Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Summer warming and increased winter snow cover affect Sphagnum fuscum growth, structure and production in a sub‐arctic bog

Sphagnum mosses form a major component of northern peatlands, which are expected to experience substantially higher increases in temperature and winter precipitation than the global average. Sphagnum may play an important role in the responses of the global carbon cycle to climate change. We investigated the responses of summer length growth, carpet structure and production in Sphagnum fuscum to experimentally induced changes in climate in a sub‐arctic bog. Thereto, we used open‐top chambers (OTCs) to create six climate scenarios including changes in summer temperatures, and changes in winter snow cover and spring temperatures. In winter, the OTCs doubled the snow thickness, resulting in 0.5–2.8°C higher average air temperatures. Spring air temperatures in OTCs increased by 1.0°C. Summer warming had a maximum effect of 0.9°C, while vapor pressure deficit was not affected. The climate manipulations had strong effects on S. fuscum. Summer warming enhanced the length increment by 42–62%, whereas bulk density decreased. This resulted in a trend (P<0.10) of enhanced biomass production. Winter snow addition enhanced dry matter production by 33%, despite the fact that the length growth and bulk density did not change significantly. The addition of spring warming to snow addition alone did not significantly enhance this effect, but we may have missed part of the early spring growth. There were no interactions between the manipulations in summer and those in winter/spring, indicating that the effects were additive. Summer warming may in the long term negatively affect productivity through the adverse effects of changes in Sphagnum structure on moisture holding and transporting capacity. Moreover, the strong length growth enhancement may affect interactions with other mosses and vascular plants. Because winter snow addition enhanced the production of S. fuscum without affecting its structure, it may increase the carbon balance of northern peatlands.
Geographic variation in life history characteristics of amphibians : a review

Summary 1. This review examines the intraspecific patterns and differences in life-history traits of amphibian populations living at different altitudes and latitudes. Specifically we examined differences in development and growth (physiological constraints) and reproductive ecology (plasticity in reproductive traits). 2. Research published to date suggests that amphibian populations at higher altitudes and latitudes tend to: (a) have shorter activity periods, and hence shorter breeding seasons; (b) have longer larval periods; (c) are larger at all larval stages including metamorphosis; (d) are larger as adults; (e) reach reproductive maturity at older ages; (f) produce fewer clutches per year; (g) produce larger clutches absolutely and smaller clutches relative to body size; and (h) produce larger eggs. 3. These generalizations must be viewed with caution, due first to the small number of papers supporting them, and secondly to the inconsistent results published to date. 4. The implications of the intraspecific geographical variation in life history traits for general amphibian biology, amphibian population declines and conservation are discussed.
WELL-BEHAVED CONVOLUTION AVERAGES AND THE NON-ACCUMULATION THEOREM FOR LIMIT-CYCLES

This expository paper introduces several uniformizing averages, which are serviceable in resummation theory because they manage to reconcile three essential, but at first sight quite conflicting demands : respectin g convolution ; preserving realness ; reproducing lateral growth. Their potential range of application covers most situations characterized by a combination of (1) non-linearity, (2) divergence, (3) realness. We sketch three typical applications, the last of which leads to a marginal, yet significant simplification of the constructive (i.e. resummation-theoretical) proof of the non-accumulation theorem for the limitcycles of a real-analytic vector field on R. Résumé : Nous introduisons, comme auxiliaire pour l’accéléro-sommation des séries divergentes, diverses moyennes uniformisantes qui concilient trois propriétés essentielles, mais à première vue antagonistes : respecter le produit de convolution ; préserver la réalité des séries ; reproduire la croissance latérale de leurs transformées de Borel. Ces moyennes uniformisantes ont un domaine naturel d’application qui couvre peu ou prou toutes les situations mêlant (1) nonlinéarité, (2) divergence, (3) réalité. Nous esquissons trois applications typiques, dont la dernière apporte des simplifications appréciables à la preuve constructive (fondée sur la théorie de la resommation) du théorème de non-accumulation des cycles-limite pour un champ de vecteurs analytique-réel sur R.
Methods for Prevention of Sexual Abuse among Adolescents: A Systematic Review

1. Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Midwifery and Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3. Department of Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran 4. Department of Midwifery, Varamin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pishwa, Iran 5. Department of Midwifery, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
Biological and physical dynamics of domoic acid production off the Washington coast

The relationship among Pseudo‐nitzschia distributions, particulate toxin levels in seawater, and the energetic and highly variable water masses of an upwelling‐dominated region are explored using data collected during summer cruises off the Washington coast in 1997 and 1998. In the early summer of both years, an area of maximum domoic acid (DA) accumulation was located approximately 50 km off the coast within a counterclockwise, cold feature known as the Juan de Fuca eddy. The stations in the eddy with the highest domoic acid concentrations coincided with high numbers of Pseudo‐nitzschia pseudodelicatissima (Hasle) Hasle (2.7 µg DA equivalents L-1, up to 0.6 X 106 cells L-1 in 1997 and 0.2 µg DA equivalents L-1, up to 0.2 X 106 cells L-1 in 1998), a species known to produce toxin in this region. Other known toxin‐producing species were sometimes present, but at ≪5% of the total Pseudo‐nitzschia population when ≫0.1 µg DA equivalents L-1 were measured. In 1998, large‐scale surveys indicated that high levels of particulate DA in seawater persisted at least until 1 October, covering a maximum area of 100 km2 off the Washington coast in midsummer. The appearance of high levels of DA (up to 2.7 µg DA equivalents L-1), coincident with high numbers of P. pseudodelicatissima (up to 15.4 X 106 cells L-1) at Kalaloch beach on the central coast in late September, was followed by the accumulation of record levels of toxin in razor clams. This toxic episode was preceded by a downwelling‐favorable wind event, with associated onshore transport in near‐surface layers. We suggest that the Juan de Fuca eddy may be one source of DA to the Washington coast. The duration of upwelling and the exact timing of fall storms likely play an influential role in the intensity of the bloom and the movement of toxic cells from the eddy to the coast.
DISTANCE ROMAN DOMINATION IN RANDOM GRAPHS

For a positive integer k, a subsetD ⊆ V (G) is called a distance-k dominating set of G if every vertex in V (G) −D is within distance k from some vertex of D. The minimum cardinality among all distance-k dominating sets of G is called the distance-k domination number of G. For any positive integer r, a function f : V (G) → {0, 1, 2} is a Roman r-dominating function if every vertex u for which f(u) = 0 is adjacent to at least r vertices v for which f(v) = 2. The weight of a Roman r-dominating function is the value f(V (G)) = ∑ u∈V (G) f(u). The Roman r-domination number of a graph G is the minimum weight of a Roman r-dominating function on G. We study distance-k domination number and Roman r-domination number in Random graphs by considering a combined variant namely distance-k Roman r-domination number. Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 05C69
Assessment of Linear Discrimination and Nonlinear Discrimination Analysis in Diagnosis Alzheimer’s Disease in Early Stages

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to evaluate discriminating power of two texture analysis, linear discriminant analysis and nonlinear discriminant analysis, in classifying atrophy of Alzheimer’s disease and atrophy of aging. Methods: The database included 24 regions of interest of Alzheimer patients and 24 regions of interest of aging people in hippocampus region. Linear discriminant analysis and nonlinear discriminant analysis were used for texture analysis. The first nearest neighbor classifier was applied to features resulting from linear discriminant analysis. Nonlinear discriminant analysis features were classified by using an artificial neural network. The confusion matrix and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to examine the performance of texture analysis method. Result: Nonlinear discriminant analysis indicates the best performance for classification of atrophy of Alzheimer’s disease and atrophy of aging. Conclusion: Our result showed computer aided diagnosis has high potential discriminating power in classifying Alzheimer’s disease in early stage.
The acute toxicity effects of hexavalent chromium in antioxidant system and gonad development to male clam Geloina coaxans

