Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The in vitro gas coupled with ammonia measurement for evaluation of nitrogen degradability in low quality roughages using incubation medium of different buffering capacity

Owing to low N content in low quality roughages, the estimation of in vitro rumen degradable nitrogen (IVRDN) by the method of Raab et al (Br J Nutr 1983 50 569–582) is expected to have a high standard deviation. Incubation of larger amounts of sample will increase the amount of N in the system and decrease analytical errors in the determination of IVRDN. The increase in the amount of sample necessitated an increase in the amount of buffer in the medium. In this study the effect of 30 ml (as is in original method) and 40 ml buffered rumen fluid (containing double the amount of hydrogen carbonate buffer as in the original method) on rumen degradation of N from low quality roughages was evaluated. N degradability of seven cereal straws (barley, millet, oat, rice, sorghum, triticale and wheat) and one grass hay was calculated from the linear regressions of NH3-N concentration vs in vitro gas production. The strength of association (r2) for gas production and NH3-N concentration between 30 and 40 ml system was significantly (P<0·05) different for grass hay and rice straw but not significant for other feeds. Using both systems, the IVRDN for triticale straw was virtually nil, and for others the values obtained using 40 ml system were either similar (oat straw, rice straw, sorghum stover and wheat straw) or higher (barley straw, grass hay and millet stover) than those obtained using 30 ml system. Although no significant difference was found in the standard deviation by increasing the amount of sample, the larger sample has an advantage in that it allows concomitant determination of in vitro apparent and true digestibility. © 1998 SCI.
Yield Stress and Small Amplitude Oscillatory Flow in Transient Networks

Materials that exhibit a yield stress are characterized by a tridimensional structure, and can be described by a quantity of n structural points in a volume V. For the material to flow, this number n must be inferior to a critical number n 0 . A simple kinetic equation is proposed to describe the evolution of n under the influence of an applied stress or shear. The conditions for flow to occur and the time required to maintain the stress or strain before the material begins to flow are deduced. The response of such a material under an imposed sinusoidal shear is also investigated. It is assumed that when the magnitude of the stress is less than the yield stress the material is HooKean; otherwise the stress is a linear function of shear rate. The storage and dynamic moduli are calculated
Concerning the Effect of Surface Material on Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer of R-113

This paper presents results of an experimental investigation carried out to determine the effects of surface material on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of refrigerant R113. Experiments were performed on horizon- tal circular plates of brass, copper and aluminum. The heat transfer coefficient was evaluated by measuring wall superheat and effective heat flux removed by boiling. The experiments were carried out in the heat flux range of 8 to 200 kW/m 2 . The obtained results have shown significant effect of surface material, with copper providing the highest heat transfer coefficient among the samples, and aluminum the least. There was negli- gible difference at low heat fluxes, but copper showed 23% better performance at high heat fluxes than alu- minum and 18% better than brass.
The NaLi 1 1Σ+(X) electronic ground‐state dissociation limit

The NaLi 1 1Σ+(X) electronic ground state has been studied by Fourier transform spectroscopy and laser‐induced fluorescence up to near the dissociation limit. The fluorescence has been induced by Ar+, Kr+ and dye (DCM and rhodamine 6G) laser lines. Fluorescence spectra have been observed up to v‘=43 and accurate molecular constants have been calculated for the electronic ground state after reducing the wave numbers of 6417 assigned lines in a least‐squares fit. With the molecular constants an inverted‐perturbation‐approach potential curve has been calculated. A value for the dissociation energy of De=7105.5±1.0 cm−1 has been obtained by fitting the energy levels with high vibrational quantum numbers to a multipolar expansion in the inverse power of the internuclear distance. The multipolar expansion coefficients C6, C8, and C10 have been obtained, showing a good agreement with theoretical values calculated earlier. In the fluorescence spectrum induced by the 476.5 nm Ar+ laser line, extra fluorescence ser.
A 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray diffraction study of the tautomerism of 2-hydroxy- and 2,3-dihydroxy-pyridine N-oxides. X-Ray molecular structure of 2-hydroxypyridine N-oxide

