Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mitochondria : Eubacteria Descendant , Cellular Dynamics , Interactions with Nuclear DNA , and Neurological Diseases

It is an amazing fact that almost every single cell in the human body possesses organelles that are descendant from ancient eubacteria. These organelles, specifically the mitochondria, are vital to the survival of all eukaryotic cells. This chapter is a brief review of how the symbiotic relationship between the ancient eubacteria and nucleated ancestral cells arose, the cellular dynamics of the mitochondria, the system of mitochondrianuclear interactions, and mutations that affect this system which result in neurological disorders. Understanding this symbiotic relationship may enable humankind to cure disease inherent to this very complex system of genegene interactions. Mitochondria (singular mitochondrion) [mitoswarp or thread + khondrosgrain or granule] are descendant from ancient eubacteria that, through endosymbiosis, formed a dynamic symbiotic relationship with nucleated ancestral cells. The endosymbiont hypothesis (also known as the endosymbiotic theory) maintains that all eukaryotic cells emerged as anaerobic organisms that possessed no mitochondria (or in the case of plant cells no chloroplast). These cells would undergo an endocytic event in where they would, by endocytosis, take up or engulf aerobic prokaryotic cells that produce energy from their oxidative phosphorylation systems. This new found source of cellular energy possessed the potential to allow these novel cells to perform more complex functions.This process eventually evolved into a stable symbiotic relationship and is presumed to have taken place when substantial amounts of oxygen entered the atmosphere 1.5 X 109 years Chapter 14
Mulyorejo , Surabaya Ika

The requirement of palm cooking oil in Indonesia increase from year to year. It was dominated by the use of palm cooking oil as a medium to fry. Fried food on street seller was one of foods that need oil in frying process. Many street fried food seller did not pay attention to the quality of cooking oil that used to fry. Waste cooking oil was the good choice for street fried food seller in order to get big profits. Waste cooking oil contains of free fatty acids due to periodic warming that is harmful to the body. It was important for us to know the quality of cooking oil which we used. Therefore, in this research, we did test the quality of cooking oil which used street fried food seller. Free fatty acid and water content were two parameters that can describe the quality of cooking oil. The samples of cooking oil were obtained from street fried food seller along Jalan Manyar Sabrangan, Mulyorejo, Surabaya. There are 7 street seller that selling fried food with price of about Rp. 1.000 Rp 2.000. Alkalimetry titration and gravimetery method were used to determine free fatty acid and water content of samples. The result showed there are 4 samples of cooking oil that was not worthy to be consumed because not in accordance with requirement of cooking oil quality of SNI 013741-2002.
Signal analysis of antennas for high altitude airborne cellular base stations

Obtaining continual mobile communication coverage over two or more disparate regions from an airborne platform utilizing a deployable cellular base station has proven to be challenging due to the resulting signal spatial structure and signal gain observed from the mobile ground users. A two-dimensional aircraft simulation environment has been developed to evaluate the optimal link budget of an antenna system coupled with a code division multiple access (CDMA) base station positioned above 45,000 feet in a designated elliptical orbital pattern in efforts to acquire broader and longer communication coverage. This paper will analyze the signal excess results of both an omni-directional conventional antenna system (CAS) and a switched-beam smart antenna system (SBSAS) with multiple mobile ground users present. Collectively, these results constitute a basis for low-risk implementation for a high altitude airborne deployable cellular base station.
WordNet framework improvements for NLP : Defining abstraction and scalability layers

The WordNet knowledge model is currently implemented in multiple software frameworks providing procedural access to language instances of it. Frameworks tend to be focused on structural/design aspects of the model thus describing low level interfaces for linguistic knowledge retrieval. Typically the only high level feature directly accessible is word lookup while traversal of semantic relations leads to verbose/complex combinations of data structures, pointers and indexes which are irrelevant in an NLP context. Here is described an extension to the JWNL framework that hides technical requirements of access to WordNet features with an essentially word/sense based API applying terminology from official interfaces. This high level API is applied to the original English version of WordNet as stored in filesystem, memory and database by JWNL’s distinctive conversion capabilities. JWNL usage/implementation is also briefly described as a complement for available documentation.
Estimates of Leaf Vein Density Are Scale Dependent1[C][W][OPEN]

