Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Novel Structure of Advance Encryption Standard with 3-Dimensional Dynamic S-box and Key Generation Matrix

The study of sending and receiving secret messages is called cryptography. Generally, senders and receivers are unaware about the process of encryption and decryption. Hence, encryption plays an important role in data communication and data security. The meaning of encryption is not only to keep data confidential from unwanted access but also ensuring the data integrity through available way. As the capacity of breaking the security is increasing rapidly, so, the process that hides infor-mation is one of the most concerned topics. Advanced Encryption Standard is a popular, widely used and efficient encryption algorithm, which has been used since it was invented. This paper focuses on the AES key generation process and Substitution box. It modifies the conventional key generation technique and builds the dynamic 3-Dimensional S-box of Advance Encryption Standard. The proposed approach suggests 3-Dimensioanl Key Generation Matrix and S-box. As per shown this novel technique increases the amount of time it needs during encryption and decryption. The experimental result shows that it also enhances the strength of AES algorithm. The proposed approach illustrates the theoretical analysis and corresponding experimented results.
Neonatal growth charts

The ability to recognize abnormal growth at birth and/or an intrauterine malnutrition is of great importance for neonatal care and prognosis. The current gold standard in neonatal auxological evaluation is based on information obtained from both neonatal anthropometric charts and intrauterine growth charts. Numerous charts have been proposed, but they are hardly comparable with each other, due to numerous methodological problems. The Italian Society of Neonatology, the Italian Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and the Italian Society of Medical Statistics and Clinical Epidemiology promoted a multicenter survey with the aim to produce an Italian neonatal anthropometric reference (Italian Neonatal Study [INeS] charts) fulfilling the set of the criteria that a reliable neonatal chart should possess. In clinical practice neonatal charts have some limitations if they are used to monitor postnatal growth of preterm newborns from birth to term. To overcome the problems related to the construction and use of a reference, an international project has recently started a study aiming to create prescriptive standard for the evaluation of postnatal growth of preterm infants (INTERGROWTH-21st). While an international longitudinal standard for evaluating preterm infant postnatal growth is lacking, in Italy the best compromise is likely to be as follows: new INeS charts up to term; International longitudinal charts WHO 2006 or CDC 2002 from term to 2 years; finally, the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (SIEDP) growth charts could be suitable for monitoring the growth of these infants from 2 years up to 20 years of age.
Cephalopod Behavior: From Neural Plasticity to Consciousness

It is only in recent decades that subjective experience - or consciousness - has become a legitimate object of scientific inquiry. As such, it represents perhaps the greatest challenge facing neuroscience today. Subsumed within this challenge is the study of subjective experience in non-human animals: a particularly difficult endeavor that becomes even more so, as one crosses the great evolutionary divide between vertebrate and invertebrate phyla. Here, we explore the possibility of consciousness in one group of invertebrates: cephalopod molluscs. We believe such a review is timely, particularly considering cephalopods' impressive learning and memory abilities, rich behavioral repertoire, and the relative complexity of their nervous systems and sensory capabilities. Indeed, in some cephalopods, these abilities are so sophisticated that they are comparable to those of some higher vertebrates. Following the criteria and framework outlined for the identification of hallmarks of consciousness in non-mammalian species, here we propose that cephalopods - particularly the octopus - provide a unique test case among invertebrates for examining the properties and conditions that, at the very least, afford a basal faculty of consciousness. These include, among others: (i) discriminatory and anticipatory behaviors indicating a strong link between perception and memory recall; (ii) the presence of neural substrates representing functional analogs of thalamus and cortex; (iii) the neurophysiological dynamics resembling the functional signatures of conscious states in mammals. We highlight the current lack of evidence as well as potentially informative areas that warrant further investigation to support the view expressed here. Finally, we identify future research directions for the study of consciousness in these tantalizing animals.
Thrombolytic effect of lonomin V in a rabbit jugular vein thrombosis model

