Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CTDAS-Lagrange v1.0: a high-resolution data assimilation system for regional carbon dioxide observations

Abstract. We have implemented a regional carbon dioxide data assimilation system based on the CarbonTracker Data Assimilation Shell (CTDAS) and a high-resolution Lagrangian transport model, the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport model driven by the Weather Forecast and Research meteorological fields (WRF-STILT). With this system, named CTDAS-Lagrange, we simultaneously optimize terrestrial biosphere fluxes and four parameters that adjust the lateral boundary conditions (BCs) against CO2 observations from the NOAA ESRL North America tall tower and aircraft programmable flask packages (PFPs) sampling program. Least-squares optimization is performed with a time-stepping ensemble Kalman smoother, over a time window of 10 days and assimilating sequentially a time series of observations. Because the WRF-STILT footprints are pre-computed, it is computationally efficient to run the CTDAS-Lagrange system. To estimate the uncertainties in the optimized fluxes from the system, we performed sensitivity tests with various a priori biosphere fluxes (SiBCASA, SiB3, CT2013B) and BCs (optimized mole fraction fields from CT2013B and CTE2014, and an empirical dataset derived from aircraft observations), as well as with a variety of choices on the ways that fluxes are adjusted (additive or multiplicative), covariance length scales, biosphere flux covariances, BC parameter uncertainties, and model–data mismatches. In pseudo-data experiments, we show that in our implementation the additive flux adjustment method is more flexible in optimizing net ecosystem exchange (NEE) than the multiplicative flux adjustment method, and our sensitivity tests with real observations show that the CTDAS-Lagrange system has the ability to correct for the potential biases in the lateral BCs and to resolve large biases in the prior biosphere fluxes. Using real observations, we have derived a range of estimates for the optimized carbon fluxes from a series of sensitivity tests, which places the North American carbon sink for the year 2010 in a range from −0.92 to −1.26 PgC yr−1. This is comparable to the TM5-based estimates of CarbonTracker (version CT2016, -0.91±1.10 PgC yr−1) and CarbonTracker Europe (version CTE2016, -0.91±0.31 PgC yr−1). We conclude that CTDAS-Lagrange can offer a versatile and computationally attractive alternative to these global systems for regional estimates of carbon fluxes, which can take advantage of high-resolution Lagrangian footprints that are increasingly easy to obtain.
An intelligent design optimization of a permanent magnet synchronous motor by artificial bee colony algorithm

The articial bee colony algorithm is one of the latest stochastic methods based on swarm intelligence. The algorithm simulates the foraging behavior of honeybees. The structure of the algorithm is quite simple and its coding is very easy. This paper proposes a design optimization based on geometrical variables to obtain a highly efficient surface- mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor with concentrated winding by use of the articial bee colony algorithm. Input parameters for the algorithm are the geometrical variables of the motor. This approach is more advantageous than �nite element analysis requiring a long period of time. Results of the articial bee colony algorithm are compared with results of a genetic algorithm and checked with a commercial design program. The results emphasize the effectiveness of the algorithm on the design optimization of the permanent magnet synchronous motor.
Recognition of Eudiscoaster and Heliodiscoaster Using SOM Neural Network

This research is aimed to design an Eudiscoaster and Heliodiscoaster recognition system. There are two main steps to verify the goal. First: applying image processing techniques on the fossils picture for data acquisition. Second: applying neural networks techniques for recognition. The image processing techniques display the steps for getting a very clear image necessary for extracting data from the acquisition of image type (.jpg). This picture contains the fossils. The picture should be enhanced to bring out the pattern. The enhanced picture is segmented into 144 parts, then an average for every part can easily be computed. These values will be used in the neural network for the recognition. For neural network techniques, Self Organization Maps (SOM) neural network was used for clustering. The weights and output values will be stored to be used later in identification. The SOM network succeeded in identificatio n and attained to (False Acceptance Rate = 15% - False Rejection Rate = 15%).
The Call for Increased Surveillance and Public Health Measures to Monitor, Prevent, and Control Mosquito-Borne Disease Outbreaks in the Southern United States

Volume 1 • Issue 6 • 1000e106 Trop Med Surg ISSN: 2329-9088 TPMS, an open access journal Human infection with mosquito-borne diseases typically are caused by viruses belonging to the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Bunyaviridae families [1]. Various forms of encephalitis (e.g., Eastern Equine, Western Equine, Venezuelan Equine, La Crosse, St. Louis, Powassan, Japanese, West Nile), Dengue Fever, and Chikungunyaare attributable to mosquito transmission. Their presence is amplified in the setting of vertebrate hosts such as wild birds and land animals (e.g., horses, chipmunks, tree squirrels), and less frequently humans and domestic animals (the latter lacking sufficient virema). However, humans are the primary host for dengue fever virus.
Psychometric properties of Colquitt’s Organizational Justice Scale in Argentine workers

