Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring the effects of Lx-norm penalty terms in multivariate curve resolution methods for resolving LC/GC-MS data

There are different problems for resolution of complex LC-MS or GC-MS data, such as the existence of embedded chromatographic peaks, continuum background and overlapping in mass channels for different components. These problems cause rotational ambiguity in recovered profiles calculated using multivariate curve resolution (MCR) methods. Since mass spectra are sparse in nature, sparsity has been proposed recently as a constraint in MCR methods for analyzing LC-MS data. There are different ways for implementation of the sparsity constraint, and majority of methods rely on imposing a penalty based on the L0-, L1- and L2-norms of recovered mass spectra. Ridge regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) can be used for implementation of L2- and L1-norm penalties in MCR, respectively. The main question is which Lx-norm penalty is more worthwhile for implementation of the sparsity constraint in MCR methods. In order to address this question, two and three component LC-MS data were simulated and used for the case study in this work. The areas of feasible solutions (AFS) were calculated using the grid search strategy. Calculating Lx-norms values in AFS for x between zero and two revealed that the gradient of optimization surface increased from x values equal to two to x values near zero. However, for x equal to zero, the optimization surface was similar to a plateau, which increased the risk of sticking in local minima. Generally, results in this work, recommend the use of L1-norm penalty methods like Lasso for implementation of sparsity constraint in MCR-ALS algorithm for finding more sparse solutions and reducing the extent of rotational ambiguity.
Arithmetic Convergence of Double-iterated Polynomials

Let $f$ be a polynomial with integer coefficients such that $f(n)$ positive for any positive integer $n$. We consider diverging sequences $\{ y_n\}$ given by $y_0 = b$ and $y_{n+1} = f^{y_n}(a)$ with positive integers $a$ and $b$. We show such a sequence converges in $\widehat{\mathbb{Z}}$ and the limit is independent of $b$, if and only if $f$ does not become a permutation of length $p$ on $\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}$ for any prime number $p$. We also show that $b'$-adic asymptotic approximations of the equation $f^y(a) = y$ holds in $\mathbb{N}$ for some bases $b'$.
An Initial Evaluation of Work Fatigue and Circadian Changes as Assessed by Multiplate Posturography

The sensitivity of postural responses to the effects of work fatigue and circadian changes was explored in a pilot study using a specific method of multiplate posturography based on the differential assessment of vertical pressure on four separate platforms for each heel and set of toes of each foot, respectively. 8 normal subjects, M.D.s, were given six posturographic examinations immediately before and after three 8-hr. work shifts in the emergency room of a major hospital in Tel-Aviv. 3 posturographic measures (stability, spectral power of postural sway at low frequency of 0.1–0.25 Hz, and unilateral weakening of heel-toe synchronisation) were significantly affected by work fatigue whilst also showing interaction with circadian rhythm. 2 additional measures (power of sway at high frequency of 1.00–3.00 Hz and dysharmonic distribution of weight over the four platforms) were not related to workload but showed significant circadian changes. These effects appeared only on positions involving restricted visual and somatosensory feedback causing vestibular stress. Results justify the application of multiplate posturography as an ancillary tool in measuring objectively the effects of fatigue and circadian changes as well as the interaction between endogenous chronobiological processes and their external conditioning factors (Zeitgebers). Pragmatic implications of the findings in the context of industrial medicine and interdisciplinary efforts to prevent road and air accidents are discussed.
Universal Approximation with Deep Narrow Networks

The classical Universal Approximation Theorem holds for neural networks of arbitrary width and bounded depth. Here we consider the natural `dual' scenario for networks of bounded width and arbitrary depth. Precisely, let $n$ be the number of inputs neurons, $m$ be the number of output neurons, and let $\rho$ be any nonaffine continuous function, with a continuous nonzero derivative at some point. Then we show that the class of neural networks of arbitrary depth, width $n + m + 2$, and activation function $\rho$, is dense in $C(K; \mathbb{R}^m)$ for $K \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$ with $K$ compact. This covers every activation function possible to use in practice, and also includes polynomial activation functions, which is unlike the classical version of the theorem, and provides a qualitative difference between deep narrow networks and shallow wide networks. We then consider several extensions of this result. In particular we consider nowhere differentiable activation functions, density in noncompact domains with respect to the $L^p$-norm, and how the width may be reduced to just $n + m + 1$ for `most' activation functions.
Operation of Wind-Turbine-Driven DFIG Systems Under Distorted Grid Voltage Conditions: Analysis and Experimental Validations

