Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adhesion and stiction: Mechanisms, measurement techniques, and methods for reduction

Solid–solid adhesion occurs at contacting asperities in two contacting solids. A thin liquid film with a small contact angle, present at the interface, can result in the so-called liquid-mediated adhesion. This may result in high adhesion during normal pull and high static friction during sliding, both commonly referred to as “stiction. ” The problem of high stiction is especially important in an interface involving two very smooth surfaces under lightly loaded conditions. This article provides a critical and comprehensive review of mechanisms of adhesion and stiction, various measurement techniques, and methods used to reduce stiction in magnetic storage devices and micro/nanoelectromechanical systems.
The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans

In this first full-scale attempt to reconstruct the chemical evolution of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans, Heinrich Holland assembles data from a wide spectrum of fields to trace the history of the ocean-atmosphere system. A pioneer in an increasingly important area of scholarship, he presents a comprehensive treatment of knowledge on this subject, provides an extensive bibliography, and outlines problems and approaches for further research. The first four chapters deal with the turbulent first half billion years of Earth history. The next four chapters, devoted largely to the Earth from 3.9 to 0.6 b.y. b.p., demonstrate that changes in the atmosphere and oceans during this period were not dramatic. The last chapter of the book deals with the Phanerozoic Eon; although the isotopic composition of sulfur and strontium in seawater varied greatly during this period of Earth history, the chemical composition of seawater did not.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model for the Study of Glial Calcium Signaling in Awake, Behaving Animals

Author(s): Conner, Alden | Advisor(s): Isacoff, Ehud | Abstract: Glial biology has been studied for over a century, yet the existence of dynamic calcium signaling in astrocytes was only discovered in 1990. Early studies used cultured astrocytes to investigate this phenomenon; however, studies in cultured cells are highly vulnerable to artifactual results that do not accurately represent normal physiological conditions. More recent studies in vivo have revealed a broad heterogeneity in astrocyte signaling—the mechanisms that trigger a calcium rise, the sources of that calcium rise, and the downstream effects of astrocyte signaling all vary with different brain regions and types of stimulation. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), the primary glial cell type is radial glia that persist into adulthood, which have previously been shown to perform many of the same roles as mammalian astrocytes, including regulating synaptic glutamate uptake and maintaining CNS water balance. This study establishes that zebrafish are an appropriate model for studying glial calcium signaling, which can be triggered by eliciting an acoustic startle response in awake, behaving fish. The glial calcium signal, measured by the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP5, reliably peaks following an escape response and is mediated by the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1.
Nuclear reactor excitation of XeF laser gas mixtures

Kinetic studies of the XeF laser system and other laser media have been studied under low-power (several kW/cc), long-pulse (100 to 200 microseconds) pumping conditions using fission-fragment pumping. Results include the measurement of fluorescence from excited states of KrF, N/sub 2//sup +/, and XeF and optical gain near 351 nm in gas mixtures containing Xe, NF/sub 3/, and a rare gas. Sandia's fast-pulse reactor facility (SPR III) was used for these experiments, in which a cell containing the gas mixtures is irradiated with thermalized neutrons. Energy deposition in the gas occurs through the interaction of energetic charged particles produced by neutron-induced fission events. Two pumping modes have been examined. One mode uses /sup 3/He as the rare gas, where charged particles from the /sup 3/He(n,p)/sup 3/H reaction excite the medium. Another mode uses fission fragments from /sup 235/U, which is coated on thin ceramic substrates, as the source of excitation. 7 refs., 10 figs.
Analysis of the configurational temperature of polymeric liquids under shear and elongational flows using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations

We present a detailed analysis of the configurational temperature (Tconf) for its application to polymeric materials using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) and nonequilibrium Monte Carlo (NEMC) methods. Simulations were performed of linear polyethylene liquid C78H158 undergoing shear and elongational flows. At equilibrium, Tconf is equal to the set point temperature of the simulation. An aphysically large decrease in Tconf is observed in the NEMD simulations for both flows, especially at strong flow fields. By analyzing separately the individual contributions of the different potential interaction modes to the configurational temperature, it is found that the bonded modes (which constitutes almost 99.5% of the total) dominate the total Tconf over the nonbonded ones; i.e., bond-stretching (≈86.5%), bond-bending (≈11.8%), bond-torsional (≈1.2%), nonbonded intermolecular (≈0.4%), and intramolecular (≈0.1%) Lennard-Jones. The configurational temperature of the individual modes generally exhibits a non.
The Infrared Spectra of Minerals

