Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of wind on Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) flight and egglaying behavior

The influence of wind velocity on the behavior of ovipositing female Hessian flies, Mayetiola destructor (Say), was examined in a wind tunnel. Females exposed to wind speeds ranging from 0 to 2.0 m/s, tended to stay for longer on wheat, Triticum aestivum L. , plants when the wind speeds experienced were higher, than when they were lower. However, although flight departing from plants was suppressed at higher wind speeds, on-plant behavior was not suppressed under these conditions. Thus, females that stayed longer on plants because of higher wind speeds laid more eggs per visit than females at lower wind speeds. Flight direction upon leaving a host plant was also influenced by wind. As winds increased >0.9 m/s, females no longer exhibited flights to upwind groups of wheat plants and were more likely to land in downwind groups of plants or to be blown out the end of the wind tunnel. When groups of females were released into host plant patches in low (0.1 m/s) or high (0.7 or 1.2 m/s) wind speeds, females in higher winds laid most of their eggs in the patches they were released into and in patches downwind of release patches. Alternatively, females in low winds laid eggs in upwind as well as downwind patches. In this experiment, the total number of eggs laid during the test period was greater in lower versus higher winds. The effects of the above responses to the reproductive biology of Hessian flies are discussed.
Chronic Alcohol Intake Exacerbates Cardiac Dysfunction After Myocardial Infarction.

AIMS Alcohol intake is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. This study was designed to investigate whether chronic alcohol intake affects myocardial infarction (MI)-induced cardiac remodeling and heart failure. METHODS Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: Sham group (Sham), MI plus drinking water group (MI + Vehicle), and MI plus daily alcohol intake for 6 weeks with or without gavage of additional alcohol every 3 days (MI + Alcohol and MI + Alcohol + G). The MI were induced by permanent left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation surgery before vehicle or alcohol treatment. The blood alcohol concentration (BAC), cardiac function, release of cardiac enzymes, pathological changes and mitochondrial function were measured. RESULTS As expected, supplementation of alcohol in drinking water significantly increased random BAC in mice. Long-term exposure to alcohol further reduced body weight, ejection fraction and fractional shortening in comparison with the MI + Vehicle group. Histopathological data showed that alcohol increased fibrosis in infarct zone, which was well correlated with the functional decline. Also, as compared to the MI + Vehicle group, the adenosine diphosphate-supported respiratory function of freshly isolated cardiac mitochondria was inhibited in the MI + Alcohol + G group. Besides, upon MI-induced cardiac damage, we did not observe further changes in heart weight, cardiomyocyte enlargement in remote zone, exercise capacity, lung edema and the release of cardiac enzyme after chronic alcohol intake. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that chronic daily alcohol exposure exacerbated MI-induced cardiac dysfunction, which is related to promoted myocardial fibrosis and inhibited mitochondrial function.
Strategies and facilities in order to improve animal welfare

To keep the position in being a world-wide exporter of chicken meat, Brazil must meet international quality standards, always seeking alternative resources of improvement, without increasing production costs, including litter quality, requirements of animal welfare and environment affairs, such as the use and reuse of broiler litter. Researches are performed in the areas of animal welfare, environment, animal behavior and use of modern climatization technology improving the quality of the environment created to raise broilers, also trying to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and global warming in the environment, becoming a sustainable production system. This paper has a bibliographic revision of the subject mentioned above, intending to show a state-of-art key factors related to a new concept of broiler environment and welfare.
An Overview of the Elusive Passenger in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Cattle: The Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli

For approximately 10,000 years, cattle have been our major source of meat and dairy. However, cattle are also a major reservoir for dangerous foodborne pathogens that belong to the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) group. Even though STEC infections in humans are rare, they are often lethal, as treatment options are limited. In cattle, STEC infections are typically asymptomatic and STEC is able to survive and persist in the cattle GIT by escaping the immune defenses of the host. Interactions with members of the native gut microbiota can favor or inhibit its persistence in cattle, but research in this direction is still in its infancy. Diet, temperature and season but also industrialized animal husbandry practices have a profound effect on STEC prevalence and the native gut microbiota composition. Thus, exploring the native cattle gut microbiota in depth, its interactions with STEC and the factors that affect them could offer viable solutions against STEC carriage in cattle.
The impact of interventions in the global land and agri‐food sectors on Nature’s Contributions to People and the UN Sustainable Development Goals

