Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review of Water Level Fluctuations on Aquatic Biota With an Emphasis on Fishes in Ice‐Covered Lakes 1

Abstract: The effects of water level fluctuations on fish and other aquatic biota, with an emphasis on winter water withdrawal in northern regions is reviewed. Water demands for population growth and development are adding pressure on water reserves, particularly when coupled with changing climatic conditions. Water level fluctuations can have adverse effects on the environment, most notably to hydrologic and biotic processes ranging in magnitude from the micro‐scale to landscape level. Water level management of lakes and reservoirs can affect all forms of aquatic biota. The severity of effect is dependant on the magnitude, duration and timing of the fluctuation, and the species exposed. In northwestern Canada and northern Alaska, water is withdrawn from water bodies to construct ice‐roads and other winter based developments. Biota in small, isolated water bodies are particularly sensitive to reductions in winter water levels. Water withdrawals can reduce the oxygen available to overwintering fish, while reduced water levels can reduce habitat for fish and furbearers, and freeze littoral areas killing plants, invertebrates, and fish eggs. Regulatory winter water withdrawal thresholds have been developed in the Northwest Territories and Alaska and continue to be refined as new data becomes available. The use of thresholds can help minimize or avoid negative impacts to the environment, particularly fish, from winter water withdrawal activities. Many different factors may influence the effect that winter water withdrawal has on a water body, such as basin shape, substrate and location. More research is warranted to better understand the linkages between anthropogenic and natural water level fluctuations and their combined effect on aquatic ecosystems. A general decision support system is proposed for minimizing risk to aquatic life from winter water withdrawal activities.
Relationships between nutrients, periphyton abundance, and benthic macroinvertebrate scrapers in Ozark Highland streams

We collected samples from seven Arkansas streams during the months of August 2014 and February 2015 with the objective of determining possible relationships between nutrients, periphyton abundance and benthic macroinvertebrates. We hypothesized that periphyton would be positively associated with nutrients, and that increases in periphyton biomass would increase the abundance and diversity of benthic scraper families. Samples were collected from three transects at each site. The periphyton was analyzed for carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and ash free dry mass and Chl-a content. Macroinvertebrates families belonging to the feeding group of grazers/scrapers were compared with water column and periphyton nutrient concentrations, as well as Chl-a and ash free dry mass of periphyton from each site using correlation techniques. Negative linear correlations were observed between particulate phosphorus within the periphyton and Simpson (1-D) diversity (r=-0.87; p<0.0025), Shannon (H) diversity (r=-0.82; p<0.0025) and equitability (J) (r=-0.88; p<0.0025). The percentage of scrapers from the family Heptageniidae was positively correlated with particulate phosphorus in the periphyton (rs=0.92; p<0.0025). Contrary to our hypothesis, these results suggest that that Heptageniidae may come to dominate in areas with P-rich periphyton, thereby decreasing benthic scraper diversity.
Trade and Integration of the US and China’s Cotton Markets

The cotton market in China is highly interactive with international markets, especially, the US market. The prices in these two markets can reveal important market relations. Investigating the data of futures prices from the New York Board of Trade (NYBOT) and the Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange (CZCE) using several time series methods, we find a long-run cointegration relationship between these I(1) series. Furthermore, a bi-directional Granger Causality between these two futures markets is detected with Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) error specifications. We also find the relationship is impacted by the Chinese exchange rate policy change in the 2005.
Spatial Location Based Accessibility Assessment of Healthcare Institutions in Debre Berhan Zurya Woreda, North Shewa Zone, Regional State of Amhara, Ethiopia

The research entitled with spatial location based accessibility assessment of healthcare institutions in Debre Berhan Zurya Woreda, North Shewa Zone, Regional State of Amhara, Ethiopia. Debre Berhan Zurya woreda is found in the southernmost part of Amhara reginal state and approximately 130kmrs to the North from the Capital Addis Ababa and Characterized by rigorous dynamic topography approximately at 3000m altitude above . The Total Population of the This Woreda as eatimated by CSA for 2017 is 115, 815 thousands in urban and 138,264 thousands in rural. The study is principally aimed to assess the spatial location and Accessibility of health institutions at lower level from Health Posts (HPs) to higher level Referal Hospitals (RHs) in the district which are owned both government and privately. Specifically the study is aimed to assess spatial location of currently working institutions; to show service scarce areas where lacking population actually live and to suggest locational remedies to drawbacks whenever exist in the current institutions. and techniques have been employed with primary and secondary data inputs. The methodology comprises of data preprocessing, processing, analysis and display stages. After systematical approaches of analysis stage, it became possible to identify that accessibility and spatial locations of the health institutions in Debre Berhan Zurya Woreda particularly those of higher Clinics, Health Centers and hospitals are guaranteed only for urbanized population. Lack of road infrastructure in rural area to access the discriminatively established institutions aggravated the problem too.
Comparing and Contrasting the Alternative Methodologies Available for Evaluating the Impact of Tourism

