Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen Emissions, Deposition, and Monitoring in the Western United States

Abstract Nitrogen (N) deposition in the western United States ranges from 1 to 4 kilograms (kg) per hectare (ha) per year over much of the region to as high as 30 to 90 kg per ha per year downwind of major urban and agricultural areas. Primary N emissions sources are transportation, agriculture, and industry. Emissions of N as ammonia are about 50% as great as emissions of N as nitrogen oxides. An unknown amount of N deposition to the West Coast originates from Asia. Nitrogen deposition has increased in the West because of rapid increases in urbanization, population, distance driven, and large concentrated animal feeding operations. Studies of ecological effects suggest that emissions reductions are needed to protect sensitive ecosystem components. Deposition rates are unknown for most areas in the West, although reasonable estimates are available for sites in California, the Colorado Front Range, and central Arizona. National monitoring networks provide long-term wet deposition data and, more recently, estimated dry deposition data at remote sites. However, there is little information for many areas near emissions sources.
Mapping of QTL controlling tocopherol content in winter oilseed rape

Tocopherols are natural antioxidants in vegetable oils and are important dietary nutrients. Enhanced tocopherol content has become an important objective in oilseed rape breeding. A segregating DH population was tested for 2 years at two locations in replicated field trials. Genotypic differences occurred for alpha-, gamma- and total tocopherol content as well as alpha/gamma-tocopherol ratio, but highly significant genotype x environment interactions resulted in low heritabilities. Using a mixed-model composite interval mapping approach between one and five QTL with additive and/or additive x environment interaction effects could be mapped for alpha-, gamma- and total tocopherol content and alpha/gamma-tocopherol ratio. In addition, one to six locus pairs with epistatic interaction effects were identified, indicating a strong contribution of epistasis to trait variation. In total, the additive and epistatic effects explained between 28% (alpha-tocopherol content) and 73% (total tocopherol content) of the genotypic variance in the population, with individual QTL and locus pairs contributing between 7.5 and 29.2% of variance. Considering the low heritabilities of the tocopherol traits, the results of this study indicate that marker-assisted selection may be an efficient strategy in a breeding program for enhanced tocopherol content in rapeseed.
Novel Approach to Solve Rubik’s Cube Using Advanced Fridrich CFOP Algorithm

A Rubik’s cube consists of six sides made up of 26 cubelets having colored stickers on 1, 2 or 3 sides (54 in all), called center (6), edge (12), and corner (8) pieces, maintaining the Western color scheme of the cube. The 6 center pieces of each side are held together at the core of the cube and provide the mechanism with which each side of the cube can be rotated. Out of the 43 quintillion possible combinations of a 3*3*3 cube, only one state in which all the same colored stickers are on the same sides of the cube, is known as the solved state of the cube. It is a great challenge to achieve the solved state even with the human brain. Remembering all the steps of a particular algorithm is very tedious but can give the desired results. Hence, the Advanced Fridrich CFOP algorithm is implemented to solve the Rubik’s cube by querying a database that contains all the possible positions of the cubelets. At each step of the algorithm, the database containing separate tables for each step returns the moves to complete that step towards solving the cube. In the end, a comparison is provided between the Fridrich and the Layer-by-Layer (LBL) algorithm.
GPS MEASUREMENT ERROR INFLUENCES ON MOVEMENT MODEL PARAMETERIZATION

Global positioning system (GPS) technology has increased the accuracy and efficiency in recording animal locations and has provided data used to parameterize move- ment models. Although numerous studies have investigated the quality and accuracy of location data associated with different brands of GPS collars, none of these studies has investigated the influence of measurement error on the parameters used to create movement models. We used Monte Carlo simulation to quantify the measurement error for estimates of turning angle and step length as a function of distance between consecutive locations. We show that estimates of turning angle and step length are accurate only when the distance between two locations is large relative to the measurement error. Estimates of turning angle are particularly susceptible to error for short step lengths. The consequences of choosing poor data-collecting schedules are discussed, and suggestions for designing appropriate data-collecting schedules are provided.
High daily energy expenditure of incubating shorebirds on High Arctic tundra : a circumpolar study

