Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Exploitation as a Means of Improving Growth in a Stunted Population of Brook Trout

Abstract The stunted population of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in Olive Lake, British Columbia, was exploited at an annual rate of 20% fishing mortality for 3 years in an attempt to improve growth rates. In response to this exploitation, the age-frequency distribution shifted from old to younger fish, and the mean weight of all age-classes increased. Maximum weight of brook trout increased from 68 to 158 g (N = 40 and 134, respectively). Recruitment also increased; consequently, the population density and biomass remained at about 750 fish/hectare and 30 kg/ hectare. Thus, growth of brook trout increased when the density of the older cohort of fish was reduced, although the total density of the population did not change significantly.
The Keystone-Species Concept in Ecology and ConservationManagement and policy must explicitly consider the complexity of interactions in natural systems

1Will the extinction of a single species in a community cause the loss of many others? Can we identify a set of species that are so important in determining the ecological functioning of a community that they warrant special conservation efforts? The answer to these questions hinges on the existence of a limited number of species whose loss would precipitate many further extinctions; these species have often been labeled keystone species. The term keystone species has enjoyed an enduring popularity in the ecological literature since its introduction by Robert T. Paine in 1969: Paine (1969) was cited in more than 92 publications from 1970 to 1989; an earlier paper (Paine 1966), which introduced the phenomenon of keystone species in intertidal systems but did not use the term, was cited more than 850 times during the same period. As used by Paine and other ecologists, there are two hallmarks of keystone species. First, their presence is crucial in maintaining the organization and diversity of their ecological communities. Second, it is implicit that these species are exceptional, relative to the rest of the community, in their importance.
One or Two Feeders for Groups of 16 Growing–Finishing Pigs: Effects on Health and Production

Over a 3-year period, seven batches of growing-finishing pigs in groups of 16 pigs (total 672 pigs) were fed using one or two singlespace feeders. The pigs with access to two feeders had a significantly lower number of skin lesions (P<0.0001) and higher daily weight gain than did the pigs with access to one feeder (863 vs. 837 g day- 1 , P<0.05). The within-pen variation in daily weight gain was higher in the pens with one feeder than in the pens with two feeders (SD 139 vs. 106g day- 1 , P<0.0001). The pigs with access to two feeders consumed more feed during the period when they were allowed to eat ad libitum , in comparison to the pigs with access to one feeder (2.07 vs. 1.97 kg day- 1 , P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio of the pigs did not differ between the two treatments. No differences in carcass meat percentage, health or number of remarks at slaughter were detected. A comparison was made between using computerized IVOG® feeders, with individual recording of feed intake, and conventional feeders. The feed conversion ratio was poorer for the pigs fed with the IVOG-feeders than for those fed with conventional feeders. The automatic recordings from the IVOG-system showed that there had been a higher daily feed intake during the ad libitum period. During the restricted period the pigs had a lower daily weight gain than with the conventional feeders.
La investigación antropológica y osteológica en cementerios afrodescendientes

En este artículo se aborda el área osteología de rescate, definida por Urosa como recuperación, cuidado y conservación de piezas óseas desatendidas y olvidadas, las cuales pueden otorgar una cantidad incomparable de datos para el entendimiento de los asentamientos y sus dinámicas en el pasado (Urosa, 1998, p. 11). El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar la utilidad de la osteología para avanzar específicamente en los estudios sobre afrodescendientes. Para ello, se realizó una recopilación de autores cuyas investigaciones demuestran la productividad cognoscitiva de la osteología en la investigación de cementerios con enterramientos de antiguos esclavizados y sus descendientes. Finalmente, se expone un estudio de caso reciente en un antiguo cementerio de esclavizados en Venezuela.Abstract: This article deals with the rescue osteology area, defined by Urosa as recovery, care and conservation of neglected and forgotten bone pieces, which can provide an incomparable amount of data for the understanding of settlements and their dynamics in the past. (Urosa, 1998, p. 11). The objective of this article is to show the usefulness of osteology specifically in advancing studies on people of African descent. For that a compilation of authors whose research demonstrates the cognitive productivity of osteology in the investigation of cemeteries with burials of former slaves and their descendants was made.
An Overview of the Sociodemographic Considerations of COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a highly infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus strain. The virus is believed to spread mainly by respiratory droplets where the infected people breathe, cough or sneeze and expel little droplets of moisture that contain the virus.Older people and people with pre-existing medical conditions are mostly affected. Method: Relevant literatures were reviewed from the internet, electronic and print media, World Health Organization and Center for Disease Control documentation. Results: The coronavirus has brought difficult situations for citizens across the world. Refugees and irregular migrants who find themselves in difficult situations are more vulnerable to the effect of the virus and the social difficulties associated with it. Conclusion: The spread of the virus can be slowed or suppressed through social distancing, natural immunity, and observance of optimal hygiene practice and near compulsory use of face masks, particularly while dealing with the public. Review Article Ugbomah et al.; AJMAH, 18(3): 34-39, 2020; Article no.AJMAH. 57109 35
Financial literacy and access: revisiting the bridges and barriers to women entrepreneurship in Nigeria

