Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gene flow and population history in high dispersal marine invertebrates: mitochondrial DNA analysis of Holothuria nobilis (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) populations from the Indo‐Pacific

The sea cucumber, Holothuria nobilis, has a long‐lived planktotrophic larvae, and previous allozyme surveys have suggested that high dispersal is realized. In contrast, recent ecological studies indicate that dispersal is low. To reconcile these data, and to investigate the evolution of this Indo‐Pacific species, we screened geographical variation in 559 bp of a mitochondrial gene (COI) in 360 samples from the Australasian region and La Réunion. Sequences from La Réunion differed by > 7% from others and may constitute another species. Haplotype diversity in other samples was high (0.942, SD = 0.007), but haplotypes were closely related (mean nucleotide diversity: 0.0075, SD = 0.0041). amova, pairwise FST values and exact tests did not detect significant population structure. Nested clade analysis showed that one of two main clades was over‐represented in west Australia, whereas the other was more common in the northern Great Barrier Reef. Isolation‐by‐distance was identified as the main determinant of population structure at several clade levels. Contiguous range expansion was inferred for evolutionary older clade levels and this may correspond to a late Pleistocene (88 000–193 000 years ago) population expansion inferred from haplotype mismatch distributions. Thus, the population genetic structures detected are likely to be formed prior to the last ice age, with some indications for high dispersal on shorter time scales.
Les facteurs prosodiques qui marquent la perception des fins de tour de parole

La presente etude s'interesse principalement aux elements prosodiques, c'est-adire (Intonation, la pause et (Intensite, utilises dans une conversation afin de comprendre comment les locuteurs les utilisent pour signaler la fin de leurs tours de parole. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilise un corpus compose de 20 tours de parole longs tires d'une conversation spontanee entre deux etudiants quebecois de niveau universitaire. Pour realiser cette experimentation, nous avons procede en deux grandes etapes. Tout d'abord, une analyse auditive a ete faite afin d'identifier les facteurs presents a la fin et a l'interieur des tours de parole. Par la suite, les facteurs prosodiques ont ete soumis a une analyse instrumentale plus poussee. Afin d'avoir un portrait un peu plus fidele a la realite, des elements syntaxiques et semanticopragmatiques ont aussi ete etudies. Les resultats obtenus montrent que l'utilisation des differents indices etudies est assez partagee. Il semblerait en effet que les locuteurs de notre etude aient tendance a utiliser un ensemble d'elements pour signaler la fin de leurs tours de parole plutot que d'utiliser un element de facon predominante. Contrairement a l'Idee generalement repandue, la production d'une pause longue accompagnee d'une descente de frequence et d'intensite ne serait pas un indice suffisant en oral spontane. Les facteurs prosodiques auraient besoin d'etre completes par des indices syntaxiques et semantico-pragmatiques pour etre efficaces.
HIV sensitivity to neutralization is determined by target and virus producer cell properties

Objective:Using clinical isolates from a recent passive immunization trial with antibody 2G12, we probed the capacity of frequently used neutralization formats – the primary peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-based and the TZM-bl cell-based assay systems – to predict in-vivo activity of 2G12. Design:Antibodies and entry inhibitors of established efficacy were used to neutralize HIV-1 isolates in different in-vitro assay setups. Methods:Single round infection with Env-pseudotyped and multiple round infection with replication-competent virus was studied on PBMCs and a variety of engineered cell lines. Results:Six out of 12 isolates with high sensitivity to 2G12 in the replication-competent PBMC assay lacked sensitivity to the monoclonal antibody in the env-pseudotype TZM-bl assay. Outcome of passive immunization with 2G12 corroborated the PBMC-assay in-vitro data, as escape mutations to 2G12 emerged, proving the monoclonal antibody's impact on HIV in vivo. Failure to inhibit pseudotype infection of TZM-bl was not due to sequence differences or the pseudotype infection per se, as infection of PBMCs with the identical pseudotyped viruses was sensitive to 2G12 inhibition. Similar shifts in efficacy, though less extreme, were noted for other neutralizing antibodies and inhibitors. Exploration of causes for the observed differences between assay systems revealed that both target cell and virus producer properties influence sensitivity of virus entry to inhibition. Conclusion:Our observation that neutralization assay systems employing engineered reporter cell lines can miss in-vivo relevant neutralizing activities strongly argues that preclinical assessment should not be restricted to a single assay type.
Network anomaly detection based on MRMHC-SVM algorithm

Network anomaly detection is the major direction of research in intrusion detection. Aiming at some problems, which include high false alarm rate, difficulties in obtaining exactly clean data for the modeling of normal patterns and the deterioration of detection rate because of some ldquonoisyrdquo data(unclean data) in the training set, in current intrusion detection techniques, we propose a novel network anomaly detection method based on MRMHC-SVM machine learning algorithm. The experimental results show that our method can effectively detect anomalies with high true positive rate and low false positive rate than the state-of-the-art anomaly detection methods. Moreover, the proposed method retains good detection performance after employing feature selection aiming at avoiding the ldquocurse of dimensionalityrdquo. In addition, even interfered by ldquonoisyrdquo data, it is robust and effective.
High‐frequency generation of new immunoresistant tumor variants during metastasis of a cloned murine tumor line (ESb)

A metastatic variant of a chemically induced lymphoma (ESb) from a DBA/2 mouse was found to activate in syngeneic hosts specific anti‐tumor cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) which recognized on the tumor a distinct tumor‐associated antigen. Upon metastasis of a cloned ESB tumor line from an s.c. site to the spleen, the tumor cells which were originally sensitive to lysis by anti‐ESb CTL became specifically immunoresistant. The development of immunoresistant variants after tumor‐cell transplantation followed a defined kinetic and organ pattern: they were first detected in the spleen, then also in the liver and in the late stage of tumor progression they were the predominant tumor type in all involved organs. No immunoresistant tumor variants were generated in immunoincompetent animals such as nude (nu/nu) mice. Immunoresistant variants also developed when immunosensitive ESb clones were inoculated into animals specifically preimmunized against ESb. In fact, these variants were the only type of cells eventually growing out from such animals causing death from metastasis in spite of the specific immune status of the host. The change of tumor antigen expression described here differs from antibodyinduced antigenic modulation in that it is genetically transmitted and stable in tissue culture. The immunoresistant tumor variants which did not preexist in the starting, twice‐cloned cell population represent a new type of immune escape variant.
Pediatric Positive Airway Pressure Adherence in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Enhanced by Family Member Positive Airway Pressure Usage.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Adherence to positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) remains a challenge in children. We hypothesized that the presence of another family member on PAP therapy (parent, sibling, other family member) would be associated with better adherence in the child. METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart review to identify children < 18 years of age who had a new diagnosis of OSA between Jan 2011 and May 2013. Outcomes were objective PAP adherence at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. Potential predictors included family member on PAP therapy, patient demographics, and clinical characteristics. Group differences between children with and without a family member on PAP therapy were determined using χ(2) test and Wilcoxon two-sample test. PAP adherence measures at each time point and patterns of change across time between the two groups were examined using mixed-effects models. RESULTS The final analytic sample included 56 children: age 13.2 ± 3.7 years, 60% male, 67% African American, 65% obese, and 32% with developmental disabilities. The mean obstructive apnea-hypopnea index was 25.2 ± 28.7, and 19 (33%) had a family member on PAP therapy. Overall PAP adherence was 2.8 ± 2.4 h/night at 3 months. At month 3, the group with a family member on PAP therapy had significantly greater average nightly PAP use on all nights (3.6 ± 0.6 vs. 2.3 ± 0.39) and on nights used (4.8 ± 0.6 vs. 3.8 ± 0.40); (p value = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Overall PAP adherence was low, but having a family member on PAP therapy as a "role model" was associated with better adherence. COMMENTARY A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 941.
Prevalence of disc displacement of various severities among young preorthodontic population: a magnetic resonance imaging study.

PURPOSE There has been no study on the prevalence of disc displacement (DD) of different levels in children and adolescents with adequate sample size using magnetic resonance images (MRIs). This retrospective cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the relationship between increasing age and the prevalence of DD of various severities in a young preorthodontic population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Of 199 preorthodontic patients aged 6 to 15 years visiting a private orthodontic office for initial examination, 153 patients with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders had MRIs of their TMJs taken for further evaluation. Of those, 302 TMJs from 151 patients' MRIs of diagnostic quality were divided into three age groups (I: 6 to 9, II: 10 to 12, and III: 13 to 15 years). DD of each patient was categorized based on its severity from stage 0 (normal) to stage 4 (total DD without reduction). The distribution of DD stages in each age group was plotted on a line graph and statistically analyzed for intergroup comparison. RESULTS A graphical representation of the results clearly demonstrated a trend for higher occurrence of more advanced DD with an increase in age. No gender difference was observed. Statistical analysis showed that DD was significantly more advanced in group II than group I (p < 0.01) and group III than group I (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The study revealed a high prevalence of DD in the young preorthodontic population and significant increase in the proportion of patients with more advanced stages of DD in older patients.
Determination of Candida tropicalis acyl coenzyme A oxidase isozyme function by sequential gene disruption

A recently developed transformation system has been used to facilitate the sequential disruption of the Candida tropicalis chromosomal POX4 and POX5 genes, encoding distinct isozymes of the acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) oxidase which catalyzes the first reaction in the beta-oxidation pathway. The URA3-based transformation system was repeatedly regenerated by restoring the uracil requirement to transformed strains, either through selection for spontaneous mutations or by directed deletion within the URA 3 coding sequence, to permit sequential gene disruptions within a single strain of C. tropicalis. These gene disruptions revealed the diploid nature of this alkane- and fatty acid-utilizing yeast by showing that it contains two copies of each gene. A comparison of mutants in which both POX4 or both POX5 genes were disrupted revealed that the two isozymes were differentially regulated and displayed unique substrate profiles and kinetic properties. POX4 was constitutively expressed during growth on glucose and was strongly induced by either dodecane or methyl laurate and to a greater extent than POX5, which was induced primarily by dodecane. The POX4-encoded isozyme demonstrated a broad substrate spectrum in comparison with the narrow-spectrum, long-chain oxidase encoded by POX5. The absence of detectable acyl-CoA oxidase activity in the strain in which all POX4 and POX5 genes had been disrupted confirmed that all functional acyl-CoA oxidase genes had been inactivated. This strain cannot utilize alkanes or fatty acids for growth, indicating that the beta-oxidation pathway has been functionally blocked.
Levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel infusion in advanced Parkinson's disease: a 7‐year experience

Levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) infusion is nowadays becoming an established therapeutic option for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with fluctuating symptoms unresponsive to conventional oral treatment. As the implementation of LCIG therapy is increasing, there is a need for safety and efficacy data from current clinical practice.
Magnetic Analysis of Polar and Nonpolar Oxide Substrates

The magnetism of different polar and nonpolar cuts of single-crystal oxide substrates has been analysed. In addition to their intrinsic diamagnetism, some crystals exhibit a Curie-law susceptibility, which is associated with 3d impurities at the 1 ppm level, except for MgO where it is ~30 ppm. Others exhibit an anhysteretic ferromagnetic-like signal typical of d<sup>0</sup> magnetism. The magnitude of the saturation moment depends critically on the type of surface in the case of the perovskite oxide substrates-SrTiO<sub>3</sub>, LaAlO<sub>3</sub>, and LSAT. The moment on (111) SrTiO<sub>3</sub> reaches a maximum of 80 μB nm<sup>-2</sup> on annealing in vacuum in the region of 650°C but no moment (<;2 μ<sub>B</sub> nm<sup>-2</sup>) is detectable on (100) SrTiO<sub>3</sub>. The moments on the two polar cuts of LaAlO<sub>3</sub> are 40-70 μB nm<sup>-2</sup>. No correlation was found between the magnetism and the polar nature of the cut in non-perovskite oxide substrates-MgO, MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.
AMPA Receptor antagonist NBQX attenuates later‐life epileptic seizures and autistic‐like social deficits following neonatal seizures

