Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Comparative Study of Three Manure Composting Systems and their Influence on Process Parameters and Methane Emissions

Three cattle manure composting systems — windrowing, forced aeration with temperature feedback control and simple minimal intervention (manure stacks — “passive composting”) were compared with respect to specifically selected and operationally important process parameters including dry matter, moisture and volatile solids losses, volume reduction and bulk density changes. The windrowing method proved to be the most effective with respect to the above parameters. Preliminary investigations of methane from the three systems during processing showed that the minimal intervention method produced high levels of methane (> 4 percent) in the waste matrix. The intervention methods, of windrowing or forced aeration, drastically reduced methane output. The importance of animal manures in global agriculture, with reference to methane emissions and global warming, is briefly reviewed. The widespread reliance of manure disposal by the use of simple stacks, sometimes erroneously elevated to a processing status by use o.
Solvation and Ionization near a Dielectric Surface

Solvation and ionization energies of ions and neutral atomic solutes near planar and spherical (cluster) surfaces were calculated using continuum dielectric theory. For highly polarized solvents, the magnitude of the solvation energy at the surface is similar to that in the bulk, while the reorganization energy and the photodetachment energy of an electron from a negative ion are found to be slightly larger for solutes located at the surface. The cluster size dependence of the solvation and ionization energies is found to be determined only by the properties of the solvent, in good agreement with experimental data, and to be insensitive to the location of the solute in the cluster
Preparation of UV reactive montmorillonite and characterization of its nanocomposites with poly(vinyl alcohol)

A cation-exchanged montmorillonite clay is prepared as filler material with high dispersibility, that should act as Fe3+-donor for photochemical crosslinking of PVA/Fe3+-MMT materials with filler contents of up to 50 wt % with regard to the polymer matrix. Hence, no organic photoinitiators and hazardous compounds are utilized. This material may be considered environmentally benign and could be applied in the field of food packaging or for biomedical applications. Upon UV exposure of liquid PVA/Fe3+-MMT dispersion samples, a significant change of the refractive index is determined and the absorption at 360 nm decreased. This indicates the transition of Fe3+ to Fe2+, which initiates a radical crosslinking mechanism. A homogenous distribution and parallel orientation of the modified clay particles is revealed by SEM measurements. The solubility behavior of the PVA/Fe3+-MMT composite materials in deionized water, changes considerably due to the high filler content and UV-induced crosslinking, resulting in gel contents exceeding 90 wt %. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The spatial distribution of relaxation times in a model glass

One approach to exploring the mechanisms which give rise to the characteristic distribution of relaxation times in a glass is to examine the correlation between this distribution and the spatial distribution of the relaxation rates. Detailed maps are presented of the spatial distribution of relaxation times in the facilitated kinetic Ising model of the structural glass transition. A statistical analysis of these spatial distributions leads to a set of correlation lengths associated with different aspects of the cooperative dynamics. One such length scale, ξ2, is found to be closely associated with the average relaxation time τL, the two quantities being related by a power law over 6 orders of magnitude variation in τL.
Preparation of Porous Niobium Oxides by Soft-Chemical Process and Their Photocatalytic Activity

A new porous material was prepared from a layered compound K4Nb6O17, by using a soft-chemical method. Two-dimensional niobate sheets which were obtained from exfoliation of H+/K4Nb6O17 were precipitated by MgO fine particles and new composites were synthesized. Porous niobium oxides were obtained by modification of the composites and they showed high photocatalytic activities for H2 evolution from various alcohol aqueous solutions.
Silica and titania nanoparticles impact on water quality: Experiments involving Ralstonia pickettii in nutrient‐rich and poor media

