Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Youth Labor Underutilization in Australia Following the Global Financial Crisis

In the wake of the Global Financial Crisis, although the Australian economy remained largely buoyant in aggregate terms, outcomes across different groups were not evenly shared. In labor market terms, different demographic groups appeared to more or less impacted by the post-GFC economic environment. One such group were young people, who witnessed a change in employment fortunes compared to others in the labor force. This chapter provides an investigation of these uneven labor market outcomes and presents an analysis of youth labor underutilization using pooled panel data, taking account of both individual level supply-side factors together with the strength of the local labor market (demand-side). The result is an analysis that accounts for the impact of changing macroeconomy, local labor market conditions, and the employability assets of young individuals. The result illustrates the impact of the post-GFC economy of the youth labor market.
An examination of the underlying dimensional structure of three domains of contaminated mindware: paranormal beliefs, conspiracy beliefs, and anti-science attitudes

Abstract The concept of contaminated mindware provides one conceptualization for measuring beliefs and attitudes about three domains that have evaluation-disabling properties in the context of reasoning: paranormal beliefs, conspiracy beliefs, and anti-science attitudes. We tested the underlying structure of individual differences in these three domains of contaminated mindware and their predictors in a sample of 321 Canadian undergraduate students. The predictors included cognitive ability, cognitive reflection, the dispositional tendency of actively open-minded thinking, and ontological confusions. A hierarchical model with three correlated general factors of paranormal, conspiracy, and anti-science beliefs and attitudes and four specific paranormal factors (i.e., psi, superstition, spiritualism, and precognition) was optimal. While all predictors were significantly correlated with the contaminated mindware domains, structural equation modeling results supported the unique effects of ontological confusions and actively open-minded thinking. The current results support the multidimensional nature of contaminated mindware domains and highlight some of its correlates and unique predictors. Providing a structure and theoretical framework for unwarranted beliefs and attitudes will be useful for measuring their potential impact on the processes of human reasoning.
Species Interactions in Marine Communities: The Invisible Fabric of Nature

Understanding the interactions and feedback mechanisms among species in marine communities is essential to the conservation and management of natural resources in the sea. Such interactions can mediate the distribution, abundance, and diversity of species within communities and across habitats, landscapes, and ecosystems. From a practical perspective, ecosystem approaches to ocean management will need to account for those interactions that drive variation at the scale at which management operates and perhaps point to the scale at which management should strive to operate. The 8th William R and Lenore mote Symposium focused on the role that diverse types of species interactions-that invisible fabric of nature-play in marine ecosystems within which fisheries are embedded and facilitate the exchange of ideas about how to integrate such knowledge into realistic approaches to ocean management
Intra‐specific variation affects the structure of the natural enemy assemblage attacking pea aphid colonies

Abstract 1. Intra‐specific variation in plant defence traits has been shown to profoundly affect herbivore community structure. Here we describe two experiments designed to test whether similar effects occur at higher trophic levels, by studying pea aphid–natural enemy interactions in a disused pasture in southern England.
Field courses narrow demographic achievement gaps in ecology and evolutionary biology

Abstract Disparities remain in the representation of marginalized students in STEM. Classroom‐based experiential learning opportunities can increase student confidence and academic success; however, the effectiveness of extending learning to outdoor settings is unknown. Our objectives were to examine (a) demographic gaps in ecology and evolutionary biology (EEB) major completion, college graduation, and GPAs for students who did and did not enroll in field courses, (b) whether under‐represented demographic groups were less likely to enroll in field courses, and (c) whether under‐represented demographic groups were more likely to feel increased competency in science‐related tasks (hereafter, self‐efficacy) after participating in field courses. We compared the relationships among academic success measures and demographic data (race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, first‐generation, and gender) for UC Santa Cruz undergraduate students admitted between 2008 and 2019 who participated in field courses (N = 941 students) and who did not (N = 28,215 students). Additionally, we administered longitudinal surveys to evaluate self‐efficacy gains during field‐based versus classroom‐based courses (N = 570 students). We found no differences in the proportion of students matriculating at the university as undecided, proposed EEB, or proposed other majors across demographic groups. However, five years later, under‐represented students were significantly less likely to graduate with EEB degrees, indicating retention rather than recruitment drives disparities in representation. This retention gap is partly due to a lower rate of college completion and partly through attrition to other majors. Although under‐represented students were less likely to enroll in field courses, field courses were associated with higher self‐efficacy gains, higher college graduation rates, higher EEB major retention, and higher GPAs at graduation. All demographic groups experienced significant increases in self‐efficacy during field‐based but not lecture‐based courses. Together, our findings suggest that increasing the number of field courses and actively facilitating access to students from under‐represented groups can be a powerful tool for increasing STEM diversity.
Leaf area renewal, root retention and carbohydrate reserves in a clonal tree species following above‐ground disturbance

