Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SHORT UNDERWATER OPENING OF THE BEAK FOLLOWING IMMERSION IN SEVEN PENGUIN SPECIES

Abstract Videocamera recordings of seven species of penguin, Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri), Humboldt (Spheniscus humboldti), Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), Chinstrap (P. antarctica), Gentoo (P. papua), Macaroni (Eudyptes chrysolophus) and Rockhopper (E. chrysocome), swimming in large aquaria revealed that birds opened their beak underwater for less than a second immediately after initiating a dive. Overall, this beak-opening occurred in 64% of the immersions but, in all species, was associated with quick transitions between air and water, such as in porpoising or dives that were initiated rapidly. Two hypotheses are proposed to explain this behavior: beak-opening may be a signal that initiates bradycardia, such as is observed in unrestrained diving animals, or beak-opening may be associated with chemoreception to help detect potential prey or predators. Breve Apertura del Pico en Pingüinos luego de Sumergirse Resumen. En acuarios registramos con cámara de video a siete especies de pingüinos, Aptenodytes forsteri, Spheniscus humboldti, Pygoscelis adeliae, P. antarctica, P. papua, Eudyptes chrysolophus y E. chrysocome. Los registros indicaron que las aves abren el pico bajo el agua por menos de un segundo inmediatamente después de sumergirse al iniciar el buceo. En total, esta apertura del pico se registró en el 64% de las inmersiones y en todas las especies ocurrió preferentemente en situaciones de transición rápida entre aire y agua, como en “porpoising” o en buceos que se iniciaron abruptamente. Se proponen dos hipótesis para explicar esta conducta: la apertura del pico puede servir como una señal para iniciar la bradicardia, como se observa en animales buceando voluntariamente, o bien la apertura del pico podría estar asociada a quimiorecepción para detectar potenciales presas o depredadores.
On the measurement of dimensionality of biodiversity

Aim To characterize relationships among indices of taxonomic, phylogenetic, functional and phenetic diversity (TPFP diversity) for Neotropical bats and examine if dimensionality is different from null model expectations after controlling for sampling effects owing to underlying variation in species richness. Location Neotropics. Methods Bat distributions were estimated using geographic range maps. By overlaying range maps on a gridded map of the New World, the species composition of each cell was determined. Then, species richness and three indices each of phylogenetic, functional and phenetic diversity were calculated. A principal components analysis (PCA) determined the dimensionality of the entire multivariate data set. This was followed by two additional PCAs that examined the dimensionality of spatial and non-spatial fractions of the original data. Spearman rank correlations determined pair-wise association among indices. Correlations and dimensionality were compared with two different null models that account for species richness gradients. Results Ten measures characterizing TPFP diversity exhibited much spatial structure across the New World. Pair-wise correlations between indices were typically different from null model expectations. While patterns of multivariate covariation were similar across spatial and non-spatial data sets, the dimensionality of biodiversity was low and either lower than or no different from null model expectations. Main conclusions Most measures of biodiversity exhibit at least some level of quantitative redundancy, and this redundancy is often higher than expected given sampling effects owing to species richness gradients. Considerations of uniqueness should be made when examining conceptually different dimensions of biodiversity.
Bovine respiratory disease in naturally infected calves: clinical signs, blood gases and cytokine response

