Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Housing Subsidy Scheme and Households' Wealth in Hungary: Urban Legends and Facts

Abstract As a significant part of national wealth, households' wealth is a central issue in both policy debate and academic literature. Nevertheless, in Hungary little effort has been made so far to conduct a thorough evaluation of households' wealth over the past decade. This study provides a formal evaluation of Hungarian wealth and connects the development of components of wealth to the wider economy. Based on international comparison and econometric techniques, it is confirmed that the recent level of financial wealth among Hungarian households is still relatively low, whilst the level of current housing wealth is not evidently below the equilibrium level. These results provide an explanation as to why the government's housing subsidy scheme has a major effect on house prices rather than housing supply. Moreover, soaring house prices, supported by housing loans, suppressed financial savings. The ‘saving disaster’, i.e. small or in some periods zero saving rates, experienced in the early 2000s, to a certain extent is the other side of the ‘saving miracle’ of the early and mid-1990s when households rearranged their wealth portfolio from real assets to financial assets implying decreasing house prices and a higher saving rate.
Information Security Tradeoffs: The User Perspective

Abstract When taking a typical approach to computer security, one could make the following relatively extreme statements: A piece of data can be rendered completely secure with 100 percent assurance. Simply write the data on a piece of paper, burn the paper, and scatter the ashes. No one will be able to read or alter that data ever again. of course, this exercise and the underlying premise are a trick. Understanding the deception is the key to understanding information security: Data that is being “protected” has to remain available to legitimate users. There is a strong tendency for information security researchers and practitioners to focus on “securing” data by preventing attacks and loss of data. An IS practitioners' job might depend on preventing and recovering from security-related problems. However, increased monitoring and enhanced use of security controls can easily lead to interference and delays of information usage for legitimate users.
PROTEINASES AND PEPTIDASES OF ALFALFA HERBAGE

The soluble fraction from early bloom alfalfa herbage contained acid proteinase, neutral proteinase, carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase activity. The pH profile of soluble proteinase activity with hemoglobin substrate indicated optima at pH 4.5 (acid proteinase) and 6.7 (neutral proteinase) with activities equivalent to 19.1 and 10.2 μmoles amino acid released h−1∙g−1, respectivity. Carboxypeptidase activity was optimal at pH 5.4 and corresponded to 165 μmoles amino acid released h−1∙g−1. Aminopeptidase activity was optimal at pH 6.5. Temperature profiles indicated a Q10 of 3.3 for the acid proteinase and 1.7 for the other hydrolytic enzymes. Maximal activities were recorded at 50 °C for the acid and neutral proteinases and at 40 °C for carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase. All proteolytic enzymes were inhibited by PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride). It was not possible to selectively inhibit only one type of proteinase or peptidase with the compounds tested. The results are discussed in relation to the .
Plant and Bacterial Cell Wall Deformations in the Functional Part of the Bacterial Leaf Nodule of Spearflower [Ardisia crispa (Thunb.) A.DC., Myrsinaceae]

During the coevolution of bacteria and host plants, the plant bacterial nodules (conventionally root nodules, leaf nodules, and tumors) are established. Plant bacterial leaf nodules (BLN) were first investigated in 1881 by F. R. von Hohnel,’ but he misinterpreted BLN as a schizogenous albumin gland which contains “bakterienartigen” protein bodies. Contemporary ultrastructural studies in spearflower have shown the fine structure and development of the BLN and endophyte; which is identical with Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum. BLN from both young and mature leaves of Ardisia crispa (Thunb.) A.DC. were routinely fixed (pH 7.3) and embedded in a mixture of EpodAraldite. The samples were examined by the electron microscope Tesla BS 613. Marginal BLN in spearflower consists of the functional part (FP) containing intercellular bacteria, as well as living and/or collapsed invasive plant cells, and of the covers that may regulate the endophyte population rate. The invasive cells form a three-dimensional network which compartments the FP. In the early stage of BLN ontogeny the intercellular spaces (compartments) take form lysigenously? The compartments enlarge schizogenously in young BLN (FIGURE IA), and rexigenously via the collapse and/or death of invasive cells in mature BLN (FIGURE 1B). Invasive cells in young BLN were found to be functionally active. In a mature BLN the invasive cells are deformed by thickening of the cell walls up to a hundred times in comparison with the mesophyll. Deformed walls consist of honeycomblike and denser layers with spherical cavities (FIGURE 1C and 1D). Cell walls of the endophytic bacteria in the mature BLN are also deformed. The surface of the bacterial cells are covered with cell wall outgrowths (FIGURE 2A) which seem to be analogous with the microbodies formed via the bacterial cell wall protruding in the cytoplasm (FIGURE 2B).
Spatio-Temporal Expression Patterns of Eight Epidermis-Specific Genes in the Ascidian Embryo

