Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genotoxicidad de la furazolidona y la forma libre de su metabolito 3-amino-2-oxazolidona, mediante la prueba de micronúcleos en linfocitos humanos

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos genotoxicos del metabolito principal de la furazolidona 3-amino-2-oxazolidona (AOZ) que usualmente se encuentra unido a la proteina (AOZ-UP). Debido a que no se dispone para investigacion biomedica de AOZ-UP, se utilizo la forma libre de AOZ (AOZ-L) como desafio genotoxico por medio de la tecnica de cuantificacion de micronucleos inducidos en linfocitos humanos. El nivel de exposicion de linfocitos a AOZ-libre fue establecido con base en la determinacion por cromatografia liquida de alta resolucion (CLAR) de los residuos de AOZ-UP encontrados en musculo e higado de pollos, producidos en forma comercial, expuestos a furazolidona (FZD) por medio del alimento a dosis de 0.11% y 0.22%, permitiendo un tiempo de retiro de 7 dias. Se conformaron dos grupos furazolidona (FZD) con las siguientes concentraciones de 10 μM (225 mg/g), 1 μM (225 mg/g), 0.1 μM (22.5 mg/g), y 0.001 μM (0.225 mg/g), asi como el grupo testigo negativo sulfoxido de dimetilo (DMSO) 10-3 μM (0.130 mg/g) y el testigo positivo arsenico 10-3 μM (0.747 mg/g). Para AOZ-libre las concentraciones fueron 0.01 μM (1.020 mg/g); 0.001 μM (0.102 mg/g); 0.0005 μM (0.051 mg/g); y 0.0001 μM (0.001 mg/g) con los mismos grupos testigo. Los resultados muestran que la furazolidona a concentraciones de 1.0 μM y 0.1 μM posee un efecto genotoxico bien definido. El grado de asociacion se calculo por medio del riesgo relativo y prueba de ANDEVA, que mostro el efecto estadisticamente significativo al compararlo con el grupo testigo negativo (P = 0.001; P = 0.03 y P = 0.04, respectivamente). Para AOZ-L las mismas pruebas estadisticas mostraron que solo la concentracion 0.01 μM era capaz de inducir un efecto genotoxico. Estos resultados sugieren que la furazolidona como sal pura es potencialmente capaz de inducir efectos genotoxicos en humanos, en los que no se apoya su uso. En contraste, solo la concentracion mas alta de AOZ-L mostro un efecto similar, pero dicha concentracion es mayor que la encontrada como residual a los siete dias de retiro y puede considerarsele como un peligro mucho menor para la salud publica que el compuesto progenitor. Dada la falta de evidencia cientifica del efecto genotoxico del AOZ-UP no se pueden realizar comparaciones adicionales con lo obtenido aqui para AOZ-L, pero pareceria poco probable calificar a los residuos de AOZ-UP como peligros reales para la salud publica, por lo que se requieren pruebas adicionales.
Ovulate cone, pollination drop, and pollen capture in Sequoiadendron (Taxodiaceae)

In Sequoiadendron ovules are borne inside the ovulate cone, and pollination drops secreted from these ovules collect pollen. We examined: (1) the relation between ovular position and pollen capture; (2) pollen behavior when in contact with a pollination drop; and (3) ultrastructure of ovules during pollination drop secretion. During wet periods a water sheet forms on the surface of the cone due to bract shape and wettability. Pollination drops persist inside the wetted cone, and pollen capture resumes immediately after drying. Pollen landing on a pollination drop is taken inside the drop and carried into the micropyle when the drop contracts. Several notable ultrastructural features appear in the nucellus, integument, chalaza, and bract lamina during pollination-drop secretion. The abaxial surface of the lamina is covered by a membrane that may contribute to the wettable nature of the surface.
Inducers of resistance and silicon on the activity of defense enzymes in the soybean-Phakopsora pachyrhizi interaction

