Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Study on Experiences of Total Knee Replacement in Patients with Osteoarthritis

This study was performed to analyze the patient's experience during the progress of disease in the patients with osteoarthritis, who are taken the replacement surgery of knee Joint. The examine was consisted of five patients with osteoarthritis, who are taken the replacement surgery of knee joint from Dec. 4. 1995 to May, 20, 1996 at C university hospital. After hospitalization, the physical and psycho-logical status of the patients during preoperation, postoperation and discharge was examined. The data were examined according to the ethnographic method. The results are as follows. The patients experienced the periods of embarrasment, conflict, before surgery suffering, acceptance period after surgery. In the embarrasment period, the patients take a multiple medication therapy including hospital treatment, oriental medication and folk medication to ameliorate joint pain after first diagnosis on arthritis. The embarrasment period includes compulsive drug medication, oriental medication, folk medication, trouble some, sadness and survey of hospitals. In the conflict period, the patients consider the operation of knee because of working difficulty and severe Joint Pain, while they feel anxiety about the surgery. They condemn their physical situations. They have the conflict and anxiety on surgical operation. they consider the quality of life. They hope the surgery makes patients to improve walking ability. This period includes self-condemned, sorry, tiresomeness, expectation, worrisomeness, anxiety and hesitance. In the suffering period, the patients experience post operation physical discomfort after the total knee replacement. They do physical exercise, including extension and straight leg raising to maintain walking ability, while they endure to wait approximately 6 months for normal walking movements and they are also unstable to environmental people's sight. This period includes postoperative pain, continuous discomfort, inability and communication difficulty to other's people. In the acceptance period, the patients consider longerity of artificial Joint and also endure mild remaining joint pain. Some of them have religions for their wellbeing of life. This period include a self-protesting policy, abandonment, self-consolation, dependence on religions. According to the result from this study I suggested these shown below. 1) After replacement surgery of knee joint, continuous investigation on outcome patient is necessary. 2) It is also necessary to analyze on patient's experiences, who are taken the replacement surgery of hip Joint. 3) Study on disease experiences of patients with rhematoid arthritis, who take drug medication and physical therapy alone without surgery, is necessary. 4) Investigation on patient's favorable folk medication may be helpful to analyze disease experience of patients with osteoarthritis.
Forage Yield and Quality Indices of Silage-Corn Following Organic and Inorganic Phosphorus Amendments in Podzol Soil under Boreal Climate

Dairy and livestock industry drives the economy and food security through sustainable supply of dairy products and meat across the globe. Dairy farm operations produce a large quantity of manure, which is a cheap and abundant plant nutrient source. However, insufficient forage production with low quality matrix are the current challenges of dairy industry in boreal climate due to extreme weather conditions. To address these challenges, a field experiment was conducted for three years to determine the effects of organic (dairy manure-based phosphorus (DMP)) and inorganic phosphorus (P) amendments on forage yield and quality indices of silage-corn cultivated in boreal climate. Experimental treatments were: (i) DMP with high P concentration (DMP1); (ii) DMP with low P concentration (DMP2) and (iii) inorganic P, also designated as control; and five silage-corn genotypes (Fusion-RR, Yukon-R, A4177G3-RIB, DKC23-17RIB, DKC26-28RIB). Results revealed that DMP1 amendment produced significantly higher forage yield compared to inorganic P, whereas non-significant effects were shown on quality indices except P mineral, available and crude protein. Yukon-R and DKC26-28RIB showed superior agronomic performance and produced significantly higher forage yield, whereas A4177G3-RIB produced lowest forage yield but exhibited superior nutritional quality; higher minerals, protein, total digestible nutrients, net energy for gain, net energy for maintenance and calculated milk production compared to other genotypes. Yukon-R not only produced higher forage, but also displayed good forage quality indices which were very close to A4177G3-RIB genotype. Therefore, we conclude that Yukon-R cultivation following DMP as organic amendment could be a sustainable production practice to attain high forage yield with optimum nutritional quality to meet the forage needs of growing dairy industry in boreal climate.
Mesocorticolimbic circuit mechanisms underlying the effects of ketamine on dopamine: a translational imaging study

