Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A survey of comparative toxicity in the food chain of ciguatera.

In order to elucidate the transmission of ciguatoxin through the food chain and thus determine the primary source of the toxin, fish and mollusks of various feeding habits were collected from three ciguatera-endemic areas of French Polynesia. The specimens included carnivores, herbivores, surface grazers, coral feeders, sediment feeders, and filter defers. Despite such diversity in feeding habits, all the fish specimens were more of less toxic by our screening method for ciguatoxin. The mollusks were non-toxic. Subsequent tests on the diets of these fish disclosed strong toxicity in a sample consisting of algae and detritus collected from the surface of dead coral of the Gambier Islands. Microscopic observation revealed the presence of a large number of a species of dinoflagellate in this sample. Comparison of similar samples from other places indicated that the dinoflagellate might be the cause of the toxicity.
INFLUÊNCIA DA VELOCIDADE NA CINÉTICA DE SECAGEM E NAS CARACTERÍSTICAS NUTRICIONAIS DA MISTURA DE BAGAÇO DE MALTE E LEVEDURA (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste no estudo da secagem da mistura de bagaco de malte e levedura, utilizando duas velocidades diferentes, para utilizacao deste como ingrediente em racao animal. Os ensaios de secagem foram realizados num secador convectivo de tunel de vento na temperatura de 70 °C e velocidades de 1,5 e 2,0 m/s. Atraves dos resultados obtidos observou-se que quanto maior a velocidade menor e o tempo de secagem e menor e a umidade final. Ainda, notou-se somente a presenca do periodo inicial e periodo de taxa decrescente. A mistura in natura apresentou um elevador teor de umidade inicial e apos o processo de secagem a mistura apresentou baixo valor de umidade e maiores valores de proteinas, cinzas e lipidios.
Genetic population structure of Corbicula japonica around East Asia estimated by mtDNA COI sequence analysis

In order to reveal the conservation and management units of Corbicula japonica in East Asia, the genetic population structure of the corbicula species was investigated using mtDNA COI sequences. In total, 653 specimens of C. japonica and C. spp. were collected from 23 localities in Japan, Russia, the Korean Peninsula and China. COI sequences revealed that the specimens were divided into four groups of species: C. japonica, C. sp. (type Taifu I), C. leana and C. sandai. The C. japonica group could then be divided into four geographic groups: 1) Russia, Hokkaido and Japan Sea group, 2) Paciˆc Ocean group, 3) NorthEast of Korean Peninsula group, and 4) SouthWest of Korean Peninsula group. In addition, two genetically independent populations, Tone River and Kuwana in Japan, were observed, suggesting the invasion of foreign genomes.
Curcumins upregulate expression of HO-1 via inducing Nrf-2 in SH-SY5Y cells

Aim To investigate the effect of Curcumin on the expression of HO-1 and Nrf-2,and explore the machanism of neuroprotection of Curcumin. Methods SH-SY5Y cells were treated with Curcumin at 0,1. 25, 5. 0,20. 0 μmol·L -1,or with Curcumin at 5. 0μmol· L -1 for 12,24,48 h for the time course assay. RT-PCR and Western blot assays were carried out to detect mRNA and protein expression of Nrf-2 and HO-1. Nrf-2 siRNA was used to dectect the expression of HO-1 with the absence of Nrf-2. Results RT-PCR and Westernblot results indicated that the mRNA and protein expression of HO-1 and Nrf-2 all increased in a dose-and time-dependent manner after Curcumin treatment in the SH-SY5Y cells ( P 0. 05) ,and the expression of HO-1 protein sharply decreased in the SH-SY5Y cells treated with Curcumin at 0,1. 25,5. 0,20. 0 μmol·L -1 compared with Nrf-2 siRNA transfected cells co-treated with 0,1. 25,5. 0,20. 0 μmol·L -1 Curcumin at 24 hr ( P 0. 05) . Conclusion Upregulating HO-1 expres-sion via inducing Nrf-2 may be a mechanism of Curcumin in anti-oxidative stress and cytoprotection.
Effects of larval host plant on the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales)