This paper presents enhanced control strategies for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind power generation systems under distorted grid voltage conditions. The mathematical model of DFIG, in view of the fifth- and seventh-order components of grid voltage harmonics, is proposed and analyzed in detail. Based on the analytical model, further studies are conducted on the distortions of stator/rotor currents and the oscillations in the stator active/reactive powers as well as the electromagnetic torque, where the impact of DFIG's load conditions is considered. Meanwhile, alternative rotor current references are calculated to enhance the uninterruptable operation capability of the wind-turbine-driven DFIG systems under distorted grid conditions. An improved software PLL is designed, which is capable of accurately and rapidly tracking the frequency and phase angle of the fundamental grid voltage under distorted grid conditions. A proportional integral plus resonant (PI-R) current controller in the synchronously rotating (dq) reference frame is employed to simultaneously regulate the fundamental and harmonic components of rotor currents without any sequential component decomposition. Experiment results on a 3-kW DFIG prototype demonstrate the correctness of the analytical results and the effectiveness of the software PLL and PI-R current controller when the grid voltage is distorted.
The specific immune response to tumor antigen CP1 and its correlation with improved survival in colon cancer patients.

BACKGROUND & AIMS The present study was undertaken to determine the expression of a newly identified tumor antigen cancer-placenta 1 (CP1) in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and explore the CP1-specific immune response in CRC patients and its correlation with patient survival. METHODS CP1 expression was determined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis. Serum antibodies against CP1 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and T-cell response was measured by interferon-gamma/granzyme-B release enzyme-linked immunospot assays. The HLA-A2-restricted epitopes in CP1 were predicted by bioinformatics and then experimentally validated by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. RESULTS CP1 expression was detected in a significant number of CRC tissues, reaching 47.6% at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level and 28.6% at the protein level. Of patients with CP1 mRNA(+) tumors, more than 50% had CP1-responsive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and 30% spontaneous-occurring antibodies against CP1. Further studies revealed 2 dominant HLA-A2-restricted epitopes in the CP1 antigen: p31-39 and p58-66. In a follow-up study up to 33 months after surgery, 9 of the 10 patients with CP1-specific CD8 T-cell response survived, whereas 6 of the 8 nonresponders died. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated a significant correlation between T-cell response and patient survival. CONCLUSIONS CP1 represents a new class of tumor-specific shared antigen. Its high expression in CRC tissues, prevalence of CP1-specific immune responses in CP1 mRNA(+) CRC patients, and positive correlation with survival suggest that the antigen may be a useful target for cancer immunotherapy.
Is atopy a protective or a risk factor for cancer? A review of epidemiological studies.

OBJECTIVE There is an ongoing debate whether there is a link between a history of atopy and cancer risk. The purpose of this paper is to review the published epidemiological studies on the association between atopy and the risk of cancers. METHODS Through an electronic search (January 1986-April 2004) with an additional review of cited references, we identified studies with quantitative data on the relation of atopy (irrespective of its definition or subtype) to cancer (different cancer sites). RESULTS The protective effect of atopy in colorectal cancer has been observed consistently in the case-control studies, but not in cohort studies. A consistent inverse association between self-reported atopy and glioma risk has been shown, but there is absence of such an association for meningioma. In most studies, the risk of leukaemia, in particular childhood leukaemia, tends to be lower among people with a history of atopy. Studies, which looked at, the association between atopic diseases and risk of cancers of pancreatic, breast, lymphoma showed varying outcomes. Most studies on the atopy-pancreatic cancer relation suggested an inverse association. For lymphoma, most studies have shown no substantial association. Overall evidence indicates an increased risk of lung cancer among persons with a history of asthma. CONCLUSION Despite the mixed results, the emerging picture from most of the currently available epidemiological data indicate that atopic disease is associated with a reduced risk for cancer. Further research should focus on a more carefully defined 'atopy' status and manifestation of different atopic diseases, to advance our understanding of the role that allergies might play in the risk of developing cancer.
Slow Quantum Thermalization and Many-Body Revivals from Mixed Phase Space

