Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Target-Oriented Path Generation Method based on Concolic Testing

The space explosion caused by loop structure in path exploration makes it difficult to find a target-oriented path during code coverage testing. In this paper, a method named target-oriented concolic testing(TOCT) is introduced to tackle the problem of generating a path to cover a target in a loop structure. First, the static analysis method static prefix path search (SPSS) is used to generate a prefix path. Solving the constraints on the prefix path obtains a test case, with which concrete execution is carried out as an input. Meanwhile the execution trace is captured. The trace is used to unfold the loop into a feasible path. Finally SPPS is adopted again for the next prefix-path until a feasible path containing the target is achieved. Experimental results show that the proposed strategy reached a higher coverage when the targets are in loop structure and demonstrate that it is applicable in engineering.
A Novel Approach for an Enhanced Oruta with Data Freshness

Cloud computing has become an emerging service because of the ease of its use. Its vast usage has raised some serious issues. When cloud has become a large storage for the data, the security and integrity have become most serious issues. Users must be concerning with the data stored remotely. Many auditing schemes have been introduced for public auditing which audits data without downloading the whole data. Among them, Oruta is privacy preserving public auditing scheme which uses ring signature that audits data with identity privacy. But Oruta lacks with data freshness, batch auditing and traceability. We have introduced an enhanced scheme which enables data freshness within Oruta. Data freshness is to update data with the latest one.
A spectroscopic analysis of a sample of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

We revisited the spectroscopic characteristics of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) by analysing a homogeneous sample of 296 NLS1s at redshift between 0.028 and 0.345, extracted from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-DR7) public archive. We confirm that NLS1s are mostly characterized by Balmer lines with Lorentzian profiles, lower black hole masses and higher Eddington ratios than classic broad-line Seyfert 1 (BLS1s), but they also appear to be active galactic nuclei (AGNs) contiguous with BLS1s and sharing with them common properties. Strong Fe II emission does not seem to be a distinctive property of NLS1s, as low values of Fe II/H$\beta$ are equally observed in these AGNs. Our data indicate that Fe II and Ca II kinematics are consistent with the one of H$\beta$. On the contrary, O I $\lambda$8446 seems to be systematically narrower and it is likely emitted by gas of the broad-line region more distant from the ionizing source and showing different physical properties. Finally, almost all NLS1s of our sample show radial motions of the narrow-line region highly-ionised gas. The mechanism responsible for this effect is not yet clear, but there are hints that very fast outflows require high continuum luminosities (> $10^{44}$ erg/s) or high Eddington ratios (log(L$_{\rm bol}$/L$_{\rm Edd}$) > -0.1).
Syntheses of 4-[1-(2-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)]-derivatives of 2-substituted-5-fluoroaniline: "cytosine replacement" analogs of deoxycytidine for evaluation as anticancer and antihuman immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) agents

A group of 4-[1-(2-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)]-derivatives of 5-fluoroaniline possessing a variety of aryl C-2 substituents (6a R = H, 6b R = F, 6c R = Me) were synthesized. Accordingly, a Heck-type coupling reaction of the 4-iodoaniline derivatives (13ac) with the bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)glycal (11) in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 and Ph3As, followed by removal of the tert-butyldimethylsilyl protection groups using n-Bu4N+F-, yielded the corresponding 4-(β-D-glycero-pentofuran-3-ulos-1-yl)aniline derivatives (14ac) having a C-3 C=O in the sugar ring. Reduction of the C-3 C=O compounds (14ac) using NaB(OAc)3H afforded the target 4-[1-(2-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)]-derivatives of the respective 2-substituted-5-fluoroaniline (6ac). The deoxycytidine mimic, 3-fluoro-4-[1-(2-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)]aniline (6a), in which the cytosine ring of deoxycytidine is replaced by a 4-(3-fluoroaniline) ring system, was inactive as an anticancer agent against a variety of tumor cell lines, and as an antihuman immunodefi.
Mass spectrometry of diamantane and some adamantane derivatives

The mass spectrometric fragmentation of adamantane, adamantane-d6, diamantane, 1- and 2-adamantanol, and 3,5,7-trimethyl-1-adamantanol has been re-examined, and new data for diamantane and 3,5,7-trimethyl-1-adamantanol are presented in more detail. Metastable peak data have been used to support potential fragmentation pathways. Simple statistical considerations applied to peak intensity data seem to indicate that ionization occurs at the primary bridgehead in both adamantane and diamantane, and that loss of a primary hydrogen is favored over loss of a secondary hydrogen atom.
Multimedia Answer Generation System

