Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reactivity of surface sites on fractured arsenopyrite (FeAsS) toward oxygen

Abstract The reactivity of arsenopyrite (FeAsS) fractured surfaces toward oxygen was studied using synchrotron radiation excited photoelectron spectroscopy (SXPS). The spectra of the pristine surface provide evidence of different As and S surface sites. Signals for As3d with 0.33 eV lower and 0.37 eV higher binding energy than the bulk signal are attributed to arsenic surface sites with filled and unfilled dangling bonds, respectively, caused by the rupture of Fe-As and As-S bonds. Sulfur surface sites with filled dangling bonds, bonded to three iron as well as to two iron and one arsenic atom, give rise to a composite signal in the S2p spectra shifted by 0.79 eV to lower binding energy. Reaction of oxygen with FeAsS surfaces in ultra-high vacuum reveals fast oxidation of As surface sites with filled dangling bonds to As species of increasing oxidation state. The detection of oxidation states As0, As2+, As3+, and As5+ indicate a consecutive reaction scheme for arsenic oxidation involving elementary one-electron transfer steps. The Fe3p spectra have a corresponding intensity increase of a component with a binding energy 1.1 eV higher than the Fe3p signal emitted from the pristine surface. This signal is assigned to Fe bonded to oxidized arsenic. The very small changes in the S2p spectra together with their decreased intensity indicate the formation of an arsenic and iron containing overlayer of oxidation products on top of the FeAsS mineral surface where the S2p signal arises from. In air oxidation of arsenic continues with As5+ being the final oxidation product. An additional Fe3p signal at 56.1 eV binding energy is attributed to Fe bonded to O atoms formed during Fe oxidation. Sulfur oxidation leads to numerous intermediate oxidation products with sulfate being the final product. During air oxidation of up to 30 min, the sulfur signal at the low binding energy side of the S2p spectrum is broadened which is probably caused by S2- formed in layers underneath As and Fe oxidation products. These oxidation products reach the surface by diffusion from the bulk (reaction induced segregation). A model of homogeneous oxidized layers on arsenopyrite indicates that reaction with air has produced a layer containing iron bonded to oxygen on top of the increasingly oxidized arsenic and iron containing layer. The Fe-O overlayer is about 1.8 monolayers thick and is probably formed through interaction of water with iron surface sites
X‐Linked Parkinsonism: Phenotypic and Genetic Heterogeneity

X‐linked parkinsonism encompasses rare heterogeneous disorders mainly inherited as a recessive trait, therefore being more prevalent in males. Recent developments have revealed a complex underlying panorama, including a spectrum of disorders in which parkinsonism is variably associated with additional neurological and non‐neurological signs. In particular, a childhood‐onset encephalopathy with epilepsy and/or cognitive disability is the most common feature. Their genetic basis is also heterogeneous, with many causative genes and different mutation types ranging from “classical” coding variants to intronic repeat expansions. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the phenotypic and genetic spectrum of the most relevant X‐linked parkinsonian syndromes, namely X‐linked dystonia‐parkinsonism (XDP, Lubag disease), fragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), beta‐propeller protein‐associated neurodegeneration (BPAN, NBIA/PARK‐WDR45), Fabry disease, Waisman syndrome, methyl CpG‐binding protein 2 (MeCP2) spectrum disorder, phosphoglycerate kinase‐1 deficiency syndrome (PGK1) and X‐linked parkinsonism and spasticity (XPDS). All clinical and radiological features reported in the literature have been reviewed. Epilepsy occasionally represents the symptom of onset, predating parkinsonism even by a few years; action tremor is another common feature along with akinetic‐rigid parkinsonism. A focus on the genetic background and its pathophysiological implications is provided. The pathogenesis of these disorders ranges from well‐defined metabolic alterations (PGK1) to non‐specific lysosomal dysfunctions (XPDS) and vesicular trafficking alterations (Waisman syndrome). However, in other cases it still remains poorly defined. Recognition of the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of X‐linked parkinsonism has important implications for diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
An integrative review on mothers' experiences of online breastfeeding peer support: Motivations, attributes and effects

