Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regional astrogliosis in the mouse hypothalamus in response to obesity

Obesity is associated with chronic low‐grade inflammation in peripheral tissues, which contributes to the development of comorbidities such as insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. While less extensively characterized, obesity also promotes inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) and the consequences of this inflammation for CNS function are only beginning to be examined. In response to CNS insults such as inflammation, astrocytes undergo a process of hypertrophy and hyperplasia known as reactive astrogliosis. We used immunohistochemistry to examine the differential distribution of the astrocyte marker glial‐fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the brains of diet‐induced or genetically obese mice compared with their respective lean controls to determine whether different nuclei of the hypothalamus showed comparable astrogliosis in response to obesity. The areas that showed the highest differential GFAP immunoreactivity between lean and obese animals include the medial preoptic, paraventricular, and dorsomedial nuclei. Comparatively, little astrogliosis was seen in the ventromedial nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, or anterior hypothalamic area. In obese animals high levels of GFAP immunoreactivity were often associated with the microvasculature. There were no differences in the differential distribution of GFAP staining between obese animals and their lean controls in the diet‐induced compared with the genetic model of obesity. The exact cause(s) of the astrogliosis in obesity is not known. The finding that obesity causes a distinct pattern of elevated GFAP immunoreactivity associated with microvessels suggests that the astrogliosis may be occurring as a response to changes at the blood–brain barrier and/or in the peripheral circulation. J. Comp. Neurol. , 521:1322–1333, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
de Brot, Simone and Ntekim, Atara and Cardenas, Ryan and James, Victoria and Allegrucci, Cinzia and Heery, David M. and Bates, David O. and Ødum, Niels and Persson, Jenny L. and Mongan,

29 Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy affecting men in the western world. 30 While radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy can successfully treat a majority of patients, 31 up to ~30% will experience local recurrence or metastatic disease. Prostate carcinogenesis and 32 progression is typically an androgen dependent process. For this reason, therapies for recurrent 33 PCa target androgen biosynthesis and androgen receptor function. Whilst such androgen 34 deprivation therapies (ADT) are effective initially, the duration of response is typically ≤24 35 months. While ADT and taxane based chemotherapy have delivered survival benefits, 36 metastatic prostate cancer remains incurable. Therefore it is essential to establish the cellular 37 and molecular mechanisms which enable localized prostate cancers to invade and disseminate. 38 It has long been accepted that metastases requires angiogenesis. In this review we will examine 39 the essential role for angiogenesis in PCa metastases and in particular we will focus on current 40 understanding of the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in localized and 41 metastatic PCa. We will highlight recent advances in understanding the role of VEGF in 42 regulating interaction of cancer cells with tumor-associated immune cells during metastatic 43 process of PCa. We will summarize the established mechanisms of transcriptional and post44 transcriptional regulation of VEGF in prostate cancer cells and will outline the molecular insights 45 obtained from pre-clinical animal models of prostate cancer. Finally we will summarize the 46 current state of anti-angiogenesis therapies for PCa and how existing therapies impact on 47 VEGF signalling. 48 Page 2 of 33
# SQuADGoals : A Comparative Analysis of Models for Closed Domain Question Answering

The task of machine comprehension has long been one of the greatest unsolved tasks in natural language processing. Thanks to a proliferation of datasets, numerous deep neural architectures have been created. We implemented two such architectures: the Match-LSTM with Answer Pointer[1] and a flavor of Dynamic Coattention Networks[2]. Our end-to-end models are able to exceed an existing logistic regression baseline with millions of derived features without having to perform any feature extraction, demonstrating the neural architectures are well poised to be the dominant model for conquering QA.
Energy-efficient gait generation for biped robot based on the passive inverted pendulum model

SUMMARY From the viewpoint of the system's mechanical energy, the passive inverted pendulum model (PIPM) is proposed for the generation of more energy-efficient biped gait pattern. The generated walking pattern, based on the PIPM, enables the fully actuated biped robots to closely mimic the behavior of stable passive walking, so that it can have good energy-efficiency, which is the inherent advantage of the passive system. Furthermore, the pattern generation method is extended to any desired terrain as well. As for SHR-1, the first-generation biped robot of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, gait synthesis is clarified in detail. Finally, the walking experiments are carried out on SHR-1, and the effectiveness of the proposed pattern generation method is confirmed.
The use of esmolol to attenuate the haemodynamic response when extubating patients following cardiac surgery--a double-blind controlled study.