SUMMARY Viral and bacterial aetiology, clinical symptoms, venous blood gases and cytokine production were aimed to investigate in naturally infected calves with bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Nasal swap and bronchoalveolar lavage samples and blood samples were obtained from 10 healthy control calves and from 48 calves with respiratory symptoms from 12 different herds and exposed to predisposing factors (insufficient aeration and hygiene) (BRD group) before tulathromycin and carprofen treatment. Virus isolations were achieved in 25% of the swap samples: BVDV (bovine viral diarrhoea virus), BRSV (bovine respiratory syncytial virus) and IBRV (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus) were identified in 12.5%, 8.3% and 6.2% of diseased calves respectively. Serum anti-BVDV antibodies were also detected in 68.75% of BRD calves using a sero-neutralization test. Lungs from all virally (directly and indirectly) infected calves were also invaded with bacteria (in majority with Mannheimia hemolytica, and P. multocida, α-haemolytic Streptococcus and coagulase negative Staphylococcus, at a lesser extend). The prevalence of the total bacterial infections was 100% and poly-infections were also frequent (47.92%). Respiration rate and rectal temperature were significantly increased (P < 0.001) in the affected calves. Nasal and ocular discharge, cough and dyspnoea were additional clinical findings. Venous gas analysis revealed the occurrence of a respiratory acidosis (decrease in blood pH coupled to increase in pCO2 and decrease in pO2) in diseased calves that was positively correlated with the respiratory frequency. Furthermore, serum concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were detected to be significantly high only in newly affected calves. Tulathromycin and carprofen treatment induced clinical recovery after 15 days and 30 days in 91.6% and 95.83% respectively of diseased calves. As a result, blood gases, respiratory rate, rectal temperature and respiratory signs have been deteriorated in these calves. A respiratory acidosis and an early inflammatory cytokine production occur during BRD, mainly related to the BVDV and M. heamolytica as most common agents involved in the disease.
OSZCAR OPTIMIZATION SYSTEM FOR ZERO CARBON ARCHITECTURE

This paper presents early stage of development of novel CAD system for design and optimization of near zero energy buildings (nZEB). Its framework is based on parametric program that supports performance based modelling by integrating detailed physical simulation, construction, cost and fabrication modules. The system provides multi-criteria optimization methods to address contradictory design objectives. During the optimisation process the solver tests different combinations of values for the design variables in order to find the best feasible geometrical configuration of the building within its search space. In addition, the user interface offers graphical analysis and navigation through all design possibilities. The system is intended to be a design tool capable of advising designers how to adapt their designs in order to meet the criteria of nZEB at a cost-optimal solution.
Family Structure as Correlates of Adolescents’ Delinquent Behaviour in Port Harcourt City Local Government Area of Rivers State

The study investigated family structure as correlates of adolescents‟ delinquent behaviour in Port Harcourt City Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three research questions and three hypotheses guided the study. Correlational research design was adopted. Population of the study was 3,880 SSS 2 students in all the 15 public senior secondary schools in Port Harcourt City Local Government Area of Rivers State. Sample size of the study was 363 (166 male and 197 female) SSS 2 students which was determined using the Taro Yamame‟s sample size formula, while simple random sampling technique was used to select the respondents from 3 randomly chosen schools in Port Harcourt City Local Government Area of Rivers State. Data were collected with two self-structured instruments titled “Family Structure Questionnaire” and “Adolescents‟ Delinquent Behaviour Questionnaire”. The face and content validities of the instruments were ascertained by two experts, while Test-retest method was used to obtain the reliability coefficients of 0.74 and 0.70 for Family Structure Questionnaire and Adolescents‟ Delinquent Behaviour Questionnaire respectively. Data collected were analyzed and tested using the Pearson‟s Product Moment Correlation at 0.05 level of significance. Results showed that single parent family, stepfamily and grandparent had positive and significant relationships with adolescents‟ delinquent behaviour in Port Harcourt City Local Government Area of Rivers State. It was recommended that parents should avoid every act that could result to broken marriages or homes, and thereby expose the children to some form of promiscuous life, and adolescents in a single family should be allowed to grow under the close watch and tutelage of their grandparents‟ family instead of their step-family.
Natural and man-made selection for air pollution resistance

