Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Late Quaternary Climate-Change Velocity on Species Endemism

Regions with low glacial-interglacial climate-change velocity were essential refuges for many small-ranged species. The effects of climate change on biodiversity should depend in part on climate displacement rate (climate-change velocity) and its interaction with species’ capacity to migrate. We estimated Late Quaternary glacial-interglacial climate-change velocity by integrating macroclimatic shifts since the Last Glacial Maximum with topoclimatic gradients. Globally, areas with high velocities were associated with marked absences of small-ranged amphibians, mammals, and birds. The association between endemism and velocity was weakest in the highly vagile birds and strongest in the weakly dispersing amphibians, linking dispersal ability to extinction risk due to climate change. High velocity was also associated with low endemism at regional scales, especially in wet and aseasonal regions. Overall, we show that low-velocity areas are essential refuges for Earth’s many small-ranged species.
Depression Treatment Preferences of Hispanic Individuals: Exploring the Influence of Ethnicity, Language, and Explanatory Models

Purpose: There is uncertainty regarding Hispanic individuals’ depression treatment preferences, particularly regarding antidepressant medication, the most available primary care option. We assessed whether this uncertainty reflected heterogeneity among subgroups of Hispanic persons and investigated possible mechanisms. Specifically, we examined factors associated with medication preferences in non-Hispanic white and Spanish-speaking and English-speaking Hispanic persons. Methods: We analyzed data from a follow-up telephone interview of 839 non-Hispanic white and 139 Hispanic respondents originally surveyed via the 2008 California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Measures included treatment preferences (for treatment plans including vs not including antidepressants); depression history and current symptoms; sociodemographics; and psychological measures. Results: Compared with non-Hispanic white respondents (adjusting for age, sex, history of depression diagnosis, and current depression symptoms), Spanish-speaking Hispanic (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.41; 95% CI, 0.19–0.90) but not English-speaking Hispanic (AOR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.60–2.33) respondents had a lower preference for antidepressant inclusive options. Endorsing a biomedical explanation of depression was associated with a preference for antidepressant inclusive options (AOR, 4.76; 95% CI, 3.13–7.14) for all respondents and accounted for the effect of Spanish-language interview. Accounting for other factors did not change these relationships, although older age and history of depression diagnosis remained significant predictors of antidepressant inclusive treatment preference for all respondents. Conclusions: Spanish-language interview and less belief in a biomedical explanation for depression were associated with Hispanic respondents’ lower preferences for pharmacologic treatment of depression; ethnicity was not. Understanding treatment preferences and illness beliefs could help optimize depression treatment in primary care.
HEB-Deficient T-Cell Precursors Lose T-Cell Potential and Adopt an Alternative Pathway of Differentiation

ABSTRACT Early thymocytes possess multilineage potential, which is progressively restricted as cells transit through the double-negative stages of T-cell development. DN1 cells retain the ability to become natural killer cells, dendritic cells, B cells, and myeloid cells as well as T cells, but these options are lost by the DN3 stage. The Notch1 signaling pathway is indispensable for initiation of the T-cell lineage and inhibitory for the B-cell lineage, but the regulatory mechanisms by which the T-cell fate is locked in are largely undefined. Previously, we discovered that the E-protein transcription factor HEBAlt promoted T-cell specification. Here, we report that HEB−/− T-cell precursors have compromised Notch1 function and lose T-cell potential. Moreover, reconstituting HEB−/− precursors with Notch1 activity enforced fidelity to the T-cell fate. However, instead of becoming B cells, HEB−/− DN3 cells adopted a DN1-like phenotype and could be induced to differentiate into thymic NK cells. HEB−/− DN1-like cells retained GATA3 and Id2 expression but had lower levels of the Bcl11b gene, a Notch target gene. Therefore, our studies have revealed a new set of interactions between HEB, Notch1, and GATA3 that regulate the T-cell fate choice in developing thymocytes.
Trastuzumab emtansine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer.

