Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why is the Eurozone in Crisis

In this study, we will put emphasis on the EURO crisis, the biggest risk in the deepening of the world economy crisis which has ruled the world since 2008, this implementation's coming to a deadline and its results. We will primarily focus on the some questions such as why the EURO as the only money system didn't work out and what kind of risks may occur as it continues. In other words, the main aim of this study is to examine the back plan of the EURO crisis in terms of the economy theory and the implementation results of the countries within the system. Therefore, it can be thought that some answers can be given to the questions such as, why has the EURO practice come to a deadlock, whether the problem can be overcome, what are the scenarios about the consequence of the EURO and how will the world economy be affected as the Eurozone dissolves.
Rheology of the microcirculation

The main function of the microvasculature is the controlled exchange of materials with surrounding tissues. This necessitates a large vessel surface established by a high number of vessels with small diameters and thus an inherently high individual resistance to flow. The hydrodynamic resistance of a microvascular network with given angioarchitecture depends on the apparent viscosity of blood flowing in the microvessels. Apparent viscosity declines with decreasing diameter (the Fahraeus–Lindqvist effect) and is minimal at diameters of about 5–7 μm due to the optimal alignment of red cells with the flow. In vivo, a number of additional phenomena influence blood rheology and network hemodynamics. The distribution of blood flow and red cell flux within networks is influenced by the mechanics of red cell motion at individual diverging bifurcations (phase-separation effect). Furthermore, recent studies have revealed the presence of a thick endothelial surface layer ( ∼0.5 μm) on the luminal surface of microvessels which is attached to the endothelial glycocalyx. This layer modulates flow resistance and may be relevant for a number of other processes such as inflammatory responses and blood coagulation. Information on microvascular rheology can be used to develop mathematical models of network hemodynamics and vascular adaptation to the local environment (angioadaptation), to investigate the complex interrelated mechanisms which establish and maintain functionally adequate microvascular networks.
Isolation, characterization and crystal structure of ethyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-benzoate from Scutellaria barbata

Phytochemical research on the aerial parts of Scutellaria barbata used variously in ethno medicinal treatments in southern China, resulted in the isolation of ethyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-benzoate. Its structure was identified purely on the basis of spectroscopic analyses including EI-MS, IR and X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal belonged to the monoclinic space group P2 (1)/c with a = 11.5521(6) A, b = 13.5055(7) A, c = 16.4171(7) A, β = 117.240(3)°and Z = 8.This compound was firstly isolated from the genus Scutellaria. Key words: Scutellaria barbata, isolation, x-ray diffraction analysis, ethyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-benzoate.
Stochastic Cost Benefit Rules: A Back-of-a-Lottery-Ticket Calculation Method

In this paper, we introduce cost benefit rules for projects embedded in a stochastic optimal growth framework. We model uncertainty in terms of Brownian motion and Ito integrals. Taking the mathematical expectation of the project means that the Ito integrals vanish, and we end up with a cost benefit rule that closely resembles its deterministic counterpart.
Antioxidant potential of extracts from different agro wastes: Stabilization of corn oil

