Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expected Value

The expected value of a random variable indicates its weighted average. Ex. How many heads would you expect if you flipped a coin twice? X = number of heads = {0,1,2} p(0)=1/4, p(1)=1/2, p(2)=1/4 Weighted average = 0*1/4 + 1*1/2 + 2*1/4 = 1 Draw PDF Definition: Let X be a random variable assuming the values x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , . with corresponding probabilities p(x 1), p(x 2), p(x 3),. The mean or expected value of X is defined by E(X) = sum x k p(x k). Interpretations: (i) The expected value measures the center of the probability distribution-center of mass. (ii) Long term frequency (law of large numbers… we'll get to this soon)
Desensitization of the insulin‐secreting beta cell

In human diabetes, inherent impaired insulin secretion can be exacerbated by desensitization of the β cell by chronic hyperglycemia. Interest in this phenomenon has generated extensive studies in genetic or experimentally induced diabetes in animals and in fully in vitro systems, with often conflicting results. In general, although chronic glucose causes decreased β‐cell response to this carbohydrate, basal response and response to alternate stimulating agents are enhanced. Glucose‐stimulated insulin synthesis can be increased or decreased depending on the system studied. Using a two‐compartment β‐cell model of phasic insulin secretion, a unifying hypothesis is described which can explain some of the apparent conflicting data. This hypothesis suggests that glucose‐desensitization is caused by an impairment in stimulation of a hypothetical potentiator singularly responsible for: (1) some of the characteristic phases of insulin secretion; (2) basal release; (3) potentiation of non‐glucose stimulators; and (4) apparent “recovery” from desensitization. Review of some of the pathways that regulate insulin secretion suggest that phosphoinositol metabolism and protein kinase‐C production are regulated similarly to the theoretical potentiator and their impairment is a major contributor to glucose desensitization in the β cell.
Characterization of the affinities of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins 1-4 for IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-I/insulin hybrid, and IGF-I analogs.

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins (BPs) bind IGF-I and IGF-II with high affinity and modify the activity of IGF peptides in a complex manner. We have characterized the affinities of IGFBP-1-4 for IGF-I and -II by employing 1) purified IGFBP preparations, 2) both [125I]IGF-I and [125I]IGF-II as radioligands, and 3) multiple IGF analogs designed to have altered affinities for IGFBPs. To this end, human (h) IGFBP-1, hIGFBP-2, and rat (r) IGFBP-4 have been purified to homogeneity from human amniotic fluid, human prostate epithelial cell culture, and B104 rat neuroblastoma cells; for human IGFBP-3, the glycosylated recombinant form (rec-hIGFBP-3), produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells, was employed. The IC50 values of IGF-I for hIGFBP-1, hIGFBP-2, rec-hIGFBP-3, rIGFBP-4, and human serum IGFBPs were 0.05 +/- 0.01, 5.0 +/- 0.01, 0.25 +/- 0.20, 0.6 +/- 0.4, and 0.1 +/- 0.01 ng/ml, respectively. While hIGFBP-1 and rIGFBP-4 had virtually equivalent affinities for IGF-I and IGF-II, hIGFBP-2 and rec-hIGFBP-3 demonstrated 2- to 5-fold higher affinities for IGF-II than for IGF-I. Studies with [Gln3,Ala4,Tyr15,Leu16]IGF-I and Des-(1-3)-IGF-I indicate that specific residues in the first 16 amino acids of the B domain of IGF-I appear to be critical for binding to all of the IGFBPs tested, but not to IGF receptors. However, severe modifications in the B domain disrupt binding affinity, not only for IGFBPs, but also for receptors (IGF-I/insulin hybrid and B-chain mutant). Interestingly, modifications in the A domain of IGF-I, which is believed to contain residues critical for binding to IGF-I and insulin receptors, show differential effects on binding affinity to BPs. [Thr49,Ser50,Ile51]IGF-I, which has normal affinity for the type I IGF receptor, shows at least a 500-fold decreased affinity for hIGFBP-1 and recombinant hIGFBP-3, in contrast to 50- to 100-fold reduced affinity for hIGFBP-2 and rIGFBP-4, and 5- to 10-fold reduced affinity for purified human serum IGFBP-3. More significantly, [1-27,Gly4,38-70]IGF-I shows a 30-fold decreased affinity for the type I IGF receptor and 10- and 2.5-fold reduced affinities for hIGFBP-1 and rec-hIGFBP-3, respectively, but no reduction in affinity for hIGFBP-2 or rIGFBP-4. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Disc Related Cytokines Inhibit Axonal Outgrowth From Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells In Vitro

