Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE EU–US UNEMPLOYMENT PUZZLE REVISITED: INSTITUTIONS, DEMOGRAPHY, AND CAPITAL FLOWS

Abstract The historical evolution of the EU–US unemployment-rate gap is often explained in the literature in terms of asymmetric changes in labor-market institutions. There may well also be asymmetries in population aging, which may generate international capital flows and have substantial impacts on relative unemployment rates. In this paper, we ask whether the combination of institutions, aging, and capital flows explains the rise in the unemployment gap between 1960 and 2010. To this end, we set up a two-region OLG model with search unemployment in which we introduce the historical and projected changes in labor-market institutions and demographics. We show that asymmetric institutional changes alone can reproduce a large part of the historical rise in the unemployment gap. However, this result no longer holds once we add asymmetric aging in closed economies. We find this initial result again, and in an even stronger form, when we allow for international capital mobility.
Cooperative deformation of mineral and collagen in bone at the nanoscale

In biomineralized tissues such as bone, the recurring structural motif at the supramolecular level is an anisotropic stiff inorganic component reinforcing the soft organic matrix. The high toughness and defect tolerance of natural biomineralized composites is believed to arise from these nanometer scale structural motifs. Specifically, load transfer in bone has been proposed to occur by a transfer of tensile strains between the stiff inorganic (mineral apatite) particles via shearing in the intervening soft organic (collagen) layers. This raises the question as to how and to what extent do the mineral particles and fibrils deform concurrently in response to tissue deformation. Here we show that both mineral nanoparticles and the enclosing mineralized fibril deform initially elastically, but to different degrees. Using in situ tensile testing with combined high brilliance synchrotron X-ray diffraction and scattering on the same sample, we show that tissue, fibrils, and mineral particles take up successively lower levels of strain, in a ratio of 12:5:2. The maximum strain seen in mineral nanoparticles (≈0.15–0.20%) can reach up to twice the fracture strain calculated for bulk apatite. The results are consistent with a staggered model of load transfer in bone matrix, exemplifying the hierarchical nature of bone deformation. We believe this process results in a mechanism of fibril–matrix decoupling for protecting the brittle mineral phase in bone, while effectively redistributing the strain energy within the bone tissue.
Both Orai1 and Orai3 are essential components of the arachidonate‐regulated Ca2+‐selective (ARC) channels

Agonist‐activated Ca2+ signals in non‐excitable cells are profoundly influenced by calcium entry via both store‐operated and store‐independent conductances. Recent studies have demonstrated that STIM1 plays a key role in the activation of store‐operated conductances including the Ca2+‐release‐activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, and that Orai1 comprises the pore‐forming component of these channels. We recently demonstrated that STIM1 also regulates the activity of the store‐independent, arachidonic acid‐regulated Ca2+ (ARC) channels, but does so in a manner entirely distinct from its regulation of the CRAC channels. This shared ability to be regulated by STIM1, together with their similar biophysical properties, suggested that these two distinct conductances may be molecularly related. Here, we report that whilst the levels of Orai1 alone determine the magnitude of the CRAC channel currents, both Orai1 and the closely related Orai3 are critical for the corresponding currents through ARC channels. Thus, in cells stably expressing STIM1, overexpression of Orai1 increases both CRAC and ARC channel currents. Whilst similar overexpression of Orai3 alone has no effect, ARC channel currents are specifically increased by expression of Orai3 in cells stably expressing Orai1. Moreover, expression of a dominant‐negative mutant Orai3, either alone or in cells expressing wild‐type Orai1, profoundly and specifically reduces currents through the ARC channels without affecting those through the CRAC channels, and siRNA‐mediated knockdown of either Orai1 or Orai3 markedly inhibits ARC channel currents. Importantly, our data also show that the precise effects observed critically depend on which of the three proteins necessary for effective ARC channel activity (STIM1, Orai1 and Orai3) are rate limiting under the specific conditions employed.
Biomechanics and treatment of acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joint injuries