BACKGROUND Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is an antibody-drug conjugate incorporating the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted antitumor properties of trastuzumab with the cytotoxic activity of the microtubule-inhibitory agent DM1. The antibody and the cytotoxic agent are conjugated by means of a stable linker. METHODS We randomly assigned patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer, who had previously been treated with trastuzumab and a taxane, to T-DM1 or lapatinib plus capecitabine. The primary end points were progression-free survival (as assessed by independent review), overall survival, and safety. Secondary end points included progression-free survival (investigator-assessed), the objective response rate, and the time to symptom progression. Two interim analyses of overall survival were conducted. RESULTS Among 991 randomly assigned patients, median progression-free survival as assessed by independent review was 9.6 months with T-DM1 versus 6.4 months with lapatinib plus capecitabine (hazard ratio for progression or death from any cause, 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55 to 0.77; P<0.001), and median overall survival at the second interim analysis crossed the stopping boundary for efficacy (30.9 months vs. 25.1 months; hazard ratio for death from any cause, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.85; P<0.001). The objective response rate was higher with T-DM1 (43.6%, vs. 30.8% with lapatinib plus capecitabine; P<0.001); results for all additional secondary end points favored T-DM1. Rates of grade 3 or 4 adverse events were higher with lapatinib plus capecitabine than with T-DM1 (57% vs. 41%). The incidences of thrombocytopenia and increased serum aminotransferase levels were higher with T-DM1, whereas the incidences of diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia were higher with lapatinib plus capecitabine. CONCLUSIONS T-DM1 significantly prolonged progression-free and overall survival with less toxicity than lapatinib plus capecitabine in patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer previously treated with trastuzumab and a taxane. (Funded by F. Hoffmann-La Roche/Genentech; EMILIA ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00829166.).
Evidence of Effectiveness of Herbal Medicinal Products in the Treatment of Arthritis

Herbal medicinal products (HMPs) are used in a variety of oral and topical forms for the treatment of osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to update a previous systematic review published in 2000. We searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CISCOM, AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane registers) to June 2007, unrestricted by date or language, and included randomized controlled trials that compared HMPs with inert (placebo) or active controls in patients with osteoarthritis. Five reviewers contributed to data extraction. Disagreements were discussed and resolved by consensus with reference to Cochrane guidelines and advice from the Cochrane Collaboration.
Physical Methods used in Pain Measurements: A Review 1

Leonardo da Vinci, 500 years ago, stressed the importance of mathematics in scientific investigations. However, before mathematics can be applied to the results of scientific observations to compare data, some form of measurement of those observations is required. This presents problems when the data consist of subjective sensations, and this paper is concerned with how the essentially qualitative subject of pain may yield quantitative data. Pain has been described by the Subcommittee on Taxonomy of the International Association for the Study of Pain (lASP) as 'an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage' (Merskey et al. 1979). This definition highlights two of the main difficulties encountered when trying to measure pain: (l) its multidimensional character both sensory and emotional elements are present; and (2) its subjective nature. Pain, as a subjective experience, cannot be the object of direct empirical study. On the other hand, the experience of pain is frequently preceded, accompanied or followed by physiological, biochemical and behavioural events. Furthermore, humans have the ability to describe the several dimensions of their pain. These descriptions are probably related to neurophysiological mechanisms (Mayer & Price 1976). So, although one cannot equate pain either with an associated measurable phenomenon or with its description, useful links can be established between them which could eventually lead to a causal relationship. Whether a stimulus hurts or not is a totally subjective decision. It is always a qualitative statement, and mapping of the subjective intensity onto a numerical scale cannot make it into a true quantitative measure. Some measurements can be made along the nociceptive pathway with a high degree of accuracy. However, even if a perfect correlation could be made between such a physical measure and the subjective pain report, so that it could be used in its place, it will never be more accurate than the report itself. The search for a quantitative, reliable correlate of the pain experience has not yet produced an· adequate 'measure' for pain. The following sections describe 'the areas that have been investigated.
The psychological benefits of recreational running: A field study

Running yields positive changes in affect, but the external validity of controlled studies has received little attention in the literature. In this inquiry, 50 recreational runners completed the Exercise-Induced Feeling Inventory (Gauvin & Rejeskí, 1993) before and after a bout of self-planned running on an urban running path. Positive changes were seen in all four measures of affect (p < .001). Multivariate regressions were performed to examine the contribution of four exercise characteristics (i.e., duration of the current run, weekly running time, weekly running distance, and running experience) to the observed changes in affect. The results have revealed that exercise characteristics accounted for only 14–30% of the variance in the recreational runners’ affect, in both directions. It is concluded that psychological benefits of recreational running may be linked to placebo (conditioning and/or expectancy) effects.
Natural Compounds from Saffron and Bear Bile Prevent Vision Loss and Retinal Degeneration

All retinal disorders, regardless of their aetiology, involve the activation of oxidative stress and apoptosis pathways. The administration of neuroprotective factors is crucial in all phases of the pathology, even when vision has been completely lost. The retina is one of the most susceptible tissues to reactive oxygen species damage. On the other hand, proper development and functioning of the retina requires a precise balance between the processes of proliferation, differentiation and programmed cell death. The life-or-death decision seems to be the result of a complex balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic signals. It has been recently shown the efficacy of natural products to slow retinal degenerative process through different pathways. In this review, we assess the neuroprotective effect of two compounds used in the ancient pharmacopoeia. On one hand, it has been demonstrated that administration of the saffron constituent safranal to P23H rats, an animal model of retinitis pigmentosa, preserves photoreceptor morphology and number, the capillary network and the visual response. On the other hand, it has been shown that systemic administration of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), the major component of bear bile, to P23H rats preserves cone and rod structure and function, together with their contact with postsynaptic neurons. The neuroprotective effects of safranal and TUDCA make these compounds potentially useful for therapeutic applications in retinal degenerative diseases.
Results of residential air conditioner testing in WECC

