Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
La Idea Austriaca De 'Espíritu Empresarial' Y Las Instituciones Laborales En La Economía Global (The Idea of Entrepreneurship in the Austrian Economics and the Labour Market Institutions in the Global Economy)

<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> Este artículo argumenta que hay una relación de complementariedad entre la escuela austriaca, basada en el papel del individuo y del mercado, y la economía institucional, que resalta el papel de las instituciones. La mejora continua de la gestión empresarial se desarrolla en un sistema de producción complejo e interrelacionado en el que las contribuciones de los diversos agentes son necesarias y difíciles de cuantificar. Las instituciones laborales pueden contribuir a resolver el conflicto distributivo y a generar organizaciones más productivas, así como a estimular el espíritu empresarial. <b>English Abstract:</b> In this paper we note a complementary relationship between the Austrian school, based on the individual’s role and markets, and institutional economics, which emphasizes the role of institutions in economic behavior. The idea of continuous improvement in corporate governance takes place in a system of complex and interrelated production in which the contributions of the various actors are necessary and difficult to quantify. Our working hypothesis is that institutions can to solve the distributional conflict and generate more productive organizations, while stimulating the entrepreneurial spirit.
Stereoisomers of β-Carotene and Phytoene in the Alga Dunaliella bardawil

Dunaliella bardawil, a halotolerant green alga, was previously shown to accumulate high concentrations of β-carotene when grown outdoors under defined conditions. The β-carotene of algae cultivated under high light intensity in media containing a high salt concentration is composed of approximately 50% all-trans β-carotene and 40% 9-cis β-carotene. We show here that the 9-cis to all-trans ratio is proportional to the integral light intensity to which the algae are exposed during a division cycle. In cells grown under a continuous white light of 2000 microeinsteins per square meter per second, the ratio reached a value of around 1.5, while in cells grown under a light intensity of 50 microeinsteins per square meter per second, the ratio was around 0.2. As previously shown, algae treated with the herbicide norflurazon accumulate phytoene in place of β-carotene. Electron micrographs showed that the phytoene is accumulated in many distinct globules located in the interthylakoid spaces of the chloroplast. Here too, two isomers are present, apparently all-trans and 9-cis phytoene, and their ratio is dependent upon the integral light intensity to which the algae are exposed during a division cycle. In the presence of norflurazon, Dunaliella bardawil grown under a light intensity of 2000 microeinsteins per square meter per second contained about 8% phytoene with a 9-cis to all-trans ratio of about 1.0. This ratio decreased to about 0.1 when the light intensity was reduced to 50 microeinsteins per square meter per second. These data suggest that the isomerization reaction which leads to the production of the 9-cis isomer occurs early in the path of carotene biosynthesis, at or before the formation of all-trans phytoene. The presence of the 9-cis isomer of β-carotene and the dependence of its preponderance on light intensity seem to be a common feature of many plant parts. Thus carrots which are exposed to minimal light contain no 9-cis isomer while sun-exposed leaves, fruits, and flowers contain 20 to 50% of the 9-cis isomer.
Life Cycles of Limnocalanus macrurus and Senecella calanoides, and Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Distributions of Various Planktonic Copepods, in Parry Sound, Georgian Bay

The life cycles and vertical distributions of Limnocalanus macrurus and Senecella calanoides and the seasonal abundance and vertical distributions of adults of other planktonic copepods in Parry Sound, Georgian Bay, were determined from diurnal vertical plankton hauls taken on 14 occasions from June 19, 1967, through November 11, 1968. The most abundant cyclopoid copepod on most occasions was Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi. Tropocyclops prasinus was common, particularly in summer and autumn. Mesocyclops edax and Cyclops vernalis were scarce. Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi and T. prasinus were usually concentrated in the upper strata, T. prasinus seldom being deeper than 3 m during summer.The most abundant calanoid copepod was Diaptomus ashlandi. Diaptomus minutus and D. oregonensis were also common, but D. sicilis was rare. Diaptomus ashlandi and D. oregonensis occupied much the same depths in the metalimnion during the periods of thermal stratification but were deeper in spring and fall. Diaptomus minutus wa.
An autoradiographic and immunocytochemical analysis of ecdysteroids and ecdysteroid binding sites in target cells of Drosophila melanogaster

