Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SOP conservative (medical and mechanical) treatment of erectile dysfunction.

INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the most frequently treated male sexual dysfunction worldwide. ED is a chronic condition that exerts a negative impact on male self-esteem and nearly all life domains including interpersonal, family, and business relationships. AIM The aim of this study is to provide an updated overview on currently used and available conservative treatment options for ED with a special focus on their efficacy, tolerability, safety, merits, and limitations including the role of combination therapies for monotherapy failures. METHODS The methods used were PubMed and MEDLINE searches using the following keywords: ED, phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, oral drug therapy, intracavernosal injection therapy, transurethral therapy, topical therapy, and vacuum-erection therapy/constriction devices. Additionally, expert opinions by the authors of this article are included. RESULTS Level 1 evidence exists that changes in sedentary lifestyle with weight loss and optimal treatment of concomitant diseases/risk factors (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) can either improve ED or add to the efficacy of ED-specific therapies, e.g., PDE5 inhibitors. Level 1 evidence also exists that treatment of hypogonadism with total testosterone < 300 ng/dL (10.4 nmol/L) can either improve ED or add to the efficacy of PDE5 inhibitors. There is level 1 evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of the following monotherapies in a spectrum-wide range of ED populations: PDE5 inhibitors, intracavernosal injection therapy with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1, synonymous alprostadil) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/phentolamine, and transurethral PGE1 therapy. There is level 2 evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of the following ED treatments: vacuum-erection therapy in a wide range of ED populations, oral L-arginine (3-5 g), topical PGE1 in special ED populations, intracavernosal injection therapy with papaverine/phentolamine (bimix), or papaverine/phentolamine/PGE1 (trimix) combination mixtures. There is level 3 evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of oral yohimbine in nonorganic ED. There is level 3 evidence that combination therapies of PDE5 inhibitors + either transurethral or intracavernosal injection therapy generate better efficacy rates than either monotherapy alone. There is level 4 evidence showing enhanced efficacy with the combination of vacuum-erection therapy + either PDE5 inhibitor or transurethral PGE1 or intracavernosal injection therapy. There is level 5 evidence (expert opinion) that combination therapy of PDE5 inhibitors + L-arginine or daily dosing of tadalafil + short-acting PDE5 inhibitors pro re nata may rescue PDE5 inhibitor monotherapy failures. There is level 5 evidence (expert opinion) that adding either PDE5 inhibitors or transurethral PGE1 may improve outcome of penile prosthetic surgery regarding soft (cold) glans syndrome. There is level 5 evidence (expert opinion) that the combination of PDE5 inhibitors and dapoxetine is effective and safe in patients suffering from both ED and premature ejaculation.
Impact of Off‐Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery on Systemic Inflammation: Current Best Available Evidence

Abstract The systemic inflammatory response after coronary artery bypass grafting using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) contributes substantially to postoperative organ dysfunction and coagulation disorders. Important features of this inflammatory reaction include the activation of complement and leukocytes, the release of proinflammatory cytokines, alterations in the metabolism of nitric oxide, and an increase in the production of oxygen‐free radicals, which in some cases may lead to oxidant stress injury. Several strategies including the use of steroids, use of aprotinin, heparin‐coated CPB circuits, and hemofiltration have been reported to reduce the inflammatory reaction induced by CPB and its consequences. A more radical and effective way of counteracting the effects of the inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress may be the omission of CPB itself. The development and application of off‐pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) technology has largely been driven by this theme of avoiding systemic inflammatory reaction to decrease the incidence and/or severity of adverse outcomes. This review article discusses the influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on systemic inflammation and attempts to evaluate the current best available evidence on the impact of OPCAB on systemic inflammation.
Building an immunity fence against measles.

