Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Australian Curriculum Framework for Junior Doctors

The Confederation of Postgraduate Medical Education Councils launched the Australian Curriculum Framework for Junior Doctors in October 2006. The curriculum framework: balances the major areas of clinical management, communication and professionalism, and highlights the importance of an integrated approach to prevocational learning and teaching; supports practice‐based, opportunistic and continuous learning, and specifies performance and supervision requirements for junior doctors; and has been published in both Internet and printable versions, to make the document accessible and easily usable by junior doctors and supervisors. The implementation of the curriculum framework will be overseen by a steering group that includes representatives from key stakeholder groups, including junior doctors and medical students.
The Skill Wage Differential of Korea after the 1980 s : The Effects of Supply , Demand and International Trade , 1981-99 *

Korea’s skill wage differential decreased substantially from the 1980s to the early 1990s, but from then it began to increase or at least remained stable. Prior to the mid1990s when the wage differential was decreasing, many people thought that changes in the wage differential could be adequately explained by considering the supply factor only. However, the fact that the skill differential and higher education has expanded simultaneously in recent years is undermining the basis of such an argument. Meanwhile, the fundamental causes of such change have yet to be clearly answered. Therefore, this paper analyzes the changes of Korea’s skill wage differential for the 1981-1999 period by using a labor market supply-demand model to identify some acceptable explanations. Several important findings of this paper are as follows: First, for the 1987-1994 period, the dramatic decrease of Korea’s skill wage differential is not properly explained only by a supply-demand story. Instead, there seem to be important changes in wage setting institutions associated with the rise of labor unions. Second, after the early 1990s, there were significant demand shifts favoring moreskilled workers over less-skilled workers. Specifically, the shifts were more overwhelming in sectors that consist of firms with 10 or more workers. Third, therefore, there has been a rise in the skill wage differential after the early 1990s in spite of steady increase in the supply of college graduates, and this reversion is relatively well-explained by a supply-demand story. Fourth, the share of trade-induced demand change in total demand change increased sharply after 1994 for the whole economy. Therefore, changes in international trade seem to have played an important role in altering Korea’s relative labor demand, and thus its skill wage differential. Seong Hyeok Moon Korea Development Institute P.O. Box 113, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Rep. of Korea shmoon@kdi.re. kr
The random coding bound is tight for the average code (Corresp.)

The random coding bound of information theory provides a well-known upper bound to the probability of decoding error for the best code of a given rate and block length. The bound is constructed by upperbounding the average error probability over an ensemble of codes. The bound is known to give the correct exponential dependence of error probability on block length for transmission rates above the critical rate, but it gives an incorrect exponential dependence at rates below a second lower critical rate. Here we derive an asymptotic expression for the average error probability over the ensemble of codes used in the random coding bound. The result shows that the weakness of the random coding bound at rates below the second critical rate is due not to upperbounding the ensemble average, but rather to the fact that the best codes are much better than the average at low rates.
Expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) mRNA expression in human spermatozoa.

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine if human spermatozoa express AHR (dioxin receptor) and ARNT and if mRNA levels for these transcription factors correlate with sperm concentration, motility or morphology. MATERIAL/METHODS This was a case-controlled cohort study in which AHR and ARNT mRNA levels in subjects with normal and abnormal semen analysis were compared. Semen analysis was performed by CASA. AHR/ARNT mRNA levels were determined by multiplex RT-PCR using Glyceryl aldehyde 3-phospho dehydrogenase (G3PDH) as an internal control. RESULTS Human sperm expresses abundant amounts of AHR and ARNT mRNA. There were no differences in AHR and ARNT mRNA levels in subjects with normal and abnormal semen analysis. AHR and ARNT levels did not correlate with sperm concentration, morphology or motility. There was a trend (p=0.07) for lower AHR mRNA expression in sperm of men with severe oligospermia. There was a significant negative correlation (r=-0.42, p<0.05) between sperm AHR and ARNT mRNA. CONCLUSIONS The presence of AHR in sperm provides a mechanism by which environmental dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polyhalogenated biphenyls could directly influence sperm function.
Symmetry based fast marching method for icosahedral virus segmentation

Segmentation of icosahedral virus density map from cryo-electron microscope (CryoEM) is a challenging task because virus structure is complex and density map is at low resolution. Fast marching method is widely used in segmentation, in which seed selection is essential for correct segmentation results. However, the selection of an appropriate seed is difficult. In this paper, we present the method of selecting the seed in fast marching algorithm by making use of the shape symmetry to improve the fast marching method for icosahedral virus segmentation. Based on the feature of icosahedron, we compute and get its symmetry axes inside the density map. With these symmetry axes, we specify the initial seeds with the local maxima value along symmetry axes. Further, the new data structures are presented, which can effectively reduce the memory cost when implement the fast marching algorithm. Experimental results show that the approach can obtain segmentation results of the density maps fast and accurately.
Regdata 3.0 User's Guide

We describe RegData 3.0, a database released by the RegData Project at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University on August 31, 2017, for the purpose of facilitating third-party usage. We explain the primary features of the database, describe the methodology used to build it, and list the pre-made datasets available for download from the RegData 3.0 database.
Evaluation of thallium-201 exercise scintigraphy in coronary heart disease.

