Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Franchise Free Agency in Professional Sports Leagues

The National Football League (NFL or the League) has expanded membership only twice since its merger with the American Football League (AFL) in 1970. In the wake of each expansion decision in 1974 and 1993, there has been a series of unsettling franchise dislocations and extortions of stadium concessions from estranged NFL "home cities. " The League argues that it has been rendered powerless to regulate these relocations by the adverse antitrust ruling that the NFL suffered in its failed attempt to block the move of the Oakland Raiders to Los Angeles in 1980-2. Over the same period, however, Major League Baseball (MLB) has expanded on only three occasions, and, while incumbent MLB clubs have often threatened relocation to leverage new stadia or lease concessions, not one MLB franchise has actually abandoned home since the Washington Senators became the Texas Rangers in 1972. Since the Raiders decisions,' over onehalf of the franchises in the NFL have played a stadium extortion game with their home markets and, in stark contrast to MLB, about one-half of these relocation threats have been realized. According to the League, the relative frequency of relocations in the NFL derives from the antitrust immunity enjoyed by MLB throughout most of this century.2 The remedy to the relocation revolution, in the League's opinion, requires the legislative empowerment of the NFL with an antitrust exemption similar to that held by MLB. It is argued in this paper that exemption from antitrust law is not necessary, because the NFL already holds the power to regulate the relocation of its members without threat of antitrust litigation, regardless of the Raiders decisions. The location of NFL clubs is inherently unstable, because franchise relocation is often in the best economic interest of a syndicated league. The ultimate source of franchise free agency in the NFL lies in the League's extensive revenue-sharing arrangements well beyond exemption from antitrust law.
[Surgical management of anterior communicating artery aneurysms based on computed tomographic angiography with three-dimensional reconstruction and without preoperative angiography].

OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the usefulness of threedimensional computed tomographic angiography (CT- 3D-angiography) in the microsurgical management of aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery (AComA). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 28 consecutive patients with ruptured aneurysms of the AComA diagnosed by means of CT-3D-angiography and without preoperative angiography were operated on. The findings of the CT-3D-angiography, microsurgical exploration and clínical data were evaluated. RESULTS There were no false positive findings nor false negative findings in the diagnosis of the AComA aneurysms. The global sensibility of the examination was 87.9%. The CT-3D-angiography study shows a left A1 segment dominance in 53.6% of cases, a right A1 dominance in 14.3% of cases and both A1 segments of the same diameter in 32.1%. Aneurysms growing on the traject of the AComA were associated with both A1 segments of the similar diameter and an AComA traject pararell to the transverse plane. Aneurysms implanted on the A1-A2 junction were associated with a dominant homolateral A1 segment and an oblique AComA traject. Microsurgical management of the lesions was done a mean of 3.7 days after bleeding. CONCLUSION The study of patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage with CT-3D-angiography allows a reliable diagnosis of AComA aneurysms. The examination gives some anatomical data that allow the study of the hemodinamic changes involved in the development of the aneurysms. Moreover, provides usefull information for the microsurgical clipping. CT-3D-angiography allows to improve some health indicators but its impact in the final result of the patients needs more clinical data.
A Pilot Study of Computer-Aided Vicarious Exposure for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Objective: This study reports the use of an interactive computer program to instruct vicarious exposure and ritual prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Method: Thirteen OCD volunteers and 10 non-OCD volunteers completed three 45-minute sessions at weekly intervals. Subjects with OCD completed the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), the Padua Inventory (PI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 1 week prior to and 1 week after the three computer treatment sessions. Non-OCD subjects only completed these measures at baseline, allowing confirmation that they had no significant level of OCD symptomatology. Results: In the OCD subjects, scores fell significantly on the PI and BDI, and Y-BOCS scores fell non-significantly. Engagement in vicarious exposure with ritual prevention improved from sessions 1–3. Compared to the non-OCD participants, OCD subjects did less vicarious exposure in session 1 but not sessions 2 and 3. Performance of vicarious exposure by OCD subjects in session 1 correlated with pre-post improvement in PI and BDI scores. Conclusions: The vicarious exposure program may have a role to play as an adjunct in behaviour therapy.
Shorted Bowtie Patch Antenna With Less Susceptibility to Surface Condition

