Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The lasting impact of early‐life adversity on individuals and their descendants: potential mechanisms and hope for intervention

The adverse effects of early‐life stress are pervasive, with well‐established mental and physical health consequences for exposed individuals. The impact of early adverse experiences is also highly persistent, with documented increases in risk for mental illness across the life span that are accompanied by stable alterations in neural function and hormonal responses to stress. Here, we review some of these ‘stress phenotypes’, with a focus on intermediary factors that may signal risk for long‐term mental health outcomes, such as altered development of the fear regulation system. Intriguingly, recent research suggests that such stress phenotypes may persist even beyond the life span of the individuals, with consequences for their offspring and grand‐offspring. Phenotypic characteristics may be transmitted to future generations via either the matriline or the patriline, a phenomenon that has been demonstrated in both human and animal studies. In this review, we highlight behavioral and epigenetic factors that may contribute to this multigenerational transmission and discuss the potential of various treatment approaches that may halt the cycle of stress phenotypes.
Cattle health handbook: preventive care, disease treatments and emergency procedures for promoting the well-being of your beef or dairy herd.

From the keeper of a family milk cow to the rancher overseeing a large beef herd, anyone who works with cattle has a vested interest in maintaining the animals' health. In most cases, the financial viability of a farm depends on the continued well-being of the farm animals. Large-animal veterinarians are in short supply and their bills can add up quickly, so it's often up to the farmer to provide routine health care. Beginning with detailed information on how to detect signs of illness, this book progresses through the various causes of cattle health problems, describing symptoms and discussing prevention and treatment. Readers will find reassuring advice on handling bacterial and viral diseases; digestive and respiratory problems; eye, skin, foot, and mouth irritations; injuries and wounds; and, much more. Thomas also helps farmers recognize when a situation calls for veterinary assistance. Case histories, real characters, and humorous anecdotes give the text a warm voice of authority. Primary income source or country hobby, cattle are unique; the people who care for them want their animals to be healthy and comfortable. For the first-time dairy farmer or the experienced cattle rancher, this reliable volume is a must-have resource.
A physiological basis of genetic improvement in milk production of Friesian and Jersey cows

Udder volume (post-milking) was determined in high and low breeding index (HBI; LBI) Jersey and Friesian cows. The difference in milk production of HBI and LB1 Jersey herds (2 to 4 -.! /d) was entirely attributable to difference in udder volume. This difference was generated during late pregnancy. Udder volume declined during lactation; 35 to 40% of udder volume at calving being lost by 20 weeks of lactation. There was no difference in udder volume between HBI and LB1 Friesian cows measured at peak and in late lactation. Differences in production between these herds were due to increased udder productivity in the HBI animals (HBI, 2.0 P /L tissue/d; LB1 1.8 L /.I? tissue/d). Udder productivity in Friesians was 25% greater than in Jersey cows at peak and in late lactation. Milk yield and udder volume were significantly correlated (P<O.O5) in Friesian and Jersey cows at all stages of lactation. Genetic selection of Friesian and Jersey cows has resulted in more productive animals in both breeds but through differing physiological mechanisms.
Sífilis secundaria en un paciente VIH positivo

The incidence of oral manifestations of HIV infection is changing markedly. Oral afflictions previously uncommon in HIV condition are now emerging in this scenario and may be underestimated. Clinical characteristics of some oral diseases could change in the presence of HIV/AIDS infection and health care professionals must be made aware of such changes. Oral lesions of secondary syphilis are rare, however they can occur and the dentist should be able to diagnose them. In some cases the anamnesis and the clinical features of the lesions are not enough to diagnose this disease. Histological features and an acute knowledge on laboratory exams, as well as its applicability and limitations are necessary to diagnose it. The present report describes a case of secondary syphilis in an HIV positive patient. The patient showed red spots in the torso of skin and abdomen. The spots were also present on the hands but the color was darker. The oral mucosa had several ulcers, with variable shapes, sometimes recovered by a white and resistant membrane. They were present in the buccal mucosa, palate, gingiva, tongue and labial mucosa. Those clinical manifestations appeared 6 months earlier. Exams were performed (VDRL, FTA-abs, direct fungal exams in the skin and oral mucosa and a biopsy in the oral mucosa) but the diagnose remained unclear. Clinical and laboratory features disagreed and postponed the final diagnosis and the treatment for more than 6 months.
The Sequelae of Drop Foot After Knee Dislocation: Evaluation and Treatment

