Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Plant Species on CH4 and N2O Fluxes from a Volcanic Grassland Soil in Nasu, Japan

To investigate the effects of plant species in grassland on methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from soil, fluxes from an orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) grassland, white clover (Trifolium repens L.) grassland and orchardgrass/white clover mixed grassland were measured weekly from April 2001 to March 2002 using a vented closed chamber method. Related environmental parameters (soil inorganic N content, soil pH (H2O) value, soil moisture content, soil temperature, grass yield, and the number of soil microorganisms) were also regularly monitored. On an annual basis, CH4 consumption in the soil of the orchardgrass grassland, white clover grassland and orchardgrass/white clover mixed grassland was 1.8, 2.4, and 1.8 kg C ha−1 year−1, respectively. The soil bulk density of the white clover grassland was lower than that of the other grasslands. Fluxes of CH4 were positively correlated with the soil moisture content. White clover increased the CH4 consumption by improving soil aeration. Nitrogen supply to the soil by white clover did not decrease the CH4 consumption in the soil of our grasslands. On the other hand, annual N2O emissions from the orchardgrass grassland, white clover grassland, and orchardgrass/white clover mixed grassland were 0.39, 1.59, and 0.67 kg N ha−1 year−1, respectively. Fluxes of N2O were correlated with the NO3 − content in soil and soil temperature. White clover increased the N2O emissions by increasing the inorganic N content derived from degrading white clover in soil in summer.
A COMPARATIVE MECHANISM OF ANTIDIABETIC ROLE OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF BRUGURIERA CYLINDRICA L LEAVES

In the world, around 366 million people are affected by diabetes mellitus. India is facing diabetic explosion among 66.3 million people. Even the pharmaceutical industries providing a continuous supply of various updated and conventional types of drugs, the lowering of blood glucose level is questioning. As alternative various herbs are currently using. By keeping this scenario, the current study has its own objective to understand the qualitative analysis of antidiabetic components present in various leaf extracts of Bruguriera cylindrica. The methodology of this investigation was comprised with plant collection, its preliminary processing, sequential extraction procedures and qualitative preliminary phytochemical analysis. As a result, phytocomponents present on the leaves of B. cylindrica showed carbohydrate, protein, amino acids, lipids, fatty acids, fibre, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannin, triterpenoids, saponins, phenols/gallic acid equivalent, glycosides and lignin in all the four extracts. Cardiac glycoside was present only in ethanol extract, whereas volatile oil and steroids were present in hexane and chloroform extract which are known to exhibit medicinal W
Effects of a nonionic surfactant on biodegradation of phenanthrene and hexadecane in soil

The influence of a nonionic (alcohol ethoxylate) surfactant (Witconol SN70) on biodegradation of phenanthrene and hexadecane (nonaqueous‐phase liquid) in soil was studied in batch and transport systems. Simultaneous enhancement of phenanthrene and hexadecane degradation was noted at surfactant doses resulting in aqueous‐phase surfactant concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Conversely, degradation rates of both compounds declined to essentially zero at supra‐CMC doses, suggesting that distinct mechanisms of inhibition and enhancement were operating depending on the effective surfactant concentration (i.e., accounting for surfactant sorption, log KD = 2.2 L/kg). Surfactant doses resulting in enhanced degradation correlated with enhanced gross microbial activity as determined using total CO2 evolution rates. Supra‐CMC doses that resulted in inhibited degradation did not suppress gross microbial activity. Furthermore, measurements of phenanthrene solubilization and surface tension indicated that phenanthrene was solubilized at supra‐CMC levels of surfactant. Mechanisms of inhibition of phenanthrene and hexadecane degradation at supra‐CMC surfactant concentrations may include changes in interfacial chemistry and subsequent mass transfer processes due to sorbed surfactant, reduced bioavailability of micelle‐bound phenanthrene and hexadecane, or inhibition of specific members of the microbial community responsible for hydrophobic organic compound degradation.
One-step solvothermal synthesis of nickel selenide series: Composition and morphology control

