Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Problems of Conducting Language Acquisition Research on Different Languages and in Different Societies

Different languages are studied in terms of intra-genealogical and inter-genealogical studies. The key feature in an intra-genealogical study is that the same method of analyzing longitudinal data is used in all languages. In inter-genealogical studies, features are investigated independent of language families. Studies of this type range from small-scale studies including two languages to larger studies with a number of languages. Such typological studies provide in-depth insights into how children acquiring different languages are compared in the acquisition of a specific feature. A key characteristic here is the justification for the choice of languages. The choice of languages depends on the variables researchers in the realm of language acquisition are interested in. The related question is the problems of language acquisition research on different languages and in different societies by locating the difficulty in this field regarding different languages and in some part endangered languages. It is concluded that the problems related to this field can be minimized by considering variations across languages such as phonological systems, words, verb morphology, variation in contexts, and methods for investigating language acquisition.
INVISIBLE HANDS IN PEASANTRY: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY TO UNDERSTAND THE INTERFACE BETWEEN LAND AND GENDER IN UTTARAKHAND

The land is one of the most significant assets which determine the social status and economic prosperity in the community. The bond between land and community develops a sense of land possession which is manifested in an emotional way associated with clan, kin and community. Hence land in the discipline of anthropology has enticed an indigenous perception of territoriality and communal ownership. In the tribal community, land is not sold rather it is inherited from one generation to another. The present article talks about land through the lens of gender illustrating the case studies from Rana Tharu in the village Purangarh, Udham Singh Nagar district, Uttarakhand. The relationship between land and gender has been analysed by underscoring the role of gender concerning asset holding and the inheritance pattern of land. The various aspects such as land allocation to women, the female-headed households and challenges faced by women in the access to land are explored in the article.
Predicting radio refractivity using a stochastic model: Preliminary Studies

The radio refractivity is a very important phenomena in communication. This paper attempts to model the radio refractivity over a tropical station (Akure, Southwestern Nigeria) with the aim of predicting future values. Atmospheric variables (temperature, pressure and relative humidity) were obtained over a year using a Davis Pro weather station. Differencing of the data was carried out to ensure stationarity. Suitable lags were obtained using the Box-Jenkins approach. Based on the model parameters, predictions were made. The predictions were found to be good for a period of about 6 days into the future.
Influence of Pre-washing on Quality of Cooked Rice Maintained at a Constant Temperature (Influence of Cooking Conditions on Quality of Cooked Rice-Part 1)

Three samples of rice, di # ering by variety and by place and year of harvest, were pre-washed either once or three times, and then cooked and then kept warm inside a jar rice cooker for up to ,. hours. Taking into account the time of warming that had elapsed, the quality and ﬂavor of the rice were examined. The results showed that depending on the length of warming, rice that had been washed three times tended to show less deterioration in quality, from the point of view of ﬂavor, color tone and smell, than rice that had been washed once. Principal component analysis showed that the dispersion trends of the samples di # ered according to the number of washes. It was shown that an increase in the number of washes has a consistent e # ect in maintaining the quality of rice that is kept at a constant temperature.
Problems of Language variation and Grammatical Changes in English

This Research paper discusses the problems of language variation and grammatical changes in English. Language change has been the object of numerous researches and it is often applied for studying the nature of systematic variability. The author attempts to prove that the interest in language variation focuses mostly on differences that have some social significance. A key term in the study of linguistic variation is the notion of linguistic variable. The paper gives insight into the methodology of eliciting, analyzing and evaluating the data for the analysis of language variation and change. Also some preliminary results are suggested explaining grammatical variation within the forms of nominal number.
Acne Management in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (Review article)

Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in Females. Hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and morphology are the main feature of polycystic ovaries syndrome. Acne is one of the characteristic of hyperandrogenism that may have a negative impact on a female’s life. Aim The aim of this review is to explore different treatment approaches for acne in PCOS patients. Methods PubMed, Cochrane and Embase, databases were investigated for acne treatment in polycystic ovary syndrome using the terms, acne management, acne management in PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome. Results Hormonal contraceptives are first-choice therapy for treating acne in PCOS patients either as monotherapy or combined with standard topical acne therapy. Spironolactone, oral antibiotics, and metformin as secondline medications, and Isotretinoin for severe and refractory acne. Conclusions According to a multitude of studies, different treatment approaches can be used in the treatment of PCOS patients with acne. Treatment selection is dependent on several factors including clinical presentation, patient’s age, medical history patient preference and pregnancy.
GAS ODORANTS – SAFE HANDLING, HEALTH, AND ENVIRONMENT