Abstract Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a harmful environmental pollutant, which is widely distributed in the marine environment. However, the mechanisms underlying Cr-induced oxidative stress and reproductive toxicity in clams remain largely unknown. The objective of this study was to explore the acute toxic effects of Cr(VI) and estimate the applicability of male clam Geloina coaxans as a bioindicator in mangrove ecosystems. In this study, G. coaxans were exposed to 4.34, 8,69, 17.38 and 34.76 mg/L Cr(VI) for 24, 48 and 72 h. The activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined. The gene expression of CAT, GST, autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5), cyclin B3 and spermatogenesis associated protein 4 (SAP4) were measured by RT-qPCR. Furthermore, histological alteration of the gonad and sperm was observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that Cr(VI) exposure induced the accumulation of MDA and activities of enzymes. Cr(VI) exposure also inhibited the mRNA expression of ATG5, cyclin B3 and SAP4 in a dose-dependent manner, which might suggest that Cr(VI) caused reproductive toxicity by affecting gene expression. Significant changes in the histological structure of gonad were observed. The results demonstrate that Cr(VI) significantly affected functional and molecular parameters in Geloina coaxans, and indicate that gonad represents the target of exposure to Cr(VI).
Efficacy of Epidural Morphine and Paravertebral Catheter in Post Thoracotomy Pain

Objective: To compare the efficacy of paravertebral and epidural catheterization techniques which are used in post thoracotomy pain. Method: The records of 66 patients who underwent epidural (n=34) or paravertebral (n=32) catheterization and thoracotomy between January 2013 and January 2014 were evaluated retrospectively. Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) values and heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, finger O2 saturation, severity of pain at rest and during cough at postoperative 0. , 1. , 4. , 12. and 24. hours were recorded. Thoracic drain withdrawal times were recorded. Complications developed were recorded for each time point. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, sex, height and weight distribution. Considering hourly follow-ups, there were no statistically significant difference between the two groups. There was no statistically significant difference between both groups regarding the duration of the first additional analgesic administration, and complications. Conclusion: Since there is no significant difference between efficacies of paravertebral block and epidural catheterization, paravertebral block application can be an alternative method to epidural block because of lower number of complications, more reliable application and effective analgesia.
Gain Enhancement of Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna using EBG

---------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------This paper presents a micro strip patch antenna through EBG process with the slotting technique in order to enhance the gain. Performance parameters like Gain, VSWR, and Radiation pattern have been obtained for slotted Microstrip patch antenna through EBG. The statistical results show that the gain of the Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna increases. The modelling of the proposed antenna and parameters evaluation of proposed antenna has been implemented in Finite Element Method (FEM) based software ‘High Frequency Structure Simulation’ (HFSS) ver. 10.0
Examining the Relationship between Credit Risk Identification and Financial Performance of SACCOs in Rwanda, Ngororero District

The study set out to investigate the Relationship Between Credit Risk Identification and Financial Performance of SACCOs in Rwanda Ngororero District.The study adopted cross-sectional and correlational research designs on a sample of 30 respondents using a self-administered and an interview guide. Data were analysed using both quantitative and qualitative data methods. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS (21.0) while qualitative data was thematically integrated into quantitative results after content analysis. The study established a positive significant relationship (r=0.633, p<0.01) between credit risk identification and the financial performance of SACCOs. It was concluded that improving on credit risk identification would significantly improve on the financial performance of SACCOs in Ngororero District. It was recommended that the oversight role of management should be aligned with specific areas of risk identification such as consumer or commercial loans risk for it to have a significant contribution on the financial performance of
Festival Hunting by the Kichwa People in the Ecuadorian Amazon

