Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stimulus visibility and uncertainty mediate the influence of attention on response bias and visual contrast appearance

Although attention is known to improve the efficacy of sensory processing, the impact of attention on subjective visual appearance is still a matter of debate. Although recent studies suggest that attention can alter the appearance of stimulus contrast, others argue that these changes reflect response bias induced by attention cues. Here, we provide evidence that attention has effects on both appearance and response bias. In a comparative judgment task in which subjects reported whether the attended or unattended visual stimulus had a higher perceived contrast, attention induced substantial baseline-offset response bias as well as small but significant changes in subjective contrast appearance when subjects viewed near-threshold stimuli. However, when subjects viewed suprathreshold stimuli, baseline-offset response bias decreased and attention primarily changed contrast appearance. To address the possibility that these changes in appearance might be influenced by uncertainty due to the attended and unattended stimuli having similar physical contrasts, subjects performed an equality judgment task in which they reported if the contrast of the two stimuli was the same or different. We found that, although there were still attention-induced changes in contrast appearance at lower contrasts, the robust changes in contrast appearance at higher contrasts observed in the comparative judgment task were diminished in the equality judgment task. Together, these results suggest that attention can impact both response bias and appearance, and these two types of attention effects are differentially mediated by stimulus visibility and uncertainty. Collectively, these findings help constrain arguments about the cognitive penetrability of perception.
Boma fortification is cost-effective at reducing predation of livestock in a high-predation zone in the Western Mara region, Kenya

Lions Panthera leo kill livestock in the pastoral steppe of East Africa. The subsequent lethal retaliation by livestock owners has helped reduce lion numbers by more than 80% and driven the species from most of its historic range. This conflict is especially intense along the western edge of the Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya, where some of the densest lion and livestock populations in Africa overlap. We evaluated the effectiveness of implementation for one proposed solution – the Anne K. Taylor Fund’s subsidized construction of fortified, chain-link livestock fences (‘bomas’) – in reducing livestock loss to depredation. Between 2013 and 2015 we collected 343 predation reports, based on semi-structured interviews and predation records. We used these data to study the impact of subsidised boma fortification on the depredation of cattle, sheep and goats. Of 179 fortified bomas, 67% suffered no losses over one year whereas only 15% of 60 unfortified bomas had no losses over one year. Furthermore, losses of greater than five animals per year occurred at only 17% of fortified bomas, compared to 57% of unfortified bomas. The overall reduction in losses to predation at fortified bomas equated to savings of more than $1,200 USD per household per year.
Single-Cell Photoacoustic Microrheology

Rheological properties, such as elasticity and viscosity, are fundamental biomechanical parameters that are related to the function and pathological status of cells and tissues. In this paper, an innovative photoacoustic microrheology (PAMR), which utilized the time and phase characteristics of photoacoustic (PA) response, was proposed to extract elastic modulus and viscosity. The feasibility and accuracy of the method were validated by tissue-mimicking agar-gelatin phantoms with various viscoelasticity values. PAMR realized single cell elasticity and viscosity mappings on the adipocyte and myocyte with micrometer scale. In clinical samples, normal blood cells and iron deficiency anemia cells were successfully distinguished due to their various rheological properties. This method expands the scope of conventional PA imaging and opens new possibilities for developing microrheological technology, prefiguring great clinical potential for interrogating mechanocellular properties.
Plasma concentration of neurofilament light chain protein decreases after switching from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide fumarate

