Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical analysis of single‐molecule breaking traces

We present an experimental study of charge transport through single oligo(phenylene‐ethynylene) (OPE3) molecules and anthracene substituted OPE3 (OPE3‐AC) contacted with a mechanically controlled break junction. Both molecules are measured using two different methods. In the first approach, we measure the low‐bias conductance, while the junction is repeatedly broken and fused. In the second approach, instead of applying a fixed bias, we record current–voltage characteristics. For both approaches the data is fitted to a model describing transport through a single level, and information about the level alignment and the electronic coupling to the electrodes is extracted. We find that the electronic coupling is similar for both molecules, but that the level alignment differs. The observed trends are confirmed by quantum chemistry calculations.
Five-layer realistic head model based on inhomogeneous and anisotropic conductivity distribution of different tissues

This paper is focused on the sophisticated realistic head modeling based on inhomogeneous and anisotropic conductivity distribution of the head tissues. The finite element method (FEM) was used to model the five-layer head volume conductor models with hexahedral elements from segmentation and mapping of DT-MRI data. Then the inhomogeneous conductivities of the scalp, CSF and gray matter tissue were distributed according a normal distribution based on the mean value of respective tissues. The electric conductivity of the brain tissues dictates different inhomogeneous and anisotropic at some different microscopic levels. Including the inhomogeneous and anisotropy of the tissue would improve the accuracy of the MREIT, EEG and MEG problems in the simulation research.
A Trial of Using Solvent Extraction for Phosphorus Recovery

The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of solvent extraction for the removal and recovering phosphate from wastewater and water sources. The results revealed that to achieve the maximum phosphate removal, the best extractant was a mixture of kerosene and benzyldimethylamine at a volume ratio of 2:1. A phosphate extraction efficiency of greater than 80% was achieved on the wastewater samples tested; a model solution and real sewage. A high stripping efficiency of greater than 90% was achieved from stripping, using 6M sulphuric acid. By mixing the recycled to fresh extractants at volume ratios of 2:1, it was possible to re-use the resulting extractant from the stripping process nine times, while maintaining the overall phosphate recovery efficiency. This research revealed that solvent extraction is feasible in the respect of phosphate removal and recovery and has potential for use as an alternative method for industrial applications.
Syntheses of the First Coordination Compounds of the New Strong Molecular Electron Donor and Double Proton Sponge 1,4,5,8-Tetrakis(tetramethylguanidino)naphthalene

