Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Template Nucleotide Moieties Required for De Novo Initiation of RNA Synthesis by a Recombinant Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase

ABSTRACT The recombinant RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the bovine viral diarrhea virus specifically requires a cytidylate at the 3′ end for the de novo initiation of RNA synthesis (C. C. Kao, A. M. Del Vecchio, and W. Zhong, Virology 253:1–7, 1999). Using RNAs containing nucleotide analogs, we found that the N3 and C4-amino group at the initiation cytidine were required for RNA synthesis. However, the ribose C2′-hydroxyl of the initiating cytidylate can accept several modifications and retain the ability to direct synthesis. The only unacceptable modification is a protonated C2′-amino group. Quite strikingly, the recognition of the functional groups for the initiation cytidylate and other template nucleotides are different. For example, a C5-methyl group in cytidine can direct RNA synthesis at all template positions except at the initiation cytidylate and C2′-amino modifications are tolerated better after the +11 position. When a 4-thiouracil (4sU) base analog that allows only imperfect base pairing with the nascent RNA is placed at different positions in the template, the efficiency of synthesis is correlated with the calculated stability of the template-nascent RNA duplex adjacent to the position of the 4sU. These results define the requirements for the specific interactions required for the initiation of RNA synthesis and will be compared to the mechanisms of initiation by other RNA-dependent and DNA-dependent RNA polymerases.
Design of Immersive Virtual Reality System to Improve Communication Skills in Individuals with Autism

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) regularly experience situations in which they need to give answers but do not know how to respond; for example, questions related to everyday life activities that are asked by strangers. Research geared at utilizing technology to mend social and communication impairments in children with autism is actively underway. Immersive virtual reality (VR) is a relatively recent technology that has the potential of being an effective therapeutic tool for developing various skills in autistic children. This paper presents an interactive scenario-based VR system developed to improve the communications skills of autistic children. The system utilizes speech recognition to provide natural interaction and role-play and turn-taking to evaluate and verify the effectiveness of the immersive environment on the social performance of autistic children. In experiments conducted, participants showed more improved performance with a computer augmented virtual environment (CAVE) than with a head mounted display (HMD) or a normal desktop. The results indicate that immersive VR could be more satisfactory and motivational than desktop for children with ASD.
Volatile constituents of aerial parts of two Mediterranean species of Inula: Inula crithmoides L. and I. verbascifolia (Willd.) Hausskn. (Asteraceae)

Inula crithmoides L. grows along the Mediterranean coasts and is used as an edible vegetable as the young leaves or shoots are eaten raw, cooked or pickled. Inula verbascifolia (Willd.) Hausskn. is a quite localised species growing mainly along the Adriatic Sea coasts. In this study the volatile components of the aerial part of both species are described. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis showed the presence of 41 components in I.crithmoides and 75 compounds in I.verbascifolia, respectively, and a very different profile in the composition of the two species. The chemotaxonomy of I. crithmoides, by comparison with other data reported in the literature, is discussed.
Who is responsible for investigating suspected research misconduct?

for us to analyse, so that we can learn aberrant patterns and in time, detect much earlier the warning signs. Carlisle is to be congratulated: his is an astonishing, altruistic piece of work that helps expunge the literature of some (at best) highly unusual data. The purpose of experimentation is to learn about nature. If the results of experiments are not genuine, then however prolific, influential or politically powerful their author, the results will not withstand statistical scrutiny, cannot be repeated, or will lead to models for our understanding of nature that are so bizarre as to be proven false. For nature cannot be fooled.
Absorption of Vitamin B12 by the Guinea‐Pig

The gastrointestinal distribution and subcellular localization of radioactivity in the ileum of the guinea‐pig was determined 2 hr after oral feeding of physiological doses of cyano‐, methyl‐ and 5′ desoxyadenosyl‐cobalamin. The gastrointestinal distribution of the three analogues was similar although the uptake of methyl‐ and adenosylcobalamin by the ileum was less than that of cyanocobalamin. All three analogues were significantly localized in the mitochondrial fraction of the ileal mucosa during absorption.
Risk control over bankruptcy in dynamic portfolio selection: a generalized mean-variance formulation

