Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Value of Earthworms and Grasshoppers as Poultry Feed

Using 72 one-week-old male White Leghorn chicks, an attempt was made to study whether or not earthworms and grasshoppers can replace fish meal in chick diets.Earthworms had protein content as high as and amino acid content similar to fishmeal except the content of methionine, glycine, valine and proline. Crude protein of grasshoppers was much higher than that of fish meal but its amino acid content was lower. The digestibility and feeding experiment showed that earthworms can be practically used for poultry feed as a dietary protein source. Although it is suspected that the protein would be further improved by supplementing methionine. The TDN level and the ME level of lyophilized earthworms were 81.9% and 3.76kcal/g, respectively. There were little differences in weight of organs (liver, kidney, muscle, spleen and pancreas) among the chicks fed earthwrms, grasshoppers and fish meal.
Estimation of the aquatic plant community area in Lake Shinji reconstructed with the aerial photographs taken by the US forces in 1940's.

: We reconstructed the distribution of aquatic plant community, including submerged plant, in Lake Shinji using aerial photographs taken by the US forces in October 1947. We identified the submerged plant community with the following features: shade and darker than sand and open water; profile, round in shape and existing below the water surface. We found only submerged plant community in the lake. Although Phragmites australis has been widely planted as the restoration project at Lake Shinji, emergent plant community was found only near the river mouths. Floating-leaved plant community or sub-merge plant community with extended leaves, that protrude from the water surface, were not found in the lake. The area of the submerged plant community was calculated as ca. 3km 2 . Transparency had been formerly estimated to be 3m, but our results suggest that it was more than 4m in 1947. At present, the lake bottom at a depth of 4m consists mostly of mud. On the other hand, data from 1947 shows that the lake bottom was composed partly of sand, based on its reflection of white light and the existence of a ripple at the bottom. The deepest areas covered with submerged plant community were found at the center of the north shore of Lake Shinji, and its depth was estimated about 4m. Recently, submerged plants with extended leaves, that protrude from the water surface, have invaded Lake Shinji. Our results show that such type of submerged plants are not the same species or the same type of those found in the past which dominated the area.
Carbon Balance of the Sultana Vine (Vitis vinifera L.) and the Effects of Autumn Defoliation by Harvest-pruning

Components of the carbon balance in the Sultana vine (Vitis vinifera L.) were examined with emphasis on the autumn, post-harvest, period. The net photosynthetic rate (PN) of leaves decreased from 0.30 to 0.03 mg CO2 m-2 s-1 from January to May (late summer to autumn). Two-thirds of this decline cocurred in the month before leaf fall. This decline in PN as senescence progressed was mainly due to increases in the 'residual', non-gas-phase, resistance to CO2 transfer. 14C-labelled assimilates were shown to move from the leaves to the perennial portions of the vine in both early and late autumn, and this 14C label reappeared in the shoot growth of the following spring. However, the level of carbohydrate reserves in shoots, roots or trunk in the autumn to spring period was not significantly affected by a severe (c. 60%) defoliation in early autumn. This level of defoliation, which the vine is able to tolerate without cumulative effects, occurs where Sultana vines are 'harvest-pruned' as part of the harvesting method of trellis drying.
Studies on the origin of the lemon

Hybrids of ‘Eureka’ and ‘Lisbon’ lemons were studied along with their parents and possible ancestral types to investigate the phylogeny of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Data on leaf, flower, and fruit characters were collected and analyzed for inheritance of specific characters and for the amount of variability. Leaf and rind-oil components were analyzed by gas chromatography. Those hybrids producing sufficient microspores were studied for meiotic abnormalities. Segregation of all characters studied demonstrates the heterozygosity of C. limon. Color (anthocyanin) development in flower buds and young leaves is most likely controlled by a single dominant gene. Color on the young stems may be controlled by two dominant genes, one of which also controls color in flower buds and young leaves. Preformed root initials are most likely controlled by one, and leaf articulation by at least two genes. Characters specific to C. medica were present in the lemon progeny, indicating definite involvement of the citron in the lemon ancestry. Some characters indicate a possible common gene source with C. aurantifolia and C. jambhiri. The deviation of some hybrids from their parents or proposed ancestors indicates a contributing gene source that has not yet been identified. The presence of much sterility and wide segregation of characters argues against the specific standing of C. limon. It has a common gene source with the citron-lime group, and it may be a derived hybrid involving some unidentified taxa. The overlapping geographical distribution of various Citrus taxa at the assumed place of origin of C. limon further suggests the possibility of intercrossing or common origin of various Citrus species.
Herpetological Notes from Indiana