According to CDC, the public is being bombarded with ads for cleansers, soaps, toothbrushes, and hand lotions, all containing antibacterial agents. Nanoparticles, which are materials at length scales less than 100 nm, have previously demonstrated antibacterial and antimicrobial properties. One of the hardiest bacteria is a Ralstonia pickettii species isolated from an ultrapure water (UPW) facility. These bacteria survive in water that only contains parts per trillion levels of organic and inorganic contaminants. The focus of this article is to demonstrate the effects of silica and titania nanoparticles on Ralstonia pickettii bacteria in term of growth and yields. Solutions of nanoparticles and calcium fluoride were researched for their effects on the growth rate and cell yield of Ralstonia sp. bacteria in a protein‐rich and protein‐poor media. The collective effect of CaF2 and 15 nm silica nanoparticles reduces the growth rate by 57% and the cell yield by 29% in protein‐rich media. Titania nanoparticles returned similar results, where in nutrient‐poor environments little to no growth occurred but in nutrient‐rich media, the titania and CaF2 reduced the growth rate by 64% and the cell yield by 34%. Conversely, larger silica nanoparticles in nonprotein‐rich media have negligible effects on cell yield and growth rate. The diminished bacterial growth rate provides paralleled insight into the long‐term effects of nanotechnology effluent on the United States' wastewater treatment processes, which utilize several species of bacteria. Extrapolation of these results to current toxicological studies suggests that unregulated industrial nanoparticles' expulsion may lead to degradation in water quality. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 279‐284, 2013
THE CORROSION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL IRON DURING BURIAL AND TREATMENT

AbstractThe corrosion processes occurring in archaeological iron artifacts are discussed in the light of published measurements of electrode potentials and pH, and the relevance of this to the selection of conservation procedures is considered. In particular it is concluded that wet anaerobicstorage of ironwork should be successful, and that corrosion may continue in sodium hydroxide solutions.
Essential oils of the leaves and stems of four Psidium spp.

The essential oils of the leaves and ﬁne stems of Psidium acutangulum, P. striatulum, P. guineense and P. guajava were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC–MS. The main compounds identiﬁed in the oil of P. acutangulum were α-pinene (14.8%), 1,8-cineole (12.9%) and β-pinene (10.1%). The oil of P. striatulum was dominated by β-caryophyllene (28.6%), α-selinene (7.7%), caryophyllene oxide (7.6%) and β-selinene (7.4%). The major constituents found in the oil of P. guineense were β-bisabolol (17.4%), limonene (6.8%) and epi-α-bisabolol (6.7%). The oil of P. guajava was dominated by α-pinene (23.9%), 1,8-cineole (21.4%) and β-bisabolol (9.2%). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Fault Localization and Debugging Support Framework driven by Bug Tracking Data

Fault localization has been determined as a major resource factor in the software development life cycle. Academic fault localization techniques are mostly unknown and unused in professional environments. Although manual debugging approaches can vary significantly depending on bug type (e.g. memory bugs or semantic bugs), these differences are not reflected in most existing fault localization tools. Little research has gone into automated identification of bug types to optimize the fault localization process. Further, existing fault localization techniques leverage on historical data only for augmentation of suspiciousness rankings. This thesis aims to provide a fault localization framework by combining data from various sources to help developers in the fault localization process. To achieve this, a bug classification schema is introduced, benchmarks are created, and a novel fault localization method based on historical data is proposed.
A Modular Three-Phase Buck-Boost Motor Drive Topology

The voltage-source inverter (VSI) is a fundamental power electronic device to drive three-phase electrical machines with high performance. In this paper, a modular three-phase DC/Rectified AC/AC (DC/RAC/AC) inverter supplying a permanent-magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is proposed. In this topology, the three-phase VSI is composed of three single-phase modules connected in parallel. Each single-phase inverter module consists of a non-inverting bidirectional buck-boost DC/DC converter and a cascaded H-bridge inverter. Here, the DC/DC converter generates rectified AC waveforms and the H-bridge inverter alternates these signals to create the intended AC voltage waveform. Therefore, the bulk DC Bus capacitor and boost converter inductor, which exist in a typical battery-powered voltage boosting topology can be eliminated which results in a smaller size and reduced cost. In addition, the switching losses only occur in the DC/DC converter unit and the H-bridge inverter switching losses are negligible due to the zero-voltage switching while in a conventional structure, high-frequency switching occurs both in the DC/DC converter and the six-switch inverter causing reduced overall system efficiency. The proposed inverter is controlled with a well-known field-oriented control (FOC). This paper presents the operating principle, design, and control structure of the proposed three-phase inverter. The functionality of the three-phase inverter is verified through PowerSim simulations. The proposed motor drive system is compared to the conventional one while driving a 4 kW PMSM with FOC and the whole system efficiency difference map is generated. The biggest difference is recorded as 3.8 points favoring the proposed system.
SPE of Phenols on New Amine - Based Copolymers

