Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of Suitable Pretreatment Method for Old-intermediate Landfill Leachate

For old-intermediate landfill leachate, the high concentrations of ammonium and low BOD/COD (B/C) ratios are the main obstacles to biological treatment. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) precipitation (struvite precipitation) and Fenton oxidation were employed as pretreatment options on this type of leachate. Results revealed that at optimum operating conditions of pH 9 and MAP ratio of 1:1:1, ammonium and COD were reduced by 97.8% from 2132 mg l−1 to 46 mg 1−1 and by 50.0% from 4113 mg l−1 to 2057 mg l−1, respectively using struvite precipitation. COD was lowered by 76% and ammonium by 6.3% using Fenton oxidation at optimized conditions of H2O2 dosage of 3500 mg l−1, Fe2+ dosage of 437.5 mg l−1, pH 4, a mass ratio of 8 for H2O2: Fe2+ dosage and reaction time of 30 minutes. At their respective operating conditions, the B/C ratios for both pre-treatment methods were increased from 0.35 in the raw leachate to 0.66 and 0.71, for MAP precipitation and Fenton oxidation respectively, values that are suitable for biological treatment. This study shows that struvite precipitation is a suitable pretreatment option resulting in the simultaneous removal of ammonium and organic matter in old-intermediate landfill leachate.
Nuclear-spin-lattice relaxation rate of planar oxygen in YBa2Cu3O6.52 and YBa1.92Sr0.08Cu3O7 single crystals.

A full account is given of an NMR investigation of planar oxygen in the normal state (T>T c ) of two characteristic superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O single crystals: YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.52 , representing the underdoped «60-K phase,» and YBa 1.92 Sr 0.08 Cu 3 O 7 representing the overdoped «90-K phase. » (We argue that Sr impurities in the latter crystal do not significantly change the behavior of the system.) Data are analyzed within the framework of the Mila-Rice spin Hamiltonian and using inelastic-neutron-scattering results, in order to obtain detailed and consistent information on the antiferromagnetic fluctuations (AFF) in this system
Reactor Design for CO 2 Photo-Hydrogenation toward Solar Fuels under Ambient Temperature and Pressure

Photo-hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO2) is a green and promising technology and has received much attention recently. This technique could convert solar energy under ambient temperature and pressure into desirable and sustainable solar fuels, such as methanol (CH3OH), methane (CH4), and formic acid (HCOOH). It is worthwhile to mention that this direction can not only potentially depress atmospheric CO2, but also weaken dependence on fossil fuel. Herein, 1 wt % Pt/CuAlGaO4 photocatalyst was successfully synthesized and fully characterized by ultraviolet-visible light (UV-vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy using energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis (FE-SEM/EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), respectively. Three kinds of experimental photo-hydrogenation of CO2 in the gas phase, liquid phase, and gas-liquid phase, correspondingly, were conducted under different H2 partial pressures. The remarkable result has been observed in the gas-liquid phase. Additionally, increasing the partial pressure of H2 would enhance the yield of product. However, when an extra amount of H2 is supplied, it might compete with CO2 for occupying the active sites, resulting in a negative effect on CO2 photo-hydrogenation. For liquid and gas-liquid phases, CH3OH is the major product. Maximum total hydrocarbons 8.302 μmol·g−1 is achieved in the gas-liquid phase.
Isolation and characterization of a human sperm antigen gene h-Sp-1.

