Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND JOBS IN WEST AFRICA WEST AFRICAN PAPERS

The food economy is the biggest employer in West Africa accounting for 66% of total employment. While the majority of food economy jobs are in agriculture, off-farm employment in food-related manufacturing and service activities is increasing as the food economy adapts to rapid population growth, urbanisation and rising incomes. Given the importance of the food economy in generating employment, its current structure and projected changes have major implications for the design of jobs strategies. This paper quantifies and describes the structure of employment in the food economy across four broad segments of activities: agriculture, processing, marketing and food-away-from home. It also examines some of the emerging spatial implications, in particular rural-urban linkages and rural employment diversification, which are related to the transformations that are reshaping this sector. Finally, it looks at policy considerations for designing targeted employment strategies that leverage the links between agricultural productivity, off-farm employment and rural-urban areas and that ensure inclusiveness, particularly for youth and women.
Collective Gratitude: Positive Organizational Scholarship Perspective

This research examines collective gratitude, and makes three contributions to management literature. The first contribution is theoretical. The concept of gratitude is a vital emotion or a virtue for daily life in organizations. However, the collective effect of gratitude among employees in work place is interestingly missing in the organizational behavior literature. The second contribution is that we examine the collective gratitude in aspect of positive organizational scholarship. In this conceptual article we propose that contextual performance, team learning and high quality connection is enhanced by cultivating collective gratitude. The third contribution is of conceptual nature: provide a novel framework for future research.
Cultural Values and Their Challenges for Enterprises

In current enterprises, more and more employees have begun to feel that organizational cultures established many years ago are out of step with the contemporary values, thus, the need to determine which attributes of an organization’s culture should be preserved and which should be modified is constant. Due to the subtle change of cultural values among employees, some new challenges will occur simultaneously. Managers must have a complete and correct understanding about those values and challenges, so that they would balance the two effectively and efficiently, and boost their business development successfully.
Ifrs Compliance Regarding Information Disclosed By Companies In Consolidated Financial Statements - Case Study On Ias 23 Borrowing Costs Applicability-

This paper concentrates on information disclosure regarding IAS 23, being included in accounting research field. It comprises an empirical study on the correlation between information published by companies in consolidated financial statements with respect to borrowing cost policies and a series of variables that characterize a firm. The objectives of this paper involve estimating and establishing an econometric model in which is assumed that disclosure index for information required by IAS 23 depends on certain elements in the form of country of origin, sales, total assets, debt ratio, ROA and ROE. International accounting literature presents a series of studies on the subject of compliance with IAS disclosure requirements. Similar with this paper, various authors considered annual reports as starting point for data gathering in their reasearch on disclosure phenomena. The criteria used for data gathering, processing and analysing have been previously used in a successful manner by important scientists who published in accounting field. The methodology used involves Disclosure Index computation, as well as SPSS data processing, analysis and interpretation of results. Results show that the model is valid, meaning that there is correlation between information disclosure with respect to IAS 23 and the analyzed variables. According to our estimated econometric model, most of the variables maintain a certain influence on disclosure as we can observe a significant correlation level between the studied elements. This research contributes to the development of both accounting field and international accounting literature, by studying borrowing costs disclosed information in relation to certain elements that best characterize the activity of a company. Although an empirical paper, it concentrates also on accounting practices, as it uses real data extracted from annual reports and consolidated financial statements. The importance of this research relies in its originality approach, by studying the information disclosure for borrowing costs that represent one of the most important accounting fields.
Situated Design: A Space for Interaction and “Reading”

ABSTRACT While the act of reading engages a reader through intense interiorization and reflection, reading is placed within more exteriorized social contexts through ubiquitous computing, networking and densely designed public spaces. The proliferation of these contexts elaborate and compete with the primacy of a traditional reader's experience with a codex. Using semantic/episodic/procedural ideas of cognition as a framework, this paper develops “situational design” as a conceptual basis for looking at a reader's/participant's experiences as a user. Three design case studies are examined that develop practical concepts for understanding users. They are used to outline processes and methods applied from semantic and episodic experiences, the use of “point of view” and audience discourse, and, lastly, integration of concepts of image schemata (Lakoff and Johnson 1999) applied to motion/interaction in the comprehension of information.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and its Associated Peptic Ulcer Infection among Adult Residents of Aba, Southeastern, Nigeria

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiralshaped Gram-negative microaerophilic bacterium that grows in human gastric epithelial tissues and mucus of the stomach (Brooks et al., 2004; Chey et al., 2007). H. pylori remains one of the most common worldwide human infections and is associated with a number of important chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancy (Shamsuddeen et al., 2009). The prevalence of H. pylori is closely associated with socioeconomic conditions and accordingly, this infection is more common in developing countries than in developed countries (Everhart, 2000). About 40% of persons over 60 years of age have Helicobacter pylori (Gastroenterological society of Australia, 2003 on Facts about International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 6 (2016) pp. 16-21 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
The Effect of Filters on Spam Mail

