Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preface

This issue ofISMO is focused on the propensity oflarge multinational corporations (MNCs) to locate activities in strategically important industrial clusters, as seen from the contrasting perspectives of MNC managers and host-country policymakers. Well-known examples of this phenomenon are European electronics MNCs investing in R&D operations in Silicon Valley, or American banks building major centers in London. The reason why this is happening is in some ways very easy to explain. Investing in leading industrial clusters is a way for MNCs to benefit from global scope by tapping into opportunities and ideas where they first emerge and leveraging them on a worldwide basis. It also has competitive elements, in that such industrial clusters are often the home bases of key competitors, so a local presence for the foreign MNC is an effective way of monitoring competitors' actions. But while the basic phenomenon can be easily explained, there is a surprisingly limited amount of detailed research in this area. In the MNC literature it is widely accepted that MNCs need to tap into opportunities in their foreign markets through scanning units, listening posts, or other such activities (e.g., Bartlett and Ghoshal 1986; Vernon 1979), but when it comes to understanding how the tapping process is supposed to work, there are very few detailed studies (Kuemmerle 1996; Westney 1990). Similarly, in the economic development literature there is a long tradition of research into the costs and benefits of foreign direct investment to the host country, and there is a large and growing literature around the role of industrial clusters as drivers of growth, but there is very little research that brings the two topics together--that is, around the role of foreign direct investment in industrial cluster development. The purpose of this issue ofISMO, then, is to bring together for the first time a set of papers that are explicitly concerned with understanding the why and the how of MNC investment in overseas industrial clusters. As noted above, we are deliberately doing this with a dual perspective--with regard to its implications for MNC strategy and organization, and with regard to host-country policy towards inward investment. Our belief is that these two perspectives are rarely brought together, yet each side has a lot to learn from the other. MNC managers need to understand the dynamics of the cluster in which they are investing, and the sorts of incentives that are on offer. Policymakers in turn need to get a better grip on
Effects of Seeding Rate and Poultry Litter on Weed Suppression from a Rolled Cereal Rye Cover Crop

Abstract Growing enough cover crop biomass to adequately suppress weeds is one of the primary challenges in reduced-tillage systems that rely on mulch-based weed suppression. We investigated two approaches to increasing cereal rye biomass for improved weed suppression: (1) increasing soil fertility and (2) increasing cereal rye seeding rate. We conducted a factorial experiment with three poultry litter application rates (0, 80, and 160 kg N ha−1) and three rye seeding rates (90, 150, and 210 kg seed ha−1) in Pennsylvania and Maryland in 2008 and 2009. We quantified rye biomass immediately after mechanically terminating it with a roller and weed biomass at 10 wk after termination (WAT). Rye biomass increased with poultry litter applications (675, 768, and 787 g m−2 in the 0, 80, and 160 kg N ha−1 treatments, respectively), but this increased rye biomass did not decrease weed biomass. In contrast, increasing rye seeding rate did not increase rye biomass, but it did reduce weed biomass (328, 279, and 225 g m−2 in the 90, 150, and 210 kg seed ha−1 treatments, respectively). In 2009, we also sampled ground cover before rolling and weed biomass and density at 4 WAT. Despite no treatment effects, we found a correlation between bare soil before rolling (%) and weed biomass at 4 WAT. Our results suggest that increased rye seeding rate can effectively reduce weed biomass and that ground cover in early spring can influence weed biomass later in the growing season. Nomenclature: Cereal rye, Secale cereale L.
Molecular Mapping and Confirmation of QTLs Associated with Oleic Acid Content in N00‐3350 Soybean

