Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arthur Willey, 1867 - 1942

Arthur Willey was born at Scarborough on 9 October 1867, second son of the Reverend William Willey, a Wesleyan minister. From Kingswood School, Bath, at that time reserved for the sons of Wesleyan ministers, he passed to University College, London, where his boyish interest in Natural History was stimulated and disciplined under the inspiring influence of that great teacher Edwin Ray Lankester, and this was no doubt the determining influence in his choice of a professional career. Willey entered University College in 1887 taking as his subjects for the degree of B.Sc., zoology, geology and botany. He graduated in 1890 with first-class honours in zoology.
Financing Constraints , Price Discrimination and Welfare ∗

We derive the optimal crowdfunding contract of a financially constrained monopolist and analyze its implications for production, investment and welfare. Crowdfunding contracts may serve as a price-discrimination mechanism, forcing pivotal consumers to pay a premium above the future spot price, thus increasing profits. When raising funds is costly, entrepreneurs balance the benefits from price discrimination against the costs of external financing, and respond to tighter financing constraints by decreasing the degree of price discrimination and increasing production. When crowdfunding is available, reducing the cost of capital, a common policy instrument used for spurring innovation, may unintentionally reduce production and welfare. JEL classification: L1,G23,G32
Regulation of the Assembly and Adhesion Activity of E-cadherin by Nectin and Afadin for the Formation of Adherens Junctions in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells*

The Ca2+-independent immunoglobulin-like molecule nectin first forms cell-cell adhesion and then assembles cadherin at nectin-based cell-cell adhesion sites, resulting in the formation of adherens junctions (AJs). Afadin is a nectin- and actin filament-binding protein that connects nectin to the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we studied the roles and modes of action of nectin and afadin in the formation of AJs in cultured MDCK cells. The trans-interaction of nectin assembled E-cadherin, which associated with p120ctn, β-catenin, and α-catenin, at the nectin-based cell-cell adhesion sites in an afadin-independent manner. However, the assembled E-cadherin showed weak cell-cell adhesion activity and might be the non-trans-interacting form. This assembly was mediated by the IQGAP1-dependent actin cytoskeleton, which was organized by Cdc42 and Rac small G proteins that were activated by the action of trans-interacting nectin through c-Src and Rap1 small G protein in an afadin-independent manner. However, Rap1 bound to afadin, and this Rap1-afadin complex then interacted with p120ctn associated with non-trans-interacting E-cadherin, thereby causing the trans-interaction of E-cadherin. Thus, nectin regulates the assembly and cell-cell adhesion activity of E-cadherin through afadin, nectin signaling, and p120ctn for the formation of AJs in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.
Compulsive Somatosensory Self‐Stimulation Inducing Epileptic Seizures

Summary: Three children who had been diagnosed as having infantile spasms with major psychomotor retardation were referred for the persistence of series of spasm‐like seizures, which were resistant to antiepileptic drug treatment, beyond infancy. Serial seizures were elicited by a compulsive self‐stimulating behavior that was documented by long‐term video‐polygraphy. These behaviors implicated proprioceptive inputs: tapping on the chin in one case, flexion and external rotation of the leg with dislocation of the femur in one case, a particular posturing of the body followed by rhythmic shaking of the head in the last case. This clinical picture seems to constitute a particular type of outcome for infantile spasms and is particularly resistant to therapy.
Protocols for Analyzing the Role of Paneth Cells in Regenerating the Murine Intestine using Conditional Cre-lox Mouse Models

