Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinetic proofreading in receptor-mediated transduction of cellular signals: Receptor aggregation, partially activated receptors, and cytosolic messengers

Signaling by the T cell receptor (TCR), and the related immunoreceptor FcεRI, is sensitive to ligand-receptor binding kinetics. Differences in the rate at which a ligand dissociates from a receptor cause disproportionate differences in signaling events and cellular responses to ligand-receptor engagement. Analysis of a simple mathematical model, developed by McKeithan (1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 5042–5046), has indicated that such sensitivity to binding kinetics is expected if a bound receptor must complete a cascade of modifications before generating a productive signal. However, recent experiments show that some cellular responses mediated by immunoreceptors escape from the control of kinetic proofreading, in the sense that these responses do not exhibit the expected sensitivity to the lifetime of a ligand-receptor bond. Here, we use an extended form of the McKeithan model to investigate possible explanations for such exceptions to the kinetic proofreading rule. We examine cellular responses triggered by cytosolic messengers, which are activated by modified receptors, and responses triggered by receptors in intermediate states of modification, i.e., receptors that have not progressed through the full series of potential modifications. Receptor aggregation is also considered. We find that the expected relationship between ligand-receptor binding kinetics and cellular responses can change significantly when signal transduction depends on a messenger or a partially modified receptor. In particular, cellular responses triggered by a messenger, such as a transcription factor that translocates from the membrane to the nucleus after receptor-mediated activation, can be sensitive or insensitive to a change in the lifetime of a ligand-receptor bond, depending on the parameters that govern the activation and decay of a messenger.
The Mind of the Terrorist

This article reviews the state of the art of available theories and data regarding the psychology of terrorism. Data and theoretical material were gathered from the world’s unclassified literature. Multiple theories and some demographic data have been published, but very few controlled empirical studies have been conducted investigating the psychological bases of terrorism. The field is largely characterized by theoretical speculation based on subjective interpretation of anecdotal observations. Moreover, most studies and theories fail to take into account the great heterogeneity of terrorists. Many practical, conceptual, and psychological barriers have slowed progress in this important field. Nonetheless, even at this early stage of terrorism studies, preliminary reports suggest that modifiable social and psychological factors contribute to the genesis of the terrorist mind-set. Psychological scholarship could possibly mitigate the risk of catastrophic attack by initiating the long overdue scientific study of terrorist mentalities.
Efficient Location-aware Message Delivery for Encounter Networks

Location-aware mobile applications have grown in popularity. Existing applications, however, rely mostly on centralized architectures for nearby friend discovery and message forwarding, which forces users to constantly reveal privacy-sensitive location information to service providers. We present SpotNet, a middleware system for Android that provides location-aware message delivery service for opportunistic networks. SpotNet is based on short-range Bluetooth communication to exchange messages while precluding the existence of a trusted centralized service. SpotNet addresses the challenges of efficient message forwarding and resource utilization, and uses location-aware routing to select next hop for message forwarding based on ‘closeness’ to destination. We implemented SpotNet on the Android platform. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach is practical in real life scenarios.
Disruptive selection as a driver of evolutionary branching and caste evolution in social insects

Theory suggests that evolutionary branching via disruptive selection may be a relatively common and powerful force driving phenotypic divergence. Here, we extend this theory to social insects, which have novel social axes of phenotypic diversification. Our model, built around turtle ant (Cephalotes) biology, is used to explore whether disruptive selection can drive the evolutionary branching of divergent colony phenotypes that include a novel soldier caste. Soldier evolution is a recurrent theme in social insect diversification that is exemplified in the turtle ants. We show that phenotypic mutants can gain competitive advantages that induce disruptive selection and subsequent branching. A soldier caste does not generally appear before branching, but can evolve from subsequent competition. The soldier caste then evolves in association with specialized resource preferences that maximize defensive performance. Overall, our model indicates that resource specialization may occur in the absence of morphological specialization, but that when morphological specialization evolves, it is always in association with resource specialization. This evolutionary coupling of ecological and morphological specialization is consistent with recent empirical evidence, but contrary to predictions of classical caste theory. Our model provides a new theoretical understanding of the ecology of caste evolution that explicitly considers the process of adaptive phenotypic divergence and diversification.
Is restless legs syndrome a sleep disorder?