Patients with schizophrenia show increased striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in imaging studies. However, the mechanism underlying this is unclear but may be due to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction and parvalbumin (PV) neuronal dysfunction leading to disinhibition of mesostriatal dopamine neurons. Here, we test this in a translational mouse imaging study using a ketamine model. Mice were treated with sub-chronic ketamine (30mg/kg) or saline followed by in-vivo positron emission tomography of striatal dopamine synthesis capacity, analogous to measures used in patients. Locomotor activity was measured using the open field test. In-vivo cell-type-specific chemogenetic approaches and pharmacological interventions were used to manipulate neuronal excitability. Immunohistochemistry and RNA sequencing were used to investigate molecular mechanisms. Sub-chronic ketamine increased striatal dopamine synthesis capacity (Cohen’s d=2.5, P<0.001) and locomotor activity. These effects were countered by inhibition of midbrain dopamine neurons, and by activation of cortical and ventral subiculum PV interneurons. Sub-chronic ketamine reduced PV expression in these neurons. Pharmacological intervention with SEP-363856, a novel psychotropic agent with agonism at trace amine receptor 1 (TAAR1), significantly reduced the ketamine-induced increase in dopamine synthesis capacity. These results show that sub-chronic ketamine treatment in mice mimics the dopaminergic alterations in patients with psychosis, and suggest an underlying neurocircuit involving PV interneuron hypofunction in frontal cortex and hippocampus as well as activation of midbrain dopamine neurons. A novel TAAR1 agonist reversed the dopaminergic alterations suggesting a therapeutic mechanism for targeting presynaptic dopamine dysfunction in patients.
Rôle de la cassiicoline dans l'interaction compatible Hevea brasiliensis / Corynespora cassiicola : vers la sélection assistée par effecteur : Biologie végétale

L'hevea (Hevea brasiliensis) est la seule source de caoutchouc naturel commercialise a travers le monde. En Afrique et en Asie, la maladie 'Corynespora Leaf Fall' (CLF), causee par le champignon necrotrophe Corynespora cassiicola, affecte les plantations heveicoles en provoquant des defoliations massives sur les clones les plus sensibles. L’evaluation precoce de la sensibilite des clones dans les programmes de selection est un enjeu majeur pour ecarter les individus les plus sensibles des programmes de developpement et ainsi reduire la pression de la maladie. Une des methodes d’evaluation envisagee consiste a tester indirectement la sensibilite des clones aux effecteurs fongiques responsables de la virulence (test toxinique). Parmi tous les effecteurs potentiels du champignon identifies in silico, seule la cassiicoline Cas1 a ete purifiee et caracterisee a ce jour. Il s’agit d’une petite glycoproteine secretee qui jouerait un role dans les phases precoces de l’infection en induisant la necrose des tissus. Les souches porteuses du gene Cas1 sont parmi les plus agressives sur les clones d'hevea testes. Neanmoins, certaines souches de C. cassiicola ne produisant pas de cassiicoline presentent tout de meme une agressivite moderee, suggerant l'implication d'autres effecteurs dans l'etablissement de la maladie CLF. Les objectifs de cette these sont (i) de determiner si la sensibilite a la cassiicoline Cas1 est un critere de selection pertinent pour identifier les clones d’hevea les plus sensibles a la maladie CLF, et (ii) d’identifier chez l’hevea des facteurs de sensibilite a la cassiicoline Cas1. Nous avons d'abord analyse l’inoculum naturel et montre que les souches porteuses du gene Cas1 representent un quart de la population de C. cassiicola dans les plantations d’hevea d’Afrique de l’Ouest, le reste etant majoritairement constitue de souches depourvues du gene codant la cassiicoline (Type A/Cas0). Nous avons ensuite cree un mutant de deletion du gene Cas1 pour la souche de reference CCP et compare sa virulence a celle de la souche sauvage. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que la cassiicoline Cas1 est bien un effecteur de necrotrophie determinant pour la virulence de C. cassiicola chez l’hevea puisque la souche deletee perd toute virulence sur les clones testes. Enfin, nous avons recherche chez l'hevea des facteurs de sensibilite a la cassiicoline Cas1 a travers deux approches. La technique de "double hybride en levures" nous a permis d'identifier une trentaine de proteines candidates qui pourraient interagir physiquement avec la toxine. Une approche transcriptomique, nous a permis d’identifier les genes d’hevea dont l’expression est modifiee suite a l’application de la cassiicoline purifiee, en comparant un clone sensible (PB260) et un clone tolerant (RRIM600). En conclusion, ces travaux ont permis de mieux comprendre les mecanismes impliques dans l'interaction compatible entre C. cassiicola et l'hevea et ouvrent la voie de la selection assistee par effecteur.
Population Structure, Stratification and Introgression of Human Structural Variation in the HGDP