Although knee dislocations are relatively rare, serious complications make treatment difficult. Common peroneal nerve (CPN) palsy is a debilitating complication with an incidence reported as high as 50%. Even after successful ligament reconstruction or repair, unresolved CPN palsy is a major factor contributing to poor outcomes. CPN palsy is more common with open dislocations, rotatory dislocations, and in patients with posterolateral corner injuries. CPN palsy can be readily diagnosed clinically, although a high index of suspicion is needed. Conservative management can be appropriate in the early phase of treatment; however, for persistent nerve damage, surgery is the treatment of choice because it results in better functional outcomes. The benefits of surgical exploration in the acute setting are controversial. Neurolysis, primary nerve repair, nerve grafting, and posterior tibialis tendon transfer have all been used as surgical options. As late surgical treatment of CPN typically results in poor prognosis, prompt diagnosis and close follow-up are of paramount importance.
Post‐genomic behavioral genetics: From revolution to routine

What was once expensive and revolutionary—full‐genome sequence—is now affordable and routine. Costs will continue to drop, opening up new frontiers in behavioral genetics. This shift in costs from the genome to the phenome is most notable in large clinical studies of behavior and associated diseases in cohorts that exceed hundreds of thousands of subjects. Examples include the Women's Health Initiative (www.whi.org), the Million Veterans Program (www.research.va.gov/MVP), the 100 000 Genomes Project (genomicsengland.co.uk) and commercial efforts such as those by deCode (www.decode.com) and 23andme (www.23andme.com). The same transition is happening in experimental neuro‐ and behavioral genetics, and sample sizes of many hundreds of cases are becoming routine (www.genenetwork.org, www.mousephenotyping.org). There are two major consequences of this new affordability of massive omics datasets: (1) it is now far more practical to explore genetic modulation of behavioral differences and the key role of gene‐by‐environment interactions. Researchers are already doing the hard part—the quantitative analysis of behavior. Adding the omics component can provide powerful links to molecules, cells, circuits and even better treatment. (2) There is an acute need to highlight and train behavioral scientists in how best to exploit new omics approaches. This review addresses this second issue and highlights several new trends and opportunities that will be of interest to experts in animal and human behaviors.
Chandra Observations of the Anomalous X-Ray Pulsar 1E 2259+586

We present X-ray imaging, timing, and phase-resolved spectroscopy of the anomalous X-ray pulsar 1E 2259+586 using the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. The spectrum is well described by a power-law plus blackbody model with Γ = 3.6(1), kTBB = 0.412(6) keV, and NH = 0.93(3) × 1022 cm-2; we find no evidence for spectral features (0.5-7.0 keV). We derive a new, precise X-ray position for the source and determine its spin period, P = 6.978977(24) s. Time-resolved X-ray spectra show no significant variation as a function of pulse phase. We have detected excess emission beyond 4'' from the central source extending to beyond 100'', due to the supernova remnant and possibly dust scattering from the interstellar medium.
Carbon adsorption onto Fe oxyhydroxide stalks produced by a lithotrophic iron‐oxidizing bacteria

Iron (Fe)‐oxidizing bacteria have the potential to produce morphologically unique structures that may be used as biosignatures in geological deposits. One particular example is Mariprofundus ferrooxydans, which produces extracellular twisted ribbon‐like stalks consisting of ferrihydrite, co‐located with organic and inorganic elements. It is currently thought that M. ferrooxydans excrete and co‐precipitate polysaccharides and Fe simultaneously; however, the cellular production of these polysaccharides has yet to be confirmed. Here, we report on a time‐series study that used scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy and C 1s and Ca 2p near‐edge X‐ray adsorption fine structure spectroscopy to investigate production of polysaccharides over the growth cycle of M. ferrooxydans. The production and morphology of twisted iron stalks were consistent with previous observations, but unexpectedly, in the log phase, the carbon content of the stalks was extremely low. It was not until stationary growth phase that a significant component of carbon was detected on the stalks. During the log phase, low levels of carbon, only detectable when the stalks were thin, suggested that M. ferrooxydans produce an extracellular polysaccharide template onto which the Fe precipitates. By stationary phase, the increased carbon association with the stalks was a result of adsorption of organic compounds that were released during osmotic shock post‐stalk production. In the environment, elevated concentrations of DOC could adsorb onto the Fe stalks as well as a number of other elements, for example, Si, P, Ca, which, by preventing chemical interactions between the Fe nanoparticles, will prevent structural deformation during recrystallization and preserve the structure of these filaments in the rock record.
Prefusion F, Postfusion F, G Antibodies, and Disease Severity in Infants and Young Children With Acute Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Maternally derived RSV-specific antibodies play a role in protection against RSV infection in early life, but data regarding the concentration and specificity of those antibodies are incomplete. Methods We prospectively enrolled a cohort of previously healthy infants and young children hospitalized (n = 45) or evaluated as outpatients (n = 20) for RSV infection, and healthy noninfected age-matched controls (n = 18). Serum samples were obtained at enrollment to quantify the concentrations and neutralizing activity of serum immunoglobulin G antibodies to the RSV prefusion (pre-F), postfusion (post-F), and G glycoproteins. We also assessed the associations between antibody concentrations and clinical disease severity. Results Concentrations of pre-F antibodies were ≥3-fold higher than post-F antibodies and >30-fold higher than G antibodies in serum from infants with acute RSV infection. Antibody concentrations and neutralizing activity inversely correlated with age. The pre-F antibodies displayed the greatest neutralizing activity (55%-100%), followed by G (0%-45%), and post-F (0%-29%) antibodies. Higher concentrations of pre-F and G antibodies, but not post-F antibodies, were associated with lower clinical disease severity scores. Conclusions Maternal antibodies directed to pre-F, followed by antibodies directed to G, can modulate RSV disease severity in young infants.
The role of microaerophilic Fe‐oxidizing micro‐organisms in producing banded iron formations

