Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization and Simulation of Hydrodynamics in the Paddle, Basket and Flow-Through Dissolution Testing Apparatuses - A Review

Fluid velocity local to the dissolving surface will affect the dissolution rate. It is difficult to anticipate what local fluid velocities are present within compendial dissolution apparatuses from set flow rates or stirring rates. A range of qualitative and quantitative velocimetric techniques are available to assess and characterize hydrodynamics. These methods are frequently used in combination with computational fluid dynamics simulations to characterize and simulate hydrodynamics. Dosage form location and motion varies between apparatuses, and the presence of the dosage form itself can impact local hydrodynamics. Each apparatus described has identified hydrodynamic features which may also vary with agitation rate. This review describes the methods used to simulate and characterize hydrodynamics and summarizes some of the main findings from studies investigating hydrodynamics in the paddle, basket, and flowthrough dissolution apparatuses.
Chapter 5 In vivo Assessment of Nanomaterials Toxicity

The concern regarding the safety of nanomaterials for the human body is constantly raising. On one hand, there is an increase in the production of nanomaterials for technological applications, which raises the risk of accidental exposure of the workers during the technological manipulation. On the other hand, nanomaterials can be designed for medical applications and their faith in the human body, along with their interactions with different tissues, becomes of vital importance. The mechanisms involved in nanomaterials toxicity are discussed, including oxidative stress and inflammation. In vivo toxicity evaluation includes different routes of administration or interaction between the nanomaterial and the organism, as well as a short-term or a long-term exposure or evaluation. Also, the characteristics of nanomaterials, including size, shape, impurities, function, surface coating in relation to their toxicity, were discussed. A particular attention has been given to the evalua‐ tion of the toxicity of dendrimers, silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes.
Visfatin Promotes Wound Healing through the Activation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 Pathway

Visfatin, a member of the adipokine family, plays an important role in many metabolic and stress responses. The mechanisms underlying the direct therapeutic effects of visfatin on wound healing have not been reported yet. In this study, we examined the effects of visfatin on wound healing in vitro and in vivo. Visfatin enhanced the proliferation and migration of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and keratinocytes the expression of wound healing-related vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of HDFs with visfatin induced activation of both extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1 and 2 (JNK1/2) in a time-dependent manner. Inhibition of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 led to a significant decrease in visfatin-induced proliferation and migration of HDFs. Importantly, blocking VEGF with its neutralizing antibodies suppressed the visfatin-induced proliferation and migration of HDFs and human keratinocytes, indicating that visfatin induces the proliferation and migration of HDFs and human keratinocytes via increased VEGF expression. Moreover, visfatin effectively improved wound repair in vivo, which was comparable to the wound healing activity of epidermal growth factor (EGF). Taken together, we demonstrate that visfatin promotes the proliferation and migration of HDFs and human keratinocytes by inducing VEGF expression and can be used as a potential novel therapeutic agent for wound healing.
Habitat modelling of tracking data from multiple marine predators identifies important areas in the Southern Indian Ocean

The distribution of marine predators is driven by the distribution and abundance of their prey; areas preferred by multiple marine predator species should therefore indicate areas of ecological significance. The Southern Ocean supports large populations of seabirds and marine mammals and is undergoing rapid environmental change. The management and conservation of these predators and their environment relies on understanding their distribution and its link with the biophysical environment, as the latter determines the distribution and abundance of prey. We addressed this issue using tracking data from 14 species of marine predators to identify important habitat.
Sea urchins, macroalgae and coral reef decline: a functional evaluation of an intact reef system, Ningaloo, Western Australia

The number of relatively untouched coral reefs worldwide is rapidly decreasing. Nevertheless, one coral reef ecosystem remains relatively intact: the largest west-continental reef ecosystem in the world, Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia. This study investigated the status of 2 potential bio-indicators for coral reef decline, macroalgae and sea urchin densities, on this reef. Sur- prisingly, both were abundant, with the presence of extensive macroalgal beds in the sandy lagoon and a sea urchin-dominated reef slope. The algal distribution on Ningaloo reflected marked cross- shelf variation in the composition of fish functional groups, with only the back reef and the reef slope exhibiting high grazing rates (completely scraped every 43 and 59 d, respectively). Estimated bioero- sion rates by fishes ranged between 1 and 2.3 kg m -2 yr -1 . Echinoids only played a significant role in bioerosion on the reef slopes owing to their high abundance in that habitat (>12 individuals m -2 ). Here, estimated echinoid erosion equalled that of the most abundant excavating parrotfish, Chloru- rus sordidus. High echinoid and macroalgal abundances on this relatively intact reef system highlight the need for caution when using these metrics for evaluating reef ecosystem condition.
The scalability and flexibility of qualitative archi bond graphs for building simulations

Qualitative Archi Bond Graphs (QABGs) are energy-based unified representations for buildings that can be used for building simulations at the early stage of designing. This paper presents an approach to their scalability and flexibility when applied to the simulation of the behaviour of buildings with complex spatial structures or building dynamics under time varying situations.
Temporal interpolation in Meteosat images

The geostationary weather satellite Meteosat supplies us with a visual and an infrared image of the earth every 30 minutes. However, due to transmission errors some images may be missing. European TV weather reports are often supported by such infrared image sequences. The cloud movements in such animated films are perceived as being jerky due to the low temporal sampling rate in general and missing images in particular. In order to perform a satisfactory temporal interpolation we estimate and use the optical flow corresponding to every image in the sequence. The estimation of the optical flow is based on images sequences where the clouds are segmented from the land/water that might also be visible in the images. Because the pixel values measured correspond directly to temperature and because clouds (normally) are colder than land/water we use an estimated land temperature map to perform a threshold between clouds and land/water. The temperature maps are estimated using Rasmus Larsen et al. 2 observations from the image sequence itself at cloud free pixels and ground temperature measurements from a series of meteorological observation stations in Europe. The temporal interpolation of the images is based on a path of each pixel determined by the estimated optical flow. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated by the interpolation of a sequence of Meteosat infrared images.
Product-specific rules of origin in EU and US preferential trading arrangements: an assessment

Building on earlier work by Estevadeordal (2000), we construct a synthetic index (R-index) intending to capture the restrictiveness of rules of origin in preferential trading agreements. The R-index is applied to NAFTA and the Single List of the EU's PANEURO system covering all of the EU's preferential trade agreements. The R-index highlights how a common set of rules of origin can affect countries differently depending on their export structures, and how their complexity varies across sectors. Having controlled for the extent of tariff preference at the tariff-line level, the R-index contributes to explain differences in the rate at which preferences are used. Finally, we compute estimates of the compliance costs associated with rules of origin under NAFTA and under PANEURO and find them to be between 6.8% of good value (NAFTA) and 8% (PANEURO).
An Equilibrium Pricing Model for Wind Power Futures

Generation from wind power plants is intermittent and affects profits of wind power generators and conventional generators alike. Currently, generators have limited options for transferring the resulting wind-related volume risks. The European Energy Exchange (EEX) recently introduced exchange-traded wind power futures to address this market imperfection. We propose a stylized equilibrium pricing model featuring two representative agents and analyze equilibrium prices as well as the mechanics behind risk premia for wind power futures. We calibrate and simulate stochastic models for wind power generation, power prices, electricity demand, as well as other relevant sources of uncertainty and use the resulting scenarios to conduct a case study for the German market; analyzing prices, hedging effectiveness, and risk premia. Our main result suggests that wind generators are willing to pay an insurance premium to conventional generators to reduce their risks. We conduct a thorough sensitivity analysis to test the influence of model parameters and find that our results on risk premia hold for a broad range of reasonable inputs.
CHEMISTRY AND MASS SPECTROMETRY APPLIED TO PROTEIN MICROIDENTIFICATION AND STUDIES OF THE COMPLETE COVALENT STRUCTURE OF SMALL PROTEINS

The conference took place in the Academic and University Center in Nové Hrady on March 14 16, 2002. Scientific programme was prepared by Dr. Bohdan Schneider, local organisers were Dr. Kutá Smatanová, Ing. Strouhová and Dr. Štys. Abstracts of some of the contributions presented at the conference as lectures or posters can be found in this section of Materials Structure. A short report on the conference and announcement of the 2nd meeting will be published in next issue of the journal.
Predictive Regressions with Panel Data

This paper analyzes panel data inference in predictive regressions with endogenous and nearly persistent regressors. The standard fixed effects estimator is shown to suffer from a second order bias; analytical results, as well as Monte Carlo evidence, show that the bias and resulting size distortions can be severe. New estimators, based on recursive demeaning as well as direct bias correction, are proposed and methods for dealing with cross sectional dependence in the form of common factors are also developed. Overall, the results show that the econometric issues associated with predictive regressions when using time-series data to a large extent also carry over to the panel case. However, practical solutions are more readily available when using panel data. The results are illustrated with an application to predictability in international stock indices.
What Have We Learned About the Causes of Corruption from Ten Years of Cross-National Empirical Research?

