Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification and Assessing the Cultivars of Laminaria Lamx. (Phaeophyceae) with Molecular Markers

Molecular markers were used to identify and assess cultivars of Laminaria Lamx. and to delineate their phylogenetic relationships. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used for detection. After screening, 11 primers were selected and they yielded 133 bands in all, of which approximately 99.2% were polymorphic. The genetic distances between gametophytes ranged from 0.412 to 0.956. Two clusters were formed with the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram based on the simple matching coefficient. All cultivars of Laminaria japonica Aresch. used for breeding in China fell into one cluster. L. japonica from Japan, L. saccharina (L.) Lam. , and L. angustata Kjellm. formed the other cluster and showed higher genetic variation than L. japonica from China. Nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences, including internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) were studied and aligned. The nucleotides of the sequences ranged from 634 to 668, with a total of 692 positions including TTS1, ITS2, and the 5.8S coding region. The phylogenetic tree obtained by the neighbor-joining method favored, to some extent, the results revealed by RAPD analysis. The present study indicates that RAPD and ITS analyses could be used to identify and assess Laminaria germplasm and to distinguish some species and, even intraspecies, in Laminaria.
Reactions to Light in Planaria Maculata with Special Reference to the Function and Structure of the Eyes

1. El ojo de Planaria maculata consta de dos partes: las retinulas y las c6lulas accesorias que forman la copa pigmentaria. 2. Los ejemplares normales son negativos a la luz y se orientan exactamente en un ray0 luminoso horizontal. 3. LOP ejemplares con ambos ojos extirpados son negativos a la luz, pero no se orientan. 4. Los ejemplares con un ojo extirpado no exhiben movimientos circulares. Se orientan como 10s ej emplares normales cuando se les ilumina el lado normal, per0 no se orientan cuando la iluminacih se dirige a1 lado “ciego,” a menos que se muevan hasta recibir la lux en el ojo funcional. 5. Las reacciones de 10s ejemplares con un ojo normal y la mitad posterior o anterior del otro ojo extirpada se describen en el trabajo. 6. La extirpacih de 10s ojos, a diferencia de lo que sucede a1 cortar el extremo anterior, no produce efecto sobre la marcha de la locomocih en la luz directiva o no directivtt. 7. El ojo consta de dos regiones sensoriales localizadas; la estimulacih de una e ellas causa el movimiento del animal en un sentido opuesto a1 ocupado por el lado que contiene el ojo, mientras que la estimulaci6n de la otra produce el efecto opuesto. 8. Aunque el pigmento puede localizar a la estimulacih f6tica en cierto grado, probablemente no es el principal agente localizador de la estimulaci6n fbtica, como ha indicado Hesse. 9. La localizacih del estimulo luminoso estB relacionada con la estructura y posici6n de 10s rabdomas. 10. Una vez que el animal se orienta en un rayo luminoso horizontal no recibe estimulacih orientadora hasta que abandona el eje de orientacibn.
Comparisons of Salinity Tolerances and Osmotic Regulatory Capabilities in Populations of Sailfin Molly (Poecilia latipinna) from Brackish and Fresh Waters

Sailfin mollies, Poecilia latipinna, inhabit both fresh and brackish waters throughout their native range. In laboratory analyses, following extensive acclimation, individuals taken from freshwater populations tolerated a range of ambient salinities from fresh water through 70%o (parts per thousand), whereas individuals from brackish water tolerated salinities ranging from fresh water through 80%0o. Plasma osmotic concentrations of the two groups were not significantly different at common ambient salinities over the range from fresh water through 75%0o. Isolation in nature of populations in fresh and brackish waters has not greatly altered their physiological capabilities with respect to ambient salinity.
Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae) feeding preference and performance on cool-season food legumes in northwestern Ethiopia

