Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CORRELATION PLEIADES

The concept of correlation pleiades was originally advanced by Terentjev (1931). It is based on the presence of correlations between some quantitative characteristics, e.g., between dimensions of certain parts of an organism (or between different measurements within one part) , and, at the same time, on the absence of correlations between these and other parts. The existence of correlation pleiades leads to theoretically important conclusions. The presence of correlations between, for instance, the dimensions of some parts of an organism and the absence of correlations between the dimensions of these and the other parts of the same organism indicate the independence of certain developmental processes with respect to other processes within the organism. The pleiades are thus a manifestation of differentiation. With respect to a given part, other parts of the same organism basically constitute its environment. The origin of correlation pleiades in the course of evolution is an indication of the increasing independence of certain developmental processes with respect to environmental factors, including the influences exerted by the other parts of the same organism. The study of correlations makes it possible to establish the degree of independence reached. The adoption of such a quantitative criterion provides an adequate basis for the introduction of the comparative method in the study of the process by which this independence is attained. Investigation of correlation
Pipeline of Known Chemical Classes of Antibiotics

Many approaches are used to discover new antibiotic compounds, one of the most widespread being the chemical modification of known antibiotics. This type of discovery has been so important in the development of new antibiotics that most antibiotics used today belong to the same chemical classes as antibiotics discovered in the 1950s and 1960s. Even though the discovery of new classes of antibiotics is urgently needed, the chemical modification of antibiotics in known classes is still widely used to discover new antibiotics, resulting in a great number of compounds in the discovery and clinical pipeline that belong to existing classes. In this scenario, the present article presents an overview of the R&D pipeline of new antibiotics in known classes of antibiotics, from discovery to clinical trial, in order to map out the technological trends in this type of antibiotic R&D, aiming to identify the chemical classes attracting most interest, their spectrum of activity, and the new subclasses under development. The result of the study shows that the new antibiotics in the pipeline belong to the following chemical classes: quinolones, aminoglycosides, macrolides, oxazolidinones, tetracyclines, pleuromutilins, beta-lactams, lipoglycopeptides, polymyxins and cyclic lipopeptides.
The Interaction of Gut Microbiota with Host Immune Responses: Friends or Foes

Human gut is associated with trillions of bacteria, ten times higher than the number of the cells in the mammalian body. So the microbiota can be considered as a separate organ. Their presence seems inert in the case of commensals or has beneficial roles in symbionts. In certain circumstances when the gut barrier is disrupted, the gut microbiota can generate immune responses detrimental to the human host. Besides that, irregular distribution of commensal bacteria is linked with the metabolic disorder, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease and cancer [1]. The underlying mechanism of host-gut microbe interactions are still not clear and better knowledge will help to prevent diseases and in the generation of targeted therapy. The impact of the gut microbiota is not only limited to the mucosal surface but it also regulates distant organ sites by promoting innate immune cell development by hematopoiesis. Disruption of the gut microbiota or dysbiosis can lead to gastric ulcers, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, metabolic syndromes and hypertension; inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer, mood and behavioral changes through hormone signaling. The gut microbiota also controls the colonization of pathogenic microbes. The role of gut microbiota and host interactions in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases will be highlighted in this editorial. The link between gut flora and the development of obesity is well established. In genetically obese mice or in obese human volunteers, a significant alteration in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes was observed compared to lean controls [2]. The microbial production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), trimethylamine, acetaldehyde and inflammatory mediators has been shown to significantly impact the metabolic health of the host through pathways that influence satiety, gut permeability and immune function. N-butyrate generated from SCFA regulates leptin production in adipocytes and also controls antiinflammatory responses by reducing cytokine-chemokine release by immune cells. So, targeting butyrate and butyrate producing gut-bacteria can be a new way of restoring host immune function and regulation of energy metabolism [3]. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is widely recognized as an inflammatory disease. Chronic inflammation is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis by promoting plaque formation and inducing endothelial dysfunction. Coronary heart disease (CHD) occurs significantly more frequently in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, there is an ongoing debate whether heart disease is linked to viral or bacterial infection. A 13-year study period with 272 adults with nontyphoidal Salmonella NTS bacteremia showed 35% of the patients have extra-intestinal focal infections; 15% developed mycotic aneurysm exclusively after age 45 years, and the rates of mycotic aneurysm (bacterial infection of the arterial wall) increased with the age of patients with NTS bacteremia.
Ikaros, facteur de transcription impliqué, aussi, dans l’érythropoïèse

