Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rizatriptan for acute migraine

Reason for withdrawal from publication This review was withdrawn at the request of the Cochrane funding arbitration panel. There was no suggestion that the results of the review were mistaken, and it has been confirmed by other, subsequent, systematic reviews by other authors. The review fulfilled the criteria required by The Cochrane Collaboration at the time of submission, and the source, nature, and terms of funding were discussed openly and fully. This funding included an absolute right to publish for the authors, with no interference from the funding source. This review has now been replaced by a new published protocol: Ling R, Derry S, Moore RA, McQuay HJ, Wiffen PJ. Rizatriptan for acute migraine headaches in adults (Protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD008491. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008491. To view the published versions of this article, please click the 'Other versions' tab.
Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and the Role of Newer Antipsychotics

Schizophrenia is an illness with numerous neurobiologic features. It is hypothesized that patients may have a relative deficit of dopamine neurotransmission in the nigrostriatal and mesocortical tracts of the brain, as contrasted with an excess of dopamine neurotransmission in the mesolimbic area. The dopamine deficit may be related to the negative symptoms (blunted affect, anhedonia, asociality, inability to initiate and carry out complex tasks to completion) of schizophrenia, whereas the dopamine excess may be responsible for the positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder). Compared with healthy subjects, schizophrenic patients may also have increased levels of serotonin and decreased levels of norepinephrine in the brain. Conventional antipsychotic drugs nonselectively block dopamine D2 receptors throughout the central nervous system. This may help reduce positive symptoms, but has little or no effect on negative symptoms. Newer agents have more anatomically selective activity with respect to dopaminergic systems but are more complex with respect to their actions in other neurochemical systems, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which presumably contributes to their apparent greater therapeutic efficacy.
Iatrogenic injury in Australia

Executive Summary " … the value of history lies in the fact that we learn by it from the mistakes of others-learning from our own is a slow process ". It has long been recognised that medical care itself has the potential to cause harm. However, general acknowledgement that much iatrogenic injury may be due to preventable human error or system failure appears to have been slow in coming. Factors contributing to this late recognition include difficulties in accessing medical records (compounded by the tort system and fear of litigation), difficulties in attributing problems to healthcare management rather than disease processes, and a general reluctance to openly acknowledge and record system failures and human errors when patients have been harmed. Objective information about the relative risks and benefits of diagnostic and therapeutic options is often not available, and, where it is, ways of conveying these to patients, so that they can make properly informed decisions, are not well developed.
40th Anniversary of Introduction of Expanded Immunization Program (EPI): A Literature Review of Introduction of New Vaccines for Routine Childhood Immunization in Sub-Saharan Africa

Background & objective: The year 2014, marks an important public health anniversary. It is exactly 40 years ago that the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Expand Program Immunization (EPI). Since its launch, countries in the region of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been found to be behind regarding new vaccine introduction (NVI) such as HepB, HibCV, PCV, RotaV and HPV. These vaccines have been developed in the era post EPI establishment and are currently recommended by WHO for routinely immunization for all. The objective of this review is to give an update of the status of these new vaccines introduced for routine childhood immunization in SSA since the establishment of EPI in 1974 and to identify their challenges and opportunities.
Acceleration of raindrops formation due to tangling-clustering instability in turbulent stratified atmosphere

T. Elperin, N. Kleeorin, B. Krasovitov, M. Kulmala, M. Liberman, I. Rogachevskii, and S. Zilitinkevich The Pearlstone Center for Aeronautical Engineering Studies, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P. O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 23, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, 141700, Russia Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) PO Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland Department of Radio Physics, N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Moscow State University; Institute of Geography of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (Dated: October 27, 2018)
INCREASE PATIENT SAFETY IN INTENSIVE CARE UNITS ?

CER is the generation and synthesis of evidence that compares the benefits and harms of alternative methods to prevent, diagnose, treat and monitor a clinical condition, or to improve the delivery of care. The purpose of CER is to assist consumers, clinicians, purchasers, and policy makers to make informed decisions that will improve health care at both the individual and population levels. Ideally, CER will provide useful practice data beyond the scope of information generated by a typical 2-arm randomized intervention vs placebo study. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 contained a provision to establish the Federal Coordinating Council for Comparative Effectiveness Research and included $1.1 billion for CER. The stimulus bill signed in February 2009 directed the IOM to create a congressional prioritization list of potential areas of need for CER. One hundred highpriority topics were identified by the committee. As shown in the Table, several topics impacting critical care received a high rating, particularly health care delivery. Given the high resource use of critical care and associated high mortality within intensive care units (ICUs), critical care is positioned to make an essential contribution to nationwide CER efforts. The implications for critical care research, particularly for critical care nursing research, are significant. Using CER, critical care researchers will learn how to interpret from the more global ICU-related research structures to render information specific to ©2009 American Association of Critical-Care Nurses doi: 10.4037/ajcc2009339
Continuous-time optimal portfolio model with mean-reverting process

