Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Protective and Suppressing Electromagnetic Interference Properties of Epoxy Coatings Containing Nano-Sized NiZn Ferrites

Nano-crystalline ferrites with the chemical formula NixZn(1−x)Fe2O4, where x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, were synthesized using a co-precipitation method. The obtained ferrites were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The corrosion inhibiting behavior of nano-sized ferrites was tested using carbon steel samples and 10% aqueous ferrite extracts. Results were compared with previous data obtained for micro-sized ceramic ferrites. Nanoparticles show more favorable properties regarding inhibiting corrosion processes on steel. Two Millimeter thick epoxy coatings on steel containing 10% vol. of nano-sized ferrites has been investigated as a microwave absorber. The microwave reflectivity of the coating was measured within the range from 6.5 to 15 GHz. Both the nano- and micro-sized ferrites included in the coatings exhibited different reflection loss spectra. The greatest attenuation on a level of 8–16 dB was observed. The nano-ferrite-filled epoxy coating exhibited a higher minimum reflection frequency in comparison with the micro-ferrite-filled coating. A frequency shift of 1-2 GHz was observed.
Corporate Takeovers

This essay surveys the recent empirical literature and adds to the evidence on takeover bids for U.S. targets, 1980-2005. The availability of machine readable transaction databases have allowed empirical tests based on unprecedented sample sizes and detail. We review both aggregate takeover activity and the takeover process itself as it evolves from the initial bid through the final contest outcome. The evidence includes determinants of strategic choices such as the takeover method (merger v. tender offer), the size of opening bids and bid jumps, the payment method, toehold acquisition, the response to target defensive tactics and regulatory intervention (antitrust), and it offers links to executive compensation. The data provides fertile grounds for tests of everything ranging from signaling theories under asymmetric information to strategic competition in product markets and to issues of agency and control. The evidence is supportive of neoclassical merger theories. For example, regulatory and technological changes, and shocks to aggregate liquidity, appear to drive out market-to-book ratios as fundamental drivers of merger waves. Despite the market boom in the second half of the 1990s, the proportion of all-stock offers in more than 13,000 merger bids did not change from the first half of the decade. While some bidders experience large losses (particularly in the years 1999 and 2000), combined value-weighted announcement-period returns to bidders and targets are significantly positive on average. Long-run post-takeover abnormal stock returns are not significantly different from zero when using a performance measure that replicates a feasible portfolio trading strategy. There are unresolved econometric issues of endogeneity and self-selection.
Physiological and antioxidant responses of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) to salinity

The effect of salt stress on the contents of praline, protein, hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in terms of lipid peroxidation, and on the changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT),ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in coriander were investigated in pot conditions. Salinity experiment was set up in pots as randomized plot experimental designs with three replications. Seedlings of Coriandrum sativum were subjected to 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM NaCl. The result showed that Proline and protein contents and enzymes activity were significantly increased with increasing salt stress in shoot sand roots. Both MDA and H 2O2 contents in shoot were increased until 75 mM , but were decreased at 100 mM. Our study indicates that its acquisition of salt tolerance maybe a consequence of improved resistance to oxidative stress via increased activities of antioxidant enzymes.
The Future of the Internet - And How to Stop It

This extraordinary book explains the engine that has catapulted the Internet from backwater to ubiquityand reveals that it is sputtering precisely because of its runaway success. With the unwitting help of its users, the generative Internet is on a path to a lockdown, ending its cycle of innovationand facilitating unsettling new kinds of control.IPods, iPhones, Xboxes, and TiVos represent the first wave of Internet-centered products that cant be easily modified by anyone except their vendors or selected partners. These tethered appliances have already been used in remarkable but little-known ways: car GPS systems have been reconfigured at the demand of law enforcement to eavesdrop on the occupants at all times, and digital video recorders have been ordered to self-destruct thanks to a lawsuit against the manufacturer thousands of miles away. New Web 2.0 platforms like Google mash-ups and Facebook are rightly toutedbut their applications can be similarly monitored and eliminated from a central source. As tethered appliances and applications eclipse the PC, the very nature of the Internetits generativity, or innovative characteris at risk.The Internets current trajectory is one of lost opportunity. Its salvation, Zittrain argues, lies in the hands of its millions of users. Drawing on generative technologies like Wikipedia that have so far survived their own successes, this book shows how to develop new technologies and social structures that allow users to work creatively and collaboratively, participate in solutions, and become true netizens.
Research Bubbles

