Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
In Service Training of ELT Teachers in Turkey Between 1998-2005

Bu arastirmanin amaci 1998-2005 yillari arasinda Milli Egitim Bakanligi tarafindan Ingilizce ogretmenleri icin duzenlenmis olan hizmet ici egitim (HIE) programlarini incelemektir. Arastirmanin orneklerini 2003- 2005 yillarinda bu egitimlere katilmis ve rasgele ornekleme yontemi ile secilmis 186 ogretmen ve bu egitim programlarinda ogretici olarak gorev almis 5 uzman egitmen olusturmaktadir. Arastirma verileri gorusme ve anket teknikleri kullanilarak elde edilmistir. Arastirmanin sonucunda, Ingilizce ogretmenleri icin duzenlenen HIE programlarinin sayi ve icerik olarak tatmin edici duzeyde olmadigi saptanmistir. Calismanin sonunda hizmet ici egitim programlarini iyilestirmek icin tum ogretmenlerin duzenli araliklarla hizmet ici egitimden gecirilmeleri ve bu egitimler oncesinde ogretmenlere ihtiyac analizi yapilmasi geregi vurgulanmistir. Bunun yanisira hizmet ici egitimlerin olcme degerlendirme sureclerinin yeniden yapilandirilmasi onerilmistir.
Generating narrative variation in interactive fiction

A general method for the generation of natural language narrative is described. It allows the expression, or narrative discourse, to vary independently of the underlying events and existents that are the narrative's content. Specifically, this variation is accomplished in an interactive fiction (IF) system which replies to typed input by narrating what has happened in a simulated world. IF works have existed for about 30 years as forms of text-based computer simulation, instances of dialog systems, and examples of literary art. Theorists of narrative have carefully distinguished between the level of underlying content (corresponding to the simulated world in interactive fiction) and that of expression (corresponding to the textual exchange between computer and user) since the mid-1960s, when the field of narratology began to develop, but IF systems have not yet made use of this distinction. The current project contributes new techniques for automatic narration by building on work done in computational linguistics, specifically natural language generation, and in narratology. First, types of narrative variation that are possible in IF are identified and formalized in a way that is suitable for a natural language generation system. An architecture for an IF system is then described and implemented; the result allows multiple works of interactive fiction to be realized and, using a general plan for narrating, allows them to be narrated in different ways during interaction. The system's ability to generate text is considered in a pilot evaluation. Plans for future work are also discussed. They include publicly released systems for IF development and narratology education, adding a planning capability that uses actors' individual perspectives, and adapting automatic narration to different sorts of interactive systems.
Further Efficacy Evaluation of Doxpicomine for Postoperative Pain

Abstract: In this single‐dose, double‐blind study, the analgesic activity of 400 and 200 mg doxpicomine was compared with 100 and 50 mg meperidine and placebo when given intramuscularly in 102 subject patients experiencing severe postoperative pain. Results indicate that 400 mg doxicomine is similar to 100 mg meperidine in analgesic activity, onset, and duration of action. Side effects were of the same order as those produced by other centrally acting analgesics.
Inverting matrices modulo regular chains

Every irreducible algebraic variety is uniquely determined by one of its generic points. Thus, algebraic varieties can be represented by describing the generic points of their irreducible components. These generic points can be given by regular chains [4]. Therefore, any algebraic variety V is uniquely determined by regular chains. Remarkably, algorithms computing those decompositions [4, 1] need not use polynomial factorization into irreducibles. In fact, a regular chain may represent several irreducible components. Consequently, the ideal associated with a regular chain (i.e. its saturated ideal) may not be prime. The case of zero-dimensional varieties is of great practical interest. For instance, the authors of [2] have developed a probabilistic and modular algorithm for solving zero-dimensional polynomial systems with rational coefficients. Once a modular image of each output regular chain has been obtained (say by using an algorithm such as [1] modulo an appropriate prime number) a lifting step [7] yields the desired solutions. This lifting step boils down to inverting and multiplying matrices modulo regular chains. For sufficiently large problems, this matrix inversion is a bottleneck, mainly due to memory consumption in testing invertibility of an element modulo a regular chain. This latter operation is difficult to implement efficiently, particularly within a high-level interpreted programming language, as reported in [6]. In this study, we propose an algorithm that resolves this difficulty. We rely on the Leverrier-Faddeev algorithm which requires only a single division to invert a matrix from R[x]m×m, where R is a ring [3]. The algorithm is easily understood by first considering the evaluation of a square matrix A at its characteristic polynomial p(λ) = det (λI−A) = λ − a1λm−1 − · · · − am−1λ− am. After re-arranging terms and multiplying by A−1 we get
Human papillomavirus and risk factors for cervical cancer in Chennai, India: A case‐control study

