Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Buffer systems in the rumen of sheep. II. Buffering properties in relationship to composition.

Acid-base titration curves of ovine ruminal fluid confirmed the findings of Clark and Lombard (1951) that ruminal fluid is relatively well buffered against addition of acid, but relatively poorly against additions of alkali. However, considerable differences were observed between samples from different sheep. These were associated with differences in the interval after feeding, the nature of the diet, and the consumption of drinking water; and were correlated with differences in total and relative concentrations of bicarbonate, phosphate, and volatile fatty acids (VFA). The relative importance of the main buffering components in particular fluids was studied by examining the effects of the following procedures upon titration curves: ( a ) varying bicarbonate concentration by varying pCO2; ( b ) removing, and restoring, bicarbonate, phosphate, and VFA; and ( c ) removing particulate material. Particulate material was relatively unimportant as a buffer. Within the usual pH range of the rumen, the important buffering components were bicarbonate and phosphate. In the fasting rumen, bicarbonate was more important than phosphate, and this was found to be also true in parotid saliva. As ruminal fermentation proceeded and as VFA accumulated, bicarbonate and pH decreased and the buffer value depended more and more upon phosphate. In actively fermenting rumens, in which VFA concentration was high and the pH less than 6, VFA contributed significantly to the buffer resistance against further additions of acid. It is pointed out that, because the acids and bases generated during ruminal fermentation are relatively weak, they alter ruminal pH less, mole for mole, than the strong titrants conventionally used in titrations.
Changes to a population of common ringtail possums (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) after bushfire

Following bushfires in Sydney in 1994 a population of 20–30 common ringtail possums (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) that had been studied for four years was reduced to only one or two animals. In the intervening years population numbers remained at this low level. Four years after the fire, 22 ringtail possums were introduced into the study site and radio-tracked for 30 weeks. Nest usage shifted from predominantly dreys before the fire to an equal amount of time spent in dreys and tree hollows. Proportionally, the mortality due to predation by lace monitors (Varanus varius) and diamond pythons (Morelia spilota spilota) increased. Within 12 months the population returned to only two animals. We conclude that increased predation by native predators, added to continued predation by foxes and cats, has maintained a level of predation beyond a threshold that would allow the ringtail population to re-establish to previous levels.
The Evolution of Flower Morphology in Gentianaceae‐Swertiinae and the Roles of Key Innovations and Niche Width for the Diversification of Gentianella and Halenia in South America

The circumscription of genera in Swertiinae (Gentianaceae‐Gentianeae) was traditionally based on the presence of ovary or petal nectaries, variation of corolla tube length, level of stamen insertion, and presence and position of fimbriate appendages. Using a molecular phylogenetic framework, we found high homoplasy of these characters among and within the 14 genera of Swertiinae, and three of them (Gentianella, Lomatogonium, Swertia) were resolved as highly polyphyletic. We suggest that simple changes of elongation zones during the ontogeny of the corolla tube can explain most of the variation found. This hypothesis also allows us to homologize the different fimbriate flower appendages of different taxa. Halenia is the only genus of Swertiinae with spurred flowers and has the highest speciation rate known to us. We found that its nectar spurs did not function directly as a key innovation promoting rapid speciation but that changes in speciation rate in Halenia resulted from the colonization of Central and South America and the availability of new habitats and/or the presence of more potential pollinators of spurred flowers there. Only in a very young lineage of Halenia in South America does the presence of nectar spurs appear to have accelerated speciation directly. Speciation rates, flower morphological diversity, and other characters were compared between Halenia and Gentianella in South America. Gentianella proved to be much more diverse in flower morphology and probably pollination syndromes than both a younger South American lineage and an equally old Central American lineage of Halenia. We hypothesize that after a short initial phase of rapid speciation, the nectar spurs may constrain further diversification. In comparison, the flexibility in flower morphology as found in South American Gentianella has opened wider niches for diversification.
The practice and research of cognitive behavioural therapy in Egypt: a review of the current status

Abstract Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is generally defined as a short-term, problem-oriented psychotherapy that focuses on modifying dysfunctional emotions, thoughts and actions. In clinical practice, CBT consists of a number of cognitive and behavioural techniques that aim to help patients suffering from psychological disorders. The practice of CBT is well established in Western countries. In non-Western countries, CBT is still in the process of being established as the evidence-based psychotherapy. Despite being the heart of the Arab world, the development and practice of psychotherapy in Egypt in general, and CBT specifically, is still emerging. The training and practice of CBT has received a mixed response in Egypt. In practical settings, evidence-based CBT is subject to individual and cultural variations and adaptations. Many local studies examining the efficacy of CBT in psychiatric disorders among different population groups in Egypt have been conducted. Unfortunately, many of these studies have not been published and therefore have missed the opportunity for international recognition. The current review aims to explore the practice of CBT with a specific focus on national research of efficacy and adaptability of CBT for different populations in Egypt. Key learning aims (1) Current status of the practice and education of CBT in Egypt. (2) Body of research conducted on CBT in Egypt. (3) Needs and recommendations for further development of CBT provision in Egypt.
Preferred conformation of peptides based on cycloaliphatic Cα,α‐disubstituted glycines: 1‐amino‐cycloundecane‐1‐carboxylic acid (Ac11c)

