Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Listeriosis in animals, its public health significance (food-borne zoonosis) and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review

Listeriosis is an infectious and fatal disease of animals, birds, fish, crustaceans and humans. It is an important food-borne zoonosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular pathogen with unique potential to spread from cell to cell, thereby crossing blood–brain, intestinal and placental barriers. The organism possesses a pile of virulence factors that help to infect the host and evade from host immune machinery. Though disease occurrence is sporadic throughout the world, it can result in severe damage during an outbreak. Listeriosis is characterized by septicaemia, encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, abortion, stillbirth, perinatal infections and gastroenteritis with the incubation period varying with the form of infection. L. monocytogenes has been isolated worldwide from humans, animals, poultry, environmental sources like soil, river, decaying plants, and food sources like milk, meat and their products, seafood and vegetables. Since appropriate vaccines are not available and infection is mainly transmitted through foods in humans and animals, hygienic practices can prevent its spread. The present review describes etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, pathogenesis, public health significance, and advances in diagnosis, vaccines and treatment of this disease. Special attention has been given to novel as well as prospective emerging therapies that include bacteriophage and cytokine therapy, avian egg yolk antibodies and herbal therapy. Various vaccines, including advances in recombinant and DNA vaccines and their modes of eliciting immune response, are also discussed. Due focus has also been given regarding appropriate prevention and control strategies to be adapted for better management of this zoonotic disease.
Control of misincorporation of serine for asparagine during antibody production using CHO cells

A recombinant monoclonal antibody produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell fed‐batch culture was found to have amino acid sequence misincorporation upon analysis by intact mass and peptide mapping mass spectrometry. A detailed analysis revealed multiple sites for asparagine were being randomly substituted by serine, pointing to mistranslation as the likely source. Results from time‐course analysis of cell culture suggest that misincorporation was occurring midway through the fed‐batch process and was correlated to asparagine reduction to below detectable levels in the culture. Separate shake flask experiments were carried out that confirmed starvation of asparagine and not excess of serine in the medium as the root cause of the phenomenon. Reduction in serine concentration under asparagine starvation conditions helped reduce extent of misincorporation. Supplementation with glutamine also helped reduce extent of misincorporation. Maintenance of asparagine at low levels in 2 L bench‐scale culture via controlled supplementation of asparagine‐containing feed eliminated the occurrence of misincorporation. This strategy was implemented in a clinical manufacturing process and scaled up successfully to the 200 and 2,000 L bioreactor scales. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 116–123. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanism of initial rapid rate retardation in cellobiohydrolase catalyzed cellulose hydrolysis

Despite intensive research, the mechanism of the rapid retardation in the rates of cellobiohydrolase (CBH) catalyzed cellulose hydrolysis is still not clear. Interpretation of the hydrolysis data has been complicated by the inability to measure the catalytic constants for CBH‐s acting on cellulose. We developed a method for measuring the observed catalytic constant (kobs) for CBH catalyzed cellulose hydrolysis. It relies on in situ measurement of the concentration of CBH with the active site occupied by the cellulose chain. For that we followed the specific inhibition of the hydrolysis of para‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐lactoside by cellulose. The method was applied to CBH‐s TrCel7A from Trichoderma reesei and PcCel7D from Phanerochaete chrysosporium and their isolated catalytic domains. Bacterial microcrystalline cellulose, Avicel, amorphous cellulose, and lignocellulose were used as substrates. A rapid decrease of kobs in time was observed on all substrates. The kobs values for PcCel7D were about 1.5 times higher than those for TrCel7A. In case of both TrCel7A and PcCel7D, the kobs values for catalytic domains were similar to those for intact enzymes. A model where CBH action is limited by the average length of obstacle‐free way on cellulose chain is proposed. Once formed, productive CBH–cellulose complex proceeds with a constant rate determined by the true catalytic constant. After encountering an obstacle CBH will “get stuck” and the rate of further cellulose hydrolysis will be governed by the dissociation rate constant (koff), which is low for processive CBH‐s. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 871–883. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of varying feedstock–pretreatment chemistry combinations on the formation and accumulation of potentially inhibitory degradation products in biomass hydrolysates

A variety of potentially inhibitory degradation products are produced during pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Qualitative and quantitative interrogation of pretreatment hydrolysates is paramount to identifying potential correlations between pretreatment chemistries and microbial inhibition in downstream bioconversion processes. In the present study, corn stover, poplar, and pine feedstocks were pretreated under eight different chemical conditions, which are representative of leading pretreatment processes. Pretreatment processes included: 0.7% H2SO4, 0.07% H2SO4, liquid hot water, neutral buffer solution, aqueous ammonia, lime, lime with oxygen pressurization, and wet oxidation. Forty lignocellulosic degradation products resulting from pretreatment were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography in combination with UV spectroscopy or tandem mass spectrometry detection (HPLC‐PDA‐MS/MS) and ion chromatography (IC). Of these compounds, several have been reported to be inhibitory, including furfural, hydroxymethyl furfural, ferulic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde, syringic acid among others. Formation and accumulation of monitored compounds in hydrolysates is demonstrated to be a function of both the feedstock and pretreatment conditions utilized. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 430–440. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Issues of Concern Before Single Event Multilevel Surgery in Patients With Cerebral Palsy

