Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised Classification of Polarimetirc SAR Image Via Improved Manifold Regularized Low-Rank Representation With Multiple Features

In this paper, a novel polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image unsupervised classification method is proposed. It combines three typical features, including polarimetric data features (coherent matrix), polarimetric decomposition features (Krogager, Freeman, Yamaguqi, Neuman, and H/A/ $\alpha $ decomposition), and gray-level co-occurrence matrix features to comprehensively describe the data characteristics. And it also proposes a symmetric revised Wishart (SRW) distance-derived manifold regularized low-rank representation (SRWM_LRR) method to deeply exploit the geometry data structure. The low-rank representation (LRR) is used to capture the intrinsic global structure of PolSAR data and the manifold regularization is employed to detect the local structure of the data, in which SRW distance is introduced to measure the similarity between different pixels for describing the local manifold structure. This algorithm considers the specific statistics property in PolSAR data and simultaneously integrates multiple features in perspective of data geometry structure to represent pixels for achieving a better classification performance. The effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method are demonstrated by datasets obtained either in spaceborne or airborne SAR system, including the Flevoland dataset (AIRSAR L-Band) extensively used in land classification cover, and Xi'an dataset (RadarSAT-2 C-Band). Compared with the traditional Wishart classifier, Euclidean and SRW distance-based spectral clustering and LRR, the proposed method shows improvement in accuracy and efficiency as well as a better visualization result.
Noninvasive Heart Rate Variability Analysis Using Loadcell-Installed Bed During Sleep

Polysomnography is the standard method to score the sleep stages or to determine the quality of sleep. During all night examination, subjects must attach complicate and numerous electrodes on their body to acquire the biosignals. They can influence participants' sleep stage transition or sleep pattern, and the method seems intricate. In many researches, it is reported that autonomic nervous system (ANS) is varying with sleep stage transition and heart rate variability (HRV) is one of the indices which reflects the changes of autonomic nervous system. In this point of view, we can estimate the sleep quality by observing the HRV variation. In this study, to analyze the heart rate variability, we introduce a new system that can detect the heart beats of subjects during sleep by using bed installed load-cell sensors. The pressure to the sensor changes with the pulsation of the heart and we consider it as ballistocardiogram, the physical heart beat signal. To validate our system, we adopted this system for the 4 subjects with the polysomnography. The results show the LF/HF ratio of the heart rate, one of the reflection parameters of ANS, acquired from the system for each sleep stage. To validate the results, the HRV from electrocardiogram using Ag-AgCl electrodes will be compared.
Vaccination With Heterologous HIV-1 Envelope Sequences and Heterologous Adenovirus Vectors Increases T-Cell Responses to Conserved Regions: HVTN 083.

BACKGROUND Increasing the breadth of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine-elicited immune responses or targeting conserved regions may improve coverage of circulating strains. HIV Vaccine Trials Network 083 tested whether cellular immune responses with these features are induced by prime-boost strategies, using heterologous vectors, heterologous inserts, or a combination of both. METHODS A total of 180 participants were randomly assigned to receive combinations of adenovirus vectors (Ad5 or Ad35) and HIV-1 envelope (Env) gene inserts (clade A or B) in a prime-boost regimen. RESULTS T-cell responses to heterologous and homologous insert regimens targeted a similar number of epitopes (ratio of means, 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], .6-1.6; P = .91), but heterologous insert regimens induced significantly more epitopes that were shared between EnvA and EnvB than homologous insert regimens (ratio of means, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2-5.7; P = .01). Participants in the heterologous versus homologous insert groups had T-cell responses that targeted epitopes with greater evolutionary conservation (mean entropy [±SD], 0.32 ± 0.1 bits; P = .003), and epitopes recognized by responders provided higher coverage (49%; P = .035). Heterologous vector regimens had higher numbers of total, EnvA, and EnvB epitopes than homologous vector regimens (P = .02, .044, and .045, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that vaccination with heterologous insert prime boosting increased T-cell responses to shared epitopes, while heterologous vector prime boosting increased the number of T-cell epitopes recognized. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01095224.
Loss of functional large T-antigen and free viral genomes from cells transformed in vitro by polyoma virus after passage in vivo as tumor cells

We have analyzed the state, arrangement, and expression of polyoma viral DNA sequences in a number of in vitro-transformed Fischer rat cells before and after growth in vivo as tumour cells. When the in vitro lines used to induce the tumors contained only a single insert of viral sequences and did not produce either a full-size 100,000-dalton (100K) large T-antigen or free viral genomes, no differences in the above-mentioned properties were observed. By contrast, in vitro cell lines containing multiple inserts of viral sequences, a functional 100K large T-antigen, and free viral genome induced tumor cells which displayed a reduced number of inserts of viral sequences and which did not produce either a functional 100K large T-antigen or free viral genomes. All of the in vitro lines and their tumor cell derivatives expressed the polyoma virus 55K middle and 22K small T-antigen species. Possible mechanisms for the selection in vivo against cells containing a functional 100K large T-antigen and consequently free viral genomes are discussed.
Negative Academic Emotion and Psychological Well-being in Chinese Rural-to-Urban Migrant Adolescents: Examining the Moderating Role of Cognitive Reappraisal

