Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why Do People Keep Their Promises? An Overview of Strategic Commitment

Strategic commitments, such as promises and threats, pose several problems to the standard model of economic rationality: first, they can only arise when there is an incentive to free-ride; second, they need to be credible in order to manipulate the others' behaviour; third, once the commitment has succeeded, it is no longer in the agent's self-interest to fulfil her commitment. Why, then, do people keep their promises (and threats)? This paper reviews the literature concerning the problem of commitment within the scope of pro-sociality and cooperation, and examines two mechanisms that enable credibility and trust: reputation and social emotions.
Exploring New Combinations in Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Social Networks, Schumpeter, and the Case of Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795)

Innovation and entrepreneurship are based on new combinations, constructed within social networks. The literature on social networks refers to Schumpeter’s analysis of new combinations, but is limited in its use of his understanding of the range of innovations and long-term aspects of entrepreneurship. Using the case of Josiah Wedgwood, a quintessential Schumpeterian entrepreneur, this article analyses how social networks contribute to a broad range of innovations over an extended period, involving both strong and weak ties. It shows how social network research in innovation and entrepreneurship benefits from Schumpeterian insights on the wide forms of innovation and longer term influences on network structures.
Grain Yield is Reduced More by Weed Interference in an Old than in a New Maize Hybrid

Grain yield improvement of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids in Ontario has been associated with increased stress tolerance of newer hybrids. This study was conducted to assess the effect of low soil N, weed interference, and soil water deficit on dry matter accumulation and grain yield of an older and a more recent hybrid. Studies were carried out at the Elora Research Station in 1992, 1993, and 1994 on a London loam (Aquic Hapludalf) that had been tile drained. The experiment was arranged in a split-split-split-plot design with four replications. Treatments consisted of two soil-N levels (70 and 225 kg ha -1 ), weed-free all season and weedy from the 3- to 4-leaf stage of maize, irrigation and no irrigation, and the hybrids 'pioneer 3902' (new) and 'Pride 5', (old). Maize phenology, dry matter accumulation, grain yield, stomatal conductance, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf chlorophyll content were measured. Irrigation generally did not influence the measured parameters. Silking date and stomatal conductance during the grain-filling period were affected less by low soil N and weed interference in Pioneer 3902 than in Pride 5. Aboveground dry matter at silking and maturity was reduced about 20% by single stresses of low soil N and weed interference and about 55% by the combination of both stresses. Hybrid x stress treatment interactions for dry matter were not significant. The reduction in grain yield due to weed interference was 21% greater in Pride 5 than in pioneer 3902. The hybrid x N interaction for grain yield was not significant, because a smaller reduction in harvest index due to N stress in the new than in the old hybrid was offset by a larger reduction in dry matter accumulation during the grain-filling period. The differential response of the two hybrids to stress was greatest during the silking period, as indicated by the greater reduction in harvest index and kernel number in the old than in the new hybrid due to stress.
Efficient Long-Dated Swaption Volatility Approximation in the Forward-LIBOR Model

We provide efficient swaption volatility approximations for longer maturities and tenors under the lognormal forward-LIBOR model (LFM). In particular, we approximate the swaption volatility with a mean update of the spanning forward rates. Since the joint distribution of the forward rates is not known under a typical pricing measure, we resort to numerical discretization techniques. More specifically, we approximate the mean forward rates with a multi-dimensional weak order 2.0 Itō–Taylor scheme. The higher-order terms allow us to more accurately capture the state dependence in the drift terms and compute conditional expectations with second-order accuracy. We test our approximations for longer maturities and tenors using a quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) study and find them to be substantially more effective when compared to the existing approximations, particularly for calibration purposes.
Reform of Building Regulation

The Productivity Commission's research report responds to a request by the Australian Government to examine the contribution that national reform of building regulation has made and further reform could make to the performance of the building and construction industry. The research report was publicly released in December 2004. The Commission found that the Australian Building Codes Board has made progress in reducing regulatory differences across jurisdictions and in basing the Building Code of Australia to performance-based requirements. However, there is scope for further reforms to enhance productivity and to benefit the broader community. The Commission recommends the Australian Government, as well as the State and Territory Governments, continue to be actively involved in reform of building regulation and to negotiate a new Intergovernmental Agreement. The agreement would clarify the objectives of building regulation reform; strengthen the commitment to national consistency; and also affirm the importance of a whole-of-government approach to building regulation.
Rolling Back the Public Sector - Differential Effects on Unemployment, Investment and Growth

