Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of different POS tagging techniques for some South Asian languages

There are different approaches to the problem of assigning a part of speech (POS) tag to each word of a natural language sentence. We present a comparison of the different approaches of POS tagging for the Bangla language and two other South Asian languages, as well as the baseline performances of different POS tagging techniques for the English language. The most widely used methods for English are the statistical methods i.e. n-gram based tagging or Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based tagging, the rule based or transformation based methods i.e. Brill’s tagger. Subsequent researches add various modifications to these basic approaches to improve the performance of the taggers for English. Here, we present an elaborate review of previous work in the area with the focus on South Asian Languages such as Hindi and Bangla. We experiment with Brill’s transformation based tagger and the supervised HMM based tagger without modifications for added improvement in accuracy, on English using training corpora of different sizes from the Brown corpus. We also compare the performances of these taggers on three South Asian languages with the focus on Bangla using two different tagsets and corpora of different sizes, which reveals that Brill's transformation based tagger performs considerably well for South Asian languages. We also check the baseline performances of the taggers for English and try to conclude how these approaches might perform if we use a considerable amount of annotated training corpus.
Overview of physics results from MAST towards ITER/DEMO and the MAST Upgrade

New diagnostic, modelling and plant capability on the Mega Ampère Spherical Tokamak (MAST) have delivered important results in key areas for ITER/DEMO and the upcoming MAST Upgrade, a step towards future ST devices on the path to fusion currently under procurement. Micro-stability analysis of the pedestal highlights the potential roles of micro-tearing modes and kinetic ballooning modes for the pedestal formation. Mitigation of edge localized modes (ELM) using resonant magnetic perturbation has been demonstrated for toroidal mode numbers n = 3, 4, 6 with an ELM frequency increase by up to a factor of 9, compatible with pellet fuelling. The peak heat flux of mitigated and natural ELMs follows the same linear trend with ELM energy loss and the first ELM-resolved Ti measurements in the divertor region are shown. Measurements of flow shear and turbulence dynamics during L–H transitions show filaments erupting from the plasma edge whilst the full flow shear is still present. Off-axis neutral beam injection helps to strongly reduce the redistribution of fast-ions due to fishbone modes when compared to on-axis injection. Low-k ion-scale turbulence has been measured in L-mode and compared to global gyro-kinetic simulations. A statistical analysis of principal turbulence time scales shows them to be of comparable magnitude and reasonably correlated with turbulence decorrelation time. Te inside the island of a neoclassical tearing mode allow the analysis of the island evolution without assuming specific models for the heat flux. Other results include the discrepancy of the current profile evolution during the current ramp-up with solutions of the poloidal field diffusion equation, studies of the anomalous Doppler resonance compressional Alfvén eigenmodes, disruption mitigation studies and modelling of the new divertor design for MAST Upgrade. The novel 3D electron Bernstein synthetic imaging shows promising first data sensitive to the edge current profile and flows.
Wind Power Assessment Based on a WRF Wind Simulation with Developed Power Curve Modeling Methods

The accurate assessment of wind power potential requires not only the detailed knowledge of the local wind resource but also an equivalent power curve with good effect for a local wind farm. Although the probability distribution functions (pdfs) of the wind speed are commonly used, their seemingly good performance for distribution may not always translate into an accurate assessment of power generation. This paper contributes to the development of wind power assessment based on the wind speed simulation of weather research and forecasting (WRF) and two improved power curve modeling methods. These approaches are improvements on the power curve modeling that is originally fitted by the single layer feed-forward neural network (SLFN) in this paper; in addition, a data quality check and outlier detection technique and the directional curve modeling method are adopted to effectively enhance the original model performance. The proposed two methods, named WRF-SLFN-OD and WRF-SLFN-WD, are able to avoid the interference from abnormal output and the directional effect of local wind speed during the power curve modeling process. The data examined are from three stations in northern China; the simulation indicates that the two developed methods have strong abilities to provide a more accurate assessment of the wind power potential compared with the original methods.
Quantum Hall effect in Bernal stacked and twisted bilayer graphene grown on Cu by chemical vapor deposition