Herein we report on the synthesis and properties of a new electron donor featuring an aromatic system to which four guanidino groups are attached, namely, 1,4,5,8-tetrakis(tetramethylguanidino)naphthalene (ttmgn). The molecule is a double proton sponge with an asymmetric N―H···N bridge being formed in the protonated form. Oxidation is followed electrochemically, and two oxidation waves at E 1/2 (CH 3 CN) = ―0.25 and +0.50 V vs. SCE are observed. Chemical oxidation with I 2 yields ttmgn(I 3 ) 2 , in which the I 3 ― units interact with the ttmgn 2+ cations through I···C contacts. Reaction with an excess amount of Br 2 leads to removal of four electrons from the aromatic system and formation of the salt (ttmgn)-Br 4 with a chair-type conformation of the C 10 core. The binuclear Al alkyl complex [(ttmgn)(AlMe 2 ) 2 ][BPh 4 ] 2 can be prepared by reaction between the diprotonated ttmgn molecule and AlMe 3 and serves as a benchmark system for the understanding of dynamic effects. Magnetic superexchange through the ligand unit is studied for the binuclear Co II complex [(ttmgn)(CoCl 2 ) 2 ]. SQUID measurements show an extremely weak antiferromagnetic coupling. The coupling might be affected by the unusual geometry of the coordination compounds of ttmgn, in which the metal ions are significantly displaced from the plane defined by the aromatic ring of the ttmgn ligand. We also report the analogous Co complex of ttmgb [ttmgb = 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(tetramethylguanidino)-benzene], namely, [(ttmgb)(CoCl 2 ) 2 ], in which the bonding situation is quite different.
Alteration of T helper cell subsets in the optic nerve of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Objective:To detect protein and gene expression of interleukin-17(IL-17),interferon-gamma(IFN-γ),interleukin-4(IL-4)and forkhead/winged helix transcription factor p3(Foxp3)in optic nerve and further to explore the role of T helper cell subsets such as Th1,Th2,Th17,Treg in the pathogenesis of optic neuritis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE). Methods:Mice in C57BL/6 background were randomly divided into control group and EAE group,at the day 11,15 and 19 post-immunization,optic nerves were dissected for morphological study,to detect IL-17,IFN-γ,IL-4.Protein analysis was done by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used for measuring the gene expression of IL-17,IFN-γ,IL-4 and Foxp3.Results:The concentrations of IL-17 protein in the optic nerve were significant up-regulated at 11 days post-immunization,and so were IFN-γ protein concentrations in 19 days.Concentrations of IL-4 protein in the optic nerve declines slightly in 19 days(P0.05,respectively). The mRNA expression of IL-17,IFN-γ and IL-4 was consistent with their protein expression(P0.05,respectively). Foxp3 mRNA transcription was down-regulated from 11 days to 19 days post-immunization(P0.01,respectively). Conclusion:Decreased expression of Foxp3 mRNA and Treg in optic nerve may play a key role in development of optic neuritis.IL-17 may mediate inflammatory pathogenicity at the early stage of optic neuritis,and IFN-γ may aggravate inflammatory injury during the peak stage of optic neuritis.
Properties of a Gas-Generating Composition Related to the Particle Size of the Oxidizer

In general gas generators are defined as devices which produce force or power in the form of gas. In the present work we will focus on cold gas generators actuated by pyrotechnics. These gas generators are often applied for pressurizing or inflating systems in which high temperatures are not acceptable. Typical applications are: airbags, seat-belt tensioners, fire extinguishers. Depending on the application, gas-generating materials have to fulfil a series of requirements, such as good performance reproducibility, easy and reliable ignition, low explosion temperature, high yield of gas, low yield of condensed products, specific gas composition, and adequate burning rate and vivacity. In previous work a whole range of possibly suitable single compounds, such as sodium azide, double base propellant, azodicarbonamide, guanidine derivatives and azole derivatives were studied. These compounds – whether or not stoichiometrically mixed with an oxidizer (e.g. KNO3, KClO4 or NH4NO3) – were theoretically and experimentally examined in order to evaluate their combustion properties. The objective of this work is to experimentally investigate the influence of the particle size of an oxidizer on the combustion behavior of a gas-generating pyrotechnic mixture. As an example a series of nitroguanidine (NQ) / potassium nitrate (KNO3)-mixtures with well-defined KNO3-particle size fractions are selected. Raman spectroscopy is used to examine the constituent distribution within the bulk and thus the mixing efficiency. Closed vessel tests are used to experimentally compare ignition delay, burning rate, dynamic vivacity, and yield of gas. The composition of the combustion gases is examined through gas analysis. The experiments show that a decrease of the particle size of the KNO3-particles has a positive influence on the mixing efficiency and on the investigated combustion properties of a NQ/KNO3-composition. The combustion process of this mixture becomes better controllable when a small KNO3-particle size fraction is selected, but its combustion behavior is comparable to that of a NQ/KNO3-mixture containing a broad KNO3-particle size distribution.
Reduced Number of Polynomials

