Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Organizers' Introduction

S10 IN THE UNITED STATES, it is not disputed that disparities in health outcomes vary (independent of clinical factors) across individuals by socioeconomic status and by the presence or absence of health care coverage. Furthermore, these disparities in the quality of care are also commonly found among individuals by race and ethnicity. In 2003, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released its controversial report, Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care (Smedley, Stith, and Nelson 2003). As its title suggests, the report found systematic evidence that, on average, members of racial minorities receive a lower quality of health care than nonminorities. Moreover, the IOM report concluded that these persistent differences were attributable not only to differences in the level of access, but also to stereotyping and bias, conscious or unconscious, by health care professionals.This controversial conclusion has been vigorously contested both by physicians and non-physicians, many of whom are concerned both with the report’s criticism of health care and its wider political and social implications. In November 2003, the University of Chicago’s MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, the Law School, and the Harris Graduate School in Public
The Results In The Provision Of Public Education Under Different Decentralized Contexts: The Colombian Case

An analysis of the results in the provision of public education under different institutional contexts is carried out for Colombia where, during the decentralization process, different degrees of autonomy to manage education public expenditures have coexisted. The analysis is undertaken by using frontier analysis techniques, which allow us to estimate cost and production functions, in order to determine differences in costs and technical efficiency in the provision of education across regions. The results show that the strength of decentralization had a more positive impact on increasing enrollment than on the improvement of the quality of education. It was also found, that high levels of cost and production inefficiency are present in different regions of the country, implying that savings in public expenditure and better educational results could be achieved if all local authorities could operate at the most efficient level.
Web Extra Appendix: Implications of Historical Trends in the Electrical Efficiency of Computing

Our goal for this analysis is an accurate general overview of trends in compute capabilities and power use over time, and for this purpose, the metric of computations per kWh is a reasonable one. We calculate this metric for dozens of different computers, ranging from laptop PCs to mainframes and integrated supercomputers. We rely on longterm performance trends developed in a consistent fashion as well as measured electricity use data for historical computers. The data and results from the analysis are summarized in Tables S1, S2, and S3.
Editor’s Note

How many readers recall encountering a quotation that reflexively carried you into, what writer Anna Quindlen (2000) memorably termed, a “cul-de-sac of contemplation”? For me, the experience occurs with regularity. In graduate school I recall being captivated by Clifford Geertz’s image of “man [as] an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun” (Geertz, 1973, p. 5). The metaphor is evocative in part because it acknowledges humans’ role as both creators and products of culture, consumers as well as producers. Likewise, it recognizes that society and culture are dynamic. Applied to education, Geertz’s metaphor underscores how teaching and learning involve a discursive process of cultural immersion and interpretation. Teachers help students interpret, make sense of, and even internalize the social and cultural norms that surround them. The process of meaning-making, at least from a humanistic perspective, also implies questioning and challenging cultural norms and values rather than accepting them uncritically. The process of socialization is a connecting thread between the articles in this issue of the Journal of Jewish Education. The subject of Yaakov Jaffe’s article is telegraphed by its title, “Four Approaches to the Instruction of Halakha, Jewish Law. ” Analyzing survey data from 28 modern Orthodox schools, Jaffe uncovers little alignment between schools’ stated curricular vision and the classroom pedagogy and methods. School leaders and teachers articulate discrete goals but routinely make on-the-ground choices that are disconnected from and sometimes even sabotage those desired outcomes, hence, Jaffe’s exhortation that curricular design be predicated on a clear articulation of mission-aligned overarching goals. Of all of the subjects that are taught in Jewish schools, Jewish laws and customs is arguably the most transparently concerned with socialization and enculturation. Thus, it comes as little surprise that, when school leaders were asked to identify their approach to halakha instruction, the vast majority prioritized “learning for future practice” and procedural knowledge over the philosophy of halakha and Jewish cultural literacy. If Jaffe is concerned primarily with religious socialization, Maury Grebenau and Esther Friedman focus on professional socialization in Jewish schools. Grebenau’s narrative study of 10 Jewish day school principals during the first 3 years in their positions uncovered pervasive feelings of frustration and despair, mostly because they were overwhelmed, overextended, overworked, and unprepared. All of which points to failings in the socialization process. On one level, this is unsurprising. In his classic study of teacher socialization, JOURNAL OF JEWISH EDUCATION 2023, VOL. 89, NO. 2, 91–93 https://doi.org/10.1080/15244113.2023. 2214882
Occupy Walden

Occupy Wall Street is the latest iteration of a metonymic/symbolic turn in the art of American politics that this essay traces back through environmentalism to locate a connection with Henry David Thoreau at Walden. Like the participants in the recent social movement, Thoreau illuminated the search for good work in difficult economic times through an extended performance of acts involving ephemeral occupation and its seeming opposite, vacation (and the related value oppositions of wildness/tameness and freedom/slavery). Without abandoning the values of the middle class, Thoreau and participants in the Occupy movement raise questions about the sustainability of satisfying occupation/vacation under the pressure of severe economic fluctuations and the subsequent lack of opportunity that accompany the shrinking of the middle class.
Uneasy Work