The macroeconomic effects of different ways of rolling back the welfare state are analyzed. Cutting public spending on market goods induces a lower interest rate, a higher wage, a lower capital stock and a fall in employment. Cutting public employment or the labor income tax rate leads, in contrast, to a lower wage, a higher interest rate and a higher capital stock. Employment rises on impact. If the extra revenues of rolling back the welfare state are handed back via a lower tax rate rather than a lump-sum subsidy, both cutting public employment and cutting public spending on market goods induce an investment boom. Making the tax system less progressive by cutting tax credits and the labor income tax rate induces an investment boom as well. The effects of endogenous growth, adjustment costs for investment and non-Walrasian labor markets on these results are considered as well.
Localization of polyphenol oxidase activity in the lamellae and membrane-bound inclusions of etiolated soybean hypocotyl chloroplasts

Localization for polyphenol oxidase was carried out on 6-day-old etiolated soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. ) tissue. Light and electron microscope observations of tissues exposed to the substrate L-dihydroxyphenylalanine after chemical fixation revealed that polyphenol oxidase activity was present in the lamellae and membrane-bound inclusions of chloroplasts. Inhibitors of polyphenol oxidase, diethyldithiocarbamate and phenylhydrazine, prevented formation of the reaction product. Only plastids in epidermal and associated cortex collenchyma cell layers contained inclusions and enzyme activity. Most guard cells and all cortex parenchyma cells were devoid of both. Homogenates of epidermal strips were shown to contain 95–99% of the total polyphenol oxidase activity present in hypocotyls.
The Impact of High-Speed Rail on Innovation: An Empirical Test of Companion Innovation Hypothesis of Transportation Improvement with China’s Manufacturing Firms

Transportation has long been shown to produce real impacts on productivity, urbanization, and economic growth, among others, companying with which innovation might take place. However, extant literature provides limited evidence on the companion innovation hypothesis of transportation improvement. The fast rollout of high-speed rail (HSR) in China is explored as a natural experiment to identify that hypothesis by matching it with three waves of innovation surveys on manufacturing firms from the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, China’s two most developed regions. The empirical results, obtained using the difference in differences method, show that HSR connection promotes firm innovation in peripheral areas, which are larger in the Yangtze River Delta, which increases over time but switches from process innovation to product innovation and stands under various robustness checks. Further studies show that HSR connection promotes innovation by arousing entrepreneurs’ recognition of the importance of innovation and property rights protection, opening new sources for innovation and bringing about market size effects.
Drivers of Internationalisation in Network Industries: The Case of Electronic Purse Developers

This paper analyses how e-purse developers have tried to penetrate international markets. The analysis covers the period between 1992 and 2006, and builds on 16 firm-level case studies that span developments in more than 30 countries around the globe. The paper uses a novel multi-dimensional framework to position the firms at different points in time, and in this way detect patterns of strategic change. The paper then examines drivers behind these internationalisation patterns, as well as the pace and organisational form, by building on the approach proposed by Sarkar et al. (1999) for the telecom sector. The paper finds that the quest for enhanced power in standard-setting debates appears to have been particularly important as a driver, and it is shown that once promising national platforms were relegated to also-rans because they lacked a successful internationalisation strategy. It also shown that, just like telecommunication carriers, e-purse developers have followed strategies of market and partner preemption, albeit for different reasons. An interesting theoretical finding is that, with some adjustments, the Sarkar et al. framework can be transposed to another network industry.
Reinterpretando a Marx: la ley general de la acumulación capitalista (Reinterpreting Marx: The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation)

<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> El presente artículo reinterpreta -analíticamente- uno de los capítulos más importantes del tomo I de El Capital de Marx: la “ley general de la acumulación capitalista”. Según dicha “ley” la lucha de clases puede describirse como una contradicción entre asalariados y capitalistas que genera una dinámica cíclica en la acumulación capitalista. Para lograr la reinterpretación se definen los principales determinantes de la acumulación, después se detallan las funciones que cumple el llamado ejército laboral de reserva, luego se juntan ambos aspectos en un sistema dinámico cuya simulación sugiere la existencia de ciclos capitalistas, resultado que permite replantear la “ley general” de Marx e intuir algunas de sus implicaciones políticas. <b>English Abstract:</b> This paper analytically reinterprets one of the most important chapters of volume 1 of Marx’s Capital: the “general law of capitalist accumulation”. According to the “law”, class struggle can be described as a contradiction between workers and capitalists that causes cyclical dynamics in capital accumulation. To achieve the reinterpretation first the principal determinants of capital accumulation are identified, then it is presented a description of the so-called reserve army of labour and its functions, after that both aspects are joined in a dynamical system whose simulation suggests the existence of capitalist cycles, a useful result to reinterpret Marx’s “general law” and note some of its political implications.
Main Props and Obstacles to the Implementation of the Niger Delta Regional Development Master Plan (NDRDMP by the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC)

