Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BotCatch: leveraging signature and behavior for bot detection

The goal of bot detection is to discover malicious bot processes by signature comparison or behavior analysis. Existing approaches have several drawbacks, such as requiring a lot of prior knowledge, low detection accuracy, and high false alarm rate. In this paper, we propose a multi-feedback approach, BotCatch, to detect bots effectively and efficiently on a host by leverage of a combination of signature and behavior. First, BotCatch assigns suspicious files to signature-analysis and behavior-analysis modules, which generate each detection result. Second, BotCatch correlates signature and behavior results to generate the final detection result through correlation engine. Third, BotCatch feeds back signature, behavior, and correlation results to dynamically adjust detecting modules through multi-feedback engine. We evaluated the performance of BotCatch with 636 bot and 150 benign samples. Our results indicate that BotCatch achieves an accuracy of 97.1% and an F-measure value of 0.982 simultaneously, which is better than existing approaches without feedbacks. BotCatch, due to the multi-feedback mechanism, has the ability to gradually get more robust and accurate as the number of samples increases. The final stage even reaches an accuracy of 98.5% and F-measure value of 0.991. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening of north-east Mexico medicinal plants with activities against herpes simplex virus and human cancer cell line

Abstract The plants examined in this study have previous biological activity reports indicating the possibility of found activity against herpes and cancer cell. The aim of this contribution was to carry out a screening of Juglans mollis (Juglandaceae), Persea americana (Lauraceae), Hamelia patens (Rubiaceae), Salvia texana (Lamiaceae), Salvia ballotaeflora (Lamiaceae), Ceanothus coeruleus (Rhamnaceae), Chrysactinia mexicana (Asteraceae) y Clematis drummondii (Ranunculaceae), against HeLa cells, VHS-1 and VHS-2. The method MTT was used to determine the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50), in Vero and HeLa cell lines. To determine the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) against herpes, the plaque reduction method was used. Results showed that none of the plants exhibited activity against HeLa cells. About antiherpetic activity, J. mollis and S. ballotaeflora extracts present antiherpetic activity in terms of their SI, increasingly interest for further studies on the isolation of compounds with antiherpetic activity and about the mechanisms of action that produce this activity.
Monovalent Cation Activation of Plant Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase

The pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-catalyzed inactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was studied using dialyzed, soluble proteins from mitochondria purified from green leaf tissue of Pisum sativum L. seedlings. At subsaturating ATP concentrations, K+ or NH4+, but not Na+, stimulated the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase by lowering the Km(ATP). Micromolar concentrations of NH4+ were required to produce the same effect as millimolar concentrations of K+. This is apparent from the observations that the activation constant (Kact) for NH4+ was 0.1 mM, whereas the Kact(K+) was 0.7 mM. Maximal pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase velocities attained with NH4+ were higher than those with K+, and, therefore, NH4+ was able to stimulate PDH kinase further in the presence of saturating K+. This result supports our conclusion that photorespiratory NH4+ production in plant mitochondria may be involved in regulating the entry of carbon into the Krebs cycle by way of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
Germination requirements for 29 terrestrial and wetland wild plant species appropriate for phytotoxicity testing.

BACKGROUND Species selected for phytotoxicity testing have been limited to a few standard crop species owing to restrictive recommendations at the regulatory level. However, guidelines by the Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD) were recently amended in 2006 to include a list of herbaceous non-crop plant species suitable for testing. The objective of this study was to outline the optimum germination requirements for a selection of wild species for which seeds were readily available from commercial suppliers. RESULTS Of the 29 herbaceous terrestrial and wetland species included in this study, all achieved 50% germination and 23 reached > 70% germination to meet the criterion outlined in the OECD guidelines. Most species attained their maximum germination within 14 days or less. Cold stratification of imbibed seeds improved germination for 14 species. Increasing sowing soil depth did not improve seed germination. The variance attained in this experiment between replicates was low, especially for species with > 70% germination (standard error approximately 5%). CONCLUSION The present study showed that 23 of the 29 species tested required minimal pretreatments and produced consistent, reliable and uniform germination reaching at least 70%. The inclusion of wild plant species in regulatory testing should be given real consideration.
Interaction between intrinsic knee mechanics and the knee extensor mechanism

The ability of the quadriceps muscles to extend the knee was studied relative to the intrinsic mechanical features of the knee joint. The quadriceps mechanical efficiency changed by nearly 50% between 0 and 90° of knee flexion. The peak efficiency occurred at ∼20° of knee flexion. The mechanical efficiency of the quadriceps was dependent on the movement of the net anteroposterior (AP) tibiofemoral contact center of pressure, the change in patellar ligament angle, and the change in the quadriceps‐to‐ligament force transfer ratio. The average net AP tibiofemoral contact center of pressure moved posteriorly on the tibial plateau as the knee flexed from 0 to 90°. The excision of both cruciate ligaments reversed the posteriorly directed movement of the net AP tibiofemoral contact center of pressure at flexion angles from 60 to 90°, resulting in a reduction in extension moment.
A note on quasi-stationary distributions of birth–death processes and the SIS logistic epidemic

