Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Beckfield J, Bambra C. Shorter Lives in Stingier States: Social Policy

The United States has a mortality disadvantage relative to its political and economic peer group of other rich democracies. Recently it has been suggested that there could be a role for social policy in explaining this disadvantage. In this paper, we test this “social policy hypothesis” by presenting a time-series crosssection analysis from 1970 to 2010 of the association between welfare state generosity (for unemployment insurance, sickness benefits, and pensions) and life expectancy, for the US and 17 other highincome countries. Fixed-effects estimation with autocorrelation-corrected standard errors (robust to unmeasured between-country differences and serial autocorrelation of repeated measures) found strong associations betweenwelfare generosity and life expectancy. A unit increase in overall welfare generosity yields a 0.17 year increase in life expectancy at birth (p < 0.001), and a 0.07 year increase in life expectancy at age 65 (p < 0.001). The strongest effects of the welfare state are in the domain of pension benefits (b 1⁄4 0.439 for life expectancy at birth, p < 0.001; b 1⁄4 0.199 for life expectancy at age 65, p < 0.001). Models that lag the measures of social policy by ten years produce similar results, suggesting that the results are not driven by endogeneity bias. There is evidence that the US mortality disadvantage is, in part, a welfare-state disadvantage. We estimate that life expectancy in the US would be approximately 3.77 years longer, if it had just the average social policy generosity of the other 17 OECD nations. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Was the Emergence of Home Bases and Domestic Fire a Punctuated Event? A Review of the Middle Pleistocene Record in Eurasia

The concept of a home-based land use strategy is fundamental for studying recent and prehistoric foraging populations. A proposed datum for the emergence of this behavior is set during later Middle Pleistocene times, around 400–350 kya, and temporally linked with the first established evidence for domestic fire making. Precise causes for this dual appearance remain obscure. Surveying the known Paleolithic record and contexts serves to identify possible factors and processes leading to this development. The emphasis here is on fire technology, particularly domestic fire making and uses, and fire's relationship with home base sensu lato characteristics, as contrasted with a previous land use system that reflects earlier primate patterns. Intentional bush and grassland burning could be components of this home base and domestic fire system. The issue of domestic fire and home base at Locality 1 in Zhoukoudian Cave is evaluated from the perspective of contemporaneous hominid behavior in Eurasia and Africa.
Dealing with uncertainty and sensitivity issues in process-based models of carbon and nitrogen cycles in northern forest ecosystems

Many process-based models on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles have been developed for northern forest ecosystems. These models are widely used to evaluate the long-term decisions in forest management dealing with effects like particulate pollution, productivity and climate change. Regarding climate change, one of the key questions that have sensitive political implications is whether northern forests will sequester atmospheric C or not. Whilst many process-based models have been tested for accuracy by evaluating or validating against observed data, few have dealt with the complexity of the incorporated procedures to estimate uncertainties associated with model predictions or the sensitivity of these predictions to input factors in a systematic, intermodel comparison fashion. In general, models differ in their underlying attempts to match natural complexities with assumed or imposed model structure and process formulations to estimate model parameters, to gather data and to address issues on scope, scale and natural variations. Uncertainties may originate from model structure, estimation of model parameters, data input, representation of natural variation and scaling exercises. Model structure relates to the mathematical representation of the processes modelled and the type of state variables that a model contains. The modelling of partitioning among aboveand below-ground C and N pools and the interdependence among these pools remain a major source of uncertainty in model structure and error propagation. Most soil C models use at least three state variables to represent the different types of soil organic matter (SOM). This approach results in creating three artificial SOM pools, assuming that each one contains C compounds with same turnover rate. In reality, SOM consists of many different types of C compounds with widely different turnover rates. Uncertainty in data and parameter estimates are closely linked. Data uncertainties are associated with high variations in estimating forest biomass, productivity and soil organic matter and may be incomplete for model initialization, calibration, validation and sensitivity analysis of generalized predictor models. The scale at which a model is being used also affects the level of uncertainty, as the errors in the prediction of the C and N dynamics differ from the site to the landscape levels and across climatic regions. If the spatial or temporal scale of a model application is changed, additional uncertainty arises from neglecting natural variability in system variables in time and space. Uncertainty issues are also intimately related to model validation and sensitivity analysis. The estimation of uncertainties is needed to inform decision process, in order
Formation of bitter peptides during ripening of ovine milk cheese made with different coagulants

