Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Final lengthening at prosodic boundaries in Dutch

In this paper we describe an experiment that was set up to measure segmental lengthening before five types of prosodic boundaries, ranging from the Prosodic Word boundary to the Utterance boundary. INTRODUCTION It has been shown by several researchers [1], [2] that segments are longer at syntactic boundaries, and that the amount of lengthening increases with the boundary’s place in the syntactic hierarchy. However, we assume that it is prosodic structure that regulates the rhythm of language, and that final lengthening therefore occurs at prosodic boundaries. In earlier experiments we have found this to be true for boundaries below the word level [3], In the experiment described below we investigated final lengthening at boundaries ranging from the Prosodic Word boundary to the Utterance boundary. METHOD Our experiment was set up to test the influence prosodic boundaries have on the durations of the segments that precede them. We based our definitions of the relevant prosodic boundaries in Dutch on [4], We devised five carrier sentences in which target words could be placed before one of five prosodic boundaries. The lowest boundary we tested was a Prosodic Word boundary within a compound. The next boundary was a Prosodic Word boundary at the end of a morphological word, for which the target word was an adjective within an NP. In prosodic theory there is no d ifference betw een these two b o u n d a rie s , a lth o u g h m orphosyntactically there is. The next higher boundary to be tested was the Phonological Phrase (PPh) boundary, which occurred at the end of an NP in our material. The highest boundary was the Utterance boundary. To rule out any possible effect of sentence length we made sure that all carrier sentences had the same number of words before and after the target word position. Since it is not clear whether the shortening effect of the number of words following a target word can pass the Utterance boundary, or alternatively, whether the Utterancefinal lengthening effect is distinct from the lengthening before the end of a discourse, we added a small sentence after the Utterance boundary, consisting of the same two words that followed the PPh-boundary. In order to be able to answer this question we also included the Utterance boundary without this following sentence in our materials.
A new model for estimating subsurface ice content based on combined electrical and seismic data sets

Abstract. Detailed knowledge of the material properties and internal structures of frozen ground is one of the prerequisites in many permafrost studies. In the absence of direct evidence, such as in-situ borehole measurements, geophysical methods are an increasingly interesting option for obtaining subsurface information on various spatial and temporal scales. The indirect nature of geophysical soundings requires a relation between the measured variables (e.g. electrical resistivity, seismic velocity) and the actual subsurface constituents (rock, water, air, ice). In this work, we present a model which provides estimates of the volumetric fractions of these four constituents from tomographic electrical and seismic images. The model is tested using geophysical data sets from two rock glaciers in the Swiss Alps, where ground truth information in form of borehole data is available. First results confirm the applicability of the so-called 4-phase model, which allows to quantify the contributions of ice-, water- and air within permafrost areas as well as detecting solid bedrock. Apart from a similarly thick active layer with enhanced air content for both rock glaciers, the two case studies revealed a heterogeneous distribution of ice and unfrozen water within Muragl rock glacier, where bedrock was detected at depths of 20–25 m, but a comparatively homogeneous ice body with only minor heterogeneities within Murtel rock glacier.
Behavioral Neurogenetics - ReadingSample

Assigning function to genes has long been a focus of biomedical research. Even with complete knowledge of the genomic sequences of humans, mice and other experimental organisms, there is still much to be learned about gene function and control. Ablation or overexpression of single genes using knockout or transgenic technologies has provided functional annotation for many genes, but these technologies do not capture the extensive genetic variation present in existing experimental mouse populations. Researchers have only recently begun to truly appreciate naturally occurring genetic variation resulting from single nucleotide substitutions, insertions, deletions, copy number variation, epigenetic changes (DNA methylation, histone modifications, etc.) and gene expression differences and how this variation contributes to complex phenotypes. In this chapter, we will discuss the benefits and limitations of different forward genetic approaches that capture the genetic variation present in inbred mouse strains and present the utility of these approaches for mapping QTL that influence complex behavioral phenotypes.
AzTEC/ASTE 1.1-mm Survey of the AKARI Deep Field-South

We present the first results of a deep 1.1-mm survey of the AKARI Deep Field-South (ADF-S) with the AzTEC camera on the Atacama Submillimetre Telescope Experiment (ASTE ). This survey covers ∼400 arcmin, of which the central 202 arcmin is a uniform low-noise region with an rms noise level of 0.48–0.71 mJy. This is one of the deepest surveys at 1-mm wavelength, to cover such a large contiguous region. We detected 37 sources with a significance of 3.5–10 σ. The expected number of false detections at ≥3.5 σ is at most one, indicating that the detected sources are highly reliable. We construct differential and cumulative number counts and find a difference in number counts among 1-mm blank field surveys: the number counts of the ADF-S are less than those of GOODS-N and COSMOS fields. Most of the sources are not detected in the far-infrared bands of the AKARI, suggesting that they lie mostly at z ∼ > 1 given the detection limits. In this survey, about 10% of cosmic infrared background at 1.1 mm is resolved into discrete sources.
Multi‐scale spatial correlation and scaling behavior of surface soil moisture