Two complete series of N‐protected oligopeptide esters to the pentamer level from 1‐amino‐cycloundecane‐1‐carboxylic acid (Ac11c), an α‐amino acid conformationally constrained through a medium‐ring Cαi↔Cαi cyclization, and either the L‐Ala or Aib residue, along with the N‐protected Ac11c monomer and homo‐dimer alkylamides, have been synthesized by solution methods and fully characterized. The preferred conformation of these model peptides has been assessed in deuterochloroform solution by FT‐IR absorption and 1H‐NMR techniques. Furthermore, the molecular structures of one derivative (Z‐Ac11c‐OH) and two peptides (the tripeptide ester Z‐Aib‐Ac11c‐Aib‐OtBu and the pentapeptide ester Z‐Ac11c‐(Aib)2‐Ac11c‐Aib‐OtBu) have been determined in the crystal state by X‐ray diffraction. The experimental results support the view that β‐bends and 310‐helices are preferentially adopted by peptides rich in Ac11c, the second largest cycloaliphatic Cα,α‐disubstituted glycine known. This investigation has allowed the authors to approach the completion of a detailed conformational analysis of the whole 1‐amino‐cycloalkane‐1‐carboxylic acid (Acnc, with n=3–12) series, which represents the prerequisite for their recent proposal of the ‘Acnc scan’ concept. Copyright © 2000 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limited Attention and Market Pricing of Earnings in a High Frequency World

How does limited attention affect stock prices following earnings announcements in today’s computer-driven financial markets? We examine the effects of limited attention using a dataset that separately identifies trades made by high-frequency traders (HFTs, or computers) versus non-high-frequency traders (human decision-makers). Using six attention proxies, we find pricing inefficiencies lower by 64% to 100% when HFTs trade following low-attention earnings announcements. An event study of an exogenous shock to algorithmic trading suggests that computerized trading causally reduces low-attention effects. Price efficiency improvements are more closely tied to HFT liquidity demand than supply, consistent with HFTs improving efficiency by processing and aggressively trading on the information in low-attention announcements.
Bees substitute birds in pollination of ornitogamous climber Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. in Poland

Campsis radicans is an attractive climber with typical ornitogamous flowers, native to North America. In natural conditions this out-crossed plant is pollinated mostly by hummingbirds. In Poland, where C. radicans is cultivated as ornamental, it rarely sets seeds. The questions addressed in the present study were: (1) What animals pollinate its flowers in Poland? , and (2) What is the reason for infrequent fruit set? Field studies conducted in five localities in Poland showed that the principal pollinator is Apis mellifera , and the lack of seeds is usually caused by pollinator limitation or absence of genetically different pollen donor plants.
An analysis framework for linking regeneration standards to desired future forest conditions

This paper highlights the potential for moving from stocking standards as simple tools for administering contractual or policy-based stocking requirements to regeneration standards that play an active role in forest management. A framework is introduced for developing simplified models on which regeneration standards can be based. A case study for boreal mixedwoods is presented in which simplified models based on quadrat stocking summaries are used to predict total yield and species composition for various admixtures of white spruce and trembling aspen. It is suggested that these values can be used to satisfy both the evaluation of basic reforestation obligations and cut block level contributions to landscape level species composition objectives. Key words: regeneration standards, stocking standards, surveys, simulation, mixedwood management, forest management objectives
Trierucoylglycerol Biosynthesis in Transgenic Plants of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

