Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exoskeletal chitin scales isometrically with body size in terrestrial insects

The skeletal system of animals provides the support for a variety of activities and functions. For animals such as mammals, which have endoskeletons, research has shown that skeletal investment (mass) scales with body mass to the 1.1 power. In this study, we ask how exoskeletal investment in insects scales with body mass. We measured the body mass and mass of exoskeletal chitin of 551 adult terrestrial insects of 245 species, with dry masses ranging from 0.0001 to 2.41 g (0.0002–6.13 g wet mass) to assess the allometry of exoskeletal investment. Our results showed that exoskeletal chitin mass scales isometrically with dry body mass across the Insecta as Mchitin = a M dryb , where b = 1.03 ± 0.04, indicating that both large and small terrestrial insects allocate a similar fraction of their body mass to chitin. This isometric chitin‐scaling relationship was also evident at the taxonomic level of order, for all insect orders except Coleoptera. We additionally found that the relative exoskeletal chitin investment, indexed by the coefficient, a, varies with insect life history and phylogeny. Exoskeletal chitin mass tends to be proportionally less and to increase at a lower rate with mass in flying than in nonflying insects (Mflying insect chitin = −0.56 × M dry0.97 ; Mnonflying insect chitin = −0.55 × M dry1.03 ), and to vary with insect order. Isometric scaling (b = 1) of insect exoskeletal chitin suggests that the exoskeleton in insects scales differently than support structures of most other organisms, which have a positive allometry (b > 1) (e.g., vertebrate endoskeleton, tree secondary tissue). The isometric pattern that we document here additionally suggests that exoskeletal investment may not be the primary limit on insect body size. J. Morphol. , 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Encapsulation Methods for Transport of Frame Relay over Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Networks

This document defines frame relay pseudo-wire emulation edge-to-edge. A frame relay pseudo-wire is a mechanism that exists between a provider's edge network nodes and support as faithfully as possible frame relay services over IP and MPLS packet switched network (PSN). Two mapping modes are defined: One-to-one mapping mode characterized by a one to one relationship between a frame relay VC and a pair of MPLS LSPs is defined for MPLS PSN. The other mode is known as port mode or many-to-one mapping mode and is defined for MPLS PSN and IP PSN with L2TPv3.
Why is Heart Rarely Affected by Cancer

Cancer is a malignant neoplasm defined as an abnormal growth and division of cells. Molecular mechanisms of cancer predicted that there are two broad categories of genes such as proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes control mitotic cell division. Tumor suppressor genes inhibit cell division, survival, or other properties of cancer cells. Oncogenes are the mutations of normal host genes which are protooncogene. Proto-oncogenes are good genes that normally control the essential cell functions such as cell proliferation and differentiation through signal transduction. Abnormal signal transduction can lead to cancer which engulfs the brain, blood, lymph nodes, lungs, bone, and every other bodily organ, part, or system. But why is heart rarely affected by the cancer? This answer is much more silent yet and literature on heart cancer is quite limited. So it is very crucial topic for the genomic scientist and pharmacologist to explore the reason behind this. Primary cardiac tumor was scarce whereas malignant heart tumors also known as angiosarcoma or cardiac sarcoma are extremely rare. A sarcoma is a type of tumor that originates in the soft tissues of the body. A type of rhabdomyosarcoma occurs in the cardiac muscle tissues (Figure 1).
Immunomodulation by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Mechanisms and Effects

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) modulate immune responses, thereby exerting beneficial effects in a variety of inflammatory disorders. PUFAs of the n-3 series that are found in marine fish oils are particularly effective. A variety of molecular mechanisms have been found to explain how PUFAs could interfere with immune cell function. PUFAs alter eicosanoid (prostaglandin, leukotriene) synthesis, orphan nuclear receptor activation (e.g. peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, liver X receptors) and T lymphocyte signaling by changing the molecular composition of special signaling platforms called lipid rafts. This review discusses these mechanisms in detail with respect to their probable relevance in vivo. In addition, the effects of PUFAs on the immune system in general are summarized, as are clinical effects in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and sepsis.
Methods for detecting lupus anticoagulants and their relation to thrombosis and miscarriage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

