Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reducing FDA regulations for medical devices: cutting red tape or putting patients’ lives at risk?

Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Influence of Magnitude and Duration of Altered Gravity and Readaptation to 1 g on the Structure and Function of the Utricle in Toadfish, Opsanus tau

Gravity has remained constant during animal evolution and the neural sensory systems detecting acceleration forces have remained remarkably conserved among vertebrates. The utricular organ senses the sum of inertial force due to head translation and head tilt relative to gravitational vertical. Change in gravitational force would be expected to have profound effects on how an organism maintains equilibrium. We characterize the physiology of utricular afferents to applied accelerations in the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau, in normal 1 g to establish benchmarks, after 1–32-day exposures to 2.24 g (resultant) via centrifugation (hypergravity, HG), after 4- and 16-day exposures to 1.12 g (resultant), and following 1–8 days recovery to HG exposures to study re-adaptation to 1 g. Afferents were also examined during activation of efferent vestibular pathway. Centrifugation at 2.24 g included 228°/s constant angular velocity component, and thus horizontal canal afferent responses to yaw rotation were recorded as an internal control in each fish. Afferents studied after 228°/s rotation for 4 and 16 days without centripetal acceleration, called On-Center-Control, were indistinguishable from their control counterparts. Principal response to HG was an adjustment of afferent sensitivity as a function of magnitude and duration of exposure: an initial robust increase at 3–4 days followed by a significant decrease from 16 to 32 days. Initial increase observed after 4 days of HG took >4 days in 1 g to recover, and the decrease observed after 16 days of HG took >2 days to readapt to 1 g. Hair cells in striola and medial extrastriola macula regions were serially reconstructed in 3D from thin sections using transmission electron microscopy in control fish and fish exposed to 4 and 16 days of HG. Despite the highly significant differences in afferent physiology, synaptic body counts quantified in the same fish were equivalent in their inter-animal variability and averages. No clear role of the efferent pathway as a feedback mechanism regulating afferent behavior to HG was found. Transfer from 1 g to HG imparts profound effects on gravitational sensitivity of utricular afferents and the accompanying transfer from the HG back to the 1 g resembles in part (as an analog) the transfer from 1 g to the micrograms.
Open Vocabulary Learning on Source Code with a Graph-Structured Cache

Machine learning models that take computer program source code as input typically use Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. However, a major challenge is that code is written using an open, rapidly changing vocabulary due to, e.g., the coinage of new variable and method names. Reasoning over such a vocabulary is not something for which most NLP methods are designed. We introduce a Graph-Structured Cache to address this problem; this cache contains a node for each new word the model encounters with edges connecting each word to its occurrences in the code. We find that combining this graph-structured cache strategy with recent Graph-Neural-Network-based models for supervised learning on code improves the models' performance on a code completion task and a variable naming task --- with over $100\%$ relative improvement on the latter --- at the cost of a moderate increase in computation time.
Forward-Backward Nonlinear Sparse Dictionary Selection Based Video Summarization

The explosion of big video data has posed great challenges in video browsing, managing and storing, such that effective and efficient video summarization is urgently required. Recent years have witnessed the promising advancements of sparse representation based video summarization. In order to explore the nonlinearity among video frames, the nonlinear sparse dictionary selection has been attempted, however, using only the forward strategy cannot remove the poor selections. Inspired by the backward strategy in linear dictionary selection, a forward-backward nonlinear dictionary selection algorithm is proposed for the nonlinear video summarization. Experimental results on a benchmark dataset demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms some state-of-art video summarization algorithms, including the nonlinear algorithm only with a forward strategy.
Differential lumped-element Wilkinson power divider for use in MMIC systems

This paper presents a novel design of the differential, lumped-element Wilkinson power divider. Design process, simulation results and measurements of the proof-of-concept 3-dB, 100 MHz SMD-type power divider have been presented. Furthermore, a chip type 3-dB, 2.4 GHz divider has been designed for fabrication on a GaAs substrate. Simulations and measurements results prove usability of the presented method.
Dexmedetomidine-Mediated Prevention of Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Depends in Part on Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms

BACKGROUND: Organ ischemia-reperfusion injury often induces local and systemic inflammatory responses, which in turn worsen organ injury. These inflammatory responses can be regulated by the central nervous system, particularly by the vagal nerve and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are the key components of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway can suppress excessive inflammatory responses and be a potential strategy for prevention of ischemia-reperfusion injury of organs including the kidney. METHODS: Vagal nerve activity, plasma acetylcholine, catecholamine and inflammatory mediators, renal tissue injury, and cell death were measured in mice with bilateral renal ischemia/reperfusion with or without treatment with dexmedetomidine (Dex), an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist. RESULTS: Dex significantly increased the discharge frequency of the cervical vagal nerve by up to 142 Hz (mean) (P < .001), and preserved kidney gross morphology and structure and attenuated cell apoptosis after ischemia-reperfusion. Furthermore, Dex also significantly increased acetylcholine release to 135.8 pmol/L (median) when compared to that (84.7 pmol/L) in the sham group (P < .001) and reduced the levels of several inflammatory mediators induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion. All the effects were abolished by vagotomy, splenectomy, or combinative administration of atipamezole, an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that Dex provides renoprotection, at least in part, through anti-inflammatory effects of the parasympathetic nervous system activation in addition to its direct actions on α2-adrenergic receptors.
Approach to Detection of Anomalies of Process Signals Using Classification and Wavelet Transforms

The present-day IT infrastructure development level of industrial enterprises makes it possible to collect and store process information, thereby opening the possibilities to use intelligent data analysis systems. This paper overviews the problem of detecting the anomalies in process signals to improve safety and economic efficiency of the industrial enterprises. The combination of the machine learning and wavelet transform methods are proposed to detect anomalies. We have overviewed the nature of process signals to be taken into consideration as well as the advantages of wavelet analysis against the known methods of digital signals processing.
Towards Musicologist-Driven Mining of Handwritten Scores

Historical musicologists have been seeking objective and powerful techniques to collect, analyze, and verify their findings for many decades. The aim of this study was to show the importance of such domain-specific problems to achieve actionable knowledge discovery in the real world. Our focus is on finding evidence for the chronological ordering of J.S. Bachs manuscripts, by proposing a musicologist-driven mining method for extracting quantitative information from early music manuscripts. Bachs C-clefs were extracted from a wide range of manuscripts under the direction of domain experts, and with these, the classification of C-clefs was conducted. The proposed methods were evaluated on a dataset containing over 1000 clefs extracted from J.S. Bachs manuscripts. The results show more than 70% accuracy for dating J.S. Bachs manuscripts. Dating of Bachs lost manuscripts was quantitatively hypothesized, providing a rough barometer to be combined with other evidence to evaluate musicologists hypotheses, and the usability of this domain-driven approach is demonstrated.
Research Results of Artificial Neural Network for User Authentication According to Frequency of Forth Formant of Vowel Sound Phoneme

In this article it is suggested using the frequencies of the forth formant of the vowel phoneme as speech parameters for voice authentication. The differences of the meanings of the words “sound” and “phoneme” are given. The phoneme peculiarities of vowel and consonant sounds are examined. The results of 2 experiments confirming the expedience of using these parameters are indicated. During the experiments each of the six users pronounces sounds of all vowel phonemes 10 times. The artificial neural network is created for user authentication as per these speech parameters. 36 training sets are developed for it, 6 sets for each of the users. The efficiency control of the artificial neural network operation is performed according to the data of the first two experiments. 1st type error (FRR - False Rejection Rate) and 2nd type error (False Acceptance Rate), which are further compared with the corresponding errors obtained as a result of the authentication according to the other speech parameters, are revealed.
A Study of Graphic Symbol Design Based on Visual Efficiency

The improvement of the visual efficiency of graphic symbols in user interfaces is an important way to quickly and effectively transmit information and optimize interactive experience. This paper presented a method for user interface design based on visual efficiency, by analyzing the influence of such elements composing graphic symbols as color, shape, size, location and dynamic effect on visual efficiency, grading the important degree of graphic symbols through visual attention, and calculating the frequency of use with the method of paired comparison. Furthermore, an APP user interface was used as a case to verify the method, the result of which shows that the method can effectively improve the efficiency of user interfaces in use, as well as optimize the interactive experience of users.
Risk Factor in Endodontic Treatment: Topographic Evaluation of Mandibular Posterior Teeth and Lingual Cortical Plate Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CT)

Background Topographic relationships of mandibular posterior teeth with mandibular cortical plate are extremely important both in terms of infection spread and endodontic and surgical procedures to be performed. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between root apex of the mandibular posterior teeth and lingual plate of the mandible. Material/Methods CBCT data of 138 patients were retrospectively analyzed. The topographic relationship between root apex and lingual plate was classified as non-contact, contact, or perforation. Morphology of the mandibular lingual plate was classified into the 4 types (convex, parallel, undercut, slanted) and recorded for each tooth region. The prevalence of each group was calculated. Results In 6.2% of all mandibular posterior teeth, the lingual plate was perforated by at least 1 root of the corresponding tooth. The teeth with the highest perforation rate were the third molar tooth (31.6%) and the second molar tooth (14.7%). The most common mandibular lingual plate morphology type was “undercut type” (61.3%) in the molar teeth region, while “parallel type” (55.7%) was most common in the premolar teeth region. Conclusions In conclusion, a high percentage of mandibular second and third molars root apex have topographically close relationships to the lingual plate of the mandible. Hence, endodontic consultants must be aware by this anatomical relationship and be aware of possible complications during endodontic and surgical procedures using radiographical modalities.
Inference of Compromised Synchrophasor Units Within Substation Control Networks

