Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low-dose stavudine trials: a public health priority for developing countries

The debate around relooking at stavudine dosing, both in terms of the adult low-dose stavudine study and more broadly, is welcome. The study being proposed to evaluate low-dose stavudine v. tenofovir is a fairly standard placebo-controlled non-inferiority study. The study design is not controversial; however, the choice of study drug has attracted critical attention.
Granular and particle-laden flows: from laboratory experiments to field observations

This review article provides an overview of dry granular flows and particle fluid mixtures, including experimental and numerical modeling at the laboratory scale, large scale hydrodynamics approaches and field observations. Over the past ten years, the theoretical and numerical approaches have made such significant progress that they are capable of providing qualitative and quantitative estimates of particle concentration and particle velocity profiles in steady and fully developed particulate flows. The next step which is currently developed is the extension of these approaches to unsteady and inhomogeneous flow configurations relevant to most of geophysical flows. We also emphasize that the up-scaling from laboratory experiments to large scale geophysical flows still poses some theoretical physical challenges. For example, the reduction of the dissipation that is responsible for the unexpected long run-out of large scale granular avalanches is not observed at the laboratory scale and its physical origin is still a matter of debate. However, we believe that the theoretical approaches have reached a mature state and that it is now reasonable to tackle complex particulate flows that incorporate more and more degrees of complexity of natural flows.
Gene Therapy Strategies Incorporating Large Transgenes

The application of nucleic acid therapeutics sometimes requires the transfer of relatively large transgenes. For example, treatment of diseases such as hemophilia A, sickle cell disease, muscular dystrophy, or cystic fibrosis requires the transfer of coding sequences or complex regulatory elements, which can exceed 4.5 kilobases (kb). In general, transgenes are inserted into expression cassettes that can then be incorporated into either viral or nonviral vectors. The vector chosen depends not only on the therapeutic application but also on the size of the expression cassette. The size of the expression cassette depends on the size of the transgene and the requirement of specific regulatory elements necessary for appropriate transgene expression (for example, internal promoters, enhancers, insulators and other regulatory elements). Larger expression cassettes complicate gene therapy applications using viral vectors by (1) limiting the types of vectors available due to encapsidation limitations, (2) increasing the complexity of the transferred nucleic acid sequence, which, for example, can inadvertently introduce splice donor and acceptor sites, and (3) reducing the titer of viral vector that can be produced. Due to these hurdles, gene therapy strategies utilizing large expression cassettes are limited in vector design. One avenue of decreasing the size of transgenes is to genetically engineer minimal complementary DNA (cDNA) cassettes by eliminating regions that encode for non-functional aspects of the encoded protein. For example, the cDNA of human dystrophin, the missing functional gene in Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy, is approximately 11 kb. Due to its large size, a truncated functional version termed, mini-dystrophin, is utilized, thereby reducing the transgene size to 6 kb. A similar strategy has also been evaluated for the cDNA encoding factor VIII (FVIII), mutations of which cause hemophilia A. The transgene size has been reduced by eliminating an entire domain, thus reducing the transgene size by >2.5 kb. A second strategy that has been evaluated involves dividing a larger transgene into smaller sub-transgenes that can then be incorporated into separate vectors to be delivered simultaneously. Nonviral gene-delivery systems, on the other hand, are not as constrained by the size of the expression cassette. Despite this advantage, nonviral vectors are currently not widely used because of inefficient gene transfer. However, rapid progress is being made with transposons circumventing limited transfer by capitalizing on their ability to integrate within the genome. For example, the Sleeping Beauty transposon has been used to insert a number of large expression cassettes into the human genome, including the 6.5 kb ┚-globin expression cassette for the treatment of sickle cell disease. Therefore, these vectors hold much promise for gene therapy applications with large expression cassettes.
Website Satisfaction: Determinants and Consequences on Website Loyalty

The concept of satisfaction has been a concept extensively studied in the literature and is still of interest to both academics and managers. This study examines the key determinants of satisfaction in an online shopping context and their consequences on loyalty. We have used structural equation modeling method to test a conceptual model relating perceived value-satisfaction-loyalty with the incorporation of variables specific to the online experience (computer anxiety and website environment). We proposed also navigational goal (shopping versus browsing) as a moderator of the relationship between perceived value and satisfaction. The findings reveal that the effect of website environment on perceived value is supported and that some dimensions of perceived value influence online customer satisfaction. Moreover, satisfaction has a positive influence on loyalty while computer anxiety has a negative influence. Furthermore, navigational goal moderates the relationship between perceived value and satisfaction. Managerial implications of these results are discussed.
Application of PTR-MS to an incubation experiment of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana

Emission of trace gases from the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (CCMP1335) was continuously monitored with a proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) in an axenic batch culture system under a 13:11-h light:dark cycle. Substantial increases in the signals at m/z 49, 63, and 69, attributable to methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and isoprene, respectively, were observed in response to increases in cell density. Signals at m/z 69 showed diurnal variations throughout the experiment whereas those at m/z 49 were more pronounced at the beginning of the incubation. Interestingly, the signals at m/z 49 and 69 changed immediately following the light-dark and dark-light transitions, suggesting that light plays a crucial role in the production of methanethiol and isoprene. However, in the latter half of the experiment, methanethiol showed negligible diurnal variations regardless of light conditions, suggesting the production of methanethiol from enzymatic cleavage of DMS. The trend in signals at m/z 63 was similar to that of the abundance of senescent cells plus cell debris rather than vegetative cells. The results suggest that aging or death of phytoplankton cells could also substantially control DMS production in natural waters along with the other microbial processes related to bacteria and zooplankton.
Post-Translational Regulation of Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1): The Effect of K122 Acylation on SOD1's Metabolic Activity

Post-Translational Regulation of Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1): The Effect of K122 Acylation on SOD1’s Metabolic Activity Courtney Jean Banks Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BYU Doctor of Philosophy Many mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) cause destabilization and misfolding of the protein and are implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Likewise, a few post-translational modifications (PTMs) on SOD1 have been shown to cause the same phenotype. However, relatively few PTMs on SOD1 have been studied in depth and, in particular, very few studies have demonstrated how these PTMs affect SOD1’s various biological roles. SOD1 is traditionally known for its role in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging but has also been found to have a few other biological roles, including transcription factor activity to promote genomic stability, preservation of cytoskeletal activity, maintaining zinc and copper homeostasis, and suppressing respiration. We have used the computational analysis tool, SAPH-ire, to find PTM ‘hotspots’ on SOD1 that have a high likelihood of affecting its biological functions. Interestingly, the top seven ranked PTM ‘hotspots’ were found in a small region of SOD1, between S98-K128. We focused our studies on one of the PTM ‘hotspots’ found in this region, lysine-122 (K122). K122 is found in the electrostatic loop of SOD1, a loop that is important for shuttling in superoxide radicals to be neutralized. According to our data, and other studies, this lysine is both succinylated and acetylated. We found that acetyl and succinyl-mimetics (K122Q and K122E, respectively) of this site do not affect its ROS scavenging activity but do prevent SOD1 from suppressing respiration and decrease its localization to the mitochondria. Further, when cells are depleted of SIRT5 (the desuccinylase for K122), SOD1 can no longer suppress respiration. Additionally, we found that SOD1 appears to suppress respiration at complex I, whether directly or through an indirect pathway is unknown. When HCT116 colon cancer cells were depleted of endogenous SOD1, the overexpressed succinyl K122-mimetic (K122E) could not recover growth as well as overexpressed WT SOD1. The K122E SOD1 expressing cells also exhibited increased mitochondrial ROS and unhealthier mitochondria. We propose a mechanism whereby SOD1 suppression of respiration acts as an additional regulator of oxidative stress: SOD1 suppresses the electron transport chain to decrease reactive oxygen species leakage and to promote healthier mitochondria and growth.
Family Income and Health: Evidence from Food Consumption in China

With the substantial increase in family income, the prevalence of overweight has risen and become a serious threat to individual health and major health challenges in many developing countries. From the perspective of food consumption, this study attempts to shed light on the effect of family income on adults health outcomes of BMI and being overweight through three potential channels of nutrition intakes, dietary knowledge, and health insurance. Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), the empirical estimations show adults BMI and the propensity of being overweight tend to increase with rising income in China. After identifying significant correlations between family income and potential channels considered, we conclude that approximately 34.14% and 33.75% of income effect on BMI and overweight could be explained by these three channels, especially, nutrition intakes taking the largest proportion is responsible for 26.96% and 28.08% of income effect on BMI and overweight, respectively. Additionally, we observe that there exists a significant heterogeneity in income-BMI gradients across various income quantiles and sub-samples, showing that income has higher effect on adults health for male and urban samples but it is not responsible for female sample. Acknowledgement : The authors acknowledge funding supports provided by National Natural Sciences of China (71742002; 71673008).
A review on Nano toxicology of metal oxide nanoparticles

Nanotechnology play a prominent role in our economy. Used of nanaomaterials increased poses potential human health risk. Therfore it is critical to understand nature and origin of the toxicity imposed by nanomaterial.This paper discusses synthesis, characterization and toxicity of metal oxide nanopartical. There are two toxicities are in victro and in vivo of its oxide. These oxide are discussed including a consideration of a factor important of safe use of these nanomaterials. In these article toxicity of metal oxide are widely use in industry and bio technology. Nanoparticle toxicity is related to the oxidative stress and alteration of calcium homeostasis cellular signally events. Nano technology is express to address the toxicological activities of nanoparticles and there products to determine whether and to human health ,and define as the study of the mechanism of the toxic effect of nanoparticles on living organism. The help of knowledge of nanotoxicological study will be the base for designing safe nano materials in different biological system. These paper consist of the section with the brief introduction ,the synthesis of metal oxide nonoparticle. Nonotoxicity of metal oxide of nanoparticle etc.
Geriatrik Olgularda Kladikasyo: Nörojenik Ve Vasküler Kladikasyo Birlikteligi

Geriatrik olgularda yurume esnasinda bel, kalca, diz ve diger bolgelerin cesitli patolojilerine bagli farkli sekillerde izlenen yurume guclugu, agri, uyusma ve benzeri bulgular gorulebilir. Ancak kladikasyo daha ozgun bir semptomdur. Hastalar tarafindan siklikla belirli bir mesafe yurumekle ortaya cikan, bir veya iki bacakta, lokalize edilemeyen agri, gucsuzluk, uyusma, parestezi ve kramp olarak ortaya cikan ancak istirahat ile rahatlayan bir tablo olarak tanimlanir. Ozellikle periferik arter hastaliklarinda gorulen vaskuler kladikasyo ve lomber spinal stenoz kliniginde izlenen norojenik kladikasyo, bu klinik tablolarin ilk ve en onemli semptomlaridir. Geriatrik hastalarda agrili alt ekstremite varliginda ayirici tanida akilda tutulmasi gereken bircok hastalik vardir. Bu yuzden hastalar tarafindan tarif edilen kladikasyo goz ardi edilmemesi gereken ayirici tani icin uyarici ve yol gosterici bir semptomdur. Biz de bu yazimizda bel bacak agrisi ile basvuran, degisken bir kladikasyo tarifleyen, ayirici taniya yonelik yapilan calismalar sonucunda lomber spinal stenoz ve sol ana iliak arter darligi ile seyreden periferik arter hastaligi (PAH) tanilarini bir arada koydugumuz bir olguyu semptomdan teshise yonelik sureci tekrar gozden gecirmek amaciyla sunduk.
Exactly solvable Gaussian and non-Gaussian mean-field games and collective swarms dynamics.

The collective behaviour of stochastic multi-agents swarms driven by Gaussian and non-Gaussian environments is analytically discussed in a mean-field approach. We first exogenously implement long range mutual interactions rules with strengths that are modulated by the real-time distance separating each agent with the swarm barycentre. Depending on the form of this barycentric modulation, a transition between drastically collective behaviours can be unveiled. A behavioural bifurcation threshold due to the tradeoff between the desynchronisation effects of the stochastic environment and the synchronising interactions is analytically calculated. For strong enough interactions, the emergence of a swarm soliton propagating wave is observable. Alternatively, weaker interactions cannot overcome the environmental noise and evanescent diffusive waves result. In a second and complementary approach, we show the the emergent solitons can alternatively be interpreted as being the optimal equilibrium of mean-field games (MFG) models with ad-hoc running cost functions which are here exactly determined. The MFG's equilibria resulting from the optimisation of individual utility functions are solitons that are therefore endogenously generated. Hence for the classes of models here proposed, an explicit correspondence between exogenous and endogenous interaction rules ultimately producing similar collective effects can be explicitly constructed. For both Gaussian and non-Gaussian environments our exact results unveil new classes of exactly solvable mean-field games dynamics.
InFuse: a comprehensive framework for data fusion in space robotics

Fused sensory data provides decision-making processes with exploitable information about the external environment and a describes some preliminary work on the InFuse project to create a modular and portable data fusion system funded Research Cluster on Space Robotics Technologies. In space robotics, a wide range of data fusion techniques are required to accomplish challenging objectives for exploration, science and commercial purposes. This includes navigation for planetary and orbital robotics, scientific data gathering, and on-orbit spacecraft servicing applications. InFuse aims to develop a comprehensive open-source data fusion toolset to combine and interpret sensory data from multiple robotic sensors, referred as a Common Data Fusion Framework (CDFF).
Population Ecology and Epidemiology of Sea Lice in Canadian Waters

IV RÉSUMÉ . V INTRODUCTION . 1 POPULATION STRUCTURE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SEA LICE IN ADULT WILD SALMON POPULATIONS . 2 PACIFIC REGION . 2 ATLANTIC REGION . 4 POPULATION STRUCTURE AND EPIDEMIOLOLGY OF SEA LICE IN JUVENILE WILD SALMON POPULATIONS . 5 PACIFIC REGION . 5 ATLANTIC REGION . 13 POPULATION STRUCTURE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY IN FARMED POPULATIONS . 13 PACIFIC REGION . 13 Farmed Pacific Salmon . 14 Farmed Atlantic Salmon . 15 ATLANTIC REGION . 18 ROLE OF WILD SALMONID AND NON-SALMONID HOSTS AS RESERVIORS . 19 PACIFIC REGION . 19 ATLANTIC REGION . 21 EVIDENCE FOR LINKAGE BETWEEN SEA LICE POPULATIONS ON FARMED SALMON AND WILD SALMON AND NON-SALMONID HOSTS . 23 PACIFIC REGION . 23 ATLANTIC REGION . 23 MANAGEMENT THRESHOLDS FOR SEA LICE: SCIENTIFIC AND VETERINARIAN BASIS AND METRICS OF EFFECTIVENESS . 24 PACIFIC REGION . 24 ATLANTIC REGION . 27 REFERENCES . 28
Forest Cover, use and Dietary Intake in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania

SUMMARY Food insecurity and malnutrition in local populations both result from and drive deforestation. This paper examines the relationships between diet of local people and measures of forest cover and use in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Data on dietary diversity and intake were collected for 270 children and their mothers. Area of tree cover within the vicinity of each household was examined in relation to forest use and diet. Individuals using foods from forest and other non-farm land had higher dietary diversity, consumed more animal source foods and had more nutrient dense diets. They also had more tree cover in a close proximity to the home, suggesting a relationship between tree cover and forest food use. Households reporting trips to the forest had lower area of tree cover within close proximity, suggesting that land close to the home with tree cover such as agroforest and fallow is important for obtaining subsistence products. Although historically there has been little motivation for local people to participate in forest conservation in the East Usambaras, the maintenance of tree cover in the landscape around the home, especially on agricultural and village land, may be important in ensuring continued access to the health benefits potentially available in wild and forest foods.
Space Warps II. New gravitational lens candidates from the CFHTLS discovered through citizen science

We report the discovery of 29 promising (and 59 total) new lens candidates from the CFHT Legacy Survey (CFHTLS) based on about 11 million classifications performed by citizen scientists as part of the first Space Warps lens search. The goal of the blind lens search was to identify lens candidates missed by robots (the RingFinder on galaxy scales and ArcFinder on group/cluster scales) which had been previously used to mine the CFHTLS for lenses. We compare some properties of the samples detected by these algorithms to the Space Warps sample and find them to be broadly similar. The image separation distribution calculated from the Space Warps sample shows that previous constraints on the average density profile of lens galaxies are robust. SpaceWarps recovers about 65% of known lenses, while the new candidates show a richer variety compared to those found by the two robots. This detection rate could be increased to 80% by only using classifications performed by expert volunteers (albeit at the cost of a lower purity), indicating that the training and performance calibration of the citizen scientists is very important for the success of Space Warps. In this work we present the SIMCT pipeline, used for generating in situ a sample of realistic simulated lensed images. This training sample, along with the false positives identified during the search, has a legacy value for testing future lens finding algorithms. We make the pipeline and the training set publicly available.
Leucaena leucocephala IN RUMINANT NUTRITION (Leucaena leucocephala EN NUTRICIÓN DE RUMIANTES)

1 Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil km 15.5. Apdo. 4-116 Itzimná, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, México. Email: ma_barrosr@yahoo.es, carlos.sandoval@uady.mx 2Facultad de Ingenieria Química-Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Periférico Norte km33.5, Colonia Chuburna de Hidalgo Inn, C. P. 97203, Mérida, Yucatán, México. 3 School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, 11 Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia. * Corresponding author
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Nanoporous Composite Based on Elemental Sulfur and Graphitic Mesoporous Carbon

A novel sulfur nanocomposite was fabricated based on graphitic mesoporous carbon.The graphitic mesoporous carbon was synthesized using sucrose as carbon precursor, nano CaCO3 as a hard template and nickel nitrate as graphitization catalyst. The structural properties of the prepared material were characterized using powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), N2-adsorption/desorption and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. The mesoporous solid with the high surface area of 710 m2/g, average pore size of 2.7 nm and high graphitization degree was applied as the nanoreactor for infiltration of molten sulfur at 150 oC in an inert gas atmosphere. The properties of prepared nanocomposite were investigated by XRD, BET, SEM and cyclic voltammetry methods. The obtained results showed that the desired nanocomposite with enhanced conductivity successfully was synthesized.
Toward a cost-effective fingerprinting methodology to distinguish maize open-pollinated varieties.

In Africa, many smallholder farmers grow open- pollinated maize (Zea mays L.) varieties (OPVs), which allow seed recycling and outyield tradi- tional unimproved landraces. Seeds of produc- tive OPVs are provided to farmers, often by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that help farmers access improved seeds, particu- larly following disasters in which original seed is lost. However, NGOs often rely on local seed suppliers to provide seed, and in some years the seeds provided to the farmers are suspected not to be of the promised variety. Here we pres- ent methodology to prove within a high level of confi dence if two samples of seeds are the same genetic population or not, despite the dif- fi culties involved in fi ngerprinting heterologous populations. In addition to heterogeneity within populations, diffi culties can include sampling errors, differences in the fi elds or years in which the seeds were multiplied, and seed mixing. Despite these confounding sources of varia- tion, we show the possibility to conclusively dif- ferentiate each of the populations used in this work. This methodology will allow breeders, seed companies, government agencies, and NGOs to ensure the purity and identity of high- yielding, locally adapted OPVs reach farmers so they can generate the highest yields possible in their fi elds.