Academics don’t work very much. At least that’s a common impression. After all, they only teach a few hours a week, and they have summers off.1 The claim that they might spend a lot of time preparing doesn’t stave off the general impression—reading books really doesn’t seem like work. They not only have slim obligations but are sanctimonious about it, added to which their anemic hours are protected by the impregnable shield of tenure. They have an easy ride. To avoid reinforcing this image, once in the early 1990s while I was working at East Carolina University, the provost circulated a memo that we should avoid sunbathing or gardening in our yards during weekdays because it gave a bad impression to the people of Greenville, North Carolina. The UNC system was suffering from budget cuts, so the provost was worried about public relations; he was careful to acknowledge our academic freedom, etc., but didn’t want to fuel the idea that we led the life of Riley. Yet, most of the academics I know are always working. They run from the keyboard to a meeting to coffee to teaching to offi ce hours to home, where the work continues, reading for an article or a manuscript for a press, back at the keyboard fi nishing an article or chapter, or culling through the endless stream of email, or wincingly grading papers. Rather than aristocrats in smoking jackets leafi ng through leather-bound tomes, they are sleep-deprived and over-caffeinated, working on deadline to fi nish the book manuscript for tenure, the talk they have to give in three days but haven’t started, the papers they have had for two weeks so really need to give back tomorrow, the job search committee they’re on that received two hundred applications, and the legal-case-thick tenure fi le they have to review. Work slides from offi ce to home to coffee house to airport to car, thanks to technological conveniences like the Powerbook, Notepad, Kindle, and Books-on-Tape. Work seems to absorb all time in its path: sun to sun, an academic’s work is never done.
Análise Numérica e Experimental entre Antenas Dipolo e Bowtie

In this paper the development of dipole and bowtie antennas for application at 2400-2483.5 MHz range of IEEE802.11b, g, n (Wi-Fi) and IEEE802.15 (Bluetooth) standards is presented. In the measurements, the antennas were fed by using a cable Pigtail. The antennas were characterized numerically by using the Ansoft Designer TM . Compared to a dipole microstrip antenna the proposed bowtie antenna showed an increase of 46% in its operating bandwidth, in the simulated results and 9% in the measured results. Numerical and experimental results are presented, observing a good agreement between them.
New pathogens in beef and cow’s milk products: More research required

In February 2019, the German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) presented findings on new infectious agens referred to as “Bovine Milk and Meat Factors” (BMMFs). According to these findings, the previously unknown pathogens can cause inflammation. According to the DKFZ, they have been detected thus far in cow’s milk, cow’s milk products and the blood serum of healthy cattle. From the scientific findings made to date, it seems possible that an indirect connection could be interpreted between the consumption of various foods originating from cattle and the occurrence of several cancer types in humans. The DKFZ is assuming that infants whose immune system has not yet fully matured become infected with BMMF during their first year of life through supplementary feeding with cow’s milk. They therefore conclude that infants should not be given cow’s milk too early.
Characteristics of lightning activities in the hailstorm using the data from two types of lightning detection network

The region of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province is covered by two different lightning detection network like SAFIR to detect total lightning(IC+CG), and ADTD network of China to detect CG flashes. A total of 14 hail-bearing thunderstorms from this region were examined in this study. From these isolate hailstorms by using the data from SAFIR and ADTD, it was found that the peak of lightning frequency was often observed in advance of the occurrence of severe weather at the ground, there existed trend of rapid increase before the hail reports, and the relationship of total lightning and hail is more stable than that of CG lightning of ADTD. The average lead time of jump occurrence to the hail events were obtained (Total: 26.2min, CG: 19.6min) through the 2σ lightning jump algorithm. In the meantime, it was demonstrated that when the high ratio of PCG flashes appeared, the diameter of hail was larger and duration of hail was longer, while the NCG dominated, the diameter of hail was relatively smaller. The overall goal of this study is to obtain the characters of total and CG lightning occurrence trends in hailstorms, which might contribute to forecast the time and size of hail storm occurrence by using lightning detection data.
On sigma protocols with helper for MQ and PKP , fishy signature schemes and more

This work presents 2 sigma protocols with helper to prove knowledge of: – A solution to a system of quadratic polynomials – A solution to an instance of the Permuted Kernel Problem We then remove the helper from the protocol with a “cut-and-choose” protocol and we apply the Fiat-Shamir transform to obtain signature schemes with security proof in the QROM. We show that the resulting signature schemes, which we call the “MUltivarite quaDratic FIatSHamir” scheme (MUDFISH) and the “ShUffled Solution to Homogeneous linear SYstem FIat-SHamir” scheme (SUSHSYFISH), are more efficient than existing signatures based on the MQ problem and the Permuted Kernel Problem. We also leverage the ZK-proof for PKP to improve the efficiency of Stern-like Zero Knowledge proofs for lattice statements.
Atomic-scale and nanoscale self-patterning in ferroelectric thin films

