Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Chromosomes of Orchids: I: Polystachya Hook

The very large living collection of Orchid species at Kew affords an opportunity for correcting to some degree the great deficiency of chromosome counts for the family. The results of the Kew studies will be published mainly in the form of lists to which comment will be added only where the chromosome numbers have immediate significance. A first substantial list of chromosome numbers of Dendrobium Sw. has already been published else-
IMMUNE SYSTEM CHALLENGE IN A HOST-PARASITOID-PATHOGEN SYSTEM: INTERACTION BETWEEN COTESIA PLUTELLAE (HYM.: BRACONIDAE) AND BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS INFLUENCES PARASITISM AND PHENOLOXIDASE CASCADE OF PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (LEP.: PLUTELLIDAE)

در این پژوهش، اثرات برهم‌کنش بین زنبور پارازیتوئید Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) و باکتریBacillus thuringiensis Berliner بر روی پارازیتیسم و یک مجری سیستم ایمنی (فعالیت آنزیم فنول اکسیداز) جمعیت‌های بید کلم، Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus)، حساس و مقاوم به Btدر آزمایشگاه بررسی گردید. موفقیت پارازیتیسم، بسته به کاربرد Bt یا توکسین آن (Cry1Ac) و همچنین زمان کاربرد آن‌ها، متغیر بود. در جمعیت حساس، درصد پارازیتیسم میزبان‌های تیمار شده با Cry1Ac بیشتر از میزبان‌های تیمار شده با Bt var. kurstaki (Btk) بود. در جمعیت مقاوم، درصد پارازیتیسم میزبان‌های تیمار شده با Btk قبل از پارازیتیسم بیشتر از میزبان‌های تیمار شده با Btk بعد از پارازیتیسم بود. فعالیت اختصاصی فنول‌اکسیداز در میزبان‌های تیمار شده با Cry1Ac یا پارازیته‌شده به طور معنی‌داری کاهش یافت ولی اثر تلفیقی توکسین و پارازیتوئید کاهش بیشتری در فعالیت فنول‌اکسیداز را سبب شد. فعالیت پایین فنول‌اکسیداز در جمعیت مقاوم نسبت به جمعیت حساس می‌تواند به علت هزینه‌های سازگاری (fitness costs) باشد. هرچند، C. plutellae فعالیت فنول‌اکسیداز را در هر دو جمعیت حساس و مقاوم بید کلم به‌شدت کاهش داد. در این بررسی مشخص گردید که برهم‌کنش بین Bt و C. plutellae حالت سینرژیستی دارد که نشان‌دهنده‌ی چشم‌اندازی نوید‌بخش برای تلفیق این دو عامل کنترل بیولوژیک در مدیریت پایدار بید کلم است. یافته‌های مربوط به واکنش ایمنی بدیع هستند و می‌توانند در مطالعات مزرعه‌ای با هدف مدیریت مطلوب‌تر جمعیت‌های بید کلم تأثیرگذار باشند. به‌علاوه، به علت هزینه‌های سازگاری ناشی از مقاومت، محتمل است که جمعیت‌های بید کلم مقاوم به Bt حساسیت بیشتری در مقابل حمله‌ی پارازیتوئیدها از خود نشان دهند. یک جانشینی (trade-off) احتمالی بین مقاومت به عامل بیماری‌زا و مقاومت به پارازیتوئید پیامد بسیار جالبی از چنین هزینه‌های سازگاری خواهد بود.
Characterization of aminoglycoside and chloramphenicol resistance in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serotypes from some food animals in Kenya

