Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On One Co-Integration Issue of Trade Links of Azerbaijan, Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan

This article, based on annual data from 1994 to 2018, considers trade and economic processes between Azerbaijan, Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan through the GDP integration indicators of Azerbaijan and foreign trade turnover with these countries.The purpose of the research. The purpose of the study is to find cointegration relationships between the studied macroeconomic indicators and correct application of the vector model of error correction to describe the equilibrium relationship between the considered data of intercountry interaction and to develop sound economically informative recommendations in the sphere of intercountry trade and economic interaction.Materials and methodology. Official statistics of the State Statistics Committee of Azerbaijan, scientific works of scientists-economists on the inter-country integration processes in the post-soviet region are used. Statistical methods of information processing are applied in relation to the empirical analysis of non-stationary time series of the studied statistical data, and correctly tested modern econometric methods and all the necessary econometric testing procedures are used to build co-integration relations and the vector model of error correction taking into account the effects of external shocks. All the calculations are made in Microsoft Excel and Eviews 8 application software packages.Results. The properties of applying the econometric methodology of studying the statistical relationship between multidimensional nonstationary time series are investigated. For this data, the authors' approach is to use the co-integration tool and the mechanism of vector error correction, which are practically not applicable by economists in Azerbaijan to date. A new specification of the model with respect to the logarithms of the source variables is defined. Based on the minimization of the mean square error, estimates of the model parameters are found. The Granger connection causality is investigated. The Johansen tests are implemented to find the cointegration area, after which the vector error correction model is built, which describes the long-term equilibrium relationship between the studied indicators and the path of returning to the equilibrium trajectory if it deviates from it. When modeling, we used all the necessary statistical procedures required to identify and evaluate the parameters of the model and verify its adequacy and the accuracy of short-term and long-term forecast values by applying Microsoft Excel and Eviews 8 tools.Conclusion. As a result of the study, econometrically sound recommendations are developed, which allow to conduct dynamic analyzes for effective state regulation of export-import operations between the four countries in order to balance the trade and improve the relevant inclusive parameters of the long-term sustainable development of these states.
Refuge from cannibalism in complex‐structured habitats: implications for the accumulation of invertebrate predators

Abstract 1. Like many invertebrate predators, the wolf spider Pardosa littoralis Banks (Araneae: Lycosidae) accumulates in complex‐structured habitats replete with leaf litter (thatch). Here we test the hypothesis that P. littoralis accumulates in complex habitats to gain refuge from cannibalism.
Glottal toggling in Itunyoso Triqui

Itunyoso Triqui (Oto-Manguean: Mexico) possesses several unique morphological derivations, each of which is typified by a toggling of glottal features at the right edge of the root. Root-final coda /? / is deleted if it is present on uninflected stems, but inserted if it is absent. This process, traditionally known as a morphophonological exchange rule (c.f. Baerman 2007; de Lacy 2012; Wunderlich 2012), is regular and productive in the language. Moreover, it is the primary exponent of the first person singular, the topical third person, and nominal quantifier morphemes, while tonal alternations are secondary, morpheme-specific exponents. The current paper both provides the first comprehensive description of these patterns in Itunyoso Triqui and argues two theoretical points. First, Triqui glottal toggling involves a morphophonological exchange mapping (/? / ? [? ]; /? / ? [? ]) which, in coordination with syllable well-formedness conditions, produces a toggling pattern. Second, exchange mappings or rules like the Triqui toggle pose unique problems for parallelist approaches to Optimality Theory but not to serialist approaches which permit intermediate stages of representation, a finding that accords well with the necessity for multiple strata in Triqui word formation.
Comparative Physiological, Biochemical and Transcript Response to Drought in Sorghum Genotypes

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is considered as an important staple crop in the tropical regions. However, the productivity of this useful crop is hindered by drought which contributes to significant yield reduction. The present study aimed to decipher the effects of drought stress on physiological, biochemical and gene expression changes in sorghum genotypes and to ascertain the differences in their response to drought stress. To achieve these objectives, six sorghum genotypes were grown in pot culture in a greenhouse, in a randomized complete block design and exposed to water stress treatment for 10 days. From the study, drought stress caused a significant (P < .05) reduction in plant height, leaf water and chlorophyll contents while the proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar, electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and antioxidant enzymes activity increased significantly (P < .05) and differentially in all sorghum genotypes. Among the genotypes investigated, PI 585456 showed enhanced performance and was considered as the most tolerant to drought in relation to plant growth and water relation, membrane status, photosynthetic activity, ROS and osmolytes accumulation and antioxidant enzymes activity. Furthermore, the transcript expression analyses of different categories of drought-responsive genes, viz; antioxidant-related, osmolytes biosynthesis-related, dehydrin-related, photosystem-related and transcription-related were differentially upregulated in sorghum genotypes investigated. The results revealed the differences in metabolic response to drought among the genotypes, which accentuated the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanism related to a specific response that may play a vital role in drought tolerance in sorghum.
Development of a health literacy hypertension test in Thailand

