Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
05 06 17 7 v 1 21 J un 2 00 5 Completely Quantized Collapse and Consequences

Promotion of quantum theory from a theory of measurement to a theory of reality requires an unambiguous specification of the ensemble of realizable states (and each state’s probability of realization). Although not yet achieved within the framework of standard quantum theory, it has been achieved within the framework of the Continuous Spontaneous Localization (CSL) wave function collapse model. In CSL, a classical random field w(x, t) interacts with quantum particles. The state vector corresponding to each w(x, t) is a realizable state. In this paper, I consider a previously presented model, which is predictively equivalent to CSL. In this Completely Quantized Collapse (CQC) model, the classical random field is quantized. It is represented by the operator W (x, t) which satisfies [W (x, t),W (x, t)] = 0. The ensemble of realizable states is described by a single state vector, the “ensemble vector. ” Each superposed state which comprises the ensemble vector at time t is the direct product of an eigenstate of W (x, t), for all x and for 0 ≤ t ≤ t, and the CSL state corresponding to that eigenvalue. These states never interfere (they satisfy a superselection rule at any time), they only branch, so the ensemble vector may be considered to be, as Schrödinger put it, a ”catalog” of the realizable states. In this context, many different interpretations (e.g., many worlds, environmental decoherence, consistent histories, modal interpretation) may be satisfactorily applied. Using this description, a long standing problem is resolved, where the energy comes from that particles gain due to the narrowing of their wave packets by the collapse mechanism. It is shown how to define energy of the random field and its energy of interaction with particles so that total energy is conserved for the ensemble of realizable states. As a byproduct, since the random field energy spectrum is unbounded, its canonical conjugate, a self-adjoint time operator, can be discussed. Finally, CSL is a phenomenological description, whose connection to, or derivation from, more conventional physics has not yet appeared. We suggest that, because CQC is fully quantized, it is a natural framework for replacement of the classical field w(x, t) of CSL by a quantized physical entity. Two illustrative examples are given.
Late Neandertals in Southeastern Iberia: Sima de las Palomas del Cabezo Gordo, Murcia, Spain

Middle Paleolithic fossil human remains from the Sima de las Palomas in southeastern Iberia (dated to ≤43,000–40,000 calendar years before present) present a suite of derived Neandertal and/or retained ancestral morphological features in the mandibular symphysis, mandibular ramus, dental occlusal morphology, and distal hand phalanx. These traits are combined with variation in the mandibular corpus, discrete dental morphology, tooth root lengths, and anterior dental size that indicate a frequency difference with earlier Iberian and more northern European Neandertals. The Palomas Neandertals therefore confirm the late presence of Neandertals associated with the Iberian persistence of the Middle Paleolithic, but suggest microevolutionary processes and/or population contact with contemporaneous modern humans to the north.
PROTÓTIPO DE UM SISTEMA DE GERENCIAMENTO DE RECURSOS DISTRIBUÍDOS PARA DESKTOP GRIDS ECONOMY

Este artigo tem por objetivo a apresentacao de um modelo do uso de uma aplicacao Desktop Grid (DeGrid), e demonstrar como este pode vir a ser utilizado no meio pratico para otimizar processamentos, utilizando-se de regras de mercado afim de controlar tal metodo, vindo a ser interessante tanto para o usuario, quanto ao fornecedor de recursos.
A Failure Analysis of the Tomogravity and EM Methods

A traffic matrix provides a major input to the design, planning and management of a telecommunications network. Unfortunately, computation of the traffic matrix from measurements of individual flows is extremely difficult due to the fact that the problem formulation generally leads to the need to solve an under-determined system of equations. Thus, there has been a major effort from among researchers to obtain the traffic matrix using various inference techniques. In this paper, we have studied the impact of the underlying assumptions for two methods that have shown promise in the estimation of Internet traffic demand matrices known as the Tomogravity and EM (expectation and maximization) methods respectively. As the Tomogravity model is a combination of the well-known gravity model and the method of least squares we have also considered the problem of obtaining a good prior traffic matrix for the least squares component of this model. We have demonstrated that the accuracy of these methods is highly dependent upon the underlying assumptions of these models, as well as the selection of an appropriate prior traffic matrix.
Méthodes de développement de systèmes multi-agents

