Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distribution of MT1 melatonin receptor immunoreactivity in the human hypothalamus and pituitary gland: Colocalization of MT1 with vasopressin, oxytocin, and corticotropin‐releasing hormone

Melatonin is implicated in numerous physiological processes, including circadian rhythms, stress, and reproduction, many of which are mediated by the hypothalamus and pituitary. The physiological actions of melatonin are mainly mediated by melatonin receptors. We here describe the distribution of the melatonin receptor MT1 in the human hypothalamus and pituitary by immunocytochemistry. MT1 immunoreactivity showed a widespread pattern in the hypothalamus. In addition to the area of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a number of novel sites, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), periventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus (SON), sexually dimorphic nucleus, the diagonal band of Broca, the nucleus basalis of Meynert, infundibular nucleus, ventromedial and dorsomedial nucleus, tuberomamillary nucleus, mamillary body, and paraventricular thalamic nucleus were observed to have neuronal MT1 receptor expression. No staining was observed in the nucleus tuberalis lateralis and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The MT1 receptor was colocalized with some vasopressin (AVP) neurons in the SCN, colocalized with some parvocellular and magnocellular AVP and oxytocine (OXT) neurons in the PVN and SON, and colocalized with some parvocellular corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the PVN. In the pituitary, strong MT1 expression was observed in the pars tuberalis, while a weak staining was found in the posterior and anterior pituitary. These findings provide a neurobiological basis for the participation of melatonin in the regulation of various hypothalamic and pituitary functions. The colocalization of MT1 and CRH suggests that melatonin might directly modulate the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis in the PVN, which may have implications for stress conditions such as depression. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:897–910, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linnéa Bergeld Trametes versicolor laccase : random mutagenesis and heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris

Laccase is a blue multi-copper oxidase. It has a broad biotechnical potential which increases the interest to study the enzyme further. A laccase-encoding gene from the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor (lcc2) was mutated using two different methods for random mutagenesis: error-prone PCR and a method based on an E. coli strain (ES1301 mutS) that introduces random mutations. For the error-prone PCR reaction, the vector pPICZB with the lcc2 gene inserted was used as template. The E. coli strain ES1301 mutS was transformed with the vector pBluescript SKII with the lcc2 gene as insert. The mutagenesis products were cloned into the Pichia pastoris expression vector pPICZB for transformation of P. pastoris SMD1168. The transformants were spread on agar plates containing zeocin. Laccasesecreting transformants were selected by their ability to oxidize the substrates ABTS [2,2 ́azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] and syringaldazine [N,N ́-bis(3,5dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazine], the products of which give green and purple colour, respectively. Around 20 transformants from each of the mutagenesis methods were transferred to plates containing 1 mM ABTS or 1 mM syringaldazine. None of the transformants produced any colour. Control transformants (pPICZB with unmutated lcc2) were also spread on plates with either ABTS or syringaldazine. The transformants gave rise to green colour after 24 hours on the ABTS plates and to purple colour after 72 hours on the syringaldazine plates. Experiments with different chromogenic substrates indicated that ABTS and syringaldazine were best suited for screening of mutants. Remazol Brilliant Blue and Phenol Red are two substrates that after optimisation can serve as alternatives for the selection of laccase-secreting transformants.
Are human milk long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids related to visual and neural development in breast-fed term infants?

OBJECTIVE To determine whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is related to visual and neural development in term breast-fed infants. DESIGN A prospective study of 83 infants who were exclusively breast-fed for at least 3 months. We determined red blood cell and plasma fatty acids at 2 months, visual acuity at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months, speech perception and an object search task at 9 months, Bayley's mental development index and psychomotor development index at 6 and 12 months, and novelty pReference at 6 and 9 months. RESULTS The infant red blood cell phosphatidylethanolamine DHA was significantly related to visual acuity at 2 months of age (r = 0.32, P =.01) and 12 months of age (r = 0.30, P =.03). The ability to discriminate nonnative retroflex and phonetic contrasts at 9 months of age was related to the plasma phospholipid DHA (r = 0.48, P <.02) and red blood cell phosphatidylethanolamine DHA (r = 0.26, P =.02) at 2 months of age after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSION DHA may influence the development of visual acuity and neural pathways associated with the developmental progression of language acquisition in term breast-fed infants. The extent to which our results can be attributed solely to DHA from maternal sources through breast milk or in gestation or other confounding factors remains to be determined.
Chlorido(ethyldiphenylphosphine-κP)(1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioato-κ2 S,S′)nickel(II)

