Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychological Harm and Constitutional Standing

When do psychological or emotional harms count as “injury-in-fact” for the purposes of satisfying Article III standing requirements, and when should they? Courts have wrestled with whether to grant standing, for example, to family members of a man killed by the police who argued that as relatives of the deceased, they had suffered emotional pain; members of an animal-welfare organization who claimed they had undergone “sleeplessness, depression, and anger” when they were unable to visit an elephant at the zoo; and members of a Catholic organization who challenged a city resolution criticizing the Catholic Church’s stance on adoption by same-sex couples and contended that they had standing because they had experienced “spiritual or psychological harm. ” Some have expressed the concern that recognizing psychological harm would sanction an unlimited expansion of constitutional standing. At the same time, established Article III injuries such as aesthetic and “spiritual” harm seem to contain psychological components. The legal standards for accepting psychological or emotional harm as injury-in-fact remain murky, even as the question of which kinds of harm plaintiffs must allege in order to enter federal court has become increasingly important. This article proposes and applies a framework by which courts can explicitly accept psychological harm as injury-in-fact while distinguishing in a principled way between cognizable and non-cognizable psychological harms. In doing so, this article and the accompanying appendix offer a detailed analysis of the current treatment of psychological harm in constitutional standing doctrine across geographical and temporal boundaries. This article’s approach enables the federal courts to acknowledge more fully citizens’ genuine experiences of harm without abandoning the restrictions on jurisdiction that Article III standing doctrine reflects.
Autoregressive Lag Length Selection Criteria in the Presence of ARCH Errors

We study the effects of ARCH errors on the performance of the commonly used lag length selection criteria. The most important finding of this study is that SIC, FPE, HQC and BIC perform considerably well in estimating the true autoregressive lag length, even in the presence of ARCH errors. Thus, we conclude that these criteria are applicable to empirical data such as stock market returns and exchange rate volatility that exhibit ARCH effects.
An Investigation of Rule Induction Based Prediction Systems

Traditionally, researchers have used either off-the-shelf models such as COCOMO, or developed local models using statistical techniques such as stepwise regression, to predict software effort estimates. More recently, attention has turned to a variety of machine learning methods such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), case-based reasoning (CBR) and rule induction (RI). This position paper outlines some preliminary research into the use of rule induction methods to build software cost models. We briefly describe the use of rule induction methods and then apply the technique to a dataset of 81 software projects derived from a Canadian software house in the late 1980s. We show that RI methods tend to be unstable and generally predict with quite variable accuracy. Pruning the feature set, however, has a significant impact upon accuracy. We also compare our results with a prediction system based upon a standard regression procedure. We suggest that further work is carried out to examine the effects of the relationships among, and between, the features of the attributes on the generated rules in an attempt to improve on current prediction techniques and enhance our understanding of machine learning methods.
Space regularity manifestation of the temporal variation of seismic parameters: possibility for the strong seismic activity assessment

In the present work the detailed analysis of the space-time variation, of the seismic energy released and b-value was performed, in order to study the space regularity manifestation of the temporal variation of seismic parameters, to test the reliability of the results and to compare the obtained temporal profiles in relation to the strong earthquake activity. The study was carried out in the subduction zone along the western part of the Hellenic trench arc system. The earthquakes data, witch occurs in the five adjacent local areas in the period 1980 -2007 were used. The reliability of the results is tested positively for “internal” dubiety, against independent seismic data sets from adjacent local areas, being in common the processing method, and the properties of seismic catalogue. It was found that in the majority of the cases (23 of 32) the significant temporal variation changes, considered as anomalies, can be related to the preparation process of the strong earthquakes Ms>5.7, acting as intermediate term precursors. Based on these findings the quality index of the successful intermediate term earthquake predictions reach up to 71.9%. It is observed that the temporal variation of the seismic energy released anomalies were time shifted in respect to the central areas, toward to N-NE and S-SE direction. Moreover it is found that the strong earthquakes occurrence also shows immigration, in respect to the central areas, along the concatenation of the adjacent local areas. These two observations may reveal the formation of a tectonic wave, in the broader area south of Zakynthos Island, Its velocity was estimated to be as 100 to 150 km/year.
ENHANCEMENT OF QUANTUM PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION IN ELMAN RECURRENT NETWORK WITH BOUNDED VMAX FUNCTION