The scaling behavior of surface soil moisture variance is presented across spatial scales of observation from 1 × 1 km2 to 140 × 140 km2. Semi‐variograms were used to analyze the spatial correlation in remotely sensed soil moisture data from SGP97. Results indicate that a nested correlation structure exists within regional scale fields. Three representative semi‐variograms were chosen to calculate the scaling of soil moisture variance with increasing support scale. While previous research at smaller scales (<1 km2) revealed that soil moisture variance follows a power law decay with increasing support area, we show that in the presence of significant spatial correlation at the larger scales studied here, a power law relationship no longer holds. Rather, the type of correlation function and correlation length play an important role in the relationship between soil moisture variance and support area. We suggest that understanding the spatial correlation pattern of soil moisture across scales is critical for characterizing the scaling behavior of soil moisture variance.
Rapid prototyping of three-dimensional (3-D) daubechies with transpose-based method for medical image compression

This paper presents an efficient architecture for three-dimensional (3-D) Daubechies with transpose-based method for medical image compression. Daubechies 4-tap (Daub4) and Daubechies 6-tap (Daub6) are selected with pipelined direct mapping design technique. Due to the separability property of the multi-dimensional Daubechies, the proposed architectures have been implemented using a cascade of three N-point one-dimensional (1-D) Daub4/Daub6 and two transpose memories for a 3-D volume of N*N*N suitable for real-time 3-D medical imaging applications. The architectures were synthesised using VHDL and implemented on Altera®Cyclone II (EP2C35F672C6) field programmable gate array (FPGA). An in depth evaluation in terms of area, power consumption, maximum frequency and latency are discussed in this paper.
The Structural Way for Binding a Learning Material with Personal Preferences of Learners

Yoshinov R. , Iliev O. The Structural Way for Binding a Learning Material with Personal Preferences of Learners. Abstract. Learning content creation process requires more than just collection and presentation of set of information. In order to gain knowledge, the learning content should be designed in such a way to meet predefined learning goals. Learning goals determine the entire process of learning. Bloom’s Taxonomy provides a description of a cognitive process with six hierarchical levels, each containing specific learning goal to achieve. It could be adapted into a model by which tutors create learning materials. However, when it comes to productivity of learning, it is important to consider the personalization of the presented content according to the learning style of the individual. This article analyzes the correlation between Bloom’s Taxonomy and Honey & Mumford’s learning cycle, providing a way to bind the structure of learning material to the personal preferences of learners. This novel way of creating learning materials is integrated into a model that is used for automatic generation of personalized learning materials. The effectiveness of the model is further verified through an experiment with real participants. The results of the experiment show promising potential in the way of how a learner’s capabilities may be enriched. However, while experimenting and rest of the work on the model outline some challenges before the model’s application and future work.
CHAPTER 6 IN SITU SENSING AND ENDPOINT DETECTION IN COPPER CMP

This chapter presents an in situ sensing technique for monitoring the polishing state and for detecting process endpoint for Cu CMP. An optical reflectance sensor with a spectral distribution ranging from 775 nm to 990 nm is employed on a rotary polishing tool to measure the surface reflectance of patterned Cu wafers. Theories of reflectance related to surface topography and surface composed of various coating materials are proposed. Sensor kinematics is studied to design the loci and to map the sampled data onto the wafer surface to gain both global and local information of the surface. Additionally, statistical models are developed to determine the surface condition based on the characteristics of the sample reflectance data. A nested variance model is proposed to decouple the variance components of within-wafer and within-die nonuniformity. This information may be employed to control the process parameters to improve the material removal rate and the within-wafer uniformity. Algorithms based on the changes in mean, variance, range, and distribution of the surface reflectance are examined for their effectiveness in process monitoring and endpoint detection. Experiments are also performed to validate these schemes.
Attenuation of nicotine-evoked Ca2+ influx by antibody to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α3 subunits in human embryonic kidney cells

Autoantibody against neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α3 subunit is implicated in severe autonomic dysfunction in the patients with autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy (AAG). Although this autoantibody has been revealed to impair fast excitatory synaptic transmission in autonomic ganglia, its precise mechanism remains unknown. Here, we show that antibody-induced reduction of cell-surface α3 subunits result in impairment of nicotine-evoked Ca2+ influx in stably transfected human embryonic kidney cells. These effects of the antibody were remarkably inhibited by interfering with the endocytic machinery at low-temperature. We conclude that reduction of nAChR in autonomic ganglia can be mediated by the endocytosis of α3 subunits, and resulted in autonomic failure in AAG patients.
The Toshiba entry to the CHiME 2018 Challenge

This paper summarises the Toshiba entry to the single-array track of the CHiME 2018 speech recognition challenge. The system is based on conventional acoustic modelling (AM), where phonetic targets are tied to features at the frame-level, and use the provided tri-gram language model. The system is ranked in category A that focuses on acoustic robustness. Array signals are ﬁrst enhanced using speaker dependent gener-alised eigenvalue (GEV) based beamforming. Two different acoustic representations are then extracted from the enhanced signals: i) log Mel ﬁlter-bank and ii) subband temporal envelope (STE) features. Separate acoustic models, trained on each set, are used for lattice combination. The AM combines convolutional and recurrent architectures in a single CNN-BLSTM model. Speaker adaptation, limited to vocal tract length normalisation (VTLN), de-reverberation and speaker suppression are also considered. Following system combination, the Toshiba entry achieves 60.8% word error rate (WER) on the development ( dev ) set and 56.5% WER on the evaluation ( eval ) set respectively. The system is ranked 4 th in the A category.
Parasynthesis in Degema: Simultaneous affixation or suffixation and concomitant prefixation

This paper discusses parasynthesis, also known as circumfixation, in Degema. It highlights the fact that circumfixes are controversial not only because of the possibility to analyze them as discontinuous units consisting of prefix-like and suffix-like formatives that apply to the stem simultaneously or as units formed in two stages beginning with suffixation and ending with prefixation but also because they are considered rare or non-existent in the world’s languages, and are ruled out as impossible in some theories even in principle. Circumfixation in Degema is examined against the traditional view of parasynthesis and in the light of Generative Grammar. The paper notes that circumfixation is a very common and productive way of forming agentive and gerundive nominals and state nouns in Degema, despite claims of its rarity. It also notes that a traditional or theoretical analysis notwithstanding, there is a high degree of morpho-semantic bonding between both parts of the circumfix used in forming deverbal nouns in the language – a bonding that prohibits the optionality of any of the parts of the circumfix in spite of their noncontiguity. Degema provides evidence that the two parts of the circumfix constitute a single morphological unit and express a single meaning, which cannot be realized if the two parts are regarded as cases of “normal” prefixes and suffixes. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that circumfixation is not impossible as a word formation process, like prefixation, suffixation and infixation. In the light of Generative Grammar, the paper concludes that circumfixation in Degema is a case of suffixation and concomitant prefixation rather than one of simultaneous affixation.
Intraspecific genetic diversity of the endemic freshwater crab Candidiopotamon rathbunae (Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamidae) reflects five million years of the geological history of Taiwan

Aim Candidiopotamon rathbunae (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae) is a freshwater crab endemic to Taiwan, with a distribution covering almost the entire island. Crab populations from different river systems cannot be distinguished morphologically. In this study, we investigate the phylogeography of C. rathbunae from 18 of the main river systems of Taiwan, in order to reveal geographical differentiation and cryptic endemism. We used specimens of two congeners (C. okinawense and C. kumejimense) and the closely related Amamiku amamensis from the Ryukyu Islands as outgroups.
Webcam network and image database for studies of phenological changes of vegetation and snow cover in Finland, image time series from 2014 to 2016

Abstract. In recent years, monitoring of the status of ecosystems using low-cost web (IP) or time lapse cameras has received wide interest. With broad spatial coverage and high temporal resolution, networked cameras can provide information about snow cover and vegetation status, serve as ground truths to Earth observations and be useful for gap-filling of cloudy areas in Earth observation time series. Networked cameras can also play an important role in supplementing laborious phenological field surveys and citizen science projects, which also suffer from observer-dependent observation bias. We established a network of digital surveillance cameras for automated monitoring of phenological activity of vegetation and snow cover in the boreal ecosystems of Finland. Cameras were mounted at 14 sites, each site having 1–3 cameras. Here, we document the network, basic camera information and access to images in the permanent data repository ( http://www.zenodo.org/communities/phenology_camera/ ). Individual DOI-referenced image time series consist of half-hourly images collected between 2014 and 2016 ( https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1066862 ). Additionally, we present an example of a colour index time series derived from images from two contrasting sites.
A facile method for synthesizing free-shaped and tough double network hydrogels using physically crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) as an internal mold

The creation of double network hydrogels (DN gels), which show extremely high mechanical strength, enable hydrogels to be applied both in medical and industrial fields. However, one obstacle for various applications is the lack of formability of DN gels, owing to the brittleness of the first network PAMPS gels. In order to overcome this problem, we synthesized free-shaped DN gels (called PVA-DN gels) by using a physically cross-linked PVA gel as an “internal mold”. PVA-DN gels can form any complex shapes and their mechanical properties were comparable to those of conventional DN gels. This study may expand the application of tough hydrogels.
Market potential for Finnish senior and children’s furniture in Karelia and Saint Petersburg in B2B context. Case: Kiteen Huonekalutehdas

The aims of the thesis are to investigate the demand for Kiteen Huonekalutehdas’ furniture for seniors and furniture for children in Saint Petersburg and Karelia and to clarify organizational preferences regarding their products. The theoretical framework introduces consumer behavior in the B2B context and tools used in external business analyses. The theoretical knowledge is implemented into practice with the help of a case study example, Kiteen Huonekalutehdas, which is interested in the possibilities on the Russian market in a B2B context. The empirical section includes a review of consumer behavior in Russia and in the Russian furniture industry, the nature of competition and an evaluation of the current situation on the Russian market, the results of the qualitative research. The opinions and attitudes of potential customers are analyzed with the help of in-depth interviews conducted by phone and email in January 2015. The sample consisted of five non-governmental children’s support funds and five private retirement homes in Saint Petersburg and Karelia. The research revealed that there is potential for Kiteen Huonekalutehdas’ products in the near future. Two non-governmental children’s support funds showed interest in the company’s products. However, the company should not consider immediately entering the market due to the economic situation in Russia and as a consequence the increased level of competition. Language English Pages 37 Appendices 2 Pages of Appendices 2
A New multi-dimensional domain-specific motivation questionnaire :measurement of young children's multi-faceted reading motivation

Students’ motivation in reading at a young age may have significant influence on later learning outcomes. However, there is a dearth of instruments that measure elementary students’ reading motivation, making it difficult for research advancement in the study of reading motivation. A multidimensional Reading Motivation Questionnaire (RMQ) was developed to investigate the reading goal orientations of students from Kindergarten to 6 grade (N = 275 from an independent girls’ school). Confirmatory factor analysis found five clearly distinguishable factors: Mastery, Intrinsic, Cooperative, Individual, and Competition. The youngest students (K-2 grade) were less able to differentiate the factors than older students (3-6 grade). The oldest students showed the greatest differentiation between the Individual and Cooperative factors. There was a decline found in four of the factors with age. The exception was the Individual factor, which was lowest for the youngest students. The instrument provides researchers and educators with a valid instrument to assess the motivational goals of elementary students, examine their development, and devise teaching and learning strategies based on theory and evidence.
CHAPTER NINE CHRONIC HAZARD: WEIGHING RISK AGAINST THE EFFECTS OF EMERGENCY EVACUATION FROM POPOCATÉPETL, MEXICO ∗

The global disasters of recent years have drawn worldwide attention to the number of people living in high-risk hazard zones that expose them to landslides, floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. More than half the world's population, 3.4 billion people, live in disaster- prone areas (Dilley et al., 2005), and many reside in chronically hazardous conditions. These populations are a concern for planners, policy-makers and researchers who seek to understand why people continue to live in such areas, or why they will not move away when they know the risks. Explanations include: it is their home; their economic well-being is dependent on the place; their history and family are close by; or they cannot leave (Norris et al., 2005; Tobin and Whiteford, 2002; Whiteford and Tobin, 2004; Wisner et al., 2004). The question is not really why people continue to live in highly hazardous zones, but how they mitigate the dangers associated that situation, One response, of course, is evacuation during disasters, but this presents many challenges that are inextricably linked not only with the geophysical environment but also with socio-economic vulnerabilities and social support networks of the people concerned. This paper addresses just one component, evacuation activities of people living on the slopes of the active volcano Popocatepetl, Mexico, with a view to understanding the factors that impinge upon individuals' and families' evacuation responses in chronic hazard environments, particularly the extent to which younger and older people are dependent on others, and the extent to which older people may have developed a greater rootedness to the location and thus are less willingness to leave.
On the usage of finite differences for the development of discrete linearised and adjoint CFD solvers

In this paper we discuss the usage of finite differences for the computation of the flux Jacobian in the framework of a discrete adjoint or time-linearised flow solver, in particular the associated choice of an appropriate step size. For comparison, we apply algorithmic differentiation to obtain an exact flux Jacobian. It turns out that the results depend strongly on the choice of the slope limiter. A careful choice of this function is crucial for computations with exact flux linearisations as well as for finite difference approximations.