Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward a “Post-Legalization” Criminology for Cannabis: A Brief Review and Suggested Agenda for Research Priorities

Cannabis control policies in a few countries have recently shifted from criminal prohibition-based regimes to legalization of use and supply. While cannabis’ newly emerging status of legality may suggest a coming “end” for criminology-based interest in the drug, these fundamental changes rather open a window to a new set of criminological research issues and questions, mostly focusing on cannabis use and related behaviors, and their relation to crime and justice. Based on a joint, personal record of several decades of criminological research on cannabis, we briefly review the rationale for five fundamental topics and issues of cannabis-related research associated with legalization. These include: 1) the deterrent effect of prohibition; 2) illicit production, markets and supply in a legalization regime; 3) use enforcement; 4) cannabis-impaired driving; 5) cannabis and crime. This constitutes an—albeit subjectively selective—“post-legalization” research agenda for a cannabis-focused criminology. Other possible areas of research focus or interest within fundamentally different paradigms of criminology (e.g., “critical criminology”) are identified and encouraged for development. Overall, the proposed research agenda for a post-legalization cannabis criminology should both contribute discipline-specific knowledge to improved cannabis-related public health and safety as well as allow for important debate and development in this evolving and important research field while entering a new (“post-legalization”) era.
THE REMEDIATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND CONTAMINATED BY HEAVY METALS

The presence of heavy metals in an agricultural land is the primary cause of food product toxicity of a herbal and animal origin associated with a contaminated agricultural land. The anthropogenic sources of pollution, especially the fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, are the primary sources of agricultural land contamination with heavy metals. The heavy metals whose monitoring is prescribed by the current legislation of the Republic of Croatia include cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The aim of this paper is to provide a review of heavy metals that cause contamination of an agricultural land, as well as a review of remediation technologies applied to reduce contamination. Furthermore, the paper considers three groups of remediation technologies, i.e., the biological, chemical, and physical ones, analyzing the applicability, efficiency, cost-effectiveness and accessibility in Croatia to encourage their wider implementation. The biological remediation technologies, also known as phytoremediation, met the set criteria the most, which currently renders them most applicable to the mildly‐ and moderately‐contaminated agricultural land. The chemical and physical remediation technologies are generally more suitable for the remediation of a severely contaminated agricultural land, applied individually or in combination with the phytoremediation methods due to the high cost.
Spaceborne Multifrequency PolInSAR-Based Inversion Modelling for Forest Height Retrieval

Spaceborne and airborne polarimetric synthetic-aperture radar interferometry (PolInSAR) data have been extensively used for forest parameter retrieval. The PolInSAR models have proven their potential in the accurate measurement of forest vegetation height. Spaceborne monostatic multifrequency data of different SAR missions and the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI)-derived forest canopy height map were used in this study for vegetation height retrieval. This study tested the performance of PolInSAR complex coherence-based inversion models for estimating the vegetation height of the forest ranges of Doon Valley, Uttarakhand, India. The inversion-based forest height obtained from the three-stage inversion (TSI) model had higher accuracy than the coherence amplitude inversion (CAI) model-based estimates. The vegetation height values of GEDI-derived canopy height map did not show good relation with field-measured forest height values. It was found that, at several locations, GEDI-derived forest height values underestimated the vegetation height. The statistical analysis of the GEDI-derived estimates with field-measured height showed a high root mean square error (RMSE; 5.82 m) and standard error (SE; 5.33 m) with a very low coefficient of determination (R2; 0.0022). An analysis of the spaceborne-mission-based forest height values suggested that the L-band SAR has great potential in forest height retrieval. TSI-model-based forest height values showed lower p-values, which indicates the significant relation between modelled and field-measured forest height values. A comparison of the results obtained from different SAR systems is discussed, and it is observed that the L-band-based PolInSAR inversion gives the most reliable result with low RMSE (2.87 m) and relatively higher R2 (0.53) for the linear regression analysis between the modelled tree height and the field data. These results indicate that higher wavelength PolInSAR datasets are more suitable for tree canopy height estimation using the PolInSAR inversion technique.
Cerebral Hemodynamics and Intracranial Compliance Impairment in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Pilot Study