The emergence o f antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic and commensal bacteria has become a serious problem worldwide and an understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which it emerges and spreads is crucial in designing intervention strategies to reduce its progression. In this study, the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates from food animals were determined. Thirty E. coli and three Salmonella enterica isolates were characterized for the molecular basis of aminoglycoside and chloramphenicol resistance. A total of 235 (82.5%) and 16 (5.6%) of 285 samples were positive for E. coli and Salmonella isolates, respectively. The isolation rate for E. coli was 72.7%, 84.7% and 90.5% in samples from cattle, chickens and pigs, respectively and ranged from 0.0% in cattle and chickens to 13.8% in pigs for Salmonella. Three Salmonella serotypes were identified, with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Saintpaul (S. Saintpaul) being the predominant serotype (64.3%) followed by S. Heidelberg and S. Braenderup. Among the E. coli isolates, resistance was found in 65.5% and multidrug-resistance (resistance to > 2 antimicrobials) in 37.9% of the isolates. Resistance was more frequently observed in chicken isolates. The most common resistances were to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim or kanamycin (42.5-11.9%). Resistances to kanamycin, sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and tetracycline were significantly lower in isolates from cattle (2.5-7.5%) than from the other species (12.0-40.0%) (p < 0.01). Resistance to streptomycin was significantly higher in cattle and chicken than in pigs while resistance to ampicillin was higher in pigs (p = 0.001). Chloramphenicol resistance varied from 2.0% in chickens to 9.5% in pigs. Similar antimicrobial resistance rates were observed among the faecal (29.9%) and carcass swab (33.1%) E. coli isolates from both cattle and pigs. Forty resistance patterns were recorded. For Salmonella, resistance to at least ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin or tetracycline was observed in 37.5% and multidrug resistance in 12.5% of the Salmonella isolates belonging to serotypes Saintpaul and
Study of the interaction between the DnaK chaperone and its substrates

Hsp70 chaperones assist a large variety of protein folding processes in the cell by ATP-controlled cycles of substrate binding and release that are regulated by J-proteins and nucleotide exchange factors. Hsp70 chaperones bind to almost all unfolded proteins but generally do not interact with their native counterparts. However, Hsp70 also recognize certain folded proteins as substrates, like natively folded regulatory proteins, and modulates their activities. Even though the binding to peptide substrates has been extensively studied, it is still unclear how the binding to natively folded substrates occurs. It is also unknown whether Hsp70 proteins keep their substrates in an unfolded conformation in solution or play a more active role by inducing conformational changes on them. The aim of this Thesis was to contribute to a deeper understanding of the Hsp70 interaction with natively folded substrates, studying their conformation and probing possible conformational changes due to the action of Hsp70. I have analyzed the interaction of the E. coli Hsp70 homologue DnaK and its co-chaperone DnaJ with two protein substrates whose activity is regulated by DnaK and DnaJ: the heat-shock transcription factor s32 and the replication initiator protein RepE. Using amide hydrogen exchange experiments combined with mass spectrometry, and deletion and point-mutation constructs, I have identified the DnaK and DnaJ binding sites in s32. I have been able to show that both chaperones influence the conformation of s32 by destabilizing specific regions distant to their binding sites. DnaJ binding to s32 destabilizes a region in close spatial vicinity to the DnaK binding site, thereby explaining the catalytic action of DnaJ in loading s32 onto DnaK and the synergistic stimulation of DnaK’s ATPase activity by the simultaneous interaction of DnaJ and s32. DnaK destabilizes a region in the N-terminal domain, the primary target for the FtsH protease, which degrades s32 in vivo. RepE, on the other hand, performs different functions depending on its oligomeric state: as a dimer it represses its own synthesis while as a monomer it promotes replication initiation. Monomerization of RepE is regulated by DnaK. I have characterized the molecular mechanism of this regulation by investigating the conformation of dimeric RepE wild type and the constitutively monomeric variant RepE54 by amide hydrogen exchange experiments. I have been able to map the dimer interface in RepE and to identify the DnaK binding site which, interestingly, is not close to the dimer interface.
Targeted Inactivation of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Fresh Cantaloupe Flesh (Cucumis melo L.) Using Electron Beam Irradiation

Targeted Inactivation of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Fresh Cantaloupe Flesh (Cucumis melo L.) Using Electron Beam Irradiation. (May 2010) Ezekiel Maswe Chimbombi, B.S.; M.B.A., University of Botswana; M.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Elena Castell-Perez Food irradiation is costly in terms of the energy utilized and the time spent, therefore, it is imperative to optimize it in order to avoid sub lethal dose or an overdose both of which have detrimental effects on the quality of fresh produce such as cantaloupe. The bacterial load in fresh cut cantaloupe flesh was quantified on the basis of growth and mobility over time, and used as the basis for targeted irradiation simulation. The bacterial growth was predicted using the Gompertz model, while a power law function was used for predicting the bacterial mobility. The microbiological structure of cantaloupe flesh was assessed using Transmission Electron, Scanning Electron, and Light Microscopy as a basis for understanding the mobility of the bacteria into the internal mesocarp tissues. A plate assay was also undertaken to determine the possibility of S. typhimurium producing cell wall degrading enzymes such as polygalacturonase to gain access into intact fresh cantaloupe tissues. S. typhimurium in fresh cut cantaloupe flesh has a lag phase duration of 7.76 hours and can reach a maximum population of 7.98 logs CFU/g in 30 hours. Cantaloupe
POLARITY AND BILATERALITY OF THE ANNELID EGG. EXPERIMENTS WITH CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

