Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE SUB-STRUCTURAL PSEUDO DYNAMIC TESTS OF A FULL-SCALE TWO-STORY STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL

This paper describes a 2-story steel plate shear wall frame (SPSWF) specimen tested recently by using sub-structural pseudo dynamic testing procedures in National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering. The paper focuses on the design procedures, experimental setup and phase I test results. The thickness of SS400 grade steel plate for first story wall is 3mm; and for the second story is 2mm. All the boundary beam and column elements are A572 GR 50 steel. In phase I test, the SPSW in each story has horizontal tube restrainers on both sides to minimize the out-of-plane displacements and the buckling sounds. The specimen was tested under pseudo-dynamic loads using three ground accelerations, which were recorded in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake and scaled up to represent seismic hazards of 2%, 10%, and 50% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years. Test results show that 1) the SPSWF specimen sustained three earthquakes without any significant wall fracture or overall strength degradation, 2) the horizontal restrainers are very effective in improving the serviceability of SPSWs, 3) the responses of the SPSWF can be accurately predicted using the strip model and the tension-only material property implemented in PISA3D computer program.
Purchasing power parity , nontraded prices and the terms of trade by

This paper argues that the essential problem underlying the failure of empirical tests of purchasing power parity may be the loss of information that arises from aggregation of prices. A disaggregated specification of purchasing power parity is proposed and a measure of nontraded goods prices based on a broad theoretical definition of prices and tradable goods is developed. This measure is tested empirically against other proxies found in the literature in the context of the purchasing power parity model of the bilateral Australian dollar/US dollar exchange rate. It is concluded that relative nontraded goods prices and the terms of trade play an important role in causing deviations away from purchasing power parity. Furthermore, the measure on nontraded prices proposed appears to provide more sensible estimates of the long run coefficients compared with other proxies used in the literature. JEL classification code: F310, F410, C330, C520
A Cue-Based Approach to the Phonotactics of Upper Necaxa Totonac

In this paper we extend Steriade’s (1999) Licensing-by-Cue approach to the phonotactics of Upper Necaxa Totonac, a member of the Totonacan-Tepehuan language family, spoken in Puebla State, Mexico (Beck 2001). We argue that a number of phonotactic generalizations in this language are problematic for a standard sonority-based account, but are straightforwardly accounted for in terms of Licensing-by-Cue.
Stereo Vision-based 3 D Pose Estimation under Turbid Water for Underwater Vehicles *

Nowadays, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are essential in applications such as inspection of underwater structures (e.g., dams and bridges) and underwater cable tracking [1]. Docking operation is very useful not only for battery recharging applications but also other applications such as sleeping under the mother ship, and a new mission downloading [2]. Therefore, there are many studies on underwater docking [2]-[5]. However, a number of challenging issues hinder these applications, which require high accuracy and robustness against disturbances that occur in the underwater environment. To achieve these tasks in underwater vehicles, we have developed a vision-based docking system using stereo vision. In an underwater vehicle with a lighting unit installed on it, especially, dynamic lighting environment addresses challenges when the own lighting system is dominant in a deep sea or during a night operation. Additionally, when an underwater vehicle approaches the sea bottom, water turbidity comes in picture as disturbance to be considered and solved for visual servoing. According to the authors’ knowledge, there are few studies on the 3D pose estimation under turbidity for underwater vehicles. In [6], detection of interest points in turbid underwater images was reported. Collection of images acquired by a trinocular system under gradually increasing turbidity levels were used in that study. In [7], the robustness on underwater images local feature detection was reported. A new dataset, called TURBID, that is real seabed images with different amount of degradation, was used and the robustness of different feature detectors were analyzed in that report [7]. However, the studies in both reports [6],[7] do not include about the real-time visual servoing for underwater vehicles. In previous works [8]-[10], different experiments to confirm the robustness of our vision-based system using two cameras and a known 3D marker were conducted. Sea trial docking using an ROV as a test bed was conducted in a real sea near Wakayama city in Japan successfully [11]. In [12], dual-eyes vision-based docking experiment was verified using an AUV “TunaSand 2”. Even though the robustness of the proposed system against different kinds of disturbances was confirmed in previous works, we have not confirmed the robustness of the proposed system against the effect of the water turbidity. Based on this moROV
From Requirements to Specifications : a Formal Approach