In "Mending Wall," Robert Frost quotes his neighbor as saying "Good fences make good neighbors" [1]. Since 1966, the United States has been building fences of immunity against measles to stop the spread of the virus within and between communities and to prevent introduction of the virus from other countries, with reestablishment of indigenous transmission [2, 3]. The building blocks in this fence are each susceptible individual rendered immune through vaccination with measles vaccines, which were first licensed in 1963 [4]. The health burden of measles in the United States prior to vaccine licensure was substantial. Over 500,000 cases were reported annually, there were probably -,4 million cases that occurred each year, and these cases were associated with 48,000 hospitalizations, 4000 cases of encephalitis, and 500 deaths [5]. Measles vaccines offered the opportunity to eliminate this burden. The declaration, in 2000, that measles was no longer an endemic disease in the United States represents the achievement of a 34-year effort, characterized by several cycles of marked reduction of disease that were the result of vaccination fol-
A 2.4GHz WLAN transceiver with fully-integrated highly-linear 1.8V 28.4dBm PA, 34dBm T/R switch, 240MS/s DAC, 320MS/s ADC, and DPLL in 32nm SoC CMOS

A 2.4GHz WLAN transceiver is presented with a fully-integrated highly-linear 28.4dBm PA, 34dBm T/R switch, 240MS/s DAC and 320MS/s ADC (high OSR for relaxed filtering), DPLL and fractional LOG, in 32nm CMOS. For 802.11g 54Mbps, without linearization the TX delivers 19.8dBm at 12.5% efficiency (PA 21.6dBm/19.7% PAE) for -25dB EVM and mask-compliant 22.8dBm/18.5%, while the RX achieves 4.8dB NF, -69dBm sensitivity, and -8dBm IIP3.
Spheroplasts of Methanospirillum hungatii formed upon treatment with dithiothreitol.

Strains of Methanospirillum hungatii, when treated with dithiothreitol at alkaline pH, formed spheroplasts which lysed in the absence of an osmotic stabilizer. Other methanogenic bacteria showed no response to this treatment, including Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Methanobacterium strain M.o. H. , Methanobacterium strain G2R, and Methanosarcina barkeri. The reaction with M. hungatii proceeded slowly at pH 8.0, but increased dramatically up to a pH of 10. Spheroplasts did not form in the presence of MgCl2 or if large amounts of FeS precipitate had been deposited on the cells during growth. Ultra-thin sections of M. hungatii GPI confirmed that individual cells, surrounded by a membrane and an inner wall, were contained within an outer wall or sheath. Adhesive material, which stained in the region of the cell spacer, was observed to bind together the inner and outer wall layers. After treatment with dithiothreitol, the spheroplasts, which retained the flexible inner wall and membrane, were released fr.
Diffuse Extreme-Ultraviolet Emission from the Coma Cluster: Evidence for Rapidly Cooling Gases at Submegakelvin Temperatures

The central region of the Coma cluster of galaxies was observed in the energy band from 0.065 to 0.245 kiloelectron volts by the Deep Survey telescope aboard the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer. A diffuse emission halo of angular diameter ∼30 arc minutes was detected. The extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) emission level exceeds that expected from the x-ray temperature gas in Coma. This halo suggests the presence of two more phases in the emitting gas, one at a temperature of ∼2 × 106 kelvin and the other at ∼8 × 105 kelvin. The latter phase cools rapidly and, in steady state, would have produced cold matter with a mass of ∼1014 solar masses within the EUV halo. Although a similar EUV enhancement was discovered in the Virgo cluster, this detection in Coma applies to a noncooling flow system.
Serum paraoxonase‐1 activity is inversely related to free thyroxine in euthyroid subjects: The PREVEND Cohort Study

Low‐normal thyroid function within the euthyroid range has been suggested to enhance atherosclerosis susceptibility. Paraoxonase‐1 (PON‐1) may protect against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease development by attenuating oxidative stress. We evaluated relationships of PON‐1 with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free T4, free T3, lipids and apolipoprotein (apo)A‐I in euthyroid subjects, and assessed whether such relationships are modified in the context of the metabolic syndrome (MetS).
Wi-Fi usage monitoring and power management policy for smartphone background applications

