Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Probing Ultrafast Dynamics of Polarization Clusters in BaTiO3 by Pulsed Soft X-Ray Laser Speckle Technique

The technical development of ultrashort laser pulses covering infrared to extreme ultraviolet has opened a door to study the photo-induced dynamic physical and chemical processes. By using an optical excitation at a particular wavelength, exotic states can be trigged coherently in atoms, molecules, clusters as well as complex condensed systems. The evolution of excited states then can be imaged in the real-time domain by subsequent single or trains of pulse. This laser pump-probe technique features an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution, thus not only allows us a fundamental insight into the microscopic ultrafast dynamics, but also brings about a potential of selective controlling on the microstructures at atomic scale (Krausz & Ivanov, 2009). In this chapter, a recent advance of soft x-ray laser speckle pump-probe measurement on barium titanate (BaTiO3) is reviewed, with primary concerns on the theoretical description of the photo-matter interaction and photo-induced relaxation dynamics in the crystal. Here, the observed time-dependent speckle pattern is theoretically investigated as a correlated optical response to the pump and probe pulses. The scattering probability is calculated based on a model with coupled soft x-ray photon and ferroelectric phonon mode of BaTiO3. It is found that the speckle variation is related with the relaxation dynamics of ferroelectric clusters created by the pump pulse. Additionally, a critical slowing down of cluster relaxation arises on decreasing temperature towards the paraelectric-ferroelectric transition temperature. Relation between the critical slowing down, local dipole fluctuation and crystal structure are revealed by a quantum Monte Carlo simulation. This chapter is organized as follows. In Section 1, the properties ferroelectric material and experimental techniques are introduced. The theoretical model and methods are elaborated in Section 2. In Section 3, the numerical results on speckle correlation, relaxation dynamics
Scaling Turbulent Dissipation in the Transition Layer

AbstractData from three midlatitude, month-long surveys are examined for evidence of enhanced vertical mixing associated with the transition layer (TL), here defined as the strongly stratified layer that exists between the well mixed layer and the thermocline below. In each survey, microstructure estimates of turbulent dissipation were collected concurrently with fine-structure stratification and shear. Survey-wide averages are formed in a “TL coordinate” zTL, which is referenced around the depth of maximum stratification for each profile. Averaged profiles show characteristic TL structures such as peaks in stratification N2 and shear variance S2, which fall off steeply above zTL = 0 and more gradually below. Turbulent dissipation rates ɛ are 5–10 times larger than those found in the upper thermocline (TC). The gradient Richardson number Ri = N2/S2 becomes unstable (Ri 0. Ri is stable for zTL ≤ 0.
Generation of a strong attosecond pulse train with an orthogonally polarized two-color laser field

We theoretically investigate the high-order harmonic generation from a neon atom irradiated by an intense two-color femtosecond laser pulse, in which the fundamental field and its second harmonic are linearly polarized and orthogonal to each other. In contrast to usual high-harmonic generation with linearly polarized fundamental field alone, a very strong and clean high-harmonic spectrum, consisting of both odd and even orders of harmonics, can be generated in the orthogonally polarized two-color laser field with proper selection of the relative phase between the fundamental and second-harmonic fields. In time domain, this results in a strong and regular attosecond pulse train. The origin of these behaviors is elucidated by analyzing semiclassical electron paths and by simulating high-harmonic generation quantum mechanically.
Avoiding dative overgeneralisation errors: semantics, statistics or both?