Abstract Introduction All manner of domestic and industrial activities lead Air pollution is not new, because there have been prob-to the injection of potentially toxic contaminants in to lems of one form or another since ﬁre was ﬁrst used andthe air. Most have little or no discernible impact on metals were ﬁrst smelted, but the unbridled expansion ofthe environment, because the resulting concentrations industry in many parts of the world over the past centuryin the atmosphere fall well below the threshold for has resulted in changes in the chemical composition ofeffects. Others attain levels that are known to exceed the atmosphere on a scale unprecedented in human his-the recognized thresholds for damage to both fauna tory. In the ﬁrst half of the 20th century, concerns overand flora. In this review the focus is on two of the gaseous air pollution focused on the impacts of sulphurdioxide (SO2most ubiquitous air pollutants—sulphur dioxide (SO ). However, the introduction of increasingly2)stringent legislation to control SO2and ozone (O emissions in the latter3). In many industrialized regions, ground-level concentrations of these gases are known to be half of the century has led to a dramatic decline inregional SO2high enough to depress crop yields and cause subtle concentrations in many areas. In contrast,shifts in the composition of natural (and semi-natural) the rapid industrialization of many Eastern European,plant communities. Consequently, these pollutants Asian and South American countries has resulted in agrowing concerns over the impacts of SO2constitute a novel evolutionary challenge for natural on ﬂora andfauna in regions where SO2and managed ecosystems. Herein, evidence is pre- has not been a traditionalsented that some species are capable of responding problem. Combined with rapid expansions in population,to this challenge by evolving the ability to grow and the net result has been a steady rise in the total amountreproduce in areas subjected to potentially phytotoxic of pollutants injected into the earth’s atmospherepollutant concentrations. The prospects for breeding (Posthumus, 1998). In addition, there has been a funda-plants with enhanced resistance to the most common mental shift in the nature of the air pollution problemsair pollutants are discussed and the tangible prospects in industrialized regions; rising emissions of oxides ofof incorporating modern molecular approaches into nitrogen and volatile hydrocarbons resulting in growingexisting strategies for the identification, isolation and concerns over the impacts of photochemical oxidants (inparticular, ozone [O3manipulation of air pollution resistance in new stock ]). The past century has witnessed aare highlighted. steady rise in the tropospheric concentration of ozone inthe northern hemisphere (Volz and Kley, 1988; Marenco
Produção de bezerros jovens em pastagens nativas, mistas ou cultivadas no Pantanal Sul Mato-Grossense

The productive performance of 8, 9 and 10 month old calves raised, in pastures in the sub-area Nhecolândia. ,was evaluated, in Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, for young calves slaughter. Fifty four calves were used, 27 males and 27 females in a randomized block, with a 3x3 factorial design (three pastures and three slaughter ages). The pastures were 1-native grass pasture, composed by Axonopus purpusii, Andropogon bicornis and Elyonurus muticus, 2-cultivated pasture, composed by Brachiaria decumbens and B. humidicula, and 3-mixed, composed by native grass and cultivated pasture. There was significant interaction (P<.05) between slaughter age and pasture type. The animals with 8 and 10 months old that grew on mixed pastures presented higher slaughter weight (SW), higher average daily gain (ADG) and carcass weight (CW), compared to animals in native or cultivated pastures. Animals in mixed pasture and slaughtered with 8 months old presented ADG of 0.83 kg/day, while animals maintained in native and cultivated pastures presented 0.65 and 0.59kg/day, respectively. For animals slaughtered with 9 months old, ADG were 0.55; 0.61 and 0.64 kg/day; and, for those slaughtered with 10 months, the averages were 0.48; 0.73 and 0.51kg/day, respectively, for native, mixed and cultivated pastures. The carcass yield was not influenced by slaughter age, for native and mixed pastures. There was not significant sex effect for any of the evaluated variables. The slaughter of male or female calves, raised in mixed or cultivated pastures, between 8 and 10 months old, is recommended for veal production.
Development of breeding populations from interspecific hybrids between Trifolium repens L. and T. occidentale Coombe

Trifolium occidentale is a diploid wild relative of T. repens (white clover) with adaptation to dry, saline coastal habitats. Transfer of drought and salt-tolerant adaptive traits to white clover could be potentially valuable if interspecific hybridization can be achieved efficiently and leads to fertile hybrid populations. To achieve hybridization, 4x plants of T. occidentale were generated. Efficient techniques for generation of 4x plants and their identification using dry pollen shape are described. Interspecific 4x F1 plants were achieved without embryo rescue. F2 populations and first backcross hybrids to white clover were also efficiently achieved. Although male and female fertility were lower than in white clover, they were adequate to produce large amounts of seed from small numbers of inflorescences. Thus, early generation interspecific hybrid prebreeding populations can be readily developed, opening the way for transfer of traits from T. occidentale to white clover.
Corporate Governance System as Correlates of Innovativeness in Indigenous Oil Servicing Firms in Port Harcourt

