Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Raman spectrum of anatase, TiO2

Raman spectra of anatase have been observed in natural and synthetic crystals. Both crystals show the same spectral features. The Raman band occurring at 516 cm−1 at room temperature is split into two peaks centred at 519 cm−1 and 513 cm−1 at low temperature (73 K). The six Raman active fundamentals predicted by group theory are all observed and assigned. The spectra are analyzed by a simple model considering only short-range forces and the calculated vibrational frequencies are in good agreement with the observed Raman frequencies.
Formation of polypropylene/stearic acid fibers

Polypropylene/stearic acid fibers were produced in laboratory conditions from hot homogenous blends. After formation, as-spun fibers were treated in potassium hydroxide and rinsed in water. Supermolecular structure and morphology of fibers were investigated by wide-angle X-ray scattering, FTIR, and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) methods. It was stated that by fibers' formation, thermally induced phase separation takes place. Polypropylene starts to crystallize, while liquid stearic acid is expelled out and forms drops wrapped in polymer matrix. As a result of the crystallization inside fibers the structure with high content of mesophase is formed. During crystallization, interactions between stearic acid and polypropylene are observed. As a result of alkali treatment and rinsing, drops of stearic acid are partially removed. After removal of the stearic acid from the fibers, the porous structure is formed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Role of Different Range of Particle Size on Wear Characteristics of Al–Rutile Composites

The present article describes in detail the wear behavior of rutile-reinforced LM13 alloy composite at elevated temperatures. Rutile particles in different amounts were reinforced into LM13 alloy by the stir casting route. The microhardness measured at different areas indicates good interfacial bonding. Wear tests were conducted for composites containing rutile particles in 10 wt. % and 15 wt. % with variation in particle size (50–75 µm and 106–125 µm). The presence of ceramic particle in the matrix improves the hardness, wear resistance, thermal stability, and durability of the materials. The wear of composite at 200°C presented entirely different wear behavior mode than that at 250°C. The wear rate of fine size reinforced composite was substantially lower than that of coarse size reinforced composite with higher load at 200°C. A transition from mild-to-severe wear in composite was observed with higher load above 150°C. The morphology of wear track and debris indicates that nucleation of cracks around the void on the interface of the particles is the main cause of surface damage.
Animal personality as a driver of sexual selection

Consistent individual behaviour – or animal personality – can have an enormous impact on an individual’s fitness. Influences of animal personality on an individual’s ability to show the best behaviour in various environments, can result in an increase of survival and reproductive success. With animal behaviour so closely correlated to fitness, there is a growing interest in how this can cause advances for the so needed animal conservation resulting in more research on animal behaviour. However, there is still very little known about a possible correlation between sexual selection and the maintenance of various personality traits and its stability within individuals. In this thesis I provide an overview of existing literature on different female preferences for male personalities and how sexual selection plays an important role in maintaining personality traits. In addition this thesis presents some new insights for future research based on existing knowledge gaps in the available
Analytical Review of Land Use Changes by Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in District Gujrat, Pakistan

Assessment of changes in land use and land cover through remote sensing and GIS is very important and keyanalysis. Urbanization has been continued by the rapid growth in the world economy so; it is the key study withregards to agriculture and urbanization. The aim of this study is to determine the loss of agriculture land and effects ofincreasing urbanization on surface temperature. For urban temperature impact analysis, distinctive time series ofLandsat images have been chosen. Temporal analysis for different time series shows the decrease in agriculture landand increase in built up area. Urbanization increased the temperature up to 20C. Positive correlation is found betweenbuilt-up area and temperature and negative correlation is found between green spaces and temperature. Unplannedurban sprawl and lack of proper irrigation system according to population are major problems in study area. Recentstudy will be helpful for decision makers to develop the sustainable environment policy in future.
Composting of Source-Separated Household Organics At Different Oxygen Levels: Gaining an Understanding of the Emission Dynamics