An antenna with less susceptible to surface condition is proposed in this communication. By adding a pair of parasitic shorted patches at the side of a shorted bowtie patch antenna, very low back radiation can be achieved within entire operating bandwidth. Frontto-back ratio, impedance bandwidth and peak gain are over 30 dB, 12.23% and 6.5 dB, respectively, and confirmed by measurement. The proposed antenna has thickness and projection area of only 0.08 λ0 and 0.77 λ0 × 0.77 λ0. A prototype for 5.8-GHz ISM band application (5.725-5.875 GHz) is also designed. Experimental results confirmed that the reflection coefficient, gain, and radiation pattern have been less affected by mounting on different types of surfaces like human wrist, phantom hand, phantom head, or large metal sheet. Its potential applications include 5.8G Wi-Fi, on-body communication, biometric applications, wearable healthcare, and biomedical devices.
Stress-induced leakage current and defect generation in nFETs with HfO2/TiN gate stacks during positive-bias temperature stress

The stress-induced leakage current (SILC) in nFETs with SiO<inf>2</inf>/HfO<inf>2</inf>/TiN dual-dielectric gate stacks with metal electrodes is studied during positive-bias temperature stress at high temperatures and at high gate stress voltage. It is shown that strong defect creation in the HfO<inf>2</inf> causes a linear increase of the SILC with stress time. The SILC generation is found to be thermally activated with an activation energy, E<inf>a</inf> ∼ 1 eV. In addition, the SILC formation exhibits a strong correlation with the threshold voltage (V<inf>t</inf>) instability ΔI<inf>g</inf>/I<inf>g</inf> ∼ dV<inf>t</inf><sup>3</sup>. Both degradation phenomena show a strong hysteretic behavior with gate bias; the SILC and V<inf>t</inf>-degradation are observed to be substantially reduced by applying a negative gate bias after stress. All these observations may be rationalized in terms of charge trapping in shallow HfO<inf>2</inf> defects –such as oxygen vacancy – and by the generation of new shallow defects during stress. The defect generation process has a low activation energy, likely because of thin-film effects. Therefore, the SILC and the V<inf>t</inf> instability are large under accelerated TDDB test conditions. It is also shown that the observed low activation energy in combination with the reversibility of the SILC has important implications for dielectric breakdown detection in dual-dielectric gate stacks.
Estimating Risks of De Novo Kidney Diseases After Living Kidney Donation

De novo postdonation renal diseases, such as glomerulonephritis or diabetic nephropathy, are infrequent and distinct from the loss of GFR at donation that all living kidney donors experience. Medical findings that increase risks of disease (e.g. microscopic hematuria, borderline hemoglobin A1C) often prompt donor refusal by centers. These risk factors are part of more comprehensive risks of low GFR and end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) from kidney diseases in the general population that are equally relevant. Such data profile the ages of onset, rates of progression, prevalence and severity of loss of GFR from generically characterized kidney diseases. Kidney diseases typically begin in middle age and take decades to reach ESRD, at a median age of 64. Diabetes produces about half of yearly ESRD and even more lifetime near‐ESRD. Such data predict that (1) 10‐ to 15‐year studies will not capture the lifetime risks of postdonation ESRD; (2) normal young donors are at demonstrably higher risk than normal older candidates; (3) low normal predonation GFRs become risk factors for ESRD when kidney diseases arise and (4) donor nephrectomy always increases individual risk. Such population‐based risk data apply to all donor candidates and should be used to make acceptance standards and counseling more uniform and defensible.
The effect of oestrogen on the nasal respiratory mucosa

