Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the highlands of Cameroon based on the detection of lesions in slaughtered cattle and tuberculin skin tests of live cattle

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is an important neglected zoonosis in Cameroon, where many communi- ties depend on their livestock for livelihood and the incidence of human TB and TB-HIV/AIDS co-infection are high and increasing annually. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of bovine TB in cattle in the highlands of Cameroon. The magnitude and trend of detecting TB lesions in slaughtered cattle (1994 to 2010) and tuberculin skin tests (TST) in 2853 cattle (84 herds) of 39 livestock rearing communities were analysed. Of 129 165 slaughtered cattle inspected, 599 (0.46%; 95% CI: 0.43%-0.50%) showed suspected TB lesions among a total of 983 (0.76%; 95% CI: 0.71%-0.81%) identified pathologies. The monthly TB detection rates ranged from 0.30% (95% CI: 0.20%-0.40%) to 0.81% (95% CI: 0.64%-0.98%) and annual rates from 0.04% (95% CI: 0%-0.11%) to 1.46% (95% CI: 1.22%-1.69%). The rates were not affected (P < 0.05) by season and fluctuating peaks were also recorded. The comparative TST revealed that bovine TB was widely distributed in live cattle (4.67%; 95% CI: 3.89%-5.44%) and was higher (χ 2 = 17.50, P ≤ 0.001) in the Western highlands than Adamawa plateaux. Comparative TST bovine TB reactors were higher (P < 0.05) in cattle managed in semi-intensive and beef pro- animals. Further analysis of the TST responses revealed that atypical mycobacterial infections was widespread and 6.83% of tested animals showed positive reactions at both bovine and avian tuberculin injection sites and a strong association (χ 2 = 2.512; P = 0.113) between skin responses to both tuberculins. The study confirms that bovine TB is prevalent in live cattle and meat production abattoirs in Cameroon and we recommend strict a interpretation of TST results for maximum diagnosis of the disease in the local environment. A need for comprehensive investigation of the molecular epidemiology, zoonotic risks and the public health importance of bovine TB in Cameroon cannot be overemphasised.
Two and a Half–Year Outcome of Caries– Preventive Programs Offered to Groups of Children in the Solntsevsky District of Moscow

This study examined the 2.5–year outcome of preventive programs – based on the Nexö method – offered to three groups of children from Solntsevsky, a district of Moscow. Study group A consisted of 45 3–year–olds, study group B of 50 6–year–olds, and study group C of 50 11–year–olds. A similar number of children were selected as control groups and they followed the normal dental service provided by the local Health Service System in the district. The caries–preventive programs offered to the study groups were based on: (1) education of the child, parents and teachers in the caries disease, (2) training in toothbrushing. In addition, the children in study groups B and C were offered professional plaque removal, applications of sodium fluoride (2%) and sealant applications according to individual needs. The children in groups B and C were clinically examined in March 1994 (baseline) after 1 and 2.5 years, respectively. Because of the age of the children in group A, these children were only examined once, after the study had been completed. After 2.5 years the children in all three study groups had improved their oral health status significantly compared to the children in the control group. The caries experience among the children in study group A was about half of that observed among children in the control group (4.91 def–s versus 8.60 def–s). The program was highly effective in controlling dental caries in the permanent dentition among the children in the study groups, who finished with a mean DMF–S of 0.28 (group B) and 3.12 (group C) compared to 2.24 and 6.35 among the children in the corresponding control groups. Nearly all the children used fluoridated toothpaste. The mean number of visits to the clinic decreased from year 1 to year 2 (5 versus 3.4 in study group B and 4.5 versus 3.3 in study group C). In conclusion, the preventive programs were highly effective with regard to improving the level of oral hygiene, and thereby reducing or even controlling the plaque–induced disease activity.
Sister Mary Joseph's nodule originating from primary duodenal adenocarcinoma.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 74-year-old man felt epigastric distention pain and simultaneously noticed an indurated mass at the umbilicus for 3 months. Physical examination revealed an erythematous firm nodule within the umbilicus, with superficial necrosis and pus discharge, which measured 2.5 cm in diameter (Figure 1). Abdominal computed tomography scan revealed a mass in the intestinal wall of pars horizontalis duodeni with heterogeneous enhancement, the thickness being 1.2 cm in diameter. Duodenoscope confirmed a spastic, irregular and fragile eminence at the posterior wall of pars horizontalis duodeni occupying half of the enteric cavity and was 5 cm in length (Figure 2, arrow). Histopathological examination of the endoscopic biopsy specimen and the umbilical nodule revealed malignant cells with screened hole-like arrangement and infiltrative growth. Based on this information, a diagnosis of metastatic duodenal adenocarcinoma with the Sister Mary Joseph’s nodule (SMJN) was rendered. A palliative surgical procedure including by-pass anastomosis of duodenal-jejunal and the excision of the umbilical mass was done to relieve duodenal obstruction. The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery and then chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and xeloda was initiated. SMJN is an umbilical cutaneous metastasis originating premodinantly from advanced visceral malignant diseases. Primary duodenal adenocarcinoma should be recognized as one of the malignant neoplasms that can metastasize to the umbilicus. Irrespective of the primary site, SMJN is usually a reflection of a widespread malignancy, making the disease inoperable and foreshowing a grave prognosis. Consequently, therapeutic abstention has often been practiced in patients with SMJN. Nevertheless, in this case, with the patient having duodenal obstruction and umbilical pain and inflammation, palliative surgical procedure and adjuvant chemotherapy were undertaken. Seven months after surgery, he is alive and has improved.
Design of Dual-Band Bandpass Filter With High Isolation and Wide Stopband

