Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Declarative Debugging of Missing Answers for Maude

Declarative debugging is a semi-automatic technique that starts from an incorrect computation and locates a program fragment responsible for the error by building a tree representing this computation and guiding the user through it to find the error. Membership equational logic (MEL) is an equational logic that in addition to equations allows the statement of membership axioms characterizing the elements of a sort. Rewriting logic is a logic of change that extends MEL by adding rewrite rules, that correspond to transitions between states and can be nondeterministic. In this paper we propose a calculus that allows to infer normal forms and least sorts with the equational part, and sets of reachable terms through rules. We use an abbreviation of the proof trees computed with this calculus to build appropriate debugging trees for missing answers (results that are erroneous because they are incomplete), whose adequacy for debugging is proved. Using these trees we have implemented a declarative debugger for Maude, a high-performance system based on rewriting logic, whose use is illustrated with an example.
Changing pattern of distribution of carcinoma of the stomach

2. Gut 1980; 21: 9-17. Young JA, Hughes HE. Three year trial of endoscopic CYtologY of the stomach and duodenum. Gut 1980; 2 1 : 241-6. Dekker W, Tytgat GN. Diagnostic accuracy of fiberendoscopy in the detection of upper intestinal malignancy: a follow-up analysis. Gastroenlerolog-y 1977; 13: 71@14. Roberts RH, Madden MV, Sent DM. Sensitivity of endoscopic detection of malignancy in resectable gastric carcinoma. S Afr Med J 1987; 12: 37-8. Mountford RA, Brown P, Salmon PR, Alvarenga C, Newmann 5 .
Kinetics of protein and DNA synthesis studied by mathematical modelling of flow cytometric protein and DNA histograms

Abstract. Mathematical models for histograms of cellular protein content as measured by flow cytometry were developed, based on theoretical protein distributions. These were derived from the age distribution of cells and the accumulation function for cellular protein content as a function of age within the cell cycle. A model assuming an exponential age distribution and an exponential protein. accumulation function was found to give the best representation of protein histograms of exponentially growing NHIK 3025 cells. This is in good agreement with the known kinetic behaviour of such cells. By the combined use of the protein histogram model and a similar model for DNA content, and assuming linear DNA accumulation during S, the fraction of cells in S, as a function of cellular protein content, was simulated. This function showed good agreement with values of the [3H]TdR labelling index scored in cells sorted by flow cytometry from 5‐channel intervals of the protein histogram. The protein and DNA histogram models were combined into a two‐dimensional model for correlated protein/DNA measurements. Comparison between simulated data and experimentally derived two‐dimensional protein/DNA histograms gave further support to the cell kinetic assumptions underlying the models, but also identified some minor deviations which could not be recognized in the analysis of the one‐dimensional histograms.
PSA failure following definitive treatment of prostate cancer having biopsy Gleason score 7 with tertiary grade 5.

CONTEXT In 2005, the International Society of Urologic Pathology consensus conference recommended that men with biopsy Gleason score 3 + 4 or 4 + 3 prostate cancer and tertiary pattern 5 should have their cancer classified as Gleason score 8 or 9, respectively. Yet, the management of men with Gleason score 7 vs 8 or 9 prostate cancer differs. OBJECTIVE To compare the prognostic significance of Gleason score 7 with tertiary grade 5 vs other Gleason scores with respect to time to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure in men with prostate cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS From 1989 to 2005, 2370 men with clinical tumor category 1c to 3b, node-negative, and nonmetastatic prostate cancer underwent definitive therapy with surgery or radiation therapy with or without hormonal therapy. A pathologist with expertise in genitourinary cancers assigned Gleason scores to the prostate needle biopsy specimens. Cox regression was used to assess whether a significant association existed between the presence of tertiary grade 5 in men with Gleason score 7 disease and time to recurrence compared with men with Gleason score 7 without tertiary grade 5, Gleason score 5 to 6, or 8 to 10 disease, adjusting for known prognostic factors and treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Time to PSA failure. RESULTS Men with Gleason score 7 and tertiary grade 5 disease had a significantly shorter time to PSA failure than men with 7 without tertiary grade 5 (median time, 5.0 vs 6.7 years, respectively; adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32-0.97; P = . 04) or score of 6 or less (median time, 15.4 years; adjusted HR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.13-0.43; P < .001). However, a significant difference was not observed when these men were compared with men with Gleason score 8 to 10 disease (median time, 5.1 years; adjusted HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.54-1.71; P = .90). CONCLUSION In this study population, men with prostate cancer having biopsy Gleason score 7 and tertiary grade 5 had a higher risk of PSA-failure when compared with men with Gleason score 7 without tertiary grade 5 and had a comparable risk with men with Gleason score 8 to 10.
SORPTION OF CADMIUM FROM WATER USING NEUTRALIZED RED MUD AND ACTIVATED NEUTRALIZED RED MUD