The relaxation of few-body quantum systems can strongly depend on the initial state when the system’s semiclassical phase space is mixed; i.e., regions of chaotic motion coexist with regular islands. In recent years, there has been much effort to understand the process of thermalization in strongly interacting quantum systems that often lack an obvious semiclassical limit. The time-dependent variational principle (TDVP) allows one to systematically derive an effective classical (nonlinear) dynamical system by projecting unitary many-body dynamics onto a manifold of weakly entangled variational states. We demonstrate that such dynamical systems generally possess mixed phase space. When TDVP errors are small, the mixed phase space leaves a footprint on the exact dynamics of the quantum model. For example, when the system is initialized in a state belonging to a stable periodic orbit or the surrounding regular region, it exhibits persistent many-body quantum revivals. As a proof of principle, we identify new types of “quantum many-body scars,” i.e., initial states that lead to long-time oscillations in a model of interacting Rydberg atoms in one and two dimensions. Intriguingly, the initial states that give rise to most robust revivals are typically entangled states. On the other hand, even when TDVP errors are large, as in the thermalizing tilted-field Ising model, initializing the system in a regular region of phase space leads to a surprising slowdown of thermalization. Our work establishes TDVP as a method for identifying interacting quantum systems with anomalous dynamics in arbitrary dimensions. Moreover, the mixed phase space classical variational equations allow one to find slowly thermalizing initial conditions in interacting models. Our results shed light on a link between classical and quantum chaos, pointing toward possible extensions of the classical Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser theorem to quantum systems.
Cystic fibrosis-related bone disease: insights into a growing problem

Purpose of reviewThis review will describe the clinical significance, pathogenesis and treatment of cystic fibrosis related bone disease (CFBD). Recent findingsCFBD continues to increase as the life expectancy of individuals with cystic fibrosis increases. According to clinical guidelines, individuals with cystic fibrosis should be initially screened at the age of 18 years via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, if not done so previously. The underlying pathogenesis of CFBD appears to be multifactorial, but increasing data imply a direct impact by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). CFTR deficiency and/or dysfunction impair osteoblast activity and differentiation, and indirectly promote osteoclast formation. Unfortunately, once diagnosed with CFBD, few cystic fibrosis tested medical therapies exist. SummaryCFBD is an increasingly recognized complication that has a significant impact on the overall health of the individual. Recommendations to identify patients with cystic fibrosis who are at risk for fracture using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry have been established. Therapeutic agents directly studied in patients with cystic fibrosis are limited to bisphosphonates, although other potential treatment agents exist. Finally, an improved understanding of the pathologic mechanisms will aid in the study and development of therapies.
An UWB Multi-frequency transformer

A novel multi-frequency transformer is developed based on dual frequency transformer reported recently. Different from dual frequency transformer, which has two steep poles, the return loss curve of the transformer developed in this paper has one steep pole with two gentle side poles. This transformer can achieve ultra-wideband because it makes use of big separation ratio between center frequencies as employed in dual frequency transformer. At the same time, the gentle side poles avoid sharp jump of peak values between two adjacent poles. The transmission line analysis shows that the three-pole transformer can achieve 120% bandwidth compared to 60% of dual frequency transformer
Conditional Sum-Product Networks: Imposing Structure on Deep Probabilistic Architectures

Bayesian networks are a central tool in machine learning and artificial intelligence, and make use of conditional independencies to impose structure on joint distributions. However, they are generally not as expressive as deep learning models and inference is hard and slow. In contrast, deep probabilistic models such as sum-product networks (SPNs) capture joint distributions in a tractable fashion, but use little interpretable structure. Here, we extend the notion of SPNs towards conditional distributions, which combine simple conditional models into high-dimensional ones. As shown in our experiments, the resulting conditional SPNs can be naturally used to impose structure on deep probabilistic models, allow for mixed data types, while maintaining fast and efficient inference.
A Contribution to the Functional Morphology of the Femoral Chordotonal Organ in the Green Lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera)

The femoral chordotonal organ (FCO) and the subgenual organ (SGO) of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea were examined by conventional light and confocal laser scanning microscopy in order to search for neuroactive substances which are used for neurotransmission in sensory cells of these organs. Antibodies against serotonin, histamine and choline acetyltransferase were tested immunohistochemically. In the FCO, antiserum against serotonin strongly labelled cell bodies and axons of about 16 sensory cells. In the proximal scoloparium all 12 sensory cells showed immunoreaction with antiserotonin. In the distal scoloparium only four of 40 sensory cells were immunoreactive. These results suggest that different neuroactive substances are employed as neurotransmitters in the FCO of the green lacewing and that the proximal scoloparium and the distal scoloparium are functionally differentiated. Contrary to the FCO in the locust, acetylcholine was not found as a neurotransmitter in the FCO of the green lacewing. Additionally, histamine showed a negative result in the sensory cells of the FCO. Other neuroactive substances seem to be used as transmitters in the SGO because none of the tested antibodies showed positive reaction.
A model to evaluate past exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD.

