Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Polymerization during melting of ortho- and meta-silicates: Effects on Q species stability, heats of fusion, and redox state of mid-ocean range basalts (MORBs)

Abstract 29Si NMR and Raman spectroscopic studies demonstrate that fusion of crystalline orthosilicates and metasilicates produces melts more polymerized than their precursor crystals. Forsterite, for example, consists of 100% Q0 species, whereas its melt consists of ~50 mol% of Q1 species (Q = a Si tetrahedron and the superscript indicates the number of bridging oxygen atoms in the tetrahedron). Polymerization during melting can be rationalized from an energetics perspective. Si-NBO-M moieties of Q species are more susceptible to librational, rotational, and vibrational modes than are Si-BO-Si moieties (NBO = non-bridging oxygen; BO = bridging oxygen; M = counter cation). Thermal agitation activates these additional modes, thus increasing the CP and free energy of melts. The reaction of Qn to Qn+1 species during melting eliminates Si-NBO-M moieties and produces Si-O-Si moieties that are less susceptible to the additional modes, thereby minimizing the CP of melts. By decreasing the abundances of Q0, Q1, and Q2 species in favor of Q3 and Q4 species, melts become more stable. In the absence of polymerization, melting temperatures of minerals would be appreciably greater than observed. Polymerization involves formation of Si-O bonds, which are strongly endothermic (Si-O bond dissociation is ~798 kJ/mol). The large heats of fusion (ᐃHf) of orthosilicates result primarily from polymerization reactions during melting (ᐃHf of forsterite, fayalite, and tephroite are ~142, ~92, and ~90 kJ/mol). The fusion of metasilicates and sorosilicates (e.g., pyroxenes and melilites) involves endothermic polymerization and exothermic depolymerization reactions, although the former dominates. These reactions tend to negate each other during melting, yielding less positive ᐃHf values than observed for orthosilicate fusion (e.g., ᐃHf of enstatite, diopside, pseudowollastonite, and åkermanite are ~73, ~69, ~57, and ~62 kJ/mol). Where polymerization and depolymerization reactions are absent ᐃHf is low and is due mostly to disordering during melting (e.g., ᐃHf of cristobalite is ~8.9 kJ/mol). Experimental evidence indicates that ferric iron is present as a negatively charged oxyanionic complex in melts (e.g., [FeO2]1–) so that oxidation of Fe2+ should proceed according to: 4Femelt2++1O2+6Omelt2−→4[ FeO2 ]melt1−. $4\text{Fe}_{\text{melt}}^{2+}+1{{\text{O}}_{2}}+6\text{O}_{\text{melt}}^{2-}\to 4\left[ \text{Fe}{{\text{O}}_{2}} \right]_{\text{melt}}^{1-}. $ Free oxygen (O2–), a by-product of polymerization reactions, drives the reaction to the right. Mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) consequently should be more oxidized than their source (e.g., lherzolites) or their residues (e.g., harzburgites). Extraction of melt from the upper mantle and deposition in the crust should produce a crust more oxidized than its upper mantle source. Production of O2– during melting and its presence in alkali-rich magmas also explains the alkali-ferric iron effect.
The fauna of phlebotomines (Diptera, Psychodidae) in different phytogeographic regions of the state of Maranhão, Brazil

Phlebotomine specimens were captured in domiciliary and forest environments in 47 municipalities between 1982 and 2005 with the aid of CDC light traps. A total of 91 species were found, of which four belonged to genus Brumptomyia and 87 to genus Lutzomyia, distributed among the following subgenera: Evandromyia (6), Lutzomyia (5), Micropygomyia (2), Nyssomyia (9), Pintomyia (2), Pressatia (3), Psathyromyia (6), Psychodopygus (14), Sciopemyia (4), Trichophoromyia (2), Viannamyia (2); species groups: Aragaoi (2), Baityi (1), Dreisbachi (1), Migonei (12), Oswaldoi (8), Pilosa (1), Saulensis (2), Verrucarum (4) and ungrouped (1). Species diversity was greatest in areas where there was dense evergreen seasonal forest (52 species), ombrophilous forest (31) and meridional cerrados (23) and lowest in areas with mixed forest (forest with babassu palms, cerrado and caatinga). The greatest similarity index was observed for restinga and open evergreen seasonal forest (J=0.48). Dense evergreen seasonal forest had greatest similarity with ombrophilous forest (J=0.38). The phlebotomine fauna was species rich and unevenly distributed in Maranhao, reflecting the phytogeographical complexity of the state, which is a result of the great variety of ecosystems and climate zones.
Organization Studies

