Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Revision of the Oriental and Australasian species of Chrysops (Diptera : Tabanidae)

The genus Chrysops from the Australasian and Oriental regions is revised. Two new species are described: Chrysops fuscomarginalis, sp. nov. and C. srilankensis, sp. nov. The status of two species is revised: C. terminalis, stat. rev. is resurrected from questionable synonymy with C. dispar, and C. cinctus, stat rev. is resurrected from synonymy with C. signifer. Fifteen Chrysops names are placed in synonymy for the first time or placed as synonyms of species with which they were not previously associated: C. atrinus syn. of C. silvifacies, syn. nov.; C. australis papuensis syn. of C. australis, syn. nov.; C. flavocallus syn. of C. flavescens, syn. nov.; C. impar syn. of C. translucens, syn. nov.; C. indianus thailandensis syn. of C. indianus, syn. nov.; C. intercalatus syn. of C. pettigrewi, syn. nov.; C. paradesignatus syn. of C. designatus, syn. nov.; C. philipi syn. of C. alter, syn. nov.; C. semicirculus syn. of C. terminalis, syn. nov.; C. silvifacies yunnanensis syn. of C. silvifacies, syn. nov.; C. stekhoveni syn. of C. fixissimus, syn. nov.; C. subchusanensis syn. of C. chusanensis, syn. nov.; C. unizona syn. of C. fixissimus, syn. nov.; C. vietnamensis syn. of C. flaviscutellus, syn. nov.; and C. zhamensis syn. of C. pettigrewi, syn. nov. An alphabetical list of Chrysops names for the Oriental and Australasian regions is given, as is a key to species and descriptions and notes for all valid taxa. A brief discussion of the biology and economic importance is provided as well as a discussion of the distribution patterns of Oriental and Australasian Tabanidae and the northern and western limits of the Oriental region, based on distribution of Tabanidae.
HIERARCHICAL HABITAT SELECTION BY TUNDRA WOLVES

Abstract Using resource selection functions, we examined habitat selection patterns of tundra wolves (Canis lupus) in the central Canadian Arctic at the level of the home range and within the home range. Esker habitat was relatively preferred by wolves at the home range level of selection, possibly indicating the importance of denning habitat as a limiting factor for tundra wolves. We failed to conclusively tie vegetation communities to movements of wolves within the home range. Eskers make up only about 1–2% of the landscape; hence, a potential conflict between wolf conservation and industrial development in the region may occur as eskers are targeted as a source of granular material for road construction. Results of this study underline the importance of scale dependence in habitat selection. Failure to view habitat selection as a hierarchical process may result in a narrow and possibly misleading notion of the value of habitats to animals.
Different bacteria can enhance the micropropagation response of Cotoneaster lacteus (Rosaceae)

C. MONIER, E. BOSSIS, C. CHABANET AND R. SAMSON. 1998. Cotoneaster species are widely used ornamental shrubs, and research is under way to select genotypes which are more resistant to fire blight by somaclonal variation. During the establishment of micropropagation, one genotype, Cotoneaster lacteus, showed the development of endogenous bacterial contaminants. Two strains were isolated from in vitro explants: Bacillus pumilus and Alcaligenes faecalis. These two strains, and some Pseudomonas fluorescens and Ps. putida, promoted in vitro multiplication and rooting of explants. In Pseudomonas strains, rooting enhancing capacity appeared to be related to indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) production, as only strains which produced IAA promoted rooting. Moreover, all deleterious strains included in the study for in vitro culture produce cyanide, unlike the above mentioned strains. As to endogenous contaminants, micropropagation enhancing capacity may be attributed to a direct or indirect action on endogenous auxin concentration.
Aflatoxin Contamination and Fungi Isolated from Indonesian Agricultural Commodities

Aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities is of great concern for both public health and the economy in southeast Asian countries. Near the end of 1998, we collected twenty-six agricultural samples from three different markets in central and east Java and Bali in Indonesia and analysed for aflatoxins. Also, 22 Aspergillus flavus group isolates from these commodities and soil samples were tested for their mycotoxin productivity. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in five of eight peanut and four of five maize samples. No aflatoxins were detected from six rice, three soybean, or four other bean samples. The highest amount of aflatoxin B1 detected was close to 6 ppm in one peanut sample followed by 300 ppb in one maize sample. Aflatoxin G1 and G2 were not detected in any of the samples. Seven out of 22 Aspergillus f lavus group isolates produced detectable amounts of aflatoxin B1 and B2 in liquid culture medium (0.18 to 21 ppm of aflatoxin B1 and 0.002 to 0.8 ppm of aflatoxin B2), but none produced detectable amounts of aflatoxin G1 or G2. A11 22 isolates produced kojic acid (0.07 to 3.18%) and 21 produced cyclopiazonic acid (trace to 54 ppm)•
Etymology of the Genus Name Nostoc (Cyanobacteria)

The word Nostoch was invented by the 15th century scientist, philosopher, and alchemist Aureolus Philippus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus) to describe the gelatinous colonies of the ubiquitous terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. It is proposed that Nostoch is a play on two words, an Old English word and a German word, which both describe that part of the human anatomy intimately associated with extracellular polysaccharide; Nost hryl and Nasenloch = Nostoch.
Maternal protectiveness and response to the unfamiliar in vervet monkeys

Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) show individual differences in approach‐avoidance behavior when faced with an unfamiliar and potentially threatening situation. Prior research from our colony demonstrated that juveniles who had experienced high levels of early maternal protectiveness were more cautious in response to novelty, compared to juveniles who had had less protective mothers. The research reported here was designed to verify this result in a paradigm that experimentally varied maternal protectiveness through the introduction of new breeding adult males. Mothers responded to the presence of new males by increased maternal protectiveness toward infants born in the year following the introductions. Individual differences in response to the unfamiliar were later evaluated by measuring the latency to approach within 1 m of novel food containers placed into the home enclosure of four naturally composed social groups. Infants approached with the same latency and in the same order as their mothers. Juveniles approached sooner than, and independent of, their mother's current behavior, but their latency to approach could be predicted by the experimentally induced variation in maternal protectiveness they had experienced as infants. Immatures who had been born in New Male years, when maternal protectiveness was high, were more cautious and had significantly longer latencies to approach the novel stimulus compared to immatures who had been born in Resident Male years. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occurrence of Automate branchialis Holthuis & Gottlieb, 1958 (Decapoda, Alpheidae) in the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean Sea)

ANTONIO BOX1), GUILLERMO GUERAO2), PERE ABELL? 3) and SALUD DEUDERO1'4) ^Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avan? ais (CSIC-UIB), Laboratorio de BiologiaMarina, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Ules Balears, Spain 2) Departament de Biologia Animal (Artr? podes), Facultat de Biologia, Universit? t de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain 3) Institut de Ci? ncies del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
Gene × environment tests discriminate the new EU2 evolutionary lineage of Phytophthora ramorum and indicate that it is adaptively different

Summary A new evolutionary lineage of the destructive introduced tree pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, EU2 lineage, was recently discovered attacking larch and other hosts in Northern Ireland and south west Scotland, UK. Sixteen ‘medium × agar concentration × incubation temperature’ stress environments were tested to find a rapid and repeatable method to discriminate the known EU2 lineage from the EU1, NA1 and NA2 lineages in culture, in particular from the EU1 already prevalent across the UK; and to investigate whether EU2 might be adaptively different. At 25°C on both Carrot agar and V8 juice agar, the mean radial growth rates of all four lineages were significantly different, with NA2 > EU2 > EU1 > NA1. At this temperature, EU2 colonies were not only phenotypically distinct from EU1 and all other lineages but on average grew three times as fast as EU1. This indicates that EU2 is adaptively different from EU1. Twelve days growth in the environment ‘V8A/2% agar/25°C gave excellent discrimination of all four lineages in three repeat experiments, including clear discrimination of EU2 from EU1. Each lineage exhibited a distinctive colony pattern. The utility of this test environment was examined further by screening fresh UK isolates of unknown lineage from new larch outbreak sites alongside standard isolates. The lineage assignments predicted were corroborated by gene sequencing and RFLP profiling. These results also revealed that the EU2 lineage was present at several new larch sites in south west Scotland, whereas isolates from geographically adjacent areas such as the Isle of Mull, north west Scotland, the Isle of Man and north west England were all of EU1 lineage.
γ-Tubulin distribution during cortical microtubule reorganization at the M/G1 interface in tobacco BY-2 cells

Summary Cortical microtubules are considered to regulate the direction of cellulose microfibril deposition. Despite their significant role in determining cell morphology, cortical microtubules completely disappear from the cell cortex during M phase and become reorganized at G 1 phase. The mechanism by which these microtubules become properly formed again is, however, still unclear. We have proposed that the origin of cortical microtubules is on the daughter nuclear surface, but further cortical microtubule reorganization occurs at the cell cortex. Hence it is probable that the locations of microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) are actively changing. However, the actual MTOC sites of cortical microtubules were not clearly determined. In this paper, we have examined the distribution of γ-tubulin, one of the key molecules of MTOCs in various organisms, during cortical microtubule reorganization using both immunofluorescence and a GFP reporter system. Using a monoclonal antibody (clone G9) that recognizes highly conserved residues in γ-tubulin, γ-tubulin was found to be constitutively expressed and to be clearly localized to microtubule structures, such as the preprophase bands, spindles, and phragmoplasts, specific to each cell cycle stage. This distribution pattern was confirmed by the GFP reporter system. During cortical microtubule reorganization at the M to G 1 transition phase, γ-tubulin first accumulated at the daughter nuclear surfaces, and then seemed to spread onto the cell cortex along with microtubules elongating from the daughter nuclei. Based on the results, it was confirmed that daughter nuclear surfaces acted as origins of cortical microtubules, and that further reorganization occurred on the cell cortex.
DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF AZOLLA‐ANABAENA ASSOCIATIONS TO HIGH TEMPERATURE AND MINUS PHOSPHORUS TREATMENTS

SUMMARY The response of Azolla species to high temperature and minus phosphorus (– P) treatments was investigated. Azolla filiculoides was judged the most sensitive to high temperature on the basis of its growth, acetylene reduction activity (ARA), losses in chlorophyll and protein content. The temperature-tolerant strains like A. pinnata (Cheng Mai and Pu Tiang Zhu) and A. microphylla showed good growth and no senescence even after 6 weeks at 37/29°C provided that plant density was controlled and nutrients were not limiting. The – P treatment reduced both growth and N2-fixation in the Azolla plants. Its effect was greater on N2-fixation as measured by ARA, than on growth in the first week of culture in a P-deficient medium. High temperature did not hasten or enhance the appearance of P deficiency symptoms. A lower endogenous P content was needed to induce physiological disorder in A. pinnata than in A. mexicana and A. microphylla.
Mitochondrial DNA variation follows a geographic pattern in Japanese beech species.

: The amount and distribution of mitochondrial (mt) DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism was determined among individual tree samples of two Japanese beech species, Fagus crenata and F.japonica. Individual plants were collected from 16 F. crenata populations throughout the range of the species, and from three F. japonica populations. We detected enough variation to characterize eleven and three chondriome types in F. crenata and F.japonica, respectively. The grouping of beech chondriome types based upon the cladistic analysis of mtDNA polymorphism allowed us to recognize the apparent geographical patterns of mtDIMA diversity: the resulting three main groups occupied distinct geographic areas. This geographic differentiation is likely to reflect the history of the Japanese beech forests after the last glacial period of the Pleistocene. In addition, the mtDNA polymorphism encountered within F. crenata encompassed all the variation observed in F.japonica. Our result suggests the need for re-evaluation of their phylogenetic relationships.
MICROELECTRODE RECORDINGS FROM THE REGION OF THE NUCLEUS SOLITARIUS IN THE CAT

An extracellular microelectrode exploration of the region of the nucleus solitarius has been carried out in 30 adult cats with the purpose of studying central projections of cardiovascular afferent fibers. Of 375 discharging cells encountered, only 9 showed a cardiac periodicity which was not obviously artefactual. The latter cells were located in the region of, or ventral to, the caudal part of the nucleus solitarius. The infrequency with which such cardiovascular patterns of discharge were encountered leads to the conclusion that primary cardiovascular afferents do not provide the dominant influence on discharge of secondary neurones of the nucleus solitarius. It is suggested that interruption of other sources of afferent input to these cells might reveal the nature of transfer of baroreceptor discharge pattern across the first synapse of the visceral afferent pathways for cardiovascular receptors.
Ovarian morphology and rates of ovarian follicular development in laying broiler breeders and commercial egg‐producing hens

1. Ovaries from a light‐bodied egg laying strain and a broiler breeder strain were compared at 26 and 82 weeks of age. 2. The rate of lay in both strains was lower in the older hens. The 82‐week‐old hens were subdivided into good and poor layers: the poor layers produced eggs at about half the rate of the good layers. 3. The yellow‐yolky ovarian follicles in both strains were smaller, more numerous and more closely ranked in hierarchies in 26‐week‐old hens than in 82‐week‐old hens. 4. No marked differences were seen between the strains at 26 or 82 weeks of age in the sizes, numbers or hierarchical arrangements of yellow‐yolky ovarian follicles. 5. The ovaries from 82‐week‐old good and poor layers from both strains contained similar numbers of yellow‐yolky follicles. 6. After feeding a fat‐soluble dye, the number of days over which eggs containing dye were laid did not differ between 26‐, 52‐ and 113‐week‐old hens from an egg laying strain. However, fewer eggs with dyed yolks were laid by the older hens. 7.
Effects of Inoculating Compound Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Quality of Cured Fish

Inoculation with compound lactobacillus in the low-salt pickled fish, fermented and dried to produce cured fish. The paper studied the effects of inoculating compound lactobacillus on the pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), amino acid nitrogen content (AA-N) and total acid content of salted fish quality. The results showed that, compared with the non-vaccinated groups (CK), The cured fish inoculated lactobacillus had a lower pH and TVB-N content, higher the amino acid nitrogen content and total acid content. Inoculated compound lactic acid bacteria into salted fish, to a certain extent, could improve the nutritional value and edible value, which had positive effects on the fish quality.
Effects of chilling and photoperiod on dormancy release of container-grown loblolly pine seedlings

Loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) seedlings, which set bud in fall, required exposure to chilling temperatures before growth could resume under a 10- or 12-h photoperiod; whereas a 14-h photoperiod partially substituted for the chilling requirement. A 10- to 14-h photoperiod, however, did not affect the rate of budbreak once the chilling requirement was satisfied. A broad temperature range (0 – 12 °C) was equally effective in satisfying the chilling requirement. In situations where subfreezing temperatures were sufficient to decrease the extent of shoot growth or result in seedling mortality, the rate of budbreak for surviving seedlings was not affected. Exposure to low but above freezing temperatures beyond that necessary to satisfy the chilling requirement for budbreak resulted in increased height growth. Chilling temperatures apparently were involved both in ameliorating bud dormancy and promoting vegetative growth.
The Relation of Reproductive Effort to Age

The paper uses the reproductive effort model of Schaffer (1974) to provide conditions on the change in reproductive effort with age in evolutionarily stable life histories. It is shown that low adult mortality, continuing adult growth, a low rate of population increase, and a high sensitivity of survival and growth to reproduction all tend to favor increase in reproductive effort with age. Reproductive effort may decrease with age if the converse conditions hold.
Accelerated cheese ripening with heat treated cells of Lactobacillus helveticus and a commercial proteolytic enzyme

