Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Economic transition and tourism development - mass tourism inPrague

Prague, a metropolitan city, with the privilage in its historical and cultural heritage (since 1992 on the UNESCO heritage list) has the predominant position in inbound tourism in the Czech Republic. Thus tourism is an important part of Prague’s economy and therefore tourism impacts are reflected in life of residents, and in urban planning as well. The aim of the paper is to present how considerably the tourism development in Prague has transformed since 1990s. Primarily, the political and economic transition in 1990s is introduced to hightlight the major implications of the political-economic regime change in field of urban tourism. The research focuses on the development of the nature and structure of tourism demand (tourist flows) and at the same time on the policy of urban planning. The effects of “the urban tourism strategy” (changes in the functional-spatial structure of the tourism supply) describe a survive covering the historical core of the city. Undoubtedly, Prague turned out as a product of mass tourism and to cope with this situation policy-makers and responsible authorities in tourism have to come up with a new strategy that makes Prague competitive of the future.
Student Characteristics and Perspectives in Entrepreneurship Courses: A Profile

When there are many people who don't need to expect something more than the benefits to take, we will suggest you to have willing to reach all benefits. Be sure and surely do to take this student characteristics and perspectives in entrepreneurship courses a profile that gives the best reasons to read. When you really need to get the reason why, this student characteristics and perspectives in entrepreneurship courses a profile book will probably make you feel curious.
Evaluation of an intervention to maintain endotracheal tube cuff pressure within therapeutic range.

BACKGROUND Endotracheal tube cuff pressure must be kept within an optimal range that ensures ventilation and prevents aspiration while maintaining tracheal perfusion. OBJECTIVES To test the effect of an intervention (adding or removing air) on the proportion of time that cuff pressure was between 20 and 30 cm H(2)O and to evaluate changes in cuff pressure over time. METHODS A repeated-measure crossover design was used to study 32 orally intubated patients receiving mechanical ventilation for two 12-hour shifts (randomized control and intervention conditions). Continuous cuff pressure monitoring was initiated, and the pressure was adjusted to a minimum of 22 cm H(2)O. Caregivers were blinded to cuff pressure data, and usual care was provided during the control condition. During the intervention condition, cuff pressure alarm or clinical triggers guided the intervention. RESULTS Most patients were men (mean age, 61.6 years). During the control condition, 51.7% of cuff pressure values were out of range compared with 11.1% during the intervention condition (P < .001). During the intervention, a mean of 8 adjustments were required, mostly to add air to the endotracheal tube cuff (mean 0.28 [SD, 0.13] mL). During the control condition, cuff pressure decreased over time (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The intervention was effective in maintaining cuff pressure within an optimal range, and cuff pressure decreased over time without intervention. The effect of the intervention on outcomes such as ventilator-associated pneumonia and tracheal damage requires further study.
Proprioception and neuromuscular control of the shoulder after muscle fatigue.

OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of fatigue on proprioception and neuromuscular control of the shoulder. DESIGN AND SETTING Subjects were randomly assigned to either an experimental group or control group. Subjects were tested using either the active angle-reproduction or the single- arm dynamic stability test. The subjects were then fatigued using a dynamometer performing continuous, concentric rotation exercises of the shoulder. Once fatigued, the subjects were posttested using the same test. One week later, the subjects returned and were pretested, fatigued, and posttested using the other test. SUBJECTS Thirty-two college-age (18 to 25 years) subjects (16 males, 16 females) with no history of glenohumeral instability or upper extremity injury volunteered for this study. MEASUREMENTS Absolute angular error was measured using an electrogoniometer present within the isokinetic dynamometer, while sway velocity was measured using a force-plate system. RESULTS Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant difference between the pretest and posttest values for absolute angular error in the experimental group, whereas no significant difference was revealed between pretest and posttest sway velocity for either the control or experimental group. CONCLUSIONS Fatigue of the internal and external rotators of the shoulder decreased proprioception of the shoulder, while having no significant effect on neuromuscular control.
A role for 5HT3 receptors in visual processing in the mammalian retina

Abstract We investigated the role of 5HT3 receptors in the mammalian retina using electrophysiological techniques to monitor ganglion cell activity. Activation of 5HT3 receptors with the selective agonist 1-phenylbiguanide (PBG) increased the ON responses of ON-center ganglion cells, while decreasing the OFF responses of OFF-center cells. The application of a selective 5HT3 antagonist had a reciprocal effect, namely it reduced the center response in ON-center cells and concomitantly increased the center responses in OFF-center cells. Since putative serotoninergic amacrine cells in the retina are connected specifically to the rod bipolar cell, these agents most likely affect the rod bipolar terminal. These data, together with previous studies, suggest that both 5HT2 and 5HT3 receptors mediate an excitatory influence which serves to facilitate the output from rod bipolar cells, the former via a phosphatidyl inositol second-messenger system, and the latter via a direction channel.
A Novel Graph-Based Image Annotation Refinement Algorithm

