Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Catalytic Degradation and Oxidation of Cellulose

The thermal decomposition products of cellulose treated with various organophos phorus compounds were investigated. The function of a fire retardant in cellulose is to favor the production of carbon and water rather than flammable tarry products which are formed in the thermal de gradation of untreated cellulose. Furthermore, if the oxidation of the charred residue is directed toward the production of carbon monoxide rather than carbon dioxide, it is believed that the heat produced in this reaction would not be sufficient to sustain an afterglow when the flame has been removed. A comparison was made between the amounts of char and tar produced and the efficiency of the retardant used. A correlation between the carbon monoxide-carbon dioxide ratio and the afterglow exhibited by treated cotton was made. The results obtained support the theory that fire-resistant cellulose produces less flammable tars and more carbon monoxide than untreated cellulose. However, no significant differentiation as to the relative effectiveness of the various compounds in vestigated was possible. It is suggested that further studies be completed on the various types of compounds exhibiting fire retardancy to provide a more general theory of fire-resistant cellulose. A method has been described for the determination of water and nonaqueous volatile products resulting from the pyrolysis of cotton fabric. In this procedure the nonvolatile products, the char and tar, could also be determined. The pyrolysis of seven treated samples of 8.2-oz cotton khaki cloth was studied at 200, 300, 400 and 500° C. Three of these samples were treated with fire-resistant com pounds ; the remaining four were padded with nonfire-resistant compounds. A large part of the gaseous products from the pyrolysis was found to be nonaqueous. However, the data tend to support the dehydration mechanism for the action of fire- resistance compounds on cotton fabric.
An Investigation of Deterioration of Archaeological Iron

Abstract A small but significant proportion of the archaeological iron objects in the British Museum collection have been problematic in that some of them have required repeated treatment. The deterioration of iron objects during storage was studied using microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and ion chromatography. A total of 125 iron objects, including 56 from two British Roman sites and 69 from three Anglo-Saxon sites, were studied. Both surface corrosion and corrosion layers on polished cross-sections were investigated. The study revealed that the present condition of the iron objects varies; some are in a stable condition and others have been deteriorating, with pitting and weeping present on the surface. No treatment method had stopped corrosion for every object, although the alkaline sulphite treatment seemed to be more effective than the other methods. The results also showed that chloride ions can be present at the interface of the metal and inner corrosion layers. It is recommended that iron objects which have been mechanically cleaned without desalination treatments are kept in a dry environment to prevent further deterioration.
ELECTROLYTIC OXIDATION OF FERROCENE IN THE PRESENCE OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Ferricinium ion formed by the electrolytic oxidation of ferrocene in polar aprotic solvents is very sensitive to the presence of trace amounts of dissolved oxygen. By the use of current reversal chronopotentiometry and cyclic voltammetry, it was shown that a part of ferricinium ion rapidly decomposes according to unknown chemical processes.
Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Azulene

Azulene is an extract from the volatile oil of several perennial herbs and is detected in tobacco smoke. It functions as a skin conditioning agent in cosmetic formulations, including hair dyes. Azulene is reported to be used in a wide range of cosmetic formulations, but these reported uses are likely to be uses of guaiazulene, a chemically related colorant, because there are currently no suppliers of Azulene to the cosmetics industry. The anti-inflammatory action of Azulene has been demonstrated in several animal studies. Effects at the cellular level are reported to include inhibition of respiration and growth, but no effect on ciliary activity or membrane permeability. Relatively low oral toxicity was seen in acute animal studies. Azulene was not mutagenic in an Ames test, with and without metabolic acfivation. An allergic response to Azulene was noted in one case report. These data were clearly insufficient to support the safety of Azulene in cosmetics. Additional data needed to make a safety assessment include: methods of manufacture and impurities, especially naphthalenes; current concentration of use; skin penetration, if there is significant skin penetration, then both a 28-day dermal toxicity study to assess general skin and systemic toxicity and a reproductive and developmental toxicity study are needed; one genotoxicity study in a mammalian system, if positive, then a 2-year dermal carcinogenesis study using National Toxicology Program methods is needed; skin irritation and sensitization in animals or humans; and ocular toxicity.
Innovative in-flight glass-melting technology using thermal plasmas