This study investigated the main props and obstacles to the implementation of the Niger Delta Regional Development Master Plan (NDRDMP) by Niger Delta Development Commission. Based on a pragmatist philosophy, it used a well-structured questionnaire to collect quantitative and qualitative data from respondents chosen by stratified random sampling. The quantitative data were subjected to statistical analysis using frequency counts, percentages and measures of central tendency. The qualitative data were subjected to content analysis using existing frameworks synthesised from the literature on factors influencing strategy implementation. The findings showed that seven of the 20 props and 26 of the 29 obstacles to strategy implementation, sifted from contemporary thinking in this area, had major or extremely great influences on the NDRDMP implementation. The results also revealed that the success level of the NDRDMP implementation was below-average. It can be concluded that the small number of the main factors that support and abundance of the main factors that hinder the NDRDMP implementation by NDDC, have affected its execution such that overall its success was less than optimal. The study provided a new insight on how props and obstacles affect the effectiveness of strategy implementation. It has shown that where the obstacles outweigh the props, strategy implementation does not attain the optimum level of success and thereby opened up an avenue for further research.
Responses to aphid sex pheromones by the pea aphid parasitoids Aphidius ervi and Aphidius eadyi

Aphidius ervi and Aphidius eadyi, two parasitoids of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, were attracted to components of the aphid sex pheromone in laboratory bioassays. Pre‐test experience with host aphids in the presence of aphid sex pheromone did not affect the response of A. ervi to pheromone in a 4‐way olfactometer, compared with that of naive parasitoids. Aphidius ervi females exposed only to the pheromone prior to testing did not respond in the olfactometer, suggesting habituation to the foraging cue by the parasitoid. In a wind tunnel, aphid sex pheromone increased the attraction of A. ervi to the plant‐host complex (Vicia faba/A. pisum), suggesting an additive effect when two different foraging cues are present simultaneously.
Floral biology and mechanisms of spontaneous self-pollination in five neotropical species of Gentianaceae

Cross- and self-fertilization in angiosperms are regulated by several factors, and a knowledge of the mechanism and time of spontaneous self-pollination offers opportunities for a better understanding of the evolution of mating systems and floral traits. The floral biology of five species of Gentianaceae found in high-altitude neotropical grassland is presented, with emphasis on the mechanisms that promote spontaneous self-pollination. A presumed floral Batesian mimicry system is suggested between the rare and rewardless Zygostigma australe and Calydorea campestris, a species of Iridaceae with pollen-flowers, pollinated by syrphids and bees. The floral morphology of the other four gentian species points to three different pollination syndromes: melittophily, phalaenophily and ornithophily. However, with the exception of the nocturnal Helia oblongifolia, flowers are nectarless and appear to exhibit non-model deceptive mechanisms, providing similar floral cues to some sympatric rewarding species with the same syndrome. The similar mechanism of spontaneous self-pollination in Calolisianthus pedunculatus, Calolisianthus pendulus and H. oblongifolia (Helieae) is based on the stigmatic movements towards the anthers. Selfing is promoted by movements of the style/stigma and of the corolla in Deianira nervosa and Z. australe (Chironieae), respectively. The movements of stamens, style and stigma during anthesis seem to be the most common method of spontaneous self-pollination in angiosperms. It is suggested that the evolution of delayed spontaneous self-pollination would be more expected in those taxa with dichogamous flowers associated with herkogamy. Such a characteristic is frequent in long-lived flowers of certain groups of Asteridae, which comprise most documented cases of autonomous selfing. Thus, the presence of dichogamy associated with herkogamy (which supposedly evolved as a result of selection to promote both separation of male and female functions and the efficient transfer of cross pollen) may be the first step in the adaptive evolution of delayed selfing to provide reproductive assurance. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 160, 357–368.
Currency Anomalies

This paper is the first to study the cross-section of currency excess return predictors. Using real-time data, quantitative currency trading strategies are profitable even after transaction costs and comprehensive risk adjustments. However, risk-adjusted profits decrease after the publication of the underlying academic research. In line with predictor profits reflecting mispricing, the decline is greater for strategies with larger in-sample profits and lower arbitrage costs. Moreover, the effect of risk adjustments on trading profits is limited, and signal ranks and alphas decay quickly. While analysts’ currency forecasts are inconsistent with currency predictors, analysts update their forecasts quickly to incorporate lagged predictor information. The results suggest that market participants learn about mispricing from academic publications, while contributing to it when following analysts’ forecasts.
Action spectrum for fruiting in the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune

An action spectrum for fruit body formation was determined in the range 280–723 nm for a dikaryon of Schizophyllum commune Fr. Action maxima occurred at 280 and 340–360 nm (main peak), and there were minor peaks at 437 and 467 nm. The quantum effectiveness at 360 nm was ca seven-fold compared to that of 437 nm light. Wavelengths longer than 500 nm were ineffective. Light also induced formation of brown pigment in the area producing fruit bodies. Wavelengths ranging from 260 to 300 nm injured aerial hyphae at the border of the colony. The possibility that a flavin or a pteridine may be the photoreceptor is discussed.
Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Coteries: Are They Cooperatively Breeding Units?

