Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) on the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease.

THE TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) on the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease was created to address the lack of uniformity in atherosclerotic disease management among countries as well as hospitals. This comprehensive consensus document covers all aspects of epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), including appropriate indications for treatment, success, and complication rates for interventions. The document was developed by a multidisciplinary working group comprised of experts from 14 professional societies in the U.S., Europe and Canada. Together they prepared a consensus opinion with 107 recommendations that serves as an international medical standard. This document is important in your practice for use in furthering knowledge and developing institutional guidelines for quality improvement, protocols and critical pathways for treatment. Drs. Gary Becker and Curt Bakal represented SIR on the TASC Working Group, and the document was published in the Journal of Vascular Surgery in January 2000. It is available via the SIR Web site at www. practiceguidelines.org or www. sirweb.org located under the section on Consensus Documents, or www. jvir.org. Address correspondence to D.S. , The Reading Hospital and Medical Center, 6th and Spruce Sts, West Reading, PA 19603.
HEMAGGLUTININ COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN AVIAN AND HUMAN INFLUENZA A VIRUSES USING HUMAN MATRIX PROTEIN: BASED ON SCHOLTISSEK ET AL.'S (2002) ARTICLE

Through the review of Scholtissek et al. (1) , evolution between different strains of influenza A viruses were examined to enable better preparation for future pandemics. Pandemics are the result of antigenic shifts, cumulative reassortants between circulating viruses that form novel gene sequences. The process may produce a virus which a large segment of the population has no immunological memory of, and consequently, are susceptible to the strain. The pandemics in 1918, 1967, 1968 and 2009 were caused by influenza A viruses with hemagglutinin (HA) proteins of 1, 2, or 3 - three out of sixteen known HA subtypes. This raises the question whether pandemics can contain other HA subtypes. Since influenza viruses have segmented genomes, it may require at least two different strains to swap their gene segments in order to co-infect a cell; the better viral compatibility between the parent viruses, the more virulent the reassortant is. A collection of HA subtypes in avian strains and Matrix (M) protein in human strains were used in the experimental model by Scholtissek et al. to examine the recombinants’ survivability and virulence. Although the results conclude that it is not possible for future pandemics to contain other HA subtypes, the work of Scholtissek et al. leads to further research on influenza A reservoirs. Ce document est un resume au sujet de l'article de Christoph Scholtissek (1) publie en 2002. J’examinerai son modele experimental, en mettant en evidence les resultats et donnant un apercu des recherches plus elaborees. En etudiant des modeles de la cooperation entre les virus, ceci permet d’aider a se preparer face aux futures pandemies et epidemies. De tels evenements sont causes par des changements antigeniques produits par l’accumulation de reassortiments entre les virus en circulation et divers elements. Les virus grippaux A sont en constante evolution, et necessitent une surveillance constante en anticipation a une pandemie. Les pandemies anterieures, soient celles en 1918, 1957, 1968 et 2009, ont demontre a avoir les hemagglutinines (HA) 1, 2 et 3 – trois des seize sous-types HA possibles. Ceci remet en question la possibilite que les pandemies puissent contenir d’autres sous-types HA. Afin que les virus puissent former des virus reassortis potentiellement nouveaux ils doivent bien cooperer, ce qui est precisement ce que Scholtissek tente d'enqueter. Son modele experimental implique des reassortiments entre les differents sous-types d’HA dans des souches aviaires et des souches humaines detenant des M-proteines, afin de determiner la compatibilite virale. Bien que les resultats concluent qu'il est tres peu probable que de futures pandemies detiennent d'autres sous-types HA, ils fournissent des indices du potentiel pandemique. En outre, son article incite la recherche plus a fond sur d’autres reservoirs de la grippe A, les methodes pour surmonter les barrieres entre especes et le reassortiment efficaces.
Effect of Reproduction on the Consistency of the Between–Line Type Divergence in Laboratory Mice Selected on Basal Metabolic Rate

Artificial selection experiments are an effective tool for testing evolutionary hypotheses, because they allow one to separate genetic and environmental variances of the phenotype. However, it is unclear whether trait divergence typically selected early in life persists over an animal’s life and altered physiological states, such as reproduction. Here we analyzed the long-term consistency of the between–line type divergence in basal metabolic rate (BMR) selected at 12 wk of age in laboratory mice. We measured BMR in nonreproducing and reproducing females at the age of 22 wk and then at 27 wk of age. Our results show that within both the reproducing group and the control group, the between–line type separation in BMR is consistently retained over time and reproductive status. Metabolically active internal organs (heart, liver, kidneys, and small intestine) also consistently differed in size between the two line types with no significant long-term effect of reproduction. The observed consistency of the between–line type divergence in BMR suggests the existence of the persistent effect of the selection on metabolic traits applied early in life. Moreover, BMR variation achieved by means of artificial selection is considerably higher than that found in natural/unmanipulated populations. The latter may therefore be characterized by insufficient variance to statistically resolve correlations involving BMR.
Drainage of a horizontal Boussinesq aquifer with a power law hydraulic conductivity profile

