Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Níveis de lisina e treonina digestíveis na ração de poedeiras comerciais sobre a qualidade de ovos

This research had the objective of evaluating the influence of different levels of digestible lysine and threonine in the ration of commercial laying hens (Lohmann LSL) aged between 25 and 44 weeks on the quality of eggs. Three-hundred sixty laying hens were fed rations containing different levels of digestible lysine (0.700; 0.800 and 0.900%) combined with threonine (0.500; 0.550 and 0.600%). The rations contained 16% crude protein. The experimental set up was in a completely randomized design in a 3x3 factorial scheme (three levels of lysine and three levels of theronine), resulting in nine treatments with five replicates. The experiment unit consisted of a cage with eight hens each. The data on specific gravity, weight of eggs, total solids of yolk, Haugh unit, percentage of yolk, albumin and shell were submitted to analysis of variance and polynomial regression using the SAS statistical software. No regression effect was observed for either lysine or threonine intake for the studied parameters, except for albumin percentage. Interaction was verified between the levels of lysine and theronine (p < 0.05) in the rations regarding specific gravity. The levels of 900 and 550 mg of digestible lysine and threonine, respectively, enhanced the specific gravity, whereas for the other parameters of egg quality, the recommendation is 700 mg of digestible lysine and 500 mg of digestible threonine in the ration.
SNP-Array High Resolution Cytogenetic Analysis of Resectable and Advanced Pancreatic Cancer

Context Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths. The molecular mechanisms involved in the high tumorigenicity of PC are not yet well-known. Methods Pancreatic tumor samples from 14 patients were collected by ultrasound-guided biopsy and used for DNA extraction. High resolution copy number analysis was performed on Affymetrix SNP array 6.0 and analyzed with segmentation algorithm against a reference of 270 Ceu HapMap individuals (Partek Genomic Suite). Results Nine out of 14 patients exhibited both macroscopic and cryptic cytogenetic alterations, with a mean of 10 copy number alterations (CNA) per patient, while 5 patients did not show any copy number gain or loss. Deletions outnumbered amplifications by more than 2 folds. The chromosomes showing more copy number gains were chromosomes 12, 18, 19, while chromosomes 6, 9, 17 and 18 were most frequently deleted. In particular, deletions on 9p21 encompassed CDKN2A and 2B tumor suppressor genes, that on chromosome 18q21 overlapped with SMAD4, the one on chromosome 6p21 included RUNX2, while TP53 and MAP2K4 were the target genes deleted on chromosome 17p13. Amplified regions on chromosome 12p12 encompassed KRAS and ETV6 genes, the one on chromosome 18q11 overlapped with GATA6, while that on 19q13 included AKT2. We observed that the number of alterations correlates with the clinical course, and in particular that patients with none to few alterations (≤6) showed a median time to disease progression and a median overall survival significantly longer than those having a high number of CNA (>6), with a time to disease progression of 13.7 vs . 4.1 months (P=0.015) and an overall survival of 14.6 vs . 4.8 months (P=0.035). Conclusions High resolution cytogenetic analysis by SNP-array has the potential to uncover the genetic alterations carried by pancreatic tumors, and find new markers related to patient prognosis.
Type of intraspecific and interspecific interaction among three heron species, while foraging around Pulau Dua Nature Reserve, Serang, Banten's province

This research intends to know interaction type among three heron species while foraging around Pulau Dua Nature Reserve, SerangBanten's Province. Observational method that is utilized is direct observing up to 6 months, pictures taking supported watch utilizeHandycam by focal observation method, meanwhile data analyze was done by using scan sampling method. The researchâ€™s result points out that interaction during foraging for three species herons, namely Casmerodius albus, Egretta garzetta, and Bubulcus. Ibis, cover neutralism, competition and cooperation. C. albus showed cooperative's interaction as much as 66.67%. This interaction is happening between C. albus and Phalacrocorax sp. The competition and neutralism on C. albus each of them are 16.67%. E. garzetta showed neutralism as much as 50%, between E. garzetta and other waterbird which are Threskiornis melanocephalus and Plegadis falcinellus. Meanwhile, cooperative as high as 37.50% and competitions as high as 12.50%. B. ibis showed neutralism, as high as 44.44% between B. ibis and both Ardeola speciosa and P. falcinellus. Neutralism and competition interaction each of them are 33.33% and 22.22%. Â© 2007 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: interaction, cooperation, neutralism, competition, heron.
In vitro Antioxidant Activity of the Aqueous of Angelicae gigas Nakai Leaves