From a 1H and 13C NMR study, in dimethyl sulphoxide, of twelve 2-hydroxy-, 2,3-dihydroxy-pyridines, 2,3-dihydroxypyridine N-oxides, and their methoxy derivatives it is possible to conclude that both pyridin-2-ones and 1-hydroxypyridine-2-ones exist in solution as 2-oxo tautomers. The molecular structure of 2-hydroxypyridine N-oxide has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods; as in solution, this compound exists in the crystal state as the 1-hydroxypyridin-2-one tautomer.
Education and PracticeA systematic review of the evidence supporting the use of priority dispatch of emergency ambulances

Objectives. Systematic reviews of the literature assist in the location, appraisal, and synthesis of available evidence. This systematic review aimed to 1) assess the existing literature evaluating the effect of the priority dispatch of emergency ambulances on clinical outcome and ambulance utilization and 2) assess the relative effectiveness of sources of literature relevant to prehospital care. Methods. Systematic review. The quality of each paper was assessed using a standardized seven-point scoring schedule. Sources used were: Medline, the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Bath Information & Data Services (BIDS), bibliographic searching, contacting researchers active in the field, and hand-searching relevant journals. Key words used were: “ambulance,” “prioritisation,” “dispatch,” and “triage. ” Results. Three hundred twenty-six papers were identified: 64 (19.6%) were related to the prioritization of emergency ambulances, and only 20 (6.1%) contained original data. The overall quality of publications was poor, seven (35%) papers having a quality score ≥4. Only half were identified by electronic databases, 55% were identified by people working in the field, and two (10%) were identified by hand-searching (some papers were identified by more than one source). Two high-quality papers support the concept that criteria-based dispatch (CBD) improves clinical outcome; two other papers support CBD's role in improving ambulance utilization. Conclusions. There is very little evidence to support the effect of the prioritization of emergency ambulances on patient outcome. Electronic databases identify only approximately half of all relevant prehospital literature. Future systematic reviews in this area should use electronic databases, supplemented by contact with appropriate experts. PREHOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE 2002;6:42-49
Viscometric and rheological study of polyacrylonitrile solutions

Abstract The viscometric behaviour of polyacrylonitrile solutions in dimethylformamide has been examined in dilute and extremely dilute regimes of concentration. For semidilute and concentrated solutions, viscoelastic properties were determined and discussed. The overlap concentration was evidenced as being the crossover of two scaling laws characterizing the entangled and nonentangled solution regimes.
Molecular dynamics simulations of proteins in solution: Artifacts caused by the cutoff approximation

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of human lysozyme in water were carried out for 400 ps with/without the truncation of long‐range Coulomb interactions in order to investigate artificial effects caused by the cutoff method. MD simulations with the long‐range Coulomb interactions included were carried out by using a recently developed method [PPPC method; Mol. Simul. 8, 321 (1992)]. On the other hand, MD simulations with the long‐range Coulomb interactions truncated were carried out using the 10 A cutoff method. Comparing both results, the following artifacts were found. The cutoff method caused a 1.7 A larger deviation of charged residues from the x‐ray structure than the PPPC method. Further, the cutoff method caused unacceptably large fluctuation around the equilibrium structure in water. However, the fluctuation found with the PPPC method correlated well with that derived from x‐ray B‐factors.
Effect of Different Dye Baths and Dye-Structures on the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Triphenylamine Dyes

A series of triphenylamine dyes were designed and synthesized as photosensitizers for the application of organic dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Different substituted phenylene units, 2,2′;5′,2′′-terthiophene (TT) and dithieno[3,2-b;2′,3′-d]thiophene (DTT) serve as the π-spacers, and the electron acceptors employ the cyanoacrylic acid or rhodanine-3-acetic acid units. Detailed investigation on the relationship between the dye structure, and photophysical, photoelectrochemical properties and performance of DSSCs is described here. By substituting the phenylene group with electron-withdrawing units as π-spacers or replacing the cyanoacrylic acid with rhodanine-3-acetic acid units as electron acceptors, the bathochromic shift of absorption spectra are achieved. The significant differences in the redox potential of these dyes are also influenced by small structure changes. Furthermore, the different dye baths for semiconductor sensitization have a crucial effect on the performance of the DSSCs due to the .
Liquid–liquid phase equilibria of symmetrical mixtures by simulation in the semigrand canonical ensemble

