigenic peptide described here. In the second part of this work, studying the processing of the MAGE-A4 peptide NYKRCFPVI143-151, we observed that proteasome inhibition improved its presentation, suggesting that the proteasome does not produce the peptide but rather degrades it. Interestingly, the degradation efficiency of the antigenic peptide depends on the proteasome subtype. Indeed, our results based on cellular and in vitro experiments showed that the standard proteasome is more efficient at degrading the peptide than the 11 immunoproteasome. Because the peptide processing was independent from the proteasome, we investigated the role of alternatives proteases. Our results showed that two different proteases processed the peptide: a serine protease and a metalloprotease. In conclusion, we show that the peptide NYKRCFPVI143-151 is (1) degraded by the standard proteasome and (2) produced by two other proteases, which are still under investigation.
A new approach to the use of meteorological and suction trap data in predicting aphid problems.

The network of suction traps operated by the Rothamsted Insect Survey has provided records of aphid activity since 1965. Previous attempts to use this information with meteorological data for predicting aphid problems have concentrated mainly on simple linear regression techniques. In this paper the value of a more complex multiple regression approach is investigated using additional data from an increased range of sites, species and years. Data from 1966 to 1988 are used to produce models to predict the date of the first record of each of 49 aphid species at each of six sites. The models used were particularly successful in predicting the date of the first record at a range of sites in 1989 of four species: Myzus persicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Sitobion avenae and Phorodon humuli.
Investigation of the Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidant Substances, Antioxidant Vitamins and Some Hematologic-Biochemical Parameter Levels in Gentamycine Induced Nephrotoxicosis in Dogs

In our study, malondialdehyde, antioxidant vitamins, antioxidant substances and some hematologic-biochemical parameter levels in nephrotoxicosis were investigated. Six dogs were used in the study. Blood samples taken before the experiment were used as the control. Blood samples were taken on days 2, 5, 7 and 10 during the experiment. During analysis, we found that the statistical changes were not significant in the retinol and Vitamin C levels of the experiment group when compared to those of the control group. β-carotene (P < 0.05) and Vitamin E (P < 0.001) levels were significantly decreased. Increases in the levels of malondialdehyde, seruloplasmin and urine γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) enzyme were P < 0.001, while decreases in the amounts of glutathione were P < 0.001. We also found that changes in erythrocyte and hemotocrit levels were not significant. On the other hand, increases in the levels of leucocyte (P < 0.01), creatinin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) P < 0.001 were significant. In conclusion, oxidative damage can occur in cells in nephrotoxicosis, the use of antioxidants could be of benefit during treatment with chemotherapeutics.
TIME SERIES TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING ANALYSIS OF THE Arabidopsis thaliana USING FULL GENOME DNA MICROARRAY AND METABOLIC INFORMATION

Title of Thesis: TIME SERIES TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING ANALYSIS OF THE Arabidopsis thaliana USING FULL GENOME DNA MICROARRAY AND METABOLIC INFORMATION. Bhaskar Dutta, Master of Science, 2004 Thesis Directed By: Dr. Maria Klapa, Assistant Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Dr. John Quackenbush, Investigator The Institute for Genomic Research With the advent of the DNA microarray technology, it became possible to study the expression of entire cellular genomes. Tanscriptional profiling alone can not provide a comprehensive picture of the cellular physiological state and it should be complemented by other cellular fingerprints. Transcriptional profiling combined with metabolic information of a systematically perturbed system can unravel the relationship between gene and metabolic regulation. In this context the transcriptional response of Arabidopsis thaliana liquid cultures (grown for 12 days under light and 230C) to 1-day treatment with 1% CO2 was measured by full genome cDNA microarrays. The Time series gene expression profiles were analyzed in the context of the known Arabidopsis thaliana physiology using multivariate statistics. Data analysis revealed an increase in the rate of CO2 fixation, biomass production and cell wall growth. The breadth of the information obtained from a single experiment validated the significance of the high throughput transcriptional profiling. TIME SERIES TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING ANALYSIS OF THE Arabidopsis thaliana USING FULL GENOME DNA MICROARRAY AND METABOLIC INFORMATION
Small-subunit rRNA gene sequences from representatives of selected families of the Gigartinales and Rhodymeniales (Rhodophyta). 2. Recognition of the Halymeniales ord.nov.

Nucleotide sequences of the nuclear, small-subunit ribosomal RNAs, as inferred from polymerase chain reaction amplified products, are introduced for representatives of the Dumontiaceae, Endocladiaceae, Halymeniaceae, and Kallymeniaceae of the order Cryptonemiales sensu Kylin, the Mychodeaceae, Phyllophoraceae, Schizymeniaceae, and Sebdeniaceae of the order Gigartinales sensu Kylin, and the Lomentariaceae and Rhodymeniaceae of the order Rhodymeniales. The new sequences are included in phylogenetic analyses incorporating previously published sequences from additional families of the orders Ahnfeltiales, Ceramiales, Gigartinales, Gracilariales, Palmariales, Plocamiales, and Rhodymeniales. We used the molecular data to test the validity of the taxonomic merger of the orders Gigartinales and Cryptonemiales that was proposed by G.T. Kraft and P.A. Robins in 1985. With only two exceptions (the families Halymeniaceae and Sebdeniaceae), phylogenetic analyses of the SSU data support a monophyletic origin for a comb.
Enhanced RED Protocol Using Multipath Routing

