Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-speed MALDI MS/MS imaging mass spectrometry using continuous raster sampling.

A matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight/time of flight tandem mass spectrometer (MALDI TOF/TOF) has been used for high-speed precursor/fragment ion transition image acquisition. High-throughput analysis is facilitated by an Nd:YLF solid state laser capable of pulse repetition rates up to 5 kHz, a high digitizer acquisition rate (up to 50 pixels/s), and continuous laser raster sampling. MS/MS experiments are enabled through the use of a precision timed ion selector, second source acceleration, and a dedicated collision cell. Continuous raster sampling is shown here to facilitate rapid MS/MS ion image acquisition from thin tissue sections for the drug rifampicin and for a common kidney lipid, SM4s(d18:1/24:1). The ability to confirm the structural identity of an analyte as part of the MS/MS imaging experiment is an essential part of the analysis. Additionally, the increase in sensitivity and specificity afforded by an MS/MS approach is highly advantageous, especially when interrogating complex chemical environments such as those in biological tissues. Herein, we report continuous laser raster sampling TOF/TOF imaging methodologies which demonstrate 8 to 14-fold increases in throughput compared with existing MS/MS instrumentation, an important advantage when imaging large areas on tissues.
How Low Is Too Low, Revisited: Sentence Repetition and AVLT-Recognition in the Detection of Malingering

Sentence Repetition (SR) and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test-Recognition Task (AVLT-R) scores of 5 groups of examinees (severe traumatic brain injury [TBI], mild TBI nonlitigants, normal controls, mild TBI litigants, and actors) were compared with the intent of determining cutoffs for the detection of malingering. Cutoff scores were set below the minimum of the severe TBI group, resulting in a specificity of 100% for both tests. At this level of specificity, the AVLT-R detected 10 of the 20 known actors (50% sensitivity), whereas SR correctly identified 14 of the 20 actors (70% sensitivity). Among litigants with mild injury, 12.24% were identified by the AVLT-R and 6.12% by SR as malingerers. These findings are similar to those found utilizing a variety of other common neuropsychological instruments. Employing commonly used neuropsychological tests as measures of motivation is both practical and clinically useful.
The Economics of Allocation in Tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs)

The paper reviews existing allocation mechanisms in the five tuna regional fisheries management organizatins and shows that although they have adopted different approaches all have failed to prevent overcapacity and, or some stocks, overexploitation. As an alternative, it is proposed that each tuna regional fishing management organization establish total allowable catches by species and area, and then allocate non-transferable and permanent country shares (as a proportion of the total harvest) to member countries. Each country would be free to use or sell its annual allocation of fish that would be determined by the permanent country shares, but the sales could only be to fellow member countries. A two-tier allocation to countries of permanenet shares of a total allowable catch, and then annual harvest allocations to vessels of member countries, offers the promise of mitigating, and possibly overcoming, the twin problems of overcapacity and overexploitation in the highly migratory and high seas tuna fisheries.
Formation of equivalence sets in pigeons

Pigeons were reinforced for responding to a set of 20 out of 40 photographic slides, all 40 of which contained trees. The 40 slides were seen twice each day, in a different random order each time. After several sessions, the reinforcement contingencies were reversed: Previously positive slides were made negative, and previously negative slides, positive. After several more sessions, contingencies were again reversed, and so on throughout the experiment. Early in training, rho (the probability of ranking a positive over a negative) was less than . 5 for the first 40 slides in the sessions in which the contingencies were reversed, indicating that the birds were continuing to respond approximately as they had in the previous session. Later in the experiment, rho for reversal sessions climbed above . 5, indicating that with exposure to the reversed contingency for just the initial slides in the first session of reversal, the birds then responded correctly to most of the rest of the slides. The birds had learned arbitrary stimulus equivalences, so that the reversed reinforcement contingencies for slides at the beginning of a session predicted reversed contingencies for the other slides in the respective sets.
In Vitro Biliary Clearance of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers and 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors in Sandwich-Cultured Rat Hepatocytes: Comparison with in Vivo Biliary Clearance

