Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential interaction of Magnaporthe grisea and Fusarium graminearum with ears of wheat cultivars varying in resistance

The inoculation system for M. grisea and F. graminearum in a controlled environment was established. Twenty-seven wheat cultivars were used to optimize the inoculation. The cultivar Milan exhibited the highest resistance to M. grisea but a susceptible reaction towards F. graminearum, whereas cultivar Sumai 3 displayed opposite responses to both pathogens. Upon the point inoculations, M. grisea generally was observed growing in a slower speed than F. graminearum on the ears of both cultivars. Two pathogens showed the downward growth along the rachis, especailly in the susceptible interactions. Staining methods and GFP-labelled strains were employed with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to determine the differential spreading of both pathogens in spikelet and rachilla. Spores of M. grisea germinated extensively in the spikelet within 12 hpi, and similar developments of M. grisea in spikelet were found from both cultivars. F. graminearum colonized only the anthers in 12 hpi, mostly in the susceptible cultivar, which also enhanced the development of F. graminearum after 12 hpi. Cultivar resistance had an impact on fungal expansion in the rachilla. Resistance in the plant restricts the pathogen growth. Both pathogens seem to spread through the vascular system and grow systemically downwards in the rachis. The diverse performance of Reactive oxygen speices (ROS) were occurred in the incompatible and compatible interactions. H2O2 was regarded as a clear indication of resistance, in particular in Milan-M. grisea interaction at 48 hpi. O2- tends to serve as a signal of plant reaction and defense response, resulting specific from both plant and pathogen. The transcript accumulations of eight selected genes were tested. Three pathogenesis-related genes (PR2, Chi2, PR5) were considered as defense related genes. The peroxidase (Pox2) and CCR genes were highly induced in Milan interaction with both pathogens, indicating the lignin reaction and signal transdction is the main defense response in Milan. UGT and CYP709C1 genes were more expressed in the resistant cultivar Milan to F. graminearum. And it is assumed that the resistance in Milan to M. grisea is horizontal resistance.
Growth of Yeast Species During the Fermentation of Musts Inoculated withKluyveromyces thermotoleransandSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Growth of yeast species during the fermentation of a grape juice inoculated with Kluyveromyces thermotolerans and two others with strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. Although dominance of K. thermotolerans over four to five days was observed in the must inoculated with this yeast, S. cerevisiae became predominant before the fermentation was completed. The growth pattern for the two strains of S. cerevisiae considered was somewhat different. In the must inoculated with strain I ( S. chevalien ), this yeast prevailed throughout the fermentation, while in the must inoculated with strain II (Fermichamp), S. cerevisiae was overtaken by Candida stellata in the early stages of the fermentation. As expected, the wine furnished with K. thermotolerans as a starter culture had high titratable acidity and L(+)lactic acid concentration.
The nerve ring of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: Sensory input and motor output

The general organization and structure of the nerve ring, the main mass of central nervous system neuropil, in the small soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is described. The nerve ring receives sensory input from the anterior tip of the animal by means of six nerve bundles, all nerve fibers of which have centrally located cell bodies. The anterior sensory structures are classically divided into two types, papillary and amphidial, and are assumed responsible for mechano‐ and chemoreception, respectively. Papillary fibers enter directly into the nerve ring, whereas amphidial fibers enter the ventral ganglion, a posterior extension of the nerve ring, in a circuitous manner which is not discussed in detail. Of those papillary fibers which project into the nerve ring neuropil, 22 end in easily characterized sensory structures whereas 14 terminate distally near sensory organs but have no function which can be deduced on the basis of comparative morphology. After entering the ring the fibers maintain their identity and do not anastamose with one another. Cell bodies of each papillary sensory neuron have been mapped around the nerve ring. The cephalic musculature is shown to consist of 32 muscle cells which form four longitudinal submedial groups of eight muscles each. Innervation of this musculature occurs wholly within the CNS by means of processes of the muscle cells which are sent centrally. The anterior 16 cephalic muscle cells are innervated by the ring only, in well delimited regions termed muscle plates. The posterior 16 are dually innervated by means of processes sent both to the nerve ring plates and to their nearest medial longtitudinal nerve cord. The nerve ring neuropil is characterized as having fibers containing one of four morphologically distinct vesicle types. Gap junction contacts are observed within the main neuropil involving one of these fiber types and within the muscle plate regions among muscle processes, which do not contain vesicles. An evolutionarily primitive sensory‐motor synapse within the nerve ring is described from an identified sensory neuron onto an identified cephalic muscle cell process. Comparisons are made with the nervous system of Ascaris lumbricoides, the only other nematode to be extensively studied, to illustrate the conservativeness of the nemic nervous system.
DETERMINANTS OF DIETARY PREFERENCE IN YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLERS

Abstract Warblers are selective in what they eat, yet little is known about the dietary cues used by warblers as they decide what to eat. Semisynthetic diets may be useful for investigating how specific dietary cues, such as appearance or nutrient composition of food, influences diet preference of warblers because these dietary cues can be easily and systematically modified with semisynthetic diets. We offered Yellow-rumped Warblers (Dendroica coronata) paired choices of live waxworms (Galleria mellonella) and a waxworm mash, or waxworm mash and a semisynthetic mash. Birds strongly preferred live waxworms over waxworm mash, suggesting that natural appearance of food strongly influences diet preference of warblers when the nutrient composition of diets is similar. When birds initially were offered the two mash diets, they consistently preferred waxworm mash over semisynthetic mash within the first 15 min with food, suggesting that they were using dietary cues that provided rapid feedback as would be provided by a cue such as taste. This initial preference for waxworm mash was maintained for the first two days, but then the warblers ate similar amounts of waxworm mash and semisynthetic mash during the last two days of the experiment. The decrease in preference for waxworm mash over time probably occurred because at least some of the cues used by the birds in determining their diet preference(s) required days for reliable feedback. Thus, diet preferences of warblers apparently were influenced by dietary cues that provided immediate and delayed, postingestional feedback. These results support the use of semisynthetic diets in studies of avian diet preferences and highlight the importance of adequate acclimation time on test diets.
Trustworthy Face Recognition: Improving Generalization of Deep Face Presentation Attack Detection

The extremely high recognition accuracy achieved by modern, convolutional neural network (CNN) based face recognition (FR) systems has contributed significantly to the adoption of such systems in a variety of applications, from mundane activities like unlocking phones to high-security applications such as border-control. Nonetheless, they have been shown to be highly vulnerable to presentation attacks (PA), also known as spoof-attacks. A face PA is said to have occurred when a face biometric-sample is presented to the camera of an FR system with the intention of interfering with the operation of biometric recognition. An example PA is when someone tries to illicitly access an FR system by presenting a printed face photo of an authorized person to the camera. State-of-the-art face presentation attack detection (PAD) systems which are based on CNNs as well offer counter-measures to PAs. Over the past decade, several datasets have been collected and publicly shared by different research groups, for face PAD experiments. It has been shown that most face PAD systems do not generalize well. That is, PAD systems show satisfactory classification performance when they are trained and evaluated on disjoint subsets of a dataset (known as an intradataset evaluation). However, their performance degrades significantly when they are trained using data from one dataset and evaluated using data from another dataset (a cross-dataset evaluation). The poor generalization of PAD systems precludes FR systems from deployment in many real-world applications. In this thesis, I address generalization issues in face PAD systems in three ways: 1. Although many CNN architectures have been proposed for face PAD, no systematic evaluation of their classification performance has been done before. Here, I evaluate six different CNN architectures on four face PAD datasets in terms of both intra-dataset and cross-dataset performance, and show that patch-based CNN architectures generalize better. Moreover, I propose a novel CNN that analyzes the face images at different scales. This multi-scale analysis allows the proposed CNN to generalize better compared to baseline CNNs. 2. I formulate the low cross-dataset performance of PAD as a domain shift problem and investigate domain adaptation methods as a solution. I propose a novel domain adaptation method based on the hypothesis that some learned filters in CNNs are domain
A Sensorless DTC Scheme for 60-Pulse AC-DC Converter Fed 5-Level Six-Leg NPC Inverter Based Medium Voltage Induction Motor Drive

