Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interactions of Medial and Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Hierarchical Predictive Coding

Cognitive control and decision-making relies on the interplay of medial and lateral prefrontal cortex (mPFC/LPFC), particularly for circumstances in which correct behavior requires integrating and selecting among multiple sources of interrelated information. While the interaction between mPFC and LPFC is generally acknowledged as a crucial circuit in adaptive behavior, the nature of this interaction remains open to debate, with various proposals suggesting complementary roles in (i) signaling the need for and implementing control, (ii) identifying and selecting appropriate behavioral policies from a candidate set, and (iii) constructing behavioral schemata for performance of structured tasks. Although these proposed roles capture salient aspects of conjoint mPFC/LPFC function, none are sufficiently well-specified to provide a detailed account of the continuous interaction of the two regions during ongoing behavior. A recent computational model of mPFC and LPFC, the Hierarchical Error Representation (HER) model, places the regions within the framework of hierarchical predictive coding, and suggests how they interact during behavioral periods preceding and following salient events. In this manuscript, we extend the HER model to incorporate real-time temporal dynamics and demonstrate how the extended model is able to capture single-unit neurophysiological, behavioral, and network effects previously reported in the literature. Our results add to the wide range of results that can be accounted for by the HER model, and provide further evidence for predictive coding as a unifying framework for understanding PFC function and organization.
Is microRNA replacement therapy promising treatment for cancer

Since the discovery of small non-coding RNA, which regulates messenger RNA (mRNA) translation via complimentary RNA-RNA interaction, in 1993 (1), molecules consisting of highly conserved approximately 20 nucleotide sequences, currently known as microRNAs (miRNAs), have attracted great attention in the field of cancer biology.
Recycling fish skin for utilization in food industry as an effective emulsifier and foam stabilizing agent

Abstract Background Indian fish industry produces a staggering amount of waste every year part of which is dumped as landfill leading to pollution. Objective This study aims to extract collagen from fish skin, a major component of this waste, hydrolyze it and use the hydrolysate as emulsifiers to increase the shelf life of food products. Materials and methods Collagen was purified from the skin of Catfish, Mullet and Indian Salmon were characterized through infrared and diffraction studies. The samples were hydrolyzed enzymatically. The hydrolysates were assayed for emulsifying, foam stabilizing and hemolytic properties. Results The samples displayed an electrophoretic and infrared spectral profile corresponding to that of collagen type I. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the presence of triple helix and traces of phosphate. The hydrolysates (6 kDa) exhibited the highest emulsion at 2.74±0.20 m2/g (for 57.00±0.50 min) and foam stability in the range of 75–78%, respectively. The hydrolysates were able to stabilize drug and food formulations successfully and two of the samples exhibited less than 3% toxicity as determined through hemolytic assay. Conclusion Collagen hydrolysates from fish skin, a common fish industry waste, were found to be bioactive and non-toxic making them suitable replacements for synthetic emulsifiers.
Treatment and Follow-Up Recommendations in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Due to COVID-19 Infection

The actual incidence of hypoxic respiratory failure in the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is not yet clear. It was reported that approximately 14% of COVID-19 patients have severe disease requiring oxygen treatment, 5% need intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mechanical ventilation (MV). In these patients acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the main problem that requires careful and comprehensive strategies of treatment in order to prevent mortality. In this short review, guidelines about COVID-19 treatment were evaluated and a summary of recommendations and their explanations were made for the treatment and follow-up of ARDS due to COVID-19 infection.
Liability risks in shareholders’ engagement via electronic communication and social media

Purpose This paper aims to examine the potential liability of companies and their board members arising from the use of digital technology and social media as communication and engagement tools with investors and shareholders. Design/methodology/approach The research relies on a qualitative study using legal analysis of corporate and capital market laws as well as the outcome of legal proceedings and regulatory actions to ascertain conduct that could expose companies and boards to liability risks. Findings Social media characteristics expose unwary directors and companies to potential liability for oppressive conduct, selective disclosure or misleading statements. Research limitations/implications This paper informs boards and companies of the types of conduct that could expose companies and boards to liability when social media is relied on to communicate with shareholders and investors. Originality/value The paper contributes to the literature on social media, capital market and corporate communication by presenting the legal perspective concerning reliance on social media as shareholders’ engagement and corporate communication tool.
Application of Project-based Teaching in Instrumental Analysis Course

In this paper, the project-based teaching methods were applied to the course of analysis experiment. In the application of teaching content was designed as many independent projects, select the appropriate school teaching project, organize the project teaching activities in an orderly manner, and achieve the project teaching goals. The research showed that the application could stimulate students’ interest in learning, transform passive learning into active learning, improve students’ ability to analyze and solve problems in practice, fully mobilize students' learning enthusiasm, strengthen the ability, improve students' ability to analyze and solve problems and achieved good teaching effect.
Plastic-Free July: An Experimental Study of Limiting and Promoting Factors in Encouraging a Reduction of Single-Use Plastic Consumption

