Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Me or you? Neural correlates of moral reasoning in everyday conflict situations in adolescents and adults

Throughout adolescence, progress in the understanding of the moral domain as well as changes in moral behavior is observable. We tested 16 adolescents (14–16 years of age) and 16 healthy adults (22–31 years of age) on the developmental changes in everyday moral decision making using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Using verbal stories describing everyday moral conflict situations, subjects had to decide between a moral standard or a personal desire. In the moral conflict situations, adolescents not only chose significantly more often the hedonistic alternative than adults, but they also reported higher certainty ratings. Contrasted with everyday social conflict situations that required a decision between a social-oriented behavior and a personal need, moral conflict situations induced an activity increase in frontal areas, the middle temporal gyrus, the thalamus, and the parahippocampal gyrus in adolescents compared to adults. Moreover, a closer look at the moral conflict situations revealed that adolescents showed more activity than adults in brain areas that are also centrally involved in theory of mind (ToM) during morally oriented decisions in contrast to personal-oriented decisions. This indicated that the development of moral reasoning may be strongly correlated with the development of ToM reasoning.
Exploring Challenges in Automated Just-In-Time Adaptive Food Choice Interventions

A healthy diet lowers the risk of developing diseases like diabetes, obesity and different types of cancers and cardiovascular conditions. Persuasive systems have already shown promise in changing user's nutrition through the strategy of monitoring and retrospectively visualizing (bad) eating behavior. In contrast emerged the idea of systems proactively offering help before such behavior even occurs, i.e. before a food choice has been made. Recent advances within the sensor-enrichment of smartphones and wearable technologies have made it possible to develop new behavior change intervention techniques, such as Just-In-Time Adaptive Interventions (JITAI). Within this work, we discuss challenges towards technology-supported, completely automated JITAIs to support healthy food choices. We derive the challenges based on existing literature, and discuss future research opportunities that would benefit users towards achieving a healthier eating behavior.
Voltage-sensor cycle fully described

Ion channels provide the most rapid way of communication between the cell interior and the external environment by exploiting the differences in electrolyte composition between the internal and external cellular milieu to transmit electrical and chemical signals (1). Voltage-gated ion channels in particular open and close in response to changes in the membrane electrical potential. Voltage-gated K+ and Na+ channels induce nerve impulses whereas voltage-gated Ca2+ channels initiate muscle contraction and other cellular processes (1). High-resolution X-ray crystallographic structures of some of these proteins have already been determined, showing that they are composed of four subunits, each consisting of six transmembrane segments (S1–S6) and forming two functionally linked, although structurally independent, domains (2⇓–4). The ion conduction pore responsible for selectivity is formed by helices S5 and S6. This pore domain is surrounded by the loosely adherent segments, S1 to S4, which form the voltage sensor. S3 is actually composed of two helices referred as S3a and S3b. S3b forms with S4 a helix–turn–helix called the voltage-sensor paddle (3). The fourth transmembrane helix, S4, is the primary voltage-sensing unit. Four to seven positively charged amino acid spaced at intervals of three in the S4 helix and known as gating charges, and some negatively charged residues distributed in S1, S2, and S3, …
Super-accelerated power systems power flow and state estimation calculations within the WAMS environment

In connection with the possibility of obtaining phasor measurements in the electrical power system, much attention is paid to the use of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) devices in the Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS), a large-scale distributed measurement system that provides complex vector telemetry of electrical parameters. The most important achievement in obtaining telemetry data with the help of the PMU is not only the high accuracy of power system state parameters measurements obtaining at various points in the bulk electrical system, such as, for example, the UES of Russia, but, as shown in previous authors' papers, in super-accelerated power flow calculations and state estimation of the electrical power system.
Déterminants sensoriels et cognitifs des préférences et des choix alimentaires des enfants.