Angelicae gigas Nakai has been used as a traditional medicine as well as an edible vegetable in South Korea. In this study, the total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidants of A. gigas Nakai leaves were examined in vitro via hydroxyl-radical-scavenging activity, reducing power activity, metal chelating assay, and DPPH-free -radical-scavenging assay. Among all the extracts from A. gigas Nakai leaves, the ethanol extract showed the strongest effects in all of the assays. The values for the DPPH-radical-scavenging activities of ethanol, methanol, and water extracts were 31.47, 42.14, and , respectively. Among the extracts from A. gigas Kakai leaves, the ethanol extract had the highest levels of total phenolics ( mg TAN/g) and total flavonoids ( mg QE/g), which correlated strongly with the individual phenolic-compound (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillin, and trans-ferulic acid) contents. The ethanol extract also showed stronger antioxidant activity than tocopherol in hydroxyl- radical-scavenging activity assay. These results indicate that the ethanol extract of A. gigas Kakai leaves possesses significant antioxidant properties, which suggests its great potential as a functional-food ingredient in the food industry.
The effect of bunch shading on berry development and flavonoid accumulation in Shiraz grapes

Opaque boxes were applied to bunches of Shiraz grapesprior to flowering to determine the effect of sunlight on berry developmentand accumulation of flavonoids. The boxes were designed to maintain airflowwhile excluding light and thus to minimise changes in temperature andhumidity. There was no significant effect of shading on sugar accumulationand in two of the three seasons studied there was no effect on berryweight. Chlorophyll concentration was much lower in the shaded fruit, whichappeared pale yellow until veraison. The fruit coloured normally in theshaded bunches and in two of the three seasons there was no significantchange in anthocyanin content. Expression of the gene encoding UDP-glucoseflavonoid-3-O-glucosyl transferase (UFGT), a key gene in anthocyaninsynthesis, increased after veraison and was similar in both shaded andexposed fruit. Anthocyanin composition was altered in the shaded fruit,which had a greater proportion of the dioxygenated anthocyanins, theglucosides of cyanidin and peonidin. Shading had no significant effect onthe levels of condensed tannins in the skin or seeds of ripe fruit. Shadingsignificantly reduced the levels of flavonols in the grape skin. In theexposed fruit, flavonol concentration was highest around flowering thendeclined as the berries grew, but there was an increase in flavonols perberry during ripening. When the boxes were applied before flowering, shadedfruit had much lower levels of flavonols throughout berry development andat harvest the level of flavonols were less than 10% of that in exposedfruit. A gene encoding flavonol synthase (FLS) was expressed at floweringand during ripening in exposed grapes but its expression was greatlyreduced in shaded fruit. The results indicate that shading had littleeffect on berry development and ripening, including accumulation ofanthocyanins and tannins, but significantly decreased flavonol synthesis.
Endemic freshwater finfish of Asia: distribution and conservation status

