Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RNA Synthesis in Spring and Winter Wheat during Cold Acclimation

Marked increases were obtained in the levels of ribosomal and soluble RNA fractions in winter wheat submitted to cold acclimation temperatures. In comparison, the change in the rRNA and sRNA of spring wheat, grown under similar conditions, were less pronounced. With the cold acclimation treatment, sRNA accumulated by winter wheat shows an important change in its (G + C)/ (A +Ψ+ U) ratio, whereas no change in base composition is observed in the sRNA of spring wheat or the rRNA of both spring and winter wheat. It is suggested that in winter wheat, cold acclimation temperatures potentiate increased synthesis of specific sRNAs, this possibly being part of the increased capacity for protein synthesis associated with cold acclimation.
Climate change effects on physiology and population processes of hosts and vectors that influence the spread of hemipteran‐borne plant viruses

Plant virus diseases constitute one of the limiting factors to the productivity of agriculture. Changes in host plants and insect vector populations that might result from climate change (their geographical distribution range, their densities, migration potential and phenology) could affect the spread of plant viruses. At the individual level, alterations in plant physiological processes that are relevant to their molecular interactions with viruses, like changes in metabolism, leaf temperature, and their effects on some processes, like the temperature‐sensitive antiviral resistance based in RNA silencing, can also influence the ability of individual plants to control viral infections. In order to assess the impact that climate change may have on the incidence and spread of hemipteran‐borne plant viruses, its potential effects on virus/plant interactions and hemipteran insect vectors, as well as other operating processes, which could exacerbate or mitigate them, are identified and analyzed in this review.
Extracellular polysaccharide genes in Erwinia stewartii directed mutagenesis and complementation analysis.

In this study, we examined the contribution of each cps region to EPS production and virulence using strains with chromosomal rather than plasmid-borne mutations. We also determined that each of the cps regions corresponds to a separate complementation group and that most of the 10-kb region from cpsA to cpsD is involved in EPS production
Fish tissue metals and zooplankton assemblages of northeastern U.S. lakes

Temperature, chlorophyll a, proportion of forest cover on the watershed, and fish tissue Pb, Zn, and Hg concentrations were the primary gradients that best explained the patterns of distribution of zooplankton assemblages in 38 northeastern U.S. lakes. Different zooplankton assemblages were associated with lakes that contained trout or cool-water species of minnows and systems dominated by a variety of warmwater fish species. Heavy metals in fish varied widely with geographic location and proximity to urban areas. Regression models indicated that Zn and Hg in fish were significantly and positively associated with chain length of the zooplankton web. In contrast, these metals and As showed a significant negative correlation with the number of feeding links between species. Structurally complex pelagic webs, comprising many lateral links, may significantly attenuate the transfer of heavy metals to higher trophic levels. Stepwise regression models that included structural variables significantly improved the.
Preferential Feeding: An Optimization Strategy in Sea Urchins

Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis and S. franciscanus exhibited strong algal preferences in laboratory studies. A generalized ranking of algae from most to least preferred for both sea urchins includes: Nereocystis luetkeana, Costaria costata, Laminaria saccharina, L. groenlandica, Monostroma fuscum, Opuntiella californica, Agarum fimbriatum and A. cribrosum. Similar but weaker preferences were exhibited by S. purpuratus. Preference experiments showed that substance(s) readily sloughed from the fronds of Nereocystis attract urchins whereas substances from A. fimbriatum repel or are not detected by urchins. In the field urchins in contact with or on the fronds of Agarum spp. revealed a low proportion of feeding individuals except during winter. Food preferences were inversely correlated with the caloric content of algae. Although preferences generally were weakly correlated with caloric intake, this relationship is an artifact of the high feeding rates on preferred algae. Absorption efficiencies for the thr.
Stimulatory Action of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid on Catecholamine Secretion from Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin Cells Measured by a Real‐Time Monitoring System

Abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the role of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the secretory function of cultured chromaffin cells using the method of realtime monitoring. GABA evoked the secretion of catecholamines (CA) from adrenal chromaffin cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Bicuculline 10‐−5M inhibited the stimulatory action of GABA. Diazepam 5 × 10‐−6 and 2.5 × 10‐−5M facilitated the secretory response evoked by 7 × 10‐−5M GABA by 22% and 96%, respectively, which was antagonized by Ro 15–1788. This finding suggests that GABA‐benzodiazepine receptor coupling can function in the secretion of CA from the adrenal chromaffin cells in a manner similar to that observed in the brain. GABA‐evoked release of CA was reduced by 1 μM nifedipine to 16% of control, suggesting the involvement of voltage‐sensitive Ca2+ channels in the mechanisms of the CA‐releasing action of GABA in these cells. From these findings, the involvement of GABAergic mechanisms in the regulation of adrenal medullary function can be proposed.
The effect of food availability on development and phenotypic plasticity in larvae of the sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)

Three food treatments (low, medium, and high) were used aiming to investigate potential for phenotypic plasticity in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. On day 5 and 7 after first feeding, the significant delayed development of larvae occurred in 2000 cells mL−1 day−1. Principal component analysis indicated that larvae in the low food group differed morphologically from others mainly due to long lateral maximum and depth on day 5, but individuals from three treatments were not morphologically distinct based on the first two components. The results presumably indicated that early-stage larvae responded to scarce food by development of undulating profiles and long sinuous bands, and thus increased the surface area of ciliated band for feeding at the expense of the delayed development of larvae. No significant difference in larval stages was observed by day 10, but 60% of total larvae in 15,000 cells mL−1 day−1 had greater than two hyaline spheres compared with 20 and 30% in 2000 and 30,000 cells mL−1 day−1. As the presence of hyaline spheres is indicative of metamorphic competence for sea cucumber, it is suggested that A. japonicus larvae in commercial culture should be fed 15,000 cells mL−1 day−1.
Under-ice movements and the sensory basis of hole finding by ringed and Weddell seals

Arctic ringed seals (Phoca hispida) and antarctic Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli) were tracked using an attached acoustic tag during their under-ice movements at isolated experimental sites with varying numbers of novel breathing holes. Both natural and artificial visual landmarks were used by the seals during their dives. Seals deprived of vision through blindfolding greatly restricted their diving. Blindfolded seals responded to supplied acoustic cues and moved toward them. Prior to swimming toward an acoustic cue, the animals often swam at an angle to the direct line to the source of the acoustic cue. This movement could have provided information on the distance to the source of the sound. After executing this presumed ranging behavior, the seals swam directly toward the acoustic cue up to 4 km away. The contribution of vibrissal sensation to location of an open hole was investigated in blindfolded ringed seals. Seals farther than 1 m from an open hole were unable to find the hole without an aco.
Late‐stage canopy tree species with extremely low δ13C and high stomatal sensitivity to seasonal soil drought in the tropical rainforest of French Guiana

We assessed the daily time-courses of CO2 assimilation rate (A), leaf transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance for water vapour (gs), leaf water potential (Yw) and tree transpiration in a wet and a dry season for three late-stage canopy rainforest tree species in French Guiana differing in leaf carbon isotope composition (d 13 C). The lower sunlit leaf d 13 C values found in Virola surinamensis (- 29·9‰) and in Diplotropis purpurea (- 30·9‰), two lightdemanding species, as compared to Eperua falcata (- 28·6‰), a shade-semi-tolerant species, were clearly associated with higher maximum gs values of sunlit leaves in the two former species. These two species were also characterized by a high sensitivity of gs, sap flow density (Ju) and canopy conductance (gc) to seasonal soil drought, allowing maintenance of high midday Yw values in the dry season. The data for Diplotropis provided an original picture of increasing midday Yw with increasing soil drought. In Virola, stomata were extremely sensitive to seasonal soil drought, leading to a dramatic decrease in leaf and tree transpiration in the dry season, whereas midday Yw remained close to - 0·3 MPa. The mechanisms underlying such an extremely high sensitivity of stomata to soil drought remain unknown. In Eperua, gs of sunlit leaves was nonresponsive to seasonal drought, whereas Ju and gc were lower in the dry season. This suggests a higher stomatal sensitivity to seasonal drought in shaded leaves than in sunlit ones in this species.
ENZYMES OF KETOGENESIS IN BOVINE RUMEN EPITHELIUM