An experimental histopathological and histochemical work carried out in thirty guinea-pigs of an average weight of 475 gm. receiving oestrogen in the form of ethynyl oestradiol in a dose of 10 microgram/animal/day and aiming at a study of the effects of oestrogen on the respiratory nasal mucosa. The histopathalogical lesions of the respiratory nasal mucosa were in the form of squamous metaplasia and spongiosis of the lining epithelium, with oedema of the underlying corium, glandular hyperplasia submucosal cellular infiltration, increased vascularity and some vascular changes in the form of endothelial proliferation with intimal thickening. Histochemical enzymatic alterations were in the form of increased succinic dehydrogenase activity in the epithelium as well as in the hyperplastic submucous glands, intensified reaction of the acid phosphatase in the cells of the corium, and the appearance of alkaline phosphatase activity in the apical parts of the cells lining the glands, indicating increased secretory activity. All the changes obtained in the histopathological and histochemical studies can be attributed to hormonal stimulation of the nasal mucosa.
Obesity in free-ranging rhesus macaques.

Spontaneous obesity in free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) was assessed in terms of body size, body fat distribution, endocrinological/metabolic indices, and social and familial factors. Eleven animals (six females, five males), or 7% of the adult population surveyed, were defined as obese on the basis of morphometric indices of adiposity > 2 s.d. above the mean for adults in this colony. The age of the obese animals ranged from 9-16 years; obese males were older than females (average 14 vs. 12 years), but this difference was not significant. Mean body weights for obese males and females were 14.1 +/- 0.5 and 13.5 +/- 0.7 kg, respectively. There were no gender differences in either the incidence of obesity or measures of body fat. Serum concentrations of cholesterol and testosterone were not significantly different between obese and nonobese monkeys. Serum triglyceride levels were somewhat higher in obese animals, but this difference was not significant. Glucose clearance was within normal limits in both obese and age- and sex-matched non-obese monkeys (> 2% per min). Although increased adiposity was significantly correlated with fasting insulin and the insulin response to glucose loading, differences between obese and non-obese animals in these values did not achieve significance. The incidence of obesity ranged from 0-20% among the eleven matrilines studied, and several primary familial relationships were observed within the obese sample. Most obese females were from a high ranking matriline whereas only one of the obese males was high ranking at the time of the survey. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optimal Choice of Environmental Policy Instruments Considering Eco-industry Development

Through the game theory and optimal planning method,this paper researches on the optimal choice of environmental policy instruments considering eco-industry and some conclusions have been drawn: In order to promote development of eco-industry,pollution firms must be regulated.In perfect competition,optimal emission tax rate and abatement subsidy rate are equal to marginal pollution losses,but only emission taxes can make the economy achieve the best.In imperfect competition,optimal emission tax rate and abatement subsidy rate are related with market competition,which makes the economy achieve the second-best.Regardless of the market structure,government can levy emission taxes on and subsidize abatement to pollution firms,or levy emission taxes on pollution firms and subsidize eco-industry,which both make the economy achieve the best.With a view to development of eco-industry,the optimal environmental policies are levying emission taxes on pollution firms and subsidizing eco-industry.
Directly measured tissue pH is an earlier indicator of splanchnic acidosis than tonometric parameters during hemorrhagic shock in swine

