Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding the basic principles implied in green traffic routing

The aim of green traffic routing is to reduce the extra energy cost in a network while still satisfying the traffic demand. The extra energy cost can be found from the line card, a device used to switch the traffic of the links. We study the mechanism of green traffic routing and find out basic principles behind it: first, traffic should be routed along paths with small hops; second, the ratio of the power consumption of line cards to the traffic amount though the link should be as small as possible. Based on these principles, we suggest that the line card manufacturing should be more flexible and various, which can also produce some line cards with small capacity and small power to adapt for the goal of green networking. Besides, we propose that the network can dynamically configure all the different line cards in need rather than only make a sleeping of pre-positioned line cards without changing their installation any more.
Fabrication of portable HSDPA USB dongle

The construction of portable HSDPA USB dongle is studied. Of course, data service such as GPRS and EDGE are also supported. In the multi-mode operation of GPRS & EDGE exit GSM850, EGSM, GSM1800 and GSM1900. For WCDMA & HSDPA, Band I, II, and V are treated in our dongle. So, the dongle must fulfill the requirements for multi-mode and multi-band services. The power regulator with LDO is indicated to have the heat problem and leads to adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) fail even drop the call. Change LDO to Bulk can overcome the temperature rising, but produce switching noise, which will cause the in-band noise and sensitivity degradation. The solutions to the wireless in-band noise are proposed. Also the transient peak current for GSM transmitter is solved.
Visual dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: Relation to normal aging

In patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), compared with age‐matched and young healthy control subjects, visual deficits in the following functions were observed: color, stereoacuity, contrast sensitivity, and backward masking (homogeneous and pattern). Critical flicker fusion thresholds were normal, relative to age‐matched healthy subjects. For color, the majority of the errors were tritanomalous (blue axis). Color and stereoacuity deficits were unrelated to severity of dementia, in accordance with models of vision that describe these functions as modular rather than diffuse for cortical localization. Although contrast sensitivity was depressed throughout the frequency range in AD, more patients were impaired at low than at high spatial frequencies, contrasting with the observed normal aging pattern of high‐frequency loss. Healthy elderly subjects showed depressed critical flicker fusion thresholds and reduced contrast sensitivity at high frequencies, relative to the young group; differences between these groups were not found for the other vision tests. A subset of the AD group received detailed neuro‐ophthalmological examination, and no abnormalities were found. This finding, taken together with normal thresholds for critical flicker fusion, suggests that the widespread visual dysfunction reported here is more likely to be related to known pathological changes in primary visual and association cortex in AD than to changes in the retina or optic nerve.
Limits and power of the simplest uniform and self-stabilizing phase clock algorithm

In this paper, the phase clock algorithm which stabilizes on general graphs is studied on anonymous rings. The authors showed that this K-clock algorithm works with K/spl ges/2D, where D is the diameter of the graph. We prove that this algorithm works on unidirectional (bidirectional) rings iff K satisfies K>K'K/K'+n(2K>2K'-K/K'+n, respectively) where K' is the greatest divisor of K (K'/spl ne/K) and n is the size of the ring. From this characterization, we show that any ring stabilizes with some K<2D if K is odd. We also prove that, if K is prime, unidirectional and bidirectional rings stabilize with K<2[n/2]/spl sime/D and K<2[n/3]/spl sime/4D/3, respectively. Finally, we generalize the algorithm to synchronize any ring with any clock value.
Coronary obstruction following TAVI valve‐in‐valve: Could we prevent it?

With great interest we read the publication of Gurvitch et al. [1] and want to congratulate the authors for their important contribution to a rapidly growing field: catheter-guided valve implantation and in particular into a degenerated, surgically implanted bioprosthesis. Our institution has a rapidly growing TAVI program and we are on a regular basis confronted with this subgroup of patients, either at very high or too high risk to undergo repeat valve surgery. Unfortunately, many of these old patients are considerably small and fragile, carrying very small implants. This fact is one of our concerns after reading the publication. The patients about whom Gurvitch et al. reported had a previously implanted 21-mm Mitroflow. According to the manufacturers’ information, the inner diameter of the prosthesis is 17.4 mm. As surgeons being confronted with redo aortic valve surgery in degenerated prostheses, we regularly experience tremendous amounts of pannus ingrowth in such instances. The very limited space in the annulus of those patients is even more narrowed by this fact. In our experience with valve-in-valve TAVI procedures, we could reliably measure the available space inside the annulus of the bioprostheses smaller than the one labeled by the manufacturing company. The size 23 is the smallest available Edwards Sapien. According to the manufacturers’ instructions, it needs at least an annulus of 18 mm to be implanted. But in contrast to TAVI procedures as first intervention, in the valve-in-valve procedures, the ring of the previously implanted prosthesis is non-elastic and will not give way during TAVI. Therefore have the size limits to be respected very vigorously. Owing to these two facts, we have not moved to implant a Sapien valve into too small annuli because we are convinced that there is not enough space to fully expand the Sapien. This has the potential of leaving some sort of dysfunction, be it a high transvalvular gradient or intravalvular leak due to malcoaptation of the leaflets. This issue regarding space is supported by the post-implantation radiographs of the Sapien 23 into the Mitroflow 21shown in the publication (Figs. 2B, 3, and 4): A substantial crowning effect can be detected, indicating that the inflow portion of the Sapien is relative to the size of the outflow portion which represents full expansion by far too small. Or formulating it differently, the aortic root being large enough to house a 21 Mitroflow is potentially too small to take a 23-mm Edwards Sapien. This in our opinion lead to an overexpansion of the Mitroflow struts, moving the tissue all the way to the sinusoidal wall and obstructing the coronary ostia. The ‘‘space issue’’ may be aggravated by the fact that the aortic root in small and old patients very often has a tubular shape rather than that of a pear. Keeping all these facts in mind, we abandoned to implant a 23 Sapien XT into a Mitroflow 21 as a valve in valve procedure.
Jejunal Crohn's disease is associated with a higher postoperative recurrence rate than ileocaecal Crohn's disease

Objective Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory, panintestinal disease of uncertain aetiology. The recurrence rate of Crohn's disease, often taken as the time when further surgical procedure is undertaken, has been reported to be as high as 76% in 10 years. The site of the disease has not yet been associated with the recurrence rate of Crohn's disease. The aim of the study was to compare the outcome of patients who were surgically treated for jejunal Crohn's disease to those whose diseases was confined to the ileocaecal region.
Nutritional requirements and respiratory pattern of pertussis-parapertusis-bronchisepticus group of microorganisms.

Eldering and Kendrick(1) already pointed out that Haemophilus pertussis , B. parapertussis and Brucella bronchiseptica are closely related to each other in serological and some other respects and therefore the pertussis bacillus is a misfit in the genus Haemophilus, and suggested that these three species could suitably be included in the same genus. Along this line , we studied the antigenic structures of three species of organisms by means of agglutination and absorp tion reaction and a part of the experimental results were already reported(2),(3). A same kind of study was reported by Andersen(4) , who analyzed the K-and O-antigens of these organisms . In this paper, the nutritional requirements and the respiratory patterns of these three species of organisms are submitted to a comparative study and their taxonomical significances are discussed. Studies were already made of synthetic or semisynthetic media of H. pertussis by Hornibrook(5) followed by Cohen, and Wheeler(6), Verwey and Sage(7) , and Verwey, Thiele, Sage and Schuchardt(8). Amino acids requirements in synthetic media were studied by Kuwabara(9)(10), Imamura(11) and Arai(12) . As for the terminal respiratory pattern of H. pertussis, Abe(19)(20)(21) has published papers evidencing the
The Long-Term Trend of the RMB Exchange Rate in the Context of Internationalization

This paper analyzes and compares more than 100 countries' purchasing power parity and exchange rate of 2005 with 1993 and 2005 as the benchmark year respectively, based on the data from the International Comparison Program (ICP). The results reveal that: (1) For a developing country, the exchange rate gradually tents toward the purchasing power parity given a period of sustained rapid economic growth. (2) For a developed economy, the long-term equilibrium exchange rate is actually the purchasing power parity. Finally, by using the dynamic purchasing power parity theory for a series of analyzes and demonstrations, in this paper we conclude that appreciation of the RMB will be the long-term trend.
Influence of nymphal Anax imperator (Odonata: Aeshnidae) on oviposition by the mosquito Culiseta longiareolata (Diptera: Culicidae) and community structure in temporary pools.

We assessed the overall (consumptive plus non-consumptive) and non-consumptive effects of nymphal Anax imperator (Aeshnidae: Odonata) on experimental pool communities by comparing three treatments: (1) control (no Anax); (2) free Anax (Anax was not constrained); and (3) caged Anax (Anax, enclosed within a cage, could not consume prey outside the cages, but could possibly influence them via perceived risk of predation). Fewer egg rafts of the mosquito Culiseta longiareolata were found in the free Anax treatment compared to the other two treatments. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of egg rafts between control and caged Anax pools. Thus, while Culiseta females apparently oviposit fewer egg rafts in the presence of unconstrained Anax, they did not respond to predation risk from the caged Anax. Larval Culiseta densities were drastically reduced by free Anax; there was nearly a 100% reduction in the number reaching metamorphosis (pupae) and a 100% reduction in emergence (pupal exuviae). There were no significant treatment effects on densities of crustaceans, Daphnia magna and Heterocypris sp. , or on chironomid pupal exuviae. Ceratopogonid pupal abundance was higher in free Anax pools than in the other two treatments toward the end of the experiment. Free Anax caused a trophic cascade, presumably by strongly reducing the dominant periphyton grazer, Culiseta larvae; periphyton mass was greater in the free Anax treatment than in the control. However, there was no behavioral trophic cascade, i.e., no difference in periphyton abundance between the control and caged Anax treatment.
Does age at onset support a dimensional relationship between Bipolar II disorder and major depressive disorder?

The current categorical splitting of bipolar and depressive disorders has been questioned. Age at onset is an important variable used to support such a division. Study aim was to assess the distribution of age at onset between bipolar II disorder (BP-II) and major depressive disorder (MDD), and onset age-bipolar family history, onset age-BP-II diagnosis dose–response relationships. No bi-modal distribution and no presence of dose–response relationships would not support a categorical distinction between BP-II and MDD. Consecutive 389 BP-II and 261 MDD major depressive episode (MDE) outpatients were interviewed with the DSM-IV Structured Clinical Interview and the Family History Screen, by a mood specialist psychiatrist in a private practice. Age at onset was defined as age at onset of the first MDE. Distribution of age at onset between BP-II and MDD was studied by Kernel density estimate and histogram methods, dose–response relationships by ROC analysis. BP-II, versus MDD, had significantly lower age at onset, more recurrences, and more bipolar family history. Kernel density estimate and histogram distributions of age at onset showed no bi-modality. Likelihood ratios between age at onset and bipolar family history loading, and between age at onset and BP-II diagnosis, showed dose–response relationships. The bi-modality and dose–response approaches, versus classic diagnostic validators, seem to support a dimensional relationship between BP-II and MDD.
The histone deacetylase Hda1 from Ustilago maydis is essential for teliospore development

In the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis, pathogenic development is controlled by the b mating type locus that encodes the two homeodomain proteins bE and bW. A heterodimer of bE and bW controls a large set of genes, either directly by binding to cis regulatory sequences or indirectly via a b‐dependent regulatory cascade. It is thought that several of the b‐regulated genes contribute to processes involved in pathogenicity. In a screen for components of the b‐dependent regulatory cascade we have isolated Hda1, a protein with homology to histone deacetylases of the RPD3 class. Hda1 can substitute for the histone deacetylase RPD3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, showing that it functions as a histone deacetylase. Deletion of hda1 results in the expression of several genes that are normally expressed only in the dikaryon, among these are several genes that are now expressed independently from their activation by the bE/bW heterodimer. hda1 mutant strains are capable to infect corn, and the proliferation of dikaryotic hyphae within the plant appears comparable to wild‐type strains during initial developmental stages. Upon karyogamy, however, the proliferation to mature teliospores is blocked. The block in sporogenesis in Δhda1 strains is probably a result of the deregulation of a specific set of genes whose temporal or spatial expression prevent the proper developmental progress.
Effects of acetylcholine on the Na+–K+ pump current in guinea‐pig ventricular myocytes

1 The whole‐cell patch clamp technique was used to study the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on Na+‐K+ pump current (Ip) in acutely isolated guinea‐pig ventricular myocytes. Studies were performed in the absence and presence of the β‐agonist isoprenaline (Iso). 2 ACh had no effect on Ip at low or high [Ca2+]i at any voltage in the absence of Iso. Iso alone inhibited Ip at low [Ca2+]i and shifted the Ip–V relationship at high [Ca2+]i in a negative direction. Addition of 1 μm ACh reversed these effects of Iso. K0.5 for the effects of ACh was about 16 nm, regardless of [Ca2+]i. 3 The actions of ACh on the heart are usually mediated via muscarinic receptors. Atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, blocked the effects of ACh on Ip in the presence of Iso, suggesting that these effects are also mediated by muscarinic receptors. 4 Muscarinic receptors are usually coupled to a Gi protein, leading to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a reduction of cAMP levels. We have shown previously that basal levels of cAMP are very low in guinea‐pig ventricular myocytes, and that a membrane‐permeant cAMP analogue, chlorophenylthio‐cAMP (CPTcAMP), mimics the effects of Iso. ACh did not reverse the effects of CPTcAMP, supporting the hypothesis that the effects of ACh on Ip are also mediated via inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. 5 The present results suggest that a high level of parasympathetic tone alone does not affect the activity of ventricular Na+–K+ pumps. However, if sympathetic tone is high, then muscarinic stimulation can reciprocally modulate Na+–K+ pump activity.
Wideband Receivers: Design Challenges, Tradeoffs and State-of-the-Art

A universal wideband receiver supporting multi-band multi-standard wireless communications offers the prospective for cost reduction and flexibility improvement of next-generation handheld devices. Unlike the traditional narrowband receivers that are tailored for specific standards and are assisted by dedicated SAW filters to restrict the input signals (frequency and power), SAW-less wideband receivers are fully exposed to the dynamic spectrum conditions, stimulating circuits and systems innovation to surmount the challenges while keeping up the integration level, power and area efficiencies. This article outlines the design challenges and fundamental tradeoffs of wideband receivers, and describes how they can be addressed by three circuit techniques: noise cancelling, N-path filtering and N-path mixing improving the noise figure, out-of-band linearity and harmonic-rejection capability, respectively. Case studies of silicon-proven solutions representing the state-of-the-art are included, illustrating the pros and cons of different implementation and combination of such three techniques. Architecturally those wideband receivers can be classified as: i) current-mode passive-mixer receiver; ii) voltage-mode passive-mixer receiver; iii) current-mode active-mixer receiver, and iv) current-mode parallel active/passive-mixer receiver. This article should be relevant to junior designers preparing to jump-start in this evolving field, and experience designers intended to collectively compare the existing solutions before further development.
Erratic gastric emptying of levodopa may cause “random” fluctuations of parkinsonian mobility

The pathogenesis of "random" fluctuations in parkinsonian mobility, which are not clearly related to the dosing schedule of levodopa, has not been determined. We rated parkinsonian mobility and assayed plasma dopa in one patient with clinically random fluctuations during two modes of administration of levodopa/carbidopa: (1) standard oral route and (2) direct duodenal delivery via nasoduodenal tube. During oral therapy, mobility varied unpredictably in relation to levodopa dosing, suggesting a clinically random pattern. During duodenal delivery, however, a predictable and dramatic pattern of recurrent end-of-dose deterioration was observed; each intraduodenal levodopa dose resulted in 60 to 90 minutes of benefit. Plasma dopa levels correlated closely with mobility ratings for both modes of administration. Our findings indicate that erratic gastric emptying of levodopa is responsible for apparently "random" oscillations in mobility in at least one patient with Parkinson's disease and probably in others.
A low power relaxation oscillator with process insensitive auto-calibration scheme

In this paper, we present an auto-calibrated process insensitive relaxation oscillator. A process sensitivity of 1.36% is achieved by automatically sensing the output clock frequency spread and alternatively adjusting the capacitor-used for charging and discharging. In addition, a time to digital converter is adopted for tuning the compensating capacitor. Moreover, the proposed oscillator with on-chip calibration scheme, implemented by UMC 0. 18μm 1P6M standard process, is validated by our reported extensive post-layout simulation results. A frequency of 32.7 kHz can be generated by operating the system under 1V supply voltage.
A Perspective from Extinct Radionuclides on a Young Stellar Object: The Sun and Its Accretion Disk

Meteorites, which are remnants of solar system formation, provide a direct glimpse into the dynamics and evolution of a young stellar object (YSO), namely our Sun. Much of our knowledge about the astrophysical context of the birth of the Sun, the chronology of planetary growth from micrometer- sized dust to terrestrial planets, and the activity of the young Sun comes from the study of extinct radionuclides such as 26 Al (t1/2 = 0.717 Myr). Here we review how the signatures of extinct radionuclides (short-lived isotopes that were present when the solar system formed and that have now decayed below detection level) in planetary materials influence the current paradigm of solar system formation. Particular attention is given to tying meteorite measurements to remote astronomical observations of YSOs and modeling efforts. Some extinct radionuclides were inherited from the long-term chem- ical evolution of the Galaxy, others were injected into the solar system by a nearby supernova, and some were produced by particle irradiation from the T-Tauri Sun. The chronology inferred from extinct radionuclides reveals that dust agglomeration to form centimeter-sized particles in the inner part of the disk was very rapid (<50 kyr), planetesimal formation started early and spanned several million years, planetary embryos (possibly like Mars) were formed in a few million years, and terrestrial planets (like Earth) completed their growths several tens of million years after the birth of the Sun.
Osteoprotegerin inhibits tumor‐induced osteoclastogenesis and bone tumor growth in osteopetrotic mice

Osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin ligand have recently been identified as novel proteins that inhibit and stimulate, respectively, osteoclast formation. We examined the possibility that osteoprotegerin would inhibit cancer‐induced osteoclastogenesis and cancer growth in bone. An experimental model was used in which osteolytic tumors are known to stimulate osteoclastogenesis and grow in femora of osteoclast‐deficient mice (op/op). Osteoprotegerin treatment decreased the number of osteoclasts by 90% (p < 0.0007) at sites of tumor in a dose‐dependent manner and decreased bone tumor area by greater than 90% (p < 0.003). The mechanisms through which osteoprotegerin decreased osteoclast formation in tumor‐bearing animals included (a) an osteoprotegerin‐mediated, systemic reduction in the number of splenic and bone marrow‐residing osteoclast precursor cells. (b) a decrease in the number of osteoclast precursor cells at sites of tumor as detected by cathepsin K and receptor activator of NFkB mRNA expression, and (c) a decrease in osteoprotegerin ligand mRNA at sites of tumor. These findings suggest that osteoprotegerin treatment, in addition to having direct antagonistic effects on endogenous osteoprotegerin ligand, decreases the number of osteoclast precursors and reduces production of osteoprotegerin ligand at sites of osteolytic tumor.
The biochemistry and biology of extracellular plant lipid‐transfer proteins (LTPs)

Plant lipid‐transfer proteins (LTPs) are abundant, small, lipid binding proteins that are capable of exchanging lipids between membranes in vitro. Despite their name, a role in intracellular lipid transport is considered unlikely, based on their extracellular localization. A number of other biological roles, including antimicrobial defense, signaling, and cell wall loosening, have been proposed, but conclusive evidence is generally lacking, and these functions are not well correlated with in vitro activity or structure. A survey of sequenced plant genomes suggests that the two biochemically characterized families of LTPs are phylogenetically restricted to seed plants and are present as substantial gene families. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of LTP biochemistry, as well as the evidence supporting the proposed in vivo roles of these proteins within the emerging post‐genomic framework.