Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the relationship between social distance and threat

We investigated the dependence of threat perception and reaction on social distance estimation. Social identity threat was imposed within a 2x2 between subjects design, with N=163 students reading a criticising comment about their ingroup assigned to originate from one of two possible outgroups. The participants completed parts of the scale Overlap of self, ingroup and outgroup (OSIO, Schubert and Otten, 2002) as a measure of social distance either before or after the threat manipulation. Results show significantly differing social distance estimations as a reaction towards the threatening comment depending on the criticising outgroup. The implications of these findings and the possibility of social distancing being another kind of defensive mechanism towards social identity threat are discussed.
The effect of climate change on the correlation between avian life‐history traits

The ultimate reason why birds should advance their phenology in response to climate change is to match the shifting phenology of underlying levels of the food chain. In a seasonal environment, the timing of food abundance is one of the crucial factors to which birds should adapt their timing of reproduction. They can do this by shifting egg‐laying date (LD), and also by changing other life‐history characters that affect the period between laying of the eggs and hatching of the chicks. In a long‐term study of the migratory Pied Flycatcher, we show that the peak of abundance of nestling food (caterpillars) has advanced during the last two decades, and that the birds advanced their LD. LD strongly correlates with the timing of the caterpillar peak, but in years with an early food peak the birds laid their eggs late relative to this food peak. In such years, the birds advance their hatching date by incubating earlier in the clutch and reducing the interval between laying the last egg to hatching of the first egg, thereby partly compensating for their relative late LD. Paradoxically, they also laid larger clutches in the years with an early food peak, and thereby took more time to lay (i.e. one egg per day). Clutch size therefore declined more strongly with LD in years with an early food peak. This stronger response is adaptive because the fitness of an egg declined more strongly with date in early than in late years. Clearly, avian life‐history traits are correlated and Pied Flycatchers apparently optimize over the whole complex of the traits including LD, clutch size and the onset of incubation. Climate change will lead to changing selection pressures on this complex of traits and presumably the way they are correlated.
Hitching a ride: the formation locomotion strategy of dolphin calves

Summary 1. Formation locomotion theoretically provides energy savings and it is evident across diverse taxa. Echelon position, described in cetacean (dolphin and whale) mother‐infant dyads as calf in very close proximity of its mother’s mid-lateral flank, may be a type of formation locomotion that provides hydrodynamic benefits for the calf. Until now, the difficulties associated with assessing the swimming energetics of marine mammals have precluded empirical quantifications of these benefits. 2. Through kinematic analyses, this study demonstrates empirically that 0‐1 month-old dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ) calves in echelon position are afforded locomotor advantages as evident by increased swim performance with concurrent reductions in effort. 3. Compared to periods of independent swimming, calves in echelon position showed a 28% increase in average swim speed with reduced effort during stroke phases, as evident by a 22% reduction in fluke stroke amplitude and 19% increase in distance per stroke. 4. In addition, calves in echelon position spent over a third of their time gliding while no glide phases were observed for independently swimming calves. 5. The hydrodynamic benefits of echelon position enable cetacean calves, which have extremely limited locomotor performance, to maintain proximity of their mothers during travel, which is vital to infant survival. 6. This study adds to the limited empirical data regarding the energy economy of formation locomotion in animals.
Phytoextraction of cadmium and lead by three vegetable-crop plants

Phytoextraction, is an effective and promising means to cure soil contamination with heavy metals. The present study investigates the ability of three vegetables plants for removal of heavy metals from the contaminated soil and metal mobilization to different plant parts. The three plants selected for the study, Momordica charantia , Vigna unguiculata and Solanum melongena were grown for 90 days in soils artificially contaminated with cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) (50mg metal/kg of soil). The concentrations of the two metals were observed to be higher in roots of M. charantia and V. unguiculata than in soil, but root Pb level of S. melongena was slightly lower than that of soil after 90 days. Translocation potential of the heavy metals indicated higher accumulation of Cd in roots of M. charantia and S. melongena than in leaves while the pattern was completely opposite in V. unguiculata . Lead accumulation was higher in roots than in leaves for all the three plant species studied. The Translocation Factor (TF) of Cd for the three plants was in the range of 1.16 to 2.29 whereas, TF values of Pb remained <1, indicating that only small amount of Pb was translocated from roots to aerial parts.
Approximating the Predictive Distribution via Adversarially-Trained Hypernetworks