AIMS: To examine the sensitivity and specificity to past thrombotic events of four different coagulation tests, which screen for lupus anticoagulant (LA), and of anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. METHODS: Fifty three consecutive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were studied of whom three males and 21 females, aged 21-60 years, had a history of venous and arterial thrombosis, or miscarriage, or both. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), dilute Russell's viper venom time (dRVVT), kaolin clotting time (KCT), dilute aPTT and the circulating titre of anticardiolipin antibodies were investigated in the two groups of patients and in 20 healthy control subjects. RESULTS: The prolonged dilute aPTT was more sensitive to thromboses or miscarriages, or both than dRVVT (p less than 0.05), KCT (p less than 0.01), and aPTT (p less than 0.001). No significant differences in specificity were found among aPTT (100%), dRVVT (93%), KCT (93%) and dilute aPTT (86.2%); but aPTT and dRVVT were significantly more specific (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.05, respectively) than anticardiolipin antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows a strong association between lupus anticoagulant and thrombosis when a very sensitive test such as the dilute aPTT is used. The combination of this assay with a very specific test such as dRVVT might enable patients with SLE at high risk of thrombosis to be identified.
DUYGUSAL BAĞLILIK ile İŞ TATMİNİ ve İŞ TATMİNİNİN ALT BOYUTLARI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLERİ ANALİZ ETMEYE YÖNELİK AMPİRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA

Bu calismada duygusal orgutsel baglilik ile is tatmini ve is tatminin 9 alt boyutu arasindaki iliskiler analiz edilmistir. Calismada Allen ve Meyer’in (1990) gelistirdikleri orgutsel baglilik anketi ile Spector (1994) tarafindan gelistirilmis olan is tatmini anketi kullanilmistir. Arastirma toplam 184 katilimci ile yurutulmustur. Analiz sonuclarina gore, duygusal orgutsel baglilik ile genel is tatmini arasinda olumlu yonde guclu bir iliski bulunmustur. Tatmin alt boyutlarina bakildiginda ise, toplam 9 alt boyuttan 6 tanesi duygusal orgutsel baglilik ile iliskili cikmis, diger 3 tanesi ile herhangi bir iliskinin varligina rastlanmamistir
Projections of physiologically characterized spherical bushy cell axons from the cochlear nucleus of the cat: Evidence for delay lines to the medial superior olive

Bushy cells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) receive their principal excitatory input from the auditory nerve and are the primary source of excitatory input to more centrally located brainstem auditory nuclei. Despite this pivotal position in the auditory pathway, details of the basic physiological information being carried by axons of these cells and their projections to more central auditory nuclei have not been fully explored.
Proteins from Halophilic Bacteria : Purification and Their Applications

Extremophiles are organisms that can survive in different extreme conditions, and fall into a number of various classes including thermophiles, acidophiles, alkalophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles, metalophiles, barophiles and others. They have great potential withstand harsh conditions in industrial applications over the past decade. Due to their industrial potential, the research on extreme microorganisms and their products, such as proteins and polymers, have led to greater understanding of stability factors involved in their adaptations to unusual environmental conditions (Demirjan et al., 2001). A distinct class of extremophiles is halophiles. The name “Halophile” comes from the Greek roots “hals”, meaning salt, and “phil”, meaning friendly with, so halophily means that salt is required for survive (Madern et al., 2000). Halophilic behavior was observed in three domains; Archaea, Eukarya, and Bacteria (Kamekura, 1998; Oren, 2013). Halophiles, themselves, are also categorized according to salt concentration wherein they show optimal growth. According to Kushner and Kamekura (1988), four different categories were defined: (1) non-halophilic organisms, (2) slight halophiles, (3) moderate halophiles, and (4) extreme halophiles. Non-halophilic organisms are defined as those requiring less than 1% NaCl. Although they do not need high salt concentration, if they can tolerate, they are considered as halotolerant microorganisms (de Lourdes Moreno et al., 2013). With respect to halophilic microorganisms, slight halophiles (for
d-Glyceraldehyde Causes Production of Intracellular Peroxide in Pancreatic Islets, Oxidative Stress, and Defective Beta Cell Function via Non-mitochondrial Pathways*