Contemporary career theory, from within organization studies and management, is commonly traced back to the late 1970s (Arthur, Hall, & Lawrence, 1989b). These years saw not only the publication of three seminal books on career (Hall, 1976; Schein, 1978; Van Maanen, 1977) but also an abundance of discussion and collaboration among organizational scholars. A series of informal seminars and meetings—one a “Mobile Career Seminar” (in which the third author participated) organized and led by Donald E. Super in the early 1970s, others held by academics in the Boston area—as well as some informal exploratory sessions at Academy of Management meetings later led to the formation of an interest group at the Academy in the late 1970s. The group became a fullfledged division in the early 1980s. However, this inaugural phase says very little about the long intellectual history that informs that seminal 1970s work. In addition, although there have been a number of review pieces on the state of career theory in the past 25 years (Arthur, Hall, & Lawrence, 1989a; Savickas, 2000; Schein, 1989;
How to design externally positive feedback loops – an open problem of control theory

Abstract This paper addresses the properties of externally positive systems and summarises existing conditions and design approaches that achieve externally positive closed-loop dynamics. The output variable of such systems is always nonnegative for any nonnegative input which is a very useful property in various control tasks. This paper investigates the problem of rendering control loops externally positive by an appropriate choice of a feedback. It shows that there is currently no general design procedure for that purpose and the question of when such a controller exists has not been clarified yet. It is also shown that there are plants for which there is no controller that leads to an externally positive control loop.
Constructional Meaning and Knowledge-Driven Interpretation of Motion Events

Summary Covert encoding is one of the strategies available to languages for the encoding of motion, in which, in accordance with the laws of Gestalt, the meaning of an expression encoding motion is not coincident with the mere sum of the meanings of each of its constitutive units, relying on the mediation of grammatical and co(n)textestablished knowledge for its interpretability. Moving on from a data set gathered for a previous study and adopting a holistic, constructional approach, several strategies were found in a diachronic corpus of Italian, French and Spanish for the covert encoding of motion in such languages, based on whether the motioninterpretation attributed to the covert construction is mediated by either linguistic or extralinguistic knowledge. The diachronic investigation also showed that the use of such patterns is diachronically consistent in frequency, thus proving that such patterns of interaction between language and cognition may be regarded as functional for speakers of all languages and time stages, also confirming that a holistic, constructional approach to language study can help shed light on linguistic–cognitive phenomena on the basis of language variation and change.
Transformation of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1 by electroporation

A method is described for transforming Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1 with a transposon-delivery plasmid, pLOFPttKm, and the broad-host-range cloning vector pKT230. Kanamycin-resistant transformants isolated following electroporation with pLOFPttKm were shown to have lost the plasmid, and contained the transposon mini-Tn10PttKm in at least five unique, single sites. Transformation with pKT230 was confirmed by plasmid screening and acquisition of the kanamycin-resistant, streptomycin-resistant phenotype. By optimizing conditions of electric field strength and pulse length for electroporation, we obtained a maximum efficiency of 4.36 × 102/(μg DNA∙109 cells) for insertion of the mini-Tn10PttKm transposon, and 9.88 × 104/(μg DNA∙109 cells) for transformation with plasmid pKT230. Our results indicate that electroporation is a suitable method for introducing transposon and cloning vectors into A. calcoaceticus RAG-1, and possibly other Acinetobacter spp. The availability of a transformation system should en.
3D Cell Image Segmentation by Modified Subjective Surface Method