A compelling urge to move the legs, often accompanied by uncomfortable dysesthesias, is the fundamental element of restless legs syndrome (RLS). To make a diagnosis of RLS, this core sensory-motor symptom must be present at rest, at least temporarily relieved by movement, and most pronounced at night.1 Sleep disturbance is usually present in RLS and is traditionally considered as a consequence of either the sensory-motor symptom interfering with sleep or of periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS), present in roughly 80% of RLS patients. However, dysesthesias, sleep disturbance, or PLMS are not required for an RLS diagnosis, though they are supportive. In this way, difficulties with understanding, recognition, and treatment of RLS may be related to its definition: is it a sleep disorder, a movement disorder, or a chronic pain disorder?
HONEYPOTS IN NETWORK SECURITY

Computer Network and Internet is growing every day. Computer networks allow communicating faster than any other facilities. These networks allow the user to access local and remote databases. It is impossible to protect every system on the network. In industries, the network and its security are important issues, as a breach in the system can cause major problems. Intrusion detection system (IDS) is used for monitoring the processes on a system or a network for examining the threats and alerts the administrator about attack. And IDS provide a solution only for the large scale industries, but there is no solution for the small scale industries so model is proposed for honeypot to solve the problem of small scale industries which is the hybrid structure of Snort, Nmap, Xprobe2, and P0f (2). This model captures the activities of attackers and maintains a log for all these activities. Virtualization is performed with the help of virtual machine. The focus of this report is primarily on preventing the attacks from external and internal attackers and maintaining the log file using honeypot with virtual machine (6).
Exercise increases blood flow to locomotor, vestibular, cardiorespiratory and visual regions of the brain in miniature swine

1 The purpose of these experiments was to use radiolabelled microspheres to measure blood flow distribution within the brain, and in particular to areas associated with motor function, maintenance of equilibrium, cardiorespiratory control, vision, hearing and smell, at rest and during exercise in miniature swine. Exercise consisted of steady‐state treadmill running at intensities eliciting 70 and 100 % maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2,max). 2 Mean arterial pressure was elevated by 17 and 26 % above that at rest during exercise at 70 and 100 %V̇O2,max, respectively. 3 Mean brain blood flow increased 24 and 25 % at 70 and 100 %V̇O2,max, respectively. Blood flow was not locally elevated to cortical regions associated with motor and somatosensory functions during exercise, but was increased to several subcortical areas that are involved in the control of locomotion. 4 Exercise elevated perfusion and diminished vascular resistance in several regions of the brain related to the maintenance of equilibrium (vestibular nuclear area, cerebellar ventral vermis and floccular lobe), cardiorespiratory control (medulla and pons), and vision (dorsal occipital cortex, superior colliculi and lateral geniculate body). Conversely, blood flow to regions related to hearing (cochlear nuclei, inferior colliculi and temporal cortex) and smell (olfactory bulbs and rhinencephalon) were unaltered by exercise and associated with increases in vascular resistance. 5 The data indicate that blood flow increases as a function of exercise intensity to several areas of the brain associated with integrating sensory input and motor output (anterior and dorsal cerebellar vermis) and the maintenance of equilibrium (vestibular nuclei). Additionally, there was an intensity‐dependent decrease of vascular resistance in the dorsal cerebellar vermis.
Particle swarm optimisation based on Monte Carlo localisation for mobile sensor network