Source-separated household organics were composted in a reactor at three oxygen levels, 16%, 2.5% and 1% in the compost gas. Short-chained fatty acids were initially present in the compost material, and were also produced during the mesophilic phase at all three oxygen levels. This indicated that partial anaerobic conditions existed. No NH3 emissions occurred during the mesophilic phase due to acidic conditions. Composting at 2.5% and 1% O2 concentrations prolonged the mesophilic phase and reduced the microbial activity as compared to 16% O2. This led to delayed and decreased emissions of NH3. Nitrous oxide was not formed during thermophilic conditions. Methane, which was measured at 2.5% and 1% O2, was only found during thermophilic conditions. The emission of methane indicates that anaerobic conditions occurred during the thermophilic phase. The main reactions regulating pH during composting were outlined involving the ion species VFA, NH4+/NH3 and CO2/HCO3−/CO32−.
Influence of Solvent Mixing on the Morphology and Performance of Solar Cells Based on Polyfluorene Copolymer/Fullerene Blends

The influence of the solvent on the morphology and performance of polymer solar cells is investigated in devices based on blends of the polyfluorene copolymer, poly(2,7‐(9,9‐dioctyl‐fluorene)‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐2′,1′,3′‐benzothiadiazole)), and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester. The blends are spin‐coated from chloroform or from chloroform mixed with small amounts of xylene, toluene, or chlorobenzene. The devices are characterized under monochromatic light and solar illumination AM1.5 (AM: air mass). An enhancement of the photocurrent density is observed in diodes made from chloroform mixed with chlorobenzene, and reduced photocurrent density is observed in diodes made from chloroform mixed with xylene or toluene, compared to diodes made from neat chloroform. The open‐circuit voltages are almost the same in all diodes. The surfaces of the active layers are imaged using atomic force microscopy. Height images indicate that a finer and more uniform distribution of domains corresponds to the diodes with enhanced photocurrent that are made from chloroform mixed with chlorobenzene, while a structure with larger domains is associated with the lower photocurrents in the diodes made from chloroform mixed with xylene or toluene. The influence of the morphology on the excited‐state dynamics and charge generation is investigated using time‐resolved spectroscopy. Fast formation of bound charge pairs followed by their conversion into free charge carriers is resolved, and excitation‐intensity‐dependent non‐geminate recombination of free charges is observed. A significant enhancement in free‐charge‐carrier generation is observed on introducing chlorobenzene into chloroform. Imaging photocurrent generation from the solar cells with a light‐pulse technique shows an inhomogeneous photocurrent distribution, which is related to the undulations in the thickness of the active layer. Thicker parts of the diodes yield higher photocurrent values.
Evolution of metal plating for silicon solar cell metallisation

Increasing silver prices and reducing silicon wafer thicknesses provide incentives for silicon solar cell manufacturing to develop new metallisation strategies that do not rely on screen printing and preferably reduce silver usage. Recently, metal plating has re‐emerged as a metallisation process that may address these future requirements. This paper reports on the evolution of metal plating techniques, from their use in early silicon solar cells, to current light‐induced plating processes. Unlike screen‐printed metallisation, metal plating typically requires an initial patterning step to create openings in a masking layer for the subsequent self‐aligned metallisation. Consequently, relevant recently‐developed dielectric patterning methods are also reviewed because, in many cases, the plating process must be adapted to the properties of the patterning method used. The potential of new light‐induced plating processes to form cost‐effective copper metallisation is supported by the recent activity in the development of metal plating tools for commercial silicon solar cell manufacture. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of edge threading dislocations on the electronic structure of InN

The open issue of the n-type conductivity and its correlation to threading dislocations (TDs) in InN is addressed through first principles calculations on the electronic properties of a-edge TDs. All possible dislocation core models are considered (4-, 5/7-, and 8-atom cores) and are found to modify the band structure of InN in a distinct manner. In particular, nitrogen and indium low coordinated atoms in the eight-atom core induce states near the valence band maximum and above the conduction band minimum, respectively. The formation of a nitrogen–nitrogen “wrong” bond is observed at the 5/7-atom core resulting in a state inside the band gap. The 4- and 5/7-atom cores induce occupied states resonant in the conduction band due to In–In strain induced interactions and wrong bonds, respectively. These occupied states designate TDs as a source of higher electron concentrations in InN and provide direct evidence that TDs contribute to its inherent n-type conductivity.
Conformational analysis of flexible ligands in macromolecular receptor sites

