Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Spurious Lateral Modes and Undesired Coupling Modes in Frame-Like FBARs by 2-D Theory

Thin-film bulk acoustic wave resonators (FBARs) are of significant interest for wireless applications due to their good performance. To achieve excellent characteristics, the frame-like FBARs were previously invented by researchers in this field to suppress the resonances of spurious lateral modes (or spurious modes). Another aspect that has an impact on the working performance of FBAR is the undesired coupling modes, which were rarely studied due to the lack of proper theoretical tools. In this article, we thoroughly investigate the coupling modes and spurious modes in frame-like FBARs by 2-D theory, which was already derived in our previous work. The widely used state-vector approach is applied here and both free and forced vibration problems are analyzed. Frequency spectra and mode shapes obtained from free vibration analysis show the coupling vibration characteristics in this structure. Moreover, the admittance resonance obtained from the forced vibration analysis shows the efficiency of the designed structure on the suppression of both undesired coupling and spurious modes. Results in this article provide a thorough understanding of the vibration in frame-like FBAR, and the method presented can work as an effective tool in engineering design process.
Quantitative Analysis of Piezoresistive Characteristic Based on a P-type 4H-SiC Epitaxial Layer

In this work, the piezoresistive properties of heavily doped p-type 4H-SiC at room temperature were investigated innovatively. It was verified by a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) that the crystal quality of the epitaxial layer was good. The doping concentration and thickness of the epitaxial layer were measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to be ~1.12 × 1019 cm−3 and ~1.1 µm, respectively. The 4H-SiC cantilever beam along [11−00] crystal orientation was fabricated, and the fixed end of the cantilever beam was integrated with longitudinal and transverse p-type 4H-SiC piezoresistors. A good ohmic contact was formed between Ni/Ti/Al/Au and a p-type 4H-SiC piezoresistor under nitrogen environment annealing at 1050 °C for 5 min. The free end of the cantilever beam was forced to cause strain on the p-type 4H-SiC piezoresistor, and then the resistances were measured by a high precision multimeter. The experimental results illustrated that longitudinal and transverse gauge factors (GFs) of the p-type 4H-SiC piezoresistors were 26.7 and −21.5, respectively, within the strain range of 0–336µε. In order to further verify the electro-mechanical coupling effect of p-type 4H-SiC, the piezoresistors on the beam were connected to the Wheatstone full-bridge circuit and the output changes were observed under cyclic loading of 0–0.5 N. The measuring results revealed that the transducer based on the 4H-SiC piezoresistive effect exhibited good linearity and hysteresis, which confirmed that p-type 4H-SiC has the potential for pressure or acceleration sensing applications.
Inter-Patient ECG Classification With Symbolic Representations and Multi-Perspective Convolutional Neural Networks

This paper presents a novel deep learning framework for the inter-patient electrocardiogram (ECG) heartbeat classification. A symbolization approach especially designed for ECG is introduced, which can jointly represent the morphology and rhythm of the heartbeat and alleviate the influence of inter-patient variation through baseline correction. The symbolic representation of the heartbeat is used by a multi-perspective convolutional neural network (MPCNN) to learn features automatically and classify the heartbeat. We evaluate our method for the detection of the supraventricular ectopic beat (SVEB) and ventricular ectopic beat (VEB) on MIT-BIH arrhythmia dataset. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods based on manual features or deep learning models, our method shows superior performance: the overall accuracy of 96.4%, F1 scores for SVEB and VEB of 76.6% and 89.7%, respectively. The ablation study on our method validates the effectiveness of the proposed symbolization approach and joint representation architecture, which can help the deep learning model to learn more general features and improve the ability of generalization for unseen patients. Because our method achieves a competitive inter-patient heartbeat classification performance without complex handcrafted features or the intervention of the human expert, it can also be adjusted to handle various other tasks relative to ECG classification.
Impact of Interleukin-27p28 on T and B Cell Responses during Toxoplasmosis

Interleukin-27 (IL-27) is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of the subunits IL-27p28 and EBi3, and while the IL-27 heterodimer influences T cell activities, there is evidence that IL-27p28 can have EBi3-independent activities; however, their relevance to infection is unclear. Therefore, the studies presented here compared how IL-27p28 transgenics and IL-27p28−/− mice responded to the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. ABSTRACT Interleukin-27 (IL-27) is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of the subunits IL-27p28 and EBi3, and while the IL-27 heterodimer influences T cell activities, there is evidence that IL-27p28 can have EBi3-independent activities; however, their relevance to infection is unclear. Therefore, the studies presented here compared how IL-27p28 transgenics and IL-27p28−/− mice responded to the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. While the loss of IL-27p28 and its overexpression both result in increased susceptibility to T. gondii, the basis for this phenotype reveals distinct roles for IL-27p28. As a component of IL-27, IL-27p28 is critical to limit infection-induced T cell-mediated pathology, whereas the ectopic expression of IL-27p28 reduced the effector T cell population and had a major inhibitory effect on parasite-specific antibody titers and a failure to control parasite replication in the central nervous system. Indeed, transfer of immune serum to infected IL-27p28 transgenics resulted in reduced parasite burden and pathology. Thus, IL-27p28, independent of its role as a component of IL-27, can act as a negative regulator of humoral and cellular responses during toxoplasmosis.
Community Violence in Early Adolescence: Assessing Coping Strategies for Reducing Delinquency and Aggression