Wi-Fi networks provide us with the connectivity that is ubiquitous and inexpensive cost. With the low-cost factor, most smartphone apps perform several background tasks under Wi-Fi instead of the cellular network, e.g., app update, cloud data backup, etc. The increase of Wi-Fi utilization leads to fast battery-powered draining. To reduce the Wi-Fi power consumption, the existing power management policies put Wi-Fi into a sleep mode when it is idle. However, there are no practical power management policies to manage the Wi-Fi power consumption while it is being used heavily. In this paper, we present a monitoring method and power management policy for Wi-Fi while several background apps are utilizing it. The proposed method can non-intrusively monitor the Wi-Fi usage of background apps at the application framework level (API) in runtime without modifying any source codes of the smartphone operating systems. With the API-level monitoring data, we can apply it to efficiently manage the Wi-Fi power consumed by a specific app which causes the power consumption issue. Our experimental evaluation shows that by applying our method to only one background app, which is the most use of the Wi-Fi network, it results in 8% improvement of the total energy consumption, compared with the default Wi-Fi power management policy.
THE ANTIMALARIAL FERROQUINE : FROM BENCH TO

Ferroquine (FQ, SSR97193) is currently the most advanced organometallic drug candidate and about to complete phase II clinical trials as a treatment for uncomplicated malaria. This ferrocenecontaining compound is active against both chloroquine-susceptible and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax strains and/or isolates. This article focuses on the discovery of FQ, its antimalarial activity, the hypothesis of its mode of action, the current absence of resistance in vitro and recent clinical trials.
Exploring the Association Between Body Weight, Stigma of Obesity, and Health Care Avoidance

Purpose To explore the stigma of obesity and its effect on health care utilization, associations between self‐esteem, attribution for weight, body mass index (BMI), satisfaction with medical care and the behavior of delaying/avoiding health care were examined. Data Sources A convenience sample of 216 women recruited from church sites in Las Vegas completed self‐administered questionnaires. Conclusions The findings show an increase in BMI is asso‐ciated with an increase in the delay/avoidance of health care. Weight‐related reasons for delaying/avoiding health care included having “gained weight since last health care visit,” not wanting to “get weighed on the provider's scale,” and knowing they would be told to “lose weight. ” Implications for Practice The obese are a stigmatized and vulnerable population. Nurse practitioners are challenged to be aware of attitudes towards obesity and to identify ways to promote continuity of care and regular health maintenance. The goals of Healthy People 2010 to reduce obesity‐related morbidity cannot be met if health care is delayed/avoided.
Clathrin‐mediated endocytosis in snake motor terminals is directly facilitated by intracellular Ca2+

At the snake neuromuscular junction, low temperature (LT, 5–7°C) blocks clathrin‐mediated endocytosis (CME) while exocytosis is largely unaffected. Thus compensatory endocytosis that normally follows transmitter release is inhibited, or ‘delayed’ until the preparation is warmed to room temperature (RT). This delay was exploited to observe how changes in bulk [Ca2+]i directly affect CME. Motor terminals were loaded with fura‐2 to monitor [Ca2+]i. With brief stimulation at LT, [Ca2+]i transiently increased but returned to baseline (∼63 nm) in < 8 min. After 15 min at LT, [Ca2+]i was altered by incubating preparations in the Ca2+ ionophore ionomyocin. Preparations were then warmed to RT to initiate delayed endocytosis, which was quantified as uptake of the fluorescent optical probe sulforhodamine 101. Endocytosis was more rapid when [Ca2+]i increased; the rate at 300 nm Ca2+ was ∼double that under basal conditions. Thus the rate of CME – isolated from stimulation, transmitter release, and other forms of endocytosis – is directly influenced by intraterminal Ca2+.
Why study bycatch? An introduction to the Theme Section on fisheries bycatch

Several high-profile examples of fisheries bycatch involving marine megafauna (e.g. dolphins in tuna purse-seines, albatrosses in pelagic longlines, sea turtles in shrimp trawls) have drawn attention to the unintentional capture of non-target species during fishing operations, and have resulted in a dramatic increase in bycatch research over the past 2 decades. Although a number of successful mitigation measures have been developed, the scope of the bycatch problem far exceeds our current capacity to deal with it. Specifically, we lack a comprehensive understanding of bycatch rates across species, fisheries, and ocean basins, and, with few exceptions, we lack data on demographic responses to bycatch or the in situ effectiveness of existing mitigation measures. As an introduction to this theme section of Endangered Species Research 'Fisheries bycatch: problems and solutions', we focus on 5 bycatch-related questions that require research attention, building on exam- ples from the current literature and the contributions to this Theme Section. The questions include: (1) Where is bycatch most prevalent? (2) Which species are taken as bycatch? (3) Which fisheries and gear types result in the highest bycatch of marine megafauna? (4) What are the population-level effects on bycatch species? And (5) How can bycatch be reduced? By addressing these questions, we draw attention to several emerging issues: the importance of artisanal fisheries bycatch, the demo- graphic effects of bycatch, and the need for comprehensive, trans-national mitigation efforts. Although science alone cannot address the complex social, economic, and political factors that con- tribute to the bycatch problem, this review illustrates ways in which research can contribute to effec- tive bycatch solutions.
CONTRACT NUMBER Induction of the p 75 NTR by Aryl Propionic Acids in Prostate Cancer Cells

