Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hardware-based Always-On Heap Memory Safety

Memory safety violations, caused by illegal use of pointers in unsafe programming languages such as C and C++, have been a major threat to modern computer systems. However, implementing a low-overhead yet robust runtime memory safety solution is still challenging. Various hardware-based mechanisms have been proposed, but their significant hardware requirements have limited their feasibility, and their performance overhead is too high to be an always-on solution.In this paper, we propose AOS, a low-overhead always-on heap memory safety solution that implements a novel bounds-checking mechanism. We identify that the major challenges of existing bounds-checking approaches are 1) the extra instruction overhead for memory checking and metadata propagation and 2) the complex metadata addressing. To address these challenges, using Arm PA primitives, we leverage unused upper bits of a pointer to store a key and have it propagated along with the pointer address, eliminating propagation overhead. Then, we use the embedded key to index a hashed bounds table to achieve efficient metadata management. We also introduce a micro-architectural unit to remove the need for memory checking instructions. We show that AOS overcomes all the aforementioned challenges and demonstrate its feasibility as an efficient runtime memory safety solution. Our evaluation for SPEC 2006 workloads shows an 8.4% performance overhead on average.
The role of heterotrophic dinoflagellate and ciliate grazers in the food web at Helgoland Roads, North Sea

This study investigates the role of microzooplankton grazers in the food web of the North Sea at Helgoland Roads. A 2.5 year monitoring showed that dinoflagellates and ciliates are key organisms in terms of planktonic biomass in the North Sea and constitute a highly diverse and abundant community with a clear seasonal trend. The evaluation of methodological sources of error in standard grazing experiments resulted in a new set-up technique, which was tested and shown to represent an improvement of the state-of-the-art method, conserving fragile microzooplankton species and grazer biodiversity. Grazing experiments during a spring bloom showed the overall important role of ciliates and dinoflagellates as phytoplankton grazers when compared to copepods. Their food selectivity shaped the bloom and led to a stabilized assemblage of the bloom forming diatoms. Copepods, in turn, selectively fed on microzooplankton and could therefore be regarded as the main top down controlling factor of this group. Interactions between different microzooplankton predators were investigated within a model system. In spite of theoretical assumptions that predicted the extinction of the smaller dinoflagellate predator, it was promoted by prey items that were pre-conditioned by its larger predator. The advantage for the smaller predator due to this commensalistic element in the predator relationsship was of such magnitude that it potentially enables a stable coexistence of both predators. This study contributed new insights on: (1) the species composition and seasonality of dinoflagellates and ciliates in the North Sea, (2) methodological improvements concerning microzooplankton grazing experiments, (3) the important role of microzooplankton as grazer and also prey and (4) interactive relationships between microzooplankton predators. It furthermore revealed that investigations on the role of microzooplankton in the food web will continue to be a challenge in the future.
Application of the Darwinian Theory to Flowers and the Insects which Visit Them

THE first impression which flowers make upon us with the beauty of their radiate and symmetrical forms, their luxuriant display of colors and the variety and sweetness of their odors, easily begets in us the idea that they were created for delighting and gratifying our senses. This, however, is a pleasing fancy which the Darwinian doctrine speedily annihilates. This doctrine teaches us that all the species of animals and plants now in existence are only the result of the same laws which, starting from the beginning of organic life on the earth and coming down to our day, have governed and continue to govern all animated things ; and these are the laws of hereditary transmission and variation, of the struggle for existence and the consequent necessity that only those forms survive which best respond to external circumstances. According to the Darwinian doctrine all the characteristics and properties of animals and plants appeared at first only as simple, individual variations, which were a necessary consequence of determinate physical and chemical actions,t and which, if they have
RES and brain targeting stavudine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for AIDS therapy

Cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES, e.g., macrophages) play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The objective of the present study was to investigate the possibility of specifically targeting antiviral drugs Stavudine to RES (like Liver, Spleen etc.) and brain using solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as colloidal drug carriers. Various lipids like stearic acid, cetyl palmitate, glyceryl behenate and phospholipid in combination have been used and effect of lipid on properties of SLNs has been investigated. The SLNs of Stavudine were prepared by double emulsion solvent evaporation method.The diameter of SLNs was determined and found in range of 175 ± 6.027 to 393 ± 2.309 nm depending on the type of lipid used. Percentage drug entrapment was found to be influenced by the concentration and type of lipid used, which was found in the range of 18.1 to 65.2%. The drug release behavior was studied by dialysis bag method and the release pattern of drug was found to follow Higuchi model. Results of stability evaluation showed a relatively long-term stability after storage at 4°C for 1 month. Stavudine-loaded SLNs were successfully prepared, optimized and effectively targeted to RES and brain. SLNs of Stavudine have been shown to be taken up by brain 11 fold greater as compared to pure Stavudine. This finding is more important since Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV) infect the central nervous system.
House Finches Are What They Eat: A Reply to Hudon

