Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diet composition of chimpanzees inhabiting the Montane forest of Kahuzi, Democratic Republic of Congo

The diet of chimpanzees was investigated by direct observations, feeding remains, and fecal analysis from January 1994 to December 2000 in the montane forest of Kahuzi‐Biega National Park. A total of 171 food items were identified, among which 156 items were plant materials belonging to 114 species from 57 taxonomic families. Chimpanzees consumed 66 species of fruits (62 species of pulps and four species of seeds). Results of fecal analysis showed that fig fruits were the most frequently eaten. Their seeds occurred in 92% of a total of 7,212 chimpanzee fecal samples. The chimpanzees changed their diet according to seasonal and annual variations in both abundance and diversity of fruit species. However, they are very selective frugivores. Only a few pulp‐fruit species are regularly identified in their fecal samples. During the rainy season, when ripe fruit was scarce, chimpanzees relied heavily on piths and leaves. They swallowed leaves of two species of Commelinaceae without chewing, probably for medical purposes. Animal foods were eaten infrequently. The montane forest of Kahuzi, where chimpanzees range up to 2,600 m above sea level, may be the highest altitudinal limit ever recorded for their distribution. Compared to other chimpanzee habitats, Kahuzi has a low diversity of fruit species and the availability of a few pulp‐fruit species may be critical to the survival of Kahuzi chimpanzees. Am. J. Primatol. 58:1–21, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation IV to predict intensive care unit mortality

Context: Clinical assessment of severity of illness is an essential component of medical practice to predict the outcome of critically ill-patient. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) model is one of the widely used scoring systems. Aims: This study was designed to evaluate the Performance of APACHE II and IV scoring systems in our Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Settings and Design: A prospective study in 6 bedded ICU, including 76 patients all above 15 years. Subjects and Methods: APACHE II and APACHE IV scores were calculated based on the worst values in the first 24 h of admission. All enrolled patients were followed, and outcome was recorded as survivors or nonsurvivors. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS version 17. Results: The mean APACHE score was significantly higher among nonsurvivors than survivors (P < 0.005). Discrimination for APACHE II and APACHE IV was fair with area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.73 and 0.79 respectively. The cut-off point with best Youden index for APACHE II was 17 and for APACHE IV was 85. Above cut-off point, mortality was higher for both models (P < 0.005). Hosmer–Lemeshow Chi-square coefficient test showed better calibration for APACHE II than APACHE IV. A positive correlation was seen between the models with Spearman's correlation coefficient of 0.748 (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Discrimination was better for APACHE IV than APACHE II model however Calibration was better for APACHE II than APACHE IV model in our study. There was good correlation between the two models observed in our study.
The LIM Domain Homeobox Gene isl-1 Is a Positive Regulator of Islet Cell-specific Proglucagon Gene Transcription(*)

The LIM domain homeobox gene islet 1 (isl-1) is expressed in the embryonic nervous system and may be an early marker of motor neuron specification. isl-1 is expressed in all 4 islet cell types, but a role for isl-1 in the regulation of insulin gene expression has not been demonstrated, and the genetic targets for isl-1 in the pancreas remain unknown. We show here that the proximal rat proglucagon gene promoter binds an amino-terminally truncated Trp-E-isl-1 fusion protein that lacks the LIM domains. The proglucagon gene promoter also binds full-length in vitro translated isl-1 containing the intact LIM domains. isl-1 antisera detects binding of proglucagon gene sequences to isl-1 present in a slowly-migrating complex in nuclear extracts from InR1-G9 islet cells. The transcriptional properties of the proglucagon gene promoter sequences that bind isl-1 (designated Ga, Gb, and Gc) were assessed after transfection of reporter genes into wild type and isl-1-antisense (isl-1(AS)) InR1-G9 islet cells. The proximal proglucagon gene (Ga) promoter sequence reduced TK-CAT activity by 50%, but no change in the activity of the Ga-TK-CAT plasmid was seen after transfection of isl-1(AS) InR1-G9 cells. In contrast, the Gb/Gc sites activated transcription 2-3-fold in wild type InR1-G9 cells, and the isl-1-dependent activation of gene transcription through the Gb/Gc element was eliminated following transfection of isl-1(AS) InR1-G9 cells. These data demonstrate that the LIM domain homeobox gene isl-1 1) is not constrained from DNA binding by its LIM domains and 2) functions as a positive regulator of proglucagon gene transcription in the endocrine pancreas.
Healing of Atypical Subtrochanteric Femur Fractures After Cephalomedullary Nailing: Which Factors Predict Union?