We provide a model to study the effect of improving the quality of the filters that users use, and the increase of the cost of mailing spam messages, on the total number of messages that spammers send. We show that increasing the cost of mailing spam messages have the unequivocal effect of reducing the total number of spam messages sent by spammers. On the other hand, improving the quality of the filters have an ambiguous effect: users who uses the improved filter receive less spam messages, but the total number of messages sent by spammers might increase, and other users, who keep their old filters, might receive more spam messages.
ROSEMARY OIL WITH DECONTAMINATION OF HORSE MACKEREL (TRACHURUS TRACHURUS L. 1758) AND DETECTION OF SHELF LIFE

CAN, O. P., S. SAHIN and H. YALCIN, 2014. Rosemary oil with decontamination of Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus L. 1758) and detection of shelf life. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 20: 1054-1060 This study was performed to examine the effect of decontamination with rosemary oil on the shelf life changes of the horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus L. 1758). The samples were divided into three groups as control (C), application with 0.5% rosemary oil (A) and application with 1% rosemary oil (B) and storage at +4°C, day 21. Regarding with microbiological, chemical and sensory quality changes, the samples were examined on 0, 3 rd , 6 th , 9 th , 12 th , 15 th , 18 th and 21 st days. Total mesophilic aerobic bacteria count reached 6.1 log 10 cfu/g at samples of group A on 15 th day, while 4.4 log 10 cfu/g samples of group B on 21 st day. Rosemary oil groups (0.5%-1%) had more shelf life than control, microbiologically. According to chemical analyses results, the application of 0.5% and 1% of rosemary oil has an effect on control of lipid oxidation. Panelists preferred 0.5% rosemary oil (Group A) with regard to sensory quality changes. As a result; rosemary oil (1%) has significant effect on the protection from deterioration of horse mackerels stored at +4°C until 21 days.
Providing Daily Physical Education to Improve the Health and Fitness Levels ofAfrican American Youth

Background: The purpose was to examine the effects of 45 minutes of daily physical education on the fitness performance of African American elementary and middle school youth. Methods: A pre/post-test design was used with repeated measures analysis of variance. Experimental and control school participants were pre-tested (September 2010) and post-tested (May 2011) on the FitnessgramR physical fitness items (e.g., aerobic capacity, muscular strength and muscular endurance). Results: Experimental elementary school females and males significantly improved on all sections of FitnessgramR’s fitness battery at the post-test assessment; whereas, there were no significant improvements among control elementary school females. Experimental elementary school females improved on aerobic capacity and push-ups significantly more than control elementary school females (P=0.025, P<0.0001, respectively). Experimental elementary school males improved on aerobic capacity, curl-ups, and push-ups significantly more than control elementary school males (P=0.048, P=0.0002, P=0.048, respectively). Consequently, experimental middle school females improved on these two assessments significantly more than control middle school females (P<0.0001, P<0.0001, respectively). Experimental middle school males significantly improved on all sections of FitnessgramR’s fitness battery at post-assessment; control middle school males only significantly improved on pushups. Conclusions: Providing 45 minutes of daily physical education can increase the fitness levels of African American youth.
Design Oriented Approaches to Mass Customization in Furniture Industry

The general attitude towards Mass Customization (MC) is positive. It is a key to a better access and satisfaction of the clients needs. The formal research tells us that customization is only one am ong man y options av ailable to fi rms seek ing a co mpetitive ad vantage [1 ]. No r do companies that of fer mass customization services have to forsake offering standardized products and services; they can integrate both [2]. All t he functions of a c ompany s hould be i nvolved i n t he cust omization p rocesses, which associating t o th ree m ain a ctive ro les: mark eting, p roduction, and de sign. The re search on customization has bee n developed mostly follows the per spectives of marketing and p roduction organization. Therefore, we will look into some relevant issues from the design perspective. The streamline of t he design research on customization is mainly focused on interaction, where some successful experiences in vehicle and PC sectors are described, and where customization plays an important role in building customer experience. A basic st udy of th e literatu re shows t hat MC is often d escribed i n contradiction with Mass Production (MP), generating an inter-functional contrast which can be solved in 3 main ways by using a different organization of production, by using different machinery and by using different design principles in order to control the product architecture. Given this hypothesis, the research informed b y th is p aper focuses on th e investig ations of some “nat ural” cont radictions, suc h as which between m arket an d de sign, an d between p roduction a nd design, i n order t o describe approaches and design too ls wh ich have b een generated to facilitate th e so lution o f th ese contradictions in different industrial sectors. The research has been done by some case studies in furniture industry, within some European and Asian companies that indicates the interest on MC is expanding in both areas, and particularly the Italian ones have developed an advanced model which is likely shifting to the emerging economies.
Getting beyond the Facts: Reforming California School Finance. Issue Brief.

