Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relation of intelligence and religiosity to depressive disorders in offspring of depressed and nondepressed mothers.

OBJECTIVE To examine the relation of IQ and religiosity to depressive disorders in adolescents who varied with respect to the chronicity of their mothers' depression history. METHOD Participants were 240 adolescents first evaluated when they were in 6th grade and then annually for 6 years. Adolescents' depressive diagnoses were assessed initially with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children and then annually with the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation for children. RESULTS IQ, but not religiosity, moderated the relation between chronicity of maternal depression and depressive disorders in adolescents. For children of mothers with no or less chronic depression, higher IQ was associated with a lower likelihood of depression; in contrast, for children of mothers with a history of more chronic depression, higher levels of IQ were significantly associated with a greater likelihood of depression. Depressive episodes during grades 7 through 11 predicted lower religious attendance during 12th grade, controlling for prior religiosity. There also was a marginally significant trend for religious attendance in 6th grade to predict lower odds of developing depressive diagnoses during grades 7 through 12. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the complex relation between IQ and depression and indicate the possibility of a bidirectional relation between religious attendance and adolescent depression.
UK medical selection: lottery or meritocracy?

of selection methods in the UK seems to have adopted a ‘fashion-based’ rather than an evidence-based approach to selecting the best candidates. Selection for UK medical schools Selection of candidates for medical school used to be focused purely on school performance, particularly in science, and performance at interview. There were several objections to this approach. First, potential doctors were considered to need additional qualities than those associated with a good scientist and scholar; particularly social attributes, such as empathy and communication skills. 2 Second, interviews were thought to result in selection of candidates ‘in the image’ of the interviewers, which may have led to a bias towards a particular gender or social class. 3,4 In an attempt to address this problem and to discriminate between large numbers of academically similar school leavers, several tests with a signifi cant nonknowledge-based component were introduced (Table 1). Currently, medical schools in the UK use three broad areas to select applicants. First, academic achievement and commitment to medicine are assessed on the Universities and Colleges Application System (UCAS) form. Following this, selection testing is conducted through one of three tests; the UKCAT, Biomedical Medical Admissions Test (BMAT) and Graduate Australian Medical School Admissions Test (GAMSAT) (Table 1). Finally, potential medical students are evaluated in conjunction with their personal statements via traditional or multiple mini-interviews (MMIs). Great variability exists between medical schools, as some use all three broad areas to evaluate an applicant’s suitability to read medicine, whereas others use only one (eg academic performance). 5 The majority of medical schools use at least one test with a signifi cant non-knowledge-based component in selection, under the belief that these test intrinsic abilities that are desirable in future practice. Differences in these tests exist in terms of their scientifi c knowledge content, which is absent in the UKCAT, contributes one-third to the BMAT and one-half to the GAMSAT.
Continuous positive airway pressure therapy for treating sleepiness in a diverse population with obstructive sleep apnea: results of a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Although continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has become the standard of care in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 2 systematic reviews have questioned its utility. Since the publication of these reviews, several randomized controlled trials have been reported. We, therefore, performed a meta-analysis to assess the effect of CPAP on subjective and objective sleepiness. METHODS We conducted a thorough literature search to identify all published randomized controlled trials of CPAP in patients with OSA. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the Q statistic. RESULTS Twelve trials of CPAP in patients with OSA meeting our inclusion criteria were found. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale score was reported in 11 studies (706 patients). A meta-analysis found that CPAP reduced the Epworth Sleepiness Scale score an average of 2.94 points more than placebo (P<.001). The heterogeneity (Q10 = 57.7, P<.001) between studies could not be explained by differences in sex composition, mean age, mean body mass index, or country of study. Trials recruiting subjects with severe OSA plus sleepiness (mean apnea-hypopnea index, > or =30 events per hour; and mean Epworth Sleepiness Scale score, > or =11) had a greater decrease in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale score than the other studies (4.75 vs 1.10; P<.001). Objective measures of sleepiness were reported in 8 trials (482 subjects). Continuous positive airway pressure increased sleep onset latency by 0.93 minute (P =.04) more than placebo. CONCLUSIONS Continuous positive airway pressure therapy significantly improves subjective and objective measures of sleepiness in patients with OSA across a diverse range of populations. Patients with more severe apnea and sleepiness seem to benefit the most.
Quality of Care in the Retail Health Care Setting Using National Clinical Guidelines for Acute Pharyngitis

