Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FLUCCS: using code and change metrics to improve fault localization

Fault localization aims to support the debugging activities of human developers by highlighting the program elements that are suspected to be responsible for the observed failure. Spectrum Based Fault Localization (SBFL), an existing localization technique that only relies on the coverage and pass/fail results of executed test cases, has been widely studied but also criticized for the lack of precision and limited effort reduction. To overcome restrictions of techniques based purely on coverage, we extend SBFL with code and change metrics that have been studied in the context of defect prediction, such as size, age and code churn. Using suspiciousness values from existing SBFL formulas and these source code metrics as features, we apply two learn-to-rank techniques, Genetic Programming (GP) and linear rank Support Vector Machines (SVMs). We evaluate our approach with a ten-fold cross validation of method level fault localization, using 210 real world faults from the Defects4J repository. GP with additional source code metrics ranks the faulty method at the top for 106 faults, and within the top five for 173 faults. This is a significant improvement over the state-of-the-art SBFL formulas, the best of which can rank 49 and 127 faults at the top and within the top five, respectively.
A policy implementation analysis of the Recreation Fee Demonstration Program: convergence of public sentiment, agency programs, and policy principles?

In this paper I examine the relationships among ( 1) a set of principles to guide the design and implementation of recreation fee programs; (2) agency fee programs, objectives and actions; and ( 3) public sentiment toward recreation fees. The premise of this paper is that agency fee programs would benefit from a convergence of these three factors. A set of guiding principles was adopted from Manning and others (1996). Public sentiment toward recreation fees was obtained from numerous sources, including scholarly and popular publications, newspaper articles, Congressional testimony, visitor survey data, and internal agency fee demonstration site evaluations. Twenty (20) distinct concerns regarding recreation fees were identified. Material on implementation of the Recreation Fee Demonstration Program was collected from each of the four administering agencies and examined to identify agency objectives or actions related to any of the identified public concerns or any of the guiding principles. Of the 20 public concerns identified, at least five are political or philosophical in nature, and three are probably best characterized as research questions. These eight concerns are likely beyond the direct control of agencies to address when designing and implementing fee programs. Of the remaining 12 public concerns, agency fee programs appear to adequately address four. With some exceptions, the agencies have done an adequate job of operationalizing the guiding principles. There are four principles, however, that the agencies do not appear to be operationalizing adequately. The final area of analysis is whether or not the guiding principles articulated by Manning and others (1996) adequately address public concerns about fees. There are five concerns that are not adequately addressed by the principles. The agencies authorized by the fee demonstration legislation have a responsibility to look beyond the general nature of the legislation and undertalce a more rigorous examination of the broader implications of their fee programs. Fee programs, as implemented by the agencies, need to have objectives beyond raising revenue and deciding what to spend it on, because charging and paying fees have implications that go far beyond that. One recommendation would be for agencies to develop specific objectives for their fee programs that clearly reflect broader agency policy and philosophy. In addition, agencies need to more clearly articulate their criteria for determining when (for what) to charge fees.
Corridors of Influence in the Dissemination of Customer-Oriented Strategy to Customer Contact Service Employees

It is widely held that a customer-oriented firm is more likely to deliver exceptional service quality and create satisfied customers. However, little research has addressed the question of how the orientation can be disseminated among employees throughout the firm. This dissemination is especially important in service firms in which frontline, customer contact employees are responsible for translating a customer-oriented strategy into quality service. The authors propose a structural model that explains how service firms can disseminate their customer-oriented strategy by aligning the strategy with specific management- and employee-initiated control mechanisms (i.e., formalization, empowerment, behavior-based employee evaluation, and work group socialization) that lead to increased commitment and shared values on the part of customer contact employees. The findings indicate that there are three “corridors of influence” between customer-oriented strategy and shared employee values. The dominant corridor, which focuses on dual (management- and employee-initiated) control, emphasizes the importance of work group socialization and organizational commitment in the dissemination of customer-oriented strategy. A secondary corridor focuses on two management-initiated control mechanisms: formalization and behavior-based evaluation. The final corridor, which focuses on the empowerment of customer contact employees, has a more limited impact than originally hypothesized. The authors discuss implications for the implementation of customer-oriented strategy and the management of customer contact employees, along with several directions for further research.
Sensory mechanisms: transmitters, modulators and reflexes

