Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Utilization of Rye by Growing Chicks as Influenced by Autoclave Treatment, Water Extraction, and Water Soaking

Abstract Three experiments were conducted with growing chicks to study the effect of autoclave treatment, water extraction, water soaking, and antibiotic supplementation on the nutritional value of rye grain. Experiment 1 showed that the antinutritional factor(s) in rye grain was not destroyed by autoclaving. This treatment for 10 or 30 min, respectively, depressed feed utilization by 9 and 14% in the rye fed chicks and by only 2 and 4% in the wheat fed birds because of reduced digestibility of all nutrients. The detrimental effect of rye grain was partly overcome by increased feed intake. Experiment 2 demonstrated that rye grain contains a water-soluble, sticky, and hydroscopic factor forming highly viscous aqueous solutions. The addition of this factor to a wheat-based diet depressed chick performance to that obtained from feeding extracted rye because of the factor's interference with palatability of the feed and the digestion and absorption of all nutrients including fat and most of the individual amino acids. Extraction of rye twice improved chick performance and the digestibility of all nutrients, but all of these criteria were still inferior compared to those of wheat-fed chicks. The residual antinutritional activity of extracted rye was attributed to the partially insoluble nature of this factor. Chick performance was also improved by penicillin supplementation of diets containing rye, extracted rye, or water extract. In Experiment 3, chick growth and feed utilization were markedly improved with increasing soaking time (in the presence of an antimicrobial agent) or nonautoclaved rye, but soaking of autoclaved rye had no effect. The improvement of chick performance was attributed to a sharp depression with time of the viscosity of a water extract from nonautoclaved rye. This suggested the degradation of the antinutritional factor(s) by endogenous enzymes in the nonautoclaved water-soaked rye. It may be concluded that autoclave treatment protects the antinutritional factor against the inactivation that occurs when rye is soaked in water. Inactivation of the soluble factor is also associated with a decrease in the viscosity of an extract of rye. The factor also appears to be located in both the soluble and insoluble portion of the grain and depresses the retention of all nutrients.
A Note on the Impact of the Inclusion of an Anchor Number in the Inflation Expectations Survey Question

Inflation expectations surveys are receiving increasing attention. There is no optimal approach and often limited discussion of key characteristics of individual surveys. We use a South African dataset to argue that survey design should be given far more attention as it may undermine our ability to use the data with confidence. Users of survey data need to understand existing differences in survey design and the extent to which survey data reflect decision-making shortcuts under uncertainty as opposed to a true belief about what the public more generally really thinks expected inflation will be.
Short communication Identification of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) cultivars and phenetic relationships between Diospyros species by more effective RAPD analysis

AbstractRandomly ampliﬁed polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to identify cultivars ofpersimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) and to estimate the phenetic relationships between Diospyrosspecies. Long random primers (15 and 20 bases) were used to increase the effectiveness ofrecognizing polymorphism. Twenty-ﬁve of 34 (74%) long random primers ampliﬁed polymorphicbands of 25 persimmon cultivars, indicating that the effectiveness improved compared with RAPDanalysis using 10-base primers. The 25 primers ampliﬁed a total of 444 polymorphic bands, whichdistinguished all 25 cultivars. RAPD markers (133) clariﬁed the phenetic relationship between the sixspecies and subspecies of Diospyros: D. lotus, D. lotus subsp. glabbra and D. taitoensis formed onegroup (lotus group), and persimmon was related in order of closeness to the lotus group, D. oleifera,and D. rhombifolia. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Diospyros taitoensis; Kaki; Long primer; Randomly ampliﬁed polymorphic DNA markerswww.elsevier. com/locate/scihortiScientia Horticulturae 105 (2005) 283–290* Corresponding author. Present address: Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9 West 9,Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan. Fax: +81 11 706 3846.E-mail address: yamagisi@res.agr. hokudai.ac. jp (M. Yamagishi).
Damping-off disease in greenhouse cucumber in Iran

