Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review of Antibiotic Use in Food Animals: Perspective, Policy, and Potential

Antibiotic use plays a major role in the emerging public health crisis of antibiotic resistance. Although the majority of antibiotic use occurs in agricultural settings, relatively little attention has been paid to how antibiotic use in farm animals contributes to the overall problem of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this review is to summarize literature on the role of antibiotics in the development of resistance and its risk to human health. We searched multiple databases to identify major lines of argument supporting the role of agricultural antibiotic use in the development of resistance and to summarize existing regulatory and policy documents. Several lines of reasoning support the conclusion that agricultural antibiotics are associated with resistance, yet most public policy is based on expert opinion and consensus. Finally, we propose strategies to address current gaps in knowledge.
A Six‐Year Longitudinal Study of the Relationship of Physical Activity to Bone Mineral Accrual in Growing Children: The University of Saskatchewan Bone Mineral Accrual Study

To investigate the influence of physical activity on bone mineral accrual during the adolescent years, we analyzed 6 years of data from 53 girls and 60 boys. Physical activity, dietary intakes, and anthropometry were measured every 6 months and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scans of the total body (TB), lumbar spine (LS), and proximal femur (Hologic 2000, array mode) were collected annually. Distance and velocity curves for height and bone mineral content (BMC) were fitted for each child at several skeletal sites using a cubic spline procedure, from which ages at peak height velocity (PHV) and peak BMC velocity (PBMCV) were identified. A mean age‐ and gender‐specific standardized activity (Z) score was calculated for each subject based on multiple yearly activity assessments collected up until age of PHV. This score was used to identify active (top quartile), average (middle 2 quartiles), or inactive (bottom quartile) groups. Two‐way analysis of covariance, with height and weight at PHV controlled for, demonstrated significant physical activity and gender main effects (but no interaction) for PBMCV, for BMC accrued for 2 years around peak velocity, and for BMC at 1 year post‐PBMCV for the TB and femoral neck and for physical activity but not gender at the LS (all p < 0.05). Controlling for maturational and size differences between groups, we noted a 9% and 17% greater TB BMC for active boys and girls, respectively, over their inactive peers 1 year after the age of PBMCV. We also estimated that, on average, 26% of adult TB bone mineral was accrued during the 2 years around PBMCV.
Effect of Activation of the Epstein‐Barr Virus Genome on Expression of B Cell Differentiation Antigens of Burkitt's Lymphoma Lines

Using anti‐human B cell monoclonal antibodies prepared against B1 (CD20), B2 (CD21), B4 (CD19), and BB‐1 (B lymphoblast antigen‐1), we compared the expression of B cell differentiation antigens on a Jijoye‐P3HR‐1 cell line family of Burkitt's lymphomas. The expression of BB‐1 and B2 antigens was faint on P3HR‐1 K cell line which is an Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) high producer. On the other hand, B1 and B4 antigens were strongly expressed on it. It was also found that BB‐1 expression decreased on P3HR‐1 cells after activation of intracellular EBV genes by treating chemically with tumor‐promoting agent (TPA) and n‐butyrate, or on Raji cells on superinfection with EBV. This decrease of BB‐1 was blocked by the additional treatment with retinoic acid, an inhibitor of virus replication. Dual immunofluorescence staining analysis showed that the individual cell expressing EBV‐associated antigens expressed BB‐1 antigen only marginally. The relationship between the change in phenotypes of host B cells and the activation of the EBV genome is discussed.
Innate signaling regulates cross‐priming at the level of DC licensing and not antigen presentation

