Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Follicular Development and Oocyte Growth

Follicular development begins as early as the fourth month of fetal life [1]. At that time, the primordial germ cells (PGCs) have migrated from the yolk sac endoderm to the gonadal ridge, undergoing mitotic divisions. PGCs are called oogonia once they reach the gonads, then the oogonia enter the first meiotic division and become primary oocytes. Somatic cells originating from the primitive gonad surround the oogonia, forming primordial follicles [2]. These primordial follicles constitute the ovarian follicular reserve, which provides a woman with reproductive potential during her entire lifetime. It is a central dogma in reproductive biology that during the life of the individual there cannot be any increase in the number of primary oocytes beyond those originally laid down when the ovary was formed. However, a series of recent studies have challenged this dogma by showing regeneration of oocytes from putative germ cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood [3–5]. Future studies may address whether spontaneous neo-oogenesis takes place in the adult ovary. The follicles develop through primordial, primary, and secondary stages before acquiring an antral cavity. At the antral stage, most follicles undergo atresia. After pubertal onset, maturation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–ovarian (HPO) axis results in pulsatile release of folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary, so a few of the antral follicles can be rescued by gonadotropins to continue growth and normally one antral follicle can reach the pre-ovulatory stage each month [6, 7]. In a natural menstrual cycle, there is only one follicle will be chosen to ovulate eventually while others going atresia under the accurate regulation of both HPO axis and intra-ovarian regulators, such as growth factors, cytokines, and gonadal steroids. But more recent results document that multiple follicle waves may exist during the human menstrual cycle, which has challenged the traditional notion [8]. During ovarian follicle development, oocytes also grow and differentiate, and a complex cytoplasmic organization is required [9]. The growth phase of the oocyte allows development of the zona pellucida and production of mRNA and proteins required for subsequent fertilization and early embryonic development. These factors must be stored within the oocyte, as resumption of meiosis results in transcriptional silencing [10]. Oocyte developmental competence, defined as the ability of the oocyte to resume and complete meiosis, and support pre-implantation embryonic development after fertilization, is acquired gradually during folliculogenesis. H. Li Medical School, Tongji University, No 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China e-mail: 18633953733@163.com
Hemoglobin A1c for the diagnosis of diabetes

37 In 1958, Allen et al. recognized that hemo globin A1 could be separated by cation‐exchange chromatog‐ raphy.1 In 1968, Rahbar first reported that hemo‐ globin A1 represented a glycated form of hemo‐ globin that was increased in diabetes,2 and in 1976 Koenig et al. suggested that because hemo globin A1c (HbA1c) is formed slowly and nonenzymatical‐ ly at a rate directly proportional to the ambient glucose concentration, it might be a useful indi‐ cator of both glucose tolerance and glucose reg‐ ulation in diabetes.3,4 Currently, HbA1c is wide‐ ly accepted as a measure of glycemic control in established diabetes, an indicator of the risk for development of diabetic complications, and a re‐ flection of the quality of diabetes care. In 2008, a committee was appointed by the American Diabetes Association, the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, and the International Diabetes Federation to consider the use of HbA1c for the diagnosis of diabetes.5 Historically, diabetes has been diagnosed on the basis of glucose levels. In the 1950s, Fajans and Conn studied lean, healthy individuals with‐ out family histories of diabetes, administered oral glucose loads, and measured glucose levels at time inter vals following the glucose loads.6 Glucose lev‐ els were normally distributed, that is, they fell into a symmetrical, unimodal, and bell‐shaped distri‐ bution characterized by a mean and standard devi‐ ation. Diabetes was defined using statistical crite‐ ria as glucose levels greater than the mean values plus 2 standard deviations 60, 90, and 120 min after the oral glucose load. In the 1970s, Bennett et al. recognized that in Pima Indians, a popula‐ tion with a high prevalence of diabetes, glucose levels were bimodally distributed, that is, they fell into 2 overlapping bell‐shaped distributions.7 The lower bell‐shaped distribution represented glucose levels for the nondiabetic population and the upper bell‐shaped distribution represented REVIEW ARTICLE
THE ROLE OF MOTOR PROTEIN KIF4 DURING VIRAL INFECTION AND ITS CLINICAL POTENTIAL

