Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mobile Ad-hoc Networking with AODV: A Review

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are becoming a promising and popular way to carry out ubiquitous computing in numerous vital applications. Unique characteristics of these spontaneous networks induce several challenges in the resource constraint environment. In this paper, firstly, we discuss these challenges and research work carried out for various applications of MANETs. Operations of routing protocol become vital in this unstable multi-hop environment. In this paper, we present classification of MANET routing protocols and study a popular reactive routing protocol, Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV). We also study basic operations of AODV and, present its variants and real world implementations. Furthermore, we study the design issues of AODV protocol and review the recent research works carried out to enhance AODV protocol addressing these issues. In spite of the research work of over a decade on the AODV design, there still exist open challenges that pave the way for further research on this prominent on-demand protocol.
L'intérêt des patrons dans la gestion des connaissances liées à la création sonore

La production sonore est en constante evolution, et la technologie a amplifie ce mouvement. Qu'ils soient electroniques ou numeriques, les nouveaux instruments sont soumis a l'obsolescence, la preservation des œuvres passant alors par leur perpetuelle mise a jour. Celles-ci doivent etre realisees dans le respect de l'œuvre, afin que les nouvelles versions soient authentiques. Pour cela, les experts ont besoin d'acceder a des connaissances sur la maniere dont a ete produite l'œuvre sonore. Nous proposons un langage, a base d'ontologie et de patrons de creation, permettant de gerer les connaissances et leur qualite, a destination des compositeurs et des producteurs pour les aider a preparer l'archivage des productions sonores. Le langage a ete implemente dans un meta-environnement permettant de capturer des actions de creation et de generer automatiquement une modelisation d'une partie de la production sonore, permettant ainsi d'obtenir une representation du flux de production.
The Contributions of Perceived Ethnic Discrimination and Rumination to

Perceived ethnic discrimination (PED), a type of race-based social stress, is conceptualized as a subjective experience of discrimination based on phenotype, linguistic, or cultural characteristics. As an environmental stressor, it is associated with the same negative outcomes as other stressors such as greater depressive and anxious symptoms, poorer academic performance, and poorer health outcomes. Previous research has focused on PED’s association with mental and physical health outcomes, but cognitive factors (i.e., cognitive ruminations, coping strategies, executive functioning) that might mediate or moderate outcomes have received less attention. Moreover, while some research has investigated the associations of anger rumination and perceived discrimination on depression, anxiety, and aggression, the relations of depressive rumination and PED to negative emotions in an emerging adult sample have not been extensively studied. Therefore, this study's goal was to explore how cognitive factors such as anger and depressive rumination and PED contribute to negative emotions (anxiety, depression, and aggression), in both ethnic minority and White emerging adults. This study also investigated gender differences in rumination, perceived discrimination, and negative emotional outcomes. PERCEIVED ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION 3
Association Rules Mining : Application to Large-Scale Satisfiability

Big data mining is a promising technology for industrial applications such as business intelligence and marketing. In this paper, we attempt to transfer this background to a scientific domain, which is problem solving. An enormous research investment has been done over the past years for solving NP-complete problems. The exact methods yield the optimal solution if it exists but they are not able to tackle problems of large instances because they would generate a combinatorial explosion and a timeout calculation. Approximate approaches are mostly stochastic and do not guarantee to find a solution even if one exists. For both alternatives, and in order to reach more closely any optimal solution, the search space should be explored in a judicious manner. If we consider the solutions collection as a data set, data mining techniques may help acquiring some knowledge on the landscape fitness function and then exploiting the achieved information in solving the problem. We are especially interested in locating those regions that are promising in the sense they contain solutions of good quality. We aim especially at developing a two-phase approach to address the satisfiability problem in order to cope with its complexity. In the first step, a preprocessing of clauses is undertaken using association rules mining. The achieved associative clauses classes are then exploited to solve the instance. Extensive experiments are performed on BMC benchmarks and numerical results show the benefit of our proposal.
Comparative mapping of the barley Ppd-H1 photoperiod response gene region, which lies close to a junction between two rice linkage segments.