We isolated and characterized a human sperm antigen gene (h-Sp-1) from human testis complementary DNA using antiserum against the human sperm membrane. Northern blot analysis detected two transcripts (2.3 and 1.1 kb) of the h-Sp-1 gene. The 2.3-kb transcript is ubiquitous, whereas the 1.1-kb transcript is specific to the human testis with a high level of expression. Determination of the base sequence of h-Sp-1 showed a size of 2170 bp and 43.4% homology with human synaptophysin. The base sequence indicates a molecule consisting of 259 amino acids, with four hydrophilic and four hydrophobic regions. In order to further characterize the h-Sp-1 molecule, we synthesized the probable region of amino acids with high antigenicity based on the amino acid sequence (amino acid nos. 174-198) and immunized rabbits to prepare an antiserum. In our experimental model of fertilization between human sperm and zona pellucida-free hamster ova, partial inhibition of fertilization was observed. We were able to synthesize a large quantity of recombinant protein by inserting the h-Sp-1 gene into a baculovirus vector and infecting spodoptera frugiperda culture cells (sf9 insect cells). The synthesized protein had a molecular weight of 30 kDa. We then immunized Balb/c mice with this protein to prepare a monoclonal antibody (G3G9), which was used to localize the h-Sp-1 molecule in sperm and tissues (e.g. testis). The h-Sp-1 molecule was present in the cell membrane from the head to tail of human sperm. Staining of the testis and epididymis also showed h-Sp-1 to be present in spermatogonia, spermatocyte, sperm and epididymal duct epithelium. These findings suggest that the h-Sp-1 molecule is expressed in sperm and testes and plays a role in fertilization.
Enhancement of the in vitro and in vivo activities of clarithromycin against Haemophilus influenzae by 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin, its major metabolite in humans

MICs of clarithromycin and its major human metabolite, 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin, for Haemophilus influenzae in combination were reduced two- to fourfold compared with the MICs of each compound alone. Serum reduced the MICs of the parent compound and metabolite two- to fourfold compared with the MICs in medium without serum. In serum spiked with clinically relevant concentrations of clarithromycin and 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin at a fixed ratio of 4:1, 15 of 16 strains (94%) were inhibited and killed by combinations containing 1.2 and 0.3 micrograms/ml, respectively. In time kill experiments, the combination of parent compound and metabolite at one-fourth and one-half of their individual MICs, respectively, reduced bacterial counts by greater than 5 log CFU. The postantibiotic effect of clarithromycin combined with 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin was twice that of clarithromycin when tested alone. When orally administered to gerbils with H. influenzae otitis media, the 14-hydroxy metabolite was significantly more active than clarithromycin in reducing bacterial counts from the middle ear. The in vivo activity of the two compounds in combination was synergistic or additive, depending on the level of H. influenzae present at the time treatment was initiated. Significant reductions in bacterial counts and increases in cure rates were observed when clarithromycin at 50 or 100 mg/kg of body weight was combined with 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin at 12 mg/kg or higher. Results from in vitro and in vivo combinations suggest that routine susceptibility tests and animal efficacy studies with clarithromycin alone may underestimate its potential efficacy against H. influenzae.
An evaluation of analytical approaches for understanding change in cognition in the context of aging and health.

OBJECTIVES In this article, we discuss the importance of studying the relationship between health and cognitive function, and some of the methods with which this relationship has been studied. METHODS We consider the challenges involved, in particular operationalization of the health construct and causal inference in the context of observational data. We contrast the approaches taken, and review the questions addressed: whether health and cognition are associated, whether changes in health are associated with changes in cognition, and the degree of interdependency among their respective trajectories. RESULTS A variety of approaches for understanding the association between cognition and health in aging individuals have been used. Much of the literature on cognitive change and health has relied on methods that are based at least in part on the reorganization of between-person differences (e.g., cross-lag analysis) rather than relying more fully on analysis of within-person change and joint analysis of individual differences in within-person change in cognition and health. DISCUSSION We make the case for focusing on the interdependency between within-person changes in health and cognition and suggest methods that would support this.
[Prevalence of HIV among men who have sex with men of inland high school and college students in China: a meta-analysis].

OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) of inland high school and college students in China, and to analyze the differences between sample size, sampling methods and study period. METHODS Electronic search strategy was carried out, using WanFang database, China Journal Full-text database, VIP database, CBM and PubMed database to collect data on high school and college students, HIV and MSM, among residents in China. Fixed effects model or random effects model was employed according to statistical tests for homogeneity. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot. RESULTS Ten studies were selected with a total of 2014 students-MSM and 106 HIV infected. The overall prevalence of HIV was 4.6% (95% CI 2.9%-6.3%). The prevalence of HIV was stratified by factors as sample size, sampling methods and study period of the study. The pooled prevalence rates of HIV were as follows: 4.7% (95% CI 2.5%-7.0%) and 4.7% (95% CI 1.9%-7.4%) for sample size > 200 and sample size 200, 6.1% (95% CI 3.0%-9.1%) and 2.9% (95% CI 1.7%-4.1%) for snow sampling and non-snow sampling, respectively. The pooled prevalence of HIV were 3.0% (95% CI 1.7%-4.2%) in the study year of 2005-2007 and 6.0% (95% CI 3.1%-9.0%) in 2008-2010, respectively. The pooled prevalence of HIV was higher in snow sampling than non-snow sampling, in the study year of in 2008-2010 than in 2005-2007. CONCLUSION The prevalence of HIV among MSM of inland high school and college students in China was higher than general population.
Eye muscle sparing by the muscular dystrophies: Lessons to be learned?

The devastating consequences of the various muscular dystrophies are even more obvious when a muscle or muscle group is spared. The study of the exceptional cell or tissue responses may prove to be of considerable value in the analysis of disease mechanisms. The small muscles responsible for eye movements, the extraocular muscles, have functional and morphological characteristics that set them aside from other skeletal muscles. Notably, these muscles are clinically unaffected in Duchenne/Becker, limb‐girdle, and congenital muscular dystrophies, pathologies due to a broken mechanical or signaling linkage between the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. Uncovering the strategies used by the extraocular muscles to “naturally” protect themselves in these diseases should contribute to knowledge of both pathogenesis and treatment. We propose that careful investigation of the cellular determinants of extraocular muscle‐specific properties may provide insights into how these muscles avoid or adapt to the cascade of events leading to myofiber degeneration in the muscular dystrophies. Microsc. Res. Tech. 48:192–203, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optical characterization technique for MEMS comb-drive resonators

A novel optical technique is proposed for the characterization of MEMS resonators. The proposed technique is based on measuring the response of the resonator (resonance frequency and quality factor) optically, which eliminates the electrical parasitic effects. The proposed technique was applied to a comb-drive resonator and the obtained results show good agreement with the standard electrical technique with 2–5% deviation in the resonance frequency and 2–10% in the quality factor.
SPATIALLY RESOLVING A STARBURST GALAXY AT HARD X-RAY ENERGIES: NuSTAR, CHANDRA, AND VLBA OBSERVATIONS OF NGC 253

Prior to the launch of NuSTAR, it was not feasible to spatially resolve the hard (E > 10 keV) emission from galaxies beyond the Local Group. The combined NuSTAR data set, comprised of three ∼165 ks observations, allows spatial characterization of the hard X-ray emission in the galaxy NGC 253 for the first time. As a follow up to our initial study of its nuclear region, we present the first results concerning the full galaxy from simultaneous NuSTAR, Chandra, and Very Long Baseline Array monitoring of the local starburst galaxy NGC 253. Above ∼10 keV, nearly all the emission is concentrated within 100″ of the galactic center, produced almost exclusively by three nuclear sources, an off-nuclear ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX), and a pulsar candidate that we identify for the first time in these observations. We detect 21 distinct sources in energy bands up to 25 keV, mostly consisting of intermediate state black hole X-ray binaries. The global X-ray emission of the galaxy—dominated by the off-nuclear ULX and nuclear sources, which are also likely ULXs—falls steeply (photon index ≳ 3) above 10 keV, consistent with other NuSTAR-observed ULXs, and no significant excess above the background is detected at E > 40 keV. We report upper limits on diffuse inverse Compton emission for a range of spatial models. For the most extended morphologies considered, these hard X-ray constraints disfavor a dominant inverse Compton component to explain the γ-ray emission detected with Fermi and H.E. S.S. If NGC 253 is typical of starburst galaxies at higher redshift, their contribution to the E > 10 keV cosmic X-ray background is <1%.
New Design of Crab Cavity for SuperKEKB