Achieving a proper understanding of the problem space before providing the design in the solution space is one of the basic tenets in requirements engineering. The Problem Frames approach provides a way for people to understand and solve software problems. Recently, a denotational semantics for Problem Frames was defined to relate the various elements of Problem Frames together. One of the problems of the semantics is that, as denotation, a problem has the set of all satisfying solution specifications. Whereas this is a sensible initial choice, it does not lend itself easily to the construction of solution specifications. The contribution of this paper is to provide a formal technique which in the context of the given semantics allows for the systematic derivation of software specifications from requirements.
Parallell partikkeltransport implementert i Python med MPI

A high performance computing program for calculating particle transport in parallel has been written in Python using the SciPy-stack and mpi4py. The 4th order Runge-Kutta method was used as the numerical integrator for calculating particle transport in a velocity field given by an analytical expression, and the movement of each particle was assumed to be independent of other particles. This is a common assumption when considering for example transport of a dissolved chemical in water. The program was run in parallel on several computers, including the supercomputer Vilje at NTNU and the execution time for different number of processes was measured and compared to each other. The performance was found to be quite well. The speed-up was measured, and performance was found to scale quite well, with super-linear scaling at 8 to 16 ranks for a high number of particles. When using more than one node, the extra execution time because of latency in the communication between nodes outweighed the performance gain in dividing the work on even more processes, for the system sizes tested in this thesis. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that the combination of Python and MPI can be used to write scientific source code for parallel simulation of the particle transport problem. The resulting code is quite compact and readable, compared to a similar code in Fortran. A tentative comparison suggests that the performance of the code written in the high-level programming language Python is not significantly worse than the performance of a code written in Fortran.
The Philosopher as Coach 3 What Is a Philosopher Good For ?

Philosophers are regularly called upon to assist in deliberation about ethical matters. Committees are established at the European Union (EU) level, as well as by domestic governments and at the institutional level, to address sensitive issues in medicine, research, and other policy areas. Such committees are often designed to include an ethics expert, or an ethics consultant, on the assumption that philosophers have something to offer. But, what is it that philosophers can offer such committees? To be sure, ethics consultancy is nothing new: The very first ethics consultants may have been the sophists of ancient Greece. However, from Socrates onwards, philosophers have also reflected on the moral appropriateness of offering their services to governments and individuals in power. Socrates denounced the sophists roundly: No one should make a living by selling arguments as tools of manipulation. Recent critics voice more modest concerns:
MCCIP ARC Science Review 2010-11 Coastal Flooding

Extreme sea levels in the future are likely to be dominated by climate driven changes to the mean sea level, rather than waves or storm surges. There is a great deal of uncertainty surrounding the magnitude of changes in mean sea level and wind waves (thus extreme events), but not the direction of change for mean sea level. This will increase the likelihood of coastal flooding. Without adaptation this will lead to significant losses to economic, social and environmental assets by the end of this century and beyond. Since sea level rise is committed to continue beyond 2100, even with immediate stabilisation of greenhouse gas emissions, then policy and adaptation measures require a strategy over a much longer period.
Effect of flurbiprofen axetil intervention before induction on incision pain and inflammatory stress response after orthopedic surgery

Effect of flurbiprofen axetil intervention before induction on incision pain and inflammatory stress response after orthopedic surgery Hong Liang, Tai-Gong Jiang, Bai-Zhan Lu 1. Department of Anesthesiology, Guangyuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangyuan 628000, Sichuan, China 2. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sanyuan County Hospital of Xianyang, Xianyang 713800, Shaanxi, China Journal of Hainan Medical University
Improving hydrologic forecasting using spaceborne soil moisture retrievals