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the healing rate and time to union of atypical subtrochanteric fractures treated with cephalomedullary nailing. Design: Retrospective review, descriptive, and analytic study. Setting: Six level 1 trauma centers. Patients/Participants: The study included 42 patients with 48 displaced, atypical, bisphosphonate-associated subtrochanteric femur fractures who underwent surgical intervention. Intervention: Cephalomedullary femur nailing. Main Outcome Measurement: The main outcome measures were radiologic healing and time to union. Results: The primary healing rate after cephalomedullary nailing of bisphosphonate-associated subtrochanteric femur fractures was 68.7% (33/48 patients). Mean time to union was 10.7 months. Malalignment was determined using the differences in neck–shaft angle (the difference between the normal side and the surgically repaired side) and sagittal angulation. These all proved to be significantly correlated with failure and delayed healing time. The cutoff points for neck–shaft angle, difference in neck–shaft angle, and sagittal angulation were 125.6, 4.4, and 5.5 degrees, respectively (receiver operating characteristic curve analysis). Conclusions: The healing rate of atypical subtrochanteric femur fractures treated with cephalomedullary nailing is lower than that previously reported for atypical femur fractures. The quality of fracture reduction proved to be the most important factor in bony union and time to union. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Did Foreign Exchange Holding Influence Growth Performance During the Global Financial Crisis?

In a context of increased foreign exchange reserves holding from emerging and developing countries, this paper investigates the diminishing return of reserves holding assumption over the most severe phase of the global financial crisis (2008Q1–2010Q4). Relying on a Panel Smooth Transition Regression model, we highlight the differential effect of the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves for a set of financial vulnerabilities variables. In a specific manner, although reserves accumulation is effective above a critical threshold to cope with vulnerabilities related to the financial channel, we show that it becomes less effective beyond a certain threshold for domestic bank vulnerabilities. Our results are robust to alternative specifications.
Reorientation of Seedlings in the Earth's Gravitational Field Induces Cytosolic Calcium Transients1

The gravitational field controls plant growth, morphology, and development. However, the underlying transduction mechanisms are not well understood. Much indirect evidence has implicated the cytoplasmic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c) as an important factor, but direct evidence for changes in [Ca2+]c is currently lacking. We now have made measurements of [Ca2+]c in groups of young seedlings of Arabidopsis expressing aequorin in the cytoplasm and reconstituted in vivo with cp-coelenterazine, a synthetic high-affinity luminophore. Distinct [Ca2+]c signaling occurs in response to gravistimulation with kinetics very different from [Ca2+]c transients evoked by other mechanical stimuli (e.g. movement and wind). [Ca2+]cchanges produced in response to gravistimulation are transient but with a duration of many minutes and dependent on stimulus strength (i.e. the angle of displacement). The auxin transport blockers 2,3,5-tri-iodo benzoic acid and N-(1-naphthyl) phthalamic acid interfere with gravi-induced [Ca2+]cresponses and addition of methyl indole-3-acetic acid to whole seedlings induces long-lived [Ca2+]ctransients, suggesting that changes in auxin transport may interact with [Ca2+]c. Permanent nonaxial rotation of seedlings on a two-dimensional clinostat, however, produced a sustained elevation of the [Ca2+]c level. This probably reflects permanent displacement of gravity-sensing cellular components and/or disturbance of cytoskeletal tension. It is concluded that [Ca2+]c is part of the gravity transduction mechanism in young Arabidopsis seedlings.
Job Market Signaling and Returns to Education

We compare two partially separating equilibria in a job market signaling model with unproductive education. We find that in one of the two equilibria, the fraction of the population with a threshold education level is higher even though the cost of education is higher. Moreover, compared to the other equilibrium, the population faces a higher threshold education level, yet the educated attain lower wages. The reason for this result is that the gross return to education can be higher despite the higher cost of education and a higher threshold.
A complex mapping network for phase sensitive classification

The design of a network that incorporates the complex relationships present in the structure and learning algorithm, thereby enforcing the formation of a complex mapping of the problem space, is detailed. The network is applied to two phase-sensitive problems: interpretation of chaotic oscillator phase plane plots, and eddy current defect detection and characterization. In chaotic oscillator analysis, the network, in conjunction with the oscillator, demonstrates the ability to interpret small signal behavior. In eddy current impedance plane analysis, the network demonstrates a clear performance advantage over both real-valued multilayer feedforward networks (MFFNs) and human subjects, with overall classification accuracy improvements of 45% (to a 99% level) and 48%, respectively. This network structure and learning algorithm should provide similar results in other signal processing applications where time or phase considerations are critical for class discrimination.
Internet-based vs. face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract During the last two decades, Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy (ICBT) has been tested in hundreds of randomized controlled trials, often with promising results. However, the control groups were often waitlisted, care-as-usual or attention control. Hence, little is known about the relative efficacy of ICBT as compared to face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, which included 1418 participants, guided ICBT for psychiatric and somatic conditions were directly compared to face-to-face CBT within the same trial. Out of the 2078 articles screened, a total of 20 studies met all inclusion criteria. Results showed a pooled effect size at post-treatment of Hedges g = . 05 (95% CI, −.09 to .20), indicating that ICBT and face-to-face treatment produced equivalent overall effects. Study quality did not affect outcomes. While the overall results indicate equivalence, there have been few studies of the individual psychiatric and somatic conditions so far, and for the majority, guided ICBT has not been compared against face-to-face treatment. Thus, more research, preferably with larger sample sizes, is needed to establish the general equivalence of the two treatment formats.
The Vaccinia Virus Gene I2L Encodes a Membrane Protein with an Essential Role in Virion Entry

