Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biomedical Question Types Classification using syntactic and rule based approach

Biomedical Question Types (QTs) Classification is an important component of Biomedical Question Answering Systems and it attracted a notable amount of research since the past decade. Biomedical QTs Classification is the task for determining the QTs to a given Biomedical Question. It classifies Biomedical Questions into several Questions Types. Moreover, the Question Types aim to determine the appropriate Answer Extraction Algorithms. In this paper, we have proposed an effective and efficient method for Biomedical QTs Classification. We have classified the Biomedical Questions into three broad categories. We have also defined the Syntactic Patterns for particular category of Biomedical Questions. Therefore, using these Biomedical Question Patterns, we have proposed an algorithm for classifying the question into particular category. The proposed method was evaluated on the Benchmark datasets of Biomedical Questions. The experimental results show that the proposed method can be used to effectively classify Biomedical Questions with higher accuracy.
Comparison of the immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 vaccine and the HPV-6/11/16/18 vaccine for oncogenic non-vaccine types HPV-31 and HPV-45 in healthy women aged 18–45 years

Protection against oncogenic non-vaccine types (cross-protection) offered by human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines may provide a significant medical benefit. Available clinical efficacy data suggest the two licensed vaccines (HPV-16/18 vaccine, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals [GSK], and HPV-6/11/16/18 vaccine, Merck & Co., Inc.) differ in terms of protection against oncogenic non-vaccine HPV types -31/45. The immune responses induced by the two vaccines against these two non-vaccine HPV types (cross-reactivity) was compared in an observer-blind study up to Month 24 (18 months post-vaccination), in women HPV DNA-negative and seronegative prior to vaccination for the HPV type analyzed (HPV-010 [NCT00423046]). Geometric mean antibody titers (GMTs) measured by pseudovirion-based neutralization assay (PBNA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were similar between vaccines for HPV-31/45. Seropositivity rates for HPV-31 were also similar between vaccines; however, there was a trend for higher seropositivity with the HPV-16/18 vaccine (13.0–16.7%) versus the HPV-6/11/16/18 vaccine (0.0–5.0%) for HPV-45 with PBNA, but not ELISA. HPV-31/45 cross-reactive memory B-cell responses were comparable between vaccines. Circulating antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell frequencies were higher for the HPV-16/18 vaccine than the HPV-6/11/16/18 vaccine (HPV-31 [geometric mean ratio [GMR] =2.0; p=0.0002] and HPV-45 [GMR=2.6; p=0.0092]), as were the proportion of T-cell responders (HPV-31, p=0.0009; HPV-45, p=0.0793). In conclusion, immune response to oncogenic non-vaccine HPV types -31/45 was generally similar for both vaccines with the exception of T-cell response which was higher with the HPV-16/18 vaccine. Considering the differences in cross-protective efficacy between the two vaccines, the results might provide insights into the underlying mechanism(s) of protection.
Postpartum anxiety and comorbid depression in a population-based sample of women.

BACKGROUND Population-based estimates of prevalence of anxiety and comorbid depression are lacking. Therefore, we estimated the prevalence and risk factors for postpartum anxiety and comorbid depressive symptoms in a population-based sample of women. METHODS Using multinomial logistic regression, we examined the prevalence and risk factors for postpartum anxiety and depressive symptoms using 2009-2010 data from the Illinois and Maryland Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, a population-based survey of mothers who gave birth to live infants. Survey participants are asked validated screening questions on anxiety and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Among 4451 postpartum women, 18.0% reported postpartum anxiety symptoms, of whom 35% reported postpartum depressive symptoms (6.3% overall). In the multivariable model, higher numbers of stressors during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] range: 1.3-9.7) and delivering an infant at ≤27 weeks gestation (aOR range: 2.0-5.7) were associated with postpartum anxiety and postpartum depressive symptoms, experienced individually or together. Smoking throughout pregnancy was associated with postpartum anxiety symptoms only (aOR=2.3) and comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms (aOR=2.9). CONCLUSIONS Given the possible adverse effects of postpartum anxiety and comorbid depression on maternal health and infant development, clinicians should be aware of the substantial prevalence, comorbidity, and risk factors for both conditions and facilitate identification, referral, and/or treatment.
Cytoplasmic Mislocalization of p27Kip1 Protein Is Associated with Constitutive Phosphorylation of Akt or Protein Kinase B and Poor Prognosis in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 functions at the nuclear level by binding to cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase-2. It was shown that Akt or protein kinase B (Akt/PKB)-dependent phosphorylation of p27Kip1 led to the cytoplasmic mislocalization of p27Kip1, suggesting the potential abrogation of its activity. Here, we evaluated the localization of p27Kip1 protein in leukemic blasts in relation to Akt/PKB phosphorylation and clinical outcomes in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Western blot analysis of the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions revealed a heterogenous localization pattern of p27Kip1 in AML. Cytoplasmic mislocalization of p27Kip1 was significantly associated with the constitutive serine473 Akt/PKB phosphorylation in AML cells (P < 0.05). Transfection of U937 cells with an expression construct encoding the constitutively active form of Akt/PKB resulted in a remarkable increase in the levels of cytoplasmic p27Kip1. Whereas the transfection of U937 cells with a construct encoding dominant-negative Akt/PKB resulted in a recovery of nuclear localization of p27Kip1. Both the disease-free survival and overall survival are significantly shorter in AML cases with high cytoplasmic to nuclear ratio of p27Kip1 localization compared with the cases with low cytoplasmic to nuclear ratio (P = 0.0353, P = 0.0023, respectively). Multivariate analysis indicated that the cytoplasmic to nuclear ratio of p27Kip1 localization was an independent prognostic variable for both disease-free survival and overall survival (P = 0.043, P = 0.008, respectively). These findings additionally extend our understanding of the role of p27Kip1 in AML, and buttress the case of p27Kip1 mislocalization as a prognostic indicator and Akt/PKB/p27Kip1 pathway as a ready target for antileukemia therapy.
Health care utilization and costs in a Medicare population by fall status.

