Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Demystifying the Use of Internal Mammary Vessels as Recipient Vessels in Free Flap Breast Reconstruction

Background: The internal mammary vessels are commonly used as primary recipient vessels for free flap breast reconstruction. However, there is debate about the reliability of the left internal mammary vein. The authors explored the anatomy of the internal mammary vessels as revealed during free flap breast reconstruction to determine whether microvascular complications differed between the left and right sides. Methods: All free flap breast reconstructions performed using internal mammary recipient vessels at the authors’ institution between January of 2000 and December of 2010 were reviewed. The authors compared left and right breast reconstructions for internal mammary vessel diameters and microvascular complications, pedicle thrombosis, and total flap losses. Results: Overall, 1773 free flap breast reconstructions were performed in 1336 patients using the internal mammary vessels: 899 unilateral and 437 bilateral. The left side was used in 904 cases and the right side in 869 cases. Although the mean sizes of the left and right internal mammary arteries (2.44 and 2.47 mm, respectively) did not differ significantly, the left vein was significantly smaller than the right vein (2.47 mm versus 2.93 mm; p = 0.038). The overall rate of venous thrombosis was significantly higher on the left than on the right (3.0 percent versus 2.3 percent; p = 0.028). The rates of flap loss in left and right breast reconstructions did not differ significantly (1.9 percent versus 2.2 percent). Conclusion: Although the left internal mammary vein is smaller than the right and is at higher risk for venous complications, it remains an acceptable recipient vessel for free flap breast reconstruction. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III.
The Effect of Fatty Acids in Goat Milk on Health

It has been recognized that components of foods can be contributing factors in human health and disease prevention. Based on the potential benefits to long-term human health there is interest in developing sustainable nutritional strategies for reducing saturated and increasing specific unsaturated fatty acids in ruminant milk. Despite the lower scale of milk production from goats compared with cows in Europe, there is an increasing interest in goat milk due to inherent species-specific biochemical properties that contribute to nutritional quality. Goat milk has been identified as a viable alternative for consumers that are sensitive or develop allergic reactions to bovine milk.
Comparison of fracture repair in the frog, lizard and rat.

Though much work has been done on fracture repair in mammals, it was felt that before any satisfactory general theory of fracture repair could be formulated, much more must be known about the process as it occurs in other vertebrates. It was therefore decided to investigate the healing of fractures in the frog, lizard and rat, with the object of separating general features from those peculiar to the species or class. Very few previous comparative studies of fracture repair have been made. Fujinami (1901) investigated thirteen species of mammal, bird, reptile and amphibian, but only a few animals were used in each series, and no attempt was made to summarize the results or to deduce general principles from them. Wallis (1928) studied certain aspects of repair in the lizard and rat, but his observations lacked objectivity, as they were used chiefly to support Erdheim's (1914) mechanistic theories. The best and most useful account of repair in Amphibia is that of Wurmbach (1927), who worked with newts, salamanders and frogs.
Carbon sequestration in the trees, products and soils of forest plantations: an analysis using UK examples.

A carbon-flow model for managed forest plantations was used to estimate carbon storage in UK plantations differing in Yield Class (growth rate), thinning regime and species characteristics. Time-averaged, total carbon storage (at equilibrium) was generally in the range 40-80 Mg C ha(-1) in trees, 15-25 Mg C ha(-1) in above- and belowground litter, 70-90 Mg C ha(-1) in soil organic matter and 20-40 Mg C ha(-1) in wood products (assuming product lifetime equalled rotation length). The rate of carbon storage during the first rotation in most plantations was in the range 2-5 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1). A sensitivity analysis revealed the following processes to be both uncertain and critical: the fraction of total woody biomass in branches and roots; litter and soil organic matter decomposition rates; and rates of fine root turnover. Other variables, including the time to canopy closure and the possibility of accelerated decomposition after harvest, were less critical. The lifetime of wood products was not critical to total carbon storage because wood products formed only a modest fraction of the total.The average increase in total carbon storage in the tree-soil-product system per unit increase in Yield Class (m(3) ha(-1) year(-1)) for unthinned Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. plantations was 5.6 Mg C ha(-1). Increasing the Yield Class from 6 to 24 m(3) ha(-1) year(-1) increased the rate of carbon storage in the first rotation from 2.5 to 5.6 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1) in unthinned plantations. Thinning reduced total carbon storage in P. sitchensis plantations by about 15%, and is likely to reduce carbon storage in all plantation types.If the objective is to store carbon rapidly in the short term and achieve high carbon storage in the long term, Populus plantations growing on fertile land (2.7 m spacing, 26-year rotations, Yield Class 12) were the best option examined. If the objective is to achieve high carbon storage in the medium term (50 years) without regard to the initial rate of storage, then plantations of conifers of any species with above-average Yield Classes would suffice. In the long term (100 years), broadleaved plantations of oak and beech store as much carbon as conifer plantations. Mini-rotations (10 years) do not achieve a high carbon storage.
Temperature Sensing Scheme Through Random Telegraph Noise in Contact RRAM