Introduction: One of the possible mechanisms by which the new coronavirus (SARS-Cov2) could induce brain damage is the impairment of cerebrovascular hemodynamics (CVH) and intracranial compliance (ICC) due to the elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP). The main objective of this study was to assess the presence of CVH and ICC alterations in patients with COVID-19 and evaluate their association with short-term clinical outcomes. Methods: Fifty consecutive critically ill COVID-19 patients were studied with transcranial Doppler (TCD) and non-invasive monitoring of ICC. Subjects were included upon ICU admission; CVH was evaluated using mean flow velocities in the middle cerebral arteries (mCBFV), pulsatility index (PI), and estimated cerebral perfusion pressure (eCPP), while ICC was assessed by using the P2/P1 ratio of the non-invasive ICP curve. A CVH/ICC score was computed using all these variables. The primary composite outcome was unsuccessful in weaning from respiratory support or death on day 7 (defined as UO). Results: At the first assessment (n = 50), only the P2/P1 ratio (median 1.20 [IQRs 1.00–1.28] vs. 1.00 [0.88–1.16]; p = 0.03) and eICP (14 [11–25] vs. 11 [7–15] mmHg; p = 0.01) were significantly higher among patients with an unfavorable outcome (UO) than others. Patients with UO had a significantly higher CVH/ICC score (9 [8–12] vs. 6 [5–7]; p < 0.001) than those with a favorable outcome; the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) for CVH/ICC score to predict UO was 0.86 (95% CIs 0.75–0.97); a score > 8.5 had 63 (46–77)% sensitivity and 87 (62–97)% specificity to predict UO. For those patients undergoing a second assessment (n = 29), after a median of 11 (5–31) days, all measured variables were similar between the two time-points. No differences in the measured variables between ICU non-survivors (n = 30) and survivors were observed. Conclusions: ICC impairment and CVH disturbances are often present in COVID-19 severe illness and could accurately predict an early poor outcome.
The media and
 CEO
 dominance

This study investigates the relation between the media and CEO dominance. Using CEO pay slice (CPS) as a measure of CEO dominance, we find that negative CEO media exposure, measured by the interaction effects of negative media tone and media coverage given to the CEO of a firm, is associated with a reduction in CEO dominance. Consistent with theoretical predictions, we find that this effect is driven by the response of the Top4 executives to the external challenges posed by the media and is more pronounced in firms with good internal governance. The findings indicate that the media plays an important role as an external monitor, moderating manager behaviour through the dissemination of news.
Temporal and shrub adaptation effect on soil microbial functional diversity in a desert system

The Negev Desert is characterized by spatial and temporal patterns of resource distribution, in which soil biota are considered to be among the most sensitive biological characteristics, easily influenced by changes related to soil and abiotic factors. Soil water availability and organic matter are among the most important factors, acting as triggers that determine the length of the period of activity. The main source of organic matter in this xeric environment is input from annual and perennial shrubs. In order to persist and propagate in this xeric environment, the plants have developed different ecophysiological adaptations (e.g. the excretion of salt (Reaumuria negevensis) and chemical compounds (Artemisia sieberi) via the leaves). We found that the values of soil moisture obtained for soil samples collected in the vicinity of R. negevensis were larger than for samples collected in the vicinity of Noaea mucronata and A. sieberi and in the open area. The maximum values of CO2 evolution, microbial biomass and Shannon index (H′) were obtained for the samples collected from the vicinity of N. mucronata. Therefore, we assume that the vicinity of N. mucronata afforded the best conditions for the soil bacterial community. In the Negev Desert, we also found that water availability and pulses of rain compared with frequent rainfall influenced CO2 evolution, microbial biomass, qCO2 and the Shannon index (H′). The differences in water amount and availability between the two rainy seasons caused larger values in most of the properties during the first four seasons (December 2005–November 2006) compared with the last four seasons (December 2006–November 2007) for most of the samples.
Integrative taxonomy recognized a new cryptic species within Stipa grandis from Loess Plateau of China

