Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resource Bounded Decision-theoretic Bargaining with Finite Interactive Epistemologies

In this paper, we study the problem of bilateral bargaining under uncertainty. The problem is cast in an interactive decision-theoretic framework, in which the seller and the buyer agents are equipped with the ability to represent and reason with (probabilistic) beliefs about strategically relevant parameters, the other agent’s beliefs, the other agent’s beliefs about the current agent’s beliefs, and so on up to finite levels. The inescapable intractability of solving such models is characterized. We present a realization of the paradigm of ( resource) bounded rationalityby achieving a trade-off between optimality and efficiency as a function of the discretization resolution of the infinite action space. Memoization is used to further mitigate complexity and is realized here through disk-based caching. In addition, the inevitability of model extinction that arises in such settings is dealt with by indicating an intuitive realization of the absolute continuity conditionbased on maintaining an ensemble model, for e.g. a random model, that accounts for all actions not already accounted for by other models. Our results clearly demonstrate an operationalizable scheme for devising computationally efficient anytime algorithms on interactive decision-theoretic foundations for modeling (higher-order) epistemic dynamics and sequential decision making in multi agent domains with uncertainty.
Cytokine research: the interferon paradigm.

The term cytokine was introduced in the early 1 970s by Cohen et al to extend the lymphokine concept. ' Dumonde and coworkers in the late 1960s had introduced the term lymphokine to denote physiologically active substances (factors) produced by lymphocytes in response to antigenic stimulus (excluding antibodies). 2 Cytokines are cell-active factors produced by a range of cell types in response to a range of stimuli (not only antigens) and indeed may be constitutively produced. Their essential attribute is that they interact with cells and alter their behaviour in some way. Evidently, with such a definition, cytokines include all the polypeptide hormones such as insulin, and growth factors such as epidermal growth factor. However, the classic endocrine hormones are by convention excluded. To exclude mediators such as arachidonic acid derivatives only proteins are defined as cytokines. The term interleukin was introduced in 1979 to denote polypeptide factors produced by leucocytes and active on leucocytes. ' The numerical interleukin nomenclature was considered superior to trivial names dependent on the bioassay used to detect the factor, and a factor is only admitted as an interleukin when a full biochemical characterisation (gene cloning) is available. Many interleukins, which are a subset of the cytokines, are produced by cells other than leucocytes and are certainly active on non-leucocytes, therefore, the term is a misnomer, and many factors that if discovered now would be regarded as interleukins retain their older names, such as the interferons (IFN). The IFNs were the first cytokines to be discovered and characterised. The origins of IFN research in a very real sense are the origins of cytokine research, and in this 40th anniversary year of the discovery of IFNs it seems appropriate to review how the field of IFN research has developed. Table 1 summarises the key events of the IFN story. The biology of the IFNs is a paradigm for the biology of cytokines in general: likewise, the style and flavour ofIFN research-particularly the involvement of major commercial interest, and its highly competitive, sometimes frenetic, nature-is characteristic of cytokine research as a whole.
Sex differences and sleep apnoea

Although obstructive sleep apnoea is a highly prevalent disorder with major public health ramifications for both men and women, very little is known about sex differences in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Initial studies1-3 indicated that sleep apnoea was much more common in men than in women. It was originally thought that the male to female ratio for obstructive sleep apnoea was approximately 8:1.1-3 However, more recent and rigorous epidemiological studies2 4 have shown that the male to female ratio for sleep apnoea is in the range of 2:1. Young and colleagues4 reported that the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea associated with excessive daytime sleepiness in the 30–60 year old population is 4% in men and 2% in women. Gislason and coworkers2 estimated that the lower limit of the prevalence of sleep apnoea in middle aged Icelandic women was 2.5%. These studies indicate that sleep apnoea is common in women. Moreover, studies have shown that the clinical presentation of sleep apnoea is similar in men and women, although the prevalence is higher in men.5 One reason for the higher prevalence in men may be that women are less likely to report symptoms associated with sleep apnoea.6 However, several studies7-10 have demonstrated sex differences in the structure and physiological behaviour of the upper airway. Such data imply that sex differences in the prevalence of sleep apnoea are not solely related to the under-reporting of symptoms but rather are related to pathological differences in the presentation of this condition in men and women. What are the possible mechanisms underlying the differences in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnoea in women and men? Two important determinants of upper airway luminal calibre are the activity of the upper airway dilator muscles, which tend to increase airway …
Relationship between symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and dental status, general health and psychosomatic factors in two cohorts of 70-year-old subjects.

