Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trends in smoking among adults with mental illness and association between mental health treatment and smoking cessation.

IMPORTANCE Significant progress has been made in reducing the prevalence of tobacco use in the United States. However, tobacco cessation efforts have focused on the general population rather than individuals with mental illness, who demonstrate greater rates of tobacco use and nicotine dependence. OBJECTIVES To assess whether declines in tobacco use have been realized among individuals with mental illness and examine the association between mental health treatment and smoking cessation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Use of nationally representative surveys of noninstitutionalized US residents to compare trends in smoking rates between adults with and without mental illness and across multiple disorders (2004-2011 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey [MEPS]) and to compare rates of smoking cessation among adults with mental illness who did and did not receive mental health treatment (2009-2011 National Survey of Drug Use and Health [NSDUH]). The MEPS sample included 32,156 respondents with mental illness (operationalized as reporting severe psychological distress, probable depression, or receiving treatment for mental illness) and 133,113 without mental illness. The NSDUH sample included 14,057 lifetime smokers with mental illness. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Current smoking status (primary analysis; MEPS sample) and smoking cessation, operationalized as a lifetime smoker who did not smoke in the last 30 days (secondary analysis; NSDUH sample). RESULTS Adjusted smoking rates declined significantly among individuals without mental illness (19.2% [95% CI, 18.7-19.7%] to 16.5% [95% CI, 16.0%-17.0%]; P < .001) but changed only slightly among those with mental illness (25.3% [95% CI, 24.2%-26.3%] to 24.9% [95% CI, 23.8%- 26.0%]; P = .50), a significant difference in difference of 2.3% (95% CI, 0.7%-3.9%) (P = .005). Individuals with mental illness who received mental health treatment within the previous year were more likely to have quit smoking (37.2% [95% CI, 35.1%-39.4%]) than those not receiving treatment (33.1% [95% CI, 31.5%-34.7%]) (P = .005). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Between 2004 and 2011, the decline in smoking among individuals with mental illness was significantly less than among those without mental illness, although quit rates were greater among those receiving mental health treatment. This suggests that tobacco control policies and cessation interventions targeting the general population have not worked as effectively for persons with mental illness.
Modeling and Control of Switched Asynchronous Sequential Machines

This note presents a model for switched asynchronous sequential machines (ASMs) and utilizes corrective control to solve their model matching problem. A switched ASM comprising a number of single ASMs or submachines can change its mode or the submachine in which it is operating in an asynchronous mechanism. We obtain a matrix expression for the reachability of switched ASMs, based on which we present the existence condition and design algorithm for a corrective controller that matches the stable-state behavior of the closed-loop system to that of a reference model. The corrective controller for switched ASMs provides not only control input characters but also switching signals to utilize the reachability of each submachine in generating required feedback paths. The constraint on the switching operation caused by the asynchronous mechanism is also discussed.
Asymptotic and non-asymptotic convergence properties of stochastic approximation with controlled Markov noise without ensuring stability

This paper talks about both the asymptotic and non-asymptotic convergence properties of stochastic approximation algorithms with controlled Markov noise when stability of the iterates (which is an important condition for almost sure convergence) is hard to prove. We achieve the same by giving a lower bound on the lock-in probability of such frameworks i.e. the probability of convergence to a specific attractor of the o.d. e. limit given that the iterates visit its domain of attraction after a sufficiently large number of iterations n0. With the more general assumption of controlled Markov noise supported on a bounded subset of the Euclidean space, we recover the same bound available in literature for the case of controlled i.i. d noise (i.e. martingale difference noise). We use these results to prove almost sure convergence of the iterates to the specified attractor when sufficient conditions to guarantee asymptotic tightness of the iterates are satisfied. Another important corollary of our results is a statement similar to the well-known Kushner-Clarke Lemma for stochastic approximation algorithm with controlled Markov noise, however without the assumption of the stability of the iterates. This is, for step-size sequence { 1 nk }, 1 2 < k ≤ 1 and 1 n(logn)k , k ≤ 1, the almost sure convergence to a local attractor provided that the iterates belong to some open set infinitely often such that the open set contains the local attractor and its compact closure is in the domain of attraction of the local attractor. Additionally, we show that such results can be used to derive a sample complexity estimate of such recursions which is then used in predicting the optimal step-size.
The Geometric-Distortion Correction Algorithm for Circular-Scanning SAR Imaging