Cooperatively breeding units in which nonbreeding individuals assist breeding conspecifics have been reported for over 100 species of birds (Brown 1978; Emlen 1978; Gaston 1978 and references therein). Assistance by nonbreeding birds is typically manifest in unambiguous ways directly related to rearing young; helpful activities may include nest construction, incubation, brooding, nest sanitation, and feeding of the breeding female(s) and progeny (e.g., Brown et al. 1978; Craig 1980; Reyer 1980; Emlen 1981). In contrast, such alloparental care is less frequently reported for mammals, and nonbreeding mammals are more limited in the ways they can help because incubation of eggs and feeding of neonates are restricted to pregnant and lactating females. Among mammals help usually involves providing food to the breeding female and her offspring (e.g., wolves, Mech 1970; African wild hunting dogs, Malcolm and Marten 1982) or providing a babysitting service such that a group member remains with infants or juveniles while the mother forages (e.g., dwarf mongoose, Rood 1978; langurs, Poirier 1968; vervets, Lancaster 1971). Other caretaking behaviors exhibited by primates include carrying and grooming infants, and active defense of infants endangered by aggressive conspecifics or predators (Hrdy 1976; Packer 1980). Cooperatively breeding units have been reported recently for two species of rodents. In one species, the naked mole rat, nonbreeders directly assist the reproductive ffort of a nonspecific. Naked mole rat colonies contain only one breeding female whose activities are restricted to suckling and sleeping with her offspring in the colony's communal nest; males and nonbreeding females construct nest chambers and foraging tunnels, provision the communal nest with food, huddle with infants and retrieve infants, and feed weanlings (Jarvis 1981). The other rodent -suggested to be a cooperative breeder is the black-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus (Hoogland 1981b), a diurnally active, semifossorial sciurid that lives colonially in short-grass prairie. The smallest permanent social unit of a prairie dog colony is the coterie (King 1955; Foltz and Hoogland 1981; Hoogland 1981b), a cluster of (typically) 1-6 genetically related females, their yearling and juvenile offspring, and one immigrant male who usually sires all offspring born within the coterie during his tenure. The coterie unit occupies an all-purpose, permanent territory which all members defend and which is inherited matrilineally by daughters; sons disperse, usually as yearlings, so do not reside in
Inhibitory Spillover: Increased Urination Urgency Facilitates Impulse Control in Unrelated Domains

Visceral states are known to have a (detrimental) impact on our ability to exert self-control. In the current research, we investigate the impact of a visceral factor associated with inhibition, rather than with approach: bladder control. We argue that inhibitory signals are not domain specific, but can spill over to unrelated domains, resulting in increased impulse control in the behavioral domain. We show that urination urgency correlates with improved performance on color naming but not word meaning trials of a Stroop task (Study 1). In Study 2 and 3, we show that higher levels of bladder control result in an increasing ability to resist more immediate temptations in monetary decision making. We show that inhibitory spillover effects are moderated by sensitivity of the behavioral inhibition system (BIS, Study 3), and can be induced by exogenous cues (Study 4). Implications for inhibition and impulse control theories are discussed.
The Forgotten Revolution: Debunking Conventional Wisdom on Sweden's Transition to Democracy

A long, established tradition suggests that Sweden’s process of democratization was characterized by its gradualness and reformism. In contrast to other countries, such as Denmark, Sweden did not have an abrupt, democratic revolution, this tradition holds. In this paper, I argue that this conventional view is flawed: In the course of a decade in the early twentieth century, Sweden went from being one of the least democratic countries in Europe to become a full-fledged, stable democracy. This signifies a fast, dramatic process of democratization – a democratic revolution. The paper proceeds in four parts: First, I review the established conventional view of Swedish democratization. Second, I present quantitative comparative data and historical evidence that seem to falsify the conventional view, and indeed indicate that Sweden’s democratization was anything but slow and gradual. Third, I explore some reasons why the conventional view has gained hold, looking both at the way in which academic researchers have reached the conventional conclusion and how the conventional view might be understood in relation to the victorious parties in the struggle to gain recognition and legitimacy. In the concluding part, I consider how this historical narrative lives on in present-day politics, discussing how Swedish development aid seeks to export the political myth that successful democratization must be slow and gradual, rather than revolutionary.