Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An overview of CDMA evolution toward wideband CDMA

Third-generation mobile radio networks, often dubbed as 3G, have been under intense research and discussion recently and will emerge around the year 2000. In the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), third generation networks are called International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), and in Europe, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). IMT-2000 will provide a multitude of services, especially multimedia and high-bit-rate packet data. Wideband code division multiple access (CDMA) has emerged as the mainstream air interface solution for the third-generation networks. In Europe, Japan, Korea, and the United States, wideband CDMA systems are currently being standarized. This article provides a comprehensive introduction to wideband CDMA. It also provides a review of the wideband CDMA air interface proposals including WCDMA in Europe and Japan, cdma2000 in the United States, and wideband CDMA in Korea.
Perceptual Image Indexing and Retrieval

Abstract We describe a perceptual approach to generating features for use in indexing and retrieving images from an image database. Salient regions that immediately attract the eye are large color regions that usually dominate an image. Features derived from these will allow search for images that are similar perceptually. We compute color features and Gabor color texture features on regions obtained from a multiscale representation of the image, generated by a multiband smoothing algorithm based on human psychophysical measurements of color appearance. The combined feature vector is then used for indexing all salient regions of an image. For retrieval, those images are selected that contain more similar regions to the query image by using a multipass retrieval and ranking mechanism. Matches are found using the L2 metric. The results demonstrate that the proposed method performs very well.
The general psychiatrist as specialist

clinical neurological physiology, paediatric surgery and nconatology. Parry-Jones (1991) has likewise predicted that the existing list of sub-specialties within psychiatry is also likely to extend and include psychiatric traumatology, family therapy, neurobehavioural psychiatry, and psychiatric molecular genetics-and even the latest conception 'infant psychiatry'. There is a wish by these new specialty
Symbolic verification and error prediction methodology

A SIMD platform provides higher computing power by executing multiple data simultaneously, but this feature is making the design and verification harder. This paper aims at helping designer with an efficient methodology for verifying and evaluating the performance of a SIMD PLX platform design. Using Mathematica, a computer algebra system (CAS), and reverse engineering techniques, the correctness of and errors accumulated in running multimedia applications on this PLX platform can be precisely evaluated, which would not be easily done without human interventions before. The proposed methodology can be easily automated and adapted to other SIMD platforms.
Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y and Its Gene Expression: Relation to Light/Dark Cycle and Circulating Corticosterone

The hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) system, along with levels of circulating corticosterone (CORT), were examined in rats at different times across the light/dark cycle. Tissue samples were taken from the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), which contains the primary hypothalamic NPY cell group of the arcuate nucleus (ARC), and the mediodorsal (MDH) hypothalamus, which contains the paraventricular and dorsomedial nuclei that receive a dense NPY innervation from the ARC. In these dissections, measurements of NPY mRNA and peptide levels were taken using a solution hybridization/nuclease protection assay procedure and radioimmunoassay. The results demonstrate that (i) NPY mRNA levels in the MBH, but not MDH, vary significantly in relation to the light/dark cycle, showing a sharp rise 4-6 h before dark onset, sustained high levels over the next 3-4 h and then, a sharp decline 1 h before dark onset; (ii) this rise in NPY mRNA in the MBH before dark onset, while associated with stable levels of MBH NPY during this time, is followed 2-4 h later, around dark onset, by a rise in NPY peptide levels of the MDH simultaneous to a decrease in NPY levels of the MBH; (iii) levels of circulating CORT shift dramatically across the light-dark cycle, exhibiting an increase from basal levels (< 0.3 microgram/dl) to 5 micrograms/dl approximately 4 h before dark onset, a further rise that peaks at 26 micrograms/dl around dark onset, and then a significant decline to 16 micrograms/dl at 2 h after dark onset; and (iv) there exists a positive relationship between CORT and NPY mRNA or peptide levels in the MBH during the 4-6 h before dark onset, while in the MDH, a positive relationship between this steroid and NPY peptide levels is obtained at dark onset. It is proposed that these rhythms, involving a predark rise in CORT and NPY gene expression leading to a peak in CORT and peptide levels at dark onset, are active in stimulating feeding behavior, particularly carbohydrate ingestion, which predominates at that time.
Examination of the Effectiveness of Peppermint Aromatherapy on Nausea in Women Post C-Section

