Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mutuality in Business: Future Governance Options for the Mars Corporation

This paper argues that ownership forms and governance arrangements will play a critical role in ensuring the future of mutual practices and outcomes for the Mars Corporation. Mutuality is one of the company’s five core principles, and members of Mars, Incorporated have increasingly been exploring how mutuality can be harnessed and embedded, thereby producing positive outcomes for both the corporation and its stakeholders. This paper looks specifically at how ownership structures can contribute to the mutuality of the corporation. There are plenty of member-owned ‘mutual’ businesses that fail to develop and implement the necessary policies and practices to take full advantage of their mutuality for business purposes: it is an opportunity lost. Conversely, there are non-mutuals, in the sense of organisations that are not member-owned, but which pursue mutuality as a business principle. These companies gain some advantage from so doing, but perhaps not to the full extent that would be possible were those principles to be supported by a degree of actual mutual ownership, and with less chance of that mutuality being sustainable. Companies that do not reward their employees or customers with any actual ownership stakes may nonetheless seek to engender a ‘sense of ownership’ amongst them: this may pay dividends, but it is likely to be more effective and sustainable if underpinned by a degree of actual ownership. This paper argues firstly, that to get the most out of mutuality, and to make it sustainable, requires a degree of mutual ownership. Using ‘trust’ or ‘foundation’ structures has proved successful at delivering such outcomes in a range of companies across the leading industrialised economies. Looking forward, to the question of how Mars Incorporated may choose to structure its own ownership and governance arrangements in the future, the company is involved in a range of interesting activities globally that might usefully seek to develop forms of mutuality with their suppliers and other ‘stakeholders’ in their distributional value chain. In so doing, Mars would be promoting mutual ownership within other, new companies. This would have three beneficial effects. First, it would strengthen the sustainability of those ventures themselves. Second, it would contribute positively to the degree of corporate diversity and resilience within those economies. And third, it would contribute in imaginative and innovative ways to the growth and development of the mutual sector itself, globally and over time.
Image-guided Hypo-fractionated Stereotactic Radiosurgery to Spinal Lesions

OBJECTIVEThis article demonstrates the technical feasibility of noninvasive treatment of unresectable spinal vascular malformations and primary and metastatic spinal tumors by use of image-guided frameless stereotactic radiosurgery. METHODSStereotactic radiosurgery delivers a high dose of radiation to a tumor volume or vascular malformation in a limited number of fractions and minimizes the dose to adjacent normal structures. Frameless image-guided radiosurgery was developed by coupling an orthogonal pair of x-ray cameras to a dynamically manipulated robot-mounted linear accelerator that guides the therapy beam to treatment sites within the spine or spinal cord, in an outpatient setting, and without the use of frame-based fixation. The system relies on skeletal landmarks or implanted fiducial markers to locate treatment targets. Sixteen patients with spinal lesions (hemangioblastomas, vascular malformations, metastatic carcinomas, schwannomas, a meningioma, and a chordoma) were treated with total treatment doses of 1100 to 2500 cGy in one to five fractions by use of image-guided frameless radiosurgery with the CyberKnife system (Accuray, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA). Thirteen radiosurgery plans were analyzed for compliance with conventional radiation therapy. RESULTSTests demonstrated alignment of the treatment dose with the target volume within ± 1 mm by use of spine fiducials and the CyberKnife treatment planning system. Tumor patients with at least 6 months of follow-up have demonstrated no progression of disease. Radiographic follow-up is pending for the remaining patients. To date, no patients have experienced complications as a result of the procedure. CONCLUSIONThis experience demonstrates the feasibility of image-guided robotic radiosurgery for previously untreatable spinal lesions.
NuSTAR DETECTION OF HIGH-ENERGY X-RAY EMISSION AND RAPID VARIABILITY FROM SAGITTARIUS A⋆ FLARES

Sagittarius A⋆ harbors the supermassive black hole that lies at the dynamical center of our Galaxy. Sagittarius A⋆ spends most of its time in a low luminosity emission state but flares frequently in the infrared and X-ray, increasing up to a few hundred fold in brightness for up to a few hours at a time. The physical processes giving rise to the X-ray flares are uncertain. Here we report the detection with the NuSTAR observatory in Summer and Fall 2012 of four low to medium amplitude X-ray flares to energies up to 79 keV. For the first time, we clearly see that the power-law spectrum of Sagittarius A⋆ X-ray flares extends to high energy, with no evidence for a cutoff. Although the photon index of the absorbed power-law fits are in agreement with past observations, we find a difference between the photon index of two of the flares (significant at the 95% confidence level). The spectra of the two brightest flares (∼55 times quiescence in the 2–10 keV band) are compared to simple physical models in an attempt to identify the main X-ray emission mechanism, but the data do not allow us to significantly discriminate between them. However, we confirm the previous finding that the parameters obtained with synchrotron models are, for the X-ray emission, physically more reasonable than those obtained with inverse Compton models. One flare exhibits large and rapid (<100 s) variability, which, considering the total energy radiated, constrains the location of the flaring region to be within ∼10 Schwarzschild radii of the black hole.
Parkinsonism Induced By 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): Implications for Treatment and the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease

ABSTRACT Our experience in treating 7 patients with moderate to severe parkinsonism induced by l-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is reviewed. Virtually all of the problems typically encountered with dopamine precursor and agonist therapy in treating Parkinson’s disease have been observed during a one and one half year follow-up period, including “end-of-dose” deterioration (or “wearing off’), “peak-dose” dyskinesias, “on-off” phenomena, and psychiatric complications. These have occurred much earlier than is typically seen when treating the idiopathic disease. This rapid evolution of therapeutic side-effects favors the view that at least some of the complications of dopamine precursor therapy may be related to severity of disease rather than the length of levodopa therapy. Finally, we suggest that the occurrence of this full array of therapeutic complications in patients with MPTP-induced parkinsonism furthers the analogy between this syndrome and Parkinson’s disease.
Morphological classification of the myelodysplastic syndromes: how much more education of diagnosticians is necessary?

Within the past decade the World Health Organization (WHO) has published two extensive and well-regarded syllabi on the classification and definitions of the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). [1][1],[2][2] Although predominantly based on the French-American-British (FAB) morphological approach to the
The Influence of Risky Conditions in Trust in Autonomous Systems

In order to utilize the full range of benefits of autonomous systems, an understanding of how operators trust an automated system is vital. The level of risk in an environment is an important factor that many have suggested affects trust in automated and autonomous systems, but it has not been studied extensively. This study aims to explore the effect differing levels of risk can have on trust in an autonomous system with individuals that vary in their own risk profile. Using a UAV management task, participants worked with an autonomous teammate to protect an area from incoming enemies. Risk was assessed by how much money a participant stood to lose by not protecting the safe zone. Results partially support the hypothesis that trust decreases with increased risk, but results vary regarding behavioral trust and subjective trust. Overall, this experiment provides evidence that risk is an important situational factor that affects trust in automation.
N-Benzoyl-N′,N′′-dicyclohexylphosphoric triamide

In the title compound, C19H30N3O2P, the central P atom has a distorted tetrahedral configuration. The N atoms in both cyclohexylamide moieties exhibit a slight deviation [0.32 (7) and 0.44 (6) Å] from planarity, while the benzoylamide N atom is planar [0.11 (3) Å]. In the crystal, molecules are linked via N—H⋯O(P) and N—H⋯O(C) hydrogen bonds, forming R 2 2(10) rings within linear arrangements parallel to the b axis.
Analysis and Design of Improved Weighted Average Current Control Strategy for LCL-Type Grid-Connected Inverters

The LCL grid-connected inverter has the ability to attenuate the high-frequency current harmonics. However, the inherent resonance of the LCL filter affects the system stability significantly. To damp the resonance effect, the dual-loop current control can be used to stabilize the system. The grid current plus capacitor current feedback system is widely used for its better transient response and high robustness against the grid impedance variations. The weighted average current (WAC) feedback scheme is capable to provide a wider bandwidth at higher frequencies but show poor stability characteristics under weak grid scenarios. To overcome this shortcoming, the improved WAC damping method is proposed with an additional capacitor current feedback loop. In this paper, a systematic parameter design guideline for the optimal selection of the current loop proportional resonant controller and the additional capacitor current feedback coefficient are presented for the improved WAC feedback control strategy. The satisfactory range of the system control parameters can be obtained under different delay conditions to meet the system performance specifications. The improved WAC method enhances system robustness under weak grid scenarios, and the stability and robustness have been enhanced under control delay. Finally, the experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed improved WAC control strategy and the parameter design method.
Protecting User Privacy from Social Networking Applications@@@حماية خصوصية المستخدم من تطبيقات شبكات التواصل الاجتماعية

