Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Annual research review: Harms experienced by child users of online and mobile technologies: the nature, prevalence and management of sexual and aggressive risks in the digital age.

AIMS AND SCOPE The usage of mobile phones and the internet by young people has increased rapidly in the past decade, approaching saturation by middle childhood in developed countries. Besides many benefits, online content, contact or conduct can be associated with risk of harm; most research has examined whether aggressive or sexual harms result from this. We examine the nature and prevalence of such risks, and evaluate the evidence regarding the factors that increase or protect against harm resulting from such risks, so as to inform the academic and practitioner knowledge base. We also identify the conceptual and methodological challenges encountered in this relatively new body of research, and highlight the pressing research gaps. METHODS Given the pace of change in the market for communication technologies, we review research published since 2008. Following a thorough bibliographic search of literature from the key disciplines (psychology, sociology, education, media studies and computing sciences), the review concentrates on recent, high quality empirical studies, contextualizing these within an overview of the field. FINDINGS Risks of cyberbullying, contact with strangers, sexual messaging ('sexting') and pornography generally affect fewer than one in five adolescents. Prevalence estimates vary according to definition and measurement, but do not appear to be rising substantially with increasing access to mobile and online technologies, possibly because these technologies pose no additional risk to offline behaviour, or because any risks are offset by a commensurate growth in safety awareness and initiatives. While not all online risks result in self-reported harm, a range of adverse emotional and psychosocial consequences is revealed by longitudinal studies. Useful for identifying which children are more vulnerable than others, evidence reveals several risk factors: personality factors (sensation-seeking, low self-esteem, psychological difficulties), social factors (lack of parental support, peer norms) and digital factors (online practices, digital skills, specific online sites). CONCLUSIONS Mobile and online risks are increasingly intertwined with pre-existing (offline) risks in children's lives. Research gaps, as well as implications for practitioners, are identified. The challenge is now to examine the relations among different risks, and to build on the risk and protective factors identified to design effective interventions.
The IL-1-like cytokine IL-33 is inactivated after maturation by caspase-1

IL-33 is a chromatin-associated cytokine of the IL-1 family that has recently been linked to many diseases, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases. IL-33 signals through the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and drives production of pro-inflammatory and T helper type 2-associated cytokines in mast cells, T helper type 2 lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils, invariant natural killer T cells, and natural killer cells. It is currently believed that IL-33, like IL-1β and IL-18, requires processing by caspase-1 to a mature form (IL-33112–270) for biological activity. Contrary to the current belief, we report here that full-length IL-331–270 is active and that processing by caspase-1 results in IL-33 inactivation, rather than activation. We show that full-length IL-331–270 binds and activates ST2, similarly to IL-33112–270, and that cleavage by caspase-1 does not occur at the site initially proposed (Ser111), but rather after residue Asp178 between the fourth and fifth predicted β-strands of the IL-1-like domain. Surprisingly, the caspase-1 cleavage site (DGVD178G) is similar to the consensus site of cleavage by caspase-3, and IL-33 is also a substrate for this apoptotic caspase. Interestingly, we found that full-length IL-33, which is constitutively expressed to high levels by endothelial cells in most normal human tissues, can be released in the extracellular space after endothelial cell damage or mechanical injury. We speculate that IL-33 may function, similarly to the prototypical alarmins HMGB1 and IL-1α, as an endogenous danger signal to alert cells of the innate immune system of tissue damage during trauma or infection.
Bacteriocin typing of clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae

A total of 16 selected bacteriocins of Enterobacter cloacae were characterized presumptively. They proved to be noninfectious, sedimentable (105,000 X g), resistant against chloroform and trypsin, and nonfilterable. The host ranges were essentially species specific. Based on susceptibility to one or more of these 16 bacteriocins, 242 of 308 (78.6%) clinical E. cloacae isolates were typed and assigned to 52 provisional bacteriocin types. Several outbreaks of nosocomial cross-infection were discerned retrospectively. Thus, bacteriocin typing of E. cloacae isolates may prove useful for controlling hospital infection.
XUV-exposed, non-hydrostatic hydrogen-rich upper atmospheres of terrestrial planets. Part II: hydrogen coronae and ion escape.