Summary Ecdysteroid localization in target tissues of Drosophila melanogaster was demonstrated by the utilization of low temperature autoradiography and immunohistochemistry. Autoradiographic studies utilized high specific activity [3H]ponasterone A, an ecdysteroid with exceptional molting hormone activity in Drosophila. The data revealed a selective nuclear concentration of the labelled ligand in cells of the salivary gland, corpus allatum (source of juvenile hormone), prothoracic gland (source of ecdysone) and the central nervous system. Nuclear localization was also observed in epithelial cells of the esophagus and muscle cells of the pharynx and mandibles, etc. The specific labelling of cell nuclei was prevented by incubation of the tissue with [3H]ponasterone A in the presence of excess unlabelled ponasterone A. Nuclear localization of ponasterone A in the salivary gland was also observed when using an antiserum against ecdysteroids and an avidin-biotin-complex (ABC) detection system. The staining sh.
Physiological studies on a coccoid marine blue-green alga (Cyanobacterium)

A coccoid marine cyanobacterium assignable to the genus Synechococcus has been isolated in axenic culture. This organism appears not to be a nitrogen fixer as it failed to reduce acetylene under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The specific growth rate was determined at six irradiance levels (5-, 15-, 30-, 50-, 100- and 150 μmol m-2 s-1) under continuous illumination and controlled temperature (20°C). The growth vs. incident irradiance curve and estimated light energy absorbed showed that growth saturates at a relatively low photon flux density and photosynthesis has a low compensation point. It attained its maximum division rate (1·4 divisions d-1 = generation time, 18 h) at 30 μmol m-2 s-1. Such a low light-requiring planktonic cyanobacterium may be of importance in terms of both biomass and productivity towards the bottom of the photic zone.
Molecular Species of Triacylglycerol Isolated from Depot Fats of Ratites

The depot fat of the emu, ratite native to Australia, has recently been found to be a source for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In this study, the chemical characteristics of the depot fat from the emu have been clarified and compared with those from the ostrich and rhea, other ratites. The fatty acid combination in triacylglycerol (TG) molecular species detected were dioleoyllinolein, palmitoyloleoyllinolein, palmitoyldiolein and dipalmitoylolein, which were common to all major species of ratite. In the emu, TG containing oleic acid accounted for 89% of the total and palmitoyldiolein (20.5%) and the amount of triolein (16.6%) was the highest in the three species. In the ostrich, TG containing linolenic acid accounted for 23% of the total and the amount of palmitoyloleoyllinolenin (7.4%) was the highest in the three species. In the rhea, TG containing linoleic acid accounted for 55% of the total and the amount of palmitoyloleoyllinolein (16.1%) was the highest in the three species.
Modelo de Evaluación Para la Educación Empresarial con Visión Internacional (Assessment Model for Professional Development with International Perspective)