A stable 12-phase AC arc was generated by transformers at a commercial electric power system, and the arc behavior was characterized by image analysis. For the unique advantages, the multiphase AC arc was developed to apply to in-flight glass melting for the purpose of energy-saving and emission reduction. The effects of electrode configuration and sheath gas flow rate on the arc and melting behavior of granulated glass raw material were investigated. Results show that the discharge behavior and the high-temperature region can be controlled by the electrode configuration. The luminance area of the high-temperature region and its fluctuation reflect the discharge behavior. The vitrification degree of glass raw material is mostly dependent on the center temperature of arc. As sheath gas flow rate increases, the ratio of luminance area decreases and the center temperature of arc increases.
Amide bands in infra-red spectra: the direction of the transition moments of bands in N,N'-diacetylhexamethylenediamine

Results of crystallographic structural analysis are briefly summarized, and are used in conjunction with infra-red dichroic measurements to ascertain the direction within the molecule of the transition moments of infra-red bands. Bands affected by deuteration of the amide groups are assigned to vibrations of the 'amide’ portion of the molecule, and those unaffected by deuteration are assigned to vibrations of the hexamethylene chain and methyl groups. In a few cases the origin of a band is disclosed by the direction of its transition moment.
Research on the Emulsifying Ability of Surfactants in Crude Oil

Abstract A novel colorimetric method to measure the emulsifying ability of surfactants for crude oil has been proposed. The emulsifying ability of five surfactants for two kinds of crude oil was determined at different temperatures and salinities. The oil-water interfacial tension, particle size distribution of emulsion, emulsion stability and ability of reducing viscosity by emulsifying were investigated at the corresponding condition. The results show that there is no correlation between emulsifying ability and HLB value of surfactants. The property of crude oil has a certain impact on the emulsifying ability, and the interfacial activity is the main influencing factor on it. The emulsifying ability is affected obviously by temperature. At first it increases and then it decreases with rising temperature. Inorganic salts of low concentration are beneficial to enhance the emulsifying ability. The emulsifying ability has negative correlation with the particle size of emulsion, and positive correlation with the ability of reducing viscosity by emulsifying. There is no inevitable relation between emulsifying ability and emulsion stability.
4‐(4′‐Hydroxy‐3′‐methoxy­styr­yl)‐1‐methyl­pyridinium 4‐chloro­benzene­sulfonate

The title compound, C15H16NO2+·C6H4ClO3S−, is isomorphous with the 4-bromo­benzene­sulfonate derivative. The cation is almost planar and the benzene ring of the anion makes dihedral angles of 82.79 (1) and 76.39 (1)° with the mean planes through the benzene ring of the cation and the pyridinium ring, respectively. The cations and anions are packed as alternate layers parallel to the ac plane. These layers are inter­connected through O—H⋯O, C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­actions to form a three-dimensional network.
Characterisation of calcium phosphate layers grown on polycaprolactone for tissue engineering purposes

Composites fabricated by biomimetic mineral precipitation on polymeric substrates are of interest for tissue engineering. As biological properties of such mineral layers vary with slight changes in composition, a good physical characterization is necessary in order to study their biological activity. In this work polycaprolactone sheets were subjected to air plasma treatment followed by nucleation of calcium phosphate seeds to activate the growth of an apatite-like coating when immersing in simulated body fluid. Two compositions of the SBF were prepared, one of them highly carbonated and the other with no carbonate or magnesium ions. Immersion of PCL in the high carbonate composition produced a low-crystallinity apatite-like layer while the absence of carbonate and magnesium ions yielded a high crystallinity apatite with low Ca/P ratio that is likely partially hydrolyzed octacalciumphosphate (OCP). The morphology, crystal structure and composition of both types of coatings were characterised; cell adhesion on different surfaces was observed by fluorescence and electron microscopy.
Argon plasma sintering of inkjet printed silver tracks on polymer substrates