In this study seawater-neutralized red mud (Bauxsol) and Bauxsol which is acid treated (aBauxsol) and acid-heat treated (AB) were used as adsorbents for removing of Cd (II) from water. Batch sorption experiments were carried out to investigate the sorption of Cd (II) to the sorbents with particular focus on sorption kinetics, sorption capacity and isotherms. The sorption equilibrium data for present sorbent/sorbate system were tested by both Langmuir and Freundlich models. The values of ∆G° for Cd (II) ion indicate that the adsorption process is spontaneous. Pseudo-second order kinetic model provided a perfect fit for the kinetic data of Cd (II) sorption. Based on the sorption and kinetic information obtained for Cd (II) removal by these sorbents, it may be concluded that AB are the most effective sorbent for Cd (II).
Investigational vasopressin receptor modulators in the pipeline

The vasopressin system is complex and interacts with the central nervous, cardiovascular, renal, and hematological systems. Vasopressin plays an important role in the control of blood osmolarity and vascular tone, but is also involved in many other physiological events, which are mediated mainly via three types of vasopressin receptor: V1R, V2R, and V3R. V1R primarily mediate the vascular, and V2R the aquaretic, effects of vasopressin. Vasopressin may also interact with other receptors, like adrenergic and angiotensin-II receptors, or with distinct biological pathways, including those of nitric oxide and the KATP channel. There are numerous clinical situations where vasopressin receptor modulators (agonists or antagonists) could be used. Currently, vasopressin and terlipressin are most commonly used to stimulate V1R in vasodilatory shock and cardiac arrest, while desmopressin, a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, acts on V2R; but new molecules are becoming available in the treatment of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion.
The critical factors influencing the successful implementation of mobile nursing stations: a case study in Taiwan

The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of the factors affecting the successful implementation of Mobile Nursing Stations (MNS) by case study. A thorough validation process was used to identify the nine critical factors which influence the implementation of MNS, including the degree of peer competition, governmental and insurance policies, the Information Technology (IT) infrastructure, vendor selection, a clinical champion, top management support, task communications, user participation and training issues. The results of this study can enhance managements' understanding of the complete possibilities for the utilisation of MNS.
Cardiorenal syndrome: acute kidney injury secondary to cardiovascular disease and role of protein‐bound uraemic toxins