How do children eventually come to avoid the production of overgeneralisation errors, in particular, those involving the dative (e.g., *I said her “no”)? The present study addressed this question by obtaining from adults and children (5–6, 9–10 years) judgements of well-formed and over-general datives with 301 different verbs (44 for children). A significant effect of pre-emption—whereby the use of a verb in the prepositional-object (PO)-dative construction constitutes evidence that double-object (DO)-dative uses are not permitted—was observed for every age group. A significant effect of entrenchment—whereby the use of a verb in any construction constitutes evidence that unattested dative uses are not permitted—was also observed for every age group, with both predictors also accounting for developmental change between ages 5–6 and 9–10 years. Adults demonstrated knowledge of a morphophonological constraint that prohibits Latinate verbs from appearing in the DO-dative construction (e.g., *I suggested her the trip). Verbs’ semantic properties (supplied by independent adult raters) explained additional variance for all groups and developmentally, with the relative influence of narrow- vs broad-range semantic properties increasing with age. We conclude by outlining an account of the formation and restriction of argument-structure generalisations designed to accommodate these findings.
Phase imaging using time-of-flight neutron diffraction

A technique that allows the spatial distribution of crystallographic phases in the interior of an object to be reconstructed from neutron time-of-flight (TOF) diffraction is described. To this end, the shift of the Bragg peaks due to the so-called `geometrical aberration' is exploited. A collimated incident white beam is used to perform a translational or rotational scan of the object whilst collecting a TOF data set for each sample position or orientation. Depending on the location of any scattering material along the line of the incident beam path through the object, the measured d-spacings of the corresponding Bragg peaks are shifted with respect to their nominal values, which are attained only at the geometrical centre of the instrument. Using a formula that is usually employed to correct for sample offset, the phase distribution along the incident beamline can be directly reconstructed, without the need to perform a tomographic reconstruction. Results are shown from a demonstration experiment carried out on a cylindrical Al container enclosing an arrangement of Cu and Fe rods. On the basis of this formalism, an optimized experimental geometry is described and the potential and limits of this technique are explored, as are its applicability to X-ray and constant-wavelength neutron diffraction.
Long-term presence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in a cultivated shrimp population without disease outbreaks

PCR and in situ hybridization analysis were used for detection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in an infected, cultured shrimp population over a long period in the absence of disease outbreaks. The shrimp were derived from a single WSSV-carrier brooder and cultured first in a tank and then in outdoor ponds. Prior to harvest at 13 mo, no l-step PCR-positive specimens were found, even though most tested specimens were found to be 2-step PCR-positive. At 7 mo, 2-step PCR-positive tissues were found in 5 sampled shrimp. Heart, gill, integument, muscle and stomach tissues best supported viral replication At 13 mo several shrimp died, and l-step PCR-positive individuals were found for the first time Although superficially healthy, 10% of the surviving adults had tiny white spots on their carapace, and In sjtu hybridization analysis revealed WSSV-positive cells in 40% of the specimens examined. As before, most were found in the stomach, integument and gills, and only very few in the lymphoid organ and other organs. These observations contrasted to those for experimentally infected shrimp with gross signs of terminal WSSV infection, where strong positive signals were also observed in the lymphoid organ and in other organs of ectodermal or mesodermal origin. Our results showed clearly that whatever the source, WSSV was carried in the shrimp population at a low intensity (i.e. nested PCR was required for detection) for a very long time in the absence of massive mortality. We hypothesize that disease outbreaks do not occur if shrimp defense mechanisms manage to contain lowintensity viral infections under low-stress culture conditions. Conversely, outbreaks may occur under stressful conditions.
Late Holocene Paleoseismicity of the Southern Part of the Chelungpu Fault in Central Taiwan: Evidence from the Chushan Excavation Site

