Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dead-in-bed syndrome in young diabetic patients.

The so-called dead-in-bed syndrome refers to sudden death in young diabetic patients without any history of long-term complications. Autopsy is typically negative. The present report summarizes frequency data on this condition from studies in the U.K. and the Scandinavian countries. It appears that such deaths occur in 6% of all deaths in diabetic patients below age 40 years. The frequency may also be expressed as 2-6 events per 10,000 [corrected] patient-years. The causes are by definition unknown, but a plausible theory is a death in hypoglycemia, since a history of nocturnal hypoglycemia is noted in most cases. While waiting for the clarification of the underlying pathophysiology, one should attempt to identify patients who are at particular risk of hypoglycemia and advocate caution in efforts to normalize blood glucose and HbAlc in these cases.
Celiac Disease: From Inflammation to Atrophy: A Long-Term Follow-up Study

Objectives: Celiac disease develops gradually from lymphocytosis, crypt hyperplasia and minor villous atrophy to overt villous atrophy. It IS NOT known how such minor mucosal changes predict eventual celiac disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of intraepithelial lymphocytosis and marginally decreased villous height/crypt depth ratio in the development of overt villous atrophy in a long-term follow-up. Methods: The authors evaluated 980 small bowel biopsies of children who had previously been studied and found to be histologically negative for celiac disease between 1976 and 1992. Villous height/crypt depth ratio and the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes were measured in these initial biopsies. Cases with slight biopsy changes were identified for further study and sex and age matched subjects with normal biopsies from same group were selected as controls. They all were asked to submit serum samples for gliadin, endomysial and tissue transglutaminase antibodies 8 to 28 years after the initial biopsy. Those with positive screening tests were asked to undergo endoscopy and small intestinal biopsy. Results: 236 cases with slight changes were identified, and 236 with normal mucosa served as controls; 76 cases and 68 controls participated in the follow-up study. Ten individuals had positive screening test results. Two new celiac disease patients, one in each group, were found. Four patients in the case group had been diagnosed with celiac disease by routine procedures during the follow-up. Thus, five cases and one control had developed celiac disease. Conclusions: Small bowel mucosal lymphocytosis or slight reduction in villous height/crypt depth ratio are common findings in patients with suspicion of celiac disease. These findings alone are poor predictors of celiac disease.
Sensitized path PUF: A lightweight embedded physical unclonable function

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) can be used for a number of security applications, including secure on-chip generation of secret keys. We introduce an embedded PUF concept called sensitized path PUF (SP-PUF) that is based on extracting entropy out of inherent timing variability of modules already present in the circuit. The new PUF sensitizes paths of nearly identical lengths and generates response bits by racing transitions through different paths against each other. SP-PUF has lower area overhead and higher speed than earlier embedded PUFs and requires no helper data stored in non-volatile memory beyond standard error-correction information for fuzzy extraction. Compared with standalone PUFs, the new solution intrinsically and inseparably intertwines PUF behavior with functional circuitry, thus complicating invasive attacks or simplifying their detection. We present a systematic design flow to turn an arbitrary (sufficiently complex) circuit into an SP-PUF. The flow leverages state-of-the-art sensitization algorithms, formal filtering based on statistical analysis, and MaxSAT-based optimization of SP-PUF's area overhead. Experiments show that SP-PUF extracts 256-bit keys with perfect reliability and nearly perfect uniqueness after fuzzy extraction for the majority of standard benchmark circuits.
Functional MRI and pain

