Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Causal Effects Based on Latent Variable Models

Building on the stochastic theory of causal effects and latent state-trait theory, this article shows how a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of interventions can be conducted based on latent variable models. The proposed approach offers new ways to evaluate the differential effectiveness of interventions for substantive researchers in experimental and observational studies while allowing for complex measurement models. The key definitions and assumptions of the stochastic theory of causal effects are first introduced and then four statistical models that can be used to estimate various types of causal effects with latent state-trait models are developed and illustrated: The multistate effect model with and without method factors, the true-change effect model, and the multitrait effect model. All effect models with latent variables are implemented based on multigroup structural equation modeling with the EffectLiteR approach. Particular emphasis is placed on the development of models with interactions that allow for interindividual differences in treatment effects based on latent variables. Open source software code is provided for all models.
Novel polarity effect on intermetallic compound thickness changes during electromigration in Cu/Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/Cu solder joints

Growth of an intermetallic compound (IMC) plays a critical role in the reliability of flip-chip solder joints. It has been found that IMC growth is accelerated on the anode and inhibited on the cathode during electromigration (EM), although there are discrepancies in the relevant literature. In this study, Cu/Sn3.0Ag0. 5Cu/Cu solder joints were examined by EM under a current density of 1 × 10 4 A / c m 2 at 150 °C; an aging test was conducted at 150 °C to compare the EM results. Cu atoms are the dominant diffusion species that migrate from the cathode to the anode during EM. The increase in IMC thickness at the anode is divided into two stages: during stage 1, the IMC thickness first grows with a gradual linear tendency, followed by retarded IMC growth. During stage 2, the EM driving force dominates IMC growth because of the high IMC thickness after stage 1, inducing a lower Cu concentration gradient and decreasing the driving force of the chemical potential. At the cathode, the IMC thickness fluctuates between two threshold values. This phenomenon is attributed to the competition between the effects of chemical potential and EM on IMC growth. In the initial stage, the chemical potential is sufficiently large to induce considerable Cu flux from the Cu underbump metallization into the Sn solder, inducing IMC growth. When the IMC becomes too thick to significantly reduce the chemical potential, a substantial number of Cu atoms migrate via EM, reducing the IMC thickness at the cathode. However, when IMC thickness decreases, the chemical potential again increases and enhances IMC growth. Therefore, thresholds 1 and 2 may be set based on changes observed in the IMC thickness at the cathode during EM. These findings elucidate the polarity effect in intermetallic compounds, and its effect on the stability of solder joints.Growth of an intermetallic compound (IMC) plays a critical role in the reliability of flip-chip solder joints. It has been found that IMC growth is accelerated on the anode and inhibited on the cathode during electromigration (EM), although there are discrepancies in the relevant literature. In this study, Cu/Sn3.0Ag0. 5Cu/Cu solder joints were examined by EM under a current density of 1 × 10 4 A / c m 2 at 150 °C; an aging test was conducted at 150 °C to compare the EM results. Cu atoms are the dominant diffusion species that migrate from the cathode to the anode during EM. The increase in IMC thickness at the anode is divided into two stages: during stage 1, the IMC thickness first grows with a gradual linear tendency, followed by retarded IMC growth. During stage 2, the EM driving force dominates IMC growth because of the high IMC thickness after stage 1, inducing a lower Cu concentration gradient and decreasing the driving force of the chemical potential. At the cathode, the IMC thickness fluctu.
A Commentary on Lv and Maeda (2019)

Meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) is a statistical technique to fit hypothesized models on the combined data of multiple independent studies. Lv and Maeda (2019) present a simulation study on the performance of three fixed-effects correlation-based MASEM methods with varying levels of data missing completely at random (MCAR). In this commentary, we discuss several coding errors and other issues that we identified, which demonstrate that Lv and Maeda did not evaluate any of the three intended methods. Furthermore, the authors report very surprising results and offer specific recommendations for the application of the three methods; these actions compel us to express our concerns regarding the validity of the conclusions provided by Lv and Maeda.
On recent applications of paraconsistent logic: an exploratory literature review

