Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes in Physicochemical, Microbiological and Sensory Properties of Dry-Cured Ham in Processed Sulfur-Fed Pigs

The object of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of a dry-cured ham during storage, according to the level of diet processed sulfur (0%; CON, 0.1%; T1 and 0.3%; T2). The results showed that the moisture content of T1 and T2 had higher, whereas crude fat of T1 and T2 had lower than that of CON during storage (P < 0.05). T1 and T2 had significantly retarded lipid oxidation compared with CON during storage (P < 0.05). The number of lactic acid bacteria in T1 and T2 were higher than that of CON at 8 months. Linoleic acid content in CON was significantly higher than those in both sulfur groups (P < 0.05). In sensory test, T1 showed positive overall score than T2 and CON. The feeding processed sulfur can suppress lipid oxidation, improve of meat quality and sensory properties. Practical Applications Many Asian countries are recently seeing an increase in meat consumption. However, dry-cured meat products from pork are not well known in Asia and consumed less than in Europe. The recent increase in import of fermented meat products from Europe leads to unbalanced consumption in the meat industry. To strengthen the international competitiveness of dry cured ham quality, it is necessary to develop better quality meat and process methods. Most of the previous studies were concentrated on the use of raw meat of sulfur fed pigs, but this study researches that the meat apply for fermented meat products. Changes of composition of amino acids from sulfur fed pigs prevent lipid oxidation and improve the meat quality. With the suitable combination of high quality raw meat from sulfur fed pork and processing, it is possible to manufacture high quality dry cured ham and extend its shelf life.
Studies on Tyrosinase in the Housefly:Part III. Activation of Protyrosinase by Natural Activator

partially purified by means of fractionation with ammonium sulfate and of lyophilization. The pre paration of the activator without accompanying tyrosinase activity made it possible to devise a method for measuring its activity, i.e., a partially purified protyrosinase which contained no activator was incubated together with natural activator, and the formation of tyrosinase activity was followed either manometrically or colorimetrically. Effects of concentration of natural activator, pH and tempera ture on the activation of protyrosinase were studied, resulting in an assumption that the activation occurs catalytically. Inhibition of the activation by various chemical reagents were studies and it was found that sodium picryl sulfate, N-bromosuccinimide or iodine inactivated natural activator irrever sibly, and thioglycol or monoiodoacetate inhibited considerably. However, these reagents have almost no effect on the potential activity of protyrosinase. As the results, it was presumed that natural activator is an enzyme and protyrosinase is its substrate. The mode of activation of protyrosinase by the activator is, however, still obscure.
Variable and Asymmetric Range of Enslaving: Fingers Can Act Independently over Small Range of Flexion

The variability in the numerous tasks in which we use our hands is very large. However, independent movement control of individual fingers is limited. To assess the extent of finger independency during full-range finger flexion including all finger joints, we studied enslaving (movement in non-instructed fingers) and range of independent finger movement through the whole finger flexion trajectory in single and multi-finger movement tasks. Thirteen young healthy subjects performed single- and multi-finger movement tasks under two conditions: active flexion through the full range of movement with all fingers free to move and active flexion while the non-instructed finger(s) were restrained. Finger kinematics were measured using inertial sensors (PowerGlove), to assess enslaving and range of independent finger movement. Although all fingers showed enslaving movement to some extent, highest enslaving was found in adjacent fingers. Enslaving effects in ring and little finger were increased with movement of additional, non-adjacent fingers. The middle finger was the only finger affected by restriction in movement of non-instructed fingers. Each finger showed a range of independent movement before the non-instructed fingers started to move, which was largest for the index finger. The start of enslaving was asymmetrical for adjacent fingers. Little finger enslaving movement was affected by multi-finger movement. We conclude that no finger can move independently through the full range of finger flexion, although some degree of full independence is present for smaller movements. This range of independent movement is asymmetric and variable between fingers and between subjects. The presented results provide insight into the role of finger independency for different types of tasks and populations.
Climate‐change winners and losers: stream macroinvertebrates of a submontane region in Central Europe

