Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HARDLY A RELICT: FREEZING AND THE EVOLUTION OF VESSELLESS WOOD IN WINTERACEAE

Abstract The Winteraceae are traditionally regarded as the least-specialized descendents of the first flowering plants, based largely on their lack of xylem vessels. Since vessels have been viewed as a key innovation for angiosperm diversification, Winteraceae have been portrayed as declining relicts, limited to wet forest habitats where their tracheid-based wood does not impose a significant hydraulic constraints. In contrast, phylogenetic analyses place Winteraceae among angiosperm clades with vessels, indicating that their vesselless wood is derived rather than primitive, whereas extension of the Winteraceae fossil record into the Early Cretaceous suggests a more complex ecological history than has been deduced from their current distribution. However, the selective regime and ecological events underlying the possible loss of vessels in Winteraceae have remained enigmatic. Here we examine the hypothesis that vessels were lost as an adaptation to freezing-prone environments in Winteraceae by measuring the responses of xylem water transport to freezing for a diverse group of Winteraceae taxa as compared to Canella winterana (Canellaceae, a close relative with vessels) and sympatric conifer taxa. We found that mean percent loss of xylem water transport capacity following freeze-thaw varied from 0% to 6% for Winteraceae species from freezing-prone temperate climates and approximately 20% in those taxa from tropical (nonfreezing) climates. Similarly, conifers exhibit almost no decrease in xylem hydraulic conductivity following freezing. In contrast, water transport in Canella stems is nearly 85% blocked after freeze-thaw. Although vessel-bearing wood of Canella possesses considerably greaterhydraulic capacity than Winteraceae, nearly 20% of xylem hydraulic conductance remains, a value that is comparable to the hydraulic capacity of vesselless Winteraceae xylem, if the proportion of hydraulic flow through vessels (modeled as ideal capillaries) is removed. Thus, the evolutionary removal of vessels may not necessarily require a deleterious shift to an ineffective vascular system. By integrating Winteraceae's phylogenetic relationships and fossil history with physiological and ecological observations, we suggest that, as ancestors of modern Winteraceae passed through temperate conditions present in Southern Gondwana during the Early Cretaceous, they were exposed to selective pressures against vessel-possession and returned to a vascular system relying on tracheids. These results suggest that the vesselless condition is advantageous in freezing-prone areas, which is supported by the strong bias in the ecological abundance of Winteraceae to wet temperate and tropical alpine habitats, rather than a retained feature from the first vesselless angiosperms. We believe that vesselless wood plays an important role in the ecological abundance of Winteraceae in Southern Hemisphere temperate environments by enabling the retention of leaves and photosynthesis in the face of frequent freeze-thaw events. Corresponding Editor: T. Givnish
Industrial experimentation of high-level synthesis

The use of the high-level synthesis system AMICAL for the architectural synthesis of the filter or subband synthesis described in the MPEG-AUDIO specification is described. AMICAL starts with a behavioral specification given in VHDL and generates a structural description that may feed existing silicon compilers acting at the logic and register transfer levels. AMICAL is an interactive tool, meaning that different solutions can be rapidly obtained by carrying out varied manual interventions. Several architectural solutions have been generated by means of the AMICAL system. A comparison table for the results obtained indicates that the final solution obtained by AMICAL respects the real time constraints imposed by the application. <<ETX>>
The non‐receptor tyrosine kinase Syk is a target of Cbl‐mediated ubiquitylation upon B‐cell receptor stimulation

