Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Viable but nonrecoverable stage of Salmonella enteritidis in aquatic systems.

An environmental isolate (13- 1BB ) of Salmonella enteritidis serogroup C1 was inoculated into sterile Potomac River water microcosms to observe survival and culturability of the organism by employing acridine orange direct count, fluorescent antibody direct count, direct viable count, plate count on veal infusion agar and xylose lysine decarboxylase agar, and indirect enumeration by the most-probable-number method (MPN), using media selective for Salmonella. Loss of culturability on laboratory media was observed within 48 h. However, cultures could be "resuscitated" and cultured on solid media, following addition of nutrients to the microcosms . Cells, resuscitated 4 days after apparent "die-off" (0 colony-forming units (cfu)/mL) using plate count techniques, yielded numbers of cfu in the same order of magnitude as had been observed before the onset of nutrient limitation. Microscopic techniques for direct viable counting indicated that viability is maintained for as long as 60 days after depletion of nutrients, although attempts to culture these cells, by addition of nutrient, after 21 days yielded apparently sterile plates. Thus, longer periods of "dormancy" appear to require conditions other than simple nutrient addition for resumption of cell growth and division.
Design and execution of a “Plant Wide ISA100 Wireless” network for optimization of complex process industries

Within the industrial automation plant, there has been an explosion of monitoring points in order to achieve greater insights into the process. In order to fulfill these new customer requirements in an efficient manner, Yokogawa introduced ISA100 wireless solution. Today our users expect large scalability, fast updates with deterministic latency along with a high reliability secure wireless network. These characteristics are mandatory to perform reliable wireless control. Current technology and energy budgets allow us to guarantee less than 10 second update times including network latency. Our latest wireless offering “Plant Wide Wireless” delivers a fully redundant, large scalability, quick response deterministic network, capable of supporting the most demanding plants and mission critical applications. In this paper we will describe the challenges we face implementing our new “Plant Wide ISA100 Wireless” solution to fulfill user's requirements.
Apical endocytosis in outer hair cells of the mammalian cochlea

Outer hair cells (OHCs), the sensory–motor cells of the mammalian cochlea, contain an endocytic tubulovesicular compartment below their apical stereocilia. We have used two‐photon imaging of FM1‐43 in the intact epithelium to show that these cells take up membrane in a Ca2+‐dependent manner from a distinct apical site. The uptake rate was 0.8 µm2/s and internalized membrane was trafficked rapidly to a compartment along the lateral wall and distinct intracellular compartments. Double labelling with FM1‐43 and DiOC6, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker, showed that these compartments are part of the tubulovesicular endoplasmic reticulum of OHCs. Labelling with a lysosomal marker showed that OHC lysosomes are restricted to the apex. Using the protein marker wheat germ agglutinin (WGA‐FITC) we demonstrate that apical protein internalization and trafficking is about eight times slower than membrane internalization. Using double labelling with FM1‐43 and WGA‐FITC, we show that membrane and protein internalization are apically colocalized but that patterns of protein and membrane traffic differ. Protein was targeted only to the most apical third of the lateral wall. In control conditions, OHCs displayed only weak WGA‐FITC surface labelling at the site of endocytosis. Lowering the rate of apical endocytosis increased this surface signal. The results suggest that OHCs endocytose membrane and membrane proteins with a high turnover rate and that these cells may use apical endocytosis to sort proteins via an indirect pathway to the lateral membrane.
Weaning infants with phenylketonuria: a review.