To evaluate the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) and other risk factors in the aetiology of invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC), we conducted a hospital‐based case‐control study in Chennai, Southern India. A total of 205 ICC cases (including 12 adenocarcinomas) and 213 frequency age‐matched control women were included. HPV DNA in cervical cells was evaluated by means of a polymerase chain‐reaction assay. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed by means of unconditional multiple logistic regression models. HPV infection was detected in all but one ICC cases and in 27.7% of control women (OR = 498). Twenty‐three different HPV types were found. HPV 16 was the most common type in either cases or controls, followed by HPV 18 and 33. The association of ICC with HPV 18 and HPV 16‐associated types was somewhat stronger than the one with HPV 16. Multiple HPV infections did not show a higher OR for ICC than single infections. Other than HPV infection, high parity (OR for >4 vs. ≤2 births = 7.3), a woman's report of her husband's extramarital sexual relationships (OR = 10.0) and early menopause (OR for <45 vs. ≥45 years = 4.2) were significantly associated with ICC, also after restricting the analysis to HPV‐positive cases and controls. Poor hygienic conditions were associated with an increased risk of HPV infection among control women but not with ICC risk among HPV‐positive women. A vaccine against HPV 16 and 18 may be effective in more than three‐quarters of ICC in the study area. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
THE CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF OCTREOTIDE TREATMENT IN ACROMEGALY: AN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDY

Nine acromegalic patients were treated by the somatostatin analogue SMS 201–995 octreotide (Sandostatin (octreotide), Sandoz, Basle, Switzerland)) 250 μg/ day in 4 divided s.c. injections (50 + 50 + 50 +100 μg) for 1 month, 250 μg/24 h as continuous s.c. infusions for another month and thereafter 200 μg three times daily as s.c. injections. Echocardiography was performed before the treatment, following 1 month of octreotide s.c. infusion/injection and after 6 and after 12 months of octreotide treatment. No differences in serum growth hormone, heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac contractility or left ventricular wall mass or wall thickness were found between the infusion and the injection periods. As compared to the pretreatment levels serum growth hormone decreased by 62 and 66%, respectively following 6 and 12 months octreotide treatment. The heart rate per minute (± SD) decreased from the pretreatment level of 75 ± 12 to 63·13 (P> 0.007) at month 12. The systolic and the diastolic blood pressure decreased from the pretreatment level of 121 ± 8 and 79 ± 5 mmHg respectively to 108 ± 7 (P> 0.0007) and 71 ± 7 mmHg (P> 0.0001) respectively at month 12. The left ventricular wall thickness was reduced from 26 ± 3 mm before treatment to 24 ± 3 mm (P> 0.05) at month 6 and to 24 ± 4 mm (P> 0.04) at month 12. The left ventricular wall mass was 168 ± 48 g/m2 before octreotide treatment, 156 ± 46 g/m2 (NS) after 6 months and 157 ± 52 g/m2 after 12 months (P> 0.08) of octreotide treatment. In age and sex‐matched normal control subjects the left ventricular wall thickness was 20 ± 2 mm, and the left ventricular wall mass was 122 ± 26 g/m2. The wall thickness and the wall mass were increased in the acromegalic patients as compared to the controls before and following the octreotide treatment periods. We suggest that reduction of serum growth hormone levels by octreotide in acromegalic patients is associated with a decrease of the left ventricular wall thickness, but the wall thickness is not reduced to levels of normal control subjects.
Bone loss accompanying voluntary weight loss in obese humans

Dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry was performed in 51 obese patients before and after 15 weeks on a low‐calorie diet. Of these patients 39 were scanned 6 months later. Total and regional body bone mineral, fat mass, and fat free mass were measured. In the control group, 9 normal volunteers were scanned with up to 23 kg lard distributed anteriorly, and 9 volunteers were scanned with 15 kg lard posteriorly. The lard was then gradually removed to simulate the fat loss found in the patient group. In the patient group the mean weight loss was 12,273 g, the mean fat loss was 11,014 g, and the mean bone mineral loss was 171.6 g after 15 weeks. Close correlation between the fat loss and the bone loss was found and calculated to be 16.5 g bone mineral per kg fat in the patient group, in contrast with 0.5 g bone mineral per kg fat in the control group. In the control group, 15 kg lard placed posteriorly had no statistically significant effect on the bone measurements. If weight and fat were regained at the scanning time 6 months later, the bone mineral was regained as well. Patients with further weight loss continued to lose bone mineral. One patient lost 754 g bone mineral in 9 months. Her weight loss was 45 kg in that period, and the bone mineral content remained within the range for normal women at her age. Methodologic and pathogenetic problems are discussed. It is concluded that the observed bone loss should be regarded as physiologic normalization accompanying a diet‐induced weight loss in the obese.
Evolución de reglas de clasificación para el descubrimiento de conocimiento comprensible