The following reptiles and amphibians were collected in Indiana from 1934 to 1938 by David C. Swanson and the writer. Most of the species are represented in the collection donated to the Carnegie Museum. Some were kept alive at our exhibit and were never preserved. Dr. M. Graham Netting identified all of the specimens received by the Museum. Our positions as foresters for the Emergency Conservation Works and the Resettlement Administration gave us an excellent opportunity for collecting. We worked on eight different projects in as many counties. With from 200 to 400 men under our supervision, working in the woods and fields, many of whom brought us specimens, we were fortunate in procuring large numbers of specimens. Although space does not permit mentioning all of those who brought us specimens, we are particularly indebted to the following: Theodore Davis and Roy Robertson of Nashville, Indiana; A. P. Blair of Indiana University; Wm. B. Barnes, L. C. Pickett, Wm. Seng, H. B. Dickerson, Darrel Martin, and Luther Corbin, all of Martin County; and Randall Stevens of the JasperPulaski Game Reserve. The aim of these notes is to give an idea of the relative abundance of the different species at the time. Rarely has one the opportunity to have so many interested men in the field bringing in specimens.
Allelopathy effects of Artemisia ordosica

The allelopathic effects of Artemisia ordosica on receptor plant species: Amaranthus tricolor,Orychopragmus violaceus,Raphanus sativus and Triticum aestivum was gaven.The aqueous extracted from aerial parts of A.ordosica causes inhibition on germination and decreases seedling and root elongation of receptor plants in vitro.The dry weight,seeding height and root length are reduced proportionally at various concentrations of the extracts.In different organic extracts of aqueous extracts,EtOAc extracts significantly inhibited the seedling and root elongation of receptor plants.This EtOAc extracts is separated into three parts.Through identification with chemical reactions,it was found that the bioactive fraction contained flavonoid compounds.
Further Studies of Interaction between Predators and Prey

THE analysis of the numerical interaction that goes on generation after generation between a predator and its prey can undoubtedly throw much light upon the dynamics of animal populations. One of us (G. F. G.) has already summarised his experimental investigations of the subject (3, 4). However, he felt that it would be desirable to confirm some of his conclusions by a more extensive experimental material, and that in other cases the collected data should be accounted for theoretically in greater detail. It is the object of the present paper to give the results of our further investigations carried out along these lines.
Food consumption and energy budgets of the giraffe

(1) To estimate the efficiency of the foraging strategy described in Pellew (1984), the rates of food intake of adult giraffe in the Serengeti National Park are assessed. Daily energy intakes derived from the diet are compared with estimates of the energy requirements for year-round reproduction. The reproductive performance of giraffe in the Serengeti is discussed in the light of such energy budgets. (2) Giraffe are exerting a major impact upon the development of the Acacia regeneration, removing up to 85% of the new shoot production. The browsing impact varies throughout the year, being greatest in the dry-season when production rates decline. Such high offtake rates are the result of a disequilibrium in the browse production-consumption system caused by the double perturbations of elephant impact and the reduction of fire. There is no short-term evidence that the giraffe impact is curtailing plant productivity, and it is suggested that Acacia species have evolved a high resilience to browsing as a result of the positive selection for tolerant genotypes. (3) The daily rates of food consumption, 1 6% and 2.1% of the live-weights of adult male and female giraffe, are similar to other ruminants. However, the quality of the diet, assessed in terms of crude protein levels, is consistently higher than that of African grazing ungulates, particularly in the dry-season, when the protein levels of the browse diets show only a marginal decline. (4) The energy budgets suggest that giraffe can maintain a positive energy balance throughout the year and during most stages of the female reproductive cycle. Any possible energy deficit during the post-partum lactation phase is avoided by the selection for browse of high energy content, especially in the dry-season. The foraging strategy adopted by giraffe enables the animal to attain the metabolic threshold for year-round breeding.
Some Viewpoints on the Phylogeny of Rust Fungi. V. Evolution of Biological Specialization

