Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extraction of mental task in recorded EEG signal using ICA-JADE algorithm

An instrument that has special function to record electrical brain activity in scalp is electroencephalograph (EEG). Recently has various function, one of them is brain computer interface (BCI). BCI application can make human brain interaction with environment without other parts of body. Mental task is the important part in BCI system. Mental task which generate from brain, especially happen in central lobe. In fact, mental task disturbed by other signal which generate from other parts of brain. It is make problem to extract the real mental task from brain. In this research algorithm ICA-JADEis used to extract mental task activity in EEG signal recorded. The experiment was collected in 6 subject people. Stimulus for each subjectto move right hand for generate mental task have been design. Result of this research show ICA-JADE method can extract mental task from EEG signal recorded and the quantity perform of ICA-JADE is compared with the pure mental task signal.
Prehistoric Cultural Development in the Southern Californian Deserts

Abstract Archaeological remains from the southern Californian desert region, spanning a period from 7000 B.C. to historic times, are segregated into four broad cultural horizons. The earliest certain evidences of human occupation consist of stone tools and weapons from the shore line of ancient Lake Mohave. The Lake Mohave artifacts comprise types designed primarily for hunting and related activities. Next in sequence are the lithic materials from Pinto Basin and other localities that demonstrate a mixed hunting-gathering economy. The third or Amargosa period is inadequately known. Triangular arrowpoints, pottery, and numerous seed-grinding implements distinguish the closing aboriginal phase. The major research needs are indicated.
Are There "Shapers" and "Aligners"? Individual Differences in Signalling Pitch Accent Category

One of the most studied phonetic dimensions diffe-rentiating pitch accent categories is tonal align-ment. However, when acoustic alignment data are broken down by individual patterns, one can notice great differences both in the size of the contrast as well as in the dispersion of the temporal values. Moreover, speakers appear to compensate for weaker alignment differences by enhancing shape differences in the contour, such as rise/fall slope. Here we present production data in two languages, German and Italian, for well-established pitch ac-cent contrasts. Our data suggest that the speakers. behavior can be represented on a continuum from most extreme "aligners" to "shapers".
Mechanisms of selection mediated by interleukin‐7, the preBCR, and hemokinin‐1 during B‐cell development

Summary: Many of the stromal‐derived signals and factors that regulate B lymphopoiesis have been identified. We review recent evidence from our laboratory that shows that there are at least three phases during B‐cell development when cells direct their own maturation, independent of stromal cells. Following the expression of the preB‐cell receptor (preBCR), cells acquire the ability to proliferate in low levels of interleukin‐7 (IL‐7), which acts as a self‐selecting mechanism to expand cells that have successfully expressed a preBCR in environments that are non‐permissive to preBCR– cells. Second, the preBCR is required for a contact‐mediated event between B‐cell progenitors. Disruption at this stage prevents the further maturation of progenitors to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐responsive stage. Finally, the transition from IL‐7 receptor to mature antigen receptor‐based signaling is enhanced by a novel member of the tachykinin family, hemokinin‐1. This series of maturation, survival, and differentiation signals is generated by B‐lineage cells as they progress through developmental checkpoints on the way to becoming functionally mature cells.
A Circular Dichroism Spectroscopic Study Revealing the Cause of the Changes of Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Induction of Photosystem II During Heat Treatment

Chlorophyll a fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectra of photosystem II (PSII) membrane were measured after heat treatment. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fo' remained stable after treatment at the temperatures from 30 °C to 40 °C and then reached a maximum after treatment at 55 °C. In PSII membranes and LHCII (light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding complex)enriched complexes, anomalous CD signals with extremely large amplitudes occurred during the heat treatment. The temperature corresponding to the maximum anomalous CD intensity peaking at 677 nm was 40 °C. The results indicate that the aggregation state of the LHCII in PSII is related to the anomalous CD signal, and can be an important factor influencing Fo' in the heat treatment of PSII membrane.
K+ channel modulators for the treatment of neurological disorders and autoimmune diseases.

