Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mycoflora associated with fruit rot of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.)

Custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) showing fruit rot symptom was studied. A total of four fungal species were found to be associated with fruit rot of custard apple. The associated fungi were Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Kerissler, Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk. & Mont.) Arx. , Fusarium Link. and Lasidiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl. Out of four fungal species Lasidiodiplodia theobromae showed the highest (34) frequency whereas Alternaria alternata showed the lowest (10) frequency percentage of association. Annona squamosa L. is the most widely grown species of Annona and belongs to the family Annonaceae (Ahmed et al. 2008). It is known as sugar apple, custard apple, Ata, Sharifa, etc. In Bangladesh common name of the fruit is Ata. Custard apple is high in energy, an excellent source of vitamin C, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9 and thiamine and provides manganese, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium in fair quantities. Heat-extracted oil from the seeds has been employed against agricultural pests. In past custard apple was considered as hardy crop devoid of any disease and pest. Among the various diseases, fungal diseases play an important role to severe loss of custard apple production. Major fungal diseases are anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria spp.), cylindrocladium leaf spot (Cylindrocladium colhounii and Cylindrocladium scoparium), botryodiplodia rot (Botryodiplodia theobromae), black canker (Phomopsis anonacearum) and gliocladium rot (Gliocladium roseum) (Snowden 2008). Anthracnose is the most destructive diseases of custard apple. About 60 70 per cent losses have been reported due to the disease (Gaikwad et al. 2005). So far there is no report available regarding fruit rot disease of A. squamosa in Bangladesh. Present investigation was undertaken to find out the association of mycoflora with fruit rot of custard apple. Annona squamosa showing fruit rot symptom was collected from the Kachukhet Bazar, Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka during January to March, 2016. Samples were collected in separate sterile polyethylene bags, labeled properly and then brought to the laboratory. The fungi associated with samples were isolated following “Tissue planting method” on PDA medium. Percentage frequency of the occurrence of the fungal isolate was calculated by adopting the formula of Spurr and Wetly (1972):
Neurodynamic explanation of inter-individual and inter-trial variability in cross-modal perception

A widely used experimental design in multisensory integration is the McGurk paradigm that entail illusory (cross-modal) perception of speech sounds when presented with incongruent audio-visual (AV) stimuli. However, the distribution of responses across trials and individuals is heterogeneous and not necessarily everyone in a given group of individuals perceives the effect. Nonetheless, existing studies in the field primarily focus on addressing the correlation between subjective behavior and cortical activations to reveal the neuronal mechanisms underlying the perception of McGurk effect, typically in the “frequent perceivers”. Additionally, a solely neuroimaging approach does not provide mechanistic explanation for the observed inter-trial or inter-individual heterogeneity. In the current study we employ high density electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings in a group of 25 human subjects that allow us to distinguish “frequent perceivers” from “rare perceivers” using behavioral responses as well as from the perspective of large-scale brain functional connectivity (FC). Using global coherence as a measure of large-scale FC, we find that alpha band coherence, a distinctive feature in frequent perceivers is absent in the rare perceivers. Secondly, a decrease in alpha band coherence and increase in gamma band coherence occur during illusory perception trials in both frequent and rare perceivers. Source analysis followed up with source time series reconstructions reveals a large scale network of brain areas involving frontal, temporal and parietal areas that are involved in network level processing of cross-modal perception. Finally, we demonstrate that how a biophysically realistic computational model representing the interaction among key neuronal systems (visual, auditory and multisensory cortical regions) can explain the empirical observations. Each system involves a group of excitatory and inhibitory Hindmarsh Rose neurons that are coupled amongst each other. Large-scale FC between areas is conceptualized using coupling functions and the identity of a specific system, e.g., visual/ auditory/ multisensory is chosen using empirical estimates of the time-scale of information processing in these systems. The model predicts that the disappearance of alpha band coherence observed in rare perceivers stems from a negligible direct A-V (audio-visual) coupling however, an increase in indirect interaction via multisensory node leads to enhanced gamma band and reduced alpha band coherences observed during illusory perception. Overall, we establish the mechanistic basis of large-scale FC patterns underlying cross-modal perception.
Kualitas Oosit Kerbau dari Status Reproduksi Ovarium yang Berlainan