The epithelial surface of the mammalian intestine is a dynamic tissue that renews every 3 - 7 days. Understanding this renewal process identified a population of rapidly cycling intestinal stem cells (ISCs) characterized by their expression of the Lgr5 gene. These are supported by a quiescent stem cell population, marked by Bmi-1 expression, capable of replacing them in the event of injury. Investigating the interactions between these populations is crucial to understanding their roles in disease and cancer. The ISCs exist within crypts on the intestinal surface, these niches support the ISC in replenishing the epithelia. The interaction between active and quiescent ISCs likely involves other differentiated cells within the niche, as it has previously been demonstrated that the ‘‘stemness’’ of the Lgr5 ISC is closely tied to the presence of their neighboring Paneth cells. Using conditional cre-lox mouse models we tested the effect of deleting the majority of active ISCs in the presence or absence of the Paneth cells. Here we describe the techniques and analysis undertaken to characterize the intestine and demonstrate that the Paneth cells play a crucial role within the ISC niche in aiding recovery following substantial insult.
HIV lipodystrophy: risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management

HIV lipodystrophy is a heterogeneous syndrome, which has yet to be objectively defined, comprising peripheral lipoatrophy, central fat accumulation and lipomata, along with hyperlipidaemia, insulin resistance and lactic acidaemia. Both nucleoside analogues and protease inhibitors are involved, but there are also host factors that probably place some patients at greater risk. The pathogenesis is increasingly understood, with evidence of interference of several regulatory proteins such as sterol regulatory enhancer binding protein-1, the proteasome, mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma and GLUT-4. Along with the issues of cosmesis and stigmatization, a principal clinical concern that arises with lipodystrophy is a possible increased risk of accelerated atherosclerosis. A variety of therapeutic interventions, designed to limit these risks, are under evaluation, but none is conclusively shown to be of value.
Instinct and the Unconscious: a Contribution to a Biological Theory of the Psychoneuroses

histology, anid is worthy of a fiuller description than we have in the book before uis. As a matter of fact the histological cxamination of the brain and cord of suich cases is an education in itself. The work can be recommended as a niew phase in British ncurological literature. We required a book of this natture in English, and it is welcome; but if, in the fiuture, the authors can see their way to enlarge on the subject anid lay down thc problems, in so far as we know them at present. which concern neurological research, one can predict a mitch larger sphere of IIsefiulness for a voluimc which lends itself so natuirally to expansion. In concluisioin, olne wouild remark that the subject matter is clcarly expressed, and that the illuistrations are excellent. 1). ORR.
[Study of apoptosis and expression of apoptotic related genes P53 bcl-2 C-myc in oral lichen planus].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the difference of apoptosis and expression of apoptotic related genes p53 bcl-2 C-myc in the development of oral lichen planus(OLP). METHODS Apoptotic cells were detected by TUNEL and immunohistochemical method was used to study P53 bcl-2 C-myc expression in 45 samples with OLP(23 cases of erosive OLP group and 22 cases of non erosive OLP group). RESULTS Apoptosis occurred in 100% of the cases and apoptotic index(AI) was 24.3%+/-12.0% (1.9%-50.5%). AI of erosive OLP group was 19.0%+/-10.4% (1.9%-50.5%), and AI of non erosive OLP was 29.4%+/-11.2% (10.4%-49.3%). The obvious differences existed between erosive group and non erosive group (P<0.05). The expression of p53 bcl-2 C-myc positive rates were 31.1% 35.5% 33.3% respectively. The p53 bcl-2 C-myc positive rates in erosive OLP group were 39.1% 52.2% 43.2%and that with non-erosive OLP group were 22.7% 18.2% 22.7% respectively. There was only statistically significance between erosive group and non-erosive group (P<0.05) in expression of bcl-2. CONCLUSION Apoptosis and apoptotic related genes p53 bcl-2 C-myc participate in clinical development of OLP. The changes of AI are related to the chronic inflammation of lesion with OLP. We should attach importance to over expression of bcl-2 in erosive OLP.
Editorial: North–South research collaborations: a move towards a true partnership?

