Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chemsex – Understanding sexualised drug use Descriptive literature review

Chemsex, the sexualised use of psychoactive substances is a form of recreational drug use that is characterised by prolonged, often unprotected sexual sessions with multiple sexual partners while being under the influence of drugs like crystal methamphetamine, GHB/GBL and mephedrone. Though first observed among the MSM (men who have sex with men) population around the world, there are signs of the practice among other populations. This study was conducted as a descriptive literature review with the aim of better understanding the sexualised use of psychoactive substances, the harms associated with it and the available harm reduction and treatment options. Three databases (PubMed, Academic Search Premier (EBSCO), Google Scholar) were used for the literature search resulting in a final sample of 11 scientific articles, along with 5 non-scientific sources. The study concludes that chemsex happens mostly in private spaces with social media platforms used to attract like-minded people and to procure drugs. People engaging chemsex are driven by two key motivations: to enhance sexual experiences or to escape/manage negative emotions. Participating in chemsex is revealed to subject people to a range of physical, mental and socio-economic harms and it is connected to an increase in intravenous drug use and the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. While many chemsex participants have unmet harm reduction needs, they face difficulties accessing harm reduction and drug treatment. There appears to be a need for specialised chemsex or party drug clinics, as conventional drug treatment is found to ill-fitted to deal with chemsex related issues and sexual health services lack the expertise to manage substance abuse. In Finland, chemsex is slowly gaining ground, prompting a proactive approach to an escalating issue.
Effects of Exogenous Bovine Somatotropin on Mammary Function of Late Lactating Crossbred Holstein Cows

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of exogenous bovine somatotropin on the mammary function in late lactating crossbred Holstein cows. Twelve 87.5% late lactating Holstein cows, approximately 30 weeks postpartum, were divided into two groups of 6 animals each. Animals in the control group were given sodium bicarbonate buffer by subcutaneous injection, while animals in the treated group were given recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) by subcutaneous injection with 500 mg of bST (14 day prolonged-release bST). After bST injection, milk yield significantly increased from the control level on day 8 to day 20 (p<0.05) with a concomitant increase in mammary blood flow (p<0.01). An increase in mammary blood flow in response to bST treatment was greater than an increase in milk production. An increased plasma concentration of IGF-I coincided with an increase in mammary blood flow in animals treated with bST. There were no significant changes in the concentration of arterial plasma glucose concentration, the arteriovenous concentration difference (A-V difference) and mammary extraction ratio while the mammary glucose uptake increased when compared to the control group. The concentration of arterial plasma triglyceride decreased throughout the experimental period in animals give bST. The plasma concentration of acetate, and the mammary uptake for acetate significantly increased (p<0.05) after bST treatment. The action of bST did not affect the plasma concentration, A-V difference and extraction ratio across the mammary gland for β-hydroxybutyrate. The concentrations of milk fat and lactose tended to increase during bST treatment. Milk protein concentration initially increased in the first few days and decreased after bST injection when compared to the pretreated period. The present results indicated that bST could affect the mammary function in late lactating cows by increase in milk yield involving changes in both extra-mammary and intra-mammary mechanisms. The exogenous bST exerted its galactopoietic action through an increase in circulating IGF-I of the late lactating Crossbred Holstein cattle. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2003. Vol 16, No. 1 : 88-95)
Influence of correlated shadowing and base station configuration on in-building system capacity

This paper illustrates the impact of base station deployment on the performance of an indoor DS-CDMA system. It is shown that system performance can be altered dramatically by changing the base station configuration. Correlated shadowing is a significant factor contributing to the wide range of performance results. Outage probability analyses indicate that substantial capacity improvements can be achieved at the expense of increased complexity in the base station deployment scheme.
DEBT AND TAXES

Debt and Taxes Author(s): Merton H. Miller Source: The Journal of Finance, Vol. 32, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the American Finance Association, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 16-18, 1976 (May, 1977), pp. 261-275 Published by: Blackwell Publishing for the American Finance Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor. org/stable/2326758 Accessed: 10/09/2009 09:53
Design of an UWB Antenna with Adjustable Rejection Bandwidth Using Novel Dual-T Square Resonator

A novel UWB antenna with adjustable rejection bandwidth is proposed and fabricated. The proposed antenna consists of a monopole and a novel dual-T square resonator. The results demonstrate that a wide rejection bandwidth from 10.4 to 11.5 GHz can be achieved, and the rejection bandwidth can be adjusted by transforming the dimensions of dual-T square resonator. Moreover, reflection coefficient curve with two poles at one rejected bandwidth is also obtained which is induced by the proposed novel square resonator. In addition, to explain the mechanism of adjustable rejection bandwidth, the analysis of parametric study and electric field distributions of the design are given. The total volume of the antenna is 27mm × 19mm × 1 mm. Compared to other recent works, a simpler structure, wider rejection bandwidth and more compact size are the key features of the proposed antenna. Owing to its adjustable bandwidth and simple structure, the proposed antenna can be used in UWB communications applications to suppress the radio-frequency interference.
The Foregone Recreation Value of Lake Ülemiste

