Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Visual Deprivation During the Critical Period Enhances Layer 2/3 GABAergic Inhibition in Mouse V1

The role of GABAergic signaling in establishing a critical period for experience in visual cortex is well understood. However, the effects of early experience on GABAergic synapses themselves are less clear. Here, we show that monocular deprivation (MD) during the adolescent critical period produces marked enhancement of GABAergic signaling in layer 2/3 of mouse monocular visual cortex. This enhancement coincides with a weakening of glutamatergic inputs, resulting in a significant reduction in the ratio of excitation to inhibition. The potentiation of GABAergic transmission arises from both an increased number of inhibitory synapses and an enhancement of presynaptic GABA release from parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing interneurons. Our results suggest that augmented GABAergic inhibition contributes to the experience-dependent regulation of visual function. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Visual experience shapes the synaptic organization of cortical circuits in the mouse brain. Here, we show that monocular visual deprivation enhances GABAergic synaptic inhibition in primary visual cortex. This enhancement is mediated by an increase in both the number of postsynaptic GABAergic synapses and the probability of presynaptic GABA release. Our results suggest a contributing mechanism to altered visual responses after deprivation.
Induction Motor Diagnosis Based on a Transient Current Analytic Wavelet Transform via Frequency B-Splines

In this paper, a new induction motor diagnosis methodology is proposed. The approach is based on obtaining a 2-D time-frequency plot representing the time-frequency evolution of the main components in an electrical machine transient current. The identification of characteristic patterns in the time-frequency plane caused by many of the fault-related components enables a reliable machine diagnosis. Unlike other continuous-wavelet-transform-based methods, this work uses frequency B-spline (FBS) wavelets. It is shown that these wavelets enable an efficient filtering in the region neighboring the main frequency, as well as enable a high level of detail in the time-frequency maps. As a consequence, the evolution of the most important current components is precisely traced. These characteristics make it easy to identify the patterns related to the fault components. The technique is applied to the experimental no-load start-up current of motors in a healthy state and with broken bars; the FBS capabilities are revealed. One of the novelties of this paper is the fact that the diagnosis is carried out via the identification not only of the traditional lower sideband harmonic but also of the upper sideband harmonic and four additional fault-related components.
Reliability of an electrical mill motor

This paper describes the use of vibration analysis as the means of a predictive and preventive maintenance tool. From the data gathered by means of vibration analysis a mathematical model was developed using reliability engineering tools such as the Weibull distribution. From this it can be seen that by trending data that is periodically recorded an accurate indication of equipment failure can be established. The result of this study is an indicative tool for maintenance personnel during and after predictive and preventive maintenance.
Fabrication of large area photonic crystals with periodic defects by one-step phase-controlled holographic lithography

A one-step introduction of functional defects into a photonic crystal (PC) is demonstrated. By using a multi-beam phase-controlled holographic lithography and a diffracting optical element, large area one dimensional (1D) and two dimensional (2D) PCs with periodic defects was fabricated. The uniform area is up to 4 mm2. Three dimensional photonic crystal with intrinsic defect can also be fabricated by this technique.
China as the Workshop of the World: Measuring the Role of Foreign Direct Investment Through Manufacturing Sectors and Products

Abstract: In this paper, we focus on the role of China's manufacturing in the international division of labor from the perspective of foreign direct investment (FDI). We first discuss the contribution made by China's manufacturing sector to capital accumulation, manifested internally by domestic oversaving and externally by China's trade surplus. China's output under various conditions is then measured, and the role of FDI in different manufacturing industries, differentiated according to technological type, is examined. Deconstructing the trade balance and highlighting the role of processing, the analysis provides details on the role of FDI in China's merchandise trade. The analysis also shows that China's distorted research and development expenditure in various manufacturing industries is related to lack of innovation capacity in the high-technology industries dominated by FDI.
Forest health condition in New South Wales, Australia, 1996–2005. II. Fungal damage recorded in eucalypt plantations during forest health surveys and their management

