Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Restoration of glycogen from lactic acid in the anaerobic swimming muscle of plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L.

The conclusion from two in vivo experiments is that a significant proportion of the lactic acid, normally formed by glycolysis from glycogen and held in the muscle cells following exhausting exercise of the anaerobic swimming muscle of the teleost fish Pleuronectes platessa L, is converted by gluconeogenesis to form glycogen in the recovering muscle. In the first experiment a technique for measurement of [3H]glucose turnover in the plaice was developed and applied to measure turnover in resting and exhausted fish. It is concluded that insufficient glucose was moved through the circulation to account for the rate of glycogen formation observed in the recovering exhausted muscle. In the second experiment, an intramuscular injection of [14C]lactate to exhausted fish revealed a direct uptake of [14C]lactate by the recovering muscle cells, and the incorporation of substantial proportions of lactate into the restored glycogen. Simultaneous use of [3H]-mannitol allowed measurement of the isotope distribution between extra- and intracellular spaces.
Targeting topoisomerase I: molecular mechanisms and cellular determinants of response to topoisomerase I inhibitors

Background: Topoisomerase I is required for DNA relaxation during critical cellular functions. The identification of camptothecins as specific enzyme inhibitors and their clinical efficacy have stimulated extensive efforts to exploit topoisomerase I as a tumor target and explain the putative mechanisms of antitumor-specific action. Objective: This review provides an overview of the recent achievements in the development of topoisomerase I inhibitors and in the explanation of the biological pathways involved in tumor response. Results/conclusion: In spite of the difficulty to identify novel topoisomerase I inhibitors with improved pharmacological properties, a growing body of evidence supports the possibility of optimizing the therapeutic profile of available agents. The explanation of defense mechanisms and the molecular determinants of tumor cell response is expected to provide a basis for the design of combination approaches for optimization of topoisomerase I inhibitors-based therapy.
Três novas espécies de tripanosomatídeos de insetos isolados em Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Three new species of trypanosomatids were isolated from two species of flies: Herpetomonas anglusteri n. ap. , from Liopygia ruficomis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae); Crithidia roitmani n. sp. and Crithidia desouzai n. s.p., from Ornidia obesa (Diptera: Syrphidae). All were axenically cultivated in both complex and defined media and cloned. Giemsa stained preparations showed typical choanomastigotes for Crithidia and promastigotes, paramastigotes, and opisthomastigotes for Herpetomonas. H. anglusteri did grow in a complex medium at 28 and 37oC, but in a defiend mkedium only at 28oC. c. roitmani does not grow in coconut's water but C. desouzai grow. Both Crithidia do not require hemin, adenine, and any vitamins and amino acids of the defined medium used in the assay, which suggests that these trypanosomatids may bear endosymbionts.
The Release of Ferulic Acid and Feruloylated Oligosaccharides During Wort and Beer Production

J. Inst. Brew. 111(4), 372–379, 2005 Ferulic acid, a very attractive natural antioxidant is present in beer in free form, but the main form is the bound form as feruloylated oligosaccharides. Previous research showed that feruloylated oligosaccharides more effectively inhibited lipid and Low Density Lipoprotein oxidation than free ferulic acid. The aim of the present study was to evaluate free and bound ferulic acid concentrations throughout the brewing process in experimental mashes (worts, beers during fermentation, maturation and storage), and to conduct a comparison in commercial beers. Another aim of the study was to investigate methods to increase levels of bound ferulic acid in beer due to the potential health benefits. Specifically, the influence of commercial enzyme preparations on both forms of ferulic acid contents was studied. Five commercial enzyme preparations during mashing were examined: Celluclast, Shearzyme, Viscozyme, Cereflo and Ultraflo. In all experimental beers, the concentrations of esterified ferulic acid were 4–6 fold higher than the corresponding free ferulic acid contents, depending on the enzyme preparation used. Ferulic acid contents in the ester form in experimental beers were in the range of 748.4 mg/hL to 1244.3 mg/hL, whereas the contents of free ferulic acid were in the range of 134.6 mg/hL to 275.2 mg/hL. Comparison of free and bound ferulic acid contents in experimental beers, produced using enzyme preparations and commercial beers found in a local market, showed that concentrations of bound ferulic acid in experimental beers were significantly higher than in commercial beers, whereas concentrations of free ferulic acid in experimental and commercial beers were comparable.
Metabolic depression during aestivation in the Australian frogs, Neobatrachus and Cyclorana

