Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Water Deficit on the Factors Controlling the Daily Pattern of Growth of Phaseolus Trifoliates

Phaseolus seedlings were grown in liquid culture under controlled temperature and irradiance and measurements were made of daily variation in growth of the first trifoliate leaves. Leaf growth rate was significantly enhanced within a few hours of the start of the light period. Over a similar time, a small decrease in leaf turgor and an increase in cell wall plasticity were recorded. Slowly declining growth rates as the light period progressed may have been caused by decreases in turgor during this time. When water availability to the leaves was restricted by growing the plants for several days in nutrient solution maintained at a low temperature (12 °C), the daily pattern of growth of the trifoliates was changed quite markedly. Dark-growth rates were slightly enhanced, while light-growth rates were significantly reduced when compared to growth rates of plants well-supplied with water (roots at 20 °C). Relative 'plateau' growth rates of plants well-supplied (ww) with water or suffering a restricted supply (ws) in the light (L) and in the dark (D) were as follows: ww L > ws D > ww D > ws L. In the light, turgors of the two groups of plants were similar, suggesting that the reduced growth rate of the cooled plants resulted from a change in cell wall structure and/or properties. Immediately before the lights were switched on, plants grown with a restricted water supply showed relatively high turgors in the trifoliates and these were presumably responsible for the enhanced growth rates at this time. Restriction of water availability may have slightly increased the plasticity of cell walls and decreased the yield threshold for growth. The control of leaf growth in plants developing water deficit is discussed.
Effects of nitrogen catabolite repression‐related amino acids on the flavour of rice wine

The quality of rice wine is highly dependent on the content of the flavour compounds produced by the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, the effects of three amino acids (arginine, glutamate and glutamine) related to nitrogen catabolite repression on the formation of flavour compounds were investigated. Each of these amino acids could promote the growth of S. cerevisiae, and a total of 83 flavour compounds were found in a model system of rice wine production. The effects of arginine, glutamate and glutamine on the content of the higher alcohols, amino acids and esters were significant, whereas the effects on the aldehydes and organic acids were slight. The results of this study could facilitate the development of new strategies to control the flavour pattern and improve the quality of rice wine. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling
Influence of Different Acidifying Strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus on the Quality of Yoghurt

The aim of this study was to analyze four different acidifying strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and their influence on the quality of yoghurt. The results showed L. bulgaricus IM1 and L. bulgaricus IM2 were fast acidifying strains, and L. bulgaricus IM3 and L. bulgaricus IM4 were slow acidifying strains. When the four strains were mixed with Streptococcus thermophilus TA040, the fermentation time of the yoghurt starter culture LS1 (IM1 and TA040) and LS2 (IM2 and TA040) was shorter than that of the yoghurt starter culture LS3 (IM3 and TA040) and LS4 (IM4 and TA040). However, yoghurt samples fermented by LS3 and LS4 had weaker post-acidification, higher viscosity and more exopolysaccharide (EPS). In addition, the highest acetaldehyde and diacetyl contents were observed in yoghurt fermented by the slowest acidifying yoghurt starter culture (LS4). Therefore, selecting slow acidifying L. bulgaricus strain is a considerate design to integrate advantageous performance of strains.
Bacteriophages and Their Structural Organisation

Viruses are extremely small infectious particles that are not visible in a light microscope, and are able to pass through fine porcelain filters. They exist in a huge variety of forms and infect practically all living systems: animals, plants, insects and bacteria. All viruses have a genome, typically only one type of nucleic acid, but it could be one or several molecules of DNA or RNA, which is surrounded by a protective stable coat (capsid) and sometimes by additional layers which may be very complex and contain carbohydrates, lipids, and additional proteins. The viruses that have only a protein coat are named “naked”, or non- enveloped viruses. Many viruses have an envelope (enveloped viruses) that wraps around the protein capsid. This envelope is formed from a lipid membrane of the host cell during the release of a virus out of the cell.
Comparison of optic lens proteins among animals at different stages of development

The purpose of this investigation was to study and compare the electrophoretic patterns of optic lens proteins of different species of domestic animals at preand post-natal ages. Optic lenses were removed from the embryo or adult sheep, cattle, goat, camel and chicken at the slaughter-house then homogenized and subjected to sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In all animals, except chicken, majority of proteins had molecular weights of less than 33 kDa and their concentrations were not affected by the age of animals at preor post-natal stages. A 9 kDa protein which was present in adult sheep optic lens was absent in sheep fetal lenses at different age groups. Prominent differences were observed in camel and chicken. In camel, proteins with molecular weights of 30 and 38 kDa were present, the concentration of which was much lower in other animals. A protein of 57 kDa which constituted the major protein of chicken optic lens was absent in other species of animals. The concentration of proteins in the range of 25-30 kDa increased with the age of chicken embryos. These proteins were remarkably different from those of adult chicken lens proteins except the 57 kDa protein which was also the predominant protein in the embryo. The 38 kDa protein disappeared and a 20 kDa protein appeared in the chicken embryo lens as compared with adult chicken lens. These data indicate extensive differences in the lens proteins of animals and suggest different physiological functions of lens proteins in different animals at different stages of development.
Saguaro Cactus: Cultural Significance and Propagation Techniques in the Sonoran Desert