Potassium channels are tetrameric membrane proteins that selectively conduct K across cellular membranes. With 78 family members, K channels make up about half of the extended superfamily of 143 voltage-gated ion channels in the human genome, the third largest family of signaling molecules, following G-protein coupled receptors and protein kinases. K channels have probably evolved from an ancestral gene encoding a simple 2-transmembrane segment (TM) protein, like the bacterial KcsA channel. Subsequent gene duplication or addition of a 4 TM voltage sensor domain or intracellular domains for ligand binding have produced a large family of extraordinarily versatile signaling molecules: 15 inwardly rectifying 2-TM K channels (Kir), 15 twopore 4-TM K channels (K2P), 8 calcium-activated 6or 7-TM K channels (KCa), and 40 voltage-gated K channels (KV). Each of these 78 K channels has a unique expression pattern allowing cells in a complex multicellular organism to “fine tune” their membrane potential and their excitability according to their respective physiological functions. Specific modulation of individual K channel types therefore offers an enormous potential for the development of physiological tool compounds and new drugs. To name just a few examples, K channel modulators are already clinically used as drugs for the treatment of type-2 diabetes and cardiac arrhythmia and are widely pursued in academia and the pharmaceutical industry as novel targets for epilepsy, memory disorders, chronic pain, cardiac and brain ischemia, hypertension, bladder over-reactivity, immunosuppression, and cancer. In this Review, we will first give an overview of K channel pharmacology in general and then discuss the medicinal chemistry of the K channels which constitute targets for the treatment of neurological disorders (KV7.2–7.5, KCa1.1, KCa2.1–2.3) and autoimmune diseases (KV1.3, KCa3.1) in more detail.
Response to Dr. Kadayifci et al.: a surgical policy for hepatobiliary cancer

TO THE EDITOR: We read with a great interest the case “An Extrahepatic Bile Duct Metastasis From a Gallbladder Cancer Mimicking Mirizzi’s Syndrome” reported by Akiyama et al. (1). We agree that preoperative precise diagnosis is very difficult in such cases, but not nearly impossible, as they concluded, before surgery. The recognition of malignancy is very important to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures and risks for these patients. They diagnosed the biliary obstruction with a tube cholangiography via a percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage catheter (PTC). We thought that they could obtain a preoperative diagnosis of malignant occurrence in the biliary tract with brush cytology by PTC. The malignant obstruction of the bile duct can be diagnosed with high sensitivity and specificity, both by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and PTC-guided brush cytology. Despite PTC, this route has a lower sensitivity, compared to ERCP, in the diagnosis of biliary obstruction due to metastatic disease. It can obtain a positive result in nearly one-third of patients, and this rate should not be disregarded, as neglect it is a very simple and inexpensive diagnostic method (2, 3). On the other hand, a protected brush method may increase the sensitivity rate of this method. Last month, we had a 68-yr-old woman admitted, with abdominal pain on the right upper quadrant and cholestasis findings. The abdominal sonography and computed tomography revealed multiple stones in gallbladder and marked dilation in both the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. The ERCP has showed a constructive narrowing on the common hepatic duct at the level of the gallbladder neck, with a significant dilation of bile ducts behind this point. Brush cytology has been made to detect a possible malignant obstruction, and a biliary catheter was inserted for bile drainage. Cytological examination showed adenocancer cells, and a malignant biliary obstruction was definitely diagnosed with this simple and practical method and without a surgical procedure. The patient will be followed-up palliatively, as the prognosis of both primary and metastatic tumors of this region is poor and surgery is unsatisfactory. However, she continued to suffer from significant right upper abdominal pain due to gallstones, at follow-up, and underwent to an open cholecystectomy for this reason. During operation, a gallbladder tumor localized at the neck of the gallbladder that invased to common hepatic duct and right hepatic duct was detected. The gallbladder removed whole and histopathological examination revealed a moderately differentiated gallbladder adenocancer. This case has confirmed that bile cytology during cholangiography may help the diagnosis of malignant biliary obstruction and may prevent unnecessary surgery for this purpose. We thought that Akiyama et al. might have diagnosed the malignant biliary obstruction, in their case, if they had done a brush cytology via the PTC.
El águila real y el águila perdicera en ambientes mediterráneos semiáridos: distribución, ocupación territorial, éxito reproductor y conservación / Martina Carrete ; dirigida por José Francisco Calvo Sendín, José Antonio Sánchez Zapata.

El area circunmediterranea representa una de las principales zonas de coexistencia de dos grandes rapaces rupicolas: El Aguila real y el Aguila perdicera. La diferente evolucion poblacional seguida por cada especie, que ha permitido que muchos de los territorios abandonados por la primera fueran ocupados por la segunda, sumada a la elevada similitud de sus areas de cria y sus dietas, ha sugerido la existencia de procesos competitivos entre ellas. La distribucion espacial del Aguila real, de tipo regular, puede asociarse a procesos de competencia intraespecifica. En el caso del Aguila perdicera, la reduccion poblacional sufrida la ha confinado a dos nucleos reproductivos, dentro de los cuales de los cuales las parejas se distribuyen de manera aleatoria. El patron de distribucion de los territorios de ambas especies no se diferencio del azar, consecuencia de la combinacion de distribuciones intraespecificas o la baja densidad conjunta. El modelo de ocupacion territorial empleado para analizar la evolucion de cada una de las poblaciones asi como la extension desarrollada para las dos ha permitido establecer que, en la situacion estudiada, la dinamica intraespecifica, mas que la interespecifica, es la que determina los tamanos poblacionales de ambas especies, que coexisten en virtud de un equilibrado estable que solo se altera si cambia la proporcion de habitat de solapamiento. Los modelos muestran dos estrategias complementarias de conservacion: una basado en el habitat y otra en los aspectos demograficos. Destaca, dentro del primer grupo, la importancia de incrementar la disponibilidad de habitat para cada especie, y para el segundo, el mantenimiento de valores elevadas en la supervivencia de los individuos territoriales y no territoriales y en los parametros reproductivos. Si bien los valores de los parametros reproductivos observados en las poblaciones estudiadas de Aguila real y Aguila perdicera son intermedios-altos respecto
A Natural Adaptive Nonconforming FEM Of Quasi-Optimal Complexity