The fatty acid composition of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. ) seed affects the fl avor, nutri- tional value, and stability of the oil. Increasing oleic acid content in soybean oil would reduce the need for hydrogenation, a process that cre- ates unhealthy trans fatty acids. The objective of this study was to map and confi rm the areas of the soybean genome associated with oleic acid content from the soybean line N00-3350 (~583 g kg -1 oleic acid) using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. An F 2:3 population of 259 lines from the cross of G99-G725 × N00-3350 was used as a mapping population, and an F 2:3 population of 231 lines from the cross of G99- G3438 × N00-3350 was used for confi rmation. Using single-factor analysis of variance, interval mapping, and composite interval mapping, six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for oleic acid content were found on linkage groups LG-A1 (Satt211, R 2 = 4%), LG-D2 (Satt389, R 2 = 6%), LG-G (Satt394, R 2 = 13%), LG-G (Satt191, R 2 = 7%), LG-L (Satt418, R 2 = 9%), and LG-L (Satt561, R 2 = 25%) in the G99-G725 × N00-3350 population. All six QTLs for oleic acid were confi rmed in the G99- 3438 × N00-3350 population. The designations cqOle-001, cqOle-002, cqOle-003, cqOle-004, cqOle-005, and cqOle-006 have been assigned to these confi rmed QTLs by the Soybean Genet- ics Committee. The identifi cation of SSR markers linked to the oleic acid QTLs will facilitate the use of marker-assisted selection (MAS) in soybean breeding programs to increase the oleic acid content in soybean seed.
Physiological responses of transported goats treated with ascorbic acid during the hot-dry season

The aim of the present study was to determine the physiological responses of transported Red Sokoto goats (RSG) treated with ascorbic acid (AA). Ten RSG treated orally with ascorbic acid served as experimental subjects, while seven goats treated with sterile water served as the control. The goats were transported for 8 h. The ambient temperature and relative humidity during the study period fluctuated between 21 and 38°C and 51 and 91%, respectively, which indicated that the season was thermally stressful and did not favor transportation of goats. The rectal temperature obtained in the control goats was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the value in the experimental goats after transportation. There was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in eosinophil counts and an increase (P < 0.01) in neutrophil counts and neutrophil : lymphocyte ratio recorded in the control goats after transportation, which suggested that the control goats were physically and emotionally stressed. The control goats lost 11.9% of their initial liveweight, while the experimental goats lost only 1.04% after transportation. Multiple stresses, including extreme meteorological factors, acted upon the transported goats and impaired their homeostatic mechanism. In conclusion, AA administration in goats reduced the adverse effects of road transportation stress.
Sunburn

UV erythema or sunburn is a common sequela of modern man's pursuit of leisure activities. The dermatologist is frequently confronted with this painful cutaneous inflammatory response. The pathogenesis of sunburn is examined in terms of individual genetic sensitivity, environmental exposure, spectral variability, and the proposed mechanisms of its production and inhibition.
Thermally induced formation of conjugated isomers of linoleic acid

Chemical pathways responsible of the conjugation of linoleic acid during heat treatments such as refining (deodorization), frying or cooking processes have been investigated. For this purpose, methyl linoleate was submitted to oxidative and non-oxidative thermal conditions. The resulting degradation products were mainly composed of geometrical and conjugated fatty acid isomers. Oxidative conditions were obtained using tert-butyl hydroperoxide under inert atmosphere, and air. The obtained results from both thermal oxidative conditions were compared to non-oxidative thermal treatment. Higher levels of conjugated linoleic acid were found when linoleate was heated under oxidative conditions. Two distinct mechanisms responsible for the formation of CLA isomers are proposed and discussed. Evidence of formation of 9,11-C18:2 and 10,12-C18:2 acids from 9,12-C18:2 by a free-radical chain reaction is provided. The first step consists in the formation of a free radical by abstraction of an active bis-allylic hydrogen. By delocalization of the initial free radical, two allylic free radicals were stabilized and converted into the corresponding CLA isomers via the abstraction of a hydrogen radical from other linoleic acid or oxygenated species. Kinetic observations confirmed the significance of the bimolecular mechanism. Moreover, the proposed mechanism is supported by several pieces of information from the literature on peroxidation of linoleic acid. Under pure thermal conditions and/or for diluted samples, a second pathway to the formation of CLA from heat-treated linoleic acid is proposed via an intramolecular rearrangement of the pentadienyl structure. This thermal [1,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement results in a mixture of 9,11 and 10,12 CLA isomers. The formed cis/trans CLA isomers were readily rearranged by a [1,5]-sigmatropic shift to yield trans-8,cis-10 and cis-11,trans-13 CLA isomers, respectively.
Definiteness Predictions for Japanese Noun Phrases

