Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Asymptotic properties of expansive Galton-Watson trees

We consider a super-critical Galton-Watson tree whose non-degenerate offspring distribution has finite mean. We consider the random trees $\tau$n distributed as $\tau$ conditioned on the n-th generation, Zn, to be of size an $\in$ N. We identify the possible local limits of $\tau$n as n goes to infinity according to the growth rate of an. In the low regime, the local limit $\tau$ 0 is the Kesten tree, in the moderate regime the family of local limits, $\tau$ $\theta$ for $\theta$ $\in$ (0, +$\infty$), is distributed as $\tau$ conditionally on {W = $\theta$}, where W is the (non-trivial) limit of the renormalization of Zn. In the high regime, we prove the local convergence towards $\tau$ $\infty$ in the Harris case (finite support of the offspring distribution) and we give a conjecture for the possible limit when the offspring distribution has some exponential moments. When the offspring distribution has a fat tail, the problem is open. The proof relies on the strong ratio theorem for Galton-Watson processes. Those latter results are new in the low regime and high regime, and they can be used to complete the description of the (space-time) Martin boundary of Galton-Watson processes. Eventually, we consider the continuity in distribution of the local limits ($\tau$ $\theta$ , $\theta$ $\in$ [0, $\infty$]).
Postseismic quasi‐static fault slip due to pore pressure change on a bimaterial interface

[1] We theoretically study the mechanism of afterslip, generally observed after the occurrence of large shallow earthquakes, taking account of poroelastic effects including fluid flow. A two-dimensional in-plane shear fault is assumed on a bimaterial interface that separates mechanically different poroelastic media. We first derive analytical expressions for the stress tensor components and fluid pressure as integrals of fault slip; the rigidity and diffusivity of the two media separated by the fault are assumed to be equal in value to derive the solution analytically. We then numerically solve these integral equations assuming stress boundary condition on the fault and obtain the spatiotemporal evolution of fault slip. The Coulomb failure criterion is assumed for the quasi-static growth of fault. We find that the positive feedback between the fluid pressure raised at the extending fault tip and evolving fault slip promotes the quasi-static fault tip extension; the amount of afterslip is found to be larger for smaller value of the Biot-Willis coefficient. It is also found that the poroelastic bimaterial effect favors unilateral extension of fault. Our calculations show that the patch of postseismic fault slip does not overlap that of coseismic slip significantly. We also observe a rapid decrease in postseismic moment release rate with time. These are in harmony with geodetic observation related to afterslips. We will have to resort to purely numerical analysis if we remove the assumptions about the rigidity and diffusivity; however, our present study can provide a reference point for such analysis.
TEST CASE PRIORITIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR EVENT SEQUENCE TEST CASES BASED ON REDUNDANCY FACTOR

Software testing is often used to verify and validate the output of the system to confirm that no discrepancy has taken place throughout the development phase. Test case prioritization (TCP) is one of the techniques applied to modify the order of test cases based on best test scenarios and to prioritize them. The main objectives of the TCP are to increase the effectiveness of the testing process, while reducing time and cost, which would increase when the system reaches a certain level of complexity. Numerous TCP techniques have been proposed in the past; however, only a handful of researches were truly focused on TCP techniques for test cases involving the sequence of events. TCP technique for sequence of events is more complex compared to the conventional code-based application due to the properties of the sequence of events. The size of the sequence of events’ test cases can be infinite and large sized test cases have considerable degrees of redundancy. This means that there is a possibility for these test cases to have combinations of events with a large input parameter. Redundancy is one of the major issues that have been discussed by previous researchers. This paper proposes a technique that can detect the redundancy within the test suites and produce a unique weight value. This paper will also present how test cases were prioritized based on the obtained unique weight value. The experiment results obtained indicates that the prioritized test suite is effective compared with the original test suite. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is evaluated using Average Percentage of Faults Detected (APFD).
Optimal Band Configuration for the Roof Surface Characterization Using Hyperspectral and LiDAR Imaging

Imaging spectroscopy in the remote sensing is an ever emerging platform that has offered the hyperspectral imaging (HSI) which delivers the Earth’s object information in hundreds of bands. HSI integrates conventional imaging with spectroscopy to get rich spectral and spatial features of the object. However, the challenges associated with HSI are its huge dimensionality and data redundancy that requests huge space, complex computations, and lengthier processing time. Therefore, this study aims to find the optimal bands to characterize the roof surfaces using supervised classifiers. To deal with high dimensionality of hyperspectral data, this study assesses the band selection method over data transformation methods. This study provides the comparison between data reduction methods and used classifiers. The height information from LiDAR was used to characterize urban roofs above the height of 2.5 meters. The optimal bands were investigated using supervised classifiers such as artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), and spectral angle mapper (SAM) by comparing accuracies. The classification result shows that ANN and SVM classifiers outperform whereas SAM performed poorly in roof characterization. The band selection method worked efficiently than the transformation methods. The classification algorithm successfully identifies the optimum bands with significant accuracy.
Isolation and characterization of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii extracellular vesicles