In the crystal structure of the title complex, [Ni(C5H8NS2)Cl(C14H15P)], the Ni atom is coordinated by an S,S′-chelating dithiocarbamate, a chloride and a diphenylethylphosphine ligand in a distorted square-planar arrangement.
IS ONTIC STRUCTURAL REALISM A VIABLE FORM OF NATURALIZED METAPHYSICS

Sometimes naturalism is presented as a general world view. Most often when so presented naturalism is identified with physicalism: the view that everything is physical or in some sense dependent upon the physical. But physicalism faces a well known and very serious problem, Hempel’s dilemma. The problem can be put like this: when we say everything is physical what do we mean by the physical in physicalism. Do we mean to define the physical interms of current physics? Well, then the view is almost certainly false. We expect current physics to be revised as science develops in unknown ways and so some of the claims currently accepted by physicists to be rejected as false in the future. Well, then do we mean some idealised future physics? Since we have no idea what that idealised future physics is, we have no real idea of what the content of physicalism is supposed to be on such definition. If we are told that physics here just means the discipline which captures all the facts which all other facts are dependent upon, then the claims of physicalism are tautological.
Palmitoylation, Membrane-Proximal Basic Residues, and Transmembrane Glycine Residues in the Reovirus p10 Protein Are Essential for Syncytium Formation

ABSTRACT Avian reovirus and Nelson Bay reovirus are two unusual nonenveloped viruses that induce extensive cell-cell fusion via expression of a small nonstructural protein, termed p10. We investigated the importance of the transmembrane domain, a conserved membrane-proximal dicysteine motif, and an endodomain basic region in the membrane fusion activity of p10. We now show that the p10 dicysteine motif is palmitoylated and that loss of palmitoylation correlates with a loss of fusion activity. Mutational and functional analyses also revealed that a triglycine motif within the transmembrane domain and the membrane-proximal basic region were essential for p10-mediated membrane fusion. Mutations in any of these three motifs did not influence events upstream of syncytium formation, such as p10 membrane association, protein topology, or surface expression, suggesting that these motifs are more intimately associated with the membrane fusion reaction. These results suggest that the rudimentary p10 fusion protein has evolved a mechanism of inducing membrane merger that is highly dependent on the specific interaction of several different motifs with donor membranes. In addition, cross-linking, coimmunoprecipitation, and complementation assays provided no evidence for p10 homo- or heteromultimer formation, suggesting that p10 may be the first example of a membrane fusion protein that does not form stable, higher-order multimers.
Performance analysis of AR-model-based linear predictor with Kalman filtering algorithm for wireless communication systems

This paper reports the performance analysis of a proposed auto-regressive (AR) model-based linear predictor algorithm with Kalman filtering (KF). The relationship between the optimum AR order and the channel correlation coefficient is investigated by means of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Through our analysis, 2nd-order differential model based on the AR model-based linear predictor algorithm with KF has the best performance and prediction accuracy. Its performance is about 0.5dB better than a linear predictor algorithm.
Domain-Specific English-To-Spanish Translation of FrameNet

This paper is motivated by the demand for more linguistic resources for the study of languages and the improvement of those already existing. The first step in our work is the selection of the most significant frames in the English FrameNet according to a representative medical corpus. These frames were subsequently attached to different EuroWordNet synsets and translated into Spanish. Results show how the translation was made with high accuracy (95.9 % of correct words). In addition to that, the original English lexical units were augmented with new units by 120%
Effect of Vitamin E on The Humoral Immune Response of Broiler Chicks Vaccinated With Infectious Bursal Disease Vaccine " IBDV "