Careful weaning is particularly important in phenylketonuria (PKU). Dietary phenylalanine intake is severely restricted, and the diet is supplemented with phenylalanine-free amino acids and special low protein foods. In PKU, there are no evidence-based weaning guidelines and no studies assessing the introduction of solid foods. We critically review the literature and examine current UK weaning practices. Ideally, weaning in PKU should closely reflect the 'model' for healthy infants. However, the requirement for optimal blood phenylalanine control and the demands of diet therapy overshadow the social aspects of weaning. Solid food intake is established with very low protein foods first, and then 50 mg phenylalanine exchanges (equivalent to 1 g of intact protein) gradually replace breast/formula feeds. Introducing solids before the recommended 6 months of age may be advantageous because there is a less persistent neophobic food response, possibly leading to better food acceptance. Infants with PKU also require a special phenylalanine-free protein substitute. Between 6 and 12 months, a second concentrated source of phenylalanine-free protein substitute is required. This is commonly given as an additional liquid, although the prescribed volume may adversely affect appetite. Alternatively, a second-stage protein substitute administered as a paste may better suit feeding development. Further research aiming to examine the weaning process in PKU with a focus on biological, maternal, infant, social and environmental factors is required. This will help provide evidence for the effect of protein substitute on appetite and help in the development of evidence-based guidelines.
Empty houses across North America: Housing finance and Mexico’s vacancy crisis

In the wake of the housing market crash in the United States in the late 2000s, images of abandoned homes on the periphery of American cities dominated international media. Mexico continues to face a housing crisis that began at the same time, and the media similarly focus on the high rate of housing vacancy in the urban periphery. The vacancy rate is extreme in many newly built subdivisions in Mexico, yet it is also high in most central cities. In this article, I describe the role of government mortgage lending in housing vacancy rates, across and within cities in Mexico. I do this using data from the 2010 Census of Population and Housing for the 100 largest cities in the country. Cities with more housing built under the federal housing finance system have higher vacancy rates overall, and the relationship is strong in central areas of cities as well as the urban periphery. These findings imply that policymakers should not only be concerned with vacancy in newly built suburban developments, but they should also consider how the expansion of credit for new suburban housing has played a role in the hollowing out of central cities. The article has direct implications for Mexico and raises questions about the frame for debate about housing policy internationally. The structure of housing finance systems is often under-scrutinised. Scholars working in emerging markets should work to identify incentives in finance systems and how they shape urbanisation.
Dietary supplementation of n‐3 PUFA reduces weight gain and improves postprandial lipaemia and the associated inflammatory response in the obese JCR:LA‐cp rat

Background: Postprandial dyslipidaemia occurs in obesity and insulin resistance (IR), and is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. We have recently established that the JCR:LA‐cp rodent model develops postprandial dyslipidaemia concomitant with complications of the metabolic syndrome. Dietary n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFAs) are proposed to modulate plasma lipids, serum hormone levels, lipoprotein metabolism and the inflammatory state; however, results remain inconsistent during conditions of IR.
TLR Signaling in the Gut in Health and Disease1

The human intestine has evolved in the presence of diverse enteric microflora. TLRs convert the recognition of pathogen-associated molecules in the gut into signals for anti-microbial peptide expression, barrier fortification, and proliferation of epithelial cells. Healing of injured intestinal epithelium and clearance of intramucosal bacteria require the presence of intact TLR signaling. Nucleotide oligomerization domain (Nod)1 and Nod2 are additional pattern recognition receptors that are required for defense against invasive enteric pathogens. Through spatial and functional localization of TLR and Nod molecules, the normal gut maintains a state of controlled inflammation. By contrast, patients with inflammatory bowel disease demonstrate inflammation in response to the normal flora. A subset of these patients carry polymorphisms in TLR and CARD15/NOD2 genes. A better understanding of the delicate regulation of TLR and Nod molecules in the gut may lead to improved treatment for enteric infections and idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 preintegration complexes: studies of organization and composition