An alternative and selective sintering method for the fabrication of conductive silver tracks on common polymer substrates is presented, by exposure to low-pressure argon plasma. Inkjet printing has been used to pattern a silver nanoparticle ink. This resulted in conductive features with a resistivity less than one order of magnitude higher than the bulk value of silver without affecting the polymer substrate. This process may be employed in the production of conductive features with low material usage on common polymer substrates in, for example, printed electronics.
Highly purified natural rubber by saponificaion of latex: Analysis of green and cured properties

Natural rubber (NR) was purified by saponification of fresh latex from Hevea brasiliensis and soaking process of the coagulum with aqueous NaOH solution. This treatment resulted in the decrease of nitrogen content to the same level as enzymatic deproteinized NR. The saponification of NR latex and soaking of the coagulum gave the rubber having good processability with easy to cure. The saponified rubber showed outstanding physical and dynamic mechanical properties such as high tensile properties, high storage modulus, low tan δ, low heat build-up and low dynamic compression set. The saponified rubber blend with styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) according to the recipe of rubber tire showed also a good performance. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Application of chemical geothermometry to low-temperature trioctahedral chlorites

Low-temperature chlorites formed in diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic environments generally have greater Si contents and larger numbers of octahedral vacancies, and smaller Fe+Mg contents than higher-grade metamorphic chlorites. The compositional variations are characterized approximately by four end-member components: Al-free trioctahedral chlorite, chamosite, corundophilite, and sudoite. The solid solution is considered to be a random mix of cations and vacancies in the octahedral sites. Using the compositions of chlorites from Niger, Rouez, and Saint Martin diagenetic-hydrothermal series, a new, more convenient geothermometer, applicable to low-T chlorites is proposed and comparison made with geothermometers proposed previously. The chlorites studied contain appreciable amounts of Fe(III) (>14% of the total Fe), determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The calculations under which all Fe was regarded as ferrous gave considerable overestimates for the formation temperature, irrespective of the geothermometer used. This problem was reduced by taking into account the presence of Fe(III) in the octahedral sites. The geothermometer from this study gave more reasonable estimates than the geothermometers proposed by Walshe (1986) and Vidal et al. (2001), particularly in the case of the Niger chlorites which crystallized in the lowest-temperature conditions. The ordered-site substitution model of solid solution developed by Vidal et al. (2001) predicted satisfactorily the formation temperature of the Rouez chlorites and of some of the Saint Martin chlorites, suggesting that the chlorite compositions are controlled by the ${\rm{Si}}\square R_{ - 2}^{2 + }$Si□R−22+ exchange at low-T conditions while they are controlled by Tschermak exchange at higher temperatures. The decreasing number of vacancies with temperature are poorer in Fe-rich than in Fe-poor chlorites. Furthermore, the ordered-site occupation of cations and vacancies in trioctahedral chlorite occurs concomitantly with the compositional changes ruled by increasing temperature conditions.
Prokaryotische Aktivität und Diversität an marinen Bio-Geo-Schnittstellen in der Tiefsee unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Prozesse der Methanoxidation

The activity and diversity of prokaryotic communities in special deep-sea environments were investigated during several research projects. Water-bodies with different portions of hydrothermal fluids were examined in the central North Fiji Basin (South-West Pacific). Changes within the bacterial community structure could be observed with increasing distance from the vent sites and decreasing concentrations of reduced compounds. In the hydrothermal vent fields, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria take a major part in building up organic biomass. Aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria were isolated from the surface of cold seep sediments in the Makran accretionary prism (off Pakistan). Among the derived isolates there are representatives of a, thus far, unknown genus belonging to the Methylococcaceae. Anoxic, hydrothermally-influenced sediments were investigated at the edge of a vulcanic structure in the Bransfield Strait (Antarctica). Groups of previously unknown archaea were detected in sediment horizons where anaerobic methane oxidation could be measured.
Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes of soils in pure and mixed stands of European beech and Norway spruce

