Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Participatory research in conservation and rural livelihoods : doing science together

Contributors. Foreword: Marshall W. Murphree. Acknowledgements. Acronyms and abbreviations. Non-English words. Introduction: doing science together: Louise Fortmann. 1. How participatory research convinced a sceptic: Robin Buruchara. 2. Sharing in innovation: reflections on a partnership to improve livelihoods and resource conservation in the Honduran hillsides: Sally Humphries, Jose Jimenez, Fredy Sierra and Omar Gallardo. 3. Campesinos cientificios: farmer philosophies on participatory research: members of the Association of CIALs of Honduras: Dionisia Corea, Ana Rosa Estrada, Reinaldo Funez, Isidora Garcia, Claros Gomez, Maria Guada, Bonifacio Gutierrez, Angel Hernandez, Jose Amado Hernandez, Melvin Hernandez, Nora Hernandez, Wilmer Hernandez, Cayetana Herrera, Gavina Herrera, Jose Santos Herrera, Juan Pedro Herrera, Toribia Herrera, Marco Lopez, Diogenes Matute, Hilda Mencia, Rosalio Mencia, Luis Alonso Meza, Manuel Meza, Enrique Murillo, Heladia Murillo, Amalia Nunez, Ubaldo Olvera, Andrea Orellana, Damiana Perez and Simeona Perez with Lauren Classen. 4. Retracing the trail to wisdom: doing science together in CibecueL Jonathan W. Long. 5. The land has wisdom: Benrita 'Mae' Burnette and Judy DeHose. 6. What makes a scientist? studying the impacts of harvest in the Pacific Northwest: Heidi L. Ballard. 7. 'She fell out of the sky': salal harvesters' reflections on participatory research: Don Collins, Juan Cruz, Bob Smith and members of the Northwest Research and Harvester Association. 8. 'Research sounds so big . ': collaborative inquiry with women in Drevdagen, Sweden: Seema Arora-Jonsson. 9. For oss ar naturen en lisa for sjalen (where peace comes dropping slow): the forests and nature for us: Asa Bergelin, Margareta Emretsson, Anne Lundgren Halvarsson, Ewa Halvarsson and Anna Ryen. 10. From participation to partnership: devolution, forest communities and CIFOR in Malinau, Indonesia: Eva Wollenberg, Ramses Iwan, Goodwin Limberg, Moira Moeliono, Made Sudana, Asung Uluk, Njau Anau and Miriam van Heist. 11. Malinau villagers' relationship with CIFOR: high hopes, unmet expectations and trusted confidante: Ramses Iwan and Steve Rhee. 12. Rediscovering participation: reflections on the Mhondoro Tree Project: Nontokozo Nemarundwe and Louise Fortmann. 13. Unofanira Kuzvininipisa (you have to be humble): Gift Chidari, Francisca Chirambaguwa, Patricia Matsvimbo and Wisdom Muza. 14. New seeds, new selves, new societies: rural women's reflections on participatory research in plant breeding: Elicelda Guardado Martinez, Lastenia Mendez and Leonarda Ramos Mejia with Jennifer Casolo. 15. Conclusions: Seema Arora-Jonsson, Heidi L. Ballard, Robin Buruchara, Jennifer Casolo, Lauren Classen, Judy DeHose, Margareta Emretsson, Louise Fortmann, Anne Lundgren Halvarsson, Ewa Halvarsson, Sally Humphries, Jonathan W. Long, Marshall W. Murphree, Nontokozo Nemarundwe, Anne Olssen, Steve Rhee, Anna Ryen, Carl Wilmsen and Eva Wollenberg. Appendix A Publications from the participatory research projects. Index
A new iron calcium phosphate material to improve the osteoconductive properties of a biodegradable ceramic: a study in rabbit calvaria