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic peptides in the water-soluble fraction of semi-hard, vacuum packed ovine cheeses made with calf, microbial and cardoon coagulants were monitored for 90 d by reversed-phase HPLC. Hydrophobic peptides of the cheeses were further analysed by size exclusion HPLC to determine their molecular sizes and the bitterness of the cheeses was eva- luated by a trained sensory panel. Cheese made with cardoon coagulant had the highest levels of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic peptides. Cheeses made with calf and microbial coagulants had comparable levels of hydrophilic peptides, but the former had higher levels of hydrophobic pepti- des. The concentration of bitter peptides (those with a molecular size of 165-6500 g·mol -1 ) was highest in cheese made with microbial coagulant and lowest in cheese made with calf rennet. Cheese made with microbial coagulant was perceived to be the most bitter by the sensory panel, followed by calf and cardoon coagulant cheeses. Sensory bitterness score was significantly (P < 0.05) corre- lated with total bitter peptides and the ratio of bitter peptides to total peptides, but not with total hydrophobic peptides.
ANALAIZE OF THE LAST YEARS POSSIBLE DIRECTIONS FOR CULTIVATION AND APPLICATION OF HUMAN KERATINOCYTES

The author have a short view on the cell culture method development in some last years. The goal of the current study is to determine the present condition of the method and to investigate the modern directions, achievements, trends and applications for it. Study is based on a literature available in the specialized magazines and journals, and the most original and helpful for the completion of our goal were selected. Particular attention is paid to the preparation of media for keratinocytes cultivation, the conditions for successful cultivation and the latest developments in this method.
The influence of sex ratio on the reproduction of pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, in captivity.

Because sex ratio in the broodstock can influence the reproductive behaviour of a species, the influence of sex ratio on the reproductive success of pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, in captivity was assessed. Pirarucu breeders were stocked in 0.10-0.13 ha earthen ponds at three sex ratios in quadruplicate: one male to one female (1M1F); one male to two females (1M2F); and two males to one female (2M1F). Eight spawning events occurred, seven of them with the 1M1F sex ratio, which was the most successful of the three tested sex ratios.
Seabirds as indicators of marine resources:black-browed albatrosses feeding on ommastrephid squids in Kerguelen waters

The species, distributions and abundances of squids in the Southern Ocean are difficult to assess by conventional oceanographic means The study of the food and feeding ecology of squid-eating predators such as procellaniform seabirds appears to be a supplemental way to collect useful information on cephalopod biology Regurgitations were collected from 52 chicks of the black-browed albatross Diomedea melanophrys at Kerguelen Island in February 1994 Cephalopod remains were removed and identified by means of beaks gladius and mantle Squid beaks of the fam11y Ommastrephidae amounted to 55% (n = 348) of the accumulated squid beaks They were also those most often regurgitated in association with partially digested crowns and mantles (90% of the squid fresh remains, n = 28) Two species of ommastrephids equally dominated the squid diet, M a r t ~ a l ~ a h y a d e s ~ (only found once in Kerguelen waters] and a Todarodes species, probably T angolens~s, prev~ously unknown in the area The concomitant satellite tracking of 16 adult birds over a total of 35 foraging tnps identified their main feeding areas as the inner shelf break to the NE and over a bank to the SE of Kerguelen Island Taken together, albatross dietary and foraglng data indlcate that juveniles of M hyadesl and Todarodes sp concentrate over the upper shelf slope to the east of Kerguelen Island, some of them occurring in the top 5 m of the water column where they are caught by the albatrosses
Ambient pH and the Response to Chemical Alarm Cues in Juvenile Atlantic Salmon: Mechanisms of Reduced Behavioral Responses