iv TABLE OF CONTENTS . v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . viii LIST OF AlGORITHMS . ix LIST OF FIGURES . x 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Problem Statement . 3 1.2 Objectives . 3 1.3 Scope and Limitations . 4 1.4 Research Methodology . 4 1.5 Research Format . 7 2 CHAPTER 2: RELATED WORKS . 8 2.1 Random Early Detection Gateways for Congestion Avoidance . 8 2.2 Early congestion detection and adaptive routing in MANET . 13 2.3 Congestion control and resource allocation . 15 2.4 Multipath Routing . 16 Enhanced RED Protocol Using Multipath Routing vi 2.5 Summary . 18 3 CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION. 19 3.1 Random Early Detection (RED) . 19 3.2 Multipath Routing . 26 3.2.1 Multipath Routing Definitions . 27 3.2.2 Multipath Routing Overview . 31 3.2.3 Multipath Routing Summary . 44 3.3 What Is OMNeT++? 45 3.4 Summary . 47 4 CHAPTER 4: THE PROPOSED ERED APPROACH . 48 4.1 Overview of Random Early Detection (RED) . 48 4.2 THE PROPOSED ERED APPROACH . 51 4.2.1 Basic Queue of ERED . 51 4.2.2 Secondary parallel Queue of ERED . 54 4.2.3 Dijkstra Algorithm . 57 4.3 Summary . 59 5 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . 60 5.1 Overview of Enhanced Random Early Detection (ERED) . 60 5.2 Experimental Environment . 61 Enhanced RED Protocol Using Multipath Routing vii 5.3 Implementation of ERED . 61 5.4 Experimental Result , Discussion and Comparison with RED . 63 5.5 Evaluation Quality of ERED . 66 5.6 Summary . 67 6 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK . 68 6.1 CONCLUSION . 68 6.2 FUTURE WORK . 69 Enhanced RED Protocol Using Multipath Routing viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AOMDV Ad-Hoc On Demand Multipath Distance Vector AQM Active Queue Management ALOHA Advocates of Linux Open-source Hawaii Association avg Average Queue Size BSD Berkely Software Distribution CSP Congestion Status Packet EDAPR Early congestion Detection and Adaptive Routing in MANET EDCSCAODV Early Detection of Congestion and Self Cure routing protocol for wireless Ad hoc networks ERED Enhancement Random Early Detection LSMP Link State Multi-Path MANET Mobile Ad hoc Networks maxp Maximum value for probability maxth Maximum threshold for queue minth Minimum threshold for queue MRED Modified Random Early Detection MRED Modified Random Early Detection NHN Non-congested Neighbors NRT Neighbor Routing Table OMNET Object-oriented Modular discrete event Network simulation framework Pa Current packet-marking probability PD Proportional Derivative PRT Primary Routing Table q Current queue size q_time Start of the queue idle time RED Random Early Detection TCP Transmission Control Protocol TOS Type Of Service wq Queue Weight Enhanced RED Protocol Using Multipath Routing ix LIST OF ALGORITHMS ALGORITHM 4.1: PSEUDECODE FOR DETAILED RED ALGORITHM . 51 ALGORITHM 4.2: PSEUDECODE FOR BASIC QUEUE OF ERED . 54 ALGORITHM 4.3: PSEUDECODE FOR SECONDARY PARALLEL QUEUE OF ERED . 57 ALGORITHM 4.4: DIJKSTRA ALGORITHM: SHORT TERMS AND PSEUDOCODE[58] . 58 Enhanced RED Protocol Using Multipath Routing
Female control : sexual selection by cryptic female choice

A growing body of evidence has begun to reveal flaws in the traditional assumption of female passivity and lack of discrimination after copulation has begun. William Eberhard has compiled an impressive array of research on the ability of females to shape the outcome of mating. He describes studies of many different cryptic mechanisms by which a female can accept a male for copulation but nevertheless reject him as a father. Evidence from various fields indicates that such selectivity by females may be the norm rather than the exception. Because most post-copulatory competition between males for paternity is played out within the bodies of females, female behaviour, morphology, and physiology probably often influence male success in these contests. Eberhard draws examples from a diversity of organisms, ranging from ctenophores to scorpions, nematodes to frogs, and crickets to humans. Cryptic female choice establishes a new bridge between sexual selection theory and reproductive physiology, in particular the physiological effects of male seminal products on female reproductive processes, such as sperm transport, oviposition, and remating. Eberhard interweaves his review of previous s
Whole cell biocatalysts stabilization for l-carnitine production

We present how whole cells can be used in different ways to stabilize enzyme catalysts in the cell environment to perform biotransformations. Some of the factors which affect their use in biotransformations, such as the nature of the substrate/product, the reusability of cells, the extension of cell viability by cell activation periods or the addition of energetic substrates and the stabilization in solids supports, are considered. The use of sufficiently active enzymes in the cell environment to perform biotransformations within growing, resting, permeabilized, dried, osmotically stressed, freely suspended and immobilized cells, is discussed in the text. The different cell states of enterobacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Proteus sp. , can be used to produce l-carnitine from crotonobetaine or d-carnitine substrate, are analyzed.