Being able to model uncertainty is a vital property for any intelligent agent. In an environment in which the domain of input stimuli is fully controlled neglecting uncertainty may work, but this usually does not hold true for any real-world scenario. This highlights the necessity for learning algorithms that robustly detect noisy and out-of-distribution examples. Here we propose a novel approach for uncertainty estimation based on adversarially trained hypernetworks. We define a weight posterior to uniformly allow weight realizations of a neural network that meet a chosen fidelity constraint. This setting gives rise to a posterior predictive distribution that allows inference on unseen data samples. In this work, we train a combination of hypernetwork and main network via the GAN framework by sampling from this posterior predictive distribution. Due to the indirect training of the hypernetwork our method does not suffer from complicated loss formulations over weight configurations. We report empirical results that show that our method is able to capture uncertainty over outputs and exhibits performance that is on par with previous work. Furthermore, the use of hypernetworks allows producing arbitrarily complex, multi-modal weight posteriors.
Differential algebra of Legendrian links

Let the space R = {(q, p, u)} be equipped with the standard contact form α = du− pdq. A link L ⊂ R3 is called Legendrian if the restriction of α to L vanishes. Two Legendrian links are said to be Legendrian isotopic if they can be connected by a path in the space of Legendrian embeddings. Consider the map π : R3 → R2, (q, p, u) → (q, p). Since the kernel of dπ is everywhere transverse to the kernel of α, the projection π(L) of a Legendrian link L is an immersed curve. We say that a link L ⊂ R3 is generic with respect toπ, or π-generic, if all self-intersections of π(L) are transverse double points. Given a π-generic Legendrian link L , its diagram is the curve π(L) ⊂ R2, at every crossing of which the overpassing branch (the one with the larger value of u) is marked. It is well known that every smooth link type can be realized by a Legendrian link (it is shown in Sect. 11 that such a realization can be chosen to have a diagram with relatively few crossings). The so-called classical invariants of an oriented Legendrian link L are defined as follows. First of them is just the smooth isotopy type of L . Let L1, . , Lk be the components of L . The Maslov number m(Li) of Li is twice the rotation number of π(Li). The Thurston–Bennequin number β(Li) of Li is the linking number between Li and s(Li), where s is a small shift along the u direction. The orientation on R3 involved in the definition of the linking number is given by the form α ∧ dα = dq ∧ dp ∧ du. In terms of the diagram, β(Li) is the number of double points of π(Li) counted with signs shown in Fig. 1. The Thurston–Bennequin number does not depend on the orientation of Li , while the Maslov number changes its sign when the orientation changes.
Eksplorasi dan Identifikasi Trichoderma Endofitik Pada Pisang. Jamur Trichoderma endofitik merupakan salah satu organisme yang dapat digunakan sebagai agens pengendali hayati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi Trichoderma endofitik dari akar tanaman pisang sehat yang be