The negative regulator Cbl functions as a ubiquitin ligase towards activated receptor tyrosine kinases and facilitates their transport to lysosomes. Whether Cbl ubiquitin ligase activity mediates its negative regulatory effects on cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases of the Syk/ZAP‐70 family has not been addressed, nor is it known whether these kinases are regulated via ubiquitylation during lymphocyte B‐cell receptor engagement. Here we show that B‐cell receptor stimulation in Ramos cells induces the ubiquitylation of Syk tyrosine kinase which is inhibited by a dominant‐negative mutant of Cbl. Intact tyrosine kinase‐binding and RING finger domains of Cbl were found to be essential for Syk ubiquitylation in 293T cells and for in vitro Syk ubiquitylation. These same domains were also essential for Cbl‐mediated negative regulation of Syk as measured using an NFAT‐luciferase reporter in a lymphoid cell. Association with Cbl did not alter the kinase activity of Syk. Altogether, our results support an essential role for Cbl ubiquitin ligase activity in the negative regulation of Syk, and establish that ubiquitylation provides a mechanism of Cbl‐mediated negative regulation of cytoplasmic targets.
Fueled by microtubules: Does tubulin dimer/polymer partitioning regulate intracellular metabolism?

Microtubules (MTs) or their subunits, tubulin dimers, interact with multiple components that contribute to intracellular metabolic pathways. MTs are required for insulin‐dependent transport of glucose transporter 4 to the plasma membrane, they bind most glycolytic enzymes and are required for translation of the mRNA encoding hypoxia inducible factor‐1α. Tubulin dimers bind the voltage‐dependent anion channel of the mitochondrial outer membrane; this channel functions in metabolite transport in and out of mitochondria. We hypothesize that tubulin partitioning between dimer and polymer pools regulates multiple steps in metabolism, where metabolic output is greatest when both tubulin dimers and MT polymers are present and reduced by drug treatments that disrupt this normal balance. Experimental evidence from these drug‐induced changes in tubulin dimer/polymer partitioning supports our model for several metabolic steps. Signal transduction pathways that stabilize or destabilize MTs can shift the normal ratio between unpolymerized and polymerized tubulin dimers, and one downstream consequence of this shift in tubulin partitioning could be a change in metabolic output. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Research on fault diagnosis and tolerant operation of redundant flux-switching permanent-magnet motors

The flux-switching permanent-magnet machines (FSPMMs) are emerging structure stator-PM brushless machines, which offer the advantages of high reliability, high power/torque density, high efficiency and so on. In this paper, a new FSPMM with 12 / 14 poles (stator/rotor) is firstly proposed. For its nonlinear electromagnetic distribution, its electromagnetic traits are discussed and then analyzed by using of co-simulation method in normal and fault states. By plenty of simulations on different fault and relevant tolerant operations, this machine is verified to have strong mechanical robustness and high redundancy capability.
Simultaneous localization and mapping based on particle filter for sparse environment

This paper presents a method for solving simulation localization and mapping (SLAM) in sparse-feature environment, by adopting a concept of particle filter with multiple extended Kalman filters (EKF). Compared with common FastSLAM where each particle is a sample of one vehicle path whereas each EKF is solely a feature estimator, the proposed algorithm includes the vehicle-pose estimate in each EKF whereas the particle is a sample of vehicle motion. Thus, the proposed algorithm ensures dead reckoning in the absence of features. Map construction is based on line features which are extracted from observation of the environment. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the proposed SLAM algorithm.
Rabies viral encephalitis: clinical determinants in diagnosis with special reference to paralytic form

Background Rabies is an important public health problem in developing countries such as India where an alarmingly high incidence of the infection is reported every year despite the availability of highly effective, potent and safe vaccines. In clinical practice, diagnosis of the furious (encephalitic) form of rabies poses little difficulty. In contrast, the paralytic form poses a diagnostic dilemma, to distinguish it from Guillain–Barré syndrome. The problem is further compounded in the absence of a history of dog bite, clinical features resembling a psychiatric syndrome. Method The present study analysed the spectrum of neurological manifestations in 47 cases of rabies encephalitis (34 paralytic, six encephalitic, and seven psychiatric manifestations) from two hospitals in south India, confirmed at post-mortem by demonstration of a viral antigen in the brain. A history of dog bite was elicited in 33 patients and fox bite in one. Twenty-two patients received postexposure prophylaxis. The incubation period ranged from 7 days to 4 years. Clinical features were analysed, looking for any clinical pointers that provide clues to a diagnosis of paralytic rabies. Results and discussion Fever, distal paresthaesias, fasciculation, alteration in sensorium, rapid progression of symptoms and pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid should alert the neurologist to consider rabies encephalomyelitis. Detection of the viral antigen in the corneal smear and a skin biopsy from the nape of the neck had limited usefulness in the ante-mortem diagnosis. Although a few clinical signs may help indicate rabies encephalomyelitis antemortem, confirmation requires neuropathological/neurovirological assistance. The preponderance of atypical/paralytic cases in this series suggests that neurologists and psychiatrists need to have a high index of clinical suspicion, particularly in the absence of a history of dog bite.
Comparing unmet needs between community-based palliative care patients with heart failure and patients with cancer.