Purpose of review This article reviews the current state of knowledge in functional MRI (fMRI) research related to pain with primary focus on clinical studies. Recent findings With fMRI, the subjective effects of pain (sensory, affect, emotion, and motor components) can be objectively imaged. Although the conventional fMRI technique has been the isolation of regions in the brain transmitting and modulating pain, functional connectivity measurement can identify functionally linked regions associated with pain processing. The primary and secondary somatosensory cortex (S1 and S2), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and insula are the four regions (part of pain matrix) consistently activated in pain states. Functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex (PFC), ACC, and insula correlates well with clinical pain measures. The dorsal medial PFC to insula connectivity can identify patients prone to persistent back pain. Default mode network (DMN) to insula connectivity is associated with spontaneous pain in fibromyalgia patients. In addition, the DMN encompasses the PFC. Techniques for fMRI analysis, templates, and standards for identifying the functional networks in the brain are evolving continuously. The activation pattern with analgesic agents seems to be specific to the class of drugs. Summary As we learn more about fMRI related to pain, functional connectivity patterns could emerge as biomarkers for specific pain conditions.
Effects of adverse events on the projected population benefits and cost-effectiveness of using live attenuated influenza vaccine in children aged 6 months to 4 years.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of adverse events associated with live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in children younger than 5 years on the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination. DESIGN A decision analytic model was developed to predict costs and health effects of no vaccination, vaccination with LAIV, and vaccination with inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV). Probabilities, costs, and quality adjustments for uncomplicated influenza, outpatient visits, hospitalizations, deaths, vaccination, and vaccine adverse events were based on primary and published data. The analysis included the possible increased incidence of adverse events following vaccination with LAIV for children younger than 5 years, including fever, wheezing, and hospitalization. A societal perspective was used. Sensitivity analyses, including probabilistic sensitivity analysis, were conducted. SETTING Vaccination in the physician office setting in the United States. PARTICIPANTS Hypothetical cohorts of healthy children aged 6 months to 4 years. INTERVENTION Vaccination with LAIV or IIV. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio in dollars per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). RESULTS Cost-effectiveness ratios ranged from $20 000/QALY (age 6-23 months) to $33 000/QALY (age 3-4 years) for LAIV and from $21 000/QALY to $37 000/QALY for IIV for healthy children aged 6 months to 4 years. Inclusion of possible new adverse events for LAIV had varying effects on cost-effectiveness results. Results were not sensitive to the inclusion of wheezing as an adverse event but were sensitive to a possible increase in the probability of hospitalization. CONCLUSION Live attenuated influenza vaccine had comparable cost-effectiveness compared with IIV for children younger than 5 years under a wide range of assumptions about the incidence of adverse events.
The Nitrogen Use Efficiency of C(3) and C(4) Plants : III. Leaf Nitrogen Effects on the Activity of Carboxylating Enzymes in Chenopodium album (L.) and Amaranthus retroflexus (L.).

The relationships between leaf nitrogen content per unit area (N(a)) and (a) the initial slope of the photosynthetic CO(2) response curve, (b) activity and amount of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), and (c) chlorophyll content were studied in the ecologically similar weeds Chenopodium album (C(3)) and Amaranthus retroflexus (C(4)). In both species, all parameters were linearly dependent upon leaf N(a). The dependence of the initial slope of the CO(2) response of photosynthesis on N(a) was four times greater in A. retroflexus than in C. album. At equivalent leaf N(a) contents, C. album had 1.5 to 2.6 times more CO(2) saturated Rubisco activity than A. retroflexus. At equal assimilation capacities, C. album had four times the Rubisco activity as A. retroflexus. In A. retroflexus, a one to one ratio between Rubisco activity and photosynthesis was observed, whereas in C. album, the CO(2) saturated Rubisco activity was three to four times the corresponding photosynthetic rate. The ratio of PEPC to Rubisco activity in A. retroflexus ranged from four at low N(a) to seven at high N(a). The fraction of organic N invested in carboxylation enzymes increased with increased N(a) in both species. The fraction of N invested in Rubisco ranged from 10 to 27% in C. album. In A. retroflexus, the fraction of N(a) invested in Rubisco ranged from 5 to 9% and the fraction invested in PEPC ranged from 2 to 5%.
Myofibroblasts and the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

