Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Mount Hope Bay Tidal Restriction Atlas: Identifying Man-made Structures which Potentially Degrade Coastal Habitats in Mount Hope Bay, Massachusetts

Abstract For nearly a decade, Massachusetts resource managers have been systematically inventorying, assessing and restoring coastal wetlands degraded by infrastructure crossings such as bridges and culverts, which, unless properly designed and constructed, restrict tidal flow to upstream areas. These crossings—known as tidal restrictions—alter the natural flooding and flushing dynamics of coastal estuarine and wetland habitats, causing damage to salt marshes, eelgrass beds, and other important shellfish and finfish habitats. The Mount Hope Bay Tidal Restriction Atlas, undertaken by the Massachusetts Wetlands Restoration Program and the US Army Corps of Engineers, is the most recent addition to the statewide inventory effort. The Atlas lists a total of 74 potential tidal restrictions that were initially identified on maps and aerial photographs, of which 25 sites were documented using rapid field assessment techniques. Each field-visited site was assessed for severity of restriction and habitat impacts, potential environmental benefits of restoration, and logistical feasibility for implementing restoration. Using these factors, sites were prioritized using a high/medium/low scale. A three-page Site Assessment Report, which includes data, maps, and photographs, was generated for each field-visited site. The final Atlas was presented in an interactive digital format to allow users to query its database and readily move between data fields, maps, and photographs. The Atlas was distributed to stakeholders as a tool for use in restoration planning and implementation.
Trends in Nitrate Reduction and Nitrogen Fractions in Young Corn (Zea mays L.) Plants During Heat and Moisture Stress 1

~T\ROUGHT is a problem almost every year in many *-* areas of the world. Drought reduces both quality and quantity of plant material produced and is a major factor in preventing stabilization of agriculture. • Nitrate is the principal form of nitrogen absorbed by higher plants. However, before it can be used in amino acid and protein synthesis, it must be reduced to ammonia. The first step in this reduction process is conversion of nitrate to nitrite by the nitrate reductase enzyme. With available nitrate nitrogen, reduced activity of the enzyme may result in nitrate accumulation. Reduced nitrate reductase activity has been attributed to decreased light, low moisture, low fertility, genotype differences, and possible other factors. In some cases, nitrate has accumulated in sufficient quantities to be toxic to livestock. As early as 1895, Mayo (7) reported losses of cattle that had eaten corn fodder containing 25% potassium nitrate. Molybdenum has been reported to be a metal constituent of the nitrate reductase enzyme. Thus, moisture stress may influence nitrate reduction by limiting molybdenum uptake or availability. Decreased nitrate reduction in plants under stress may influence the quantity and/or quality of other nitrogen fractions and of total nitrogen. West (8) found that water stress quantitatively reduced protein in corn seedlings germinated from 1 to 6 days in darkness, apparently by slowing protein degradation in the endosperm-scutellum and protein formation in the seedling. Chen et al. (2) reported protein levels in citrus seedlings responded differentially to intensifying water deficits. A 3-phase system of protein fluctuation was detected; protein increased at the beginning of dehydration, decreased at medium dehydration, and increased again slightly at extreme dehydration.
Fast-Start Performance of Rainbow Trout Salmo Gairdneri and Northern Pike Esox Lucius

