Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Desensitization of Muscarinic Receptor‐Coupled Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis in Rat Hippocampus: Comparisons with the α1‐Adrenergic Response

In the presence of lithium, carbamylcholine chloride (carbachol) and epinephrine increase the accumulation of inositol monophosphate severalfold in hippocampal slices from the rat. The stimulation by carbachol (EC50, 31 μM) is mediated by muscarinic receptors, whereas the effects of epinephrine (EC50, 2 μM) are due to activation of α1‐adrenergic receptors. The responses of epinephrine and carbachol are additive, even under conditions that significantly reduce the levels of phosphoinositides and free inositol, suggesting that the muscarinic and adrenergic receptors may be located on separate cells. At concentrations that saturate their respective receptors, epinephrine induces an increase in inositol monophosphate that is linear with time to at least 60 min, whereas the response to carbachol begins to reach a plateau by 20–40 min. When hippocampal slices are preincubated with saturating concentrations of carbachol, the subsequent response to carbachol is reduced by 42%. However, preincubation with carbachol or epinephrine has no effect on the subsequent response to epinephrine. Despite the lack of adrenergic desensitization by this paradigm, preexposure of hippocampal slices to the tumor‐promoting phorbol ester, phorbol 12,13‐dibutyrate, reduces the response to epinephrine to a significantly greater degree (57%) than it reduces the muscarinic response (25%). These studies indicate that, although they utilize the same second messenger, the muscarinic and α1‐adrenergic receptors of hippocampal slices have different characteristics and regulatory mechanisms.
Identification as a Mechanism of Narrative Persuasion

To provide a causal test of identification as a mechanism of narrative persuasion, this study uses the perspective from which a story is told to manipulate identification experimentally and test effects on attitudes. In experiment 1, 120 participants read a story that was told either from the perspective of one character or another character, with both characters having opposing goals. Results showed that perspective influenced identification and story consistency of attitudes. Moreover, identification with one of the characters mediated the effect of perspective on attitudes. In experiment 2, 200 participants read a different story that was told from one of two perspectives, with both characters having opposing opinions. Results showed that identification with both characters mediated the effect of perspective on attitudes. The results of these experiments indicate that identification can be a mechanism of narrative persuasion.
Different Intracellular Locations for Prostaglandin Endoperoxide H Synthase-1 and −2 (*)

The subcellular locations of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-1 and −2 (PGHS-1 and −2) were determined by quantitative confocal fluorescence imaging microscopy in murine 3T3 cells and human and bovine endothelial cells using immunocytofluorescence with isozyme-specific antibodies. In all of the cell types examined, PGHS-1 immunoreactivity was found equally distributed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelope (NE). PGHS-2 immunoreactivity was also present in the ER and NE. However, PGHS-2 staining was twice as concentrated in the NE as in the ER. A histofluorescence staining method was developed to localize cyclooxygenase/peroxidase activity. In quiescent 3T3 cells, which express only PGHS-1, histofluorescent staining was most concentrated in the perinuclear cytoplasmic region. In contrast, histochemical staining for PGHS-2 activity was about equally intense in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, a pattern of activity staining distinct from that observed with PGHS-1. Our results indicate that there are significant differences in the subcellular locations of PGHS-1 and PGHS-2. It appears that PGHS-1 functions predominantly in the ER whereas PGHS-2 may function in the ER and the NE. We speculate that PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 acting in the ER and PGHS-2 functioning in the NE represent independent prostanoid biosynthetic systems.
Alar Batten Grafting for Management of the Collapsed Nasal Valve

Objective The purpose of the study is to describe a commonly overlooked etiology of nasal airway obstruction. Collapse of the nasal valve can be corrected with precise placement of cartilage grafts. This study demonstrates the surgical technique, rarely described in the literature, of placing a contoured cartilage graft in the nasal valve region for the improvement of the nasal airway.
Release of neuropeptide Y in response to splanchnic nerve stimulation in the conscious calf.

Plasma concentrations of neuropeptide Y were determined by means of a specific radioimmunoassay in the conscious calf. Significantly higher concentrations were found in the adrenal venous effluent (102 +/‐ 34 pmol/l) compared to systemic arterial plasma (11 +/‐ 7 pmol/l). Stimulation of the splanchnic nerves at 40 Hz in bursts for 1 s at 10 s intervals resulted in a slow sustained rise in plasma neuropeptide Y in both adrenal (peak 1124 +/‐ 217 pmol/l and peripheral (peak 771 +/‐ 182 pmol/l) samples. Experiments performed in adrenalectomized calves produced a closely similar release of neuropeptide Y when the nerves were stimulated intermittently in the same pattern and under the same conditions. Stimulation of the splanchnic nerves at 4 Hz continuously resulted in a smaller response. Pre‐treatment with hexamethonium completely abolished the rise in plasma neuropeptide Y concentrations.
Natural language program analysis: combining natural language processing with program analysis to improve software maintenance tools

