Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regulation of p53

Abstract: The p53 tumor suppressor protein provides a major anti‐cancer defense mechanism, as underscored by the fact that the p53 gene is the most frequent target for genetic alterations in human cancer. Recent work has led to the realization that p53 lies at the hub of a very complex network of signaling pathways that integrate a variety of intracellular and extracellular inputs. Part of this network consists of an array of autoregulatory feedback loops, where p53 exhibits very intricate interactions with other proteins known to play important roles in the determination of cell fate. We discuss two such loops, one involving the β‐catenin protein and the other centering on the Akt/PKB protein kinase. In both cases, the central module is the interplay between p53 and the Mdm2 protein, which inactivates p53 and targets it for rapid proteolysis. Whereas deregulated β‐catenin can lead to Mdm2 inactivation and p53 accumulation, active p53 can promote the degradation and down‐regulation of β‐catenin. Similarly, Akt can block p53 activation by potentiating Mdm2, whereas activated p53 can tune down Akt in several different ways. In each case, the actual output of the loop is determined by the delicate balance between the opposing effects of its different components. Often, this balance is dictated by additional signaling processes that occur simultaneously within the same cell. Genetic alterations characteristic of cancer are capable of severely distorting this balance, thereby overriding the tumor suppressor effects of p53 in a manner that facilitates neoplastic conversion.
THERMOREGULATION BY THE BLACK SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY, PAPILIO POLYXENES (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)'

Male black swallowtails, Papilio polyxenes, regulate thoracic temperatures in the field by behaviorally changing abdomen position, wing position, orientation to the sun, perching duration, and perching height. At relatively low ambient temperatures ( 22? ), postures with abdomens lowered in the shade of the wings were associated with shorter perch durations, greater flight frequencies, and higher perch heights. Between 140 and 220 ambient, thoracic temperatures were regulated between 280 and 320. Shivering is not capable of elevating temperatures above ambient as much as basking alone does, and is seen only in disturbed individuals under conditions too cool for flight. Overheating due to metabolic heat production in flight is avoided by gliding or soaring with reduced wingbeat frequency. Swallowtails survive air temperatures above 50? for 30-min intervals in water-saturated air, but die above 460 at lower humidities. Swallowtails survive cooling to below 00. Thoracic temperatures above 240 are apparently necessary for flight, and vigorous flight occurs only when thoracic temperatures exceed 280. Thoracic-abdominal temperature differences were great- est at low ambient temperatures where thoracic temperatures necessary for flight are difficult to attain or maintain. At low ambient temperatures, decreased transfers of heat from thorax to abdomen via hemolymph circulation are associated with raised abdominal postures. At higher ambient tempera- tures, increased circulatory exchange between abdomen and thorax (augmented by abdominal con- tractions and a lowered abdomen) serves to dissipate heat from the thorax, especially when the abdomen is shaded by the wings.
Evaluation and implementation of cluster head selection in WSN using Contiki/Cooja simulator

Abstract Remote Sensor Systems are these days turning into a normal segment in our everyday life for simplicity of numerous tasks. It is already seen that they are currently conveyed in almost every field of wireless sensor network research. Numerous territories in research and innovation are adjusting to utilize remote sensor systems for investigation of information. Contiki is another working framework when contrasted with a large portion of the other working frameworks in this field. Because of the utilization of C language for its improvement, many progressed and light segments are currently winding up some portion of it. Despite the fact that the speed of improvement in Contiki is fast and exceptional, however regardless it does not have the utilization of security natives for secure correspondence between sensor hubs. Right, now there is just a single Security engineering “ContikiSec” proposed for this working framework. Cooja is a test system given by Contiki, which not like most test systems additionally, enables genuine equipment stages to be imitated. In this instructional exercise you will figure out how to utilize the Cooja Simulator to arrange an essential RPL network.
Virus-induced gene silencing and its applications.