A one-step oleylamine-mediated solvothermal method was reported for the synthesis of nickel selenide series within a short reaction time. The method provided a suitable nucleation and growth environment in a uniform and transparent solution reaction system. Through adjustment of the Ni/Se raw material ratio and reaction temperature, cubic NiSe2, orthorhombic NiSe2, and hexagonal Ni1−xSe (x = 0–0.15) were obtained. In addition, under an excess nickel source (Ni : Se = 2 : 1) and phase change agent, hexagonal NiSe was converted to rhombohedral Ni3Se2, in which the intermediate phase (NiSe) acted as both reactant and template, plus an effect on Ni3Se2 morphology. At a certain reaction temperature of 260 °C, the phase transformation and morphology can be adjusted by changing the solvents (mixture of OLA and ODE). Finally, the conversion mechanism from cubic NiSe2 to orthorhombic NiSe2 at different reaction temperatures was investigated, and the formation process of a nickel selenide series had also been studied through synthetic route controlled experiments. This paper provided a simple and low cost method to control the composition and morphology of nickel selenide series, which would be of great potential for the synthesis of other metal selenides.
Synthesis of Some Novel Imidazopyrazole and Pyrazolopyrimidine Derivatives

5-Amino-3-anilino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile 1 was alkylated with various halo reagents under phase transfer conditions to give the corresponding imidazopyrazole derivatives 2a, 2b, 2c, 3, 4, 5, 6. Pyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidine derivatives 11, 12, 13, 14 were prepared by treating compound 1 with different dicarbonyl reagents, namely, diethymalonate, ethyl 3-oxo-3-phenylpropanoate, pentane-2,4-dione or ethyl 3-oxobutanoate.
Green tea polyphenols prevent Parkinson's disease: in vitro and in vivo studies

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes severe DA depletion in the striatum of the brain and induces clinical signs such as tremor, rigidity, akinesia, immobility and frequent falls. Disruption of iron metabolism may be involved in the progression of PD. Our objective was to test whether the protective effect of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced neurotoxicity was by regulating iron homeostasis in N27 cells. The protection of EGCG was assessed by SYTOX Green assay, MTT and caspase-3 activity. Pretreatment of EGCG with 6-OHDA significantly increased (p<0.0001) TH + cell count (~ 3-fold) and neurite length (~ 12-fold) compared to 6-OHDA alone in primary mesencephalic neurons. 6-OHDA treatment significantly increased divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1), hepcidin, and decreased ferroportin-1 (Fpn1) expression, while pretreatment of EGCG significantly altered these adverse effects of 6-OHDA. The increased ~2-fold (p<0.001) 55 Fe cell uptake by 6-OHDA confirmed iron burden associated with neurotoxicity. Pretreatment of EGCG protected against the neurotoxicity by reducing the iron uptake and retention compared to 6-OHDA. In conclusion, pretreatment of EGCG (not co-treatment) protected against 6-OHDA induced neurotoxicity by regulating genes
Shape control synthesis, characterizations, mechanisms and optical properties of large scaled metal oxide nanostructures of ZnO and TiO 2

In the present study, ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures of different size have been synthesized in high yield with excellent repeatability by simple, economical and environmentally benign chemical route. ZnO quantum dots and nanorods of tuned aspect ratio were evolved by optimising the reaction conditions such as by varying solvent composition, precursor concentration and by using different additives. On the other hand, the synthesis of brookite, the rare phase, anatase and rutile, the stable phases of TiO2 were also achieved by just varying the annealing temperature from 400 to 615 °C. The obtained nanostructures were rationalized by various characterization techniques such as XRD, FTIR, Raman, SEM, HR- TEM, UV-Vis and PL. The Phase formation and structure determination were identified by using XRD, FTIR and Raman Spectra, SEM and HR-TEM were performed to determine the morphology and particle size. The aspect ratio was calculated to be in the range of 3.2-9.4 in case of ZnO NRs, and particle size was found to be 2-5 nm for ZnO QDs of wurtzite phase and ~ 10 nm for TiO2 (anatase phase) NPs, respectively. The UV-Vis optical absorption spectrum demonstrates the band gap value of 3.60, 4.02 and 3.40 eV for ZnO NRs, QDs and TiO2 NPs respectively. The UV-Vis optical absorption spectrum demonstrates the band gap and room temperature PL spectra illustrates about the various defects present in the sample. Various chemical reactions and mechanism involved in producing these nanostructures are dealt in detail. The future prospective of these metal oxide nanostructures lie in photocatalysis, sensors and biomedical applications. Copyright © 2015 VBRI press.
Aquatic Science and Fish Resources