β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is an osteoconductive and biodegradable material used in bone regeneration procedures, while iron has been suggested as a tool to improve the biological performance of calcium phosphate-based materials. However, the mechanisms of interaction between these materials and human cells are not fully understood. In order to clarify this relationship, we have studied the iron role in β-TCP ceramics. Iron-containing β-TCPs were prepared by replacing CaCO3 with C6H5FeO7 at different molar ratios. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the occurrence of β-TCP as the sole phase in the pure β-TCP and iron-containing ceramics. The incorporation of iron ions in the β-TCP lattice decreased the specific surface area as the pore size was shifted toward meso- and/or macropores. Furthermore, the human osteoblastlike cell line MG-63 was cultured onto the ceramics to determine cell proliferation and viability, and it was observed that the iron-β-TCP ceramics have better cytocompatibility than pure β-TCP. Finally, in vivo assays were performed using rabbit calvaria as a bone model. The scaffolds were implanted for 8 and 12 weeks in the defects created in the skullcap with pure β-TCP as the control. The in vivo behavior, in terms of new bone formed, degradation, and residual graft material were investigated using sequential histological evaluations and histomorphometric analysis. The in vivo implantation of the ceramics showed enhanced bone tissue formation and scaffold degradation for iron-β-TCPs. Thus, iron appears to be a useful tool to enhance the osteoconductive properties of calcium phosphate ceramics.
Photometric and geometric rectification for stereoscopic images

Stereoscopic images are captured by two cameras at different positions. In general, the two images often have geometric distortions including vertical misalignment, rotation and keystone as well as photometric distortions such as luminance or color differences. Even in case of a carefully designed parallel stereo camera configuration, the captured images pairs may have the distortions that cause uncomfortable 3D experiences to users. In this paper, we develop an algorithm to correct the captured image pairs to give a comfortable stereoscopic experience to users. The algorithm provides a practical method for compensating the photometric and geometrical distortions.
2‐Pyridinyl‐4(3H)‐Quinazolinone: A Scaffold for Anti‐influenza A Virus Compounds

A series of 2‐pyridinyl‐3‐substituted‐4(3H)‐quinazolinones were synthesized, and their anti‐influenza A virus activities were determined using the cytopathic effect inhibition assay. Most of the compounds were potent with IC50 values ranging from 51.6 to 93.0 μm, which are better than that of the currently marketed drug ribavirin. The molecular mechanisms of the new compounds were investigated using neuraminidase inhibition assay, cellular NF‐κB signaling pathway inhibition assay, and computational docking. Compound 4e, which is a N3 imidazol‐1‐ylpropyl‐substituted derivative of 2‐pyridinyl‐4(3H)‐quinazolinone, had the most potent anti‐influenza A virus activity in vitro, and inhibited both virus neuraminidase and cellular NF‐κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, 2‐pyridinyl‐4(3H)‐quinazolinone is a new scaffold for the design of potent anti‐influenza A virus compounds, offering an alternative approach to tackle influenza drug resistance.
Somatic Basis of Sexual Behavior Patterns in Guinea Pigs: Factors Involved in the Determination of the Character of the Soma in the Female

Summary Investigation of the role of genetic and experiential factors for the determination of the character of the neuromuscular tissues mediating sexual behavior in the male guinea pig has been supplemented by an investigation of females from the same genetic strains. The patterns of behavior of females raised in isolation, save for the mother during the first 25 days, were compared with those of females raised with other animals. In a second part of the experiment, contact with other animals was withheld until adulthood. The data provide convincing evidence that the display of the feminine as well as the masculine components is less by the animals raised in isolation. It is concluded that for the female as for the male the organization of the neuromuscular mechanisms mediating sexual behavior depends on a coaction between genetically determined and experiential factors. The experiential factor seems to be more effective when the animals are young. In neither sex is the presence of the gonads necessary for the action of this factor.
Effect of habitual exercise on the structural and mechanical properties of human tendon, in vivo, in men and women

