Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review on Brain Imaging Techniques for BCI Applications

Evolution has endowed human race with the most adroit brain, and to harness its potential to the fullest the concept of brain computer interface (BCI) has emerged. One of the most crucial components of BCI is the technique of brain imaging. The first approach in the field of brain imaging was to measure the electrical and magnetic activity of the brain, the techniques being known as Electroencephalography and Magnetoencephalography. Striving for furtherance, researchers came up with another alternative known as Magnetic Resonance Imaging. But it being confined to only structural imaging, the functional aspects of brain were mapped using functional magnetic resonance imaging. A similar but comparatively newer neuroimaging modality is Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation neuro-physiological technique is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. Based on nuclear medicine the brain imaging technologies that are widely explored in the world of BCI are Positron Emission Tomography and Single Positron Emission Tomography.
Review of biological hypotheses explaining aging

Revision de las hipotesis biologicas que explican el envejecimiento. Resumen: El trabajo que presentamos analiza y organiza las teorias mas relevantes que existen y abordan la etiologia del envejecimiento. Todas las hipotesis expuestas poseen contenidos biologicos, especifica y geneticamente marcados, pero al mismo tiempo con un caracter de inconstancia e irregularidad, quizas porque todavia hoy los conocimientos se encuentran en fase de experimentacion y son muchas las teorias biologicas explicativas de la vejez; unas y otras se centran en la duracion de la vida, y en la restriccion de las funciones vitales, en relacion con la supervivencia como variable dependiente. De todos modos, hoy dia, los avances de saberes tan minucioso como la genetica, o la biologia molecular, logran que varias de esas teorias, resulten decorosamente garantes.
Influence of Light Intensity on the Fatty Acid Composition of Ulva pertusa Kjellman (Chlorophyta)

Changes in the fatty acid (FA) composition of the green seaweed, Ulva pertusa, in response to irradiance (15, 30, 45, 90, 135 and 195 μE m −2 s −1 ), and to the natural photoperiod were investigated. The levels of the following FAs increased with increasing light intensity, suggesting a role as storage products: 15:0, palmitic (16:0), linolenic (18:2n-6), arachidonic (20:4) and 22:4. The level of 16:0, a major FA, increased (from 25% to 29% of total FAs) up to 90 μE m −2 s −1 , beyond which, levels slightly decreased. Levels of 14:1 and the major FA, hexadecatetraenoic (16:4n-3), were inversely related to light intensity, suggesting a role as components of photosynthetic membranes. Levels of 16:4n-3 at the lowest light intensity (21% of total FAs, 15 μE m −2 s −1 ) were nearly twice that observed at the highest light intensity (11% of total FAs, 195 μE m −2 s −1 )
INVESTIGATION OF GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG HAMRA AND BÉNI-IGHIL SHEEP BREEDS BASED ON MICROSATELLITE MARKERS

Suheil Samir Bachir GAOUAR1,2* , Samia KDIDI3,4 , Nacera TABET AOUEL 1 , R AIT-YAHIA 5 , Nadjet BOUSHABA 1, Miloud AOUISSAT 6 , Nathira SAIDI-MEHTAR 1. 1Laboratoire de Genetique Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Universite des sciences technique d’Oran (USTO), Oran 31000, Algerie. 2Departement de biologie, Faculte des sciences de la nature, de la terre et de l’univers, Universite Aboubakr Belkaid, Tlemcen 13000, Algerie. 3Livestock & Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute, 4119 Medenine Tunisia, 4Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences, TunisEl Manar University, 2092 Tunisia. 5Departement de genetique moleculaire applique, Faculte des sciences, Universite des sciences technique d’Oran (USTO), Oran 31000, Algerie. 6Institut technique de l’elevage (ITElv) d’Ain El-Hadjar 20100 Saida, Algerie.
Effects of Climate Change on Food Expenditures of Rural Households in Iran