A new approach to improve the power quality of medium voltage induction motor drive (MVIMD) at both utility and drive end is presented. Here, 3-multi-winding transformers (MWT) (T1, T2, T3) are utilized and each MWT converts 3-phase input AC-supply into two isolated 5-phase AC-supplies with unique (18°) phase-shift among them. Moreover, due to unique (±6° and 0°) angle in the primary sides of these MWTs, the line current drawn from the grid has 60-pulses. By applying this technology, the input current harmonics are decreased to well below the requirement of the IEEE 519 standard. This 60-pulse AC-DC converter gives 6-isolated DC-supplies, which are input of a 5-level six-leg neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter feeding an induction motor. A modified direct torque control (DTC) strategy is used in this study for 5-level six-leg NPC inverter fed induction motor drive (IMD). Because of it, this IMD has better performance than the existing IMD. The system performance is evaluated using MATLAB-Simulink software and is then experimentally verified on a prototype developed in the laboratory under all required operation of IMD to validate the performance of the system.
Hip Fracture Trends in America Between 2009 and 2016

Background: Hip fractures are a common condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. In this study, we assess (1) yearly incidences, (2) demographic factors, (3) postoperative outcomes, (4) primary diagnoses, and (5) primary procedures. Materials and Methods: The National Inpatient Sample was queried for patients admitted with hip fractures from 2009 to 2016 (n = 2 761 850). Variables analyzed were age, sex, race, obesity status, Charlson Comorbidity Index, smoking status, osteoporosis status, lengths of stay (LOS), discharge dispositions, charges, costs, mortalities, inpatient complications, primary and secondary diagnoses, and primary procedures. Results: From 2009 to 2016, the overall gross number of hip fractures decreased (P < .001). At the conclusion of the study, more patients were male, obese, and smokers, while fewer had a diagnosis of osteoporosis (P < .001 for all). Mean LOS significantly decreased (P < .001), while charges and costs increased (P < .001 for both). Both mortality and the overall complication rate decreased (P < .001 for both). Specifically, complications that decreased included myocardial infarctions, deep vein thromboses, pulmonary emboli, pneumoniae, hematomas/seromas, urinary tract infections, and transfusions (P < .001 for all). Complications that increased included cardiac arrests, respiratory failures, mechanical complications, and sepsis (P < .001 for all). The most common diagnosis was “closed fracture of intertrochanteric section of neck of femur. ” The procedure performed most often was “open reduction of fracture with internal fixation, femur. ” Conclusion: An increasing number of males and smokers have sustained hip fractures, although fewer patients with osteoporosis experienced these injuries. A decreasing overall complication rate may indicate improving perioperative courses for hip fracture patients. However, several shortcomings still exist and can be improved to further decrease negative outcomes.
Association of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) 1772C/T gene
polymorphism with susceptibility to renal cell carcinoma/prostate
cancer

In this study, we used a meta-analysis method to evaluate the relationship between hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) 1772C/T gene polymorphism (rs 11549465) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC)/prostate cancer risk. We searched for relevant studies (before March 1, 2019) on Cochrane Library, Embase, and PubMed. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited into this meta-analysis. The outcome of dichotomous data was showed in the way of odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were also counted. In this investigation, there was no association between HIF1α 1772C/T gene polymorphism and susceptibility to RCC in Caucasians, Asians as well as overall populations. In addition, HIF1α 1772C/T gene polymorphism was not found to be relevant to the survival in RCC. Interestingly, the T allele was relevant to prostate cancer risk in all populations, but not in Caucasians and Asians. However, the TT genotype and the CC genotype were not related to prostate cancer susceptibility in Asian, Caucasian, and all populations. In conclusion, the T allele of the HIF1α 1772C/T gene polymorphism was related to prostate cancer risk in the overall populations.
The Effects of Two Disubstituted Coumarins on Mitosis and Respiration in Meristematic Cells

