Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenic Potential of Tris-(1,3-Dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate in Sprague-Dawley Rat

The Flammable Fabrics Act of 1953 and its amendments established a need for flame-resistant fabrics. Tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) was briefly used in apparel fabrics to assist in the compliance with federal flammability standards, and continues to be used as a flame retardant in flexible polyurethane foams. A chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity bioassay was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats to determine the toxicologic and carcinogenic potential of TDCPP after repeated exposure. Four groups of animals, each consisting of 60 male and 60 female rats, received via their diet a daily dose of either 0, 5, 20, or 80 mg TDCPP per kg body weight for up to 24 months. Diets were adjusted after each weekly (first 13 weeks) or biweekly (weeks 14 through 104) body weight and food consumption measurement to achieve and maintain the indicated doses. Ten animals per sex were taken from each group for interim sacrifice at the end of the 12th month. Body weights, food consumption, clinical signs, and hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were measured periodically, and ophthalmoscopic examinations were conducted on all animals. After complete postmortem examination of all animals, microscopic examination of all tissues was conducted for the control and high-dose animals. Liver, kidneys, testes, and adrenal glands were examined from all animals. Mortality was significantly higher and body weights were significantly lower in the high-dose group when compared to control animals. Certain hematology parameters, such as hemoglobin, hematocrit, and total erythrocyte values, were decreased in the high-dose animals. Ophthalmoscope examination revealed no treatment-related changes. Microscopic examination revealed a higher incidence of benign neoplasms and non-neoplastic alterations in several organs of the mid and high dose animals. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for chronic toxicity and neoplastic activity was the dietary dose of 5 mg/kg/day.
Managing Grapevines through Severe Heat: A Survey of Growers after the 2009 Summer Heatwave in South-eastern Australia

A survey of 92 vineyards, representing 10 winegrowing regions in south-eastern Australia, soon after exposure to a severe heatwave, revealed variation in the reported heat-related impact. This variation was observed between regions, within regions and within vineyards. Notably the estimates of losses were not always related to the amount of heat above a certain threshold but to the management practices employed in the lead-up and through the event. Applicable and achievable recommendations for managing severe heat events have resulted from this assessment. We believe this method of capturing information from the diverse knowledge-base of managers is a very effective way to reveal potential adaptive capacity to a changing climate.
High-quality double-walled carbon nanotube super bundles grown in a hydrogen-free atmosphere

High-quality double-walled carbon nanotube (DWNT) super bundles were selectively grown above a bowl-like cathode by arc discharge in a hydrogen-free atmosphere. These DWNTs can resist high-temperature (up to 720 °C) oxidation in air without additional annealing even after acid treatment, which is due to an in-situ defect-healing effect of the bowl-like cathode and the absence of reactive gases during arc discharge. Selective formation of DWNTs is ascribed to the increased presence of carbon clusters in the enlarged hot plasma region inside the cathode and optimized composition of the catalysts.
Folding and unfolding kinetics of DNA hairpins in flowing solution by multiparameter fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

Dynamic equilibrium between the folded and unfolded conformations of single stranded DNA hairpin molecules containing polythymine hairpin loops was investigated using simultaneous two-beam fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy and single beam autocorrelation spectroscopy. The hairpins were end-labeled with a fluorescent dye and a quencher, such that folding and unfolding of the DNA hairpin primary structure caused the dye fluorescence to fluctuate on the same characteristic time scale as the folding and unfolding reaction. These fluctuations were observed as the molecules flowed sequentially between two spatially offset, microscopic detection volumes. Cross-correlation analysis of fluorescence from the two detection volumes revealed the translational diffusion and flow properties of the hairpins, as well as the average molecular occupancy of the two volumes. Autocorrelation analysis of the fluorescence from the individual detection volumes revealed the kinetics of hairpin folding and unfolding, with.
Conversion of Cr (VI) in water and soil using rhamnolipid

Hexavalent chromium is of great concern now as it has highly toxic and carcinogenic properties and also for its potential for the contamination of groundwater due to its greater mobility in soils and in the aquatic environment. The objective of this study is the reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium using rhamnolipid both in water and soil media. Rhamnolipid had been used as its toxicity is very low as a commercial surfactant and it is readily biodegradable with a very low environmental impact. Batch experiments were performed to evaluate the feasibility of using rhamnolipid for the removal and reduction of hexavalent chromium from contaminated soil and water. The initial chromium concentration, rhamnolipid concentration, pH and temperature were evaluated and found to affect the reduction efficiency. The rhamnolipid can reduce 100% of initial Cr (VI) in water at optimum conditions (pH 6, 2% rhamnolipid concentration, 25°C) if the concentration is low (10 ppm). For higher initial concentrations (400 ppm), it takes time to reduce (24.4% in one day). In the case of soil, rhamnolipid only can remove the soluble part of the chromium present in the soil. The extraction increased with the increase of initial concentration in soil but decreased slightly with the increase of temperature above 30°C. The reduction trend of the extracted chromium is the same as in water media. A sequential extraction study was used on soil before and after washing to determine from what fraction the rhamnolipid removed the chromium. The exchangeable and carbonate fractions accounted for 24% and 10% of the total chromium, respectively. The oxides and hydroxides portion retained 44% of chromium present in the soil. On the other hand, 10% and 12% of the chromium was associated with the organic and residual fractions. Rhamnolipid can remove most of the exchangeable (96%) and carbonate (90%) portions and some of the oxide and hydroxide portion (22%) but cannot remove chromium from the other fractions. This information is important in designing the appropriate conditions for soil washing
Organic field-effect transistors: a combined study on short-channel effects and the influence of substrate pre-treatment on ambient stability

