Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Increasing the Negativity of Implicit Outcome Expectancies on Internet Gaming Impulsivity

Outcome expectancies have been found to play important roles in addictive behaviors. Research has shown that implicit outcome expectancies (OE) were significantly correlated with Internet gaming behaviors among players with Internet gaming disorder (IGD). However, few empirical studies have further examined the relationship between implicit OE and players with IGD. This study first strengthened the implicit association between Internet games and negative outcomes using an evaluative conditioning paradigm (EC) and then examined the effects of increasing the negativity of implicit OE on Internet gaming impulsivity. Thirty-nine college students who were diagnosed as players with IGD participated in the study. Manipulation checks showed that after the EC was introduced, participants associated Internet gaming stimuli more closely with negative outcomes than with positive outcomes. After the implicit OE were effectively altered to be negative, players with IGD performed better in the delay discounting paradigm, showing a lower impulsivity with respect to Internet gaming.
Structure-Based Virtual Screening: From Classical to Artificial Intelligence

The drug development process is a major challenge in the pharmaceutical industry since it takes a substantial amount of time and money to move through all the phases of developing of a new drug. One extensively used method to minimize the cost and time for the drug development process is computer-aided drug design (CADD). CADD allows better focusing on experiments, which can reduce the time and cost involved in researching new drugs. In this context, structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) is robust and useful and is one of the most promising in silico techniques for drug design. SBVS attempts to predict the best interaction mode between two molecules to form a stable complex, and it uses scoring functions to estimate the force of non-covalent interactions between a ligand and molecular target. Thus, scoring functions are the main reason for the success or failure of SBVS software. Many software programs are used to perform SBVS, and since they use different algorithms, it is possible to obtain different results from different software using the same input. In the last decade, a new technique of SBVS called consensus virtual screening (CVS) has been used in some studies to increase the accuracy of SBVS and to reduce the false positives obtained in these experiments. An indispensable condition to be able to utilize SBVS is the availability of a 3D structure of the target protein. Some virtual databases, such as the Protein Data Bank, have been created to store the 3D structures of molecules. However, sometimes it is not possible to experimentally obtain the 3D structure. In this situation, the homology modeling methodology allows the prediction of the 3D structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence. This review presents an overview of the challenges involved in the use of CADD to perform SBVS, the areas where CADD tools support SBVS, a comparison between the most commonly used tools, and the techniques currently used in an attempt to reduce the time and cost in the drug development process. Finally, the final considerations demonstrate the importance of using SBVS in the drug development process.
HOW THEMED SESSIONS CAN ELEVATE YOUR BUSINESS

Personal trainers who are active and effective educators not only deliver more beneficial training but also raise their credibility, establish more rapport, and create an elevated status in the eyes of their clients, which can lead to more stable businesses. The ability to structure a workout around one or two specific themes is a good way to firmly establish oneself in just such a teaching role. Apply It! By reading this article, the health and fitness professional will: • Learn how to restructure workouts around specific themes; and • Understand how these themed-based sessions can make them a more effective teacher.
Impact of HIIT, MICT, and Resistance Training on Endothelial Function in Older Adults.