We examine the quantum Hall effect in bilayer graphene grown on Cu substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy suggests a mixture of Bernal (A-B) stacked and rotationally faulted (twisted) domains. Magnetotransport measurements performed on bilayer domains with a wide 2D band reveal quantum Hall states (QHSs) at filling factors ν = 4, 8, 12, consistent with a Bernal stacked bilayer, while magnetotransport measurements in bilayer domains defined by a narrow 2D band show a superposition of QHSs of two independent monolayers. The analysis of the Shubnikov‐de Haas oscillations measured in twisted graphene bilayers provides the carrier density in each layer as a function of the gate bias and the interlayer capacitance.
Strategic Planning and Small Firm Growth: An Empirical Examination

Strategic thinking is important for small firms in the time of global competition, technological change and increased dynamics in markets. Even if many entrepreneurs do not formulate business plans, the strategic planning and systematic decision-making can be considered a key determinant of survival and success of small firms. The paper examines the relationship between strategic planning and small firm growth in terms of empirical analyses that include various strategic planning elements, which have not been given enough attention in past research. Seven hypotheses on the relationship between strategic planning and growth are developed and empirically tested by using data collected via questionnaire from 114 Slovenian smaller firms. The study has practical implications. Entrepreneurs need to be aware that strategic planning practices, processes and techniques can be beneficial for growth of the firm. In order to enable their firms to grow, entrepreneurs may like to consider exactly formulating vision and strategy, incorporating the elements of internationalization and networking in the firm vision, focusing on growth, profit, and market, among strategic analysis techniques paying special attention to analysis of market and competition, and exactly formulating generic business strategies. All these strategic planning efforts need to be reinforced by practices that follow the key growth and market orientations, and have company-wide support. The key implication of this study for research is that the assessment of the relationship between strategic planning and small firm growth needs to be done across various elements or dimensions.
Corporate Governance and Earnings Management in Money Deposit Banks in Nigeria

The study examines corporate governance and earnings management in money deposit banks in Nigeria. The research design is ex-post facto. Multiple regression analysis was used in analyzing the data sourced from published financial statement of the banks under study. A significant outcome of the study is that corporate governance mechanisms impact positively and significantly on Earnings per share. A major implication of the findings is that compliance with code of governance as issued by regulatory authorities will support enhanced and superior financial performance among other things. Conclusively, the study has shown that right application of corporate governance mechanisms in Nigeria will be of great benefit to all corporate stakeholders. Keywords: Earnings per share, Board size, Board composition, Board meeting, ownership structure.
Obtaining and Using Cumulative Bounds of Network Reliability

In this chapter, we study the task of obtaining and using the exact cumulative bounds of various network reliability indices. A network is modeled by a non-directed random graph with reliable nodes and unreliable edges that fail independently. The approach based on cumulative updating of the network reliability bounds was introduced by Won and Karray in 2010. Using this method, we can find out whether the network is reliable enough with respect to a given threshold. The cumulative updating continues until either the lower reliability bound becomes greater than the threshold or the threshold becomes greater than the upper reliability bound. In the first case, we decide that a network is reliable enough; in the second case, we decide that a network is unreliable. We show how to speed up cumulative bounds obtaining by using partial sums and how to update bounds when applying different methods of reduction and decomposition. Various reliability indices are considered: k-terminal probabilistic connectivity, diameter constrained reliability, average pairwise connectivity, and the expected size of a sub- network that contains a special node. Expected values can be used for unambiguous decision-making about network reliability, development of evolutionary algorithms for network topology optimization, and obtaining approximate reliability values.
The Search for the Origin of Life: Some Remarks About the Emergence of Biological Structures