Networked instrumentation, such as synchrophasor units, has been integrated as part of the substation automation for improving wide-area monitoring and control. The telemetered measurements within a substation network, however, can be prone to manipulative attacks such as false data injection. Each compromised network can be propagated through a malware agent at a larger scale, which will automate intrusion process as well as to search for relevant synchrophasor information. Consequently, the falsified measurements sent to control centers may impair operators’ decision making. This paper proposes an inference framework for an early detection of potentially compromised synchrophasor units using inference information from the existing cyber systems. A Markovian decision process is formulated in this framework to develop a “what-if” sequential response. This follows by an investigation that would thwart malware propagation within a wide-area network. Each belief step, which is a recursive optimization, is updated regularly using backward induction. The reduction method on space search is implemented in the proposed model. This is then validated using two test systems for feasibility study.
New Method for Reduction of the Capacitor Leakage Failure Rate Without Changing the Capacitor Structure or Materials in DRAM Mass Production

In the development of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) with a device size of 20 nm or less, the leakage current of a capacitor with high-k dielectrics is one of the main factors causing the failure of a device. To reduce the failure rate of the device, we conducted experiments to reduce the boron impurities, which form defect sites in the dielectrics of the capacitor. The boron source flux was reduced during the deposition process of the capping layer after the formation of the capacitor, and the actual boron concentration in the capping layer was measured by an atom probe tomography. The leakage current characteristics of the samples were confirmed through the dielectric leakage failure test, which is a mass production test technique. In addition, the resistance failure test was performed to measure the risk of increased resistance. From these results, it was confirmed that the failure rate due to the leakage current of the capacitor decreased linearly with reduced boron concentration and the increase in failure rate due to the cell node resistance was negligible. In addition, the results show that the failure rate of mass-produced DRAM products can be significantly reduced without any change in the structure or materials of the capacitor. This is expected to contribute greatly to the development of DRAM with dimensions on the scale of 20 nm or less.
Blind False Data Attacks Against AC State Estimation Based on Geometric Approach in Smart Grid Communications

Electricity is the lifeline of civilization. To reduce carbon impacts associated with electricity generation and delivery, the smart grid can improve the efficiency and reliability of power grids by integrating power systems with modern information and communication technology and control systems. However, based on the integrated infrastructure and two-way communication, the risk and vulnerability in the power grid have increased. In this paper, recent advances in dc blind and stealthy attacks are reported. Moreover, we focus on the false data attacks (FDAs) in smart grids with an emphasis on ac nonlinear grid model. Specifically, we present a more general class of blind attacks based on the geometric approach without any need of the power grid topology and transmission-line admittances. The criteria for successful ac blind and non-blind FDAs are derived. Furthermore, with additional information of hijacked original system states, a targeted ac blind attack that can manipulate the desired state is proposed as well. Simulations confirm the advantages of the proposed approach.
A Table-Top Graphene Quantized Hall Standard

We report the performance of a quantum standard based on epitaxial graphene maintained in a 5 T table-top cryocooler system. The $v=2$ resistance plateau, with a value of ${R}_{\mathbf{K}-{90}/2}$, is used to scale to ${1}\ \text{k}{\Omega}$ using a binary cryogenic current comparator (BCCC) bridge. The preliminary uncertainties achieved with the BCCC are like those obtained in state-of-the-art measurements using GaAs-based devices. This quantum standard requires no liquid He and can operate continuously, allowing year-round accessibility to traceable resistance measurements.
Energy-Saving Method of Fuzzy Control Combustion Process in Thermal Plants

The paper presents a relevant issue based on the fact that the control mode of combustion process in the working space of thermal installations influences the value of specific fuel consumption, the safety of technological units, and environmental conditions. The main problems and solutions are identified. The nonlinear static characteristic of dependence of fuel consumption on air consumption in the conditions of stabilization of heat generated as a result of combustion process is shown. The structural scheme of energy-saving fuzzy control of the combustion process in the working space of a thermal installation is developed. Mathematical modeling of the combustion process in the working space of a thermal unit is performed. The influence of the combustion control mode on the specific fuel consumption is estimated. The main advantages of the use of this method of combustion process control in a thermal installation are indicated.
An Efficient Inter-FPGA Routing Exploration Environment for Multi-FPGA Systems

Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have seen a huge evolution since their inception almost three decades ago. Multi-FPGA boards continuously receive an increasing attention by the research community as efficient solutions for complex system prototyping. This is due to reliable high-speed, low-cost, and real-life exploration environment they offer. Although multi-FPGA platforms offer better frequency compared to other prototyping alternatives, expanding logic resource to I/O ratio in FPGAs is causing an increase in time multiplexing ratio of inter-FPGA signals (logical signals) to inter-FPGA tracks (physical resources), which causes a decline in overall system frequency. This paper introduces a generic testing platform for multi-FPGA modeling. With this platform, users will be able to experience overall prototyping cycle of a digital system. The cycle will start from benchmark generation and will go all the way to inter-FPGA routing. Using generic tools of this platform, we explore the effect of three different inter-FPGA routing approaches on the frequency of final prototyped design. Each routing approach is applied on generic as well as custom multi-FPGA boards. Results obtained through experimentation show that, for generic FPGA board, routing approach better exploiting two- and multi-point tracks of target FPGA board gives better average frequency results as compared to other two routing approaches.
Numerical Analysis of Full Body Cryotherapy Efficiency with Cryochamber Design Modification

This article discusses the measurement of skin under the influence of low temperatures during the modernization of the cryochamber wall. In this paper, six different cryochamber models were analyzed. In each model, changes were made with respect to the curvature of the chamber wall construction. The effect of low temperatures on the skin layer, including on the muscle layer when the cryochamber wall was changed, was investigated. A model is simulated that allows determining the temperature dependence in each skin layer from the moment of the cryochamber and monitor the temperature change after the session until the temperature field returns to its original state. The dependence of heat flux losses on the degree of cooling of human skin layers is given. The results were obtained using a mathematical model of heat exchange between the flow of a gaseous medium (a pair of liquid nitrogen) and a biological object in a two-dimensional nonstationary formulation. The study was carried out using the finite element method in the Comsol Multiphysics application package. The model includes layers of solid, biological tissue and cryogenic gas. Calculations of heat transfer processes in biological tissue were carried out using the Bioheat Transfer module. The preliminary results obtained show the comparison and effect of the duration effect and the degree of the cryotherapy effect in the modernization of the cryochamber walls.
Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Cucumis melo L. Chloroplasts to Low-Phosphate Stress

Phosphorus (P) is a limiting plant soil nutrient. Long-term low inorganic phosphate (Pi) irreversibly damages plant cells and hinders plant growth. Plants have evolved several adaptive biochemical, physiological, and developmental responses to low-Pi stress. However, little is known about chloroplast responses to low-Pi stress. In this study, we used physiological and biochemical analyses to investigate melon chloroplast responses to low-Pi stress. The results indicated that low-Pi stress impeded melon seedling growth and reduced its dry matter content by inhibiting the photosynthesis. Low-Pi stress reduced the P content in shoots, which inhibited ATP synthase (ATP-ase) activity, and disturbed the proton and electron transport efficiency on chloroplast photosynthetic electron transport chain. In addition, low-Pi stress induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the leaves, which caused membrane peroxidation. Therefore, redox homeostasis was not maintained, and the melon leaves presented with symptoms of photooxidative stress. To mitigate photoinhibition, the melon plants initiated non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ) initiated by acidification of the thylakoid lumen to dissipate excess excitation energy, significantly improved ROS-scavenging enzyme activity. Based on these experimental results, we concluded that low Pi inhibited photosystem activity and caused photooxidative stress and photoinhibition. To alleviate these negative effects, the plant activated its NPQ mechanism, alternative electron transport pathways, and antioxidant system to protect its chloroplasts.
Image Captioning Based on Adaptive Balancing Loss

Recently, most of pioneering works based on supervised learning have been proposed for image captioning task. These approaches are heavily dependent on labeled training data. Through careful observation, we note that these approaches suffer from the problem of class imbalance (CIB) which can lead to performance degradation and limit the diversity of generated sentences. In this paper, to address this problem, we propose a pipeline based on an adaptive balancing loss (ABL) for image captioning which re-weighs loss of each category dynamically over the training process. Our proposed method can improve the accuracy and increase the diversity of generated descriptions through adaptively reducing losses of well-classified and frequent categories and increasing losses of under-classified and infrequent categories. We conduct experiments on the well-known MS CO-CO caption dataset to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results show that our approach achieves competitive performance compared to the state-of-the-art methods and can generate more accurate and diverse captions.