Despite the historical and economic significance of banded iron formations (BIFs), we have yet to resolve the formation mechanisms. On modern Earth, neutrophilic microaerophilic Fe‐oxidizing micro‐organisms (FeOM) produce copious amounts of Fe oxyhydroxides, leading us to wonder whether similar organisms played a role in producing BIFs. To evaluate this, we review the current knowledge of modern microaerophilic FeOM in the context of BIF paleoenvironmental studies. In modern environments wherever Fe(II) and O2 co‐exist, microaerophilic FeOM proliferate. These organisms grow in a variety of environments, including the marine water column redoxcline, which is where BIF precursor minerals likely formed. FeOM can grow across a range of O2 concentrations, measured as low as 2 μm to date, although lower concentrations have not been tested. While some extant FeOM can tolerate high O2 concentrations, many FeOM appear to prefer and thrive at low O2 concentrations (~3–25 μm). These are similar to the estimated dissolved O2 concentrations in the few hundred million years prior to the ‘Great Oxidation Event’ (GOE). We compare biotic and abiotic Fe oxidation kinetics in the presence of varying levels of O2 and show that microaerophilic FeOM contribute substantially to Fe oxidation, at rates fast enough to account for BIF deposition. Based on this synthesis, we propose that microaerophilic FeOM were capable of playing a significant role in depositing the largest, most well‐known BIFs associated with the GOE, as well as afterward when global O2 levels increased.
Neuropatología de la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal. Alteraciones primarias y secundarias de los circuitos corticales y epileptogenicidad

Presentado en el I Congreso de la Liga Espanola contra la Epilepsia, celebrado en Bilbao del 14 al 17 de noviembre de 2001. Simposio I: Avances en la Fisiopatologia de la Epileptogenesis Moderadores: J.L. Herranz, P. Madoz
How should we grow cities to minimize their biodiversity impacts?

Urbanization causes severe environmental degradation and continues to increase in scale and intensity around the world, but little is known about how we should design cities to minimize their ecological impact. With a sprawling style of urban development, low intensity impact is spread across a wide area, and with a compact form of development intense impact is concentrated over a small area; it remains unclear which of these development styles has a lower overall ecological impact. Here, we compare the consequences of compact and sprawling urban growth patterns on bird distributions across the city of Brisbane, Australia. We predicted the impact on bird populations of adding 84 642 houses to the city in either a compact or sprawling design using statistical models of bird distributions. We show that urban growth of any type reduces bird distributions overall, but compact development substantially slows these reductions at the city scale. Urban‐sensitive species particularly benefited from compact development at the city scale because large green spaces were left intact, whereas the distributions of nonnative species expanded as a result of sprawling development. As well as minimizing ecological disruption, compact urban development maintains human access to public green spaces. However, backyards are smaller, which impacts opportunities for people to experience nature close to home. Our results suggest that cities built to minimize per capita ecological impact are characterized by high residential density, with large interstitial green spaces and small backyards, and that there are important trade‐offs between maintaining city‐wide species diversity and people's access to biodiversity in their own backyard.
Consistent shifts in spring vegetation green‐up date across temperate biomes in China, 1982–2006