d-Glyceraldehyde (d-GLYC) is usually considered to be a stimulator of insulin secretion but theoretically can also form reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can inhibit beta cell function. We examined the time- and concentration-dependent effects of d-GLYC on insulin secretion, insulin content, and formation of ROS. We observed that a 2-h exposure to 0.05–2 mm d-GLYC potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in isolated Wistar rat islets but that higher concentrations inhibited GSIS. A 24-h exposure to 2 mm d-GLYC inhibited GSIS, decreased insulin content, and increased intracellular peroxide levels (2.14 ± 0.31-fold increase, n = 4, p < 0.05). N-Acetylcysteine (10 mm) prevented the increase in intracellular peroxides and the adverse effects of d-GLYC on GSIS. In the presence of 11.1 but not 3.0 mm glucose, koningic acid (10 μm), a specific glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor, increased intracellular peroxide levels (1.88 ± 0.30-fold increase, n = 9, p < 0.01) and inhibited GSIS (control GSIS = p < 0.001; koningic acid GSIS, not significant). To determine whether oxidative phosphorylation was the source of ROS formation, we cultured rat islets with mitochondrial inhibitors. Neither rotenone or myxothiazol prevented d-GLYC-induced increases in islet ROS. Adenoviral overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase also failed to prevent the effect of d-GLYC to increase ROS levels. These observations indicate that exposure to excess d-GLYC increases reactive oxygen species in the islet via non-mitochondrial pathways and suggest the hypothesis that the oxidative stress associated with elevated d-GLYC levels could be a mechanism for glucose toxicity in beta cells exposed chronically to high glucose concentrations.
When Chinese semantics meets failed syntax

Previous event-related potential studies in Indo-European languages reported a surprising finding that failed syntactic category processing appears to block lexical-semantic integration, suggesting a functional primacy of syntax over semantics. An event-related potential experiment was conducted to test whether there is such primacy in Chinese sentence reading, using sentences containing either semantic only violations, combined syntactic category and semantic violations, or no violations. Semantic only violations elicited a centro-parietal negativity and combined violations a broadly distributed, but centro-parietally focused negativity, both in the 300–500 ms window and followed by a P600, suggesting that semantic integration proceeds even when syntactic category processing fails. Thus, there is no functional primacy of syntactic category over semantic processes during Chinese sentence reading.
Liposomes

Part 1 General Introduction to Liposomes: 1. Chemistry of lipids and liposomes. 2. Structure of amphiphilic aagregates. 3. Preparation of liposomes. 4. Mechanism of liposome formation. 5. Liposome characterization methods. Part 2 Applications of Liposomes in Basic Sciences: 6. Applications of liposomes in theoretical sciences. 7. Applications in biophysics. 8. Liposomes in the studies of the evolution of life. 9. Applications in chemistry. 10. Reconstitution of proteins. Part 3 Applications of Liposomes in Pharmacology and Medicine: 11. Liposomes as a drug delivery system. 12. Liposomes in the treatment of infectious diseases. 13. Liposomes as immunoadjuvants. 14. Liposomes in anticancer therapy. 15. Liposomes and inflammations. 16. Other medical applications of liposomes. 17. Other administration routes of liposomes. 18. Site specific drug delivery. Part 4 Other Applications of Liposomes: 19. Cosmetic applications of liposomes. 20. Liposomes as a carrier system in genetic engineering. 21. Liposomes in diagnostics. 22. Liposomes in food industry. 23. Liposomes in ecology and other applications. 24. Industrial manufacturing of liposomes.
Differential effects of rapamycin on rods and cones during light-induced stress in albino mice.