This study examined the effects of climate change on food expenditure in rural household of Iran. Food expenditure is investigated as a function of average income of rural house- holds, retail food price index and food expenditure for rural households, agricultural sown area and climate change. Here, the Stata11 software is used and data are from 26 provinces of the country for 10 years. Precipitation, temperature and relative humidity are considered as indicators for climate variables. The results indicated a positive and significant effect of average income of rural households, retail food prices, food expenditure of rural households with a lag and precipitation on the food expenditure of rural households. Agricultural sown area and relative humidity had no effect on the food expenditure of rural households and temperature had a significant and negative effect on the food expenditure of rural households. In the end, due to the impact that each of these variables explicitly have on food expenditure of rural households and implicitly on food security of rural households, suggestions for maintaining and improving food security of rural households is presented.
Evolution of ice crystal microstructures during creep experiments

Ice of polar ice sheets consists of compacted layers of snow from the past 100000 to several 100000 years which preserves a variety of palaeo-atmospheric parameters and therefore is an important information source to study the past climate. Knowledge of mechanical properties of ice is of vital importance for the interpretation and dating of ice core records and modeling of ice sheet flow.Interpretation of deformation effects in polar ice samples is complicated by the fact that initial properties of samples and physical parameters are unknown and changing from layer to layer. Furthermore, interaction with other processes occurs and cannot easily be distinguished from substantial deformation effects. For example, inherited attributes of the ice such as inclusions significantly influence grain growth behaviour. Laboratory experimental creep tests help to improve the understanding on flow and deformation behaviour and processes in polycrystalline ice.During flow, various processes on the atomic scale are conducting the deformation and producing or promoting strain. As these processes are acting on the atomic scale, they are difficult to observe directly in deformed polycrystalline ice. However, they leave behind certain structures on the microscopic scale indicating deformation mechanisms. The microstructure mapping method enables detailed observation and recording of many kinds of microstructures such as grain boundaries, sub-grain boundaries and slip lines.Analysis of samples from uni-axial compression creep tests with small grained and bubble-free isotropic ice (stress: 0.2 to 0.6MPa, strain: 0.5 to 8.6%, temperature:-5°C and -20°C) reveal a strain dependence of sub-grain boundary density, which reaches a steady value together with the achievement of constant secondary strain rate at ca. 2% strain. Strain shape, measured by the perimeter ratio, the first time applied for ice, also depends on strain, which clearly demonstrates the increasing influence of strain induced grain boundary migration.
From Deficits to Debt and Back: Political Incentives Under Numerical Fiscal Rules

Under numerical fiscal rules, such as those underpinning EMU, governments have strong temptations to use accounting tricks to meet the fiscal constraints. Given these political incentives, fiscal variables that in the past were regarded as a mere residual acquire a strategic role. This is the case of the so-called stock-flow adjustment (SFA) which reconciles deficit and debt developments. We develop a simple theoretical model where deficits and two distinct SFA components (one that could be used to reduce the deficit figures and the other to impact debt figures instead) are determined as a result of a constrained optimization by fiscal authorities. Econometric evidence provides results consistent with the model findings. The SFA component related to the purpose to hide deficits rises with the recorded deficit, while the sales of financial assets designed to keep the debt under control rise with debt and deficit. Such practices have greatly contributed to the loss of credibility of EMU’s fiscal rules. If properly implemented, the reformed Pact, which stresses durable adjustment and long-run sustainability, should help curb such perverse incentives.
Effects of Teenage Pregnancy on Academic Progression of Girls in Primary Schools in Ainamoi Sub County, Kericho County

Teenage pregnancy involves females under the age of 18 and it is interplay of several factors social, biological, economic and psychological. Teenage pregnancy has been widely studied, but attention in relation to Africa has been largely limited to its prevalence. In particular, little work has been done on the effect of teenage pregnancy on academic progression, since the girls’ enrolment in Ainamoi sub-county is fluctuating.Walberg’s theory of educational productivity and Positive and the roots of motivation theory was the theoretical framework that underpinned the study.
Ultra wideband omnidirectional discone antenna for WLAN applications