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries are more common than sternoclavicular (SC) joint injuries. There is a spectrum of AC joint traumatic injuries that ranges from a ligament sprain to a complete dislocation. The majority of AC joint injuries are successfully treated non-operatively with a period of sling immobilisation followed by progressive physical therapy and shoulder range of motion exercises. In patients who have symptomatic AC joint injuries that are recalcitrant to non-operative treatment there exists a variety of surgical treatment options to reconstruct and stabilise the joint. The SC joint, like the AC joint, can suffer a spectrum of ligamentous injuries; however, when it comes to dislocation it can only dislocate anteriorly or posteriorly. Anterior dislocations are often successfully treated with closed reduction. Posterior dislocations have significant clinical implications because of the proximity of surrounding vessels and nerves. Any attempt at reduction of a posterior dislocation requires the presence of a cardiothoracic surgeon. The majority of AC and SC joint injuries typically result in ligamentous sprain and heal uneventfully with a period of immobilisation. If, however, patients remain symptomatic after non-operative treatment or have a dislocated joint, there are reduction manoeuvres and surgical techniques that allow joint stabilisation.
Optimal dosing regimen of nitric oxide donor compounds for the reduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and isolates from wastewater membranes

Membrane fouling by bacterial biofilms remains a key challenge for membrane-based water purification systems. Here, the optimal biofilm dispersal potential of three nitric oxide (NO) donor compounds, viz. sodium nitroprusside, 6-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-nitrosohydrazino)-N-methyl-1-hexanamine (MAHMA NONOate) and 1-(hydroxy-NNO-azoxy)-L-proline, disodium salt, was investigated using Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 as a model organism. Dispersal was quantitatively assessed by confocal microscopy [bacterial cells and the components of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) (polysaccharides and extracellular DNA)] and colony-forming unit counts. The three NO donor compounds had different optimal exposure times and concentrations, with MAHMA NONOate being the optimal NO donor compound. Biofilm dispersal correlated with a reduction in both bacterial cells and EPS. MAHMA NONOate also reduced single species biofilms formed by bacteria isolated from industrial membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis membranes, as well as in isolates combined to generate mixed species biofilms. The data present strong evidence for the application of these NO donor compounds for prevention of biofouling in an industrial setting.
Protecting Link Privacy for Large Correlated Social Networks

Recently, privacy protection attracts more and more research efforts especially for social network data. In the literature, most of existing approaches assume that social data are independent to each other which is not the case in the real world applications. In this paper, we are the first attempt to investigate the privacy protection issue when social data are correlated. We model the correlation as the probability that a vertex might be related to a given vertex, i.e., how likely a person could be friend of another person. The highly correlated vertex will not be selected as neighbor vertex in the perturbed graph. By doing this, we not only protect the direct neighbors but also the highly correlated indirect neighbor vertices. The corresponding privacy as well as the utility measurement are defined to evaluate whether the perturbed social graph is good or not. Experiments are performed on three datasets and compared with the state-of-the-art algorithm, and the promising results demonstrate that our approach can achieve comparably good results on a dense graph.
Endogenous CCK Release and Pancreatic Growth in Rats After Feeding a Proteinase Inhibitor (Carnostate)

The serine proteinase inhibitor camostate was fed to rats in single, daily doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mglkg, and 400 mg/kg for 5, 10, or 15 days. Within 5 days, pancreatic size and protein, DNA, and enzyme content increased significantly. After prolonged administration, this trophic effect was more pronounced, and anticoordinate regulation of the synthetic rate of individual secretory proteins was observed. While enzyme content and protein synthesis of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen were increased, respective values for amylase were drastically reduced. Plasma levels of cholecystokinin (CCK) did not differ from controls when measured 24 h after administration of camostate. Immediately after oral feeding of camostate, CCK levels increased 10-fold above controls, reached a maximum after 90 min, and remained elevated for more than 6 h. Proglumide, a CCK-receptor antagonist, only slightly reduced the trophic action of the proteinase inhibitor. The data indicate that endogenous CCK release by a proteinase inhibitor is as potent in the modulation of pancreatic growth and individual enzyme synthesis as exogenous hormone application.
Continuous B-cell epitopes in Chlamydia trachomatis heat shock protein 60

B-cell peptide epitopes in chlamydial heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) were elucidated with antisera from 13 rabbits immunized with Chlamydia trachomatis serovars B, C, and L2 and antisera from eight women with C. trachomatis-associated ectopic pregnancies. Thirteen major epitopes were identified with the human sera, 10 of which were also observed with rabbit antisera. Seven of the 13 epitopes recognized by human antisera exhibited cross-reactive antibody binding to homologous peptide sequences in human hsp60. Self-reactive B-cell immunity to hsp60 may contribute to chlamydial disease pathogenesis.
Financial activity in agricultural futures markets: evidence from quantile regressions

This study analyses the relationship between financial activity and price returns in 12 US agricultural futures markets. It contributes to the existing research by exploring the forecasting power of trading activity for returns from the perspective of conditional quantiles. Quantile regressions detect Granger&#8208;causal effects from positions of speculators and index traders to price returns in a wide range of commodity markets such as cocoa, coffee, corn, sugar and SRW wheat.
Fourth generation detour matrix-based topological indices for QSAR/QSPR - Part-1: development and evaluation

In the present study, four detour matrix-based Topological Indices (TIs) termed as augmented path eccentric connectivity indices 1-4 (denoted by (AP)ξ(1)(C), (AP)ξ(2)(C), (AP)ξ(3)(C) and (AP)ξ(4)(C)) as well as their topochemical versions (denoted by (AP)ξ(1c)(C), (AP)ξ(2c)(C), (AP)ξ(3c)(C) and (AP)ξ(4c)(C)) have been conceptualised. A modified detour matrix termed as chemical detour matrix (Δ(c)) has also been proposed so as to facilitate computation of index values of topochemical versions of the said TIs. Values of the proposed TIs were computed for all the possible structures containing three, four and five vertices using an in-house computer program. The said TIs exhibited exceptionally high discriminating power and high sensitivity towards branching/relative position of substituent(s) in cyclic structures amalgamated with negligible degeneracy. Due care was taken during the development of TIs so as to ensure that reduction in index values of complex chemical structures to be within reasonable limits without compromising discriminating power. The mathematical properties of one of the proposed TIs have also been studied. With exceptionally high discriminating power, high sensitivity towards branching as well as relative position(s) of substituents in cyclic structures and negligible degeneracy, the proposed indices offer a vast potential for use in characterisation of structures, similarity/dissimilarity studies, lead identification and optimisation, combinatorial library design and quantitative structure-activity/property/toxicity/pharmacokinetic relationship studies.
Monitoring and Cell-Specific Deletion of C5aR1 Using a Novel Floxed GFP-C5aR1 Reporter Knock-in Mouse

Many of the biological properties of C5a are mediated through activation of its receptor (C5aR1), the expression of which has been demonstrated convincingly on myeloid cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. In contrast, conflicting results exist regarding C5aR1 expression in dendritic cells (DCs) and lymphoid lineage cells. In this article, we report the generation of a floxed GFP-C5aR1 reporter knock-in mouse. Using this mouse strain, we confirmed strong C5aR1 expression in neutrophils from bone marrow, blood, lung, and spleen, as well as in peritoneal macrophages. Further, we show C5aR1 expression in lung eosinophils, lung- and lamina propria–resident and alveolar macrophages, bone marrow–derived DCs, and lung-resident CD11b+ and monocyte-derived DCs, whereas intestinal and pulmonary CD103+ DCs stained negative. Also, some splenic NKT cells expressed GFP, whereas naive NK cells and B2 cells lacked GFP expression. Finally, we did not observe any C5aR1 expression in naive or activated CD4+ Th cells in vitro or in vivo. Mating the floxed GFP-C5aR1 mouse strain with LysMCre mice, we were able to specifically delete C5aR1 in neutrophils and macrophages, whereas C5aR1 expression was retained in DCs. In summary, our findings suggest that C5aR1 expression in mice is largely restricted to cells of the myeloid lineage. The novel floxed C5aR1 reporter knock-in mouse will prove useful to track C5aR1 expression in experimental models of acute and chronic inflammation and to conditionally delete C5aR1 in immune cells.
Beaconless Location-Based Routing with Signal Strength Assisted for Ad-Hoc Networks