Understanding spring phenology changes in response to the rapid climate change at biome‐level is crucial for projecting regional ecosystem carbon exchange and climate–biosphere interactions. In this study, we assessed the long‐term changes and responses to changing climate of the spring phenology in six temperate biomes of China by analyzing the global inventory monitoring and modeling studies (GIMMS) NOAA/AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and concurrent mean temperature and precipitation data for 1982–2006. Results show that the spring phenology trends in the six temperate biomes are not continuous throughout the 25 year period. The spring phenology in most areas of the six biomes showed obvious advancing trends (ranging from −0.09 to −0.65 day/yr) during the 1980s and early 1990s, but has subsequently suffered consistently delaying trends (ranging from 0.22 to 1.22 day/yr). Changes in spring (February–April) temperature are the dominating factor governing the pattern of spring vegetation phenology in the temperate biomes of China. The recently delayed spring phenology in these temperate biomes has been mainly triggered by the stalling or reversal of the warming trend in spring temperatures. Results in this study also reveal that precipitation during November–January can explain 16.1% (P < 0.05), 20.9% (P < 0.05) and 14.2% (P < 0.05) of the variations in temperate deciduous forest (TDF), temperate steppe (TS), temperate desert (TD) respectively, highlighting the important role of winter precipitation in regulating changes in the spring vegetation phenology of water–limited biomes.
Drought's legacy: multiyear hydraulic deterioration underlies widespread aspen forest die‐off and portends increased future risk

Forest mortality constitutes a major uncertainty in projections of climate impacts on terrestrial ecosystems and carbon‐cycle feedbacks. Recent drought‐induced, widespread forest die‐offs highlight that climate change could accelerate forest mortality with its diverse and potentially severe consequences for the global carbon cycle, ecosystem services, and biodiversity. How trees die during drought over multiple years remains largely unknown and precludes mechanistic modeling and prediction of forest die‐off with climate change. Here, we examine the physiological basis of a recent multiyear widespread die‐off of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) across much of western North America. Using observations from both native trees while they are dying and a rainfall exclusion experiment on mature trees, we measure hydraulic performance over multiple seasons and years and assess pathways of accumulated hydraulic damage. We test whether accumulated hydraulic damage can predict the probability of tree survival over 2 years. We find that hydraulic damage persisted and increased in dying trees over multiple years and exhibited few signs of repair. This accumulated hydraulic deterioration is largely mediated by increased vulnerability to cavitation, a process known as cavitation fatigue. Furthermore, this hydraulic damage predicts the probability of interyear stem mortality. Contrary to the expectation that surviving trees have weathered severe drought, the hydraulic deterioration demonstrated here reveals that surviving regions of these forests are actually more vulnerable to future droughts due to accumulated xylem damage. As the most widespread tree species in North America, increasing vulnerability to drought in these forests has important ramifications for ecosystem stability, biodiversity, and ecosystem carbon balance. Our results provide a foundation for incorporating accumulated drought impacts into climate–vegetation models. Finally, our findings highlight the critical role of drought stress accumulation and repair of stress‐induced damage for avoiding plant mortality, presenting a dynamic and contingent framework for drought impacts on forest ecosystems.
Association Between Allergen Exposure in Inner-City Schools and Asthma Morbidity Among Students

Importance Home aeroallergen exposure is associated with increased asthma morbidity in children, yet little is known about the contribution of school aeroallergen exposures to such morbidity. Objective To evaluate the effect of school-specific aeroallergen exposures on asthma morbidity among students, adjusting for home exposures. Design, Setting, and Participants The School Inner-City Asthma Study was a prospective cohort study evaluating 284 students aged 4 to 13 years with asthma who were enrolled from 37 inner-city elementary schools in the northeastern United States between March 1, 2008, and August 31, 2013. Enrolled students underwent baseline clinical evaluations before the school year started and were then observed clinically for 1 year. During that same school year, classroom and home dust samples linked to the students were collected and analyzed for common indoor aeroallergens. Associations between school aeroallergen exposure and asthma outcomes during the school year were assessed, adjusting for home exposures. Exposures Indoor aeroallergens, including rat, mouse, cockroach, cat, dog, and dust mites, measured in dust samples collected from inner-city schools. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was maximum days in the past 2 weeks with asthma symptoms. Secondary outcomes included well-established markers of asthma morbidity, including asthma-associated health care use and lung function, measured by forced expiratory volume in 1 second. Results Among 284 students (median age, 8 years [interquartile range, 6-9 years]; 148 boys and 136 girls), exposure to mouse allergen was detected in 441 (99.5%) of 443 school dust samples, cat allergen in 420 samples (94.8%), and dog allergen in 366 samples (82.6%). Levels of mouse allergen in schools were significantly higher than in students’ homes (median settled dust level, 0.90 vs 0.14 µg/g; P < .001). Exposure to higher levels of mouse allergen in school (comparing 75th with 25th percentile) was associated with increased odds of having an asthma symptom day (odds ratio, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.05-1.54; P = .02) and 4.0 percentage points lower predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (95% CI, –6.6 to –1.5; P = .002). This effect was independent of allergic sensitization. None of the other indoor aeroallergens were associated with worsening asthma outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance In this study of inner-city students with asthma, exposure to mouse allergen in schools was associated with increased asthma symptoms and decreased lung function. These findings demonstrate that the school environment is an important contributor to childhood asthma morbidity. Future school-based environmental interventions may be beneficial for this important public health problem.