Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extreme robustness of scaling in sample space reducing processes explains Zipf’s law in diffusion on directed networks

It has been shown recently that a specific class of path-dependent stochastic processes, which reduce their sample space as they unfold, lead to exact scaling laws in frequency and rank distributions. Such sample space reducing processes offer an alternative new mechanism to understand the emergence of scaling in countless processes. The corresponding power law exponents were shown to be related to noise levels in the process. Here we show that the emergence of scaling is not limited to the simplest SSRPs, but holds for a huge domain of stochastic processes that are characterised by non-uniform prior distributions. We demonstrate mathematically that in the absence of noise the scaling exponents converge to −1 (Zipf’s law) for almost all prior distributions. As a consequence it becomes possible to fully understand targeted diffusion on weighted directed networks and its associated scaling laws in node visit distributions. The presence of cycles can be properly interpreted as playing the same role as noise in SSRPs and, accordingly, determine the scaling exponents. The result that Zipf’s law emerges as a generic feature of diffusion on networks, regardless of its details, and that the exponent of visiting times is related to the amount of cycles in a network could be relevant for a series of applications in traffic-, transport- and supply chain management.
Interaction between serotonin and morphine in the guinea-pig ileum.

Inhibition of the electrically induced contractions of the guinea-pig ileum has been shown to be a reliable index of the relative potency of various narcotic analgesics. This property suggests that this preparation might be useful in attempts to elucidate the mechanism by which morphine induces analgesia in the central nervous system. In light of the inhibitory effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the ileum and its interactions with morphine in other tissues, the effect of 5-HT on the inhibitory response of the ileum to morphine was studied. Concentrations of 5-HT ranging from 2 x 10-8 to 2 x 10-7 M can potentiate the inhibitory effects of morphine, and vice versa; small concentrations of morphine (10-5 M) can potentiate the inhibitory response to 5-HT. Both of these effects can be abolished by washing. This potentiation is also observed with both nalorphine and methadone and seems to be due to a specific interaction between 5-HT and narcotic analgesics. Similar concentrations of 5-HT have no effect on the inhibition produced by norepinephrine, and norepinephrine itself has no effect on the inhibition produced by morphine. Lysergic acid diethylamide (0.1 µg/ml) can antagonize the inhibitory effects of 5-HT but can also produce a marked potentiation of the response to morphine. The above suggests that 5-HT may play an essential role in the mechanism by which morphine induces analgesia in the central nervous system.
Epidemiology of uterine leiomyomata.

Given that uterine leiomyomata are the primary indication for 200,000 to 300,000 hysterectomies performed each year among women in the United States of reproductive age—and most likely responsible for an equal or larger annual number of women with uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, and other symptoms—these tumors represent a major public health problem. Epidemiologic research has the potential to identify modifiable risk factors and/or etiologic mechanisms that lead to the development of safe and effective preventive agents that eventually may represent avenues to countering the excess morbidity caused by uterine leiomyomata. This review begins with an overview of the methodologic challenges to conducting successful epidemiologic research on uterine leiomyomata. The basic demographic features of the frequency of diagnosis of these tumors are outlined and a more detailed summary of current knowledge of risk factors is provided. The review then assesses the epidemiologic data in the context of deriving conclusions about uterine leiomyomata causes and preventive approaches and concludes with recommendations for future research.
Regional disparities in the incidence of elevated blood pressure among young adults: the CARDIA study.

BACKGROUND Within the United States, little is known about regional disparities in blood pressure (BP), their changes over time, or explanations for their existence. METHODS AND RESULTS A population-based cohort of 5115 black and white men and women, 18 to 30 years old in 1985-1986 (balanced on age, race, sex, and education), was followed up for 7 years in four centers: Birmingham, Ala; Chicago, Ill; Minneapolis, Minn; and Oakland, Calif. Differences in elevated BP (EBP) prevalence among centers at years 0, 2, 5, and 7 and in 7-year incidence of EBP were assessed. Sociodemographic and dietary variables, physical activity, weight, smoking, and alcohol were considered. At year 0, no regional differences were seen. Seven years later, there was marked variability in prevalence of EBP overall and for both black and white men, from a low in Chicago (9% for black men and 5% for white men) to a high in Birmingham (25% for black men and 14% for white men). Birmingham also had the highest 7-year incidence (11%) and overall prevalence at year 7 (14%). The adjusted odds ratios, with Birmingham as referent (95% CIs), for 7-year incidence of EBP overall were 0.38 (0.24, 0.60) for Chicago, 0.37 (0.24, 0.57) for Minneapolis, and 0.74 (0.52, 1.07) for Oakland. CONCLUSIONS Regional disparities are absent at baseline but become apparent as the cohort ages. These differences are not fully explained by the available behavioral and sociodemographic characteristics.
A rule-based methodology and assessment for context-aware privacy