In a previous paper (Lillie, â€ ? oA3) I attempted to show that the direction of polarity of the egg of C/icetopterus is not modified by any experimental redistribution of the visible elements, nucleus and granules, and I therefore concluded that polarity is a property of the ground substance of the protoplasm. In the present paper I propose to examine the grounds for this statement, to attempt to show that bilaterality comes in the same category, and to examine the conceptions of polarity and organization that naturally result.
Vortex Structures in Flow Over a Rectangular Plate

Vortex shedding behind plates with rectangular trailing edges and both aerofoil and rectangular leading edges was investigated in a water tunnel. Previous studies, such as that presented by Mills et al. (1995), have shown that the base pressure, and hence drag, of such plates can be significantly altered by applying transverse perturbations at certain frequencies. Evidence has been presented to show that this is dependent on the interaction of shed vortices; this study is a first attempt to study the nature of the vortices and how they are influenced by the applied perturbation. This is done by using particle image velocimetry to measure the velocity field close to the plates. From these the vorticity field is derived and its response to perturbation examined. It is shown that the perturbation orders the vorticity field, resulting in increased peak vorticity and circulation in the shed vortices. Thus, their potential for inducing greater suction in the wake has been increased.
Mode of Oral Ethanol Feeding Affects Liver Oxidative Stress Levelsand Methylation Status: Study on NS5A -Transgenic Mice

Background : Alcohol consumption acceleratesthe progressionand worsens the outcomes of hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection in heavyand moderate drinkers.Our aim was to investigate the effects of two modes of oral ethanol feeding on induction of oxidative stress, impaired methylation status and downstream changes in proteasome activity in livers of NS5A -transgenic (Tg) mice. Methods :Ethanol was administered eitherin water (chow fed mice given 20% ethanol in water; designated chow-EtOH) or fed in Lieber De Carli liquid diet (LCD -EtOH). Appropriate controls were used. The mechanisms of alcohol and NS5A -induced changes
Human-animal interactions in agriculture and their impact on animal welfare and performance

Human-animal interactions are a common feature of modern intensive farming systems and these interactions may have marked consequences on animal productivity and welfare. Research in agriculture has shown interrelationships between the stockperson’s attitudes and behaviour and the behaviour, productivity and welfare of farm animals and the following model of human-animal interactions in agriculture has been proposed. Because a stockperson’s behaviour towards animals is largely under volitional control, this behaviour is strongly influenced by the attitudes that the stockperson holds about the animals. These attitudes and consequent behaviours predominantly affect the animal’s fear of humans which, in turn, affects the animal’s performance and welfare. The mechanism whereby fear affects performance and welfare appears to be through a chronic stress response. The risk to welfare also arises if the stockperson’s attitude and behaviour towards the animals are negative because the stockperson’s commitment to the surveillance of, and the attendance to, welfare issues is likely to be highly questionable. Recent research in the pig industry has shown that a training programme targeting the key attitudes and behaviour of stockpersons produced improvements in stockperson attitudes and behaviour and animal behaviour and productivity. These results indicate the potential to improve animal productivity and welfare by targeting the stockperson’s attitudes and behaviour for improvement. Techniques which may be useful in this regard include staff selection and training procedures addressing these important human attributes.
Gut Microbiota, Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunction

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity and related disorders such as metabolic syndrome and diabetes has vastly increased throughout the world. Recent insights have generated an entirely new perspective suggesting that our microbiota might be involved in the development of these disorders. This represents an area of scientific need, opportunity and challenge. The insights gleaned should help to address several pressing global health problems. CONTENT: Our bowels have two major roles: the digestion and absorption of nutrients and the maintenance of a barrier against the external environment. They fulfill these functions in the context of, and with the help from, tens of trillions of resident microbes, known as the gut microbiota. Studies have demonstrated that obesity and metabolic syndrome may be associated with profound microbiotal changes, and the induction of a metabolic syndrome phenotype through fecal transplants corroborates the important role of the microbiota in this disease. Dietary composition and caloric intake appear to swiftly regulate intestinal microbial composition and function. SUMMARY: The interaction of the intestinal microbial world with its host, and its mutual regulation, will become one of the important topics of biomedical research and will provide us with further insights at the interface of microbiota, metabolism, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. A better understanding of the interaction between certain diets and the human gut microbiome should help to develop new guidelines for feeding humans at various time points in their life, help to improve global human health, and establish ways to prevent or treat various food-related diseases. KEYWORDS: gut microbiota, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes
Disability and the Public Schools: The Case Against "Inclusion"

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires states that wish to qualify for federal assistance to demonstrate that they have a policy ensuring all children with disabilities the right to a "free appropriate public education. " IDEA also requires that disabled children be educated with nondisabled children "to the maximum extent appropriate. " This Article focuses on the tension between IDEA's mandates for appropriate education and integration to the maximum extent appropriate. Advocates of full inclusion claim that, under IDEA, all disabled children-regardless of characteristics-must be placed in the general education classroom for the entire day. Many courts have tacitly accepted some of the premises of full inclusion advocates. In fact, some courts have strongly suggested that the purported social benefits of inclusion can be more important than either the academic achievement of the disabled child or the cost to the learning environment in the general classroom. This Article explains how the courts have erred in their analyses of the statute, and illustrates how some of the critiques that have been set forth in the education literature relate to the inclusion inquiry. The Article then discusses the critique of the racial integration model, a point of view that has been largely ignored by full inclusion advocates and the courts that have accepted their premises. Finally, the Article contends that in a community of learning such as the public school classroom, the primary objective must be to impart a serious education to all students.
Riparian Forest Restoration in the Pindorama Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil.

at: http://er.uwpress. org Riparian Forest Restoration in the Pindorama Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. Maria Teresa Vilela Nogueira Abdo (corresponding author: Polo Regional Centro Norte, APTA, SAA, PO Box 24, Pindorama, SP, 15-830.000, Brazil, mtvilela@terra.com.br), Sidney Rosa Vieira (IAC, Campinas, SP, Brazil), Antonio Lucio Mello Martins (Polo Regional Centro Norte, Pindorama, SP, Brazil) and Luis Cláudio Paterno Silveira (Lavras University, Lavras, MG, Brazil).
RELEVANCE OF EPIGENOMICS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CANCER

The recognizable proof of all epigenetic adjustments involved in gene expression is the succeeding stage for animproved comprehension of human biology in both typical and obsessive states. This field is implied as Epigenomics,and it is outlined as epigenetic changes (i.e., DNA methylation, histone modification and regulation by noncodingRNAs, for example microRNAs) on a genomic scale as opposed to a solitary gene. Epigenetics tweak the structure ofthe chromatin, subsequently influencing the translation of genes in the genome. Distinctive studies have recentlydistinguished changes in epigenetic changes in a couple of genes in particular pathways in cancers. In view of theseepigenetic changes, drugs against distinctive sorts of tumors were produced, which fundamentally targetepimutations in the genome. Examples incorporate DNA methylation inhibitors, histone modification inhibitors, andsmall molecules that target chromatin-renovating proteins. Then again, these medications are not particular, andreactions are a major issue; along these lines, new DNA sequencing innovations joined with Epigenomics tool havethe possibility to recognize novel biomarkers and better molecular focuses to treat Cancer. The motivation behindthis review is to talk over current and rising Epigenomics tools and to address how these new innovations mightaffect time to come of cancer management.KEYWORDS: Genomics, Epigenomics, Epigenetics, DNA methylation, Histone modifications, Cancer Management
Systèmes d'information entreprise étendue et commerce électronique

Ce papier presente et analyse l'utilisation des technologies de l'information et de la communication par des entreprises adoptant de nouvelles formes d'organisations pour atteindre leurs objectifs strategiques. Nous suggerons un cadre d'analyse avec deux dimensions. La premiere dimension reprend trois nouvelles formes d'organisations: (a) le travail en equipe, (b) les reseaux strategiques, et (c) l'organisation toumee vers le client. La seconde introduit trois mecanismes de coordination utilisant les technologies pour ameliorer (a) le partage d'informations, (b) la communication entre partenaires, et (c) la coordination d'activites.
Regulation of flowering in temperate cereals.