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an efficient tool for plant functional genomics. Our current understanding about the phenomenon of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plant defence against viruses has enabled us to modify virus genomes for VIGS in different plant species. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update on the application of VIGS. We have attempted to cover the following topics in this review: different VIGS vectors available to date; VIGS as a tool to identify novel genes involved in various aspects of plant biology; VIGS in different plant species; utility of VIGS in different plant organs; VIGS for deciphering cellular functions of known genes; and future application of VIGS in modern plant biology.
THE GROWTH OF YOUNG MICE ACCORDING TO SIZE OF LITTER

SUMMARY 1 Four hundred and seven young albino mice produced in 66 litters had an average weight of 1.41 gm. at birth and of 7.14 gnu at weaning time (3 weeks old). 2 These average values vary very considerably, but uniformly according to size of litter. Individuals from litters of 2 and litters of 10 averaged respectively 1.0 gm. and 1.6 gm. at birth, and 4.45 gm. and 11.75 gm. at weaning time. Individuals from the intermediate sizes of litter grade fairly evenly in between these extremes. The whole growth during suckling is in fact inversely proportional to the size of litter. 3 Growth during suckling is characterised by the active phases in the first and third weeks respectively and a comparatively stagnant period in between. 4 These results can all be explained on a basis of differential nutrition.
Agronomic and meteorological factors affecting the severity of leaf blotch caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola in commercial wheat crops in England

Summary Factors affecting the severity of leaf blotch on the two upper leaves of wheat plants in crops at the milky ripe growth stage (GS 73-75) were investigated using survey data from 3513 randomly selected wheat crops sampled during 1985-1996. Year-to-year variation in disease severity was greater than spatial variability at county level, although both showed significant differences. The presence of disease above a 5% severity threshold was modelled using random effects logistic regression (Generalised Linear Mixed Model), which enabled risk variables measured at the field level to be combined with meteorological variables estimated at county level. The final model included terms for the fixed effects of disease resistance rating, date of sowing, high risk septoria periods in May and June, number of fungicide sprays and number of days with frost (£ -2∞C) in November. The percentage of crops above the threshold decreased with later sowing, increased number of November frost days and increased number of fungicide sprays. In contrast, high risk septoria periods (rain splash events) in May and June showed a positive correlation with the percentage of crops above the threshold. There were benefits from using resistant cultivars. The model showed that a range of risk variables were of broadly equivalent importance in determining the development of leaf blotch. These risk variables should be integrated in any scheme designed to support fungicide use decisions.
Why Polyploidy is Rarer in Animals Than in Plants

A CONSIDERABLE number of cases of tetraploidy and also higher forms of polyploidy have been found amongst plants, some having been observed to arise in cultures that were under observation, others being found already established as varieties or species having twice (thrice, etc.) the amount and number of chromosomes present in related types. Evidence also exists that forms of plants thus established may give rise to larger subdivisions (genera, etc.) inheriting all this chromatin, or even more, since the doubling process may be repeated. On the other hand, amongst animals, cases are very rare where there is critical evidence for the occurrence of this evolutionary process.2 Apparently this is not because doubling of chromosome number does not occur in cell division-for cases of tetraploid cells in diploid animals have been observed not infrequently. Neither is it likely that polyploid individuals, would fail to live. For chromosome conditions in the Hymenoptera show that at least two chromosome numbers are equally viable there-haploid and diploid-and polyploid Drosophilae have been found by Bridges to be very vigorous. What, then, is the reason for the rare occurrence of polyploidy in animals, as compared with plants? It is, in essence, very simple-animals usually have two sexes which are differentiated by means of a process involving the diploid mechanism of segregation and combination,
Comparison of the Nasal Olfactory Organs of Various Species of Lizardfishes (Teleostei: Aulopiformes: Synodontidae) with Additional Remarks on the Brain