Article history: Received Dec. 1, 2020 Received in revised form Dec. 26, 2020 Accepted Dec. 27, 2020 Available online Dec. 30, 2020 In the current study the free floating macrophyte Pistia stratiotes L. belonging to family (Araceae) powder was used as bioadsorbent material for immobilization of Cadmium from contaminated water samples. Design experiment was employed to reduce the number of trials and examine the effect of different controlling parameters at the same time on cadmium adsorption process. From the results we observed that the size of powdered materials were ranged from 116.6 -187.5 nanometers. The maximum removal percent (92 %) was recorded at pH 8, 190 min. of contact time, 28.75 mg/l of Cadmium concentration and 3.875 g of adsorbent material.
Biocompatible antimicrobial cotton modified with tricarbimide‐based N‐halamine

Two N-halamine precursors, 1-glycidyl-s-triazine-2,4,6-trione and 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-s-triazine-2,4,6-trione, were synthesized and tethered onto cotton fabrics via the crosslinking agent 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid. The modified samples were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The modified fabrics were rendered biocidal activities upon exposure to dilute hypochlorite solutions. The chlorinated cotton swatches were challenged with Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43895) and exhibited excellent biocidal efficacy. The stability and rechargeability of the modified samples during washing and ultraviolet irradiation were also investigated. In vitro cell cytocompatibility studies demonstrated that the antibacterial cotton has good biocompatibility. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of transparent exopolymer particles and microbial communities found post-UV light, multimedia and cartridge filtration pre-treatment in a SWRO plant

AbstractSeawater reverse osmosis desalination is affected greatly by membrane biofouling which reduces membrane lifetimes and increases cost of permeate production. This work reports on the analysis of pre-treated seawater from a small-scale desalination plant operating with a three-stage pre-treatment system namely, (1) medium-pressure ultraviolet (MP-UV) disinfection, (2) multimedia filtration (MMF), and then finally, (3) cartridge filtration. Transparent exopolymeric particles (TEPs), chlorophyll a, phytoplankton, bacteria and viruses were evaluated in the pre-treated seawater after each pre-treatment stage over a one-year period (July 2012–July 2013). The concentration of TEPs was found to occasionally increase after MP-UV disinfection. MP-UV disinfection had no effect on the phytoplankton, bacterial or viral cell counts. In contrast, MMF was shown to be the most efficient step in removing TEPs and micro-organisms from seawater, while this removal was less significant for viruses. Cartridge filters ha.
Statistical measures of spottiness in diffraction rings

Spotty diffraction rings arise when the size distribution of crystallites illuminated by the incident beam includes crystallites that are large compared with the size of the beam. In this article, several statistical measures are used in conjunction to quantify spottiness and relate it to a crystallite size distribution: the number of peaks, the normalized root mean square intensity variation and the fractal dimension. These are demonstrated by way of example using synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns collected during in situ corrosion of mild steel in carbon dioxide-saturated aqueous brine.
N‐(2‐hydroxyaryl)benzamide synthesis from 2‐nitroaryl benzoates via an indium‐mediated reduction‐migration reaction

A one-pot reduction-triggered N-(2-hydroxyaryl)benzamide synthesis from 2-nitroaryl benzoate substrates was investigated. In the presence of indium/AcOH in THF/H2O, 2-nitroaryl benzoates produced reasonable yields of the benzo group migrated N-(2-hydroxyaryl)benzamides at room temperature within 1 h. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:158–167, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20669
Magnetophoretic bead trapping in a high-flowrate biological detection system.