For an investor to claim his wealth resulted from his multiperiod portfolio policy, he has to sustain a possibility of bankruptcy before reaching the end of an investment horizon. Risk control over bankruptcy is thus an indispensable ingredient of optimal dynamic portfolio selection. We propose in this note a generalized mean-variance model via which an optimal investment policy can be generated to help investors not only achieve an optimal return in the sense of a mean-variance tradeoff, but also have a good risk control over bankruptcy. One key difficulty in solving the proposed generalized mean-variance model is the nonseparability in the associated stochastic control problem in the sense of dynamic programming. A solution scheme using embedding is developed in this note to overcome this difficulty and to obtain an analytical optimal portfolio policy.
Synchronous Tropical South China Sea SST Change and Greenland Warming During Deglaciation

The tropical ocean plays a major role in global climate. It is therefore crucial to establish the precise phase between tropical and high-latitude climate variability during past abrupt climate events in order to gain insight into the mechanisms of global climate change. Here we present alkenone sea surface temperature (SST) records from the tropical South China Sea that show an abrupt temperature increase of at least 1°C at the end of the last glacial period. Within the recognized dating uncertainties, this SST increase is synchronous with the Bølling warming observed at 14.6 thousand years ago in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core.
Muscle O2 uptake kinetics in humans: implications for metabolic control.

Muscle O2 uptake (VO2) kinetics in response to an augmented energetic requirement (on-transition) has never been directly determined in humans. We have developed a constant-infusion thermodilution technique that allowed rapid measurements of leg blood flow (Qleg) and, in conjunction with frequent serial measurement of arteriovenous O2 content difference across the leg [(Ca - Cv)O2leg], permitted the determination of the VO2 of the leg (VO2leg) at 3- to 4-s time intervals. VO2leg kinetics during the on-transition was taken as a close approximation of muscle VO2 (VO2mus) kinetics. Alveolar VO2 (VO2A), Qleg, leg O2 delivery [(Q.CaO2leg)], (Ca - Cv)O2leg, and VO2leg kinetics were determined in six trained subjects [age 22.8 +/- 4.4 (SD) yr; maximal O2 uptake 59.1 +/- 5.3 ml.kg-1.min-1] during the transition from unloaded pedaling to a workload (loaded pedaling; LP) (183 +/- 20 W) well below the previously determined ventilatory threshold. For all variables, two distinct phases were recognized. During the first 10-15 s of loaded pedaling (phase I), VO2A, Qleg, and (Q.CaO2)leg increased rapidly, whereas VO2leg increased only slightly and (Ca - Cv)O2leg actually decreased. After phase I, all variables showed a monoexponential increase (phase II), with similar time courses [slightly faster for (Ca - CV)O2leg]. In a consideration of both phases, the half times of the responses among variables were not significantly different: 25.5 +/- 2.6 s for VO2A, 26.6 +/- 7.6 s for Qleg, 26.9 +/- 8.3 s for (Q.CaO2leg, 23.5 +/- 1.3 s for (Ca - Cv)O2leg, and 27.9 +/- 5.7 s for VO2leg. We conclude that during the on-transition the kinetics of VO2A and VO2leg, as measured by these methods, are similar. The analysis of the early phase (first 10-15 s) of the on-transition indicates that bulk delivery of O2 to the working muscles is not limiting VO2leg kinetics. However, the present results cannot discriminate between maldistribution of blood flow/VO2 vs. inertia the intracellular oxidative machinery as the limiting factor.
The effect of platelet-rich plasma on autologous osteochondral transplantation: an in vivo rabbit model.