Abstract In this work, we focused on 3D image segmentation where the segmented surface is reconstructed by the use of 3D digital image information and information from thresholded 3D image in a local neighbourhood. To this end, we applied a mathematical model based on the level set formulation and numerical method which is based on the so-called reduced diamond cell approach. The segmentation approach is based on surface evolution governed by a nonlinear PDE, the modified subjective surface equation. This is done by defining the input to the edge detector function as the weighted sum of norm of presmoothed 3D image and norm of presmoothed thresholded 3D image in a local neighbourhood. For the numerical discretization, we used a semi-implicit finite volume scheme. The method was applied to real data representing 3D microscopy images of cell nuclei within the zebrafish pectoral fin.
A Note on the Sobolev and Gagliardo--Nirenberg Inequality when 𝑝 > 𝑁

Abstract It is known that the Sobolev space W1,p⁢(ℝN){W^{1,p}(\mathbb{R}^{N})} is embedded into LN⁢p/(N-p)⁢(ℝN){L^{Np/(N-p)}(\mathbb{R}^{N})} if pN{p>N}. There is usually a discontinuity in the proof of those two different embeddings since, for p>N{p>N}, the estimate ∥u∥∞≤C⁢∥D⁢u∥pN/p⁢∥u∥p1-N/p{\lVert u\rVert_{\infty}\leq C\lVert Du\rVert_{p}^{N/p}\lVert u\rVert_{p}^{1-N% /p}} is commonly obtained together with an estimate of the Hölder norm. In this note, we give a proof of the L∞{L^{\infty}}-embedding which only follows by an iteration of the Sobolev–Gagliardo–Nirenberg estimate ∥u∥N/(N-1)≤C⁢∥D⁢u∥1{\lVert u\rVert_{N/(N-1)}\leq C\lVert Du\rVert_{1}}. This kind of proof has the advantage to be easily extended to anisotropic cases and immediately exported to the case of discrete Lebesgue and Sobolev spaces; we give sample results in case of finite differences and finite volumes schemes.
QUALIDADE DO FENO DE CAPIM-DE-RAIZ (CHLORIS ORTHONOTON, DOELL) EM PEQUENOS RUMINANTES#

The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition, intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nutrients, ruminal degradation kinetics of DM and NDF and quantify the nitrogen balance in sheep fed Chloris Orthonoton hay. The experiment was carried out with five sheep with 28.34 kg LW. The hay showed 90.66 % DM, 7.16 % CP and 65.34 % NDF. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and NDF were 52.8, 70.6 and 40.4 %, respectively. The animals showed low dry matter intake (1.4 % of BW), but positive nitrogen balance. Chloris Orthonoton hay when done in flowering stage has a low nutritional value and is not recommended as single source of food for maintenance of sheep.
Characteristics of Insoluble Pepsin Used in a Continuous Milk-Clotting System

Abstract Skimmilk acidified to pH 5.6 or 5.9 was passed through a column of pepsin-glass at 15C, warmed to 30C and allowed to coagulate. A typical skimmilk curd was formed. No soluble pepsin was detected in whey from such milk or in Jenness and Koops' salts solution after passage through the column. Passage of skimmilk through the column slowly inactivated the insoluble enzyme. flowing whey at pH 5.9 inactivated the enzyme at more than twice the rate of skimmilk at pH 5.9 but Jenness and Koops' solution at pH 5.9 caused no inactivation. Nitrogen bound to pepsin-glass increased markedly when skimmilk was passed through the enzyme bed. Passage of skimmilk through 5.5-cm columns at 6.0ml per minute or through 50-cm columns of enzyme at 50ml per minute resulted in the same rate of inactivation of pepsin-glass. Dilute HC1, but not 4M urea, fully reactivated pepsin-glass which had been previously inactivated with skimmilk. However, pepsin-glass reactivated or pretreated with dilute HC1 lost its enzymic activity much more rapidly than untreated pepsin-glass. Treatment with . 05M H 2 o 2 sterilized pepsin-glass with no significant loss in enzymic activity.
Contribution of rennet and starter proteases to proteolysis in Cheddar cheese