Study Design. Application of nucleus pulposus and disc related cytokines in vitro on cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. Objectives. To study if tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1&bgr; (IL-1&bgr;) may induce similar inhibition of axonal outgrowth from cultured DRG cells as application of nucleus pulposus and to compare a new assessment method to previous data. Summary of Background Data. Pro-inflammatory cytokines related to the intervertebral disc have been suggested to affect adversely neurons following local application, with implications for the nucleus pulposus-induced nerve injury seen in various studies. Nucleus pulposus is known to inhibit axonal outgrowth from cultured DRG cells, thereby indicating a neurotoxic potential. The mechanisms were not understood, but it was suspected that the effect was mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by the nucleus pulposus. Methods. DRG were harvested from newborn rats and put in culture. The axonal outgrowth was determined 24 hours after starting the culture. Twenty-four hours after exposing the cultured cells to nucleus pulposus, frozen nucleus pulposus, TNF, or IL-1&bgr;, the axonal outgrowth was reassessed, and the outgrowth during the exposure time was calculated. Results. Nucleus pulposus clearly reduced the axonal outgrowth. Also, application of TNF and IL-1&bgr; reduced the outgrowth but not as pronounced as the nucleus pulposus. Frozen nucleus pulposus had no effects on the outgrowth. Overall, the data were similar regarding frozen and nonfrozen nucleus pulposus compared to a previous study. Conclusions. It was evident that the 2 studied cytokines inhibited the outgrowth of axons from cultured DRG cells, thus suggesting a neurotoxic potential. However, the inhibition was not as pronounced as for nucleus pulposus. These data may increase our understanding for cytokine induced nerve injury, with implications for future treatment strategies for such conditions.
Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking of Novel Benzopyran and Phenylpyrazole Derivatives as Akt Inhibitors

By inspiration of good Akt1 inhibitory and cytotoxic activity of our previously screened hits 1 and 2, a series of novel benzopyrans 3a–c, 4 and phenylpyrazoles 5a–c, 6a–b, and 7 were designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated for their in vitro Akt1 inhibitory and cytotoxic activity. The results revealed that all of these compounds showed moderate‐to‐excellent antiproliferative effects against the tested cancer cell lines (i.e. HL‐60, OVCAR, PC‐3, and HepG2). Among them, compounds 3a and 3c exhibited preferable Akt1 inhibitory activities (IC50 of 3a and 3c are 6.18 and 5.28 μm, respectively), while compounds 4, 5a–c, 6a–b, and 7 only showed weak Akt1 inhibitory activities. Consequently, we used molecular docking and dynamic simulation to propose a mode of binding between Akt1 and the 3c compound.
Afferents to the flocculus of the cerebellum in the rhesus macaque as revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase

To investigate the afferent projections to the flocculus in a nonhuman primate, we injected horseradish peroxidase into one flocculus of six rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and processed their brains according to the tetramethylbenzidine protocol to reveal retrogradely labeled neurons. Labeled neurons were found in a large set of nuclei within the rostral medulla and the pons.
Population genetic relationships between Mediterranean populations determined by HLA allele distribution and a historic perspective.