This study aimed to determine the effect of jasmonic acid (JA), Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM) and calcium silicate (a source of soluble silicon, Si), on the potentiation of soybean resistance to Asian soybean rust (ASR). The ASR severity was signifi - cantly reduced on plants sprayed with ASM or supplied with Si in comparison to plants sprayed with JA or deionized water. For chitinases (CHI), significant differences in activity between non-inoculated and inoculated plants sprayed with deionized water or with ASM occurred at 72 hours after inoculation (hai), at 24 and 72 hai when sprayed with JA and at 141 hai when supplied with Si. For β-1,3-glucanases (GLU), significant differences in activity between non-inoculated and inoculated plants sprayed with deionized water occurred at 24, 48 and 141 hai, but not until 72 for plants sprayed with ASM. For phenylalanine ammonia-lyases (PAL), significant differences in activity between non-inoculated and inoculated plants occurred only for plants sprayed with ASM at 72 and 141 hai. In conclusion, the ASR symptoms can be mild on plants sprayed with ASM or supplied with Si and that this amelioration likely involved the defense enzymes.
Pegada hídrica dos suínos abatidos nos Estados da Região Centro-Sul do Brasil - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v33i3.9924

The aim of this study was to calculate the water footprint of pigs slaughtered in 2008 in each state of south-central Brazil. The calculation of water footprint considered water consumed in grain production (corn and soybean), drinking water and washing water. Rio Grande do Sul was the state with the largest water footprint (2.702 km 3 ), followed by Santa Catarina (2.401 km 3 ) and Parana (1.089 km 3 ). States with the smallest footprints were Rio de Janeiro (0.00215 km 3 ), Distrito Federal (0.0354 km 3 ), and Espirito Santo (0.0719 km 3 ). States with low yields of corn and soybeans had higher water footprint. Calculations show that water management in swine production cannot address only the farm; it should include related agricultural supply chains.
Counteracting effects of recruitment and predation shape establishment of rotifer communities under climate change

To assess how synergies between climate warming and increased concentrations of humic substances (“brownification”) will affect rotifer community establishment in spring, we conducted a mesocosm experiment where we combined a 3°C temperature increase with a doubling in water color, changes corresponding to modeled projections for the coming 25–75 yr. We also performed a complementary predation experiment to separate the effects of predation from climate–driven changes. We show that recruitment from the sediment is crucial for shaping the rotifer community and that an elevated temperature will likely advance the recruitment peak resulting in an earlier rotifer peak abundance in spring. However, increased predator abundances, also resulting from elevated temperatures, counteracted the climate driven increase in rotifer recruitment and thereby hampered the pelagic establishment of rotifers. We show further that different rotifer genera respond differently to these increased predation pressure due to selective predation by copepods and taxa–specific protection morphologies and behaviors of rotifers. However, with the exception of one taxon, the effects from brownification were negligible, compared to effects imposed by elevated temperatures. We conclude, therefore, that future rotifer dynamics will be affected both directly through elevated temperatures and indirectly by increased predation.
PHONOLOGICAL UNIVERSALS IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION *

The paradox of human language is that it is, at once, both fixed and free; universals of structure and process coexist with diversity and change. True universals are so deeply a part of language, so basic to the ways in which we think about language, that-like fish in water-we find it difficult to recognize them or, when we do, they seem obvious or trivial. Not surprisingly, progress has been slow toward the goal of characterizing human language. In phonology, exceptionless universals include linearity of units that are analyzable into hierarchical structures, rule-governed systems, redundancy, and variation in sounds by context, speaker, social setting, and over time. Easier to discover are the widespread tendencies of languages to pattern in certain ways. The ttrm “universal” will be used here, as it often is used in linguistics, to describe such cross-language patterns-ones that have a high probability of occurrence but are not without exception, such as Trubetzkoy’s typology of vowel systems, Ferguson’s universal states and normal tendencies for nasals, and Greenberg’s implicational universals for glottalized consonants.l In phonology, many such universals derive from universal properties of human articulatory and perceptual Yet the hallmark of human language is its range of variation, across particular languages and within the individual. A characterization of the constraints on this variation is as much a part of a theory of human language as is the characterization of the commonly occurring patterns. The same paradox exists for language development: it too is both fixed and free. The determination of true universals likewise is difficult, the statement of general patterns somewhat easier. And once again, the hallmark is variation, across languages and in the individual. Much research in child phonology is directed toward finding regularities in this variation. The formulation of a theory of acquisition lies in the distant future, and behind us lies a history of the sequential demise of elegant, yet ultimately too simple, acquisitional theories. We begin this paper by briefly reviewing the major universalist theories, both to provide the necessary framework for the data we discuss and also
First detection of the emerging fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in Germany