1 Removal of the above‐ground portion of clonally regenerating trees results in a massive imbalance in the ratio of root to leaf area. We investigated the resilience of clones following above‐ground disturbance in terms of root carbohydrates, leaf area renewal and root retention. 2 In a 2 × 2 factorial experiment, 40 Populus tremuloides saplings were cut at times of high (late fall) or low (spring after leaf flush) root carbohydrate reserves. Leaf area renewal was manipulated by allowing either only one or all root suckers to re‐grow. 3 Root starch concentrations were 10 times higher at the time of cutting in the fall compared with the spring, whereas sugar concentrations were only 10% higher. When saplings were cut in fall and all suckers were allowed to develop (FA treatment), suckers were taller, and had more biomass and leaf area and higher leaf area ratio than all other treatments. In particular, leaf area and leaf area ratio recovered within a year to near pre‐treatment levels compared with at least a 50% reduction in the other treatments. 4 At the end of the first season after cutting FA saplings also had the greatest root mass and lowest amount of dead root mass, and root starch concentrations of these saplings had returned to pre‐treatment values, compared with a 20% recovery for spring‐cut saplings with a single sucker. Root mass and root starch concentrations were correlated with leaf mass in all treatments. 5 Adequate carbohydrate reserves at the time of disturbance and rapid redevelopment of leaf area by extensive sprouting seem critical for resilience of the clone and allow for the retention of the clonal root system and a rapid rebuilding of carbohydrate reserves. Clones with poor sucker and leaf area development showed extensive root mortality and reduced carbohydrate reserves and their prospects for growth in the following year were comparatively poor.
New haematological data in Cory's shearwater, Calonectris diomedea (Aves, Procellariiformes)

Abstract Haematology can provide useful information to assess the health of free-ranging animals. In seabirds, many procellariiform (albatrosses and petrels) species undertake long-distance migrations during which individuals may get in contact with birds and pathogens of different biogeographic origin. Although checking whether procellariiformes might play a role in large-scale spread of diseases is desirable, haematological data have been published in very few species. For the first time, we determined blood cell counts in Cory's shearwater, Calonectris diomedea, a petrel which breeds in the western Palearctic but overwinters off Brazil and South Africa. Forty-five adult Cory's shearwaters were captured in their burrows in the Azores archipelago during the pre-laying period in March 2008, measured, weighed, and a blood sample was taken from each of them. Haematocrit, polychromasia, leukocyte and thrombocyte counts did not differ significantly between sexes, but total leukocyte number was significantly (positively) correlated with body condition.
Multitime-Scale Optimal Dispatch of Railway FTPSS Based on Model Predictive Control

The flexible traction power supply system (FTPSS) integrates back-to-back converter, and hybrid energy storage system (HESS) and photovoltaic (PV) generation system will be an important part of the smart railway. The FTPSS not only cancels the neutral zone but also facilitates the utilization of regenerative braking (RB) and renewable energy, but the random fluctuation of PV and the sudden change of traction load will exert influence on the safe and efficient operation of the FTPSS. To improve the benefits of FTPSS and compensate for the imbalance between supply and demand in short-term operation, a multitime-scale optimal dispatch method is proposed for flexible railway energy management (FREM), which integrates day-ahead dispatch and intraday feedback correction. During the day-ahead dispatch, the minimizing operating costs problem is formulated as a mixed linear programming model by coordination between HESS, RB, and PV output. For intraday energy adjustment dispatch, a rolling optimization based on model predictive control combined with the feedback correction method is proposed, with aim of minimum operation deviation of FTPSS because of adjusting the HESS dispatch plan drew up at day-ahead. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed FREM control strategy is verified by the detailed real case study of a railway line in China.
The States of Uncertainty and Confidence of Asian Immigrants during Their Settlement in South Australia

ABSTRACT Migrating to a new land is not always easy and smooth although preparations have been made to tackle challenges ahead. This paper discusses the instances of uncertainty and confidence faced by Asians and associated life experiences as they migrated to Australia, acknowledging the important roles of public libraries. The study collected 197 survey questionnaires, 258 photos, and 35 post-photo interviews. The data were analysed by using descriptive analysis, participatory analysis, and open coding. A process model was developed to illustrate the connections between uncertainty and confidence experienced by Asian immigrants and the generation of social capital, and social inclusion in their migration journey.
The correlation between the conceptual metonymy and the process of generating proper names / A correlação entre a metonímia conceptual e o processo de geração dos nomes próprios