Previous reports have indicated that in vitro biliary clearance (Clbiliary) determined in sandwich-cultured hepatocytes correlates well with in vivo Clbiliary for limited sets of compounds. This study was designed to estimate the in vitro Clbiliary in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRHs) of angiotensin II receptor blockers and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that undergo limited metabolism, to compare the estimated Clbiliary values with published in vivo Clbiliary data in rats, and to characterize the mechanism(s) of basolateral uptake and canalicular excretion of these drugs in rats. The average biliary excretion index (BEI) and in vitro Clbiliary values of olmesartan, valsartan, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and pitavastatin were 15, 19, 43, 45, and 20%, respectively, and 1.7, 3.2, 4.4, 46.1, and 34.6 ml/min/kg, respectively. Clbiliary predicted from SCRHs, accounting for plasma unbound fraction, correlated with reported in vivo Clbiliary for these drugs. The rank order of Clbiliary values predicted from SCRHs was consistent with in vivo Clbiliary values. Bromosulfophthalein inhibited the uptake of all drugs. BEI and Clbiliary values of olmesartan, valsartan, pravastatin, and rosuvastatin, known multidrug resistance-associated protein (Mrp) 2 substrates, were reduced in SCRHs from Mrp2-deficient (TR-) compared with wild-type (WT) rats. Although Mrp2 plays a minor role in pitavastatin biliary excretion, pitavastatin BEI and Clbiliary were reduced in TR- compared with WT SCRHs; Bcrp expression in SCRHs from TR- rats was decreased. In conclusion, in vitro Clbiliary determined in SCRHs can be used to estimate and compare in vivo Clbiliary of compounds in rats and to characterize transport proteins responsible for their hepatic uptake and excretion.
On the Use of Slot Harmonics as a Potential Indicator of Rotor Bar Breakage in the Induction Machine

This paper sheds light on the additional harmonic components arising from broken bars fault in the stator line current of an induction machine, which are generalized and analyzed in a different manner than of those given in the literature. Special attention is focused on the effect of both motor slots and rotor dissymmetry on the mechanism of the generation of the different harmonic components with consideration of the unbalance voltage supply and speed ripples effects. Aside from the well-known diagnosis signatures, new ones show up. The simulation and experimental results confirm the aforementioned study.
Antisocial Behavior on the Web: Characterization and Detection

Web platforms enable unprecedented speed and ease in transmission of knowledge, and allow users to communicate and shape opinions. However, the safety, usability and reliability of these platforms are compromised by the prevalence of online antisocial behavior, for e.g. 40% of users have experienced online harassment. This is present in the form of antisocial users, such as trolls, sockpuppets and vandals, and misinformation, such as hoaxes, rumors and fraudulent reviews. This tutorial presents the state-of-the-art research spanning two aspects of antisocial behavior: characterization of their behavioral properties, and development of algorithms for identifying and predicting them. The tutorial first discusses antisocial users --- trolls, sockpuppets and vandals. We present the causes, community effects, and linguistic, social and temporal characteristics of trolls. Then we discuss the types of sockpuppets, i.e. multiple accounts of the same user, and their behavioral characteristics in Wikipedia and online discussion forums. Vandals make destructive edits on Wikipedia and we discuss the properties of vandals and vandalism edits. In each case, detection and prediction algorithms of the antisocial user are also discussed. The second part of the tutorial discusses about misinformation --- hoaxes, rumors and fraudulent reviews. We present the characteristics and impact of hoaxes on Wikipedia, followed by the spread and evolution of rumors on social media. Then, we discuss the algorithms to identify fake reviews and reviewers from their characteristics, and the camouflage and coordination among sophisticated fraudsters. Again, in each case, we present the detection algorithms, using textual, temporal, sentiment, network structure and rating patterns. Finally, the tutorial concludes with future research avenues.
α2B-Adrenergic Receptor Activates MAPK via a Pathway Involving Arachidonic Acid Metabolism, Matrix Metalloproteinases, and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Transactivation*