An aerosol valve actuator has a body in which a forwardly open cavity is formed and which contains in its forward end a reciprocating piston in which a discharge orifice is formed, a rod or probe extending from the closed back end of the cavity forwardly and having a front end which normally closes the discharge orifice when the piston is at a backward position, but opens this orifice when the piston reciprocates forwardly to leave the front end of the rod or probe. A hole opens transversely through the body and into the back end portion of the cavity and this hole is proportioned for a press fit on the usual tubular valve stem through which a packaged pressurized product is dispensed when the stem is depressed. The actuator is used for depressing the stem by finger pressure. The front end of the body has a cap or retainer screwed on it to hold the piston normally backwardly against the front end of the rod, unscrewing of this cap freeing the piston for forward movement and orifice-opening action. When the cap is unscrewed to place the actuator in its ready condition, a coil spring positioned between the cap and the piston biases the piston backwardly so that the orifice remains normally closed, the orifice opening when the actuator receives the pressurized product which then applies its pressure against the piston to push it forwardly to the limit determined by the extent with which the front cap is unscrewed. Thus, the cap acts as a governor controlling the extent the discharged valve opens and, therefore, the nature of the discharge of the pressurized product. This governor is positioned on the front end of the actuator.
Photochemistry of acetylene at 193.3 nm

The quantum yield (QY) of diacetylene in the 193.3-nm photolysis of acetylene has been measured as a function of pressure, decomposition, and added gases. The QY of diacetylene is near unity (0.9±0.1) when the decomposition is 1% or less. The QY of C 2 H 2 +hv→C 2 H+H is 0.3±0.1, which is determined by the C 2 HD yield from the photolysis of C 2 H 2 +C 2 D 6 (or D 2 ) mixtures. The yield is in good agreement with the QY of H atoms photodissociated from C 2 H 2 ; C 2 H reacts with C 2 H 2 to produce an equivalent amount of diacetylene
ONE POT CONVERSION OF ALCOHOL TO AMINE USING SODIUM AZIDE WITH ZINC AND ZINC CHLORIDE

A convenient and efficient one pot sequence has been developed for transformation of alcohols to amine using sodium oxide and p-Tolune sulphonyl chloride with zinc and zinc chloride at mild conditions. KeyWords: One pot, Amine, Alcohol, zinc chloride, Zinc,paratoulene sulphonyl chloride.
Multicell actuator based on a sliding mode control

This paper deals with reliability of motor drive systems. It focuses on the switching power converter which is the weakest drive part. It investigates a new architecture which provides intrinsic redundancy. The method used in this fault switch detection and diagnosis is based on a sliding mode observer. The original aspect of this new approach is that the observer influences the control algorithm in order to rule out or accept the possibility of the device failure. This leads to the right decision which induces the rebuilding of the converter topology. This fault tolerant control strategy assures continuous operation even though one switch failure occurs.
In vitro Reconstitution of Epicuticular Wax Crystals: Formation of Tubular Aggregates by Long‐Chain Secondary Alkanediols

Cuticles of several plant species are covered by tubular wax aggregates that are known to consist mainly of (S)-nonacosan-10-ol. The present work addresses the question whether minor wax components may additionally contribute to these tubules. Thin layer chromatography was used to prepare secondary alkanediol fractions from leaf cuticular waxes of Nelumbo nucifera and Thalictrum flavum, containing nonacosane-3,10-diol, nonacosane-4,10-diol, nonacosane-5,10-diol, nonacosane-7,10-diol, nonacosane-9,10-diol and nonacosane-10,13-diol. From organic solutions all these compounds crystallized in tubular shapes. Possible crystal structures of relevant alkanediol isomers are proposed, in analogy to the lattice geometries of comparable aliphatic compounds. The resulting structural model shows that nonacosan-10-ol and various secondary alkanediols may join in metastable mixed crystals. According to the structural model proposed the admixture of alkanediols to nonacosan-10-ol aggregates should enhance the stability of their tubular habit.
An FT-IR Study of the Effect of Simulated Solar Radiation and Various Particulates on the Oxidation of SO2