The purpose of this study is to develop a reliable test metric that can ascertain health literacy as it relates to hypertension in the population of Thailand. ,One thousand five hundred patients from hypertension clinics in hospitals under the Ministry of Public Health, Thailand were recruited to this study. The test was developed and divided into three latent variables and four observed variables for health literacy concepts. Indexes of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) from seven experts and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the entire questionnaire were evaluated for content validity and reliability. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis with LISREL also analyzed for construct validity. ,The result illustrates that the Item-Objective Congruence was 0.68, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.87. The result also shows that Barlett’s Test of Sphericity was 3129.31 (p < 0.01), and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was 0.83. The model was fit to empirical data (Chi-square = 0.02). ,This study concludes that the Thai Hypertension Health Literacy Assessment Tool (THHLA) created as a result of the study is valid and reliable. The test can be used to evaluate health literacy for hypertension patients in Thailand.
Does Early Career Unemployment at the Peak of a Recession Leave Economic Scars? Evidence from Estonia

On average, individuals who have experienced unemployment are disadvantaged in terms of later lifetime earnings. Those who graduated from school during the Great Recession are especially prone to have experienced bouts of unemployment, but we know little about how much they suffer in later career earnings. Estonia was heavily hit by the economic crisis but recovered relatively quickly. This study explores poverty and earnings effects for a cohort of recession graduates in Estonia, finding that early career unemployment is not a direct trigger for poverty risk and income loss five years later. The main mechanism for disadvantage among recession graduates is recurring unemployment, meaning that the scars of initial unemployment are avoided only if graduates succeed in avoiding unemployment later. Findings also indicate that during an economic downturn, employers may not regard unemployment as a signal of lower productivity or depreciation of skills.
Hydropower Production Benefits More From 1.5 °C than 2 °C Climate Scenario

Hydropower plays an important role as renewable and clean energy in the world's overall energy supply. Electricity generation from hydropower represented approximately 16.6% of the world's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity in 2015. Determining the different effects of 1.5 and 2 °C of global warming has become a hot spot in water resources research. However, there are still few studies on the impacts of different global warming levels on gross hydropower potential. This study used a coupled hydrological and techno‐economic model framework to assess hydropower production under global warming levels of 1.5 and 2 °C, while also considering gross hydropower potential, power consumption, and economic factors. The results show that both global warming levels will have a positive impact on the hydropower production of a tropical island (Sumatra) relative to the historical period; however, the ratio of hydropower production versus power demand provided by 1.5 °C of global warming is 40% higher than that provided by 2 °C of global warming under RCP6.0. The power generation by hydropower plants shows incongruous changing trends with hydropower potential under the same global warming levels. This inconformity occurs because the optimal sites for hydropower plants were chosen by considering not only hydropower potential but also economic factors. In addition, the reduction in CO2 emissions under global warming of 1.5 °C (39.06 × 106 t) is greater than that under global warming of 2 °C (10.20 × 106 t), which reveals that global warming decreases the benefits necessary to relieve global warming levels. However, the hydropower generation and the reduction in CO2 emissions will be far less than the energy demand when protected areas are excluded as potential sites for hydropower plants, with a sharp decrease of 40–80%. Thus, government policy‐makers should consider the trade‐off between hydropower generation and forest coverage area in nationally determined contributions.
Fructan Mobilization and the Involvement of Two β-Fructofuranosidases in Lycoris radiata Sprouting

Seasonal changes of oligofructans, sucrose, glucose, and fructose contents in the various tissues of Lycoris radiata were followed by HPLC analyses. Oligofructans were found in all tissues except the scape, where large and nearly equal amounts of glucose and fructose were present. At the sprouting stage, oligofructans in the bulb greatly decreased with increases of both fructose content and β-fructofuranosidase activity. The bulb enzyme responsible for the fructan breakdown was a fructan exohydrolase that was inactive against sucrose, and the scape tissue contained a β-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.2.26) highly active toward sucrose. These results show a role of the accumulated fructans as an energy source for sprouting of the scape during the non-photosynthetic stage, the energy probably being supplied as sucrose.
Importance of Technological Capabilities for AchievementCompetitive Advantage of Croatian Export Firms

