Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Potential of Genomic Selection and Integrating “Omics” Data for Disease Evaluation in Wheat

Diseases are among the most important limiting factors for wheat production. Breeding for fungal diseases of wheat, primarily for rusts and Fusarium head blight (FHB), are major resource consuming activities in most breeding programs which prevent breeders from focusing entirely on improving yield. Breeding for these diseases is challenging because resistance is inherited mostly in a quantitative fashion and is greatly influenced by weather conditions. Recent advances in genomics, phenomics and big-data analysis provide opportunities for accelerating the development of low-cost and efficient selection methods for such complex traits. Genomic selection (GS) may provide opportunities for reducing the time and cost of making selections. By appropriately integrating GS in the breeding workflow, it is possible to select new parents purely based on genomic estimated breeding values before breeding materials are entered into nurseries and field trials. Due to reduced selection cycle time, annual genetic gain for GS is predicted to be two to threefold greater than for a conventional phenotypic selection program. In this paper, we review the recent GS studies focusing on the prediction of resistance to rusts and FHB including those that benefits from modeling multiple phenological traits correlated with the resistance. In addition, we discuss the potential of integrating phenomics and machine learning for evaluating plant disease and the integration of multiple “omics” data in genomic prediction to improve the applicability of GS for disease resistance breeding in wheat.
Synthesis and photocatalytic properties of metastable β-Bi2O3 stabilized by surface-coordination effects

A metastable semiconductor, β-Bi2O3, was successfully synthesized with the precursor Bi2O2CO3 in this study, which showed much higher photocatalytic activity in the photooxidation of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) than thermally stable α-Bi2O3. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Based on the previous study, a surface CO32− coordination effect was proposed to understand the formation mechanism of β-Bi2O3 at room temperature. This speculation was supported by the surface chemical states' differences between α- and β-Bi2O3, which were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). Meanwhile, the energy band structures of α- and β-Bi2O3 were measured with an ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflection spectroscope (UV-vis DRS) and a valence band X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (VB-XPS); the electronic structures were calculated using the plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) with the CASTEP program package. At last, the photo-induced charge separation efficiency and photocarriers' lifetime of α-Bi2O3 and β-Bi2O3 were studied by steady state and dynamic photoluminescence (PL). Based on the results, the higher photocatalytic activity of β-Bi2O3 than that of α-Bi2O3 was attributed to its higher visible light harvesting ability, the formation of O2−˙ with strong oxide ability, higher charge separation efficiency, and larger surface area.
Nanokristallines Zirkondioxid für Hochtemperatur-Brennstoffzellen