ABSTRACT The previously unstudied vaccinia virus gene I2L is conserved in all orthopoxviruses. We show here that the 8-kDa I2 protein is expressed at late times of infection, is tightly associated with membranes, and is encapsidated in mature virions. We have generated a recombinant virus in which I2 expression is dependent upon the inclusion of tetracycline in the culture medium. In the absence of I2, the biochemical events of the viral life cycle progress normally, and virion morphogenesis culminates in the production of mature virions. However, these virions show an ∼400-fold reduction in specific infectivity due to an inability to enter target cells. Several proteins that have been previously identified as components of an essential entry/fusion complex are present at reduced levels in I2-deficient virions, although other membrane proteins, core proteins, and DNA are encapsidated at normal levels. A preliminary structure/function analysis of I2 has been performed using a transient complementation assay: the C-terminal hydrophobic domain is essential for protein stability, and several regions within the N-terminal hydrophilic domain are essential for biological competency. I2 is thus yet another component of the poxvirus virion that is essential for the complex process of entry into target cells.
Biological properties of pseudorecombinant and recombinant strains created with cucumber mosaic virus and tomato aspermy virus

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and tomato aspermy virus (TAV) are closely related cucumoviruses. We have made pseudorecombinant viruses in which the RNAs 3 of these two viruses have been exchanged and recombinant viruses containing chimeric RNA 3 molecules, in which the coat proteins and the 3'-end regions of CMV and TAV have been exchanged, giving rise to recombinants designated RT3 and TR3. The replication properties and the cell-to-cell and long-distance movement patterns of these pseudorecombinant and recombinant viruses were examined in different hosts. All the viruses were able to replicate and accumulate RNA 4 in protoplasts. The pseudorecombinants and the R1R2RT3 recombinant infected tobacco systemically, but the R1R2TR3 recombinant was not detectable, even in the inoculated leaves. Comparison of the abilities of the viruses to replicate in protoplasts and intact cucumber plants suggests that cell-to-cell movement factors are also encoded by RNAs 1 and/or 2. Major determinants of symptom severity in Nicotiana glutinosa are localized on the 3' part of RNA 3, and in Nicotiana benthamiana, more severe symptoms were observed with the T1T2R3 strain than with the others tested.
Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Growth: Evidence from Indian States

This study examines the relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth in the case of India using panel data for 14 non-specialized states for the period 1981–2014. The results revealed from panel cointegration, and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) framework indicate that spending decentralization has a positive and significant impact on the state domestic product. On the other hand, revenue decentralization has a negative and significant effect on state domestic product. The overall measure of fiscal decentralization is found positively associated with the state income. This study is consistent with the divergence hypothesis in opposite to convergence hypothesis of Oates (1972). JEL: E62, H71, H72
Describing a Simple and Accurate Method for Measuring Creatinine Clearance in Acute Kidney Injury

Background: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common and serious condition encountered in hospitalized patients. The severity of kidney injury is defined by the RIFLE, AKIN, and KDIGO criteria which attempt to establish the degree of renal impairment. The KDIGO guidelines state that the creatinine clearance should be measured whenever possible in AKI and that the serum creatinine concentration and creatinine clearance remain the best clinical indicators of renal function. Neither the RIFLE, AKIN, nor KDIGO criteria estimate actual creatinine clearance. Furthermore there are no accepted methods for accurately estimating creatinine clearance in AKI. The present study describes a new, unique, and simple method for estimating K in AKI using urine creatinine excretion over an established time interval (E), an estimate of creatinine production over the same time interval (P), and the estimated static glomerular filtration rate (sGFR), at time zero, utilizing the CKD-EPI formula. Using these variables estimated creatinine clearance (Ke) = E/P * sGFR. Patient examples are provided to highlight the use of this method and its advantage over AKIN, RIFLE, or KDIGO which have the above mentioned shortcomings while often incorrectly classifying the extent of renal injury in the patient with AKI. Limitations: Include the need to measure urine volume accurately. Furthermore the precision of the method requires accurate estimates of sGFR, while a reasonable measure of P is crucial to estimating Ke. Conclusions: the present study provides the practitioner with a new tool to estimate real time K in AKI with enough precision to predict the severity of the renal injury, including progression, stabilization, or improvement in azotemia. It is the author’s belief that this simple method improves on RIFLE, AKIN, and KDIGO for estimating the degree of renal impairment in AKI and allows a more accurate estimate of K in AKI.
Survival Analysis with Time‐Varying Regression Effects Using a Tree‐Based Approach