This study analysed financial literacy and access for women entrepreneurs in Nigeria. The study is qualitative in nature and adopted an interpretive research design which employed an in-depth interviews with mainly well-informed women entrepreneurs to evaluate their interpretations and perceptions of the influence of financial access and literacy on woman entrepreneurship in Enugu Metropolis, South-Eastern Nigeria. A purposeful sampling approach comprising twenty women entrepreneurs was employed for this research. The results indicates that financial literacy was a critical factor in the growth of women-owned business, this is found especially in the business start-up phase Furthermore, our analysis revealed that revealed that financial skill is critical to the growth and smooth operation of female-owned business.
Livestock and grassland interrelationship along five centuries of ranching the semiarid grasslands on the southern highlands of the Mexican Plateau

Native grasslands worldwide have been degraded by grazing, but the processes involved have been studied insufficiently. Grasslands were a major habitat on the southern section of the Mexican Plateau when the Spaniards arrived 500 years ago. Since then, they have been impacted heavily through grazing, but the details and history of such impacts have not been established. We aimed at untangling almost 500 years of grazing of these grasslands, based on extensive searches of published information and of documents in historical archives. We identified three periods of ranching: Cattle, from the mid-16th to the mid-17th Centuries; sheep, reflecting a change from tall to short grasses; and, finally, goats and horses, along with sheep, asses and some cattle, after serious grassland degradation by the mid-20th Century. Overgrazing has impacted grassland composition in the region and its capacity to support livestock, but also, strongly affect some 20 species of native vertebrates and an unknown number of plant and invertebrate species. The current condition of some ranges and a livestock exclosure indicate that grassland improvement is possible, but realistic objectives based on biodiversity conservation and livestock production should be targeted, rather than utopic pre-livestock frameworks. Grasslands in the region at the time of Spanish arrival possibly had a mixture of grasses and herbs, but buffalo grass and the central Mexico tobosa grass are potential initial range management targets for grassland recovery of the ranges in worst condition, while blue gramma and the Mexican plateau gramma are good targets for ranges that still have some grass cover.
A Common Beta Tubulin Isotype-1 Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism as a Tool for Detection and Quantitation of Anthelmintic Resistant Haemonchus contortus in Grazing Goats

Haemonchus contortus, a gastrointestinal parasite costs the global small ruminant industry massive production loss and drug costs per annum. In Haemonchus contortus , one of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at codon 200 of the beta tubulin isotype-1 gene (TTC to TAC), renders this nematode resistant to benzimidazole based anthelmintics. Goats infected with such strains are resistant to benzimidazole based anthelmintics. We used this well established SNP as a diagnostic tool to detect and quantify resistant Haemonchus contortus in grazing goats. Spanish goats had 28% higher (P<0.05) amounts of both benzimidazole sensitive and resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus in stool than Myotonic goats. Bucks also had 25% higher (P<0.05) of both sensitive and resistant strains than Does. These data demonstrate that this SNP can be used as a diagnostic tool for detection and quantitation of Haemonchus contortus in the stool of grazing goats.
The Level of Burden and Coping Strategies among the Caregivers of Older Adults at Selected Areas, Puducherry

Introduction: Today aging is a concern worldwide. Care givers provide support to the old age people, but they face lot of burden while caring for the old age peoples. The objectives of the study were to assess the level of burden & coping strategies among the caregivers of older adults. Methods: A descriptive survey research design of 200 care givers of older adults in the age groups of 30-50 years was selected at Puducherry. The data were collected by using standardized Zarit burden scale and coping strategy inventory. The data were analyzed based on frequency, percentage distribution, mean, and standard deviation, Correlation ‘r’ and chi square test. Results: Out of 200 care givers of older adults, majority 47% had moderate level of burden, 45.5% had mild and 7.5% of care givers of older adults had severe burden. 58.5% had moderate coping strategies and 41.5% had inadequate coping strategies. The level of burden and coping strategies indicate positive correlations and r value is (0.746) which was highly significant at the level of p value <0.000. The association of the levels of burden of socio demographic variables as gender, siblings, type of family, occupation, and income are found to be statistically significant at the level of P value < 0.05. The association of coping strategies levels of demographic variables as marital status, number of siblings and type of family are statistically significant at the level of P<0.05. and occupation and income are highly significant, at the level of P<0.001. Conclusions: The study concluded the majority of care givers are facing burden while providing care to the older adults. Care givers use spiritual aspect of the coping strategies Interventional strategies may be planned to overcome the burden. Community mental health nursing can take up the role to overcome these problems by identifying the high risk population and providing care.
Use of an Electroacoustic Device and Bone Densitometry in the Diagnosis of Osteoporosis: Utility, Validation, and Comparison

