Fuel Cell Fundamentals

PREFACE.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. NOMENCLATURE.I FUEL CELL PRINCIPLES.1 INTRODUCTION.1. 1 What Is a Fuel Cell? 1.2 A Simple Fuel Cell.1. 3 Fuel Cell Advantages.1. 4 Fuel Cell Disadvantages.1. 5 Fuel Cell Types.1. 6 Basic Fuel Cell Operation.1. 7 Fuel Cell Performance.1. 8 Characterization and Modeling.1. 9 Fuel Cell Technology.1. 10 Fuel Cells and the Environment.2 FUEL CELL THERMODYNAMICS.2. 1 Thermodynamics Review.2. 2 Heat Potential of a Fuel: Enthalpy of Reaction.2. 3 Work Potential of a Fuel: Gibbs Free Energy.2. 4 Predicting Reversible Voltage of a Fuel Cell under Non-Standard-State Conditions.2. 5 Fuel Cell Efficiency.3 FUEL CELL REACTION KINETICS.3. 1 Introduction to Electrode Kinetics.3. 2 Why Charge Transfer Reactions Have an Activation Energy.3. 3 Activation Energy Determines Reaction Rate.3. 4 Calculating Net Rate of a Reaction.3. 5 Rate of Reaction at Equilibrium: Exchange Current Density.3. 6 Potential of a Reaction at Equilibrium: Galvani Potential.3. 7 Potential and Rate: Butler-Volmer Equation.3. 8 Exchange Currents and Electrocatalysis: How to Improve Kinetic Performance.3. 9 Simplified Activation Kinetics: Tafel Equation.3. 10 Different Fuel Cell Reactions Produce Different Kinetics.3. 11 Catalyst-Electrode Design.3. 12 Quantum Mechanics: Framework for Understanding Catalysis in Fuel Cells.4 FUEL CELL CHARGE TRANSPORT.4. 1 Charges Move in Response to Forces.4. 2 Charge Transport Results in a Voltage Loss.4. 3 Characteristics of Fuel Cell Charge Transport Resistance.4. 4 Physical Meaning of Conductivity.4. 5 Review of Fuel Cell Electrolyte Classes.4. 6 More on Diffusivity and Conductivity (Optional). 4.7 Why Electrical Driving Forces Dominate Charge Transport (Optional). 5 FUEL CELL MASS TRANSPORT.5. 1 Transport in Electrode versus Flow Structure.5. 2 Transport in Electrode: Diffusive Transport.5. 3 Transport in Flow Structures: Convective Transport.6 FUEL CELL MODELING.6. 1 Putting It All Together: A Basic Fuel Cell Model.6. 2 A 1D Fuel Cell Model.6. 3 Fuel Cell Models Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (Optional). 7 FUEL CELL CHARACTERIZATION.7. 1 What Do We Want to Characterize? 7.2 Overview of Characterization Techniques.7. 3 In Situ Electrochemical Characterization Techniques.7. 4 Ex Situ Characterization Techniques.II FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY.8 OVERVIEW OF FUEL CELL TYPES.8. 1 Introduction.8. 2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell.8. 3 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell.8. 4 Alkaline Fuel Cell.8. 5 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell.8. 6 Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell.8. 7 Summary Comparison.9 OVERVIEW OF FUEL CELL SYSTEMS.9. 1 Fuel Cell Stack (Fuel Cell Subsystem). 9.2 The Thermal Management Subsystem.9. 3 Fuel Delivery/Processing Subsystem.9. 4 Power Electronics Subsystem.9. 5 Case Study of Fuel Cell System Design: Sizing a Portable Fuel Cell.10 FUEL CELL SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND SUBSYSTEM DESIGN.10. 1 Integrated Overview of Four Primary Subsystems.10. 2 External Reforming: Fuel Processing Subsystems.10. 3 Thermal Management Subsystem.11 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FUEL CELLS.11. 1 Life Cycle Assessment.11.2 Important Emissions for LCA.11. 3 Emissions Related to Global Warming.11. 4 Emissions Related to Air Pollution.11. 5 Analyzing Entire Scenarios with LCA.APPENDIXES. A. CONSTANTS AND CONVERSIONS.B. THERMODYNAMIC DATA.C. STANDARD ELECTRODE POTENTIALS AT 25 C.D. QUANTUM MECHANICS.D. 1. Atomic Orbitals.D. 2. Postulates of Quantum Mechanics.D. 3. One-Dimensional Electron Gas.D. 4. Analogy to Column Buckling.D. 5 . Hydrogen Atom.E. GOVERNING EQUATIONS OF CFD FUEL CELL MODEL.F. PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS.G. SUGGESTED FURTHER READING.BIBLIOGRAPHY. IMPORTANT EQUATIONS.INDEX.