Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Faceted execution of policy-agnostic programs Citation

It is important for applications to protect sensitive data. Even for simple confidentiality and integrity policies, it is often difficult for programmers to reason about how the policies should interact and how to enforce policies across the program. A promising approach is policy-agnostic programming, a model that allows the programmer to implement policies separately from core functionality. Yang et al. describe Jeeves [48], a programming language that supports information flow policies describing how to reveal sensitive values in different output channels. Jeeves uses symbolic evaluation and constraint-solving to produce outputs adhering to the policies. This strategy provides strong confidentiality guarantees but limits expressiveness and implementation feasibility. We extend Jeeves with faceted values [6], which exploit the structure of sensitive values to yield both greater expressiveness and to facilitate reasoning about runtime behavior. We present a faceted semantics for Jeeves and describe a model for propagating multiple views of sensitive information through a program. We provide a proof of termination-insensitive non-interference and describe how the semantics facilitate reasoning about program behavior.
The Role of Equity, Royalty and Fixed Fees in Technology Licensing to University Spin-Offs

We develop a model based on asymmetric information (adverse selection) that provides a rational explanation for the persistent use of royalties alongside equity in university technology transfer. The model shows how royalties, through their value-destroying distortions, can act as a screening tool that allows a less informed principal, such as the university's Technology Transfer Office (TTO), to elicit private information from the more informed spin-off. We also show that equity-royalty contracts outperform fixed-fee-royalty contracts as they cause fewer value-destroying distortions. Furthermore, we show that our main result is robust to problems of moral hazard. Beside the co-existence result, the model also offers explanations for the empirical findings that equity generates higher returns than royalty and that TTOs willing to take equity in lieu of fixed fees are more successful in creating spin-offs.
Capital Adequacy Regulation: There is Hardly an Alternative

A critical summary of the theoretical and legal justifications of capital adequacy regulation (CAR) of banks is given. It is shown that CAR is particularly attractive since it uses an existing market mechanism (market for corporate control). The role of CAR in Switzerland is described. The survey shows that CAR is but one in a large group of regulatory instruments. All are justified by the same objectives. The analogy with the "Tinbergen Rule" suggests that a more parsimonious supervisory system is called for. This leads to a number of conclusions on how to improve regulation in Switzerland and elsewhere. The central position of CAR is not disputed.
EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME PLANTS USED BY HERBALISTS IN

Herbal medicine is the use of plants and plant-based products to treat or prevent diseases. The traditional use of plants as a source of medicine still plays a major role in primary health care in Kenya today. The information on the use of these plants is often passed on from one generation to another through folk knowledge. Many of the plants still in use have neither been documented nor tested so as to confirm their efficacy. Six plants from different families, selected on the basis of their traditional medicinal uses in Central Province to treat diseases of infectious nature, were evaluated fO;--antimicrobial activity. Fhe plants screened were Psidtum guajava L. , Persea americana Mill, Acacia mearnsii De Wild, Thunbergia alaia Sims, Ocimum suave Willd and Periploca linearifolia Dill and Rich. The aqueous, chloroform and methanol extracts of these plants were screened for their antifungal and antibacterial activities using the agar-well diffusion method. Four plants exhibited moderate activity against the tested microorganisms. Only one of the plants, Acacia meamsii De Wild exhibited ~tiyity against the fungus. There was a significant difference in activity (p < 0.05) between the aqueous and the methanol extracts and between aqueous and chloroform extracts. Ther~as however no significant difference in ac1MtY ••. between the methanol and the chloroform extracts (p > 0.05). Extracts from A. mearnsii were the most active and exhibited moderate activity against ten out of the eleven microorganisms that were tested. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of the active extracts were determined using the micro-broth dilution method. The MICs of the methanol extracts ranged from 0.1953 to 100 mg/ml while those of the aqueous extracts ranged from 0.09 to 50 mg/ml. The methanolic extract of P. linearifolia was fractionated using vacuum liquid chromatography and three active :fractions obtained. Inlnl>ition zones obtained on thin layer chromatogram (bioautoassay) revealed that the fractions obtained from this extract have more than one active component. These results are an important reference that confirms the use of the plants for treatment of bacterial and fungal diseases.
Rates of litter decomposition over 6 years in Canadian forests: influence of litter quality and climate

