Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Third group of neostriatofugal neurons: Neurokinin B‐producing neurons that send axons predominantly to the substantia innominata

Neostriatal neurons that produce neurokinin B were investigated immunocytochemically in the rat brain with an antibody against the C‐terminal portion of the precursor prepropeptide of neurokinin B, preprotachykinin B (PPTB). PPTB‐immunoreactive neurons were scattered throughout the neostriatum and constituted 5.1% of neostriatal neurons. They were immunopositive for projection neuron markers, such as precursor peptides of substance P, enkephalins, and dynorphins, but negative for intrinsic neuron markers, suggesting that PPTB was expressed in neostriatal projection neurons. However, PPTB‐immunoreactive neurons were immunonegative for dopamine‐ and cyclic AMP‐regulated phosphoprotein, which is known to be produced by striatopallidal and striatonigral neurons. Furthermore, almost no PPTB‐immunoreactive axon terminals were observed in the substantia nigra or globus pallidus. The authors then made large kainic acid lesions in the neostriatum to reveal the target areas of PPTB‐producing neurons and observed a decrease in PPTB‐immunoreactive fibers in the sublenticular portion of the substantia innominata and, to much lesser extent, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central nucleus of the amygdala. After injection of wheat germ agglutinin into the substantia innominata, PPTB immunoreactivity was detected in many retrogradely labeled neostriatal neurons. In contrast, no PPTB immunoreactivity was observed in striatonigral or striatopallidal neurons after injection of retrograde tracers into the substantia nigra or globus pallidus. Thus, neurokinin B‐producing neostriatal neurons were considered to send projection fibers predominantly to the substantia innominata. Furthermore, PPTB‐immunoreactive axonal swellings were closely apposed to neurokinin B receptor‐immunoreactive dendrites in the substantia innominata. Overall, the present results indicate that the rat brain possesses a chemically and hodologically unique neostriatofugal pathway in addition to the direct and indirect pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 426:279–296, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the design of low-power cache memories for homogeneous multi-core processors

We investigate the impact of level-1 cache (CL1) parameters, level-2 cache (CL2) parameters, and cache organizations on the power consumption and performance of multi-core systems. We simulate two 4-core architectures - both with private CL1s, but one with shared CL2 and the other one with private CL2s. Simulation results with MPEG4, H.264, matrix inversion, and DFT workloads show that reductions in total power consumption and mean delay per task of up to 42% and 48%, respectively, are possible with optimized CL1s and CL2s. Total power consumption and the mean delay per task depend significantly on the applications including the code size and locality.
Three-dimensional imaging in the studio and elsewhere

At 3DV Systems Ltd. we developed and built a true 3D video camera (Zcam), capable of producing RGB and D signals where D stands for distance or depth to each pixel. The new RGBD camera makes it possible to do away with color based background substitution known as chroma-key as well as creating a whole gallery of new effects and applications such as multilayer foreground as well as background substitutions and manipulations. The new multilayerd modality makes possible the production of mixed reality real time video as well as post- production manipulation of recorded video. The new RGBD camera is scannerless and uses low power laser illumination to create the D channel. Prototypes have been in use for more than 2 years and, are capable of sub-centimeter depth resolution at any desired distance up to 10 m. on the present model. Additional potential applications as well as low cost versions are currently being explored.
Use of artificial intelligence to identify cardiovascular compromise in a model of hemorrhagic shock*

ObjectiveTo determine whether a prototype artificial intelligence system can identify volume of hemorrhage in a porcine model of controlled hemorrhagic shock. DesignProspective in vivo animal model of hemorrhagic shock SettingResearch foundation animal surgical suite; computer laboratories of collaborating industry partner. SubjectsNineteen, juvenile, 25- to 35-kg, male and female swine. InterventionsAnesthetized animals were instrumented for arterial and systemic venous pressure monitoring and blood sampling, and a splenectomy was performed. Following a 1-hr stabilization period, animals were hemorrhaged in aliquots to 10, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50% of total blood volume with a 10-min recovery between each aliquot. Data were downloaded directly from a commercial monitoring system into a proprietary PC-based software package for analysis. Measurements and Main ResultsArterial and venous blood gas values, glucose, and cardiac output were collected at specified intervals. Electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, mixed venous oxygen saturation, temperature (core and blood), mean arterial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure, pulse oximetry, and end-tidal CO2 were continuously monitored and downloaded. Seventeen of 19 animals (89%) died as a direct result of hemorrhage. Stored data streams were analyzed by the prototype artificial intelligence system. For this project, the artificial intelligence system identified and compared three electrocardiographic features (R-R interval, QRS amplitude, and R-S interval) from each of nine unknown samples of the QRS complex. We found that the artificial intelligence system, trained on only three electrocardiographic features, identified hemorrhage volume with an average accuracy of 91% (95% confidence interval, 84–96%). ConclusionsThese experiments demonstrate that an artificial intelligence system, based solely on the analysis of QRS amplitude, R-R interval, and R-S interval of an electrocardiogram, is able to accurately identify hemorrhage volume in a porcine model of lethal hemorrhagic shock. We suggest that this technology may represent a noninvasive means of assessing the physiologic state during and immediately following hemorrhage. Point of care application of this technology may improve outcomes with earlier diagnosis and better titration of therapy of shock.
Information und Kontext im Enterprise 2.0