We have investigated the organization and function of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) preintegration complexes (PICs), the large nucleoprotein particles that carry out cDNA integration in vivo. PICs can be isolated from HIV-1-infected cells, and such particles are capable of carrying out integration reactions in vitro. We find that although the PICs are large, the cDNA must be condensed to fit into the measured volume. The ends of the cDNA are probably linked by a protein bridge, since coordinated joining of the two ends is not disrupted by cleaving the cDNA internally with a restriction enzyme. cDNA ends in PICs were protected from digestion by added exonucleases, probably due to binding of proteins. The intervening cDNA, in contrast, was susceptible to attack by endonucleases. Previous work has established that the virus-encoded integrase protein is present in PICs, and we have reported recently that the host protein HMG I(Y) is also present. Here we report that the viral matrix and reverse transcriptase (RT) proteins also cofractionated with PICs through several steps whereas capsid and nucleocapsid proteins dissociated. These data support a model of PIC organization in which the cDNA is condensed in a partially disassembled remnant of the viral core, with proteins tightly associated at the apposed cDNA ends but loosely associated with the intervening cDNA. In characterizing the structure of the cDNA ends, we found that the U5 DNA ends created by RT were ragged, probably due to the terminal transferase activity of RT. Only molecules correctly cleaved by integrase protein at the 3' ends were competent to integrate, suggesting that one role for terminal cleavage by integrase may be to create a defined end at otherwise heterogeneous cDNA termini.
Educación superior y crecimiento económico en Colombia (1971-2016): una relación de cointegración [Higher education and economic growth in Colombia (1971-2016): a cointegration relationship]

This article analyzes the relation between GDP per capita (CPIBpc) and access to tertiary education, seen from the perspective of growth rate of the number of enrollments (TCMes) in higher education in Colombia for the period (1971-2016). By using a VEC model and assuming everything else constant, it is concluded that TCMes Granger caused the Colombian GDP per capita and vice-versa, therefore, the existence of a long run relation between both variables is verified. This result helps to explain the dynamics of Colombian economic growth per capita of the last forty-five years and the impact of the accumulation of human capital on it.
The impact of monetary policy expectations on interbank interest rates in Malaysia

This paper focuses on the monetary policy expectations and transmission role of the yield curve in Malaysia. Bank Negara Malaysia can control interbank interest rates in one- to nine-month maturities through the monetary policy expectations formed in the financial market because the overnight indexed swap (OIS) rate and interbank interest rates are in a one-to-one relationship in these maturities. On the other hand, the impact of monetary policy expectations on the interbank interest rate of one-year maturity is not a one-to-one but 1.390. This may be because certain noises, such as credit risks, are incorporated into the interbank interest rate of one-year maturity.
siRNA associated with immunonanoparticles directed against cd99 antigen improves gene expression inhibition in vivo in Ewing's sarcoma

Ewing's sarcoma is a rare, mostly pediatric bone cancer that presents a chromosome abnormality called EWS/Fli‐1, responsible for the development of the tumor. In vivo, tumor growth can be inhibited specifically by delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA) associated with nanoparticles. The aim of the work was to design targeted nanoparticles against the cell membrane glycoprotein cd99, which is overexpressed in Ewing's sarcoma cells to improve siRNA delivery to tumor cells. Biotinylated poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles were conceived as a platform to design targeted nanoparticles with biotinylated ligands and using the biotin–streptavidin coupling method. The targeted nanoparticles were validated in vivo for the targeted delivery of siRNA after systemic administration to mice bearing a tumor model of the Ewing's sarcoma. The expression of the gene responsible of Ewing's sarcoma was inhibited at 78% ± 6% by associating the siRNA with the cd99‐targeted nanoparticles compared with an inhibition of only 41% ± 9% achieved with the nontargeted nanoparticles. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A randomized trial of oral 5‐fluorouracil versus placebo as adjuvant therapy in colorectal cancer Dukes' B and C: Results after 5 years observation time

A double‐blind randomized trial of daily oral 5‐fluorouracil (5 mg kg−1 bodyweight) for 3 months versus placebo as adjuvant therapy to surgical treatment of colorectal cancer Dukes' B and C was conducted. In total 421 patients were randomized; 198 patients with Dukes' B, 159 with Dukes' C and 64 were referred to a limited resection group. The distribution of prognostic variables was similar in both groups indicating the absence of any bias and the efficacy of the randomization. Disease‐free interval and survival time were analysed as end points. After 5 years of follow‐up of all patients there was no significant difference between treatment or placebo group in the total material or the subgroups regarding either of the end points. There was no difference in localization of first recurrence between treated and control group. A high withdrawal of therapy was found in the 5‐FU group (40 per cent) and in the placebo group (13 per cent).
Intracellular recording of identified neostriatal patch and matrix spiny cells in a slice preparation preserving cortical inputs.