BACKGROUND The cellular mediators of progressive renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy remain unknown. Myofibroblasts have been implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental and clinical renal fibrosis. Their role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy is the subject of this study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We have studied by immuno-histochemistry the expression of cytoskeletal proteins associated with the activation of myofibroblasts; alpha-smooth-muscle actin (alpha-SMA), vimentin (Vi) and desmin (D), in the kidneys of 25 patients with diabetic nephropathy (5 patients had a superimposed glomerulonephritis). Comparisons were made with normal tissue from three kidneys removed for renal-cell carcinoma. Correlations were studied between clinical and biochemical parameters with the expression of renal cytoskeletal proteins. RESULTS In normal kidneys, cells expressing alpha-SMA were confined to the vascular media and adventitia while immunoreactive Vi was detected in glomerular epithelial cells. In diabetic kidneys, cells expressing alpha-SMA were detected primarily in the renal interstitium and to a lesser extent in some glomeruli in association with mesangial proliferation. Vimentin immunostain decreased in glomeruli displaying diabetic hyalinosis and sclerosis. By contrast, strong Vi immunoreactivity was noted in atrophic diabetic tubules and to a lesser extent in the interstitium. Desmin was not detected in either normal or diabetic kidneys. Close correlations were observed between the expression of renal cytoskeletal proteins and the progression of renal insufficiency. Interstitial alpha-SMA proved to be a predictor of progressive diabetic nephropathy (R2 for 1/serum Cr slope = 0.608, P = 0.00001). This predictive value was superior to, and independent from, that of the best conventional histological predictive parameters; tubular atrophy (R2 = 0.477, P = 0.00004) and interstitial fibrosis (R2 = 0.28, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION We have demonstrated in this study the neoexpression of cytoskeletal proteins within diabetic kidneys. This has allowed the identification of new predicting histological markers for the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
Microbial Signatures in Fertile Soils Under Long-Term N Management

Long-term reliance on inorganic N to maintain and increase crop yields in overly simplified cropping systems in the U.S. Midwest region has led to soil acidification, potentially damaging biological N2 fixation and accelerating potential nitrification activities. Building on this published work, rRNA gene-based analysis via Illumina technology with QIIME 2.0 processing was used to characterize the changes in microbial communities associated with such responses. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) for each archaeal, bacterial, and fungal taxa were classified using the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP). Our goal was to identify bioindicators from microbes responsive to crop rotation and N fertilization rates following 34–35 years since the initiation of experiments. Research plots were established in 1981 with treatments of rotation [continuous corn (Zea mays L.) (CCC) and both the corn (Cs) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) (Sc) phases of a corn-soybean rotation], and of N fertilization rates (0, 202, and 269 kg N/ha) arranged as a split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. We identified a set of three archaea, and six fungal genera responding mainly to rotation; a set of three bacteria genera whose abundances were linked to N rates; and a set with the highest number of indicator genera from both bacteria (22) and fungal (12) taxa responded to N fertilizer additions only within the CCC system. Indicators associated with the N cycle were identified from each archaeal, bacterial, and fungal taxon, with a dominance of denitrifier- over nitrifier- groups. These were represented by a nitrifier archaeon Nitrososphaera, and Woesearchaeota AR15, an anaerobic denitrifier. These archaea were identified as part of the signature for CCC environments, decreasing in abundance with rotated management. The opposite response was recorded for the fungus Plectosphaerella, a potential N2O producer, less abundant under continuous corn. N fertilization in CCC or CS systems decreased the abundance of the bacteria genera Variovorax and Steroidobacter, whereas Gp22 and Nitrosospira only showed this response under CCC. In this latter system, N fertilization resulted in increased abundances of the bacterial denitrifiers Gp1, Denitratisoma, Dokdonella, and Thermomonas, along with the fungus Hypocrea, a known N2O producer. The identified signatures could help future monitoring and comparison across cropping systems as we move toward more sustainable management practices. At the same time, this is needed primary information to understand the potential for managing the soil community composition to reduce nutrient losses to the environment.
The Role of Uncertainty, Sentiment and Cross‐Country Interactions in G7 Output Dynamics