Die Nutzung von Web 2.0-Werkzeugen im Unternehmen eröffnet den Anwendern erhebliche Freiheitsgrade bei der Strukturierung ihrer Inhalte. Damit steht das Enterprise 2.0 im deutlichen Gegensatz zu klassischen UnternehmensApplikationen und entzieht sich den bekannten modellierungsbasierten Managementansätzen der Wirtschaftsinformatik. Während auf diese Weise deutlich mehr Informationen gesammelt werden können, stellt deren (automatisierte) Verteilung und Nutzung eine zentrale Herausforderung dar. Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert die Eigenschaften der durch Enterprise 2.0-Werkzeuge gesammelten Informationen vor dem Hintergrund der zunehmenden Miniaturisierung der Informationseinheiten. Deren Kontext wird als wesentliche Grundlage für die zukünftige Beherrschung des Enterprise 2.0 identifiziert.
Confidence intervals for high-dimensional linear regression: Minimax rates and adaptivity

Confidence sets play a fundamental role in statistical inference. In this paper, we consider confidence intervals for high dimensional linear regression with random design. We first establish the convergence rates of the minimax expected length for confidence intervals in the oracle setting where the sparsity parameter is given. The focus is then on the problem of adaptation to sparsity for the construction of confidence intervals. Ideally, an adaptive confidence interval should have its length automatically adjusted to the sparsity of the unknown regression vector, while maintaining a prespecified coverage probability. It is shown that such a goal is in general not attainable, except when the sparsity parameter is restricted to a small region over which the confidence intervals have the optimal length of the usual parametric rate. It is further demonstrated that the lack of adaptivity is not due to the conservativeness of the minimax framework, but is fundamentally caused by the difficulty of learning the bias accurately.
Hydrogeological significance of secondary terrestrial carbonate deposition in karst environments

proportion of the dissolved calcium carbonate derived from limestone dissolution. The study of such secondary deposits is important because they provide information on the palaeohydrogeology of the unsaturated zone at the time of precipitation. They also offer the potential to provide information with respect to climatic conditions through the study of stable isotopes and dating through the study of radiogenic isotopes. This chapter introduces the formational processes, depositional environments (hydrogeological, hydrogeochemical, biological and geomorphological) and post depositional history of secondary terrestrial carbonate deposits. Consideration is given to the associated research themes and techniques, in particular to the current research focus on the role of microbial communities in present day sediment-water interface processes (Pedley and Rogerson, 2010) and the implications for furthering the understanding of climate change and landscape evolution. These deposits have a world-wide distribution (Ford and Pedley, 1996; Viles and Goudie, 1990) and include speleothems, travertines, tufas, calcareous nodules, calcretes and carbonate cements, such that speleothems and tufa represent two end members of a continuum of freshwater carbonate (Pedley and Rogerson, 2010). They form in a range of climatic conditions, but are best developed in warm humid climates. Examples cited in the text include case studies from the White Peak, Derbyshire UK, which currently experiences a temperate humid climate and hosts a range of deposits as a consequence of its recent geological history. The White Peak was not subjected to glacial erosion during the most recent (Devensian, MIS 2-4) glaciation, therefore there is a potential for an extensive record of Quaternary palaeoclimatic conditions to be preserved in the secondary carbonate deposits.
A Survey of Electronic Analog Computer Installations

A survey has been made of real-time electronic analog computer (differential analyzer) installations. This survey was conducted (1) so that a directory of the installations could be compiled and (2) so that various data regarding the installations could be made available for analysis. The survey was conducted by a mail questionnaire. Information was obtained regarding size of installation, size of staff, weekly usage of the equipment, age of installation, and availability to outside organizations from 96 installations havig a total of 8,320 computer amplifiers. The results of the survey have been analyzed and are presented in this paper, together with the directory.
Ifosfamide, mesna, and nephrotoxicity in children.