The study aimed to explore the relationship among negative academic emotions (e.g., anxiety, shame, anger, boredom, hopelessness, disappointment, and hatred), psychological well-being (including life vitality, health concern, altruism commitment, self-value, friendly relationship, and personal development), and cognitive reappraisal in rural-to-urban migrant adolescents in China. Specifically, it was hypothesized that the relationship between psychological well-being and negative academic emotions is moderated by cognitive reappraisal. A total of 311 migrant adolescents aged 14–20 years were selected, including 132 boys and 179 girls. Results of a regression analysis showed that cognitive reappraisal (positive) and negative academic emotions were significant predictors of psychological well-being. The interaction effect between cognitive reappraisal and negative academic emotion was also a significant predictor of psychological well-being. In the simple slope analysis the group with a below average cognitive reappraisal score the negative academic emotions were associated with lower psychological well-being, whereas in the group with above average cognitive reappraisal the effect of negative academic emotions on psychological well-being was not significant. However, for those with a cognitive reappraisal score of 1 standard deviation above the average, the effect of negative academic emotions on psychological well-being was not significant. These results suggest that cognitive reappraisal was a significant moderator in the relationship between negative academic emotion and psychological well-being.
The Role of Urban Agriculture as a Nature-Based Solution: A Review for Developing a Systemic Assessment Framework

Urbanization and achieving sustainable agriculture are both major societal challenges. By reducing food miles and connecting people with nature, food cultivation in cities has several major advantages. However, due to further urban development (peri-) urban agriculture (UPA) is under threat. To strengthen UPA, we argue for considering UPA as a nature-based solution (NbS) supporting systemic approaches for societal challenges. However, academic knowledge on UPA’s contribution to various societal challenges of urbanization is still fragmented. This study addresses the gap by conducting a systemic literature review, incorporating 166 academic articles focusing on the global north. The results of the review show that UPA contributes to ten key societal challenges of urbanization: climate change, food security, biodiversity and ecosystem services, agricultural intensification, resource efficiency, urban renewal and regeneration, land management, public health, social cohesion, and economic growth. The value of UPA is its multifunctionality in providing social, economic and environmental co-benefits and ecosystem services. When implementing UPA, social, institutional, economic, technical, geographical, and ecological drivers and constraints need to be considered. To upscale UPA successfully, the study develops an integrative assessment framework for evaluating the implementation and impact efficiency of UPA. This framework should be tested based on the example of edible cities.
Investigation of the SPINK1 N34S mutation in Romanian patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. A clinical analysis based on the criteria of the M-ANNHEIM classification.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The N34S mutation in the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type I (SPINK1) gene has been associated with chronic pancreatitis. Clinical data about the phenotypic expression of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis with the N34S variant are limited. The prevalence of the N34S mutation in patients with chronic pancreatitis and healthy individuals from Eastern Europe is unknown. METHODS We studied Romanian patients with chronic pancreatitis and investigated the clinical presentation in patients with N34S mutation. The SPINK1 N34S variant was analysed in 94 chronic pancreatitis patients and 96 healthy controls by an allele specific PCR method and a restriction fragment length polymorphism method. A meta-analysis was conducted with previous N34S association studies. The clinical course of alcoholic pancreatitis was evaluated according to the severity criteria of the M-ANNHEIM classification system of chronic pancreatitis. RESULTS A heterozygous N34S mutation was found in 1 of 96 healthy individuals (1%) and in 4 of 80 patients (5%) with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. The meta-analysis confirmed the status of N34S as a risk factor for the development of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis (OR=5.3). However, the clinical course of the disease was similar in patients with and without N34S mutation. CONCLUSION The N34S mutation is a weak risk factor for alcoholic chronic pancreatitis.
Experiential or Self-Regulated Learning: A Critical Reflection of Entrepreneurial Learning Processes

Abstract Research on entrepreneurial learning highlights the importance of experience and prior knowledge to entrepreneurial success. However, a conundrum remains and we are still seeking answers as to why some novice entrepreneurs learn successfully from their experiences and succeed, while some experienced entrepreneurs fail with their ventures. In order to advance the discussion about the role of experience during entrepreneurial learning, our critical reflection aims to (1) highlight some of the shortcomings of experiential learning theory (ELT) and (2) illustrate how alternative theoretical perspectives have the potential to advance our conceptual understanding of entrepreneurial learning processes. We argue for an explanation of entrepreneurial learning as a dynamic and self-regulated process that relies on planning, monitoring, and self-reflection.
Diversity and Seasonal Fluctuations of the Dominant Members of the Bacterial Soil Community in a Wheat Field as Determined by Cultivation and Molecular Methods