The activities of various enzymes involved in formation of acetoacetate from acetoacetyl-coenzyme A (acetoacetyl-CoA) were investigated using crude extracts of rumen papillae. Acetoacetyl-CoA deacylase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase were measurable in these extracts, but addition of succinate (15 mM) produced an increased activity of acetoacetyl-CoA removal which was up to threefold, or more, that of deacylase. Succinyl-CoA was identified as a product of the reaction in the presence of succinate, indicating that 3-oxo acid CoA transferase was present in the papillae. The maximum activities of synthase, deacylase, and transferase were 16, 14, and 70% of the total capacity to remove acetoacetyl-CoA, respectively. The possible physiological significance of the participation of 3-oxo acid CoA transferase in ketogenesis in rumen epithelium was discussed.
Phosphorus nutrition of beef cattle. 4. The use of faecal and blood phosphorus for the estimation of phosphorus intake

In two experiments measurements were made of the phosphorus content of faeces and blood of penned Angus steers which received diets containing different amounts of phosphorus. In experiment 1, mature carpet grass (Axonopus affinis) hay was supplemented with different amounts of sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate and in experiment 2, different mixtures of carpet grass hay and lucerne hay were given. Phosphorus intake (X) was related to total daily faecal phosphorus excretion (YT) by the equation: YT= 2.442 + 0.289 ¦ 0.234 (r2 = 0.96; P < 0.001) It is therefore possible to estimate phosphorus intake (X) from total daily faecal phosphorus excretion from the equation : X = 3.460 YT- 8.450 Because the constant 8.450 will vary with the size of the cattle, both variables should be expressed in units of metabolic body weight SO that the prediction equation then is : Xc = 3.401 Yc - 0.1 73 When the regression equation calculated for cattle from these experiments was compared with that calculated for sheep the differences in the slopes of the two regressions suggested that sheep may be more efficient than cattle in retaining phosphorus when intakes of this nutrient are low. Regressions relating phosphorus intake to phosphorus content of faecal dry matter and organic matter differed for the two experiments (P < 0.05) but residual variability was significantly reduced when dry matter digestibility was included as a second independent variable. Plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration was significantly related to phosphorus intake (P < 0.05) but the relationship varied (P < 0.05) depending on the time of day at which samples were collected.
Physiology of Mammals and Other Vertebrates

Preface to the second edition Preface to the first edition 1. Nutrition 2. Enzymes 3. Digestion 4. Respiration, gas exchange and transport systems 5. The skin and temperature control 6. Circulatory systems and the blood 7. Excretion 8. The skeleton and muscles 9. Locomotion 10. Nervous coordination 11. The endocrine system 12. Reproduction Index.
An overlooked DNA source for non‐invasive genetic analysis in birds

Non-invasive sampling is a useful tool for genetic analyses of endangered and/or elusive species, but it is often inapplicable due to the low quality and quantity of the DNA obtained. In this study we show that the blood clot located in the superior umbilicus of the feather shaft is a better source of DNA than the previously used tip samples from moulted feathers. We found that feather clots from museum specimens provided results nearly as good as footpad and better than those from the more commonly used museum skin snips. Feather clots proved to be a good source of DNA for genetic analysis that will significantly facilitate genetic monitoring of wild bird populations.
Gap dynamics in a hemlock–hardwood forest

The dynamies of small openings in a hemlock–hardwood stand at the Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts, were studied. Rates of lateral growth of canopy tree species into openings ranged from 6 to 14 cm/year with a maximum of 26. Red oak (Quercusrubra L.) (RO) had the highest rate of lateral expansion. In small openings (r red maple (Acerrubrum L.) (RM) > yellow birch (B. alleghaniensis Britton) (YB) > hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.)Carr. ) (HK) = red oak; in moderate size openings (r = 0.25 to 0.5 × tree height), the ranking was birches = RM > RO > HK; in open grown even-aged stands, the ranking was RO > BB = RM = YB > paper birch (B. papyrifera Marsh.) HK. A comparison of rates of height growth with opening closure rates indicates that tree reproduction is not successful in openings of less than about 0.5 × tree height in diameter. This is primarily because small openings clos.
Responding to Malicious Trafﬁc with an Intrusion Detection System in a Software-Deﬁned Network