Since Soviet times Lake Ulemiste has been closed to public access. The current practice of Tallinn may entail unnecessary losses of benefits to the local population. The aim of this paper is to find the value of the foregone benefits. In order to find this value, a contingent valuation (CVM) survey was conducted involving a sample of the adult population of Tallinn. According to the survey the average willingness to pay is 6.6 Euro and the recreational benefits foregone were estimated to 1.8 million Euros annually. In order to safeguard the quality of the drinking water, additional measures may be needed. Discounted over a 30 year period allows investments of a maximum of 26 million Euro. Applying the current investment plan of Gothenburg to Tallinn shows that the recreational value of opening the lake to the public is sufficiently large to cover Gothenburg’s coal filter investments to be carried out in Tallinn.
Optical properties of some half-metallic ferromagnets

The authors report ellipsometry measurements on polycrystalline samples of NiMnSb and PtMnSb at room temperature under ultra-high vacuum conditions. From these measurements the optical constants of the two materials were determined in the energy range 0.5-5.3 eV. The measured optical conductivities are in reasonable agreement with the optical conductivities calculated from the band structures by de Groot (1983). The band gap for the minority-spin direction is clearly observed and can be brought into agreement with the band-structure calculations by consideration of spin-orbit splitting.
Study regarding the structure and activity of edaphic microflora community in conditions of glyphosate addition.

The study was conducted on two types of soil: chernozem and typical gleysol. The results show the positive effect of glyphosate addition on microflora, representing an alternative C, N and P source. The rate of daily respiration has the highest value in the 4 day after the addition of glyphosate, after then, it decreases progressively. The lowest rate of bio-degradation was observed in the case of chernozem due to the high humus content, which protects herbicide molecules against the microbial attack.
Silica nano particles synthesized from boiler spent ash: Value addition to an industrial waste

Large quantities of biomass ash are generated everyday by the spice industries and are currently disposed off as landfill. However, this could transform into an environmental pollutant unless alternative techniques are developed for its disposal or value addition. Here in this study, the waste ash from biomass combustion wassuccessfully converted into silica nanoparticles with potential for application in several fields. The highly alkaline nature of the ash and presence of unburned carbon warrants a pretreatment which includes digestion and acid treatment. The synthesized silica was characterized in terms of morphology, specific surface area, crystallinity, surface functional groups and size. Alkaline extraction of the pretreated ash followed by acid precipitation yielded an amorphous structure with minimum mineral contaminants, high surface area, and a narrow size distribution (8-10 nm range) characteristic of nano silica. Studies thus indicate that the waste ash and the extraction process could be fine tuned for the large scale production of amorphous silica and could be of use to solve the problem of boiler ash pollution. Keywords: biomass ash, boiler ash, nano silica, value addition to waste, amorphous silica
Horizontal Price Transmission in Agricultural Markets: Fundamental Concepts and Open Empirical Issues

Following the dramatic changes experienced by the prices of agricultural commodities in 2007-2008, the analysis of horizontal price transmission mechanisms in agricultural markets has attracted renewed interest. In particular, this has led to the emergence of new challenges for the empirical analysis. How to model the increasing volatility and non linear behaviour of prices, to assess the impact of the policy responses to market turbulence, and how to account for the increasing interconnections between agricultural and non-agricultural commodity markets are amongst the most investigated issues. Building on a common analytical framework, this paper discusses and reviews the most recent methodological developments and empirical contributions in the field.
Diabetic retinopathy: an inflammatory disease

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complex multifactorial disease and one of the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide. DR pathogenesis is still not completely understood and, even if studies performed in the past focused on microvascular dysfunction as the main event, growing body of scientific evidence has demonstrated an important role of inflammation and neurodegeneration in the onset and progression of DR. This review summarizes current literature on the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of DR. In particular, it focuses on clinical inflammatory biomarkers detectable with non-invasive retinal imaging, suggestive of a local inflammatory condition. Current available treatments are applicable only at advanced stages of disease, therefore, there is the need to detect biomarkers of subclinical or early DR that can help in DR management before irreversible damage occurs. A better understanding of inflammatory pathways involved in DR may permit to implement more specific and personalized therapeutic strategies and clinical biomarkers may be a helpful tool in the everyday clinical practice to direct the patient to the most appropriate treatment option.
Dynamika objawów klinicznych poprzedzających niedomogę pniową w przebiegu udaru mózgu w ujęciu neuropsychologicznym i psychiatrycznym Neuropsychological and psychiatric assessment of the clinical symptoms' dynamics preceding brainstem's insufficiency in the course of stroke