Les systemes multi-agents (SMA) ont montre leur pertinence pour la conception d'applications distribuees (logiquement ou physiquement), complexes et robustes. Le concept d'agent est aujourd'hui plus qu'une technologie efficace, il represente un nouveau paradigme pour le developpement de logiciels dans lesquels l'agent est un logiciel autonome qui possede un objectif, evolue dans un environnement dynamique et interagit avec d'autres agents au moyen de langages et de protocoles. Souvent, l'agent est considere comme un objet " intelligent " ou comme un niveau d'abstraction au-dessus des objets et des composants. Les methodes de developpement orientees objet - au vu des differences entre les objets et les agents - ne sont pas directement applicables au developpement de SMA. Il est alors devenu necessaire d'etendre ou de developper de nouveaux modeles, de nouvelles methodes et de nouveaux outils adaptes au developpement de systemes multi-agents. L'objectif de cet article est d'etablir la specificite du paradigme multi-agent, de donner un apercu du processus de developpement d'un SMA au travers de la methode ADELFE et de donner les caracteristiques des principales methodes de conception de SMA.
A High-Performance Single-Photon Avalanche Diode in 130-nm CMOS Imaging Technology

A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is reported in a 130-nm CMOS imaging process which achieves a peak photon detection efficiency (PDE) of ≈72% at 560 nm with >; 40% PDE from 410 to 760 nm. This is achieved by eliminating junction isolation, utilizing dielectric stack optimizations designed for CMOS imaging, and operating at high bias enabled by ac coupling. The 8-μm-diameter device achieves a low median dark count rate of 18 Hz at 2-V excess bias (VEB), a <; 60-ps FWHM timing resolution at 654 nm from VEB = 6 V to VEB = 12 V, and a <; 4% after-pulsing probability. This represents performance which is comparable to fully customized discrete SPADs.
The Characterization and Role of Zinc Binding in Yeast Cox4*

Yeast Cox4 is a zinc binding subunit of cytochrome c oxidase. Cox4 is the only cofactor-containing subunit that is not directly part of the catalytic core of the enzyme located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. The Zn(II) site is shown to be distinct from the bovine ortholog, as it results from the x-ray structure of the entire cytochrome c oxidase in having a single histidyl residue and three conserved cysteines residues in the coordination sphere. Substitutions at the Cys ligand positions result in non-functional Cox4 proteins that fail to lead to cytochrome oxidase assembly. Limited function exists in His-119 mutants when overexpressed. Zn(II) binding in Cox4 is, therefore, important for the stability of the complex. The solution structure of yeast Cox4 elucidated by multidimensional NMR reveals a C-terminal globular domain consisting of two β sheets analogous to the bovine ortholog except the loop containing the coordinating His in the yeast protein and the fourth Cys in the bovine protein are in different positions in the two structures. The conformation of this loop is dictated by the different sequence position of the fourth coordinating zinc ligand. The Zn(II) ion is buried within the domain, consistent with its role in structural stability. Potential functions of this matrix-facing subunit are discussed.
IGF-I Stimulates Tropoelastin Synthesis in Neonatal Rat Pulmonary Fibroblasts

ABSTRACT: We have examined the effect of IGF-I on tropoelastin (TE) synthesis in cultured rat neonatal pulmonary fibroblasts, because this growth factor has been shown to stimulate TE synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. IGF-I stimulated TE and total protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner even when cells were cultured in the medium supplemented with 0.5% FCS. The maximal stimulation was at IGF-I concentration 500 ng/mL and was an increase of 86 ± 14 and 35 ± 5% for TE and estimated total protein synthesis, respectively. There was a corresponding 95 ± 20% increase in the TE mRNA/β-actin mRNA ratio assessed by densitometry of the Northern blot analysis. At this low concentration of FCS, however, there was neither TE stimulation by dexamethasone alone nor in combination with IGF-I. We conclude that IGF-I stimulation of TE synthesis may occur in cells other than vascular smooth muscle cells and that there is no additive stimulation by glucocorticoids.
Intravenous in‐line filters: filtering the evidence