The geomorphic expression of the frontal Western Foothills in central Taiwan is usually defined by a late Holocene scarp that ranges from tens to hundreds of meters in height. This scarp is the product of displacement on a near-surface 20- 30 east-dipping thrust fault, the Chelungpu fault, which ruptured during the Chichi earthquake. The large scarp height may correspond directly to the accumulation of successive surface ruptures. The Chushan site is located on the southern part of this fault where the Chichi earthquake produced a scarp with a 1.7-m vertical offset for the total vertical separation. Based on core-boring estimates, the vertical displace- ment on both sides is 7 m along a 24 east-dipping thrust fault. The results from our paleoseismic analysis indicate that five large paleoearthquake events have caused the large offsets during the past 2 ka. The radiocarbon age constraints of the paleoearth- quakes suggest a clustering of 540-790 cal yr B.P. (E2), 710-950 cal yr B.P. (E3), 1380-1700 cal yr B.P. (E4), 1710-1930 cal yr B.P. (E5), and the 1999 Chichi earth- quake. Events E3 and E4 have not been reported in previous studies and we did not observe event E1 (300-430 cal yr B.P.) at the site. Based on displacement and fault segmentation from the geologic features, we argue that the two new events may have occurred along the northern part of the Chelungpu fault. The vertical slip rate is estimated to be at least 3.9 0.2 mm/yr over the past 2 ka, which is similar to the long-term estimation through a calculation of late Pleistocene-Holocene terrace el- evations on the hanging wall.
An Analysis of Evaluation Plans in a Federally Funded Leadership Preparation Program: Implications for the Improvement of Practice.

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Educational Foundations & Leadership at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Educational Foundations & Leadership Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@odu.edu. Repository Citation Sanzo, Karen, "An Analysis of Evaluation Plans in a Federally Funded Leadership Preparation Program: Implications for the Improvement of Practice" (2012). Educational Foundations & Leadership Faculty Publications. 45. https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/efl_fac_pubs/45
A BIM-based Conceptual Cost Estimation Model Considering Structural Analysis and Design

In recent years, considerable concern has arisen over the application of Building Information Modeling (BIM). BIM has been widely utilized for solving the drawbacks of traditional preliminary cost estimation by creating a cost-estimation model. However, since the function of structural analysis and design in BIM is still in its developing stage, the model still lacks precise information of the structural engineering. As a result, the model hypothesizes the structural engineering quantity on the basis of the empirical formula, contributing to a slight inaccuracy in its approximation. Hence, to overcome these shortcomings, this research presents a conceptual cost-estimation model created by linking ETABS (a software used for structural analysis and design of buildings) to the BIM-based model. With the integration of the ETABS and the BIM model, the proposed model can simultaneously consider the two factors (the budget, and the structural analysis) for cost estimation in the early stages of the project: (1) establishing a BIM model on Revit, (2) applying ETABS to conduct structural analysis and design on the BIM model, (3) obtaining quantity takeoffs of the BIM model by Navisworks, (4) retrieving unit price data from PCCES software through results of the quantity takeoffs, and (5) ratifying whether the projected cost meets the owner’s budget. The proposed model is tested via a building located on a certain university campus in northern Taiwan. The results show that the proposed conceptual model is significantly superior to the original BIM-based model, and demonstrate that the proposed model can be practically implemented and provide adequate results for the projected cost.
Grass valorisation and muscular characteristics of blonde d'Aquitaine steers

The blonde d'Aquitaine breed, the males of which are traditionally raised as young steers in intensive systems, is spreading beyond its region of origin. In pasture regions these males could be introduced into more extensive grazing systems. The purpose of this study is to assess the capa- bility of these animals to valorise forage resources and also the characteristics of the carcasses pro- duced and of the muscles concerned when considering meat tenderness. The study used young weaned bulls reared as beef animals and slaughtered at 33 months of age ( n = 22 and 24). These beef animals use 2 very different types of pasture during the pasturing seasons (April-November). During the first winter period of rearing the Blonde d'Aquitaine show a lower ingestion of forage (5.8 kg dry matter.100 kg -1 life weight vs. 7.5 kg dry matter.100 kg -1 life weight) and lower growth than the Charolais (1 150 g.d -1 vs. 1 400 g.d -1 ). At pasture, the activity of the animals is similar (380 minutes at pasture, 52 bites per minute for speed of ingestion). At slaughter, at the same body weight (695 kg), the Blonde d'Aquitaine have a greater weight of muscle (+ 9%, 335 kg of muscle vs. 308 kg). The Blonde d'Aquitaine have a more glycolytic muscular metabolism (1 497 μmol. min -1.g -1 vs. 1351 μmol.min -1.g -1 ), a higher proportion of fast, IIB fibers (63.6% vs. 58.8%) and less collagen (3.7 μg d'OH-prol.mg -1 of DM vs. 5.2 μg d'OH-prol.mg -1 of DM). These results show that animals of blonde d'Aquitaine breed provide a good valorisation of forage and grass and that under these breeding conditions, they produce muscles with favourable characteristics for production of tender meat. blonde d'Aquitaine / Charolais / grass / muscle fibers / collagen
Accurate description of charge transport in organic field effect transistors using an experimentally extracted density of states

