Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The molybdenum cofactor enzyme mARC: Moonlighting or promiscuous enzyme?

Molybdenum (Mo) is present in the active center of eukaryotic enzymes as a tricyclic pyranopterin chelate compound forming the Mo Cofactor (Moco). Four Moco containing enzymes are known in eukaryotes, nitrate reductase (NR), sulfite oxidase (SO), xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), and aldehyde oxidase (AO). A fifth Moco enzyme has been recently identified. Because of the ability of this enzyme to convert by reduction several amidoximes prodrugs into their active amino forms, it was named mARC (mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component). This enzyme is also able to catalyze the reduction of a broad range of N‐hydroxylated compounds (NHC) as the base analogue 6‐hydroxylaminopurine (HAP), as well as nitrite to nitric oxide (NO). All the mARC proteins need reducing power that is supplied by other proteins. The human and plants mARC proteins require a Cytochrome b5 (Cytb5) and a Cytochrome b5 reductase (Cytb5‐R) to form an electron transfer chain from NADH to the NHC. Recently, plant mARC proteins were shown to be implicated in the reduction of nitrite to NO, and it was proposed that the electrons required for the reaction were supplied by NR instead of Cytochrome b5 components. This newly characterized mARC activity was termed NO Forming Nitrite Reductase (NOFNiR). Moonlighting proteins form a special class of multifunctional enzymes that can perform more than one function; if the extra function is not physiologically relevant, they are called promiscuous enzymes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the mARC protein, and we propose that mARC is a new moonlighting enzyme. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(4):486–494, 2017
Interstitial Lung Disease in the Collagen Vascular Diseases

All of the collagen vascular diseases (CVDs) are complicated by pulmonary involvement, which is often subclinical and may be masked by exercise limitation (due to other features of the underlying disease) until it becomes life-threatening. The differential diagnosis of pulmonary involvement is wide and varies from disease to disease, but always includes interstitial lung disease. In all these disorders, there are inconsistencies in the literature as to the prevalence and severity of pulmonary complications, including interstitial lung disease (ILD) in general and fibrosing alveolitis in particular. These inconsistencies are partially attributable to diverse diagnostic criteria. In some studies, pulmonary disease is defined by abnormalities in pulmonary function tests, whereas in other series symptomatic, radiologic, or histologic criteria are employed; the prevalence of respiratory disease will appear to increase as more sensitive indices are used. Autopsy studies have their own biases, including overestimation of the frequency of potentially lethal complications. Imprecise terminology is a further source of confusion. Historically, radiologic criteria have been used to define the prevalence of "interstitial lung disease" and this term is often used synonymously with "fibrosing alveolitis," which is only one of several causes of widespread lung shadowing on chest radiography in the CVDs. In most histologic and autopsy series, the prevalence of "lung fibrosis" has been documented, but not the prevalence of fibrosing alveolitis. In several recent open lung biopsy series, rigorous histologic classification has allowed an estimation to be made of the true frequency of fibrosing alveolitis relative to that of other pathophysiologic processes resulting in lung fibrosis; however, these series are made up of small numbers of patients and are subject to selection bias. Histologic heterogeneity has compounded the difficulties of determining the natural history of ILD and its responsiveness to treatment. Moreover, fibrosing alveolitis itself varies greatly in its clinical manifestations, from fulminant disease (seen in rheumatoid arthritis [RA] polymyositis [PM] or dermatomyositis [DM]) to mild or subclinical disease, which may not progress. In general, fibrosing alveolitis associated with CVD appears to progress more slowly than does lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) (without associated CVD); this is especially the case in systemic sclerosis (SSc). This article focuses on ILD in the five CVDs most commonly encountered in clinical practice, with particular reference to fibrosing alveolitis. Differential diagnoses are outlined; ILD may coexist with extrapulmonic restriction, airflow obstruction, and pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) (Table I).
Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes recovered from some ready-to-eat foods sold in Kano, north-western Nigeria

Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species were isolated from some ready-to-eat foods sold in Kano metropolis. The method of United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (FDACFSAN) was adopted in the isolation of the organism. A total of 336 food samples were screened. This included 29 beef burger, 30 yoghurt, 32 locally fermented fresh milk (nono), 34 cabbage, 45 grilled meat (tsire), 48 lettuce, 55 meat-pie and 63 roasted meat (balangu) samples. Samples were collected from December 2012 to March 2013. From these samples 38 (11.3%) yielded Listeria species. Six isolates (1.8%) were found to be L. monocytogenes , 31 (9.2%) were found to be L. ivanovii and 1(0.3%) was L. seeligeri. Out of the 38 isolates, 7 (18%) were from ‘balangu’, 9 (24%) cabbage, 14 (37%) lettuce, 5 (13%) meat pie and 3 (8%) ‘tsire’ samples. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 3 lettuce samples (50%), 2 ‘balangu’ samples (33%) and 1 meat-pie sample (17%). On the other hand, L. monocytogenes was not isolated from ‘tsire’, beef burger, ‘nono’ and yoghourt samples. This study showed the presence of the organism in Kano, which could pose a threat of outbreak or sporadic cases of listeriosis with high morbidity and mortality rates. Keywords : Isolation, Listeria monocytogenes , Ready-to-eat foods, Kano.
NSAIDs and fracture healing

