Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Commentary on Sanborn and Chater: Posterior Modes Are Attractor Basins

Sanborn and Chater [1] propose an interesting theory of cognitive and brain function based on Bayesian sampling instead of asymptotic Bayesian inference. Their proposal unifies many current observations and models and, in spite of focusing primarily on cognitive phenomena, their work provides a springboard for unifying several proposed theories of brain function. It has the potential to serve as a bridge between three influential overarching current theories of cognitive and brain function: Bayesian models, Friston’s [2–4] theory of cortical responses based on the free-energy principle, and attractor-basin dynamics [5,6]. Specifically, their proposal suggests a high-level perspective on Friston’s theory, which in turn proposes a sampling procedure including appropriate handling of autocorrelation as well as a plausible neurobiological implementation. In turn, these two theories together link into attractor-basin dynamics at the level of networks (via Friston) as well at the level of behavior (via the relationship between the modes of prior and posterior distributions, as discussed by Sanborn and Chater). We will argue here that, by linking Sanborn and Chater’s approach to neurobiological models based on the free-energy principle on the one hand and attractor-basin dynamics on the other, the scope of their proposal can be broadened considerably. Moreover, a unified perspective along these lines provides an elegant solution to several of Sanborn and Chater’s Outstanding Questions relating to the neural implementation of sampling.
Active and Passive Immunization Against Angiotensin II in the Rat and Rabbit: EVIDENCE FOR A NORMAL REGULATION OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM

Active or passive immunization has been used repeatedly as a tool in studies on the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the control of blood pressure and kidney function. The results are not consistent among each other, and they are also at variance with other studies using different approaches. To evaluate the possible causes of these discrepancies, the biological characteristics of angiotensin antibodies were studied in rats. Following the intravenous injection of angiotensin II antibodies (purified by affinity chromatography), the plasma concentration of the antibodies declined in a two-exponential curve with half times of 11 hours and 7 days, which probably reflect distribution in the extracellular space and elimination, respectively. Plasma angiotensin II levels rose from preinjection levels of 100 pgsolml to 12,000 pg/ml within 10 minutes and then declined concomitantly with the decline in antibody concentration. We calculated that only a small fraction of the circulating antibody was occupied by angiotensin II. Plasma renin concentrations were initially elevated both in controls and in antibody-injected rats, but they returned to the control level after 30 minutes and remained at that level throughout the rest of the experiment (10 days). This fact indicates that feedback mechanisms which control renin secretion, such as free plasma angiotensin II concentrations, are in the normal range. We therefore concluded that the renin-angiotensin system in antibody-injected rats was regulated at a normal level. Similar conditions seemed to exist in rabbits actively immunized against angiotensin II; these animals exhibited high concentrations of total immunoreactive angiotensin II (up to 200,000 pg/ml) and a small increase in plasma aldosterone and corticosterone concentrations.
ARTIFICIAL BEE COLONY OPTIMIZATION APPROACH TO DEVELOP STRATEGIES FOR THE ITERATED PRISONER ’ S DILEMMA

This study proposes a binary Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) approach to develop game strategies for Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (IPD). To determine the quality of the evolved strategies, a comparison is made between this binary ABC approach, several known man-made strategies and strategies developed by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. In this paper, we examine the suitability of the nature inspired ABC algorithm to generate strategies for IPD which has not been investigated before. In general, the ABC algorithm provides better strategies against PSO and benchmark strategies.
High sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor in metallic grating loaded waveguide

Over the past few decades, a considerable number of studies have been conducted on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. Waveguide SPR sensor has profits such as compact, remote sensing and bulk production. But its resolution of refractive index is poor, in comparison with prism coupling SPR sensor. In this paper we demonstrate the design and experimental verification of high sensitive SPR sensor in metallic grating loaded waveguide.
Analyse des mouvements oculaires saccadiques à la phase prodromale de la maladie d’Alzheimer

Objectif. Le but de notre etude etait d’examiner les mouvements oculaires saccadiques a travers plusieurs paradigmes chez des patients presentant une maladie d'Alzheimer prodromale (MAP) comparativement a des patients souffrant d'une maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) au stade leger a modere et des sujets sains controles apparies pour l'âge. Materiels et methodes. Nous avons enregistre les saccades par oculometrie infra-rouge automatisee chez 79 patients (MAP: 29; MA: 23; controles: 27). Les parametres d'execution des saccades reflexes (paradigmes gap horizontal et step vertical) et volontaires (paradigmes des anti-saccades (AS), de decision spatiale et de prediction) etaient mesures. Les trois groupes ont recu une batterie d’evaluation neuropsychologique complete. Nous avons etudie les correlations entre le taux d'erreur aux AS et les scores des echelles neuropsychologiques. Resultats. Les patients MAP ont realise plus d'erreurs de direction aux AS comparativement au groupe controle (46,9%, ecart type 25,9% contre 24,3%, ecart type 19,8%, p = 0,0007). La latence d'initiation des AS etait plus importante chez les patients MAP que chez les patients MA (p = 0,0335). Les parametres d'execution des saccades (precision, vitesse, latence) etaient peu ou non alteres. Le pourcentage d'erreurs aux AS etait correle avec les performances a la plupart des tests du bilan neuropsychologique, en particulier au Mini-Mental State Examination. De maniere generale, les correlations etaient faibles ou moderees. Conclusion. Il existe donc un « pattern » d'execution des saccades, detectable en analyse automatisee, a un stade precoce de la MA. Simple et rapide, l'exploration des saccades pourrait constituer un nouveau biomarqueur pour le diagnostic de MAP.
Oncolytic Virotherapy Oncolytic virus therapy for cancer

