Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
El crecimiento económico en una región atrasada, Jaén, 1850-1930

El objeto de la tesis es el estudio de los factores que conformaron el modelo de crecimiento economico que caracterizo la provincia de Jaen, en el transito de una sociedad agraria, de caracter preindustrial, a otra industrializada, de caracter capitalista. Los factores contemplados en este analisis, recursos humanos, sector agrario, sector industrial y de servicios, son considerados en funcion de su aportacion al crecimiento economico, resaltando el papel jugado por el empresariado, tanto autoctono, como de otras regiones de Espana o de Europa, asi como el capital y las empresas que lo encauzaron. En sus conclusiones generales se pone de manifiesto que: bien por una extrema dependencia del capital y el empresariado exterior, bien por la conformacion del sector hegemonico de su economia, el agroalimentario, la provincia se fue descolgando, a lo largo del periodo estudiado, de la trayectoria marcada por el crecimiento medio de la economia espanola.
A Verbal Planning Impairment in Adult ADHD Indexed by Script Generation Tasks

Objective: Though juvenile and adult ADHD cases are well known to have a nonverbal planning impairment, a verbal-planning impairment has been demonstrated only in juvenile ADHD. The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether a verbal planning impairment also characterizes adult ADHD. Methods: A cohort of 30 adult ADHD clients of a university psychological clinic are compared to 30 age-, education-, gender-, and IQ-matched persons recruited from the general population who did not have ADHD. The dependent measure is a set of 6 paper/pencil 10-item script generation tasks. Results: The findings reveal that the ADHD cohort was significantly impaired on the script task and the script task correlated significantly with severity of ADHD (CAARS index + WURS), whereas several neuropsychological measures of executive function (Stroop, COWA, Rey’s Complex Figure, D2, CVLT, CPT-II) did not. Findings further showed that the script measure was weakly correlated with the other established neuropsychological measures of executive function (r < .46, shared variance of less than 21%). Conclusions: On the basis of the study findings, it is concluded that verbal planning measured with script generation tasks is distinctly impaired in clinically referred adult ADHD.
Role of Pentoxifylline in Preventing Radiation Damage to Epiphyseal Growth Plate Chondrocytes

Abstract Pateder, D. B. , Sheu, T. J., O'Keefe, R. J., Puzas, J. E. , Schwarz, E. M. , Constine, L. S. , Okunieff, P. and Rosier, R. N. Role of Pentoxifylline in Preventing Radiation Damage to Epiphyseal Growth Plate Chondrocytes. Radiat. Res. 157, 62–68 (2002). Radiation therapy plays an important role as part of multimodality treatment for a number of childhood malignancies. The damaging effects of radiation on bone formation in children have been well documented. Recent work suggests that the postirradiation increase in cytosolic calcium is probably responsible for the deleterious effects of radiation on growth plate chondrocytes because it causes a specific suppression of the mitogen PTHrP. Using an in vitro model of avian growth plate chondrocytes, this study demonstrates that pentoxifylline is effective in increasing basal PTHrP mRNA levels and partially preventing the radiation-induced decrease in PTHrP mRNA. This effect of pentoxifylline is probably due to its ability to lower basal levels of cytosolic calcium and the radiation-induced increase in cytosolic calcium in chondrocytes. Pentoxifylline also prevented the radiation-induced decreases in [3H]thymidine uptake and BCL2 and PTHrP receptor mRNA levels in chondrocytes. The effects of pentoxifylline appear to be specific for the PTHrP signaling pathway because it did not alter basal TGFB mRNA levels or TGFB mRNA expression in irradiated chondrocytes. The results of the current study suggest that by decreasing basal cytosolic calcium levels and curtailing the radiation-induced increase in cytosolic calcium levels in chondrocytes, pentoxifylline is able to sustain PTHrP signaling in chondrocytes and maintains the proliferative signal that is necessary to prevent chondrocytes from undergoing apoptosis.
Intraspecific phylogeography of Carchesium polypinum (Peritrichia, Ciliophora) from China, inferred from 18S-ITS1-5.8S ribosomal DNA