Background Because tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) leads to significantly lower plasma tenofovir concentrations than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and is a stronger substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp) than TDF, TAF could lead to decreased central nervous system (CNS) tenofovir exposure than TDF. We aimed to determine if switching from TDF to TAF increases the risk of neuronal injury, by quantifying plasma levels of neurofilament light protein (NfL), a sensitive marker of neuronal injury in HIV CNS infection. Methods Plasma NfL concentration was measured at baseline, week 24, and week 84 in stored plasma samples from 416 participants (272 switching to elvitegravir (E)/cobicistat (C)/emtricitabine (F)/TAF and 144 continuing E/C/F/TDF) enrolled in the randomized, active-controlled, multicenter, open-label, noninferiority Gilead GS-US-292-0109 trial. Results While plasma NfL levels in both groups were within the normal range, we found a small but significant decrease in the E/C/F/TAF arm after 84 weeks from a geometric mean of 9.3 to 8.8 pg/mL (5.4% decline, 95% CI 2.0–8.4, p = 0.002). This change was significantly different (p = 0.001) from that of the E/C/F/TDF arm, in which plasma NfL concentration changed from 9.7 pg/mL at baseline to 10.2 pg/mL at week 84 (5.8% increase, 95% CI -0.8–12.9, p = 0.085). This increase is in line with what could be expected in normal ageing. Plasma NfL concentrations significantly correlated with age. No correlation was found between plasma NfL and serum creatinine. Conclusions We found no biomarker evidence of CNS injury when switching from TDF to TAF. It is unclear whether the small decrease in plasma NfL found after switch to TAF is of any clinical relevance, particularly with plasma NfL levels in both arms remaining within the limits found in HIV-negative controls. These results indicate that switching from TDF to TAF appears safe with regard to neuronal injury.
Presence of voids after warm vertical compaction and single‐cone obturation in band‐shaped isthmuses using micro‐computed tomography: A phantom study

The present micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) study compared the presence of voids in the band‐shaped isthmuses obturated by warm vertical compaction (WVC) and single‐cone (SC) techniques. Twenty mesial roots from mandibular first molar teeth showing a band‐shaped isthmus were selected and assigned into two groups based on their preoperative anatomical dimensions (n = 10), according to the filling technique: WVC or SC. Post‐filling micro‐CT scanning was performed. The percentage volume of root canal filling materials and voids were calculated and data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test with a significance level of 5 and 95% confidence interval. Mean percentage volumes of filling materials and voids were 86.88 ± 8.53 and 13.11 ± 8.53 for the WVC group, 84.39 ± 8.30 and 15.60 ± 8.30 for the SC group, respectively, with no significant difference between them (p > .05). Neither WVC nor SC produced void‐free root canal fillings in the band‐shaped isthmuses and both techniques resulted in a similar quality of root canal filling.
Gluten-free breadmaking affected by the particle size and chemical composition of quinoa and buckwheat flour fractions

This study aimed at assessing the effect of physicochemical properties and the particle size of different fractions of buckwheat and quinoa on the behaviour of gluten-free dough and bread quality. Quinoa and buckwheat grains were milled with a hammer mill and then separated in three fractions. These fractions where then re-milled with a cyclonic mill to obtain samples of similar sizes. Results showed that the chemical composition of these fractions was very different and played a major role on bread quality. Proteins, lipids and fibre negatively affected bread quality, whereas starch-rich fractions were more adequate for breadmaking. Re-milling quinoa and buckwheat fractions increased bread volume, although chemical composition still influenced bread properties. For hammer-milled fractions, both the finest fractions resulted in breads with higher technological quality, as well as a final product with more fibre, minerals and proteins.
Dimeric Proanthocyanidins on the Stability of Dentin and Adhesive Biointerfaces