A simple and effective method to design a dual-band bandpass filter with high isolation and wide stopband is presented and validated using symmetric open-circuited stub-loaded resonators. By adjusting the electric length and the ratio of characteristic admittance of the resonators, the first two resonant frequencies are identical, but the higher order resonant frequencies dispersed in the upper stopband to extent the bandwidth of stopband. Two transmission zeros are introduced to obtain high isolation and selectivity between the two passbands by placing them in the appropriate position. Proper feeding position is selected to further improve the attenuation of stopband. The measured results highly agree with the simulated one. Measured results demonstrate the isolation level of 40 dB, attenuation of larger than 28 dB, and a wide stopband.
Weak bus-oriented optimal Var planning based on grey wolf optimization

From last few decades, the frequent occurrence of the voltage collapse has attracted more and more attention. Voltage collapse is the system instability, usually, associated with the shortage of reactive power at the load end involving the entire power systems. The most effective method to counter voltage collapse is to find out the possible locations where voltage collapse may occur i.e. to find the weakest buses existing in the system. Weak bus oriented Var planning by grey wolf optimization (GWO) for system security has been proposed in this paper. Weak buses of the system has been determined by using four different methods, namely, fast voltage stability index (FVSI), line stability factor (LSF), line stability index (LSI) and voltage collapse proximity indicator (VCPI) method. Standard IEEE 57 bus test system is used as the test system to show the applicability of the proposed work. It has been observed that Var planning based on the detection of weak buses by voltage collapse proximity indicator provides the best result among other methods reported in literature.
Inhibitory complex of the transmembrane ammonia channel, AmtB, and the cytosolic regulatory protein, GlnK, at 1.96 Å

Ammonia conductance is highly regulated. A PII signal transduction protein, GlnK, is the final regulator of transmembrane ammonia conductance by the ammonia channel AmtB in Escherichia coli. The complex formed between AmtB and inhibitory GlnK at 1.96-Å resolution shows that the trimeric channel is blocked directly by GlnK and how, in response to intracellular nitrogen status, the ability of GlnK to block the channel is regulated by uridylylation/deuridylylation at Y51. ATP and Mg2+ augment the interaction of GlnK. The hydrolyzed product, adenosine 5′-diphosphate orients the surface of GlnK for AmtB blockade. 2-Oxoglutarate diminishes AmtB/GlnK association, and sites for 2-oxoglutarate are evaluated.
Glazing and finishing dental porcelain: a literature review.