Le gene Ikaros ou Lyf1 ou IKZF1 code pour le facteur de transcription Ikaros, initialement decrit comme un regulateur cle de la lymphopoiese. De nombreuses etudes ont montre par la suite que les effets biologiques d’Ikaros ne se limitaient pas aux compartiments lymphocytaires. En effet, des etudes menees dans un contexte murin montrent un role de ce facteur lors de l’erythropoiese et plus particulierement au cours du « switch » ontogenique entre les chaines de globines. Recemment, les observations faites par notre equipe dans un contexte humain suggerent l’implication d’Ikaros dans la regulation des principaux genes de l’erythropoiese, ainsi que lors de l’engagement definitif de cellules souches hematopoietiques dans la lignee erythrocytaire.
Distribution of immunoreactivity for the β2 and β3 subunits of the GABAA receptor in the mammalian spinal cord

The localization of GABAA receptors in cat and rat spinal cord was analyzed using two monoclonal antibodies specific for an epitope shared by the β2 and β3 subunits of the receptor. β2/β3‐subunit immunoreactivity was the most intense in inner lamina II, lamina III, and lamina X, and it was the least intense in lamina IX. In laminae I–III, generally, the staining had a rather diffuse appearance, but the surfaces of small cell bodies in these laminae were outlined clearly by discrete labeling, as were many cell bodies and dendrites in deeper laminae. Rhizotomy experiments and ultrastructural observations indicated that β2/β3‐subunit immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn was largely localized in intrinsic neuropil elements rather than in the terminals of primary afferent fibers, even though labeling overlapped with the terminal fields of different types of primary afferents and was also detected on the membranes of dorsal root ganglion neurons. With few exceptions (most notably, a highly immunoreactive group of dorsolaterally located cells in the cat lumbar ventral horn), motoneurons expressed low levels of β2/β3‐subunit immunoreactivity.
Passive UHF RFID tag performance characterization and prediction

In this thesis Passive UHF RFID Tag Performance characterization and prediction is investigated. To perform tag characterization, we carry out various path loss measurements. Our path loss measurements with varying distance reveals that received power at the reader is not proportional to d to the 4 power as expected from the radar equation. It is deduced that the radar cross section of the RFID Tag is not constant and varies nonlinearly with incident power. Therefore, a power transfer function is investigated to characterize tag backscatter power as a function of incident power. The measurement results show that this function is nonlinear and it is brand dependent. The power transfer function can be used as one parameter in tag characterization. Additionally, we use individual RF parameters of the round-trip path loss, such as transmitting power, distance, orientation, backing material and performance with multiple tags to provide us with more characterization parameters. Comparing these parameters between brands allows us to characterize the performance of individual brands of tags. We also attempt to predict RFID tag performance by using our power transfer function, a coverage area model and a normalized read rate model. The coverage area model predicts operating region of an RFID system and it is found that the operating region is dominated by the downlink turn-on region which is mainly controlled by minimum turn on power of a tag. In the normalized read rate model that predicts the expected read rate versus distance, it suggests increasing transmitting power can improve the read time under challenging fading conditions although it cannot increase the received power at the reader linearly.
Cellular responses to hyperthermia (40–46°C): Cell killing and molecular events

The goal of this review is to provide a brief introduction to the effects of hyperthermia on cellular structures and physiology. The review focuses on the effects of hyperthermia thought to contribute to the enhancement of cancer therapy namely the mechanisms of cell killing and the sensitization of cells to ionizing radiation or chemotherapeutic agents. Specifically the review addresses four topics: hyperthermia induced cell killing, mathematical models of cell killing, mechanisms of thermal effects in the hyperthermia temperature range and effects on proteins that contribute to resistance to other stresses, i.e., DNA damage. Hyperthermia has significant effects on proteins including unfolding, exposing hydrophobic groups, and aggregation with proteins not directly altered by hyperthermia. Protein aggregation has effects throughout the cell but has a significant impact within the nucleus. Changes in the associations of nuclear proteins particularly those involved in DNA replication cause the stalling of DNA replication forks and lead to the induction of DNA damage such as double strand breaks. It has long been recognized that heat has effects on plasma membrane protein distribution alters the permeability of plasma membranes resulting in a calcium spike and disrupts the mitochondrial membrane potential resulting in the change in the redox status of cells. These effects contribute to the protein unfolding effects of hyperthermia and contribute to effects observed in the nucleus. Thus heat effects on multiple cellular targets can be integrated through global effects on protein folding to affect specific end points such as cell killing and sensitization to additional stresses.
Design Of 32 Bit Floating Point Addition And Subtraction Units Based On IEEE 754 Standard

Floating point arithmetic implementation described various arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division. In science computation this circuit is useful. A general purpose arithmetic unit require for all operations. In this paper single precision floating point arithmetic addition and subtraction is described. This paper includes single precision floating point format representation and provides implementation technique of addition and subtraction arithmetic calculations. Low precision custom format is useful for reduce the associated circuit costs and increasing their speed. I consider the implementation of 32 bit addition and subtraction unit for floating point arithmetic.
P120‐catenin expression in human colorectal cancer

