Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Myrmecia pilosula complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Jack Jumper Ant): Distribution, Colony Activity and Behaviour

The Jack Jumper ant (Myrmecia pilosula complex) is limited geographically to the southern parts of Australia. It has a notorious reputation with the public of Tasmania because of the high incidence of allergic reactions to its sting in this part of Australia. The ant's aggressive attack and defence behaviour increases its exposure to the human population which is exacerbated because of its habit of nesting in close proximity to urban areas. Even though this ant has a very high public profile compared to other insects, very little research has examined aspects of M pilosula that influence its exposure to the human population. In this thesis I have addressed gaps in our knowledge related to M pilosula. I have mapped their distribution, described the climatic envelope of their range and predicted their current distribution using climate parameters. On a local scale I have identified daily above ground colony activity patterns and within this, common behaviours displayed. Activity levels were not necessarily related to time of day, but did have a slight relationship with solar radiation. The exact relationship between solar radiation and colony activity has not been resolved. Other measured climatic conditions were found not to be related to ant activity. Particular behaviours displayed by M pilosula throughout a day will increase exposure to a sting event at certain times of the day. M pilosula was found to be associated with particular plant types which are used for foraging, in addition to associations between invertebrate abundance and presence of M pilosula whereby significantly more invertebrates were found on plants with M pilosula. The types of prey recovered at the nest were not reflected in arboreal samples of invertebrates associated with M pilosula. Activity at the nest surface decreases during the middle of the day. Humans are more likely to be stung at a nest in the mornings as the ants are exiting to forage, and in the afternoon when activity increases again after a lull in the middle of the day. To avoid foraging ants, humans partaldng in outdoor activities should utilise the time early in the morning before the ants begin to exit the nest and late evening when most of the ants have returned to the nest. Any outdoor activities that have to be conducted near a nest surface should be considered during the middle of the day when activity at the nest surface is at its lowest. It is likely that M pilosula forage into the night therefore the risk of sting exposure after dark should not be discounted. Due to the arboreal nature of the ant, bushwallcers should remain on pathways when possible, avoid brushing overhanging foliage and in particular, that of Eucalyptus and Acacia.
Evolutionary psychology and perfume design

Human olfaction: the neglected sense? In most mammalian species, smell is an integral component of successful intraspecific communication. From aardvark to zebra, olfactory information is signalled via urinary or faecal deposits, or through emanations of specialized secretory structures evolved for this purpose. Olfaction mediates social behaviour — from the effusive sniff-greeting ceremonies of groupliving species like wolves to the ritualized naso-anal and naso-genital inspections of neighbouring territorial male antelopes (Gosling and Roberts 2001 ). In many cases, selection has shaped such signals to have specific properties, particularly in terms of potency, robustness, and longevity, so that signals can withstand degradation in extreme climates and persist to allow unambiguous interpretation by a signal receiver, often after a considerable time (e.g. Gosling and Roberts 2001 ). Indeed, some of these same properties have been recognized and exploited by perfumers, so that musk, castoreum and civetone, components of the sexual and territorial signals of the musk deer ( Moschus spp.), the beaver ( Castor canadensis and C. fiber ), and the African civet ( Civettictis civetta ), respectively, have also been used for many centuries as ingredients in human fragrances. Mammalian olfaction underpins the two arms of sexual selection — via the assessment of competitors and mates and subsequent modulation of social interactions, it regulates the processes of intrasexual competition and mate choice (e.g. Gosling and Roberts 2001 ). Furthermore, in some cases, specific compounds within olfactory signals, pheromones, can interfere with the physiology and behaviour of other individuals in particular ways. The boar pheromone androstenone, for example, induces lordosis in females, a characteristic mating posture (Signoret and du Mesnil du Buisson 1961 ). More insidiously, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-1 peptides present in male urinary scent marks are responsible for mediating pregnancy block in rodents (Bruce 1959 ; Leinders-Zufall et al. 2004 ), while other compounds manipulate female oestrus condition to the male’s advantage (Whitten 1956 ). Against this background, humans have appeared to be rather an exception, a primarily visual species in which olfactory abilities have largely been lost. Indeed, there are only about 10 million olfactory receptor cells in the human olfactory epithelium, compared to about 230 million in dogs (Schaal and Porter 1991 ), such reductions being partly due to changing facial architecture and reduction in size of the snout through the positioning of the eyes for depth perception, and through other changes associated with bipedalism (Jones et al. 1992 ). In terms of olfactory receptor genes, humans possess approximately 1000, of which two-thirds are non-functional or pseudogenes (Glusman et al. 2001 ; Menashe et al. 2003 ), compared to mice in which a much larger fraction (around 1100 of 1300 genes) are functional (Young et al. 2002 ).
Mekanismer for utvikling av antibiotikaresistente bakterier