▪ Abstract I review recent efforts by political scientists and economists to explain cross-national variation in corruption using subjective ratings, and examine the robustness of reported findings. Quite strong evidence suggests that highly developed, long-established liberal democracies, with a free and widely read press, a high share of women in government, and a history of openness to trade, are perceived as less corrupt. Countries that depend on fuel exports or have intrusive business regulations and unpredictable inflation are judged more corrupt. Although the causal direction is usually unclear, instrumenting with income as of 1700 suggests higher development does cause lower perceived corruption. However, controlling for income, most factors that predict perceived corruption do not correlate with recently available measures of actual corruption experiences (based on surveys of business people and citizens that ask whether they have been expected to pay bribes recently). Reported corruption experie.
Failure to Trade: The Curious Case of Two Argus Futures Contracts

On January 1, 2010 the Saudi state-run oil company, Aramco, switched its oil- pricing index away from the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) index to the Argus Sour Crude index. In an attempt to profit from this move, both the New York Mercantile Exchange and Intercontinental Exchange Inc. independently launched futures contracts based on the Argus index. However, despite many months passing, not one trade has been placed on either contract. We examine the impact of the Argus contract launches on WTI-Brent crude oil futures spreads. Not surprisingly, we find evidence that the introduction of the Argus futures contracts had little if any impact on WTI, Brent, or WTI-Brent spread dynamics. Thus, both the Saudi index switch and the launch of two alternative futures contracts failed to significantly remedy WTI/Brent pricing anomalies. We attribute the lack of impact not on inadequate contract design but rather on the "Winner Takes All" phenomena. Specifically, market participants refused to switch from the WTI and Brent contracts given those contracts' pre-existing liquidly advantages as well as the fact that a WTI/Brent cross-hedge could already effectively hedge sour crude positions.
Research on Mechanism of Distributors' Frequent Ordering Intention: A Prospect Theory Perspective

This article is to carry out in-depth mechanism exploration of influences of three different price promotion strategies on Distributors’ ordering intentions. This research finds out that Distributors have stronger intentions of determining ordering in the case of reward promotion rather than in threat promotion. However, among Distributors who have decided ordering, threat promotion can lead to stronger frequent ordering intention. Promotion intensity has strong adjustment effect on Distributors’ ordering intention both in reward and threat promotions. Rebates strategy has positive influence on Distributors’ intentions of both determining ordering and frequent ordering. The study reveals different price promotion strategies’ different influences on Distributors’ ordering intentions. This study provides a good reference for guiding enterprise managers’ application of price promotion.
A Simulation Study on Node Energy Constraintsof Routing Protocols of Mobile Ad hoc Networksuse of QualNet Simulator

Ad-hoc routing technology has been developed primarily for networks of mobile nodes. Mobile nodes have limited battery energy when battery discharge then it becomes very difficult to recharge or replace the battery of the nodes. These nodes need to be energy conserved to maximize the battery life as well as lifetime of nodes. We have considered three routing Protocols DSR, ZRP & STAR for mobile ad hoc networks and evaluated the energy performance metrics, routing power and residual energy in all the three modes (transmitting, receiving, and idle). We also evaluating other performance metrics of application layer packet delivery ratio, average end to end delay, throughput, and average jitter, based on the simulation analysis. The simulation has been carried out using QualNet 5.0. 1. Finally, by the observations we compare that the impact of energy constraints on a nodes in application layer of the networks that DSR offers the best combination of energy consumption and throughput performance. DSR gives better throughput, packet delivery fraction and delay performance compared to ZRP in a more stressful conditions i.e., more number of nodes applied for simulation
Assessing the impact of live-capture, confinement, and translocation on stress and fate in eastern gray squirrels