Epidemiologic studies show that patients chronically consuming nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) for arthritis exhibit a reduced incidence of prostate cancer. In addition, some NSAIDs show anticancer activity in vitro . NSAIDs exert their anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) activity; however, evidence suggests that COX-independent mechanisms mediate decreased prostate cancer cell survival. Hence, we examined the effect of selected aryl propionic acid NSAIDs and structurally related compounds on the decreased survival of prostate cancer cell lines PC-3, DU-145, and LNCaP by induction of the p75 protein. p75 has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor in the prostate by virtue of its intracellular death domain that can initiate apoptosis and inhibit growth. The most efficacious compounds for induction of p75 and decreased survival, in rank-order, were R-flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, oxaprozin, fenoprofen, naproxen, and ketoprofen. Because R-flurbiprofen and ibuprofen exhibited the greatest efficacy, we examined their dose-dependent specificity of induction for p75 relative to other members of the death receptor family. Whereas treatment with R-flurbiprofen or ibuprofen resulted in a massive induction of p75 protein levels, the expression of Fas, p55, DR3, DR4, DR5, and DR6 remained largely unchanged. Moreover, transfection of either cell line before Rflurbiprofen or ibuprofen treatment with a dominant negative form of p75 to antagonize p75 activity or p75 small interfering RNA to prevent p75 protein expression rescued both cell lines from decreased survival. Hence, R-flurbiprofen and ibuprofen selectively induce p75-dependent decreased survival of prostate cancer cells independently of COX inhibition. [Cancer Res 2007;67(7):3254–62]
Surface Interactome in Streptococcus pyogenes*

Very few studies have so far been dedicated to the systematic analysis of protein interactions occurring between surface and/or secreted proteins in bacteria. Such interactions are expected to play pivotal biological roles that deserve investigation. Taking advantage of the availability of a detailed map of surface and secreted proteins in Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus (GAS)), we used protein array technology to define the “surface interactome” in this important human pathogen. Eighty-three proteins were spotted on glass slides in high density format, and each of the spotted proteins was probed for its capacity to interact with any of the immobilized proteins. A total of 146 interactions were identified, 25 of which classified as “reciprocal,” namely, interactions that occur irrespective of which of the two partners was immobilized on the chip or in solution. Several of these interactions were validated by surface plasmon resonance and supported by confocal microscopy analysis of whole bacterial cells. By this approach, a number of interesting interactions have been discovered, including those occurring between OppA, DppA, PrsA, and TlpA, proteins known to be involved in protein folding and transport. These proteins, all localizing at the septum, might be part, together with HtrA, of the recently described ExPortal complex of GAS. Furthermore, SpeI was found to strongly interact with the metal transporters AdcA and Lmb. Because SpeI strictly requires zinc to exert its function, this finding provides evidence on how this superantigen, a major player in GAS pathogenesis, can acquire the metal in the host environment, where it is largely sequestered by carrier proteins. We believe that the approach proposed herein can lead to a deeper knowledge of the mechanisms underlying bacterial invasion, colonization, and pathogenesis.
Towards an understanding of self‐reports of sleep

