Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tentacle structure and filter-feeding in Crisia eburnea and other cyclostomatous bryozoans, with a review of upstream-collecting mechanisms

The upstream-collecting filter-feeding mechanisms occurring in many aquatic organisms are not adequately descnbed. Tentacles of Crisia eburnea and other cyclostome bryozoans, with only lateral and laterofrontal ciliary bands, are among the least complicated upstream-collecting systems among metazoans. SEM and TEM revealed that the tentacles have 2 rows of very closely set lateral cilia and 1 row of stiff laterofrontal cilia on each side. The shape of the basal membrane and the longitudinal muscles indicate that the tentacles are specialized for flicking movements directed towards the centre of the tentacle crown. Video observations of C. eburnea feeding on Rhodomonas cells showed charactenstic velocity gradients around the tentacle crown. Particles in the central current galn the highest velocity at the entrance to the tentacle crown from where the speed decreases to zero in front of the mouth. Usually the path of a particle deviates from the downward course to a more outwards directed course (between the tentacies), where they may be irclppeci by iile iiiiel iarnied by the stiff Ieteiofron:~! cilia; the tentacle then makes a flick that brings the particle into the central current and further down towards the mouth. A survey of the literature shows that a similar mechanical filter mechanism occurs also in gymnolaemate bryozoans and their cyphonautes larvae, but that the particle-collecting mechanism of larvae and adults of phoronids, brachiopods, pterobranchs, and enteropneusts is different. The differences in structure and functlon between the tentacles of ectoprocts and those of phoronids, brachiopods and pterobranchs support the idea that the 2 types of tentacle crowns are not homologous.
Bears and fears: Cultural capital, geography and attitudes towards large carnivores in Norway

Recent studies and literature suggest that negative attitudes towards large carnivores may to a large extent be explained by ignorance and lack of certain aspects of cultural capital. Fear and resistance, it has been argued, can be overcome through spreading information and knowledge about carnivores and how to interact with them. This argument has, on the other hand, been interpreted as an example of inherent arrogance among urban elites, undermining the economic foundation and quality of life in rural areas. The article aims to analyse acceptance of bears in Norway among a representative sample of the population, to describe attitudes towards large carnivores, economic and cultural capital, the importance of physical and geographical closeness, and the extent to which and how these factors are interlinked. The analysis is based on two national quantitative surveys, carried out in 2005 and 2007. The findings show a clear, although small, increase in resistance to the existence of bears in Norway. The increase appears to be most marked among young people who have grown up in rural areas. The authors conclude that there is an increasing urban–rural divide on the issue of conservation policies and carnivore stock management.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MELOXICAM COLON TARGETED COATED TABLETS

Meloxicam (MLX) is an oxicam derivative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and fever reducer effects. Recently has been reported that MLX play important role in cholorectal carcinogenisis therapy. Objective: The objective of this study was to prepare MLX as a colon targeted tablet. Methods: Meloxicam matrix tablets containing several retarding agents (carnauba wax, ethyl cellulose and Eudragit RS) separately were used in order to extend the release of drug over the desired period of time from the core tablet. The drug release profile for uncoated tablet was evaluated in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 and 7.5. Results: Although the prolongation of drug release was obtained with the retarding agent, but carnauba wax and ethyl cellulose show higher release in the first few hours while Eudragit RS shows reasonable release profile for long time. The uncoated tablet contains 5% w/w Eudragit RS as a retardant with lactose as a diluent was found to be suitable for targeting. The selected formula coating trials involves shellac (5&10% w/v) and different percentage of Eudragit mixture (L: S at ratio 1:1). Shellac 5% w/v or Eudragit L: S mixture (1:1) 1% w/v shows the best enteric properties and ability to protect the tablet cores from premature drug release in stomach for enough time. The selected formula was further evaluated by stability study. The results of stability study of two types of coatings (1%Eudragit mixture or 5% shellac) shows expired date around two years with no significant changes (p>0.05) in physical properties of prepared tablets after storage.
Do hospitals respond to greater autonomy? Evidence from the English NHS

Foundation Trusts (FTs) were introduced in the English NHS in 2004/5 and gave NHS Trusts the opportunity to become independent not-for-profit public benefit corporations. Whilst remaining in the public sector, FTs were granted greater autonomy than non-FTs. The reform was intended to create incentives for providers to deliver higher quality services in the most efficient way. This paper examines the impact of the FT policy on hospital performance, as proxied by measures of financial management, quality of care and staff satisfaction. Results suggest that generally FTs perform better than non-FTs. However, these differences appear to be long-standing rather than the effect of the FT policy per se and we find some evidence of a convergence in hospital performance between FTs and non-FTs.
A Novel Approach for Optimization Auto-Scaling in Cloud Computing Environment