Porous microspheres, copolymers: bis [4(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropoxy)-phenysulfide (BES.DM) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) have been prepared by suspension-emulsion polymerization. The copolymer (BES.DM+GMA) including reactive epoxide rings was modified with three amines: butylenediamine (BDA), diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA). Next, attachment of HCO3- species to the primary amine groups took place.The prepared porous polymers were used as adsorbents in off-line SPE experiments. A mixture of phenol (PH), 2-chlorophenol (ChP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (DChP) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TChP) as testing compounds was applied.Depending on the way of chemical modification, the prepared adsorbents possessed diverse sorption properties towards the testing compounds. Competition of the phenolic compounds for active sites presented on the polymer surface was observed. The most effective in water purification process were polymers possessing both amine and bicarbonate groups. The best recovery results were obtained for 2,4-dichlorophenol.
Is Face Recognition Safe from Realizable Attacks?

Face recognition is a popular form of biometric authentication and due to its widespread use, attacks have become more common as well. Recent studies show that Face Recognition Systems are vulnerable to attacks and can lead to erroneous identification of faces. Interestingly, most of these attacks are white-box, or they are manipulating facial images in ways that are not physically realizable. In this paper, we propose an attack scheme where the attacker can generate realistic synthesized face images with subtle perturbations and physically realize that onto his face to attack black-box face recognition systems. Comprehensive experiments and analyses show that subtle perturbations realized on attackers face can create successful attacks on state-of-the-art face recognition systems in black-box settings. Our study exposes the underlying vulnerability posed by the Face Recognition Systems against realizable black-box attacks.
Testing the Infrared Light Effect on c-Si PV Cells

In Photovoltaic panels, valence band electrons gain energy by absorbing a photon. The energy of the photon should be higher than the band gap. According to Einstein's quantum principle, low energy photons - having an energy lower than the bad gap energy - are not absorbed by valence electrons. This paper investigates the effect of low energy photons or infrared light on c-Si cells. For that, an apparatus has been developed with appropriate optical filters. The filters can transmit Infrared light, visible light, or a mix of visible and infrared light. Different tests like short-circuit current test, Maximum Power Point test, light soaking test, and direct test have been conducted to understand the effect of these low energy photons. Results showed that low energy photons do not contribute to photogeneration. Although they contribute to useful work at the output of the panel they don't have high efficiency. Otherwise, low energy photons, mainly infrared light is responsible of the heating effect of PV cells.
A computational study of twist boundary structures in strontium titanate

A density functional plane-wave pseudopotential method is used to study various Σ = 5 (001) twist boundary models for strontium titanate. Results concerning the atom-level geometries and electronic structures are reported. The structures have varying SrO/TiO2 ratios and their relative stabilities are discussed in terms of the SrO chemical potential. A twist boundary containing a Sr–O pair of vacancies is found to be exceptionally stable and have a low volume expansion and is a possible candidate for showing impurity segregation.
Effect of D2O Solvent on the Micellization Behavior of 2-Hydroxy-1,1,2,3,3-pentahydroperfluoroundecyldiethyl-ammonium Halides

Solvent isotope effects on the micellization behavior of fluorosurfactants have been investigated. The critical micelle concentration and the micelle ionization degree for 2-hydroxy-1,1,2,3,3-pentahydropefluoroundecyldiethylammonium halides in D2O were lower than those in H2O. The stronger hydrogen bonding in D2O enhanced the micelle growth accompanying counterion binding.
Materials and mechanisms for hot carrier solar cell absorbers

