Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of light intensity and photoperiod on the growth of Cochlodinium polykrikoides

The marine planktonic dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides have been responsible for the recent occurrences of harmful algal blooms in Sabah's coastal waters which previously occur commonly in Korea and Japan coastal water. The bloom of Cochlodinium polykrikoides had caused major aquaculture fish kills and economic losses. Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms occur in both temperate and tropical regions. A laboratory experiment was carried out to determine the effects of light intensity and photoperiod on the growth of Cochlodinium polykrikoides. The experiment was carried out for three weeks in a constant temperature growth room of 25Â±2Â°C and constant salinity of 30Â±2 ppt. There were three different photoperiods (24H L: 0, 16H L: 8H D, 12H L: 12H D) and four light intensities (50Âµmol mâ�»Â²sâ�»Â¹, 100 Âµmol mâ�»Â²sâ�»Â¹, 150Âµmo1 mâ�»Â²sâ�»Â¹, 200Âµmol mâ�»Â²sâ�»Â¹) used to examine the effects of the two factors on the growth of Cochlodinium polykrilcoides. The results of the experiment indicated that higher cell density was achieved at 16H L: 8H D condition at all light intensity. Lower cell density was observed in light intensity higher than 100Âµmol mâ�»Â²sâ�»Â¹. The chlorophyll a concentration was higher during the exponential phase of cultures which is during the second week. Light intensity and photoperiod influenced the growth of Cochlodinium polykrikoides as significant effects were evidenced from the statistical analysis done.
Single-bubble sonoluminescence

Single-bubble sonoluminescence occurs when an acoustically trapped and periodically driven gas bubble collapses so strongly that the energy focusing at collapse leads to light emission. Detailed experiments have demonstrated the unique properties of this system: the spectrum of the emitted light tends to peak in the ultraviolet and depends strongly on the type of gas dissolved in the liquid; small amounts of trace noble gases or other impurities can dramatically change the amount of light emission, which is also affected by small changes in other operating parameters (mainly forcing pressure, dissolved gas concentration, and liquid temperature). This article reviews experimental and theoretical efforts to understand this phenomenon. The currently available information favors a description of sonoluminescence caused by adiabatic heating of the bubble at collapse, leading to partial ionization of the gas inside the bubble and to thermal emission such as bremsstrahlung. After a brief historical review, the authors survey the major areas of research: Section II describes the classical theory of bubble dynamics, as developed by Rayleigh, Plesset, Prosperetti, and others, while Sec. III describes research on the gas dynamics inside the bubble. Shock waves inside the bubble do not seem to play a prominent role in the process. Section IV discusses the hydrodynamic and chemical stability of the bubble. Stable single-bubble sonoluminescence requires that the bubble be shape stable and diffusively stable, and, together with an energy focusing condition, this fixes the parameter space where light emission occurs. Section V describes experiments and models addressing the origin of the light emission. The final section presents an overview of what is known, and outlines some directions for future research.
Effect of Honeybee Nasonov and Alarm Pheromone Components on Behaviour at the Nest Entrance

SummaryPossible pheromonal components identified from the sting apparatus, mandibular gland and Nasonov gland of worker honeybees (Apis mellifera) were tested in an attempt to elucidate their function. Other chemicals known to affect behaviour were also tested. The components iso-pentyl acetate and n-octyl acetate from the sting, and 2-heptanone from the mandibular glands, repelled bees and diminished Nasonov gland exposure (scenting); 1-pentanol and (Z)-ll-eicosen-1-ol from the sting diminished scenting; iso-pentyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, 2- nonanoyl and 1-pentanol, all from the sting, and 2-heptanone, released stinging. The alarm pheromones 2-heptanol and 3-octanone (from certain stingless bees and ants) inhibited scenting, and the former also repelled bees and released aggression. The chemicals iso-butyl acetate, sec-butyl acetate and n-pentyl acetate diminished scenting, and the insect repellents dimethyl phthalate and diethyl toluamide diminished stinging. Many of the chemicals from the honeybee st.
Studies on mutations in embB locus in Indian clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis having high degree of ethambutol resistance

