Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular distributions of water soluble dicarboxylic acids in marine aerosols over the Pacific Ocean including tropics

Remote marine aerosols collected over the western North to equatorial Pacific (34°N–14°S, 140°E-150°W) were studied for low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids using a capillary gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometer, and for total carbon and nitrogen contents. Homologous series of dicarboxylic acids (C2–C10) including keto- and hydroxy-dicarboxylic acids were detected in the samples with a concentration range of 10–250 ng m−3 (average 63 ng m−3 and median 44 ng m−3). Their molecular distributions showed a predominance of oxalic acid (C2), followed by malonic acid (C3). The smallest diacid (C2, 6.5–161 ng m−3 with average 40 ng m−3 and median 17 ng m−3) composed 45–75% (average 65%) of the total diacids. The diacids showed higher concentrations in the western Pacific rim near Japanese islands and showed lower concentrations in the central and tropical Pacific. However, relative abundances of the diacid-carbon in the total aerosol carbon (1.1–15.8%) were found to be higher in the equatorial central Pacific. These diacids are probably in situ produced in the Pacific atmosphere by photochemical oxidation of gaseous and particulate precursors. Results of principal component analysis of individual diacid, coupled with an information on photochemical reactions, further support that C2 and C3 diacids are likely produced by the oxidation of C4 and longer-chain diacids, whereas longer-chain (C5–C10) diacids are produced through the oxidation of semivolatile fatty acids which are also oxidation products of unsaturated fatty acids. Concentrations of total C (0.069–5.27 μg m−3 with average 0.39 μg m−3 and median 0.15 μg m−3) and total N (0.026–1.44 μg m−3 with average 0.12 μg m−3 and median 0.077 μg m−3) were generally higher over the western Pacific.
A Comprehensive Map of mRNAs and Their Isoforms across All 14 Renal Tubule Segments of Mouse.

BACKGROUND The repertoire of protein expression along the renal tubule depends both on regulation of transcription and regulation of alternative splicing that can generate multiple proteins from a single gene. METHODS A full-length, small-sample RNA-seq protocol profiled transcriptomes for all 14 renal tubule segments microdissected from mouse kidneys. RESULTS This study identified >34,000 transcripts, including 3709 that were expressed in a segment-specific manner. All data are provided as an online resource (https://esbl.nhlbi.nih.gov/MRECA/Nephron/). Many of the genes expressed in unique patterns along the renal tubule were solute carriers, transcription factors, or G protein-coupled receptors that account for segment-specific function. Mapping the distribution of transcripts associated with Wnk-SPAK-PKA signaling, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone signaling, and cystic diseases of the kidney illustrated the applications of the online resource. The method allowed full-length mapping of RNA-seq reads, which facilitated comprehensive, unbiased characterization of alternative exon usage along the renal tubule, including known isoforms of Cldn10, Kcnj1 (ROMK), Slc12a1 (NKCC2), Wnk1, Stk39 (SPAK), and Slc14a2 (UT-A urea transporter). It also identified many novel isoforms with segment-specific distribution. These included variants associated with altered protein structure (Slc9a8, Khk, Tsc22d1, and Scoc), and variants that may affect untranslated, regulatory regions of transcripts (Pth1r, Pkar1a, and Dab2). CONCLUSIONS Full-length, unbiased sequencing of transcripts identified gene-expression patterns along the mouse renal tubule. The data, provided as an online resource, include both quantitative and qualitative differences in transcripts. Identification of alternative splicing along the renal tubule may prove critical to understanding renal physiology and pathophysiology.
The Role of Skeletal Muscles in Exertional Heat Stroke Pathophysiology