In vitro embryo production relies on the quality of oocytes, however the quality is subjected to ovaries reproduction cycle. This study was conducted to observe the potency of buffalo ovaries from various reproductive cycle in producing quality oocytes. Collected pairs of ovaries from slaughter house were weighed and grouped of 5 according to the cycle. Oocytes were collected by slicing techniques, then selected based on quality. The results showed the average weight of buffalo ovaries of (+CL, +FD); (+CL, -FD); (-CL, +FD); (-CL, -FD) are 7.2 g; 5.5 g; 4.1 g; and 4.5 g respectively. No significant quality difference of produced oocytes between ovaries cycles (P>0.5). Good quality of collected oocytes were only 40-55%. Approximately 2-5 oocytes of grade A and 1-5 oocytes of grade B can be collected per pair of ovaries.
Effect of Taraxacum officinale and Saccharomyces cerevisiae or their Mixture on some Productive Parameters of Turkey

Reaching to the highest body weight in return for each unit of feed consumption is the aim of raising commercial poultries these days. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of incorporating Taraxacum officinale, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their combination powder as a growth promoter in turkey feed. A total of 40 turkey toms (black strain) at age 49 days old were randomly assigned to four equally treated groups (10 birds per treatment) with two replicates (5 birds per replicate),as following: The first group (T1) was fed on basal diet as a control group (without additive). While, second group (T2) and third group (T3) were daily fed on basal diet containing 0.25 % Taraxacum officinale and Saccharomyces cerevisiae respectively. On the other hands, four group (T4) was daily fed on basal diet containing 0.5 % mixture of Taraxacum officinale and Saccharomyces cerevisiae during period of experiment (28 days). Body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were calculated on weekly basis. Generally, The results indicate that no significant improvement in measurements of productive performance. In conclusion, meat production in turkey had no effect by Taraxacum officinale (as prebiotic), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (as probiotic) and their combination powder (as symbiotic).
First record of Parasphaerosyllis indica Monro, 1937 (Polychaetae: Syllidae) from Easter Island, Chile

This study is the first to report the presence of the polychaete Parasphaerosyllis indica Monro, 1937 (Syllidae) near the coastal areas of Easter Island (27°10'S, 109°20'W). This species has a circumtropical geographic distribution and low abundance and frequency rates in relation to other Syllidae species (12) collected from Easter Island. With P. indica , the benthic polychaetes biodiversity of Easter Island is now 71 species.
The Endomembrane System of Giardia intestinalis

Giardia intestinalis is a protozoan that colonizes the small intestine of virtually all mammals, adhering to the mucosal epithelial cells. It is a cosmopolitan parasite and agent of giardiasis, which can lead to human diarrheal diseases. The Giardia life cycle presents two forms—the trophozoite and the cyst—which are responsible for infection and transmission, respectively. This cell has been considered an excellent model for evolutionary studies, even though there are controversial hypotheses as to whether this parasite is an early eukaryote or not. G. intestinalis has a unique and very basic endomembrane system. The trophozoite gathers a very small pack of membrane-bounded structures: nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), peripheral vesicles (PV) and mitosomes. These organelles are involved in many functions from regulatory aspects in gene expression as well as membrane traffic events. Two functional nuclei are observed in the parasite; they are always located symmetrically in the anterior region of the trophozoite. The ER and PV commonly share and accumulate functions in the secretory pathway, they are responsible for endocytosis and digestion processes. The mitosome is a mitochondriarelated organelle that does not produce ATP and lacks several mitochondrial characteristics. During the parasite differentiation into cyst, different types of vesicles appear into the cell body: the encystation specific vesicles (ESVs) and the encystation carbohydratepositive vesicles (ECVs). These vesicles work together to form the parasite’s cyst wall in order to ensure that the cell reaches the cyst stage. Interestingly, Giardia does not present a morphologically recognized Golgi apparatus. It has been claimed that during the encystation process, the ESVs could represent a Golgi-like structure, because this organelle presents some characteristics of that high eukaryotic Golgi apparatus. In this book chapter, we highlight the G. intestinalis endomembrane system, emphasizing their morphology, proteins involved in its organization as well as their functional role.
Quality changes of chicken breast meat packaged in a normal and in a modified atmosphere

