Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IJCAR'06 Workshop : Disproving'06: Non-Theorems, Non-Validity, Non-Provability

We discuss the benefits of complete unsound inference procedures for efficient methods of disproof. We give a framework for converting a sound and complete saturation-based inference procedure into successive unsound and complete procedures, that serve as successive approximations to the theory. The idea is to successively add new statements in such a way that the inference procedure will halt. Then the satisfiability is evaluated over a stronger theory. We illustrate this framework with Knuth-Bendix Completion, and show that in some theories these successive approximations become weaker and weaker, and sometimes become a decision problem. Then we illustrate the framework with a new method for the (nonground) word problem, based on Congruence Closure. We show a class where this becomes a decision procedure. Also, we show that this new inference system is interesting in its own right. Given a particular goal, in many cases we can halt the procedure at some point and say that all the equations for solving the goal have been generated already. This is generally not possible in Knuth-Bendix Completion.
Pediatric antifungal agents

Purpose of review In immunocompromised hosts, invasive fungal infections are common and fatal. In the past decade, the antifungal armamentarium against invasive mycoses has expanded greatly. The purpose of the present report is to review the most recent literature addressing the use of antifungal agents in children. Recent findings Most studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of antifungal agents are limited to adults. However, important progress has been made in describing the pharmacokinetics and safety of newer antifungal agents in children, including the echinocandins. Summary Dosage guidelines for newer antifungal agents are currently based on adult and limited pediatric data. Because important developmental pharmacology changes occur throughout childhood impacting the pharmacokinetics of these agents, antifungal studies specifically designed for children are necessary.
Strains of [PSI+] are distinguished by their efficiencies of prion‐mediated conformational conversion

Yeast prions are protein‐based genetic elements that produce phenotypes through self‐perpetuating changes in protein conformation. For the prion [PSI+] this protein is Sup35, which is comprised of a prion‐determining region (NM) fused to a translational termination region. [PSI+] strains (variants) with different heritable translational termination defects (weak or strong) can exist in the same genetic background. [PSI+] variants are reminiscent of mammalian prion strains, which can be passaged in the same mouse strain yet have different disease latencies and brain pathologies. We found that [PSI+] variants contain different ratios of Sup35 in the prion and non‐prion state that correlate with different translation termination efficiencies. Indeed, the partially purified prion form of Sup35 from a strong [PSI+] variant converted purified NM much more efficiently than that of several weak variants. However, this difference was lost in a second round of conversion in vitro. Thus, [PSI+] variants result from differences in the efficiency of prion‐mediated conversion, and the maintenance of [PSI+] variants involves more than nucleated conformational conversion (templating) to NM alone.
The Germ-Cells.

The present researches have been carried out in a material of all sorts of phases, from the close of segmentation to embryos of 42 mm. , and they do not extend sufficiently far to permit of the giving of any revised or confirmatory account of the later -history, including the details of the formation of the secondary germ-cells. But, as RABL ('96, p. 754) has already said of his own work, so also it is true of mine, that it overlaps the older researches of SEMPER ('75) and BALFOUR ('78). Where my account of the germ-cells ends, there, or even earlier, their history of them begins, and thence, more especially in SMPnER'S memoir, it is carried to a finish in a very complete and masterly fashion. There are two points in which my results come into contact with those of BALFOUR on later stages. These concern the relations of the primary to the secondary germ-cells and the modes of origin of the latter. As a comparison of figs. 37 and 33 of Plate V. proves, the primary germ-cells are larger than the secondary ones. ' This statement is in direct contradiction with BALFOUR'S results. In his work on the development of the ovary ('78, 2) he states:-" the permanent ova (secondary germ-cells of the present writing) are larger, the smallest of them being larger than the average primitive ova in the proportion of four to three," etc.; and in plate 17, fig. 1, he depicts a transverse section of an ovarian ridge of an embryo of Scyllium canicula, stage P. Numerous ". primitive ova" are shown, there being no fewer than 22 in the section. Stage P of BALFOUR'S nomenclature is comparatively late. For other purposes the characters assigned by him to embryos of different periods have been collated from the Elasmobranch monograph, and from the analysis it appears that "stage 0" probably represents Scylliumn embryos of 30 mm. of my collection, "stage P " those of 32-33 mm. , and "stage Q"those of 34-36 mm. at least. Anything like an exact estimate is difficult, or even impossible; for BALFOUR gives but few of the characters of his embryos. With the like preservation, a Scyllium embryo of 32-33 mm. in my collection always represents in the degree of development of its organs a Baja batis of about 65-70 mm. Approximately, therefore, embryos of the latter are double the length of corresponding ones of the former, and this rough rule applies to all periods of the development. It is possible that BALFOUR'S embryos were smaller than
Genome-Wide Analysis of Ethylene-Responsive Element Binding Factor-Associated Amphiphilic Repression Motif-Containing Transcriptional Regulators in Arabidopsis1[W][OA]

The ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif is a transcriptional regulatory motif identified in members of the ethylene-responsive element binding factor, C2H2, and auxin/indole-3-acetic acid families of transcriptional regulators. Sequence comparison of the core EAR motif sites from these proteins revealed two distinct conservation patterns: LxLxL and DLNxxP. Proteins containing these motifs play key roles in diverse biological functions by negatively regulating genes involved in developmental, hormonal, and stress signaling pathways. Through a genome-wide bioinformatics analysis, we have identified the complete repertoire of the EAR repressome in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) comprising 219 proteins belonging to 21 different transcriptional regulator families. Approximately 72% of these proteins contain a LxLxL type of EAR motif, 22% contain a DLNxxP type of EAR motif, and the remaining 6% have a motif where LxLxL and DLNxxP are overlapping. Published in vitro and in planta investigations support approximately 40% of these proteins functioning as negative regulators of gene expression. Comparative sequence analysis of EAR motif sites and adjoining regions has identified additional preferred residues and potential posttranslational modification sites that may influence the functionality of the EAR motif. Homology searches against protein databases of poplar (Populus trichocarpa), grapevine (Vitis vinifera), rice (Oryza sativa), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) revealed that the EAR motif is conserved across these diverse plant species. This genome-wide analysis represents the most extensive survey of EAR motif-containing proteins in Arabidopsis to date and provides a resource enabling investigations into their biological roles and the mechanism of EAR motif-mediated transcriptional regulation.
Bounded-delay-encodable, block-decodable codes for constrained systems

We introduce and investigate the class of bounded-delay-encodable block-decodable (BDB) codes. Several characterizations for this class of codes are given, and some construction methods, especially for one-symbol look-ahead BDB codes, are described. In another direction, we use our results to show the existence of a decision procedure for some basic coding problems.
Autonomous Parvoviruses neither Stimulate nor Are Inhibited by the Type I Interferon Response in Human Normal or Cancer Cells