PURPOSE It is unclear if high-intensity-interval-training (HIIT) elicits superior improvements in brachial artery (BA) flow-mediated-dilation (FMD) responses (i.e., endothelial-dependent vasodilation) than moderate-intensity-continuous-training (MICT) or resistance training (RT) in otherwise healthy older adults. Whether HIIT enhances lower-limb FMD responses and/or augments low-flow-mediated-constriction (L-FMC; endothelial-dependent vasoconstriction) responses more than MICT or RT is also unknown. We tested the hypothesis that HIIT would improve BA and popliteal artery (POP) FMD and L-FMC responses more than MICT or RT in healthy older adults. METHODS Thirty-eight older adults (age: 67±6 yrs) performed 6-weeks of either HIIT [2×20min bouts alternating between 15s intervals at 100% of peak power output (PPO) and passive recovery (0% PPO); n=12], MICT (34min at 60% PPO; n=12), or whole-body RT (8 exercises, 2×10 repetitions; n=14). L-FMC and FMD were measured before and after training using high-resolution ultrasound and quantified as the percent change in baseline diameter during distal cuff occlusion and following cuff release, respectively. RESULTS Resting BA blood flow and vascular conductance (both, P<0.003) were greater following HIIT only. HIIT and MICT similarly increased BA-FMD (pre-post: both, P<0.001), but only HIIT improved BA L-FMC (P<0.001). Both HIIT and MICT similarly enhanced POP FMD and L-FMC responses (both, P<0.045). RT did not impact FMD or L-FMC responses in either artery (all, P>0.20). CONCLUSIONS HIIT and MICT, but not RT, similarly improved lower-limb vasodilator and vasoconstrictor endothelial function in older adults. While HIIT and MICT groups enhanced BA vasodilator function, only HIIT improved resting conductance and endothelial sensitivity to low-flow in the BA. In the short-term, HIIT may be most effective at improving peripheral vascular endothelial function in older adults.
Ranking co-change candidates of micro-clones

Identical or nearly similar code fragments in a software system’s code-base are known as code clones. Code clones from the same clone class have a tendency of co-changing (changing together) consistently during evolution. Focusing on this co-change tendency, existing studies have investigated prediction and ranking co-change candidates of regular clones. However, a recent study shows that micro-clones which are smaller than the minimum size threshold of regular clones might also need to be co-changed consistently during evolution. Thus, identifying and ranking co-change candidates of micro-clones is also important. In this paper, we investigate factors that influence the co-change tendency of the co-change candidates of a target micro-clone fragment. We mine file level evolutionary coupling from thousands of revisions of our subject systems through mining association rules and analyze this coupling for the purpose of ranking. According to our findings on six open-source subject systems written in Java and C, consistent co-change tendency of micro-clones is influenced by file proximity of the micro-clone fragments as well as evolutionary coupling of the files containing those micro-clone fragments. On the basis of our findings we propose a composite ranking mechanism by incorporating both file proximity and file coupling for ranking co-change candidates for micro-clones and find that our proposed mechanism performs significantly better than File Proximity Ranking mechanism. We believe that our proposed ranking mechanism has the potential to help programmers in updating micro-clones consistently with less effort.
High levels of population differentiation in Eurasian lynx at the edge of the species' western range in Europe revealed by mitochondrial DNA analyses

Large terrestrial carnivores are particularly prone to factors constraining levels of population genetic diversity because of their low densities and high spatial requirements. We studied the pattern of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx population genetic variability in the westernmost part of its natural range from Scandinavia to the Carpathian Mountains (north‐central Europe) based on 190 samples using 613 base pair‐long sequences from the mitochondrial DNA control region (mtDNA‐cr). We examined whether the population history or contemporary habitat constraints of this large and mobile carnivore could have significantly affected its genetic structure. We recorded nine mtDNA haplotypes, including five not previously reported. Lynx from Latvia and Estonia had the highest variability with haplotype and nucleotide diversities of 0.81–0.88% and 0.44–0.47%, respectively. In contrast, there was no polymorphism present in peripheral populations from Norway and the Carpathian Mountains. Lynx populations were strongly differentiated [analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA): Φ ST = 0.570, P < 0.001, F ST = 0.464, P < 0.001)]. Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance identified four separate groups of populations: (1) Norway, Finland and Estonia; (2) Latvia and North Eastern Poland; (3) the Białowieża Primeval Forest; (4) the Carpathians. The patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation suggested a number of discrete populations that are poorly connected by contemporary gene flow and could therefore be considered demographically independent. The peripheral location of these populations, habitat fragmentation and the strict territorial structure of lynx populations are factors likely contributing to the observed patterns. The study provides suggestions for active conservation/management decisions including translocations or reintroductions of lynx.
ALIMENTARY TRACT: INTESTINE Preventing Neoplastic Progression in Ulcerative Colitis

Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s colitis carry an increased risk for developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients with more extensive colitis, greater duration of disease, concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis, and a family history of CRC are at greatest risk among UC patients. Young age at disease onset and greater inflammatory burden have also been proposed as risk factors. Maneuvers that limit the impact of cancer in colitis include prophylactic colectomy, which is unacceptable to most UC and Crohn’s colitis patients, and dysplasia surveillance. Although recommended in a number of practice guidelines, surveillance has not yet been demonstrated to reduce CRC mortality or morbidity. A number of factors, including low levels of agreement among pathologists interpreting surveillance specimens, patients lost to follow-up, failure to recommend colectomy once dysplasia has been discovered, and others, hinder the success of surveillance. In an effort to compensate for the limitations of surveillance, chemoprevention and newer endoscopic and molecular techniques are being assessed for their effectiveness in augmenting or replacing conventional
VCAN-Related Vitreoretinopathy

Disease characteristics. VCAN-related vitreoretinopathy, which includes Wagner syndrome and erosive vitreoretinopathy (ERVR), is characterized by “optically empty vitreous” on slit-lamp examination and avascular vitreous strands and veils, mild or occasionally moderate to severe myopia, presenile cataract, night blindness of variable degree associated with progressive chorioretinal atrophy, retinal detachment at advanced stages of the disease, and reduced visual acuity. Systemic abnormalities are not observed. The first signs usually become apparent during early adolescence, but onset can be as early as age two years. Diagnosis/testing. The clinical diagnosis of VCAN-related vitreoretinopathy is established based on typical clinical findings and a family history consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. VCAN (previously CSPG2) is the only gene known to be associated with Wagner syndrome and ERVR. Molecular genetic testing is available on a clinical basis. Management. Treatment of manifestations: Refractive error is corrected by spectacles or contact lenses; visually disabling cataract is treated by cataract surgery, preferably by an experienced surgeon. Retinal breaks without retinal detachment are treated with laser retinopexy or cryocoagulation. Vitreoretinal surgery is indicated for retinal detachment, vitreoretinal traction involving the macula, or epiretinal membranes involving the macula. Surveillance: annual ophthalmologic examination by a vitreoretinal specialist. Testing of relatives at risk: for the purpose of early diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmologic complications in at-risk relatives: molecular genetic testing if the disease-causing mutation has been identified in the family; otherwise, ophthalmologic evaluation. Genetic counseling. VCAN-related vitreoretinopathy is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Most individuals diagnosed with VCAN-related vitreoretinopathy have an affected parent. Each child of an affected individual has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation. Although no laboratories listed in the GeneTests Laboratory Directory offer molecular genetic testing for prenatal diagnosis of VCAN-related vitreoretinopathy, such testing may be possible through laboratories offering custom prenatal testing for families with a known diseasecausing mutation.
Aggregate Import Demand Function for Japan: A Cointegration Re-investigation

Abstract Abstract Applying a rolling windows approach, this study aims to re-visit the existing literature on cointegration of aggregate import demand function in Japan. In contrary to many studies, the results of cointegration tests suggest that the presence of cointegration relationship for Japan's aggregate import demand function is not stable over the sample period, 1973.Q1–2007.Q2. Again, the estimated elasticities of income and relative prices of imports are varying over the sample period—the income variable is elastic while, the price is found to be inelastic, on average.
Analysis of Maize Photosyntheis Parameters and Whole Plant Oxidative Damage Under Long-term Drought

