Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimal dynamic taxation, saving and investment

In this paper we develop a framework for determining optimal dynamic taxa- tion based on maximizing welfare in a macro-economic market economy with value-maximizing firms, which face costs of adjustment for investment and utility optimizing consumers. We derive welfare rankings of often used tax rates such as profit tax, sales tax, consumption and wage tax. However, such an optimal tax policy may be time-inconsistent, and therefore, also the implications of time-inconsistency for welfare rankings of tax rates are given. It is shown that the wage and consumption tax rate cannot be a source for time-inconsistency, which gives an incentive to implement these taxes.
Pesticides of Botanical Origin: a Promising Tool in Plant Protection

Future agricultural and rural development is, to a large extent, influenced by the rapidly increasing food demand of 2.5 billion people expected to swell the world population by 2020. Achieving food sufficiency in a sustainable manner is a major challenge for farmers, agro-industries, researchers and governments (Schillhorn van Veen, 1999). The intensification of agriculture to fulfil food needs has increased the number of insect pest species attacking different crops and as a result the annual production losses of the standing crops. In the past, synthetic pesticides have played a major role in crop protection programmes and have immensely benefited mankind. Nevertheless, their indiscriminate use has resulted in the development of resistance by pests (insects,weeds, etc), resurgence and outbreak of new pests, toxicity to non-target organisms and hazardous effects on the environment endangering the sustainability of ecosystems (Jeyasankar & Jesudasan, 2005). In the recent years the EU has employed a fundamental reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) highlighting the respect to the environmental, food safety and animal welfare standards, imposing farmlands’ cross-compliance with good agricultural and environmental conditions (Schillhorn van Veen, 1999). Due to environmental side effects and health concerns, many synthetic carbamate, organophosphate, and organophthalide pesticides have been banned (Council Directive 91/414/EEC) or are being under evaluation (Regulation 2009/1107/EC OL & Directive 2009/128/EC). On the other hand, industry does not equally sustain the economic cost of research and registration, of all pesticides’ chemical classes. The development of nematicides is rarely supported, even though in some cases, such as in the Netherlands, they represent more than 60% of the total pesticides used in agriculture (Chitwood, 2002). This is due to the fact that nematodes are a rather difficult target and the economic cost of research and registration is an enormous hurdle for a prospective new synthetic nematicide to overcome (Chitwood, 2002). As a result, currently there are only few nematicides left in use, and their limited number makes the repeated applications of the same formulation, inevitable. This fact has led to the enhancement nematicides biodegradation in soil (Qui et al., 2004 , Karpouzas et al., 2004, Arbeli & Fuentes, 2007) and the development of resistance in pests. (Meher et al., 2009) These two phenomena are expressed in field as lack of efficacy of the applied pesticides. All the above facts necessitate the urge for new and alternative pest control methods (Chitwood, 2002). An interesting way of searching for biorational pesticides is screening naturally occurring compounds in plants (Isman, 2006; 2008). Plants, as long-lived stationary organisms, must
Correlated patterns in hydrothermal plume distribution and apparent magmatic budget along 2500 km of the Southeast Indian Ridge

Multiple geological processes affect the distribution of hydrothermal venting along a mid‐ocean ridge. Deciphering the role of a specific process is often frustrated by simultaneous changes in other influences. Here we take advantage of the almost constant spreading rate (65–71 mm/yr) along 2500 km of the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR) between 77°E and 99°E to examine the spatial density of hydrothermal venting relative to regional and segment‐scale changes in the apparent magmatic budget. We use 227 vertical profiles of light backscatter and (on 41 profiles) oxidation‐reduction potential along 27 first and second‐order ridge segments on and adjacent to the Amsterdam‐St. Paul (ASP) Plateau to map ph, the fraction of casts detecting a plume. At the regional scale, venting on the five segments crossing the magma‐thickened hot spot plateau is almost entirely suppressed (ph = 0.02). Conversely, the combined ph (0.34) from all other segments follows the global trend of ph versus spreading rate. Off the ASP Plateau, multisegment trends in ph track trends in the regional axial depth, high where regional depth increases and low where it decreases. At the individual segment scale, a robust correlation between ph and cross‐axis inflation for first‐order segments shows that different magmatic budgets among first‐order segments are expressed as different levels of hydrothermal spatial density. This correlation is absent among second‐order segments. Eighty‐five percent of the plumes occur in eight clusters totaling ∼350 km. We hypothesize that these clusters are a minimum estimate of the length of axial melt lenses underlying this section of the SEIR.
ANGULAR MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN VELA-LIKE PULSAR GLITCHES