The paper explores the interrelationship of technological capabilities and firm performance of Croatian export firms. The primary aim of the study is to provide answer to research question: Are the most successful export firms in the Republic of Croatia prosperous due to the possession of technological capabilities? Firms with high level of technological capabilities enter the foreign markets more easily and more successfully and increase the share and dispersion of their international sales faster in comparison to their competitors. Proposition regarding relationships between technological capabilities and the firm’s performance has been examined by multiple regression analysis, with the following variables: investment in technology, investment in research and development, the frequency of introducing new products and technological solutions, and return of sales and increase of total revenue. The results of research have shown that technological capabilities have a positive impact on the return of sales and an increase of total income in Croatian export firms.
Role of immunotherapy and co-mutations on KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer survival

Background KRAS mutations reported in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represent a significant percentage of patients diagnosed with NSCLC. However, there still remains no therapeutic option designed to target KRAS. In an era with immunotherapy as a dominant treatment option in metastatic NSCLC, the role of immunotherapy in KRAS mutated patients is not clear. Methods Eligible patients diagnosed with NSCLC and found to have a KRAS mutation were identified in an institutional lung cancer database. Demographic, clinical, and molecular data was collected and analyzed. Results A total of 60 patients were identified for this retrospective analysis. Majority of patients were Caucasian (73%), diagnosed with stage IV (70%) adenocarcinoma (87%), and had a KRAS codon 12 mutation (78%). Twenty percent of patients were treated with immunotherapy. Median overall survival was 28 months in the cohort and patients who received immunotherapy were found to have better survival versus those who did not (33 vs. 22 months, P=0.31). Furthermore, there was an association between high survival and patients who received immunotherapy (P=0.007). Conclusions Patients with KRAS mutations have a unique co-mutation phenotype that requires further investigation. Immunotherapy seems to be an effective choice of treatment for KRAS positive patients in any treatment-line setting and yields better outcomes than conventional chemotherapy. The relationship between immunotherapy and KRAS mutations requires further studies to confirm survival advantage.
Multiscale Modeling and Analysis of Interferometric Scattering Microscopy

Interferometric scattering microscopy, as a light scattering-based ultrasensitive imaging modality, has been rapidly developing from demonstrating its superb capabilities to studying complex specimens and dynamics that often involve materials with feature sizes of nanometers to micrometers. In such circumstances, the point spread function of a target nanoprobe may become very complicated, making the extraction of information challenging. Here we report on a theoretical framework of multiscale modeling and analysis for the interferometric scattering microscopy with samples having structural dimensions that differ by 4-5 orders of magnitude. For the first time, we demonstrate theoretically and experimentally the effect of sub-nanometer surface roughness of a glass coverslip and of a mica surface on the contrast images of a single gold nanoparticle. The interaction of the rough surface and the nanoparticle significantly influences the acquired images in terms of both the contrast magnitude and the image pattern. Moreover, we simulate a relatively large sample system towards mimicking a gold nanoparticle in a cell environment and show complicated position-dependent point spread function of the nanoparticle. The multiscale modeling and analysis will enable proper understanding and processing of the acquired contrast images from interferometric scattering microscopy and facilitate its rapid development towards various applications.
Latina immigrant mothers as educators: a testimonio of becoming

Abstract This article presents the experiences of Latina immigrant women who have raised or are raising children in the United States. As part of a minoritized group, Latina immigrant women have personal lived experiences that inform and affect the ways they interact with the world on a daily basis and that have shaped their personal and cultural identities in multiple ways. Those personal experiences are introduced in a testimonio, a personal narrative that portrays a collective story. Due to their experiences in becoming immigrants, these women have also developed particular ways of knowing, being, and doing that inform and guide their ways of mothering. The main implications of this testimonio call for educators’ attention -at all levels- to find alternate ways of validating social and cultural ways of being and doing that unfolds outside educational institutions, especially from minoritized groups, which cultural practices may differ from those of the dominant culture.
Multiparametric analysis of fine needle aspirate biopsies from parotid tumors by laser scanning cytometry (LSC)