This report contains the summary of the 'Magnetophoretic Bead Trapping in a High-Flowrate Biological Detection System' LDRD project 74795. The objective of this project is to develop a novel biodetection system for high-throughput sample analysis. The chief application of this system is in detection of very low concentrations of target molecules from a complex liquid solution containing many different constituents--some of which may interfere with identification of the target molecule. The system is also designed to handle air sampling by using an aerosol system (for instance a WESP - Wet Electro-Static Precipitator, or an impact spray system) to get air sample constituents into the liquid volume. The system described herein automatically takes the raw liquid sample, whether air converted or initially liquid matrix, and mixes in magnetic detector beads that capture the targets of interest and then performs the sample cleanup function, allowing increased sensitivity and eliminating most false positives and false negatives at a downstream detector. The surfaces of the beads can be functionalized in a variety of ways in order to maximize the number of targets to be captured and concentrated. Bacteria and viruses are captured using antibodies to surface proteins on bacterial cell walls or viral particlemore » coats. In combination with a cell lysis or PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), the beads can be used as a DNA or RNA probe to capture nucleic acid patterns of interest. The sample cleanup capability of this system would allow different raw biological samples, such as blood or saliva to be analyzed for the presence of different infectious agents (e.g. smallpox or SARS). For future studies, we envision functionalizing bead surfaces to bind to chemical weapons agents, radio-isotopes, and explosives. The two main objectives of this project were to explore methods for enhancing the mixing of the capture microspheres in the sample, and to develop a novel high-throughput magnetic microsphere trap. We have developed a novel technique using the magnetic capture microspheres as 'stirrer bars' in a fluid sample to enhance target binding to the microsphere surfaces. We have also made progress in developing a polymer-MEMS electromagnet for trapping magnetic spheres in a high-flowrate fluid format. « less
Uncinatone, a new antifungal hydroquinone diterpenoid from Clerodendrum uncinatum SCHINZ

A new hydroquinone diterpenoid was isolated from Clerodendrum uncinatum SCHINZ (Verbenaceae) by flash chromatography on silica gel. The structure was established as 7,11-dihydroxy-3,4,9,11b-tetramethyl-1,2,8,9,11b-pentahydrophenanthro[3,2-b]furan-6(2H)-one by spectroscopic methods and X-ray analysis. The diterpene was strongly fungitoxic to spores of Cladosporium cucumerinum.
Employing Metal Iodides and Oxygen in ALD and CVD of Functional Metal Oxides

Undoped SnO2 thin films are grown on α-Al2O3(0 1 2) (r-cut sapphire) substrates by gas phase atomic layer deposition (ALD). Two precursor pairs, SnI4–O2 and SnCl4–H2O2, both new for ALD, are used. The films have a cassiterite structure and are (1 0 1)[0 1 0]cassiterite||(0 1 2)[1 0 0]sapphire oriented. A good epitaxial quality and the conductivity acceptable from the standpoint of semiconductor gas sensors are achieved for ultrathin films grown from SnI4–O2 at 600 °C. The sensitivity of these films to CO in air has a maximum at a thickness of about 10 nm. Response rise and decay times belonging to a several seconds interval are measured. The films are assumed to function as a single grain.
Polysaccharide B-1459: A new hydrocolloid polyelectrolyte produced from glucose by bacterial fermentation†

The exocellular polysaccharide fermented from glucose in good yield by Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459, has been characterized. The general aspects of chemical constitution have been established, as well as the physical properties related to practical applicability. This macromolecular polysaccharide is composed of D-mannose, D-glucose, D-glucuronic acid (as the potassium salt), and a small proportion of acetyl groups. It can be produced on an industrial scale and is stable is storage. Analytical fractionation indicates fairly sharp molecular distribution for the native polysaccharide. The polysaccharide forms homogeneous dispersions in water which show plastic rheological properties and viscosity comparable with that of high-grade plant gums. Outstanding characteristics of practical significance are the atypical insensitivity of solution viscosity to salt effects and to heat, especially when salt is present. Solutions of low concentration show a restricted viscosity decrease upon salt addition; those of higher concentrations show substantial increases. Viscosity is enhanced still further by monovalent cations at basic pH and by divalent cations at neutral or slightly basic pH. Salt moderates or eliminates any viscosity decrease due to heat and, in somewhat higher concentrations, it increases the viscosity of heated solutions. Heating or deacetylating Polysaccharide B-1459 causes no impairment of its properties, but actual improvement. The constitutional basis for these unusual properties is discussed.
FROM COAL STACKS TO COLON CANCER—ARE POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS THE CULPRITS?