Innate stimuli, such as TLR ligands, are known to greatly facilitate cross‐priming. Currently it is unclear whether innate stimuli enhance cross‐priming at the level of cross‐presentation or at the level of T‐cell priming. In this study, we addressed this question by measuring cross‐presentation as well as cross‐priming by virus‐like particles (VLP) displaying peptide p33 derived of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Innate stimuli were varied by either packaging different TLR ligands into virus‐like particles or using mice deficient in two key molecules of TLR‐signaling, namely the adaptor molecule MyD88 as well as IFN‐α/β receptor. While efficient cross‐presentation occurred despite strongly reduced activation of DC in the absence of TLR ligand‐mediated signals, T‐cell priming was abolished. Thus, innate stimuli regulate cross‐priming at the level of DC licensing for T‐cell activation and not antigen presentation.
How Will Evolving Future Therapies and Strategies Change How We Position the Use of Biologics in Moderate to Severely Active Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract:Several biological agents have been added to our armamentarium of treatment options for moderate to severely active inflammatory bowel diseases, and this number is expected to only increase in the near future. With our growing understanding of disease mechanisms and pharmacokinetics, we are now able to target several mechanisms of action to achieve key endpoints (steroid-free remission and mucosal healing) associated with improved long-term disease-related outcomes. In this context, concerns arise regarding the optimal positioning of currently available biologics and key biologics in development. In this review, we will discuss the currently available evidence for comparative effectiveness of biological agents approved for the use in moderate to severely active inflammatory bowel diseases, with a focus on practical considerations to be made when using these agents in practice. We will further review novel biological agents and small molecule inhibitors in development and discuss future opportunities through which providers may personalize treatment decisions to achieve optimal treatment outcomes.
Attitudes to job turnover among Finnish anaesthetists.

BACKGROUND Structural changes have led to higher workload and more frequent conflicts among hospital staff, which in turn has been shown to be associated with increased employee turnover. AIMS To study the willingness of anaesthetists to change their employment and factors associated with it. Work-related, individual and family-related factors were investigated as potential influences on such willingness. METHOD A postal questionnaire was sent to all working Finnish anaesthetists (N = 550). RESULTS The response rate was 60%; 175 (53% of responders) were men. Of the respondents, 31% were willing to consider changing to another physician's job and 43% to a profession other than medicine. The most important correlates for these views were conflicts with superiors (odds ratio 6.1; 95% confidence interval 2.1-17.7) and co-workers (4.2; 1.4-12.2), low job control (2.6; 1.4-4.9), a sense of organizational injustice (2.4; 1.3-4.6), stress (6.5; 2.6-16.3) and job dissatisfaction (4.6; 2.4-8.8). CONCLUSIONS The establishment of respect, trust and genuine dialogue between co-workers and superiors is needed to minimize the risk of loss of members of this occupational group.
Expression profiling the human septin gene family

The septins are an evolutionarily conserved family of GTP‐binding proteins involved in diverse processes including vesicle trafficking, apoptosis, remodelling of the cytoskeleton, infection, neurodegeneration, and neoplasia. The present paper reports a comprehensive study of septin gene expression by DNA microarray methods in 10 360 samples of normal, diseased, and tumour tissues. A novel septin, SEPT13, has been identified and is shown to be related to SEPT7. It is shown that SEPT13 and the other known human septins are expressed in all tissue types but some show high expression in lymphoid (SEPT1, 6, 9, and 12) or brain tissues (SEPT2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 11). For a given septin, some isoforms are highly expressed in the brain and others are not. For example, SEPT8_v2 and v1, 1* and 3 are highly expressed in the brain and cluster with SEPT2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 11. However, a probe set specific for SEPT8_v1 with low brain expression clusters away from this set. Similarly, SEPT4 has lymphoid and non‐lymphoid forms; SEPT2 has lymphoid and central nervous system (CNS) forms; and SEPT6 and SEPT9 are elevated in lymphoid tissues but both have forms that cluster away from the lymphoid forms. Perturbation of septin expression was widespread in disease and tumours of the various tissues examined, particularly for conditions of the CNS, where alterations in all 13 septin genes were identified. This analysis provides a comprehensive catalogue of the septin family in health and disease. It is a key step in understanding the role of septins in physiological and pathological states and provides insight into the complexity of septin biology. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological Activity of Blood Insulin Complexes Examined by Rat Diaphragm Tissue Assay.∗

