Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing the Job Satisfaction of Primary School Teachers in Rural and Urban Areas in Roorkee Taluk, Uttarakhand State

with job satisfaction of teachers in rural and urban areas while age and educational qualification of the teachers had non-significant relationship with their job satisfaction. It also revealed that teachers from government school and with higher monthly salary exhibited higher job satisfaction as compared to their counterpart. There was no gender difference found in job satisfaction of primary school teachers in both rural and urban areas. Abstract
Human attitudes towards large carnivores in Norway

Abstract Many factors influence human attitudes towards large carnivores. In our study we explore different factors that affect attitudes towards four such species, i.e. wolverines Gulo gulo, lynx Lynx lynx, brown bears Ursus arctos and wolves Canis lupus. We examined attitudes through a representative sample of the Norwegian population. By using 12 independent variables chosen for this study, we were able to explain around 15-45% of the variance in attitudes towards the four species. In general, people displayed more negative attitudes towards wolves and bears than towards lynx and wolverines. However, they were more positive towards increasing the small populations of the first two species than the relatively large populations of the last two. The results showed that 34-44% of the respondents reacted negatively to the question ‘What do you think should be done about the size of the carnivore population? ’. On the other hand, 73-87% reacted positively to the question ‘Do these species have a right to exist in Norway? ’. To the question ‘How far do you want the carnivore species from your home? ’, 41-66% answered > 10 km. The most important variables explaining negative attitudes towards all the large carnivore species regarded the concern of the respondents for their own and their family's safety. People became more negative with age; those who were afraid of the carnivores were in general more negative towards them, and those who experienced financial loss (i.e. farmers) by having large carnivores in their vicinity expressed negative attitudes. On the other hand, the excitement of seeing large carnivores in their natural environment had a positive influence on attitude. People from larger communities were in general more positive, whereas those who thought they had the species in their vicinity were more negative. Big-game hunters frequently showed negative attitudes, whereas those with higher levels of education tended to be more positive. Our results indicate that attitudes towards large carnivores are complex. However, people are in general more negative towards wolves and bears, which must be taken into account in conservation programmes.
A Comparative study of Gender Gaps among SAARC Nations

This paper makes a comparative study of gender inequality in the SAARC region by taking the parameters like Economic participation and opportunity, Educational attainment, Health and survival and Political empowerment. For the analysis, the Global Gender Gap Report 2020 of World Economic Forum has been utilized. Though women have experienced significant improvement in literacy and educational attainment, there exists considerable disparity in terms of economic participation and political empowerment. The study shows that considerable scope exists to improve the economic, social and political prospects of women in this region. Continuous policy action, both at country and regional level is required for achieving gender equality.
Sentiment classification with adversarial learning and attention mechanism

Sentiment classification is a key task in sentiment analysis, reviews mining, and other text mining applications. Various models have been proposed to build sentiment classifiers, but the classification performances of some existing methods are not good enough. Meanwhile, as a subproblem of sentiment classification, positive and unlabeled learning (PU learning) problem widely exists in real‐world cases, but it has not been given enough attention. In this article, we aim to solve the two problems in one framework. We first build a model for traditional sentiment classification based on adversarial learning, attention mechanism, and long short‐term memory (LSTM) network. We further propose an enhanced adversarial learning method to tackle PU learning problem. We conducted extensive experiments in three real‐world datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that our models outperform the compared methods in both traditional sentiment classification problem and PU learning problem. Furthermore, we study the effect of our models on word embedding. Finally, we report and discuss the sensitivity of our models to parameters.
Environmental sensitivities of shallow-cumulus dilution. Part I: Selected thermodynamic conditions

Abstract. Cumulus entrainment, and its consequent dilution of buoyant cloud cores, strongly regulates the life cycle of shallow cumuli yet remains poorly understood. Herein, new insights into this problem are obtained through large-eddy simulations that systematically investigate the sensitivity of shallow-cumulus dilution to cloud-layer relative humidity (RH), cloud- and subcloud-layer depths, and continentality (i.e., the land-ocean contrast). The simulated cloud-core dilution is found to be strongly sensitive to continentality, with fractional dilution rates twice as large over the ocean as over land. Using a similarity theory based on the turbulent-kinetic-energy (TKE) budget, the reduced cloud-core dilution over land is attributed to larger cloud-base mass flux (mb), driven by stronger surface heating and subcloud turbulence. As mb increasies, the fractional dilution rate must decrease to maintain energetic equilibrium. A positive sensitivity is also found to cloud-layer RH, with the core dilution increasing by 25–50 % for a 10 % enhancement in RH. This sensitivity is interpreted using the buoyancy-sorting hypothesis, in that mixtures of cloud and environmental air are more likely to become negatively buoyant and detrain (rather than diluting the cloud core) in drier cloud layers. By contrast, the sensitivities of (marine) shallow-cumulus dilution to cloud- and subcloud-layer depths are weak, with virtually no sensitivity to the former and only a 15 % reduction in dilution for a tripling of the latter (from 250 m to 750 m). These surprisingly weak sensitivities are readily explained by offsetting effects in the TKE similarity theory. Altogether, these experimental findings provide useful, though still incomplete, guidance for flow-dependent shallow-cumulus entrainment formulations in large-scale models.
Beyond Sex/Work: Understanding Work and Identity of Female Sex Workers in South China