SUMMARY The present paper aimed at the assessment of the changes of quality and shelf life of chicken breast meat (musculus pectoralis) packed in an atmosphere of normal air (on polystyrene trays wrapped in PVC foil) and in a modified atmosphere (MAP) with a mixture of gases: 75% O2 and 25% CO2. Physicochemical (headspace gas composition in MAP packages, drip loss, pH value, color components in L*, a*, b*, thermal drip, and TBARS) and microbiological (total plate count, lactic acid bacteria, and Pseudomonas spp.) parameters were monitored for up to 9 d of storage in a cooling room or display case. Breast meat packaged in MAP was characterized by higher quality and longer shelf life in comparison to PVC‐wrapped meat, which was exhibited by slower and less intensive quality changes. Moreover, storage of the chicken breast meat in the display case resulted in acceleration of negative changes occurring in the quality of the raw material during storage. The shelf life of the tested chicken breast meat wrapped in PVC foil and in MAP and stored in the cooling room was 8 and 9 d, respectively. Meat wrapped in PVC foil was characterized by unacceptable quality as soon as d 7 of storage in the display case, whereas the MAP meat was characterized by acceptable quality until the end of the experiment at 9 days. Thus, MAP packaging allows for the extension of the shelf life of meat in comparison to meat wrapped in PVC foil (in an atmosphere of normal air) by at least one d in the cooling room storage, and more importantly by 2 d for display case storage.
KEMAMPUAN DAN KEKUATAN BIOREMEDIASI AGEN HAYATI JAMUR FUNGI PELAPUK PUTIH

Indonesia is a tropical country and the richest country in the world for biodiversity, including fl ora and fauna, invertebrates, phytoplankton, bacteria, and huge number of fungus such as mushrooms, molds, mildews and smuts. White rot fungi is one of the ubiquitous creatures in Indonesia. Results indicated that white rot fungus has ability to degrade successfully some organic pollutans in the environment, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB’s), Trinitrotoluence (TNT), and DDT. This organism has ability to release intra and extra-cellular enzymes. There are three important rules in these degradation processes, called lignin modifi ed enzymes (LME’s) including Lignin peroxidase, Mn-dependent peroxidase and Laccase. White rot fungi contains all three enzymes and able to breakdown and mineralize several environmental pollutants into non toxic forms. This paper discuss several processes responsible for this degradation. Key words: White rot fungi, bioremediation, lignin modifi ed enzymes, persistent organic pollutants.
Importancia de los objetivos sociales, ambientales y económicos de los agricultores en la adopción de maíz mejorado en Chiapas, México - The importance of farmers' social, environmental and economic objectives in improved corn seeds adoption in Chiapas, México

While improved seeds can increase performance and productivity of corn in Mexico, its adoption remains low. In order to understand the behavior of adoption of technological innovations, it is necessary to understand the heterogeneity of farmers taking into account not only their socio‐economic characteristics and the nature of their holdings, but also their opinions, attitudes, preferences and objectives. Therefore, in this investigation our aim was firstly to analyze the objectives that farmers have to take into account when they cultivate corn in Chiapas and we have used the analytic hierarchy process. Secondly, to segment the farmers based on their opinions, attitudes and risk aversion using the cluster analysis and observing the heterogeneity by the TOBIT analysis. Data were collected through a sample of 200 maize farmers in Chiapas, Mexico. Three segments of farmers were identified: In “transition" — not fully appreciating the potential of improved seeds (52.5%); “conservative" — with a negative perception of improved seeds (18.5%); and “innovative" — with a positive perception (29%). It was observed that the objectives of farmers are different for each segment. 2
Research priorities for managing invasive wild pigs in North America

