Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resilience Management in Social-ecological Systems: a Working Hypothesis for a Participatory Approach

Approaches to natural resource management are often based on a presumed ability to predict probabilistic responses to management and external drivers such as climate. They also tend to assume that the manager is outside the system being managed. However, where the objectives include long-term sustainability, linked social-ecological systems (SESs) behave as complex adaptive systems, with the managers as integral components of the system. Moreover, uncertainties are large and it may be difficult to reduce them as fast as the system changes. Sustainability involves maintaining the functionality of a system when it is perturbed, or maintaining the elements needed to renew or reorganize if a large perturbation radically alters structure and function. The ability to do this is termed "resilience. " This paper presents an evolving approach to analyzing resilience in SESs, as a basis for managing resilience. We propose a framework with four steps, involving close involvement of SES stakeholders. It begins with a stakeholder-led development of a conceptual model of the system, including its historical profile (how it got to be what it is) and preliminary assessments of the drivers of the supply of key ecosystem goods and services. Step 2 deals with identifying the range of unpredictable and uncontrollable drivers, stakeholder visions for the future, and contrasting possible future policies, weaving these three factors into a limited set of future scenarios. Step 3 uses the outputs from steps 1 and 2 to explore the SES for resilience in an iterative way. It generally includes the development of simple models of the system's dynamics for exploring attributes that affect resilience. Step 4 is a stakeholder evaluation of the process and outcomes in terms of policy and management implications. This approach to resilience analysis is illustrated using two stylized examples.
The effects of metallicity, radiation field and dust extinction on the charge state of PAHs in diffuse clouds: implications for the DIB carrier

Context. The unidentified diffuse interstellar bands (DIB) are observed throughout the Galaxy, the Local Group and beyond. Their carriers are possibly related to complex carbonaceous gas-phase molecules, such as (cationic) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fullerenes. Aims. In order to reveal the identity of the DIB carrier we investigate the effects of metallicity, radiation field and extinction curve on the PAH charge state distribution, and thus the theoretical emergent PAH spectrum, in diffuse interstellar clouds. This behaviour can then be linked to that of the DIB carrier, thus giving insight into its identity. Methods. We use radiative transfer and chemical models to compute the physical and chemical conditions in diffuse clouds with Galactic and Magellanic Cloud types of interstellar dust and gas. Subsequently, the PAH charge state distributions throughout these clouds are determined. Results. We find that the fraction of PAH cations is much higher in the Magellanic Cloud environments than in the Milky Way, caused predominantly by the respective lower metallicities, and mitigated by the steeper UV extinction curve. The fraction of anions is much lower in a low metallicity environment. The predicted DIB strength of cationic PAH carriers is similar to that of the Milk Way for the LMC and 40% for the SMC due to the overall metallicity. Stronger DIBs could be expected in the Magellanic Clouds if they emanate from clouds that are exposed to an average interstellar radiation field that is significantly stronger than in the Milky Way, although photo-destruction processes could possibly reduce this effect, especially for the smaller PAHs. Our results show that the presence and absence of DIB carriers in the Magellanic Cloud lines of sight can be tied to the PAH charge balance which is driven by metallicity, UV radiation and dust extinction effects.
2 2 O ct 2 01 8 Sparsemax and RelaxedWasserstein for Topic Sparsity

Topic sparsity refers to the observation that individual documents usually focus on several salient topics instead of covering a wide variety of topics, and a real topic adopts a narrow range of terms instead of a wide coverage of the vocabulary. Understanding this topic sparsity is especially important for analyzing user-generated web content and social media, which are featured in the form of extremely short posts and discussions. As topic sparsity of individual documents in online social media increases, so does the difficulty of analyzing the online text sources using traditional methods. In this paper, we propose two novel neural models by providing sparse posterior distributions over topics based on the Gaussian sparsemax construction, enabling efficient training by stochastic backpropagation. We construct an inference network conditioned on the input data and infer the variational distribution with the relaxed Wasserstein (RW) divergence. Unlike existing works based on Gaussian softmax construction and Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence, our approaches can identify latent topic sparsity with training stability, predictive performance, and topic coherence. Experiments on different genres of large text corpora have demonstrated the effectiveness of our models as they outperform both probabilistic and neural methods.
Web Based Security using Online Password Authentication in Mobile Application