Abstract Information on the experiences surrounding online breastfeeding peer support among breastfeeding mothers and its effects on breastfeeding outcomes is growing yet to be synthesized. The aim of this review was to synthesize the evidence of mothers' experiences of online breastfeeding peer support. An integrative review was conducted. Five electronic databases were searched. Two reviewers independently screened the articles for inclusion. The inclusion criteria were (1) involved original data focusing on mothers' experiences of online breastfeeding peer support, (2) participants who were mothers who were breastfeeding or had experiences of breastfeeding and (3) studies focusing on interaction and communication among mothers through online communities. In total, 14 publications met the inclusion criteria. Breastfeeding mothers turned to online groups when they felt isolated, lacked professional support or preferred online support over face‐to‐face support. Online breastfeeding peer support was characterized as a virtual community, with easy access, availability and a wealth of resources from actual experiences of mothers. It empowered breastfeeding mothers and resulted in changes in breastfeeding outcomes and perceptions. The positive aspects of online breastfeeding peer support have recently garnered more attention. This review provided baseline data and evidence to supplement and improve the current breastfeeding support system for breastfeeding mothers. The evidence on the effectiveness of online breastfeeding peer support for influencing breastfeeding outcomes remains inconclusive. Further empirical studies with rigorous study designs are warranted.
IL-21 Is Associated With Virological Relapse of HBeAg Positive Chronic Hepatitis B After Discontinuance of Entecavir.

BACKGROUND To investigate the association between interleukin-21 (IL-21) expression level and virological relapse (VR) of HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) after discontinuance of entecavir (ETV). METHODS The serum IL-21 level of 112 CHB patients was measured at 0, 12, 24, 52, and 104 weeks after ETV discontinuance. ELISA was used for the measurement of serum IL-21 level. VR was defined as two continuous examinations with an interval of 1 month with both showing HBV DNA >10 000 copies/mL after drug discontinuance. RESULTS The serum IL-21 levels at 0, 12, 24, 52, and 104 weeks after discontinuance of ETV were significantly higher in the durable virological remission (DVR) group than in the VR group (all P < .01). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.728 (95% CI: 0.630-0.827, P < .001), while the best cut-off value was 49.8 pg/mL. Multivariate Cox model showed that the factors affecting the relapse included age, followed by HBsAg level at the serological conversion of HBeAg and serum IL-21 level (all P < .05). CONCLUSION Serum IL-21 level at ETV discontinuance is an independent risk factor for CHB relapse. IL-21 acts as an immunomodulatory factor in maintaining DVR in HBeAg positive CHB patients after ETV discontinuance.
Direct vs Indirect Revascularization in a North American Cohort of Moyamoya Disease

Abstract BACKGROUND In adults with ischemic moyamoya disease (MMD), the efficacy of direct vs indirect revascularization procedures remains a matter of debate. OBJECTIVE To investigate the outcomes of ischemic MMD in a North American cohort treated by direct and indirect revascularizations. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed medical records of adult patients with MMD with ischemic presentation from 1984 to 2018 at the Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital who underwent either direct or indirect bypasses. Early postoperative events and outcome at more than 6 mo postoperatively were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression analyses. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to evaluate delayed ischemic and hemorrhagic events. Analyses were performed per hemisphere. RESULTS A total of 95 patients with MMD and 127 hemispheres were included in this study. A total of 3.5% and 8.6% of patients had early surgical complications in the direct and indirect bypass cohorts, respectively (P = .24). Hemispheres with direct bypasses had fewer long-term ischemic and hemorrhagic events at latest follow-up (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.058-0.63, P = .007; median follow-up 4.5 [interquartile range, IQR 1-8] yr). There was no difference between the direct and indirect bypass groups when the endpoint was limited to infarction and hemorrhage only (P = .12). There was no difference in outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] ≥ 3) between the 2 cohorts (P = .92). CONCLUSION There was no difference in early postoperative events, long-term infarction or hemorrhage, or clinical outcome between direct and indirect revascularization. However, there was a significant decrease in all ischemic and hemorrhagic events combined in direct revascularizations compared to indirect revascularizations. Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia: overactivated WNT/β‐catenin signalling by parallel RNA sequencing and dysfunctional phenotypes

Sophisticated cross‐talk between bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM MSCs) and haematopoietic/leukaemic stem cells in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myeloid leukaemia have been emphasized in previous reports. However, mesenchymal elements in patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) were poorly investigated. By utilizing a parallel RNA‐sequencing method, we investigated the transcriptional profile and functional defects of primary BM MSCs from patients with CMML for the first time. Within a 24‐patient cohort, transcriptional and functional analysis reveals a prominent enrichment of WNT/β‐catenin signalling and multiple biology processes. Deregulated expression of WNT/β‐catnin factors CTNNB1, CMYC, LEF1, and FRZB is associated with impaired proliferation, senescence phenotype, and abnormal secretion in CMML MSCs. The impaired ability to support healthy CD34+ haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) correlates with activation of WNT/β‐catenin signalling in CMML MSCs. Furthermore, we observed an association between WNT/β‐catenin factors and treatment response to hypomethylating agents (HMAs) in a cohort of patients with MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Taken together, our study provides evidence for transcriptional and functional abnormalities in CMML MSCs, and suggests potential prognostic value of evaluating WNT/β‐catenin signalling in patients with CMML.
A rare Y-autosome translocation found in a patient with nonobstructive azoospermia: Case report