The effects of litter quality and climate on decomposition rates of plant tissues were examined using percent mass remaining (MR) data of 10 foliar litter types and 1 wood type during 6 years exposure at 18 upland forest sites across Canada. Litter-quality variables used included initial nutrient contents (N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg) and carbon fractions (determined by proximate analysis and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy). Climate variables used included mean annual temperature; total, summer, and winter precipitation; and potential evaptranspiration. A single-exponential decay model with intercept was fit using the natural logarithm of 0- to 6-year percent MR data (LNMR) for all 198 type by site combinations. Model fit was good for most sites and types (r 2 = 0.64-0.98), although poorest for cold sites with low-quality materials. Multiple regression of model slope ( Kf) and intercept (A) terms demonstrated the im- portance of temperature, summer precipitation, and the acid-unhydrolyzable residue to N ratio (AUR/N) (r 2 = 0.65) for Kf, and winter precipitation and several litter-quality variables including AUR/N for A (r 2 = 0.60). Comparison of ob- served versus predicted LNMR for the best overall combined models were good (r 2 = 0.75-0.80), although showed some bias, likely because of other site- and type-specific factors as predictions using 198 equations accounted for more variance (r 2 = 0.95) and showed no bias.
THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC DEBT UPON ECONOMIC GROWTH

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between GDP growth rate and a series of five variables on a sample of five former Communist bloc countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Romania, Hungary and Slovakia, during the period of 1996-2010. Also, we focus upon the determination of the returning point of the public debt. We found that in all the five countries public debt can negatively influence the economic growth if goes above 44.42% of GDP. This level can be significant for these countries as they still display some structural weaknesses and have difficulties accessing the financial markets in times of financial crises.
Stacked Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory Models to Predict Protein Secondary Structure

Protein Secondary Structure (PSS) is one of most complex problem in biology PSS is important for determining tertiary structure in the future, for studying protein fiction and drug design. However, Experimental PSS approaches are time consuming and difficult to implement, and its most essential to establish effective computing methods for predicting on protein sequence structure. Accuracy of prediction performance has been recently improved due to the rapid expansion of protein sequences and the design of libraries in deep learning techniques. In this research proposed a deep recurring network unit method called stacked bidirectional long-term memory (Stacked BLSTM) units to predict 3-class protein secondary structure from protein sequence information using a bidirectional LSTM layer. To evaluate the output of Stacked BLSTM, using publicly available datasets from the RCSB server. This study indicates that performance of our method is better than the of that latest stranded public dataset. The accuracy achieved is more than 89%.
Traffic-based virtual channel activation for low-power NoC

Low leakage power with maintained high throughput NoC is achieved. Traffic-based Virtual channel Activation algorithm (TVA) is proposed to activate/deactivate virtual channels in a NoC. The proposed algorithm implements Adaptive Virtual Channel technique of switching-OFF idle virtual channels in the NoC according to traffic heaviness. TVA is an efficient and flexible algorithm which provides set of parameters to be tuned and combined to achieve high performance and high power saving. NoC average leakage power has been reduced by 73.5% with negligible less than 1% degradation in throughput.
Modelling diclofenac and ibuprofen residues in major Estonian seaside cities

A theoretical model was developed to model the fate of two common pharmaceutical residues: diclofenac and ibuprofen in eight Estonian seaside cities that discharge their wastewaters directly into the Baltic Sea. The consumption rates of the active ingredients of diclofenac and ibuprofen from 2006-2014 were analysed. A decrease of 19.9% for diclofenac consumption and an increase of 14.1% for ibuprofen were found. The fate of diclofenac and ibuprofen were modelled by considering the human metabolism removal rate for pharmaceuticals, the removal rate of diclofenac and ibuprofen in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and annual flow rates. An average decrease from 1 to 0.8 µg/l (decrease of 20%) for diclofenac and an increase from 11.4 to 13.4 µg/l (increase of 14.9%) for ibuprofen for the concentration in the effluents of the WWTP were modelled. The model gives us a good overview about the theoretical concentrations of pharmaceutical residues in the environment and is helpful for evaluating environmental impacts.
Dynamic load balance in parallel merge sorting over homogeneous clusters

Sorting is one of the most usual and important operations carried out in a computer. The time required by the sequential sorting algorithms is an important problem when working with large sized sequences. As solution, we can consider parallelization and attaining a near optimal performance achieving a balance in the work to be done by processors. Notice that the work does not depend only on the amount of data but also on the sequence disordering, and on the relative computer power of processors. This paper develops a technique of redistributing dynamically the data load from the prediction of work to be carried out by each processor, balancing the load among the different processes. The method is proved to reach the theoretical optimum for the parallel algorithm performance.
Covert Channel Detection Based on Scale-Free Networks Theory

The detection of covert channel is of increasing interest in light of the recent study of network behaviorism. However, due to the high variation in legitimate network traffic, detecting covert channel is a challenging task. In this paper, we study and analyze a new covert channel detection methodology, based on the property of scale-free networks, with the objective of enhancing the covert channel detection capabilities.
Direct effects of CO2 concentration on growth and isotopic composition of marine plankton

