Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Community Metabolism in a Temperate Cold Spring

INTRODUCTION The study of conrllurunitv metabolism is one means of making a functional analysis of an ecosystem. Essentially it consistss of the study of energy transformation by the orvanisnIs of aan ecosvstem. It l)lovides a ineasure of the total activity of a comniullity just as a study o t individual inetaholism dloes for ari ill(liVidual organirsll. Tlie p)resemrt studyN, of thle relatively simptles esystem of a cold spriirg wvas undertaken to provide a In:ore exact mea,. *irernent of community nietabolisni thanlia batd beeu available. It should be emrplhasize(d, h(owever, that ill tile l)resent state of our knowledge of communitv metabolism considerably imore assulml)ptions have to be miade in or(der to p)lesenlt a complete picture thanr would be tire calse in many other fields. Studi(s1, of comrullitv tinetabholisllr have beeni gen(rtl'xly imlade either ill terurs of energy ()om of bioImaISS either as liomass itoselt O iii termis of a portion of th(e biomiaIss sUcIh as l)roteill or fat). The author follows the lead of Miacfadyenr (1948) iII believinIg eergv'' 111its to be I)1etelre(l ill studies of commullity Inetabolisill. I1iom11rass 1111its are less suitabl because there is recirculationi of nimitter iti the ecosystenll and ecIaus thle rates oft tirlve alre so different for (lifferert sizes awr(l species of orgoanismns. Miacfadven (1948) has e Shoxn that onfuslion ofteni results from tire fact that nulr1 try authors fc-ail to see tire (listinletionl betweer thre cycle of nra tter ill a Comuirunity and the flow of ener-gy through a 'I comnmunity. For exampl)le, Gerkinog (19.54) states that the variability iII quantity\ of fat in orgainirsIs Irakes calories air unsuitable unit tor p)Iodlluction studies.
?-Homotopy and ?-Homotopy Type Spaces

In this paper, we introduce the term of α-homotopy of α-continuous maps,α-homotopy equivalence classes and their consequences, same α -homotopy type, α -contractible spaces, and few properties. Also we present induced map and their properties, and consequences respect to some notions.
Implosion-Induced Collapse Effect of Initial Penetration Damage on Concrete Structures with Finite Thickness

Attacks using penetration-explosion warheads can cause the backside of concrete targets to collapse. Current research on collapse damage mainly focuses on the damage caused by external explosions and the damage of targets with prefabricated holes under internal blasts. However, the penetration effect also affects the destructive effect of the explosion-induced collapse, so experiments on prefabricated borehole charges cannot fully reflect real implosions. To study the effect of the initial penetration damage of imploding concrete structures with finite thickness on their collapse, in this study, field experiments are carried out on concrete targets with different initial penetration damage. The collapse damage of the targets is analyzed, and the dimensional analysis method is used to fit the experimental data and obtain the rules and prediction methods of the effect of the initial penetration damage on the relative collapse thickness. The collapse depth of the concrete targets is found to decrease with the increase in the impact energy factor; this increase is found to reduce gradually until stabilization. The conclusion has been verified and analyzed in depth through numerical simulations. The results of this study can provide a basis for subsequent simulations of the actual penetration and explosion effects and a reference for the optimal protection design of concrete structures and the optimal damage design of penetration-explosion warheads.
Response to review of revised manuscript “Significant decline of mesospheric water vapor at the NDACC site Bern in the period 2007 to 2018” by anony- mous reviewer #1

The middle atmospheric water vapor radiometer MIAWARA is located close to Bern in Zimmerwald (46.88° N, 7.46° E, 907m) and is part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). Initially built in the year 2002, a major upgrade of the instruments spectrometer allowed to continuously measure middle atmospheric water vapor since April 2007. Thenceforward to May 2018, a time series of more than 11 years has been gathered, that makes a first trend estimate possible. For the trend estimation, a robust multi-linear parametric trend model has been used. The trend 5 model encompasses a linear term, a solar activity tracker, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index, the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) as well as the annual and semi-annual oscillation. In the time period April 2007 to May 2018 we find a significant decline in water vapor by −0.6±0.2ppmdecade−1 between 61 and 72km. Below the stratopause level (∼ 48km) a smaller reduction of H2O of up to −0.3± 0.1ppmdecade−1 is detected.
The Cholinesterase Variants

In acute pancreatitis an increased concentration of amylase and lipase in serum or urine is of great diagnostic value. After an interval, proof that a previous attack of abdominal pain may have been due to acute pancreatitis is not easy to obtain since, in the absence of complications such as pseudocyst or abscess, restoration of structure and function is as a rule complete. The feature which distinguishes chronic pancreatitis from acute pancreatitis is irreversible damage of the pancreas which is accompanied by evidence ofpermanent pancreatic dysfunction. As the disease progresses destruction of the pancreas reaches a stage when glycosuria and hyperglycemia persist, the stools are fatty and contain excess nitrogen. When pancreatic calculi are present the incidence of these complications is high.
Improvement in Image Alignment using Hybrid Warping Technique for Image Stitching