Purpose of reviewPublished data raise concerns about the use of nonselective NSAIDs and selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors as anti-inflammatory or analgesic drugs in patients after a recent fracture or who are undergoing (uncemented) arthroplasty or osteotomy. However, clinical reports on the effect of COX-2 inhibition on fracture healing in humans have been variable and inconclusive. This review gives an overview of the published data and an advice when to avoid NSAIDs. Recent findingsProstaglandins play an important role as mediators of inflammation and COX are required for their production. Inflammation is an essential step in the fracture healing process in which prostaglandin production by COX-2 is involved. Data from animal studies suggest that NSAIDs, which inhibit COX-2, can impair fracture healing due to the inhibition of the endochondral ossification pathway. Animal data suggest that the effects of COX-2 inhibitors are dependent on the timing, duration, and dose, and that these effects are reversible. SummaryThese animal data, together with the view of limited scientifically robust clinical evidence in humans, indicate that physicians consider only short-term administration of COX-2 inhibitors or other drugs in the pain management of patients who are in the phase of fracture or other bone defect healing. COX-2-inhibitors should be considered a potential risk factor for fracture healing, and therefore to be avoided in patients at risk for delayed fracture healing.
The endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathways in plants

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism by which all eukaryotic cells preserve the homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the face of accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER. Plants possess at least two signaling pathways specific for UPR. ER membrane‐bound ER stress sensor/transducers, AtbZIP60 and AtbZIP28, are basic leucine zipper transcription factors that are activated by regulated intramembrane proteolysis systems and regulate transcription of the UPR genes. These signaling pathways play important roles not only in the UPR but also in other biological processes such as the response to pathogens and heat stress. © 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
The World Health Organization's Action Plan on the Road Traffic Injury Pandemic: Is There Any Action for Orthopaedic Trauma Surgeons?

Summary: Road traffic crash–related death, injury, and chronic disability continue to be a major worldwide burden to drivers, pedestrians, and users of mass transit, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Projections predict worsening of this burden, and while motorization of LMIC increases exponentially, a corresponding improvement in prehospital and acute in-hospital trauma care has not been seen. The WHO now has 2 programs that address different elements of this challenge, namely, the Violence and Injury Prevention department (prevention) and the Emergency and Essential Surgical Care project (treatment). Activities of Violence and Injury Prevention have included developing guidelines for prehospital and essential trauma care, whereas activities of the Emergency and Essential Surgical Care have included developing the Integrated Management of Emergency and Essential Surgical Care toolkit and a textbook, “Surgical Care at the District Hospital. ” Organized surgical institutions in high-income countries—trauma associations, university departments, surgical nongovernmental organizations, etc.—can benefit from the infrastructure and tools the WHO has developed to better address the deficits in surgical services to improve the equitable distribution of surgical care services and resources to LMIC.
The function of vascular endothelial growth factor

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is considered the master regulator of angiogenesis during growth and development, as well as in disease states such as cancer, diabetes, and macular degeneration. This review details our current understanding of VEGF signaling and discusses the benefits and unexpected side effects of promising anti‐angiogenic therapeutics that are currently being used to inhibit neovacularization in tumors. © 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Predictors of Contraceptive Adherence among Women Seeking Family Planning Services at Reproductive Health Uganda, Mityana Branch

Poor adherence is one of the main causes of unintended pregnancies among women of reproductive age. The purpose of this study was to establish the predictors of contraceptive adherence. A total of 211 women were enrolled and interviewed while seeking family planning services at reproductive health Uganda facility. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the association between adherence and the independent variables. Most of the respondents (83.4%) were currently using a hormonal contraceptive. Of the participants who were using contraceptives, 43% had discontinued use at some time for reasons other than pregnancy, 53.1% reported having short birth interval less than 2 years, and 7% reported having more children than desired. The predictors of poor contraceptive adherence included lower education level (OR 2.484, 95% CI 1.403–4.397) and lower self-efficacy (OR 1.698, 95% CI 1.959–3.004). Lack of male partner support (OR 2.014, 95% CI 1.140–3.557) and low education level (OR 2.103, 95% CI 1.196–3.699) were predictive of reporting short birth interval less than 2 years. The findings point to a number of predictors of contraceptive adherence that may have implications for designing and evaluating family planning programs. In the Ugandan context, studies to evaluate effective adherence improvement strategies are needed.
Decision making in the management of cranial cruciate ligament rupture

