Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coupling Microreaction Technologies, Polymer Chemistry, and Processing to Produce Polymeric Micro and Nanoparticles with Controlled Size, Morphology, and Composition

Polymeric micro- and nanoparticles receive the attention of researchers in different areas such as drug delivery, sensing, imaging, cosmetics, diagnostics, and biotechnology. However, processes with conventional equipment do not always allow precise control of their morphology, size, size distribution, and composition. On the other hand, microreaction technology offers improved control over the hydrodynamics, mass and heat transfer, allowing production of polymeric particles with better defined or new characteristics. Thus new horizons in polymer particle engineering arise from the use of microstructured or microfluidic devices. This article gives an insight into the latest developments and trends in the production of polymeric micro- and nanoparticles realized by microreaction technology directly.
Cadmium Complexation in Culture Media

Square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SW-ASV) has been applied to monitor changes in the complexing capacity (CC) in a microbiological culture medium through different physiological states, focusing on cadmium interactions with the potential ligands. Total ligand concentration (Lt) is evaluated both from the titration curve and Ruzic linearization, with good agreement between the methods. Values obtained for the conditional stability constant suggest the occurrence of moderate ligands. Results show that the studied culture medium is capable of complexing cadmium and that the complexing capacity is affected by the physiological states of bacteria.
Determination of the Dimerization Equilibrium Constants of Omeprazole and Pirkle's Alcohol through Optical‐Rotation Measurements

A new procedure to measure the equilibrium constants for the dimerization (homochiral and heterochiral) reactions of enantiomers in solution was applied to two different compounds, namely omeprazole and Pirkle's alcohol, both in CHCl3. This procedure is based on the measurement of the optical rotation of the solution as a function of its composition, which exhibits a nonlinear dependence on the enantiomer enrichment. Such nonlinearity depends on the extent of dimerization, and it is a strong effect in the case of omeprazole, whose equilibrium constants are 14.0±3.5 l/mol and 25.2±4.0 l/mol for the formation of homochiral and of heterochiral dimers, respectively. Pirkle's alcohol exhibits a weaker effect that allows only to estimate the order of magnitude of these constants, i.e., ca. 0.10 and 0.34 l/mol, respectively.
User-centered design of systems

1 Defining Systems. - 1 What Is a System? - 1.1 Systems. - 1.2 Levels of Systems. - 1.3 Levels of Design. - 1.4 Paradoxical Technology. - 1.5 Allocation of Function. - 1.6 Mission Analysis. - 1.7 Conclusions. - 1.8 Exercise. - 1.9 Selected References. - 2 Who Will Use the System? 17. - 2.1 Users. - 2.2 Defining Users. - 2.3 Humans as Systems. - 2.4 Eliciting User Knowledge. - 2.5 Conclusions. - 2.6 Exercises 2 and. - 2.7 Selected References. - 3 What Will the System Be Used For? 37. - 3.1 Communication of Information. - 3.2 Presenting Information to the Human. - 3.3 Stimulus-central Processing-Response Compatibility. - 3.4 Conclusions. - 3.5 Exercise. - 3.6 Selected References. - 4 What Are the Main Components of the System? 55. - 4.1 Operational Level Interfaces. - 4.2 Input Technologies. - 4.3 Output Technologies. - 4.4 Control-Display Relationships. - 4.5 Conclusions. - 4.6 Exercise. - 4.7 Selected References 5. - 2 Developing Systems. - 5 How Will the System Be Designed? - 5.1 Life cycles. - 5.2 Generic Activities in System Development. - 5.3 User involvement. - 5.4 Modelling Engineering Approaches. - 5.5 Conclusions. - 5.6 Selected References. - 6 How Well Do the Users Think the System Works? - 6.1 The Need for Methods. - 6.2 Subjective Methods. - 6.3 Heuristics. - 6.4 Checklists. - 6.5 Questionnaires. - 6.6 Interviews. - 6.7 Focus Groups. - 6.8 Conclusions. - 6.9 Exercise 6. - 6.10 Selected References. - 7 How Well Does the System Really Work? - 7.1 Objective Methods. - 7.2 Observation. - 7.3 Requirements' Capture. - 7.4 Task Analysis. - 7.5 Error Identification. - 7.6 Human Reliability Assessment. - 7.7 Conclusions. - 7.8 Exercise. - 7.9 Selected References. - 8 How Well Does the System Under Development Work? 135. - 8.1 Empirical Methods. - 8.2 Experimentation. - 8.3 User Trialling. - 8.4 User Modelling. - 8.5 Analyses and Reporting. - 8.6 Conclusions. - 8.7 Exercise. - 8.8 Selected References. - 9 Can the System Be Improved? 147. - 9.1 Summative Evaluation. - 9.2 Performance Measures. - 9.3 Usability. - 9.4 Modelling and Simulations. - 9.5 Mock-ups, Walkthroughs and Talkthroughs. - 9.6 Verbal Protocols. - 9.7 'Fitting Trials' and Mannequins. - 9.8 Data Collection and Recording Methods. - 9.9 Conclusions. - 9.10 Exercise. - 9.11 Selected References. - 3 Deploying Systems 165. - 10 How Can the System Be Introduced Into a Workplace? - 10.1 Defining the Workplace. - 10.2 New Technology. - 10.3 Implications for Organisations. - 10.4 Productivity and Computers. - 10.5 Introducing New Technology. - 10.6 Job Design. - 10.7 Health and Safety. - 10.8 Conclusions. - 10.9 Selected References. - 11 How Will the System Be Used in the Workplace? - 11.1 At the End of the Life Cycle. - 11.2 Assessing Effectiveness. - 11.3 Role of Ergonomics. - 11.4 A Final Comment. - 11.5 Selected References. - 12 Bibliography. - Periodicals. - Magazines and Bulletins. - Conference Proceedings. - 13 References.
Pilot Scale Demonstration of Cross-Flow Ceramic Membrane Microfiltration for Treatment of Combined and Sanitary Sewer Overflows