The angular momentum transfer associated with Vela-like glitches has never been calculated directly within a realistic scenario for the storage and release of superfluid vorticity; therefore, the explanation of giant glitches in terms of vortices has not yet been tested against observations. We present the first physically reasonable model, both at the microscopic and macroscopic level (spherical geometry, n = 1 polytropic density profile, density-dependent pinning forces compatible with vortex rigidity), to determine where in the star the vorticity is pinned, how much of it is pinned, and for how long. For standard neutron star parameters (M = 1.4 M☉, Rs = 10 km, Hz s−1), we find that maximum pinning forces of order fm ≈ 1015 dyn cm−1 can accumulate ΔLgl ≈ 1040 erg s of superfluid angular momentum, and release it to the crust at intervals Δtgl ≈ 3 years. This estimate of ΔLgl is one order of magnitude smaller than that implied indirectly by current models for post-glitch recovery, where the core and inner-crust vortices are taken as physically disconnected; yet, it successfully yields the magnitudes observed in recent Vela glitches for both jump parameters, ΔΩgl and , provided one assumes that only a small fraction (<10%) of the total star vorticity is coupled to the crust on the short timescale of a glitch. This is reasonable in our approach, where no layer of normal matter exists between the core and the inner-crust, as indicated by existing microscopic calculation. The new scenario presented here is nonetheless compatible with current post-glitch models.
Wearable Motion-Based Heart Rate at Rest: A Workplace Evaluation

This paper studies the feasibility of using low-cost motion sensors to provide opportunistic heart rate assessments from ballistocardiographic signals during restful periods of daily life. Three wearable devices were used to capture peripheral motions at specific body locations (head, wrist, and trouser pocket) of 15 participants during five regular workdays each. Three methods were implemented to extract heart rate from motion data and their performance was compared to those obtained with an FDA-cleared device. With a total of 1358 h of naturalistic sensor data, our results show that providing accurate heart rate estimations from peripheral motion signals is possible during relatively “still” moments. In our real-life workplace study, the head-mounted device yielded the most frequent assessments (22.98% of the time under 5 beats per minute of error) followed by the smartphone in the pocket (5.02%) and the wrist-worn device (3.48%). Most importantly, accurate assessments were automatically detected by using a custom threshold based on the device jerk. Due to the pervasiveness and low cost of wearable motion sensors, this paper demonstrates the feasibility of providing opportunistic large-scale low-cost samples of resting heart rate.
Electrophoretic Mobility and Size Determination of Aerosol OT Inverse Micelle in Decane Using Phase Analysis Light Scattering ( PALS ) and Dynamic Light Scattering ( DLS ) Respectively

Aerosol OT is a well known surfactant used as negative charging agent. When dissolved in a solvent an Aerosol OT molecule is ionized to become negatively charged head group (RSO-3) and a positively charged sodium ion (Na + ). The head groups are supposed to adsorb onto the surface of dispersed particles leaving positively charged counter-ions in the solution. However, silica particles are positively charged when suspended in the dispersion of Aerosol OT in decane. Only at concentrations below approximately 0.5mM the data showed that silica particles are negatively charged. In searching for strong evidences supporting the above fact, inverse micelles of Aerosol OT in decane were observed in term of their charge and size growth using Phase Analysis Light Scattering (PALS) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) respectively. The results showed that inverse micelles of Aerosol OT in decane were negatively charged. This evidence strongly support that the positive ions adsorb onto the particle to impart positive charge. Further measurement on electrophoretic mobility of silica particles in the system show that at Aerosol OT concentrations 100mM-1000mM silica particles are positively charged. The negativity of Aerosol OT inverse micelle in decane is growing along with the growth of the size of micelles and the growth of Aerosol OT inverse micelles was aboserved at Aerosol OT concentration 100-1000mM.
Analysis of Proteins Bound to Contact Lenses

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are any proteins that attach to contact lenses that can be removed by cleaning solutions and if so, whether it is possible to quantify them by Bradford assay and identify them by nanoliquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS). Our results indicate that the contact lenses indeed contain equal amounts of proteins, as determined by quantitative Bradford assay. NanoLC-MS/MS analysis led to the identification of several proteins, including lipocalin-1, lysozyme and tryptophan 5-hydroxylase. The significance of our findings is discussed.
Targeting Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Signaling into the Central Nervous System for Promoting Myelin Repair

