Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From condemnation to understanding: Views on suicidal behavior in Ghana in transition

ABSTRACT The cultural context in which suicide occurs has been emphasized as critical in understanding the act and informing prevention. Yet the penchant of psychiatrizing suicidality in mainstream suicidology relegates cultural issues to the background. Through the lenses of critical cultural suicidology, the authors have re-emphasized the importance of culture by reviewing the two major meanings of suicide as observed in our 8-year study in Ghana: moral transgression and life crisis. They have also showed the usefulness of the life crisis perspective of suicidality in reducing stigma and sustaining advocacy in decriminalizing attempted suicide in the country.
Comet assay comparison of different Corbicula fluminea (Mollusca) tissues for the detection of genotoxicity

The comet assay was used to study the sensitivity of the widely distributed freshwater bivalve mollusk Corbicula fluminea to the DNA-damaging alkylating-agent methylmethane sulfonate (MMS). This study was undertaken to ascertain if C. fluminea is a good bioindicator of pollutants in aquatic environments and identify which C. fluminea tissue is most effective and practical for genotoxicity studies. The mollusks were exposed to 0.6, 1.2 or 2.4 X 10-4 M MMS for 40 min and their hemolymph, gill tissue and digestive gland tissue assessed for the level of DNA damage and the time needed for the tissues to recovery. Regression analysis showed a direct linear dose-response relationship between MMS concentration and the number of damaged cells for hemolymph and digestive gland tissue but a quadratic relationship for gill tissue, which made the interpretation the gill tissue results difficult. The basal level of DNA damage to gill tissue was very high, possibly because gill is the organs most directly exposed to environmental toxins and mutagenic agents. Although all three types of tissue produced useful results, hemolymph and digestive gland tissue produced more reproducible and reliable results. Hemolymph was the best sample type in that it was easy to obtain and handle, while gill tissue required more manipulation to obtain cell suspensions. Our results indicate that C. fluminea is an optimal bioindicator for the determination genotoxic contaminants in aquatic environments.
The genetic component in coronary heart disease--a review.

The importance of atherosclerosis in public health has generated a vast literature relating to epidemiology of the disease, clinical descriptions of symptoms and records of variation of serum concentration of cholesterol, triglyceride or lipo-protein fractions in normal or affected persons. Such evidence has led to a number of hypotheses as to the origins of the disease, and although rival theories may be espoused with fervour or may fluctuate in popularity, a familial predisposition to coronary disease is a recurring theme. In this brief review, which does not aim to be exhaustive and is not concerned with hypertension, we shall focus attention on the more important aspects and attempt to set the conflicting evidence in perspective.
Mechanisms of p34cdc2 regulation

The kinase activity of human p34cdc2 is negatively regulated by phosphorylation at Thr-14 and Tyr-15. These residues lie within the putative nucleotide binding domain of p34cdc2. It has been proposed that phosphorylation within this motif ablates the binding of ATP to the active site of p34cdc2, thereby inhibiting p34cdc2 kinase activity (K. Gould and P. Nurse, Nature [London] 342:39-44, 1989). To understand the mechanism of this inactivation, various forms of p34cdc2 were tested for the ability to bind nucleotide. The active site of p34cdc2 was specifically modified by the MgATP analog 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine (FSBA). The apparent Km for modification of wild-type, monomeric p34cdc2 was 148 microM FSBA and was not significantly affected by association with cyclin B. Tyrosine-phosphorylated p34cdc2 was modified by FSBA with a slightly higher Km (241 microM FSBA). FSBA modification of both tyrosine-phosphorylated and unphosphorylated p34cdc2 was competitively inhibited by ATP, and half-maximal inhibition in each case occurred at approximately 250 microM ATP. In addition to being negatively regulated by phosphorylation, the kinase activity of p34cdc2 was positively regulated by the cyclin-dependent phosphorylation of Thr-161. Mutation of p34cdc2 at Thr-161 resulted in the formation of an enzymatically inactive p34cdc2/cyclin B complex both in vivo and in vitro. However, mutation of Thr-161 did not significantly affect the ability of p34cdc2 to bind nucleotide (FSBA). Taken together, these results indicate that inhibition of p34cdc2 kinase activity by phosphorylation of Tyr-15 (within the putative ATP binding domain) or by mutation of Thr-161 involves a mechanism other than inhibition of nucleotide binding. We propose instead that the defect resides at the level of catalysis.
Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Knowledge and Use Among In-School Adolescents in Nigeria

