Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inequality in Education: Comparative and International Perspectives

List of Tables List of Figures List of Acronyms Series Editor's Foreword Introduction 1. Inequality in Education: A Critical Analysis W. James JACOB & Donald B. HOLSINGER Part I - Conceptual Issues 2. Distribution of Opportunities Key to Development Vinod THOMAS & WANG Yan 3. Does Capitalism Inevitably Increase Inequality? David HILL, Nigel M. GREAVES, & Alpesh MAISURIA 4. Education and Inequality in the Developing World WU Kin Bin 5. Gender Inequalities in Educational Participation Karen E. HYER, Bonnie BALLIF-SPANVILL, Susan J. PETERS, Yodit SOLOMON, Heather THOMAS, & Carol WARD 6. Inequalities in Education for People with Disabilities Susan J. PETERS 7. Language and Democracy in Africa Birgit BROCK-UTNE Part II - Asia 8. Reconstructing Access in the Cambodian Education System John M. COLLINS 9. Higher Education in China: Access, Equity, and Equality John N. HAWKINS, W. James JACOB, & LI Wenli 10. Using Enrollment and Attainment in Formal Education to Understand the Case of India Mary Ann MASLAK 11. Education Inequality in the Republic of Korea: Measurement and Causes Matthew E. BURT & PARK Namgi 12. Access and Equity: Who are the Students at Taiwan's Top Universities? HUNG Chih-Cheng & CHENG Sheng Yao 13. Provincial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in Education: A Descriptive Study of Vietnam W. Joshua REW Part III - Europe 14. Different Paths, Similar Effects: Persistent Inequalities and Their Sources in European Higher Education Cecile DEER 15. Religious Education and Islam in Europe Holger DAUN Part IV - Middle East & North Africa 16. Social Inequalities, Educational Attainment, and Teachers in Egypt Nagwa M. MEGAHED & Mark B.GINSBURG 17. Inequalities in Iranian Education: Representations of Gender, Socioeconomic Status, Ethnic Diversity, and Religious Diversity in School Textbooks and Curricula Omid KHEILTASH & Val D. RUST Part V - North & South America 18. Mexico: Evolution of Education and Inequality in the Last Two Decades Gladys LOPEZ-ACEVEDO 19. Issues of Difference Contributing to US Educational Inequality Eric JOHNSON & Tyrone C. HOWARD 20. Measuring Educational Inequality in South Africa and Peru Luis CROUCH, Martin GUSTAFSSON, & Pablo LAVADO 21. Participation of Civil Society in School Governance: Comparative Research of Institutional Designs in Nicaragua and Brazil Silvina GVIRTZ & Lucila MINVIELLE Part VI - Sub-Saharan Africa 22. The History and Devolution of Education in South Africa Christopher B. MEEK & Joshua Y. MEEK 23. Measuring Education Inequalities in Commonwealth Countries in Africa Elaine UNTERHALTER & Mora OOMME Conclusion 24. Education Inequality and Academic Achievement Donald B. HOLSINGER & W. James JACOB Notes on the Authors Index
A review on human toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide infection caused by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. At least a third of the world human population are infected with the parasite, making it one of the most successful parasitic infections. Primary maternal infection may cause health-threatening sequelae for the foetus, or even cause death in uterus. Reactivation of a latent infection in immune deficiency conditions such as AIDS and organ transplantation can cause fatal toxoplasmic encephalitis. Toxoplasmosis is a major cause of retinochoroiditis, especially in individuals with an impaired immune system. Despite the usually ‘asymptomatic’ nature of the infection, a significant burden imposed by the parasite necessitates the implementation of effective means for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of this disease. Laboratory diagnosis, i.e. PCR and serologic assays, plays the main role in the diagnosis of congenital infection and assists in the confirmatory diagnosis of toxoplasmic encephalitis and ocular toxoplasmosis. Here, we briefly review general aspects of Toxoplasma infection and focus on the diagnostic methods currently used in medical laboratories for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection.
Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide to Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Protects against Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia—Induced Brain Injury