Chez l’enfant comme chez l’adulte, les choix alimentaires sont soumis a de nombreuses influences, qui se construisent et s’enrichissent au cours du developpement. Dans un premier temps, les determinants des choix alimentaires associes aux proprietes intrinseques des aliments seront exposes, en explicitant le role des proprietes sensorielles (gout, aromes, textures), ainsi que celui de la densite energetique de l’aliment dans l’etablissement et le maintien des preferences, des consommations alimentaires et du controle des prises alimentaires. Dans un deuxieme temps, le role des proprietes extrinseques des aliments, associees a la maniere de « penser » les aliments sera explicite, comme par exemple les determinants cognitifs et psychosociaux. Une comprehension conjointe de l’effet de ces determinants peut permettre de favoriser la consommation d’aliments sains, comme par exemple les fruits et les legumes, qui reste inferieure aux recommandations de sante publique chez les enfants, malgre des campagnes repetees de promotion de leur consommation
Endothelial dysfunction and atherothrombosis in mild hyperhomocysteinemia

Mildly elevated plasma homocysteine levels are an independent risk factor for atherothrombotic vascular disease in the coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral arterial circulation. Endothelial dysfunction as manifested by impaired endothelium-dependent regulation of vascular tone and blood flow, by increased recruitment and adhesion of circulating inflammatory cells to the endothelium, and by a loss of endothelial cell antithrombotic function contributes to the vascular disorders linked to hyperhomocysteinemia. Increased vascular oxidant stress through imbalanced thiol redox status and inhibition of important antioxidant enzymes by homocysteine results in decreased bioavailability of the endothelium-derived signaling molecule nitric oxide via oxidative inactivation. This plays a central role in the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of homocysteine on endothelial function. Supplementation of folic acid and vitamin B12 has been demonstrated to be efficient in lowering mildly elevated plasma homocysteine levels and in reversing homocysteine-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity. Results from ongoing intervention trials will determine whether homocysteine-lowering therapies contribute to the prevention and reduction of atherothrombotic vascular disease and may thereby provide support for the causal relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia and atherothrombosis.
Decreased Bone Mineral Density in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Results From a Pediatric Cohort

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common genetic disorder affecting 1 in 3000 live births. It is well documented to be associated with bony deformities and other orthopaedic problems. Based on our observation that NF1 patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery often had osteopenic bone, we performed a study to assess the bone mineral density of a cohort of children with NF1 without orthopaedic defects. Twenty-three patients were recruited from the neurofibromatosis clinic. The bone mineral density of the total body, lumbar spine, and proximal femur was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Quantitative ultrasound was used to measure broadband ultrasonic attenuation at both heels. The group's mean dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry sex- and age-matched Z scores were below normal (−0.8 ± 1.1, −0.8 ± 1.2, −0.7 ± 0.8, −0.6 ± 1.1, −0.6 ± 0.9, −0.6 ± 1.1 for the total body, arms, legs, lumbar spine, and right and left femoral neck, respectively; all P < 0.01). Although some individuals had normal bone mass, 30% had total body Z scores below −1.5. The mean heel broadband ultrasonic attenuation Z score was also lower than normal (−0.8 ± 0.6; P < 0.001). Children with NF1 have a general tendency toward osteopenia, suggesting an abnormal underlying bone phenotype. This may be relevant when considering operative intervention and, if better understood, may partially explain poor bone healing associated with NF1.
Role of Genotypic Analysis of the Thymidine Kinase Gene of Herpes Simplex Virus for Determination of Neurovirulence and Resistance to Acyclovir

ABSTRACT Mutations in the thymidine kinase (TK) gene of herpes simplex virus (HSV) have been associated with resistance to acyclovir (ACY) and possible recognition of neurotropic strains. We sequenced a 335-bp segment of the TK gene to determine the frequency of mutations in HSV strains recovered from dermal, genital, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens (n = 200; 102 HSV type 1 [HSV-1] 98 HSV-2 strains). Four polymorphic sites were detected in HSV-1 strains; C513T, A528G, C575T, and C672T. Among the polymorphisms, only C575T resulted in a change of amino acid sequence (residue 192, Ala→Val). For HSV-2 strains, only one polymorphism (G420T) which resulted in an amino acid substitution (residue 139, Leu→Phe) was detected. Phenotypic determination of resistance to ACY by a plaque reduction assay of 48 HSV isolates was not correlated with the sequence results of 11 strains in that 7 of these with genotypic polymorphisms were susceptible to the drug in vitro. In addition, of 32 ACY-resistant HSV strains, 28 (87.5%) had no polymorphisms detected in the 335-bp amplicon of the TK gene. There was no statistical difference in the frequency of polymorphisms according to the source of the specimens. We conclude that the detection of nucleic acid polymorphisms in a previously implicated 335-bp segment of the TK gene cannot be interpreted as indicative of either ACY resistance or neurotropism of HSV strains from dermal, genital, and CSF sources.
Social Innovation : an Interdisciplinary and Critical Review of the Concept