We studied the interactions between the stellar wind plasma flow of a typical M star, such as GJ 436, and the hydrogen-rich upper atmosphere of an Earth-like planet and a "super-Earth" with a radius of 2 R(Earth) and a mass of 10 M(Earth), located within the habitable zone at ∼0.24 AU. We investigated the formation of extended atomic hydrogen coronae under the influences of the stellar XUV flux (soft X-rays and EUV), stellar wind density and velocity, shape of a planetary obstacle (e.g., magnetosphere, ionopause), and the loss of planetary pickup ions on the evolution of hydrogen-dominated upper atmospheres. Stellar XUV fluxes that are 1, 10, 50, and 100 times higher compared to that of the present-day Sun were considered, and the formation of high-energy neutral hydrogen clouds around the planets due to the charge-exchange reaction under various stellar conditions was modeled. Charge-exchange between stellar wind protons with planetary hydrogen atoms, and photoionization, lead to the production of initially cold ions of planetary origin. We found that the ion production rates for the studied planets can vary over a wide range, from ∼1.0×10²⁵ s⁻¹ to ∼5.3×10³⁰ s⁻¹, depending on the stellar wind conditions and the assumed XUV exposure of the upper atmosphere. Our findings indicate that most likely the majority of these planetary ions are picked up by the stellar wind and lost from the planet. Finally, we estimated the long-time nonthermal ion pickup escape for the studied planets and compared them with the thermal escape. According to our estimates, nonthermal escape of picked-up ionized hydrogen atoms over a planet's lifetime within the habitable zone of an M dwarf varies between ∼0.4 Earth ocean equivalent amounts of hydrogen (EO(H)) to <3 EO(H) and usually is several times smaller in comparison to the thermal atmospheric escape rates.
Construction of Service System on Enterprise Alternate Innovation in Creative Industry Park

An alternative is a lot of innovation park enterprise innovation mode, but also has its own characteristics, based on the alternating innovation as the logical analysis to study the alternation of innovation system of enterprises of creative industrial park, is conducive to the accurate positioning, rational judgment, guiding the construction of creative industry innovation system, and to provide scientific basis for the development of the policy and creative industry park. The creative industry park as the innovation model of the development of creative industries has become a new growth engine of national, regional and the city of new normal. From the connotation of service system on enterprise alternate innovation in creative industry park, discusses the forming mechanism of service system on enterprise alternate innovation in creative industry park, has studied the strategies of constructing on service system on enterprise alternate innovation in creative industry park.
Electromyographic laryngeal synkinesis alters prognosis in vocal fold paralysis

Synkinesis, or misdirected reinnervation, is likely a confounder when predicting return of function of an immobile vocal fold. Currently, no information exists on the incidence of synkinesis in unilateral vocal fold immobility (UVFI) or the effect synkinesis has on prognosis and treatment. Our objective was to examine a vocal fold adductor synkinesis screening protocol using diagnostic laryngeal electromyography (LEMG). We aim to determine the effect of synkinesis on prognosis of recovery of purposeful vocal fold motion.
Study on mobile phone call monitoring and positioning and shielding algorithms

Phone call monitoring and positioning and shielding algorithms were provided and the algorithm flow charts were given. The system prototype was developed and the experiment results as well as analysis were given. The results of experiment and application show that the algorithms were reasonable and the system could preferably realize the monitoring and positioning and shielding functions in special locations where mobile phones are not allowed to use.
Where the Money Goes

Litigants claim that society's shift from paper documents to electronically stored information has led to sharper increases in discovery costs than in overall litigation costs. This monograph provides a richly detailed account of the resources required by a diverse set of very large companies operating in different industries to comply with what they described as typical e-discovery requests, and suggests ways to reduce those costs as well as address concerns over duties to preserve data in anticipation of litigation.
Optimal Investment Strategy for Pension Funds in the New Dutch Pension Contract