Forests New South Wales (NSW) manages over 26 000 ha of young eucalypt (Eucalyptus and Corymbia) plantations, established since 1994, in NSW, Australia. Forest health surveillance of these plantations was initiated in late 1995: results for damage from fungal diseases, including foliar, stem and root fungi, are summarised for surveys from 1996 to 2005. The main pathogen in Corymbia spp. plantations was Quambalaria shoot blight, caused by Quambalaria pitereka, which caused shoot death, affecting growth and form. Kirramyces (=Phaeophleospora) epicoccoides caused significant defoliation (>75% severity) of Eucalyptus grandis and E. grandis×Eucalyptus camaldulensis clones in several locations from 2000 onwards, often resulting in infection by stem fungi leading to top-death and tree mortality. Kirramyces eucalypti caused significant defoliation (>95% severity) of Eucalyptus nitens over several years in two plantations, which also resulted in infection by stem fungi and top-death and tree mortality of many trees. Other leaf fungi (e.g. Mycosphaerella cryptica, Mycosphaerella marksii, Aulographina eucalypti and Pilidiella eucalyptorum) were common on several host species, but rarely reached a level of serious concern. Holocryphia eucalypti was associated with elongated perennial cankers, top-death and tree mortality of Eucalyptus dunnii in plantations severely defoliated by insects and fungi or that had experienced severe windstorms. Botryosphaeria spp. were associated with twig cankers and shoot dieback of Eucalyptus pilularis on stressed sites, but also with root-bole damage and scattered mortality of several hosts during drought. Caliciopsis sp. pleomorpha was associated with localised branch and stem cankers, mostly of stressed trees, on a range of hosts from 2003 onwards, and severe cankers leading to tree mortality of E. nitens. Phytophthora cinnamomi was associated with mortality of several hosts in years following episodes of high rainfall. Mortality from Armillaria luteobubalina was rare. Management options for these diseases are discussed, and include: (1) risk-site mapping to assist in targeting management options; (2) increasing tree resistance via tree breeding; and (3) increasing tree tolerance to damage, and recovery after damage, via silvicultural regimes such as fertiliser application and improved site-species matching.
Milk yield and mammary function in dairy cows milked four times daily

Summary Groups of lactating cows and heifers were milked four times daily in two diagonally opposed glands for 4 weeks, and the effects on milk yield studied relative to twice-daily milked glands as controls. Mammary enzyme activities, in vitro synthesis rates of milk constituents and histological scoring were determined in mammary biopsy samples obtained at the end of this period. These were used for assessment of mammary function. Frequent milking increased milk yield only in the treated glands, the contralateral control glands continuing to decline in yield at ~ 2%/week. There was no significant difference in response between cows and heifers; the mean increase in yield was 10·4%. The rate of decline in milk yield tended to decrease with frequent milking, to ~ 1%/week. Consequently the yield of the treated glands continued to be elevated above that of the controls for some time after reversion to overall twice daily milking. Milk protein content was increased slightly by frequent milking. Mammary enzyme activities were ~ 18% higher in the treated glands than in the controls. Synthesis rates of lactose, casein and total protein were unaffected by milking frequency, but were all lower in the gland selected for the second biopsy, reflecting the reduction in milk yield caused by the first biopsy. DNA synthesis was increased by milking frequency, as were the size and number of epithelial cells in histological sections.
Postoperative voiding, bacteriuria and urinary tract infection with Foley catheterization after gynecological surgery

