Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Separation of 2n Potato Pollen from a Heterogeneous Pollen Mixture by Velocity Sedimentation

A method is described for separating large and small pollen effectively from a heterogeneous mixture. This method potentially is applicable to separation of pollen grains of different ploidy levels, since "unreduced" 2n pollen is larger than normal pollen (n); it might then be used to increase the efficiency of a breeding program employing sexual polyploidization and to diminish crossing inefficiencies in interploid crosses. Ploidy manipulation is a valuable tool for plant breeders, particularly for crops grown for vegetative parts, since polyploidy can re- sult in larger, more succulent vegetative or- gans and greater vegetative vigor. "Meioti- cally unreduced" 2n pollen, resulting from aberrant meiosis, has been shown to be im- portant in breeding (Mendiburu and Pelo- quin, 1977a; Veilleux, 1985) and in evolution (De Wet, 1980; De Wet and Harlan, 1970). The role of heterozygosit y in maximizing the benefits of polyploidy (Bingham, 1980) may help to explain why colchicine doubling has been of little use for cultivar improvement. Colchicine doubling in itself contributes nothing to the heterozygosity of the individ- ual and actually results in inbreeding depres- sion in potatoes (Rowe, 1967). Busbice and Wilsie (1966) demonstrated that triallelic and tetrallelic loci in tetraploid alfalfa are im- portant in maintaining normal vigor and fer- tility. Such multiallelic loci cannot occur in diploids or colchiploids. Unlike somatic doubling, sexual polyploidization (Mendi- buru and Peloquin, 1977b) involving 2n ga- metes can increase heterozygosity and can
Deep-water ichthyoplankton of the Skagerrak with special reference to Coryphaenoides rupestris Gunnerus, 1765 (Pisces, Macrouridae) and Argentina silus (Ascanius, 1775) (Pisces, Argentinidae)

Abstract Two species, Coryphaenoides rupestris and Argentina silus, were abundant in the ichthyoplankton of the 150–550 m depth zone of the Skagerrak in 1992. Eggs of C. rupestris occurred only in October and December and a single yolk sac larva was caught in December. Postlarvae and juveniles occurred in all months (Feb, Apr, Jun, Oct, Dec) and showed a continuous increase in length through the year. This confirms earlier indications of a single late autumn spawning period. By October the juveniles had attained a demersal mode of life. Argentina silus eggs and larvae occurred year-round, but eggs were most abundant in the spring. Most of the other fish eggs and larvae were probably caught incidentally in surface layers. Exceptions may be four postlarval Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.
FINDING THE DOMINATING AMINO ACIDS IN DENGUE VIRUS (TYPE-1) STUDY ON MINING FREQUENT ITEMSETS

Research on biological science is one of the emerging task. One approach is finding the hidden patterns and association rules over the patterns. This proposed system finds the most dominating amino acids in dengue virus type-1 (DEN-1) . There are no specific vaccines and drugs are predicted for dengue virus yet. This system finds the dominating amino acids among the infected protein sequences which causes infections in human. The dominating amino acids have been identified using Apriori Algorithm in data mining. We found that association rule reveals the association between the protein and protein sequence. This is a novel attempt which finds the most informative association rules using Apriori algorithm implemented through Java. The generated information can be useful to the drug designers. Our findings reveals that Leucine(L), Phenylalanine (F),Lysine(K),Serine(S) and Glycine(G) are the dominating amino acids in Dengue Virus Type-1.Hence this system can be a potential candidates for the drug designers to develop the antibiotics for the dengue fever.
Towards Competitive N-gram Smoothing