Two disubstituted derivatives of coumarin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin and 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin) were investigated for their effect on mitotic activity and energy metabolism of meristematic cells. Both coumarins lowered the rate of oxygen uptake by meristematic cells. It appeared that both compounds significantly reduced the number of cell divisions, although the methoxyl derivative caused a stronger mitostatic effect than the hydroxyl derivative. The mitostatic effect of the hydroxyl derivative was reduced whereas that of methoxyl derivative was enhanced by addition of exogenous ATP to the incubation medium. Both coumarins induced non-specific disturbances of mitosis as well as specific chromosome aberrations. The number of the latter increased due to simultaneous treatment of cells with the tested compounds and ATP. The results obtained indicate that both compounds are antimitotic agents and that mitotic abnormalities are produced by different mechanisms, related or not related to the energy metabolism of the cell.
Secondary metabolites from marine bacterium Streptomyces sp. G039

Nine secondary metabolites, cylo-(Leu-Pro) ( 1 ), cyclo-(Pro-Tyr) ( 2 ), indole-3-carboxylic acid ( 3 ), 3-hydroxyacetylindole ( 4 ), phenethyl 2-phenyl acetate ( 5 ), n -butyl–isobutyl phthalate ( 6 ), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl) phenol ( 7 ), 2-phenylacetic acid ( 8 ), and uracil ( 9 ) were isolated and identified from marine Streptomyces sp. G039. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis including MS and 2D NMR, as well as by comparison with reported data in the literature.
Encapsulation of Transgenic Cells for Gene Therapy

A major challenge to emerging cell-based medicine including gene therapy is the host immune rejection of transplanted donor cells or engineered tissue. One way to address this problem is to use drugs to achieve immunosuppression. However, suppressing the patient’s immune system may put the patient at risk for many other diseases. An alternative is to encapsulate living cells in macro/microcapsules to achieve immunoi‐ solation of the cells, thereby increasing cell viability in the patient’s body following transplantation. The capsule’s membrane protects the encapsulated cells from being damaged by both the host’s immune system and mechanical stress while allowing free diffusion of nutrients and metabolic waste for the cells to survive. Moreover, the membrane could be designed to achieve controlled and/or sustained release of therapeutic products produced by the encapsulated transgenic cells to treat a variety of diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, anemia, wounds, bone fractures, and cancer.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF SINGLE CELL BIOMASS OF CANDIDA UTILIS BY SUBMERGED FERMENTATION

Candida utilis was employed for the production of single cell protein (SCP) from fruit waste extract (FWE) using submerged fermentation in shake flask. Different cultural conditions were optimized for the maximum yield of cell biomass. Maximum yield of cell biomass appeared when fruit waste extract was supplemented with soluble starch as carbon and ammonium nitrate as nitrogen sources at pH 6.0. The incubation period of 4 days was found suitable for maximum Candida utilis biomass with 4% (v/v) inoculum size. The protein contents (49%) were also estimated in Candida utilis biomass which indicated its potential for feed supplement in both animals and humans to improve protein deficiency associated malnutrition.
L’appropriation des aides technologiques par les étudiants en situation de handicap : quel type de formation offrir?

la démonstration de des fonctionnalités et l’application par des exercices. Ces contenus doivent être adaptés aux modalités d’apprentissage de chacun et à son expérience avec la technologie. en Abstract Although considered essential to support learning, assistive technologies (AT) are often misused or ignored by students with disabilities. Moreover, few professionals who provide disability-related services on campus offer technological training. We conducted an exploratory research to identify the training needs of 44 students with disabilities and to describe the type of training to be offered. The training offered in mixed mode and using five types of AT focused on the demonstration of the tool, the exploration of its features and the application by exercises. The results indicate the need to adapt content to each student’s learning abilities and technological experience.
Human Threshold Model for Perceiving Changes in System Dynamics