To tackle the plastic problem, the worldwide campaign ‘Plastic Free July’ aims at encouraging people to reduce single-use plastics during the month of July. To get people started with new behavior patterns, so-called ‘windows of opportunity’—periods where people become open for new experiences—are expected to matter. Therefore, the current study evaluated if an arbitrary month that is framed as an opportunity for change can interrupt people in their daily routines and reduce plastic consumption. An online survey (n = 509) with repeated measures (n = 366) was conducted including one experimental and one control group. The experimental group was invited to reduce their single-use plastic consumption during July in line with the ‘Plastic Free July’ campaign. Results revealed that, in this action period, single-use plastic consumption was slightly but significantly lower in the experimental than in the control group, which did not receive any information about ‘Plastic Free July’. The campaign seemed to be more effective for participants with low pro-environmental identity. Path analysis revealed that plastic consumption (prior to the intervention) was significantly predicted by perceived difficulty, habits, and pro-environmental identity. Policy support was predicted by problem awareness, pro-environmental identity and perceived barriers. We conclude with recommendations for plastic-free purchase and policy support.
Systematic relationships among some Festuca species (Poaceae) from the Ukraine as revealed by isoenzymes

The species Festuca valesiaca, F. rupicola, F. galiciensis, F. macutrensis (F. valesiaca agg.), and F. pallens (F. glauca agg.) were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), in order to evaluate their systematic relationships. Affinities among them were assessed by coefficient of divergence D. Averaged for four enzyme markers, the mean values of coefficient D for comparison of F. pallens with the species of F. valesiaca group were the highest (0.34–0.45) and indicated the remote position of the former species within the studied group. Mean values of D for comparison within F. valesiaca agg. were lower and suggested close mutual affinities. The results are generally in concordance with the recent systematics of the narrow-leaved fescues, on the basis of morphological and anatomical features.
How entrepreneurs think: financial decisions for the long or short term

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to suggest that different start-up motivations make entrepreneurs pursue different kinds of new business performance, which in this study are expressed in financial terms (i.e. return on assets). The authors posit that so-called extrinsic motivation urges entrepreneurs to be more short-term oriented, while their intrinsic motivation encourages a longer-term business vision. Additionally, this paper explores how intrinsic and extrinsic entrepreneurship motivations combine and produce financial dilemmas for entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach The analyses are based on 300 entrepreneurs across diverse industries in Belgium. Data was collected for this study through structured interviews with entrepreneurs combined with a company questionnaire. Financial data was obtained through a government database. Findings Results confirm that extrinsic entrepreneurship motivation boosts new business short-term financial performance, whereas intrinsic motivation contributes to the firm’s longer-term financial returns. This paper also shows that a mix of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations directs entrepreneurs toward different profitability levels during the organization’s survival and early-establishment phase. Originality/value Research on entrepreneurship has not yet corroborated that motivations can be personally conflicting, thereby saddling the entrepreneur with dilemmas that may manifest into different levels of business performance.
Between privacy and security: the factors that drive intentions to use cyber-security applications

ABSTRACT Installing security applications is a common way to protect against malicious apps, phishing emails, and other threats in mobile operating systems. While these applications can provide essential security protections, they also tend to access large amounts of people's sensitive information. Therefore, individuals need to evaluate the trade-off between the security features and the privacy invasion when deciding on which protection mechanisms to use. In this paper, we examine factors affecting the willingness to install mobile security applications by taking into account the invasion levels and security features of cyber-security applications. To this end, we propose a visual language that depicts the coverage of different security features as well as privacy intrusiveness levels. Our user study (n=300) shows that users assessing security applications find their trade-off balance in highly secure apps with a medium level of privacy invasion. The results indicate that a low privacy invasion might signal that the security application provides less security. We discuss these findings in the context of understanding the trade-off between privacy and security.
COGNITIVE MAPPING AS A METHOD TO ASSESS PEOPLES’ ATTACHMENT TO PLACE

ABSTRACT Over the past five decades, the methodological approaches used to understand peoples’ emotional ties to place have been incredibly diverse, employing both quantitative and qualitative techniques (Lewicka 2011). In recent years more ethnographic, participatory visual methods such as cognitive (mental) mapping, narrative mapping, and psychogeography are showing considerable promise in revealing peoples’ attachment to place. This article seeks to illustrate how mental mapping and walking interviews can be used as an effective tool in exposing peoples’ deep emotional connection to place. With a focus on a student-centered business district in Manhattan, Kansas, we demonstrate that Aggieville exemplifies all three types of emotional attachment: functional, territorial, and emotional. Students are functionally attached to Aggieville because it provides nearly all their foundational needs (e.g. food, clothing, housing, employment) enabling them to achieve their life goals. Students demonstrate territorial attachment because Aggieville is a space created by students for students and the accepted activities and behavior are intended for students only. Students have also established an emotional attachment to “The Ville” because it is an important place for them to socialize and bond with others.
Regulatory Interactions Between Sulfate and Nitrate Assimilation

