Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Success Condition for Legitimate Self‐Defense*

The paper explores a neglected condition for legitimate self-defense, 'The Success Condition,' according to which otherwise immoral acts can be justified under the right to self-defense only if they are likely to gain protection from the perceived threat. The idea behind this condition is that if measures cannot reasonably be expected to provide defense, they cannot be justified under the title of self-defense. The success condition also accords well with the other constraints for legitimate self-defense, namely necessity and proportionality. However, it gives rise to a disturbing paradox for it prohibits self-defensive measures in cases where we feel that such measures are not only fully permissible but even heroic. To dispel this paradox, I develop 'The Honor Solution,' according to which the success condition is retained in these cases, because the self-defensive acts succeed (or are expected to succeed) in protecting the victim's honor. Finally, I explore the implications of the success condition, coupled with the honor solution, for the morality of wars. I argue that the restrictions on the defense of honor are stronger in wars than in individual self-defense, which explains why the "reasonable hope of success" condition in jus ad bellum usually refers to success in staving off the actual attack of the enemy, not to success in merely defending the honor of the country under attack.
Rapid, Quantitative Assessment of Antimycobacterial Water Disinfection based on the Firefly Luciferase Reporter Gene

Mycobacterium avium causes disseminated infection in humans with immunodeficiency, pulmonary infections in individuals with predisposing lung conditions (e.g., pneumoconiosis), and cervical lymphadenitis in children. Twenty-five to fifty percent of late stage AIDS patients are infected with M. avium. M. avium has been recovered from drinking water and strains from water share identical DNA fingerprints with isolates recovered from patients exposed to the water. Further, M. avium is resistant to chlorine, a disinfectant commonly used in municipal water supplies. Because of the slow growth of M. avium, measuring its susceptibility to disinfectants is laborious and reaction to a potential problem is delayed. Thus, there exists a need for a rapid test to measure the antimycobacterial disinfectant capability of chlorine containing water samples. The objective of this research was to develop a rapid and quantitative assay for the viability of mycobacteria using firefly luciferase as a reporter gene for disinfection survival studies. Derivatives of M. avium strains MD1 and A5, Mycobacterium smegmatis strain VT307 and Mycobacterium bovis BCG strain Pasteur carrying the firefly luciferase gene (pLUC10) were constructed. In pLUC10-carrying strains of M. avium strain A5 and M. smegmatis strain VT307, a direct correlation was shown between the quantity of light produced and the number of cells recovered as colony forming units. In disinfection studies of both pLUC10-carrying derivatives of M. avium strain A5 and M. smegmatis strain VT307, survival, as measured in colony forming units, correlated with survival in relative light units. Luciferase measurements appear to offer a method for rapid enumeration of mycobactericidal disinfection capacity of chlorinated water.
FORECASTING INTERNATIONAL TOURISM DEMAND: THE EVIDENCE OF MACEDONIA

The paper makes an attempt to provide estimation of foreign tourism demand by 2014, by investigating the case of Macedonia. The author applies the Box-Jenkins methodology and tests several alternative specifications in the modeling of original time series. Upon the outcomes of standard indicators for accuracy testing, the research identifies the model of ARIMA(1.1.1) with a dummy, as the most appropriate. According to the four-year-forecasts, it is expected a 25% increase of the international tourist arrivals. Although the suggested model cannot explain the driving factors behind the results, the projected values can assist in mitigating the potential negative impacts as well as in the preparation of tourism development plan in Macedonia.
A Review on Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in Men

Sleep apnoea occurs by the blockage of airway/airline when throat muscles relax and soft tissue near the throat collapses during sleep, so due to collapsing of soft tissue the chest muscles and diaphragm work tougher as the pressure generated to open the blocked air route, breathing/inhalation typically continues with a loud-gasp and body-jerk. It supply the poor flow of oxygen in to vital organs in the body, and produce heart rhythm irregularities. Sleep apnoea is the most common sleep issue, common in general population which affect 40-45% of all men on a regular basis. Sleep apnoea may be strongly connected with obesity and hypertension in men, affecting an individual quality of life.
Pleistocene Island Occupation in the Mediterranean: Insights from a Tied-Biome Approach to Glacial Refugia

Phoca-Cosmetatou, N. , & Rabett, R. J. (2014). Pleistocene Island Occupation in the Mediterranean: Insights from a Tied-Biome Approach to Glacial Refugia. In K. Boyle, R. J. Rabett, & C. O. Hunt (Eds.), Living in the Landscape: Essays in Honour of Graeme Barker (pp. 83-108). (McDonald Institute Monograph Series). McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. http://www.mcdonald. cam.ac. uk/publications/publicationimages/table%20of%20contents/LivingintheLandscape.pdf/view
Simple assembly line balancing problem under task deterioration

