Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New technologies in forage varieties and production.

primarily by the supply of available water, environmental temperature, and season length. In addition, timing of harvest will markedly alter both the quantity of forage gleaned, as well as its nutritional value for cattle. Plant and management alterations that have helped to enhance the nutritional value of grasses (including corn) and legumes have included: 1) development of cultivars or hybrids with decreased lignin content, and tolerant to herbicides (to simplify weed control) and drought, and 2) selection of plants with an increased concentration of more digestible parts and a higher ratio of live to dead plant tissue within a harvested or grazed crop. With the corn plant, hybrids suitable for very short season use (70 days to maturity) or tropical conditions (128 days or longer) are available. Hybrid selection involves matching a hybrid to the growth conditions and timing, as well as local soil, water availability, and environmental conditions. Incorporation of genes from brown midrib plants, through reducing the amounts of lignin and indigestible NDF of plants, has markedly increased the NDF digestibility of most plant parts. A faster NDF digestion rate and removal of space-occupying NDF helps to relieve capacity limits of the rumen of cows fed forage-rich diets. By allowing intake of feed energy to increase, milk yields usually are increased. Ruminal bulk, however, ultimately depends on both the dietary NDF concentration and its rate of digestion and passage. Amounts of indigestible NDF also can be decreased by increasing the leaf to stem ratio and by highchopping the forage so that the harvested portion contains a lower percentage of the lignin-rich lower stems. Yet, because various plant parts differ in ligni cation of NDF and in ruminal residence time, predicting plant digestibility from an “average” rate of in vitro digestion among diverse plant parts and the ruminal retention time of an “average” NDF particle will not provide an accurate estimate of extent of ruminal NDF digestion of a forage with multiple plant parts. Corn silage typically contains over 40% grain. When fed as coarsely processed dry grain, starch digestibility generally is lower for grain with more vitreous starch. Fortunately, several factors (harvest of kernels at an immature stage, kernel processing, and a prolonged fermentation period) have combined to obliterate the adverse effects of vitreousness on starch digestibility of silages. Genetic, engineering, and microbiological advances have made delayed harvest of forages for silage both feasible and desirable. These changes have included improved plant genetics and selection, as well as fungicides that have improved disease resistance and late-season plant health, drought tolerant hybrids that reduce the prevalence of water shortage late in the growing season, kernel 1Contact at: 7300 NW 62nd Ave., P.O. Box 1004, Johnston, IA 50131, (515)-535-6416; Email: fred.owens@Pioneer. com.
NITROGEN LIMITATION IN ISOCHRYSIS GALBANA (HAPTOPHYCEAE). I. PHOTOSYNTHETIC ENERGY CONVERSION AND GROWTH EFFICIENCIES 1

The effect of steady‐state nitrogen limitation on photo‐synthetic characteristics and growth efficiency was examined in the marine haptophyte Isochrysis galbana Green. Nitrate limited chemostats were maintained at nine dilution rates, ranging from 0.18‐0.96 d−1, under continuous irradiance levels of 175 μmole quanta·m−2·s−1, an irradiance level which saturated photosynthesis at all growth rates. Nitrogen limitation led to an overall reduction in pigmentation and a decrease in the cellular concentration of reaction centers; however, the optical absorption cross section, normalized to Chl a, increased. Moreover, Chl c/a ratios were higher in nitrogen‐limited cells: the change in Chl c/a ratios were correlated with an increase in the functional size of Photosystem II. Both light saturated photosynthetic rates normalized per cell and specific respiratory losses were positively linearly correlated with growth rate. Light saturated photosynthetic rates normalized to Chl a remained relatively insensitive to the rate of nitrogen supply. The minimum quantum requirement for gross photosynthetic oxygen evolution increased from 12.4 to 17.0 quanta/O2. At the growth irradiance, the quantum requirement increased 88%, from 19.9 to 37.5 quauta/O2 Photosynthesis/respiration ratios remained relatively constant at dilution rates greater than 35% of the maximum relative growth rate. Consequently, net growth efficiency, defined as the ratio of the specific growth rate, μ, to specific gross photosynthesis, P, also remained relatively constant over this range of growth rates averaging 85 ± 3%.
Infra‐red thermometry of alpine landscapes challenges climatic warming projections