BACKGROUND As the role of palliative care (PC) has yet to be clearly defined in patients with heart failure (HF), such patients may face barriers regarding PC referral. In order to maximally meet the needs of HF patients, it is necessary to understand how they compare to the classic PC population: patients with cancer. OBJECTIVE To characterize the unresolved symptom and treatment needs with which patients with HF and those with cancer present to PC. METHODS We used data from the Palliative Care Research Registry (PCRR), a repository of quality improvement data from three community-based PC organizations. We abstracted first PC visit data from the PCRR for patients with primary diagnoses of HF or cancer seen between 2008 and 2012. We assessed the association of primary diagnosis (i.e., HF or cancer) on three outcomes: unresolved symptoms, treatment gaps, and a composite indicator of symptom control and quality of life. Analyses included descriptive statistics and multivariate Poisson regression. RESULTS Our analytic sample comprised 334 patients with HF and 697 patients with cancer, the majority of whom were white and male. Compared to patients with cancer, patients with HF presented with fewer unresolved symptoms, both overall and at moderate/severe distress levels. Patients with HF more commonly reported moderately/severely distressful dyspnea (25% versus 18%, p=0.02), and more commonly experienced dyspnea-related treatment gaps (17% versus 8%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with HF possess care needs that are squarely within the purview of PC. Future work is needed to delineate how PC referral policies should be refined to optimize PC access for patients with HF.
Optimal time to use low molecular weight heparin on prethrombotic state of rat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease model

Background Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), as one of anticoagulant drugs, has been used for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with prethrombotic state, but the specific use time is unclear. The aim of the study is to observe the effect of LMWH at two different periods of prethrombotic state in COPD in rats and to find the optimal time to use LMWH. Methods Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control, raised for 55 days without any treatment; COPD control without LMWH, cigarette inhalation plus intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide and hypodermic injection of normal saline once a day for 10 days; COPD control given LMWH 150 U/kg subcutaneous injection, once a day for 10 days starting day 15 (LMWH‐d15); COPD control given LMWH 150 U/kg subcutaneous injection, once a day for 10 days starting day 29 (LMWH‐d29). Results Comparing LMWH‐d15 with LMWH‐d29, plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity, von Willebrand factor, serum fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 and fibrin D‐dimer were each significantly reduced; but thrombin plasminogen activator increased significantly whilst arterial PO2 and PCO2 improved significantly. Conclusion The better time to use LMWH is the time when coagulation and fibrinolytic indices begin to change in COPD.
Continuous experimentation for software developers

Recent advances in build, test, and deployment automation not only enable companies shipping new functionality faster to their users, but also provide them the ability to experiment with functionality on small fractions of the user base first. These experiments involve techniques such as A/B testing, canary releases, or dark launches. However, neither managing multiple experiments in parallel (i.e., operating and monitoring multiple versions), nor specifying parameters for experiments (e.g., to avoid that they negatively impact each other) is a trivial task. In my research, I want to support developers and release engineers conducting experiments in an automated and data-driven way.
Identification of novel stage‐specific genetic requirements through whole genome transcription profiling of Vibrio cholerae biofilm development