We test if maize maintain yield under long-term drought throught improvement of photosyntheis (A) coupled with up-regulation of the antioxidant system induced by increase in levels of abscisic acid (ABA). Four maize genotypes with constrasting drought tolerance: BRS1010 and 2B710 (sensitive) and DKB 390 and BRS1055 (tolerant) in two soil water levels, field capacity (FC) and water deficit (WD) were used. WD was applied at the pre-flowering stage for 12 days, and oxidative damage was measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in whole plant. Plants from tolerant genotypes DKB390 and BRS1055 showed higher A and had no signal of oxidative damage compared to sensitive genotypes 2B710 and BRS1010 under WD, resulting in a higher yield attributes. For our surprising, it was dissociated from up-regulation of the antioxidant system ABA-mediated. In turn, plants from two sensitive genotypes under WD showed compared to FC consistent reduction of A due to mesophyll conductance (gm) limitation. Only WD plants from sensitive genotype BRS1010 presented leaf ABA levels increased related to its counterparts under FC; however, due to the inactivation of catalase activity the oxidative damage control was not effective, resulting a hardly MDA acumulation in both leaves and roots. The maize tolerance under long-term drought is linked to scape of gm decline.
Dispersão e predação de sementes de araticum no Cerrado de Mato Grosso, Brasil

This study aimed to characterize araticum (Annona crassiflora) plants and fruits, and evaluate the frequency of consumption, predation and dispersal of the seeds by animals and its effect on germination, in Cerrado vegetation area, between February 2007 and June 2008. Using track traps installed on araticum plants, the frequency of visitation (FV) and the fruit consumption by the animals was assessed, as well as, the action of insects in fallen fruits under the trees was registered. Sample of tapirs excrement Tapirus terrestris were analyzed to verify the occurrence frequency (FO) and the damage caused on the seeds by tapirs and insects. To analyze the dispersal by tapirs, colored beads were inserted in fallen mature fruits under the parent trees. Then, the distance between the location of the excrements with beads to the parent tree in the specific color of the bead was measured. Germination test was performed with excrement samples and unbroken fruit seeds. Among the animals that fed on fruits, tapirs contributed with the largest frequency of visitation and consumption of araticum fruits, representing 54% of the frequency occurrence in excrement samples, and the seeds were not damaged significantly. Dung beetles (Scarabaeidae) fed the pulp of the fruit and buried araticum seeds next to the parent tree. Curculionid and eurytomid insects predated the araticum seeds on the fruits. The damage caused by these insects in the seeds was significantly higher than those caused by tapirs. Two excrements with beads were found at 1,7 and 1,8km distant from the parent trees, respectively. The seeds had low germinability in this period of study, however the tapirs can protect the seeds of predator insects, defecating the intact seeds for long distances. Thus, T. terrestris is a possible disperser of seeds, whereas curculionids and eurytomids can be considered predators of araticum seeds. These relations probably contribute with the control of araticum population in the Brazilian Cerrado.
BOOK REVIEWS

Peppered with examples of both good and bad practices, John Biggam guides the reader from the beginnings of identifying a dissertation topic through to completion of the dissertation or thesis write up at Master’s degree level. A valuable feature of the book is the attention given to the student and the supervisor’s roles and responsibilities within the dissertation process, with emphasis on the importance of developing good lines of communication and rapport. There are some great examples of varied ways of communicating with one’s supervisor, some more advisable than others: ‘Wow how’s it hanging . when are we meeting? Questionnaire . just a draft so no slagging lol’ (p. 28) being just one great example. The author eases the reader into the main theme of the book through a general overview of where study at Master’s level fits within the international frames of reference of the UK, Australia and USA. It is worth considering that there may be differences again in terminologies when situated within a New Zealand context, but at least the book does give attention to potential international audiences. This initial section does become somewhat repetitive but ends with a navigation guide to the book and an insightful section of the specific skills, generic skills and qualities needed to complete a ‘winning dissertation’ (p. 9). The book follows the logical sequence involved in approaching a research project and writing up the dissertation. In this way the book is a valuable source at all stages of a research project and not just at the stage of dissertation write up. The section on developing information skills not only provides an array of tips and hints for effective study but also explains the different terminologies that students may come across in relation to information skills (UK) and information literacy (Australia, USA), again opening up the book to international audiences. The main thrust of this chapter is on being a discerning student: knowing what questions to ask, identifying good and bad information and knowing how to use and manage information effectively to aid successful study. Included within this section on information skills attention are eight helpful hints on using the web to source information for the twenty-first century learner. In terms of broaching a research topic the author goes into detail in regards to selection of research topics, identification of gaps in the literature, effective literature searches and emerging research objectives. There is an array of materials provided within the appendices, which act as exemplars and points of clarification. A particular strength of the book is the inclusion of examples of examiner and supervisor feedback. These examples are used to illustrate both good and bad practices within dissertation
Correlating Field and Laboratory Data for Crude Oil Fouling