Based on the variation of site 34, 46, 241, 305 and 322 in the 18S-ITS1 rDNA sequence, 19 Carchesium polypinum populations collected from eight provinces of China were separated into northern and southern population along the delineation between the Yangtze River and the Pearl River. This geographic distribution pattern of Carchesium polypinum maybe results from two factors: the vicariance resulting from the formation of the delineation between the Pearl River and the Yangtze River accompanied with the uplift of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, and the different dispersal paths of C. polypinum affected by the climate.
Thermoelectric effects in graphene nanostructures

The thermoelectric properties of graphene and graphene nanostructures have recently attracted significant attention from the physics and engineering communities. In fundamental physics, the analysis of Seebeck and Nernst effects is very useful in elucidating some details of the electronic band structure of graphene that cannot be probed by conductance measurements alone, due in particular to the ambipolar nature of this gapless material. For applications in thermoelectric energy conversion, graphene has two major disadvantages. It is gapless, which leads to a small Seebeck coefficient due to the opposite contributions of electrons and holes, and it is an excellent thermal conductor. The thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of a two-dimensional (2D) graphene sheet is thus very limited. However, many works have demonstrated recently that appropriate nanostructuring and bandgap engineering of graphene can concomitantly strongly reduce the lattice thermal conductance and enhance the Seebeck coefficient without dramatically degrading the electronic conductance. Hence, in various graphene nanostructures, ZT has been predicted to be high enough to make them attractive for energy conversion. In this article, we review the main results obtained experimentally and theoretically on the thermoelectric properties of graphene and its nanostructures, emphasizing the physical effects that govern these properties. Beyond pure graphene structures, we discuss also the thermoelectric properties of some hybrid graphene structures, as graphane, layered carbon allotropes such as graphynes and graphdiynes, and graphene/hexagonal boron nitride heterostructures which offer new opportunities. Finally, we briefly review the recent activities on other atomically thin 2D semiconductors with finite bandgap, i.e. dichalcogenides and phosphorene, which have attracted great attention for various kinds of applications, including thermoelectrics.
Loss evaluation of an AC-AC direct converter with a new GaN HEMT SPICE model

Wide-band-gap semiconductors, such as gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon carbide (SiC), are expected to be used as materials for new switching devices with low loss and high switching speed. The authors have recently developed a GaN-based high-electron-mobility-transistor (HEMT) for application to power electronics. In this paper we present models of a GaN-based transistor and Schottky barrier diode (SBD) for a simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE). The results of the SPICE simulation show that the static and dynamic characteristics of GaN-based devices are precisely simulated by the SPICE models. The application of a GaN-based device to a single-phase AC-AC direct converter results in a reduction of power loss of over 30% compared with a silicon-based one.
Failure to confirm major objective antitumor activity for streptozocin and doxorubicin in the treatment of patients with advanced islet cell carcinoma

The combination regimen of streptozocin plus doxorubicin is the current standard chemotherapeutic treatment of symptomatic or progressing metastatic islet cell carcinoma. This regimen previously has been reported to have a major objective response rate of 69% in a randomized cooperative group trial. However, the authors believed that this favorable response rate was not consistent with their institutional experience at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC).
Prenatal formation of cortical input and development of cytoarchitectonic compartments in the neostriatum of the rhesus monkey