Freshwater finfish species richness and level of endemism in East, and South and South‐East Asia that included 17 nations were studied using available databases, and included nation‐wise distribution, habitat types, and conservation status. The number of endemic finfish species in the region was 559, belonging to 47 families. Families Cyprinidae and Balitoridae accounted for 43.5% and 16.2% of the total number of endemic species in the region, respectively, followed by Sisoridae (25), Gobiidae (20), Melanotaeniidae (19), and Bagridae (16), and the other 41 families had at least one endemic species. Nation‐wise the most number of endemic freshwater finfish species occur in India (191), followed by China (88), Indonesia (84), and Myanmar (60). In India, the endemic species accounted for 26.4% of the native freshwater fish fauna, followed by South Korea (16.9%), the Philippines, (16.3%) and Myanmar (15.7%).
ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF THYMUS CAPPADOCICUS BOISS.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the phenolic contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanol extract (ME), ethanol extract, water extract (WE) and essential oil of Thymus cappadocicus Boiss. The essential oil composition of a hydrodistilled essential oil of T. cappadocicus was analyzed by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system. Thymol (70.82%), p-cymene (9.52%), γ-terpinene (9.27%) and carvacrol (4.65%) were found to be the main constituents. Several potential antioxidant activities, including phosphomolybdenum, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching activity, were evaluated. ME was found to be the most active free radical scavenger. In the β-carotene-linoleic acid system, the extracts and essential oil exhibited strong inhibition against linoleic acid oxidation. The essential oil and extracts were also screened for their antimicrobial activity against 15 microorganisms. The results showed that the essential oil of T. cappadocicus had great antimicrobial activity potential against microorganisms tested. In contrast, the WE showed no antimicrobial activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Thymus species are widely consumed as a spice and tea in Turkish traditional medicine. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the extracts and essential oils of aromatic plants with antimicrobial activities for controlling pathogens and/or toxin producing microorganisms in foods. Antioxidants are compounds that, when added to food products, act as radical scavengers, prevent the radical chain reactions of oxidation, delay or inhibit the oxidation process and increase shelf life by retarding the process of lipid peroxidation. In addition, oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids may induce the progression of a great number of pathological disturbances. Owing to the strong antimicrobial and excellent protective features that they exhibited in antioxidant activity tests, the extracts and essential oil of T. cappadocicus may be considered as a natural source suitable for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries, in addition to its use in alternative medicine and as a natural therapy.
HIV: Experiencing the Pressures of Modern Life

HIV/AIDS HIV, the wily virus that causes AIDS, is able to outwit any number of host immune defenses that it encounters during infection. However, as Nolan, James and Mallal discuss in their Perspective, there is increasing evidence that small pockets of individuals are relatively protected against HIV infection, and also experience less aggressive HIV disease progression, due to a fortuitous genetic barrier. The Perspective authors discuss the finding that a low copy number of the gene encoding CCL3L1, a ligand for CCR5 (the coreceptor that HIV must bind to for invasion of human T cells to proceed), can markedly alter HIV disease outcomes. The authors discuss the need to take into account genetic barriers like the CCR5-CCL3L1 network when developing vaccines against HIV.
Identification and characterization of plant transporters using heterologous expression systems

In recent years major progress has been achieved in the understanding of transport processes in higher plants. The boom in the field of molecular plant physiology led to the identification and characterization of membrane transporters with transport activities for potassium, calcium, sugars, nitrate, ammonium, sulphate, phosphate, amino acids, peptides, and metal ions. Such progress was hardly feasible without heterologous expression of the isolated transport proteins. This review summarizes the different approaches in characterizing plant membrane transporters using heterologous expression systems. By presenting concrete examples, it outlines different cloning strategies, displays the methods used for (i) expression of transport proteins and detection of their function, (ii) biochemical analyses, (iii) explorations of the structure-function relationship through mutational analysis, and concludes with a discussion about the physiological relevance of the analyses in heterologous expression systems.
Patterns of Intoxication of Shellfish in the Gulf of Maine Coastal Waters

There is considerable variability of intoxication in Mytilus edulis leading to Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) along the Gulf of Maine coast. When samples from the same sampling location are collected and analyzed on a sufficiently frequent basis, patterns are evident. The patterns are (1) There are areas of high and low probability of shellfish toxin on the Maine coast. (2) Within the high probability areas, the timing at different stations is similar although there is intraannual variability. (3) Toxin rise can occur any time during vernal warning, the most probable timing being spring or late summer. (4) Toxin levels at offshore stations (e.g. Monhegan Island) are frequently much higher than toxin levels at nearshore and inshore stations. These patterns are useful as tracers of bloom dynamics.Key words: Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning, PSP; shellfish toxins, dinoflagellates, bloom dynamics, red tide, Gonyaulax tamarensis var. excavata, Mytilus edulis
Evidence for a substantial host‐use bottleneck following the invasion of an exotic, polyphagous weevil