Crude oil fouling in a laboratory fouling unit was investigated. The study focused on the preheat-train heat exchangers located just before the crude unit furnace and operating at temperatures in excess of 200C. A fouling rate model developed using laboratory data from crude blends was used to predict the threshold conditions where negligible fouling was expected under refinery conditions. The results from the model were compared to actual data from a fouling unit located at a refinery. The article discusses factors that may explain the performance of the model and the observed discrepancies between fouling data obtained in the laboratory and the field.
The role of reactive oxygen species in the stabilisation ofhypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)

At physiological oxygen concentrations ([O2]) hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is constantly hydroxylated and thus prepared for proteosomal degradation through the action of the prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) (Jiang et al., 1996). In hypoxia, however, the oxygen-sensitive PHDs are inhibited and HIF-1α is stabilised. Other agents, including cytokines and growth factors have been shown to stabilise HIF-1α at physiological [O2] through different mechanisms such as activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways (Semenza, 2003). Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during hypoxia have also been claimed to stabilise HIF-1α (Chandel et al., 1998) and we have now investigated the effect of endogenous ROS on HIF-1α stabilisation. HIF-1α stabilisation and ROS production in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293T) cells were determined by immunoblotting and the use of fluorescent probes, respectively. γGlutamyl cysteine synthetase (γGCS) is the rate limiting enzyme of glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and therefore a crucial antioxidant. We used small interfering RNA (siRNA) to silence this enzyme and thus impair the capacity of the cells to detoxify ROS. In order to determine whether mitochondria are a major source of ROS we used cells depleted of mitochondrial DNA (Rho0); these were characterised in vitro by monitoring oxygen consumption. RT-PCR was used to determine mitochondrial DNA content and immunoblotting to assess mitochondrial-encoded protein expression. The effects of a Rho0 phenotype were then assessed in relation to HIF-1α stabilisation and ROS production. HIF-1α is stabilised in an oxygen-dependent manner. HIF-1α stabilisation at low [O2] (3%), but not at 0.5% O2 is prevented by treatment with antioxidants. Silencing γGCS augmented free radical production in HEK 293T cells. This was associated with HIF-1α stabilisation at ambient [O2] (21%) and could be prevented by treatment with antioxidants. Rho0 cells produced less ROS than wild-type cells and did not stabilise HIF-1α either at low [O2] (3%) in wild-type cells or at 21% O2 in γGCS silenced cells. The data suggest that HIF-1α can be stabilised by ROS generated by the mitochondria.
Evolutionary trends in Winteraceae pollen

The Winteraceae, being considered as one of the most basal angiosperm families, has been extensively studied palynologically. The present study reviews the characters dispersal unit (monad versus tetrad) and size of the lumina in the tectum in the light of recent molecular research. Monads and small-meshed reticula appear to be derived from large-meshed tetrads. The fossil record supports the apomorphic state of a small-meshed tectum. In contrast to earlier reports, genuine monads are unknown as fossils. The fossil monads recorded so far are considered to be detached from permanent tetrad configurations.