One of the major problems when translating from Japanese into a European language such as German or English is to determine definiteness of noun phrases in order to choose the correct determiner in the target language. Even though in Japanese, noun phrase reference is said to depend in large parts on the discourse context, we show that in many cases there also exist linguistic markers for definiteness. We use these to build a rule hierarchy that predicts 79,5% of the articles with an accuracy of 98,9% from syntactic-semantic properties alone, yielding an efficient pre-processing tool for the computationally expensive context checking.
Light control of the respiration of exogenous glycerol in the red macroalga Grateloupia doryphora

Heterotrophic activity in macroalgae has been little studied, but the red macroalga Grateloupia doryphora is known to grow in light at a higher rate in a glycerol-containing medium than in seawater. The effects of 0·1 M exogenous glycerol in seawater (SW90-gly) on the respiration rate of G. doryphora and the role played by light were investigated. The algae pretreated for 2 h in the light and in SW90-gly evolved oxygen and fixed carbon dioxide (H14CO3 −), but also evolved radioactive 14CO2 from [14C]glycerol. The rate of oxygen evolution was lower than that of samples in seawater, due to a high respiration rate and/or a partial inhibition of photosynthesis induced by glycerol. In contrast, the rate of inorganic carbon fixation was higher in SW90-gly than in control samples in seawater, suggesting that non-photosynthetic patterns were operating. In darkness, after pretreatment in the light in SW90-gly, samples showed a high oxygen uptake rate just after the light was turned off. Twenty minutes of darkness .
Fatty acid profiles of 80 vegetable oils with regard to their nutritional potential

The current concern for fat intake in western countries has raised the question of the individual fatty acid (FA) impact on health. This important issue has strengthened the awareness of nutritionists and food manufacturers for the control of the FA profile of food products. The aim of this review is to provide a classification of the FA profiles of 80 vegetable oil sources, according to their nutritional potential. The first part of the review focuses on lipoprotein metabolism, and on the impact of each dietary FA on blood lipid composition (LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and circulating triacylglycerols). In the second part of the review, the oil sources are clustered by similar FA profiles, and the classification is discussed with regard to the individual FA action on blood lipid composition. Apart from the major vegetable seeds, the clustering highlighted some interesting nutritional oil sources containing mainly α-linolenic acid (camelina, linseed, perilla and stock oils), or interesting amounts of the two essential FA (purslane, chia, raspberry seed, sea buckthorn seed and salicorn oils). Furthermore, this classification provides a useful tool for the formulation of the FA profile of food products.
A Framework for Customizable Generation of Hypertext Presentations

In this paper, we present a framework, PRE-SENTOR, for the development and customiza-tion of hypertext presentation generators. PRE-SENTOR offers intuitive and powerful declarative languages specifying the presentation at different levels: macro-planning, micro-planning, realization , and formatting. PRESENTOR is implemented and is portable cross-platform and cross-domain. It has been used with success in several application domains including weather forecasting~ object modeling, system description and requirements summarization. 1 Introduction Presenting information through text and hyper-text has become a major area of research and development. Complex systems must often deal with a rapidly growing amount of information. In this context, there is a need for presentation techniques facilitating a rapid development and customization of the presentations according to particular standards or preferences. Typically , the overall task of generating a presentation is decomposed into several subtasks in
Invited Talk: How Much Information Does a Human Translator Add to the Original?

