Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Highly Sensitive Electrical Detection of Sodium Ions Based on Graphene Field-Effect Transistors

We have fabricated graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) to demonstrate highly sensitive electrical detection of sodium (Na) ions in electrolytes. Na ions in electrolytes affect the electrical potential of graphene channels, resulting in shifts toward a negative direction of the transfer curves in GFETs with increasing Na ion concentration. The transfer characteristics of GFETs indicated that Na ions in solutions were effectively detected over a wide range of concentrations from 1.0 nM to 1.0 mM. We also developed Na ion sensors based on GFETs to have a precise resolution of Na ion concentration to be utilized in the medical field. Time dependence measurement revealed that GFETs detected Na ions in real time. These results indicate that GFETs are potentially capable of being highly sensitive Na ion sensors.
Potentially Beneficial Uses of Sulfuric Acid In Southwestern Agriculture

Production of sulfuric acid is projected to exceed market demand in the southwestern USA if current air pollution control regulations are fully implemented by means of acid plants. Considerable quantities of surplus acid can be used beneficially for reclaiming sodium-affected calcareous soils, increasing the availability of phosphorus and certain micronutrients, treating alkaline and ammoniated irrigation water, controlling certain weeds and soil-borne pathogens, improving range grass establishment and growth, and for several other purposes. Principles involved in these uses are reasonably well-established, but studies are required to determine effective use especially in the area of field application.
Letter. An empirical scaling model for averaging elastic properties including interfacial effects

Abstract The elastic properties of ceramics and a mix of minerals can be calculated in a simple way including some properties of the interfaces between grains. While the Hashin Shtrikman averaging method has bounds, which are strictly correct for many realistic physical conditions, one finds empirical data which lie outside these bonds. One possible interpretation is that the scaling of the volume proportions in mineral assemblies is not truly represented by the nominal volume proportion f of each phase. It is argued that interfacial effects scale with f(1-f). In the case of certain assemblies, it is shown that the scaling is entirely with f2 rather than f. For intermediate cases, a more realistic scaling replaces f in the relevant averaging schemes by f(1-S) + S f2 where S weighs the effect of the non-linearities in the volume expansion of the averaging schemes.
Fisiología poscosecha de albahaca (Occimum basilicum L.) con y sin acolchado

Con la finalidad de estudiar el efecto de las bajas temperaturas sobre la calidad poscosecha de albahaca (Occimum basilicum L.), producida con y sin acolchado, en atmosfera modificada, se cuantifico su comportamiento en almacenamiento a 0, 5, 7 y 20 °C, durante 16 dias, en un diseno experimental completamente al azar, con tres repeticiones. La unidad experimental consistio en un manojo de hierbas de 30 g. Se evaluaron los solidos solubles totales, acidez titulable, potencial de hidrogeno, clorofilas, carotenoides, contenido de amonio, color, perdida de peso fresco, y ademas se realizo una evaluacion hedonica, en donde se tomo en cuenta apariencia visual, turgencia, apariencia comercial, pudricion y amarillamiento. Hubo diferentes efectos de las temperaturas sobre la calidad poscosecha. La albahaca sufrio danos por frio a 0 °C. Sin embargo a 5 °C se incremento la vida poscosecha y se conservaron sus caracteristicas fisicoquimicas. El uso del acolchado no influyo en la calidad poscosecha
Control of spin-exchange interaction between alkali-earth-metal atoms via confinement-induced resonances in a quasi-(1+0)-dimensional system