1. The morphology, electrical membrane properties, and corticostriatal excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) of two groups of neostriatal projection cells, patch cells, and matrix spiny cells were compared in the rat by the use of an in vitro slice preparation that preserves inputs from medial agranular cortex. Spiny cells were stained intracellularly with biocytin and identified as belonging to the patch (striosomal) compartment or to the matrix by immunohistochemistry for the 28 kD calcium-binding protein calbindin on the same sections. 2. Patch and matrix neurons had very similar axonal and dendritic morphology. Both patch and matrix cells extended their dendrites and local axon collaterals almost exclusively in their respective compartments. Patch cells and most matrix cells had local axon collaterals within or near the parent dendritic domain. However there was a class of matrix cells that extended axon collaterals over a much wider portion of the neostriatum but still restricted to the matrix compartment. 3. Input resistance and membrane time constant were estimated from the membrane response to intracellularly applied current pulses. The average values of matrix cells were and 8.41 ms. The values of patch cells were 31.8 M omega and 8.19 ms and were within the range of those of matrix cells. Both types of cells showed the same kinds of membrane nonlinearities when tested with the use of current pulses. Input resistance and time constant were both strongly affected by a fast anomalous rectification and were thus voltage-dependent, decreasing with membrane polarization. Slow ramplike depolarizing responses were observed in response to depolarizing current steps. 4. Repetitive firing was examined with the use of depolarizing current pulses. In both types of spiny cells, trains of action potentials showed little adaptation of spike frequency and linearly increased with current intensities less than 1 nA. The slopes frequency, calculated from the first and second intervals, were 115.0 and 107.2 Hz/nA, respectively, for matrix cells and 86.0 and 82.8 Hz/nA for patch cells. 5. Stimulation of the medial agranular cortex induced EPSPs in some striatal cells in both compartments. EPSP in matrix cells often showed both short-latency and long-latency components, corresponding to two early components of the response observed in vivo. Some matrix cells, and all patch cells, showed only the longer latency EPSP component. The average latency was 6.3 ms in matrix cells and 9.1 ms in patch cells. The relationship between EPSP amplitude and membrane potential was nonlinear, with EPSP amplitude and duration increasing with decreasing membrane polarization. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Therapy Escalation in Ulcerative Colitis in the Swiss IBD Cohort Study

Background:Physicians traditionally treat ulcerative colitis (UC) using a step-up approach. Given the paucity of data, we aimed to assess the cumulative probability of UC-related need for step-up therapy and to identify escalation-associated risk factors. Methods:Patients with UC enrolled into the Swiss IBD Cohort Study were analyzed. The following steps from the bottom to the top of the therapeutic pyramid were examined: (1) 5-aminosalicylic acid and/or rectal corticosteroids, (2) systemic corticosteroids, (3) immunomodulators (IM) (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate), (4) TNF antagonists, (5) calcineurin inhibitors, and (6) colectomy. Results:Data on 996 patients with UC with a median disease duration of 9 years were examined. The point estimates of cumulative use of different treatments at years 1, 5, 10, and 20 after UC diagnosis were 91%, 96%, 96%, and 97%, respectively, for 5-ASA and/or rectal corticosteroids, 63%, 69%, 72%, and 79%, respectively, for systemic corticosteroids, 43%, 57%, 59%, and 64%, respectively, for IM, 15%, 28%, and 35% (up to year 10 only), respectively, for TNF antagonists, 5%, 9%, 11%, and 12%, respectively, for calcineurin inhibitors, 1%, 5%, 9%, and 18%, respectively, for colectomy. The presence of extraintestinal manifestations and extended disease location (at least left-sided colitis) were identified as risk factors for step-up in therapy with systemic corticosteroids, IM, TNF antagonists, calcineurin inhibitors, and surgery. Cigarette smoking at diagnosis was protective against surgery. Conclusions:The presence of extraintestinal manifestations, left-sided colitis, and extensive colitis/pancolitis at the time of diagnosis were associated with use of systemic corticosteroids, IM, TNF antagonists, calcineurin inhibitors, and colectomy during the disease course.
The therapeutic impact of perceptual learning on juvenile amblyopia with or without previous patching treatment.

