Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Systematic derivation of an Australian standard for Tall Man lettering to distinguish similar drug names.

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Confusion between similar drug names can cause harmful medication errors. Similar drug names can be visually differentiated using a typographical technique known as Tall Man lettering. While international conventions exist to derive Tall Man representation for drug names, there has been no national standard developed in Australia. This paper describes the derivation of a risk-based, standardized approach for use of Tall Man lettering in Australia, and known as National Tall Man Lettering. METHOD A three-stage approach was applied. An Australian list of similar drug names was systematically compiled from the literature and clinical error reports. Secondly, drug name pairs were prioritized using a risk matrix based on the likelihood of name confusion (a four-component score) vs. consensus ratings of the potential severity of the confusion by 31 expert reviewers. The mid-type Tall Man convention was then applied to derive the typography for the highest priority drug pair names. RESULTS Of 250 pairs of confusable Australian drug names, comprising 341 discrete names, 35 pairs were identified by the matrix as an 'extreme' risk if confused. The mid-type Tall Man convention was successfully applied to the majority of the prioritized drugs; some adaption of the convention was required. CONCLUSION This systematic process for identification of confusable drug names and associated risk, followed by application of a convention for Tall Man lettering, has produced a standard now endorsed for use in clinical settings in Australia. Periodic updating is recommended to accommodate new drug names and error reports.
Why photoreceptors die (and why they don't)

Light can kill the photoreceptors of the eye, not only very bright direct sunlight, but more moderate illumination if the light is present continuously. Recent experiments show that rod apoptosis can be triggered by strong and constant activation of transduction, and that death can be prevented if transduction is inhibited even though the eye is illuminated. Vitamin A deficiency and genetically inherited diseases, such as some forms of retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis, appear to kill like this: transduction is activated at a high rate and continuously, and this causes the rods to die. Why does transduction kill? Our best guess is that continuous activation produces a prolonged lowering of the Ca2+ concentration, which is also thought to kill neurons in tissue culture and during the development of the nervous system. To prevent death in constant light, rods have evolved protective mechanisms including modulation of channels and ion transport to keep the Ca2+ from going too low. Prolonged light exposure also causes migration of transduction proteins from one part of the cell to another and a reversible shortening of the rod outer segments, the part of the cell that contains the pigment rhodopsin. All of these mechanisms are at work in the normal eye to reduce transduction and prevent the Ca2+ concentration from dropping too low for too long a time. That most of us retain our vision our entire lives is a testament to their effectiveness. BioEssays 28: 344–354, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A mismatch-aware stochastic matching algorithm for robust speech recognition

We present a mismatch-aware stochastic matching (MASM) algorithm to alleviate the performance degradation under mismatched training and testing conditions. MASM first computes a reliability measure of applying a set of pre-trained speech models to a mismatch test utterance along the time axis or among different feature vector components. It then estimates and compensates the mismatch using the reliability measure to guide the speech segmentation. Experiments on a serious mismatched condition with training on PSTN-speech database and testing on mobile GSM-speech database showed that MASM outperformed the stochastic match (SM) method, especially, for short utterances.
Recent epidural anesthesia: a relative contraindication to thrombolysis.

Robert E. Smith 1, Christopher J. Bodin, Marvin S. Kogutt N umerous absolute and relative contraindications have been described for regional intraarterial thrombolysis, including recent (<3 months) intracranial, intraocular. or intraspinal surgery and recent organ biopsy (<14 days) [ I I. We present a case that suggests recent (<3 months) epidural ariesthesia should be considered a relative contraindication to thrombolysis.
The calcium-channel blocker, azelnidipine, enhances the inhibitory action of AT1 receptor blockade on ischemic brain damage

Objective The combined effects of a calcium-channel blocker (CCB) with an angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker were investigated in focal brain ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Methods and results In male C57BL/6J mice, permanent occlusion of the MCA-induced focal cerebral ischemia and neurological deficit after 24 h, accompanied by a reduction of cerebral blood flow and an increase in superoxide production in the ischemic area. Administration of azelnidipine, a CCB, at 1.0 mg/kg per day for 10 days significantly suppressed these changes after MCA without affecting systolic blood pressure. Such inhibitory effects of azelnidipine on brain ischemia could be observed in AT1a receptor-deficient mice. In addition, olmesartan, an AT1 receptor blocker, at 3.0 mg/kg per day also diminished the ischemic brain area and neurological score, as well as superoxide production and the reduction of cerebral surface blood flow in C57BL/6 mice. The combination of lower doses of azelnidipine (0.1 mg/kg per day) and olmesartan (0.5 mg/kg per day) significantly attenuated the ischemic brain area, neurological score, superoxide production and the reduction of cerebral surface blood flow after MCA occlusion in C57BL/6 mice, whereas either of these agents alone at these doses did not affect brain ischemia. Conclusion These results indicate that azelnidipine inhibited ischemic brain damage induced by MCA occlusion, at least in part, through suppression of blood flow change and oxidative stress via a signaling mechanism independent of AT1 receptor stimulation. Moreover, azelnidipine synergistically enhanced the inhibitory action of olmesartan on brain ischemia, suggesting beneficial combined effects of a CCB with an AT1 receptor blocker on ischemic brain damage.
Optimal codes for minimax criterion on error detection