A computational method for exploring the orientational and conformational space of a flexible ligand within a macromolecular receptor site is presented. The approach uses a variant of the DOCK algorithm [Kuntz et al., J. Mol. Biol., 161, 288 (1982)] to determine orientations of a fragment of the ligand within the site. These positions then form the basis for exploring the conformational space of the rest of the ligand, using a systematic search algorithm. The search incorporates a method by which the ligand conformation can be modified in response to interactions with the receptor. The approach is applied to two test cases, in both of which the crystallographically determined structures are obtained. However, alternative models can also be obtained that differ significantly from those observed experimentally. The ability of a variety of measures of the intermolecular interaction to discriminate among these structures is discussed.
Remediation of Technetium in Vadose Zone Sediments Using Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Gases

Technetium‐99 is a mobile, long‐lived radionuclide and environmental risk driver at some nuclear waste sites. The feasibility of decreasing 99Tc mobility in vadose zone sediments using H2S and NH3 gases was evaluated in laboratory experiments. In untreated sediments, 75 to 95% of the 99Tc was leachable. Using combinations of H2S and NH3 gases, the 99Tc mobility was reduced to 14 to 48%. Individual H2S or NH3 gas treatment of sediments had little lasting effect. For the combined gas treatment, the H2S gas created reducing conditions at the pore water–mineral interface, which temporarily reduced and precipitated 99Tc, while the NH3 gas created alkaline pore water that caused mineral dissolution. As the pH neutralized, subsequent aluminosilicate precipitation probably coated 99Tc precipitates and rendered them less mobile. Surface phase analysis showed that 99Tc was associated with weathered basalt clasts and S, possibly from the precipitation of TcSx. Treatment performance was nearly the same at different 99Tc concentrations (1.3–240.5 Bq g−1), water contents (1–8%), and gas injection rates but was sensitive to gas concentrations. Low gas concentrations (<3%) had insufficient reductant or slower mineral dissolution. High gas concentrations (>30%) formed an NH4SH precipitate. The 14 to 48% mobile 99Tc remaining after gas treatment may have been caused by the limited time for aluminosilicates to precipitate in our experiments. Degradation of added NH3 was not observed during the 3‐mo experiment. Overall, this study showed that combined H2S and NH3 gas treatment of low‐water‐content sediments can be applied to significantly decrease 99Tc mobility.
Zur Interaktion des Menschen mit einem nachgiebigen Untergrund bei periodischer und einmaliger Bewegungsform - energetische Aspekte und Verletzungsrisiko

Ziel der Arbeit ist eine systematische Untersuchung verschiedener Mensch- und Bodenparameter auf Verletzungsrisiko und energetische Aspekte fur eine periodische Bewegungsabfolge und eine einmalige Bewegungsform. Es werden verschiedene Mensch- und Bodenmodelle eingefuhrt. Die Analyse zeigt, welche Parameterbereiche (Steifigkeit, Dampfung) sich positiv auf die Bewertungskriterien auswirken. Eine mogliche Ursache fur die konstante Schwerpunktstrajektorie des Menschen wird identifiziert.
First-principles studies of the TE properties of [110]-Ge/Si core/shell nanowires with different surface structures

Based on first-principle electronic structure calculations and Boltzmann transport theory, we investigate the composition-dependent thermoelectric properties of germanium/silicon core/shell [110]-oriented nanowires, as well as the surface passivation effects. The results demonstrate that the ZT values depend on the surface structure and the Ge/Si ratio. Significantly, for n-type [110]-Ge/Si core/shell NWs (about 2.6 nm in diameter) ZT = 0.65 at 300 K can be obtained, that is 65 times that of bulk Si, and 1.8 times that of SiNW without the core/shell structure at the same temperature.
Deep level transient spectroscopy on single, isolated interface traps in field‐effect transistors