BACKGROUND Dental porcelain has found an increased number of applications in recent years with the development of new methods for the construction of porcelain veneers and intracoronal restorations. In addition, it is used in metal-ceramic and all-porcelain crowns and bridges for the restoration of anterior and posterior teeth. METHODS This paper presents a review of a number of studies that have examined the visual and microscopic appearance and roughness of glazed, unglazed and polished porcelain surfaces using techniques such as, scanning electron microscopy and surface profilometry. FINDINGS All have agreed that glazed porcelain provides a smooth and dense surface. Many have shown that polishing can produce an equally smooth surface, which may even be esthetically better. Some studies supported the use of polishing as an alternative to glazing. However, reports have shown that unglazed porcelain is more abrasive than glazed. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This paper aims to guide general practitioners in the proper polishing of adjusted porcelain in the dental office. The recommendations of various authors are summarized in Table I.
Age of Alcohol-Dependence Onset: Associations With Severity of Dependence and Seeking Treatment

OBJECTIVE. We explored whether people who become alcohol dependent at younger ages are more likely to seek alcohol-related help or treatment or experience chronic relapsing dependence. METHODS. In 2001–2002 the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism completed a face-to-face interview survey with a multistage probability sample of 43 093 adults aged ≥18, with a response rate of 81%. We focused on 4778 persons diagnosable as alcohol dependent ever in their lives using Diagnositic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria. Logistic regression examined whether respondents ever sought alcohol-related help or treatment, controlling for respondent demographics, number of dependence symptoms experienced, smoking and illicit drug use, childhood antisocial personality and depression, family history of alcoholism, and age of drinking onset. RESULTS. Of persons ever alcohol dependent, 15% were diagnosable before age 18, 47% before age 21, and two thirds before age 25. Twenty-eight percent reported ≥2 dependence episodes, 45% experienced an episode exceeding 1 year, and 34% reported 6 or 7 dependence criteria. Relative to those first alcohol dependent at ≥30 years, 21% of those ever dependent, the odds of ever seeking help were lower among those first dependent before ages 18, 20, and 25. Yet, persons first dependent at ≤25 years had significantly greater odds of experiencing multiple dependence episodes, episodes exceeding 1 year, and more dependence symptoms. Analyses indicated that the previously reported increased odds that persons who start to drink at an early age develop features of chronic relapsing dependence may have resulted from early drinkers being more likely to develop alcohol dependence at younger ages. This, in turn, increased their odds of experiencing multiple and longer episodes of alcohol dependence with more symptoms. CONCLUSIONS. Adolescents need to be screened and counseled about alcohol, and treatment services should be reinforced by programs and policies to delay age of first alcohol dependence.
Assessing speech recognition abilities with digits in noise in cochlear implant and hearing aid users

Abstract Objective: The primary objective of the study was to investigate the feasibility, reliability, and validity of the Dutch digits in noise (DIN) test for measuring speech recognition in hearing aid and cochlear implant users and compare results to the standard sentences-in-noise (SIN) test. Design: The relation between speech reception thresholds for DIN test and SIN test was analysed to determine the validity of the DIN test. As linguistic skills were expected to make different contributions in these tests, their influence was analysed. Study sample: Participants were 12 normal-hearing listeners, 24 hearing aid users, and 24 cochlear implant users. Results: The DIN test was feasible for more participants than the SIN test. Intraclass correlation coefficients showed high reliability. The standard error of measurement was smaller for the DIN test than for the SIN test. DIN test and SIN test were highly correlated (r = 0.95 and r = 0.56 for NH+ HA and CI users respectively). In the regression analysis no significant contribution of basic linguistic skills or personal factors was found. Conclusion: In the assessment of speech recognition in noise of aided hearing-impaired listeners with hearing aids or cochlear implants, the DIN test is a feasible, reliable and valid test.
How to make tactile pictures understandable to the blind reader