Thrombolytic efficacy of lonomin V (LV), a protein isolated from Lonomia achelous caterpillars haemolymph, administered either as a single intravenous bolus or as a continuous infusion, was evaluated in a rabbit jugular vein thrombosis model, and compared with those of single-chain tissue-type plasminogen activator (sct-PA) and two-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (tcu-PA). As a bolus LV, at doses of 100 000 IU/kg body weight (bw) produced an activator-induced thrombolysis (AIL) of 50.94% ± 12.4 compared with 14.4% ± 10.8 for tcu-PA at the same dose. As a continuous infusion at doses of 200 000 IU/kg bw LV produced an AIL of 45.8%, whereas sct-PA and tcu-PA produced an AIL of 69.9 and 33.7%, respectively. Fibrinogen, plasminogen and α-2-antiplasmin levels decreased significantly with the higher doses of LV, sct-PA, and tcu-PA. Factor XIII levels were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner only with LV. In conclusion, LV produces a dose-dependent thrombolysis in combination with a decrease in factor XIII activity.
Epstein-Barr Virus Infection of Human Gastric Carcinoma Cells : Implication of the Existence of a New Virus Receptor Different from CD 21

Recombinant Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with a selectable marker successfully infected the human gastric carcinoma cell lines AGS, MKN28, and MKN74. Following incubation in selective media, drug-resistant cell clones were isolated and proved to be infected with EBV. All gastric carcinoma cell clones were positive for EBNA 1 but negative for EBNA 2. LMP 1 expression was negative in most clones, but there were a few exceptions. Gastric carcinoma cells were negative for the EBV receptor CD21, and infection was not inhibited by pretreatment of cells with the anti-CD21 monoclonal antibody OKB7. The results indicate that gastric carcinoma cells are susceptible to EBV infection and that infection is mediated via a new receptor different from CD21.
The treatment of early Parkinson's disease: levodopa rehabilitated

Many clinicians regard levodopa as a last resort in the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease. Here we critically review the arguments that are typically used to postpone the start of levodopa for as long as possible. We will point out that most concerns are invalid. Levodopa remains the most effective and best tolerated Parkinson's drug to date, and should have an important role in all therapeutic strategies, both as monotherapy in early Parkinson's disease and as part of combination therapy in advanced disease. Regardless of disease stage, the choice of a particular drug should not be driven by fear of long term complications but by the clinical condition of the patient at the time, with an emphasis on functioning in everyday life and any comorbidity. A ‘phobia’ for levodopa—or, indeed, for any other antiparkinsonian medication—is unacceptable according to current evidence.
Stochastic differential equation with Pth linear growth condition

As is well known, there exists a unique solution to the stochastic differential equation, the equation has a sufficient condition is Lipschitz condition and Linear growth condition. The Lipschitz condition ensure existence and uniqueness of the solution of the equation, and the Linear growth condition ensure boundedness of the solution of the equation. In the paper, another condition that is similar to the Linear growth condition can be proposed, it is also can ensure boundedness of the solution of the equation and other properties of the equation.
Linkage between smoking and asthma

Smoking is one of the most important preventable public health problems. Prevalence of smoking is decreasing in the Western world but lot of work is left. We reviewed the most important papers related to smoking and asthma. Despite of decreasing smoking figures in Finland, about 15–20 per cent of pregnant women smokes. Children's exposure to harmful effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) still continues. Exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy and in early childhood both deteriorates permanently children's lungs and increases their asthma risk. The exposure of adults to ETS also increases their asthma risk. Both passive exposure to ETS and active smoking worsen asthma. In addition, smoking asthmatics run a higher risk of developing COPD compared to non‐smokers. Smoking prevalence among the population can be regulated through legislation, but the health care personnel have a central role in encouraging smoking cessation among smoking patients.
Dual-Action Hygienic Coatings: Benefits of Hydrophobicity and Silver Ion Release and Surface Analysis