The situation in which pension funds have to operate has changed. Some developments in the market led to drops in the funding ratios of Dutch pension funds. Pension funds were too much exposed to financial shocks in the market, which is not desirable. Therefore, it is of upmost importance for pension funds to choose an investment strategy that meets their needs best. In this thesis, it is studied what the optimal investment strategy of a pension fund is. First, it is determined what the goal and the preferences of a Dutch pension fund and its stakeholders are. On the basis of these goal and preferences utility functions are specified. By maximizing these utility functions, three investment strategies turned out to be optimal, namely the constant mix investment strategy, the constant proportion portfolio insurance investment strategy and the option based portfolio insurance investment strategy. These strategies are tested by using an ALM model. Results show that the option based portfolio insurance investment strategy that locks profits fits the preferences of Dutch pension funds best and is therefore considered to be the optimal investment strategy for a pension fund in the new Dutch pension contract.
Contribution of quorum-sensing systems to virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an experimental pyelonephritis model.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been reported to monitor its cell density as well as expression of virulence determinants by quorum-sensing signal mechanisms operative through autoinducers. In the present investigation, we studied the contribution of quorum-sensing signals during the course of P. aeruginosa-induced pyelonephritis in mice. METHODS The standard parent strain of P. aeruginosa (PAO1), possessing functional las and rhl quorum-sensing systems and its isogenic mutant strains, PAO-JP1 (single mutant), harboring a mutated lasI gene and PAO-JP3 (double mutant), harboring mutated lasI and rhlR genes were employed. One uroisolate of P. aeruginosa belonging to serotype O8 and deficient in production of quorum-sensing signals was also used. RESULTS The parent strain of P. aeruginosa was significantly more virulent compared to its isogenic mutant strains and quorum-sensing negative clinical strain, as assessed by neutrophil influx, malondialdehyde production, renal bacterial load and pathology induced in experimental animals. CONCLUSIONS Quorum-sensing systems play an important role in the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa in pyelonephritis. Both the las and rhl quorum-sensing systems are important for the virulence of P. aeruginosa in the development of pyelonephritis.
Impact of palivizumab prophylaxis on respiratory syncytial virus hospitalizations in high risk Alaska Native infants

Background. Alaska Native children experience extremely high rates of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. We evaluated the effect of palivizumab prophylaxis on the incidence of RSV hospitalizations in high risk Alaska Native children. Methods. We analyzed two retrospective cohorts. The first analysis, of southwest Alaska Native children hospitalized with acute respiratory infections during 1993 to 1996 and 1998 to 2001, compared RSV hospitalization rates among premature and nonpremature infants born before (1993 to 1996) and after (1998 to 2001) palivizumab use. The second analysis, of Alaska Native infants with a history of prematurity or lung disease during 1998 through 2001, compared RSV hospitalization among children receiving palivizumab during protected periods (within 32 days after a dose of palivizumab) and unprotected periods. Results. First RSV hospitalizations in premature infants from southwest Alaska meeting criteria for palivizumab prophylaxis decreased from 439 per 1000 births before to 150 per 1000 births after palivizumab (relative rate, 0.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.17 to 0.68), whereas the rate in nonpremature infants remained stable (148 per 1000 births compared with 142 per 1000). Among high risk Alaska Native children during 1998 through 2001, the rate of first RSV hospitalization was 0.55 per 1000 protected days and 1.07 per 1000 unprotected days (relative rate, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.28 to 0.93). Conclusions. Palivizumab reduced RSV hospitalizations in high risk infants in a region with high rates of RSV hospitalization.
The Nature and Extent of Physical Restraint–Related Deaths in Nursing Homes: A Systematic Review