1. The successful establishment of novel plant–insect interactions may depend on the availability of suitable hosts, which itself is influenced by the inherent flexibility of the herbivore for the native plants in its new range. The polyphagous beech leaf mining weevil, Orchestes fagi L. , is a recent invader to eastern Canada, and while beech is a primary host, it remains unclear the extent to which it might also utilise co‐occurring secondary hosts, as has been observed in its native European range.
Evaluation of poultry by‐product meal as partial replacement of fish meal in practical diets for juvenile tench (Tinca tinca L.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate different replacement levels of fish meal (FM) by poultry by-product meal (PBM) on survival, growth performance and body composition of juvenile tench (Tinca tinca). A 90-day experiment was conducted with 5 month-old juveniles (31.95 mm total length, 0.396 g weight). Eight practical diets (50% crude protein) differing in the level of replacement of FM protein by PMB protein were tested: 0% (control), 25%, 31%, 37%, 43%, 49%, 55% and 61% corresponding to 0, 184.8, 229.2, 273.5, 317.8, 362.1, 406.5 or 450.8 g PBM kg−1 diet respectively. Significant differences were not found (P > 0.05) between 25% replacement of FM protein by PBM protein (184.8 g kg−1 PBM in diet) and control diet. At higher replacement levels, fish had significantly lower growth, higher feed conversion ratio and lower protein productive value (P < 0.05). Fish with externally visible deformities ranged from 1.1% to 3.3%. The relation among amino acid profiles of the diets, body composition, growth performance of juveniles and amino acid requirements of other fish species is discussed. Up to 184.8 g PBM kg−1 diet can be included in diets for juvenile tench without impairing growth performance.
Genetic, phenotypic and pathogenic diversity among xanthomonads isolated from pistachio ( Pistacia vera ) in Australia

Repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR), sequencing of the 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), biochemical and physiological tests, the Biolog microplate system, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of whole-cell proteins, and pathogenicity tests were used to characterize variability among xanthomonads isolated from pistachio trees suffering from bacterial dieback in four regions of Australia. ITS sequencing and rep-PCR revealed two distinct genotypes among the strains. The ITS sequencing suggested that the pistachio strains were closely related to Xanthomonas translucens pathovars, in particular X. translucens pv. poae. Results of physiological and biochemical tests, as well as Biolog microplate analysis and protein profiling, confirmed the existence of two groups. Furthermore, pathogenicity and host-range studies indicated that the two groups were biologically different. There was an association between the two groups and the geographical origin of the strains.
Biologically enhanced corrosion fatigue

Corrosion fatigue is considered to be one of the most important factors in determining the life of static offshore structures such as platforms for oil and gas production; the combination of corrosive environment and cyclic stress can produce failure of metals by the development and growth of cracks. Seawater provides both the chemical reagent and, through wave action, the source of cyclic fatigue loading. Marine fouling can enhance both factors, first by enhancing the corrosive reactions and secondly by increasing the diameter and surface roughness of platform legs and bracing members. In relation to corrosion fatigue this enhancement is mainly due to the production of hydrogen sulphide by sulphate‐reducing bacteria. Both the effects of loading and hydrogen embrittlement can be independent of anti‐corrosion measures and thus need to be quantified and incorporated into the determination of the design life of the structure. Data are presented on the level of hydrogen sulphide that could be found under mari.
Excavations at Ginnig. The Aceramic to Early Ceramic Neolithic Sequence in North Iraq.

