Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative respiratory physiology: the fundamental mechanisms and the functional designs of the gas exchangers

License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. Permissions beyond the scope of the License are administered by Dove Medical Press Limited. Information on how to request permission may be found at: http://www.dovepress. com/permissions.php Open Access Animal Physiology 2014:6 53–66 Open Access Animal Physiology Dovepress
Biof ilm susceptibility to bacteriophage attack : the role of phage-borne polysaccharide depol yrnerase

Biof ilm bacteria Enterobecter agglomerans 53b and Serratia marcescens Serr were isolated from a food processing factory. A bacteriophage (SF153b), which could infect and lyse strain 53b, was isolated from sewage. This has been shown to possess a polysaccharide depolymerase enzyme specific for the exopolysaccharide (EPS) of strain 53b. Using batch culture and chemostatlinked Modified Robbins Device systems it was observed that SF1 53b could degrade the EPS of a mono-species biofilm (strain 53b) and infect the cells. The disruption of the biofilm by phage was a combination of EPS degradation by the depolymerase and infection and subsequent cell lysis by the phage. Strain Serr biofilms were not susceptible to the phage and the biofilm EPS was not degraded by the phage glycanase, with the result that the biofilm was unaffected by the addition of SF153b phage. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that specific phage could extensively degrade susceptible biofilms and continue to infect biofilm bacteria whilst EPS degradation was occurring.
Rethinking the critical period for language: New insights into an old question from American Sign Language.

We thank the commentators for their thoughtful critiques, which we found both insightful and stimulating to our own thinking. Our first response is that, while debates about the CPL in theoretical contexts are important, the vigor and intensity of these debates should not overshadow the fact that the main goal of our article was to highlight a finding of vital importance: Sufficient language input in early childhood matters deeply because it has long-term consequences (Lillo-Martin, 2018). Woll sums up this point both succinctly and poignantly in her report of a similar case of very late L1 exposure in adulthood who had decades of experience: “For a [deaf] child who, even in the context of early intervention, does not acquire a spoken language, the danger is that they will never have native-like mastery of any L1. ” This is what truly matters. Our hope is that our keynote article and the accompanying commentaries might have a positive effect on clinical practice, educational policy, and even parental choice in this regard. In what follows, we discuss the main issues arising from the commentaries. First we note the points of agreement followed by a clarification of what we did not claim in our article. Researchers continue to debate what the shape of the AoA function looks like and its theoretical implications, which we address third. We then address the issues raised as to whether late L1 acquisition and late L2 learning differ in degree or kind, and last we discuss what we mean when we say that language acquisition during post-natal brain growth creates the capacity to learn language.
Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices and secondary instabilities in super-magnetosonic regimes

Abstract. The nonlinear behaviour of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is investigated with a two-fluid simulation code in both sub-magnetosonic and super-magnetosonic regimes in a two-dimensional configuration chosen so as to represent typical conditions observed at the Earth's magnetopause flanks. It is shown that in super-magnetosonic regimes the plasma density inside the vortices produced by the development of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is approximately uniform, making the plasma inside the vortices effectively stable against the onset of secondary instabilities. However, the relative motion of the vortices relative to the plasma flow can cause the formation of shock structures. It is shown that in the region where the shocks are attached to the vortex boundaries the plasma conditions change rapidly and develop large gradients that allow for the onset of secondary instabilities not observed in sub-magnetosonic regimes.
How does the quasi-biennial oscillation affect the stratospheric polar vortex?

AbstractThe stratospheric polar vortex is weaker in the easterly phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO-E) than in the westerly phase (QBO-W), but the mechanism behind the QBO's influence is not well understood. The composite difference of the atmospheric state between QBO-E and QBO-W is found to closely resemble the structure of the northern annular mode, the leading empirical orthogonal function of stratospheric variability, including its wave components. Studies of dynamical systems indicate that many different forcings could give rise to this response, and therefore this composite difference does not provide much information about the forcing mechanism. It is argued that the full transient response of a system to an applied forcing is likely to be much more informative about the dynamics of the forcing mechanism, especially the response on time scales shorter than the dynamical time scale, which is about a week for vortex variability. It is shown that the transient response of the vortex to forc.
EFFECT OF LOW INTENSITY ULTRASONIC ON EHRLICH SOLID TUMOR IN VIVO