Background. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is an increasing threat to the successful treatment of hospital and community-acquired infections. Material and methods. Based on relevant literature, this article focuses on some of the essential resistance problems caused by pathogens such as pneumococci, staphylococci, enterococci and gram-negative rods, and provides a review of the genetic and molecular basis of bacterial resistance, as well as of the global trends in bacterial resistance. Results. Mechanisms of resistance continue to evolve and disseminate among gram-negative as well as gram-positive pathogens. New problems are developing, such as glycopeptide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics as a result of chromosomal changes or the exchange of genetic material via plasmids and transposons. The emergence of multiresistent bacteria e.g. S. aureus, enterococci and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has made many currently available antibiotics ineffective. Interpretation. The introduction of new antibiotics has always been followed by development of resistance.
Patient Characteristics and Outcome Measurement in a Forensically Informed Predischarge Unit

Purpose This study sought to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients admitted to forensically informed pre-discharge unit in England. Design Using a prospective service evaluation framework and a clinical case register (n=30) patients were assessed for any change over admission. Findings The results showed a statistically significant reduction in the security items and total scores on the Health of the Nation Outcome Scale (HoNOS), and the Clinical and Risk management items and total scores on the Historical Clinical Risk factor-20 (HCR-20), alongside a significance improvement in the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool (MOHOST) total scores. Furthermore, when contrasted with each other the sample of community discharges showed similar significant improvements to the above whereas the recalled patients showed mostly declining scores evidencing the HCR-20, HoNOS and MOHOSTs ability as predictors of discharge. Originality / value These findings are relevant to both users and providers of forensic mental health services as this unit is unique in the sense of it not existing in other services.
An Improved Clinical and Pathophysiologic Characterisation of Post-Operative Ileus

INTRODUCTION Post-operative ileus is a major cause of morbidity globally. The objectives of this body of work are to classify and define ileus, evaluate the efficacy of Gastrografin in shortening its duration, predict the occurrence of prolonged ileus, and describe changes in peri-operative and post-surgical intestinal motility. METHODS A systematic literature review and online global survey were conducted to clarify terminology and provide concise, clinically quantifiable definitions for ileus. A retrospective cohort study, narrative review, and laboratory analysis were used to inform design and execution of a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised trial investigating the therapeutic value of Gastrografin in shortening duration of prolonged ileus following elective colorectal surgery. Risk factors predictive of prolonged ileus following colorectal surgery were identified by a prospective cohort study. In vivo high resolution manometry was utilised to assess changes in intestinal motility peri-operatively and post-surgically. RESULTS Three classes of ileus can be identified and defined – post-operative ileus, prolonged post-operative ileus, and recurrent post-operative ileus. In an episode of prolonged ileus, orally-administered Gastrografin accelerates resolution of lower gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal distension; absence of flatus and stool) but does not affect upper gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea and vomiting; intolerance of an oral diet). Independent predictors for prolonged ileus include male gender, decreasing pre-operative albumin, open/converted technique, increasing wound size, operative difficulty and bowel handling, total intravenous crystalloid, red cell transfusion, and day of first mobilisation. Ileus is underpinned by cyclic motor activity which occupies the majority of the immediate postoperative period; by contrast, short and long single motor patterns appear infrequently and sporadically. Those who have previously undergone segmental colorectal resection (and preserved normal bowel function) exhibit a normal colonic meal response with evidence of coordinated trans-anastomotic motor activity. CONCLUSIONS Three classes of ileus can be broadly identified and defined; Gastrografin is not clinically useful in shortening an episode of prolonged ileus; predictive scoring systems may identify individuals at risk of developing prolonged ileus; ileus is characterised by ubiquitous cyclic motor activity of likely myogenic origin; and normal motility is eventually restored in patients who have undergone segmental colorectal resection.
Outcomes with Longterm Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Coronary Angioplasty