Summary Synergic effects of proteolytic enzymes from two different microbial sources on the ripening of Swedish hard cheese were studied. When extracellular proteolytic enzymes from Bacillus subtilis (Neutrase) and/or heat treated cells of Lactobacillus helveticus (now L. delbrueckii subsp. helveticus) were added to the cheese milk, cheese ripening was accelerated; Neutrase effectively hydrolysed casein to give a softer body. Addition of heat treated lactobacilli did not accelerate hydrolysis of casein, but accelerated the breakdown of peptides which increased the amount of amino acid N in the cheese and also enhanced the intensity of cheese flavour. A bitter taste which developed in cheeses with added Neutrase could be eliminated by the simultaneous addition of heat treated lactobacilli.
Control of bloom in a tropical lake: grazing efficiency of some herbivorous fishes

Using a limnocorral study, Microcystis grazing by silver carp, bighead and tilapia was examined in an eutrophic shallow lake permanently infested with a Microcystis bloom. Twelve fingerlings of each fish species were introduced into the limnocorrals placed in the lake, in triplicate, and their grazing effects were examined over a period until the limnocorral bloom declined substantially and remained unchanged. Introduction of fish, regardless of species, into the limnocorrals resulted in sharp reductions (60–93%) of the initial Microcystis population on day 3 or 7. Maximum gross and net clearance of Microcystis were by silver carp followed by bighead and tilapia. Short-term high retention of Microcystis by tilapia indicated that the clearance effect did not last long due to a high rate of defaecation of undigested Microcystis. Nearly 6–180% nutrient enrichment of the limnocorrals was attributable to the defaecation of test fishes suggesting their ichthyoeutrophication potentials, which were in the following order: tilapia>bighead>silver carp. It is concluded that silver carp is most suitable for clearing Microcystis in the lake because of its minimal ichthyoeutrophication effect.
Electroantennogram and behavioral responses of workers of the stingless bee Oxytrigona mediorufa to mandibular gland volatiles

Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometric analysis showed that the mandibular gland secretion of workers of the stingless bee Oxytrigona mediorufa (Cockerell) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) is composed of 3‐hepten‐2,5‐dione, 3‐nonene‐2,5‐dione, 2‐heptanone, hydrocarbons, tetradecyl, and hexadecyl acetates and minor compounds related to these. Behavioral and electroantennographic tests were carried out on conspecific workers to observe the effect of worker mandibular gland secretion, individual compounds (2‐heptanone, 2‐nonanone, and tetradecyl acetate), and a blend of these three. Bioassays showed that biting responses of O. mediorufa to the odor of the mandibular gland secretion were similar to that of 2‐heptanone and to the three‐component blend. Oxytrigona mediorufa workers exhibited antennal olfactory responses to the gland extract, 2‐heptanone, and the synthetic mixture. The function of the mandibular gland secretion and 2‐heptanone is discussed in terms of an alarm pheromone and defensive substances.
Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci affecting bodyweight on chromosome 1 in a commercial strain of Japanese quail

This study was conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting growth on chromosome 1 in quail. Liveweight data were recorded on 300 progeny from three half-sib families created from a commercial strain of Japanese quail. Three half-sib families were genotyped for nine microsatellite loci on chromosome 1 and QTL analysis was conducted applying the least-squares interval mapping approach. Significant QTL affecting bodyweight at 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks of age, average daily gain, and Kleiber ratio, an indirect criterion for feed efficiency, were mapped at 0–23 cM on chromosome 1. The detected QTL segregated in two of the three half-sib families and the size of the QTL effect ranged from 0.6 to 1.1 in unit of the trait standard deviation. This is the first report of liveweight QTL segregating in a commercial strain of Japanese quail.