Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Convective patterns under the Indo-Atlantic T box r

Using fluid mechanics, we reinterpret the mantle images obtained from global and regional tomography together with geochemical, geological and paleomagnetic observations, and attempt to unravel the pattern of convection in the Indo-Atlantic bboxQ and its temporal evolution over the last 260 Myr. The T box r presently contains a) a broad slow seismic anomaly at the CMB which has a shape similar to Pangea 250 Myr ago, and which divides into several branches higher in the lower mantle, b) a bsuperswellQ centered on the western edge of South Africa, c) at least 6 bprimary hotspotsQ with long tracks related to traps, and d) numerous smaller hotspots. In the last 260 Myr, this mantle box has undergone 10 trap events, 7 of them related to continental breakup. Several of these past events are spatially correlated with present-day seismic anomalies and/or upwellings. Laboratory experiments show that superswells, long-lived hotspot tracks and traps may represent three evolutionary stages of the same phenomenon, i.e. episodic destabilization of a hot, chemically heterogeneous thermal boundary layer, close to the bottom of the mantle. When scaled to the Earth’s mantle, its recurrence time is on the order of 100–200 Myr. At any given time, the Indo-Atlantic box should contain 3 to 9 of these instabilities at different stages of their development, in agreement with observations. The return flow of the downwelling slabs, although confined to two main T boxes r (Indo-Atlantic and Pacific) by subduction zone geometry, may therefore not be passive, but rather take the form of active thermochemical instabilities. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
DEALING WITH CONFLICT OVER WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY ALLOCATION: A CASE STUDY

Available water resources are often not sucient or too polluted to satisfy the needs of all water users. Therefore, con ict over water, as a result of limitations on quantity and quality, is a major challenge in water allocation. In this paper, a methodology for con ict resolution over water allocation in river-reservoir systems is presented. The proposed model includes the genetic algorithm (GA)-based optimization and a water quantity/quality simulation model. The objective function of the optimization model is based on the Nash bargaining theory. Nash theory can incorporate the utility functions of the decision makers and the stakeholders, as well as their relative authorities over the water allocation process. The WQRRS (Water Quality for River- Reservoir Systems) model of the U.S. Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) and Qual2e model of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are used for simulating the Karkheh reservoir and river water quality. In these models, the reservoir thermal strati cation cycle, the reservoir discharge quality and the water quality downstream of the reservoir are simulated. The model is applied to the Karkheh river-reservoir system in the southern part of Iran. The utility functions are based on the reliability of the allocated water to di erent sectors, the environmental water demands (quality of the allocated water and in-stream ow), water storage in the reservoir and the quantity and quality of the return ows. The results show that this model can be e ectively used in optimal water allocation of river-reservoir systems with con icting objectives. In this paper, in order to generate the policies of the Karkheh reservoir operation and the river water quality management, the results of the optimization model are used to train the ANN model.
The Extraction Process of Trimethyl Xanthina in Vitro Culture of Callus Camellia Sinensis with ethyl Acetate Solvent

Trimethyl xanthina is one of the compounds contained bioactive culture in vitro Cammelia sinensis callus which is widely used in the field of food, beverage, agriculture and health industries. The presence of trimethyl xanthina on food, beverages and health is needed in a certain amount depending on the use which is achieved by the user. To get a certain amount of trimethyl xanthina from callus culture of Cammelia sinensis , the extraction process is performed on the water solvent, as well as non-solvent water / organic solvent such as ethyl acetate. The purpose of this study was to obtain profile of trimethyl xanthina in the extraction of Cammelia sinensis callus. The experimental methods used consisted of dissolution, filtration, extraction with water solvent and ethyl acetate, then followed by identification of trimethyl xanthina using HPLC. The results shows the profile form of trimethyl xanthina of Cammelia sinensis callus have similarities with the standard form of trimethyl xanthina .
Unified Model of Charge Transport in Insulating Polymeric Materials

We present a preliminary report on the theoretical and experimental study of transport models in highly insulating materials. The report is developed in four sections; first we give background on the nature of the problems in space craft charging, the contributions and connections made by the Utah State material physics group. Second we discuss the density of states to explore the connections between material composition and the microscopic and macroscopic transport equations. Third from Maxwell’s equations we present an overview of the transport equations. Finally we present preliminary results using experimental data on Kapton TM , the transport equations and relevant expressions for the density of states.
Design and Implementation of Low LeakagePower SRAM System Using Full StackAsymmetric SRAM