The term north–south is used to describe a pervasive geographical division whereby the north represents the richer countries of North America, Europe, Japan, Australia and New Zealand, and the south represents the poorer majority of countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Given its inherent meaning, until recently, the mention of any kind of relationship between the two would signal an association in which the southern partner was viewed as the ‘receiver’ and the northern partner as the ‘giver’. More often than not, the benefits derived by the north from the relationship would remain hidden. Rather, it was ‘development aid’, calculated only in monetary terms, which would be flagged so that the ‘receiver’ would show gratitude to the ‘giver’. Given this background, the research collaboration that existed between individuals and institutions in the north and south was described by many as scientific colonialism. It was the northern collaborator who dictated the scientific agenda and its execution, as funding came mainly from northern institutions. Developing country researchers were left at the mercy of their northern partners. Wollfers et al. (1995) sum up this in their paper in The Lancet on Health Research in the Tropics: ‘Lack of funds can be misunderstood as lack of funds for local research initiatives. There are funds for northern initiatives, and consultancies within the framework of northern research programmes are well paid. ’ and ‘We have to accept their priorities and interests’. The types of collaborations that evolved over time may vary, but the lack of control exerted by southern collaborators has remained remarkably consistent. There was the colonial era collaboration during which collection of data was an integral part of the health service; expatriate research projects completely controlled by the north; collaborations with universities and ministries of health; collaborations in which northern scientists come to an African country, take blood samples, then fly them out for analysis and publication with no further input from their African counterparts; and collaborations where consultants come to a country, make use of a considerable part of the research budget in a short period, get local expertise to contribute to their work but publish the results without acknowledging their local advisors. There are brighter signs today that northern partners are willing to transform such dubious north–south ‘collaborations’ into what is now often referred to as ‘true partnership’. Interestingly, it is the northern institutions, which seem to lead the course. For instance, the Swiss Commission for Research Partnership with Developing Countries (2000) recently published guidelines for research in partnership with developing countries. The guiding principles were summed up by Gaillard (1994) in his paper ‘North–south research partnership: is collaboration possible between unequal partners’? , which is now often quoted as the charter of north–south partners:
Nuove frontiere terapeutiche degli agonisti recettoriali del GLP-1

L’alta prevalenza di comorbidita associata al diabete mellito tipo 2 (DMT2) riveste un significativo onere per il sistema sanitario. In questo contesto, i medici devono prendere in considerazione un insieme complesso di variabili quando si parla di opzioni di trattamento per i pazienti con DMT2. Nell’epoca attuale della ricerca medica, la clinica e le caratteristiche farmacologiche dei farmaci antidiabetici sono valutati in modo piu approfondito rispetto a solo pochi decenni fa e, di conseguenza, la nostra comprensione di questi medicinali si estende ora ben oltre il loro ruolo nel controllo della glicemia. Mentre gli effetti di un farmaco su fattori quali peso, rischio cardiovascolare (CV) e aderenza al farmaco una volta erano considerati secondari rispetto all’efficacia del farmaco nel ridurre il glucosio nel sangue, ora tali fattori sono ampiamente considerati nella scelta del farmaco da usare. A questo proposito, la terapia con farmaci della famiglia delle incretine, in particolare con gli agonisti del recettore per il GLP-1 (GLP-1RAs), ha dimostrato una serie favorevole di caratteristiche cliniche che ben si adattano a questo tipo di approccio olistico alla gestione del DMT2. Infatti, la terapia con questi farmaci e in grado di impattare significativamente non solo sul controllo glicemico, ma anche su tutta una serie di altri parametri, offrendo un chiaro valore aggiunto.
Phage display peptide libraries in molecular allergology: from epitope mapping to mimotope‐based immunotherapy

Identification of allergen epitopes is a key component in proper understanding of the pathogenesis of type I allergies, for understanding cross‐reactivity and for the development of mimotope immunotherapeutics. Phage particles have garnered recognition in the field of molecular allergology due to their value not only in competitive immunoscreening of peptide libraries but also as immunogenic carriers of allergen mimotopes. They integrate epitope discovery technology and immunization functions into a single platform. This article provides an overview of allergen mimotopes identified through the phage display technique. We discuss the contribution of phage display peptide libraries in determining dominant B‐cell epitopes of allergens, in developing mimotope immunotherapy, in understanding cross‐reactivity, and in determining IgE epitope profiles of individual patients to improve diagnostics and individualize immunotherapy. We also discuss the advantages and pitfalls of the methodology used to identify and validate the mimotopes.
Structure and function of the hairpin ribozyme.