Rates of adherence to an acute pharyngitis practice guideline in the retail clinic setting were measured as an indicator of clinical quality. An analysis of 57 331 patient visits for the evaluation of acute pharyngitis was conducted. In 39 530 patients with a negative rapid strep test result, nurse practitioner and physician assistant staff adhered to guidelines in 99.05% of cases by withholding unnecessary antibiotics. Of 13 471 patients with a positive rapid strep test result, 99.75% received an appropriate antibiotic prescription. The combined guideline adherence rate for groups with positive and negative rapid strep test results was 99.15%. Strep cultures were performed on 99.1% of patients with a negative rapid strep test result, and 96.2% of patients with a positive culture were treated with an antibiotic. Finally, 0.95% of patients with a negative rapid strep test result were provided an antibiotic outside clinical guidelines; however, approximately half of these prescriptions (n = 190) were supported by documentation of clinical concerns for which an antibiotic was a reasonable choice. (Am J Med Qual 2007;22:457-462)
Characterization of a second protein (CM2) encoded by RNA segment 6 of influenza C virus

The biochemical properties of a second protein (CM2) encoded by RNA segment 6 of influenza C virus were investigated. Three forms of CM2 with different electrophoretic mobilities (CM2(0), CM2a, and CM2b) were detected in infected cells by immunoprecipitation with antiserum to the glutathione S-transferase (GST)-CM2 fusion protein. Treatment of infected cells with tunicamycin and digestion of immunoprecipitated proteins with endoglycosidase H or peptide-N-glycosidase F suggested that a mannose-rich oligosaccharide core is added to unglycosylated CM2(0) (Mr, approximately 16,000) to form CM2a (Mr, approximately 18,000) and that the processing of the carbohydrate chain from the high-mannose type to the complex type converts CM2a into CM2b, which is heterogeneous in electrophoretic mobility (Mr, approximately 22,000 to 30,000). Labeling of infected cells with [3H]palmitic acid showed that CM2 is fatty acylated. The fatty acid bond was sensitive to treatment with hydroxylamine and mercaptoethanol, which indicates a labile thioester-type linkage. The CM2 protein was also found to form disulfide-linked dimers and tetramers on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels under nonreducing conditions. Trypsin treatment of infected cell surfaces as well as of microsome vesicles from infected cells followed by immunoprecipitation with antiserum to the GST fusion protein containing the 56 C-terminal amino acid residues of CM2 suggested that this C-terminal domain is intracellular and exposed to the cytoplasms of microsomes. Furthermore, evidence that a small amount of CM2 is incorporated into progeny virus particles was obtained by Western blot analysis. These results, altogether, suggest that CM2 is an integral membrane protein with biochemical properties similar to those of influenza A virus M2 and influenza B virus NB proteins.
Activation of CaMKIIδC Is a Common Intermediate of Diverse Death Stimuli-induced Heart Muscle Cell Apoptosis*

Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is expressed in many mammalian cells, with the δ isoform predominantly expressed in cardiomyocytes. Previous studies have shown that inhibition of CaMKII protects cardiomyocytes against β1-adrenergic receptor-mediated apoptosis. However, it is unclear whether activation of CaMKII is sufficient to cause cardiomyocyte apoptosis and whether CaMKII signaling is important in heart muscle cell apoptosis mediated by other stimuli. Here, we specifically enhanced or suppressed CaMKII activity using adenoviral gene transfer of constitutively active (CA-CaMKIIδC) or dominant negative (DN-CaMKIIδC) mutants of CaMKIIδC in cultured adult rat cardiomyocytes. Expression of CA-CaMKIIδC promoted cardiomyocyte apoptosis that was associated with increased mitochondrial cytochrome c release and attenuated by co-expression of Bcl-XL. Importantly, isoform-specific suppression of CaMKIIδC with the DN-CaMKIIδC mutant similar to nonselective CaMKII inhibition by the pharmacological inhibitors (KN-93 or AIP) not only prevented CA-CaMKIIδC-mediated apoptosis but also protected cells from multiple death-inducing stimuli. Thus, activation of CaMKIIδC constitutes a common intermediate by which various death-inducing stimuli trigger cardiomyocyte apoptosis via the primary mitochondrial death pathway.
[Effects of sleep deprivation on human performance].