This study was conducted during 2006–2007 in order to identify cucumber damping-off related to the greenhouses of Jiroft city (Iran). During this period, the samples were obtained from the greenhouses located in various sites of Jiroft. Plants with rot symptoms as well as soil samples were collected and transferred to the laboratory. Isolates existing in the soil were isolated by baiting method using sour orange leaf, cantaloupe seedling, apple fruit, hempseed and maize grain. In total, 151 isolates were obtained and clarified in two genera, Phytophthora sp. and Pythium sp. , and five species including Phytophthora drechsleri, Phytophthora melonis, Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium irregulare and Pythium ultimum. Among the investigated species, P. aphanidermatum with 50 isolates and Phytophthora melonis with 11 isolates had the most and the least abundance in the region, respectively. Pythium irregulare is considered as a first report from the cucumbers of Iran. Pathogenesis studies of the isolates were done in sterile soil under greenhouse conditions using corn grain as inoculum. Disease symptoms were subsequently determined.
Freeze tolerant frogs: cryoprotectants and tissue metabolism during freeze–thaw cycles

Tissue-specific metabolism in the freeze tolerant frog, Rana sylvatica, was monitored over a course of 3 days of freezing exposure at −2.5 °C followed by 11 days of thawing at 3 °C. Freezing induced the rapid accumulation of glucose as a cryoprotectant with maximal levels of 257 μmol/mL in blood and 188, 140, 74, and 28 μmol/g wet weight in liver, heart, kidney, and leg muscle, respectively. Liver showed the fastest rate (20 μmol g−1 h−1 over the initial 7 h) and the shortest half time (5 h) for glucose accumulation. This plus the activation of liver glycogen phosphorylase and a 593 μmol/g decrease in liver glycogen indicated this organ as the major site of cryoprotectant production during freezing. Glucose accumulation was reversed when frogs were thawed (half time for clearance varying from 1.9 days in liver to 8.1 days in leg muscle) with glucose restored as liver glycogen. Extracellular freezing was also accompanied by a progressive accumulation of lactate and alanine as glycolytic end products indica.
Effect of host‐plant resistance on economic injury levels for the sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola

Abstract Sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola Coq. (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera), is the most important pest of grain sorghum worldwide. The effect of midge‐resistant cultivars on economic injury levels (EILs) for sorghum midge was studied on two midgeresistant (ICSV 197 and ICSV 745) and four commercial cultivars (CSH 1, CSH 5, ICSV 1 and ICSV 112). There was a linear relationship between midge density and percentage loss of grain in the midge‐susceptible cultivars CSH 1, CSH 5, and ICSV 112. However, there was only a marginal increase in midge damage with an increase in midge density in the midge‐resistant cultivars ICSV 197 and ICSV 745 while ICSV 1 showed a moderate increase in midge damage. Insect density‐damage relationships were better correlated when the cultivars were infested four times with a range of midge densities (5–40 midges/panicle) than with single infestations. Regression coefficient (b‐value) and coefficient of determination (R2%) increased with number of infestations and insect density in .
Soybean response to water : A QTL analysis of drought tolerance

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] yield, when regressed on water needed to replenish 0 to 100% seasonal evapotranspiration (ET), generates an estimate of season-specific water-use efficiency (WUE). The impact of unpredictable water deficits might be lessened if high-yielding genotypes had a smaller beta. Our objective was to determine the genetic basis of beta and carbon isotope discrimination (CID), a theorized indicator of transpiration efficiency (TE). A Minsoy' Noir I' population of 236 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), genotyped at 665 loci, was evaluated in six water treatements (100, 80, 60, 40, 20, and 0% ET) for 2 yr. Water stress was mild in 1994, but high temperatures and no rainfall in 1995 led to a drought so severe that the 100% ET treatment required 41 cm of irrigation. The 1995 yield-to-water regression was highly linear (28 kg ha -1 cm -1 ), Genotype × water (G × W) interaction was due to genotypic heterogeneity in beta. The CH) vs. beta correlation was low (r = 0.26), so selection for better leaf TE may not improve crop WUE, Selection of low beta (less sensitivity to drought) will be difficult, given the yield beta vs. yield correlation (r = 0.71). The major quantitative trait loci (QTL) for yield beta, yield, and CID were coincident with maturity and/or determinancy QTLs. except for a CID QTL in linkage group U09-C2. but it had no effect on beta. Genetic improvement of soybean yield performance under drought would be better achieved by coupling a high-yield grand mean with a high- (not low-) yield beta.
A Literature Survey of Value Creation Through Relationship Banking