A nuclear-spin exchange interaction exists between two ultracold fermionic alkali-earth (like) atoms in the electronic $^{1}{\rm S}_{0}$ state ($g$-state) and $^{3}{\rm P}_{0}$ state ($e$-state), and is an essential ingredient for the quantum simulation of Kondo effect. We study the control of this spin-exchange interaction for two atoms simultaneously confined in a quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) tube, where the $g$-atom is freely moving in the axial direction while the $e$-atom is further localized by an additional axial trap and behaves as a quasi-zero-dimensional (quasi-0D) impurity. In this system, the two atoms experience effective-1D spin-exchange interactions in both even and odd partial wave channels, whose intensities can be controlled by the characteristic lengths of the confinements via the confinement-induced-resonances (CIRs). In current work, we go beyond that pure-1D approximation. We model the transverse and axial confinements by harmonic traps with finite characteristic lengths $a_\perp$ and $a_z$, respectively, and exactly solve the "quasi-1D + quasi-0D" scattering problem between these two atoms. Using the solutions we derive the effective 1D spin-exchange interaction and investigate the locations and widths of the even/odd wave CIRs for our system. It is found that when the ratio $a_z/a_\perp$ is larger, the CIRs can be induced by weaker confinements, which are easier to be realized experimentally. The comparison between our results and the recent experiment shows that the two experimentally observed resonance branches of the spin-exchange effect are due to an even-wave CIR and an odd-wave CIR, respectively. Our results are advantageous for the control and description of either the effective spin-exchange interaction or other types of interactions between ultracold atoms in quasi 1+0 dimensional systems.
Structural Rearrangements and Second-Order Optical Response in the Space Charge Layer of Thermally Poled Sodium−Niobium Borophosphate Glasses

Sodium−niobium borophosphate glasses have been thermally poled and studied in the mid- and far-infrared range to probe their possible structural rearrangements and to correlate them with the measured nonlinear optical (NLO) response. The infrared analysis of thermally poled and depoled glasses has revealed systematic structural changes in the NLO-active space charge layer at the anode on the basis of which we suggest that sodium ion migration from this layer is accompanied by an equivalent migration of oxide ions. Ion depletion in the NLO layer induces extensive, but partially reversible by depoling, modifications of the phosphate and niobate parts of the network that depend on the composition of the glass. Second harmonic generation measurements have demonstrated that the second-order optical properties are generated only within the space charge layer at the anode where structural rearrangements are effected by thermal poling.
Electrochemical Synthesis and Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of Conducting Copolymers of Aniline and o-Aminophenol

Abstract A. A. Shah Electrochemical Synthesis and Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of Conducting Copolymers of Aniline and o-AminophenolA. A. Shah Electrochemical Synthesis and Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of Conducting Copolymers of Aniline and o-Aminophenol both polymers. An attempt has been made to improve the pH dependence of the electrochemical activity of polyaniline (PANI), desirable for its potential application in sensors, biosensors, bio-fuel cell and rechargeable batteries, by electrochemical copolymerization of aniline (ANI) with o-aminophenol (OAP), an aniline derivative having two oxidizable groups i.e. amino group and hydroxyl group. Copolymerization was carried out with different feed concentrations of OAP with a constant concentration of aniline in aqueous sulfuric acid solution. The copolymerization was monitored by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and in situ UV-Vis spectroelectrochemistry. The homopolymers and copolymers were characterized by CV, in situ conductivity measurements, FTIR spectroscopy, in situ UV-Vis and Raman spectroelectrochemistry. The copolymerization rate and the properties of the copolymer are strongly affected by the monomer concentration ratio. A strong inhibition of electropolymerization was found at a high molar fraction of OAP in the feed. CV of the copolymer obtained at the optimum conditions reveals that the first redox couple is shifted by 0.10 V into positive direction and the reduction peak of the first redox pair of PANI is replaced by a current plateau between 0.06 and 0.28 V. The copolymers showed good adherence on the electrode surface and gave a redox response up to pH =10.0 (copolymers A and B). Two transitions were observed in the in situ conductivities of the copolymers (as with PANI), but the conductivities were lower by 2.5 to 3.0 orders of magnitude as compared to PANI. Electrosynthesis of PANI on poly(o-aminophenol) (POAP) modified electrodes showed copolymer formation after reaction initiation and finally formation of a PANI layer at the copolymer/solution interface. The ‘memory effect’ of the bilayer structures of both polymers was discussed in terms of protonation/deprotonation and anion consumption taking place during redox processes of In situ UV-Vis spectroelectrochemical studies of the copolymerization of OAP with AN at constant potential polymerization on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass electrodes revealed the formation of an intermediate in the initial stage of copolymerization through the cross-reaction of OAP cation radicals and ANI cation radicals resulting in a head-to-tail dimer or oligomer. An absorption peak at 520 nm in the UV-Vis spectra was assigned to
Mechanism and Kinetics of Stabilization Reactions of Polyacrylonitrile and Related Copolymers IV. Effects of Atmosphere on Isothermal DSC Thermograms and FT-IR Spectral Changes during Stabilization Reaction of Acrylonitrile/Methacrylic Acid Copolymer