The olfactory organs of lizardfishes (Synodontidae) are situated in two capsules connected to the outside by incurrent and excurrent openings. The olfactory epithelium is in form of petal rosettes each composed of lamellae and a rephe, and bear olfactory receptor neurons, supporting cells and cells with kinocillia. The dimension of rosettes and lamellae, as well as the number of lamellae, increase with growth of the fish; until in adult fish these parameters remaine constant, species specific. In adult Synodus spp. and Trachinocephalus myops the rosettes are 3.5–4.0 mm long, with 5–8 lamellae, whereas in Saurida spp. they are 8.0 mm and possess up tp 22 lamellae. The number of ORN ranges from 2,600 on the smaller lamellae to 20,000 on the largest ones. The number of ORN/mm2 of olfactory is ca. 30,000 in Saurida spp. Thus the rosettes of S. macrolepis with 20 lamellae possess a total of ca. 170,000 ORN, whereas those of Sy. variegatus and T. myops with the average of six lamellae possess only ca. 50,000–65,000 ORN. The olfactory nerves lead from the rosettes to the olfactory balbs situated on the olfactory lobes. The differences among the species in olfactory organs are discussed in correlation with their distribution.
Essential Oil of Eucalyptus olida L. Johnson et K. Hill 1: Variability of Yield and Composition in Foliage from a Seedling Population

Abstract Pet. Ether (65°-69°C) extracts of Eucalyptus olida L. Johnson et K. Hill leaves and stems from 3-5 year old trees in a trial planting generally contained very high levels (>91% of oil yield) of methyl cinnamate (MC). Some trees had low (0%) or variable levels (0-21%) of MC, highlighting the need to explore selection of proven clones for plantation-scale production of MC. Leaf age and time of harvesting affected MC levels and yields, and also oil yields, which peaked in younger leaves in mid summer. In general, higher MC yields were more closely related to high yields of oil in the foliage rather than high levels of MC in the oil.
Added phosphorus is associated with reduced severity of Mycosphaerella cryptica in Eucalyptus globulus

Summary Leaf disease caused by Mycosphaerella cryptica was assessed on the adult foliage of a 6-year-old Eucalyptus globulus fertiliser trial in south-eastern Australia. The trial consisted of 16 treatments of various combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements, originally established to determine the effects of these additions on tree growth. Disease was assessed as the proportion of the whole crown with leaf spot caused by M. cryptica. The trial had previously been measured for growth parameters (Bennett et al. 1997). The results from our study provide evidence that low levels of phosphorus were correlated with increased susceptibility of E. globulus to infection by M. cryptica compared with trees given high levels of phosphorus fertiliser. Treatments with no phosphorus added were significantly more diseased than those with up to 200 kg ha−1 added phosphorus. Neither the addition of nitrogen, potassium nor a combination of trace elements had a significant effect on disease severity. Disease severity was negatively correlated with height and diameter, providing evidence that smaller trees had more disease than taller trees, but not necessarily proving ‘cause and effect’. Various hypotheses are discussed to explain the results obtained from this study.
Large wildland fires in three diverse regions in Spain from 1978 to 2010.

Aim of study: Large wildland fires (LWF) are major disturbance processes affecting many ecosystems each year. In last decades, socio-economic changes have contributed to major changes in land uses. This study assess trends in number, burned area and average size of large wildfires (> 100 ha) from 1978 to 2010 in Spain. Area of study: This work analyzes three clearly different regions of Spain (Mediterranean coast, MC, Mediterranean Interior, MI, Northwestern Spain, NW). Material and methods: We studied historical wildland fire data from Spain’s EGIF database (General Statistics on Wildland Fires). We selected only wildland fires larger than 100 ha. All LWF were analyzed to test trends in number of fires, burned area and mean fire size. Main results: The number of LWF decreased in all regions but the burned area only decreased in MC and NW regions. However, both the number of LWF and the burned area did not decrease after 1995 in any region. The average size of LWF did not change in any of the three regions. Fires larger than 500 ha were very significant due to the high percentage of area burned in relation to the total area burned by fires larger than 100 ha (79.3% in MC, 63.9% in MI, and 35.7% in NW). Research highlights: After 1995, the number of LWF and burned area did not decrease. Additional actions are required including learned lessons from past LWF spread, and better trained fire suppression workers and more
Tan-Sun Transformation-Based Phase-Locked Loop in Detection of the Grid Synchronous Signals under Distorted Grid Conditions

