Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clinical management of patients with minor head injuries.

BACKGROUND Injuries are a focus of public health practice because they pose a serious health threat, occur frequently, and are preventable. Globally, thousands of people attend their local Emergency Department daily after suffering a head injury. Early diagnosis and appropriate management improves outcomes but is sometimes more difficult to achieve than might be imagined. Of all types of injury, those to the brain are among the most likely to result in death or permanent disability. Estimates of traumatic brain injury (TBI) incidence, severity, and cost reflect the enormous losses to individuals, their families, and society. The reduction in the number and severity of injuries offers a cost-effective manner in which to improve the health status of populations. METHODS We prospectively studied 485 consecutive patients of traumatic brain injury out of which 280 with GCS of 13, 14, and 15 were subjected to routine early CT scan of head after 4 hours of reporting to Emergency Department. Patients with penetrating head injury were excluded. RESULTS 15 % of patients had abnormal CT Scans and only 4% needed surgical intervention. Though a small number of patients harbour potentially lethal intracranial lesions yet, most of these cases are salvageable if diagnosed early and proper treatment. CONCLUSION This study reveals that the current practice in the some countries of risk stratification of adult MHI based on skull radiography need to be replaced by slightly modified versions of the Canadian CT rule/NICE guidelines. This will result in a large reduction in skull radiography and will be associated with modest increases in CT and admissions rates. The authors also believe that early CT Scanning can detect intracranial lesions and will reduce unnecessary hospital admissions.
Multiple Morphine and Enkephalin Receptors: Biochemical and Pharmacological Aspects

The past decade has seen enormous advances in our understanding of opiate action. Like most hormones and neurotransmitters, opiates produce their actions through specific recognition sites, or receptors. One of the most important concepts in opiate research to emerge over the past few years has been the presence of multiple classes of these sites. Martin and co-workers' proposed three classes of opiates based upon studies on the chronic spinal dog and named them according to prototypic drugs: mu (morphine), kappa (ketocyclazocine), and sigma (SKF10,047). Shortly after the isolation and identification of the enkephalins, receptors selective for these (delta) peptides were p r ~ p o s e d . ~ ~ Since then, a major effort has been made to identify, localize, and characterize these proposed selective binding sites (TABLE 1). The two most extensively studied types include the mu (morphine) and delta (enkephalin) receptors.
Manipulation of Step Height and Its Effect on Lactate Metabolism During a One-Minute Anaerobic Step Test

Abstract Nguyen, BD and Gillum, TL. Manipulation of step height and its effect on lactate metabolism during a one-minute anaerobic step test. J Strength Cond Res 29(6): 1578–1583, 2015—The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of the 1-minute anaerobic step test on lactate production. In addition, a comparison of postexercise lactate levels between the traditional 40-cm step height and a modified 20-cm step height was tested along with multiple biomechanical components such as torque, knee angle, and power. A convenience sample of 9 healthy moderately trained individuals were recruited for this experiment. Each subject performed the 1-minute anaerobic step test in a counterbalanced, crossover, and repeated-measures design. They performed 2 trials, 1 with a 40-cm step height and another with a 20-cm step height. Results showed statistical significance in terms of the postexercise lactate concentration (40 cm: 8.04 ± 2.13 mmol·L−1; 20 cm: 6.18 ± 2.62 mmol·L−1) and lactate production (40 cm: 5.36 ± 2.73 mmol·L−1; 20 cm: 3.06 ± 2.96 mmol·L−1) between the 2 step heights (p ⩽ 0.05). With a lowered step height, the moment arm decreased significantly, which lowered the torque placed on the knee joint. Knee angle and power both decreased with a lowered step height of 20 cm. These results suggest that the 1-minute anaerobic step test is effective at eliciting lactate and can be used as an anaerobic exercise modality to train the anaerobic energy system. Furthermore, a step height of 40 cm seemed to be more effective at taxing the anaerobic energy system and eliciting lactate compared with a step height of 20 cm.
Screening of Herbal Medicines for Potential Toxicities

Herbs and herb-derived medicines have played a crucial role in health and disease man‐ agement for many centuries. Many ancient civilizations show documented evidence for the use of herbs in the treatment of different ailments; as was seen with Mesopotamian, Indian ayurveda, ancient traditional Chinese medicine and Greek unani medicine [1-5]. In Africa, knowledge of traditional medicine as part of wholistic system, was passed through generations by oral communication and indigenous practices [6]. The global de‐ mand for herbal medicinal products has increased significantly in recent years. It is esti‐ mated that, the world’s population will be more than 7.5 billion in the next 10 to 15 years. This increase in population will occur mostly in the southern hemisphere, where approximately 80% of the population still relies on a traditional system of medicine based on herbal drugs for primary healthcare [7].
A educação empreendedora para pequenos produtores agrícolas