Exploration and identification of endophytic Trichoderma in banana. Endophytic fungi Trichoderma is an organism that can used as biocontrol agent. This study aims to isolate and identify endophytic Trichoderma in roots of healthy banana plants from three districts in Yogyakarta, which will be used as biological control agent against the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense. Isolation was conducted using TSM (Trichoderma Selective Medium). We obtained six isolates of endophytic Trichoderma spp. , i.e., Swn-1, Swn-2, Ksn, Psr-1, Psr-2, and Psr-3. Molecular identification was done by using ITS1 and ITS2 primer pain and sequenced. The sequence of DNA obtained was analysed and compared with NCBI database by using BLAST-N programe. The results showed that all isolates were amplified at 560-bp. Phylogenetic analysis showed that isolates Swn-1, Swn-2 and Psr-1 are homologous to Trichoderma harzianum, isolate Ksn homologous to Trichoderma asperrellum, isolate Psr-2 homologous to Trichoderma gamsii, and isolate Psr-3 homologous to Trichoderma koningiopsis, with the homologous value of 99%.
BOTULÍNICA NO TRATAMENTO DE DISFUNÇÃO TEMPOROMANDIBULAR MIOFASCIAL : revisão de literatura

Temporamandibular disorders (TMDs) are caused by changes in the masticatory muscles and / or temporomandibular joint (TMJ) that can lead to dysfunctions in the stomatognathic system. Muscular TMDs are one of the most common reasons for pain in the orofacial region and these changes cause diverse disorders to their wearers. There are several approaches to treat this pathology, from the more conservative to the surgical ones. One of the forms of treatment that has been addressed is botulinum toxin type A. This drug is produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The purpose of this study was to review the literature on the clinical use of botulinum toxin by the dentist in the treatment of myofascial TMD. The results show that TxB-A can be used for treatment of myofascial TMDs in most of the studies presented and due to the few studies that exist on the subject further research should be performed. Keyword: Temporomandibular Joint. Arthralgia. Botulinum Antitoxin.
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT, A FRILL OR A NEED - AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF ALBANIAN AND MACEDONIAN BUSINESSES

Management experts have argued repeatedly that firms or companies should respond to environmental changes, such as increased competition, by engaging in more systematic planning to anticipate and respond to changing and unforeseen events. The reason for this argument is because formal strategic planning has been seen to enhance a firm’s performance. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the situation of implementation of the strategic management thought in two Balkan Countries in order to give valuable recommendations for improvement of these processes. In this paper, through an empirical study of both countries are given answers to the following questions: How do private businesses formulate, implement and evaluate strategies in Albania and Macedonia context? How and to what extent do contextual factors influence the action and performance of businesses? The empirical research upon which this paper is based has highlighted a number of valuable results in terms of new descriptive evidence of the levels of tool support and the top tools which are used by strategic management practitioners in Albania and Macedonia for a series of core strategic tasks.
Is Youth Baseball Safe? A Computational and Experimental Examination into Reducing Youth Baseball Injury Potential.

MATTA, PHILIP A. Is Youth Baseball Safe? A Computational and Experimental Examination into Reducing Youth Baseball Injury Potential. (Under the direction of Gregory S. Sawicki, Joseph B. Myers, and Richard Goldberg). While there is concern that the number of overuse arm injuries in youth baseball is rising, the number of impact injuries remains higher for youth baseball than in high school or college. Reducing the weight or hardness of a standard baseball has been espoused by some as a method to reduce these injuries and was investigated. Reducing the weight of the standard ball to four ounces increase the batted ball exit velocity (BBEV) by approximately 10% and subsequently increases batted ball range. Despite the increase in BBEV, there is an overall decrease in impact momentum at a ball-player collision due to the decreased ball mass. Unfortunately, the increase in BBEV leaves position players and pitchers with less time to defend themselves. Reducing the weight of a standard baseball from five-ounces to four, leads to less than a 5% increase in impact probability for position players (typically first and third baseman). However, the impact probability for pitchers can increase by up to 36%. Pitchers may require almost two times the amount of time a position player requires to avoid a struck baseball. A four-ounce ball with reduced coefficient of restitution may be the optimal adjustment, as this ball can exhibit the same BBEV as a standard ball while further reducing the impact momentum and only the reducing the batted ball range, in standard impact conditions, by 5% or less. © Copyright 2012 by Philip A. Matta All Rights Reserved Is Youth Baseball Safe? A Computational and Experimental Examination into Reducing Youth Baseball Injury Potential
Using Economic Incentives to encourage Conservation in Bioregions in South Africa