The assessment of direct effects of anthropogenic CO 2 increase on the marine biota has received relatively little attention compared to the intense research on CO 2 -related responses of the terrestrial biosphere. Yet, due to the rapid air–sea gas exchange, the observed past and predicted future rise in atmospheric CO 2 causes a corresponding increase in seawater CO 2 concentrations, [CO 2 ], in upper ocean waters. Increasing [CO 2 ] leads to considerable changes in the surface ocean carbonate system, resulting in decreases in pH and the carbonate concentration, [CO 2 −3 ]. These changes can be shown to have strong impacts on the marine biota. Here we will distinguish between CO 2 -related responses of the marine biota which (a) potentially affect the ocean's biological carbon pumps and (b) are relevant to the interpretation of diagnostic tools (proxies) used to assess climate change on geological times scales. With regard to the former, three direct effects of increasing [CO 2 ] on marine plankton have been recognized: enhanced phytoplankton growth rate, changing elemental composition of primary produced organic matter, and reduced biogenic calcification. Although quantitative estimates of their impacts on the oceanic carbon cycle are not yet feasible, all three effects increase the ocean's capacity to take up and store atmospheric CO 2 and hence, can serve as negative feedbacks to anthropogenic CO 2 increase. With respect to proxies used in palaeo-reconstructions, CO 2 -sensitivity is found in carbon isotope fractionation by phytoplankton and foraminifera. While CO 2 - dependent isotope fractionation by phytoplankton may be of potential use in reconstructing surface ocean p CO 2 at ancient times, CO 2 -related effects on the isotopic composition of foraminiferal shells confounds the use of the difference in isotopic signals between planktonic and benthic shells as a measure for the strength of marine primary production. The latter effect also offers an alternative explanation for the large negative swings in δ 13 C of foraminiferal calcite between glacial and interglacial periods. Changes in [CO 2 −3 ] affect the δ 18 O in foraminiferal shells. Taking this into account brings sea surface temperature estimates for the glacial tropics closer to those obtained from other geochemical proxies. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999. 00023.x
Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour.

BACKGROUND Hypoxaemia during labour can alter the shape of the fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) waveform, notably the relation of the PR to RR intervals, and elevation or depression of the ST segment. Technical systems have therefore been developed to monitor the fetal ECG during labour as an adjunct to continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring with the aim of improving fetal outcome and minimising unnecessary obstetric interference. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of analysis of fetal ECG waveforms during labour with alternative methods of fetal monitoring. SEARCH METHODS The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (28 February 2012). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials comparing fetal ECG waveform analysis with alternative methods of fetal monitoring during labour. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Trial quality assessment and data extraction were performed by one review author, without blinding. MAIN RESULTS Six trials (16,295 women) were included: five trials of ST waveform analysis (15,338 women) and one trial of PR interval analysis (957 women). In comparison to continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring alone, the use of adjunctive ST waveform analysis made no significant difference to primary outcomes: births by caesarean section (risk ratio (RR) 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91 to 1.08), the number of babies with severe metabolic acidosis at birth (cord arterial pH less than 7.05 and base deficit greater than 12 mmol/L) (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.37, data from 14,574 babies), or babies with neonatal encephalopathy (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.25). There were, however, on average fewer fetal scalp samples taken during labour (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.91) although the findings were heterogeneous; there were fewer operative vaginal deliveries (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.98) and admissions to special care unit (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.99); there was no statistically significant difference in the number of babies with low Apgar scores at five minutes or babies requiring neonatal intubation. There was little evidence that monitoring by PR interval analysis conveyed any benefit. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS These findings provide some modest support for the use of fetal ST waveform analysis when a decision has been made to undertake continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring during labour. However, the advantages need to be considered along with the disadvantages of needing to use an internal scalp electrode, after membrane rupture, for ECG waveform recordings.
On Evaluating Sport Event Recognition using Bag-of-Words Model

This paper presents extensive experiments on sport event images using the bag-of-words model. We propose a simple but effective combination of feature extraction and visual dictionary formation to boost the performance of naive Bayes classifier based on BOW model. Despite of not being a novel idea, our algorithm offers encouraging performance in event recognition domain. Moreover, in certain degrees, it can compete to typical works in event image clustering. Two challenge datasets are involved in discovering interesting facts needed to be concerned when designing a features sharing framework for event recognition.
A Flexible Approach to Measuring Network Security Using Attack Graphs

