Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A novel approach for countering application layer DDoS attacks

With the vast resource and techniques increasingly available to attackers, application layer DDoS (App-DDoS) attacks have become a serious threat to webserver. In order to deal with this kind of complex and varied attacks, a novel approach based on time series prediction model is proposed, which includes the following work: Firstly, App-DDoS attacks are divided into flooding attacks and asymmetric attacks, based on attack resource expenditure and attack strategy. Secondly, we put forward two time series detection models: multi-features information entropy predict model for flooding attacks and second-order Markov predict model for asymmetric attacks. Finally, experimental results show that the proposed methods have a significant advantage in the detection rate and false positive rate.
The Role of Islamic Finance and Banking for Kurdistan in the Next Decade

The Kurdistan Regional Government is recognized as a semiautonomous region in northern Iraq. Although Kurdistan is in the Middle East where the region hosts enormous conflicts and uncertainty, it is differentiated in terms of security, stability and democracy. Kurdistan is in the 51st place in oil production and 58th place in natural gas production however it is 9th place in oil-proved reserves and it is in 11th place in natural gas-proved reserves. These statistics put forth that Kurdistan region has a potential to show a great economic growth. Investment opportunities are going to diffuse in many different fields in the short and medium term. All these facts and expectations show that the banking system especially Islamic finance and banking due to the religious perspective of the Muslim community in Kurdistan is going to play a crucial role in the path of the development of the region like in the early stage of the other developing countries. This paper analyses the short history of Kurdistan’s financial system and Islamic banking, current situation, and tries to state challenges and opportunities of Islamic banking and finance in Kurdistan in near future. Since there are very few studies for Kurdistan region this paper will contribute to the literature and future studies.
Sensitivity analysis to improve the design process of an induction motor using MEC

Design of any system in particular electrical motors requires knowledge of all aspects of design, So Designing is a complex and unique process. Usually, after the initial design of electrical motors, modelling is integral part of designing. Due to acceptable accuracy and high speed, the Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (MEC) model used for modeling. Due to the high accuracy, finite element model (FEM) is appropriated to validation. In this paper, First modeling of 18.3 kW, 380 V, 3000 rpm induction motor based on magnetic equivalent circuit is done. Then by finite element model validation is performed. Next, Sensitivity analysis of important motor characteristics including torque, power factor and so on to the geometrical and electrical design variables is presented. For example simulations indicate that to have better torque and efficiency in motor should be changed number of turns, length and rotor tooth width.
Long‐latency stretch reflexes of two intrinsic muscles of the human hand analysed by cooling the arm.

1. The arm was cooled to examine the effect of slowing nervous conduction on the latency of various reflex responses of the abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscles. A reflex dependent upon slow afferents acting with a short central delay should be slowed by more than one of comparable initial latency, but dependent upon fast afferents acting with a long central delay. The F wave seen in the EMG on stimulating the ulnar nerve was used to assess the effect of cooling in slowing fast fibres. 2. Cooling showed that the prominent long‐latency excitation evoked on stretching one or other muscle by displacing the appropriate finger is medicated by fast afferent fibres. 3. Both fast cutaneous and group I muscles afferents were found to be capable of contributing to the long‐latency responses. The muscle afferent contribution was consistently dominant for slow 'stretches', while a cutaneous afferent contribution was sometimes recognizable for finger taps. 4. The distinction proved possible because the cutaneous afferents from the relevant finger run in the median nerve for FDI and the ulnar nerve for ADM. The cooling produced much greater slowing of conduction for the ulnar nerve. 5. The prior suggestion that spindle group II afferents are responsible for the major part of the long‐latency component of the human stretch reflex thus fails to stand; however, some contribution has not been finally excluded.
Oncogenic HrasG12V expression plus knockdown of Cdkn2a using ecotropic lentiviral vectors induces high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma

The uterine corpus represents the most common site for tumour development in the female genital system. Uterine neoplasms are categorised as epithelial, mesenchymal, mixed epithelial-mesenchymal or trophoblastic tumours. In this study we employed a mouse genetic approach using the MuLE lentiviral gene regulatory system to functionally test the ability of ecotropic lentiviruses to model epithelial and mesenchymal uterine malignancies ex vivo and in vivo. We discovered that MuLE lentiviruses efficiently infect uterine stromal cells but not endometrial epithelial cells when injected into the uterus of cycling, pseudopregnant or ovarectomized mice. Consistent with this cellular infection spectrum, we show that intra-uterine injection of ecotropic MuLE viruses expressing oncogenic HrasG12V together with knockdown of Cdkn2a induce high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas. These findings establish this approach as an efficient method of generating autochthonous mouse models of uterine sarcomas and in general for performing genetic manipulations of uterine stromal cells in vivo.
The Basic Social Process of Perceptive Familiarizing: Making a Difference with Scenario Assessment in Executive Education

Stakeholder data gathered during the pre-validation stage of an Executive MBA programme revealed a skill deficit from the perspective of both sponsoring employers and students. The omission is practitioner application and behavioural techniques expected in a corporate setting. This extended abstract summarises a solution to this problem. Relevant literature, of which a summary is provided, indicates support for the problem. A basic social process, a technique from classic grounded theory, is used to indicate a sense of progression in solving the problem and is conceptualised as perceptive familiarizing. Recommendations to develop scenario assessment with increased frequency conclude the extended abstract.
Australia: Reclaiming the Public University?