Background. The use of bladder drainage to avoid urinary retention after gynecological surgery is more or less custom based, and duration of drainage varies considerably. In this paper the use of 1‐day drainage by transurethral Foley catheter was investigated with regard to impaired voiding, asymptomatic bacteriuria, and urinary tract infection. Furthermore, the use of methenamine hippurate was studied with regard to postoperative asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infection. Methods. This summary is based on six published papers totaling 917 patients. In three case series, 1‐day catheterization was used in women undergoing gynecological laparotomy, colposuspension, or vaginal plastic surgery. To compare 1‐ and 3‐day Foley catheterization, two open, randomized trials were performed on women undergoing vaginal plastic surgery or colposuspension. The last study was a double‐blind trial between methenamine hippurate and placebo as prophylaxis against urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria using 1‐day catheterization. Results. Postoperative voiding problems and urinary tract infection occurred infrequently with 1‐day catheterization, and no more frequently than with catheterization for three days. Methenamine hippurate decreased the incidence of urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria by 80 and 40%, respectively. Conclusions. One‐day bladder drainage by transurethral Foley catheter may be used routinely in common gynecological surgery with a low rate of voiding problems, asymptomatic bacteriuria, and urinary tract infection. Methenamine hippurate prophylaxis effectively reduces postoperative urinary tract infection.
The correlation of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha and 3 beta with hepatitis B virus replication in the liver of chronic hepatitis B patients

Summary. Hepatocyte nuclear factors 4 alpha (HNF4α) and 3 beta (HNF3β) are members of a group of liver‐enriched transcription factors (LETFs) that play important roles in regulating the replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Using cell culture and animal models, we showed that HNF4α supports HBV replication in nonhepatic cells and HNF3β inhibits HBV replication. However, the expression of HNF4α and HNF3β in the liver tissue of chronic HBV‐infected patients and the relationship between the levels of HNF4α and HNF3β and HBV replication are unclear. In this study, liver biopsy specimens from 86 chronic HBV‐infected patients were collected. The expression levels of HNF4α, HNF3β, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) were detected by an immunohistochemical technique and the level of HBV DNA was checked by in situ hybridization with serial sections from liver biopsy tissue samples. We show here that samples with higher levels of HNF4α expression also have higher levels of HBsAg, HBcAg and HBV DNA. In contrast, in samples with higher levels of HNF3β expression, levels of HBsAg, HBcAg and HBV DNA were lower. There was a positive correlation between HNF4α expression and HBV replication, and a negative correlation between HNF3β expression and HBV replication, in the liver of chronic HBV‐infected patients. This suggests that HNF4α and HNF3β likely participate in HBV replication in patients with HBV infection, or that HBV replication may somehow influence the expression of HNF4α and HNF3β in the liver.
Differential responses to selenomethionine supplementation by sex and genotype in healthy adults

A year-long intervention trial was conducted to characterise the responses of multiple biomarkers of Se status in healthy American adults to supplemental selenomethionine (SeMet) and to identify factors affecting those responses. A total of 261 men and women were randomised to four doses of Se (0, 50, 100 or 200 μg/d as l-SeMet) for 12 months. Responses of several biomarkers of Se status (plasma Se, serum selenoprotein P (SEPP1), plasma glutathione peroxidase activity (GPX3), buccal cell Se, urinary Se) were determined relative to genotype of four selenoproteins (GPX1, GPX3, SEPP1, selenoprotein 15), dietary Se intake and parameters of single-carbon metabolism. Results showed that supplemental SeMet did not affect GPX3 activity or SEPP1 concentration, but produced significant, dose-dependent increases in the Se contents of plasma, urine and buccal cells, each of which plateaued by 9–12 months and was linearly related to effective Se dose (μg/d per kg0·75). The increase in urinary Se excretion was greater for women than men, and for individuals of the GPX1 679 T/T genotype than for those of the GPX1 679 C/C genotype. It is concluded that the most responsive Se-biomarkers in this non-deficient cohort were those related to body Se pools: plasma, buccal cell and urinary Se concentrations. Changes in plasma Se resulted from increases in its non-specific component and were affected by both sex and GPX1 genotype. In a cohort of relatively high Se status, the Se intake (as SeMet) required to support plasma Se concentration at a target level (Sepl-target) is: Se_{in} = [(Se_{pl - target} - Se_{pl})/(18.2\hairsp ng\,d\,kg^{0.75}/ml\,per\,\mu g)] .
Health insurance coverage : early release of estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 2015