Coatings that demonstrate reduced attachment of crystalline precipitates and the medical device colonising Staphylococcus epidermidis were prepared by the immobilisation of silver doped perfluoropolyether–urethane siloxane thin films on glass substrates. The presence of stratified hydrophobic perfluoropolyether groups protects the coating surface from the attachment of crystalline hydrophilic species such as chlorides and phosphates, whilst silver ion release inhibited attachment of S. epidermidis and subsequent biofilm formation in vitro. The release of silver ions protects the perfluoro groups from the hydrophobic interactions of S. epidermidis cells, which can reduce the hydrophobicity of the protective coating. These coatings also exhibited significant antibacterial activity against planktonic Acinetobacter baumannii and S. epidermidis bacterial strains. Detailed elemental and chemical surface analysis obtained using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided useful information on the effect of bacterial incubation on key indicator hydrophobic and hydrophilic functional groups. XPS analysis indicated preferential adsorption of S. epidermidis cells at the hydrophobic sites along the polymeric chain. These dual-action hygienic coatings can be employed to protect against contamination environmental surfaces and bacterial colonisation on implanted medical devices. 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Using enhanced-TDOA measurement for indoor positioning

In the field of ad hoc networks, maintaining connectivity and performing efficient energy communication between several mobile stations (MS), involves the use of optimized geo localization based routing algorithms. With multipath contribution, indoor location based on a direct time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurement can dramatically increase its budget error and asks for innovative solutions allowing accurate time-of-flight measurement. A natural way of exploiting multiband ultrawide-band (UWB) technology, a simple input and multiple output (SIMO) approach can lead to the measurement of an enhanced TDOA (E-TDOA) measurement for accurate positioning.
Degradation of Tau by Lysosomal Enzyme Cathepsin D: Implication for Alzheimer Neurofibrillary Degeneration

Abstract: The degradation of different isoforms of human recombinant tau (R‐tau; T39, T40, and T44) and fetal tau (F‐tau) by cathepsin D (CD) was investigated. Gel electrophoresis and Coomassie Blue staining of different R‐tau species digested at pH 3.5 showed very little differences in CD susceptibility. Immunoblotting analyses revealed that amino and carboxy termini of tau were cleaved before other regions. F‐tau was most vulnerable to proteolysis at both termini. Digestion of R‐tau with 0.01 unit of CD/ml at pH 3.5 resulted in cleavage between Phe8‐Glu9, Met419‐Val420, Thr427‐Leu428‐Ala429, and Leu436‐Ala437 as determined by amino acid sequencing and mass spectroscopy (numbering of amino acids was based on T40). With higher concentrations of CD (1 unit/ml), additional sites of digestion were detected between amino acids 34–161, 200–257, and 267–358. The cleavage sites at amino acids 34–161 and 267–358 were observed at pH 3.5, whereas that at amino acids 200–257 was detected at pH 7.0. Our results suggest that CD cleavage of tau could generate tau fragments with intact microtubule binding domains, which could have a role in the pathogenesis of paired helical filaments (PHFs) in Alzheimer's disease. Such proteolysis might also contribute to the changes of PHF phenotype observed in intracellular and extracellular tangles.
Analysis of protein interactions within the cytokinin‐signaling pathway of Arabidopsis thaliana