Structural variants contribute substantially to genetic diversity and are important evolutionarily and medically, yet are still understudied. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of deletions, duplications, inversions and non-reference unique insertions in the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP-CEPH) panel, a high-coverage dataset of 910 samples from 54 diverse worldwide populations. We identify in total 61,801 structural variants, of which 61% are novel. Some reach high frequency and are private to continental groups or even individual populations, including a deletion in the maltase-glucoamylase gene MGAM, involved in starch digestion, in the South American Karitiana and a deletion in the Central African Mbuti in SIGLEC5, potentially increasing susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. We discover a dynamic range of copy number expansions and find cases of regionally-restricted runaway duplications, for example, 18 copies near the olfactory receptor OR7D2 in East Asia and in the clinically-relevant HCAR2 in Central Asia. We identify highly-stratified putatively introgressed variants from Neanderthals or Denisovans, some of which, like a deletion within AQR in Papuans, are almost fixed in individual populations. Finally, by de novo assembly of 25 genomes using linked-read sequencing we discover 1631 breakpoint-resolved unique insertions, in aggregate accounting for 1.9 Mb of sequence absent from the GRCh38 reference. These insertions show population structure and some reside in functional regions, illustrating the limitation of a single human reference and the need for high-quality genomes from diverse populations to fully discover and understand human genetic variation.
Acetylcholine Modulates Cerebellar Granule Cell Spiking by Regulating the Balance of Synaptic Excitation and Inhibition

Sensorimotor integration in the cerebellum is essential for refining motor output, and the first stage of this processing occurs in the granule cell layer. Recent evidence suggests that granule cell layer synaptic integration can be contextually modified, although the circuit mechanisms that could mediate such modulation remain largely unknown. Here we investigate the role of ACh in regulating granule cell layer synaptic integration in male rats and mice of both sexes. Sensorimotor integration in the cerebellum is essential for refining motor output, and the first stage of this processing occurs in the granule cell layer. Recent evidence suggests that granule cell layer synaptic integration can be contextually modified, although the circuit mechanisms that could mediate such modulation remain largely unknown. Here we investigate the role of ACh in regulating granule cell layer synaptic integration in male rats and mice of both sexes. We find that Golgi cells, interneurons that provide the sole source of inhibition to the granule cell layer, express both nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors. While acute ACh application can modestly depolarize some Golgi cells, the net effect of longer, optogenetically induced ACh release is to strongly hyperpolarize Golgi cells. Golgi cell hyperpolarization by ACh leads to a significant reduction in both tonic and evoked granule cell synaptic inhibition. ACh also reduces glutamate release from mossy fibers by acting on presynaptic muscarinic receptors. Surprisingly, despite these consistent effects on Golgi cells and mossy fibers, ACh can either increase or decrease the spike probability of granule cells as measured by noninvasive cell-attached recordings. By constructing an integrate-and-fire model of granule cell layer population activity, we find that the direction of spike rate modulation can be accounted for predominately by the initial balance of excitation and inhibition onto individual granule cells. Together, these experiments demonstrate that ACh can modulate population-level granule cell responses by altering the ratios of excitation and inhibition at the first stage of cerebellar processing. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The cerebellum plays a key role in motor control and motor learning. While it is known that behavioral context can modify motor learning, the circuit basis of such modulation has remained unclear. Here we find that a key neuromodulator, ACh, can alter the balance of excitation and inhibition at the first stage of cerebellar processing. These results suggest that ACh could play a key role in altering cerebellar learning by modifying how sensorimotor input is represented at the input layer of the cerebellum.
Multi-brooding and breeding season length in the reed warbler

The causes and consequences of multi-brooding were assessed in an intensive nest monitoring study of the Eurasian reed warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus, a species for which there is both evidence for earlier breeding and an extended season duration. Greater invertebrate availability was found to predict an increase in the probability of double brooding and to reduce the interval between broods. Given that invertebrate availability is likely to have increased as a result of warming temperatures, the relationship between invertebrate availability and double brooding supports the idea of an increased propensity to multi-brood driving extended breeding seasons. Weather conditions also influenced both the incidence of double brooding and inter-brood intervals. The relative value of nesting attempts throughout the whole breeding season was assessed which illustrated that later nesting attempts are of lower reproductive value. Assessment of the potential costs of extending the breeding season with late nesting attempts, however, revealed no evidence for any costs of extending the season for individuals. These results suggest that extending the breeding season at the individual level is a low value, low cost strategy. Relative parental investment, in the provisioning of nestlings, was considered as an additional predictor of multi-brooding, but there was no evidence of an effect. Provisioning rates also did not appear to vary substantially across the breeding season or between sexes. The potential for counting singing birds as a method for monitoring breeding season length was assessed by testing the relationship between the number of singing birds and known neststhroughout the season and a positive relationship between the number of singing birds and the number of nesting attempts in the early stage of the nesting cycle was found. Season-long censuses of singing birds may therefore offer a low intensity method for estimating breeding season length; a demographic parameter which currently is not well monitored at large spatial scales.
Genetic variation for grapevine reproductive development