Thallium-201 myocardial imaging provides a non-invasive technique in the investigation of patients with suspected coronary heart disease. This study was designed to evaluate thallium-201 (201TI) scintigraphy in predicting the presence or absence of coronary heart disease in 50 patients presenting with chest pain. 201Tl scintiscans were obtained in 4 projections at rest and on symptom-limited maximal exercise. The presence or absence of regional perfusion abnormality was determined by semiquantitative computer analysis. The results were compared with resting and exercise electrocardiography and the final diagnosis established by coronary arteriography. In 33 patients with significant coronary artery disease, perfusion defects were present at rest in 13 (39%) and on exercise in 30 (91%). Exercise 201Tl scintigraphy was significantly more sensitive in detecting the presence of coronary artery disease than resting scintigraphy. In 17 patients with normal
Interconnections between various analytic approaches applicable to third-order nonlinear differential equations

We unearth the interconnection between various analytical methods which are widely used in the current literature to identify integrable nonlinear dynamical systems described by third-order nonlinear ODEs. We establish an important interconnection between the extended Prelle–Singer procedure and λ-symmetries approach applicable to third-order ODEs to bring out the various linkages associated with these different techniques. By establishing this interconnection we demonstrate that given any one of the quantities as a starting point in the family consisting of Jacobi last multipliers, Darboux polynomials, Lie point symmetries, adjoint-symmetries, λ-symmetries, integrating factors and null forms one can derive the rest of the quantities in this family in a straightforward and unambiguous manner. We also illustrate our findings with three specific examples.
Cell envelope damage in Escherichia coli caused by short-term stress in water

Physiological and morphological changes in Escherichia coli exposed to oligotrophic natural waters and reagent grade water were studied. Several lines of evidence indicated that short-term exposure in water causes cellular envelope damage. Increasing susceptibility to lysozyme, lag time before cell division, and injury as defined by differential counts on selective and nonselective media occurred with exposure time. Electron micrographs of injured cells showed morphological changes in cell envelope.
Metformin has no major effects on glucose homeostasis in pregnant women with PCOS: results of a randomized double‐blind study

Objective. Previous non‐randomized and uncontrolled studies indicate major metformin effects on glucose homeostasis in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We investigated metformin effects on glucose homeostasis in a prospective controlled study. Material and methods. Forty pregnant women with PCOS and without known diabetes mellitus were included in the first trimester and randomized to either metformin 850 mg twice daily or placebo. Outcome measures were fasting glucose and insulin at inclusion and changes to pregnancy weeks 19, 32 and 36 and 2 h glucose levels during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) carried out at inclusion and pregnancy weeks 19 and 32. Insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) and beta‐cell function (HOMA‐β) were calculated using the homeostasis assessment model. Results. At inclusion, 2 h glucose levels during OGTT were higher in the placebo group (7.14 versus 6.03 mmol/L; p = 0.012). Accordingly, 6 out of 22 in the metformin group versus 2 out of 18 women in the placebo group (p = 0.21) had gestational diabetes mellitus at inclusion. At gestational weeks 19 and 32, 2‐h plasma glucose levels were equal between the groups. The total proportion of women with gestational diabetes did not differ between the groups, nor did any of the other indices of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. Conclusions. Metformin seems to be without major effects on glucose homeostasis in pregnant women with PCOS.
Dual function of Swc5 in SWR remodeling ATPase activation and histone H2A eviction

Abstract The chromatin remodeler SWR deposits histone H2A.Z at promoters and other regulatory sites via an ATP-driven histone exchange reaction that replaces nucleosomal H2A with H2A.Z. Simultaneous binding of SWR to both H2A nucleosome and free H2A.Z induces SWR ATPase activity and engages the histone exchange mechanism. Swc5 is a conserved subunit of the 14-polypeptide SWR complex that is required for the histone exchange reaction, but its molecular role is unknown. We found that Swc5, although not required for substrate binding, is required for SWR ATPase stimulation, suggesting that Swc5 is required to couple substrate recognition to ATPase activation. A biochemical complementation assay was developed to show that a unique, conserved domain at the C-terminus of Swc5, called Bucentaur (BCNT), is essential for the histone exchange activity of SWR, whereas an acidic region at the N-terminus is required for optimal SWR function. In vitro studies showed the acidic N-terminus of Swc5 preferentially binds to the H2A–H2B dimer and exhibits histone chaperone activity. We propose that an auxiliary function of Swc5 in SWR is to assist H2A ejection as H2A.Z is inserted into the nucleosome.
Maintaining System of Systems That Are Fit for Purpose: Effectively and Efficiently Preparing for the Unforeseeable