Tourism has impacts upon a destination country. The aim of this work is to compare and contrast the alternative methodologies available for evaluating the impact of tourism. Tourism can be one of alternatives for development of a destination and sometimes the only possibility. For that reason it is very important to compare benefit and cost that tourism brings with corresponding valyes of alternative investment. Obtained results represent a very important input for planning and also for decision making policy.Different methodologies bring different results, different techniques have their own strengths and weaknesses. For that reason, depending on the need, it is important to combine the methodologies in order to achieve the maximal benefit and minimal costs, from economical aspect, socio-cultural and environmental development.
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Four Fourier transform spectrometers and the Arctic polar vortex : instrument intercomparison and ACE-FTS validation at Eureka during the IPY springs of 2007 and 2008

The Canadian Arctic Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Validation Campaigns have been carried out at Eureka, Nunavut (80.05 ◦ N, 86.42 W) during the polar sunrise period since 2004. During the International Polar Year (IPY) springs of 2007 and 2008, three ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers were operated simultaneously. This paper presents a comparison of trace gas measurements of stratospherically important species involved in ozone depletion, namely O 3, HCl, ClONO2, HNO3 and HF, recorded with these three spectrometers. Total column densities of the gases measured with the new Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change (CANDAC) Bruker 125HR are shown to agree to within 3.5% with the existing Environment Canada Bomem DA8 measurements. After smoothing both of these sets of measurements to account for the lower spectral resolution of the University of Waterloo Portable Atmospheric Research Interferometric Spectrometer for the Infrared (PARIS-IR), the measurements were likewise shown to agree with PARIS-IR to within 7%. Concurrent measurements of these gases were also made with the satellite-based Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) during overpasses of Eureka during these time periods. While one of the mandates of the ACE satellite mission is to study ozone depletion in the polar spring, previous validation exercises have identified the highly variable polar vortex conditions of the spring period to be a challenge for validation efforts. In this Correspondence to: R. L. Batchelor (rbatchelor@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca) work, comparisons between the CANDAC Bruker 125HR and ACE-FTS have been used to develop strict criteria that allow the groundand satellite-based instruments to be confidently compared. When these criteria are taken into consideration, the observed biases between the ACE-FTS and ground-based FTIR spectrometer are not persistent for both years and are generally insignificant, though small positive biases of∼5%, comparable in magnitude to those seen in previous validation exercises, are observed for HCl and HF in 2007, and negative biases of −15.3%,−4.8% and−1.5% are seen for ClONO2, HNO3 and O3 in 2008.
Authors Response to Referee Comments on “In-Situ Measurements of Cloud Microphysical and Aerosol properties during the Breakup of Stratocumulus Cloud Layers in Cold Air

6. Shattering on instrument inlets is a well-known phenomenon (e.g. Korolev et al. 2011). Some of the instruments were fitted with anti-shatter tips to reduce the number of shattered particles. However not all shattered particles can be removed in this way so we also used Inter-Arrival Time (IAT) Analysis to identify and remove particles with short inter-arrival times, which are likely produced by shattering on probe housing (e.g. Crosier et al. 2011).
A numerical approach to solve eighth order boundary value problems by Haar wavelet collocation method

In this paper a robust and accurate algorithm based on Haar wavelet collocation method (HWCM) is proposed for solving eighth order boundary value problems. We used the Haar direct method for calculating multiple integrals of Haar functions. To illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the concerned method, few examples are considered which arise in the mathematical modeling of fluid dynamics and hydromagnetic stability. Convergence and error bound estimation of the method are discussed. The comparison of results with exact solution and existing numerical methods such as Quintic B-spline collocation method and Galerkin method with Quintic B-splines as basis functions shown that the HWCM is a powerful numerical method for solution of above mentioned problems.
ADIPONECTIN AND THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF FENOFIBRATE IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA AND THE METABOLIC SYNDROME

A further clarifi cation of the genetic forms of hypercholesterolaemia not only gives an insight into the very heterogeneous nature of the disorder but also demonstrates mutations which might explain the great variability of LDL-Ch. in the general population. This furthermore throws new light on the action mechanisms of statins and on the possibilities of new therapies involving action on the PCSK 9 gene.
The influence of shift work in the use of hearing protection devices