While scholars and activists often advocate using the term ‘sex worker’ in preference to prostitute, in my research I found that female prostitutes in the Pearl River Delta area, south China, do not like to be addressed as such, and prefer the title xiaojie in Chinese. ‘Sex worker’ generalises the heterogeneity of meanings these women identify and attribute to what they do; it does not capture the complex cultural meanings involved in the term xiaojie. It is stigmatising in that what is exchanged within the transaction is less defined by sexual acts and more by a diversified range of activities. The women employ what is useful to them and infuse new meanings in it to construct gender images and identities to resist the sex worker stigma and to express their desires as rural-to-urban migrants. Using xiaojie becomes a destigmatising and gender tactic. I also found that the women discard the idea of finding alternative jobs partly because of the practical difficulty, and partly because they do not want to work (gongzuo) any more in the future. This study highlights the importance of exploring desire and agency to understand the lived experiences of this particular group of women.
A monolithic tunable symmetric bistable mechanism

A tunable symmetric bistable micro-machined mechanism with monolithic structure is presented. The mechanism consists of two sets of pre-shaped beams of similar properties and dimensions; however with one set is curved opposite to the other. The bistability is induced by creating a negative stiffness behavior at the initial position of the moving part to break its stability. This is possible at a certain electrothermal axial loading of both beam sets. The active bistability is symmetric with respect to the initial position. The distance between stable positions is tunable with the applied electrothermal voltages. The mechanism can be used as a tunable bi-directional actuator with different applied voltages. The design and concept are demonstrated based on finite-element simulations and experimental measurements.
Production of yogurt ice cream at different acidity

The effect of using yogurt on the viscosity, over-run, melting characteristics, pH, acidity, microbiological aspects and sensory characteristics of ice cream was investigated. The ice cream mix in all groups was 10% fat, 18% sucrose, 12% MSNF (milk non-fat solids), 0.8% stabiliser and 0.4% emulsifier. The use of yogurt instead of milk decreased the viscosity of ice cream mix and over-run capacity of ice cream. There was no negative effect of yogurt on the melting characteristics of ice cream. The use of yogurt at 0.7% lactic acid exhibited a good first drop (beginning of the melting point) and melting time, but it was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The results of the sensory scores showed that yogurt ice cream produced using the yogurt at 0.7% lactic acid was statistically similar to the control group. It was concluded that the conversion of milk to yogurt for ice cream production can be made at acidity 0.7% lactic acid with no loss of ice cream quality. Higher levels than 0.7% lactic acid contribute to progressive loss of sensory quality.
Sensitivity Analysis in Multicriteria Spatial Decision-Making: A Review

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to review how sensitivity analysis has been applied to models based on Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Multicriteria Evaluation techniques (MCE). This kind of analysis is conceived as a stage in the model evaluation that examines the extent of output variation of a model when parameters are systematically varied over a range of interest. Twenty-eight studies related to land planning processes, environmental management, and location of noxious facilities have been examined. This review reveals that sensitivity analysis is a) not a common practice, b) is more widely carried out in location of noxious facilities, and c) that the analysis most frequently used is based on the variation of the weights of the factors implied in the process to test whether it significantly modifies the results obtained.
Implications of geitonogamous pollination for floral longevity in Iris gracilipes

Summary 1 We analysed the longevity of individual flowers with respect to the effects of the floral display size of a plant (number of flowers open at one time) and spatial arrangement of flowers in Iris gracilipes (A. Gray). We found that the actual floral longevity of this species (about 2 days) was much shorter than that predicted by the model of Schoen and Ashman (about 7–10 days). 2 A large display size and an overlap of flowering periods within a shoot facilitated successive pollinator probes within a plant, though the frequency of pollinator visits per flower was independent of display size. Consequently, the cost of geitonogamous selfing increased with an increase in display size and an overlap of flowering periods within a shoot. The short floral longevity of this species would be effective in such situations because shorter floral longevity leads to a smaller display size and a smaller overlap of flowering periods within a shoot. 3 A small display size and small overlap of flowering periods within a shoot could also be realized by the strategy that staggers the flowering period of each flower without floral longevity being shortened (extended blooming). However, a mutant plant with an extended blooming schedule would be unlikely to invade the population because of the stabilizing selection pressure on the flowering date. This may be why such a short floral longevity, rather than extended blooming, has evolved in this species.
Feed Intake Patterns of Cows Fed High Fat Grain Mixtures