A novel contact resistive random access memory (CRRAM) device based a temperature sensor is proposed and investigated in this letter. By establishing the relationship between CRRAM's random telegraph noise (RTN) signal and temperature, a new temperature sensing scheme is demonstrated for the first time. With a simple comparator circuit, a digital output temperature sensor is successfully implemented based on the temperature-dependent RTN signal. The new sensing scheme is very suitable to low-power low-speed sensor modules.
EGF‐like peptides mediate FSH‐induced maturation of cumulus cell‐enclosed mouse oocytes

This study was carried out to examine the participation of epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐like peptides in the induction of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB) in mouse cumulus cell‐enclosed oocytes (CEO). The EGF‐like peptide, amphiregulin (AR), dose‐dependently stimulated meiotic resumption in CEO, but not denuded oocytes (DO) maintained in meiotic arrest with 300 µM dbcAMP. The EGF receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitor, AG1478, blocked meiotic resumption induced by FSH and AR in CEO, but had no effect in DO. FSH‐induced maturation was also suppressed by antisera to both EGFR and EGF. Maturation occurred with slightly faster kinetics in AR‐stimulated CEO when compared to FSH‐stimulated CEO. When CEO were maintained in meiotic arrest with a low level of dbcAMP, FSH was initially inhibitory to maturation and later stimulatory; the stimulatory phase was prevented by AG1478, indicating mediation by EGF‐like peptides. Pulsing CEO with high levels of dbcAMP also stimulated GVB and could be blocked by AG1478. Treatment of arrested CEO with PKC agonists stimulated maturation and this was prevented with AG1478 as well as antibodies to EGFR. FSH‐induced maturation of dbcAMP‐arrested CEO was blocked by bisindolylmaleimide I (BIM‐I), an inhibitor of PKC, implicating PKC in FSH action. EGF‐stimulated CEO failed to resume maturation in the presence of glycerrhetinic acid, a gap junction inhibitor, suggesting transfer of positive signal through the cell–cell coupling pathway. These data support the idea that EGF‐like peptides provide a common pathway mediating the meiosis‐inducing influence of FSH, cAMP pulsing, and PKC activation in mouse CEO by a gap junction‐dependent process. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75: 105–114, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congruification: support for time scaling large phylogenetic trees

Approaches for efficient statistical estimation of large phylogenies are now available (Bioinformatics, 2006, 22, 2688), and yet we lack adequate tools for synthesizing information from previous analyses into large timetrees. Here, we present a cross‐platform r tool that integrates with tree of life efforts by mapping divergence times from an existing timetree (a ‘reference’) to another uncalibrated phylogeny (a ‘target’) that samples from the same lineage. Leveraging existing methods for rate‐smoothing phylograms, this tool enables the rapid generation of very large timetrees where direct estimation of the timing of lineage diversification is either impracticable or impossible. The primary output of the tool is to return divergence times for nodes resolved as concordant between the reference and target. Given the computed set of secondary calibrations, post hoc tree transformation can be accomplished using existing resources that assume either a strict or relaxed evolutionary clock. Our software is provided open source in the geiger package (http://cran.r-project.org/package=geiger) and is thoroughly demonstrated in the Supporting Information.
Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in anaesthesia.

Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents is one of the most feared complications of anaesthesia. Prevention of aspiration by identification of patients at risk, preoperative fasting, drug treatment and various anaesthetic manoeuvres are cornerstones of safe anaesthetic practice. Not surprisingly, the number of articles and case reports regarding the pulmonary consequences of gastric aspiration is vast and recommendations are often conflicting. We consider briefly the pathophysiology of this condition and examine the evidence regarding incidence, morbidity and mortality, and possible treatment options. In particular, we will consider if our fear of aspiration is exaggerated and what evidence supports the routine use of pharmacological agents to decrease gastric acidity and volume.
Accurate Differentiation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from other Species within the Streptococcus mitis Group by Peak Analysis Using MALDI-TOF MS

Despite the benefits of MALDI-TOF MS technology (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry) reported worldwide and the continuous improving of the available databases, discrimination between Streptococcus pneumoniae and closely related species within the Streptococcus mitis group (SMG) using this methodology has been suboptimal. However, the accurate identification at the species level of this group of microorganisms is important for the appropriate management of infected patients. In this study, 216 SMG isolates -101 S. pneumoniae and 115 corresponding to 7 non-pneumococcal species within this group- were analyzed. All the isolates had been previously identified by conventional methods (optochin and bile solubility tests) and non-pneumococcal isolates were confirmed by sequence analysis (sodA and plys genes) when required. The isolates were also identified with the MALDI Biotyper 3.1 (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) using an updated library containing 6,903 Main Spectra Profiles (MSPs). All the analyzed S. pneumoniae were correctly identified with MALDI-TOF MS at species level using the most updated database and all the non-pneumococcal SMG isolates were also identified at the group level. Several peaks (4,964.32, 6,888.90, and 9,516.46 m/z) have been found to be specific of S. pneumoniae, whilst a different set of peaks have proved to be present only in S. mitis (6,839.07 m/z) and S. oralis (5,297.61, 5822.53, and 6,839.07 m/z). Peak analysis allowed correct species assignment of 101/101 S. pneumoniae isolates (100%) and 102/105 S. mitis/oralis isolates (97.1%). Thus, the implementation of MALDI-TOF MS plus peak analysis for the identification of this group of microorganisms may provide precise species-level information that will allow the early implementation of directed antibiotic therapy.
Online Dynamic Smooth Path Planning for an Articulated Vehicle

This article proposes a novel online dynamic smooth path planning scheme based on a bug like modified path planning algorithm for an articulated vehicle under limited and sensory reconstructed surrounding static environment. In the general case collision avoidance techniques can be performed by altering the articulated steering angle to drive the front and rear parts of the articulated vehicle away from the obstacles. In the presented approach factors such as the real dynamics of the articulated vehicle, the initial and the goal configuration (displacement and orientation), minimum and total travel distance between the current and the goal points, and the geometry of the operational space are taken under consideration to calculate the update on the future way points for the articulated vehicle. In the sequel the produced path planning is being online and iteratively smoothen by the utilization of Bezier lines before producing the necessary rate of change for the vehicle’s articulated angle. The efficiency of the proposed scheme is being evaluated by multiple simulation studies.
Diversidade genética entre raças caprinas locais e exóticas criadas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos.

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar a diversidade genetica de populacoes de caprinos criados no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. Dez racas, entre comerciais e raras, totalizando 275 individuos, foram genotipadas com o uso de 26 microssatelites. Foram detectados 251 alelos distintos nas dez populacoes avaliadas, variando de 3 a 22 com media de 10 alelos por locus. Todas as populacoes apresentaram altos niveis de heterozigosidade, sendo mais elevada na Spanish. Alelos privados foram encontrados nas racas avaliadas, no entanto, presentes em baixas frequencias, mas as populacoes Angora, Spanish, Nambi, e Boer-Brasil, apresentaram alelos privados acima de 5% (P>0,05). Na arvore de parentesco, os Boers se posicionaram em um mesmo galho, distante das demais racas que por sua vez se colocaram distintamente conforme a sua origem geografica. As racas Marota e Azul estao proximas e nao muito distantes da Nambi. Ja a proximidade entre Myotonic e La Mancha foi inesperada, dadas as suas funcoes de producao serem distintas, mas da apoio a hipotese de que ambas as racas foram inicialmente derivadas do Criollo Espanhol. A Angora, que se originou na Turquia e, portanto, a unica raca no estudo, perto dos centros de domesticacao se posicionou isolada, mas nao em uma posicao extrema quanto os Boers. Os resultados mostram que as racas criadas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos sao semelhantes, mas distintas entre si abrindo caminho para a utilizacao em cruzamentos.
CHAPTER 2 1 H-NMR Determination of Base Pair Lifetimes in Oligonucleotides Containing Single Base Mismatches