Summary Proteolysis in aseptic, chemically acidified (GDL) cheese and in starter cheese made under controlled bacteriological conditions (i.e. free of non-starter micro-organisms) was measured by gel electrophoresis, the formation of pH 4·6- and 12% TCA-soluble N, gel filtration and the liberation of free amino acids. The results show that rennet was mainly responsible for the level of proteolysis detected by gel electrophoresis, pH 4·6-soluble N and gel filtration i.e. large, medium and small peptides. However, rennet alone was capable of producing only a limited range of free amino acids; only methionine, histidine, glycine, serine and glutamic acid were produced at quantifiable levels (> 0·2 μmoles/g) in GDL cheese; it is suggested that free amino acids in Cheddar cheese are mainly the result of microbial peptidase activity. The levels of free amino acids in the starter cheese were considerably lower than values reported for commercial Cheddar.
Biochemical and histopathological effects of sub-acute exposure of albino rats to fumigants – dichlorvos and cypermethrin

Abstract Cypermethrin (CYP) is one of the most common active ingredients in most insecticides, mosquito coils and powder used in Nigeria. dichlorvos (DDVP) is the most indiscriminately used fumigant in most rural and sub-urban areas in Nigeria. These fumigants can easily be accessed without proper method of usage thus exposing the population to their toxic effects. As a result, this study was initiated to determine the effects of sub-acute exposure of CYP and DDVP on some biochemical and histopathological parameters of albino rats. In this study, forty (40) albino rats of 10 groups of 4 rats per group, with one group serving as control, were exposed to these fumigants in a poorly ventilated area for 4hours per day over 2, 4 and 6 weeks. The results showed observable changes in liver enzyme activities (p<0.05) in groups exposed to DDVP for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. The groups exposed to CYP showed mild changes in liver enzyme activities when compared with the DDVP groups. Increase in activity of the liver enzymes was also observed in the groups exposed to a mixture of DDVP+CYP for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. The urea, creatinine and electrolytes levels in all the groups exposed to DDVP, CYP and DDVP+CYP for 2, 4 and 6weeks were significantly (p<0.05) increased. Also WBC and platelets in all the groups exposed to DDVP and CYP recorded significant changes. The histology report of the lungs and liver showed moderate lymphocytic infiltration and hepatocytic steatosis which progressed with duration of exposure to the fumigants, while the kidneys showed no remarkable changes. The results of this study suggest that DDVP and CYP have relative toxic effects in the exposed animals and should be used with caution to avoid human exposure to their visible toxicities.
Efficient estimation of a linear functional of a bivariate distribution with equal, but unknown, marginals: The minimum chi-square approach

Summury In this paper we construct efficient estimators of linear functionals of a bivariate distribution with equal marginals. The proposed estimator generalizes the construction of efficient estimators given by Bickel, Ritov and Wellner (1991) for the case of known, but not necessarily equal, marginals.
Trace element bioavailability in Lake Baikal

Abstract Nuclear physical methods of analysis were used for the determination of some trace elements in the ecosystem of Lake Baikal (water, bottom sediments and the water organisms, phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoobenthos and fish). Our observations suggest that the health status of the Lake Baikal is good and bioavailability of toxic elements is very low.
Bronchial Asthma: Current Trends in Treatment

Abstract Asthma is a heterogenous disease which pathophysiology is still poorly understood. Asthma was traditionally divided into allergic (extrinsic) and non-allergic (intrinsic) types, while patients with allergic type responded better to corticosteroids. Since 2013 the definition of asthma has changed. Recently, better insight into clinical consi -derations and underlying inflammatory phenotypes has been gained. Defining these phenotypes has already led to more specific clinical trials and, therefore, to more personalized and successfully targeted therapy. For future, much more effort is put in identifying new phenotype-specific biomarkers which could be helpful in stratification of heterogeneous patients with asthma.
New study on the neuromuscular dystrophy rehabilitation program

Abstract Neuromuscular dystrophy is a progressive disease, interesting skeletal muscles by progressive weakness and loss of voluntary motor function. Material and Methods: A prospective study was developed on 16 patients with progressive neuromuscular dystrophy, over a three months period. The initial and final assessment included muscle manual testing, range of motion and, for the functional outcomes, the Vigos Scale, Barthel Scale, Activity of Daily Living (ADL) Score, and Muscular Dystrophy Scale were used. The physiotherapy program was developed on four stages and a guiding protocol was used for the individualization of the physical therapy program. The statistical analysis was performed in Microsoft Excel, using a Paired samples T-test. Results: Statistical significant results were obtained within all assessment tools. Muscle strength and ADL capacity improved, with the highest increases in patients with low levels of disability. Conclusion: The main results suggest that individualized physiotherapy can slow the progressivity of the disorder and improve the quality of life, especially when started at an earlier stage of the disease.
Assessment of the chlorophylls, carotene and xanthophylls content from two innovative assortments of vegan creams