Die hohe Betriebstemperatur (>1000°C) der Festoxid-Brennstoffzelle (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, SOFC) ist der Hauptgrund fur deren Degradation im Betrieb. Eine Moglichkeit zur Erniedrigung der Betriebstemperatur bietet ein neues Schichtkonzept, bei denen eine der Elektroden die mechanische Stabilisierung der Zelle ubernimmt (Substratkonzept), und die Elektrolytschicht als dunnere Schicht realisiert werden kann. Der geringere Volumenwiderstand der dunneren Elektrolytschicht kann die mit der Absenkung der Temperatur einhergehende Erniedrigung der Leitfahigkeit kompensieren. Der Einsatz nanoskaliger Strukturen fur die Elektrolytschicht ermoglicht eine Reduzierung der Schichtdicke des Elektrolyten, ohne die Funktionalitat und Lebensdauer der Brennstoffzelle einzuschranken. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden dunne Zirkondioxid-Schichten durch Abscheidung nanophasiger Partikel auf vorgesinterte Elektrodensubstrate (Anode/Kathode) hergestellt. Es wurden zwei Methoden zur Herstellung dunner, nanostrukturierter Elektrolytschichten eingesetzt und diskutiert: 1) Die Synthese von nanokristallinem, yttriumstabilisiertem Zirkondioxid-Pulver (YSZ) uber Dotierung mit Yttriumoxid in der Gasphase: Mit der Chemical-Vapor-Synthesis (CVS)-Methode wurden YSZ-Pulver mit grossen spezifischen Oberflachen bis zu 350 m²/g hergestellt. Durch Untersuchung der Nahordnung mit EXAFS konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Dotierung mit Yttriumoxid uber Substitution des Zirkon-Gitterplatzes stattfindet. Das Sinterverhalten von nanokristallinem YSZ wurde erstmals in-situ mit Neutronenkleinwinkelstreuung (SANS) untersucht. Die YSZ-Pulver zeigen hohe Sinteraktivitat: Mit Vakuumsintern bei 1200°C /1 h lasst sich dichtes 8 mol% YSZ bei einer Korngrose von 32 nm herstellen. Das nanokristalline YSZ-Pulver ist zur Abscheidung einer dunnen, nanokristallinen Elektrolytschicht mit keramischen Festphasenmethoden geeignet. 2) Die direkte Herstellung nanokristalliner Schichten aus der Gasphase: Durch die Weiterentwicklung des CVD/CVS-Prozesses wurde eine gezielte Einstellung der Mikrostruktur und Eigenschaften der Elektrolytschicht uber eine Variation der Reaktorparameter Druck, Temperatur und Verweilzeit erreicht. Erstmals wurden granulare, nanokristalline Schichten aus yttriumstabiliertem Zirkondioxid mit Korngrosen von 15-30 nm auf porosen Brennstoffzellensubstraten abgeschieden. Die fur einen Einsatz als Feststoffelektrolyt wichtigen Eigenschaften Ionenleitfahigkeit und Gasdichtigkeit der Volumenproben und Schichten wurden bestatigt: Die ionische Leitfahigkeit der YSZ-Preslinge und -Schichten ist bei reduzierten Temperaturen (800°C) ausreichend hoch, die Schichten zeigen genugende Gasdichtigkeit. Es konnte demonstriert werden, dass die notwendige thermische Stabilitat durch Yttriumdotierung der Nanostruktur erreicht werden kann.
Assessment of genetic diversity, population structure and morphological analyses in an Iranian endemic species Rhabdosciadium aucheri Boiss. (Apiaceae) using ISSR markers

Rhabdosciadium aucheri (Apiaceae) is an Iranian endemic species, which grows in west, center and south regions of Iran. The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic diversity, population structure and morphological variations of 70 individuals belonging to seven geographical populations of Hamadan, Lorestan, Kurdistan and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces, employing inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. In order to estimate morphological variations 38 characters were used. For molecular investigations, three gene pools in the country were identified using STRUCTURE analysis and K-Means clustering and also separation by the distance among the mentioned populations was defined properly. The Mantel test showed correlation between genetic and geographical distance. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated a significant genetic variability among the studied populations. It showed that 52% of total genetic variation was due to within-population diversity. These data might be used in conservation of this considerable medicinal species in the country.
A New Read Scheme for Alleviating Cell-to-Cell Interference in Scaled-Down 3D NAND Flash Memory

In this paper, we investigated the cell-to-cell interference in scaled-down 3D NAND flash memory by using a Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) simulation. The fundamental cause of cell-to-cell interference is that the electric field crowding point is changed by the programmed adjacent cell so that the electric field is not sufficiently directed to the channel surface. Therefore, the channel concentration of the selected cell is changed, leading to a Vth shift. Furthermore, this phenomenon occurs more severely when the selected cell is in an erased state rather than in a programmed state. In addition, it was confirmed that the cell-to-cell interference by the programmed WLn+1 is more severe than that of WLn−1 due to the degradation of the effective mobility effect. To solve this fundamental problem, a new read scheme is proposed. Through TCAD simulation, the cell-to-cell interference was alleviated with a bias having a ΔV of 1.5 V from Vread through an optimization process to have appropriate bias conditions in three ways that are suitable for each pattern. As a result, this scheme narrowed the Vth shift of 67.5% for erased cells and narrowed the Vth shift of 70% for programmed cells. The proposed scheme is one way to solve the cell-to-cell interference that may occur as the cell-to-cell distance decreases for a high stacked 3D NAND structure.
Trends in global research on sanitation: a 30-year perspective from 1990 to 2019

