Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Method for estimating fault injection time on cryptographic devices from EM leakage

The existing intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) fault injection method based on continuous sinusoidal wave has a difficulty in injecting faults at a specific operation or time. This means that the obtained faulty outputs do not always satisfy a specific condition (e.g., time or number of error bytes) for performing fault analysis such as differential fault analysis (DFA). This paper presents a method for estimating the timing of fault occurrences caused by the above IEMI-based method, which make it possible to examine if an obtained faulty output is available for fault analysis. The idea of this method is to observe side-channel information such as EM leakage and estimate fault injection time from the detection of a characteristic change in the obtained waveform. To validate this method, we performed an IEMI fault injection experiment on actual cryptographic hardware (a side-channel attack standard evaluation board). From the obtained faulty encryption outputs and waveforms, we confirm that the fault injection time estimated by back-calculation of faulty outputs corresponded to that obtained by waveform analysis. We also demonstrate the validity of several non-invasive observation techniques for obtaining waveforms.
Taximin, a conserved plant-specific peptide is involved in the modulation of plant-specialized metabolism.

Small peptides play important roles in the signalling cascades that steer plant growth, development and defence, and often crosstalk with hormonal signalling. Thereby, they also modulate metabolism, including the production of bioactive molecules that are of high interest for human applications. Yew species (Taxus spp.) produce diterpenes such as the powerful anticancer agent paclitaxel, the biosynthesis of which can be stimulated by the hormone jasmonate, both in whole plants and cell suspension cultures. Here, we identified Taximin, as a gene encoding a hitherto unreported, plant-specific, small, cysteine-rich signalling peptide, through a transcriptome survey of jasmonate-elicited T. baccata suspension cells grown in two-media cultures. Taximin expression increased in a coordinated manner with that of paclitaxel biosynthesis genes. Tagged Taximin peptides were shown to enter the secretory system and localize to the plasma membrane. In agreement with this, the exogenous application of synthetic Taximin peptide variants could transiently modulate the biosynthesis of taxanes in T. baccata cell suspension cultures. Importantly, the Taximin peptide is widely conserved in the higher plant kingdom with a high degree of sequence conservation. Accordingly, Taximin overexpression could stimulate the production of nicotinic alkaloids in Nicotiana tabacum hairy root cultures in a synergistic manner with jasmonates. In contrast, no pronounced effects of Taximin overexpression on the specialized metabolism in Medicago truncatula roots were observed. This study increases our understanding of the regulation of Taxus diterpene biosynthesis in particular and plant metabolism in general. Ultimately, Taximin might increase the practical potential of metabolic engineering of medicinal plants.
Object-oriented programming in dependent type theory

We introduce basic concepts from object-oriented programm ing into dependent type theory based on the idea of modelling objects as interactive programs. We consider methods, interfaces, and the interactio n between a fixed number of objects, including self-referential method calls. W e introduce a monad like syntax for developing objects in dependent type theory.
THEMED SECTION: ENDOTHELIUM IN PHARMACOLOGY RESEARCH PAPER A role for nitroxyl (HNO) as an endothelium-derived relaxing and hyperpolarizing factor in resistance arteries