PURPOSE Autophagy is a lysosomal machinery-dependent process that catabolizes cellular components/organelles and proteins in an autophagic vacuole (AV)-dependent and -independent manner, respectively. Short-term exposure of the retina to bright light results in shortening of the outer segments, concomitant with AV formation. Autophagy is also induced by continuous long-term light damage, leading to photoreceptor cell death. Here the authors examined two questions: is autophagy induced during light damage proapoptotic or antiapoptotic, and are rods and cones affected differently? To this end, Balb/c mice exposed to light damage were treated with rapamycin to increase autophagy. METHODS Balb/c and GFP-LC3 mice were treated with rapamycin/vehicle. Photoreceptor degeneration was induced by 10-day light damage. Autophagy was documented by histologic, biochemical, and molecular tools; rod and cone survival was assessed by histology and electroretinography. RESULTS Light damage resulted in rod, but not cone, cell loss. Autophagy and AV formation was elicited in response to light damage, which was amplified by rapamycin. Rapamycin treatment significantly improved rod survival and function, reduced apoptosis, and normalized cytokine production that was increased in light damage. However, AV formation in GFP-LC3 mice revealed that light damage or rapamycin treatment induced AVs in cones, concomitant with reduced cone-mediated electroretinograms. CONCLUSIONS Systemic rapamycin treatment provided rod protection; however, AV formation was induced only in cones. Thus, rapamycin may act differentially in stressed photoreceptors; rapamycin might protect rods by normalizing cytokine production, removing damaged proteins by AV-independent autophagy, or both, whereas cones might be protected by AV-dependent autophagy, possibly involving reduced photon capture.
Minimal invasive midvastus versus standard parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the short-term results of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgeries performed with minimally invasive mini-midvastus (MMV) incision and the standard medial parapatellar technique (ST). METHODS Twenty patients (18 males, 2 females; mean age: 67.25±6.70) operated with the ST and 19 patients (4 males, 15 females; mean age: 64.53±7.53) operated with the MMV approach were retrospectively evaluated. The surgery time, blood loss, time to straight leg raise (SLR) postoperatively, range of motion (ROM) and Knee Society (KSS) score and Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score were compared between the groups. Radiological evaluation was made with standing orthoroentgenographs both pre- and postoperatively. Mean follow-up time was 29.4±8.2 months in the ST and 17.7±11.1 months in the MMV group. RESULTS In the early postoperative period (10th day), the MMV group was significantly better than the ST group in terms of ROM. Time to SLR and blood loss values were also significantly better in the MMV group. However, there was no significant difference between the groups after the sixth month, for ROM, KSS and HSS values (p>0.05). Surgery time was significantly longer (with a mean difference of 22 minutes) in the MMV group. Radiological examination revealed ideal alignment in both groups. No deep or superficial infection was detected. Two patients in the MMV group had skin problems which healed after clinical follow-up. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that functional results of TKAs performed via the MMV approach are better in the first six months when compared to those of the ST.
Emotion classification of spontaneous speech using spoken term detection

This paper proposes an emotion classification method for spoken utterances using a spoken-term detection (STD) method. This is a keyword extraction method using spoken utterances. The extracted keywords are used to decide on the emotion category of an utterance. Most keywords extracted by the STD system are redundant and some of them negatively affect the emotion classification performance. Therefore, we propose a keyword filtering method based on the semantic relationships between keywords. The semantic relationships are calculated based on a word-embedding technique. The emotion classification results show that our proposed method outperformed the classification performance of the baseline system in which STD and keyword filtering were not used.
Studies on an acid ribonuclease from corticoid-sensitive 9alpha-fluoroprednisolone-treated lymphosarcoma P1798: changes in heat inactivation kinetics of the enzyme due to steroid treatment.