Interlocked challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss, and land degradation require transformative interventions in the land management and food production sectors to reduce carbon emissions, strengthen adaptive capacity, and increase food security. However, deciding which interventions to pursue and understanding their relative co‐benefits with and trade‐offs against different social and environmental goals have been difficult without comparisons across a range of possible actions. This study examined 40 different options, implemented through land management, value chains, or risk management, for their relative impacts across 18 Nature's Contributions to People (NCPs) and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We find that a relatively small number of interventions show positive synergies with both SDGs and NCPs with no significant adverse trade‐offs; these include improved cropland management, improved grazing land management, improved livestock management, agroforestry, integrated water management, increased soil organic carbon content, reduced soil erosion, salinization, and compaction, fire management, reduced landslides and hazards, reduced pollution, reduced post‐harvest losses, improved energy use in food systems, and disaster risk management. Several interventions show potentially significant negative impacts on both SDGs and NCPs; these include bioenergy and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, afforestation, and some risk sharing measures, like commercial crop insurance. Our results demonstrate that a better understanding of co‐benefits and trade‐offs of different policy approaches can help decision‐makers choose the more effective, or at the very minimum, more benign interventions for implementation.
The Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Exercise on Individual’s Physiological, Psychological and Rehabilitative Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Objective purpose: This review synthesized the literature examining the effects of virtual reality (VR)-based exercise on physiological, psychological, and rehabilitative outcomes in various populations. Design: A systematic review. Data sources: 246 articles were retrieved using key words, such as “VR”, “exercise intervention”, “physiological”, “psychology”, and “rehabilitation” through nine databases including Academic Search Premier and PubMed. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: 15 articles which met the following criteria were included in the review: (1) peer-reviewed; (2) published in English; (3) randomized controlled trials (RCTs), controlled trials or causal-comparative design; (4) interventions using VR devices; and (5) examined effects on physiological, psychological, and/or rehabilitative outcomes. Descriptive and thematic analyses were used. Results: Of the 12 articles examining physiological outcomes, eight showed a positive effect on physical fitness, muscle strength, balance, and extremity function. Only four articles examined the effects on psychological outcomes, three showed positive effects such that VR exercise could ease fatigue, tension, and depression and induce calmness and enhance quality of life. Nine articles investigated the effects of VR-based exercise on rehabilitative outcomes with physiological and/or psychological outcomes, and six observed significant positive changes. In detail, patients who suffered from chronic stroke, hemodialysis, spinal-cord injury, cerebral palsy in early ages, and cognitive decline usually saw better improvements using VR-based exercise. Conclusion: The findings suggest that VR exercise has the potential to exert a positive impact on individual’s physiological, psychological, and rehabilitative outcomes compared with traditional exercise. However, the quality, quantity, and sample size of existing studies are far from ideal. Therefore, more rigorous studies are needed to confirm the observed positive effects.
Synthesis of a cephalosporin-doxorubicin antitumor prodrug: a substrate for an antibody-targeted enzyme

Cephalosporin (12) substituted at the C-3' position with the potent oncolytic agent doxorubicin (2) was synthesized as a potential prodrug for the treatment of solid tumors. We envision the conversion of prodrug to free doxorubicin to be mediated by an immunoconjugate, consisting of a β-lactamase enzyme which is covalently attached to a monoclonal antibody, which has been prelocalized on the tumor cell surface. Doxorubicin was covalently attached to the cephalosporin nucleus via a carbamate linkage. This was accomplished by condensation of the amino sugar moiety of doxorubicin with cephem 3'-p-nitrophenyl carbonate (10)
Teaching Dental Anatomy & Morphology; An Updated Clinical & Digital Based Learning Module.