The signal of the plant hormone cytokinin is perceived by membrane‐located sensor histidine kinases and transduced by other members of the plant two‐component system. In Arabidopsis thaliana, 28 two‐component system proteins (phosphotransmitters and response regulators) act downstream of three receptors, transmitting the signal from the membrane to the nucleus and modulating the cellular response. Although the principal signaling mechanism has been elucidated, redundancy in the system has made it difficult to understand which of the many components interact to control the downstream biological processes. Here, we present a large‐scale interaction study comprising most members of the Arabidopsis cytokinin signaling pathway. Using the yeast two‐hybrid system, we detected 42 new interactions, of which more than 90% were confirmed by in vitro coaffinity purification. There are distinct patterns of interaction between protein families, but only a few interactions between proteins of the same family. An interaction map of this signaling pathway shows the Arabidopsis histidine phosphotransfer proteins as hubs, which interact with members from all other protein families, mostly in a redundant fashion. Domain‐mapping experiments revealed the interaction domains of the proteins of this pathway. Analyses of Arabidopsis histidine phosphotransfer protein 5 mutant proteins showed that the presence of the canonical phospho‐accepting histidine residue is not required for the interactions. Interaction of A‐type response regulators with Arabidopsis histidine phosphotransfer proteins but not with B‐type response regulators suggests that their known activity in feedback regulation may be realized by interfering at the level of Arabidopsis histidine phosphotransfer protein‐mediated signaling. This study contributes to our understanding of the protein interactions of the cytokinin‐signaling system and provides a framework for further functional studies in planta.
Spatial gradients in freshwater fish diversity, abundance and current pattern in the Himalayan region of Upper Ganges Basin, India

Pathak AK, Sarkar UK, Singh SP. 2014. Spatial gradients in freshwater fish diversity, abundance and current pattern in the Himalayanregion of Upper Ganges Basin, India. Biodiversitas 15: 186-194.The present study describes the analysis and mapping of the differentmeasurements of freshwater fish biodiversity of the Upper Ganges basin in the Himalayan region using spatial interpolation methods ofGeographical Information System. The diversity, richness and abundance of fishes for each sampling location were determined andKriging interpolation was applied on each fisheries measurement to predict and produce semivariogram. The semivariogarms producedwere cross validated and reclassified. The reclassified maps for richness, abundance and diversity of fishes, occurrence of cold waterthreatened fish and abundance of important genera like Tor, Schizothorax and species were produced. The result of the Krigingproduced good results and overall error in the estimation process was found significant. The cross validation of semovariograms alsoprovided a better result with the observed data sets. Moreover, weighted overlay analysis of the reclassified raster maps of richness andabundance of fishes produced the classified raster map at different evaluation scale (0-10) qualitatively describing the gradient ofspecies richness and abundance compositely. Similarly, the classified raster map at same evaluation scale qualitatively describing thegradient of species abundance and diversity compositely was produced and published. Further, basin wise analysis betweenAlaknanda/Pindar and Ganga1 sub basins showed 0.745 disparities at 0.745 distances in 2 dimensional spaces. The richness, diversityand abundance of threatened fishes among the different sampling locations were not significant (p = 0.9). Key words: Fish diversity, GIS, Himalayan region, India, spatial gradients, Upper Ganga basin
Reclaiming Education’s Doctorates: A Critique and a Proposal

The problems of the education doctorates are chronic and crippling. The purposes of preparing scholars and practitioners are confused; as a result, neither is done well. We must move forward on two fronts simultaneously: rethinking and reclaiming the research doctorate (the Ph.D.), with its strong links to practice, and developing a robust and distinct practice doctorate (the P.P.D.) with a distinctive scholarly base. Unlike most current education Ph.D.s and Ed.D. s, the two degrees would serve distinct purposes, and like their medical analogs—the biomedical Ph.D. and the M.D.—would have different curricula and assessments. Building on lessons learned in the Carnegie Initiative on the Doctorate and in the Carnegie Foundation’s studies of preparation for the professions, we argue that this reform is necessary and possible.
Botanical identification of Amazonian species through patterns recognition of wood and essential oil: A framework based on ontology

The degradation of biodiversity, due to the implementation of livestock, agriculture crops by predatory and extractive systems, finds roots in contemporary human condition involving, at the same time, social, economic, cultural and scientific aspects. Thus, conservation efforts are increasingly urgent and necessary. This work presents a strategy to improve the content of sustainable forest management system by proposing an ontology in the field of botanical identification combined with automated processes botanical identification with image samples of wood and chemical analysis of essential oils.
Current Trends in Data Warehousing Methods and Technologies