Data from several studies suggest that concentrations of dioxins rose in the environment from the 1930s to about the 1960s/70s and have been declining over the last decade or two. The most direct evidence of this trend comes from lake core sediments, which can be used to estimate past atmospheric depositions of dioxins. The primary source of human exposure to dioxins is through the food supply. The pathway relating atmospheric depositions to concentrations in food is quite complex, and accordingly, it is not known to what extent the trend in human exposure mirrors the trend in atmospheric depositions. This paper describes an attempt to statistically reconstruct the pattern of past human exposure to the most toxic dioxin congener, 2,3,7,8-TCDD (abbreviated TCDD), through use of a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model which included a time-varying TCDD exposure dose. This PK model was fit to TCDD body burden data (i.e., TCDD concentrations in lipid) from five U.S. studies dating from 1972 to 1987 and covering a wide age range. A Bayesian statistical approach was used to fit TCDD exposure; model parameters other than exposure were all previously known or estimated from other data sources. The primary results of the analysis are as follows: (1) use of a time-varying exposure dose provided a far better fit to the TCDD body burden data than did using a dose that was constant over time; this is strong evidence that exposure to TCDD has, in fact, varied during the 20th century, (2) the year of peak TCDD exposure was estimated to be in the late 1960s, which coincides with peaks found in sediment core studies, (3) modeled average exposure doses during these peak years was estimated at 1.4-1.9 pg TCDD/kg-day, and (4) modeled exposure doses of TCDD for the late 1980s of less than 0.10 pg TCDD/kg-day correlated well with recent estimates of exposure doses around 0.17 pg TCDD/kg-day (recent estimates are based on food concentrations combined with food ingestion rates; food is thought to explain over 90% of total dioxin exposure). This paper describes these and other results, the goodness-of-fit between predicted and observed lipid TCDD concentrations, the modeled impact of breast feeding on lipid concentrations in young individuals, and sensitivity and uncertainty analyses.
Thinning of concentric circular arrays using galaxy based search algorithm

In this work, the thinning of concentric circular arrays using Galaxy Based Search Algorithm (GBSA). The purpose is to obtain reduce the power taken by the array while preserving acceptable properties as compared to the conventional arrays. Three arrays are considered: a three ring array, an array of five rings and another one of seven rings were used. The aim is to see the impact and effectiveness of thinning as the number of elements of the array increases. The varied parameter is amplitude-only and the variation is not continuous from 0 to 1 but is constrained to take binary values i.e. either 0 or 1. This work exploits the GBSA adaptability to this problem where the variables can only take binary values, in addition to the good performance it demonstrated with the continuous problems.
CAMcog as a screening tool for diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in a Brazilian clinical sample of moderate to high education

The CAMCOG is a brief neuropsychological battery designed to assess global cognitive function and ascertain the impairments that are required for the diagnosis of dementia. To date, the cut‐off scores for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have not been determined. Given the need for an earlier diagnosis of mild dementia, new cut‐off values are also necessary, taking into account cultural and educational effects.
A generalized phase space approach for solving quantum spin dynamics

Numerical techniques to efficiently model out-of-equilibrium dynamics in interacting quantum many-body systems are key for advancing our capability to harness and understand complex quantum matter. Here we propose a new numerical approach which we refer to as generalized discrete truncated Wigner approximation (GDTWA). It is based on a discrete semi-classical phase space sampling and allows to investigate quantum dynamics in lattice spin systems with arbitrary S ≥ 1/2. We show that the GDTWA can accurately simulate dynamics of large ensembles in arbitrary dimensions. We apply it for S > 1/2 spin-models with dipolar long-range interactions, a scenario arising in recent experiments with magnetic atoms. We show that the method can capture beyond mean-field effects, not only at short times, but it also can correctly reproduce long time quantum-thermalization dynamics. We benchmark the method with exact diagonalization in small systems, with perturbation theory for short times, and with analytical predictions made for models which feature quantum-thermalization at long times. We apply our method to study dynamics in large S > 1/2 spin-models and compute experimentally accessible observables such as Zeeman level populations, contrast of spin coherence, spin squeezing, and entanglement quantified by single-spin Renyi entropies. We reveal that large S systems can feature larger entanglement than corresponding S = 1/2 systems. Our analyses demonstrate that the GDTWA can be a powerful tool for modeling complex spin dynamics in regimes where other state-of-the art numerical methods fail.