Abstract: Proper names can be considered lexical traces that identify a specific society and time as they enable us to better understand its modus vivendi, from its social-historical-cultural context. This study selects police operations proper names as subject study, and it is guided by the hypothesis that the generation of proper names configures as a cognitive process, which makes use of conceptual metonymy as a prominent contributor for several cognitive actions for naming. Thus, the focus is to demonstrate the conceptual metonymy role in the generation process of police operations proper names manifested by its typological features. The corpus for this analysis is composed of Brazilian Federal Police operations that were triggered in 2018 and can be obtained on its official website. The adopted methodology consists of mapping the proper names taxonomies according to Eccles’ three worlds (ECCLES, 1979) and metonymy typology, based on the proposal by Radden and Kovecses (2007); Blanco-Carrion, Barcelona and Pannain (2018); in addition to the theoretical foundations proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), Lakoff (1987), Silva (1997) and Biderman (1998). Keywords: proper name; conceptual metonymy; cognitive linguistics. Resumo : Nomes proprios podem ser considerados marcas lexicais que identificam uma sociedade em determinada epoca, a medida que possibilitam a compreensao do modus vivendi dessa sociedade a partir do contexto socio-historico-cultural. Esta proposta elege nomes proprios de operacoes policiais para objeto de estudo e e guiada pela hipotese de que a geracao desses nomes se configura como um processo cognitivo que faz uso de metonimias conceptuais, as quais oferecem uma contribuicao de destaque na serie de acoes cognitivas para a nomeacao. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar o papel da metonimia conceptual no processo de geracao dos nomes proprios das operacoes policiais manifestadas pelos tracos tipologicos. O corpus para esta analise constitui-se de nomes de operacoes da Policia Federal do Brasil desencadeadas no ano de 2018 e obtidos por meio de consulta ao site oficial dessa categoria de policia. A metodologia adotada consiste no mapeamento das taxonomias dos nomes proprios de acordo com a natureza dos mundos (ECCLES, 1979) a que se reportam e no levantamento dos tipos de metonimias, baseada na proposta de Radden e Kovecses (2007) e de Blanco-Carrion, Barcelona, Pannain (2018), alem da fundamentacao teorica de Lakoff e Johnson (1980), Lakoff (1987), Silva (1997) e Biderman (1998). Palavras-chave: nomes proprios; metonimia conceptual; Linguistica Cognitiva.
MORPHOMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION OF ENDANGERED PAMPAS DEER (OZOTOCEROS BEZOARTICUS), WITH DESCRIPTION OF NEW SUBSPECIES FROM URUGUAY

Abstract The pampas deer, Ozotoceros bezoarticus, was, until the recent past, widespread in South America from 5°S to 41°S; however, it is now considered to be one of the most endangered South American cervids because of habitat destruction and fragmentation. A comparative craniometrical study using univariate and multivariate analyses was performed to determine whether populations of pampas deer show patterns of sexual dimorphism and geographic variation. We found that pampas deer exhibit strong sexual dimorphism. Although the species showed high levels of intrapopulation morphological variability, most of it can be attributed to males, which are highly variable within populations. The 4 populations analyzed in this work, which correspond to 4 geographic regions in South America, are significantly differentiated, with females contributing most to differentiation among populations. Furthermore, results of our morphometric analysis were in concordance with genetic levels of differentiation previously found among populations. This study also supports the recognition of 2 separate subspecies in the Uruguayan northwestern grassland (Salto Department) and the Uruguayan east grassland (Rocha Department).
Behaviour and biology of Chilo partellus on maize landraces

Plants defend themselves against herbivores through activation of both constitutive and induced defences. Previous studies reported that egg deposition on maize landraces induces the release of volatiles that attract parasitoids, but little is known on the effect of these volatiles on subsequent herbivore oviposition. In addition, larval preference and development on these maize landraces is unknown. We evaluated six landraces and one hybrid maize variety for their resistance to Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Larval orientation, settling, arrest and dispersal, feeding, development, survival, and subsequent oviposition of moths were determined for individuals reared on each of these varieties under laboratory and screen house conditions. For oviposition preference studies, all treatments were initially exposed to egg deposition whereas the control treatments were not. Larval preference was generally higher for hybrid maize, compared to the landraces. Similarly, first‐instar feeding on maize leaves was more intense in hybrid maize than in four of the six landraces. The amount of food consumed and assimilated by third instars over a 24‐h period was, however, not different among the maize varieties. Larval survival was significantly lower in maize landraces (32%) compared to hybrid maize (54%). However, there was no difference in the larval development period between any of the treatments. Two‐choice oviposition assays showed that moths preferred non‐exposed maize landraces for subsequent oviposition, whereas in the hybrid, there was no difference in oviposition preference between exposed and non‐exposed plants. Although the mechanism of larval suppression was beyond the scope of this study, it was inferred that the landraces showed some resistance to C. partellus feeding and that initial egg deposition on these landraces deters further colonisation by the herbivore.
Examining the causal mediating role of brain pathology on the relationship between diabetes and cognitive impairment: the Cardiovascular Health Study