The previous approaches to measuring network security are most based on the hypothesis that the related source data can be known well and truly. But in practice, it is very difficult to obtain all the related accurate source data (Z Ciechanowicz, 1997). In this paper, we propose a flexible approach based on attack graphs to measuring security of crucial resources in vulnerable network, which could bring out the accurate result of measuring network security with incomplete input data. Another key improvement is presenting the backward iterative algorithm to solve the problem of cyclic attack paths in measuring security using attack graphs. At the same time, the simulation experiment demonstrates the algorithm can be applied to the large attack graphs.
Robust First Two Rounds Access Driven Cache Timing Attack on AES

The memory Cache data access time uncertainty and resource multi-process sharing mechanism provide a new covert channel to leak process secret information. The AES software implementation used many table lookup operations to access cache, and these lookup indices have close relationship with the secret key. According to 128-bit AES, we propose a new robust first two rounds access driven cache timing attack. We use a spy process to gather cache access patterns of AES process, thus get the table lookup indices during one AES encryption, combine certain analysis methods, finally recover 128-bit full AES key. With counter to current belief, our experiments show that, only through the first round attack, 350 samples are enough to recover full AES key. After we extend the attack to the second round, 80 samples are enough to recover full AES key.
Labor Participation of Married Women in Colombia Participación laboral de las mujeres casadas en Colombia

Abstract A pseudo-panel was built to estimate the determinants of the labor participation decision of married women between 1984 and 2000 in Colombia. Past participation decisions, education level, labor income taxes, children aged between 1 and 2 years old, and the presence of other people unemployed at home are the main explanatory variables of married women’s labor participation. The interest rate does not have any effect on that decision.Key words: married women, labor participation, state-dependence, fertility.JEL Classiﬁcation: C21, C23, C25, J22, J13. * Economic Research Unit, Banco de la Republica. The opinions expressed here are those of the authors and not of the Banco de la Republica nor of its Board of Directors. We thank Adriana Camacho, John James Mora and two anonymous referees for comments and sug-gestions and Lina Cardona for research assistance and suggestions. Any remaining errors are solely ours. + Luis E. Arango. E-mail address: larangth@banrep.gov. co, Banco de la Republica, Carrera 7a No. 14 – 78, Piso 11. Telephone number ++ 57 1 3430676. Fax ++ 57 1 3421804. This paper was received June 8, 2007, modiﬁed November 30, 2007 and accepted December 10, 2007.
A bridge structural health data analysis model based on semi-supervised learning

Bridge structural health monitoring is a multi-parameter monitoring for guaranteeing safe construction and service of bridges. Focused on the features of the collected data by various front end sensors, that are reflecting bridge structural health state such as strain, vibration, distortion, cable tension etc., a bridge structural health data analysis model is established in this paper, based on semi-supervised learning which classifies diversified parameter data, and using classifier under various learning patterns, to conduct classification of two types of sample set respectively, on which analysis is done so as to diagnose the bridge structural damage degree and provide evidence and guidance to bridge maintenance and management decision taking.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON WORD ORDER IN PREDICATES : ON SYNTAX , PROCESSING AND INFORMATION IN NATIVE AND LEARNER ENGLISH

This study focuses on the linearisation of verbal complements (or arguments) and adjuncts (or modifiers) in learner advanced English. The analysis is based on minimal pairs of sequences of complements and adjuncts in predicates, as in He will investigate [the construction] [in a somewhat strange way which will lead to odd results] versus He will investigate [in a somewhat strange way which will lead to odd results] [the construction]. Constituent linearisation has been claimed to be potentially subject to lexical, syntactic, processing and informative determinants. This paper analyses the influence of the verbal heads and the principles ‘complements-first’, ‘end-weight’ and ‘given-new’ on the production of predicates containing two dependents. The study has two objectives: first, to determine in which areas the ordering of such constituents in English by non-native speakers is particularly influenced by their first language (Spanish); second, to assess the plausibility of the Interface Hypothesis in a pattern which affects the so-called internal and external interfaces. Results show that internal constraints such as the length of the dependents (end-weight) and the learner’s source language (i.e. compliance with complements-first) are strong predictors of ordering choices.
For Review Only The oviposition of the chili fruit fly (Bactrocera latifrons Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) with reference to reproductive capacity

The chili fruit fly, Bactrocera latifrons Hendel, is a serious pest of chili fruit production in Thailand. To determine the effective control planning of the fly population, the oviposition related to reproductive capacity of the female were observed. The female ovary was daily dissected through entire life span. And the eggs inside the ovary was examined and counted. There were 44.84+19.60 eggs/ovary. The oviposition of female was simultaneously conducted. The result showed that the eggs inside the ovary presented on 8 th day and the female oviposited on 10 th day of the life span. The female laid 4.25+2.28 eggs which 12.45+9.56 fold less than reproductive capacity. The female longevity was 31.1+8.40 days and the oviposition period was 40 days.