Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non-target effect of herbicides: I. Effect of glyphosate and hexazinone on soil microbial activity. Microbial population, and in-vitro growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi.

The effects of two herbicides, glyphosate (as a 359 g litre−1 SL) and hexazinone (as a 50gkg−1 granule) on soil microbial population, carbon dioxide evolution, and in-vitro growth of five species of ectomycorrhizal fungi were investigated. Glyphosate at 0–54 and 3.23 kg a.i. ha−1 and hexazinone at 1. 2 and 8 kg a.i. ha−1 did not reduce soil microbial population or carbon dioxide evolution in the long term (6 months). However, there was a significant short-term (2 months) effect of glyphosate on both fungal and bacterial counts at the 0.54 kg ha−1 treatment. In in-vitro tests, Cenococcum graniforme. Hebeloma crustuliniforme and Laccaria laccata were more susceptible to both herbicides than was Suillus tomentosus. which was, in turn, more susceptible than Paxillus involutus. The growth of all five ectomycorrhizal fungi was significantly reduced when subjected to concentrations above 50 μl formulation litre−1 (glyphosate) or 50 μg formulation litre−1 (hexazinone).
Bioenergetic Considerations in the Analysis of Stream Ecosystems

The major objectives of this paper are to summarize and synthesize what we know about the energetics of lotic systems, to identify some of the major gaps in our knowledge, and in so doing to provide guidance for new research directions. We identify the major abiotic forcing functions and their connections with terrestrial and stream biota. We further identify how forcings and feedbacks loops are likely to affect the biomass and production of biotic components. A review of the literature suggests that there are several major gaps in our understanding of stream bioenergetics. Most importantly, few comprehensive studies of stream bioenergetics integrate all levels of production, and organic matter budgets rarely have been combined with production analyses beyond the primary producers. In addition, secondary production studies in the tropics are largely lacking. Most bioenergetics studies to date have been descriptive, and there is a major need to study those abiotic and biotic factors which control bioenergetics in streams across biomes and latitudes. The importance of floodplains and the role of dissolved organic matter have not been adequately incorporated into our understanding of stream bioenergetics. We need to determine if some generally applicable organismal-environmental relationships can be used to predict energetic characteristics across streams. Major new initiatives are required to answer some of the larger scale questions. Several approaches are possible: (1) synoptic analysis of multiple streams to compare within-region variance with between-region variance, (2) experimental manipulation of entire streams or their catchments to test factors that control bioenergetics, (3) the use of batteries of experimental streams to help isolate cause-effect relationships, and (4) the further development of computer models that incorporate abiotic forcings and bioenergetics.
Comparative descriptions of some oyster larvae from New Zealand and Chile, and a description of a new genus of oyster, Tiostrea

Detailed comparisons of the larvae of four species of New Zealand oyster (Saccostrea glomer‐ata, Crassostrea gigas, Ostrea lutaria, and a new species of Ostrea) and one Chilean oyster (Ostrea chilensis) showed that larvae of species other than O. lutaria and O. chilensis share certain features. One conspicuous feature is a distinct tract, termed here the posterior dorsal sulcus, which runs from the posterior margin of prodissoconch I to the valve margin of prodissoconch II; other characteristic features are an umbonate, inequivalve shell and a provinculum bearing distinct teeth. The larvae of O. lutaria and O. chilensis, in contrast, lack the posterior dorsal sulcus, are nonumbonate, and have nearly equal valves with an edentulous provinculum. These distinctive features, together with other adult features, suggest that the two species are more appropriately included in a separate genus. The name Tiostrea is proposed for the new genus. Certain supraspecific groupings within the Ostreinae need to be re‐exam.
Sound Pattern Recognition in Some North American Treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae): Implications for Mate Choice

SYNOPSIS. Playback experiments using synthetic sounds indicate that gravid females of the gray treefrogs ( Hyla versicolor and H. chrysoscelis ) and the green treefrog ( H. cinerea ) selectively respond to sounds on the basis of physical properties that show inter-individual variation in the calls of conspecific males. Although the specificity is adequate to differentiate among the signals of many males, this potential for mate choice may not be fully realized in acoustically complex situations such as natural breeding aggregations. Female selectivity in H. cinerea was less precise in four-speaker experiments than in two-speaker experiments. An analysis of female preferences with respect to a call property correlated with body size was only partially successful in predicting the size distribution of successful males in a natural population. Finally, the existence of other synchronously breeding species of frogs with similar calls may impose significant constraints on intraspecific mate choice, and female specificity with respect to some acoustic properties of mating calls is difficult to explain otherwise.
Nutritional control of soybean seed storage protein