Relationship banking has emerged as an important mechanism through which banks, especially the smaller ones, overcome problems associated with information asymmetry. Relationship banking also creates value for the borrowing firm through a number of channels such as more chances of loan availability, lower interest rate, and less collateral requirements. In this paper, we provide an overview of the recent literature on relationship banking and its impact on firm value. We also discuss different dimensions of relationship banking to highlight how the role of relationship banking changes in information generation process under different circumstances. Finally, we identify potential areas for future research in this area.
Effect of orange fiber addition on yogurt color during fermentation and cold storage

Orange fiber obtained from orange juice by-products was added to yogurt. Fiber (0%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1% doses and different fiber size: 0.417–0.701 and 0.701–0.991 mm) effects on color during yogurt fermentation and cold storage were studied. Overall composition, pH, acidity, syneresis, L*, a*, and b* values were determined. Sensory evaluation of yogurts was carried out. Fiber addition did not cause changes in yogurt acidification and color during fermentation process, though decreased L* value and increased b* value of the milk. Color evaluation along fermentation is pH dependent (R > 0.870). pH decreased and syneresis increased along cold storage. Because of the acidification process, L* value decreased and a* and b* values increased in all yogurts. Yogurts with 1% fiber were significantly different from the others along cold storage, presenting lower L*, higher a* and b* values, and lower syneresis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 457–463, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20158
Sexual conflict and arms races between the sexes: a morphological adaptation for control of mating in a female insect

Conflict between the sexes over control of copulation may drive the coevolution of elaborate genitalia and other secondary sexual structures. Support for this hypothesis is limited to male adaptations that function to enhance male control over females in copulation (e. g. structures that function to clasp females). Evidence for morphological adaptation in females is critical to the hypothesis, yet lacking. Here, we present the first experimental evidence demonstrating that female abdominal spines in water striders function to increase female control over copulation. By experimentally extending the phenotypic size range of these spines, we show that this morphological adaptation, specific to females, allows them to thwart harassing males, and as a result, reduce the frequency of costly matings to females. This demonstrates the coevolutionary nature of sexual conflict and that females are indeed active participants in the evolutionary conflict over control of reproduction.
The Anticipatory Effects of Medicare Part D on Drug Utilization

While health care policies are frequently signed into law well before they are implemented, such lags are ignored in most empirical work. This paper demonstrates the importance of implementation lags in the context of Medicare Part D, the prescription drug benefit that took effect two years after it was signed into law. Exploiting the differential responses of chronic and acute drugs to anticipated future prices, I show that individuals reduced drug utilization for chronic but not acute drugs in anticipation of Part D's implementation. Accounting for this anticipatory response substantially reduces the estimated total treatment effect of Part D.
Variations in Radiation Sensitivity of Foodborne Pathogens Associated with the Suspending Meat

Longissimus dorsi from beef, pork, and lamb and turkey breast and leg meats were inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. , and Staphylococcus aureus, and the gamma radiation resistance of the pathogens were determined under identical conditions. At 5 o C the respective radiation D-values of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes did not vary with the suspending meat. The D-value for a mixture of Salmonella spp. was significantly lower on pork than on beef, lamb, turkey breast, and turkey leg meats. The D-value for S. aureus was significantly lower on lamb and mechanically deboned chicken meat than on the other meats. All values were, nevertheless, within expected ranges
Recoveries

