Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The physics of galaxy evolution with SPICA observations

Abstract The evolution of galaxies at Cosmic Noon (1 < z < 3) passed through a dust-obscured phase, during which most stars formed and black holes in galactic nuclei started to shine, which cannot be seen in the optical and UV, but it needs rest frame mid-to-far IR spectroscopy to be unveiled. At these frequencies, dust extinction is minimal and a variety of atomic and molecular transitions, tracing most astrophysical domains, occur. The Space Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA), currently under evaluation for the 5th Medium Size ESA Cosmic Vision Mission, fully redesigned with its 2.5-m mirror cooled down to T < 8K will perform such observations. SPICA will provide for the first time a 3-dimensional spectroscopic view of the hidden side of star formation and black hole accretion in all environments, from voids to cluster cores over 90% of cosmic time. Here we outline what SPICA will do in galaxy evolution studies.
Deep semantic gaze embedding and scanpath comparison for expertise classification during OPT viewing

Modeling eye movement indicative of expertise behavior is decisive in user evaluation. However, it is indisputable that task semantics affect gaze behavior. We present a novel approach to gaze scanpath comparison that incorporates convolutional neural networks (CNN) to process scene information at the fixation level. Image patches linked to respective fixations are used as input for a CNN and the resulting feature vectors provide the temporal and spatial gaze information necessary for scanpath similarity comparison. We evaluated our proposed approach on gaze data from expert and novice dentists interpreting dental radiographs using a local alignment similarity score. Our approach was capable of distinguishing experts from novices with 93% accuracy while incorporating the image semantics. Moreover, our scanpath comparison using image patch features has the potential to incorporate task semantics from a variety of tasks.
Tuberculosis program health care workers knowledge about tuberculosis in Kerbala governorate in 2017

Objective: The problems facing tuberculosis (TB) control are web-shaped multidisciplinary factor, complicated dilemma and part of the problem is denial of facing the truth. A big sum of literature is published to obliterate the proper pathways, mainly for receiving the grants and persuading responsible personals and agencies. For these reasons, this study represents a genuine step in breaking the rules and telling nothing but the truth about caretakers knowledge about TB in Kerbala.Methods: About 43 caretakers following TB patients in primary health centers in Kerbala/Iraq were asked about TB transmission and dealing with contacts. Each participant answered a self-administered questionnaire based on World Health Organization (WHO) module questionnaire. At the beginning of a training course, TB caretakers personally conducted the primary health sectors in March 2017. The analysis depended on comparing the answers with the standard WHO answers in the module and the National TB program. Analysis depended on Excel an SPSS-21 package at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The overall findings had indicated a poor level of knowledge among the participants. The majority of them were with a professional diploma qualification. An important defect detected in the study is that most participants report that they know a fact but their answer reveals that they do not know it.Conclusions: Training programs need to be initiated soon to improve caretakers’ knowledge about TB. An important recommendation is that evaluation of control programs implementation needs to be performed from outside the system to avoid bias in measurement.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation according to absorption differences in three formulations of ibuprofen

Objective Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis is modulated by COX2. Changes in PGE2 could be used to quantify the COX2 inhibition after ibuprofen administration. This study investigated the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships for COX2 inhibition according to three formulations of ibuprofen in healthy male subjects. Materials and methods A randomized, open-label, single-dose, three-treatment, six-sequence crossover study was performed in 36 healthy South Korean male volunteers. Enrolled subjects received the following three 200 mg ibuprofen formulations: ibuprofen arginine, solubilized ibuprofen capsule, and standard ibuprofen. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic blood samples were collected for 16 hours following treatment. For pharmacodynamic evaluations, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PGE2 inhibition at each time point compared to predose was measured. Noncompartmental analysis was used for pharmacokinetic assessment, and time-weighted average inhibition (WAI) of PGE2 was applied to the pharmacodynamic evaluation. Results After a single oral dose of the ibuprofen formulations, the median times to maximum concentration were 0.42, 0.5, and 1.25 hours in ibuprofen arginine, solubilized ibuprofen capsule, and ibuprofen, respectively. The maximum observed plasma concentration was lower in ibuprofen, and the area under the plasma concentration–time curve was comparable among the three formulations. A significant difference was observed between fast-acting formulations and standard ibuprofen tablets for both maximum concentration and time taken to reach it. Individual formulations had an effect on PGE2 WAI during the 8 hours following treatment, resulting in significantly lower WAI in standard ibuprofen: ibuprofen arginine 18.4%, solubilized ibuprofen capsule 18.4%, and standard ibuprofen 11.6%. Conclusion Rapid absorption and higher peak concentration were observed in ibuprofen arginine and the solubilized ibuprofen capsule. Additionally, fast-acting formulations had more predominant inhibitory activity on the COX2 enzyme.
Loss of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in GABAergic interneurons causes sex-dependent impairments in postnatal neurogenesis and cognitive and social behavior