OBJECTIVE To study the prevalence of symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in two cohorts of 70-year-old subjects examined 8 years apart and analyse the relationship between such symptoms and dental status, general health and various background factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two cohorts of 70-year-old subjects, born in 1922 (n = 422) and 1930 (n = 491) respectively, were examined with an interval of 8 years. A TMD symptom index (0-5) was established on answers to five questions related to TMD symptoms. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences between the two cohorts for prevalence of TMD symptoms and TMD index, neither for headache, neck ache, bruxism and chewing ability. TMJ sounds was the most prevalent symptom, 14%, whereas other TMD symptoms had low prevalence. The distribution of the TMD symptom index showed that 81% reported no symptoms, 15% one symptom, 3% two symptoms and 1% three to five symptoms. Single TMD symptoms and the TMD index exhibited significant associations (p < 0.001) with bruxism, headache, neck pain and several general health and psychosomatic factors, but with dental status only in women. Logistic regression showed that bruxism, neck pain, mouth dryness and a number of psychosomatic factors were associated with the TMD index. CONCLUSIONS Besides TMJ sounds (14%), other TMD symptoms were rarely reported by the 70-year-old subjects. The TMD index was significantly associated with bruxism and several general health and psychosomatic complaints but with dental status only in women.
Cucumber disease detection using artificial neural network

India is an agricultural country; wherein most of the population depends on agricultural products. Disease on any plants leads to the considerable reduction in both the quality and quantity of agricultural products. Thus detection and diagnosis of disease at the right time is essential to the farmer. Accurate detection and identification of crop diseases plays an important role in effectively controlling and preventing diseases for sustainable agriculture and food security. For detecting crop disease early and accurately, a system is developed using image processing techniques and artificial neural network. The system mainly includes various concepts related to image processing such as image acquisition, image pre-processing, feature extraction, creating database and classification by using artificial neural network. In the proposed work, database is a collection of various texture features of cucumber leaves.
Atrial natriuretic peptide serum concentration decreases in donors undergoing discontinuous plasmapheresis involving a large extracorporeal blood volume

BACKGROUND: In donor plasmapheresis, circulatory reactions occur at a similar frequency as in whole‐blood donation although the large extracorporeal blood volume (ECV) occurring during discontinuous plasmapheresis might predispose donors to hypovolemic reactions. The regulatory mechanisms compensating for this intradonation blood volume (BV) deficit are not well understood. It was the aim of this study to delineate whether atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is involved in the BV regulation of plasmapheresis donors. Because ANP regulates volume overload, it might decrease during BV decrease in plasmapheresis.
DEPFET Active Pixel Detectors for a Future Linear $e^{+}e^{-}$  Collider

The DEPFET collaboration develops highly granular, ultra-transparent active pixel detectors for high-performance vertex reconstruction at future collider experiments. The characterization of detector prototypes has proven that the key principle, the integration of a first amplification stage in a detector-grade sensor material, can provide a comfortable signal to noise ratio of over 40 for a sensor thickness of 50-75 μm. ASICs have been designed and produced to operate a DEPFET pixel detector with the required read-out speed. A complete detector concept is being developed, including solutions for mechanical support, cooling, and services. In this paper, the status of the DEPFET R & D project is reviewed in the light of the requirements of the vertex detector at a future linear e+e- collider.
Oscillopsia: visual function during motion in the absence of vestibulo-ocular reflex