Hot carrier cells offer the potential for very high efficiencies if slowed carrier cooling can be demonstrated effectively. Various mechanisms of phonon interaction have been identified that can lead to such slowed cooling with classes of materials exhibiting long hot carrier lifetimes. The exact reasons for these are not completely clear, but a study and comparison of the materials and mechanisms will give greater insight into constructed robust hot carrier absorber materials.
Volatility of phosphorus‐containing anti‐wear agents for motor oils

Replacing zinc dithiophosphate (ZnDTP) with ashless anti‐wear alternatives will lead to a significant reduction of ash and give more flexibility in the use of metallic detergents. The question of the contamination of exhaust gas after treatment devices by volatile phosphorus‐containing compounds has recently been raised. We report the results of investigations on the amount of gaseous emissions of phosphorus released from engine oils formulated with a range of phosphorus‐containing anti‐wear additives. To relate the structure of additives to the observed phosphorus emissions, we have investigated a variety of phosphorus‐containing anti‐wear agents, metal‐containing as well as ashless. We have used established and new laboratory tests in addition to measurements on fired engines to assess the phosphorus emissions. We discuss the anti‐wear capability and friction control of these phosphorus‐containing additives. We conclude that it is possible to formulate zinc‐free, low‐ash engine oils which will control wear and corrosion and not release more phosphorus into the exhaust gas after treatment systems than the traditional ZnDTP based oils. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MEASURING OZONATION RATE CONSTANTS IN GAS-LIQUID REACTORS UNDER THE KINETIC-DIFFUSIONAL TRANSITION REGIME

Abstract A lumped parameter mathematical model has been developed, which simulates the operation of a gas-liquid stirred reactor in the transition domain between kinetic and diffusional regimes of absorption with reaction. In order to determine the rate constants and the coefficient of mass transfer, the model has been compared with experimental data for the ozonation of organic substrates in aqueous solution (maleic acid, fumaric acid and phenol), The upper working limit of the method has been determined at about Ha = 25.
Analytical Review of Cybersecurity for Embedded Systems

To identify the key factors and create the landscape of cybersecurity for embedded systems (CSES), an analytical review of the existing research on CSES has been conducted. The common properties of embedded systems, such as mobility, small size, low cost, independence, and limited power consumption when compared to traditional computer systems, have caused many challenges in CSES. The conflict between cybersecurity requirements and the computing capabilities of embedded systems makes it critical to implement sophisticated security countermeasures against cyber-attacks in an embedded system with limited resources, without draining those resources. In this study, twelve factors influencing CSES have been identified: (1) the components; (2) the characteristics; (3) the implementation; (4) the technical domain; (5) the security requirements; (6) the security problems; (7) the connectivity protocols; (8) the attack surfaces; (9) the impact of the cyber-attacks; (10) the security challenges of the ESs; (11) the security solutions; and (12) the players (manufacturers, legislators, operators, and users). A Multiple Layers Feedback Framework of Embedded System Cybersecurity (MuLFESC) with nine layers of protection is proposed, with new metrics of risk assessment. This will enable cybersecurity practitioners to conduct an assessment of their systems with regard to twelve identified cybersecurity aspects. In MuLFESC, the feedback from the system-components layer to the system-operations layer could help implement “Security by Design” in the design stage at the bottom layer. The study provides a clear landscape of CSES and, therefore, could help to find better comprehensive solutions for CSES.
A multi agent broker framework and decision support for enhanced cloud computing discovery