Summary 1. Given the allometric scaling of thermoregulatory capacity in birds, and the cold and exposed Arctic environment, it was predicted that Arctic-breeding shorebirds should incur high costs during incubation. Using doubly labelled water (DLW), daily energy expenditure (DEE) during incubation was measured in eight shorebird species weighing between 29 and 142 g at various sites in the Eurasian and Canadian High Arctic. The results are compared with a compilation of similar data for birds at lower latitudes. 2. There was a significant positive correlation between species average DEE and body mass (DEE (kJ day − 1 ) = 28·12 BM (g) 0·524 , r 2 = 0·90). The slopes of the allometric regression lines for DEE on body mass of tundra-breeding birds and lower latitude species (a sample mostly of passerines but including several shorebirds) are similar (0·548 vs 0·545). DEE is about 50% higher in birds on the tundra than in temperate breeding areas. 3. Data for radiomarked Red Knots for which the time budgets during DLW measurements were known, indicated that foraging away from the nest on open tundra is almost twice as costly as incubating a four-egg clutch. 4. During the incubation phase in the High Arctic, tundra-breeding shorebirds appear to incur among the highest DEE levels of any time of the year. The rates of energy expenditure measured here are among the highest reported in the literature so far, reaching inferred ceilings of sustainable energy turnover rates.
Structure‐activity relationships of species‐selectivity in acute chemical toxicity between fish and rodents

Although regression analyses between the acute oral or intraperitoneal LD50 values for both rats (Rattus norvegicus) and mice (Mus musculus) and the 96-h LC50 values for fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) or rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) for a broad spectrum of environmental chemicals were statistically significant, the large variability in the regressions limits their practical utility for interspecies extrapolations. To gain a better understanding of this variability, analyses were performed to reveal the structural features characteristic of those chemicals that deviate substantially from the interspecies regressions. The criterion selected to indicate excessive variability was a greater-than-fourfold difference between the observed rodent LD50 and that estimated from the regression against the fish data. Discriminant function analyses showed aldehydes, esters and organophosphorus insecticides to be the primary outliers in the fish-to-rodent comparisons. Rodents were generally less sensitive to intoxication with carbonyl-containing compounds but more sensitive to organophosphate anticholinesterase poisoning than were fish. This species-selectivity for both classes of chemicals correlates with species-related differences in metabolic clearance and/or pharmacodynamic differences in target organ sensitivities. Since these same idiosyncracies in metabolic disposition and receptor sensitivity would be suspected to be operative for structurally related chemical compounds, interspecies extrapolations of toxicity information for both carbonyl compounds and for anticholinesterase agents should take into consideration these important factors, which confer certain degrees of species-selectivity for these chemical classes.
A Fuzzy Random Scheduling Model of Islanded Microgrid Considering Dual Uncertainty of EV

Response uncertainty and power uncertainty of electric vehicle (EV) charging/discharging will lead to a new type of high complexity and strong uncertainty in the economic dispatch of EV microgrid. Thus, a fuzzy random economic scheduling model considering dual uncertainty of EV is proposed for islanded EV-source-storage-load microgrid. The uncertainty of EV discharge response is characterized by fuzzy membership function, and the parting model of SOC initial value is established by probability theory, thus a hybrid opportunity-constrained programming model with both fuzzy and random parameters is constructed based on credibility measure. The genetic algorithm combined with fuzzy random simulation technology is given to calculate the operation cost of EV microgrid under different operation conditions. The simulation results verify the feasibility of the proposed method, in which the operation cost is reduced clearly than other several scenarios.
Optimal Receive Beamwidth for Time Varying Vehicular Channels