Background and purpose: Nitroxyl (HNO) is emerging as an important regulator of vascular tone as it is potentially produced endogenously and dilates conduit and resistance arteries. This study investigates the contribution of endogenous HNO to endothelium-dependent relaxation and hyperpolarization in resistance arteries. Experimental approach: Rat and mouse mesenteric arteries were mounted in small vessel myographs for isometric force and smooth muscle membrane potential recording. Key results: Vasorelaxation to the HNO donor, Angeli’s salt, was attenuated in both species by the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (ODQ, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one), the voltage-dependent K+ channel inhibitor, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and the HNO scavenger, L-cysteine. In mouse mesenteric arteries, nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition (with L-NAME, Nw-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) markedly attenuated acetylcholine (ACh)-mediated relaxation. Scavenging the uncharged form of NO (NO•) with hydroxocobalamin (HXC) or HNO with L-cysteine, or 4-AP decreased the sensitivity to ACh, and a combination of HXC and L-cysteine reduced ACh-mediated relaxation, as did L-NAME alone. ACh-induced hyperpolarizations were significantly attenuated by 4-AP alone and in combination with L-NAME. In rat mesenteric arteries, blocking the effects of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) (charybdotoxin and apamin) decreased ACh-mediated relaxation 10-fold and unmasked a NO-dependent component, mediated equally by HNO and NO•, as HXC and L-cysteine in combination now abolished vasorelaxation to ACh. Furthermore, ACh-evoked hyperpolarizations, resistant to EDHF inhibition, were virtually abolished by 4-AP. Conclusions and implications: The factors contributing to vasorelaxation in mouse and rat mesenteric arteries are NO• = HNO > EDHF and EDHF > HNO = NO• respectively. This study identified HNO as an endothelium-derived relaxing and hyperpolarizing factor in resistance vessels. British Journal of Pharmacology (2009) 157, 540–550; doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009. 00150.x; published online 26 March 2009
Redundancy in Feature Extraction

Given two random variables X and Y, a definition is offered that gives a condition for Y to be redundant with respect to X. It is shown that if such redundancy exists, then observations on Y, i.e., pattern vector elements related to Y, can be eliminated without increasing the classification error. A test for redundancy is developed and applied to the problem of preprocessing pattern vectors to eliminate redundant vector elements.
Engineering a Monolignol 4-O-Methyltransferase with High Selectivity for the Condensed Lignin Precursor Coniferyl Alcohol*

Background: Guaiacyl lignin dominates the polymer's condensation, therefore, negatively affecting plant cell wall's digestibility. Results: A promiscuous O-methyltransferase was incrementally evolved to constrain its substrate specificity to guaiacyl lignin precursors. Conclusion: The enzyme with nine amino acid substitutions is functionally specialized for selectively methylating the condensed lignin precursors. Significance: The obtained enzyme is a candidate for specifically altering lignin structure to improve plant cell wall digestibility. Lignin, a rigid biopolymer in plant cell walls, is derived from the oxidative polymerization of three monolignols. The composition of monolignol monomers dictates the degree of lignin condensation, reactivity, and thus the degradability of plant cell walls. Guaiacyl lignin is regarded as the condensed structural unit. Polymerization of lignin is initiated through the deprotonation of the para-hydroxyl group of monolignols. Therefore, preferentially modifying the para-hydroxyl of a specific monolignol to deprive its dehydrogenation propensity would disturb the formation of particular lignin subunits. Here, we test the hypothesis that specific remodeling the active site of a monolignol 4-O-methyltransferase would create an enzyme that specifically methylates the condensed guaiacyl lignin precursor coniferyl alcohol. Combining crystal structural information with combinatorial active site saturation mutagenesis and starting with the engineered promiscuous enzyme, MOMT5 (T133L/E165I/F175I/F166W/H169F), we incrementally remodeled its substrate binding pocket by the addition of four substitutions, i.e. M26H, S30R, V33S, and T319M, yielding a mutant enzyme capable of discriminately etherifying the para-hydroxyl of coniferyl alcohol even in the presence of excess sinapyl alcohol. The engineered enzyme variant has a substantially reduced substrate binding pocket that imposes a clear steric hindrance thereby excluding bulkier lignin precursors. The resulting enzyme variant represents an excellent candidate for modulating lignin composition and/or structure in planta.
Gallbladder pressure, compliance, and hysteresis during cyclic volume change.