This paper starts from the now widely-held premise that biodiversity conservation ought to take place both inside and outside protected areas if biodiversity targets are to be met. Given the potential inter-linkages of areas inside and outside protected areas in ecosystems, the ultimate structure of biodiversity conservation should be bioregional landscape management. A framework for studying the factors affecting biodiversity conservation in bioregions is suggested. While many factors might affect biodiversity conservation, the use of economic incentives is argued to be potentially one of the most effective mechanisms for mainstreaming biodiversity conservation in bioregions. Institutions are singled out as one important class of socio-economic arrangements directly associated with economic incentives. Institutions are thus likely to be a major determinant of the vulnerability or success of biodiversity conservation. The paper uses South African examples, and concludes by outlining the research issues important in understanding the role of economic incentives in that context.
Model averaging quantiles for censored data

Quantiles are of interest in food safety data dealing with a limit of detection. The limit of detection introduces a lot of uncertainty in the left tail of the underlying distribution, making quantile estimation for this part of the distribution difficult. Therefore we fit a model to the data and derive the modelbased estimate for the quantile. Since the true distribution is unknown, model averaging is used to combine information from a set of models. In this paper we discuss two approaches to use model averaging for quantiles. The methods are applied to a data example and compared in a simulation study. The effect of an increasing percentage of censoring on the estimates is explored.
Hypoxia Inducible Factor Activates the Transforming Growth Factor-α/Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Growth Stimulatory Pathway in VHL-/- Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells*

Bi-allelic-inactivating mutations of the VHL tumor suppressor gene are found in the majority of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (VHL-/- RCC). VHL-/- RCC cells overproduce hypoxia-inducible genes as a consequence of constitutive, oxygen-independent activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). While HIF activation explains the highly vascularized nature of VHL loss lesions, the relative role of HIF in oncogenesis and loss of growth control remains unknown. Here, we report that HIF plays a central role in promoting unregulated growth of VHL-/- RCC cells by activating the transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α)/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) pathway. Dominant-negative HIF and enzymatic inhibition of EGF-R were equally efficient at abolishing EGF-R activation and serum-independent growth of VHL-/- RCC cells. TGF-α is the only known EGF-R ligand that has a VHL-dependent expression profile and its overexpression by VHL-/- RCC cells is a direct consequence of HIF activation. In contrast to TGF-α, other HIF targets, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were unable to stimulate serum-independent growth of VHL-/- RCC cells. VHL-/- RCC cells expressing reintroduced type 2C mutants of VHL, and which retain the ability to degrade HIF, fail to overproduce TGF-α and proliferate in serum-free media. These data link HIF with the overproduction of a bona fide renal cell mitogen leading to activation of a pathway involved in growth of renal cancer cells. Moreover, our results suggest that HIF might be involved in oncogenesis to a much higher extent than previously appreciated.
Effects of varying aerosol regimes on low‐level Arctic stratus

The effects on low‐level cloud microstructures of varying aerosol regimes in the Arctic are examined using ground‐based measurements obtained near Barrow, Alaska. Episodic ‘arctic haze’ events produced high cloud droplet concentrations, and small cloud droplet effective radii. By contrast, the fresh nucleation of aerosols within the Arctic produced particles high in number concentration but generally too small to be efficient cloud condensation nuclei. Comparisons with similar analyses done at lower latitudes suggest that the ‘indirect effect’ of haze aerosol on low‐cloud effective radii is particularly high in the Arctic.
Persistent self-supervised learning principle: Study and demonstration on flying robots:

We introduce, study and demonstrate Persistent Self-Supervised Learning (PSSL), a machine learning method for usage onboard robotic platforms. The PSSL model leverages a standard supervised learning method to simplify the learning problem, but acquires training data in an unsupervised and autonomous manner. Using two platforms, a small multicopter on earth and the space based test bed SPHERES inside the International Space Station , we demonstrate the PSSL principle on a proof of concept problem: learning monocular depth estimation using stereo vision. The robot operates first in a ground truth mode based on the distance perceived by the stereo system, while persistently learning the environment using monocular cues. After the performance of the estimator transcends a ROC quality measure, the robot switches to operation based on the monocular depth estimates. Our results show the viability of the PSSL method, by being able to navigate a room on the basis of learned monocular vision, without collecting any training data beforehand. We identify a major challenge in PSSL caused by a training bias due to behavioral differences in the estimator and the ground truth based operation; however, this is a known problem also for related learning methods such as reinforcement learning. PSSL helps solve this problem by 1) clearly separating the learning problem from the behavior and 2) the possibility to keep learning during estimator behavior.
A Big Spatial Data Processing Framework Applying to National Geographic Conditions Monitoring

Abstract. In this paper, a novel framework for spatial data processing is proposed, which apply to National Geographic Conditions Monitoring project of China. It includes 4 layers: spatial data storage, spatial RDDs, spatial operations, and spatial query language. The spatial data storage layer uses HDFS to store large size of spatial vector/raster data in the distributed cluster. The spatial RDDs are the abstract logical dataset of spatial data types, and can be transferred to the spark cluster to conduct spark transformations and actions. The spatial operations layer is a series of processing on spatial RDDs, such as range query, k nearest neighbor and spatial join. The spatial query language is a user-friendly interface which provide people not familiar with Spark with a comfortable way to operation the spatial operation. Compared with other spatial frameworks, it is highlighted that comprehensive technologies are referred for big spatial data processing. Extensive experiments on real datasets show that the framework achieves better performance than traditional process methods.
Solution of Some Types for Composition Fractional Order Differential Equations Corresponding to Optimal Control Problems

The approximate solution for solving a class of composition fractional order optimal control problems (FOCPs) is suggested and studied in detail. However, the properties of Caputo and Riemann-Liouville derivatives are also given with complete details on Chebyshev approximation function to approximate the solution of fractional differential equation with different approach. Also, the relation between Caputo and Riemann-Liouville of fractional derivative took a big role for simplifying the fractional differential equation that represents the constraints of optimal control problems. The approximate solutions are defined on interval and are compared with the exact solution of order one which is an important condition to support the working method. Finally, illustrative examples are included to confirm the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.
Aalborg Universitet Impact of lifetime model selections on the reliability prediction of IGBT modules in modular multilevel converters

Power cycling in semiconductor modules contributes to repetitive thermal-mechanical stresses, which in return accumulate as fatigue on the devices, and challenge the lifetime. Typically, lifetime models are expressed in number-of-cycles, within which the device can operate without failures under predefined conditions. In these lifetime models, thermal stresses (e.g., junction temperature variations) are commonly considered. However, the lifetime of power devices involves in crossdisciplinary knowledge. As a result, the lifetime prediction is affected by the selected lifetime model. In this regard, this paper benchmarks the most commonly-employed lifetime models of power semiconductor devices for offshore Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC) based wind farms. The benchmarking reveals that the lifetime model selection has a significant impact on the lifetime estimation. The use of analytical lifetime models should be justified in terms of applicability, limitations, and underlying statistical properties.
The Brain and Chronic Pain

Objective: To review investigations into an association between brain changes and chronic pain; to synthesize the findings in the hope of generating interest among psychiatrists and casting some light on the road ahead. Conclusions: There is good evidence that chronic pain is associated with changes in brain function. It is possible that these brain changes compound chronic pain and future agents may be able to prevent such complications. Psychiatrists have knowledge of the brain and brain active medication, and are well placed to contribute to the field of pain medicine (German J Psychiatry 2003; 6: 8-15)