Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photochemistry of the PAH pyrene in water ice: the case for ion-mediated solid-state astrochemistry

Context. Icy dust grains play an important role in the formation of complex molecules in the interstellar medium (ISH). Laboratory studies have mainly focused on the physical interactions and chemical pathways in ices containing rather simple molecules, such as H2O, CO, CO2 ,C H 4 ,a nd CH 3OH. Observational studies show that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are also abundantly present in the ISM in the gas phase. It is likely that these non-volatile species also freeze-out onto dust grains and participate in the astrochemical solid-state network, but additional experimental PAH ice studies are largely lacking. Aims. The study presented here focuses on a rather small PAH, pyrene (C16H10), and aims to understand and quantify photochemical reactions of PAHs in interstellar ices upon vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) irradiation as a function of astronomically relevant parameters. Methods. Near UV/VIS spectroscopy is used to track the in situ VUV driven photochemistry of pyrene containing ices at temperatures ranging from 10 to 125 K. Results. The main photoproducts of VUV photolyzed pyrene ices are spectroscopically identified and their band positions are listed for two host ices, H2O and CO. Pyrene ionization is found to be most efficient in H2O ices at low temperatures. The reaction products, triplet pyrene and the 1-hydro-1-pyrenyl radical are most efficiently formed in higher temperature water ices and in low temperature CO ice. Formation routes and band strength information of the identified species are discussed. Additionally, the oscillator strengths of Py, Py ·+ ,a nd PyH · are derived and a quantitative kinetic analysis is performed by fitting a chemical reaction network to the experimental data. Conclusions. Pyrene is efficiently ionized in water ice at temperatures below 50 K. Hydrogenation reactions dominate the chemistry in low temperature CO ice with trace amounts of water. The results are placed in an astrophysical context by determining the importance of PAH ionization in a molecular cloud. We conclude that the rate of pyrene ionization in water ice mantles is comparable to the rate of photodesorption of H2O ice. The photoprocessing of a sample PAH in ice described in this manuscript indicates that PAH photoprocessing in the solid state should also be taken into account in astrochemical models.
Relationship between Flag Leaf Reflectance and Canopy Temperature in Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Cultivars under Stressed and Irrigated Conditions

Optical technologies can be developed as practical tools for monitoring plant health by providing unique spectral signatures that can be related to specific plant stresses. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine differences in canopy temperature and leaf reflectance of different durum wheat under both well-watered and moisture stressed conditions and (ii) evaluate the relationships between canopy temperature and leaf reflectance at Red and Blue (RB) wavelength. We use numerical image analysis by Mesurim Pro (Version 3.3) softwarefor estimate leaf reflectance at Red and Blue (RB) wavelength.In this study irrigation treatments affect significantly flag leaf reflectance at RB and canopy temperature. Significant correlations were registered between leaf reflectance and canopy temperature under both conditions irrigated and non irrigated; these best correlations proved the efficiency of using leaf reflectance at RB in screening for drought tolerance in durum wheat cultivars.
Advanced prototype using second harmonic generation (SHG) for pre-screening of conglomerates

Up to know, the enantiomers of component A (a chiral intermediate schematized in figure 1) have been separated by means of chiral chromatography. A less expensive method applicable to industrial production was requested. The resolution by preferential crystallization, which requires a stable conglomerate, could be one of the alternative routes. In this study, the screening of potential conglomerates was performed by using the Second Harmonic Generation (SHG). Among the 109 crystallization attempts with different counter ions and solvents, 51 crystalline salts were obtained; a single conglomerate-forming system has been detected (with sulfamic acid). Resolution by means of preferential crystallization has been achieved with this salt. This paper underlines the potential of SHG method as a pre high throughput technique for spotting chiral discrimination in the solid state.
Migrations of Grassland Communities and Grazing Philosophies in the Great Plains: A Review and Implications for Management