The paper examines whether diabetes mellitus leads to incident mild cognitive impairment and dementia through brain hypoperfusion and white matter disease. We performed inverse odds ratio weighted causal mediation analyses to decompose the effect of diabetes on cognitive impairment into direct and indirect effects, and we found that approximately a third of the total effect of diabetes is mediated through vascular‐related brain pathology. Our findings lend support for a common aetiological hypothesis regarding incident cognitive impairment, which is that diabetes increases the risk of clinical cognitive impairment in part by impacting the vasculature of the brain.
Association of Periodontitis With Metabolic Syndrome: A Case-Control Study

Aim: This study was undertaken to assess the association between periodontitis and metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was designed among 100 cases as patients with metabolic syndrome aged 35–74 years, and age- and sex-matched 100 controls as apparently healthy relatives or friends accompanying the cases visiting the diabetic outpatient department at Victoria Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, using convenience sampling method. Information related to diabetes, hypertension, and oral hygiene practices was collected. Periodontal health status was measured using community periodontal index. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on the criteria of National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used for analysis. Results: Significantly more number of cases had shallow pockets 4–5 mm, deep pockets ≥ 6 mm, and also more number of loss of attachment code 1, code 2, code 3, and code 4 compared to controls. Bivariate analysis showed significant association between metabolic syndrome and body mass index, smoking, and tobacco chewing. The association between periodontitis and metabolic syndrome was significant with increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome among the subjects with community periodontal index code 3 and code 4 (odds ratio [OR] = 17) and among the subjects having loss of attachment code 1, code 2, code 3, and code 4 (OR = 12). Association remained significant even after adjustment with other variables (adjusted OR = 6). Conclusion: This study showed significant association between periodontitis and metabolic syndrome. Further prospective and randomized control trials are recommended to assess causal association between these two diseases.
Observations on healing tissue: A combined light and electron microscopic investigation

1. The process of healing in the rabbit ear chamber has been investigated in detail by correlating light microscopy, mainly in vivo, and electron microscopy. 2. During healing new vessels are formed from existing vessels by a process of sprouting and anastomosis, with subsequent remodelling of the loops so formed. 3. The fundamental process in the formation of vessels by sprouting is the mitotic division of existing endothelium, during which it retains its characteristic properties. 4. Blood vessel sprouts are composed of strands of tightly apposed cells formed in continuity with the walls of existing vessels. The subsequent canalization of such strands takes place extra-cellularly by a series of events largely as described by Billroth (1856). 5. The endothelium of recently formed vessels has a fine structure which distinguishes it clearly from that of more mature vessels. Certain features of this structure are compatible with a secretory activity by the endothelium during the formation of new vessels. 6. Evidence was obtained that in the course of differentiation of recently formed vessels fibroblast-like cells are incorporated into vessel walls to become adventitial cells, and that adventitial cells may undergo conversion to vascular smooth muscle cells. 7. Lymphatic endothelium exhibits properties during regeneration that confirm the specificity of this form of endothelium. 8. Cells with the characteristic fine structure of fibroblasts were frequently found in mitosis. The fibroblasts in the regions of active fibrogenesis had a highly developed cisternal form of endoplasmic reticulum. Vesicles and corresponding caveolae identifiable in such fibroblasts may provide a communication between the endoplasmic reticulum and the sites of fibrogenesis at the external surfaces of the cells. 9. Cells sharing characteristic features of fine structure formed a series which grouped together the monocyte, macrophage and foreign body giant cell. 10. Highly fibrillary intracytoplasmic tracts were found in both fibroblasts and macrophages. These tracts were equated with the fibroglial fibres of light microscopy. 11. ‘ Clear spaces ’ in advance of the growing fringe of blood vessels were temporary structures lined by a pavement of mesothelium-like cells. 12. No evidence was found of the formation of primitive mesenchymal tissue during healing in the mammal.