Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) Nest Tail Structure and Function in Temperate Forests

Abstract Streamers of hanging plant debris (nest tails) are commonly used for nest concealment by tropical Tyrannid flycatchers. Of the 35 species of Tyrannid flycatchers that regularly occur in temperate North America, only the Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) retains use of nest tails. To better understand the prevalence and possible function of nest tails in temperate breeding Acadian flycatchers, we investigated 145 nests in two habitat types (deciduous and hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) dominated) in southwestern Pennsylvania in 2006–2007. The primary constituent of nest tails was catkins of oak (Quercus sp.) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia) along with other plant debris entangled in arthropod silk. Debris availability was generally sparse but appeared more common on nest as opposed to randomly selected branches. An index of nest tail “prominence,” involving both the length and number of tails, was negatively related to nest height. Variation in nest survival rates was poorly explained by nest tail prominence, and no models evaluated substantially outperformed the null model. Thus, we provide a detailed quantitative description of Acadian flycatcher nest tail characteristics in a northern temperate environment but an understanding of their function in this environment remains elusive.
A Machine Learning Framework for Classification of Expert and Non-Experts Radiologists using Eye Gaze Data

Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques enhance the efficiency of radiology data interpretation and reporting process. The paper focuses on classifying a participant as an expert or non-expert based on the features related to saccade, such as saccade latency, saccade amplitude, etc. These features help to understand whether the participant knows the respective field or not. The data used here is how the participant looks at an optic disc image and whether they know where to look precisely. The proposed work used different machine learning models to classify experts and non-expert radiologists and observed that the decision tree gave the highest accuracy of 96%. Finally, we create a dashboard with the help of powerbi, which displays the insights about the expert and non-expert viewing the optic discs.
Observations on mass atresia and skipped spawning in northern Atlantic cod, from Smith Sound, Newfoundland

Atlantic cod Gadus morhua were collected from Smith Sound, Newfoundland in January 1999. Visual examination of females (n=150) and males (n=126) revealed that some large fish (42–79 cm) had underdeveloped gonads. Histological examination of underdeveloped ovaries indicated that the majority of these females were undergoing mass resorption of oocytes and would not have spawned in 1999. Fish in this condition included females that were aborting their first attempt at maturation and females that had spawned the previous year but were failing to re-ripen. Somatic and liver condition were significantly lower (P<0·05) for fish undergoing mass oocyte resorption than ripening females, suggesting that the interruption in the maturation cycle may have been related to insufficient nutrient storage. In males, testes of some adult fish were considered to be non-reproductive as they showed no signs of ripening and probably would not have spawned in 1999. Liver condition was significantly higher (P<0·05) for non-reproductive males than those that were ripening. Disruptions in male and female reproductive cycles may also have been related to water temperatures that were too cold (0–0·5° C) for successful gamete development. Immature gametes (perinucleolar oocytes in females; spermatogonia in males) showed no signs of breakdown in non-reproductive individuals, suggesting that they retained the potential to develop and spawn gametes in 2000.
Prokaryotes from Different Phylogenetic Groups in Surface Microlayer and Subsurface Water in a Eutrophic Lake

Prokaryotes from different phylogenetic groups were studied in surface microlayer (SM, up to 100 µm) and subsurface water (SW – 20 cm) in a eutrophic lake over three months (July, August, and October). The abundance of prokaryotes was determined by epifluorescence microscopy after DAPI staining, and phylogenetic diversity was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with group-specific, fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes. In SW bacteria made up most of the entire community of DAPI-stained microorganisms (54-69%) and in SM bacteria made up only 33-44% of DAPI-stained microorganisms. Archaea corresponded to a small fraction of both bacterioneuston and bacterioplankton. The counts of Archaea and bacteria were significantly higher in SW than in SM. Among all proteobacteria included in the research, γ-proteobacteria represented the most abundant fraction: 42-72% in SM and 39-61% in SW. Statistical analysis revealed that the abundance of γ-proteobacteria is positively correlated with temperature and with dissolved oxygen. β-proteobacteria were the least abundant fraction.
A study of phytochemical constituents and pharmacological actions of Trigonella foenum-graecum: a review.