Ecologists commonly separate Great Plains grasslands communities into types based on grass height: shortgrass prairie, mixed­ grass prairie, and tallgrass prairie. Grass height correlates directly with precipitation and thus lessens with distance westward and with drought. Grass height correlates inversely with grazing intensity and thus short­ grasses expand eastward when grazing pressures are great and shrink westward when grazing pressures relax. Evidence about past distribu­ tions of shortgrasses, coupled with the prehistoric and historic abun­ dances of large grazers and the black-tailed prairie dog (a shortgrass indicator), suggest a far-eastward occurrence of shortgrass prairie in the late Pleistocene (despite a relatively wet climate), a shrinkage westward by late prehistoric and early historic times, and a farther shift westward in response to the bison's demise in the 19th century. After cattle arrived in the late 1800s, shortgrass prairie expanded and contracted depending on the prevailing grazing philosophies, resulting grazing intensities, and periodic drought. Currently, taller grasses have prevailed for over a half century, and shortgrass prairie may be more restricted than it has been for millennia, because of a grazing philosophy that promotes moderate grazing. An emerging change in grazing philosophy may presage a gradual return of heavier grazing and another expansion eastward of the shortgrass prairie. Such an expansion, particularly if accompanied by grazing regimes patterned on early historic and prehistoric grazing, may enhance biodiversity, the stability of some soils, and under some cir­ cumstances, economic returns from ranching.
Effect of in ovo injection of glucose on growth, immunocompetence and development of digestive organs in turkey poults.

Three hundred fertile eggs of small white turkey were divided into 7 groups. First four groups were injected with 1 ml 10% glucose on 21 st and 25 th day of incubation through 25mm needle at broad and narrow end of egg. Fifth and sixth group was selected as 21 st and 25 th day sham control (1 ml sterile water), respectively. Seventh group was maintained as un-injected control. In ovo injection of glucose on 21 st day resulted the deposition in allantoic cavity and yolk sac, whereas, on 25 th day deposition sites were amniotic sac and yolk sac. Percent hatchability on fertile egg set basis was higher in 25 th day sham control group (90.9) and un-injected control (87.5) whereas, glucose injection on 25 th day into yolk sac (73.7) and amniotic sac (72.2) had lower hatchability. Overall, glucose injection on 25 th day had better hatchability than 21 st day injection. Chick weight to egg weight ratio was significantly (P<0.001) higher when glucose was deposited either in the yolk sac (65.11%) or in amniotic sac (64.27%) than un-injected control (62.27%). Glucose deposition in yolk sac had numerically higher body weight through out the experimental period and at 6 weeks of age there was difference of 76-78 g in body weight between control and yolk sac group. Humoral immune response was significantly higher (P< 0.001) in chicks hatched from eggs injected with glucose either on 21 st day or 25 th day of incubation than the control group (8.08 vs 5.50). Glucose injected in to the yolk sac on 21 st d had higher titre value than other glucose injected groups. Higher bursa weight was noted in in ovo glucose injected groups than control (188 vs 162 mg %). Cell-mediated immune response (in vivo PHA-P response measured as footpad index) was not affected by glucose treatment. In ovo injection of glucose resulted in significantly (P< 0.05) lower liver weight as compared to control. Hence, it may be concluded that in ovo injection of 10% glucose on 21 st day in to the yolk sac of developing embryo may enhance post hatch turkey poult growth and also may elicit better humoral immune response.
New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences

The article is focused on the analysis of the options for the use of LCMS systems, and other ICTs in the process of education. On the basis of the survey, we ascertained the impact of the number and the quality of the interim instructions for the overall outcome of the students during the semester. The research was carried out at the Slovak technical university in Bratislava in teaching the subject of accounting in the context of an enlarged teaching of economic subjects. The aim of the research was to assess the impact of ICTs use, in particular, independent of the educational internet portal implemented on its own and the total outcome. At the same time we have tried to analyze the impact of the self-regulation and self-evaluation during the study on the overall evaluation. The obtained results should become the starting point for the implementation of the wider research in the framework of the Slovak universities. e.g. Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, University of Economics
Stationary and nonstationary generalized extreme value modelling of extreme precipitation over a mountainous area under climate change

The generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution is often fitted to environmental time series of extreme values such as annual maxima of daily precipitation. We study two methodological issues here. First, we compare criteria for selecting the best model among 16 GEV models that allow nonstationary scale and location parameters. Simulation results showed that both the corrected Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) always detected nonstationarity, but the BIC selected the correct model more often except in very small samples. Second, we examined confidence intervals (CIs) for model parameters and other quantities such as the return levels that are usually required for hydrological and climatological time series. Four bootstrap CIs—normal, percentile, basic and bias‐corrected and accelerated—constructed by random‐t resampling, fixed‐t resampling and the parametric bootstrap methods were compared. CIs for parameters of the stationary model do not present major differences. CIs for the more extreme quantiles tend to become very wide for all bootstrap methods. For nonstationary GEV models with linear time dependence of location or log‐linear time dependence of scale, CI coverage probabilities are reasonably accurate for the parameters. For the extreme percentiles, the bias‐corrected and accelerated method is best overall, and the fixed‐t method also has good average coverage probabilities. A case study is presented of annual maximum daily precipitation over the mountainous Mesochora catchment in Greece. Analysis of historical data and data generated under two climate scenarios (control run and climate change) supported a stationary GEV model reducing to the Gumbel distribution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selection of Relevant Fields of Searchable Form Based on Meta Keywords Frequencies

Meerut-250110 Abstract- Crawling the hidden web is a very challenging problem due to the number of active web pages on the web is increasing exponentially. Hidden web contents are highly relevant to every information need for searching purpose. Hidden web contents are usually behind the searchable form, ignore by all traditional crawler so hidden web crawler used for this purpose. Because of hidden web contains a vast amount of data so it is necessary to crawl only specific hidden data. In this paper, a meta keywords frequencies based architecture has been proposed to carry this work.
Extreme Daily Rainfall Events and Their Impact on Ensemble Forecasts of the Indian Monsoon

The Indian summer monsoon rainfall is the net result of an ensemble of synoptic disturbances, many of which are extremely intense. Sporadic systems often bring extreme amounts of rain over only a few days, which can have sizable impacts on the estimated seasonal mean rainfall. The statistics of these outlier events are presented both for observed and model-simulated daily rainfall for the summers of 1986 to 1989. The extreme events cause the wet-day probability distribution of daily rainfall to be far from Gaussian, especially along the coastal regions of eastern and northwestern India. The gamma and Weibull distributions provide good fits to the wetday rainfall distribution, whereas the lognormal distribution is too skewed. The impact of extreme events on estimates of space and time averages can be reduced by nonlinearly transforming the daily rainfall amounts. The square root transformation is shown to improve the predictability of ensemble forecasts of the mean Indian rainfall for June 1986‐89.
CLINICAL STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF SAMVARDHANA GHRITA ORALLY AND BY MATRABASTI IN MOTOR DISABILITIES OF CEREBRAL PALSY IN CHILDREN

Objective of the study was t o assess the efficacy of S amvardhana ghrita orally and by Matra basti in motor disabilities of cerebral palsy in children. Study was carried out in the IPD of Dept. o f Kaumarabhritya, SDM College of Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka , India . 40 children satisfying diagnostic criteria and age 2 - 10 years were included & randomly distributed into two groups of 20 patients each. Group A ( Samvardhana ghrita or ally ) treated with 5 g ms of Samvardhana ghrita with Madhu as a nupana twice daily for 48 days. In Group B (Samvardhana ghrita as matra bast i ), 20 ml of Samvardhana ghrita was administered through basti after local abhyanga with Moorchita Taila and local Swe dana with Nadisweda method. For oral and matrabasti route, Group A and B shown improvements in language and perfor mance (61.11% , 46.15% ), speech (66.66% , 56.25% ) and performance of skill (57.89% , 76.45% ) , in fine motor functions such as puts small object i n a container (58.88% , 66.66% ), throws ball in all direction (38.23% , 60.00% ), uses thumb and index finger ( 34.21 % , 68.75% ), retain 2 one inch cube in fist ( 34.21 % , 55.58% ), folds paper inserts into envelope (66.66% , 38.88% ), in gross motor functions such as in crawling (31.85% , 48.00% ), sitting (55.55% , 57.89% ), standing ( 36.36% , 61.90% ) , walking (34.61% , 44.00% ) and claps hands (44.44% , 63.41 % ) respectively . Both oral administration and basti route of samvardhana ghrita have pr omising result in managing m otor disabilities of cerebral palsy in children.
Helpful factors and outcomes in person-centered therapy with clients who experience psychotic processes: therapists' perspectives