When three-phase voltages are polluted with unbalance, DC offsets, or higher harmonics, it is a challenge to quickly detect their parameters such as phases, frequency, and amplitudes. This paper proposes a phase-locked loop (PLL) for the three-phase non-ideal voltages based on the decoupling network composed of two submodules. One submodule is used to detect the parameters of the fundamental and direct-current voltages based on Tan-Sun transformation, and the other is used to detect the parameters of the higher-harmonic voltages based on Clarke transformation. By selecting the proper decoupling vector by mapping Hilbert space to Euclidean space, the decoupling control for each estimated parameter can be realized. The settling time of the control law can be set the same for each estimated parameter to further improve the response speed of the whole PLL system. The system order equals the number of the estimated parameters in each submodule except that a low-pass filter is required to estimate the average amplitude of the fundamental voltages, so the whole PLL structure is very simple. The simulation and experimental results are provided in the end to validate the effectiveness of the proposed PLL technique in terms of the steady and transient performance.
The Superior Laryngeal Nerve and Its Vulnerability in Surgeries of the Neck

Anatomical considerations of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), a branch of the vagus, provides information to minimize the potential for iatrogenic intraoperative injury, thereby preventing motor and sensory dysfunctions of the larynx. The present study aims to assess the variation of the SLN and its relationship to the superior thyroid artery (STA) and superior laryngeal artery (SLA). The study was done on 35 formalin-fixed cadavers at Oakland University in 2018–2019. In our study, we found that out of 21 cadavers, 52.4% of the external laryngeal branches (ebSLN) are related posteromedial to the STA, while 47.6% are related anteromedial to it. Out of 14 cadavers, 64.3% of the internal laryngeal branches (ibSLN) are related superoposterior to the SLA, while 35.7% are inferoposterior to it. In most cases, the SLA crosses above the ebSLN while traveling to pierce the thyrohyoid membrane to reach the larynx. The data demonstrate that both the ebSLN and ibSLN display variation in their relationship with the STA and the SLA, respectively. Awareness of these variable relationships is critical for identification and isolation of these structures in order to prevent consequences of nerve injury, primarily a reduction in the highest attainable frequency of the voice and aspiration pneumonia.
Implementation of Dynamic Virtual Inertia Control of Supercapacitors for Multi-Area PV-Based Microgrid Clusters

In order to improve the dynamic stability of multi-area microgrid (MG) clusters in the autonomous mode, this study proposes a novel fuzzy-based dynamic inertia control strategy for supercapacitors in multi-area autonomous MG clusters. By virtue of the integral manifold theory, the interactive influence of inertia on dynamic stability for multi-area MG clusters is explored in detail. The energy function of multi-area MG clusters is constructed to further analyze the inertia constant. Based on the analysis of the mechanism, a control strategy for the fuzzy-based dynamic inertia control of supercapacitors for multi-area MG clusters is further proposed. For each sub-microgrid (sub-MG), the gain of the fuzzy-based dynamic inertia control is self-tuned dynamically, with system events being triggered, so as to flexibly and robustly enhance the dynamic performance of the multi-area MG clusters in the autonomous mode. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, a three-area photovoltaic (PV)-based MG cluster is designed and simulated on the MATLAB/Simulink platform. Moreover, a comparison between the dynamic fuzzy-based inertial control method and an additional droop control method is finally presented to validate the advantages of the fuzzy-based dynamic inertial control approach.
INCREASED AVOIDANCE OF SWIMMERS BY WILD BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS) DUE TO LONG‐TERM EXPOSURE TO SWIM‐WITH‐DOLPHIN TOURISM