The image formation scheme for circular-scanning synthetic aperture radar includes generating a set of focused subimages and the followed mosaiking processing. However, due to the particular acquisition geometry and irregular motion of the radar platform, the inevitable geometric distortions in the subimages are necessary to be corrected. In this letter, a 2-D geometric-distortion correction algorithm based on projection transformation between the scatterers and the images is presented, in condition of focusing the subimages using a linear range-Doppler algorithm. The point target simulation and real circular-scanning data implementation results are provided to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
Web advertisement detection using Naive Bayes

Nowadays, with the development of the internet, more and more people find information on the websites. So the network promoters pretend to write advertising content on websites, advertising content will reduce the user’s experiment if the users always find the advertisement instead of the content they need. It will take web managers a lot of time to review whether the content is advertisement or useful content. Even worse, when we daily use message applications, there are always groups full of advertisement messages. It takes a lot of time to manage the users and the content, so many managers just leave it and the groups will be worthless. Basically, when we try to separate useful content from advertisement, we use the keywords. For example, if the content contains keywords like promotion champion, sale, we prefer to define it as advertisement. On the other hand, if the content has keywords like weekend, dinner, we prefer to define it as useful content. This processing can be automated as a text classification problem with the help of machine learning algorithms: k-NN Algorithm, Naive Bayes Algorithm, support vector machine, decision tree, neural network [1][2][3][4][5][6]. This paper applies Naive Bayes to advertisement detection in web content [3].
Detection Statistics in Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Quad-Cell Arrays With Crosstalk and Dead Time

The detection statistics of Geiger-mode photodetector subarrays with a combination of reset-time blocking loss and optical crosstalk are investigated. Closed-form expressions are obtained for the means and covariances of the numbers of counts in 2 × 2 subarrays (quad cells) used in Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors. The predicted wavefront sensing precision is compared with that obtained with a charge-coupled device-based wavefront sensor with readout noise. The results of the theory are also used to predict photon transfer curves for the Geiger-mode device and these are compared with experiment.
US Infant Mortality Trends Attributable to Accidental Suffocation and Strangulation in Bed From 1984 Through 2004: Are Rates Increasing?

OBJECTIVE. Accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed, a subgroup of sudden, unexpected infant deaths, is a leading mechanism of injury-related infant deaths. We explored trends and characteristics of these potentially preventable deaths. METHODS. In this descriptive study, we analyzed US infant mortality data from 1984 through 2004. To explore trends in accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed and other sudden, unexpected infant deaths, we calculated cause-specific infant mortality rates and estimated proportionate mortality. Sudden, unexpected infant death was defined as a combination of all deaths attributed to accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed, sudden infant death syndrome, and unknown causes. Finally, we examined factors that were reported as contributing to these accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed deaths. RESULTS. Between 1984 and 2004, infant mortality rates attributed to accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed increased from 2.8 to 12.5 deaths per 100000 live births. These rates remained relatively stagnant between 1984 and 1992 and increased between 1992 and 2004; the most dramatic increase occurred between 1996 and 2004 (14% average annual increase). In contrast, total sudden, unexpected infant death rates remained stagnant between 1996 and 2004, whereas the proportion of deaths attributed to sudden infant death syndrome declined and to unknown cause increased. Black male infants <4 months of age were disproportionately affected by accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed. Beds, cribs, and couches were reported as places where deaths attributed to accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed occurred. CONCLUSIONS. Infant mortality rates attributable to accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed have quadrupled since 1984. The reason for this increase is unknown. Prevention efforts should target those at highest risk and focus on helping parents and caregivers provide safer sleep environments.
Nonlinear mapping for dynamic range compression in digital images

The dynamic range of an image is defined as the ratio between the maximum and minimum luminance value it contains. This value in real images can be several thousands or even millions, whereas the dynamic range of consumer imaging devices rarely exceeds 100; therefore some processing is needed in order to display a high dynamic range image correctly. Global operators map each pixel individually with the same nonlinear function; local operators use spatially-variant functions in order to achieve a higher quality. The lower computational cost of global operators makes them attractive for real-time processing; the nonlinear mapping can however attenuate the image details. In this paper we define an expression which gives a quantitative measure of this artifact, and compare the performance of some commonly used operators. We show that a modified logarithm we propose has a satisfactory performance for a wide class of images, and has a theoretical justification based on some properties of the human visual system. We also introduce a method for the automatic tuning of the parameters of our system, based on the statistics of the input image. We finally compare our method with others proposed in the literature.
Upgrading a Natural Product: Inhibition of Human β‐Tryptase by Cyclotheonamide Analogues

