Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Changing Landscape of Auditors’ Liability

We provide a comprehensive overview of shareholder litigation against auditors since the passage of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. The number of lawsuits per year has declined, dismissals have increased, and settlements in recent years have declined. Our study asks why. Tests indicate that the decline cannot be attributed solely to increases in audit quality, leading us to consider whether Supreme Court cases limiting the scope of Rule 10b-5 against private actors may have led to the decline. To study this possibility, we focus on the Supreme Court’s 2007 and 2011 rulings in Tellabs v. Makor and Janus v. First Derivative, respectively. Our analysis provides strong evidence that the higher liability standards imposed by Janus significantly reduced auditors’ liability exposure, but we find only limited evidence that the pleading standards imposed by Tellabs had a significant effect.
Sampling plethodontid salamanders : Sources of variability

Recent evidence of possible worldwide amphibian population declines has highlighted the need for a better understanding of species-specific habitat associations and methodologies for monitoring long-term population trends. Great Smoky Mountains National Park is committed to incorporating salamander population monitoring into the park's long-term inventory and monitoring program because of the large number of unique species in the park, and evidence that salamanders are finely tuned indicators of environmental quality. We present data on spatial and temporal patterns in salamander diversity and abundance in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and compare the bias and effectiveness of 4 common sampling techniques. We found that large-scale habitat characteristics, including disturbance history, proximity of streams, and elevation are useful to explain patterns of salamander distribution and abundance. With the exception of soil moisture, microhabitat variables were not helpful in understanding variations in salamander relative abundance. Data collected over 2 years suggest that common salamander sampling techniques vary significantly in their effectiveness, and they may often violate assumptions required for comparing salamander population indices over space or time. Salamander counts on our sites were highly variable. Neither sampling variability nor detectability were constant across habitat types or species. These characteristics reduce power for detecting long-term population trends and suggest that some common sampling methods may not provide indices suitable for long-term population monitoring.
Can preoperative serum thyroglobulin and anti-thyroglobulin levels predict malignant potential of a thyroid nodule with atypia or follicular lesion of undetermined significance?

Background: The heterogeneity of atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) and follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS) renders it difficult to classify the risk as benign, suspicious, or malignant. In the present study, we assessed whether patients’ preoperative demographic, radiological, and biochemical characteristics can predict the postoperative pathological diagnosis in patients with AUS/FLUS. Methods: Retrospective review of patients with AUS/FLUS who underwent surgery over a six-year period was conducted. The primary outcome was prediction of the malignant potential of AUS/FLUS nodules based on demographic data, thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TIRADS) score, and thyroglobulin (Tg) level. Results: Fifty-one cases were identified with a mean age of 40 ± 12 years and 36 (70.6%) were female. The final pathological diagnosis of malignancy was seen in 29 patients (56.9%). Patients with malignancy had a higher Tg level and TIRADS points (154 ± 167 vs. 463 ±733 μg/L, p = 0.0352 and 3.3 ± 1.4 vs. 5.9 ± 2.7, p = 0.0001, respectively). The final diagnosis did not differ by patient demographics (age and gender). Conclusion: AUS/FLUS nodules in patients with high Tg level and TIRADS score showed a higher risk of malignancy, which was observed in nearly 50% of the patients in this retrospective study. Therefore, preoperative Tg and high TIRADS score could be useful in malignancy-risk stratification in thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology. Further prospective multicenter studies that may throw light on this common endocrine cancer among Saudis and specifically among women, are needed to confirm our findings. *Correspondence to: Amal Alhefdhi, Department of General Surgery, Breast and Endocrine Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center (KFSH&RC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Tel: +966 11 4427755, Fax: +966 11 4427772; E-mail: alhefdhi@kfshrc.edu. sa
Primeros registros de equinodermos (Echinodermata) en aguas someras de Corn Island, Caribe, Nicaragua

There are few works on ecology and diversity of echinoderms in Nicaragua. Studies of many faunal groups of marine invertebrates, in particular which should focus on the fauna of tropical areas, have been scarce or have received only limited attention from the scientific community and government authorities of the South Atlantic Autonomous Region (RAAS) of Nicaragua. Scientific research on these groups has targeted mainly resources of commercial importance (e.g. spiny lobster, Panulirus argus ). There is lack of information regarding the faunal biodiversity of Corn Island in general. The echinoderm fauna studied in this work comes from a wide variety of environments, from the rocky coastal area, sandy beaches, sea grass to areas of coral reef. Echinoderms were collected, from 14 points in a variety of marine substrates, aided by SCUBA diving equipment during the period from August 2012 to March 2013. There was a total of 41 species corresponding to four classes: three species of Asteroids, 16 species of ophiuroids, 11 species of Echinoids and 11 species of holoturoids. The most common species was Ophiolepis impressa present in ten of the 14 localities, followed of Diadema antillarum , Eucidaris tribuloides and Ophioderma cinerea who were present at seven locations each, respectively. The less common species were Clypeaster rosaceus , Leodia sexiesperforata , Meoma ventricosa and Ophioderma guttata . The study of echinoderms in diverse marine habitats facilitates the comparison of the state of fluctuation of those communities along time. Whether they were natural or caused by human activities. Therefore, the present study expands knowledge about the species of echinoderms that live in shallow areas of Corn Island (between 0-10 m depth), so able to establish measures for the conservation of these species.
Dissection of Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory to Predict Job Satisfaction: Empirical Evidence from the Telecommunication Industry of Pakistan

Herzberg’s motivation theory is one of the most widely studied motivation theories. This theory isalsoknown as the two-factor ordual-factor theory. Thepremise ofFrederick Herzberg’s theory is that the concept of motivationis dividedintotwo aspects:hygiene and motivators.There is no denying of the fact that the theory of Herzberg of employee motivation is very pertinent in explaining the work behaviors of organizational employees. Nevertheless, this theory attracts substantial criticism from its critics who strongly contended that there is no need to revive the original theory as it lacks substantial influence in explaining employee motivation.Taking this notion forward, this study aims to testthe fundamental factors that are of six hygiene factors (extrinsic factors),and five motivators (intrinsic factors) that affectthejob satisfaction offront line employees(FLEs). In doing so, this study moves beyond the dichotomy of these two factors and examine the pertinence of underlying factors that can directly influence the employee job satisfaction. The FLEsare the faces that represent organizations,as they directly interact with the customers at their business units. The study analyzesthe data by applyinga structured equationmodel on a survey sample of 284employees,constituting of business managers and executives in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas in telecommunication industry of Pakistan.This research reveals positive and direct relationship of five of the underlying factors (money, relationship with peers, relationship with supervisors, work itself and recognition) with job satisfaction.
Imaging activity in nerves that mediate pain from gastrointestinal organs

Súhrn: Východiska: Viscerálne aferentné nervy monitorujú vnútorné orgány a sprostredkujú informácie centrálnemu nervovému systému. Úloha aferentných nervov v patogenéze a symptómoch gastrointestinálnych ochorení je často podceňovaná. Preto treba zdôrazniť, že bolesť, pálenie záhy, plnosť, nevoľnosť a vracanie sú všetko symptómy sprostredkované viscerálnymi aferentnými nervami. Dôležité je tiež vyzdvihnúť, že stimulácia viscerálnych aferentných nervov zápalom pri chorobách narúša normálnu reguláciu sekrécie a motility, čím prispieva k symptómom od dysfágie po hnačku a zápchu. Z tohto výpočtu symptómov je zrejmé, že terapeutické ovplyvnenie viscerálnych aferentných nervov by mohlo pomôcť pri liečbe mnohých gastrointestinálnych ochorení. Vývoj nových liekov zameraných na viscerálne aferentné nervy však brzdí nedostatok informácií o týchto nervoch. Napríklad ani receptory pre kyselinu v pažerákových nervoch sprostredkujúcich pyrózu, ako ani iónové kanály zodpovedné za mechanickú aktiváciu v nervoch sprostredkujúcich koliku neboli celkom objasnené. Nedostatok informácií o viscerálnych aferentných nervoch možno vo veľkej miere pripísať ťažkostiam spojeným s ich štúdiom, typicky po jednom nervovom vlákne metódou klasickej elektrofyziológie. Cieľ: V tomto článku prezentujeme adaptáciu špičkovej vysoko výkon nej metódy na štúdium gastrointestinálnych aferentných nervov, ktorá umožňuje súčasné zobrazovanie aktivity v stovkách neurónov. Táto metóda je založená na genetickej expresii fluorescenčného vápnikového indikátora GCaMP6 a multifotónovej mikroskopie v transgén nej myši. Očakáva sa, že okrem poskytovania základných informácií o viscerálnych aferentných nervoch budúce iterácie tejto metódy umožnia štúdium nervovej aktivity v bio psiách od pa cientov s gastrointestinálnymi ochoreniami.
Measurement of Service Quality using SERVQUAL model in a Mining Environment

This study applied the reformed service quality model developed by Parasuraman to measure the service quality level and the gaps between perceptions and expectations of a motor company located in a mining environment (Francistown). The data from the three part survey questionnaire was used to examine gaps between perceptions and expectations of the respondents. The findings from a sample of 140 customers show that the service quality level of vehicle repair service department (VRSD) did not fully meet the expectations of the customers of VRSD and gaps were observed in all five dimensions. Paired t-test used to test the significance of difference between out of warranty responses and under warranty responses for expectation and perceptions showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups of customers. Finally the correlation analysis confirmed the strength of the relationship between the service quality and the dimensions studied. Recommendations are made to bridge the gaps between perception and expectation
An International Fieldwork Placement: A Mixed Methods Study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an international fieldwork placement on occupational therapy doctoral (OTD) students’ cultural competence, community engagement, and ethical leadership. This study used a mixed methods approach. The Public Affairs Scale (PAS) was used to gather pre and post placement data on cultural competence, community engagement, and ethical leadership. Qualitative data was themed from a reflection paper along with researcher field notes from a fieldwork placement to Ibarra, Ecuador. Eleven OTD students participated in the study. The study demonstrated a convergence of the data in the area of cultural competence and responsiveness. Qualitative data additionally identified themes of personal and professional transformation as well as an increased connectedness among participants. No changes were identified on the PAS questions related to community engagement and ethical leadership. As a result of the placement, students gained skills and awareness in the area of cultural competence, improved critical thinking, gratitude, and a willingness to learn about others’ differences. An international fieldwork placement may be beneficial in developing cultural humility and transforming students professionally and personally.
DEEP LEARNING METHODS FOR PATIENT PHENOTYPING FROM ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS

Zhen Yang: Deep Learning Methods for Patient Phenotyping from Electronic Health Records Master of Science thesis Tampere University Master’s Degree Programme in Information Technology April 2019 In this MSc thesis we employed convolutional neural network based architectures in classifying free-form discharge summaries from electronic health records in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III database. We intended to investigate how well deep learning models can perform in patient phenotyping tasks using unstructured data. We based our work on the previous work done by Gehrmann, Sebastian, et al. in their paper "Comparing deep learning and concept extraction based methods for patient phenotyping from clinical narratives". We performed our tasks first by replicating their results using slightly different implementation details, then we extended the network architecture they used in their work, and finally we compared the results of our architecture and their architecture. The main work of this thesis is the extra sentence level network that we added to the network architecture we replicated. In our network architecture, we fed not only the word level but also the sentence level inputs to the networks, thus making the networks able to learn features from combinations of nearby sentences. Our experiments have shown our network architecture had a better performance over the original network architecture. It gave better results on all the F1 scores for all phenotypes, we also saw an overall improvement on ROCAUC scores. This indicates that the networks can benefit from our sentence level input to better understand the unstructured data from eHRs.
ADVANCED APPROACH FOR AUTOMATIC RECONSTRUCTION OF 3D BUILDINGS FROM AERIAL IMAGES

Abstract. In this work, a novel automatic 3D building reconstruction approach is proposed to extract accurate LoD1 building models from multi-view aerial images. The proposed approach consists of three main parts. The first step is to generate digital surface models (DSMs) from aerial images, which is implemented with the Smart3D software and can be replaced by other open-source multi-view stereo (MVS) algorithms as well. The second step is to produce structured 2D building footprints using combined deep learning and regularization. The initial building segmentation maps are obtained by the multi-scale aggregation fully convolutional network (MA-FCN), which takes both the images and DSM as input, through supervised learning. The initial segmentation maps are further refined with another segmentation maps that are derived from the DSM. After that, the contour extraction and regularization technology are applied to produce structured building footprints. In the last step, the elevations of the top and base of each individual building are reliably estimated by adopting an adaptive terrain generation approach and the neighbourhood buffer analysis. The georeferenced building footprint polygons and the elevations of building top and base form the watertight LoD1 building models. The qualitative and quantitative evaluations in Jinghai District, Tianjin, China demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Violence Against Women

Women with disabilities are frequent victims of domestic violence, yet scant research has examined self-protective mechanisms that could mitigate this abuse. This article reviews prevalence and types of intimate partner violence against women with disabilities and explores the factors that leave this population at higher risk for abuse than nondisabled women. Barriers to self-protection against domestic violence for women with diverse disabilities are highlighted and the use of nonfatal force as self-defense is explored. A case example and considerations for enhancing self-protection strategies for women with disabilities experiencing intimate partner violence are provided.
Egyptian Journal Of

alinity stress is the most serious environmental challenge in cereal productivity in many arid and semi-arid regions (Clark and Duncan, 1993). It has reached 40% of the irrigated land and 2.1% of the globe and 25% of the irrigated land is affected by salt stress. The increase of salt-affected soils is referred to poor soil and water management in the irrigated areas, and become a great importance for agriculture production in this region (Sayar et al., 2010).
HMGB1:extracellular release and signal transduction mechanisms

High mobility group protein B1(HMGB1)is a DNA-binding nonhistone protein in the nucleus,with a variety of nuclear functions.Recently,many researches have shown extracellular HMGB1,as an important late proinflammatory mediator,participates in the inflammatory immune responses and the growth,invasion and metastasis of tumor.HMGB1 can be both actively secreted by active cells and passively released by necrotic/damaged cells to the extracellular milieu.Extracellular HMGB1 can induce monocytes/macrophages,neutrophils and dendritic cells to secrete various other proinflammatory mediators.It can bind membrane receptors such as RAGE,TLR2 and TLR4,and subsequently activate intracellular signal transduction pathways(MAPKs,JAK /STAT,NF-kB) to exert its biological effects.HMGB1-targeting therapy may open a new treatment approach for inflammation,cancer,oxidative stress,sterile damage and related diseases.The paper will rewiew the research progress of the structure and function,extracellular secretion and release,and signal transduction mechanism of HMGB1.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome parameters in a Romanian population of young adults