OBJECTIVES To investigate (1) the effects of loss of vestibular function on spatiotemporal vision and (2) the mechanisms which enable labyrinthine defective (LD) patients to adapt to oscillopsia. METHODS Visual function and eye movements were assessed in seven normal subjects and four LD patients with oscillopsia due to absent vestibulo-ocular reflex. Temporal vision was assessed by measurement of threshold sensitivity for detection of a target which moved across a flickering, spatially uniform background field. Spatial vision was investigated by measurements of threshold sensitivity for the detection of a target moving across a spatially modulated background in the form of square wave gratings. Velocity discrimination was assessed with drifting gratings. All measurements were made under static conditions and during oscillatory movement of either the visual stimulus or the subject (1 Hz, peak velocity 50°/s). RESULTSTEMPORAL RESPONSES Normal subjects and LD patients exhibited similar responses while static and under body oscillation. SPATIAL RESPONSES The two groups achieved similar results under static conditions but body oscillation reduced threshold sensitivities and shifted the spatial response function towards lower spatial frequencies in the LD patients only. Similar changes in the spatial responses were seen during oscillation of the visual stimulus but these occurred in both normal subjects and LD patients. VELOCITY DISCRIMINATION Two LD patients achieved normal velocity discrimination but the other two showed abnormal responses to visual stimulus movement; one displayed a loss of velocity discrimination during whole body oscillation, and the other mismatched the velocity of two moving grating stimuli. CONCLUSIONS The changes in the spatial responses are attributed to the presence of retinal slip during visual stimulus motion in all subjects or body oscillation in the LD patients. It is concluded that any visual adaptation to oscillopsia achieved by the LD patients does not influence the measured spatial response functions, which arise at an early stage of visual processing. The abnormal velocity discrimination may relate to the progressive improvement in oscillopsia reported by LD patients.
Notes for Talk on The Cap Set Problem and on Ellenberg and Gijswijt ’ s Recent Results

A discussion of the history and progress on the Cap Set Problem is discussed. An exposition of Ellenberg and Gijswijt’s paper, On large subsets of Fq with no three-term arithmetic progression is presented, but this presentation is basically just the original paper plus some extra details filled in. These are my notes for a talk given to a general mathematical audience at The University of Pennsylvania on June 7, 2016. 1 The Cap Set Problem We say that a subset S ⊂ F3 is a cap set if S contains no arithmetic progressions, i.e. if there are no three distinct elements a, b, c ∈ S so that there is a d ∈ F3 with b = a + d and c = b + d. The “Cap Set Problem” asks the question: what is the maximal size of a cap set? If you’d like, you can think about this geometrically; this can be thought of as trying to find the largest subset of F3 containing no lines. Define the quantity r3(F3 ) to be the largest possible size of a cap set. Observing that {0, 1} is a cap set implies that 2 ≤ r3(F3 ). The question of finding an exponential upper bound—or lack thereof—is the central focus. We can extend this definition to any finite abelian group G, and define r3(G) similarly. If you’re familiar with the card game Set, then the cap set problem asks for the size of the largest possible collection of cards with n traits so that no “set” can be found; since we can’t have arbitrarily many traits in reality, the game of Set usually considers 4 traits, and here the maximum cap set is of size 20. Let’s first note that (a, b, c) is an arithmetic progression in F3 if and only if a + b + c = 0. The forward direction is clear immediately, and the reverse direction follows from the observation that taking d = b − a gives a+ (b− a) = b and b+ (b− a) = 2b− a = −b− a = c. For any Fq , we have something similar: we have that (a, b, c) is an arithmetic progression if and only if
Exogenously applied abscisic acid to Yan73 (V. vinifera) grapes enhances phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of its wine