Because software systems are large and complex, developers often use software tools to understand unfamiliar code. In turn, software tools often utilize information about the program in the form of various program representations, which can provide detailed program information. Because traditional program representations do not capture the natural language clues in code, they often fail to assist the developer during high-level program understanding tasks. To bridge the gap between current software tools and the software developers' high-level questions, we propose supplementing traditional program representations with a natural language representation that exploits the information embedded in the program's names and comments. Any software tool that uses a program representation must automatically construct that representation. To automatically construct our natural language program representation, we combined natural language processing and traditional program analysis techniques. With these techniques, we extract the natural language clues from the method names, class names, and comments in a program. We evaluated the usefulness of our natural language program representation by developing two software tools which access our representation. The first, a software search tool called Find-Concept, locates code segments relevant to a developer's query, a common first step in development tasks. In a user study, Find-Concept found code segments more effectively and more consistently than a state-of-the-art information retrieval search tool and a lexical search tool. The second, an aspect mining tool called Timna, identifies code segments that could be more elegantly represented in a new language paradigm, aspect-oriented programming. Timna originally only used traditional program representations, yet when we added our natural language program representation, Timna was much more effective. In the software tools' respective evaluations, both tools performed well. The body of quantitative and qualitative evidence strongly suggests that supplementing traditional program representations with a natural language representation is a promising approach to increasing the effectiveness of software tools.
Longitudinal mental health service and medication use for ADHD among Puerto Rican youth in two contexts.

OBJECTIVE The study describes prevalence and rates of services and medication use and associated factors over time among Puerto Rican youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD Longitudinal data are obtained on Puerto Rican children ages 5 through 13 years in the south Bronx in New York (n = 1,138) and two metropolitan areas in Puerto Rico (n = 1,353). The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV is the diagnostic tool. Five composite measures of risk factors: negative family influences, ineffective structuring, environmental risks, child risks, and maternal acceptance are constructed to relate services and medication use to risk variables. RESULTS ADHD prevalence is similar in Puerto Rico and the south Bronx. Overall mental health services, medication, and psychostimulant use is lower in Puerto Rico across three time points. Most participants never received treatment at any time point. More environmental risks, negative child traits, and low maternal warmth are associated with more services, even after adjusting for comorbidity. When risk variables are controlled, the effects of ADHD on services use decrease. Previous treatment is a strong predictor of subsequent treatment. CONCLUSIONS Rates of services and medication use are lower in Puerto Rico. Context seems to be more important than ethnicity in predicting mental health services and medication use among Puerto Rican children with ADHD. Other psychiatric diagnoses and general risk variables are important correlates of services and medication use.
Exploring the ICT market with learning´s from a leading market : With an internationalization perspective

Purpose - The purpose of the thesis is “To explore the Thai ICT market and identifydifferences with the leading market” Where the research questions are:1. How are the main actors influencing the ICT market in Thailand? 2. How can the ICT market in Thailand be improved by identifying the gaps tothe leading market? Method – For reaching the purpose a qualitative case study has been carried out,methods that are used are interviews, observations, document studies and literaturestudy. Secondary data has been collected from document studies and was compiled inexcel documents. Primary data has been collected from interviews, employees atEricsson in Thailand has contributed when gather data about organizationalculture. Interview with representatives from institutions in Thailand were made toachieve current data. Interviews were made to receive a primary source of informationwith high focus on the thesis subject and strengthen by secondary data.Findings – The most urgent problem to improve the ICT market in Thailand is todevelop the infrastructure. The infrastructure needs to be developed in rural areas andurban areas. Institutions in ICT need to do active work on the market in order toexpand and develop the market. Service operator’s needs to standardise and offer lessprice plans in order to minimize confusion among the consumers. The consumersneed to increase their usage of ICT services in order to decrease the gap to the leadingICT market. One solution could be that the government push the development with allactors on the ICT market. Changing the foreign business act can lead to investmentsneeded to expand the infrastructure. Further, creating a demand of higher technologyfrom the consumer’s perspective will pressure the actors to develop robust network ofhigh technology and benefit future development of technology.Implications – This study has been carried out on location in Thailand butcommunication has not been made in the national language in Thailand, which cancontribute to misunderstandings of data. The study´s result is strengthened by beingon location in Thailand, gathering primary data by interviews and do observations onplace in the target environment.Delimitations – The delimitations have been made to look at the ICT market fromThailand’s perspective with learning’s from Sweden. Further, delimitations to explorethe main actors that are influencing the market has been done. A market has manyenvironmental forces and they needed to be restricted in this study.
Early steps of paired fin development in zebrafish compared with tetrapod limb development