Abstract Even at sublethal concentrations, various anthropogenic pollutants may disrupt the transfer of chemosensory information, often inducing maladaptive behavioral responses. Recent studies of freshwater prey fishes have shown impaired abilities to respond to damage-released chemical alarm cues from conspecifics under weakly acidic conditions (pH ∼ 6.0). Several factors acting individually or collectively may account for such chemosensory impairment. By itself, acidification may chemically disrupt the alarm cues and affect fish olfactory functions. Alternatively, differences in local environmental conditions may affect biochemical composition, quantity of chemical alarm cues produced by epidermal tissue, or both, leading to variations in alarm response. Our goal was to assess whether the ability to produce and detect conspecific chemical alarm cues is similar in individuals reared under neutral versus acidic conditions. We conducted two experiments in which we measured the behavioral response of wild .
A Study on Components Related to Flavor and Taste in Commercial Broiler and Korean Native Chicken Meat

The characteristics of the components related to the meat taste of the commercial broiler (CB) and the Korean native chicken (KNC) were compared. The breast meat from CB showed higher amounts of and but lower amounts of and . The thigh meat from CB showed a higher amount of but lower amounts of , , , and . The flavor- and taste-contributing amino acids, including aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glycine, alanine, tyrosine, lysine, histidine, and arginine, were significantly higher in the KNC breast meat, but the level of amino acids in the thigh meat were not different between the two breeds. The measurement of the volatile compounds revealed that CB contains much higher volatile compounds compared to KNC in their fresh breast and thigh meat. Both in the breast and thigh meat, however, the amount of flavor compounds increased significantly after cooking; as such, KNC turned out to have more flavor compounds than CB.
Experiences of Military Nurse Manager: Implication to Clinical Leadership

This study aimed to identify the characteristics of an effective leader in a Military hospital institution from the perspectives of military nurse-managers. The researcher extracted the different facets of leadership from the stories of six nursemanagers from a military hospital. The stories which are in pre-reflective stage convey an unbiased perspective from which clinical leadership may be defined. Using Phenomenology as a method of Research, the lived experiences of the military nurse-managers served as empirical data which were reflected upon until the formulation of insights. The insights from the co-researchers became gallows from which the characteristics of effective leadership in the clinical area were drawn. Military nurse managers in their stories revealed that leadership qualities are acquired and are polished by hard work: these qualities stand-out; clinical leaders served as committed, disciplined and dedicated staff nurses before they were appointed to leadership position; they are goal-oriented; they want people who can be trained and are fast learners; they carry out different strategies to earn the support of the people they work with; they want to be recognized as good leaders; they seek approbation; they all believe that they are doing their best in their work. These insights were synthesized through another layer of reflection that resulted to the knowledge about clinical leadership (a) clinical leaders develop their skills through experiences and hardwork; (b) clinical leaders are devoted; (c) clinical leaders are focused; (d) clinical leaders are good in interpersonal relationship; (e) clinical leaders are mentors; (f) clinical leaders seek affirmation and recognition; and (g) clinical leaders are responsible and dependable. The common themes that emerged from the nurse manager‘s stories showed that clinical leadership maybe attained if leaders possessed the following traits, (a) the gift to establish steadfast and firm management; (b) the proficiency to guide and encourage others towards the achievement of their goals and objectives; (c) the ability to instigate participative and collaborative work among his/her subordinates and (d) the aptitude and skill to address the institutional concerns in their unit. In conclusion, military nurse managers are effective clinical leaders who are faithful and loyal in their work and service; they are good nurses who are intellectually and skillfully competent, and disciplined; they have the strength to lead and guide; and they have the ability to commit themselves to accomplish their assigned works and tasks to the best of their ability. Future direction would be the establishment of an evidenced based practice for optimal clinical leadership that will promote effective and efficient nursing care environment.
Geopolymers: Ceramic-Like Inorganic Polymers