ABSTRACT This paper aims to empirically explore the state of practical applications of paraconsistent logics. To this end, we performed an exploratory literature review, analysing papers published between the years 2015 and 2018. Paraconsistent formalisms based on annotated logics are practically the sole type of approach we found to be applied in engineering applications. The engineering problems solved by paraconsistent approaches were mainly in the fields of signal and image processing and decision support. The results of our exploratory review indicate that recent developments in the theory of paraconsistency have not yet been adopted for applications.
‘Good to Repeat’: Making Random Access Near-Optimal With Repeated Contentions

Recent advances on WLAN technology have been focused mostly on boosting network capacity by means of a more efficient and flexible physical layer. A new concept is required at MAC level to exploit fully the new capabilities of the PHY layer. In this article, we propose a contention mechanism based on Repeated Contentions (ReCo) in frequency domain. It provides a simple-to-configure, robust and short-term fair algorithm for the random contention component of the MAC protocol. The throughput efficiency of ReCo is not sensitive to the number of contending stations, so that ReCo does not require adaptive tuning of the access parameters for performance optimization. Efficiency and robustness is gained through the power of repeated contention rounds. We also apply the ReCo concept to the emerging IEEE 802.11ax standard, showing how it can boost performance of random access with respect to the current version of IEEE 802.11ax OFDMA Back-Off (OBO). Our proposal is supported by an experimental test-bed that realizes ReCo by means of simultaneous transmission and reception of short tones, which is feasible on top of programmable OFDM PHY layers.
Are the children with epilepsy treated traditionally a disadvantaged group? A pilot study

INTRODUCTION: in sub-Saharan Africa, the proportion of persons with epilepsy who seek traditional treatment is estimated at 80%. Despite that children are the firsts concerned by epilepsy, the characteristics and particularities of the children with epilepsy (CWE) who resort to traditional treatment are not known. The aim of this pilot study was to identify clinical particularities of the CWE who resort to traditional treatment. METHODS: CWE between 6 to 17 years were included in the study based on their histories of previous antiepileptic treatments. The CWE previously treated by traditional healers were compared to others CWE. RESULTS: data from 140 CWE whose previous treatments had been documented were selected. The duration of epilepsy (7 [3.0-9.8] years versus 3 [1.0-7.0] years, p=0.013) was higher for the CWE traditionally treated compared to the CWE without any antiepileptic treatment. The seizure frequency (8.7 [1.5-91.3]/month versus 1 [3-30.4]/month, p=0.036) was higher for the CWE traditionally treated compared to the CWE without any antiepileptic treatment, but the p-value was under the Bonferroni correction (p=0.017). There was no differences between the CWE traditionally treated and the CWE previously treated with antiepileptic drugs. CONCLUSION: compared to others, the CWE who resort to traditional medicine spend much time before consulting health facilities and could have a more serious epilepsy. We have discussed on factors that could explain these differences.
Nonlinear H, Control and Its Application to Rigid Spacecraft

The problem of H, control of a rigid spscecraft with three control teques ad disturbpnees is addressed. The Hamilto~bJacobiilPurs ineq&ty for H, feedback aeS1gn is solved. An H, suboptimpl feedback is given, and the atability propestks of the dosed-loop system are studied.
Two Cases of Conus Medullaris Lesions with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders

Abstract Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), an autoimmune astrocytopathic disease associated with antiaquaporin- 4 (AQP4) antibody, is characterized by inflammatory lesions in the optic nerves, spinal cord, and central parts of the brain. These symptoms, urinary and fecal incontinence about conus medullaris involvement in NMOSD, are usually not appreciated as the possible manifestation of NMOSD. Missing diagnosis at this early stage will lead to a delay in the treatment, and hence, irreversible complications. We present two cases of conus medullaris involvements with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders
Joint SDO and IRIS observations of a novel, hybrid prominence-coronal rain complex