Introduction In 2006 Muhammad Yunus and the Grameen Bank that he founded in 1983 were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts to create economic and social development from below" 1 . They received this prize thanks to a simple idea which has become a worldwide social innovation: the development of microcredit which gives poor people access to banking services . Other social innovations such as fair trade, e-learning, neighborhood nurseries, restorative justice, etc. are often put forward. These are some recent examples of social innovation. However, social innovation is not an exclusivity of our times. Back in the 19 th century, mutuals and cooperatives were created to improve the living conditions of marginalized urban workers. Although an old phenomenon, social innovation remains relatively understudied in the scientific literature. Nevertheless, like other related topics such as social enterprise and social entrepreneurship, social innovation is drawing increasing interest particularly in Europe and North America. The present paper aims at depicting a critical and interdisciplinary review of the various conceptions of social innovation as a first and indispensable step in order to foster the debate on the subject. This paper is organized as follows. Section 1 highlights the main uses and areas where the concept of social innovation has emerged. This preliminary analysis leads to the conclusion that there are two fundamental definitions of social innovation: an outcome-based one and a process-based one. In section 2 we develop the outcome definition and its main features whereas section 3 focuses on social innovation as a multi-stakeholder process. In section 4, we present an integrated framework of social innovation which is an attempt towards a comprehensive definition of the concept, building on the different approaches and uses prevailing in the literature. Finally, we conclude with the main findings and contributions of the present paper.
Methane Consumption in Temperate and Subarctic Forest Soils: Rates, Vertical Zonation, and Responses to Water and Nitrogen

Rates of methane consumption were measured in subarctic coniferous and temperate mixed-hardwood forest soils, using static chambers and intact soil cores. Rates at both sites were generally between 1 and 3 mg of CH4 m-2 day-1 and decreased with increasing soil water contents above 20%. Addition of ammonium (1 μmol g of soil-1) strongly inhibited methane oxidation in the subarctic soils; a lesser inhibition was observed for temperate forest samples. The response to nitrogen additions occurred within a few hours and was probably due to physiological changes in the active methane-consuming populations. Methane consumption in soils from both sites was stratified vertically, with a pronounced subsurface maximum. This maximum was coincident with low levels of both nitrate and ammonium in the mixed-hardwood forest soil.
The Mucosal Innate Immune Response in Primary Human Papillomavirus Infection: A Pilot Study

Objectives The purpose of the study was to evaluate the mucosal immune response in women affected by primary human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, in comparison with HPV-negative women with no previous history of HPV. Methods A case–control study comparing the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and lactoferrin (LF) between 19 HPV-positive and 19 HPV-negative women matched for age. Plasmatic and cervicovaginal levels of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) exhibiting MPO and LF receptors were measured using cytofluorimetric analysis and expressed as mean of percentages. Results Cervicovaginal levels of MPO-/LF- PMN were lower among HPV-negative women, with a mean rate of 18.81% (SD, 21.38), as opposed to a mean rate of 35.56% (SD, 21.02) (P = 0.020) in HPV-positive women. A similar significant difference was not proven in plasma. The mean rates of plasmatic levels of MPO-/LF- PMN were 36.21% (SD, 16.87) and 36.93% (SD, 10.54) (P = 0.875) in cases and controls, respectively. All patients were evaluated 1 year later, and only 6 cases became negative. Conclusions The presence of MPO-/LF- PMN has been considered as a marker of lower rate of apoptosis of HPV-infected cells. This could explain why HPV-positive women are less capable to deal with a primary infection.
[Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: the German guidelines on the management of HCV infection].