This research work is mainly focused to stitch two images of different view-scene which are captured at fixed view point having small overlap between them. To achieve accurate alignment while stitching the images, images must be properly registered and failure in it causes structural misalignments, ghosting effect and parallax error. To overcome above problem, Hybrid Warping technique is proposed which uses combination of local and global warping while registering pair of images. The two-dimension position dependent homography warp is used especially in overlapping region to achieve better image alignment. Similarly, mesh based projective warp viz. smoothened homography transform and similarity transform employed in non-overlapping source and target image respectively. The proposed warp is compared with well-known existing methods quantitatively and qualitatively. The experimental results showed that improvement in image alignment is achieved far better using Hybrid warping in all standard datasets.
Pathogenicity and pathology of Eimeria stiedai

In order to study the pathogenicity and pathology of Eimeria stiedai,25 young rabbits were infected artificially by purified sporulated oocysts of Eimeria stiedai(E.stiedai). These rabbits were divided into 5 groups,one control group and four experimental groups.The sporulated oocysts were inoculated orally to four experiment groups with the dose of 2.0×103,1.0×104,5.0×104 and 2.5×105,respectively.The results showed that there were significantly differences in mean pathogenic scores,liver index,transaminase and pathologic histology between control and experimental groups(P0.05 or P0.01),indicating that E.stiedai may have a strong pathogenic effect in severe liver coccidiosos in young rabbits.
Optimizing
braking energy flow through charging status surface expansion

Energy savings in electric railway transportation is essential due to the ever-rising energy cost and endeavour to reduce climate change impact. A valuable method to increase energy efficiency is to recuperate and consenquently utilize the regenerative braking energy of electric railway vehicles. The system that stores and reuses the braking energy is called a regenerative braking system, consisting of an energy storage system (ESS), a birdirectional power converter, and a control system, which includes an algorithm controlling the braking energy flow. A properly designed algorithm increases energy efficiency, lessens the stress on the power grid, increases the lifetime of the energy storage system, and enables a catenary-free operation of the electric railway vehicle. The algorithm is defined by combining two algorithms with opposite features – maximum energy savings and minimal number of cycles. The algorithm is then synthesized from those two criteria using an optimization process and then simulated while its effect on energy savings and grid stability is analyzed. Energy savings and a more stable grid are achieved with the use of the algorithm, which corroborates the inclusion of a regenerative braking system in electric railway vehicles.
Survival Analysis of Tuberculosis Death Under Directly Observed Treatment: A Case of Adama Hospital, Ethiopia

International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 27 Tuberculosis is a major public health problem among developing world due to delay in detection and treatment of patients with active TB. It was proposed as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia and in Adama as well. This study assessed the risk factors associated with time to death among TB patients treated under directly observed treatment program in Adama hospital, Ethiopia. Data were taken from patients’ medical record card that enrolled during September 2013 to December 2018. To estimate, compare and model the survival time as well as examine the association between the survival time with different demographic and risk factors. The Kaplan Meier estimation method, stratified Cox regression model and the weibull Accelerated failure time regression model were applied. The analysis is done with the help of STATA, R statistical package and SPSS software’s. The result from Kaplan-Meier estimation revealed that the survival time of patients is significantly related with sex categories, weight category, TB patient category and smoker category. The Log rank result also indicated that the survival probability of Tuberculosis patients was statistically different in experiencing the death event among groups classified by sex, age, initial weight, type of TB, patient category, smoking, smear result and HIV status. A Stratified Cox regression model result show that a significant covariates contributed to shorter survival time of a TB patient. The best-fitted weibull Accelerated failure time model is selected by using the Akaike information criterion (AIC)). The AIC confirms that the Weibull AFT model is found to be the best fit of the survival of tuberculosis patients under the DOTS at Adama hospital, Ethiopia. The results of Weibull AFT model showed that sex, age categories, HIV status, patient category, Type of TB, smoking and smear result significantly contributed shorter survival time.The findings of this study showed that age categories, sex, type of TB, patient category, initial weight, smear result, HIV status and smoking were major factors related to survival time of TB patient. Survival probability of patients having older age, smoker TB patient, HIV positive TB patient and less initial weight were less survival probability of patients during treatment period. Full Length Research Paper
FUNCTIONAL SUBSTITUTIONS OF THE INTEGRATION HOST FACTOR SITE AT d"QDEPENDENT PROMOTER Pu OF THE UPPER-TOL OPERON BY INTRINSICALLY CURVED SEQUENCES*