The purpose of this paper was to obtain two innovative assortments of vegan creams (one with green lentils, spinach, broccoli, basil VC1and the second, with green lentils, avocado, basil – VC2) and to determine the content of chlorophylls, carotene and xanthophylls from the finished products obtained as well as from the raw materials used. After the spectrophotometric analysis it was found that between the two assortments of vegan creams obtained, the VC1 variant had a much higher chlorophyll (chlorophyll a: 282.48±1.36 μg/g, chlorophyll b: 20.34±0.07 μg/g) and carotenoids (55.46±0.42 μg/g) content than the VC2 variant (chlorophyll a: 51.22±0.29 μg/g, chlorophyll b: 17.11±0.06 μg/g, carotenoids: 21.72±0.20 μg/g). This is because VC1 contains, besides the green lentil, spinach and broccoli, vegetables with a much higher content of chlorophylls and carotenoids than avocado. For green lentils, spinach and broccoli, after boiling 8-10 minutes for use in recipes, there was a decrease in both the concentration of chlorophylls and carotenoids compared to the raw products.
Quantitative analysis of sub-alpine grasslands in trans-Himalayan region of Manang, central Nepal

Species composition and richness of grassland vegetation were studied in trans-Himalayan region of Manang. Two south-facing sites, both at the similar altitude (3800-4200 m asl), were selected and a total of 40 plots (10 x 10 m) with 200 quadrates (1 m x 1 m) were sampled. Altogether, 97 plant species were recorded. The similarity index between two sites was 12.37%. There was significant negative correlation between species richness and altitude in site I. Species richness did not show significant relationship with altitude in site II. Various physical and biological factors interact differently in different sites to create habitat heterogeneity which determine the distribution pattern of plant species and influence variations in species composition and diversity. Key-words : alpine region; quantitative analysis; species diversity; vegetation. DOI: 10.3126/botor.v6i0. 2910 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 47-51
Evaluating Wheat Nitrogen Status with Canopy Reflectance Indices and Discriminant Analysis

Nitrogen deficiencies can seriously reduce yield and economic returns for farmers. Remote sensing could provide inexpensive, large-area estimates of N status and be used to monitor N status since leaf chlorophyll (Chl) A content is mainly determined by N availability. The objective was to determine if remote sensing of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Chl A content would provide a rapid estimation of wheat N status. We measured the reflectance of a wheat crop submitted to five different fertilization treatments throughout the growth cycle. We tested several empirical reflectance indices of pigment content: reflectance at 550 nm (R550), reflectance at 680 nm (R680), three parameters of the red edge [wavelength (λ re ), amplitude in the first derivative of the reflectance spectra (dR re ), and sum of amplitudes between 680 and 780 nm in the first derivative of the reflectance spectra (ΣdR 680-780nm )], and pigment simple ratio (PSR) and normalized pigment chlorophyll index (NPCI) (indices of carotenoid/Chl ratio). We also measured leaf Chl A and N content, and leaf area index. There were significant correlations between canopy Chl A content and R550, R680, and all the red edge parameters. The NPCI and PSR followed phenological evolution of the carotenoids/Chl A ratio and separated the different treatments. By discriminant analysis based on the pigment indices reflectance at 430 nm (R430), R550, R680, λ re , dR re , and NPCI, each reflectance spectrum can be assigned to a different N status class. Thus, the use of these optical techniques offers a potential for assessing N status of wheat.
Automating algebraic proof systems is NP-hard

We show that algebraic proofs are hard to find: Given an unsatisfiable CNF formula F, it is NP-hard to find a refutation of F in the Nullstellensatz, Polynomial Calculus, or Sherali–Adams proof systems in time polynomial in the size of the shortest such refutation. Our work extends, and gives a simplified proof of, the recent breakthrough of Atserias and Müller (JACM 2020) that established an analogous result for Resolution.