Purposes: To determine the effect of low intensity ultrasonic on Ehrlich solid tumor in vivo. Study Design: It is a randomized controlled study. Methodology: Thirty one mice were divided into 2 experimental groups. Experimental group I (which started after 4 weeks from induction of Ehrlich solid tumor) contained 17 mice, which subdivided into treated group contained 10 mice, and the control group which received shame ultrasonic and contained 7 mice. Experimental group II (which started after 2 weeks from induction of Ehrlich solid tumor) , contained 14 mice, which subdivided into treated group contained 7 mice, and the control group which received shame ultrasonic and contained 7 mice. Comparison in between both groups in each experiment was done for measuring tumor cell size and tumor necrotic area through histopathology examination, and for measuring Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) expression through immune histo chemistry examination. Also comparisons between treated groups of 2 experiments were done. Results: The study revealed that there were significant differences in the measurements of Tumor cell size between treated and control groups in 1 and 2 experiment. For tumor necrotic area measurements and for VEGF there were highly significant differences between treated and control group in 2 experiment, and no significance difference in 1 experiment. And for all variables there were significant difference in between 1 and 2 experiment Conclusion: Low intensity ultrasonic particularly targeted the vascular structures of tumor, and may prevent further tumor growth. European Scientific Journal July 2013 edition vol.9, No.21 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 18577431 104
Biological exacerbation clusters demonstrate asthma and COPD overlap with distinct mediator and microbiome profiles

61 62 BACKGROUND: Exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pul monary disease (COPD) 63 are heterogeneous. 64 OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the sputum cellular, media tor, and microbiome profiles 65 of both asthma and COPD exacerbations. 66 METHODS: Patients with severe asthma or moderate-to-severe C OPD were prospectively 67 recruited to a single centre. Sputum mediators were available in 32 asthma and 73 COPD patients 68 assessed at exacerbation. Biologic clusters were de termined using factor and cluster analyses on a 69 panel of sputum mediators. Patterns of clinical par ameters, sputum mediators, and microbiome 70 communities were assessed across the identified clu sters. 71 RESULTS: The asthma and COPD patients had different clinical haracteristics and 72 inflammatory profiles, but similar microbial ecolog y. Three exacerbation biologic clusters were 73 identified. Cluster 1 was COPD predominant, with 27 COPD and 7 asthma patients exhibiting 74 elevated blood and sputum neutrophil counts, proinf lammatory mediators (IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-6R, 75 TNFα, TNF-R1, TNF-R2, and VEGF), and proportion of the bacterial phylum Proteobacteria. 76 Cluster 2 had 10 asthma and 17 COPD patients with e levated blood and sputum eosinophil counts, 77 Type 2 (T2) mediators (IL-5, IL-13, CCL13, CCL17, a nd CCL26), and proportion of the bacterial 78 phylum Bacteroidetes. Cluster 3 had 15 asthma and 29 COPD subjects with elevated Type 1 (T1) 79 mediators (CXCL10, CXCL11, and IFNΥ) and proportions of phyla Actinobacteria and 80 Firmicutes. 81 CONCLUSIONS: A biologic clustering approach revealed three subgroups of asthma and COPD 82 exacerbations each with different percentages of ov erlapping asthma and COPD patients. The 83 sputum mediator and microbiome profiles were distin ct between clusters. 84
The Value of Fidelity in Adaptation

When the Coen brothers film, O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000) opens, a title card quotes the opening lines of Homer’s Odyssey: ‘O Muse! / Sing in me, and through me tell the story / Of that man skilled in all the ways of contending, / A wanderer, harried for years on end . ’ However, beyond a few general similarities in regard to incident and character (e.g., the protagonist of the film is called ‘Ulysses’ and his wife is ‘Penny’), the two works tell very different stories. The Coen brothers admit that they had never read the Odyssey and they didn’t originally intend their film as a genuine adaptation of Homer’s poem.1 The film tells the story of populism and racism in the American south during the great depression, and prominently features the folk music of that era. One of the themes of the film is the intersection between popular music and politics. While some elements of Homer’s poem can be found in O Brother (both consist of a journey home and a few incidents along the way are alluded to), the film does not much resemble its ostensible source. Wolfgang Peterson’s film Troy (2004), is also announced as an adaptation of one of Homer’s poems: the Iliad (though it also incorporates plot elements from Virgil’s Aeneid). The film mostly follows the sequence of events in Homer’s epic, with omissions (the cast of characters is vastly reduced) and some significant changes and additions (most significantly, a romance between Achilles and Briseas). But the principal events and characters are the same. Thematically, the film emphasizes the vice of pride and the importance of being remembered after one dies. There is a palpable attempt to capture both the plot and the thematic ideas from Homer’s epic poem. And some scenes and events are rendered in ways that closely resemble scenes from the poem.
Errata: Hyperinsulinemia: A unifying theory of chronic disease?