Copyright © 2019 KenanKingsley Phiri andHyunsungKim.This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Threshold secret sharing is concerned with the splitting of a secret into n shares and distributing them to some persons without revealing its information. Any t ≤ n persons possessing the shares have the ability to reconstruct the secret, but any persons less than t cannot do the reconstruction. Linear secret sharing scheme is an important branch of secret sharing. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new polynomial based linear (t, n) secret sharing scheme, which is based on Shamir’s secret sharing scheme and ElGamal cryptosystem. Firstly, we withdraw some required properties of secret sharing scheme after reviewing the related schemes and ElGamal cryptosystem. The designed scheme provides the properties of security for the secret, recoverability of the secret, privacy of the secret, and cheating detection of the forged shares. It has half computation overhead than the previous linear scheme.
Understanding Partial Network Partitioning

We present an extensive study focused on partial network partitioning. Partial network partitions disrupt the communication between some but not all nodes in a cluster. First, we conduct a comprehensive study of system failures caused by this fault in 12 popular systems. Our study reveals that the studied failures are catastrophic (e.g., lead to data loss), easily manifest, and can manifest by partially partitioning a single node. Second, we dissect the design of eight popular systems and identify four principled approaches for tolerating partial partitions. Unfortunately, our analysis shows that implemented fault tolerance techniques are inadequate for modern systems; they either patch a particular mechanism or lead to a complete cluster shutdown, even when alternative network paths exist. Finally, our ﬁndings motivate us to build Nifty, a transparent communication layer that masks partial network partitions. Nifty builds an overlay between nodes to detour packets around partial partitions. Our prototype evaluation with six popular systems shows that Nifty overcomes the shortcomings of current fault tolerance approaches and effectively masks partial partitions while imposing negligible overhead.
Device considerations and design optimizations for dopant segregated Schottky barrier MOSFETs

This work thoroughly explores the considerations and optimizations of dopant segregated Schottky barrier MOSFETs (DS-SBMOS) using two-dimensional device simulations. The dependences of the device characteristics on the dopant segregated layer are clarified in the DS-SBMOS. The heavier and wider dopant segregation layer efficiently modifies the Schottky barriers to suppress the off-state ambipolar conduction and simultaneously to enhance the on-state driving current. However, DS-SBMOS devices have slightly worse short-channel effects than conventional MOSFETs, because of additional segregation extensions into the silicon substrate. Importantly, apparent degradations of DS-SBMOS in ambipolar conduction are observed when a thinner gate-insulator or a heavier halo profile is used for the scaled short-channel DS-SBMOS. Dual workfunction gate (DWG) architecture is first proposed to optimize DS-SBMOS by tailoring Schottky barrier distributions through vertical gate engineering. An optimal design of DS-SBMOS devices can be achieved using the DWG structure with enhanced driving current, minimized ambipolar conduction and a suitable short-channel effect as the gate-insulator is scaled down.
Direct graphene synthesis on a Si/SiO2 substrate by a simple annealing process

We report the direct synthesis of graphene on Si/SiO2 substrates by a simple annealing process. An amorphous carbon layer and a Ni/Au layer were deposited on a Si/SiO2 substrate, and then the sample was annealed under an H2/Ar atmosphere. The Au layer suppressed the formation of Ni islands and graphene was synthesized at the interface between the metal and SiO2 layers. The graphene had an effective mobility similar to that of graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition. The technique does not require reactive carbon source gasses and transfer processes, which makes it a practical method of graphene synthesis.
Electrochemical behavior of self-assembled monolayers based on functionalized oligothiophenes

Des monocouches auto-assemblees, (SAM), de 6-(2,2':5',2 -terthien-5yl)-hexanethiol (α-3T-hex-SH) ont ete preparees sur le platine. L'oxydation anodique effectue une polymerisation de la monocouche. La longueur de conjugaison du polymere est significativement plus elevee qu'au derivee du terthiophene, bien que la plupart des liaisons CH-α terminal des terthiophenes restent disponibles pour des reaction avec des autres monomeres. Ce qui propose la participation des C-H en position β des terthiophene a la formation d'une couche d'un polymere conjugue.
The transport properties of D-σ-A molecules: A strikingly opposite directional rectification

