Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential Effects of Teacher Comments G / inter Krampen

An analysis of the effects of three kinds of teacher comment (social-comparison, subject-matter, and intraindividually oriented) accompanying grades in mathematics is presented. Subjects were 385 students from Grades 6 through 10 who were randomly assigned to one of three groups, each receiving one of the three types of comment, or to a control group. During the first half of the school year, teachers wrote comments concerning students' performance on mathematics examinations; during the second half, comments were not made so as to test the duration of effects resulting from the earlier comments. Students were observed at the beginning of the experiment, at the end of the treatment period, after the ntrvomment phase, and every time they received a grade in mathematics. Dependent variables (besides later performance in mathematics) were cognitive-motivational variables and some school-related personality characteristics, which were selected with reference to a differentiated expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation. In analyses of variance, an interaction between type of comment and the student's prior performance level was revealed for almost all dependent variables. Effects ofcomments persisted after the experimental period for school-related personality variables only (some aspects of scopespecific locus of control and test anxiety). Implications for teaching strategies as well as for developmental and educational psychology are suggested.
Fuzzy-GA Approach for Estimating Rainfall over Upper Chi-Mun Basins of Thailand

The present study examines the fuzzy sets model for computing rainfall over the Upper Chi-Mun basins in the Northeastern region of Thailand based on historical weather data from five stations’ rain gauges under the radar umbrella, temperature, relative humidity, and radar reflectivity. Data were collected during June 2009 to August 2009 of the rainfall reflectivity record from the Royal Rainmaking Research Centre at Pimai, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, and for the surface rainfall, automatic rain gauges were used. The results showed that the Fuzzy-GAs model could be used effectively to estimate rainfall given only three parameters: temperature, relative humidity and radar reflectivity. Furthermore, the results show that the genetic algorithm calibration provided the optimal conditions of the membership function. The simulation results indicated that the results of the Fuzzy-GA model were close to the observed rainfall data more than the results of a multiple linear regression model for both calibration and validation processes. Consequently, we are confident that a Fuzzy-GA model is a useful tool for estimating rainfall.
Added value of far‐infrared radiometry for remote sensing of ice clouds

Several cloud retrieval algorithms based on satellite observations in the infrared have been developed in the last decades. However, these observations only cover the midinfrared (MIR, λ < 15 μm) part of the spectrum, and none are available in the far‐infrared (FIR, λ≥ 15 μm). Using the optimal estimation method, we show that adding a few FIR channels to existing spaceborne radiometers would significantly improve their ability to retrieve ice cloud radiative properties. For clouds encountered in the polar regions and the upper troposphere, where the atmosphere is sufficiently transparent in the FIR, using FIR channels would reduce by more than 50% the uncertainties on retrieved values of optical thickness, effective particle diameter, and cloud top altitude. Notably, this would extend the range of applicability of current retrieval methods to the polar regions and to clouds with large optical thickness, where MIR algorithms perform poorly. The high performance of solar reflection‐based algorithms would thus be reached in nighttime conditions. Since the sensitivity of ice cloud thermal emission to effective particle diameter is approximately 5 times larger in the FIR than in the MIR, using FIR observations is a promising venue for studying ice cloud microphysics and precipitation processes. This is highly relevant for cirrus clouds and convective towers. This is also essential to study precipitation in the driest regions of the atmosphere, where strong feedbacks are at play between clouds and water vapor. The deployment in the near future of a FIR spaceborne radiometer is technologically feasible and should be strongly supported.
Detecting Digital Intersections Using Line Approximation

In this paper, we investigate how digital line or curve segments enclosed by intersection points can be classified as valid or invalid intersections by matching pairs of intersecting lines onto the enclosed segment. Starting from the classic digital geometric definition of intersection points, we analyze whether the enclosed segment between any two connected intersection points can be considered as an intersection. To make this decision, we match intersecting lines and calculate their Hausdorff and chamfer distance from the enclosed segment, and from the curve parts leaving the intersection, respectively. As preprocessing steps, we fill in holes that may appear between intersecting curves, and perform morphological thinning to be able to approximate with naive lines having 1- pixel width. From the enclosed seg ment we can calculate the minimal and maximal slope for possible matching lines. We also examine how these results can be used in detecting intersections of retinal vessels in digital fundus images.
Development of Low Dark Current SiGe Near-Infrared PIN Photodetectors on 300 mm Silicon Wafers