Abstract The hista, a festival that blends indigenous and Catholic traditions, is an important component of the culture of the Kichwa people of the Ecuadorian Amazon, and hunting is a key part of festival preparations. In the community of Sarayaku the biomass hunted during festival hunting, calculated based on hunters reporting their catch, constitutes less than 4% of the total long-term harvest rate. However, certain species are particularly targeted during festival hunting, some of which are threatened. Particularly for woolly monkeys (Lagothrix spp.) and Salvin's Curassow (Mitu salvini), festival hunting constitutes a large proportion of total offtake. The tradition of celebrating the hista can survive into the future only if wildlife populations are conserved. This is a challenge and an interest shared by local indigenous communities and conservationists alike. Resumen La jista, una fiesta que mezcla tradiciones indígenas y católicas, es un elemento importante de la cultura Kichwa de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana, y la cacería es una parte esencial de los preparativos de la fiesta. Según los informes de los propios cazadores, en la comunidad de Sarayaku, la biomasa cazada durante estos preparativos constituye menos del 4% de la extracción total a largo plazo. Sin embargo hay algunas especies que son particularmente buscadas durante la caza para la fiesta, y algunas de ellas son especies amenazadas. En particular para los chorongos o monos lanudos (Lagothrix spp.) y el paujíl (Mitu salvini), la cacería para la fiesta constituye una proporción considerable de la cosecha total anual. La tradición de la jista solo podrá perdurar en el futuro si se conservan las poblaciones de animales silvestres. Se trata de un reto y un interés compartido por las poblaciones indígenas locales y los conservacionistas.
Antibacterial properties of Uvaria chamae, Congronema latifolium, Garcinia kola, Vemonia amygdalina and Aframomium melegueta

The antimicrobial efficacy of cold and hot water and ethanol extracts of Garcinia kola, Congronema latifolium, Aframomium melegueta, Vemonia amygdalina and Uvaria chamae on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio spp. were determined using well in agar diffusion technique. Cold and hot water extracts of G. kola and U. chamae moderately inhibited the growth of S. aureus and S. pyogenes with zone of inhibition of between 9 – 15 mm. V. amygdalina, G. kola and C. latifolium slightly inhibited S. pyogenes and E. coli with a zone of clearing of between 7 -13 mm. Cold or hot ethanol extracts of U. chamae, G. kola and V. amygdalina profoundly inhibited the growth of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, E. coli and S. typhi to about 13 to 21 mm. Also ethanol extract of C. latifolium inhibited the growth of S. aureus, S. pyogenes and E. coli with zone size between 13 to 20 mm. While P. aeruginosa was slightly inhibited by ethanol extracts of G. kola, A. melegueta and U. chamae. Soxhlet extracts of U. chamae, G. kola, V.Amygdalina and C. latifolium profoundly inhibited the growth of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, E. coli and S. typhi with zone of inhibition ranging from 13 – 22 mm. Vibro spp. were not inhibited by the cold and hot extract as well as soxhlet extracts of all the plants tested. The standard microorganisms, E. coli NCTC 10418 and S. aureus NCTC 6571, were moderately inhibited by the various test plant extracts with zones of inhibition ranging between 8 mm to 20 mm. This study reveals the antibacterial potentials of these plants.
Fractional derivatives and the fundamental theorem of fractional calculus

Abstract In this paper, we address the one-parameter families of the fractional integrals and derivatives defined on a finite interval. First we remind the reader of the known fact that under some reasonable conditions, there exists precisely one unique family of the fractional integrals, namely, the well-known Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals. As to the fractional derivatives, their natural definition follows from the fundamental theorem of the Fractional Calculus, i.e., they are introduced as the left-inverse operators to the Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals. Until now, three families of such derivatives were suggested in the literature: the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives, the Caputo fractional derivatives, and the Hilfer fractional derivatives. We clarify the interconnections between these derivatives on different spaces of functions and provide some of their properties including the formulas for their projectors and the Laplace transforms. However, it turns out that there exist infinitely many other families of the fractional derivatives that are the left-inverse operators to the Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals. In this paper, we focus on an important class of these fractional derivatives and discuss some of their properties.
Sparse Convex Optimization via Adaptively Regularized Hard Thresholding