RUPTURE of the cranial cruciate ligament is one of the most common causes of chronic hindlimb lameness in dogs and accounts for a significant fraction of the case load of many referral surgeons, practices and teaching institutions. Difficulty in diagnosis and uncertainty as to the best method of treatment appear to be the main factors contributing to the high case load. This article describes the diagnostic signs and tests that the author finds most helpful and discusses the various treatment options.
Anatomic Ligament Repair Restores Ankle and Syndesmotic Rotational Stability as Much as Syndesmotic Screw Fixation

Objectives: To compare the external rotation stability of 3 different syndesmotic stabilization techniques in a cadaveric ankle fracture model. Methods: Nondestructive external rotation stresses of 4 N·m were applied to 8 cadaveric limbs using a hydraulic loading frame. Four conditions were tested using a repeated-measures design: intact and 3 repair conditions after a destabilizing ligamentous ankle injury with syndesmotic disruption. The 3 repair conditions were tricortical trans-syndesmotic screw fixation, posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (PITFL) repair, and combined PITFL and deltoid ligament repair. External rotation of the ankle joint and syndesmosis was measured using a motion capture system and compared for each test condition. Repeated-measures 1-way analyses of variance statistical tests were performed to compare the ankle and syndesmotic rotation findings between the 3 repair conditions and intact condition. Results: Rotational ankle stability was not fully restored by any of the 3 repair constructs. The intact ankle joint externally rotated approximately half as many degrees as the 3 repair conditions (intact: 10.9; trans-syndesmotic screw: 17.0; PITFL: 21.4; and PITFL/deltoid: 15.6). The intact condition also demonstrated significantly fewer degrees of syndesmotic rotation than the repair constructs (intact 2.4; trans-syndesmotic screw 5.2; PITFL 8.5; and PITFL/deltoid 6.9). Each of the repair conditions resulted in an externally rotated fibula when no loads were applied. The ligamentous repairs externally rotated the fibula twice as much as the trans-syndesmotic screw (P < 0.016). Conclusions: We found that combined repair of the PITFL and deltoid ligament restores an equivalent amount of ankle and syndesmotic rotational stability when compared to trans-syndesmotic screw fixation. Based on our findings, ligamentous repair can potentially be a viable treatment alternative in unstable ankle fracture patients with syndesmotic disruption. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Role of Sonication for Detection of Infection in Explanted Orthopaedic Trauma Implants

Objectives: Sonication is a new technology that uses high-frequency sound waves to mechanically dislodge bacteria adherent in biofilms. Unlike arthroplasty, its role in orthopaedic trauma has not been described. The goal of this study was to explore the utility of sonication in orthopaedic trauma. Design: Retrospective review. Setting: Level I trauma center. Patients: One hundred forty-six sonicated metallic orthopaedic devices from September 2010 to May 2013 were included. Patients were divided into 3 groups: clinically infected, elective implant removals, and nonunion. Intervention: Sonication culture results were retrospectively reviewed for all patients undergoing implant removal. Outcomes: Sonication results were the primary study outcome and were considered positive for culture growth if equal to or greater than 20 colony-forming units per plate. Results: In 32 patients with clinical infection, tissue cultures were positive in 30 (94%) and negative in 2 (6%). In contrast, sonication cultures were positive in 19 patients (59%) and did not identify additional organisms. Of the 72 patients who underwent elective implant removal, 52 had pain. Sonication cultures were positive in 5 of these 52 patients (10%) and in 0 of 20 patients with no pain. Sonication culture results were negative in all 42 patients who underwent nonunion surgery. Conclusions: Sonication of orthopaedic trauma implants in patients with clinically apparent infection or “aseptic” nonunion offered negligible additional information. Sonication demonstrated a positive microbiologic yield in a subset of patients with painful implants; further research is required to better establish the frequency of subclinical infection and to determine the diagnostic role of traditional cultures and sonication. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Brain: Cerebral Blood Flow

Hypoxia constitutes a vasodilator stimulus for the cerebral resistance vessels. As shown by Betz in freely moving cats, the effect has the nature of a threshold phenomenon appearing at an inspired PO2 below about 110 torr. Studies on anesthetized dogs have shown that in normocapnia the arterial PO2 has to fall below 50 to 60 torr before cerebral blood flow increases significantly; and inspired PO2 of 110 torr corresponds roughly to a PaO2 of 50 to 60 torr (Fig. 1). If cerebral blood flow is plotted as a function of the decrease of the arterial oxygen saturation, then, at normocapnia, a smoothly rising curve is seen (Fig. 2). Thus the shape of the hemoglobin O2 saturation curve appears to play a major role; a moderate lowering in PaO2 below the normal level does not decrease O2 saturation much and flow does not increase. At a PaO2 of 50 torr, O2 saturation is decreased from 93 to 74
The Agreement of Level-of-Evidence Ratings of Articles Submitted to the JOT from 2012 to 2014