Routing in ad-hoc networks is challengeable due to the mobility of the nodes. Location-based routing protocols, unlike other protocols which rely on flooding, excel in network scalability. Further more, new location-based routing protocols, like BLR[1] , IGF[2], & CBF[3] have been proposed, with the feature of being beaconless, which improve more in terms of scalability and battery consumption. Such beaconless routing protocols can work efficiently in dense network area. However, these protocols' algorithms have no immunity from routing into sparse area. In this article, historical signal strength has been added as a factor into the BLR algorithm, which improves in avoidance of routing into sparse area, and consequently improves the global routing efficiency.
THE MANAGERIAL DIMENSION OF NATURE CONSERVATION BY ECONOMIC APPROACHES

Ecosystems are assaulted by human activities in a variety of ways resulting in perturbations that impact on their stability, including their ability of contributing to human wellbeing. Halting biodiversity loss is one of the most challenging environmental issues that entered a novel stage by a major paradigm shift brought through the ecosystem approach. This approaches core concept is the one of ecosystem economy. Enabling the ecosystem service economy is a major goal of current policy for biodiversity preservation. This action necessitates a profound integration of ecological and economic knowledge, such as the development of a common concept that allow the needs of conservation to be reflected in economic processes. The ecosystem service concept grounded the design of economic tools for preserving biodiversity by using the anthropocentric model of nature for humans. According to this the existence of ecosystems brings benefits for humans such as carbon sequestration, watershed protection, biomass production, nutrient cycling and others. For these, beneficiaries should be accountable by payments using various schemes. By examining the estimates for the global value of ecosystem services and the financial flows of major programs that are using these schemes it was established the potential and prospects of the ecosystem service economy.
Elevation of Brain Magnesium Potentiates Neural Stem Cell Proliferation in the Hippocampus of Young and Aged Mice

In the adult brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) can self‐renew and generate all neural lineage types, and they persist in the sub‐granular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and the sub‐ventricular zone (SVZ) of the cortex. Here, we show that dietary‐supplemented ‐ magnesium‐L‐threonate (MgT), a novel magnesium compound designed to elevate brain magnesium regulates the NSC pool in the adult hippocampus. We found that administration of both short‐ and long‐term regimens of MgT, increased the number of hippocampal NSCs. We demonstrated that in young mice, dietary supplementation with MgT significantly enhanced NSC proliferation in the SGZ. Importantly, in aged mice that underwent long‐term (12‐month) supplementation with MgT, MgT did not deplete the hippocampal NSC reservoir but rather curtailed the age‐associated decline in NSC proliferation. We further established an association between extracellular magnesium concentrations and NSC self‐renewal in vitro by demonstrating that elevated Mg2+ concentrations can maintain or increase the number of cultured hippocampal NSCs. Our study also suggests that key signaling pathways for cell growth and proliferation may be candidate targets for Mg2+'s effects on NSC self‐renewal. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1903–1912, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Smoking Cessation Intervention: An Evidence-Based Approach