We have assessed the cardiovascular changes associated with emergence from anaesthesia, reversal of neuromuscular blockade and extubation in a group of 14 patients immediately after coronary artery bypass graft surgery had been completed. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either esmolol 500 micrograms.kg-1 over 1 min followed by 100 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 or placebo starting prior to reversal. Significant hypertension and tachycardia occurred in the placebo group, whilst these changes were prevented by the administration of esmolol.
A cell-specific factor represses stimulation of transcription in vitro by transcriptional enhancer factor 1

Transcription in HeLa cell extracts in vitro was stimulated 8- to 10-fold by a recombinant chimera, GAL-TEF-1, consisting of the DNA-binding domain of GAL4 and the activation function of the HeLa cell activator TEF-1. In contrast, only a 2- to 3-fold stimulation was obtained with GAL-TEF-1 in extracts from BJA-B lymphoid cells. Stimulation by GAL-TEF-1 in BJA-B extracts was dramatically increased by the addition of immunopurified HeLa cell TFIID, suggesting that BJA-B TFIID lacks or contains lower quantities of a TATA-binding-protein-associated factor(s) required for the activity of the TEF-1 activation function. However, chromatography, immunopurification, and transcriptional reconstitution experiments indicated that BJA-B extracts did not lack the previously identified TATA-binding-protein-associated factors required for TEF-1 activity but rather contained a negatively acting factor(s) which inhibited transactivation by GAL-TEF-1. These results indicate that the relative lack of activity of the TEF-1 activation function in vitro in BJA-B cell extracts does not result from the absence of positively acting factors from the presence of a cell-specific negatively acting factor(s).
FLOW THROUGH THE REED CHANNEL OF A SINGLE REED MUSIC INSTRUMENT

A simple analytical model of the stationary flow through the mouthpiece of a single reed music instrument is developed. Preliminary measurements of the non—stationary volume flow through an oscillating valve (as used in organ pipes) and a clarinet reed are presented. In both cases the flux induced by the reed motion is observed.
Promoter Hypermethylation of the ATM Gene as a Novel Biomarker for Breast Cancer

Background: Breast cancer may be induced by activation of protooncogenes to oncogenes and in many cases inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is an important tumor suppressor gene which plays central roles in the maintenance of genomic integrity by activating cell cycle checkpoints and promoting repair of double-strand breaks of DNA. In breast cancer, decrease ATM expression correlates with a poor outcome; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying downregulation are still unclear. Promoter hypermethylation may contribute in downregulation. Hence the present investigation was designed to evaluate promoter methylation and expression of the ATM gene in breast cancer cases, and to determine links with clinical and demographic manifestations, in a South Indian population. Methods: Tumor biopsy samples were collected from 50 pathologically confirmed sporadic breast cancer cases. DNA was isolated from tumor and adjacent non-tumorous regions, and sodium bisulfite conversion and methylation-specific PCR were performed using MS-PCR primers for the ATM promoter region. In addition, ATM mRNA expression was also analyzed for all samples using real-time PCR. Results: Fifty eight percent (58%) of cancer tissue samples showed promoter hypermethylation for the ATM gene, in contrast to only 4.44% of normal tissues (p= 0.0001). Furthermore, ATM promoter methylation was positively associated with age (p = 0.01), tumor size (p=0.045) and advanced stage of disease i.e. stages III and IV (p =0.019). An association between promoter hypermethylation and lower expression of ATM mRNA was also found (p=0.035). Conclusion: We report for the first time that promoter hypermethylation of ATM gene may be useful as a potential new biomarker for breast cancer, especially in the relatively young patients.
Protein identification by capillary zone electrophoresis/microelectrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry at the subfemtomole level.