Objective: The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the published research to examine the extent, nature, and risk factors of mortality due to physical restraint use. Method: In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement, this review examined all peer-reviewed studies published in English describing mortality due to physical restraint in nursing home residents. Results: The combined searches yielded 2,016 records of which eight articles were eligible for inclusion. There were 174 deaths due to physical restraint in nursing home residents across the eight studies. Neck compression (n = 8) was the most common mechanism of harm resulting in death due to mechanical asphyxia. Conclusions: Physical restraint is associated with deaths in nursing home residents. Further research is needed to investigate alternative interventions to restraint use.
Late publication of randomized trials presented as abstracts at ICS meetings

In a 2004 article I pointed out that only 40% (25 of 63) of randomized trials presented as abstracts at ICS meetings in 1998 and 1999 went on to be published as full reports by June 2002 [Herbison, 2004]. I thought it would be interesting to see if this had increased in the last few years. Research into this has shown that publication, although rare, still happens many years after the initial presentation of the abstract [Scherer et al., 2005]. I used the same methods as before, searching databases through OVID for author’s names and checking the details of the trials to see if they matched. I did not attempt further contact with the authors.The searches were carried out in December 2005. I found two further full reports of randomized trials, both of which were from the earlier (1998) meeting. One was published in 2003 and one in 2004. This brings the ¢nal rate of publication to 43% (27 of 63 abstracts). It seems unlikely that more will be published. This leaves the rate of publication in full of abstracts presented at ICS still short of the average of 57.5% found by Scherer over a range of medical disciplines [Scherer et al., 2005], and far short of the desired 100%. So systematic reviews of randomized trials in this area have a potential to be biased, because they cannot include all trials.
Changes in standing body sway of pregnant women after long-term bed rest

Pregnant women tend to fall and increased body postural instability, namely body sway, may be one of the causative factors. We had a clinical impression that pregnant women after long-term bed rest tend to fall. We hypothesised that such women may show increased body sway, which we attempted to determine. Pregnant women (n = 161) were divided into three groups: (i) women with preterm labour after 2-week bed rest, (ii) those after 4-week bed rest, and (iii) those without bed rest or preterm labour. Body sway was analysed using stabilometry, that is, computed analysis of movement of the centre of gravity. The 3 groups fundamentally showed the same stabilometric measurements. Women with oedema showed greater medial–lateral sway than those without it. Factors other than oedema yielded no differences in stabilometric parameters. Long-term bed rest fundamentally did not increase body sway to the extent that stabilometry could reveal it. It may be prudent to consider that pregnant women with oedema tend to fall.
Neurotoxicity of Cancer Chemotherapy

Neurologic dysfunction is a common side effect of many chemotherapy drugs. For several agents, neurotoxicity is common, severe, and can be dose-limiting. As the list of newer chemotherapy agents and systemic "targeted therapies" grows, so does the number and variety of potential neurotoxicities. This is a review of the clinical features of chemotherapy-induced syndromes involving the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Nitric oxide synthase type-1 modulates cardiomyocyte contractility and calcium handling: association with low intrinsic aerobic capacity

Background The neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS-1) may be an important regulator of cardiac contractility by modifying calcium release and uptake from sarcoplasmic reticulum. Our working hypothesis was that NOS-1 modulates cardiomyocyte contractility more markedly in rat lines with low versus high congenital aerobic fitness. Methods and results Rats performed high-intensity interval treadmill running 5 days per week over 8 weeks; age-matched sedentary rats served as controls. At baseline before the training program, aerobic fitness measured as maximal oxygen uptake was 30% higher, and cardiomyocyte contractility measured as fractional shortening 42% higher in high than in low congenital aerobic fitness rats. Training markedly increased aerobic fitness as well as cardiomyocyte contractility, relaxation and corresponding changes in calcium transient in both lines. Selective inhibition of NOS-1 increased cardiomyocyte contractility (12–43%) and calcium transient amplitude (10–28%), prolonged time to 50% relengthening (13–52%) and time to 50% calcium decay (17–35%), in all groups. Interestingly, NOS-1-inhibition abolished the difference in systolic events between low and high congenital aerobic fitness whereas no such findings occurred in diastolic parameters. Conclusion NOS-1-derived nitric oxide production is a modulator of cardiomyocyte contractile performance and calcium handling in rats. It accounts for some of the difference between rats with low versus high congenital aerobic fitness, whereas it contributes little during adaptation to exercise training.
by Using