Rough mountain terrain offers climatic conditions (niches) to plants and animals poorly represented by conventional climate station data. However, the extent to which actual temperatures deviate from those of the freely circulating atmosphere had never been assessed at a landscape level. Here, we quantify thermal life conditions across topographically rich mountain terrain by using a combination of thermal (IR) imagery of surface temperature with data from a large number of miniature data loggers buried at 3 cm soil depth. The data obtained from six alpine (Alps) and arctic‐alpine slopes (Norway, Sweden, Svalbard) evidence persistent root zone temperatures of 2–4 K above air temperature during summer. Surface temperatures show strong positive (2–9 K) and negative (3–8 K) deviations from air temperature on bright days and clear nights, respectively. As to be expected, south oriented slopes are warmer than west and north slopes but microclimatic variation on clear sky days was strong within all slopes, with 8.4±2.5 K (mean±SD) surface temperature differences persisting over several hours per day along horizontal (i.e., equal elevation) transects. Life conditions of alpine organisms are thus strongly decoupled from conditions in the free atmosphere and cannot reliably be inferred from climate station data in both, temperate and arctic latitudes. Microtopography can mimic temperature differences of large elevational (or latitudinal) gradients over very short horizontal distances. This is important in the context of climate change because it shows that species do not necessarily need to climb several hundred meters in elevation to escape the warmth. Quite often, few meters of horizontal shift will do. For plants unable to, or too slow to adapt to a warmer climate, thermal microhabitat mosaics offer both refuge habitats as well as stepping stones as atmospheric temperatures rise.
The Avian Hybrids Project: gathering the scientific literature on avian hybridization

Hybridization, the interbreeding of different species, plays an important role in several evolutionary processes, such as adaptive trait transfer (Arnold 2006, Arnold et al. 2008, Hedrick 2013), adaptive radiations (Seehausen 2004), and the origin of new species (Mavarez & Linares 2008, Abbott et al. 2013, Schumer et al. 2014). However, hybridization can have detrimental effects for the species involved: one of the species can be driven to extinction (Rhymer & Simberloff 1996) or two species can merge into one leading to a loss in biodiversity (Seehausen 2006, Seehausen et al. 2008), so hybridization has also become a relevant topic in conservation (Allendorf et al. 2001, Brumfield 2010).
Cis-regulatory analysis of the sea urchin delta gene : validating the architecture of the gene regulatory network model for micromere lineage specification

During the specification of the endomesoderm of the sea urchin embryo, mesodermal and endodermal cell types derive from common progenitors. The Delta signal, a ligand of the Notch receptor, serves as the spatial cue that triggers the segregation between these two fates. Expression of the delta gene exclusively in the micromere lineage early in development is essential for Delta to be able to correctly serve this role. According to a model of the gene regulatory network (GRN) underlying this process, the mechanism by which the micromere lineage is specified as a distinct domain, and by which the delta gene is expressed exclusively there, depends on a double repression system. A gene encoding a transcriptional repressor, pmar1, is activated specifically in the micromeres, where it represses transcription of a second repressor that is otherwise active globally. Zygotic expression of delta and micromere specific control genes depends on ubiquitous activators, and localization in the micromere lineage depends on repression by the second repressor everywhere else. In this model the second repressor is an unidentified gene, the existence of which is implied by numerous experiments. The work presented in this thesis experimentally validates the double repression architecture for micromere lineage specification and localization of delta expression. To prove the existence of the double repression system a genomic screen was devised to identify the gene playing the role of the second repressor. hesC, a transcription factor of the HES family, was found to be this gene. It is expressed at the right time and place, and its function is to repress micromere specific regulatory genes. To show that expression of delta in the micromere lineage depends on ubiquitous activators and HesC-dependent repression, the relevant cis-regulatory module (CRM) was recovered. This CRM, named R11, is shown to be able to drive the expression of a reporter gene exclusively in the micromere lineage at the right time. Dissection of R11 and its response to blockade of hesC expression show that R11 expression depends on ubiquitously present activators, and on HesC-dependent repression everywhere except the micromere lineage.
Modeling the influence of oceanic-climatic changes on the dynamics of Pacific saury in the northwestern Pacific using a life cycle model

A life cycle model for Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) was developed to clarify the possible causes of interannual and decadal variability in its abundance. In the model, the population of saury is composed of two spawning cohorts: one spawned in the Kuroshio region during autumn–winter and the other spawned in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Transition Zone during winter–spring. The life cycle of saury was divided into six stages: namely egg, larval, juvenile, young, immature and adult stages. The life cycle model combines growth, survival, fishing and reproductive processes, in which the effects of sea surface temperature (SST) in the Kuroshio region and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on the winter-spawning cohorts, the effects of SST in the Oyashio region on the spring-spawning cohorts, and the effects of fishing on the two spawning cohorts are taken into account. Results of basic modeling, in which environments are assumed stable and the stock is affected by fishing only, shows that the interannual fluctuations in the abundance are small and could hardly explain the observed large annual changes in abundance. On the contrary, results of modeling incorporating the effects of oceanic-climatic changes corresponded well with actual interannual-decadal variations in abundance. These results suggest the following environmental effects: (1) SST in the Kuroshio region affects decadal changes in abundance; (2) ENSO events influence the survival of the winter spawning cohort and result in large interannual variations in the abundance. It is concluded that large-scale climatic and oceanic changes strongly affect the abundance of saury.
Voguer au fil de la transtextualité

À l’ère du numérique, la littérature ne se pense plus à partir de l’unité du texte, mais se conçoit dans sa dimension réticulaire et dynamique. À l’heure d’un colloque consacré à la notion d’Accès, nous souhaiterions mettre en avant cette exploration de la littérature au prisme du dialogue qu’elle génère et qui l’alimente, c’est-à-dire aborder la valeur singulière d’un texte à partir du tout qui le façonne.
Late Pleistocene lineage divergence among populations of Neolitsea sericea (Lauraceae) across a deep sea‐barrier in the Ryukyu Islands

Aim Our goals were: (1) to assess the population genetic structure and demographic divergence history of a bird‐dispersed tree, Neolitsea sericea, endemic to East Asian land‐bridge islands; and (2) to interpret the results in the light of controversies over the dating and configurations of land bridges through the Japanese Ryukyu Island Arc.
Additional native fish fauna of rivers and streams flowing into Temengor reservoir, Perak, Malaysia

Several tributaries flowing into Temengor reservoir,north of Banding Island were surveyed for their fishdiversity. Four were new records for the area. They include twospecies from family Cyprinidae and the others from familiesMastacembelidae, and Siluridae. To date, the total number of nativespecies found in the reservoir and streams that flow into it is 42.
Distribution Patterns and Habitat Characterization of Elmidae and Hydraenidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Weidlingbach Near Vienna, Austria