Monte Carlo localisation algorithms have been proposed for mobile sensor networks which indicate a new direction for localisation in sensor networks. In this article, we propose an improved Monte Carlo localisation algorithm based on particle swarm optimisation in order to solve the problem of sample scarcity for localisation. In the new scheme, we draw samples from box which constructed by neighbour anchors’ radio ranges overlap, then use particle swarm optimisation to produce better samples by incorporating the newest measurement. Hybrid method reduces resample process and improves location accuracy. Simulation results show that proposed localisation is more accurate and effective for most condition than Monte Carlo location and Monte Carlo localisation boxed, MCB.
Heart rate variability in free diving athletes

The aim of the study was to evaluate the cardiac autonomic activity in free diving (FD) athletes. Thirteen Greek male free divers (group I, aged 33·4 ± 6·3 years, 6·6 ± 4·5 years of training experience) volunteered to participate while 13 age‐matched sedentary subjects served as control group (group II). All subjects were submitted to ambulatory 24‐h ECG recording for heart rate variability (HRV) analysis on a day of regular activities with no exercise or training. The results showed that group I had significantly lower minimum and mean heart rate by 23·9% (P<0·001) and 20·6% (P<0·001), respectively. All the measured time and frequency domain indices of HRV which reflect cardiac parasympathetic activity were higher in group I than in group II by 37·6% to 146% (P<0·001). Conclusively, the resting cardiac autonomic activity and especially the parasympathetic branch was significantly increased in free divers compared to untrained subjects. This finding should be rather attributed to the accumulated effect of both exercise training and frequent exposure to FD stimulus.
Differential Corticomotor Control of a Muscle Adjacent to a Painful Joint

Objective. To assess the effects of chronic knee pain on neural control of the nearby quadriceps muscle. Methods. Motor-evoked potentials (MEP) in response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex, maximal M responses, patellar tendon responses, and EMG activity during maximal isometric contraction were recorded from the right vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles in 13 patients with chronic patellofemoral pain syndrome (PPS) and 13 healthy volunteers. MEP and maximal M responses were also recorded from the right extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) muscle. Results. MEP amplitudes from VMO and VL were larger in patients with PPS than in controls. On the other hand, maximal M responses, EMG activity with maximal voluntary contraction, and tendon responses were smaller in patients than in controls. Motor-evoked responses and maximal M responses of the EDB muscle did not show significant difference between the 2 groups. Conclusions. These results indicate that chronic knee pain modulates central motor control of an adjacent muscle.
Prospects for improving the survival rate of transferred embryos

INTRODUCTION Early embryonic death in inseminated cattle is well known to be a major cause of infertility and has been the subject of numerous recent books and reviews (e.g., Sreenan and Diskin, 1986a; Shemesh and Weir, 1989; Roberts et al., 1990; Albihn, 1991). It is often considered inevitable-“a normal way of eliminating unfit genotypes in each generation” (Bishop, 1964). Nature, however, has not found it necessary to use such a strategy in some wild ungulates; pregnancy rates late in gestation in over 4000 mature reindeer, for example, exceeded 99% (Godkin, 1986). Thus, there are circumstances, in the wild, in which breeding at a single estrus will almost ensure the production of a calf. How domestication has changed those circumstances so detrimentally can only be guessed at, but experimental evidence in mice indicates that free-choice mating favours the maintenance of major histocompatability complex (MHC)-genotype heterozygosity (Potts et al., 1991; Howard, 1991) which could, perhaps, be of selective advantage for embryonic and fetal survival.
Structure of human serum cholinesterase

Human cholinesterase has recently been sequenced and cloned. It is a glycoprotein of 4 identical subunits, each subunit containing 9 carbohydrate chains and 3.5 disulfide bonds. Protein folding is likely to be very similar in human cholinesterase and Torpedo acetylcholinesterase. The cholinesterases have no significant sequence homology with the serine proteases and seem to belong to a separate serine esterase family.
Minimum Distance Estimation and Testing of DSGE Models from Structural Vars