HLA genes allele distribution has been studied in Mediterranean and sub-Saharan populations. Their relatedness has been tested by genetic distances, neighbour-joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses. The population genetic relationships have been compared with the history of the classical populations living in the area. A revision of the historic postulates would have to be undertaken, particularly in the cases when genetics and history are overtly discordant. HLA genomics shows that: 1) Greeks share an important part of their genetic pool with sub-Saharan Africans (Ethiopians and west Africans) also supported by Chr 7 Markers. The gene flow from Black Africa to Greece may have occurred in Pharaonic times or when Saharan people emigrated after the present hyperarid conditions were established (5000 years B.C.). 2) Turks (Anatolians) do not significantly differ from other Mediterraneans, indicating that while the Asians Turks carried out an invasion with cultural significance (language), it is not genetically detectable. 3) Kurds and Armenians are genetically very close to Turks and other Middle East populations. 4) There is no HLA genetic trace of the so called Aryan invasion, which has only been defined on doubtful linguistic bases. 5) Iberians, including Basques, are related to north-African Berbers. 6) Present-day Algerian and Moroccan urban and country people show an indistinguishable Berber HLA profile.
A 4-W Doherty Power Amplifier in GaN MMIC Technology for 15-GHz Applications

This letter presents an integrated Doherty power amplifier (PA) in 0.25-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> GaN on SiC process. Designed for 15-GHz point-to-point radios, the PA exhibits an output power of 36 ± 0.5 dBm between 13.7 and 15.3 GHz, while at 14.6 GHz, it shows a 6-dB output back-off efficiency higher than 28%. Modulated signal measurements applying digital predistortion demonstrate the compatibility of the amplifier with point-to-point radio requirements. To the best of our knowledge, this PA has the highest back-off efficiency for the 15-GHz band, and is the first GaN Doherty in the Ku-band.
Test Power Reduction Using Integrated Scan Cell and Test Vector Reordering Techniques on Linear Scan and Double Tree Scan Architectures

Dynamic power dissipation during scan-based testing of a CMOS digital circuit is reported to be a major issue of concern. The three main components of test power in scan based designs are the logic power, the sequential power and the clock power. This paper presents Integrated Scan cell and Test Vector reordering schemes for linear and non-linear (Double Tree) scan chains, with an objective to reduce the sequential test power. In this regard, it makes two important contributions: (a) It improves the scan cell reordering (SCR) algorithm proposed in Ref. [1] for the linear scan architecture. It then integrates this improved SCR algorithm with a Test Vector Reordering (TVR) strategy that results in further reduction of the sequential test power. (b) It proposes and evaluates scan cell and test vector reordering strategies for the double tree scan (DTS) architecture. It is also observed that for some classes of circuits the TVR provides more reduction of sequential test power than the SCR. Applying the proposed techniques on ISCAS benchmark circuits results in significant sequential test power reduction (with a maximum of 30% and 29.16% for linear and double tree scan architectures respectively) when compared to that output by a commercial tool.
Backward Supercontinuum Generation Excited By Random Lasing

Backward supercontinuum generation excited by random lasing is proposed and demonstrated for the first time. Unlike conventional supercontinuum generation, completely distributed random fiber laser is first used as an effective seeding laser to initiate supercontinuum emission in a composite configuration with TrueWave and dispersion compensated fibers. The two fibers provide both amplified random distributed feedback and nonlinear effect induced spectral broadening. Taking advantages of intrinsic characteristics of random distributed Rayleigh scattering and low-noise backward distributed Raman amplification of random lasing, backward supercontinuum is realized with much lower intensity fluctuation in time domain compared to the forward counterpart. The study of combined effects of random lasing and strong nonlinear mechanism not only enrich the research scope of supercontinuum and random fiber lasers, but also provide a practical way for the development of stable broadband light sources for various applications.
Brushless doubly-fed reluctance machine rotor design

This paper investigates the rotor design factors that impact the performance of brushless doubly-fed reluctance machines (BDFRMs). The performance of the BDFRM relies on the ability of the rotor structure to modulate stator magnetic fields so that magnetic coupling occurs between stator windings that do not otherwise interact. This paper investigates those factors that create the desired magnetic coupling and those that can cause undesirable magnetic performance. Theoretical analysis is compared to test results from an early prototype BDFRM and then applied to the design of a new BDFRM. New designs are explored using Finite Element Analysis. A prototype, based on these investigations is under construction.
The differential projections of the olfactory bulb and accessory olfactory bulb in mammals