Abstract During embryogenesis of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi, exactly eight-hundred epidermal cells are formed in the larva, and the lineage of the cells has been almost completely described. In the present study, we examined the spatio-temporal expression patterns of eight epidermis-specific genes which we already isolated. In situ hybridization of whole-mount specimens unambiguously demonstrated that the expression patterns of the eight genes were not identical, and that they were categorizable into several types. Transcripts of seven genes were restricted to presumptive epidermal cells, although transcripts of one gene were evident in the presumptive neural cells in addition to the presumptive epidermal cells. Therefore, most of the epidermis-specific genes in ascidian embryos are expressed in lineage-associated manner. We discuss these results in relation to the question of whether (a) epidermis-specific genes are expressed exclusively in presumptive epidermal cells prior to neural induction, or (b) the genes are first expressed in both epidermal precursors and precursors of the central nervous system, then the gene expression is downregulated in the latter after the completion of neural induction. Interestingly, cells of the anterior-most region as well as the dorsal midline of the tailbud embryo did not express most of the epidermis-specific genes, suggesting regional differences in the embryonic epidermis. Some other genes might be expressed in a complementary pattern in these regions.
Lazarus taxa, refugia and relict faunas: evidence from graptolites

Lazarus taxa are considered to be end members of a common phenomenon and their usefulness is questioned. Mass extinctions are survived by a small number of evolutionary lineages, which give rise to the increase in biodiversity during the recovery phase; and by a small number of species which survived in geographically small, isolated refugia, perhaps marginal to the main environment in crisis. Refugia may give rise to relict faunas, as in the case of early Ludlow graptolites of New South Wales, Australia, but most elements of a relict fauna are short-lived in evolutionary terms.
The educational quality of early school leavers and the cross-national variation of their income disadvantage

The average quality of available educational resources varies significantly across Europe. This not only affects school success and failure but also subsequent labour market outcomes. The main research question in this paper is to what extent this compositional variation among early school leavers (ESLrs) in particular can account for the cross-national variation of their income disadvantage relative to higher educated individuals. Findings from 3 consecutive years of cross-sectional data (EU Statistics on Income & Living Conditions [EU-SILC], 2005–2007) show that, controlling for the influence of other important country-level indicators, both educational expenditure and a country's mean PISA achievement test score interact with the effect of early school leaving on gross personal income. The income disadvantage of ESLrs is smaller in countries where the average quality of available educational resources is higher. Furthermore, this also applies to educational resources currently available to ESLrs, with the prevalence of lifelong learning yielding the same moderating effect on the income disadvantage of ESLrs.
THE DEGRADATION AND UTILIZATION OF ENDOGENOUS UREA IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF RUMINANTS: A REVIEW