N -gram models remain a fundamental component of language modeling. In data-scarce regimes, they are a strong alternative to neural models. Even when not used as-is, recent work shows they can regularize neural models. Despite this success, the eﬀectiveness of one of the best N -gram smoothing methods, the one suggested by Kneser and Ney (1995), is not fully understood. In the hopes of explaining this performance, we study it through the lens of competitive distribution estimation: the ability to perform as well as an oracle aware of further structure in the data. We ﬁrst establish basic competitive properties of Kneser–Ney smoothing. We then investigate the nature of its backoﬀ mechanism and show that it emerges from ﬁrst principles, rather than being an assumption of the model. We do this by generalizing the Good–Turing estimator to the contextual setting. This exploration leads us to a powerful generalization of Kneser–Ney, which we conjecture to have even stronger competitive properties. Empirically, it signiﬁcantly improves performance on language modeling, even matching feed-forward neural models. To show that the mechanisms at play are not restricted to language modeling, we demonstrate similar gains on the task of predicting attack types in the Global Terrorism Database.
RNA-Modifying and RNA-Editing Enzymes: Methods for Their Identification

This chapter reviews the methods that have been successfully used to date for the identification of RNA modification and editing enzymes. The development of recombinant DNA and RNA techniques and techniques for chemical synthesis of DNA and RNA offers adequate alternatives for obtaining synthetic or semisynthetic unmodified or partially modified RNA substrates suitable for analyzing enzymatic posttranscriptional RNA modifications both in vivo and in vitro. Stepwise automated chemical synthesis of DNA oligonucleotides is widely used for producing starting material for gene construction, primers for PCR, DNA splints, or DNA probes for hybridization and deoxyribozymes. Two distinct approaches are generally used to gain the information on the precise location of modification or editing sites in RNA molecules. The first is based on direct sequencing of pure RNA and is applied mostly for the analysis of rather short RNA molecules, while the other is based on the use of reverse transcription with unfractionated RNA mixtures and specific oligonucleotide primers. Microinjection of antisense RNA, with the aim of blocking translation of selected mRNAs in the Xenopus laevis oocyte or fertilized frog eggs, revealed the existence of what was first identified as an unwinding RNA protein. With the recent access to complete genome sequences, it has become possible to search for homologous genes in the different genomes, to clone them into suitable vectors after amplification by PCR, and to express them in appropriate host cells.
Tagging and genetically isolated stocks of fish: a test of one stock hypothesis and the development of another

Summary In a paper describing geographical variation in allozyme polymorphic variants at the phosphoglucomut-ase and glucose phosphate isomerase loci in six species of New Zealand fishes (Gauldie and Johnston 1980. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 66B: 171–183) it was hypothesised that if variation in allozyme polymorphisms over time were greater than variation over space, it was unlikely that genetically isolated stocks would exist. Of the six species of fish involved, three have been subject to tagging experiments. The vagility of individual fish tests the hypothesis of no genetic isolation and indicates that the hypothesis is correct. The recorded movement of fish provides a means of measuring stock boundaries which is more relevant to fisheries management requirements. Zusammenfassung Markierung und genetisch isolierteFischbestande: eine Uberprufung der „Ein-Bestand-Hypothese” und die Entwicklung einer anderen Hypothese In einem Artikel von Gauldie und Johnston (1980, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 66B: 171–183) werden geographische Variationen von polymorphen Alloenzyme-Varianten der Phospho-glucomutase-und Glucosephosphat-Isomerase Loci bei sechs neuseelandischen Fischarten be-schrieben. Die Hypothese wird geausert, das bei einer zeitlichen Variation des Alloenzym-Polymorphismus, die groser ist als die geographische Variation, die Existenz von genetisch isolierten Bestanden unwahrscheinlich ist. Mit drei der sechs untersuchten Fischarten wurden Markierungsexperimente durchgefuhrt. Die Untersuchung der Vagilitat einzelner Fische uberpruft die Hypothese der nicht-vorhandenen genetischen Isolation und weist darauf hin, das sie richtig ist. Die festgestellten Ortsveranderungen der Fische sind eine Moglichkeit, Bestandsgrenzen festzustellen. Dies ist fur die Anforderungen der Fischerei-Bewirtschaftung besonders relevant. Resume Marquage et stocks de poissons genetiquement isoles: un test de l'hypothese d'un seul stock et le developpement d'une autre hypothese Dans un article de Gauldie et Johnston (1980, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 66B: 171–183) decrivant les variations geographiques des variantes polymorphes d'alloenzyme chez les loci de la phosphoglucomutase et de l'isomerase de glucose de phosphate chez 6 especes de poissons de la Nouvelle Zelande, l'hypothese a eteemise que si les variations des polymorphismes alloenzymes etaient plus grandes au point de vue du temps qu'au point de vue geographique il etait peu probable que des stocks genetiquement isoles existent. Des six especes de poissons impliquees trois ont ete sujet a des experiences de marquage. La vagilite de chaque poisson teste l'hypothese d'un non-isolement genetique et montre que l'hypothese est juste. Le mouvement enregistre des poissons fournit un moyen pour mesurer les territoires des stocks, ce qui est important pour les exigences de la gerance des pecheries.
Derivation of the freshwater fish fauna of Central America revisited: Myers's hypothesis in the twenty‐first century