<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> Esta investigación se enfoca en el análisis de la educación empresarial y origina un modelo de evaluación y autoevaluación para el desarrollo del estudiante y/o profesional con perspectiva internacional. Considera tres dimensiones fundamentales: Conocimientos, capacidades gerenciales y la ética. Cada una de las dimensiones contiene elementos (competencias) y estas a su vez, contienen variables que se pretende que sean consideradas en la profesión por los estudiantes y educadores y por los profesionales en sus diferentes especialidades, a modo local y global; el modelo es adaptable a todo nivel y a diferentes países. Se formalizó un estudio para descubrir las variables más significativas de cada elemento (competencia). Las variables obtenidas son resultado del análisis de la data de la muestra seleccionada de profesionales y estudiantes de posgrado de la zona del norte de México, estado de Baja California en la ciudad de Tijuana, centro industrial y núcleo de gran desarrollo, el cual colinda con el estado de California en USA. Además, considera las variables resultantes de una triangulación de tres expertos más la del autor. Este modelo o método ayuda a identificar las variables fundamentales del desempeño con el fin de poder corregir, obtener mejoras y crear mayor desarrollo empresarial. <b>English Abstract:</b> This research focuses on the analysis of education and professional development. It generates an evaluation and self-assessment model, with an international perspective. It is based on three fundamental dimensions: Knowledge, management capability and ethics. Each dimension contains elements (areas of expertise) and these in turn contain variables that are intended to be considered in the profession for students, educators and professionals in different specialties, be it at a local or global level. The model is adaptable at every level in different countries. The study was formalized to discover the most significant variables of each element (areas of expertise). The variables obtained are the result of analysis of a selected sample of data of graduate students in the city of Tijuana in the northern state of Baja California, Mexico; an industrial and core center of ample development bordering the United States. In addition, the study considers variables resulting from triangulating data of three field experts plus the author. This model or method helps to identify key performance variables in order to correct, obtain improvements and to create further development.
Walls of allergenic pollen: Special reference to the endexine

Allergic rhinitis is an increasing health problem and pollen allergens are amongst the main elicitors of hay fever symptoms. Allergenic pollen contains a set of differently allergenic proteins which are thought to play a role in the pollen germination and fertilisation process. They are released upon contact with the stigma or mucosa or upon pollen grain rupture. Although the determinants of allergenicity of these proteins are still largely undiscovered, accessibility and solubility are now thought to mainly influence allergenic potency. Pollen of 61 allergenic plants was investigated with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Most of the minor allergenic plants like species of the families Salicaceae, Fagaceae or Ulmaceae show the typical pollen wall organisation with intine, compact endexine and ektexine whereas in the majority of the major allergenic plants like species of Betulaceae and Poaceae the endexine is not detectable. Ambrosia artemisiifolia exhibits a laminated endexine. In addition, pollen of these major allergenic plants does not have electron‐dense pollenkitt and starch is stored in a high proportion of the examined pollen. The question is raised whether pollen morphology and ultrastructure might contribute to the accessibility and therefore allergenicity of allergenic proteins.
Effects of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation in layer and broiler diets in the tropics

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of Ascorbic Acid (AA) supplementations in the layer and broiler diets kept in the natural hot humid tropical climate (20-35°C). The layers and the broilers were fed on normal commercial diet as control while supplementation of 400 and 600 mg/kg Ascorbic Acid made up the experimental diets. The results showed that AA supplementation in the layers significantly reduced egg weight and increased Haugh unit values of the eggs, but produced no significant effects on feed intake, body weight, egg production, respiratory rate and body temperature. The shell thickness was slightly improved, though not significantly, with AA supplementation. AA supplementation in broilers improved body weight gain and FCR and reduced the effect of heat stress as shown by lower body temperature and respiratory rates.
Sapwood and heartwood width relationship to tree age in Pinusbanksiana

The relationships of sapwood and heartwood width with tree age were studied in 101 trees of Pinusbanksiana Lamb. The sample trees were selected from natural stands growing at various stand densities at the Lakehead University woodlot, Thunder Bay, Ontario, and ranged in age from 6 to 97 years at breast height. The number of rings in both sapwood and heartwood and their respective widths were recorded. The sapwood basal area was expressed as the difference between the stem basal area and the heartwood basal area. A linear relationship was found between tree age and sapwood width, sapwood basal area, and heartwood width. A curvilinear relationship was observed between the number of rings in the sapwood or heartwood and tree age. The number of rings in sapwood increased at an average rate of 0.43 ring per year until the tree reached the age of about 70 years. The number of rings in sapwood was, more or less, constant after 70 years. Heartwood began to form at about the age of 6 years. Heartwood was produced .
The Interfuel Substitutability in China’s Energy Transition: A National and Sectoral Level Analyses Using Normalized Quadratic Function