Geopolymers are ceramic-like inorganic polymers produced at low temperature, generally below 100 °C. They consist of chains or networks of mineral molecules linked with covalent bonds. The raw materials are mainly minerals of geological origin, hence the name “geopolymer”. They comprise several molecular units for example: silico-oxide (Na,K)(-Si-O-Si-O-) for (Na,K)-poly(silicate) or (Na,K)-poly(siloxonate), silico-aluminate (Na,K)-(-Si-O-Al-O) for (Na,K)poly(sialate), ferro-silico-aluminate (Na,K)(-Fe-O-Si-O-Al-O-) or (Na,K)-poly(ferro-sialate), alumino-phosphate (-Al-O-P-O-) for poly(alumino-phosphate), formed in a geopolymerization process. We focus here on the reactivity of calcined kaolinite, an aluminosilicate oxide Si2O5Al2O2, metakaolin, which led to the discovery of geopolymers 40 years ago. A distinction is made between two synthesis routes: alkaline medium (Na+, K+, Li+, Ca++, Cs+ and the like) and acidic milieu (phosphoric acid, organic carboxylic acids). The alkaline route is the most important, so far. NMR spectroscopy provides data on the molecular structure and polymeric character. The geopolymerization mechanism starts with polycondensation of oligomers into small ribbon-like molecules. This intermediary stage involves several Si-OH groups together with H2O molecules. It is referred to as NASH or KASH by some cement scientists and generalized to the final geopolymer structure. The poly(sialate) final structure consists of well-polymerized individual elementary nanoparticles of 5 to 40 nm in size.
The New Comparative Economics versus the Old: Less Is More but Is It Enough?

The seeming demise of the field of comparative economics as it evolved in the 20th century is often seen as the result of the collapse of the communist economy, which left us with only one economic system, capitalism. Moreover, the old comparative economics has been replaced by the new comparative economics, which focuses on varieties of capitalism and ascribes an almost exclusive explanatory role to institutions. I argue that the demise of the old comparative economics has more to do with the fact that it was fatally flawed in terms of the criteria it used for comparing economic systems rather than with the demise of communism or the fact that it failed to understand the causes of inter-system differences in outcomes. The great advantage of the new comparative economics is in its choice of a single criterion for judging the performance of an economic system. I illustrate these advantages of such a single criterion by examining the contributions of the new comparative economics to the cross country analysis income levels, and, on the basis of this analysis, I then suggest that there is still value in the approach of the old comparative economics to the analysis of economic outcomes.
Post-Injury Calcium Chelation Rescues Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Mice

Antibiotics, surgery and organ transplants have pushed average lifespans towards the upper limits of the human body. Drastically reduced morbidity from infection, toxins and traumatic injury have allowed ever greater portions of the populace can reach eighty or ninety years old before dying of old age. Despite the increased role of aging as a source of morbidity, many aspects of aging are poorly characterized. Sarcopenia, progressive muscle loss, and loss of adult myogenic potential, the ability to produce new muscle tissue from adult stem cell sources, are key causes of decreased mobility and strength in aged individuals. If more youthful muscle quality could be restored in old patients they would experience greatly improved quality of life and perhaps even longer lifespans. Satellite cell populations are known to decline sharply by 6-7 decade of life but traditional treatments for sarcopenia, namely exercise intervention, have been shown to exacerbate the degeneration in aged such patients. Previous studies have identified key regulators of the myogenic repair pathway and implicated two regulators in aged sarcopenia: Notch and TGF-β. In vitro expression studies have found that these genes act on the satellite cell, the resident stem cell of adult muscle tissue, to regulate its ability to break quiescence to begin regeneration and also show that genes show expression defects during aging. Exogenous stimulation of the Notch receptor by calcium chelators or protein ligands can be used to rescue/restore young regenerative potential in old mouse cells and demonstrate that the defect is not cell-
In Vitro Testing to Aflatoxin Binding by Glucomannan Yeast Product and Glucomannan Extract from A morphophallus oncophyllus

