Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Simple Solution to Find the Distribution of TCP Window Sizes

The performance of Internet applications depends very much on the dynamics of TCP congestion window sizes. This paper presents a novel model of TCP congestion window sizes. In particular, we focus on the multiplicative-decrease phases of the TCP congestion window instead of additive-increase phases. With this focus, we derive a model and a novel solution for finding the distribution of TCP window sizes. Both simulations and experiments show that our proposed model and solution are accurate.
Pricing and Hedging Index Options with a Dominant Constituent Stock

In this paper, we examine the pricing and hedging of an index option where one constituent stock plays an overly dominant role in the index. Under a Geometric Brownian Motion assumption we compare the distribution of the relative value of the index if the dominant stock is modeled separately from the rest of the index (see Eq. 1), or not (see Eq. 2). The former is equivalent to the relative index value being distributed as the sum of two lognormal random variables Y = c1e1 + c2e2 , where Zi ∼ N(μi, σi), i = 1, 2 (1) and the latter is distributed as a single lognormal random variable X = c3e3 , where Zi ∼ N(μi, σi), i = 3. (2) Since X , Y in distribution, with Y having fatter tails, we compare the two models. The validity of this theoretical result is verified against empirical stock market data. We look at two main models representing these cases: first, we use numerical methods to solve the twodimensional problem directly (see Eq. 3); second, we make simplifying assumptions (see Eq. 4) to reduce the two-dimensional Black-Scholes problem to a one-dimensional Black-Scholes problem that can be solved analytically (see Eq. 5). The two-dimensional PDE for V(A,B,t) is Vt + 1 2 σAA VAA + ρσAσBABVAB + 1 2 σBB VBB + rAVA + rBVB − rV = 0 (3) with the terminal condition V(A, B,T ) = (K − A − B), where A is the dominant stock and B is the rest of the index. So our simplifying assumption is that VAA = VAB = VBB = VII and VA = VB = VI (4) from I = A + B, so we let α = A A+B to reduce the full PDE (see Eq. 3) to the one-dimensional PDE for V(I,t) Vt + 1 2 (σ)VII + rIVI − rV = 0 where (σ∗)2 = σAα + 2ρσAσBα(1 − α) + σB(1 − α) (5) with terminal condition V(I,T ) = (K − I). Since the terminal conditions are non-smooth the numerical methods are verified by comparison to a Monte Carlo simulated solution. Attributes of the models that we compare are the relative option price differences and expected hedging profits. We compare the models for various volatilities, dominance levels, correlations and risk free rates. This work is significant in options trading because when a stock becomes dominant in its index the distribution of the returns changes. Even if the effect is small, given the millions of dollars exposed to index option trades, it has a material impact.
The chemistry and biological profile of trovafloxacin.

The fluoroquinolone antibacterials are noted for their activity after oral administration and potent activity against Gram-negative pathogens. Trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) is a new quinolone antibacterial characterized by a novel 3-azabicyclo[3.1. 0]hexyl substituent at the C-7 position, which was discovered in the course of a programme targeting improved activity compared with ciprofloxacin against Gram-positive aerobic organisms and anaerobes, as well as an extended elimination half-life. An overview of the chemical properties of trovafloxacin is given. Trovafloxacin exhibits excellent potency against Gram-positive organisms and anaerobes, while retaining the potent Gram-negative activity of ciprofloxacin. Its pharmacokinetic properties in humans have been shown to be compatible with a once-daily dosing regimen. The combined spectrum and pharmacokinetics of trovafloxacin have been demonstrated to result in excellent efficacy in both animal models of infections and human clinical trials. Phase II and Phase III programmes have been completed.
Optimal Inventory Policy for Welding Electrode

This successful case study shows how OR tools can be incorporated in traditional shops where they were not used up to now. It deals with finding the optimal inventory policy for welding electrode in a large ferro-alloys manufacturing unit. This inventory problem was modeled using a probabilistic reorder point lot size system with constant lead time. It was decided to take the reviewing period to be one day. The optimal inventory policy is determined. The plant accepted the results and implemented the same. Their misplaced apprehension that shortages would arise was found to be incorrect.
Collaborative information seeking: consolidating the past, creating the future

The notion that information seeking is not always a solitary activity, and that people working in collaboration for information intensive tasks should be studied and supported, has become more prevalent in the recent years than ever before. The field of collaborative information seeking (CIS) is re-emerging, and bringing many researchers and practitioners from various disciplines. This workshop is an effort to gather a small and motivated set of such participants. The workshop will incorporate discussions on theoretical foundations of CIS as well as its applications. It will bring together researchers from both academia and industry, working in the fields of CSCW, CSCL, IR, HCI, and PIM to share their ideas, questions, and opinions on how theories and practices from different domains can be brought together to create a strong and rich path ahead for collaborative information seeking/retrieval/searching as well as collective information synthesis and sense-making.
Drosophila wingless: A paradigm for the function and mechanism of Wnt signaling

The link between oncogenesis and normal development is well illustrated by the study of the Wnt family of proteins. The first Wnt gene (int‐1) was identified over a decade ago as a proto‐oncogene, activated in response to proviral insertion of a mouse mammary tumor virus. Subsequently, the discovery that Drosophila wingless, a developmentally important gene, is homologous to int‐1 supported the notion that int‐1 may have a role in normal development. In the last few years it has been recognized that int‐1 and Wingless belong to a large family of related glyco‐proteins found in vertebrates and invertebrates. In recognition of this, members of this family have been renamed Wnts, an amalgam of int and Wingless. Investigation of Wnt genes in Xenopus and mouse indicates that Wnts have a role in cell proliferation, differentiation and body axis formation. Further analysis in Drosophila has revealed that Wingless function is required in several developmental processes in the embryo and imaginal discs. In addition, a genetic approach has identified some of the molecules required for the transmission and reception of the Wingless signal. We will review recent data which have contributed to our growing understanding of the function and mechanism of Drosophila Wingless signaling in cell fate determination, growth and specification of pattern.
Compact and High Gain Leaky-Wave Antenna Using Eighth-Mode SICC based Resonator

In this paper, a novel electrically small eighth-mode substrate integrated circular cavity (EMSICC) based compact leaky-wave antenna (LWA) in microstrip environment is presented. The proposed antenna uses a 1/8th mode SICC and fed by 50Ω microstrip line to resonate at dominant TM010 mode in X-band. The fabricated prototype is ∼ 5λ0 long. Based on proposed leaky-mode analysis method, a novel periodic leaky-wave antenna at 9–11 GHz is designed and fabricated. The measured 10 dB return loss bandwidth is 18.35%. Measured results show that the proposed leaky-wave antenna is able to scan within the desired frequency range with the frequency beam scanning range of 45° and maximum gain of 12.21 dBi keeping its possibilities to be used in military requirements for land, airborne and naval radars.
Experimentally simulating environmental change in a montane meadow system via reduced snowpack and passive warming: soil and plant responses

9 Introduction 10 Materials and Methods 14 Results 20 Discussion 24 Acknowledgements 28 References 28 CHAPTER 3. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 44 APPENDIX A. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN PHOTOS FOR CHAPTER 2 46 APPENDIX B. SUPPLEMENTAL FIGURES FOR CHAPTER 2 47
The preference between salary increase and more vacation time

In order to attract and retain skilled personnel companies must compete with other employers in terms of job content, salaries and other benefits. Two ways of compensating employees are an addition to the base salary or an addition to the employee’s amount of vacation days of the same monetary value as the base salary increase. Companies have limited resources, meaning that knowing if there are ways to attract certain employees more by offering an alternative to a base salary increase would be of interest. There is not much written on the preference of choosing vacation over money, but there are studies that have suggested that vacation would be a more valued option for some. In this study we build on this and add a deeper understanding on the preference in choosing between vacation and money. This thesis looks at how companies could refine their compensation package they offer to new or already employed personnel given their budget restrictions in looking into an alternative to a base salary increase. For an employee this means being able to choose. This thesis answers the questions if there are any relationships between an employee’s intrinsic motivation, job category (“position”) and that of amount of working hours in choosing extra vacation time over a base salary increase. Using a survey and interview data from Swedish IT companies this thesis finds no relation between an employee’s intrinsic motivation, job category or amount of working hours to the preference of choosing extra vacation over a base salary increase. However, this thesis finds a relation of age to the same preference, indicating that the older the employee the more likely he would be in choosing vacation over money. The implications are that companies could potentially increase their older employee retention rate by offering to interchange a base salary increase by an increase in the vacation days offered. Another implication is that in offering such an interchange neither the employee’s intrinsic motivation, the amount of hours worked or the job category of the employee are by themselves indicators that he or she would value vacation over money. Suggestions for further research to build upon this study are included at the end of the thesis.
Money, Banking, And Financial Markets In China

Part 1 Financial system in China: an overview the money and banking system before the reform reforming the banking system. Part 2 The money supply process: what is money? the money supply process monetary policies interest rates. Part 3 The demand for money: the velocity of money evidence of the monetization process inflation expectations and price instability the demand for money. Part 4 Money and inflation: price reforms and inflation models of inflation in China money and economic activity. Part 5 Financial markets in China: nonbank financial institutions the stock and bond markets.
Proteomic profiling of the hypothalamus in two mouse models of narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a disabling neurological disorder of sleepiness linked to the loss of neurons producing orexin neuropeptides in the hypothalamus. Two well‐characterized phenotypic mouse models of narcolepsy, loss‐of‐function (orexin‐knockout), and progressive loss of orexin (orexin/ataxin‐3) exist. The open question is whether the proteomics signatures of the hypothalamus would be different between the two models. To address this gap, we utilized a label‐free proteomics approach and conducted a hypothalamic proteome analysis by comparing each disease model to that of wild type. Following data processing and statistical analysis, 14 484 peptides mapping to 2282 nonredundant proteins were identified, of which 39 proteins showed significant differences in protein expression across groups. Altered proteins in both models showed commonalties in pathways for mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal degeneration, as well as altered proteins related to inflammatory demyelination, insulin resistance, metabolic responses, and the dopaminergic and monoaminergic systems. Model‐specific alterations in insulin degraded enzyme (IDE) and synaptosomal‐associated protein‐25 were unique to orexin‐KO and orexin/ataxin‐3, respectively. For both models, proteomics not only identified clinically suspected consequences of orexin loss on energy homeostasis and neurotransmitter systems, but also identified commonalities in inflammation and degeneration despite the entirely different genetic basis of the two mouse models.
Internal Debt and Multinationals' Tax Planning - Empirical Evidence from Panel Data

This paper investigates the determinants of internal debt issued by foreign affliates of multinational corporations. A theoretical analysis discusses the choice of the capital structure in a setting where internal debt can be used to shift taxable profits to low-tax countries and derives testable predictions. Empirical evidence on the tax sensitivity of internal debt is provided using micro-level panel data of virtually all German multinationals made available by the German central bank (Bundesbank). This comprehensive dataset allows us to exploit differences in taxing conditions of 175 countries over a period of ten years. The empirical results confirm a robust impact of tax-rate differences within the multinational group on the use of internal debt, supporting the profit-shifting hypothesis. However, the tax effects are rather small, suggesting that costs related to adjusting the capital structure are substantial.
Significance of contrast and structure features for an improved color image classification system

In general, the three main modules of color image classification systems are: color-to-grayscale image conversion, feature extraction and classification. The color-to-grayscale image conversion is the important pre-processing step which must incorporate the significant and discriminative contrast and structure information in the converted grayscale images as in the original color image. All the existing techniques for color-to-grayscale image conversion preserves the significant contrast and structure information in the converted grayscale images in different manners. Hence, the present work is to analyze the significant and discriminative contrast and structure information preserved in the converted grayscale images using two different decolorization techniques called rgb2gray and singular value decomposition based color-to-grayscale image conversion (SVD) applied in the color image classification systems using the three different proposed features. The three different features for color image classification systems are proposed based on the combination of the existing dense SIFT features and the contrast & structure content computed using color-to-gray structure similarity index (C2G-SSIM) metric.
Post-processing of MPEG2 coded video for transmission at lower bit rates

It is expected that most of the video services will be based on the MPEG2 standard and many of them using recorded streams. When compressed video is recorded, the characteristics of the channel through which it will be transmitted are assumed to be known beforehand. Therefore a great lack of flexibility arises in transmission of these streams when channels of diverse characteristics are used. If the same video programme is to be simultaneously distributed to several users through channels with different capacities, the service provider needs to keep several copies of that programme, each one encoded according to the corresponding channel characteristics. We show that it is only required to keep one copy of the coded data at its highest possible quality. Transcoding the main stream to lower rates is achieved with minimum delay. Therefore the transcoder is also capable of fast response to network demands to prevent packet loss.
Joint Attention is Slowed in Older Adults

Background/Study Context: The automatic propensity to orient to the location where other people are looking is the main way of establishing joint attention with others. Whereas joint attention has been mostly investigated with young adults, the present study examines age-related differences in the magnitude and time course of joint attention. Methods: Forty-three community-dwelling seniors and 43 younger adults performed a visuospatial task. The procedures closely follow those of gaze-cueing tasks commonly used to investigate joint attention. Results: The findings revealed that a gaze-cueing effect occurs for both younger and older adults, with an equivalent average magnitude but with different time courses. The effect peaks later in older adults. Conclusion: Age-related differences in joint attention could be linked to a more general cognitive slowing rather than to poorer basic social skills. The present study adds to the growing interest in gerontological research regarding social attention.
Titanium dioxide waveguides for data transmissions at 1.55 µm and 1.98 µm

We demonstrate error free transmissions of 10 Gbps signals in titanium dioxide waveguides at wavelengths of 1.55 or 2 µm. An efficient coupling of light is achieved thanks to metal grating couplers and we have checked that the component could be used with standard CWDM SFP+ devices.
Diversify Into European Markets to Enhance Revenue: A Strategy Proposed for the Las Vegas Strip and Atlantic City

In recent years, the casino industry in some European countries has experienced remarkable growth in gaming revenues. This study examines the growth momentum of casino gaming in Europe and its implications for casinos on the Las Vegas Strip and in Atlantic City. Five factors that make European markets attractive for U. S. casinos were considered: the fast growth of the European slot market; unfavorable tax structures and high legal barriers to entry into the European casino industry; the growth of leisure time; low spending on marketing by European casinos; and the use of European slot players to balance table games favored by Asian players. Based on these factors, this paper addressed the feasibility of Las Vegas Strip and Atlantic City casinos tapping European markets for more slot players. The study suggests that diversifying into European markets could help the two U.S. destinations in two ways-by enhancing the volume and improving the stability of their gaming revenues.
Hippocampal, amygdalar, and global brain atrophy in different apolipoprotein E genotypes

The &egr;4 allele of the APOE gene increases the risk for AD, whereas the &egr;2 allele may be protective. The authors assessed the impact of APOE genotype on hippocampal, amygdalar, and global brain atrophy as putative markers of preclinical AD in a nondemented population. Carriers of &egr;4 had significantly more hippocampal and amygdalar atrophy than &egr;3&egr;3 subjects, but not more global brain atrophy. Carriers of &egr;2 did not have less brain atrophy than &egr;3&egr;3 subjects.
Manifold reduction of moesin in fetal Down syndrome brain.

Moesin is a member of the ERM family and is involved in plasma membrane-actin cytoskeleton cross-linking, resulting cell adhesion, shape, and motility. Because moesin was shown to be highly expressed in growth cones and moesin/radixin suppression led to impaired structure and function of this key element in brain development, we tested the ERM family, ezrin, radixin, and moesin, in fetal Down syndrome (DS) cortex at the early second trimester. We applied two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with subsequent MALDI detection and identification of protein spots followed by quantification with specific software. Moesin was shown to be significantly and manifold reduced in fetal DS brain, whereas reduction of ezrin and radixin did not reach statistical significance. We therefore propose the involvement of moesin in developmental impairment of DS brain, including deteriorated arborisation, neuritic outgrowth, and neuronal migration. Furthermore, decreased moesin is the second F-actin bundling protein, besides drebrin, that is manifold reduced in fetal DS brain.
NMDA receptor regulation of memory and behavior in humans

N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction is associated with a range of effects on cognition and behavior in whole animal and human studies. NMDA receptor hypofunction within the brain, which can be induced experimentally in vivo using NMDA receptor antagonist drugs, produces adverse effects on memory function. The results suggest that NMDA receptor hypofunction can preferentially affect neural mechanisms regulating the efficiency of encoding and consolidation into longer‐term storage. More pronounced NMDA receptor hypofunction can produce a clinical syndrome that includes core features of psychosis, as well as dissociation. Finally, sustained and severe underexcitation of NMDA receptors in the adult brain is associated with a neurotoxic process with well‐characterized neuropathological features. Progressive increases in severity of NMDA receptor hypofunction within the brain can produce a range of effects on brain function, involving local and distributed circuitry, which may underlie the observed changes in behavior. As the brain ages, the NMDA receptor system becomes progressively hypofunctional, potentially contributing to further age‐related decreases in memory and learning performance. Pharmacological and genomic methods for preventing NMDA receptor hypofunction, or for preventing the upstream or downstream consequences modeled by treatment with NMDA antagonists, may be applicable to the prevention and treatment of memory and behavioral dysfunction in a variety of neuropsychiatric disease conditions. Hippocampus 2001;11:529–542. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pediatric window falls: not just a problem for children in high rises

Background: Window falls are a frequent cause of injury (15/100 000) among Chicago preschool children. In Boston and New York, public health efforts have successfully decreased window fall injuries. Local data are needed to develop appropriate interventions for Chicago. Objective: To describe the housing characteristics and types of injuries among children who fell from windows treated in a Chicago pediatric trauma center. Methods: Children treated in a pediatric trauma center for injuries related to window falls between 1995 and 2002 were identified retrospectively. We reviewed family demographics, the circumstances of the fall, and types of injuries. Site visits were performed to determine the height and type of building and type of window where the fall took place. Results: The authors reviewed 90 cases; 55 were male. The median age was 2 years. Ninety eight percent of falls were reported to be from the third floor or lower. Site visits (n = 77) showed that 96% of the buildings were four storeys or lower. The median length of hospital stay was two days (range 0–24 days). The most common injuries were head trauma and extremity fractures. Three patients died, and an additional three patients were discharged to rehabilitation centers. Conclusions: Some window falls result in serious injury. In Chicago, most falls were from modest heights (2nd/3rd floor windows) in buildings of four or fewer storeys, rather than from “high rises”. Strategies to prevent window falls should be directed to the owners and occupants of this type of housing.