We develop a model to rationalize and examine so-called “research bubbles”, i.e. research activities based on overoptimistic beliefs about the impact of this research on the economy. Research bubbles occur when researchers selfselect into research activities and the government aggregates the assessment of active researchers on the way advances in research may spur innovation and growth. In an overlapping generations framework, we study the occurrence of research bubbles and show that they tend to be welfare-improving. Particular forms can even implement the socially optimal solution. However, research bubbles can collapse, and we discuss institutional devices and the role of debt financing that ensure the sustainability of such bubbles. Finally, we demonstrate that research bubbles emerge in various extensions of our baseline model.
Asymmetric Information and Entrepreneurship

Why do individuals become entrepreneurs? When do they succeed? We develop a model in which individuals use pedigree (e.g., educational qualifications) as a signal to convince employers of their unobserved ability. However, this signal is imperfect, and individuals who correctly believe their ability is greater than their pedigree conveys to employers, choose entrepreneurship. Since ability, not pedigree, matters for productivity, entrepreneurs earn more than employees of the same pedigree. Our empirical analysis of two separate nationally representative longitudinal samples of individuals residing in the US and the UK supports the model’s predictions that (A) Entrepreneurs have higher ability than employees of the same pedigree, (B) Employees have better pedigree than entrepreneurs of the same ability, and (C) Entrepreneurs earn more, on average, than employees of the same pedigree, and their earnings display higher variance. We discuss the implications of our findings for entrepreneurship, education, and public policy.
Micropropagation and in vitro flowering in Pentanema indicum Ling

In this study we have investigated micropropagation and in vitro flowering for a medicinally important plant Pentanema indicum. Maximum callus proliferation was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg l � 1 BAP and 1.0 mg l � 1 IBA. The best shoot regeneration (19� 1.0) was achieved in five weeks when callus was cultured on MS medium amended with 4.0 mg l � 1 BAP and 1.0 mg l � 1 IAA. Direct multiple shoot initiation was also obtained from shoot tip and nodal explants in the presence of BAP and IAA. Addition of adenine sulfate (1.0 mg l � 1 ) to the regeneration medium increased the shoot multiplication. Regenerated shoots rooted best on MS medium containing 2.0 mg l � 1 IBA. Multiple shoots regenerated from callus, shoot tip and nodal explants flowered (90%) in vitro on a MS medium fortified with 2.0 mg l � 1 IBA. Plantlets were successfully acclimatized in a soil condition and the survival rate was 96%.
Blood, Timber, and the State in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

West Kalimantan (West Borneo) has a history of violent communal conflict. It also has extensive forests that have been looted for decades. The argument will be that these two are linked, but not by the grievances of the forest dwellers. Except in its first few days, the two main episodes of 1997 and 1999 were not driven mainly by grievances among marginal groups. Rather, explanations based on the 'resource curse' carry more weight. These focus attention on the contested nature of the state, rather than on rebellious activities of marginal groups. When state institutions were thrown into disarray by the sudden resignation of President Suharto in 1998, Dayak militants already close to state power rewrote the rules of local politics by demonstratively 'cleansing' certain areas of an unpopular immigrant minority. This theatrical maneouvre impressed political rivals sufficiently to allow Dayaks to gain control over several timber-rich districts, which had a thriving black economy. Malays later imitated these techniques to stem the tide.
The Trouble with Instruments: The Need for Pre-Treatment Balance in Shock-IV Designs

Credible causal inference in accounting and finance research often comes from “natural” experiments. These experiments can be exploited using several “shock-based” research designs, including difference-in-differences (DiD), instrumental variables based on the shock (shock-IV), and regression discontinuity (RD). We study here shock-IV designs using panel data. Shock-IVs are potentially more credible than non-shock IVs, but can be problematic unless carefully handled. We identify all shock-IV papers in two broad datasets; and re-examine three of the apparently strongest papers – Duchin, Matsusaka and Ozbas (“DMO,” JFE 2010); Iliev (JF 2010); and Desai and Dharmapala (REStat 2009). We show that the IVs in all three papers are unusably weak – once we enforce covariate balance and common support for treated and control firms, the instruments are no longer significant in the first stage. All three papers also show non-parallel pre-treatment trends on outcomes or core covariates. The problems with these papers generalize to our full sample, and to other papers exploiting the same shocks as DMO. A core conclusion of our reexamination is that “pre-treatment balance” (common support, covariate balance, and parallel pre-treatment trends) is necessary for credible shock-IV designs. We provide a good practice checklist for shock-IV design with panel data. Finding valid, usable shock-IVs is more challenging than prior research suggests. <br><br>The Online Appendix is available at: <a href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=2859113">http://ssrn.com/abstract=2859113</a>.
Recombinant Antibodies for Immunotherapy: Alternative Scaffolds: Expanding the Options of Antibodies