This paper explores the design and analysis of Static random Access Memory (SRAMs), focusing on optimizing delay and power. To address sub threshold leakage issue full stack approach is used. The full stack technique reduces leakage power to a great extent. The full stack technique is applied to SRAM cell in asymmetric manner in order to realise still higher power reduction. This work compares performance of SRAM using full stack approach with that of conventional 6T-SRAM design. The impact of temperature and different process corners on the performance of full stack design is also analysed. The static power and dynamic power measurement is done using Cadence Virtuoso ADE Visualization and Analysis XL Browser and XL Calculator. The layout is drawn and verified for DRC, LVS and RC extraction using Cadence Assura Tool.
Natural Gas Hydrate (Clathrates) as an Untapped Resource of Natural Gas

Rapid growth in energy demand, coupled with the worry of anthropological discharge of CO2 into the environment has seen unusual growth in consumption of natural gas. Exhaustion of conventional reserves of fossil fuel has resulted in the rise of their price which has led to exploitation of novel resources through modern technologies. Methane gas hydrates is one such source of methane gas which is captured in crystalline ice like structure in permafrost regions and under the sea in outer continental margins. It is evaluated that total amount of carbon in the form of methane Clathrate is far more than the carbon content in all the fossil fuel reserves put together and hence these are seen as the future potential energy resource. CO2 capturing is gaining high attention being a major greenhouse gas. CO2 Sequestration of gas hydrates can take out methane from Gas hydrates and can reduce the global warming by achiveing two objectives of giving new resource of energy methane the burning fuel by reducing pollution.
An introduction to learning algorithms and potential applications in geomorphometry and Earth surface dynamics

Abstract. “Learning algorithms” are a class of computational tool designed to infer information from a data set, and then apply that information predictively. They are particularly well suited to complex pattern recognition, or to situations where a mathematical relationship needs to be modelled but where the underlying processes are not well understood, are too expensive to compute, or where signals are over-printed by other effects. If a representative set of examples of the relationship can be constructed, a learning algorithm can assimilate its behaviour, and may then serve as an efficient, approximate computational implementation thereof. A wide range of applications in geomorphometry and Earth surface dynamics may be envisaged, ranging from classification of landforms through to prediction of erosion characteristics given input forces. Here, we provide a practical overview of the various approaches that lie within this general framework, review existing uses in geomorphology and related applications, and discuss some of the factors that determine whether a learning algorithm approach is suited to any given problem.
Mathematical Modeling in Tracking the Connection Between Anthropometric Characteristics and Motor and Functional Abilities as well as Diet Quality of Female Students Age 14 to 18 Years

Obesity and chronic illnesses connected with it, mark health problems of modern times which arise as consequences of poor diets and insufficient physical activity in everyday life. With the employment of mathematical modeling, it is possible to make a connection between anthropometric measurements values, motor tests and functional capability results on one side, and diet quality of specified population groups on the other. For this study, measurements were carried out in a vocational secondary school and the subjects were female students aged 14 - 18 years (N=63). Data on nutritional status as a body mass index, and fat tissue distribution as WHR were derived from anthropometric characteristics. Students were interviewed individually by an examiner, and a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (Q-FFQ) was used. Collected data included consumption frequency (daily, weekly, monthly, etc.) of foods, regarding different foods groups and cooking/processing methods (fresh, boiled, baked/fried, canned, etc.). Descriptive statistics and regression models were employed in the data analysis. A number of principal food group servings was followed, and varied considerably. The number of wheat group servings ranges from 2 to 20/day ; the number of milk and milk drinks group servings ranges from 0 to 5/day and the number of fruits and vegetables groups servings ranges from 0 to 15/day while its mean value is only 2, 05/day. Because of a wide range of serving sizes, computer programming was employed in modeling and in tracing the relation of all considered parameters. Regression models demonstrated that students’ anthropometric data were in positive correlation with their motor and functional abilities as well as with certain food groups consumption. These results confirm the hypothesis that an adequate diet has a positive influence on the motor and functional abilities of individuals which is verified by anthropometric data interaction between nutritional status, described as body mass index, and fat tissue distribution, described as WHR.
A comparative study of lyophilized bovine pericardium and tunica parietalis vaginalis for repair of large abdominal wall defects in a rabbit model

The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of lyophilized bovine pericardium and tunica vaginalis in repairing large abdominal wall defect in a rabbit model. Full thickness (all the layers of muscles except the skin) abdominal wall defects (3 x 4 cm) were created in 18 anaesthetized male clinically healthy New Zealand white rabbits and randomly divided into two equal group (n= 9 each). The defects of the first group were repaired with bovine pericardium, whereas the second group was with bovine tunica vaginalis parietalis. Three animals were sacrificed at 7 th , 14 th and 30 th days of postimplantation from each group and the explanted specimens were subjected to macroscopic and microscopic examinations. The explanted grafts were replaced by newly formed collagen fibres and neo-vascularisation without any infection as well as formation of seroma. The cellular reaction was almost similar in each group. Therefore, these scaffolds can provide a structural replacement for severe and large abdominal wall defects. Key words : Lyophilized, bovine pericardium, bovine tunica vaginalis parietalis, abdominal wall defect, rabbit.
The Two-Tier Board System and Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings: Evidence from Austria