Electron emission from single, isolated traps is observed in stepped current transients of micrometer‐size metal oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistors. Deep level transient spectroscopy evaluation is performed by counting traps to estimate the average state density Dit ≊6 ×1010 eV−1 cm−2 close to the conduction‐band edge (Ec−Eit =20–250 meV). The capture coefficient (prefactor for activated emission) is determined to Bn =10−21 cm3 s−1 for these slow traps.
Performance evaluation of the anaerobic fluidised bed system: I. Substrate utilisation and gas production

COD removal efficiencies in the range 75 to 98% were achieved in an anaerobic fluidised bed system designed for the recovery of methane from liquid wastes, when evaluated at COD loadings of between 5.8 to 108 kg m−3 day−1, hydraulic retention times of between 4.45 to 8 h, and feed COD concentrations of beween 480 to 9 000 mg dm−3. More than 90% of feed COD could be removed up to COD loadings of about 40 kg m−3 day−1. Up to around 300 dm2 of methane were produced per kg COD removed and this methane production rate was independent of the COD loadings applied in this investigation. Volatile acid concentration in the reactor increased sharply at a COD loading of about 40 kg m−3 day−1 and therefore, sufficient alkalinity should be provided to prevent pH from dropping to the undesirable level. The anaerobic fluidised bed system can be operated at a significantly higher liquid throughputs while maintaining its excellent efficiency.
Variational data assimilation for atmospheric CO2

The sources and sinks of important climatic trace gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) are often deduced from spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric concentrations. Reducing uncertainties in our understanding of the contemporary carbon budget and its underlying dynamics, however, requires significantly denser observations globally than is practical with in situ measurements. Space-based measurements appear technically feasible but require innovations in data analysis approaches.We develop a variational data assimilation scheme to estimate surface CO2 fluxes at fine time/space scales from such dense atmospheric data. Global flux estimates at a daily time step and model-grid spatial resolution (4◦ × 5◦ here) are rapidly achieved after only a few dozen minimization steps.We quantify the flux errors from existing, planned and hypothetical surface and space-borne observing systems. Simulations show that the planned NASA Orbital Carbon Observatory (OCO) satellite should provide significant additional information beyond that from existing and proposed in situ observations. Improvements in data assimilation techniques and in mechanistic process models are both needed to fully exploit the emerging global carbon observing system.
Hierarchical structure and mechanical properties of nacre: a review

Nacre (known as mother of pearl) is the iridescent inner shell layer of some mollusks. Nacre is composed of 95 wt% aragonite (a crystallographic form of CaCO3) and 5 wt% organic materials (proteins and polysaccharides). It is well known that it exhibits high fracture toughness, much greater than that of monolithic aragonite, because of its ingenious structure. It also exhibits energy absorption properties. It has a complex hierarchical microarchitecture that spans multiple length scales from the nanoscale to the macroscale. It includes columnar architectures and sheet tiles, mineral bridges, polygonal nanograins, nanoasperities, plastic microbuckling, crack deflection, and interlocking bricks, which exhibit a remarkable combination of stiffness, low weight and strength. Nacre's special self-assembly characteristics have attracted interest from materials scientists for the development of laminated composite materials, molecular scale self-assembly and biomineralization. This paper reviews the characteristics of hierarchical structure and the mechanical properties of nacre that provide the desired properties, and the latest developments and biomimetic applications.
The effect of substrate growth area on misfit and threading dislocation densities in mismatched heterostructures