Abstract Live-capture and translocation are methods to deal with nuisance eastern gray squirrels in North America, but it is unknown how these methods affect squirrel physiology or survival. In this study we validated an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to measure fecal cortisol metabolites (FCMs) in gray squirrels; assessed their stress response relative to the positioning of the live trap (sun, shade, or control); and assessed the impact of translocation on their long-term stress, movement patterns, and survival using FCM levels, body mass changes, and radiotelemetry. We found that a 5α-pregnane-3β,11β,21-triol-20-one EIA reliably detected acute stress in gray squirrel feces 12–24 h after the stressor; live traps positioned in the sun resulted in higher peak FCM levels compared with traps positioned in the shade; translocated squirrels experienced a 10% mortality rate, compared with no mortality in the controls, although overall fates were the same; translocated squirrels initially explored more and dispersed farther than controls, but after 2 weeks made similar movements; and after controlling for the effect of season, translocation did not affect long-term FCM levels or body mass; this conclusion must be tempered by the low number of recaptures. Our study demonstrates the utility of the FCM assay; that gray squirrels are extremely sensitive to capture, handling, and confinement; and that live-capture must be done in a way that minimizes exposure to additive environmental stressors.
On Mining Progressive Positive and Negative Sequential Patterns Simultaneously

Positive sequential pattern (PSP) mining focuses on appearing items, while negative sequential pattern (NSP) mining tends to find the relationship between occurring and nonoccurring items. There are few works involved in NSP mining, and the definitions of NSP are inconsistent in each work. The support threshold for PSP is always applied on NSP, which cannot bring out interesting patterns. In addition, PSP has been discovered on incremental databases and progressive databases, while NSP mining is only performed on static databases. Progressive sequential pattern mining finds the most up-to-date patterns, which can provide more valuable information. However, the previous progressive sequential pattern mining algorithm contains some redundant process. In this paper, we aim to find NSP on progressive databases. A new definition of NSP is given to discover more meaningful and interesting patterns. We propose an algorithm, Propone, for efficient mining process. We also propose a level-order traversal strategy and a pruning strategy to reduce the calculation time and the number of negative sequential candidates (NSC). By comparing Propone with some modified previous algorithms, the experimental results show that Propone outperforms comparative algorithms.
erenchyma formation in crop species : A review

Flooding is a major problem in many crop areas around the world. However, many wetland plant species can expand their roots into flooded soils because of the presence of longitudinal aerenchyma channels that facilitate oxygen diffusion from the shoots to the root tips. Aerenchyma also forms in rice roots, allowing rice plants to grow well in flooded paddy fields. Aerenchyma formation therefore helps plants ccepted 22 December 2012
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF NEYITE , Ag 2 Cu

The crystal structure of type neyite from Alice Arm, British Columbia, was determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data with the agreement factors R1 = 0.037 (0.072 for all) and R2 = 0.078. The structural formula supported by the new electronmicroprobe data is AgCu3Pb12.5Bi13S34 (Z = 4); the lattice parameters are a 37.527(6), b 4.0705(6), c 43.701(7) Å, 108.801(2)°, space group C2/m. The structure contains 26 independent large-cation polyhedra, one Ag site and three Cu sites. It can be described as an alternation of triple-octahedron (111)PbS-like layers with (100)PbS-like layers two atomic planes thick. Both sets of layers are (a) sheared, giving rise to tetrahedral Cu sites, and (b) truncated by wavy PbS-like layers (001)ney, three atomic planes thick. The resulting structure can be described as a box-work of (100)PbS-like layers enclosing (111)PbS-like fragments. Several hypothetical structures based on the neyite principle have been derived.
REIMAGINING SWEARING EFFECTS ONLINE: THE USE OF SWEARWORDS IN NEWS AUDIENCE COMMENTING

The aim of this study is to explore swearing effects on online public perceptions of other audiences’ comments, with a focus on swearing effects in interplay with anonymity and topical difference (political vs. non-political) on the volume of public attention (total votes received by a comment) and perceptional valence (a difference between positive and negative votes).
Phase contrast X‐ray imaging of large samples using an incoherent laboratory source

An interferometric method to record quantitative X‐ray phase contrast images has been developed that can be used at polychromatic and incoherent X‐ray sources such as laboratory tubes. With respect to previously presented results, in this work we report on recent developments and results that have been achieved in view of potential future applications such as in medicine or biology. In particular, due to improvements in the fabrication process large area diffraction gratings with high aspect ratio were achieved. Thereby, the field of view of the interferometer has been drastically increased to 64 × 64 mm2 and the design value of the photon energy for the gratings could be increased up to 28 keV. Moreover, the use of a Medipix2 single photon‐counting pixel detector shows a considerable improvement in image quality and sensitivity over the integrating detector used so far. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)