Most pictures can be transferred to tactile images, and in a tactile image practically anything can be illustrated. A tactile image is an image scanned with the fingertips; it is executed in relief. A relief can assume many different forms and can be produced by several different techniques. But simply producing images in relief is not enough: for tactile interpretation, they have to have a plain and simple form. Usually a tactile image is a transfer of a visual one. Often the pictures concerned are from school text books, but there are also relief images transferred from storybooks, as pictures and architecture, both plans and facade drawings. But the map is the most commonly occurring relief image. A picture is inevitably changed by being transferred to a relief image. To be intelligible buy tactile means, it has to be distinct and its form logically simplified. It has to be produced in such a way that every component of its form is distinct and easily identifiable.
ANÁLISIS ECONOMÉTRICO PARA DETERMINAR EL TIPO DE CAMBIO EN MÉXICO DE 2001-2010

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar si la paridad del tipo de cambio peso-dolar esta determinada por mas de dos variables economico- financieras —indice de precios y cotizaciones (IPC), balanza comercial, reservas internacionales, certificados de tesoreria de Mexico (Cetes), certificados de tesoreria de Estados Unidos (Treasury-Bills)—, para lo cual se diseno un modelo econometrico de tipo de cambio fix para Mexico en un periodo de 2001-2010, analizando asi un periodo de estabilidad y un periodo de crisis (Torre, 2007). A partir de ese proceso se comprueba que el tipo de cambio aun es explicado por las teorias de paridad de tasa de interes y el enfoque monetario (Kozikowski, 2000; Levi, 1997) y que la variable que mas impacta al tipo de cambio es la tasa de interes (Morales, 2009). Ello permite crear las condiciones para identificar la relacion de causalidad de las variables y elaborar escenarios de ocurrencias del tipo de cambio, de manera que las empresas cuenten con la posibilidad de mejorar su diseno de planeacion financiera para la toma de decisiones de inversion, financiamiento y administracion de riesgos.
Ontology-based automatic query refinement

The effectiveness of user query plays a vital role in retrieving highly relevant documents in keyword-based search engine. Because of the lack of domain knowledge, users tend to post very short queries, which do not express their information need clearly, which reduce the precision and re-call of the search. Ontology-based automatic query refinement system has been proposed to overcome this problem in search engine. This system proposes an ontology-based automatic query refinement model for the exploitation of full-fledged domain ontology to support semantic search in keyword-based search engine. This system formulates effective query using ontology to increase the relevancy of documents retrieved.
Anesthesia condition for (18)F-FDG imaging of lung metastasis tumors using small animal PET.

UNLABELLED Small animal positron emission tomography (PET) with (18)F-FDG has been increasingly used for tumor imaging in the murine model. The aim of this study was to establish the anesthesia condition for imaging of lung metastasis tumor using small animal (18)F-FDG PET. METHODS To determine the impact of anesthesia on (18)F-FDG distribution in normal mice, five groups were studied under the following conditions: no anesthesia, ketamine and xylazine (Ke/Xy), 0.5% isoflurane (Iso 0.5), 1% isoflurane (Iso 1) and 2% isoflurane (Iso 2). The ex vivo counting, standard uptake value (SUV) image and glucose SUV of (18)F-FDG in various tissues were evaluated. The (18)F-FDG images in the lung metastasis tumor model were obtained under no anesthesia, Ke/Xy and Iso 0.5, and registered with CT image to clarify the tumor region. RESULTS Blood glucose concentration and muscle uptake of (18)F-FDG in the Ke/Xy group markedly increased more than in the other groups. The Iso 2 group increased (18)F-FDG uptake in heart compared with the other groups. The Iso 0.5 anesthesized group showed the lowest (18)F-FDG uptake in heart and chest wall. The small size of lung metastasis tumor (2 mm) was clearly visualized by (18)F-FDG image with the Iso 0.5 anesthesia. CONCLUSION Small animal (18)F-FDG PET imaging with Iso 0.5 anesthesia was appropriate for the detection of lung metastasis tumor. To acquire (18)F-FDG PET images with small animal PET, the type and level of anesthetic should be carefully considered to be suitable for the visualization of target tissue in the experimental model.
Pantheon: Visualizing historical cultural production