ABSTRACT Members of the genus Parvovirus are small, nonenveloped single-stranded DNA viruses that are nonpathogenic in humans but have potential utility as cancer therapeutics. Because the innate immune response to parvoviruses has received relatively little attention, we compared the response to parvoviruses to that of several other types of viruses in human cells. In normal human glia, fibroblasts, or melanocytes, vesicular stomatitis virus evoked robust beta interferon (IFN-β) responses. Cytomegalovirus, pseudorabies virus, and Sindbis virus all evoked a 2-log-unit or greater upregulation of IFN-β in glia; in contrast, LuIII and MVMp parvoviruses did not evoke a detectable IFN-β or interferon-stimulated gene (ISG; MX1, oligoadenylate synthetase [OAS], IFIT-1) response in the same cell types. The lack of response raised the question of whether parvoviral infection can be attenuated by IFN; interestingly, we found that IFN did not decrease parvovirus (MVMp, LuIII, and H-1) infectivity in normal human glia, fibroblasts, or melanocytes. The same was true in human cancers, including glioma, sarcoma, and melanoma. Similarly, IFN failed to attenuate transduction by the dependovirus vector adeno-associated virus type 2. Progeny production of parvoviruses was also unimpaired by IFN in both glioma and melanoma, whereas vesicular stomatitis virus replication was blocked. Sarcoma cells with upregulated IFN signaling that show high levels of resistance to other viruses showed strong infection by LuIII. Unlike many other oncolytic viruses, we found no evidence that impairment of innate immunity in cancer cells plays a role in the oncoselectivity of parvoviruses in human cells. Parvoviral resistance to the effects of IFN in cancer cells may constitute an advantage in the virotherapy of some tumors. IMPORTANCE Understanding the interactions between oncolytic viruses and the innate immune system will facilitate employing these viruses as therapeutic agents in cancer patients. The cancer-selective nature of some oncolytic viruses is based on the impaired innate immunity of many cancer cells. The parvoviruses H-1, LuIII, and MVM target cancer cells; however, their relationship with the innate immune system is relatively uncharacterized. Surprisingly, we found that these parvoviruses do not evoke an interferon response in normal human fibroblasts, glia, or melanocytes. Furthermore, unlike most other types of virus, we found that parvovirus infectivity is unaffected by interferon treatment of human normal or tumor cells. Finally, parvoviral replication was unimpaired by interferon in four human tumor types, including those with residual interferon functionality. We conclude that deficits in the interferon antiviral response of cancer cells do not contribute to parvoviral oncoselectivity in human cells. The interferon-resistant phenotype of parvoviruses may give them an advantage over interferon-sensitive oncolytic viruses in tumors showing residual interferon functionality.
Automatic breast cancer grading in lymph nodes using a deep neural network

The progression of breast cancer can be quantified in lymph node whole-slide images (WSIs). We describe a novel method for effectively performing classification of whole-slide images and patient level breast cancer grading. Our method utilises a deep neural network. The method performs classification on small patches and uses model averaging for boosting. In the first step, region of interest patches are determined and cropped automatically by color thresholding and then classified by the deep neural network. The classification results are used to determine a slide level class and for further aggregation to predict a patient level grade. Fast processing speed of our method enables high throughput image analysis.
Nonenzymatic displacement of chlorine and formation of free radicals upon the reaction of glutathione with PCB quinones

The reactions of glutathione (GSH) with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) quinones having different degrees of chlorination on the quinone ring were examined. EPR spectroscopy and MS revealed 2 types of reactions yielding different products: (i) a nonenzymatic, nucleophilic displacement of chlorine on the quinone ring yielding a glutathiylated conjugated quinone and (ii) Michael addition of GSH to the quinone, a 2-electron reduction, yielding a glutathiylated conjugated hydroquinone. The pKa of parent hydroquinone decreased by 1 unit as the degree of chlorination increased. This resulted in a corresponding increase in the oxidizability of these chlorinated hydroquinones. The reaction with oxygen appears to be first-order each in ionized hydroquinone and dioxygen, yielding hydrogen peroxide stoichiometrically. The generation of semiquinone radicals, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals was observed by EPR; however, the mechanisms and yields vary depending on the degree of the chlorination of hydroquinone/quinone and the presence or absence of GSH. Our discovery that chlorinated quinones undergo a rapid, nonenzymatic dechlorination upon reaction with GSH opens a different view on mechanisms of metabolism and the toxicity of this class of compounds.
Preserving sarcomere number after tenotomy requires stretch and contraction

Introduction: Passive stretch therapy is utilized to improve the range of motion of chronically shortened muscles. However, human studies show conflicting results as whether passive stretch is clinically effective. Methods: The soleus muscles of adult rats were tenotomized to induce muscle shortening adaptation. Muscles included were non‐treated normal, subjected to daily static stretch, or lengthened and isometrically contracted for 20 min/day. Muscle fiber structure was analyzed histochemically. Sarcomeres per millimeter length were counted to assess the effect of treatment. Results: Passive stretch significantly reduced central core lesion formation, but sarcomere loss was not prevented. The addition of isometric contraction during static stretch significantly (P < 0.001) reduced sarcomere loss. Conclusions: Passive stretch alone does not prevent shortening adaptation. Contraction is required in combination with stretch to preserve the number of sarcomeres in series. The combination of stretch and contraction is necessary to maintain proper muscle fiber length. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Interactive Relighting of Virtual Objects under Environment Lighting