We examined whether long‐term habitual training (a) was associated with differences in structural and mechanical properties in tendon in women and (b) yielded different tendon properties in men and women. Ten male runners, 10 female runners and 10 female non‐runners were tested. Tendon cross‐sectional area (CSA) and length of the patellar and Achilles tendon were determined with MRI. Ultrasonography‐based measurement of tendon elongation and force during isometric contractions provided mechanical properties. Distal patellar and Achilles tendon CSAs were greater than the proximal part in all three groups (P<0.05). Weight‐normalized Achilles tendon CSA were similar in trained (2.78±0.17 mm2/kg3/4) and untrained women (2.60±0.13 mm2/kg3/4), while that in trained men (3.77±0.27 mm2/kg3/4) was greater compared with trained women (P<0.01). Patellar tendon CSA were comparable in trained and untrained women, while that in trained men was greater compared with trained women (P<0.01). Patellar tendon stiffness was greater in male runners (3528±773 N/mm) compared with female runners (2069±666 N/mm) and non‐runners (2477±381 N/mm), (P<0.01), but patellar tendon deformation, stress, strain and modulus were similar. These data indirectly suggest that the ability of Achilles and patellar tendons to adapt in response to habitual loading such as running is attenuated in women.
Modification of membrane‐bound proteins of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex by change in behavior in rats

Rats were trained in an instrumental task for 2 × 25 min during 1 day and 4 days and compared with active controls with respect to membrane‐bound proteins solubilized by chloral hydrate and fractionated on polyacrylamide gels. Then 30‐μg samples of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex were labeled by 14C‐and 3H‐valine. The distribution of the stained electrophoretogram was recorded by microdensitometry. The results show that the 1‐day training induced an increased synthesis of a membrane protein fraction of 50,000 mol wt already present in the brain membrane proteins of active controls. Training for 4 days resulted in an overall stimulation of the hippocampal membrane protein fractions, especially in the higher‐molecular‐weight range. The entorhinal cortex showed two stimulated membrane protein fractions, 50,000 and 120,000 mol wt. Together with previous studies, this study makes it probable that training to establish a new behavior induces a modulation of both soluble and membrane‐bound protein patterns in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex with a time phase retardation for the latter.
The Unanimous Decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada as a Test of the Attitudinal Model

Abstract. Most of the empirical work on the decision making of justices on the Supreme Court of Canada has taken as its exclusive focus the divided decisions of the Court. In contrast to this extensive body of research on divided decision, the much more limited knowledge of unanimous decisions is troubling because such decisions constitute nearly three-quarters of all of the formal decisions of the Court. The analysis reported below provides a first step towards understanding the neglected nature of unanimous decisions. This investigation of the nature and causes of unanimity in the Supreme Court of Canada explores two competing explanations: one drawn from the most widely accepted general explanation of judicial voting (that is, the attitudinal model) and the other from the perspectives of the justices themselves. To determine that perspective, the author interviewed ten of the current or recent justices on the Court. After describing these two alternative accounts of unanimity, empirical tests are conducted of the implications of each view. We find substantially more support for the perspectives of the justices than for the perspective derived from the attitudinal model on unanimity. Résumé. La majeure partie du travail de recherche empirique portant sur la manière dont les juges de la Cour suprême du Canada prennent leurs décisions se concentre exclusivement sur les décisions divisées de cette institution. En contraste avec cette foison d'études sur les décisions divisées, le corpus beaucoup plus limité de connaissances sur les décisions unanimes pose un problème important, car celles-ci représentent presque les trois quarts de la totalité des décisions formelles de la Cour suprême. L'analyse présentée ci-dessous se veut un premier pas vers une meilleure connaissance de la nature, trop négligée jusqu'à présent, de ces décisions unanimes. Cette investigation sur la nature et les causes de l'unanimité dans les décisions de la Cour suprême du Canada explore deux voies se trouvant en compétition : l'une qui résulte de l'explication la plus largement acceptée du vote judiciaire (soit le modèle attitudinal), et l'autre qui découle de la perspective personnelle des juges. Pour élucider cette perspective propre des juges, les auteurs ont interviewé dix juges actuels et récents de la Cour suprême du Canada. Après avoir décrit ces deux explications alternatives de l'unanimité, ils effectuent des tests empiriques sur les implications respectives du modèle attitudinal et des perspectives propres des juges. L'étude révèle que les perspectives propres des juges ont beaucoup plus de poids que la perspective dérivée du modèle attitudinal en ce qui concerne l'unanimité.
Comparative Risk Assessment of Secondary Cancer Incidence after Treatment of Hodgkin's Disease with Photon and Proton Radiation