Stipa shanxiensis, a cryptic species within Stipa grandis that originated from central and western China, is described based on morphological, genomic, and ecological data from field and common garden experiments. Stipa shanxiensis morphologically resembles S. grandis, although phylogenetically it is closely related to the less morphologically similar Stipa baicalensis and Stipa krylovii. Of the eight significant morphological differences between S. shanxiensis and S. grandis, the two, cauline ligules longer than 2 cm with a filiform apex, and hairs shorter than 0.2 mm on the adaxial surface of the cauline uppermost leaves can be used to distinguish the species. Results from a common garden experiment verified that the two diagnostic characteristics were relatively stable and less morphologically plastic in response to environmental variation. Furthermore, a significant ecological divergence was found between S. shanxiensis and S. grandis, such that the former preferred warmer and more humid climates, and their predicted distribution was generally separated. Taken together, our results highlight that the integrative taxonomic approach was valuable for recognizing a new cryptic species in Stipa. In particular, we find that common garden experiments involving the effects of growth stage and characteristic position helped to morphologically diagnose cryptic species. These findings may also facilitate our understandings of ecological adaption and phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental change.
Air Pollution Measurements and Land-Use Regression in Urban Sub-Saharan Africa Using Low-Cost Sensors—Possibilities and Pitfalls

Air pollution is recognized as the most important environmental factor that adversely affects human and societal wellbeing. Due to rapid urbanization, air pollution levels are increasing in the Sub-Saharan region, but there is a shortage of air pollution monitoring. Hence, exposure data to use as a base for exposure modelling and health effect assessments is also lacking. In this study, low-cost sensors were used to assess PM2.5 (particulate matter) levels in the city of Adama, Ethiopia. The measurements were conducted during two separate 1-week periods. The measurements were used to develop a land-use regression (LUR) model. The developed LUR model explained 33.4% of the variance in the concentrations of PM2.5. Two predictor variables were included in the final model, of which both were related to emissions from traffic sources. Some concern regarding influential observations remained in the final model. Long-term PM2.5 and wind direction data were obtained from the city’s meteorological station, which should be used to validate the representativeness of our sensor measurements. The PM2.5 long-term data were however not reliable. Means of obtaining good reference data combined with longer sensor measurements would be a good way forward to develop a stronger LUR model which, together with improved knowledge, can be applied towards improving the quality of health. A health impact assessment, based on the mean level of PM2.5 (23 µg/m3), presented the attributable burden of disease and showed the importance of addressing causes of these high ambient levels in the area.
Cutin and suberin biomarkers as tracers for the turnover of shoot and root derived organic matter along a chronosequence of Ecuadorian pasture soils