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Without myelin, nerve impulses in the CNS are slowed or stopped, leading to a constellation of neurological symptoms. Demyelination also provides a permitting condition for irreversible axonal damage. Remyelination of MS lesions largely fails, although oligodendrocyte precursors and premyelinating oligodendrocytes (myelin forming cells) are present in many demyelinated plaques. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is a growth factor that should provide the appropriate signals to promote repair of MS lesions, because it acts as a survival factor for cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage and stimulates myelin synthesis. In a pilot study on MS patients, no detectable remyelinating effects in the CNS were observed following subcutaneous administration of IGF-1. A number of reasons might explain a lack of beneficial effects: a) it is unlikely that subcutaneous administration of IGF-1 provides sufficient passage across the blood-brain-barrier and into the CNS, b) the biological actions of IGF-1 are tightly regulated by several insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), which become upregulated in the demyelinated lesions and may prevent access of IGF-1 to its receptor, c) IGF-1 not only acts on oligodendrocytes, but also stimulates the proliferation of astrocytes, which form the glial scar that impedes repair processes. In this review, we will discuss strategies to enhance IGF-1 signaling in the CNS utilizing a) alternative routes of administration, b) IGF analogues that displace IGF-1 from regulatory IGFBPs and c) strategies to selectively target IGF-1 to oligodendrocytes.
Hereditarily non uniformly perfect non-autonomous Julia sets

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>Hereditarily non uniformly perfect (HNUP) sets were introduced by Stankewitz, Sugawa, and Sumi in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">19</xref>] who gave several examples of such sets based on Cantor set-like constructions using nested intervals. We exhibit a class of examples in non-autonomous iteration where one considers compositions of polynomials from a sequence which is in general allowed to vary. In particular, we give a sharp criterion for when Julia sets from our class will be HNUP and we show that the maximum possible Hausdorff dimension of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ 1 $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> for these Julia sets can be attained. The proof of the latter considers the Julia set as the limit set of a non-autonomous conformal iterated function system and we calculate the Hausdorff dimension using a version of Bowen's formula given in the paper by Rempe-Gillen and Urbánski [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">15</xref>]. </p>
Evaluation of investing risk in gold, compared with the stock

This study aims to investigate and compare the investment risk between the gold and the stock using Value at Risk (VaR) measure. It is one of the known methods to measure, forecast and manage the risk and has been of interest in recent years to financial institutions. Methodology: The VaR is a method for assessment and identification of risk, which makes use of standard statistical techniques applied ordinarily in other areas. Results: This investigation is seeking to find an appropriate solution for managing the risk of investment in the stock exchange and the precious metals (gold) and to select an optimal portfolio using the concept of VaR. Conclusion: Finally, the optimal volume of investment in the stocks and the gold is determined.
Inspiratory muscle fatigue and swimming 1 Title : Inspiratory muscle fatigue affects latissimus dorsi but not pectoralis major activity during arms only front crawl sprinting Running head : Inspiratory muscle fatigue and swimming

The purpose of this study was to determine whether inspiratory muscle fatigue affects the muscle activity of the latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major during maximal arms only front crawl swimming. Eight collegiate swimmers were recruited to perform two maximal 20 s arms only front crawl sprints in a swimming flume. Both sprints were performed on the same day and inspiratory muscle fatigue was induced 30 minutes after the first (control) sprint. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures (PImax and PEmax, respectively) were measured pre and post each sprint. The median frequency (MDF) of the electromyographic signal burst was recorded from the latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major during each 20 s sprint along with stroke rate and breathing frequency. MDF was assessed in absolute units (Hz) and then referenced to the start of the control sprint for normalization. After inspiratory muscle fatigue inducement stroke rate increased from 56 ± 4 to 59 ± 5 cyclesmin and latissimus doris MDF fell from 67 ± 11 Hz at the start of the sprint to 61 ± 9 Hz at the end. No change was observed in the MDF of the latissimus dorsi during the control sprint. Conversely, the MDF of the pectoralis major shifted to lower frequencies during both sprints but was unaffected by inspiratory muscle fatigue. As the latter induced fatigue in the latissimus doris, which was not otherwise apparent during maximal arms only control sprinting, the presence of inspiratory muscle fatigue affects the activity of the latissimus dorsi during front crawl sprinting.
Design of Droop Controllers for Converters in DC Microgrids Towards Reducing Bus Capacitance

DC microgrids based on droop-controlled Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) converters tend to have large bus capacitance in order to guarantee stiff bus voltage. Large bus capacitance leads to the increase of weight, size, and cost. Indeed, since the droop control inherently allows the bus voltage to vary in a certain range, there is no need to restrict the dynamic bus voltage fluctuation to such a low level. Thus, as long as the bus voltage is maintained in the acceptable range, smaller bus capacitance can be chosen. This paper firstly gives the design criterion of the output capacitance for DERs converters. Then, the design of droop controllers are presented, so that the output capacitance can be reduced while the bus voltage is still kept in the allowable range during any transient. Since voltage-current ($V-I$) and current-voltage ($I-V$) droop control methods show different characteristics, separate design procedures are introduced for them. Finally, the proposed design methods are validated by means of experimental results performed on a dc microgrid prototype composed of two 3kW converters.
Reactions of Oxygen with the Platinum Metals