The development of zebrafish paired fins and tetrapod forelimbs and hindlimbs show striking similarities at the molecular level. In recent years, the zebrafish, Danio rerio has become a valuable model for the study of the development of vertebrate paired appendages and several large‐scale mutagenesis screens have identified novel fin mutants. This review summarizes recent advances in research into zebrafish paired fin development and highlights features that are shared with and distinct from limb development in other main animal models.
Electronic Commerce in China

Since early 2000, the commercial use of the Internet has opened a new era of electronic commerce. Online businesses have quickly propagated from the United States to the rest of the world, including the highly motivated, newly developed China market. Even under the tight control of the government, electronic commerce has been one of the fastest growing sector in China. For example, the Internet users jumped 28.9% to 380 million and China’s online sales in 2009 are reported to be from 250 billion Yuan ($36.6B) to 265 billion Yuan ($38.8B). These facts show that China is not only a world plant but also a big online market. The Shanghai-based iResearch estimates that by the end of 2010 there will be 145 million online shoppers in China. Typical online shoppers are relatively young, between the ages of 18 and 35, and slightly more women shop than men.
Regulated cleavage of intracellular glycosylphosphatidylinositol in a trypanosome

Cell exposure to hypo‐osmolarity and alkalinity triggers a spectrum of responses including activation of phospholipases. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipase C (GPI‐PLC) is expressed in Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite that causes human African trypanosomiasis. We examined possible contributions of GPI‐PLC to the response of T. brucei to hypo‐osmotic or mildly alkaline conditions. GPIs were detected at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). They were cleaved after exposure of T. brucei to hypo‐osmolarity or mild alkalinity, which also, strikingly, caused translocation of GPI‐PLC from glycosomes (peroxisomes) to the ER. A catalytically inactive Gln81Leu mutant of GPI‐PLC failed to cleave GPIs despite being transported from glycosomes to the ER after hypo‐osmotic or mild alkaline treatment of the parasites. In contrast, a Cys347Ser mutant of the enzyme could not exit glycosomes after treatment of cells expressing the protein with mild base or hypo‐osmotic buffer. We conclude that: (a) GPI‐PLC contributes to loss of GPIs in T. brucei treated with hypo‐osmotic or mildly alkaline buffer; (b) access of GPI‐PLC to its substrate in vivo can be regulated post‐translationally; (c) translocation of GPI‐PLC from glycosomes to the ER is important for in vivo cleavage of GPIs; (d) Cys347 is part of a peptide motif required for post‐translational targeting of GPI‐PLC to the ER. Glycosome‐to‐ER movement of GPI‐PLC reveals a novel pathway for intracellular protein traffic. The physiological significance of GPI digestion in cells exposed to mildly alkalinity or hypo‐osmolarity is discussed.
Consumer versus Producer Expectations and Motivations Related to “Superior” Quality Meat

Abstract This paper reports findings from an exploratory study on consumer and producer expectations of “superior” quality fresh meat in Belgium. The aim of the study is to investigate how Belgian consumers perceive “superior” quality and to confront consumer expectations with the producer's motivation to supply “superior” quality meat. In the first phase consumer and producer beliefs, as well as attitude and behaviour towards the quality of fresh meat were established. In the second phase consumer motivation to buy “superior” meat, and the motivation of producers to engage in the production of “superior” quality meat, were investigated. The insights from this exploratory research yield hypotheses about differences and potential conflicts in consumer's and producer's view on “superior” quality meat. The main potential source of conflicts pertains to price expectations. Ultimately, the findings of consumers and producers are to be confronted in order to obtain an integrated vision on “superior” quality meat.
Treatment of traumatic scars using plasma skin regeneration (PSR) system

Several modalities have been advocated to treat traumatic scars, including surgical techniques and laser resurfacing. Recently, a plasma skin regeneration (PSR) system has been investigated. There are no reports on plasma treatment of traumatic scars. The objective of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness and complications of plasma treatment of traumatic scars in Asian patients.
Effects of Pensions on Labor Markets and Retirement

EFFECTS OF PENSIONS ON LABOR MARKETSAND RETIREMENTbyRobert L. ClarkCollege of ManagementNorth Carolina State UniversityandJoseph F. QuinnDepartment of EconomicsBoston Collegepresented atERISA After 25 Years: A Framework for Evaluation Pension ReformA Conference Sponsored byThe Brookings InstitutionWashington, DCSeptember 1999
Characterization of Microbial Communities in Gas Industry Pipelines