Searching for answers for any queries is built on community-contributed textual answers. Automated question answering still faces challenges such as processing and deep understanding of complex questions. In most cases human intelligence obtain better results than automated approach. As a result community question answering (CQA) emerged as an extremely popular alternative to obtain information in which users are able to obtain better answers provided by other participants. It not only allows community members to post and answer questions but also enables general users to seek information from a comprehensive set of well-answered questions. However, CQA forums usually provides textual answers, pictorial answers but these kinds of answer never obtained in combined form. This various kinds of answers are found out on different pages which are not informative enough for many questions. To get informative answers CQA can be extended to enrich textual answers with appropriate media data. It consists of three components: answer medium selection, query generation for multimedia search, and multimedia data selection and presentation. This approach will take all kinds of media such as text, images, audios, and videos which will be merged with a textual answer. In such a way, it automatically collects data from the web to enrich the answer. This process may consist of ranking of web pages to enrich the answer. By processing a large set of QA pairs and adding them to a pool, multimedia question answering approach for users which finds multimedia answers by matching their questions with those in the pool. The effectiveness of MMQA is determined by ranking of text, images, audios and videos in web pages. Thus, MMQA is able to deal with more complex questions where research efforts attempts to directly answer the questions with text, image and video data.
Measurement errors in entanglement-assisted electron microscopy

The major resolution-limiting factor in cryoelectron microscopy of unstained biological specimens is radiation damage by the very electrons that are used to probe the specimen structure. To address this problem, an electron microscopy scheme that employs quantum entanglement to enable phase measurement precision beyond the standard quantum limit has recently been proposed {[}Phys. Rev. A \textbf{85}, 043810{]}. Here we identify and examine in detail measurement errors that will arise in the scheme. An emphasis is given to considerations concerning inelastic scattering events because in general schemes assisted with quantum entanglement are known to be highly vulnerable to lossy processes. We find that the amount of error due both to elastic and inelastic scattering processes are acceptable provided that the electron beam geometry is properly designed.
A Survey of Radio Resource Management in Cognitive Radio Networks

The framework of “green communications” has been proposed as a promising approach to address the issue of improving resource-efficiency and the energy-efficiency during the utilization of the radio spectrum. Cognitive Radio (CR), which performs radio resource sensing and adaptation, is an emerging technology that is up to the requests of green communications. However, CR networks impose serious challenges due to the fluctuating nature of the available radio resources corresponding to the diverse quality-of-service requirements of various applications. This chapter provides an overview of radio resource management in CR networks from several aspects, namely dynamic spectrum access, adaptive power control, time slot, and code scheduling. More specifically, the discussion focuses on the deployment of CR networks that do not require modification to existing networks. A brief overview of the radio resources in CR networks is provided. Then, three challenges to radio resource management are discussed. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-2812-0.ch013 Kyungsup Kwak Inha University, Korea
Analytical Modeling of Mobile Ad hoc Networks

A number of routing protocols have been proposed to efficiently discover and maintain paths in a mobile ad hoc network. Most of the routing protocols are evaluated and compared using network simulators. While simulation offers the flexibility to code and evaluate complex algorithmic logic, scalability experiments become infeasible due to extremely time-consuming nature of network simulations. In this work, we complement simulation based evaluation with mathematical verification. Routing overhead is the baseline metric and the other performance metrics such as total energy consumption and route discovery latency are derived from it. Using the proposed work, we evaluate the performance of ad hoc routing algorithms namely, DSR and Gossiping.
Final Report for Time Domain Boundary Element and Hybrid Finite Element Simulation for Maxwell's Equations

This report summarizes the work performed for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) at the University of Washington between September 2004 and May 2006. This project studied fast solvers and stability for time domain integral equations (TDIE), especially as applied to radiating boundary for a massively parallel FEM solver.
Comparing compact binary parameter distributions I: Methods

Being able to measure each merger’s sky location, distance, component masses, and conceivably spins, ground-based gravitational-wave detectors will provide a extensive and detailed sample of coalescing compact binaries (CCBs) in the local and, with third-generation detectors, distant universe. These measurements will distinguish between competing progenitor formation models. In this paper we develop practical tools to characterize the amount of experimentally accessible information available, to distinguish between two a priori progenitor models. Using a simple time-independent model, we demonstrate the information content scales strongly with the number of observations. The exact scaling depends on how significantly mass distributions change between similar models. We develop phenomenological diagnostics to estimate how many models can be distinguished, using first-generation and future instruments. Finally, we emphasize that multi-observable distributions can be fully exploited only with very precisely calibrated detectors, search pipelines, parameter estimation, and Bayesian model inference.
Using internal validity measures to compare clustering algorithms

