Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antiepileptic Actions of Neuropeptide Y in the Mouse Hippocampus Require Y5 Receptors

Summary: Purpose: Recent evidence suggests an antiepileptic role for neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the central nervous system. The precise receptor subtypes mediating the inhibitory actions of NPY in the hippocampal formation, however, remain unclear. In vitro studies suggest a role for Y2 receptors in modulating excitatory hippocampal synaptic transmission and epileptiform discharge. In vivo studies implicate Y5 receptors. Here we used pharmacologic tools and Y5‐receptor knockout mice to examine the role of Y5 receptors in mediating the antiexcitatory and antiepileptic actions of NPY in the hippocampal formation.
In Vitro Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Si-Miao-San, its Modifications and Pure Compounds

The ancient Chinese prescription Si-Miao-San (SMS), which is widely used for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. rheumatic disorders, has been modified (m1SMS, m2SMS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tyrosinase effects of Si-Miao-San, of its two modifications, the component herbs, and its main pure ingredients. In vitro tyrosinase, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) assays were carried out in order to determine the inhibitory potential of the samples. The traditionally applied decoctions as well as their fractions (n-hexane, DCM, n-BuOH) were tested for their activities in concentrations of 100 μg/mL and 400 μg/mL, and the pure compounds in a range 6.25 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL. In conclusion, the decoction of m2SMS exhibited strong antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay, while the decoction of the classical SMS formulation showed low activity. The present results have shown the modifications to be more efficient scavengers of free radicals, such as superoxide and peroxide radicals. In addition, the decoctions of the two modifications have been shown to be more potent tyrosinase inhibitors. These formulas may thus be used as anti-inflammatory and anti-aging prescriptions, as they may help to prevent cell damage. This study clearly establishes the two modifications of Si-Miao-San as valuable sources of natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, and also as candidates in the search for modern pharmaceuticals.
Openness, Inflation and Output Under Alternative Monetary Policies: A Structuralist Approach

This article theoretically revisits the issue of how trade openness and inflation are interconnected in the light of conduct and optimal design of monetary policy. Central banks in open economies all over the world face a problematic dilemma when it comes to providing a nominal anchor to the economy in the sense that they have to choose between monetary targeting and inflation targeting. The experience has been varied worldwide with respect to these alternative policies in containing inflation. Different dimensions of openness like fully flexible exchange rate and capital mobility have also had significant impacts on the outcomes of policy changes. In this paper, we have constructed two theoretical open macro-economy models using the AD-AS framework under regressive expectations. The first model considers interest-rate targeting incorporating Taylor rule, whereas the second one deals with monetary targeting. The models show that alternate monetary policy rules do not change the basic results of different macroeconomic policies, although the underlying transmission mechanisms are quite different. JEL Codes: E12, E31, E43, E52, F41
ExsD is a negative regulator of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion regulon

Expression of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system is induced by contact with eukaryotic cells, serum or low Ca2+ concentrations. We report that ExsD, a unique protein, is a negative regulator of the type III regulon. Localization studies indicate that ExsD is not secreted by P. aeruginosa. To determine the role of exsD, a non‐polar deletion was returned to the chromosome by allelic exchange. The ΔexsD mutant is competent for type III secretion and translocation of the ExoU cytotoxin to eukaryotic host cells. To examine the effect of ExsD on transcription, lacZ transcriptional reporter fusions were integrated into the chromosome. Promoters controlling transcription of genes encoding the type III secretory, regulatory and effector proteins demonstrated significant derepression in the ΔexsD background. Expression of ExsD from a multicopy plasmid completely repressed transcription of the regulon. Although a mutant in pscC, encoding a structural component of the type III translocase, is repressed for expression of the regulon, a ΔexsD, pscC::Ω double mutant is derepressed. Bacterial two‐hybrid data indicate that ExsD binds the transcriptional activator of the regulon, ExsA. We conclude that ExsD is a negative regulator and propose that ExsD functions as an ExsA antiactivator to regulate transcription of the regulon.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Failure: An Evidence-Based Review of the Past Decade (2002–2012)*

Objective: To provide a comprehensive evidence-based review of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for neonatal and pediatric respiratory failure. Data Source: A thorough computerized bibliographic search of the clinical literature regarding the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the neonatal and pediatric populations. Study Selection: Clinical trials published between January 1, 2002, and October 1, 2012, including “extracorporeal membrane oxygenation” or “ECMO” and limited to studies involving humans aged 0–18 years. Trials focused on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac indications were excluded from this study, unless the study was evaluating ancillary therapies in conjunction with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Data Extraction: Studies were evaluated for inclusion based on reporting of patient outcomes and/or strategic considerations, such as cannulation strategies, timing of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation utilization, and ancillary therapies. Data Synthesis: Pertinent data are summarized, and the available data are objectively classified based on the value of the study design from which the data are obtained. Conclusions: Despite a large number of published extracorporeal membrane oxygenation studies, there remains a paucity of high-quality clinical trials. The available data support continued use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure refractory to conventional therapy for neonatal and pediatric patients without significant comorbidities. Further research is needed to better quantify the benefit of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and the utility of many therapies commonly applied to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients.
Chlamydia trachomatis Trends in the United States Among Persons 14 to 39 Years of Age, 1999–2008