For high-performance low-cost applications based on organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and corresponding sensors essential properties of the applied semiconducting materials include solution-processability, high field-effect mobility, compatibility with adjacent layers and stability with respect to ambient conditions. In this combined study regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)- and pentacene-based bottom-gate bottom-contact OFETs with various channel lengths are thoroughly investigated with respect to short-channel effects and the implications of dielectric surface modification with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) on device performance. In addition, the influences of oxygen, moisture and HMDStreatment on the ambient stability of the devices are evaluated in detail. While OFETs without surface modification exhibited the expected degradation behavior upon air exposure mainly due to oxygen/moisture-induced doping or charge-carrier trapping, the stability of the investigated semiconductors was found to be distinctly increased when the substrate surface was hydrophobized. The presented results thoroughly summarize important issues which have to be considered when selecting semiconducting materials for high-performance OFETs and OFET-based sensors.
Data correction method based on the floating reference point for the noninvasive glucose sensing

As an effective noninvasive method for glucose doesn't come into clinical realization due to the weakness of glucose unique signal and complexity of background noise, a method based on a floating reference point and a measuring point, where the diffuse reflectance intensity is insensitive and most sensitive to the variation of glucose concentration, respectively, is applied. In this paper, the data processing method based on the information of reference point was investigated to improve the precision of glucose sensing. The diffuse reflectance of intralipid solution with different glucose concentration in different source-detector distances was obtained by Monte-Carlo simulation. And the radial region selection of reference position and measuring position were discussed. Then in order to simulate the actual measurement condition, the random noise and linear drift were added on the simulated spectra. And the spectra in the proper measuring region corrected by that in the reference point were used to build the multivariate model. Further more, the corresponding optical probe was designed according to the distribution of light intensity in the radial distance and an in vitro experiment about intralipid solution with different glucose concentration was conducted to verify the effect of the data correction based on the information from the reference point. Results showed that, three different measuring regions should be determined in the wavelength of 1100nm-1700nm according to the wavelength characteristic of reference point. And the measuring region should be about 0.2-0.3mm far away from the reference region. For the simulation and in vitro experiment, after the correction by the information from the reference point, the prediction error for glucose was reduced by 46.2% and 23.2%, respectively.
The Effect of Fracture Geometrics on Breakthrough Time in the Immiscible Displacement Process Through Strongly Oil Wet Fractured Porous Media: Experimental Investigation

Abstract The immiscible process appears to be one of the first feasible methods for the extraction of oil reserves. However, there is a lack of fundamental understanding of how fracture geometrical characteristics control the efficiency of oil recovery in this type of enhanced oil recovery technique. In this article, a series of experiments were conducted whereby the distilled water displaced n-decane in strongly oil wet glass micro-models having different fracture geometries. Breakthrough time, as a function of injected pore volume of distilled water, was measured using image analysis of the provided pictures. It has been observed that when the fractures' length is increased, the breakthrough time is decreased. In contrast, when the orientation angle related to flow direction is increased, breakthrough time is increased. A correlation for linear flow in fractured media is generated, which represents the breakthrough time as a function of fracture length and its orientation. This correlation is validated by immiscible displacement tests on other fractured micro-models in which fracture geometrics were designed randomly.
Optimisation on the Growth and Alignment of ZnO Nanorods

Synthesis of aligned ZnO nanorods (NRs) is important for electronic and optoelectronic devices. In this work we demonstrate the growth of ZnO nanorods by co-precipitation method using zinc nitrate and hexamine precursors. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. On introducing the seeded substrate into the growth solution, the seeds offer nucleation sites for one-dimensional growth of ZnO nanorods. ZnO nanorod arrays grown on the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) seed layer found to be irregular and non-uniform due to the etching of the seed substrate by growth solution. However, dip-coated seed substrate yielded uniform growth of ZnO nanostructures. ZnO nanostructures with flower-like morphology were obtained for pH of 9. On reducing the pH of the growth solution the flower morphology transformed into rod-like morphology with rod diameter of 200nm. On reducing the pH to 3 the diameter of the nanorods is decreased to 20 to 25nm. On reducing the precursor concentration the faceted morphology of the nanorods changed into needle-like shape (with sharp tips) along with reduction in diameter (about 20nm). The growth of uniform and vertically aligned ZnO nanorods is observed in dip-coated seed substrate with 5 pH. The results indicate that the diameter of ZnO nanorod array could be controlled by varying the precursor concentration.
Quantum magnetism through atomic assembly

