Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photoinhibition and photoprotection in symbiotic dinoflagellates from reef-building corals

Pulse-amplitude-modulation fluorometry and oxygen respirometry were used to investigate diel photosynthetic responses by symbiotic dinoflagellates to light levels in summer and winter on a high latitude coral reef. The symbiotic dinoflagellates from 2 species of reef-building coral (Porites cylindrica and Stylophora pistillata) showed photoinhibitory decreases in the ratio of variable (F-v) to maximal (F-m) fluorescence (F-v/F-m) as early as 09:00 h on both summer and winter days on the reefs associated with One Tree Island (23 degrees 30' S, 152 degrees 06' E; Great Barrier Reef, Australia). This was due to decreases in maximum, F-m, and to a smaller extent minimum, F-0, chlorophyll fluorescence. Complete recovery took 4 to 6 h and began to occur as soon as light levels fell each day. Chlorophyll fluorescence quenching analysis of corals measured during the early afternoon revealed classic regulation of photosystem II (PSII) efficiency through non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). These results appear to be similar to data collected for other algae and higher plants, suggesting involvement of the xanthophyll cycle of symbiotic dinoflagellates in regulating the quantum efficiency of PSII. The ability of symbiotic dinoflagellates to develop significant NPQ, however, depended strongly on when the symbiotic dinoflagellates were studied. Whereas symbiotic dinoflagellates from corals in the early afternoon showed a significant capacity to regulate the efficiency of PSII using NPQ, those sampled before sunrise had a slower and much reduced capacity, suggesting that elements of the xanthophyll cycle are suppressed prior to sunrise. A second major finding of this study is that the quantum efficiency of PSII in symbiotic dinoflagellates is strongly diurnal, and is as much as 50% lower just prior to sunrise than later in the day. When combined with oxygen flux data, these results indicate that a greater portion of the electron transport occurring later in the day is likely to be due to the increases in the rate of carbon fixation by Rubisco or to higher flutes through the Mehler-Ascorbate-Peroxidase (MAP) cycle.
Dispersal in a hurry: Bayesian learning from surveillance to establish area freedom from plant pests with early dispersal

Declaration of area freedom from plant pests is crucial for the agricultural sector, since it promotes continuing domestic and international trade of crops at risk from exotic pests. Freedom from plant pests may also enhance environmental health, with indirect effects on agricultural productivity. Every year, several new exotic plant pest species are reported for the first time. In the face of this continual pressure and growing globalization, resources to undertake surveillance are limited. Design of surveillance is critical for determining how to allocate these limited resources. Designs for surveillance that help assess area freedom have focused on the colonization process, captured by a prevalence model that does not accommodate dispersal. In this paper, we extend these designs to accommodate early dispersal from a few colonization points. This provides a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of surveillance over multiple sampling occasions. To achieve this we harness a Bayesian statistical framework. Although there are some computational overheads, this provides several benefits: (i) an intuitive hierarchical structure that helps separate then link modelling components; (ii) the facility to incorporate expert knowledge; and (iii) inference that directly addresses the questions of farmers and biosecurity managers, in a way that the range of plausible outcomes is provided together with point estimates. Finally the Bayesian framework facilitates a natural cycle of learrning, that readily incorporates new information - from surveillance snapshots - as it becomes available. Firstly, we harness the natural hierarchical structure of the Bayesian statistical framework to separate the model—for the spatio-temporal dynamics of dispersal underlying prevalence—from the model for detection, which depends on prevalence. Secondly, expert knowledge on both point estimates and variability can be explicitly incorporated as Bayesian prior distributions, and in each phase, these priors are updated into new posteriors as more surveillance data becomes available. This is important since much of the data informing design of surveillance for exotic plant pests relies heavily on expert judgment, especially during the early phases of plant biosecurity—when establishing area freedom. Thirdly, the Bayesian posterior approach used here automatically answers the question of If we detect nothing, how many infested plants could we have missed? This approach provides a ready mechanism for including information about dispersal on the infested plants (both missed and detected). Finally, the Bayesian framework facilitates an adaptive cycle of learning. We can apply Bayesian inference to analyze the first surveillance snapshot and learn about prevalence and detectability parameters. Then Bayesian predictions can be used to progress the pest status before analysis of the next snapshot. This flexibly provides a basis for incorporating new knowledge as it is obtained.
A new model of field‐aligned currents derived from high‐precision satellite magnetic field data