1. Institute of Pathological Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Semmelweis University Nagyváradter 4, 1086, Budapest, Hungary. 2. Immunology Department, EötvösLoránd University PázmányPéterstny. 1, 1117, Budapest, Hungary. 3. Clinical Experimental Research Institute, Department of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University Tuzoltó u. 37-47, 1094, Budapest, Hungary. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History Received: 05 January 2020 Final Accepted: 07 February 2020 Published: March 2020
11 Mating-type Determination and Mating-type Interconversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

I. INTRODUCTION Studies of yeast cell types and their interconversion have provided fertile ground for elucidating molecular mechanisms of gene regulation, recombination, and signal transduction. This chapter focuses on gene regulation and recombination; signal transduction is discussed in detail by Sprague and Thorner (this volume) and elsewhere (Marsh et al. 1991). For an introduction to mating type, see Herskowitz (1988a). A comparison of this review with its predecessor (Herskowitz and Oshima 1981) will reveal a remarkable amount of progress. Yeast has two haploid mating types, a and α, that mate to form the third cell type, the a /α cell. In Section II, we discuss how cell type is regulated by proteins encoded by the mating-type locus. These regulatory proteins, some of which (such as homeodomain proteins Matα2p and Mat a 1p) are closely related to those of multicellular eukaryotes, govern transcription of gene sets whose members have roles in signal transduction and other processes. These studies reveal that cell specialization results from the combined action of regulatory proteins and environmental signals (pheromones from mating partners or nutritional starvation). The regulatory proteins themselves in many cases are combinations of different monomeric subunits that associate to generate specific regulatory proteins. Studies of some of these regulatory proteins, notably Matα2p, for which a crystal structure of Matα2p bound to its operator has been determined, have reached a high level of molecular sophistication. Yeast cells of one mating type can switch to the other mating type in a process that is a programmed genetic.
HyLands 1.0: a hybrid landscape evolution model to simulate the impact of landslides and landslide-derived sediment on landscape evolution

Abstract. Landslides are the main source of sediment in most mountain ranges. Rivers then act as conveyor belts, evacuating landslide-derived sediment. Sediment dynamics are known to influence landscape evolution through interactions among landslide sediment delivery, fluvial transport and river incision into bedrock. Sediment delivery and its interaction with river incision therefore control the pace of landscape evolution and mediate relationships among tectonics, climate and erosion. Numerical landscape evolution models (LEMs) are well suited to study the interactions among these surface processes. They enable evaluation of a range of hypotheses at varying temporal and spatial scales. While many models have been used to study the dynamic interplay between tectonics, erosion and climate, the role of interactions between landslide-derived sediment and river incision has received much less attention. Here, we present HyLands, a hybrid landscape evolution model integrated within the TopoToolbox Landscape Evolution Model (TTLEM) framework. The hybrid nature of the model lies in its capacity to simulate both erosion and deposition at any place in the landscape due to fluvial bedrock incision, sediment transport, and rapid, stochastic mass wasting through landsliding. Fluvial sediment transport and bedrock incision are calculated using the recently developed Stream Power with Alluvium Conservation and Entrainment (SPACE) model. Therefore, rivers can dynamically transition from detachment-limited to transport-limited and from bedrock to bedrock–alluvial to fully alluviated states. Erosion and sediment production by landsliding are calculated using a Mohr–Coulomb stability analysis, while landslide-derived sediment is routed and deposited using a multiple-flow-direction, nonlinear deposition method. We describe and evaluate the HyLands 1.0 model using analytical solutions and observations. We first illustrate the functionality of HyLands to capture river dynamics ranging from detachment-limited to transport-limited conditions. Second, we apply the model to a portion of the Namche Barwa massif in eastern Tibet and compare simulated and observed landslide magnitude–frequency and area–volume scaling relationships. Finally, we illustrate the relevance of explicitly simulating landsliding and sediment dynamics over longer timescales for landscape evolution in general and river dynamics in particular. With HyLands we provide a new tool to understand both the long- and short-term coupling between stochastic hillslope processes, river incision and source-to-sink sediment dynamics.
Exudate Detection for Diabetic Retinopathy Using Pretrained Convolutional Neural Networks