Struktur der Leitlinie ! Vorwort Die Uberarbeitung der 2004 publizierten S3Leitlinie uber „Prophylaxe, Diagnostik und Therapie der Hepatitis-C-Virus(HCV)-Infektion“ wurde vereinbart als Kooperation der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Verdauungsund Stoffwechselkrankheiten e.V. (DGVS), der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Pathologie e.V. (DGP), der Gesellschaft fur Virologie (GfV), der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Padiatrische Gastroenterologie und Ernahrung (DPGE) sowie des Kompetenznetzes Hepatitis (Hep-Net). Durch die zusatzliche Teilnahme der Osterreichischen Gesellschaft fur Gastroenterologie (OGGH) und der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fur Gastroenterologie (SGG) konnte eine internationale Leitlinie mit Gultigkeit im gesamten deutschen Sprachraum geschaffen werden. Hierzu wurden 7 Leitlinien-Arbeitsgruppen sowie ein Advisory Board gegrundet, welche sich aus Vertretern der Fachgesellschaften sowie des HepNets zusammensetzten (●▶ Tab. 1). Fachlich reprasentierten die Mitglieder die Disziplinen Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Infektiologie, Virologie, Pathologie, Padiatrie, Transplantationschirurgie und Epidemiologie. Den Versorgungsstrukturen wurde durch die Beteiligung klinisch tatiger sowie niedergelassener Kollegen Rechnung getragen, die Sicht der Patienten reprasentierte die Patientenorganisation Deutsche Leberhilfe e.V. Interessenskonflikte Die Entwicklung von Leitlinien fur die medizinische Versorgung verlangt uber die fachliche Expertise hinaus auch eine strikte Vermeidung kommerzieller Abhangigkeiten und sonstiger Interessenskonflikte, die Leitlinieninhalte beeinflussen oder gar systematisch verzerren konnten. Die Erklarung der Autoren und Teilnehmer am Konsensusverfahren ist fur die Qualitatsbeurteilung von Leitlinien, aber auch fur ihre allgemeine Legitimation und Glaubwurdigkeit in der Wahrnehmung durch Offentlichkeit und Politik entscheidend. Alle Teilnehmer der Leitlinienerstellung haben eine Erklarung uber mogliche Interessenskonflikte unterschrieben. Das unterschriebene Formblatt liegt in der Geschaftsstelle der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Verdauungsund Stoffwechselkrankheiten e.V. (DGVS) vor (●▶ Tab. 3).
Contemporary Mathematics Uniqueness Questions for Multiple Trigonometric Series

We survey some recent results on the uniqueness questions on multiple trigonometric series. Two basic questions, one about series which converges to zero and the other about the series which converge to an integrable function, are asked for four modes of convergence: unrestricted rectangular convergence, spherical convergence, square convergence, and restricted rectangular convergence. We will either get into the details or outline some of the proofs for the known uniqueness theorems. Some results on the sets of uniqueness are also given. Finally, we will mention some interesting open questions in this area. Some of them are even one-dimensional. We assume the reader has some basic knowledge of measure theory and Fourier analysis. Most of the topics and materials can be understood by upper level undergraduate students.
DARK ADAPTATION IN AGE‐RELATED MACULOPATHY

Dark adaptation was measured for patients with age‐related maculopathy (ARM) and for age‐matched controls; green and red test stimuli were flashed 15d̀ from the fovea to examine differential effects of ARM on rod and cone functions, respectively. The ARM patients showed decreases in sensitivity for both rods and cones (0.5‐ 1.5 log units) and an increased time constant of recovery for rod function. After 20 min in the dark, sensitivity to both red and green stimuli was depressed at the fovea and at 5, 10, 15 and 25d̀ eccentric to the fovea. The greatest sensitivity loss was found in the macular area (fovea and 5d̀ eccentric). Our data suggest that the ARM patients have an abnormality in both rod‐ and cone‐adaptation systems over a relatively large retinal area which extends beyond the zone of visual field abnormality.
Psychosocioeconomic Predictors of Treatment Success/Failure in Chronic Low-Back Pain Patients