Objective. To investigate the effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on human performance. Method. 8 healthy male college students participated the test. During 26 h of continuous awakeness (from 6:00 to 8:00 the next day), the volunteers were demanded to perform a battery of tests at 9 different time (7:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 0:00, 2:00, 4:00, 6:00, 8:00). The tests include: (1) single task: aural Oddball response, the response time (RT1) and correct rate (CR1) were recorded; (2) dual tasks: manual tracking and aural Oddball response, the response time (RT2), tracking error (ER) and correct rate (CR2) were recorded; (3) The Stanford sleepiness scale and subjective ratings of task difficulty access. Result. SD had significant effects on CT1, CT2 and ER (P=0.0001, P=0.00001, P=0.0004 respectively); SD increased RT1, RT2, ER at night time. SD had significant effects on SR, SSS score (P=0.0001, P=0.0000 respectively); SD increased SR, SSS score at night time. Since the subjects changed their response strategy, CR1 and CR2 were not influenced by SD at night time. Conclusion. SD has significant effects on response time, tracking error, subjective difficulty of cognitive tasks and subjective sleepiness.
An Economic Approach to Cultural Capital

This paper introduces a sociological notion of cultural capital into economics. This is modeled as an infinitely repeated game in which the likelihood of future play (i.e. discount factor) is a function of group specific human capital investments made by the agents before the interactions begin. It is shown that: (1) some individuals expected to make group-specific human capital investments are worse off because their observed investment behavior is used as a “cultural identifier” vis-à-vis the endogenous probability of continuation play; (2) equilibria exhibit bipolar human capital investment behavior by individuals of similar innate ability; (3) as social mobility increases, this bi-polarization increases; and (4) popular policy prescriptions such as educational interventions and affirmative action designed to encourage human capital acquisition can have adverse results in the cultural capital model. ∗Please direct all correspondence to the author at the following address: University of Chicago, 1126 E. 59th Street, Box 9, Chicago, IL 60637. This work has greatly benefitted from thoughtful comments by Susan Athey, Gary Becker, Douglas Bernheim, Edward Glaeser, Jerry Green, Michael Greenstone, Matthew O. Jackson, Lawrence Katz, William Johnson, Steven Levitt, Glenn C. Loury, Bentley MacLeod, Paul Milgrom, Derek Neal, Peter Norman, Debraj Ray, Tomas Sjöström, and Chad Syverson. I would also like to thank seminar participants at CalTech, Chicago, Harvard, Notre Dame, NYU, Pennsylvania State, Stanford, UCLA, Virginia, and Wisconsin for their helpful comments and critiques. The author gratefully acknowledges financial support from NICHD and the National Science Foudation (SES-0109196). The usual caveat applies.
Different Effect of Social Isolation on the Levels of Brain Monoamines in Post‐Weaning and Young‐Adult Rat

Male Wistar rats were isolated either immediately after weaning or in adulthood. Then they were decapitated at the last day of the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th and 15th week of isolation and the levels of NA, DA and 5‐HT on whole brains except cerebellum were assayed simultaneously by fluorimetric procedure.
Comparison of Fitness Parameters in Different Species of Drosophila

The fitness parameter has been studied in Drosophila melanogaster, D. bipectinata，D. malerkotliana and D. ananassae. 7 day aged virgin flies were used for mating experiment, it revealed that, mating latency is more in D. malerkotliana and less in D. melanogaster. Mating time of D. melanogaster is more and it is less in D. ananassae D. bipectinata takes more time to remate and D. melanogaster takes less time to remate. Mating time, fecundity, productivity and viability of virgin is more than mated male in all the species except, D. melanogaster. Even though D. melanogaster has more percentage of viability it takes more time in mating. The mating time is less in D. ananassae whereas, fecundity, productivity and percentage of viability is more than other species.
Anti-inflammatory effect of transforming growth factor-beta1 in myoblast transplantation.

