Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unsustainable Public Debt in a European Fiscal Union

Some EU members faced years of crisis in the first half of the 2010s with an excessive initial public debt, but several others had broad room for fiscal stimulus. However, the prolonged duration of the European economic depression expended public budgets, while exhausting stimulus policies and sovereign solvency. Meanwhile, one of the ways out of depression is a proposed centralization of the EU through fiscal union. Are the eurozone countries ready to participate in a risk pool in public finances? The study seeks to answer this question. The article presents the hypothesis that the sustainability of public finances deteriorated during the global and euro crisis in the majority of the eurozone member countries and in the EU, and this phenomenon is discouraging the core countries from seeking the fiscal union. The analysis uses the Blanchard indicators of fiscal sustainability and the sovereign risk rating of the EURO-18 and EU-28 countries. The analysis presents as results a theoretical summary of fiscal sustainability, the development of fiscal sustainability in the EU member states, indicators of convergence or divergence of fiscal sustainability in the Community, and conclusions based on the indicators of the likelihood of a fiscal union. ******Algunos miembros de la UE enfrentaron anos de crisis en la primera mitad de la decada de 2010 con una excesiva deuda publica inicial, pero varios otros tenian amplio margen para estimulos fiscales. Sin embargo, la prolongada duracion de la depresion economica europea agoto los presupuestos publicos, debilitando las politicas de estimulo y la solvencia soberana. Mientras tanto, una de las formas de salir de la depresion es una centralizacion propuesta de la UE mediante una union fiscal. Estan los paises de la eurozona dispuestos a participar en un fondo de riesgo en las finanzas publicas? El estudio busca responder a esta pregunta. El articulo presenta la hipotesis de que la sostenibilidad de las finanzas publicas se deterioro durante la crisis global y la crisis del euro en la mayoria de los paises miembros de la eurozona y en la UE, lo cual desalienta a los paises centrales de buscar la union fiscal. El analisis utiliza los indicadores de sostenibilidad fiscal de Blanchard y la calificacion de riesgo soberano de los paises de EURO-18 y UE-28. El analisis presenta como resultados un resumen teorico de la sostenibilidad fiscal, el desarrollo de la sostenibilidad fiscal en los Estados miembros de la UE, los indicadores de convergencia o divergencia de sostenibilidad fiscal en la Comunidad y conclusiones basadas en los indicadores de la probabilidad de una union fiscal.
Aspirin and esomeprazole are superior to clopidogrel in preventing recurrent ulcer bleeding

Although low-dose aspirin is commonly used as the antiplatelet agent to prevent ischaemic events such as myocardial infarction and stroke, clopidogrel is probably superior at preventing ischaemic events. For patients who cannot tolerate aspirin, adding a proton pump inhibitor or substituting clopidogrel are options. Patients with endoscopy-confirmed ulcer healing were assigned to clopidogrel 75 mg/day or aspirin 80 mg/day and esomeprazole 20 mg b.i. d. for 12 months. There were 14 confirmed cases of recurrent ulcer bleeding, with 13 being from the 161 patients taking clopidogrel and 1 from the 159 patients taking aspirin plus esomeprazole. This trial has clearly shown that the combination of aspirin and esomeprazole is superior to clopidogrel in preventing recurrent ulcer bleeding. A more interesting study may have been to compare the effects of aspirin and clopidogrel in the presence of esomeprazole in patients with a history of ulcers.
[Phlebotomus of Vargem Grande, a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the State of Rio de Janeiro].

