Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lakes as islands: biogeographic distribution, turnover rates, and species composition in the lakes of central New York

The principles of island biogeographic theory are applied to the species diversity and distribution of various taxa within lakes of central New York state. Greater emphasis is placed on mollusc species, owing to the extensiveness of surveys, but data for zooplankton and fish species are also presented. Species diversity was found to correlate positively with lake surface area, with best descriptive equations being power curve functions. z-values of 0.23, 0.17 and 0.24 were found respectively for mollusc, zooplankton, and fish species-area equations. Species turnover rates over a half-century interval were calculated to be 0.50%/year for molluscs in a large lake, and 0.28%/year for the zooplankton communities of twelve lakes. Zooplankton turnover rates were negatively correlated with lake surface area and initial species number.
Propionibacterium acnes - friend or foe?

Propionibacterium acnes is frequently referred to as a strictly anaerobic skin commensal of low pathogenicity, a description which is misleading. The bacterium is like Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, demonstrating both beneficial and harmful effects which are host- and possibly strain-dependent. Although the pilosebaceous follicles of the face and upper trunk are the major habitat of P. acnes, significant populations also exist in the healthy mouth and colon of a minority of individuals. P. acnes can behave as an opportunist pathogen in compromized hosts but the incidence of such infections is low or underestimated. There is considerable evidence that persistence of this phagocytosis-resistant bacterium in a variety of organs and tissues can lead to a chronic inflammatory response with granuloma formation. P. acnes has the capacity to produce enzymes which could contribute to tissue destruction in dental caries and periodontal disease. Whether some strains are more virulent than others or are associated with specific disease syndromes will be ascertained only when an adequate biotyping scheme has been developed. P. acnes should not be dismissed as a culture contaminant without good reason, especially in situations where other bacteria are not recovered. To date, attempts to harness the potent immunomodulating effects of the organism in cancer therapy have been disappointing.
Effects of in ovo injection of stimulant solutions on growth and yolk utilization in broiler embryos

Effects of the automated in ovo injection of stimulant solutions (200 μL) on growth and yolk utilization in the broiler embryo was investigated in 3 trials. Treatment solutions were injected into the amnion of embryos on d 16 of incubation. Treatment effects on 0 to 18 d percentage incubational egg weight loss, proportional embryo BW, proportional yolk sac weight and embryo and yolk sac moisture contents on d 18 were determined. In trial 1, 1 mM caffeine decreased proportional embryo BW and increased percentage embryo mortality and moisture content. At 1 x 10 and 10 mM concentrations, caffeine decreased -3 -6 proportional embryo BW and at a 1 x 10 mM concentration, caffeine increased percentage embryo moisture -6 concentration. However, caffeine at concentrations of 1 x 10 , 10 and 10 mM had no detrimental effect on -3 -6 -9 embryo survivability. Theophylline, creatine, or phosphocreatine at a 1 mM concentration in trial 2 and theophylline, creatine, or L-arginine at a 1 mM concentration in combination with 5.5 mM potassium chloride in trial 3 did not affect any of the parameters examined. The current study indicated that except for 1 mM caffeine, the tested stimulant solutions had no detrimental effects on embryogenesis, suggesting their potential use as stimulants in the commercial injection of broiler hatching eggs. However, they may have to be used at different concentrations or at different times of incubation than those used in this study in order to improve embryo growth and yolk nutrient utilization, while having no detrimental effect on embryo survivability.
SOME COMMENTS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE ARTHROPODA

plant growth (Ed. F. W. Went). Chronica Botanica, Waltham, Mass. LAWRENCE, W. E. 1945. Some ecotypic relations of Deschampsia caespitosa. Amer. lBot. , 32: 298-314. LERNER, 1. M. 1954. Genetic Homeostasis. Oliver and Boyd Ltd., Edinburgh. OLMSTED, C. E. 1944. Growth and development in range grasses. IV. Photoperiodic responses in twelve geographic strains of side-oats grama. Bot. Gaz. , 106: 46-74. QUINBY, J. R. , AND KARPER, R. E. 1945. The inheritance of three genes that influence time of floral initiation and maturity date in milo. J. Amer, Soc. Agron. , 37: 916-936. SINSKAYA, E. N. 1958. Investigations on the composition of ecotypical and varietal populations. A brief survey of some of our works published in Russian. Scottish Plant Breeding Stn. , Report for 1958: 31-40. WADDINGTON, C. H. 1957. The strategy of the genes. George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London. WENT, F. W. 1957. Experimental Control of plant growth. Chronica Botanica, \Valtham, Mass.
Allozyme investigation of the trillium pusillum michaux complex (trilliaceae): taxonomic and conservation implications

TIMMERMAN-ERSKINE, M. (Science Department, Lansing Community College, Lansing, MI 48901), J. BALLENGER, (Department of Biology, Columbus State University, Columbus, GA 31907), R. R. DUTE, AND R. S. BOYD (Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, AL 36849-5407). Allozyme Investigation of the Trillium pusillum Michaux Complex (Trilliaceae): Taxonomic and Conservation Implications. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 130:110. 2003. -The Trillium pusillum complex, comprising at least six suggested taxa, has a confused taxonomic history. Allozyme electrophoresis of seven loci from 15 populations of T. pusillum revealed genetic differentiation among populations but not enough to clearly subdivide the complex into species or varieties. Cluster analysis, using the unweighted pair group method and Nei's genetic identity values, revealed that populations of T. pusillum var. texanum and var. ozarkanum clustered separately from T. pusillum var. alabamicum and var. virginianum. We found high levels of genetic variation both within and between populations. Values of FST tended to be high (FST = 0.309), an indication of limited gene flow, in contrast to fairly high interpopulational genetic identities. However, mean genetic identity (0.733) suggested low to moderate differentiation between populations. Collectively, these data and the wide distribution of T. pusillum populations suggest that this once contiguous taxon is showing effects of genetic drift. Despite the high level of genetic diversity observed, limited gene flow and habitat destruction could threaten the survival of some elements of this species complex.
The Ecological Niche of the Pygmy Swordtail, Xiphophorus pygmaeus, in the Rio Axtla, Mexico

MEEK, SETH EUGENE. 1914. An annotated list of the fishes known to occur in the fresh waters of Costa Rica. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., (Zool. Ser.) 10: 101-34. AND SAMUEL F. HILDEBRAND. 1916. The fishes of the fresh waters of Panama. Ibid.: 217374,figs. 1-10, pls. 6-32. 1923. The marine fishes of Panama. Part I. Ibid., 15 (1): i-xi, 1-330, pls. 1-24. 1925. The same. Part II. Ibid., 15 (2): xv-xix, 331-707, pls. 25-71. MULLER [JOHANNES]. 1844. Einige Bemerkungen iiber die auch nach Valenciennes trefflicher Arbeit in v. Humboldt recueil etc. noch immer unvollstandig gekannte Familie der Cyprinodonten. Ber. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1844: 35-36. REGAN, C. TATE. 1905. A revision of the fishes of the American cichlid genus Cichlasoma and of the allied genera (continued). Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) 16: 225-43. 1906-1908. Pisces. Biologia Centrali-Americana: i-xxxiii, 1-203, 26 pls. , 7 maps, 1 fig. EK, SETH UGENE. 1914. An ann tated list of STEINDACHNER, FRANZ. 1863. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Sciaenoiden Brasiliens und der Cyprinodonten Mejicos. Stizungsber. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 48: 162-85, pls. 1-4. TCHERNAVIN, V. V. 1944. A revision of some Trichomycterinae based on material preserved in the British Museum (Natural History). Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 114: 234-75. TROSCHEL [F. H. ]. 1845. Bericht iiber die Leistungen in Gebiete der Ichthologie waihrend der Jahr 1844. Arch. Naturgesch. , 1845: 200. WAGNER, MORITZ. "1864" (1865). Ueber die hydrographischen Verhaltnisse und das Vorkommen der Siisswasserfische in den Staaten Panama und Ecuador. Ein Beitrag zur Zoogeographie Amerika's. Abh. Akad. Wissensch. Miinchen, 10 (1): 63-113.
The Trial-Ready Cohort for Preclinical/Prodromal Alzheimer’s Disease (TRC-PAD) Project: An Overview

The Trial-Ready Cohort for Preclinical/prodromal Alzheimer’s Disease (TRC-PAD) project is a collaborative effort to establish an efficient mechanism for recruiting participants into very early stage Alzheimer’s disease trials. Clinically normal and mildly symptomatic individuals are followed longitudinally in a web-based component called the Alzheimer’s Prevention Trial Webstudy (APT Webstudy), with quarterly assessment of cognition and subjective concerns. The Webstudy data is used to predict the likelihood of brain amyloid elevation; individuals at relatively high risk are invited for in-person assessment in the TRC screeing phase, during which a cognitive battery is administered and Apolipoprotein E genotype is obtained followed by reassessment of risk of amyloid elevation. After an initial validation study, plasma amyloid peptide ratios will be included in this risk assessment. Based on this second risk calculation, individuals may have amyloid testing by PET scan or lumbar puncture, with those potentially eligible for trials followed in the TRC, while the rest are invited to remain in the APT Webstudy. To date, over 30,000 individuals have participated in the Webstudy; enrollment in the TRC is in its early stage.
Starch Biosynthesis: Understanding the Functions and Interactions of Multiple Isozymes of Starch Synthase and Branching Enzyme

デンプンは、地球上で最も重要なカロリー源であり、また植物における重要な貯蔵物質である。 しかし、その重要性にも関わらず、デンプンがいかにして合成されるのか、そしてその合成はどのように開始されるのか、またデンプンの構造が何によって制御されているのかは、完全には理解されていない。 しかし、これまでにデンプン生合成系に関与する多数の遺伝子が単離され、starch synthase と branching enzyme に多様なアイソザイムがあることが示されている。 例えばトウモロコシからは、5つの starch synthase 遺伝子と3つの branching enzyme 遺伝子が単離されている。 デンプン生合成の機構を完全に説明するためには、デンプン合成に関与する個々の酵素の機能を理解することとともに、多様なアイソザイムの協同作用について理解することが必要である。 さて、トウモロコシは食品ならびに非食品産業用デンプンの最大の供給源であり、また遺伝学的および生化学的研究の良い対象でもある。 そこで、私たちはデンプン生合成の機構、特にデンプン合成開始反応、および多様な starch synthase アイソザイムと branching enzyme アイソザイムの機能および相互作用を議論する上でのモデル植物として、トウモロコシをとりあげたい。
Parasitic infection of Captive Wild Animals in Iran

Zoos are places where a great number of valuable animal species are put together taken out of their natural habitats . This survey was carried out to survey the gastrointestinal parasites in animals at a zoological garden in Tehran, Iran. A total of 143 fecal samples from various captive wild animals, consisting of 40 different species were collected randomly and analysed for the presence of the different stages of parasites by direct smear preparation and zinc sulfate flotation followed by ZielNeelsen staining method. Data showed that the examined animals were consist of 12 species of carnivores (36 samples), 17 species of herbivores (75), 3 species of non-human primates (11 samples), and 8 species of different species of birds (21 samples). 23(16.08%) of animals, that belonging to 14 animal species, were infected with different intestinal parasites. Among 143 samples from captive wild animals 23 samples (16.08%) were positive for gastrointestinal parasites that 5 samples (3.49%) belong to Carnivores, 13 samples (9.09%) to Herbivores, 4 samples (2.8%) to Nonhuman primates and 1 sample (0.7%) to Aves. The prevalence of parasites was higher in Non-human primates (36.36%) followed by Herbivores (17.33%), Carnivores (13.88%) and Aves (4.76%). Some animals infected with more than one parasite species and have mixed infection, thus, out of 23 animal samples that parasites were encountered, 12 (8.39%) were infected with helminths and 13 (9.09%) were infected with protozoa. The high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites found in zoo animals examined in this study emphasizes the importance of controlling these parasitic diseases in order to keep animals, especially in the case of endangered species, in healthy conditions and prevent probable infection of humans working with these animals to zoonotic parasites.
Movements and feeding ecology of immature green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in a Florida Lagoon