The width and shape of the density of states (DOS) are key parameters to describe the charge transport of organic semiconductors. Here we extract the DOS using scanning Kelvin probe microscopy on a self-assembled monolayer field effect transistor (SAMFET). The semiconductor is only a single monolayer which has allowed extraction of the DOS over a wide energy range, pushing the methodology to its fundamental limit. The measured DOS consists of an exponential distribution of deep states with additional localized states on top. The charge transport has been calculated in a generic variable range-hopping model that allows any DOS as input. We show that with the experimentally extracted DOS an excellent agreement between measured and calculated transfer curves is obtained. This shows that detailed knowledge of the density of states is a prerequisite to consistently describe the transfer characteristics of organic field effect transistors.
Clustering Annotations of a Digital Text with Bio-inspired Approaches

Students often annotate texts while reading by highlighting, underlining, adding marks, and writing comments beside the text. These may serve various functions and will reflect each student’s goals and understanding of the text. The research team has proposed two simple biology-inspired approaches to represent the patterns of student annotations and to help hierarchical clustering method classify students based on the similarity between their annotations; the annotations produced were simple highlighting. Both approaches have instant processing speed (i.e., less than 100 ms for dealing with a batch of forty students' annotations on a 2894-word text) compared with generic hierarchical clustering algorithm implemented in Matlab and reasonable clustering accuracy (i.e., both the precision and recall values are in the range of 0.67 to 0.71) compared with the clusters created by human raters. This research further enhances the bio-inspired annotation clustering methodology by proposing two new approaches, the Cosine and the Diffusion approaches, to solve the problems earlier approaches have as well as to improve clustering accuracy.
ASSESSMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT IN TORUN ( CENTRAL POLAND TOWN ) IN 1971-2010 BASED ON STANDARDIZED INDICATORS

In the paper, the occurrences of meteorological and hydrological drought in Toruń, Poland in the years of 1971-2010 were analyzed as well as the relationship between both droughts. The analysis was done based on the indicator assessment method where Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was used as an index of the meteorological drought and Standardized Water Level Index (SWI) and Standardized Runoff Index (SRI) were indices that characterized the hydrological drought. The values of chosen indices were calculated on the base of monthly precipitation sum P (mm) measured in Toruń and average monthly water level WL (cm) and runoff R (m3.s-1) recorded on the Vistula River gauge in Toruń. The calculations of indices were made in cumulated periods of 6, 12, and 24 months. It was determined that the number of meteorological and hydrological drought periods decreases along with increasing of the accumulation period. At the same time, the length of drought period increases. It was particularly visible for the periods of 12 and 24 months, in which meteorological drought was shorter than the corresponding hydrological drought. Based on the correlation indices’ values, it was determined that the most strong relations between both types of drought took place between SPI-24 and SWI-24 as well as between SPI-24 and SRI-24. The indicator assessment seems to be useful in the drought monitoring and early drought warning.
The Impact of R&D‐Specific Factors on the Attractiveness of Small‐ and Medium‐Sized Enterprises as Partners Vis‐À‐Vis Alliance Formation in Large Emerging Economies