Errata: The original article was published with an error of hyperinsulinemia improves fibrinolysis, instead hyperinsulinemia impairs fibrinolysis. The error has been corrected in this version. Globally, there is an increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases. The morbidity and mortality from these conditions confer a greater economic societal burden. Epidemiological research associates insulin resistance in the etiology of these diseases, but there is limited evidence for the mechanism of damage. Emerging research suggests that hyperinsulinemia, a symptom of insulin resistance, may cause these pathological changes, and therefore be an independent contributor to these diseases. This review shows that hyperinsulinemia, or excessive insulin secretion, should be considered independently to insulin resistance, defined as glucose uptake rate, even though the two conditions are intertwined and will co-exist under normal conditions. Hyperinsulinemia directly and indirectly contributes to a vast array of metabolic diseases including all inflammatory conditions, all vascular diseases, gestational and type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity and certain cancers and dementias. The mechanisms include increased production of: insulin growth factor-1; reactive oxidative species and advanced glycation end-products; and triglyceride and fatty acids. Hyperinsulinemia also directly and indirectly affects many other hormones and cytokine mechanisms including leptin, adiponectin and estrogen. There is limited research standardizing the hyperinsulinemia diagnostic process. Methodological concerns and lack of standardized reference ranges preclude the use of fasting insulin. Most research has also focused on insulin resistance and it is unknown whether these methods translate to hyperinsulinemia.
Synthesis of Conical Beam Array Antenna With Concentric Loop Configuration Using Element-Level Pattern Diversity Technique

The synthesis of conical beam array antenna with concentric loop configuration using element-level pattern diversity (ELPD) technique is presented. The synthesis of the conical beam is realized by using the superposition of different conical beams radiated from each circular element that are independently controlled through the weightings. The employment of the ELPD technique results in many advantages such as ripple free, the flexibility in the synthesis, small number of the elements, and relatively simple feed network. The procedures of the synthesis and the numerical results are given. The practical prototype of a three-element array was designed by using full-wave solver and was tested. The 6% impedance bandwidth at a center frequency of 10 GHz with $|S_{11}| < -10$ dB and stable radiation patterns are achieved. The measured maximum gain at the beam-pointing angle of 18° is 11.9 dBi. Good agreement can be observed from the simulated results and the measured ones.
Learning about Danger: Chemical Alarm Cues and Threat‐Sensitive Assessment of Predation Risk by Fishes

Most species are at risk of predation during some, if not all, phases of their lives. As a result, there exists strong selection pressure for early detection and avoidance of potential predation threats. However, predator avoidance has the potential to be very costly, as it reduces time and energy available for other activities such as foraging, mating and territorial defence (Godin & Smith 1988; Sih 1992) or forces prey to utilise suboptimal habitats (Gotceitas & Brown 1993), leading to a reduction in energy intake and reproductive output (Lima & Dill 1990). Presumably, prey that can adjust the intensity of their predator avoidance response according to the level of perceived risk should be at a selective advantage (Helfman 1989; Lima & Dill 1990). This supposition is known as threat-sensitive predator avoidance (Helfman 1989; Chivers et al. 2001) Threat-sensitive assessment of predation risk is complicated by the fact that predation itself is highly variable in space and time (Sih et al. 2000; Griffin 2004; Lima & Steury 2005; Ferrari et al. 2009a). Likewise, the form of predation and the degree of risk may change dramatically as prey individuals grow (size-dependent predation risk; Brönmark & Miner 1992), shift habitat preferences with ontogeny (Werner & Gilliam 1984) or move within heterogeneous habitats (Golub et al. 2005). Prey may also move between prey guilds (Olson et al. 1995; Olson 1996; Brown et al. 2001) and are subject to seasonal changes in biotic and/or abiotic conditions (Gilliam & Fraser 2001). This high degree of variability can result in unpredictable and variable predation risk. Prey that can reliably assess local predation risk based on recent experience (i.e. learning) should be better able to deal with variability in predation pressure. Our recent reviews (Brown & Chivers 2005, 2006) have highlighted the mechanisms of chemically mediated learning in prey fishes. Our goal here is to review some of the new directions in the field of chemically mediated predator recognition. Specifically, we examine the role-learning plays in the threat-sensitive mediation of predation risk.
Is the baryon acoustic oscillation peak a cosmological standard ruler

In the standard model of cosmology, the Universe is static in comoving coordinates; expansion occurs homogeneously and is represented by a global scale factor. The baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) peak location is a statistical tracer that represents, in the standard model, a fixed comoving-length standard ruler. Recent gravitational collapse should modify the metric, rendering the effective scale factor, and thus the BAO standard ruler, spatially inhomogeneous. Using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we show to high significance (P < 0.001) that the spatial compression of the BAO peak location increases as the spatial paths' overlap with superclusters increases. Detailed observational and theoretical calibration of this BAO peak location environment dependence will be needed when interpreting the next decade's cosmological surveys.
Ins, Outs, and the Duration of Trade