This report from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) presents selected estimates of health insurance coverage for the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population based on data from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), along with comparable estimates from the 2010–2014 NHIS. Estimates for 2015 are based on data for 103,798 persons. Three estimates of lack of health insurance coverage are provided: (a) uninsured at the time of interview, (b) uninsured at least part of the year prior to interview (which includes persons uninsured for more than a year), and (c) uninsured for more than a year at the time of interview. Estimates of public and private coverage, coverage through exchanges, and enrollment in highdeductible health plans (HDHPs) and consumer-directed health plans (CDHPs) are also presented. Detailed tables show estimates by selected demographics. Definitions are provided in the Technical Notes at the end of this report. This report is updated quarterly and is part of the NHIS Early Release (ER) Program, which releases updated selected estimates that are available from the NHIS website at http://www.cdc. gov/nchs/nhis.htm. Estimates for each calendar quarter, by selected demographics, are also available as a separate set of tables through the ER Program. For more information about NHIS and the ER Program, see the Technical Notes and the Additional Early Release Program Products sections at the end of this report.
Opioids in the brain: supraspinal mechanisms in pain control

Systemically administered opioids produce a profound inhibition of noxious‐evoked activity peripherally, spinally and supraspinally in several species, including man. The role of the brain in opioid mediated‐pain control has been less well characterized than that occurring at lower levels in the nervous system. Yet, classical studies indicate that in morphine‐induced analgesia the individual senses noxious stimuli, but the affective, motivational and aversive character of the stimulus is no longer present. This observation indicates that morphine probably exerts a specific action on those brain systems that control complex behaviors like aversion and motivation. The failure to document such effects in experimental studies may in part be explained by less suitable methods for assessing antinocicep‐tion, e.g. measurements of simple reflex behaviors. Experimental animal studies show that supraspinal opioids may influence nociception by several distinct mechanisms, which differ from those seen in the spinal cord:
Data-driven predictions in the science of science

The desire to predict discoveries—to have some idea, in advance, of what will be discovered, by whom, when, and where—pervades nearly all aspects of modern science, from individual scientists to publishers, from funding agencies to hiring committees. In this Essay, we survey the emerging and interdisciplinary field of the “science of science” and what it teaches us about the predictability of scientific discovery. We then discuss future opportunities for improving predictions derived from the science of science and its potential impact, positive and negative, on the scientific community.
Acute effects of alcohol on unit activity in the motor cortex of freely moving rabbits: comparison with the limbic cortex.

Unit activity was recorded from the motor cortex of eight freely moving rabbits in order to examine the acute effect of ethanol (1 g kg-1) on organization of unit activity and to compare it with our earlier results from the limbic cortex. The rabbits performed a food-acquisition task in the experimental cage. Unit activity was recorded during behaviour in the control experiment followed by the alcohol experiment on the next day. After ethanol, behavioural mistakes and the duration of the behavioural cycle significantly increased. In the control experiments activation of 58% of the units had no constant relation to the phases of the behavioural cycle (non-involved units), whereas 42% of the units were constantly activated during certain phases (involved units). Two per cent of the latter units were activated in relation to newly learned behavioural acts (e.g. pedal pressing; L units), 28% in relation to food seizure and/or grinding (S units) and 12% in relation to certain movements during different behavioural acts (M units). Ethanol had no effect on the number of active units and the same relation between the number of non-involved and involved units or between the number of different types of involved units was found. However, the number of involved units decreased in the upper and increased in the lower cortical layers. Also the number of units with low background frequency increased, although the frequency within activations did not change. In our earlier study the number of active units in the limbic cortex decreased after ethanol by one third and the relation between the number of L and M units was reversed. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A role of VLA‐6 laminin receptor in invasion of breast carcinoma