A pilot scale investigation was undertaken at the Allegheny County Sanitary Authority (ALCOSAN) for approximately 12 months to evaluate the feasibility of using cross-flow microfiltration for the treatment of primary sewage effluent simulating combined and sanitary sewer overflows. Ceramic membranes of various pores sizes (0.05–1.4 μm) were tested to understand the impact of cross-flow velocity, transmembrane pressure, and feed suspended solids on permeate water quality and permeate flux rate. A 0.2 μm membrane operated with a 1.8 m∕s cross-flow velocity, a transmembrane pressure below 2.1 bar and a backpulse frequency of 60 s showed the best performance among the conditions evaluated in this study. The 0.2 μm membrane consistently met water quality objectives for fecal coliforms, E Coli, enterococci, BOD5 , and suspended solids independent of the feed concentration, suggesting that direct discharge to surface water may be feasible. Feed suspended solids concentration and temperature influenced membrane p.
Enhanced CO2 transport properties of membranes by embedding nano-porous zeolite particles into Matrimid®5218 matrix

A novel mixed matrix membrane (MMM) was fabricated by incorporating micro-sized nano-porous sodium zeolite-Y (NaY zeolite) into Matrimid®5218 matrix. The filler and the prepared membranes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal gravimetric and derivative thermal gravimetric (TG/DTG) analyses. The effects of filler content (0–20 wt%), feed pressure (2–12 bar), operating temperature (35–75 °C) and mixed feed gas on CO2/CH4 transport properties of Matrimid/NaY were investigated. The results revealed that the Matrimid/NaY (15 wt%) displayed a CO2 permeability of 17.52 Barrer, more than two-fold increase with respect to the NaY-free counterpart. The corresponding CO2/CH4 selectivity was increased from 36.3 for Matrimid to 43.3 for Matrimid/NaY (15 wt%), (about 20%). The CO2 permselectivities of MMMs were greater than that of the Matrimid over the entire pressure range. As the operating temperature increased from 35 to 75 °C, CH4 permeability increased about 175% and 215% for Matrimid and Matrimid/NaY (15 wt%), respectively. While the CO2 permeability enhanced about 78% and 98%. The corresponding decreases in the CO2/CH4 selectivities were 35.27% and 37.14%, respectively. Moreover, the mixed gas experiment results indicated that CO2 permeability and CO2/CH4 selectivity for all membranes were lower than those of pure gas experiments, but with less severity for MMMs. The best CO2-selective membrane, Matrimid/NaY (15 wt%), represented the CO2 permeability of 15.19 Barrer with CO2/CH4 selectivity of 39.5 for a 10/90 vol% mixture of CO2 and CH4.
Organo-Tin Compounds as Corrosion Inhibitor for Nickel in Acetic Acid Solution

Corrosion studies were performed using polarization measurement in different compositions of acetic acid at 30°C. The polarization curves for nickel showed active-passive and transpassive behaviour in the entire composition range of water-acetic acid solutions. Anodic dissolution of nickel acetic acid solutions is markedly decreased with an increase in the acid concentration. In order to prevent the corrosion of nickel in acetic acid solution (20 mol%) some organo-tin compounds dibutyl tindichloride (Bu 2 SnCl 2 ), phenyl tintrichloride (PhSnCl 3 ), diphenyl tindichloride (Ph 2 SnCl 2 ) and triphenyl tinchloride (Ph 3 SnCl) have been used as inhibitors, and their inhibition efficiency and surface coverage were evaluated. Triphenyl tinchloride (Ph 3 SnCl) gave the highest inhibition efficiency and all the inhibitors are held on the surface most probably by physical adsorption.
Tuning the β‐turn segment in designed peptide β‐hairpins: Construction of a stable type I′ β‐turn nucleus and hairpin–helix transition promoting segments

Designed octapeptides Boc-Leu-Val-Val-Aib-$^DXxx$-Leu-Val-Val-OMe $(^DXxx=^DAla, 3a; ^DVal, 3c$ and $^DPro, 5a)$ and Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-Aib-$^DAla$-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (3b) have been investigated to construct models of a stable type I' $\beta$-turn nucleated hairpin and to generate systems for investigating helix–hairpin conformational transitions. Peptide 5a, which contains a central $Aib-^D$ Pro segment, is shown to adopt a stable type I' $\beta$-turn nucleated hairpin structure, stabilized by four cross-strand hydrogen bonds. The stability of the structure in diverse solvents is established by the observation of all diagnostic NOEs expected in a $\beta$-hairpin conformation. Replacement of $^DPro5$ by $^DAla/^DVal (3a-c)$ results in sequences that form $\beta$-hairpins in hydrogen bonding solvents like $CD_3OH$ and $DMSO-d_6$. However, in $CDCl_3$ evidence for population of helical conformations is obtained. Peptide 6b (Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-Aib-Aib-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe), which contains a centrally positioned Aib-Aib segment, provides a clear example of a system, which exhibits a helical conformation in $CDCl_3$ and a significant population of both helices and hairpins in $CD_3OH$ and $DMSO-d_6$. The coexistence of multiple conformations is established by the simultaneous observation of diagnostic NOEs. Control over stereochemistry of the central $\beta$-turn permits generation of models for robust $\beta$-hairpins and also for the construction of systems that may be used to probe helix–hairpin conformational transitions.
Fluids of polarizable hard spheres with dipoles and tetrahedral quadrupoles Integral equation results with application to liquid water

The mean spherical, linearized hypernetted chain and quadratic hypernetted chain approximations are solved for a fluid of hard spheres with embedded point dipoles and tetrahedral quadrupoles and this system is shown to be quite similar to the dipole-linear quadrupole case previously studied. However, tetrahedral quadrupoles have a larger influence upon the structural and thermodynamic properties and are slightly more effective in decreasing the dielectric constant from the purely dipolar value. Also we describe a simple self-consistent mean field theory which allows molecular polarizability to be taken into account. This approximation together with the integral equation methods is applied to a polarizable dipole-tetrahedral quadrupole fluid with water-like parameters. The dielectric constant of this system is found to be in good agreement with the experimental results for liquid water for temperatures ranging from 25°C to 300°C. The influence of molecular polarizability is shown to be very large. At 25°C .
Assessment of nonmarket benefits of WSUD in a residential development: Belle View case study

This report describes the application of benefit transfer methods for a specific site, Belle View Estate, in Western Australia. Belle View Estate is a proposed 44 ha residential development located in Bellevue, 16.5 km north-east of Perth. The land is a portion of a larger 99.5 ha landholding comprising Lot 239 Wilkins Street (formerly Goodchild Reserve) and a portion of Lot 799 Katharine Street, Bellevue. The site is transacted by Lot 33 Wilkins Street, a City of Swan owned drainage reserve (Bellevue Drain). The wider landholding is likely to be developed in a number of stages (Coterra Environment 2017). The water sensitive urban design (WSUD) technologies considered in this development are constructed wetlands and living stream. Constructed wetlands are extensively vegetated water bodies that use sedimentation, filtration and biological uptake processes to remove pollutants from stormwater. A living stream is a constructed or retrofitted stormwater conveyance channel that mimics the characteristics (morphology and vegetation) of natural streams. In addition to providing pollution benefits, both types of systems could generate a range of nonmarket benefits, such as amenity and biodiversity protection (Department of Water 2016). The constructed wetland system will consist of a series of interlinked seasonal (ephemeral) and permanent open water bodies in the Helena River floodplain. The area of permanent open water is approximately 4.5 ha, and the area of seasonal wetlands is approximately 10.4 ha (Figure 1). The area of living stream is approximately 1.7 ha. The objective of the study is to estimate the nonmarket benefits of constructed wetlands and living streams in a private residential development[1]. In the following sections, we present the methodology used for the transfer of benefits, followed by the results of the assessment and a discussion section.
A Hybrid Monte Carlo Method for Equilibrium Equation of State of Detonation Products

A new hybrid Monte Carlo method has been developed that allows the direct simulation of detonation products for ‘real’ explosives such as HMX, TATB, PBX 9501, and PBX 9502. Chemical equilibrium composition, solid carbon, and phase separation are included. The method is called a hybrid because the solid carbon phases (bulk and/or cluster) are encorporated using analytic models, while the fluid components are explicitly included in the Monte Carlo simulation. Chemical reactions are treated by a correlated interchange of atoms between species. Solid carbon enters as virtual particles with an associated Gibbs free energy. Preliminary results are presented for HMX products including the effects of cross potentials on EOS and equilibrium composition.
Anwendung von Magnéli‐Phasen des Titandioxids in der elektrochemischen Technologie

Use of Magneli Phases of Titanium Diooxide in Electrochemical Technology. Magneli phases of titanium oxides are known to have many interesting properties such as a conductivity comparable to that of graphite, a high level of chemical stability, and large overpotentials for gas evolving reactions. In this paper the possibilities for synthesis of pure Magneli phases are reported and the influence of various experimental parameters on the electrochemical properties is discussed. Several chemical, electrochemical, physicochemical, and physical experiments were performed. The opportunities for technological applications in the field of electroplating, in the recycling of process solutions, as supporting substrates for electrocatalysts, and as collector materials are considered.
The relation between silty soil structures and their mercury porosimetry curve counterparts: fractals and percolation

Mercury porosimetry data can be interpreted in terms of soil structure using ideas drawn from (i) network modelling and percolation theory and (ii) fractal geometry. We linked mercury intrusion to soil structure quantified by image analysis within a relevant common pore radius scale. We compared (i) three independent methods for computing fractal dimensions of the matrix and of the solid–pore interface, namely fitted square boxes method and pore chord distribution on scanning electron microscope images of soil thin sections, and mercury porosimetry, and (ii) two independent methods for characterizing pore connectivity (image analysis) and percolation process (pressure threshold from mercury porosimetry). The results from analyses of the pore size distribution by mercury porosimetry differed from those from the image analysis. Mercury intrusion is controlled by both the connectivity of the pore space network and locally by pore throats leading to larger pore bodies. By contrast, image analysis is unaffected by pore connectivity and measures pore bodies. On the other hand, the chord length method might not adequately capture the scaling properties of the solid–pore interface, whereas the mercury porosimetry data were also difficult to interpret in terms of fractal geometry because of the effects of pore connectivity. However, fractal dimension values of both the solid phase and the solid–pore interface increased as a function of clay content, whereas both percolation probability values and throat radius values at the mercury percolation threshold decreased. The results show the merit of applying both fractals and percolation theory for determining structural parameters relevant to mercury and water transport in soil.
Simultaneous Deposition of Powder in Three Parallel-Oriented Cylindrical Dies