For the design of crab cavities for SuperKEKB, a very high beam current with a short bunch length should be taken into account. We propose new damped-structure of crab cavities for SuperKEKB. It has a high kick voltage, sufficiently low coupling impedance to any parasitic modes including the lower-frequency mode, and a considerably low loss factor.
INFLUENCE OF ESTRADIOL-17-BETA, PROGESTERONE AND HYDROCORTISONE ON 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE-INDUCED MAMMARY CANCER IN INTACT AND OVARIECTOMIZED SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS.

Intact, ovariectomized and ovariectomized-adrenalectomized Sprague- Dawley rats, at the age of 50 days, were fed 10 mg of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) by gastric tube 3 or 6 times each week for 7 weeks. Steroids were administered concurrently by the subcutaneous or intramuscular route. Mammary adenocarcinoma was observed in all intact rats. Mean tumor induction time was 52.7 ± 3.9 days for the group injected with sesame oil, 44.1 ± 1.5 for the group injected with progesterone (4 mg) and 47.5 ± 3.9 for the group injected with estradiol-17β (0.01 βg). In rats ovariectomized at 42 days of age, one week prior to treatment with 3-MC and steroids, breast cancer occurred in 63 % of the group injected with sesame oil, in 67 % of the group injected with progesterone, in 12% of the group injected with estradiol-17β and in 81 % of the groups injected with progesterone (4 mg) in combination with estradiol-17β (0.01 or 0.1 βg)- Mean tumor induction time was significantly prolonged in all ovariectomized groups. In rats .
Demyelination secondary to chronic nerve compression injury alters Schmidt–Lanterman incisures

The role of Schmidt–Lanterman incisures (SLIs) within the myelin sheath remains the subject of much debate. Previous studies have shown a positive correlation between the number of SLIs per internode and internodal width for both normal and pathological myelin internodes. As chronic nerve compression (CNC) injury induces demyelination, we sought to evaluate if CNC injury altered the occurrence of SLIs using nerve‐teasing techniques and light microscopy. Rigorous examination of the teased axons from nerves subjected to CNC injury for 1 month, 2 months or 8 months revealed that there is indeed a positive correlation between the number of SLIs per internode and the internodal width. However, unlike previous studies, the degree of positive correlation between these two parameters was greater in the internodes that had undergone remyelination in response to CNC injury as compared with the internodes from control nerves. These findings support the theory that SLIs are likely to assist in the metabolic processes of the myelin sheath, including growth and maintenance of the myelin sheath.
Breast imaging with positron emission tomography and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose: use and limitations.

PURPOSE To evaluate the diagnostic value of positron emission tomography (PET) using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) for the diagnosis of primary breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Preoperatively, 144 patients with masses suggestive of breast cancer underwent PET imaging of the breast. To identify breast cancer by increased metabolic activity, parametric FDG-PET images were analyzed for increased tracer uptake applying conventional image reading (CIR) and sensitive image reading (SIR). One hundred eighty-five breast tumors were evaluated by histology, revealing 132 breast carcinomas and 53 benign masses. RESULTS Breast carcinomas were identified with an overall sensitivity of 64.4% (CIR) and 80.3% (SIR). The increase in sensitivity (SIR) resulted in a noticeable decrease in specificity, from 94.3% (CIR) to 75.5% (SIR). At stage pT1, only 30 (68.2%) of 44 breast carcinomas were detected, compared with 57 (91.9%) of 62 at stage pT2. A higher percentage of invasive lobular carcinomas were false-negative (65.2%) compared with invasive ductal carcinomas (23.7%). Nevertheless, positive PET scans provided a high positive-predictive value (96.6%) for breast cancer. CONCLUSION Partial volume effects and varying metabolic activity (dependent on tumor type) seem to represent the most significant limitations for the routine diagnostic application of PET. The number of invasive procedures is therefore unlikely to be significantly reduced by PET imaging in patients presenting with abnormal mammography. However, the high positive-predictive value, resulting from the increased metabolic activity of malignant tissue, may be used with carefully selected subsets of patients as well as to determine the extent of disease or to assess therapy response.
Cloud Security Issues