We study the relation between initial IPO underpricing and two-tier board structure in the Vienna Stock Exchange of Austria, where a two-tier board is mandatory for listed companies. The board ratio, defined as the size of the supervisory board to the management board, is used to capture the effect of two-tiered board on underpricing. The results show that the board ratio is negatively related with underpricing, consistent with the agency theory which predicts that more effective monitoring implied in a relatively larger supervisory board will lead to lower agency costs, and thus lower underpricing. The results are robust to the inclusion of control variables and suggest that firms seeking to raise external capital will be helped by adopting strong corporate governance standards.
The role of purchasing in product development : a summary of four years research

The role of purchasing in product development has increasingly become a popular subject both with researchers and practitioners. However, much of the available research has important shortcomings. Most importantly, it fails to address explicitly the role of purchasing in areas related to product development other than single development projects. We argue that there are five separate yet closely related areas in which purchasing related activities can be distinguished with respect to product development processes. These activities can all be related to a limited number of key processes across the different areas, which form the essence of purchasing involvement in product development. This framework of areas and activities has been developed on the basis of two series of case studies. In order to get some indications on the universality of this framework, a survey has been carried out, as well as a third series of case studies.
Target Tracking Based on Mean-shift and Kalman Filter

Analysis of the scheme shift is difficult to effectively track the main defect of gray level moving targets un-der complicated background, puts forward the combination of Mean shift and kalman filter method for target tracking. The method by using kalman filter to predict the target in the current moment of starting position, then scheme the shift in the location of the neighborhood looking for targets within the location. At the same time, use Bhattacharyya coefficient measurement "target model" and "candidate model" similarity degree, determine whether "candidate model" is replaced by "target model", to avoid excessive update target model. On the background of object plane target image sequence test results show that this method is compared with the original scheme shift method can obviously improve the stability of target tracking.
Distortionary Taxes and the Provision of Public Goods

When comparing marginal costs and benefits of a public project, most economists think in terms of adding together the marginal costs of production plus marginal costs of additional distortionary taxation. This paper clarifies how the "revenue effect" offsets the "distortionary effect. " For Cobb-Douglas utility with a marginal increase in a proportional wage tax, they exactly offset each other and the Samuelson rule is unaffected. Also, with a preexisting wage tax, an incremental lump-sum tax has only this "revenue effect:" it increases labor supply, increases tax revenue from the preexisting wage tax, and thus makes the project easier to fund. In our numerical example, the incremental lump-sum tax costs taxpayers only $. 77 per dollar raised.
Lack of genetics divergence between spawning aggregations of anchovy in the Catalan sea (Northwestern Mediterranean)

The anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, is one of the most important pelagic commercial fish from the Catalan Sea (Northwestern Mediterranean). In this sea, two spawning areas are located under French and Spanish jurisdiction respectively, and suggest that Catalan Sea anchovies may comprise two subpopulations and therefore may be managed independently. We examined one sample from each spawning area and found no genetic differences at the nine variable protein-coding loci screened. Although the lack of allele-frequency differences does not confirm the existcnce of two genetically-discrete subpopulations, other evidence suggests the spawnning areas are at least partially isolated. A set of hypothesis that can accomodate the spawning and genetic data is presented.
Usage in Organizing Idea for Typography Design SRI

Sketches have been used as design method for long time. Typography design project has been adopted thumbnail sketches as the beginning of the process in organizing idea as tool or skill needed in the design process. The role of using thumbnail sketches either as tool or skill has an impact on students’ attention and creativity which associated with typography design. An experiment using sketching techniques will be used to provide the process of design typography as part of typography design portfolio. The findings of this experimental method can be seen on the process of thumbnail sketches which demonstrates a simplistic approach towards the overall idea and creativity of students’ portfolio in typography design class. The creation of a design portfolio is an important part of the learning process, because it consists of milestones and process documentation that can be used as a way to examine and measure progress and guide the designer along the path to making design decisions during the completion of the task. Although software technology has an integral role to play in the production of designed products, it is an adjunct to the core content of courses which aim to allow students to gain an understanding of the knowledge and skills associated with design, their application to creative problem solving and to also gain a contextual/theoretical understanding of issues related to design and the broader field. Key-Words: Thumbnail Sketches, Typography Design, Ideation, Knowledge Capturing, Learning Approach
A low cost technique for development of ultra-high resolution topography: application to a dry maar's bottom