Neural stem cells within the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG) generate new neurons that form the granule cell layer during embryonic development and continue to generate new neurons throughout life. The maturation process of newly generated granule cells is modulated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which have been shown to play a role in cell survival, signal modulation, dendritic integration, and memory formation. Disrupted nAChR signaling has been implicated in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, potentially via alterations in DG neurogenesis. GABAergic interneurons are known to express nAChRs, particularly the α7 subunit, and have been shown to shape development, integration, and circuit reorganization of DG granule cells. Therefore, we examined the effects of conditional deletion of α7 nAChRs in GABAergic interneurons on measures of postnatal neurogenesis and behavioral outcomes. Loss of α7 nAChRs resulted in a decrease of postnatal granule cells, as indicated by reduced GFAP+ cells in the DG, specifically in male mice, as well as sex-dependent changes in several behaviors, including social recognition, object investigation, and spatial learning. Overall, these findings suggest α7 nAChRs expressed in GABAergic interneurons play an important role in regulating postnatal neurogenesis and behavior in a sex-dependent manner. This provides important insight into the mechanisms by which cholinergic dysfunction contributes to the cognitive and behavioral changes associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
Importance of using appropriate baselines for evaluation of data-efficiency in deep reinforcement learning for Atari

Reinforcement learning (RL) has seen great advancements in the past few years. Nevertheless, the consensus among the RL community is that currently used methods, despite all their benefits, suffer from extreme data inefficiency, especially in the rich visual domains like Atari. To circumvent this problem, novel approaches were introduced that often claim to be much more efficient than popular variations of the state-of-the-art DQN algorithm. In this paper, however, we demonstrate that the newly proposed techniques simply used unfair baselines in their experiments. Namely, we show that the actual improvement in the efficiency came from allowing the algorithm for more training updates for each data sample, and not from employing the new methods. By allowing DQN to execute network updates more frequently we manage to reach similar or better results than the recently proposed advancement, often at a fraction of complexity and computational costs. Furthermore, based on the outcomes of the study, we argue that the agent similar to the modified DQN that is presented in this paper should be used as a baseline for any future work aimed at improving sample efficiency of deep reinforcement learning.
Title : Genomics of local adaptation in blue tit Running title : Population genomics in blue tit

Understanding the genomic processes underlying local adaptation is a central aim of modern evolutionary biology. This task requires identifying footprints of local selection but also estimating spatio-temporal variation of populations’ demography and variation in recombination rate and diversity along the genome. Here, we investigated these parameters in blue tit populations inhabiting neighbouring deciduous and evergreen forests and populations in an insular versus a continental context. Close populations from deciduous and evergreen habitats were weakly genetically differentiated (FST = 0.004 on average), nevertheless with a significant effect of habitat type on the overall genetic structure. This low differentiation was consistent with the large effective population sizes (from 43,000 to 463,000) and the strong and long-lasting gene flow inferred by demographic modeling. In turn, insular and continental populations were moderately differentiated (FST = 0.08 on average), which was consistent with the inference of moderate ancestral migrations followed by isolation since the end of the last glaciation. Weak and non-parallel footprints of divergent selection among deciduous and evergreen populations were consistent with their demography and the probable polygenic nature of local adaptation in these habitats. This contrasted with stronger outlier regions, more often in regions of low recombination, found between insular and continental populations. Lastly, we identified a genomic inversion on the continent, spanning 2.8Mb. These results provide insights into the demographic history and genetic architecture of local adaptation in blue tit populations at multiple geographic scales.
While shoot herbivory mitigates, root herbivory exacerbates eutrophication’s impact on diversity in a grassland model