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is employed to characterize the kinetics of base-pair opening in a series of nine-mer duplexes containing different single base mismatches. The imino protons from the different mismatched as well as fully matched duplexes are assigned from the imino-imino region in the WATERGATE NOESY spectra. The exchange kinetics of the imino protons are measured from selective longitudinal relaxation times. In the limit of infinite exchange catalyst concentration, the exchange times of the mismatch imino protons extrapolate to much shorter lifetimes than commonly observed for an isolated GC base pair. Different mismatches exhibit different orders of base-pair lifetimes, e.g. a TT mismatch has a shorter base-pair lifetime than a GG mismatch. The effect of the mismatch was observed up to a distance of two neighboring base pairs. This indicates that disruption in the duplex caused by the mismatch is quite localized. The overall order of base-pair lifetimes in the selected sequence context of the base pair is GC > GG > AA > CC > AT > TT. Interestingly, the fully matched AT base-pair has a shorter base-pair lifetime relative to many of the mismatches. Thus, in any given base pair, the exchange lifetime can exhibit a strong dependence on sequence context. These findings may be relevant to the way mismatch recognition is accomplished by proteins and small molecules.
Evaluation of Large Integer Multiplication Methods on Hardware

Multipliers requiring large bit lengths have a major impact on the performance of many applications, such as cryptography, digital signal processing (DSP) and image processing. Novel, optimised designs of large integer multiplication are needed as previous approaches, such as schoolbook multiplication, may not be as feasible due to the large parameter sizes. Parameter bit lengths of up to millions of bits are required for use in cryptography, such as in lattice-based and fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) schemes. This paper presents a comparison of hardware architectures for large integer multiplication. Several multiplication methods and combinations thereof are analysed for suitability in hardware designs, targeting the FPGA platform. In particular, the first hardware architecture combining Karatsuba and Comba multiplication is proposed. Moreover, a hardware complexity analysis is conducted to give results independent of any particular FPGA platform. It is shown that hardware designs of combination multipliers, at a cost of additional hardware resource usage, can offer lower latency compared to individual multiplier designs. Indeed, the proposed novel combination hardware design of the Karatsuba-Comba multiplier offers lowest latency for integers greater than 512 bits. For large multiplicands, greater than 16,384 bits, the hardware complexity analysis indicates that the NTT-Karatsuba-Schoolbook combination is most suitable.
Toward a scientific ontology based concept of function