Using existing data sets of passive microwave spaceborne soil moisture retrievals, streamflow and precipitation for 26 basins in the United States Southern Great Plains, a 5-year analysis is performed to quantify the value of soil moisture retrievals derived from the Tropical Rainfall Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) X-band (10.7 GHz) radiometer for forecasting storm event-scale runoff ratios. The predictive ability of spaceborne soil moisture estimates is objectively compared to that obtainable using only available rainfall observations and the antecedent precipitation index (API). The assimilation of spaceborne observations into an API soil moisture proxy is demonstrated to add marginal value to the forecasting of land surface response to precipitation.
Ocean acidification and its impact on the early life-history stages of marine animals

The world’s oceans are slowly becoming more acidic and profound changes in marine ecosystems are certain. Expected changes for the coming century will have significant affects on marine animals, especially those lacking adequate physiological buffering capacity and/or with calcareous skeletons such as echinoderms. In addition, alarmingly little is known about the long term impact of predicted pH changes on marine invertebrate larval development. Data currently available shows that the impact of ocean acidification (OA) on marine animals is not easy to predict (e.g. calcareous v.s. non-calcareous species, negative v.s. positive effects), furthermore it is species-specific even within closely related taxa and operates in synergy with other environmental parameters (e.g. temperature, food availability). An holistic approach on several generations including all phases of individual life cycles is required and essential. Further studies should focus on an established and robust frame of reference for life-history analyses, including temporal as well as developmental stages. Moreover, it is important to work in realistic abiotic (e.g. pH, temperature) and biotic (e.g. nutrient/food concentration) conditions, for example within a range of seawater pH predicted to occur by the year 2100 (Δ pH ≈ 0.2 to 0.4 units) regulated by manipulation of environmental CO2 levels. Our view is that we need studies that embrace a wide range of carefully selected taxa and that also include careful consideration of life-history strategies exhibited by marine organisms. These considerations are illustrated by examples from our own research.
Economic Study to Measure the Efficiency and Marketing Margins of the Main Vegetable Crops Baghdad Province for the Agricultural Season 2016

The aim of this work was to calculate the marketing efficiency that measures efficiency of marketing processes for vegetable crops. Also, the work targeted calculating marketing margins and total marketing margin items in the marketing process. To meet research requirements and objectives, data were collected from 25 farmers of the 3 vegetable crops (open agriculture) farms in Abu Ghraib city in Baghdad province. The research found that marketing efficiency of marketers was 63.22%, 65.58%, and 60.31% for tomato, eggplant, and cucumber crops respectively. The total marketing margins were 212 IQD/KG, 235 IQD/KG, and 125 IQD/KG for tomato, eggplant, and cucumber respectively. The loss value for tomato, eggplant, and cucumber crops respectively were 31.56 IQD/KG, 15.3 IQD/KG, and 17.6 IQD/KG. The IQD/KG ratio that paid by consumer was distributed as the following. The ratio for tomato crop was 58.9% for farmer and 41.1% for middlemen. For eggplant, the ratio was 61.8% for farmer and 38.1% for middlemen. Finally, the ratio for cucumber was 62.7% for farmer and 37.7% for middlemen. The results indicated a weakness in marketing processes that farmers carried out on vegetable crops. Specifically, marketing processes were limited to packaging, transportation omitting the important marketing steps such as cleaning, sorting, and grading according to color, quality, and size. The study recommended to increase efficiency of marketing operations to raise marketing efficiency and reduce the loss during the conduct of marketing operations. The paper also recommended to educate farmers to pay attention to the marketing operations that take place on the farm
Does GaN Have a Body Diode?-Understanding the Third Quadrant Operation of GaN