Abstract In recent years, the question on the convergence and optimality in the context of adaptive finite element methods has been the subject of intensive studies. However, for nonstandard FEMs such as mixed or nonconforming ones, the lack of Galerkin's orthogonality requires new mathematical arguments. The presented adap- tive algorithm for the Crouzeix-Raviart finite element method and the Poisson model problem is of quasi-optimal complexity. Furthermore it is natural in the sense that collective marking rather than a separate marking is applied or the estimated error and the volume term.
New approach to noncausal identification of nonstationary stochastic systems subject to both smooth and abrupt parameter changes

In this paper we consider the problem of finite-interval parameter smoothing for a class of nonstationary linear stochastic systems subject to both smooth and abrupt parameter changes. The proposed parallel estimation scheme combines the estimates yielded by several exponentially weighted basis function algorithms. The resulting smoother automatically adjusts its smoothing bandwidth to the type and rate of nonstationarity of the identified system. It also allows one to account for the distribution of the measurement noise.
A Design for Testability of Undetectable Crosspoint Faults in Programmable Logic Arrays

In this paper, the validity of single fault assumption in deriving diagnostic test sets is examined with respect to crosspoint faults in programmable logic arrays (PLA's). The control input procedure developed here can be used to convert PLA's having undetectable crosspoint faults to crosspoint-irredundant PLA's for testing purposes. All crosspoints will be testable in crosspoint-irredundant PLA's. The control inputs are used as extra variables during testing. They are maintained at logic 1 during normal operation. A useful heuristic for obtaining a near-minimal number of control inputs is suggested. Expressions for calculating bounds on the number of control inputs have also been obtained.
External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve monitoring during thyroid and parathyroid surgery: International Neural Monitoring Study Group standards guideline statement

Intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) during thyroid surgery has gained widespread acceptance as an adjunct to the gold standard of visual identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Contrary to routine dissection of the RLN, most surgeons tend to avoid rather than routinely expose and identify the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) during thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy. IONM has the potential to be utilized for identification of the EBSLN and functional assessment of its integrity; therefore, IONM might contribute to voice preservation following thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy. We reviewed the literature and the cumulative experience of the multidisciplinary International Neural Monitoring Study Group (INMSG) with IONM of the EBSLN. A systematic search of the MEDLINE database (from 1950 to the present) with predefined search terms (EBSLN, superior laryngeal nerve, stimulation, neuromonitoring, identification) was undertaken and supplemented by personal communication between members of the INMSG to identify relevant publications in the field. The hypothesis explored in this review is that the use of a standardized approach to the functional preservation of the EBSLN can be facilitated by application of IONM resulting in improved preservation of voice following thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy. These guidelines are intended to improve the practice of neural monitoring of the EBSLN during thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy and to optimize clinical utility of this technique based on available evidence and consensus of experts.
Ultrafast coherent transients due to exciton-continuum scattering in bulk GaAs.

Recent two-beam four-wave-mixing experiments on GaAs using pulses of 15 fs in duration have exhibited unusual line shapes that simultaneously show narrow spectral lines with a width of 1 meV and decays in the time-delay domain on a scale of 10 fs. This observation appears to violate time-energy uncertainty and has not been explained so far. Here we present three-beam four-wave-mixing experiments under identical conditions. The data are compared with a model of exciton-continuum coupling that explains the signatures of the three-beam data as well as the two-beam data.
Opinions about Mental Illness: Hospital Differences in Attitude for Eight Occupation Groups

When between-hospital (n = 12) and within-occupation group (n = 8) differences in attitude-opinion toward the mentally ill are studied for 4784 mental hospital employees, Authoritarianism and Benevolence do not vary among mental health professionals but do for others; the reverse obtains for Interpersonal Etiology; and Social Restrictiveness differentiates in virtually all groups and most sharply in psychiatrists.
Coordinated Control Based on Bus-Signaling and Virtual Inertia for Islanded DC Microgrids