It is remarkable that the tremendous expansion in the world of cloud computing in recent times, and in light of the Covid 19 pandemic that hit the entire world, the challenge has become more difficult and the intense focus on moving to the world of cloud computing is a necessity not a luxury. Hence, the biggest and most difficult challenge from both sides emerged. Therefore, this study attempts to provide an intelligent search scope to meet the clients' needs in finding the best service provider for their financial capabilities at the right time. It also gives a greater opportunity for service providers to display their services more clearly, by introduce multi-agent framework with decision support approach and recommendation concept, also a proposed cloud service discovery testbed introduced with management tools and an efficient $GUI$ dashboard.
Effect of Organic Alloy for Suppression of Polycrystallization in BCP Thin Film

Bathocuproine (BCP) is often used as a hole-blocking layer in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and as anti-migration layer of exciton in organic solar cells. However, BCP is easily polycrystallized after vacuum deposition immediately. We can suppress the polycrystallization of BCP thin film by means of organic alloy with the other material.
Development of a Zn-based n-layer in Cuprous Oxide Top Cells for High-efficiency Tandem Photovoltaics

We fabricated transparent Cu2O top cells consisting of a pn junction between a Cu2O p-layer and a Zn-based n-layer for tandem photovoltaics. The open-circuit voltage (Voc) exceeded 1.0 V and efficiency was 6.6% in a top cell using zinc tin oxide (ZTO) for the n-layer. A tandem solar cell combining this top cell with a Si bottom cell demonstrated a tandem efficiency of 24.2%, exceeding the efficiency of Si alone. Device simulations showed that Voccan be further improved by reducing discontinuity in the conduction band, and that both top-cell efficiency and tandem efficiency can be improved.
A Competitive Co-evolutionary optimization Method for the Dynamic Vehicle Routing Problem

In the basic vehicle routing problem, the best routes need to be found for a fleet of vehicles to serve a set of customers. The dynamic vehicle routing problem is a variant of the vehicle routing problem, in which part or all the information defining the routing problem might change over time. This requires an optimizer to perform a fast search of new routes once the change happens. For its robustness with respect to noise, evolutionary algorithms have shown great potential for the dynamic vehicle routing problem. However, the existing evolutionary methods only evolve a population of solutions online for the ever-changing problem, which might not be very efficient. In this work, we propose a new evolutionary method which combines offline computation and online optimization to solve the dynamic vehicle routing problem. It first searches for a set of good solutions for possible environmental changes in an offline way, and then searches for the new optimal solution online for the ever-changing problem through doing local search on this solution set. Competitive co-evolution is applied to search for the solution set in the proposed method. Experimental study has been conducted on one dynamic vehicle routing benchmark with the change of customers’ demands. The experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed method.
A Novel Lévy-Impulse Mixture Based Connection Model for Computer Network Traffic

Computer network traffic features do not always conform with traditional Poisson and Gaussian models. For instance, the α-stable distribution frequently provides a more accurate model for high-volume network traffic. To more accurately characterize SYN traffic, we propose a novel mixture based on measurements from our local network. The proposed Lévy-impulse model utilizes an impulse function to account for a high zero-probability and the Lévy distribution to account for the heavy-tailed features of host-sent SYN packets. We develop a probability density function of the Lévy-impulse model for various window lengths and apply it to real-world data. We then utilize maximum likelihood estimation and real-world network traffic to demonstrate the accuracy of the model. The proposed model demonstrates higher accuracy than traditional models like Poisson or Gaussian for the examined traffic case. Additionally, the relative invariance of the model’s fit to the size of the traffic window allows for scalable applications. Ultimately, this Lévy-impulse mixture can serve as a model for normal network traffic to develop improved computer worm detection techniques.
Supercapacitor Assisted Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain and Power Selection using Fuzzy Rule-Based Algorithm

Heavy electric vehicles vary their power demands due to frequently varying loads. The paper proposes an applied fuzzy logic algorithm for the acceleration strategy of supercapacitor assisted electric vehicles, which selects the appropriate power source based on the vehicle power demand. The algorithm can determine the supercapacitor cutoff phase within 200 milliseconds with the developed test vehicle system during the initial vehicle acceleration based on the peak current and current slope. The system reduces battery stress by limiting transient power, improving the hybrid powertrain's longevity and efficiency.