A total of 870 adult and 831 larval Elmidae and Hydraenidae were caught from September 1995 to September 1996 at the Weidlingbach, a fourth order tributary of the Danube near Vienna, Austria, using a Heß sampler at 14 sampling stations from source to mouth. Elmis maugetii (Latreille) and Riolus subviolaceus (Müller) accounted for 66.3% of the total, whereas Hydraena gracilis (Germar) was the most abundant Hydraenidae species.Based on head width, instars 1–6 were collected in E. maugetii, instars 2–6 in R. subviolaceus and instars 3–6 in Limnius volckmari (Panzer) and Riolus cupreus (Müller); from the remaining species, only instars 4–6 were sampled.E. maugetii was most abundant on coarse, moss‐covered substrates (median = 22.2 mm) exposed to high water velocity (median = 69.4 cm/s; range = 6.0–117.6 cm/s); the latter was also true for R. subviolaceus although it favoured smaller sediment grain sizes (median = 10.7 mm). Sites exposed to only moderate flow and with abundant filiform algae were preferred by Esolus parallelepipedus (Müller) and L. volckmari, whereas the Hydraenidae species, Esolus angustatus (Müller), R. cupreus and Oulimnius tuberculatus (Müller) were collected mostly at sites with moderate current speed and abundant moss‐covered pebbles of various size.Species richness and population density increased from source to mouth. At the spring sampling site Elmidae and Hydraenidae were completely lacking.
Biochemical and molecular characterization of plant-parasitic nematodes

Nematologists need correct species identification to carry out research, teaching, extension and other activities. Therefore, nematode taxonomy must be pursued diligently at all levels. The identification of plant-parasitic nematodes is not always easy and that of some species is especially difficult. Most of the information that nematologists use when characterizing and identifying specimens is based on morphological and morphometrical characters. Although these characters are of primary importance, in the last three decades they have been supplemented by biochemical/ molecular characters. Biochemical approaches include the separation of proteins (general proteins and isozymes) by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and sodium dodecyl sulphate-capillary gel electrophoresis. Serology has also been found effective in the identification and quantification of nematodes, monoclonal antibodies being a more useful immunological tool than polyclonal antibodies. Identification based on the direct examination of DNA is potentially a more powerful method to characterize inter- and intra-specific variability. The development of techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, and amplified fragment length polymorphism has increased the accuracy and speed of nematode characterization/identification. Progress continues to be made and more and more nematologists are using molecular techniques for diagnostic purposes and to assess genetic variation.
A Computer Programme for Determining Habitat Preference Based on Dung Frequencies of Some Herbivore Mammals

The classic approach for habitat preference of big games is to compare dung density in two different site such as in two habitat types and aspects, or in two altitute or slope classes. Whereas, animals select habitats according to all habitat components. Therefore, it must be considered multivariate structure of habitat and importance of each variable of the combination of components. In this study, interaction among habitat components and effects of components more than one were investigated in a conservation area. A computer programme (SR.BAS) was prepared to identify the important components of habitat of herbivore mammals in the area. The dimensions of the data matrix of the programme can be changed by users. The number of plot is equal to row numbers and the variable numbers such as animal species, habitat type, altitute, slope, aspect, feeding cover, distance to open roads and water source etc. is equal to column numbers of the data matrix.
Governance Aspect of Foreign-Exchange Policy in Indonesia

While most recent central bank’s foreign-exchange interventions have been directed at mitigating speculative currency pressures and reducing risks to price instability, as well as curbing volatility in capital flows, the good governance implementation plays significant role in making the foreign-exchange operations done in efficient and effective way. For Bank Indonesia, the implementation of foreign exchange policy strategy followed governance principle is essential and geared toward price and financial system stability. In practice, the objective is reached through foreign-exchange intervention policy combined with other monetary and macroprudential policy called policy mix.
Immatures of The Solitary Bee Camptopoeum Friesei (Andrenidae: Panurginae: Panurgini) and of Its Cleptoparasite Parammobatodes Minutus (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini)

Abstract Descriptions of the mature larva and pupa of Camptopoeum (Camptopoeum) friesei Mocsáry are presented as are the descriptions of the mature oocytes and postdefecating larva of its cleptoparasite, Parammobatodes minutus (Mocsáry). The larva of C. friesei is compared to that of C. (Camptopoeum) clypeare Morawitz and C. (Camptopoeum) frontale (Fabricius), as is the mature oocyte of P. minutus with that of P. rozeni Schwarz. The descriptions of the pupa of C. friesei and the mature larva of P. minutus are the first such accounts for their respective genera.
Global Inequality in Length of Life: 1950–2015