Nonlinear quadratic codes that are optimal for the minimax error detection are presented. Characteristic functions for these codes are asymptotically bent. For a given block size n and the number of codewords mod C mod , these codes minimize max Q(e), e not=0, where Q(e) is the conditional error-masking probability, given the error pattern e. The codewords are blocks of n symbols from GF(q). Encoding and decoding procedures for the codes are described. >
Gold nanoparticle cluster arrays for advanced optical sensing: an AFM study

We studied a strategy for developing reproducible and stable 2D arrays of fractal micrometric gold nanoparticles arranged on silicon substrates. The combined use of electron beam lithography and molecular functionalization allowed us to finely control the shape of nanoparticle assemblies in designed areas. Atomic force microscopy measurements confirmed the regularity in spacing and size (i.e. area and layer number) of the obtained aggregates. Preliminary microRaman space resolved measurements were undertaken on a 100x100 μm2 2D array made up of 10 μm-spaced, 1 μm2 large clusters. The high surface enhanced Raman signal measured on the structure allowed us to point out a full correspondence in the periodical spacing both optically and topographically achieved. This may represent the basis to realize intriguing platforms for nano-optical investigation and towards an efficient high-sensitive multiplex sensing.
The Tangent Classifier

Given a classifier, we describe a general method to construct a simple linear classification rule. This rule, called the tangent classifier, is obtained by computing the tangent hyperplane to the separation boundary of the groups (generated by the initial classifier) at a certain point. When applied to a quadratic region, the tangent classifier has a neat closed-form expression. We discuss various examples and the application of this new linear classifier in two situations under which standard rules may fail: when there is a fraction of outliers in the training sample and when the dimension of the data is large in comparison with the sample size.
Localization of Membrane Proteins in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 (Radial Asymmetry in the Photosynthetic Complexes)

Localization of membrane proteins in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 was determined by transmission electron microscopy utilizing immunocytochemistry with cells prepared by freeze-substitution. This preparation procedure maintained cellular morphology and permitted detection of cellular antigens with high sensitivity and low background. Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 is a unicellular cyanobacterium with thylakoids organized in concentric layers toward the periphery of the cell. Cytochrome oxidase was localized almost entirely in the cytoplasmic membrane, whereas a carotenoprotein (P35) was shown to be a cell wall component. The major photosystem II (PSII) proteins (D1, D2 CP43, and CP47) were localized throughout the thylakoids. Proteins of the Cyt b6/f complex were found to have a similar distribution. Thylakoid luminal proteins, such as the Mn-stabilizing protein, were located primarily in the thylakoid, but a small, reproducible fraction was found in the outer compartment. The photosystem I (PSI) reaction center proteins and the ATP synthase proteins were found associated mostly with the outermost thylakoid and with the cytoplasmic membrane. These results indicated that the photosynthetic apparatus is not evenly distributed throughout the thylakoids. Rather, there is a radial asymmetry such that much of the PSI and the ATPase synthase is located in the outermost thylakoid. The relationship of this structure to the photosynthetic mechanism is discussed. It is suggested that the photosystems are separated because of kinetic differences between PSII and PSI, as hypothesized by H. -W. Trissl and C. Wilhelm (Trends Biochem Sci [1993] 18:415–419).
Comparing parallel corpora and evaluating their quality

The availability of partially overlapping parallel corpora for a language pair opens up opportunities for automatically comparing, evaluating and improving them. We compare and evaluate the alignment quality of two English-Estonian parallel corpora that have been created independently, but contain overlapping texts. We describe how to determine the overlapping parts and find their alignment similarities that allow us to economize on manual evaluation effort. We also suggest a feature that could be used instead of comparing and manual checking to predict the alignment correctness.
Layer-by-Layer Fabrication of High-Performance Polyamide/ZIF-8 Nanocomposite Membrane for Nanofiltration Applications.