In the chapter “Religious Opinions” of his Autobiography, Darwin sustains that, after the law of natural selection has been discovered, the old argument about a “design” of nature as written by Paley falls apart, the same argument which he believed to be decisive in the past. So, in accordance with Darwin, we can no longer argue, for example, that the perfect hinge of a bivalve shell must have been conceived by an intelligent being, like the hinge of a door by man:
La “extinción de Stilostomella” durante el Pleistoceno medio frente a la costa norte de Chile (25oS) Mid-Pleistocene “Stilostomella extinction event” off northern Chile (25oS)

Based on sediment samples from core site GeoB 3388-1 from the Iquique Ridge off northern Chile (25oS), we report the last appearance datum (LAD) of seven species that belong to the Stilostomella extinction group. The Stilostomella extinction was the last major turnover in deep-sea benthic foraminifera. It is documented in previous works for the southeastern Pacific (SEP) and is extended here by our results, giving further qualitative indication of this important extinction event. The Stilostomella extinction involves the disappearance of elongate species presenting cribrate (Chrysalogonium), slit lunate, hooded with two teeth (Pleurostomellidae), or secondarily toothed and necked (Stilostomellidae) apertures. The LAD of Myllostomella sp. Hayward 2002 (518 cm, 0.79 Ma) in core GeoB 3388-1 is remarkably consistent with a previous record for the SEP, but is prior to other previous worldwide reports (0.65–0.57 myr); thus, we conclude that the timing of the SEP extinction was different from that in the Atlantic Ocean and southwestern Pacific. Additionally, the LAD of Myllostomella sp. corresponds to an increase in both benthic δ13C and CaCO3 content, suggesting that a profound change in nutrient availability and circulation occurred in the SEP during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition. The precise mechanistic cause of the Stilostomella extinction (cooling, increased oxygenation of bottom waters, changes in food supply) is yet to be resolved.
Equine Melioidosis in Iran

\lelioidosis is a glanders.like disease which is caused by a Gram.negative, short. and motile bacterium PseUdOIIIOl/IiS pselldolllllllei or }[Il11eomyres pseudolllllilei. It resem· bles c10sely PselldolllollllS 1II1l1l1'i or Pseudomonas aeroginosa. It was originally described by Whitmore et al. Il) in Rangoon. The organism is pathogenic for rodents 12), cats and dogs 13), pigs I-! -), caule (:J), goals 16), sheep (-'i), horses 18), and man (1). First, in 192,,), Stanton et al. (8) described equine infection, and the authors isolated from the pus of an abscess of a horse a micro·organism which resembled P. psellllonwilei. Davie and his co·workers (9) in 1%2 described three fatal cases of \Idioidosis in race hClrses in \lalaya. (~enerally, hClwever, literature (Ill ~Ielioidosis in the equine is rare. This report is tCl describe an outbreak of 'Ielioidosis which occurred in horses and mule at the Razi Institute in . \lay and . June, 1 %9.
Panax ginseng: An Overview of the Clinical Evidence

This overview is focused on Panax ginseng, one of the most commonly used herbal remedies. The currently available data regarding its clinical efficacy is somewhat confusing, despite the fact that many clinical trials and systematic reviews have been published. The risks of Panax ginseng seem to be only minor. Numerous mechanisms of action have been described. Future studies of this fascinating herbal remedy seem warranted but they should overcome the methodological limitations of the previous research.
Nutrient and Sediment Removal by Vegetated Filter Stips

ABSTRACT Afield study utilizing simulated rainfall and bare plots 5.5 m wide by 22 m long was conducted to study the effectiveness of vegetated filter strips 4.6 and 9.2 m long in removing nutrients and sediments from agricultural runoff. Losses of N and P from plots with filters were highly variable as compared to losses from plots with no filters. Generally, nutrient removals appeared to be greater with the longer filters, but decreased as the number of runoff events increased. Mass losses of TSS, TN and TP in surface runoff were reduced by 66%, 0% and 27%, respectively, by 4.6 m (15 ft) long filters. TSS, TN and TP reducfions by 9.2 m (30 ft) long filter strips of the lengths utilized in this study were effective in removing sediment from runoff but should not be relied upon as the primary means to reduce nutrient losses from agricultural areas.
Formación profesional universitaria en turismo en la región La Libertad - Perú y su relación con las necesidades formativas del sector turismo