Comparative mapping of cereals has shown that chromosomes of barley, wheat, and maize can be described in terms of rice "linkage segments. " However, little is known about marker order in the junctions between linkage blocks or whether this will impair comparative analysis of major genes that lie in such regions. We used genetic and physical mapping to investigate the relationship between the distal part of rice chromosome 7L, which contains the Hd2 heading date gene, and the region of barley chromosome 2HS containing the Ppd-H1 photoperiod response gene, which lies near the junction between rice 7 and rice 4 linkage segments. RFLP markers were mapped in maize to identify regions that might contain Hd2 or Ppd-H1 orthologs. Rice provided useful markers for the Ppd-H1 region but comparative mapping was complicated by loss of colinearity and sequence duplications that predated the divergence of rice, maize, and barley. The sequences of cDNA markers were used to search for homologs in the Arabidopsis genome. Homologous sequences were found for 13 out of 16 markers but they were dispersed in Arabidopsis and did not identify any candidate equivalent region. The implications of the results for comparative trait mapping in junction regions are discussed.
Breathing with Chlorinated Solvents

[ Perry L. McCarty ][1] Chlorinated solvents, the carcinogenic agents that permeate the air in your dry cleaners, have accumulated in the groundwater because microorganisms in the soil do not break them down. Now [ MaymA³-Gatell et al . ][2] have isolated the first bacterium that can metabolize trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene to the harmless compound ethene. Identification of the bacterium will potentially allow manipulation of the conditions underground to facilitate the natural destruction of chlorinated solvents. [][3] [1]: http://www.sciencemag. org#affiliation [2]: http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/short/276/5318/1568 [3]: http://
Adiposity and atherosclerosis.

1. I1 semble que certaines preparations d'ACTH puissent etre absorbees par la muqueuse nasale de fagon satisfaisante. 2. Comme preuve 'a l'appui, un groupe de sujets nor[naux presenterent une diminution des eosinophiles dans leur circulation peripherique ainsi qu'une augmentation du taux d'excretion dans l'urine des 17-cetosteroides apres une seule application intranasale de 40 u.i. de corticotropine. 3. De 17 malades traites 'a la corticotropine intranasale, 14 montrerent des signes d'amelioration clinique tres nette. Cette amelioration persista aussi longtemps qu'ils continuerent 'a prendre des doses suffisantes d'hormone par voie intranasale. Un des trois malades refractaires au traitement n'eut pas de meilleur resultat quand il recut 1'ACTH par injections intramusculaires. 4. A part une legere irritation du nez et quelques eternuements tot apres l'instillation, aucun effet facheux ne suivit l'administration intranasale de corticotropine. M.R. D.
Distribution Patterns and Phylogeny of Marine Stramenopiles in the North Pacific Ocean

ABSTRACT Marine stramenopiles (MASTs) are a diverse suite of eukaryotic microbes found in marine environments. Several MAST lineages are thought to contain heterotrophic nanoflagellates. However, MASTs remain uncultured and data on distributions and trophic modes are limited. We investigated MASTs in provinces on the west and east sides of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, specifically the East China Sea (ECS) and the California Current system (CALC). For each province, DNA was sampled from three zones: coastal, mesotrophic transitional, and more oligotrophic euphotic waters. Along with diatoms, chrysophytes, and other stramenopiles, sequences were recovered from nine MAST lineages in the six ECS and four CALC 18S rRNA gene clone libraries. All but one of these libraries were from surface samples. MAST clusters 1, 3, 7, 8, and 11 were identified in both provinces, with MAST cluster 3 (MAST-3) being found the most frequently. Additionally, MAST-2 was detected in the ECS and MAST-4, -9, and -12 were detected in the CALC. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that some subclades within these lineages differ along latitudinal gradients. MAST-1A, -1B, and -1C and MAST-4 size and abundance estimates obtained using fluorescence in situ hybridization on 79 spring and summer ECS samples showed a negative correlation between size of MAST-1B and MAST-4 cells and temperature. MAST-1A was rarely detected, but MAST-1B and -1C and MAST-4 were abundant in summer and MAST-1C and MAST-4 were more so at the coast, with maximum abundances of 543 and 1,896 cells ml−1, respectively. MAST-4 and Synechococcus abundances were correlated, and experimental work showed that MAST-4 ingests Synechococcus. Together with previous studies, this study helps refine hypotheses on distribution and trophic modes of MAST lineages.
Morphology and differentiation of radial glia in the developing rat spinal cord