A novel graph-based approach to automatically refine image annotation is presented in this paper. Given an unannotated image, a set of candidate annotations is extracted by the existing image annotation method. Then, each candidate annotation is converted to vertex of a graph and the semantic similarity between two candidate annotations is used as edge weight. Next, a heuristics graph algorithm solving weighted MAX-CUT problem is used to prune the noisy annotations. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our image annotation refinement algorithm.
Interaction of near-infrared femtosecond laser pulses with biological materials in water

Abstract. We study the effects of the interaction of 40-fs Ti-sapphire laser radiation at 800 nm with biological materials—proteins or intact Bacillus spore, dissolved or suspended in pure water, respectively. The estimated laser intensity at the target is 1013 W/cm2. On the molecular level, oxidation of solvent-accessible parts of proteins has been observed even after a single femtosecond laser pulse, as demonstrated by mass spectrometry. A remarkable morphological effect of the femtosecond laser radiation is the complete disintegration of extremely refractive cells such as bacterial spores, evidenced in scanning electron micrographs. After 500 laser pulses, all suspended spores in the irradiated volume are completely destroyed, which makes them nonviable. Characteristic spore biomolecules, e.g., small acid-soluble spore proteins, are extensively oxidized after several laser pulses. In comparative studies, no effects have been observed when irradiating the same samples with 10-ns laser pulses at the same laser wavelength and fluence. We demonstrate that the laser power density (irradiance), resulting in different amounts of total deposited energy, determines the types of effects for femtosecond laser interactions with biological matter.
The Effect of Bonus Compensation and Leverage on Earnings Management with Financial Performance as Intervening Variable

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of bonus compensation, and leverage to earnings management and financial performance as an intervening variable in the manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) in 2014-2015. This study using method purposive sampling with 102 unit analysis of a population of 150 manufacturing companies. While the sample in this research there are 51 manufacturing companies. The analysis technique used in this research that Path Analysis. The analytical tool used was SPSS 21. The results showed that the bonus compensation significantly negative effect on earnings management. Leverage has no effect on earnings management and financial performance. Financial performance significantly has a positive effect on earnings management. Bonus compensation significantly has a positive effect on financial performance. The conclusions from the results of this study showed that the variable of financial performance positively and significantly is able to mediate the relationship between compensation bonuses to earnings management. However, the financial performance variables cannot mediate the relationship between leverage to earnings management.
Protective effect of diphenylmethyl selenocyanate against CCl4‐induced hepatic injury

Organoselenocyanates represent an important class of chemopreventive agent, which possess antioxidative, antimutagenic as well as cancer chemopreventive properties. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the protective effect of diphenylmethyl selenocyanate — a synthetic organoselenocyanate against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐induced hepatic damage in Swiss albino mice in vivo.
TOURISM’S CONTRIBUTION TO POVERTY ALLEVIATION: A COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVE FROM ZIMBABWE

Taking a micro-level approach, this study questions whether the positive impacts of tourism often claimed at the macro level do indeed trickle down to the grassroots level to lift local people out of poverty. A case study of the local community in Victoria Falls urban area compares the perspectives of local residents and key decision-makers in the community. The extent to which tourism development has affected seven signifiers of poverty alleviation are examined: accessibility improvement (transport and communication), prices of goods and services, entrepreneurial training, income-generating projects, employment opportunities, general quality of life and household income. Most of the local community felt tourism development is having a positive impact and contributing to poverty alleviation, especially in terms of improving local facilities. However, there are variations, with entrepreneurial training and the prices of goods and services. Article visualizations:
Incorporating retrospective data into an analysis of time to illness.

For studies of time to illness, the prospective cohort study is, in general, the method of choice. When the time of origin is known for all subjects, then a prevalent cohort study in which individuals are recruited at variable times after the start of the illness process is a suitable alternative. Often, when a prevalent cohort is being formed, data may also be available on individuals who are already ill but are alive. The incorporation of such data, which is practically appealing to many researchers, is discussed. The nature of the required assumptions and the need also to model the illness to death process are illustrated. Full likelihood and pseudolikelihood techniques are outlined and compared with each other and with the use of only prevalent cohort data in a small simulation study. An example based on an HIV seroconverter study is discussed for illustration. The full likelihood method is seen to be too complex for general application. The use of pseudolikelihoods is easier to implement. If there is reliable information on initiating event times and recruitment strategies are well defined, then the incorporation of retrospective data may be beneficial. In other situations, their incorporation is too problematic to be recommended. *To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Social domain dysfunction and disorganization in borderline personality disorder