Yan73 is a ‘teinturier’ red wine variety cultivated in China and widely used in winemaking to strengthen red wine colour. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) applied to the grapevine cluster on the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of the wine made from Yan73. Two hundred mg/l ABA was applied on Yan73 grapevine cluster during veraison. As they mature, these ABA-treated and untreated grape berries were transformed into wines, respectively, and the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of these wines were compared. The results showed that phenolic content (total phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and anthocyanins) and antioxidant capacity were higher in the wine produced with ABA-treated Yan73 grapes than those in the wine from untreated grapes. Compared to Cabernet Sauvignon wine, Yan73 wine had higher phenolic content and stronger antioxidant capacity. These strongly suggest that exogenously applied ABA to Yan73 grapes can enhance phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of its wine, and Yan73 wine has the higher utilization value and potential for development.
Modeling non-stationary resting-state dynamics in large-scale brain models

La complexite de la connaissance humaine est revelee dans l'organisation spatiale et temporelle de la dynamique du cerveau. Nous pouvons connaitre cette organisation grâce a l'analyse des signaux dependant du niveau d'oxygene sanguin (BOLD), lesquels sont obtenus par l'imagerie par resonance magnetique fonctionnelle (IRMf). Nous observons des dependances statistiques entre les regions du cerveau dans les donnees BOLD. Ce phenomene s' appelle connectivite fonctionnelle (CF). Des modeles computationnels sont developpes pour reproduire la connectivite fonctionnelle (CF). Comme les etudes experimentales precedantes, ces modeles assument que la CF est stationnaire, c'est-a-dire la moyenne et la covariance des series temporelles BOLD utilisees par la CF sont constantes au fil du temps. Cependant, des nouvelles etudes experimentales concernees par la dynamique de la CF a differentes echelles montrent que la CF change dans le temps. Cette caracteristique n'a pas ete reproduite dans ces modeles computationnels precedants. Ici on a augmente la non-linearite de la dynamique locale dans un modele computationnel a grande echelle. Ce modele peut reproduire la grande variabilite de la CF observee dans les etudes experimentales.
Femoral head size is a risk factor for total hip luxationA study of 42,987 primary hip arthroplasties from the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register

On the basis of the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register, which has recorded nearly all primary hip prostheses and revisions in Norway since 1987, we studied risk factors for prosthesis luxation leading to revision. 7 prosthesis brand combinations used in 42,987 primary operations were included from 1987-2000. We found that femoral head size was an important risk factor; 28 mm heads led to revision more often than 32 mm ones (failure rate ratio (FRR) 4.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2-7.3). Charnley (22 mm head) performed equally well or better than the 28 mm heads. The Exeter stem and cup is the type of prosthesis on the Norwegian market with more than two femoral head sizes (26, 28, 30, 32 mm) and 26 mm heads led to revision due to luxation significantly more often than 30 mm heads (FRR 4.1, 95%CI 2.2-8.1). Old age, preoperative diagnosis, and choice of prosthesis brand combination were also important factors affecting the revision rate due to luxation. A posterior approach increased the risk of revision more than a lateral one (FRR 1.9, 95%CI 1.4-2.5). Gender, trochanteric osteotomy and duration of the operation did not affect the results.
Fragmenterte arbeidsplasser? En spørreundersøkelse blant hotellarbeidere i Oslo og Akershus

Renholdere er mye mindre fornoyd med jobben sin enn andre hotellansatte. Det kan synes som om hotellene er fragmenterte arbeidsplasser der ansattes tilfredshet er svaert forskjellig avhengig av jobbkategori. I denne artikkelen analyserer vi en sporreundersokelse ved hoteller i Oslo og Akershus vedrorende dette forholdet. Er det arbeidet i seg selv som gir den lave tilfredsheten, eller kan man finne andre forklaringer? Gjennom bivariat og multivariat analyse viser vi i denne artikkelen at viktige forklaringer finnes i maten arbeidet er organisert eller sosialt forankret pa. Jobbusikkerhet, mangel pa opplevd medbestemmelse og diskriminering/trakassering (samt alder) forklarer i stor grad hvorfor nettopp noen grupper hotellarbeidere er mindre tilfredse pa arbeidsplassen.
Tubal ligation, hysterectomy, and risk of ovarian cancer.