PURPOSE To investigate the therapeutic impact of perceptual learning on juvenile amblyopia that is no longer responsive to patching treatment (PT group) or was never patch treated (NPT group). METHODS Ten PT and 13 NPT subjects aged 8 to 17 years were trained with a grating acuity task for 40 to 60 sessions. Half in each group were further trained with single or crowded tumbling E acuity tasks for 8 to 10 sessions. RESULTS Training improved grating acuity by -2.1% in the PT eyes and 36.1% in the NPT eyes, along with a boost of single and crowded E acuities by 0.9 or 0.7 lines in the PT eyes and 1.5 and 1.2 lines in the NPT eyes, in contrast to a nearly 5-line improvement in the same PT eyes after previous patching treatment. Stereoacuity was improved in some PT and NPT eyes. The single and crowded E acuity improvements were not significantly dependent on the pretraining acuity. The single and crowded E acuity and stereoacuity improvements were uncorrelated with grating acuity improvement, suggesting some random training impacts on different tasks and individuals. Further direct single and crowded E acuity training generated an additional 0.2- and 0.2-line boost for PT eyes and a 0.4- and 0.5-line boost for NPT eyes, resulting in overall single and crowded E acuity gains of 1.4 and 1.0 lines for PT eyes and 2.2 and 1.8 lines for NPT eyes. CONCLUSIONS Perceptual learning has a small but significant therapeutic impact on both PT and NPT juvenile eyes, which is most likely to have clinical values for eyes with mild amblyopia. Early diagnosis and treatment are most important and effective.
A New Approach in Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System Using Cholestyramine

We prepared cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)-coated cholestyramine microcapsules as a intragastric floating drug delivery system endowed with floating ability due to the carbon dioxide generation when exposed to the gastric fluid. The microcapsules also have a mucoadhesive property. Ion-exchange resin particles can be loaded with bicarbonate followed by acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) and coated with CAB by emulsion solvent evaporation method. The drug concentration was monitored to maintain the floating property and minimum effective concentration. The effect of CAB: drug-resin ratio (2:1, 4:1, 6:1 w/w) on the particle size, floating time, and drug release was determined. Cholestyramine microcapsules were characterized for shape, surface characteristics, and size distribution; cholestyramine/acetohydroxamic acid interactions inside microcapsules were investigated by X-ray diffractometry. The buoyancy time of CAB-coated formulations was better than that of uncoated resin particles. Also, a longer floating time was observed with a higher polymer:drug resin complex ratio (6:1). With increasing coating thickness the particle size was increased but drug release rate was decreased. The drug release rate was higher in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) than in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). The in vivo mucoadhesion studies were performed with rhodamine-isothiocyanate (RITC) by fluorescent probe method. The amount of CAB-coated cholestyramine microcapsules that remained in the stomach was slightly lower than that of uncoated resin particles. Cholestyramine microcapsules were distributed throughout the stomach and exhibited prolonged gastric residence via mucoadhesion. These results suggest that CAB-coated microcapsules could be a floating as well as a mucoadhesive drug delivery system. Thus, it has promise in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori.