Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Function of sural nerve reflexes during human walking

1 The functions of ipsilateral cutaneous reflexes were studied with short trains of stimuli presented pseudorandomly to the sural nerve during human walking. Electromyograms (EMG) of lower (tibialis anterior (TA), soleus, lateral (LG) and medial (MG) gastrocnemius) and upper leg (vastus lateralis and biceps femoris) muscles were recorded, together with ankle, knee and hip joint angles. Net reflex EMG responses were quantified in each of the sixteen parts of the step cycle. The kinematic measurements included ankle eversion‐ inversion, and ankle, knee and hip flexion‐extension. 2 The function of the sural reflexes depended upon the part of the step cycle in which the nerve was stimulated and the intensity of stimulation. During stance, reflexes in MG and TA muscles in response to a medium intensity of stimulation (1.9 × radiating threshold, × RT) were closely associated with ankle eversion and dorsiflexion responses, respectively. These responses could assist in accommodation to uneven terrain that applies pressure to the lateral side of the foot (sural innervation area). Non‐noxious, high intensity (2.3 × RT) stimulation resulted in strong suppression of LG and MG during stance which was correlated to a small reduction in ankle plantarflexion. At this higher intensity the response would function to prevent the foot from moving more forcefully onto a potentially harmful obstacle. 3 During swing, ankle dorsiflexion increased and was significantly correlated to the net TA EMG response after both medium and high intensity stimulation. Knee flexion was increased throughout swing at both intensities of stimulation. These responses may serve in an avoidance response in which the swing limb is brought past an obstacle without destabilizing contact. 4 The net EMG and kinematic responses suggest that cutaneous reflexes stabilize human gait against external perturbations produced by an uneven surface in stance or obstacles encountered during swing.
Project Manager perceptions of the value of organisational project management

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of organizational project management in delivering project value and from a project manager’s perspective is the framework delivering project success. The world of project management has changed over the last twenty years to meet the changing demands required by organizations, who are applying leaner operation models with fewer resources, risk adverse, project constraints and restricted budgets to deliver projects. Consequently the need for management within organisations is to focus on choosing the right projects to add business value, benefits and return on investment is more important now than ever before. There are three themes to be addressed. The first theme is what are the success factors required in the project life cycle phases to deliver the project objectives, The second theme is the value of organizational project management is a strategy execution model in improving project success rates (Portfolio, Programme, Project Management alignment). The third theme is academic and industry research confirms that there is still a high level of project failures across all industry sectors (Average success rates are at 30% while failure rates are at 70% according to Project Management Institute Studies and Standish Reports). The research selected was a qualitative approach in using semi structured interviews in order to answer the research themes. The processes involved interviewing five project managers who have over ten years experience each and are working in a range of industries. The interviews were done on one to one basis, carried out at neutral venues, a series of questions were asked based on the three themes and the interview process was 20 to 30minutes duration. The findings highlighted key issues in relation to value of organizational project management; the value of organizational project management applied to projects is poorly understood by senior executives, poor application of business strategies aligned to project selection, project success factors are subjective and open to misinterpretation by stakeholders, the triple constraints of time, cost and quality are no longer suitable for the today’s business environment and organizations who have developed project management standards, practices and processes over the years, have greater project success rates.
Issues in cognitive psychology: implications for professional education