Summary 1. Freshwater ecosystems will be profoundly affected by global climate change, especially those in mountainous areas, which are known to be particularly vulnerable to warming temperatures. We modelled impacts of climate change on the distribution ranges of 38 species of benthic stream macroinvertebrates from nine macroinvertebrate orders covering all river zones from the headwaters to large river reaches. 2. Species altitudinal shifts as well as range changes up to the year 2080 were simulated using the A2a and B2a Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change climate-warming scenarios. Presence-only species distribution models were constructed for a stream network in Germany’s lower mountain ranges by means of consensus projections of four algorithms, as implemented in the BIOMOD package in R (GLM, GAM, GBM and ANN). 3. Species were predicted to shift an average of 122 and 83 m up in altitude along the river continuum by the year 2080 under the A2a and B2a climate-warming scenarios, respectively. No correlation between altitudinal shifts and mean annual air temperature of species’ occurrence could be detected. 4. Depending on the climate-warming scenario, most or all (97% for A2a and 100% for B2a) of the macroinvertebrate species investigated were predicted to survive under climate change in the study area. Ranges were predicted to contract for species that currently occur in streams with low annual mean air temperatures but expand for species that inhabit rivers where air temperatures are higher. 5. Our models predict that novel climate conditions will reorganise species composition and community structure along the river continuum. Possible effects are discussed, including significant reductions in population size of headwater species, eventually leading to a loss of genetic diversity. A shift in river species composition is likely to enhance the establishment of non-native macroinvertebrates in the lower reaches of the river continuum.
Carotenoids as Singlet Oxygen Quenchers in Marine Organisms

To understand the roles of carotenoids as singlet oxygen quenchers in marine organisms, quench ing activities of eight major carotenoids, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, ƒÀ-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, tunaxanthin, fucoxanthin and halocynthiaxanthin were examined according to the method using a ther modissociable endoperoxide of 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene as a singlet oxygen generator. The second-ord er rate constant for the singlet oxygen quenching activity by each carotenoid was determined, suggest ing that an increasing number of conjugated double bonds in carotenoid was proportional to greater
Actividad insecticida de extractos de semilla de Annona muricata (Anonaceae) sobre Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The corn weevil Sitophilus zeamais is a very significant pest worldwide that causes severe damage to stored grains resulting in high economic losses. In the present study, the insecticidal effect of Annona muricata (soursop) seed extracts was evaluated. The extracts were obtained using hexane (non polar), ethyl acetate (half polar) and ethanol (polar), and these were applied to S. zeamais adults using ingestion and topical application. The emergence of new adults in corn seeds treated with the extracts was also evaluated. The LC50 (median lethal concentration) obtained in the ingestion bioassays for the hexane extract was 4,009, 3,854 and 3,760 ppm at 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively. For the ethyl acetate extract it was 3,280, 2,667 and 2,542 ppm at the same times. The LC50 of the hexane extract in the topical application was 9,368 ppm at 72 hours. The other extracts in both bioassays showed little insecticidal activity. Emergence was 100% inhibited at concentrations of 2,500 ppm for the ethyl acetate and hexane extracts and at 5,000 for the ethanol extract. The insecticidal effect of the ethanol extracts is debatable given their low efficacy. The extracts are more effective through ingestion than by contact. The insecticidal effect is probably caused by the presence of acetogenins in the less polar fractions of the A. muricata seeds.
Cannabinoid Receptors: A Novel Target for Therapy of Prostate Cancer