The conventional blending fabrication for thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes is to disperse porous fillers in aqueous/organic phases prior to interfacial polymerization, and the aggregation of fillers may lead to the significant decrease in membrane performance. To overcome this limitation, we proposed a novel layer-by-layer (LBL) fabrication to prepare a polyamide (PA)/ZIF-8 nanocomposite membrane with a multilayer structure: a porous substrate, a ZIF-8 interlayer, and a PA coating layer. The PA/ZIF-8 (LBL) membrane for nanofiltration applications was prepared by growing an interlayer of ZIF-8 nanoparticles on an ultrafiltration membrane through in situ growth and then coating it with an ultrathin PA layer through interfacial polymerization. The obtained PA/ZIF-8 (LBL) membrane exhibited both better permeance and selectivity than did the conventional PA/ZIF-8 TFN membrane because of the ZIF-8 in situ growth producing a ZIF-8 interlayer with more ZIF-8 nanoparticles but fewer aggregates. Compared with the pure PA membrane (the flux of 11.2 kg/m(2)/h and rejection of 99.6%) for dye removal, the obtained PA/ZIF-8 (LBL) membranes achieved a significant improvement in membrane permeance and selectivity. (Flux was up to 27.1 kg/m(2)/h, and the rejection reaches 99.8%. ) This LBL fabrication is a promising methodology for other polymer nanocomposite membranes simultaneously having high permeance and good selectivity.
Formation of the leading-edge vortex and spanwise flow on an insect-like flapping-wing throughout a flapping half cycle

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the evolution of the leading-edge vortex and spanwise flow generated by an insect-like flappingwing at a Reynolds number relevant to flapping-wing micro air vehicles (FMAVs) (Re =∼ 15000). Experiments were accomplished with a firstof-its-kind flapping-wing apparatus. Dense pseudo-volumetric particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements from 18% − 117% span were taken at twelve azimuthal positions throughout a flapping half cycle. Results revealed the formation of a primary leading-edge vortex (LEV) which saw an increase in size and spanwise flow (towards the tip) through its core as the wing swept from rest to the mid-stroke position where signs of vortex breakdown were observed. Beyond mid-stroke, spanwise flow decreased and the tip vortex grew in size and exhibited a reversal in its axial direction. At the end of the flapping half cycle, the primary LEV was still present over the wing surface, suggesting that the LEV remains attached to the wing throughout the entire flapping half cycle. Reproduced by kind permission of The Royal Aeronautical Society's Aeronautical Journal. October 2013
Comparison of biooxidation with carbon dioxide assimilation during bacterial growth on ferrous ion or elemental sulfur.

Biomass and oxygen uptake activity profiles of a mixed bioleaching culture were studied and compared at various temperatures. Bacteria were grown on ferrous ion or elemental sulfur in a Micro-Oxymax respirometer apparatus that allowed measurement of both oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide assimilation. Balanced growth was observed between 10 degrees C and 35 degrees C, with an optimum at 30 degrees C, on both energy sources. No significant growth was observed at the lowest temperature used, 5 degrees C, or at the highest temperature used, 40 degrees C. The oxygen to carbon dioxide molar yield was 50:1 when growing on ferrous ion but only 17:1 when growing on elemental sulfur. Upon transfer from a sulfide ore to a new energy source, greater numbers in the inoculum reduced the duration of the lag phase. Lag phase duration was also reduced by proximity to the optimum growth temperature. A longer lag phase decreased the achievable growth rate of the cells exponentially, significantly affecting biooxidation activity.
To appear in ACM TOG 33 ( 4 ) . How Do People Edit Light Fields ?

We present a thorough study to evaluate different light field editing interfaces, tools and workflows from a user perspective. This is of special relevance given the multidimensional nature of light fields, which may make common image editing tasks become complex in light field space. We additionally investigate the potential benefits of using depth information when editing, and the limitations imposed by imperfect depth reconstruction using current techniques. We perform two different experiments, collecting both objective and subjective data from a varied number of editing tasks of increasing complexity based on local point-and-click tools. In the first experiment, we rely on perfect depth from synthetic light fields, and focus on simple edits. This allows us to gain basic insight on light field editing, and to design a more advanced editing interface. This is then used in the second experiment, employing real light fields with imperfect reconstructed depth, and covering more advanced editing tasks. Our study shows that users can edit light fields with our tested interface and tools, even in the presence of imperfect depth. They follow different workflows depending on the task at hand, mostly relying on a combination of different depth cues. Last, we confirm our findings by asking a set of artists to freely edit both real and synthetic light fields. CR Categories: I.3. 4 [Computer Graphics]: Graphics Utilities— Paint systems; I.3. 6 [Computer Graphics]: Methodology and Techniques—Interaction techniques
Experimental assessment and modeling evaluation of the effects of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica on flow and particle trapping