High resolution surveillance systems are essential for security. However, these powerful tools have been misused by several CCTV operators. The governments and civil society are attempting to strike a balance between safety and privacy. Privacy filters can be used to help protect part of an image which included Personally Identifiable Information (PH). This paper presents a novel approach to improve the privacy protection in the CCTV displays. Our method uses context cues to determine the required privacy filtering level for each person in the image. We also present a systematic methodology to handle the context cues. We use a rules engine to generalise and facilitate the customisation of this system that by design should be specialized for operation in a given environment. In addition, we present a case study as a proof-of-concept whereby we have created an environment providing with high levels of privacy protection whilst allowing the required level of surveillance monitoring.
Jumble Java Byte Code to Measure the Effectiveness of Unit Tests

Jumble is a byte code level mutation testing tool for Java which inter-operates with JUnit. It has been designed to operate in an industrial setting with large projects. Heuristics have been included to speed the checking of mutations, for example, noting which test fails for each mutation and running this first in subsequent mutation checks. Significant effort has been put into ensuring that it can test code which uses custom class loading and reflection. This requires careful attention to class path handling and coexistence with foreign class-loaders. Jumble is currently used on a continuous basis within an agile programming environment with approximately 370,000 lines of Java code under source control. This checks out project code every fifteen minutes and runs an incremental set of unit tests and mutation tests for modified classes. Jumble is being made available as open source.
High incidence of selenite-resistant bacteria from a site polluted with selenium

The level of selenium-resistant bacteria in water, algal mats, and sediment from Kesterson reservoir, Calif. , a site with known selenium pollution, was compared with that in nearby Volta reservoir, a site with low selenium levels. A high percentage (greater than 50%) of all isolates from the Kesterson samples were resistant to 10 mM selenite. In contrast, only a small percentage of the Volta isolates were resistant to this level of selenite. The identity of some selenite-resistant isolates and MICs of selenite, selenate, arsenate, tellurite, and tellurate were determined.
Stationary waves recorded at the shoulder after median nerve stimulation

A new recording method with a reference electrode on the stimulated arm defined two discrete far-field potentials just before the propagated near-field nerve action potential was recorded at Erb's point. Both potentials were stationary waves with the same latency at all recording sites. The first potential had the same onset and peak latencies as the propagated wave at the axilla; it corresponded to the first component of the P9 far-field potential recorded with scalp to noncephalic reference montages. The latency of the second potential coincided with that of the propagated wave entering the neck and corresponded to the peak of the P9 potential. The occurrence of these potentials where there are significant changes in the morphology of the volume conductor suggests that the P9 far-field potential is due to a change in the conducting medium that surrounds the nerve.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) To know personality is to measure it Introducing a Dutch brief form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire

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Dehalogenation and coupling of a polycyclic hydrocarbon on an atomically thin insulator

: Catalytic activity is of pivotal relevance in enabling efficient and selective synthesis processes. Recently, covalent coupling reactions catalyzed by solid metal surfaces opened the rapidly evolving field of on-surface chemical synthesis. Tailored molecular precursors in conjunction with the catalytic activity of the metal substrate allow the synthesis of novel, technologically highly relevant materials such as atomically precise graphene nanoribbons. However, the reaction path on the metal substrate remains unclear in most cases, and the intriguing question is how a specific atomic configuration between reactant and catalyst controls the reaction processes. In this study, we cover the metal substrate with a monolayer of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), reducing the reactivity of the metal, and gain unique access to atomistic details during the activation of a polyphenylene precursor by sequential dehalogenation and the subsequent coupling to extended oligomers. We use scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory to reveal a reaction site anisotropy, induced by the registry mismatch between the precursor and the nanostructured h-BN monolayer. The persistent interest of chemists, physicists and material scientists in catalysis and catalytic reactions is fuelled by their pivotal relevance in enabling efficient synthesis processes. Recently, covalent coupling reactions catalysed by solid metal surfaces opened the rapidly evolving field of on-surface chemical synthesis. Using tailored molecular precursors in conjunction with the catalytic activity of the metal substrate allowed the synthesis of novel, technologically highly relevant materials like atomically precise graphene nanoribbons. However, the actual reaction site on the metal remains unclear in most cases and the intriguing question is how a specific atomic configuration between reactant and catalyst controls the reaction processes. With the reduced catalytic activity on hexagonal boron nitride ( h -BN), the atomistic details of the sequential dehalogenation of a polyphenylene precursor, constituting the basic first step in many on-surface coupling reactions, prior to coupling to oligomers becomes accessible. Here, we use scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) to study the reaction site anisotropy induced by the registry match between the precursor and the nano -patterned h -BN monolayer grown on Rh(111). The detailed understanding of the interaction between precursor molecules and substrates, as presented here, can pave the road to on-surface chemical synthesis of graphene derivatives on metal supported insulators. An atomically thin layer of the insulating h -BN is a natural counterpart for graphene; matching the graphene
PASS — A programming assignment submission system