Abstract : We have shown that the expression levels of both cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 are higher in human prostate cancer cells than in normal prostate epithelial cells and treatment of LNCaP cells with WIN-55,212-2 (WIN) resulted in inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis. Next study was conducted to understand the mechanistic basis of these effects. Treatment of LNCaP cells with WIN resulted in i) an arrest of the cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle; ii) an induction of p53 & p27/KIP1; iii) down-regulation of cyclins decrease in the expression of cdks; iv) decrease in protein expression of pRb; v) down-regulation of E2F (1-4); and vi) decrease in the protein expression of DP1 and DP2. Similar effects were also observed when androgen-independent PC3 cells were treated with WIN(5-30 microM). We further observed sustained up regulation of ERK1/2, and inhibition of PI3k/Akt pathways in WIN-55,212-2 treated cells. Inhibition of ERK1/2 abrogated WIN indued cell death suggesting that sustained activation of ERK1/2 leads to cell-cycle dysregulation and arrest of cells in G0/G1 phase subsequently leading to an induction of apoptosis. Further, WIN treatment of cells resulted in a dose-dependent increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in such a way that favors apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis proceeded through down regulation of caspases 3, 6, 7, and 9 and cleavage of PARP. To establish in vivo relevance of these in vitro findings, we implanted athymic nude mice with androgen-responsive CWR22R 1 cells which form rapid tumors and secrete PSA in the blood stream of the host. As compared to untreated animals, WIN treated mice (0.5 mg/kg b.wt, i.p, alternate day) exhibited significant inhibition in the tumor growth with significant reduction in PSA secretion in the serum. In animals without WIN treatment, targeted tumor volume of 1200 mm3 was reached at 35 days post-tumor inoculation; whereas this tumor volume was attained in 51 days in WIN treated.
Evaluación de la flora bacteriana del semen de verracos en granjas porcinas de Venezuela

Se realizaron estudios bacteriologicos de 226 muestras de semen de verracos sanos utilizados como reproductores procedentes de cinco granjas porcinas provenientes de dos estados de Venezuela. La evaluacion bacteriologica del semen fresco y diluido indico la presencia de una amplia variedad de generos bacterianos entre flora normal y potencialmente patogena. E. coli fue la bacteria mas frecuentemente aislada seguida por Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus vulgaris, Streptococcus spp. s hemolitico, Staphylococcus aureus y Psedomonas aeruginosa. Estos aislados fueron resistentes a los antimicrobianos utilizados en los diluentes comerciales de semen
Modelling egg production and nutrient responses in broiler breeder hens

SUMMARY The model described simulates the response of a population of broiler breeders to a daily allowance of a feed of specified composition for up to 280 days from sexual maturity. The population is generated using normally distributed values for initial bodyweight, initial body lipid and protein weight, age at first egg, yolk weight constant and ‘aggressiveness’, the latter producing different feed intakes around the controlled mean. Age at sexual maturity for each bird is predicted from bodyweight and from information about rearing lighting programmes. Egg production, clutch patterns, yolk weights, egg component weights, double-yolked eggs, internal laying and soft-shelled eggs are predicted. Body protein growth, including feathers, is assumed to cease at sexual maturity, thus bodyweight changes after maturity are due entirely to accumulation or utilization of lipid. Energy transactions are expressed in units of effective energy. Protein required for egg production is calculated from the composition of the next egg to be laid and an assumed fixed chemical composition. Assumptions for protein partition rules are that maintenance has highest priority, yolk protein deposition second and albumen protein third. Provided that sufficient energy and nutrients are available, yolk protein deposition is assumed to occur continuously to meet the predicted growth rate, unless inter-clutch intervals exceed 2 days (user defined), when yolk growth ceases. Energy and nutrients (amino acids) for albumen production accumulate in a pool which has some controlling influence over ovulation. If the energy and nutrients in the albumen pool will support the predicted development of the next egg then ovulation will occur, otherwise ovulation is delayed until sufficient energy and nutrients are available. All events are timed within a 24 h day assuming that feeding is at one time in the morning. The desired feed intake is calculated each day according to the supply of the first limiting energy or nutrient (invariably an amino acid) in relation to potential need. Actual feed intake is either the desired intake or the feed allowance, whichever is the lower. The additional energy required for thermogenesis is taken into account, but not the constraining effects of high temperature or the bulkiness of the food as a constraint to voluntary food intake. Some shortcomings of the current model are discussed, these being areas suitable for further research on broiler breeder nutrition.
Testing evolutionary constraint hypotheses with early Paleozoic gastropods