BACKGROUND The inflammatory reaction that occurs during the 5 days after transplantation led at 3 days to the death of 70% of injected myoblasts. Use of anti-inflammatory agents appeared to be a possible way to increase myoblast survival. The application of gene transfer techniques to cell transplantation offers the potential for the prevention of inflammatory reaction. METHODS In this study, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) gene was introduced in myoblasts with a retroviral vector to permit the secretion of this anti-inflammatory cytokine. Survival of (1) infected myoblasts expressing TGF-beta1 or (2) normal myoblasts transplanted with genetically modified cloned myoblasts was compared with survival of normal myoblasts. RESULTS Expression of TGF-beta1 by myoblasts or by cotransplanted cells decreased myoblast mortality after 3 days by roughly 20% (66.0+/-3.0% in control vs. 46.3+/-4.2% and 46.2+/-5.9%). The increase of myoblast survival by TGF-beta1 expression was correlated with a lower polymorphonuclear cell and macrophage infiltration in muscles compared with control. In addition, cytotoxicity of neutrophils against myoblasts was assayed in vitro. The oxidation of myoblasts by activated neutrophils was decreased after infection of the myoblasts with the TGF-beta1 retroviral vector. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the insertion of TGF-beta1 decreases inflammatory reaction observed after myoblast transplantation and thus prolongs their survival.
Complete mitochondrial genome of the Korean goral Naemorhaedus caudatus (Ruminantia, Bovidae, Antilopinae) and conserved domains in the control region of Caprini

In the present paper, we describe the complete mitochondrial genome of the Korean goral Naemorhaedus caudatus with particular emphasis on the control region (CR). The mitochondrial genome of M. moschiferus was 16,519 bp in size with mostly conserved structures (e.g. 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and 1 CR). Its general characteristics were shown and discussed.
GaN MMIC SPDTs for C-Ku band beam forming networks applications

In this contribution two robust, broadband SPDTs designed in GaN MMIC technology operating in the C-Ku Band are presented. The first SPDT is an absorptive type switch featuring 1.7 dB average insertion loss and 30 dB minimum isolation. The second SPDT is a reflective type switch featuring 1 dB minimum insertion loss and 30 dB minimum isolation. Both SPDTs have the same fit form and function and can be implemented in star configuration to realize RF signal routing and distribution for analogue beam forming networks.
Binocular Visual Function in Patients With Boston Type I Keratoprostheses

Purpose: To report the postoperative binocular function of patients with Boston type I keratoprostheses implantation for unilateral visual impairment. Methods: Seventeen patients who underwent implantation of a Boston type I keratoprosthesis and had a best-corrected visual acuity better than 20/50 in the contralateral eye before surgery were evaluated. All subjects prospectively underwent sensory testing of binocular function including Bagolini lenses, Worth-4-dot test, stereoacuity at distance and near, and double Maddox rods. In addition, an assessment of ocular rotations and alignment was performed on each subject. Results: Twenty patients with best-corrected visual acuity better than 20/50 in the contralateral eye at the time of keratoprothesis surgery were identified. Seventeen of the 20 patients underwent binocular visual testing, with 16 of 17 (94%) demonstrating binocular function. Second-degree fusion at near was demonstrated via the Worth-4-dot test in 13 of 17 (76%) patients. Third-degree fusion at near was demonstrated in 7 of 17 (41%) patients. Patients with better postoperative sensory binocular function tended to be of younger age (P = 0.05) and have better postoperative visual acuity (P = 0.006). Five patients were found to have some degree of ocular misalignment. Overall, patients with strabismus had worse binocularity (P = 0.04). Conclusions: Implantation of the Boston type I keratoprosthesis in patients with good preoperative visual acuity in the fellow eye is associated with useful binocular function in greater than 90% of patients.
Transient total sleep loss in cerebral Whipple's disease: a longitudinal study

A case with transient, almost complete sleep loss caused by cerebral manifestation of Whipple's disease (WD) is presented. Cerebral WD is rare and in most cases occurs after gastrointestinal infection. In our case, a progressive and finally almost complete sleep loss was the initial and predominant symptom. Polysomnographic studies in several consecutive nights and over 24 h showed a total abolition of the sleep–wake cycle with nocturnal sleep duration of less than 15 min. Endocrine tests revealed hypothalamic dysfunction with flattening of circadian rhythmicity of cortisol, TSH, growth hormone and melatonin. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin was reduced. [18F]Deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) revealed hypermetabolic areas in cortical and subcortical areas including the brainstem, which might explain sleep pathology and vertical gaze palsy. In the course of treatment with antibiotics and additional carbamazepine for 1 year, insomnia slowly and gradually improved. Endocrine investigations at 1‐year follow‐up showed persistent flattening of circadian rhythmicity. The FDG‐PET indicated normalized metabolism in distinct regions of the brain stem which paralleled restoration of sleep length. The extent of sleep disruption in this case of organic insomnia was similar to cases of familial fatal insomnia, but was at least partially reversible with treatment.
D2 Dopamine Receptors Modulate Gα-Subunit Coupling of the CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor

CB1 cannabinoid (CB1) and D2 dopamine (D2) receptors are known to couple to the G protein Gαi/o. It has been reported that concurrent activation of D2 receptors and CB1 receptors, in primary striatal neuronal culture, promotes functional CB1 receptor coupling to Gαs resulting in elevations in intracellular cyclic AMP levels. We now report that in the absence of D2 receptors, acute activation of CB1 receptors inhibits cyclic AMP accumulation, whereas the presence of D2 receptors promotes CB1-stimulated cAMP accumulation, presumably through Gαs. This Gαs subunit switching was not prevented by pertussis toxin treatment and occurred in the presence and absence of D2 receptor activation. Thus, coexpression of the D2 receptor with the CB1 receptor was sufficient to switch the coupling of the CB1 receptors from Gαi/o to Gαs. Persistent activation of D2 receptors resulted in heterologous sensitization of adenylate cyclase to subsequent stimulation by forskolin, whereas the persistent activation of CB1 receptors did not. Additional studies in human embryonic kidney cells cotransfected with D2 and CB1 receptors revealed that persistent activation (18 h) of D2 receptors induced a switch of CB1 receptor coupling from Gαs to Gαi/o. This D2 receptor-induced effect allowed for CB1 receptor-mediated inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation. The present studies suggest D2 receptors may have a significant modulatory role in determining the G protein coupling specificity of CB1 receptors.
Mass spectrometry of transferrin glycoforms to detect congenital disorders of glycosylation: Site‐specific profiles and pitfalls

Mass spectrometry of transferrin is an established method for the detection and diagnosis of congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG). Transferrin is an 80 kDa glycoprotein and the glycoform at two N‐glycosylation sites is comprised of a di‐sialylated biantennary oligosaccharide as the major form and minor species with fucosylated or triantennary structures. Rapid CDG screening is carried out by MS of native transferrin. On the other hand, MS of glycopeptides enables site‐specific determination of glycoforms, and the affinity‐based enrichment of glycopeptides from a complex mixture of proteolytic peptides facilitates efficient analysis. MS of glycopeptides reveals the presence of immature glycoforms even in healthy individuals, indicating that the diagnosis of CDG based on molecular phenotypes requires quantitative evaluation. In this technical note, the aberrant glycosylation profiles of CDG cases are presented to shed light on the MS of native transferrin and glycopeptides from the viewpoint of clinical glycoproteomics.
Copy choice mechanism of immunoglobulin heavy-chain switch recombination

The immunoglobulin heavy-chain switch is mediated by a recombination event between DNA switch regions associated with donor and recipient constant-region genes. We have determined that the mutations which can be found in some switch regions after recombination appear to arise on only one strand of DNA. This result suggests that switch recombination involves error-prone synthesis of one DNA strand and ligation of the other strand from preexisting DNA.