With recent increases in distribution and numbers of feral pigs (Sus scrofa; invasive wild pigs) in North America, there has been a concurrent increase in the ecological and economic effects they have had on native and anthropogenic ecosystems. Despite the amplified interest in invasive wild pig research, there remains a significant knowledge gap regarding their basic biology and ecology, the scope of the damage they cause, and the efficacy of many control strategies. Such information is important to support the successful management of invasive wild pigs throughout North America and other areas. In 2016, members of the NationalWild Pig Task Force met and developed a set of research priorities to aid in effective management of invasive wild pigs. These research priorities identify 4 topical areas where increased effort and science is most needed to manage invasive wild pigs: biology and ecology, economic and ecological damages, control strategies, and education and human dimensions, with particular emphasis on areas where specific data gaps remain within each topical area. Resolution of such knowledge deficits would advance the understanding of invasive wild pig ecology, enabling more efficient and effective management of this species. 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Meat quality characteristics of chickens as influenced by housing system, sex, and genetic line interactions

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of housing system (cage versus pen), sex and line cross (EMY1 and EMY2) on meat quality in meat-type chickens. Chickens (n = 640) from each line cross (males: females = 1:1) were housed in batteries from d 1 to 28. Then, half of them were transferred to indoor floor pens, and the others were raised in single cages. Meat quality traits of breast fillets were measured at 91 d of age. Percent lipid and histidine were higher, whereas % total protein and myofibre density (MDS) were lower in caged than penned chickens. Cross EMY1 had higher MDS, but lower lipid % and myofibre diameters (MDM) than EMY2 (p < .05). Males had redder and brighter muscles and higher MDM and contents of glycine and proline than the females (p < .05). Penned females had smaller MDM and higher MDS than their caged counterparts (p < .05). Generally, housing systems alone, or interacting with sex and genetic line, affected yellowness, myofibre characteristics, % protein, % lipid, myofibre density, and % His of breast muscle.
Evaluation of Antimycotic Activity of Extracts of Marine Algae Collected from Red Sea Coast, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

In the present study, fifteen species of the dominant marine algae were collected during summer 2013 from four selected sites on Red sea coast, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The collected species belonged to Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta. Crude algal extracts were prepared by successive extractions using different solvents (acetone, ethanol, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and petroleum ether). The crude algal extracts were examined for their antifungal efficacy against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis using agar well diffusion method. The algal extracts evoked different patterns of antifungal activities. Results reveal that acetone was the best solvent suited for extraction of bioactive compounds from tested seaweeds with inhibition activity (19.3%) followed by ethyl acetate (17.1%), ethanol (16.4%), petroleum ether (15.9%), diethyl ether (15.85%), and finally methanol (15.4%). Chlorophyta exhibited the highest antimycotic effect followed by Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta. In Chlorophyta, the extracts of Ulva intestinalis were the most potent followed by U. lactuca, C. racemosa, U. linza and U. reticulate. Acanthophora spicifera showed the highest activity in Rhodophyta, followed by J. rubens, D. simplex, L. obtusa, G. gracilis, G. vermicuphylla and G. multipartita. Whereas, T. triquetra was the most effective species in Phaeophyta followed by P. pavonica and D. dichotoma. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the most potent algal extracts were in the range of 0.5 to 4 mg/ml. The results confirmed the antimycotic potentiality of seaweed extracts.
Potensi Bakteri Endofit Pengendali Nematoda Peluka Akar (Pratylenchus brachyurus) pada Nilam