The essence of stroke’s mechanisms relies on the acute brain’s tissues energetic deficit. The breakdown of the brainstem’s homeostatic system (PHS) manifests itself in the form of the brainstem’s insufficiency, and its chief symptoms are consciousness’ disturbances. In the article the importance of the cognitive and psychiatric impairments preceding neurological symptoms of the increasing brainstem’s insufficiency in the course of stroke is stressed. The authors, referring to the theory of chaos prove that that the brain’s activity dynamics is a nonlinear process, and the homeostasis is kept due to the balancing the states of the arousal and inhibition what guarantee the adequate level of the brain’s energy. Taking into account observation of the patients’ clinical state, authors claim that the consciousness’ disturbances and cognitive dysfunction preceding or accompanying the brainstem’s insufficiency might be compared to the process of “the brain’s hemispheres declutching” what must be reflected in the patient’s clinical state. The neuropsychological and psychiatric disturbances occur because the brain’s hemispheres are philogenetically younger than the rest of the brain’s structures and it makes them more susceptible to the disturbances of the energetic homeostasis of the brain.
The Power to be Silent: Testimony, Identity, and the Place of Place

view. Geographers—or at least geography—has been a key player in this development. Remote surveillance systems and global positioning systems tied together with geographic information systems are increasingly common, and they seem to promise a world in which every action can be located, pinpointed on a map, and correlated with other nearby actions and events. And so, a 1999 report by the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis 1 echoed Vice President Al Gore’s extolling of the future “digital earth,” 2 where an encompassing geographic information
The Performance of K-Means and K-Modes Clustering to Identify Cluster in Numerical Data

Cluster analysis is a formal study of methods and algorithms for natural grouping of objects according to the perceived intrinsic characteristics and the measure similarities in each group of the objects. The pattern of each cluster and the relationship for each cluster are identified, then they are related to the frequency of occurrence in the data set. Meanwhile, the mean and the mode are known as the measures of central tendency in a distribution. In clustering, the mean and the mode are applied as a technique to discover the existing of the cluster in the data set. Therefore, this study aims to compare the performance of K-means and K-modes clustering techniques in finding the group of cluster that exists in the numerical data. The difference between these methods is that the K-modes method is usually applied to categorical data, while K-means method is applied to numerical data. However, both methods would be used to cluster the numerical data in this study. Moreover, performance of these two clustering methods are demonstrated using the output from R software. The results obtained are compared such that the method giving the best output could be determined. In conclusion, the efficiency of the methods is highly presented.
Monitoring Compliance with Unratified Treaties: The ILO Experience

This article, part of an interdisciplinary symposium on international delegation, analyzes grants of authority to international organizations (IOs) to monitor compliance with un-ratified treaties and non-binding norms and standards. It begins with a historical review of the different ways in which officials and review bodies of the International Labor Organization (ILO) monitor compliance with treaties and recommendations that the organization has adopted, but that a member state has not ratified or otherwise accepted as legally binding. The ILO membership has repeatedly expanded these monitoring powers since the organization's founding in 1919. It has done so both informally (by allowing ILO officials to expand the scope of the initial delegation that established the organization) and formally (by amending the ILO constitution to codify and further enlarge these informal expansions of the organization's monitoring authority). Taken together, these developments challenge the conventional wisdom that the delegation of authority to the ILO involves only modest sovereignty costs. The article then uses the ILO's history to emphasize the importance of delegations that authorize international bodies to monitor compliance with nonbinding international rules. Such delegations often arise and thrive outside of the formal channels of authority. This makes it essential for scholars to look beyond treaty texts and institutional design features to consider how power is actually exercised within IOs and how the costs and benefits of international delegations change over time. Finally, the article considers what insights the ILO offers for delegations to other IOs. It argues that monitoring compliance with unconsented-to legal rules is an alternative institutional response to a problem that many IOs confront: how to ensure that all states affected by a cooperation problem participate in the resolution of that problem rather than free riding on the efforts of other countries.
The Nonlinear Magnetic Cascade