This paper provides a broad picture of national, regional and global trends of inequality in length of life over the period 1950–2015. We use data on life tables from World Population Prospects to develop a comprehensive database of a battery of inequality measures for 201 countries at five-year intervals over the period under analysis. We estimate both absolute and relative inequality measures which have the property of being additively decomposable. This property makes the database remarkably flexible because overall inequality can be computed for any group of countries using only the information included in our database. The decomposition analysis reveals that differences in life expectancy between countries account for a very small portion of the observed changes in global inequality in length of life, evolution of which is large driven by within-country variation. Our estimates indicate that inequality in length of life has decreased sharply since 1950, a reduction that can be largely attributed to the substantial progress made in reducing child mortality worldwide. We also observe a degree of heterogeneity in the distributional patters of inequality in length of life across world regions.
Genetic aspects of fertility traits in dairy cattle - review

INTRODUCTION Fertility is considered a complex trait influenced by many physiological and disease-related variables. These is considerable scientific evidence to support the view that fertility performance is influenced by environment (E), genetics (G) and the interaction between G by E (GxE). Many hypothesis have been proposed to explain this including genetics, physiology, nutrition nad management, and these factors have been investigated at the animal, organ and celluar level at critical time points of the productive life of dairy cows ( Walsh et al. , 2011). It is largely known that, fertility in dairy cows strongly decreased over the last decades as milk production per cows has highly increased. Hence, the reproductive efficiency is became an high priority in all systems and it is considered higher in seasonal calving systems as the opportunity for cow to calve and become pregnant is time limited to ensure a calf per cow per year in synchrony with grass growth ( Dillon et al., 2006). Over the last 30 years, genetic selection for increased milk production, particularly within the North American Holstein-Friesian genotype, has been very successful. Between 1985 and 2003, the rate of phenotypic gain in milk production per cow per year has been 193 kg for the United States, 131 kg for the Netherlands, 35 kg for the New Zealand and 46 kg for Ireland ( Dillon et al. , 2006). In Italy, the rate of the phenotypic gain in milk production per cow per year has been 112 kg in Holstein-Friesian with an average increase of the calving interval of 1.4 d per year ( Cassandro and Penasa , 2010). Despite these countries having diverse production systems, genetic selection criteria and climatic conditions, they all report a sensible decline in reproductive performance during the same period inducing, in recent years, the emphasis within selection indices for Holstein-Friesian has shifted from predominantly production to funcional nonproduction traits associated with improved health and fertility ( Miglior et al. , 2005). Poor reproductive performace often leads to premature culling and decreased productive career of dairy cows. The association between the declines in fertility and milk production in the last decades, is evident in the Holstein population, as reported in Figure 1 (USDA-ARS AIPL , 2007).
Genetic and environmental factors affecting reproductive variation in Allium vineale

Traits related to allocation of resources to sexual and asexual reproduction, together with seed production, were scored on Allium vineale plants sampled from five sites in southern Sweden during a period of 4 years. In addition, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting of the sampled plants allowed the identification of genets. Integration of genetic and phenotypic data from field and greenhouse provided for the analysis of among‐year, among‐site, and among‐genet variance components. These variance components were taken to represent the influences of short‐term environmental changes, persistent site divergence, and within‐site genet differences, respectively.
Hydroponic Culture of ‘Micro-Tom’ Tomato

[Abstract] We use ‘Micro-Tom’ to study tomato fruit ripening and development mechanisms. 7 ‘Micro-Tom’ is suitable for cultivation and experiments due to its small size of 10 to 20 cm in 8 height and short life cycle of 3 months. There is also an abundance of publically available 9 information on ‘Micro-Tom’ including EST, full-length cDNA clones and transcriptome data. 10 ‘Micro-Tom’ plants are grown in hydroponic culture under fluorescents using Arabidopsis cultural 11 shelves in greenhouses or plant rooms to get data with reproducibility for transcriptome and 12 proteome analyses.