Abstract The active participation of skeletal muscles is a unique characteristic of exertional heat stroke. Nevertheless, the only well-documented link between skeletal muscle activities and exertional heat stroke pathophysiology is the extensive muscle damage (e. g., rhabdomyolysis) and subsequent leakage of intramuscular content into the circulation of exertional heat stroke victims. Here, we will present and discuss rarely explored roles of skeletal muscles in the context of exertional heat stroke pathophysiology and recovery. This includes an overview of heat production that contributes to severe hyperthermia and the synthesis and secretion of bioactive molecules, such as cytokines, chemokines and acute phase proteins. These molecules can alter the overall inflammatory status from pro- to anti-inflammatory, affecting other organ systems and influencing recovery. The activation of innate immunity can determine whether a victim is ready to return to physical activity or experiences a prolonged convalescence. We also provide a brief discussion on whether heat acclimation can shift skeletal muscle secretory phenotype to prevent or aid recovery from exertional heat stroke. We conclude that skeletal muscles should be considered as a key organ system in exertional heat stroke pathophysiology.
CYTOTOXICITY AND PHOTOTOXICITY OF CHLOROPHYLL A/HYDROXYPROPYL-γ-CYCLODEXTRIN COMPLEX ON LEISHMANIA MAJOR PROMASTIGOTES

Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a widespread disease that is epidemic in Iran, too. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an attractive modality to treat cancer and hyper proliferative diseases based on the use of a photosensitizer in the presence of oxygen and proper wavelength of light. In consideration of lesion location, lack of systemic involvement and inefficiency of current treatments, nowadays this modality is purposed for treating Leishmaniasis. In this paper, efficacy of PDT using a natural dye (chlorophyll a) on Leishmania major promastigotes is reported. Material and Methods: The experiments was done on Leishmania major parasites (MRHO/IR/75/ER) in the presence of Chlorophyll a /Hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin(chl a/CD) complex as a photosensitizer. At first, dye uptake by promastigotes was evaluated via fluorimetric assessments after different incubation periods. Then dye cytotoxicity was evaluated at different concentration after 24 h incubation. Finally PDT experiments were designed with two doses of light and 10 µM of photosensitizer. Considering all possible controls, the percentage of the parasite survival at 24 hours post treatment was assessed by MTS method. All experiments were repeated at least three times. Results: On the basis of the dye uptake data, 24h was considered for incubating of photosensitizer with promastigotes. IC50 of chl a/CD complex was about 42.6 µM. After parasites irradiation by light at 248 j/cm2, more than 50% of cell death was recorded that is significant in comparing with similar groups without dye, without light, and lower dose of light. In these conditions, ED50 of PDT on promastigotes is determined nearly 246 J/cm2. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering low cytotoxicity in darkness and adequate phototoxicity of chl a/CD complex in comparison with other photosensitizers such as AlPhtalocyanine chloride, it can be introduced as a promising candidate for futher use in PDT experiments on amastigotes and Leishmaniasis animal models.
Global Research on Maxillofacial Fracture Over the Last 40 Years: A Bibliometric Study

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Abstract Maxillofacial injuries are widely investigated worldwide as it consists a significant portion of trauma patients. Many researchers from various regions have reported the clinical and statistical analyses of maxillofacial fractures (MFFs) as the statistical data of MMFs are of great importance for both effective control and prevention of these cases. The number of studies concerning the diagnosis and treatment modalities of MFFs has significantly increased over the years. The bibliometric method was used to analyze publication outputs, countries, journals, most citations, and trends. In this study, the bibliometric analysis method was used in the publications related to MFFs published between 1980 and 2019, which were Science Citation Index Expanded indexed in the Web of Science database. Bibliometric analysis is applied to evaluate existing data in an evidence-based manner. The highest number of scientific articles on MFFs came from the USA, which was also the most cited country among others. When the distribution of the words in abstracts and titles by years was examined, it was seen that there was a significant change in the words “navigation,” “computer,” and “technology” between 2009 and 2012. The authors predict that our study would provide a novel perspective to the studies about MFFs and contribute to the researchers about the limits of the topic, and being aware of the active journals that publish the papers on this issue would facilitate the work of the researchers.
Local crystalline order features in disordered packings of monodisperse spheres

A new tetrahedral structure model was developed for disordered sphere packings, including not only regular tetrahedron (T), but also quartoctahedron (Q) and bcc simplex (B), the tetrahedral building blocks in fcc, hcp and bcc crystal structures, respectively. Both geometric frustrated configurations and local configurations associated with crystalline order in disordered packings can be comprehensively characterized. It is found that with increasing packing fraction, the population of T, Q, and B increases. Moreover, the crystal-type local configurations formed by face-adjacent T, Q and B increases as packing fraction increases, which is more prevalent than the geometric frustrated ones formed by face-adjacent T. In addition, as packing fraction increases, the local density of irregular simplexes is found to increase more quickly than regular ones, playing more important roles in the density increase in disordered packings. These structure features are found to be intrinsic in the jammed random sphere packings with different friction coefficients, which is independent of interparticle friction and only determined by the packing fraction. Our findings provide new understanding for the structural nature of disordered packings and the underlying structural basis of the random close packing.
Progress in research on the roles of TGR5 receptor in liver diseases