The evolution of higher taxa among early Paleozoic gastropods is similar to that among early metazoans as a whole, as higher taxa diversified rapidly and early. There are two issues pertinent to this pattern. First, were greater morphologic changes concentrated in the early phases of evolution? Second, does the pattern better fit models of increasing phylogenetic constraints or increasing ecologic restrictions? This paper presents a phylogeny-based method designed to test whether amounts of morphologic evolution decreased over time. It also explores whether the data better fits models of increasing phylogenetic (i.e., developmental or genetic) constraint or increasing ecologic restriction. Two metrics of morphologic separation (i.e., the morphologic difference between sister-species) are used: (1) Euclidean distance in morphospace and (2) transition magnitude. The latter metric is calculated by a multivariate analysis of sister-species contrasts, which determines both types and magnitudes of morphologic transitions. The advantage of using transition magnitudes is that it balances the effects of transitions that either affect more morphometric characters or occur more frequently. Both metrics indicate that larger morphologic separations between sister-species were concentrated early in gastropod evolution. Among gastropods, gross shell morphology often reflects basic trophic strategy and function whereas basic internal anatomy does not. Transition magnitudes can be broken down into transitions associated with differences in basic trophic strategies and shell functional biology (“external”), and those associated with differences in basic internal anatomy (“internal”). Internal transition magnitudes show a highly significant decrease over time (p < 10–04) whereas external transition magnitudes show a much less significant decrease over time (p < 0.10) and no significant decrease after the earliest Ordovician (p ≅ 0.50). The results therefore suggest that increasing phylogenetic constraints played a greater role in the early evolution of gastropods than did increasing ecologic ones.
Caracterización y perfil lipídico de aceites de microalgas

The increasing use of biodiesel has prompted the search for new raw materials, among them are highlighted the microalgae. In this research the cultivation of microalgae Chlorella sp. and Dunaliella salina at different conditions of pH and nitrogen is reported, and the oils obtained from them characterization, in order to assess the biodiesel potential production. D. salina reached the maximun cells concentration, during a 6 days cultivation, at pH 8.5 and 0.1 mg L -1 of nitrogen, obtaining values of 1.15x10 6 cells mL -1 , while the Chlorella sp. under a pH value of 7.5 and 0.1 mg L -1 of nitrogen conditions, achieved the maximun concentrations of 2.6x10 7 cells mL -1 . Analysis of the fatty acid profiles revealed that the most abundant were linolenic, and then, oleic, this implies a large number of unsaturations that would have negative implications on the physicochemical properties and performance of biodiesel combustion.
Digenic inheritance of a ROM1 gene mutation with a peripherin/RDS or rhodopsin mutation in families with retinitis pigmentosa

Two families with retinitis pigmentosa showed inheritance of an Arg-16-His ROM1 gene mutation with either an Arg-13-Trp RDS mutation or an Arg-135-Trp RHO mutation. The phenotypes of double and single heterozygotes were determined to examine the hypothesis that digenic inheritance may increase disease expression. In the family with ROM1 and RDS mutations, single heterozygotes were normal but one double heterozygote showed severe RP. Two other double heterozygotes, however, were normal by clinical and retinal function tests. In the family with ROM1 and RHO mutations, single heterozygotes with the RHO mutation all manifested RP, while a single heterozygote for the ROM1 mutation was normal. Disease severity was comparable in double heterozygotes and single heterozygotes HAVING the RHO mutation. We conclude that the Arg-16-His ROM1 gene mutation is non-pathogenic in the single heterozygous state, and there is no consistent evidence of digenic augmentation of pathogenicity in double heterozygotes carrying the Arg-16-His ROM1 mutation with either the benign Arg-13-Trp RDS mutation or the disease-causing Arg-135-Trp RHO mutation. (Less)
Short Communication: Haskap (Lonicera caerulea): A new berry crop with high antioxidant capacity