In past three decades, the world of computation has changed from centralized (client-server not web-based) to distributed systems and now we are getting back to the virtual centralization (Cloud Computing). Location of data and processes makes the difference in the realm of computation. On one hand, an individual has full control on data and processes in his/her computer. On the other hand, we have the cloud computing wherein, the service and data maintenance is provided by some vendor which leaves the client/customer unaware of where the processes are running or where the data is stored. So, logically speaking, the client has no control over it. The cloud computing uses the internet as the communication media. When we look at the security of data in the cloud computing, the vendor has to provide some assurance in service level agreements (SLA) to convince the customer on security issues. Organizations use cloud computing as a service infrastructure, critically like to examine the security and confidentiality issues for their business critical insensitive applications. Yet, guaranteeing the security of corporate data in the "cloud" is difficult, if not impossible, as they provide different services like Software as a service (SaaS), Platform as a service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a service (IaaS). Each service has their own security issues. So the SLA has to describe different levels of security and their complexity based on the services to make the customer understand the security policies that are being implemented. There has to be a standardized way to prepare the SLA irrespective to the providers. This can help some of the enterprises to look forward in using the cloud services. In this paper, we put forward some security issues that have to be included in SLA.
Current concepts in the scientific and clinical rationale behind exercises for glenohumeral and scapulothoracic musculature.

SYNOPSIS The biomechanical analysis of rehabilitation exercises has led to more scientifically based rehabilitation programs. Several investigators have sought to quantify the biomechanics and electromyographic data of common rehabilitation exercises in an attempt to fully understand their clinical indications and usefulness. Furthermore, the effect of pathology on normal shoulder biomechanics has been documented. It is important to consider the anatomical, biomechanical, and clinical implications when designing exercise programs. The purpose of this paper is to provide the clinician with a thorough overview of the availableliterature relevant to develop safe, effective, and appropriate exercise programs for injury rehabilitation and prevention of the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 5.
Limitations of passive protection of quantum information

The ability to protect quantum information from the effect of noise is one of the majorgoals of quantum information processing. In this article, we study limitations on theasymptotic stability of quantum information stored in passive N-qubit systems. Weconsider the effect of small imperfections in the implementation of the protecting Hamil-tonian in the form of perturbations or weak coupling to a ground state environment.We thus depart from the usual Markovian approximation for a thermal bath by concen-trating on models for which part of the evolution can be calculated exactly. We provethat, regardless of the protecting Hamiltonian, there exists a perturbed evolution thatnecessitates a final error correcting step for the state of the memory to be read. Suchan error correction step is shown to require a finite error threshold, the lack thereofbeing exemplified by the 3D XZ-compass model [1]. We go on to present explicit weakHamiltonian perturbations which destroy the logical information stored in the 2D toriccode in a time O(log(N)).
Local Stability Enhancement of Immersed Boundary / Interface Methods

The objective of this work is to present a novel, robust, high-order accurate Immersed Interface/Boundary Method (IIM ). In contrast to other immersed methods, which lack a posteriori check of the numerical stability, the method presented herein combines a local Taylor-series expansion at irregular grid points with a local stability condition as part of the design process. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that the local stability constraint is su cient to ensure a globally stable method as long as the DFL-number is less than its limiting value. To validate our novel approach, several test-cases from uid mechanics and electromagnetics are presented.