Solutions to the Boussinesq equation describing drainage into a fully penetrating channel have been used for aquifer characterization. Two analytical solutions exist for early‐ and late‐time drainage from a saturated, homogeneous, and horizontal aquifer following instantaneous drawdown. The solutions for discharge Q can be expressed as dQ/dt = −aQb, where a is constant and b takes on the value 3 and 3/2 for early and late time, respectively. Though many factors can contribute to departures from the two predictions, we explore the effect of having permeability decrease with depth, as it is known that many natural soils exhibit this characteristic. We derive a new set of analytical solutions to the Boussinesq equation for k ∝ zn, where k is the saturated hydraulic conductivity, z is the height above an impermeable base, and n is a constant. The solutions reveal that in early time, b retains the value of 3 regardless of the value of n, while in late time, b ranges from 3/2 to 2 as n varies from 0 to ∞. Similar to discharge, water table height h in late time can be expressed as dh/dt = −chd, where d = 2 for constant k and d → ∞ as n → ∞. In theory, inclusion of a power law k profile does not complicate aquifer parameter estimation because n can be solved for when fitting b to the late‐time data, whereas previously b was assumed to be 3/2. However, if either early‐ or late‐time data are missing, there is an additional unknown. Under appropriate conditions, water table height measurements can be used to solve for an unknown parameter.
The muscle and integument lipids in female Ascaris lumbricoides.

Total lipids of the body wall (muscle plus integument) consisted of phospholipids (38%), unsaponifiables (8.1%), and triglyceride acids (47%). The phospholipid fraction contained major amounts of phosphoacetals, lecithins, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Sphingolipids and phosphatidylserine were probably present in smaller amounts. Much of the unsaponifiable matter was similar to, but not identical with, the ascaryl alcohol of the reproductive tissues, although sterols were also present. The triglycerides contained an approximately equimolar mixture of volatile and non-volatile acids. Phospholipid acids, on the other hand, were entirely non-volatile. The integument lipid fractions were similar in amount and kind to those of the muscle.
Improving Emergency Room Performance by Reducing Patients' Length of Stay

Improving the performance of Emergency Room (ER) has become a major concern for both healthcare professionals and researchers. ER patients' length of stay is one of the most important indicators for performance monitoring as well as improvement. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of enhancing ER information accessibility of nurses, through a special ER nurses training program, on reducing patients' length of stay. Data on 5,769 ER encounters were retrospectively retrieved and analyzed to compare ER length of stay and related intervals of the first quarter of 2015, after implementing the training program, to the first quarter of 2014, before implementing the program. There was a 25.5% improvement on "Arrival to Triage" interval, 17.7% improvement on "Triage to ER Bed", 16.1% improvement on "ER Bed Assigned to Doctor Examination" and 13.2% improvement on "Doctor Examination to Discharge" interval. The total ER length of stay was improved by 13.7%.
Isolation of cDNA clones coding for the alpha and beta chains of human propionyl-CoA carboxylase: chromosomal assignments and DNA polymorphisms associated with PCCA and PCCB genes.

Propionyl-CoA carboxylase [PCC, propanoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.4. 1.3] is a biotin-dependent enzyme involved in the degradation of branched-chain amino acids, fatty acids with odd-numbered chain lengths, and other metabolites. Inherited deficiency of the enzyme results in propionic acidemia, an autosomal recessive disorder showing considerable clinical heterogeneity. To facilitate investigations of enzyme structure and the nature of mutation in propionic acidemia, we have isolated cDNA clones coding for the alpha and beta polypeptides of human PCC. Sequences of two peptides derived from human liver PCC were used to specify oligonucleotide probes that were then used to screen a human fibroblast cDNA library. Two classes of cDNA clones were thus identified. One class contained the anticipated Ala-Met-Lys-Met sequence, corresponding to the biotin binding site found in several biotin-dependent carboxylases, thus confirming the alpha-chain assignment of these clones. In addition, they contained the deduced amino acid sequence of two of the sequenced peptides, including that of one of the oligonucleotide probes. The second class, coding for the beta polypeptide, contained the sequences of four peptides, including the sequence corresponding to the other oligonucleotide probe. Blot hybridization of RNA from normal human fibroblasts revealed a single mRNA species of 2.9 kilobases coding for the alpha polypeptide and two species of 4.5 and 2.0 kilobases detected for the beta polypeptide. By use of a panel of somatic mouse-human hybrids, the human gene encoding the alpha polypeptide (PCCA) was localized to chromosome 13, while the gene encoding the beta polypeptide (PCCB) was assigned to chromosome 3. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were identified, at both PCCA and PCCB, that should prove useful to individual families at risk for propionic acidemia.
A flow analysis framework for realistic scheme programs

It is possible to scale control-flow analyses for higher-order languages to complete, fully-fledged programming languages and consequently compute the flow analysis of realistic programs. This dissertation gives a formal specification of a universal flow-analysis framework for the functional programming languages Scheme and PreScheme that covers all aspects and features of these languages. Moreover, the dissertation proposes new implementation strategies and techniques that have been developed and tested in context of an implementation for Scheme 48. These techniques yield an efficient implementation that enables analysis of realistic programs.
Consuming Images: How Television Commercials that Elicit Stereotype Threat Can Restrain Women Academically and Professionally

Women in quantitative fields risk being personally reduced to negative stereotypes that allege a sex-based math inability. This situational predicament, termed stereotype threat, can undermine women’s performance and aspirations in all quantitative domains. Gender-stereotypic television commercials were employed in three studies to elicit the female stereotype among both men and women. Study 1 revealed that only women for whom the activated stereotype was self-relevant underperformed on a subsequent math test. Exposure to the stereotypic commercials led women taking an aptitude test in Study 2 to avoid math items in favor of verbal items. In Study 3, women who viewed the stereotypic commercials indicated less interest in educational/vocational options in which they were susceptible to stereotype threat (i.e., quantitative domains) and more interest in fields in which they were immune to stereotype threat (i.e., verbal domains).
Data-adaptive evolutionary spectral estimation

We present a novel data-adaptive estimator for the evolutionary spectrum of nonstationary signals. We model the signal at a frequency of interest as a sinusoid with a time-varying amplitude, which is accurately represented by an orthonormal basis expansion. We then compute a minimum mean-squared error estimate of this amplitude and use it to estimate the time-varying spectrum at that frequency, all while minimizing the interference from the signal components at other frequencies. Repeating the process over all frequencies, we obtain a power distribution that is consistent with the Wold-Cramer evolutionary spectrum and reduces to Capon's (1969) method for the stationary case. Our estimator possesses desirable properties in terms of time-frequency resolution and positivity and is robust in the spectral estimation of noisy nonstationary data. We also propose a new estimator for the autocorrelation of nonstationary signals. This autocorrelation estimate is needed in the data-adaptive spectral estimation. We illustrate the performance of our estimator using simulation examples and compare it with the recently presented evolutionary periodogram and the bilinear time-frequency distribution with exponential kernels. >
Neural Pathways From The Lamina Terminalis Influencing Cardiovascular And Body Fluid Homeostasis

1. The lamina terminalis, a region of the brain with a high concentration of angiotensin AT1 receptors, consists of three distinct nuclei, the median preoptic nucleus, the subfornical organ and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT). These latter two regions lack a blood–brain and detect changes in plasma angiotensin (Ang) II concentration and osmolality.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON ELECTRODES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF MICROBIAL FUEL CELL

The main objective of this paper is to study the pe rformance of the various combinations of electrodes which plays an important role in the microbial fuel cells for t he generation of electricity. The present work is a n experimented investigation concerned with selection of the elect rodes for the best performance of a microbial fuel cell. The various combinations of anode/cathode materials lik e copper, zinc, aluminum, carbon, stainless steel, mild steel for MFCs has been systematically studied and out of which Cu/Zn, Al/SS, C/C and SS/SS gave higher voltage output.
Receptor‐Mediated Local Fine‐Tuning by Noradrenergic Innervation of Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems a

Immune responses can be modulated by noradrenergic input at (1) hypothalamic (CRF and ACTH release), (2) immune cell (cytokine production), and (3) adrenal cortex (glucocorticoid production) level. Elucitating the basic mechanisms responsible for immunological responses and diseases may be helpful in developing therapeutic approaches for many disorders, such as autoimmune diseases.
EDTA in vacutainer tubes can interfere with plasma amino acid analysis.