A model of field‐aligned currents is derived from high‐precision magnetic field measurements from the Ørsted and Magsat satellites, being parameterized by the interplanetary magnetic field strength and direction for summer, winter and equinox. The high‐precision data allow the model to be determined directly by a simple 2‐D curl technique combined with fitting of spherical harmonic functions. New elements of the model are: (a) the FAC patterns are determined separately for both polar regions, resolving the seasonal dependence of interhemispheric asymmetries, (b) the IMF ∼ 0, ground‐state patterns are also resolved; these elements are obtained for the first time. From the model, the total upward/downward currents have been determined for various IMF conditions. The ratio of the summer/winter currents is ∼1.35 and the equinox currents ∼1. The model allows FAC mapping for IMF |B| ≤ 12 nT, except during magnetic storms and substorms.
N2O production and consumption from stable isotopic and concentration data in the Peruvian coastal upwelling system

The ocean is an important source of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere, yet the factors controlling N2O production and consumption in oceanic environments are still not understood nor constrained. We measured N2O concentrations and isotopomer ratios, as well as O2, nutrient and biogenic N2 concentrations, and the isotopic compositions of nitrate and nitrite at several coastal stations during two cruises off the Peru coast (~5–16°S, 75–81°W) in December 2012 and January 2013. N2O concentrations varied from below equilibrium values in the oxygen deficient zone (ODZ) to up to 190 nmol L−1 in surface waters. We used a 3‐D‐reaction‐advection‐diffusion model to evaluate the rates and modes of N2O production in oxic waters and rates of N2O consumption versus production by denitrification in the ODZ. Intramolecular site preference in N2O isotopomer was relatively low in surface waters (generally −3 to 14‰) and together with modeling results, confirmed the dominance of nitrifier‐denitrification or incomplete denitrifier‐denitrification, corresponding to an efflux of up to 0.6 Tg N yr−1 off the Peru coast. Other evidence, e.g., the absence of a relationship between ΔN2O and apparent O2 utilization and significant relationships between nitrate, a substrate during denitrification, and N2O isotopes, suggest that N2O production by incomplete denitrification or nitrifier‐denitrification decoupled from aerobic organic matter remineralization are likely pathways for extreme N2O accumulation in newly upwelled surface waters. We observed imbalances between N2O production and consumption in the ODZ, with the modeled proportion of N2O consumption relative to production generally increasing with biogenic N2. However, N2O production appeared to occur even where there was high N loss at the shallowest stations.
Bio-archaeometallurgy, Technology, and Spatial Organization of Ironworking at Mjimwema, Njombe Tanzania

Amongst the features of ironworking of sub-Saharan Africa can be counted: (1) the critical incorporation of rituals, symbolism, and medicines; (2) that some societies produced bloomery iron through two stages - namely, iron smelting and smithing - while others, employed a three-stage process where an iron refining process was situated between the former two stages; (3) that while iron smelting activities were generally secluded from the general population, iron refining and smithing were more often carried out in or near villages. The purpose of the current work is to examine the available archaeometallurgical remains of ironworking in order to investigate how the Mjimwema ironworking technology in Tanzania relates to these three features of the African ironworking process. To this end, methods including macroscopic examination of the remains, ethno-historical exploration of the process, and botanical classification of the bio-archaeometallurgical samples have been used. The results indicate that the ironworking at Mjimwema followed the two-stage process, and that the ironworking process symbolised the process of pregnancy and child-birth. With regard to the latter finding, it is argued that in order to fully understand the justification of the incorporation of rituals and medicines in the technology, we ought to give equal research attention to the socio-cultural contexts within which the technology operated. It is also argued that the same socio-cultural conditions explain the seclusion of both smelting and smithing activities from residential areas.
How Do Local Labor Markets Affect Retirement?

Compared with prime-age workers, older workers face an easier path out of the labor force if they lose their jobs during a recession. However, premature job exits or earnings losses in the years leading up to retirement may be particularly devastating to retirement savings. The authors analyze the impact of recent business cycles on retirement using multifaceted job transitions of older workers. They focus on local labor markets because older workers are particularly unlikely to move for work. Surprisingly, the biggest effect of a higher local unemployment rate on older workers is to raise the propensity to stay in one? s current job. Older workers have fewer voluntary transitions to new jobs when the unemployment rate rises, but they especially have fewer voluntary transitions out of the labor force. Thus, the direct effect of job loss in inducing earlier retirement during recessions is outweighed by retirement delays among those with jobs.
Comparative Analysis of the Exchange Market Pressure in Central European Countries with the Eurozone Membership Perspective

This paper estimates the exchange market pressure (EMP) in four Central European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia) during the period 1993-2006. Therefore, it is one of very few studies focused on this region and the very first paper applying concurrently model-dependent as well as model-independent approach to the EMP estimation on these countries. The results obtained suggest that the approaches are not compatible and lead to absolutely inconsistent findings. They often differ in both identification of principal development trends and estimated magnitude and direction of the pressure. Therefore, any general conclusion on those issues is hard to draw. The paper provides evidence that a shift in the exchange rate regime towards the quasi-fixed ERM II should not lead to increasing EMP. However, it is highly probable that some episodes of the excessive EMP will make the fulfillment of the exchange rate stability criterion more difficult in all countries analyzed unless the criterion will have eased.
ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AND MARKET ORIENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( MSMEs)