ABSTRACT Culture-independent techniques, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis, and random cloning of 16S rRNA gene sequences amplified from community DNA were used to determine the diversity of microbial communities in gas industry pipelines. Samples obtained from natural gas pipelines were used directly for DNA extraction, inoculated into sulfate-reducing bacterium medium, or used to inoculate a reactor that simulated a natural gas pipeline environment. The variable V2-V3 (average size, 384 bp) and V3-V6 (average size, 648 bp) regions of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes, respectively, were amplified from genomic DNA isolated from nine natural gas pipeline samples and analyzed. A total of 106 bacterial 16S rDNA sequences were derived from DGGE bands, and these formed three major clusters: beta and gamma subdivisions of Proteobacteria and gram-positive bacteria. The most frequently encountered bacterial species was Comamonas denitrificans, which was not previously reported to be associated with microbial communities found in gas pipelines or with microbially influenced corrosion. The 31 archaeal 16S rDNA sequences obtained in this study were all related to those of methanogens and phylogenetically fall into three clusters: order I, Methanobacteriales; order III, Methanomicrobiales; and order IV, Methanosarcinales. Further microbial ecology studies are needed to better understand the relationship among bacterial and archaeal groups and the involvement of these groups in the process of microbially influenced corrosion in order to develop improved ways of monitoring and controlling microbially influenced corrosion.
The use of roles to model agent behaviors for model driven architecture

Model driven architecture (MDA), in which code is produced from a high-level model of the problem solution, promises many benefits over traditional software development methodologies but it has presently been applied mostly to Web-based systems using the J2EE architecture. Software agents, while not a new concept, are also a powerful way to analyze and design dynamic systems. In this paper, we adapt basic MDA techniques together with the concept of agent roles, used to describe the behavior of an agent, to develop a book buying agent based system.
Expression and Correlation of Lewis y Antigen and Integrins &agr;5 and β1 in Ovarian Serous and Mucinous Carcinoma

Introduction: This study investigates the expression and the clinical significance of Lewis y and integrins &agr;5 and β1 in serous and mucinous ovarian tumors and then evaluates the association between them. Methods: Lewis y and integrin &agr;5 and β1 expression are detected on tissues from malignant, borderline, and benign ovarian serous and mucinous tumors and normal tissues. Their expression and relationship are assessed in paraffin sections using immunohistochemistry and double-labeling immunofluorescence method. Results: Lewis y was mainly expressed in ovarian serous and mucinous cancers (88.33%); its positive rate was obviously higher than rates in the borderline (60.00%, P < 0.05) and benign ovarian tumors (35.00%, P < 0.01) and normal ovarian tissues (0, P < 0.01) and was not associated with clinicopathological characteristics. Integrins &agr;5 (85.00%) and β1 (81.67%) were also mainly expressed in ovarian serous and mucinous cancers; their positive rates were all obviously higher than those in benign ovarian tumors (60.00% and 55.00%, respectively; all P < 0.05) and normal tissues (40.00% and 30.00%, respectively; all P < 0.01). Increased expression of integrins &agr;5 and β1 correlated with higher clinical stage (P < 0.05) but were not associated with histological types, differentiation degree, and lymphatic metastasis (P > 0.05). The expression intensity of Lewis y and integrins &agr;5 and β1 was significant with clinical stage and differentiation degree (all P < 0.05) in ovarian cancer; positive significant correlation between Lewis y antigen and integrins &agr;5 and β1 was observed in serous and mucinous ovarian cancer tissues. Conclusions: A close correlation between Lewis y, integrins &agr;5 and β1, and ovarian cancer was observed. Lewis y can influence the biological behavior of a tumor cell as an important composition of integrins &agr;5 and β1 by some signal pathway, such as promoting cell adhesion and migration, and this study provides theoretical evidence of ovarian cancer biological treatment.
Actual Production History and Insurance Units for Multiple Peril Crop Insurance

The first step in developing a crop risk management program for a farm is to establish the proven yield and unit structure. The Actual Production History (APH) is used to set the guarantees under all of the FCIC-backed insurance plans except the Group Risk Plan (GRP). True risk protection must be based on the farm's own production potential. Providing historical yield records is the most realistic method of estimating it.
Insulin‐like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and IGF2 receptor gene variants are associated with fetal growth

Aim: Normal variation in size at birth is a result of the interaction between fetal genetic factors and the maternal uterine environment. It is, however, unclear how genetic factors contribute to fetal growth. The insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) system regulates uterine, placental and fetal development, thereby partially controlling the rate of fetal growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between the neonatal birth weight and the genotypes of polymorphic loci in the IGF2 and IGF2 receptor (IGF2R) genes.
Postmenopausal osteoporosis

PREVIEW Osteoporosis causes fractures in more than a million and a half Americans each year. About 80% of these fractures occur in women, often at or shortly after menopause. Can the factors responsible for bone loss at menopause be modified to reduce risks? In this article, Drs McGarry and Kiel explain who should undergo bone density testing, which tests are most helpful, and who should be offered preventive therapy.