For Markov processes on the positive integers with the origin as an absorbing state, Ferrari, Kesten, Martínez and Picco studied the existence of quasi-stationary and limiting conditional distributions by characterizing quasi-stationary distributions as fixed points of a transformation Φ on the space of probability distributions on {1, 2, …}. In the case of a birth–death process, the components of Φ(ν) can be written down explicitly for any given distribution ν. Using this explicit representation, we will show that Φ preserves likelihood ratio ordering between distributions. A conjecture of Kryscio and Lefèvre concerning the quasi-stationary distribution of the SIS logistic epidemic follows as a corollary.
Estimation of the average causal effect among subgroups defined by post-treatment variables

Background In clinical trials, when comparing treatments in a subgroup of patients defined by an event that occurred after randomization is required, the standard estimator that adjusts for the post-treatment variable does not have a causal interpretation. Purpose To address this problem, we formulate clinically relevant causal estimands using the principal stratification framework developed by Frangakis and Rubin [3], and propose a new estimation method for the principal causal effect. Methods We consider the comparison of the duration of response among patients who responded to chemotherapy in a cancer clinical trial. Our goal is to estimate the local average treatment effect, that is, the treatment difference among patients who would have responded to either treatment. In order to identify this estimand, we make the assumption that the value of the counterfactual indicator of response is independent of both the actual response status and the outcome variable of interest conditional on the covariates. The proposed estimator is a weighted average of the standard estimators for responders where weights are the probability that the response would have occurred had the patient received the other treatment. Results The proposed method is applied to data from a randomized phase III clinical trial in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. The average difference for the duration of response among responders estimated by the proposed method and the standard one was 16.1 (days) and 9.5 (days), respectively. We also evaluate the performance of the proposed method through simulation studies, which showed that the proposed estimator was unbiased, while the standard one was largely biased. Conclusions We have developed an estimation method for the local average treatment effect. For any type of outcome variables, our estimator can be easily constructed and can be interpreted as the treatment effect among patients who would have had the event in either treatment group.
Leukemia inhibitory factor inhibits neuronal development and disrupts synaptic organization in the mouse retina

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) belongs to the interleukin‐6 cytokine family, all members of which signal through the common gp130 receptor. Neurotrophic members of this cytokine family are known to arrest photoreceptor maturation and are likely to regulate maturation of other retinal neurons as well. We have used transgenic mice that constitutively express LIF beginning in embryonic development to determine its effects on synaptic organization and molecular maturation of all classes of retinal neurons. LIF reduced the numbers of cells showing markers characteristic of mature cells of all neuronal classes and caused synaptic ectopia. The net effect was disrupted morphological development and disturbed synaptic organization. Our study suggests that cytokines signaling through gp130 are capable of regulating many aspects of neuronal differentiation in the retina, including synaptic targeting. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uma Análise dos Resultados da Pesquisa de Inovação (PINTEC) 2011 para o Rio Grande do Sul.

Resumo Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar os principais resultados da Pesquisa de Inovacao (PINTEC) 2011 para o Rio Grande do Sul. Define os conceitos tecnicos de inovacao de acordo com os principais manuais que tratam da elaboracao de sistemas de Indicadores de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao (CT&I). Os resultados da PINTEC 2011 sao comparados com aqueles oriundos da PINTEC 2008 para o estado gaucho e o Brasil, a fim de se inferir o comportamento inovador das empresas industriais no RS no periodo analisado na pesquisa. Conclui-se que as empresas gauchas se mostraram, na media, mais inovadoras que as empresas nacionais. Palavras-chave: Empresa; inovacao; PINTEC. TITULO EM INGLES An Analysis of the Results of the Survey of Innovation (PINTEC) in 2011 to Rio Grande do Sul Abstract This work aims to present the main results from the Innovation Survey (PINTEC) 2011 for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This paper also defines technical concepts of innovation according to the main manuals dealing with the development of indicators systems for Science, Technology and Innovation (ST & I). The results of PINTEC 2011 are compared with those from the 2008 PINTEC in order to infer the innovative performance of manufacturing companies at Rio Grande do Sul and Brazil during the period analyzed in this study. We conclude that local firms have shown, on average, more innovative behavior than firms in other Brazilian federal units. Key words: Company; innovation; PINTEC. Artigo recebido em 22 abr. 2014 ------------------------------------------------ Classificacao JEL: O30.
Circadian patterns of total 24-h hydrogen and methane excretion in humans ingesting nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) diets and the implications for indirect calorimetric and D2 18O methodologies.