We report a computer simulation study of liquid–liquid phase equilibria of symmetrical fluid mixtures. We note that it is not necessary to conduct a conventional Gibbs ensemble simulation—involving two correlated boxes—when studying this type of phase equilibria. We show that by simulation of a single box in the semigrand canonical ensemble under appropriate conditions, one obtains results which are equivalent to those obtained using the conventional Gibbs ensemble method. The new method is illustrated with an application to liquid–liquid equilibria of a symmetrical square‐well binary mixture. The results of our simulations are compared with two sets of recently reported results for the same system, based on the conventional Gibbs ensemble technique. Finite‐size effects are investigated in detail, in order to understand the strong system‐size dependence reported for this system, over a wide range of temperatures, using the Gibbs ensemble method at constant volume. A finite‐size‐scaling analysis is also ca.
Synthesis of Uniform-Size Hollow Silica Microspheres through Interfacial Polymerization in Monodisperse Water-in-Oil Droplets

We have developed a microfluidic method to produce monodisperse, size-controllable silica microspheres via hydrolysis and polymerization of TEOS at the interface of water-in-oil droplets. By altering the concentration of TEOS in oil phase and CTAB in aqueous phase, we achieved control over morphology of the microspheres from hollow, to partly hollow, to solid. The hollow silica microsphere can be used for rapid waste removal and detoxification extraction with a very simple procedure.
Selective adsorption of oil–water mixtures using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)–graphene sponges

We report a porous and green three dimensional (3-D) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)–graphene sponge with hydrophobic and oleophilic properties using the sugar templating method. The prepared sponge exhibited high adsorption performance for the removal of petroleum products, organic solvents and emulsified oil–water mixtures, especially under a continuous vacuum regime achieving an adsorption capacity of 4.5 L of hexane in 30 min. The proposed synthetic method is simple and economical for the scalable production of porous 3-D graphene sponges, which can be successfully used for efficient and cost-effective oil spill clean-ups and water purification for environmental applications.
Characteristics of ammonium uptake by rice cells in suspension culture

Abstract As a model system that does not involve long distance transport, cell cultures of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv Sasanishiki) were used to investigate the characteristics of NH4 + uptake. The cells, which had been subcultured for 8 d in normal R2 medium containing 5 mm NH4 + and 40 mm NO3 -, were pre-cultured for another 2.5 d without nitrogen and then used as the materials. In some experiments, the cells were further treated with 10. μm of methionine sulfoximine (MSX) for 3 h in the medium lacking nitrogen to inhibit the endogenous glutamine synthetase activity. Uptake of NH4 + was determined by measuring the consumption of NH4 + from 25 mL of an uptake medium containing 25 mm 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid-NaOH (pH 5.6), 100 μm CaCl2, 100 μm NH4Cl, and 0.5 g fresh weight cells. When the uptake was followed as a function of time, the cells treated with MSX rapidly absorbed NH4 + during the first 20 min and then the absorption leveled off. The cells without MSX treatment absorbed the ion at the same ra.
Nonaqueous electrolytes for electrochemical capacitors: Imidazolium cations and inorganic fluorides with organic carbonates

Electrolytes based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (EMI{sup +}) and either the hexafluorophosphate (EMIPF{sub 6}) or tetrafluorborate (EMIBF{sub 4}) anion in organic alkyl carbonate solvents have been evaluated for use in electrochemical capacitors. The conductivity, capacitance, limiting oxidation and reduction potentials, and thermal stability were assessed. High conductivity and capacitance values were found regardless of whether cyclic (high viscosity/high dielectric constant) or acyclic (low viscosity/low dielectric constant) alkyl carbonates were used. The best correlation with conductivity for the EMIPF{sub 6} salt was found to be the molecular weight and to a lesser degree the viscosity of the solvent. The high specific capacitance (130 F/g) and excellent stability (>3.5 V, >130 C) make these electrolytes well suited for use in electrochemical double-layer capacitors.
Seeded-growth, nanocrystal-fusion, ion-exchange and inorganic-ligand mediated formation of semiconductor-based colloidal heterostructured nanocrystals

