Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Divergence Response to High Rainfall Events in the Tropics: Observations and Models

Abstract Radiosonde measurements and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 rainfall are used to construct composite anomaly patterns of temperature, relative humidity, and divergence about high rainfall events in the western Pacific. The observed anomaly patterns are compared with anomaly patterns from four general circulation models [Third and Fourth Generation Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM3 and AGCM4), Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 2.1 (GFDL CM2.1), and European Center Hamburg Model version 5 (ECHAM5)] and two reanalysis products [40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and ERA-Interim]. In general, the models and reanalyses do not fully represent the timing, strength, or altitude of the midlevel congestus divergence that precedes peak rainfall or the midlevel stratiform convergence that occurs after peak rainfall. The surface cold pools that develop in response to high rainfall events are also either not present or somewhat weaker than observations. Surfac.
An analysis of the enrollment pattern of black students in four-year public colleges and universities in the United States : the influence of academic, institutional, and environmental variables /

Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and w hite photographic p rin t for an additional charge.
Detection of Man-in-the-Middle Attacks by Using the TCP Retransmission Timeout : Key Compromise Impersonation Attack as Study Case

A Retransmission Timeout or RTO plays an important role in TCP protocol, mainly to achieve reliable transmission. In TCP, if the sender sent a segment and no acknowledgement has been received and the RTO timer expired then the sender will assume that this segment has been lost. This paper proposed another use of the RTO concept in order to secure the TLS session. It calculates a Secure Session RTO or SSRTO which is based on RTO equation between the sender and receiver in a TLS protocol. It is assumed that the man in the middle is in need of the time factor in order to trigger a KCI attack. at the server side, by calculating the time needed to start a TLS Handshake Protocol, until TLS Record Protocol, and if it is found that it took an appreciable time we may assume that there is an attacker. The action in this case, is to cut off the session between the sender and the receiver.
Environmental changes and emerging vector-borne diseases: a review.

Vector-borne infectious diseases are resurging as a result of changes in public health policy, demographic and societal changes, insecticide and drug resistance, shift in emphasis from prevention to emergency response, genetic changes in pathogens in the last two decades of the twentieth century. Each environmental change, whether occurring as a natural phenomenon or through human intervention, changes the ecological balance and context within which disease hosts or vectors and parasites breed, develop, and transmit disease. Climate changes also can influence the emergence and reemergence of these diseases which are malaria, dengue, yellow fever, plague, filariasis, louse-borne typhus, Lyme disease, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis and viral diseases. West Nile virus is just the latest example of this type of invasion by exotic virus. This paper provides an overview of the distribution, reasons of emergence or reemergence of the important vector-borne diseases throughout the world.
Does Abalone Nacre Form by Heteroepitaxial Nucleation or by Growth through Mineral Bridges

We present experimental support for a model of abalone nacre growth that is based on mineral bridges between successive aragonite tablets rather than on heteroepitaxial nucleation. Interlamellar sheets of organic polymers delineate the aragonite tablets but allow the tablets to grow mineral bridges through pores in the sheets. Atomic force microscope images of interlamellar organic sheets from flat pearls made by Haliotis rufescens (red abalone; marine gastropod mollusk) reveal a fibrous core and holes of 5−50 nm in diameter. Scanning ion conductance microscopy shows that these holes are actually pores through the interlamellar sheets. With the help of statistical analysis we can associate the pore-to-pore spacings in the interlamellar sheets with the observed offsets of successive nacre tablets. These results, supplemented by AFM, SEM, and TEM images, support and extend the model of biofabrication of gastropod nacre which is based on mineral bridges between the aragonite tablets.
Sentiment Analysis for Arabic Dialect Using Supervised Learning