There is interest in increasing the protein concentration of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] seed. Potentially, this could change its protein composition and perhaps its value as a livestock feed. Our objective was to examine the change in protein composition of soybean seed with change in protein concentration as influenced by nitrogen source supplied. 'Harper' soybean was grown in hydroponic culture and supplied with different nitrogen sources (KNO 3 , NH 4 NO 3 , N 2 , urea) during pod filling. Protein quality was monitored as a function of soybean seed storage subunit composition. With N2 fixation as sole N source, the concentration of total seed protein decreased about 6%, storage protein 5%. Each seed storage protein subunit decreased, but the concentration of β-conglycinin, especially the sulfur-poor β-subunit, decreased more than glycinin. Seed storage protein concentration was increased up to 4% by substituting reduced-N for NO 3 - . The increased protein concentration resulted from a disproportionate increase of the β-subunit of β-conglycinin. The relative abundance of α- and α'-subunits was not changed by N form. Thus, N form seems to control, at least in part, the relative portion of the β-subunit of β-conglycinin, and consequently affects the 11S/7S ratio of seed storage protein. This change in composition with increased concentration diminishes the protein quality because the β-subunit lacks sulfur-amino acids. It is noteworthy that the concentration of glycinin remained constant while the total seed protein concentration increased. We think these variations in seed storage protein composition result from the relative abundance of S- and N-metabolites available to developing soybean seed.
A Study of Ginkgo Leaves from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China1

During the Mesozoic era, Ginkgo leaves are diverse and widespread, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. Here we present three Ginkgo leaf types collected from the Middle Jurassic Zhaogou Formation of Shiguai coal‐bearing basin in Inner Mongolia, China. These are described for the first time on the basis of their leaf morphology and well‐preserved cuticular characters. One new species, Ginkgo shiguaiensis, is described, and Ginkgo longifolius is recognized, while a third leaf type is designated as Ginkgo sp. The occurrence of these leaf types in the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia significantly extends the stratigraphic and geographic distribution of Ginkgo in China. The associated plants, cuticular characters of the Ginkgo leaves, and the sedimentology of the plant‐bearing strata suggest that these plants grew in a warm‐temperate and moist climate.
Genetic diversity of morphological responses and the relationships among Asia aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

An investigation was conducted to determine the extent of diversity and relationships among 36 aromatic rice cultivars collected from Asia. Characterization for 22 morphological characters with 101 morphometric descriptors was carried out. High and comparative levels of phenotypic variation using phenotypic frequency distribution and Shannon-Weaver diversity index were found between countries of origin. Most traits were polymorphic except to ligule color. Grain size, grain shape, culm strength, plant height and secondar y branching contributed the highest mean diversity indices (H , = 0.91, 0.88, 0.87, 0.82 and 0.83, respectively). For trait groups, highest diversity was found in grain and culm traits (H , = 1.00 and 0.96, respectively). Populations from Vietnam were more diverse than others (H , = 0.92) whereas populations from India and Thailand displayed lower diversity indices (H , = 0.46 and 0.49, respectively). No clear association was detected between phenotypic diversity and countries of origin. Five clusters of 36 genotypes based on Euclidean distance were observed with 1 to 22 cultivars per group. The results of the character distribution and phenotypic diversity analysis permitted some broad generalization about collection and conser vation of aromatic rice cultivars. This also indicated the presence of important genes for future aromatic rice breeding purposes. Despite the limitation in estimating total genetic variation, the present study indicated that morphological traits were useful for preliminary evaluation and can be used as a general approach for assessing genetic diversity among morphologically distinguishable aromatic rice cultivars.
Glycine metabolism by plant mitochondria

The predominant substrate oxidized by plant leaf mitochondria in the light is glycine. These mitochondria have evolved specific mechanisms to support this metabolic function including a glycine/serine transporter, high concentrations of the glycine decarboxylase multienzyme complex (EC 2.1.2.10) and the enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1), and a high-capacity, high-specificity oxaloacetate transporter that shuttles out NADH produced by glycine oxidation. Transcription of the genes for the glycine decarboxylase complex is under both temporal and spatial control and they are expressed predominantly in green leaf tissue. This is an example of an unusual light-induced mitochondrial protein that responds like the chloroplast enzymes involved in photosynthesis.
Distribution and density of α– and β–adrenergic receptor binding sites in the bovine mammary gland