The gallbladder has both storage and contractile properties, but is pressure-volume characteristics have not been fully described. We studied gallbladder pressure, compliance, stress relaxation, and the work performed during infusion-withdrawal of fixed volumes of bile at increments of base-line volume under halothane anesthesia in 13 dogs. Two cannulae were inserted in the gallbladder fundus: one for cyclic infusion-withdrawal of bile, and one for pressure monitoring. Following ligation of the cystic duct, the gallbladder was fully aspirated and then filled to successive predetermined base-line volumes (15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 mL). At each base-line volume, 5 mL of bile was infused and withdrawn at 2.47 mL/min. Studies were performed under basal conditions and with cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK) infusion (10 or 30 ng.kg-1.h-1iv). Pressure was measured at base-line, after infusion, and after withdrawal. Compliance during infusion (delta V/delta P) was calculated for each cycle. Stress relaxation was defined as the difference between base-line pressure and any reduction in pressure after withdrawal. Hysteresis, the difference between work of infusion and work of withdrawal, was calculated. The results were such that base-line, end-infusion, and end-withdrawal pressures; work of infusion, work of withdrawal, and hysteresis; and stress relaxation all increased significantly with increases in the predetermined base-line volumes (p less than 0.001). Compliance decreased significantly (p less than 0.001) with increasing base-line volume. CCK at 10 ng.kg-1.h-1iv had no effect, but infusion of CCK at 30 ng.kg-1.h-1 significantly (p less than 0.05) increased pressure and work, decreased compliance, and increased stress relaxation compared with controls. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Near Fatal Asthma in an Inner City Population

Near-fatal asthma (NFA) is highly prevalent in inner city population. Patients who present with NFA require timely intervention, which necessitates knowledge of appropriate associated risk factors. The purpose of the study was to look and identify the salient features of an asthma exacerbation that are more likely to be associated with NFA in inner city population. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who were discharged from the hospital with a diagnosis of acute asthma exacerbation. Two hundred eighteen patients were included in the study. Patients who required intubation during the course of their hospitalization were defined as NFA and the rest were defined as non–near-fatal asthma (NNFA). Multiple patient parameters were compared between the 2 groups; 60 patients met the definition of NFA. There was no difference between NFA and NNFA groups with respect to sex, race, and history of smoking and asthma treatment modalities before presentation. NFA was seen more commonly in heroin (40% vs. 25.9%; P < 0.05) and cocaine users (28.3% vs. 16.5%; P < 0.05). A history of exacerbation requiring intensive care unit (ICU) care was more common among the NFA patients (55% vs. 40.5%; P = 0.05). A history of intubation for an exacerbation was more commonly seen in patients presenting with NFA (51.7% vs. 35.4%; P < 0.05). The NNFA group was more likely to have a primary care physician and to be discharged home (65.6% vs. 51.7%, P < 0.05; and 71.7 vs. 79.1%, P < 0.05). In a multi-logistic regression model, including age, sex, race, heroin and cocaine use, history of intubation and ICU admission, medications, use of noninvasive ventilation, primary care physician, and pH <7.35, PCO2 >45 mm Hg, and FiO2 >40% on initial blood gas, NFA was predicted only by PaCO2 >45 [odds ratio (OR = 6.7; P < 0.001)] and FiO2 >40% (OR = 3.5; P = 0.002). Use of noninvasive ventilation was a negative predictor of NFA (OR = 0.2; P < 0.001). Asthmatic patients who carry a history of intubation with mechanical ventilation for an asthma exacerbation, admissions to the ICU, or those who indulge in recreational drugs like cocaine or heroin should be closely monitored for clinical deterioration.
A new and novel method for computing an upper bound on the distance of an approximate zero from an exact zero of a univariate polynomial

In this paper, we develop a simple and novel method for determining a sharp upper bound on the distance of a given approximate zero from an exact zero of a univariate polynomial. The computed bounds are scalable in the sense that we can compute sharper error bounds for better given approximations of zeros. We analyse the convergence of our method. We use requisite high precision computations for computing our bounds correctly and robustly.
The effect of carbon nanoparticles on biological properties of polyester nanocomposites

The aim of present study was to determine the hemocompatibility, cellular response of endothelial cells and bacterial adhesion to a new polyester nanocomposite. The carbon nanoparticle nanocomposite was prepared via in situ polymerization of monomers to obtain material of hardness 55 Sh D similar to polyurethanes used in medical applications, for example, in heart-assisting devices. The carbon nanoparticle-containing polyester exhibits markedly reduced bacterial colonization, as compared to commercially available polyurethanes. Further the nanocomposite possesses markedly improved hemocompatibility, as determined by flow cytometry, and robust endothelialization. Possible explanations for these beneficial properties include surface nanoroughness of carbon nanoparticle-containing nanocomposites and presence of fatty acid sequences within polymer structure.
O ACOMPANHAMENTO DE EGRESSOS DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO STRICTO SENSU COMO AÇÃO ESTRATÉGICA NAS UNIVERSIDADES