Current relighting applications often constrain one or several factors of the rendering equation to keep the rendering speed real-time. For example, visibility is often precalculated and animations are not allowed, changes in lighting are limited to simple rotation or the lighting is not very detailed. Other techniques compromise on quality and often coarsely tabulate BRDF functions. In order to solve these problems, some techniques have started to use spherical radial basis functions. However, solving the triple product integral does not guarantee interactivity. In order to dynamically change lighting conditions or alter scene geometry and materials, these three factors need to be converted to the SRBF representation in a fast manner. This paper presents a method to perform the SRBF data construction and rendering in real-time. To support dynamic high-frequency lighting, a multiscale residual transformation algorithm is applied. Area lights are detected through a peak detection algorithm. By using voxel cone tracing and a subsampling scheme, animated geometry casts soft shadows dynamically. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method with a real-time application. Users can shine with multiple light sources onto a camera and the animated virtual scene is relit accordingly.
Temporal consciousness and confabulation: Is the medial temporal lobe “temporal”?

Since the early descriptions of this phenomenon, there is a large consensus on the distinction between two forms of confabulation. Provoked confabulations are plausible minor memory distortions in response to direct questioning, whereas spontaneous confabulations are unprovoked, often implausible, memories. However, as we show with the analysis of 284 provoked and 52 spontaneous confabulations produced by eight patients with confabulatory syndromes of different aetiologies, the provoked/spontaneous distinction fails to capture the quality of the great majority of confabulations that clearly do not fall in either of the two poles of the distinction. In this study, the majority of provoked (52%) and spontaneous (73%) confabulations consisted of what we refer to as “general memories, habits, and misplacements”, i.e., either true episodes misplaced in time and place, or personal habits and routines which are considered by the patient as specific personal episodes. These observations are discussed within the framework of the Memory, Consciousness, and Temporality Theory. According to this theory, confabulation reflects an abnormal functioning of temporal consciousness (TC). The integrity of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and related structures is crucial for the normal functioning of TC. Data from the literature show that what confabulators have in common is not a specific lesion site but rather the integrity of the MTL, which is consistent with the idea that the MTL is essential for the function of normal and confabulatory TC. In this sense the MTL is “temporal”, because its integrity allows individuals to be consciously aware of a personal past, present and future. A better understanding of TC, including its neurobiological correlates, will help to better understand confabulation avoiding theoretically untenable and experimentally undemonstrated explanatory idols like memory traces and unconscious monitoring.
A modified constellation extension scheme with low complexity for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems

High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is one major drawback of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Recently, the constellation extended scheme (CES) is an active technique for reducing PAPR of OFDM signals. However, this approach needs high computational load and more inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT) operations for finding the transmitted signal with minimum PAPR out. Therefore, this paper proposes a modified CES with lower computational load and IFFT operations than the CES in a 16-QAM OFDM system. Our proposed method, which combines the CES with the partial transmit sequences (PTS) technique, is also called CES-PTS. When compared to PTS techniques, our proposed method has no need to transmit side information in the transmitter.
Vision for situated robot companions — Fusing top-down knowledge and bottom-up data

In this paper we try to countersteer the observed dissociation of computer vision research from robotics and artificial intelligence. We propose a theoretical framework of cognitive functions with which the overall agent's knowledge (serving as top-down information repository) and bottom-up vision data can be glued together. It is argued that vision is always intentionally directed, working in a concrete situation for a concrete task. We call this paradigm situated vision and argue for a variety of different vision techniques working with and on the same ontology of the agent. We present three distinct methods and show how they may support a robot in a concrete showcase example.
The role of exportin‐t in selective nuclear export of mature tRNAs