INTRODUCTION The levels of evidence are a significant constituent of evidence-based medicine. The concept of levels of evidence was introduced with the aim of providing the readers an indication of the relative strengths of a study. In the so-called pecking order for therapeutic studies, randomized controlled trials are level 1 or 2 and can be more readily trusted than studies with lower evidence ratings. Case–control studies are level 3, case series are level 4, and expert opinions are level 5. A level-1 study is considered to have the greatest research strength, whereas level 5, the least. This certainly does not mean that all level-4 and level-5 studies are to be disregarded and all level-1 studies to be accepted as facts. In our specialty, level-4 and level-5 studies inadvertently help in the formulation of hypothesis and improvement of randomized controlled trials study designs. In 2003, the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American (JBJS-A) adopted the levelof-evidence ratings that was a modification of a proposal of Sackett et al. In recent times, multiple general and specialty orthopaedic journals have implemented this rating system for their articles. In addition, ratings are also provided by most of the contributing authors presenting research work at various orthopaedic meetings and conferences. The Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma (JOT) has made it mandatory for authors to indicate the type of article (Diagnostic, Therapeutic, Economic, or Therapeutic) and the level-of-evidence rating (1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) for submitting clinical research articles since June 2012. The aim of the study was to assess the level of agreement between the authors and the section editor of the JOT with regard to the type of article and the level-of-evidence rating. We also sought to evaluate whether the overall percentage of agreement changed over time. Finally, we sought to find values that could serve as reference points for future studies.
Violent Crime in the Lives of Homeless Female Ex-Offenders

The cyclical pattern of violence in the lives of homeless female ex-offenders may precipitate ongoing substance use and recidivism; all of which have shown to be mounting public health issues affecting successful reentry. This paper, which analyzed baseline data from a longitudinal study of 126 female ex-offenders in Los Angeles and Pomona, California, highlighted the factors found to be associated with violent crime among homeless female ex-offenders. A multiple logistic regression model for whether or not the last conviction was for a violent offense indicated that poor housing (p = .011) and self-reported anger or hostility (p < .001) were significant correlates. An ordinal regression model for the number of violent offenses also indicated that affectionate support was associated with committing fewer number of violent crimes (p = .001), while positive social interactions (p = .007), and anger/hostility (p = .015) were associated with greater number of violent crimes. Implications for developing a comprehensive array of strategies that can mitigate the pattern of violence often seen in the lives of homeless female who have recently exited jails and prisons is discussed.
Pathophysiology of varicocele in male infertility in the era of assisted reproductive technology

Varicocele is the most common and treatable cause of male infertility. Studies of a rat experimental left varicocele model and human testicular biopsy samples have shown the involvement of various factors in its pathophysiology. Among them, oxidative stress plays a major role in impairing spermatogenesis and sperm function. Therefore, in addition to palpation, scrotal ultrasonography and color Doppler ultrasound, evaluation of testicular oxidative stress (e.g. scrotal temperature is a surrogate parameter) is recommended to enable diagnosis and suitable treatment of varicocele. Varicocelectomy increases the fertilization, pregnancy and live birth rates, indicating improved sperm function; it is therefore important even in couples undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Routine sperm‐function tests are warranted to monitor the sperm quality after varicocelectomy and consequent improvement in the outcomes of assisted reproductive technology. Furthermore, the indications of varicocelectomy in assisted reproductive technology should be widened.
SUICIDE IN OLDER ADULTS: NURSING ASSESSMENT OF SUICIDE RISK

A fundamental objective of the National Strategy for Suicide Prevention is the prevention of suicide in older adults, especially elderly males, because these individuals are at higher risk for suicide than any other age group. Furthermore, they are the fastest growing segment of the population. The suicide rates for older Caucasian men are particularly high. Because nurses play an important role in the identification of persons at risk for suicide, it is important that they be cognizant of the complex risk factors involved in late life suicide. Toward that end, we review the prevalence of suicidal behaviors in older adults and discuss risk factors that contribute to completed suicide in these individuals. Lastly, we discuss the role of nurses in the identification of older adults at risk for suicidal behavior so that life-saving treatment measures can be implemented.
Improving the Undergraduate Clinical Placement Experience in Mental Health Nursing

Recruitment in mental health nursing is an international problem. Improving the undergraduate clinical placement experience may help to attract students into mental health nursing. In this paper, the authors describe the development and evaluation of a clinical facilitation program aimed at improving the placement experience. Students were surveyed about their attitudes to mental health nursing before and after placement. Based on the results from 254 pre-placement and 248 post-placement surveys there was a large significant increase in students' interest in mental health nursing following clinical placement. Data collected from focus groups also indicated that facilitators, students, and clinical nurses all viewed the program positively.