The aim of the study to determine the effect of entrepreneurial Orientation and market orientation of small micro and medium enterprises (MSMEs) manufacturers exporters in the area of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi (Jabodetabek). The three variables analyzed in this study are: entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation, and unit performance MSMEs. The result of linear regression and correlation show that the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation variables and market orientation on MSMEs performance is positive and significant. The results of path analysis, show that the strength of the effect of partial orientation MSMEs entrepreneurs against the unit's performance was positive by 19%. The partial effect of market orientation on performance is positive for MSMEs. The strength of the influence of these two variables, entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation jointly (simultaneously) on the performance of SMEs is 51.9%, equal to the value of the coefficient of determination. The magnitude level of influence of entrepreneurial orientation directly to the performance of MSMEs is 19%, if coupled with the relationship with market orientation will increased to 29.4%. The magnitude effect of market orientation directly to the performance of MSMEs is 11.7% and the influence through entrepreneurial orientation is 22.3%.
Effects of phytogenic products on gut morpho-histology of broiler chickens

The objective of this experimental survey is to distinguish the effect of phytogenic products (Volarom®) as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) on the gut morpho-histology of broilers chickens, reared under optimal environmental conditions. Undred 1-day- Cobb strain chick males were divided into 2 groups (control and experimental). The broiler chickens received the following feed: control group: basic feed, experimental group: basic feed + 50 ml of phytogenic complex / 50 chicks in water for 42 days.
Transport of dust particles from the Bodélé region to the monsoon layer – AMMA case study of the 9–14 June 2006 period

Aerosol properties were measured during an airborne campaign experiment that took place in June 2006 in West Africa within the framework of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA). The goal of the present study was to determine the process that facilitates the sedimentation of dust particles from the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) to the boundary layer. A significant change in the dust particle concentration measured along the meridian between Niamey (Niger) and Cotonou (Benin) was found in the boundary layer (~700 m), where the dust particle concentration increased in a zone where local emission is not possible. Moreover, the boundary layer top observed with the dropsondes launched with the F-F20 shows a strong relationship with the surface cover anomalies, with higher Boundary Layer (BL) tops over the warmer surfaces, such as croplands, as opposed to adjacent forest. A mesoscale atmospheric model with a new on-line dust parameterization, resulting from the Alfaro and Gomes (2001) parametrisation and AMMA observations, was used to interpret the impact of vegetation anomalies on dust particle sedimentation. The results of the simulation are consistent with the observations, with higher dust over the warm surface cover anomalies.
Oscillation criteria for second-order half-linear dynamic equations on time scales

In this paper, some oscillation criteria are established for second-order half-linear dynamic equations on time scales. The results obtained essentially improve and extend those of Agarwal et al. [R. P. Agarwal, D. O’Regan, S. H. Saker, Philostype oscillation criteria for second-order half linear dynamic equations, Rocky Mountain J. Math. 37 (2007) 1085–1104], Saker [S. H. Saker, Oscillation criteria of second order halflinear dynamic equations on time scales, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 177 (2005) 375–387], Hassan [T. S. Hassan, Oscillation criteria for half-linear dynamic equations on time scales, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 345 (2008) 176–185]. Some examples are given to illustrate the main results.
A Perversion-Resistant Routing For Video Delay In Wireless Networks

From the user perspective, reducing the amount of video distortion is crucial. Popular link-quality-based routing metrics don't take into account dependence over the links of the path consequently, they are able to cause video flows to converge onto a couple of pathways and, thus, cause high video distortion. Traditional routing metrics created for wireless systems are application-agnostic. Within this paper, we think about a wireless network in which the application flows contain video traffic. Particularly, the various amounts of encoding make reference to, either information encoded individually, within the situation of I-frames, or encoding in accordance with the data encoded within other frames, out of the box the situation for P- and B-frames. We discover via simulations and test bed experiments our protocol is efficient in lessening video distortion and minimizing the consumer experience degradation. To take into account the evolution from the video frame loss process, we construct an analytical framework to, first, understand and, second, measure the impact from the wireless network on video distortion. Because of the complexity from the optimization problem, an inherited-formula-based heuristic approach can be used to compute the routes. Our approach differs not just in route we model video distortion, but additionally on the truth that we concentrate on LC that is popular in programs today. The framework enables us to formulate a routing insurance policy for minimizing distortion, according to which we design a protocol for routing video traffic.
Hotel Uniform Proposal for Jeju I