Three species were studied, the rabbit, opossum and rat. Lesions of the main olfactory bulb caused terminal degeneration, assayed by the Fink‐Heimer method, to occur in the ipsilateral olfactory tubercle, prepyriform cortex (including its periamygdaloid part), ventrolateral entorhinal area, and in anterior and posterolateral divisions of the cortical amygdaloid nucleus. The various parts of the ipsilateral anterior olfactory nucleus and the rostroventral end of the anterior continuation of the hippocampus (hippocampal rudiment) also received this projection. Lesions of the accessory olfactory bulb, which receives its sensory input from the vomeronasal (Jacobson's) organ, caused terminal degeneration to occur in the medial amygdaloid nucleus and in a posteromedial part of the cortical amygdaloid nucleus. This projection was conveyed by an accessory olfactory tract, which is accompanied in part of its course by a small nucleus, the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract. The accessory olfactory tract is initially a part of the lateral olfactory tract but becomes increasingly individuated at more posterior levels. It parts company with the lateral olfactory tract at the rostral end of the amygdaloid region, and, in addition to distributing to the medio‐cortical amygdaloid region, it enters the stria terminalis to terminate in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in a small region bearing cytoarchitectonic resemblance to the medial amygdaloid nucleus. The topographic segregation of the areas of termination of the olfactory and accessory olfactory (vomeronasal) projections is suggestive of a functional dichotomy in the organization of the olfactory system.
The Contribution of Attention to the Right Visual Field Advantage for Word Recognition

Perceptual asymmetries have been explained by structural, attentional bias and attentional advantage models. Structural models focus on asymmetries in the physical access information has to the hemispheres, whereas attentional models focus on asymmetries in the operation of attentional processes. A series of experiments was conducted to assess the contribution of attentional mechanisms to the right visual field (RVF) advantage found for word recognition. Valid, invalid and neutral peripheral cues were presented at a variety of stimulus onset asynchronies to manipulate spatial attention. Results indicated a significant RVF advantage and cueing effect. The effect of the cue was stronger for the left visual field than the RVF. This interaction supports the attentional advantage model which suggests that the left hemisphere requires less attention to process words. The attentional asymmetry is interpreted in terms of the different word processing styles used by the left and right hemispheres. These results have ramifications for the methodology used in divided visual field research and the interpretation of this research.
Ultrasonic liear motor using traveling surface acoustic wave

A traveling wave type ultrasonic linear motor has been miniaturized successfully by using a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device. Experimental results of the SAW motor using traveling Rayleigh wave showed high performance in speed of 1.5 m/s, thrust of 13 N and mechanical power of 2 W with a 60×14×1 mm3 lithium niobate stator and a 4×4 mm2 silicon slider. Theoretical approach for SAW motor from physical modeling and behavior modeling were introduced. From the simulation, it was found that the frictional drive efficiency would reach up to 80 %. An equivalent block diagram of the SAW motor was derived.
Threshold concentrations for eliciting symptoms in DBPCFC Allergen Dose at first reaction Amount of protein * Reference

Most severe allergic reactions, including fatal events, after ingestion of peanuts, soybeans and tree nuts have been reported. Allergens from legumes, nuts, and seeds are predominantly highly potent and stable to food processing. However, it is possible to alter the allergenicity potentially by various procedures. Heat treatments (dry heating, roasting, or baking) and enzymatic digestion affect the allergen structure. Although food processing usually induces at least partial loss of IgE-binding, the formation of neoallergens or release of cryptic IgEbinding epitopes can occur. The present review reports the allergenic and IgE-binding potentials, respectively, of experimental food preparations involving heat and enzymatic treatments and of various food products including peanut and soybean flour, roasted peanuts and nuts, and edible oils. Events of allergic reactions due to inadvertant ingestion of "hidden" allergens in food products are also reported. Available data lack systematic investigations of the allergenicity of foods throughout manufacturing processes from source to shelfproducts. Especially products containing peanut, tree nuts, and seeds should be evaluated since they are commonly seen as "hidden" allergens in various processed foods. (Internet Symposium on Food Allergens 2001, 3(3):119-33) food allergy allergen stability food technology peanut soybean hazelnut sesame seed
Asymptomatic bacteriuria in a population of elderly in municipal institutional care