Although attempts to understand Central American freshwater fish provincialism date to the 1960s, early efforts lacked the wealth of distributional data now available. Biogeographic work on Central American freshwater fishes has been largely descriptive and regional, and lacked a broader synthesis. Here we use parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) to elucidate faunistic relationships between major drainages and to delineate areas of endemism. We then perform a Brooks parsimony analysis (BPA) on the resulting areas. The PAE recovered a primary division between four Pacific and six Atlantic slope areas of endemism. In contrast, the BPA recovered two Central American geographic clades, one sharing a history with North America and the other with South America. Fish diversity is uneven across Central America, with greater diversity in areas adjacent to the more species‐rich regions of North and South America. In northern and nuclear Central America, the paucity of ostariophysan freshwater fishes such as catfishes and characins (groups that dominate adjacent regions) contrasts with high species richness of poeciliids and cichlids. Results of this study are consistent with Myer's hypothesis that poeciliids and cichlids dispersed to Northern or Nuclear Middle America early in the Cenozoic, long before the Plio‐Pleistocene rise of the Isthmus of Panama.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS

A method is described for preparing, by filtration on Millipore filters, very thin (about 10 µ) pellicles of packed particles. These pellicles can be embedded in Epon for electron microscopic examination. They are also suitable for cytochemical assays. The method was used with various particulate fractions from rat liver. Its main advantages over the usual centrifugal packing techniques are that it produces heterogeneity solely in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the pellicle and that sections covering the whole depth of the pellicle can be photographed in a single field. It thus answers the essential criterion of random sampling and can be used for accurate quantitative evaluations.
Fumigating 'Crimson Seedless' Table Grapes with (E)-2-Hexenal Reduces Mold during Long-term Postharvest Storage

Seedless table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Crimson Seedless were exposed to (E)- 2-hexenal vapor during cold storage to determine its potential as a fumigant for long-term control of postharvest mold. Fruit were fumigated with 0.86 or 1.71 mmol (100 or 200 μL neat compound, respectively) (E)-2-hexenal per 1.1-L container for 2 weeks during 2 °C storage. Containers were moved to 20 °C storage after 4, 8, and 12 weeks for determination of mold incidence and berry quality over 12 days. The headspace concentration of (E)-2- hexenal, measured by gas chromatography, reached a maximum of 2.5 and 4.2 μmol·L -1 for 0.86 and 1.71 mmol per container, respectively, after 1 day and declined to <1 μmol·L -1 for both treatments by 14 days. Upon removal from cold storage at 4, 8, and 12 weeks, the incidence of mold was significantly lower for (E)-2-hexenal-treated fruit. Control of mold by (E)-2-hexenal fumigation persisted through 12 days of 20 °C storage, even though mold generally increased in all treatments. The two levels of (E)-2-hexenal were similar in their suppression of mold. Fumigation did not affect O 2 or CO2 concentrations within the containers, nor were fruit firmness or soluble solids content affected. Postharvest fumiga- tion of seedless table grapes with the natural volatile compound (E)-2-hexenal shows promise for control of mold.
Can Synovium-derived Stem Cells Deposit Matrix with Chondrogenic Lineage-specific Determinants?