OBJECTIVES The economic impact of trauma in older persons is a matter of increasing concern to public health practitioners and planners, yet it is an issue that has not been widely studied. Available evidence does suggest, however, that falls are the costliest category of injury among older persons. METHODS This study used data from the Health Care Financing Administration and the Connecticut Long-Term Care Registry to isolate the effects of fall severity on hospital, nursing home, home health, and emergency room costs. Multivariate and logistic regression methods were used to control for the influence of a number of clinical and demographic factors believed to be independently related to health care costs. Health care costs of fallers were tracked for 1 year after the fall. The cost experience of this cohort was compared with nonfallers during the same time period. RESULTS The results provide strong evidence that falls are associated with increased health care costs, and that this relation increases monotonically with the frequency and severity of falls. Incurring one or more injurious falls was associated with increased annual hospital costs of $11,042 (1996), nursing home costs of $5,325, and total health care costs of $19,440. Incurring two or more noninjurious falls increased costs substantially as well. CONCLUSIONS The health care costs of falls are pervasive and substantial, and they increase with fall frequency and severity.
Tracking Network Application Attributes to Prevent Conflicting Executive Actions

Software-defined networking, such as the OpenFlow approach, has increased the programmability and flexibility of network control functions. This has created new challenges for maintaining network security and reliability. Thus far, much of the related security research has involved systems with multiple data planes, in which network flow rule conflicts are the primary focus of security concerns. We describe a similar problem in which multiple applications share table-driven flow rules and policies. The system must restrict "executive functions" to only one of the apps in order to prevent conflicts in definition (e.g., policy table layout) and in action (e.g., read and reset operations on specialized registers). Conflicting executive actions could yield unreliable and insecure behavior. Our solution (a) captures metadata on apps' flow system usage via compiler enhancements, (b) carries this metadata in a special object module section and (c) exploits the data with an enhanced linker that enforces basic security and reliability rules. Utilizing compiler, linker and object module enhancements has proven successful and has suggested valuable extensions.
Internet-facilitated drugs trade: An analysis of the size, scope and the role of the Netherlands

There are now around 50 online market places on the 'hidden web' (or 'dark web') that facilitate trade of illicit drugs. But it is not just the obscure corners of the Internet where drugs are on sale. Many web shops on the open Internet offer new psychoactive drugs as 'research chemicals'. This study investigates the extent and scope of such Internet-facilitated drugs trade, with particular focus on the role of the Netherlands in this trade.
Folate receptors.

Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored folate receptors (FR) have physiologic and pharmacologic relevance in mediating cellular and transcellular folate/antifolate transport. Three FR isoforms with differing relative affinities for folates and expression patterns in normal and malignant cells/tissues are recognized, but the precise mechanism of cellular entry of folate via FR remains controversial. Although FR expression allows previously FR-deficient cells to survive a reduced folate milieu, an inverse relationship between FR expression and cell proliferation has been established in some cells. The inverse regulation of FR expression by the extracellular folate concentration suggests heterogeneity in underlying mechanisms. Whereas reduced FR expression is yet another mechanism for acquiring antifolate resistance, overexpression of FR does not invariably render cells more sensitive to antifolates. The exploitation of FRs as Trojan horses to deliver folate-tagged liposomes bearing diverse cargo represents a novel therapeutic strategy to target FR-expressing cells. Finally, a critically important role of human placental FR in mediating maternal-to-fetal transplacental transport of folates has been established. Thus, FR appear to have a major impact on several aspects of human physiology and medicine.
Overexpression of CuZn-superoxide dismutase reduces hippocampal injury after global ischemia in transgenic mice.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The role of copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) in hippocampal injury after transient global ischemia was studied using transgenic (Tg) mice and wild-type littermates. METHODS Global ischemia was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. The hemisphere with the hypoplastic posterior communicating artery was determined and then the hippocampus in this hemisphere was evaluated qualitatively using a score of 0 to 4 and quantitatively using an image analyzer. RESULTS Hippocampal injury was reduced in Tg mice after both 5 and 10 minutes of ischemia. In the 5-minute ischemia group, the mean score of the injury was significantly lower in Tg than nontransgenic (nTg) mice at 3 days. In the 10-minute group, the hippocampal injury was reduced more in Tg than nTg mice at 1 day. Quantitative evaluation by an image analyzer confirmed the qualitative data. Neurons with fragmented DNA were also studied in the hippocampal injury. In the 5-minute group, despite the reduction of the injury in Tg mice, their neurons with fragmented DNA were relatively increased at 1 day. In the 10-minute group, this ratio was almost the same in both nTg and Tg mice. CONCLUSIONS CuZn-SOD plays a protective role in the pathogenesis of selective hippocampal injury after brief ischemia, whether the insult is relatively mild or intense. Furthermore, CuZn-SOD may reduce both necrotic and DNA fragmented neuronal death after global ischemia.
Challenges in device closure of a large patent ductus arteriosus in infants weighing less than 6 kg.

INTRODUCTION Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) has replaced surgery in most institutions. Despite improvements in techniques and the devices available, closure of large PDA in very small infants remains a challenge. AIM To assess the challenges, feasibility, and efficacy of device closure of large PDA, in infants weighing ≤6 kg. MATERIALS AND METHODS Analysis of device closure of a PDA was done in 61 infants ≤6 kg. Their ages, ranged from 9 days-12 months (mean 8.9 months), weight ranged from 2.2 to 6 kg (mean 5.3 kg), and PDA measured 3.2-8.7 mm (mean 4.8 mm). The fluoroscopy time was 3-18 minutes. The largest device used was 12 × 10 mm. RESULTS Successful device placement was achieved in 60/61 infants (98.4%). Mild aortic obstruction occurred in 2 cases (3.3%), as the device got displaced towards the aorta after release. The device embolized in 2 cases (3.3%). In one it was retrieved by a novel method like fastening the screw in the aorta and was closed with a 4 × 6 ADO II. In the other infant, with a single kidney, died of uremia after device retrieval. Mild left pulmonary artery (LPA) obstruction occurred in one case (1.6%). Four cases (6.6%) had minor vascular complications. The postprocedure weight gain after 3 months was between 2.5 kg ± 250 mg. CONCLUSIONS Device closure of large PDA in infants weighing ≤6 kg with left ventricular failure is challenging but possible, safe and effective. Retrieval of embolized device could be tricky.
Geometrical design of radar detectors in moderately impulsive noise

The presence of crossing seas in the nearshore maylead to a drastic amplification of local wave heights or to a substantial change in the orientation of the highest parts of the wave crest owing to nonlinear interactions of waves in shallow water. The location and strength of the related effects can be roughly forecast based on the properties of crossing wave systems in the framework of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation. We introduce a method of the identification of crossing seas and singling out the properties of interacting wave systems from numerically simulated two-dimensional wave energy spectra of selected locations in the Baltic Sea obtained within a multi-decadal (1956-1997) wave hindcast using the WAM model. Each spectrum spans across 24 evenly spaced directions and 40 frequencies starting from 0.042 Hz (23.8 s) to about 1.718 Hz (0.58 s). The numerically replicated spectra usually contain a certain level of noise, which may lead to the detection of false maxima and is filtered out using a Gaussian-type convolution filter. We then test each sample of the resulting anti-aliased distribution with a pyramid shaped stencil in order to find the spectral density, frequency and direction of all relative maxima. Their frequency and direction is then mapped back onto the initial spectra to evaluate the heights of the single wave systems. The average reduction of maxima detection from unfiltered to filtered data is 9.2%.
Measuring time with different neural chronometers during a synchronization-continuation task

Temporal information processing is critical for many complex behaviors including speech and music cognition, yet its neural substrate remains elusive. We examined the neurophysiological properties of medial premotor cortex (MPC) of two Rhesus monkeys during the execution of a synchronization-continuation tapping task that includes the basic sensorimotor components of a variety of rhythmic behaviors. We show that time-keeping in the MPC is governed by separate cell populations. One group encoded the time remaining for an action, showing activity whose duration changed as a function of interval duration, reaching a peak at similar magnitudes and times with respect to the movement. The other cell group showed a response that increased in duration or magnitude as a function of the elapsed time from the last movement. Hence, the sensorimotor loops engaged during the task may depend on the cyclic interplay between different neuronal chronometers that quantify the time passed and the remaining time for an action.
Monocyte Tissue Factor Expression Induced by Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes

Summary Monocytes are active elements of the host response against Plasmodium falciparum. They are able to express tissue factor and trigger the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation the activation of which remained unclear in malaria. Our aim was to assess the tissue factor expression of purified blood monocytes stimulated by cultured Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Malaria parasite induced an early generation of tissue factor with a peak between 8 and 12 h of stimulation. Maximum expression was observed for parasitemia ranging from 1 to 2%. Plasmodium falciparum culture supernatants had the same effect showing the existence of a soluble factor able to induce the tissue factor expression. These data, demonstrating an activation of the tissue factor pathway by the malaria parasite, emphasize thrombin generation. Therefore, thrombin could participate in malaria pathology either in the microcirculatory blockade via platelet and fibrinogen activation or as a mitotic.
Risk and protective factors for falls on one level in young children: multicentre case–control study

Background Childhood falls are an important global public health problem, but there is lack of evidence about their prevention. Falls on one level result in considerable morbidity and they are costly to health services. Objective To estimate ORs for falls on one level in children aged 0–4 years for a range of safety behaviours, safety equipment use and home hazards. Design, setting and participants Multicentre case–control study at hospitals, minor injury units and general practices in and around four UK study centres. Participants included 582 children less than 5 years of age with a medically attended fall injury occurring at home and 2460 controls matched on age, sex, calendar time and study centre. Main outcome measure Fall on one level. Results Cases’ most common injuries were bangs on the head (52%), cuts or grazes not needing stitches (29%) or cuts or grazes needing stitches (17%). Comparing cases to community controls in the adjusted analyses, significant findings were observed for only two exposures. Injured children were significantly less likely to live in a household without furniture corner covers (adjusted OR (AOR) 0.72, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.95), or without rugs and carpets firmly fixed to the floor (AOR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.98). Conclusions We did not find any safety practices, use of safety equipment or home hazards associated with a reduced risk of fall on one level. Our findings do not provide evidence to support changes to current injury prevention practice.
Risk factors and consequences of bacteriuria in non-catheterized nursing home residents.

BACKGROUND There has been disagreement over the significance of bacteriuria in nursing home residents. METHODS During an 18-month period, the risks and consequences of bacteriuria (BU) in 195 residents of a skilled nursing facility without indwelling catheters were examined. Clinical and epidemiologic data and urine for culture were collected every 2 weeks to identify risk factors, symptoms, and occurrences of BU. A mean of 23 cultures per resident was collected. RESULTS Forty-three percent of the study population (35% of men; 47% of women) had "persistent BU" defined as > 10(5) cfu/ml of urine on > 25% of an individual's collected cultures. Women with persistent BU more frequently were incontinent of bowel and bladder (OR 5.3, 6.3, respectively), more likely to be functionally disabled (OR 3.2), to carry a diagnosis of dementia (OR 2.4), and less likely to have suffered a stroke (OR 0.40). Cancer (OR 6.5) was the only risk factor for persistent BU in men. The number of antibiotic courses prescribed, frequency of hospitalizations, and mortality rates were not significantly different between the two BU groups in either men or women. CONCLUSIONS Persistent BU is common in nursing home residents. The association of bowel and bladder incontinence and functional disability with persistent bacteriuria suggests that treatment or prevention of these risk factors may prevent or decrease the incidence of bacteriuria. There was no evidence of significant adverse outcomes resulting directly from the bacteriuric state. Higher mortality in the bacteriuric group was the result of underlying functional debility and severity of illness rather than the presence or persistence of BU.
Cortical and subcortical afferent connections of a posterior division of feline area 7 (Area 7p)

Area 7 of the cat, as identified cytoarchitecturally, includes cortex both on the middle suprasylvian gyrus and on the anterior lateral gyrus. The aim of the experiments reported here was to determine whether within this zone there are subdivisions with qualitatively different patterns of afferent connectivity. Deposits of distinguishable retrograde tracers were placed at 29 sites in and around area 7 of 15 cats; cortical and subcortical telencephalic structures were then scanned for retrograde labeling. Our results indicate that cortex on the anterior lateral gyrus, although often included in area 7, is indistinguishable on connectional grounds from adjacent somesthetic cortex (area 5b), Cortex with strong links to visual, oculomotor, and association areas is confined to the middle suprasylvian gyrus and the adjacent lateral bank of the lateral sulcus. We refer to this discrete, connectionally defined zone as posterior area 7 (area 7p).