This continuation of papers on the phylogeny of rust fungi commemorates recently deceased Dr. Ernst Gaumann of Zurich, Switzerland. Professor Gaumann's work has won for him the highest esteem and world-wide recognition as an authority of rust fungi and founder of the doctrine and teaching of Plant Infections. The celebration of his seventieth birthday on October 6, 1963, retirement thereafter, and sudden death on December 6 of the same year, was an abrupt ending to a long and exceptionally productive research period of a great scientist and teacher. The present idea of a reciprocal evolutionary correlation between rust fungi and their congenial hosts was born in Switzerland, while I was a student of Eduard Fischer in Bern and Ernst Gaumann in Zurich. Both
MOVEMENTS AND SUBMERGENCE PATTERNS OF LOGGERHEAD TURTLES (CARE1TA CARE1TA) IN THE GULF OF MEXICO DETERMINED THROUGH SATELLITE TELEMETRY

Four loggerhead sea turtles, ranging from 56 to 93 cm in straight carapace length and from 28 to 98 kg in weight, were released in 18- to 78-m water depths and tracked for periods of 5.0 to 10.5 months in the Gulf of Mexico. Horne ranges extended from 954 to 28833 krn2 while core areas varied from 89.6 to 4,279 krn2• Core areas included several petroleum and gas structures that may have been visited on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. Average submergence times of loggerheads ranged from 4.2 min in June to 171.7 min in January. The number of submergences per day was inversely proportional to the duration of submergences per day. Loggerheads spent, on the average, over 90% of their time under water in any given season. Bottom depth location of the loggerheads was significantly correlated to Galveston's mean air temperature (-0.56 < r < 0.28) and mean sea surface temperature (-0.72 < r < 0.25). Correlation was higher (-0.58 < r < 0.60) when temperatures were regressed against distance from shore. Mean swimming speeds of these loggerheads were from 0.4 to 1.4 krn·h-I, with over 95% of the values <5 krn·h-I.
The Effects of Daminozide and Gibberellic Acid on Flower Initiation, Growth and Fruiting of Apple cv Golden Delicious

SummaryNodes were produced at the same rate in all buds of Golden Delicious apple until about 10 weeks after full bloom. Production then became slower and ceased at about 16 nodes in buds which remained vegetative. In buds destined to become floral, primordium production suddenly became faster, leading to a final node number of about 21. This increased rate of node production was detected one to two weeks before the first visible signs of flower differentiation. Applying 550 ppm GA3 or 2000 ppm daminozide at 14 or 39 days after full bloom did not influence the rate of node production, but GA3 decreased, and daminozide increased, the proportion of floral buds. The early application of daminozide increased the crop in the year of application, because it reduced June drop, and in the next year because it enhanced flower number. In the third year, however, fewer blossoms were produced, a reduction not fully explained by the heavier crop and reduced tree growth in the previous year.
Bigyny in Tengmalm's owl Aegolius funereus : effect of mating strategy on breeding success

We examined the frequency of bigyny among Tengmalm's Owls in nest boxes, and the breeding success of males and females of different mating status. In two vole peak years 9% and 14%, respectively, of the males trapped were bigynous. On average bigynous males reared more fledglings and monogamous ones (7.8 vs 4.2 in 1982 and 9.5 vs 5.1 in 1984). All bigynous males breeding more than one year were site tenacious and tended to produce more fledglings when bigynous than other bigynous males (8.8 vs 7.3 in 1982 and 10.8 vs 8.7 in 1984). Primary females laid more eggs than monogamous females breeding at the same time. Because of lower nestling survival secondary females produced fewer fledglings than did primary females (2.8 vs 5.1 in 1982 and 3.3 vs 6.2 in 1984) and monogamous females. In total, individual bigynous males did not bring more prey to their primary and secondary females than did monogamous males to their mates. During the laying period they fed secondary and primary females equally well but tended to favour the primary ones later on. Evidence of polyterritorial behaviour is in line with the "deception" hypothesis.
Notes on Sex and Growth of European Eels in Freshwater Eel-rearing Ponds