OBJECTIVES To quantify the relationship between substrate fermentation and total 24-h H2 and CH4 excretion on mixed diets and to assess errors incurred in the calculation of energy expenditure and fuel selection by the exclusion of these gases from standard calculations. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Twelve healthy, lean men were studied over two consecutive dietary periods of 3 weeks. Measurements of total H2 and CH4 excretion were made during 24h within a whole body calorimeter. Subjects were fed a diet containing 16 g or 38 g of nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) and 16 g or 19 g resistant starch (RS). Colonic fermentation was measured by balance techniques during the two dietary treatments. RESULTS There was an inverse non-linear relationship between H2 and CH4 excretion on both diets (r2 = 0.53; P < 0.001), but absolute excretion did not increase significantly as the intake of NSP and RS (from 28 +/- 3 and 48 +/- 4 g/day) increased. No relationship was found between daytime and 24-h measurements of H2 and CH4. H2 and CH4 excretion introduces an error of less than 0.2% and 1% in calculations of energy expenditure and CO2 production from the standard human equations used in indirect calorimetric (IC) and doubly labelled water (DLW) methodologies respectively, and less than 2% in fuel utilisation calculated as % non-protein energy expenditure from IC. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that neither daytime nor total 24-h rates of H2 or CH4 excretion accurately predict degree of fermentation of NSP+RS in either individual subjects or groups of subjects, probably because of changes in the stochiometry of the fermentation process.
2-Oxo-3-alkynoic acids, universal mechanism-based inactivators of thiamin diphosphate-dependent decarboxylases: synthesis and evidence for potent inactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex.

A new class of compounds, the 2-oxo-3-alkynoic acids with a phenyl substituent at carbon 4 was reported by the authors as potent irreversible and mechanism-based inhibitors of the thiamin diphosphate- (ThDP-) dependent enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase [Chiu, C. -F. , & Jordan, F. (1994) J. Org. Chem. 59, 5763-5766]. The method has been successfully extended to the synthesis of the 4-, 5-, and 7-carbon aliphatic members of this family of compounds. These three compounds were then tested on three ThDP-dependent pyruvate decarboxylases: the Escherichia coli pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (PDHc) and its E1 (ThDP-dependent) component, pyruvate oxidase (POX, phosphorylating; from Lactobacillus plantarum),and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) from Saccharomycescerevisiae. All three enzymes were irreversibly inhibited by the new compounds. The 4-carbon acid is the best substrate-analog inactivator known to date for PDHc, more potent than either fluoropyruvate or bromopyruvate. The following conclusions were drawn from extensive studies with PDHc: (a) The kinetics of inactivation of PDH complexes and of resolved E1 by 2-oxo-3-alkynoic acids is time- and concentration-dependent. (b) The 4-carbon acid has a Ki 2 orders of magnitude stronger than the 5-carbon acid, clearly demonstrating the substrate specificity of PDHc. (c) The rate of inactivation of PDH complexes and of resolved E1 by 2-oxo-3-alkynoic acids is enhanced by the addition of ThDP and MgCl2. (d) Pyruvate completely protects E1 and partially protects PDHc from inactivation by 2-oxo-3-butynoic acid. (e) E1 but not E2-E3 is the target of inactivation by 2-oxo-3-butynoic acid. (f) Inactivation of E1 by 2-oxo-3-butynoic acid is accompanied by modification of 1.3 cysteines/E1 monomer. The order of reactivity with the 4-carbon acid was PDHc > POX > PDC. While the order of reactivity with PDHc and POX was 2-oxo-3-butynoic acid > 2-oxo-3-pentynoic acid > 2-oxo-3-heptynoic acid, the order of reactivity was reversed with PDC.
DETECTION OF A DEARTH OF STARS WITH ZERO ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD

We report on the detection in the combined Gaia-DR1/RAVE data of a lack of disk stars in the solar neighborhood with velocities close to zero angular momentum. We propose that this may be caused by the scattering of stars with very low angular momentum onto chaotic, halo-type orbits when they pass through the Galactic nucleus. We model the effect in a Milky Way–like potential and fit the resulting model directly to the data, finding a likelihood ( ) of a dip in the distribution. Using this effect, we can make a dynamical measurement of the solar rotation velocity around the Galactic center: . Combined with the measured proper motion of Sgr A*, this measurement gives a measurement of the distance to the Galactic center: .
Application of Fuzzy Optimization and Time Series for Early Warning System in Predicting Currency Crisis