ways of carotenoids in hen's egg yolk. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Comp. Biochem. 84B:477481. REUTER, K. 1964. Der Verlust der roten Gefiederfarbe und die Moglichkeit einer Behebung dieses Mangels. Gefiederte Welt 32-35. SCHERESCHEWSKY, H. 1929. Einige Beitrige zum Problem der Verfarbung des Gefieders beim Gimpel. Wilhelm Roux' Arch. Entwicklungsmech. 115:110-153. SCHIEDT, K. , F. J. LEUENBERGER, M. VECCHI, AND E. GLINZ. 1985. Absorption, retention and metabolic transformations of carotenoids in rainbow trout, salmon and chicken. Pure Appl. Chem. 57:685-692. SLAGSVOLD, T. , AND J. T. LIFJELD. 1985. Variation in plumage colour of the Great Tit Parus major in relation to habitat, season and food. J. Zool. Ser. A 206:321-328. VbLKER, 0. 1955. Die experimentelle Rotfarbung der Vogelfeder mit Rhodoxanthin, dem ArillusFarbstoff der Eibe (Taxus baccata). J. Ornithol. 96: 54-57. VOLKER, 0. 1957. Die experimentelle Rotfarbung des Gefieders beim Fichtenkreuzschnabel (Loxia curvirostra). J. Ornithol. 98:210-214. VOLKER, 0. 1962. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Frage der Entstehung roter Lipochrome in Vogelfedern. Farbenfiitterungsversuche am roten Kanarienvogel. J. Ornithol. 103:276-286. VOLKER, 0. 1964. Die gelben Mutanten des Rotbauchwiirgers (Laniarius atrococcineus) und der Gouldamadine (Chloebia gouldiae) in biochemischer Sicht. J. Ornithol. 105:186-189. WEBER, H. 1953. Bewirkung des Farbwechsels bei mannlichen Kreuzschnabeln. J. Ornithol. 94:342346. WEBER, H. 1961. Uber die Ursache des Verlustes der roten Federfarbe bei gekafigten Birkenzeisigen. J. Ornithol. 102:158-163.
Insecticide susceptibility of the stone leek leafminer, Liriomyza chinensis Kato (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

The insecticide susceptibility of the stone leek leafminer, Liriomyza chinensis Kato, on Welsh onion was evaluated at 25°C under a 15L-9D photoperiod. Among 21 insecticides tested on second instar larvae using the leaf dipping method, CVP (mortality: 98.0%), thiocyclam (98.0%), cyromazine (80.9%) and nitenpyram (81.8%) produced high mortality. Adults of L. chinensis were highly susceptible to CVP (mortality: 85.4%), ethofenprox (100.0%), and spinosad (85.7%). Cartap, thiocyclam, ethofenprox, cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate reduced the number of feeding and oviposition punctures made by adult L. chinensis females.
Spatio-temporal variation in fish condition is not consistently explained by density, temperature, or season for California Current groundfishes

Condition (the relationship between individual weight and length) has been researched in fisheries science for over 100 yr and is claimed to be an integrated measure of physio logical status for fishes. Spatial or temporal variation in condition can contribute to otherwise unexplained variation in the relationship between spawning biomass and recruitment. Individual condition is also included in age-structured population models, which use weight at age to convert population estimates between numbers and biomass. However, no study has analyzed spatial and temporal variation in condition for multiple marine species. Here I apply recent improvements in spatial modeling to analyze coastwide variation in condition for 28 groundfishes in the California Current. I show that, on average, 22% of individual-level variation in condition can be explained via persistent (constant over time) and annually varying spatial differences in condition, and condition for many species varies 10 to 20% spatially and among years. While population density, bottom temperature, and calendar date are parsimonious descriptors of condition in several species, the sign of these coefficients varies, and their magnitude is small relative to the magnitude of residual spatial and temporal variation. Additionally, annually varying spatial differences have nearly twice the magnitude of persistent spatial differences in condition. I therefore conclude that dynamic habitat conditions contribute a substantial portion of variation in individual condition for these groundfishes. Spatial and temporal variation in condition will be important for population models that convert between numbers, fishery catch, and population biomass, and may also clarify unexplained variability in productivity for marine fishes.
The interaction between elevational gradient and substratum reveals how bryophytes respond to the climate