The erucoyl-CoA specific sn-1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (LPAAT) of Limnanthes douglasii was functionally expressed in developing seeds of differing high-erucic acid rapeseed genotypes, namely resynthesized lines and cultivars. Lipid analysis revealed that seed oil of transgenic plants in contrast to that of control plants contained trierucoylglycerol as well as a molecular species with two erucoyl groups and one eicosenoyl group. The proportion of trierucoylglycerol was distinctly higher in the seeds from transgenic resynthesized plants than in those from transgenic cultivars. In pooled seed oil fractions, up to 9% trierucoylglycerol (trierucin) was determined and the fatty acid composition at the sn-2 position was found to consist of more than 40% erucic acid. Since the pooled seeds were segregating for the presence of the L. douglasii gene, the analysis of single seeds gave even higher levels of up to 13% trierucin. Biosynthese von Trierucoylglycerol in transgener Rapssaat (Brassica napus L). Die erucoyl-CoA-spezifische sn-1-Acylglycerin-3-phosphat-Acyltransferase (LPAAT) aus Limnanthes douglasii wurde in den reifenden Samen verschiedener erucasaurereicher Rapssorten und Resyntheselinien funktional exprimiert. Wie Lipidanalysen zeigten, enthielt das Samenol transgener Pflanzen, im Unterschied zu den Kontrollen, Trierucin sowie eine molekulare Spezies mit zwei Erucasaure- und einem Eicosensaurerest. Im Vergleich der Sorten war bei den Resyntheselinien der Trierucinanteil in den Samen transgener Pflanzen deutlich hoher. In vereinigten Samenolfraktionen betrug der Trierucingehalt bis zu 9% und der Erucasauregehalt in der sn-2-Position mehr als 40%. Aufgrund der Segregation des L. douglasii-Gens konnten bei der Analyse einzelner Samen hohere Trierucingehalte von bis zu 13% gemessen werden.
Bioethanol Levels of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peel with the Addition of Blend Crude Cellulase Enzyme from Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger

The petroleum fuel crisis shows that Indonesia's fossil energy reserves are limited. It is necessary to develop an environmentally, friendly and sustainable alternative energy, one of which is bioethanol. This study aims to determine the bioethanol levels of dragon fruit ( Hylocereus polyrhizus ) peel with the treatment of cellulase enzymes from Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger . This research was an experimental study that uses steps such as making dragon fruit peel substrate and filtrate, cellulose degradation with enzymes from Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger and inoculating with yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) with a fermentation time of 96 hours and then measured reducing sugar levels with the method of DNS, distillation, and the measurement of bioethanol levels using alcohol meters. The results have shown that using enzymes from Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger can increase the reduction of 49.68 % sugar levels in the treatment of T.reesei : A.niger (3: 1) and produce the highest bioethanol level, which is 2.46 % in the treatment of T.reesei : A.niger (2: 1)
Detection and molecular characterization of carbendazim‐resistant
 Colletotrichum truncatum
 Isolates causing anthracnose of soybean in Thailand

A loss of fungicide efficacy, particularly for carbendazim, was noted in soybean fields in Thailand and was considered to be due to the development of Colletotrichum truncatum resistance. The carbendazim sensitivity of C. truncatum populations isolated from various soybean fields in Thailand was thus evaluated with in vitro sensitivity assays and molecular characterization of mutations in the sequences of the s₂‐tubulin (TUB2) gene that confer carbendazim resistance in the pathogen. Among 52 isolates, 46 isolates were classified as highly resistant (HR) to carbendazim (EC₅₀ > 1,000 µg/ml). All HR isolates grew on PDA amended with carbendazim at 1,000 µg/ml. Six isolates were classified as carbendazim sensitive (S) (EC₅₀ < 1 µg/ml). Mycelial growth on PDA amended with 1 µg/ml carbendazim was inhibited by over 50% compared with growth on PDA alone. When a partial TUB2 gene from the isolates was amplified and analysed using predicted amino acid sequences, an alteration from glutamic acid to alanine at codon 198 (E198A) was found in 45 HR isolates for which the EC₅₀ was higher than 2000 µg/ml. This mutation resulted from a nucleotide substitution from adenine to cytosine (GAG → GCG). The other HR isolate, CtPhS_1, with EC₅₀ of 1,127 µg/ml, had an alteration at codon 200 (F200Y) (TTC → TAC).
Formalizing Insect Rearing and Artificial Diet Technology

Most papers in ESA journals report on insects or mites that were reared under artificial conditions. Approximately half of these was reared on artificial diets. Despite the essential role of reared insects in the development of entomological and related science, insect rearing has minimal formal standing as a legitimate discipline. This lack of formal standing is subversive to quality and future improvements in entomology, as is the cryptic but tangible lack of appreciation for rearing practices and the specialists who develop them. Besides raising awareness of unfortunate attitudes toward and treatment of rearing specialists, I suggest several measures for improving the standing of insect rearing, especially through a self-conscious formalization of rearing and insect food science and technology as distinct disciplines. Such formalization and conscious efforts to improve the quality and image of rearing papers, and the stature of the authors of these papers, should help encourage potentially capable scientists to undertake careers in rearing specialization. In turn, entomology should profit from the enhanced quality and availability of laboratory insects produced by an improved rearing science and technology.
Interannual variability of the summer wind energy over China: A comparison of multiple datasets

Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Zotovia and Microlaena: New Zealand Ehrhartoid Gramineae*