Joe Goldufsky1 Shanthi Sivendran3 Sara Harcharik4 Michael Pan4 Sebastian Bernardo4 Richard H Stern5 Philip Friedlander4 Carl E Ruby1,2 Yvonne Saenger4 Howard L Kaufman1,2 Departments of 1Immunology & Microbiology and 2Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA 3Hematology/Oncology Medical Specialists, Lancaster General Health, Lancaster, PA, USA, and Departments of 4Medical Oncology and 5Radiology, Tisch Cancer Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Visibility of traffic control devices: catering for the real observer.

Despite continuing review of design rules for traffic control devices and occasional reviews of visual standards for operators of vehicles, there is still a gulf between what the design engineer expects users to be able to see and the actual visual performance of the user population under practical conditions This paper reviews the visual characteristics of the ‘ real ’ observer using both conventional methods of assessment and an information theory approach. Recent research by the authors and their colleagues on the acquisition of information by observers with normal and degraded vision shows that present scales for specifying visual performance do not adequately represent the visual requirements of many practical tasks These studies also suggest that there should be a. more systematic approach to the development of design rules based on visual performance characteristics of the whole user population rather than only that proportion of the population which has normal vision. Equally there should be a mor.
Noninfectious inflammatory lung disease: imaging considerations and clues to differential diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE Noninfectious inflammatory lung diseases represent a spectrum of idiopathic and secondary conditions that may involve the airspaces, vasculature, or interstitium. The most important clinical and pathologic characteristics are reviewed, emphasizing CT findings and potential clues to differential diagnosis. CONCLUSION Noninfectious inflammatory lung diseases translate into various CT appearances that are important in making the correct diagnosis.
Differential Alteration in Intestinal Epithelial Cell Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

ABSTRACT Initiation and perpetuation of the inflammatory intestinal responses in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may result from an exaggerated host defense reaction of the intestinal epithelium to endogenous lumenal bacterial flora. Intestinal epithelial cell lines constitutively express several functional Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which appear to be key regulators of the innate response system. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression pattern of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR5 in primary intestinal epithelial cells from patients with IBD. Small intestinal and colonic biopsy specimens were collected from patients with IBD (Crohn's disease [CD], ulcerative colitis [UC]) and controls. Non-IBD specimens were assessed by immunofluorescence histochemistry using polyclonal antibodies specific for TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR5. Primary intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) of normal mucosa constitutively expressed TLR3 and TLR5, while TLR2 and TLR4 were only barely detectable. In active IBD, the expression of TLR3 and TLR4 was differentially modulated in the intestinal epithelium. TLR3 was significantly downregulated in IEC in active CD but not in UC. In contrast, TLR4 was strongly upregulated in both UC and CD. TLR2 and TLR5 expression remained unchanged in IBD. These data suggest that IBD may be associated with distinctive changes in selective TLR expression in the intestinal epithelium, implying that alterations in the innate response system may contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders.
Issues relating to study design and risk of bias when including non‐randomized studies in systematic reviews on the effects of interventions

Non‐randomized studies may provide valuable evidence on the effects of interventions. They are the main source of evidence on the intended effects of some types of interventions and often provide the only evidence about the effects of interventions on long‐term outcomes, rare events or adverse effects. Therefore, systematic reviews on the effects of interventions may include various types of non‐randomized studies. In this second paper in a series, we address how review authors might articulate the particular non‐randomized study designs they will include and how they might evaluate, in general terms, the extent to which a particular non‐randomized study is at risk of important biases. We offer guidance for describing and classifying different non‐randomized designs based on specific features of the studies in place of using non‐informative study design labels. We also suggest criteria to consider when deciding whether to include non‐randomized studies. We conclude that a taxonomy of study designs based on study design features is needed. Review authors need new tools specifically to assess the risk of bias for some non‐randomized designs that involve a different inferential logic compared with parallel group trials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
H 2 and NO 2 Gas Sensors with ZnO Nanobelt Layer on 36° LiTaO 3 and 64° LiNbO 3 SAW Transducers