An acid ribonuclease has been purified from corticoid-sensitive lymphosarcoma P1798 18 hr after a single injection of 9α-fluoroprednisolone into host mice, and the properties of the enzyme were studied. This enzyme differs in heat inactivation kinetics from the acid ribonuclease of control tumors purified by identical methods. The enzymes from control and steroid-treated tumors do not show differences in sedimentation behavior, isoelectric point, KM, and specificity towards substrates.
Dietary Antioxidants During Cancer Chemotherapy: Impact on Chemotherapeutic Effectiveness and Development of Side Effects

Several studies suggest that dietary supplementation with antioxidants can influence the response to chemotherapy as well as the development of adverse side effects that results from treatment with antineoplastic agents. Administration of antineoplastic agents results in oxidative stress, i.e., the production of free radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress reduces the rate of cell proliferation, and that occurring during chemotherapy may interfere with the cytotoxic effects of antineoplastic drugs, which depend on rapid proliferation of cancer cells for optimal activity. Antioxidants detoxify ROS and may enhance the anticancer effects of chemotherapy. For some supplements, activities beyond their antioxidant properties, such as inhibition of topoisomerase II or protein tyrosine kinases, may also contribute. ROS cause or contribute to certain side effects that are common to many anticancer drugs, such as gastrointestinal toxicity and mutagenesis. ROS also contribute to side effects that occur only with individual agents, such as doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Antioxidants can reduce or prevent many of these side effects, and for some supplements the protective effect results from activities other than their antioxidant properties. Certain side effects, however, such as alopecia and myelosuppression, are not prevented by antioxidants, and agents that interfere with these side effects may also interfere with the anticancer effects of chemotherapy.
Modeling the continuance usage intention of game-based learning in the context of collaborative learning

Growing attention is being paid to the use of game-based learning in education, due to the rapid progress of information technology Internet. Students need to cultivate not only their own abilities, but also the ability of collaboration after graduation. However, collaboration must be directed by appropriate guidance in order to demonstrate the expected results, the rules of the game guide can be applied to achieve this learning goal. Therefore, it will be meaningful to analyze the students' learning effectiveness in game based learning in the way of collaborative learning. In this study, we designed a digital history game of Ming Dynasty to apply collaborative learning strategy. The technology acceptance model (TAM) the theory of planned behavior (TPB) are incorporated in the study to hypothesize a complete model to investigate the continuance intention of collaboratively game-based learning environment. The results supported that usefulness, attitude and subjective norm had positive impacts on continued intention to use game-based learning in a collaborative learning environment.
Higher socio-economic status of parents may increase risk for bipolar disorder in the offspring

Background. There are conflicting data regarding the socio-economic risk factors for bipolar disorders. The aim of the present study was to explore the association between the socio-economic status of an individual or the parent and the risk for bipolar disorder. Method. Two Danish registers were merged. From the data source, we extracted those born in 1960 or later, and those with a first-ever admission to, or contact with, a Danish psychiatric facilities during 1981–1998 with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Fifty time-matched controls per case were chosen by the incidence-density sampling method. Effects of marital status, occupation, education, income, and wealth, of both subjects and the parents, were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Results. A total of 947 cases were matched to 47 350 controls. Those at high risk of bipolar disorders were: single subjects, those in receipt of social assistance, pension or sickness payments, unemployed, subjects with a shorter educational history, and subjects with lower income. Conversely, parental higher education and higher level of paternal wealth were associated with increased risk. These associations remained significant after adjustment for gender, family history of psychiatric diagnoses, and other socio-economic variables, and are unlikely to be explained by known biases. Conclusions. The associations of lower socio-economic indices of subjects may be explained as a consequence of the disease. The association of higher socio-economic indices of parents may be explained by socio-economic achievement in the family of origin.
Diffraction Effects in Terahertz Band - Measurements and Analysis

Measurement results and related analysis on the diffraction properties in the THz frequency band are reported. The results are given on the bands from approximately 100 GHz to 2 THz. Measurements were made for knife-edge diffraction, and diffraction through single and double slits. The diffraction effects are of interest in modeling the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) paths in the THz band. Therefore, the measurement results have significant practical value for designing the real communication systems. The theoretical models from the literature show a very good match to the measurement results. The key finding is that wireless communication links in the THz band can be established even in the shadows of the objects through diffraction with reasonable path loss. This also indicates another path in the THz multipath environment, as the previous studies have shown the THz radiation is capable on penetration, reflections, and scattering.