&NA; When all the available information is considered, and the role of filters in particulate contamination, in‐line chemical precipitates, identifying problems in parenteral therapy practice, microbial contamination and entrapped air is examined, the case for routine use appears strong. Purpose of review The routine use of intravenous in‐line filters on infusion lines has been controversial for many years, with strong advocates, detractors and many fence‐sitting observers. The purpose of this review was to examine the literature for new developments and to cast the net a little wider than in previous reviews in an attempt to draw useful parallels. Recent findings There were recent major policy statements or recommendations from a working party of the British Pharmaceutical Nutrition Group and from the US Centres for Disease Control. The first was focussed on filters and was broadly in favour, the second was not focussed on the subject but made quite a strong statement against, on microbiological issues alone. The major purpose of filters, however, is particulate contamination, and whilst there was little in the literature directly on this subject, useful parallels could be drawn from papers describing the therapeutic use of particles and also from their effects in intravenous drug users.
Polymeric systems for controlled drug release.

s, and 360 patents, and edited 12 books. He has also received over 80 major awards including the Gairdner Foundation International Award, Lemelson-MIT prize, ACS’s Applied Polymer Science and Polymer Chemistry Awards, AICHE’s Professional Progress, Bioengineering, Walker and Stine Materials Science and Engineering Awards. In 1989, Dr. Langer was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1992 he was elected to both the National Academy of Engineering and the National Academy of Sciences. He is the only active member of all three National Academies. Kevin Shakesheff was born in Ashington, Northumberland, U.K., in 1969. He received his Bacheclor of Pharmacy degree from the University of Nottingham in 1991 and a Ph.D. from the same institution in 1995. In 1996 he became a NATO Postdoctoral Fellow at MIT, Department of Chemical Engineering. He is currently an EPSRC Advanced Fellow at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Nottingham. His research group investigates new methods of engineering polymer surfaces and the application of these engineered materials in drug delivery and tissue engineering. 3182 Chemical Reviews, 1999, Vol. 99, No. 11 Uhrich et al.
Juvenile cataract-associated mutation of solute carrier SLC16A12 impairs trafficking of the protein to the plasma membrane.

PURPOSE SLC16A12 encodes an orphan member of the monocarboxylate transporter family, MCT12. A nonsense mutation in SLC16A12 (c.643C>T; p.Q215X) causes juvenile cataract with a dominant inheritance pattern. In the present study, in vitro and in vivo experimental models were used to gain insight into how the SLC16A12 (c.643C>T) mutation leads to cataract formation. METHODS MCT12 peptide antibodies were generated and used to examine the expression of MCT12 in the lens using immuno-confocal microscopy. To determine whether loss of Slc16a12 resulted in cataract formation, a Slc16a12 hypomorphic rat generated by transposon insertional mutagenesis was characterized using RT-PCR, slit lamp microscopy and histologic methods. Exogenous expression of MCT12 and MCT12:214Δ, a mimic of the mutant allele, were used to assess protein expression and trafficking. RESULTS MCT12 protein was detected in the lens epithelium and secondary fiber cells at postnatal day 1. In the Slc16a12(TKO) rat, complete loss of MCT12 did not result in any detectable ocular phenotype. Exogenous expression of MCT12-GFP and MCT12:214Δ-GFP revealed that the full-length protein was trafficked to the plasma membrane (PM), whereas the truncated protein was retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). When both MCT12 and MCT12:214Δ were coexpressed, to mimic the heterozygous patient genotype, the truncated protein was retained in the ER whereas full-length MCT12 was trafficked to the PM. Furthermore, MCT12 was identified as another MCT isoform that requires CD147 for trafficking to the cell surface. CONCLUSIONS These data support a model whereby the SLC16A12 (c.643C>T) mutation causes juvenile cataract by a defect in protein trafficking rather than by haploinsufficiency.
Two Heads Are Better Than One: Leveraging Web 2.0 for Business Intelligence