Questions Why does bryophyte richness increase along the elevational gradient? Even though a number of studies have documented the peculiar positive (or hump-shaped) relationship between species richness and elevation in bryophytes, it is still unclear which underlying mechanisms cause the pattern. Location Norway spruce forests, Italian Alps, South Tyrol. Methods Eight gradients from 900 to 1900 m a.s. l. and three different substrata (forest floor, deadwood, tree trunks) were examined. Three responses from the bryophyte communities were analysed: species richness of mosses and liverworts, functional diversity (considering the morphological characteristics of species) and β-diversity (separating the two components: richness difference and species turnover). Results On deadwood and tree trunks a quadratic relationship was found between bryophyte richness and elevation, but not on the forest floor. On all three substrata, the moss assemblages along the elevational gradient were dominated by the turnover process and not by the richness component of β-diversity. In liverworts, the two components of β-diversity were equally important. Temperature was the most important predictor of bryophyte richness, whereas model selection suggested that temperature, solar radiation and rainfall had equal effects on functional diversity. Conclusions The substrata affect the response of bryophytes to the elevational gradient. The bryophyte assemblages inhabiting the forest floor, being less subject to climatic variability than deadwood and tree trunks, could be less affected by the temperature increase where climate change is occurring.
Effect of the Time of Application of Fertilizer Nitrogen on the Growth, Flowering and Fruiting of Maiden Apple Trees Grown in Sand Culture

Mailing II rootstocks were grown throughout 1960 in sand on nutrient culture solutions containing 1, 4 or 10 mg. equivalents of nitrogen as nitrate (referred to as N4, N10 rootstocks) and during that summer each rootstock was budded with the variety Lord Lamboume. The growth, flowering and fruiting performance of the resultant maiden shoots were recorded from bud break 1961 to fruit set 1962. Throughout this second period each tree was given only a minimum of nitrogen (Nx) except during a certain period of one or two months’ duration, when it received a simulated fertilizer application (N10). The greatest amount of primary extension growth in 1961 took place on the maidens given supplementary nitrogen in June on the N1 and N4 rootstocks and in July on the N10. Secondary extension growth in 1961 was apparently induced by supplementary nitrogen given to the maidens on the N4 stocks in July and to those on the Nx in August.The highest number of fruit buds and blossoms in 1962 resulted from the June 1961 high-.
West's Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials

West's Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials is the gold standard text for learning respiratory physiology quickly and easily. This highly readable, must-have text serves as an introduction to students and a review for licensing and other exams. The Tenth Edition features the addition of Dr. Andrew M. Luks as co-author along with new clinical vignettes, additional multiple-choice review questions, and updated information on key topics in respiratory physiology, such as blood flow and metabolism, gas transport by the blood, and the physiology of high altitude. New! Clinical vignettes with questions emphasize how the physiology described can be applied to clinical situations and reinforce reasoning and critical thinking. More than 100 multiple-choice questions with full explanations provide self-testing of key concepts for comprehension and exam preparation. Clinical boxes and Key Concepts summaries provide bullet-point reviews. Appendices of important equations and answers to all questions are easily referenced. Online resources include animations that expand on and clarify challenging topics, an interactive question bank , and lectures by Dr. West.
The formation of Ca++-dependent complexes of platelet membrane glycoproteins IIb and IIIa in solution as determined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis

Triton X-100 soluble proteins from 125I-labeled human platelets were studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis employing a multispecific rabbit antibody raised against whole normal platelets. Emphasis was placed upon an analysis of immunoprecipitates containing 125I-labeled major membrane glycoproteins, and in particular, a prominent immunoprecipitate containing a glycoprotein antigen (s) previously designated as protein 16. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of protein 16 precipitated by a monospecific alloantibody. IgG L . , confirmed the presence of both glycoproteins IIb and IIIa. 125I-IgG L . , at concentration below that capable of precipitating protein 16 by itself, bound specifically to the precipitate containing protein 16 produced by the multispecific rabbit antibody. No other precipitates formed by the rabbit antibody contained either glycoprotein IIb or IIIa. When platelet proteins, incubated with optimum concentrations of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or ethyleneglycol bis (B- aminoethylether) NN1-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), were electrophoresed against the rabbit antibody, previously unobserved immunoprecipitates that contained either free glycoprotein IIb or free glycoprotein IIIa were detected. Upon readdition of excess Ca++, but not Mg++, to the same protein samples, a single immunoprecipitate containing both glycoproteins was once again observed. It is thus demonstrated that glycoproteins IIb and IIIa can form Ca++-dependent complexes (protein 16) in Triton X-100 extracts of normal platelets. The potential significance of the reversible association of these glycoproteins to normal platelet function is discussed.
Human skeletal muscle mitochondria: Changes with aging and role in sarcopenia