The internet has one of the most convenient and widely used media for people for exchanging information and to do business over the internet. E.g. Accessing web based emails, online auction or banking sites. But now a day's accessing the internet is faced with many challenges. One of the most popular challenges is to ensure security with vital role to provide security in websites. Text password is a convenient and simplest form for a user authentication on websites, and it is level to security attacks. User mostly used weak password and it is often used across several websites and reuse password by typing into untrusted websites causes password threats. Hackers launch password stealing methods to grab password such as phishing, malware, and key loggers. The proposed system is a user authentication protocol named LOPass which creates long term password and one time password for authenticating the user. It uses three phases as registration, login and recovery phase. Here random password is generated for each login. Registration is used to register the user. Recovery phase is used, if the user's mobile phone gets lost. The user needs remember only his long term password which has been stored in database very secretly and securely.
The Judicial Use of DNA Evidence and Forensic ExpertTestimony in the Criminal Justice System

In the forensic sciences, DNA analysis is especially useful in sexual assault cases where body contact is made or bodily fluids are exchanged. However, its usefulness can be severely limited within the contour of the criminal justice system. This article discusses a case wherein short tandem repeat DNA typing was used to charge the defendant with sexual assault of a child. The State’s DNA technicians analyzed the victim’s underclothing and reviewed the victim’s sexual assault nurse examination (SANE). Our independent review of the State’s forensic laboratory work showed that the samples used to obtain a DNA match from the victim’s underclothing and the defendant revealed a third contributor. An allele was found that did not match either the victim or the defendant as shown by us as expert witness. A ruling by the trial judge limited what the jury was allowed to hear regarding our findings. The defendant was found guilty. The defendant appealed the guilty verdict based on the trial judge’s decision to limit defense expert witness testimony. Following established law, the appellate court upheld the conviction, ruling that a victim’s testimony alone, with or without any corroborating forensic evidence, supports a finding of guilt.
Estimating Confidence Intervals around Relative Humidity Profiles from Satellite Observations: Application to the SAPHIR Sounder

A novel scheme for the estimation of layer-averaged relative humidity (RH) profiles from space-borne observations in the 183.31GHz line is presented. Named ARPIA for Atmospheric Relative humidity Profiles Including Analysis of confidence intervals, it provides for each vector of observations the parameters of the distribution of the RH instead of its expectation as usually done by the current methods. The profiles are composed of 6 layers distributed between 100 and 950hPa. The approach combines the 6 channels of the SAPHIR instrument onboard the Megha-Tropiques satellite and the Generalized Additive Model for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) to infer the parametric distributions, assuming that they follow a Gaussian law. The knowledge of the conditional uncertainty is an asset in the evaluation using radiosounding profiles of RH with a dedicated bayesian method. Taking the uncertainties into account in both the ARPIA estimates and the in situ measurements yields to have biases, root-mean-square and correlation coefficients in the range -0.56% - 9.79%, 1.58% - 13.32% and 0.55 - 0.98 respectively, the largest biases being obtained over the continent, in the mid-tropospheric layers.
Comment on the treatment of residual water content in

Luckher et al. [1989] (hereinafter LVN) present a clear summary and generalization of popular formulations used for convenient representation of porous media fluid flow characteristics, including water content (0) related to suction (h) and hydraulic conductivity (K) related to 0 or h. One essential but problematic element in the LVN models is the concept of residual water content (Or; in LVN, Ow,r). Most studies using Or determine its value as a fitted parameter and make the assumption that liquid flow processes are negligible at 0 values less than O r. While the LVN paper contributes a valuable discussion of the nature of Or, it leaves several problems unresolved, including fundamental difficulties in associating a definite physical condition with Or, practical inadequacies of the models at low 0 values, and difficulties in designating a main wetting curve. The LVN paper (p. 2188) defines Or as the value of 0 at which films of wetting liquid coating the solid particles are reduced to the point where "all or parts of the connecting films become so thin, and hence so strongly adsorbed onto the solid phase, that the wetting fluid loses its capability to respond to hydraulic gradients. " It is highly desirable to have such a physically based definition, but this particular definition is not well supported by observation. The possibility that liquid flow might cease at a nonzero 0 value has been investigated, but so far there is no conclusive experimental evidence that such a condition exists. Even if it does, there is no evidence that commonly cited 0 r values (sometimes as large as 0.2 or more [e.g., van Genuchten, 1980]) represent he 0 at which liquid flow ceases. On the contrary, an experimental investigation with a sandy soil (porosity 0.335) at 0 -0.088 has shown not only that liquid flow occurs under conditions near Or (determined by curve fitting to be 0.076), but that it closely obeys Darcy's law [Nimmo et al., 1987]. If the described no-liquid-flow condition does exist, it would be no surprise if Or determined from it differed substantially from Or determined from O(h) curve fits. The condition described by LVN is based on dynamic phenomena, so O(h) curves, being based on static liquid retention properties, have no necessary fundamental ink with it. Apart from definitional difficulties, it is unrealistic to represent a O(h) curve as never becoming less than Or. In reality, as h continues increasing, 0 continues decreasing until it is 0. Vapor transport eventually becomes dominant over liquid transport (see, e.g., Rose [1963]), but this fact does not require the curve to remain above any particular 0 value. Figure 1 illustrates this fact with data of Schofield
Emplacement of Martian rampart crater deposits