PURPOSE With the increasing use of ifosfamide in pediatric malignancies, nephrotoxicity has emerged as a potentially serious adverse effect, which may be dose-limiting or may cause severe chronic morbidity, including glomerular impairment and/or Fanconi's syndrome. The purpose of this review was (1) to improve the documentation of ifosfamide nephrotoxicity in children, and (2) to consider the possible causative role of ifosfamide metabolites. DESIGN (1) A grading system was developed that allowed documentation of the nature and severity of published reports of ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity, and evaluation of patient and treatment-related risk factors. (2) The relationship between the pharmacology of ifosfamide/mesna and nephrotoxicity was investigated by examination of published data, especially that concerning the quantitative differences in the metabolism of ifosfamide and its nonnephrotoxic structural isomer, cyclophosphamide. RESULTS (1) Examination of 16 published reports (with assessable data from 40 children) demonstrated that ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity was associated with a wide range of patient ages and ifosfamide cumulative doses given by different administration schedules. (2) Chloroacetaldehyde, a major metabolite of ifosfamide only, may be at least partly responsible for the renal toxicity of this drug. Although mesna may be capable of detoxifying the toxic metabolite(s), delivery to the renal tubule may not be sufficient to provide adequate protection of tubular glutathione from depletion by the metabolite(s), which results in a failure to prevent nephrotoxicity. CONCLUSION Increased understanding of the interindividual variability in the extent and nature of ifosfamide metabolism, which may be a major determinant of susceptibility to renal damage, may lead to improved use of the drug with less nephrotoxicity.
Exocrine Pancreatic Changes following Acute Attack of Biliary Pancreatitis

Following the Cambridge and Marseilles Symposia, functional recovery of the pancreas occurs if the primary cause and complications of the disease have been eliminated. However, recent research showed contradictory results, owing to the difference in diagnostic methods and the proportion of patients studied in relation to the etiologic factor and severity of the disease, as well as the differences in the tests utilized. Sixty-three consecutive patients with acute biliary pancreatitis were prospectively studied. Seventeen were men (27%) and 46 were women (73%), with an average age of 62.3 years, 45 were mild cases and 18 were severe. All patients underwent a cholecystectomy. No patient in this series underwent necrosectomy. During the acute phase, severity was evaluated following the Atlanta criteria as well as the existence of necrosis and its percentage by means of dynamic computed tomography (CT). During the follow-up, different tests were used to assess the pancreatic exocrine function, 1 month, 6 months and 1 year after the acute pancreatitis (AP) episode. The possible existence of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency following biliary origin AP as well as whether this possible deficit was related to the severity of the episode was investigated. We found no such insufficiency 1 year after the episode, and no link with the severity of the episode.
Pancreatic L-Glutamine Administration Protects Pig Islets from Cold Ischemic Injury and Increases Resistance toward Inflammatory Mediators

The isolation and transplantation of porcine islets represent a future option for the treatment of type 1 diabetic patients. Stringent product release criteria and limited availability of transgenic and specific pathogen-free pigs will essentially require processing of explanted pig pancreata in specialized, possibly remote isolation facilities, whereby pancreata are exposed to cold ischemia due to prolonged tissue transit time. In the present study we investigated whether pancreas oxygenation can be efficiently combined with an antioxidant strategy utilizing intraductal L-glutamine administration. Pig pancreata were intraductally perfused after retrieval and after cold storage in oxygen-precharged perfluorohexyloctane utilizing University of Wisconsin solution supplemented with (n = 16) or without (n = 14) 5 mmol/L L-glutamine. After isolation purified islets were subjected to extensive quality assessment. Islet recovery postpurification was significantly higher in glutamine-treated pancreata (77.0 ± 3.3% vs. 60.3 ± 6.0%, p < 0.05). Glutamine administration increased intraislet content of reduced glutathione (117.8 ± 16.5 vs. 15.9 ± 2.8 ng/ng protein, p < 0.001) associated with increased islet recovery after culture (65.8 ± 12.1% vs. 40.3 ± 11.7%, p < 0.05), enhanced glucose stimulation index (1.82 ± 0.16 vs. 1.38 ± 0.10, p < 0.05), and improved posttransplant function in diabetic nude mice (p < 0.05). Furthermore, intraductally administered glutamine increased pig islet resistance toward reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and high-dose proinflammatory cytokines. The present study demonstrates that quality and function of pig islets exposed to warm and cold ischemia can significantly be improved using intraductal L-glutamine administration. As the efficiency of the intraductal route may be inferior compared to intravascular administration further studies should aim on assessment of L-glutamine as supplement for pancreas perfusion during organ procurement.
The chemistry of child neglect: do oxytocin and vasopressin mediate the effects of early experience?