Day by day, users of social network are increasing. They use different applications offered by social networking and publishing more personal information. However, users try to protect their privacy by keeping their information as private or share them only with family members or friends group. Further, many of them are unaware of the degree to which their privacy depends on third party applications and their developers, which left their private information vulnerable to accidental or malicious leaks by these applications. In this work, we focus on users’ privacy concerns toward third-party application. We provide methodology to prevent these applications from sharing users' data with friends inside a social network without user permission, by the proposed system to allow the users through the installation process to give different level of permission to the data that is requested by friends’ applications. Finally, the proposed system is evaluated for feasibility with theoretical analysis as well as simulation experiments by developing a client server application by Java to simulate a social network environment. Based on testing results, the proposed system assists users to have more control on their data and can achieve the level of privacy that they want.
Framework of a scalable delay-insensitive asynchronous platform enabling heterogeneous concurrency

Parallel architecture of asynchronous circuits has great potential in improving throughput while reducing energy consumption. This paper presents a parallel platform designed using delay-insensitive asynchronous logic. Heterogeneous data processing units as well as datapath control logic are integrated in the platform. All these units share the common data I/O and external handshaking control channels. Asynchronous arbiters are incorporated to make the cores' data requests mutually exclusive. The highly-modular interface and delay-insensitivity allow the platform to be easily cascaded to construct large systems. Simulation results indicate the functional correctness of the heterogeneous platform as well as its cascaded structure.
Marcasite oxidation in low-temperature acidic (pH 3.0) solutions: Mechanism and rate laws

Abstract Marcasite surfaces were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and auger electron spectroscopy (AES). XPS data of a pristine marcasite surface are used as a template to examine the characteristics of a marcasite surface after exposure to vigorous cleaning procedures and after reaction in oxygenated and mildly acidic (pH 3.0) solution. Minor changes are observed to the Fe(2p3/2) spectrum after cleaning the surface with concentrated HCl. A new species is observed at approximately 709 eV. representing 10- 15% of the total Fe spectrum. Chloride was detected by XPS broadscans and OH₋ was observed in the O(1s) spectrum. The new Fe species at 709 eV may be associated with either OH₋ or Cl₋. XPS sulfur spectrum of the surface exposed to oxygenated. HCl solution (pH = 3.0) indicates that polysulfide increases at the expense of disulfide. The Fe species observed at 709 eV is also present and represents 10-15% total Fe. XPS broadscan analyses indicate trace amounts of chloride. Oxide O2- is absent from the O(1s) spectrum but OH is present. AES depth profiles reveal no compositionally distinct zones after reaction. Leach rates for the aqueous oxidation of marcasite were determined at 25 °C in O-saturated chloride solution at pH 3.0. Two rate experiments were performed on crushed and sieved size fractions of marcasite: one sample was vigorously cleaned to investigate fundamental aspects of marcasite leaching and the other was untreated to simulate conditions found in natural environments. The oxidative leach rate of Fe(aq) from pristine marcasite is 4.25 × 10₋5 mmol/(m2·s). Analyses of aqueous S speciation reveal fluctuations in S content of oxidation state lower than SO2-4 . The XPS results suggest that the fluctuation may result from periodic release of polysulfide to solution, after accumulation on the reactive marcasite surface.
Quantum time mirrors

Phillipp Reck, Cosimo Gorini, Arseni Goussev, Viktor Krueckl, Mathias Fink, Klaus Richter1∗ Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany Department of Mathematics and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom and Institut Langevin, ESPCI, CNRS, PSL Research University, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France (Dated: March 25, 2016)
Liquid-solid Transition in Bidisperse Granulates

Simulation results of dense granulates with particles of different sizes are compared with theoretical predictions concerning the mixture pressure. An effective correlation function is computed which depends only on the total volume fraction and on the dimensionless width of the size-distribution function. From simulation data of elastic and weakly dissipative systems, one can predict how much disorder (size-dispersity) is necessary to avoid ordering effects due to crystallization. Finally, a global equation of state is proposed, which unifies both the dilute, disordered gas/fluid and the dense, solid regime.
Self Evaluation of Leadership Practices and Behaviors Used by Department Executive Officers in Agricultural Education

The leadership practices required of the department chair have become more complicated as institutions of higher education struggle for their own survival as a result of change (Tucker, 1984). According to Mannebach (1990), changes have occurred at an unprecidented rate within agricultural education, agricultural industries and educational systems. Dramatic changes in student enrollment, as reported by Bowen (1987), in secondary. post-secondary and university programs in the colleges of agriculture and agricultural education have stimulated concerns for accountability at all levels.
Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee

&NA; Osteochondritis dissecans is a condition of the joints that appears to affect subchondral bone primarily, with secondary effects on articular cartilage. With progression, this pathology may present clinically with symptoms related to the integrity of the articular cartilage. Early signs, associated with intact cartilage, may be related to a softening phenomenon and alteration in the mechanical properties of cartilage. Later stages, because of the lack of underlying support of the cartilage, can present with signs of articular cartilage separation, cartilage flaps, loose bodies, inflammatory synovitis, persistent or intermittent joint effusion, and, in severe cases, secondary joint degeneration. Selecting and recommending a surgical intervention require balancing application of nonsurgical interventions with assessment of the degree of articular cartilage stability and the potential for spontaneous recovery.
Employment status and earning functions in urban informal sector : A case of Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Importance of the informal sector which provides a large chunk of GDP and employment to the economy has been widely recognized in Pakistan. The objective of the study is to examine the impact of human capital and other socio-economic variables on earnings of self employed, wage earners, and the workers engaged in trade, services and manufacturing activities, especially in the urban informal sector through descriptive and empirical analysis. The study is based on primary source of data collected by conducting field survey selecting three divisions: Bahawalpur, Multan and Dera Ghazi Khan, as major study areas. A sample of 3,000 informal sector workers was collected from urban areas of the Southern Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, firstly, the sample has been divided into self-employed and wage earners and then into three groups of activities i.e., trade, services and anufacturing. There is a serious need to provide more opportunities for productive employment to a large number of participants of the urban informal sector.
Ownership influence and CSR disclosure in China

This paper aims to examine the relationship between ownership type and the likelihood of publication of a corporate social responsibility (CSR) report. ,Drawing on stakeholder salience theory, the probit model is used for a sample of 1,839 Chinese listed firms to study how different types of owners influence firm CSR engagement. ,The analysis reveals that the Chinese stock exchanges exert a positive influence on the likelihood of a firm producing a CSR report, an effect which is more significant in state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Foreign investors lead to a greater likelihood of publication of a CSR report, though this effect is weaker in SOEs. In contrast, the holdings of state and domestic institutional investors are broadly neutral. ,The study helps corporate managers to recognise how particular types of shareholders will value their efforts regarding CSR activities and disclosure and also assists policymakers in improving the level of CSR disclosure through the development of new policy. ,Apposite CSR disclosure enhances trust and facilitates the shared values on which to build a more cohesive society. ,The novelty of this study is that it addresses the effect of institutional investors on Chinese firm CSR engagement and thus provides an important insight for firms, investors and other stakeholders into the interplay of portfolio investment and CSR.
AGE-RELATED DEFICITS IN MOTOR LEARNING AND DIFFERENCES IN FEEDBACK PROCESSING DURING THE PRODUCTION OF A BIMANUAL COORDINATION PATTERN.

Learning and transfer of a new bimanual coordination pattern were investigated in a group of adolescents and elderly subjects. The pattern consisted of continuous horizontal flexionextension movements with a 90 phase offset between the upper limbs. All subjects practised the task under augmented feedback conditions, involving a real-time orthogonal display of both limb movements. Three different transfer test conditions were administered at regular intervals during practice, i.e. blindfolded, with normal vision, and with augmented visual feedback. Findings showed that the performance levels of the elderly group were lower than the group of adolescents and their rate of improvement was also smaller. The observed learning deficits in the elderly are hypothesised to be a consequence of a decreased capability to overcome the preferred coordination modes, as required for developing new coordination modes. This reduced capability to suppress prepotent response tendencies may reflect an age-related decrease in the efficiency of inhibitory processes in the central nervous system and may be associated with changes in frontal lobe functioning.
Confirmatory Latent Class Analysis

Most applications of person-centered methodologies have relied on data-driven approaches to class enumeration. As person-centered analyses grow in popularity within organizational research, confirmatory approaches may be sought to provide more stringent theoretical tests and to formalize replication efforts. Confirmatory latent class analysis (LCA) is achieved through placement of modeling constraints, yet there is variation in the types of potential constraints and a lack of standardization in evaluating model fit in published work. This article provides a comprehensive framework for operationalizing model constraints and demonstrates confirmatory LCA via two illustrations: (a) a dual sample approach (n = 1,366 and n = 1,367 in exploratory and validation samples, respectively) and (b) confirmatory testing of a hypothesized latent class structure (n = 1,483). We depict operationalization of threshold boundary and/or equality constraints under both illustrations to generate a confirmatory latent class structure, and explain methods of model evaluation and comparison to alternative models. The confirmatory model was well supported under the dual sample approach, and partially supported under the hypothesis-driven approach. We discuss decision making at various points of model estimation and end with future methodological developments.