Background: We report the first population-based assessment of national trends in chlamydia prevalence in the United States. Methods: We investigated trends in chlamydia prevalence in representative samples of the US population aged 14 to 39 years using data from five 2-year survey cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2008. Prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported stratified by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Percent change in prevalence over this time period was estimated from regression models. Results: In the 2007–2008 cycle, chlamydia prevalence among participants aged 14 to 39 years was 1.6% (95% CI: 1.1%–2.4%). Prevalence was higher among females (2.2%, 95% CI: 1.4%–3.4%) than males (1.1%, 95% CI: 0.7%–1.7%). Prevalence among non-Hispanic black persons was 6.7% (95% CI: 4.6%–9.9%) and was 2.5% (95% CI: 1.6%–3.8%) among adolescents aged 14 to 19 years. Over the five 2-year cycles, there was an estimated 40% reduction (95% CI: 8%–61%) in prevalence among participants aged 14 to 39 years. Decreases in prevalence were notable in men (53% reduction, 95% CI: 19%–72%), adolescents aged 14 to 19 years (48% reduction, 95% CI: 11%–70%), and adolescent non-Hispanic black persons (45%, reduction, 95% CI: 4%–70%). There was no change in prevalence among females aged 14 to 25 years, the population targeted for routine annual screening. Conclusions: On the basis of population estimates of chlamydia prevalence, the overall chlamydia burden in the United States decreased from 1999 to 2008. However, there remains a need to reduce prevalence in populations most at risk and to reduce racial disparities.
Kom Ombo: Preliminary Report on the Fauna of Late Paleolithic Sites in Upper Egypt

A Late Pleistocene fauna comprising 3 fish, 1 reptile, 22 birds, and 14 mammals is identified from sites containing Sebilian, Sebekian, Silsilian, Menchian, and Halfan industries. It is remarkable for its variety, especially of birds, and gives evidence for year-round occupation of these sites.
Differences in Macro‐ and Microarchitecture of the Appendicular Skeleton in Young Chinese and White Women

To identify the racial differences in macro‐ and microstructure of the distal radius and tibia that may account for the lower fracture rates in Asians than whites, we studied 61 healthy premenopausal Chinese and 111 white women 18–45 yr of age using high‐resolution pQCT (HR‐pQCT). The Chinese were shorter and leaner. Distal radius total cross‐sectional area (CSA) was 14.3% smaller in Chinese because of an 18.0% smaller trabecular area (p < 0.001). Cortical thickness was 8.8% greater in the Chinese, but cortical area was no different. Total volumetric BMD (vBMD) was 10.3% higher in the Chinese because of the 8.8% higher cortical thickness and 2.8% greater cortical density (all p < 0.01). Trabecular vBMD and bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) did not differ by race because trabeculae were 7.0% fewer but 10.8% thicker in Chinese than whites (both p < 0.01). Similar results were found at the distal tibia. Lower fracture risk in Chinese women may be partly caused by thicker cortices and trabeculae in a smaller bone‐more bone within the bone than in whites.
Chromosome 22q11 deletion and other chromosome aberrations in cases with cleft palate, congenital heart defects and/or mental disability. A survey based on the Danish Facial Cleft Register

Velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome (VCFS) is a syndrome associated with haploinsufficiency of genes at chromosome 22q 11. The syndrome has a broad phenotypic spectrum including multiple anomalies, of which cleft palate (CP), congenital heart defects (CHD), and mental disabilities are among the most common. Hence, a high prevalence of 22ql 1 deletions should be expected among cases with a combination of CP and CHD or/and mental disability. In Denmark a population‐based database comprising 2301 CP cases born 1936–1987 has been established. Cases with CP and CHD or/and mental disabilities were selected from the register. By using public registers 39 living cases were identified, among whom 15 agreed to blood sampling and testing for 22q11 deletion using FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) analysis. Four deletion cases were identified. Using a polymorphic microsatellite marker (D22S264), two cases were shown to be de novo deletions of maternal origin. The parental origin in the two other cases could not be determined. The patients ranged in age from 7 to 40 years. All patients had mental impairment, and one also showed signs of paranoid psychosis. Two cases had CHD. Furthermore, five cases previously karyotyped had other chromosomal aberrations. The study shows that facial cleft registers are an obvious source for identifying a group of patients with a high risk of VCFS and chromosome 22ql 1 microdeletion. These individuals as well as their families can benefit from genetic counselling.
Narrow‐band UVB (TL‐01) phototherapy: an effective preventative treatment for the photodermatoses