A dentin biomodification strategy with selective proanthocyanidin (PAC)–enriched extracts reinforces dentin and dentin-resin interfaces. Enrichment of the extracts according to the degree of polymerization allows exploration of bioactive principles of PACs and structure-activity relationships. This study investigated the sustained dentin matrix biomodification and dentin-resin bioadhesion of 2 fractions consisting exclusively of B-type PAC dimers with or without a single galloyl motif (specifically, DIMERG and DIMERNG) and their precursor material, enriched grape seed extract (e-GSE; Vitis vinifera). The biomodification potential was determined by long-term evaluation of the apparent modulus of elasticity and collagen solubility (hydroxyproline release). Chemical characterization of the dentin matrix was performed by attenuated total reflectance–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The bioadhesive properties were assessed by a microtensile bond strength test at different time points, and macro-hybrid layers were produced to verify the degree of conversion of the adhesive resin. Fractions consisting of DIMERG, DIMERNG, and their precursor, e-GSE, increased the modulus of elasticity at all time points and reduced collagen degradation. Specimens treated with DIMERNG remained stable throughout 12 mo of storage, whereas a significant drop in the modulus of elasticity was observed for the DIMERG and e-GSE groups at 6 mo. The fractions and precursor did not affect the degree of resin conversion at the hybrid layer. Changes in infrared resonances corresponding to collagen cross-links in the dentin matrix occurred for all treatments. Higher bond strength was observed for dentin treated with e-GSE as compared with DIMERG and DIMERNG; all biointerfaces remained stable after 12 mo. Nongalloylated PACs mediate stable dentin biomodification, which includes protective activity against collagen degradation and reinforcement of the anchoring dentin matrix. Collectively, PACs with a higher degree of oligomerization offer a robust bioadhesion between the hydrophilic dentin matrix and the hydrophobic adhesive.
Clinical risk factors and outcomes of massive ascites accumulation after discontinuation of peritoneal dialysis

Abstract Background Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD), with high morbidity and mortality that requires an early diagnosis for effective treatment. PD withdrawal and bacterial peritonitis are important triggers for the onset of EPS. However, few studies have focused on cases of PD withdrawal without a clinical diagnosis of peritonitis, cirrhosis, or carcinomatosis. We aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and computed tomography (CT) images of patients with or without ascites in such situations and assess clinical outcomes in terms of mortality. Methods Our retrospective review included 78 patients who withdraw PD between January 2000 and December 2017. Results Ten patients had ascites, and 68 did not have a significant intra-abdominal collection. The ascites group had a significantly longer PD duration (months; 134.41 [range, 35.43–181.80] vs. 32.42 [733–183.47], p < 0.001) and higher peritoneal membrane transport status based on the dialysate-to-plasma ratios of creatinine (0.78 ± 0.08 vs. 0.68 ± 0.11, p = 0.009) and glucose (0.27 ± 0.07 vs. 0.636 ± 0.08, p = 0.001) than the control group. CT parameters, including peritoneal calcification, thickness, bowel tethering, or bowel dilatation, were not all present in each patient with ascites and EPS. During the 12-month study period, the ascites group had a higher risk for developing EPS (70% vs. 0%, p < 0.001) and a higher 12-month all-cause mortality (30% vs. 0%, p = 0.002). Conclusions Ascites accumulation was not rare after PD discontinuation. A longer PD duration and high peritoneal membrane transport status could predict subsequent ascites accumulation. Furthermore, patients with ascites were at a higher risk of EPS.
Associations between socioeconomic position and changes in children’s screen-viewing between ages 6 and 9: a longitudinal study

Objectives To explore socioeconomic differences in screen-viewing at ages 6 and 9, and how these are related to different media uses. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Setting Children recruited from 57 state-funded primary schools in Southwest England, UK. Participants 1299 children at ages 5–6, 1223 children at ages 8–9, including 685 children at both time points. Outcome measures Children’s total screen-viewing time (parent-reported) and time spent using multiple screen devices simultaneously (multiscreen viewing), for weekdays and weekends. Methods Negative binomial regression was used to model associations between socioeconomic variables (highest household education and area deprivation) and total screen-viewing at age 6 and the change from age 6 to 9. We additionally adjusted for child characteristics, parental influences and media devices in the home. Multiscreen viewing was analysed separately. Results Household education was associated with children’s screen-viewing at age 6 with lower screen-viewing in higher socioeconomic groups (21%–27% less in households with a Degree or Higher Degree, compared with General Certificate of Secondary Education: GCSE). These differences were explained by the presence of games consoles, parental limits on screen-viewing and average parent screen-viewing. Between ages 6 and 9, there were larger increases in screen-viewing for children from A level and Degree households (13% and 6%, respectively, in the week) and a decrease in Higher Degree households (16%), compared with GCSE households. Differences by household education remained when adjusting for media devices and parental factors. Conclusions Children’s screen-viewing patterns differ by parental education with higher levels of viewing among children living in households with lower educational qualifications. These differences are already present at age 6, and continue at age 9. Strategies to manage child sedentary time, and particularly screen-viewing, may need to take account of the socioeconomic differences and target strategies to specific groups.
Wound healing grafts: Omega‐3 fatty acid lipid content differentiates the lipid profiles of acellular Atlantic cod skin from traditional dermal substitutes