Asthma is a serious global health problem. It is currently estimated that as many as 300 million people worldwide, of all ages and ethnic backgrounds, suffer from this chronic obstructive disease of the lower airways. Although the established treatments based on corticosteroids and b2-adrenoceptor agonists have reached a high standard, 3] there is still a pressing demand for new therapeutic strategies. In this context, human b-tryptase, a serine protease with trypsin-like activity (clan PA, family S1), 5] has been the focus of interest as a promising new drug target. This enzyme is almost exclusively expressed in mast cells as a pre-pro-protein, which is then processed into its mature form in a heparin-dependent manner by cathepsin C. 8] It is stored in the enzymatically active form within secretory granules and accounts for up to 20 % of the entire protein content of mast cells. Upon activation by an IgE-mediated process as a response to allergic stimuli, these cells release b-tryptase along with other inflammatory mediators such as histamine and heparin proteoglycans into the surrounding tissue by exocytosis. An increasing number of studies point to a pivotal role of this secreted protease in modulating bronchial tone, airway inflammation, and tissue remodeling, the hallmarks of asthma. In particular, b-tryptase degrades and inactivates the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP), and thus has been proposed to affect the tone of airway smooth muscle leading to bronchial constriction. Furthermore, b-tryptase was shown to induce the formation of edema, 13] is able to recruit neutrophils and eosinophils, and acts as a mitogen for the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells. 18] Indeed, aerosolized human b-tryptase causes bronchial constriction, airway inflammation, and hyperresponsiveness in allergic sheep. Intensive efforts were therefore undertaken to develop inhibitors that selectively block the peptidolytic activity of b-tryptase, and proof-ofprinciple has been obtained with the inhibitor APC-366 in a clinical phase IIa study. Cyclotheonamides, most prominent among them cyclotheonamide A, constitute a family of structurally related cyclic pentapeptides of marine origin that inhibit trypsin-like serine proteases. Their binding mode has been elucidated by the X-ray crystal structures of cyclotheonamide A in complex with trypsin and thrombin. 24] Due to an extended peptide conformation that is stabilized by macrolactamization, the inhibitor allows to address, in a substrate-like manner, not only the S1 pocket, but also the S1’, S2, and S3 pockets (Figure 1). The S1
Quantitative differences in sputum smear microscopy results for acid-fast bacilli by age and sex in four countries.

OBJECTIVE To examine the influence of age and sex on the grading of tuberculosis (TB) sputum smear microscopy results. SETTING Laboratories in Moldova, Mongolia, Uganda and Zimbabwe. METHODS Data from nationally representative samples of laboratory registers were double-entered and validated, and discordances were resolved by rechecking against the registers. RESULTS The dataset comprised 128,808 examinees from 23 laboratories in Moldova, all 31 in Mongolia, 30 in Uganda and 23 in Zimbabwe, each covering at least one calendar year. Among all examinees, 89,362 had a diagnostic examination, 13,577 (15.2%) of whom were cases. A non-quantified positive result was recorded among 1272 (9.4%) of these. Scanty results were most frequent in Zimbabwe (8.5%) and most infrequent in Uganda (1.1%). In contrast, the highest grade, of 3+ positive, was most frequent (43.9%) in Mongolia. The lowest proportion of low-grade positivity was recorded for males aged 15-24 years and the highest among females aged >or=65 years. CONCLUSION Differences in the frequency of low-grade positivity between the four countries were striking. Females tended to have lower bacillary counts, and low-grade positivity was more frequent at the extremes of age. These results reinforce the need for appropriate instructions on how to produce high-quality sputum to improve yield.
Clinical practice. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Shortly after being elbowed in the flank during a pickup basketball game, a 35-year-old healthy man has severe, colicky abdominal pain followed by gross hematuria. He is hospitalized, and a renal ultrasound scan reveals bilateral polycystic kidneys and liver cysts, previously unknown to the patient. The blood pressure is 160/100 mm Hg. The serum creatinine concentration is 0.9 mg per deciliter (80 μmol per liter). The pain subsides in 2 days with analgesics, rest, and fluids; the gross hematuria resolves in 4 days, although microscopic hematuria persists. How should his case be further evaluated and managed? The Clinical Problem Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is an inherited systemic disorder with major renal manifestations and, in some cases, abnormalities in the liver, the pancreas, the brain, the arterial blood vessels, or a combination of these sites. 1 The disease affects approximately 300,000 to 600,000 Americans of either sex, and without racial predilection. Each child of an affected parent has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene, which is completely penetrant. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease arises as a spontaneous mutation in approximately 5% of cases. However, in about one fourth of newly diagnosed cases, patients report no history of the disease, indicating that many familial cases go undetected. Affected patients have numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys; these cysts may collect blood after mild or severe trauma or may be the site of pyogenic infection. In rare cases, a malignant neoplasm develops, although the incidence of renal cancer among affected patients is not increased, as compared with the incidence in the general population. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease begins in utero, but signs of the disease may not be detected for several decades. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is caused by mutations in either of the two genes encoding plasma membrane–spanning polycystin 1 and polycystin 2 (PKD1 and PKD2, respectively). The polycystins regulate tubular and vascular development in the kidneys and other organs (liver, brain, heart, and pancreas) 2 and interact to increase the flow of calcium through a cation channel formed in plasma membranes by polycystin 2. A mutation of either polycystin can disrupt the function of the other, resulting in similar clinical presentations. However, mutations of PKD1 are more common than mutations of PKD2 (accounting for 85% of cases), are likely to be associated with more renal cysts, 3,4 and lead to renal insufficiency on average 20 years earlier (median ages at the time of death or end-stage failure, 53 and 69 years, respectively). 5
Demographic Predictors of Recreational Tennis Participant’s Sport Commitment