This paper describes the role of oxygen vacancy self-patterning on fatigue in ferroelectric thin-film memories. It also comments briefly on the related problem of nano-electrode self patterning on the surface of ferroelectric thin films. And it suggests a pedagogically simple explanation of the factor of a million in reduction of the effective Richardson coefficient A* for ferroelectric thin films.
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Rocky Intertidal Communities along the Main Hawaiian Islands

Thirteen benthic rocky intertidal communities were quantitatively assessed on Maui, Moloka‘i, O‘ahu, and Hawai‘i Island between the years 2004 and 2007. Our goals were to test for differences in invertebrate and macroalgal abundance and composition to understand how these tropical communities are organized. Percentage cover surveys revealed a diverse intertidal system with 49 macroalgal, 1 cyanobacterial, and 31 invertebrate taxa. Shores were frequently dominated by a few macroalgae and mollusks, and at two sites these organisms were distributed in discrete vertical bands. Common intertidal taxa included the introduced alga Acanthophora spicifera; species in the macroalgal genera Padina, Sargassum, and Laurencia; turf forms of algae; and the mollusks Siphonaria normalis, Nerita picea, and species of littorine snails. Multivariate statistics found community structure to vary among sites and years, but there was lack of evidence for island-specific or substratum-specific assemblages. SIMPROF analysis revealed support for 11 different types of structure. This first description of community-level patterns at multiple intertidal sites along the Main Hawaiian Islands documents substantial spatial variation both among and within shores, as well as substantial temporal variation for select sites. These findings are in contrast to the characterization of a homogeneous tropical system and thus suggest that biotic and abiotic factors in the Main Hawaiian Islands act on a local scale to drive structure.
Effects of mannan oligosaccharide and mannan rich fraction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on production of cytokines by alveolar macrophages

The study, consisting of 3 in vitro assays, was conducted to evaluate 1) inflammatory activity of alveolar macrophages (AMΦ) from pigs fed diets supplemented with mannan oligosaccharide (MOS); 2) cytokine production by AMΦ stimulated in vitro with MOS, mannan rich fraction (MRF) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and Poly I:C (PLIC). In assay 1, pigs fed diets with 0%, 0.2%, and 0.4% MOS for 2 weeks post-weaning were slaughtered (1 pig/ pen, 6 replicate pens) for collection of AMΦ which were stimulated in vitro with LPS or PLIC. In assays 2 & 3, replicates were donor pigs. In assay 2, AMΦ collected from 4 pigs were stimulated with 7 treatment doses of MOS, MRF, LPS, or PLIC. In assay 3a, AMΦ from 6 pigs were stimulated with MOS, LPS, PLIC, MOS plus LPS, and MOS plus PLIC. Assay 3b was identical to 3a but used MRF instead of MOS. AMΦ were cultured for 24 h, washed 3 times, and then stimulated for 24 h prior to collection of supernatants for measurement of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines by ELISA. In vitro LPS-stimulated AMΦ from pigs fed 0.2% or 0.4% MOS diets produced less TNF-α (P<0.01) and more IL-10 (P=0.051) than 0% MOS diet. However, no treatment effects on both cytokines were seen when AMΦ were stimulated with PLIC. TNF-α level peaked at stimulating concentrations of 500 μg/mL MOS, 2500 μg/mL MRF, 1 μg/mL LPS, and 50 μg/mL PLIC. Both MOS and MRF suppressed TNF-α response of LPS-stimulated AMΦ (P<0.01), whereas TNF-α production by PLIC-stimulated AMΦ was decreased only by the presence of MRF (P<0.01). IL-10 production by AMΦ stimulated with MOS or MRF was not affected by the presence of LPS or PLIC. In general, feeding MOS to weaned pigs for 2 weeks or in vitro stimulation of MOS reduced TNF-α production of LPS-stimulated AMΦ.
Galois structure of Zariski cohomology for weakly ramified covers of curves

We compute equivariant Euler characteristics of locally free sheaves on curves, thereby generalizing several results of Kani and Nakajima. For instance, we extend Kani's computation of the Galois module structure of the space of global meromorphic differentials which are logarithmic along the ramification locus from the tamely ramified to the weakly ramified case.
Toric Varieties : Lecture Notes

3 Polyhedral setup. 8 3.1 Polytopes . 8 3.2 Dual Polytopes . 9 3.3 Sublattices . 10 3.4 Normal fan . 10 3.5 Normal polytopes . 12
Synthesis of Scientific Disciplines in Pursuit of Health: The Interactive Biopsychosocial Model