The escape performances of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri (Richardson) and northern pike Esox lucius (Linnaeus) (mean lengths 0.32 m and 0.38 m, respectively) were measured with subcutaneously implanted accelerometers. Acceleration-time plots reveal two types of fast-starts for trout and three for pike. Simultaneous high-speed cine films demonstrate a kinematic basis for these differences. Trout performing C-shaped fast-starts produce a unimodal acceleration-time plot (type I) while during S-shaped fast-starts a bimodal accelerationtime plot (type II) results. Pike also exhibit similar type I and II fast-starts, but also execute a second S-shaped fast-start that does not involve a net change of direction. This is characterized by a trimodal acceleration-time plot (type III). Intraspecific and interspecific comparisons of distance, time, mean and maximum velocity, and mean and maximum acceleration rate indicate that fast-start performance is significantly higher for pike than for trout, for all performance parameters. This indicates that performance is related to body form. Overall mean maximum acceleration rates for pike were 120.2±20.0 ms −2 and 59.7±8.3 ms −2 for trout. Performance values directly measured from the accelerometers exceed those previously reported. Maximum acceleration rates for single events reach 97.8ms −2 and 244.9ms −2 for trout and pike, respectively. Maximum final velocities of 7.06ms −2 (18.95 L s −2 ) were observed for pike and 4.19 ms −2 (13.09 L s −2 ) for trout, where L is body length; overall mean maximum velocities were 2.77 ms −2 for trout and 3.97 ms −2 for pike.
Factors influencing alkali‐induced heat resistance in Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4

The culture of cells of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 at either 25, 30 or 37°C in media at pH values between 8.0 and 9.75 resulted in significant increases in heat resistance. At 37°C, induction was rapid and was dependent on protein synthesis, being inhibited by chloramphenicol. Thermotolerance was stable when cells were transferred from pH 9.2 to pH 7.0 and cultures only became heat sensitive again following significant multiplication at the lower pH.
FETAL PIG DEVELOPMENT IN SOWS FED DIETS CONTAINING DIFFERENT FATS

Fetuses (57, 85, 110 d gestation) from sows fed experimental diets from day 57 of gestation were examined. Sows ate either a diet with no added fat (2.6% total lipid), or a diet containing added soybean oil (4.7%) or tallow (5.0%). The diet of the sow was shown to have no effect on fetal organ (heart, liver, lung, kidney) size or total fat content. Fetal carcass proximate analysis was likewise unaffected by changes in the maternal diet. Key words: Pig, fetus, diet, development
FLAVOR CHEMISTRY OF TOMATO VOLATILES

SUMMARY 38 compounds were identified in tomato volatiles. Some of these had not been reported previously. Many factors, namely, fruit maturity, the physical condition of the fruit, the type of fruit crushing, the holding time of the juice or pulp after crushing, heat and oxygen were important for the development of certain tomato volatiles. Linolenic acid was indicated to be the precursor of cis-3-hexenal which developed during tissue maceration. fn turn, cis-3-ehexenal appeared to be the source of tram-2-hexenal. Some of the compounds were found to be important to tomato flavor. 2-lsobutylthiazole and cis-3-hexenal appeared to intensify the fresh tomato flavor notes. 2-lsobutylthiazole was also responsible for the characteristic flavor of certain tomato varieties. The quality of tomato volatiles appeared to depend on the interrelationships of both enzymic and chemical reactions that occurred during the preparative treatments used to isolate the volatiles.
Demographic responses of bighorn sheep to recreational activities: A trial of a trail

Long-term effects of anthropogenic disturbance to wildlife, and whether such effects have population-level consequences, often are difficult to determine. In 1996, a recreational hiking trail (Maah Daah Hey Trail [Trail]) was constructed by the U.S. Forest Service through 4 geographic areas, each occupied by a distinct sub-population of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), in western North Dakota, USA. From 2001 to 2012, we monitored distribution, recruitment rates, and abundance of female bighorn sheep in the sub-populations to investigate responses to activities associated with the Trail, and whether demographic consequences occurred. Female bighorn sheep at Sully Creek were displaced from, and eventually abandoned, lambing habitat subjected to intensive recreational use that was erratic and unpredictable. Consequently, females inhabiting Sully Creek had lower fidelity to lambing areas than did other sub-populations, all of which realized 100% fidelity. Further, females inhabiting Sully Creek achieved lower recruitment of young, exhibited a substantial downward trend in recruitment rate, and a decline in abundance of females compared with the other sub-populations also exposed to the Trail, but where perturbation was less severe and human activities were consistent, predictable, and spatial separation existed between recreationists and lambing habitat. Metapopulations of bighorn sheep occurring in fragmented habitat having minimal vertical relief may be especially susceptible to sources of disturbance, which should be a consideration when recreational facilities are developed. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Chickpea Protein Isolates: Physicochemical, Functional and Nutritional Characterization