SiGe offers a low-cost alternative to conventional infrared sensor material systems such as InGaAs, InSb, and HgCdTe for developing near-infrared (NIR) photodetector devices that do not require cooling and can operate with relatively low dark current. As a result of the significant difference in thermal expansion coefficients between germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si), tensile strain incorporated into SiGe detector devices through specialized growth processes can extend their NIR wavelength range of operation. We have utilized high throughput, large-area complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology to fabricate Ge based p-i-n (PIN) detector devices on 300 mm Si wafers. The two-step device fabrication process, designed to effectively reduce the density of defects and dislocations arising during deposition that form recombination centers which can result in higher dark current, involves low temperature epitaxial deposition of Ge to form a thin p+ seed layer, followed by higher temperature deposition of a thicker Ge intrinsic layer. Phosphorus was then ion-implanted to create devices with n+ regions of various doping concentrations. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) has been utilized to determine the doping profiles and material compositions of the layers. In addition, electrical characterization of the I-V photoresponse of different devices from the same wafer with various n+ region doping concentrations has demonstrated low dark current levels (down to below 1 nA at -1 V bias) and comparatively high photocurrent at reverse biases, with optimal response for doping concentration of 5 × 1019 cm-3.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 and Forskolin Regulate Mineralization-associated Genes in Osteoblast-like Cells and Breast Cancer Cells

BSP is a prominent mineral-associated protein in the extracellular matrix of bone that has been implicated in the metastatic activity of cancer cells. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and cyclic AMP (cAMP) play critical roles in controlling the differentiation of osteoblasts and mineralization of bone. We have previously reported that each of FGF2 and forskolin (FSK) alone increase transcription of the bone sialoprotein (BSP) gene, and that together (FGF/FSK) they upregulate BSP gene expression synergistically in rat osteoblast-like ROS 17/2.8 cells. However, other genes that are upregulated after stimulation by FGF2, FSK or FGF/FSK remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated candidate genes associated with mineralization after stimulation by FGF2, FSK and FGF/FSK in two kinds of osteoblast-like cells using DNA microarray, and how FSK regulates BSP gene transcription in human breast cancer MCF7 cells using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), transient transfection assays and gel mobility shift
Near-inertial-wave scattering by random flows

The impact of a turbulent flow on wind-driven oceanic near-inertial waves is examined using a linearised shallow-water model of the mixed layer. Modelling the flow as a homogeneous and stationary random process with spatial scales comparable to the wavelengths, we derive a transport (or kinetic) equation governing wave-energy transfers in both physical and spectral spaces. This equation describes the scattering of the waves by the flow which results in a redistribution of energy between waves with the same frequency (or, equivalently, with the same wavenumber) and, for isotropic flows, in the isotropisation of the wave field. The time scales for the scattering and isotropisation are obtained explicitly and found to be of the order of tens of days for typical oceanic parameters. The predictions inferred from the transport equation are confirmed by a series of numerical simulations. Two situations in which near-inertial waves are strongly influenced by flow scattering are investigated through dedicated nonlinear shallow-water simulations. In the first, a wavepacket propagating equatorwards as a result from the $\beta$-effect is shown to be slowed down and dispersed both zonally and meridionally by scattering. In the second, waves generated by moving cyclones are shown to be strongly disturbed by scattering, leading again to an increased dispersion.
Assessing Occupants ’ Energy-load Variation in Commercial and Educational Buildings : Occupancy Detecting Approach Based upon Existing Wireless Network Infrastructure

Providing energy-consumption feedback has the potential to change people’s behavior, a reality that has led to significant energy-usage reductions in residential buildings. However, it is challenging to provide feedback in commercial and educational buildings because it is difficult to track occupants’ behaviors and their corresponding energy usage—especially for temporary occupants. In order to make providing such feedback possible in commercial and educational buildings, this paper presents a coupled system that monitors the energy load for occupants who have WiFi-enabled devices. The system benchmarks energy loads using an energy monitoring system that simultaneously detects occupancy and roughly estimates the residents’ location through Wi-Fi access points. A preliminary experiment was conducted in an educational building to illustrate the data processing procedure and to test the validity of the system. The experiment results suggest the event of wireless connection is a valid indication of energy load variation. The proposed system is the prototype of a coupled system that, in the future, will be able to estimate individual’s energy load through an indoor positioning system and, in turn, provide corresponding energyconsumption feedback. INTRODUCTION Buildings account for 40% of all energy consumed every year, making them the largest consumer of energy in the U.S. (U.S. Department of Energy 2011). Residents in commercial and educational buildings significantly contribute to and exercise a great control over a significant amount of the energy end-uses, such as lighting, space heating, space cooling, electronics and appliances (U.S. Department of Energy 2011). Conventional approaches toward enhancing building energy efficiency focus on building envelope retrofitting and system update. However, such approaches require large capital investments and sometimes are infeasible. Recently, researchers propose that changing people’s behavior by providing high resolution feedback has a great potential to contribute to the reduction of energy consumption. Feedback, in the context of energy-related research, means all levels of information related to energy consumption that may be provided to energy end-users. By providing real-time energy feedback to occupants, researchers observed up to a 46% reduction in consumption in residential buildings (Abrahamse et al. 2007; 594 Construction Research Congress 2014 ©ASCE 2014
Generalized massive optimal data compression

Data compression has become one of the cornerstones of modern astronomical data analysis, with the vast majority of analyses compressing large raw datasets down to a manageable number of informative summaries. In this paper we provide a general procedure for optimally compressing $N$ data down to $n$ summary statistics, where $n$ is equal to the number of parameters of interest. We show that compression to the score function -- the gradient of the log-likelihood with respect to the parameters -- yields $n$ compressed statistics that are optimal in the sense that they preserve the Fisher information content of the data. Our method generalizes earlier work on linear Karhunen-Lo\'{e}ve compression for Gaussian data whilst recovering both lossless linear compression and quadratic estimation as special cases when they are optimal. We give a unified treatment that also includes the general non-Gaussian case as long as mild regularity conditions are satisfied, producing optimal non-linear summary statistics when appropriate. As a worked example, we derive explicitly the $n$ optimal compressed statistics for Gaussian data in the general case where both the mean and covariance depend on the parameters.
Observational Constraints on Coronal Heating Models Using Coronal Diagnostics Spectrometer and Soft X-Ray Telescope Data

We have constructed a multithermal differential emission measure distribution for several pixels along a relatively isolated coronal loop on the southwest limb of the solar disk using spectral line data from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory coronal diagnostics spectrometer (CDS) and broadband data from the Yohkoh soft X-ray telescope. The temperature distributions are clearly inconsistent with isothermal plasma along either the line of sight or the length of the loop. These conclusions disagree with some recent results that used an isothermal approximation derived from narrowband filter ratios to calculate loop temperature profiles. The differences between their results and ours could be attributed to pixel size—CDS pixels are larger, and more "contaminating" material would be expected along the line of sight. To test this idea, we used CDS iron line ratios from our data set to mimic the isothermal results from the narrowband filter instruments. The results gave temperature gradients that were almost flat, indicating that the larger CDS pixel size is not the cause of the discrepancy. A significant intensity was measured for the O V line about 8 scale heights above the limb. In order to account for these observed values, the cool end (below 1 mK) of the emission measure curves must turn up again, even for the pixels at the top of the loop. Plasma densities fell off with loop height producing a relatively constant pressure, and radiative losses were greater than, but did not overwhelm, conductive losses.
Background modelling in demanding situations with confidence measure

Background subtraction is a popular technique in video surveillance. In order to use it, a background model must be built and updated according to light and scenario changes. We discuss in this paper a new algorithm (BAC) which creates or restores a background model based on the behaviour of pixels in successive frames, while performs a segmentation of objects in the scene yielding a confidence value for the obtained background, a problem which is addressed by few methods in the literature. This allows us to fulfil the requirement of producing a model, for instance in scenarios like airport halls, without interfering normal operation and still segment scenes.
Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications

NLP researchers are now building educational applications across a number of areas, including automated evaluation of student writing and speaking, rich grammatical error detection with an increasing focus on English language learning, tools to support student reading, and intelligent tutoring. This workshop is the fourth in a series, specifically related to "Building NLP Applications for Education", that began at NAACL/HLT (2003), and continued at ACL 2005 (Ann Arbor), ACL-HLT 2008 (Columbus), and now, at NAACL-HLT 2009 (Boulder). Research in this area continues to grow, and there is ever-increasing interest which was evidenced this year by the fact that we had the largest number of submissions. For this workshop, we received 25 submissions and accepted 12 papers. All of these papers are published in these proceedings. Each paper was reviewed by at least two members of the Program Committee.
Perovskite Materials for Light‐Emitting Diodes and Lasers

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have cemented their position as an exceptional class of optoelectronic materials thanks to record photovoltaic efficiencies of 22.1%, as well as promising demonstrations of light‐emitting diodes, lasers, and light‐emitting transistors. Perovskite materials with photoluminescence quantum yields close to 100% and perovskite light‐emitting diodes with external quantum efficiencies of 8% and current efficiencies of 43 cd A−1 have been achieved. Although perovskite light‐emitting devices are yet to become industrially relevant, in merely two years these devices have achieved the brightness and efficiencies that organic light‐emitting diodes accomplished in two decades. Further advances will rely decisively on the multitude of compositional, structural variants that enable the formation of lower‐dimensionality layered and three‐dimensional perovskites, nanostructures, charge‐transport materials, and device processing with architectural innovations. Here, the rapid advancements in perovskite light‐emitting devices and lasers are reviewed. The key challenges in materials development, device fabrication, operational stability are addressed, and an outlook is presented that will address market viability of perovskite light‐emitting devices.
High‐Pressure Synthesis and Correlation Between Structure, Magnetic, and Dielectric Properties in LiNbO3‐Type MnMO3 (M: Ti, Sn).