In a provocative article published in 'Minerva' in 2015, Halffman and Radder discuss the Kafkaesque worlds that academics in the Netherlands now find themselves in, as an underfunded university sector predates upon itself and its workforce (2015, p. 165-166). Their Academic Manifesto observes that Dutch tertiary institutions have become obsessively focused on ‘accountability’ and pursue neoliberal-style imperatives [forced upon them] of ‘efficiency and excellence’. They paint a portrait of academics under siege, untrusted, and constantly micro-managed. The pursuit of so-called efficiency has involved accountability systems that are themselves wasteful, driving seemingly endless institutional restructuring. Moreover, institutions have become obsessed with star-performers in research, driven by competitive targets that undergird global rankings. Metrics – publication outputs, journal quality, citations, impact and grant revenue – produce a culture of competition and sometimes, mercenary behaviours, on the part of academics and managers. While there may be beacons of light, they are heavily shielded in the article, which makes for depressing reading. Their provocation prompts two questions, to which we will try to respond through our own experiences and review of Australia's adoption of,and resistance to, higher education reform: 1.How does Australia compare? 2.What can Australian universities and their staff do?
A Watchdog extension scheme considering packet loss for a reputation system in wireless mesh network

Most trust and reputation systems in wireless mesh networks are based on the intrusion detection system (IDS) Watchdog. This IDS enables nodes to detect whether their next node on a path flow forwards correctly packets or not by overhearing its transmissions. However, as Watchdog does not consider the packet loss ratio, it can lead to false positives. Indeed, a node can accuse another node of misbehaving whereas in reality it suffers from link loss. In order to overcome this issue, we propose an extension scheme to the Watchdog IDS which enables a node to determine whether it does not overhear its next node due to packet loss issue or due to misbehavior. To reach this goal, we assume that malicious nodes drop both acknowledgements and forwarded packets with different frequencies. Thus, our scheme compares the distribution of a node's acknowledgment with its distribution of forwarded packets of data to detect misbehaving nodes. Furthermore, we extend our scheme so that it enables a node to monitor both its next node and its previous node on a flow path.
Is early treatment of anaemia with epoetin-alpha beneficial to pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients? Results of a multicentre, open-label, prospective, randomized, comparative group trial.

BACKGROUND This multicentre, open-label prospective, randomized, comparative-group study evaluated the effects of maintaining haemoglobin (Hb) in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. METHODS A total of 197 patients were randomized to start subcutaneous epoetin-alpha (SC-EPO; EPREX; 1000 U twice weekly) at an early stage of anaemia to maintain Hb at 11.0 +/- 1.0 g/dl (group A, n = 65), or to allow Hb to fall to < or =9.0 g/dl before starting SC-EPO (group B, n = 132) (2000 U three times weekly); and subsequently maintaining Hb at 11.0 +/- 1.0 g/dl. RESULTS Of 132 patients randomized to group B, 55 progressed to treatment (-trigger). The study was prematurely terminated due to contraindication of the subcutaneous administration route. Mean weekly EPO doses at 1 year were 1471 U for group A; 820 U for group B; final doses were 2281 U for group A; 2099 U for group B. There was no significant difference between groups A and B with regard to left ventricular mass (-12.5 vs -9.7%; P = 0.82). In groups A and B, 48% and 52%, respectively, terminated the study because of dialysis/death, after a median of 36.3 and 27.3 months, respectively. CONCLUSION Early intervention to correct anaemia in CKD patients did not have a significant impact on LVM, the primary efficacy variable. Time to dialysis/death was not significantly different between groups A and B.
Understanding Euro Area Inflation Dynamics: Why so Low for so Long?