Research described in a recent issue of PNAS by Wismer Fries, Ziegler, Kurian, Jacoris, and Pollak (1) reveals significant group differences in two brain-derived neuropeptides, oxytocin and vasopressin, between family-versus orphanage-reared children. These intriguing results may stimulate a new chapter in the ongoing scientific dialogue concerning the neuro-biological effects of early experience. Fascination with the developmental effects of social deprivation is not new. Consider Romulus and Remus, the legendary founders of Rome who were purportedly nursed by a shewolf; or Kasper Hauser, a mysterious 19th century German boy, believed to have been isolated from human contact from early childhood. Modern interest in the impact of maternal separation or neglect on human behavior can be traced to two proteges of Sigmund Freud, Rene Spitz and John Bowlby (2, 3), who described children reared in orphanages or by inconsistent caregivers as at risk for emotional and social disorders. Behavioral studies, including research in nonhuman primates, have documented vulnerabilities in socially deprived infants (4–6). From birth onward, social interactions are essential for normal development. In all human cultures, including nonhuman animals, we find mechanisms for transmitting social experiences from one generation to the next. These experiences may in turn alter future behavior. Attempts to study the neuroendocrine consequences of early experience have tended to focus on changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (7 …
Stress in Fishes: A Diversity of Responses with Particular Reference to Changes in Circulating Corticosteroids1

Abstract Physical, chemical and perceived stressors can all evoke non-specific responses in fish, which are considered adaptive to enable the fish to cope with the disturbance and maintain its homeostatic state. If the stressor is overly severe or long-lasting to the point that the fish is not capable of regaining homeostasis, then the responses themselves may become maladaptive and threaten the fish's health and well-being. Physiological responses to stress are grouped as primary, which include endocrine changes such as in measurable levels of circulating catecholamines and corticosteroids, and secondary, which include changes in features related to metabolism, hydromineral balance, and cardiovascular, respiratory and immune functions. In some instances, the endocrine responses are directly responsible for these secondary responses resulting in changes in concentration of blood constituents, including metabolites and major ions, and, at the cellular level, the expression of heat-shock or stress proteins. Tertiary or whole-animal changes in performance, such as in growth, disease resistance and behavior, can result from the primary and secondary responses and possibly affect survivorship. Fishes display a wide variation in their physiological responses to stress, which is clearly evident in the plasma corticosteroid changes, chiefly cortisol in actinopterygian fishes, that occur following a stressful event. The characteristic elevation in circulating cortisol during the first hour after an acute disturbance can vary by more than two orders of magnitude among species and genetic history appears to account for much of this interspecific variation. An appreciation of the factors that affect the magnitude, duration and recovery of cortisol and other physiological changes caused by stress in fishes is important for proper interpretation of experimental data and design of effective biological monitoring programs.
Fatty acids and insulin sensitivity

Purpose of reviewGiven the pathophysiological importance of insulin resistance, the potential impact of dietary fatty acids is highly relevant. The effects of different types of dietary fatty acids on insulin sensitivity in humans are discussed, with focus on recent controlled studies. Recent findingsObservational studies assessing fatty acid composition in serum or tissues suggest that insulin resistance is associated with relatively high intakes of saturated fat (e.g. palmitic acid) and low intakes of polyunsaturated fat (e.g. linoleic acid), findings that are supported by recent clinical data. Most controlled studies have hitherto examined the effect of monounsaturated fat on insulin sensitivity, several indicating that it has beneficial effects when substituted for saturated fat. More clinical data comparing n-6 polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated fat are needed to identify the optimal dietary fat composition, especially in patients with insulin resistance/obesity and diabetes. The total fat content of the background diet should also be considered in future studies. Finally, we and others hypothesize that dietary fatty acids may partly mediate their effects on insulin action by regulating the activity of lipogenic enzymes and desaturases. SummarySubstituting saturated fat with unsaturated fat seems to have beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity, although the clinical significance of modifying fat quality alone is still unclear.
A rod antenna with a meander element for hand-held phone

This paper proposes a rod antenna with a meander element mounted on a hand-held phone. The quarter-wavelength meander element can improve the input impedance of a half-wavelength rod antenna. The reason for the improvement of the input impedance is that the total length of the antenna is three quarter-wavelengths. Also, the proposed antenna can realize a high gain in the horizontal plane. The reason for the high gain in this direction is that the meander element is optimized to radiate in the horizontal direction so as to add to the radiation from the antenna.
The development of aerobic spoilage flora on meat stored at chill temperatures.

In meat juice medium, aerobic spoilage bacteria utilized the following substrates in the order shown: Pseudomonos, glucose, amino acids, lactic acid; Acinetobacter, amino acids, lactic acid: Enterobacter, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, amino acids; Microbacterium thermosphactum, glucose, glutamate. All the bacteria grew at their maximum rate utilizing the first and second substrates, but the growth rates declined when these were exhausted. The growth rate of Acinetobacter was reduced at pH 5·7 and below. All other species grew at their maximum rate within the pH range 5·5–7·0. On meat pseudomonads grew faster than the other species at all temperatures between 2° and 15°C. Interactions between any two species were observed only when one organism had attained its maximum cell density. Substrate exhaustion at the meat surface did not limit bacterial growth and it is suggested that the maximum cell density of aerobic spoilage cultures is determined by oxygen limitation of growth.