The aim of this paper is to complement the minimum distance estimation–structural vector autoregression approach when the weighting matrix is not optimal. In empirical studies, this choice is motivated by stochastic singularity or collinearity problems associated with the covariance matrix of impulse response functions. Consequently, the asymptotic distribution cannot be used to test the economic model's fit. To circumvent this difficulty, we propose a simple simulation method to construct critical values for the test statistics. An empirical application with US data illustrates the proposed method.
Chikungunya virus: clinical aspects and treatment - A Review

Chikungunya is a severe and debilitating disease. Currently, Brazil is experiencing an epidemic caused by three arboviruses, which has changed the way health professionals have diagnosed and treated infected patients. The difficulty of diagnosis and the lack of a protocol for patient treatment, which fits Brazilian health system models, have made it difficult to manage this disease. It is necessary to implement a multidisciplinary network of patient care, in which primary care units play the main role. This review aims to present current information regarding the clinical aspects and treatment of Chikungunya virus infection.
The Strategy of New Product Introduction in Durable Goods with Secondary Market: Application of the Optimization Method to Supply Chain Problem

The aim of this paper is to address how the secondary market affects the strategy of the manufacturer’s new product introduction by using the optimization method. To do so, we develop a two-period model in which a monopolistic manufacturer sells its new durable products directly to end consumers in both periods, while an entrant operates a reverse channel selling used products in the secondary market. We assume that the manufacturer launches a higher quality product in the second period for the technological innovation. We find that the secondary market can actually increase the manufacturer’s profitability and drives the new product introduction in the second period. We also derive the effect of the durability and the degree of quality improvement on the pricing of supply chain partners.
Sleep and recovery from critical illness and injury: A review of theory, current practice, and future directions*

Objective:The objectives of this article were to describe the deleterious effects of sleep deprivation, characterize sleep in patients cared for in an intensive care unit (ICU) environment, and propose an integrated strategy to improve sleep in critical care units. Study Selection:Clinical trials and review articles assessing sleep deprivation, sleep in a critical care setting, and interventions to improve sleep in the critical care environment were identified through an in depth PubMed search. Conclusions:Sleep deprivation and disruption are particularly prevalent in patients cared for in the critical care environment. Although numerous observational studies during the past several decades have demonstrated that sleep in patients cared for in ICUs is highly abnormal, little is known about the effects of poor sleep quality on outcomes from critical illness or injury. Reasons for sleep deprivation during recovery from illness and injury in the ICU are multifactorial. Major contributing factors in this patient population are type and severity of underlying illness, the pathophysiology of acute illness/injury, pain from surgical procedures, and perhaps most importantly, the ICU environment itself. Sleep in ICU patients is characterized by prolonged sleep latencies, sleep fragmentation, decreased sleep efficiency, frequent arousals, a predominance of stage 1 and 2 nonrapid eye movement sleep, decreased or absent stage 3 and 4 nonrapid eye movement sleep, and decreased or absent rapid eye movement sleep. Optimizing patient comfort and ensuring that patients achieve adequate restorative sleep while cared for in the ICU is an arduous task. However, environmental alterations in the ICU may reliably improve sleep quality and subsequently alter outcomes during recovery from critical illness and injury.
Lp(a) lipoprotein level predicts survival and major coronary events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study