Summary. Nonproportional hazards often arise in survival analysis, as is evident in the data from the International Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma Prognostic Factors Project. A tree‐based method to handle such survival data is developed for the assessment and estimation of time‐dependent regression effects under a Cox‐type model. The tree method approximates the time‐varying regression effects as piecewise constants and is designed to estimate change points in the regression parameters. A fast algorithm that relies on maximized score statistics is used in recursive segmentation of the time axis. Following the segmentation, a pruning algorithm with optimal properties similar to those of classification and regression trees (CART) is used to determine a sparse segmentation. Bootstrap resampling is used in correcting for overoptimism due to split point optimization. The piecewise constant model is often more suitable for clinical interpretation of the regression parameters than the more flexible spline models. The utility of the algorithm is shown on the lymphoma data, where we further develop the published International Risk Index into a time‐varying risk index for non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Determinants of stock market classifications

ABSTRACT We use discriminant analysis to describe and predict market classifications. Potential discriminators are derived from relevant characteristics of market indices, in particular from the returns’ volatility. Using a training data set, an initial screening on the predictors is carried out and a model-based simple rule is constructed with 96.6% of correct classifications. 10 new markets are allocated to one of the previously defined groups: Developed, Emerging, or Frontier, with only one misclassification. The quantitative approach was able to anticipate classification reviews.
Re-Introducing Physical User Interfaces into Industrial Control Rooms

Within industrial control rooms the trend has been to move away from physical towards digital interfaces. However, operators working in these control rooms have expressed feeling a loss of connection to the production process and machinery they are controlling. As such we present two prototypes Haptic Mouse and Shift Report Tool which were used to explore the re-introduction of physical user interfaces into industrial control rooms.
Thermoluminescence and scintillation properties of rare earth oxyorthosilicate scintillators

In recent years the scintillation properties of several cerium-doped rare earth oxyorthosilicate scintillators, Ln/sub 2/SiO/sub 5/:Ce where Ln = Y, La - Lu, have been reported and, in some cases, extensively studied. In addition, binary and ternary compounds such as (Lu,Y)/sub 2/SiO/sub 5/:Ce, (Lu,Gd)/sub 2/SiO/sub 5/ and (Lu,Y,Gd)/sub 2/SiO/sub 5/:Ce have been reported. All of these crystals have either monoclinic P or C structures with characteristic SiO/sub 4/ tetrahedra and trivalent cations occupying two unique crystallographic positions. The trivalent cerium activator ions are assumed to occupy the cation lattice sites and possibly interstitial positions as well. The excited 5d state of Ce/sup 3+/ is split into 3 observable levels with luminescence emission occurring only from the lowest 5d level to the 4f ground state (/spl sim/3 eV) with a Stokes shift of /spl sim/ 0.5 eV. The band gap is about 6 eV, and the index of refraction is close to 1.8, with some variation according to crystallographic axes. Despite these similarities, important differences remain among the crystals including scintillation efficiency, decay time, rise time, and afterglow. In this paper, we report thermoluminescence measurements between 10K and 350K that allow the determination of trapping levels that may influence scintillation properties. The thermoluminescence data shows that the various scintillators compositions have surprisingly dissimilar sets of traps that may at least partially explain some of the differences in their scintillation properties.
A Novel RRAM Stack With  ${\rm TaO}_{x}/{\rm HfO}_{y}$  Double-Switching-Layer Configuration Showing Low Operation Current Through Complimentary Switching of Back-to-Back Connected Subcells

In this letter, a novel and fully CMOS compatible RRAM stack-(TiN-TaO<sub>x</sub>-Hf-HfO<sub>y</sub>-TiN) has been demonstrated. By serially connecting two back-to-back subcells, Hf-HfO<sub>y</sub>-TiN and Hf-TaO<sub>x</sub>-TiN, the cell exhibits outstanding performances, including low Imax (35 μA), stable I<sub>ON</sub> (>10 μA), and I<sub>OFF</sub> (<;1 μA), and over 2 × 10<sup>4</sup> dc cycles. By examining the switching characteristics, we have confirmed the well controlled conduction/filament size during the complementary set/reset processes contributes to the stable and low current operation.