Abstract Function is an ambiguous concept, whereas having explicit and precise concepts is critical for building a systematic science of engineering design. Based on Bunge's scientific ontology, this paper is devoted to developing an explicit and precise concept of function for design science. First, we attempt to clarify the concept of behavior, which is closely related to function and is also shown as an ambiguous concept in engineering. Second, the concept of action is imported from scientific ontology into design science. Third, a scientific ontology based concept of function is proposed, together with an ontology-based functional taxonomy. A case of a function definition of a civil aircraft type demonstrates that the proposed concept of function is more explicit and precise than previous ones, and it can lead to better functional design results.
Non Cognitive Neuropsychiatric Impairments in AlzheimerÃ¢ÂÂs Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most frequent neurodegenerative disorders. AD is usually associated with non-cognitive neuropsychiatric impairment (NCNI) as apathy, depression, anxiety, emotional labiality, sleep disorders. Methods: 131 patients with AD (mild, moderate degree) were included in the investigation according to the diagnostic criteria of DSM IV and MKB 10. 45 AD patients were on galantamine, 43-memantin and 43-combined therapy. The control group includes 45 patients. In our investigation in the main group of AD patients the duration of the disease was from 6 months to 4.3 years, on average 3.3 years. Standard neuropsychological an investigation was performed in AD and control group which included the following tests- MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination, FAB: Frontal Assessment Battery), clock drawing test, 12 world list immediate and delayed recall (subscore, total). Neuropsychiatric investigation includes neuropsychyatric inventory (NPI-Cummings). Results: Correlation analysis between cognitive and non-cognitive neuropsychiatric impairments in combined group showed Total NPI-MMSE, r=-0.312, p=0.032; Total NPI-FAB, r=-0.41, p=0.03, Total NPI-FAB, r=-0.41 p=0.03, Apathy-12 world delayed recall (total), r=-0.45 p=0.001, Apathy-12 world learning test delayed recall with help r=-0.45 p=0.001, Sleep scale-12 word learning test immediate recall (r=+0.44 N=0.03, Sleep disorders-12 worlds learning test-delayed recall r=+0.55 N=0.001). Correlation between NPI and EEG data showed Total NPI-spectral power in Ð¢3, r=+0.46 p=0.048, Depression-spectral power of delta in Ði3 r=+0.34 p=0.032, Depression-spectral power of theta band in Ði4 r=+0.32 p=0.032, Apathy-spectral power in theta band in Ði3, r=+0.37 N=0.01, Apathy-spectral power in theta band in Ði4 r=+0.33 p=0.031, Emotional liability-spectral power in delta F1 r=+0.47 N=0.027, Emotional liability-spectral power in F2 r=+0.46 p=0.049, Total NPI-intra hemispheric coherence of theta in Ð¢3-T4 r=-0.45 p=0.048, Depression- Intra hemispheric coherence in Ði3-C4 r=-0.35 p=0.033, Ðpathy-Intra hemispheric coherence in Ði3-Ði4 r=-0.45 p=0.048, Ðpathy-Intra hemispheric coherence of theta in T3-T4 r=-0.32 p=0.03, Emotional liability-Intra hemispheric coherence in F1-F2 r=-0.46 N=0.026, Emotional liability-Intra hemispheric coherence in T3-T4 r=-0.47 p=0.048. Conclusion: There were found significant correlations between cognitive and non-cognitive neuropsychiatric impairments. So the data gives significant possibility to think that NCNI are the obligatory sign of AD.
Dynamic polymorphism in Fortran 95: how submodules can help

This article discusses the implementation of generic list or tree structures in Fortran 95 via emulation of dynamic polymorphism. The method allows the unified handling of multiple kinds of information structures [1] using a single intermediate module. It is shown that a well-designed implementation additionally requires the use of the submodule feature as described in the Technical Report ISO/IEC 19767.
[ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes trial) becoming "two-tone"].

l 3.5 years into the ACCORD study, analysis showed that, in the intensive glycaemic target group, death from cardiovascular (CV) causes was increased significantly by 35% and all-cause mortality was increased by 22% compared with standard treatment (ACCORD Study Group, 2008). Non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) was reduced by 24% in the intensive target group compared to the standard group. l As a result, the intensive group were transitioned to the standard group over 0.2 years and followed for an additional mean 1.2 years to the planned end of the glucose trial, while continuing to participate in one of the other subtrials (Figure 1). l The increase in the primary outcome was unexplained and caused confusion over what glycaemic targets were appropriate in those with longer-duration diabetes, as tight, intensive treatment was known to reduce the risk of microvascular complications (Dahl, 2008).
A 10GHz UWB CMOS LNA

This paper presents a 10 Ghz bandwidth 50 Omega input matching monolithic LNA, designed by implementing the noise cancellation technique (NCT) [2] for a CMOS transistor on single input amplifier architecture. The noise figure (NF) performance of the new proposed amplifier is as low as 2.3 dB@2 Ghz. The gain of the amplifier is higher than 20 dB@10 Ghz, the IP3 is 5 dBm@6 Ghz and its power consumption is smaller than 20 mW at 1.20 V voltage supply.