The goal of Sparse Convex Optimization is to optimize a convex function $f$ under a sparsity constraint $s\leq s^*\gamma$, where $s^*$ is the target number of non-zero entries in a feasible solution (sparsity) and $\gamma\geq 1$ is an approximation factor. There has been a lot of work to analyze the sparsity guarantees of various algorithms (LASSO, Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP), Iterative Hard Thresholding (IHT)) in terms of the Restricted Condition Number $\kappa$. The best known algorithms guarantee to find an approximate solution of value $f(x^*)+\epsilon$ with the sparsity bound of $\gamma = O\left(\kappa\min\left\{\log \frac{f(x^0)-f(x^*)}{\epsilon}, \kappa\right\}\right)$, where $x^*$ is the target solution. We present a new Adaptively Regularized Hard Thresholding (ARHT) algorithm that makes significant progress on this problem by bringing the bound down to $\gamma=O(\kappa)$, which has been shown to be tight for a general class of algorithms including LASSO, OMP, and IHT. This is achieved without significant sacrifice in the runtime efficiency compared to the fastest known algorithms. We also provide a new analysis of OMP with Replacement (OMPR) for general $f$, under the condition $s > s^* \frac{\kappa^2}{4}$, which yields Compressed Sensing bounds under the Restricted Isometry Property (RIP). When compared to other Compressed Sensing approaches, it has the advantage of providing a strong tradeoff between the RIP condition and the solution sparsity, while working for any general function $f$ that meets the RIP condition.
Active Online Domain Adaptation

Online machine learning systems need to adapt to domain shifts. Meanwhile, acquiring label at every timestep is expensive. We propose a surprisingly simple algorithm that adaptively balances its regret and its number of label queries in settings where the data streams are from a mixture of hidden domains. For online linear regression with oblivious adversaries, we provide a tight tradeoff that depends on the durations and dimensionalities of the hidden domains. Our algorithm can adaptively deal with interleaving spans of inputs from different domains. We also generalize our results to non-linear regression for hypothesis classes with bounded eluder dimension and adaptive adversaries. Experiments on synthetic and realistic datasets demonstrate that our algorithm achieves lower regret than uniform queries and greedy queries with equal labeling budget.
A Non-equipartition Shock Wave Traveling in a Dense Circumstellar Environment around SN 2020oi

We report the discovery and panchromatic follow-up observations of the young Type Ic supernova (SN Ic) SN 2020oi in M100, a grand-design spiral galaxy at a mere distance of 14 Mpc. We followed up with observations at radio, X-ray, and optical wavelengths from only a few days to several months after explosion. The optical behavior of the supernova is similar to those of other normal SNe Ic. The event was not detected in the X-ray band but our radio observations revealed a bright mJy source ( Lν≈1.2×1027ergs−1Hz−1 ). Given the relatively small number of stripped envelope SNe for which radio emission is detectable, we used this opportunity to perform a detailed analysis of the comprehensive radio data set we obtained. The radio-emitting electrons initially experience a phase of inverse Compton cooling, which leads to steepening of the spectral index of the radio emission. Our analysis of the cooling frequency points to a large deviation from equipartition at the level of ϵ e /ϵ B ≳ 200, similar to a few other cases of stripped envelope SNe. Our modeling of the radio data suggests that the shock wave driven by the SN ejecta into the circumstellar matter (CSM) is moving at ∼3×104kms−1 . Assuming a constant mass loss from the stellar progenitor, we find that the mass-loss rate is Ṁ≈1.4×10−4M⊙yr−1 for an assumed wind velocity of 1000kms−1 . The temporal evolution of the radio emission suggests a radial CSM density structure steeper than the standard r −2.
A Maslov index for non-Hamiltonian systems

We extend the definition of the Maslov index to a broad class of non-Hamiltonian dynamical systems. To do this, we introduce a family of topological spaces -- which we call Maslov-Arnold spaces -- that share key topological features with the Lagrangian Grassmannian, and hence admit a similar index theory. This family contains the Lagrangian Grassmannian, and much more. We construct Maslov-Arnold spaces that are dense in the Grassmannian, and hence are much larger than the Lagrangian Grassmannian (which is a submanifold of positive codimension). The resulting index is then used to study eigenvalue problems for non-selfadjoint reaction-diffusion systems.