Winter wheat varieties require long exposures to low temperatures to flower, a process called vernalization. The VRN2 locus includes two completely linked zinc finger-CCT domain genes ( ZCCT1 and ZCCT2 ) that act as flowering repressors down-regulated during vernalization. Deletions or mutations in these two genes result in the elimination of the vernalization requirement in diploid wheat. However, natural allelic variation in these genes has not been described so far in polyploid wheat. A tetraploid wheat population segregating for both VRN-A2 and VRN-B2 loci facilitated the characterization of different alleles. Comparisons between functional and non-functional alleles revealed that both ZCCT1 and ZCCT2 genes are able to confer vernalization requirement and that different ZCCT genes are functional in different genomes. ZCCT1 and ZCCT2 proteins from non-functional vrn2 alleles have mutations at arginine amino acids at positions 16, 35 or 39 of the CCT domain. These positions are conserved between CCT and HAP2 domains supporting a model in which the action of CCT domains is mediated by their interactions with HAP2/HAP3/HAP5 complexes. This study also revealed natural variation in gene copy number, including a duplication of the functional ZCCT-B2 gene and deletions or duplications of the complete VRN-B2 locus. Allelic variation at the VRN-B2 locus was associated with a partially dominant effect, which suggests that variation in the number of functional ZCCT genes can be used to expand allelic diversity for heading time in polyploid wheat and, hopefully, improve its adaptation to different environments.
Composição da dieta e intensidade de infecção parasitária em bugios-pretos (Alouatta caraya) : buscando evidências de automedicação

O volume de estudos relatando os potenciais beneficios medicinais do consumo de determinados recursos por primatas nao-humanos tem aumentado nas ultimas decadas. Contudo, a grande maioria destes estudos e restrita aos primatas do Velho Mundo. Apenas recentemente alguns autores tem proposto que os bugios (Alouatta spp.) podem ser beneficiados pela farmacopeia natural presente em suas dietas. Esta pesquisa visou estudar o padrao de atividades e a composicao da dieta de um grupo de bugios-pretos (Alouatta caraya) habitante da Estância Casa Branca, Alegrete, RS, e sua relacao com a intensidade de infeccao parasitaria (medida pela liberacao de parasitos nas fezes) dos individuos.O comportamento (1200 horas de observacao), incluindo a ingestao de plantas potencialmente medicinais, e a presenca de parasitos em amostras fecais individuais diarias (N=534), foram monitorados durante 15 dias consecutivos por mes no periodo de fevereiro a julho de 2012. Ovos e proglotides de apenas um cestoide (identificado como Bertiella sp.) foram encontrados nas amostras fecais (prevalencia=51%). Considerando as premissas da automedicacao animal, nao foram encontradas evidencias de relacao entre o consumo de qualquer item alimentar e a liberacao de ovos ou proglodites nas fezes.A alta densidade de plantas com potencial medicinal na area e sua grande contribuicao para a dieta do grupo de estudo, aliadas a identificacao de apenas uma especie de parasito na populacao, permite levantar a hipotese de que os bugios-pretos podem estar se beneficiando, mesmo que involuntariamente, de um efeito profilatico contra outras especies de parasitos. O potencial economico, social e de saude publica oriundo da possivel descoberta de novos farmacos para uso humano e/ou veterinario a partir de estudos da automedicacao por primatas neotropicais teria importantes implicacoes positivas para a valorizacao dos proprios macacos e seus habitats.
The Effect of Dietary Ingredients and Age on the Microscopic Structure of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Poultry

Abstract The objective of this research was to identify changes in the microscopic structure of the gastrointestinal system which accompany the growth of poultry and the feeding of various dietary ingredients and additives, including oxidized fats. This report will cover 1) the early development of gut structure and effects of dietary changes on that development and 2) effects of ingredients introduced after the structure of the gut is relatively stable at one or more weeks of age. Results demonstrate the enormous changes in the microscopic structure of this organ system during the first week after hatching as sell as later in life, following various dietary changes. The early development of the gut is responsive to changes in diet, including diet restriction. In addition, results suggest that the more mature gut is also responsive to dietary ingredients and that some of the performance effects associated with various ingredients may be due to adaptive changes in the structure and function of the gut.