There are many drawbacks in BP network, such as trap into local minima and may get stuck at regions of a search space. To solve these problems, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has been executed to improve ANN performance. In this study, we exploit errors optimization of Elman Recurrent Neural Network (ERNN) with a new enhance method of Particle Swarm Optimization with an addition of quantum approach to optimize the performance of both networks with bounded Vmax function. Main characteristics of Vmax function are to control the global exploration of particles in Particle Swarm Optimization and Quantum approach is used to improve the searching ability of the individual particle of PSO. The results show that for cancer dataset, Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization in Elman Recurrent Neural Network (QPSOERN) with bounded Vmax of hyperbolic tangent depicted 96.26% and Vmax sigmoid function with 96.35% which both furnishes promising outcomes and better value in terms of classification accuracy and convergence rate compared to bounded standard Vmax function with only 90.98%.
Interdisciplinarity to Integrate Knowledge in Engineering

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received: 05 April, 2017 Accepted: 22 May, 2017 Online: 16 June, 2017 This paper is an extension of work originally presented at the 2 International Conference of the Portuguese Society for Engineering Education and aims to describe an interdisciplinarity teaching experiment involving three subjects of the scientific area of Mathematics and a fourth one in the area of Management. Using only one project, the students developed skills, in an integrated way, in the fields of the subjects involved. The structure of the project is described in detail. It is shown how the knowledge obtained in the different subjects is needed and how it connects together to answer the proposed challenges. We report the progress of the students’ work, the main difficulties and the skills developed during this process. We conclude with a reflection on the main problems and gains that may arise in similar projects.
The Importance of Postprandial Hyperglycemia Position Statement of the Danube Mco Experts

Abstract Both the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes are increasing worldwide and over 60% of people with T2DM develop cardiovascular disease. There are many data supporting the view that glycaemic control plays a role in reducing cardiovascular complications. The relationship between hyperglycaemia and cardiovascular disease is complex with evidence suggesting that an acute increase of glycaemia, particularly after a meal, may have a direct detrimental effect on cardiovascular disease. Although control of fasting hyperglycaemia is necessary, it is usually insufficient to obtain optimal glycaemic control. A growing body of evidence suggests that reducing post meal plasma glucose excursions is as important, or perhaps more important for achieving HbA1c goals. New classes of therapies for managing post meal plasma glucose in people with diabetes (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) have shown significant benefits in reducing post meal plasma glucose excursions andlowering HbA1c. The individual properties of the various GLP‑1 receptor agonists might enable incretin-based treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus to be tailored to the needs of each patient.
Homology bioinformatics analysis of IPA1 gene in higher plants

IPA1 gene controlled paddy has increased in height, sturdy stem, number of tillers decreased, grains per panicle and dry grains weight increased significantly. In this study, the homology of IPA1 gene in 26 types of plant from 15 families was analyzed, and thus constructed its phylogenetic tree. The results of phylogenetic tree construction based on its amino acid sequence showed that the species from the same family, such as Gramineae, Rosaceae and Palmaceae, were well clustered for different branches and had high support rates. Furthermore, we constructed the phylogenetic tree based on its CDS sequence, and the species of Gramineae was well clustered, and the support rate was 100%. Our results indicate that IPA1 has high homology in higher class of plants, especially in the Gramineae, which is of great significance for us to further study the yield of rice and other gramineous species. s with time and concentration effect (3) Achilla glauca extract could make the chromosome bridge, chromosome fragment, chromosome lag in the root tip cells of Vicia faba and increase in micronucleus rate. The results showed that the water extract of Solidago canadensis had different degree of inhibition and damage to silkworm root tip cells; it also had some genetic toxicity and rapid diffusion ability.
THE STABILITY OF LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS DISKS BASED ON MULTI-WAVELENGTH MODELING

To investigate the structure and composition of the dusty interstellar medium (ISM) of low surface brightness (LSB) disk galaxies, we have used multi-wavelength photometry to construct spectral energy distributions for three low-mass, edge-on LSB galaxies (Vrot = 88–105 km s−1). We use Monte Carlo radiation transfer codes that include the effects of transiently heated small grains and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules to model and interpret the data. We find that, unlike the high surface brightness galaxies previously modeled, the dust disks appear to have scale heights equal to or exceeding their stellar scale heights. This result supports the findings of previous studies that low-mass disk galaxies have dust scale heights comparable to their stellar scale heights and suggests that the cold ISM of low-mass, LSB disk galaxies may be stable against fragmentation and gravitational collapse. This may help to explain the lack of observed dust lanes in edge-on LSB galaxies and their low current star formation rates. Dust masses are found in the range (1.16–2.38) × 106 M☉, corresponding to face-on (edge-on), V-band, optical depths 0.034 ≲ τface ≲ 0.106 (0.69 ≲ τeq ≲ 1.99).
The influence of different bee traps on undertaking behaviour of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and development of a new trap