Recently, significant effort has been made to automate the machine learning process in the context of supervised learning. This automation includes, amongst other things, the selection of an appropriate learning algorithm and corresponding hyperparameters for a particular learning problem. In contrast, such problems are much less studied for unsupervised tasks such as clustering. Nevertheless, users who want to cluster a data set are confronted with similar problems: a clustering algorithm should be selected from the wide variety of available algorithms, and usually some hyperparameters have to be set. In a supervised setting, model search is guided by performance measures that rely on known class labels, such as accuracy. However, these measures are not applicable to clustering as labels are usually not available. Instead, one might use internal validity measures that only rely on properties intrinsic to the data set. Several such measures are defined, and in this paper we study the usefulness of four of them for model selection. We perform experiments with these measures in combination with six clustering algorithms. While some measures are suited to use in hyperparameter optimization for some specific algorithms, we conclude that none of them is suited to compare across very different clustering algorithms.
Structured Named Entities

The names of people, locations, and organisations play a central role in language, and named entity recognition (NER) has been widely studied, and successfully incorporated, into natural language processing (NLP) applications. The most common variant of NER involves identifying and classifying proper noun mentions of these and miscellaneous entities as linear spans in text. Unfortunately, this version of NER is no closer to a detailed treatment of named entities than chunking is to a full syntactic analysis. NER, so construed, reflects neither the syntactic nor semantic structure of NE mentions, and provides insufficient categorical distinctions to represent that structure. Representing this nested structure, where a mention may contain mention(s) of other entities, is critical for applications such as coreference resolution. The lack of this structure creates spurious ambiguity in the linear approximation. Research in NER has been shaped by the size and detail of the available annotated corpora. The existing structured named entity corpora are either small, in specialist domains, or in languages other than English. This thesis presents our Nested Named Entity (NNE) corpus of named entities and numerical and temporal expressions, taken from the WSJ portion of the Penn Treebank (PTB, Marcus et al., 1993). We use the BBN Pronoun Coreference and Entity Type Corpus (Weischedel and Brunstein, 2005a) as our basis, manually annotating it with a principled, fine-grained, nested annotation scheme and detailed annotation guidelines. The corpus comprises over 279,000 entities over 49,211 sentences (1,173,000 words), including 118,495 top-level entities. Our annotations were designed using twelve high-level principles that guided the development of the annotation scheme and difficult decisions for annotators. We also monitored the semantic grammar that was being induced during annotation, seeking to identify and reinforce common patterns to maintain consistent, parsimonious annotations.
Refining Serp Search engine result page for Enhanced Information Retrieval

- With the exponential growth of the Internet, it has become more and more difficult to find information. Web search services such as AltaVista, InfoSeek, and MSN Web Search were introduced to help people find information on the web. A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. It works by storing information about many web pages, which they retrieve from the html itself. The search results are generally presented in a list of results and are often called hits. A search engine results page (SERP), is the listing of web pages returned by a search engine in response to a keyword query. The results normally include a list of web pages with titles, a link to the page, and a short description showing where the keywords have matched content within the page. A SERP may refer to a single page of links returned, or to the set of all links returned for a search query. Such a result page may not always satisfy the user’s needs as there are wide list of result ranked by relevance to the user entered query. Moreover user tends to restrict their sightings to minimum number of result pages as they satisfy their needs thus prohibiting the usage of entire search result. Our aim is to let the user, refine the result page in such a way that all the result pages are covered thus providing various information and views relevant to the query. We design an algorithm that allows the user in refining the search result as per their needs. This is done by grouping the result page in such a way that helps the user in choosing the document according to the categorization.
Access Control Frameworks for a Distributed System

Component-based software development offers a promising technique for creating distributed systems. It does require a framework for specifying component properties, analyzing the behaviors of a system before composition, and validating them during operation. This chapter focuses on access control properties of a distributed system. It provides a framework that addresses the following issues: (a) specifying access control properties for individual components, (b) identifying components with required access control properties, and (c) formulating compositional models for predicting the access control properties of a composed system from those of its individual components.
A Weakly Synchronous and Distributed Coordination Function for QoS Management in CSMA/CA Wireless Access Networks