Recent data suggest that pl20‐catenin plays a role in the regulation of functionality of E‐cadherin, a protein essential for the establishment and maintenance of cell‐cell contacts. Since dysfunction of intercellular adhesiveness is an alteration frequently observed in colon cancer we have studied the expression and distribution of p120‐catenin in human colorectal tumors. In normal colon, p120‐catenin was observed in the crypt and surface epithelium; the cells showed reactivity both in the membrane and in the cytosol. Thirteen primary tumors were examined for p120‐catenin expression: they were graded as uniformly positives (+) (4); heterogeneous (±) (6), with a diminished expression, detected mainly in the cytosol; and negatives (−) (3). Although the number of tumors was low, the reduction in p120‐catenin correlated with a larger size of the tumors (p = 0.038). Association of p120‐catenin to the cytoskeleton was also determined in 5 tumors by detergent extraction and Western blot; this analysis shows that lack of reactivity in the membrane was accompanied by absence of p120‐catenin in the cytoskeleton‐associated fraction. Analysis of E‐cadherin was performed in order to compare the distribution of this protein and p120‐catenin. Although no complete correlation was found between the expression of both proteins (p = 0.077), our results showed that alterations in the level or distribution of p120‐catenin were accompanied by lack of E‐cadherin reactivity in the membrane, whereas absence of p120‐catenin in the cytoskeleton fraction was associated with important decreases in the amount of E‐cadherin in this same fraction. These results show that alterations in p120‐catenin levels are a common event in colorectal tumors, and suggest that the distribution of this protein and E‐cadherin is coordinately regulated. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transport and Subcellular Distribution of Nickel in the Olfactory System of Pikes and Rats

Occupational exposure to nickel by inhalation may result in impaired olfactory sense. Recent studies have shown that nickel is transported from the olfactory epithelium along the axons of the primary olfactory neurons to the brain. In the present study63Ni2+was applied in the olfactory chambers of pikes (Esox lucius) and the rate at which the metal was transported in the primary olfactory neurons was determined by β-spectrometry. The results showed a wave of63Ni2+in the olfactory nerves, which slowly moved toward the olfactory bulbs. The maximal63Ni2+transport rate corresponding to the movement of the base of the wave front was found to be about 0.13 mm/h at the experimental temperature (10°C). This rate of63Ni2+transport falls into the class of slow axonal transport. Radioluminography of tape sections of a pike given63Ni2+in the right olfactory chamber showed a selective labeling of the right olfactory nerve. The subcellular distribution of63Ni2+in the olfactory nerves and the olfactory epithelium of the pikes was studied in tissues subjected to homogenizations and centrifugations, and these methods were also used to examine the subcellular distribution of63Ni2+in tissues of the olfactory system of rats given the metal intranasally. It was found that the63Ni2+, in both the pike and the rat, was present in the cytosol and also in association with various particulate cell constituents. Gel filtrations of the cytosols showed that the63Ni2+mainly was eluted at aVe/Voratio corresponding to a MW of about 250. The same coefficient was obtained in gel filtrations performed with63Ni2+mixed with histidinein vitro.It is likely that the cytosolic nickel may be bound to histidine or possibly to other amino acids which are similar in size to histidine. Additionally, in the olfactory tissues of the rat the63Ni2+was partly present in the cytosol in association with a component with a MW of about 25,000. It is concluded that (i)63Ni2+is transported in the primary olfactory neurons by means of slow axonal transport, (ii) in this process the metal is bound to both particulate and soluble cytosolic constituents, and (iii) the metal shows this subcellular distribution also in other parts of the olfactory system.
Speech prosody: A methodological review

This critical review is mainly concerned with methodological issues in prosody research, with the aim to highlight progress toward developing predictive knowledge about prosody. The review shows that there has been a steady progression in terms of methodological rigor as the field goes through major methodological trends that can be described as analysis-by-introspection, analysis-by-transcription, analysis-by-hypothesis-testing and analysis-by-modeling. All the major methodologies currently still co-exist and each still has it own merit. But all of them are evaluated in terms of their effectiveness in establishing knowledge that is generalizable. Finally, an emphasis will be made on the need to have much more linking and integration between different subareas of prosody research.
The α-Glucosidase I Inhibitor Castanospermine Alters Endothelial Cell Glycosylation, Prevents Angiogenesis, and Inhibits Tumor Growth