This paper examines how Web 2.0 may be used in organizations to support business intelligence activities. Five leading professional services firms in the Energy, IT, software and health industries were used as the field research sites and action research performed on their Web 2.0 tools and environment. Business intelligence was the most significant driver of service value to their clients. From the data, five key findings were observed on the strategic use of Web 2.0 in the leading services firms. Firstly, the firm is aware that social networking tools can improve employees' performance. Secondly, there are more tools for tacit-to-tacit and tacit-to-explicit knowledge transfer than explicit-to-explicit and explicit-to-tacit. Thirdly, the firm has a higher number of tools where knowledge flows within itself and almost none for external knowledge flows. Fourthly, social network is part of normal work responsibilities. Finally, among KM tools that were most recognized as assisting social network use were of the Web 2.0 genre such as wikis, RSS feeds and instant messaging and blogging. The authors show that using Web 2.0 improves social networking and may be linked to a service professional's individual performance.
A fault model for PLAs

A fault model for programmable logic arrays (PLAs) is discussed that handles four classes of faults: multiple stuck-at faults, multiple bridging faults, multiple crosspoint faults, and faults due to breaks in lines. It is shown that a test that detects all multiple crosspoint faults also detects all multiple stuck-at faults, multiple bridging faults, and any combination of the above. It is also shown that multiple faults form a substantial part of the set of all faults in PLAs. Experiments with test generators show that tests detecting all single testable crosspoint faults also detect all testable stuck-at faults. The experiments also show that the test strategies based on the single-crosspoint fault model cover the greater part of all faults in PLAs. <<ETX>>
Simulation study of cached RAID5 designs

This paper considers the performance of cached RAID5 using simulations that are driven by database I/O traces collected at customer sites. This is in contrast to previous performance studies using analytical modelling or random-number simulations. We studied issues of cache size, disk buffering, cache replacement policies, cache allocation policies, destage policies and striping. Our results indicate that: read caching has considerable value; a small amount of cache should be used for writes fast write logic can reduce disk utilization for writes by an order of magnitude; priority queueing should be supported at the disks; disk buffering prefetch should be used; for large caches, it pays to cache sequentially accessed blocks; RAID5 with cylinder striping is superior to parity striping. <<ETX>>
Prenatal Consultation for Extremely Preterm Neonates: Ethical Pitfalls and Proposed Solutions

In current practice, decisions regarding whether or not to resuscitate infants born at the limits of viability are generally made with expectant parents during a prenatal consultation with a neonatologist. This article reviews the current practice of prenatal consultation and describes three areas in which current practice is ethically problematic: (1) risks to competence, (2) risks to information, and (3) risks to trust. It then reviews solutions that have been suggested in the literature, and the drawbacks to each. Finally, it suggests that the model of prenatal consultation be altered in three ways: (1) that the prenatal consultation be viewed as a process over time, rather than a onetime event; (2) that decision making in the prenatal consultation be framed as a choice between nonresuscitation and a trial of neonatal intensive care, rather than a choice between “doing nothing” and “doing everything”; and (3) that the prenatal consultation process devote serious attention to both the transfer of information and the non-informational needs of families, rather than focus on the transfer of information alone.
Analysis of array biasing in crosspoint memories for leakage power minimization

Thanks to the recent development of resistance-switching memories, crosspoint array has become an attractive architecture to obtain high-density storage. However, crosspoint arrays suffer from sneak current paths and voltage drops on interconnection lines, which may lead to various challenges such as excessive leakage power, write failure, write disturbance, and insufficient read margin. In this paper we focus our attention on leakage power consumption. We demonstrate that the bias scheme that minimizes leakage power consumption is generally a function of array size and selector nonlinearity. By considering a generic x bias scheme (where selected and unselected wordlines and unselected and selected bitlines are biased to voltages VW, x · VW, (1 − x) · VW, and ground, respectively) and by employing a mathematical model to accurately estimate the leakage power, we study how the bias scheme can be designed for minimum leakage power consumption for a wide range of array sizes and selector nonlinearities. We demonstrate that the value of factor x that gives minimum power consumption lies somewhere between 1/3 and 1/2.
Selective and rapid nuclear translocation of a c-Myc-containing complex after fertilization of Xenopus laevis eggs