In Vargem Grande, an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in State of Rio de Janeiro, where Lutzomyia intermedia had been found infected with Leishmania braziliensis, we performed a series of captures of sandflies to increase the knowledge on their behaviour. The following species were found among 8,671 sandflies collected: L. intermedia, L. migonei, L. longipalpis, L. lanei, L. fischeri, L. firmatoi, L. monticola, L. schreiberi, L. whitmani, L. pelloni, L. barrettoi e L. (Pi) sp. Inside houses and outdoors close to the houses, on human bait and in light traps, the predominant species was L. intermedia, followed by L. migonei, both being more numerous between 9 and 11 p.m. than from 6 to 8 p.m. In a plantation, L. migonei was predominant. In simultaneous captures on man and dog as baits, L. intermedia was more frequent on the former, L. migonei on the latter.
Compartmentation of the mouse cerebellar cortex by sphingosine kinase

Classic cerebellar anatomy is based on the characteristic array of lobes and lobules. However, there is substantial evidence to suggest that more fundamental architecture is built around arrays of parasagittal stripes, which encompass both the inputs and outputs of the Purkinje cells (PCs). Sphingosine kinase (SPHK) is an enzyme that converts sphingosine (Sph) into sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P). Recent reports have indicated that ceramide, Sph, and S1P play a role in cell survival, growth, and differentiation in several cell types, including neurons. In this study, we examined the localization of SPHK in the mouse cerebellum by using immunohistochemistry. Anti‐SPHK immunoreactivity appeared in the cerebellar molecular layer and the PC membranes. The staining pattern is striped. In the molecular layer, the staining pattern probably reflects dendritic spines and dendrites. By electron microscopy, peroxidase reaction product was deposited within dendrites especially along the plasma membranes near spines. Seen at higher magnification, the staining was in and near the postsynaptic complexes. By double immunostaining, the striped pattern of SPHK expression was shown to be identical to that revealed by anti‐zebrin II, although the subcellular distribution within PC's is not. This is the first demonstration of the cerebellar compartmentation of an enzyme related to lipid metabolism, and as such, it provides an insight into the roles of SPHK and formation of S1P. The selective expression of SPHK in the zebrin II‐immunoreactive PCs may explain their resistance to cell death when ceramide metabolism is disrupted, as in the acid sphingomyelinase knockout model of Niemann‐Pick type A/B disease. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:119–127, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A 3-Year Follow-Up of Headache Diagnoses and Symptoms in Swedish Schoolchildren

Information is sparse concerning the incidence and prognosis of headache in children from the general population, especially of tension-type headache. In this study, headache diagnoses and symptoms were reassessed in 122 out of 130 schoolchildren after 3 years. Nearly 80± of those with headache at first evaluation still reported headache at follow-up. Although the likelihood of experiencing the same headache diagnosis and symptoms was high, about one-fifth of children with tension-type headache developed migraine and vice versa. Female gender predicted migraine and frequent headache episodes predicted overall headache at follow-up. The estimated average annual incidence was 81 and 65 per 1000 children, for tension-type headache and migraine, respectively. We conclude that there is a considerable risk of developing and maintaining headache during childhood. Headache diagnoses should be reassessed regularly and treatment adjusted. Girls and children with frequent headache have a poorer prognosis and therefore intervention is particularly important in these groups.
Migration and development at home: Bitter or sweet return? Evidence from Poland

The existing economic literature focuses on the benefits that return migrants offer to their home country in terms of entrepreneurship and human and financial capital accumulation. However, return migration can have modest or even some detrimental effects if the migration experience was unsuccessful and/or if the migrant fails to re-integrate into the home country’s economy. In our paper, we empirically show which factors – both individual characteristics and features related to the migration experience – influence the likelihood of a sub-optimal employment of returnees’ human capital employing an original dataset on a representative sample of return migrants in Silesia (Poland).
Comparison of crystal structures of human androgen receptor ligand‐binding domain complexed with various agonists reveals molecular determinants responsible for binding affinity

