Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Testes investment and spawning mode in pipefishes and seahorses (Syngnathidae)

Externally fertilizing fishes are predicted to invest heavily in testes, because large numbers of sperm should be favoured by the high risk of sperm competition from sneaker males, and/or the dilution of ejaculates when shed into open water. Using museum specimens, we measured testes mass and body mass of 83 mature males, belonging to 21 genera of the family Syngnathidae (pipefishes and seahorses). In this family all species show paternal care, ranging in degree from eggs being attached to the skin of the male, to eggs being completely enclosed and nurtured within a brood pouch. The former, ‘unprotected’ group, is thought to have external fertilization, whereas in the latter, ‘protected’ group, males fertilize the eggs internally in their brood pouch. Smaller relative testes investment was thus predicted for genera that have protected compared with unprotected brood care. However, we found this not to be the case. Instead, all genera showed the same relationship between testes and body mass, regardless of brooding type. The possible implications of this surprising result are discussed, including the possibility that the mode of fertilization might have been misjudged for the pouchless syngnathids. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 83, 369–376.
A Semantic Similarity Evaluation for Healthcare Ontologies Matching to HL7 FHIR Resources

Healthcare 4.0 demands healthcare data to be shaped into a common standardized and interoperable format for achieving more efficient data exchange. Most of the techniques addressing this domain are dealing only with specific cases of data transformation through the translation of healthcare data into ontologies, which usually result in clinical misinterpretations. Currently, ontology alignment techniques are used to match different ontologies based on specific string and semantic similarity metrics, where very little systematic analysis has been performed on which semantic similarity techniques behave better. For that reason, in this paper we are investigating on finding the most efficient semantic similarity technique, based on an existing approach that can transform any healthcare dataset into HL7 FHIR, through the translation of the latter into ontologies, and their matching based on syntactic and semantic similarities.
Structured Decision-Making and Rapid Prototyping to Plan a Management Response to an Invasive Species

Abstract We developed components of a decision structure that could be used in an adaptive management framework for responding to invasion of hemlock woolly adelgid Adeleges tsugae on the Cumberland Plateau of northern Tennessee. Hemlock woolly adelgid, an invasive forest pest, was first detected in this area in 2007. We used a structured decision-making process to identify and refine the management problem, objectives, and alternative management actions, and to assess consequences and tradeoffs among selected management alternatives. We identified four fundamental objectives: 1) conserve the aquatic and terrestrial riparian conservation targets, 2) protect and preserve hemlock, 3) develop and maintain adequate budget, and 4) address public concerns. We designed two prototype responses using an iterative process. By rapidly prototyping a first solution, insights were gained and shortcomings were identified, and some of these shortcomings were incorporated and corrected in the second prototype. We found th.
Impact of Full-Field Digital Mammography versus Film-Screen Mammography in Population Screening: a Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Breast screening programs replaced film mammography with digital mammography, the effects of this practice shift in population screening on health outcomes can be measured through examination of cancer detection and interval cancer rates. METHODS A systematic review and random effects meta-analysis were undertaken. Seven databases were searched for publications that compared film to digital mammography within the same population of asymptomatic women and reported cancer detection and/or interval cancer rates. RESULTS The analysis included 24 studies with 16,583,743 screening examinations (10,968,843 film and 5,614,900 digital). The pooled difference in cancer detection rate showed an increase of 0.51 per 1,000 screens (95%CI: 0.19-0.83), greater relative increase for DCIS (25.2%, 95%CI: 17.4-33.5%) than invasive (4%, 95%CI: -3-13%), and a recall rate increase of 6.95 (95%CI: 3.47-10.42) per 1,000 screens after the transition from film to digital mammography. Seven studies (80.8% of screens) reported interval cancers: pooled difference showed no change in interval cancer rate with -0.02 per 1,000 screens (95%CI: -0.06-0.03). Restricting analysis to studies at low risk of bias resulted in findings consistent with the overall pooled results for all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The increase in cancer detection following the practice shift to digital mammography did not translate into a reduction in the interval cancer rate. Recall rates were increased. These results suggest the transition from film to digital mammography did not result in health benefits for screened women. This analysis reinforces the need to carefully evaluate effects of future changes in technology, such as tomosynthesis, to ensure new technology leads to improved health outcomes and beyond technical gains.
Numerical Analysis of Signal Response Characteristic of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters Embedded in Pavement