Abstract A new generic name Zotovia Edgar et Connor is proposed in tribe Ehrharteae to replace the illegitimate name Petriella Zotov non Curzi. This endemic New Zealand genus is regarded as distinct from Ehrharta, Microlaena, and Tetrarrhena, and comprises three alpine species, Z. acicularis, described as new, and Z. colensoi and Z. thomsonii, both as new combinations. Microlaena is maintained against Ehrharta; its four species, already long established at that rank, are accepted. Lectotypification is proposed for Z. thomsonii, Microlaena carsei, and M. pohmoda.
Potential of indigenous antagonistic rhizobacteria in the biological control of Monosporascus root rot and vine decline disease of muskmelon

ABSTRACT Monosporascus root rot and vine decline (MRVD) of muskmelon, caused by Monosporascus cannonballus, is an economically important disease worldwide. The objectives of this study were to isolate native rhizobacterial strains and to evaluate their ability to promote plant growth and to provide protection against M. cannonballus. Thirty eight native bacterial isolates from the rhizosphere soil of muskmelon and cucumber were screened for their antagonism against M. cannonballus in a dual culture assay. Among them, five isolates viz., Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (B4), Pseudomonas mendocina (B7), Bacillus endophyticus (B10), Pseudomonas resinovorans B11 and P. aeruginosa AT3, identified based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, showed a significant level of antagonism and the inhibition zone ranged from 5.6 mm to 25.9 mm. Scanning electron microscopic observation of the hyphae of M. cannonballus at the inhibition zone revealed morphological abnormalities including shrinkage, loss of turgidity, pit formation and deformation. These bacterial isolates showed compatibility with one another and with Trichoderma viride. Greenhouse experiments revealed that P. resinovorans B11 was the most effective among the bacterial antagonists in controlling MRVD in melon. When applied as seed treatment and soil application, P. resinovorans B11 reduced the incidence of MRVD by 93.1%, relative to the infected control.
Growth and flowering of five mango cultivar under subtropics conditions of Brazil

The evaluation of the new cultivars adaptation and yield potential of Mangifera indica L. provides tools to assist and improve the mango production in different climates conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the phenological and reproductive development of five mango cultivars (Bourbon, Haden, Palmer, Parwin and Tommy Atkins), on climate conditions in dry land and four production cycles (from 08/2007 to 01/2011), at S? o Manuel, S? o Paulo state, Brazil. The variables were total plant height, trunk height, stem diameter and the first insertion diameter, fruits physical characteristics, yield and harvest period, flowering seasonality and morphological characterization of the inflorescences. It was found that the four-year-old plants of Haden cv. reach 4.0 m high and 0.20 m of trunk diameter. Bourbon cultivar had the highest flowering period, from April to October. Tommy Atkins cv. had productivities of 14779.07 kg·ha-1 in the fourth cycle and the productivity of Bourbon, Haden and Palmer cultivars was alternated.
Selection of large host plants for oviposition by a monophagous leaf beetle: nutritional quality or enemy‐free space?

Abstract. 1. Oviposition site selection is crucial for the reproductive success of herbivorous insects. According to the preference–performance hypothesis, females should oviposit on host plants that enhance the performance of their offspring. More specifically, the plant vigour hypothesis predicts that females should prefer large and vigorously growing host plants for oviposition and that larvae should perform best on these plants.
Genetic diversity in Aspergillus flavus: association with aflatoxin production and morphology

Isolates of Aspergillus flavus belonging to at least 12 vegetative compatibility groups were characterized by aflatoxin production in vitro, morphology, and random amplified polymorphic DNAs. Aflatoxin B1 production differed significantly among vegetative compatibility groups; closely related isolates were similar intoxigenicity regardless of geographic origin. Cladistic analysis of DNA polymorphisms was consistent with vegetative compatibility data. A previously described dichotomy between S and L isolates of A. flavus based on morphology and physiology was strongly associated with both vegetative compatibility groups and DNA polymorphisms. All S isolates formed a single clade, apparently derived from the L group. Southern hybridizations of eight DNA amplification products showed that comigrating bands amplified by the same primer were always homologous within A. flavus but were not always homologous between A. flavus and closely related species. Results suggest that A. flavus is a species aggregate, tha.
The Major Histocompatibility Complex, Sexual Selection, and Mate Choice

AbstractTo maintain sexual reproduction, recombination of good genes through selective mate choice must achieve a twofold genetic benefit in each generation. “Fragrant” immune genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allow the choosy sex to complement her own set of alleles with a more or less diverse set of male alleles to reach an optimal number of different MHC alleles for the offspring. The optimal complement from the partner should include those MHC alleles that provide resistance against the current parasites, which could be revealed by the expression of costly secondary sexual characters. This maximizes resistance to ever-changing infectious diseases. Because the advantage of sex must be produced through recombination, assortative mating should combine currently advantageous MHC alleles. Preferring just MHC dissimilar mates is only a best-of-bad-job rule. MHC ligand peptides may be the natural “perfume” that reveals a potential partner's MHC genetics probably in all vertebrates. Perfumes.