Forest‐to‐pasture conversion has been reported to increase soil organic matter (SOM) in mineral topsoils in the tropical mountain rainforest region of south Ecuador, with subsequent decreases following pasture abandonment. Until now the mechanisms behind these changes have not been fully understood. To elucidate their varied preservation patterns, we analysed root‐ and shoot‐derived organic matter and assessed their contribution to the formation of SOM in topsoils (0–5 cm) on a chronosequence of pastures (Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.); C4) established after slash and burn of the natural forest (diverse C3 plant species) and an abandoned pasture site invaded by bracken fern (Pteridium arachnoideum (Kaulf.) Maxon. ; C3). Cutin and suberin biomarkers of the two plant species (grass and bracken) and of forest litter were identified after saponification and their contribution to SOM was studied by compound‐specific stable carbon isotope analyses. Our results showed specific root and shoot biomarkers for the two plant species and for forest litter, which often did not correspond to the classification of root‐versus shoot‐specific monomers reported in the literature. This illustrates the importance of direct biomarker determination rather than using results from studies with different plants. Shoot‐ as well as root‐derived OM of forest and grass origin contributed to the stable SOM pool with decadal turnover times. Forest‐derived monomers contributed more to the stable SOM pool compared with grass‐derived monomers. ω‐hydroxy carboxylic acids and α,ω‐alkanedioic acids of forest origin may have been stabilized in these tropical soils by bonding to soil minerals. Rapid degradation of grass‐derived lipids from the same compound classes suggests a saturation of the mineral binding capacity. In pasture soils, the accumulation of SOM was mainly driven by large inputs of root OM. The accumulated SOM during pasture use is, however, lost rapidly after abandonment.
Electrophysiological, Behavioral and Molecular Study of Vitamin E and Ginkgo biloba in a Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Background and objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline. Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of AD. It has been proposed that administration of antioxidants affect cognitive processes, such as learning and memory. This study investigated the protective effects of vitamin E and Ginkgo biloba extract (as antioxidants) on learning and memory, hippocampal plasticity, and apoptotic marker proteins in a rat model of AD. Methods: The hyroalcoholic extract of Gingko biloba leaves wasprepared using maceration method. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, sham received intra-hippocampal injection (I.H.P) of vehicle, AD model that received intra-hippocampal injection of the beta-amyloid (Aβ), AD+ vitamin E (200 mg/kg, i.p.), AD+ G. biloba (100 mg/kg/p.o.), and AD+ vitamin E (200 mg/kg, i.p.)+ G. biloba (100 mg/kg/p.o.). At the end of the treatments, the rats were subjected to the passive avoidance learning (PAL) test. The field long wterm potentials (LTP) were recorded in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Hippocampal expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 (as pro-apoptotic, as anti-apoptotic) proteins were measured by western blot method. Results: Treatment with G. biloba and vitamin E improved the Aβ-induced memory impairment in the PAL task. Vitamin E and/or G. biloba extract enhanced the population spike amplitude evoked potentials of the LTP components, vitamin E and/or G. biloba extract increased Bcl-2 expression and decreased Bax expression in the hippocampus. Conclusion: Ginkgo biloba and vitamin E could suppress the expression of apoptosis markers and improved hippocampal LTP impairment and the memory deficit induced by Aβ.
Diversity, equity, and inclusion at international observatories: current practices and strategic planning for the future

Equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) in the workplace are essential to the success of a functioning observatory. The current climate among astronomical institutions with regards to EDI efforts is receptive. However, workplace demographics data, internal climate surveys among observatories, and representation in academic partnerships illustrate the strong need to strengthen efforts in EDI. Concrete initiatives are facilitated by strategic planning, solid goal setting, and accountability metrics. Astronomical facilities, managing entities, and their academic partners must have EDI as a central role of their operations in order to achieve and exceed their scientific goals, and to address the ongoing inequity that is strife in international astronomy. Since June of 2018, efforts of EDI have continued at facilities managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), and goals have been established to implement the Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion strategic plan for the NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Laboratory (NOIRlab) that was announced October 1, 2019. The objectives of this paper are: 1) to briefly overview studies illustrating the successes of EDI efforts, 2) discuss the current demographics of AURA and National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) employees, 3) to review the framework of inclusive organizations, 4) to describe the activities of grassroots EDI initiatives at AURA facilities since June of 2018, and 5) to discuss the process of writing the Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion strategic plan for NOIRlab. A report on the current status and important details from the process are presented.
Financial Distress Phenomenon of Non-financial Companies in Indonesia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai kondisi financial distress pada masing-masing sektor perusahaan non keuangan di Indonesia periode 2014-2018. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 1.865 yang diperoleh melalui metode purposive sampling. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan di sektor infrastruktur, utilitas dan transportasi serta berbagai sektor industri mengalami financial distress. Perusahaan di sektor pertanian, sektor industri dasar dan kimia, serta sektor pertambangan berada di wilayah abu-abu atau kondisi yang rentan mengalami financial distress. Perusahaan di sektor properti, real estate dan konstruksi bangunan, sektor industri barang konsumsi serta sektor perdagangan, jasa dan investasi berada dalam kondisi keuangan yang baik dan memiliki kemungkinan kecil mengalami financial distress.
Highlighting Determinants of Financial Performance of the Jordanian Financial Sector: Panel Data Approach