Twenty-five years ago, George Engel proposed a challenge to the biomedical model and its limited view of disease as biologically rooted. Building on Engel's work, we present the Interactive Biopsychosocial Model (IBM). The IBM argues for a reorientation in biomedicine where research, education, and clinical practice: (1) address health in addition to illness; (2) aim to decipher interrelated biophysical, psychocognitive, and social processes in health and disease, rather than seek a single root cause; and (3) take into account the social networks of the individual to achieve, maintain, and maximize health and well-being for individuals, their significant others, and society. Based on an interdisciplinary collaboration of medical and social scientists, this paper demonstrates the application of the IBM to understanding and generating hypotheses about the longitudinal relationship between sexuality and health, and sexuality and chronic illness (diabetes mellitus) at older ages. The model provides a dynamic, dyadic, framework for building scientific hypotheses about the etiologies and consequences of health, well-being, and disease throughout the life course.
NEEDLETAIL: A System for Browsing Queries

Analysts performing data exploration often browse; i.e., pose a query and then examine the details of a small number of the resulting records (independent of the size of the query result). In a typical session, analysts will start with one browsing query, examine a few of the resulting records, and then repeatedly issue new browsing queries by adding or removing predicates from their previous queries until they eventually gain a better understanding of the dataset. Unfortunately, traditional database systems are not engineered towards browsing: instead, these systems operate in an all-or-nothing manner, taking as long as it takes to return the entire set of results, however large it may be. To this end, we demonstrate NEEDLETAIL, a database system tailored towards an alternative database query interaction paradigm: browsing. NEEDLETAIL makes efficient use of memory to store special bitmap indexes (called “swift indexes”) that enable rapid retrieval of a small number of query result records. A key optimization challenge is ensuring that these indexes respect memory constraints while imposing as little additional retrieval overhead as possible. As part of this demonstration, we will showcase NEEDLETAIL’s “swift index optimizer”, allowing conference attendees to view the impact of NEEDLETAIL bitmap optimizations. We will also demonstrate the use of NEEDLETAIL versus traditional database systems in a browsing setting on a variety of real-world datasets.
Effective generation of verification conditions for non-deterministic unstructured programs

We address a problem of efficiency of verification condition generation for unstructured non-deterministic imperative programs. Importance of the study is based upon two arguments: • industrial programming is very often unstructural (e.g., extensive use of ‘go to’ in C-programs); • program analysis techniques (like abstraction) introduce unstructural and non-deterministic control flow to programs. In the structural deterministic case, verification condition generation is driven by the rules of axiomatic semantics that are well known due to axiomatic semantics for Pascal by A. Hoare. In this case, generation of verification condition seems to be trivial, since its complexity is linear in the number of control structures due to modularity of structured imperative programs. In contrast, in the unstructured non-deterministic case, the complexity seems a priori to be exponential in the number of operators due to the exponential number of acyclic paths through a program. We present in this paper an efficient, sound and complete verification condition generator that can be used in both cases (i.e. in unstructured non-deterministic, as well as in structural deterministic). The generator complexity is linear in the overall number of control constructs and operators.
Plant traits linked to field-scale flammability metrics in prescribed burns in Eucalyptus forest

Vegetation is a key determinant of wildfire behaviour at field scales as it functions as fuel. Past studies in the laboratory show that plant flammability, the ability of plants to ignite and maintain combustion, is a function of their traits. However, the way the traits of individual plants combine in a vegetation community to affect field flammability has received little attention. This study aims to bridge the gap between the laboratory and field by linking plant traits to metrics of field-scale flammability. Across three prescribed burns, in Eucalyptus-dominated damp and dry forest, we measured pre-burn plant species abundance and post-burn field flammability metrics (percentage area burnt, char and scorch height). For understory species with dominant cover-abundance, we measured nine traits that had been demonstrated to influence flammability in the laboratory. We used fourth-corner ordination to evaluate covariation between the plant traits, species abundance and flammability. We found that several traits covaried at the species level. In some instances, these traits (e.g. specific leaf area and bulk density) could have cumulative effects on the flammability of a species while in other instances (e.g. moisture and specific leaf area) they may have counteractive effects, assuming trait effects on flammability are akin to previous research. At field scales, species with similar traits tended to co-occur, suggesting that the effects of individual traits accumulate within a plant community. Fourth-corner analyses found the trait-field flammability relationship to be statistically significant. Traits significantly associated with increasing field flammability metrics were: bulk density (negatively associated) and hydrocarbon quantity, specific leaf area and surface area to volume ratio (all positively associated). Our study demonstrates that some traits known to influence flammability in the laboratory can be associated with field-scale flammability metrics. Further research is needed to isolate the contributions of individual traits to understand how species composition drives forest flammability.