Organizational justice refers to workers’ perceptions of what is fair and unfair in their workplaces. The aim of the present study was to provide evidence of the factorial validity and psychometric properties of the Argentine version of Colquitt’s Organizational Justice Scale. To achieve this objective, an empirical, quantitative, instrumental study with a cross-sectional design was conducted. Data were obtained from a convenience sample of 406 employees (212 men and 194 women) of different Argentine organizations. Confirmatory factor analysis results supported the four-factor structure of the scale (distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice). The instrument showed good reliability indices (ordinal alpha and composite reliability values greater than .80) and adequate discriminant and convergent validity (average variance extracted indices greater than .60). These psychometric characteristics make the validated scale a useful tool to measure justice perceptions within Argentine organizations.
Do marine reserves export adult fish biomass? Evidence from Apo Island, central Philippines

A frequent expectation of the use of marine reserves in management of coral reef fisheries is maintenance or enhancement of yields to areas adjacent to reserves by adult (post-settlement) movements from reserve to fished areas (the so-called 'spillover effect'). Demonstration of this effect has been rare. This paper reports on some circumstantial evidence derived from underwater visual census monitoring of densities of large predatory coral reef fish [Serranidae (Epinephelinae), Lutjanidae. Lethrinidae and Carangidae as a group] inside and adjacent to a small marine reserve at Apo Island in the central Philippines over a 10 yr period (1983 to 1993) The manne reserve (sanctuary] at Apo Island was established in 1982 and was protected from fishlng for the duration of the study. The non-reserve area was open to flshing by up to 200 municipal f~shers using traditional fishing gear (bamboo traps, hooks and l~nes , gill nets and spears). Significant positive correlations of both mean density and species richness of large predatory fish with duration of reserve protection (from 1 to 11 yr) were observed in both the reserve and non-reserve areas surveyed. The minimum d~s tance from the boundary of the reserve to the non-reserve area surveyed was 200 m During the first 8 yr of reserve protection combined, the density of large predatory flsh at distancc,i 200 to 300. 300 to 400 and 400 to 500 m from the reserve boundary did not differ significantly fro111 an even distribution (chi-squared test, p > 0.05). During the period of 9 to 11 yr of protection combined, there was a significantly higher density of these fish in the area closest to the reserve (i.e. in the 200 to 300 m area, chi-squared test, p < 0.05). This visual census data is consistent with a proposed model of adult fish export from the reserve to the non-reserve areas. Along with interview data collected in 1986 and 1992 that showed that fishers were unanimous that their yields had increased since the reserve was implemented, this study provides evidence for export of adult fish from reserve to fished areas.
Cross-sectional Survey Study of Undergraduate Engineering Identity

Identity is an increasingly popular lens for studying recruitment and retention in engineering. Most of the research conducted on modeling student development of engineering identity and related contributing factors has examined high school students and college freshmen. However, many engineering students drop out in the first two years, as they continue to shape or abandon their engineering identities throughout the course of their college careers. This paper explores engineering identity differences between lowerand upper-division undergraduate engineering students in mechanical and architectural/civil engineering at a large public institution (n=563). In this preliminary analysis, student responses were classified based on the designation of the course in which the surveys were completed: lower-division courses typically include freshmen and sophomores early in their engineering curricula, while upper-division courses typically include juniors and seniors and require lower-division courses as pre-requisites. This designation is established by the institution to distinguish gateway courses from major sequence coursework, since students are admitted directly to their specific engineering majors as first-year students. The new survey instrument borrowed previously validated scales for physics, math, and science identity to measure engineering identity directly. This survey included scales to measure both math and physics identity, multi-item scales thought to construct engineering identity (including direct measures), and background demographic information on the participants. During analysis, t-tests were used to compare differences in survey responses between the upperand lowerdivision students, as well as between the mechanical and architectural/civil engineering students. Exploratory factor analysis identified 22 factors. The t-tests suggest that upper-division students exhibited a higher physics recognition by others while lower-division students exhibited a higher math interest, and global agency related to caring about others. However, the upperand lowerdivision students did not exhibit significantly different responses to the engineering identity questions. Future work should separate data by year to further differentiate identity as students progress in the major. As engineering undergraduate identity research continues, it will be important to understand how engineering identity develops over all four (or more) undergraduate years. Examining the factors that contribute to successful identity development can be used to increase engineering retention rates by developing solutions that provide freshmen and sophomores opportunities to identify themselves as engineers at an earlier stage.
Spider Diversity Patterns on the Island of Moorea