The recovery from the last recession has been slower than any other recovery in the post-WWII period both in the US and in many other advanced economies. There is an ongoing debate around the causes of such a slow recovery. Are there any structural factors that are constraining the speed of recovery? Is it simply that recoveries from financial crises are slower than others? How should monetary and fiscal policy act in these circumstances? In this debate, there is a constant reference to a recovery phase in the business cycle, but such a phase is absent in the most-accepted methodology to characterize business cycles: that of the NBER business cycle dating committee. This paper explores data from the US to characterize and date a recovery phase in the business cycle. Rather than interpreting fluctuations as a two-phase cycle, we describe it as a succession of three distinct phases: expansions, recessions and recoveries. We discuss alternative methods to identify recoveries and provide a discussion of the potential benefits from using a proper definition of the recovery phase.
The Commitment to Income-Decreasing Accounting Choices as a Credible Signal to Reduce Information Asymmetry: The Case of Asset Revaluations

Bagnoli and Watts (2005) propose that a manager could reduce information asymmetry by choosing an income-decreasing accounting choice that signals the firm’s relatively good future prospects. A limitation in testing this theory is that most income-decreasing accounting choices over time reverse such that aggregated earnings would be the same, regardless of the choice. One income-decreasing accounting choice that never reverses is the choice of upward asset revaluation, where the resulting gains are recognized through OCI and reduce future earnings by increasing future depreciation expense. In the UK, prior to FRS15, firms had the option to upwardly revalue on a one-time basis. FRS15, and subsequently IFRS, however, require those firms that upwardly revalue precommit to revalue on a consistent basis. This precommitment sacrifices future reporting discretion, which Bagnoli and Watts (2005) suggest serves as a costly signal of a firm’s relatively good future prospects that reduces information asymmetry. The choice not to upwardly revalue, therefore, serves as a signal of a firm’s relatively poor future prospects and also reduces information asymmetry, but this choice does not require precommitment such that the reduction in information asymmetry would be less than the choice to precommit to upward revaluations. Using a propensity-score matched-pair design on a sample of UK firms to test our predictions during the period requiring precommitment, we find lower forecast dispersion, lower return volatility, and a lower cost of capital for firms that precommit to upward asset revaluations, relative to those firms that choose not to upwardly revalue their operating assets.
Lipopolysaccharide Induction of the Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Promoter in Human Monocytic Cells

Biosynthesis of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is predominantly by cells of the monocytic lineage. This study examined the role of various cis-acting regulatory elements in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction of the human TNF-α promoter in cells of monocytic lineage. Functional analysis of monocytic THP-1 cells transfected with plasmids containing various lengths of TNF-α promoter localized enhancer elements in a region (−182 to −37 base pairs (bp)) that were required for optimal transcription of the TNF-α gene in response to LPS. Two regions were identified: region I (−182 to −162 bp) contained an overlapping Sp1/Egr-1 site, and region II (−119 to −88) contained CRE and NF-κB (designated κB3) sites. In unstimulated THP-1, CRE-binding protein and, to a lesser extent, c-Jun complexes were found to bind to the CRE site. LPS stimulation increased the binding of c-Jun-containing complexes. In addition, LPS stimulation induced the binding of cognate nuclear factors to the Egr-1 and κB3 sites, which were identified as Egr-1 and p50/p65, respectively. The CRE and κB3 sites in region II together conferred strong LPS responsiveness to a heterologous promoter, whereas individually they failed to provide transcriptional activation. Furthermore, increasing the spacing between the CRE and the κB3 sites completely abolished LPS induction, suggesting a cooperative interaction between c-Jun complexes and p50/p65. These studies indicate that maximal LPS induction of the TNF-α promoter is mediated by concerted participation of at least two separatecis-acting regulatory elements.
THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF A MICROSATELLITE NULL ALLELE FROM THE WHITE SANDS PUPFISH