In the language of modem biotechnology, monoclonal antibodies (Kohler & Milstein, 1975) were the first "library" of proteins that was available, and the immune system was the first "selection" technology by which a specific binder could be obtained. However, only the subsequent introduction of molecular biology into this field allowed a true control over the molecules (reviewed, e.g., in Pllickthun & Moroney, 2005; Weiner & Carter, 2003). This development of technologies was largely driven by the desire to use antibodies therapeutically, since the extraordinarily strong immune response to a nonhuman antibody in humans had put an end to essentially all of these endeavors. As will be illustrated in the following paragraphs, technological developments intended to solve this problem made not only the use of an animal immune system, but, ironically, aJso the antibody molecule itself dispensable. Three fundamental approaches have been developed to anive at antibody molecules that are able to evade the human imrnnne surveillance and which, at least from this perspective, may become potential therapeutics. The fust approach, termed "hwnanization" Ganes et al., 1986), converts an exjsting murine antibody obtained by immunization into an analogous one with as much human sequence as possible. Another approach, a technical totu de force, was to introduce human antibody genes into a mouse and inactivate or delete the murine loci, such that an immunized mouse would then produce antibodies after immunization that essentially consisted of human sequences (Fishwild et al., 1996; Mendez et aJ., 1997). Finally, a third approach made the antibody completely independent of an animal's immune system: it consisted of establishing methods for rapidly producing recombinant antibodies in various formats, creating first a repertoire of the antibody genes outside the animal, and second a selection technology with which the antiboclies (and their genes) could be enriched from the library (Ewton et al., 1991; Hoogenboom & Winter, 1992; Knappik et aJ., 2000; Marks et al., 1991; Moncton et aJ., 2008; Skena & Ph.ickthun, 1988; Vaughan et al., 1996). For these antibody repertoires, either the natural immune repertoire is polymerase cham reaction (PCR) amplified, or fully synthetic repertoires are created. For the selection technology, display technologies such as phage display, ribosome display, and surface display on bacteria and yeast (Bass et al., 1990; Bader & Wittrup, 1997; Hanes & Pli.ickthun, 1997; McCafferty et al., 1990; Smith, 1985) are most widely used and have proven most successful. Over the years, many more selection technologies (Levin & Weiss, 2006) have been developed, all of which cannot be reviewed here.
A review and update of the genus Sapromyces (Straminipila: Oomycota)

Sapromyces—a freshwater saprotrophic genus of Oomycota, traditionally classified in the Leptomitales, more recently in the Rhipidiales—has received scant taxonomic attention since Sparrow’s (1960) revised Aquatic Phycomycetes. Sparrow recognized the two species of Sapromyces wellestablished at that point, S. elongatus and S. androgynus; a third species, S. indicus, was included, but not incorporated in his key, apparently because information did not reach Sparrow in time to completely readjust text. Dick (2001) recognized these three species—providing nomenclatural information, but not distinguishing features. A goal of our investigation was to assess S. indicus Iyengar et al., and, accepting this species, include it in a revised key. We conclude that Sapromyces should indeed contain three species, S. elongatus, S. androgynus and S. indicus; a fourth possible species, S. dubius Fritsch, based on sparse, uncertain material (initially described, but not named, by Reinsch), is considered “doubtful. ” Sapromyces reinschii (J. Schrot.) Fritsch is treated as a synonym of S. elongatus. Authorship of the binomial combination Sapromyces elongatus was incorrectly attributed; it should be S. elongatus (Cornu) Thaxt. Thaxter is sole author of S. androgynus. The original source (which of two publications? ) of the basionym of S. elongatus (Rhipidium elongatum) required clarification. The generic name Sapromyces invited attention because of two preceding synonyms, and a possible later homonym. We report our find of Sapromyces in Alabama—a probable identity to species—and discuss aspects of morphology: Form and mode of growth, potential vegetative reproductive structures, and absence of antheridia. Published on-line www.phytologia. org Phytologia 97(2): 82-93 (April 1, 2015). ISSN 030319430.
Robust Portfolio Selection with Near Optimal Centering

Quantitative asset allocation models have not been widely adopted by practitioners because they suffer from two problems: the lack of robustness and diversification of portfolios obtained through these models. To solve these problems, We developed a new portfolio selection method that can be applied to any convex risk measure. The procedure begins selecting an optimal portfolio in the efficient frontier, then we define a near optimal region and finally we define the analytic center as the new optimal portfolio. We compare 30 portfolio optimization models for 4 asset samples, and the results suggest that the new method overcomes traditional methods in robustness and diversification.
Evolutionary Signature of Ancient Parasite Pressures, or the Ghost of Parasitism Past