The island of Moorea, Society Islands (French Polynesia) provides a unique opportunity to examine patterns of spider diversity on a small high volcanic island. I collected spiders at a range of elevations (0~900m) and habitats (disturbed coastal, streamside, mid-elevation ridges and high mountains). This allowed me to map distributions and look at differences in spider assemblages. Specimens were identified to family level. I found a total of 30 different morphospecies. A total of 1738 spiders were collected (using sweep netting and active searching) represented by 12 families, 16 determined genera and 12 determined species. My survey revealed that streamside and coastal communities had the greatest overall biodiversity while having the lowest native diversity. Mid-elevation ridges and high mountains had lower overall diversity but higher native biodiversity. Differences in overall diversity may be due to variation in structural differences between these habitats. In the future, more extensive surveys of the spider fauna need to be done to determine whether structural diversity, elevation or vegetation type is most responsible for different distributions of biodiversity. The spider fauna of Moorea is dominated by nonnative species. As anthropomorphic disturbances on the environment increase, more efforts should be directed towards conservation of mid-elevation ridge and high mountain sites which possess more native species.
MicroRNA ( miRNA ) and the immune system

During the last few years, several types of small regulatory RNA-sRNA have been described, which participate in gene silencing. So far, the largest group of sRNA described is microRNA, which are multifunctional molecules that participate in many physiological and pathological processes in mammals. As it turns out, the molecules are also related to the immune system, and their participation was described in both innate and adaptive immunity.
Histopathologic Diagnosis, Cell Cycle Parameters and Clinical Behavior of 90 Egyptian Brain Tumor Cases

This work aims at assessment of factors contributing to cell proliferation in relation to histopathologic diagnosis and clinical outcome of 90 brain tumour cases from Egypt. Cases were taken prospectively from the Neurosurgery Department of Mansoura University Hospitals, Egypt. Their median age was 46 years and their sex included 42 (46.7%) males and 48 (53.3%) females. Of these cases, 14 cases (15.6%) had an age <20 years. Brain biopsy samples were processed for histopathologic examination in addition to flow cytometeryic analysis of DNA ploidy pattern, apoptosis, p53 and Bcl2 expressions. Meningeal tumors were most frequent (37.8%) followed by astrocytic tumors (26.7%), sellar tumors (12.2%) while the neuroblastic tumors were detected in 10% of cases. Females were more affected by meningiomas and pituitary adenomas whereas males were more affected by astrocytic tumors. Older cases were affected mostly by meningeal and astrocytic tumors while the younger ones were more affected by neuroblastic tumors. Malignant tumors showed significant increased levels of mutant p53 expression, S phase of both diploid and aneuoploid cells than benign ones (P<0.05). On follow up, most of the cases affected with meningeal tumors had become symptom free while recurrence and death were mostly observed in astrocytic tumors. Significant increased expression of mutant p53 was also observed among recurrent cases (p<0.05) than cases that become free of symptoms. These results shows that cell cycle markers in addition to histopathology can help in predicting prognosis of brain tumours with a potential impact on management plan.
Protected Area Management: Principles and Practice

Contents: List of Figures List of Tables Abbreviations for Australian jurisdictions and major protected area management agencies Related web sitesAcknowledgments: Edition OneAcknowledgements: Edition Two Preface to the Second EditionIntroduction Part A Setting the Context Australia's Natural Heritage Social Context The Concept and Purpose of Protected Areas The Process of Management and Governance Part B Principles and Practice Establishing Protected Areas Obtaining and Managing Information Protected Area Planning Finance and Economics Administration and Legal-Making it Work Sustainable Management Operations Management Conserving Australia's Natural Heritage Conserving Australia's Cultural Heritage Threats to Protected Areas Incident Management Tourism and Visitor Management Working with the Community Indigenous People and Protected Areas Linking the Landscape Marine Protected Area Management Evaluating Protected Area Management Effectiveness Futures and Vision Appendix: Summary of Information on Australia's Protected Areas Chronology: Protected Areas Historical Events References Index
Reorganization of Vegetal Cortex Microtubules and Its Role in Axis Induction in the Early Vertebrate Embryo