This paper studies a receive beamwidth controlling method in vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) wireless communication system using millimeter wave (mm-wave) band. We use a triangular beam pattern to model and characterize a mm-wave receive beam pattern. First of all, channel coherence time for line-of-sight (LoS) downlink transmission is derived under the given vehicular scenario. Then, we derive an attainable data rate for the time varying vehicular channel, by supposing that the beam is realigned whenever the channel coherence time is elapsed. In addition, the optimal receive beamwidth, which achieves the maximum point of the derived attainable data rate, is obtained. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed receive beamwidth controlling method is underpinned by both analytic and numerical simulation results. The results are also compared with a uniform linear array (ULA) beam pattern model and show that the triangular beam pattern model can well characterize the practical antenna model.
A Novel E-band Testbed for Polarization MIMO -OFDM Systems with Wideband IQ Imbalance Compensation

Considerable research efforts have been made into 5G systems, in which wireless backhaul plays a key part. This paper presents a novel E-band testbed for 5G backhaul applications with wideband IQ imbalance compensation. It is based on OFDM to compensate the effect of wideband channel distortions as well as RF impairments. Moreover, line-of-sight polarization MIMO with two orthogonal polarizations is applied to enhance the data rate, which in combination with OFDM results in a simple equalization approach. In this testbed, carrier frequency offset and Tx/Rx IQ imbalance are jointly estimated and compensated. We describe how the testbed was designed. Then, we apply the IQ imbalance compensation and demonstrate that a data rate of 20 Gbps can be achieved in an actual outdoor environment distances of 900 m.
An Efficient Downlink Receiver Design for NB-IoT

As of the specification Release 13 completed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in June 2016, narrowband Internet-of-Things (NB-IoT) has attracted great attention in both academia and industry. Some new features were further specified in subsequent Releases 14 and 15. In light of these specifications, efficient downlink receiver design is critical to the implementation of NB-IoT, due to the strictly limited hardware resources at a receiver. Conforming to Release 15, this paper develops an efficient downlink receiver by jointly accounting for the synchronization, channel estimation and soft combination for repetitive transmissions. Simulation results demonstrate that both the detection probability for the narrowband primary synchronization signal (NPSS) and the block error rate (BLER) for the narrowband physical downlink sharing channel satisfy the benchmarks designated by 3GPP.
Studies of Flatness of LiFi Channel for IEEE 802.11bb

A task group named IEEE 802.11 Light Communications Amendment-Task Group “bb” (TGbb) was established in July 2018. By bringing light-fidelity (LiFi) technology into the WiFi ecosystem, LiFi can take advantage of the globally recognized WiFi brand, while also improving its capability due to the fact that LiFi does not interfere with WiFi. Early discussions in the task group focused on the physical (PHY) layer. There are two major proposals for the PHY layer. The first one is to use the existing IEEE 802.11 chipsets with LiFi analog front-ends. This is done by means of the frequency up and down-conversions and adding a DC bias. The second proposal is to redefine a whole PHY layer and optimize it by means of adopting adaptive bit loading in order to combat the low-pass filter characteristics of the non-line-of-sight wireless optical channels. Each approach has advantages in terms of the low-entry barrier to the mass market and better performance, respectively. The root question in determining the common mode PHY between the two approaches is how frequent LiFi encounters flat channels. That is, if the channel is flat, then the gain of the adaptive bit loading is not significant. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the flatness of many samples from the reference channel models defined in the TGbb. We find that the majority of the channels are flat if the signal bandwidth is 20 MHz.
A Novel Design of Notched Patch Antenna for UWB Applications

This paper presents a miniaturized antenna for ultra wide band (UWB) applications. The geometrical structure of antenna mainly comprises a meander line notched structure, split ring resonator (SRR), and half-plane ground. The antenna is printed on an FR4 epoxy substrate. In this antenna, the microstrip line fed element has 50-H input impedance to achieve good impedance matching. The split ring structure is connected with meander line notches to obtain the UWB band of operations and high- frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software is used for design and simulation of the notched patch antenna.
An Interference-Tolerant Algorithm for Wide-Band Moving Source Passive Localization