ABSTRACT Y‑autosome translocations are relatively uncommon in humans, with t(Y;1) stated to be even rarer. On the contrary, pericentric inversion 9 is the most commonly seen inversion of chromosome . Although considered to have no significant effect on male fertility, the literature reporting on reproductive risks for both aberrations remains controversial. We report here, as far as we know, the first case of a unique combination of balanced reciprocal translocation t(Y;1) with pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 in a patient with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) and an otherwise normal phenotype. Our patient was a 37-year-old Caucasian male sent to our Department due to azoospermia reported by semen analysis. The cytogenetic analysis revealed a balanced reciprocal translocation including chromosomes Y and 1 in all observed metaphases: 46, X,t(Y;1)(q12;q21) and a pericentric inversion of chromosome 9: inv(9)(p12q13). By performing metaphase FISH, the t(Y;1) translocation was confirmed. By means of multiplex-PCR, no Y-chromosome microdeletions were detected in the AZF regions. This report demonstrates a unique karyotype showing balanced reciprocal translocation t(Y;1)(q12;q21) with pericentric inversion 9: inv(9)(p12q13), in a patient with NOA, and highlights the importance of appropriate genetic counseling for patients with regard to the medical management of balanced chromosomal aberrations.
Why Preventing Ageist Attitudes Is Not Enough during COVID-19 Pandemic

T he public discourse surrounding the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has misrepresented and devalued older adults (Fraser et al., 2020). Blatantly ageist attitudes have perpetrated social media as evidenced by trending hashtags, such as “#BoomerRemover” and “#OkBoomer,” which frequently have been accompanied by disparaging and devaluing memes (Sparks, 2020). Ageism is nothing new in Western culture (Butler, 1995); yet in a time of increased susceptibility to a potentially fatal virus and chronic loneliness, the cost of institutional and individual ageism may be far greater than previously thought. Negative stereotypes of older individuals permeate facets of society including, but not limited to, health care, mental health care, and social media, the effects of which have been heightened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Empirical research suggests that reframing the negative stereotypes held about older adults into positive ideals heeds potential clinical benefit to older adults’ self-esteem, physical health, and overall well-being (Levy, Ashman, & Dror, 2000). In this column, we seek to provide background on the dangers and prevalence of ageism in the era of COVID-19. Furthermore, we suggest potential ways in which each of us can disseminate knowledge on the positive aspects of growing older to further improve the lives of older adults.
Acroquinolones A and B, two polyphenolic isoprenylated acetophenone-quinolone hybrids with anti-proliferative activities from Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq

Abstract Two new compounds belonging to a new class of acetophenone-alkaloid hybrids, acroquinolones A (1a) and B (1b), together with six known compounds, were isolated from the leaves of Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. Their structures contain a quinolone and an acetophenone fragment, connected through an isopentyl unit. Attempts to isolate more hybrids from another sample collected at the same location but during a different season led to the isolation of a new tocopherol (2). The new compounds were evaluated against several cancer cell lines. Graphical Abstract
An update to Hippocampome.org by integrating single-cell phenotypes with circuit function in vivo

Understanding brain operation demands linking basic behavioral traits to cell-type specific dynamics of different brain-wide subcircuits. This requires a system to classify the basic operational modes of neurons and circuits. Single-cell phenotyping of firing behavior during ongoing oscillations in vivo has provided a large body of evidence on entorhinal–hippocampal function, but data are dispersed and diverse. Here, we mined literature to search for information regarding the phase-timing dynamics of over 100 hippocampal/entorhinal neuron types defined in Hippocampome.org. We identified missing and unresolved pieces of knowledge (e.g., the preferred theta phase for a specific neuron type) and complemented the dataset with our own new data. By confronting the effect of brain state and recording methods, we highlight the equivalences and differences across conditions and offer a number of novel observations. We show how a heuristic approach based on oscillatory features of morphologically identified neurons can aid in classifying extracellular recordings of single cells and discuss future opportunities and challenges towards integrating single-cell phenotypes with circuit function.
A new regression model for overdispersed binomial data accounting for outliers and an excess of zeros