Bacterial biofilm formation has been described as a developmental process. This process may be divided into three stages: the planktonic stage, the monolayer stage and the biofilm stage. Bacteria in the planktonic stage are not attached to each other or to a surface; bacteria in the monolayer stage are attached to surfaces as single cells; and bacteria in the biofilm stage are attached to surfaces as cellular aggregates. In a study limited to the Vibrio cholerae flaA, mshA and vps genes, we previously demonstrated that transcription in monolayer cells is distinct from that in biofilm cells and that the genetic requirements of monolayer formation are distinct from those of biofilm formation. In this work, we sought to identify additional stage‐specific genetic requirements through microarray analysis of the V. cholerae transcriptome during biofilm development. These studies demonstrated unique patterns of transcription in the planktonic, monolayer and biofilm stages of biofilm development. Based on our microarray results, we selected cheY‐3 as well as two previously uncharacterized genes, bap1 and leuO, for targeted mutation. The ΔcheY‐3 mutant displayed a defect in monolayer but not biofilm formation, suggesting that chemotaxis plays a stage‐specific role in formation of the V. cholerae monolayer. Mutants carrying deletions in bap1 and leuO formed monolayers that were indistinguishable from those formed by wild‐type V. cholerae. In contrast, these mutants displayed greatly decreased biofilm accumulation. Our microarray analyses document modulation of the transcriptome of V. cholerae as it progresses through the stages in biofilm development. These studies demonstrate that microarray analysis of the transcriptome of biofilm development may greatly accelerate the discovery of novel targets for stage‐specific inhibition of biofilm development.
MOVEABLE INFORMATION GROUPING WITH LOAD IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

— Nowadays wireless sensor network are liked due to monitoring the presence of situation in many applications like industrial, environmental sensing, health care etc. Energy capability is a crucial view in wireless sensor networks to overcome this problem the efficient technique of clustering is used to achieve more data transmission, long network lifetime, less time consuming process, minimize energy utilization. In this paper propose multi cluster head groups, multi cluster heads via Load Balanced Clustering and Dual Data Uploading and sencar. It is responsible to maintain the energy and data transmission from each sub node. In each cluster head collect data and energy level form sub nodes then transmit to the cluster group head. Here Multi User-Multi input multi output(MIMO) is used for multi data transmission to the sink, each nodes connected their cluster heads and sending packet to the sink via cluster heads and group heads. Sink assign Id to each node for identification purpose which node transmit data. Although the transmission of inter cluster, each cluster head group data is gathered by SenCar then transport the data to the static data sink. Sencar is the mobility of mobile nodes used to update the energy in which the node have low energy. If sencar . has low energy then it is energized by sink is the base station controls the entire network . As the Simulation results exhibit that the proposed load balanced clustering maintains the energy level as well as more data-gathering to increase the network life time.
Advances in Silicon Based Millimeter-Wave Monolithic Integrated Circuits

In this paper, the advances of the silicon-based millimeter-wave (MMW) monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs) are reported. The silicon-based technologies for MMW MMICs are briefly introduced. In addition, the current status of the MMW MMICs is surveyed and novel circuit topologies are summarized. Some representative MMW MMICs are illustrated as design examples in the categories of their functions in a MMW system. Finally, there is a conclusion and description of the future trend of the development of the MMW ICs.
The Reminiscence Functions Scale: A Replication

This article reports the findings of a replication and validation study of the factor structure of the recently developed Reminiscence Functions Scale (RFS) [1]. Three hundred and ninety-nine adult subjects ranging in age from seventeen to forty-five years (M age = 22.7, SD = 5.7) completed the RFS. A principal components analysis indicated the viability of an eight-factor scale which strongly parallels the earlier scale construction. Factors were labeled: Boredom Reduction, Death Preparation, Identity, Problem-Solving, Conversation, Intimacy Maintenance, Bitterness Revival, and Teach/Inform. Internal consistency scores ranged from . 74 to . 86 and closely duplicated original scores. Age differences on Death Preparation and Teach/Inform were replicated. Potential uses of the RFS are documented.
Exposure to short days, but not short‐term melatonin, enhances humoral immunity of male Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