Data Warehousing (DW) methods and technologies are in a new stage of their evolution and of their amalgamation with the enterprise businesses, they serve. The main goals of this work are to identify, review and analyze the latest trends in DW. A systematic approach is followed to recognize, define and analyze the most important trends. The approach is based on the trends’ corresponding role and value in the business processes and intelligence (BI). For this purpose we start with updated definitions of DW and BI and then consider the generalized Architecture of today’s DW. We then “drill down” to analyze the DW problems and trends in their solving for data quality provisions, regulatory compliance, infrastructure consolidation, and standardization, corporate performance optimization and metadata management. This in-depth logical analyzing approach results in comprehensible conclusions to be considered on the important early phases of DW projects, as it is well known that early project decisions carry impacts for the whole DW system life
The structure of aquaporins

1. Introduction 362 1.1 The elusive water pores 362 1.2 CHIP28 362 2. Studies on AQP-1 363 2.1 Expression of AQP1 cDNA in Xenopus oocytes 363 2.2 Reconstitution of purified AQP1 into artificial lipid bilayers 364 2.3 Structural information deduced from the primary sequence 365 2.4 Evolution and mammalian AQPs 365 3. Chronological overview over AQP structures 368 3.1 AQP1 – the red blood cell water pore 368 3.2 GlpF – the E. coli glycerol facilitator 371 3.3 AQPZ – the E. coli water pore 372 3.4 AQP0 – the lens-specific aquaporin 373 3.5 AQP4 – the main aquaporin in brain 377 3.6 SoPiP2;1 – a plant aquaporin 379 3.7 AQPM – an archaeabacterial aquaporin 379 4. Proton exclusion 380 5. Substrate selectivity 382 6. Pore regulation 385 6.1 Hormonal regulation of AQP trafficking 385 6.2 Influence of pH on AQP water conduction 386 6.3 Regulation of AQP pore conductance by protein binding 387 6.4 Pore closure by conformational changes in the AQP0 pore 388 7. Unresolved questions 390 8. Acknowledgments 390 9. References 391 The ubiquitous members of the aquaporin (AQP) family form transmembrane pores that are either exclusive for water (aquaporins) or are also permeable for other small neutral solutes such as glycerol (aquaglyceroporins). The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of our current knowledge of AQP structures and to describe the structural features that define the function of these membrane pores. The review will discuss the mechanisms governing water conduction, proton exclusion and substrate specificity, and how the pore permeability is regulated in different members of the AQP family.
Study of NBE emission enhancement of ZnO nanorods by changing the surface property of ultrathin Ag interlayer

Surface plasmon-enhanced near-band-edge (NBE) emission of ZnO nanorods (NRs) array was studied after growing on ultra-thin Ag film of mass thickness 1 nm. Prior to the growth, Ag films were annealed at 100 and 250 °C. Annealing at 100 °C lead to the formation of smaller size of Ag nanoparticles with higher particle number density facilitating the vertical growth of higher density of ZnO NRs with high aspect ratio. The observation of predominant (002) plane from X-ray diffraction confirmed the preferential growth of ZnO nanorods on Ag films. The shape, orientation, diameter and number particles density of ZnO NRs are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photoluminescence (PL) spectra reveals the enhancement of NBE emission of ZnO NRs due to the transfer of electrons from Ag to ZnO and the resonance coupling of surface plasmon energy with ZnO emission. The evolution of multiple, low intense side bands in visible rsgion are due to shallow trap levels. Moreover, the absence of broad defect level emission peak indicating the high optical quality of ZnO NRs which could be applicable for UV LEDs.
Clustering preprocessing to improve time series forecasting

This work proposes a novel general-purpose forecasting algorithm. It first extracts patterns from time series using the information provided by certain clustering techniques, which are applied as a first step of the approach. Moreover, the occurrence of data with especially unexpected values (outliers) is also addressed in this work. To deal with these outliers, a new hybrid methodology has been proposed, by inserting and adapting an existing approach based on the discovery of frequent episodes in sequences in the general scheme of prediction.