In order to minimize hospitalization and morbidity with optimized therapy for a patient with a tumor of the parotid gland a malignancy must be confirmed or excluded as soon as possible. Up to now, non- and minimal-invasive methods do not yield this information. For fine needle aspirate biopsies (FNABs), analysis by a specialized cytologist yields subjective and qualitative but not objective and quantitative data. LSC is a semi-automated microscope-based technology and offers ideal prerequisites for the analysis of specimens fixed on a slide. We have established an assay for FNABs from parotid gland tumors. Cells are stained for cytokeratin and DNA. The analysis quantitatively determines the ploidy of the cells and the degree of condensation of the DNA; on this basis the percentage of cells undergoing mitosis can be determined. Subsequently the cells are stained by H&E and are re-localized on the slide at their fixed position. Micrographs are taken for objective documentation of the cells' morphology. Using this assay FNABs from parotid gland tumors were analyzed; tumors that were diagnosed as benign by routine histopathology showed no aneuploidy whereas malignant tumors were aneuploid. This preliminary study demonstrates the capacities of LSC for minimal-invasive assays yielding quantitative and objective data.
Modelling Chelate-Induced Phytoextraction: Functional Models Predicting Bioavailability of Metals in Soil, Metal Uptake and Shoot Biomass

Chelate-induced phytoextraction of heavy metals from contaminated soils requires special care to determine, a priori, the best method of chelate application, in terms of both dose and timing. In fact, the chelate dose must assure the bioavailability of the metal to the plant without increasing leaching risk and giving toxic effects. Three mathematical models are here proposed for usefully interpreting the processes taking place: a) increased soil bioavailability of metals by chelants; b) metal uptake by plants; c) variation in plant biomass. The models are implemented and validated using data from pot and lysimeter trials. Both the chelate dose and the time elapsed since its application affected metal bioavailability and plant response. Contrariwise, the distribution strategy (single vs. split application) seems to produce significant differences both in plant growth and metal uptake, but not in soil metal bioavailability. The proposed models may help to understand and predict the chelate dose – effect relationship with less experimental work.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF PHEOMELANIN: ACTION SPECTRUM FOR SUPEROXIDE PRODUCTION

Abstract— The action spectrum for superoxide production from aerated aqueous solutions of pheomela‐nin was determined by utilizing the nitroblue tetrazolium‐superoxide dismutase assay for superoxide. Superoxide production was greatest in the UVC regions, but continued well into the visible wavelengths. The marked increase in superoxide production noted in the UVC‐UVB regions of the spectrum suggests that superoxide production may be involved in a number of actinic disorders in fair‐skinned humans.
The Adverse Effects of Ammonia on Chickens Including Resistance to Infection with Newcastle Disease Virus

Ammonia is a colorless, highly irritant gas with a specific gravity of 0.597. It is one of the products of bacterial deamination or reduction of nitrogenous substances. Recent changes in poultry management, such as winter rearing in confinement, reuse of litter, and an absence of roosts, have led to conditions favoring the continual release of ammonia from the litter into the air of the birds' environment. Anderson et al. (2) reported that reduced ventilation during winter months led to concentrations of ammonia as high as 50-100 parts per million (ppm) in the atmosphere of some commercial poultry houses in the North Central states. Bullis et al. (5) reported a keratoconjunctivitis of chickens observed in the diagnostic laboratory of the University of Massachusetts in 1943. The birds showed corneal lesions, a marked photophobia, rubbing of the eyes, and slight lacrimation. Reports from the flock owners on conditions associated with the outbreaks, together with the fact that no infectious agent could be demonstrated, suggested that the cause was environmental, particularly the ammonia in the houses. Faddoul and Ringrose (8) reproduced experimentally an ocular disorder clinically resembling, if not identical with, naturally occurring keratoconjunctivitis by exposing chickens for 5 weeks to a concentration of ammonia of 0.2%/o by volume (2000 ppm). Experimental ammonia gas poisoning in rabbits and cats was studied by Boyd et al. (4). They found that the naso-buccopharynx acted as a partial filter of ammonia, protecting the
Review on effect of Ti-alloy processing techniques on surface-integrity for biomedical application

ABSTRACT An implant is a device fixed surgically into a human body and its surface integrity possess a strong influence on the success rate of implantation. Titanium (Ti) alloy considered as suitable material for implant manufacturing. It undergoes various manufacturing processes to generate desired properties for biomedical applications. It requires insightful knowledge to understand the manufacturing and surface treatment procedure from the biomedical perspective. In this article, a review on various processing and surface treatment techniques incorporated for Ti alloy based implant production for enhancing biocompatibility are presented. A review on material properties, manufacturing methods and surface treatments were carried out, since it profoundly influences the surface integrity of an implant. Research work exemplified for the past 12 years is analyzed and inferred that abound research work focused on surface treatment and material properties of implant. Discussions on various processing techniques for manufacturing of dental implant using Ti-based alloys are presented. It is inferred that manufacturing methods and their effects on surface receive minimal priority toward the improvement of osseointegration. Statistical analysis is performed based on publication research articles. Research gap and feasible future research directions are presented.