Sentiment analysis is a set of procedures used to extract subjective opinions from the text. Generally, there are two techniques for sentiment analysis, machine learning method, and lexicon-based method. This work focuses on extracting and analyzing Twitter data written in Sudanese Arabic dialect to observe opinionated patterns regarding the quality of telecommunication services operating in Sudan. One of the significant limitations in the field of text classification is the exclusive focus on the English language. There is a need to bridge this gap by developing efficient methods and tools for sentiment analysis in the Arabic language. Moreover, reliable corpus and lexicons are needed. For this study, four classifiers were trained on a dataset consist of 4712 tweets. Namely Naïve Bayes, SVM, Multinomial Logistic Regression and K-Nearest Neighbor to conduct a comparative analysis on the performance of the classifiers. These algorithms when ran against the tweets dataset the results revealed that SVM gives the highest F1-score (72.0) while the best accuracy was achieved by KNN (k=2) and it equals to 92.0.
Sharp DNA denaturation due to solvent interaction

Within the framework of the Peyrard-Bishop model for DNA melting, sharp denaturation temperature profiles can currently be obtained only if anharmonic base-pair stacking interactions are considered. We show that, when solvent interactions are included, a sharp denaturation of the DNA double helix is obtained without the need for anharmonic nearest-neighbor interactions. Using the concept of pseudo-Schrodinger equations we discuss the analogy of these transition to quantum-mechanical tunneling, and in particular we show that the sharp transitions are similar to resonant tunneling.
Simulation of sample paths for Gauss-Markov processes in the presence of a reflecting boundary

Algorithms for the simulation of sample paths of Gauss–Markov processes, restricted from below by particular time-dependent reflecting boundaries, are proposed. These algorithms are used to build the histograms of first passage time density through specified boundaries and for the estimation of related moments. Particular attention is dedicated to restricted Wiener and Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes due to their central role in the class of Gauss–Markov processes.
Seismic imaging of crust beneath the Dharwar Craton, India, from ambient noise and teleseismic receiver function modelling

We use cross-correlation of continuous 18 months (2009 February to 2010 August) ambient noise data recorded over 35 broad-band seismographs in the Archean Dharwar Craton and the adjoining granulite terrain to generate Rayleigh-wave group velocity maps in the period 5–28 s. This is supplemented with longer period data (40–70 s) from earthquake source. Combined group velocity measurement was inverted jointly with the teleseismic receiver functions obtained at 50 stations (includes 15 stations operated during 1998–2002) to produce shear velocity image of the crust. The velocity image reveals thinner crust (34–38 km) in the late Archean (∼2.7 Ga) Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC), while all other terrains (mid-Archean and Proterozoic) have crustal thickness from 40 to over 50 km. The mid-Archean (3.36 Ga) greenstone belt of the Western Dharwar Craton (WDC) has the thickest crust (∼50 km). The average crustal Vs beneath the EDC is ∼3.70–3.78 km s−1 as compared to 3.80–3.95 km s−1 beneath the WDC. We observe significant lateral variation in the thickness of lower crust (Vs ∼ 3.8–4.2 km s−1): ∼10–15 km in the EDC compared to ∼20–30 km in the WDC. The lowermost part of the crust (Vs ≥ 4.0 km s−1) is thin (<5 km) beneath the EDC in contrast to more thickness (10–27 km) beneath the WDC. Our analysis suggests intermediate composition for the crust beneath the EDC similar to those for other cratons. In contrast, the mid-Archean exposed WDC crust has more mafic composition and exceptional thickness—a scenario at variance with the global observations. We interpret this thick mafic crust to represent undeformed geological segment of 3.36 Ga. The EDC with a nearly flat Moho, felsic to intermediate composition of crust and thin basal layer may represent a reworked terrain during the late-Archean.
The Effect of Positive vs. Negative Emotion on Multitasking

Emotions have been shown to affect cognition and performance on a multitude of individual tasks; however, people increasingly choose (or are required) to perform multiple tasks simultaneously (multitask1). How, then, do emotions affect multitasking performance? This question was assessed in an experiment wherein participants first multitasked in a Baseline phase, watched a video designed to induce a positive, neutral, or negative emotion, and then resumed multitasking for two additional phases. The results indicated that both the positive and neutral video conditions were superior to the negative condition; however, a marginally significant interaction indicated that the neutral condition was equivalent to negative at the final multitasking phase. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and applied aspects of these findings.
Aluminum multicharged ion generation from femtosecond laser plasma