Summary Insulin complexes prepared from human blood showed no significant insulin activity when such preparations were examined by the rat diaphragm tissue assay. After dissociation of insulin from its complex(es) at pH 9.8 insulin-like activity could be demonstrated by this assay. Identical preparations examined by the rat adipose tissue assay showed that this tissue could manifest insulin-like activity in the presence of the insulin complex itself. A difference is thus evident in the mechanism of utilization of the insulin complex(es) by these 2 different tissues.
A new high power efficiency cascaded U cells multilevel converter

In this paper, authors presents a novel competitive multilevel converter. The novel cascaded U cells topology is constituted from two power switches and one capacitor for each cell. In case of DC/AC conversion, the proposed fifteen level inverter allows a nearly sinusoidal output voltage resulting on a perfectly sinusoidal load current. In case of AC/DC conversion, the proposed fifteen level rectifier presents a reduced impact on the utility supply, a good energetic efficiency and a small number of power switches and passive components. An average model of the proposed converter is performed and a control strategy is designed in order to draw a nearly sinusoidal current and voltage. Active and passive filters can thus be avoided resulting on a highest energetic efficiency and a reduced installation cost. The proposed converter presents also the possibility and the simplicity of changing the number of voltage levels only by acting online on the ratios of the desired output voltages. The modeling and control strategy of the proposed fifteen level converter were verified by simulation.
Structural Determinants of KvLQT1 Control by the KCNE Family of Proteins*

KvLQT1 is a Shaker-like voltage-gated potassium channel that when complexed with minK (KCNE1) produces the slowly activating delayed rectifier I ks . The emerging family of KCNE1-related peptides includes KCNE1 and KCNE3, both of which complex with KvLQT1 to produce functionally distinct currents. Namely I ks , the slowly activating delayed rectifier current, is produced by KvLQT1/KCNE1, whereas KvLQT1/KCNE3 yields a more rapidly activating current with a distinct constitutively active component. We exploited these functional differences and the general structural similarities of KCNE1 and KCNE3 to study which physical regions are critical for control of KvLQT1 by making chimerical constructs of KCNE1 and KCNE3. By using this approach, we have found that a three-amino acid stretch within the transmembrane domain is necessary and sufficient to confer specificity of control of activation kinetics by KCNE1 and KCNE3. Moreover, chimera analysis showed that different regions within the transmembrane domain control deactivation rates. Our results help to provide a basis for understanding the mechanism by which KCNE proteins control K+ channel activity.
Experiencias en la aplicación de Modelado de Procesos de Negocio (BPM) en el sector sanitario.

Esta comunicacion se deriva de las experiencias obtenidas mediante la participacion de los autores en un proyecto de rediseno y reingenieria de procesos de un conjunto de servicios de salud implantados en distintos hospitales nacionales. Una de las primeras fases del proyecto consistio en el modelado del conjunto de procesos actuales (modelos as-is) para su posterior analisis mediante simulacion y la obtencion de modelos que representen los procesos objetivo (modelos to-be). En esta comunicacion se describe la metodologia empleada en el proyecto y se realiza una discusion de las ventajas y limitaciones de la aplicacion del modelado de procesos en el sector de la salud.
An extensive review of literature: considering bone reaction to different agents in orthodontically induced root and alveolar resorption