We investigated the effect of species and age of foliage eaten by gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), larvae on the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu et Soper. Time to death, percentage mortality, and numbers and types of spores (conidia and azygospores) produced after host death were evaluated for cadavers of L. dispar larvae that had eaten Quercus rubra L. , Acer rubrum L. , Pinus strobus L. , or Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr. Throughout this study, mortality levels were equivalent across plant species, suggesting a lack of any strong foliar-induced inhibition of conidial penetration of the cuticle. Significantly fewer cadavers of larvae that had eaten A. rubrum produced conidia or azygospores compared with cadavers of larvae that had eaten L. kaempferi , and E. maimaiga developed more slowly in larvae eating A. rubrum . Larvae eating A. rubrum developed more slowly, supporting a hypothesis that host stress negatively influences development of this fastidious pathogen. Although Q. rubra secondary plant compounds are known to fluctuate as leaves develop during spring, pathogenicity attributes showed no concurrent trend in variation. In comparing 4 of the fungal isolates tested, fewer cadavers of larvae killed by one Japanese isolate produced conidia and this isolate was slower in developing, demonstrating the potential for variability in pathogenesis among pathogen strains.
Regeneration Abilities of Vertebrates and Invertebrates and Relationship with Pharmacological Research: Hypothesis of Genetic Evolution Work and Microenvironment Inhibition Role

A better understanding of the forces controlling cell growth will be essential for considering wound healing as a fundamental evolutionary with possibility of scar formation and reparative regeneration and the developing effective therapies in regenerative medicine and also in cancer. Historically, the literature has linked to cancer and tissue regeneration—proposing regeneration as both the source of cancer and a method to inhibit tumorigenesis. Aim of this work is to verify similarity and difference between this process un a evolutionary approach. The same verify the evolution of some factors involved in cancer development . In all this process ,genetically conserved or not , there are determinate kind of program ( finalistic or afinalistic ) whit a start messages but also a stop when the scope is achieved ( regeneration). It is clear that regeneration abilities in adult form is reduced in some superior vertebrates like humans and the same it seem related to an introduction of adaptative immunity . This review discusses two powerful regeneration models, the vertebrate urodele amphibians and invertebrate, in light of cancer regulation.
The Histopathological Observations of Young Crested Ibis Infected with Escherichia coli

A systematic histopathological observation of one 5 day old Crested Ibis which died acutely was conducted. The results were as follows: The main histopathological changes were congestion and hemorrhage of lung vessels and a lot of phlogistic cells existed in the interstitial tissue of lung. The hemorrhage around liver vessels,the degeneration and necrosis of tubuli tenales’ epithelial cells, the existence of phlogistic cells in the glomerulus, the satellitosis and neuronophagia in brain,the swelling of the Purkinje cells in ceebellum and phlogistic cells infiltration into the epithelium of the digestive tract were found. The pancreas and the trachea were not obviously pathological. The above results suggested that the young Crested Ibis was dead of acute infection with Escherichia coli disease.
PLACE BRAND MANAGEMENT IN DOWNTURNS: A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

In recent times the tourism industry has become an important source of income and also key economic growth indicator across the world. The tourism industry is also highly vulnerable to natural and man-made calamities. Over the years, media coverage of the disaster has conveyed the resulting loss of life, human suffering, public and private property damage, economic and social disruption. This period between the disaster and restoration of normalcy can be defined as a tourism crisis for a tourist destination which can threaten the normal operation and conduct of tourism allied business. This paper tries to explore the strategies used by companies to market their products at the time of economic downturn, which can be applied in a place brand context in the tourism sector. The study has utilized the concept of place brand equity to explain the situation and strategy because brand equity is the actual valuation and the perception of a brand. An extensive literature review has been conducted to identify the marketing strategies of branded consumer products at the time of economic downturns and is explained from the lenses of various dimensions of place brand equity .
Modelling and Control of a Tank Mixing System