Summary Twenty patients with photodermatoses [actinic prurigo n=6), hydroa vacciniforme (n=4). idiopathic solar urticaria (n=1), amiodarone‐induced photosensitivity (n=1) and a range of cutaneous porphyrias (n=8)] were treated with a ‘hardening’ course of narrow‐band ultraviolet B (TL‐01) phototherapy in springtime. The response to phototherapy was monitored subjectively, by interviewing patients after the summer, and objectively by monochromator phototesting, before and after phototherapy. Fifteen patients reported that treatment was worthwhile. Monochromator phototesting after phototherapy revealed a fourfold increase in the minimal erythema dose in those with abnormal photosensitivity to ultraviolet A wavebands. Adverse effects included erythema (seven patients), pruritus (five) and provocation of the eruption (four). We now routinely consider narrow‐band UVB phototherapy for problem photodermatoses.
Solid-phase radioimmunoassay of human immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies against herpes simplex virus type 1 capsid, envelope, and excreted antigens

A solid-phase radioimmunoassay developed in our laboratory for detection of human viral immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies was applied to demonstrate human class-specific antibody response against capsid, envelope, and excreted antigens of herpes simplex virus type 1. In primary infections, a clear IgM and IgG antibody response was found predominantly against the envelope components, whereas the IgM and IgG antibodies to the capsid antigen appeared more slowly. Increasing IgG antibody titers to the excreted antigen were also found in primary infections, though appearing more slowly than antibodies to the other subunit antigens. The antibody response against capsid and envelope antigens was not type specific, whereas in primary infections IgG class antibodies against the excreted antigen showed distinct type specificity. In recurrent infections, no significant level of IgM class antibodies was demonstrated, but in the patients with a severe secondary herpes simplex virus infection a definite IgM class antibody response was found against the envelope antigen. In addition, during severe secondary infections the antibody response against the excreted antigen was enhanced. The host IgG antibody response in recurrent infections was directed against the envelope and excreted antigens, whereas the level of the capsid antibodies was relatively stable.
Bromeliad population genetics reveals species cohesion against the odds

A traditional view of the nature of species holds that populations within species maintain genetic cohesion through substantial intraspecific gene flow and that the whole genome of a species is protected from interspecific gene flow by strong reproductive isolation. Both aspects of this view have been challenged. Reproductive barriers between recently evolved species can be incomplete and permeable to gene flow, and in geographically structured environments, intraspecific gene flow may be limited. Whether species that combine these features can evolve as cohesive evolutionary units remains an open question. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Palma-Silva et al. (2011) investigate this issue in an ideal system. They characterize gene flow within and between four sympatric species of Pitcairnia bromeliads on isolated rock outcrops, called inselbergs, in Brazil (Fig. 1). They show that despite very little intraspecific gene flow between inselbergs and substantial introgression, each species manages to maintain genetic integrity. Furthermore, certain regions of the genome appear to introgress more easily than others. This, taken together with previous studies of premating isolation in these species (Wendt et al. 2001, 2002), suggests that their reproductive barriers are strong but permeable. These data reinforce recent work suggesting that speciation must be thought of not as a whole-genome phenomenon but rather on a locus-by-locus basis, with neutral loci readily exchanged between species, but genes that contribute to reproductive isolation, so-called speciation genes, relatively unlikely to introgress (Wu 2001; Feder & Nosil 2010; Rieseberg & Blackman 2010; Nosil & Schluter 2011).
Overlapping causes High right atrial pressure hypotension Nonresponsive hypovolemia Septic cardiogenic High right sided pressure , clear lungs Adrenal insufficiency Septic hypovolemic Pulmonary embolus Anaphylaxis Cardiogenic hypovolemic Right ventricular infarction Neurogenic shock Cardiac tamponad

Shock is recognized at the bedside when hemodymottled skin, and hemodynamic instability. Hypotennamic instability leads to hypoperfusion of several organ systems. Accordingly, shock is a clinical diagnosis. Successful management of shock requires a primary survey directed at formulation of a working diagnosis and urgent initial resuscitation. The clinical response to initial measures to restore organ perfusion then confirms or changes the working diagnosis. This allows the clinician a pause to ponder the broader differential diagnosis of the types of shock and the pathophysiology of shock, which leads to early definitive therapy of the underlying cause of shock. Shock has a hemodynamic component, which is the initial focus of resuscitation, but shock also has a systemic inflammatory component that leads to multiple system organ failure. In this article, we present a simplified approach to diagnosis and management of shock and emphasize the tempo of resuscitation. The ultimate goal is to restore tissue perfusion in a timely fashion to prevent the development of multiple organ failure, which has a high mortality.
Deliberate self‐poisoning: treatment follow‐up of repeaters and nonrepeaters