Gallium Nitride (GaN) FETs are providing designers with a viable alternative to Si MOSFETs in high power density applications. This is due to their significant advantages over Si, including small junction capacitance, lack of body diode, and no reverse recovery loss. These advantages enable more efficient and compact power converter designs, driven by a higher switching frequency. Nowadays, the major commercial GaN FETs are lateral high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMT). Without the p-n-doping drift region in the structure, GaN illustrates unique characteristics in the third quadrant operation. This application report provides a detailed explanation of the diode-like behavior of GaN in reverse current conduction, based on the study on its lateral structure. The third quadrant operation naturally happens when GaN is applied as rectifiers. This application report also shows how to minimize the third quadrant loss of GaN FETs used as rectifiers by leveraging a short dead time or adaptive dead time control.
ENERGY CONSERVATION WITH VOLTAGE REDUCTION USING AUTOMATIC ON-OFF CONTROL IN LIGHTING SYSTEM KUSHANG

As per the saying ‘Money saved is money earned’ the economic development in energy saving becomes the economic growth. For achieving such growth energy saving and energy efficiency are the priorities of the nation. One area under study among the energy efficiency field is street lighting and industrial lighting. This paper presents a novel & efficient system of regulation and stabilization of luminous flux for public street lighting installations as well as industrial lighting. The main objective is to reduce their voltage supply, resulting in the improvement of energy efficiency in the installation. The system is basically composed of electromagnetic components and some basic electronic components which provide robustness and high performance to the device, as well as minimum maintenance requirements. This is based on the principle of CVR (conservation Voltage reduction) in lighting system. KeywordsEnergy Conservation, Street Lighting, CVR,
Backmund : Krisenintervention bei Drogenabhängigkeit Crisis Intervention and Drug Addiction

Worldwide, there are 15 million opioid users – most of them heroin users. Prevalence of opioid use is higher in Germany and Europe as compared to worldwide (0.7% versus 0.35%). Crises are common among drug addicts. There is also a high mortality and a high psychiatric and somatic co-morbidity among drug addicts. Mortality of opioid users reported by longitudinal studies range from 0.5% to 7% annually, which is around 13 times that of their peers. Suicide has been consistently reported to be one of the four major causes of death among heroin users, the others being accidental overdose, trauma and diseases, primarily hepatitis C and AIDS. For an effective crisis intervention it is necessary to be aware of psychodynamic problems. Crisis intervention can lead to an effective psychotherapeutic treatment supported by medication. The most important basic is the knowledge that every crisis of an addict will reinforce the compulsion to take drugs.
A comparative study of epidural 0 . 5 % bupivacaine with nalbuphine and 0 . 5 % bupivacaine with fentanyl in lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries

Background: Epidural opioids have unique advantages over conventional, intermittent IV/ IM administration, in that patients given epidural opioids have fewer respiratory complications and can be mobilized sooner in the postoperative period. Aim: To compare the effects of epidural 0.5%Bupivacaine with nalbuphine and 0.5% bupivacaine with fentanyl in lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries. Materials and methods: This prospective, randomized, single blind study, where in Epidural Nalbuphine (10 mg) with 0.5% bupivacaine and epidural fentanyl (50 g) with 0.5% bupivacaine in lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries. Results: There were statistically no significant difference between mean age, weight, gender, ASA grading, types of surgeries and baseline parameters in both groups. The duration of surgery and time of onset of sensory blockade, motor blockade and peak motor blockade were not statistically significant (p> 0.05). The duration of sensory blockade was highly significant (p < 0.01). Duration of motor blockade was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Mean heart rates in both the groups were significant only at 6 th , 7 th , 8 th , 9 th and 10 th hours. Mean arterial pressures in both the groups were significant only at 3 rd , 6 th , 7 th , 8 th , 9 th and 10 th hours. 30% of patients in group A had a pain score more than 4 during 6-12 hours of postoperative period as compared to 80% in group B. The pain scores were similar in both the groups in the first six hours of postoperative period. Number of rescue Nama Nagarjuna Chakravarthy, A Sagar, G. Venkateshwarlu. A comparative study of epidural 0.5% bupivacaine with nalbuphine and 0.5% bupivacaine with fentanyl in lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries. IAIM, 2018; 5(2): 124-134. Page 125 analgesics required in the first 24 hours of post-operative period in group B were significantly higher (p < 0.01) when compared with group A. 4 patients (13.2%) in Group B experienced respiratory depression which is significant statistically. Conclusions: Epidural Nalbuphine with 0.5%bupivacaine significantly prolongs the total duration of sensory blockade with better postoperative analgesia when compared to epidural fentanyl with 0.5%bupivacaine, with stable hemodynamics and less side effects.
SDMLp - Secure Differential Multiplexer Logic : Logic Design for DPA-Resistant Cryptographic Circuits