The responses of wild, non-provisioned bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop truncatus) to swim attempts from commercial swim-with-dolphin tour boats were systematically observed during two research periods: 1994-1995 and 1997-1998. A total of 255 groups of dolphins was encountered during boat-based surveys and 36% (n = 93) were exposed to at least one swim attempt. The operators' success with swim attempts, defined as at least one dolphin milling within 5 m of at least one swimmer, decreased from 48% in 1994-1995 to 34% in 1997-1998, and avoidance responses to swimmers increased from 22% to 31%. Dolphin response was found to vary according to swimmer placement. The greatest increase in avoidance occurred when swimmers were placed in the dolphins' path of travel. Based on sighting records of 266 individually identified dolphins, it was estimated that an average dolphin was exposed to 31 swim attempts per year. This level of exposure suggests that individual dolphins have, with cumulative experience, become sensitized to swim attempts. When a swim attempt was successful, on average it involved 19% of the group. Age-class differences in interaction rates showed that juveniles were significantly more likely to interact with swimmers than adults. This study highlights the importance of longitudinal studies in evaluating human impact and suggests the urgent need for similar studies of potential human impact on other toothed cetaceans.
Control of key carbohydrate‐metabolizing enzymes by insulin and glucagon in freshly isolated hepatocytes of the Marine teleost Hemitripterus americanus

The effects of scombroid insulin (10−7 M) and bovine glucagon (10−7 M) on key regulatory enzymes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are examined in freshly isolated hepatocytes of the sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus, following a 45 and 180 min incubation. Glucagon increased the Vopt of PEPCK, PK, GPT, and LDH, but decreased the substrate activity ratios of both PK and PFK-1 (the latter only at inhibitory ATP concentrations) at 180 min. Glucagon also decreased Fru-2,6-P2 levels at both 45 and 180 min. Insulin decreased the Vopt for LDH at 180 min and decreased the F6P activity ratio for PFK-1 at both 0.5 mM and 1.5 mM ATP at 45 and 180 min, with larger decreases occurring at the later time period (to 13% of the control value). Insulin also decreased Fru-2,6-P2 concentrations at 180 min and increased alanine uptake. PEPCK and PK were not affected by insulin. These data indicate that glucagon alters the characteristics of a variety of enzymes in the glycolytic/gluconeogenic sequence, while the major impact of insulin is at the level of PFK-1 and alanine uptake.
Determining the effects of Wnt signaling in the alleviation of cholestasis via the promotion of hepatocyte transdifferentiation

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic disease characterized by bile duct inflammation and fibrosis, resulting in end‐stage liver disease and reduced life expectancy. Therefore, an effective treatment for PSC is needed. Hepatocytes exhibit remarkable plasticity and are known to be capable of transdifferentiating into cholangiocytes in models of biliary injury, which could create de novo ducts, repair damaged cholangiocytes, or contribute to bile detoxification. Previous studies utilizing in vitro organoid cultures and genetic mouse models found that β‐catenin and downstream targets are upregulated in hepatic organoid cultures, and mice expressing excess β‐catenin in the liver had an increased number of hepatocytes expressing cholangiocyte markers compared to wild type (WT) when subjected to cholestatic injury. These findings led to the hypothesis that Wnt/ß‐catenin signaling drives hepatocyte‐to‐cholangiocyte transdifferentiation during biliary injury. To test this hypothesis, we utilized lineage tracing in hepatic organoid cultures and TG mice expressing a mutated non‐degradable form of β‐catenin (S45D) in liver. We show that hepatocytes transdifferentiate to cholangiocytes in organoid cultures, and the cholangiocytes present are not from native contaminating cholangiocytes. We determined that TG mice fed DDC diet, which induces bile stasis, have: 1) improved serum ALP over time, indicating less biliary injury; 2) increased bile output compared to WT mice fed DDC diet; and 3) bile ducts populated with hepatocyte‐derived cholangiocytes. Through these studies we demonstrate that Wnt/ß‐catenin signaling catalyzes hepatocyte‐to‐cholangiocyte transdifferentiation, and activation of this pathway alleviates cholestasis in mouse models of PSC.