Acellular fish skin (ACS) has emerged as a dermal substitute used to promote wound healing with decreased scar formation and pain relief that may be due to polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. However, the PUFA content of ACS is still unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the total fatty acids and lipid profiles of ACS to two bovine‐based grafts and standard of care human cadaver skin (HCS). Furthermore, there was also the goal to assess the capability of ACS lipid content to enhance wound healing. The fatty acid analysis was performed with GC–FID, and an LC–MS untargeted method was developed in order to the analyse the lipid profiles of the grafts was. The enhancement of wound healing by the ACS extract was investigated in vitro on HaCat cells. Our results showed that ACS had the highest content of PUFA (27.0 ± 1.43% of their total fatty acids), followed by HCS (20.6 ± 3.9%). The two grafts of bovine origin presented insignificant PUFA amounts. The majority of the PUFAs found in ACS were omega‐3, and in HCS, they were omega‐6. The untargeted lipidomics analysis demonstrated that ACS grafts were characterized by phosphatidylcholine containing either 20:5 or 22:6 omega‐3 PUFA. The ACS lipid extract increased the HaCat cells migration and enhanced wound closure 4 hr earlier versus control. Our study demonstrated that ACS has a lipid profile that is distinct from other wound healing grafts, that PUFAs are maintained in ACS post‐processing as phosphatidylcholine, and that ACS lipid content influences wound healing properties.
Classification, Detection and Prosecution of Fraud on Mobile Networks

This paper provides an overview of fraud classification, detection and prosecution in the mobile domain. It objectively generalises what is otherwise a very subjective field, by dividing frauds into one of four groups, namely Contractual fraud, Hacking fraud, Technical fraud and Procedural fraud. This approach simplifies the following discussion. The legal work here largely relates to the UK, although the discussions are thought to be generally applicable.
Rhizome Essential Oil Composition of Costus Speciosus

The essential oil from the rhizome of Costus speciosus (Koen) Smith collected from Calicut University, Ke rala, were obtained by steam distillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of twenty six compounds were identified from the oil accounting for 97.82% of it s contents. The essential oil was found to consist only of different sesquiterpenoids among which α-Humulene and Zerumbone dominating. Medicinal use o f the plant could be related with the biological properties of the individual co mpounds present in the oils.
Classification, overconsolidation and stiffness of Venice lagoon soils from CPTU

This paper reports the latest results of a field study based on a consistent set of piezocone tests (CPTU) performed at the Treporti Test Site (Venice, Italy) within an extensive research project aimed at better understanding the heterogeneous Venetian lagoon subsoil, mainly composed of silts combined with sands or clays. The project also included the construction and the subsequent gradual removal of a full scale test bank, together with a detailed monitoring system of subsoil strains and pore water pressures. This study especially focuses on the evaluation of overconsolidation and loading-unloading stiffness of such complex silty sediments from the interpretation of CPTU measurements and discusses the effectiveness of some existing and well-established approaches for classification and mechanical characterization of Venetian soils. Site specific correlations, calibrated on field measurements, are proposed in order to properly estimate typical soil parameters. 2nd International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, Huntington Beach, CA, USA, May 2010
Setting Agenda of Detik.Com in News Coverage of Online Prostitution Case of "Vanessa Angel"

