Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Survey of failures in wind power systems with focus on Swedish wind power plants during 1997-2005

The wind power industry has expanded greatly during the past few years, has served a growing market, and has spawned the development of larger wind turbines. Different designs and technical advances now make it possible to put wind turbines off shore. The fast expansion of the wind power market comes with problems. The new designs are not always fully tested, and the designed 20 year lifetime is typically never achieved before the next generation of turbines is erected. This paper presents results from an investigation of failure statistics from four sources, i.e. two separate sources from Sweden, one from Finland, and one from Germany. Statistics reveal reliability performance of the different components within the wind turbine. The gearbox is the most critical because downtime, per failure, is high compared to the other components in the wind power turbine. The statistical data for larger turbines also show trends toward higher, ever increasing failure frequency when compared to small turbines, which have a decreasing failure rate over the operational years.
Assessment of seasonal variations of carbon dioxide concentration in Iran using GOSAT data

Global warming and climate change have been identified as the most important challenges of the 21st century. Greenhouse Gases Observation Satellite (GOSAT) measures the concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) in the atmosphere column from the earth's surface to the upper atmosphere. In this research, GOSAT Thermal And Near Infrared Sensor for Carbon Observation – Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO‐FTS) level 2 data and meteorological parameters were used in the assessment of changes in CO 2 concentration (XCO 2 ) from 2009 to 2015. We investigated the relationship between XCO 2 and meteorological parameters (temperature and precipitation) obtained from weather stations and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the year 2013 in Iran. The results reveal a steady increase in the mean atmospheric CO 2 concentration, from 384.89 to 400.39 ppm. It was observed that the XCO 2 varied significantly depending on the month, with the highest concentration of CO 2 in April/May and the lowest concentration in August/September. The correlation between XCO 2 and average monthly air temperature is negative, which means that a reduction in XCO 2 with an increase in temperature is dependent on photosynthetic activities in the growing seasons. The highest and lowest correlation coefficient between the NDVI and XCO 2 was obtained in the spring and in the fall, respectively. These findings are useful for recognizing factors that affect CO 2 concentration in different seasons in arid and semi‐arid regions, and as an initial step toward sustainable management.
The anatomy of anatomy: A review for its modernization

Anatomy has historically been a cornerstone in medical education regardless of nation or specialty. Until recently, dissection and didactic lectures were its sole pedagogy. Teaching methodology has been revolutionized with more reliance on models, imaging, simulation, and the Internet to further consolidate and enhance the learning experience. Moreover, modern medical curricula are giving less importance to anatomy education and to the acknowledged value of dissection. Universities have even abandoned dissection completely in favor of user‐friendly multimedia, alternative teaching approaches, and newly defined priorities in clinical practice. Anatomy curriculum is undergoing international reformation but the current framework lacks uniformity among institutions. Optimal learning content can be categorized into the following modalities: (1) dissection/prosection, (2) interactive multimedia, (3) procedural anatomy, (4) surface and clinical anatomy, and (5) imaging. The importance of multimodal teaching, with examples suggested in this article, has been widely recognized and assessed. Nevertheless, there are still ongoing limitations in anatomy teaching. Substantial problems consist of diminished allotted dissection time and the number of qualified anatomy instructors, which will eventually deteriorate the quality of education. Alternative resources and strategies are discussed in an attempt to tackle these genuine concerns. The challenges are to reinstate more effective teaching and learning tools while maintaining the beneficial values of orthodox dissection. The UK has a reputable medical education but its quality could be improved by observing international frameworks. The heavy penalty of not concentrating on sufficient anatomy education will inevitably lead to incompetent anatomists and healthcare professionals, leaving patients to face dire repercussions. Anat Sci Educ 3: 83–93, 2010. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
The Range and Nature of Flexion‐Extension Motion in the Cervical Spine

Objective The full flexion to full extension angular ranges of motion (ROM) from C2 to C7 were measured for 78 normal subjects and 50 cervical myelopathic cases to examine the cervical motions for these two groups in a Chinese population. Methods Measurements were all taken from standard lateral radiographs. Results The normal group showed an average total ROM slightly less than in Western subjects, but a similar distribution of motion throughout C2 to C7. The proportion of motion at levels C4:C5 and C5:C6 were functions of the total ROM, the greatest proportion of motion being at C4:C5 for low (<50°) total ROM and moving to C5:C6 for high (>90°) total ROM. The myelopathic group showed a similar but less clearly established pattern of motion to this. A significantly lower average total ROM than in the normal group was also found. Conclusions This work suggests that the reduction in total angular ROM concomitant with aging results in the emphasis of cervical flexion-extension motion moving from C5:C6 to C4:C5, both in normal cases and those suffering from cervical myelopathy.
Promoting detachment of neutrophils adherent to murine postcapillary venules to control inflammation: effect of lipocortin 1.

In this study we investigated, using intravital microscopy, how neutrophil extravasation across mouse mesenteric postcapillary venules is inhibited by the glucocorticoid-regulated protein lipocortin (LC; also termed annexin) 1. Intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg of zymosan into mice induced neutrophil rolling on the activated mesenteric endothelium followed by adhesion (maximal at 2 hr: 5-6 cells per 100-micrometers of vessel length) and emigration (maximal at 4 hr: 8-10 cells per high-powered field). Treatment of mice with human recombinant LC1 (2 mg/kg s.c.) or its mimetic peptide Ac2-26 (13 mg/kg s.c.) did not modify cell rolling but markedly reduced (>/=50%) the degree of neutrophil adhesion and emigration (P < 0.05). Intravenous treatment with peptide Ac2-26 (13 mg/kg) or recombinant human LC1 (0.7-2 mg/kg) promoted detachment of neutrophils adherent to the endothelium 2 hr after zymosan administration, with adherent cells detaching within 4.12 +/- 0.75 min and 2.36 +/- 0.31 min, respectively (n = 20-25 cells). Recruitment of newly adherent cells to the endothelium was unaffected. The structurally related protein LC5 was inactive in this assay, whereas a chimeric molecule constructed from the N terminus of LC1 (49 aa) attached to the core region of LC5 produced cell detachment with kinetics similar to LC1. Removal of adherent neutrophils from activated postcapillary endothelium is a novel pharmacological action, and it is at this site where LC1 and its mimetics operate to down-regulate this aspect of the host inflammatory response.
Embryonic stem cell development in a chemically defined medium.

Vertebrate germ layer development is an intricately interwoven process with the organism operating as an integrated whole. To examine these processes we have used embryonic stem (ES) cell in vitro differentiation in a serum-free, chemically defined medium (CDM). In CDM, ES cells differentiate as embryoid bodies to neuroectoderm with upregulation of pax-6, without commensurate expression of Brachyury. In the presence of Activin A, pax-6 and Brachyury mRNAs are readily detectable, suggestive of both neuroectoderm and mesoderm formation, while in the presence of BMP-4 a process resembling primitive streak formation at the molecular level occurs. Neuroectoderm development in CDM alone is consistent with the view that this process can occur by default, as reported in Xenopus, due to the absence or sequestration of mesoderm-inducing factors. Additionally, these data show that BMP-4 alone is capable of instigating a process resembling primitive streak formation in ES cells and possibly in vivo.
Genotype‐phenotype comparison of the Swiss malignant hyperthermia population

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a potentially lethal pharmacogenetic disease, triggered by inhalative anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants in genetically predisposed individuals. Linkage analysis have revealed MH to be a heterogenetic disease with about 50% of MH families linked to the locus of the ryanodine receptor calcium channel (RYR1). We investigated the frequency of the 23 published MH linked RYR1 gene mutations in the Swiss MH population and compared our findings to the results of the in vitro contracture test (IVCT). IVCT was performed following the protocol of the European MH Group and mutation screening was done by PCR amplification of genomic DNA followed by restriction enzyme digestion or SSCP. We identified RYR1 gene mutations in 40% of unrelated MH families (19/48) with a high incidence of the mutation V2168M (27%). IVCT results revealed a significantly stronger functional effect of mutations R614C and V2168M as compared to mutations G2434R and R2458C. This is the first time that such a high incidence of RYR1 gene mutations in an MH population has been found, supporting the use of molecular genetic testing for the diagnosis of MH susceptibility in suitable families. In addition our data show that different RYR1 gene mutations are associated with different IVCT phenotypes. Hum Mutat 18:357–358, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Specific Lactobacillus/Mutans Streptococcus Co-aggregation

Selective interaction of mutans streptococci with benign bacteria could present an opportunity for their removal from the mouth without disruption of other oral flora. This study was conducted to find probiotic lactobacilli that could specifically co-aggregate in vitro with mutans streptococci, but not with other plaque commensals. A search of 624 lactobacilli among a large culture library revealed 6 strains, all classifiable as L. paracasei or L. rhamnosus, which met this criterion. Such novel, specific co-aggregation, however, was not a general characteristic of these species or the genus Lactobacillus. The co-aggregation by these specific lactobacilli was characterized as heat treatment (autoclaving)- and protease-resistant, lectin-independent, not inactivated by sugar substitutes, operational over a wide pH range, unaffected by whole saliva, but calcium-dependent. It is thus seen to present a potential strategy for in vivo alteration of plaque biofilm and caries.
6.7  ${\hbox{Gb/in}}^{2}$ Recording Areal Density on Barium Ferrite Tape

We investigated the performance of a barium ferrite tape medium in linear tape recording, using a giant-magnetoresistive read head of 0.5 mum track width. A linear density of 400 kbpi with an error rate of 6 times 10-5 was demonstrated based on measured recording data and a simulated channel with advanced noise predictive maximum likelihood detection schemes. Using a timing-based servo format that reduces the position error signal (PES) due to medium jitter and servo-writer velocity variations, we achieved a PES of 0.07 mum standard deviation and a maximum PES (in a 10-s interval) of 0.35 mum. This PES magnitude allows the writing and reading of 1.5-mum tracks at 400 kbpi, for an equivalent areal density of 6.7 Gb/in2.
3-D physical motion-based bandwidth prediction for video conferencing

Interactive video services such as video conferencing, distance learning, and online video games over the Internet and wireless networks are becoming increasingly prevalent. Because of limited bandwidth on networks and the bandwidth-hungry nature of video, interactive video requires extremely efficient resource management to gain real-time performance. Unlike pregenerated video whose traffic profiles can be computed in advance, efficiency and accuracy of dynamic resource allocation methods for interactive video depend critically on the performance of traffic prediction. Using either traffic data or image features, existing traffic prediction schemes can only provide a short-term traffic prediction. Based on a three-dimensional object's motion, this paper presents a new bandwidth prediction approach for video conferencing. We show that there is a strong correlation between video conferencing traffic and real motion of objects. The real motion can be predicted by the powerful technique Kalman filtering, and the estimated motion is used to make a long-term bandwidth prediction. The new traffic prediction model is tested and compared with the frame-based adaptive normalized least mean square error linear predictor and optical flow-based method with Kalman filtering. Experimental results show that our proposed traffic prediction model achieves much higher accuracy in long-term traffic prediction, which provides the possibility for networks to allocate resources efficiently for video conferencing services.
Spinal Surgeons’ Opinions on Pre- and Postoperative Rehabilitation in Patients Undergoing Lumbar Spinal Fusion Surgery: A Survey-Based Study in the Netherlands and Sweden

Study Design. A cross-sectional survey in the Netherlands and Sweden. Objective. To investigate Dutch and Swedish spinal surgeons’ opinions on spinal fusion pre- and postoperative rehabilitation. Summary of Background Data. Lumbar spinal fusion surgery is increasingly provided in patients with chronic low back pain. No guidelines however exist for pre- and postoperative rehabilitation and it is unknown what opinions spinal surgeons currently have about pre- and postoperative rehabilitation. Methods. A survey was circulated to Dutch and Swedish spinal surgeons. Reminders were sent after 4 and 8/9 weeks. Data of completed questionnaires of orthopedic- and neurosurgeons currently performing lumbar spinal fusion were included for analysis. Analysis comprised a range of descriptive summaries (numerical, graphical, and tabular). Results. Surveys of 34 Dutch and 48 Swedish surgeons were analyzed. Surgeons provided preoperative information on postoperative mobilization. Spinal fusion techniques varied, but technique did not influence postoperative treatment. Swedish surgeons recommended slightly faster mobilization than Dutch (direct vs. 1-day postoperative), and more activities the first day (sitting, standing, walking). Stair climbing was the most reported discharge criterion; however, time point to start varied. More Swedish surgeons referred to postoperative physiotherapy than Dutch (88% vs. 44%). Time-point to start home activities varied from 1 week to more than 6 months. Pain increase was allowed for less than 24 hours (The Netherlands 81%, Sweden 92%). Conclusion. Findings reflect variability in lumbar spinal fusion rehabilitation in two European countries, especially in postoperative phase. The study proposes many new research topics and acts as starting point for future research valuable for the spinal community. Level of Evidence: 3
A Multimodal biometric authentication system using decision theory, iris and speech recognition

This paper proposes a multimodal biometric system that combines iris recognition and speaker identification systems using the energy compaction and time frequency resolution of wavelet analysis. , The uniqueness of iris pattern and the robustness of speaker identification based on pitch period estimation complement each other in the proposed system. The paper also critically analyzes the implementation of Daubechies wavelets (Db3 and Db4) in the analysis of iris and speech samples with an endeavor to have a high success rate with optimal computational complexity.
Mitotic control of RUNX2 phosphorylation by both CDK1/cyclin B kinase and PP1/PP2A phosphatase in osteoblastic cells

Skeletal development and osteoblast maturation require the phenotype promoting activity of the transcription factor RUNX2, which controls both cell growth and differentiation in osteoblasts. We have recently shown that in actively proliferating cells RUNX2 regulates the expression of specific target genes as cells enter and exit mitosis. In this study, we addressed whether post‐translational modifications of RUNX2 control its activity during mitotic exit. Western blot analysis of proteins from osteoblastic Saos‐2 cells released from mitotic inhibition into early G1 show a phosphatase‐sensitive shift in the mobility of RUNX2 in SDS gels. The slowly migrating hyper‐phosphorylated form of RUNX2 is immunoreactive with a CDK related phospho‐antibody (MPM2) only in mitotic cells and is converted into a faster migrating hypo‐phosphorylated RUNX2 when cells complete mitosis. This conversion is inhibited by okadaic acid, an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2 (PP1 and PP2A), but not by deltamethrin which blocks PP2B phosphatase. Mitotic phosphorylation of RUNX2 is sensitive to the CDK inhibitors roscovitine and olomoucine. Furthermore, RUNX2 can directly interact with CDK1 and is phosphorylated in vitro by the CDK1/cyclin B kinase complex. Hence, RUNX2 is hyper‐phosphorylated by CDK1/cyclin B during mitosis, and dynamically converted into a hypo‐phosphorylated form by PP1/PP2A‐dependent dephosphorylation after mitosis to support the post‐mitotic regulation of RUNX2 target genes. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 1509–1517, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of Two Jumping Programs on Hip Bone Mineral Density in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Purpose. To determine the effect of two jumping programs on hip bone mineral density (BMD) in women. Design. Randomized controlled trial. Setting. Approximately 20 cities in the Mountain West. Subjects. Sixty premenopausal women, aged 25 to 50 years, completed the intervention. Intervention. Subjects were randomly assigned to a control group or one of two jumping groups. The Jump 10 group performed 10 jumps with 30 seconds rest between jumps, twice daily for 16 weeks, while the Jump 20 group performed the same protocol but with 20 jumps. Measures. Hip BMD was measured by using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Analysis. Analysis of variance and covariance. Results. At 8 weeks, unadjusted percentage change in hip BMD was significantly different among groups (F = 5.4, p = .0236). Specifically, compared with controls, the Jump 20 women had significantly greater gains in hip BMD and the Jump 10 women had marginally greater improvements. Following 16 weeks of jumping, differences between the Jump 10 and the Jump 20 groups compared with controls were significant (F = 4.2, p = .0444), especially after adjusting for the covariates (F = 7.3, p = .0092). Conclusion. After 16 weeks of high-impact jump training, hip BMD can be improved in premenopausal women by jumping 10 or 20 times, twice daily, with 30 seconds of rest between each jump, compared with controls.
Anthropogenic effects on understorey vegetation in Myrtillus type urban forests in southern Finland

About 80% of the Finnish population live in urban areas (Niemela 1999). The population of the greater Helsinki (Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo, Kauniainen), amounting to 1.15 million people, accounts for more than one-fi fth of the entire Finnish population. It is estimated to reach 1.3 million by the year 2020 (Laakso and Vuori Anthropogenic Effects on Understorey Vegetation in Myrtillus Type Urban Forests in Southern Finland
Effect of Nd:YAG irradiation and fluoride application on dentine resistance to erosion in vitro.

OBJECTIVE In this paper we evaluated the effect of two fluoridated agents and Nd:YAG irradiation separately and in combination on dentine resistance to erosion. BACKGROUND DATA The morphological changes in dentin induced by laser treatment may reduce the progression of erosive lesions. Due to the possibility of a synergistic effect of laser with fluoride, this study was conducted. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty bovine dentine samples (4 x 4 mm) were randomly divided into eight groups, according to the following treatments: G1: untreated (control); G2: acidic phosphate fluoride gel (APF 1.23%) for 4 min; G3: fluoride varnish (NaF 2.26%) for 6 h; G4: 0.5 W Nd:YAG laser (250 microsec pulse, 10 Hz, 35 J/cm2, 30 sec); G5: 0.75 W Nd:YAG laser (52.5 J/cm2); G6: 1.0 W Nd:YAG laser (70 J/cm2); G7: APF + 0.75 W Nd:YAG laser; and G8: NaF + 0.75 W Nd:YAG laser. After the treatments, half of each dentine surface was protected with nail varnish. The samples were stored in artificial saliva (30 mL/sample) for 24 h and submitted to four erosive 1-min cycles. Between the erosive attacks, the blocks were maintained in artificial saliva for 59 min. The erosive wear was evaluated by profilometry. RESULTS The mean wear (+/-SD, microm) was: G1: 1.20 +/- 0.20; G2: 0.47 +/- 0.06; G3: 0.81 +/- 0.11; G4: 1.47 +/- 0.32; G5: 1.52 +/- 0.24; G6: 1.49 +/- 0.30; G7: 0.49 +/- 0.11; and G8: 1.06 +/- 0.31 (Tukey's test, p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Laser irradiation was not able to reduce dentine erosion. However, fluoride application was able to increase the dentine's resistance to erosion, and APF showed better results than fluoride varnish.
The action of halothane on stimulus-secretion coupling in clonal (GH3) pituitary cells

The effect of halothane on the physiological response to excitatory stimuli was assessed in clonal (GH3) pituitary cells. Halothane, at concentrations used to produce general anesthesia in animals (0.25–0.76 mM), inhibited thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced prolactin (PRL) secretion. The sustained (extracellular calcium-dependent) phase of PRL secretion was 70 +/- 7% inhibited by the highest concentration of halothane tested (0.76 mM); 50% inhibition was produced by approximately 0.4 mM halothane. The early (largely inositol trisphosphate-mediated) phase of secretion was less sensitive to halothane; 0.76 mM halothane produced 18 +/- 2% inhibition of the early phase of secretion. Consistent with these observations, halothane inhibited (IC50 approximately 0.45 mM) the sustained phase of the TRH- induced rise in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) to a greater extent than the initial [Ca2+]i peak. The sustained phase of the [Ca2+]i elevation was inhibited by 75 +/- 7% at the highest concentration of halothane tested (0.76 mM), whereas the peak [Ca2+]i was only inhibited by 14 +/- 5%, consistent with the observation that halothane did not inhibit TRH-stimulated inositide hydrolysis in these cells. Halothane (0.5 mM) did not inhibit phorbol ester- or ionomycin-induced PRL secretion, indicating that halothane has inconsequential effects on the secretory apparatus. Halothane (0.5 mM) also inhibited KCl-induced PRL secretion by 50–80% and the corresponding KCl-induced rise in [Ca2+]i by 68 +/- 6%. These data indicate that halothane inhibits secretagogue- stimulated PRL secretion by reducing the elevation of [Ca2+]i produced by calcium (Ca2+) influx.