Nitric oxide (NO) has been suspected to mediate brain damage during ischemia. Here the authors studied the effects of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) directed against the inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS) in a model of transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Treatment consisted of seven intracerebroventricular injections of a phosphodiester/phosphorothioate chimera ODN (3 nmol each) at 12-hour intervals, and was initiated 12 hours before a 2-hour occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery and common carotid artery. Outcomes were measured three days after ischemia. When compared with animals treated with vehicle or an appropriate random non-sense control ODN sequence, the antisense treatment reduced the lesion volume by 30% and significantly improved recovery of sensorimotor functions, as assessed on a neuroscore. This effect was associated with a decrease in iNOS expression, as assessed by Western blot, a 39% reduction in iNOS enzymatic activity evaluated as Ca2+-independent NOS activity, and a 37% reduction in nitrotyrosine formation, reflecting protein nitration by NO-derived peroxynitrite. These findings provide new evidence that inhibition of iNOS may be of interest for the treatment of stroke.
Fermi–Dirac, Bose–Einstein, Maxwell–Boltzmann, and computers

Few statistics other than the named three have opened the path to understanding of so many natural laws and formulas employed in the engineering practice. Engineers interested in origins of expressions they may be using in their work will find some of them in this paper. Planck's Radiation and Stefan–Boltzmann Laws, Maxwell's Velocity Distributions, P‐N diode equation, and intrinsic hole and electron concentrations in semiconductors are some examples. No new inventions are presented and the topics addressed are treated in books on statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum and classical physics, chemistry and others. The contribution is an integration of a broad range of sciences underlying the formulas of interest under one roof of a relatively short paper. All derivations are done at the engineering level and originate in the first principles of conservation and quantization. Discrete mathematics is employed throughout and provides direct access to computerized experimentation. The appendixes assist the uninitiated in quantum physics and provide an ample collection of useful supporting material. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:746–759, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21647
Prostate Stem Cell Antigen Is an Endogenous lynx1-Like Prototoxin That Antagonizes α7-Containing Nicotinic Receptors and Prevents Programmed Cell Death of Parasympathetic Neurons

Vertebrate α-bungarotoxin-like molecules of the Ly-6 superfamily have been implicated as balancers of activity and survival in the adult nervous system. To determine whether a member of this family could be involved in the development of the avian ciliary ganglion, we identified 6 Gallus genes by their homology in structure to mouse lynx1 and lynx2. One of these genes, an ortholog of prostate stem cell antigen (psca), is barely detectable at embryonic day (E) 8, before neuronal cell loss in the ciliary ganglion, but increases >100-fold as the number of neurons begins to decline between E9 and E14. PSCA is highly expressed in chicken and mouse telencephalon and peripheral ganglia and correlates with expression of α7-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChRs). Misexpressing PSCA before cell death in the ciliary ganglion blocks α7-nAChR activation by nicotine and rescues the choroid subpopulation from dying. Thus, PSCA, a molecule previously identified as a marker of prostate cancer, is a member of the Ly-6 neurotoxin-like family in the nervous system, and is likely to play a role as a modulator of α7 signaling-induced cell death during development.
Novel Molecular Targets for Antimalarial Drug Development

Malaria with one million deaths and about 500 million new cases reported annually is a challenge to drug therapy and discovery. As current antimalarial therapeutics become increasingly ineffective because of parasitic resistance, there exists an urgent need to develop and pursue new therapeutic strategies. Antimalarial drug development can follow several strategies, ranging from minor modifications of existing agents to the design of novel agents that act against new targets. Recent advances in our knowledge of parasite biology as well as the availability of the genome sequence provide a wide range of novel targets for drug design. Several promising targets for drug intervention have been revealed in recent years. This review discusses novel molecular targets of the malaria parasite available to the drug discovery scientist.
A High-Speed and Power-Efficient Voltage Level Shifter for Dual-Supply Applications