Best practice minimizes complications arising in estimates of leaf vein density that depend strongly and systematically on the scale of inquiry and the tradeoff between field of view, magnification, lattice effects, and vein hierarchical effects. Leaf vein density (LVD) has garnered considerable attention of late, with numerous studies linking it to the physiology, ecology, and evolution of land plants. Despite this increased attention, little consideration has been given to the effects of measurement methods on estimation of LVD. Here, we focus on the relationship between measurement methods and estimates of LVD. We examine the dependence of LVD on magnification, field of view (FOV), and image resolution. We first show that estimates of LVD increase with increasing image magnification and resolution. We then demonstrate that estimates of LVD are higher with higher variance at small FOV, approaching asymptotic values as the FOV increases. We demonstrate that these effects arise due to three primary factors: (1) the tradeoff between FOV and magnification; (2) geometric effects of lattices at small scales; and; (3) the hierarchical nature of leaf vein networks. Our results help to explain differences in previously published studies and highlight the importance of using consistent magnification and scale, when possible, when comparing LVD and other quantitative measures of venation structure across leaves.
Synthesis and Characterization of Anionic Polyester-Polyurethane Dispersion as Environmentally-Friendly Waterbased Resins

Aqueous polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) have recently emerged as important alternatives to their solvent-based counterparts for various applications due to increasing health and environmental awareness (green chemistry). Anionic polyester-polyurethane dispersions were synthesized by three steps. In the first step, macromonomer diisocyanate having carboxylic acid was prepared by isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) in percent of acetone as solvent and dibutyldtin dilaurate (DBTDL) as catalyst. Then, carboxylic polyurethane was prepared by reaction macromonomer diisocyanate having carboxylic acid with linear aliphatic polyester (Mw=2000), trifunctional polyester (Mw=2800) and butanediol (BDO) as chain extender. The next step involved neutralization and dispersion in water, where acidic polyurethane was neutralized by the addition of triethylamine (TEA). Factors influencing the synthesis of polyurethane dispersion mainly involve reaction temperature, reaction time, the concentration of catalyst, DMPA content and BDO content, were studied. The polymers have been characterized with DSC and FTIR.
Conceptualization of Sentence Paraphrase Recognition with Semantic Role Labels

Sentence paraphrase recognition plays an important role in many NLP applications. In majorit y of previous studies, basic unit of information for ana lysis is the sentence itself. However, a sentence contains infor mation about one or more events/entities in its multi-clau sal structure. Clauses – conceptualized as Semantic Rol e Labels (SRL) or predicate-argument tuples – are the smalle st grammatical units with which sentence information c an be comprehended and compared with. Objective of this p aper is to propose a sentence paraphrase recognition method ology using predicate-argument tuples as the basic unit o f information. This paper introduces concept of paraphrasing, loos ely paired, and unpaired tuples to establish sentence-s entence similarity. Two sentences are paraphrasing if they contain at least one paraphrasing tuple ; and no or insignificant dissimilarities (loosely paired and unpaired tuples ). The paper proposes two tuple representation schemes – first Vector Space Model based, and second based on distr ibuted word representations (embeddings) learnt using deep N ural Network language models.
Effect of grain size on the competitive ability of wheat.

During the growing season of 2005, a field experiment evaluating the effects of grain size on the competitive ability of wheat was undertaken at Roseworthy, South Australia. Competitiveness of five commercial wheat cultivars (cvs. Frame, Janz, Krichauff, Wyalkatchem, and Tamaroi) was evaluated by their ability to maintain yield in the presence of oats (a surrogate for weeds) and the ability to suppress oat seed-set. Wheat seedling establishment across all genotypes was significantly reduced when medium (5%) and small sized (17%) grain were sown. The improved crop establishment and early vigour associated with the larger grain size with all cultivars was reflected in higher early leaf area indices. Large grain was found to increase yields and the ability of wheat to maintain yield in the presence of oats. This was observed across all genotypes, however some cultivars were affected more severely than others by the presence of oats (Frame reduced by 41.7% and Janz by 50.8%). There was a strong relationship between oat seed-set and wheat yield, such that the combinations of cultivar and grain size that yielded higher generally had lower amounts of oat seed-set. This study has shown that the use of larger grain at sowing can significantly benefit wheat yield and aid weed management by reducing the levels of weed seed-set.
Ethical and regulatory issues of pragmatic cluster randomized trials in contemporary health systems