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), men and women older than 50 years present osteoporosis with reduced bone mass, this is one of the major impact morbidities causes in the world. It may be present in the hip, spine, and wrist. The gold standard technique for osteoporosis diagnosis is the Bone Densitometry (DXA). The evaluation of an electroacoustic device is as an alternative procedure for the validation and diagnosis of osteoporosis. Diagnosis of osteoporosis severity was carried out in 49 females by using the registers of the DEXA’s T-Score values. These were statistically compared with the measurements performed using the electroacoustic device. Non-Significative difference between measurements was found with ANOVA and Chi-square tests and the area for the ROC curve on electroacoustic devices was 0.551. The Bland Altman suggests an excellent concordance between both techniques. This is a non-invasive method that has a proper match with the gold standard. The study suggests that procedure measurements with the electroacoustic device could be implemented as an alternative clinical practice for osteoporosis diagnosis.
The Stream Tadpoles of Rhinella rumbolli (Anura: Bufonidae)

Abstract: The Rhinella veraguensis group is likely a paraphyletic assemblage that contains 16 species of Andean toads. To date, descriptions are available for larval stages of only three species, all of which possess a distinct sucker in the abdominal region. In this study, we describe the tadpoles of Rhinella rumbolli, a medium-sized Salta Toad typical of forest streams in northwestern Argentina. Thirty-three larvae (Gosner Stages 32–36) were processed for studies of the external morphology, buccal cavity, and musculoskeletal system. These larvae show a mosaic of features, some typical of the genus and some others unique to the R. veraguensis group. Several character states are specific to R. rumbolli, namely the lack of an abdominal sucker, 2–4 lingual papillae, and the absence of adrostral cartilages. Some traits are frequent in other stream tadpoles such as the muscular tail, large oral disc with complete labial rows, and the wide and robust anterior neurocranium. Bufonid tadpoles exhibit an extraordinary variation in ecology, such as preferred microhabitat, and the diversity within the family is exemplified within the genus Rhinella. Further comparative morphological and developmental studies, framed in the context of phylogenetic hypotheses, are needed in order to explore the pattern variation in different clades and to discuss character evolution and form–function relationships.
Beyond susceptibility: Openness to peer influence is predicted by adaptive social relationships

This study examined the hypothesis, derived from theories highlighting the importance of group harmony and sense of belonging in human relationships, that the adolescents who are most likely to be influenced by their close friends are those who have the highest quality social relationships. Potential moderators of close friend influence on adolescent substance use were examined in a sample of 157 adolescents followed across a 1-year period in mid-adolescence using a combination of observational, sociometric, and self- and peer-report measures. As hypothesized, the degree to which adolescents changed their levels of substance use in accord with a close friend’s levels of use at baseline was predicted by multiple, independent markers of higher quality social relationships including having a higher quality maternal relationship, being identified as a socially desirable companion within the broader peer group, and having a close friend who handled disagreements with warmth and autonomy. Notably, influence processes were neutral in valence: Teens displayed relative reductions in substance use when their close friends had low levels of use and the opposite when their friends had high levels of use. Results are discussed as suggesting the need to distinguish overall normative and adaptive peer influence processes from the sometimes maladaptive effects that can occur when teens associate with specific deviant peers or with a problematic adolescent subculture.
Biological control of Pythium damping-off of cucumber by Bacillus stearothermophilus YC4194

In vitro and in vivo activities of a biocontrol agent, Bacillus stearothermophilus strain YC4194 was evaluated for the control of Pythium damping-off of cucumber. B. stearothermophilus YC4194 inhibited germination of cystospores and formation of zoosporangia of Pythium aphanidermatum in vitro. Incorporation of a bentonite and talc based formulation(10 cfu/g) of B. stearothermophilus YC4194 to the nursery soils (10 g/ι soil) resulted In a significant (p
Complete chloroplast genome of Hevea benthamiana, a SALB-resistant relative wild species of rubber tree