Abstract Schneider, U. , Lomax, A. and Lombriser, N. Comparative Risk Assessment of Secondary Cancer Incidence after Treatment of Hodgkin's Disease with Photon and Proton Radiation. Probabilities for secondary cancer incidence have been estimated for a patient with Hodgkin's disease for whom treatment has been planned with different radiation modalities using photons and protons. The ICRP calculation scheme has been used to calculate cancer incidence from dose distributions. For this purpose, target volumes as well as critical structures have been outlined in the CT set of a patient with Hodgkin's disease. Dose distributions have been calculated using conventional as well as intensity-modulated treatment techniques using photon and proton radiation. The cancer incidence has been derived from the mean doses for each organ. The results of this work are: (a) Intensity-modulated treatment of Hodgkin's disease using nine photon fields (15 MV) results in nearly the same cancer incidence as treating with two opposed photon fields (6 MV). (b) Intensity-modulated treatment using nine proton fields (maximum energy 177.25 MeV) results in nearly the same cancer incidence as treating with one proton field (160 MeV). (c) Irradiation with protons using the spot scanning technique decreases the avoidable cancer incidence compared to photon treatment by a factor of about two. This result is independent of the number of beams used. Our work suggests that there are radiotherapy indications in which intensity-modulated treatments will result in little or no reduction of cancer incidence compared to conventional treatments. However, proton treatment can result in a lower cancer incidence than photon treatment.
The Signal Recognition Particle Database (SRPDB)

The Signal Recognition Particle Database (SRPDB) provides aligned SRP RNA and SRP protein sequences, annotated and phylogenetically ordered. The current release included 93 RNAs and 29 proteins representing SRP9, SRP14, SRP19, SRP21, SRP54, SRP68 and SRP72. The SRPDB can be downloaded and is accessible via the World Wide Web.
Assortative Mating by Education and Hukou in Shanghai

Abstract Hukou locality (local vs. nonlocal) is an important source of social inequality in urban China. Residents with Shanghai hukou, for example, have better access to social benefits, jobs, schools, and other opportunities in Shanghai. In this paper, using data from the 2013 Fudan Yangtze River Delta Social Transformation Survey, we evaluate how hukou locality intersects with educational attainment to shape assortative marriage patterns among individuals born in the 1980s and living in Shanghai. We find that highly-educated hukou residents and non-hukou migrants are more likely than their less-educated counterparts to marry hukou residents. In addition, hukou intermarriage seldom occurs when hukou residents marry non-hukou migrants with less education than themselves. The results suggest that Shanghai hukou is a valuable attribute in the Shanghai marriage market and shapes marriage market conditions and individual marital choices.
Different Partners, Opposite Outcomes: A New Perspective of the Immunobiology of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a metabolic enzyme that catalyzes tryptophan conversion into kynurenines, is a crucial regulator of immunity. Altered IDO activity is often associated with pathology, including neoplasia and autoimmunity. IDO is highly expressed in dendritic cells (DCs) that exploit the enzyme’s activity and the production of tryptophan catabolites to regulate immune responses by acting on several cell types, including T lymphocytes, of which they promote a regulatory phenotype. IDO also contains immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) that, once bound by distinct molecular partners, will either promote degradation or initiate signaling activity and self-maintenance of the enzyme. We here discuss how ITIM-dependent molecular events can affect the functional plasticity of IDO by modifying the protein half-life and its enzymic and nonenzymic functions.
Revenue Management and E-Commerce