No cerne das universidades, consideradas organizações complexas devido a sua multiplicidade de objetivos, alta especialização e baixo grau de coordenação, o acompanhamento de egressos de pós-graduação faz-se necessário no plano da gestão, como uma estratégia universitária. Nessa perspectiva, este ensaio visa discutir o acompanhamento de egressos de pós-graduação stricto sensu como ação estratégica nas universidades. Ressaltase que o intuito deste acompanhamento de egressos consiste na obtenção de subsídios teóricos que permitam avaliar o impacto do curso de pós-graduação na prática profissional e acadêmica de ex-alunos, bem como potencializar a formação destes. Por fim, emergiu da teorização proposta a influência que a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) exerce na realização dessa estratégia, ao tornar a organização universitária um ambiente com características gerenciais não próprias deste tipo de instituição.
Augmentation of sympathetic venoconstriction by angiotensin II in human dorsal hand veins.

The constriction produced by a single deep breath was measured simultaneously in two adjacent hand veins in normal subjects. One vein was infused with saline or angiotensin II; the other acted as a control. A dose of angiotensin II (1 pmol/min) that did produce venous constriction directly significantly augmented the constriction caused by deep breath in eight subjects (P less than .01). In a further six subjects the same dose had no effect on venoconstriction caused by infused noradrenaline. We conclude that angiotensin II causes venoconstriction indirectly by augmenting sympathetically mediated responses, possibly by a presynaptic mechanism.
Knowledge-Based Image Understanding Systems: A Survey

The development of software that would be to image understanding systems what expert system shells are to expert systems has been the subject of considerable enquiry over the last ten years: this paper reviews pertinent publications and tries to present a coherent view of the field. After a survey of the advantages of explicit knowledge representation in image understanding, we tackle the subject under two main headings. We first expose the nature of the knowledge that the various authors have represented for image understanding. To this effect, we have elaborated a knowledge taxonomy consisting of seven modules, ranging in specificity from task domain knowledge to generic knowledge about the use of software systems. We then examine how researchers have represented these various kinds of knowledge. Most of the representations known to artificial intelligence were pressed into service, and a discussion of their relative merits is presented.
Exact BER analysis of bandlimited BPSK with EGC and SC diversity in cochannel interference and Nakagami fading

Equal gain and selection combining for bandlimited binary phase-shift keying systems in Nakagami fading with cochannel interference are considered. Spectrum raised-cosine and Beaulieu-Tan-Damen pulse shapes are employed. Average bit error rates are derived for arbitrary orders of diversity and fading parameters. The computational complexity of the solution does not grow with the diversity order. Slow flat fading, asynchronous timing and independent fading gains are assumed.
Helions at energies of 10 MeV to 1 TeV: conversion coefficients for fluence-to-absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective dose and gray equivalent, calculated using Monte Carlo radiation transport code MCNPX 2.7.C.

Conversion coefficients were calculated for fluence-to-absorbed dose, fluence-to-equivalent dose, fluence-to-effective dose and fluence-to-gray equivalent, for isotropic exposure of an adult male and an adult female to helions ((3)He(2+)) in the energy range of 10 MeV to 1 TeV (0.01-1000 GeV). Calculations were performed using Monte Carlo transport code MCNPX 2.7. C and BodyBuilder™ 1.3 anthropomorphic phantoms modified to allow calculation of effective dose using tissues and tissue weighting factors from either the 1990 or 2007 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), and gray equivalent to selected tissues as recommended by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. At 15 of the 19 energies for which coefficients for effective dose were calculated, coefficients based on ICRP 2007 and 1990 recommendations differed by less than 2%. The greatest difference, 62%, occurred at 100 MeV.
Tetrakis(benzylamino)phosphonium chloride