ABSTRACT There is a paucity of knowledge on microbial community diversity and naturally occurring seasonal variations in agricultural soil. For this purpose the soil microbial community of a wheat field on an experimental farm in The Netherlands was studied by using both cultivation-based and molecule-based methods. Samples were taken in the different seasons over a 1-year period. Fatty acid-based typing of bacterial isolates obtained via plating revealed a diverse community of mainly gram-positive bacteria, and only a few isolates appeared to belong to the Proteobacteria and green sulfur bacteria. Some genera, such as Micrococcus,Arthrobacter, and Corynebacterium were detected throughout the year, while Bacillus was found only in July. Isolate diversity was lowest in July, and the most abundant species, Arthrobacter oxydans, and members of the genus Pseudomonas were found in reduced numbers in July. Analysis by molecular techniques showed that diversity of cloned 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences was greater than the diversity among cultured isolates. Moreover, based on analysis of 16S rDNA sequences, there was a more even distribution among five main divisions,Acidobacterium,Proteobacteria, Nitrospira, cyanobacteria, and green sulfur bacteria. No clones were found belonging to the gram-positive bacteria, which dominated the cultured isolates. Seasonal fluctuations were assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Statistical analysis of the banding patterns revealed significant differences between samples taken in different seasons. Cluster analysis of the patterns revealed that the bacterial community in July clearly differed from those in the other months. Although the molecule- and cultivation-based methods allowed the detection of different parts of the bacterial community, results from both methods indicated that the community present in July showed the largest difference from the communities of the other months. Efforts were made to use the sequence data for providing insight into more general ecological relationships. Based on the distribution of 16S rDNA sequences among the bacterial divisions found in this work and in literature, it is suggested that the ratio between the number ofProteobacteria andAcidobacterium organisms might be indicative of the trophic level of the soil.
Breathing dysfunctions associated with impaired control of postinspiratory activity in Mecp2−/y knockout mice

Rett syndrome (RTT) is an inborn neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the X‐linked methyl‐CpG binding protein 2 gene (MECP2). Besides mental retardation, most patients suffer from potentially life‐threatening breathing arrhythmia. To study its pathophysiology, we performed comparative analyses of the breathing phenotype of Mecp2−/y knockout (KO) and C57BL/6J wild‐type mice using the perfused working heart–brainstem preparation (WHBP). We simultaneously recorded phrenic and efferent vagal nerve activities to analyse the motor pattern of respiration, discriminating between inspiration, postinspiration and late expiration. Our results revealed respiratory disturbances in KO preparations that were similar to those reported from in vivo measurements in KO mice and also to those seen in RTT patients. The main finding was a highly variable postinspiratory activity in KO mice that correlated closely with breathing arrhythmias leading to repetitive apnoeas even under undisturbed control conditions. Analysis of the pontine and peripheral sensory regulation of postinspiratory activity in KO preparations revealed: (i) prolonged apnoeas associated with enhanced postinspiratory activity after glutamate‐induced activation of the pontine Kölliker‐Fuse nucleus; and (ii) prolonged apnoeas and lack of reflex desensitization in response to repetitive vagal stimulations. We conclude that impaired network and sensory mediated synaptic control of postinspiration induces severe breathing dysfunctions in Mecp2−/y KO preparations. As postinspiration is particularly important for the control of laryngeal adductors, the finding might explain the upper airway‐related clinical problems of patients with RTT such as apnoeas, loss of speech and weak coordination of breathing and swallowing.
Noise and critical behavior of the pupil light reflex at oscillation onset.

We have induced oscillations in the human pupil light reflex using two different kinds of external electronic feedback: smooth negative feedback (SNF) and piecewise constant negative feedback (PCNF). The behavior of the mean amplitude and period at oscillation onset are shown to be in good agreement with a model of this neural system incorporating the external feedback. The critical behavior displayed through amplitude and period fluctuations is different in each case. The observation that amplitude fluctuations are larger (smaller) than period fluctuations for SNF (PCNF) is explained theoretically and by numerical integration of a stochastic delay-differential equation with additive and multiplicative colored noise. We find that both types of noise postpone the Hopf bifurcation in SNF by an amount proportional to the noise intensity and inversely proportional to the correlation time. The implications for analyzing bifurcations in neural systems are discussed.
Pannier