Background This study was performed to identify the issues of concern of parents of patients with cerebral palsy before single event multilevel surgery (SEMS). Methods The parental concerns of 64 patients [34 males, 30 females, mean age 15 y and 5 mo (SD 8 y and 10 mo)] with cerebral palsy were obtained using a questionnaire preoperatively. The issues of parental concern were evaluated using 59 items specifically designed for this study. The individual items were scored using a 5-point Likert scale (1 to 5). Results The top 5 issues of concern were as follows: postoperative rehabilitation, duration of rehabilitation, immediate postoperative pain, general anesthesia, and medical cost. Sporting activities and poor compliance to wearing orthosis were included in the top 5 issues of parental concern in patients with unilateral involvement. The overall parental concern in patients with unilateral involvement was lower than that in bilateral involvement (P=0.054). Parents of younger patients showed significantly higher concern score than those of older patients (P=0.020). There was no significant difference in the overall concern score between the parents of patients scheduled for bony procedures and those of patients scheduled for soft tissue procedures (P=0.298). Multiple regression analysis revealed the patient's age (P=0.018) and responding parent (father vs. mother, P=0.025) to be the factors that significantly affected the overall concern score (adjusted R2=0.281). Conclusions An understanding of the issues of concern will enhance communication between physicians and parents, which would assist in preoperative discussion. Level of Evidence Diagnostic level II.
A comparative study of activity and apparent inhibition of fungal β‐glucosidases

β‐Glucosidases (BGs) from Aspergillus fumigates, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Chaetomium globosum, Emericella nidulans, Magnaporthe grisea, Neurospora crassa, and Penicillium brasilianum were purified to homogeneity, and analyzed by isothermal titration calorimetry with respect to their hydrolytic activity and its sensitivity to glucose (product) using cellobiose as substrate. Global non‐linear regression of several reactions, with or without added glucose, to a product inhibition equation enabled the concurrent derivation of the kinetic parameters kcat, Km, and the apparent product inhibition constant appKi for each of the enzymes. A more simple fit is not advisable to use as the determined appKi are in the same range as their Km for some of the tested BGs and produced glucose would in these cases interfere. The highest value for kcat was determined for A. fumigatus (768 s−1) and the lowest was a factor 9 less. Km varied by a factor of 3 with the lowest value determined for C. globosum (0.95 mM). The measured appKi varied a factor of 15; the hydrolytic activity of N. crassa being the most resistant to glucose with an apparent product inhibition constant of 10.1 mM. Determination of appKi using cellobiose as substrate is important as it reflects to what extent the different BGs are hydrolytically active under industrial conditions where natural substrates are hydrolyzed and the final glucose concentrations are high. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 943–952. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalence and differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus regarding female sexual dysfunction: a cross-sectional Egyptian study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the female sexual dysfunction in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Suez Canal University Hospitals from the start of February 2015 to the end of May 2016 among 189 married premenopausal women attending endocrinology and diabetology outpatient clinic for regular follow-up; 25 of whom refused to participate and 18 more were excluded due to incomplete data sets resulting in a final sample of 146 diabetic females. Ninety healthy women were recruited from the administrative staff at the hospital as a control group. Sexual dysfunction was assessed using female sexual function index (FSFI), a validated 19-item, self-administered, screening questionnaire comprising the six major sexual domains: desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction and pain. Responses to each question were reported and scored on 0–5 scale with 0 representing no sexual activity and 5 suggestive of normal sexual activity. Results: Prevalence of sexual dysfunction was significantly higher in both type 1 and 2 DM groups (44 and 25%, respectively) than in the control group (9%). FSFI mean total score was significantly lower in type 1 DM (21.1 ± 3.9) than type 2 DM (26.4 ± 4.2) and both were significantly lower than the control group (31.5 ± 5.8). With regard to FSFI domains, mean values for desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction and pain were significantly lower in both type 1 and type 2 DM groups when compared with the controls. Conclusion: FSD is a significant health problem among premenopausal diabetic Egyptian women. Type 1 DM women were more affected than type 2 DM that in turn was more affected than healthy control females.
Prevalence & correlates of chronic perinatal pain – a study from India