It is well-known that natural language has built-in redundancy. By using context, we can often guess the next word or character in a text. Two practical communities have independently exploited this fact. First, automatic speech and translation researchers build language models to distinguish fluent from non-fluent outputs. Second, text compression researchers convert predictions into short encodings, to save disk space and bandwidth. I will explore what these two communities can learn from each others’ (interestingly different) solutions. Then I will look at the less-studied question of redundancy in bilingual text, addressing questions like "How well can we predict human translator behavior? " and "How much information does a human translator add to the original? " (This is joint work with Barret Zoph and Marjan Ghazvininejad.)
Book Reviews: Cognitive Models of Speech Processing

This volume is one of the most valuable publications in psycholinguistics of the last decade. It is a collection of 22 chapters, all written by leading contemporary investigators, presenting much of the best recent empirically-based research and speculation on spoken language comprehension by humans (mainly adults). The chapters divide into three general areas, all of primary current concern: word identification (occupying about two-thirds of the book), syntactic parsing, and the relation between intonational structure and syntactic structure. Literally every chapter develops interesting ideas in a clear and rigorous fashion. The volume is particularly useful because, unlike most collections, the chapters engage one another substantively. Three chapters act as explicit commentaries on others, and elaborate independent points as well. Many of the other chapters also contain specific responses to the claims and approaches described in related chapters. Further, the editor's introduction comprehensively delineates the areas of agreement, disagreement, and complementarity among the chapters. As a whole, the book provides a coherent picture of the rich theoretical and methodological scene that comprises psycholinguistics today. In the following, I summarize the background and major themes of each group of chapters.
Preface

The "new economy" is shorthand for a number of interrelated changes in the business environment and in the ways businesses operate. The most important of these changes have to do with the threats and opportunities of the Internet and other technologies of telecommunication that have had a very significant impact on the quantity and quality of information available to consumers and producers. This, in turn, has a highly significant impact on market dynamics and on decision-making within fums, especially with respect to the management of innovation. A central issue that has been noted by economists such as Arthur (1988, 1989, 1996) and Shapiro and Varian (1999) is the turn from the ''traditional'' decreasing marginal returns to increasing mcuginal returns accompanying growing market size and share. An explanation of this phenomenon has been sought in the importance of "bandwagon" and "network" effects for sectors of the new economy. These effects create dependencies between the behavior of different actors and groups of actors engaged in the production and consumption of products and services. This issue of International Studies of Management and Organization focuses on the question of how fums operating in markets where mechanisms leading to increasing returns are important must organize their innovation processes. It is clear that innovation, that is, the continuous development and commercialization of new products and services, is already of central importance to firms operating in traditional markets (Cooper 1993; Leonard-Barton, 1995; Wheelwright and Clark, 1992, p. 5). The central question is how innovation management has to be adapted to the conditions of new economy environments . The articles in this issue deal with a wide range of issues relevant to our central question, but five main themes can be identified: (1) the optimal characteristics of organization of the innovation process within fums in the new economy; (2) the managerial function in that economy as well as the roles of project managers and fum managers; (3) internal or external expansion, mergers, and takeovers as means of innovation management; (4) industry and market dynamics in new economy sectors; and (5) the standardization of innovative products in the new economy. First, regarding the organization and management of teams performing innovation projects, Wielemaker, Elfring, and Volberda demonstrate that, compared to traditional economy initiatives, new economy initiatives often occupy a separate
Nutrient Composition of Chlorella spp. and Monodus subterraneus Cultured in a Bubble Column Bioreactor