Among 2460 secondary school students surveyed in two southeastern Nigerian states only 36% could correctly identify the most likely time for conception to occur. Female students were considerably more likely than males to understand the timing of conception (46% vs. 25%); less dramatic differences emerged by students residence and grade in school. Among students who supplied information about their sexual activity 40% had had intercourse; the proportion who were sexually experienced climbed from 26% of 14-year-olds to 54-55% of 18- to 19-year-olds. While 36% of the young women had had sexual partners who were roughly their age 25% had been involved with older businessmen; the young women said they have intercourse more frequently and are less likely to restrict intercourse to the safe period of their cycle when they are involved with older partners than when they have boyfriends their own age. Only 17% of sexually active students had ever used a contraceptive method other than abstinence. In focus groups and in-depth discussions students expressed a strong desire for better education about contraception and the consequences of sexual intercourse and recommended that both schools and parents participate in educating young people about reproductive health. (authors)
Prevalence of thymidine-dependent Staphylococcus aureus in patients with cystic fibrosis

During a 1-year period, the prevalence of thymidine-dependent (TD) Staphylococcus aureus in patients at two geographically distinct cystic fibrosis (CF) centers was determined. Of 200 CF patients who had their respiratory secretions cultured, 95 harbored S. aureus, and 20 (21%) had TD S. aureus as their predominant staphylococcal isolate. All 20 TD S. aureus-positive patients had received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for an average of 30.9 months. It was also observed that TD S. aureus exhibited aberrant colony morphologies or did not grow on media commonly used in CF centers for S. aureus isolation, suggesting that this organism could be missed by routine culture methods. In contrast, all 20 isolates had typical staphylococcal morphology on mannitol salt agar after 48 h of incubation. Mannitol salt agar is recommended for primary isolation of TD S. aureus.
Barriers to Use of Services by Older Homeless People

Analysis of responses during participant observation and face-to-face interviews of four homeless elders and six service providers indicated that the four elders comprehended and used the service environment; however, hopelessness (learned helplessness) appears to be the largest personal obstacle to use of such resources by elderly homeless persons to change their situation.
Novel beta-crystallin gene mutations in Chinese families with nuclear cataracts.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular genetic background in families with nuclear congenital cataract. METHODS Family history and clinical data were recorded. Ten candidate genes were screened for causative mutations. Direct sequencing was performed to analyze the cosegregation of the genotype with the disease phenotype. Effects of amino acid changes on the structure and function of protein were predicted by bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS Analyses of 20 Chinese families with hereditary nuclear congenital cataract revealed 3 novel mutations. Two of these mutations (V146M and I21N) affected βB2-crystallin (CRYBB2). One mutation (R233H) was detected in βB1-crystallin (CRYBB1). These mutations cosegregated with all affected individuals and were not observed in unaffected family members or the 150 healthy unrelated individuals. CONCLUSIONS The CRYBB2 gene was shown to be another causative gene associated with congenital cataract and microcornea. Three novel mutations in β-crystallin genes (CRYB) were detected in Chinese families with nuclear autosomal dominant congenital cataracts, which underscores the genetic heterogeneity of this condition. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Studying the genetics of nuclear cataracts is helpful for better understanding the pathophysiologic mechanisms that underlie this phenotype and for better disease management. This study helps expand the genotype of nuclear cataract and microcornea.
A universal inductive inference machine

Abstract A paradigm of scientific discovery is defined within a first-order logical framework. It is shown that within this paradigm there exists a formal scientist that is Turing computable and universal in the sense that it solves every problem that any scientist can solve. It is also shown that universal scientists exist for no regular logics that extend first-order logic and satisfy the Löwenheim-Skolem condition.
[Analysis of antibacterial-relative proteins and peptides in housefly larvae].

OBJECTIVE To study the antibacterial-relative proteins and peptides in housefly larvae. METHODS Third-instar larvae of housefly were treated with different methods including pricking, pricking with bacteria, heating and ultrasonication and were extracted respectively after 6 h, 16 h, 24 h, 48 h, 65 h. After liquid phase assay, the antibacterial-relative proteins and peptides were confirmed with stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS The four treatments could all induce antibacterial substances. Among these induced proteins, X17 (20 kDa), X16 (22 kDa) had activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, but X22 (13 kDa), X20 (16 kDa), X12 (26 kDa) had activity only against either Staphylococcus aureus or Bacillus subtilis. X7 (37 kDa), X5 (44 kDa) had negative contribution to antibacterial activity. CONCLUSION Many antibacterial-relative proteins and peptides which cooperate and establish a whole resisting system will begin to be translated or be translated more.
Whatever Is Willed Will Be

Why do people neglect or underweight their past failures when thinking about their prospects of future success? One reason may be that people think of the past and future as guided by different causal forces. In seven studies, the authors demonstrate that people hold asymmetric beliefs about the impact of an individual’s will on past versus future events. People consider the will to be a more potent determinant of future events than events that happened in the past. This asymmetry holds between- and within-subjects, and generalizes beyond undergraduate populations. The authors contend that this asymmetry contributes to the tendency for people to remain confident about their future performance in domains in which they have largely failed in the past. This research thus contributes to a growing body of literature exploring how thoughts about events in the past differ from thoughts about the same events set in the future.
Concepts on the Pathogenesis of Middle Ear Effusions