The saguaro cactus (Carnegia gigantica [Engelm.] Britt. & Rose) is a prominent indicator species of the Sonoran Desert. It is also a unique and highly valued plant of important cultural significance to the Tohono Oodham tribe that has its roots in the Sonoran Desert. Saguaro ribs are used as construction materials and the fruit is used to prepare food or beverages. Propagation techniques have been evaluated at the Tucson Plant Materials Center in order to determine and describe an efficient method to produce saguaro plants.
A STUDY ON INVESTORS AWARENESS OF STOCK MARKET

The study entitles consists of Investor Awareness of Stock Markets in Stock Broking Firm. The objective is to study the impact of the investors awareness in the Stock Markets. To study the influence of stock and investment strategies in Saravana Stocks Private Limited. To study the influence of demographic profile on investors awareness on stock market in Saravana Stocks Private Limited. Primary data is collected from structured Questionnaire with 120 respondents. Descriptive Research Design is used in this study. Primary data is collected from Convenience Sampling technique. The collected data were classified and tabulated and analysed using the tools, Independent samples t-test and Anova-one way.
Methanethiol Formation in Disrupted Tissue Solution of Fresh Broccoli

Factors for the formation of methanethiol using a disrupted broccoli tissue solution were investigated. A trace amount of methanethiol was detected in the headspace of a capped test tube containing the disrupted fresh tissue solution after incubation at 20 °C for 1 hr. When L-cysteine or reduced glutathione was added to the sample solution, a considerable amount of methanethiol was formed. In a molecular weight of below 10, 000 fraction of the fresh sample solution, a significant amount of methanethiol was formed by adding L-cysteine. However, in a disrupted tissue solution prepared from a heat-treated tissue, no detectable methanethiol was formed by adding L-cysteine.We propose that methanethiol is a degradation product of methyl methanethiosulfinate (MMTSO) which is present in the disrupted fresh tissue solution. The concentration of the MMTSO is pH-dependent, being higher in basic than in acidic solutions. No MMTSO was detected in the disrupted tissue solution prepared from a heat-treated tissue. When L-cysteine was mixed with the fresh sample solution, MMTSO disappeared.It was confirmed that MMTSO was formed by an enzymatic reaction in the disrupted fresh broccoli solution which reacts nonenzymatically with L-cysteine or reduced glutathione to produce methanethiol.
Staphylococcal phosphoenolpyruvate‐dependent phosphotransferase system

The histidine-containing protein (HPr) of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) was isolated from Staphylococcus carnosus and purified to homogeneity. The protein sequence was determined by Edman degradation of peptides obtained by proteolytic digestion with proteases V8, trypsin and chemical cleavage with BrCN. Furthermore, immunological screening of a chromosomal S. carnosus DNA gene library in pUC19 vector enabled us to isolate S. carnosus HPr-expressing colonies. The nucleotide sequence of this ptsH gene and its flanking regions was determined by the dideoxy-chain-termination technique. Upstream, the 264-bp open reading frame of the ptsH gene is flanked by a putative S. carnosus promoter structure and a putative ptsI gene downstream suggesting that ptsH gene is the first gene in the PTS operon of S. carnosus. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of S. carnosus HPr with the HPr sequence of Staphylococcus aureus (derived from peptide sequencing) showed a high degree of similarity.
Timing and duration of the life cycle of Asian longhorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in southern England

In March 2012, an outbreak of Asian longhorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a quarantine pest that is highly damaging to broadleaved trees, was discovered at Paddock Wood in southern England. Infested trees were felled as part of an eradication programme, but material that contained A. glabripennis life stages was retained and analyzed to provide information on the timing and length of the life cycle, as an aid to future management and surveillance. A total of 366 A. glabripennis larvae were recovered, including 69 first‐ and second‐instar larvae found in June and July before any adults were found in the samples or had emerged, which indicated that the majority of eggs were laid in the previous autumn and over‐wintered before hatching. Tree ring analysis and predictions of the timing of adult emergence based on degree‐day accumulation also indicated that adults emerged late in the season, from August onwards, when lower temperatures would have caused most eggs to delay hatching until the next year. Two cohorts of older, established larvae were present in the samples, corresponding to larvae that had over‐wintered once and twice, respectively. Thus, most larvae required two seasons to complete their development after hatching and a total of 3 years to complete the full life cycle from egg to adult.
Influence of Age Upon Antibody Formation

Immunity conditions in young animals have long been investigated very extensively. Most of these studies have been concerned with the transmission of antibodies from the mother to the offspring with the blood through the placenta and by the milk. Comparatively little work has been done on the subject of antibody-formation in young animals. Yet it is obvious that antibody-formation in young animals is an important factor in their resistance to certain infectious diseases, in their behaviour in the phenomenon of hypersensitiveness, and in their capacity to be actively immunized with toxinantitoxin mixtures, anatoxin and vaccines. A few experiments have been reported indicating that antibody-formation varies with age in vaccinated infants and children. According to Frankenstein (1) only 3 of 30 infants produced agglutinins after vaccination with typhoid vaccine. Halber, Hirszfeld and Mayzner (2) in their careful work demonstrated that after vaccination against typhoid the agglutinin titer of the serum is moderately but decidedly lower in infants than in children from two to five years of age.
Consumer Demand System for Long Term Projections

Policy analysis in a number of areas requires long term projections requiring some sectoral detail. We present a non-linear demand system and price and income elasticities suitable or projections extending over 30 years that involve large increases in income. Elasticities are calculated for 22 consumption commodities of which 14 are agricultural goods. The approach is extendable to many more commodities. We also present piece-wise linear approximations of the demand system that can be incorporated into a long term policy model. Thus we estimate a Linear Expenditure system (LES) for each of ten rural and ten urban expenditure classes of consumers.
Nitrate drawdown and its unexpected isotope effect in the Danube estuarine transition zone

The northwestern Black Sea Shelf region suffered from severe eutrophication in recent decades, mainly due to the Danube River's increased nutrient loads, as well as nutrient remineralization in sediments. During two cruises (spring 2012 and summer 2013) in the Danube River Delta–Black Sea transition zone, we analyzed dissolved nutrients, dual isotope signatures of nitrate, and δ15N of suspended particulate matter across the salinity gradient, and two pore water nutrient profiles (only 2013) in the outer river plume. We aimed to investigate nitrogen turnover and nutrient dynamics in the present Black Sea Shelf region in order to elucidate the contemporary role of nitrogen inputs of the River Danube in the light of the past, severely eutrophic, situation in the Delta region. Data indicate intense drawdown of river‐borne nitrate, phosphate, and dissolved silica in the river plume. Isotopic patterns of nitrate and suspended N illustrate exceptionally clearly the dominance of nitrate assimilation over the entire salinity gradient. An unusual 1.9 : 1 enrichment of δ18ONO3 to δ15NNO3 questions the usually uniform enrichment that is attributed to phytoplankton. Accordingly, we investigated the potential effects of nitrate regeneration and uptake by heterotrophic plankton on the isotopic composition of nitrate in the Delta. Overall, our data suggest that today, the nitrogen input from the Danube River is taken up within the salinity gradient in large quantities, and its immediate effects on the eutrophication status of the Black Sea shelf are relatively limited.
A Review on DNA Vaccines

A DNA vaccine uses foreign DNA to express an encoded protein and stimulate the body's immune system. It represents a new approach to immunization which is potentially less expensive than the old vaccines. The development of DNA vaccines against the pathogens that use veterinary species as host is completely feasible and going on and it is a promising technology in veterinary sciences. There is promising approach for generating desired immunity: cytolytic T lymphocytes(CTL). Certain methods like gene gun and electroporation are used to deliver DNA vaccines but phage mediated immunization is the recent technology to deliver the DNA vaccines that offers an extremely elegant and rapid method for identifying potential vaccine candidates for newly emerging diseases or for pathogens for which protective antigens have not yet been identified. Antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in increasing the potency of DNA vaccines. Anti-angiogenic DNA vaccine may prove promising strategy for the treatment of the cancer. DNA vaccines undergo through clinical trials to find the way to treat autoimmune diseases, hepatitis, mycobacterial diseases, allergy and malaria.
Mortality among voles (Microtus agrestis) at Lake Vyrnwy, Montgomeryshire in 1936–9