Background Social dysfunction in personality disorder is commonly ascribed to abnormal temperamental traits but may also reflect deficits in social processing. In this study, we examined whether borderline and avoidant personality disorders (BPD, APD) may be differentiated by deficits in different social domains and whether disorganization of social domain functioning uniquely characterizes BPD. Method Patients were recruited from psychiatric clinics in Pittsburgh, USA, to provide a sample with BPD, APD and a no-personality disorder (no-PD) comparison group. Standardized assessments of Axis I and Axis II disorders and social domain dysfunction were conducted, including a new scale of ‘domain disorganization’ (DD). Results Pervasive social dysfunction was associated with a 16-fold increase in the odds of an Axis II disorder. Both APD and BPD were associated with elevated social dysfunction. Romantic relationship dysfunction was associated specifically with BPD symptoms and diagnosis. DD was associated specifically with a categorical BPD diagnosis and with a dimensional BPD symptom count. Conclusions A focus on the inherently interpersonal properties of personality disorders suggests specific mechanisms (within and across interpersonal domains) that may help to account for the origins and maintenance of some disorders. In particular, BPD reflects disturbances in romantic relationships, consistent with a role for attachment processes, and in the organization of functioning across social domains.
Structures of Violaceusosides C, D, E and G, Sulfated Triterpene Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Pseudocolochirus violaceus (Cucumariidae, Dendrochirotida)

Four new triterpene glycosides, violaceusosides C (1), D (2), E (3) and G (4) have been isolated from the sea cucumber Pseudocolochirus violaceus (Cucumariidae, Dendrochirotida). Eight known glycosides, DS-holothurin A and holothurinoside A, isolated earlier from Holothuria forskalii (order Aspidochirotida); and violaceuside A, lefevreoside C, philinopside E, intercedenside B, violaceuside II and liovilloside A isolated earlier from representatives of the family Cucumariidae, order Dendrochirotida have also been found in P. violaceus. The chemical structures of the glycosides were elucidated by 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Violaceusosides C (1), D (2), E (3) and G (4) have holostane-type aglycones and tetrasaccharide linear carbohydrate chains differing in the sugar composition and the number and position of sulfate groups. Violaceusosides E (3) and G (4) are characterized by the presence of a sulfate group at C-3 of the quinovose residue that is very rare among sea cucumber glycosides. Cytotoxic activities of the glycosides 1–4 against cells of the ascite form of mouse Ehrlich carcinoma and hemolytic activities against mouse erythrocytes have been studied. Violaceusosides C (1) and D (2) demonstrated moderate cytotoxic and hemolytic effects, while violaceusosides E (3) and G (4) have more powerful activities.
Study of the psychosocial aspects of strabismus.

PURPOSE To systematically evaluate the perception of psychosocial difficulties due to strabismus and the impact of corrective surgery in adolescents and young adults in India. METHODS Patients 15 to 25 years of age with childhood onset (< or = 5 years of age) of constant concomitant squint (> or = 30 prism diopters of deviation for distance) were included in the study. After a detailed orthoptic evaluation, demographic data of the patients and their parents were recorded. Postgraduate Institute Health Questionnaire N-2 (standardized in India) was administered to rule out neuroticism in the patients. Psychosocial problems faced by the patients were evaluated with a semistructured interview schedule. Patients were evaluated 3 months after surgery using a similar interview schedule to assess the psychological impact of surgery. RESULTS Eighty percent of both male and female patients had problems in their social life; 85% of the males and 75% of the females had personal problems due to squint. After surgery, a positive change in appearance was noticed by 97.5% and 95% noticed a change in self-esteem and self-confidence. CONCLUSION These patients had difficulties with self-image and interpersonal relationships, faced ridicule at school and work, and generally avoided activities that brought attention to their defect. Substantial changes were noticed in them after corrective surgery, and the differences in their scores before and after surgery were statistically significant.
The Spanish tobacco tax loopholes and their consequences

Objectives The Spanish government has strengthened tobacco control policies since 2005, including changes in tobacco taxes. Because these changes have targeted cigarettes mainly, the tobacco industry has marketed cheaper alternative tobacco products, offering smokers the possibility to downtrade. This paper traces the evolution of patterns of demand for cigarettes and other tobacco products in Spain over the period 2005–2011 in order to assess the impact of such tax loopholes. Methods The authors use data on tobacco products prices and sales as well as changes in the structure and levels of tobacco taxes to relate tax changes to price changes and subsequent market share changes. Results Tax reforms have lifted the bottom end of the cigarette price distribution, but the industry has been successful in marketing fine-cut tobacco at cheap prices. There have been partial attempts to correct this asymmetric tax treatment, but these have not avoided a remarkable increase in the market share of fine-cut tobacco. The absence of a minimum tax on quantity for the rest of tobacco products allows the industry to place them as potential future downtrading vehicles. Conclusions In order to address public health objectives, tax policies should aim to equalise the cost of smoking across different tobacco products. Otherwise the tobacco industry can exploit tax loopholes to market cheap alternatives to cigarettes. This requires all tobacco products to bear a minimum tax on quantity, whose levels need to be adjusted in order to reflect the equivalence between different forms of smoking.
Encoding CNN Activations for Writer Recognition