Androgens exert their effects by binding to the highly specific androgen receptor (AR). In addition to natural potent androgens, AR binds a variety of synthetic agonist or antagonist molecules with different affinities. To identify molecular determinants responsible for this selectivity, we have determined the crystal structure of the human androgen receptor ligand‐binding domain (hARLBD) in complex with two natural androgens, testosterone (Testo) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and with an androgenic steroid used in sport doping, tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), at 1.64, 1.90, and 1.75 Å resolution, respectively. Comparison of these structures first highlights the flexibility of several residues buried in the ligand‐binding pocket that can accommodate a variety of ligand structures. As expected, the ligand structure itself (dimension, presence, and position of unsaturated bonds that influence the geometry of the steroidal nucleus or the electronic properties of the neighboring atoms, etc.) determines the number of interactions it can make with the hARLBD. Indeed, THG—which possesses the highest affinity—establishes more van der Waals contacts with the receptor than the other steroids, whereas the geometry of the atoms forming electrostatic interactions at both extremities of the steroid nucleus seems mainly responsible for the higher affinity measured experimentally for DHT over Testo. Moreover, estimation of the ligand–receptor interaction energy through modeling confirms that even minor modifications in ligand structure have a great impact on the strength of these interactions. Our crystallographic data combined with those obtained by modeling will be helpful in the design of novel molecules with stronger affinity for the AR.
Implementation of a diabetes prevention program in public housing communities.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe the process of implementing a diabetes prevention program provided by homecare nurses to residents of public housing communities. DESIGN AND SAMPLE A cluster randomization pilot study was conducted comparing enhanced standard care (2 interactive classes on diabetes prevention) to a diabetes prevention program (7 interactive classes and behavioral support). The sample (n = 67) was primarily female (79%), nonwhite (76%), unpartnered (83%), with a mean age of 40 years, and an average of 3 children. Mixed methods were used to evaluate the implementation process. MEASURES Data were collected on attendance, attrition, and protocol implementation. Interviews were conducted with nurses and community health workers who assisted with program implementation. RESULTS Homecare nurses were able to implement a diabetes prevention program in public housing communities, with a protocol implementation of 83% across classes and groups. Attendance was suboptimal with 60% for the enhanced standard care group and 54% for the diabetes prevention group. Nurses and community health workers were resourceful and positive about program implementation. CONCLUSION Linking existing resources, such as a homecare agency with a public housing community, is one approach to disseminate diabetes prevention programs.
Early Secreted Antigenic Target of 6-kDa Protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Primes Dendritic Cells To Stimulate Th17 and Inhibit Th1 Immune Responses

Early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a T cell Ag that is a potential vaccine candidate, but it is also a virulence factor that mediates pathogenicity. To better understand the effects of ESAT-6 on the immune response, we studied the effect of ESAT-6 on human dendritic cells (DCs). Peripheral blood monocytes were treated with GM-CSF and IL-4 to yield immature DCs, which were matured by addition of LPS and CD40 ligand (CD40L), with or without ESAT-6. ESAT-6 inhibited LPS/CD40L-induced DC expression of costimulatory molecules, reduced DC-stimulated allogeneic T cell proliferation and IL-2 and IFN-γ production, and enhanced IL-17 production. ESAT-6–treated DCs also increased IL-17 and reduced IFN-γ production by M. tuberculosis-specific autologous T cells. ESAT-6 inhibited LPS/CD40L-induced DC production of IL-12 and enhanced that of IL-23 and IL-1β, without affecting secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, or IL-8 through specific interaction with immature DCs. The effects of ESAT-6 were not mediated through cAMP or p38 MAPK. Medium from ESAT-6–conditioned DCs increased IL-17 and reduced IFN-γ production by T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28, and ESAT-6–induced IL-17 production was blocked by neutralizing both IL-23 and IL-1β. ESAT-6 reduced LPS/CD40L-stimulated transcription of IL-12p35 and enhanced that of IL-23p19 through inhibition of IFN regulatory factor-1 and upregulation of activating transcription factor-2 and c-Jun, transcriptional regulators of IL-12p35 and IL-23p19, respectively. We conclude that ESAT-6 increases DC production of IL-23 and IL-1β while inhibiting that of IL-12, thus enhancing Th17 at the expense of protective Th1 responses.
Oral hypertonic glucose spray: a practical alternative for analgesia in the newborn