The nutritional composition of two marine microalgae, Chlorella spp. and Monodus subterraneus, cultured in an outdoor bubble column photobioreactor used in batch mode was analyzed. Nutrients are reported at different microalgal growth phases. The proximate composition (moisture, crude protein, available carbohydrates and saponifiable oil), fatty acid and carotenoids at different growth stages were determined. On average, the biomass contained high amounts of protein in the two analyzed microalgae for all growth stages. Chlorella spp. biomass contained α-linolenic acid as predominant fatty acid, while M. subterraneus biomass was rich in palmitic and eicosapentaenoic fatty acids, which reached a maximum EPA productivity at the exponential growth phase (65.0 mg· L−1·day−1). For both microalgae, carotenoid content was strongly influenced by the growth phase. Chlorella spp. biomass was found to be good sources of lutein and β-carotene, while M. subterraneus biomass exhibited high amounts of neoxanthin and β-carotene. A high carotenoid productivity was obtained for this microalgae at the stationary growth phase, with 19.4 mg·L−1·day−1. The results of this study clearly demonstrated the relevance of microalgae for potential use in functional foods, justifying their commercial production.
Drought Stress in Wheat during Flowering and Grain-filling Periods

Drought is a major environmental stress threatening wheat productivity worldwide. Global climate models predict changed precipitation patterns with frequent episodes of drought. Although drought impedes wheat performance at all growth stages, it is more critical during the flowering and grain-filling phases (terminal drought) and results in substantial yield losses. The severity and duration of the stress determine the extent of the yield loss. The principal reasons for these losses are reduced rates of net photosynthesis owing to metabolic limitations—oxidative damage to chloroplasts and stomatal closure—and poor grain set and development. A comprehensive understanding of the impact of terminal drought is critical for improving drought resistance in wheat, with marker-assisted selection being increasingly employed in breeding for this resistance. The limited success of molecular breeding and physiological strategies suggests a more holistic approach, including interaction of drought with other stresses and plant morphology. Furthermore, integration of physiological traits, genetic and genomic tools, and transgenic approaches may also help to improve resistance against drought in wheat. In this review, we describe the influence of terminal drought on leaf senescence, carbon fixation, grain set and development, and explain drought resistance mechanisms. In addition, recent developments in integrated approaches such as breeding, genetics, genomics, and agronomic strategies for improving resistance against terminal drought in wheat are discussed.
NLP Approaches to Computational Argumentation

Argumentation and debating represent primary intellectual activities of the human mind. People in all societies argue and debate, not only to convince others of their own opinions but also in order to explore the differences between multiple perspectives and conceptualizations, and to learn from this exploration. The process of reaching a resolution on controversial topics typically does not follow a simple sequence of purely logical steps. Rather it involves a wide variety of complex and interwoven actions. Presumably, pros and cons are identified, considered, and weighed, via cognitive processes that often involve persuasion and emotions, which are inherently harder to formalize from a computational perspective.This wide range of conceptual capabilities and activities, have only in part been studied in fields like CL and NLP, and typically within relatively small sub-communities that overlap the ACL audience. The new field of Computational Argumentation has very recently seen significant expansion within the CL and NLP community as new techniques and datasets start to become available, allowing for the first time investigation of the computational aspects of human argumentation in a holistic manner.The main goal of this tutorial would be to introduce this rapidly evolving field to the CL community. Specifically, we will aim to review recent advances in the field and to outline the challenging research questions - that are most relevant to the ACL audience - that naturally arise when trying to model human argumentation.We will further emphasize the practical value of this line of study, by considering real-world CL and NLP applications that are expected to emerge from this research, and to impact various industries, including legal, finance, healthcare, media, and education, to name just a few examples.The first part of the tutorial will provide introduction to the basics of argumentation and rhetoric. Next, we will cover fundamental analysis tasks in Computational Argumentation, including argumentation mining, revealing argument relations, assessing arguments quality, stance classification, polarity analysis, and more. After the coffee break, we will first review existing resources and recently introduced benchmark data. In the following part we will cover basic synthesis tasks in Computational Argumentation, including the relation to NLG and dialogue systems, and the evolving area of Debate Technologies, defined as technologies developed directly to enhance, support, and engage with human debating. Finally, we will present relevant demos, review potential applications, and discuss the future of this emerging field.