Abstract Objectives: To study the prevalence of chronic perinatal pain among mothers who had infants between the ages of 13–25 months in the State of Kerala, India and to report its correlates in the socio-demographic, obstetric and psychological domains. Methods: A total of 9305 mothers selected by cluster random sampling were assessed cross-sectionally for chronic perinatal pain using a questionnaire by Junior Public Health Nurses (JPHNs). In addition, information regarding socio-demographic profile, obstetric history, infant details and perinatal depression were collected. Results: Of the 8302 (89.3%) valid responses, 552 (6.6%) mothers reported chronic perinatal pain. Among those with pain, 142 (25.6%) reported pain during pregnancy, 314 (56.7%) during postpartum and 96 (17.7%) during both periods. The commonest sites of pain reported were back 280 (51%) and pelvic region 110 (19%). Mothers with chronic perinatal pain were more likely to be younger, less educated, employed and from an urban background. Chronic perinatal pain was associated with obstetric complications, delivery by instrumental/caesarean section, non-exclusive breast feeding and higher maternal depression scores. Conclusion: Chronic pain is common among mothers in India during the perinatal period and greater attention needs to be given for it to be recognised and treated early.
PAM3: THE COST OF OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

BACKGROUND: The UK has more than 19 million people aged over 50, including about 9.4 million aged over 65. Demographic changes will lead to increases in the over-50 population of 10% and 25% by 2010 and 2020, respectively. There are already 3 million UK residents with osteoporosis, but the prevalence of osteoporosis increases with age, and the public health impact of osteoporosis will increase substantially over the next 20 years. OBJECTIVE: To predict fracture numbers and corresponding costs for men and women aged 50–99 years in the UK for the years 2000 to 2020. METHODS: A Markov model was designed to simulate the natural history of osteoporosis within the UK population. Inputs to the model included age/sex specific fracture incidence rates, published unit costs for different fracture types (hip, vertebral, forearm/wrist, other), age/sex specific mortality rates, and age/sex specific population totals. Total fracture numbers were adjusted using published site-specific attribution figures to identify the number that were a consequence of osteoporosis. Iteration techniques were employed across ages 50–99 in men and women, to generate the distribution of prevalence-based estimates of fractures and costs for the base year 2000. Osteoporosis costs and fracture numbers were then projected into future years by applying growth rates in age/sex specific population totals to these year 2000 estimates. RESULTS: In 2000 there were 190,000 osteoporosis-related fractures at a cost of £1.8 billion. Men accounted for 32,000 fractures and £330 million. By 2020, annual osteoporotic fracture numbers increased by over 21% to 230,000, with costs growing by 20% to over £2.1 billion. Cumulative totals for 2000–2010 were 2.2 million fractures and £20.3 billion. CONCLUSIONS: Osteoporotic fractures will have substantial and increasing impacts on UK health services unless highly effective preventative interventions achieve widespread use.
Autophagy and apoptosis of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells during fed‐batch culture: Effect of nutrient supplementation

Upon nutrient depletion during recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cell batch culture, cells are subjected to apoptosis, type I programmed cell death (PCD), and autophagy which can be type II PCD or a cell survival mechanism. To investigate the effect of nutrient supplementation on the two PCDs and protein production in rCHO cells, an antibody‐producing rCHO cell line was cultivated in batch and fed‐batch modes. The feed medium containing glucose, amino acids, and vitamins was determined through flask culture tests and used in bioreactor cultures. In the bioreactor cultures, the nutrient feedings extended the culture longevity and enhanced antibody production. In addition, cells in the fed‐batch culture showed delayed onset of both apoptosis and autophagy, compared with those in the batch culture. The inhibition of apoptosis was demonstrated by a decreased amount of cleaved caspase‐7 protein and less fragmentation of chromosomal DNA. Concurrently, reduced LC3 conversion, from LC3‐I to LC3‐II, was observed in cells that received the feeds. Cultivation with pharmacological autophagy inducer (rapamycin) or inhibitor (bafilomycin A1) indicated that autophagy is necessary for the cells to survive under nutrient depletion. Taken together, the delayed and relieved cell death by nutrient supplementation could improve antibody production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108:2182–2192. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Drehmann Sign and Femoro-acetabular Impingement in SCFE