In recent years, applications of cloud services have been increasingly expanded. Cloud services, are distributed infrastructures which develop the communication and services. Auto scaling is one of the most important features of cloud services which dedicates and retakes the allocated dynamic resource in proportion to the volume of requests. Scaling tries to utilize maximum power of the available resources also to use idle resources, in order to maximize the efficiency or shut down unnecessary resources to reduce the cost of running requests. In this paper, we have suggested an approach based on learning automata auto- scaling, in order to manage and optimize factors like cost, rate of violations of user-level agreements (SLA Violation) as well as stability in the presence of traffic workload. Results of simulation show that proposed approach has been able to optimize cost and rate of SLA violation in order to manage their trade off. Also, it decreases number of operation needed for scaling to increase stability of system compared to the other approaches.
Economics of increasing lysine:calorie ratio and adding dietary fat for growing-finishing pigs reared in a commercial environment

Methods: Data was collected from 1200 gilts (initially 27 kg) and 1200 barrows (initially 34 kg). Two levels of fat (0% and 6% added choice white grease) and four lysine:calorie ratio regimens (LCR) arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial were examined. Monthly prices of corn, soybean meal, fat, and hogs for 1989 to 1998 were used to calculate feed cost, feed cost per kg of gain, and income over feed cost (IOFC) under two packing-plant pricing grids.
Laboratory studies on the effects of pollen from Bt‐maize on larvae of some butterfly species

Abstract: Three lepidopteran species were tested to determine their susceptibility against the ingestion of pollen from genetically modified maize plants. To prove the existence of dose–response relations between the applied amount of pollen (Bt‐maize) and the damages on the tested larvae, a method was developed which makes it possible to feed caterpillars with defined amounts of pollen. If their food plants were contaminated with pollen of a cultivar of the Bt‐176 maize‐line Pieris brassicae, Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella‐larvae fed less, grew more slowly and showed a higher mortality than caterpillars of an untreated control group. The 50% lethality (LD50)‐values were calculated for P.xylostella (L4) with 19.2, for P. rapae (L2) with 39.0 and also for P. brassicae (L2) with 139.2 pollen of the transgenic maize Pactol CB. Studies with P. brassicae‐caterpillars of different larval stages indicated, that older individuals showed a higher tolerance against pollen from Bt‐maize than younger ones. It must be stated on the basis of the present studies, that ingestion of non‐transgenic maize pollen has neither a positive nor a negative effect on caterpillars. It becomes clear from the information presented here that it is still difficult to make general statements about the endangering of butterflies, arising from cultivation of genetically modified maize lines. Further investigations on this issue are needed. Initially, the LD50‐values concerning the larvae of certain butterfly species have to be determined to anticipate the risks, and in addition the distances between habitats with caterpillar host plants and maize fields, and the abundance of these plants have to be considered.
Extended magnetohydrodynamics with embedded particle‐in‐cell simulation of Ganymede's magnetosphere

We have recently developed a new modeling capability to embed the implicit particle‐in‐cell (PIC) model iPIC3D into the Block‐Adaptive‐Tree‐Solarwind‐Roe‐Upwind‐Scheme magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model. The MHD with embedded PIC domains (MHD‐EPIC) algorithm is a two‐way coupled kinetic‐fluid model. As one of the very first applications of the MHD‐EPIC algorithm, we simulate the interaction between Jupiter's magnetospheric plasma and Ganymede's magnetosphere. We compare the MHD‐EPIC simulations with pure Hall MHD simulations and compare both model results with Galileo observations to assess the importance of kinetic effects in controlling the configuration and dynamics of Ganymede's magnetosphere. We find that the Hall MHD and MHD‐EPIC solutions are qualitatively similar, but there are significant quantitative differences. In particular, the density and pressure inside the magnetosphere show different distributions. For our baseline grid resolution the PIC solution is more dynamic than the Hall MHD simulation and it compares significantly better with the Galileo magnetic measurements than the Hall MHD solution. The power spectra of the observed and simulated magnetic field fluctuations agree extremely well for the MHD‐EPIC model. The MHD‐EPIC simulation also produced a few flux transfer events (FTEs) that have magnetic signatures very similar to an observed event. The simulation shows that the FTEs often exhibit complex 3‐D structures with their orientations changing substantially between the equatorial plane and the Galileo trajectory, which explains the magnetic signatures observed during the magnetopause crossings. The computational cost of the MHD‐EPIC simulation was only about 4 times more than that of the Hall MHD simulation.
The Salt Fluxes in a Tidally-Energetic Estuary