Retention of particles in seagrass canopies is usually attributed to only the indirect, attenuating effects canopies have on flow, turbulence and wave action, promoting sedimentation and reducing resuspension within seagrass meadows. Yet recent evidence suggests that seagrasses are also able to affect particle flux directly through loss of momentum and increased path length derived from collisions with leaves and binding of particles. We evaluated the role of Posidonia oceanica on flow and associated particle trapping through flume experiments. Our results confirm the existence of 2 dynamically different environments, viz. (1) the below-canopy habitat, with low shear stress and reduced turbulence, and (2) the canopy-water interface region, characterized by high shear stress and turbulence intensity, where vertical transport of momentum is enhanced. At relatively low free stream velocities (i.e. 0.05 and 0.10 m s -1 ) sediment concentration decreased much faster when a Posidonia meadow was present in the flume, indicating major particle trapping in the seagrass canopy. Fluxes to the sediment (as shown by large negative peaks in Reynolds stress inside the Posi- donia meadow) indicated 2 to 6 times more sediment transport to the bottom when a meadow is pre- sent. However, calculations based on the experimental results point to loss rates an order of magni- tude larger in a Posidonia meadow. We hypothesize that direct effects of particle collisions with leaves are responsible for this discrepancy, and we explore possible interactions with a simple model. Using only collisions as a loss factor, the model predicts that the probability a particle is lost from the flow upon a collision is 2 to 3%. Previously observed leaf density and flow velocity effects on particle loss rates were explained by the model. Fitting the model to our experimentally obtained particle dis- appearance rates in vegetation indicated that around 27% of particle momentum is lost upon each collision with a leaf. We hypothesize that physical filtration by sediment collisions with plant struc- tures plays a role in particle removal in aquatic systems.
The Effect of Government Support on e-Business Performance Improvement with Industry Type in Korea

This study investigates how government support influences the performance of e-business companies. Drawing on previous studies, funding support for technology development and marketing support, currently accounting for the biggest part of the support provided by the Korean government to the e-business sector, were selected as independent variable. Meanwhile, performance indicators specific to e-business such as human resources development, competitiveness enhancement, profitability, and growth in technology assets were chosen as dependent variable. The data was collected through a survey of CEOs and executives of ebusiness companies that had received or were receiving government for technology development had a positive influence on competitiveness enhancement, profitability, and technology assets growth. Marketing support, while it had a significant influence on competitiveness enhancement and technology assets growth, proved to have no measurable effect on profitability.
Blood cholesterol and MRI activity in first clinical episode suggestive of multiple sclerosis

Objectives – The present study was planned to investigate the relationship between the plasma lipid profile and disease activity in patients with a first clinical episode suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS). Material and methods – Eighteen consecutive out‐patients underwent a monthly brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), blood sample and neurological assessment over 6 months. Blood samples were used to evaluate total cholesterol and triglyceride levels as well as their lipoprotein fractions. Plasma total apolipoprotein E concentration was also determined. Results – We found a significant correlation between the mean number of enhancing lesions and the mean plasma level of both total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The total plasma cholesterol level increased on average by 4.4 mg/dl for each enhancing lesion. Conclusion – Our preliminary data suggest a potential role of plasma cholesterol level as a biological marker of disease activity after a first demyelinating event. Further studies need, however, to be designed to determine whether the plasma cholesterol level is of practical use in monitoring the disease course.
MPI communication benchmarking on intel Xeon dual quad-core processor cluster

This paper reports the measurements of MPI communication benchmarking on Khaldun cluster which ran on Linux-based IBM Blade HS21 Servers with Intel Xeon dual quad-core processor and Gigabit Ethernet interconnect. The measurements were done by using SKaMPI and IMB benchmark programs. Significantly, these were the first results produced by using SKaMPI and IMB to analyze the performance of Open MPI implementation on Khaldun cluster. The comparison and analysis of the results of point to point and collective communication from these two benchmark programs were then provided. It showed that different MPI benchmark programs rendered different results since they used different measurement techniques. The results were then compared to the experiment's results that were done on cluster with Opteron dual quad-core processor and Gigabit Ethernet interconnect. The analysis indicated that the architecture of machines used also affected the results.
Members of the GCN5 Histone Acetyltransferase Complex Regulate PLETHORA-Mediated Root Stem Cell Niche Maintenance and Transit Amplifying Cell Proliferation in Arabidopsis[W]

The PLETHORA (PLT) stem cell transcription factors form a developmentally instructive protein gradient in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Histone acetylation is known to facilitate gene transcription and plays an important role in developmental processes. Here, we show that histone acetyltransferase GCN5 (for general control nonderepressible 5) attenuates the PLT gradient. Based on genetic evidence, we establish that GCN5 is essential for root stem cell niche maintenance and acts in the PLT pathway. The GCN5-associated factor ADA2b (for alteration/deficiency in activation 2b) is also positioned in the PLT pathway and regulates PLT expression, similar to GCN5. Both GCN5 and ADA2b mediate proliferation of the transit amplifying cells, but ADA2b does not affect stem cell niche maintenance. Overexpression of PLT2 rescues the stem cell niche defect of gcn5 mutants, indicating that GCN5 regulation of PLT expression is essential for maintenance of the root stem cell niche. We conclude that histone acetylation complexes play an important role in shaping a developmentally instructive gradient in the root.