Ginnig est un petit site prehistorique du Nord de la Djezireh en Iraq. Sa couche superieure a ete l'objet de fouilles de sauvetage. Bien que les fouilles aient ete limitees, on a cependant decouvert la plus grande partie d'une construction a l'architecture inhabituelle, comprenant des depots ď«ouverture» et de «fermeture» peut-etre rituels, bien que le reste du materiel semble de nature domestique. La ceramique est apparentee a celle des sites neolithiques ceramique ancien du type Umm Dabaghiyah, mais, selon toutes apparences, semble le preceder, tandis que Г industrie lithique trouve ses meilleurs paralleles dans les sites neolithiques aceramiques. Y a-t-il possibilite de continuite entre le neolithique ceramique et aceramique de cette region et quelle serait alors la nature d'une telle transition ?
The Adequacy of Body Size as a Niche Difference

One of the ways that animals are thought to coexist is by differences in their body sizes. Very simply, different sized animals eat different sized foods or otherwise utilize different resources, until at some point there is enough nonoverlap to allow coexistence. This paper inspects the role of body size in competition, using MacArthur's (1972) theoretical framework. As well as describing patterns of convergence and divergence, the model developed here unifies two seemingly contradictory concepts that have become established over the past decade: (1) the concept that differences in body size promote a "niche difference" (Hutchinson 1959; Brown and Wilson 1956; Schoener 1965, 1967, 1970, 1974a and b; Grant 1968, 1972), and (2) the concept that differences in body size set up a competitive gradient whereby the larger can exclude the smaller (Brooks and Dodson 1965; Galbraith 1967; Hall et al. 1971; but see Dodson 1974 and Zaret 1975 for alternative view).
Differential Phosphorylation of the Nucleoprotein of Influenza A Viruses

Summary An analysis of the nucleoprotein (NP) of 29 different influenza A viruses by phosphopeptide fingerprinting revealed three prototype patterns. The first, which was a complex pattern consisting of six to seven phosphopeptides, another which was relatively simple consisted of two or three phosphopeptides, and a third one which was complex but was missing the main phosphopeptide shared by the two other patterns. Phosphoserine was the only labelled phosphamino acid detected. A tentative deduction of two of the phosphate attachment sites (serine residues at positions 3 and 473) could be made by comparison of the known amino acid sequences of the NPs of 25 strains. No correlation was found between species specificity or subtype or year of isolation of the strains. During the infectious cycle the fingerprint underwent significant changes, indicating subtle phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the NP at various stages during viral multiplication. Most of the phosphopeptides were metabolically stable; however one major phosphopeptide, which was not found in the NP of mature virions, exhibited a high turnover (presumably serine at position 3). The phosphopeptide fingerprint could be significantly influenced in vivo by the specific stimulation of cellular protein kinase C by the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanolyphorbol 13-acetate or by its inhibition with the isoquinoline sulphonamide H7. H7 specifically inhibited the replication of influenza A viruses by deregulation of viral protein synthesis without interfering with the multiplication of a parainfluenza virus (Newcastle disease virus), an alphavirus (Semliki Forest virus) or a flavivirus (West Nile). Therefore the correct phosphorylation of the NP of influenza viruses appears to be essential for influenza virus replication.
Epiphytic lichen diversity in old‐growth and managed Picea abies stands in southern Finland

Abstract. Epiphytic and epixylic lichens were surveyed on 15 1-ha plots in mature Picea abies-dominated boreal forests in southern Finland. The sample plots were classified into three groups according to the age of the dominant tree stand and recent signs of cutting: (1) early mature managed, ‘EM’ (95 -109 yr), (2) late mature managed, ‘LM’ (126 - 145 yr) and (3) old-growth, ‘OG’ (129 - 198 yr). Two data sets on epiphytic and epixylic lichens were recorded from each plot: (1) species on basal trunks and branches of Picea abies and (2) species on all available woody substrates, including basal parts of all tree species, saplings, snags, logs and stumps. 142 epiphytic and epixylic lichen species were found, of which 83 (58%) occurred on P. abies. Mean total numbers of species per sample plot were 69 in EM, 78 in LM and 88 in OG plots, species number on P. abies were 47, 56, and 54 respectively. The LM plots had lower species numbers than OG plots, mainly due to the lack of old Populus tremula trees, but they had higher species number than the EM plots mainly due to the higher age of Picea abies. Differences in species composition, both within and between the three groups, were small. The results suggest that the epiphytic and epixylic lichen diversity in a managed stand can be increased by prolonging the rotation of the stand to >120 yr and by increasing the diversity of habitats in the stand.