Ethambutol [EMB: dextro-2.2'-(ethylenediimino)-di-l-butanol], a frontline antituberculosis drug, targets the mycobacterial cell wall. Genetic events resulting in structural mutations at the embB locus have been proposed as a major mechanism for EMB resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this study, mutations in the embB locus of Indian isolates and their correlation with the MIC levels in M. tuberculosis have been investigated. We have sequenced and analysed 260 bp of the embB gene region containing the hotspot association with EMB-resistance isolates of M. tuberculosis in 39 EMB-resistant and 13 susceptible clinical isolates. Out of 39 resistant isolates, 17 (44%) had mutation in the embB locus at codon 306, whereas the remaining 22 (56%) resistant and 13 sensitive isolates did not have any mutation in this region. Five different substitution mutations of ATG(Met) in the resistant strains were: GTG (Val) 41%, ATA (IΙe) 29%, ATC (Ile) 18%, TTG (Leu) 6% and CTG (Leu) 6%. All these mutations at codon 306 were associated with a high degree of ethambutol-resistant phenotype. Results suggest that the embB306 mutations might prove to be one of useful markers for detection of ethambutol resistance in isolates of M. tuberculosis in India. Lack of mutation, however, does not rule out ethambutol resistance.
The Expression of CaN and CaMK is Associated with Lipogenesis in the Muscle of Chicken

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content in chickens significantly contributes to meat quality. The main objective of this study was to assess the expression of calcineurin (CaN) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) in lipogenesis in chicken muscle. Chickens were slaughtered and sampled at 4, 8, and 16 weeks of age. IMF content and the expression of CaN subunits and CaMK isoforms were measured in the thigh muscle tissue. The results showed that the IMF contents were greater at 16 weeks compared with those at 4 and 8 weeks (p<0.05). Transcription of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and fatty acid translocase CD36 (FAT/CD36) mRNA significantly increased with age, from four to 16 weeks (p<0.05). The mRNA levels of CaNB and CaMK IV were significantly lower at 16 weeks than at four weeks (p<0.05), but CaMK II mRNA levels were significantly higher than at four weeks (p<0.05). In order to evaluate the role of CaMK and CaN in adipogenesis, SV cells were incubated in standard adipogenic medium for 24 h and treated with specific inhibitor of CaMK and CaN. The expressions of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein b (C/EBPb, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1),and peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor g (PPARγ)were dramatically enhanced by the CsA, CaN inhibitor (p<0.05). KN93, CaMK II inhibitor, dramatically repressed the expression of those lipogenic gene (p<0.05). These results indicated that CaN and CaMK had different effects on adipogenesis in the muscle of chickens.
Seroprevalence of Australia antigen (HbsAg) among blood donors in local population

Introduction: Transfusion of Blood & Blood Components is one of the four recognized modes of Hepatitis B virus infection and HBsAg or Australia Antigen in the serum is the earliest marker of active HBV infection (acute/chronic) being detectable even before elimination of transaminases and onset of clinical illness. Various strategies are being used to reduce this transfusion transmitted infection. Objectives: To determine the Seroprevalence of HBsAg among blood donors in and around Junagadh (Gujarat) and to compare it withthat of other regions in India. Methods: The study was conducted on apparently healthy blood donors over a period of 3 years from January-2015 to December-2017 at Blood Bank, Department of Pathology, GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Junagadh in order to assess the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection. A total number of 18368 blood donors were included in this study. Both rapid HBsAg card test and HBsAg ELISA test were used for this study purpose. Result: Out of 18368 donors, 14102 (76.77%) were inhouse donors and 4266 (23.23%) were outdoor-camp donors. 17346 (94.44%) were males & 1022 (5.56%) were females. Out of 18368 blood units, 487 (2.65%) were discarded and out of them 109 (22.38%) were HBsAg reactive. The Seroprevalence of HBsAg was found to be 0.59%. Conclusion: Blood Donors are often found to be reactive for Australia Antigen and others. In order to reduce this Seroprevalence, more sensitive screening assays and appropriate donor selection are must.
Identification and Characteristics of Leavening Bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae) from Potato Starter