Abstract Eating patterns were studied in lactating cows fed grain mixes (50% of feed dry matter) containing 10% fancy bleachable tallow or blended animal-vegetable fat in two trials. Length and size of initial meals were reduced by tallow in both trials and by blended fat in the second trial. The number and size of spontaneous meals tended to increase when either fat source was fed so that total daily consumption of all grain mixes was not different. High fat in concentrate should not be used in feeding conditions that have restricted time.
Tumor Necrosis Factor α-induced Phosphorylation of RelA/p65 on Ser529 Is Controlled by Casein Kinase II*

Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/Rel transcription factors are key regulators of a variety of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses, growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and development. In unstimulated cells, NF-κB/Rel proteins are sequestered in the cytoplasm by IκB inhibitor proteins. Many extracellular stimuli, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), cause rapid phosphorylation of IκB at N-terminal serine residues leading to ubiquitination and degradation of the inhibitor. Subsequently, NF-κB proteins translocate to the nucleus and activate gene expression through κB response elements. TNFα, as well as certain other stimuli, also induces the phosphorylation of the NF-κB proteins. Previously, we have shown that TNFα induces RelA/p65 phosphorylation at serine 529 and that this inducible phosphorylation increases NF-κB transcriptional activity on an exogenously supplied reporter (1). In this report, we demonstrate that casein kinase II (CKII) interacts with p65 in vivo and can phosphorylate p65 at serine 529 in vitro. A CKII inhibitor (PD144795) inhibited TNFα-induced p65 phosphorylation in vivo. Furthermore, our results indicate that the association between IκBα and p65 inhibits p65 phosphorylation by CKII and that degradation of IκBα allows CKII to phosphorylate p65 to increase NF-κB transactivation potential. These data may explain the ability of CKII to modulate cell growth and demonstrate a mechanism whereby CKII can function in an inducible manner.
Macro and Microhabitat Associations of the Peter's Tent‐Roosting Bat (Uroderma bilobatum): Human‐Induced Selection and Colonization?

Understanding species‐specific habitat selection is essential to identify how natural systems are assembled and maintained, and how emerging natural and anthropogenic disturbances will affect ecosystem function. In the Neotropics, Peter's tent‐roosting bat (Uroderma bilobatum), known to roost in forests, has become abundant in human‐modified areas. To understand how habitat characteristics in both intact forest and human‐modified areas influence the presence and density of U. bilobatum, we characterized habitat use at two scales (macrohabitat and microhabitat) and used logistic and poisson regressions to determine which habitat characteristics best predicted the presence and density of U. bilobatum within each scale. Moreover, we performed a redundancy analysis to determine which habitat scale explained more variation. As these bats are obligate tent roosters, we used tent as a surrogate for bat presence and density. We found that both macrohabitat and microhabitat scales explained variation in presence and density. Characteristics of the microhabitat scale, however, had higher predictive power, revealing that U. bilobatum preferentially inhabits areas with high density of coconut palms. Coconut palms were introduced recently in the Neotropics and are found only in human‐modified areas. Therefore, we hypothesize that U. bilobatum is expanding its range into these areas following the expanded distribution of this exotic plant species.
Improvement of Sorghum‐Wheat Composite Dough Rheological Properties and Breadmaking Quality Through Zein Addition

ABSTRACT Addition of sorghum flour to wheat flour produces marked negative effects on rheological properties of dough and loaf volume. Although there are notable differences in the chemical composition of sorghum proteins (kafirins) compared with wheat gluten that might imply poor functionality in breadmaking systems, a larger constraint may be the unavailability of kafirins due to encapsulation in protein bodies. In this study, zein, the analogous maize prolamin to kafirin, was used to determine the potential effects of protein-body-free prolamins on dough rheology and baking quality of wheat-sorghum composite flour. Mixograms run at 35°C (above the glass transition temperature of zein) were significantly (P < 0.01) improved with addition of zein. Mixogram peak heights increased while mixing time decreased uniformly with addition of zein. Dough extensibility studies showed an increase in maximum tensile stress, while baking studies showed an increase in loaf volume with increasing amounts of added zein.
PRICE VOLATILITY ANALYSIS OF CAYENNE PEPPER (Capsicum frutescens) IN EAST JAVA