BACKGROUND Autologous osteochondral transplantation restores a cartilage defect with a cylindrical unit of bone and articular cartilage. Previous studies have described poor graft integration at the chondral interface and degeneration of the cartilage. This has prompted the investigation of adjuncts to address these concerns, including platelet-rich plasma (PRP), which has the potential to improve chondral interface integration and decrease cartilage degeneration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of PRP on autologous osteochondral transplantation in a rabbit model. METHODS Bilateral osteochondral defects (2.7 mm in diameter and 5 mm in depth) were created on the femoral condyles of twelve New Zealand White rabbits. Osteochondral grafts were harvested from the ipsilateral femoral condyle and, after randomization, were treated with either PRP or saline solution before implantation into the defect site. The rabbits were killed at three, six, or twelve weeks postoperatively. The osteochondral graft was assessed using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) macroscopic and modified ICRS histological scoring systems. RESULTS Macroscopic assessment revealed no significant difference between the two groups (mean and standard deviation, 11.2 ± 0.9 for the PRP-treated group versus 10.3 ± 0.9 for the control group; p = 0.09). The mean modified ICRS histological score was significantly higher overall and at each time point for the PRP-treated osteochondral transplants compared with the controls (overall mean, 18.2 ± 2.7 versus 13.5 ± 3.3; p = 0.002). Assessing graft integration specifically, the mean score for the PRP-treated group was significantly higher than that for the control group (2.5 ± 0.9 versus 1.6 ± 0.7; p = 0.004). No adverse events occurred as a result of the surgical procedure or PRP. CONCLUSIONS PRP may improve the integration of an osteochondral graft at the cartilage interface and decrease graft degeneration in an in vivo animal model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of PRP as a biological adjunct to autologous osteochondral transplantation has the clinical potential to enhance graft integration, decrease cartilage degeneration, and improve clinical outcomes of autologous osteochondral transplantation.
The credit loan strategy model based on leader follower game theory

In this paper we study the strategy model of credit loan game based on the leader follower game theory. We consider different default factor on the subjective and objective dual credit risk. We present the leader-follower game model of the enterprise, the non-banking financial institution and the bank under the multi-channel financial mode, and correspondingly give the investment and financing policies under the game equilibrium condition. Then we in detailed explain following problems such as the impact of the enterprisepsilas absolute risk-aversion degree and bankpsilas loan interest rate on enterprisepsilas income, the relationship between the optimal financing structure and the moral hazard, the loan interest rate. We give each of the optimal strategies under the game equilibrium condition. Finally by empirical analysis we explore the root cause for the financing difficult.
Limbal stem-cell transplantation.

Cornea epithelium is subject to constant trauma and shedding of the surface epithelium, and replenishment is from epithelial cells beneath and peripheral to the central desquamating epithelium. The origin of the corneal epithelium appears to reside in the crypts of Vogt, where a population of "immortal" stem cells resides, possessing enormous potential for clonogenic cell division. These cells, like all stem cells, have inherent properties which enable them to accomplish error-free replication which avoids development of abnormal differentiation and cellular dysfunction; a low mitotic rate and asymmetrical DNA segregation are essential in this error-free proliferation of these relatively primitive, poorly differentiated cells. The limbal stem cells lack the keratin 3 differentiation marker typical of all the rest of corneal epithelium, but does possess keratin 19. Cell kinetic studies show that limbal stem cells, and the cells into which they evolve, transiently amplifying cells (TAC) remain in the so called "proliferative" compartment, undergoing cell division and not evolving to commitment to further specialized differentiation. These cells (stem cells and TAC) are located exclusively in the limbal region, with the stem cells in the basal epithelium and TAC occurring in the basal and suprabasal levels, extending up to the superficial layers. The corneal epithelium is then maintained by cellular proliferation of these cells which then migrate further onto the central cornea and become terminally differentiated. The lack of a vascular supply and the presence of special elements within the corneal basement membrane, and differences in vitamin A concentrations may be some of the primary factors responsible for the terminal differentiation events.
Averaging and Near Viability of Singularly Perturbed Control Systems

In this paper we consider issues related to averaging of singularly perturbed control systems (SPCS) in the viability context. Despite of the fact that the averaging techniques for SPCS have been studied very intensively (see [1]-[5], [8], [9], [13], [18], [19], [22], [23], [25], [29] for most recent developments and also for references to earlier results in the area), this topic, to the best of the author’s knowledge, has not been considered in the literature.
Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on post-operative renal function in adults.

BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can play a major role in the management of acute pain in the peri-operative period. However, there are conflicting views on whether NSAIDs are associated with adverse renal effects. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this review was to determine the effects of NSAIDs on post-operative renal function in adults. SEARCH STRATEGY Electronic searches for relevant randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials in Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE and EMBASE were performed. Attempts were also made to identify trials from citation lists of relevant trials, review articles and clinical practice guidelines. Hand-searching of conference abstracts published in major anaesthetic journals was also performed. SELECTION CRITERIA The inclusion criteria were randomised or quasi-randomised comparisons of individual NSAIDs with either each other or placebo for treatment of post-operative pain, with relevant post-operative renal outcome measures, in adult surgical patients. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Of the 14 trials that fulfilled the selection criteria for this review, eight trials were relevant with sufficient data for meta-analysis. The data was extracted independently by two reviewers. The primary outcome measure was creatinine clearance within the first two days after surgery. Secondary outcome measures included serum creatinine, urine volume, urinary sodium level, urinary potassium level, fractional excretion of sodium, fractional excretion of potassium, need for dialysis and need for diuretic or dopamine treatment for renal insufficiency. Weighted mean differences for continuous outcomes and relative risk for dichotomous outcomes were estimated. MAIN RESULTS As a group, NSAIDs reduced creatinine clearance by 18ml/min (95%CI: 6 to 31) and potassium output by 38mmol/day (95%CI: 19 to 56) on the first day after surgery compared to placebo. Serum creatinine clearance increased on the second day after surgery by 15umol/L (95%CI: 2 to 28) compared to placebo. No significant reduction in urine volume during the early post-operative period was found. There was no significant difference in serum creatinine in the early post-operative period between patients receiving ketorolac and diclofenac in one trial. No cases of post-operative renal failure requiring dialysis were described. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS NSAIDs caused a clinically unimportant transient reduction in renal function in the early post-operative period. NSAIDs should not be withheld from adults with normal pre-operative renal function because of concerns about post-operative renal impairment.
Strategies to Reduce Unplanned Hospitalizations of Home Healthcare Patients: A STEP‐BY‐STEP APPROACH

is that of acute care hospitalization, and through various initiatives, agencies are being encouraged to decrease acute care hospitalizations. Patients and their families are confronted with considerable personal and emotional turmoil every time a hospital readmittance occurs. In addition, there is a financial toll to the healthcare system every time a patient is readmitted to an acute care hospital. As the length of stay in acute care hospitals decreases, patients are discharged to the home earlier and in poorer health (Anderson et al., 2005; Bowles & Cater, 2003). Thirty-three percent of patients 65 years of age or older who were discharged from a hospital were readmitted within 3 months (Schwartz, 2000). The most critical period for the occurrence of a readmittance was noted to be within the first 3 weeks after admission to home care (mean, 18 days) (Madigan et al., 2001). CMS reported that 25% of unplanned hospitalizations for home healthcare patients occurred within 7 days of the start of their home health episode, and nearly 58% of these readmittances occurred within the first 3 weeks of home healthcare, with the median risk-adjusted rate for hospitalizations reported at 29.03% (CMS, 2005). In 2003, more than 1.8 million patients aged 65 years
Orofacial Myofunctional Disorder In Subjects with Temporomandibular Disorder