Since 1986 psychiatrists and social workers of the Lund Suicide Research Center have investigated subjects admitted to the medical intensive care unit after a suicide attempt. Fifty‐nine of 79 deliberate self‐poisoners were interviewed 12 months after a suicide attempt. Twenty‐one had previously been interviewed 6 months after the index suicide attempt. We obtained minor information on 8 subjects. Two patients had committed suicide. Sixteen subjects (27%) of those who were interviewed showed repeated suicidal behavior (repeaters) during the 1‐year follow‐up, and their psychiatric diagnoses at the index attempt were most commonly alcohol abuse and dysthymia (DSM‐III, Axis I). Compared with nonrepeaters, repeaters had more often made previous suicide attempts, their index attempt was less serious and they were more often in psychiatric treatment at index. At follow‐up, repeaters more often than nonrepeaters expressed the need for professional mental health support. Two‐thirds of the patients were in treatment at follow‐up. About half had remained in continuous treatment and most in psychiatric care for more than 1 year. Repeated self‐poisoning occurred despite ongoing treatment. In view of the fact that numerous suicide attempters obviously remain in treatment for several years, we suggest further development and evaluation of long‐term treatment strategies.
The dependence of the Price and Quotation Index of the Mexican Stock Exchange (IPC) with respect to the main Latin American stock market indices

The intensity and speed with which the effects of monetary and fiscal policy are transmitted from one financial market to another is of paramount importance to accurately calibrate the decisions of the responsible authorities. Similarly, the effects caused by unexpected shocks in a given market on the behavior of financial asset prices in other markets requires a better understanding of the nature of the response. However, the bulk of published studies on this subject have employed methodologies that assume a normal distribution of the yields and, for that reason, its results are questionable. Although in recent years robust non-normality methodologies have been used, there is still much work to be done. This article contributes to the study of the dependency between the indices of four Latin American stock exchanges (the CPI for Mexico, the IPSA for Chile, the IBOVESPA for Brazil, and the MERVAL for Argentina) through a Copula Analysis methodology. The main contribution of this study with respect to previous work is to obtain the level of dependence on the queues for the pairs of indices formed by the CPI of Mexico and each of the other three Latin American indices of the sample.
Hepatocellular carcinoma arising in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis

The incidence and significance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has not been previously evaluated in detail. We recently experienced a case of NASH with multicentric HCC in a female patient. At the age of 58 years, the patient was diagnosed with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus, treated by insulin therapy. The patient did not drink alcohol. She was negative for all serological markers of hepatitis B and C virus infection. Because of liver dysfunction, a needle biopsy was performed at the age of 62 years, and pathological findings, such as fatty change, Mallory's body, nuclear glycogen and pericellular fibrosis, suggested a diagnosis of NASH. Subsequently, four nodules were detected in the liver by imaging. Liver biopsies were performed from each nodule. One nodule was pathologically diagnosed as a pseudolymphoma, while three other nodules were moderately differentiated HCC (10 years after the diagnosis of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis), well‐differentiated HCC (11 years later) and dysplastic nodule (11 years later), suggesting multicentric occurrence of HCC. This case suggests that HCC could be a late complication of NASH.
[Establishing "fast-track"-colonic surgery in the clinical routine].

OBJECTIVE A multimodal perioperative concept ("fast-track"-surgery) may decrease the incidence of general complications following elective colonic resections, accelerate rehabilitation and shorten postoperative hospital stay. During the introduction of this new "clinical pathway" several obstacles have to be overcome. This manuscript describes a practical way to establish "fast-track"-colonic surgery in the clinical routine. MATERIAL AND METHODS After discussion of the many aspects of perioperative pathophysiology following abdominal surgery a "fast-track"-concept for colonic surgery was defined. Since 11.10. 2001 the "fast-track" concept was applied to all patients treated by one attending surgeon. Experience with establishing this concept in the clinical routine was analysed. RESULTS "Fast-track"-colonic surgery was established in close cooperation between surgeons, anesthesiologists and nurses. A written-down concept, the use of checklists and letters of information for patients, their relatives and general practicioners will simplify the introduction of the new perioperative treatment. Traditional practice (i. e. types of incisions, use of drainage, postoperative oral feeding) have to be modified. In 74 "fast-track"-colonic resections postoperative hospital stay was reduced to a median of 4 days, regardless of the way of access to the abominal cavity (laparoscopic or conventional). Postoperative morbidity was acceptable (local complications: 7 %; general complications: 7 %, but only 1 % without local complication). CONCLUSION Establishing "fast-track"-colonic surgery requires close cooperation between surgery, anestehsiology and nursing personal. Most important is a surgeon prepared to overcome traditional concepts of perioperative care.