In the field of ophthalmology, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of blindness. DR is based on retinal lesions including exudate. Exudates have been found to be one of the signs and serious DR anomalies, so the proper detection of these lesions and the treatment should be done immediately to prevent loss of vision. In this paper, pretrained convolutional neural network- (CNN-) based framework has been proposed for the detection of exudate. Recently, deep CNNs were individually applied to solve the specific problems. But, pretrained CNN models with transfer learning can utilize the previous knowledge to solve the other related problems. In the proposed approach, initially data preprocessing is performed for standardization of exudate patches. Furthermore, region of interest (ROI) localization is used to localize the features of exudates, and then transfer learning is performed for feature extraction using pretrained CNN models (Inception-v3, Residual Network-50, and Visual Geometry Group Network-19). Moreover, the fused features from fully connected (FC) layers are fed into the softmax classifier for exudate classification. The performance of proposed framework has been analyzed using two well-known publicly available databases such as e-Ophtha and DIARETDB1. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed pretrained CNN-based framework outperforms the existing techniques for the detection of exudates.
Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of Chinese red-fleshed apples (Malus pumila Niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) and effect of different pasteurization treatments on the cloudy juice

Consumers are interested in the health benefits of food and also attracted by novelty. This study investigated the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of a wild Chinese red-fleshed apple, Malus pumila Niedzwetzkyana (Dieck). The impact of pasteurization on the juice was also assessed. Substantial amounts of total polyphenols were present in the peel (5429.92 mg/ kg), flesh (3087.37 mg/kg) and whole apple (3467.47 mg/kg). The whole apple contained high levels of total flavonoids and anthocyanins (1266.86 and 101.73 mg/kg, respectively), with significantly higher amounts in the peel (p<0.05). HPLC-DAD analysis showed that the anthocyanin, cyanidin-3-galactoside, was present throughout the apple, including the flesh and cloudy juice. Pasteurization of the cloudy juice by Pulsed electric fields (PEF) at 35 kV/cm for 258 μs combined with heating at 50oC resulted in significantly lower (p<0.01) degradation of total polyphenols (3.74%), flavonoids (10.05%) and anthocyanins (14.75%), in comparison with conventional thermal treatments. A strong (r>0.85) and significant (p<0.01) correlation was found between the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of the apple and juice. Red-fleshed apples represent a substantial source of phenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins, which are not commonly present in the flesh of white-fleshed cultivars. Evidence of the presence of bioactive compounds together with the novelty and attractive red flesh color is a combination that is predicted would be appealing to consumers.
Molluschi bivalvi vivi ed echinodermi, tunicati e gasteropodi marini vivi

This issue contains: A short account of anatomy and physiology of bivalve molluscs, marine gastropods, echinoderms and tunicates. Economic importance of live bivalve molluscs . Bacterial and viral illness associated with consumption of live bivalve molluscs. Microbiological risk management. Marine biotoxins and chemical contaminants. Bivalve molluscs production. Harvesting of live bivalve molluscs and post harvest treatments. Packaging and labelling of live bivalve molluscs, echinoderms, tunicates and marine gastropods References. Enclosure: identification sheets of the main commercial species of bivalve molluscs and marine gastropods.
Innovative Ecosystem: Orchestrating Innovation DNA

The paper provides some selected findings of a survey, which polled the Poznan-Atlanta MBA students on innovation. The basis of this examination is a quantitative analysis of a questionnaire distributed to current students and graduates of the Poznan-Atlanta MBA Program. The discussion starts with a synopsis of various approaches to innovation and proceeds with the survey outcome. The results are analyzed across a selection of key dimensions of innovation including innovation typology, sources, compelling events, the decision making and governing models as well as reasons for innovation failures. The innovation ecosystem is examined with reference to critical agents pinpointing their role and the power they exert throughout the whole innovation process. The findings are presented within the context of the key conclusions of selected McKinsey and Conference Board surveys on innovation.
Comparison of Outcomes between Intubated and Non-intubated Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Wedge Resections Applied in the Same Patient.