Despite closing output gaps and tightening labor markets, inflation has remained low inthe euro area. Based on an augmented Phillips Curve framework, we find that thisphenomenon-sometimes attributed to low global inflation-has been primarily causedby a remarkable persistence of inflation, keeping it low despite the reduction in slack. Thisfeature is shown to be specific to the euro area (in comparison with the United States). Monetary policy needs to stay accommodative to help guide inflation back to target.
Functional and Structural Relevance of Conserved Positively Charged Lysine Residues in Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B3

The human organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3), located in the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes, mediates the uptake of endogenous substrates such as taurocholate and drugs from blood into hepatocytes. The transport activity of OATP1B3 is influenced by positively charged amino acids, which are facing the central pore. Molecular modeling was performed to select conserved positively charged amino acids, which may influence transport activity and anchoring of OATP1B3 in the plasma membrane. The modeling revealed that Lys361 faces the pore, and Lys399 is oriented to the plasma membrane. Therefore, the mutants L361>A, L361>R, L399>A, and L399>R were generated using site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the impact of the positive charges on transport activity and anchoring in the membrane. Transport kinetic analyses for the substrates sulfobromophthalein and taurocholate showed a loss of function for the L361>A mutant, whereas the transport activity was maintained by the L361>R mutant, indicating that the positive charge at position 361 is important for transport activity of OATP1B3. Comparative modeling with OATP1A2 and OATP2B1 revealed that the pore size around this lysine residue is larger in OATP1A2 and smaller in OATP2B1 compared with OATP1B3, which could be related to the respective substrate spectra. Cell surface expression of L399>A and L399>R was decreased to 16 and 72% compared with wild-type OATP1B3 (p < 0.001), respectively, indicating that the positive charge of lysine at position 399 is necessary for an unimpaired cell surface expression. Furthermore, we provide a summary of amino acids, which influence the transport activity of OATP1B3.
X Chromosome Evolution in Cetartiodactyla

The phenomenon of a remarkable conservation of the X chromosome in eutherian mammals has been first described by Susumu Ohno in 1964. A notable exception is the cetartiodactyl X chromosome, which varies widely in morphology and G-banding pattern between species. It is hypothesized that this sex chromosome has undergone multiple rearrangements that changed the centromere position and the order of syntenic segments over the last 80 million years of Cetartiodactyla speciation. To investigate its evolution we have selected 26 evolutionarily conserved bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones from the cattle CHORI-240 library evenly distributed along the cattle X chromosome. High-resolution BAC maps of the X chromosome on a representative range of cetartiodactyl species from different branches: pig (Suidae), alpaca (Camelidae), gray whale (Cetacea), hippopotamus (Hippopotamidae), Java mouse-deer (Tragulidae), pronghorn (Antilocapridae), Siberian musk deer (Moschidae), and giraffe (Giraffidae) were obtained by fluorescent in situ hybridization. To trace the X chromosome evolution during fast radiation in specious families, we performed mapping in several cervids (moose, Siberian roe deer, fallow deer, and Pere David’s deer) and bovid (muskox, goat, sheep, sable antelope, and cattle) species. We have identified three major conserved synteny blocks and rearrangements in different cetartiodactyl lineages and found that the recently described phenomenon of the evolutionary new centromere emergence has taken place in the X chromosome evolution of Cetartiodactyla at least five times. We propose the structure of the putative ancestral cetartiodactyl X chromosome by reconstructing the order of syntenic segments and centromere position for key groups.
A biomechanical analysis of internal fixation of complex tibial plateau fractures.

OBJECTIVE To compare the mechanical stability of fixation of an unstable bicondylar tibial plateau fracture with several different fixation techniques in a cadaveric model. DESIGN Randomized laboratory investigation using a simulated bicondylar tibial plateau fracture with metaphyseal-diaphyseal dissociation. SETTING Complex tibial plateau fractures were instrumented and tested under ramp and cyclic loading conditions on a servohydraulic materials testing machine. INTERVENTION Each tibia was instrumented sequentially with a lateral buttress plate, a lateral and a medial buttress plate, and a lateral buttress and an anteromedial antiglide plate for ramp load testing. For cyclic testing, one of the three constructs was used on each specimen. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Vertical subsidence of the medial tibial plateau was measured in both ramp and cyclic loading in order to evaluate the three internal fixation techniques. RESULTS No significant difference was measurable between the dual buttress construct and the lateral buttress/anteromedial antiglide construct. However, the lateral buttress plate alone provided significantly less stability. CONCLUSIONS A lateral buttress plate with an anteromedial antiglide plate may provide equally effective fixation as compared with the dual buttress plating technique in complex tibial plateau fractures. This less invasive technique may also be associated with fewer complications due to the lack of soft tissue stripping that is required for its application.
Large-scale WiFi indoor localization via extreme learning machine