This article discusses the issue of education geared for small Brazilian rural farmers, highlighting its essential role for the construction of a new entrepreneurial mentality in the rural localities. At the same time, composes a theoretical reference that aims to subsidize others researches on the subject. This article is a descriptive study based on secondary data obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and from other institutions. The results showed that there are still two realities in the rural localities: one that reflects the productivity and wealth and one that portrays the poverty and unemployment. So it became necessary to implement a new model of production and support to rural localities that includes training for rural producers within a new educational paradigm, turned to entrepreneurship.
Pitavastatin: Protection against Neuronal Retinal Damage Induced by Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Purpose: To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of pitavastatin against neuronal retinal damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Methods and Results: Ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using ocular hypertension. Pitavastatin (0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg) was given intravenously 12 hr or 5 min before, or 12 or 24 hr after the induction of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Morphometric and retrograde labeling analyses revealed neuroprotective effects when pitavastatin (0.5 mg/kg) was administered 5 min before—even 12 and 24 hr—after induction of ischemia-reperfusion injury. These effects depended on dose; protection was noted at pitavastatin concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg but not 0.1 mg/kg. Furthermore, preadministration of pitavastatin (0.5 mg/kg) reduced expression of P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 at 12 and 24 hr after induction of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Conclusions: As pitavastatin was efficacious in preventing retinal neuronal death, it may be a novel therapeutic modality for ischemic retinal diseases.
A high‐stringency proteomics concept aimed for generation of antibodies specific for cDNA‐encoded proteins

A novel dual bacterial expression system, designed for high‐throughput generation of antibodies specific for cDNA‐encoded proteins, is presented. The concept involves parallel expression of cDNA‐encoded proteins, in two vector systems, as fusions with two different tags, both enabling single‐step affinity purification under denaturing conditions. One of the fusion tags includes a portion with documented immunopotentiating effect to stimulate antibody production, and the generated fusion proteins are used to elicit antibodies. The second fusion protein is used in an immobilized form as an affinity ligand to enrich, from the generated antisera, antibodies with selective reactivity to the cDNA‐encoded part. To evaluate the system, five cDNA clones from a mouse testis cDNA library were expressed, and antibodies to these cDNA‐encoded proteins were generated, enriched and used in blotting procedures to determine expression patterns for the native proteins corresponding to the cDNAs. The five antibody preparations showed specific reactivity to the corresponding recombinant cDNA‐encoded proteins, and three of the five antibodies gave specific staining in Western‐blot screening of various cell types and tissue homogenates. When the same five cDNAs were processed and analysed using a single‐vector method, antibodies with a more non‐specific staining were generated. We thus conclude that the presented dual‐vector method offers a highly stringent strategy for generation of monospecific polyclonal antibodies.
Defining A Formal Semantics For The Rosetta Specification Language ∗

The Rosetta systems level design language [1, 2] is an emerging standard designed to address the integration of information across domains. Specifically, Rosetta directly supports specifying and integrating models whose basic computation models differ due to technology domain. Rosetta achieves this by providing a framework where models of computation and domain specific information can be defined and organized into ontologies. Rosetta domains provide domain specific specification capability that allows the definition of basic semantic definition units, models of computation, and engineering design and analysis domains. Rosetta users then extend these domains to define specific system models and combine models for analysis using a specification algebra. Similar to all languages, Rosetta has a syntax and a semantics, where the syntax is given by a grammar and defines what expressions are valid, and its semantics gives meaning to the syntax. However, due to Rosetta’s capability for integrating multiple domains, its semantics is not fixed like for other languages. It varies with the domain. In this paper, we propose a formal semantics for the Rosetta specification language using a denotational approach. In a previous paper [7], we provided an overview of the Rosetta language. We presented our application of units of semantics, described several models of computation and defined the corresponding domains in Rosetta. We used existing relations between domains, mainly extensions, to build a semi-lattice. In this paper, we define a formal semantics for the language. We use a notion of decomposition of semantics into modules. A first semantic module defines denotational functions for the framework. These functions are then adapted to address the specifics of domains corresponding to units of semantics. A different semantic module is defined for each such unit of semantics. All models of computation whose domains extend the same unit of semantics use the same denotational functions. In the next section, we describe some of the terms we use in this paper. We then define the denotational functions that provide semantics to the Rosetta framework. The description of denotational functions for state-based and event-based units of semantics follows. We finally conclude the paper with some related work and future work.
Temperature affects thrombolytic efficacy using rt-PA and eptifibatide, an in vitro study.