The standard metabolic rate (SMR) of a number of species of Western Australian frogs is similar to that predicted for other anuran amphibians. The metabolic rate during activity is elevated 10-20 times above SMR, in close agreement with other studies of the energetics of amphibian activity. Species of two genera, Neobatrachus and Cyclorana, readily enter aestivation, which involves cessation of activity, formation of an epidermal cocoon, and depression of metabolic rate below SMR. The magnitude of metabolic depression varies between species from 70 to 80% (i.e. aestivation metabolic rate is 20-30% of SMR). The variation in magnitude of metabolic depression most likely reflects, in part, the difficulty of distinguishing the early stages of aestivation from the normal resting state. Both standard and aestivating metabolic rate are strongly mass-dependent, but the magnitude of metabolic depression is remarkably consistent in a number of different genera of frogs, salamanders and fish. The metabolic rate of aestivating amphibians is similar to that predicted for a unicellular organism of equivalent body mass, but is substantially lower than the metabolic rate of aestivating mammals.
Transfer of Wheat-Rye Translocation Chromosomes Conferring Resistance to Hessian Fly from Bread Wheat into Durum Wheat

The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), is a damaging pest of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L. , and durum wheat, T. turgidum L. ssp. durum Desf. Husn. , in many wheat production areas of the world. Breeding for host plant resistance is the most agronomically desirable way to control this pest. Twenty-seven major genes conferring resistance to Hessian fly have been identified and used in wheat improvement. These genes confer resistance to specific biotypes of the Hessian fly. Recently, new sources of Hessian fly resistance derived from cultivated rye, Secale cereale L. , have been reported that confer resistance to all known biotypes of the Hessian fly. The resistance gene H21 is present on the wheat-rye whole arm translocation T2BS.2R#2L. H25 is present on an interstitial rye segment in the 4AL arm of the wheat-rye translocation chromosome Ti4AS-4AL-6R#1L-4AL. The objective of the present study was to transfer H21 and H25 to tetraploid durum wheat, thereby making these genes available for the improvement of durum wheat. Homozygous T2BS.2R#2L and Ti4AS-4AL-6R#1L-4AL translocation durum lines were recovered that expressed the H21 and H25 resistance. The H25 durum translocation line was vigorous and set seeds similar to the durum wheat parental cultivar. Thus, the H25 transfer can be used directly in durum wheat improvement. Plant vigor and seed set of the H21 durum translocation line was drastically reduced, indicating that the missing 2BL arm in this translocation has genes that are essential for normal plant vigor and fertility. Further chromosome engineering is required to shorten the rye segment in this translocation before H21 can be used in durum breeding.
A model for predicting the age at sexual maturity for growing pullets of layer strains given a single change in photoperiod