Sarcopenia, the age-related progressive loss of muscle mass, strength and physical function, is a well-established risk factor for several negative health-related conditions. While cellular, systemic and lifestyle factors have shown to be associated with the onset and development of sarcopenia, the primary mechanisms contributing to this process are still uncertain, especially in humans. Among the cellular factors hypothesized to play a role on muscle aging is mitochondrial function. Several questions, however, remain. The purpose of study 1 of this dissertation was to investigate the association between mitochondrial capacity and chronological aging. Percutaneous biopsies of the vastus lateralis were obtained from 68 healthy men and women with a wide range of age (20-88yrs), body mass index (BMI, 19-47kg/m2) and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max: 1.08-5.04L/min). Mitochondrial capacity was evaluated through mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized myofibers and expression of proteins that mediate mitochondrial fusion, fission and autophagy. Mitochondrial respiration and expression of mitochondrial quality control proteins were elevated in young physically active individuals, but were similar among sedentary young, middle-aged and older subjects. The findings of this study suggest that mitochondrial capacity is not influenced by chronological age per se, but is closely related to BMI and cardiorespiratory fitness. Study 2 was performed to investigate the association between mitochondrial function and sarcopenia in very old adults. Specifically, the association between mitochondrial respiration and myofiber cross-sectional area, intramyocellular lipid content, and physical function were evaluated. Percutaneous biopsies from vastus lateralis were collected from 41 very old men and women (85-95yrs). Myofiber cross-sectional area and intramyocellular lipid content were evaluated histologically. Grip strength was tested by a handheld dynamometer, and knee extension torque was evaluated by an isokinetic dynamometer. Physical function was evaluated by physical performance tests including the multiple chair stand, standing balance, and gait speed. Mitochondrial respiration explained a significant amount of variation in grip strength and knee extension peak torque, and was associated with preferred gait speed. The findings of this study suggest that mitochondrial capacity plays a role in sarcopenia among the very old, but that other factors secondary to aging, including decreased physical activity and higher adiposity may influence this association.
Quality characteristics and protein digestibility of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae

Abstract Herein, the in vitro protein digestibility of lyophilized Protaetia brevitarsis larvae flour with and without defatting using 70% ethanol was compared with beef loin. Proximate analysis showed that the defatted larvae contained the highest protein content (p < 0.05). The viable counts of total aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, and coliform bacteria decreased significantly after defatting the larval samples with 70% ethanol (p < 0.05). Measurement of α-amino group content and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed higher amounts of low molecular weight proteins in the larvae compared to beef loin (p < 0.05). After in vitro digestion, the degree of protein hydrolysis of the digesta was higher for both larvae samples compared to beef loin (p < 0.05). No change was observed in the in vitro larval protein digestibility after defatting. These results highlight the excellent protein digestibility of P. brevitarsis larvae with high protein content. Defatting insect flour with 70% ethanol could enhance microbial safety while maintaining excellent protein digestibility.
Phytogeographic principles and their use in understanding fern relationships.

Biogeographical inferences depend on, but must also be used to construct, classifications. In practice, we apply a knowledge of biogeographical principles or tendencies, established through weight of examples from many organisms, to questions of relationship. These principles state that taxonomic affinity is often correlated with or predicted by geographic proximity, similar ecological needs, climatological affinity and historical or geological factors. Certain phenomena, such as glaciation and continental drift, have resulted in repetitive distribution patterns. We also apply a knowledge of fern biology when evaluating distributional data. For example, because dispersal of spores is generally greater than of seeds, fern genera and species tend to be more widely distributed and show less endemism than seed plant taxa. Taxonomic gaps caused by extinctions may be less noticeable in ferns.
A Study on Variant Malware Detection Techniques Using Static and Dynamic Features

The amount of malware increases exponentially every day and poses a threat to networks and operating systems. Most new malware is a variant of existing malware. It is difficult to deal with numerous malware variants since they bypass the existing signature-based malware detection method. Thus, research on automated methods of detecting and processing variant malware has been continuously conducted. This report proposes a method of extracting feature data from files and detecting malware using machine learning. Feature data were extracted from 7,000 malware and 3,000 benign files using static and dynamic malware analysis tools. A malware classification model was constructed using multiple DNN, XGBoost, and RandomForest layers and the performance was analyzed. The proposed method achieved up to 96.3% accuracy.
 Fluid computing: Principles, Applications, Future Directions

Pervasive computing is the next level of computing in modern technological era where user is much bothered about the flexibility of working on an application without having to bother about the nature of devices. The user may change the devices according to his portable needs and the handoff of the application state must be near perfect. To achieve this near perfect synchronization the concept of fluid computing and its implementation resulting into a robust middle architecture forms the main crux of our paper. We present the basic fundamentals needed to under the fluid computing concept and its applications which are already sparking off an revolution in wireless technological world.
Critical sponge dimensions in percolation theory

In the bond percolation process on the square lattice, with let S(k) be the probability that some open path joins the longer sides of a sponge with dimensions k by a log k. There exists a positive constant α = αp such that Consequently, the subset of the square lattice {(x, y):0 ≦ y ≦ f(x)} which lies between the curve y = f(x) and the x-axis has the same critical probability as the square lattice itself if and only if f(x)/log x → ∞ as x → ∞.