This article hypothesizes that a system of systems (SoS) that is not fit for purpose (FFP) is unfit because it cannot implement the correct, timely, and complete transfers of matter, energy, and information (MEI) between its constituents and with its external environment that are necessary to achieve a particular result. This research addresses the problem of maintaining an SoS FFP after unpredictable changes in operation, composition, or external factors by creating a method implemented as an engineering process and supported by an analysis technique to enhance the affordance of the SoS constituents for MEI transfer (MEIX) and to reveal potential undesirable transfers.
Highly sensitive determination of C-reactive protein on the Innotrac Aio! immunoanalyzer

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a widely recognized indicator of inflammation. Prospective studies have shown that CRP can be used to predict the risk of future cardiovascular events in apparently healthy subjects. Clinical and laboratory studies have also shown that inflammation has an important role in the inititation, progression and destabilization of atheromas, which makes high-sensitivity CRP determinations valuable in cardiovascular risk assessment. Innotrac Aio! is a fully automated random-access immunoanalyzer using a unique all-in-one (Aio! ) dry reagent concept and time-resolved fluorometric detection. In this study, the analytic performance of the Innotrac Aio! ultrasensitive CRP assay (usCRP) was evaluated. The analytical detection limit was 0.003 mg/L, the limit of quantification was ≤⃒0.03 mg/L and the carry-over result was within acceptable limits. Within-assay CVs obtained in lithium-heparin plasma at five concentrations ranged within 3.2 and 24.9%. Inter-assay precision using lithium-heparin plasma pools and commercial controls was 6.2-8.6% at concentrations of 0.17-33.3 mg/L. The inter-assay precision at a concentration of 0.04 mg/L using the serum pool was 67%. Regression analysis between Aio! usCRP and Cobas Integra CRP latex (Roche Diagnostics) using lithium-heparin plasma samples yielded the following results: correlation coefficient 0.983, slope 1.17 (<50 mg/L) and correlation coefficient 0.974, slope 1.137 (<10 mg/L). The correlation coefficient between Integra and Aio! usCRP assays using serum samples was 0.979 and the slope 1.106. Regresssion analysis between Aio! usCRP and Hitachi CRP (Latex) HS using serum samples revealed the following results: correlation coefficient 0.942, slope 0.879 (<20 mg/L) and correlation coefficient 0.973, slope 0.983 (<10 mg/L). EDTA whole blood samples correlated well with the corresponding plasma samples. Innotrac Aio! usCRP assay was found to be linear in the CRP concentration range of 0.09-62 mg/L. In the first quartile (0-25th percentile), 2nd quartile (25th-50th percentile), 3rd quartile (50th-75th percentile) and 4th quartile (75th-100th percentile), the mean CRP values were 0.16 mg/L, 0.52 mg/L, 1.24 mg/L and 4.39 mg/L, respectively.
Reproducibility and Accuracy of the ICDAS-II for Detection of Occlusal Caries in vitro

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess inter- and intra-examiner reproducibility and accuracy in the detection and assessment of occlusal caries in extracted human teeth using a newly developed visual method for caries diagnosis (International Caries Detection and Assessment System, ICDAS-II). Serial sectioning and microscopy were used as the ‘gold standard’. Methods: The occlusal surfaces of 100 teeth were examined by 4 dentists using the ICDAS-II graded scores 0–6. Thereafter the teeth were serially sectioned and assessed for depth of the lesion with two histological classification systems. Results: The weighted kappa values for inter- and intra-examiner reproducibility for the ICDAS-II examination were 0.62–0.83. There was a moderate relationship between the visual and both histological examinations (rs = 0.43–0.72). At the D1 diagnostic threshold (enamel and dentine lesions) specificity was 0.74–0.91 and sensitivity was 0.59–0.73. At the D3 diagnostic threshold (dentine lesions) specificity was 0.82–0.94 and sensitivity was 0.48–0.83 for the 4 examiners. Conclusion: The ICDAS-II system has demonstrated reproducibility and diagnostic accuracy for the detection of occlusal caries at varying stages of the disease process which are comparable to previously reported data using similar visual classification systems.
Quality of Life Assessment in Nasal Airway Obstruction

Objectives/Hypothesis Quality of life (QOL) assessment of patients with nasal obstruction has not been well studied. The objectives of the study were to determine the QOL of patients with nasal obstruction, to identify baseline variables predictive of patients' QOL, and to examine the relationship of QOL scores with patient assessment of nasal obstruction.
Inhibitory Effects of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and Osteogenic Protein-1 on Fibronectin Fragment- and Interleukin-1β-stimulated Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 Expression in Human Chondrocytes*

Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (collagenase-3), a member of the family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), plays a major pathological role in the cartilage destruction of arthritis. A dramatic up-regulation of MMP-13 by inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β or by fibronectin fragments has been observed in chondrocytes. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) on the expression of MMP-13, which was induced by fibronectin fragment or IL-1β in human immortalized or human primary chondrocytes. IGF-1 and OP-1 each significantly reduced the basal level as well as fibronectin fragment- or IL-1β-stimulated transcription of the MMP-13 gene in a dose-dependent fashion with the corresponding decreases in the protein level of MMP-13. The most prominent suppressive effect was observed by the combination of IGF-1 and OP-1, which decreased the basal promoter activity by 60% and almost completely abrogated the fibronectin fragment-stimulated MMP-13 promoter activity. OP-1 was found to enhance mRNA levels of IGF-1 and the IGF-1 receptor, the latter of which appeared to be responsible for the combined effect of IGF-1 and OP-1. The suppressive effect of IGF-1 and OP-1 on MMP-13 expression was due in part to down-regulation of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activity of their intermediate molecules, including NF-κB and AP-1 factors. We propose that IGF-1 and OP-1 could be key physiological regulators of MMP-13 gene expression and that the combination of IGF-1 and OP-1 may be useful in controlling the excess catabolic activity in arthritis.
Air pollution and cancer.

Emissions from motor vehicles, industrial processes, power generation, the household combustion of solid fuel, and other sources pollute the ambient air across the globe. The precise chemical and physical features of ambient air pollution, which comprises a myriad of individual chemical constituents, vary around the world due to differences in the sources of pollution, climate, and meteorology, but the mixtures of ambient air pollution invariably contain specific chemicals known to be carcinogenic to humans. Recent estimates suggest that the disease burden due to air pollution is substantial. Exposure to ambient fine particles was recently estimated to have contributed 3.2 million premature deaths worldwide in 2010, due largely to cardiovascular disease, and 223 000 deaths from lung cancer. More than half of the lung cancer deaths attributable to ambient fine particles were projected to have been in China and other East Asian countries. The IARC Monographs Programme convened a multidisciplinary Advisory Group that included epidemiologists, toxicologists, atmospheric scientists, cancer biologists, and regulators to make recommendations for the development of a series of Monographs on air pollution. This book provides the updated state-of-the-art overviews from this Advisory Group on topics related to exposure characterization, atmospheric and engineering sciences, epidemiological studies on cancer, results of pertinent cancer bioassays, and data elucidating potential mechanisms of carcinogenicity of compounds related to air pollution.
Development of ICT: conceptual comparative analysis of consumer behavior in Europe and Asia

Today’s society is becoming the information and communication technology societies, where ICT is responsible for the creation, distribution, and manipulation of information in every aspect of society (Xiang, Magnini, & Fesenmaier, 2015). The following article will present a comparative analysis of one aspect of consumer changes caused by ICT, which is e-commerce between Europe and Asia, using Hofstede’s culture dimensions (Power distance, individualism, masculinity and uncertainty avoidance). Purpose – to provide a comparative analysis of consumer behavior changes caused by ICT between Europe and Asia. Research methodology – a synthesis of review of the literature. Findings – provide insight into the difference in consumer behavior changes caused by ICT, between Europe and Asia and provide the basis for future researches. Research limitations – future research should include empirical research and study of other solution and other factors that affect consumer behavior. Practical implications – the practical implication of the article provide a framework for organizations to take into consideration, the difference in consumer behavior between countries when it is targeting their markets. Originality/Value – no comparative.
Mean velocity, turbulence intensity and turbulence convection velocity measurements for a convergent nozzle in a free jet wind tunnel

1 . O SUMMARY Page No. 2.0 INTRODUCTION 2.1 Background 2.2 Investigation Description 3.0 EXPERIMENTAL DESCRIPTION 3.1 Test Apparatus 3.1. 1 UTRC Facility 3.1. 2 Hot Wire Apparatus 3.2 Data Acquisition 3.3 Test Definition 3.3.1 Mean Velocity, Turbulence Velocity and Turbulence Spectra 3.3.2 Cross Correlation Coefficients and Convection Velocities 3.4 Test Procedure 3.4.1 Determination of Model Nozzle and Wind Tunnel Velocities 3.4.2 Anemometer Calibration 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 13 4.1 Mean Velocity 13 4.2 Mixing Layer Growth 13 4.3 Turbulence Measurements 15 4.3.1 Turbulence Spectra 15 4.3.2 Turbulence Intensity 16 4.4 Turbulence Convection Velocity 18 5.0 SUMMARY APPENDIX A ANALYSIS OF ERRORS APPENDIX B TABULATION OF CONVECTION VELOCITIES 23 4 4 4 4 7 9 9 9 10 10 11 21 22