[1] We present a basic continuum flow model for the emplacement of the distal rampart crater deposits on Mars. Assuming cylindrical symmetry, analytic solutions of the volume and momentum conservation equations yield time-dependent flow thickness and velocity profiles. The momentum equation has an inertial term, and a frictional resistance term that is proportional to the local volumetric flow rate. We find that only a few basic physical processes are necessary to form sharp distal ramparts. First, there must be sufficient material to form a continuum overland flow. Then, for simple choices of boundary conditions at the source of the flow, distal ramparts form naturally due to the cylindrical geometry, the inertia of the flow, and local frictional resistance. THEMIS images of rampart deposits show that the ejecta flow velocities were relatively slow, being diverted by preexisting obstacles even within ∼0.2 crater radii from the rim of the parent crater. To develop inferences about rampart deposit emplacement, we require measurements of the crater radius and flow distance, and assumptions about the maximum source flow velocity and depth. We measured nine clearly expressed rampart deposits for craters with diameters of 3.4–17.0 km. The model provides estimates of the emplacement time, the rampart width, and the shape of the radial flow depth profiles. We find that modest velocities of ∼27–116 m s−1, maximum source flow depths of 10–40 m, and emplacement durations of 12–31 min adequately explain the morphologies of selected rampart craters.
Thermal Investigation Into Power Multiplexing for Homogeneous Many-Core

In this paper, a proactive thermal management technique called “power multiplexing” is explored for many-core processors. Power multiplexing involves redistribution of the locations of active cores at regular time intervals to obtain uniform thermal profile with low peak temperature. Three different migration policies namely random, cyclic, and global coolest replace have been employed for power multiplexing and their efficacy in reducing the peak temperature and thermal gradient on chip is investigated. For a given migration frequency, global coolest replace policy is found to be the most effective among the three policies considered as this policy provides 10 °C reduction in peak temperature and 20 °C reduction in maximum spatial temperature difference on a 256 core chip. Power configuration on the chip is characterized by a parameter called “proximity index” which emerges as an important parameter to represent the spatial power distribution on a chip. We also notice that the overall performance of the chip could be improved by 10% using global multiplexing.
Antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala methanol and n-hexane seed extracts on bacteria implicated in water borne diseases

The anti-bacterial activity of methanol and n-hexane extracts of Moringa oleifera andMoringa stenopetala seeds was conducted on 3 bacterial species (Salmonella typhii, Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli) which normally cause water borne diseases. The paper disc diffusion method was used with treatments arranged in a completely randomized design and replicated four times. The highest inhibitions were observed at dilutions of 20, 5 and 40% for M. oleifera and M. stenopetala methanol extracts on E. coli,S. typhi and V. cholerae respectively. The n-hexane extract of both M. oleifera and M. stenopetala had a higher inhibition on S. typhii than V. cholerae and E. coli. The results of this study showed that M. oleifera and M. stenopetala had a degree of antibacterial properties especially in low doses. Key words: Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala, methanol and n-hexane extracts, inhibition, Salmonella typhii, Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli, Kenya.
Emerging opportunities and challenges in phenology: a review

Plant phenology research has gained increasing attention because of the sensitivity of phenology to climate change and its consequences for ecosystem function. Recent technological development has made it possible to gather invaluable data at a variety of spatial and ecological scales. Despite our ability to observe phenological change at multiple scales, the mechanistic basis of phenology is still not well understood. Integration of multiple disciplines, including ecology, evolutionary biology, climate science, and remote sensing, with long-term monitoring data across multiple spatial scales is needed to advance understanding of phenology. We review the mechanisms and major drivers of plant phenology, including temperature, photoperiod, and winter chilling, as well as other factors such as competition, resource limitation, and genetics. Shifts in plant phenology have significant consequences on ecosystem productivity, carbon cycling, competition, food webs, and other ecosystem functions and services. We summarize recent advances in observation techniques across multiple spatial scales, including digital repeat photography, other complementary optical measurements, and solar-induced fluorescence, to assess our capability to address the importance of these scale-dependent drivers. Then, we review phenology models as an important component of earth system modeling. We find that the lack of species-level knowledge and observation data leads to difficulties in the development of vegetation phenology models at ecosystem or community scales. Finally, we recommend further research to advance understanding of the mechanisms governing phenology and the standardization of phenology observation methods across networks. With the opportunity for “big data” collection for plant phenology, we envision a breakthrough in process-based phenology modeling.
Market procyclicality and systemic risk