Time series measurements of velocity and salinity have been used to examine the salt flux components in the tidally-energetic regime of the Conwy Estuary in North Wales. The instantaneous volume transport, up to 400 m3 s−1, was deduced from a current meter located in mid-channel using a frictional model with a correction for the observed mean velocity shear. Transport estimates obtained in this way have been compared with independent measurements of integrated cross-section transport using a boat-mounted ADCP. The two determinations of the flow are found to be in satisfactory agreement confirming the validity of the frictional model. Estimates of the covariance of the tidally varying transport Qtand salinity Stindicate that a consistently upstream transport of salt occurred over the 9 day period of the observations. This upstream tidal pumping flux (≈60 kg s−1) was greater than the downstream transport (≈27 kg s−1) estimated from the freshwater river discharge Qf(≈3 m3 s−1). The difference in the salt fluxes implies a net upstream movement of salt and was consistent in sign with the observed general increase in mean salinity which occurred in the upper estuary prior to a rapid salinity decrease due to a large increase in freshwater discharge at the end of the measurement period. The observations have been interpreted to illustrate the problems involved in trying to determine the net flux of a dissolved constituent from such as estuary. Using estimates of the net inflow from river gauging to determine the volume dischargeQ0 , estimates of the net flux are realistic but, in the absence of river gauging, large errors are likely to arise from the uncertainties in Q0, which is the small difference between large flood and ebb transports.
Valence electronic structure and photofragmentation of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CF3-CH2F)

The electronic structure and fragmentation of the hydrofluorocarbon compound 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CF3-CH2F) were studied using spectroscopical methods and quantum chemical calculations. Valence photoelectron spectra and the ionic fragmentation products were recorded with synchrotron radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region. The geometric and electronic structures of the CF3-CH2F molecule were calculated using the complete active space perturbation theory of second order. The calculated vertical ionization energies were used to interpret the experimental photoelectron spectrum. VUV photodissociation of the sample molecule was studied with photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectroscopy. Coincident ion yields are shown for several cations as a function of electron binding energy. The experimental data are discussed in comparison with theory and previous work. (Less)
AMulticountry Ecologic Study of Risk and Risk Reduction Factors for Prostate CancerMortality

Objective: The objective of this research is to identify and determine the relative importance of dietary and environmental risk and risk reduction factors for prostate cancer mortality. Materials and Methods: A multicountry ecologic approach was used in multivariate regression analyses with prostate cancer mortality rates and dietary factors and solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Prostate cancer mortality rates for 32 predominantly Caucasian countries for the late 1990s were obtained from the World Health Organization. Dietary supply data were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization. Annual solar UV-B dose data were obtained from European ground stations and used to estimate values elsewhere. Linear and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted for all 32 countries as well as the 20 European countries. Results: The strongest risk factor for prostate cancer mortality was animal products, with the nonfat portion of milk and alcohol being somewhat weaker; the strongest risk reduction factors were onions, other protective vegetable products (excluding alcohol, oils, and sweeteners), and solar UV-B radiation. Dietary data for 1979–81 yielded the highest correlations. Conclusions: These results are consistent with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), being an important risk factor for prostate cancer, with alcohol and calcium being less important risk factors, and with allium family vegetables, and, to a lesser extent, vitamin D being important risk reduction factors. These results should provide guidance for additional studies on dietary and environmental links to prostate cancer. # 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Real-Time Sentimental Polarity Classification on Live Social-Media

In recent years, the popularity of social media networks has attracted the attention of researchers, government agencies, politicians and business world alike, as a powerful platform to explore real-time trends. The data generated by these networks offers an opportunity to investigate people's behaviors and activities, but the high velocity and low quality of this data poses some unique challenges. Twitter, an example of social media networks, is particularly popular for this purpose due to its easily accessible API that is open to use for research purposes. Different techniques can be used to analyze patterns from available data. One of such techniques for extracting subjective information from any text such as opinions on various topics is Sentiment Polarity Classification, which quantifies emotions embedded in texts and classifies them as positive, negative or neutral. The focus of this paper is on preparing and analyzing real-time twitter streams to detect real-time trends on a particular topic using Sentiment Polarity Classification. We have used StreamSensing approach and have performed a supervised machine learning on real-time high velocity data using Apache Spark micro-batching technology to classify the opinions and feelings of people in real-time. Appropriate experiments for processing high rate of incoming streams have been carefully designed and conducted on live twitter data. The outcomes of these experiments were analyzed and presented. The findings of this paper fell into two perspectives: theoretical and practical. The theoretical perspective is seen in testing and confirming the validity of StreamSensing approach as well as the introduction of a sentimental polarity algorithm, while practically; this approach can be employed to perform trend analyses on any real-time streams related to live events.
Modified single-beat method for the estimation of ventricular-arterial coupling ratio in the right ventricle