Aluminum multicharged ion generation from femtosecond laser ablation is studied. A Ti:sapphire laser (wavelength 800 nm, pulse width ∼100 fs, and maximum laser fluence of 7.6 J/cm2) is used. Ion yield and energy distribution of each charge state are measured. A linear relationship between the ion charge state and the equivalent acceleration energy of the individual ion species is observed and is attributed to the presence of an electric field within the plasma-vacuum boundary that accelerates the ions. The ion energy distribution follows a shifted Coulomb-Boltzmann distribution. For Al1+ and Al2+, the ion energy distributions have two components; the faster one can be attributed to multiphoton laser ionization, while the slower one is possibly due to collisional processes. Ion extraction from the plasma is increased with an applied external electric field, which is interpreted to be due to the retrograde motion of the plasma edge as a result of the external electric field. Multicharged ion generation by f.
Inflammatory Responses and Regulation in Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slow, progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting an estimated 6 million people worldwide (Litteljohn, Mangano et al. 2011). The etiology of the disease is characterized by increasing loss over time of dopaminergic neurons (DA-neurons) in the substantia nigra (SN) as well as the depletion of dopamine in the striatum, which eventually leads to pathological and clinical symptoms (Jenner and Olanow 2006). PET imaging and post-mortem analyses of the brains of PD patients indicate that the appearance of symptoms, including tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural instability (Jellinger 2001), generally are manifest once 60% of DA-neurons have died and a 70% threshold decrease in normal DA activity has been reached (Klockgether 2004; Litteljohn, Mangano et al. 2011). Epidemiological studies indicate that only about 10% of PD cases are early onset , i.e. prior to the age of 50 and occur mainly in familial clusters (Mizuno, Hattori et al. 2001). These cases have established genetic bases due to mutations in several recently identified genes, including parkin, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), α-synuclein, PINK-1, or DJ-1 (Polymeropoulos, Lavedan et al. 1997; Lucking, Durr et al. 2000; Abou-Sleiman, Healy et al. 2003; Farrer, Haugarvoll et al. 2006; Sun, Latourelle et al. 2006; Jiang, Wu et al. 2007; Weng, Chou et al. 2007; Bonifati, Wu-Chou et al. 2008). The majority of PD cases (approximately 90%) are late onset and idiopathic (Tanner 2003). Although the etiology of idiopathic PD is uncertain, this form of PD particularly affects the elderly, with average onset of clinical symptoms between 60 and 65 years of age (Litteljohn, Mangano et al. 2011). Idiopathic PD is thus age-associated, with approximately 1% of the population being affected by 65-70 year of age, increasing to 4-5% at 85 years (Fahn 2003; Tansey, McCoy et al. 2007). However, the causes of idiopathic non-familial PD are probably multifactorial, with some form of genetic predisposition, environmental insults and/or aging all likely to be important factors in disease initiation and progression (Nagatsu and Sawada 2006; Dickson 2007; Vilar, Coelho et al. 2007; Singh, Singh et al. 2008). While the exact cause of chronic neurodegeneration of PD is not known, increasing evidence suggests that chronic inflammation is the fundamental process mediating the progressive nature of the neurodegeneration characteristic of PD (McGeer, Yasojima et al. 2001; Hirsch and Hunot 2009). In animal PD models, long-term inflammation induces progressive loss of DA neurons within the SN brain region (Gao, Jiang et al. 2002; Dauer and Przedborski 2003; Bartels and Leenders 2007). Neuroinflammation, which is characterized by activation of
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF TRAUMEEL (A HOMEOPATHIC PREPARATION) IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS-RATS

Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of traumeel on acute and chronic inflammatory experimental animal models (rats). Methods: The traumeel, a homeo medicinal preparation was tested for its efficacy in acute and chronic inflammatory rats. In acute models: Rat paw edema method was used. In this model, rats were divided into four groups, six rats each. Group-I (NC), received 2% GA 2 ml, Group-II (PC) received aspirin (200 mg/kg), Group-III, intravenous received low dose (6CH) and high dose (300CH) of traumeel, preparation orally. Edema was developed in injected paw. Immediately the foot edema volume was measured at 0 hr and at the end of 3rd hr with a plethysmograph. The percentage of inhibition of edema by drugs was measured and compared between the test, control and standard groups. In chronic models: Granuloma method was used, and test drugs were given for 7 days. The animals were divided and treated same as in the acute model. After 7 days treatment, on 8th day animals were sacrificed each implanted pellet was extracted with adherent granulation tissue. These pellets were dried and weighed. The known weight was deducted from granulation tissue weight. The mean weight of granulation tissue and difference in weight of granulation tissue for each group was calculated, and the percentage of inhibition of inflammation was calculated. Results: The percentage of inhibition of edema in the acute model with 6CH, 300CH after 3 hrs is 51%, 76% respectively and with aspirin is 79%. In chronic models, the percentage of inhibition of granulation tissue with 6CH, 300CH after 7 days is 19.5%, 32.85%, respectively and with aspirin is 41.95%. The reduction of inflammation was statistically significant in each group is (p<0.001). Conclusion: Traumeel, a homeo preparation is a best alternative drug for the treatment of acute inflammatory conditions with no side effects. Keywords: Inflammation, Traumeel preparation, Carrageenan, Aspirin.
Ferroelectricity in yttrium-doped hafnium oxide

Structural and electrical evidence for a ferroelectric phase in yttrium doped hafnium oxide thin films is presented. A doping series ranging from 2.3 to 12.3 mol% YO1.5 in HfO2 was deposited by a thermal atomic layer deposition process. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction of the 10 nm thick films revealed an orthorhombic phase close to the stability region of the cubic phase. The potential ferroelectricity of this orthorhombic phase was confirmed by polarization hysteresis measurements on titanium nitride based metal-insulator-metal capacitors. For 5.2 mol% YO1.5 admixture the remanent polarization peaked at 24 μC/cm2 with a coercive field of about 1.2 MV/cm. Considering the availability of conformal deposition processes and CMOS-compatibility, ferroelectric Y:HfO2 implies high scaling potential for future, ferroelectric memories.
Study of Extraction and Enzymatic Properties of Cell-Envelope Proteinases from a Novel Wild Lactobacillus plantarum LP 69

Lactobacilli cell-envelope proteinases (CEPs) have been widely used in the development of new streams of blockbuster nutraceuticals because of numerous biopharmaceutical potentials; thus, the development of viable methods for CEP extraction and the improvement of extraction efficiency will promote their full-scale application. In this study, CEP from a novel wild Lactobacillus plantarum LP69 was released from cells by incubating in calcium-free buffer. The extraction conditions of CEP were optimized by response surface methodology with the enzyme activity and specific activity as the detective marker. The optimal extraction conditions were: time of 80 min, temperature of 39 ◦C and buffer pH of 6.5. Under these conditions, enzyme activity and specific activity were (23.94 ± 0.86) U/mL and (1.37 ± 0.03) U/mg, respectively, which were well matched with the predicted values (22.12 U/mL and 1.36 U/mg). Optimal activity of the crude CEP occurred at pH 8.0 and 40 ◦C. It is a metallopeptidase, activated by Ca2+, inhibited by Zn2+ and ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid, and a serine proteinase which is inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Kinetic studies showed that CEP from LP69 could hydrolyze whey protein, lactoglobulin and casein. Our study improves the extraction efficiency of CEPs from LP69, providing the reference for their industrial development.
Learning Dynamics with Private and Public Signals

This paper studies the dynamics of learning in a model of technology adoption. Firms learn about an unknown technology by observing both private and public signals. Because of the externality associated with the public signal, the social planner has firms experiment more in the initial period of the model, relative to the market equilibrium. In certain cases, this more rapid generation of information results in the planner experimenting less in later periods of the model. In contrast, typical models with public signals result in the planner inducing more experimentation in all periods of the model relative to the market equilibrium.
Inflation uncertainty and interest rates: is the Fisher relation universal?