Important events underlying the proper functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) include the production, assembly, and differentiation of appropriate types and numbers of cells during development. The mechanisms that control these events are difficult to unravel because of displacement of cells from their sites of origin to their permanent locations and because of the diverse cellular composition of the CNS. As in other regions of the mammalian CNS, the two major classes of neuroglial cells in the rat spinal cord are oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. In the developing spinal cord, radial glia are prominent. In this study, radial glia in the cervical region of the spinal cord were analysed. 1,1′Dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) was used to determine the morphology and distribution of radial glia during spinal cord development. The DiI labelling technique enabled locating glial precursor cells during spinal cord development. Radial fibres that extended from the central canal to the pial surface were present at embryonic days 14, 16, and 18 in the developing spinal cord. Their distribution was restricted with increasing development, and by embryonic day 20 the only remaining evidence of radial glia were short radial processes in the white matter. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:263–271, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Matrix techniques for modeling ultrasonic waves in multilayered media

Research into ultrasonic NDE techniques for the inspection of multilayered structures relies strongly on the use of modeling tools which calculate dispersion curves and reflection and transmission spectra. These predictions are essential to enable the best inspection strategies to be identified and their sensitivities to be evaluated. General purpose multilayer modeling tools may be developed from a number of matrix formulations which have evolved in the latter half of this century and there is now a formidable number of publications on the subject. This paper presents a review of the main developments of the matrix techniques, and their use in response and modal models, with emphasis on ultrasonics applications. <<ETX>>
CIITA regulates transcription onset via Ser5‐phosphorylation of RNA Pol II

We describe the temporal order of recruitment of transcription factors, cofactors and basal transcriptional components and the consequent biochemical events that lead to activation of the major histocompatibility class II (MHCII) DRA gene transcription by IFN‐γ. We found that the gene is ‘poised’ for activation since both the activators and a fraction of the basal transcriptional machinery are pre‐assembled at the enhancer and promoter prior to IFN‐γ treatment. The class II transactivator is synthesized following IFN‐γ treatment and it is recruited to the enhanceosome leading to the subsequent recruitment of the CBP and GCN5 coactivators. This is followed by histone acetylation and recruitment of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. CIITA also recruits the CDK7 and CDK9 kinases and enhances the ability of CDK7 to phosphorylate Pol II at Ser5 leading to initiation of mRNA synthesis. Thus, the gene‐specific class II transactivator selects the target genes for expression by coordinating a multiple set of biochemical activities ranging from chromatin alterations and pre‐initiation complex assembly to promoter clearance.
O USO DO MAIS NO PORTUGUÊS RURAL AFROBRASILEIRO THE USE OF MAIS IN THE RURAL AFRO-BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE

Resumo: Este artigo trata da variacao MAIS ~ E em contexto de coordenacao de elementos na sentenca, buscando identificar os contextos linguisticos que favorecem o uso de uma ou de outra variante, bem como verificar a trajetoria da variante MAIS no dialeto rural afrodescendente, considerando fatores linguisticos e sociais, nos moldes da Sociolinguistica. Nesta pesquisa considerou-se que a variacao MAIS ~ E e resultado do contato entre linguas que ocorreu no Brasil no periodo da colonizacao. Desse modo, selecionaram-se duas comunidades rurais afrodescendentes – Helvecia e Cinzento – localizadas no estado da Bahia. Os resultados encontrados mostram que o uso do MAIS e favorecido na comunidade de Helvecia, entre os falantes adultos e idosos, entre os analfabetos e entre os que nao sairam das comunidades. Palavras-chave: Contato linguistico; Portugues rural afrobrasileiro; Variacao MAIS ~ E; Coordenacao.
Studies on microwaves in medicine and biology: From snails to humans

This d'Arsonval Medal acceptance presentation highlights several research themes selected from Dr. Lin's published works, focusing on the microwave portion of the nonionizing electromagnetic spectrum. The topics discussed include investigation of microwave effects on the spontaneous action potentials and membrane resistance of isolated snail neurons, effects on the permeability of blood brain barriers in rats, the phenomenon and interaction mechanism for the microwave auditory effect (the hearing of microwave pulses by animals and humans), the development of miniature catheter antennas for microwave interstitial hyperthermia treatment of cancer, the application of transcatheter microwave ablation for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, and the use of noninvasive wireless technology for sensing of human vital signs and blood pressure pulse waves. The paper concludes with some observations on research and other endeavors in the interdisciplinary field of bioelectromagnetics. Bioelectromagnetics 25:146–159, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nicotine-modified postinfarction left ventricular remodeling

Villarreal, Francisco J., Derrick Hong, and Jeffrey Omens. Nicotine-modified postinfarction left ventricular remodeling. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 45): H1103–H1106, 1999. —Cigarette smoking has been noted to impair wound healing in tissues such as skin, bone, and gut. This study was designed to examine whether nicotine adversely affects postinfarction cardiac wound healing and remodeling in an experimental model of myocardial infarction. For this purpose, two groups of rats were studied. The control group received a simple bandage, and the nicotine group had a section (1.75 mg/day) of a nicotine patch attached on their backs. After a 7-day treatment period, an anterior wall infarction was induced. A bandage-free 7-day healing period followed, after which hearts were isolated for mechanical tests. Nicotine-treated rats developed significantly enlarged left ventricles with thin, infarcted walls and a rightward shift in the passive pressure-volume relationship. Pressure-strain analysis also indicated possible changes in the material properties of the wound for nicotine-treated rats. In conclusion, nicotine has significant adverse effects on postinfarction healing and left ventricular remodeling. These observations have important clinical implications because of the enhanced risk for development of heart failure.
Identification and Characterization of a Potent , Selective Nonpeptide Agonist of the CC Chemokine Receptor CCR 8

In this study, we report the first example of a nonpeptide chemokine receptor agonist, 2-{2-[4-(3-phenoxybenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethoxy}ethanol (ZK 756326), for the CC chemokine receptor CCR8. ZK 756326 inhibited the binding of the CCR8 ligand I-309 (CCL1), with an IC50 value of 1.8 M. Furthermore, ZK 756326 was a full agonist of CCR8, dose-responsively eliciting an increase in intracellular calcium and cross-desensitizing the response of the receptor to CCL1. In addition, ZK 756326 stimulated extracellular acidification in cells expressing human CCR8. The ability of ZK 756326 to induce a response was receptor-specific and mediated through G i, because it could be blocked by treatment with pertussis toxin. The CCR8 agonist activated cells expressing murine CCR8, eliciting their chemotaxis and inducing phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK1/2. Like CCL1, ZK 756326 inhibited human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) fusion of cells expressing CD4 and CCR8. Finally, unlike mCCL1, ZK 756326 bound to and activated a form of mCCR8 that was mutated to eliminate O-linked sulfation at tyrosines 14 and 15. Therefore, ZK 756326 is most probably not binding in the same manner as CCL1 but can activate the switch mechanism involved in transducing signaling events. In summary, we have identified a nonpeptide agonist of CCR8. This compound may be useful in evaluating the physiological role of CCR8 in HIV infection, as well as in the general study of CCR8 biology without the constraints inherent to the use of protein agonists such as its natural ligand. Chemokine receptors belong to one of the most pharmacologically exploited protein families, the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) (Flower, 1999). Drugs that target these receptors make up greater than 45% of all known marketed medicines (Drews, 1996). Considerable evidence exists that points to a major role of chemokines in the pathophysiology of a number of autoinflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, dermatitis, organ transplant rejection, etc. (Gerard and Rollins, 2001). Thus, chemokine receptor antagonists could prove to be useful therapeutics in treating these and other inflammatory diseases. Based on these considerations, there has been a veritable explosion of activity to discover potent, selective, clinically useful chemokine receptor antagonists (Dhanak et al., 2001a,b; Dorn et al., 2001; Finke et al., 2001a,b,c; Forbes et al., 2000; Horuk et al., 2001; Ichiyama et al., 2003; Widdowson et al., 2004), and this has generated more than 250 patent applications and nine human clinical trials (Horuk,
The application of signature recognition to transparent handwriting verification for mobile devices