Education and cognitive psychology have tended to pursue parallel rather than overlapping paths. Yet there is, or should be, considerable common ground, since both have major interests in learning and memory. This paper presents a number of topics in cognitive psychology, summarizes the findings in the field, and explores the implications for teaching and learning. THE ORGANIZATION OF LONG-TERM MEMORY: The acquisition of expertise in an area can be characterized by the development of idiosyncratic memory structures called semantic networks, which are meaningful sets of connections among abstract concepts and/or specific experiences. Information (such as the assumptions and hypotheses that are necessary to diagnose and manage cases) is retrieved through the activation of these networks. Thus, when teaching, new information must be embedded meaningfully in relevant, previously existing knowledge to ensure that it will be retrievable when necessary. INFLUENCES ON STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL FROM MEMORY: A wide variety of variables affect the capacity to store and retrieve information from memory, including meaning, the context and manner in which information is learned, and relevant practice in retrieval. Educational strategies must, therefore, be directed at three goals--to enhance meaning, to reduce dependence on context, and to provide repeated relevant practice in retrieving information. PROBLEM SOLVING AND TRANSFER: Much of the development of expertise involves the transition from using general problem-solving routines to using specialized knowledge that reduces the need for classic “problem solving. ” Two manifestations of this specialized knowledge are the use of analogy and the specialization of general routines in specific domains. To develop these specialized forms of knowledge, the learner must have extensive practice in using relevant problem-solving routines and in identifying the situations in which a particular routine is likely to be useful. CONCEPT FORMATION: Experts possess both abstract proto-typical information about categories and an extensive set of separate, specific examples of categories, which have been obtained through individual experience. Both these sources of information are used in categorization and diagnostic classifications. Thus, it is important for educators to be aware that experience with sample cases is not just an opportunity to apply and practice the rules “at the end of the chapter. ” Instead, experience with cases provides an alternative method of reasoning that is independent of, but equally useful to, analytical rules. DECISION MAKING: Experts clearly do not use classic formal decision theory, but rather make use of heuristics, or shortcuts, when making decisions. Nonetheless, experts generally make appropriate decisions. This suggests that the shortcuts are useful more often than not. Rather than teaching learners to avoid heuristics, then, it might be more reasonable to help them recognize those relatively infrequent situations where their heuristics are likely to fail.
A Method of Calibrating the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Camera Parameters Separately for Multi-Camera Systems

In this paper, a flexible method of camera calibration is proposed: Firstly, calibrate the intrinsic camera parameters including a coefficient of radial distortion by moving a ID object (points aligned on a line) with a invisible fixed point; Secondly, calibrate the extrinsic camera parameters relative to a given world coordinate system using the four-point object which right-angle shaped involving three collinear points and one point on the perpendicular direction. The calibration objects are simple to make and can be perfectly observed from any orientations. With these merits, the method is very practical to calibrate the multi-camera systems. Experimental results show that, the calibration is of high precision and the procedure is very convenient.
Elasticity of globular proteins. The relation between mechanics, thermodynamics and mobility.

An analysis of elasticity of lysozyme and myoglobin crystals in terms of thermodynamics has revealed a direct relation between entropy and enthalpy of deformation and delta S* and delta H* terms in the standard free energy change in proteins, delta G(o), (K.P. Murphy, P.L. Privalov, S.J. Gill (1990) Science 247, 559-561), so that at any temperature (between the glass-transition and denaturation temperatures) free energy of deformation is proportional to the hydration independent part of delta G(o). Both energies are characterized with large enthalpy-entropy compensation and tend to zero at the same temperature, Tm = (delta H*/delta S*) = 353 +/- 20 K. Large positive entropy contribution to deformation energy causes large linear decrease in protein elasticity, and increase in thermal mobility of protein atoms with temperature. Being plotted in inverse coordinates, temperature dependence of the mean-square amplitudes, obtained in neutron and mossbauer experiments as well as in molecular dynamic simulations, gives the same 353 +/- 10 K for the temperature, where the amplitudes tend to infinity. Mechanism explaining large positive entropy contribution in deformation energy of native protein molecules presumably involves emergence of more room for motion of protein side-chain groups squeezed between alpha-helices and other rigid skeleton elements, when precise packing of atoms in native protein molecule is distorted as a result of deformation.
Fulfillment of IFRS 2 Disclosure Requirements by Companies Listed on the Prague Stock Exchange

The aim of this paper is to assess the quality of share-based payments' disclosure in compliance with IFRS 2 by companies listed on the Prague Stock Exchange. The study shows how companies in the Czech market utilizing share-based payments meet the requirements given by IFRS 2 framework and in order to support the arguments, it compares the results with randomly selected companies from the German DAX index, which represents a well-developed market. The focus is on three key principles of disclosure, as defined by the IFRS 2. As we will demonstrate, Czech corporations do meet the regulatory minimum requirements, but they fail to utilize some of the advanced valuation methods and their reports are generally rather brief compared to their German counterparts.
Short and Long Run Performance of IPOs in Indian Capital Market