Animals adopt a range of avoidance strategies to reduce their exposure to parasites and the associated cost of infection. If strong selective pressures from parasites are sustained over many generations, avoidance strategies may gradually evolve from phenotypically plastic, or individually variable, to fixed, species-wide traits. Over time, host species possessing effective infection avoidance traits may lose parasite species. Indeed, if overcoming the avoidance strategies of a host species is too costly, i.e., if individuals of that species become too rarely encountered or difficult to infect, a generalist parasite may opt out of this particular arms race. From the host’s perspective, if avoidance traits are not costly or have been co-opted for other functions, they may persist in extant species even if ancestral parasites are lost, as signatures of past selection by parasites. Here, we develop the “ghost of parasitism past” hypothesis. We discuss how animal species with a lower number of parasite species than expected based on their ecological properties or phylogenetic affinities are a good starting point in the search for traces of past parasite-mediated selection. We then argue that the hypothesis explains the dynamic and inconsistent nature of the relationship between the expression of avoidance traits and relative infection risk in comparative analyses across host species. Finally, we propose some approaches to test the predictions of the hypothesis. Animal morphology and behavior show clear evidence of past selective pressures from predators; we argue that past selection from parasites has also left its imprint, though in more subtle ways.
Ground-Based Analogs for Human Spaceflight

This mini-review provides an updated summary of various analogs for adaptations of humans to the microgravity of space. Microgravity analogs discussed in this paper include dry immersion, wet immersion, unilateral lower-extremity limb suspension, head down tilt (HDT), and supine bed rest. All Earth-based analogs are imperfect simulations of microgravity with their own advantages and disadvantages. This paper compares these five frequently used microgravity analogs to offer insights into their usefulness for various physiological systems. New developments for each human microgravity analog are explored and advantages of one analog are evaluated against other analogs. Furthermore, the newly observed risk of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS) is included in this mini review with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each method of simulation for the relatively new risk of SANS. Overall, the best and most integrated analog for Earth-based studies of the microgravity of space flight appears to be head-down tilt bed rest.
Total trapeziometacarpal joint arthroplasty using wide awake local anaesthetic no tourniquet

We conducted a descriptive study of 50 consecutive cases of total trapeziometacarpal joint arthroplasty by one surgeon using wide awake local anaesthetic no tourniquet to assess the usefulness and reliability of the anaesthesia, any adverse effects and patient acceptance. No difference was found when comparing the duration of surgery with 50 cases of total trapeziometacarpal joint arthroplasty inserted in a bloodless field under general or regional anaesthesia by the same surgeon. Wide awake local anaesthetic no tourniquet was found to be useful in providing adequate anaesthesia and haemostasis, and to be reliable and safe with no adverse effects. Patient satisfaction was high with 100% willing to repeat. Overall, wide awake local anaesthetic no tourniquet was a satisfactory method of anaesthesia for trapeziometacarpal joint arthroplasty with the potential for significant benefits to both patient and surgeon compared with traditional general anaesthesia and regional block. Level of evidence: II
Exploring causal genes responsible for a phenotype by intervention-calculus with the nonparanomal method

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Prevalence of Tick-Borne Pathogens in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and Black-Legged Deer Tick (Ixodes scapularis) Collected in Central Missouri.

by Geoffrey P. Vincent Ticks (Arachnida: Acarina) are vectors of many human disease-causing pathogens. In this study we focus on the prevalence of three pathogens, Rickettsia rickettsii, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Ehrlichia spp. that are responsible for Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and ehrlichiosis respectively. Ticks and blood samples were collected from deer harvested during fall firearms season in Missouri counties in 2010 and 2011. PCR analysis was performed using known primers and visualized via agarose gel electrophoresis to determine prevalence of the three pathogens. Prevalence of B. burgdorferi found in deer and Ixodes scapularis Say is 3.1% (n = 97) and 0.0% (n = 32) respectively for 2010 and 3.4% (n = 59) and 4.6% (n = 44) respectively for 2011. Prevalence of R. rickettsia found in deer and I. scapularis is 20.6% (n = 97) and 12.5% (n = 32) respectively for 2010 and 15.3% (n = 59) and 6.8% (n = 44) respectively for 2011. No samples tested positive for Ehrlichia spp. PREVALENCE OF TICK-BORNE PATHOGENS IN WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) AND BLACK-LEGGED DEER TICK (IXODES SCAPULARIS) COLLECTED IN CENTRAL MISSOURI By Geoffrey P. Vincent A Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in the Department of Biology University of Central Missouri April, 2013 © 2013 Geoffrey P. Vincent ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PREVALENCE OF TICK-BORNE PATHOGENS IN WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) AND BLACK-LEGGED DEER TICK (IXODES SCAPULARIS) COLLECTED IN CENTRAL MISSOURI By Geoffrey P. Vincent