The software-deﬁned networking architecture opens up many opportunities for allowing applications to manage and set a network’s control plane policy. Network intrusion detection systems have been traditionally used to monitor networks, but their ability to modify the ﬂow of a network’s data plane traﬃc have been limited until recently. We propose a sys-tem architecture that combines a network intrusion detection system with the capabilities of a software-deﬁned network to actively monitor and respond to malicious events by blocking traﬃc. We implement a prototypical example of this architecture across a networking testbed and evaluate its performance in terms of processing latency. We show that such a system may have the potential to scale to a larger network with several modiﬁcations proposed in future work.
Effect Of Oral Vitamin E Supplementation On Blood And Some Electrolyte Parameters Of Rabbit With Short-Term Hypothermia

Effects of oral vitamin E supplementation on blood parameters and some electrolytes in acute hypothermia of rabbits were investigated. 24 New Zealand White rabbits, weighing 960 – 1000g were randomly divided into one of three experimental groups: 1 (control, without cooling); 2 (hypothermic) and 3 (hypothermic with vitamin E supplementation). The rabbits of group 3 received daily oral supplementation of 460mg/kg body weight (BW) for 4 days before inducing hypothermia. 24 hours after the last vitamin E supplementation, the rabbits of groups 2 and 3 were cooled by immersion into cold water (10 – 12C) while the control rabbits were immersed into water of body temperature (37C) up to their necks for 5 minutes without any anesthetic or tranquilizer. Rectal body temperatures of groups and blood samples were taken for biochemical analyses after cooling and were immediately snaps frozen. The body temperatures of hypothermic animals were lower (P < 0.05) (T2, 34 ± 1) and (T3, 34.2 ± 0.7) compared with the control (T1, 37.9 ± 0.5). However, white blood cell (WBC), lymphocytes (LYM), sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) of hypothermic animals + vitamin E were higher (P < 0.05) than those of control animals. The neutrophils (NEU) of the control and group 2 animals were higher (P < 0.05) than those of group 3 animals. All other parameters of group 3 and the control animals were not significantly (P > 0.05) different. It was concluded that oral supplementation of vitamin E can improve the quality of life by stimulating the immune system, maintain enhanced levels of RBC, Hb, WBC as well as those of Na and CL of domesticated rabbits during short-term hypothermia. Therefore, vitamin E can improve rabbit quality of life during hypothermia.
Recommendation for CDFA Regulatory Response to a Huanglongbing Detection Near Commercial Citrus

As California regulatory bodies plan how to alter their management strategies towards the most effective response to huanglongbing (HLB) discoveries in commercial orchards, they require extensive knowledge about typical observed patterns of huanglongbing and Asian citrus psyllids (ACP) through time and space. This recommendation attempts to consolidate available research that describes both the plausible distances over which HLB may spread, and the strongly non-random distribution of HLB cases within newly invaded groves in order to provide the basis for a scientifically sound HLB sampling plan. Below, we describe briefly the relevant research on these two issues, as well as our recommendation.
BLOOD STAINED CONTAMINATED MILK FROM LOCAL DAIRY FARMS

Poor hygienic conditions on dairy farms cause contamination of milk by microorganisms which cause mastisis. Milk samples were sampled from four dairy farms and tested for Staphylococcus Aureus and Streptococcus Agalactiae populations that cause mastitis. The hygiene of the equipment, parlour, milkers, feeds and feeding places was monitored for bacteria by collecting swabs. It was found that milk samples contained microorganisms that cause mastitis. Milk was contaminated by microorganisms emanating from equipment, milking parlour, feeding places and feeds. The workers lack hygiene in handling milk and milking equipment. There is need for training of workers on hygiene and proper use of cleaning chemicals.
Immunosuppressive effect of the aqueous extract of Kalanchoe pinnata in mice