We develop a model that captures, at the same time, the temporal dynamics of single-firm credit risk and the contagion across banks via a network of obligations and common assets. In particular, we enrich the continuous-time modelling approach of default by accounting explicitly for the procyclical loop between asset prices and leverage. Contagion can spread well before any default occurs, through the value of the obligations held by counterparties. Moreover, the extent of procyclicality effects depends explicitly on the structure of both the interbank network and the asset bank network. We analyse the model in a simplified scenario of a densely connected core of banks and we carry out a systematic investigation of how procyclicality emerges from the multiplicative interplay of market illiquidity and tightness of capital requirements.
Psychotherapy of Anxiety: Value Oriented Approach

The article outlines the principal theses of the concept of psychotherapy of anxiety disorders, based on changing the client’s perception on his problem and revising the system of values. Model of “anxiety-centered” behavior is reviewed and ways of transformation of client’s self-evaluation and lifestyle that are to manage the anxiety are described. Changing the “reference system” as core element of recovery is reviewed. Material is illustrated with case studies and excerpts from therapeutic sessions.
Assessment of the interannual variability and influence of the QBO and upwelling on tracer–tracer distributions of N 2 O and O 3 in the tropical lower stratosphere

A modified form of tracer-tracer correlations of N2O and O3 has been used as a tool for the evaluation of atmospheric photochemical models. Applying this method, monthly averages of N2O and O3 are derived for both hemi- spheres by partitioning the data into altitude (or potential temperature) bins and then averaging over a fixed interval of N2O. In a previous study, the method has been successfully applied to the evaluation of two chemical transport mod- els (CTMs) and one chemistry-climate model (CCM) us- ing a 1 yr climatology derived from the Odin Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (Odin/SMR). However, the applicability of a 1 yr climatology of monthly averages of N2O and O3 has been questioned due to the inability of some CCMs to sim- ulate a specific year for the evaluation of CCMs. In this study, satellite measurements from Odin/SMR, the Aura Mi- crowave Limb Sounder (Aura/MLS), the Michelson Inter- ferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding on ENVISAT (ENVISAT/MIPAS), and the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrom- eters and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (CRISTA-1 and CRISTA-2) as well as model simulations from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) are con- sidered. By using seven to eight years of satellite measure- ments derived between 2003 and 2010 from Odin/SMR, Aura/MLS, ENVISAT/MIPAS and six years of model sim-
Advances on Research in Protein-Enriched Cow’s Milk: A Review from Omics Perspective

With deep knowledge and numerous researches about DNA in addition to recent advances in molecular biology and omics analysis methodology, manipulation of DNA transcription becomes possible that may eventually affect protein expression. Possible posttranscriptional modifications such as phosphorylation of proteins could also greatly affect protein expression. There are vast evidences showing that synthesis of milk protein is strongly regulated by several factors such as insulin, amino acids and their specific amino acid transporters as well as various energy sources through transcriptional and posttranscriptional pathways with insulin-mTOR pathway serving as the central point. Available latest data suggest the possibility of nutrigenomic interventions to manipulate milk protein synthesis by supplying amino acids and different energy sources. This could greatly contribute to major progress in understanding milk protein synthesis. With improvement of ‘omics’ tools, utilization of these tools in our future studies would help us fully understand the mechanism behind. This could lead to possible control and manipulation of milk protein synthesis in mammary gland.
Enabling Code-Mixed Translation: Parallel Corpus Creation and MT Augmentation Approach

Code-mixing, use of two or more languages in a single sentence, is ubiquitous; generated by multi-lingual speakers across the world. The phenomenon presents itself prominently in social media discourse. Consequently, there is a growing need for translating code-mixed hybrid language into standard languages. However, due to the lack of gold parallel data, existing machine translation systems fail to properly translate code-mixed text. In an effort to initiate the task of machine translation of code-mixed content, we present a newly created parallel corpus of code-mixed English-Hindi and English. We selected previously available English-Hindi code-mixed data as a starting point for the creation of our parallel corpus. We then chose 4 human translators, fluent in both English and Hindi, for translating the 6088 code-mixed English-Hindi sentences to English. With the help of the created parallel corpus, we analyzed the structure of English-Hindi code-mixed data and present a technique to augment run-of-the-mill machine translation (MT) approaches that can help achieve superior translations without the need for specially designed translation systems. We present an augmentation pipeline for existing MT approaches, like Phrase Based MT (Moses) and Neural MT, to improve the translation of code-mixed text. The augmentation pipeline is presented as a pre-processing step and can be plugged with any existing MT system, which we demonstrate by improving translations done by systems like Moses, Google Neural Machine Translation System (NMTS) and Bing Translator for English-Hindi code-mixed content.