The potential for hypothermia as a neuroprotectant during stroke has led to its increase in clinical use. At the same time, combination pharmaceutical therapies for ischemic stroke using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), and GP IIb-IIIa inhibitors, such as Eptifibatide (Epf ), are under study. However, there is little data on how the reactions triggered by these agents are impacted by temperature. Here, clot lysis during exposure to the combination of rt-PA and Epf is measured in an in vitro human clot model at hypothermic temperatures. The hypothesis is that lytic efficacy of rt-PA and Epf decreases with decreasing temperature. Whole blood clots from 31 volunteers were exposed to rt-PA (0.5 μg/mL) and Epf (0.63 μg/mL) in human fresh-frozen plasma (rt-PA+Epf ), rt-PA alone in plasma (rt-PA Alone), or to plasma alone (Control), at temperatures from 30°C to 37°C, for 30 minutes. Clot lysis was measured using a microscopic imaging technique; the mean fractional clot loss (FCL) at 30 minutes was used to determine lytic efficacy. Temperature had a significant impact on FCL in clots exposed to rt-PA+Epf, with the FCL being lower at 30°C to 36°C than at 37°C. The FCL remained significantly higher for rt-PA+Epf–treated clots than Controls regardless of temperature, with the exception of measurements made at 30°C when no significant differences in the FCL were observed between groups. The use of hypothermia as a neuroprotectant may negatively impact the therapeutic benefit of thrombolytic agents.
Human demographic history impacts genetic risk prediction across diverse populations

The vast majority of genome-wide association studies are performed in Europeans, and their transferability to other populations is dependent on many factors (e.g. linkage disequilibrium, allele frequencies, genetic architecture). As medical genomics studies become increasingly large and diverse, gaining insights into population history and consequently the transferability of disease risk measurement is critical. Here, we disentangle recent population history in the widely-used 1000 Genomes Project reference panel, with an emphasis on populations underrepresented in medical studies. To examine the transferability of single-ancestry GWAS, we used published summary statistics to calculate polygenic risk scores for six well-studied traits and diseases. We identified directional inconsistencies in all scores; for example, height is predicted to decrease with genetic distance from Europeans, despite robust anthropological evidence that West Africans are as tall as Europeans on average. To gain deeper quantitative insights into GWAS transferability, we developed a complex trait coalescent-based simulation framework considering effects of polygenicity, causal allele frequency divergence, and heritability. As expected, correlations between true and inferred risk were typically highest in the population from which summary statistics were derived. We demonstrated that scores inferred from European GWAS were biased by genetic drift in other populations even when choosing the same causal variants, and that biases in any direction were possible and unpredictable. This work cautions that summarizing findings from large-scale GWAS may have limited portability to other populations using standard approaches, and highlights the need for generalized risk prediction methods and the inclusion of more diverse individuals in medical genomics.
An Improved Dynamic Programming Decomposition Approach for Network Revenue Management

We consider a nonlinear nonseparable functional approximation to the value function of a dynamic programming formulation for the network revenue management (RM) problem with customer choice. We propose a simultaneous dynamic programming approach to solve the resulting problem, which is a nonlinear optimization problem with nonlinear constraints. We show that our approximation leads to a tighter upper bound on optimal expected revenue than some known bounds in the literature. Our approach can be viewed as a variant of the classical dynamic programming decomposition widely used in the research and practice of network RM. The computational cost of this new decomposition approach is only slightly higher than the classical version. A numerical study shows that heuristic control policies from the decomposition consistently outperform policies from the classical decomposition.
Fragment‐Parallel Composite and Filter

We present a strategy for parallelizing the composite and filter operations suitable for an order‐independent rendering pipeline implemented on a modern graphics processor. Conventionally, this task is parallelized across pixels/subpixels, but serialized along individual depth layers. However, our technique extends the domain of parallelization to individual fragments (samples), avoiding a serial dependence on the number of depth layers, which can be a constraint for scenes with high depth complexity. As a result, our technique scales with the number of fragments and can sustain a consistent and predictable throughput in scenes with both low and high depth complexity, including those with a high variability of depth complexity within a single frame. We demonstrate composite/filter performance in excess of 50M fragments/sec for scenes with more than 1500 semi‐transparent layers.
Routing Information Exchange in Large-Scale WDM Networks

In this paper, we focus on issues of routing information exchange in large-scale WDM networks. Specifically, we present two schemes, i.e., direct routing information exchange and routing information broker. We then analyze and compare these schemes based on their scalability, complexity and communication overhead. Finally, on examples of metro alloptical networks interconnected over an all-optical WDM backbone, we present the related numerical results based on simulations.
Injury Patterns among Elite Football Players: A Media-based Analysis over 6 Seasons with Emphasis on Playing Position