Pea aphids severely constrain food legume production in Ethiopia. Pea aphid preference and performance on common legume crops (field pea, faba bean, lentil and grass pea) were tested with no-choice, dual- and multiple-choice experiments under greenhouse conditions in northwestern Ethiopia. The results revealed that pea aphids preferred field peas, lentils and grass peas more than faba bean. Growth rate of pea aphids varied with crop variety and plant growth stage. Field pea and lentils died within 30 d. Cumulative pea aphid load was higher on field pea and grass pea than on faba bean and lentil. In the no-choice experiment, the mean pea aphid number per five plants ranged between 1.8 at 5 d after aphid infestation (DAI) on improved faba bean and 321.5 at 20 DAI on local field pea. In the dual- and multiple-choice experiments, aphids required less than 1 d to infest field pea, lentil and grass pea plants, and 4–11 d to infest faba bean. No variety was immune to infestation, but overall, field peas and grass peas were good hosts for culturing pea aphids. Growing susceptible crops in pea aphid hot spot areas may have to be avoided in favor of less preferred ones.
The Role of Intersubjectivity in Animal and Human Cooperation

I argue that analyses of various kinds of cooperation will benefit from an account of the cognitive and communicative functions required for the cooperation. In particular, I focus on the role of intersubjectivity (theory of mind), which has not been sufficiently considered in game theory. Intersubjectivity will here be divided into representing the emotions, desires, attention, intentions, and beliefs of others. I then analyze some kinds of cooperation—reciprocal altruism, indirect reciprocity, cooperation on future goals, and conventions—with respect to their cognitive and communicative prerequisites. It is argued that uniquely human forms of cooperation depend on advanced forms of intersubjectivity.
Selenium fertilizers for pastures grazed by sheep. I. Selenium concentrations in whole blood and plasma

Two forms of prilled selenium fertilizer from Mintech N.Z. , Na2 SeO4 (Selcote«) and BaSe04 incorporating a slow-release technology, were applied to pasture once at 10 and 20 g Se ha-1 in 1987 at Bakers Hill, Western Australia. The pasture was grazed at 10 sheep ha-1 for 3 years. In the first year, half the sheep were also treated with a selenium intra-ruminal pellet. The Selcote fertilizer produced a rapid rise in pasture selenium concentration, resulting in a similar response in the concentrations of selenium in the whole blood and plasma which reached their maximum values within 7 weeks of commencing grazing. The selenium concentration then declined until, after 15 months, there was insufficient selenium in the pastures to increase the selenium status of sheep. In contrast, the slow-release formulation provided adequate selenium in each of the 3 years with sheep reaching their maximum plasma selenium of 80 8g Se L-1 in the second and third year. At relatively low values for whole blood selenium ( 350 8g Se L-1) additional sources of selenium only marginally increased the whole blood concentration of selenium. Plasma was a more sensitive indicator of the selenium content of pasture in the short term than whole blood. The results indicate that either Selcote or the BaSe04 fertilizer provides an effective alternative to current strategies for supplying Se to grazing animals.
Enhancement in Nutrient Accumulation and Growth of Oil Palm Seedlings Caused by PGPR Under Field Nursery Conditions

Abstract Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (e.g., Azospirillum and Bacillus spp.) have been reported to enhance growth and fix N2 with several nonleguminous crops. These rhizobacteria have the potential to be applied to oil palm seedlings and, consequently, reduce the cost of nitrogenous fertilizer. The rhizobacteria are also known as a bioenhancer for the ability to increase root growth and enhanced water and nutrient absorption by the host plants. An experiment was carried out in the field nursery station, Federal Land Development Authorities (FELDA), Bukit Mendi, Pahang, Malaysia, to observe the effects of PGPR inoculation on enhanced nutrient accumulation and plant growth (tops and roots) of oil palm seedlings under field nursery conditions. The inoculation process showed positive response in enhancing higher accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the plant tissues, enhanced root dry weight and top growth (dry matter and leaf chlorophyll content) of the host plants under field nursery conditions.
The genus Aeromonas.