The seasonal and diel movements of 14 green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Mosquito Lagoon, Florida were monitored using sonic telemetry. The feeding ecology of this population was also studied using dissection and stomach flushing techniques. Immature green turtles made random, long distance movements (x = 8.2 km/day) and occupied deeper waters (x = 1.6 m), apparently not feeding, when water temperatures ranged from 11-18 C; at water temperatures above 25 C they adopted a home range. Turtles were active at temperatures up to 34 C. No diel pattern was evident during winter months, but a definite bimodal pattern was evident at high water temperatures, with green turtles feeding on grass flats in midmorning and midafternoon and moving into deeper waters during the midday hours. Home range area was significantly correlated with body weight but the center of grazing activity was not. Seagrasses made up 88% of the turtles' diet throughout the year.
Anticariogenic Activity of Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg, Pothos scandens L. and Elaegnus kologa Schlecht

The present study was conducted to estimate total phenolic and flavonoid content and to determine anticariogenic efficacy of methanol extract of Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg (Thymelaeaceae), Pothos scandens L. (Araceae) and Elaegnus kologa Schlecht (Elaeagnaceae) leaves. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of leaf extracts was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau method and Aluminium chloride colorimetric estimation method respectively. Anticariogenic activity of leaf extracts was assessed against 13 clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans by Agar well diffusion technique. The contents of total phenolics and flavonoids were higher in G. glauca followed by P. scandens and E. kologa. The extract of G. glauca showed greater inhibition of cariogenic isolates than P. scandens and E. kologa as revealed by wider inhibition zones. The study revealed a correlation between the amount of phenolics and flavonoids present in the extracts and the anticariogenic activity of the extracts. The plants used in this study could be used against dental caries.
Studies on the Lizard Family Xantusiidae. V. The Cuban Night Lizard, Cricosaura typica Gundlach and Peters

C. H Peters (in Peters 1863:362) described a peculiar delicate little lizard from Cabo Cruz, Provincia de Oriente, Cuba, and named it Cricosaura typica. Although variously regarded as a member of the families Chalcidiens or Cyclosaures (Peters 1863), Lacertidae (Cope 1864), and Trachydermiens (Bocourt 1876), the relationship of Cricosaura to the night lizards Lepidophyma and Xantusia of Middle America and west-
Neural Mechanisms of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain: A Network-Based fMRI Approach

Over 100 million Americans suffer from chronic pain (CP), which causes more disability than any other medical condition in the United States at a cost of $560–$635 billion per year (Institute of Medicine, 2011). Opioid analgesics are frequently used to treat CP. However, long term use of opioids can cause brain changes such as opioid-induced hyperalgesia that, over time, increase pain sensation. Also, opioids fail to treat complex psychological factors that worsen pain-related disability, including beliefs about and emotional responses to pain. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be efficacious for CP. However, CBT generally does not focus on important factors needed for long-term functional improvement, including attainment of personal goals and the psychological flexibility to choose responses to pain. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) has been recognized as an effective, non-pharmacologic treatment for a variety of CP conditions (Gutierrez et al., 2004). However, little is known about the neurologic mechanisms underlying ACT. We conducted an ACT intervention in women (n = 9) with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected pre- and post-ACT, and changes in functional connectivity (FC) were measured using Network-Based Statistics (NBS). Behavioral outcomes were measured using validated assessments such as the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II), the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and the NIH Toolbox Neuro-QoLTM (Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders) scales. Results suggest that, following the 4-week ACT intervention, participants exhibited reductions in brain activation within and between key networks including self-reflection (default mode, DMN), emotion (salience, SN), and cognitive control (frontal parietal, FPN). These changes in connectivity strength were correlated with changes in behavioral outcomes including decreased depression and pain interference, and increased participation in social roles. This study is one of the first to demonstrate that improved function across the DMN, SN, and FPN may drive the positive outcomes associated with ACT. This study contributes to the emerging evidence supporting the use of neurophysiological indices to characterize treatment effects of alternative and complementary mind-body therapies.
Reliability of Decision Support in Cross-spectral Biometric-enabled Systems

This paper addresses the evaluation of the performance of face and facial expression biometrics through a decision support system. The evaluation criteria include capturing the risk of the system, estimating the reliability of decision, and predicting the change in the perceived operator’s trust in the decision. The relevant applications include human behavior monitoring and stress detection in individuals and teams, and in situational awareness system. Using an available database of cross-spectral videos of faces and facial expressions, we conducted a series of experiments to 1) demonstrate the phenomenon of biases in biometrics that affect the evaluated measures of the performance in human-machine systems, 2) explore the overall risk of the system caused by error rates such as false match and false nonmatch rates, and 3) calculate the reliability of cross-spectral and emotion-varying face identification.
The treatment gap for mental disorders in adults enrolled in HIV treatment programmes in South Africa: a cohort study using linked electronic health records