Objective - To study the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) among patients in municipal institutional care for the elderly. Design - A cross-sectional study. Setting - Three different municipalities in southern Sweden. Subjects - 237 elderly people in municipal institutional care. Main outcome measures - Positive urine cultures. Results - In the first culture, the prevalence of bacteriuria was 42%; 47% for women and 30% for men. ABU occurred in 23% of the patients; in 26% of women and in 16% of men. Urinary incontinence was more common among patients with ABU. Conclusion - Bacteriuria is common among elderly people living in institutions. This should be borne in mind when patients in institutional care for the elderly have fever. Other differential diagnoses than urinary tract infection should be considered before antibiotic treatment is given.
Treatment Options for Nausea and Vomiting During Pregnancy

Nausea and vomiting, common symptoms during pregnancy, often are regarded as an unpleasant but normal part of pregnancy during the first and early second trimesters. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) occurs in approximately 75–80% of pregnant women. The exact etiology and pathogenesis of NVP are poorly understood and are most likely multifactorial. Some theories for the etiology of NVP are psychological predisposition, evolutionary adaptation, hormonal stimuli, and Helicobacter pylori infection. Treatment ranges from dietary and lifestyle changes to vitamins, antiemetics, and hospitalization for intravenous therapy. Treatment generally begins with nonpharmacologic interventions; if symptoms do not improve, drug therapy is added. Although NVP has been associated with a positive pregnancy outcome, the symptoms can significantly affect a woman's life, both personally and professionally. Given the substantial health care costs, as well as indirect costs, and the potential decrease in quality of life due to NVP, providers need to acknowledge the impact of NVP and provide appropriate treatment.
Classic and Agent-Based Evolutionary Heuristics for Shape Optimization of Rotating Discs

The article presents a metaheuristic solution for the problem of shape optimization of a rotating annular disc. Such discs are important structural components of e.g. jet engines, steam turbines or disc brakes. The design goal is to find the disc shape that would ensure its maximal carrying capacity (corresponding to the speed of rotation), which is a variational problem with the objective functional defined by L-infinity norm. Such a definition makes the problem impossible to solve using analytical methods so utilization of metaheuristics is necessary. We present different algorithms to solve the problem starting with a classic evolutionary one, followed by agent-based and hybrid agent-based memetic algorithms, which are the main focus of this paper. The reason for this is that agent-based computing systems proved to be versatile as an optimization technique being especially efficient for the problems with complex fitness functions. The obtained experimental results encourage further application of such an approach to similar engineering problems.
Large-scale fast Fourier transform on a heterogeneous multi-core system

As interest in hybrid computing systems increases, people are eager to find new ways to exploit the unique and efficient computational power of the heterogeneous multi-core systems. Although there has been much interest in implementing high-performance fast Fourier transform (FFT) libraries on this kind of system, most existing libraries focus on small-scale FFTs whose data can fit in the local storage of a single accelerator. Real-world FFT applications often require much larger scale FFTs, but it is extremely challenging for heterogeneous multi-core system with distributed architectures to make efficient large FFT implementations. In this paper, we introduce the first known FFT library for the heterogeneous multi-core system with distributed architecture that can solve one-dimensional FFTs larger than what fits in a single accelerator. Our implementation achieves 67% performance improvement of FFTW 3.2. 2 (Fastest Fourier Transform in the West) and sustains over 36 single precision FFT GFLOPs ‘end-to-end’ Achieving such high performance requires novel schemes for large-scale FFT factorization, data permutation and all-to-all exchanges, and buffer designs to maximize use of the local storage while minimizing communication overhead. One important finding in this paper is that large-scale FFT on this kind of architecture behaves as data transfer bound which is quite different from other architectures. A significant contribution of this paper is that for each major component of our algorithm, we explore many possible design options and present quantitative performance comparisons. This provides value beyond specific architecture, as it illustrates the fundamental features associated with different communication paradigms and mechanisms for the heterogeneous multi-core system. Today’s computer systems are increasingly being designed to include general purpose accelerators. The techniques in this paper can also be applied to these architectures especially when they have limited local storage or steep cache hierarchies. We also provide insights on applying techniques in this paper to similar architectures.