The integrin VLA‐6 as a laminin receptor and laminin as a ligand for laminin receptor were detected immunohisto‐chemically in normal, benign tumor and carcinoma tissues of the breast. Epithelial cells of both normal breast and benign tumor were in almost all cases strongly immuno‐reactive for VLA‐6 in the plasma membrane. Carcinoma cells in 34 of 70 cases (49%) with an invasive component were not immunoreactive for VLA‐6, and no carcinoma ceils showed strong positivity. Although carcinoma cells in only four of 51 cases (8%) with intraductal components were negative for VLA‐6, 37 cases (72%) showed weak expression of VLA‐6 and 10 cases (20%) showed strong expression of VLA‐6. A concordant expression of VLA‐6 on carcinoma cells and laminin around carcinoma cell nests with an invasive component was observed, and VLA‐6 expression in carcinoma cells was correlated to tubular formation in carcinoma cell nests as an indicator of differentiation. These findings suggest that loss of VLA‐6 plays a role in the invasion of breast carcinoma, and that VLA‐6 laminin receptor and laminin may contribute to tubular differentiation of breast carcinoma cells.
Perceived Job Insecurity and Health Across the Life Course

Job loss and unemployment have been consistently shown to have deleterious consequences for health. However, less is known about how insecure employment experiences and the threat of job loss influence well-being. Given the high levels of uncertainty associated with threatened and insecure employment, perceptions of job insecurity are thought to constitute a potent form of work stress because the ambiguity over a future undesirable event—job loss—undermines coping strategies and attempts at stress reduction. It has been suggested, then, that health penalties should be greatest with prolonged exposure to this threat. Further, since the meaning of job loss likely varies across working life, individual reactions may be contingent on life course position. Drawing from the Stress Process Model and the life course perspective, this dissertation explores whether the two factors of timing and duration influence the health penalties associated with perceived job insecurity, along with its impact on personality traits that are fundamental to
Influence of ingested load on postprandial insulin secretion. Rôle of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP).

Two standard mixed meals including the same ingredients, and with different caloric values were ingested by 10 normal subjects. The plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) as well as blood glucose (BG) were assayed during these meals at 0 (beginning of the meal) and after 30, 60, 120 and 180 min. BG was not significantly different between the two meals. At 30 min, the GIP peak was significantly higher in the case of the meal with the highest caloric (HC) value (499.5 +/- 112.0 vs. 273.4 +/- 57.5 pg/ml). Insulin was higher as well, although not in a significant way. At 120 min, the IRI was significantly higher (63.0 +/- 9.8 vs. 34.4 +/- 6.2 microU/ml) in the case of the HC meal. The HC meal induced a significantly higher insulinogenic index (0.29 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.14 +/- 0.07 mU litre g-1 ml-1). Integrated IRI and GIP responses of the HC meal were significantly higher than those of the meal with the lowest caloric value (IRI : 7.9 +/- 1.1 vs. 4.9 +/- 0.6 mU ml-1 180 min-1; GIP : 53.3 +/- 20.5 vs. 28.2 +/- 9.9 ng ml-1 180 min-1). The early (30 min) augmentation of IRI secretion after the ingestion of a larger meal is related to the insulinotropic action of the enhanced GIP secretion. The reasons for the late IRI increase are not obvious from this experiment. They might be of neural, nutrient, and/or intestinal origin.
Monitoring sexual behaviour in general populations: a synthesis of lessons of the past decade

This supplement contains selected papers from a workshop on the measurement of sexual behaviour in the era of HIV/AIDS held at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in September 2003. The focus was on low and middle income countries, where the majority of HIV infections occur. The motive for holding such a meeting is easy to discern. As the AIDS pandemic continues to spread and as prevention programmes are scaling up, the need to monitor trends in sexual risk behaviours becomes ever more pressing. Behavioural data are an essential complement to biological evidence of changes in HIV prevalence or incidence. Biological evidence, though indispensable, is by itself insufficient for policy and programme guidance. AIDS control programmes need to be based on monitoring of not only trends in infections but also of trends in those behaviours that underlie epidemic curtailment or further spread.