Abstract Aims Mental disorders are common in people living with HIV (PLWH) but often remain untreated. This study aimed to explore the treatment gap for mental disorders in adults followed-up in antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes in South Africa and disparities between ART programmes regarding the provision of mental health services. Methods We conducted a cohort study using ART programme data and linked pharmacy and hospitalisation data to examine the 12-month prevalence of treatment for mental disorders and factors associated with the rate of treatment for mental disorders among adults, aged 15–49 years, followed-up from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2017 at one private care, one public tertiary care and two pubic primary care ART programmes in South Africa. We calculated the treatment gap for mental disorders as the discrepancy between the 12-month prevalence of mental disorders in PLWH (aged 15–49 years) in South Africa (estimated based on data from the Global Burden of Disease study) and the 12-month prevalence of treatment for mental disorders in ART programmes. We calculated adjusted rate ratios (aRRs) for factors associated with the treatment rate of mental disorders using Poisson regression. Results In total, 182 285 ART patients were followed-up over 405 153 person-years. In 2017, the estimated treatment gap for mental disorders was 40.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 19.5–52.9) for patients followed-up in private care, 96.5% (95% CI 95.0–97.5) for patients followed-up in public primary care and 65.0% (95% CI 36.5–85.1) for patients followed-up in public tertiary care ART programmes. Rates of treatment with antidepressants, anxiolytics and antipsychotics were 17 (aRR 0.06, 95% CI 0.06–0.07), 50 (aRR 0.02, 95% CI 0.01–0.03) and 2.6 (aRR 0.39, 95% CI 0.35–0.43) times lower in public primary care programmes than in the private sector programmes. Conclusions There is a large treatment gap for mental disorders in PLWH in South Africa and substantial disparities in access to mental health services between patients receiving ART in the public vs the private sector. In the public sector and especially in public primary care, PLWH with common mental disorders remain mostly untreated.
Comparison of measured and simulated spin-wave mode spectra of magnetic nanostructures

Motivated by the importance of magnetization dynamics in nanomagnets for the development and optimization of magnetic devices and sensors, we measured and modeled spin wave spectra in patterned elliptical nanomagnets. Ferromagnetic resonance spectra for multiple nanomagnets of Ni80Fe20 , fabricated by electron-beam lithography to have nominal short-axes of 200 nm or 100 nm, were measured by use of heterodyne magneto-optical microwave microscopy. Scanning electron microscope images taken of the same nanomagnets were used to define element shapes for micromagnetic simulations. Measured spectra show significant differences between nominally identical nanomagnets, which could be only partially attributed to uncontrolled shape variations in the patterning process, as evidence by the limited agreement between the measured and simulated spectra. Agreement between measurements and simulations was improved by including a zone of reduced magnetization and exchange at the edges of the nanomagnets in the simulations. Our results show that the reduction of shape variations between individual magnetic random-access memory elements can potentially improve their performance. However, unambiguous determination of materials parameters in nanomagnets based on analysis and modeling of spin wave spectra remains problematic.
A Differentially Private Game Theoretic Approach for Deceiving Cyber Adversaries

Cyber deception is one of the key approaches used to mislead attackers by hiding or providing inaccurate system information. There are two main factors limiting the real-world application of existing cyber deception approaches. The first limitation is that the number of systems in a network is assumed to be fixed. However, in the real world, the number of systems may be dynamically changed. The second limitation is that attackers’ strategies are simplified in the literature. However, in the real world, attackers may be more powerful than theory suggests. To overcome these two limitations, we propose a novel differentially private game theoretic approach to cyber deception. In this proposed approach, a defender adopts differential privacy mechanisms to strategically change the number of systems and obfuscate the configurations of systems, while an attacker adopts a Bayesian inference approach to infer the real configurations of systems. By using the differential privacy technique, the proposed approach can 1) reduce the impacts on network security resulting from changes in the number of systems and 2) resist attacks regardless of attackers’ reasoning power. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.