Mathematical modelling and control of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems presents quite a few challenges. The main challenge behind the modelling of MIMO systems is to identify the cross interaction between its outputs. Due to this cross interaction, control of MIMO systems becomes a significant challenge to overcome. The basic control design strategy realized for MIMO systems is proportional-integral (PI) control. PI control of MIMO systems is mainly performed by decoupling the actual MIMO system into a set of single-input single-output (SISO) subsystems. A fluid mixing system exhibiting MIMO system characteristics is dealt with in this thesis study. Fluid mixing systems often have dead zone behavior. A dead zone is a common nonlinearity in which the system responds to the input only after the input attains a certain level. This particular nonlinearity in the fluid mixing system is identified with real-time experiments. The realization of fluid mixing system as a nonlinear MIMO system is presented. A model based controller design approach is used for the fluid mixing system to have the desired flow control. Mathematical modelling of the fluid mixing system is described on the basis of an empirical modelling technique. A sequential way of identifying the model parameters is demonstrated through least squares and optimization methods. Pole-placement method is adopted for tuning the PI control parameters. The robustness of the computed PI parameters is illustrated through simulation and real-time experiments on fluid mixing system.
Developing policy for the Yellow River sediment sustainable control

The Yellow River of China is one exception where erosion and sediment delivery have successfully been reduced [1]. This riverwasonce theworld’s largest carrier of fluvial sediment load and peaked at about 1.6 Gt yr−1 in the middle of the last century [1–3]. The Yellow River is the birthplace of Chinese civilization, but throughout history it has produced frequent and catastrophic floods and droughts [3,4]. Over thousands of years, a diverse range of strategies and methods have been applied in attempts to control the sediment transport of the YellowRiver, but none have succeeded in completely eradicating this scourge [2]. Fortunately, since the 1970s, the sediment transport by the Yellow River has significantly declined [1–5]. Nearly 90% of the sediment load is originated and transported from the Loess Plateau in the middle reach [3]. The current input of sediment from the Loess Plateau is less than one quarter of what it was before 1980 [1], and the sediment export to the ocean at Lijin station is now only 10.7% of the 1950s’ level [6]. That is a reduction of 90% in sediment transport. This decline implies that the sediment load in this large river has been regulated to a near prehuman level, i.e. that prior to around 600 AD [7]. We argue that it is a time for the cessation of engineering constructions, more important is themaintenanceof a sustainable (i.e. little water consumption) vegetated ecosystem on the Loess Plateau for soil conservation, especially necessity is the establishment of an integrated basin-wide ecosystem and land-use management regime for sustainable water use and sediment regulation. DRIVING FORCES OF THE REDUCED SEDIMENT
Genetic Diversity and Relationship of Spinach Germplasm Revealed by AFLPs

Amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP)markers were employed to assess the genetic diversity and relationship of 110 spinach(Spinacia oleracea L.)germplasms from different geographical origins. Among the 882 polymorphic bands obtained from 20 selective primer pairs,228 (23.6%)of them was polymorphic. The genetic similarity ranged from 0.64 to 0.87 for all germplasms accessions. Nei’s gene diversity index ranged from 0.1887 to 0.2501 for different populations,with the total value of 0.2830. Shannon information index varied from 0.2789 to 0.3793,with the total value of 0.4337. UPGMA Cluster suggested genetic relationship of all the accessions were significantly related to their geographical origins. The results of PCA,UPGMA and based Nei’s gene diversity of populations clustering analysis exhibited a good consistency with UPGMA,and were also consistent with geographical origins. All the accessions were classified and clustered into two major groups. Group 1 was comprised of the spinach originated in European,America,West Asia,East Asia and Northern China,whereas group 2 was comprised of the spinach originated in the Southern China and Japan. The results suggested that Northern and Southern Chinese spinach population may have different origins.
Study on Effects of Methionine Medicate into the Rumen on Apparent Digestibility of Amino Acid in the Small Intestine of the Steers