To determine whether AMPA receptor (AMPAR) antagonist NBQX can prevent early mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activation and long‐term sequelae following neonatal seizures in rats, including later‐life spontaneous recurrent seizures, CA3 mossy fiber sprouting, and autistic‐like social deficits.
Selective Visual Attention and Motivation

Learning to associate the probability and value of behavioral outcomes with specific stimuli (value learning) is essential for rational decision making. However, in demanding cognitive conditions, access to learned values might be constrained by limited attentional capacity. We measured recognition of briefly presented faces seen previously in a value-learning task involving monetary wins and losses; the recognition task was performed both with and without constraints on available attention. Regardless of available attention, recognition was substantially enhanced for motivationally salient stimuli (i.e., stimuli highly predictive of outcomes), compared with equally familiar stimuli that had weak or no motivational salience, and this effect was found regardless of valence (win or loss). However, when attention was constrained (because stimuli were presented during an attentional blink, AB), valence determined recognition; win-associated faces showed no AB, but all other faces showed large ABs. Motivational salience acts independently of attention to modulate simple perceptual decisions, but when attention is limited, visual processing is biased in favor of reward-associated stimuli.
State estimation in the case of loss of observations

Loss of information (observations) is a common problem in control and communication systems. Kalman filter is a versatile tool for state estimation, but would it still produce accurate estimation in such a case? In this paper we investigate this situation and propose several approaches to compensate the loss of information in employing Kalman filter to estimate the state of a system. Minimum error variance for these approaches is derived from the basic structure of the classical Kalman filer. Necessary discussion for all approaches regarding their applications and drawbacks are stated. Optimal Kalman gain matrix for these approaches is calculated. Selection criterion for the approaches are also presented. Details of the theoretical properties such as convergence and stabilization of Riccati equation are not, however, included due to limited length of a conference paper. Numerical example is included to illustrate the effectiveness of these approaches.
Neuronal and glial activity during spreading depression in cerebral cortex of cat.

1. Extra- and intracellular potentials were recorded from neurons and glia during spreading depression (SD) in cerebral cortex of cats. The glial membrane depolarized during SD and the time course of depolarization was concurrent with the surface DC change of SD. The glial depolarization evoked by 20-Hz repetitive cortical stimulation disappeared during the negative DC shift of SD. Simultaneous recording of the extra- and intracellular potentials from a single glial cell with a coaxial microelectrode showed that the extracellular DC potential change was of opposite polarity to the glial intracellular potential, which suggests that the slow glial depolarization concurrent with SD is not the field potential. In contrast to glial cells, the neuronal burst discharges as well as the neuronal membrane depolarization associated with SD did not show a close relationship to SD: the neuronal membrane depolarization and discharge were frequently delayed by 10-3- s from the onset of the SD slow wave. Sometimes SD was observed without accompanying neuronal depolarization. The degree of neuronal depolarization was not always correlated with the amplitude of the negative wave of SD. 2. The effect of tetrodotoxin (TTX) on the negative DC potential of SD was examined. Simultaneous recording of glial membrane potential and the neuronal unit activity as well as extracellular DC potential and surface DC potential during SD was performed and the TTX-treated cortex was compared with the normal state. TTX did not change the DC level of the cerebral cortex. SD could be evoked by KCl when neuronal discharge was completely abolished by TTX application.
Leptin Effects on the Expression of Type‐2 CRH Receptor mRNA in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus in the Rat