Abstract Introduction: The optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation is an important, unanswered question. This study was designed to evaluate the association of varying durations of DAPT on clinical outcomes after DES implantation for the treatment of coronary artery disease. Methods: Registry is maintained about the follow up of patients on DAPT therapy post percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and the complications are noted in the follow up period between December 2015and May 2016 in NIMS hospital. Results were analyzed using appropriate Statistical tests. Results: The number of evaluated patients was 127 with median age of 62 years. There were 27 females in them. Mean DAPT score was 1.68, with majority in the score range of one or two. Mean follow up period was 5.92 years (1 to 15 years). Among 127patients only 4 patients had complications, 3 of them had chronic stable angina and one had ischaemic stroke with no bleeding complication. Conclusion: DAPT beyond one year has benefits in terms of low associated complications and low incidence of coronary events.
Roturas del tendón de Aquiles operadas con técnica percutánea: resultados quirúrgicos y complicaciones posoperatorias. [Achilles tendon ruptures operated on with percutaneous technique: surgical results and post-operative complications.]

Introduction Achilles tendon ruptures have increased considerably in recent years. The treatment of these injuries can be either conservative or surgical. Despite extensive literature, no gold standard has been probed. Surgical options include open surgery, mini-open and percutaneous technique. The objective of this work is to characterize the clinical presentation and show surgical results and complications in patients with ruptured Achilles tendon treated surgically with percutaneous technique. Materials and methods A retrospective descriptive study was carried out. Adult patients treated at the University Clinic of Puerto Montt were included and clinical and epidemiological data were obtained. All patients were operated with percutaneous technique using the Dresden Instrument. Results 60 patients enrolled. All presented pain, associated with Thompson's sign and palpable gap in 92%. Complementary images were requested in 7 patients (12%). The average time until surgery was 4.28 days. 7 patients presented minor post-operative complications. No mayor complications were observed. Discussion Achilles tendon ruptures are increasing due to older active population and weekend athletes. The diagnosis is mostly clinical, however, some patients may require complementary images for diagnosis. Strong evidence in the literature suggests that surgical treatment is superior to the classic conservative treatment. In comparison with open surgery, the percutaneous technique has shown better aesthetic results and fewer complications.
Epstein–Barr Virus DNAemia and co-occurrence with cytomegalovirus DNAemia in postrenal transplant recipients from a tertiary care center

Aim: Co-occurrence of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) with Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is associated with an increased risk of EBV-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Quantitation of EBV by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can aid the clinicians in the initiation of preemptive measures to improve the survival of the graft. Methods: The study was conducted among postrenal transplant recipients (PRTRs) who were attending the nephrology department from 2011 to 2016. Real-time quantitative PCR for EBV was performed in whole blood. PRTRs were classified into asymptomatic with altered renal parameters (Group A) and symptomatic (Group B), which were further subcategorized into Group B1 (fever with anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or altered liver enzymes (any two), Group B2 (Group B1 + end-organ disease or only end-organ disease), and Group B3 (graft dysfunction [GDF]). The posttransplant period was also defined. DNA was extracted (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) from whole blood, and real-time PCR was performed using QuantiTect multiplex PCR kit. Unpaired t-tests and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 89 PRTRs were enrolled, of which 39.3% (n = 35) had EBV DNAemia, 43.1% during very late, 41.1% in late and 28.6% in immediate post transplant periods. EBV DNAemia ranged from 324 to 32,436 copies/ml. EBV DNAemia was found in 84% (n = 75) of symptomatic (Group B) and 16% (n = 14) of asymptomatic (Group A). Among the PRTRs with GDF (Group B3), 44% (n = 11/25) had EBV DNAemia of 2893.9 ± 1869 copies/ml. EBV DNAemia was considerably higher in PRTRs without GDF (8700.2 ± 9675.6 copies/ml) than PRTRs with GDF and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.004). EBV DNAemia with CMV DNAemia among PRTRs was found in 21.3% (n = 19). Conclusion: High EBV DNAemia may precede PTLD or GDF; therefore, regular screening of EBV DNAemia is warranted. CMV and EBV DNAemia may also co-exist in PRTRs. As CMV is an immunomodulating virus, it increases the risk of opportunistic infections, especially EBV.
T‐ and L‐type Calcium Channels Contribute to Myogenic Tone In Cerebral Arteries