Sleep research has made extensive use of self‐report measures relying on a response format that requires respondents to provide single, specific numerical estimates. The cognitive processes involved in storing and retrieving sleep‐related information allow only approximate numeric estimates of sleep behavior. Based on a fuzzy set model of survey responses, a response format is proposed to better capture the inherent vagueness of quantitative estimates of sleep behavior. Ninety‐three adults (mean age 29.3 years) participated in two interviews, 1 month apart, consisting of questions about health‐related behaviors. Questions were asked in both traditional point estimate and fuzzy response formats. A subset of questions was repeated at the end of each interview to examine test–retest reliability. Subjects filled out daily diaries each morning during the month between interviews. Quantitative estimates of usual sleep behavior were found to be highly reliable. Point estimates differed significantly from fuzzy boundary estimates. Differences between lower and upper boundary estimates indicated substantial ranges in estimates of usual sleep: total sleep time (6–8.2 h), sleep latency (26–44 min), bed time (11:25 PM–12:56 AM) and waking time (7:24–8:39 AM). Mean diary‐recorded bed and waking times fell between the lower and upper boundary estimates in more than 53% of cases, and between the lower and upper extreme estimates in more than 92% of cases. Fuzzy response formats provide an opportunity to report more completely what can be recalled about sleep behavior. They also provide a useful framework for better understand the meaning of traditional point estimate formats.
Enhanced drug resistance in cells coexpressing ErbB2 with EGF receptor or ErbB3.

Overexpression of ErbB2 has been found in approximately 25-30% of human breast cancers and has been shown to render the cancer cells more resistant to chemotherapy. However, it is not clear whether ErbB2 overexpression renders the cells more resistant to specific anti-cancer drugs or renders the cells more resistant to a broad range of anti-cancer drugs. It is not clear how the function of ErbB2 in drug resistance is related to expression and activation of the other ErbB receptors. In this communication, we showed that several breast cancer cell lines including BT20, BT474, MCF-7, MDA-MB-453, and SKBR-3 cells had a similar pattern of resistance to a broad range of anti-cancer drugs including 5-Fluorouracil, Cytoxan, Doxorubincin, Taxol, and Vinorelbin, suggesting a mechanism of multidrug resistance. High expression of P-glycoprotein and the ErbB receptors contribute to drug resistance of these breast cancer cells; however, overexpression of ErbB2 alone is not a major factor in determining drug resistance. To further determine the role of the ErbB receptors in drug resistance, we selected various NIH 3T3 cell lines that specifically expressed EGF receptor (EGFR), ErbB2, ErbB3, EGFR/ErbB2, EGFR/ErbB3, or ErbB2/ErbB3. A cytotoxicity assay showed that expression of ErbB2 alone did not significantly enhance drug resistance, whereas coexpression of either EGFR or ErbB3 with ErbB2 significantly enhanced drug resistance. Moreover, ErbB2 was highly phosphorylated in NIH 3T3 cells that coexpress ErbB2 with either EGFR or ErbB3, but not in NIH 3T3 cells that express ErbB2 alone. Together, our results suggest that coexpression of EGFR or ErbB3 with ErbB2 induces high phosphorylation of ErbB2 and renders the cells more resistant to various anti-cancer drugs.
Effects of Body Mass, Feeding, and Circadian Cycles on Metabolism in the Lizard Sceloporus occidentalis

Abstract We examined aspects of pre- and postprandial metabolism in the diurnally active Western Fence Lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis, by measuring rates of oxygen consumption (Vo2) and carbon dioxide production (Vco2) at 30°C. Sceloporus occidentalis exhibited strong circadian variation in metabolism that continued throughout digestion, with diurnal peaks in metabolism up to four times as high as nocturnal minimum values (standard metabolic rate, SMR). Metabolism increased with increasing body size (mass range = 3.65–19.02 g), with mass exponents ranging from 0.61–0.82. Metabolism of lizards fed meals equivalent to 1.4, 2.9, and 3.9% of their body mass was elevated above fasting metabolism, although significant differences in metabolism were not detected among the three meal sizes. Maximum metabolism during digestion was from 1.2–1.3 times that of maximum fasting metabolism, a value similar to that of other small, frequently feeding lizards. Specific dynamic action (SDA) ranged from 2.38–22.02 mL O2 and 1.54–14.54 mL CO2, or 0.05 −0.44 kJ, which is equivalent to 9.4–17.0% of the ingested energy. Mean respiratory quotients (RQ) ranged from 0.65–0.68, indicating lipids were the primary energy substrate used during both fasting and digestion.