Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The analysis of differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules based on ultrasound reports.

Background Thyroid cancer is a common endocrine tumor, the incidence of which is increasing each year. Early diagnosis and treatment can effectively prevent thyroid cancer. This article uses Chinese's ultrasound reports to determine the value of early diagnosis. Methods The clinical data center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University was screened for patients diagnosed with a thyroid nodule, who had undergone a thyroid function test, ultrasound records and pathological assessment. A total of 811 patients with a total of 1,290 pathologically confirmed nodules (506 benign and 784 malignant) were enrolled. Logistic regression was used to analyze the variables that significantly affected malignant nodules. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound thyroid imaging-reporting and data system (TI-RADS) classification results for benign and malignant tumors were calculated. Results The age of the patients had a very significant difference in the classification of benign and malignant nodules (P<0.001), and the marital status was significantly different (P<0.05). Gender and medical insurance had no significant effect (P>0.05). Thyroglobulin (TG), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) had significant effects (P=0.003) on the incidence of malignant nodules in patients, while thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) had no significant effect (P>0.05). Ultrasound analysis showed a Youden's index of 78.97%, a positive predictive value of 93.20%, and a negative predicted value of 84.10% at the most excellent classification effect. The sensitivity was 89.0%, the specificity was 89.9%; much greater than the classification model based on the thyroid function test (sensitivity =80.6%, specificity =55.8%). Conclusions The present study verifies the effectiveness of using TI-RADS classification for diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules, and explores the use of new analysis methods for clinical data. To reduce dependence on the doctors, ultrasound image data and clinical phenotypic data can be further used to assist clinical decision making.
Morphological instability of growth fronts due to stress-induced mobility variations

We report a comparison between theory and experiment for a general stress-induced morphological growth instability that is kinetically rather than energetically driven. Stress variations along a perturbed planar growth front result in variations in interfacial mobility in a manner that is destabilizing under one sign of the stress state and stabilizing under the opposite sign, even for a pure material. Investigation of solid-phase epitaxial growth at a corrugated Si(001) interface under both compression and tension results in good agreement between experiment and theory with no adjustable parameters, demonstrating that this mobility-based mechanism is dominant in determining morphological evolution in this system.
A Robust Wavelet-Based Hybrid Method for the Simultaneous Measurement of Harmonic and Supraharmonic Distortion

This article introduces a new method for the simultaneous measurement of harmonic and supraharmonic distortion with improved robustness against amplitude and power frequency deviations. The proposed algorithm is based on wavelet analysis, and it is designed to analyze a ten-cycle measurement interval, something crucial when implementing methods to measure harmonic and supraharmonic content according to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61000-4-7 standard. Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based methods, instead, must analyze a fixed 200-ms interval in order to avoid apparent shifts of the supraharmonic frequency components. The results of the experimental measurements presented in the article show that the DFT-based methodology suggested in the IEC 61000-4-7 standard produces the results affected by the value of the power frequency and amplitude, while the proposed method, instead, is insensitive to them. This feature also removes the need of a previous high-pass filtering stage, required for the IEC method. Moreover, the proposed method has the additional advantage of working on the same measurement interval to calculate both harmonics and supraharmonics, which reduces the complexity of data handling by avoiding multithreaded data acquisition (DAQ) operations.
Cobalt: B12 Enzymes and Coenzymes

Cobalt has its important biological role as metal center of vitamin B12 and of its cofactor variants. The natural B12 derivatives are remarkably complex cobalt-corrins and belong to the larger class of the tetrapyrrolic natural products. The cofactor forms of vitamin B12, the antipernicious anemia factor, are required for human and animal health. With the exception of the (higher) plants, most forms of life appear to depend on vitamin B12 and its natural derivatives. The corrinoids play a particularly basic role in carbon metabolism in archaea and bacteria, which are the only natural sources of the B12 derivatives. These microorganisms have developed extraordinary means for the biosynthesis of the B12 derivatives and for its regulation, in order to cope with the structural and functional complexity of the cobalt-corrinoids. The other B12-dependent forms of life have evolved intricate strategies for the economic and efficient uptake and transport of the corrinoids. The known cofactor functions of the cobalt-corrinoids are due to their extraordinary organometallic chemistry, coupled with their redox chemistry under physiological conditions: adenosylcorrinoids, methylcorrinoids, and reduced corrinoids are the cofactors in various important and unique organometallic enzymes, whose intricate structural and mechanistic properties have been the focus of extensive research activities. The essential role of the corrinoids in organometallic paths of carbon fixation and further carbon metabolism in anerobic microorganisms has attracted particular attention. Indeed, the main chemical reactivity of the corrinoids and their essential biological roles may reflect their possible contributions to the early stages of life on earth. Vitamin B12 and its derivatives thus hold an important position in the life sciences and are at the center of interdisciplinary interests from medicine, biology, chemistry, and physics. Keywords: bioorganometallic chemistry; biosynthesis; cobalt; corrin; electron transfer; methylation; methyl transfer; organometallic chemistry; radical reactions; rearrangement reactions; synthesis; vitamin B12
A review on performance comparison of advanced MOSFET structures below 45 nm technology node

CMOS technology is one of the most frequently used technologies in the semiconductor industry as it can be successfully integrated with ICs. Every two years the number of MOS transistors doubles because the size of the MOSFET is reduced. Reducing the size of the MOSFET reduces the size of the channel length which causes short channel effects and it increases the leakage current. To reduce the short channel effects new designs and technologies are implemented. Double gate MOSFET design has shown improvement in performance as amplifiers over a single MOSFET. Silicon-based MOSFET design can be used in a harsh environment. It has been used in various applications such as in detecting biomolecules. The increase in number of gates increases the current drive capability of transistors. GAA MOSFET is an example of a quadruple gate around the four sides of channel that increases gate control over the channel region. It also increases effective channel width that improves drain current and reduces leakage current keeping short channel effects under limit. Junctionless MOSFET operates faster and uses less power with increase in ON-state current leading to a good value of ION/IOFF ratio. In this paper, several gate and channel engineered MOSFET structures are analyzed and compared for sub 45 nm technology node. A comparison among different MOSFET structures has been made for subthreshold performance parameters in terms of IOFF, subthreshold slope and DIBL values. The analog/RF performance is analyzed for transconductance, effective transistor capacitances, stability factor and critical frequency. The paper also covers different applications of advance MOSFET structures in analog/digital or IoT/ biomedical applications.
Sustentabilidade e Inovação: Um Estudo Sobre o Plástico Verde

The possible replacement of plastic from non-renewable fossil fuel by green plastic derived from the renewable source sugarcane ethanol is investigated. Current exploratory and quality research is based on technical articles, information at the Braskem site and interviews with entrepreneurs involved in the issue. Replacement seems to materialize even though it has been pointed out that green plastic is not bio-degradable and the issue should be tackled. Most responses state that the recycling of green plastic and all other types of plastic should be better exploited, which boils down to investments in education and in public policies. Firms perceive that green plastic is a marketing differential and a form of collaboration with the environment. In fact, it is totally produced from renewable sources. Research shows that an improvement in the efficiency of plantations and recycling policies are essential for the success of the process since several sectors of the economy demand the process which is already being used in a large-scale manner. According to most respondents, sugarcane-derived green plastic reached a high renewable capacity to attenuate petroleum extraction.
Seasonal Abundance of Horse Fly (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Western Anatolia