In the second part of this survey of the oxidation of the platinum metals attention is given to the formation of solid oxide films on the more reactive metals ruthenium, rhodium, iridium and osmium. The films formed in air on these metals are thick enough to give tarnish colours at temperatures of 400 to 500°C, and they may be in equilibrium with an appreciable partial pressure of gaseous oxides at temperatures below that at which they decompose. Diagrams showing the solid (oxide and metal) phases and the vapour pressures of the gaseous oxide phases in equilibrium with one atmosphere of oxygen at temperatures up to about 1800°C are given for four of the platinum metals. A third part of this paper will deal with the oxidation of palladium.
Tansley review The scope of Baker ’ s law

Author for correspondence: John R. Pannell Tel: +41(0)21 692 41 70 Email: john.pannell@unil.ch Received: 6 March 2015 Accepted: 27 May 2015 John R. Pannell, Josh R. Auld*, Yaniv Brandvain, Martin Burd, Jeremiah W. Busch, Pierre-Olivier Cheptou, Jeffrey K. Conner, Emma E. Goldberg, Alannie-Grace Grant, Dena L. Grossenbacher, Stephen M. Hovick, Boris Igic, Susan Kalisz, Theodora Petanidou, AprilM.Randle, Rafael Rubio deCasas, AntonPauw, JanaC. Vamosi and Alice A. Winn Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biology, West Chester University,West Chester, PA 19383,USA; Department of Plant Biology, University ofMinnesota, St Paul,MN55108,USA; School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Universite de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valery Montpellier, EPHE, CEFE 34293, Montpellier Cedex 05, France; Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI 49060, USA; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Department of Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 W Taylor St, M/C 067, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; Laboratory of Biogeography and Ecology, Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Lesvos, Greece; Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117-1049, USA; Departmento Ecologı́a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, UGR, 18071 Granada, Spain; Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, EEZA-CSIC, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, EEZA 04120, Almeria, Spain; Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada; Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
1 2 N ov 2 01 8 Projective Hilbert space structures at exceptional points

A non-Hermitian complex symmetric 2× 2 matrix toy model is used to study projective Hilbert space structures in the vicinity of exceptional points (EPs). The bi-orthogonal eigenvectors of a diagonalizable matrix are Puiseuxexpanded in terms of the root vectors at the EP. It is shown that the apparent contradiction between the two incompatible normalization conditions with finite and singular behavior in the EP-limit can be resolved by projectively extending the original Hilbert space. The complementary normalization conditions correspond then to two different affine charts of this enlarged projective Hilbert space. Geometric phase and phase jump behavior are analyzed and the usefulness of the phase rigidity as measure for the distance to EP configurations is demonstrated. Finally, EP-related aspects of PT −symmetrically extended Quantum Mechanics are discussed and a conjecture concerning the quantum brachistochrone problem is formulated. PACS numbers: 03.65. Fd, 03.65. Vf, 03.65. Ca, 02.40. Xx published as: J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 40, 8815 (2007)
Anoikis-resistant human osteosarcoma cells display significant angiogenesis by activating the Src kinase-mediated MAPK pathway

Tumor cells must resist anoikis to metastasize. There is a key role of angiogenesis in the growth and metastasis of tumors. However, the relationship between anoikis resistance and angiogenesis has not been well explored in human osteosarcoma. In the present study, we reported the higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in osteosarcoma cells that were resistant to anoikis than in parental osteosarcoma cells, promoting the proliferation, tube formation, and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Src, JNK (Jun amino-terminal kinase) and ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) signaling pathway phosphorylation was activated in anoikis-resistant cells; Src inhibitor reduced the expression of VEGF-A and angiogenesis and inhibited JNK and ERK pathway activity. Overexpression of phosphorylated (p)-Src and VEGF-A was positively correlated to the metastatic potential in human osteosarcoma tissues, as quantified by immunohistochemistry. In addition, p-Src expression was directly correlated with VEGF-A expression and microvessel density in vivo. Our findings revealed that anoikis resistance in osteosarcoma cells increased the expression of VEGF-A and angiogenesis through the Src/JNK/ERK signaling pathways. Thus, Src may be a potential therapeutic alternative in osteosarcoma angiogenesis and metastasis.