The enteric nervous system in combination with inputs from parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves regulate the contractile, secretory and vasomotor activity of the gastrointestinal track via neural reflexes. Sensory elements which may be present in specialized neurones, enteroendocrine cells or mast cells detect changes in force, chemical composition or even foreign antigens. Sensory elements signal the enteric nervous system to correct these changes by altering contractile activity, secretion and blood flow. Advances have been made in understanding the sensory mechanisms that are involved in 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) release from enterochromaffin cells (EC) or a model for EC cells. These advances relate to roles for ATP and its metabolites ADP and adenosine in mechanotransduction and a role for a sodium glucose cotransporter, a SGLT‐like protein, in chemotransduction.
Craniofacial growth in ectodermal dysplasia. An 8 year longitudinal evaluation of Italian subjects.

OBJECTIVE To identify the main directions of growth of facial structures in subjects with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED). MATERIALS AND METHODS The 3D noninvasive facial measurements were collected in 12 subjects (6 boys, 6 girls) with HED during four assessments (at 8, 11, 12, and 15 years) using an electromagnetic digitizer. The modifications of linear distances in the upper, middle, and lower third of the face were analyzed and compared with cross-sectional data obtained in normal healthy coetaneous. For each distance, differential values between the last and the initial data were calculated individually, separately for a first (8-11 years) and a second growth period (12-15 years). RESULTS In the first time span, the growth of all facial measurements was reduced in HED subjects compared with control subjects. During this interval, most of the HED children underwent a functional and/or prosthetic treatment. During adolescence, the width and height of the lower and upper facial thirds showed a larger growth in HED subjects than in control subjects, while all facial depths and all distances in the middle facial third maintained a reduced growth. CONCLUSIONS The deviation from normal facial growth of HED subjects tends to lessen with age. Functional and prosthetic appliances may have enhanced facial growth.
The development of Ethernet based radar and ECDIS image processing for Voyage Data Recorder

The function of radar image recording in VDR (Voyage Data Recorder) installed on a ship has been adapted in IMO constraint regulations. For this function, a VDR should be equipped with the dedicated recording device called “Image Grabber”. Recently, as the number of radar on a ship has increased, the number of image grabber also has been increased proportionally. However this structure has lack of scalability. As a result, it could cause to rising costs and drop a competitive price. MSC.333(90) which is international standard related for VDR performances describes that both radar and ECDIS(Electronic Chart Display and Information System) image also should be store in final storage medium. And ECDIS image data should be sent through the Ethernet interface which is described in IEC 61162-450. In this paper, we proposed the technology of radar and ECDIS image processing based on Ethernet for VDR to overcome rising costs and to follow the recent trends of the data communication method.
Effects of resuscitation fluid on neurologic physiology after cerebral trauma and hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND The current standard of care for fluid resuscitation of hemorrhagic hypotensive patients involves the use of crystalloid solutions. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often associated with hemorrhage and hypotension, which can contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Guidelines for the choice of fluid resuscitation and the use of red blood cell transfusions are not yet clear in the context of brain injury. METHODS Various fluid resuscitation strategies were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats using fresh blood, normal saline, hypertonic saline, and albumin fluid resuscitation protocols. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and cerebral oximetry were assessed in hemorrhaged groups and the mean population spike amplitudes (PSA) from the hippocampus were examined in fluid percussion injured (FPI) animals subject to hemorrhage and fluid resuscitation. RESULTS MAP in control animals, hemorrhage and hemorrhage + albumin treated groups was 82.4 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, 55.7 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, and 97.0 +/- 3.4 mm Hg, respectively. Arterial PaO2 was higher in albumin-treated animals relative to other fluid alternatives. Regional tissue oxygen tension (PbrO2) levels in hemorrhaged animals reached significantly higher levels in albumin treated group compared with in normal saline and hypertonic saline (p < 0.001, p = 0.034, respectively). After FPI+hemorrhage, PSA values in albumin- resuscitated animals were significantly higher than in normal saline-resuscitated animals (p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS The results of normal saline resuscitation, relative to other fluid alternatives, suggest that a re-evaluation of current treatment strategies in hemorrhagic hypotensive TBI patients is warranted. Albumin demonstrated the greatest beneficial effects on neurophysiology endpoints over crystalloid alternatives. These data suggests that albumin resuscitation may play an important role in the treatment of hemorrhagic hypotension and TBI.
Moderate-dose atorvastatin improves arterial endothelial function in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary angiogram: a pilot study