This brief presents a fast and power-efficient voltage level-shifting circuit capable of converting extremely low levels of input voltages into high output voltage levels. The efficiency of the proposed circuit is due to the fact that not only the strength of the pull-up device is significantly reduced when the pull-down device is pulling down the output node, but the strength of the pull-down device is also increased using a low-power auxiliary circuit. Postlayout simulation results of the proposed circuit in a 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> technology demonstrate a total energy per transition of 157 fJ, a static power dissipation of 0.3 nW, and a propagation delay of 30 ns for input frequency of 1 MHz, low supply voltage level of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm {{DDL}}}= 0.4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> V, and high supply voltage level of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm {{DDH}}}= 1.8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> V.
Papanicolaou's nebular cells are related to HPV infection and HSIL

Metaplastic cells with nebular cytoplasmic changes in the cervical smear are classified in the Dutch coding system for cervical screening as KOPAC O8 cells. Since these nebulated cells are already documented by Papanicolaou, we refer to these cells as Papanicolaou's nebular cells.
Uniform Quantization Theory-Based Linearity Calibration for Split Capacitive DAC in an SAR ADC

This brief presents a uniform quantization theory (UQT)-based digital-to-analog converter (DAC) linearity calibration for a successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter. According to the uniform quantization noise property, the nonlinearity due to the parasitics in an LSB array of the split-DAC structure is estimated and corrected in the digital domain. The calibration requires that the characteristic of the input signal must fulfill the prerogative of the quantization theory. The advantages lie in its low design complexity with no additional analog circuit modification. The proposed calibration is verified by both behavioral simulations and measured results in an SAR ADC. The measurements are based on a prototype implemented with large nonlinear split-DACs, which demonstrate that the UQT-based linearity calibration can effectively improve the Signal to Noise and Distortion (SNDR) from 56.9 to 63.3 dB at dc input with a sampling frequency of 120 MS/s.
Ressources et activités pédagogiques dans un environnement d'aide à l'apprentissage lexical du français langue seconde

La nature meme du media informatique tend a privilegier l'autonomie de l'apprenant lors de l'apprentissage d'une langue etrangere. L'examen des environnements lexicaux existants montre que l'autonomie passe par l'incorporation de ressources lexicales en tant que materiaux d'apprentissage et outils d'aide. La partie centrale de ce travail a ete de concevoir les ressources adaptees a cet apprentissage et la maniere dont celles-ci s'articulent. L'environnement ALEXIA se compose d'un corpus de textes, d'un dictionnaire comme outil d'aide, d'un dictionnaire personnalise et d'un module d'activites lexicales. Le corpus, constitue de textes recents comprenant plusieurs niveaux de langue, est centre sur un domaine du francais courant maitrise par tout natif (travail, emploi, chomage). La modelisation de la base de donnees lexicales s'appuie sur les resultats des recherches en psycholinguistique, montrant que le lexique mental semble etre compose de mots relies entre eux par des liens de nature semantique et contextuelle. L'interface pour visualiser ces donnees tient compte des problemes d'acces lexicaux et tire parti des possibilites du support informatique pour la presentation des differentes informations necessaires aux apprenants. Corpus et dictionnaire servent de materiaux pour la generation d'activites lexicales : a base de concordances, elles mettent en jeu les relations semantiques du dictionnaire. Pour cela, il est necessaire d'effectuer au prealable un etiquetage morpho-syntaxique et semantique du corpus. Un systeme d'aide donne des indications pour permettre a l'apprenant de resoudre les exercices et renforce ainsi le role pedagogique de l'environnement. Le dictionnaire personnalise permet d'organiser les mots selectionnes par l'apprenant dans les textes lors de lectures. Le travail de categorisation effectue renforce les liens du lexique mental et favorise ainsi la retention.
Enhanced Parallel-Connected Comb Filter Method for Multiple Pitch Estimation