The timing, hemispheric laterality, and mode of termination of input from the prefrontal association cortex to the neostriatum were studied in fetal and neonatal rhesus monkeys using autoradiography for tracing connections. In addition, the cytological maturation of the neostriatum was examined in Nissl-stained sections from the same and other monkeys of selected prenatal and postnatal ages. A small contingent of corticostriatal axons reaches both the caudate nucleus and the putamen by the 69th embryonic day (E69) of the 165-day gestation period in this species and steadily expands over the next 3 fetal months. Throughout this period, ipsilateral perfrontostriatal connections predominate, and only a small and variable amount of label is detectable over the contralateral neostriatum. A major feature of the developing corticostriatal projection is a transfiguration in the distribution of its terminals: from E69 to E95, cortical terminals are distributed uniformly among neostriatal neurons; beginning around E105, areas of higher and lower grain density begin to emerge until finally, by E133, 250- to 500-micrometers-wide circular and elliptically shaped label- free cores perforate a field of densely labeled cortical terminals as in the neostriatum of the adult monkey (Goldman, P. S., and W. J. H. Nauta (1977) J. Comp. Neurol. 171: 369–386). The cytoarchitectonic composition of the neostriatum also changes during gestation: from E69 through E95, the small postmitotic neurons of the immature neostriatum are packed densely and, for the most part, are distributed homogeneously; by E105, they become segregated into cellular islands consisting of densely packed neurons that are encapsulated by fiber- rich annuli and embedded in a matrix of less densely arrayed neurons. The shape and size of the islands in Nissl-stained sections correspond to label-free cores in autoradiograms of fetuses with cortical injections, while the surrounding annuli and adjacent matrix cells correspond to areas of dense accumulation of label. Thus, the formation of the corticostriatal projection in primates involves a transformation in the distribution of ingrowing terminals synchronized with changes in cellular organization of the neostriatum.
Injury risks associated with tackling in rugby union

Objective To examine factors associated with tackles in rugby union and to assess their impact on the risk of injury. Design Two-season (2003/2004 and 2005/2006) prospective cohort design with video analysis. Setting 13 English Premiership clubs. Participants 645 players. Main outcome measure RR (95% CI) calculated by comparing the frequency of occurrence of risk factors in a cohort of players injured during tackles with their frequency of occurrence in tackles in general play. Risk factors Playing position; player’s speed, impact force, head position, head/neck flexion and body region struck in the tackle; sequence, direction and type of tackle; and location and type of injury. Results High-speed going into the tackle, high impact force, collisions and contact with a player’s head/neck were identified as significant (p<0.01) risk factors for ball carriers (BCs) and tacklers. Midfield backs were significantly (p<0.01) more prone to injury when tackling than other players. Relatively few tacklers were penalised by referees for collision tackles (general play: 2.0%; injured players: 3.3%) and tackles above the line of the shoulder (general play: 5.9%; injured players: 16.7%). Conclusions Advice in national and international injury prevention programmes for reducing the risk of injury in tackles is strongly supported by the results obtained from this study. These programmes should be reviewed, however, to provide specific advice for each type of tackle. Stricter implementation of the Laws of Rugby relating to collisions and tackles above the line of the shoulder may reduce the number of head/neck injuries sustained by BCs.
Evaluation of intraoperative radiation therapy for unresectable pancreatic cancer with FDG PET.