Due to the widespread deployment and low cost, WiFi has become one of the most attractive research fields in indoor environments, for example, almost every smart mobile device can be a WiFi signal receiver and transmitter. Various WiFi based indoor localization approaches have been proposed under different circumstances. However, most of them are only suitable for relatively small indoor environments, and when we implement these approaches to large-scale environments, they may encounter the scalability problem due to the huge received signal strength (RSS) database, and also suffer from time-consuming, poor accuracy, etc. In order to tackle these issues, we propose a modified indoor localization scheme for large-scale area by utilizing extreme learning machine (ELM) and K-means clustering. The whole localization process involves two phases, i.e., the offline phase and the online phase. During the offline phase, we firstly divide the monitoring area into some smaller parts by K-means clustering, and then an ELM classifier will be trained for identifying the divided parts, after that ELMs for every divided part will be trained using the collected received signal strength (RSS) values. In the online phase, the attribution of the localization point is firstly judged by the ELM classifier, and then the localization of the target will be estimated through the corresponding ELM. The performance of the proposed approach is verified in both small indoor area, and larger-scale more complicated indoor area. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can obtain better localization accuracy than existing schemes.
PD-L1 is induced in hepatocytes by viral infection and by interferon-alpha and -gamma and mediates T cell apoptosis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS B7-H1 (PD-L1) is a B7-family member that binds to programmed death-1 (PD-1). Recently, deficiency of PD-L1 has been demonstrated to result in accelerated hepatocyte damage in experimental autoimmune hepatitis, and PD-L1 was suggested to play a critical role in regulating T cell homeostasis. Absence of PD-1 enhanced proliferation of T cells in adenovirus-infected livers and resulted in a rapid clearance of the virus. Here, we aimed to get more insight into hepatic PD-L1 expression, regulation and function. METHODS PD-L1 expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR and FACS-analysis in primary human liver cells and hepatoma cells. Furthermore, coculture experiments with primary human T cells or Jurkat T cells were established. RESULTS In addition to nonparenchymal liver cells, also hepatocytes constitutively expressed low levels of PD-L1. PD-L1 expression in hepatocytes was strongly enhanced by activated T cells and viral infection, and markedly augmented by further stimulation with type I or type II interferons. Moreover, PD-L1 expression on hepatocytes induced apoptosis in T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a novel bidirectional interaction between hepatocytes and lymphocytes modulated by PD-L1 expression in hepatocytes, which may contribute to the unique immunological properties of the liver.
Posttranscriptional control of the competence factor βFTZ-F1 by juvenile hormone in the mosquito Aedes aegypti

In anautogenous mosquitoes, vitellogenesis, which includes production of yolk protein precursors, requires blood feeding. Consequently, mosquitoes transmit many diseases. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of vitellogenesis regulation will contribute significantly to vector control strategies. Newly emerged Aedes aegypti females require 3 days before becoming competent to activate vitellogenesis in response to a blood-meal-initiated, elevated titer of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). An orphan nuclear receptor gene βFTZ-F1 is transcribed in the fat body of newly emerged mosquito females; however, the βFTZ-F1 protein is only found 3 days later. Dramatically increased titer of the juvenile hormone III (JH III) is essential for the acquisition of 20E competence. In vitro fat body culture experiments have shown that βFTZ-F1 protein appears after exposure to JH III. Injection of double-stranded RNA complementary to βFTZ-F1 into newly emerged females attenuated expression of the early genes EcR-B, E74B, and E75A and the target YPP gene Vg, in response to a blood meal. Thus, βFTZ-F1 is indeed the factor defining the acquisition of competence to 20E in the mosquito fat body. Moreover, this is achieved through JH III-mediated posttranscriptional control of βFTZ-F1.
Inflation Targeting and the Anchoring of Inflation Expectations in the CEE Countries

This paper studies the time evolution in the degree and level of anchoring of inflation expectations in four Central and Eastern European inflation targeting countries. The results suggest that the degree of anchoring of inflation expectations increased gradually in all countries over the last decade, while the level of implied inflation targets moved towards the official target. The extent of anchoring increased more strongly in the first years following the IT adoption and more gradually over the later period. We also find that smooth changes of the official target had a positive impact on anchoring. Key words: Inflation targeting, Monetary policy, Credibility, Time-varying parameter VAR, Mixture innovation model.JEL: E52, E58. U radu se istražuje vremenska evolucija stepena i nivoa suzbijanja inflacionih ocekivanja u cetiri zemlje centralne i istocne Evrope. Rezultati ukazuju na to da se stepen suzbijanja inflacionih ocekivanja povecao postepeno u svim zemljama u poslednjih deset godina, dok je podrazumevana inflacija kretala prema zvanicnom cilju. Obim suzbijanja se snažnije povecao u prvim godinama nakon usvajanja IT-a i postepeno u kasnijem periodu. Takođe smo zakljucili da su postepene promene zvanicnog cilja pozitivno uticale na suzbijanje. Kljucne reci: ciljana inflacije, monetarna politika, kredibilitet, vremenski promenljivi parametar VAR, mesoviti model inovacija.