The antioxidant potential of 80% methanolic extracts of some agro wastes (pomegranate peel, apple peel, banana peel, citrus peel, corncob, wheat husk, wheat bran, rice bran, and rice hull) was assessed. The yields of the extracts varied over a wide range (8.83 to 29.9 g/100g of dry weight). TPC, TFC, total flavonols (kaempeferol, quercetin, myricetin; HPLC method), DPPH. radical scavenging and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation for the extracts varied significantly (P < 0.05) ranging from 0.16-36.40, 0.026-4.89 g/100g of dry matter, 1.06-2622.41 mg/Kg of dry matter, 11.2-52.6, and 64.8-96.4%, respectively. Pomegranate peel extract, offering the highest TPC, TFC, and total flavonols exhibited superior antioxidant activity followed by apple peel, citrus peel, banana peel, corncob, wheat bran, rice bran, wheat husk, and rice hull. Furthermore, the antioxidant effectiveness of the extracts was assessed using corn oil (CO) as the oxidation substrate. CO samples stabilized with extracts at a concentration of 600 ppm (w/w) were subjected to accelerated aging (60 oC, oven heating, 30 days; 8 h heating cycle per day), and analyzed periodically for the extent of oxidative alterations following the measurement of conjugated dienes (CD), conjugated trienes (CT), p-anisidine and peroxide values. The correlation between the results of different antioxidant assays and oxidation parameters investigated in the present study indicated that fruit peel extracts, exhibiting higher TPC, TFC, flavonol and scavenging power, were also more potent for enhancing the oxidative stability of corn oil.
Tsunami sedimentary deposits of Crete records climate during the ‘Minoan Warming Period’ (≈3350 yr BP)

Earthquakes or explosive eruptions generate tsunami, which are at the origin of thick and chaotic coastal sediments. These commonly fossiliferous deposits are formed instantaneously at the historical or geological timescale and therefore have the potential to provide snapshot records of past climates. In Crete, near the city of Palaikastro, crops out a 1- to 9-m-thick sedimentary layer deposited by a huge tsunami that has been previously estimated to be about 9 m high. The presence of volcanic ash, the geometry, the archeological and faunal contents of the sedimentary deposit along with radiocarbon dating converge for interpreting this tsunamite as coeval with the Minoan Santorini (Thera) eruption ≈3350 yr BP. During its drawback, the tsunami deposited rocky blocks and a muddy matrix containing mollusc shells dredged from the seabed as well as cattle skeletal remains and various artifacts belonging to the contemporaneous Minoan civilization. While the oxygen isotope compositions of terrestrial vertebrate bone remains most likely resulted from diagenetic alteration, those of a bovid tooth revealed that air temperatures during MM3 and LM1 periods were about 4°C higher than nowadays. Oxygen isotope measurements of marine mollusc shells also revealed that sea surface temperatures were higher by about 2°C. Those results compare with the 2.5°C temperature difference already estimated according to both δ2H and δ18O values of Greenland ice cores. Incremental sampling of marine gastropods and bovid teeth suggests that the seasonal amplitude was similar to that prevailing during the second half of the 20th century.
Evaluating Maternal Traits in the Austrian Murboden Cattle: Genetic Parameters and Inbreeding Depression

The endangered Murboden cattle breed is local to Styria, a province in Austria. After having successfully followed a compulsory mating advice program, the effective population size of the Murboden has grown to proportions that may allow genetic selection. Murboden farmers are interested in using genetic selection to improve calving performance and relevant weight traits. Calving is a key event on any cattle farm, with both economic and animal welfare consequences when complications arise. Although mostly reported in highly selected breeds, problematic calving performance is also a worry to the unselected dual-purpose Murboden. This study presents genetic parameter estimates for calving ease, birth weight and 200-day weight in Murboden cattle. Furthermore, a potential effect of inbreeding on the breeds’ phenotypic performance is evaluated. Results show a moderate direct and maternal heritability (0.17±0.04; 0.07±0.02) and a significant negative direct-maternal genetic correlation for calving ease (-0.44±0.10). Heritabilities of birth weight and 200-day weight, respectively, are considerable (direct: 0.49±0.05; 0.31±0.03, maternal: 0.11±0.03; 0.17±0.02) with negative direct-maternal genetic correlations (-0.57±0.05; -0.37±0.13). A significant effect of dam inbreeding was detected on calving ease whereas animal inbreeding significantly affects birth weight and 200-day weight. By categorizing the inbreeding coefficients of the calf and dam in six ascending classes it was shown that performance worsens as inbreeding coefficients become larger. Results of this study reveal significant genetic variation in calving performance and weight traits of the Murboden breed which allows for genetic selection. The detected inbreeding depression on all traits suggests a double advantage of a future extension to the mating advice program which combines restriction of inbreeding with selection on estimated breeding values.
Transcriptome Characterization of the Chinese Fir ( Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) and Expression Analysis of Candidate Phosphate Transporter Genes

Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. ) is the most important afforestation tree species in China because of its excellent timber quality and high yield. However, the limited availability of phosphorus in forest soils is widespread and has become an important factor in the declining productivity of Chinese fir plantations. Here we used the Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 DNA sequencing platform to sequence root, stem, and leaf transcriptomes of one-year old Chinese fir clones with phosphorus treatment. Approximately 236,529,278 clean reads were obtained and generated 35.47 G of sequencing data. These reads were assembled into 413,806 unigenes with a mean length of 520 bp. In total, 109,596 unigenes were annotated in the NR (NCBI non-redundant) database, 727,287 genes were assigned for GO (Gene Ontology) terms, information for 92,001 classified unigenes was assigned to 26 KOG (Karyotic Orthologous Groups) categories, and 57,042 unigenes were significantly matched with 132 KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) predicted pathways. In total, 49 unigenes were identified as exhibiting inorganic phosphate transporter activity, and 14 positive genes’ expression patterns in different phosphorus deficiency treatments were analyzed by qRT-PCR to explore their putative functions. This study provides a basic foundation for functional genomic studies of the phosphate transporter in Chinese fir, and also presents an extensive annotated sequence resource for molecular research.
Structural Breaks and Volatility of Gross Domestic Product: Evidence for Portugal

This paper presents an empirical analysis of volatility in GDP real growth rates for Portugal over the period 1960-2010. The objectives of this paper are threefold: (1) to assess the occurrence of “the Great Moderation” in Portugal and identify the timings of volatility changes; (2) to analyse the time varying nature of volatility, in particular whether it has been subject to gradual shifts over time or one-off major shifts, as well as the degree of symmetry/asymmetry across different phases of the business cycle; (3) to analyse the dynamic pattern of (a)symmetric behaviour over the sample period. By adopting GARCH modelling strategy accounting for the occurrence of regime changes in both the trend and volatility, the results reveal a progressive “moderation” in Portugal, characterized by two regime changes in both growth rates and volatility. The results suggest that the impact of negative shocks on volatility exceeds that of positive shocks at least 62.0% over the sample period. However, these asymmetric effects show a decreasing pattern over the sample period, indicating less vulnerability of the economy to exogenous shocks.
The Impact of Spatial Soil Variability on Simulation of Regional Maize Yield

The study of climate variability and its impacts on crop production has become a continuous effort for the scientific community over the past two decades. However, the impact of spatial soil variability along with climatic factors on crop yield remains uncertain. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of soil and climatic variability on maize yield. We used Alabama as a case study because the agriculture is predominantly rainfed and there is a large variability in growing season precipitation due to the influence of climate variability signals such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The cropping system model CERES-Maize of the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) was used to simulate growth, development, and grain yield for maize for the top ten maize-producing counties in Alabama under rainfed conditions during dry and wet ENSO years. Maize yield simulations were compared for one prominent agricultural soil in each county, the top three prominent agricultural soils in each county, and spatially distributed SSURGO soils in each county. Simulated yields were then compared with maize yields reported by the National Agricultural Statistical Services (NASS). The simulation results showed that maize yield was impacted by both climate variability and spatial soil variability. Statistical relationships were established between crop yield, yield changes, and soil properties. This simulation study established the clear importance of soil variability in crop-climate impact studies.
TEMPORAL VEGETATION DYNAMICS IN PEAT SWAMP AREA USING MODIS TIME-SERIES IMAGERY: A MONITORING APPROACH OF HIGH-SENSITIVE ECOSYSTEM IN REGIONAL SCALE