The aim of research was to test the capability of glucomannan yeast product (GYP) and glucomannan resulted from Amorphophallus oncophyllus extraction (GRE) to bind aflatoxin in in vitro testing. Before in vitro testing, both GYP and GRE were analyzed to determine proximate analysis, glucose, and mannose concentrations. In vitro testing used aflatoxin, binder and gastro intestinal fluid in 3% ringer solution. The weights of binders were 41.05; 82.1; 123.15; and 164.2 mg and weight of aflatoxin was 0.1642 μg of each tube. The results showed that the percentage of aflatoxin bound increased by the increasing weight either glucomannan from yeast product or glucomannan resulted from A. oncophylus extraction. The percentages of aflatoxin binding with binder of both glucomannan yeast product were 19.72%; 21.51%; 42.25%; 46.35% and glucomannan from A. oncophyllus extraction were 4.08%; 28.72%; 36.73%; and 89.07%, consecutively. There were positive correlations (P<0.05) between the weight of binder and the percentage of aflatoxin bound, with coefficient correlations of GYP was 0.9602 and of GRE was 0.9338. In regression modeling, linear equation of GYP was Yp= -6.92 + 12.03x and of GRE was Ye= -31.53+21.07x. It is concluded that in vitro testing of glucomannan product of extraction from A. oncophyllus can bind aflatoxin.
Fighting fish and two-stack sortable permutations

In 2017, Duchi, Guerrini, Rinaldi and Schaeffer proposed a new family of combinatorial objects called "fighting fish", which are counted by the same formula as more classical objects, such as two-stack sortable permutations and non-separable planar maps. In this article, we explore the bijective aspect of fighting fish by establishing a bijection to two-stack sortable permutations, using a new recursive decomposition of these permutations. With our bijection, we give combinatorial explanations of several results on fighting fish proved previously with generating functions. Using the decomposition of two-stack sortable permutations, we also prove the algebraicity of their generating function, extending a result of Bousquet-Melou (1998).
Genetic relatedness among co-foundresses of two desert ants Veromessor pergandei and Acromyrmex vers

Cooperative colony foundation occurs in some social hymenoptera. Polistine wasp foundress associations are usually composed of close relatives (reviewed in Gamboa et al. 1986, Michener and Smith 1987) suggesting kin selection may play an important role in establishment of such groups. Cooperative colony foundation, however, may be advantageous even if cofoundresses are not related (Lin and Michener 1972, Pollock and Rissing 1988a). Indeed, several behavioral (reviewed in Kissing and Pollock 1988) and one electrophoretic (Ross and Fletcher 1985) study suggest ant foundress associations form without respect to relatedness. Here we report on an electrophoretic analysis of intra-group relatedness among co-foundresses of Veromessor pergandei and Acromyrmex versicolor, two common desert ants with cooperative colony foundation (Pollock and Rissing 1985, Rissing and Pollock 1986, Rissing et al. 1986). Ideally, relatedness should be measured directly through pedigree analysis of interacting individuals (Hamilton 1972). Since this is impractical for most natural populations of social insects, the alternative is indirect estimation using neutral genetic markers (Pamilo and Crozier 1982, Pamilo 1984). We used polymorphic allozyme loci, detected by protein electrophoresis, for this purpose (Richardson et al. 1986). Allozyme loci offer the advantage that homozygous and heterozygous individuals are readily distinguishable; in addition, these loci are not likely involved directly in determining behavior patterns and thus can be treated as selectively neutral within the context of social evolution (Pamilo 1984).