This qualitative study explores person-centered practitioners' perceptions of what is helpful in their work with clients who experience psychotic processes and the impact that they believe this practice has on their clients. In-depth interviews with 20 British person-centered practitioners focused on how they worked with clients who experienced psychotic process, what they perceived as helpful, and how they believed these practices helped their clients. Analyses used a grounded theory approach. In addition to standard person-centered therapy, practices with this client group often incorporated Pre-Therapy and other elements acquired through advanced training. Emerging themes in perceived useful practice included “getting beyond labels and illness” and “working with particular care and attention. ” Results suggest the importance of specific therapeutic conditions, especially unconditional positive regard. The perceived therapeutic change most often described was increased social adjustment. Some clients were also perceived by therapists as showing lessened risk of harm to self or others and improvement in self-awareness, mood, resilience and other areas.
Willingness to Spend Labour Hour for Biodiversity Conservation: A Case Study with Special Reference to Village Forest Dwellers and Encroachers in Assam

Abstract Loss of biodiversity has been considered as a major threat for mankind and declining biodiversity is burning issue in the north-eastern region of India, especially in Assam. Some of the threats to biodiversity in the region are deforestation and forest degradation, expansion of agriculture and illegal extraction of forest. The Forest Rights Act 2006 has been passed by the parliament of India with dual aims of protecting the right of forest dwellers and at the same time this Act tries to procure the involvement of forest dwellers to protect forest. The main objective of the paper is to determine the factors which affect willingness to pay in terms of labour hour for biodiversity conservation in Assam. 190 households were interviewed from two village forests and two encroached villages of Sonitpur and Golaghat districts of Assam during April and May of 2010. Respondents in village forest are more willing to pay than that of encroacher’s village. Sex, age, literacy of the respondents and size of land holdings were found to be significantly related to spending labour hours for biodiversity conservation programme.
Ly-alpha photon induced amorphization of Ic water ice at 16 Kelvin. Effects and quantitative comparison with ion irradiation

Water ice is a ubiquitous material in space, on the surface of planets and their moons, in comets and interstellar dust grains. The structure of water ice strongly depends on the deposition temperature. It can be amorphous if deposited at low temperature, i.e. 16 K, or crystalline if the deposition temperature is higher than 140 K. In this paper we report the first experimental study of the structural effects induced by Lyman- α UV photons in crystalline water ice carried out by in situ infrared spectroscopy. The effects induced by Lyman- α photolysis are compared with those induced by ion irradiation carried out with the same experimental apparatus. We found that, as already observed in the case of fast ions, also UV Lyman- α photons are able to fully amorphize the crystalline water ice structure after a dose of few eV per molecule. This study has important astrophysical implications, in particular because photons and fast ions are both present in space, they can induce variations in the profile of the 3 μ m band of crystalline water ice. Thus these effects have to be considered when one attempt to deduce information on the physical status (e.g. temperature history) of the responsible dust from the profile of the observed ice band.
Variation in total lipid content and fatty acid composition in the muscle of Bombayduck Harpodon nehereus (Hamilton, 1922) with respect to size and season