ABSTRACT Objective: Exposure to community violence has disabling effects on the mental health of youth in the US, especially for African American adolescents from underserved, urban communities, fostering increased externalizing problems. The current study assessed the utility of problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant coping strategies for reducing aggression and delinquency amidst this uncontrollable stress. It was hypothesized that greater use of avoidant strategies would most consistently reduce externalizing behaviors over time, with these effects being stronger for boys than girls. Method: Following confirmatory factor analyses, longitudinal moderated moderation analyses were conducted with a sample of 263 Black students from low-income, urban areas (60% female, M = 11.65 years), who completed surveys in sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. Results: For sixth grade boys who witnessed violence, using more problem-focused strategies increased delinquency in eighth grade, whereas less use of problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant coping increased eighth grade delinquency for girls with both indirect and direct violence exposure. Girls showed a similar pattern for aggression in seventh and eighth grade. Problem-focused coping was endorsed most frequently overall by boys and girls. Violence exposure was associated with greater use of avoidant strategies in sixth grade. Conclusions: These results suggest that using fewer coping strategies was detrimental for girls, while boys may require more resources to support their coping efforts. This research enhances understanding of how boys and girls adaptively cope with community violence differently, while addressing concerns with conceptualizing categories of coping to inform clinicians in these communities.
Self-Modulation of Premotor Cortex Interhemispheric Connectivity in a Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback Study Using an Adaptive Approach

Recent studies have reported on the feasibility of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) training. Although modulation of BOLD signal of single brain regions in rtfMRI-nf is a well established technique, the same does not hold true for modulation of connectivity. Self-modulation of interregional connectivity is a potential alternative in clinical neuroscience applications, since long-range functional dysconnectivity is being increasingly recognized as a mechanism underlying neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study, a framework was designed to train participants to self-regulate, in real time, interhemispheric functional connectivity between bilateral premotor cortices. To this end, participants use a novel adaptive motor imagery task, with gradual frequency variation preventing activity plateaus and subsequent decreases in correlation of activity (3 NF runs). Participants were able to upregulate and maintain interhemispheric connectivity using such adaptive approach, as measured by correlation analysis. Modulation was achieved by simultaneous volitional control of activity in premotor areas. Activation patterns in the downregulation condition led to significantly lower correlation values than the ones observed in the upregulation condition, in the first two NF runs. Comparison between runs with and without feedback, showed enhanced activation in key reward, executive function, cognitive control regions, suggesting neurofeedback promotes reward and the development of goal-directed behavior. This proof-of-principle study suggests that functional connectivity feedback can be used for volitional self-modulation of neuronal connectivity. Functional connectivity based neurofeedback could serve as a possible therapeutic tool in diseases related to the impairment of interhemispheric connectivity, particularly in the context ot motor training after stroke.
Fish Oil, but Not Olive Oil, Ameliorates Depressive-Like Behavior and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Rats under Chronic Mild Stress

Background: This study investigated the effects of fish oil and olive oil in improving dysbiosis and depressive-like symptoms. Methods and results: Male rats were fed normal, fish oil-rich or olive oil-rich diets for 14 weeks. Chronic mild stress (CMS) was administered from week 2. The sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swimming test (FST) were used to determine depressive-like behavior. The SPT results revealed that the CMS, CMS with imipramine (CMS+P) treatment, and CMS with olive oil diet (CMS+O) groups exhibited significantly reduced sucrose intake from week 8, whereas the fish oil diet (CMS+F) group exhibited significantly reduced sucrose intake from week 10. The FST results showed that the immobile time of the CMS+F group was significantly less than that of the CMS-only group. Next generation sequencing (NGS) results showed CMS significantly reduced the abundance of Lactobacillus and increased that of Marvinbryantia and Ruminiclostridium_6. However, the CMS+F group showed an increase in the abundance of Eisenbergiella, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_009, and Holdemania, whereas the CMS+O group showed an increase in the abundance of Akkermansia. Conclusions: CMS stimuli altered the gut microbiome in depressed rats. Fish oil and olive oil exerted part of a prebiotic-like effect to ameliorate dysbiosis induced by CMS. However, only fish oil ameliorated depressive-like symptoms.
Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation and Risk of Stroke: Past, Present and Future