1 . 緒 言 饅頭 にお ける伝統 的 な 自然発 酵法 につい て は,発 酵 源 を果実種 ・野 菜種 に求 め てお り,こ の 中の微 生物 を 一般 に野 生酵母 と記 載 して い るにす ぎな い 1)2). ま た, これ らの中 では 自然発酵 に よる方 法が 少 な くな り市 販 酵母 が 多 く使 わ れて い る理 由 1)と して伝 統 的 な方法 は 味 の良 い饅頭 を作 る としなが ら も,失 敗 が多 い こ とを あげて い る. 東 南 アジア,中 国,バ ング ラデ イッシ ュ, ネパ ール,イ ン ド等 で収集 した小 麦 粉発酵 製 品 中に, 酵 母以外 の多 くの細菌 が今 で も関与 してい る こと を見 いだ して い る. 日本 で もパ ン製造 が行 われ始 め た明治 初期 には,特 別 のパ ンイー ス トは入手 困難 であ っ た ことか ら,発 酵 源 と して ジ ャガ イモな どをイース ト菌 と して使 った記 録 が あ る 3). ま た,実 際 に伝 統 的 な方法 によ り九 州地 方で は戦 前 ・戦 後 の食糧 難時 に,ジ ャ ガイモ を小 麦粉 と混 合 して饅頭 を作 り,子 供 にお やつ と して与 え てい た とい う. わ れ われ は,今 まで に リ ンゴ浸 漬水 か ら発 麺(ス ター ター)を 調 製 し,発 酵 膨化 に関与 して い る Enterobacter ctoacae GAO 株 4)を分離 し,安 全性 5)およ び食 品へ の応 用 6) を検 討 して きた. 今 回は,九 州地 方 に伝 わ る自然発 酵源 と して ジ ャガ イモ を用 い る方 法 を検 討 した. ジ ャガイモ か らス ター ター を調 製,そ の 中 の微 生 物 を単 離 して E. cloacae の普遍 的 な存在 を明 らか にす るこ と と饅頭 への応 用 を 検 討 す る こ とを 目的 と した.
The effect of nitrogen on seed and oil yield of seven sesame (Sesamum indicumL.) genotypes in Isfahan

Nitrogen is a major part of plant nutrition in agricultural ecosystems. It greatly affects the yield of crops, specially ''oilseed crops'' such as sesame. In order to study the effect of nitrogen and genotype on the seed and oil yield of sesame; an experiment was laid out in split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications and 35 plants m at the Lavark Research Farm, Isfahan University of Technology, in 2006. Three nitrogen levels (50, 100 and 150 Kg N ha) and seven sesame genotypes (Local Ardestan, Nonbracching Naz, Branching Naz, Yekta, Oltan, Darab 14 and Varamin 2822) were used in main and sub plots, respectively. With an increase in nitrogen application to at least 150 kg N ha, despite a decrease in oil content, the seed and oil yield increased (P 0.01) averaged over genotypes. Since Yekta and Oltan outyielded the rest of genotypes, the latter genotypes with application of at least 150 kg N ha could be recommended for sesame production in Isfahan.
The effect of supplementing chicken feed with the Biomin IMBO synbiotic.

the effect of growth promoters used in animal feed on their growing performances is very variable, being more visible the more deficient the growing conditions are. Associating prebiotics with probiotics has generated a new growth promoter class – synbiotics – a category which the Biomin IMBO products belong to. It was tested in the broiler chicken feed regarding the growing performance, the intestinal flora and biochemical blood parameter. The experiment was carried out in two broiler chicken experimental lots, Rosso 503 hybrids, with 10 chicken per lot, between the ages of one day and 28 days. The combined chicken feed from the experimental lot was supplemented with 0.15 % Biomin IMBO. The growth parameters (body mass, daily average growth rate, daily average usage and specific usage) were monitored. A faeces microbiological exam was carried out in order to determine the type of intestinal flora and a biochemical exam, to determine the serum cholesterol and the high density lipoproteins (HDL). The usage of the Biomin IMBO synbiotic at a 0.15 % rate determined, at the age of 21 days, in the experimental lot, a daily average growing rate increase of 84.23 %, a daily average usage rate increase of 53.35 % and a specific usage decrease (Kg NC/Kg growing rate) with 40.33 %, as compared to the control lot. The microbiological faeces exam at 21 days of life showed a 75.34 % total number of germs (NTG) decrease and the coliform germ number and E. coli 77.27 % decrease while the control lot registered a 13.55 % NTG decrease, a 21.43 % coliform germ decrease, and a 40.91 % E. coli decrease thus proving the beneficial effect of the product on intestinal flora structure, facilitating the development of beneficial intestinal flora, a fact reflected in the growth performance. The Biomin IMBO supplement (0.15 %) of the broiler chicken feed until the age of 21 days determined a total cholesterol decrease of 34.15 % and a 25.67 % high density lipoproteins (HDL).
Eine Langzeitanalyse der Leistungsentwicklung weißer und brauner Legehybriden anhand von Ergebnissen der amtlichen deutschen Legeleistungsprüfungen von 1974/75 bis 1997/99