The hairpin ribozyme belongs to the family of small catalytic RNAs that cleave RNA substrates in a reversible reaction that generates 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and 5'-hydroxyl termini. The hairpin catalytic motif was discovered in the negative strand of the tobacco ringspot virus satellite RNA, where hairpin ribozyme-mediated self-cleavage and ligation reactions participate in processing RNA replication intermediates. The self-cleaving hairpin, hammerhead, hepatitis delta and Neurospora VS RNAs each adopt unique structures and exploit distinct kinetic and catalytic mechanisms despite catalyzing the same chemical reactions. Mechanistic studies of hairpin ribozyme reactions provided early evidence that, like protein enzymes, RNA enzymes are able to exploit a variety of catalytic strategies. In contrast to the hammerhead and Tetrahymena ribozyme reactions, hairpin-mediated cleavage and ligation proceed through a catalytic mechanism that does not require direct coordination of metal cations to phosphate or water oxygens. The hairpin ribozyme is a better ligase than it is a nuclease while the hammerhead reaction favors cleavage over ligation of bound products by nearly 200-fold. Recent structure-function studies have begun to yield insights into the molecular bases of these unique features of the hairpin ribozyme.
Abused nurses take no legal steps: a domestic violence study carried out in eastern Turkey.

BACKGROUND Our aim was to evaluate domestic violence among nurses in eastern Turkey. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ninety six (96) female nurses with an intimate partner were enrolled. Modified form of Abuse Assessment Screen Questionnaire was used. RESULTS Twenty two (22.7%) of the participants reported domestic violence. None of them took legal steps. Most frequent domestic violence type was economic abuse (46%). Nurses, whose mothers were exposed to domestic violence, had significantly higher abuse rates. The abused group had also significantly higher smoking and miscarriage rates. CONCLUSIONS Nurses need to be well informed for taking legal steps in case of domestic violence. Family history, smoking status and abortion rates may be further research focus for risk factors of domestic violence. Legal interventions should be optimized in order to encourage the victims to take legal steps.
First Components Found for Key Kidney Filter

Researchers have for the first time identified protein components of the filter, known as the "slit diaphragm," that prevents proteins from leaking into the urine from the capillaries of the glomeruli, the tiny globes of kidney tissue where the urine is formed. Kidney specialists are hailing the discoveries, one of which is described on page 312, because they may help them understand both normal kidney function and also provide therapeutic targets for a class of kidney diseases-those characterized by loss of protein into the urine--that account for about half of the 280,000 cases of kidney disease in the United States alone.
Compressive Imaging of Moving Object Based on Linear Array Sensor

Using the characteristics of a moving object, this paper presents a compressive imaging method for moving objects based on a linear array sensor. The method uses a higher sampling frequency and a traditional algorithm to recover the image through a column-by-column process. During the compressive sampling stage, the output values of the linear array sensor are multiplied by a coefficient that is a measurement matrix element, and then the measurement value can be acquired by adding all the multiplication values together. During the reconstruction stage, the orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm is used to recover the original image when all the measurement values are obtained. Numerical simulations and experimental results show that the proposed compressive imaging method not only effectively captures the information required from the moving object for image reconstruction but also achieves direct separation of the moving object from a static scene.
Plant Gene and Alternatively Spliced Variant Annotator. A Plant Genome Annotation Pipeline for Rice Gene and Alternatively Spliced Variant Identification with Cross-Species Expressed Sequence Tag Conservation from Seven Plant Species1[W][OA]