Single crystal nanobelts of ZnO were synthesized and deposited onto 36° YX LiTaO3 and 64° YX LiNbO3 Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) devices for gas sensing applications. Sensor response, defined as the change in resonant frequency, was measured for H2 and NO2 between 20 and 200°C. Measured sensor responses were 3.5 kHz towards 10 ppm NO2 for a 64° LiNbO3 SAW transducer operating at 160°C and 3 kHz towards 1% H2 for a 36° LiTaO3 SAW transducer operating at 185°C temperature. I. INTRODUCTION In the past few years, intense research activities have been devoted to the synthesis, structural characterization and investigation of physical properties of nanostructured materials. Due to size effects, nano-materials often exhibit novel physical properties and are of great interest for fundamental studies and for device applications (1). Electrical, magnetic, optical and mechanical properties have all been observed to change at the nanoscale. Potential applications of nanostructured materials include: highly efficient catalysts, highly sensitive gas sensors, high frequency resonators, photo detectors, nano-sensors, nanoscale biological sensors, etc (2-5). Gas detection instruments are increasingly required for industrial health and safety, environmental monitoring and process control. To meet these demands, the performance of conventional devices, such as sensitivity, selectivity and stability can be enhanced through nano-technology (6). Recent advances in the development of nanostructured oxides and carbon (7-9) provide the opportunity to greatly increase the response of these materials, as their performance is directly related to granularity, porosity and ratio of surface area to volume. For gas sensing application, a new generation of devices is being developed based on nano- structured semiconducting oxides i.e. nanobelts, nanofibers, nanoribbons, nanowires, nanorods, and nanohelices. They have an increased surface to volume ratio when compared to conventional crystal structures. Numerous nanostructured materials have been reported to be usable as gas sensors in literature, such as SnO2 nanobelts for CO and NO2 sensing (10), In2O3 nanowires devices for NO2 detection (11), WO3 nanowires for NO2 (12), TiO2 nanotubes for H2 sensing (13), Mo and Pd nanowires for H2 sensing (14) and carbon nanotubes for H2 detection (15). Semiconductor metal oxide (SMO) films have been used extensively for gas sensing. The operation of SMO devices is based on film conductivity changes caused by interaction with gas molecules. The mechanism for gas detection in these materials, in large part, is a function of the reactions which occur at the sensor surface between the surface of thin films and the gas molecules to be detected. The adsorbed gas atoms inject electrons into or extract electrons from the semiconducting material, depending on whether they are reducing or oxidizing agents, respectively (16). This mechanism results in a change of the film conductivity, which corresponds to the gas concentration.
Multiparametric 3-Tesla MRI using a phased-array coil for preoperative local staging of prostate cancer : utility of the 3 D T 2-weighted sequence

Any information contained in this pdf file is automatically generated from digital material submitted to EPOS by third parties in the form of scientific presentations. References to any names, marks, products, or services of third parties or hypertext links to thirdparty sites or information are provided solely as a convenience to you and do not in any way constitute or imply ECR's endorsement, sponsorship or recommendation of the third party, information, product or service. ECR is not responsible for the content of these pages and does not make any representations regarding the content or accuracy of material in this file. As per copyright regulations, any unauthorised use of the material or parts thereof as well as commercial reproduction or multiple distribution by any traditional or electronically based reproduction/publication method ist strictly prohibited. You agree to defend, indemnify, and hold ECR harmless from and against any and all claims, damages, costs, and expenses, including attorneys' fees, arising from or related to your use of these pages. Please note: Links to movies, ppt slideshows and any other multimedia files are not available in the pdf version of presentations. www.myESR. org
A fast channel state information feedback scheme based on compressive sensing for underwater acoustic MIMO systems

In this paper, a compressive feedback scheme based on compressed sensing is investigated to reduce feedback load and enhance the sum throughput at low feedback rates for underwater acoustic MIMO systems. Meanwhile, to avoid the out-of-date channel state information at the transmitter under the high dynamic underwater channel, we present a modified SL0 (M-SL0) algorithm to recover the CSI at the transmitter, which adopts more steep approximate hyperbolic tangent function to approximate the l0 norm in the recovery. The minimization problem of the l0 norm can be transformed into a convex optimization problem for the smoothed function. Then, in order to solve the problem of slow convergence and inaccuracy estimation caused by notched effect of the gradient method, hybrid optimization algorithm that combines the advantages of the gradient method and the revised Newton method is introduced to improve the accuracy of sparse recovery. Numerical simulations show that the recovery accuracy and speed are improved by the proposed M-SL0 algorithm comparing with SL0, OMP algorithm. Meanwhile, CSI feedback based compressive sensing performs better than the feedback based on a vector quantitation codebook.
Arguments for a vascular glaucoma etiology