Urea transferred from the blood to the digestive tract of ruminants is potentially an important source of nitrogen for microbial growth in the reticulorumen and hind gut. Early attempts to assess the quantitative importance of urea transfer did not distinguish between its reticuloruminal and hind gut components. However, recent advances in tracer methodology have facilitated this partition, and a number of estimates have been made, principally using sheep on roughage diets. For some roughage diets, the rate of urea transfer to the rumen of sheep was small and was attributable to salivary urea, whereas for other diets substantial amounts of urea appeared to be entering the rumen across the rumen epithelium in addition to that carried in saliva. Regression analysis indicated that the rate of transfer of endogenous urea to the rumen of sheep given those diets was associated with the concentration of rumen ammonia and of plasma urea, and with the amount of organic matter digested in the rumen. Experimental ev.
The late‐glacial at Lac de Creno (Corsica, France): a key site in the western Mediterranean basin

summary The lower part (460–650 cm) of a lacustrine sequence from Lac de Creno, Corsica (1310 m) is analysed on the basis of 68 pollen spectra and with the support of 10 14C dates (including nine A.M.S. dates). This sequence, which extends from the end of the Wurm to the beginning of the Postglacial, reveals a complete late-glacial. The absence of forest dynamics during the late glacial Interstadial in Corsica is a real mystery. Pollen data clearly suggest that Pinus laricio (=Pinus nigra Arnold ssp. laricio Maire) and perhaps other tree species did not exist in Corsica at that time.
Experimentally Induced Alterations of the Morphology of Chromosomes

except the cellar bristle number and the number of rows of acrostical hairs. In these latter instances the relationship is reversed, although bar still retains its intermediate place. Incidentally, in working with the forked and straight-bristled strains certain differences were noted between them. The conclusions to be drawn from these observations may be summed up as follows: (1) The somatic effect of the bar gene is primarily a reduction in facet number; (2) when this effect is doubled, as in ultra-bar, the facet number is again appreciably reduced; (3) head width, haltere length, thoracic length, wing length and width, and size of the median ocellus are directly correlated with the facet count; (4) while the number of rows of acrostical hairs and the cellar hair number are in inverse relationship; (5) in almost every respect the forked bristled flies are smaller than those with the straight bristles; (6) proof of the wide-spread somatic effects produced by a single gene change is shown by the fact that observations made upon either the forked or straight-bristled strain are substantiated by similar observations upon the other.
Ras-induced cellular events

Ras is a crucial regulator of cell growth in eukaryotic cells. Activated Ras can stimulate signal transduction cascades, leading to cell proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis. It is also one of the most commonly mutated genes in both solid tumours and haematologic neoplasias. In leukaemia and tumours, aberrant Ras signalling can be induced directly by Ras mutation or indirectly by altering genes that associate with Ras or its signalling pathways. A requisite for Ras function is localization to the plasma membrane, which is induced by the post-translational modification farnesylation. Molecules that interfere with this Ras modification have been used as antitumour agents. Ras is emerging as a dual regulator of cell functions, playing either positive or negative roles in the control of proliferation or apoptosis. The diversity of Ras-mediated effects may be related in part to the differential involvement of Ras homologues in distinct cellular processes or to the expanding array of Ras effectors.
Natural History and Mating Behavior of Pseudodyscrasis scutellaris, a Fly Species (Ulidiidae) Associated with Agave in Mexico

ABSTRACT The natural history and mating behavior of Pseudodyscrasis scutellaris (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Ulidiidae), a fly associated with Agave atrovirens Karw. ex Salm-Dyck (Agavaceae) in the Mexican Altiplano is described based on a 1-yr monthly survey of adult, pupal, and larval stages and on 108 h of field observations. P. scutellaris overwintered in the egg stage, resumed larval development in the spring, pupated in the soil under agaves, and adults emerged during the summer, Courtship behavior and male agonistic encounters consisted of sequences of short distance visual displays, Females oviposited in feeding scars produced by lepidopteran larvae during previous seasons, Larvae developed in aggregations of >100 individuals the following spring. Adults fed on various carbohydrate and protein sources, frequently interacted with other species of Diptera and ants, and were preyed upon by spiders and wasps. We discuss our findings in light of the evolution of behavior within the superfamily Tephritoidea and highlight the importance of further studies on the community of arthropods found on agaves.
Noninvasive Stress and Reproductive Measures of Social and Ecological Pressures in Free‐Ranging African Elephants