Piezoelectric pavement energy harvesting is a technological approach to transform mechanical energy into electrical energy. When a piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) is embedded in asphalt pavements or concrete pavements, it is subjected to traffic loads and generates electricity. The wander of the tire load and the positioning of the PEH affect the power generation; however, they were seldom comprehensively investigated until now. In this paper, a numerical study on the influence of embedding depth of the PEH and the horizontal distance between a tire load and the PEH on piezoelectric power generation is presented. The result shows that the relative position between the PEH and the load influences the voltage magnitude, and different modes of stress state change voltage polarity. Two mathematic correlations between the embedding depth, the horizontal distance, and the generated voltage were fitted based on the computational results. This study can be used to estimate the power generation efficiency, and thus offer basic information for further development to improve the practical design of PEHs in an asphalt pavement.
Low birth weight and its associated risk factors: Health facility-based case-control study

Background Low birth weight is a preventable public health problem. It is an important determinant of child survival and development, as well as long-term consequences like the onset of non-communicable disease in the life course. A large number of mortality and morbidity can be prevented by addressing the factors associated with low birth weight. The main objective of this study was to identify associated risk factors of low birth weight. Methodology A health facility-based unmatched case-control study was carried out from July 2018 to March 2019 among the mothers who delivered in health facilities of Dang district of Nepal from 17th August to 16th November 2018. The total sample size for the study was 369; 123 cases and 246 controls. Cases and controls were randomly selected independent of the exposure status in the ratio of 1:2. Information regarding exposure status was assessed through interviews and medical records. Mothers who delivered outside Dang districts were excluded from the study. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (IRC) of the Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University and written consent was taken from each participant after explaining the objectives of the study. Results Multivariate logistic regression found that having the kitchen in the same living house (AOR 2.7, CI: 1.5–4.8), iron intake less than 180 tablets (AOR 3.2, CI: 1.7–5.7), maternal weight gain during second and third trimester less than 6.53 kg (AOR 2.6, CI: 1.5–4.7), co-morbidity during pregnancy (AOR 2.4, CI: 1.3–4.5), preterm birth (AOR 2.9, CI: 1.4–6.1) were the risk factors associated with low birth weight. Conclusion Having the kitchen in the same living house, iron intake less than 180 tablets during pregnancy, maternal weight gain less than 6.53 kg during the second and third trimester, co-morbidity during pregnancy and preterm birth were the risk factors associated with low birth weight.
Reflections on the success of traditional fisheries management

The argument persists that the continued overexploitation by many fisheries around the world is evidence that current approaches to fisheries management are failing, and that more precautionary management approaches are needed. We review the available estimates of the status of fish stocks from three sources: the FAO’s “State of Marine Resources”, a database on scientific stock assessments, and recent estimates from statistical models designed to determine the status of unassessed fish stocks. The two key results are (i) that stocks that are scientifically assessed are in better shape and indeed are not typically declining but rebuilding, and (ii) that large stocks appear to be in better shape than small stocks. These results support the view that stocks that are managed are improving, while stocks that are not managed are not. Large stocks receive far more management attention than small stocks in jurisdictions that have active fisheries management systems, and most unassessed stocks are simply not managed. We assert that fisheries management as currently practised can (and often does) lead to sustainable fisheries, and what is needed is to actively manage the unassessed fisheries of the world. More precautionary management is not necessarily needed to ensure the sustainability of managed fisheries.
The Impact of Mental Illness on Postoperative Outcomes Among Medicare Beneficiaries

Objective: The aim of this study was to define the prevalence of preexisting mental illness, as well as characterize the impact of a preexisting mental illness diagnosis on postoperative outcomes. Summary Background Data: Preoperative surgical evaluation and risk stratification have traditionally centered on optimizing physical health. The influence of mental health on postoperative surgical outcomes has not been investigated. Methods: Medicare beneficiaries who underwent elective colectomy, coronary artery bypass grafting, abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, total hip arthroplasty, total knee arthroplasty, and lung resection were identified. Patients were classified as having mental illness using International Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th Revisions Procedures codes (ICD9/10CM) codes for anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or other psychotic disorder. Results: Among 1,889,032 Medicare beneficiaries who met inclusion criteria 560,744 (n = 29.7%) individuals had an antecedent diagnosis of mental illness. The majority had anxiety and/or depression (91.8%), whereas a smaller subset (8.2%) had a severe mental illness diagnosis. Patients who did and did not have mental illness were comparable relative to age and comorbidities. Patients with preoperative mental illness had a higher chance of surgical complications [anxiety/depression odds ratio (OR) 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42–1.46, severe mental illness OR 1.71, 95%CI 1.66–1.77] and an extended length of stay (anxiety/depression OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.44–1.46, severe mental illness OR 2.34, 95% CI 2.28–2.39). History of anxiety/depression (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.85–1.90) or severe mental illness (OR 2.86, 95% CI 2.77–2.94) was also associated with higher odds of 30-day readmission. Additionally, individuals with mental illness had a higher prevalence of suicidal ideation within the first year after surgery (no mental illness: 1.88 per 100,000 individuals; anxiety/depression: 51.3 per 100,000 individuals; severe mental illness: 238.9 per 100,000 individuals). Conclusions: Three in 10 Medicare beneficiaries had a preexisting mental illness diagnosis, which was strongly associated with worse postoperative outcomes, as well as suicide risk. Surgeons need to optimize mental health assessment and services in the preoperative setting to improve outcomes for this vulnerable population.
Effect of pre-starter diet ingredients and moisture content on performance, yolk sac utilization and small intestine morphology in broiler chickens