El conocimiento y la especializacion contribuyen al desarrollo de la sociedad. El turismo aporta nuevos conocimientos para el avance del mundo, pero el adecuado desenvolvimiento y logro de esta actividad requieren una vision integral, holistica y sistematica, para lo cual es necesario contar con capital humano calificado, especialmente en las labores de direccion. El objetivo de este articulo es determinar la relacion entre la formacion profesional en turismo que imparten las universidades de la Region La Libertad y las necesidades formativas del sector. Los metodos utilizados fueron el etnografico y el analitico-sintetico, aplicando entrevistas y encuestas a los responsables involucrados en el tema. Los resultados demuestran que las universidades de la region estan enfocadas en una formacion tecnico-operativa y que el sector tiene una vision limitada de sus necesidades formativas reales respecto a las capacidades y competencias con las que se debe contar.
Gel Point Determination of TEOS-Based Polymeric Materials with Application on Conservation of Cultural Heritage Buildings

Here we present measurements on the gel time of inorganic-organic materials used for stone preservation by means of rheology and dynamic light scattering. Our hybrid material is composed of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using a nonionic surfactant (n-octylamine) as a template. Moreover, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are dispersed in the medium with the aim of obtaining a nanocomposite with potential biocide properties. In our case, we use the ZnO particles as tracers to infer from their scattered intensity mechanical information of the suspending medium. We have found that dynamic light scattering experiments provide similar information on the gelling time, about 30 hours, to that obtained from rotational rheology and oscillatory rheology. This result confirms the validity of light scattering, which is a noninvasive technique, to characterize mechanical properties of time evolving hybrid materials through nonperturbative and well-controlled experiments.
Medical Tourism Industry in Kangwon Province and Its Economic Impacts on the Region

This paper has two purposes. The first is to suggest the new and simple method to derive a regional input-output model from national input-output table published by the Bank of Korea. The interregional input-output table has not been devised in spite of its potential use while the national table has been made every five years with the revised version during each five years. Second, this paper aims to derive Kangwon interregional input-output model from the national model using the regional supply proportional of industry and to analyze the effect of medical tourism industry on the regional economy of Kangwon Province. The paper measures, in particular, the effect of medical tourism industry on the financial self-sufficiency of Kangwon Province using the estimated output elasticity of tax revenue with the autoregressive distributed lag scheme ADL(1,1) in which the dependent variable ad the single explanatory variable are each lagged once.
Why Does the Northern Light Shine So Brightly? Decentralisation, social capital and the economy

Based on institutional economics, the paper develops a new model pointing at two main reasons why Scandinavia is doing so well in economic terms, namely the level of decentralisation and social capital in its broad sense. The idea in the model is that a political system, which decentralises power, means less lobbyism because access to economically harmful rent seeking is more costly. Consequently, social capital and the trust in other people and the political leadership will increase. This model, suggesting one single social capital measure, is applied to countries in both Western and Eastern Europe. The social capital ranking results indeed show that Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland) is among the seven top ranking countries together with Switzerland, the Netherlands and Iceland.
Spectroscopic investigations of classical Cepheids and main-sequence stars in galactic open clusters and associations - II. Open cluster Platais 1 (C2128+488) and small-amplitude Cepheid V1726 Cygni