This study investigated corporate governance system as correlates of innovativeness a dimension of intrapreneurial orientation in indigenous oil servicing firms in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design. A total of 150 indigenous oil servicing firms with operational headquarters in Port Harcourt formed the sample size. The study adopted the survey approach; hence questionnaire was developed and distributed to the respondents in the 150 firms that took part in the study. The questionnaire was tested for validity and reliability. Results obtained showed that; there is a weak positive relationship between Corporate Governance System (CGS) and innovativeness; ownership structure has a weak negative relationship with innovativeness; CEO characteristics has a weak negative relationship with innovativeness. Based on the findings, three relevant recommendations were made which are; indigenous oil servicing firms should be willing to introduce newness and novelty through experimentation and creative processes aimed at developing new products and services, as well as expand capacity ahead of competitors.
Deleterious effect of TRIS buffer on growth rates and pigment content of Gracilaria birdiae Plastino & E.C. Oliveira (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)

This work evaluated the effects of Tris (hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (TRIS) buffer and its interaction with nutrient concentration on the development of Gracilaria birdie, a common species on the Brazilian coast that has been exploited for agar production. Responses to different conditions were assessed through growth rates and pigment content (chlorophyll a, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin). Provasoli's nutrient solution with and without TRIS addition was tested at concentrations of 12.5, 25 and 50%. The pH was also monitored. G. birdiae grew better in the absence of TRIS and at low nutrient concentrations, 12.5 and 25% (growth rates of 10.8-11.3%.day-1). Higher contents of phycoerythrin and chlorophyll a were observed without TRIS at 12.5 and 25% (Phycoerythrin, 649.6-698.0 μg g-1 fresh biomass; Chlorophyll a, 156.0-168.6 μg g-1 fresh biomass). These findings highlight the deleterious effect of TRIS on growth and phycoerythrin and chlorophyll a content. They also demonstrate the importance of appropriate nutrient concentration for laboratory cultures, depending on the intrinsic characteristics of each species.
Optimization of Intraocular Capacitive Pressure Sensor

Intraocular MEMS capacitive pressure sensors are useful for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) for Glaucoma patients. For normal person, IOP reading range within 1021mmHg. For IOP applications, compatible biomedical sensors are required to operate in the range of 0-8 kPa (0-60mmHg). Intraocular MEMS capacitive pressure sensors are widely used in IOP measurement because it provides higher sensitivity to pressure, low noise, low temperature sensitivity and micro in size. In this research project, a corrugated MEMS capacitive pressure sensor is designed and demonstrated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Result obtained from the simulation is the deflection of the corrugated diaphragm when 8kPa pressure is applied. From the diaphragm deflection, sensors mechanical sensitivity, capacitance sensitivity and residual stress varies with the pressure applied. When corrugation depth is increased, maximum deflection will decrease, hence the capacitance value is increased respectively. Capacitance sensitivity for corrugation depth, H=32 μm is obtained at 6.8451x10-3 fF/Pa which is 0.684% higher than flat diaphragm’s capacitance sensitivity. From the simulation, it is proven that residual stress for corrugated diaphragm is 63.147 MPa which is lower than flat diaphragms residual stress. The optimized parameter for corrugation depth is at H=45 μm which has higher capacitance sensitivity and smallest residual stress.
Qualitative Social Work