In recent times, there has been a worldwide surge in the burning of enormous amounts of fossil fuel (oil, coal, and natural gas) in order to maintain a burgeoning rate of energy consumption. In most nations, fossil fuels are used to generate approximately 85% of the total energy consumed. Higher fuel consumption implies greater release of chemicals into the environment. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one such family of combustion byproducts that have the potential to contribute significantly to atmospheric pollution, dietary contamination, and development of cancer in humans. That exposure of humans to PAHs through smoking and diet cause lung (1) and breast cancers (2) is a widely accepted tenet. However, recent years have witnessed some reports concerning PAH-induced cancer causation in organs other than lung and breast. For a large section of populations who are neither smokers, nor occupationally exposed to PAHs and atmospheric pollution, food ingestion (2–500 ng/day) is the major route of exposure compared to inhalation (10–50 ng/day) (3). A relationship between intake of PAH rich foods and cancer incidences has been shown for stomach and esophagus (4). Inhalation of PAH-laden fumes emanating from indoor coal-based cooking and heating processes and consumption of food tainted with PAHs has been presumed to be associated with high rates of oesophageal cancer in Linxian, China (5, 6). These studies have generated a great deal of interest in the potential role for PAHs in oral, gastric/colorectal carcinogenesis.
Atomic-scale structure of Co-Mo-S nanoclusters in hydrotreating catalysts

By means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), it has been possible to obtain the first atomic-scale images of the Co–Mo–S structure present in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts. Information on the catalytically important edge structures has been obtained by synthesizing single-layer Co–Mo–S nanoclusters using the Au(111) herringbone structure as a template. It is observed that the presence of the Co promoter atoms causes the shape of the MoS2 nanoclusters to change from triangular to hexagonally truncated. This change in morphology appears to be driven by a preference for Co to be located at the S-edge of MoS2. The results also directly show that the presence of the Co atoms perturbs the local electronic environment of neighboring S atoms and this provides further insight into the effect of the promoter atoms.
Differences in the folding transition state of ubiquitin indicated by φ and ψ analyses

We compare the folding transition state (TS) of ubiquitin previously identified by using ψ analysis to that determined by using φ analysis. Both methods attempt to identify interactions and their relative populations at the rate-limiting step for folding. The TS ensemble derived from ψ analysis has an extensive native-like chain topology, with a four-stranded β-sheet network and a portion of the major helix. According to φ analysis, however, the TS is much smaller and more polarized, with only a local helix/hairpin motif. We find that structured regions can have φ values far from unity, the canonical value for such sites, because of structural relaxation of the TS. Consequently, these sites may be incorrectly interpreted as contributing little to the structure of the TS. These results stress the need for caution when interpreting and drawing conclusions from φ analysis alone and highlight the need for more specific tools for examining the structure and energetics of the TS ensemble.
Amantadine Hydrochloride: Analysis of Data Related to Its Proposed Use for Prevention of A2 Influenza Virus Disease in Human Beings

The control of viral respiratory disease by safe and effective drugs is an important research goal, but the usefulness of potential candidates must be evaluated with great care. E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, Del, has recently proposed that amantadine hydrochloride (1-adamantanamine hydrochloride) be used for the prophylaxis of A2 influenza virus disease in human beings. This proposal, based to a large extent on unpublished studies on human beings, led to the present analysis of both the published data and the unpublished reports; the investigators who carried out the studies have given permission to refer to the unpublished data in this communication. Studies in Tissue Cultures, Eggs, and Experimental Animals Tissue Culture Studies. — Investigators 1-3 at the Du Pont laboratories reported that amantadine hydrochloride has an inhibitory effect on the influenza A, Al, and A2 strains that were tested and also on influenza C, the Sendai strain