California’s school finance system is long overdue for reform. We propose a new system that is more rational, more equitable, and, we believe, politically feasible. At its core, our proposal aims to link district revenue to student needs and regional costs, while ensuring that all districts are held harmless at current funding levels. To be sure, a reformed finance system is not a complete solution to the challenges of improving student achievement; changes in governance, incentives, and accountability are also required. But we believe a rational funding mechanism provides an essential backdrop for discussion of broader reform issues. In this brief, we discuss the background of the problems, the principles and concepts that guide our reform, and a simulation of how our reform might be put into practice.
Bio-inspired, Cluster-based Deterministic Node Deployment in Wireless Sensor Networks

The low-cost Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of small battery powered devices called sensors, with limited energy capacity. Once deployed, ACCESSIBILITY to any sensor node for maintenance and battery replacement is not feasible due to the spatial scattering of the nodes. This will lead to an unreliable, limited lifetime and a poor connectivity network. In this paper a novel bio-inspired cluster-based deployment algorithm is proposed for energy optimization of the WSN and ultimately to improve the network lifetime. In the cluster initialization phase, a single cluster is formed with a single cluster head at the center of the sensing terrain. The second phase is for optimum cluster formation surrounding the inner cluster, based on swarming bees and a piping technique. Each cluster member distributes its data to its corresponding cluster head and the cluster head communicates with the base station, which reduces the communication distance of each node. The simulation results show that, when compared with other clustering algorithms, the proposed algorithm can significantly reduce the number of clusters by 38% and improve the network lifetime by a factor of 1/4.
X-ray Emission from Gigahertz Peaked/Compact Steep Spectrum Sources

Abstract The high spatial resolution of the Chandra X-ray Observatory allows us to study the environment of GPS/CSS sources to within an arcsec of the strong compact core. We present the discovery of X-ray jets in two GPS quasars, PKS1127–145 and B2 0738+313, indicating that X-ray emission associated with the relativistic plasma is present at large distances from the GPS nucleus. We also discuss first results from Chandra observations of our GPS/CSS sample. We find that six out of ten sources show intrinsic absorption at a level which may be sufficient to confine the GPS source.
Reverse Encryption Algorithm: A Technique for Encryption & Decryption

In the today's world, security is required to transmit confidential information over the network. Security is also demanding in wide range of applications. Cryptographic algorithms play a vital role in providing the data security against malicious attacks. Encryption of data is an important topic for research, as secure and efficient algorithms are needed that allow optimized encryption and decryption of data. In this paper we propose a new encryption algorithm, called Reverse Encryption Algorithm (REA). Our new encryption algorithm (REA) is simple and fast enough for most applications. REA encryption algorithm provides maximum security and limits the added time cost for encryption and decryption.
The Neotropical Ornithological Society TIMING OF BREEDING IN TROPICAL BIRDS : MECHANISMS AND EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS

– Appropriate timing of breeding is an important component of reproductive success for almost all animals world-wide that live in seasonally fluctuating environments. A precise temporal regulation of reproduction is achieved by intricate physiological processes that sense variations in environmental conditions, integrate them with internal information and regulate the reproductive state accordingly. Most of our knowledge of the physiology underlying avian reproductive strategies has come from studies in
Statistics and Dynamics of Aircraft Encounters of Turbulence over Greenland

Abstract Historical records of aviation turbulence encounters above Greenland are examined for the period from 2000 to 2006. These data identify an important flow regime that contributes to the occurrence of aircraft turbulence encounters, associated with the passage of surface cyclones that direct easterly or southeasterly flow over Greenland’s imposing terrain. The result of this incident flow is the generation of mountain waves that may become unstable through interactions with the background directional wind shear. It is shown that this regime accounted for approximately 40% of the significant turbulent events identified in the 7-yr database. In addition, two specific cases from the database are examined in more detail using a high-resolution mesoscale model. The model simulations highlight the important role of three-dimensional gravity wave–critical level interactions and demonstrate the utility of high-resolution forecasts in the prediction of such events.
Characterization of El-Fawakhir Serpentine Fibers and Their Use in the Reinforcement of Unsaturated Polyester