A low-voltage islanded dc microgrid contains a number of renewable energy sources, local loads, and energy storage systems (ESS). To avoid the over-charging and over-discharging situations of ESS, a coordinated control strategy should be used in islanded dc microgrids. In this paper, a novel bus-signaling method (BSM) is proposed to achieve autonomous coordinated performance of system according to different state of charge conditions. Additionally, a secondary coordinated control is introduced to restore the voltage deviation produced by primary control level without decaying coordinated performance. The proposed control algorithm and controller implementation based on BSM are also presented. Finally, real-time simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed approach by presenting the operation of an islanded dc microgrid in different testing scenarios.
Cyclic Stretch Controls the Expression of CD40 in Endothelial Cells by Changing Their Transforming Growth Factor–&bgr;1 Response

Background— CD40 is a costimulatory molecule that acts as a central mediator of various immune responses, including those involved in the progression of atherosclerosis. Correspondent to its function, CD40 is present not only on many immune cells, such as antigen-presenting cells and T cells, but also on nonimmune cells, such as endothelial cells. Methods and Results— Ex vivo analyses in mice revealed that CD40 is strongly expressed in distinct venous and capillary but not arterial endothelial cell populations. Therefore, we analyzed to what extent determinants of an arterial environment control CD40 expression in these cells. In vitro studies indicated that the presence of smooth muscle cells or exposure to cyclic stretch significantly downregulates CD40 expression in human endothelial cells. Interestingly, endothelial cells cocultured with smooth muscle cells upregulated CD40 expression in response to cyclic stretch through a transforming growth factor–&bgr;1/activin-receptor–like kinase-1 (Alk-1)–dependent mechanism. To corroborate that this mechanism also operates in arteries in vivo, we analyzed the expression of Alk-1 and CD40 at atherosclerosis-prone sites of the mouse aorta that also appear to be exposed to increased stretch. In wild-type mice, both Alk-1 and CD40 revealed a comparably heterogeneous expression pattern along the aortic arch that matched those sites in low-density lipoprotein–receptor–deficient mice where atherosclerotic lesions develop. Conclusions— Cyclic stretch thus increases the abundance of CD40 in endothelial cells through transforming growth factor–&bgr;1/Alk-1 signaling. This mechanism in turn may be responsible for the heterogeneous expression of CD40 at arterial bifurcations or curvatures and would support a site-specific proinflammatory response that is typical for the early phase of atherosclerosis.
Designing “Dual Personality” IEEE 1149.1 Compliant Multi-Chip Modules

The IEEE 1149.1 Test Access Port and Boundary-Scan ArchitectureStandard can be used at many different levels in the integration hierarchy of a product. However there is one level where using the standard poses some difficulty. Multi-Chip Modules (MCM) belong to this level. This paper explores the problemand proposes a set of solutions for various classes of MCMs.
A century of citation classics in otolaryngology–head and neck surgery journals revisited

Citation classics have traditionally been defined in the smaller medical specialties as any article published in a peer‐reviewed journal that has received 100 or more citations from other articles also published in peer‐reviewed journals. This study aimed to determine patterns of citation classics changes in the medical field otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery (OHNS) over the past decade and serves as a follow‐up to an original study published in 2002, “A Century of Citation Classics in Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. ”
Measuring the effect of a study meal on portal concentrations of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in non diabetic and diabetic patients with liver cirrhosis: transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS) as a new method for metabolic measurements.

BACKGROUND Diabetes in liver cirrhosis is associated with a blunted insulin response, which might be explained by an impaired release of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) into the portal circulation. AIMS To investigate basal and stimulated portal venous and peripheral GLP-1 concentrations in non-diabetic (ND) and diabetic (D) patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS) implantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS After elective TIPSS portalvenous and peripheral probes were drawn from 10 ND and 10 D patients with stable liver disease during an oral metabolic test and plasma glucose, immunoreactive GLP-1, insulin and C-peptide were measured. RESULTS The study meal led to a significant rise in portal GLP-1 levels in ND and D. Basal and stimulated portal GLP-1 concentrations were not significantly different between ND and D. Peripheral GLP-1 did not differ significantly from portal venous levels. Insulin response in ND was more pronounced in the portal blood than in the periphery and was absent in D. CONCLUSION TIPSS allows a direct evaluation of hormonal changes in the portal circulation during an oral metabolic tolerance test. A disturbed GLP-1 secretion does not play a role in blunting the insulin response observed in patients with hepatogenous diabetes.
Sanzuodian: the structure, function and social significance of the earliest stone fortified sites in China

The authors present new research on the Chifeng area of north-eastern China where they have been studying the remains of a society of the second millennium BC. This northern region, which saw the introduction of agriculture at the same time as the Yellow River basin experienced a brief and intensive period of fortification in the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age: natural ridges above the valleys were ringed with double stone walls and semicircular towers enclosing clusters of round houses with yards. Using large-scale survey and analysis of the structures at the key site of Sanzuodian, they place this phenomenon in its cultural and social context.