Abstract: Many non‐tropical rodent species rely on photoperiod as the primary cue to co‐ordinate seasonally appropriate changes in physiology and behavior. Among these seasonal changes, several rodent species (e.g. deer mice, prairie voles, Siberian hamsters) adjust immune function in response to changes in ambient day lengths. The goals of the present study were to examine the effects of photoperiod on immune function of Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), and to determine the role of melatonin in mediating photoperiodic changes in immunity. In Experiment 1, male Syrian hamsters were housed in long (LD 14:10) or short days (LD 10:14) for 10 wk. In Experiment 2, hamsters were housed in long days and half of the animals were given 10 consecutive days of i.p. melatonin injections (15 μg) in the early evening, while the remaining animals received injections of the vehicle alone. After the respective experimental manipulations, animals were injected with the antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), blood samples were obtained and anti‐KLH IgG antibody production was assessed. In Experiment 1, short‐day hamsters underwent gonadal regression and reduced serum testosterone as well as displayed increased humoral immune function compared with long‐day animals. In Experiment 2, short‐term melatonin treatment did not affect gonadal mass, testosterone or humoral immune function. These results confirm previous findings of photoperiodic changes in immunity in rodents and suggest that changes in humoral immunity are not due to short‐term changes in melatonin.
Role of curcumin on chloroquine phosphate-induced reproductive toxicity

The present study was conducted to screen the efficacy of curcumin against chloroquine phosphate (CQ)-induced reproductive toxicity in adult male Swiss albino mice. Animals were given oral doses of 100, 200, 300 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), and high dose of CQ (300 mg/kg b.w.) + curcumin (80 mg/kg b.w.) for 45 days. Animals of the withdrawal group were given high dose of CQ (300 mg/kg b.w.) for 45 days and, at day 46, were kept for another 45 days. Effects were observed on some key enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase, which was found to be decreased, whereas acid phosphatase was increased and succinate dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase were decreased. Oxidative parameters, such as superoxide dismutase declined, whereas thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were found to be elevated. Protein level was also decreased. Gravimetric indices were also recorded. Results obtained indicated adverse effects of CQ in a dose-dependent manner. The presence of curcumin with CQ alleviated its toxic effects. Hence, it can be concluded that curcumin has beneficial influences and appears able to ameliorate CQ toxicity.
Ethyl 2-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)hydrazinylidene]-3-oxobutanoate

The title compound, C13H16N2O4, is approximately planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.065 Å for the 19 non-H atoms). An intramolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring motif and the molecule adopts an E conformation with respect to the central C=N double bond. In the crystal, pairs of intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link adjacent molecules into inversion dimers. The crystal structure also features weak C—H⋯π interactions.
Long non-coding RNA CASC 2 suppresses the proliferation of gastric cancer cells by regulating the MAPK signaling pathway

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in tumorigenesis. However, the biological functions and molecular mechanisms underlying aberrantly expressed lncRNAs in gastric cancer (GC) is still unclear. In this study, a novel lncRNA CASC2 was chosen to evaluate the effect on GC cell growth and the possible mechanism. Our results showed that CASC2 was significantly downregulated in human GC tissues and cell lines by quantitative RT-PCR. Overexpression of CASC2 in GC cells significantly inhibited the cell growth in vitro and in vivo. We further found that MAPK pathway especially the ERK1/2 and JNK component were involved in the CASC2 mediated GC cell proliferation. Moreover, combination treatment of CASC2 overexpression and suppression ERK1/2 or JNK produced synergistic inhibitory effects in vitro. Thus, these results indicated that CASC2 might serve as a tumor suppressor lncRNA that suppressed cell proliferation by inactivation of MAPK pathway. These findings suggested that CASC2 could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of GC patients.
POPULATION DENSITY, OUTCROSSING RATE, AND HETEROZYGOTE SUPERIORITY IN PONDEROSA PINE

viously been shown to be negatively correlated with self-fertilization, clumped pollen transfer, pollen size, and the ratio of stigma area to the pollen-bearing area on the pollinator. Here, the four correlations are shown to be consistent with evolutionary models of optimal allocation of resources to male and female functions, providing evidence that selection on sex allocation in hermaphrodites is governed by the same principles as selection on the sex ratio.