Purpose – The popularity of mobile devices and the evolving nature of the services and information they can delivery make them increasingly desirable targets for misuse. The ability to provide effective authentication of the user becomes imperative if protection against misuse of personally and financially sensitive information is to be provided. This paper discusses the application of biometrics to a mobile device in a transparent and continuous fashion and the subsequent advantages and disadvantages that are in contention with various biometric techniques.Design/methodology/approach – An investigation was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of utilising signature recognition, to verify users based upon written words and not signatures, thereby enabling transparent handwriting verification. Participants were required to write a number of common words, such as “hello” “sorry” and “thank you”. The ability to correctly verify against their own template and to reject impostors was then established.Findings.
Hardware-software codesign of embedded systems

Designers generally implement embedded controllers for reactive real-time applications as mixed software-hardware systems. In our formal methodology for specifying, modeling, automatically synthesizing, and verifying such systems, design takes place within a unified framework that prejudices neither hardware nor software implementation. After interactive partitioning, this approach automatically synthesizes the entire design, including hardware-software interfaces. Maintaining a finite-state machine model throughout, it preserves the formal properties of the design. It also allows verification of both specification and implementation, as well as the use of specification refinement through formal verification. <<ETX>>
Osteocyte Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Is Required for Normal Bone Homeostasis

ABSTRACT β-Catenin-dependent canonical Wnt signaling plays an important role in bone metabolism by controlling differentiation of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. To investigate its function in osteocytes, the cell type constituting the majority of bone cells, we generated osteocyte-specific β-catenin-deficient mice (Ctnnb1loxP/loxP; Dmp1-Cre). Homozygous mutants were born at normal Mendelian frequency with no obvious morphological abnormalities or detectable differences in size or body weight, but bone mass accrual was strongly impaired due to early-onset, progressive bone loss in the appendicular and axial skeleton with mild growth retardation and premature lethality. Cancellous bone mass was almost completely absent, and cortical bone thickness was dramatically reduced. The low-bone-mass phenotype was associated with increased osteoclast number and activity, whereas osteoblast function and osteocyte density were normal. Cortical bone Wnt/β-catenin target gene expression was reduced, and of the known regulators of osteoclast differentiation, osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression was significantly downregulated in osteocyte bone fractions of mutant mice. Moreover, the OPG levels expressed by osteocytes were higher than or comparable to the levels expressed by osteoblasts during skeletal growth and at maturity, suggesting that the reduction in osteocytic OPG and the concomitant increase in osteocytic RANKL/OPG ratio contribute to the increased number of osteoclasts and resorption in osteocyte-specific β-catenin mutants. Together, these results reveal a crucial novel function for osteocyte β-catenin signaling in controlling bone homeostasis.