Serpentine fibers from the El-Fawakhir area in the Eastern Egyptian desert were obtained from the parent rock and characterized using XRD, XRF, IR and thermal analysis. They were then incorporated into unsaturated polyester (UP) matrix to from slabs. These slabs were tested for thermal conductivity and thermal expansion where their insulation behavior was much better than UP samples containing E type glass fibers. Both composite matrices (UP + Serpentine and glass fibers) exhibited similar values of thermal expansion, decreasing with increased fiber level. Both matrices showed comparable tensile and flexural strengths both increasing with increased fiber fraction; while the elongation was much lower in case of serpentine fibers. AC characteristics (AC resistivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss and dissipation factor) were also determined for both types of UP matrices at different frequencies ranging from 40 Hz to 1 MHz and temperatures up to 120 o C. The results showed similar behavior in
The competency base of social workers with regard to attachment theory in foster care supervision: a pilot study

Children entering the foster care system often experience attachment difficulties due to exposure to traumatic experiences while in the care of their parents or other caregivers (Harden, 2004:11; Howe, Brandon, Hinings & Schofield, 1999:62; May, 2005:81). Traumatised children tend to present behavioural difficulties, which could range from mild to severe, and could include oppositional defiant disorder, hyperactivity, depression and eating disorders (Harden, 2004:14; May, 2005:83; Sheperis, Blanchard, Doggett, Hoda, Renfro-Michel & Schlagheck, 2003:32). They tend to exhibit developmental delays and school-related problems, which make them more demanding on the resources of the foster parents (Doggett, Renfro-Michel & Sheperis, 2003:106; Sheperis et al., 2003:33). Many such placements eventually collapse because the underlying issues which lead these children to form ineffective attachment patterns are not addressed (Green, 2003:209; Harden, 2004:35).
Operative Parameters Optimization Production of Liposomes for the Encapsulation of Hydrophilic Compounds Using a New Supercritical Process

Liposomes are spherical vesicles formed by a inner aqueous core and a double lipidic layer around it. Conventional techniques for the production of liposomes are characterized by several drawbacks, like the production of micrometric vesicles, a difficult control of the Particle Size Distribution (PSD) and low encapsulation efficiencies (EE) of hydrophilic compounds. Many supercritical semi-continuous techniques were proposed in literature. They are successful in the intent of producing liposomes of smaller diameter, but the EE of hydrophilic compounds and the reproducibility are still a challenge. For this reason, it was recently proposed a new supercritical process whose aim is to invert the steps of production of liposomes, by first creating water droplets and then to fast surround them by phospholipids. We discovered that the high diffusion coefficient of phospholipids in supercritical carbon dioxide allows a fast coverage of water droplets preserving the drug content into the liposome core. In this work, hydrophilic compounds were encapsulated in the vesicles produced using SuperLip, such as Fluorescein, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and Ampicillin, obtaining monodispersed spherical vesicles with a mean size from 100 to 300 nm. Operative parameters like water flow rate and lipid to water mass ratio were optimized. The EEs were evaluated with UV-Vis spectroscopy according to methods reported in literature, and obtaining high values up to 99 % for the three investigated compounds.
The Research on Analyzing Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on Improved Apriori Algorithm

Purpose: We do it to improve the efficiency of analyzing risk factors of Type 2 Diabetes. Method: We use the patients' data from the information department of one tertiary referral hospital in Lanzhou which include course note of disease and their health record form January 2009 to March 2014.We find out one improved algorithm applies to analyze risk factors of Type 2 Diabetes based on original Apriori Algorithm and it's requirement. And we analyze the efficiency by programming both of the algorithms with C#. Result: We can analyze the chart of frequent item and support degree, time and number of records, time and support degree. Conclusion: This new improved Apriori Algorithm has a high efficiency in analyzing risk factors of Type 2 Diabetes. I. Introduction. Diabetes Mellitus is due to the secretion of insulin and the role of defects caused by chronic high blood sugar with carbohydrates, metabolic disabled of fat and protein chronic disease characterized. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, which is called non-insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus as well and due to insulin resistance with relatively lack of insulin secretion, holds 90% to 95% of all the patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus has been one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases with the prevalence showing a rising trend in the whole world recent years. It is predicted that the global total number of adults with Diabetes Mellitus will grow from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030, with a growth of 1.14 times(1). So research on Diabetes Mellitus is very important. We find defect of Apriori Algorithm in research on mining association rules of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus risk factors. First, Apriori Algorithm has to used to scan the database once when generate a frequent item set each time. And second, when generating k candidate item sets from (k-1) frequent item sets, it will product many candidate item sets which is unnecessary later and have a long time in data mining of risk factors and a low work efficiency. We propose a modified Apriori Algorithm suitable for risk factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with a large data and attribute value of risk factors.