This paper presents an improvement method of the multiple pitch estimation algorithm using comb filters. Conventionally the pitch was estimated by using parallel -connected comb filters method (PCF). However, PCF has problems which often fail in the pitch estimation when there is the fundamental frequency of higher tone near harmonics of lower tone. Therefore the estimation is assigned to a wrong note when shared frequencies happen. This issue often occurs in estimating octave 3 or more. Proposed method, for solving the problem, estimates the pitch with every harmonic instead of every octave. As a result, our method reaches the accuracy of more than 80%. Keywords—music transcription, pitch estimation, comb filter, fractional delay.
Complete and SOS-Mediated Response of Staphylococcus aureus to the Antibiotic Ciprofloxacin

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus infections can be difficult to treat due to both multidrug resistance and the organism's remarkable ability to persist in the host. Persistence and the evolution of resistance may be related to several complex regulatory networks, such as the SOS response, which modifies transcription in response to environmental stress. To understand how S. aureus persists during antibiotic therapy and eventually emerges resistant, we characterized its global transcriptional response to ciprofloxacin. We found that ciprofloxacin induces prophage mobilization as well as significant alterations in metabolism, most notably the up-regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In addition, we found that ciprofloxacin induces the SOS response, which we show, by comparison of a wild-type strain and a non-SOS-inducible lexA mutant strain, includes the derepression of 16 genes. While the SOS response of S. aureus is much more limited than those of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, it is similar to that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and includes RecA, LexA, several hypothetical proteins, and a likely error-prone Y family polymerase whose homologs in other bacteria are required for induced mutation. We also examined induced mutation and found that either the inability to derepress the SOS response or the lack of the LexA-regulated polymerase renders S. aureus unable to evolve antibiotic resistance in vitro in response to UV damage. The data suggest that up-regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and induced mutation facilitate S. aureus persistence and evolution of resistance during antibiotic therapy.
Evaluation of the Fallopian Tubes After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Persistence of Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma

The origin of pelvic serous carcinoma continues to be controversial. Recent studies of patients undergoing primary surgery for ovarian, primary peritoneal, and uterine serous carcinomas have indicated the value of complete fimbrial sampling for detecting occult serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC). Evidence suggests that a significant proportion of pelvic serous carcinomas may arise from in situ lesions on the distal fallopian tube. In this study, 14 consecutive cases of interval debulking surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were reviewed, using both hematoxylin and eosin staining and, as needed, immunohistochemistry for p53 and MIB-1. The degree of fimbrial sampling was evaluated, and cases were examined for tumor involvement in the endosalpinx and the presence of STIC. Tumor treatment response was classified using a semiquantitative 4-tier scale. The results indicate that STIC can persist despite chemotherapy and can be readily identified during microscopic examination. These results are expected to improve the quality of the pathology evaluation by providing data-driven recommendations for sampling in interval surgery cases and showing the value of a systematic approach to evaluating the fallopian tube (sectioning and extensively examining the fimbria protocol). These results demonstrate that a tubal primary can still be assigned in these situations. Finally, this study raises interesting biologic questions about the sensitivity of cells originating from serous cancer tumor to chemotherapy. The presence or absence of STIC in specimens from interval surgery after neoadjuvant treatment has not previously, to our knowledge, been addressed.
Growth and Differentiation Effects of Homer 3 on a Leukemia Cell Line

The Homer protein family, also known as the family of cytoplasmic scaffolding proteins, which include three subtypes (Homer1, Homer2, Homer3) (Brakeman et al., 1997; Xiao et al., 1998). Homer3 can regulate transcription and play a very important role in the differentiation and development for some tissues (e.g. muscle and nervous systems) (Ishiguro et al., 2004; Shiraishi et al., 2004; Bortoloso et al., 2006). Current studies showed that Homer3 were abnormal expressed in blasts in AML (Stirewalt et al., 2008) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) (data not shown). And decreased expression for Homer3 was associated with a poor outcome in AML (Valk et al., 2004). Our study will try to reveal the function of Homer3 in the leukemia cell line.
NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. It serves both as a critical coenzyme for enzymes that fuel reduction-oxidation reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another, and as a cosubstrate for other enzymes such as the sirtuins and poly(adenosine diphosphate–ribose) polymerases. Cellular NAD+ concentrations change during aging, and modulation of NAD+ usage or production can prolong both health span and life span. Here we review factors that regulate NAD+ and discuss how supplementation with NAD+ precursors may represent a new therapeutic opportunity for aging and its associated disorders, particularly neurodegenerative diseases.
Human papillomavirus genotypes and their association with cervical neoplasia in a cohort of Western Australian women