Author(s): Jones, AG; Stockwell, CA; Walker, D; Avise, JC | Abstract: Microsatellite loci were cloned and characterized from the White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa), a New Mexico state-listed endangered species. One locus exhibited a high-frequency nonamplifying allele localized to a single population. This null allele was PCR amplified by redesign of one of the original primers and multiple individuals homozygous for null as well as for nonnull alleles were sequenced using the new primer. These molecular dissections revealed that the original failure to amplify some alleles from this microsatellite locus was due to a 4 bp deletion in one of the original PCR priming sites. Furthermore, the reamplifications revealed five distinct size classes of alleles that had been masquerading as the original null. These null alleles did not overlap in length with the nonnull alleles, and they also differed consistently by a linked nucleotide substitution. Results suggest that the original null allele (as well as the nonnull class) has diversified considerably since its origin and has not recombined frequently with the nonnull class of alleles.
Wealth Taxes

Political candidates on the left commonly propose an annual tax on wealth. There are lots of difficult questions associated with a wealth tax. For example, what counts as wealth and how is it measured? I put these important issues aside to focus on three simpler but central issues. <br><br>(i) Since the wealth tax is annual, it amounts to a tax on the annual payoff (interest, dividend, rent) from an asset. In this sense, a wealth tax is just an extension of the annual income tax. <br><br>(ii) A wealth tax that is a small fraction of the price of an asset is typically large relative to the asset’s annual payoff. As a result, a wealth tax can have a large effect on asset prices. The price effects increase the cost of capital, which deters investment in productive assets and so lowers future tax receipts. <br><br>(iii) Capital losses on assets due to wealth taxes hit poor and rich asset owners, even if the wealth tax is only imposed on the rich. <br><br>
Overwintering hosts and wingform of thrips, Frankliniella spp., in Georgia (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): implications for management of spotted wilt disease.

Forty-five plant species were surveyed for thrips during the winter and spring in Georgia. The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), was collected from 44 plant species, and the tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), was collected from 25 plant species. Adults of both species were 60–100% female in most samples. Thrips larvae were collected from 37 plant species, but were relatively uncommon until mid-March. Western flower thrips and tobacco thrips were most abundant during the spring on Trifolium spp. and volunteer peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. , respectively. Volunteer peanut was intensively sampled for thrips during the fall and spring. Adults were 60–95% tobacco thrips in most samples, with western flower thrips comprising the remainder. Thrips larvae were collected in all samples, but were more numerous during the spring. Adult tobacco thrips were predominantly brachypterous during the late fall and early spring, suggesting that some populations of tobacco thrips overwinter in old peanut fields. Brachypterous adults were rarely observed on peanut transplanted during late March into an old pearl millet, Pennisetum americanum (L.), field, but were common on peanut transplanted into an adjacent old peanut field. The potential of tobacco thrips, western flower thrips, and their plant hosts as winter reservoirs for tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is discussed. Destruction of overwintering thrips, volunteer crops, and winter annual weeds in cultivated fields is suggested as a potential strategy for TSWV management.
A new frog of the genus Alsodes (Leptodactylidae) from the Tolhuaca National Park, Andes Range, southern Chile

A new species, Alsodes igneus, from the temperate Nothofagus forest, western slopes of the Andes Range, southern Chile, is described. This species is characterized by the combination of the following characters: snout short slightly truncated in dorsal view, a black ribbon extending below the canthus rostralis, unbarred legs and arms, heel not reaching the posterior border of the eye when hind leg is bent forward, toes scarcely fringed, webbing absent, dorsal surface granular. Its karyotype has 26 bi-armed chromosomes and it is characterized by presenting the secondary constriction and nucleolus organizer regions in the short arm of pair seven.