A total of 210, one-day old commercial broiler chicks were divided into three equal groups (A,B,C). The birds were raised under the same condition. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. At 14 day of age, all groups were vaccinated with mild IBDV(Bursine-2/Fort Dodge/USA). Group A was supplemented with 100mgVE/kg of ration for 7days before vaccination, while group B was supplemented with the same dose for 7 days after vaccination, whereas group C was acted as control. Bursal index was measured to detect the effect of VE on treated birds. Also ELISA test, total protein, albumin, globulins, SGOT(ALT), SGPT(AST), and Glucose were determined to investigate the effect of VE on immune response. The results showed that the treated groups A,B had a significant increase (p<0.05)than group C in bursal index, Ab titers, while the treatment groups A and B had a significant decrease (p<0.05)than group C in GOT and GPT. The effect of VE supplementation on serum total protein, albumin,and globulins in group A and B, resulted in a significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments. Of this important result was the increment (p<0.05) of globulins of group B which was fed VE for 7 days after vaccination in comparison to that of both group A and control group. Serum glucose level of group A resulted in a significant increase (p<0.05) of glucose in group A in comparison to that of the control group. In conclusion the present study revealed that vitamin E has an important role as immune stimulater in broiler chicks especially when supplement at 100mg/kg of diet from 1st to 7 days of age before vaccination with IBD vaccine which resulted in stimulation of antibody production and increase bursa Fabricius weight as well as enhancement of immune activity .
A New Cyclic-Prefix Based Algorithm for Blind CFO Estimation in OFDM Systems

In this paper, a new algorithm based on cyclic prefix (CP) is proposed for blind carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission over multipath channels. Like other CP-based methods, the proposed method enjoys low complexity. The proposed method is very robust to the symbol timing synchronization error. Closed-form formulas for CFO estimates are derived. In addition, we also carry out the theoretical mean-square-error analysis and derive the Cramer-Rao bound. Simulation results show that the proposed method performs very well.
Incidence, Pattern, and Etiology of Elevated Liver Enzymes in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Objectives: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often develop elevated liver enzymes (ELE), which are frequently a benign, transient finding, but may be related to treatment or IBD-associated liver diseases. Distinguishing benign from pathologic ELE is crucial for focused diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. We sought to characterize the incidence, character, chronicity, degree, and etiology of ELE in children with IBD. Methods: Institutional review board–approved retrospective review of all of the patients with IBD (2–21 years) seen between October 2009 and October 2012 with >9 months of follow-up were included in the study. We examined body mass index, disease activity, extent, phenotype, concurrent medications, and character, chronicity, degree of enzyme elevation, and final diagnosis. Results: A total of 219 of 514 patients with IBD had ≥1 episode of ELE. Five patients were excluded for preexisting liver disease, leaving 214 patients (Crohn disease [CD]: 14.8 ± 3.5 years, 46% girls; ulcerative colitis [UC]: 14.4 ± 4.2 years, 37% girls). One hundred forty-eight patients (69%) had a hepatic, 17 (8%) cholestatic, and 49 (23%) mixed character of ELE. There were no significant differences in character, chronicity, or degree of ELE between CD and UC (P = 0.71, P = 0.58, P > 0.33). Of the 128 patients with sufficient data to determine chronicity, 98 (77%) had transient elevations, (CD: n = 66, 75% and UC: n = 32, 80%). Episodes of ELE were idiopathic in 87% of patients with IBD. A final diagnosis of idiopathic ELE was associated with a lower degree of ELE elevation (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Pediatric patients with IBD commonly experience transient, idiopathic ELE. Our findings suggest that higher degrees of ELE, specifically alanine aminotransferase, are associated with an etiology that requires more extensive evaluation.
The kallikrein-kinin system in sickle cell nephropathy: does it play a role?