Peat swamp area is an essential ecosystem due to high vulnerability of functions and services. As the change of forest cover in peat swamp area has increased considerably, many studies on peat swamp have focused on forest conversion or forest degradation. Meanwhile, in the context of changes in the forestlands are the sum of several processes such as deforestation, reforestation/afforestation, regeneration of previously deforested areas, and the changing spatial location of the forest boundary. Remote sensing technology seems to be a powerful tool to provide information required following that concerns. A comparison imagery taken at the different dates over the same locations for assessing those changes tends to be limited by the vegetation phenology and land-management practices. Consequently, the simultaneous analysis seems to be a way to deal with the issues above, as a means for better understanding of the dynamics changes in peat swamp area. In this study, we examined the feasibility of using MODIS images during the last 14 years for detecting and monitoring the changes in peat swamp area. We identified several significant patterns that have been assigned as the specific peat swamp ecosystem. The results indicate that a different type of ecosystem and its response to the environmental changes can be portrayed well by the significant patterns. In understanding the complex situations of each pattern, several vegetation dynamics patterns were characterized by physical land characteristics, such as peat depth, land use, concessions and others. Characterizing the pathways of dynamics change in peat swamp area will allow further identification for the range of proximate and underlying factors of the forest cover change that can help to develop useful policy interventions in peatland management.
Optimization of the Vibro-Impact Capsule System

Optimization of the vibro-impact capsule system for the best progression is considered in this paper focusing on the choice of the excitation parameters and the shape of the capsule. Firstly, the fastest and the most efficient progressions are obtained through experimental investigations on a novel test bed. Control parameters, the amplitude and the frequency of harmonic excitation, and one of the system parameter, namely the stiffness ratio, are optimized. The experimental results confirm that the control parameters for the fastest progression are not the same as those for the most efficient progression from the energy consumption point of view. Therefore, the capsule system can be controlled either in a speedy mode or in an energy-saving mode depending on the operational requirements. In the second part of the paper, optimization of the capsule shape is studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Here the aim of achieving the best progression is addressed through minimizing the drag and the lift forces acting on a stationary capsule positioned in the pipe within a fluid flow. The CFD results indicate that both drag and lift forces are dependent on capsule and arc lengths, and finally, an optimized shape of the capsule is obtained.
The analysis of the constitutive model effect on convergence of results with the experiment for FEM modeling of 3D issues with high elastic-plastic deformations

This paper presents the results of experimental researches and FEM modeling for tension process of an original plane specimen with notch. The specimen was made of the low carbon steel sheet with thickness of 4 mm. The modeling was performed with three different constitutive relationships, which are available in commercial software for modeling the non-linear issues with high strains. The three-dimensional numerical model was based on the experimental model. The results of individual models were compared with the experimental results. The special attention was paid to convergence of force characteristics and modeled specimen shapes in areas of the highest elastic-plastic deformations. Moreover, for the model of the highest convergence with the experiment the ductile fracture phase was modeled until total separation of specimen material.
FERTILIZERS FOR SUGARCANE

Sugarcane is a high-yielding crop that requires significant amount of nutrients, since mineral elements comprise about 3% to 5% of its dry matter. Sugarcane yields about 25 to 40 t ha of dry matter in typical average Brazilian farming conditions, of which about 60% to 70% are removed from fields as stalks. Thus, sugarcane fertilization may be undertaken considering that significant amount of nutrients are exported with the harvested parts. Information gathered by several authors has shown that the above-ground portion of sugarcane contains the following nutrients for each 100 t of stalks produced: N, 100 to 154 kg, P 2 O 5 , 15 to 25 kg, K 2 O, 77 to 232 kg, and S, 14 to 49 kg (RAIJ et al., 1997; FRANCO et al., 2008a; MOURA FILHO et al., 2008; ROSSETTO et al., 2008a). Among Brazilian crops, sugarcane is third in fertilizer consumption, after soybean and corn. In 2007/2008, cultivation of about 8.3 x 10 hectares of sugarcane required about 3.4 x 10 t of NPK, which is 13.8% of the Brazilian use of fertilizers (ANDA, 2007). Sugarcane, however, receives a relatively small amount of fertilizers – mean 408 kg ha of NPK (ANDA, 2007) – when the amount of plant material (mean stalk yield of 77 t ha) and its long growth cycle are taken into account. Recommended nutrient doses for sugarcane in Brazil, especially N, are generally lower than those applied in many other countries with similar yields (HARTEMINK, 2008). The contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is one of the probable reasons explaining why less nitrogen is used in FERTILIZERS FOR SUGARCANE
Reference Architecture for a Cloud Forensic Readiness System