Recent reviews of consecutive knee arthroscopies have demonstrated the occurrence of chondral defects ranging from 60% to 65%, irrespective of the surgical indication [1]. Osteoarthritis, trauma, and disorders of the subchondral bone – such as osteochondritis dissecans or osteonecrosis, which secondarily affect articular cartilage – may cause defects in cartilage. Based on current trends, osteoarthritis is predicted to be the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide by the year 2020 [2]. Articular cartilage is a unique, hypocellular, avascular tissue mostly made of extracellular collagens and proteoglycans; it has a limited ability to self heal after trauma and degenerative disease [3]. Current clinical practice usually involves a bone marrow stimulation technique in which subchondral bone is broken to facilitate cartilage repair from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and cytokines. However, with this procedure, cartilage defects are most often repaired with fibrocartilage, which is known to be biochemically and biomechanically different from native hyaline cartilage; this tissue subsequently undergoes degeneration [4]. Autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) is currently used clinically; however, it has not proven to be as successful as originally predicted [5]. Obtaining vital and differentiated chondrocytes presents one of the major challenges for successful ACT. Each biopsy presents an additional trauma to already damaged joint cartilage and may cause postoperative pain and increase the long-term risk of developing osteoarthritis [4]. Furthermore, the expansion phase the chondrocytes have to undergo in vitro leads to rapid cell de-differentiation with a loss of chondrogenic potential [6]. Additionally, isolation of cells from the cartilage matrix by enzymatic digestion diminishes cartilage-specific mRNA levels and changes are exaggerated during expansion [7]. The ex vivo expansion of articular chondrocytes leads to a telomere erosion comparable to 30 years of aging in vivo [8]. Although re-differentiation of these cells has been shown in vitro [9], only partial gene expression was restored [7] and a progressive loss of cell ability to form stable ectopic cartilage in vivo became evident [10]. Thus, newly synthesized cartilage often consists of more fibrous tissue than hyaline cartilage [11].
Amélioration des connaissances sur le ravageur Drosophila suzukii afin d'affiner les méthodes de lutte en verger de cerisiers

Drosophila suzukii , diptere originaire d’Asie, est une espece invasive detectee pour la premiere fois en Europe en 2008 et aujourd’hui presente dans la plupart des pays europeens. Son aptitude a pondre dans des fruits sains, sa polyphagie, sa capacite de reproduction rapide et sa mobilite en font un ravageur au fort potentiel de nuisibilite. Sa detection officielle en France en 2010 et l’importance economique de ses degâts a conduit le Ctifl a debuter en 2013 un projet CASDAR de 3 ans : « Drosophila suzukii : connaissance du ravageur, caracterisation du risque et evaluation de methodes pour sa maitrise rapide et durable » pour repondre aux problematiques des producteurs. Cette etude, qui s’inscrit dans la derniere annee du projet, avait pour objectif l’amelioration des connaissances sur les mouvements de population de Drosophila suzukii dans les vergers de cerisiers et leur environnement, ainsi que l’evaluation de la sensibilite des stades de maturite de la cerise au ravageur. Le suivi des populations pendant les trois annees de projet a revele la presence reguliere de deux pics de captures : au printemps et en automne. Les niveaux de captures sont correles a certains facteurs climatiques. Cependant, aucune correlation ne peut etre encore faite entre les taux de degâts et des cumuls de captures. Drosophila suzukii est capable de pondre dans les fruits au verger des le stade fruit vert, mais les larves n’arrivent a se developper qu’a partir du stade veraison. Ces resultats permettent d’aboutir a des preconisations pour l’optimisation du positionnement des moyens de lutte contre ce ravageur.
Diversity partitioning in Jurassic level-bottom communities