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and kidney disease are closely interrelated. Disease of one organ can induce dysfunction of the other, ultimately leading to failure of both. Clinical awareness of synergistic adverse clinical outcomes in patients with coexisting CVD and kidney disease or ‘cardiorenal syndrome (CRS)’ has existed. Renal dysfunction, even mild, is a strong independent predictor for poor prognosis in CVD patients. Developing therapeutic interventions targeting acute kidney injury (AKI) has been limited due mainly to lack of effective tools to accurately detect AKI in a timely manner. Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule‐1 have been recently demonstrated to be potential candidate biomarkers in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. However, further validation of AKI biomarkers is needed in other CVD settings, especially acute decompensated heart failure and acute myocardial infarction where AKI commonly occurs. The other concern with regard to understanding the pathogenesis of renal complications in CVD is that mechanistically oriented studies have been relatively rare. Pre‐clininal studies have shown that activation of renal inflammation–fibrosis processes, probably triggered by haemodynamic derangement, underlies CVD‐associated renal dysfunction. On the other hand, it is postulated that there still are missing links in the heart–kidney connection in CRS patients who have significant renal dysfunction. At present, non‐dialysable protein‐bound uraemic toxins (PBUTs) appear to be the main focus in this regard. Evidence of the causal role of PBUTs in CRS has been increasingly demonstrated, mainly focusing on indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p‐cresyl sulfate (pCS). Both IS and pCS are derived from colonic microbiotic metabolism of dietary amino acids, and hence the colon has become a target of treatment in addition to efforts to improve dialysis techniques for better removal of PBUTs. Novel therapy targeting the site of toxin production has led to new prospects in early intervention for predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease.
HOW BIOMECHANICS CAN IMPROVE SPORTS PERFORMANCE

we have discussed some of the uses, strengths and weakness of a few of the most commonly used methodologies and technologies available to the sport biomechanist. temporal and kinematic analyses were both shown to be useful for describing the characteristics and differences of athletic performances but are usually unable to shed light on how to improve a performance or even identify errors in skilled motions. Kinetic analyses are able, in some cases, to detect and identify the muscle groups responsible for creating athletic skills or prevent injuries to joints by preventing excessive ranges of motion. However, they are not always possible to directly measure the forces of interest. inverse dynamics, while suitable for quantifying the powers produced by large muscle groups and determining whether they are performing positive or negative work, is unable to solve situations with closed kinematic chains. nor can inverse dynamics yield information about the work of individual anatomical muscles. while electromyography sheds light on the recruitment levels of at least surface muscles, EMGs cannot quantify the force output of these muscles. Each tool has its appropriate use and limitations. there are yet many other useful biomechanical tools that are continually being added to the biomechanist’s tool bag. Computer simulations have been used since the pioneering studies by Doris Miller (1973) on springboard diving, Melvin Ramey (1973) on long jumping, Herbert Hatze with an optimized model of a kick with a weighted boot (Hatze 1976) and later a whole body performing a long jump (Hatze 1981) or fred Yeadon’s (1990) model for investigating aerial motions such as experienced by trampolinists. Musculoskeletal models (figure 23) are being developed that can theoretically predict the forces in muscles during athletic motions. Bobbert et al. (1986) constructed a model for vertical jumping as well as Pandy et al. (1990) for two-legged maximal jumping; and Zajak, neptune and Kautz (2003) for bipedal walking, to name a few. these computer driven models in principle yield the information necessary to completely quantify the coordination patterns of complex motions and the forces, work and power output of real muscles. full validation of these models is lacking and the models 1 full professor of the School of Human Kinetics, university of ottawa. ottawa, Canada. dger@uottawa.ca
Response of the herbaceous layer of forest ecosystems to excess nitrogen deposition