According to the Ayurveda plants are have so many c onstituent which may be used for the treatment of s o many diseases. Herbal drugs are easily available and hav e fewer side effects. So many of the people are at t acted towards the herbal plant drugs. Fenugreek is easily availab le in our kitchen and use as a drugs from oldest ti me. Fenugreek was used to ease childbirth and to increase milk fl ow. Today, it is still taken by Egyptian women for menstrual pain and as hilba tea to ease stomach problems of touris s. They contain mucilage, sugars, an alkaloidtri gonellin , which is not poisonouscholin and a scented compound. Me dicinal Action and Uses of Fenugreek like Allergies , Appetite/loss of Catarrh/bronchial, Cholesterol/hig h, Diabetic Retinopathy, Gas, Gastric Disorders, Lu ng Infections, Mucus Excessive, Throat/sore, Abscesses, Anemia, As thma, Boils, Body Odour , Bronchitis, cancer, Eyes/ swollen, Fevers, Gallbladder Problems, Heartburn, Inflammati on, Sinus Problems, Ulcers, Uterine Problems, Water Retention focused the investigator’s attention on t his plant.
Primary and secondary induction requirements for flowering of Festuca rubra.

In three high-latitude populations of red fescue 15 to 21 weeks of primary induction at 6°C/8 h short day (SD) conditions were required for optimum flowering in subsequent long days (LD) at 15 to 18°C. The optimum temperature for SD induction was 9°C, the critical temperature being 15°C. In two of the populations only marginal induction took place in LD at 6 and 9°C, in a third population from 69°30′N latitude induction was equally effective in SD and LD at these temperatures. After primary induction in SD a transition to LD was required for initiation of inflorescence primordia, 12 to 16 LD cycles (24 h) being required for full secondary induction at 18°C. Marginal LD secondary induction caused a high proportion of viviparous proliferation even in fully seminiferous populations. The populations varied also in morphological characters, highlighting the genetic and taxonomic variability within the F. rubra complex.
Enhancing Instruction to Connect with Diverse Audiences

This paper is the tenth in a series of articles on planning programs to effectively outreach to diverse audiences. This series will include specialized papers on enhancing cultural competence, recruiting diverse volunteers, planning culturally appropriate marketing strategies, and other topics that are integral to the design and implementation of culturally relevant Extension education programs. This document is FCS9226, one of a series of the Family Youth and Community Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date September 2005.
Economic Operation of Smart Micro-Grid

Presently, economic operation of micro-grid is a major concern in smart grid environment. This is a very complex problem, which can be solved with the help of various meta-heuristic techniques. Therefore, this chapter provides a comparative analysis of four different renowned meta-heuristic techniques with reference to the problem of optimal operation of micro-grid (MG). Genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), differential evaluation (DE), and firefly (FF) algorithm are utilized for this purpose.
Генетические аспекты неалкогольной жировой болезни печени

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most commonly diagnosed hepatopathy. There is an increase in the incidence of NAFLD in the structure of liver diseases in children and adolescents, which is directly related to the increasing prevalence of obesity. The spectrum of liver tissue changes in NAFLD ranges from benign hepatocellular steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis of the liver, and hepatocellular carcinoma. With the increasing prevalence of NAFLD in children, we can expect an increase in the incidence of adverse outcomes among people of working age. The key problem for NAFLD is the prediction of disease outcomes. In epidemiological and genetic studies, the relationship between the morphological stage of NAFLD and hereditary factors is shown. Currently, there are three genes associated with NAFLD (PNPLA3, TM6SF2, and GCKR), which, together with the genes responsible for insulin resistance, lipid deposition, inflammation and fibrogenesis in hepatocytes, determine the phenotype of fatty liver disease. The article considers the modern understanding of the issues of genetics, development of liver steatosis and progression of NASH. It is expected that this knowledge can transform our risk stratification strategies in patients with NAFLD and help identify new therapeutic goals.
Plasmids and Their Role in the Evolution of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