This paper studies a continuous-time portfolio optimization problem. It is proposed a simple but powerful approximation approach that is both accurate and computationally efficient for the terminal expectation of the investors with mean-reverting process, which is different from the existing literatures that apply the dynamic programming method. Numerical examples illustrate the computational efficiency and accuracy of our approach when compared with results from Monte Carlo (MC) simulations.
China&Apos;S Unconventional Nationwide Co2 Emissions Trading System: The Wide-Ranging Impacts of an Implicit Output Subsidy

China is planning to implement the largest CO2 emissions trading system in the world. To reduce emissions, the system will be a tradable performance standard (TPS), an emissions pricing mechanism that differs significantly from the emissions pricing instruments used in other countries, such as cap and trade (C&T) and a carbon tax. We employ matching analytically and numerically solved models to assess the cost-effectiveness and distributional impacts of China’s forthcoming TPS for achieving CO2 emissions reductions from the power sector. We find that the TPS’s implicit subsidy to electricity output has wide-ranging consequences for both cost-effectiveness and distribution. In terms of cost-effectiveness, the subsidy disadvantages the TPS relative to C&T by causing power plants to make less efficient use of output-reduction as a way of reducing emissions (indeed, it induces some generators to increase output) and by limiting the cost-reducing potential of allowance trading. In our central case simulations, TPS’s overall costs are about 47 percent higher than under C&T. At the same time, the TPS has distribution-related attractions. Through the use of multiple benchmarks (maximal emission-output ratios consistent with compliance), it can serve distributional objectives. And because it yields smaller increases in electricity prices than a comparable C&T system, it implies less international emissions leakage.
The Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati Fascicle VI – Food Technology (2016), 40(1), 58-66 ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER NUTRITIONAL CONSTITUENTS OF SOYBEAN GROWN IN NORTHEAST REGION OF CHINA

Nutritional constituents of soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) grown in the Northeast Region of China were evaluated through measuring amino acid composition, fatty acid profile and mineral content. Results showed that there were eighteen detectable amino acids in soybean samples. The fatty acid profile indicated linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid and linolenic acid as the most abundant fatty acid followed by stearic acid, lauric acid, arachidonic acid, behenic acid and gondoic acid. Mineral content analyses indicated that the most abundant mineral in soybeans was potassium, followed by calcium, iron, magnesium, sodium, zinc and manganese. The soybean cultivar “JinYou” contained higher (P<0.05) values of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, calcium and iron contents compared to “HeFeng”, “NongKe” and other cultivars previously reported.
Title: Beyond Labeled Lines: A population coding account of the Thermal Grill Illusion

Heat and pain illusions can be generated by simultaneous cold and warm stimulation on the skin, at temperatures that would normally be perceived as innocuous in isolation (e.g., ‘synthetic heat’ and the ‘thermal grill illusion’). Historically, two key questions have dominated the literature: Which specific pathway conveys the illusory perception of heat and pain? Where specifically does the illusory pain originate in the central nervous system? Two major theories – the addition and the disinhibition theories – have suggested distinct pathways, as well as specific spinal or supraspinal mechanisms. However, both theories fail to fully explain experimental findings on illusory heat and pain phenomena. We suggest that the disagreement between previous theories and experimental evidence can be solved by abandoning the assumption of one-to-one relations between pathways and perceived qualities. We argue that a population coding framework, based on distributed activity across non-nociceptive and nociceptive pathways, offers a more powerful explanation of illusory heat and pain. This framework offers new hypotheses regarding the neural mechanisms underlying temperature and pain perception.
A tableau prover for GL provability logic

A simple tableau prover using sound and complete tableau-rules for the provability logic GL was implemented in C using a priority queue for the application of rules. Two types of substitutions were tested, the first substitutes each operator but the box, negation, and disjunction, and the second converts the input to negation normal form. For some input sentences, the tableau and time become shorter after substitution, where for some others it increases exponentially. Although the program typically runs in the order of magnitude microseconds for simple tableaux, the lack of benchmark sets for GL as well as some hardware limitations make the results ungeneralisable.
Correlación del grosor de la íntima media carotidea con el perfil de lípidos y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica.