Cluster randomized trials randomly assign groups of individuals to examine research questions or test interventions and measure their effects on individuals. Recent emphasis on quality improvement, comparative effectiveness, and learning health systems has prompted expanded use of pragmatic cluster randomized trials in routine health-care settings, which in turn poses practical and ethical challenges that current oversight frameworks may not adequately address. The 2012 Ottawa Statement provides a basis for considering many issues related to pragmatic cluster randomized trials but challenges remain, including some arising from the current US research and health-care regulations. In order to examine the ethical, regulatory, and practical questions facing pragmatic cluster randomized trials in health-care settings, the National Institutes of Health Health Care Systems Research Collaboratory convened a workshop in Bethesda, Maryland, in July 2013. Attendees included experts in clinical trials, patient advocacy, research ethics, and research regulations from academia, industry, the National Institutes of Health Collaboratory, and other federal agencies. Workshop participants identified substantial barriers to implementing these types of cluster randomized trials, including issues related to research design, gatekeepers and governance in health systems, consent, institutional review boards, data monitoring, privacy, and special populations. We describe these barriers and suggest means for understanding and overcoming them to facilitate pragmatic cluster randomized trials in health-care settings.
Bryophyte and polypore richness and indicators in relation to type, age and decay stage of coarse woody debris of Picea abies.

Coarse woody debris (CWD), which is in low supply in intensively managed forest, is an essential habitat for many species of bryophytes, fungi and insects. We investigated richness of bryophyte and polypore species on CWD of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. in relation to CWD type, size, decay stage and age since mortality. We also identified indicator species for the bryophyte and polypore communities on dead trees in various decay stages. CWD age since mortality was determined to assess the time period of potential colonization by the indicator species. The study was conducted in Latvia, located in the hemi-boreal forest zone, where such information was generally lacking. The larger part of spruce CWD was in early decay stages, due to the legacy of forest management and recent disturbance events. The maximum age of spruce CWD was 48 years, and age of the majority of CWD pieces in advanced decay stages was 20 to 40 years. The estimated ages of CWD suggest a more rapid decay rate in the mesotrophic habitat studied in the Eastern Baltic region than reported previously for northern Scandinavia and mountainous regions. Bryophyte species richness was significantly affected by CWD diameter, type (higher on snapped logs) and decay stage (lowest in initial decay stage). Polypore species richness was significantly lower on snags, and higher on logs in early decay stages. A succession of epixlyic species was shown from common polypore species Fomitopsis pinicola and Trichaptum abietinum at start of wood decay to indicator bryophytes like Nowellia curvifolia in early decay stages after loss of bark, Lepidozia reptans and Jamesoniella autumnalis in mid stages and Herzogiella seligeri with epigeous species in late decay stages.
Interprocedural analysis for program comprehension by specialization

We report on an approach for program comprehension during large-scale maintenance of Fortran application programs. We have adapted partial evaluation (or specialization of programs given specific values for their input data) techniques for program comprehension. We focus on the automatic interprocedural analysis and we describe how we have specified, implemented in a tool, and used that analysis to improve program comprehension. The difficulty of that analysis is due to the lack of well defined interprocedural mechanisms and the complexity of visibility rules in Fortran.
Development of Prediction Technique for Temperature Distribution of Molten Steel in Steelmaking

Dr. Nobuyuki TOMOCHIKA*1, Dr. Takehiro NAKAOKA*2, Takehiro TSUKUDA*3, Yoshiyuki NAGASE*3, Hiroshi KATSURA*4, Kazuki SUMIDA*5 *1 AI Promotion Project Department, Technical Development Group *2 Mechanical Engineering Research Laboratory, Technical Development Group *3 Research & Development Laboratory, Iron & Steel Business *4 Process Control Development, Kakogawa Works, Iron & Steel Business *5 Steelmaking Department, Kakogawa Works, Iron & Steel Business
Rural communities ’ participation in the planning and management of tourism developments : a case study from Lesotho

This study analysed the perceptions of local communities’ participation in planning and management of tourism using the mixed method design. The local rural communities and local authorities (nature reserve managers, tourism officers, environmental/conservation officers and Conservation Committee Forum members) in the Katse and Mohale Tourism Development Area of Lesotho were surveyed and interviewed. The study was conducted in three villages adjacent to the T’sehlanyane Nature Reserve Ha ‘Mali, Bokong Nature Reserve Ha Lejone and Liphofung Nature Reserve Phelandaba. These villages are mostly affected by tourism developments. Respondents from all three villages (Ha Lejone, Ha ‘Mali and Phelandaba) shared the same preferences of greater communities’ involvement and decision-making power in the management of tourism. Ha ‘Mali and Ha Lejone respondents recognized community members’ participation but the Phelandaba respondents generally disagreed that the communities were involved in management, as they indicated not being consulted in any planning about tourism. The study concludes that government should not merely construct conservation and tourism development in the rural areas but should also empower local communities to participate in all stages of planning, development and management. Involving community members in as well as formulating supporting tourism regulations, implementation, monitoring and evaluation procedures would be beneficial for sustainable rural tourism development. The researcher recommended that there should be partnerships amongst all tourism-related stakeholders in rural tourism management for promotion of rural tourism. It also recommended that local communities should form part of decision marking, planning and management of rural tourism developments in order to promote sustainability.
Senior Values : An multinational analysis of older consumers and the List of Values ( LOV )