The focus of this thesis is to design a dielectric covered discone WLAN antenna working under the protocols of IEEE802.11 a/b/g/n. It has the wideband operation of discone antennas and the compact dimensions of dielectric resonator antennas which is compatible with the latest main protocol WLAN applications. This antenna has an ultra-wide bandwidth (2.25 GHz-6.0 GHz), which is sufficient for the data communication protocols of IEEE802.11 a/b/g/n (2401 MHz-2484 MHz and 5150 MHz-5825 MHz). Its directivity is 3.1 dBi at the lower frequency band and 5.3 dBi at the higher frequency band, which is enough to cover conventional indoor usages. In order to use similar radiation patterns at both operational bands the quad slot is added to the disk. The antenna is quite competitive compared to other commercially used antennas because of its wideband potential: it can be is used not only in WLAN applications, but also for other ultra-wideband applications.
Competence Based Taxonomy of Automotive Supplier Firms

The aim of the paper is to develop a competence-bas d taxonomy of supplier firms of the automotive industry. Two different the ories, the resource based theory of the firm and the customer value approach, are linked an pplied in order to develop this taxonomy. Competences are interpreted as complex gr oups of specific customer value dimensions and their aligned capabilities (and subcapabilities), that create product and service packages, seen coherent, acceptable and ass ess ble by the customer. Based on a qualitative research carried out in Hungary, specif ic ustomer value dimensions have been identified. Those capabilities and sub-capabilities have also been revealed, which enable supplier firms to create these identified customer value dimensions and overall customer value. The competence-based taxonomy of automotive supplier firms has been developed and a comprehensive description of different compet ences has been given on the basis of these results.
Age-related changes in the myenteric plexus of the human jejunum

P. Mandic1, S. Lestarevic2, T. Filipovic1, S. Savic2, S. Stevic3, M. Kostic4 1Institute of Anatomy, Medical School Pristina, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia 2Institute of Histology, Medical School Pristina, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia 3Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School Pristina, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia 4Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical School Pristina, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
Noncrossing Monochromatic Subtrees and Staircases in 0-1 Matrices

The following question is asked by the senior author (Gyarfas (2011)). What is the order of the largest monochromatic noncrossing subtree (caterpillar) that exists in every 2-coloring of the edges of a simple geometric <path id="x1D43E" d="M764 650l-7 -26q-61 -10 -91.5 -22.5t-76.5 -48.5l-235 -184q104 -152 208 -276q31 -37 54.5 -48.5t68. 5 -16.5l-7 -28h-156q-138 170 -213 284q-19 29 -33.5 35t-33.5 -7l-29 -173q-15 -75 -5.5 -90.5t74. 5 -20.5l-5 -28h-260l7 28q58 5 74 21.5t30 89.5l70 378 q12 68 2 83t-72 22l6 28h257l-7 -28q-62 -7 -76 -21.5t-27 -83.5l-32 -172q29 11 78 46q112 84 217 179q18 16 23.5 25.5t-1 14.5t-26.5 8l-30 4l5 28h249z" /> <path id="x1D45B" d="M495 86q-46 -47 -87 -72.5t-63 -25.5q-43 0 -16 107l49 210q7 34 8 50.5t-3 21t-13 4.5q-35 0 -109.5 -72.5t-115.5 -140.5q-21 -75 -38 -159q-50 -10 -76 -21l-6 8l84 340q8 35 -4 35q-17 0 -67 -46l-15 26q44 44 85.5 70.5t64. 5 26.5q35 0 10 -103l-24 -98h2 q42 56 97 103.5t96 71.5q46 26 74 26q9 0 16 -2.5t14 -11.5t9. 5 -24.5t-1 -44t-13.5 -68.5q-30 -117 -47 -200q-4 -19 -3.5 -25t6.5 -6q21 0 70 48z" /> ? We solve one particular problem asked by Gyarfas (2011): separate the Ramsey number of noncrossing trees from the Ramsey number of noncrossing double stars. We also reformulate the question as a Ramsey-type problem for 0-1 matrices and pose the following conjecture. Every 0-1 matrix contains zeros or ones, forming a staircase: a sequence which goes right in rows and down in columns, possibly skipping elements, but not at turning points. We prove this conjecture in some special cases and put forward some related problems as well.
The Spatial Ecology of the Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus c. catenatus) in Northern Michigan