Online assignment submission systems help lecturers with time management concerns and student evaluations processes. The aim of this paper is to explore available tools, design and develop an interactive web based application which can be used by computer science students to submit programming assignments and get real-time feedback. The online application which has been designed and developed within the scope of this paper consists of an authorization, submission and analysis component.
A prospective study of laparoscopic spinal fusion. Technique and operative complications.

OBJECTIVE The authors hypothesized that anterior transperitoneal laparoscopic interbody fusion was feasible and safe. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Low back pain associated with degenerative disc disease is optimally treated with distraction of the disc space and permanent fusion of the adjacent vertebral bodies. Exposure usually is obtained by a posterior muscle-splitting incision. Although the posterior approach is effective, the procedure results in significant debility secondary to the muscle splitting incision, a 4- to 6-day inpatient hospital stay, and the loss of employment for 3 to 6 months after the procedure. METHODS Twenty consecutive patients with discogenic back pain were prospectively treated with laparoscopic anterior lumbar instrumentation and fusion. The anterior L5-S1 or L4-L5 disc spaces were exposed laparoscopically. Distraction of the disc space and fixation were achieved by insertion of a threaded titanium cage packed with cancellous bone. RESULTS Three technical complications occurred all in the first four patients and required two conversions to open transperitoneal fusion. Hospital stay for the patients treated by laparoscopic instrumentation and fusion averaged 1.7 days. Twelve of 20 patients reported excellent pain relief and returned to work in 3 to 8 weeks. No motion was identified in the 16 patients who obtained flexion extension radiographs at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic transperitoneal anterior lumbar instrumentation and fusion is safe, and the early results are encouraging.
The Victimization of Children and Youth: A Comprehensive, National Survey

This study examined a large spectrum of violence, crime, and victimization experiences in a nationally representative sample of children and youth ages 2 to 17 years. More than one half (530 per 1,000) of the children and youth had experienced a physical assault in the study year, more than 1 in 4 (273 per 1,000) a property offense, more than 1 in 8 (136 per 1,000) a form of child maltreatment, 1 in 12 (82 per 1,000) a sexual victimization, and more than 1 in 3 (357 per 1,000) had been a witness to violence or experienced another form of indirect victimization. Only a minority (29%) had no direct or indirect victimization. The mean number of victimizations for a child or youth with any victimization was 3.0, and a child or youth with one victimization had a 69% chance of experiencing another during a single year.
DIFFERENTIAL IN SITU EXPRESSION OF THE GENES ENCODING THE CHEMOKINES MCP‐1 AND RANTES IN HUMAN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Two chemotactic cytokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and RANTES, possibly contribute to the recruitment and activation of leukocytes in inflamed tissues. The expression of these cytokine genes was evaluated in tissue sections from resected bowel segments of 14 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and seven control patients by use of 35S‐labelled antisense RNA probes. MCP‐1 and RANTES transcripts were generally increased in the intestinal mucosa of patients with IBD, compared with controls. Whereas MCP‐1 gene expression in the mucosa was restricted to the lamina propria, the gene coding for RANTES was expressed in intraepithelial lymphocytes and in the subepithelial lamina propria. Furthermore, MCP‐1 mRNA, but not RANTES mRNA, was abundant in vessel‐associated cells, such as endothelial cells, medial smooth muscle cells, and intraluminal cells; in smooth muscle cells of the intestinal tunica muscularis; and in cells of the myenteric plexus. Compared with controls, a significant increase of MCP‐1‐expressing cells was observed in tissue specimens from patients with IBD, in endothelial cells of venules, and in cells present in the lumen of intestinal vessels. Conversely, the expression of MCP‐1 mRNA in smooth muscle cells and myenteric plexus cells appeared to be comparable in control and diseased intestines. The increased number of MCP‐1 and RANTES mRNA‐expressing cells in mucosa from patients with IBD suggests that these cytokines play a role in the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation. Furthermore, the expression of the MCP‐1 gene in vessel‐associated cells may indicate its involvement in mechanisms regulating the adhesion of blood monocytes to endothelial cells.
Classification and definition of premature ejaculation