The role of integration host factor (IHF) in the regulation of the P-dependent promoter Pu of the TOL plasmid of Pseudomonasputida has been examined. We have selected in vivo insertions of intrinsically curved DNA that restore the responsiveness of an IHF-binding site deletion variant of Pu to the cognate activator of the system, XylR. We found five Pu derivatives which had inserted a core sequence with 6 phased [AI, tracts, flanked by different lengths of DNA at the location of the former IHF site. They displayed 40-100% of the activity of Pu, were independent of IHF, and maintained the overall geometry of the wild-type promoter. The induction patterns of Pu, compared to those of hybrid promoters, were virtually indistinguishable. This supports the notion that, in native conditions, IHF co-regulates the system by providing a structural aid for promoter architecture and not by interacting directly with the RNA polymerase, as it has been suggested with other known IHF-dependent promoters.
A computational tool for microstrip planar filter design

Filters are very important part of any communication system. Naturally, RF and microwave systems belong to these systems. Microwave filters are needed in a wide range of applications including satellite communications and wireless communications as well as military applications. Planar filters among the other types of Microwave filters have the advantages of small size and portability. Moreover, planar filters are very appropriate for very high frequencies. With the rapid development of the technology in all aspects of our lives and to meet the aggressive project schedule deadlines and quality requirements which are needed by the engineers in the industrial field of planar filters design, the concept of developing software programs to develop planar filters emerges. Another important point, the fact that for both researchers and students it is not that easy to get a well understanding of the microwave concepts as well as its devices from textbooks alone. Through this thesis, an explanation of a tool known as (FILSoft) will be provided. The tool is developed based on Matlab-GUIs. Furthermore, the tool designs Microstrip line filters with experienced engineers’ design quality in a shorter time than by traditional design procedures. FILSoft is a user friendly design tool, the design procedures through this tool start from lumped elements filter up to Microstrip filter. The user just needs to insert the required filter specifications and the design’s material description then all the required results will be displayed including lumped element filter along with Microstrip filter structure and the filter frequency response. The tool is able to design both Butterworth and Chebyshev analytical functions along with the four types of filters; Low Pass Filter (LPF), High Pass Filter (HPF), Band Pass Filter (BPF), and Band Stop Filter (BSF) using two types of Microstrip structure, the first structure is the Stepped Impedance, while the second one is the Parallel Coupled Line. Finally, a LPF is designed by our tool (FILSoft) and then it is simulated by CST studio package and finally is implemented by fabrication, then a comparison is made to investigate the performance and to prove the concept of our tool.
An Investigation of Oil Curse in OECD and Non-OECD Oil Exporting Economies Using Green Measures of Income

Empirical studies investigating the natural resource curse theory mostly employ cross-country and panel regression techniques subject to endogeneity bias. Also, most of these studies employ GDP in its aggregate or per-capita terms as the outcome variable in their analyses. However, the use of GDP measures of income for resource curse investigations does not portray the true incomes of resource intensive economies. Standard national accounts treat natural resource rents as a positive contribution to income without making a corresponding adjustment for the value of depleted natural resource stock. This treatment, inconsistent with green national accounting, leads to a positive bias in the national income computations of resource rich economies. This paper deviates from most empirical studies in the literature by using the Arellano-Bond difference GMM method in investigating the oil curse in OECD and Non-OECD oil exporting economies. We test the robustness of the curse in the predominantly used measures of national income, GDP, by investigating the theme in genuine income measures of economic output as well. We employ two alternative measures of resource intensity in our explorations: the share of oil rents in GDP and per-capita oil reserves. Our results provide evidence of the curse in Non-OECD countries employing aggregate and per-capita measures of genuine income. On the other hand, we find oil abundance to be a blessing rather than a curse to the OECD countries in our sample. JEL Classification: Q32, Q56.
Place based transformative learning: a framework to explore consciousness in sustainability initiatives

Based on a critical literature review, the article argues that transformative learning (TL) that fosters a shift in consciousness towards a more ecological approach is an inherently place-based phenomenon. In this article we build a place-based approach to TL based on a literature review. Our theoretical framework is grounded in three key themes which emerge from the literature: (re-) connection, (self-)compassion and creativity. (Re-)connection involves all processes that evoke an experience of the interconnected nature of all life. (Self-)compassion, acting to alleviate suffering or doing the least harm, naturally follows a sense of interconnection. Creativity is the materialisation of a sense of interconnection and compassion or the means through which these can be experienced. This theoretical framework can be used empirically to research the extent to which people involved in place-based sustainability initiatives develop an ecological consciousness. Empirical research can then be used to further develop and anchor this framework, and seek the kind of practices that can evoke experiences of connection, cultivate the human ability for compassion and give space for creative living.
Environmental Justice in The Netherlands: Presence and Quality of Greenspace Differ by Socioeconomic Status of Neighbourhoods