In the past three decades, the field of sanitation has attracted much academic attention, and a large volume of relevant research results have emerged. To explore the characteristics and trends of global sanitation research literature, this paper presents a bibliometric analysis of 9559 articles published between 1990–2019 and extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection database. With the rapid increase in the number of related publications, both the breadth and depth of sanitation studies have increased significantly in the 21st century. In terms of multiple criteria, the comprehensive research strength of developed countries is greater than that of developing countries. The field is highly interdisciplinary, meaning that collaborations between research institutions are increasing. Keyword clustering analysis shows that the main research topics in the domain of sanitation are: (i) drinking water, (ii) sustainability, (iii) biofilm, (iv) epidemiology, and (v) WaSH (water, sanitation and hygiene). Meanwhile, keyword burst analysis showed that the new research hotspots and frontiers mainly concentrated on: (i) sustainable development of sanitation services adapting to climate change, (ii) main determinants affecting child malnutrition, (iii) research based on global and multi-national data, and (iv) evaluations on various aspects of performance. This paper provides a better understanding of sanitation research trends that have emerged over the past 30 years and can serve as a reference for future research.
Spontaneous forest regrowth in South‐West Europe: Consequences for nature's contributions to people

1. European forests are expanding and becoming denser following the widespread abandonment of farmland and rural areas. Spontaneous forest regrowth provides a cost-effective opportunity to restore ecosystems, enhance multifunctionality and sustainability and mitigate climate change. Yet, little is known about the goods and services that such forests provide to people. We assessed the changes in na -ture's contributions to people (NCP) from spontaneous forest regrowth, i.e. forest expansion and densification, in South-West Europe. 2. We investigated 65 forest plots in four different landscapes with contrasting ecologi cal and societal contexts. Two landscapes are located in rural areas undergoing human exodus and forest expansion and densification; the other two, in peri-urban areas with intense land use and forest densification but negligible expansion. For each for est plot, we estimated variables related to ten out of the 18 main NCP defined by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). Regulating and material NCP were addressed using variables measured in the field as proxies. Non-material NCP were studied through stakeholder interviews. 3. Our results show across the cases that forest expansion and densification are gen erally associated with greater climate regulation and energy provision. Changes in other NCP, especially in non-material ones, were strongly context-dependent. The
Identifying surface water evaporation loss of inland river basin based on evaporation enrichment model

Accurately quantifying the evaporation loss of surface water is essential for regional water resources management, especially in arid and semi‐arid areas where water resources are already scarce. The long‐term monitoring of stable isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) in water can provide a sensitive indicator of water loss by evaporation. In this study, we obtained surface water samples of Shiyang River Basin from April to October between 2017 and 2019. The spatial and temporal characteristics of stable isotopes in surface water show the trend of enrichment in summer, depletion in spring, enrichment in deserts and depletion in mountains. The Local Evaporation Line (LEL) obtained by the regression of δ2H and δ18O in surface water has been defined by the lines: δ2H = 7. 61δ18O + 14.58 for mountainous area, δ2H = 4. 19δ18O − 17.85 for oasis area, δ2H = 4. 08δ18O − 18.92 for desert area. The slope of LEL shows a gradual decrease from mountain to desert, indicating that the evaporation of surface water is gradually increasing. The evaporation loss of stable isotopes in surface water is 24.82% for mountainous area, 32.19% for oasis area, and 70.98% for desert area, respectively. Temperature and air humidity are the main meteorological factors affecting the evaporation loss, and the construction of reservoirs and farmland irrigation are the main man‐made factors affecting the evaporation loss.
The TIME FOR DIABETIC KETONURIA NEGATIVATION IN NIAMEY NATIONAL HOSPITAL'S MEDICAL EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT

Context and Purpose: Ketosis is an acute complication and a way of revealing potentially fatal diabetes. The lack of data on the average negativation time in Niger and the evaluation of the performance of the treatment protocol motivated the conduct of this study. Methods: This is a prospective, analytical and longitudinal study lasting eleven (11) months from September 2019 to August 2020 in the medical emergencies of the National Hospital’s of Niamey. Included were all consenting patients at least 15 years of age with at least two-cross ketonuria. Results: A total of 90 subjects were included. The sex ratio was 0.63. The mean age was 40.03±12.76 years. Only 14.4% of patients were admitted within 24 hours of onset of signs. More than half (58.9%) of the subjects had an average socioeconomic level. Ketosis was the revelation of diabetes in 53.3% of patients. The mean ketonuria on admission was 2.83±0.76 cross. The mean capillary blood glucose at admission was 3.99±1.2 g/L and 2.35±0.86 g/L at negation. Admission venous blood glucose was 23.84±8.54 mmol/L. The triggering factor was identified in 78.9% of cases. The mean amount of insulin administered up to negation was 198.94±183.86 IU and 7,67±8,5 liters for the mean amount of solute. The protocol was interrupted in its execution to 76.7% of the subjects with a responsibility of the doctor involved in 71% of the cases of rupture. The mean time to negativation was 29.13±21.72 hours. The outcome was considered favourable to 87.8% of cases. Conclusion: The study reported a delay in negativation beyond 24 hours and interruptions in the execution of the protocol to a large majority of subjects. Keywords: diabetic ketosis, delay, negativation, Niger.
Dynamic Monitoring of Surface Water Area during 1989–2019 in the Hetao Plain Using Landsat Data in Google Earth Engine

The spatio-temporal change of the surface water is very important to agricultural, economic, and social development in the Hetao Plain, as well as the structure and function of the ecosystem. To understand the long-term changes of the surface water area in the Hetao Plain, we used all available Landsat images (7534 scenes) and adopted the modified Normalized Difference Water Index (mNDWI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to map the open-surface water from 1989 to 2019 in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform. We further analyzed precipitation, temperature, and irrigated area, revealing the impact of climate change and human activities on long-term surface water changes. The results show the following. (1) In the last 31 years, the maximum, seasonal, and annual average water body area values in the Hetao Plain have exhibited a downward trend. Meanwhile, the number of maximum, seasonal, and permanent water bodies displayed a significant upward trend. (2) The variation of the surface water area in the Hetao Plain is mainly affected by the maximum water body area, while the variation of the water body number is mainly affected by the number of minimum water bodies. (3) Precipitation has statistically significant positive effects on the water body area and water body number, which has statistically significant negative effects with temperature and irrigation. The findings of this study can be used to help the policy-makers and farmers understand changing water resources and its driving mechanism and provide a reference for water resources management, agricultural irrigation, and ecological protection.
Plains zebras bring evidence that dilution and detection effects may not always matter behaviorally and demographically

Group living is assumed to bene ﬁ t prey by reducing predation risk due to dilution and detection effects. This increased safety could be exchanged against a reduced individual vigilance leading to increased foraging and ﬁ tness until costs of intra-group competition offset this bene ﬁ t. However, very few studies have been able to directly test the relationship between individual ﬁ tness and group size in non-co-operative breeding species. Therefore, evidence that dilution and detection effects do indeed translate into increased ﬁ tness under predation risk remains mostly theoretical. Here, we aimed at empirically testing whether group size in ﬂ uences bene ﬁ cial and costly behaviors, and ultimately the survival of individuals, in a prey species facing heavy predation pressure. We focused on plains zebra Equus quagga of Hwange National Park in Zimbabwe, a high lion density area. We collected behavioral data (i.e., individual vigilance and foraging, collective vigilance, and agonistic interactions) that we used as proxies to investigate the costs and bene ﬁ ts of grouping in this species. We then ﬁ tted multistate capture-mark-recapture and Cox proportional-hazards models to estimate apparent survival of adults and young zebras, respectively, and assess whether a demographic signal of group size could be found. Our results show that collective vigilance increases with group size, a prerequisite of the detection effect, but individual vigilance does not consistently decrease with group size, which suggests that there is no group size effect on individual vigilance. Agonistic interactions were rare. These results suggest that there are no foraging costs of grouping here, and even some bene ﬁ ts such as a better collective vigilance. However, any bene ﬁ ts of being in larger groups did not translate into increased survival, as we found no effect of group size on the apparent survival of individuals. Since dilution and detection effects do not matter behaviorally and demographically in these plains zebras living under high predation risk, these results challenge our understanding of how predation shapes animal sociality: ﬁ tness bene ﬁ ts of dilution or detection should not be assumed.
The Functional Outcome of Spontaneous Hypertensive Supratentorial Intracerebral Haemorrhage after Surgery