Abstract The study objective was to describe the types, localizations and severity of injuries among first division Bundesliga football players, and to study the effect of playing position on match and training injury incidence and severity, based on information from the public media. Exposure and injuries data from 1 448 players over 6 consecutive seasons were collected from a media-based register. In total, 3 358 injuries were documented. The incidence rate for match and training injuries was 11.5 per 1 000 match-hours (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.9–12.2), and 61.4 per 100 player-seasons (95% CI: 58.8–64.1), respectively. Strains (30.3%) and sprains (16.7%) were the major injury types, with the latter causing significantly longer lay-off times than the former. Significant differences between the playing positions were found regarding injury incidence and injury burden (lay-off time per incidence-rate), with wing-defenders sustaining significantly lower incidence-rates of groin injuries compared to forwards (rate ratio: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.17–0.96). Wing-midfielders had the highest incidence-rate and injury burden from match injuries, whereas central-defenders sustained the highest incidence-rate and injury burden from training injuries. There were also significant differences in match availability due to an injury across the playing positions, with midfielders sustaining the highest unavailability rates from a match and training injury. Injury-risk and patterns seem to vary substantially between different playing positions. Identifying positional differences in injury-risk may be of major importance to medical practitioners when considering preventive measures.
Measurement of Tibial Torsion by Computer Tomography

A CT procedure for objective measurements of tibial torsion independent of axial rotation in the nearby joints is described. Transverse sections in defined planes of the tibia permit easy calculation of normal and abnormal congenital or posttraumatic angles of torsion. In 69 limbs normal tibial torsion was 40 degrees +/- 9 degrees. In a series of 42 limbs with complicated healing of a fracture of both bones of the leg it is shown that tibial maltorsion is a deformity which in most cases leads to arthrosis of the ankle joint.
Comparative analysis of patterns of survival by season of birth in rural Bangladeshi and Gambian populations.

BACKGROUND Analysis of data from rural Gambia has previously shown that being born during the annual hungry season strongly influences susceptibility to mortality from infectious disease in young adulthood, possibly through an influence on immune function. In rural Bangladesh pregnancies are exposed to similar seasonality. The current paper uses data from a large demographic survey in the Matlab region of Bangladesh to retest the Gambian-derived hypothesis that early life exposures correlated with season of birth predict later patterns of mortality. METHODS Since 1966, a continuous demographic surveillance system has been in operation in the rural Matlab region of Bangladesh. The current analysis is based on 172 228 births and 24 697 deaths between 1974 and 2000. Season of birth was defined as 'harvest' (January-June) and 'hungry' (July-December), based on monthly variations in rates of conception and neonatal mortality within the same dataset. RESULTS Birth during the hungry season resulted in excess mortality during the first year of life. However, for adult mortality (deaths >15 years), there was no excess in individuals born during the annual hungry season: ratio of hazard July-December versus January-June = 1.12; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.45. CONCLUSIONS The current study found no excess mortality in young adults born during the 'hungry' season in rural Bangladesh. This differing pattern in survival when compared with The Gambia may be a consequence of the greatly reduced incidence of young adult deaths in Bangladesh (0.1%) compared with The Gambia (3%). Under such conditions possible differences in immune function may not be detectable with early adult death as the outcome. However, it also remains possible that our Gambian observation could be a highly discrete phenomenon localized in either time or place, and as such, will not be replicated in other populations.
The Principle of Semantic Compositionality Francis Jeffry Pelletier

The Principle of Semantic Compositionality (sometimes called 'Frege's Principle') is the principle that the meaning of a (syntactically complex) whole is a function only of the meanings of its (syntactic) parts together with the manner in which these parts were combined. This principle has been extremely influential throughout the history of formal semantics; it has had a tremendous impact upon modern linguistics ever since Montague Grammars became known; and it has more recently shown up as a guiding principle for a certain direction in cognitive science. Despite the fact that The Principle is vague or underspecified at a number of points such as what meaning is, what counts as a part, what counts as a syntactic complex, what counts as combination this has not stopped some people from viewing The Principle as obviously true, true almost by definition. And it has not stopped other people from viewing The Principle as false, almost pernicious in its effect. And some of these latter theorists think that it is an empirically false principle while others think of it as a methodologically wrong-headed way to proceed. In fact, there are approximately 318 arguments against The Principle which can be found in the literature, whereas there are only three (or maybe four) arguments proposed in favor of The Principle. This paper will adjudicate among these arguments. And at the end it will suggest some other way to look at what proponents of compositionality really want.