Plant reproductive development has evolved to ensure reproductive success. However, in crop species, genetic variation in reproductive development has also been targeted from domestication to current breeding programs to improve the production of fruits and seeds. In grapevine, genetic variation in reproductive developmental processes such as flower induction and initiation, inflorescence and flower development, and gamete, embryo and seed development have direct implications on most production traits, including fertility, cluster weight, cluster compactness or berry weight, but also on quality traits such as skin-to-pulp ratio or seedlessness. Lack of sexual reproduction in traditional wine-grape cultivars has allowed the accumulation of mutations that affect gamete development and viability as well as embryo and seed development. Mutations that would be lost through purifying selection in natural populations can provide interesting quality traits in grapevine cultivars. In this way, genetic variation decreasing gamete viability is behind low seed number per berry, berry size and cluster compactness phenotypes, current quality goals in clonal selection for low production and loose clusters. This trait can have negative consequences, depending on environmental conditions. Complete absence of gamete viability is behind some forms of parthenocarpic development, as in the case in the origin of 'Corinto' raisins. Genetic variation impairing ovule and seed development seems to be behind stenospermocarpic seedlessness, a main quality trait in table-grape breeding. All these examples point out how understanding the processes of grapevine reproductive development and particularly the existing genetic variation for these traits can help to develop more suitable and adapted cultivars for both wine and table grape production.
Three SRAP Molecular Markers Linked to Yield Component Traits in Wheat

In order to better understand the relationship genotype-phenotype, marker-trait associations were studied in eight wheat genotypes using a set of 95 DNA-based SRAP molecular markers. SRAP analysis showed that the average of the percentage of polymorphism (P%) was 62.59%, as well as the average of polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.23. Moreover, the means of marker index (MI) was 1.49. The ME1F-EM5R and ME9F-EM3R primers combination showed higher levels of polymorphism of 88.89% and 90.91%, respectively. Single-marker analysis (SMA) indicated that ME-7F-EM-6R1250bp was probably as a candidate marker which linked to 1000-grain weight. In addition, ME-7F-EM-5R900bp and ME-4F-EM-6R490bp SRAP markers were identified for weight of grains/spike and No. of grains/spike, respectively. The cluster analysis based on SRAP and means of morphological data revealed similarity coefficient values ranged from 57.40% to 80.40% and from 90.61% to 98.81%, respectively. Similarity matrices generated by SRAP markers and means of morphological traits showed a positive but non-significant correlation (r = 0.03, P˃ 0.05).
Assessing the potential of plains zebra to maintain African horse sickness in the Western Cape Province, South Africa

African horse sickness (AHS) is a disease of equids that results in a non-tariff barrier to the trade of live equids from affected countries. AHS is endemic in South Africa except for a controlled area in the Western Cape Province (WCP) where sporadic outbreaks have occurred in the past 2 decades. There is potential that the presence of zebra populations, thought to be the natural reservoir hosts for AHS, in the WCP could maintain AHS virus circulation in the area and act as a year-round source of infection for horses. However, it remains unclear whether the epidemiology or the ecological conditions present in the WCP would enable persistent circulation of AHS in the local zebra populations. Here we developed a hybrid deterministic-stochastic vector-host compartmental model of AHS transmission in plains zebra (Equus quagga), where host populations are age- and sex-structured and for which population and AHS transmission dynamics are modulated by rainfall and temperature conditions. Using this model, we showed that populations of plains zebra present in the WCP are not sufficiently large for AHS introduction events to become endemic and that coastal populations of zebra need to be >2500 individuals for AHS to persist >2 years, even if zebras are infectious for more than 50 days. AHS cannot become endemic in the coastal population of the WCP unless the zebra population involves at least 50,000 individuals. Finally, inland populations of plains zebra in the WCP may represent a risk for AHS to persist but would require populations of at least 500 zebras or show unrealistic duration of infectiousness for AHS introduction events to become endemic. Our results provide evidence that the risk of AHS persistence from a single introduction event in a given plains zebra population in the WCP is extremely low and it is unlikely to represent a long-term source of infection for local horses.
Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase- Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates in Sudanese Hospitals: Analytical Comparative Cross Sectional Study

Extended-spectrum – beta lactamases (ESBLs) are increasingly detected globally among Escherichia coli (E.Coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae). This study was designed to determine the prevalence and antibiogram of ESBLs produced by E.coli and K.pneumoniae clinical isolates obtained from various clinical specimens through different hospitals in Khartoum state -Sudan. An analytical comparative cross-sectional study was conducted. Identification of the isolates was done by using conventional biochemical methods ESBL screening, confirmatory according to CLSI guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). Total of 368 isolates of Escherichia coli(n=216) and Klebsiella pneumonia (n=152) isolates were processed , Overall ESBL phenotype prevalence was 36.7 %, 40.1% and 34.2% of K. Pneumoniae and E. coli isolates respectively were confirmed to be ESBL phenotype. In this study, meropenem and imipenem were the most active antimicrobial agents against them. This study was indicated high prevalence of ESBL phenotype in Khartoum-state, with multidrug resistant trend, there is a need for longitudinal and nationwide surveillance as this help in tracking antibiotic resistant and regulating antibiotic policy.