This paper tests the validity of the Fisher hypothesis, which establishes a positive relation between interest rates and expected inflation, for the G7 countries and 45 developing economies. For this purpose, we estimate a version of the GARCH specification of the hypothesis for all countries included in the sample. We also test the augmented Fisher relation by including the inflation uncertainty in the equation. The simple Fisher relation holds in all G7 countries but in only 23 developing countries. There is a positive and statistically significant relationship between interest rates and inflation uncertainty for six of the G7 and 18 of the developing countries and this relationship is negative for seven developing countries.
Variations in Origin of Arteries Supplying the Brain in Rabbit and Their Impact on Total Cerebral Ischemia

1.1 Laboratory animals Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, is the use of non-human animals in experiments. Worldwide it is estimated that the number of vertebrate animals—from zebrafish to non-human primates—ranges from the tens of millions to more than 100 million used annually (Cohn, 2010). The number of mice and rats used in the United States alone in 2001 was 80 million. Most animals are euthanized after being used in an experiment (Carbone, 2004). It includes pure research such as genetics, developmental biology, behavioral studies, as well as applied research such as biomedical research, xenotransplantation, drug testing and toxicology tests, including cosmetics testing. Animals are also used for education, breeding and defense research. The practice is regulated to various degrees in different countries. The earliest references to animal testing are found in the writings of the Greeks in the 2nd and 4th centuries BCE. Aristotle (384–322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304–258 BCE) were among the first to perform experiments on living animals (Cohen & Loew, 1984). The ability of humans to change the genetics of animals took a large step forwards in 1974 when Rudolf Jaenisch was able to produce the first transgenic mammal, by integrating DNA from the SV40 virus into the genome of mice (Jaenisch & Mintz, 1974). This genetic research progressed rapidly and in 1996 Dolly the sheep was born, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell (Wilmut et al., 1997). Toxicology testing became important in the 20th century. In the 19th century laws regulating drugs were more relaxed. For example, in the U.S. the government could only ban a drug after a company had been prosecuted for selling products that harmed customers. In the 1960s, in reaction to the Thalidomide tragedy, further laws were passed requiring safety testing on pregnant animals before a drug can be sold (Burkholz, 1997). Albino rabbits are used in eye irritancy tests because rabbits have less tear flow than other animals and the lack of eye pigment in albinos make the effects easier to visualize. Rabbits are also frequently used for the production of polyclonal antibodies.
Origin of the Middle Pleistocene Transition by ice sheet erosion of regolith

The transition in the middle Pleistocene (∼0.9 Ma) seen in δ18O deep-sea-core records from relatively low-amplitude, high-frequency (41 kyr) to high-amplitude, low-frequency (100 kyr) ice volume variations under essentially the same orbital forcing can be attributed to a change from an all soft-bedded to a mixed hard-soft bedded Laurentide ice sheet through glacial erosion of a thick regolith and resulting exposure of unweathered crystalline bedrock. A one-dimensional ice sheet and bedrock model which includes transport of sediment and ice by subglacial sediment deformation demonstrates that a widespread deforming sediment layer maintains thin ice sheets before the transition which respond linearly to the dominant (23 and 41 kyr) orbital forcing. Progressive removal of the sediment layer eventually causes a transition to thicker ice sheets whose dominant timescale of change (100 kyr) reflects nonlinear deglaciation processes. In model simulations over the last 3 Ma initialized with no ice and a uniform 50 m sediment layer the time series of ice volume and extent agree in several important aspects with the observed records.