A new technique for locating a moving source radiating a wide-band almost-cyclostationary signal is proposed. For this purpose, the signals received on two possibly moving sensors are modeled as jointly spectrally correlated, a new nonstationarity model that allows one to describe the Doppler effect accounting for a time-scale or time-stretch factor in the complex envelopes of the received signals. The proposed approach relaxes the narrow-band condition constraint under which the Doppler effect is modeled just as a frequency-shift of the carrier. The typical interference-tolerance property of cyclostationarity-based algorithms is shown to be valid under mild conditions also for (jointly) spectrally correlated signals. With respect to classical source location methods, removing the constraint of the narrow-band condition allows the adoption of larger signal bandwidths and data-record lengths, lower signal-to-noise and signal-to-interference ratios, and the capability to operate in scenarios with higher mobility. The new source location method, dubbed wide-band spectral coherence alignment (WB-SPECCOA), is exploited in a location problem involving low Earth orbit satellites.
Online Signature Verification Using Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network

Signature verification is one of the most widely used ways to authenticate any person in today’s world. Due to this reason, signature forgery is being widely attempted by attackers. Signature verification is classified into two categories online signature verification and other is offline signature verification. This paper focuses on identifying forgery done during the online signature verification. In this paper, we used the signature verification competition 2004 (SVC2004) dataset for our experiments. In the proposed method we used Discrete Fourier transform which is used to extract distinguishable features between forged and genuine signatures. In the next step, we used Recurrent Neural Networks methods Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) for classification. We used bidirectional LSTM and bidirectional GRU as here we do have past as well as future results. Final results using bidirectional methods outperformed our overall results.
Traffic-Aware Beam Selection and Resource Allocation for 5G NR

3GPP has been defining 5G New Radio (NR), a new radio access technology, to enhance flexibility, scalability, and efficiency of 5G networks. An increasing data rate can be achieved by leveraging antenna arrays to adaptively form multiple directional beams and serve geo-distributed user equipments (UEs) concurrently. However, the imperfect beam pattern of an antenna array may create side lobes, leading to inter-user interference. While most recent research focuses on beam selection that mitigates inter-user interference and maximizes the sum rate, we, however, notice that the selected beams may not be fully utilized. The root cause is that only a fixed set of beams can be configured at a time to serve a wide frequency band but some resource blocks (i.e., subcarriers) may not be able to be allocated to any UEs due to limited traffic demands. To address such inefficiency, this paper presents traffic-aware joint beam configuration and resource allocation, which explicitly considers UEs’ traffic demands and configures beams that can be optimally utilized in all the RBs (i.e., the operational frequency band). Our simulation results show that our traffic-aware allocation configures beams with better utilization and achieve an effective throughput much higher than conventional maximal capacity configuration.
Relative Tolerance of Peanuts to Alachlor and Metolachlor1

Abstract Field studies were conducted during 1984, 1985, and 1987 to evaluate weed control and the relative tolerance of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) to alachlor and metolachlor when applied at rates from 2.2 to 13.4 kg ai/ha. Both single and split preemergence, and postemergence applications were included. In 1984 and 1985, neither herbicide adversely affected yields compared to a hand-weeded control. In 1987, metolachlor at a rate of 9.0 kg/ha and alachlor at 13.4 kg/ha reduced yields. Across all years, at least a two-fold safety factor existed between the maximum registered rate and the rate necessary for peanut injury. Occurrence of injury appears to be related to rainfall. Metolachlor was slightly more mobile than alachlor in soil chromatography trials, which may be a factor in its slightly greater propensity to be injurious under certain conditions of extensive leaching and/or slow peanut emergence.
Tracking and Robust performance of Firefighter Quad-copter