Setting Agenda Theory is media (specially for news media)do not success absolutely tell what the public thinks, but the media provides agendas through the news, while the public follows it. In the process, the Agenda Setting can be divided into three subareas; media agenda, public agenda and policy agenda. This type of research is descriptive research with qualitative methods and study literature. As for the types of data sources used in this study, the authors only use primary data, namely the observation of the online media portal deyik.com and secondary data from lietarature reporting on the online prostitution case "Vanessa Angel" at detik.com January 5-7 2019 period. Conclusions from this research is a Media Agenda that is formed seen from the number and level of prominence of the news, the level of prominence for the audience, relevance. Detik.com is quite representative of the public agenda in terms of information needs related to online prostitution among artists. Then separately the policy agenda formed is the existence of a sharper Law to be able to provide a deterrent effect for prostitution.
Standardisation of IDCR/SOWER Sightability Variable

The OK and SPLINTR minke whale analyses both use the IDCR/SOWER Sightability measure as a covariate to model the environmental e ects on the probability of detection on the track line, g(0). Sightability corresponds to a single ordinal measure that encompasses/summarises all of the various environmental visual e ects, to give an indicator of how easy it is to observe a whale. It is important, in these models, that the Sightability measure is consistent across time and space. However, since Sightability is a subjective ordinal category, based on experience and judgment, this may not be the case. IDCR/SOWER also collected a number of other environmental variables: Visibility, Air Temperature, Surface Temperature, Wind Speed, Weather, and Sea State. In this paper we present a tree-based analysis that maps these various environmental covariates to Sightability, allowing the prediction of Sightability for given conditions. This model is built using recent data from a single vessel and then predictions made for all the data providing a standardised and consistent measure of Sightability, across time and di erent vessels.
In search of a euphony unit: A case study in Czech 1830s poetry*

The study examines selected samples of Czech 1830s poetry production through the prism of a quantitative conception of euphony. Stemming from Jan Mukařovský’s reflections on the topic, it tries to strengthen the notion through the creation of exact figures with intersubjective validity. To this end, the count of this property devised by Gabriel Altmann is utilized and innovated by a new unit – the consonant set – which endeavours to grasp the phonetic reality of language more effective­ ly than the casually used concept of sound. The analysis proves the solid character of the new unit, shows interrelations between the two calculations, and proposes a few interpretations of the euphony situation in Czech poetry of the 1830s. Moreover, it demonstrates effective ways of displaying data results by means of scatter plots and cluster analyses. As a spinoff of the core idea, the paper also explores Mukařovský’s high evaluation of Mácha’s use of euphony.
Learning Evolution of Coupled Dynamical Systems with Integrated Data-driven and Model-based Approach

We present a model-based and data-driven hybrid approach to learn the behavior of coupled PDE-ODE based dynamical systems. A coupled system is considered where an unknown multi-agent dynamics is masked by a known PDE-based dynamics. Data-driven deep neural networks are employed to unmask the hidden agents, learn their governing interaction dynamics and combined with a PDE-solver to predict the evolution of the coupled system.
Unreactive Phosphorus-Organophospho-nates ( mini review )

Phosphonates comprise a very large group of organophosphonates including aminophosphonates. Their main chemical feature leads to complexation of earth alkaline metals and transition metals (under stoichiometric). Therefore they are very often applied as complexing agents of detergents, as compounds of industrial cleaning products, or as antiscalants in cooling water systems and desalination processes. The high consumption of phosphonates within the past two decades leads to an increased discharge into the aquatic environment, of which the environmental risk is still uncertain. To date, there are several analytical methods published to determine phosphonates from environmental samples. However, no standard method has been defined until now. Different treatment technologies to break down phosphonates have been studied extensively such as photochemical degradation, chemical degradation and other advanced oxidation processes. The results obtained from those studies gained our chemical understanding with respect to possible implementation of such pre-treatment approaches in wastewater treatment, cooling water treatment and desalination process. The biological degradation of phosphonates has been studied for more than forty years. It was demonstrated that microorganisms are capable to breakdown the C-P bond with at least three different degradation pathways.