Abstract TGR5 (G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1, GPBAR-1) is a G protein-coupled receptor with seven transmembrane domains and is widely distributed in various organs and tissues. As an important bile acid receptor, TGR5 can be activated by primary and secondary bile acids. Increased expression of TGR5 is a risk factor for polycystic liver disease and hepatobiliary cancer. However, there is evidence that the anti-inflammatory effect of the TGR5 receptor and its regulatory effect on hydrophobic bile acid confer protective effects against most liver diseases. Recent studies have shown that TGR5 receptor activation can alleviate the development of diabetic liver fibrosis, regulate the differentiation of natural killer T cells into NKT10 cells, increase the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, inhibit the invasion of hepatitis B virus, promote white adipose tissue browning, improve arterial vascular dynamics, maintain tight junctions between bile duct cells, and protect against apoptosis. In portal hypertension, TGR5 receptor activation can inhibit the contraction of hepatic stellate cells and improve intrahepatic microcirculation. In addition, the discovery of the regulatory relationship between the TGR5 receptor and miRNA-26a provides a new direction for further studies of the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of TGR5. In this review, we describe recent findings linking TGR5 to various liver diseases, with a focus on the mechanisms underlying its effects and potential therapeutic implications.
Coinducible Catabolism of 1-Naphthol via Synergistic Regulation of the Initial Hydroxylase Genes in Sphingobium sp. Strain B2

Cometabolism is a widely observed phenomenon, especially in the field of microbial catabolism of highly toxic xenobiotics. However, the mechanisms of cometabolism are ambiguous, and the roles of the obligately coexisting growth substrates remain largely unknown. ABSTRACT 1-Naphthol, a widely used raw material for organic synthesis, is also a well-known organic pollutant. Due to its high toxicity, 1-naphthol is rarely used by microorganisms as the sole carbon source for growth. In this study, catabolism of 1-naphthol by Sphingobium sp. strain B2 was found to be greatly enhanced by additional supplementation with primary carbon sources (e.g., glucose, maltose, and sucrose), and 1-naphthol was even used as the carbon source for growth when strain B2 cells had been preinduced by both 1-naphthol and glucose. A distinct two-component flavin-dependent monooxygenase, NdcA1A2, was found to be responsible for the initial hydroxylation of 1-naphthol to 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene, a more toxic compound. Transcriptional levels of ndcA1A2 genes were significantly upregulated when strain B2 cells were cultured with both 1-naphthol and glucose compared to cells cultured with only 1-naphthol or glucose. Two transcriptional regulators, the activator NdcS and the inhibitor NdcR, were found to play key roles in the synergistic regulation of the transcription of the 1-naphthol initial catabolism genes ndcA1A2. IMPORTANCE Cometabolism is a widely observed phenomenon, especially in the field of microbial catabolism of highly toxic xenobiotics. However, the mechanisms of cometabolism are ambiguous, and the roles of the obligately coexisting growth substrates remain largely unknown. In this study, we revealed that the roles of the coexisting primary carbon sources (e.g., glucose) in the enhanced catabolism of the toxic compound 1-naphthol in Sphingobium sp. strain B2 were not solely because they were used as growth substrates to support cell growth but, more importantly, because they acted as coinducers to interact with two transcriptional regulators, the activator NdcS and the inhibitor NdcR, to synergistically regulate the transcription of the 1-naphthol initial catabolism genes ndcA1A2. Our findings provide new insights into the cometabolic mechanism of highly toxic compounds in microorganisms.
Reply to: COVID-19 and Coagulopathy

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THEORETICAL POSSIBILITY OF THE MAISOTSENKO CYCLE APPLICATION TO DECREASE COLD WATER TEMPERATURE IN COOLING TOWERS