Premature ejaculation (PE) is a poorly understood condition and is considered as the most common sexual disorder in men. The ambiguity surrounding PE is in part due to the difficulty in conducting and interpreting research in the absence of a standardised definition that adequately encompasses the characteristics of these patients. An enhanced awareness of sexual dysfunctions in the recent decades has lead to an increase in scientific research that has challenged the traditional paradigm regarding PE. This has also enabled to establish a universal definition and classification of the disease. A move to a more evidence based approach has improved the clinicians’ ability to define those who need medical treatment, as well as perform further research in this complex condition.
Separation of strangeness from antistrangeness in the phase transition from quark to hadron matter: Possible formation of strange quark matter in heavy-ion collisions.

We present a mechanism for the separation of strangeness from antistrangeness in the deconfinement transition. For a net strangeness of zero in the total system, the population of s quarks is greatly enriched in the quark-gluon plasma, while the s\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} quarks drift into the hadronic phase. This separation could result in ``strangelet'' formation, i.e., metastable blobs of strange-quark matter, which could serve as a unique signature for quark-gluon plasma formation in heavy-ion collisions.
The importance of patient‐centred care to overcome barriers in the management of actinic keratosis

Visible actinic keratosis (AK) lesions and subclinical (non‐visible) sun damage in the field of cancerization are associated with risk of both non‐melanoma skin cancer, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and, more rarely, melanoma. As the incidences of AK and skin cancer are increasing, effective prevention and treatment of AK is essential to minimize disease burden and improve patient quality of life. Currently, AK lesions are often left untreated and field therapies are underused. Patient‐centred care, with a focus on the patient‐physician relationship, has proven cost‐effective, and improved clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction in a number of therapy areas. Strategies for applying patient‐centred care to AK are warranted. Existing barriers to the effective treatment of AK were identified and patient‐centric strategies to overcome each barrier were discussed. Barriers to effective AK treatment include poor disease awareness (for both patient and physician), concerns associated with the cosmetic effects of treatment, treatment‐related side effects, cost perceptions for lesion‐directed vs field‐directed therapies, and inadequate adherence, particularly with long treatment duration. Overcoming these barriers will involve patient and physician education that promotes: disease prevention and awareness; the importance of self‐examination; an understanding of treatment options; and the importance of adherence to treatment. To maximize its effectiveness, education should be delivered within a patient‐centric framework, where the relationship between patient and physician is built on effective communication, empathy and a feeling of partnership. Patient‐centric care, including patient education, is key to overcoming the barriers associated with effective AK treatment.
Debate Over CPOE Continues.

An article in the March issue of JAMA noted that rather than increasing patient safety, a computerized physician order entry (CPOE) actually facilitated errors. In contrast, the authors of an article in the May issue of the same journal estimated an 81% reduction in medication errors over the last 5 years, in part due to the introduction of computerized pharmacy ordering. These two articles represent the continuing debate over the value of CPOE systems, with some thinking that the electronic systems have not met their goal of increasing patient safety and others believing that the technology is promising. One point all would agree on is that CPOEs are far more complicated than originally expected and that a system must be planned carefully before implementation.
Utility of the electronic information resource UpToDate for clinical decision-making at bedside rounds.

INTRODUCTION Clinical questions often arise at daily hospital bedside rounds. Yet, little information exists on how the search for answers may be facilitated. The aim of this prospective study was, therefore, to evaluate the overall utility, including the feasibility and usefulness of incorporating searches of UpToDate, a popular online information resource, into rounds. METHODS Doctors searched UpToDate for any unresolved clinical questions during rounds for patients in general medicine and respiratory wards, and in the medical intensive care unit of a tertiary teaching hospital. The nature of the questions and the results of the searches were recorded. Searches were deemed feasible if they were completed during the rounds and useful if they provided a satisfactory answer. RESULTS A total of 157 UpToDate searches were performed during the study period. Questions were raised by all ranks of clinicians from junior doctors to consultants. The searches were feasible and performed immediately during rounds 44% of the time. Each search took a median of three minutes (first quartile: two minutes, third quartile: five minutes). UpToDate provided a useful and satisfactory answer 75% of the time, a partial answer 17% of the time and no answer 9% of the time. It led to a change in investigations, diagnosis or management 37% of the time, confirmed what was originally known or planned 38% of the time and had no effect 25% of the time. CONCLUSION Incorporating UpToDate searches into daily bedside rounds was feasible and useful in clinical decision-making.