The inhomogeneity of bulk density distribution created during the die filling process might cause quality problems for powder compacts, such as distortion, lamination, and cracking. To avoid these problems, understanding the die filling process and ensuring a uniform pre-compaction powder deposition are necessary. The second-generation pressure deposition tester (PDT-II) was developed to investigate simultaneous deposition of powder into multiple dies. Its design requirements and new features were proposed through evaluating the main strength and limitations of the mass deposition tester (MDT). The operation of the PDT-II and analysis of its data showed that it generates real-time deposition profiles of the entire process for multiple locations. PDT-II data can be used to study the effects of various filling-related parameters (such as die shape, powder flowability, and feed shoe speed) on the deposition process and final pressure distribution. For cylindrical dies filled with a granulated powder with d50 = 600 μm (1) at low feed shoe speeds (20 and 100 mm/s), the half circle close to the leeward end had higher final pressure values than the forward half circle; (2) at high feed shoe speed (500 mm/s), the final pressure distribution was more uniform than at lower feed shoe speed; (3) the final within-die pressure distribution at the bottom of the dies was not always symmetrical about the center line of the feed shoe movement direction, even though sometimes it was quite symmetrical; (4) the overall trend was that pressure decreases with increasing radial distance for lower feed shoe speeds; and (5) higher feed shoe speed (500 mm/s) resulted in higher final pressure values (774.5 to 1424.5 Pa) than lower feed shoe speeds (20 and 100 mm/s) (235.2 to 1136.0 Pa) at most of the locations. The results proved that feed shoe speed does have an effect on pressure distribution and its uniformity.
THE INFLUENCE OF pH ON THE SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME PHENANTHRENIC ALKALOIDS

Abstract— The absorption and fluorescence characteristics of aristolochic acid, aristololactam, N‐methyl aristololactam and aristololactam‐ß‐D‐glucoside have been studied at neutral pH. Absorption and fluorescence characteristics of the alkaloids have been evaluated from their UV‐visible spectra, the fluorescence emission and excitation spectra, and quantum yields. The effect of pH in the range 1.0–14.0 on the structure of the alkaloids has also been investigated. A pH dependent reversible change in the absorption and fluorescence spectra is obtained with aristololactam and aristololactam‐ß‐D‐glucoside. It is suggested that the pH dependent properties of aristololactam and aristololactam‐ß‐D‐glucoside are due to the formation of lactam ⇄ lactim and phenanthrenic lactam ⇄ amino phenanthrenic acid, respectively.
Impact de la dispersion locale sur la macro dispersion

Le transport de solut'es inertes est fortement influenc'e par l'h'et'erog'en'eit'e de l''ecoulement souterrain. Cette h'et'erog'en'eit'e a pour origine 'a l''echelle des pores la distribution de la taille des pores et 'a l''echelle de l'aquif'ere la nature complexe des formations g'eologiques. La plupart des pr'ec'edents travaux ont quantifi'e l'impact de cette h'et'erog'en'eit'e sur la macro dispersion en ignorant la dispersion locale. Dans ce travail, nous revisitons la m'ethode de marche al'eatoire afin de quantifier l'impact de la dispersion locale sur la macro dispersion.
Transport and Absorption of Anesthetic Vapors in a Mouth-Lung Model Extending to G9 Bronchioles

Background: The inhalation of anesthetic vapors into the lungs is a function of both the respiration and inhalant property. Factors which influence the alveolar concentration of anesthetics include breathing activities, airway morphology, anesthetic diffusivity, and wall absorption rate. Administered anesthetic levels could be significantly different from the alveolar level due to wall absorption loss and gas mixing in the airway. Objective: To assess the transport and absorption of inhaled anesthetics in an anatomically accurate respiratory airway geometry. Specifically aims include understanding the transport of inhaled vapors, quantifying the pulmonary dosage of administered anesthetics, and identifying factors that influence airway absorption losses. Methods: The geometry consisted of a CT-based mouth-throat (MT) model and a tracheobronchial (TB) model which extends to G9 bronchioles and consists of 115 outlets. Vapor transport and absorption were simulated using the Chemical Species model coupled with a user-defined vapor-absorption module. Results: Unlike previously assumed developed flows after G6, features of developing flows are still apparent in the G9 bronchioles in this study. Large variations of bronchiolar vapor concentrations were observed among the five lobes. Under quiet breathing conditions, vapor concentrations at the G9 outlets are 15 - 30% of the inhaled concentration level due to gas mixing and wall absorption. The delivered dose to the pulmonary region varies from 48% to 96%, depending on the vapor diffusivity and solubility. Vapor depletion due to wall absorption is significant (52%) for highly soluble anesthetics and is inconsequential for low solubility ones. Conclusion: A computer model was developed that implemented a wall absorption module in a realistic mouth-lung model extending to G9. This model provides the basis for future quantitative studies of the relationship between administered anesthetics and induced anesthetic level.
Novel photoswitching dithienylethenes with ferrocene units

Two novel dithienylethenes with ferrocene units were synthesized by Wittig reaction. The structure of 2a has been established by X-ray diffraction studies. They could reversibly interconvert between two thermally stable forms, an open and a closed one, using light of different wavelengths as triggers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.