In video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation was considered an optimal method of anesthesia for a long time. However, complications due to general anesthesia and one-lung ventilation have become a problem. In recent years, epidural anesthesia without endotracheal intubation has been attempted in various thoracic surgical procedures with various advantages and disadvantages reported. We compared postoperative pain and prognosis when different anesthesia methods were used in a patient who underwent the same operation twice in the interval of one year. When non-intubated videoassisted thoracoscopic surgery (NIVATS) underwent under epidural anesthesia, postoperative pain score was lower, adverse events were fewer, and the hospital stay was shorter than that of VATS. The patient also expressed high subjective satisfaction. Like previous studies, the results favored NIVATS under epidural anesthesia. However, greater attention and proficiency are required from the anesthesiologist for proper analgesia and sedation.
Rolling in the Deep: Imaging Findings and Diagnostic Pearls in Gallstone Ileus

Gallstone ileus is a dramatic complication of gallstone disease, uncommon but not exceptional in a busy emergency department. It represents a cause of mechanical intestinal obstruction, which predominantly occurs in elderly and frail patients; this contributes to the high morbidity and mortality rates associated with this condition. The modern radiologist is frequently asked to determine the cause of bowel obstruction and should be aware of the most pictorial features of this unusual disease. Broadly speaking, abdominal radiography and ultrasonography alone are limited in detecting the cause of bowel obstruction, but the sensitivity for the preoperative diagnosis of gallstone ileus may be improved by combining the findings obtained by both techniques. Computed tomography is the modality of choice for the diagnosis of this disease: it may accurately describe the number, size, and location of migrated gallstones and the exact site of bowel obstruction, providing a detailed preoperative planning. Magnetic resonance imaging may be used in selected cases for an exquisite anatomic definition of the fistulous communication.
Effect of salicylic acid spray on leaf ascorbate, proline and quercetin content in ultraviolet stressed Pepper seedlings

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of SA on UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C stressed plants. Data showed that SA counteracted the UV harmful effects on pepper. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings sprayed with salicylic acid (SA) and treated with UV-A (320-390 nm), UV-B (312 nm), and UV-C (254 nm) of 6.1, 5.8, and 5.7 W m, respectively. UV significantly increased contents of ascorbate, dehydro ascorbate, total ascorbate, proline, aldehyde, quercetin, electrolyte leakage and total ethylene. SA treatment moderated ascorbate, dehydro ascorbate, total ascorbate, aldehyde, electrolyte leakage and total ethylene increase in plants treated with UV. The quantity of proline and quercetin in plants that treated with UV and SA were significantly increased. Exogenous application (foliar spray) of SA counteracted the UV effects on
Role of Lipid Peroxidation in Diabetic and Senile Cataract-A Review

The association of lipids in cataract has been discussed for about two centuries and lipid peroxidation is identified as the inceptive stage, causing lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions which lead to lens opacity causing cataract. Reactive oxygen species play a significant role in lipid oxidation and forms byproducts by reacting with lipids. Worldwide blindness due to cataract is increasing steadily and diabetes patients are more prone when compared to non-diabetic patients. With the advancement in surgical procedures, there exist postoperative and intraoperative complications with higher risk in ocular co-morbid conditions, thus identifying the exact pathomechanism can pave the way for alternative treatment. This review focuses on lipid peroxidation products that play an essential part in opacification of the lens. The present study gives an insight of lipids in the cataract of diabetic and non-diabetic patients concerning the presence of their byproducts in plasma, lens tissue and aqueous humor.
A Renal Cysts and Diabetes (RCAD) Syndrome Associated with a Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1β (HNF1β) De Novo Mutation: A Case Report on the Challenges of the Diagnostic during Childhood