A method for the identification of proteins by their amino acid sequence at the low-femtomole to subfemtomole sensitivity level is described. It is based on an integrated system consisting of a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) instrument coupled to an electrospray ionization triple- quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (ESI-MS/MS) via a microspray interface. The method consists of proteolytic fragmentation of a protein, peptide separation by CZE, analysis of separated peptides by ESI-MS/MS, and identification of the protein by correlation of the collision-induced dissociation (CID) patterns of selected peptides with the CID patterns predicted from all the isobaric peptides in a sequence database. Using standard peptides applied to a 20-microns-i.d. capillary, we demonstrate an ESI-MS limit of detection of less than 300 amol and CID spectra suitable for searching sequence databases obtained with 600 amol of sample applied to the capillary. Successful protein identification by the method was demonstrated by applying 50 and 38 fmol of a tryptic digest of the proteins beta-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin, respectively, to the system.
Total parenteral nutrition in germfree colostrum-deprived neonatal miniature piglets: a unique model to study the ontogeny of the immune system.

In order to investigate the regulatory role of the immune system on gastrointestinal macromolecular permeability in neonates, and ontogeny of the neonatal immune system, we have developed a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) program capable of maintaining immunologically "virgin" germfree (GF) neonatal piglets. GF colostrum-deprived piglets obtained by aseptic hysterectomy 3-5 days prior to term were denied any oral feeding and maintained on central venous hyperalimentation in the GF isolators. GF piglets were anesthetized and 20-gauge silicone tubing was inserted into the external jugular vein and advanced to the level of right auricle of the heart. The distal end of the cannula was subcutaneously tunneled out between the shoulders and attached to a light jacket, tether, and swivel assembly that allowed the piglet to move freely inside the cage in a germfree unit. The TPN formula provided 60 Cal/kg/day for the first day and gradually increased up to 165 Cal/kg/day for day-7 and older piglets. The GF piglets were maintained on the TPN formula for 21 days and weight gain of the GF-TPN piglets averaged 23 g/day. The hematologic and serum biochemical parameters of GF-TPN piglets were within the normal range of gnotobiotic animals of their age group. The serum levels of total protein and albumin in the GF-TPN piglets were significantly less than those of colostrum-fed piglets, who absorbed a large quantity of the colostral macromolecules through their gastrointestinal tract into the blood stream. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The hybrid Brain-Computer Interface: a bridge to assistive technology?

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) can be extended by other input signals to form a so-called hybrid BCI (hBCI). Such an hBCI allows the processing of several input signals with at least one brain signal for control purposes, i.e. communication and environmental control. This work shows the principle, technology and application of hBCIs and discusses future objectives.
Harmonics mitigation by using shunt active power filter under different load condition

Power electronics devices when connected to power system draw reactive power and causes harmonics. They cause distortion in current and voltage waveform, capacitor failure; resonance problem, power factor problems etc. In order to improve the performance it is highly required to eliminate the harmonics and compensate the reactive power in the supply system. Passive filters were used previously for reactive power and harmonics compensation but they have resonance problems, larger in size and effect of source impedance on performance etc. In this paper we design shunt active power filter (SAPF) by using d-q method which will eliminate the harmonics from power utility system and the reference current generate here continuously monitoring the reactive power flow and harmonics reduction from the distorted wave form.
The Guillain-Barré syndrome and the 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 influenza vaccines.