Taxonomy (A. Carnahan & M. Altwegg). Isolation and Enumeration of Aeromonads (N. Moyer). Identification (S. Millership). Subtyping Methods for Aeromonas Species (M. Altwegg). The Ecology of Mesophilic Aeromonas in the Aquatic Environment (P. Holmes, et al.). Human Pathogens (J. Janda & S. Abbott). Aeromonas Species in Disease of Animals (P. Gosling). Fish Pathogens (B. Austin & C. Adams). Pathogenic Mechanisms (P. Gosling). Toxins (S. Howard, et al.). The Aeromonas Hydrophila Group in Food (S. Palumbo). Aeromonas Gastrointestinal Disease: A Case Study in Causation? (S. Joseph). Outlook (B. Austin, et al.). Index.
Physiological Relationships of the Middle and Late Post-Hatch Performance of Broilers to their Embryo and Eggshell Characteristics

Relationships between physiological variables of middle and late post-hatch broilers with their corresponding egg and embryo variables were examined. Sixty Ross×Ross 708 broiler hatching eggs were randomly set on each of 8 replicate tray levels of an incubator. On 10.5 d of incubation, transponders were implanted in the air cells of 4 embryonated eggs per replicate for determination of internal egg temperature (Temb) through d 18.5. On d 18.5, the implanted embryonated eggs were transferred to a hatcher unit where they were monitored for hatch every 12 h. Incubation length, eggshell water vapor conductance (GH2O), specific GH2O (gH2O; GH2O adjusted to a 100 g set egg weight basis), and GH2O constants (KH2O) of the embryonated eggs were determined. Chicks were placed in corresponding replicate floor pens and were grown out from 0 (21.5 d of incubation) to 48 d of age. On 28 and 48 d post-hatch, approximately 2 birds per pen were necropsied for determination of BW, and the relative weights and moisture concentrations of their liver, breast muscle, and left gastrocnemius muscle. Breast muscle moisture concentration on d 28 was negatively correlated with GH2O, gH2O, and KH2O, and breast muscle moisture concentration on d 48 was negatively correlated with incubation length. However, relative body and breast muscle weights on d 48 were positively correlated with gH2O and KH2O, and relative BW on d 48 was positively correlated with incubation length. More importantly, relative breast muscle weight on d 48 post-hatch was negatively correlated with Temb. The variables Temb, GH2O, gH2O, and KH2O may differentially influence the physiological variables in birds during the middle and late post-hatch grow out periods, and bird metabolic and hydration statuses may be adjusted later during the post-hatch period, so that bird BW will eventually reach its genetically predetermined level.
Variations saisonnières de la composition et de la structure du pelage : exemple de la toison du lapin angora

La variation saisonnière de la production de poil du lapin angora poids de la toison, longueurs et diamètres des trois catégories de poils, nombre de poils par groupe folliculaire ont été analysés lors de chacun des épilages d’été, d’automne, d’hiver et de printemps, espacés de 98 jours, chez 22 lapines angora adultes. Les animaux étaient logés dans un bâtiment clos dont la température ne descendit jamais au-dessous de 10 "C et dont l’éclairage artificiel était réglé sur le photopériodisme naturel. Le régime alimentaire était constant.
Digestive and Metabolic Utilization of Feed Energy in Swine: Application to Energy Evaluation Systems

Abstract Noblet, J. 2000. Digestive and metabolic utilization of feed energy in swine: Application to energy evaluation systems. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 17: 113–132. Feeds can be attributed different energy values according to, first, the step considered in energy utilization (DE: digestible energy, ME: metabolisable energy and NE: net energy) and, second, the method used for estimation at each step. This paper reviews some of the most important dietary (chemical composition) and animal (body weight) factors which affect digestive and metabolic utilization of energy by pigs. Available results show that energy digestibility is negatively affected by dietary fibre (DF) content of the diet and is increased with pig body weight, the negative effect of DF is reduced in heavier pigs, so that most feeds should be attributed at least two different DE values, one for growing-finishing pigs and other for mature pigs (reproductive sows). Metabolic utilization of energy is highly related to diet chemical composition with higher efficiencies for ME provided by fat or starch. The hierarchy between feeds is then dependent on the energy system, with a clear preference for NE systems which are the best predictors of the “true” energy value of feeds and of performance of pigs. The available NE systems are also compared. Further improvements of energy systems for pigs are discussed.
Inhibitory effects of IFN-γ on HIV-1 replication in latently infected cells