Rupasinghe, H. P. V. , Yu, L. J., Bhullar, K. S. and Bors, B. 2012. Short Communication: Haskap (Lonicera caerulea): A new berry crop with high antioxidant capacity. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1311–1317. This study evaluated the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content as well as total flavonoid content of three haskap (Lonicera caerulea) cultivars, Borealis, Indigo Gem and Tundra, grown in Saskatchewan in comparison with six other commercial fruits using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, the aluminum chloride colorimetric method and the Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. The results indicate that haskap berries, especially cv. Borealis possessed the highest antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents, specifically total flavonoid among tested fruits, and could be used as a promising fruit source of natural antioxidants. The nutritional values of the fruits wer.
Organ-forming substances in the eggs of ascidians

That the egg of any animal is composed of " simple, undifferentiated protoplasm " is an article of traditional belief with a large number of zo6ologists, and that the cleavage of the egg is i" a mere sundering of homogenous materials capable of any fate" is a doctrine which has been given great prominence in recent years. In favor of these commonly accepted views stands a considerable body of experimental work on the development of the ovum; fragments of eggs or isolated blastomeres in many cases are said to give rise to entire larvae, thus proving, as is usually claimed, that the parts of the egg or embryo are still undifferentiated at the time of the experiment. But not all experiments on development have confirmed these conclusions ; some of the first and most careful researches of this sort led to directly opposite results. In the development of the frog's egg Roux found (1883, 85, 87, 89, 92, 93, 94, etc.) that the median plane of the embryo is determined in the egg immediately after fertilization and that "the development is, from the second cleavage on, a mosaic work of at least four vertical independently developing pieces. " In I887 Chabry showed that the early cleavage cells of the ascidian egg are specified for particular ends and that they develop, if they develop at all, into parts which they would produce under normal conditions. These results were, however, denied on the ground of other ex205 Vol. VIII. NO. 4
L’impact du miellat de puceron au niveau des relations tritrophiques entre les plantes-hôtes, les insectes ravageurs et leurs ennemis naturels

Les relations tritrophiques entre plantes, insectes phytophages et auxiliaires reposent essentiellement sur la presence de stimuli chimiques presents dans l’environnement. Dans ce contexte, le miellat (excrement liquide des pucerons), riche en sucres et en acides amines, constitue une source de nourriture pour de nombreux auxiliaires mais agit egalement comme une kairomone volatile et de contact. D’une part, les composes volatils issus du miellat guident les auxiliaires vers une source de nourriture, de proies ou d’hotes mais stimulent aussi certains comportements : recherches, localisations et attaques de proies/hotes. D’autre part, un contact avec cette substance induit l’oviposition, chez les syrphes notamment (Episyrphus balteatus, etc.). L’utilisation d’un miellat artificiel (solution sucree, etc.) pourrait permettre de renforcer l’efficacite de la lutte biologique dans des zones infestees de ravageurs en augmentant la presence d’auxiliaires et ainsi les taux de predation et de parasitisme.
Differential regulation of volatile anesthetics on ion channels

Pain processes are regulated by voltage-gated calcium channels (VDCC) and Ca2+. Many mediators of pain increase Ca2+ influx through calcium channels, leading to a significant increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). Calcium channels act as integrators of G-protein-mediated signalling in neurons. Phosphorylation of calcium channels primary subunits by kinases such as protein kinase C (PKC) and tyrosine kinases have been shown to inhibit/enhance Cavchannels. Increased/decreased Cavcurrents and PKC activations observed in in vivo pain investigations, and a Xenopus oocytes model may serve as an in vitro model for some cellular mechanisms of pain. In this review, we focus on anesthetic and PKC regulations on ion channels and their properties.