A 5 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of different iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous pre-starter diets varying in nutritive ingredients and moisture content on growth parameters, yolk sac utilization and intestine morphology of broiler chickens. A total number of 600-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 10 experimental treatments, each replicated 4 times, with 15 birds per replicate for 42 days. Dietary treatments included a control diet supplemented by each of the four combination of casein and dextrose (CD), casein and starch (CS), gluten and dextrose (GD) or gluten and starch (GS) prepared in either dry or semi-moist form by adding 0.3 L water/kg diet (SmControl, SmCD, SmCS, SmGD and SmGS) and fed from day 1 to day 7. Diet composition and moisture content interacted for feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) over the first week and entire period of the study. Feeding birds with semi-moist diets caused an increase (P < 0.001) in final WG (days 1–42) in the birds fed control, GD and GS accompanied with an improved in FCR except for the control. Moisturising the diets increased the length of chickens at day 3 (P < 0.05) and day 5 (P < 0.01) and decreased carcass (P < 0.05) fat when assessed independent of diet composition. On day 7, diets and moisture content interacted for the jejunal crypt depth where birds fed SmGD and SmGS showing the lowest figures compared with control group of birds. To conclude, inclusion of GD and GS in semi-moist form in pre-starter diets would result in increased FI, improved gut development and feed efficiency and a carryover effects on productive traits can be observed at later stages of growth.
Ranking Georeferences for Efficient Crowdsourcing of Toponym Annotations in a Historical Corpus of Alpine Texts

This paper presents a simple method to rank georeference candidates to optimally support the workflow of a citizen science web application for toponym annotation in historical texts. We implement the general idea of efficient crowdsourcing based on human and artificial intelligence working hand in hand. For named entity recognition, we apply recent neural pretraining-based NER tagger methods. For named entity linking to geographical knowledge bases, we report on georeference ranking experiments testing the hypothesis that textual proximity indicates geographic proximity. Simulation results with online reranking that immediately integrates user verification show further improvements.
Polyploidy, hybridization, and the invasion of new habitats.

Experiments are described showing that most artificial autopolyploids derived from native or introduced perennial grass species from California are far inferior in behavior under field conditions than their diploid ancestors. In a single species, Ehrharta erecta in two out of 22 localities, the autotetraploid maintained itself for, respectively, 19 and 39 years, but remained either in the exact locality of planting or in nearby localities having very similar ecological conditions. The control diploids, direct descendants of the progenitors of the autopolyploids, spread more widely and evolved more variation with respect to growth habit among each progeny. These results, along with other evidence derived from several literature sources, strengthen the hypothesis that successful polyploids among natural populations are usually or almost always the result of increased heterozygosity accompanying either interracial or interspecific hybridization. The hypothesis that polyploids succeed because of their greater tolerance of severe ecological or climatic conditions is again rejected, and that which postulates secondary contacts between previously isolated populations as the principal cause for their high frequencies in some groups of angiosperms is favored. The unusually high frequency of polyploids in the Gramineae is attributed to the probable fact that habitats to which they are best adapted have changed in extent and position repeatedly during the geological periods since the initial evolution of the family. The family Gramineae contains higher percentages of species and races or cytotypes of polyploid origin than any other large family of angiosperms. More than 80% of its species have undergone polyploidy some time during their evolutionary history. Polyploidy is expressed by four different kinds of numerical series, as fol-
Health-Related Behaviors of Pregnant Women Residing in Urban and Rural Areas in Poland