Introduction Endothelial dysfunction could contribute to the pathophysiology of angina pectoris (AP) in patients with normal coronary angiograms. Besides lipid-lowering effects, statins exert pleiotropic effects including improving endothelial function. Material and methods Our double-blind study included 58 patients with AP, noninvasively confirmed myocardial ischemia and a normal coronary angiogram. The effect of once-daily 20 mg atorvastatin (A) was compared with placebo (P) for 6 months. Endothelial function was evaluated by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, and microcirculation by peripheral arterial tonometry (EndoPAT) measuring the reactive hyperemia index (RHI), indicating microcirculatory endothelial function, and the augmentation index (AI), an indicator of arterial stiffness. The impact of AP on the quality of life was monitored using the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ). Results Brachial artery endothelial dysfunction was found in 91.4% of patients at study entry, and subnormal RHI in 41%. Group A showed an improvement of FMD compared with group P, both at 3 and 6 months (+120.8% vs. –21.2%, and +70.8% vs. –1.9%, respectively, p < 0.001). No difference was detected in the RHI. Rate-normalized AI showed an improvement (−114.49% group A vs. –30.77% group P, p = 0.077), although the differences between the groups were not significant. According to the SAQ, an improvement was found in almost all observed variables with the exception of the issue of quality of life (QoL), where patients in both groups assessed their QoL at the control study visits as poorer compared with baseline. Conclusions Moderate-dose atorvastatin therapy improves endothelial function of large conduit arteries in patients with AP and a normal coronary angiogram, which probably reflects positive effects on coronary artery endothelial function. No effect was found with vascular effects at the level of the peripheral microcirculation.
Transatlantic migration and deep mid-ocean diving by basking shark

Despite being the second largest fish, basking sharks (Cetorhinus maximus) have been assumed to remain in discrete populations. Their known distribution encompasses temperate continental shelf areas, yet until now there has been no evidence for migration across oceans or between hemispheres. Here we present results on the tracks and behaviour of two basking sharks tagged off the British Isles, one of which released its tag off Newfoundland, Canada. During the shark's transit of the North Atlantic, she travelled a horizontal distance of 9589 km and reached a record depth of 1264 m. This result provides the first evidence for a link between European and American populations and indicates that basking sharks make use of deep-water habitats beyond the shelf edge.
Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce Online Peer-to-peer Lending – a Literature Review

All authors mentioned above are graduate students at the Leuphana University in Lüneburg, Germany, in the field Management and Entrepreneurship. Burkhardt Funk is a full professor in the field of information systems. His research interests cover a wide range of topics, e.g. decision making in the context of E-Commerce scenarios and the integration of ERP systems and Environmental Management Information Systems. As a member of the presidential board of the university he is responsible for the overall IT strategy of the Leuphana University. He has founded several companies and consulted major European Enterprises.Abstract The term online peer-to-peer lending (P2P) describes the loan origination process between private individuals on online platforms were financial institutions operate only as intermediates required by law. Initialized by groups in online social networks, first commercial online P2P lending platforms started in 2005. Thus online P2P lending is a relatively young research field. This paper gives a brief overview of the P2P lending market and reviews the research on the determinants of P2P lending. We distinguish between financial and demographic characteristics of the borrower, as well as social characteristics like friends and group affiliation. The reviewed literature gives insights on how the determinants affect the borrowers' likelihood of successful funding, the final interest rate that has to be paid as well as the relationship of the borrowers' characteristics and lending success.
Observations on rotating needle insertions using a brachytherapy robot

A robot designed for prostate brachytherapy implantations has the potential to greatly improve treatment success. Much of the research in robotic surgery focuses on measuring accuracy. However, there exist many factors that must be optimized before an analysis of needle placement accuracy can be determined. Some of these parameters include choice of the needle type, insertion velocity, usefulness of the rotating needle and rotation speed. These parameters may affect the force at which the needle interacts with the tissue. A reduction in force has been shown to decrease the compression of the prostate and potentially increase the accuracy of seed position. Rotating the needle as it is inserted may reduce frictional forces while increasing accuracy. However, needle rotations are considered to increase tissue damage due to the drilling nature of the insertion. We explore many of the factors involved in optimizing a brachytherapy robot, and the potential effects each parameter may have on the procedure. We also investigate the interaction of rotating needles in gel and suggest the rotate-cannula-only method of conical needle insertion to minimize any tissue damage while still maintaining the benefits of reduced force and increased accuracy.
Canada's efforts towards greenhouse gas emission reduction: a case study on the limits of voluntary action and subsidies