Abstract Hevea benthamiana is a SALB-resistant wild species of H. brasiliensis, the only source of mass production of high quality natural rubber. This study sequenced and analyzed the chloroplast genome of H. benthamiana. The chloroplast genome of H. benthamiana contains 161,124 bp and consists of 51,495 bp of A (31.96%), 52,022 bp of T (32.29%), 28,915 bp of G (17.95%), and 28,692 bp of C (17.81%). The ring-shaped genome includes four regions: a large single-copy region (LSC, 89,110 bp), a small single copy (SSC, 18,376 bp) region, and two inverted repeat regions (IRs, 26,819 bp). A total of 134 genes were annotated, of which 86 encode proteins; four are pseudogenes; 36 are tRNA genes, and eight are rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that H. benthamiana is very closely related to H. Brasiliensis, this result indicates that H. benthamiana is highly valuable for the breeding of SALB-resistant varieties of rubber trees.
Neurogene Störungen der Sprache und des Sprechens

Neurogene Störungen des Sprechens umfassen die Mechanismen der motorischen Planung (Sprechapraxie) oder der Ausführung von Sprechbewegungen, z. B. infolge von Parese oder Ataxie der am Sprechen beteiligten Muskulatur (Dysarthrien). Diese Störungen betreffen ausschließlich die Sprachproduktion. Das Verstehen von Sprache sowie die schriftsprachlichen Leistungen (Lesen, Schreiben) sind nicht betroffen.
Genetic introgression from distant provenances reduces fitness in local weed populations

Summary 1. Seed mixtures of wildflowers are used increasingly in schemes to restore biodiversity in intensively managed farmland. Usually, the seed mixtures are produced by commercial suppliers and they may be distributed over large geographical distances. It is therefore important to ask what problems may arise from using seed that is not of local origin. The aim of this study was to evaluate one potential problem, namely the effects of genetic introgression of foreign provenances on the fitness of local weed populations. 2. The problem was investigated using the arable weed species Agrostemma githago, Papaver rhoeas and Silene alba, all of which are commonly included in commercial seed mixtures in Switzerland. Hybrids (F1 and F2 backcrosses) were made between local Swiss plants and plants of English, German and Hungarian provenance (plus F1 from one US source in Silene). In a field experiment the growth of the hybrid plants was compared with that of the parents. Above-ground dry matter after one growing season was taken as a measure of fitness. Additionally, survivorship and seed mass were determined for some of the hybrids. 3. The biomass data revealed negative outbreeding effects caused by epistasis in all four F2 backcrosses of Papaver and in the F2 of Agrostemma hybridized with plants of German provenance; no such effects were found in Silene. Survival was slightly lower in the F1 hybrids of Papaver, and considerably reduced in the F2 backcrosses. For Silene, a heterosis effect was evident in seed mass in the F1 generation, while seed mass decreased in the F2. The same trend, although less strong, was also observed in Agrostemma. 4. The results suggest that only plants of relatively local origin should be used in wildflower mixtures, although it is not possible to specify precisely over what distance seed can safely be transferred. The same recommendation is also valid for schemes to reinvigorate endangered plant populations. The relevance of the fitness components that were measured, and the long-term effects of genetic introgressions, are discussed.
Physical and metabolic causes of sub‐lethal damage in Listeria monocytogenes after long‐term chilled storage at 4 °C

G.A. DYKES.1999. Cells of Listeria monocytogenes display sub‐lethal injury when subjected to long‐term chill‐storage in a nutrient‐poor environment. The physical and metabolic causes of sub‐lethal injury to two meat (L61 and L62) and two clinical (L98 and L99) L. monocytogenes strains chill‐stored (4 °C) for 4 weeks in phosphate‐buffered saline at pH 7·0 and pH 5·5, and pH 5·5 in the presence of 0·3% potassium sorbate, were characterized. Causes of sub‐lethal injury were determined by examining changes in the cell structure, leakage of nucleic acids and proteins from the cells, and cell recovery from injury in the presence of the metabolic inhibitors rifampicin, d‐cycloserine, carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone and chloramphenicol. Visible shrinkage of the cytoplasm and slight cell wall damage were apparent over the 4 week storage period by electron microscopy for all four strains and three storage conditions. By contrast, over the same storage period, only three of the strains (L62, L98 and L99) displayed slight leakage of cellular content in all three storage media, while one strain (L61) displayed greater leakage. The three strains also displayed similar storage media‐dependent metabolic damage. For these strains, phosphate‐buffered saline pH 5·5 caused the least damage and potassium sorbate, the most. Recovery experiments also indicated that at pH 5·5, the energy transduction system of these three strains remained undamaged, and that injury to the cell transcription machinery was greatest at pH 7·0. The fourth strain, L61, displayed less damage than the others but this was attributed to the death of the injured cell sub‐population in this strain. In this study, damage to sub‐lethally injured chill‐stored L. monocytogenes was different from that caused by other agents, such as heat. Therefore, cells injured by chill‐storage under starvation conditions may require novel protocols to assure their effective recovery.