Desarrollamos un modelo digital de superficie (MDS) de ultra-alta resolucion del fondo de un maar seco ubicado en Parangueo, Mexico, con dimensiones de 1.2 km × 1.2 km. Este maar es unico debio a que muestra una gran cantidad y variedad de estructuras asociadas con procesos activos de deformacion y debido a al alto albedo de los sedimentos que componen su fondo. Utilizamos un pequeno Vehiculo Aero no tripulado (cuadcoptero) y una camara fotografica no especializada para desarrollar un MDS y una ortofoto con una resolucion de 4.7 cm utilizando el programa Photoscan Pro, el cual utiliza algoritmos de estructura a partir de movimiento. Para georeferenciar los productos generados en el presente trabajo utilizamos 31 puntos de control cuyas coordenadas fueron obtenidas por medio de un GPS diferencial. Los residuales obtenidos en el MDS tienen un error cuadratico medio (RMSE) de 3.3 cm en la horizontal, con una media de 2.6 cm, mientras que en la vertical, el RMSE=1.8 cm con una media de -0.3 cm. Con esta metodologia pudimos construir un modelo tridimensional del fondo del maar con un nivel de detalle sin precedentes, el cual muestra las diversas estructuras (fracturas, domos y escarpes) que han sido creados debido a la deformacion activa del fondo seco del lago. Concluimos que con el uso de fotografias adquiridas por medio de un cuadcoptero ligero y procesadas con Photoscan Pro se pueden obtener modelos digitales de elevacion precisos y de alta resolucion a bajo costo, inclusive en areas con superficies de alto albedo. Esta metodologia tambien permite la deteccion de deformacion al ser aplicada en diferentes fechas para crear una serie de tiempo formada de modelos digitales de elevacion, con lo cual se pueden medir tasas de subsidencia y/o levantamiento en zonas que presenten deformacion activa
Live P2P Streaming System with High Playback Continuity

P2P streaming system effectively fixed the overload and weak scalability shortcomings of C/S structures. It's working principle is divided into tree multicast and mesh multicast. Compared to tree multicast method, mesh multicast method based on Gossip protocol has the characteristics of high fault tolerance and high bandwidth utilization. Gossip multicast in P2P streaming system has become the mainstream. Data transfer of gossip protocols in high-dynamic environment is uncertainty, and the problems of slow start and poor playback smooth, easily happened in streaming media system, will seriously affect the user experience. This paper designs a real-time streaming system DHTPatch, based on the idea of "the capable ones are the busiest". We organize the nodes with better performance into a DHT network, DHT network can freely and accurately access to resources, make up for the disadvantage of gossip multicast data transmission. The experiment results show that the system not only improves the gossip streaming playback continuity, but also speeds up the streaming startup of the playback. Index Terms - stream media, gossip, DHT, multicast, P2P
Systemic Risk, Idiosyncratic Risk and Mutual Fund Flows

Is risk-taking behavior of Fund managers to consider for their own benefit maximization? Based the unbalanced panel data of 2004-2012 in China fund market, we empirically examine the relation between fund risk and fund managers reward. The results show that the fund choosing higher risk will not bring decreasing investment cash flow, and the investors generally show a “reward” attitude to high-risk funds. Furthermore, we find fund managers reward is a result of taking greater systemic risk.
Chapter 2 Recent Advances in Seed Enhancements

Seed quality is vital to sustainable crop production and food security. Seed enhance‐ ments include physical, physiological and biological treatments to overcome germina‐ tion constraints by uniform stands, earlier crop development and better yields. Improved germination rates and seedling vigour are due to reduced emergence time by earlier start of metabolic activities of hydrolytic enzymes and resource mobiliza‐ tion. Nutrient homeostasis, ion uptake, hormonal regulation, activation of antioxidant defence system, reduced lipid peroxidation and accumulation of compatible solutes are some mechanisms conferring biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Several transcription factors for aquaporins, imbibitions, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant defence and phenylpropanoid pathway have been identified. However, the knowledge of molecu‐ lar pathways elucidating mode of action of these effects, reduced longevity of primed or other physical and biological agents for seed treatments and market availability of high-quality seeds are some of the challenges for scientists and seed industry. In this scenario, there is need to minimize the factors associated with reduced vigour during seed production, improve seed storage and handling, develop high-tech seeds by seed industry at appropriate rates and integrate agronomic, physiological and molecular seed research for the effective regulation of high-quality seed delivery over next generations.