properties of pathogens that enable them to infect and gain nutrition from their hosts is a major research theme in plant pathology. Employing new genetic technologies, phytobacteri­ ologists are finally in a positiion to ask how plant pathogenic bacteria have evolved from related nonpath ogens. Since plasmids confer a wide variety of traits on the bacteria that harbor them and are able to promote exchange of genetic information across taxonomic boundaries, they have undoubtedly figured heavily in bacterial evolution. This review focuses on the distribution, phenotype s, and possible evolutionary roles of plasmids in plant pathogenic bacteria. A number of excellent books and reviews cover general plasmid biology (57-59, 61) and plasmids in plant pathogenic bacteria (19, 29, 97, 114, 131). It is currently thought that bacterial evolution is influenced by the charac­ teristics and interactions of three distinct types of DNA sequences: the bacterial chromosome, plasmids, and transposable elements. Most of the genetic information of a bacterium is contained in a large circular DNA molecule, termed the chromosome, and the rest resides in a variable number of accessory genetic elements comprised of plasmids, bacteriophages, and transposable elements. The chromosome is the repository for most of the essential
Auditing Black-Box Models Using Transparent Model Distillation With Side Information

Black-box risk scoring models permeate our lives, yet are typically proprietary or opaque. We propose a transparent model distillation approach to audit such models. Model distillation was first introduced to transfer knowledge from a large, complex teacher model to a faster, simpler student model without significant loss in prediction accuracy. To this we add a third criterion - transparency. To gain insight into black-box models, we treat them as teachers, training transparent student models to mimic the risk scores assigned by the teacher. Moreover, we use side information in the form of the actual outcomes the teacher scoring model was intended to predict in the first place. By training a second transparent model on the outcomes, we can compare the two models to each other. When comparing models trained on risk scores to models trained on outcomes, we show that it is necessary to calibrate the risk-scoring model's predictions to remove distortion that may have been added to the black-box risk-scoring model during or after its training process. We also show how to compute confidence intervals for the particular class of transparent student models we use - tree-based additive models with pairwise interactions (GA2Ms) - to support comparison of the two transparent models. We demonstrate the methods on four public datasets: COMPAS, Lending Club, Stop-and-Frisk, and Chicago Police.
Effects of Flock Size in Broilers Reared in a Floor System on Performance, Some Blood Parameters, Bone Quality and Musculus Pectoralis Ph Level

Abstract This research was conducted to compare performance, some blood parameters, bone quality and musculus pectoralis pH level in broiler flocks containing 15,000 (I), 25,000 (II) and 35,000 (III) birds. For this purpose, two different flocks from each capacity were simultaneously observed throughout two growth periods in summer and autumn seasons. A total of 20 broilers (10 males and 10 females) per different flock capacity, having stable live weight were selected on 32nd day of growing period. Broiler chickens were slaughtered by decapitation and their blood samples were drained into special tubes. Musculus pectoralis pH measurement was performed ten minutes after slaughter. Bones were extracted from meat and analyzed. Live weights of groups on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 and on the day of slaughter were similar to each other (P>0.05). The mortality rate was lower in group I (P≤0.01). Feed efficiency deteriorated negligibly in group III (P=0.078). Serum glucose and uric acid levels were high in group III (P≤0.01). Intergroup differences in serum total cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL), triglycerides, protein levels and enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase were statistically insignificant (P>0.05). Dimensions, weights and ash level of tibia and femur, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of tibia were observed to have similar values among the groups (P>0.05). Musculus pectoralis pH level in groups I, II and III was determined as 5.93, 5.94 and 6.13, respectively (P≤0.05).
Protein turnover in a psychrotrophic bacterium: Proteolytic activity in extracts of cells grown at different temperatures