The emerging infectious disease chytridiomycosis is one of the major factors triggering global amphibian declines. A recently discovered species of chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), likely originated in East Asia, has led to massive declines in populations of fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) after its apparent introduction to the Netherlands and Belgium. Here, we report the first detection of this pathogen in Germany where it caused mass mortality of fire salamanders in a captive collection. Salamanders from this collection showed an almost 100% prevalence of infection with Bsal. Supposed Bsal-induced mortality occurred in multiple Salamandra species (S. salamandra, S. algira, S. corsica, and S. infraimmaculata), while Bsal infection was confirmed in nine subspecies of S. salamandra and in S. algira. Our study indicates that this pathogen can potentially infect all fire salamander species and subspecies. If Bsal spreads from captive collections to wild populations, then a similar devastating effect associated with high mortality should be expected.
Effects of tree cover and season on soil nitrogen dynamics and microbial biomass in an African savanna woodland dominated by Colophospermum mopane

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tree cover and season on soil N dynamics and microbial biomass in a semi-arid southern African savanna in Zimbabwe. We used a randomized complete block design with five blocks of 100 × 100 m, demarcated in a 10-ha pocket of Colophospermum mopane-dominated woodland protected from grazing and fire. In each block, we randomly selected three mopane trees with large canopies (8.3 m crown diameter) and another three with small canopies (2.7 m crown diameter). We determined soil organic carbon and nutrient concentrations, litterfall N and C inputs, microbial biomass and N transformations beneath large and small mopane trees as well as in the intercanopy areas. Soil organic carbon, microbial biomass, N, P and K were more than twice those beneath large trees than in the intercanopy areas. Rainy-season net mineral N accumulation rate in the surface soil (0–10 cm) ranged from 3.71 μg g−1 mo−1 in the intercanopy areas to 8.80 μg g−1 mo−1 beneath large trees; correspondingly, net nitrate accumulation rate ranged from 1.33 to 3.60 μg g−1 mo−1. Dry-season net mineral N and net nitrate accumulation rates were similar across sampling sites and did not exceed 2 and 0.4 μg g−1 mo−1, respectively. Litterfall N inputs were positively and significantly correlated with soil N availability, microbial biomass N and N transformations. At all sampling sites, microbial biomass and mineral N pools in the dry season were maximum when soil moisture (∼5%) and N transformations were minimum. In contrast, when soil moisture (9–13%) and N transformations were maximum in the rainy season, microbial biomass and mineral N pools were minimum. It is concluded that the improved soil conditions beneath isolated trees in semi-arid savannas may enhance herbaceous biomass yield especially of canopy shade-tolerant species.
Ram mating performance in Border Leicesters and related breed types. 3. Relationships of ram serving capacity, testis diameter, liveweight, breed and age with flock fertility

Relationships of ram serving capacity (a measure of serving frequency in pen tests), testis diameter, liveweight, breed and age with flock fertility were studied in 40 rams joined individually for 7 days at high ewe:ram ratios. Rams were either Border Leicester, BLI (a high prolificacy line derived from the Border Leicester and Merino and since released as the Glen Vale breed) or BLI x Border Leicester, and aged either 1.5 or 2.5 years. Joinings were over 2 periods, 2-9 April or 16-23 April. Breed, age, period and interaction effects were also examined. On average (± s.e.), the number of ewes with mating marks in 7 days increased by 2.03 ± 0.52 ( P < 0.001) per serve per hour of serving capacity and by 0.40 ± 0.18 ( P < 0.05) per kg liveweight. Relationships with pregnancy rate in marked ewes differed between classes of rams. Larger testes were of most benefit when rams were of high serving capacity ( P < 0.0 1 ) or low liveweight (P<0.01). Only serving capacity was related to number of ewes pregnant, the number increasing by an average (± s.e.) of 1.73 ± 0.57 ewes per serve per hour (P<0.01). This suggests that a ram's capacity for more frequent service was more important to fertility than was extra testicular tissue. BLI x Border Leicester, BLI, and 2.5-year-old Border Leicester rams impregnated 30-40% more ewes than did 1.5-year-old Border Leicester rams. We estimate that the 1.5-year-old Border Leicester rams could be satisfactorily joined to about 46 ewes and the other rams to about 60 ewes.
The Origin of Bermudagrass (Cynodon) Off-Types Inferred by DNA Amplification Fingerprinting

DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) with arbitrary oligonucleotide primers can specify genetic relationships between closely related plant accessions. In this study, DAF was used to characterize bermudagrass (Cynodon) species and cultivars of interspecific crosses, evaluate genetic diversity and origin of bermudagrass off-types, and certify authenticity of cultivar stocks. Arbitrary octamer primers produced complex and reproducible amplification profiles with high levels of polymorphic DNA. An initial analysis of 13 bermudagrass cultivars was used as a reference to establish genetic relationships between cultivar Tifway and off-types that produce patches exhibiting contrasting morphology and performance. Phenetic analysis using cluster (UPGMA) and ordination (PCO) techniques showed that Tifway was genetically stable and that off-types were genetically distant to Tifway and represent a heterogeneous group of bermudagrass probably of interspecific hybrid origin. While Tifway standards from different sources could not be differentiated from each other, the off-types were diverse at the genetic level, their origin being clearly from sod contamination and not from somatic mutation. DAF was used to fingerprint samples in phytc-forensic applications, identifying bermudagrass plant material based on unique reference profiles generated with selected primers. Exclusions were observed in 63% of 93 bermudagrass samples believed related to cultivars Tifway, Tifgreen, and Tifdwarf. Conversely, calculation of fingerprint matching coefficients facilitated inferences on the probability of a match in inclusion cases as applied to cultivar verification, seed certification, and cultivar protection. This study presented the foundation for the identification of mistakes in plantings, mislabeled plant materials, and contamination or substitutions of sod fields.
Adaptation and first field release of Aganaspis daci (Weld), a larval parasitoid of the peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata (Saund.), in Egypt.

Bactrocera zonata has been reported as invasive species in the African continent, including Egypt, coming from the Asia neighbors. Due to the fact that is a invasive pest species, no native parasitoid was expected to be present. Indeed, the introduction of exotic parasites was a logic approach in the past against other invasive tephritidae fruit flies in other countries. Following this control measure, and in an effort to evaluate the adaptation of A. daci on B. Sonata in Egypt, a pilot trial was carried out to release and evaluate it against the pest under field conditions.
Reproductive activity after induced anestrus using altrenogest in Tursiops truncatus females in captivity in marine environment

Interest to reproduce Bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ) in captivity has increased due to the international restrictions for its commercialization and the risks and logistical difficulties for transporting specimens. Therefore, it has become important to study its reproductive biology in captivity. The objective of the present study was to determine altrenogest (Regumate ®) post-treatment indicators of vaginal cytology, estradiol levels and restarting of reproductive activity of T truncatus females in captivity in marine environment. Twelve females received altrenogest at a daily dose of 0.07mg kg -1 for a year. A total 420 slides of vaginal cytology of each female were performed to determine the percentage of cornified cells. Also, 60 blood samples of each animal were analyzed to determine estradiol levels. Regarding the vaginal cytology; percentage of cornified cells increased between 60 and 70% from day 4 to day 9 after removing the altrenogest treatment and between 70 and 80% from day 12 to day 19. Estradiol levels were in the range of 16 to 1l4pg ml -1 during the entire monitoring period. A positive correlation (r = 0.7062; P<0.05) was found between these indicators. Therefore, we conclude that treatment with altrenogest and monitoring the estrous cycle with simple techniques such as vaginal cytology might be used for designing protocols for assisted reproduction for groups of T truncatus in captivity.
Explosive speciation in cichlid fishes of the African Great Lakes: a dynamic model of adaptive radiation

In the African cichlid species flocks several corresponding ecotypes and species communities have evolved independently in each of the lakes. These flocks can be viewed as reiterations of a process, induced by the same type of external event (the formation of a lake) and seeded by the same group of organisms, equipped with the same innovative potential. The East African lakes differ in their ages, so that different stages of adaptive radiation of a single group of fishes can be studied simultaneously. This review combines findings on various African cichlid species flocks and derives a generalized model of cichlid adaptive radiation. The model constitutes four stages, defined by the most influential habitat characteristics and interactions among members of the species community at each phase. It is an attempt to provide an explicit hypothesis for a dynamic evolutionary process, as a basis to future studies.
Field observations on the African giant rat Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse in southern Nigeria