Summary Radioreceptor binding studies were designed to localize and determine the number of α and β-adrenergic receptors in the mammary gland of lactating cows. 3H-prazosin, 3H-rauwolscine and 3H-dihydroalprenolol were used for the regional characterization of α1, α2- and β-adrenergic receptors by competitive inhibition of binding of 3H-ligands with unlabelled adrenergic agonists and antagonists. The α1-, α2- and β2-adrenergic receptor subtypes could thus be demonstrated in the regions of the teats, large mammary ducts and parenchyma. Tissues of the teat wall, of the large mammary ducts above the gland cistern and of the mammary parenchyma were prepared to determine the density of α1, α2- and β-receptors by saturation binding assays using 3H-prazosin, 3H-rauwolscine and 3H-dihydroalprenolol respectively. Binding to high affinity sites was reversible within minutes and saturable. Equilibrium was reached within minutes. The number of α1-and α2-adrenergic receptors decreased from the teat to the mammary ducts to the parenchyma. Most of the α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors were found in the teat wall, whereas in the parenchyma α-adrenergic receptors were absent or barely detectable. The density of β-adrenergic receptors was similar in the teat wall and the large mammary ducts, but much lower in the parenchyma. Thus, α1, α2- and β-adrenergic receptors were found mainly in the milk purging system and hardly at all in mammary parenchyma. Inhibition of milk removal by α-adrenergic stimulation is possibly due to constriction of teat wall and to constriction of the mammary ducts, whereas enhanced milk flow after β-adrenergic stimulation is possibly due to relaxation not only of the teat sphincter and teat wall, but probably also of the large mammary ducts.
ROOT CHARACTERISTICS IN COWPEA RELATED TO DROUGHT TOLERANCE AT THE SEEDLING STAGE

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) has relatively higher drought tolerance than other legume crops. It is widely grown in semi-arid regions, particularly in West Africa. One objective of the present study was to determine the effects of soil moisture stress on the length, dry matter and distribution of the roots of two cowpea varieties with different drought tolerances. Another objective was to evaluate the pin-board root-box as a method for identifying the role of root characteristics in drought tolerance. Two cowpea varieties, IT96D-604 (drought tolerant) and TVu7778 (drought susceptible), were used in this study. There were three watering treatments, T1 (well-watered), T2 (mild water stress) and T3 (severe water stress). Between varieties, there were no significant differences in shoot and root characteristics except for leaf area in T1. Under T2, the shoot:root ratio (S:R ratio) of IT96D-604 was significantly decreased compared with that under T1 as a result of the increase in root dry matter and decrease in leaf area without significant differences in total dry matter. In addition, the root dry matter per leaf area, which indicates the capacity to absorb water, of IT96D-604 was significantly higher than that of TVu7778. Under T3, the total dry matter of TVu7778 was about one third of those of the other treatments for the same variety, whereas that of IT96D-604 was more than half. Regarding root distribution, the centres of root dry matter and root length density of both varieties moved downwards significantly under water-stress conditions compared with those of the well-watered condition. This tendency was more pronounced in IT96D-604 than in TVu7778. Drought tolerance in IT96D-604 was associated with the increase in root dry matter per leaf area under mild water-stress conditions, and downward movement of roots (increasing access and use of soil moisture in deep soil layers) under mild and severe water stress conditions. In addition, the root-box method was versatile and can be used for studying root responses to edaphic factors relevant to root growth.
Is there a relationship between fluctuating asymmetry and reproductive investment in perch (Perca fluviatilis)

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), or random deviation from perfect bilateral symmetry, is often used as an indicator of perturbed development. Several studies attempt to correlate FA with components of individual fitness or population viability. In this study we test for a correlation between FA and four fitness traits in female Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) inhabiting acidified or non-acidified lakes. Three bilateral meristic characters were counted on each side of the fish: number of gill rakers on the lower first branchial arch, number of gill rakers on the upper first branchial arch, and number of pectoral-fin rays. An asymmetry index summarizing the numbers of asymmetric characters per fish was also calculated. Four traits related to fitness were measured: gonad dry mass, egg mass, gonadosomatic index, and fecundity. There were significant differences in FA among the five perch populations for the characters number of pectoral-fin rays and number of upper gill rakers, and also for the FA index. Asymmetry was generally greater in perch living in acidified lakes than in those in non-acidified lakes. However, there was no signifi - cant correlation between FA and any of the four fitness-related traits within populations. Therefore, asymmetry in the traits measured here may not be a good indicator of individual fitness in perch. Resume : L'asymetrie fluctuante (FA), definie comme l'ecart aleatoire d'une symetrie bilaterale parfaite, est souvent utilisee comme indicateur de perturbations dans le developpement. Dans plusieurs etudes, on tente d'etablir des correla- tions entre FA et les composantes du fitness individuel ou la viabilite de la population. Nous verifions ici la correlation entre FA et quatre caracteristiques du fitness des femelles chez des perches ( Perca fluviatilis) de lacs acidifies et de lacs non acidifies. Trois structures meristiques bilaterales ont ete denombrees des deux cotes : le nombre de peignes branchiaux sur les portions inferieure et superieure du premier arc branchial et le nombre de rayons a la nageoire pec- torale. Un coefficient d'asymetrie qui tient compte du nombre de caracteristiques asymetriques par poisson a egalement ete calcule. Quatre caracteristiques reliees au fitness ont ete mesurees : la masse seche des gonades, la masse des oeufs, l'indice gonadosomatique et la fecondite. Nous avons trouve des variations significatives de FA entre les cinq populations quant au nombre de rayons a la nageoire pectorale et au nombre de peignes branchiaux superieurs et des variations du coefficient d'asymetrie. L'asymetrie s'est aussi averee plus importante chez les poissons des lacs acidifies que chez ceux des lacs non acidifies. Cependant, il n'y avait pas de correlation significative entre FA et aucune des quatre caracteristiques du fitness chez ces populations. L'asymetrie des caracteristiques mesurees ici n'est donc peut- etre pas indicatrice du fitness individuel chez la perche.
Plants Helping PlantsNew evidence indicates that beneficence is important in vegetation