We report here unusual features of c-Myc specific to early embryonic development in Xenopus laevis, a period characterized by generalized transcriptional quiescence and rapid biphasic cell cycles. Two c-Myc protein forms, p61 and p64, are present in large amounts in the oocyte as well as during early development. In contrast, only p64 c-Myc is present in Xenopus somatic cells. p61 c-Myc is the direct translation product from both endogenous c-myc mRNAs and c-myc recombinant DNA. It is converted to the p64 c-Myc form after introduction into an egg extract, in the presence of phosphatase inhibitors. p61 and p64 belong to two distinct complexes localized in the cytoplasm of the oocyte. A 15S complex contains p64 c-Myc, and a 17.4S complex contains p61 c-Myc. Fertilization triggers the selective and total entry of only p64 c-Myc into the nucleus. This translocation occurs in a nonprogressive manner and is completed during the first cell cycles. This phenomenon results in an exceptionally high level of c-Myc in the nucleus, which returns to a somatic cell-like level only at the end of the blastulation period. During early development, when the entire embryonic genome is transcriptionally inactive, c-Myc does not exhibit a DNA binding activity with Max. Moreover, embryonic nuclei not only prevent the formation of c-Myc/Max complexes but also dissociate such preformed complexes. These peculiar aspects of c-Myc behavior suggest a function that could be linked to the rapid DNA replication cycles occurring during the early cell cycles rather than a function involving transcriptional activity.
[Relationship between the mutation of leptin receptor gene and tumorigenesis of breast cancer].

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of the mutations of leptin receptor gene exon 4, exon 6, exon9, and exon20 with the tumorigenesis of breast cancer. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from breast cancer tissues of 155 patients, benign lesions of 56 patients and normal tissues and blood samples from 100 health control subjects. The leptin receptor genes were assayed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and direct sequence analysis. RESULTS Nucleotide substitutions no mutations were found at exon 4, and nucleotide substitutions occurred at codon 1029 in exon 9, no significant difference among the three groups (P = 0.574). The nucleotide substitutions at codon 668 in exon 6 resulted in Gln223Arg polymorphisms. The occurring frequencies of GG, GA, AA in breast cancer, breast benign lesions tissues and health tissues control group were 70.9% and 17.4%, 12.3%; 80.4%, 14.3% and 5.4%; and 81.0%, 16.0%, and 3.0%, respectively. Alleles of G and A in the three groups were 79.1% and 20.8%, 87.5% and 12.5%, and 89.0% and 11.0%, respectively. Compared the Gln223Arg genotype with the three allele groups, there were significant differences (χ(2) = 16.11, P < 0.005 and χ(2) = 11.41, P < 0.01), respectively. The nucleotide substitutions at codon 3057 in exon 20 resulted in Pro1019Pro polymorphisms. The occurrence frequencies of GG, GA, AA in the breast cancer, benign disease and health control groups were 11.6%, 30.3% and 56.1%; 32.1%, 44.0% and 28.5%; and 32.0%, 45.0% And 23.0%, respectively. Alleles of G and A in the three groups were 26.8% and 73.2%, 51.8% and 48.2%, and 54.5% and 45.5%, respectively. There are significant differences among the three groups (χ(2) = 6.56, P < 0.03 and χ(2) = 5.45, P < 0.05), respectively. Nucleotide substitutions occurred at relatively high frequencies at exon 6 and exon 20 in obese and overweight breast cancer patients compared with those in normal weight breast cancer patients, there were significant differences (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that there is no relationship between the variations of leptin receptor gene exon 9 and tumorigenesis of breast cancer. The variation rate of leptin receptor gene exon 6 and exon 20 are significantly increased in the obese and overweight breast cancer patients.
The art gene product of human immunodeficiency virus is required for replication

A mutation that alters the initiation codon of the art gene of the human immunodeficiency virus renders the virus replication defective. The replication defect of this mutation can be complemented in trans by the art gene product. These findings indicate that the art protein is essential for replication and, as such, represents a good target for development of new antiviral agents that could be useful in the control of human immunodeficiency virus infection.