The Galactic magnetic field has an energy density comparable to that of the interstellar medium turbulence and a coherence spanning the Galaxy. It is not known if this field was formed before, during, or after the Galaxy. However, it is often assumed to originate from a turbulent dynamo process. We investigate the early stages of a Galactic dynamo when the dynamics is well approximated by homogeneous turbulence. Our simulations show that homogeneous magnetized turbulence with large Prandtl number yields magnetic energy at the small, resistive scale rather than at the Galactic scale. Thus, additional phenomena—perhaps helicity generated from Galactic rotation, stratification, and the differential rotation of the disk—are needed to explain the observed field. We simulate the growth of magnetic energy in forced nonhelical turbulence from an initially weak value until it saturates with the same energy density as the turbulence. When the field is dynamically weak, the simulations agree with the kinematic theory. In the long-term saturated state, the magnetic field is strong enough to modify the turbulence. This is the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) analog of the Kolmogorov problem for hydrodynamic turbulence. The nature of the back-reaction is to neutralize the net shear (stretching) in small-scale eddies that are less energetic than the magnetic field. Only the forcing-scale eddies remain energetic enough to shear and cascade the magnetic field. The magnetic field at all scales therefore forward-cascades at the forcing timescale through spectrally nonlocal interactions with the forcing-scale eddies. Furthermore, the magnetic field folds into a reduced-tension state where field-line curvature anticorrelates with intensity. Direct consequences of these statements are that the magnetic spectrum is largely independent of viscosity and that the magnetic energy is located at the small, resistive scale.
Longitudinal mode selection in laser cavity by moiré volume Bragg grating

A Fabry-Perot etalon, consisting of two π phase shifted reflecting volume Bragg gratings, is presented. These gratings are obtained as a moiré pattern resulting from sequential recording of interference patterns with different periods in photo-thermo-refractive glass and called moiré volume Bragg gratings (MVBGs). A detailed investigation of the fundamental operating principles and measurement techniques for phase shifted gratings is shown. Experimental results demonstrating a MVBG with a 15 pm bandwidth and 90% transmission at resonance are presented. The use of the MVBG for longitudinal mode selection in a laser resonator is shown.
Indigenous fungal entomopathogens associated with the oil palm leaf miner Coelaenomenodera lameensis Berti and Mariau in Ghana

Background and Objective : The oil palm leaf miner Coelaenomenodera lameensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is the most devastating insect pest of the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacquin. Like most insect control programmes, control in Ghana has been through the use synthetic insecticides. The over-dependence on chemical control has brought in its wake adverse effects such as toxicity to the user and non-targeted organism. Entomopathogens have proven to be effective in the management of many insect species and these are environmentally-friendly. In this study we investigated reports by field workers of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Oil Palm Research Institute of Ghana who observed the presence of mycelia on the cuticle of cadavers of C. lameensis in their daily phytosanitary surveillance. Methodology and Results : Field surveys were conducted in three oil palm plantations viz: CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute and a commercial oil palm farm, both at Kusi in the Eastern Region, and Twifo Oil Palm Plantation of Unilever Ghana Limited at Twifo Praso in the Central Region of Ghana to collect cadaver of C. lameensis infected with fungi. The cadavers were aseptically cultured in the laboratory on Potato Dextrose Agar and fungi isolated and identified. A total of 17 fungal species were isolated from cadavers of the leaf miner. These include Aspergillus sp, Metarhizium sp, Paecilomyces sp, Penicillium sp, Pestalotia sp, Rhizoctonia sp, and three unidentified species. Bioassays conducted to ascertain the pathogenicity of the fungi against C. lameensis adult showed an overall mortality ranging between 12.5% - 77.5% within 7 days. Growth of mycelia on treated dead insects ranged from 0% - 47.5%. The unidentified fungus coded BKFF was found to be the most lethal inducing about 77% mortality in the insect and thus more entomopathogenic, followed by Paecilomyces sp. (Ioprik31 and Pestalotia sp. (CKFF) (both 65%) whilst Rhizoctonia sp was found to be the least lethal. Conclusion and application of findings : This study presents important naturally occurring fungal species associated with the oil palm leaf miner C. lameensis in the field which famers can utilize as a control option upon further field studies. Key words : Coelaenomenodera lameensis , entomopathogenic fungi, isolate, pathogenicity, mycelia
Periodontal Considerations in Adult Orthodontic Patients

The relationship between periodontology and orthodontics consists of a highly complex, bidirectional and close interaction that is nowadays characterized by controversial scientific opinions and clinical approaches. The relevant increasing number of adult orthodontic patients which in most cases present already-compromised periodontal tissues has markedly highlighted the potential of orthodontic treatment in enhancing or deteriorating periodontal health and also the outmost relevance of peculiar periodontal planning prior and during orthodontic treatment. Since the progress in adult orthodontics trend is rapid, there is also an increasing need for evidence-based protocols that might guide clinicians through a comprehensive, interdisciplinary and successful treatment. This chapter has been compiled with the aim of providing orthodontists, periodontists and general practitioners with sound evidence-based protocols and valid clinical approaches that have proven to be successful for numerous patients over long follow-ups. It is structured following the steps for a correct therapy management, starting from comprehensive examination and diagnosis to before and during orthodontic treatment considerations, and finally analysing the present state of new adult orthodontic technologies.