Objective: Orthodontically induced root resorption is a common problem in day to day practice. If such root resorption could be prevented, it would be an important contribution toward reducing risk factors in orthodontic treatment. The aim of the review is to focus on different agents which can be therapeutically useful in orthodontic tooth movement. Methods and Materials: The article reviews various agents inhibiting as well as promoting root and alveolar bone resorption to orthodontic tooth movement based on advanced PubMed Central (PMC), Cochrane database, Wiley online search of the English language literature from the year 1951 to present in order to help us select the most suitable among them fulfilling the desired criteria of being safe, having less adverse effects, minimal contraindications, rare cross reactions, economically viable, having a scope to be used for successful prognosis and possibly not requiring any special considerations to interpret the results. Results: Forty-nine articles were included in the review, but their interpretation was hindered by the variability in experimental design, magnitude of force applied during tooth movement, and medication regimens. Corticosteroid hormones, parathyroid hormone, and thyroxin have all been shown to increase tooth movement. Bisphosphonates had a strong inhibitory effect. Conclusion: By this review, we conclude that low laser therapy and arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) peptide emerges as the clear winner and can result in better prognosis in orthodontic treatment. These techniques are new and cannot replace the conventional agents as a whole. Keywords: Root resorption; Integrins; Matrix metalloproteins; Echistatin; Low laser therapy; Doxycycline
Electrophysiological and Psychophysical Responses to Modulation of Contrast of a Grating Pattern

Contrast-modulated grating patterns were used to compare evoked responses and psychophysical thresholds of contrast modulation. The stimulus consisted of the successive presentation of a grating pattern at a higher and lower contrast. At a modulation rate of 8 Hz it was found that there is correspondence between the two kinds of data for a 6 cycle/degree grating. The just noticeable difference was not constant, and data approximated a Weber's law of contrast discrimination. However, it was found that there is a slight departure from this law, in that the ratio decreases with mean contrast. Both psychophysical and electrophysiological data exclude a model of simple luminance detection and are consistent with the operation of spatial contrast detectors in the human visual system.
Simplicity in effective topology

The recursion-theoretic study of mathematical structures other than ω is now a field of much activity. Analysis and algebra are two such structures which have been studied for their effective contents. Studies in analysis began with the work of Specker on nonconstructive proofs in analysis [16] and in Lacombe's inspiring notes on relevant notions of recursive analysis [8]. Studies in algebra originated in the work of Frolich and Shepherdson on effective extensions of explicit fields [1] and in Rabin's study of computable fields [15]. Equipped with the richness of modern techniques in recursion theory, Metakides and Nerode [11]–[13] began investigating the effective content of vector spaces and fields; these studies have been extended by Kalantari, Remmel, Retzlaff, Shore and others. Kalantari and Retzlaff [5] began a foundational inquiry into effectiveness in topological spaces. They consider a topological space X with a countable basis ⊿ for the topology. The space is fully effective, that is, the basis elements are coded into ω and the operation of intersection of basis elements and the relation of inclusion among them are both computable. Similar to , the lattice of recursively enumerable (r.e.) subsets of ω, the collection of r.e. open subsets of X forms a lattice ℒ(X) under the usual operations of union and intersection.
Characterization of Chemokine Receptors

This unit describes the procedures for measuring binding of a radiolabeled chemokine to chemokine receptors in cells or cell membranes. The whole‐cell binding assay can be used for both purified leukocytes as well as transfected cell lines expressing chemokine receptors. Two basic protocols are described. The first is applicable to all cells expressing chemokine receptors, both primary cultures as well as recombinantly transfected cell lines expressing a single chemokine receptor. The second is used principally for transfected cell lines and measures chemokine binding to cell membranes using scintillation proximity assay (SPA) methodology, but does not require washing steps and thus is applicable to automated high‐throughput screening strategies. An alternative procedure is also described which also uses SPA methodology to measure GTP‐gamma‐S binding to chemokine receptors in cell membranes. The two basic protocols can be used to determine the binding of compounds to chemokine receptors, while the alternate protocol determines the effects of compounds on the chemokine‐stimulated activation of the receptor.
Non-Galerkin Coarse Grids for Algebraic Multigrid