The progress in the use of HAART for the treatment of HIV-infected individuals has been limited by the development of viral resistance and the maintenance of viral latency. New therapeutic strategies geared toward improvement in the host's immune response are now being considered. We found that IFN-gamma induces CIITA through the JAK-STAT pathway and inhibits HIV-1 replication in latently infected cells. Its effect appears to be mediated through the reciprocal action of Tat and CIITA. With this beneficial effect, IFN-gamma and its inducers can be considered as an adjunct to the currently available therapy. We also addressed the safety of using simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, to treat dyslipidemia often associated with the use of protease inhibitors. Simvastatin did not show any unfavorable effects on HIV replication, thus could be used safely unless there are any drug interactions when administered.
First results of shark tagging in the north-east Atlantic, 1972–1975

Since the early 1950s a sport fishery for sharks has existed off south-west England. On average some 5000 sharks are taken annually on rod and line between May and October. The catch consists almost entirely of blue sharks, the majority of which are immature or adolescent females, limited numbers of the porbeagle, Lamna nasus Bonnaterre, mako, Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque and very occasionally the thresher, Alopias vulpinus Bonnaterre.
Etude comparative de la qualité du bois de trois types de chênes (rouvres, pédonculés et intermédiaires), en forêt de Morimond

Des mesures densitométriques, ainsi que des mesures d’infradensité et de retrait du bois, nous ont permis de comparer trois types de chênes : chênes rouvres (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. ), chênes pédonculés (Ouercus robur L.) et des chênes intermédiaires provenant d’une même station. L’étude des liaisons intercai-actères permet également de les comparer ; elles sont d’ailleurs parfois très différentes pour les trois types de chênes. Les corrélations de la largeur de cerne, ainsi que de l’irrégularité des cernes (coefficient de variation) avec les autres caractères ont été particulièrement étudiées.
Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus associated with meat products and meat workers

Staphylococcus aureus strains with similar biotype characteristics occur in meat products and in the anterior nares of workers in slaughterhouses and meat‐processing plants. Such strains are rare in humans not in frequent contact with meats. The biotype is staphylokinase‐negative, β‐haemolysin‐negative, bovine plasma coagulase‐negative, crystal violet type A and Protein A‐positive. Most strains of this biotype belong to phage group II or are not typable with the international set for typing Staph. aureus of human origin.
Types of biopesticides

Pests, diseases, and weeds are major issues throughout the world. In the area of crop production for example, there are thought to be around 67,000 species that can be considered pests, across microbes, plants (weeds), invertebrates, and vertebrates (Oerke et al., 1994). Estimates of crop yield losses are few, but Oerke et al. (1994) stated that pests in general cause about a 40% reduction. To combat these threats, humans have developed and used many methods. The most successful approaches have been through the application of substances to reduce the populations of pest, disease, and weeds. These have been termed pesticides. The advent of chemical pesticides was a major underpinning factor in the green revolution of the 1940s to 1960s, when crop yields were increased dramatically. The world again needs an increase in production similar to that in
Dynamics of linkage disequilibrium in bacterial genomes undergoing transformation and/or conjugation

Bacteria may undergo recombinational exchange either by conjugation followed by crossing over, or by transformation of small segments of DNA into the cell followed by incorporation into the chromosome by gene conversion. These two forms of recombination may have very different consequences on the patterns of linkage disequilibrium seen within bacterial genomes. In this paper deterministic recursions are obtained for three linked loci in populations having these two forms of recombination. Both neutral genetic variation and the case of one selected gene are considered. It is shown that the two forms of exchange have identical consequences on two‐locus linkage disequilibria, but that three‐locus disequilibria can have different behaviors. Hitchhiking also has different consequences on the pattern of disequilibrium seen between linked neutral genes in the region of the selected locus. Inference of the relative importance of these two modes of recombination from static samples of DNA sequences will hinge on the relationship between linkage map distance and disequilibria.
Stigma of the African Genera Rutidea and Nichallea (Rubiaceae‐Ixoroideae‐Pavetteae): Highly Modified Receptive Surfaces