Structure formation during the stabilization reactions of the acrylonitrile/methacrylic acid (AN/MAA) copolymer under air, O2 and N2 was studied by an organized combination of isothermal DSC thermograms and FT-IR spectra. Under the oxidative atmosphere evolved heat was very large and the conjugated cyclic structure was formed as a stable structure. Particularly in pure O2 gas the stabilization reaction attained to the most advanced state. Under N2 the evolved heat was smallest and the resulted structure was thought to be a non-conjugated cyclic imine-enamine tautomerism structure.
Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition of In Situ Boron‐Doped Polysilicon

The deposition of in situ boron-doped polysilicon from a mixture of diborane and silane was studied over a temperature range of 450 - 600C, and a diborane/silane flow rate varying from 0.002 to 0.02. Diborane enhances the deposition rate and suppresses the activation energy of the deposition reaction. Diborane also reduces the temperature of the amorphous/polycrystalline transition. Resistivity after annealing (650 or 900C) decreases with increasing diborane flow and with decreasing deposition temperature. Minimum resistivity is obtained by depositing the silicon as an amorphous film and annealing at high temperature (greater than or equal to900C). Of particular importance to low thermal budget processes, however, is the low resistivity (3.0 m -cm) obtained by annealing an initially amorphous film at 650C.
A Glucose Biosensor Based on Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase on Platinum Nanoparticle Doped Santa Barbara Amorphous Material-15

A novel electrochemical glucose biosensor was prepared by combining platinum nanoparticle doped Santa Barbara Amorphous Material 15 with glucose oxidase. The resulting material demonstrated high stability and reactivity for catalyzing glucose electrolytic oxidation, primarily due to the high surface area of these catalysts. This glucose biosensor was capable of interference-free determination of glucose with a linear dynamic range from 0.03 to 12.0 mmol L−1. In addition, it has the advantages of simple preparation and good stability. The reported method is promising for the determination of glucose in human serum.
Thermal fluctuations in a lamellar phase of a binary amphiphile–solvent mixture: A molecular-dynamics study

We investigate thermal fluctuations in a smectic A phase of an amphiphile–solvent mixture with molecular-dynamics simulations. We use an idealized model system, where solvent particles are represented by simple beads, and amphiphiles by bead-and-spring tetramers. At a solvent bead fraction of 20% and sufficiently low temperature, the amphiphiles self-assemble into a highly oriented lamellar phase. Our study aims at comparing the structure of this phase with the predictions of the elastic theory of thermally fluctuating fluid membrane stacks [Lei et al., J. Phys. II 5, 1155 (1995)]. We suggest a method which permits to calculate the bending rigidity and compressibility modulus of the lamellar stack from the simulation data. The simulation results are in reasonable agreement with the theory.
A Molecular Simulation of A Liquid-crystal Model

Abstract A Gay-Berne fluid of prolate molecules with length-to-breadth ratio 3 is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. This fluid exhibits vapor, isotropic liquid, nematic, and smectic-B mesophases. For the bulk fluid we report new results along isochores that further delineate the smectic and nematic regions of the phase diagram; the effect of system size is also discussed. These studies lead to a rather complete description of the fluid part of the phase diagram. We have also studied the changes that occur when such a fluid is confined in a pore with parallel, homeotropic walls. Our molecular dynamics results show that the isotropic-nematic transition shifts to higher temperatures, or lower densities, i.e., the liquid crystal phase is stabilized relative to the bulk flild.
Thermodynamic study of polymer–solvent systems by reversed‐flow gas chromatography

Reversed-flow gas chromatography, a new method for studying heterogeneous catalysis, diffusion, adsorption, evaporation, and other related phenomena, is now applied to the determination of activity of the solvent in a polymer–solvent system in the whole range of polymer concentration, as well as for the calculation of excess partial molar thermodynamic functions of mixing. The systems used were polystyrene in cyclohexane, polyvinylacetate in cyclohexanone and polyvinylpyrrolidone in methanol. In the first system, which was studied in detail, weight fraction activity coefficients (a1/w1) at several temperatures (333.8–348.1 K) and various polymer concentrations (0.020–0.131 g/g) were determined. From the latter parameters weight fraction activity coefficients at infinite dilution (a1/w1)∞ were computed. Flory–Huggins interaction parameters x and solubility parameters δ2 were also determined. Finally, the thermodynamic parameters found by the present method are compared with those determined by other techniques or calculated theoretically.
Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidation of Octyl Alcohols in “Supercritical” Carbon Dioxide