In this study the efficiency of bee traps used to evaluate mortality in a bee colony and their influence on undertaking behaviour was tested in twelve colonies of Apis mellifera L. Four types of bee traps (Original-Gary-Trap, a Modified-Gary-Trap, the IPSAB-Trap and the Muenster-Trap), commonly used in practical research, were compared to each other and to control colonies without a trap. The use of different bee traps led to incomparable results. In the Original-Gary-Trap, many stray bees were trapped and eventually died within the glass collecting jars, leading to artificially high esti- mates of mortality. Bees removed the dead bees from the Modified-Gary-Trap, especially during good flight conditions. Dead bees disappeared from the IPSAB-Trap because of predators and wind. Both Gary-Traps had a negative effect on undertaking behaviour; the number of behavioural compo- nents involved in removing a dead bee from the colony was large and thus, undertaking took a long time. In IPSAB-Trap, the undertaker bees showed the same number of behavioural components and took similar times to remove dead bees as the control colonies without traps. The newly developed Muenster-Trap, equipped with an easily accessible hive entrance, a collecting box for dead bees and an outlet for stray bees, gave a significantly improved performance.
It Takes More Than Fish: The Psychology of Marine Mammal Training

The use of novel objects as environmental enrichment devices is a key aspect of many environmental enrichment programs, regardless of whether the animals being enriched are housed in aquaria, zoos, or laboratories. The effectiveness of novel objects as enrichment devices depends on a number of factors, many of which are based on findings from comparative psychology. For example, the literature on habituation predicts that an object that is always in an animal’s environment will be less interesting than a similar object that is available only on an intermittent basis. To test the hypothesis that type of exposure to objects affects the objects’ enriching qualities, we exposed sixteen animals from ten different species to novel objects in two different conditions. In the first condition, animals were exposed to a novel object for a total of 120 min, 60 min at a time on two separate occasions. Approximately three weeks later, the animals were once again given a total of 120 min to interact with the object that they had experienced in the first condition, but the amount of time the object was available per session was much more variable. The results demonstrate that variable presentations are more likely to maintain the enriching qualities of objects, consistent with the literature on habituation.
ASYMPTOTIC PROPERTIES OF SELF-SIMILAR TRAFFIC MODELS BASED ON DISCRETE-TIME AND CONTINUOUS-TIME MARTINGALES

Asymptotic properties of self-similar traffic models based on discrete-time and continuous-time martingales are considered. We discovered that their performance indicators are asymptotically equal at λ → ∞ to indicators for model based on Brownian motion. Introduction Massive implementation of computer networks and increases in their productivity turned attention of scientists studying network traffic to the properties of the Internet traffic. In 1993, Willinger et al. [1] discovered that computer network traffic exhibits statistical selfsimilarity. This phenomenon can be described by three features — non-integer fractal dimension (hence, the object is fractal), scale invariance — statistical parameters are independent of the level of flow aggregation and time scale, and long-range dependence. Autocorrelation function of process with long-range dependence decays slower than exponential function. This property is not present in telephone network traffic — it possesses only scale invariance. Therefore, new approaches to network parameter estimation should be developed. The numerical parameter of self-similarity is the Hurst exponent [2], which lies between 0 and 1. When the Hurst exponent is between 0 and 0.5, the stochastic process is antipersistent. In this case, stochastic process exhibits no trends. When the Hurst exponent is greater than 0.5, it exhibits persistence, which means that long trends are formed in the process. It was estimated that the Hurst exponent for network traffic approximately equals 0.8. It is possible to accurately describe traffic structure using this parameter. Numerous stochastic processes are utilized for research and development of network traffic models. Martingales are one of the examples of such process. Martingale is a discrete or continuous process which satisfies the following condition ( ) ( ) { } ( ) | M X t X τ ,τ < s = X s , s t     ∀ ≤ . One can derive the following property from this equation: the expectation of process is constant throughout the realization of the process. Wide range of stochastic processes exhibits this property; for example, Brownian motion is a martingale. Martingales are commonly used for analysis of time series. Problem statement
Coordinating the Relationship between IT Services Providers and Clients: The Case of Cloud Computing

The focus of this research is on the IT service relationships that exist between clients and providers in cloud computing. Cloud computing is an important context in IT services management since it has become an increasingly popular delivery model. We use coordination theory and a case study of a cloud computing-based company to investigate how cloud service relationships are managed. Evidence of both the standardized and customized relationships is based on a case study of SiteWit, a new startup company that is both a user and provider of cloud services. This company is an interesting case to study, given the real-time, intensive nature of the technical demands, the multiple service relationships that must be managed, while at the same time minimizing costs.
TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATIONS OF NO 2 OVER SAUDI ARABIA AND IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR HOTSPOT AREAS DURING 2005-2014 BY USING SATELLITE DATA