Abstract: The African elephant ( Loxodonta africana) experienced a poaching‐related 60% population decline between 1979 and 1988 that was inordinately concentrated on adults. This, coupled with political pressures to delist the elephant, has created a need for noninvasive physiological measures that can quantify the long‐term effects of past mortality patterns of this long‐lived species. We collected fresh fecal samples from 16 female elephants in three different groups over 23 months at Tarangire National Park, Tanzania, and analyzed them for fecal progesterone and cortisol metabolites. Social and ecological measures were collected concurrently. Fecal progesterone metabolite measures corresponded significantly with stage of gestation, and appear to be able to confirm pregnancy in female elephants from as early as 3 months of gestation. We found that progesterone metabolite concentrations were significantly lower during the dry season than during the wet season after controlling for stage of gestation. Fecal cortisol metabolite concentrations showed the opposite seasonal pattern, being significantly higher in the dry season and inversely correlated with rainfall across seasons. Fecal cortisol metabolite concentrations also increased with group size and were correlated positively with dominance rank in the largest group. Our results suggest that measures of progesterone and cortisol metabolites in feces provide indices of reproductive function and physiological stress that can quantify both natural and human disturbances in African elephants. These measures are ideally suited for monitoring the long‐term effects of social disruption from poaching and a variety of other management concerns.
Soil water condition and small mammal spatial distribution in Inner Mongolian steppes, China

Abstract We studied the roles of soil moisture contents and vegetation structure in the spatial distribution of small mammals in the typical steppes of Inner Mongolia, China, using logistic and linear regressions of a data set collected in a 6-year study. Our results indicated that soil moisture contents remained in the most parsimonious models for Spermophilus dauricus , Cricetulus barabensis , Microtus maximowiczii , M. gregalis , and Ochotona daurica . The relative abundance of C. barabensis , M. maximowiczii , and O. daurica was inversely related to soil moisture contents, while that of M. gregalis and S. dauricus was positively related to soil moisture contents in logistic regressions. Linear regression analyses showed that soil moisture contents and the number of small mammal species were inversely related. The negative effects of wet soil were consistent at both small mammal population and community levels in the semi-arid steppes. Above-ground plant biomass and plant coverage also affected the spatial distribution of small mammals in the typical steppe of Inner Mongolia.
Catch rates relative to angler party size with implications for monitoring angler success

Abstract Angler catch rates often are used to monitor angler success, assess the need for additional management actions, and evaluate the effectiveness of management practices. Potential linkages between catch rate and angler party size were examined to assess how party size might affect the use of catch rate as an index of angler success in recreational fisheries. Data representing 22,355 completed interviews conducted at access points in lakes and reservoirs throughout Mississippi during 1987–2003 were analyzed. Total party catch was not proportional to total party effort; thus, catch rate decreased as party size increased. Depending on the taxa targeted, the average catch rate per angler decreased 40–50% between parties of one and parties of two, although subsequent decreases were less substantial. Because party size accounted for a considerable portion of the variability in catch rate over time and space, failure to remove this variability weakens the manager's ability to detect differences or changes.
Cytogeography of Glechoma hederacea subsp. grandis (Labiatae) in Japan.

In this study, we examined the chromosomal number for Glechoma hederacea subsp. grandis in a total of 1,030 specimens collected from different distribution areas in Japan. We found that G. hederacea subsp. grandis could be categorized into 3 cytotypes with 2n=36 (tetraploid), 2n=45 (pentaploid) and 2n=54 (hexaploid) chromosomes. Tetraploid plants were found throughout different areas in Japan; however, hexaploid plants were mainly distributed in central Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. Likewise, pentaploid plant distribution was found to overlap with hexaploid plant distribution areas. The pentaploid plant group appeared only in regions common to both tetraploid and hexaploid plants. All 3 cytotypes were found to have karyotypes which could be represented by the following equations: A) 6M+4m+18sm+8st for tetraploids, B) 6M+15m+19sm+5st for pentaploids, and C) 6M+26m+20sm+2st for hexaploids. Pentaploid specimen karyotypes had half the tetraploid and half the hexaploid chromosomal set, indicating that this specimen was a hybrid between tetraploid and hexaploid plants.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Seedling Growth in Two Endangered Plant Species from South Florida