A lthough the importance of beneficial interactions as a factor of evolution was emphasized early in this century (Kropotkin 1902), the study of competition and predation have dominated ecology, and especially community ecology, during the last three decades (Strong et al. 1984). Recently, however, there has been a surge of interest in beneficial interactions between species (Boucher 1985, Vandermeer 1984), perhaps as a consequence of a waning faith in the importance of interspecific competition (Schoener 1982). Most of the obvious examples of beneficence (mutualism and commensalism) involve animal-animal, animal-fungus, plant-fungus, or plantanimal pairs. These interactions typically involve different trophic levels, and hence organisms that do not normally compete for resources. Plants living in close proximity commonly make demands on the same resources. Plants that benefit from their neighbors, therefore, are likely also to compete with them. That potential competitors may also benefit each other forms the basis of intercropping systems (Francis 1986), such as mixtures of clovers and sycamore seedlings (Haines et al. 1978) or of beans and corn (Boucher and Espinosa 1982).
The bioengineer Perumytilus purpuratus (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in central Chile: biodiversity, habitat structural complexity and environmental heterogeneity

The mussel Perumytilus purpuratus is distributed from Ecuador to the Strait of Magellan on the Pacific coast; and also extends along the Atlantic coast up to La Lobería, Argentina. The species forms dense three-dimensional matrices which constitute a microhabitat for a wide variety of organisms. Here we test the hypothesis that factors determining habitat structural complexity and environmental heterogeneity of Perumytilus matrices have significant effects on the associated macrofaunal community. In total we found 92 invertebrate taxa in P. purpuratus matrices. The number of layers (stratification) in the matrix had a significant effect on evenness: the greater the stratification, the lower the evenness index. Sediment retention by matrices in sheltered sectors had a significant effect on evenness: greater sediment retention resulted in lower evenness. Sediment retention also determined significant differences in macrofaunal assemblages. In matrices without sediment retention, mussel layering and the presence of algae on the shells of P. purpuratus determined significant macrofaunal differences. As a dominant competitor, P. purpuratus plays a major role in intertidal rocky shores where it is present, structuring communities and determining local biodiversity.
Landscape structure, habitat fragmentation, and the ecology of insects

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The Lake Okeechobee Water Quality Model (LOWQM) Enhancements, Calibration, Validation and Analysis

Abstract The Lake Okeechobee Water Quality Model (LOWQM) was enhanced to more accurately simulate sediment-water phosphorus (P) dynamics by separating the organic P (OP) into four classes (readily degradable, moderately degradable, non-degradable and dissolved), and to more accurately simulate algal dynamics by representing the phytoplankton community with the three distinct major algal groups (cyanobacteria, diatoms and green algae) observed in the lake. The model was calibrated and validated to observed water column nutrient data, sediment nutrient measurements and biovolume data for cyanobacteria, diatoms, and green algae. Model predictions were consistent with experimental observations and indicated that net sediment inorganic P (IP) loads were twice the external TP loads and net sediment inorganic nitrogen (IN) loads were 0.64 times the external total N loads. However, because of organic nutrient and algal settling the lake sediments are an overall nutrient sink. Sensitivity analysis indicated that total algal carbon, algal groups and chlorophyll a were very sensitive to changing algal parameters, parameters affecting light, temperature and supply of IP to the water column. Nutrients were less sensitive for two reasons: 1) algae represent a small fraction of the total nutrient mass, 2) the large pools of sediment nutrients, with long turnover times, buffer changes in the water column. Sensitivity analysis pointed to three potential management options to improve lake water quality: dredging, chemical treatment of sediments and external load reduction. These options were previously considered in a large sediment management feasibility study, which concluded that the last option-load reduction-was the most viable.