The study scrutinized which voltage‐operated Ca2+ channels are expressed in cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells, and what role they play in myogenic tone development. A broad RT‐PCR screen of α1 subunits revealed mRNA expression of L‐type (Cav1.2) and T‐type (Cav3.1, and Cav3.2) Ca2+ channels in cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells. Western blot analysis conducted on whole arteries subsequently showed that all 3 α1 subunits were present at the protein level with T‐type expression qualitatively greater than L‐type. An immunohistochemical analysis of whole arteries revealed that Cav1.2 was primarily expressed in perivascular nerves although some limited/punctuate labeling was observable in smooth muscle. In contrast, the T‐type (Cav3.1, and Cav3.2) channels were robustly expressed in cerebral arterial smooth muscle and display defined periodicity. Functional measurements performed on cerebral arteries pressurized to 80 mmHg revealed that L‐type Ca2+ channels blockers, such as nifidipine (50–300nM) partially attenuate myogenic tone although a near complete blockade was achievable with the further addition of Mibefradil (300nm–1μM), a T‐type Ca2+ channel blocker. Cumulatively, these findings indicate that both L‐ and T‐type Ca2+ channels are expressed in cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells and that both Ca2+ channels play an important role in establishing myogenic tone in small cerebral arteries. These findings have important conceptual and therapeutic implications particularly as it relates to the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. Supported by CIHR.
Effect of breed on the deposition in beef muscle and adipose tissue of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

This study investigated the effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on muscle fatty acid composition and content in two cattle breeds; the Holstein-Friesian, a dairy breed, and the Welsh Black, a traditional beef breed. Animals were kept on ad libitum grass silage and one of three concentrates varying in the source of fat; Megalac (high in C16 : 0), formaldehyde treated whole linseed (high in C18 : 3 n-3) and a combination of formaldehyde treated whole linseed and fish oil (high in C20 : 5 n-3 and C22 : 6 n-3). The concentrates were offered at approximately 0·4 of total dry matter intake. Samples of m. longissimus thoracis from Holstein-Friesians contained higher total amounts of fatty acids ( P P P P P P
Genotypes of HBV and HCV among HIV-1 co-infected individuals in Ngong Sub-County, Kenya

Background: Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viruses are the major causes of liver disease worldwide. Co-infections with HBV and HCV have turned out to be increasingly very common among people living with HIV, leading to a major public health concern Objective: To determine HBV and HCV diversity among HIV infected patients attending the Ngong sub-county hospital comprehensive care clinic. Design: A cross-sectional study Setting: HIV research laboratory in Centre for virus research at Kenya medical research institute, Nairobi. Subjects: HIV infected patients attending the comprehensive care clinic at Ngong subcounty hospital between May and August 2015. Results: One hundred and ninety (190) HIV-1 positive patients participated in this study, consisting of 78.9% females and 21.1% males. Out of the 190 participants, 11(5.8%) were positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen and eight (4.2%) were positive for anti- HCV antibodies. 5/11 samples were positive for HBV DNA PCR and five belonged to HBV genotype A and E . However, none of the eight samples for HCV were positive for HCV RNA PCR. Conclusion: None of the patients was infected with HCV. HBV genotype A1 was the most dominant circulating genotype in Ngong sub-County followed by genotype E. Nevertheless, there could be other HBV genotypes circulating in Kenya especially among higher risk populations.
A previously undescribed hernia containing an acutely inflamed appendix—case report and review of management on hernias containing the vermiform appendix