The tropical African genera Rutidea and Nichallea possess secondary pollen presentation, as do many other Rubiaceae, but the style‐stigma complex shows some special features. Style and stigma form one slender structure that terminates in a fusiform to clavate or broadly elliptic to globose head. The stigma consists of two permanently fused stigmatic lobes, a common enough situation within the Rubiaceae, but it is further differentiated into three zones: a narrow stigmatic base, a stigmatic head, and the free tips of the stigmatic lobes. The pollen‐receptive surfaces are highly modified. They are restricted to the adaxial sides of the free stigmatic tips and to the lines of fusion between the stigmatic lobes, visible as two longitudinal furrows on the style‐stigma complex. Compared to the structure of the style‐stigma complex in other genera of the Rubiaceae with permanently fused stigmatic lobes, a major morphological trend can be observed in Rutidea and Nichallea, notably the displacement of the pollen‐receptive surfaces to the lower regions of the stigma, resulting in spatial separation of the pollen‐receptive and pollen‐presenting surfaces of the style‐stigma complex.
Regulation of food supply by feeding territoriality in the rufous hummingbird

This field study of female and immature migratory rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) reveals that their feeding territories are closely regulated in size to maintain environmental reserves of energy per individual. Columbine (Aquilegia formosa) produces nectar about four times as fast per nectary as Indian paintbrush (Castilleja miniata) but territories have similar daily caloric productivity regardless of their floral species composition.Une etude en nature de femelles et d'oisilons du colibri migrateur Selasphorus rufus demontre que les territoires ou ils se nourrissent sont delimites de facon a ce qu'il y ait dans le milieu une reserve constante d'energie par individu. L'ancolie (Aquilegia formosa) produit son nectar environ quatre fois plus vite par nectaire que la castillejie Castilleja miniata, mais les territoires ont des productivites caloriques quotidiennes semblables, quelle que soit la composition de la population florale. [Traduit par le journal]
The evolution of vertebral number and body size in snakes

1. In snakes body size and vertebral number vary considerably among species. To investigate whether the two traits are correlated, and similar to a pattern found in fish and termed pleomerism, data from the literature were examined for 771 species and subspecies of advanced snakes (superfamily Colubroidea; families Colubridae, Elapidae and Viperidae). A strong tendency was found for species with many vertebrae to reach a large maximum body size; in 12 groups of species examined all showed a positive correlation coefficient and in nine cases it was significant. 2. To eliminate the possibility that this result is an effect of similarity owing to common ancestry, both a directional method and an independent comparison method were applied on groups for which a cladogram was available
Sponge Predators May Determine Differences in Sponge Fauna Between Two Sets of Mangrove Cays, Belize Barrier Reef

Mangrove roots in the well-protected channels and ponds among dense mangrove stands provide very similar habitats for sponges in the Twin Cays and Pelican Cays and harbor extraordinarily dense and diverse sponge communities in both locations. The species of sponges are very different, however, possibly because of an important difference in context: the Twin Cays mangrove roots are embedded in peat banks, whereas the Pelican Cays mangrove roots are embedded in coral reefs, which may provide habitat for sponge-feeding fishes. Current and previous observations of feeding preferences and habitat requirements of potential sponge predators suggest that sponge predators play a key role in determining substantial differences in the sponge faunas, both in species composition and in species diversity, of Twin Cays and Pelican Cays.
Colonization, succession and growth rates of tropical crustose coralline algae (Rhodophyta, Cryptonemiales)*

Abstract The colonization, taxonomic succession and marginal growth and accretion rates of crustose corallines on artificial substrates in algal ridge and reef environments on St Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands were examined . Very thin Leptoporolithon and Tenarea species are the initial colonizers of glass and plastic plates placed in these environments. In strong light conditions, the colonizers are followed by Neogoniolithon and Porolithon species. In areas of high wave energy, where the activities of grazing organisms are greatly reduced, the climax species Lithophyllum congestum and Porolithon pachydermum are capable of building intertidal algal ridges. The dominant coralline crusts showed marginal crustal extension rates of 0.9–2.3 mm/month and accretion rates of about 1–5.2 mm/year. Mean rates are about an order of magnitude greater than those previously measured in subarctic waters. The accretion rates are highly dependent upon the grazing activities of animals, especially parrot fish. Maximum rates in.