The purpose of this research is to propose employee uniforms for tourist hotels on Jeju Island, such uniforms that embrace Jeju's unique culture and promote the tourism of Jeju Island. It has been suggested that there exists a need for hotel employee uniforms to attract more tourist attention and boost Jeju's tourism industry. We designed the uniform after analyzing the empirical data collected from academia thesis, periodicals, papers and pictures from internet search, and fashion industry magazines. The uniform analysis and production procedures are as follows: (1) precedent research case review (2) current (existing) uniform status survey (3) latest fashion trend analysis (2010 - 2014) (4) creating the uniform implementing the trend-based design with Gal Cheon, Jeju's cultural product material. We found tipping points of the design through literature and trend analysis; we developed appropriate uniforms accordingly that are harmonious with Jeju's unique identity. We received great evaluations on the appearance and comfort as well. A new concept of uni- form featuring Gal Cheon has been proposed. It is expected that the uniforms will promote the brand image of Jeju as an international freedom city and its culture.
Knowledge Sharing Enhances Knowledge Management Environment and Efficiency

At present the organizations of the world are moving towards an efficient knowledge based development environment. Knowledge sharing is an important tool that turns individual knowledge into group organizational knowledge. Knowledge sharing among employees is a procedure which passes skills and qualifications from one person to another to solve problems, develop new ideas, or implement policies or procedures. Future success of an organization depends on effective knowledge sharing. In this study a survey is conducted among 163 employees in different organizations on knowledge sharing. Data are collected on questionnaire survey on ‘Likert five point scale’ to measure the observed variables. Factor analysis and structure equation model are developed from collected data by SPSS 20 and AMOS 21. Research shows that knowledge sharing increases the knowledge management practice environment and efficiency of the organization. An attempt has been taken here to show that knowledge sharing increases knowledge management practice.
Determinants of self-reported sleep quality in healthy sleepers and patients

Abstract A clear clarification of which objective variables are predictive of the subjective sleep experience, and furthermore, which variables of the subjective sleep variables are an adequate representation of the sleep quality score are missing. This may lead to people not identifying possible sleep problems or to people who feel misunderstood when the problem is not objectively observed. Data from the SIESTA database were used, which consists of two consecutive nights of polysomnography and includes subjective data of 156 healthy persons and 95 patients (age range 20–95). Among other things, the strongest significant correlations were found when the difference between nights was taken, for instance, between the subscore “Sleep Quality” of the Subjective sleep and awakening questionnaire (SSA-1) and total sleep time (r = .423, p < .001). For the mental disorder group, stronger correlations were observed between the absolute sleep measurements of night 1 and SSA-1 (wake time after sleep onset: r = .732, p < .001). The subscore “Sleep Quality” was sufficient as a representative for the subjective sleep quality score. Our findings indicate that intra-individual variability plays a role and to enhance the insight more nights are needed when investigating the association between subjective sleep quality and objective sleep measurements.
Angular Softmax Loss for End-to-end Speaker Verification

End-to-end speaker verification systems have received increasing interests. The traditional i-vector approach trains a generative model (basically a factor-analysis model) to extract i-vectors as speaker embeddings. In contrast, the end-to-end approach directly trains a discriminative model (often a neural network) to learn discriminative speaker embeddings; a crucial component is the training criterion. In this paper, we use angular softmax (A-softmax), which is originally proposed for face verification, as the loss function for feature learning in end-to-end speaker verification. By introducing margins between classes into softmax loss, A-softmax can learn more discriminative features than softmax loss and triplet loss, and at the same time, is easy and stable for usage. We make two contributions in this work. 1) We introduce A-softmax loss into end-to-end speaker verification and achieve significant EER reductions. 2) We find that the combination of using A-softmax in training the front-end and using PLDA in the back-end scoring further boosts the performance of end-to-end systems under short utterance condition (short in both enrollment and test). Experiments are conducted on part of Fisher dataset and demonstrate the improvements of using A-softmax.
Developing the innovative engagement scale (IES): An instrument for the study of interactive engagement

This paper summarizes the development of the Innovative Engagement Scale (IES; TUES Type 1 DUE 1245018). The IES is an assessment instrument designed for researchers to gather evidence for how innovative instructional strategies impact student interactive engagement and classroom innovation. The instrument contains open ended and Likert scale items organized into five subsections that can be used to gather evidence for three constructs: a) innovative instructional strategies, b) interactive engagement, and c) student innovation. The items are designed to be administered online. The instrument was developed and tested over the course of three data collections (N = 1365) in post-secondary energy science engineering courses. Reliability and validity evidence as well key findings from analysis of student responses to the instrument are summarized. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1245018.