Renal cysts often represent a diagnostic challenge in pediatric age, given the range of disorders they may be associated to. They can be either congenital (due to non-hereditary fetal malformations or genetic mutations) or, more rarely, acquired. The Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1beta (HNF1β) gene is known to play an essential role in the embryonic development of several organs (such as kidneys, pancreas, liver and parathyroid glands). Molecular genetics has allowed the identification of new mutations occurring in this gene and HNF1β-associated disease is now recognized as a clinical entity of variable and multisystemic phenotype. We present the case of a male child, referred to a pediatric nephrology unit at age 4, after presenting the first signs of nephropathy. Abdominal ultrasonography had shown cortical renal cysts. The patient had a stage 2 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). He later presented an insulin-dependent diabetes, at age 7. The combination of early onset diabetes and renal cystic disease was suggestive of an HNF1β-associated condition. Genetic testing of the patient and his parents confirmed a de novo nonsense mutation on heterozygosity at HNF1β (c.301G>T (p.E101*), exon 1). Even though a strictly renal phenotype may occur, the association of renal disease and diabetes at a young age should particularly alert nephrologists and pediatricians to the possibility of an HNF1βassociated disease. Furthermore, the early detection of this genetic mutation will warrant screening of other potential extrarenal disorders or malformations and allow appropriate genetic counseling to patients and their families.
Sanskrit Segmentation revisited

Computationally analyzing Sanskrit texts requires proper segmentation in the initial stages. There have been various tools developed for Sanskrit text segmentation. Of these, Gérard Huet’s Reader in the Sanskrit Heritage Engine analyzes the input text and segments it based on the word parameters - phases like iic, ifc, Pr, Subst, etc., and sandhi (or transition) that takes place at the end of a word with the initial part of the next word. And it enlists all the possible solutions differentiating them with the help of the phases. The phases and their analyses have their use in the domain of sentential parsers. In segmentation, though, they are not used beyond deciding whether the words formed with the phases are morphologically valid. This paper tries to modify the above segmenter by ignoring the phase details (except for a few cases), and also proposes a probability function to prioritize the list of solutions to bring up the most valid solutions at the top.
Multiple-model hybrid particle/FIR filter for indoor localization using wireless sensor networks

This letter proposes a new state estimator called the multiple-model hybrid particle/ﬁnite-impulse-response (FIR) ﬁlter (MMHPFF) for indoor localization using wireless sensor networks. In the proposed hybrid ﬁltering algorithm, the multiple-model particle ﬁlter has the role of the main ﬁlter, and it overcomes uncertain process noise problems arising from the use of the constant velocity (CV) motion model in indoor localization. In addition, the multiple-model FIR ﬁlter is used as an assisting ﬁlter to overcome particle ﬁlter failures owing to the sample impoverishment phenomenon. Indoor localization simulations demonstrated that the proposed MMHPFF is more accurate and reliable than conventional algorithms.
Feature points based facial animation retargeting

We present a method for transferring facial animation in real-time. The source animation may be an existing 3D animation or 2D data providing by a video tracker or a motion capture system. Based on two sets of feature points manually selected on the source and target faces (the only manual work required), a RBF network is trained and provides a geometric transformation between the two faces. At each frame, the RBF transformation is applied on the new feature points positions of the source face, resulting in new positions for target feature points according with the expression of the source face and the morphology of the target face. According to their displacements along time, we deform the target mesh on the GPU with the linear blend skinning (LBS) method. In order to make our approach attractive to novice user, we propose a procedural technique to automatically rig the target face by generating vertices weights for the skinning deformation. To summarize, our method provides interactive expression transfer with a minimal human intervention during setup and accepts various kind of animation sources.