Introduction: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain active biological compounds which play important roles in biological processes. The secretion of EVs is a common phenomenon which occurs in archaea, bacteria and mammalian cells. The secretion of bacterial EVs has been discovered in various species of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is one of the commensal bacteria in human intestinal tract which has potentially therapeutic effects by secretion of bioactive compounds. Within the last few years, many investigations have been performed with respect to extracting and obtaining EVs and as a result, there are many methods to isolate and characterize EVs. The aim of this study was to isolate EVs from F. prausnitzii strain A2-165 and to characterize their physico-chemical properties. Methods: EVs were isolated from F. prausnitzii strain A2-165 using ultracentrifugation and filtration. The EVs of bacterium were then characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, SDS-PAGE, Bradford assay, NanoDrop and Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test. Results: The extracted EVs were confirmed with the shape of vesicles and the sizes ranging from ~ 30 to 250 nm. Total protein concentration of EVs were ~ 3 mg/ml from two methods; Bradford and NanoDrop, respectively. Protein proﬁle pattern of F. prausnitzii -derived EVs ranged from 11 up to 245 kDa. Endotoxin measurement was 2.04 EU/ml. Conclusion: The results of the current study demonstrated that EVs purity and conformation were acceptable. However, further investigations are necessary to elucidate the safety, efficacy, practicality and mechanism of action of this bacterium EVs in clinical practices, especially as vaccine
Guideline for Antibacterial Prophylaxis Administration in Pediatric Cancer and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Abstract Background Bacteremia and other invasive bacterial infections are common among children with cancer receiving intensive chemotherapy and in pediatric recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Systemic antibacterial prophylaxis is one approach that can be used to reduce the risk of these infections. Our purpose was to develop a clinical practice guideline (CPG) for systemic antibacterial prophylaxis administration in pediatric patients with cancer and those undergoing HSCT. Methods An international and multidisciplinary panel was convened with representation from pediatric hematology/oncology and HSCT, pediatric infectious diseases (including antibiotic stewardship), nursing, pharmacy, a patient advocate, and a CPG methodologist. The panel used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to generate recommendations based on the results of a systematic review of the literature. Results The systematic review identified 114 eligible randomized trials of antibiotic prophylaxis. The panel made a weak recommendation for systemic antibacterial prophylaxis for children receiving intensive chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia and relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Weak recommendations against the routine use of systemic antibacterial prophylaxis were made for children undergoing induction chemotherapy for ALL, autologous HSCT and allogeneic HSCT. A strong recommendation against its routine use was made for children whose therapy is not expected to result in prolonged severe neutropenia. If used, prophylaxis with levofloxacin was recommended during severe neutropenia. Conclusions We present a CPG for systemic antibacterial prophylaxis administration in pediatric cancer and HSCT patients. Future research should evaluate the long-term effectiveness and adverse effects of prophylaxis.
A Method to Determine Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Living and Undecomposed Sphagnum Moss

Sphagnum mosses (Sphagnum L.) are the primary pear-forming plant in northern peadattds and rely on capillary transport of water to facilitate physiological processes. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the living, undecomposed, and poorly decomposed mosses is needed to estimate and model water flux to their growing upper layer. This study describes a new apparatus to measure this in the highly porous (∼90%) hummock profile where the pore sizes are large and the mosses delicate, in which established methods do not work. Independent tension disks controlled the pressure hcad (ψ, between 0 and -35 cm of water) and the pressure gradient and thus flow. The uppermost 5-cm layer of moss had a saturated hydraulic conductivity of 1800 μm s -1 , and decreased when unsaturated (ψ= -25 cm of water) to 0.03 μ s -1 . Moss 25 cm below the surface had equivalent values of 230 and 11.0 μm s -1 at moisture contents of 0.18 to 0.22 m 3 m -3 . The The soil water retention model RETC provided a good fit for both hydraulic conductivity and water retention when fitted simultaneously, but did not perform well to predict hydraulic conductivity from water retention data alone.
Transmitarray based Metasurface Lens Antenna

A transmitarray metasurface design is proposed to function as an integrated lens antenna within the frequency range of 11.6 GHz to 13.25 GHz. A finite periodic array of three-layer metallo-dielectric discrete unit cells is used to form the transmitarray lens. The transmitarray is used in front of an open-ended waveguide to obtain more directive radiation. The transmitarray lens is shown to provide at least 3.75 dB higher gain than a comparable standard horn antenna whilst occupying about half of the physical space.
Empirical analysis of the UAE stock market volatility