The title compounds are prepared by high-pressure transformation of ilmenite-type MnTiO3 and MnSnO3 (gold tube, 7 GPa; 700 °C, 2 h for M: Ti and 800 °C, 0.5 h for M: Sn) followed by annealing at 200 °C for 6 h in air and at 400 °C for 6 h in N2 atmosphere, respectively.
Intermediate-valent Ce23Ru7Mg4 and RE23Ru7Mg4 (RE = La, Pr, Nd) with Pr23Ir7Mg4-type Structure

The rare earth-rich magnesium compounds RE23Ru7Mg4 (RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd) were synthesized from the elements in sealed tantalum ampoules in an induction furnace. They crystallize with the hexagonal non-centrosymmetric Pr23Ir7Mg4-type structure, space group P63mc. The structures of La23Ru6.88(1)Mg4 (a = 1017.7(4), c = 2286.5(5) pm, wR2 = 0.0277, 2708 F2, 71 variables), Ce23Ru7Mg4 (a = 993.5(3), c = 2243.9(8) pm, wR2 = 0.0573, 2268 F2, 70 variables), and Pr23Ru7Mg4 (a = 996.8(3), c = 2241.5(6) pm, wR2 = 0.0492, 2565 F2, 70 variables) have been refined from single-crystal diffractometer data. The structures are built up from complex threedimensional networks of edge- and corner-sharing RE6Ru trigonal prisms. Cavities within these networks are filled by slightly elongated Mg4 tetrahedra (311 - 315 pm in Pr23Ru7Mg4) and RE6 octahedra. The cerium compound has an a parameter which is even smaller than that of Nd23 Ru7Mg4, indicating intermediate-valent cerium. This was confirmed by magnetic susceptibility measurements. Ce23Ru7Mg4 shows an average, reduced magnetic moment of 2.01 μB/Ce atom. Pr23Ru7Mg4 contains stable trivalent praseodymium (3.64 μB/Pr atom) Graphical Abstract Intermediate-valent Ce23Ru7Mg4 and RE23Ru7Mg4 (RE = La, Pr, Nd) with Pr23Ir7Mg4-type Structure
Synthesis and α-glucosidase inhibitory, DPPH scavenging activity of substituted 2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl-dihydrogen phosphate derivatives

Series of phosphorylated coumarin derivatives (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j) were synthesized by Pechmann condensation, phosphorylation, and debenzylation reactions in very good yields. Thus, synthesized compounds (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j) were evaluated for their α-glucosidase and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activities; few compounds showed moderate to good activity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 00, 00 (2011).
A new approach to estimate supersaturation fluctuations in stratocumulus cloud using ground-based remote sensing measurements

Abstract. Supersaturation, crucial for cloud droplet activation and condensational growth, varies in clouds at different spatial and temporal scales. In-cloud supersaturation is poorly known and rarely measured directly. On the scale of a few tens of meters, supersaturation in clouds has been estimated from in-situ measurements assuming quasi-steady state supersaturation. Here, we provide a new method to estimate supersaturation using ground-based remote sensing measurements, and results are compared with those estimated from aircraft in-situ measurements in a marine stratocumulus cloud during the ACE-ENA field campaign. Our method agrees reasonably well with in-situ estimations and it has three advantages: (1) it does not rely on the quasi-steady state assumption, which is questionable in clean or turbulent clouds; (2) it can provide a supersaturation profile, rather than just point values from in-situ measurements; and (3) it enables building statistics of supersaturation in stratocumulus clouds for various meteorological conditions from multi-year ground-based measurements. The uncertainties, limitations and possible applications of our method are discussed.
Vibrational analysis of pyruvate ion molecules and estimation of equilibrium constants for their hydrogen isotopic exchange reactions

The infrared spectra (4000-300 cm/sup -1/) of CH/sub 3/COONa and its five isotopic substitutions including D- and /sup 13/C-labeled modifications suspended in KBr disks were measured at 80 and 290 K. Excellent resolutions were obtained by recording the spectra at low temperature. Complete vibrational assignments were established on the basis of correlations of group modes and the /sup 13/C shifts of the fundamentals. From a normal coordinate analysis a general valence force field involving 26 force constants has been determined, which reproduces 82 experimental frequencies with a root-mean-squares deviation of 3.3 cm/sup -1/. The composition of the normal vibrations from the symmetry coordinates has been given in terms of the potential energy distribution which makes it possible to inspect the relation between the normal modes and the group vibrations. The valence force field was used to predict fundamental frequencies which were not available from experiments, and the reduced partition function ratios of acetate ion molecules were calculated by using the spectroscopic data including the predicted values of the fundamentals. Calculated equilibrium constants of some hydrogen isotopic exchange reactios between the acetate ion molecules are reported.