BACKGROUND The number of reports of influenza-vaccine-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome to the national Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System increased from 37 in 1992-1993 to 74 in 1993-1994, arousing concern about a possible increase in vaccine-associated risk. METHODS Patients given a diagnosis of the Guillain-Barré syndrome in the 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 influenza-vaccination seasons were identified in the hospital-discharge data bases of four states. Vaccination histories were obtained by telephone interviews during 1995-1996 and were confirmed by the vaccine providers. Disease with an onset within six weeks after vaccination was defined as vaccine-associated. Vaccine coverage in the population was measured through a random-digit-dialing telephone survey. RESULTS We interviewed 180 of 273 adults with the Guillain-Barré syndrome; 15 declined to participate, and the remaining 78 could not be contacted. The vaccine providers confirmed influenza vaccination in the six weeks before the onset of Guillain-Barré syndrome for 19 patients. The relative risk of the Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with vaccination, adjusted for age, sex, and vaccine season, was 1.7 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 2.8; P=0.04). The adjusted relative risks were 2.0 for the 1992-1993 season (95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 4.3) and 1.5 for the 1993-1994 season (95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 2.9). In 9 of the 19 vaccine-associated cases, the onset was in the second week after vaccination, all between day 9 and day 12. CONCLUSIONS There was no increase in the risk of vaccine-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome from 1992-1993 to 1993-1994. For the two seasons combined, the adjusted relative risk of 1.7 suggests slightly more than one additional case of Guillain-Barré syndrome per million persons vaccinated against influenza.
Co‐Stimulation with anti‐CD28 (Kolt‐2) enhances DNA synthesis by defective T cells in common variable immunodeficiency

In normal T cells, an ann‐CD28 MoAb (Kolt‐2) will synergize with the mitogenic stimuli Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). anti‐CD3 (OKT3) or a combination of anti‐CD2 antibodies (OKT11 and GT2) in the induction of DNA synthesis. A subgroup of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) show a defect in DNA synthesis by T cells stimulated in vitro with the above mitogens. We have now investigated whether anti‐CD28 will correct the defect. This strategy partially restored DNA synthesis, providing evidence that the CD28 co‐stimulatory pathway in CVID T cells is normal. Ligation of CT28 acts through co‐stimulating IL‐2 secretion. The natural ligand (B7) for CD28 on antigen‐presenting cells from CVID patients is expressed normally. We conclude that the defect in CVID T cells lies in pathways that lead to transcription of the IL‐2 gene other than that induced by ligation of CD2K with Kolt‐2.
The Reasonableness of Independence : A Conversation from Condorcet and Borda to Arrow and Saari

A conversation has been going on for over 200 years that is not concluded (nor will this paper conclude it). Is it normatively appropriate to impose a condition of independence of irrelevant alternatives on choice or ordering rules? This paper reviews the conversation since it began in 1784. It sides with Arrow against Saari. The transparency of the Borda rule is simultaneously its theoretical beauty and its practical horror. It is just Borda’s violation of IIA that makes it a non-starter for real-world use. The Reasonableness of Independence: A Conversation from Condorcet and Borda to Arrow and Saari A conversation has been going on for over 200 years that is not concluded (nor will this paper conclude it). Is it normatively appropriate to impose a condition of independence of irrelevant alternatives on choice or ordering rules? The conversation began in 1784, with the publication of Borda’s On Elections by Ballot (Mémoire sur les elections au scrutiny) in the Mémoires de l’académie Royale des Sciences année 1781. The Histoire et Mémoires de l’académie Royale des Sciences was the leading scientific journal in the world. In 1784 it was running three years in arrears, a feat which puts the current record of, say, the APSR into perspective. The layout of the journal was that copied and still followed 200 years later by a number of the top scientific journals today, such as Nature and The Lancet. The opening section, the Histoire, contains the leading articles. These draw the reader’s attention to the most important scientific discoveries in the journal, and are written by the editor. The following section, the Mémoires, contain the papers themselves. The editor of the Histoire et Mémoires in 1784 was the Perpetual Secretary of the Academy of Sciences, the Marquis de Condorcet. Condorcet was quite self-consciously the gatekeeper of French and therefore of world science (see especially Baker 1975 passim esp. pp. 35-55). France was, as the USA is now, the locus of the best academies and the best journals. In the French model, followed in much of Europe and the former Soviet Union, scientific research concentrated not in the universities but in the national academies of science. The royal Academy in Paris was the senior academy, whose secretary exchanged papers and scientists with the daughter academies in St Petersburg, Berlin, Bologna, and Philadelphia (viz., his friend Benjamin Franklin’s American Philosophical Society). Thus did Bernoulli and Diderot go to St Petersburg, rather as visiting Americans now go to less enlightened places such as Paris and Oxford.
Optimized coding scheme for class-S amplifiers