This chapter presents a novel weakly synchronous and distributed coordination function, called TimeDivision Unbalanced Carrier Sense Multiple Access (TD-uCSMA). TD-uCSMA relies on synchronization among nodes and the contextual switching of channel access parameters to enable resource management and Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning over CSMA/CA wireless access networks. The TD-uCSMA operating principles and issue of synchronization are presented in detail. Moreover a signalling architecture is here designed, for the first time, to enable dynamic and distributed resource reservation over the wireless network by means of two protocols: the Resource Reservation Protocols with Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE), properly extended to work in TD-uCSMA networks and the new Resource State Management Protocol (RSMP). The TD-uCSMA operating principles and the signalling architecture are then validated by simulation over many scenarios comprising multi-hop wireless access networks. Finally the chapter addresses the issue of prototyping TD-uCSMA by open source IEEE 802.11 legacy drivers. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-1797-1.ch004
Guidelines for DiffServ to IEEE 802.11 Mapping

As internet traffic is increasingly sourced-from and destined-to wireless endpoints, it is crucial that Quality of Service be aligned between wired and wireless networks; however, this is not always the case by default. This is due to the fact that two independent standards bodies provide QoS guidance on wired and wireless networks: specifically, the IETF specifies standards and design recommendations for wired IP networks, while a separate and autonomous standards- body, the IEEE, administers the standards for wireless 802.11 networks. The purpose of this document is to propose a set Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) to IEEE 802.11 User Priority (UP) mappings to reconcile the marking recommendations offered by these two standards bodies, and, as such, to optimize wired-and- wireless interconnect QoS.
Multilevel Holstein-Primakoff approximation and its application to atomic spin squeezing and ensemble quantum memories

We show that an ensemble of identical d-level atoms can be efficiently described by d-1 collective oscillator degrees of freedom in the vicinity of a product state with all atoms in the same, but otherwise arbitrary single-particle state. We apply our description to two different kinds of spin squeezing: (i) when each spin-F atom is individually squeezed without creating interatomic entanglement and (ii) when a particular collective atomic oscillator mode is squeezed via quantum nondemolition (QND) measurement and feedback. When combined in sequence, the order of the two methods is relevant in the final degree of squeezing. We also discuss the role of the two kinds of squeezing when multisublevel atoms are used as quantum memories for light.
Recent Advances of Non‐Fullerene, Small Molecular Acceptors for Solution Processed Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells

Organic, planar, and electron deficient small molecules were utilized as acceptors in the first reported bilayer heterojunction solar cells, however, current state-of-the-art organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells utilize fullerene derivatives as acceptor molecules. Recently, intensive efforts have been directed towards the development and understanding of soluble, non-fullerene, organic small molecules to fabricate bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. These efforts have been aimed at overcoming the inherent limitations of fullerene compounds such as the limited spectral breadth, air instability, and the typically higher production costs of fullerenes. In this focused review, we have highlighted the most recent progress over the last couple of years towards developing n-type organic small molecules utilized in BHJ devices in order to provide insight towards improving the overall performance of OPVs.
Scalable real-time OLAP systems for the cloud

x List of Abbreviations Used . xi Acknowledgements . xii Chapter
Programming Robots by Description and Advice

Programming robots to perform tasks autonomously is difficult. The environment or even the task may change at any moment. The main drawback is that this programming requires a team of highly skilled roboticists to monitor the robot and change its programming to accomplish the task. The system presented here allows robot controllers to be constructed by a non-specialist, using the included restricted natural language parser. The controller can further be refined by a non-specialist using keywords which represent the changes that each parameter makes to the behavior. To show that the system is viable, controllers made by the system are compared to direct programming on two common robot tasks. The assembled and tuned controllers are shown to perform similarly to direct programming in performance, even better in several cases, but without the large development/testing time that direct programming requires. Read complete abstract on page 2.
Spatio-Temporal Analysis to Constrain Uncertainty in Wellbore Datasets: An Adaptable Analytical Approach in Support of Science-Based Decision Making

Abstract As the use of subsurface reservoirs for energy extraction, wastewater disposal, and geologic storage of CO2 grows, so do concerns about the potential for unwanted interactions between subsurface and surface receptors. Wellbores are engineered fluid flow pathways designed to facilitate the production and injection of fluids in a controlled manner. Because of the coupling between wellbore age and integrity, regions with prior drilling histories may be particularly susceptible to unwanted fluid migration if disturbed by contemporary subsurface activities. Until recently, wellbore drilling records were prone to a range of error sources. In addition, record coverage and quality varies based on local, state, tribal, and federal jurisdictions. As a result, there is a significant amount of spatial and temporal variation in reporting standards, and consequent data content, preservation, and access to information. The recent development of subsurface reservoirs has accelerated the need for a standardized methodology to characterize and capture uncertainty in these records. This study develops and demonstrates a flexible approach for the meso-scale collection, analysis, and communication of uncertainty in wellbore datasets. It is shown that incorporating publicly available data from a variety of digital and non-digital sources can inform characterization and uncertainty of the locations of wellbores.