Ventricular performance quantities such as the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (ESPVR) have been the subject of numerous basic science studies, yet their clinical use remains limited, particularly in the right ventricle (RV). This is primarily due to the difficulty of volume measurements in the small, crescent-shaped RV via catheterization. However, such parameters are a superior indicator of ventricular function compared with other hemodynamic measures used in the prognosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), such as pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI). Thus, there is clinical interest in methods that estimate ESPVR and related parameters while being minimally invasive. The aim of this study is to examine one such method, a modified single-beat method which estimates the ventricular-vascular coupling ratio (VVCR), or the ratio of end-systolic ventricular elastance (Ees) to arterial elastance (Ea). Within the single-beat elastance framework, the maximum isovolumic pressure (Pmax,iso) and end-systolic pressure are found; based on a novel assumption about the slopes of Ees and Ea, VVCR is then computed using only pressure. A lower coupling ratio is hypothesized to be a good indicator of RV dysfunction and failure, as represented by the World Health Organization Functional Class (WHO-FC). Furthermore, an initial investigation into a non-invasive form of this method was performed, in which pressure data is obtained from the velocity of the tricuspid regurgitant (TR) jet measured by Doppler ultrasound.
The phylogeny and ontogeny of behavior

Abstract Responses are strengthened by consequences having to do with the survival of individuals and species. With respect to the provenance of behavior, we know more about ontogenic than phylogenic contingencies. The contingencies responsible for unlearned behavior acted long ago. This remoteness affects our scientific methods, both experimental and conceptual. Until we have identified he variables responsible for an event, we tend to invent causes. Explanatory entities such as “instincts,” “drives,” and “traits” still survive. Unable to show how organisms can behave effectively under complex circumstances, we endow them with special abilities permitting them to do so. Behavior exhibited by most members of a species is often accepted as inherited if all members were not likely to have been exposed to relevant ontogenic contingencies. When contingencies are not obvious, it is perhaps unwise to call any behavior either inherited or acquired, as the examples of churring in honey guides and following in imprinted ducklings show. Nor can the relative importance of phylogenic and ontogenic contingencies be argued from instances in which unlearned or learned behavior intrudes or dominates. Intrusions occur in both directions. Behavior influenced by its consequences seems directed toward the future, but only past effects are relevant. The mere fact that behavior is adaptive does not indicate whether phylogenic or ontogenic processes have been responsible for it. Examples include the several possible provenances of imitation, aggression, and communication. The generality of such concepts limits their usefulness. A more specific analysis is needed if we are to deal effectively with the two kinds of contingencies and their products.
Anonymous Multi-Receiver Public Key Encryption 
Based on Lucas Sequences

Multi-receiver encryption enables a sender to encrypt a message and transmit the ciphertext to a set of authorized users, while no one out this group of authorized users can decrypt the message. Multi-receiver encryption is of great importance in many sectors such as broadcast communication, cloud computing, wireless communications, networking applications, e-voting, lottery, and medical applications. This paper proposes an efficient multi-receiver public key encryption scheme based on Lucas sequences. The results of the computational analysis show that, projected scheme is better against renown attacks and prevailing anonymous multireceiver algorithms
Implied Maturity Mismatches and Investor Disagreement

Maturity mismatches (MMs) expose banks to interest rate risk and thus add to the uncertainty and ambiguity of their performance. Given the significance of interest rate risk for banking operations, we study to what extent higher MMs and the increased ambiguity concomitant with them contribute to investor disagreement proxied by trading volume in the banks' equity. We overcome infrequency and opacity of accounting disclosures, which obscure their economic usefulness and the accurate measurements of MMs, by resorting to implied MMs, computed as stock return sensitivities to interest rate changes. We find that implied MMs are positively associated with trading volume, and that the role of returns in this relationship is minimal or null.
A Survey of Mining Online Public Opinions from Twitter on Political Domain Using Machine Learning Techniques

: Informal conversation of public on social media (e.g. twitter, Facebook, replies to particular news) shed light into their experiences (opinions, feelings, and concerns) about the political parties/leaders. Such unstructured data can provide valuable knowledge to political parties and even to public that what is current scenario of politics within that region. Analyzing such data, however, can be challenging. The complexity of public’s experiences about politics/political leaders reflected from social media content requires human interpretation. However, the growing scale of data demands automatic data analysis techniques. In this project, we are going to develop a workflow to integrate both qualitative analysis and large-scale data mining techniques. We focused on public’s Twitter posts, different micro blogging websites where public post their reviews/opinions about political parties/leaders to understand issues and problems that they have with them (political parties/leaders). We are going to conduct a qualitative analysis on samples taken from tweets/micro blogs related to political parties/leaders to identify different sentiments that is negative as well as positive aspects of public. Based on these results, we are going to implement a multi-label classification algorithm to classify tweets/micro blogs. Reflecting public’s reviews about particular political party/leader and we are going to use this algorithm to train detector which will automatically detect sentiments (happy, sad, disgusting, and angry) from tweets and micro blogs.