Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diabetic macular e

Diabetes affects around 220 million people globally. estimated that by the year 2025, microvascular complication in diabetes mellitus causing severe visual impairment. accumulation of extracellular fluid in Henle's layer breakdown in the blood retinal barriers. The origin of the extracellular fluid is from the intravascular compartment. Clinical diagnosis of DME is best made using fluorescein angiogr imaging. In DME, OCT scans show hyporeflectivity, due to intraretinal and/or subretinal fluid accumulation, related to inner and/or outer blood-retinal barrier breakdown. OCT tomograms may also reveal the pr hyper reflective spots with a shadow, in the out endothelial cells of the retinal capillary and increase the vessel rigidity thereby increasing the chances o blood pressure is strongly associated with micro and macrovascular complications in Type II diabetes. hemoglobin (HbA1c) level is a well DM E while normalization of lipid levels reduces retinal leakage and deposition of exudates edema is due to the increased vascular permeability and a dysfunctional outer blood retinal barrier. management options for t he eyes with DME can be categorized into medical interventions and surgical interventions.
Total sediment biomass and preliminary estimates of organic carbon residence time in deep-sea benthos

Estimates of 'total' biomass of the benthos (bacteria, meiofauna, macrofauna) in terms of organic carbon have been assembled for 9 stations over a broad water-depth range in the western North Atlantic. The largest size category, the macrofauna, was dominant in sandy continental shelf sediments, whereas the smaller forms (bacteria and meiofauna) dominated at greater depths. Biomass of the 'total' benthos and of each size category correlated much better witb POC flux than with sediment detrital organic carbon, reinforcing the idea that most organic matter is consumed on the sediment surface, rather than within the sediments. An overall increase in the relative importance of smaller size categories of organisms with increasing depth supports the idea that the importance of bacteria (in remobilizmg recalcitrant orgamc compounds) increases witb depth, reachmg a maximum at great depths far offshore. The 'average' residence times for both the living and the detrital orgamc carbon stocks at various depths were calculated by dividing the 'estimated (organic carbon) remmeralization' rate (POC flux estimated with sediment traps minus long-term burial) into both the biomass and sediment detrital organic carbon concentrations (corrected for living biomass). The biomass appeared to turn over on average time scales of months, whereas the total detrital sediment organic matter appeared to turn over on scales of years to centuries, depending on depth and sediment type.
Being interrupted

ABSTRACT The first section of this article argues for an approach to interruption as a participant's, not an analyst's, phenomenon. For analysts, interruption is best treated as a topic, not a resource. The second section examines how participants go about making interruptions OBSERVABLE events in the flow of interaction - in particular, the ways in which they claim violations of speaking rights. The third section considers some of the ways in which such claims are responded to. In the final section, it is suggested that there is a general need for a more systematic approach to the methods through which acts are constituted in terms of the responses they receive. (Interruption, conversation analysis, interaction)
Aqueous enzymatic extraction of protein and lipid from the microalgae species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Microalgae has potential as a biofuel feedstock and as a source of valuable bioproducts for a variety of food, feed, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. However, several challenges are associated with bioproduct extraction from microalgae. The complexity of microalgae cell necessitates use of energy intensive disruption methods but current chemical or mechanical techniques can degrade economically valuable bioproducts. Aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE), is a non-solvent and environmentally friendly bio-product recovery method that provides an opportunity to design an integrated process for protein and oil fractionation while reducing industrial costs. Based on the mechanistic understanding of biomolecule distribution and compartmentation, an aqueous enzymatic treatment for the release of internally stored proteins and lipid bodies in wild type Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was developed. In this study, we optimized harvesting times that maximized lipid and protein yields in nitrogen depleted cultures of the microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Furthermore, an aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) treatment was developed. First, four lytic enzymes were tested for their ability to permeate C. reinhardtii cell walls. After cells were permeable, another set of enzymes were tested for their ability to release internally stored bioproducts. Protein recovery and lipid characterization after enzymatic treatment indicated a 54% release of total soluble protein and a localization of lipids to the chloroplast. Additionally, the development of secondary enzyme treatment for chloroplast disruption achieved about 70% total lipids released into the supernatant. Taken together, results indicate the application of an enzymatic treatment scheme for protein and oil recovery as a promising alternative to traditional extraction processes.
An Energy Sorting Protocol (ESP) With Low Energy and Low Latency in Wireless Sensor Networks