1 This review brings into focus what is known about the response of the herbaceous layer of forest ecosystems to increasing nitrogen deposition. The emphasis on forests in general is important for two reasons. First, forests often occupy areas receiving high rates of atmospheric deposition of N. Second, compared with herb‐dominated communities, about which much is known regarding response to excess N, forests generally display greater biological and structural complexity. The more specific focus on the herbaceous layer – here defined as all vascular (herbaceous and woody) plants ≤ 1 m in height – is warranted because most of the species diversity of forests occurs in the herb layer. 2 Most responses of forest ecosystems to N saturation, defined here as ecosystem supply of N exceeding ecosystem demand for N, can be characterized by two complementary hypotheses, each emphasizing different facets of ecosystem structure and function. One focuses on ecosystem processes, such as net primary productivity, whereas the other addresses seasonal patterns of concentrations of in stream water. Although neither hypothesis considers the effects of chronically elevated N deposition on forest herbs, both share a prediction – a dramatic increase in availability of – that is relevant to forest herb response. Such a shift towards dominance has important implications for changes in herbaceous layer dynamics. For example, increases in soil pools can increase invasibility by exotic species. Also, because preferential use of vs. can be highly species‐specific among forest herbs, predominance of availability can bring about further changes in herb layer species composition. Also important to forest herbs is the tendency for enhanced mobility of to increase mobility and decrease availability of essential cations, such as Ca2+. 3 The response of plant species of the herbaceous layer of forest ecosystems to excess N availability can arise from N‐mediated changes in several processes. Here I identify six – competition, herbivory, mycorrhizal infection, disease, species invasions and exotic earthworm activity – and discuss how they respond to excess N and how this response affects the herb layer of forests. With the exception of the activity of exotic earthworms (which is correlated with, but not necessarily caused by, high N deposition), there is compelling evidence that all processes respond sensitively to N deposition and that this response generally leads to drastic shifts in species composition and decreases in biodiversity of forest herb communities. 4 A hypothesis is suggested – the nitrogen homogeneity hypothesis – that predicts loss of biodiversity in forest ecosystems experiencing chronically elevated N deposition. This hypothesis is based on the decrease in spatial heterogeneity of N availability that is typically high in forest soils under N‐limited conditions.
Nongenomic Glucocorticoid Suppression of a Postsynaptic Potassium Current via Emergent Autocrine Endocannabinoid Signaling in Hypothalamic Neuroendocrine Cells following Chronic Dehydration

Visual Abstract Glucocorticoids rapidly stimulate endocannabinoid synthesis and modulation of synaptic transmission in hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells via a nongenomic signaling mechanism. The endocannabinoid actions are synapse-constrained by astrocyte restriction of extracellular spatial domains. Exogenous cannabinoids have been shown to modulate postsynaptic potassium currents, including the A-type potassium current (IA), in different cell types. The activity of magnocellular neuroendocrine cells is shaped by a prominent IA. We tested for a rapid glucocorticoid modulation of the postsynaptic IK and IA in magnocellular neuroendocrine cells of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) using whole-cell recordings in rat brain slices. Application of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) had no rapid effect on the IK or IA amplitude, voltage dependence, or kinetics in magnocellular neurons in slices from untreated rats. In magnocellular neurons from salt-loaded rats, however, Dex application caused a rapid suppression of the IA and a depolarizing shift in IA voltage dependence. Exogenously applied endocannabinoids mimicked the rapid Dex modulation of the IA, and CB1 receptor antagonists and agonists blocked and occluded the Dex-induced changes in the IA, respectively, suggesting an endocannabinoid dependence of the rapid glucocorticoid effect. Preincubation of control slices in a gliotoxin resulted in the partial recapitulation of the glucocorticoid-induced rapid suppression of the IA. These findings demonstrate a glucocorticoid suppression of the postsynaptic IA in PVN magnocellular neurons via an autocrine endocannabinoid-dependent mechanism following chronic dehydration, and suggest a possible role for astrocytes in the control of the autocrine endocannabinoid actions.
A mechanism for the intracellular localization of myosin II filaments in the
Dictyostelium amoeba

When ATP is added to membrane-cytoskeletons prepared from Dictyostelium amoebae by the method described previously (S. Yumura and T. Kitanishi-Yumura, Cell Struct. Funct. 15, 355–364, 1990), myosin II is released from the membrane-cytoskeletons after contraction. Simultaneously, the heavy chains of myosin II are phosphorylated by a putative myosin II heavy-chain kinase, at foci within the actin network, with the resultant disassembly of filaments. In this study, we examined factors that control the release of myosin II from the membrane-cytoskeletons, on the assumption that inhibition of the release of myosin II keeps the myosin II in the cortical region, and is responsible for the localization of myosin II in the cortical region. The release of myosin II is inhibited at pH values below 6.5. This effect is not due to the inhibition of heavy-chain phosphorylation but is due to the suppression of disassembly of the filaments. In the membrane-cytoskeletons of aggregating cells, the release of myosin II is inhibited by Ca2+, and this effect is enhanced by pretreatment with calmodulin. In the membrane-cytoskeletons of vegetative cells, the release of myosin II is inhibited by pretreatment with calmodulin, and this effect is Ca2+-independent. The inhibition of the release of myosin II by Ca2+ and/or calmodulin is due to the inhibition of heavy-chain phosphorylation, and calmodulin is associated with the foci within the actin network. These results represent a possible mechanism for the intracellular localization of myosin II via regulation of the release of myosin from the cortical region by changes in intracellular pH and/or intracellular concentrations of Ca2+.
An optimal sampling method for web accessibility quantitative metric and its online extension