Emiliano Carreño, Guillermo Leguizamón Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inteligencia Computacional (LIDIC), Departamento de Informática, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, (D5700HHW)San Luis Argentina (Tel: 2652-420823; fax: 2652-430224; email: {ecarreno, legui}@unsl.edu.ar). Neal Wagner Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, Augusta State University, 2500 Walton Way Augusta, GA 30904 USA (Tel: (706)667-4479; email: nwagner@aug.edu).
Consumers’ Attitudes towards Surcharges on Distributed Renewable Energy Generation and Energy Efficiency Programs

Increasing penetration of energy efficiency programs and distributed renewable energy generation has imposed significant challenges for utilities to recoup their large upfront costs. There is a heated debate on what surcharges should be implemented to help the utilities recover their fixed costs; however, very few studies focus on consumers’ attitudes regarding this topic. This study surveys about 190 residential consumers throughout the United States in November 2015, investigating their preferences and attitudes towards extra demand charges and volumetric energy price increases. We apply probit models and regress consumers’ attitudes on selected socio-demographic and behavioral variables. The results indicate the homeowners are more likely to prefer demand charges when compared to renters. The demographic and behavioral factors impact consumers’ perception of bill savings from energy efficiency programs or solar panel installation and also influence how consumers perceive the fairness of utilities recovering revenue losses by increasing volumetric energy price. In this paper, we demonstrate there is preference heterogeneity among consumers and that policy makers should be aware of such preference heterogeneity and apply policy targeting based on the identified demographics and behavioral factors impacting consumer preferences.
Hydrogen peroxide release from alveolar macrophages and alveolar type II cells during adaptation to hyperoxia in vivo.

The effect of hyperoxia (1-14 days, 85% O2) on rat alveolar macrophage and alveolar type II cell oxidant and antioxidant characteristics was investigated. Unstimulated control macrophages (2 h ex vivo) released hydrogen peroxide at a rate of 3.5 +/- 1.3 nmol/min mg protein-1, which was a cyanide-sensitive process. H2O2 release from alveolar macrophages decreased slightly but not significantly after 1 day in hyperoxia and increased significantly after 3 days (180%, p less than .05) and 14 days (380%, p less than .01). When H2O2 release was expressed as nmol from total macrophages per animal, the increase after 14 days in hyperoxia was 760%. H2O2 generation by hyperoxic macrophages was cyanide resistant, indicating the involvement of active NADPH oxidase. In both control and hyperoxic macrophages H2O2 release could be significantly stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Comparisons of H2O2 release by freshly isolated alveolar macrophages and alveolar type II cells must be cautiously interpreted because some cell functions may change during the isolation procedure. Freshly isolated (6 h ex vivo) control alveolar type II cells were found to generate H2O2 at a rate of 0.26 +/- 0.05 nmol/min mg protein-1. In type II cells H2O2 release, calculated as nmol/mg protein, decreased during the first 7 days of hyperoxia to 10% (p less than .01) of the control value and then returned back up to the control level after 14 days. A similar decrease was observed if H2O2 release was calculated as nmol/cell number. H2O2 release from control and hyperoxic type II cells was cyanide sensitive. The decrease in H2O2 release in type II cells was associated with cell membrane injury (as assessed by electron microscopy), while biochemical markers of cellular injury (trypan blue exclusion and cellular high-energy phosphates ATP, ADP) were unchanged. The ability of type II cells to scavenge extracellular H2O2 did not change in acute hyperoxia, but it increased significantly during the second week in hyperoxia. These results indicate that macrophages but not type II cells are stimulated to produce H2O2 during prolonged exposure to hyperoxia.
Fast-food and commercial baked goods consumption and the risk of depression

Abstract Objective Whereas the relationship between some components of diet, such as n-3 fatty acids and B-vitamins, and depression risk has been extensively studied, the role of fast-food or processed pastries consumption has received little attention. Design Consumption of fast food (hamburgers, sausages, pizza) and processed pastries (muffins, doughnuts, croissants) was assessed at baseline through a validated semi-quantitative FFQ. Participants were classified as incident cases of depression if they reported a physician diagnosis of depression or the use of antidepressant medication in at least one of the follow-up questionnaires. Cox regression models were fit to assess the relationship between consumption of fast food and commercial baked goods and the incidence of depression. Setting The SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra – University of Navarra Follow-up) Project, Spain. Subjects Participants (n 8964) from a Spanish cohort. Results After a median follow-up of 6·2 years, 493 cases of depression were reported. A higher risk of depression was associated with consumption of fast food (fifth (Q5) v. first quintile (Q1): hazard ratio (HR) = 1·36; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·81; P trend = 0·003). The results did not change after adjustment for the consumption of other food items. No linear relationship was found between the consumption of commercial baked goods and depression. Participants belonging to consumption quintiles Q2–Q5 showed an increased risk of depression compared with those belonging to the lowest level of consumption (Q1; HR = 1·38; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·80). Conclusions Fast-food and commercial baked goods consumption may have a detrimental effect on depression risk.
Information-guided channel-hopping for high data rate wireless communication