Noble metal catalyzed aerobic oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds or carboxylic acids is an efficient method, but the frequently observed catalyst deactivation and flammability of organic solvents in the case of water-insoluble alcohols limit the application range. We applied “supercritical” (dense) carbon dioxide as the solvent, a cheap and nonflammable medium with fair and tunable solubility in particular for weakly polar water-insoluble alcohols. The experiments were carried out in a continuous fixed bed reactor, over 0.5 wt% Pd/alumina, at 80–140°C and 75–125 bar. A comparative study of oxidation of 1- and 2-octanols to carbonyl compounds, chosen as model reactions, demonstrated that the method is well suited for the partial oxidation of secondary alcohols with molecular oxygen, whereas for primary alcohols the selectivity is low. In the oxidation of 2-octanol the selectivity was excellent (>99.5%) and independent of conversion. No significant catalyst deactivation was observed and the rate in CO2 was higher by a factor of up to 2–4 compared to the rate of oxidation in nitrogen. The complex effects of pressure and oxygen concentration on the reaction rate have been interpreted by studying the phase behavior in a high-pressure view cell under reaction conditions.
A Comparative Study of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel Blends with Diethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether as Additive

An experimental investigation was carried out to analyze the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine fueled with 20% biodiesel and 80% conventional diesel blended with diethylene glycol dimethyl ether on volume basis (0.2 to 0.6%). The performance test includes brake thermal efficiency and fuel consumption. The exhaust emission includes smoke density, CO, HC, CO2, and NOx. These parameters are evaluated in a single-cylinder diesel engine coupled with an eddy current dynamometer. The above factors in each case were compared with baseline data of mineral diesel and significant improvements have been observed.
Complex Formation in Cationic Dye–Organic Anion Systems in Aqueous Solution

The interaction between a cationic dye, Methylene Blue (MB), and organic anions (1-naphthalenesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, 1-naphthaleneacetate, 2-anthracenesulfonate, 2,7-naphthalenedisulfonate, and 1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonate) in aqueous solution has been investigated by means of absorption and fluorescence spectra. The red shifts of the absorption and fluorescence spectra of MB caused by the addition of the organic monoanion are attributed to the 1:1 complex formation between MB and the organic anion. The thermodynamic quantities as well as the equilibrium constants for the complex formation have been determined. From the finding that the absorption spectrum of MB is not affected by the addition of ethanesulfonate, it is concluded that the complex formation is due to the interaction between the MB cation and the aromatic ring in the organic anion. The addition of polyanion (e.g., 2,7-naphthalenedisulfonate) in the low-concentration range accelerates the dimerization of MB; whereas, in the high-.
Seasonal variation in throughfall and stemflow chemistry beneath a European beech (Fagus sylvatica) tree in relation to canopy phenology

The effect of canopy phenology on major ion fluxes beneath a mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) tree is examined. Annual and seasonal ion fluxes to the forest floor were significantly higher than the incoming wet-only deposition for all ions measured other than H+. The annual throughfall to wet deposition ratio generally ranged from 2.1 to 4.8. Stemflow contributed 9%–19% of the ion input to the forest floor, except for H+. Throughfall enrichment of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and NO3– was significantly higher in the leafed than in the leafless season, in contrast to Na+, NH4+, and H+. The temporal pattern of ion enrichment indicated canopy release of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ throughout the leafed season, of Na+, Cl–, and NH4+ from emerging leaves, and of Cl– and SO42– from senescing leaves. The contribution of canopy leaching to annual net throughfall and stemflow was estimated at 96% (K+), 54% (Ca2+), 40% (Mg2+), 12% (Cl–), and 7% (Na+, SO42–). Dry deposition accounted for 58%–75% of the total deposition onto the.
Pharmacokinetic Study of Epigallocatechin Gallate in Rats