The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge regarding a healthy lifestyle and prophylaxis during pregnancy among women from rural and urban areas and how this changed within a 5-year period. Analyses of the population of pregnant women in Poland were made using a questionnaire survey. The survey was conducted in the years 2010–2012 and 2017. Questionnaires from 6128 pregnant women were collected. The statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS. The examined population was comprised of 41% women from rural areas and 59% women from urban areas. Alcohol consumption was lower among women from rural areas than among urban inhabitants in 2010–2012; in 2017 a trend of even lower consumption was observed. Folic acid supplementation was more broadly developed in the urban population; however, in 2017, higher percentage rates of both populations admitted taking folates before pregnancy. More women in urban than in rural areas performed physical activity during pregnancy, but the differences decreased in 2017. Knowledge of a healthy lifestyle and prophylaxis during pregnancy increased regardless of place of residence; however, the most evident change could be observed among women from rural areas.
Dutch sedge warblers acrocephalus schoenobaenus and west-african rainfall: empirical data and simulation modelling show low population resilience in fragmented marshlands

Sedge Warbler populations in The Netherlands have declined dramatically over the last 25 years, especially between 1973-75 and 1982-85. Population declines correlate with yearly rainfall in the western part of the Sahel-Soudan zone, the most probable wintering area of West-European birds (after removing effects of autocorrelation, rs = 0.58). However, populations in relatively unfragmented landscape showed a clear recovery after 1984, while those in heavily fragmented landscapes showed no recovery. A spatially explicit population simulation model was used to test the general hypothesis that bird populations in fragmented landscapes show stronger declines and less resilience than populations unfragmented habitats in response to a catastrophe such as winter drought. The simulations demonstrated that in fragmented landscapes (less than 1% marshland), the relative decrease in numbers was 50% higher than in less fragmented habitats (more than 1% marshland). Furthermore, after a decrease, the recovery to initial numbers in landscapes with less than 1% marshland would take about five times longer than in areas with more than 15% suitable habitat. We tentatively conclude that Sedge Warblers breeding in fragmented marshland habitats are more vulnerable to drought events in West-Africa than those in unfragmented habitats
Karyological Analysis and Body Proportion of Catfish (Clariidae, Clarias lazera, Valenciennes, 1840) in the Göksu Delta, Turkey

Chromosome analysis of Clarias lazera living in wet lands located in Goksu River (Goksu Delta) was accomplished by modified air-drying. Clarias lazera was found to have 18 metacentric, 26 submetacentric and 12 acrocentric chromosomes. Twenty-five systematically important meristic and morphometric characters of Clarias lazera in the Goksu Delta were examined for 49 specimens. In order to clarify the taxonomic status of Clarias lazera, which is not originally from this region, karyological analyses were carried out, and certain some morhometric characteristics were investigated.
A tractable latent variable model for nonlinear dimensionality reduction

Significance Latent variable models (LVMs) are powerful tools for discovering hidden structure in data. Canonical LVMs include factor analysis, which explains the correlation of a large number of observed variables in terms of a smaller number of unobserved ones, and Gaussian mixture models, which reveal clusters of data arising from an underlying multimodal distribution. In this paper, we describe a conceptually simple and equally effective LVM for nonlinear dimensionality reduction (NLDR), where the goal is to discover faithful, neighborhood-preserving embeddings of high-dimensional data. Tools for NLDR can help researchers across all areas of science and engineering to better understand and visualize their data. Our approach elevates NLDR into the family of problems that can be studied by especially tractable LVMs. We propose a latent variable model to discover faithful low-dimensional representations of high-dimensional data. The model computes a low-dimensional embedding that aims to preserve neighborhood relationships encoded by a sparse graph. The model both leverages and extends current leading approaches to this problem. Like t-distributed Stochastic Neighborhood Embedding, the model can produce two- and three-dimensional embeddings for visualization, but it can also learn higher-dimensional embeddings for other uses. Like LargeVis and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection, the model produces embeddings by balancing two goals—pulling nearby examples closer together and pushing distant examples further apart. Unlike these approaches, however, the latent variables in our model provide additional structure that can be exploited for learning. We derive an Expectation–Maximization procedure with closed-form updates that monotonically improve the model’s likelihood: In this procedure, embeddings are iteratively adapted by solving sparse, diagonally dominant systems of linear equations that arise from a discrete graph Laplacian. For large problems, we also develop an approximate coarse-graining procedure that avoids the need for negative sampling of nonadjacent nodes in the graph. We demonstrate the model’s effectiveness on datasets of images and text.