Four steers fitted with fistula in the rumen,the proximal duodenum and dismal ileum were used to study the effects of methionine into the rumen on apparent digestibility of amino acid in the small intestine of steers.The treatments in a 4×4 Ladin square in the experiment were basal diet plus 0(Ⅰ),DL-Met(Ⅱ),G-Met(Ⅲ) and A-MHA(Ⅳ). The results showed that the average apparent digestibility of TAA was 69.88%±0.83%,EAA was 74.61%±1.23%,NEAA was 64.25%±0.51%. The apparent digestibility of Lys and His were the highest,were 80.14%±1.11%,80.15%±1.23% respectively.The apparent digestibility of Gly and Pro were the lowest,were 53.52%±0.30%,55.53%±2.03% respectively.The apparent digestibility of Thr,Ile,Tyr,Phe,Pro,Cys in group Ⅲ were significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ(P0.05),but the Ala was vice versa.The apparent digestibility of Thr,Ile,Phe,Cys in group Ⅳ were significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ(P0.05). Only digestibility of Phe in group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ(P0.05).
THE EFFECT OF THREE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE OF CHINESE DODDER SEED ON CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIVITY

Aim: To observe the effect of different extraction techniques of Chinese dodder seed (Cuscuta chinensis Lam.) on pharmacodynamics Method: 16 matured male hybrid dogs were divided into 4 groups randomly, and each medication group was given injection of vein for 1min with different extractions at the dose of 20 mg/kg and 1 ml/kg. Results: The results of the preliminary screening experiment showed that three samples all can significantly increased coronary blood flow, but they had different effect on myocardial oxygen consumption( MOC), in which sample 3 could reduced MOC significantly, but Sample 1 and 2 increased MOC. Conclusion: These 3 samples had their own characteristics, furthermore, sample 3 had the optimum comprehensive effects.
Which mechanisms drive seasonal rabies outbreaks in raccoons? A test using dynamic social network models

1. The timing of raccoon rabies outbreaks in the eastern USA is non-random and often exhibits a seasonal peak. While fluctuations in disease transmission can be driven by seasonal changes in animal population dynamics, behaviour and physiology, it is still unclear which causal factors lead to seasonal outbreaks of raccoon rabies. 2. We used dynamic network modelling to test which of three seasonally changing factors are most likely responsible for raccoon rabies outbreaks: (i) birth pulses, (ii) changes in social network structure and (iii) changes in social contact duration. 3. In contrast to previous predictions, we found that a change in social contact duration was the single most important driver of rabies seasonality. More specifically, co-denning for thermoregulation during the winter increases the amount of time individuals spend in close contact, which in turn should lead to peaks in rabies transmission during the winter. 4. Increased time spent in close proximity during cold winter months has implications for seasonal disease patterns in raccoon populations across a latitudinal gradient, as well as potentially being important for pathogens transmitted by close contact in other wildlife hosts. 5. Synthesis and applications. By incorporating detailed empirical data describing variation in raccoon contacts into a network modelling framework, it is possible to determine the likely causal mechanisms driving seasonal disease patterns. This can be crucial information for wildlife and public health officials implementing wildlife disease control programmes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE DISTRIBUTION AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF FOULING FAUNA IN DONGWAN MANGROVE STANDS OF FANGCHENGGANG, GUANGXI

Fouling fauna attaching to the mangrove species Avicennia marina was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. Nine species of fouling fauna were identified. The individual densities of Euraphia withersi and Balanus littoralis were rather high at most sampling plots, but their distributions on the plants were distinctively different. Ostrea glomerata was most popular, which was the only species collected at all sampling plots. Xenostrobus atraus attached mainly to lower trunks, and its individual density was the highest at the seaward fringe belt of the mangrove, surpassing the individual densities of both oysters and barnacles. The ratio of attaching height to tree height (h/H) and the total amount of fouling faunas attaching to trunks, branches and leaves increased obviously with the distance off the coast.
Prediction Model of Material Removal for Polishing Single Crystal Silicon by Cluster Magnetorheological Finishing with Dynamic Magnetic Fields Based on BP Neural Network

Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) is a new optical surface processing method, which has the advantages that good polishing effect, no subsurface damage, and suitable for complex surface processing. However, the interaction mechanism between the MRF pad and the workpiece is very complicated, so that the existing MRF material removal theoretical model is not accurate enough to establish the relationship between polishing parameters and material removal. In order to improve the processing efficiency and explore the material removal mechanism, a cluster magnetorheological finishing (CMRF) with dynamic magnetic fields method was proposed. Studying CMRF with dynamic magnetic fields material removal model is helpful to explain the removal mechanism more deeply, and improve the processing efficiency. In this study, the CMRF method was used to conduct a multi-factor orthogonal test on 2-inch single crystal silicon wafers. Based on the empirical Preston equation, the relationship between the machining gap and the polishing pressure was explained. Orthogonal experiments were done for a series of speeds, and obtaining the order of the influence of various factors on the average surface roughness Ra of the workpiece was: workpiece rotation speed > polishing disk speed > magnetic poles rotation speed > oscillating speed; the material removal rate (MRR) was: polishing disk speed > workpiece rotation speed > magnetic poles rotation speed > oscillating speed. Then combining with the orthogonal experimental data, and taking the surface roughness Ra and MRR as evaluation criteria, using Adam (Adaptive momentum) optimization algorithm to build a prediction model of Ra and MRR for polishing single crystal silicon by CMRF with dynamic magnetic fields based on BP neural network. For the prediction result, Ra of the maximum error was 7.05%, the minimum was 0.31%; MRR of the maximum error was 10.22%, the minimum was 1.32%. Therefore, the feasibility of this model for predicting the results of CMRF was verified, and it laid a good foundation for the development of CMRF technology and its industrial application.
Carbon Stock and Storage Capacity of Tree Species in Strict Nature Reserve of Omo Biosphere Reserve, Ogun State, Nigeria

Carbon is the main casual factor for global warming and climate change. Increased industrialization is known to be the chief contributor to increased atmospheric carbon concentration. Forest ecosystem plays significant role as a major terrestrial carbon sinks that reduces atmospheric carbon concentration. This study assessed the amount of carbon sequestered in the Strict Nature Reserve (SNR) of Omo Biosphere Reserve and the contribution of individual tree species to the carbon stocks. A non-destructive approach was deployed in the study. Systematic random sampling technique was used to demarcate 20 sample plots of 30x30 m. In each sample plot, all tree species (DBH ≥ 10 cm) were identified and measured for their total heights while diameter were measured at breast height (DBH), base, medium and top. Findings indicated 616 stems/ha in the reserve, Strombosia pustulata (63stems/ha) had the highest tree population. Diversity indices showed that the reserve is rich in tree species diversity with potentials for incessant growth due to the existence of young trees in the lower canopy. The high biomass and carbon storage of the tree species revealed the contribution of the reserve to climate change mitigation through co2 absorption from the atmosphere. Ceiba pentandra (9stems/ha) contributed most (26.14%) to the entire carbon stock in the reserve. However higher stem density of tree species hectare did not translate to higher Original Research Article Ubaekwe; AJEE, 13(3): 26-36, 2020; Article no.AJEE. 61292 27 percentage of carbon stock input of the tree species to the entire carbon stock of the reserve. Trees with higher DBH and wood density store more carbon than trees with lesser DBH and wood density. Thus, tree species ability to sequester more carbon is dependent on its DBH and wood density, rather than its population. The need to conserve and increase the tree species diversity is implicated in the study.
Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma

The term desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma was coined by VandenBerg et al in 1987. In their first report these authors referred to a rare, distinct brain tumor. About 60 cases of desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma have been described in the literature since its first description. We report a case of a 6-year-old girl who was admitted for seizure without family history. Magnetic resonance imaging scan showed a hypodense area in the right temporal region. A right temporal craniotomy was performed and the tumor was excised. The pathologic examination revealed the diagnosis of desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma.