Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A quality by design approach using artificial intelligence techniques to control the critical quality attributes of ramipril tablets manufactured by wet granulation

Quality by design (QbD) is an essential part of the modern approach to pharmaceutical quality. This study was conducted in the framework of a QbD project involving ramipril tablets. Preliminary work included identification of the critical quality attributes (CQAs) and critical process parameters (CPPs) based on the quality target product profiles (QTPPs) using the historical data and risk assessment method failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA). Compendial and in-house specifications were selected as QTPPs for ramipril tablets. CPPs that affected the product and process were used to establish an experimental design. The results thus obtained can be used to facilitate definition of the design space using tools such as design of experiments (DoE), the response surface method (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANNs). The project was aimed at discovering hidden knowledge associated with the manufacture of ramipril tablets using a range of artificial intelligence-based software, with the intention of establishing a multi-dimensional design space that ensures consistent product quality. At the end of the study, a design space was developed based on the study data and specifications, and a new formulation was optimized. On the basis of this formulation, a new laboratory batch formulation was prepared and tested. It was confirmed that the explored formulation was within the design space.
A fixed point approximation of TCP behavior in a network

1 Extended Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of modeling and analyzing the behavior of a large population of infinite duration TCP flows traversing a network of routers which implement active queue management policies, such as RED (random early discard). We formulate a fixed point problem with the average queue lengths of the routers as unknowns. Once this problem has been solved and the average queue lengths retrieved, then the individual TCP performance characters-tics can be retrieved, i.e., end-to-end loss, throughput, average round trip time. We describe the network model underlying our proposed research. Let V be a collection of routers making up a network. Each router v 6 V has a transmission capacity of Cv bits per second. In addition, router v can buffer up to By bits. Associated with v is an active queue management policy characterized by a probability discard function, Pv (xv), which takes as its argument xv, the average queue length of v. One popular discard function, associated with the RED (random early discard) active queue management mechanism [I], is = 0, O < x. < t~-PT, t7 < x~ < t 7 t~-t v 1, t~ _< xv < By where t~, t~', andp~' are configurable parameters. We make the reasonable assumption that Pv is non-decreasing in xv. We consider a simple workload consisting of N infinite duration TCP flows labeled i = 1,. the perspective of a link v 6 V, it is useful to introduce Sv to be the set of responsive flows that traverse v. In addition, let V~(u) = (j~,l, • • ., u) be the portion of the path from the data source to router u 6 r~ inclusive. We (and others) have observed through measurements on the Internet and in numerous simulations that • in the absence of a maximum rate constraint, each TCP flow traverses at least one congested router (here a congested router is one in which a flow suffers packet loss); each congested router is nearly fully utilized; each TCP flow exhibits a throughput that can be expressed as a function of the packet loss rate and average round trip time that it incurs. Denote this by Trcp(q, R) where q denotes the end-end loss rate and R the round trip time. We have derived accurate expressions for TrcP0 in our earlier work [2]. Let x = {xv}vev. We approximate the average round …
A Look at Consumer Willingness to Pay for Pork Products with Environmental Attributes

and Implications Environmental issues such as air and water quality related to livestock production are receiving much attention. Potential methods for environmental improvement range from regulation to market solutions. This study looks at consumer willingness to pay for pork products with embedded environmental attributes. Experimental auctions showed that over one-half of the participants (62%) paid a premium that did not vary significantly between differing regions of the United States. For the entire group, the average premium paid for the most environmental 2-lb package of pork loin chops was $. 94; a premium of 22%. When evaluated for the premium payers (the 62%), the premium was $1.60 per package; a premium of 37%. Results show that participants were willing to pay higher prices for pork products produced in systems with improved environmental attributes. The premium for products with embedded multienvironmental attributes was significantly greater than for those with single environmental attributes. The level of willingness to pay did not vary significantly across regions for the most environmental package. Participants also were willing to pay more for the product with improved surface water, groundwater, and odor emissions than for the product with just two of these attributes. Thus, it appears that the product with the greatest chance of success is one that has all three attributes embedded. For the most environmental package, bid premiums did not differ significantly between areas studied. Moreover, the percentage of participants paying selected premium levels did not vary between regions. For example, for the triple attribute product, 62% of the participants indicated a willingness to pay a premium. This ranged from 56 to 67% percent across the study area. This paper shows that there is an opportunity to develop a market for products that embody environmental attributes. Consumers are concerned about the environment and are willing to pay more for products that are produced in a way that reduces environmental impact. This research suggests that as the industry develops methods that help sustain or improve the environment, there is a segment of society that will support a market for such products.
Die Modalverben im Deutschen. Grammatikalisierung und Polyfunktionalität

The study examines German modal auxiliaries from the perspective of grammaticalization. The thrust is a dual one. First the attempt is undertaken to provide a systematic description of the coexistence of usages with differing degrees of grammaticalization in present-day German; second, a model is developed for the diachronic evolution of the more strongly grammaticalized usage of modal verbs as deictic facticity markers. Corpus analyses are drawn on both for the synchronic and the diachronic approaches.
An evidence‐based causative classification system for acute ischemic stroke

Regular, evidence‐based assignment of patients to etiologic stroke categories is essential to enable valid comparison among studies. We designed an algorithm (SSS‐TOAST) that incorporated recent advances in stroke imaging and epidemiology to identify the most probable TOAST category in the presence of evidence for multiple mechanisms. Based on the weight of evidence, each TOAST subtype was subdivided into 3 subcategories as “evident”, “probable”, or “possible”. Classification into the subcategories was determined via predefined specific clinical and imaging criteria. These criteria included published risks of ischemic stroke from various mechanisms and published reports of the strength of associations between clinical and imaging features and particular stroke mechanisms. Two neurologists independently assessed 50 consecutively admitted patients with acute ischemic stroke through reviews of abstracted data from medical records. The number of patients classified as “undetermined‐unclassified” per the original TOAST system decreased from 38–40% to 4% using the SSS‐TOAST system. The kappa value for interexaminer reliability was 0.78 and 0.90 for the original TOAST and SSS‐TOAST respectively. The SSS‐TOAST system successfully classifies patients with acute ischemic stroke into determined etiologic categories without sacrificing reliabilty. The SSS‐TOAST is a dynamic algorithm that can accommodate modifications as new epidemiological data accumulate and diagnostic techniques advance. Ann Neurol 2005;58:688–697
An Additional Prior Retrieval Alters the Effects of a Retrieval-Extinction Procedure on Recent and Remote Fear Memory

Several studies have shown that the isolated retrieval of a consolidated fear memory can induce a labile phase, during which extinction training can prevent the reinstatement, a form of relapse in which fear response to a fear-provoking context returns when a mild shock is presented. However, fear memory retrieval may also have another opposing result: the enhancement of fear memory. This implies that the fear memory trace can be modified by a brief retrieval. Unclear is whether the fear-impairing effect of retrieval-extinction (RE) is altered by a prior brief retrieval. The present study investigated the responses of recent and remote fear memories to the RE procedure after the presentation of an additional prior retrieval (priRet). We found that a single RE procedure effectively blocked the reinstatement of 2-day recent contextual fear memory. The memory-impairing effect of the RE procedure on recent fear was not observed when priRet was presented 6 or 24 h before the RE procedure. In contrast to the 2-day recent memory, the RE procedure failed to block the reinstatement of 36-day remote fear memory but successfully disrupted the return of remote fear memory after priRet. This memory-disruptive effect on remote memory did not occur when priRet was performed in a novel context. Nimodipine administration revealed that the blockade of priRet-induced processes recovered the effects of the RE procedure on both recent and remote fear memories. Our findings suggest that the susceptibility of recent and remote fear memories to RE procedures can be altered by an additional retrieval.
A systematic review of methods for studying consumer health YouTube videos, with implications for systematic reviews

Background. YouTube is an increasingly important medium for consumer health information – with content provided by healthcare professionals, government and non-government organizations, industry, and consumers themselves. It is a rapidly developing area of study for healthcare researchers. We examine the methods used in reviews of YouTube consumer health videos to identify trends and best practices. Methods and Materials. Published reviews of consumer-oriented health-related YouTube videos were identified through PubMed. Data extracted from these studies included type of journal, topic, characteristics of the search, methods of review including number of reviewers and method to achieve consensus between reviewers, inclusion and exclusion criteria, characteristics of the videos reported, ethical oversight, and follow-up. Results. Thirty-three studies were identified. Most were recent and published in specialty journals. Typically, these included more than 100 videos, and were examined by multiple reviewers. Most studies described characteristics of the videos, number of views, and sometime characteristics of the viewers. Accuracy of portrayal of the health issue under consideration was a common focus. Conclusion. Optimal transparency and reproducibility of studies of YouTube health-related videos can be achieved by following guidance designed for systematic review reporting, with attention to several elements specific to the video medium. Particularly when seeking to replicate consumer viewing behavior, investigators should consider the method used to select search terms, and use a snowballing rather than a sequential screening approach. Discontinuation protocols for online screening of relevance ranked search results is an area identified for further development.
Evidence‐based treatment of frequent heartburn: The benefits and limitations of over‐the‐counter medications

Purpose: This review summarizes the pharmacological effects of over‐the‐counter (OTC) heartburn drugs, and the implications for treating frequent heartburn. Data sources: PubMed and SCOPUS were searched across all years to identify well‐controlled, randomized clinical studies that assessed mechanism of action and efficacy. Conclusions: Antacids can transiently neutralize acid in the esophagus, but do not significantly affect gastric pH or prevent subsequent heartburn episodes. Histamine‐2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) rapidly develop tolerance with repeat dosing, and exhibit an analgesic effect that may provide heartburn relief while leaving the esophagus exposed to acid. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) provide a sustained inhibition of gastric acid production, and are superior to antacids and H2RAs for control of gastric acid and treatment of frequent heartburn. Implications for practice: When recommending therapies for frequent heartburn, it is of particular importance to understand the strengths and weaknesses of available OTC medications. Antacids and H2RAs are not recommended for treatment of frequent heartburn, while OTC PPIs are both indicated for, and effective for, treatment of frequent heartburn. A PPI dose of 20 mg is optimal for empiric treatment of frequent heartburn, and consistent with the 2013 treatment guidelines established by the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) for treatment with a minimum effective dose.
Identical Hik-Rre systems are involved in perception and transduction of salt signals and hyperosmotic signals but regulate the expression of individual genes to different extents in Synechocystis.

In previous studies, we characterized five histidine kinases (Hiks) and the cognate response regulators (Rres) that control the expression of approximately 70% of the hyperosmotic stress-inducible genes in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. In the present study, we screened a gene knock-out library of Rres by RNA slot-blot hybridization and with a genome-wide DNA microarray and identified three Hik-Rre systems, namely, Hik33-Rre31, Hik10-Rre3, and Hik16-Hik41-Rre17, as well as another system that included Rre1, that were involved in perception of salt stress and transduction of the signal. We found that these Hik-Rre systems were identical to those that were involved in perception and transduction of the hyperosmotic stress signal. We compared the induction factors of the salt stress- and hyperosmotic stress-inducible genes that are located downstream of each system and found that these genes responded to the two kinds of stress to different respective extents. In addition, the Hik33-Rre31 system regulated the expression of genes that were specifically induced by hyperosmotic stress, whereas the system that included Rre1 regulated the expression of one or two genes that were specifically induced either by salt stress or by hyperosmotic stress. Our observations suggest that the perception of salt and hyperosmotic stress by the Hik-Rre systems is complex and that salt stress and hyperosmotic stress are perceived as distinct signals by the Hik-Rre systems.
Evaluation of the Gen‐Probe PACE 2 Assay for the Detection of Asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections in Male Arrestees

Background: The LET and Gen‐Probe PACE 2 assay are used to screen male arrestees for evidence of infection with chlamydia and gonorrhea in the intake/booking area of the Jefferson Parish Correctional Center. Goal of this Study: To determine the accuracy of the Gen‐Probe PACE 2 assay for the detection of asymptomatic infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in male arrestees. Study Design: From December 1993 to March 1994, 196 arrestees younger than 22 years were screened with the Gen‐Probe PACE 2 assay and McCoy shell vial culture for Chlamydia trachomatis. From April to October 1994, 444 arrestees of all ages were screened with the Gen‐Probe PACE 2 assay and standard culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the Gen‐Probe PACE 2 assay, compared with culture, were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Results: The Gen‐Probe PACE 2 assay compared with culture had a sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for Chlamydia trachomatis of 84%, 99%, and 93% and for Neisseria gonorrhoeae of 54%, 99.5%, and 78%. Conclusion: The Gen‐Probe PACE 2 assay is useful for screening young males in this jail setting and is more accurate for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis compared with Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Accurate and Efficient Computation of Laplacian Spectral Distances and Kernels

This paper introduces the Laplacian spectral distances, as a function that resembles the usual distance map, but exhibits properties (e.g. smoothness, locality, invariance to shape transformations) that make them useful to processing and analysing geometric data. Spectral distances are easily defined through a filtering of the Laplacian eigenpairs and reduce to the heat diffusion, wave, biharmonic and commute‐time distances for specific filters. In particular, the smoothness of the spectral distances and the encoding of local and global shape properties depend on the convergence of the filtered eigenvalues to zero. Instead of applying a truncated spectral approximation or prolongation operators, we propose a computation of Laplacian distances and kernels through the solution of sparse linear systems. Our approach is free of user‐defined parameters, overcomes the evaluation of the Laplacian spectrum and guarantees a higher approximation accuracy than previous work.
DENSITY‐DEPENDENT COOPERATION AS A MECHANISM FOR PERSISTENCE AND COEXISTENCE

To overcome stress, such as resource limitation, an organism often needs to successfully mediate competition with other members of its own species. This may favor the evolution of defective traits that are harmful to the species population as a whole, and that may lead to its dilution or even to its extinction (the tragedy of the commons). Here, we show that this phenomenon can be circumvented by cooperation plasticity, in which an individual decides, based on environmental conditions, whether to cooperate or to defect. Specifically, we analyze the evolution of density‐dependent cooperation. In our model, the population is spatially subdivided, periodically remixed, and comprises several species. We find that evolution pushes individuals to be more cooperative when their own species is at lower densities, and we show that not only could this cooperation prevent the tragedy of the commons, but it could also facilitate coexistence between many species that compete for the same resource.
OFFSPRING-PARENT COMMUNICATION IN A SUBSOCIAL TREEHOPPER (HEMIPTERA: MEMBRACIDAE: UMBONIA CRASSICORNIS)

Parental care of post-hatching offspring is widespread in insects, but the role of communication in parent-offspring interactions remains largely unknown. I have found that, in the subsocial treehopper Umbonia crassicornis, aggregated nymphal offspring produce substrate-borne, vibrational signals in synchronized bursts that elicit the mother's antipredator behavior. In this study I describe the signals used by nymphs and explore their role in mother-offspring interactions and within-brood communication. Nymphs were stimulated to signal in the laboratory in response to light contact, simulating the approach of a predator. Signals of nymphs at the site of disturbance triggered a rapid wave of signaling by many individuals within the aggregation. This coordinated signaling was associated with the mother's defensive behavior. Signaling was limited to the vibrational channel: when transmission of vibrations was blocked between signaling nymphs and the mother, the mothers' response was abolished. Nymphs signaled not only in response to contact, but also in response to playback of signals from their siblings. Nymphs in otherwise undisturbed aggregations signaled only in response to signals coordinated into synchronized, group displays, and not to signals in random temporal patterns. However, nymphal signaling thresholds were lowered after a recent experience of simulated predation. After a period in which nymphs were stimulated to signal (by light contact simulating a predator's approach), playback of one individual signal could trigger a coordinated burst within the aggregation. It remains unknown if coordination among siblings to produce synchronized, group signals is completely cooperative, or if siblings compete for the mother's proximity. But it is clear that a complex system of communication among siblings, and between siblings and their parent, is an important feature of maternal care in these subsocial insects.
In vitro comparative evaluation of different storage media (hank's balanced salt solution, propolis, Aloe vera, and pomegranate juice) for preservation of avulsed tooth

ABSTRACT Objectives: Prognosis of the avulsed teeth is mostly affected by extraoral dry period and storage medium used to store teeth before reimplantation. However, ability of storage media can affect cell viability and success of treatment. Various storage media were tried with some success. The present study was undertaken to comparatively evaluate the efficacy of hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), propolis, Aloe vera, and pomegranate juice (PJ) in preserving the vitality of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells of avulsed teeth. Materials and Methods: Fifty orthodontically extracted sound teeth with healthy PDL were selected for the present study. Selected teeth were randomly divided into study groups (10 in each) and 5 each as positive and negative control groups. All the teeth were immersed immediately after extraction into respective storage media. Data were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS software for Windows, Version 19.0. , IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA. Analysis of variance and multiple range were done using Tukey's honestly significant difference with level of significance at 5% (P > 0.05). Results: Propolis (285,000 viable cells with standard deviation 4.11028 and standard error of 1.38097) showed more viable PDL cells followed by HBSS, A. vera, and PJ. Conclusion: Propolis, A. vera, and PJ can be used as an alternative tooth storage media.
The Detection of Auditory Visual Desynchrony

Subjects were presented with a film and its soundtrack through apparatus which enabled asynchrony between picture and sound to be increased. It was found that asynchrony is more easily detected when sound precedes picture, and for a hammer hitting a peg than for someone speaking. These preliminary results suggest that we learn to tolerate the asynchrony between hearing and vision produced by the slower transmission of sound than of light.
Familial High Myopia Linkage to Chromosome 18p

A locus for autosomal dominant high myopia was reported on chromosome 18p. We sought to confirm this finding and narrow the reported interval by analyzing high myopia among families of Hong Kong Chinese, in whom myopia is common. In 15 families with a possibly autosomal dominant inheritance of high myopia (≧–6 dpt) in at least 2 generations, 10 chromosome 18p markers were analyzed for linkage with high myopia. Two-point linkage analysis showed trends toward linkage of markers D18S476 and D18S62 with high myopia, with maximum logarithm of odds (LOD) scores of at least 1.1 and 1.7, respectively. Multipoint analysis of those 2 markers gave a maximum LOD score of at least 2.1. To attempt to account for likely genetic heterogeneity, 5 families showing evidence of linkage of the 2 markers with high myopia were selected for further multipoint linkage analysis, resulting in a maximum LOD score of 2.4 at D18S476. While multiple genetic and environmental factors likely contribute to myopia, these data are consistent with the possibility of a locus on chromosome 18p.