Subclinical atrial fibrillation (SCAF) describes asymptomatic episodes of atrial fibrillation (AF) that are detected by cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED). The increased utilization of CIEDs renders our understanding of SCAF important to clinical practice. Furthermore, 20% of AF present initially as a stroke event and prolonged cardiac monitoring of stroke patients is likely to uncover a significant prevalence of SCAF. New evidence has shown that implanting cardiac monitors into patients with no history of atrial fibrillation but with risk factors for stroke will yield an incidence of SCAF approaching 30–40% at around three years. Atrial high rate episodes lasting longer than five minutes are likely to represent SCAF. SCAF has been associated with an increased risk of stroke that is particularly significant when episodes of SCAF are greater than 23 h in duration. Longer episodes of SCAF are incrementally more likely to progress to episodes of SCAF >23 h as time progresses. While only around 30–40% of SCAF events are temporally related to stroke events, the presence of SCAF likely represents an important risk marker for stroke. Ongoing trials of anticoagulation in patients with SCAF durations less than 24 h will inform clinical practice and are highly anticipated. Further studies are needed to clarify the association between SCAF and clinical outcomes as well as the factors that modify this association.
Recognition of Thiols in Living Cells and Zebrafish Using an Imidazo[1,5-α]pyridine-Derivative Indicator

A new cyan fluorescent probe, MIPY-DNBS, using an imidazo[1,5-α]pyridine derivative as the fluorophore and 2,4-dinitrobenzensufonate as the recognition site for the selective detection of thiols (Cys, GSH, and Hcy), was designed and synthesized. Probe MIPY-DNBS exhibited a 172 nm Stokes shift, a fast response time (400 s), low cytotoxicity, low detection limits (12.7 nM for Cys), and excellent selectively in the detection of thiols. In addition, MIPY-DNBS was successfully applied to imaging thiols in living MCF-7 cells and zebrafish.
Cytogenetics and Cytogenomics Evaluation in Cancer

The availability of cytogenetics and cytogenomics technologies improved the detection and identification of tumor molecular signatures as well as the understanding of cancer initiation and progression. The use of large-scale and high-throughput cytogenomics technologies has led to a fast identification of several cancer candidate biomarkers associated with diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics. The advent of array comparative genomic hybridization and next-generation sequencing technologies has significantly improved the knowledge about cancer biology, underlining driver genes to guide targeted therapy development, drug-resistance prediction, and pharmacogenetics. However, few of these candidate biomarkers have made the transition to the clinic with a clear benefit for the patients. Technological progress helped to demonstrate that cellular heterogeneity plays a significant role in tumor progression and resistance/sensitivity to cancer therapies, representing the major challenge of precision cancer therapy. A paradigm shift has been introduced in cancer genomics with the recent advent of single-cell sequencing, since it presents a lot of applications with a clear benefit to oncological patients, namely, detection of intra-tumoral heterogeneity, mapping clonal evolution, monitoring the development of therapy resistance, and detection of rare tumor cell populations. It seems now evident that no single biomarker could provide the whole information necessary to early detect and predict the behavior and prognosis of tumors. The promise of precision medicine is based on the molecular profiling of tumors being vital the continuous progress of high-throughput technologies and the multidisciplinary efforts to catalogue chromosomal rearrangements and genomic alterations of human cancers and to do a good interpretation of the relation genotype—phenotype.
A nitric oxide–binding heterodimeric cytochrome c complex from the anammox bacterium Kuenenia stuttgartiensis binds to hydrazine synthase

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a microbial process responsible for significant nitrogen loss from the oceans and other ecosystems. The redox reactions at the heart of anammox are catalyzed by large multiheme enzyme complexes that rely on small cytochrome c proteins for electron shuttling. Among the most highly abundant of these cytochromes is a unique heterodimeric complex composed of class I and class II c-type cytochromes called NaxLS, which has distinctive biochemical and spectroscopic properties. Here, we present the 1.7 Å resolution crystal structure of this complex from the anammox organism Kuenenia stuttgartiensis (KsNaxLS). The structure reveals that the heme irons in each subunit exhibit a rare His/Cys ligation, which, as we show by substitution, causes the observed unusual spectral properties. Unlike its individual subunits, the KsNaxLS complex binds nitric oxide (NO) only at the distal heme side, forming 6cNO adducts. This is likely due to steric immobilization of the proximal heme-binding motifs upon complex formation, a finding that may be of functional relevance, because NO is an intermediate in the central anammox metabolism. Pulldown experiments with K. stuttgartiensis cell-free extract showed that the KsNaxLS complex binds specifically to one of the central anammox enzyme complexes, hydrazine synthase, which uses NO as one of its substrates. It is therefore possible that the KsNaxLS complex plays a role in binding the volatile NO to retain it in the cell for transfer to hydrazine synthase. Alternatively, we propose that KsNaxLS may shuttle electrons to this enzyme complex.
Estimated Daily Urine Volume and Solute Excretion from Spot Urine Samples to Guide the Therapy of Hyponatremia in SIADH