We introduce Pantheon, a dataset and visualization platform quantifying cultural accomplishments that have broken the barriers of space, time and language. The Pantheon dataset connects the 11,340 biographies available in more than 25 languages in Wikipedia with a cultural domain, place of birth, and time period. We present this data through an online data visualization platform supporting the exploration of the dataset. In this poster we describe the Pantheon dataset and visualization platform, both of which are available at http://pantheon.media. mit.edu.
Colonial Growth of Neurospora

L-Sorbose, an agent which induces colonial growth in Neurospora crassa, also induces structural changes in the cell wall. Acid hydrolyzates of cell walls isolated from sorbose-grown (colonial) hyphae contain more glucosamine and less glucose than do hydrolyzates of cell walls obtained from normally growing hyphae. Snail digestive juice, an agent which effects a structural change in the cell wall of N. crassa by liberating from it large quantities of glucose, has been found to induce colonial growth.
Renin Angiotensin Antagonists Normalize Aberrant Activation of Epithelial Sodium Channels in Sodium-Sensitive Hypertension

Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are ion transporters in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron that play an important role in sodium reabsorption in the terminal nephron. Our study of inbred C57Bl6/J mice given a high-sodium diet showed increased ENaC expression accompanied by tubular renin activation on qRT-PCR of laser-captured tubule specimens and Western blotting of membrane proteins, despite inhibition of aldosterone. Treatment with an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) effectively lowered blood pressure. In addition to lowering blood pressure, ACEI and ARB inhibition downregulated ENaC and renin expression in renal tubules. These effects would act to suppress sodium reabsorption via ENaC and normalize molecular mechanisms that elevate blood pressure in response to increased salt intake.
Distribution of random streams for simulation practitioners

There is an increasing interest in the distribution of parallel random number streams in the high‐performance computing community particularly, with the manycore shift. Even if we have at our disposal statistically sound random number generators according to the latest and thorough testing libraries, their parallelization can still be a delicate problem. Indeed, a set of recent publications shows it still has to be mastered by the scientific community. With the arrival of multi‐core and manycore processor architectures on the scientist desktop, modelers who are non‐specialists in parallelizing stochastic simulations need help and advice in distributing rigorously their experimental plans and replications according to the state of the art in pseudo‐random numbers parallelization techniques. In this paper, we discuss the different partitioning techniques currently in use to provide independent streams with their corresponding software. In addition to the classical approaches in use to parallelize stochastic simulations on regular processors, this paper also presents recent advances in pseudo‐random number generation for general‐purpose graphical processing units. The state of the art given in this paper is written for simulation practitioners. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation of Drug Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier

A major challenge in the management of diseases of the central nervous system is the limited penetration of drugs into the brain. The structures responsible are the capillaries of the brain, whose endothelial cells form the so-called blood-brain barrier. Understanding the cellular and molecular structure as well as integrated function of this barrier is a prerequisite for successful drug delivery to the brain. Here we briefly review current knowledge about the active transport proteins (ABC and organic anion transporters) which function at the blood-brain barrier. We describe novel approaches to (1) modulate carrier protein function, and (2) circumvent the transporter-based carrier by targeted site-specific drug delivery systems, such as immunoliposome and nanoparticulate systems.
Measurement-Based Performance Analysis of Cooperative Diversity for Satellite Terminals in a Moving Convoy

In this paper we discuss the impact of cooperative satellite diversity on the availability of the land mobile satellite (LMS) channel. By the use of multiple terminals the overall probability to encounter conditions where all terminals are in a bad channel state is reduced. This reduction depends on the number of terminals and the terminal distance. The results presented in this paper are completely based on the analysis of measurements. These were conducted for two geostationary satellites and four different environments using a single mobile satellite terminal. Thus, in order to virtually increase the number of terminals we rely on a convoy scenario using shifted versions of the data. Analyzing up to four cooperative terminals and different terminal distances a significant bad state reduction is already achieved for rather small distances.