Eutrophication is widespread throughout grassland systems and expected to increase during the Anthropocene. Trophic interactions, like aboveground herbivory, have been shown to mitigate its effect on plant diversity. Belowground herbivory may also impact these habitats’ response to eutrophication, but the direction of its influence is much less understood, and likely to depend on factors such as the herbivores’ preference for dominant species and the symmetry of belowground competition. If preferential towards the dominant, fastest growing species, root herbivores may reduce these species’ relative fitness and support diversity during eutrophication. However, as plant competition belowground is commonly considered to be symmetric, root herbivores may be less impactful than shoot herbivores because they do not reduce any competitive asymmetry between the dominant and subordinate plants. To better understand this system, we used an established, two-layer, grassland community model to run a full-factorially designed simulation experiment, crossing the complete removal of aboveground herbivores and belowground herbivores with eutrophication. After 100 years of simulation, we analyzed communities’ diversity, competition on the individual-level, as well as their resistance and recovery. The model reproduced both observed general effects of eutrophication in grasslands and the short-term trends of specific experiments. We found that belowground herbivores exacerbate the negative influence of eutrophication on Shannon diversity within our model grasslands, while aboveground herbivores mitigate its effect. Indeed, data on individuals’ above- and belowground resource uptake reveals that root herbivory reduces resource limitation belowground. As with eutrophication, this shifts competition aboveground. Since shoot competition is asymmetric—with larger, taller individuals gathering disproportionate resources compared to their smaller, shorter counterparts—this shift promotes the exclusion of the smallest species. While increasing the root herbivores’ preferences towards dominant species lessens their negative impact, at best they are only mildly advantageous, and they do very little reduce the negative consequences of eutrophication. Because our model’s belowground competition is symmetric, we hypothesize that root herbivores may be beneficial when root competition is asymmetric. Future research into belowground herbivory should account for the nature of competition belowground to better understand the herbivores’ true influence.
Comparison of Team-Based Learning and Lecturing Methods in Pharmacological Biotechnology for Pharmacology Students

Background: Active learning methods are strategies used by most universities worldwide to enhance the problem-solving ability and develop critical thinking in students. Team-based learning (TBL) is one of these methods, in which students study the lesson prior to discussion. At the beginning of the session, the individual readiness assurance test (iRAT) is given to students, and then they answer the same questions through discussion in a team. Finally, problems are resolved by the teacher and results are given to
High Postoperative Monocyte Indicated Inferior Clinicopathological Characteristics and Worse Prognosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma or Squamous Cell Carcinoma after Lobectomy

Background Peripheral monocyte count is an assessable parameter. Recently, evidence suggested an elevated preoperative monocyte counts predicting poor prognosis in malignancies. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic effect of early postoperative blood monocyte count in patients with lung adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma following lobectomy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients with operated lung adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma from 2006 to 2011 in Western China Lung Cancer database. Univariate analysis on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was performed using the Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests, and multivariate analysis was conducted using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results There were 433 patients enrolled in our analysis. High postoperative elevated monocyte was associated with male gender (P<0.001), positive smoking history (P=0.005), and higher N stage (P=0.002) and higher tumor stage (P=0.026). Two-tailed log-rank test indicated patients with an early postoperative elevated monocyte count predicted a poor DFS and OS overall (P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively) as well as in subgroup analysis, and further presented as a promising independent prognostic factor for both DFS and OS (HR=2.991, 95%CI: 2.243-3.988, P<0.001; HR=2.705, 95%CI: 1.977-3.700, P<0.001, respectively) on multivariate analysis. However, no significance was detected for preoperative monocyte in multivariate analysis. Conclusions Elevated early postoperative peripheral monocyte count was an independent prognostic factor of poor prognosis and inferior clinicopathological features for patients with operable lung adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma by lobectomy.
Recurring Glioblastoma: A Case for Reoperation?

ABSTRACT Unlike newly diagnosed glioblastoma, no clear or widely accepted standard of care is available for patients with a recurrence. A purely radiological diagnosis of recurrence or progression can be hampered by flaws induced by pseudoprogression, pseudoresponse, or radionecrosis. Based on parameters like tumor location and volume, patient’s performance status, time from initial diagnosis, and availability of alternative salvage therapies, reoperation can be considered as a treatment option to extend the overall survival and quality of life of the patient. The achieved extent of resection of the relapsed tumor—especially with the intention of having a safe, complete resection of the enhancing tumor—most likely plays a crucial role in the ultimate outcome and prognosis of the patient, regardless of other modes of treatment. Validated scores to predict the prognosis after reoperation of a patient with a recurrent glioblastoma can help to select suitable candidates for surgery. Safety issues and complication avoidance are pivotal to maximally preserve the patient’s quality of life. Besides a possible direct oncological effect, resampling of the recurrent tumor with detailed pathological and molecular analysis might have an impact on the development, testing, and validation of new salvage therapies.
One-sentence summary: PTP1B regulation of gene silencing in the heart