Root lesion nematode ( Pratylenchus brachyurus ) is one of the most important pathogens of patchouli that caused significant losses. Studies on the potential of endophytic bacterial to control P. brachyurus on patchouli had been conducted. To evaluate the effectiveness of endophytic bacterial against to P. brachyurus on patchouli, nine isolates of bacteria (NJ2, NJ25, NJ41, NJ46, NJ57, NA22, ERB21, ES32, and E26) were applied by deeping root seedling into bacterial suspension. A study of the physiological characteristics of nine isolates was conducted by using specific medium. The results showed that endophytic bacterial was significantly reduced the population of P. brachyurus and all isolates bacterial promoted growth of patchouli (shoot weight, root weight, and root length). Four isolates, i.e. Bacillus NJ46, Bacillus Na22, Bacillus NJ2, and Bacillus NJ57 were among the potential control agents that reduced nematode populations as much as 68.1–73.9%. Almost all of the isolated bacteria from patchouli roots were able to solubilizing phosphate, while some of them had the ability to produce chitinase, cellulase, protease, HCN, and fluorescency.
Inflorescence Scents of Calendula maritima, Calendula suffruticosa subsp. fulgida, and Their Hybrid

Premise of research. Hybridization is an important driver of plant evolutionary processes. By attracting the same pollinators to different species, floral scents may be involved in the formation of hybrids and breakdown of species boundaries. In contrast, by attracting a different suite of pollinators to hybrids and their parents, floral scents are believed to contribute to speciation processes initiated by hybridization events. Scents may or may not differ between the hybrids and their parents, but little is known about the scent chemistry of parental species and their hybrids. Methodology. We studied the inflorescence scents of parental Calendula maritima and C. suffruticosa subsp. fulgida (henceforth, C. fulgida) and a morphologically intermediate hybrid. Scents were collected by dynamic headspace and analyzed by thermal desorption–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Insects visiting inflorescences of the three taxa were also captured. Pivotal results. Calendula maritima and C. fulgida emitted different absolute amounts of scent; the hybrid released intermediate amounts of scent. The scents of the parental and hybrid taxa were all dominated by monoterpenes, with several compounds in common among the taxa. Nevertheless, the three taxa showed differences in qualitative and semiquantitative scent patterns. Calendula maritima emitted more and a higher amount of sesquiterpenes than the other taxa. The hybrid was overall more similar in scent properties to C. fulgida than it was to C. maritima. Conclusions. The overlap in scent compounds among the taxa may be responsible for attraction of the same insect pollinators, resulting in interspecific pollen transfer between the parents and the formation of hybrids. Indeed, preliminary observations revealed that all three taxa are visited by Panurgus siculus bees (Andrenidae).
Chemical Composition of the Leaf Oil of Cymbopogon martinii var. sofia Collected from Udaipur, Rajasthan and their Screening Against Fungi Causing Dermatophytosis in Human Beings

Abstract Cymbopogon martinii var. sofia an important medicinal plant, was collected from forest nursery Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Plant is very known among local tribal and sub-tribal community due to their medicinal importance. Oil was extracted through hydrodistillation method using Clevenger’s apparatus. GC/GC-MS analysis of C. martinii essential oil exhibited presence of 37 compounds. The major constituents were sabinol (19.19 %), trans-p-mentha-2,8-dienol (18.67 %), trans-carveol (18.27 %), cis-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol (11.11 %), cis-carveol (7.66 %), delphone (7.47 %), carvone (3.72 %), durenol (3.01 %), limonene (1.76 %) and camphene (1.59 %). Antidermatophytic activity of C. martinii leaves essential oil was carried out against selected dermatophytic fungi and Candida albicans using disc diffusion technique and by minimum inhibitory concentration determinations. Maximum 80.67±0.289 mm inhibition zone and activity index 3.2 was observed against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (MTCC 7687) followed by 78.33±1.527 mm against M. fulvum (MTCC 2837) and 45.5±0.500 mm against T. rubrum (MTCC 296). Minimum inhibitory concentration was ranged from 2 μl/ml to 3 μl/ml against tested fungi. Present study concluded that essential oil of Cymbopogon martinii Var. Sofia have strong antimicrobial properties.