This paper is based on a voltage-mode class-S power amplifier for the 450 MHz band using GaN-MMICs. To optimize back-off performance, the conventional topology is modified and the circuit is operated using different coding schemes for the input signal. While for the classical band-pass delta-sigma modulation, a peak output power of 2.3 W with 38% drain efficiency is obtained, tests using a pulse-width modulation approach yield significant improvements, with a maximum output power of 3 W with more than 80% drain efficiency. At 6 dB and 10 dB power back-off, 60% and 40% efficiency are achieved, respectively.
Enveloping Surfaces and Admissible Velocities of Heavy Rigid Bodies

The general Euler-Poisson problem of rigid body motion is investigated. We study the three-dimensional algebraic level surfaces of the first integrals, and their topological bifurcations. The main result of this article is an analytical and qualitatively complete description of the projections of these integral manifolds to the body-fixed space of angular velocities. We classify the possible types of these invariant sets and analyze the dependence of their topology on the parameters of the body and the constants of the first integrals. Particular emphasis is given to the enveloping surfaces of the sets of admissible angular velocities. Their pre-images in the reduced phase space induce a Heegaard splitting which lends itself for a general choice of complete Poincare surfaces of section, irrespective of whether or not the system is integrable.
Differential N-demethylation of l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) and norLAAM by cytochrome P450s 2B6, 2C18, and 3A4.

Incubation of l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) or norLAAM with cDNA-expressed P450s 3A4, 2B6, and 2C18 produced significant N-demethylation products. P450s 2C19, 2C8, 3A5, 2C9, 3A7, 1A1, and 2D6 (norLAAM only), also produced detectable product. Coexpression of cytochrome b(5) enhanced LAAM N-demethylation, most dramatically for 3A4, but had marginal effects on norLAAM N-demethylation. Modeling total liver metabolism using immunoquantification and relative activity factors of P450s suggests contributions of P450 3A4 > 2B6 > 2C18, with the importance of 2B6 to 2C isozymes enhanced by relative activity factors. The ratio of dinorLAAM to norLAAM plus dinorLAAM formed from LAAM did not exceed 20%, and was isozyme and cytochrome b(5) coexpression dependent. This ratio decreased with concentration with 3A4, but was relatively constant for 2B6 and 2C18. The human liver microsomes substrate-concentration response was similar to cDNA-expressed 3A4, but the ratio was higher. Changes in the environment of cDNA-expressed 3A4 also effected the magnitude of the ratio, but not the concentration-dependent decrease. These studies show that the N-demethylation of LAAM and norLAAM is not restricted to P450 3A4, particularly P450s 2B6 and 2C18, and suggest that the mechanism of sequential metabolism for 3A4 differs from that of 2B6 and 2C18.
Correspondence re: A. Müller et al., Exclusion of breast cancer as an integral tumor of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer Res., 62: 1014-1019, 2002.

In the February 15, 2002 issue of Cancer Research , Muller et al. [(1)][1] report on exclusion of breast cancer as an integral tumor of HNPCC. [1][2] To investigate a proposed association between breast cancer and HNPCC, Muller et al. [(1)][1] investigated MSI in a series of 27 female patients who