The present study evaluated various psychosocioeconomic variables in chronic low-back pain (CLBP) patients being treated in a functional restoration rehabilitation program. The purpose of the study was to identify those factors that may have predictive value with respect to treatment outcome. Three groups of patients (Success, Failure, Dropout) were examined based on outcome and follow-up data 1 and 2 years after program completion. Once group assignment was made based on outcome, a variety of psychologic, socioeconomic, and demographic data obtained at the time of program admission was analyzed to determine if there were differences among the groups. Several factors were found to distinguish among the groups, including Minnesota Multlphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Millon Behavioral Health Inventory (MBHI) scale scores, prior surgical history, level of worker compensation, and pain intensity ratings. These results confirm the presence of psychosocioeconomic differences among CLBP patients and suggest the need for continued research in this area to improve treatment efficacy in these patients.
Crosstalk between adipokines and myokines in fat browning

Skeletal muscle is the largest organ determining whole‐body insulin sensitivity and metabolic homoeostasis. Adaptive changes of skeletal muscle in response to physical activity include adjustments in the production and secretion of muscle‐derived bioactive factors, known as myokines, such as myostatin, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐7 and IL‐15, myonectin, follistatin‐like 1 or leukaemia inhibitory factor. These myokines not only act locally in the muscle in an autocrine/paracrine manner, but also are released to the bloodstream as endocrine factors to regulate physiological processes in other tissues. Irisin, derived from the cleavage of FNDC5 protein, constitutes a myokine that induces myogenesis and fat browning (switch of white adipocytes to brown fat‐like cells) together with a concomitant increase in energy expenditure. Besides being a target for irisin actions, the adipose tissue also constitutes a production site of FNDC5. Interestingly, irisin secretion from subcutaneous and visceral fat depots is decreased by long‐term exercise training and fasting, suggesting a discordant regulation of FNDC5/irisin in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Accordingly, our group has recently reported that the adipokine leptin differentially regulates FNDC5/irisin expression in skeletal muscle and fat, confirming the crosstalk between both tissues. Moreover, irisin secretion and function are regulated by other myokines, such as follistatin or myostatin, as well as by other adipokines, including fibroblast growth factor 21 and leptin. Taken together, myokines have emerged as novel molecular mediators of fat browning and their activity can be modulated by adipokines, confirming the crosstalk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to regulate thermogenesis and energy expenditure.
A Systematic Review of Eligibility and Outcomes in Tinnitus Trials

Objective To analyze existing tinnitus treatment trials with regard to eligibility criteria, outcome measures, study quality, and external validity and to recognize the effect of patient demographics, symptom duration, severity, and otologic comorbidity on research findings to help practitioners apply them to patient encounters. Data Sources Systematic literature search conducted by an information specialist for development of the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation’s tinnitus clinical practice guideline. Review Methods Articles were assessed for eligibility with the PRISMA protocol (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) and data extracted by 2 independent investigators. Studies were assessed for methodological quality, inclusion and exclusion criteria, patient demographics, and outcome measures. Results A total of 147 randomized trials met inclusion criteria. Nearly all studies took place in a specialist setting. More than 50% did not explicitly define tinnitus, and 44% used a subjective severity threshold, such as “severely disturbing. ” Fifty-four percent required symptom duration of at least 6 months for study eligibility, and up to 33% excluded patients with “organic” hearing loss or otologic conditions. Mean age was 52.2 years, and median follow-up was 3 months. Only 20% had a low risk of bias. Conclusion Randomized trials of tinnitus interventions are most applicable to older adults with tinnitus lasting ≥6 months who are evaluated in specialty settings. High risk of bias, short follow-up, and outcome reporting raise concerns about the validity of findings and may influence how clinicians apply trial results to individual patients and establish treatment expectations, thus demonstrating the need for further quality research in this field.