The use of Hearing Protection Devices (HPDs) is still, to this day, the preferred measure by the companies’ decision-makers to prevent workers’ hearing loss. Nevertheless, it is well known that the HPDs’ potential for effective protection is not fully achieved unless these devices are worn during the total amount of time they are needed, in other words, whenever workers are exposed to high levels of noise. Thus, it is of great importance to assess the HPDs’ use, or non-use, by workers. Many factors have been pointed out as being responsible for the non-use of the HPDs by workers, including: lack of motivation, poor training and discomfort. The observation of workers in their real-work context has given rise to the speculation that the use of the devices depends also on the work paradigm. This paper aims at clarifying the relationship between the work done in shifts and the use of HPDs.
Poloidal rotation asymmetry and relation to turbulence

A. Krämer-Flecken1, Y. Xu2, S. Zoletnik3 and the TEXTOR team 1 Institut für Energieund Klimaforschung / Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, D–52425 Jülich, Germany 2 Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, Association Euratom-Belgian state, Ecole Royale Militaire, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium 3 Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics (RMI), Association EURATOM/HAS, Budapest, Hungary
Logical-linguistic semantic in search engine

Users of search engines often have specific questions which they hope or believe a particular resource can answer. The problem, from the computer system’s perspective, is cognitive understanding of the contents in the source and finding the desired answer. Most of the search engines, with Google on the top, able to retrieve most likely relevant information based on a query. But not capable of providing answer to a question due to lack of deduction capability. In order to find a specific answer to a question, the engine needs to understand the information content and able to do deductive reasoning. Conventional information representation models used in the search engines rely on an extensive use of keywords and their frequencies in storing and retrieving information and other characteristic data on specific body of information. It is believed that we need new approaches for the development of future search engines which will be more effective. Semantic model is an alternative to conventional approach. We have proposed logical-linguistic model where logic and linguistic formalism are used in providing mechanism for computer to understand the contents of the source and deduce answers to questions. The capability of deduction is much depended on the knowledge representation framework used. The approach applies semantic analysis in transforming and normalising information from natural language texts into a declarative knowledge based representation of first order predicate logic. Retrieval of relevant information can then be performed through plausible logical implication and answer to query is carried out using a theorem proving technique. This paper elaborates on the model and how it is used in search engine and question answering system as one unified model.
Root responses to mechanical impedance and the role of ethylene signalling.

Plant roots encounter a number of physical stresses in the soil and must be able to respond their growth appropriately. One such stress is mechanical impedance, which becomes an increasing problem in drying soils as soil strength increases with decreasing water content. In addition, the use of larger, heavier farming machinery leads to soil compaction, further increasing soil strength. Mechanical impedance has previously been shown to reduce root elongation and may have a negative impact on crop yields. It is therefore important to understand how root development is affected and growth regulated in response to mechanical impedance. This thesis investigates the effect of mechanical impedance on root growth of Arabidopsis thalina and focuses on the role of the plant hormone ethylene in mediating this response. In particular the role of ethylene signalling in mediating root growth via crosstalk with auxin is examined. In addition the involvement of other plant hormones such as ABA, cytokinin and gibberellin is also briefly investigated. Experiments were carried out using a previously developed method whereby seedlings grown on horizontally orientated, dialysis membrane covered agar experience sufficient mechanical impedance to induce a response. Mechanically impeded roots exhibited a characteristic ethylene response, with decreased primary root growth, increased diameter and root hair growth occurring closer to the tip. Analysis of mutants with altered responses to ethylene and auxin, and the effect of inhibitors of ethylene signalling and auxin demonstrated that both correct ethylene signalling and auxin transport are required for a mechanical impedance response. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that under mechanical impedance, auxin is redistributed at the root tip with increases in the expression of the transporters PIN1 and PIN2. ABA signalling is not required for a response to mechanical impedance and cytokinin responses appear to be reduced.
Cassini states for black hole binaries