Improving practice depends on accurate understandings of practitioner knowledge, which are not easily attained, partly because practitioners unevenly apply formal theory and also rely on reflective processes and power bases that are significantly different from those of researchers. Focusing on residential care managers’ subjective experience of their own knowledge and clinical decisions, this study examines their application of theories, their beliefs and practices, challenges they faced, and factors managers described as related with good and poor client outcomes. Uninterested in formal theory and evidence-based practice models, the managers demonstrated a patterned, action-oriented, value-based ‘knowledge-in-action’ (per Floersch) we termed caregiving heuristics. Managers combined multiple interventions from diverse models to attain the best possible outcomes, using a strategy defined by Brandstatter, Hutchinson, and Gigerenzer as the priority heuristic. They creatively developed guidelines (at various levels of explication) for their decision-making. Unique to each practitioner, ARTICLE
Phylogenetic relationships among Lepidium papilliferum (L. Henderson) A. Nels. & J. F. Macbr., L. montanum Nutt., and L. davisii Rollins (Brassicaceae)1

Abstract Previous phylogenetic analyses of Lepidium included only a few accessions of L. montanum, L. flavum, and L. fremontii to represent western North American species. Two additional species endemic to southwest Idaho have posed both taxonomic and conservation questions regarding their species status. Lepidium papilliferum was originally described as a variety of L. montanum, is morphologically similar to L. montanum, and is found in small scattered populations in southwest Idaho. The plant is restricted to specific edaphic conditions known as slick spots where high clay content creates conditions amenable to L. papilliferum, but to few other species. Resolving whether the populations of L. papilliferum merit species status distinct from L. montanum is a vexing question and phylogenetic analyses can assist in resolving this issue. Like L. papilliferum, L. davisii has specific edaphic requirements and is found in playas, areas similar to slick spots, but larger and with deeper soils. Unlike L. papilliferum, L. davisii is morphologically distinct from L. montanum and has posed less of a taxonomic quandary. Previous phylogenetic studies have shown that American species of Lepidium are derived from an ancestral allopolyploid species. In this study we have expanded previous analyses to include L. papilliferum, L. davisii, and several accessions of L. montanum along with published sequences of ITS, cpDNA, and PISTILLATA first intron. The western North American species form a monophyletic group with L. davisii sister to the remainder of the clade. Within this clade, L. papilliferum and L. fremontii are each monophyletic and sister to each other, but are imbedded within a paraphyletic L. montanum.
To Analyze the Significance of Metacognitive Model regarding Entrepreneurship

This study analyzes that ability of opportunity identification of an entrepreneur is affected by the metacognitive thinking process. Thinking is again powered underneath by the metacognitive ability of an entrepreneur. This study is focused to understand and analyze the basis of entrepreneurial cognitive behavior performed in a certain situation, sensing capability, a decision taken under specific situations. This study is focused on understanding the metacognitive process that helps an entrepreneur to think differently, encouraging a flexible cognition in the continuously changing and risky decision in a new situation. The research makes the combination of different streams form available literature of cognitive psychology as well as sociology regarding the study that specifies the metacognition that is present in the entrepreneurial environment. It is hypothesized for the study that the basis of the entrepreneurial mind is characterized as metacognitive and further what and how consequences, entrepreneurs frame, and notify next high order strategies in the recreation of entrepreneurial activities.
International Journal of Emerging trends in Engineering and Development ISSN 2249-6149 Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm Issue 2, Vol.5 (July 2012)

This paper examines the relationship between the energy consumption and GDP growth using Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model for oil exporting countries over the period 1970 –2009. Our empirical show that the income elasticity of energy consumption for the countries is less than unity. The relationship between energy consumption and income seems rather nonlinear, changing over time and across countries. More ever, the income elasticity exhibits the inverted U-shape pattern associated with the Kuznets Curve (EKC)
Exposure and Avoidance Mechanism of Sybil Attack in Mobile Ad Hoc Network: A Literature

: Sybil attack is one of the security attacks of MANET which it uses multiple identities or uses the identity of another node present in the network to disrupt the communication or reduce the trust of legitimate nodes in the network. MANET is a self configuring network in which nodes can easily join or leave but it has lack of central coordination or authority and by this characteristic nodes of the network may compromise from various threats such as black hole, wormhole, byzantine attack etc. In this paper, literature about the Sybil attack detection and prevention scheme is presented.