Short- and long-term studies of the effect of black carbon and other particulates on the oxidation of SO2 with and without the presence of oxygen, water vapor, and simulated solar radiation, have been carried out. FT-IR studies involving isotopic oxygen-18, sulfur dioxide-18, and D2O in these reactions confirm the requirement of water vapor and oxygen for this oxidation. Such experiments conducted at 298 K demonstrate only the formation of ionic sulfates, while the reactions conducted under simulated solar radiation show the formation of both covalent and ionic sulfate species. These observations have implications for the retention or diminution of catalytic activity by the soot. The reaction vessel walls, SiO2, and particulate black carbon, all act as catalysts for the conversion of S(IV) to S(VI), the amounts depending primarily on the surface area of the solid.
Surface Plasmon Resonance of Single Gold Nanodimers near the Conductive Contact Limit

We have studied the spectral response of individual pairs of gold nanoparticles chemically synthesized and stabilized on a transparent thin film. Very thin interspacing distances are explored by taking advantage of a residual layer of surfactant molecules at the metal surface. Absolute extinction cross section measurements by the spatial modulation spectroscopy technique are correlated to the corresponding high magnification images independently obtained from transmission electron microscopy. The signature of a transition from isolated to conductively coupled particles is evidenced in the optical spectra and is discussed in relation with their morphology. The strength of the electromagnetic coupling is controlled not only by their spacing but also by the shape of their opposite surfaces in the gap region.
Effect of Precipitation Method on Stoichiometry and Morphology of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles

This paper reports synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles by three precipitation methods. Homogeneous aqueous solution of Ca(NO3)2 and H3PO4 was used as precursor solution, and NH3•H2O was precipitator. Calcium deficient hydroxyapatite nanorods were obtained by adding the precipitator into precursor solution, near stoichiometric hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were derived from adding precursor solution into the precipitator, and smaller hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were prepared by adding precipitator and precursor solution simultaneously into a reaction vessel. The stoichiometry of hydroxyapatite was mainly affected by pH at precipitation reaction process. The crystal size and shape of hydroxyapatite particles was related to Ostwald ripening. The stoichiometry and morphology of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles can be controllable by selecting suitable coprecipitation process.
Caractérisation de champs d'orientation par analyse en composantes principales et estimation de la courbure : application aux images sismiques

Ce memoire traite de l'analyse de textures dites longiformes, c'est-a-dire composees de structures fines orientees, qui presentent un caractere directionnel tres marque. Nos objectifs sont multiples et concernent l'estimation de l'orientation, de l'homogeneite et de la courbure des elements composant de telles textures. L'approche retenue pour une estimation locale de l'orientation consiste en l'utilisation de filtres estimant le gradient. Les champs d'orientation ainsi obtenus sont regularises par une technique statistique nommee analyse en composantes principales. Cette methode d'analyse de donnees multidimensionnelles fournit un champ d'orientation regularise, a une echelle d'observation donnee, ainsi que des mesures de coherence ou de dispersion associees. Nous explicitons plus en detail le cas bidimensionnel, en presentant notamment des liens avec des techniques existantes, et nous etendons les resultats obtenus au cas tridimensionnel. Assimilable a un champ normal, le champ d'orientation peut etre mis a profit pour evaluer la courbure des structures composant les textures longiformes. Nous presentons deux approches differentes oeuvrant dans ce sens et qui s'appuient toutes deux sur l'hypothese que les structures traitees sont assimilables a des lignes de niveau. Une part importante du memoire est consacree a l'application aux images sismiques : l'orientation moyenne est principalement utilisee pour la synthese d'horizons, la mise en evidence de lieux de vergence, la detection de fortes courbures et de structures de compaction differentielle tandis que les mesures de coherence permettent de caracteriser des structures chenalisantes et de localiser des failles sismiques.
Multiple Auger ionisation and fluorescence processes for Be to Zn.