Abstract The development of drugs that target the tumor neovasculature may hold promise in inhibiting tumor growth. Experiments in vivo with castanospermine, an inhibitor of the glucosidases that convert protein N -linked high mannose carbohydrates to complex oligosaccharides, resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth in nude mice. Angiogenesis to basic fibroblast growth factor in castanospermine-treated C57/BL mice was similarly reduced. Endothelial cell proliferation, invasion of basement membrane, and differentiation are crucial steps during neovascularization. In vitro differentiation models using Matrigel and postconfluent cultures of endothelial cells were used to study the effects of glycosidase inhibitors on endothelial cell behavior. FACS analysis of cell surface oligosaccharides using either Concanavalin A or l-phytohemagglutinin lectins confirmed an increase in high mannose groups and a decrease in tri- and tetra antennary β-linked galactose- N -acetylglucosamine on mannose residues of Asn-linked oligosaccharides upon drug treatment. Castanospermine and the glucosidase inhibitor N -methyldeoxynojirimycin prevented the morphological differentiation of endothelial cells in vitro . These compounds did not alter the proliferation of cultured endothelial cells or their ability to attach to various extracellular matrix molecules. However, the cells showed a reduced ability to migrate and to invade basement membrane gels in vitro and an increased tendency to form aggregates that was inhibitable by d-mannose. These studies suggest that certain cell surface oligosaccharides are required for angiogenesis and that glucosidase inhibitors that alter these structures on endothelial cells are able to inhibit tumor growth.
Salmonella Induced IL-23 and IL-1β Allow for IL-12 Production by Monocytes and Mφ1 through Induction of IFN-γ in CD56+ NK/NK-Like T Cells

BACKGROUND The type-1 cytokine pathway plays a pivotal role in immunity against intracellular bacterial pathogens such as Salmonellae and Mycobacteria. Bacterial stimulation of pattern recognition receptors on monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells initiates this pathway, and results in the production of cytokines that activate lymphocytes to produce interferon (IFN)-gamma. Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 are thought to be the key cytokines required for initiating a type-1 cytokine immune response to Mycobacteria and Salmonellae. The relative contribution of IL-23 and IL-12 to this process is uncertain. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show that various TLR agonists induce the production of IL-23 but not IL-12 in freshly isolated human monocytes and cultured human macrophages. In addition, type 1 pro-inflammatory macrophages (Mphi1) differentiated in the presence of GM-CSF and infected with live Salmonella produce IL-23, IL-1beta and IL-18, but not IL-12. Supernatants of Salmonella-infected Mphi1 contained more IL-18 and IL-1beta as compared with supernatants of Mphi1 stimulated with isolated TLR agonists, and induced IFN-gamma production in human CD56(+) cells in an IL-23 and IL-1beta-dependent but IL-12-independent manner. In addition, IL-23 together with IL-18 or IL-1beta led to the production of GM-CSF in CD56(+) cells. Both IFN-gamma and GM-CSF enhanced IL-23 production by monocytes in response to TLR agonists, as well as induced IL-12 production. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The findings implicate a positive feedback loop in which IL-23 can enhance its release via induction of IFN-gamma and GM-CSF. The IL-23 induced cytokines allow for the subsequent production of IL-12 and amplify the IFN-gamma production in the type-1 cytokine pathway.
Cyanogenic Potential in Cassava and Its Influence on a Generalist Insect Herbivore Cyrtomenus bergi (Hemiptera: Cydnidae)

Abstract The hypothesis that cyanogenic potential in cassava is a defense mechanism against arthropod pests is one of the crucial questions relevant to current efforts to reduce or eliminate cyanogenic potential (CNP) in cassava. The generalist arthropod Cyrtomenus bergi, which attacks cassava roots, was used in a bioassay relating oviposition and survival to CNP, concentration of nonglycosidic cyanogens, and linamarase (β-glycosidase) activity in twelve selfed cassava siblings and their parental clone, which has segregated for different levels of cyanogenesis. Electron microscopic evaluation revealed an intracellular pathway of the stylet of C. bergi in the cassava root tissue to rupture cell walls. This feeding behavior causes cyanogenesis and increased linamarin content in the hemolymph of C. bergi while feeding on a cyanogenic diet. This diet resulted in a significant reduction in oviposition, especially at levels of CNP above 150 ppm (expressed as hydrogen cyanide) on fresh weight basis (or 400 ppm on dry weight basis) in cassava roots. An exponential decline in oviposition was observed with increasing levels of CNP, beginning 12 d after exposure to the cyanogenic diet. Cyanogenic potential and dry matter content showed a positive effect on survival. No relationship was found between concentrations of nonglycosidic cyanogens or linamarase activity in the cassava root and either oviposition or survival. According to our results, there is a significant difference between potentially noncyanogen and high cyanogen clones, but there may not be a significant difference between potentially noncyanogen and low cyanogen clones. Consequently, more frequent outbreaks or higher levels of damage might not be anticipated in potentially noncyanogen cassava clones than that anticipated in low cyanogenic clones. The negative effect of cyanogenesis on oviposition concurrent with a positive effect on survival of this pest is most likely the result of a physiological trade-off between survival and oviposition. The question of whether ovipositional rates could be recovered after a long-term exposure to cyanide remains unanswered.