Solar prominences and coronal rain are intimately related phenomena, both involving cool material at chromospheric temperatures within the hot corona and both playing important roles as part of the return flow of the chromosphere-corona mass cycle. At the same time, they exhibit distinct morphologies and dynamics not yet well understood. Quiescent prominences consist of numerous long-lasting, filamentary downflow threads, while coronal rain is more transient and falls comparably faster along well-defined curved paths. We report here a novel, hybrid prominence-coronal rain complex in an arcade-fan geometry observed by SDO/AIA and IRIS, which provides new insights to the underlying physics of such contrasting behaviors. We found that the supra-arcade fan region hosts a prominence sheet consisting of meandering threads with broad line widths. As the prominence material descends to the arcade, it turns into coronal rain sliding down coronal loops with line widths 2-3 times narrower. This contrast suggests that distinct local plasma and magnetic conditions determine the fate of the cool material, a scenario supported by our magnetic field extrapolations from SDO/HMI. Specifically, the supra-arcade fan (similar to those in solar flares; e.g., McKenzie 2013) is likely situated in a current sheet, where the magnetic field is weak and the plasma-beta could be close to unity, thus favoring turbulent flows like those prominence threads. In contrast, the underlying arcade has a stronger magnetic field and most likely a low-beta environment, such that the material is guided along magnetic field lines to appear as coronal rain. We will discuss the physical implications of these observations beyond prominence and coronal rain.
Radiation and electron thermal conduction damping of acoustic perturbations in igniting deuterium–tritium gas

We derive a dispersion relation for the damping of acoustic waves in equi-molar deuterium–tritium (DT) gas due to radiation coupling and electron thermal conduction and discuss its significance for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets with high-Z shells surrounding a central DT fuel region. As the shell implodes around DT fuel in such a target, shocks and waves are transmitted through the DT gas. If the shell is perturbed due to drive non-uniformity or manufacturing imperfection, these shocks and waves may be perturbed as well, and can potentially re-perturb the shell. This can complicate calculation of shell stability and implosion asymmetry and in general make the target less robust against implosion non-uniformity. Damping of perturbations in DT gas can alleviate these complications. Also, damping of low-order modes, which is primarily due to radiation coupling, can drive the DT gas to an isobaric and isothermal ‘equilibrium’ configuration during ignition. We find that for the range of common ignition temperatures in targets with high-Z shells, $2.5\lesssim T_{ig}\lesssim 3.5$ keV, damping of low-order modes is significant for areal densities ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}r$ ) in the broad range of $0.6\lesssim \unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}r\lesssim 1.8~\text{g}~\text{cm}^{-2}$ . This suggests it is advantageous to design these targets to achieve areal densities at ignition within this range. Furthermore, we derive a simple constraint between areal density and temperature, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}r=0. 34T_{o}$ where $T_{o}$ is in keV, such that DT gas undergoing equilibrium ignition is optimally robust against non-uniformity.
Gümeli (İvrindi-BALIKESİR) Talk Oluşumlarının Mineralojik, Jeokimyasal Özellikleri

Bati Anadolu’da metasedimanter seriler ile iliskili cesitli talk olusumlari bulunmaktadir. Inceleme alaninda, Triyas yasli epimetamorfik birimin (kristalize kirectasi-fillit arakatkili metakirintililar ve metatufler) hidrotermal alterasyonu ile meydana gelen talk olusumlarinin mineralojik-kimyasal ozellikleri belirlenmis; talk olusumu sirasinda ana ve eser elementlerin davranisi incelenmistir. Jeolojik incelemeler ve mineralojik-kimyasal calismalara gore Gumeli talk olusumlarinda gri-sarimsi demirli talk, yesil karbonatli talk ve yesil saf talk olarak 3 tip talk belirlenmistir. Talklar ideal kristal yapidadir ve epimetamorfik birimin bilesiminde bulunan Mg-kloritlerin alterasyonu ile olusmustur. Talk olusumlarinda; tipik olarak “talk + klorit + dolomit + manyezit + manyetit” mineral toplulugu izlenir. Talk orneklerinin tum kayac kimyasal analizleri, epimetamorfikler ile karsilastirildiginda talk olusumu sirasinda Al203, Fe203, Ca0, Na20, K20, Ti02, P205 ve Mn0 kayiplari; buna karsin Si02, Mg0 ve Cr203 kazanclari olmustur. Benzer olarak epimetamorfik kayactan talka geciste Ba, Sr, Zr, Y ve Nb kayiplari; Ni ve Co kazanci meydana gelmistir. Talklardaki toplam REE (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) miktari ortalama 11.295 ppm olarak belirlenmistir. Gumeli talklari REE degerleri, normalize edilmis PAAS (Post-Archean Australian Shales) degerlerine gore bir fakirlesme gosterir.
Intraductal Carcinoma of the Prostate: Emerging Support for a Unique Diagnostic Entity