Prior leisure research has focused on behavioral and psychological variables, such as involvement, loyalty, and commitment to understand sport and leisure behavior. With commitment, research has found that highly committed participants will be valuable consumers of their chosen activity through sustained participation, higher involvement, and increased loyalty to an activity. Expansion of this line of research has led to understanding how these variables, such as commitment, differ based on segmentation of key user groups, but little research has been conducted to understand what influences the commitment levels of recreational sport participants. The sport commitment model posits that there are six antecedents that predict commitment: enjoyment, involvement alternatives, involvement opportunities, personal investments, social constraints, and social support. This study sought to understand commitment of recreational tennis players based on the sport commitment model. The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between demographic segments (age, sex, income, and skill level) of community tennis association members on commitment and the theoretical antecedents founded in the sport commitment model. Members of community tennis associations completed a web-based questionnaire that assessed items related to the sport commitment model and demographic information. To investigate demographic differences based on the individual variables in the model, multivariate analysis was conducted with post-hoc tests to identify differences within the categories. Results found significant differences based on a participant’s age for commitment, involvement alternatives, and social constraints. Enjoyment, personal investments, and social support significantly differed based on sex. To understand differences in how the antecedent predictors differed in predicting commitment, a regression analysis was conducted. Results found enjoyment to be the strongest predictor of commitment across all demographic categories, but there were significant differences in the strength of predicting commitment based on the other antecedent variables. The present results demonstrate that there are stable predictor variables of commitment within the model along with significant differences. Based on the present study results, sport commitment variables among various populations should not be generalized across demographics. The findings also add to the leisure research by providing evidence that personal, social, and monetary based variables directly contribute to commitment and suggest committed sport participants differ based on segmentation. Marketing implications suggest the importance of enjoyment and involvement opportunities for all market segments. Marketing efforts to younger and less skilled participants include tactics that emphasize the benefits of tennis compared to competing sports/activities and creating more social events. The findings also provide evidence that promotions to enhance time and monetary investment in the sport can increase player commitment.
New Me: Understanding Expert and Non-Expert Perceptions and Usage of the Tor Anonymity Network

Proper use of an anonymity system requires adequate understanding of how it functions. Yet, there is surprisingly little research that looks into user understanding and usage of anonymity software. Improper use stemming from a lack of suﬃcient knowledge of the system has the potential to lead to deanonymization, which may hold severe personal consequences for the user. We report on the understanding and the use of the Tor anonymity system. Via semi-structured interviews with 17 individuals (6 experts and 11 non-experts) we found that experts and non-experts view, understand, and use Tor in notably diﬀerent ways. More-over, both groups exhibit behavior as well as gaps in understanding that could potentially compromise anonymity. Based on these ﬁndings, we provide several suggestions for improving the user experience of Tor to facilitate better user understanding of its operation, threat model, and limitations.
Comment mieux évaluer les informations issues de sources multiples

Les apprenants naviguant dans les environnements interactifs ne prennent que peu en compte l'origine des informations. L'objectif de cette etude est d'etudier l'effet de la source d'information sur la comprehension d'hypertexte. Quarante-huit etudiants ont lu 4 textes a partir d'un menu presentant les titres des textes ou les sources des textes (nom de l'auteur et support de publication). Les participants ont recu une consigne de lecture simple ou une consigne de lecture attentive. Les principaux resultats ont montre que lorsque l'attention des lecteurs etait centree sur les sources, les sources faibles etaient jugees comme etant moins exactes et moins dignes de confiance. Les resultats ont ete brievement discutes en reference aux theories de la comprehension de texte.