_ The results of the official German random sample tests for laying hens from five stations over a period of 24 years (1974/ 75 to 1997/99) were analysed with three statistical models and are presented graphically for 6 white-egg and 6 brown-egg strains. During the 24-year period, significant improvements in all traits of major economic importance are documented. Egg mass per hen housed increased from 15 to 20 kg, feed conversion ratio dropped from 3.0 to 2.0, and shell strength improved. Changes in linear trends between 6-year periods are interpreted as evidence for the competitive effect of the tests. Improved feed efficiency in brown-egg strains and improved shell strength in white-egg strains are obvious examples. Interactions between strains and stations were found within 6-year periods, especially for traits with low heritability such as livability and hen-housed production; the ranking of strains in total merit differs between stations. For most traits, the variation between strains was higher in the first 6-year period than during the following three periods, whereas the residual variation and interactions changed very little. In view of the differences among strains which still exist and the changes in ranking documented in this analysis we conclude that random sample testing continues to be a good investment which deserves support in the interest of egg producers and breeders. The strain x station interactions found in this analysis and reported by other authors in the literature suggest that future tests should be organized to simulate the variation of conditions under which eggs are produced in practice.
Suboptimality in perception

CC-BY 4.0 International license peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not. ABSTRACT Human perception is increasingly described as optimal. This view reflects recent successes of Bayesian approaches to perception but ignores an extensive literature documenting suboptimal performance in perceptual tasks. Here we review several classes of suboptimal perceptual decisions, including improper placement, maintenance, and adjustment of perceptual criteria, inadequate tradeoff between speed and accuracy, and inappropriate confidence ratings. We examine suboptimalities in the cue combination literature, which has often been taken as evidence for optimality in perception. We further discuss how findings regarding visual illusions, adaptation, and appearance relate to the concept of optimality. We extract a number of principles that account for suboptimal behavior across all of these studies. Finally, we outline an " Objectives-Constraints-Mechanisms " approach for guiding future investigations and discussions of optimal and suboptimal perception. In this approach, findings of optimality or suboptimality are not ends in themselves but serve to characterize the perceptual system's objectives (i.e., what it aims to achieve), constraints (i.e., what costs it incurs), and mechanisms (i.e., what processes it uses to trade off the objectives and constraints). We suggest that this conceptual framework, more than a focus on optimality per se, can advance our understanding of perception. CC-BY 4.0 International license peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not .
Volvolepiota and Macrolepiota - Macrolepiota velosa, a new species from China

A new volvate Macrolepiota species from China, M. velosa; is described, and Volvolepiota is synonymized with Macrolepiota. Two new names in Macrolepiota are proposed, viz. M pulchella for V. brunnea, and M. brunnescens for V albida.
Linking rumen disorders to immunity in cattle: old and new paradigms

Maintaining a healthy rumen ecosystem is crucial to avoid systemic disorders in cattle, but also critical to ensure that milk and meat are produced from healthy animals in an efficient and cost-effective manner. In fact, today’s intensive management systems of cattle typically encourage the inclusion of large amounts of easily degradable carbohydrates in the diet to support rapid weight gain or high milk yields, and enhance cost efficiency. Although these feeding practices are useful to maximize production in a cost-effective manner, they do not cope with the digestive physiology of cattle. Therefore, rumen acidosis, and in particular its subacute form, is one of the most prevalent animal health and welfare issues in intensive cattle production systems. New data indicate that rumen acidosis may leads to severe dysbiosis and the release of bacterial compounds, with immunogenic properties, which also adversely affect the host. One of these compounds is endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide, a component of the outer leaflet of the external membrane of all Gram-negative bacteria. This mini-review will primarily focus on rumen acidosis, trying to link this “old” metabolic disorder of cattle to more “new” paradigms that imply an association between rumen acidosis and endotoxin with other metabolic disorders of cattle. It is clear that the more we know about the metabolic adaptive capacity and health status of the rumen, the better we can shape our future feeding strategies for more efficient and healthy ruminant production.
Vibrio natriegens, a new genomic powerhouse

Recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized biomedical research with continual innovations advancing the speed and throughput of molecular biology. Nearly all these tools, however, are reliant on Escherichia coli as a host organism, and its lengthy growth rate increasingly dominates experimental time. Here we report the development of Vibrio natriegens, a free-living bacteria with the fastest generation time known, into a genetically tractable host organism. We systematically characterize its growth properties to establish basic laboratory culturing conditions. We provide the first complete Vibrio natriegens genome, consisting of two chromosomes of 3,248,023 bp and 1,927,310 bp that together encode 4,578 open reading frames. We reveal genetic tools and techniques for working with Vibrio natriegens. These foundational resources will usher in an era of advanced genomics to accelerate biological, biotechnological, and medical discoveries.
Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes major motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. Its pathophysiology comprises acute and chronic phases and incorporates a cascade of destructive events such as ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammatory events, apoptotic pathways and locomotor dysfunctions. Many therapeutic strategies have been proposed to overcome neurodegenerative events and reduce secondary neuronal damage. Efforts have also been devoted in developing neuroprotective and neuro-regenerative therapies that promote neuronal recovery and outcome. Although varying degrees of success have been achieved, curative accomplishment is still elusive probably due to the complex healing and protective mechanisms involved. Thus, current understanding in this area must be assessed to formulate appropriate treatment modalities to improve SCI recovery. This review aims to promote the understanding of SCI pathophysiology, interrelated or interlinked multimolecular interactions and various methods of neuronal recovery i.e., neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and neuro-regenerative pathways and relevant approaches.
Diel Differences in Foraging in Two Ant Species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)1

Camponotus pennsylvanicus and Formica subsericea exhibit significant re source partitioning in their utilization of aphid honeydew. This is accomplished primarily by temporal differences in foraging activity. A marked difference in temperature activity ranges exists between the two species. C. pennsylvanicus, primarily nocturnal, moves faster at cooler temperatures than F. subsericea. The two species have different feeding strategies in honeydew collection. In spite of the evidence of partitioning, interspecific agonistic behavior is common, and C. pennsylvanicus is the dominant species in these interactions. Camponotus pennsylvanicus and Formica subsericea are common ants with broadly overlapping geographic distributions (Creighton, 1950). This paper re ports a study in Johnson County, Kansas where both C pennsylvanicus and F. subsericea are abundant and nest close to one another. There have been several investigations of diel activity rhythms of sympatric species of ants. Talbot (1946) studied the foraging activity of three species and discovered that the peak activity for each species was at a different time, and she believed that these rhythms were correlated with changes in temperature. In the Solomon Islands, Greenslade (1972) investigated the humidity and temperature activity ranges of four species of ants and found that their foraging rhythms were correlated with their temperature activity ranges. Thus, Pheidole megacephala, which is active at cool temperatures, was nocturnal, and Anoplolepis longipes, active at higher temperatures and humidities, was crepuscular. The role of interspecific competition in determining activity times remains to be clarified.
The tubulin code specializes neuronal cilia for extracellular vesicle release

Cilia are microtubule‐based organelles that display diversity in morphology, ultrastructure, protein composition, and function. The ciliary microtubules of C. elegans sensory neurons exemplify this diversity and provide a paradigm to understand mechanisms driving ciliary specialization. Only a subset of ciliated neurons in C. elegans are specialized to make and release bioactive extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the environment. The cilia of extracellular vesicle releasing neurons have distinct axonemal features and specialized intraflagellar transport that are important for releasing EVs. In this review, we discuss the role of the tubulin code in the specialization of microtubules in cilia of EV releasing neurons.