Objective To compare tissue pH in the stomach, bowel, and abdominal wall muscle during hemorrhagic shock and recovery using tissue electrodes; also, to compare tissue electrode pH measurements to gastric intramucosal pH (pHi), gastric luminal Pco2, and Pco2 gap (gastric luminal CO2 − arterial CO2) measured with an air-equilibrated tonometer. Design Prospective animal study. Setting University animal research laboratory. Subjects Eight anesthetized, mechanically ventilated Yorkshire swine. Interventions Hemorrhagic shock was initiated by withdrawing blood over a 15-min period to lower systolic blood pressure to 45 mm Hg. Shock was maintained for 45 mins and was followed by a 5-min resuscitation to normal blood pressure with a blood/lactated Ringer’s (1:2) mixture. Recovery was monitored for 60 mins. Measurements and Main Results pH was measured with electrodes in the submucosa of the stomach, the submucosa of the small bowel, and the abdominal wall muscle. Gastric luminal Pco2 was measured with an air-equilibrated tonometer and pHi and Pco2 gap were calculated. Each organ showed a different sensitivity to shock and resuscitation. The bowel pH responded most rapidly to the onset of hemorrhagic shock and had the largest change in tissue pH. The bowel also showed the most rapid recovery during resuscitation. The submucosal pH of the stomach responded more slowly than the bowel, but faster than the abdominal wall muscle pH, gastric Pco2 gap, or pHi. The smallest changes in organ pH as a result of hemorrhagic shock were seen in the abdominal wall muscle and the stomach as assessed by gastric tonometry. Conclusions Direct measurement of tissue pH indicates that intra-abdominal organ pH varies during hemorrhagic shock. The small bowel pH changes the most in magnitude and rapidity compared with stomach pH or abdominal wall muscle pH. Tonometrically derived parameters were not as sensitive in the detection of tissue acidosis during shock and resuscitation as pH measured directly in the submucosa of the stomach or small bowel.
Pressure thresholds of the human foot: measurement reliability and effects of stimulus characteristics

Information related to reliable values of discomfort thresholds can help to improve the designs of various products. This study aimed to investigate the measurement reliabilities associated with pressure thresholds, while determining the effects of stimulus characteristics (stimulus area, indentation speed) of the human foot. An indentation apparatus was used with four sizes of indentation probes and three indentation speeds. In total, 13 locations on the right foot of 10 male and 10 female participants were tested to determine the pressure discomfort thresholds (PDT) and pressure pain thresholds (PPT). Results show that the tests had very good measurement reliability with intra-class correlations (ICC) greater than 0.8 for the PPT measurements and acceptable reliability (most ICC > 0.75, with a few between 0.5 and 0.75) for the PDT measurements, demonstrating that participants are capable of judging their pain and discomfort thresholds. Pressure sensitivity differs across locations of the foot, with the medial plantar arch of the foot being the most sensitive, followed by the dorsal surface of the foot. The heel area was the least sensitive. PPT and PDT are dependent on the stimulus characteristics of the area and the speed of indentation. A smaller area has a higher PPT and PDT, indicating significant effects of spatial summation. The increase of PDT and PPT at higher speeds may be partially explained by the increase in stiffness because foot tissue exhibits viscoelastic properties. The findings can have a significant impact on the design of footwear and other accessories for improved foot health and comfort. Statement of Relevance: This study investigated the threshold measurement reliability while determining the pressure sensitivity on the surface of the foot with varying stimulus characteristics. The findings may be very useful in the design of footwear and other accessories for improved comfort and reduced injuries.
Effect of weight loss and body position on pulmonary function and gas exchange abnormalities in morbid obesity.

OBJECTIVE To determine, whether behavioral management of obesity including very-low-calorie-diet would produce weight loss enough to improve pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange in morbid obesity. DESIGN Pulmonary function and arterial oxygenation were studied before and after weight loss in 11 patients attending a group therapy with the program of VLCD for 6 weeks and 16 weeks' behavioral intervention. MEASUREMENTS Spirometry, diffusing capacity, body plethysmograph, closing volume and arterial blood gas analyses. RESULTS The mean initial BMI was 45.4 kg/m2 (range 39.8-58.7 kg/m2) and decreased to 39.4 kg/m2 (range 31-49.8 kg/m2) (P < 0.01). Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and functional residual capacity (FRC) improved significantly with weight loss. Closing capacity (CC) exceeded FRC in 10 cases of 11 at the initial stage, but after weight loss only in three patients. The mean arterial oxygen tension with the patients in supine position did not change after weight loss, but standing up improved PaO2 significantly before and after weight loss. CONCLUSION The dietary treatment of morbid obesity was sufficient to induce improvement in lung volumes, but not enough to improve arterial oxygenation, although ventilatory mechanics was improved significantly and the tendency to early small airway closure was decreased. Hypoxemia was significantly relieved by standing up both before and after weight loss.
Relevant factors when considering fingernail clippings as a fluoride biomarker.