This thesis presents an experimental study of magnetic structures, composed of only a few atoms. Those structures are first built atom-by-atom and then locally probed, both with a low-temperature STM. The technique that we use to assemble them is vertical atom manipulation, while to study their physical properties we use inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy and spin-polarized STM. In this work we focus on structures made of Fe or Co atoms built on a thin insulating layer (Cu2N).
Soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism study of valence and spin states in FeT2O4 (T = V, Cr) spinel oxides

Electronic structures of spinel oxides FeT2O4 (T = V, Cr) have been investigated by employing soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). XAS reveals that Cr and V ions are trivalent, and that Fe ions are nearly divalent in FeT2O4 (T = V, Cr). Finite XMCD signals are observed in FeV2O4 at T = 80 K, while they are very weak in FeCr2O4. XMCD shows that Fe spins are antiparallel to V and Cr spins, with the V and Cr spins being canted from Fe spins, which suggests a Yafet-Kittel type triangular spin configuration in FeT2O4 (T = V, Cr).
Fern Constituents : Triterpenoids Isolated from the Leaves of Adiantum monochlamys. Filicenol A, Filicenol B, Isoadiantol B, Hakonanediol and Epihakonanediol

Five new triterpenoids, filicenol A (1), filicenol B (2), isoadiantol B (3), hakonanediol (4) and epihakonanediol (5), were isolated from the leaves of Adiantum monochlamys EATON, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data and chemical correlations with known compounds. Additional data are presented for previously reported compounds (6-21) from the same source.
Mechanism of Calcium Carbonate Scale Deposition under Subcooled Flow Boiling Conditions

Fouling of heat transfer surfaces during subcooled flow boiling is a frequent engineering problem in process industries. It has been generally observed that the deposits in such industrial systems consist mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which has inverse solubility characteristics. This investigation focused on the mechanism to control deposition and the morphology of crystalline deposits. A series of experiments were carried out at different surface and bulk temperatures, fluid velocities and salt ion concentrations. It is shown that the deposition rate is controlled by different mechanism in the range of experimental parameters, depending on salt ion concentration. At higher ion concentration, the fouling rate increases linearly with surface temperature and the effect of flow velocity on deposition rate is quite strong, suggesting that mass diffusion controls the fouling process. On the contrary, at lower ion concentration, the fouling rate increases exponentially with surface temperature and is independent of the velocity, illustrating that surface reaction controls the fouling process. By analysis of the morphology of scale, two types of crystal (calcite and aragonite) are formed. The lower the temperature and ion concentration, the longer the induction period and the higher the percentage of calcite precipitated. Keywords heat transfer, fouling, calcium carbonate, subcooled flow boiling
Temperature Distribution Near a Crevasse

Abstract During the summer of 1955, 53 thermocouples were installed in the ice mass near a crevasse in a glacier in the ice sheet of northern Greenland. Temperatures were observed in 1955 and 1956. The accumulated data were sufficient to prepare a description of the transient thermal behavior of the ice body adjacent to the crevasse. The isotherm maps have provided a base for the computation of heat flux vectors.
Beam investigations of D2 adsorption on Si(100): On the importance of lattice excitations in the reaction dynamics

The adsorption of D2 on Si(100) has been investigated by means of supersonic molecular beam techniques. We have succeeded in measuring the dependence of the molecular D2 sticking coefficient S on surface temperature Ts and nozzle temperature Tn. The sticking coefficient increases gradually in the range 300≤Tn≤1040 K. The influence of increased v=1 population has not been deconvoluted from the effects of translational energy alone. The dependence on Ts is more interesting. With an incident translational energy of 65 meV, S rises from a value insignificantly different from the background level to a maximum value of (1.5±0.1)×10−5 at Ts=630 K. The decrease in the effective sticking coefficient beyond this Ts is the result of desorption during the experiment. Having established that S increases with both increasing molecular energy and increasing sample temperature, we have demonstrated directly for the first time that the adsorption of molecular hydrogen on Si is activated and that lattice vibrational excita.
Use of Bacillus indicus HU36 as a probiotic culture in set‐type, recombined nonfat yoghurt production and its effects on quality