Limitations of a haptic device can cause distortions of the force feedback it presents. Just-noticeable difference (JND) in system dynamics is important for creating transparent haptic interaction. Based on the previous work, this article presents a unified model that extends the existing JND rule. Our approach projects the JNDs in the mechanical properties of a second-order mass-spring-damper system onto the real and imaginary components of the system's frequency response function (FRF). We discuss the results of two experiments and show that the JNDs obtained for both the real and imaginary components can be expressed as the same fraction of, and thus are proportional to, the magnitude of the total system's FRF. Furthermore, the findings are generalized to cases where the system's dynamics order is different than two. What results is a unified model that accurately describes the threshold for changes in human perception of any linear system dynamics with only two dimensions: the real and imaginary axes in the complex plane.
A New Method for Generating a Global Forest Aboveground Biomass Map From Multiple High-Level Satellite Products and Ancillary Information

Global forest aboveground biomass (AGB) is very important in quantifying carbon stock, and, therefore, it is necessary to estimate forest AGB accurately. Many studies have obtained reliable AGB estimates by using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data. However, it is difficult to obtain LiDAR data continuously at regional or global scale. Although many studies have integrated multisource data to estimate biomass to compensate for these deficiencies, few methods can be applied to produce global time series of high-resolution AGB due to the complexity of the method, data source limitations, and large uncertainty. This study developed a new method to produce a global forest AGB map using multiple data sources—including LiDAR-derived biomass products, a suite of high-level satellite products, forest inventory data, and other auxiliary datasets—to train estimated models for five different forest types. We explored three machine learning methods [artificial neural network, multivariate adaptive regression splines, and gradient boosting regression tree (GBRT)] to build the estimated models. The GBRT method was the optimal algorithm for generating a global forest AGB map at a spatial resolution of 1 km. The independent validation result showed good accuracy with an R2 value of 0.90 and a root mean square error value of 35.87 Mg/ha. Moreover, we compared the generated global forest AGB map with several other forest AGB maps and found the results to be highly consistent. An important feature of this new method is its ability to produce time series of high-resolution global forest AGB maps because it heavily relies on high-level satellite products.
Le déclenchement de la mitose chez les eucaryotes supérieurs

Dramatic changes of cell organisation occur at onset of mitosis. Genetic analysis of fission yeast and physiological studies of vertebrate and invertebrate oocytes showed that activation of cyclin B-cdc2 kinase triggers mitosis. Nevertheless, upstream mechanisms responsible for this activation remain largely unknown in somatic cells of higher eukaryotes. This review discusses possible pathways and mechanisms involved in triggering onset of mitosis in such cells, including inhibitory checkpoint mechanisms that detect defects in structural organisation of the cell.
An Advanced Fault Control of Transformerless Modular Multilevel Converters in AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Networks Under the Single-Phase Grounding Fault

This paper presents an advanced fault control for transformerless modular multilevel converters (MMCs) in AC/DC hybrid distribution networks (HDNs) under the single-phase grounding (SPG) fault. The characteristics of voltages and transmission paths of zero sequence currents in AC networks with different voltage levels and neutral grounding types under SPG faults are analyzed. According to the analysis, the SPG fault results in two issues: 1) the voltage imbalances in nonfaulted networks, which have negative influence on the operation of nonfaulted networks; 2) the overcurrent of MMC-based terminals results in the shutdown of MMCs instead of fault ride-through. To solve these two issues, two types of zero sequence fault control are proposed, which are suitable for different fault ride-through abilities of transformerless MMCs in AC/DC HDNs. The proposed fault control is implemented by an advanced zero sequence current controller (ZSCC). Furthermore, to reduce the effect of fault control on the sensitivity of current differential protection based on the zero sequence fault current, an improved set of current reference value is addressed. Finally, the theoretical analysis and proposed fault control are verified through simulations performed in MATLAB/Simulink.