The encoding of local features is an essential part for writer identification and writer retrieval. While CNN activations have already been used as local features in related works, the encoding of these features has attracted little attention so far. In this work, we compare the established VLAD encoding with triangulation embedding. We further investigate generalized max pooling as an alternative to sum pooling and the impact of decorrelation and Exemplar SVMs. With these techniques, we set new standards on two publicly available datasets (ICDAR13, KHATT).
Students Development during Intensive Practical Work in Schools for the New “ACADEMIA–CLASS” Training Program

The research's aim was to focus on 8 students teachers during the first year of implementation of the "Academia-Class" program, (attached to schools for three days per week instead of one day) and are full partners in the work of the classroom teachers. The research findings reveal satisfaction on the part of the schools and the students teachers with the inventiveness and variety displayed by the students teachers in the classes, their considerable acquaintance with various pupils and the progress achieved by the pupils. The collaboration created between the cooperating teachers and the students teachers are still superficial at this stage.
Duration of estrus in relation to reproduction results in pigs on commercial farms.

This research was conducted to determine factors that influence duration of estrus, AI strategy, and reproduction results between and within commercial swine farms that use AI. Data from 15,186 sows and gilts on 55 farms for a period of 6.1+/-4.2 mo per farm were used in this study. The average duration of estrus was 48.4+/-1.0 h, ranging from 31 to 64 h, and was consistent from month to month within a farm (repeatability of 86%). Differences in duration of estrus between farms accounted for 23% of the total variation in duration of estrus. On most farms (n = 45), gilts showed a shorter (P < .05) duration of estrus than sows (40.8+/-1.1 h vs 48.5+/-1.0 h). The duration of first estrus after weaning was longer (P < .0001) compared with that of repeat-breeder sows (50.2+/-1.0 h vs 46.8+/-1.0 h). Duration of estrus decreased (P < .05) when interval from weaning to estrus increased from 4 to 6 d (56.0 +/- 1.2 h vs 45.8 +/-1.2 h). The regression of interval from onset to estrus to first AI and interval from weaning to estrus varied between farms and ranged from -7.4 to +1.3 h/d; four farms had a positive relationship. Farrowing rate decreased (P < .05) from 89.7+/-2.7% to 78.2+/-5.74 when the interval from weaning to estrus increased from 4 to 10 d. The litter size decreased (P < .05) from 11.7 to 10.6 pigs when the interval from weaning to estrus increased from 4 to 7 d. Compared with a single AI, double AI in sows and gilts resulted in a 4.3 and 7.0% higher (P < .05) farrowing rate, respectively. When the first AI was performed after expected ovulation, reproduction results were lower than when AI was performed before or at expected ovulation in sows. Duration of estrus was not related to farrowing rate or litter size in individual pigs. Number of inseminations per estrus, time of AI, and duration of estrus were correlated, which made it difficult to assess which of these factors was primarily related to the farrowing rate or litter size. Knowledge of average duration of estrus on farms and of factors that influence the duration of estrus on commercial farms can help to improve the efficiency of the AI strategy specific for each farm.
Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor protein (RhoGDI) inhibits exocytosis in mast cells.

Introducing non‐hydrolysable analogues of GTP into the cytosolic compartment of mast cells results in exocytotic secretion through the activation of GTP binding proteins. The identity and mechanism of action of these proteins are not established. We have investigated the effects of Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (RhoGDI) on exocytosis induced by guanosine 5′‐O‐(3‐thiotriphosphate) (GTP‐gamma‐S) in rat mast cells, introducing the protein into cells by means of a patch pipette and recording the progress of exocytosis by monitoring cell capacitance. To allow time for the protein to enter the cells and find its correct location, stimulation was provided 5–10 min after patch rupture by photolysing caged GTP‐gamma‐S included in the pipette solution. When bovine RhoGDI was introduced into mast cells, exocytosis was inhibited at concentrations of 200–400 nM for native protein and 800 nM to 8 microM for the recombinant form. Protein denatured by heat or N‐ethylmaleimide treatment did not inhibit. In permeabilized cells, recombinant RhoGDI increased the rate at which cells lose their ability to respond to GTP‐gamma‐S. These data demonstrate that one or more small GTP binding proteins of the Rho family has a central role in the exocytotic mechanism in mast cells.