We have investigated the mechanisms whereby α2B-adrenergic receptor (α2B-AR) promotes MAPK activation in a clone of the renal tubular cell line, LLC-PK1, transfected with the rat nonglycosylated α2-AR gene. Treatment of LLC-PK1-α2Bwith UK14304 or dexmedetomidine caused arachidonic acid (AA) release and ERK2 phosphorylation. AA release was abolished by prior treatment of the cells with pertussis toxin, quinacrine, or methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate but not by the addition of the MEK inhibitor U0126. The effects of α2-agonists on MAPK phosphorylation were mimicked by cell exposure to exogenous AA. On the other hand, quinacrine abolished the effects of UK14304, but not of AA, suggesting that AA released through PLA2 is responsible for MAPK activation by α2B-AR. The effects of α2-agonists or AA were PKC-independent and were attenuated by indomethacin and nordihydroguaiaretic acid. Treatment with batimastat, CRM 197, or tyrphostin AG1478 suppressed MAPK phosphorylation promoted by α2-agonist or AA. Furthermore, conditioned culture medium from UK14304-treated LLC-PK1-α2B induced MAPK phosphorylation in wild-type LLC-PK1. Based on these data, we propose a model whereby activation of MAPK by α2B-AR is mediated through stimulation of PLA2, AA release, generation of AA derivatives, activation of matrix metalloproteinases, release of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor, transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor, and recruitment of Shc. Whether this pathway is particular to α2B-AR and LLC-PK1 or whether it can be extended to other cell types and/or other G-protein-coupled receptors remains to be established.
Growth Differentiation Factor 9 Regulates Expression of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Antagonist Gremlin*

Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) is an oocyte-expressed member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily and is required for normal ovarian follicle development and female fertility. GDF9 acts as a paracrine factor and affects granulosa cell physiology. Only a few genes regulated by GDF9 are known. Our microarray analysis has identified gremlin as one of the genes up-regulated by GDF9 in cultures of granulosa cells. Gremlin is a known member of the DAN family of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists, but its expression and function in the ovary are unknown. We have investigated the regulation of gremlin in mouse granulosa cells by GDF9 as well as other members of the TGF-β superfamily. GDF9 and BMP4 induce gremlin, but TGF-β does not. In addition, in cultures of granulosa cells, gremlin negatively regulates BMP4 signaling but not GDF9 activity. The expression of gremlin in the ovary was also examined by in situ hybridization. A distinct change in gremlin mRNA compartmentalization occurs during follicle development and ovulation, indicating a highly regulated expression pattern during folliculogenesis. We propose that gremlin modulates the cross-talk between GDF9 and BMP signaling that is necessary during follicle development because both ligands use components of the same signaling pathway.
Diagnosing and managing carpal tunnel syndrome in primary care.

#### Clinical Question How can carpal tunnel syndrome be diagnosed and managed in a primary care setting? Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a symptomatic compression neuropathy of the median nerve at the level of the wrist; characterised by hand pain, numbness, and tingling in the distribution of the median nerve (thumb, index, middle finger, and the radial side of the ring finger) and a reduction in grip strength and hand function. The severity of symptoms can be clinically categorised into mild, moderate, and severe. A figure of 55–65% of CTS cases present bilaterally1 and the condition can be associated with conditions such as hypothyroidism, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. CTS may present in late pregnancy but is usually transient. A study from the UK General Practice Research Database in 2000, calculated the incidence in males to be 88 per 100 000 and in females to be 193 per 100 000, with new presentations being most frequent at ages 45–54 years in females and 75–84 years in males.2 CTS is a recognised work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD) caused by strain and repeated movements (biomechanical overload) and is hence more common in manual workers. Work absence and associated healthcare costs contribute to a significant socioeconomic burden on the UK economy.3 Consultations …
A 40 nm Fully Integrated 82 mW Stereo Headphone Module for Mobile Applications