Making our cities more sustainable includes the need to make the transition a just one. This paper focuses on distributive justice with regard to greenspace in cities. Urbanisation and densification will likely result in less greenspace in urban residential areas, especially in deprived neighbourhoods. This is a threat to the aim of healthy and liveable cities, as greenspace has positive effects on human health and well-being. In this study, we show that in The Netherlands, neighbourhoods with a low socioeconomic status already tend to have a lower presence and quality of greenspace than those with a high socioeconomic status. This outcome is independent of the greenness metric that was used. However, depending on the precise greenness metric, socioeconomic differences in greenness between neighbourhoods are smaller in highly urban municipalities than in less urban municipalities, rather than larger. The paper discusses the implications of these outcomes for policy and planning regarding urban greenspace.
Real T1 relaxation time measurement and diurnal variation analysis of intervertebral discs in a healthy population of 50 volunteers

Le but de ce travail de recherche est d'évaluer le temps de relaxation T1 des disques intervertébraux au sein d'une population jeune et en bonne santé, en utilisant différents temps d'inversion-récupération, et d'y analyser la variation diurne. Deux examens par résonance magnétique de la colonne lombaire ont été réalisés le même jour matin et soir chez chacun des 50 volontaires. Les temps de relaxation T1 ont été calculés au sein des noyaux pulpeux ainsi que des anneaux fibreux. Nous avons constaté une variation diurne significative au sein des noyaux pulpeux avec une valeur moyenne de 1142 ± 12 ms le matin et de 1085 ± 13 ms le soir. Une différence significative entre les différents niveaux a également été mise en évidence, corrélant d'autres études anatomiques. La cartographie T1 des disques intervertébraux est une technique très sensible d'évaluation du contenu en eau du disque intervertébral et présente un grand potentiel dans l'analyse longitudinale des disques
Assembling Ecological Communities in Time and Space

Ecological communities do not spring into existence overnight, but develop during the process we call assembly. As in other complex systems, random assemblies may generate surprising patterns. In previous models, sequential invasion and extinction moved successive species mixes toward a persistent one. Other species present in the pool could not invade this persistent mix. Chance events early in the assembly produced persistent mixes of different compositions. Most model species survived somewhere by belonging to one or more of these different persistent mixes. We show that with more rapid invasion, communities move through complex cycles of composition, where each species gets its turn. These complementary views offer insights into the diversity of natural communities. Importantly, they have practical implications for those attempting to restore diversity to damaged ecosystems.
Can Mineral Oil Slicks Be Distinguished From Newly Formed Sea Ice Using Synthetic Aperture Radar?

In this feasibility study discriminating oil slicks and newly formed sea ice using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery is investigated, using imagery from the L-band high-resolution uninhabited aerial vehicle synthetic aperture radar (UAVSAR) airborne and the satellite C-band RADARSAT-2 (RS-2) systems. To determine the separability of these two varying but similar appearing low backscatter ocean surfaces, multipolarization features are utilized from both SAR datasets. The discrimination is evaluated using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov separability test. All imagery was obtained during several sea ice campaigns in the Arctic Ocean and separate oil spill campaigns in Norway and the Gulf of Mexico, with each campaign collecting in situ observations. We observe that the polarization difference (VV-HH) reliably separates the mineral oil slicks and newly formed sea ice areas using UAVSAR images, due to the low noise floor and subsequent high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) radiometric performance of the airborne system. The comparably higher noise floor and related lower SNR hampers the separability in the RS-2 images. Simulated noise floors were generated by adding white Gaussian noise to the UAVSAR data, which show that discrimination between the two low backscatter phenomena using multipolarization features is possible, provided that both datasets are still well above the noise floor. The pixel resolution has a limited effect on the separability. The results of this study provide an approach to distinguish oil slicks from newly formed sea ice, which might be of special interest should an oil spill occur within the marginal ice zone.
The choice of spectral element basis functions in domains with an axis of symmetry

New spectral element basis functions are constructed for problems possessing an axis of symmetry. In problems defined in domains with an axis of symmetry there is a potential problem of degeneracy of the system of discrete equations corresponding to nodes located on the axis of symmetry. The standard spectral element basis functions are modified so that the axial conditions are satisfied identically. The modified basis is employed only in spectral elements that are adjacent to the axis of symmetry. This modification of the spectral element method ensures that the nodes are the same in each element, which is not the case in other methods that have been proposed to tackle the problem along the axis of symmetry, and that there are no nodes along the axis of symmetry. The problems of Stokes flow past a confined cylinder and sphere are considered and the performance of the original and modified basis functions are compared. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.