Sulfate and nitrate, which contain sulfur and nitrogen in their most highly oxidized form, are the dominant species available to many plants for covering their needs for these elements (Schiff 1983; Cram 1990; Oaks 1992). Assimilatory sulfate and nitrate reduction are therefore necessary for the synthesis of amino acids including sulfur containing amino acids like cysteine and methionine, in which both sulfur and nitrogen are present in reduced form. The dominant portion of the amino acids is used for protein synthesis. Therefore, the S/N ratio in plants is usually about 1/20 (Dijkshoorn & van Wijk 1967) reflecting the proportion of these elements in proteins. Only in species where sulfur is accumulated in the form of sulfate or of secondary plant products is the ratio significantly higher (Cram 1990; Ernst 1990). Plants appear to possess mechanisms to coordinate assimilatory sulfate and nitrate reduction so that the appropriate proportions of both sulfur containing and other amino acids are available for protein synthesis. This review focuses on these reciprocal regulatory mechanisms at the level of assimilation, hut the regulation of the uptake of NO3- and SO2 may be at least as important for coordinating both assimilatory pathways (Saccomani & Ferrari 1989; Cram 1990; Clarkson et al., this volume). Assimilatory nitrate (Solomonson & Barber 1990; Oaks 1992) and sulfate (Brunold 1990; Giovanelli 1990; Schmidt 1992) reduction have been reviewed very recently. Therefore, only aspects of both pathways are discussed here which form the basis for reviewing regulatory interactions between them.
Effects of dopant states on photoactivity in carbon-doped TiO2

Recently an effective photoresponse in the visible-light region was experimentally observed in carbon-doped TiO2. We contribute a theoretical understanding of this phenomenon. Our ab initio density functional theory investigations show that substitutional carbon dopants incorporated into TiO2 drastically affect the electronic structure of the material, thus improving its photoactivity. The resulting bandgap of 2.35 eV predicted in this work agrees with the available experimental observations for carbon concentration around 5%. We also address the effects of doping concentration on the photoresponse of this material.
Nitrosamine precursor and DOM control in an effluent‐affected drinking water

Some N‐nitrosamines are probable human carcinogens and disinfection by‐products. This study focused on a wastewater‐affected drinking water supply in the Yangtze River Delta, China, that was highly dominated by low‐molecular‐weight organic matter, aromatic proteins, and soluble microbial products (SMPs) and low in humic substances. The study water presented a unique opportunity to investigate treatment processes for controlling an array of nitrosamines because it contained precursors for five N‐nitrosamines [N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N‐nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N‐nitrosopiperidine, N‐nitrosomorpholine, and N‐nitrosopyrrolidine] whereas only NDMA precursors have been detected in most North American waters. Although conventional processes removed only low levels of precursors, advanced treatment processes effectively removed precursors as well as aromatic proteins and SMPs. Ozone destroyed and/or transformed precursors (e.g., median of 45% for NDMA and 22% for NDEA). Granular activated carbon proved more effective in removing precursors (e.g., median of 88% for NDMA and 83% for NDEA) than in removing bulk dissolved organic carbon (median ~ 60%).
The Effect of Audit Firms Size, Leverage, Going Concern Opinion, Audit Tenure, on Audit Quality in Indonesia

The research objective is to illustrate the credibility of financial statements issued by companies. The more credible the financial statements are able to provide a guarantee for the information used in decision making. Audit quality describes an auditor's social role in reducing the risk of an accountant material misstatement by providing adequate guarantees that financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted standards. The research method used is a quantitative method that aims to see the probability of audit firm size, leverage, audit tenure, and going concern opinion on audit quality. The type of data used is secondary data obtained through the web site idx.go. id. company data sources used are all publicly listed companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, the period of observation from 2013 to 2017 in the sector (1) Agriculture, (2) Mining, (3) Infrastructure, utilities & Transportation, (4) Trade, Services & Investment sector. The results of this study indicate that audit firm size has a positive influence on audit quality, while leverage, and audit opinion and additional testing for company age do not affect audit quality.
Optimisation of Almond Milk Producing Using Response Surface Method