In this letter, we introduce information-guided channel-hopping, a new scheme for high data rate communication over Rayleigh fading channel using multiple transmit antennas. This scheme is proposed based on the fact that the independence character of multi-channel can be used as an additional information transmitting channel, and the maximum likelihood decoding can be achieved in a simple way by decoupling of the signals conveyed by different methods. The analysis results prove that the capacity behavior of this scheme is better than that of the space-time block coding for more than two transmit antennas.
Using Mendelian randomization to determine causative factors in cardiovascular disease

Bilirubin is an endogenous metabolite of haem that possesses potent natural antioxidant effects [1]. Of interest, elevated serum bilirubin concentration is strongly associated with protection against many immune and inflammatory diseases including cancer [2], rheumatoid arthritis [3], nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [4] and diabetes mellitus [5], as well as ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and myocardial infarction (MI) [6, 7]. However, it remains unclear whether bilirubin directly mediates disease protection or is simply a biomarker for other risk factors or causal mechanisms. The distinction is important: if bilirubin is merely a correlated biomarker, it might only serve a limited prognostic or diagnostic role for IHD; whereas, if it is mechanistically involved in IHD causation, it could serve as a target for new therapies.
Modeling geographic, temporal, and proximity contexts for improving geotemporal search

Traditional information retrieval (IR) systems show significant limitations on returning relevant documents that satisfy the user's information needs. In particular, to answer geographic and temporal user queries, the IR task becomes a nonstraightforward process where the available geographic and temporal information is often unstructured. In this article, we propose a geotemporal search approach that consists of modeling and exploiting geographic and temporal query context evidence that refers to implicit multivarying geographic and temporal intents behind the query. Modeling geographic and temporal query contexts is based on extracting and ranking geographic and temporal keywords found in pseudo-relevant feedback (PRF) documents for a given query. Our geotemporal search approach is based on exploiting the geographic and temporal query contexts separately into a probabilistic ranking model and jointly into a proximity ranking model. Our hypothesis is based on the concept that geographic and temporal expressions tend to co-occur within the document where the closer they are in the document, the more relevant the document is. Finally, geographic, temporal, and proximity scores are combined according to a linear combination formula. An extensive experimental evaluation conducted on a portion of the New York Times news collection and the TREC 2004 robust retrieval track collection shows that our geotemporal approach outperforms significantly a well-known baseline search and the best known geotemporal search approaches in the domain. Finally, an in-depth analysis shows a positive correlation between the geographic and temporal query sensitivity and the retrieval performance. Also, we find that geotemporal distance has a positive impact on retrieval performance generally. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early regeneration determines long-term graft site morphology and function after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with semitendinosus-gracilis autograft: a case series.

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND The semitendinosus-gracilis tendon autograft is often used to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament. Tendon regeneration appears to occur for most individuals in the short term, but little is known about the long-term effects of graft harvest. The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of semitendinosis-gracilis tendon graft harvest on muscle and tendon morphology at least five years following reconstruction in a case series. METHODS Magnetic resonance images were taken of the knees of three subjects at least five years following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. These subjects represented the different regeneration patterns at the time of return-to-sport. Muscle and tendon morphology were analyzed by calculating the volume, peak cross-sectional area, and length of the knee flexors. Muscle and tendon morphological changes were analyzed individually, and then in combination as defined as a knee flexor group. RESULTS Muscle and tendon regeneration continued in those tendons that had begun regeneration at the time of return-to-sports in two subjects. There was significant additional muscle degeneration in those muscles whose tendons had not regenerated at the time of return-to-sports, in the remaining subject. Compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining knee flexors restored the knee flexor group to near preoperative peak cross-sectional area and volume across the each of the three case subjects. CONCLUSIONS Knee flexor morphology at the time of return-to-sports foreshadowed the long-term outcome in the three studied subjects. Preservation of the tendon sheath in situ may play a role in tendon regeneration. When tendon regeneration did not occur, fatty infiltration of the muscle may be a worst-case outcome. Semitendinosus-gracilis muscle synergists demonstrated hypertrophy, perhaps in an effort to compensate for knee flexor group morphology deficits that existed after Semitendinosus gracilis tendon graft harvest. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Semitendinosus and gracilis tendon harvest technique may play a role in regeneration. Additionally, knee flexor morphology at the time of return-to-sports may foreshadow the long-term outcome. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE prospective (longitudinal) cohort - level II.