The concept of intraductal carcinoma (IDC) of the prostate was developed in the 1990s. IDC, like high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), consists of medium to large caliber duct spaces that retain a basal cell layer. However, the cells in IDC span the lumen of a duct space, and the cellularity and degree of nuclear pleomorphism exceed that assigned to HGPIN. It was not until recent years that IDC received much attention, after several molecular studies showed that IDC has rates of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion, PTEN loss, and Ki-67 proliferation index that are comparable to invasive acinar carcinoma and much higher than those of HGPIN. The criteria for IDC in the literature are at variance, and standardization is needed. IDC can have several variations, including small cell change. We add a case of IDC with small cell change to the 7 reported in prior literature; but our case is the first to show reactivity for a neuroendocrine marker.
Exact and Nonstandard Finite Difference Schemes for Coupled Linear Delay Differential Systems

In recent works, exact and nonstandard finite difference schemes for scalar first order linear delay differential equations have been proposed. The aim of the present work is to extend these previous results to systems of coupled delay differential equations X ′ ( t ) = A X ( t ) + B X ( t - τ ) , where X is a vector, and A and B are commuting real matrices, in general not simultaneously diagonalizable. Based on a constructive expression for the exact solution of the vector equation, an exact scheme is obtained, and different nonstandard numerical schemes of increasing order are proposed. Dynamic consistency properties of the new nonstandard schemes are illustrated with numerical examples, and proved for a class of methods.
Monitoring of a Sea-Dike in Northern Germany by Means of ERS-1, ENVISAT/ASAR, and Sentinel-1 SAR Interferometry

Flood events are one of the most severe natural hazards threatening billions of people living in coastal areas. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry can contribute significantly to civil security by providing a highly accurate tool for spatially explicit monitoring of flood protection structures. This article analyzes multitemporal SAR interferometry techniques like persistent scatterer interferometry and small baseline subset (SBAS) for C-band radar data in order to show the potential for a precise dike monitoring. These techniques not only achieve accuracies of few millimeters, but they also enable to reconstruct the deformation process in time. Thus, critical deformation processes can be identified timely and precautions can be taken to prevent dike bursts during flood events. In this article, sea dikes located at the North Sea coast in Germany are analyzed in order to show the potential but also the difficulties of this approach, using 34 ERS-1/2, 55 Envisat ASAR, and 44 Sentinel-1 scenes. All results point out that long-term deformation processes can be measured quite well. Due to decorrelation effects, the results on vegetated dikes are ambiguous. Applying SBAS to Sentinel-1 data is very promising to serve as a tool to precisely detect and understand deformation processes of dike bodies on large spatial scales.
On the existence of maximal Cohen-Macaulay modules over Noetherian complete local rings

Abstract Let be a Noetherian complete local ring of dimension d and be a system of parameters for R. Assume that M is a big Cohen-Macaulay module with respect to In this paper it is shown that if the R-module is of finite length then is a maximal Cohen-Macaulay R-module, where D denotes the Matlis dual functor.
ROBERTS UTERUS MASQUERADING AS ADNEXAL TORSION IN A 13 YEAR OLD ADOLESCENTS: A CASE REPORT.