Binary outcomes are extremely common in biomedical research. Despite its popularity, binomial regression often fails to model this kind of data accurately due to the overdispersion problem. Many alternatives can be found in the literature, the beta‐binomial (BB) regression model being one of the most popular. The additional parameter of this model enables a better fit to overdispersed data. It also exhibits an attractive interpretation in terms of the intraclass correlation coefficient. Nonetheless, in many real data applications, a single additional parameter cannot handle the entire excess of variability. In this study, we propose a new finite mixture distribution with BB components, namely, the flexible beta‐binomial (FBB), which is characterized by a richer parameterization. This allows us to enhance the variance structure to account for multiple causes of overdispersion while also preserving the intraclass correlation interpretation. The novel regression model, based on the FBB distribution, exploits the flexibility and large variety of the distribution's possible shapes (which includes bimodality and various tail behaviors). Thus, it succeeds in accounting for several (possibly concomitant) sources of overdispersion stemming from the presence of latent groups in the population, outliers, and excessive zero observations. Adopting a Bayesian approach to inference, we perform an intensive simulation study that shows the superiority of the new regression model over that of the existing ones. Its better performance is also confirmed by three applications to real datasets extensively studied in the biomedical literature, namely, bacteria data, atomic bomb radiation data, and control mice data.
Evidence for two attentional mechanisms during learning

We sought to provide evidence for a combined effect of two attentional mechanisms during associative learning. Participants’ eye movements were recorded as they predicted the outcomes following different pairs of cues. Across the trials of an initial stage, a relevant cue in each pair was consistently followed by one of two outcomes, while an irrelevant cue was equally followed by either of them. Thus, the relevant cue should have been associated with small relative prediction errors, compared to the irrelevant cue. In a later stage, each pair came to be followed by one outcome on a random half of the trials and by the other outcome on the remaining half, and thus there should have been a rise in the overall prediction error. Consistent with an attentional mechanism based on relative prediction error, an attentional advantage for the relevant cue was evident in the first stage. However, in accordance with a mechanism linked to overall prediction error, the attention paid to both types of cues increased at the beginning of the second stage. These results showed up in both dwell times and within-trial patterns of fixations, and they were predicted by a hybrid model of attention.
Effects of jump training on physical fitness and athletic performance in endurance runners: A meta-analysis

ABSTRACT This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of jump training (JT) on measures of physical fitness and athletic performances in endurance runners. Controlled studies which involved healthy endurance runners, of any age and sex, were considered. A random-effects model was used to calculate effect sizes (ES; Hedge’s g). Means and standard deviations of outcomes were converted to ES with alongside 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Twenty-one moderate-to-high quality studies were included in the meta-analysis, and these included 511 participants. The main analyses revealed a significant moderate improvement in time-trial performance (i.e. distances between 2.0 and 5.0 km; ES = 0.88), without enhancements in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), velocity at VO2max, velocity at submaximal lactate levels, heart rate at submaximal velocities, stride rate at submaximal velocities, stiffness, total body mass or maximal strength performance. However, significant small-to-moderate improvements were noted for jump performance, rate of force development, sprint performance, reactive strength, and running economy (ES = 0.36–0.73; p < 0.001 to 0.031; I2 = 0.0% to 49.3%). JT is effective in improving physical fitness and athletic performance in endurance runners. Improvements in time-trial performance after JT may be mediated through improvements in force generating capabilities and running economy.
DRONE: Dual-Domain Residual-based Optimization NEtwork for Sparse-View CT Reconstruction

Deep learning has attracted rapidly increasing attention in the field of tomographic image reconstruction, especially for CT, MRI, PET/SPECT, ultrasound and optical imaging. Among various topics, sparse-view CT remains a challenge which targets a decent image reconstruction from very few projections. To address this challenge, in this article we propose a Dual-domain Residual-based Optimization NEtwork (DRONE). DRONE consists of three modules respectively for embedding, refinement, and awareness. In the embedding module, a sparse sinogram is first extended. Then, sparse-view artifacts are effectively suppressed in the image domain. After that, the refinement module recovers image details in the residual data and image domains synergistically. Finally, the results from the embedding and refinement modules in the data and image domains are regularized for optimized image quality in the awareness module, which ensures the consistency between measurements and images with the kernel awareness of compressed sensing. The DRONE network is trained, validated, and tested on preclinical and clinical datasets, demonstrating its merits in edge preservation, feature recovery, and reconstruction accuracy.
How do we react to cluttered displays? Evidence from the first seconds of visual search in websites

Abstract Display clutter is known to degrade search performance and lead to differences in eye movement measures in different contexts. The goal of this study was to determine whether these differences in eye movements could be detected in the first few seconds of a search task using a realistic display, both with or without time pressure. Participants were asked to search for image or word targets in 40 website screenshots. Time pressure was introduced for half the trials. Clutter algorithms were used to classify the websites as low- or high-clutter. Performance, subjective, and eye-tracking metrics were collected. Results showed that people’s attention allocation within the first 3 s of search is different when viewing high-clutter websites. In particular, people’s spread of attention was larger in high-clutter websites. The results can be used to detect whether a person is struggling with clutter early on after they view a display. Practitioner summary: Eye-tracking metrics showed that people react differently to a cluttered website in a variety of conditions. These differences were evident within the first 3 s of the search. The eye-tracking metrics identified can be used to detect people struggling with clutter as soon as they look at a website.