Cassini states correspond to the equilibria of the spin axis of a body when its orbit is perturbed. They were initially described for planetary satellites, but the spin axes of black hole binaries also present this kind of equilibria. In previous works, Cassini states were reported as spin-orbit resonances, but actually the spin of black hole binaries is in circulation and there is no resonant motion. Here we provide a general description of the spin dynamics of black hole binary systems based on a Hamiltonian formalism. In absence of dissipation the problem is integrable and it is easy to identify all possible trajectories for the spin for a given value of the total angular momentum. As the system collapses due to radiation reaction, the Cassini states are shifted to different positions, which modifies the dynamics around them. This is why the final spin distribution may differ from the initial one. Our method provides a simple way of predicting the distribution of the spin of black hole binaries at the end of the inspiral phase.
EXPERIMENTOS EN LA CIENCIA POLÍTICA: APORTES Y DESAFÍOS A LA DISCIPLINA EXPERIMENTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE: CONTRIBU- TIONS AND CHALLENGES TO THE DISCIPLINE

In this review article I describe the advantages of experimental research in political science and summarize the state-of-the-art in the literature that postulates that their proliferation is mainly because experiments are superior to all other methods in disentangling cause and effect relationships. Experiments have proven to be versatile enough to accommodate into researchers’ preferences, complex research questions and innovative designs. We have witnessed the expansion of methods, the advance in theory testing, and the improvement in establishing causal relationships that experiments have brought to political science. Also, I provide some examples of experiments in the literature that expanded our knowledge. In the last section I offer an overview of the limitations of experimental design.
U.S. Ethanol Policy— Possibilities for the Future

This publication is motivated, in part, by the huge increase in ethanol production capacity in the U.S. in the past two years and the impact that increase is having on corn and other commodity prices. The current fixed ethanol subsidy was established in an era of cheap oil, but with oil around $60, the subsidy provides very large profits to ethanol producers and thereby a substantial incentive for the industry to grow. With this industry growth, demand for corn grows in parallel and thus its price. This publication reviews the history of U.S. ethanol policy, explains the economics of ethanol production in today’s market environment, and outlines some policy alternatives that could be considered for the future.
Clustering and its Application in Requirements Engineering

Large scale software systems challenge almost every activity in the software development life-cycle, including tasks related to eliciting, analyzing, and specifying requirements. Fortunately many of these complexities can be addressed through clustering the requirements in order to create abstractions that are meaningful to human stakeholders. For example, the requirements elicitation process can be supported through dynamically clustering incoming stakeholders’ requests into themes. Cross-cutting concerns, which have a significant impact on the architectural design, can be identified through the use of fuzzy clustering techniques and metrics designed to detect when a theme cross-cuts the dominant decomposition of the system. Finally, traceability techniques, required in critical software projects by many regulatory bodies, can be automated and enhanced by the use of cluster-based information retrieval methods. Unfortunately, despite a significant body of work describing document clustering techniques, there is almost no prior work which directly addresses the challenges, constraints, and nuances of requirements clustering. As a result, the effectiveness of software engineering tools and processes that depend on requirements clustering is severely limited. This report directly addresses the problem of clustering requirements through surveying standard clustering techniques and discussing their application to the requirements clustering process.
The Product Innovative Design Methodology Integrating Reverse Engineering With Optimization — A Case Study on Automotive Styling

In the styling phase of a product design, it’s difficult to meet aesthetic and performance requirements simultaneously. An innovative design methodology integrating reverse engineering (RE) with optimization is illustrated to settle such a problem. In the field of automotive styling, the stylist’s aesthetic intent is usually expressed by a clay model, and on the other hand, the aerodynamic performance may be ignored. Reverse engineering is used to convert a clay model to a digital model, which is then transferred to computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software to evaluate the aerodynamic performance. A variety of new design samples may be generated using free form deformation (FFD) deduced by a simple control polygon with few parameters, and the response surface method (RSM) is adopted to explore the relationships between these few parameters and two aerodynamic response variables. The final optimized solution can be found through a multi-objective genetic algorithm. A detail example is presented to verify the method. Keywords-reverse engineering; product innovative design; automotive styling
COMMUNICATING NETWORKS AND CLOISTERED NETWORKS: EVIDENCE OF THREE CONTRASTING

This article asks a core question. How is it possible that a migratory flow to the United States, like that of the Mixtecs from Oaxaca, grounded on solid social networks, with an important internal and international migratory history, with a significant num- ber of people who have become legal residents or U.S. citizens, is persistently located in the worst American labor marketplaces? Whereas two much more recent flows, like those from Tlaxcala and Hidalgo (one of them, on top of it all, undocumented and virtually without any social networks at all to support its migratory process, and lacking any im- portant history of internal migration) is positioned in a relatively better situation in the United States than the group of its fellow Mixtec countrymen? To move toward a pos- sible answer for this question, a comparison of differentiated ways of insertion within the labor market in the United States through three recent migratory circuits towards the United States is made, based on empirical evidence from the MMP data bases and ethno- graphic work.