The present study was designed to analyze the concentration of tropospheric NO2 over Saudi Arabia for a decade from 2005-2014 based on observations from satellite borne Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The spatial analysis has identified two hotspots: Jeddah and Riyadh. The result of temporal analysis shows increase of 1.45%, 3.15% and 3.10% per year over Saudi Arabia, Jeddah and Riyadh respectively. The Linear Regression analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) have been performed to analyze the relationship between meteorological parameters, seasons, years and concentration of NO2. The results show that temperature and NO2 are moderately correlated whereas wind and humidity give negative correlation. The major causes of elevated NO2 over the hotspots are road traffic and the fossil fuel combustion for electrical power generation.
Equidistribution of phase shifts in trapped scattering

We prove an equidistribution result for the eigenvalues of the scattering matrix associated to an operator of the form $-h^2\Delta + V-1$, where $V\in C_c^\infty(\mathbb{R}^d)$ is a compactly supported potential, under the assumption that the incoming and outgoing sets of the classical dynamics have zero Liouville measure. This extends a recent result of Gell-Redman, Hassell and Zelditch, where the authors proved equidistribution of the eigenvalues of the scattering matrix under the assumption that the trapped set is empty.
The Limitations of U.S. White Middle-Class Feminism in the Middle East

Feminist movements have long histories in the majority of the world’s nations. These movements called for women's rights, but in different ways with unique ideologies. However, Western feminism, and more specifically U.S. White middle-class feminism, is the most dominant movement that affects women’s identities worldwide. This paper included discussion of the hegemony of U.S. White middle-class feminism. After presenting a very brief overview of the history of U.S. feminism, this paper included further examination of seven limitations that make U.S. White middle-class feminism inapplicable in non-Western societies, and specifically in Middle Eastern countries. These limitations include (a) ignoring the cultural, historical, and political systems that shape women in the Middle East; (b) misinterpretation of some religious practices; (c) generalizing women's conditions; (d) universalizing Western values; (e) playing the role of the savior; (f) ignoring the influence of Western imperialism; and (g) ignoring women's strengths and actual needs. Finally, this paper included suggestions that can be taken into consideration to reduce the gap between U.S. White middle-class feminism and other types of feminisms in the Middle East.
DESIGNING A SUPPLY CHAIN MODEL WITH CONSIDERATION DEMAND FORECASTING AND INFORMATION SHARING

In traditional supply chain inventory management, orders are the only information firms exchange, but information technology now allows firms to share demand and inventory data quickly and inexpensively. To have an integrated plan, a manufacturer not only needs to know demand information from its customers but also supply information from its suppliers. In this paper, information flow is incorporated in a three-echelon supply chain model. Also to decrease the risk of the supply chain system, the customers’ demands are predicted first and this prediction is then used as an input to the supply chain model. In this paper a proposed evolving fuzzy predictor model will be used to predict the customers’ demands. For solving the supply chain model, a hybrid heuristic combining tabu search with simulated annealing sharing the same tabu list is developed. OPSOMMING In tradisionele voorsieningskettingvoorraadbestuur verteenwoordig bestellings die enigste vorm van van inligting wat deur ondernemings uitgeruil word. Inligtingstegnologie laat ondernemings egter deesdae toe om vraag- en voorraadata vinnig en goedkoop uit te ruil. Om 'n geintegreerde plan te he, het 'n vervaardiger nie alleen aanvraaginligting nodig van sy klante nie, maar ook aanbodinligting van sy leweransiers. In hierdie artikel word inligtingvloei geinkorporeer in 'n drie-vlakvoorsieningskettingmodel. Voorts, om die risiko in die voorsieningskettingmodel te verminder, word die klante se aanvraag eers vooruitgeskat en die vooruitskatting word dan gebruik as 'n inset tot die model. Hierdie artikel gebruik 'n groeiende wasige vooruitskattingsmodel om die klantebehoeftes voor uit te skat. Om die model op te los, word 'n hibriede heuristiese metode gekombineer met 'n "tabu"-soektog gebruik.
Population Approach in Ecotoxicology (Stress Ecology)

Several lines of evidence suggest that the effects of stressors on populations can be calculated accurately by population modeling. Using monitoring data of natural population, population models were applied and the possibility of establishing environmental diagnoses from strictly ecological concepts is discussed. A procedure is offered for the modeling of natural population data and the establishment of population endpoints.