Financial market volatility of developed economies have been studied extensively since the 1987 stock market crash as well as the volatility of the East Asian stock markets after the East Asian financial crisis. However the volatility characteristics of the financial markets in the Middle East are far from being thoroughly analysed despite their tremendous growth in recent years. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we investigate the volatility characteristics of the UAE stock markets measured by fat tail, volatility clustering, and leverage effects, in order to explore a parsimonious model for the UAE stock market and predict its future performance. Second, we use switching regime ARCH methodology to assess the impact of stock market openness to foreign investors on the market returns and we analyse its observed irregular performance using recently developed methodologies.
A Survey on Cost and Profit Oriented Assembly Line Balancing

Problems, approaches and analytical models on assembly line balancing that deal explicitly with cost and profit oriented objectives are analysed. This survey paper serves to identify and work on open problems that have wide practical applications. The conclusions derived might give insights in developing decision support systems (DSS) in planning profitable or cost efficient assembly lines.
Climate of the Past Comment on “ Using multiple observationally-based constraints to estimate climate sensitivity ” by J . D . Annan

In their article from 2006, Annan and Hargreaves present a probabilistic estimate of climate sensitivity obtained by using Bayes’ theorem to combine information from different sources. In this comment article we critisize two aspects of their reasoning, namely using probability density functions and likelihood functions interchangeably and the assumed independence of evidence from the different sources. The derivation of their result rests on key assumptions, some stated explicitly and some left implicit, which could be unrealistic. Thus their study does not convincingly reduce the large uncertainty of climate sensitivity remaining in previous observationally-based studies.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Some Garden Plant Leaves Against Lactobacillus Sp, Streptococcus mitis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger

The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial activity of Bougainvillea glabra choicy, Lantana camara L and Delonix regia (Hook) Raf, leaves against Lactobacillus sp, Streptococcus mitis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Bougainvillea glabra choicy, Lantana camara and Delonix regia leaves belong to three different families, viz. Nyctaginaceae, Caesalpinaceae and Verbenaceae. Antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of these plant leaves were tested against Gram positive, Gram negative bacterial strains by observing the zone of inhibition. Antimicrobial activity was done by well diffusion method at a concentration of 1ml of the ethanol extract, using ethanol as the control. Among all the results obtained Delonix regia (Hook) Raf showed excellent antimicrobial activity against all the test organisms, Bougainvillea glabra choicy considered moderately active against all the test organisms and Lantana camara L having high antibacterial activity and no antifungal activity. As a results, the comparative of the three plant extracts Lantana camara showed high antibacterial activity and Delonix regia had high antifungal activity.
Model systems for regeneration: Hydra

ABSTRACT The freshwater polyp Hydra provides a potent model system for investigating the conditions that promote wound healing, reactivation of a developmental process and, ultimately, regeneration of an amputated body part. Hydra polyps can also be dissociated to the single cell level and can regenerate a complete body axis from aggregates, behaving as natural organoids. In recent years, the ability to exploit Hydra has been expanded with the advent of new live-imaging approaches, genetic manipulations that include stable transgenesis, gene silencing and genome editing, and the accumulation of high-throughput omics data. In this Primer, we provide an overview of Hydra as a model system for studying regeneration, highlighting recent results that question the classical self-enhancement and long-range inhibition model supposed to drive Hydra regeneration. We underscore the need for integrative explanations incorporating biochemical as well as mechanical signalling. Summary: This Primer discusses Hydra as a model system for investigating regeneration, highlighting how the reactivation of developmental processes leads to whole-body regeneration after amputation and also after tissue dissociation and reaggregation of organoid-like structures.
Focusing Metasurface with arbitrary Focal Point Based on Pancharatnam-Berry Phase Principle

A deformed cross structure PB unit-cell with ground plate was proposed first. Then, we modified the conventional Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase principle. Therefore, a metasurface with arbitrary focal point could be designed employing the new phase compensation formula. For demonstration, a metasurface with focal point of θ = 30°, ϕ = 30° and focal length of 30 mm was simulated and discussed. Finally, constrains on the minimum periodic number of metasurface were derived.
Bacterial meningitis: new treatment options to reduce the risk of brain damage