The proteolytic activity in cell extracts of psychrotrophic bacterium Arthrobacter strain S1-55 has been compared after growth at 10°, 20° and 32°C. Extracts of cells grown at 32°C consistently possessed the greatest activity, and those from cells grown at 10°C the lowest when assayed at 10°, 20°, 32° and 37°C. The activity in extracts of 10°C-grown cells was significantly more heat-labile than that from the 20°C- and 32°C-grown cells. It is suggested that growth at the high (32°C) and low (10°C) temperatures yields qualitative and quantitative differences in proteolytic activity in this organism.
Design and Construction of an Artificial Thumb Prosthetics Controlled by Index Finger

The main scope of this article is to present design and fabrication of a simple active robotic prosthetics thumb which is activated by the motion of the index finger. In the proposed single degree-of-freedom mechanism output signal of the strain gauge attached to the index finger is utilized to activate the driving mechanism of the assistive robotic thumb. Stepper motor is employed as a driving system in the proposed mechanism. Experimental investigation was performed to evaluate the performance of the constructed prototype for catching, grasping, and lifting activities of various objects with different weights and shapes. The experimental results indicate very good performance of the proposed artificial thumb prototype and illustrate the assistive system's action is very compliant to the motion of the able-bodied hand. As a result, it can be mentioned that the key factor for successful design of a portable in-home robotic-assistive prosthetics is to consider the anatomy compliancy in actuation system guarantees the opportunity of successful post-stoke treatment.
Risk factors associated with the incidence of ketosis in dairy cows

Various dairy cattle production and health characteristics were studied with a view to identify easily available and measurable factors associated with the incidence of ketosis. The analyses were carried out using data from the Langhill Dairy Cattle Research Centre. Two approaches were used to assess the relative risk to cows of getting ketosis: one using information known at the beginning of lactation and one using information collected as the lactation progressed. In both approaches analyses were carried out using different amounts of the available information to simulate differences between recording systems. In the first approach the following were found to relate significantly to the level of recorded ketotic incidents: parity; ketosis in the previous lactation; calving condition score; 305-day milk yield in the previous lactation; and the average milk protein percentage in the previous lactation. The effects of these were quantified. In the second approach, where the change in ketosis incidence rate over the weeks of lactation was investigated, the average dry-matter intake in the previous week and changes in live weight and body condition score over the previous week were found to have a significant effect on the probability of getting ketosis in the coming week. The risk assessments varied depending on the information used and a flexible approach is recommended if potential risk factors are to be successfully incorporated into decision support systems.
HEMOLYTIC PROPERTIES OF CA2+-TREATED HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES UNDER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

The effect of intracellular Ca2+ on high pressure-induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes was examined. Red cells were incubated with Ca2+ (0.01-1 mM) in the presence of ionophore A23187. The Ca(2+)-loaded cells were subjected to a pressure of 200 mPa. Treatment with 0.1 mM Ca2+ had the greatest suppressive effect on the hemolysis. On removal of intracellular Ca2+, red cells showed a morphological change from echinocytes to normal discocytes but the hemolysis remained unaltered. Measurement of intracellular K+ and viscosity demonstrated that the suppressive effect of Ca2+ on the hemolysis is irreversible and is largely associated with the increase of intracellular viscosity induced by K+ efflux.
Does carbon distribution and turnover in (sub)alpine grassland soils indicate these areas may be potential carbon dioxide hotspots in the event of global warming