Background: Drehmann sign is a characteristic clinical feature in slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). The presence of SCFE indicates an anatomic change of the proximal femur, which induces obligatory hip external rotation with hip flexion. In contrast, a cam-type femoro-acetabular impingement (FAI) is well known as sequelae of SCFE. The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between Drehmann sign and radiologic FAI. Methods: We studied 92 hips of 80 SCFE patients who had been treated with in situ fixation. The occurrence rate of Drehmann sign was analyzed according to the degree of remodeling (the Jones classification) and the radiologic &agr;-angle measured in each class at the final follow-up. At a mean 12.2 years after the final follow-up, the patients' present condition was clinically investigated with a questionnaire using a part of the Harris Hip Rating Scale (HHRS). In addition, 3-dimensional computed tomography analysis was performed to clarify the anatomic relationship between the femoral head and the acetabulum during testing for Drehmann sign. Results: Among the 92 hips in the study, 60 were well remodeled (Jones type A), 24 were type B, and 8 were type C, with 6.5 years of mean follow-up. The mean of the modified &agr;-angles for the 3 groups (A, B, and C) were 61.8, 84.7, and 119.4, respectively (P<0.05); 25%, 75%, and 100% of the hips in the 3 groups, respectively, exhibited Drehmann sign. The set of hips (n=41) with a positive Drehmann sign had a mean &agr;-angle of 85.6 versus 63.0 degrees for the set of hips (n=51) with a negative Drehmann sign (P<0.05). Seven (13.5%) of 52 patients responding to the questionnaire reported hip pain and/or limp in the positive Drehmann sign group, but no patient in the negative sign group complained of either. Three-dimensional computed tomography delineated FAI at 2 different positions during testing for Drehmann sign. Conclusions: Drehmann sign is highly valuable for clinically evaluating the existence of FAI and for following up with observation or realignment to prevent early osteoarthritis.
Radiofrequency surgery: 3500 years old and still young

ABSTRACT Purpose: To review the history of Radiofrequency surgery, delineate the actual situation and describe the applications in eyelid surgery. Design: Review. Methods: Review of literature, personal communication with several pioneers in the field, and own experience. Conclusion: Radiofrequency surgery has evolved from rude burning to a sophisticated surgical technique.
Resting cells of recombinant E. coli show high epoxidation yields on energy source and high sensitivity to product inhibition

Metabolically active resting (i.e., nongrowing) bacterial cells have a high potential in cofactor‐dependent redox biotransformations. Where growing cells require carbon and energy for biomass production, resting cells can potentially exploit their metabolism more efficiently for redox biocatalysis allowing higher specific activities and product yields on energy source. Here, the potential of resting recombinant E. coli containing the styrene monooxygenase StyAB was investigated for enantioselective styrene epoxidation in a two‐liquid phase setup. Resting cells indeed showed twofold higher specific activities as compared to growing cells in a similar setup. However, product formation rates decreased steadily resulting in lower final product concentrations. The low intrinsic stability of the reductase component StyB was found to limit overall biocatalyst stability. Such limitation by enzyme stability was overcome by increasing intracellular StyB levels. Beyond that, product inhibition was identified as a limiting factor, whereas complete toxification of the bacterial cells, as it was observed with growing cells, and deactivation of the multicomponent enzyme system did not occur. The resting cell setup allowed high product yields on glucose of more than 5 mol mol glucose−1 , which makes the use of resting cells a promising approach for ecologically as well as economically sustainable oxygenase‐based whole‐cell biocatalysis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1109–1119. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What genetic model organisms offer the study of behavior and neural circuits

Abstract The past decade has witnessed the development of powerful, genetically encoded tools for manipulating and monitoring neuronal function in freely moving animals. These tools are most readily deployed in genetic model organisms and efforts to map the circuits that govern behavior have increasingly focused on worms, flies, zebrafish, and mice. The traditional virtues of these animals for genetic studies in terms of small size, short generation times, and ease of animal husbandry in a laboratory setting have facilitated rapid progress, and the neural basis of an increasing number of behaviors is being established at cellular resolution in each of these animals. The depth and breadth of this analysis should soon offer a significantly more comprehensive understanding of how the circuitry underlying behavior is organized in particular animals and promises to help answer long-standing questions that have waited for such a brain-wide perspective on nervous system function. The comprehensive understanding achieved in genetic model animals is thus likely to make them into paradigmatic examples that will serve as touchstones for comparisons to understand how behavior is organized in other animals, including ourselves.
Diaphragmatic eventration and gastric volvulus treated by laparoscopic gastropexy

cancer diagnosis, and is the seventh most common malignancy in men, and the twelfth most common in women. Risk factors include smoking, obesity and hypertension, while 2% are hereditary. A quarter of patients with RCC present with locally invasive or metastatic disease. Common sites for RCC metastasis include the lungs, lymph nodes, bone, liver, brain, the contralateral kidney and the ipsilateral adrenal gland. It is uncommon for infraclavicular tumours to metastasize to the parotid. There are reports of breast and lung carcinomas metastasizing to the parotids. Parotid metastases of RCC are rare, with a review in 2008 identifying only 26 cases of RCC metastasizing to the parotid. Of these, a parotid mass was the initial presentation of RCC in 14 cases. Metastatic RCC frequently presents to distant organs long after treatment of the primary tumour. This case illustrates the importance of a comprehensive past oncological history. Metastases should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with a past history of renal cell carcinoma who present with a new symptom or mass.