Robert’s uterus is a rare müllerian anomaly and unique malformation described as a septate uterus with non-communicating hemicavity.we here report the case of a 13-year old girls presented to the emergency departments with acute right iliac fossa pain associated nausea and vomiting . Fallopian tube torsion bringing about a hematosalpinx is suspected. Exploratory laparotomy showed findings a Robert’s uterus and right hematosalpinx. Right uterine hemicavity and Fallopian tube was resected. The postoperative course was uneventful.
Fertility preservation in BRCA-mutated breast cancer patients

A possible side effect of anticancer treatments in premenopausal women is the occurrence of premature ovarian failure and subsequent infertility. The inheritance of a deleterious genetic mutation in the BRCA1 or 2 genes generates the hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. Additional fertility counseling for breast cancer patients with BRCA mutations is warranted to educate them about the available fertility preservation options in the context of their unique concerns (i.e., prophylactic gynecologic surgery, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and risk of developing long-term treatment-related premature ovarian failure). In this report we discuss the available options for fertility preservation in women with breast cancer, with a particular focus on the specific issues in breast cancer patients with BRCA mutations.
SWITCHING CUSTOMERS DIMEDIATE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND LOYALTY OF SEA TRANSPORTATION AGENCY IN INDONESIA

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of Service Quality, Customer Relationship Marketing, and Attractiveness, on Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty at sea transportation companies in Jakarta Province Region. The research design used in this study is causal design which explains the causal relationship. The research location is in Jakarta Province while the research objects are 10 sea transportation companies in Jakarta Province with 250 customers. The sample selection used nonprobability sampling. This dissertation draft used primary data from questionnaire filled out by the respondents. The tools of analysis of the research are descriptive statistics using SPSS and hypothesis testing by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using Lisrel. The results of hypothesis testing showed that : 1) the Organization Culture has not significant effect on Performance, 2) the Organizational Culture has positive and significant impact on Job Satisfaction, 3) the Organizational Culture has positive and significant impact on Achievement Motivation, 4) the Organizational Culture has positive and significant impact on Organization Commitment, 5) Job Satisfaction has not significant effect on Performance, 6) Job Satisfaction has not significant effect on Organization Commitment, 7) Organization Commitment has not significant effect on Performance, 8) Achievement Motivation has positive and significant on Performance, and 9) Achievement Motivation has positive and significant on Jobs satisfaction. The descriptive analysis shows that the level of Service Quality, CRM, Attractiveness, Customer Satisfaction, and Customer Loyalty is at positive level.
A new index for evaluation of G×E interaction in pearl millet using AMMI and GGE biplot analyses

Performance of a genotype is the result of its genetic constitution and the environment in which it has been grown. In practice, a particular variety may not exhibit the same phenotypic performance under different environments. Also, different varieties may respond differently to a specific environment. Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and GGE biplot analyses are the most frequently used models to explain G×E interaction of multi-environment cultivar trials. Based on climatic conditions, the pearl millet cultivation in India is divided in 3 major zones A1, A and B for effective evaluation of the pearl millet breeding material. In the present study, the G×E interaction in pearl millet genotypes from zone-A of India has been evaluated using the techniques of AMMI and GGE biplot analyses. A new Weighted Stability Index (WSI) has been proposed for determining the high yielding and stable genotypes based on the normalized indices for grain yield and ASV indices. The three interaction principal component axes (IPCA1, IPCA2 and IPCA3) have been found to be significant for this zone. AMMI Stability Value (ASV) and Stability Index have been used to find the most stable genotypes while indices YSI and WSI have been used to find both the most stable and high yielding genotypes. On the basis of ASV, genotypes MH 2120, MH 2109 and MH 2116 have been found to be the most stable for this Zone. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient between YSI and WSI was found to be significant at 1% level of significance indicating that the two indices have almost similar performance in determining high yielding stable genotypes.
Correlation-Based Secure Transmission for Correlated MISO Wiretap Channels

This letter designs a correlation-based secure beamformer for correlated multiple-input-single-output wiretap channels with multiple noncollaborating passive single-antenna eavesdroppers. The outage-probability-constrained secrecy rate maximization problem is investigated under the assumption that the source has accurate main channel information and statistical wiretap channel information. As the correlation provides some useful information, a more precise statistical distribution of the wiretap channel can be obtained, with which a closed-form expression for the secrecy outage probability is derived and a specific secure beamformer is designed. Simulation results show that the secrecy rate under the transmit power and secrecy outage constraints is improved.