Abstract Cigarette smoking represents the most important source of preventable morbidity and premature mortality worldwide. Approximately 100 million deaths were caused by tobacco use in the 20th century. There are > 1 billion smokers worldwide, and globally the use of tobacco products is increasing, with the epidemic shifting to the developing world. Tobacco dependence is a chronic condition that often requires repeated intervention for success. Just informing a patient about health risks, although necessary, is usually not sufficient for a decision to change. Smokers should be provided with counseling when attempting to quit. Pharmacologic smoking cessation aids are recommended for all smokers who are trying to quit, unless contraindicated. Evidence-based guidelines recommend nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion SR, and varenicline as effective alternatives for smoking cessation therapy, especially when combined with behavioral interventions. Combination pharmacotherapy is indicated for highly nicotine-dependent smokers, patients who have failed with monotherapy, and patients with breakthrough cravings. An additional form of nicotine replacement therapy or an addition of a non-nicotine replacement therapy oral medication (bupropion or varenicline) may be helpful. The rate of successful smoking cessation at 1 year is 3% to 5% when the patient simply tries to stop, 7% to 16% if the smoker undergoes behavioral intervention, and up to 24% when receiving pharmacological treatment and behavioral support.
The biotic ligand model for plants and metals: Technical challenges for field application

To improve predictions of phytoavailable metal, the mechanistic bases of bioaccumulation and toxicity of metals to plants can be integrated into a biotic ligand model (BLM). There are a number of significant challenges to the application of the BLM to plants in soils, including reliable measurements of free ion concentrations for the metals of interest in rhizospheric soil solution, as well as other free ions, and concentrations of ligands to which the ions could bind; identification of the simplest model that can adequately predict root accumulation, and the potential for more complex models to add accuracy to the predictions; incorporating the dissociation of labile metal complexes (i.e., nonequilibrium processes) into a BLM, which is an equilibrium model; application of factors in a BLM that adequately describe translocation, in order to estimate metal concentration and speciation in plant shoots. The review concluded that the ability to estimate trace metal speciation in samples of soil solution are not likely to be better than within one order of magnitude of actual, thus this would be an additional source of uncertainty to the predictions of toxicity. Further, regulatory use of the BLM would require mechanistic bases; and, until root ligands associated with toxicity are well characterized, incorporating the ameliorative effects of competitive cations cannot be mechanistically based. As well, a functional BLM for soils with lower metal free ion activities will have to include kinetic data for metal‐ligand complexes, as their association/disassociation may constitute a greater metal supply to roots than what would be predicted by the free ion concentration in soil solution. To apply the BLM to trophic transfer, where metal concentration in plant shoots is the main focus, a probabilistic approach using experimentally determined root‐shoot partitioning of metals might permit estimates of shoot accumulation from root data, to within one or two orders of magnitude.
Multipotency of purified, transplanted globose basal cells in olfactory epithelium

By comparison with the rest of the nervous system, the olfactory epithelium has an unparalleled ability to renew and repair itself throughout life. However, the identity and capacity of the various types of progenitor cells that underlie that ability are not well established. We used selective isolation, transplantation, and engraftment of various types of marker‐labeled cells into the epithelium of methyl bromide‐lesioned, unmarked host mice to dissect progenitor cell capacity. Globose basal cells were purified from other potential progenitors using the monoclonal antibody GBC‐2 (GBC, globose basal cell) and fluorescence activated cell sorting. Transplanted globose basal cells engraft and, in aggregate, give rise to globose basal cells, neurons, sustentacular cells, and several other kinds of non‐neuronal cells. Individual clones, derived from single engrafted globose basal cells, can consist of a mixture of neurons and non‐neuronal cells, only neurons, or only non‐neuronal cells. Neurons that arise after transplantation mature to the point of expressing odorant receptors and olfactory marker protein and of projecting axons to the olfactory bulb. In contrast, other kinds of epithelial cells are neither neurogenic nor multipotent. For example, sustentacular and duct cells give rise only to themselves after transplantation. Furthermore, horizontal basal cells do not engraft in mice, in which the endogenous population is spared after lesion. Thus, some subtype(s) of GBC is a multipotent progenitor cell, whose multipotency is activated after destruction of both neurons and non‐neuronal cells. The results suggest that progenitor cell transplantation may prove useful as a therapeutic modality as well as an analytical tool. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:457–474, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.