The small-amplitude Cepheid V1726 Cyg and two members of open cluster Platais 1 (Platais 1 star No. 1 (1921) and Platais 1 star No. 111 (1600)) were investigated, using high-resolution CCD spectra. The following results were obtained: 1) All objects have the same metallicities, close to that of the Sun (for V1726 Cyg weighted average [ Fe/H$]=+0.05$, for Platais 1 star No. 1 (1921) [ Fe/H$]=+0.13$); 2) values of T eff and $\log g$ for the B-stars are in excellent agreement with those determined from $(B-V)$ colour indices using a $(B-V)\sim(T_{\rm eff}$, $\log g$) calibration; 3) the elemental abundances indicate that V1726 Cyg is in the post first dredge-up stage with an age near $1.5 \times 10^{8}$, and is crossing the Cepheid instability strip for the third time. Mean values of $T_{\rm eff}=6100$ K and $\log g=2.35 \pm 0.05$ permit us to refine its colour excess to $E_{B-V}=0\fm 33$, which for a distance of $d = 1568\pm 13$ pc corresponds to $M_{V}=-2\fm 99$. The Cepheid could therefore be pulsating in the fundamental tone, although pulsation in the first overtone is not excluded; 4) Platais 1 star No. 1 (1921) is a slowly rotating HgMn-star with a high helium content, while Platais 1 star No. 111 (1600) is a rapidly rotating main-sequence star with a helium content comparable to that of the Sun; 5) the age of the open cluster is estimated to be about $2.5 \times 10^{8}$ yr.
Development of a Low-Cost Particulate Matter Monitor

We describe a small, inexpensive portable monitor for airborne particulates, composed of the following elements: a. A simple size-selective inlet (vertical elutriator) that permits only particles below a pre-set diameter to pass and enter the measurement section; b. A measurement section in which passing particles are deposited thermophoretically on a micro-fabricated resonant piezoelectric mass sensor; c. An optical characterization module co-located with the mass sensor module that directs infrared and ultraviolet beams through the deposit. The emergent optical beams are detected by a photodiode. The optical absorption of the deposit can be measured in order to characterize the deposit, and determine how much is due to diesel exhaust and/or environmental tobacco smoke; and d. A small pump that moves air through the device, which may also be operated in a passive mode. The component modules were designed by the project team, and fabricated at UCB and LBNL. Testing and validation were performed in a room-sized environmental chamber at LBNL in to which was added either environmental tobacco smoke (ETS, produced by a cigarette smoking machine) or diesel exhaust (from a conventional diesel engine). Two pilot field tests in a dwelling compared the monitor with existing aerosol instruments during exposure to infiltrated ambient air to which cigarette smoke, diesel exhaust, wood smoke and cooking fumes were added. The limit of detection (LOD) derived from statistical analysis of field data is 18 mu g m-3, at the 99percent confidence level. The monitor weighs less than 120 g and has a volume of roughly 250 cm3. Power consumption is approximately 100 milliwatts. During this study, the optical component of the device was not fully implemented and has been left for future efforts. Suggested improvements in the current prototype include use of integrated thermal correction, reconfiguration of the resonator for increased particle collection area, increased thermophoretic collection efficiency using an increased temperature gradient, and shielding the resonator electronics from deposition of ultrafine particles.
Short-Term Load Forecasting Model Using Flower Pollination Algorithm

Electricity is natural but not a storable resource and has a vital role in modern life. Balancing between consumption and production of the electricity is highly important for power plants and production facilities. Researches show that electricity load consumption characteristic is highly related to exogenous factors such as weather condition, day type (weekdays, weekends and holidays etc.), seasonal effects, economic and politic changes (crisis, elections etc.). In this study, we propose a short-term load forecasting models using artificial intelligence based optimization technique. Proposed 5 different empirical models were optimized using flower pollination algorithm (FPA). Training and testing phase of the proposed models held with historical load and weather temperature dataset for the years between 2011-2014. Forecasting accuracy of the models was measured with Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and monthly minimum approximately %1,79 for February 2013. Results showed that proposed load forecasting model is very competent for short-term load forecasting.