Classic caching algorithms leverage recency, access count, and/or other properties of cached blocks at per-block granularity. However, for media such as flash which have performance and wear penalties for small overwrites, implementing cache policies at a larger granularity is beneficial. Recent research has focused on buffering small blocks and writing in large granularities, sometimes called containers, but it has not explored the ramifications and best strategies for caching compound blocks consisting of logically distinct, but physically co-located, blocks. Containers may have highly diverse blocks, with mixtures of frequently accessed, infrequently accessed, and invalidated blocks. We propose and evaluate Pannier, a flash cache layer that provides high performance while extending flash lifespan. Pannier uses three main techniques: (1) leveraging block access counts to manage cache containers, (2) incorporating block liveness as a property to improve flash cache space efficiency, and (3) designing a multi-step feedback controller to ensure a flash cache reaches its desired lifespan while maintaining performance. Our evaluation shows that Pannier improves flash cache performance and extends lifespan beyond previous per-block and container-aware caching policies. More fundamentally, our investigation highlights the importance of creating new policies for caching compound blocks in flash.
Remodeling Patterns of Occipital Growth: A Preliminary Report

Occipital growth depends on coordinated deposition and resorption on the external and internal surface and includes interrelated processes of movement: cortical drift, displacement, and relocation. The current work aspires to map patterns of remodeling activity on the endocranial surface of the occipital bone from childhood to adulthood using a larger study sample compared with previous studies. The study sample consists of 5 adult and 10 immature (2¼ to 8 years old) occipital bones from skeletal remains from the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Preparation of the samples includes the elaboration of negative impressions, positive replicas coated with gold, and observed with the reflected light microscope. Cerebellar fossae are typically resorptive in both immature and adult specimens. Cerebral fossae, on the other hand, exhibit a resorptive surface in early childhood and turn into depository around the age of 7 years, which places this transition within the age interval of the completion of cerebral development. Depository fields are also observed in adult cerebral fossae. The remodeling map presented here is consistent with the results of Mowbray (Anat Rec B New Anat 2005;283B:14–22) and differs from cellular patterns described by Enlow. Future research implicating more elements of the neurocapsule can shed light on the factors affecting and driving occipital growth. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alcohol expectancies and drinking in different age groups.

AIMS Because expectancies about the effects of alcohol change as drinking experience is accumulated, it is likely that the relationship of expectancy to drinking will differ with age. In this study, we examine the prediction of drinking behavior from positive and negative outcome expectancy at different ages. DESIGN Data were collected as part of the National Alcohol Survey, using a multi-stage area probability sample of the household population of the 48 contiguous United States. PARTICIPANTS US residents aged 12 and older (n = 2875). MEASUREMENTS Survey questions included drinking habits (frequency, quantity, frequency of drunkenness, maximum quantity) and beliefs about the effects of alcohol (alcohol expectancies). FINDINGS Structural equation models tested the relationship of positive and negative expectancy to drinking behavior in six age groups. Outcome expectancy accounted for a larger portion of the variance in drinking among younger respondents than among older respondents. However, suppression effects were common. When suppression effects were considered, positive expectancy predicted drinking better than negative expectancy only among respondents under 35, while negative expectancy was a better predictor of drinking status in most respondents over 35 years. Among drinkers, positive expectancy predominated over negative expectancy when suppression effects were considered. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that negative expectancy predicts abstention, while positive expectancy predicts level of drinking among drinkers. In expectancy research, differences between drinkers and abstainers, age of participants and the presence of suppression effects should be taken into account.
Adaptation at specific loci. VII. Natural selection, dispersal and the diversity of molecular–functional variation patterns among butterfly species complexes (Colias: Lepidoptera, Pieridae)

Natural genetic variants at the phosphoglucose isomerase, PGI, gene differ in spatial patterning of their polymorphism among species complexes of Colias butterflies in North America. In both lowland and alpine complexes, molecular–functional properties of the polymorphic genotypes can be used to predict genotype‐specific adult flight performances and resulting large genotypic differences in adult fitness components. In the lowland species complex, there is striking uniformity of PGI polymorph frequencies at a number of sites across the American West; this fits with earlier findings of strong, similar differences in fitness components over this range. In an alpine complex, Colias meadii shows similar uniformity of PGI frequencies within habitat types, either montane steppe or alpine tundra, over several hundred kilometres in the absence of dispersal. At the same time, large shifts (10–20%) in frequency of the most common alleles occur between steppe and tundra populations, whether these are isolated or, as in some cases, are in contact and exchange many dispersing adults each generation. Data on male mating success of common C. meadii PGI genotypes in steppe and tundra show heterozygote advantage in both habitat types, with shifts in relative homozygote disadvantage between habitats which are consistent with observed frequency differences. Nonadaptive explanations for this situation are rejected, and alternative, thermal‐ecology‐based adaptive hypotheses are proposed for later experimental test. These findings show that strong local selection may dominate dispersal as an evolutionary agent, whether or not dispersal is present, and that selection may often be the major force promoting ‘cohesion’ of species over long distances. This case offers new opportunities for integrating studies of molecular structure and function with ecological aspects of natural selection in the wild, both within and among species.