We design the A-R rectifier based on the D-σ-A molecules to examine the rectifying performances by the first-principles method. The calculated results show that the electronic structures for all of our systems perfectly match the A-R rectifier, as expected, but their rectifying direction is very strikingly opposite and working mechanism is completely different. This behavior can be rationalized through an asymmetrical shift of molecular levels under bias of different polarities, which is because of always-existing intrinsic asymmetrical coupling effects of molecular levels to electrodes. Detailed analysis demonstrates that the rectifying direction induced by this mechanism is always in opposition to that induced by the A-R mechanism.
Levels of Selected Metals in Albacore (Thunnus alalunga, Bonnaterre, 1788) from the Eastern Mediterranean

Albacore has been exported mainly to Europe from Turkey. To evaluate the possible health risks and provide information for surveillance programs, concentrations of cadmium, mercury, and lead were determined in albacore from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Of the 34 individuals, 25 contained mercury and 9 contained cadmium above the permissible limits set by the European Union (1 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively). None of the samples contained lead above the limit (0.3 mg/kg). It was concluded that concentrations of trace metals in albacore, especially mercury, must be controlled comprehensively and periodically with respect to consumer health.
Covalently Bonded Polyaniline−TiO2 Hybrids: A Facile Approach to Highly Stable Anodic Electrochromic Materials with Low Oxidation Potentials

In this article, we report the synthesis, structures, morphologies, and electrochromic properties of covalently bonded polyaniline (PANI)−TiO2 hybrids. The hybrids were synthesized via a sol−gel process, followed by oxidative polymerization, using a bifunctional compound to bridge the two phases. In comparison with PANI, the hybrids show significant enhancement in optical contrast and coloration efficiency. Furthermore, when covalently bonded to PANI, the TiO2 nanodomains can act as electron acceptors, reducing the oxidation potential and band gap of PANI, and improving the long-term electrochromic stability.
Mechanism of Peroxide Vulcanization of Elastomers

Abstract As is now well known, the use of an organic peroxide as a crosslinking agent for an elastomer was first reported by Ostromislensky in 1915. In this work benzoyl peroxide was used to cure natural rubber; similar acyl peroxides together with more recently discovered, less active, and more convenient dialkyl peroxides have since this time been used to crosslink a very large number of polymers. With the common unsaturated polymers the vulcanizates produced have mechanical properties rather inferior to those obtained with accelerated sulfur cures. They do, however, have the good aging and low compression set properties which are, in general, associated with sulfurless cures. The commercial use of peroxides in unsaturated elastomers is nevertheless small, being employed only where the presence of sulfur would be deleterious. In spite of its technological disadvantages peroxide crosslinking has been extensively studied since it forms a chemically simple means of introducing crosslinks into a wide variet.
Well Placement Optimization Using Hybrid Optimization Technique Combined with Fuzzy Inference System

Decision on the location of new wells through infill drilling projects is a complex problem that depends on the reservoir rock and fluid properties, well and surface facilities specifications, and economic measures. Conventional approach to address this is a direct optimization that uses the numerical flow simulation. However, this is computationally very extensive. In this study the authors use a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) optimization technique based on the genetic algorithm (GA) with helper functions based on the polytope algorithm and the neural network. This hybridization introduces hill-climbing into the stochastic search and makes use of proxies created and calibrated iteratively throughout the run. It is emphasized that the numerical models are constructed based on scarce data, hence the simulation forecasts are uncertain and consequently the deterministic global solution is not achievable. To resolve this the authors used a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). For economic evaluation they use net present value (NPV). Therefore, the FIS output is incorporated into the NPV, and a new objective function called corrected NPV (CNPV) is constructed. The authors validate the method by optimizing the placement of water injection wells in a section of an oil reservoir located in the west of Iran by maximizing the CNPV. It was observed that the number of simulations required to find the optimal well configurations were reduced significantly by using HGA.
Enhanced absorption Hanle effect in the configuration of crossed laser beam and magnetic field