We employ survival analysis to study the duration of U.S. imports. Our findings indicate international trade is far more dynamic than previously thought. The median duration of exporting a product to the U.S. is very short, on the order of two to four years. There is negative duration dependence. If a country is able to survive in the exporting market for the first few years it will face a very small probability of failure and will likely export the product for a long period of time. The results hold across countries and industries and are robust to aggregation.
19 A hierarchy of species concepts : the denouement in the saga of the species problem

At least 22 concepts of species are in use today and many of these are notably incompatible in their accounts of biological diversity. Much of the traditional turmoil embodied in the species problem ultimately derives from the packaging of inappropriate criteria for species into a single concept. This results from a traditional conflation of function of concepts with their applications, definitions with concepts, taxonomic categories with groups, and the ontological status of real species with teleological approaches to recover them. Analogous to classifications of supraspecific taxa, our forging inappropriate and ambiguous information relating to theoretical and operational discussions of species ultimately results in a trade-off between convenience, accuracy, precision, and the successful recovery of natural biological diversity. Hence, none of these expectations or intentions of species or classifications is attainable through composite, and possibly discordant, concepts of biological diversity or its descent. Reviewing and evaluating the concepts of species for their theoretical and operational qualities illustrates that a monistic, primary concept of species, applicable to the various entities believed to be species, is essential. This evaluation reveals only one theoretical concept as appropriate for species, the Evolutionary Species Concept. This conceptualization functions as a primary concept and is essential in structuring our ideas and perceptions of real species in the natural world. The remaining concepts are secondary, forming a hierarchy of definitional guidelines subordinate to the primary concept, and are essential to the study of species in practice. Secondary concepts Species: The Units of Biodiversity. Edited by M.F. Oaridge, H.A. Dawah and MR. Wilson. Published in 1997 by Chapman & Hall. ISBN 0 412 63120 2 382 A hierarchy of species concepts should be used as operational tools, where appropriate, across the variance in natural diversity to discover entities in accord with the primary concept. Without this theoretical and empirical structuring of concepts of species our mission to achieve reconciliation and understanding of pattern and process of the natural world will fail.
A Double-Threshold GARCH Model for the French Franc/Deutschmark Exchange Rate

This paper combines and generalizes a number of recent time series models of daily exchange rate series by using a SETAR model which also allows the variance equation of a GARCH specification for the error terms to be drawn from more than one regime. An application of the model to the French Franc/Deutschmark exchange rate demonstrates that out-of-sample forecasts for the exchange rate volatility are also improved when the restriction that the data it is drawn from a single regime is removed. This result highlights the importance of considering both types of regime shift (i.e. thresholds in variance as well as in mean) when analysing financial time series. Copyright © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Private Provision of Public Goods : What Factors Help Predict the Private Supply of Neighborhood Watch Programs ?

The private provision of public goods represents an important issue within discussions of economic decisions. Historically, economists believed that private agents could not succeed in privately supplying public goods at an efficient level due to incentives for free-riding. New theories and economic experiments developed within the last thirty years, however, have brought that conclusion into question. Now, economists recognize that under certain conditions, private agents have the potential to supply public goods without government intervention. This paper uses an empirical investigation of Neighborhood Watch participation in the city of Chicago to analyze what demographic factor, if any, influence the private supply of public goods. This paper finds surprising evidence that population characteristics like group heterogeneity do not play a measurable role in determining Neighborhood Watch involvement. Instead, this paper finds evidence that variables measuring the duration of interaction between residents and the costs and benefits of Neighborhood Watch program better explain variations in participation.
La «grande trasformazione» dell’università italiana

The «great transformation» of the Italian University While introducing this monographic issue on the "great transformation" of the university in recent years, our contribution pays particular attention to the Italian situation, assessing the impact of the policies recently adopted on the problematic condition of higher education in our country. A highly critical and negative picture emerges: the adoption of the logic of the New Public Management within the Italian university (for example, through the “rationalized myth” of quality and the reward evaluation systems) fails to expand the tertiary education sector, producing some perverse and dysfunctional effects which multiply the forms of domination and control within the system of scientific research and accentuate the imbalances and the territorial differences.
TTPlib 2008 – A Library for Train Timetabling Problems

We introduce (TTPlib), a data library for train timetabling problems that can be accessed at http://ttplib.zib. de. In version 1.0, the library contains data related to more than 100 scenarios. Most instances result from the combination of macroscopicrailway networksand severaltrain requestsets fortheGermanlong distance area containing Hanover, Kassel and Fulda, short denoted by HA-KA-FU . I n this paper, we introduce the data concepts of TTPlib, describe the scenarios included in the library and provide a free visualization tool TraVis.