This paper introduces the effect of task deterioration in simple assembly line balancing problem. In many realistic assembly lines, a deterioration task is considered when a task is started earlier than the assigned time since the station time is constant and the earliness of the task does not reduce the cycle time. This phenomenon is known as deteriorating tasks. Therefore, we seek an optimal assignment and schedule of tasks in workstations, in order to minimize the number of stations for a given cycle time, which is known as SALBP-1. For this purpose, a mathematical model is proposed. Since the pure SALBP-1 is proved to be NP-hard and considering task deterioration complicates problem further, we propose a genetic algorithm for solving such problem. Several well-known test problems are solved to study the performance of the proposed approach.
Symbolic walk in regular networks

We find that a symbolic walk (SW)—performed by a walker with memory given by a Bernoulli shift—is able to distinguish between the random or chaotic topology of a given network. We show this result by means of studying the undirected baker network, which is defined by following the Ulam approach for the baker transformation in order to introduce the effect of deterministic chaos into its structure. The chaotic topology is revealed through the central role played by the nodes associated with the positions corresponding to the shortest periodic orbits of the generating map. They are the overwhelmingly most visited nodes in the limit cycles at which the SW asymptotically arrives. Our findings contribute to linking deterministic chaotic dynamics with the properties of networks constructed using the Ulam approach.
Two-step procedure to discriminate discordant from classical correlated or factorized states

We devise and experimentally realize a procedure capable of detecting and distinguishing quantum discord and classical correlations as well the presence of factorized states in a joint system-environment setting. Our scheme builds on recent theoretical results showing how the distinguishability between two reduced states of a quantum system in a bipartite setting can convey important information about the correlations present in the bipartite state and the interaction between the subsystems. The two addressed subsystems are the polarization and spatial degrees of freedom of the signal beam generated by parametric down-conversion, which are suitably prepared by the idler beam. Different global and local operations allow for the detection of different correlationsbystudyingviastatetomographythetracedistancebehaviorbetweensuitablepolarizationsubsystem states.
Applying UML Modeling Techniques for Architecture View of Electronic Commerce System

Software architecture provides structural relational ship in between the components and connectors. Electronic commerce system provides business for companies over the internet through out worldwide . Large number of transactions are performed for delivering the services to customers is possible through this system. In this paper Architecture view of Electronic commerce system is performed by using UML Modeling Techniques. This paper presents Process of Electronic commerce system, architecture, workflow management, Domain model of this system with the help of Object oriented design methods is presented in this paper.
Sample Succinct Reviews Great app ? ? ? ? ? Drawing fun . ? ? ? ? ?

Context: Apple Inc.’s App Store offers a distribution mechanism for apps and a public review system which allows users to express opinions regarding purchased apps. The ratings and reviews left by users have the potential to influence new users and, hence, have an impact on the commercial feasibility of an app. Objective: Current literature has extensively investigated reviews of books, movies and hotels. However, there is a limited understanding of reviews for mobile apps. In this work, we analyse a large sample of reviews for top rated apps in order to determine the nature of the reviews, and how these reviews evolve over time. Method: We performed a statistical analysis of approximately 8 million app reviews to identify the general distribution of review size, the rate of growth for reviews, and analyse the change of both rating and review size over time using the Gini coefficient. Results: We found that (i) most reviews are short and the majority of apps receive well under 50 reviews in their first year, (ii) apps receive a higher number of short reviews in comparison to long reviews as they age, (iii) around half of the apps decrease in user perceived quality over time, as reflected by the star ratings, and (iv) the rate of review growth and profile of reviews changes significantly between various apps as well as categories. Conclusion: Developers can use the data presented in this work to benchmark their app. Our approach offers insights for both newer and older apps as we analyse reviews over time. We recommend that developers regularly monitor early reviews and continuously refine their app in order to ensure they meet changing user expectations.
A Reconsideration of Crop Insurance as Climate Change Adaptation Approach

Adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change is an urgent issue and a critical part of the development agenda, especially in countries where the agricultural sector accounts for a large part of the industrial structure. Although insurance has attracted attention in the context of adaptation to losses caused by climate change, many studies of climate change adaptation in developing countries have overlooked the existing literature on crop insurance in the fields of agronomics and development economics. Therefore, this study aims to link the accumulated discussion on crop insurance with that on climate change adaptation. Several theoretical studies on indemnity crop insurance have already been undertaken in developed countries. Recently, a new approach––index-based insurance—has attracted particular attention as an adaptation measure for climate change. In the first part of this paper, I marshal the research on both types of crop insurance and aim to bring unrevealed issues to light. Economists have studied crop insurance, but most have devoted their efforts to increasing the uptake rate, especially in developing countries; few studies have discussed insurance in association with climate change adaptation. Even though some articles related to climate change adaptation have proposed that insurance could contribute to the improvement of people’s adaptation capacity, the effect of insurance has been insufficiently validated in the context of climate change adaptation. The next crucial step in figuring out the effectiveness of insurance as climate change adaptation is to understand the effect of insurance on the individual decision-making process that leads to adaptation behavior. In fact, several studies have already revealed that insurance affects farmers’ decision-making processes and behaviors, which might be the key to understanding how insurance has an effect on farmers’ climate change adaptation capacities. In the latter sections of this paper, I review this research and suggest further empirical research topics. Keywords: Climate Change Adaptation, Crop Insurance
EMPIRICAL VALIDATION OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS’ ROLE IN VISITOR EXPERIENCE:THE CASE OF ZAGREB CHRISTMAS MARKET

Abstract Purpose – Christmas Markets have become important contributors to the winter tourism activities.They have become popular events, attracting different types of visitors, from young people and families with children, to work colleagues and senior travelers. The purpose of the present research was to examine the potential differences in visitors’ perceptions of the Christmas Market experience with regard to different demographic groups. Methodology – Data were gathered using an on- site questionnaire. The questionnaire measured the event’s atmospherics (ambience, layout/design, service encounter/social interaction), respondents’ emotions, respondents’ event satisfaction, respondents’ event loyalty, and demographic data. Demographic characteristics included gender, age, number of previous visits, level of education, country of residence, marital status, number of people in group, and length of stay. Descriptive analysis and t-test were conducted using data collected from visitors attending the Zagreb Christmas Market during December 2017 and January 2018. Findings – The research findings reveled, in general, similar perceptions of the Christmas Market experience between male and female visitors, as well as between domestic and foreign ones. Contribution – The findings generated from this research can contribute to enabling event and festival managers and marketing organizations to better understand specific groups of visitors as well as to establish efficient marketing and promotion strategies
The Goal-Based Scenario Builder: Experiences with Novice Instructional Designers

Creating educational software generally requires a great deal of computer expertise, and as a result, educators lacking such knowledge have largely been excluded from the design process. Recently, researchers have been designing tools for automating some aspects of building instructional applications. These tools typically aim for generality, resulting in interfaces with limited, generic styles. An alternative, appropriate for more complex, interactive software, is to provide tools with special purpose task models. A prototype authoring tool for interactive educational software, called Goal-Based Scenario Builder, is illustrated, and a mode of interaction called Guided Case Adaptation is described. Goal-Based Scenarios (GBS)'provides an engaging task through which learners can master a set of target skills. This case-based approach to software design involves the user, and creates an interactive dialogue in which the program and designer collaboratively apply adaptations to a retrieved case. The Investigate and Decide GBS model is applied, and its five phases are outlined: problem, do, decide, communicate, and wrap-up. An example dialogue is presented. An early prototype of this tool was tested by graduate students in a first-year seminar in creating their own GBSs. An informal evaluation of the tool based on student reactions provided early indications that the tool makes prototyping easier, and that it supports a fairly wide range of applications within the limits set by the model. A table summarizes GBSs created in the prototype testing, and two figures illustrate the application. (Contains 15 references.) (MAS) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** The Goal-Based Scenario Builder: Experiences with Novice Instructional Designers1
An Oligopolistic Electricity Model with Interdependent Market Segments

In this paper, we model a two-period electricity market with interrelated demand, where oligopolistic generators make investments in peakand base-load capacities. Different prices are obtained in the two periods, and residential consumers can react to prices across demand periods. We characterize the Cournot equilibrium obtained as a function of price and cross-price effects and present a numerical illustration based on the Ontario (Canada) electricity market.
Enzymology and Regulation of ArfGAPs and ArfGEFs