INTRODUCTION Dental Anatomy & morphology learning is an essential component of the dental curriculum; students introduced to dental morphology in a detailed text-book style lecture format often have difficulty transferring that knowledge to the associated clinically related activities. The purpose of this article is to describe the rationale, components, and advantages of an updated dental anatomy module and present a comparison of student course evaluations for those who received the updated module (CDM) versus those who received the traditional module (TM). METHOD An updated module was implemented at the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry (UKCD). The updated module consisted of clinically based lectures and incorporated digital technologies in both lecture and laboratory portions of the course as well as a patient based esthetic wax-up exercise. The goal of the updated module is to shift emphasis away from decontextualized technical learning toward more active and clinically applicable learning that improves classroom interaction and takes advantage of the current technologies available. RESULTS The results were statistically analyzed using a two-sample t-test. The updated module was statistically significantly highly rated by students. CONCLUSION The updated module was highly appreciated and rated by students. An update to the educational method of teaching dental anatomy and morphology is proposed, clinical dental anatomy teaching results in enhanced students' engagement and assessment. More research and proper strategic planning for implementation of digital technology into the dental anatomy curriculum is needed to adequately utilize these resources.
Managing Agricultural Nutrients for Food Security in China: Past, Present, and Future

Over the past 2000 yr, agriculture in China has transformed from a low-input, low-output organic-based system to an intensive production system that relies heavily on inorganic inputs. The modern high-input, high-output system has provided the nation with basic food self-sufficiency, although at escalating environmental costs. Meanwhile, crop production has been nearly stagnant since the mid-1990s, despite continued increases in production inputs, such as chemical fertilizers. In the future, China must increase agricultural output by 50% to meet its growing food demand. New advances to increase agricultural productivity and improve resource (e.g., N and P) use efficiency will be critical in China for sustainable agriculture and ecosystem services. Here, we discuss an integrated soil-crop system management (ISSM) paradigm that may help achieve the sustainable intensification goal. This paradigm features (i) improving soil quality, (ii) enhancing the use of various nutrient resources, (iii) closing the yield gap, and (iv) effectively reducing N losses. Recent on-farm trials based on ISSM principles almost doubled corn yield, while fertilizer N amounts were similar to current farming methods. This ISSM in China is a novel agricultural paradigm that can improve food security and environmental quality worldwide, especially in regions of high input with low-efficiency systems.
Recurrent convolutional neural kernel model for stock price movement prediction

Stock price movement prediction plays important roles in decision making for investors. It was usually regarded as a binary classification task. In this paper, a recurrent convolutional neural kernel (RCNK) model was proposed, which learned complementary features from different sources of data, namely, historical price data and text data in the message board, to predict the stock price movement. It integrated the advantage of technical analysis and sentiment analysis. Different from previous studies, the text data was treated as sequential data and utilized the RCNK model to train sentiment embeddings with the temporal features. Besides, in the classification section of the model, the explicit kernel mapping layer was used to replace several full-connected layers. This operation reduced the parameters of the model and the risk of overfitting. In order to test the impact of treating the sentiment data as sequential data, the effectiveness of explicit kernel mapping layer and the usefulness integrating the technical analysis and sentiment analysis, the proposed model was compared with the other two deep learning models (recurrent convolutional neural network model and convolutional neural kernel model) and the models with only one source of data as input. The result showed that the proposed model outperformed the other models.
ASSAYS OF PERMETHRIN – IMPREGNATED FABRICS AND BIOASSAYS WITH MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)