1 Department of Nanobioscience, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York, U.S.A. ; 2 Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; 3 Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; 4 Goodman Cancer Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; 5 Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; 6 Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; 7 Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; 8 Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.A.
Running Head: RAPID ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF HELICONIUS

24 Müllerian mimicry among Neotropical Heliconiini butterflies is an excellent example of natural 25 selection, and is associated with the diversification of a large continental-scale radiation. Some of 26 the processes driving the evolution of mimicry rings are likely to generate incongruent phylogenetic 27 signals across the assemblage, and thus pose a challenge for systematics. We use a dataset of 22 28 mitochondrial and nuclear markers from 92% of species in the tribe to re-examine the phylogeny of 29 Heliconiini with both supermatrix and multi-species coalescent approaches, characterise the 30 patterns of conflicting signal and compare the performance of various methodological approaches to 31 reflect the heterogeneity across the data. Despite the large extent of reticulate signal and strong 32 conflict between markers, nearly identical topologies are consistently recovered by most of the 33 analyses, although the supermatrix approach fails to reflect the underlying variation in the history of 34 individual loci. The first comprehensive, time-calibrated phylogeny of this group is used to test the 35 hypotheses of a diversification rate increase driven by the dramatic environmental changes in the 36 Amazonia over the past 23 million years, or changes caused by diversity-dependent effects on the 37 rate of diversification. We find that the tribe Heliconiini had doubled its rate of speciation around 38 11 Ma and that the presently most speciose genus Heliconius started diversifying rapidly at 10 Ma, 39 likely in response to the recent drastic changes in topography of the region. Our study provides 40 comprehensive evidence for a rapid adaptive radiation among an important insect radiation in the 41 most biodiverse region of the planet. 42 43
Local smoothing of optical aluminum surfaces by reactive ion beam etching

Abstract. Ion beam finishing techniques are commonly used for improvement of surface error topography of optical devices. Optical aluminum surfaces after manufacturing by single-point diamond turning meet the requirements for applications in the infrared spectral range. However, optics used for applications in the short-wavelength visible and ultraviolet spectral range demand improved surface qualities. To overcome the limitations mainly caused by structural and compositional inhomogeneities of aluminum alloys, a reactive ion beam machining process using oxygen and nitrogen operating gas is applied. This technology enables direct surface machining while preserving the initial roughness up to a 1-μm etching depth using low-energy ion beams. Moreover, the use of oxygen allows us to smooth the surface in the microroughness regime. Based on Monte-Carlo simulations and roughness evolution measured by atomic force microscopy, a more detailed discussion of the ion beam process is presented. Hence, a model scheme for direct smoothing of high-frequency surface features is suggested.
Recurrent ventricular tachycardia during the electroconvulsive therapy procedure: A case report

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Level of awareness among non-medical students toward keratoconus, Abha,Saudi Arabia

Background: Keratoconus (KC) is a progressive, bilateral, asymmetric, ectatic disease that leads to progressive corneal thinning and protrusion, which results in progressive visual impairment and irregular astigmatism. Early detection plays a critical role in the management and prognosis. Awareness of the population at risk improves early screening and utilization of eye health care. The aim of the present study is to assess the awareness level among non-medical students toward KC, Abha city, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the nonmedical students from January 2019 to May 2019 in the Southern Region of Saudi Arabia. A total of 393 nonmedical students were randomly selected through the university admission deanship records. Electronic consents were obtained from all participants. Close-ended questionnaires were circulated using the university official electronic mails. Results: A total of 374 females and 19 males were responded. Among those who had poor awareness, majority were female (95.7%) and belonged to the age group of 17–21 years (68.3%). Similar pattern was seen in the study participants with fair awareness. However, 57.1% of the study participants with good awareness belonged to the age group of 22–26 years. Conclusion: Visual impairment is a common condition among young population. Onset and severity of KC are diverse among countries. Early screening for the population at risk could hasten the appropriate medical intervention and reduce the burden of this condition. The level of awareness considered a key factor for a better utilization of the eye health care.