The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) was a double‐blind. randomized placebo‐controlled multi‐centre clinical trial of long‐term Simvastatin therapy in patients with coronary heart disease who had total cholesterol levels between 5.5 and 8.0 mmol/1, comprising 4444 patients, equally distributed to a Simvastatin and a placebo group. Patients achieved a significant 30% relative reduction in overall mortality with Simvastatin therapy through a 42% relative reduction in coronary heart disease mortality. Lp(a) lipoprotein levels in Scandinavian coronary heart disease patients were strikingly higher than in healthy controls. Numbers of deaths in the Simvastatin group differed significantly between quartiles of Lp(a) lipoprotein levels, the reduction in deaths being most pronounced in the second (next to lowest) quartile. Subjects with major coronary events had significantly higher Lp(a) lipoprotein levels than subjects without such events, in all groups. The relationship between Lp(a) lipoprotein level and total mortality as well as between Lp(a) lipoprotein level and major coronary events was significantly different from zero, in logistic regression analyses. The findings show that Lp(a) lipoprotein predicts major coronary events as well as death in secondary prevention with Simvastatin. This prospective study provides independent confirmation that a high Lp(a) lipoprotein level is a significant coronary heart disease risk factor.
The Role of Placental Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation in Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a complex multisystem disorder exclusively seen in human species that is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. This disorder has the highest maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality of all pregnancy-related complications. Growing evidence suggests that placental oxidative stress is involved in the etiopathogenesis of preeclampsia. Reduced perfusion as a result of abnormal placentation leads to ischemia reperfusion injury to the placenta. Placental oxidative stress, which results from the ischemia reperfusion injury, is being increasingly reported to be involved in the etiopathogenesis of preeclampsia. It has been proposed as a promoter of lipid peroxidation and the endothelial cell dysfunction that is commonly seen in this condition. Although preeclampsia is characterized by increased lipid peroxidation and diminished antioxidant capacity, there is no consensus regarding causality of lipid peroxidation in preeclampsia. In this article, we address the question of the biologic association of lipid peroxidation and preeclampsia. Lipid peroxidation and leukocyte activation may play a pivotal role in endothelial cell dysfunction. We also review the different factors that have been proposed to cause endothelial cell dysfunction in preeclampsia, trials investigating the role of antioxidant supplementation in preeclampsia, and the lack of consensus among the trials. Additional longitudinal studies are necessary to determine if the various oxidative stress biomarkers estimated early in pregnancy can be narrowed to a single marker for predicting preeclampsia. Target Audience: Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians Learning Objectives: After completion of this article, the reader should be able to recall that placental oxidative stress is involved in the etiopathogenesis of preeclampsia, state that placental oxidative stress results from ischemic reperfusion injury, and explain that ischemic reperfusion injury is a promoter of lipid peroxidation and endothelial cell dysfunction seen in preeclampsia.
Null Results in Brief Carotenoid , Vitamin A , Vitamin C , and Vitamin E Intake and Risk of Ovarian Cancer : a Prospective Cohort Study

It is thought that oxidative stress resulting to repeated ovulation may increase the risk of ovarian cancer by inducing DNA damage (1). Consumption of antioxidants may, therefore, decrease ovarian cancer risk by counteracting oxidative stress and the resultant DNA damage (2, 3). Currently, the epidemiologic evidence regarding associations between antioxidants and risk of ovarian cancer is mixed (4-12). Of the two prospective studies, Kushi et al. (4) and Fairfield et al. (7) both reported no association between h-carotene and ovarian cancer risk. In addition, Fairfield et al. (7) found no association with any of the other four major carotenoids (a-carotene, h-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein) or vitamins A or C. However, they did observe a statistically significant increased risk of ovarian cancer associated with relatively high intake of vitamin E from food sources (7). Given the current lack of prospective data regarding these relationships, we examined the association between intake of dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and ovarian cancer risk in a cohort of Canadian women.
Chapter 14: STYLE AND ETHNICITY: THE EVOLUTION OF SYMBOLIC TRAITS

[The hobby of ocean] “sailing is like standing day after day in a cold shower tearing up five-dollar bills. ” Anonymous blue water sailor In a Luann comic strip Luann is doing her nails. Brad asks “What’s that, another new nail polish? ” Luann answers “Yup, after it dries, it still looks wet. ” Brad asks “Why do you want it to look wet when it’s dry? ” Luann replies testily “I don’t know Brad. I’m just a slave to fashions, I don’t create them! ”