Inner shell ionisation of neutral atoms and ions (either by direct collisional ionisation or photo ionisation) leads to the creation of a vacancy in one of the inner shells of the ion or atom. This vacancy is filled by a cascade of radiative (fluorescent) and non-radiative (Auger) transitions. The net result of this cascade process is the ejection of several electrons and photons, leaving the atom in a multiply ionised state. This multiple ionisation has an important effect in calculations of the ionisation balance in photoionised plasmas. We have calculated the probability distribution for the number of ejected electrons for inner shell ionisation of all from Be-Zn (atomic number 4-30). Many of these chemical elements are of special importance for cosmic X-ray emitting plasmas. Also the total energy of the ejected
High Dynamic Range Video - From Acquisition, to Display and Applications

At the time of rapid technological progress and uptake of High Dynamic Range (HDR) video content in numerous sectors, this book provides an overview of the key supporting technologies, discusses the effectiveness of various techniques, reviews the initial standardization efforts and explores new research directions in all aspects involved in HDR video systems. Topics addressed include content acquisition and production, tone mapping and inverse tone mapping operators, coding, quality of experience, and display technologies. This book also explores a number of applications using HDR video technologies in the automotive industry, medical imaging, spacecraft imaging, driving simulation and watermarking.
Die Temperaturabhängigkeit von Lebensprozessen

Es wird die Temperaturabhängigkeit von Lebensprozessen bei sich verändernden und sich nicht verändernden Reaktionssystemen behandelt, die beide eigene Gesetzmäßigkeiten zeigen. Bei den sich nicht verändernden Reaktionssystemen sind Adaptationserscheinungen zu berücksichtigen, die sich beim Verbleiben eines Versuchsobjekts in veränderten Temperaturbedingungen bemerkbar machen. Es wird eine Reihe verschiedener Adaptationstypen aufgestellt. Die Vorbehandlungstemperatur kann auch einen Einfluß auf den Verlauf der Abhängigkeitskurven bei plötzlichen Temperaturänderungen haben.
Hydrolysis and intramolecular transesterification of ribonucleoside 3′-phosphotriesters: the effect of alkyl groups on the general and specific acid–base-catalyzed reactions of 5′- O -pivaloyluridin-3′-yl dialkyl phosphates

Diisopropyl, diethyl, bis(2-methoxyethyl) and isopropyl 2-methoxyethyl esters of 5′-pivaloyl-2′-(tetrahydropyran-2-yl)uridin-3′-yl phosphate have been prepared. The 2′-protecting group has been removed under acidic conditions, and the isomerization of the resulting ribonucleoside 3′-phosphotriester to its 2′-counterpart and the cleavage of the isomeric mixture to 2′- and 3′-phosphodiesters and a 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate has been followed by reverse phase HPLC in aqueous hydrogen chloride and several buffer solutions over a wide acidity range from H0 – 1.5 to pH 8. The βlg values of the buffer-independent partial reactions, and the βlg and Bronsted α and β values of the buffer catalyzed reactions have been determined. The mechanisms of various partial reactions are discussed on the basis of the structural effects observed.
Decay resistance of acetylated and hexanoylated hardwood and softwood species exposed to Coniophora puteana

Abstract The effect of chemical modification with acetic or hexanoic anhydride upon the decay resistance of wood was studied. Both sapwoods and heartwoods of the following trees were investigated: Japanese larch, Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière; Korean pine, Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc. as softwoods and European beech (only sapwood), Fagus sylvatica L. ; oriental white oak, Quercus aliena (Blume) as hardwoods. After chemical modification, the samples were exposed to the brown rot fungus Coniophora puteana (FPRL 11E). The study investigated whether weight percentage gain or degree of hydroxyl substitution were the main factors controlling decay resistance. It was found that decay resistance is associated primarily with cell wall bulking rather than hydroxyl substitution. However, there are differences in behaviour between the acetylated and hexanoylated wood and the possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
Droplet and bicontinuous structures in microemulsions from multicomponent self-diffusion measurements