Pieces of netting and sheeting of various types were impregnated by dipping them in permethrin emulsion. Bioassays were performed in which three species of mosquitoes were exposed to the impregnated fabrics for periods of between 15 s and 8 min. When pieces of netting and sheeting were dipped in permethrin emulsion at ambient temperature, the amount of insecticide absorbed was generally proportional to the weight of liquid taken up, i.e. there was no evidence of selective absorption. Diffusion of permethrin did not occur between pieces of netting and sheeting sewn together. The LD50 on cotton nets was found to be about three times as great as on nylon nets. Aedes aegypti (L.) was found to be more susceptible than Anopheles gambiae Giles, which was more susceptible than Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Although for most other groups of insecticides variation in time and dose have equivalent effects, for permethrin on netting this was not found to be true, i.e. on having the exposure time the LD50 was less than doubled.
Colonization of human opportunistic Fusarium oxysporum (HOFo) isolates in tomato and cucumber tissues assessed by a specific molecular marker

Fusarium oxysporum is a large complex cosmopolitan species composed of plant pathogens, human opportunistic pathogens, and nonpathogenic isolates. Many plant pathogenic strains are known based on host plant specificity and the large number of plant species attacked. F. oxysporum is an opportunistic pathogen in humans with a compromised immune system. The objectives of this study were: (1) to develop a specific marker to detect human opportunistic F. oxysporum (HOFo) isolates; (2) to determine whether or not HOFo isolates can colonize and cause disease symptoms in plants; and (3) to assess Taiwan isolates sensitivity to two agro-fungicides. The primer pair, Primer 5/ST33-R, specifically amplifying Taiwan and international reference HOFo isolates was developed and used to detect and assess the distribution of a Taiwan isolate in inoculated tomato plants and tomato and cucumber fruit. Taiwan HOFo isolate MCC2074 was shown to colonize tomato roots, hypocotyls, and cotyledons, but did not show any visible symptoms. Four days after surface inoculation of tomato and cucumber fruit with the same isolate, MCC2074 was detected in the pericarp and locular cavities of both tomato and cucumber fruit and in columella of tomato fruit. Three Taiwan HOFo isolates were found to be moderately sensitive to azoxystrobin and highly sensitive to difenconazole.
Simultaneous Consideration of HbA1c and Insulin Resistance Improves Risk Assessment in White Individuals at Increased Risk for Future Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence increases unabated even as interventions focused on individuals at high risk can prevent T2D (1). Best approaches to identify individuals at high risk continue to be refined. Current risk assessment focuses on elevated glycemia, commonly estimated by fasting glucose (FG) and HbA1c levels, despite imperfect sensitivity and specificity (2). We previously showed that risk for T2D increases progressively as HbA1c increases, independently and in addition to increasing FG (3,4). As risk assessment for T2D depends on more than glycemia alone, simultaneous consideration of another physiological axis may improve biomarker-based diagnostic precision. Here, we test the hypothesis that simultaneous consideration of HbA1c and insulin resistance (IR), assessed with fasting insulin as HOMA of IR (HOMA-IR), can substantially improve risk assessment for T2D. We have previously detailed our statistical approach, IR and T2D diagnostic criteria, and particulars of the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) (3). Using the same FHS data and excluding those with T2D at baseline, we categorized individuals according to HbA1c <5.7% or 5.7–6.49% and into HOMA-IR tertiles and followed them for a mean (SD) of 16.4 (4.5) years for incident T2D. Age- and sex-adjusted T2D incidence rates and counts of subjects are shown in Fig. 1 A for all …
Ascorbic Acid: A Precursor of Oxalate in Crystal Idioblasts of Yucca torreyi in Liquid Root Culture