Canada has committed internationally to several agreements to limit climate change, most recently by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol in 2002. However, its domestic climate change policy is not reflective of these international commitments. In particular, federal government climate change policy over the last decade has emphasised noncompulsory policies such as voluntarism, information provision, and modest subsidies. These policies are designed primarily to engender minimal political resistance, and have been relatively ineffective in providing the incentives and regulatory structure for the dramatic technological and behavioural change required for significant greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Without a major change in direction towards more compulsory policies, it seems unlikely that Canada will achieve significant domestic greenhouse gas reductions over and beyond the Kyoto Protocol time frame. We suggest a more compulsory policy approach dominated by market-oriented regulations. When designed appropriately, this type of policy stimulates the development and commercialisation of new technologies without dramatically affecting prices of energy or goods.
Developing Innovations Based on Analogies: Experience from Design and Engineering Consultants

This study explores how specialized design and engineering companies offering services to clients in diverse industries use inventive analogies in the product design process. Inventive analogical transfers are characterized by the use of knowledge gained from experience in one knowledge area (source domain) to solve new problems in another field (target domain). Different types of analogical transfers can be distinguished depending on (1) the conceptual distance between source and target domain and (2) the transfer content, describing the type of solution element being transferred. On the basis of these two dimensions a typology suitable to cover a wide range of analogical transfer episodes is developed. The first purpose of the present study is to understand the link between these two dimensions of analogies and their impact on potential benefits of analogy use. A second purpose of this study is to explore the practice of working with analogies, particularly to examine how relevant knowledge in a variety of domains is accessed. The research is based on an explorative approach. In-depth interviews were held with project leaders of 18 design and engineering consulting firms located in Germany and Scandinavia. In each of these interviews the respondent reported about a particular project in which analogy use played an important role. The findings indicate that the use of analogies is a prevalent phenomenon in design and engineering consulting firms. The typology based on the two dimensions analogical distance and transfer content proved useful for the distinctive explanation of positive effects resulting from analogy use. First, analogical distance was found to be positively associated with solution novelty and negatively associated with the project duration. In addition, far analogies, rather than near analogies, proved to be helpful to foster communication within the project team as well as communication between the project team and the client firm. Second, with respect to the transfer content, beneficial effects on project duration seem to be particularly probable if the problem solvers transfer existing technological solutions and specific functional principles instead of general knowledge about shapes and design arrangements. Taken together, the findings suggest that it may be possible to influence the specific effects of analogy use ex ante by focusing on the appropriate type of analogies. Concerning the access of analogies, the findings suggest that analogies are frequently applied without the aid of formal procedures, techniques, or tools. The project teams mainly draw on personal “local” knowledge—knowledge already in their possession. While this approach is rather efficient, the tendency to access knowledge from only a limited set of familiar knowledge sources may constrain the possibility for creative recombination by analogies. Several strategies to relax this constraint are discussed, such as enhancing the heterogeneity of the team's knowledge base or broadcasting the problem to external experts.
Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in range beef calves at weaning

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection of beef calves at weaning, prior to arrival at the feedlot or mixing with cattle from other sources. Fifteen range cow-calf herds, which weaned calves in October and November, were sampled in Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska and South Dakota. Faecal culture for E. coli O157:H7 was performed and anti-O157 serum antibody titres were determined by blocking ELISA. Thirteen of the 15 herds (87%) were found to have at least one positive isolation of E. coli O157:H7 in faecal samples. Within positive herds, prevalence ranged from 1·7–20·0%, with an average of 7·4±6·2% s.d. of individual animals shedding E. coli O157:H7 in faeces. All herds had high prevalence of anti-O157 antibodies, ranging 63–100% of individuals within herds seropositive. This study indicates that E. coli O157:H7 infection before weaning, prior to entry into feedlots, is widespread. Furthermore, serologic evidence suggests that most calves (83%) and all herds (100%) have been exposed to E. coli O157.