UNLABELLED This investigation was undertaken to evaluate 18F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET in monitoring patients after intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) for unresectable pancreatic cancer and to compare its usefulness with CT. METHODS FDG PET was performed in 12 consecutive unresectable ductal adenocarcinoma patients before (n = 12) and after IORT (0.7-11.9 mo, n = 14). In the follow-up period, FDG PET results after IORT were divided into three groups: early (0-2.0 mo after IORT, n = 7), intermediate (2.1-4.0 mo, n = 5) and delayed period (4.1 mo or later, n = 2). FDG uptake at 60 min after injection of 185 MBq FDG under fasting conditions was analyzed with standardized uptake value (SUV). Three parameters, the highest SUV in the tumor, the area of tumor showing SUV of more than 2.0 and the average SUV in the tumor area were calculated. Ratios of each parameter after IORT to that before IORT were defined as residual uptake ratio (RUR)-1, -2 and -3, respectively. Tumor regression after IORT was evaluated with CT as tumor size ratio (TSR) every 2 mo. RESULTS Results of RUR-1 and -3 were consistent with tumor size measured by CT. They decreased in 10 patients with partial response and increased in 2 patients with no change, although these 2 patients had abscesses. RUR-3 decreased consistently as 0.65+/-0.33 in 2 mo, 0.51+/-0.39 in 4 mo and 0.24 in 4 mo or later after IORT, respectively. RUR-1 decreased in early period, but demonstrated no change through the remaining periods. There were discrepancies between the results of RUR-2 and those of the other RURs. CT results revealed a slow decrease in tumor size, because TSR was 0.91 +/-0.10, 0.76+/-0.11 and 0.70+/-0.18 in 2, 4 and 6 mo after IORT, respectively. RUR-3 was smaller than TSR at 2 mo (P < 0.05) and 4 mo (P = 0.056). These results indicate that the measurement of the average SUV in the tumor area with FDG PET could evaluate the local response of pancreatic cancer after IORT earlier and more markedly than with CT. CONCLUSION FDG PET was useful in monitoring patients after IORT, because the decrease of metabolism in pancreatic tumor could be detected earlier than the decrease in tumor size.
Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists Supplementation is Associated with Arterial Stiffness: Insight from a Retrospective Study in 116 Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Background. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), a non-invasive waveform analysis, is a useful tool for the vascular evaluation of arterial stiffness. Increased baPWV values have been found increased in patients with arterial stiffness. The aim of this study was to investigate retrospectively the association between arterial stiffness and the common medications used in peritoneal dialysis patients. Methods. In all, 116 peritoneal dialysis patients (35 males and 81 females) received peritoneal dialysis for more than four months. Patients who had dialysis-related peritonitis or other infection within six months prior to this study, inflammation disease, fasting serum sugar ≥126 mg/dL, and/or use of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin injections were excluded. The medications that were enrolled in our study were calcium-containing phosphate binders, vitamin-B complex, folic acid, and antihypertensive medications. baPWV was determined using an automated, non-invasive, waveform analysis device. Results. In a step-wise multiple linear regression analysis, baPWV correlated independently with systolic blood pressure (t = 8.4, p < 0.001) and age (t = 5.5, p < 0.001), and inversely correlated with body mass index (t = −3.19, p = 0.002) and the use of angiotensin II receptor antagonists (t = −2.35, p = 0.021). Conclusion. In this retrospective study of peritoneal dialysis patients, we found that angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) in peritoneal dialysis patients may be an independent factor for arterial stiffness. Hence, we suggest that compared with other antihypertensive drugs, ARBs may be a good choice for lowering arterial stiffness in PD patients. However, further studies on the optimal treatment of arterial stiffness in peritoneal dialysis patients are warranted.
A novel animal model of acquired human temporal lobe epilepsy based on the simultaneous administration of kainic acid and lorazepam

Kainic acid (KA) is a potent glutamate analog that is used to induce neurodegeneration and model temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in rodents. KA reliably induces severe, prolonged seizures, that is, convulsive status epilepticus (cSE), which is typically fatal without pharmacologic intervention. Although the use of KA to model human epilepsy has proven unquestionably valuable for >30 years, significant variability and mortality continue to confound results. These issues are probably the consequence of cSE, an all‐or‐nothing response that is inherently capricious and uncontrollable. The relevance of cSE to the human condition is dubious, however, as most patients with epilepsy never experienced it. We sought to develop a simple, KA‐based animal model of TLE that avoids cSE and its confounds.
Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) signalling in cancer: rapidly emerging signalling landscape

Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐mediated signalling has emerged as one of the most extensively and deeply studied biological mechanism reported to be involved in regulation of growth and survival of different cell types. However, overwhelmingly increasing scientific evidence is also emphasizing on dysregulation of spatio‐temporally controlled PDGF‐induced signalling as a basis for cancer development. We partition this multi‐component review into recently developing understanding of dysregulation PDGF signalling in different cancers, how PDGF receptors are quantitatively controlled by microRNAs. Moreover, we also summarize most recent advancements in therapeutic targeting of PDGFR as evidenced by preclinical studies. Better understanding of the PDGF‐induced intracellular signalling in different cancers will be helpful in catalysing the transition from a segmented view of cancer biology to a conceptual continuum.
A dual-band planar monopole antenna for 2.4 GHz ISM and UWB applications

This paper describes a simple modified planar monopole antenna able to cover the 2.4 GHz ISM band as well as the band required for FCC's UWB regulation. The proposed design is based on the well-known semi-circular planar monopole and in order to minimize the return loss in the two bands, the structure is composed of two simple radiating elements, each being efficient in its targeted band. Simulation results in terms of return loss, directivity, radiation pattern and surface current distribution show that the proposed compact modified circular monopole satisfies the requirements of short-range communication antenna in the two bands of interest.
Prevention of murine graft-versus-host disease and bone marrow alloengraftment across the major histocompatibility barrier after donor graft preincubation with anti-LFA1 immunotoxin.