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of the me tabolic syndrome and its components among a Romanian population of young adults. Methods : During 2010-2011, 235 medical students were enroll ed in this cross sectional study to investigate the metabolic syndrome prevalence. The metabolic syndrome was def ine based on the International Diabetes Federation crit eria. Data were processed using SPSS version 17. Tstudent test, Chi square test and Pearson coefficient were used for statistical anal ysis. Results: The metabolic syndrome prevalence recorded on the entire group was 1.28%. The highest prevalence for a metabolic syndr ome component was abnormal waist circumference (49.4%), follo wed by low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) (13.58%); the prevalence of hypertriglyceride mia was 3.08%. The average value of HDLc was signif icantly lower in the subgroup with abnormal waist cir cumference compared to the subgroup with a normal one both in women and in men. In women, the average BMI was also significantly higher in the subgroup with waist circumference above the threshold limit. In terms o f gender analysis, women presented a significantly higher prevalence of abnormal waist abdominal circumferenc e. (63.6% versus 15.7%). Conclusions: Although the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was not high (1.28%), the high prevalence (49.4%) of the mandatory diagn osis criteria (WC over a threshold value) allow ed us to conclude that primary prevention interventio s for metabolic syndrome are needed within the population group rep resented by young adults.
Decapitation Paradox with Unity of Command: An Info-Gap Analysis

We study decapitation in a hierarchical network with unity of command. Decapitation means removing a node and the sub-network below that node. Unity of command means that each node receives a command from only one other node. We focus on the question of vulnerability to decapitation: given two different networks, which network is more vulnerable to decapitation? Vulnerability to decapitation can be assessed by counting the number (or fraction) of lost nodes resulting from a specific decapitation. Two propositions prove, however, that the result is paradoxical: A different answer is obtained if one selects the decapitated node by counting i rows from the top of each network, or i rows from the bottom. Alternatively, one can assess the average loss based on the probabilities for decapitation of the different nodes. However, the probability distribution may be uncertain, in which case the assessment of vulnerability is also uncertain. In that case one can \papers\emergency-readiness\workshop2018\dcdox005.tex. Derived from hinuc005.tex, which was derived from cas-fail012.tex. 12.7. 2019
Description and systematics of the Eungella Honeyeater Meliphaga hindwoodi. A new species of Honeyeater from Central Eastern Queensland, Australia

The Eungella Honeyeater Meliphaga hindwoodi is described from the highland rainforest of the Clarke Range, Queensland. It is closely related to M. frenata with which it had been combined previously, but differs from this and other members of the frenata species-group by its streaked ventral surface and much greyer plumage. The frenata-group is represented by highland rainforest species in New Guinea (M. subfrenata), the Atherton rainforest tract (M. frenata) and the Clarke Range (M. hindwoodi); a lowland rainforest species in New Guinea (M. obscura); and a sclerophyll forest species in eastern Australia (M. chrysops). The ancestral line of this species-group presumably oc- cupied rainforest which was distributed across the connected New Guinea - Australian landmass during a period of lowered sea level. When deteriorating environmental conditions forced the rainforest to retract, populations of this lineage became isolated in more favourable refuges where they differentiated into the present day species.
Role of Surfactant for the Treatment of Alveolar Cells against Coronavirus (Covid-19)

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the newly discovered coronavirus. Coronavirus affects human lung tissues. Covid-19 should be infection of the lungs, the virus infects alveolar cells resulting in reduced production of pulmonary surfactant. Pulmonary surfactant is a complex of lipids and proteins that line the alveolar epithelial surface and stabilize it during respiration. The surfactant helps to reduce the surface tension on alveoli. The surface-active components of the alveoli are a complex mixture of specific lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, which is produced in the lungs by type II alveolar epithelial cells. As a result, the lungs continue to collapse, reducing its own volume, but the collapse is prevented by the muscles of inspiration, which instead increase its volume. Covid-19 allows the surfactant to maintain the correct amount of surfactant during the acute phase of infection during lung infection and allows time to resume and allow individual surfactant production for type II cells. Surfactant degradation or inactivation may Mini-review Article Ahmed et al.; ARRB, 35(6): 34-39, 2020; Article no.ARRB. 57720 35 contribute to increased susceptibility to pneumonia and increased susceptibility to infection. Surfactant deficiency in patients with acute respiratory syndrome in adults and surfactant administration may be a useful therapy against Covid-19.