Output fluctuations in the G7 are characterized using a VAR model of countries actual and expected outputs and uncertainty over these. New measures are developed to quantify the relative importance of economic prospects-versus-uncertainty, global-versus-national effects and fundamentals-versus-sentiment for countries persistent output movements. National and global contributions are found to be equally important across the G7 although considerable differences exist between countries. Uncertainty, and especially cross-country uncertainty, is important in propagating the effects of shocks and generates around 20% of countries persistent output movements on average. Fundamentals dominate output movements although, with an 80:20 split, sentiment plays a non-negligible role.
Self-enforcing International Environmental Agreement

This paper aims to analyze the stability of self-enforcing International Environmental Agreement (IEA). In this paper the stability of an IEA is studied using a twostage game. In the first stage each country decides non-cooperatively whether or not to join the IEA, and in the second stage signatories and non-signatories make decision on the levels of their emissions. This study has employed two conjectures for analyzing signatoriesF and non-signatoriesF emissions in the second stage. The first conjecture is based on Cournot assumptions, where signatories and non-signatories simultaneously choose their emissions. The second conjecture is based on the Stackelberg assumptions, where signatories are the first players to choose their emissions. The analytical results have shown that non-signatoriesF emissions are lower than signatoriesF emissions in both Stackelberg and Cournot cases. Moreover, this study has employed the numerical simulation to explain how the stability conditions operate to select a stable IEA. The results show that the number of signatories in both Stackelberg and Cournot cases are determined by the slope of marginal damage cost. The number of signatories in the case of Stackelberg is always higher than that in the case of Cournot, whereas total pollution in the case of Stackelberg is lower. However, the weakness of Stackelberg case is that the number of countries that sign in the IEA decreases when the slope of marginal damage cost increases. Since signatoryFs net benefit is lower whereas non-signatoryFs net benefit is higher when the slope of marginal damage cost rises, non-signatory that looks like a free rider gains from the increase in the slope of marginal damage cost whereas signatory who is the first player to choose her emission loses her net benefit. Thus, the number of signatories decreases when the slope of marginal damage cost rises.
A simplified surfactant dosing procedure in respiratory distress syndrome: the “side‐hole” randomized study

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of acute adverse events and long‐term outcome of two different surfactant dosing procedures in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The effects of two surfactant dosing procedures on the incidence of transient hypoxia and bradycardia, gas exchange, ventilatory requirements and 28 d outcome were compared. The patients, comprising 102 infants (birthweight 600–2000 g) with RDS on mechanical ventilation with FiO2 0.4, were randomized at 2–24 h to receive 200 mg kg‐1 of Curosurf® in 56 it was given by bolus delivery, and in 55 by a simplified technique (dose given in 1 min via a catheter introduced through a side‐hole in the tracheal tube adaptor. The baby's position was not changed and ventilation was not interrupted). Two additional surfactant doses (100 mg kg‐1) were also given, by the same method, if ventilation with FiO2 0.3 was needed 12 and 24 h after the initial dose. The number of episodes of hypoxia and/or bradycardia was similar in both groups. A slight and transient increase in Paco2 was observed in the side‐hole group. The efficacy of the surfactant, based on oxygenation improvement, ventilator requirements, number of doses required and incidence of air leaks, was similar. No differences were observed in the incidence of intraventricular haemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus, bronchopulmonary dysplasia or survival. In conclusion, a simplified surfactant dosing procedure not requiring fractional doses, ventilator disconnection, changes in the baby's position or manual bagging was found to be as effective as bolus delivery. The number of dosing‐related transient episodes of hypoxia and bradycardia was not decreased by the slow, 1 min, side‐hole instillation procedure.
Does the Hijab Increase Representatives’ Perceptions of Social Distance?