The purpose of this study was to find the optimal production’s condition of almond milk. By this purpose it was determined dilution fold (3–7) and dilution temperature (25–80 0C) as producing parameter by pro - tests. Totally 13 milkwas produced. Under these conditions, effects of dilution fold and dilution temperature were investigated on the chemical compositions, energy and sensory properties of producted almond milks. According to results, dry matters of almond milks were determined as averagely 12.77%; ash 0.43%, protein 3.21%; fat 6.85%; carbohydrate 2.44%. Results of energy values were changed between 67 cal.100-1 mL and 103 cal.100-1 mL. Produced almond milk at 71.2 oC dilution temperature and 3 fold dilution, it has been the maximum desirability as 94%.
The Marshall-Olkin Extended Power Lomax Distribution with Applications

In this article, we define a new four-parameter model called Marshall-Olkin extended power Lomax distribution and study its properties. Limiting distributions of sample maxima and sample minima are derived. The reliability of a system when both stress and strength follows the new distribution is discussed and associated characteristics are computed for a simulated data. Finally, utilizing maximum likelihood estimation, the goodness of the distribution is tested for a real data.
Why Gravity a Weak Force of Nature

Mathematically we address, why gravity is a weak force of nature by proposing a force balance equation between classical force (gravity) and quantum force (strong interaction) while presuming that there is a natural balance between these forces. We reported, each side of the balance has two expressions of force where quantum force part consists of two types of quantum force with similar strength but classical force part has a constant force term and gravitational force where this constant force term has large numerical value thus higher weightage in the balance, however, gravity becomes weak itself to strike the balance.
Molecular Docking and Admet Analyses of Photochemicals from Nigella sativa (blackseed), Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) and Anona muricata (Soursop) on SARS-CoV-2 Target

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused a global health challenge. The SARS-COV-2 main protease, 3CLpro/Mpro plays a critical role in the viral gene expression and replication and has been a major target for inhibiting viral maturation and enhancing host innate immune responses against COVID-19. In this study, we screened a library of 38 phytochemicals from Nigella sativa (blackseed), Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) and Anona muricata (Soursop) potent medicinal plants with reported antiviral properties - in a molecular docking protocol on 3CLpro using Autodock4.0 tool implanted in PyRx followed by docking validation and insilico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicology (ADMET) evaluations. The docking results were visualized using Accelrys Discovery Studio and Pymol software. Among the 38 ligands screened, 19 showed significant interaction through non-covalent hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, and electrostatic interactions with binding affinities from -5.3kcal/mol to -8.1kcal/mol indicating significant binding interactions at the active site binding pocket. Another important interaction observed in the study which mostly involve the transfer of charges was pi-interactions such as Pi-Pi interaction, Pi-Alkyl interaction, Pi-Sulfur interaction, Pi- Sigma, and Pi-Pi stacking. The docking results revealed that phytochemicals from T. foenum-graecum showed more 3CLpro inhibitory potential compared to those from N. sativa and A. muricata. Insilico ADMET evaluations for drug-like and lead-like characteristics however demonstrated that only 8 ligands - apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, dithymoquinone, naringenine, nornuciferine, quercetin and nigellidine were actually drug-like; showed best activities against 3CLpro, and lack hepatotoxicity effects while none was lead-like. Insilico results of this study further suggested that drug repurposing candidates, remdesivir, indinavir,hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine and ritonavir,exhibited various interactions with 3CLpro. Hence, further in vitro and in vivo studies are proposed.
MAMMALIAN ADAPTATION MECHANISM OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS REPLICATION MECHINERY

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iii TABLE OF CONTENTS . iv LIST OF FIGURES . vii LIST OF TABLES . viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . iix CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW . 1 1.1 BIOLOGY OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS . 1 1.1.1 Influenza virus taxonomy and nomenclature . 1 1.1.2 Influenza A virion . 1 1.1.3 The influenza A virus life cycle . 2 1.2 THE RNA SYNTHESIS MECHINERY OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS . 8 1.2. 1 Influenza A ribonucleoprotein . 8 1.2. 2 The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase . 8 1.2. 3 Viral nucleoprotein . 9 1.2. 4 Viral RNA promoter . 9 1.3 TRANSCRIPTION . 12 1.3. 1 Initiation . 12 1.3. 2 Elongation and polyadenylation . 13 1.3. 3 Splicing . 13 1.4 REPLICATION . 14 1.4. 1 cRNA synthesis . 14 1.4. 2 vRNA synthesis . 15 1.5 HOST RESTRICTIONS AND ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES OF POLYMERASE . 16 1.5. 1 The canonical PB2 E627K mutation and SR polymorphism. 16 1.5. 2 ANP32A is a host factor underlying restrictions on influenza virus polymerase . 18 1.5. 3 Other critical adaptive mutations in PB2 segment . 19 1.5. 4 Adaptive mutations in PB1 subunit . 20