Los pacientes con enfermedad renal cronica estadio 5 en terapia de sustitucion renal tienen riesgo incrementado de eventos cardiovasculares, los cuales estan asociados a diferentes factores, dentro de los cuales el grosor de la intima media de la arteria carotida comun (GIMCC) y de la carotida interna (GIMCI), es un predictor relevante. Objetivo: Determinar la relacion entre el grosor de la intima media de las arterias carotidas con el valor de los lipidos, el estado nutricional, el metabolismo oseo y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una poblacion nacional en hemodialisis cronica. Material y metodos: Se estudiaron 50 pacientes adultos en hemodialisis (HD) cronica del Centro de Hemodialisis de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; a quienes se les determino lipidos, calcio (Ca), fosforo (P), paratohormona (PTH), proteinas totales, albumina en sangre y se midio el grosor intima media de las arterias carotidas comun e interna. Se registro informacion demografica, antropometrica, clinica, tiempo en HD y dosis de dialisis medida (Kt/V). Los datos se analizaron mediante correlacion lineal simple y analisis de regresion lineal multiple. Resultados: Se encontro correlacion significativa entre GIMCC y PTH (r=-0,426, p=0,013), entre GIMCI y PTH (r=-0,349, p=0,046), GIMCC y colesterol total (r=0,410, p=0,018) y entre el GIMCI y colesterol total (r=0,506 p=0,003). En el analisis de regresion lineal multiple el mejor modelo fue el relacionado con tabaquismo, edad y HDL colesterol (Coeficiente beta 1,216 ± 0,347 ES; p=0,002). Conclusion: Los resultados muestran que el factor mas relevante relacionado al GIMCI es el tabaquismo y en menor importancia el colesterol HDL y la edad.
Oncogenes en oftalmología. Su importancia en la interpretación de las neoplasias. Revisión del tema

SUMMARY Oncogene is a protein system related to the mechanism of production of cancer produced by virus infections or suppressed genes inactivation. They are related with the inhibitors mechanisms of the apoptosis and they behave as dominant or recessive trait. They constitute a complex system that includes the membrane receptors and their enzymatic systems. In ophthalmology important examples of such tumors are retinoblastoma, neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, Von Hippel Lindau disease, Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, familiar melanoma syndrome and Cowden syndrome.
Estimating Radiation Dose Metrics for Patients Undergoing Tube Current Modulation CT Scans

Computed tomography (CT) has long been a powerful tool in the diagnosis of disease, identification of tumors and guidance of interventional procedures. With CT examinations comes the concern of radiation exposure and the associated risks. In order to properly understand those risks on a patient-specific level, organ dose must be quantified for each CT scan. Some of the most widely used organ dose estimates are derived from fixed tube current (FTC) scans of a standard sized idealized patient model. However, in current clinical practice, patient size varies from neonates weighing just a few kg to morbidly obese patients weighing over 200 kg, and nearly all CT exams are performed with tube current modulation (TCM), a scanning technique that adjusts scanner output according to changes in patient attenuation. Methods to account for TCM in CT organ dose estimates have been previously demonstrated, but these methods are limited in scope and/or restricted to idealized TCM profiles that are not based on physical observations and not scanner specific (e.g. don’t account for tube limits, scanner-specific effects, etc.). The goal of this work was to develop methods to estimate organ doses to patients undergoing CT scans that take into account both the patient size as well as the effects of TCM. This work started with the development and validation of methods to estimate scanner-specific TCM schemes for any voxelized patient model. An approach was developed to generate estimated TCM schemes that match actual TCM schemes that would have been acquired on the scanner for any patient model. Using this approach, TCM schemes were then generated for a variety of body CT protocols for a set of reference voxelized phantoms for which TCM information does not currently exist. These are whole body patient models representing a variety of sizes, ages and genders that have all radiosensitive organs identified. TCM schemes for these models facilitated Monte Carlo-based estimates of fully-, partially- and indirectly-irradiated organ dose from TCM CT exams. By accounting for the effects of patient size in the organ dose estimates, a comprehensive set of patient-specific dose estimates from TCM CT exams was developed. These patient-specific organ dose estimates from TCM CT exams will provide a more complete understanding of the dose impact and risks associated with modern body CT scanning protocols.
Asymptomatic bacteriuria among secondary school students in Benin City, Nigeria