Purpose: This study examined the effect of peppermint spirits on postoperative nausea in women following a scheduled C-section. Design: A pretest-posttest research design with three groups was used. The peppermint group inhaled peppermint spirits, the placebo aromatherapy control group inhaled an inert placebo, green-colored sterile water, and the standard antiemetic therapy control group received standard antiemetics, usually intravenous ondansetron or promethazine suppositories. Methods: Women were randomly assigned to a group on admission to the hospital. If they became nauseated, nurses on the mother-baby unit assessed their nausea (baseline), administered the assigned intervention, and then reassessed participants' nausea 2 and 5 minutes after the initial intervention. Participants rated their nausea using a 6-point nausea scale. Findings: Thirty-five participants became nauseated post-operatively. Participants in all three intervention groups had similar levels of nausea at baseline. The nausea levels of participants in the peppermint spirits group were significantly lower than those of participants in the other two groups 2 and 5 minutes after the initial intervention. Conclusions: Peppermint spirits may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of postoperative nausea. This study should be replicated with more participants, using a variety of aromatherapies to treat nausea in participants with different preoperative diagnoses.
Translation and Focus Group Testing of the WHOQOL Spirituality, Religiousness, and Personal Beliefs Module in Norway

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the Norwegian translation of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Spirituality, Religiousness, and Personal Beliefs module. Design: This is an exploratory study using convenience sampling. Method: Translation has followed the World Health Organization’s standardized protocol. Six focus groups were recruited from six geographical regions in southeastern Norway: three groups of health professionals (n = 18) and three groups of patients (n = 15). Results: All facets and items were found to be culturally relevant. The facet awe underwent three literary changes, spiritual strength two, and meaning, inner peace, and faith underwent one change each. The facets spiritual connection, wholeness, and integration and hope and optimism did not undergo any changes. The facets spiritual connection, meaning in life, experiences of awe, and wholeness and integration displayed the strongest discriminatory power. Internal consistency reliability of the overall module tested with Cronbach’s alpha was high (α = .93). Conclusion: Translating questionnaires and adapting them in comprehensible forms, while maintaining the meaning of the original items, is a challenge in holistic nursing. Even though certain difficulties in comprehension were revealed, the results of this study indicate that all facets and items on the Spirituality, Religiousness, and Personal Beliefs module were equally important.
PVT-aware digital controlled voltage regulator design for ultra-low-power (ULP) DVFS systems

On-chip regulators are becoming increasingly important for ultra-low voltage nano-scale SoC systems. In this paper, an all-digital controlled linear regulator is presented. A novel Process-Voltage-Temperature (PVT) -aware design is implemented to mitigate environmental variations and to guarantee the resolution of the liner regulator. The proposed digital voltage regulator can achieve up to 98.4% current efficiency. This design leads to three major advantages: (1) fast response time of 60ns, (2) low quiescent current 162μA in a stable state, and (3) PVT tolerance. The settling time is about 138ns. The output voltage error in 0.3V stable states with error improvement of the resolution using PVT-aware DED is around 50%. The best FOM at the regulated voltage (VREG) of 0.51V is 4.2 pA·s. This digital controlled voltage regulator is designed and implemented for near-/sub- threshold operations. It can generate VREG from 0.3V ~ 0.51V in steps of 30mV without resolution degradation under PVT variations. The total area of the regulator is about 388.6×35. 7μm2 using TSMC 65-nm low-power bulk CMOS technology.
Voxel-Based Morphometry Reveals Increased Gray Matter Density in Broca's Area in Male Symphony Orchestra Musicians

Broca's area is a major neuroanatomical substrate for spoken language and various musically relevant abilities, including visuospatial and audiospatial localization. Sight reading is a musician-specific visuospatial analysis task, and spatial ability is known to be amenable to training effects. Musicians have been reported to perform significantly better than nonmusicians on spatial ability tests, which is supported by our findings with the Benton judgement of line orientation (JOL) test (P < 0.001). We hypothesised that use-dependent adaptation would lead to increased gray matter density in Broca's area in musicians. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and stereological analyses were applied to high-resolution 3D MR images in male orchestral musicians (n = 26) and sex, handedness, and IQ-matched nonmusicians (n = 26). The wide age range (26 to 66 years) of volunteers permitted a secondary analysis of age-related effects. VBM with small volume correction (SVC) revealed a significant (P = 0.002) region of increased gray matter in Broca's area in the left inferior frontal gyrus in musicians. We observed significant age-related volume reductions in cerebral hemispheres, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex subfields bilaterally and gray matter density in the left inferior frontal gyrus in controls but not musicians; a positive correlation between JOL test score and age in musicians but not controls; a positive correlation between years of playing and the volume of gray matter in a significant region identified by VBM in under-50-year-old musicians. We suggest that orchestral musical performance promotes use-dependent retention, and possibly expansion, of gray matter involving Broca's area and that this provides further support for shared neural substrates underpinning expressive output in music and language.
On Image Charaterization in Real-Time