A model is presented which will predict mean age at first egg (AFE) for pullets of laying strains reared under non-limiting environmental conditions but exposed to a single change in photoperiod during the rearing stage. An initial analysis of 12 previously reported trials involving a wide range of genotypes showed that the response to an increase in photoperiod is not simply the inverse of the response to an equal decrease in photoperiod applied at the same age. Maximum sensitivity to a reduction in photoperiod was found shortly before onset of lay, whereas maximum sensitivity to an increment in photoperiod was observed at around 10 weeks of age. Two experiments were conducted to provide further data. The first compared the effect of 3-h increases in photoperiod from 8 h to 11 h or from 11 h to 14 h with the double increment from 8 h to 14 h and also tested a reduction from 11 h to 8 h, all imposed at 17 weeks of age. AFE was advanced to a similar extent by the changes from 8 to 11 h and from 11 to 14 h (9.8 and 10.9 days respectively). Response to the double increment was not additive: AFE on this treatment was 13.3 days earlier than for constant 8 h controls. Reduction in photoperiod from 11 to 8 h at 17 weeks delayed AFE by 18.7 days compared with constant 11-h controls. In the second experiment, pullets of two strains were transferred from 8 to 16-h photoperiods and from 16 to 8 h at 5, 7, 9, 15, 17 and 19 weeks of age. Controls were kept on constant 8 and constant 16-h days. Transfer from 8 to 16-h photoperiods at 5 weeks of age had no effect on AFE. At 7 weeks there was a bimodal response with some pullets subsequently showing advanced maturity and others not. Maximum stimulation of early maturity (31 days on average for the two genotypes) was obtained at 9 weeks of age and response to stimulation declined linearly with age thereafter. The delay in AFE resulting from a reduction in photoperiod (16 to 8 h) increased linearly between 0 and 15 weeks. At 17 and 19 weeks, the response was bimodal, with some pullets maturing at the same age as long-day controls and others showing delayed maturity. Using all this evidence and some other unpublished data, a model is developed to predict AFE as a function of mean photoperiod and change in photoperiod during the rearing phase. Elements are incorporated to allow for the insensitivity of pullets younger than 50 days to an increase in photoperiod and the effect observed late in rearing when a change in photoperiod comes too late to alter AFE for the most precocious individuals in a flock. Two coefficients are required to adjust for genotype. One describes mean AFE for the genotype when reared on constant daylength and the other defines the rate at which age effects the response to a single change in photoperiod.
Chemical castration by a single intratesticular injection of lactic acid in rats and dogs

Chemical castration by a single intratesticular injection of lactic acid, which is used for cattle, was studied in rats and dogs. The injection caused necrosis of the testicular tissue in both species. Lesions in the testes were observed as early as 24 h after the injection. Plasma testosterone levels declined rapidly after treatment and remained low thereafter. The results showed that a long-lasting and probably irreversible suppression of spermatogenesis can be brought about easily and immediately by an injection of lactic acid into the testes, and that the procedure could be used for the castration of dogs.
Goodwill Reduction: the Competitive Analysis of Enterprise Value. A note

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a method to open the internally generate goodwill “black box” and to give an interpretation of its competitive meaning. The study takes a “breaking down” approach that, starting from the goodwill value proceeds through a reduction process that traces the internally generated goodwill to the competitive position of the firm, finding a link between the goodwill value and the competitive phenomena related to it. Through the process of goodwill breakdown the paper contributes to shed light on the process of goodwill creation giving a competitive interpretation of its economic meaning. Without deny the relevance of the accounting and financial literature, the paper offers a partially different and new perspective of goodwill analysis focusing on the relationship that internally generated goodwill has with the competitive position of the firm.
The Laurentian Great Lakes as a beachhead and a gathering place for biological invasions.

The Laurentian Great Lakes as a beachhead and a gathering place for biological invasions John D. Rothlisberger* and David M. Lodge 1 United States Forest Service, Eastern Region, Milwaukee, WI, 53202 USA 2 Environmental Change Initiative and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556 USA E-mail: jrothlisberger@fs.fed. us (JDR), dlodge@nd.edu (DML) *Corresponding author Received: 2 May 2013 / Accepted: 26 August 2013 / Published online: 14 October 2013 Handling editor: Vadim Panov
The time-course of uptake of inorganic and organic nitrogen compounds by phytoplankton from the Eastern Canadian Arctic: A comparison with temperate and tropical populations

Uptake of inorganic (NO3‒, NH4+) and organic (urea) nitrogen compounds by arctic phytoplankton was linear for at least 30 h of incubation under natural temperature and light conditions. Extrapolation of linear fits of the data showed positive ordinal intercepts for NH4+, suggesting relatively more rapid uptake early in the incubation period. Short term uptake experiments confirmed this; rates computed from 20-min incubations were on the average 3-fold higher than 24-h uptake rates. The transient nature of these enhanced uptake rates resulted in their contributing little (<10%) to the total mass flux observed over 24 h. Comparison of these experiments with similar measurements from temperate and tropical waters suggests that the often observed nonlinearity in nitrogen uptake in the field may be more a consequence of isotope dilution and recycling than substrate exhaustion.
A New Species of Peramphithoe (Amphipoda: Ampithoidae) from South Korea, with Morphological Diagnoses of the World Congeneric Species