Abstract: We investigated the spatial ecology of the eastern massasauga (Sistrurus c. catenatus) at a study site unique in that it was near the northern extent of the species' geographic range and had a sandy substrate and extensive mixed coniferous forest. Forty-six individuals were radiotracked for at least one complete season between 2002 and 2004 or 2006 and 2007. Males had larger home ranges and core areas, range lengths, and movement rates than nongravid females, which in turn had larger movement parameters than those of gravid females. Movement rates and distances were not constant throughout the activity season, with males making greater movements as the activity season progressed and gravid females making the longest movements immediately following parturition. Total area used during the activity season was intermediate relative to that used by massasaugas at other sites, with minimum convex polygons around outermost observations during the active season averaging 16.7 ha. Movement indices at our site were much larger than reported indices from study sites in the central or southern portions of the massasauga's geographic range and more similar to those from Ontario and New York. The trend for increased movements at northern latitudes may have implications for managers attempting to provide sufficient habitat for viable populations and minimize interactions between snakes and roads or other anthropogenic disturbances.
Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of apple fruit: effect of cultivar and storage conditions

The benefits of fruits and vegetables are often attributed to their high antioxidant content. Research supports a role of secondary plant metabolites particulary polyphenols in the prevention of degenerative diseases e.g. cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Apple fruit are an important source of secondary plant metabolites and one of the major phenol sources being consumed during the whole year. The present investigation was undertaken to determine antioxidant capacity in selected apple cultivars depending on cultivar and different modes of postharvest storage. Additional storage at 20 °C was tested to simulate the conditions at the consumers’ home (shelf life). Antioxidant capacity differed between the cultivars. Cold storage (1 °C) for 4.5 months increased the antioxidative capacity and polyphenol content in most of the cultivars. Shelf life led to a decrease in polyphenol content and in antioxidant capacity. Storage under controlled atmosphere led to low increases of both antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content. In some cultivars polyphenol content remained stable. After the shelf life period lower values for antioxidant capacity were determined, in combination with no changes in phenol content. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between total phenols and antioxidant capacity (TEACValue). Lipophilic antioxidants decreased during storage. Storage experiments indicated that a high content of polyphenols and antioxidants can be sustained by optimal storage conditions, these fruit may contribute to an antioxidant rich diet and may impart health benefits.
Establishment of a Rapid Polymerase Chain Reaction Method for the Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Food

With the improvement of living standards and frequently occurrence of food safety incidents, People pay more and more attention to food safety. Staphylococcus aureus is one of pathogens which could cause food spoilage. In this study, specifically primers has been designed and a rapid method has been established to detect S. aureus in food to shorten time of detection, increase the sensitivity of method and provide a technical help. PCR method has higher specificity, sensitivity, quickness and convenience, which may provide a new approach to detect SA in food quickly. Staphylococcus aureus was detected by PCR samples from food poisoning, in the case of the exclusion of other pathogens that can prompt this food poisoning is caused by Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus enterotoxin is the main cause of food poisoning, which can be identified on its type enterotoxin produced under conditions permitting.
Performance Targets for Electric Vehicle Batteries by Michael