OBJECTIVES To determine thumbnail growth rate and length and to examine the effect of age, gender and fluoride exposure on thumbnail growth rate. RESEARCH DESIGN Children aged 2-3 years in fluoridated (F) and non-fluoridated (NF) areas participated. A reference mark was made on the thumbnail and subject age and gender were recorded. Six to eight weeks later measurements were taken and the growth rate was calculated. Analysis of variance (after a logarithmic transformation where appropriate) and linear regression analysis were conducted. RESULTS The rate of thumbnail growth (mm/week) was 0.7, sd 0.12 (F) and 0.6, sd 0.18 (NF), (p=0.14). The length of the thumbnail was 7.5 mm, sd 0.77 (F) and 7.8 mm, sd 0.58 (NF), (p=0.28). The mean age (F and NF) was 29.8 months (sd 3.7). There were no relationships between thumbnail growth rate and fluoride status, gender or age (p=0.14; p=0.19; p=0.95). CONCLUSIONS There was a wide variation in growth rate and length of thumbnails. Age, gender and fluoride exposure had no effect on thumbnail growth rates. Fingernail growth rate and length should be measured for each subject when using fingernails to estimate fluoride absorption.
Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis

Abstract There is increasing evidence that the vascular endothelium is an important functional component of the blood vessel wall, actively participating in normal vascular physiology as well as the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. The localized modulation of vascular endothelium to a nonadaptive functional state can be termed endothelial dysfunction. This article provides a brief overview of the multiple vital functions of endothelium, and a working concept of endothelial dysfunction especially as it relates to atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications.
Entry and Import Quota

An import quota set stricter than the free trade level is quite common for the domestic entry protection. However, this paper shows that as the products are vertically differentiated, an import quota that is simply set at the original free trade level could be effective on entrant protection. This quota policy also improves both consumer surplus and total domestic welfare, which is in sharp contrast to the implications of existing literature. Our result suggests that an import quota has a stronger protection effect on domestic production if the domestic and foreign products are vertically differentiated.
Efficient modulation of photosynthetic apparatus confers desiccation tolerance in the resurrection plant Boea hygrometrica

Boea hygrometrica (B. hygrometrica) can tolerate severe desiccation and resume photosynthetic activity rapidly upon water availability. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which B. hygrometrica adapts to dehydration and resumes competence upon rehydration. Here we determine how B. hygrometrica deals with oxidative stress, excessive excitation/electron pressures as well as photosynthetic apparatus modulation during dehydration/rehydration. By measuring ROS generation and scavenging efficiency, we found that B. hygrometrica possesses efficient strategies to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed a remarkable alteration of chloroplast architecture and plastoglobules (PGs) accumulation during dehydration/rehydration. Pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, P700 redox assay as well as chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra analysis on leaves of B. hygrometrica during dehydration/rehydration were also performed. Results showed that the photochemical activity of PSII as well as photoprotective energy dissipation in PSII undergo gradual inactivation/activation during dehydration/rehydration in B. hygrometrica; PSI activity is relatively induced upon water deficit, and dehydration leads to physical interaction between PSI and LHCII. Furthermore, blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) and immunoblot analysis revealed that the protein abundance of light harvesting complexes decrease markedly along with internal water deficit to restrict light absorption and attenuate electron transfer, resulting in limited light excitation and repressed photosynthesis. In contrast, many thylakoid proteins remain at a basal level even after full dehydration. Taken together, our study demonstrated that efficient modulation of cellular redox homeostasis and photosynthetic activity confers desiccation tolerance in B. hygrometrica.