In any explanation of cooling tower operation, it is shown that the ambient wet bulb temperature is a physical limit for water cooling. The main advantage of the Maisotsenko cycle (Mcycle) is the possibility to have the cold water temperature lower than the ambient wet bulb temperature, without violation of any physical principle. The idea is based on the fact that the ambient wet bulb temperature depends not only on the absolute humidity value, but also on a current air temperature. On the contrary, the dew point temperature depends only on the absolute humidity value. If we can provide lower temperature of the air (with the same absolute humidity) at the air inlet of the cooling tower, then the wet bulb temperature for such air will be lower. Therefore, if we can cool the air entering the cooling tower, without the change of its absolute humidity, it will be possible to cool the water more and, for some conditions, its temperature could be lower than the wet bulb temperature of the surrounding air at some distance from the cooling tower. However, the main problem is how to cool the air entering the cooling tower, very simply and without significant energy consumption. A theoretical possibility to solve this problem by application of the M-cycle is under analysis in this paper.
Histone variants at a glance

ABSTRACT Eukaryotic nucleosomes organize chromatin by wrapping 147 bp of DNA around a histone core particle comprising two molecules each of histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. The DNA entering and exiting the particle may be bound by the linker histone H1. Whereas deposition of bulk histones is confined to S-phase, paralogs of the common histones, known as histone variants, are available to carry out functions throughout the cell cycle and accumulate in post-mitotic cells. Histone variants confer different structural properties on nucleosomes by wrapping more or less DNA or by altering nucleosome stability. They carry out specialized functions in DNA repair, chromosome segregation and regulation of transcription initiation, or perform tissue-specific roles. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we briefly examine new insights into histone origins and discuss variants from each of the histone families, focusing on how structural differences may alter their functions. Summary: Histone variants change the structural properties of nucleosomes by wrapping more or less DNA, altering nucleosome stability or carrying out specialized functions.
Ideal Nasal Radix Position in Fluctuating Facial Asymmetry

Background: Augmentation rhinoplasty had become increasingly popular among Asians. Failure to recognize nasal deviation before surgery may engender unsatisfactory outcomes because the deviation becomes prominently visible after surgery due to the central position of the nose. Ideal nasal radix positioning has yet to be addressed. The head position affects facial asymmetry judgements; however, its effect on rhinoplasty has never been studied. This study determined the ideal nasal radix position in facial fluctuating asymmetry and investigated the effects of the natural head position (NHP) on nasal deviation perceptions. Methods: A survey was conducted to compare different head and nasal radix horizontal positions using images of patients who underwent augmentation rhinoplasty. Images were retouched using editing software to adjust the head and nasal radix positions. The survey was performed using questionnaires involving 3 plastic surgeons and 3 laypersons, who were asked to determine the presence of nasal deviation and select the ideal nasal radix position among the retouched images. Results: Twenty patients who underwent primary rhinoplasty were included in this study. The recognition of nasal deviation was significantly higher in the NHP than in the compensatory head position. The surgeons and the laypersons considered the midsagittal line the most appropriate position of the nasal radix. Conclusions: Facial analysis for augmentation rhinoplasty should be performed with the patient's head in the NHP to prevent nasal deviation masking. The preferred nasal radix position in facial fluctuating asymmetry is the midsagittal line. Level of Evidence: Level V, descriptive study.
Drivers of linkage disequilibrium across a species’ geographic range

While linkage disequilibrium (LD) is an important parameter in genetics and evolutionary biology, the drivers of LD remain elusive. Using whole-genome sequences from across a species’ range, we assessed the impact of demographic history and mating system on LD. Both range expansion and a shift from outcrossing to selfing in North American Arabidopsis lyrata were associated with increased average genome-wide LD. Our results indicate that range expansion increases short-distance LD at the farthest range edges by about the same amount as a shift to selfing. However, the extent over which LD in genic regions unfolds was shorter for range expansion compared to selfing. Linkage among putatively neutral variants and between neutral and deleterious variants increased to a similar degree with range expansion, providing support that genome-wide LD was positively associated with mutational load. As a consequence, LD combined with mutational load may decelerate range expansions and set range limits. Finally, a small number of genes were identified as LD outliers, suggesting that they experience selection by either of the two demographic processes. These included genes involved in flowering and photoperiod for range expansion, and the self-incompatibility locus for mating system.