One of the important reforms Indian markets witnessed in the recent past is the introduction of issuing shares through the book building process which aims at efficient price discovery. In this paper we attempt to see how the IPOs issued through book building process fare both in short-run as well as in long run. Our results indicate that the IPOs still continue to be under-priced as is evidenced by the positive listing day returns and are out performing the market in the subsequent months almost up to twenty four months. However after two years of listing they generate negative returns this finding is consistent with the IPO performance literature from the other countries but is in contrast with the first long run study on IPOs in the long run in India. However we can not be emphatic about our finding in the long run because of a small sample size.
Recent advances in urinary bladder cancer detection

Urinary bladder cancer (BCa) is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract. In recent decades, the overall incidence of BCa appears to be on the increase. Despite the increase in incidence, mortality rates in North America and Europe appear to have declined in the last decade, probably due to improved detection and treatment. The mainstay of diagnosis is by cystoscopy, aided with imaging and urine tests (e.g., cytology). This article reviews the recent advances made in detection of primary and recurrent bladder cancer.
DFT/B3LYP Study of the Enthalpies of Homolytic and Heterolytic O-H Bond Dissociation in Sterically Hindered Phenols

For 15 para -substituted sterically hindered phenols, i.e. phen ols with large tert -butyl groups in the two ortho positions, the reaction enthalpies related to thre e mechanisms of phenolic antioxidants action: ( i) hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), ( ii ) single-electron transfer ‐ proton transfer (SET-PT), and ( iii ) sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) in gas-phase, were calculated using DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G** method. Computed enthalpies were compared with available experimental values and with data obtained for para-substituted phenols. Obtained reaction enthalpies were also cor related with Hammett constants, σp. Electron-donating groups lower BDE, IP and ETE and induce an increase in PA and PDE. Electron-withdrawing groups cause a decrease in PA and PDE and a rise in BDE, IP and ETE. Dependences of studied reaction enthalpies on Hammett constants can be considered linear. In the case of HAT and SPLET mechanisms, we have found linear dependences between corresponding enthalpies (BDE, PA, ETE) and length of phenolic C‐O bond. Linear dependence between this bond length and Hammett constant, σp, has been obtained, too.
The Prospects for Successful Early-Stage Venture Capital in Finland

ISBN 951-563-545-4 ISSN 1457-571X Itamerentori 2, P.O. Box 160, FI-00181 Helsinki, Finland, www.sitra.fi Telephone +358 9 618 991, fax +358 9 645 072, sitra@sitra.fi Finnish National Fund for Research and Development Private venture capital companies in Finland have signifi cantly decreased their fi nancing to early-stage companies and left the arena to public fi nanciers. This is mainly due to high risk levels and past low returns seen in the market. Institutional investors are not interested in investing in early-stage venture capital funds either due to the same reason. Internationally early-stage venture funds have been more successful – or have they? And if they have been – why?
East-West Differences in Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy: Implications for Entrepreneurship Education in Transition Economies

Undergraduate business students in Croatia and the United States were surveyed to assess differences in entrepreneurial self-efficacy between the two groups. Controlling for the effects of entrepreneurial orientation and gender, self-efficacy was lower among Croatian students for tasks associated with the marshaling phase of venture creation process. No significant differences were found between the two groups in self-efficacy for tasks associated with the searching, planning, and implementing phases. Results suggest that while venture creation resources are relatively scarce in transition economies, entrepreneurship education programs in both the East and West need more emphasis on developing skills related to resource gathering.
Effective Display Advertising: Improving Engagement with Suitable Creative Formats

Abstract Online advertisers have the non-trivial job of jointly assessing the effects of banner ad design elements available in a large number of such formats. Our research found that animated formats are superior to static formats in most settings. It confirms that they can improve engagement, since they can generate higher recall, attract user attention, and create favorability for the advertised brand. Yet, static formats can still be effective when it comes to price ads and re-targeting. Most interestingly, we found that re-targeted ads are effective only if they offer price incentives. Another interesting finding is that the tactic of serving blanks – for instance, for page views from foreign countries – can distort simple measures of campaign effectiveness, such as click-through rates.
Restaurant Selection Criteria: Understanding the Roles of Restaurant Type and Customers’ Sociodemographic Characteristics

In order to attract new customers and retain existing customers, restaurants need to identify the criteria on which customers determine the restaurants where they eat. The present study examines the restaurant selection criteria being employed by U.S. customers. This study also examined if there is any difference in selection criteria and it would differ across fast-service and full-service restaurants as well as customers’ sociodemographic characteristics such as gender, age, and income. Data for the study is a part of the BIGresearch’s CIA (Consumer Intentions and Actions) survey, which encompasses more 8,127 customers from diverse socioeconomic groups, and thus provides a basis for deriving empirical generalizations regarding restaurant selection criteria. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
A Rare Example of Pitfall in Corporate Data Modeling Practices for information systems