This study examines the impact of research and development (R&D)-specific factors in determining the likelihood of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from developed countries to be attractive partners vis-a-vis forming alliances with SMEs from large emerging economies (LEEs). This study is founded on the knowledge-accessing theory of alliance formation, which emphasises the higher efficiency gains of knowledge application as opposed to knowledge generation. We extend this theory to SMEs on the basis that smaller firms, because of their resources constraints and drive to survive, are likely to use alliances to access external knowledge bases leading to new product development (NPD) opportunities because of the low feasibility of acquiring knowledge. As a mix of complex knowledge is necessary to develop most modern products and services, SMEs are also likely to adopt a more flexible operational approach and to accept compromises to forge knowledge-accessing alliances. We illustrate this theoretical development using primary data collected from British and German biotechnology SMEs, declaring the intention prospectively to form alliances with their counterparts in Brazil. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the factors influencing the likelihood of a firm as an attractive alliance partner. Our results indicate that R&D-specific factors influence the likelihood of firms to be attractive alliance partners. In particular, firms showing an in-house innovation history focused on one or few products are more likely to be attractive alliance partners with LEE firms than those that do not. Another R&D-specific predictor that enhances the chances of alliance partner attractiveness with LEE firms is the firm's focused searching and identifying capability relative to technology or equipment that demonstrates good prospects to improve the firm's line of products. A third predictor refers to the firm's awareness regarding non-cost obstacles for its own technological development. Implications for policy makers and practitioners are also discussed.
Spontaneous electric fi elds in solid fi lms : spontelectrics †

Spontaneous electric fields in solid films: spontelectrics D. Field a b , O. Plekan a c , A. Cassidy a , R. Balog a , N.C. Jones b & J. Dunger a a Department of Physics and Astronomy , Aarhus University , Ny Munkegade Building 1520, DK 8000 , Aarhus C , Denmark b ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy , Aarhus University , Ny Munkegade Building 1520, DK 8000 , Aarhus C , Denmark c Sincrotrone Trieste, S.C. p.A. di Interesse Nazionale , 34149 Basovizza , Trieste , Italy Published online: 12 Mar 2013.
Bad breath and its association with age and gender

Halitosis is a health condition associated with an unpleasant odor from the oral cavity. The origin of bad breath may be related to systemic and oral conditions, but the large percentage of cases (about 85%) are related to oral factors. Our aim was to investigate the presence and degree of halitosis in healthy patients and to compare it accordance with age and gender. We examined 79 healthy patients with an apparatus to measure bad breath - HC-212SF FitScan Breath Checker of Tanita Corporation of America, Inc. We obtained a result of 0.87 for the group under 18 years old, 1 for the group 19-51 years old and 1.5 for the group over 51 years. In our study the average value was 0.88 for men and 1.39 for women. Of all tested persons about one-third did not show any bad smell, while 77 percent have some degree of positive result. Considering the condition in relation to gender, we observed that 43% of men and 25% of women do not have a bad odor from the mouth. About 29% had the lowest positive value (1), value 2 about 28% and only 1.3% had a very high degree of halitosis. This study indicates augmentation of the values of bad breath with the increasing of age. Women have a bad smell from the mouth more often. In all age groups we observed higher degree of bad breath in women.
Intraspecific Thievery in the Ant Ectatomma ruidum is Mediated by Food Availability

Animals modify their foraging strategies in response to environmental changes that affect foraging performance. In some species, cleptobiosis represents an alternative strategy for resource access. The environmental factors that favor the incidence or prevalence of cleptobiosis, however, are poorly described. The cleptobiotic Neotropical ant Ectatomma ruidum is characterized by a high frequency of thievery behavior, a specific type of intraspecific cleptobiosis, in which specialized thief workers insinuate themselves into nests of neighboring colonies and intercept food items brought into these nests. Here, we evaluate how colonies adjust thievery behavior in response to food availability. We supplemented food availability and measured how the incidence and intensity of thievery responded to resource availability. We found that the incidence and intensity of thievery decline in response to supplemental food, suggesting that thievery behavior is a response to resource limitation at the population scale. This finding indicates that the phenomenon of intraspecific thievery, although a rare strategy in among colonies of social animals, is a viable alternative foraging tactic in the context of competition and food limitation.