To the Editor. —Regarding the article by Dr Hankinson and colleagues 1 on tubal ligation, hysterectomy, and risk of ovarian cancer, one possible mechanism not mentioned by the authors is that some infectious agent, probably a virus, is being prevented from reaching the ovaries by surgical closure of the route from the vagina to the ovaries. Also noted in their study was a somewhat lessened risk if the partner used condoms, again an argument for an infectious cause. Ascending bacterial infections commonly cause endometritis and salpingitis; surely viruses go where bacteria do not fear to tread. The association of Burkitt's lymphoma with the Epstein-Barr virus, cervical cancer with the human papillomavirus, and Kaposi's sarcoma with the human immunodeficiency virus lend at least some credence to the oncogenic virus theory. A virus inserting itself by mistake in the wrong sequence of DNA or RNA could plausibly cause the production of a
The Poisson ratio of crystalline surfaces

A remarkable theoretical prediction for a crystalline (polymerized) surface is that its Poisson ratio σ is negative. Using a large-scale Monte Carlo simulation of a simple model of such surfaces we show that this is indeed true. The precise numerical value we find is σ ≃ − 0.32 on a 1282 lattice at bending rigidity κ = 1.1. This is in excellent agreement with the prediction σ = − 1/3 following from the self-consistent screening approximation of Le Doussal and Radzihovsky.
A mitochondrial specific stress response in mammalian cells

Cells respond to a wide variety of stresses through the transcriptional activation of genes that harbour stress elements within their promoters. While many of these elements are shared by genes encoding proteins representative of all subcellular compartments, cells can also respond to stresses that are specific to individual organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum un folded protein response. Here we report on the discovery and characterization of a mitochondrial stress response in mammalian cells. We find that the accumulation of unfolded protein within the mitochondrial matrix results in the transcriptional upregulation of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial stress proteins such as chaperonin 60, chaperonin 10, mtDnaJ and ClpP, but not those encoding stress proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum. Analysis of the chaperonin 60/10 bidirectional promoter identified a CHOP element as the mitochondrial stress response element. Dominant‐negative mutant forms of CHOP and overexpression of CHOP revealed that this transcription factor, in association with C/EBPβ, regulates expression of mitochondrial stress genes in response to the accumulation of unfolded proteins.
Identifying the Source of Misfit in Item Response Theory Models

When an item response theory model fails to fit adequately, the items for which the model provides a good fit and those for which it does not must be determined. To this end, we compare the performance of several fit statistics for item pairs with known asymptotic distributions under maximum likelihood estimation of the item parameters: (a) a mean and variance adjustment to bivariate Pearson's X2, (b) a bivariate subtable analog to Reiser's (1996) overall goodness-of-fit test, (c) a z statistic for the bivariate residual cross product, and (d) Maydeu-Olivares and Joe's (2006) M2 statistic applied to bivariate subtables. The unadjusted Pearson's X2 with heuristically determined degrees of freedom is also included in the comparison. For binary and ordinal data, our simulation results suggest that the z statistic has the best Type I error and power behavior among all the statistics under investigation when the observed information matrix is used in its computation. However, if one has to use the cross-product information, the mean and variance adjusted X2 is recommended. We illustrate the use of pairwise fit statistics in 2 real-data examples and discuss possible extensions of the current research in various directions.
Non-payment and non-care: ethics and continuity of care.

In this issue of Medical Care we learn that primary care physicians would often withhold a range of services to a hypothetical patient who has not paid what is owed them. With less, but still substantial frequency, they have actually withheld the same services. These actions comprise discontinuity of care and patient abandonment. As the authors of the study note, such refusal of services violates physicians’ obligations in their social contract to put patient’s health above other interests, moral guidelines promulgated by prominent medical professional organizations, and physicians’ fiduciary obligations to patients. My comments will amplify the ethical analysis and then suggest implications for medical education. The first step is to sketch background factors regarding justice and social influences on health.