Adult horse flies take blood meals from many mammals including human, so they have known as serious pests wherever they occur and also are known vectors of numerous disease agents. Seasonal abundance of Tabanidae species was monitored during from May to September of 2005, 2006 and 2007 years, in Western Anatolia, Turkey. Totally, 7293 specimens from 52 species belonging to nine genera were collected and identified. Seasonal activities of ten most abundant species, Dasyrhamphis umbrinus , Haematopota subcylindrica, Philipomyia aprica, Tabanus bifarius, Tabanus bromius, Tabanus lunatus, Tabanus portschinskii, Tabanus quatuornotatus, Tabanus rupium and Tabanus unifasciatus were analyzed. D. umbrinus, T. bifarius, T. quatuornotatus, T. unifasciatus reached their peak of abundance in June and others species reached their peak of abundance at July. The longest flight period from first week of May to mid-September was determined for the species Haematopota subcylindrica and Tabanus bromius . Moreover, Haematopota subcylindrica was the most abundant with 23.86% and followed by Tabanus bromius with 20.65%. The population peak of species, and also vector potential, for each year can be affected from climatic conditions. Nevertheless, results suggest that the time between from the mid-June to the third week of July can be considered as the potentially higher-risk period of mechanical transmission of pathogens by tabanids for the study area.
Handbook of indigenous fermented foods

Introduction to indigenous fermented foods: Indonesian temple and related fermentations - protein-rich vegetarian meat substitutes indigenous fermented foods involving an acid fermentation - preserving and enhancing organoleptic and nutritional qualities of fresh foods indigenous fermented foods involving an alkaline fermentation indigenous fermented foods in which ethanol is a major product - type and nutritional significance of primitive wines and beers and related alcoholic foods indigenus amino acid/peptide sauces and pastes with meat-like flavours - Chinese soy sauce, Japanese shoyu, Japanese miso Southeast Asian fish sauces and pastes, and related fermented foods mushrooms - providing single cell (microbial) protein on lignocellulosic or other food and agricultural wastes.
16 Nitric Oxide and other Diffusible Messengers

The era of diffusible messengers has begun in the late 1980s when a revolutionary discovery (Palmer et al., 1987) clarified that the previously described, chemically unknown compound, endothelium derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is identical with nitric oxide (NO). The scientific community was astonished by the fact that such a simple gaseous molecule as NO can play a very important physiological role in the regulation of the resistance of blood vessels. The research of nitrergic systems and processes has started with huge enthusiasm and the number of NO‐related research papers increased exponentially. NO has been elected to the ‘‘Molecule of the Year’’ by the prestigious journal Science in 1992, and the Nobel Prize in Medicine was given to Furchgott, Ignarro and Murad ‘‘for their discoveries concerning NO as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system’’ in 1998, only 11 years after the original finding. The results of the last two decades revealed that NO has very important functions not only in the cardiovascular but also in the immune and nervous system. This chapter will focus primarily on the role of NO in the central and peripheral nervous system, but occasionally other areas will also be covered. In addition, other recently recognized diffusible compounds with possible neuromodulator function will also be briefly discussed. List of Abbreviations: CAPON, carboxy‐terminal PDZ ligand of nNOS; CNS, Central nervous system; EDRF, endothelium derived relaxing factor; L‐NAME, N(omega)‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester; LTP, long‐term potentiation; NANC, non‐adrenerg non‐cholinerg; NO, nitric oxide; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; PARS, polyADP‐ribose synthase; PIN, protein inhibitor of nNOS; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; sGC, soluble guanylyl cyclase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; THB, tetrahydrobiopterin
Effect of estradiol on biochemical bone metabolism markers in dairy cows