Exportin‐t (Xpo‐t) is a vertebrate nuclear export receptor for tRNAs that binds tRNA cooperatively with GTP‐loaded Ran. Xpo‐t antibodies are shown to efficiently block tRNA export from Xenopus oocyte nuclei suggesting that it is responsible for at least the majority of tRNA export in these cells. We examine the mechanism by which Xpo‐t–RanGTP specifically exports mature tRNAs rather than other forms of nuclear RNA, including tRNA precursors. Chemical and enzymatic footprinting together with phosphate modification interference reveals an extensive interaction between the backbone of the TΨC and acceptor arms of tRNAPhe and Xpo‐t–RanGTP. Analysis of mutant or precursor tRNA forms demonstrates that, aside from these recognition elements, accurate 5′ and 3′ end‐processing of tRNA affects Xpo‐t–RanGTP interaction and nuclear export, while aminoacylation is not essential. Intron‐containing, end‐processed, pre‐tRNAs can be bound by Xpo‐t–RanGTP and are rapidly exported from the nucleus if Xpo‐t is present in excess. These results suggest that at least two mechanisms are involved in discrimination of pre‐tRNAs and mature tRNAs prior to nuclear export.
A tunable GaInAsP-InP optical microring notch filter

The authors demonstrate an ultracompact tunable GaInAsP-InP microring notch filter. The core of the device is a quantum-well superlattice and forms the intrinsic region in a p-n structure. The device has curved sections of radius 2.25 /spl mu/m and straight sections of length 1 /spl mu/m, making it the smallest microring filter ever reported. They obtain 0.8 nm (100 GHz) of tuning by reverse-biasing the diode structure over 8 V using the quadratic electrooptic effect.
A functional 0.69 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ embedded 6T-SRAM bit cell for 65 nm CMOS platform

This work highlights a 65 nm CMOS technology platform for low power and general-purpose applications. A 6-T SRAM cell size of 0.69 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ with a 45 nm gate length is demonstrated. Electrical data of functional SRAM bit-cell is presented at V/sub dd/=0.9 Volt using a conventional nitrided gate oxide dielectric. A comparison between offset spacer and PLAsma Doping (PLAD) is made for the transistor characteristics with very promising V/sub th/-L/sub d/ and V/sub th/-W/sub d/ profiles measured. Lithography employed a combination of both optical lithography and e-beam imaging. The BEOL integration used a conventional low K dielectric with copper metallization.
Development and psychometric properties of the HPV Impact Profile (HIP) to assess the psychosocial burden of HPV

Abstract Objective: A comprehensive questionnaire designed to assess the full spectrum of potential human papillomavirus (HPV)-related psychosocial effects in women does not exist. The HPV Impact Profile (HIP) was developed to determine the psychosocial impact of HPV infection and related interventions. Research design and methods: Draft instrument items and domains were developed using a literature review and cognitive debriefing interviews with women who had experienced HPV-related conditions. An importance rating questionnaire guided item ranking and reduction. A draft questionnaire was pilot-tested for comprehension and ease of completion. Psychometric evaluation of the final HIP was conducted in a survey of 583 women. Data quality, item acceptability, scale acceptability, reliability, and discriminate construct validity were assessed. Outcome measure: The final HIP contained 29 items rated on a 0–10 point discretized visual analog scales grouped into seven hypothesized domains. Results: Total HIP scores ranged from 0 (no impact) to 100 (worst impact). Data quality was high, with missing data for items ranging from 0 to 0.7% and over 99% of the scores were computable. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.64 to 0.90 and was ≥0.7 for 5/7 domains. Discriminant construct validity was demonstrated. Appropriate modifications could potentially be made to improve some aspects of the HIP, including modification to include other HPV diseases such as head and neck, anal, and vulvovaginal cancers and HPV disease in men. Conclusions: The disease-specific HIP has favorable reliability and construct validity and a good ability to discriminate among disease severity.