We explore whether the hijab affects politicians’ views of citizens. To better isolate the effect of religious attire, we focus on a context in Europe where Muslims are not foreigners—Bosnia. We presented local politicians (N = 1,389) with a group photo of ordinary men and women in Bosnia. Respondents were randomized to view a photo where some (treatment) or none (control) of the women were wearing the hijab. We find that the hijab effect differs for Muslims and non-Muslims. For Muslim politicians, wearing the hijab does not affect their belief that they can represent their constituents well. However, for these politicians, the hijab appears to signal demand for more ethnicity-based representation. For non-Muslim politicians, however, religious attire creates social distance toward their hijab-wearing constituents. This effect does not emerge because local elites think Hijabis themselves feel social distance toward these elites.
Five‐grass pollen 300IR SLIT tablets: efficacy and safety in children and adolescents

Halken S, Agertoft L, Seidenberg J, Bauer C‐P, Payot F, Martin‐Muñoz MF, Bartkowiak‐Emeryk M, Vereda A, Jean‐Alphonse S, Melac M, Le Gall M, Wahn U. Five‐grass pollen 300IR SLIT tablets: efficacy and safety in children and adolescents. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 970–976. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S
The distribution of household wealth in Belgium: initial findings of the second wave of the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS)

The article draws on the preliminary findings of the second wave (2014) of the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) to analyse the structure and distribution of household wealth in Belgium, and compares these with the findings of the first wave (2010) as pertaining to Belgium. All things considered, income and wealth distribution in Belgium have remained fairly stable. A comparison of survey findings for 2010 and 2014 reveals increased investment in – and loans attracted towards – other property, in addition to households’ main residences. The survey also finds that households have shifted away from direct investment in the equity and bond markets and now have more investments in mutual funds. With such assets held almost exclusively by wealthier households, it is this particular group’s portfolio decisions that determine this overall outcome. Income from capital – i.e. interest income, dividends and rental income – came down on average in the 2010-14 period, mainly due to lower interest rates. This type of income is primarily found in the wealthiest households. Survey findings reveal increased participation and higher outstanding amounts for all types of loans. A more detailed analysis points to potential pockets of risk in the mortgage market, particularly for singleparent families and to a lesser degree also single-person households.
Enhancement of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by metabolic acidosis in dogs.

The effects of HCl infusion on multipoint mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP)/cardiac index (CI) plots in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs whose lungs were ventilated alternately in hyperoxia (fraction of inspired O2 [FIO2], 0.4) and hypoxia (FIO2, 0.1) were investigated. Over the range of CI studied (1 to 5 l.min-1.m-2), hypoxia increased PAP in 22 dogs (responders) and did not affect PAP in 16 other dogs (nonresponders). In eight nonresponders, two repetitions of alternated 0.4 and 0.1 FIO2 exposures did not restore hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), defined as a hypoxia-induced increase in PAP at a given flow. Intravenous infusion of 2 M HCl (2 mmol.kg-1.h-1) decreased arterial pH from normal to around 7.20 in eight responders and eight nonresponders. This metabolic acidosis increased PAP at all levels of CI in hyperoxia and in hypoxia in all the dogs, enhanced HPV in the responders, and restored HPV in the nonresponders. In eight responders, 2 M HCl infusion (2 mmol.kg-1.h-1) together with a 7% sodium bicarbonate infusion (adjusted to maintain arterial pH unchanged) did not affect hyperoxic or hypoxic PAP/CI plots. Pretreatment with 1 g acetylsalicylic acid iv (6 dogs) did not affect the pulmonary vasoreactivity to HCl-induced (2 M HCl, 2 mmol.kg-1.h-1) metabolic acidosis. It was concluded that in intact dogs: 1) metabolic acidosis enhances HPV; 2) at the given dose, HCl does not produce pulmonary vascular effects unrelated to the circulating blood pH; and 3) it is unlikely that the pulmonary vasoreactivity to metabolic acidosis is mediated by products of the cyclooxygenase pathway.