Abstract We present a machine model for the characterization of images that have the property of linear decomposition into strings of pixel-information. In this work characterization of images means recognition and modification of their graphical structures. Two types of the machine, the recognizer and modifier model, process images according to a programmed control unit with working tapes that adhere to structural information. Deprived of autonomous actions these machines are found to operate in real-time, serving as models for all practical implementations. It is shown via proper simulations that the real-time recognition property is preserved under most common image operations. The inverse image mapping obtained through a modifier is also characterized by a properly constructed recognizer machine.
The Effect of ICU Physician Staffing and Hospital Volume on Outcomes After Hepatic Resection

Outcomes following complex surgical procedures vary between medical centers. High-volume providers demonstrate superior outcomes to low-volume centers. We hypothesize that differences in intensive care unit (ICU) physician staffing are associated with outcomes following hepatic resection. Data on ICU staffing was obtained from a questionnaire and linked to clinical and economic data from the Health Services Cost Review Commission (HSCRC) for all adult patients who had hepatectomy ( n = 569) in the state of Maryland from 1994 to 1998. Multivariate regression with hierarchical modeling was used to determine the association between in-hospital mortality, length of stay, postoperative complications, and health care costs with daily rounds by an ICU physician after adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics. The crude in-hospital mortality rate was 1.5% in hospitals that have daily rounds by an ICU physician versus 7.8% in hospitals that did not ( p = 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, adjusting for case mix and hospital and surgeon volume, lack of daily rounds by an ICU physician was associated with a fourfold increased in-hospital mortality [odds ratio (OR) 3.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-10.2]. In addition, reintubation (OR 16.2; 95% CI 3.8-67.0), pulmonary insufficiency (OR 8.0; 95% CI 1.8-35.0), pneumonia (OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.2-11.3), and acute renal failure (OR 9.3; 95% CI 1.2-74) were more frequent without daily rounds by an ICU physician. Low-volume hospitals had a 21% (95% CI 2-44%; p = 0.03) increased length of stay and a 22% increased total hospital cost (95% CI 1-48%; p = 0.04) compared with high-volume hospitals. Both daily rounds by an ICU physician and high hospital volume are associated with improved outcomes after hepatic resection. Patients undergoing high-risk surgery should seek referral to centers with both daily rounds by an ICU physician and extensive experience with the operation.
Multi-Layered Social Network Creation Based on Bibliographic Data

A method for extraction of the multi-layered social network based on the data about human collaborative achievements, in particular scientific papers, is presented in the paper. The objects linking people form a hierarchy, which is flattened in the pre-processing stage. Only one level of the hierarchy remains together with new activities moved from its other levels. Separate layers of the multi-layered social network are created based on these pre-processed activities.
Knowledge and Perceptions in Advance Care Planning

Objective: This study explores detailed knowledge of medical terminology and connotations of equivocal phrases frequently used in advance care planning. Method: One hundred seventy community-dwelling older adults answered yes-or-no questions about their knowledge of medical conditions and treatments and completed a written questionnaire about their connotations of ambiguous phrases such as “live like a vegetable. ” Results: On average, participants answered 78% of all factual questions correctly; however, accuracy ranged from 59% to 94% across individuals. Participants knew the most about basic treatment purposes and procedures and the least about treatment outcomes. Perceptions of equivocal phrases were idiosyncratic, even for conventional terms such as improvement. Discussion: Older adults approach advance care planning with critical misconceptions and individualistic perceptions, about which family and health care professionals may be unaware. Efforts to improve advance care planning should include instruction concerning medical information and encouragement to use explicit language to express treatment preferences.
Signal Identification for Multiple-Antenna Wireless Systems: Achievements and Challenges

Signal identification is an umbrella term for signal processing techniques designed for the identification of the transmission parameters of unknown or partially known communication signals. Initially, a key technology for military applications such as signal interception, radio surveillance and electronic warfare, signal identification techniques recently found applications in commercial wireless communications as an enabling technology for cognitive receivers. With the advance and rapid adoption of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems in the last decade, extension of signal identification methods to include this transmission paradigm has become a priority and focus of intensive research efforts. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey on algorithms proposed for the new and challenging signal identification problems specific to MIMO systems, including space-time block code (STBC) identification, MIMO modulation identification, and detection of the number of transmit antennas. Finally, concluding remarks on MIMO signal identification are provided along with an outline of the open problems and future research directions.
What Works Better for Community-Dwelling Older People at Risk to Fall?