Several concepts related to the pathogenesis of middle ear effusions are postulated. The mechanisms proposed are based on an understanding of fluid mechanics. A flask with a long, narrow neck is presented as a model of the Eustachian tube-middle ear-mastoid system. Fluid flow into and out of the flask is dependent upon the pressure gradient, compliance of the narrow neck and whether or not the bulbous portion is intact. It is suggested that locking of the tube may be dependent upon the speed of the application of the negative pressure and the compliance. Eustachian tube opening appears to be related not only to active muscle forces but may also be dependent upon the presence of a pressure gradient which passively assists tubal function. It is proposed that middle ear effusions result from reflux, aspiration or insufflation of nasopharyngeal secretions (acute otitis media), or from persistent functional or mechanical Eustachian tube obstruction (secretory otitis media) or both.
Fat1 cadherin provides a novel minimal residual disease marker in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Abstract Measurement of minimal residual disease (MRD) maintains an important role in the clinical management of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Recently, we identified Fat1 cadherin as a unique and independent prognostic factor for relapse-free and overall survival in pediatric pre-B-ALL. Here, we analyzed Fat1 mRNA for its potential as a novel marker of MRD in cases of pre-B- and T-ALL. Analyses of microarray data from 125 matched diagnosis/relapse samples across three independent datasets indicate that Fat1 mRNA is detectable in an average of 31.3% of diagnosed pre-B-ALL, of which 67.5% of cases remained positive at relapse. Furthermore, some 20% of cases with undetectable levels of Fat1 mRNA at diagnosis became positive upon relapse. T-ALL cases were 83.3% positive for Fat1 expression at diagnosis with 77.7% remaining positive at relapse. Towards proof of concept, we developed a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay and demonstrate detection of Fat1 mRNA in leukemic cells mixed with normal peripheral blood cells at a sensitivity of 1 in 10 000 to 100 000 cells. Fat1 may therefore provide a new marker of MRD for patients with ALL lacking known genomic aberrations or within a multiplex approach to MRD detection.
DOES RATIONALITY GIVE US REASONS?

Most of us take it for granted that we ought to be rational—to have the bundle of dispositions and abilities that constitute the faculty of rationality. Most of us also take it for granted that we ought to satisfy various individual requirements of rationality: we ought not to believe it is Monday and also believe it is not Monday; we ought to intend to catch the 12.50, if we intend to get to a meeting and believe catching the 12.50 is the only way to get there; and so on. There is a genuine question whether these things are so: ought we to be rational, and ought we to satisfy the individual requirements of rationality? In this paper, I shall suggest that the answer to the first question is plausibly ‘‘Yes’’, but I shall concentrate particularly on the second question. I shall explain that I have found no satisfactory grounds for answering ‘‘Yes’’ to it. For the moment, I doubt that, necessarily, we ought to satisfy each of the individual requirements of rationality. Indeed, I doubt that, necessarily, we have any reason to satisfy each of these requirements.
The relationship of locus of control with life satisfaction of five district of Tehran's girl high school students

The main purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between the locus of control and life satisfaction of girl high school students of 5th district of Tehran. The research sample included 450 high school students of 5th district of Tehran studying in 2012-2013 educational years. They were also selected by target-based sampling method and then about 408 questionnaires were analyzed after eliminating the unused data in this case. The used instrument of the study was subjected to the application of Lonsone control questionnaires and multi scale life satisfaction of students (MSLSS). This research is a correlation based type of study regarding to an applied type of research in terms of its target. Pearson correlation coefficient and multi regression coefficient tests were also applied in order to analyze the related data in this study. The results showed that there is a relationship between the internal control elements and people having powerful locus of control resource and life satisfaction. It should be mentioned that the relationship of internal locus of control is considered as positive with life satisfaction but the relationship of powerful people locus of control and chance is reverse with the life satisfaction.
Complex carbon cycle responses to multi‐level warming and supplemental summer rain in the high Arctic