Summary Data gathering is a critical operation in wireless sensor network applications, which necessitates energy efficiency techniques for increasing the lifetime of the network. Clustering is a similar effective technique that improves the energy efficiency and network lifetime in wireless sensor networks. This paper proposes an Energy Sorting Protocol (ESP) architecture in which clustering is used. The objective of ESP architecture in case of wireless micro-sensor networks is to accomplish low energy dissipation and latency without sacrificing application specific quality. In order to attain the objective, ESP employs (i) randomized, adaptive, self - configuring cluster formation (ii) localized control for data transfers and (iii) application - specific data processing, such as data aggregation or compression. In order to generate good clusters as the outcome, each node is permitted to make autonomous decisions by the cluster formation algorithm. Simulation results illustrate that, this algorithm also minimizes the energy and latency for cluster formation, in order to minimize overhead to the protocol.
Direct Detection of Cosmic Neutrino Background is Impossible, Because there is no Such Thing as Cosmic Singularity

According to standard cosmology, neutrinos should be the most abundant particles in the Universe, after CMB photons. The CMB neutrino is the oldest relic, present since BBN era. However, in the past 5 decades or so, attempts to directly detect Cosmic Neutrino Background have never been succeeded. Taking into considerations two other findings in recent years: (a) Earth Microwave Background by P-M. Robitaille, and (b) theories which suggest that cosmic singularity can be removed; then I submit the following hypothesis: Direct detection of Cosmic Neutrino Background is impossible because there is no such thing as Cosmic Singularity. In other words, we come to conclusion that Big Bang Standard Cosmology fails completely.
Design & Implementation of Subthreshold Memory Cell design based on the primary constraints

As there is a demand for portable electronic systems or devices, there is an incremental growth in the technology in the past few decades and also technology is cumulative at a random rate, devices are consuming large amount of power due to this the life of the battery is draining fast. so there must be a alternative devices or circuits which can reduce the power by efficiently maintaining the area and performance, therefore life of battery can be increased. As SRAM is the heart of block in all the electronic design, where the power consumption is maximum there by analyzing, estimating & modifying or changing the logic, will be able to reduce the power and performance can be greatly achieved. This proposal describes under the principle of ultra-low power logic approach which operates under subthreshold voltage operating which leads to lower power and also efficient in functionality along with secondary constraints.
Ovarian folliculogenesis in mammals: a qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Female fertility depends on the supply and maturation of the ovarian germ cells, i.e., the oocytes, and the differentiation and proliferation of granulosa and theca cells. During prenatal life, the ovarian cortex increases as the ovigerous cords become more extensive, convoluted and elongated and contained germ cells and pregranulosa cells. The formation of primordial follicles first occurred at the cortico-medullary junction and migrated towards the periphery of cortex, however the other follicles appear at late gestation. Recent classification of follicular atresia as antral and basal type is equivalent to first and second degree of obliterative atresia, respectively. This review reports current knowledge and proposes novel hypotheses that can formulate the contribution of germ cells to ovarian differentiation and folliculogenesis.
Farming systems in Zimbabwe’s smallholder agricultural sector: the case of Gokwe South District

Farming systems in Gokwe South District today are essentially the product o f interactions between local indigenous cultivation systems and external interventions. Dryland crop production is the major income generating activity in the area. The major food crops are maize and groundnuts, while cotton and sunflower are the major cash crops. Through the years, changes in bio-physical conditions and population densities have led to a shift from traditional staples such as sorghum and millet to dominant grains, notably, maize. The introduction o f a market economy and cash crops in local farming systems has also resulted in local crop production systems moving away from a purely subsistence activity to a partially commercialized industry. Livestock is an integral part o f all smallholder farming systems, with cattle constituting the bulk o f domesticated animals. Indigenous beef cattle constitute the bulk o f cattle kept by individual households. However, fa rm ers ' current projections portray a trend o f declining indigenous stock, accompanied by an increase in the commercial dairy herd size. The major identified constraints include unfavourable geo-physical conditions, an inadequate, resource base, restricted access, to inputs, labour bottlenecks, pests and diseases, inappropriate post-harvest technology’, poor animal nutrition, poor animal health delivery systems, under-utilised genetic potential, insufficient infrastructure fo r disposal o f marketable produce, and lack o f institutional support.
Finding Forerunner Bloggers by Temporal Analysis of Blogger Posts

Evaluating credibility of online information has recently started to become popular research topic. As it is often difficult for users to manually estimate the level of trustworthiness of encountered content, providing automatic support for assessment of credibility levels of online information should improve user satisfaction. In this paper, we approach the problem of credibility evaluation from the author viewpoint. In particular, we propose analyzing temporal characteristics of posting behavior of bloggers. Our hypothesis is that precursor bloggers who persistently post content ahead of the community are often credible authors. The topics discussed by such bloggers frequently become common topics inside the community of bloggers. We propose categorization of blogging behavior depending on the time delay and content similarity between published posts and demonstrate several methods for calculating blogger scores. Keyword Information Credibility Detecting Important Bloggers, Blogger Community
COMPACT EXTREMELY WIDEBAND ANTENNA WITH PHOTONIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURE BASED ON MEMS MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