Alpine soils are expected to contain large proportions of labile carbon (C), which may become a further source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in the event of global warming. However, there is currently little data available on C storage and distribution in these soils. The aim of this project was to determine if C storage and distribution in alpine soils indicate they may be a further source of CO2 with global warming and investigate which other factors may be important in this event. Soil core samples were extracted from across grassland elevation gradients of silicate and limestone bedrock in the central Swiss Alps and Spanish Pyrenees, respectively. Additionally, soil samples were extracted from across an elevation gradient in the eastern Swiss Alps, where soil cores had previously been translocated, from a high elevation to a lower elevation, to simulate global warming. Results showed that labile C proportions in siliceous alpine soils were larger than those of temperate soils, however this was not the case in the limestone bedrock soils. Labile material indicated long C turnover times and soil translocation indicated slow microbial community responses to environmental change. The important influence of factors other than climate, such as bedrock type, may play a more influential role on C storage in alpine soils. Overall the results of this project indicated it is unlikely that alpine grassland soils will result in strong positive feedbacks to global warming. Alpine Boden konnen grosse Mengen an labilem organischem Kohlenstoff (C) enthalten, der unter veranderten Klimabedingungen moglicherweise als CO2 freigesetzt wird. Die Annahme uber Menge und Verteilung des labilen C dieser Boden ist derzeit jedoch nur unzureichend belegt. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die obige Annahme durch neue Daten aus alpinen Okosystemen zu verifizieren sowie die zu einer Akkumulation fuhrenden Faktoren zu untersuchen. Dies ist eine Voraussetzung zur Abschatzung des Verhaltens des labilen C unter warmeren Klimabedingungen. Zur Untersuchung des labilen C wurden entlang von Hohengradienten in den Alpen (Silikatgestein) und den Pyrenaen (Kalkstein) Bodenproben entnommen. Zusatzlich wurde ein bestehendes Bodentranslokationsexperiment entlang eines Hohengradienten beprobt. Dieses Experiment reprasentiert eine Klimamanipulation. Der Gehalt an labilem C in silikatischen Boden der Alpen war hoher als der in Boden der gemassigten Klimazone. Im Gegensatz dazu gab es keine Zunahme des labilen C entlang des Kalksteingradienten. Labiler C war durch lange Umsetzungszeiten gekennzeichnet. Die Veranderung der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft im Translokationsexperiment zeigte eine nur langsame Anpassung an die neuen Umweltbedingungen. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass andere Faktoren als das Klima, z.B. Geologie, die Anreicherung von labilem C mit steuern. Schlussfolgerung: Alpine Boden bilden unter veranderten Klimabedingungen wahrscheinlich keine starke CO2 Quelle.
Distribution of duck broods relative to habitat characteristics in the Prairie Pothole Region

Conservation programs for breeding ducks in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the United States and Canada require effective means of evaluating and characterizing breeding habitat across large landscapes. Extensive surveys of the distribution of duck broods in late-summer could help identify wetland basins with greater probabilities of occupancy. Broods are difficult to detect, however, rendering presence–absence data from single-visit surveys difficult to interpret, particularly when probability of detection is related to habitat features. Multiple-visit occupancy surveys offer a potential solution. From 20 July to 5 August 2007–2009, we conducted a 3-visit survey of wetland basins located on 167 10.4-km2 study plots in the PPR. Our survey focused on broods of the 5 most common breeding duck species (Anas spp.). Our main objectives were to investigate ecological relationships between occupancy of wetland basins by broods and habitat characteristics and to examine if habitat-specific detection was of enough concern to warrant multi-survey approaches in the future. We surveyed 3,226 wetland basins during the study. Probability of occupancy of a wetland basin by a brood was positively related to the log of wet area for all 5 study species and was greater on wetlands located on plots with a greater proportion of herbaceous perennial cover for 4 of 5 species. For example, the median probability of occupancy for gadwall (Anas strepera) increased from 0.08 (90% Credible Interval [CrI]: 0.07, 0.10) to 0.28 (90% CrI: 0.23, 0.33) as wet area increased from 0.19 ha to 2.12 ha, and increased from 0.12 (90% CrI: 0.09, 0.16) to 0.20 (90% CrI: 0.16, 0.25) as proportion of perennial grass cover on the study plot increased from 0.03 to 0.99. Because occupancy and detection were both related to attributes of wetland basins, we concluded that the multiple-visit survey was a useful approach for identifying habitat relationships of duck broods. Our results indicated that most broods of the study species were found in 10.4-km2 landscapes with greater densities of small- to mid-sized wetland basins and a greater proportion of herbaceous perennial vegetation. Our study provided new empirical support that could be used to help target conservation actions to the most productive landscapes for breeding ducks. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.