This study was to determine various factors that affect the postoperative prognosis regarding outcome and the functional recovery after surgical evacuation of spontaneous hypertensive supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage. This cross-sectional analytic study was done in the Department of Neurosurgery, Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during a period of 4 years from January 2016 to December 2019 and total 96 patients were selectedfor this research. Patients with post-head injury hematomas, intracranial space-occupying lesions with bleedings, ischemic strokes with haemorrhagic transformation, arteriovenous malformations, aneurysms, and infratentorial haemorrhages were excluded from the research . The most frequently performed surgical procedure was decompressive craniotomy and evacuation of hematoma . The outcome of the patients was classified according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale(GOS). If the GOS score was more than 3 it was termed as “favorable”. GOS score 3 or less was classified as “unfavorable”. The mean age of the patients was 57.99±12.74 years with male and female ratio was 1.66. The mean blood volume was 28±19.99 cc and all patients were hypertensive. In relation to age and volume of blood, a significant difference (p <0.001) in outcome was found. Age > 70 years, GCS < 8 on admission, hematoma above 40 cc, and intraventricular extension were the most reliablepredictors of mortality and poor outcome following surgical evacuation of spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hematoma.The current research could exclusively assess the mortality and the functional outcome. Further related studies are needed with a focus to measures improving the quality of life to decrease the adverse outcome in postoperative survivors.
Gestione non farmacologica delle emorragie nel setting pre-ospedaliero

Lâ€™emorragia esterna continua ad essere una grande sfida nel setting pre-ospedaliero perchÃ© spesso di difficile gestione. Essa Ã¨ generalmente dovuta a traumi e se non controllata numerose possono essere le complicanze che determina. A tal proposito sono stati ideati diversi presidi che hanno come obiettivo il controllo precoce dellâ€™emorragia e quindi la sopravvivenza del paziente. Lâ€™obiettivo di questo studio Ã¨ indagare sui metodi non farmacologici per trattare le emorragie in ambito pre-ospedaliero da parte dellâ€™infermiere di emergenza territoriale
Highly reversible switching from P- to N-type NO2 sensing in a monolayer Fe2O3 inverse opal film and the associated P–N transition phase diagram

The detection of nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is currently the subject of extensive scientific and technological research, motivated by its deleterious impact on the environment and on human health and safety. However, detecting trace levels of NO2 gas in a timely, sensitive, and selective manner remains challenging, while the mechanisms governing selective NO2 sensing are still unclear. In this work, a monolayer α-Fe2O3 inverse opal (IO) film with single-crystalline 3-fold rotocenters is firstly synthesized in situ on a substrate using a sacrificial template and evaluated as a sensitive NO2 chemiresistor. Interestingly, the Fe2O3 macroporous film manifests abnormal sensing behavior with reversible transitions from p- to n-type sensing as a function of the NO2 concentration (C) and working temperature (T). Based on more familiar phase diagrams, a binary (T–C) transition diagram has been created in terms of the gas sensing response, which can be directly used to design and control the p–n transitions. Further investigations also show that such abnormal p–n transitions do not occur if a different sensing material (e.g. SnO2 IO) is used, or on exposure to gases other than NO2. The porous Fe2O3 sensor is capable of detecting trace levels of NO2, as low as 10 ppb, and shows good stability. Finally, the mechanisms underlying the unusual NO2 sensing transitions are described based on the nature of the materials and the well-known Lennard-Jones model. Reversible switching from p- to n-type sensing and the associated transition diagram carry great potential for the recognition and sensitive detection of trace levels of NO2.