Aim: Pain and stress have been shown to induce significant physiological and behavioural reactions in newborn infants. Pharmacological agents are not recommended in neonates for pain relief in minor procedures. Since different sweet solutions given orally by syringe have been shown to relieve pain in neonates, we decided to compare the analgesic effects of a small dose of glucose solution given orally by spray and by syringe during heel lancing in term neonates, using a validated behavioural acute pain rating scale. Methods: Sixty hyperbilirubinaemic full‐term neonates were studied. We used a randomized, masked, placebo‐controlled, crossover trial. Each infant was assessed three times receiving 0.5 ml 30% glucose in spray form, 0.5 ml 30% glucose by syringe or 0.5 ml sterile water by syringe in random order, 2 min before heel lancing. Results: Pain scores were significantly lower in the 30% glucose given either spray or syringe groups compared with the placebo group. No statistically significant difference in pain scores was found between the 30% glucose spray group and 30% glucose syringe group.
The impacts of brand experiences on brand loyalty: mediators of brand love and trust

Purpose Prior studies on brand relationships tend to overlook the mediator(s) between the relationships between brand experience and brand loyalty. Hence, the main purpose of this paper is to examine these mediating roles of brand love and brand trust on the brand experience and brand loyalty relationships. While the literature does not examine the distinct dimensions of brand experience and brand loyalty, this study fills up this gap and examines their detailed dimensions and effects on brand loyalty. Design/methodology/approach A total of 237 valid questionnaires on mobile phone brands were collected from respondents aged between 18 and 30, and analyzed using the partial least squares method. Findings Sensory experience is the major driver of brand love. Sensory experience mainly drives customers’ brand trust, while intellectual experience has no effects on brand trust. Brand love is the main mechanism in developing customers’ behavioral loyalty, so does brand trust in shaping their attitudinal loyalty. Brand love and brand trust have the mediating effects on the relationships between brand experience and brand loyalty. Originality/value It demonstrates two mediating roles of brand love and brand trust in the brand experience and brand loyalty relationships, and thus deepens the understanding of the processes in shaping customers’ brand loyalty. It departs from the prior works and examines the distinct dimensions of brand experience and brand loyalty, and thus presents a more detailed examination on these two constructs and their effects, than prior studies. It demonstrates the validities of the brand resonance model, the C-A-B and A-C-B models, key mediating variable model, particularly in mobile phone industry.
Glucose metabolism and catecholamines

Until now, catecholamines were the drugs of choice to treat hypotension during shock states. Catecholamines, however, also have marked metabolic effects, particularly on glucose metabolism, and the degree of this metabolic response is directly related to the &bgr;2-adrenoceptor activity of the individual compound used. Under physiologic conditions, infusing catecholamine is associated with enhanced rates of aerobic glycolysis (resulting in adenosine triphosphate production), glucose release (both from glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis), and inhibition of insulin-mediated glycogenesis. Consequently, hyperglycemia and hyperlactatemia are the hallmarks of this metabolic response. Under pathophysiologic conditions, the metabolic effects of cate-cholamines are less predictable because of changes in receptor affinity and density and in drug kinetics and the metabolic capacity of the major gluconeogenic organs, both resulting from the disease per se and the ongoing treatment. It is also well-established that shock states are characterized by a hypermetabolic condition with insulin resistance and increased oxygen demands, which coincide with both compromised tissue microcirculatory perfusion and mitochondrial dysfunction. This, in turn, causes impaired glucose utilization and may lead to inadequate glucose supply and, ultimately, metabolic failure. Based on the landmark studies on intensive insulin use, a crucial role is currently attributed to glucose homeostasis. This article reviews the effects of the various catecholamines on glucose utilization, both under physiologic conditions, as well as during shock states. Because, to date (to our knowledge), no patient data are available, results from relevant animal experiments are discussed. In addition, potential strategies are outlined to influence the catecholamine-induced effects on glucose homeostasis.
Wrist Pain in Young Gymnasts: Frequency and Effects Upon Training Over 1 Year