An 82 mW fully integrated stereo ground-referenced headphone module is designed in 40 nm CMOS. Lower platform cost is enabled by integrating the headphone module on the same SoC as the baseband functions. Maintaining device reliability with direct battery hook-up and providing large output swing are major challenges for this work, and several techniques were employed to guarantee safe operation for all of the devices under various conditions. Area reduction techniques were utilized to reduce the die cost and achieve lower platform cost. The module supports direct battery hookup with a battery range from 3.1 to 4.5 V and achieves a minimum low frequency, i.e., 217 Hz, PSRR of 110 dB at the lowest battery voltage. Audio quality is preserved by achieving a dynamic range of 100 dB, THD+N of -84 dB at 10 mW output power, and 160 μV pop-and-click noise level during power-up and power-down. The module occupies an area of 0.675 mm 2 on the SoC.
Therapeutic strategies for advanced neuroendocrine carcinomas of jejunum/ileum and pancreatic origin

Multimodal treatment options for advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NET) of jejunum/ileum and of pancreatic origin are reviewed. Current topics being discussed are: European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society 2006/7, American Joint Cancer Committee/Union Internationale Contre le Cancer 2009 and WHO 2010 recommendations for grading and staging of NET; surgery of the primary tumour in distant metastasised disease; surgery of metastatic liver disease and impact on survival; somatostatin analogues for symptom control and for tumour control; selective internal radiation therapy with 90Y-microspheres as novel local ablative therapy in liver metastases; peptide receptor radionuclide therapy; novel chemotherapy regimens (eg, temozolomide) and novel targeted therapies (eg, sunitinib and everolimus).
Phase I study of tricyclic nucleoside phosphate using a five-day continuous infusion schedule.

A Phase I trial of tricyclic nucleoside phosphate (1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene-3-amino-1, 5-dihydro-5-methyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl 5'-phosphate ester; NSC 280594) was conducted using a 5-day continuous infusion schedule. Thirty-seven patients with advanced cancer were entered on the study, of whom 33 patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. Dose levels ranged from 10 mg/sq m/day X 5 days to 40 mg/sq m/day X 5 days. Initially, courses were repeated every 3 to 4 weeks. As cumulative toxicity became manifested, the interval between courses was changed to every 6 weeks. Major toxicities included hyperglycemia, hepatotoxicity, and thrombocytopenia. Patients with a prior history of diabetes mellitus, extensive radiation therapy, or significant liver metastases were prone to severe toxicity. Other toxicities noted were nausea and vomiting, abdominal discomfort, anemia, and reduction in serum calcium, phosphorus, and albumin levels. Rare side effects included hypertriglyceridemia, hyperamylasemia, diarrhea, and stomatitis. Antitumor activity observed include improvement in s.c. metastases in a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma, stabilization of disease in a patient with mesothelioma, and mixed responses in three patients (colon cancer, sarcoma, and tonsillar squamous cell cancer). Recommended schedule for Phase II studies is 20 mg/sq m/day for 5 days every 6 weeks.
Document image analysis with OCRopus

Document image analysis is the field of converting paper documents into an editable electronic representation by performing optical character recognition (OCR). In recent years, there has been a tremendous amount of progress in the development of open source OCR systems. OCRopus is one of the leading open source document analysis system with a modular and pluggable architecture. This paper presents an overview of different steps involved in a document image analysis system and illustrates them with examples from OCRopus.
Japanese couples' childbirth experiences in Michigan: implications for care.

BACKGROUND Subtle cultural differences in the childbirth experience for expatriate Japanese couples living in southeast Michigan can sometimes cause conflicts between them and American health caregivers. The purpose of this study was to examine Japanese couples' perceptions and experiences of prenatal care and childbirth in a region of the United States, and to explore the implications for providing culturally competent care. METHODS In this qualitative study, in-depth interviews of 11 Japanese couples (n = 22) were conducted at an outpatient primary care clinic in southeast Michigan by a team of researchers fluent in the Japanese language and knowledgeable about the culture. Participants also completed a short questionnaire. RESULTS The major themes that emerged comprised perceptions related to a language barrier, ultrasonography, prenatal vitamin supplementation, episiotomy, epidural anesthesia, and practitioner-patient relationship. Throughout these six themes it was evident that Japanese health care professionals had difficulty accepting health care that was different from the care provided in their home country. CONCLUSION The most striking finding of this study was the difficulty for health caregivers to provide culturally competent care. Although the program has strongly invested in health professionals and support staff who were fluent in Japanese and knowledgeable about Japanese culture, conflicts still occurred.
Survival and function in patients with tumours of the head and neck operated on and reconstructed with free flaps