Abstract To determine the frequency and degree of orofacial myofunctional disorder (OMD) in a sample of patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD), the dental records of 240 patients with a diagnosis of TMD were reviewed. Mean patient age and mean TMD duration, gender frequency, complaints, and signs and symptoms were calculated. The results showed that the sample studied was quite characteristic of a TMD group. The presence of the following signs/symptoms was significant: muscular pain, TMJ pain, joint noise, at least one otologic symptom, headache, and neck and shoulder pain. Most subjects presented some degree of OMD, with grade high prevailing over grade low. The importance of evaluating the stomatognathic structures and functions during the clinical examination of patients with TMD is emphasized.
Probability Models And Computational Models For Anova In Multicenter Clinical Trials

Multicenter trials are usually analyzed by fixed-effects, two-way analysis of variance. A mixed-effects computation with random treatment-by-center interaction may produce better results even if this interaction is considered truly to be a fixed effect. It may be more appropriate, however, to consider the treatment-by-center interaction to be a random effect, anyway. #The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily of the Food and Drug Administration.
Neural network application in the change of reservoir water level stage forecasting

Artificial Neural Network is one of the computational algorithms that can be applied in developing a forecasting model for the change of reservoir water level stage. Forecasting of the change of reservoir water level stage is vital as the change of the reservoir water level can affect the reservoir operator’s decision. The decision of water release is very critical in both flood and drought seasons where the reservoir should maintain high volume of water during less rainfall and enough space for incoming heavy rainfall. The changes of reservoir water level which provides insights on the increase or decrease water level that affects water level stage. In this study, neural network model for forecasting the change of reservoir water level stage is studied. Six neural network models based on standard back propagation algorithm have been developed and tested. Sliding windows have been used to segment the data into various ranges. The finding shows that 2 days of delay have affected the change in stage of the reservoir water level. The finding was achieved through 4-17-1 neural network architecture.
Problematics of Time and Timing in the Longitudinal Study of Human Development: Theoretical and Methodological Issues

Studying human development involves describing, explaining, and optimizing intraindividual change and interindividual differences in such change and, as such, requires longitudinal research. The selection of the appropriate type of longitudinal design requires selecting the option that best addresses the theoretical questions asked about developmental process and the use of appropriate statistical procedures to best exploit data derived from theory-predicated longitudinal research. This paper focuses on several interrelated problematics involving the treatment of time and the timing of observations that developmental scientists face in creating theory-design fit and in charting in change-sensitive ways developmental processes across life. We discuss ways in which these problematics may be addressed to advance theory-predicated understanding of the role of time in processes of individual development.
The complexity space of partial functions: a connection between complexity analysis and denotational semantics

The study of the dual complexity space, introduced by S. Romaguera and M.P. Schellekens [Quasi-metric properties of complexity spaces, Topol. Appl. 98 (1999), pp. 311–322], constitutes a part of the interdisciplinary research on Computer Science and Topology. The relevance of this theory is given by the fact that it allows one to apply fixed point techniques of denotational semantics to complexity analysis. Motivated by this fact and with the intention of obtaining a mixed framework valid for both disciplines, a new complexity space formed by partial functions was recently introduced and studied by S. Romaguera and O. Valero [On the structure of the space of complexity partial functions, Int. J. Comput. Math. 85 (2008), pp. 631–640]. An application of the complexity space of partial functions to model certain processes that arise, in a natural way, in symbolic computation was given in the aforementioned reference. In this paper, we enter more deeply into the relationship between semantics and complexity analysis of programs. We construct an extension of the complexity space of partial functions and show that it is, at the same time, an appropriate mathematical tool for the complexity analysis of algorithms and for the validation of recursive definitions of programs. As applications of our complexity framework, we show the correctness of the denotational specification of the factorial function and give an alternative formal proof of the asymptotic upper bound for the average case analysis of Quicksort.
Complete CAD Based Design of Microstrip Dual Mode Hexagonal Loop Resonator Filter

In this paper, we propose a hexagonal microstrip dual - mode band pass filter by optimizing various geometrical parameters associated with the filter geometry using IE3D full-wave simulation software. The response of the optimized filter is studied and analyzed and the results have been reported. Work also explores the possibility of changing the type of the filter response from Elliptical to Chebyshev using perturbation dimension variation.