The fluctuations in the price of cayenne are still a problem that continues to occur throughout the year. In certain seasons, the increase in the price of cayenne is quite significant, affecting the rate of increase. The government continues to approve and implement the stabilization policy for cayenne prices. In line with this, this study offers to examine the volatility of cayenne prices both at the producer level and at the consumer level. In the research also analysis of spillover volatility to study the presence or absence of transmission volatility that occurs in the price of cayenne at the consumer level and prices at the producer level. The method used in this study is ARCH / GARCH and GARCH-BEKK. The results show that price volatility at the producer level is high volatility, while price volatility at the consumer level shows a higher value is extreme volatility. The results of this study also show the fact that there is volatility in the price of cayenne at the consumer level with the price of cayenne at the producer level. Information about the results of this study is expected to help stabilize the price of cayenne in the market.
How Job Changes Affect People's Lives — Evidence from Subjective Well‐Being Data

For representative German panel data, we show that voluntary job switching leads to relatively high levels of life satisfaction, though only for some time, whereas the impact of exogenously triggered job changes is ambiguous. Risk aversion interacts negatively with this effect in life satisfaction. Analysing time-use data and well-being indicators for various areas of life, we find evidence that involuntary job mobility turns out to be harmful for satisfaction with family life. By linking this relatively new measure of family well-being to domestic events, such as future child births, our paper reveals a behaviourally valid predictor of great economic relevance.
Thermodynamics in 
f(R,L)
 theories: Apparent horizon in the FLRW spacetime

In this paper we study the recently proposed $f(R,\mathcal{L})$ theories from a thermodynamic point of view. The uniqueness of these theories lies in the fact that the space-time curvature is coupled to the baryonic matter instead of exotic matter (in the form of scalar field). We investigate the viability of these theories from the point of view of the thermodynamic stability of the models. To be more precise here we are concerned with the thermodynamics of the apparent horizon of Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) spacetime in the background of the $f(R,\mathcal{L})$ theory. We consider several models of $f(R,\mathcal{L})$ theories where both minimal and non-minimal coupling has been considered. Various thermodynamic quantities like entropy, enthalpy, internal energy, Gibbs free energy, etc. are computed and using their allowed ranges various model parameters are constrained.
A Note on Technical Change, Skill Formation, and Economic Instability*

Abstract Skill formation in advanced capitalism is a theme that has long been the subject of economic theory. The contention here is that neither the orthodoxy nor heterodoxy allows for a consistent theory of skill formation germane to capitalism proper. Neoclassical theory treats labor and thus skills along the “aggregate production function”/factor-of-production theory. Neo-Marxian view (á la Braverman) identifies skills with crafts and thus aims at deskilling. Nevertheless, despite the elegant mathematical style ascribed to the former and the sophisticated rhetoric accredited to the latter, these competing schools had not yet offered a sui generis notion of skill formation aimed at corporeality of capitalism. This article, by allowing for technical change and through the synthesis of “creative destruction and “destructive creation,” offers an indispensable theory of skill formation, away from Braverman’s craft-centric method, and beyond eclecticism, skillset fetishism, and human-capital essentialism omnipresent in both orthodox and heterodox literature.
Terrestrial Salamanders Maintain Habitat Suitability under Climate Change despite Trade-Offs between Water Loss and Gas Exchange

Physiological acclimation has the potential to improve survival during climate change by reducing sensitivity to warming. However, acclimation can produce trade-offs due to links between related physiological traits. Water loss and gas exchange are intrinsically linked by the need for respiratory surfaces to remain moist. As climates warm and dry, organisms may attempt to lower desiccation risk by limiting water loss but at a cost of inhibiting their ability to breathe. Here we used laboratory experiments to evaluate the trade-off between water loss and gas exchange in a fully terrestrial, lungless salamander (Plethodon metcalfi). We measured acclimation of resistance to water loss and metabolic rates in response to long-term exposure to temperature and humidity treatments. We then integrated the trade-off into a simulation-based species distribution model to determine the consequences of ignoring physiological trade-offs on energy balance and aerobic scope under climate change. In the laboratory, we found a close association between acclimation of resistance to water loss and metabolic rates indicative of a trade-off. After incorporating the trade-off into our simulations, we found that energy balance and aerobic scope were reduced by 49.7% and 34.3%, respectively, under contemporary climates across their geographic range. Under future warming scenarios, incorporating the trade-off lowered the number of sites predicted to experience local extirpation by 52.2% relative to simulations without the trade-off; however, the number of sites capable of supporting the energetic requirements for reproduction declined from 44.6% to 32.6% across the species’ geographic range. These experiments and simulations suggest that salamanders can maintain positive energy balance across their geographic range under climate change despite the costs associated with trade-offs between water loss and gas exchange.