Proteins were isolated from chickpea flour by micellization and isoelectric precipitation techniques. Protein content ranged from 84.8-87.8%. Denaturation temperature and transition enthalpy, by differential scanning calorimetry, were higher for micelle than for isoelectric proteins. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a molecular weight distribution between 16.6-66.4 kD for micelle and 14.9-84.2 kD for isoelectric proteins. Most functional properties compared favorably to a commercial soy isolate. In general, most essential amino acids of chickpea isolates were at acceptable levels compared to a reference pattern. High values of in vitro digestibility and calculated PER were obtained for the isolates.
Contrasting phylogeographical patterns for springtails reflect different evolutionary histories between the Antarctic Peninsula and continental Antarctica

Aim We examined the genetic structure among populations and regions for the springtails Cryptopygus antarcticus antarcticus and Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni (Collembola) to identify potential historical refugia and subsequent colonization routes, and to examine population growth/expansion and relative ages of population divergence.
Interacción bacteria-microalga en el ambiente marino y uso potencial en acuicultura

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo revisar el conocimiento generado sobre el rol que juegan las interacciones bacteria-microalga en ambientes marinos y dulceacuicolas, definiendo las posibles aplicaciones que puede tener el conocimiento de estas interacciones en el manejo de las aguas costeras y sistemas acuicolas. Los antecedentes proporcionados en este analisis permiten sugerir que bacterias y/o microalgas, constituyen una alternativa para el control de proliferaciones de bacterias y fitoplancton causantes de efectos daninos en ambientes naturales y sistemas cerrados de cultivo. Ademas, las interacciones especificas entre bacteria-microalga permitiria la optimizacion de sistemas productivos en la industria acuicola. Sin embargo, los mecanismos de estas interacciones son pobremente entendidos. Futuras investigaciones debieran ser dirigidas a comprender el modo de accion de las interacciones bacteria-microalga a nivel molecular
Annual variation in soil respiration and its components in a coppice oak forest in Central Italy

In order to investigate the annual variation of soil respiration and its components in relation to seasonal changes in soil temperature and soil moisture in a Mediterranean mixed oak forest ecosystem, we set up a series of experimental treatments in May 1999 where litter (no litter), roots (no roots, by trenching) or both were excluded from plots of 4 m2. Subsequently, we measured soil respiration, soil temperature and soil moisture in each plot over a year after the forest was coppiced. The treatments did not significantly affect soil temperature or soil moisture measured over 0–10 cm depth.
Short‐term nutrient deprivation affects immune function

Abstract Measurement of insect immune effector system function aimed at identifying costs has largely been stimulated by the ideas of Hamilton & Zuk (1982) , who proposed that choosy females may derive some genetic benefit from selecting parasite‐resistant males. Field studies of such systems assume that most variation in measured immune traits is affected strongly by genes and pay little attention subsequently to the role of nutritional status in determining the magnitude of assayed immune effector systems. In this paper the effects of nutrient deprivation on immune function are measured in the mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor L.) reared in otherwise ideal conditions. The results suggest that immune effector system function is down‐regulated during short‐term nutritional deprivation, but is rapidly up‐regulated to pre‐deprivation levels after animals are allowed access to food. This rapid modulation of immune function in the context of nutritional status has important implications for measuring immune function in the field, as well as the interpretation of those measures.
Preferred conformations of peptides containing α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino acids