We describe and illustrate a new species Peramphithoe guryongensis found in South Korea. This new taxon has distinctively enlarged pereiopods 5-7. Four species are known to have broadened pereiopods 5-7: P. chujaensis, P. falsa, P. parmerong, and P. spuria. However, P. guryongensis n. sp. is distinguished from the others by the following characters: the concave palm of gnathopod 2, the expanded basis of pereiopod 5 in males, and the distinct posterodistal lobes at the bases of pereiopods 5-7 in both males and females. Morphological diagnoses and keys to all current species of Peramphithoe are provided based on their descriptions and illustrations.
Evaluation of bacterioplankton species in calabar coastal water and ship ballast water

This study revealed that Bacterioplankton in Coastal water was dominated by Bacillus spp (54,277 cfu/ml), Corynebacterium spp (38,688 cfu/ml), Pseudomonas spp (38,381 cfu/ml) and Enterobacteriaceae (33,936 cfu/ml). In Ballast water bacterioplankton was dominated by Bacillus spp (96,588 cfu/ml), Vibrio spp (93,929 cfu/ml0, Pseudomonas spp (70,158 cfu/ml) and Corynebacterium spp (39,863 cfu/ml). Out of the 14 species, 8 species were observed in both coastal water and ballast water, 4 species were observed only in coastal water and 2 species were observed only in ballast water. Most of these species are harmful to plants and animals. Thus both waters are not suitable for use by man, which clearly suggests that both ballasting and deballasting be avoided within the study area.
Can we agree on an ecological classification of subterranean animals?

That the ties between any obligate subterranean species and the hypogean environment depend on the interplay of a species' own physiological characteristics and all of the ecological characteristics of the adjacent epigean habitat(s), including biotic factors, has been emphasized. The reasons why troglomorphy cannot be included within criteria for classifying cave dwellers have been demonstrated. After a review of historic classifications, standardized definitions of the most widely used terms are proposed. The most easily recognized are four categories which are terminological approximations of the classic Schiner‐Racovitza terminology: (1) troglobiont is a species or population, strictly bound to a hypogean habitat; (2) eutroglophile is an essentially epigean species, but able to maintain a permanent subterranean population; (3) subtroglophile is inclined perpetually or temporarily to inhabit a subterranean habitat but is bound to the surface for some biological functions (e.g. feeding); (4) trogloxene is a species only occurring sporadically underground.
Molecular Mapping Genes Conditioning Reduced Palmitic Acid Content in N87-2122-4 Soybean

Palmitic acid is one of the two major saturated fatty acids of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] oil that is closely related to nutritional quality of soybean oil. Reduction of palmitic acid content would lower the total saturated fatty acid content of soybean oil and improve the oil quality for human consumption. Several mutant lines with reduced palmitic acid content have been developed in which the genes conditioning palmitic acid content are located at different loci. The objective of this research was to map the genes conferring reduced palmitic acid from N87-2122-4 on the public soybean genetic linkage map with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Four near-isogenic lines with normal and reduced palmitic acid content and the F 2 and F 2:3 generations of a population derived from the cross of Cook' x N87-2122-4 were used to perform the SSR mapping of the genes conditioning reduced palmitic acid. The results indicated that a major gene with an allele for reduced palmitic acid contributed by N87-2122-4 is located near the top of Linkage Group (LG) Al. A SSR marker, Satt684 in that region accounted for 38% of variation in palmitic acid content in the F 2 generation and 31% of variation in the F 2:3 generation. On LG-M, Satt175 accounted for 8% of the variation in the F 2 and 9% of the variation in the F 2:3 generation. This minor gene on LG-M had a significant interaction with the gene on LG-A1 in the F 2 generation. When combined in a multiple regression equation, these markers explained 51% of total phenotypic variation for palmitic acid content in the F 2 and 43% of the variation in the F 2:3 generations.
Bioprospecção de isolados de Bacillus spp. como potenciais promotores de crescimento de Eucalyptus urograndis