The title salt, [P(NHCH2C6H5)4]+·Cl−, crystallizes with the P atom and Cl− anion lying on a twofold rotation axis. The P atom has a slightly distorted tetrahedral geometry with two classes of N—P—N angles [101.15 (10) and 100.55 (11)° and 113.07 (9) and 114.83 (8)°] and the environments of sp 2-hybridized N atoms are essentially planar (sum of angles = 359.9 and 360.1°). In the crystal, the phosphonium ion interacts with each neighboring chloride ion via two approximately equal N—H⋯Cl interactions, forming parallel chains along the c axis.
On the range space of Yano's extrapolation theorem and new extrapolation estimates at infinity

Given a sublinear operator T satisfying that ! Tf! Lp(ν) ≤ C p−1 ! f! Lp(µ), for every 1 0 ! ∞ 1/r λν T f (y) dy 1 + log+ r ! " M |f(x)|(1 + log+ |f(x)|) dµ(x). This estimate implies that T : L log L → B, where B is a rearrangement invariant space. The purpose of this note is to give several characterizations of the space B and study its associate space. This last information allows us to formulate an extrapolation result of Zygmund type for linear operators satisfying ! Tf! Lp(ν) ≤ Cp! f! Lp(µ), for every p ≥ p0.
Carcinoma arising in choledochocele.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Choledochocele has a potential for carcinogenesis, but no report has described malignant changes of the choledochocele in relation to pancreaticobiliary reflux because its anatomic form does not fit the criteria of pancreaticobiliary malunion (PBM). The aims of this study were to analyze the amylase level in bile in patients with choledochocele and to clarify whether the presence of a choledochocele predisposed to carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Records of 2826 patients who had undergone endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography between 1995 and 1999 were reviewed for the presence of choledochocele and/or periampullary carcinoma. As an evidence of pancreaticobiliary reflux, amylase activity was examined in common duct bile obtained at surgery or by endoscopy. The prevalence of periampullary carcinoma was compared between patients with and without choledochocele. RESULTS A total of 11 patients were diagnosed as having a choledochocele. The amylase level in bile was higher in patients with choledochocele (120,922 +/- 62,269 IU/l; n = 4) than in previously examined patients with functioning gallbladders (15 +/- 24 IU/l; n = 10, P = 0.005). The prevalence of periampullary carcinoma in patients with choledochocele (27%, 3/11) was significantly higher than that in those without choledochocele (0.9%, 26/2815; P<0.0002). CONCLUSION The bile analysis of the present study presents one possible explanation for the predisposition to carcinoma in choledochocele as bile containing amylase may stagnate in the choledochocele and then carcinoma may develop in the inner epithelium of the choledochocele by the same mechanism as that leading to carcinogenesis in patients with PBM.
Targeted enrichment strategies for next-generation plant biology.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY The dramatic advances offered by modern DNA sequencers continue to redefine the limits of what can be accomplished in comparative plant biology. Even with recent achievements, however, plant genomes present obstacles that can make it difficult to execute large-scale population and phylogenetic studies on next-generation sequencing platforms. Factors like large genome size, extensive variation in the proportion of organellar DNA in total DNA, polyploidy, and gene number/redundancy contribute to these challenges, and they demand flexible targeted enrichment strategies to achieve the desired goals. METHODS In this article, we summarize the many available targeted enrichment strategies that can be used to target partial-to-complete organellar genomes, as well as known and anonymous nuclear targets. These methods fall under four categories: PCR-based enrichment, hybridization-based enrichment, restriction enzyme-based enrichment, and enrichment of expressed gene sequences. KEY RESULTS Examples of plant-specific applications exist for nearly all methods described. While some methods are well established (e.g., transcriptome sequencing), other promising methods are in their infancy (hybridization enrichment). A direct comparison of methods shows that PCR-based enrichment may be a reasonable strategy for accessing small genomic targets (e.g., ≤50 kbp), but that hybridization and transcriptome sequencing scale more efficiently if larger targets are desired. CONCLUSIONS While the benefits of targeted sequencing are greatest in plants with large genomes, nearly all comparative projects can benefit from the improved throughput offered by targeted multiplex DNA sequencing, particularly as the amount of data produced from a single instrument approaches a trillion bases per run.