The conformational preferences of linear peptides containing α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino acids, derived from the crystal structures of 28 compounds, are reviewed. In particular, the sensitivity of peptide conformation to the geometry of these unusual amino acids is underlined. We also consider possible future directions of research, which, we hope, will result in a complete understanding of the structures adopted by peptaibol antibiotics.
Reproductive parameters of invasive topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) from Slovakia

Summary Females of an invasive population of topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva (Temmick and Schlegel, 1846) from the Sur pond (Bratislava, Slovakia) were examined to analyze their fecundity and other life history traits. Samples were collected during both pre-spawning (n = 137) and post-spawning (n = 89) periods. Standard length of the females from the pre-spawning period ranged from 23.42 to 59.71 mm (mean 32.80 mm), body weight from 0.260 to 5.442 g (mean 0.965 g), and eviscerated body weight from 0.207 to 4.882 g (mean 0.748 g). Absolute fecundity varied between 121 and 7124 oocytes (mean 1106 oocytes). In 75.22% of the females, two or three size groups of oocytes were clearly distinguished. Overall, the life history traits observed in invasive topmouth gudgeon from the Sur pond demonstrated a high flexibility in their reproductive strategy. This, together with previously described great morphological variability, is likely to make this species such a successful invader.
Improvement of baker's and brewer's yeast by gene technology

Abstract Polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose or hemicellulose which constitute the largest part of plant biomass are not fermentable by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. At the moment the conversion of such compounds depends on the addition of enzymes (e.g. α‐amylase, glucoamylase, xylose isomerase, endoglucanase exoglucanase and β‐glucanase) prior to fermentation. Therefore it is of great commercial interest to create new yeast strains which are able to convert polysaccharides of plant biomass directly into fermentable sugars. In a first step we have constructed an amylolytic S. cerevisiae strain which is able to grow on starch as a sole carbon source. This strain was transformed with DNA harbouring the genes for a‐amylase and glucoamylase from Schwanniomyces occidentalis. Both genes are expressed and the gene products are secreted. Since the two S. occidentalis enzymes are especially suitable in brewing, we thus constructed new yeast strains which could be desirable for the production of low car.
Biogeography of seeder and resprouter Erica species in the Cape Floristic Region—Where are the resprouters?

Abstract The genus Erica L. , with more than 600 species, and a high number of endemics, represents the most remarkable example of floristic diversity in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR). It is largely confined to nutrient-poor, acidic, sandy soils, being one of the most characteristic element of fynbos. The ability to survive fires, resprouting from a lignotuber, is a common trait among Euro-mediterranean Erica species. In contrast, resprouting is fairly uncommon among ericas in the CFR (less than 10%). Most of them are killed by fire, regenerating only but readily by seed germination. An extensive survey on the resprouting ability of South African Erica species was carried out and the pattern of geographical distribution of resprouters and seeders in the CFR was determined. The geographical distribution of these two regeneration classes was related to a climatic gradient of seasonality along the CFR. A pattern of higher proportions of resprouter species towards the mediterranean, strongly seasonal northwestern CFR and the non-seasonal eastern CFR and summer rainfall area outside the CFR was identified. The number of resprouter species reaches a maximum in the eastern CFR and is lower in the southwestern CFR despite the overall higher concentration of species in this subregion. Summer drought strongly influences the effectiveness of post-fire regeneration and growth (i.e. new recruits plus survivors) of Erica species, and is the major selective force accounting for the pattern of distribution of seeders and resprouters in the CFR. A mild mediterranean climate with reliable autumn-winter rains and a short summer drought, typical of the mountain areas of the southwestern CFR, favours recruitment of seeders but hampers recruitment of resprouters. Resprouter species persist and become dominant under harsh conditions for recruitment (severe summer drought) and would coexist with seeders under situations of no summer stress. Diversification is associated with seeder lineages. Hence, number of seeder species will be higher than number of resprouters, especially in the southwestern CFR, where favourable conditions for recruitment allow a massive concentration of seeder species, many of them narrow endemics.
Riparian vegetation has disproportionate benefits for landscape-scale conservation of woodland birds in highly modified environments