The analysis of diversity partitioning is a potential tool for detecting the factors that control taxonomic diversification in a given ecological context. Previously proposed models provide a theoretical framework that is herein applied to three sets of level-bottom communities representing different phases of the Jurassic diversification of marine life. The analysis shows that mean alpha-diversity remained surprisingly constant through most of the Jurassic, whereas beta-diversity increased by a factor of 2.6 during the same time interval. Diversification that is primarily driven by increasing beta-diversity is indicative of late diversification phases in ecosystems with low interspecific competition and/or high predation, as typical for marine level-bottom communities. Although generality of this conclusion is not claimed because of data limitations, the example demonstrates that the study of diversity partitioning provides a promising approach to the basic question about the factors that control the diversification of life.
Simple associations

d—Correlation measures the degree to which two variables are linearly related. A scatter plot would display graphically the association between two continuous variables. The x axis displays values for one variable, and the y axis values for the other. Each point represents one paired measurement of each variable. This is a useful way to display the data and would show U shaped and other non-linear associations as well as linear associations. However, a scatter plot does not measure an association. To put a number to it requires an assessment of correlation. Pearson’s correlation coefficient or Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient may be used to assess linear correlation. The correlation coefficient may take any value between 1 and −1: 0 represents no linear association, 1 represents a perfect straight line with y values increasing with increasing x values, −1 represents a perfect straight line with y values decreasing with increasing x values. Like other parametric techniques, Pearson’s correlation coefficient is sensitive to outlying values and may generate misleading P values when the y axis values are not normally distributed. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, like other non-parametric techniques, is less sensitive and more robust. Odds ratios can be used to compare only dichotomous values. Odds express the probability of something happening divided by the probability of it not happening. A bar chart is used to plot the frequency of a nominal variable (such as eye colour) or an ordinal variable (such as agreement with a survey question: “disagree strongly, disagree, agree, agree strongly”).
Interference of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in Sweetpotato

Abstract Field studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 at Clinton and Faison, NC, to evaluate the influence of Palmer amaranth density on ‘Beauregard’ and ‘Covington’ sweetpotato yield and quality and to quantify the influence of Palmer amaranth on light interception. Palmer amaranth was established at 0, 0.5, 1.1, 1.6, 3.3, and 6.5 plants m−1 within the sweetpotato row and densities were maintained season-long. Jumbo, number (no.) 1, and marketable sweetpotato yield losses were fit to a rectangular hyperbola model, and predicted yield loss ranged from 56 to 94%, 30 to 85%, and 36 to 81%, respectively for Palmer amaranth densities of 0.5 to 6.5 plants m−1. Percentage of jumbo, no. 1, and marketable sweetpotato yield loss displayed a positive linear relationship with Palmer amaranth light interception as early as 6 to 7 wk after planting (R2 = 0.99, 0.86, and 0.93, respectively). Predicted Palmer amaranth light interception 6 to 7, 10, and 13 to 14 wk after planting ranged from 47 to 68%, 46 to 82%, and 42 to 71%, respectively for Palmer amaranth densities of 0.5 to 6.5 plants m−1. Palmer amaranth height increased from 177 to 197 cm at densities of 0.5 to 4.1 plants m−1 and decreased from 197 to 188 cm at densities of 4.1 to 6.5 plants m−1; plant width (69 to 145 cm) and shoot dry biomass plant−1 (0.2 to 1.1 kg) decreased linearly as density increased. Nomenclature: Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. AMAPA; sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas L. Lam. ‘Beauregard’ and ‘Covington’ IPOBA
Stress‐induced adrenal changes and their relation to reproductive failure in captive nine‐banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus)

Histological features of adrenal glands from captive and unstressed free-ranging nine-banded armadillos were compared to determine if undefined stress factors associated with captivity were capable of causing changes in adrenal morphology. Animals in captivity less than 3 mo showed histological features identical to unstressed free-ranging animals. Animals in captivity 6 mo or longer, however, showed adrenal changes like those previously described in other mammals exposed to various types of stress, except that there was no accompanying increase in adrenal weight. Similar adrenal changes were found in free-ranging animals exposed to extremely harsh winter weather. Females from both the chronic captive population and this stressed free-ranging population were seen to suffer reproductive failure. Reproductive function in males was not affected. There was no detectable sex difference in gross or histological adrenal changes; however, previous reports indicate there is a sex difference in the secretory product from the adrenals of captive nine-banded armadillos. A possible relationship between reproductive failure in the female and the sex difference in adrenal secretory products is discussed.