RISK FACTORS FOR SICKLE CELL NEPHROPATHY One of the major complications of sickle cell disease is renal failure. Up to 18% of patients with sickle cell disease develop chronic renal insufficiency. Among those with nephrotic syndrome (heavy proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia, and hypercholesterolemia) as many as two-thirds will develop chronic renal insufficiency. Although its pathophysiology is not well understood, sickle cell nephropathy affects both the glomerulus and the tubule and is related, at least in part, to renal vaso-occlusion secondary to sickling. A relationship between the risk of renal dysfunction and the degree of nitric oxide scavenging secondary to hemolysis has also been suggested. Nephropathy is manifested by a number of different kidney abnormalities including hematuria, proteinuria, urinary concentrating defects, type IV renal tubular acidosis (proton and potassium secreting defects), supernormal proximal sodium reabsorption, glomerular hyperfiltration, focal glomerulosclerosis, and papillary necrosis. Proteinuria, hypertension, severe anemia, and hematuria have been found to be reliable preazotemic predictors of chronic renal failure. Proteinuria alone, particularly nephrotic syndrome, seems to be associated with an accelerated decline in renal function, and has therefore been identified as a risk factor of renal failure in sickle cell patients. 8 Microalbuminuria (defined as the urinary excretion of minutely elevated amounts of albumin before the development of proteinuria) has been considered to be an even earlier marker, presaging a subsequent compromise in kidney function. In one report of children with sickle cell disease, the prevalence of microalbuminuria was 26.5%. Both increasing age and lower blood hemoglobin levels were found to correlate with microalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria was not detected in any child under 7 years of age, but the prevalence in children between 10 and 18 years of age was 46%, approaching that seen in adulthood. Thus, it would seem that sickle cell nephropathy often begins by adolescence. In this issue of the journal, Bergmann et al examine whether urinary kallikrein levels may constitute another marker for evolving sickle cell nephropathy. To better understand the possible role of kallikrein in sickle cell nephropathy, it would be useful to briefly review the pathophysiology of sickle cell kidney damage and the physiology of the renal kallikrein-kinin system.
HYBRID MODEL FOR BEHAVIOUR-BASED RECOMMENDER SYSTEM : A HEALTHCARE PERSPECTIVE

As medicine moves ahead, there is indigence for sophisticated decision support systems to make real-time predictions. It provides the ability to sense and acclimate to the needs and inclination, and provides decision support for domain experts and individuals. This paper elaborates the feasibility of providing personalized recommendation for healthcare. A healthcare system must ensure information quality, influences perceived usefulness and perceived usability, both mediated by the trust. Besides, researchers often measure information quality in terms of relevance, accuracy, timeliness, completeness, and consistency. This research work tries to enhance the information quality by analyzing the Personal Health Record to provide individual based personalized recommendation, prediction based on the behavior and disease, predicting the patterns that forecast the incidence of disease in human races. The proposed model will learn from the personal health record samples by employing multi-class supervised machine learning technique to generate accurate predictions. This approach recommends life style modification based on the behavior of the user using hybrid filtering; thereby enhance the health of our communities and the nation.
AMPHETAMINE ADDICTION AND PREGNANCY

Abstract. The adverse effects of amphetamine addiction during pregnancy and the neonatal period were studied in 69 Swedish women. Almost one‐third of the women (Group I) succeeded in overcoming their addiction in early pregnancy. The women in Group I (n = 17), unlike those in Group II (n = 53), received the same amount of prenatal care as the average Swedish woman. An increased rate of preterm deliveries (25%) as well as a higher perinatal mortality (7.5%) was found in Group II. During the neonatal period an increased incidence of mother‐infant separation was found since many of the infants (46%) were transferred to pediatric wards for medical and social reasons. All new‐borns in Group I and 74% of infants born to mothers with continuous amphetamine addiction throughout pregnancy remained in their mother's custody following discharge from the maternity clinic.
COMPLIANCE WITH OIL & GAS REGULATIONS IN THE NIGER DELTA REGION , NIGERIA C . 1960 s2000 : AN ASSESSMENT