Background: In hyponatremia, due to the inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), a high versus low solute intake will affect the urine volume (UV) and, hence, the SNa level. The clinical implication of the fractional solute excretion is presented. Methods: In 35 normal controls and 24 patients with SIADH and urine osmolality higher than serum osmolality, we compared exact solute intake obtained from 24 h urine collection, with the estimated value obtained on a urine morning spot sample by the formula: eGFR (L/min) × Sosm × 1440 × FE.Osm (%) = mmol/24 h. The exact UV was compared with the estimated value given by the formula: eGFR × 1440 × S.Creat/U.Creat (for eGFR the MDRD was used). In 65 patients with chronic SIADH, from which a morning spot urine sample was available, we determined the estimated fluid and solute intake. Results: A good correlation was observed between the measured solute output or urine volume and the estimated values obtained from the controls (r = 0.86) as well as in SIADH (r = 0.91). Conclusion: Patients with low solute intake (FE.Osm <1.4%) and low diuresis (V/eCcr <0.8%) should increase their intake by taking oral urea, for example. Patients with high solute intake (FE.Osm >2.5%) and high diuresis (V/eCcr >1.5%) could usually be treated by mild water restriction (<1.5–21/24 h).
The accuracy of the frontal extent in stereoscopic environments: A comparison of direct selection and virtual cursor techniques

This experiment investigated the accuracy of distance judgment and perception of the frontal extent in a stereoscopic environment. Eight virtual targets were projected in a circular arrangement with two center-to-center target distances (18 cm and 36 cm) and three target sizes (0.6 cm, 1.5 cm, and 3.7 cm). Fourteen participants judged the positions of virtual targets presented at a distance of 90 cm from them by employing two different interaction techniques: the direct selection technique and the virtual cursor technique. The results showed overall higher accuracy with the virtual cursor technique than with the direct selection technique. It was also found that the target size significantly affected the frontal extent accuracy. In addition, significant interactions between technique and center-to-center target distance were observed. The direct selection technique was more accurate at the 18 cm center-to-center target distance along the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) axes, while the virtual cursor technique was more accurate for the 36 cm center-to-center target distance along the y axis. During the direct selection, estimations tended to converge to the center of the virtual space; however, this convergence was not observed in the virtual cursor condition. The accuracy of pointing estimations suffered on the left side of participants. These findings could provide direction for virtual reality developers in selecting proper interaction techniques and appropriately positioning virtual targets in stereoscopic environments.
Optimal compressed sensing strategies for an array of nonlinear olfactory receptor neurons with and without spontaneous activity

Significance Natural odors are typically mixtures of a few odorants from a large number of possible odorants, each with a broad distribution of concentrations. Here, we study how a relatively small number of neurons with a limited response range can optimize transmission of such high-dimensional sparse odor mixture information. For neurons without basal activity, we find that the optimal coding matrix is “sparse”—a fraction of ligand-receptor sensitivities are zero and the nonzero sensitivities follow a broad distribution matching the odor mixture statistics. We show that this maximum entropy code enhances performances of the downstream reconstruction and classification tasks. For neurons with a finite spontaneous activity, we show that introducing odor-evoked inhibition further enhances coding capacity. There are numerous different odorant molecules in nature but only a relatively small number of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in brains. This “compressed sensing” challenge is compounded by the constraint that ORNs are nonlinear sensors with a finite dynamic range. Here, we investigate possible optimal olfactory coding strategies by maximizing mutual information between odor mixtures and ORNs’ responses with respect to the bipartite odor-receptor interaction network (ORIN) characterized by sensitivities between all odorant–ORN pairs. For ORNs without spontaneous (basal) activity, we find that the optimal ORIN is sparse—a finite fraction of sensitives are zero, and the nonzero sensitivities follow a broad distribution that depends on the odor statistics. We show analytically that sparsity in the optimal ORIN originates from a trade-off between the broad tuning of ORNs and possible interference. Furthermore, we show that the optimal ORIN enhances performances of downstream learning tasks (reconstruction and classification). For ORNs with a finite basal activity, we find that having inhibitory odor–receptor interactions increases the coding capacity and the fraction of inhibitory interactions increases with the ORN basal activity. We argue that basal activities in sensory receptors in different organisms are due to the trade-off between the increase in coding capacity and the cost of maintaining the spontaneous basal activity. Our theoretical findings are consistent with existing experiments and predictions are made to further test our theory. The optimal coding model provides a unifying framework to understand the peripheral olfactory systems across different organisms.