Summary Identifying landscape patterns that allow native fauna to coexist with human land use is a global challenge. Riparian vegetation often persists in anthropogenic environments as strips of natural or semi-natural vegetation that provide habitat for many terrestrial species. Its relative contribution to landscape-scale conservation is likely to change as environments become increasingly modified. We used a ‘whole of landscape’ approach to test the hypothesis that riparian vegetation offers disproportionate benefits, relative to non-riparian vegetation, for the conservation of woodland birds in highly modified agricultural landscapes. We selected 24 landscapes, each 100 km2, along a gradient of landscape change represented by decreasing cover of native vegetation (from 60% to <2%), in an agricultural region in SE Australia. Bird species were systematically surveyed at three riparian and seven non-riparian sites in wooded vegetation in each landscape. Riparian sites supported a greater richness of woodland-dependent species, a group of conservation concern, than did non-riparian sites. The composition of assemblages also differed between site types. At the landscape scale, the pooled richness of bird assemblages at riparian and non-riparian sites, respectively, decreased with overall loss of tree cover despite constant sampling effort. Within landscapes, the β-diversity of woodland species among non-riparian sites increased (composition became less similar) as landscape tree cover declined. In contrast, riparian assemblages were relatively stable with no change in β-diversity. Importantly, as landscape tree cover declined, the proportion of woodland species uniquely present at riparian sites increased and made a greater contribution to overall landscape diversity. Synthesis and applications. Landscape-scale richness of woodland species declines as landscape tree cover is lost. In highly depleted landscapes, riparian vegetation retains a relatively rich, stable assemblage compared with that in heterogeneous remnants of non-riparian vegetation and consequently contributes disproportionately to landscape-scale diversity. These observations, together with the diverse benefits of riparian vegetation for aquatic ecosystems, mean that protection and restoration of riparian vegetation is a high priority in anthropogenic environments. Importantly, such actions are directly amenable to individual land managers, and the benefits will accumulate to enhance the persistence and conservation of species at landscape and regional scales.
Minimising surface water pollution resulting from farm‐dairy effluent application to mole‐pipe drained soils. II. The contribution of preferential flow of effluent to whole‐farm pollutant losses in subsurface drainage from a West Otago dairy farm

Abstract To evaluate the role of artificial drainage systems in the transfer of nutrients and faecal organisms from soil to waterways, mole‐pipe drainage flows were monitored from two large (27 × 40 m), hydrologically isolated field plots that were part of a long‐term dairy pasture in West Otago, New Zealand. One plot was grazed only whilst the other plot was spray irrigated with untreated dairy‐shed effluent on seven occasions, shortly following grazing events in spring, summer or autumn. Monitoring throughout the 4‐year study showed that relatively large amounts of ammonium‐N, total‐P, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria were transported through the artificial drainage system via direct drainage of effluent following three of the seven effluent irrigation events. These effluent drainage events occurred when the maximum depth of effluent application exceeded the soil water deficit measured in the 0–45‐cm layer. A pronounced non‐uniform pattern of effluent application was observed, with areas to the outside of the irrigator run effectively receiving double the average application depth, and at an instantaneous rate greater than 100 mm h−1. Although the volumes of effluent transported in drainage flow were relatively small, the concentrations and loads of ammonium‐N, total‐P, and E. coli bacteria in the resulting drainage were large. Based on the measured irrigation uniformities and soil water balance calculations, a simple model of effluent flow through mole‐pipe drained soils was developed. Model outputs indicated that two key management strategies could avoid or reduce the transport of pollutants from these effluent‐treated soils, specifically (i) increasing irrigator groundspeed and (ii) storing effluent when soil conditions are wet. Failure to implement these management practices is likely to result in the delivery of large amounts of pollutants to surface waterways when flows in the receiving surface waters are low and temperatures relatively high.