This paper presents a two-stage model of optimization as a quick method to choose the best potential links for implementing urban travel demand management (UTDM) strategy like road pricing. The model is optimized by minimizing the hidden cost of congestion based on user equilibrium (MH-CCUE). It forecasts the exact amount of flows and tolls for links in user equilibrium condition to determine the hidden cost for each link to optimize the link selection based on the network congestion priority. The results show that not only the amount of total cost is decreased, but also the number of selected links for pricing is reduced as compared with the previous toll minimization methods. Moreover, as this model just uses the traffic assignment data for calculation, it could be considered as a quick and optimum solution for choosing the potential links.
Biochemical and morphological responses to abiotc elicitor chitin in suspension-cultured sugarcane cells

Cells of Saccharum officinarum submitted to hydrolyzated chitin for 1 to 8h produ ced phenolic compounds. These alterations were observed through cytochemical meth ods using Toluidine Blue and Phloroglucinol/HCl. Af ter 4 h, besides cell wall change, there was a change in nuc lear pattern of chitin treated cells. There was a 9 6% increase in nuclear area in 6 h chitin treated material, as obs erved by Feulgen reaction. The treated cells showed chromatin compacted regions and a degeneration process of nuc leoli. In the outer areas of cell wall, there was a polysaccharide desagregation, confirming results ob tained for different plants with the use of other e licitors. Peroxidase activity was maximal after 4 h and decre ased progressively. PAL activity started to increas e at 4 h of incubation. These results showed that chitin hydrol yzate stimulated a defense response in sugarcane ce lls.
The Viral Transactivator E1A Regulates the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Promoter in an Isoform- and Chromatin-specific Manner*

Proteins encoded by the adenovirus E1A gene regulate both cellular and viral genes to mediate effects on cell cycle, differentiation, and cell growth control. We have identified the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter as a target of E1A action and investigated the role nucleoprotein structure plays in its response to E1A. Both 12 and 13 S forms target the MMTV promoter when it has a disorganized and accessible chromatin configuration. However, whereas the 13 S form is stimulatory, the 12 S form is repressive. When the MMTV promoter adopts an organized and repressed chromatin structure, it is targeted only by the 13 S form, which stimulates it. Although evidence indicates that E1A interacts with the SWI/SNF remodeling complex, E1A had no effect on chromatin remodeling at the MMTV promoter in organized chromatin. Analysis of E1A mutants showed that stimulation of the MMTV promoter is mediated solely through conserved region 3 and does not require interaction with Rb, p300/CBP-associated factor, or CBP/p300. Imaging analysis showed that E1A colocalizes with MMTV sequences in vivo, suggesting that it functions directly at the promoter. These results indicate that E1A stimulates the MMTV promoter in a fashion independent of chromatin conformation and through a direct mechanism involving interaction with the basal transcription machinery.
Fish diversity of a southwestern Atlantic coastal island: aspects of distribution and conservation in a marine zoogeographical boundary

Despite the increase of knowledge about the southwestern Atlantic ichthyofauna, there is still a lack of information along extensive marine areas. The Espirito Santo state (ES) coast, considered a zoogeographic boundary and a transitional zone between tropical and subtropical realms, is still largely unknown. Here is provided a checklist containing 221 fish species at Franceses Island (south coast of ES), which was attained with data from 2000 to 2010 by means of underwater observations, specimen collections and fisheries monitoring. Abundance, habitats and threat risks of each species are shown and discussed. The number of reef fish species found at Franceses Island corresponds approximately to 35% of all fishes present in the Brazilian Province. The conservation of the Franceses Island and surrounding areas would protect a mosaic of environments that can support a high diversity of fish species.