Phannacokinetics of epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG) was studied following i.v. bolus and oral administration in rats. The values of systemic clearance(CL) were and following i.v. bolus administration of 1 mg and 5 mg EGCG, respectively. The values of volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) were and after i.v. bolus administration of 1 mg and 5 mg EGCG, respectively. The decrease in the value of CL and the increase in the value of as a function of EGCG dose (1 mg to 5 mg) suggest saturable mechanism(s) responsible for the distribution and elimination of EGCG. The fraction absorbed of EGCG after oral and intraduodenal administration of GTC were 13% and 22% of the dose, respectively. This result suggests a considerable degradation or elimination of EGCG in the gastrointestinal absorption after oral administration in rats.
Application of thermodynamics to the athabasca tar sands

Significant changes in the interfacial areas often accompany transformations in highly dispersed systems containing oil, water, solid and gas phases. When such changes in area are considered, interfacial tension expressions diametrically opposed to the conventional criteria for oil spreading or de-wetting may result. Further modifications in the energetics criteria are obtained when the electrical contributions to the free energy of the system (resulting from the adsorption of ionic surfactants) are included.
Kinetic Study of the Carbon Filament Formation by Methane Cracking on a Nickel Catalyst

A rigorous kinetic model for the formation of filamentous carbon on a nickel catalyst by methane cracking is derived. The experimental study was performed in an electrobalance unit. The temperature ranged from 773 to 823 K and the partial pressure of methane ranged from 1.5 to 10 bar. The mode of experimentation ensured that the rate of growth of the carbon filaments was always based upon the same number of filaments. A kinetic model is selected in which the abstraction of the first hydrogen atom from molecularly adsorbed methane is the rate-determining step. Based on the results of the parameter estimation, an energy diagram for the methane cracking is constructed.
Structural and magnetic phases of Fe(ND3)2PO4

Polycrystalline samples of Fe(ND3)2PO4 were prepared by means of a hydrothermal route and characterized using powder x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, chemical and thermal analysis, magnetic measurements, specific heat and neutron diffraction experiments. This material orders within an orthorhombic (Pnma space group) crystal structure at room temperature, but below 220 K the crystal structure changes towards a monoclinic P 21/n structure through a phase transition with almost no latent heat. Furthermore, the magnetic cell at 2 K is twice the size of the crystallographic cell observed at 80 K. The magnetic structure associated with the Fe(III) ions is thus commensurate with the crystal lattice having a propagation vector , the magnetic moments lying in the yz plane of the crystallographic cell.
On the Aggregation of Tin in SnO Composite Glasses Caused by the Reversible Reaction with Lithium

We show that the reaction mechanism in Li/[SnO:(B 2 O 3 ) x :(P 2 O 5 ) y glass (0.1≤x,y≤0.5)], Li/[SnO: B 2 O 3 ) 0.5 :(P 2 O 5 ) 0.5 :(K 2 CO 3 ) 0.04 glass] and Li/SnO cells is common. During the first discharge, the oxygen bonded to tin (as SnO) reacts with lithium to give metallic tin (which can be present as clusters of a few atoms) and lithia. The tin reacts with further lithium to the composition limit of Li 4.4 Sn. During charge the Li is removed from the lithium-tin alloy. The other components of the glass (e.g., B 2 O 3 . P 2 O 5 , Li 2 O, etc, ) are inert with respect to lithium, and we call the atoms which make up these phases spectator atoms, Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical methods, we show that size of the initial tin regions which form is inversely proportional to the spectator:Sn atom ratio. However, during cycling, all of these materials show the subsequent aggregation of the tin atoms into clusters which grow with cycle number until they reach a saturated size. The final cluster size is larger for materials with smaller X:Sn ratio. We propose a speculative model, which predicts the saturated Sn cluster size, as a function of the spectator:Sn ratio.
Placental uptake and metabolism as determinants of pregnancy vitamin D status

Brogan Ashley, Claire Simner, Antigoni Manousopoulou, Carl Jenkinson, Felicity Hey, Jennifer M Frost, Faisal I Rezwan, Cory H White, Emma Lofthouse, Emily Hyde, Laura Cooke, Sheila Barton, Pamela Mahon, Elizabeth M Curtis, Rebecca J Moon, Sarah R Crozier, Hazel M Inskip, Keith M Godfrey, John W Holloway, Cyrus Cooper, Kerry S Jones, Rohan M Lewis, Martin Hewison, Spiros D Garbis, Miguel R Branco, Nicholas C Harvey, *Jane K Cleal