Liquid‐cultured primary roots of Yucca torreyi L. (Agavaceae), which are similar to its intact roots, develop uninterrupted files of calcium oxalate crystal idioblasts with raphide bundles in their cortex, beginning just proximal to the terminal meristem. Each single file of idioblasts displays a basipetal ontogenetic sequence. [1‐14C]glycolic acid, [1‐14C]glyoxylic acid, and l‐[1‐14C]ascorbic acid, all of which are potential precursors of oxalate, were each added to different flasks that contained a sterile liquid medium and isolated roots and were allowed to interact with the roots for 45 min. After thorough washing, the roots grew for periods that extended from 1.6 h to 24 h postincorporation before being fixed for light microscope autoradiography. Autoradiography of root sections with the l‐[1‐14C]ascorbic acid at the 1.6–6.0‐h incorporation times showed concentrations of silver grains over the idioblasts, primarily over the vacuole crystal bundles and cytoplasmic plastids. The [1‐14C]glyoxalic acid– and [1‐14C]glycolic acid–labeled root sections showed a smaller amount of silver grains distributed over the entire sections, but these grains were not concentrated over the crystal idioblasts. These results strongly indicate that the l‐[1‐14C]ascorbic acid is the immediate precursor of oxalate in the crystal idioblasts of Y. torreyi primary roots and support more recent biochemical data regarding oxalate synthesis in higher plants. The use of roots in liquid culture containing uninterrupted files of developing crystal idioblasts could serve as a model system for additional biochemical, physiological, and molecular studies that seek to understand the formation and functional significance of crystal idioblasts in higher plant organs.
The impact of diabetes on the productivity and economy of Bangladesh

Aims To estimate the impact of type 2 diabetes in terms of mortality, years of life lost (YLL) and productivity-adjusted life years (PALY) lost in Bangladesh. Methods A life table model was constructed to estimate the productivity of the Bangladeshi population of current working age (20–59 years) with diabetes. Follow-up to 60 years (retirement age) was simulated. The life table analysis was then repeated assuming that the cohort did not have diabetes, with subsequent improvement in productivity. Differences in the results of the two analyses reflected the impact of diabetes on health and productivity. Demographic and the prevalence of diabetes data were sourced from the International Diabetes Foundation estimates for 2017 and mortality data were based on the 2017 Global Burden of Disease study. Relative risk and productivity indices were based on an Indian and Bangladeshi study, respectively. The cost of each PALY was assumed to be equivalent to gross domestic product (GDP) per equivalent full-time worker (US$8763). Future costs and years of life, and PALYs lived were discounted at an annual rate of 3%. Results Assuming a follow-up of this population (aged 20–59 years) until age 60 years or death, an estimated 813 807 excess deaths, loss of 4.0 million life years (5.5%) and 9.2 million PALYs (20.4%) were attributable to having diabetes. This was equivalent to 0.7 YLL, and 1.6 PALYs lost per person. The loss in PALYs equated to a total of US$97.4 billion lost (US$16 987 per person) in GDP. The results of the scenario analysis showed that the estimation was robust. Conclusion In Bangladesh, the impact of diabetes on productivity loss and the broader economy looms large, and poses a substantial risk to the country’s future prosperity. This highlights the critical importance of health strategies aimed at the control of diabetes.
Rapid Maturation of Glycoprotein Hormone Free α-Subunit (GPHα) and GPHαα Homodimers

The dynamics of glycoprotein hormone α-subunit (GPHα) maturation and GPHαα homodimer formation were studied in presence (JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells) and absence (HeLa cells) of hCGβ. In both cases, the major initially occurring GPHα variant in [35S]Met/Cys-labeled cells carried two N-glycans (Mr app = 22 kDa). Moreover, a mono-N-glycosylated in vivo association-incompetent GPHα variant (Mr app = 18 kDa) was observed. In JEG-3 cells the early 22-kDa GPHα either associated with hCGβ, or showed self-association to yield GPHαα homodimers, or was later converted into heavily glycosylated large free GPHα (Mr app = 24 kDa). Micro-preparative isolation of intracellular GPHαα homodimers of JEG-3 cells and their conversion by reduction revealed that they consisted of 22-kDa GPHα monomers and not of large free GPHα. In HeLa cells, the large free GPHα variant was not observed, whereas GPHαα homodimers were present. Intracellularly, early GPHαα homodimers (35 kDa) and late variants (JEG-3: 44 kDa, HeLa: 39 kDa) were .