We analyze the Hanle effect on the closed Fg equals 3 yields Fe equals 4 D2-line transition of 85Rb, by both numerical solutions of the optical Bloch equations and by experimental investigations on cell containing rubidium vapor. For laser radiation with linear polarization orthogonal to the applied magnetic field, the Hanle signal is characterized by narrow bright resonances at low laser intensities. A bright resonance Hanle signal is obtained also exciting the rubidium atoms by circularly polarized laser light and scanning a transversely applied magnetic field, at different values of an applied longitudinal magnetic field. We report experimental and numerical evidence of this new bright resonance.
Is the vanadate anion an analog of the transition state of RNAse A

The electronic structures of models of the monoanion phosphorane transition state in ribonuclease A and its putative vanadate transition-state analogue are compared. The electrostatic potential and gross atomic populations agree well for the vanadium and phosphorus trigonal-bipyramidal transition-state structures for both equatorial and axial bonds to hydroxyl ligands but are different for the V-O and P-O bonds. The P-O bond is semiionic but V-O is a multiple bond that is much less polar
Hydrogen bonding between water and methanol studied by temperature-programmed time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

The interactions between condensed molecules at cryogenic temperatures (15–200 K) have been investigated on the basis of secondary ion mass spectrometry. It is demonstrated that the protonated molecular ions, emitted via the proton transfer reactions, provide us unique information about the reorganization of hydrogen-bonded molecules. From the CH3OH molecules adsorbed on the D2O–ice surface, the D+(CH3OH) ions are sputtered predominantly in the temperature range between 100 and 150 K since most of the CH3OH molecules are bound to the D2O layer via hydrogen bonds. A rapid and almost complete H/D exchange, yielding the D+(CH3OD) species, occurs above 150 K due to the enhanced mobility of the surface D2O molecules. Up to the desorption temperature of 180 K, a considerable amount of methanol exists on the surface without mixing with the heavy-water layer due to hydrophobicity of the methyl group. On the methanol–ice surface, the adsorbed D2O molecules form hydrogen bonds preferentially with the CH3OH molecule.
Application of the “confusion principle” to Sn-based materials as negative electrode materials for Li-ion batteries

The “confusion principle” (Greer. Nature, 366, 303 (1993)) is applied to tin-3d transition metals carbon alloys to obtain a nanostructured negative electrode material. Various Sn–TMs–C samples with TMs = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu (all included with same atomic ratios) were prepared by mechanical milling and by mechanical alloying. Each 10-component alloy sample was examined structurally using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemically using Li/Sn–TM–C cells. The sample Sn10TMs80C10 showed a nanostructured or amorphous-type XRD pattern, which shows the validity of this principle. XRD patterns of samples prepared with higher Sn atomic content showed crystalline features of Sn-based intermetallics. As expected, a very low specific capacity ( ≪100 mAh/g) was observed for the sample Sn10TMs80C10. The sample Sn30TMs30C40 had the highest specific capacity (near 400 mAh/g) of the samples prepared. However, features of Sn aggregation were noticed at cycle number 80 of the latter sample, which are normal.
A CENTURY OF FERMENTER DESIGN

Modern designs of continuous and batch fermenters owe their origins to the first decade of the 20th Century. The cylindro-conical vessel, if designed to carry out fermentation and maturation above 3°C, appears the best choice of batch fermenter for most purposes. For quality reasons its height should be minimised consistent with retaining a sufficiently steep cone for yeast removal and adequate turbulence for effective temperature control. Radical changes in design are not anticipated in the near future. Development effort is likely to focus increasingly on automatic control of fermentation. This development in turn will redirect attention to continuous fermentation which was more or less abandoned ten years ago following failure of commercial systems which had acknowledged defects. These can be overcome in modified systems, at least one of which has been tested successfully on an experimental scale.