ObjectiveTo determine the frequency and characteristics of wrist pain in young, nonelite gymnasts over a 1-year training period, and to describe the effects of chronic wrist upon gymnastics training. DesignProspective cohort study. SettingLos Angeles-based gymnastics club. ParticipantsForty-seven nonelite female and male gymnasts between 5 and 16 years of age. AssessmentsEach subject completed an interview-based questionnaire and received a physical exam at the study onset and at the end of 1 year of training. The questionnaire detailed training habits and elicited a history and description of wrist pain. Main Outcome MeasuresThe frequency of wrist pain and several measures of training were reported at the study onset and at 1 year. Gymnasts with wrist pain were compared with those who were pain-free. Main ResultsWrist pain was reported by 57% (27 of 47) of subjects at the study onset. Eighty-nine percent (24 of 27) reported wrist pain both at the study onset and 1 year later. Nineteen gymnasts (40%) were pain-free at each collection. The floor exercise, the pommel horse, and the balance beam were most frequently associated with wrist pain symptoms. Multivariate analysis revealed that adolescent gymnasts between 10 and 14 years of age were significantly more likely to report wrist pain at each survey than those who were either above or below this age range (p = 0.03). Forty-two percent of subjects with wrist pain at each survey reported that the symptoms interfered with training. Only five gymnasts with wrist pain were seen by physicians. Training intensity increased in gymnasts with and without wrist pain. The relative increase within each group was statistically significant among pain-free gymnasts (p = 0.003), but was not for those with wrist pain (p = 0.08). ConclusionsWrist pain among young, nonelite gymnasts is common, and appears to persist with continued training in the vast majority of those who report symptoms. Adolescent gymnasts between 10 and 14 years of age training at this level are significantly more likely to have wrist pain. Wrist pain appears to have a negative effect upon training, based upon both self-report and training intensity measures; however, more study is needed with respect to this issue.
Differential effects of paroxetine on fatigue and depression: a randomized, double-blind trial from the University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program.

PURPOSE Fatigue and depression typically occur together in cancer patients, suggesting a common etiology, perhaps based on serotonin. This randomized clinical trial tested whether paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant known to modulate brain serotonin, would reduce fatigue in cancer patients and whether any reduction was related to depression. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy for the first time were assessed for fatigue. Of 704 patients who reported fatigue at their second chemotherapy cycle, 549 patients were randomly assigned to receive either 20 mg of oral paroxetine hydrochloride daily or placebo for 8 weeks. The assessments of fatigue and depression were performed at cycles 3 and 4 of chemotherapy. RESULTS A total of 244 patients treated with paroxetine and 235 patients treated with placebo provided assessable data. No difference was detected in fatigue between patient groups. At the end of the study, there was a difference between groups in the mean level of depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scores, 12.0 v 14.8, respectively; P <.01). CONCLUSION Paroxetine had no influence on fatigue in patients receiving chemotherapy. A possible explanation is that cancer-related fatigue does not involve a reduction in brain 5-HT levels.
Acute fasting decreases sexual receptivity and neural estrogen receptor-alpha in female rats.

Acute food deprivation or chronic food restriction suppresses reproduction in female mammals. Although a link between undernutrition and ovarian function is well established in rats, a similar link with reproductive behavior in this species is yet to be described. Therefore, we compared the display of estrous behaviors induced by exogenous steroid hormone treatment in ovariectomized fed and fasted rats. In addition, estrogen receptor-alpha immunoreactivity (ERIR) was measured in fed and fasted animals to determine whether changes in behavior were associated with changes in the number of detectable ERIR-containing cells in several brain regions. Fasting for 74 h decreased lordosis quotients (LQ) and lordosis ratings (LR) in ovariectomized, steroid-primed rats. The number of detectable ERIR cells decreased after a 74-h fast in the mid-region of the arcuate (ARC), paraventricular (PVN) and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus (VMH) and the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) but did not change in a number of other areas examined. Taken together, these data demonstrate that, similar to the effect on the reproductive-endocrine axis, food deprivation for 74 h suppresses steroid-induced display of lordosis in adult, female rats. Furthermore, this suppression in sexual receptivity is associated with a decrease in ERIR in a number of areas, including the VMH, a region of the hypothalamus known to be critical for the display of reproductive behaviors in female rats.