Tree species can affect the sink and source strength of soils for atmospheric methane and nitrous oxide. Here we report soil methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes of adjacent pure and mixed stands of beech and spruce at Solling, Germany. Mean CH4 uptake rates ranged between 18 and 48 μg C m−2 hour−1 during 2.5 years and were about twice as great in both mixed and the pure beech stand as in the pure spruce stand. CH4 uptake was negatively correlated with the dry mass of the O horizon, suggesting that this diminishes the transport of atmospheric CH4 into the mineral soil. Mean N2O emission was rather small, ranging between 6 and 16 μg N m−2 hour−1 in all stands. Forest type had a significant effect on N2O emission only in one mixed stand during the growing season. We removed the O horizon in additional plots to study its effect on gas fluxes over 1.5 years, but N2O emissions were not altered by this treatment. Surprisingly, CH4 uptake decreased in both mixed and the pure beech stands following the removal of the O horizon. The decrease in CH4 uptake coincided with an increase in the soil moisture content of the mineral soil. Hence, O horizons may maintain the gas diffusivity within the mineral soil by storing water which cannot penetrate into the mineral soil after rainfall. Our results indicate that conversion of beech forests to beech–spruce and pure spruce forests could decrease soil CH4 uptake, while the long‐term effect on N2O emissions is expected to be rather small.
A Versatile Solvent‐Free “One‐Pot” Route to Polymer Nanocomposites and the in situ Formation of Calcium Phosphate/Layered Silicate Hybrid Nanoparticles

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), and polyurethane (PU) nanocomposites containing well‐dispersed calcium phosphate/layered silicate hybrid nanoparticles were prepared in a versatile solvent‐free “one‐pot” process without requiring separate steps, such as organophilic modification, purification, drying, dispersing, and compounding, typical for many conventional organoclay nanocomposites. In this “one‐pot” process, alkyl ammonium phosphates were added as swelling agents to a suspension of calcium/layered silicate in styrene, methyl methacrylate, or polyols prior to polymerization. Alkyl ammonium phosphates were prepared in situ by reacting phosphoric acid with an equivalent amount of alkyl amines such as stearyl amine (SA) or the corresponding ester‐ and methacrylate‐functionalized tertiary alkyl amines, obtained via Michael Addition of SA with methyl acrylate or ethylene 2‐methacryloxyethyl acrylate. Upon contact with the calcium bentonite suspension, the cation exchange of Ca2+ in the silicate interlayers for alkyl ammonium cations rendered the bentonite organophilic and enabled effective swelling in the monomer accompanied by intercalation and in situ precipitation of calcium phosphates. According to energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, the calcium phosphate precipitated exclusively onto the surfaces of the bentonite nanoplatelets, thus forming easy‐to‐disperse calcium phosphate/layered silicate hybrid nanoparticles. Incorporation of 5–15 wt% of such hybrid nanoparticles into PMMA, PS, and PU afforded improved stiffness/toughness balances of the polymer nanocomposites. Functionalized alkyl ammonium phosphate addition enabled polymer attachment to the nanoparticle surfaces. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses of PU and PU‐foam nanocomposites, prepared by dispersing hybrid nanoparticles in the polyols prior to isocyanate cure, revealed the formation of fully exfoliated hybrid nanoparticles.
Self-Assembled Monolayers of Dodecyl and Hydroxy-dodecyl Phosphates on Both Smooth and Rough Titanium and Titanium Oxide Surfaces