The oil exploration and marketing activities of multinational corporations in Nigeria are guided by certain regulations. This paper explores some selected oil regulations in Nigeria vis-a-vis problems of compliance as encountered by oil corporations in the Niger Delta region. It argues that the lack of institutional structure for enforcement of petroleum regulations in the oilproducing communities of Niger Delta, particularly in Ijaw and Ogonis land, serves as major factor that led to the environmental struggle against the Federal government in the area as from the 1990s. In order to unravel this important part of the controversy that surrounds the complexities of the 1969 Petroleum Act and the 1978 Land Use Act in particular, this paper equally provides an in-depth interpretation of the ownership and control of mineral oil resources in the Niger Delta. It investigates the problems of compliance to these oil regulations established by the government which eventually accentuated the rate of environmental oil pollution and gas flaring in the region. It contends that the conflicts in the Niger Delta could be linked to the noncompliance with oil regulations meant to ensure a clean, safe, preservation of and habitable environment in their oil producing communities. It therefore concludes that there is urgent need to establish a new institution that would be free from any executive influences, and serve as the watch-dog over enforcement of petroleum regulations in the entire Niger Delta region. It further suggests that with the establishment of this independent institution, it would permit the government to channel its efforts and resources toward the social and economic development of the area and Nigeria at large. This would equally ensure adequate control of the struggle by the militant youths for a fair share from the oil revenue accruing to the federal government and the multinational oil corporations.
Ultra low phase noise 2.1 GHz Colpitts oscillators using BAW resonator

This paper describes the design and the realization of a 2.1GHz ultra low phase noise oscillator using BAW resonator and fabricated in BiCMOS technology. The oscillator is intended for a Chip Scale Atomic Clock (CSAC). Based on the Colpitts topology, two circuits have been designed and realized. These circuits can achieve a phase noise better than −83dBc/Hz at 2kHz offset, consume less than 10mA and the area of the die is less than 2mm2. To the author's knowledge, these BAW oscillators present the lowest phase noise published in the literature.
Hierarchical Action and Inhibition of Plant Dicer-Like Proteins in Antiviral Defense

The mechanisms underlying induction and suppression of RNA silencing in the ongoing plant-virus arms race are poorly understood. We show here that virus-derived small RNAs produced by Arabidopsis Dicer-like 4 (DCL4) program an effector complex conferring antiviral immunity. Inhibition of DCL4 by a viral-encoded suppressor revealed the subordinate antiviral activity of DCL2. Accordingly, inactivating both DCL2 and DCL4 was necessary and sufficient to restore systemic infection of a suppressor-deficient virus. The effects of DCL2 were overcome by increasing viral dosage in inoculated leaves, but this could not surmount additional, non–cell autonomous effects of DCL4 specifically preventing viral unloading from the vasculature. These findings define a molecular framework for studying antiviral silencing and defense in plants.
Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Global Working Group Working Paper Series Working Paper No . 201 500 6

Rising costs of and returns to college have led to sizeable increases in the demand for student loans in many countries. In the U.S., student loan default rates have also risen for recent cohorts as labor market uncertainty and debt levels have increased. We discuss these trends as well as recent evidence on the extent to which students are able to obtain enough credit for college and the extent to which they are able to repay their student debts after. We then discuss optimal student credit arrangements that balance three important objectives: (i) providing credit for students to access college and finance consumption while in school, (ii) providing insurance against uncertain adverse schooling or post-school labor market outcomes in the form of income-contingent repayments, and (iii) providing incentives for student borrowers to honor their loan obligations (in expectation) when information and commitment frictions are present. Specifically, we develop a two-period educational investment model with uncertainty and show how student loan contracts can be designed to optimally address incentive problems related to moral hazard, costly income verification, and limited commitment by the borrower. We also survey other research related to the optimal design of student loan contracts in imperfect markets. Finally, we provide practical policy guidance for re-designing student loan programs to more efficiently provide insurance while addressing information and commitment frictions in the market.