Abstract. A material of Open Angle Glaucoma (G) collected by an eye practitioner (B S) from 1980 to 1991 is analysed with special respect to the occurrence of disc haemorrhages (Hs) and retinal vein occlusions (VOs). There is a close association between Hs and VOs and G, which in all categories increases with increasing follow‐up time. Furthermore, the occurrence of mixed cases ‐ H in one eye and VO in the same or the other ‐ support the opinion that Hs, branch vein occlusions and central vein occlusions are manifestations of the same vascular disease, the difference between them being the size of the vessel affected. The well known morphological changes in the retinal veins of glaucomas and in central vein occlusions are endothelial proliferations causing progressive increase of flow resistance. Similar changes most probably also cause branch occlusions and disc haemorrhages. The vascular affection which obstructs the vessels with hindrance of the blood flow and impaired nutrition of neuronal tissue, might be the primary cause of glaucoma.
ATP-MgCl2 treatment after experimental acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.

BACKGROUND The effect of ATP-MgCl2 on myocardial metabolism and hemodynamics was investigated in this study. METHODS Twelve dogs were entered in this research. Six dogs received ATP-MgCl2 and the remaining dogs were considered as controls. The amount of ATP and MgCl2 concentration of this solution is 100 mumol/ml each. The volume administered to the animals during the aortic occlusion is 0.25 ml/kg/hour; in the solution are 100 mumol/ml dose each. The volume administered to the animals during reperfusion is 0.25 ml/kg/hour. The left anterior descending artery was occluded for a period of one hour and the drug was administered during reperfusion. RESULTS Three hours after reperfusion, cardiac output was 1524 +/- 26 ml/min in the control group and 1638 +/- 47 ml/min in the ATP-MgCl2 group (p < 0.05), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was 14 +/- 3 in the control group and 8 +/- 2 in the ATP-MgCl2 group. At the same time interval tissue ATP and lactate level was 7 +/- 3, 1.3 +/- 0.4 in the control group and 14 +/- 2, 0.0 +/- 0.2 in the ATP-MgCl2 group respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this study we demonstrated that ATP-MgCl2 usage after one hour of arterial occlusion protects the heart from the adverse effects of ischemia/reperfusion.
Motzkin Paths with Vertical Edges

This paper considers finite lattice paths formed from the set of step vectors {→, ↗,↘, ↑, and ↓} with the restriction that vertical steps (↑, ↓) can not be consecutive. We provide a recurrence relation for enumerating paths that terminate a horizontal distance n and vertical distance m from the starting point and apply the relation to paths which are restricted to the first quadrant and paths which are not. We provide an explicit algorithmic bijection between these paths and a bisection of the Motzkin triangle paths. Finally, we extend Dyck paths in a similar manner and show that using the same mapping there is a bijection to a subset of Motzkin paths.
Propionibacterium acnes endocarditis on an annuloplasty ring in an adolescent boy

Propionibacterium acnes, a constituent of the human cutaneous flora, infected both the native mitral valve and a Carpentier mitral annuloplasty ring in an adolescent patient. In the case of culture negative endocarditis, the incubation period of blood cultures should be prolonged to identify this pathogen.
Control of Adept One SCARA robot using neural networks

This paper presents an enhanced feedback error learning control (EFELC) strategy for an n-degree-of-freedom robotic manipulator. It covers the design and simulation study of the neural network-based controller for the manipulator with a view of tracking a predetermined trajectory of motion in the joint space. An industrial robotic manipulator, the Adept One Robot, was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The Adept One Robot was simulated as a three-axis manipulator with the dynamics of the tool (fourth link) neglected and the mass of the load incorporated into the mass of the third link. For simplicity, only the first two joints of the manipulator were considered in the simulation study. The overall performance of the control system under different conditions, namely, trajectory tracking, variations in trajectory and different initial weight values were studied and comparison made with the existing feedback error learning control strategy. The enhanced version was shown to outperform the existing method.
Bilirubin: an autofluorescence bile biomarker for liver functionality monitoring

Excitation at 366–465 nm of bilirubin in aqueous solution with solubilizing agents results in emission spectra composed by two main bands. The variation of their relative contributions as shown by changes in the spectral shape are consistent with the bilirubin bichromophore nature. This latter accounts for an exciton‐coupling phenomenon, intramolecular interchromophore energy transfer efficiency being affected by microenvironment. Excitation at 366 nm, despite the poor absorption of bilirubin, gives rise to appreciable emission signals from both pure compounds and bile – collected from functionally altered rat livers – favouring the spectral shape response to environment and molecular conformation changes. As compared to the merely bile flow estimation, real‐time detection of fluorescence, revealing composition variations, improves near‐UV optical‐biopsy diagnostic potential in hepatology. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)