From 1983 to 2003, 131 patients were operated on in the head and neck region with 139 free flaps. They were operated on using a team approach of ear, nose, and throat surgeons and plastic surgeons, and sometimes maxillofacial surgeons. The tumours were squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) 104 (80%), salivary gland cancer 13 (10%), sarcoma 5 (4%), basal cell carcinoma 4 (3%), and others 4 (3%). The staging of the primary intraoral SCC tumours (n=79) was 42% in stage II, 28% in stage III, and 30% in stage IV. The survival of patients with primary oral SCC was compared with a previously treated previous series that gave an increase in tumour–related five-year survival from 48% to 58%. Most flaps were radial forearm flaps (73%). Fifteen percent were vascularised bone transfers. A questionnaire was sent to patients who had had oral/oropharyngeal tumours to measure function and satisfaction, to which 47/49 responded. The results including ability to chew and swallow; speech was good, with a median score of 0.78 (range 1–0).
Developmental changes of protein kinase C and Gs alpha in hypertrophic cardiomyopathic hamster hearts.

Protein kinase C (PKC) and GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) are known to be major determinants in the modulation of cardiac function. In this study, we examined the developmental changes of PKC and the alpha-subunit of the stimulatory guanosine triphosphate binding protein (Gs alpha) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster (BIO 14.6) hearts, before the onset of hypertrophy (30 days old) and at the peak of hypertrophy (6 months old) and compared these with age-matched control hamster (BIO RB) hearts. At 30 days, cardiac PKC activity was similar between BIO 14.6 and BIO RB both in the membrane (117.1 +/- 9.9 pmol/min/mg vs 131.2 +/- 12.7 pmol/min/mg in controls, n = 8) and in the cytosolic fractions (213.1 +/- 22.0 pmol/min/mg vs 186.6 +/- 23.9 pmol/min/mg in controls, n = 9). At 6 months, PKC activity was significantly higher in BIO 14.6 than in controls, both in the cardiac membrane (131.9 +/- 7.1 pmol/min/mg vs 40.7 +/- 4.7 pmol/min/mg in controls, n = 8, p < 0.00001) and cytosol (77.9 +/- 2.1 pmol/min/mg vs 54.6 +/- 3.3 pmol/min/mg in controls, n = 6, p < 0.0005). In BIO RB hearts, membrane and cytosolic PKC activities were significantly reduced at 6 months compared with those at 30 days of age (p < 0.001). However, the membrane PKC activity in 6-month-old BIO 14.6 was maintained at the level of the 30-day-old hearts. On the other hand, the relative immunoreactive amounts of Gs alpha were similar between BIO RB and BIO 14.6 hearts at 30 days and at 6 months of age. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Inactivation mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria in several matrixes during the composting process in a composting toilet

This study aimed to compare the inactivation rate and the mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria in three matrixes (sawdust, rice husk and charcoal) during the composting process. The inactivation rate was evaluated with Escherichia coli strain and the damaged parts and/or functions were evaluated with three different media. Normalized inactivation rate constant in three media and from three matrixes had no significant difference in each process (pure, 1 month and 2 months). The value in rice husk was relatively increased during 2 months but there was no significant difference. The inactivation rate constants of Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) and Compact Dry E. coli/Coliform in pure sawdust and rice husk were relatively lower than that of Desoxycholate Agar, but increased in 2 months. This indicated that damaging part was changed from outer membrane to enzymes and metabolisms during the 2-month composting process. In the case of charcoal, only the TSA value in a pure matrix was relatively lower than that of others, but it increased in 2 months. This indicated that damaging part was changed from outer membrane and enzyme to metabolisms during the composting process. Composting matrix and composting process did not significantly affect inactivation rate of pathogenic bacteria during the process but affected the damaging part of the bacteria.