Application of early warning system (EWS) in predicting crisis has drawn a lot of research interests in earlier literature. Recent studies have shown that the development of new EWS models from different field such as artificial intelligence or expert system achieved better prediction than the old statistical model. This paper analyzes the predictability of new methods for EWS which is the combination of time series and fuzzy optimization models. The method used analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to get weights of indicators and ARIMA to forecast the individual indicator and finally by using fuzzy optimization theory to compute the general risk-based relative membership grade. Furthermore, to evaluate the prediction accuracy of our model, we do a comparison of its performance with logistic regression analysis (Logit). According to the results, this model was able to signal currency crisis for four countries only out of ten countries and we concluded that the forecasting power of this model was found to be rather poor. The results emphasized the view that developing a stable model that can predict currency crisis accurately is a challenging task.
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Study of Bovine Lactoferrin Supplementation in Bottle-fed Infants

Background:Lactoferrin has an array of biological activities that include growth, immune modulation, and antimicrobial effects. The aim of this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was to examine the impact of bovine lactoferrin supplementation in infants. Patients and Methods:Healthy, formula-fed infants, ≥34 weeks' gestation and ≤4 weeks of age, enrolled in a pediatric clinic. Infants received either formula supplemented with lactoferrin (850 mg/L) or commercial cow milk–based formula (102 mg/L) for 12 months. Growth parameters and information on gastrointestinal, respiratory, and colic illnesses were collected for the infants' first year. Antibodies to immunizations and hematologic parameters were measured at 9 and 12 months. Results:The lactoferrin-enhanced formula was well tolerated. There were significantly fewer lower respiratory tract illnesses, primarily wheezing, in the 26 lactoferrin-fed (0.15 episodes/y) compared with the 26 regular formula-fed (0.5 episodes/y) infants (P < 0.05). Significantly higher hematocrit levels at 9 months (37.1% vs 35.4%; P < 0.05) occurred in the lactoferrin-supplemented group compared with the control formula group. Conclusions:Lactoferrin supplementation was associated with potentially beneficial outcomes such as significantly fewer lower respiratory tract illnesses and higher hematocrits. Larger, more focused studies in infants are warranted.
Head blight of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum Group 1 in New South Wales in 1983

Head blight (scab) of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum Group 1 was detected in some crops in the northern wheat belt of New South Wales in 1983. The pathogen was isolated from up to 38.2% of grains from crops affected by head blight. However, it was isolated only from a low proportion (max. 1.6%) of grains of various grades from silos of the Grain Handling Authority of New South Wales. The frequency of isolation of other Fusarium spp. was also quite low despite wet preharvest conditions. F. graminearum Group 1 was isolated from 38.2% of the grains of one sample harvested from a crop with approximately 50% of the heads affected by blight. The trichothecene mycotoxin, 4-deoxynivalenol, was detected (0.6 ppm) in this sample. This is the first record of the production of 4-deoxynivalenol by F. graminearum Group 1 in grain grown under field conditions. 4-Deoxynivalenol was not detected in grain samples from Grain Handling Authority silos.
Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization investigation of transforming growth factor-beta: during odontoblast and ameloblast differentiation.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of transforming growth factor-beta, TGF-beta 1 during odontoblast and ameloblast differentiation. METHODS The analysis was made on 5-micron serial sections of the glutaraldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded mandibular first and second molars of a neonatal mouse. A specific and affinity-purified antibody to TGF-beta 1 and a digoxigenin-labeled cRNA probe were used. RESULTS The results showed that the TGF-beta 1 was expressed in a spatial and temporal pattern in dental tissues. The immunoreactivity of dental tissues for TGF-beta 1 was consistent with the expression of TGF-beta 1 mRNA revealed by in situ hybridization before dentin matrix formation. The TGF-beta 1 was evenly expressed in dental papilla and inner enamel epithelium. The expression of TGF-beta 1 was increased in the layer of odontoblasts and ameloblasts and in the stratum intermedium with the formation of dentin matrix, where the staining was also observed. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that TGF-beta 1 may have an important role in extracellular matrix formation and cytodifferentation.
Chronic Disease and Sexuality: A Generic Conceptual Framework

Although sexual dysfunctions are frequently comorbid with many chronic diseases and their treatments, until recently, these dysfunctions have been neglected in both research and clinical practice. Fortunately, sexual functioning in the context of chronic disease has now begun to receive more scientific attention. Studies in the field are, however, quite diverse in terms of topics and methodology, not only making comparisons across studies on a single disease difficult, but also making comparisons across different diseases impossible. In an attempt to inspire researchers, this article presents a “generic” conceptual framework regarding the impact of chronic diseases (and their treatments) on sexual function. The major goals of this conceptual framework are to provide an in-depth analysis of, and insight into, the process by which disease-related psychological and relational factors impact the sexual functioning and well-being of patients, their partners, and their relationships. Some of the associations within the conceptual framework have already been supported by the results of empirical studies on various diseases. This review ends with an overview of the limitations of previous research, proposes a research agenda for the field, and presents a research tool that may be helpful in developing new studies investigating the association between chronic diseases and sexuality.