Although Entity Relationship Model have turned out to be de facto corporate data modeling vehicle, current exercise for its application to real-world business processes is disclosed to surprisingly face a pressing peril of an alarming level in terms of data consistency and the degree of unnecessary data redundancy. In this paper, the matter-of-fact legacy practice, once thought to be a confidential or secret, obtained from some major broadcasting company is articulately reported and its demerits as well as its antagonistic side effect due to abnormality are discussed in depth. We were able to remold such an ill-manifested case to a legitimate ER model vindicated through an endeavor of a couple of months long. The two cases then are compared both qualitatively and quantitatively. The result of analysis has shown that illformed data models contain more than a ratio of 40 percent of unnecessary data redundancy, which leads us to have an implication that it is heavily contingent to seek a corrective measure for cutting down the ratio.
Capability, belonging and mis/recognition in higher education

Although deficit discourses shape assumptions and judgements about student capability, there is a dearth of research that examines those constructions. Questions of ‘mattering’ are deeply tied to processes of subjective construction in which unequal positionings profoundly shape student ‘capability’ across pedagogical spaces. Through a critical analysis of empirical data from research conducted in Australia, this paper explores the meanings attached to ‘capability’ and considers the ways that these meanings shape the experiences, practices and sense of belonging of students from non-traditional backgrounds. This analysis is informed by a post-structural framework, which understands subjectivity as formed through discourses and performatives that are deeply entangled with the politics of mis/recognition. By bringing this politics to the fore, we seek to better understand the ‘politics of access and participation . of who is seen as having the right to higher education’ (Author, 2012, p. 2).
Nonmarket Strategy and Firms’Strategic Change Evidence from the China Telecommunications Industry

This study addresses a linking mechanism between nonmarket strategy, Austrian economics and firms’ strategic change. Drawing on the results from a case study of China’s telecommunications industry, we develop an integrative framework suggesting that telecommunications development and strategic change in China does not depend merely on economic growth, the nonmarket factors play a more significant role during this process. These results provide a strong incentive for future researchers to consider nonmarket strategy as a key variable in relation to strategic change success in transitional economies, which generates both theoretical and practical implications.
Evaluating and Recognizing Mechanism of Android Malware through Dismantling and Visualization

It is essential requirement to enroot evaluation and recognizing quick fix in current scenario of advancement. Certainly many of the safeguards are contributing in narrow consideration of mobile malwares and its cultivated evaluation. As Android is a prominent medium to put forth the process of evaluation technique of Malwares resembling to its actual malware families, our target is to do an observable comparison among prevailing android malwares and making a significant decision on their intensity of alikeness in this paper which overall contributes in dissemination of it to its investigator relevantly. Keywords— Android malware, malware analysis, Smartphonesecurity.
Fold assessment for comparative protein structure modeling

Accurate and automated assessment of both geometrical errors and incompleteness of comparative protein structure models is necessary for an adequate use of the models. Here, we describe a composite score for discriminating between models with the correct and incorrect fold. To find an accurate composite score, we designed and applied a genetic algorithm method that searched for a most informative subset of 21 input model features as well as their optimized nonlinear transformation into the composite score. The 21 input features included various statistical potential scores, stereochemistry quality descriptors, sequence alignment scores, geometrical descriptors, and measures of protein packing. The optimized composite score was found to depend on (1) a statistical potential z‐score for residue accessibilities and distances, (2) model compactness, and (3) percentage sequence identity of the alignment used to build the model. The accuracy of the composite score was compared with the accuracy of assessment by single and combined features as well as by other commonly used assessment methods. The testing set was representative of models produced by automated comparative modeling on a genomic scale. The composite score performed better than any other tested score in terms of the maximum correct classification rate (i.e., 3.3% false positives and 2.5% false negatives) as well as the sensitivity and specificity across the whole range of thresholds. The composite score was implemented in our program MODELLER‐8 and was used to assess models in the MODBASE database that contains comparative models for domains in approximately 1.3 million protein sequences.
Fiduciary relationships and constructive trusts in a commercial context

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