Hernias involving the appendix are unusual and are often found during surgical exploration. The rarity of these hernias makes it difficult to discuss standard of treatment. When an acutely inflamed appendix is encountered within a hernia, appendectomy should be performed with primary repair of the hernia. This case documents the unique finding of an appendix herniating through a previously undescribed region in the abdominal wall found in a patient presenting with acute appendicitis.
Return to Play Following Arthroscopic vs. Open Treatment of Lateral Ankle Instability in Recreational/Athletic

Background: Ankle sprains are very common injuries among athletic populations. Sparse data exists regarding return to play (RTP) following common lateral ligament repairs. Our purpose is to compare RTP timelines and outcomes between open and arthroscopic treatment of lateral ankle instability in athletes.Methods: In this systematic review, MEDLINE and EMBASE searches were performed to identify available literature through November 2017 describing open and/or arthroscopic treatment of lateral ankle instability in athletes, their outcomes, and a RTP timeline.Results: A total of ten studies met criteria. 174 athletes were treated with open ankle instability procedures (9 studies) and 19 athletes were treated with arthroscopic procedures (1 study). 167/174 patients with open treatment returned to sport (96% RTP rate, weighted mean RTP timeline of 2.85 months). In comparison, all 19 patients in the arthroscopic group returned to sport (100% RTP rate, weighted mean RTP timeline of 3.794 months). Conclusion: Very few articles describing outcomes of lateral ligament repair in athletes include return to play metrics. Considering the data available, athletes treated with open ankle ligament repair procedures (nine studies with 167 athletes) returned to play almost 1 month earlier than athletes treated with arthroscopic procedures (1 study with 19 athletes). As timing of return to activities is a valuable metric to compare surgical and rehabilitative techniques, more studies that detail return to sport are needed as part of a description of ankle ligament repairs.
Perfil de Sensibilidad y Resistencia Antimicrobiana de Acinetobacter spp. en el Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés

Artículo aceptado para su publicación el 01/03/2016 Abstract Objective: To observe the sensitivity profile and antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter spp, isolated from patients hospitalized in the Bolivian Dutch Municipal Hospital during 2010 to 2014. Material and Methods: A total of 167 positive cultures of Acinetobacter spp were reviewed a non-experimental, descriptive, retrospective, observational crosssectional study was conducted. Results: In the susceptibility testing of positive cultures of Acinetobacter spp. eight antimicrobials were used and the following sensitivity and resistance was identified: a) amikacin, sensitivity of 25%, 2% intermediate sensitivity and resistance 73%; b) ampicillin-sulbactam, sensitivity of 22%, 8% and intermediate resistance 70%; c) ceftazidime, sensitivity of 9%, 4% and intermediate resistance 87%; d) Ciprofloxacin sensitivity 19%, 1% and intermediate resistance 80%; e) gentamicin, sensitivity of 21%, intermediate resistance 0% and resistance 79%; f) TMP-SMX, sensitivity of 14%, intermediate 1% and resistance 85%; g) 61% sensitivity imipenem, intermediate 1% and resistance 38%; h) meropenem with sensitivity of 57%, intermediate resistance and 4% resistance 39%, absolute resistance to 6 antimicrobials was observed. multidrug resistense identified in 41%, the same as it was progressively increased in recent years. Thus, in 2010 he found only 3% of multidrug, 6% in 2011, 2012 and 2013 19% and in 2014 53%. Conclusions. The incidence of infections Acinetobacter spp, a nosocomial agent of great clinical importance, gradually increased in recent years in our hospital as their resistance. Therefore, it is advisable rational use of antimicrobials and improves bio-security measures in our hospital and health personnel.