Dodecyl phosphate and hydroxy-terminated dodecyl phosphate are shown to spontaneously assemble on smooth titanium oxide and titanium metal coated glass and silicon substrates, as well as on rough titanium metal implant surfaces. The surfaces were dipped in aqueous solutions of the corresponding ammonium salts for 48 h. The molecules are shown by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to form densely packed, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on all surfaces investigated. The phosphate headgroups are believed to attach to the titanium (oxide) surface with the terminal end group (either methyl or hydroxy) pointing toward the ambient environment (air, vacuum, or water). Mixed SAMs are shown to be formed from mixed aqueous solutions of the two amphiphiles, with the hydroxy-terminated dodecyl phosphate adsorbing more favorably than the methyl-terminated molecule. The advancing water contact angles can be easily tailored via the composition of the self-assembly solution in the range of 110° (pure methyl) to 55° (.
trans-Cycloheptene. Photochemical generation and thermal trans-cis isomerization

trans-Cycloheptane was prepared at –78 °C by a singlet-sensitized photoisomerization of the cis-isomer, and its lifetime was measured at temperatures between –7.0 and +1.0 °C to give thermodynamic parameters for the thermal trans–cis isomerization: Ea= 18.7 kcal mol–1, log A= 12.2
Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2 Nanobelts via In Situ Doping of C and Fe

for visible-light photocatalysis.Moreover, both UV and visible-light photocatalytic reactivities of the nanobelts were enhanced signiﬁcantly with the deliberatelyin-situ doped Fe. The Fe doping content was reliably controlled by varying the sublimation temperature of the Fe precursor. Thevisible-light photocatalytic efﬁciency shows a maximum at a Fe content of 0.9 atom%. ©2011 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.053202jes] All rights reserved.Manuscript submitted September 21, 2011; revised manuscript received October 24, 2011. Published December 19, 2011.
Molecular Architecture and Function of Polymeric Oriented Systems: Models for the Study of Organization, Surface Recognition, and Dynamics of Biomembranes

The Part and the Whole. The principle of self-organization for the creation of functional units is not an invention of modern natural sciences. It was already a basic idea of the ancient philosophies in Asia and Europe: only the mutuality of the parts creates the whole and its ability to function. Translated into the language of chemistry this means: the self-organization of molecules leads to supramolecular systems and is responsible for their functions. Thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals are such functional units, formed by self-organization. As highly oriented systems, they exhibit new properties. The importance of lyotropic liquid crystals for the life sciences has been known for a long time. They are a prerequisite for the development of life and the ability of cells to function. In materials sciences this concept of function through organization led to the development of new liquid-crystalline materials. From the point of view of macromolecular chemistry, this review tries to combine these two different fields and especially hopes to stimulate their interaction and joint treatment. To exemplify this, the molecular architecture of polymeric organized systems will be discussed. Polymeric liquid crystals combine the ability to undergo spontaneous self-organization–typical of liquid-crystalline phases–with the polymer-specific property of stabilizing these ordered states. As new materials, polymeric liquid crystals have already been investigated intensively. As model systems for biomembranes as well as for the simulation of biomembrane processes, they so far have been little discussed. The intention of this review article is to show that polymer science is able to contribute to the simulation of cellular processes such as the stabilization of biomembranes, specific surface recognition, or even the “uncorking” of cells. Polymer science, having an old tradition as an inter-disciplinary field, can no longer restrict itself to common plastics. Attempts to reach new horizons have already begun. The borderland between liquid crystals and cells will certainly play an important role. Basic requirements to work in this frontier area between organic chemistry, membrane biology, life science, and materials science will be the delight in scientific adventures as well as the courage to go ahead. The most important prerequisite will be the willingness to cooperate with disciplines which so far have not really accepted each other. From this point of view, this review does not aim at giving defined answers. It wants instead to encourage the scientific venture: too often we cling to painfully acquired knowledge, fearing adventures.