The substitutability between traditional fuels and modern fuels is essential for examine the possibility of energy transition. The existing literature on China’s interfuel substitution is mainly based on the translog function form and often the global curvature is not imposed. There is also a lack of a comprehensive analysis encompassing both the national and sectoral levels. This study fills the gap by estimating the Normalized Quadratic (NQ) cost and expenditure functions with global curvatures imposed. We analyse China’s provincial panel data from 2000 to 2012 both at national and sectoral levels: agriculture, industry, service and residential. Our analysis follows a two-stage process: first we estimate a nonlinear system of energy share equations using the Iterative Feasible Generalized Nonlinear Least Square (IFGNLS) method, and second, we calculate the Allen-Uzawa and Morishima elasticities of substitution. We have three main findings. First, the four main types of energy - coal, oil, gas and electricity - are overall substitutable, suggesting that China’s energy transition towards modern fuels is possible. Second, with the nation ascending the energy ladder from traditional to modern energy, the Morishima elasticities of substitution become more elastic, suggesting that a decrease in difficulty of energy transition in China. Third, the Morishima elasticities of substitution in the direction of modern energy price changes usually are greater than that in the direction of traditional energy price changes, suggesting that consumer behaviour change is more sensitive to the modern energy price fluctuations other than that of traditional energy. Overall, we conclude by providing a prospect of energy transitions in China, especially when the relative prices of modern energy are falling.
Superpower Surrogacy and the Onset and Duration of Civil War: A Direct Empirical Test, 1947-1989

The bulk of social science theories explaining civil war focus on endogenous factors, generally ignoring the systemic effects of superpower rivalry during the Cold War. This study directly estimates US and Soviet rivalry by assessing the impact of CIA and KGB support to surrogates in proxy wars. Our results show that CIA support increases the risk of civil war, results that are robust to several alternative explanations and bias from endogeneity. CIA and KGB support, however, lowered the duration of wars that they may have generated, compared with other types of war, for instance ethnic wars. Superpower assistance to surrogates show a substantively large effect compared to the usual determinants of civil war, such as per capita income. It seems that ignoring systemic factors, particularly the interests of great powers only partially explain why some civil wars are more feasible than others. Proxy wars due to great power rivalry also possibly explain the bulk of current civil wars, and their lethality might be explained as the lack of restraint that the superpowers had to show to avoid a direct war between them. These results suggest that theories aimed at understanding why endogenous country conditions make civil war more feasible focus also on exogenous factors, such as great power rivalry. The question of proxiness also potentially challenges notions of commitment and time-inconsistency problems associated with explanations of why agents fail to find less costly bargains compared with fighting.
Moisture Absorption and Retention of Freshly Eviscerated Broilers as Influenced by Holding Time in Slush Ice

ABSTRACT ESSENTIALLY all of the fresh packed eviscerated broilers processed in the United States are initially chilled in slush ice. Most processors hold eviscerated broiler carcasses in slush ice for approximately 1 hour in order that the carcass temperature may be lowered to at least 40°F. The chilled eviscerated carcasses are generally shipped to market packed in crushed ice in order to keep the carcasses in a chilled state and limit dehydration. However, some processors permit carcasses to stay in chill tanks for periods of time longer than necessary for cooling. One reason advanced for this procedure is that the carcasses absorb water thus enhancing their economic value. Cook (1939) found that immersing dressed poultry carcasses in water (45°F.) for 2 hours resulted in a mean gain in weight of 0.22%. Jones (1950) stated that dressed carcasses chilled with slush ice for 2½ hours showed a mean gain in weight of .
Learning-By-Doing, Organizational Forgetting, and Industry Dynamics

Learning-by-doing and organizational forgetting have been shown to be important in a variety of industrial settings. This paper provides a general model of dynamic competition that accounts for these economic fundamentals and shows how they shape industry structure and dynamics. Previously obtained results regarding the dominance properties of firms' pricing behaviour no longer hold in this more general setting. We show that organizational forgetting does not simply negate learning-by-doing. Rather, learning-by-doing and organizational forgetting are distinct economic forces. In particular, a model with both learning-by-doing and organizational forgetting can give rise to aggressive pricing behaviour, market dominance, and multiple equilibria, whereas a model with learning-by-doing alone cannot.
Trade and Inequality: The Effects of International Unbundling of Production