The Digital Forensic science is participating to a brand new change represented by the management of incidents in the Cloud Computing Services. Due that the Cloud Computing architecture is uncontrollable because of some specific features, its use to commit crimes is becoming a very critical issue, too. Proactive Cloud Forensics becomes a matter of urgency, due to its capability of collecting critical data before crimes happen, thus saving time and money for the subsequent investigations. In this paper, a proposal for a Cloud Forensic Readiness System is presented. It is conceived as reference architecture, in order to be of general applicability, not technically constrained by any Cloud architecture. The principal aim of this work is to extend our initial proposed Cloud Forensic Readiness System reference architecture, by providing more details and an example of its application by exploiting the Open Stack Cloud Platform.
Sticks and Snakes: Derivatives and Curtailing Aggressive Tax Planning

Complex "derivative" financial instruments are often used in aggressive tax planning. In response, the government has implemented mark-to-market type reforms, but only partially. Considered in isolation, these incremental reforms are likely to seem well advised in measuring income more accurately. However, there is an important "second best" cost, emphasized in this Article: the ability of well-advised taxpayers either to avoid the new rule or to turn it to their advantage (here called "defensive" and "offensive" planning options, respectively). This Article uses two case studies to identify how these effects arise and to suggest ways of combating them. The first case study, Section 475, requires securities dealers to use mark-to-market accounting. Although this rule curtails tax planning by securities dealers themselves, it enables dealers to serve as accommodation parties for their clients' tax planning: Once exempted from generally applicable rules, dealers can offer clients a tax benefit (e.g., accelerated losses) without experiencing a corresponding tax cost (e.g., accelerated income). The second case study, the contingent debt regulations, requires lenders and borrowers to report pre-realization gains and losses based on assumed annual returns. Although this reform seems to accelerate the lender's interest income, the rule's narrow scope allows tax-sensitive lenders to avoid this result. Accordingly, the new rule is likely to apply only when tax-exempt entities lend to tax-sensitive borrowers, who enjoy the regulations' accelerated interest deductions. This Article offers ways to remedy these reforms, as well as general guidance about how to implement incremental mark-to-market reforms without exacerbating the planning option.
Insight into the Leukemia Microenvironment and Cell-cell Interactions Using Flow Cytometry

Cancer cells, including leukemia cells, reside in a complex microenvironment, which influences biology and activity of the cells. The protective role of bone marrow stromal cells is already commonly recognized. Remodeling of stroma cell functions by leukemia cells is also well documented. In this respect, different routes of interactions were defined, such as direct cell-cell interactions or indirect cross talk, by release of soluble factors or vesicular particles containing proteins, RNAs and other molecules. Since intercellular communication seems to play a role in various biological processes, it might be impor - tant to conduct studies in co-culture systems, which at least mimic partially more physi ological conditions, and enables this intercellular exchange to occur. Thus, it is crucial to improve analytical methods of investigation of co-cultured cells, to study their interac tions and so to understand biology of leukemia in order to understand molecular mecha - nisms and offer novel therapeutic strategies. The present chapter outlines the importance of modern, multiparameter flow cytometry methods, which allow to analyze interactions between different types of cells within the leukemia microenvironment. Importantly, the proposed experimental setups can be easily transformed to study different cell types and different biological systems.