The completion of the rice (Oryza sativa) genome draft has brought unprecedented opportunities for genomic studies of the world's most important food crop. Previous rice gene annotations have relied mainly on ab initio methods, which usually yield a high rate of false-positive predictions and give only limited information regarding alternative splicing in rice genes. Comparative approaches based on expressed sequence tags (ESTs) can compensate for the drawbacks of ab initio methods because they can simultaneously identify experimental data-supported genes and alternatively spliced transcripts. Furthermore, cross-species EST information can be used to not only offset the insufficiency of same-species ESTs but also derive evolutionary implications. In this study, we used ESTs from seven plant species, rice, wheat (Triticum aestivum), maize (Zea mays), barley (Hordeum vulgare), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), soybean (Glycine max), and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), to annotate the rice genome. We developed a plant genome annotation pipeline, Plant Gene and Alternatively Spliced Variant Annotator (PGAA). Using this approach, we identified 852 genes (931 isoforms) not annotated in other widely used databases (i.e. the Institute for Genomic Research, National Center for Biotechnology Information, and Rice Annotation Project) and found 87% of them supported by both rice and nonrice EST evidence. PGAA also identified more than 44,000 alternatively spliced events, of which approximately 20% are not observed in the other three annotations. These novel annotations represent rich opportunities for rice genome research, because the functions of most of our annotated genes are currently unknown. Also, in the PGAA annotation, the isoforms with non-rice-EST-supported exons are significantly enriched in transporter activity but significantly underrepresented in transcription regulator activity. We have also identified potential lineage-specific and conserved isoforms, which are important markers in evolutionary studies. The data and the Web-based interface, RiceViewer, are available for public access at http://RiceViewer.genomics. sinica.edu. tw/.
High-dose olanzapine and prolactin levels.

BACKGROUND This study evaluates whether high-dose olanzapine is associated with elevation of serum prolactin levels. METHOD Twenty-four patients taking daily doses of olanzapine of 20, 25, 30, and 40 mg for DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder had serum prolactin levels measured. The patients were all from one author's (J.L.K.'s) clinical practice. The mean duration of olanzapine therapy was 15.3 months at a dose of at least 20 mg/day. Data were gathered in 2000 and 2001. RESULTS There was no significant correlation between olanzapine dose and prolactin level (Pearson product moment correlation coefficient = 0.09). No significant differences were found between mean prolactin values in each dose group. CONCLUSION There was no significant elevation of prolactin with higher doses of olanzapine. Thus, preliminary evidence suggests that using higher doses of olanzapine is generally safe with regard to prolactin levels.
Roles of the N‐ and C‐terminal sequences in Hsp27 self‐association and chaperone activity

The small heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27 or HSPB1) is an oligomeric molecular chaperone in vitro that is associated with several neuromuscular, neurological, and neoplastic diseases. Although aspects of Hsp27 biology are increasingly well known, understanding of the structural basis for these involvements or of the functional properties of the protein remains limited. As all 11 human small heat shock proteins (sHsps) possess an α‐crystallin domain, their varied functional and physiological characteristics must arise from contributions of their nonconserved sequences. To evaluate the role of two such sequences in Hsp27, we have studied three Hsp27 truncation variants to assess the functional contributions of the nonconserved N‐ and C‐terminal sequences. The N‐terminal variants Δ1–14 and Δ1–24 exhibit little chaperone activity, somewhat slower but temperature‐dependent subunit exchange kinetics, and temperature‐independent self‐association with formation of smaller oligomers than wild‐type Hsp27. The C‐terminal truncation variants exhibit chaperone activity at 40 °C but none at 20 °C, limited subunit exchange, and temperature‐independent self‐association with an oligomer distribution at 40 °C that is very similar to that of wild‐type Hsp27. We conclude that more of the N‐terminal sequence than simply the WPDF domain is essential in the formation of larger, native‐like oligomers after binding of substrate and/or in binding of Hsp27 to unfolding peptides. On the other hand, the intrinsically flexible C‐terminal region drives subunit exchange and thermally‐induced unfolding, both of which are essential to chaperone activity at low temperature and are linked to the temperature dependence of Hsp27 self‐association.