This paper summarizes the key results of testing work performed by three organizations (EPRI, SCE, and BPA) on a total of twenty seven air conditioning units in order to better understand and thus characterize their behavior for power system simulations. The diversity of the tested air conditioner units included sizes (tonnage), compressor technology (reciprocating and scroll), type of refrigerant (R-22 and R-410A), efficiencies (between 10 and 13 SEER), and vintage (new and old). A common test plan was developed by the three organizations. The tests were then performed independently by each of the three organizations. The EPRI work was sponsored by APS and SRP. This effort was part of the current load modeling effort going on in WECC under the load modeling task force. The key findings of this work are presented here together with a description of the testing methodology. All three organizations found very similar results despite testing a variety of different sizes and manufacturer units. The key results presented are associated with the stalling behavior of the units at different outdoor temperatures, the behavior of thermal overload tripping, contactor dropout, and the behavior of the units in response to different emulated types of system events.
The context is the ‘news’ in healthcare improvement case reports

The clinical case report is viewed with circumspection in an era of clinical evidence that is often measured by the rigour of the randomised controlled trial.1 Nevertheless, case reports have enjoyed resurgence, particularly given their accessibility provided by electronic publication.2–4 At a minimum, they broaden clinical experience from the comfort of ones study, and at their most profound, they provide fresh insights into pathogenesis and treatment. Authors and editors must respect two increasingly scarce resources: readers' time and publications' space. What, then, might a more precise definition of a healthcare improvement case report add to the scholarly improvement literature? If crafted too broadly, it runs the risk of backsliding from efforts to bring order to the heterogeneity in quality improvement implementation reports.5 However, a narrowed definition could enhance signal and reduce noise in the expanding scholarly literature. Case report journals generally require their authors' adherence to guidelines.2–4 Vandenbrouke offers additional refinement of these guidelines with a short list of rules for useful clinical case reports.1 The list includes an imperative for a clear, single message, the explanation for how a report runs counter …
Identification of multi-mass mechanical systems in electrical drives

This paper presents methods for parameter identification of mechanical resonance of two-mass and multi-mass electrical drive system. The presented methods were applied in the field of parameter identification. Various identification setups are considered: different identification models (ARX and OE), sampling periods and models orders. Results for two different excitation signals are presented: pseudo random binary signal and chirp wave. Spectral analysis is used to calculate frequency response data of electric drive with elastic connection. The discussed methods of identification are verified by both simulation and laboratory stand test.
Degradation of the Apical Sodium-dependent Bile Acid Transporter by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway in Cholangiocytes*

To attenuate injury during cholestasis, adaptive changes in bile acid transporter expression in the liver provide alternative bile acid excretory pathways. Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) (SLC10A2), only expressed in the liver on the cholangiocyte apical membrane, is rapidly regulated in response to inflammation and bile acids. Here, we studied the mechanisms controlling ASBT protein levels in cholangiocytes to determine whether ASBT expression is regulated by ubiquitination and disposal through the proteasome. Protein turnover assays demonstrated that ASBT is an unstable and short-lived protein. Treatment with MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, causes time-dependent increased ASBT levels and increased intracellular accumulation of ASBT. In cells cotransfected with green fluorescent protein-tagged ASBT and hemagglutinin-tagged ubiquitin, we demonstrated coimmunoprecipitation and colocalization of ASBT and ubiquitin. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) induced down-regulation of ASBT is abrogated by a JNK inhibitor and is accompanied by an increase in ASBT polyubiquitin conjugates and a reduced ASBT half-life. In phosphorylation-deficient S335A and T339A mutants, the ASBT half-life is markedly prolonged, IL-1β-induced ASBT ubiquitination is significantly reduced, and IL-1β fails to increase ASBT turnover. These results indicate that ASBT undergoes ubiquitin-proteasome degradation under basal conditions and that ASBT proteasome disposal is increased by IL-1β due to JNK-regulated serine/threonine phosphorylation of ASBT protein at both Ser-335 and Thr-339. These studies are the first report of regulation of a bile acid transporter expression by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Peano arithmetic may not be interpretable in the monadic theory of linear orders