Hardware Security is a key issue with the emergence and proliferation of embedded systems. Many embedded systems like smart cards, RF-id tags, mobile phones and PDAs run cryptographic algorithms running on dedicated cryptographic ICs to perform operations like secure identification, authentication and communication. Even though cryptographic algorithms are mathematically strong and secure, the underlying hardware (CMOS) implementations may reveal the secret key of the device by exhibiting data or operation dependent power consumption. Attack methodologies that use information like power consumption, timing information and electromagnetic radiation of the Cryptographic IC to find the secret key of the device are called Side Channel Attacks. Differential Power Analysis (DPA) is a category of Side Channel Attack that uses differences in power consumed for different input vectors along with statistical analysis to reveal the secret key in the device. DPA attacks are possible due to the data dependent power consumption of the CMOS circuits. Several algorithmic, circuit and logic level countermeasures have been proposed to resist DPA attacks. Unfortunately many of these techniques are either ineffective or end up having a huge overhead in other design metrics like area, power and speed. The objective of DPA resistance is to remove data dependence from power consumed. Recently, many circuit design techniques based on Dynamic and Differential Logic, which allows for matching power profiles regardless of input, have been proposed.
7 AN ENSEMBLE DATA ASSIMILATION SCHEME THAT HAS MIXED GAUSSIAN AND NON-GAUSSIAN ERRORS

It is well known that the foundations for three and four dimensional variational data assimilation, 3D and 4D VAR, arise from Bayesian probability theory. This problem is derived in (Lorenc, 1986), L86 hereafter, for general multivariate probability density functions, pdfs, for both the marginal and conditional distributions until we arrive at the definition of the errors. At this point the errors are then assumed to be additive and hence Normally distributed. In (Cohn, 1997) it is suggested that it may be that we have data which is lognormally distributed and hence the errors are multiplicative. Increasingly there has been more data sets to back the claim about the lognormal distributed variables, (Sengupta et al., 2004) but as early as 1977 variables in the atmosphere have been identified as lognormally distributed, (Mielke et al., 1977). Given these non Normal variables then we have to address how to correctly assimilate them. In (Fletcher and Zupanski, 2006a), FZ06a hereafter, we start to address this problem for multivariate lognormally distributed variables. We are able to derive a cost function similar to the one associated with the multivariate Normal mode. There is much discussion as to which statistic is the best to use to represent the distribution. With the multivariate lognormal there is only one statistic that can represent the distribution and that is its mode. The reason for such a bold statement is due to a property that statisticians have known about the lognormal distribution since the 1960s. This distribution is not uniquely determined by its moments, (Heyde, 1963). This then causes problems if we are seeking the first moment. We would not know if we were approximating the lognormal distribution or the other distribution that satisfies the moment equations. In FZ06a we derive the cost function associated with the mode of the multivariate lognormal distribution. We know that this state is the most likely and hence this is where the pdf is at a maximum. We show that the cost function associated with the lognormal distribution is similar to the Normal cost function and that the Jacobian and the Hessian also have a similar structure. The reason for seeking these matrices is for their use in minimisation routine such as quasi-Newton and conjugate gradi-