Summary The African giant rat Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse is found in a wide variety of habitats in Ibadan district. These include an abandoned farm in a degraded deciduous forest, a zoological garden complex, Agodi; and a forest plantation of teak (Tectona grandis L.F.), human habitation and derived Guinea savanna. They located their burrows in the most heavily shaded parts of the habitats. Burrows were found mostly inside deserted termite mounds and amongst roots of trees probably to provide insulation from heat. They are nocturnal, omnivorous rodents, feeding on a wide variety of root crops, fruits, molluscs and insects. Fruits of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) or their remains were found in all burrows. Information on habitat preferences, food habits, as well as that obtained from the dimensions and design of burrows which are reported in this paper later provided a basis for the design of cages and husbandry techniques for a programme of domestication of this rodent, which is currently being carried out at University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Studies Regarding the Effect of Some Unconventional Fertilizers Used for Ornamental Plants Cultivated in the Field

The paper presents data on the effect of fertilization on soil with an unconventional product, known as commercial Vinassa obtained from residues of yeast factories. The treatments were applied in field, in Tagetes patula. Both biometric measurements and anatomic-morphological studies on plants have shown the favourable effect of fertilization with Vinassa (plant growth and flowering capacity, development of woody tissue, marrow and stem diameter, etc.). At soil level, the fertilization with Vinassa, especially in high doses, resulted in an increase of soil pH to moderately alkaline, an increase of accessible potassium content and degree of base saturation, but also decreases the potential level of enzymatic activity.
Effect of phenotypic recurrent selection on genetic diversity of non-dormant multifoliolate lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) populations

Abstract. The nutritional quality of lucerne (alfalfa, Medicago sativa L.) plants correlates positively with the presence of multifoliolate (MF) leaves. Using phenotypic recurrent selection, we developed populations with an increased percentage of MF expression from 6.7% in the original population (C0) to 77.7% in the fourth cycle (C4). The effect of selection on genetic diversity within and among populations was evaluated. The populations C0 and C4 were represented by 40 plants genotyped by using 25 simple sequence repeats (SSR). The number of alleles per locus was large in both C0 and C4, averaging 6.28. The within-population genetic diversity (HE) overall estimation was 0.723 for C0 and 0.726 for C4, the absence of significant difference between the two populations indicating that the genetic diversity was as large in C4 as in C0. The Nei’s population differentiation (GST) overall estimation was 0.013, meaning that only 1.3% of the total genetic diversity was between populations and 98.7% was within populations. An efficient selection process was conducted without any increase in inbreeding or genetic drift.
Interação entre inseticidas e umidade do solo no controle do pulgão e da mosca-branca em algodoeiro

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o controle exercido por tiametoxam e pimetrozine, em aplicacao foliar ou ao solo, sobre Bemisia tabaci e Aphis gossypii, em algodoeiro, e determinar a interacao entre formas de aplicacao e a umidade do solo, em diferentes intervalos apos a aplicacao. Foram aplicados inseticidas via pulverizacao ou esguicho ao solo, em plantas de algodoeiro submetidas a tres faixas de umidade do solo. Os inseticidas foram testados separadamente, em arranjos fatoriais, com formas de aplicacao (tiametoxam), pragas (pimetrozine) e teores de umidade no solo como fatores de variacao, com as avaliacoes repetidas no tempo. Foram realizadas avaliacoes apos 3 horas e aos 3, 6, 12, 24 e 32 dias apos a aplicacao. Os inseticidas, em pulverizacao, apresentaram controle superior a 80%, ate 6 dias depois da aplicacao, para mosca-branca e pulgao. O uso de tiametoxam com esguicho, na menor faixa de umidade, propiciou controle inferior a 60%, no dia da aplicacao, superior a 90%, aos 3 e 6 dias, e superior a 80%, aos 12 dias apos aplicacao. O grau de estresse hidrico em que se encontra a planta e importante para a escolha do inseticida e da modalidade de aplicacao mais adequados ao controle das pragas avaliadas.