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are reported and described in the fine roots of two federally listed endangered plant species: Amorpha crenulata Rydb. (Fabaceae) (crenulate lead plant or lusterspike indigobush) and Jacquemontia reclinata House ex Small (Convolvulaceae) (beach jacquemontia or beach clustervine). Wild‐grown plants have typical Arum‐type arbuscular mycorrhizae. Seedlings of these species were grown in pots with various native soil treatments under greenhouse conditions. Native mixed AMF from soil and roots growing in the natural communities pine rockland and beach back dune, respectively, were multiplied on Sudan grass and pigeon pea nurse cultures. Native sandy soil is low in available phosphorus (P), ranging from 8–18 ppm at the surface 0–5 cm to 2 ppm at 70 cm. AMF significantly increased the dry weight and total P content of seedlings growing on native soil. Additions of phosphate but without AMF also promoted seedling growth. Soil microbe filtrate had no effect on J. reclinata but did increase growth of A. crenulata, possibly by increased potential for Rhizobium inoculum for nitrogen‐fixing nodules in this legume.
Does issuing equity help R&D activity? Evidence from unlisted Italian high-tech manufacturing firms

This paper evaluates the causal effect of issuing equities on the probability that a firm engages in R&D activity. Equity is a better source of external finance than debt for innovation. It does not require collateral, does not exacerbate moral hazard problems connected with the substitution of high-risk for low-risk projects, quite common when using debt, and, unlike debt, does not increase the probability of bankruptcy; equity also allows investors to reap the entire benefit of the returns of successful innovative projects. This paper focuses on high-tech firms for which asymmetric information problems are more pervasive. Implementing an instrumental variable estimation, we find that issuing equity increases the probability that the firm has R&D expenditures by 30–40%. We detect considerable heterogeneity in this effect: the impact of issuing equity is significant only for small, young and more highly leveraged high-tech firms. We also find interesting evidence that issuing equity increases R&D expenditures in relation to sales.
Direct Learning

The theory of direct perception holds that perception is specific to properties of ambient energy arrays. This article explores a similar approach to perceptual and perceptual-motor learning: Change due to learning is portrayed as specific to properties of ambient energy arrays. This type of learning is labeled direct learning. It is argued that a theory of direct learning explains a wide range of phenomena in ecologically relevant and informationally rich situations as well as in simpler experimental situations. Previous experimental results are reanalyzed and reinterpreted from the perspective of direct learning. To achieve this, the notion of information space is introduced. In information spaces, points represent ambient energy variables, paths represent change due to learning, and vector fields represent information that guides learning. These concepts also allow the theory of direct learning to be connected to and to take advantage of the theory of ordinary differential equations.
Quantitative Genetic Models for the Coevolution of Character Displacement

The evolution of character displacement in competition communities was simulated with two quantitative genetic models. The first model is identical to that of Slatkin (1980) but we extend his analysis. The second model allows for the evolution of all niche attributes that affect interspecific competition along a resource axis. These are: the mean position of each species along the axis, the variation in position between phenotypes within each species, and the width of resources used by each phenotype. In addition, explicit dynamics for the resources are included in the model. This model predicts that character displacement can occur in coevolutionary communities. It also predicts that the relative niche separations between species (d/w ratios; d = distance between peaks of two species' niches on the resource (niche) axis, w = total niche width of a species) can be quite large, that the d/w values should decrease as species number increases, that at the evolutionary equilibrium, the within—individual component of the niche width will be much larger than the between—individual component, and that niche separation should be substantially smaller than character separation. These predictions are all in agreement with field observations surveyed from the literature.