Lake Vyrnwy is a reservoir surrounded by many types of habitat including newly afforested areas suitable for field voles. Other areas form ecological barriers between these populations. The purpose of the present inquiry was to discover the causes of the periodic fluctuations in numbers which occur, often simultaneously, among such vole populations. Several separate vole populations reached peak densities in 1937 and declined in 1938, in which year numbers were at a peak in most of the younger plantations. During the peak breeding season of 1937 there was an excessive juvenile mortality before August. The survival rate of the young then improved and the old animals became scarce, as they usually do at this time of year. All age groups ceased breeding in August 1937 and the survivors did not breed next spring. By contrast, populations which were at peak densities in 1938 continued breeding from May to October and the survivors bred again in 1939, though no recovery in numbers was brought about. Both in May 1937 and May 1938 high numbers were associated with unusually high body weights. A sample population was studied by marking and recapturing the animals. Most spent their lives within an area of 10 to 15 yd. diameter. Both in September 1936 and 1937 there were about 300 young voles per acre. During 1938 survival was very poor from January onwards, particularly among the males. During the time of their almost complete disappearance in 1938 or 1939 voles were not subjected to any known environmental conditions likely to have caused excessive mortality. The hypothesis is therefore advanced that death was primarily due to adverse conditions to which the parents were subjected in the previous breeding season. It is inferred (a) that the high juvenile mortality at that time was a symptom of severe intraspecific strife, (b) that intraspecific strife had deleterious effects, probably upon the hormone balance of the females, so that (c) their young suffered defects which reduced the longevity of those which survived the breeding season, and also (d) impaired their ability to produce a normal generation. Peak numbers were reached simultaneously over wider areas than seems likely by chance alone. It is argued that this must have occurred through some interaction of the independent biological units with their common weather system. Competition for space, the process believed to control excessive increase, is shown to be a possible means through which environmental changes may cause further variations in mortality rates. A sufficiently variable physical environment should thus tend to eliminate differences in density between populations and so to effect a regional synchrony of their cycles. It seems likely that periodic mortality in the North American snowshoe hare is also a delayed result of intraspecific strife. This extension of the hypothesis has implications which are at variance with some of the existing views about cycles in birds and mammals.
Effects of Interferon–γ on Mobilization and Release of Eosinophil–Derived RANTES

Eosinophils synthesize and release a number of cytokines and chemokines, including RANTES, a potent chemoattractant particularly for memory T cells and eosinophils. Long–term (>12 h) incubation with interferon–γ (IFN–γ) has been shown to activate eosinophils and induce expression of membrane receptors. We hypothesized that IFN–γ mobilizes intracellular RANTES in eosinophils in advance of mediator release. Highly purified peripheral blood eosinophils were obtained from asthmatics and stimulated with IFN–γ at 500 U/ml for time course analysis up to 2h. By specific ELISA, RANTES was detected in supernatants (80±15 pg per 2×106 cells) following 120min of stimulation. Immunoreactive RANTES in resting cells (5×107 eosinophils) was detected in two intracellular compartments in studies of subcellular fractionation by density gradient centrifugation. After 10 min IFN–γ stimulation, RANTES immunoreactivity was confined to crystalloid granules. RANTES was redistributed from secretory granules to light–membrane fractions after 60 min of IFN–γ incubation. Our data suggest that rapid mobilization and release of RANTES occurs from stimulated eosinophils. These findings may have important implications for the role of IFN–γ in activating human eosinophils, particularly in severe chronic asthma or viral exacerbation of asthmatic inflammation, where this cytokine may play a role.
Observations on the Mating Behaviour of the Crab Hole Mosquito Deinocerites cancer (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract In Deinocerites, an aberrant offshoot of Culex, the larvae live in water in deep crab holes and the adults also are often found in the burrow. The males have elongate non-plumose antennae and specialized front claws, and often rest on the surface film. In observation cages the males associate with pupae (of either sex) at the surface of the water, hold them lightly with the claws and sense the pupal horns (spiracles) with their antennae. The male perceives the pupa at 1–2 cm. An emerging female elicits a strong response from males up to 15 cm. away; the males fight for possession and mating may be established before the female has fully emerged. The pupal skin continues to attract for several minutes thereafter. Emergence of the adult male was not successfully observed. Probably both pupal attendance and mating response depend on a chemical stimulus, which appears to be non-specific. The males also make slow exploratory flights near the cage walls, and a mating response may be elicited when their legs touch a resting insect. The response is made to either sex (perhaps more readily to the female) and again is non-specific. The two mating processes are presumably reinforcing, and both seem well adapted to the natural habitat provided the lack of specificity is tolerable. Several other mosquitoes, all of slow flight and restricted habitat, make similar irregular flights and mate on contact with resting females. Probably this behaviour represents the last phase of mating in more strongly flying (swarming) species, after the sexes are brought together by the auditory response mediated by the plumose antennae. In some mosquitoes the two patterns of behaviour coexist. Assembly at a swarm-marker and recognition in flight must be less necessary in non-dispersing forms in confined habitats, and most of all in Deinocerites. Several other crab hole mosquitoes show convergence or analogies with Deinocerites. The association with the pupa and the related attraction to the female at emergence find a parallel only in Opifex fuscus; but in Opifex these processes depend not on a chemical stimulus but mainly on vision, as befits an inhabitant of open sunlit pools.