In view of the increased importance of fish lipids owing to their human health beneficial effects, the total lipid content and fatty acid composition in the muscle of Bombayduck ( Harpodon nehereus ) of different sizes harvested in different seasons were studied. Among the three seasons studied, total muscle lipids were significantly (p<0.05) high during winter and low in monsoon season. In all the seasons, the increased lipid levels were noticed with increase in size. A significant variation in total lipid was observed with the lowest level (1.65 %) in small sized Bombayduck of monsoon season and the highest level (4.68 %) was observed in large sized fish caught in winter season. A total of 37 fatty acids encompassing n-3, n-5, n-6, n-7, n-9 and odd and branched chain fatty acids were characterised with relatively high levels (26.57 – 35.03%) of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a favourable ratio (3 to 4.69) of n-3/n-6 PUFA demonstrating excellent nutritional quality of Bombayduck. Though the fatty acid composition was not influenced by the size of fish, the effect of season on fatty acid composition of Bombayduck was clearly established by principal component analysis.
Traditions of Governance: Interpreting the Changing Role of the Public Sector in Comparative and Historical Perspective - eScholarship

TRADITIONS and GOVERNANCE * Mark Bevir R. A. W. Rhodes Patrick Weller Address for correspondence: R. A. W. Rhodes Department of Politics University of Newcastle Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU UK Telephone: 44 191 222 8823 Fax: 44 191 222 5069 E-mail: r.a. w.rhodes@ncl.ac. uk Length: 7,935 words. Mark Bevir is an Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, USA. Rod Rhodes is Professor of Politics in the Department of Politics, University of Newcastle, UK. Patrick Weller is Professor of Politics and Public Policy in the School of Politics and Public Policy, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
ACCOUNTING FOR COUNTRY RISK IN FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT APPRAISAL – COMPARABLE ANALYSIS BASED ON STATOIL CASE Introduction

Business organisations have grown into large divisional and often internationally diversified enterprises, where mechanisms for ensuring that corporate goals are achieved have become a major concern to management. The view often expressed by decision-makers about the investment appraisal techniques typically taught at universities and business schools is that, whilst they might be suitable for formal analysis, they do not actually drive the investment decisions of their organisations and, more importantly, do not build confidence in the decisions taken. Strategic and other non-financial considerations are talked about by these managers as being equal to, or even more important, than the financial returns predicted for potential business projects.1 One of the practical problems faced by managers when choosing between alternatives (including whether or not to invest in a particular foreign project), is how to deal with the uncertainty of the outcome(s). In their discussions about Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), appraisal managers often use the term ‘Country Risk’ and either make subjective judgements about the riskiness of an investment opportunity or try to rely on one, or several, parallel methods, usually lending their rationale from portfolio theory. Unfortunately, these methods very rarely have any solid scientific base and their applicability, constrained to capital markets only, cannot be fully justified. Differences in risks, lack of understanding of how foreign market returns are influenced by advanced markets and vice-versa, as well as a lack of statistically reliable historical data are factors that all international managers and investors have to contend with. From a public policy point of view, determining the appropriate investment decision rules is cru-
Genomic Analysis of Endogenous Retrovirus Elements in Chinese Flocks of Economic Importance

Since the status of endogenous retrovirus elements in Chinese chickens is currently unknown, the embryonated eggs were analyzed from 10 different chicken breeds throughout China. In this study, endogenous retrovirus elements were analyzed including: EAV, ev, ev/J, and ART-CH in the embryos of economically important chicken flocks in China. These results indicated that compared with the E51 and EAV-0, the EAV genomic sequence in the tested chicken breeds was more closely related to EAV-0. The ART-CH elements in Chinese chickens were not significantly different from the prototype ART-CH clones, 5 and 14. Although the nucleotide acid sequences of ev and ev/J in the tested chicken breeds was similar to other known ev and ev/J sequences, they belonged to different branches in the phylogenetic tree (except for Lohmann Brown layers and White Leghorns). In addition, the intact ev/J sequences indicated that these chickens were somewhat different from each other. The results reported here demonstrate that endogenous ALVs are widely distributed throughout a number of Chinese chicken breeds. The endogenous viral genomes present in the Chinese chicken breeds are genetically distinct from other endogenous viruses circulating within chicken populations.