We have investigated the effects of the in vitro depletion of LFA1 positive cytolytic T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and monocytes on the afferent phase of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Lethal GVHD was induced across the murine major histocompatibility complex by injecting C57BL/6 (H-2b) bone marrow (BM) cells (a source of stem cells) and splenocytes (S) (a source of T cells) into lethally irradiated B10.BR (H-2k) recipients. Because anti-LFA1 does not bind complement (C') effectively, we conjugated anti-LFA1 alpha chain monoclonal antibody (MoAb) to ricin toxin A chain (RTA) as a means of facilitating target cell elimination. A 2-hour preincubation of C57BL/6 bone marrow/spleen (BMS) with anti-LFA1-RTA in the presence of ammonium chloride (a potentiator of immunotoxin toxicity), but not a control immunotoxin (IT), reduced CTL activity by greater than 2 logs, significantly reduced NK cell activity, and prevented B10.BR mice from developing GVHD. Depletion of target cells by toxin-labeled-MoAb and not the blockade of the LFA1 molecule by the anti-LFA1 MoAb accounted for our results, because incubating cells with IT in the absence of a potentiator had no effect on GVHD prevention. In contrast, C57BL/6 recipients of C3H BMS grafts only partially benefited from anti-LFA1-RTA preincubation, demonstrating that in this system, different cells not expressing LFA1 were involved in GVHD generation. The same findings observed with anti-LFA1-RTA preincubation were observed with preincubation with L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester, a chemical compound eliminating cytolytic cells, providing further support that GVHD induction in the C3H/HeJ into C57BL/6 system is not entirely mediated by classical cytolytic T cells. We next tested anti-LFA1-RTA in a model devised to measure its effect on alloengraftment (B10.BR recipients given lower doses of irradiation). Anti-LFA1-RTA BM preincubation selectively reduced alloengraftment in the model. This observation, combined with experiments showing that LFA1-RTA preincubation, but not anti-Thy 1.2 + C' or control IT preincubation, reduced colony-forming unit-spleen formation, indicates that anti-LFA1 alpha chain IT may remove accessory cells or stem cells critical to engraftment. Still, anti-LFA1-RTA may be useful for clinical GVHD prevention when combined with positive selection techniques designed to enrich for stem cells.
The Fair Resource Allocation Problem with Submodular Constraints

The problem of allocating a limited resource to relevant activities in a fair manner on the basis of a certain general objective function has recently been considered by N. Katoh, T. Ibaraki, and H. Mine. We generalize Katoh, Ibaraki, and Mine's problem to the one with a feasible region expressed by a submodular function and give an efficient solution algorithm. The proposed algorithm is of the same complexity as and simpler than Katoh, Ibaraki, and Mine's when specialized to their problem.
Do physicians provide counseling with HIV and STD testing at physician offices or hospital outpatient departments?

Objectives: To estimate the frequency of HIV/sexually transmitted disease (STD) counseling among patients tested for HIV or STD infection at physician offices and hospital outpatient departments and to describe the factors associated with HIV/STD counseling in private settings in the USA. Design: Cross-sectional study of patients served by physicians in private settings in the USA. Methods: We analyzed 1997–1998 data from two representative national surveys of ambulatory care visits in private settings by persons aged 18–64 years. Results: During 1997–1998, 12.7 million ambulatory care visits included HIV or STD testing. HIV/STD counseling was documented in 35% of all visits and in 28% of visits by pregnant women at the time HIV or STD tests were done. Counseling was less common when only HIV tests (21%) or STD tests (37%) alone were carried out than when both HIV and STD tests (50%) were performed. Counseling was more common (65%) if the patient's reason for visit was related to HIV, STD, or genitourinary complaints than if the visit was for other reasons. Conclusions: Private physicians often counseled about HIV/STD when testing patients with symptoms. The proportion of other visits in which counseling accompanied HIV or STD tests was variable. This suggests the need for a better understanding of the reasons why clinicians in private settings decide whether to counsel patients about HIV and STD when they order testing, barriers to offering counseling, and interventions to increase counseling when appropriate.