Objective: To compare and quantify the effectiveness of multifactorial versus exercise-alone interventions in reducing recurrent falls among community-dwelling older people. Method : A meta-analysis of recently published studies on fall prevention interventions was conducted. Measure of the overall effectiveness was the combined risk ratio for recurrent falls, whereas heterogeneity was explored via metaregression analyses. Results: Ten of the 52 identified studies met the preset criteria and were included in the analysis. The exercise-alone interventions were about 5 times more effective compared to multifactorial ones. Short-term interventions, smaller samples, and younger age related to better outcomes. Discussion: From cost-efficiency and public health perspectives, exercise-alone interventions can be considered valuable, as they are more likely to be implemented in countries with less resources. Further qualitative research is needed, however, to explore determinants of willingness to participate and comply with interventions aiming to prevent recurrent falls among older people.
Long-Term Fish Intake Is Associated With Less Severe Depressive Symptoms Among Elderly Men and Women

Objective: This work aims at exploring the association between fish intake and depressive symptoms, in older adults. Method: During 2005-2007, 1,190 men and women (>65 years) free living in various Greek islands and in Cyprus participated in the study. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the validated Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and foods intake through a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Results: Almost 70% of the participants scored above the depressive cutoff (i.e., GDS score > 5), with women having higher values. People classified under the 1st tertile of GDS score (i.e., GDS ≤ 5) were more educated, physically active, and report higher fish consumption. One portion increase of fish consumption per week was associated with 0.58 times (95% confidence interval: 0.45-0.73) lower likelihood of having GDS score above the clinical threshold, after various adjustments were made. Discussion: These findings may assist public health policy makers in better preventing emotional disorders among the elderly by promoting healthier eating habits.
Association Between Health Education Needs and Stroke Caregiver Injury

Objectives: Many stroke caregivers are inadequately informed about stroke and its sequelae and have little preparation for the physical demands of moving, lifting, and handling often required. Our objectives are to examine the association between health education needs and physical injury sustained as a result of activities related to the caregiving role. Method: A total of 276 caregivers of veterans who suffered an acute stroke event were surveyed about their information needs and injury status.We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to calculate adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios for injury status. Results: Results indicate that in the adjusted model, caregivers who had increased educational needs were almost twice as likely (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.74-1.94) to have incurred an injury related to caregiving activities. Conclusions: Health education interventions that provide stroke caregivers with educational materials may help reduce caregiver injuries.
Is the Emergence of Functional Ability Decline in Early Old Age Related to Change in Speed of Cognitive Processing and Also to Change in Personality?

Objective: To test whether the onset of functional ability decline in early old age is related to change in speed of cognitive processing and personality characteristics. Method: Among 500 randomly sampled participants, the 230 cases that did not show impairment in functional ability were selected. Mean age at Time 1 was 62.4 years. For this subsample, the emergence of functional ability decline was tracked across a 12-year observation period. Results: The emergence of functional ability decline was related to change in speed of cognitive processing. Decline in functional ability was also related to increased neuroticism and external control, whereas this was not the case regarding extraversion and internal control. Discussion: Cognitive processing speed was shown to be a predictor of functional disability decline; in addition, the results provided initial evidence that functional ability decline in the early aging phase could be accompanied by changes in personality, particularly neuroticism and external control.
Shorter Stay, Longer Life: Age at Migration and Mortality Among the Older Mexican-Origin Population

Objectives: In this article, we investigate the association between age at migration and mortality during a 13-year period in a sample of Mexican American immigrants 65 and older at baseline. Method: We employ the Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (H-PESE) to control for mortality-related health and social factors. Results: Our analyses show that the immigrant generation does not represent a homogeneous mortality risk category. Individuals who migrated to the United States in mature adulthood have a considerably lower risk of death than individuals who migrated in childhood or midlife. Chronic conditions or functional capacity do not account for these differences. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that standard risk pools may differ significantly on the basis of genetic and unmeasured life-course factors. A better understanding of the late-life immigrant mortality advantage has important implications for more effective and targeted social and medical interventions.
Body Mass Index and Long-Term Mortality in an Elderly Mediterranean Population

Objectives: To describe the relationship of body mass index and mortality in older adults, examining the influence of sex and cardiovascular morbidity. Methods: Sixteen-year cohort of a population sample of 1,008 people aged 65 and over. BMI mortality hazard ratios are estimated controlling for age, sex, education, physical activity, smoking, chronic conditions, and ADL (activities of daily living) disability. Results: At baseline the median BMI is 26.8 (Interquartile range: 24.2-29.7 Kg/m2). Findings show that during 16 years there were 672 deaths. The U-shaped curve of the mortality hazard by BMI is wide. The minimum mortality occur at BMI = 30.5 Kg/m2. Findings show that men had lower mortality risk with increasing BMI and that cardiovascular disease was associated with high mortality in the low-BMI category. Discussion: Underweight is a risk factor for mortality among elderly people, whereas overweight and mild obesity are associated with the lowest mortality particularly among men and those with cardiovascular morbidity.