Biochemical markers of bone metabolism (BBM) are products of bone tissue formation and resorption that escape to blood and urine where we can measure them. Biochemical markers of bone tissue formation (for instance bone alkaline phosphatase (bALP)) are products of osteoblast activity and biochemical markers of bone tissue resorption (for instance C terminal telopeptide crosslinks of collagen 1 (CTx)) are by products of osteoclast activity. Markers of bone metabolism can indicate if bone metabolism is more anabolic, catabolic or in general more or less active (Allen, 2003; Christenson, 1997). In high producing dairy cows there are tremendous changes in Ca requirements in the so called transition period when cows go from dry period into lactation. We expect increased catabolic bone metabolism at the beginning of lactation as absorbable Ca demand suddenly increases from about 20 g to around 60 g or more per day in high yielding cows because of colostrum and milk production concurrent with a relatively low dry matter (nutrient) intake. A significant proportion of dairy cows are not successful in maintaining normocalcaemia at the beginning of lactation and they develop subclinical hypocalcaemia with all negative effects on health, welfare and production or progress toclinical hypocalcaemia, so called milk fever (Goff, 2000). BBM have been detected in dairy cattle (Filipovic et al., 2008; Holtenius and Ekelund, 2005; Iwama, 2004; Liesegang et al., 2000; Staric, 2012). Studies suggest that BBM can be used as a prepartum tool to predict if a cow is going to have milk fever after calving (Staric, 2010).
Dietary supplementation increases milk glutamine levels in the lactating pig

Glutamine is the major free amino acid in milk and in this work we tested the hypothesis that supplemental glutamine, and glutamate, could increase milk glutamine in the lactating pig. Thirty days prior to parturition pregnant gilts were assigned to one of three dietary treatments: Control‐standard diet, Glutamine‐standard diet plus 2.5% glutamine, and AminoGut‐standard diet plus 2.5% AminoGutTM (a mixture of Glutamine and Glutamate). Supplementation had no effect on body weight. Similarly, blood glutamine concentrations were unchanged. Muscle glutamine concentrations showed a trend to be decreased 7d post‐partum in the control group but this was prevented in both supplemented groups. In addition, glutamine supplementation resulted in an increase in back fat at parturition and 7d post‐partum. In the control group milk glutamine concentration increased from 0.17+0.3mM on the day of parturition to 0.42+0.10mM and 0.46+0.07mM on days 7d and 21d post‐partum respectively. Both supplemented groups showed higher milk glutamine concentrations throughout lactation, reaching 1.13+0.25mM in the Aminogut supplemented group at 21d post‐partum. Thus dietary amino acid supplementation to lactating pigs results in higher milk glutamine concentrations and may thereby promote neonatal growth and health.
Dynamical instabilities lead to sympatric speciation

We propose a robust mechanism for sympatric speciation based on the assumption that sexual selection operates in two directions: selection of males by females and of females by males. Complex dynamical instabilities emerge, creating differential fitness depending on the individuals displaying traits and preferences. When a secondary sexual trait is introduced in a population, due to mutations, the activation of previously neutral genes or a different perception of already existent displaying traits, sympatric speciation may result from a competitive exclusion principle.
THE HISTORY OF GENETICS

Note from the Publishers Introduction Author's Preface Chapter 1: Before Mendel Chapter 2: Mendel Chapter 3: 1866 to 1900 Chapter 4: The Rediscovery Chapter 5: Genes and Chromosomes Chapter 6: Linkage Chapter 7: The Fly Room Chapter 8: Development of Drosophila Work Chapter 9: Genetics of Continuous Variation Chapter 10: Oenothera Chapter 11: Mutation Chapter 12: Cytological Maps and the Cytology of Crossing Over Chapter 13: Sex Determination Chapter 14: Position Effect Chapter 15: Genetics and Immunology Chapter 16: Biochemical Genetics Chapter 17: Population Genetics and Evolution Chapter 18: Protozoa Chapter 19: Maternal Effects Chapter 20: The Genetics of Man Chapter 21: General Remarks Appendix A: Chronology Appendix B: Intellectual Pedigrees Bibliography Index Afterword: Remembering Sturtevant
Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species

Preface I. History and Conceptual Background 1. The History and Purview of Phylogeography 2. Demography-Phylogeny Connections II. Empirical Intraspecific Phylogeography 3. Lessons from Human Analyses 4. Intraspecific Patterns in other Animals III. Genealogical Concordance: Toward Speciation and Beyond 5. Genealogical Concordance 6. Speciation Processes and Extended Genealogy Works Cited Index
Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation

The chapter examines differences in the activity budgets of wild orangutans ( Pongo spp. ) within and between a large number of study sites in Sumatra and Borneo. The authors of the chapter found that each orangutan population appeared to follow one of two distinct foraging strategies: either (1) ‘ sit and wait’, in which orangutans aim to minimize their energy expenditure by spending long periods of time resting and relatively short periods feeding and travelling; or (2) ‘ search and find’ in which orangutans aim to maximize their energy intake by resting little and mainly feeding or moving in search of food. Orangutans adopt the first strategy in mixed-dipterocarp forests characterized by mast-fruiting events and irregular fruit availability; and adopt the second strategy in swamp forests with a regular supply of fruit, or in dryland forests with high strangling-fig density. The chapter proposes that the determining factor for which strategy is adopted is the temporal availability of fruit in the habitat, as opposed to other possibilities such as orangutan taxonomy.
Load Nowcasting: Predicting Actuals with Limited Data

We introduce the problem of load nowcasting to the energy forecasting literature. The recent load of the objective area is predicted based on limited available metering data within this area. Thus, slightly different from load forecasting, we are predicting the recent past using limited available metering data from the supply side of the system. Next, to an industry benchmark model, we introduce multiple high-dimensional models for providing more accurate predictions. They evaluate metered interconnector and generation unit data of different types like wind and solar power, storages, and nuclear and fossil power plants. Additionally, we augment the model by seasonal and autoregressive components to improve the nowcasting performance. We consider multiple estimation techniques based on the lassoand ridge and study the impact of the choice of the training/calibration period. The methodology is applied to a European TSO dataset from 2014 to 2019. The overall results show that in comparison to the industry benchmark, an accuracy improvement in terms of MAE and RMSE of about 60% is achieved. The best model is based on the ridge estimator and uses a specific non-standard shrinkage target. Due to the linear model structure, we can easily interpret the model output.
RSPB Handbook of British Birds

This is a completely revised and updated edition of the bestselling RSPB Handbook of British Birds. This unique guide provides a 'biography' of each of the 279 commonest British bird species. It covers all aspects of field identification, using illustrations from the highly acclaimed Handbook of Bird Identification to show all common plumage forms. The text also covers behaviour, breeding biology, population, status, longevity and any other interesting facts about the species concerned. A detailed distribution map is provided for each species. New to the third edition is a rarities section, featuring 24 additional species, and six brand new comparison artwork spreads illustrating difficult to identify species - such as ducks, waders, warblers, raptors and gulls - alongside one another. The RSPB Handbook provides a complete, single source of basic information to our most familiar birds.
Forking Without Clicking: on How to Identify Software Repository Forks

The notion of software “fork” has been shifting over time from the (negative) phenomenon of community disagreements that result in the creation of separate development lines and ultimately software products, to the (positive) practice of using distributed version control system (VCS) repositories to collaboratively improve a single product without stepping on each others toes. In both cases the VCS repositories participating in a fork share parts of a common development history. Studies of software forks generally rely on hosting platform metadata, such as GitHub, as the source of truth for what constitutes a fork. These “forge forks” however can only identify as forks repositories that have been created on the platform, e.g., by clicking a “fork” button on the platform user interface. The increased diversity in code hosting platforms (e.g., GitLab) and the habits of significant development communities (e.g., the Linux kernel, which is not primarily hosted on any single platform) call into question the reliability of trusting code hosting platforms to identify forks. Doing so might introduce selection and methodological biases in empirical studies. In this article we explore various definitions of “software forks”, trying to capture forking workflows that exist in the real world. We quantify the differences in how many repositories would be identified as forks on GitHub according to the various definitions, confirming that a significant number could be overlooked by only considering forge forks. We study the structure and size of fork networks, observing how they are affected by the proposed definitions and discuss the potential impact on empirical research.