In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), within the Department of Labor, administers the implementation of the Federal Right-to-Know (RTK) laws embodied under 29 CFR 1910.1200. This particular regulation covers hazard communication. As a result, chemical producers and importers are required to provide Material Safety Data Sheets describing any associated hazards of chemicals per the directives of 29 CFR 1910.1200. On March 26, 2012, OSHA issued a final ruling announcing a modification of the current Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) to conform to the provisions of the United Nations (UN) Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of the Classification and Labeling of Chemicals moving away from a performance based standard. The United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods formally adopted GHS in 2002 (Hazard Communication 2012). The goal of the GHS is to provide a set of harmonized criteria to classify chemicals according to their health and physical hazards. Under the revised HCS (also referred to as HazCom 2012), changes involve the use of “signal” words (i.e. Danger or Warning), pictograms, hazard and precautionary statements (Refer to fig. A). This information will be required for both the material safety data sheet (now called Safety Data Sheet (SDS)) and labels. More importantly, this final ruling should improve the quality and consistency of hazard information provided by chemical producers and importers (OSHA 2012).
LINKING THE GARDNER AND CAMPBELL MODELS FOR WATER RETENTION AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY IN NEAR-SATURATED SOIL

Linking the classical Gardner and Campbell models for soil hydraulic properties yields a combined Gardner-Campbell (GC) relationship for predicting unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K) from soil-water retention. The new GC water retention and hydraulic conductivity relationships are described by simple linearized expressions based on Campbell-b-scaled values of volumetric soil-water content (&thgr;). The GC hydraulic properties models include four parameters, the pore connectivity parameter x (typically between 1 and 2), the Campbell pore size distribution parameter b, the Gardner macroscopic capillary length &lgr;, and the air-entry soil-water matric potential (&psgr;)e. In the GC model for K(&thgr;), these parameters are merged into a single dimensionless parameter, A. The GC models are applied to seven different undisturbed soils within a soil-water matric potential &psgr; with a range of 0 to −60 cm H2O. Results show that the simple GC &psgr;(&thgr;) model adequately describes water retention data close to saturation, and that the GC K(&thgr;) model performs well for predicting near-saturated hydraulic conductivity. The GC water retention and hydraulic conductivity parameters were incorporated into Wooding's equation for steady-state infiltration rate to examine the effects of variability in physical characteristics on infiltration. The steady-state infiltration rate was less sensitive to the GC water retention and hydraulic conductivity parameters than the saturated hydraulic conductivity. The GC models, which combine advantages of the Gardner model for linearization of the Richards' equation and the simple Campbell model for soil-water retention, seem useful for describing or predicting near-saturated soil hydraulic properties and for stochastic simulations of field-scale water infiltration.
Efficacy of Ultraviolet Light in Combination with Chemical Preservatives for the Reduction of Escherichia coli in Apple Cider

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) regulations for juice manufacture require the application of a process that will result in a 5-log reduction (99.999%) of the pertinent pathogen in the juice being processed. The use of ultraviolet (UV) light, as an alternative to traditional thermal processing, has been adopted by some juice processors as a means of meeting the HACCP 5-log performance standard. However, little research had been performed to determine the effect of UV when used in combination with antimicrobial agents that are commonly added to juice products. Therefore, the objectives of this work were (1) to determine if chemical preservatives and ultraviolet light have a combined effect on the reduction of Escherichia coli in apple cider, and (2) to determine the influence of adding chemical preservatives at different points in the processing of juice (i.e., either prior to or after ultraviolet light processing) on the reduction of Escherichia coli in apple cider. In this study, refrigerated (4°C) pasteurized apple cider that contained no added preservatives was inoculated with E. coli ATCC 25922, a surrogate strain for E. coli O157:H7, and exposed to UV (peak output: 254 nm). The following chemical preservatives were added to apple cider either prior to or after UV exposure: dimethyl dicarbonate (75 and 150 ppm), hydrogen peroxide (75 and 150 ppm), potassium sorbate (1000 and 2000 ppm), and sodium benzoate (1000 and
The Mathematics of Card Shuffling

A Markov chain is a random process {Xt}, where, in discrete time, t ∈ Z+ and in continuous time, t ∈ R+ and the Xt’s take values in some state space S, such that given the process up to time t, the distribution of the future of the process only depends on Xt. When S is the symmetric group, i.e. the set of permutations of a number of elements, we think of the Markov chain as a card shuffling chain. In this course, all Markov chains will live on a finite state space S. By enumerating the states 1, 2, . , |S|, we may identify S with [|S|] = {1, 2, . , |S|}. A Markov chain in discrete time, {X0, X1, X2, . } is governed by the starting distribution P(X0 ∈ ·) and the transition matrix P = [pij]i,j∈S where the pij’s are the transition probabilities
Effects of Jasmonate on insect pests and natural enemies in Bt and non-Bt cotton fields