The aqueous extract of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves was found to cause significant inhibition of cell‐mediated and humoral immune responses in mice. The spleen cells of animals pre‐treated with K. pinnata showed a decreased ability to proliferate in response to both mitogen and to antigen in vitro. Treatment with K. pinnata also impaired the ability of mice to mount a delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) to ovalbumin. The intravenous and topical routes of administration were the most effective by almost completely abolishing the DTH reaction. The intraperitoneal and oral routes reduced the reaction by 73% and 47% of controls, respectively. The specific antibody responses to ovalbumin were also significantly reduced by treatment. Together, these observations indicate that the aqueous extract of K. pinnata possesses an immunosuppressive activity.
Automorphosis of maize shoots under simulated microgravity on a three-dimensional clinostat

Seedlings of maize (Zea mays L. cv. Golden Cross Bantam T-51) were grown under microgravity conditions simulated by a three-dimensional clinostat. On the clinostat, maize shoots exhibited curvatures in three different portions: (1) the basal transition zone connecting roots and mesocotyls, (2) the coleoptile node located between mesocotyls and coleoptiles, and (3) the elongating region of the coleoptiles. Even non-clinostatted control shoots showed some degree of curvature away from the caryopsis in the transition zone and bending toward the caryopsis in the coleoptile node. Clinostat rotation greatly stimulated these curvatures. Control coleoptiles elongated almost straightly, whereas coleoptiles on the clinostat bent either away from or toward the caryopsis depending on the timing of rotation. The curvature in all three portions became larger with time, both in control and clinostatted seedlings. There was no difference in the osmotic concentration of the cell sap between the convex and the concave halves of any portion. However, in coleoptile nodes and coleoptiles, the faster-expanding convex side exhibited a higher extensibility of the cell wall than the opposite side, and this appears to be a cause of the curvature. Thus, changes in the cell wall metabolism may be involved in automorphosis, which governs the life cycle of plants under a microgravity environment.
Predictive Assessment of Fish Health and Fish Kills in the Neuse River Estuary Using Elicited Expert Judgment

ABSTRACT Declining fish health and the occurrence of large fish kills are some of the more publicly meaningful indicators of water quality in the impaired Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina. It is generally believed that such problems are caused by the widespread depletion of dissolved oxygen—an indirect result of anthropogenic nutrient pollution. However, the development of scientific simulation models to predict how improvements in oxygen conditions will improve the health of fish and reduce the frequency of fish kills has proven elusive. As a pragmatic solution to this problem, the expert opinion of estuarine fisheries scientists in possession of relevant data and experience was elicited. The relations between joint and conditional probabilities were exploited to translate quantities that are normally hard to assess into quantities that can be drawn more directly from the experiential knowledge of the experts. A combined model of expert opinion was constructed as an influence diagram, and Monte Carlo simulation was used to generate predictions of fish health and fish kills in the Neuse River Estuary under current and improved oxygen conditions. Full model results are expressed as probability distributions, capturing the effects of natural variability and knowledge uncertainty—both contributors to total ecological risk.
Differential Expression of c‐myc and N‐myc during Oral Organogenesis of the Mouse Embryo

The expressions of the c‐ and N‐myc proto‐oncogenes during oral development of midgestational mouse embryos were examined by in situ hybridization in order to analyze their roles. In the mandibular rudiment, c‐myc RNA was strongly expressed in the mesenchymal condensation around the ossification center in which high‐level expression of 2 ar (osteopontin) was detected. In tooth germs, c‐myc was strongly expressed in the epithelia at the bud stage, and its expression gradually became restricted to the inner enamel epithelia from the cap to bell stages. In contrast, N‐myc expression was detected in the undifferentiated mesenchymal cells of the dental papilla. Incorporation of BrdU was examined immunohistochemically to study the relationship between the expressions of c‐ and N‐myc and cell proliferation. Unexpectedly, the distribution of BrdU labelled regions was not coincident with the expressions of c‐ and N‐myc. These results suggest that the level of myc expression is not necessarily related to cell proliferation.