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a medical emergency and its etiology varies according to the age group and geographic area. Studies have shown that brain damage, sequelae and neuropsychological deficits depend not only on the direct deleterious action of the pathogens, but also on the host defenses themselves. Areas covered: Corticosteroids (CS) were the first drugs used with the intent to limit the exaggerated host response. However, as steroid addition to antibiotics is frequently unsatisfactory, other measures have been suggested. In this study, the most important adjuvant therapies that are potentially useful to limit the neuropsychological damage of BM are discussed. Expert opinion: The pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the development of brain damage are not completely defined. Moreover, the efficacy of adjuvant therapies can vary according to the aetiologic cause of BM, and differences in immune system function of the host can play a relevant role in the expression of inflammation and related problems. It is likely that none of the measures with demonstrated efficacy in animal models can be translated into clinical practice in the next few years, suggesting that to reduce the total burden of BM, the increased use of vaccines seems to be the best solution.
Common Antiseptics : Mechanism Of Action And Its Uses In Animal

Antiseptics are extensively used in Hospital and other health care setting for a variety of topical applications. In particular antiseptics are essential part of infection control practice and aid in the prevention of nosocomial infection. A wide variety of active chemical agents (biocides) are found in these products, many of which have been used for hundreds of years including alcohol and iodine. Chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium permanganates are also among the commonly used antiseptics. Most of these active agents demonstrate broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. Antiseptics may have lethal effect (e.g., Sporocidal, virucidal and bactericidal) or static effect on microorganisms. They are applied to unbroken skin or mucus membrane, to burns and to open wounds to prevent sepsis by removing or excluding microbes from this area. The efficacy of antiseptics affected by several factors including: concentration and contact time, temperature, ph, presence of organic other material, type and concentration of offending organism. Therefore, selecting of appropriate antiseptic is critical before use for particular purpose. [Ayalew Negash and Nezif Mohammed. Common Antiseptics: Mechanism Of Action And Its Uses In Animal. Nat Sci 2016;14(5):52-56]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub. net/nature. 7. doi:10.7537/marsnsj14051607.
Resisting Side Channel Attack on Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem

In this paper several elliptic curve multiplication algorithms which are secure against Side Channel Attacks (SCA) have been described. Also countermeasure against Differential Power Analysis have been specified. Subsequently uses Here Coron's dummy algorithm for scalar multiplication which is the countermeasure against Simple Power Analysis and discuss about the efficiency of the algorithm in term of addition, subtraction, multiplication and inverse operations.
Effect of Antenna Coupling on the SNR Improvement of Mm-Wave Massive MIMO for 5G

In this paper, it is shown that an optimum coupling between massive MIMO elements improves the SNR for each user in 5G downlink mode. It is assumed that a massive MIMO base station with 64 compact antennas with sub-wavelength spacing (0.37λ) serves 8 user equipments. With proper design of antennas couplings, the mean received SNR of users improves from 4 to 7 dB. Different coupling values are implemented for a sample patch antenna at 28 GHz with a slot on substrate between adjacent patch elements to control the element coupling. The whole system is simulated in MATLAB, with 5G millimeter-wave channel characteristics and OFDM modulation.
Gait Trajectory and Event Prediction from State Estimation for Exoskeletons During Gait

A real-time method is proposed to obtain a single, consistent probabilistic model to predict future joint angles, velocities, accelerations and jerks, together with the timing for the initial contact, foot flat, heel off and toe off events. In a training phase, a probabilistic principal component model is learned from normal walking, which is used in the online phase for state estimation and prediction. This is validated for normal walking and walking with an exoskeleton. Without exoskeleton, both joint trajectories and gait events are predicted without bias. With exoskeleton, the trajectory prediction is unbiased, but event prediction is slightly biased with a maximum of 33 ms for the toe off event. Performance is compared with predictions based on only the population mean. Without exoskeleton, estimation errors are 5 to 30% lower with our method. With exoskeleton, trajectory prediction errors are up to 20% lower, but gait event prediction errors only improve for foot flat (30%) and are worse for other events (30%–50%). The ability to predict future joint trajectories and gait events offers opportunities to design exoskeleton controllers which anticipate these trajectories and events, allowing better tracking control and smoother, accurately timed transitions between different control modes.
Pre-crash test capabilities at

In the last few years, the developments in the field of ADA systems shifted from comfort oriented systems to safety oriented systems. Consequently, the complexity of the systems, and thus the complexity of testing those systems, increased. This leads to a demand for reproducible, efficient and safe testing methods for ADA systems in general, and pre-crash systems in particular. A new method for evaluation of pre-crash systems is presented, consisting of TNO’s Vehicle Hardware-in-the-Loop facility (VeHIL) and TNO’s Crash Lab. This method, called VeHIL/Precrash, aims to support the development and verification of pre-crash systems, increasing the level of reproducibility, effectiveness and safety of the testing process. To this end, a test vehicle, positioned on a roller bench, is placed in a simulated traffic environment. In order to provide the test vehicle’s environment sensor input, one of the simulated traffic participants is represented by a rail guided target vehicle, which is stopped by crumple tubes.