We show that mismatched epitaxial growth on small growth areas results in metastable, low dislocation density films. By considering methods of dislocation nucleation in mismatched epitaxial films, we can explain the effect of growth area on the kinetics of misfit dislocation nucleation. We demonstrate this reduction of misfit dislocation density by growth on small areas using the InGaAs/GaAs system, and we also demonstrate a reduction in threading dislocation densities in the GeSi/Si system. InGaAs/GaAs interfaces which have a misfit dislocation density greater than 5000 dislocations/cm for large growth areas are grown nearly misfit‐dislocation‐free on small growth areas. GeSi/Si structures which have a threading dislocation density of approximately 1000 dislocations/cm2 are grown with a 100% threading dislocation density reduction for small growth areas. We discuss the limits of growth on small areas to reduce both interface dislocation densities as well as threading dislocation densities.
Contextual and Individual Variables Related to Maternal Positive Parenting Style

According to developmental psychopathology theory, psychological development takes different trajectories that can result in adaptation or psychopathology. We hypothesize that some positive contextual and individual variables are functional to psychological adaptation and participate in adaptive niches, which constitute the context where we regularly found the positive competences, as is exemplified by maternal positive parenting style. The aim of the study was to prove in a path model, the functional interdependence of individual and contextual variables in maternal positive parenting style. The sample was formed by 254 mothers, selected from low and high level of academic achievement schools, where their sons or daughters were studying. The variables measured in DOI: https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-2.vcir José Concepción Gaxiola Romero, Eunice Gaxiola Villa, Martha Frías Armenta. | Universitas Psychologica | V. 16 | No. 2 | Abril-Junio | 2017 | the model were neighborhood’s social cohesion, family’s social support, perceived health, self-regulation, selfesteem, and psychological well-being. The results support the hypothesis and show the functional interrelationships of the variables in the model proved, and also the presence of an adaptive niche in maternal positive parenting style, which could be used as an example for future studies.
Effects of corn hybrid and growth environment on corn curl and pet food extrudates

ABSTRACT The effects of corn growth environment and hybrid on properties of corn curl and pet food extrudates were studied. Extrusion runs were conducted using a twin-screw extruder. Both corn curl and pet food extrudates were affected significantly by the corn growth environment (location) and corn hybrid. Corn hybrids grown at Creston, IA, produced extrudates with significantly higher expansion (indicated by lower bulk density and higher volumetric expansion index) followed by corn hybrids grown at Johnston, IA, and Nevada, IA, showing that growth environment affects extrusion properties. Hybrid 3348 produced extrudates with significantly higher expansion than that of extrudates from Pioneer Hi-Bred 3394. A decrease in protein, and the subsequent increase in starch, appears to be related to the increase in extrudate expansion. This suggests that the amount of starch in the sample may be responsible for the effects of environment and hybrids on expansion. Significant (P < 0.05) correlations existed betwe.
The effects of particle size on the mechanisms of atomization of suspensions using hydraulic spray nozzles

A study of the effects of particles on the manner in which sheets of aqueous suspensions wetted particles disintegrate during atomization by hydraulic pressure nozzle showed that the sheet stability is reduced by particles in the region where the particle size is greater than the sheet thickness due to localized thinning of the sheet due to curvature variations caused by particles moving apart in this region. At high-volume fraction of solids, the sheets perforate. It is inferred from the mechanism that the critical volume fraction of solids at the onset of perforation decreases with decreasing particle size, decreasing density and surface tension, and increasing viscosity of the medium. A critical perforation number, Ac, is inferred from the above mechanism. Waves are observed on the sheet at positions closer to the nozzle which would be absent on aqueous sheets similarly produced but free of particles. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Micellization of a radial copolymer with four polystyrene‐block‐polybutadiene branches

Similarly to the three-block copolymer poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene), a radial block copolymer with four brances consisting of inner polybutadiene and outer polystyrene blocks forms, in a mixed solvent tetrahydrofuran/ethanol, spherical micelles with a polybutadiene core and polystyrene shell. The equilibrium between these micelles and the molecularly dissolved copolymer was studied as a function of the solvent composition by means of light scattering, sedimentation velocity, and GPC. The sedimentation diagrams were interpreted taking into account the Gilbert theory of mobile equilibrium in systems of associating macromolecules.