This study was aimed at identifying the main determinants of financial performance in Jordanian financial sector over 2005-2016 periods. Profitability ratio (return on equity) was used as a proxy of financial performance measurement. Meanwhile, firms’ specific variables, macroeconomic variables and non-economic factors were used as explanation variables. Panel data set for four sub-sectors of financial sector over the above period were used. Pooled OLS, Fixed effect, random effects techniques with Heteroskedasticity and Serial Correlation Robust Standard Error estimation methods were employed. The empirical results showed that liquidity and leverage were the key determinants of financial performance while risk, macroeconomic factors and non-economic factors do not affect the financial performance of financial sector in Amman Stock Exchange. Therefore, the results conclude that financial performance is mainly driven by firm specific factors (company characteristics). Thus, a sound financial performance can be obtained by giving attention to firm specific variables.
Disaster, Displacement and International Law: Legal Protections in the Context of a Changing Climate

As the number of people displaced by disaster reaches record highs, this article describes how international law is relevant to disaster displacement, how refugee law is probably not the answer, and synthesises recent developments into contemporary application. New interpretations of international human rights law have advanced legal protections such that planning and preparedness to address future disasters now form an express component of states’ international legal obligations. At the same time, climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, exacerbating factors that cause disaster and displacement and rendering the effective implementation of international law more difficult. The further ‘othering’ of migrants during the Covid-19 pandemic could stymie the realisation of protections as national governments close borders, anti-immigration sentiment is stoked, and economies decline.
The potential energy curve of the proton and the dissociation energy of the OH− ion in Mg(OH)2

The overtone and combination bands, Eon, of the infrared-active (vu) and Raman active (vg) OH stretching vibrations of Mg(OH)2 are measured (values for Mg(OD)2 in brackets). Fundamentals E01vu at 3697 (2720) cm−1 and vg at 3655 cm−1; first overtone E02: vu + vg at 7154 (5305) cm−1; second overtone E03; 3vu at 10480 (7830) cm−1; third overtone E04: 3vu + vg at 13640 (10250) cm−1; fourth overtone E05: 5vu or 3vu + 2vg at 16610 cm−1; fifth overtone E06 at 19320 cm−1. The isotope shift factor (theoretical 1.37) decreases from 1.36 for the fundamentals E01 to 1.33 for E04. The potential barrier between proton sites in adjacent OH− groups is of the order of 2.6 eV (60 kcal mol−1). The dissociation energy of the OH− groups in the Mg(OH)2 lattice, 4.70 eV (108.3 kcal mol−1), agrees well with the thermodynamic value, 4.71 eV (108.6 keal mol−1), derived for the free OH− ion. Es werden die Oberton- bzw. Kombinationsbanden E0n der infrarotaktiven (vu) und Raman-aktiven (vg) OH-Streckschwingungen von Mg(OH)2 gemessen (Werte fur Mg(OD)2 in Klammern). Grundschwingung E01: vu bei 3697 (2720) cm−1 und vg bei 3655 cm−1; erster Oberton E02: vu + vg bei 7154 (5305) cm−1; zweiter Oberton E03: 3vu bei 10480 (7830) cm−1; dritter Oberton E04: 3vu + vg bei 13640 (10250) cm−1; vierter Oberton E05: 5vu oder 3vu + + 2vg bei 16610 cm−1; funfter Oberton E06 bei 19320 cm−1. Der Faktor der Isotopieverschiebung (theoretisch 1,37) nimmt von 1,36 fur die Grundschwingungen E01 auf 1,33 fur E04 ab. Die Potentialbarriere zwischen Protonenplatzen in benachbarten OH−-Gruppen ist von der Grosenordnung 2,6 eV (60 kcal Mol−1). Die Dissoziationsenergie der OH−-Gruppen im Mg(OH)2-Gitter, 4,70 eV (108,3 kcal Mol−1), stimmt gut mit dem thermodynamischen Wert 4,71 eV (108,6 kcal Mol−1) uberein, der fur das freie OH−-Ion abgeleitet wurde.