This article highlights different synthetic strategies for the preparation of colloidal heterostructured nanocrystals, where at least one component of the constituent nanostructure is a semiconductor. Growth of shell material on a core nanocrystal acting as a seed for heterogeneous nucleation of the shell has been discussed. This seeded-growth technique, being one of the most heavily explored mechanisms, has already been discussed in many other excellent review articles. However, here our discussion has been focused differently based on composition (semiconductor@semiconductor, magnet@semiconductor, metal@semiconductor and vice versa), shape anisotropy of the shell growth, and synthetic methodology such as one-step vs. multi-step. The relatively less explored strategy of preparing heterostructures via colloidal sintering of different nanostructures, known as nanocrystal-fusion, has been reviewed here. The ion-exchange strategy, which has recently attracted huge research interest, where compositional tuning of nanocrystals can be achieved by exchanging either the cation or anion of a nanocrystal, has also been discussed. Specifically, controlled partial ion exchange has been critically reviewed as a viable synthetic strategy for the fabrication of heterostructures. Notably, we have also included the very recent methodology of utilizing inorganic ligands for the fabrication of heterostructured colloidal nanocrystals. This unique strategy of inorganic ligands has appeared as a new frontier for the synthesis of heterostructures and is reviewed in detail here for the first time. In all these cases, recent developments have been discussed with greater detail to add upon the existing reviews on this broad topic of semiconductor-based colloidal heterostructured nanocrystals.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic observation on B–C–N hybrids synthesized by ion beam deposition of borazine

B–C–N hybrid thin films were grown from ion beam plasma of borazine (B3N3H6) on graphite substrate at room temperature, 600 °C, and 850 °C. The films were characterized in situ by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS study suggested that B and N atoms in the deposited films are in a wide variety of chemical bonds, e.g., B–C, B–N, N–C, and B–C–N. The substrate temperature and ion fluence were shown to have a significant effect on the coordination and elemental binding states on the B–C–N hybrids. It was found that B–C–N hybrid formation is enhanced at high temperature, and this component is dominantly synthesized at low fluence. The results imply that it is possible to control the composition of B–C–N hybrid by changing the ion fluence and the temperature during ion implantation.B–C–N hybrid thin films were grown from ion beam plasma of borazine (B3N3H6) on graphite substrate at room temperature, 600 °C, and 850 °C. The films were characterized in situ by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS study suggested that B and N atoms in the deposited films are in a wide variety of chemical bonds, e.g., B–C, B–N, N–C, and B–C–N. The substrate temperature and ion fluence were shown to have a significant effect on the coordination and elemental binding states on the B–C–N hybrids. It was found that B–C–N hybrid formation is enhanced at high temperature, and this component is dominantly synthesized at low fluence. The results imply that it is possible to control the composition of B–C–N hybrid by changing the ion fluence and the temperature during ion implantation.
Bio-Reductive Synthesis and Characterization of Plant Protein Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles

Over the past two decades, there have been increased emphases on the topic of green chemistry and chemical processes. Utilization of non toxic chemicals, environmentally benign solvents, and renewable materials are some of the key issues that merit important consideration in a green synthetic strategy. The Datura Inoxia leaves possesses biomolecules such as cardiac glycosides, proteins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and sugar, which could be used as reducing agent to react with ferrous and ferric ions and as scaffolds to direct the formation of Fe3O4 NPs in solution. To the best of our knowledge, the use of Dhatura innoxia plant extract at room temperature for the bio-reductive synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles has not been reported. The formation of the Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles was first monitored using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. FT-IR spectroscopy and TGA/DTG analysis further confirms the formation of plant protein coated magnetite nanobio hybrid. The dried form of synthesized nanoparticles was further characterized using XRD, TEM.
The Potential of Forest Honeybee on Decreasing Malondialdehyde Levels in Adult with Mild Acne Vulgaris