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to be the cause of almost all cervical cancers. The genotypes have been classified into high and low risk types according to their oncogenic potential. However, data for many of the genotypes are limited and some (HPV‐26, 53, and 66) have no agreed status. A study was undertaken to determine the HPV genotype distribution in women of Western Australia and the association with cervical neoplasia. Liquid based cervical samples from a cohort of 282 Western Australian women were tested for HPV DNA by PCR followed by DNA sequencing to determine HPV genotypes. HPV‐53 and HPV‐16 were the most common genotypes found in this population. In addition 86 archived liquid based cervical samples from women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 1–3 (CIN 1–3) were tested for HPV DNA. Also 32 archived paraffin biopsy samples from women with squamous cell carcinoma were also tested. HPV‐16 was the most common genotype found in these samples. Of the cohort of Western Australian women tested, 27% were found to contain HPV and approximately half of these contained known high‐risk HPV genotypes, but only 30% of these were types 16 or 18. The data from this study indicate that HPV‐53 is not oncogenic based on an R value and odds ratio (OR) of zero. The data also suggest that HPV‐73 may be oncogenic, while HPV‐66 is unlikely to be. Two high‐risk HPV genotypes that are associated with the Asian region (HPV‐52 and HPV‐58) were found in Western Australian women suggesting a possible epidemiological link between women in these countries. J. Med. Virol. 76:106–110, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tratamiento psicológico centrado en el trauma en mujeres víctimas de violencia de pareja

El objetivo principal de esta investigacion es evaluar la efectividad de un tratamiento cognitivo-conductual centrado en el trauma de mujeres victimas de violencia de pareja (VP). Este objetivo se ha establecido a partir de las siguientes consideraciones: En primer lugar, la importancia y magnitud del problema de VP, reflejado en las altas tasas de prevalencia que ponen de manifiesto un verdadero problema social y de salud publica, que afecta a los diferentes paises y las diferentes culturas independientemente de sus roles, estereotipos, leyes o normas de actuacion. La prevalencia que muestran los diferentes estudios transculturales de la OMS y otros organismos internacionales, como la ONU mujeres, han ayudado a poner de relieve la situacion de las mujeres, facilitando asi una importante sensibilizacion social y alentando tanto a intervenir para reducir sus consecuencias negativas, como para prevenir su aparicion. En segundo lugar, por la gravedad de las consecuencias de la VP en la salud tanto fisica, psicologica como social de mujeres, sus hijos y en el entorno mas inmediato donde es el escenario de la violencia. En tercer lugar, por la escasez de programas terapeuticos especificos para el tratamiento de las consecuencias psicologicas de las mujeres. Se hace necesario disponer de un programa de intervencion que sirva como base para la intervencion a victimas de VP. Esto es, especialmente importante en el caso de Colombia, que en la actualidad adolece de guias de tratamiento efectivas y eficaces para la intervencion del trauma psicologico en victimas de VP. En cuarto lugar, transferir y generalizar los resultados de la investigacion sobre tratamientos psicologicos desarrollados por el grupo de investigacion de la Facultad de Psicologia de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid dirigido por el Pr. F. J. Labrador. La importancia se centra por un lado, la aplicacion de los conocimientos y desarrollos de la investigacion a un problema social de alta relevancia, por otro la transferencia de conocimiento propia de los centros de investigacion a fin de conseguir que los programas eficaces sean tambien efectivos. Este ultimo trabajo es de especial relevancia para los intereses de la investigacion objetivo de este estudio en resaltar la posibilidad de generalizar este programa que ha mostrado su eficacia en Espana, Mexico y con inmigrantes en Espana, a una realidad cultural un tanto diferente como es la colombiana.