Worldwide, organic cotton production and processing is largely at an experimental level. Although occupying a niche market, organic cotton production is steadily increasing, which increases the need for biological control research. Foliar jasmonic acid applications are known to change levels of polyphenol oxidase in plants; polyphenol oxidase is an oxidative enzyme implicated in resistance against several insect herbivores. Our experiments were aimed at evaluating the effects of jasmonic acid (Jasmonate) applications on late stage (910 weeks after planting) and early stage (6-7 weeks after planting) cotton as a means of attracting natural enemies, and thus reducing the impact of insect pests on different cotton cultivars, including transgenic cultivars expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) endotoxins (Bt). In late stage cotton, treatments consisted of: (i) conventional cotton (Stoneville 474), (ii) conventional cotton + Jasmonate, (iii) transgenic cotton (Deltapine NuCOTN 33B), and (iv) transgenic cotton + Jasmonate. Treatments in early stage cotton consisted of: (i) glyphosate-resistant transgenic cotton (DPL 420 R), (ii) glyphosate-resistant transgenic cotton + Jasmonate, (iii) glyphosate-resistant, Bt transgenic cotton (DPL 420 BR), and (iv) glyphosate-resistant, Bt transgenic cotton + Jasmonate. Lower numbers of cotton pests (fleahopper, boll weevil, bollworm and cotton aphid) were present on Jasmonate treated plants compared to un-treated plants in the late and early stages. In contrast, cotton of both stages treated with Jasmonate recruited greater numbers of fire ants, Orius, spiders, lacewings, syrphids, Scymnus, and coccinellids relative to untreated cotton. Moreover, the effects of Jasmonate increased with time for both predators and cotton fleahoppers: effects were weak one and three days after application, and moderate to strong seven days after application. In general, Bt cultivars (with or without Jasmonate) hosted higher numbers of natural enemies than non-Bt cultivars. The effects of Jasmonate treatment on predation of sentinel beet armyworm eggs were variable, with greater predation rates at three (but not 10) days after application in late stage cotton, and at 10 (but not three) days after application in early stage cotton. Parasitism rates were greater in Jasmonate-treated cotton at three and 10 days after application in both late and early stage cotton. Overall, the results suggested that Jasmonate applications contributed to indirect pest resistance in both Bt and non-Bt cultivars by recruiting greater numbers of natural enemies with minimal effects on pests. Although greater numbers of cotton fleahopper were recruited, this species acts as both a pest and predator in cotton. Enzyme elicitors such as Jasmonate may be valuable pest management tools, especially when pest densities are high.
Marine calcification as a source of carbon dioxide : positive feedback of increasing atmospheric CO2

Calcification is a well-recognized source of CO2 to the surrounding water and thus a potential source of atmospheric CO2 due to chemical equilibria involving the CO2 species. The released CO2: precipitated carbonate ratio (Ψ) has recently been estimated to be 0.6 in seawater (taking into account the buffering capacity of the latter). We report an analytical expression enabling the computation of this ratio. Calculations show that the amount of CO2 that must be released to equilibrate seawater increases with increasing partial pressure of CO2 in seawater (pCO2), which results from human impact on atmospheric CO2. We show that at 15°C Ψ increased from 0.55 during the time of glaciation to 0.67 at present and would increase to 0.84 for a pCO2 of 1,000 µatm. Doubling the preindustrial pCO2 value results in a total CO2 source of ∼5 Gt C (taking into account the described buffering effect).
An update to the LIFEtime-perspective CardioVascular Disease (LIFE-CVD) model for prediction of individualized lifetime benefit from cardiovascular risk factor management in apparently healthy people

Introduction The previously developed LIFEtime-perspective CardioVascular Disease (LIFE-CVD) model can be used to predict lifetime cardiovascular disease risk, CVD-free life expectancy, and lifetime benefit from cardiovascular risk factor treatment in apparently healthy people aged 45 to 80 years. However, there was an unmet need to be able to apply the model in patients younger than 45 years, and to accurately estimate treatment effects in patients with a life expectancy exceeding 90 years. Aim Update the LIFE-CVD model to enable application of the model in people aged 35 to 89 years, and to allow more accurate estimation of treatment effects in patients with a life expectancy exceeding 90 years. Methods The study was conducted using data from the same studies as were used for derivation and validation of the original model, including the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) cohort, and the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Netherlands (EPIC-NL) and EPIC-Norfolk cohort studies. Age-specific baseline survivals were smoothed by predicting the progression of baseline survivals with age, using a local polynomial regression function and a exponential function for CVD, and non-CVD mortality baseline survivals respectively. Using these functions, baseline survivals were then extrapolated to the age range of 35 to 100 years. External validation using the newly updated baseline survivals was performed. Results Performance of the updated model was not dissimilar from the original model, with C-statistics for discrimination ranging from 0.70-0.76 in the external study populations. Calibration plots showed a good agreement between predicted and observed 10-year CVD risks. Estimation of treatment effects in patients with a life expectancy exceeding 90 years was improved. Conclusion This update of the LIFE-CVD model improves the clinical usability of the model by increasing the age range and improving the method of estimation of lifetime treatment effects.
Bis(diphenylphosphino)methane and related ligands as hydrogen bond donors

A search of the Cambridge Structural Database reveals that the methylene group of coordinated bis(diphenylphosphino)methane and related ligands can act as a hydrogen bond donor, with H···O distances as short as 2.20 A; analogous C–H···Cl– interactions are a feature of the packing of dppmSe complexes of silver(I) and gold(I).
A Whipple $_7F_6$ formula revisited

A well-known formula of Whipple relates certain hypergeometric values $_7F_6(1)$ and $_4F_3(1)$. In this paper we revisit this relation from the viewpoint of the underlying hypergeometric data $HD$, to which there are also associated hypergeometric character sums and Galois representations. We explain a special structure behind Whipple's formula when the hypergeometric data $HD$ are primitive and defined over $\mathbb Q$. In this case, by the work of Katz, Beukers, Cohen, and Mellit, there are compatible families of $\ell$-adic representations of the absolute Galois group of $\mathbb Q$ attached to $HD$. For specialized choices of $HD$, these Galois representations are shown to be decomposable and automorphic. As a consequence, the values of the corresponding hypergeometric character sums can be explicitly expressed in terms of Fourier coefficients of certain modular forms. We further relate the hypergeometric values $_7F_6(1)$ in Whipple's formula to the periods of modular forms occurred.
a single sample to represent folacin concentration in milk during a 24-h period14

Studies of breast-feeding and its adequacy for the infant could be simplified if a single milk sample were representative of nutrient levels during a 24-h period,despite diurnal variation. In this study, free and totalfolacin levels were measured in samples collected from 27 well-nourished mothers at each infant feeding from 2 wk to 1 yr of lactation. Folacin levels were higher (p 8 mo) and paralleled the decreased number of daily feedings. Despite 2- to 3-fold variations in milk folacin levels over a 24-h period during the first 10 mo of lactation, the level in a single sample obtained at 1300-1450 h was representative (r = 0.74-0.93) of mean foiacin concentration in samples obtained from all feedings during a 24-h period. Am J Clin Nuir 1987;45:770-9.
Unextendible entangled bases and more nonlocality with less entanglement

We consider a general version of the phenomenon of more nonlocality with less entanglement, within the framework of the unambiguous (i.e., conclusive) quantum state discrimination problem under local quantum operations and classical communication. We show that although the phenomenon was obtained before for two qutrits, it can also be observed for two qubits, while still being at the single-copy level. We establish that the phenomenon is intrinsically connected to the concept of unextendible entangled bases, in the two-qubit case. In the process, we demonstrate a hierarchy of nonlocality among sets of two-qubit orthogonal pure states, where the “nonlocality” is in the sense of a diﬀerence between global and local abilities of quantum state discrimination. We present a complete characterization of two-qubit pure orthogonal state sets of cardinality three with respect to their nonlocality in terms of unambiguous local distinguishability, the status for other cardinalities being already known. The results are potentially useful for secure quantum communication technologies with an optimal amount of resources.
Link representation of the entanglement entropies for all bipartitions

We have recently shown that the entanglement entropy of any bipartition of a quantum state can be approximated as the sum of certain link strengths connecting internal and external sites. The representation is useful to unveil the geometry associated with the entanglement structure of a quantum many-body state which may occasionally differ from the one suggested by the Hamiltonian of the system. Yet, the obtention of these entanglement links is a complex mathematical problem. In this work, we address this issue and propose several approximation techniques for matrix product states, free fermionic states, or in cases in which contiguous blocks are specially relevant. Along with this, we discuss the accuracy of the approximation for different types of states and partitions. Finally, we employ the link representation to discuss two different physical systems: the spin-1/2 long-range XXZ chain and the spin-1 bilinear biquadratic chain.