A huge number of elvers of Anguilla anguilla were imported from France to Japan in the spring of 1969 for the purpose of meeting a great shortage of elvers of A. japonica in the year. Since then they have been cultured, without satisfactory esults, in not a few eel-farms in Shizuoka Prefecture. In regard to the cultivation of the specaes the following question was raised as a basic problem by experts on eels. In A. japonica, elvers, when cultured in freshwater ponds, develop for the most part into males1), which normally reach a marketable size of 120 to 180mg (roughly, 42-48cm) within two years. Natural males exceeding a length of 50cm are not uncommon. While the males of A. anguilla in natural waters are reported to rarely exceed a length of 50cm2). According to EHRENBAUM3), for instance, about 99% of the males which he examined were less than 40cm long. According to KOOPS (private communication), most of the males from natural waters are less than 100gm in weight. So provided that A. anguilla produces chiefly males of small size in fishponds, we cannot but feel a doubt as to the suitability of the species for cuitivation. The present investigation was made to answer this question.
Mygalina: síntese e avaliação biológica

Em nosso cotidiano, ha uma grande preocupacao em manter as caracteristicas dos alimentos sejam elas fisicas, quimicas e biologicas. A deterioracao de alimentos por acao microbiana e o aumento do numero de patogenos resistentes a antibioticos tem impulsionado varios pesquisadores a buscar novos antimicrobianos. Neste contexto, alguns pesquisadores isolaram, purificaram e caracterizaram quatro compostos da hemolinfa da aranha caranguejeira Acanthoscurria gomesiana . Destes compostos, tres eram peptideos antimicrobianos e uma molecula nao peptidica conhecida como mygalina. Acredita-se que a mygalina expresse a sua atividade antibacteriana por um mecanismo que esta envolvido com a producao de peroxido de hidrogenio. Este fato associado a sua simplicidade estrutural torna a mygalina um forte candidato a agente antimicrobiano. O objetivo principal sintetizar a mygalina utilizando biocatalise e avaliar o seu potencial antifungico frente as cepas de interesse agroalimentar, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium expansum e Botrytis cinerea .
Speaker veriﬁcation and identiﬁcation using Phoneme Dependent Multi-Environment Models based LInear Normalization in adverse and dynamic acoustic environments

In adverse acoustic conditions, speaker veriﬁcation and identiﬁcation system rates degrade very signiﬁcatively. In order to compensate this effect, several techniques can be applied. In this paper Phoneme Dependent Multi-Environment Models based LInear Normalization, PD-MEMLIN, is presented as a solution in order to clean signal in a early processing step. In this algorithm, clean and noisy spaces are modelled by mixtures of gaussians for each phoneme, and a linear transformation is learnt with stereo data for each phoneme pair of gaussians: one for the clean space and the other one for the noisy space. Some experiments with Spanish SpeechDat Car database were carried out in order to study the behavior of the proposed technique in veriﬁcation and identiﬁcation tasks. With an UBM-GMM veriﬁcation system, important average improvement in Equal-Error Rate (EER) is obtained (70.20 % ). The improvement in identiﬁcation task with a GMM system is 48.69 % .
Staphylococcus haemolyticus: a novel method for species identification based on the HSP60 gene and a model for vancomycin resistance