Despite the growing importance of the 50+ population, older consumers are still routinely neglected by many marketing and advertising practitioners. This is particularly true of research conducted outside the USA, where there is a marked lack of a coherent body of knowledge pertaining to seniors. This paper therefore aims to make a contribution to knowledge by analysing and comparing the values of older consumers across four different nations (Japan, Germany, UK, and Hungary). The study comprised part of a major piece of international research into older consumers across several culturally disparate nations, and utilised questionnaires. The lower age parameter of 50 was selected on the basis that this is the starting point for many age-related services offered to older consumers. Findings suggest that, as a whole, these seniors value security, warm relations with others and self-respect above other values. Conversely, being well respected and a sense of belonging are less important to them. However, key differences across nations did emerge. Implications for marketers are discussed.
PIV Measurement of Flow-Patterns in a Human Vocal Tract Model

There are problems with investigation of the airflow pattern in the glottis region in vivo. Thus the measurements of the flow characteristics and regimes are provided on various physical models. Several experiments were performed for flows in “2D” rigid in vitro models of the glottis [2,3], where mainly static pressure measurements were carried out for different geometries of the glottal region. Such experiments concentrated on the effects of the channel asymmetry and shape (convergent, liplike, divergent). Later, similar studies were provided with vibrating replicas of the vocal folds [4,5]. Recently, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique enabled new possibilities in such studies [6-8].
Simulation of single bubble rising in liquid using front tracking method

Front tracking method is improved to simulate the rising and deforming of a bubble in quiescent viscous liquid under various flow regimes. The simulation results demonstrate that the current algorithm is more robust in modelling a multi-fluid system with wider ranges of the Reynolds number (1<Re<200) and the Bond number (1<Bo<200) under a high density ratio (ρl/ρb=1000) and a viscosity ratio (μl/μb=100). The new front tracking algorithm is also applied to investigate bubble rising and deforming behaviour in the various flow regimes of the “air bubble-water solution” system under effects of the Reynolds number and the Bond number, which have been explored experimentally in literature. The simulation results are compared with the experiments in aspects of bubble shape, terminal velocity and bubble wake flow pattern. Reasonable agreements are achieved in most flow regimes.
Optimized Placement of Wind Turbines in Large-Scale Offshore Wind Farm Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

With the increasing size of wind farms, the impact of the wake effect on wind farm energy yields become more and more evident. The arrangement of locations of the wind turbines (WTs) will influence the capital investment and contribute to the wake losses, which incur the reduction of energy production. As a consequence, the optimized placement of the WTs may be done by considering the wake effect as well as the components cost within the wind farm. In this paper, a mathematical model which includes the variation of both wind direction and wake deficit is proposed. The problem is formulated by using levelized production cost (LPC) as the objective function. The optimization procedure is performed by a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with the purpose of maximizing the energy yields while minimizing the total investment. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method is effective to find the optimized layout, which minimizes the LPC. The optimization procedure is applicable for optimized placement of WTs within wind farms and extendible for different wind conditions and capacity of wind farms.
Identification and evolutionary genomics of novel LTR retrotransposons in Brassica

Abstract: Retrotransposons (REs) are the most abundant and diverse elements identified from eukaryotic genomes. Using computational and molecular methods, 262 intact LTR retrotransposons were identified from Brassica genomes by dot plot analysis and data mining. The Copia superfamily was dominant (206 elements) over Gypsy (56), with estimated intact copies of ~1596 Copia and 540 Gypsy and ~7540 Copia and 780 Gypsy from Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea whole genomes, respectively. Canonical Copia and Gypsy gag-pol polyprotein organizations were observed in most elements with a few displaying 1-3 additional or internally deleted domains. The PBS and PPT motifs were identified with tRNA complementary to tRNAMet or, rarely, other tRNA types. PCR amplification of RT regions revealed their abundance and distribution among A-, B-, and C-genome Brassicas indicating a common ancestor. The evolutionary relationship of Brassica REs resolved them into superfamily-specific (Copia/Gypsy) lineages. The phylogenetic analysis of 130 Brassica Copia clustered them into 2 clades and 10 sub-clades of 18 families; Gypsy elements clustered into 2 clades. The results enabled identification and understanding of the structure and nature of full-length REs and their derivatives in Brassica. The markers derived here will be useful for examining chromosome and genome evolution in Brassica.