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder, and it mainly affects adolescents. It affects more than 85% of the population, age 12-24 years, and it is described as chronic inflammation of the pilosebaceous gland with the distribution of the lesions mainly on the face, back, chest, and upper arms. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and oxidative stress play a role in the development of inflammatory, acne lesions. To protect against ROS, the human body has an organized antioxidant system, which works synergistically. Antioxidants protect cells against oxidative damage and can prevent the production of oxidative products. An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, where the production of ROS exceeds antioxidant capacity, has the potential to cause damage, which is called oxidative stress. One of the biomarkers of oxidative stress in cells is lipid peroxidation and the end product known as malondialdehyde (MDA). The antioxidants in honey can reduce lesions in acne vulgaris. The experiment results showed the honey decreased malondialdehyde level and reduced lesion in acne vulgaris.
Rheological behavior of controlled‐rheology polypropylenes obtained by peroxide‐promoted degradation during extrusion: Comparison between homopolymer and copolymer

In the present work, experimental studies of the free-radical-initiated molecular weight degradation of polypropylene in a modular self-wiping corotating twin-screw extruder are investigated. The control of the molecular weight distribution of polypropylene resins by peroxide degradation is widely used in the polymer industry. It allows one to adjust the viscosity of these resins to the level required for processing applications. The purpose of this work was to characterize the influence of peroxide degradation on the rheological behavior of a polypropylene homopolymer and a block polypropylene/polyethylene copolymer, which includes an addition of a low percentage of polyethylene (around 7%). The homopolymer exhibits a classical behavior: When the peroxide amount is increased, we observe a decrease in the viscosity corresponding to a decreasing molecular weight and a pronounced shift toward more Newtonian behavior. The rheological behavior of the copolymer is influenced by the presence of the polyethylene phase which greatly modifies the viscoelastic properties and increases the viscosity when the polypropylene matrix is highly degraded.
Crystal structure of chlorido-(1,3-dimesitylimidazolidin-2-ylidene-κ1C)- gold(I), C21H26AuClN2

Abstract C21H26AuClN2, orthorhombic, Pbca (no. 61), a = 8.7507(1) Å, b = 15.8341(2) Å, c = 29.9642(4) Å, V = 4151.8 Å3, Z = 8, Rgt(F) = 0.0204, wRref(F2) = 0.0403, T = 150 K.
In vivo morphological and antifungal study of the activity of a bergamot essential oil by-product

The in vivo antifungal activity of a bergamot processing by-product, named ‘Peratoner’, was evaluated through applications to male Wistar rats' back skin, previously infected with Candida albicans. Following the treatment, samples were taken to evaluate the fungal load and punch biopsies were carried out for morphological studies. In infected rats without Peratoner treatment, skin detachment with infiltrating cells was observed. The presence of C. albicans cells was evident on the surface strata of the epidermis, which was detached from the basal cells. After 24 h, in the case of Peratoner treatment, the epidermic strata were still few in number, while the infiltrating elements in the dermis were fewer in quantity and a small cluster of C. albicans cells, above the stratum corneous, was also visible. After 48 h of treatment, the skin revealed proliferation of the strata, while in the dermis infiltrating cells were still evident. Following this period and up to a week after treatment, a full recovery of the cutaneous structure was observed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global minima for rare gas clusters containing one alkali metal ion

We present candidate structures for the global minima of N-atom rare gas clusters containing one additional alkali metal ion, LJNM. Lennard-Jones and Mason–Schamp potentials are used to represent the rare gas–rare gas and rare gas–alkali metal ion interactions, respectively. Results are presented for parameters appropriate to both Ar–K+ and Xe–Cs+ systems. When the ion is closer in size to the rare gas atoms (for XeNCs+) the global minima tend to be based on icosahedral packing. However, when the ion is relatively small (for ArNK+) the global minima below a certain size threshold are based on structures where the ion has lower coordination numbers. For larger clusters the global minima are again based on icosahedral packing. The latter structures can be found with minimal computational effort using the known global minima for clusters bound by Lennard-Jones or Morse potentials, substituting one atom at a time by the ion and minimizing.