Arf family GTP-binding proteins, a subfamily of the Ras superfamily, are critical regulators of membrane traffic and actin remodeling (Kahn, 2009; Kahn et al., 2006; Gillingham and Munro, 2007; Donaldson and Jackson, 2011). The Arf family contains six Arf proteins in most mammals (five in humans) that are divided into three classes based on primary sequence and phylogenetic considerations (Kahn et al., 2006). The function of the Arf proteins requires switching between GDP and GTP bound forms. The accessory proteins that mediate the transitions between ArfGDP and ArfGTP function as enzymes and can be studied using the formalisms of enzymology. Like other GTP binding proteins, switching between ArfGDP and ArfGTP is achieved by a controlled cycle of GTP binding and hydrolysis. The two steps are catalyzed by distinct enzymes. The conversion of ArfGDP to ArfGTP is accomplished through nucleotide exchange, with the apo form of Arf as an intermediate. Nucleotide, however, binds tightly to Arf, resulting in very slow intrinsic exchange rates, and the apo form of Arf is unstable. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are enzymes that accelerate the reaction, by decreasing affinity for nucleotide and stabilizing the apo form of Arf (Casanova, 2007; Gillingham and Munro, 2007; Renault et al., 2003). Arf proteins are unusual among Ras superfamily proteins in having no detectable GTPase activity. Conversion of ArfGTP to ArfGDP is catalyzed by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs;Gillingham and Munro, 2007; Donaldson and Jackson, 2011; Ha et al., 2008b; Kahn et al., 2008; Randazzo and Hirsch, 2004; Spang et al., 2010). The GEFs and GAPs are both large families of proteins with diverse structural features. The control of binding and hydrolysis of GTP by Arf is thought to be achieved by regulation of the ArfGAPs and ArfGEFs. The study of the ArfGAPs and ArfGEFs as allosterically controlled enzymes is providing valuable information about their regulation and insights into the roles in cell physisology.
Studies of Dancers: Moving from Experience to Interaction Design

As movement-based, interactive technologies continue to become more embedded in our daily lives, aliveness, vitality and pleasure in our interactions with these technologies are becoming soughtafter qualities. The designers of interactive technologies are seeking to develop approaches with a central focus on movement, bodily awareness and felt experience, which account for such “ineffable” qualities of human experience; qualities which can often escape definition or measure, but are a necessary part of meaningful existence. Dewey (1934) wrote about the “aesthetics” of experience, not in the sense that we associate aesthetics with a specific quality of some artwork, but as a crucial component of all human experience, namely where our need for a sense of the meaningfulness and wholeness of our action is fulfilled and from which a sense of self emerges, is developed and transformed. Writing on Dewey’s work, McCarthy and Wright (2004) noted:
HIBAG: an R Package for HLA Genotype Imputation with Attribute Bagging

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6p21.3, is highly polymorphic. This region has been shown to be important in human disease, adverse drug reactions and organ transplantation [1]. HLA genes play a role in the immune system and autoimmunity as they are central to the presentation of antigens for recognition by T cells. Since they have to provide defense against a great diversity of environmental microbes, HLA genes must be able to present a wide range of peptides. Evolutionary pressure at these loci have given rise to a great deal of functional diversity. For example, the HLA–B locus has 1,898 four-digit alleles listed in the April 2012 release of the IMGT-HLA Database [2] (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/imgt/hla/). Classical HLA genotyping methodologies have been predominantly developed for tissue typing purposes, with sequence based typing (SBT) approaches currently considered the gold standard. While there is widespread availability of vendors offering HLA genotyping services,
Quality School Improvement Project: School's Capacity, Developmental Characteristics, and Critical Issues in School Improvement in Hong Kong

This study examined the developmental profiles of a group of primary and secondary schools participating in a large-scale school improvement program—the Quality School Improvement Project—in Hong Kong. Using cluster analysis, schools were successfully classified into “high”, “medium”, and “low” school’s capacity in terms of principal leadership, school culture, teacher empowerment, and (perceived) students’ attitudes to learning. Subsequent analyses provided additional support for the validity of the classification and the results converged to demonstrate that schools with different capacity had differentiated improvement agenda and needs for external support. Implications for school improvement and educational reform in the Hong Kong school context were discussed.
The impact of the reform of the milk quota regime on the Italian dairy sector

This paper analyses the impact of the milk quota regime reform, actually under discussion, on the European countries with a detailed focus on the Italian milk and dairy sector. The dismantling of the milk quota regime is already on the EU agenda, but how and when to do it is still matter of debate. A possibility is to enlarge gradually the size of the national quotas, up to the full dismantling in 2015 (“soft landing”). Meanwhile, the discussion on Health Check of the CAP is under way. In this work we analyse the possible impacts of the reform of the milk quota regime on the basis of a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) approach, using two models in sequence: the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model is used to evaluate the impacts of different scenarios of milk quota reform on the EU market and to compute the price changes outside Italy; these, in turn, are used as inputs for the MEG-D model, that focuses on the Italian milk and dairy market. The two models were run together with two specific objectives: the first was to avoid, in evaluating the impacts of reform of the milk sector regime in Italy, running the model with rough price estimates taken for secondary sources; the second, to have more specific results on the outcome at the national level. Particularly, the model takes in account the particular relevance of quality products (GDO) in Italian diary sector. In order to evaluate the impact of the “soft landing” reform scenario, we run a “comparison” scenario where the milk quotas are fully abolished in the 2009.