Light-duty vehicle transportation accounted for 17.2% of US greenhouse gas emissions in 2012 [95]. An important strategy for reducing CO2 emissions emitted by light-duty vehicles is to reduce per-mile CO2 emissions. While one approach is to improve vehicle efficiency, greater reductions in emissions can be achieved by switching from gasoline vehicles to electric vehicles, if the electric vehicles run on electricity from clean energy sources. Batteries affect the consumer adoption of electric vehicles by influencing two important vehicle characteristics: cost and driving range on a single charge. The cost of the battery is a significant fraction of total vehicle cost, and the battery’s energy capacity determines driving range. To lower battery costs and improve battery energy capacity, further research is needed. To guide such research, several organizations have created performance targets for batteries, including the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) and the US Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC). The goal of this thesis is to assess these performance targets based on real-world vehicle performance. A method is developed for estimating the energy requirements of personal vehicle travel, which improves upon previous methods by accounting for per-trip variation of vehicle energy consumption and analyzing data with wider geographic scope. The method consists of a model of battery-to-wheel vehicle energy consumption and a conditional bootstrap procedure for combining GPS travel data with large-scale data from the US National Household Travel Survey. The research finds that the distribution of energy requirements for US vehicletrips and vehicle-days (the sum of all trips taken in a day) has a heavy tail, namely that a small proportion of long trips accounts for a disproportionately large amount of energy consumption. Current electric vehicle batteries (2011 Nissan Leaf) can satisfy 83% of vehicle-days, which account for 53% of all energy consumed in personal vehicle travel, while batteries that meet the performance targets can satisfy 98 to 99% of vehicle-days, which account for 90 to 96% of energy. These results allow for a quantification of the benefits of meeting performance targets for battery energy capacity, which can help assess technology readiness and guide allocation of research funding. Thesis Supervisor: Jessika E. Trancik Title: Atlantic Richfield Career Development Assistant Professor in Energy Studies
Taxonomy of "Mouse-colored Tapaculos". I. On the application of the name Malacorhynchus speluncae Ménétriés, 1835 (Aves: Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae)

The type specimen of Malacorhynchus speluncae was described and illustrated as being “mouse gray with a bluish luster” on the upperparts and as having a “lighter color on the lower side of the body” which “becomes whitish towards the middle of the throat and breast”. It represents a taxon presently placed in the genus Scytalopus. Since 1907, the name Scytalopus speluncae has been attributed to the predominantly dark-gray species from the southeastern coastal Brazilian mountains. Recently, it was suggested that the name S. speluncae should be applied to a species that is light-gray with whitish belly and extensive barring on the flanks and that occurs predominantly in the Espinhaco Range, Minas Gerais state, to the west of the range of the dark-gray taxon. As a consequence, the dark-gray species, presumably without any available name, was described as a new species, S. notorius. However, on the basis of a critical analysis of the available information on the type specimen of S. speluncae, including the original description and illustration (Menetries 1835), and our examination of large series of museum specimens, we demonstrate that the type of S. speluncae falls within the known plumage variation of the dark-gray species and that it does not show the diagnostic characters of the light-gray form. Thus, we propose that the name S. speluncae be applied only to the dark-gray species. Consequently, S. notorius must be regarded a junior-synonym of S. speluncae. Because of problems related to the exact collecting sites of Menetries, and taking into consideration the distribution of the dark-gray species, we suggest “Serra dos Orgaos”, in Rio de Janeiro state, as the type-locality of S. speluncae.
A Study of Audio Watermarking Technique in DCT Domain

Department of EC, MEFGI Rajkot-360001 (India) 1 Lad.tejash33@gmail.com, 2 kaushal.doshi@gmail.com ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract— In this time, due to fast improvement in communication technology through a internet accessing is easier. The main disturbance of digital content is to protect distribution and unauthorized copying. Audio watermarking has been proposed as solution to this issue. Audio watermarking is a technique that hides copyright information into audiosignal without affecting original quality of audio signal. In this paper proposes audio watermarking technique to embedding and extraction procedure in DCT domain.