We trace the history of revenue management in an effort to illustrate a successful e-commerce model of dynamic, automated sales. Our discourse begins with a brief overview of electronic distribution as practiced in the airline industry, emphasizing the fundamental role of central reservation and revenue management systems. Methods for controlling the sale of inventory are then introduced along with related techniques for optimization and forecasting. Research contributions and areas of significant research potential are given special attention. We conclude by looking at how revenue management is practiced outside of the airline industry, its relationship to dynamic pricing, and future directions for the discipline.
Evaluating fetal head dimension changes during labor using open magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract Aim: Fetal skull molding is important for the adaptation of the head to the birth canal during vaginal delivery. Importantly, the fetal head must rotate around the maternal symphysis pubis. The goals of this analysis were to observe a human birth in real-time using an open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner and describe the fetal head configuration during expulsion. Methods: Real-time cinematic MRI series (TSE single-shot sequence, TR 1600 ms, TE 150 ms) were acquired from the midsagittal plane of the maternal pelvis during the active second stage of labor at 37 weeks of gestation. Frame-by-frame analyses were performed to measure the frontooccipital diameter (FOD) and distance from the vertex to the base of the fetal skull. Results: During vaginal delivery in an occiput anterior position, the initial FOD was 10.3 cm. When expulsion began, the fetal skull was deformed and elongated, with the FOD increasing to 10.8 cm and 11.2 cm at crowning. In contrast, the distance from the vertex to the base of the skull was reduced from 6.4 cm to 5.6 cm at expulsion. Conclusions: Fetal head molding is the change in the fetal head due to the forces of labor. The biomechanics of this process are poorly understood. Our visualization of the normal mechanism of late second-stage labor shows that MRI technology can for the first time help define the changes in the diameters of the fetal head during active labor.
Inotropes in the management of acute heart failure

Impaired cardiac contractility is a fundamental component of the heart failure syndrome, initiating the cycle of vasoconstriction, neurohormonal and inflammatory activation, and adverse ventricular remodeling that leads to heart failure progression. Based on this core paradigm, drugs that increase cardiac contractility (positive inotropes) are theoretically appealing as a heart failure therapy, and such agents have been extensively investigated in both acute and chronic heart failure. Although these agents clearly improve cardiac output, their use in heart failure has consistently been associated with increased myocardial oxygen demand, cardiac arrhythmias, and mortality in a variety of clinical settings. Based on these data, the routine use of inotropes as heart failure therapy is not indicated in either the acute or chronic setting. Inotropes may be a necessary evil in a subset of acute heart failure patients, such as those with acute heart failure decompensation in the setting of clinically evident hypoperfusion or shock, or as a bridge to more definitive treatment, such as revascularization or cardiac transplantation. Currently available inotropes, such as dobutamine and milrinone, act (directly or indirectly) by increasing cyclic adenylate monophosphate and therefore intracellular calcium flux. Whether newer inotropes with differing mechanisms of action will realize the potential clinical benefits of inotropic therapy without the risk remains a subject of ongoing investigation.
Sensitivity of Threshold Voltage to Nanowire Width Variation in Junctionless Transistors

We experimentally investigate the sensitivity of threshold voltage (T) to the variation of silicon nanowire (SiNW) width (Wsi) in gate-all-around junctionless transistors by comparison with inversion-mode transistors with the same geometric parameters. Due to the nature of junctionless transistors with a heavily doped SiNW channel, the VT fluctuation caused by the Wsi variation of junctionless transistors is significantly larger than that of inversion-mode transistors with a nearly intrinsic channel. This is because, in junctionless transistors, the channel doping concentration cannot be reduced in order to keep their inherent advantages. Therefore, our findings indicate that careful optimization or methods to mitigate the VT fluctuation related to the Wsi variation should be considered in junctionless transistors.
Seroepidemiology of Campylobacter pylori infection in various populations

Campylobacter pylori infection has been recognized as being strongly associated with chronic gastritis and duodenal ulceration, but the prevalence of C. pylori infection in a normal population is not known. A serological survey was conducted in four countries with different geographical and socioeconomic status, in a randomly chosen population as representative as possible, by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a sonic extract of two strains as the antigen. The test had a specificity of 94% when 600 ELISA units was used as the threshold. In France, few children were infected before the age of 10 years. The prevalence then increased gradually to 36.7% in the sixth decade of life. This increasing prevalence of infection with age was also observed in Algeria, Vietnam, and the Ivory Coast but at a higher rate (80 to 90%). In Vietnam, as in France, few children were infected, whereas in Africa, C. pylori infection occurred earlier. The prevalence of infection did not differ with sex for a particular age group; it also did not differ with respect to gastric symptoms, smoking and drinking habits, or urban or rural residence when these potential risk factors were studied. The epidemiological data available on peptic ulcer disease in developing countries compared with developed countries led to the speculation that infection with C. pylori is not a sufficient condition to develop this disease.