As existing studies show the accuracy of sampling methods depends heavily on the evaluation metric in web accessibility evaluation, the purpose of this paper is to propose a sampling method OPS-WAQM optimized for Web Accessibility Quantitative Metric (WAQM). Furthermore, to support quick accessibility evaluation or real-time website accessibility monitoring, the authors also provide online extension for the sampling method. ,In the OPS-WAQM method, the authors propose a minimal sampling error model for WAQM and use a greedy algorithm to approximately solve the optimization problem to determine the sample numbers in different layers. To make OPS-WAQM online, the authors apply the sampling in crawling strategy. ,The sampling method OPS-WAQM and its online extension can both achieve good sampling quality by choosing the optimal sample numbers in different layers. Moreover, the online extension can also support quick accessibility evaluation by sampling and evaluating the pages in crawling. ,To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the sampling method OPS-WAQM in this paper is the first attempt to optimize for a specific evaluation metric. Meanwhile, the online extension not only greatly reduces the serious I/O issues in existing web accessibility evaluation, but also supports quick web accessibility evaluation by sampling in crawling.
Mechanically Tunable Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Cavity Based Oscillator

This work presents the design of a tunable oscillator circuit based on a mechanically tuned resonant cavity that allows varying the oscillation frequency by 2%-3% by means of a flap. The proposed tuning method is validated by implementing a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) resonant cavity which is used as the resonator of an oscillator circuit operating at 12.2 GHz. The mechanically tuned cavity can vary the frequency of the oscillator in the range of 12.1 GHz to 12.4 GHz allowing for a fine compensation of a potential resonance frequency variation due to fabrication and component tolerances. The proposed method can be used for fine tuning of oscillator circuits at the implementation phase.
Monaibacterium marinum, gen. nov, sp. nov, a new member of the Alphaproteobacteria isolated from seawater of Menai Straits, Wales, UK.

The novel Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, short-rod bacterium, strain C7T, was isolated from a seawater sample from Menai Straits (Wales, UK) and characterized. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that this strain represented a distinct lineage within the Roseobacterclade of family Rhodobacteracea within Alphaproteobacteria. The members of the genera Pontivivens (Pontivivensinsulae GYSW-23T), Celeribacter (Celeribactermanganoxidans DY2-5T), Donghicola (Donghicola eburneus SW-277T), Roseovarius (Roseovariushalotolerans HJ50T and Roseovariuspacificus 81-2T), Cribrihabitans (Cribrihabitansmarinus CZ-AM5T) and Aestuariihabitans (Aestuariihabitansbeolgyonensis BB-MW15T) were the closest relatives with 16S rRNA gene sequence identities between 93.4 and 95.6 %. Strain C7T could utilize a restricted number of complex substrates with a preference for yeast extract and tryptone, which is consistent with earlier observations that peptides may serve as an important energy and carbon source for bacteria from the Roseobacterclade. Growth occurred in the absence of sodium ions. The isolate C7T is a mesophilic bacterium that optimally grows at 20 °C. The strain can grow under microaerophilic conditions. The major fatty acid was C18 : 1cis d11. The only detected ubiquinone was Q10. The polar lipids of strain C7T were phosphatidylglycerol, two unknown aminolipids and three unknown lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 60.0 mol%. Based on the results of the morphological, physiological and phylogenetic analyses, the new genus, Monaibacterium gen. nov., to include the new species Monaibacterium marinum sp. nov., is proposed. Strain C7T (=DSM 100241T, =LMG 28800T) is the type and only strain of M. marinum.