difficulties (6). The differences found may have several other explanations, such as use of impure digoxin in standards. Furthermore, the commercial standards were prepared in a matrix of human serum but, like our routine samples, our standards were in heparinized plasma. The kit manuals do not suggest any effect of this difference. In an earlier study (6) we found that the standard curve (bound cpm vs concerttration) for standards prepared in heparinized plasma was steeper than it was when serum was used. In commercial kits for cortisol assay the native matrix used as standard medium in the kits was altered by the preparation procedure employed, which affected accuracy (7). This may be important also for digoxin RIAs. The low analytical recovery of digoxin in extracts of standards after the first 20 days of storage was unexpected. Free fatty acids increase during storage of serum, even at low temperatures (8). Digoxin and other steroids can be entrapped in micelles of free fatty acids, which may disturb direct RIA (9, 10) and also possibly decrease extraction into dichloromethane. Bacterial contamination of the standard preparations may influence digoxin RIA (11), but we detected no bacterial growth in the affected standards. Reliable standards are a prerequisite for useful monitoring of digitalized patients, as is also the use of the same therapeutic range in different hospitals. Our results indicate a need for better control by the kit supplier. We suggest that digoxin be calibrated against the internationally approved substance ftilfilling the specifications in the international pharmacopoeia and urge the use of specified standard media resembling as closely as possible the samples collected. Standards should not be used after refrigerated storage for longer than one week.
Seeking Self: Leisure and Tourism on Common Ground

Abstract Each individual's meaning of the leisure and tourism experience will be constructed according to the recreationist and tourist's own cultural and social background, the purpose of the visit, the companions, preconceived and observed values of the social group, the marketing images of the destination and, above all the relationships of power between recreationist/tourist destination or area. If the space is perceived as one in which interactions occur and the self enlarged or expanded, challenged, renewed or reinforced, the recreation and tourist experience becomes an ongoing process that extends beyond the time and place boundaries of the visit. In accounting for tourism and outdoor recreation much of the initial sociological and social psychological work was concerned with the individual and the part that holidays and outdoor recreation play in establishing identity and a sense of self. This paper then is about examining the effects that comparable types of tourism (ecotourism/volunteer tourism) and leisure (outdoor recreation) can have on the development of self and the common ground that exists in trying to analyse the experience that results through the disciplines of tourism and leisure.
Widespread Distribution of Disinfectant Resistance Genes among Staphylococci of Bovine and Caprine Origin in Norway

ABSTRACT We demonstrate here a widespread distribution of genes mediating efflux-based resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in staphylococci from unpasteurized milk from 127 dairy cattle herds and 70 dairy goat herds. QAC resistance genes were identified in 21% of the cattle herds (qacA/B, smr, qacG, and qacJ) and in 10% of the goat herds (qacA/B and smr). Further examination of 42 QAC-resistant bovine and caprine isolates revealed the following genes: qacA/B (12 isolates) was present in four different species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), smr (27 isolates) was detected in eight different CoNS species and in Staphylococcus aureus on a previously reported plasmid (pNVH99), qacG (two isolates) was detected on two plasmids (pST94-like) in Staphylococcus cohnii and Staphylococcus warneri, and qacJ (two isolates) was found in Staphylococcus hominis and Staphylococcus delphini on a plasmid (pNVH01) previously found in equine staphylococci. Isolation of indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) CoNS types from tank milk and mammary quarter milk samples in a dairy cattle herd suggested that these QAC-resistant staphylococci were of intramammary origin. Indistinguishable or closely related PFGE types of bovine QAC-resistant CoNS were observed in different herds. One particular bovine S. warneri PFGE type was isolated repeatedly from samples collected during a 30-month period in a herd, showing long-term persistence. In conclusion, it seems that the widespread distribution of staphylococci carrying QAC resistance genes in Norwegian dairy cattle and goat herds is the result of both the intra- and interspecies spread of QAC resistance plasmids and the clonal spread of QAC-resistant strains.
RELATIVE ERRORS IN CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREMS FOR STUDENT'S t STATISTIC, WITH APPLICATIONS

Student's t statistic is frequently used in practice to test hypotheses about means. Today, in fields such as genomics, tens of thousands of t-tests are implemented simultaneously, one for each component of a long data vector. The distributions from which the t statistics are computed are almost invariably non- normal and skew, and the sample sizes are relatively small, typically about one thousand times smaller than the number of tests. Therefore, theoretical investi- gations of the accuracy of the tests would be based on large-deviation expansions. Recent research has shown that in this setting, unlike classical contexts, weak de- pendence among vector components is often not a problem; independence can safely be assumed when the significance level is very small, provided dependence among the test statistics is short range. However, conventional large-deviation results provide information only about the accuracy of normal and Student's t approxima- tions under the null hypothesis. Power properties, especially against sparse local alternatives, require more general expansions where the data no longer have zero mean, and in fact where the mean can depend on both sample size and the number of tests. In this paper we derive this type of expansion, and show how it can be used to draw statistical conclusions about the effectiveness of many simultaneous t-tests. Similar arguments can be used to derive properties of classifiers based on high-dimensional data.