S. haemolyticus is emerging as an important nosocomial pathogen. In spite of its increasing importance, the exact incidence of infections is still unknown due to the lack of accurate identification methods. Therefore, part of this thesis involves the evaluation of a novel identification method for S. haemolyticus based on the HSP60 gene. The HSP60 gene is ubiquitous and highly conserved among staphylococci, but still contains species-specific signature sequences which may be useful for species identification of staphylococci. To evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of the HSP60 method, HSP60 probes were generated from reference strains of S. haemolyticus (ATCC29970) and S. epidermidis (ATCC14990) for use in dot blot hybridization reactions with a collection of 66 consecutive bacteremic isolates of CNS, previously identified by the Microscan method and confirmed by BCCDC. The hybridization results were further compared to the API Staph method. The results were as follows: Reference Isolate (No.) HSP60 Method Microscan Method API Method to 3 a s co u s co (•»••* • —* CO s £ o S ^3 <D o <u •B s< o ST o -s: ST O CO CO CO Co CO CO S. haemolyticus 31 0 l 31 1 0 22 0 10 (32) S. epidermidis 1 18 0 2 17 0 0 16 3 (19) Others (13) 0 0 13 1 1 11 0 0 13 Unidentifiable (2) 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 2
Ceramides - Lipotoxic Inducers of Metabolic

In obesity and dyslipidemia, the oversupply of fat to tissues not suited for lipid storage induces cellular dysfunction that underlies diabetes and cardiovascular disease (i.e., lipotoxicity). Of the myriad lipids that accrue under these conditions, sphingolipids such as ceramide or its metabolites are amongst the most deleterious because they disrupt insulin sensitivity, pancreatic b cell function, vascular reactivity, and mitochondrial metabolism. Remarkably, inhibiting ceramide biosynthesis or catalyzing ceramide degradation in rodents ameliorates many metabolic disorders including diabetes, cardiomyopathy, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and steatohepatitis. Herein we discuss and critically assess studies that identify sphingolipids as major contributors to the tissue dysfunction underlying metabolic pathologies, highlighting the need to further decipher the full array of benefits elicited by ceramide depletion.
Long-Term Effects of Dietary Diacylglycerols on Body Fat Metabolism in Man

This study was conducted to examine the long-term effects of dietary diacylglycerols (DG) on body fat in man. The fatty acid composition of DG used in this study was similar to that of triacylglycerols (TG). Healthy male subjects (27-49 years) were supplied their usual diet with 50g TG (15g for breakfast, 15g for lunch and 20g for dinner) a day. After a 4-week TG diet period, the subjects were divided into two groups to be supplied their usual breakfast with either 10g lipids of DG or TG. Every 4 weeks, the subjects visited the clinic for blood sampling, and had abdominal fats and liver fat determined by computed tomography (CT). In the DG diet group, body weight, body mass index and waist hip ratio decreased significantly after 12 week ingestion compared to the TG diet group. Fat in the abdominal region at the end of the DG diet decreased more than the end of the TG diet. The results for the liver CT/spleen CT ratio which is an indicator of liver fat content showed that fat in the liver had decreased significantly 8 and 12 week after ingestion in the DG diet group. A decreasing effect of DG on the amount of lipid of the liver in the DG diet group was clearly observed in the subjects with a greater reduction in free fatty acid in the serum. On the other hand, the amount of ketone body in the DG diet group was inclined to be higher than that in the TG diet group. Glucose and insulin in the serum increased significantly after the TG diet, but it did not increased during the period of examination in the DG diet group. These results showed that the DG diet improved insulin sensitivity and reduced visceral and liver fat by increasing β-oxidation in the liver. It can be considered that DG is an ideal source of energy, assuring less fat accumulation by decreasing serum insulin and fatty acids compared to TG.
Modern benthic foraminiferal biofacies across the Northern North Sea

Abstract Foraminiferal distributions along a transect across the northern North Sea have been investigated in II surface sediment samples. Based on benthic calcareous foraminifera, four biofacies are defined; the Cibicides lobatulus, the Bulimina marginata, the Elphidium excavatum and the Cassidulina laevigata biofacies. The Cibicides lobatulus biofacies is found in areas with coarse grained sediments and high energy regime. The Bulimina marginata biofacies is found in an area with shifting hydrography and the development ofa thermocline. All tests of Elphidium excavatum found in the Elphidium excavatum biofacies are considered reworked. The Cassidulina laevigata biofacies is located in connection with Atlantic water in the Norwegian Channel. The same distribution pattern is found for the agglutinated fauna. The distribution of planktonic specimens reflects the inflow of Atlantic water along the Norwegian Channel and on the Fladen Ground. A total number of14 7 benthic species were recognized in the samples.