The Arctic has experienced rapid warming and, although there are uncertainties, increases in precipitation are projected to accompany future warming. Climate changes are expected to affect magnitudes of gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP), ecosystem respiration (ER) and the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE). Furthermore, ecosystem responses to climate change are likely to be characterized by nonlinearities, thresholds and interactions among system components and the driving variables. These complex interactions increase the difficulty of predicting responses to climate change and necessitate the use of manipulative experiments. In 2003, we established a long‐term, multi‐level and multi‐factor climate change experiment in a polar semidesert in northwest Greenland. Two levels of heating (30 and 60 W m−2) were applied and the higher level was combined with supplemental summer rain. We made plot‐level measurements of CO2 exchange, plant community composition, foliar nitrogen concentrations, leaf δ13C and NDVI to examine responses to our treatments at ecosystem‐ and leaf‐levels. We confronted simple models of GEP and ER with our data to test hypotheses regarding key drivers of CO2 exchange and to estimate growing season CO2‐C budgets. Low‐level warming increased the magnitude of the ecosystem C sink. Meanwhile, high‐level warming made the ecosystem a source of C to the atmosphere. When high‐level warming was combined with increased summer rain, the ecosystem became a C sink of magnitude similar to that observed under low‐level warming. Competition among our ER models revealed the importance of soil moisture as a driving variable, likely through its effects on microbial activity and nutrient cycling. Measurements of community composition and proxies for leaf‐level physiology suggest GEP responses largely reflect changes in leaf area of Salix arctica, rather than changes in leaf‐level physiology. Our findings indicate that the sign and magnitude of the future High Arctic C budget may depend upon changes in summer rain.
Strained-SOI n-Channel Transistor With Silicon&#8211;Carbon Source/Drain Regions for Carrier Transport Enhancement

A novel 80 nm gate length strained-Si n-channel transistor structure with lattice-mismatched source and drain (S/D) formed on thin-body silicon-on-insulator substrate is reported. The strained transistor features silicon-carbon (Si1-yCy) S/D regions, which are pseudomorphically grown by selective epitaxy. The incorporated carbon mole fraction y is 0.01. The lattice mismatch between Si0.99C0.01 and Si results in lateral tensile strain and vertical compressive strain in the Si channel region, both contributing to substantial electron mobility enhancement. The implementation of the Si0.99C0.01 stressors provides a substantial drive current IDsat enhancement of 11% over a control transistor at a gate length of 80 nm and a width of ~1.1 mum, while the enhancement for the linear drive current IDlin is approximately two times larger. Pulse measurements were also performed to correct for self-heating effects
Achievable Data Rate in Spectrum-Sharing Channels with Variable-Rate Variable-Power Primary Users

In this work, we propose a transmission strategy for secondary users (SUs) within a cognitive radio network where primary users (PUs) exploit variable-rate variable-power modulation. By monitoring the PU's transmissions, the SU adjusts its transmit power based on the gap between the PU's received effective signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) and the lower SNR boundary for the modulation mode that is being used in the primary link. Thus, at the SU's presence, the PU's quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed without increasing its processing complexity thanks to no interference cancellation required in the PU's operation. To demonstrate the advantage of our proposed transmission strategy, we analyze the secondary user's achievable data rate by taking into account different transmission capabilities for the secondary transmitter. The corresponding numerical results not only prove the validity of our derivations but also provide a convenient tool for the network design with the proposed transmission strategy.
Distributed containment control for multiple nonlinear systems with identical dynamics

In this paper, we study the distributed containment control problem for multiple nonlinear systems with multiple dynamic leaders. The objective is that a team of followers converges to the convex hull spanned by multiple dynamic leaders with identical dynamics as the followers. The strategy has many applications such as securing a group of followers in the area spanned by the leaders so that they can be away from dangerous sources outside the area. We first propose a control algorithm to achieve the objective under a directed graph. To compensate the drawback that the control gain of the control algorithm under a directed graph has a lower bound depending on the Laplacian matrix, we then propose an adaptive control gain design using only local information of the followers' neighbors. Therefore, the proposed control algorithm for the containment control problem is totally distributed under the condition that the interaction among the followers is undirected. Finally, simulation examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithms.
Failure of Tooth Formation Mediated by miR-135a Overexpression via BMP Signaling

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to regulate a variety of gene functions in many tissues and organs, but their expression and function in tooth development are not well-understood. A specific miRNA, miR-135a, was determined to be highly expressed at the bud stage. Interestingly, after the cap stage, miR-135a was expressed in the epithelium and mesenchyme but not in the inner enamel epithelium. To identify the relationship between miR-135a and its putative target genes, Bmpr-Ia and Bmpr-Ib, in early tooth development, miR-135a was ectopically overexpressed with a lentivirus. This overexpression resulted in the repression of Bmpr-Ia and Bmpr-Ib. Furthermore, miR-135a inhibited both Bmpr-Ia and Bmpr-Ib transcription. BMP2 proteins were expressed ectopically in tooth germs during the cap stage to determine the relationship between miR-135a and BMP signaling in early tooth development. When miR-135a was ectopically expressed, no tooth formation was observed after 4 wk of incubation in the kidney capsule. This study suggested that Bmp signaling, specifically Bmpr-Ia and Bmpr-Ib, regulates tooth formation via miR-135a.