The objective of this study was to evaluate biochemical characteristics of agronomic interest and correlation with the promotion of plant grow thin isolates of Bacillus sp. originating from the eucalyptus rhizosp here. The experiment was conducted in laboratory and greenhouse. From the bacteria isolation from the rhizo sp here of plants from different cities of the western region of Sao Paulo, were obtained 127 isolates of Bacillus sp. Biochemical testswere performed to characterize thebacterial isolateson the antagonism of pathogenic fungi, the production of auxin, ammonia and enzymatic activity. In the final ste pwe evaluated thepotentialof the isolates, previous lycharacterizedin laboratory conditions, to promote plant growth, using bacteria inoculation in eucalyptus seedling sand growing plants in a green house for 90 days. Eucalyptus growth were evaluated aiming to select the best strain sand to correlate the different variables asses sed. The bio prospecting protocol for Bacillus sp. Rhizosp here was valid to find promising rhizobacteria in increasing eucalyptus growth. Five isolates were selected as promising foracti on on growing eucalyptus. The antagonistic to pathogenic fungi and ammonia production found in isolate so frhizobacteria help fulin the initial selection of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria eucalyptus as significantly correlated with plant growth.
Revealing past needle density in Pinus spp.

The number of short shoots per shoot length, or needle density, is species typical, and it shows year‐to‐year variation within species. By modification of the needle trace method, long‐term needle density chronology was produced in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand, located at the northern timberline in Finland. Treewise, needle density varied between 9 and 14 short shoots per long shoot (stem internode) centimetre, the annual minimum and maximum values being 5 and 37 short shoots cm−1. The stand‐specific long‐term average was 10.5 short shoots cm−1, and the mean annual value varied between 17 and 8 short shoots cm−1 in 1951 and 1984, respectively. The long‐term pattern in needle density was one of decline with time between 1950 and the mid‐1970s, then to slightly increase on entering the 1990s. The years when the density was relatively high were 1957, 1968 and 1981, indicative of some climatic extremes.
Un substrat de micropiliers pour étudier la migration cellulaire

Les proprietes mecaniques des cellules jouent un role preponderant dans de nombreux evenements de la vie cellulaire comme le developpement embryonnaire, la formation des tissus ou encore le developpement des metastases. La migration cellulaire est en partie caracterisee par des interactions mecaniques. Ainsi, les forces de traction qu’exercent les cellules sur leur environnement impliquent, en parallele, une reorganisation dynamique des processus d’adherence et du cytosquelette interne de la cellule. Pour evaluer ces forces, un substrat a ete developpe, constitue d’un reseau forte densite de micro-piliers deformables sur lequel se deplacent les cellules. Cette surface est fabriquee par des methodes de lithographie empruntees a la micro-electronique. Les piliers mesurent environ un micrometre et sont en caoutchouc, donc suffisamment deformables pour flechir sous l’effet des forces exercees par les cellules. L’analyse au microscope des deflexions individuelles de chaque pilier a permis de quantifier en temps reel les forces locales que des cellules exercent sur leur substrat lors de leurs processus d’adherence et de dissociation.
The Strategic Role of Third‐Party Marketplaces in Retailing

Retailers are increasingly adopting a dual‐format model. In addition to acting as traditional merchants (buying and reselling goods), these retailers provide a platform for third‐party (3P) sellers to access and compete for the same customers. We investigate the strategic rationale for a retailer to introduce a 3P marketplace. Our analysis provides insights into the growing prevalence of 3P marketplaces. We show that by committing to having an active 3P marketplace, the retailer creates an “outside option” that improves its bargaining position in negotiations with the manufacturer. This can explain the increasing prevalence of such marketplaces. On the other hand, the manufacturer would prefer to eliminate the retailer's outside option and should seek to limit or prevent sales through 3P marketplaces. This is consistent with actions that several manufacturers have taken to limit such sales. Interestingly, if the manufacturer fails to eliminate sales of competing products through the 3P marketplace, then the best strategy for the manufacturer is to allow the retailer to dictate the terms of their contract. This is because a powerful retailer will rely less on its outside option in generating profit, and therefore it will increase the fees charged to 3P sellers and soften the competition between 3P sellers and the manufacturer. The decrease in competition will lead to an increase in the value of outside option of the manufacturer and improve its profit. Additionally, we find that the presence of a 3P marketplace benefits consumers, but this benefit diminishes as the retailer becomes more powerful.