The product of the ob gene, leptin, is thought to act in the hypothalamus to reduce food intake and body weight (b.w.) in rats and mice; however, the mechanisms of leptin action in the brain have not been fully elucidated. Corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) is a potent anorectic neuropeptide, and its type‐2 receptor (CRHR‐2) in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) appears to play an important role in the expression of this anorectic effect. We explored here the impact of systemic leptin administration on CRH mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and CRHR‐2 mRNA expression in the VMH in male rats, using in‐situ hybridization histochemistry. The expression of CRH mRNA in the PVN and CRHR‐2 mRNA in the VMH were increased at 2 h and 6 h, respectively, after a single intraperitoneal injection of leptin (1.0 mg/kg). Continuous subcutaneous infusion of leptin (1.2 mg/kg/day) via an osmotic minipump for 5 days increased the expression of CRHR‐2 mRNA in the VMH, but not the expression of CRH mRNA in the PVN, compared with vehicle treatment. The rats that received the single or continuous administration of leptin showed reductions of food intake and b.w. compared with vehicle‐treated rats. These results are consistent with our previous findings that the expression of CRHR‐2 mRNA in the VMH is positively correlated with plasma leptin concentrations under various conditions, and highlight the importance of circulating leptin for the regulation of VMH CRHR‐2 mRNA. The present results also raise the possibility that leptin reduces food intake and b.w. at least partially due to the enhancement of the anorectic effect of CRH via increased PVN CRH expression and/or VMH CRHR‐2 expression.
The effect of strong static magnetic field on lymphocytes

We investigated whether static electromagnetic fields (EMFs) at a flux density of 4.75 T, generated by an NMR apparatus (NMRF), could promote movements of Ca2+, cell proliferation, and the eventual production of proinflammatory cytokines in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as well as in Jurkat cells, after exposure to the field for 1 h. The same study was also performed after activation of cells with 5 mg/ml phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Our results clearly demonstrate that static NMRF exposure has neither proliferative, nor activating, nor proinflammatory effects on both normal and PHA activated PBMC. Moreover, the concentration of interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐2, interleukin‐6, interferon, and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) remained unvaried in exposed cells. Exposure of Jurkat cells statistically decreased the proliferation and the proliferation indexes, which 24 and 48 h after exposure were 0.7 ± 0.29 and 0.87 ± 0.12, respectively. Moreover, in Jurkat cells the [Ca2+]i was higher than in PBMC and was reduced significantly to about one half after exposure. This is consistent with the decrease of proliferation and with the low levels of IL‐2 measured. On the whole, our data suggest that NMRF exposure failed to affect the physiologic behaviour of normal lymphomonocytes. Instead in Jurkat cells, by changing the properties of cell membranes, NMRF can influence Ca2+ transport processes, and hence Ca2+ homeostasis with improvement of proliferation. Bioelectromagnetics 24:109–117, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defense factors of vaginal lactobacilli.

OBJECTIVE To determine the antagonistic relationship between vaginal lactobacilli and endogenous vaginal microflora. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-two Lactobacillus strains were studied for the production of lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocin. RESULTS Under standardized growth conditions, most strains increased their biomass by more than 4 times. Lactobacillus species grew best at a pH > or = 4.5, and growth was retarded at a pH < 4.5. Lactic acid levels were 0.68 to 2.518 mg/mL and were not related to the number of cells or the pH of media. The pH of the media was caused by the secretion of lactic and other organic acids. Approximately 80% of the strains produced H(2)O(2) and were graded as 2+ in one third of the strains and 1+ in others. No statistical correlation was found between H(2)O(2) lactic acid and bacteriocin production. Bacteriocin activity was tested on 4 strains of Gardnerella vaginalis. Approximately 80% of the lactobacilli tested produced bacteriocin that inhibited growth of G vaginalis. Six of the strains did not produce bacteriocin. Thirteen strains produced all 3 defense factors, whereas the others lacked 1 or 2 properties. CONCLUSIONS Lactobacillus species grow best at a pH > 4.5. The pH of the media is dependent on the cell mass and on all organic acids produced by Lactobacillus species. Although all species produce organic acids, not all produce H(2)O(2) and bacteriocin. Not all strains of G vaginalis can be inhibited by lactobacilli-producing bacteriocin.