Utilisation de la spectrometrie RMN, a echo de spin, a gradient d'impulsions, a transformee de Fourier, pour estimer la diffusion moleculaire dans 3 systemes: 1) laurylsulfate de sodium (SDS)-butanol-toluene-eau-chlorure de sodium, 2) SDS-pentanol-toluene-eau et 3) SDS-butanol-toluene-eau
Excimer Formation and Induced-Fit Type of Complexation of β-Cyclodextrin Capped by Two Naphthyl Moieties

Host–guest complexation of β-Cyclodextrin bearing two naphthyl moieties (1) has been studied by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopic methods. The circular dichroism spectrum exhibits a positive band around 225 nm while the fluorescence spectrum exhibits a predominant monomer peak with a shoulder of excimer emission. These data suggest that 1 can take two forms, one of two naphthyl moieties being included in the cavity of the predominant form (A) while both naphthyl moieties being located outside of the cavity in another form (B). With increasing concentration of guests, the dichroism intensity diminishes but the excimer intensity increases. This result indicates that 1 moves the included naphthyl moiety outward from the interior of the cavity during guest binding and then the two naphthyl moieties act as hydrophobic caps. The binding of 1 was stronger for cyclohexanol and 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid but weaker for cyclododecanol than that of the corresponding γ-cyclodextrin derivative in corr.
The Effect of Curvature on the Transport Coefficients of Thermal Diffusion in Concentric-Tube Columns

Abstract The effect of curvature on the transport coefficients of thermal diffusion in concentric-tube columns has been investigated and the results were obtained graphically. It has been found that the results for the nearly plane case obtained by Yeh and Ward still can be used for the extreme cylindrical case, with the transport coefficients multiplied by the modifying factors presented.
Lithium Ion Capacity of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Paper Electrodes

The electrochemical cycling performance of high purity single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) paper electrodes has been measured vs lithium metal for a series of electrolyte solvent compositions. The addition of propylene carbonate (PC) into the conventional ethylene carbonate (EC):dimethyl carbonate (DMC) cosolvent mixture enabled a reversible lithium ion capacity of 520 mAh/g for high purity SWCNTs. The free-standing SWCNT electrode (absent of polymer binder or metal substrate support) with this electrolyte combination demonstrates enhanced cycleability, retaining >95% of the initial capacity after 10 cycles. The first cycle hysteresis, common in these materials, is shown to vary dramatically with solvent selection and illustrates the importance of the solid−electrolyte−interface (SEI) formation on SWCNT capacity. The effect of galvanostatic charge rate (i.e., C-rate) on lithium ion capacity shows a 2× improvement [in capacity per current] over reported values for conventional graphite anode materials. The.
Silicon Improves Water Use Efficiency in Maize Plants

Abstract The influence of silicon (Si) on water use efficiency (WUE) in maize plants (Zea mays L. cv. Nongda108) was investigated and the results showed that plants treated with 2 mmol L−1 silicic acid (Si) had 20% higher WUE than that of plants without Si application. The WUE was increased up to 35% when the plants were exposed to water stress and this was accounted for by reductions in leaf transpiration and water flow rate in xylem vessels. To examine the effect of silicon on transpiration, changes in stomata opening were compared between Si-treated and nontreated leaves by measuring transpiration rate and leaf resistance. The results showed that the reduction in transpiration following the application of silicon was largely due to a reduction in transpiration rate through stomata, indicating that silicon influences stomata movement. In xylem sap of plants treated with 2 mmol L−1 silicic acid, the Si concentration was 200-fold higher, while the Ca concentration which is mainly determined by the transpiration rate, was 2.5-fold lower than that of plants grown without Si. Furthermore, the water flow rate in xylem vessels of plants with and without Si was compared. Flow rate in plants with 2 mmol L−1 Si was 20% lower than that without Si, which was accounted for by the increased affinity for water in xylem vessels induced by silica deposits. These results demonstrated the role of Si in improving WUE in maize plants.
Monte Carlo simulation of hopping transport in dipolar disordered organic matrices

We present results of the Monte Carlo simulation of charge carrier transport in a simple model of randomly oriented and orientationally noncorrelated dipoles and compare our results with those obtained for standard Gaussian disorder model. The most significant difference is a shift of the Poole-Frenkel region of the mobility field dependence to lower fields and widening of this region. We have found that in some particular cases the mean carrier velocity is a decreasing function of the electric field.