We develop a dynamic trade model to understand the effects on within-country inequality of trade in intermediates, also known as international unbundling of production. We consider a world economy where countries only differ in their productivity and consume final good varieties from all country origins. Each variety is produced using a bundle of intermediate inputs. The production of intermediate inputs requires capital and labor in different proportions. Capital can be accumulated over time, while labor supply is fixed. We characterize two steady-state trade regimes: (i) without unbundling (an equilibrium in which only varieties can be traded), and (ii) with unbundling (an equilibrium where intermediate inputs can also be traded). We show that unbundling of production generates an increase in within-country inequality in all countries and that this change in inequality is U-shaped in the productivity of the country. The reason is that high-productivity countries specialize in capital-intensive intermediates, accumulate more capital and end up with a larger share of capital income in the new steady-state. The same qualitative results hold when countries are ex-ante identical.
NAD(P)H Oxidases Regulate HIF-2α Protein Expression*

Biallelic inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene (VHL) is linked to the development of hereditary and sporadic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In the absence of VHL, the α subunits of heterodimeric hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF-1α and HIF-2α) are stabilized. Reactive oxygen species, generated by NAD(P)H oxidases, are involved in signaling cascades of malignant growth. We show that in VHL-deficient cells p22phox, Nox4 protein levels and NADPH-dependent superoxide generation are increased. Reintroduction of VHL into the VHL-deficient cells down-regulates the expression of p22phox and NADPH-dependent superoxide generation. Inhibition of the 26 S proteasome in VHL-expressing cells increased p22phox protein levels, which correlated with an increase of NADPH-dependent superoxide generation. We also show that p22phox co-immunoprecipitates with VHL in vivo. Moreover, p22phox is a target of ubiquitination. Importantly, in VHL-deficient cells, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), an inhibitor of Nox oxidases, decreased the expression of HIF-2α. Down-regulation of Nox1, Nox4, and p22phox expression by small interfering RNA also decreased HIF-2α protein expression and inhibited Akt and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, suggesting that a translational mechanism is involved in maintaining HIF-2α in VHL-deficient cells. Colony formation by RCC 786-O in soft agar was markedly inhibited by DPI. Moreover, DPI significantly inhibited RCC 786-O tumor formation in athymic mice. Collectively, the data demonstrate that VHL protein exerts its tumor suppressor action, at least partially, via inhibition of p22phox-based Nox4/Nox1 NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species generation.
A Novel 19.6 GHz, High Speed and Low Power Dual Modulus 2/3 Design based on Implication Logic Cells in 130nm CMOS Technology

In this paper, we describe the merging technique and non-traditional logics for design of a divide - (÷) by-2/3 design. The proposed circuit of design consumes a smaller amount of power than true single - phase clock (TSPC), Current - mode logic (CML) logic styles and operates faster than enhanced TSPC(ETSPC) designs. By theoretical analysis, one can conclude that the switching power and propagation delay of the proposed circuit is less than that of conventional ÷ - by - 2/3 prescaler. The Power consumption of proposed circuit is reduced by 39% as compared with the conventional design. The design is realised in 130 nm CMOS process at power consumption of 8μW under 0.8V of a supply voltage, andthe maximum working frequency reaches up to 19.6 GHz.
Optimum Allocation of Weights to Assets in a Portfolio: The Case of Nominal Annualisation Versus Effective Annualisation of Returns

Since the introduction of modern portfolio theory by Roy (1952), Markowitz (1952) and Sharpe (1964) about half a century ago, the allocation of investment weights among various assets in a portfolio is one of the most important areas of research in finance. However, we are not aware of any study that has compared the allocation problem under nominally annualised versus effectively annualised returns. In this paper, we empirically examine the effect of effective annualisation on the variance and skewness of the rates of return probability distribution and the allocation of weights to assets in the portfolio. Our empirical findings conclude that the method of annualisation drastically affects the variance and skewness as well as the allocation of weights to the assets in the portfolio.