In this paper, a fireproof firefighter quadcopter with the kelvin fibre aramid material is covered around the firefighter model, which makes it fireproof and can withstand fire up to 500degree Celsius. The firefighter quadcopter mathematical model is derived using the Newton-Euler method. The non-linear system dynamics were linearized near the operating point using the Taylor Series method. Different linear controllers Proportional Derivative (PD), Proportional Integral (PI) and Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) are designed for the linearized model to satisfy the desired closed-loop performance based on the rootlocus method. Transient responses and steady-state performances of the different linear controllers are compared based on the obtained simulation results. Further, the robust performance controller is found, among the PD and PID controllers is compared with including and excluding load parameter uncertainty.
Calculation and Analysis of the No-Load Voltage Waveform of Large Tubular Hydro-Generators under Specific Damper Bar Damaged Failure

In this study, no-load voltage waveforms of tubular hydro-generators under a specific damper bar failure are analysed via a multi-slice moving electromagnetic field-circuit coupling model to derive a potentially simple criteria for the detection of this failure. Parameters that affect the no-load voltage waveform quality are considered, including the Total harmonic distortion(THD) and Telephone-influence factor (TIF). The influence of different structures such as the stator slot skew and the damper bar and pole shoe shift is investigated. The results show that the THD, the TIF and the no-load voltage waveform quality deteriorate as the number of damaged damper bars per pole increases, provided that the stator slot is not skewed. Furthermore, the influence of such failure on the no-load voltage waveform is revealed, which provides a new idea or possibility for indirect monitoring or diagnosis of such faults.
Neural Network Model for Efficient portfolio Management and Time Series Forecasting

Prediction tasks are often carried out efficiently by soft computing methods. This paper presents how techniques in machine learning and soft computing areas can be easily applied to problems in computational finance. One such prevalent problems is that of portfolio allocation. The typical case is that of predicting stocks with high returns and allocating them to the basket of portfolios. This process is known as the stock selection in portfolio construction. It is about this problem, the paper is designed to address with the help of machine learning task especially one of the supervised learning methods, Artificial Neural Networks. Once this task is accomplished, to find out an efficient portfolio, among a basket of financial portfolios, applied various approaches. One such approach is to compute the minimum variance portfolio subject to the target return. This is the basis of Mean variance theory put forward by Markowitz. Based on this approach the neural network is trained to attain an efficient portfolio. A specific market (India-BSE, NSE) and a particular asset (such as a stock market) are focused.
Effect of cold exposure on cortical microtubules of rye (Secale cereale) as observed by immunocytochemistry

The responses of cortical microtubules to sub-zero temperatures were examined in non-acclimated (NA) and cold-acclimated (CA) rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Voima) leaf and root cells, and in protoplasts isolated enzymatically from leaves. Responses of leaf and root cells to hypertonic solutions equivalent to the dehydration response of freezing (P. L. Steponkus and D. V. Lynch 1989. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 21: 21–41) were also examined. At the respective growth temperatures both NA and CA leaf and root cells had typical organization and abundance of cortical microtubules as observed by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) staining. Unchanged microtubule arrays were still present in CA leaf cells after -4°C treatment, while in leaf cells of NA plants and in the root cells of both NA and CA plants microtubules were shorter and less abundant. After -10°C treatment the cortical microtubules were almost totally depolymerized in both types of root cells and in leaf cells of NA plants, while CA leaf cells still had abundant cortical microtubule arrays. Semiquantitative analyses of cortical microtubules (MTs) of protoplasts confirmed the findings with intact leaf cells. Hypertonic treatment of NA and CA leaf cells gave similar effects as exposure of cells to sub-zero temperatures. However, after the hypertonic treatment, more microtubules remained present in the CA root cells than in the NA root cells, suggesting that also in root cells cold acclimation increases the dehydration stability of MTs. In conclusion, cold acclimation induces both greater frost stability and greater osmotic tolerance in the cortical microtubules of the leaf cells, and greater osmotic tolerance in the microtubules of the root cells in winter rye.