Algebraic multigrid (AMG) is a popular and effective solver for systems of linear equations that arise from discretized partial differential equations. While AMG has been effectively implemented on large scale parallel machines, challenges remain, especially when moving to exascale. In particular, stencil sizes (the number of nonzeros in a row) tend to increase further down in the coarse grid hierarchy, and this growth leads to more communication. Thus, as problem size increases and the number of levels in the hierarchy grows, the overall efficiency of the parallel AMG method decreases, sometimes dramatically. This growth in stencil size is due to the standard Galerkin coarse grid operator, $P^T A P$, where $P$ is the prolongation (i.e., interpolation) operator. For example, the coarse grid stencil size for a simple three-dimensional (3D) seven-point finite differencing approximation to diffusion can increase into the thousands on present day machines, causing an associated increase in communication costs.
DETERMINATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) IN OIL SHALE PROCESSING WASTES: CURRENT PRACTICE AND NEW TRENDS

In the present study a critical evaluation of analytical methods for the determination of PAHs in wastes originating from fossil fuel processing in general, and particularly from combustion and retorting of Estonian oil shale is presented. The analysis for PAHs in solid matrices includes several procedures, i.e. separation, cleanup and final determination. Classical and modern separation methods are characterized and examples of their use for oil shale wastes are demonstrated. For the final determination of PAHs in oil shale matrices chromatographic methods are used. A new approach involving the use of fluorinated PAHs as internal standards is introduced and discussed.
Nonclassical traffic modeling and performance analysis of cellular mobile networks with and without channel reservation

We present a two-moment performance analysis of cellular mobile networks with and without channel reservation. Unlike classical analysis where handoff traffic is modeled as Poisson, we characterize handoff traffic as a general traffic process and represent it using the first two moments of its offered traffic. We empirically show that handoff traffic is a smooth process under negative exponential channel holding times. We also show how one may determine customer-oriented grade-of-service parameters such as new-call blocking, handoff call blocking, and forced termination probability under the two-moment representation of traffic offered to each cell. We present extensive results validating our analysis. We compare the performance of the proposed two-moment analysis with classical single-moment analysis and simulation results. Our simulation employs five different mobility models. We show that our proposed model outperforms the existing analytical method when compared to simulation results employing all five mobility models.
Lecture on Substitution-based Semantics of Lambda Calculus By :

One style of giving dynamic semantics for programming language is called the operational semantics. An operational semantics can be thought of as an abstract state machine that specifies state transitions for each type of term in the language. These transitions may also include one or more transitions to the final state that signifies that the machine has halted (Also see Pierce [3], page 32, Section 3.4 for a discussion on semantic styles). The transitions in the abstract state machine take it from one configuration to another. For λ-calculus it would be sufficient to assume that the current configuration of the machine is represented by the current term. For more complex languages, however, configuration generally also keeps track of other values. In one style, small steps are taken in the semantics to transition from one configuration to another (thus the name small-step operational semantics). Generally, transitions in a small-step operational semantics are specified using inference rules (more commonly used in logic). An example inference rule is shown below:
Control of dendritic cell differentiation by angiotensin II

Here we analyze the role of the angiotensinergic system in the differentiation of dendritic cells (DC). We found that human monocytes produce angiotensin II (AII) and express AT1 and AT2 receptors for AII. DC differentiated from human monocytes in the presence of AT1 receptor antagonists losartan or candesartan show very low levels of CD1a expression and poor endocytic and allostimulatory activities. By contrast, DC differentiation in the presence of either the AT2 receptor antagonist PD 123319 or exogenous AII results in the development of nonadherent cells with CD1a expression and endocytic and allostimulatory activities higher than control DC. Similar contrasting effects were observed in mouse DC obtained from bone marrow cultures supplemented with granulocyte‐monocyte colony‐stimulating factor. DC differentiated in the presence of the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan express lower levels of CD11c, CD40, and Ia and display a lower ability to endocyte horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and to induce antibody responses in vivo, compared with controls. By contrast, DC differentiation in the presence of either the AT2 receptor antagonist PD 123319 or exogenous AII results in cells with high levels of CD11c, CD40, and Ia, as well as high ability to endocyte HRP and to induce antibody responses in vivo. Our results support the notion that the differentiation of DC is regulated by AII.