Abstract Gurevich and Shelah have shown that Peano Arithmetic cannot be interpreted in the monadic second-order theory of short chains (hence, in the monadic second-order theory of the real line). We will show here that it is consistent that the monadic second-order theory of no chain interprets Peano Arithmetic.
Informed consent and stimulant medication: adolescents' and parents' ability to understand information about benefits and risks of stimulant medication for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

BACKGROUND This study of informed consent examines understanding of information needed to consent to stimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The understanding of adolescents with ADHD, their parents, control adolescents, and their parents is compared. METHOD Fifty-eight ADHD and 64 control adolescents between the ages of 12 and 16 and their parents were studied. Baseline understanding of information was determined. Subjects received information relevant to informed consent for stimulation medication and afterward were evaluated on their recall understanding and their final understanding. RESULTS Knowledge was increased after the information session for all subjects. There was no significant difference between unadjusted baseline, recall, and final knowledge of control adolescents and parents. Although unadjusted baseline, recall, and final knowledge of ADHD adolescents is significantly less than that of parents, 78% of ADHD adolescents had final understanding scores within 2 standard deviations of parents' scores. After controlling for baseline understanding and cognitive variables, there was no significant difference between understanding of ADHD adolescents and ADHD parents, whereas control adolescents understanding scores were higher than that of their parents. Understanding was highly associated with mathematics achievement in all groups. CONCLUSION The majority of adolescents with ADHD, both with and without a history of stimulant medication treatment, have understanding that is similar to their parents and their inclusion in the informed consent process should be encouraged. Extra care should be afforded to those adolescents with low numeracy or literacy to ensure their understanding.
Intraperitoneal bladder rupture and bowel injury from perirectal impalement.

Intraperitoneal bladder and bowel trauma from impalement injuries of the perineum is exceedingly rare. Most intraperitoneal bladder ruptures result from blunt trauma. The first case of bladder injury with intraperitoneal communication from rectal impalement was described in a child.1 To our knowledge this injury has not previously been reported in an adult. We report a rare case of through-and-through bladder rupture with concomitant bowel injury in an adult, and discuss diagnostic and management strategies.
Can’t see the wood for the trees, can’t see the trees for the numbers? Accounting education, sustainability and the Public Interest

This paper is an attempt to explore the question “what do accountants need to know about the environment? " with a subsidiary question “how are they to acquire this knowledge? ". These questions prove to be more complex than they appear and raise questions about the meaning of “environment", the purpose and role of accountants, the structure of the UK accounting profession and the role of education. Central to the paper is the belief that accounting is supposed to serve the public interest and that the pursuit of sustainability is central to that public interest. It is contended that only through, what we call, “transcendent" education can this notion be understood, let alone acted upon. The paper calls for a clearer expression of the relationship between education and training, and argues that the only way in which accounting can remain a profession, serve the public interest and respond to the exigencies of sustainability is through a major revision of accounting degrees and a relevant graduate only profession. The paper is predicated upon the belief that a profession with no real education (as opposed to training) in the subject matter of its profession is a contradiction in terms.
Thermal resistance of light-emitting diodes

A detailed analysis of the heat flow in a light-emitting diode is carried out in the present paper. In the thermal model of a light-emitting diode, the heat flow from the active region throughout the area between it and the top contact, the nonuniform heat flux density distribution in the active region due to the current-spreading effect as well as the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of the semiconductor material, are taken into account. The solutions of the thermal conduction equation for a light-emitting diode are obtained for both the steady-state condition and the transient-state condition. The heat-spreading in the heat-sink is analyzed. The effect of LED construction parameters on its thermal resistance is illustrated in numerous figures.
Inhaled anti-cholinergics for prolonged non-specific cough in children.

BACKGROUND Non-specific cough is defined as non-productive cough in the absence of identifiable respiratory disease or known aetiology. It is commonly seen in paediatric practice. These children are treated with a variety of therapies including inhaled anti-cholinergic medications. OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy of inhaled anti-cholinergic medications in the management of prolonged non-specific cough in children. SEARCH STRATEGY The Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register and Cochrane Airways Group, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched. Relevant pharmaceutical companies were contacted. The latest searches were performed in July 2003. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials comparing inhaled anti-cholinergic medication with a placebo medication. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Results of searches were reviewed against pre-determined criteria for inclusion. No eligible trials were identified and thus no data were available for analysis. A single small trial in adults has been reported. MAIN RESULTS No randomised-controlled trials that examined the efficacy of inhaled anti-cholinergic medications in the management of prolonged non-specific cough in children were found. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS There is currently no evidence to support the use of inhaled anti-cholinergics for symptomatic control of non-specific cough in children. Further research examining the effects of this intervention is needed.