In vertebrate species, induction of the embryonic axis is initiated by the transport of mater- nally supplied determinants, initially localized to the vegetal pole of the egg, toward the prospective organizer in the animal region. This transport process remains incompletely understood. Here, we review studies involving embryonic manipulations, visualization, and functional analysis of the cytoskeleton and loss- and gain-of-function condi- tions, which provide insights in this process. Transport of dorsal determinants requires cytoskeletal reorganization of a vegetal array of microtubules, microtubule motors, and an off-center movement of the vegetal cortex with respect to the inner egg core, a so-called cortical rotation. Additional mechanisms may be used in specific systems, such as a more general animally directed movement found in the teleost embryo. Initial polarity of the microtubule movement depends on early asymmetries, which are amplified by the movement of the outermost cortex. An interplay between microtubule organization and axis specification has also been reported in other animal species. Altogether, these studies show the importance of cytoskeletal dynamic changes, such as bundling, force- inducing motor activity, and regulated cytoskeletal growth, for the intracellular transport of maternally inherited factors to their site of action in the zygote. alignment [26]. In ascidian embryos, first the egg cortex and plasma membrane contract, resulting in the segregation of microfilaments, mitochondria, cER, postplasmic/PEM RNAs, and muscle-forming and endoderm-forming determinants toward the vegetal pole region. These components subsequently move toward the posterior pole through the attraction of a microtubule aster-based center. nematodes, and dipterans, highlights the importance of microtubule- and other cytoskeletal-dependent processes in the generation of early asymmetries in the embryos. Further studies will allow better understanding for mechanisms of microtubule generation, bundling, and alignment that drive the movement of cellular determinants in the early vertebrate embryo and their relation to similar processes in other animal lineages.
Survey of Patient Opinions on Eyeglasses and Eye Care in Rural and Slum Populations in Chennai

Background: Uncorrected refractive error is a common cause of avoidable visual impairment that can be corrected with eyeglasses. Patients must wear their eyeglasses to correct such refractive errors and their perceptions of eyeglasses and eye health may affect their compliance with wearing their spectacles. Objectives: This study was conducted to learn about people’s basic perspectives and knowledge of eye glasses and eye health in Chennai. Methods: Non-randomized 7 question survey of patients attending Uma Clinic Eye Camps in slums and rural areas of Chennai. Results: 78 subjects completed the survey. Most subjects were women (85.6%) , had presbyopia (75.6%), required corrective lenses (82.1%) and their average age was 45 +/8.7 years. Most subjects (66.7%) had heard of eyeglasses and understood why they may wear them. However, 9-47.4% did not know why glasses may be worn, did not know what was wrong with their eyes, were unsure if they needed eyeglasses or why people may lose their eyesight. 16.7% of subjects believed eyeglasses were an effective treatment for headache. Conclusions: We conclude that providing basic education on the types of refractive error and other causes of low vision, how eyeglasses may or may not help, discussion of common treatments for eye problems and clear instructions on when and when not to wear eyeglasses would be useful.
OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE IN CEE COMPANIES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON STOCK PERFORMANCE

Though being part of greater Europe, Central and Eastern European countries are considered emerging markets and, thus, political and economic situation there is to a great extent different from developed Europe, which is also applied to the companies operating there. Investment theories working in Western Europe cannot be applied to CEE equity markets: family owned public companies do not outperform others in CEE, unlike in developed European countries. Both in market downturns and upturns the best turn out to be companies where significant stakes are held by the government. According to the study results, these companies beat second best (companies with significant family ownership): 1044% vs. 523% during the period from April 2000 till November 2009. This phenomenon the authors explain by the CEE investors’ wish to be on the safe side in an unstable environment as state owned companies usually pay good dividends, enjoy state indulgence and do not follow risky corporate strategies. Financial performance of the companies with governmental shareholding being at a very high level compared to peers is also adding value to the equity performance.
Rheological, electrokinetic, and morphological characterization of alginate–bentonite biocomposites

We prepared biocomposite gel dispersions involving sodium alginate (Na-Alg) and calcium bentonite (Ca-B) with various solid concentrations and characterized their rheological, electrokinetic, and morphological proper- ties. The flow properties, such as the apparent and plastic viscosities, shear stress, and yield value point, changed with increasing clay dosage. The viscosities of the homo- geneous dispersions were represented by the Herschel- Bulkley model. The f-potential results were examined in the light of different characterization methods (X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy) to understand the interactions between the Na and Ca ions of the alginate biopolymer and bentonite clay. A plausible structural model for the alginate-bentonite composite gel, known as the egg-box model, is proposed. The presence of Ca ions in the Ca-B partially crosslinked Na-Alg may be regarded as an excellent example of a self-assembling process. V C 2011 Wiley
New Platforms For Drug Screening And Toxicology: Necessity Or Need?

organoids The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body that is responsible for more than 500 vital functions, including biosynthesis of major plasma proteins, immunity against infectious pathogens, balancing energy metabolism and xenobiotics biotransformation (1). One of the main functions of the liver is an important role in drug metabolism (2). Since developing new drug compounds into market have faced many challenges such as safety, efficacy and high costs as well, using preclinical drug screening tests are necessary to eliminate false leads (3). Therefore, availability of a suitable and convenient model is crucial to predict drug toxicity. Article Info