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) is common, with varying prevalence by age and gender, amongst other factors. AB is more likely to develop to symptomatic urinary tract infection, thus, necessitating periodic review. This study aims to determine the prevalence of AB among secondary school students in Benin City. Etiologic agents and bacterial susceptibility will also be determined. Clean-catch mid-stream urine was obtained from 315 apparently healthy secondary school students in Benin City. The subjects consists of 158 (81 males and 77 females) Junior Secondary School (JSS) and 157 (84 males and 73 females) Senior Secondary School (SSS) students. The urine specimens were processed to diagnose AB. Significant emergent colonies were identified and disc susceptibility tests performed on bacterial isolates using standard techniques. The prevalence of AB was significantly (P = 0.039) higher in SSS students compared to JSS students (SSS versus JSS: 11.57 versus 5.06%). Generally as well as among JSS and SSS students, the prevalence of AB did not differ significantly by gender (P > 0.05). Staphylococcus aureus were the predominant isolates causing AB. Among JSS students, S. aureus predominated while among SSS students E. coli was the most prevalent. In terms of gender, S. aureus was the most prevalent in males in both JSS and SSS as well as in female JSS students, while E. coli was the predominant etiologic agent among female SSS students. Nitrofurantion and pefloxacin was the most active antibacterial agent. In conclusion, an overall prevalence of 8.25% of AB was observed and measures to reduce AB among secondary school students were advocated.
HFE Hemochromatosis gene frequency in the population of Jeddah city – Saudi Arabia

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), a common autosomal recessive disease, is characterized by increased iron absorption leading to progressive iron accumulation in internal organs which ultimately leads to organ failure and death. It is the most common genetic disorder occurring in individuals of northern European descent. The defective gene in the majority of cases, HFE, was identified in 1996. The objective of this study was to determine the frequencies of the HFE gene mutations (C282Y and H63D) in DNA samples of 500 healthy Saudi individuals. We used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify exon 2 and 4 of the HFE gene and then the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method to detect the mutations. The results revealed that the mutations in the normal Saudi population of Jeddah city have frequencies of 0.0%, 14% for C282Y and H63D respectively. This suggests that in Saudi, HFE hemochromatosis is attributed solely to the H63D mutation. Given that in a Caucasian population hereditary hemochromatosis is mostly related to the C282Y mutation, it is possible that the findings for the Saudi population are due to geographical differences between the populations, since the C282Y mutation is also absent in the population of Africa, Asia and South America while the wide spread H63D frequency in Saudi is equivalent to the frequency in countries like Ireland, New Zealand, France, USA, Italy and Mexico. It is thus recommended to carry out more elaborate studies on the genotype/phenotype of hemochromatosis in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Middle East.
Pharmacists Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards Written Prescription in Dispensing and Substitution of Drugs in Riyadh

Background: This study was aimed to investigate the knowledge, perception and attitude of community pharmacists towards written prescription in drug dispensing and substitution at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Patients & Methods : A qualitative methodology was adopted. Snowball sampling technique was used to identify community pharmacists. Riyadh city was divided into five sectors, which were further subdivided into two sub-regions. Ultimately, the 10 sub-regions were covered by 10 research assistance randomly. Results : The demographic characteristics of the current study showed that majority of Pharmacists were having bachelor degree and having experience of over 10 years. Ninety-two percent (n = 373) of the pharmacists enquired about the symptoms of disease and less than 60% asked about drug allergy while dispensing the drug. Only 35.8% and 45.7% respectively educated the patients about the drug side effects and drug interactions. The patients request (57.6%) and the pharmacist's long experience (51.1%) represented the most common factors that guided the pharmacists to prescribe the drugs to patients without any written prescriptions. About 53% (n = 216) of the pharmacists advised the patients to consult the physicians before prescribing the drugs requested by them. Conclusion : Patients request and pharmacists experiences are the most important factors in determining the dispensing of drugs. The dispensing of medications at pharmacies should be more tightly regulated to ensure quality for the patient. All prescriptions should be examined for accuracy, completeness and correctness by dispensing pharmacists.
CMT1A and T2DM versus CMT1A Alone: A Retrospective Comparison of Nerve Conduction Values and Terminal Latency Index

Objective: To investigate the effects of concurrent Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A (CMT1A) and type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on median nerve conduction parameters and terminal latency index. Design: Retrospective Chart Review Setting: The Neuromuscular Disease Clinic at McMaster University Medical Centre. Participants: From 80 cases of CMT1A identified in a database, 8 had concurrent T2DM, and of which 7 were analyzed for this study. One patient did not have nerve conduction parameters and was therefore excluded. A total of 20 age-matched CMT1A patients without T2DM were used for controls. Main Outcome Measures: Median nerve conduction parameters including CMAP amplitude, conduction velocity and terminal motor latency were compared between our two groups. A median terminal latency index value was also calculated for all patients and compared between groups. Results: Patients with CMT1A and T2DM had significantly lower CMAP amplitudes (5.24±0.76 mV vs. 2.60±1.01, p<0.037). Conduction velocity, terminal motor latency, and terminal latency index were similar Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that the presence of T2DM in CMT1A patients is associated with reduced CMAP amplitudes with no effect on terminal latency index.