Viability of a probiotic and carotenoid-producing bacterium, Bacillus indicus HU36 in vegetative form, along with the yoghurt cultures in set-type, recombined nonfat yoghurt and its effects on quality were determined during the storage at 4 °C. The number of B. indicus HU36 cells in yoghurt remained about 5 log cfu/mL after 14 days, but decreased to 3.5 log after 21 days. The bacterium resulted in increased yellowness, but did not affect the rheological properties of the yoghurt. Sensorial properties of the yoghurt were acceptable compared to a commercial probiotic yoghurt. B. indicus HU36 can thus be used as a probiotic culture in yoghurt production.
Thermodynamic Stability and Anisotropic Fluctuations in the Cylinder-to-Sphere Transition of a Block Copolymer

The stability and fluctuations of the cylinder (C) and sphere (S) morphologies in the vicinity of the C and S equilibrium have been examined for a poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene) triblock copolymer by rheology, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The spinodal temperatures of the C and S phases, and , and the equilibrium (coexistence) temperature, TOOT, have been determined by rheological measurements during thermal cycles over a wide range of heating and cooling rates. In the limit of high heating and cooling rates, and were determined as 202 ± 2 and 183 ± 3 °C, respectively. From the transitions at low heating and cooling rates, TOOT was determined as 196 ± 1 °C. The metastability window of the S phase, | S − TOOT|, was wider than that of the C phase, | − TOOT|, due to the osmotic barrier for merging spheres for the S → C transition. Prior to the C → S transition, a rheological signature of the fluctuations in the C phase was observed over a temperature int.
Manipulating the leaf area to fruit mass ratio alters the synchrony of total soluble solids accumulation and titratable acidity of grape berries

Background and Aims[br/] This study investigated: (i) the importance of changing the leaf area: fruit mass ratio (LA : FM) by crop removal and/or shoot trimming on total soluble solids (TSS) concentration and content, pH, titratable acidity (TA) and berry mass; (ii) the extent to which changes in LA : FM ratio altered the synchrony TSS : TA ratio; and (iii) whether the responses were consistent for Pinot Noir and Sauvignon Blanc. [br/] [br/] Methods and Results[br/] Vertical shoot positioned–trained vines were trimmed shortly after fruitset or at veraison to six or 12 main leaves per shoot and crop thinned by removing 0, 50 or 75% of the bunches. TSS and pH, TA and fresh berry mass were measured weekly from pre-veraison to harvest. [br/] TSS concentration accumulation in berries was slowed with shoot trimming and accelerated by crop removal, with crop removal having a greater effect. Trimming shoots at fruitset in combination with no crop removal resulted in the greatest delay in veraison (the start of TSS accumulation) and slowest rate of TSS accumulation. TSS content mirrored TSS concentration for LA : FM manipulations at fruitset but fewer differences were detected for LA : FM changes at veraison. In contrast, TA and pH were largely unaffected. [br/] [br/] Conclusions[br/] Changes to the LA : FM ratio via crop removal or shoot trimming modified berry TSS accumulation but not TA. Such desynchronisation was consistent for both cultivars. [br/] [br/] Significance of the Study[br/] Crop and/or leaf removal represent valuable means to manipulate the time to achieve target fruit TSS concentration and TA. The similar responses of the two cultivars indicate that LA : FM manipulation could potentially have common responses for different cultivars. The desynchronisation of berry components highlights the need to consider each berry component individually and in a dynamic manner by sampling throughout the ripening phase.
Improvements in Compartment Fire Modeling and Simulation of Experiments

An integral part of a probabilistic analysis of the risk from fires in nuclear power plants is the estimation of the fire severity in compartments. The computer code COMPBRN implements physical models that predict the thermal hazards, e.g., temperatures and heat fluxes, during a compartment fire, as well as the failure time of objects, such as cables, that are subjected to these hazards. The COMPBRN II code is an improved version of COMPBRN; it includes radiative and convective heat losses from fuel elements and distinguishes between damage and ignition thresholds. Comparison with experimental results shows that the modifications generally lead to improved predictions.
Prediction of Environmental Stress Cracking in Plastics with Hansen Solubility Parameters

The results reported here confirm that environmental stress cracking phenomena in plastics depend on the size and shape of the test liquid's molecules as well as their Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) relative to those of the polymer. The behavior of other, untested liquids can be estimated from HSP correlations based on a limited number of test liquids. A simple test has been developed for the cracking tendency of immersed polymer tubes having different levels of externally applied, controlled stresses. This uses standard tapered NS Teflon (most glass is too rough) stoppers placed on a toploader analytical balance. Polymer tubes are pressed onto the stoppers until the balance shows the given desired force. The tube and stopper are then immersed in a test liquid and observed at regular time intervals for cracking. It has been assumed that the Teflon stoppers are inert in this application. The experiments described here used a COC (cyclo-olefinic copolymer) type polymer (Topas 6013, Ticona). The samples .