An extremely wideband photonic crystal antenna is proposed with a very compact size of 16.6 × 26.6 × 0.9mm3. The double-layer materials of silicon and glass are selected as the antenna substrate. The band gap performance of photonic crystals can decrease electromagnetic wave absorption of silicon substrate, restrain surface wave loss of antenna, and increase electromagnetic wave space radiation. Hence the periodical photonic crystal with square lattices is applied in upper silicon substrate. The glass substrate not only decreases effective dielectric constant of antenna, but also supports silicon substrate with photonic crystal. MEMS processes are used to realize photonic crystal antenna with plenty tiny through-holes. The simulated and measured results demonstrate that photonic crystal can effectively expand the working bandwidth of base antenna.
Design and implementation of a autonomous mobile robot with a manipulative gripper

This paper describe the hardware and software architecture of an autonomous mobile robot, testing and experimental results. The mobile robot has a differential drive and a manipulator with one degree of freedom and a gripper end effector. It also has several sensors: infrared, ultrasound, touch, tilt, effort and optical encoders. The control system is based on two microcontrollers. The robot has two operating modes: supervised and autonomous. The developed system is modular, functional and reliable, leaving open the possibility of implementing other developments in the future.
The Impact of Index-based Insurance on Informal Risk-sharing Networks under Moral Hazard

Moral hazard and adverse selection tend to impede the development of insurance markets, particularly in developing countries. Besides, it is largely acknowledged that informal risk-sharing mechanisms only offer a very imperfect substitute to formal markets. Indeed, on the one hand, local risk-sharing cannot absorb shocks of a common nature, on the other hand, they are themselves limited in scope by limited commitment and moral hazard. In this context, index-based insurance is seen as a very promising scheme. By construction, it is immune to moral hazard and adverse selection. However, the main drawback of index-insurance as compared to classical damage insurance is basis risk, namely a lack of (negative) correlation between payouts and the farmers’ income. This is precisely to cover this residual risk that a complementarity with informal risk-sharing is expected to operate. While this statement is technically valid, it ignores the potential effects on incentives and behaviors that the interaction between both schemes may generate. This paper explores the interaction between index-insurance and informal risk-sharing in a model with moral hazard and highlight that the formal contract may crowd out informal risk-sharing if it is offered to individuals rather than groups. More precisely, we find that the rate of informal risk-sharing is reduced as soon as individual demand for index-insurance is interior. Second, we highlight a reduction in risk-taking and welfare if the premium is too high, but demand still interior. This adverse effect is due to the worsening of the moral hazard issue that the formal contract produces. In the case of group subscription, the impact on moral hazard is internalized by the group. This result suggests that group subscription should be favored. Future research should however assess how robust this conclusion is to the introduction of group heterogeneity. Also, the case where the imperfection of informal risk-sharing is mainly due to limited commitment (instead of moral hazard) should be carefully considered. Indeed, intuition suggests that, by reducing the probability of catastrophic events, index-insurance may relax the incentive compatibility condition and actually improve informal risk-sharing in those cases, therefore leading to opposite predictions. Policy recommendations in terms of contract design should then be based on a careful empirical assessment of the functioning of pre-existing risk-sharing networks.
Propagation of Magneto-Thermo Surface Waves in Non-Homogenous Viscoelastic Medium of Higher Order under Gravity and Couple-Stress

The present study reveals the effects of various parameters and non-homogeneity on the surface waves propa- gating in viscoelastic medium. The theory of generalized surface waves has firstly been developed and then it has been employed to study the surface waves. Dispersion relation for Stoneley waves, Rayleigh waves and Love waves has been deduced. It has been observed that in the absence of viscosity, temperature, gravity, magnetism, couple stress and non- homogeneity of the material medium, the results obtained are in well agreement with the corresponding classical results.
Photochemical ozone budget during the BIBLE A and B campaigns

[1] Using the measured concentrations of NO, O3, H2O, CO, CH4, and NMHCs along the flight tracks, a photochemical box model is used to calculate the concentrations of the Ox radicals, the HOx radicals, and the nitrogen species at the sampling points. The calculations make use of the measurements from radiometers to scale clear sky photolysis rates to account for cloud cover and ground albedo at the sampling time/point. The concentrations of the nitrogen species in each of the sampled air parcels are computed assuming they are in instantaneous equilibrium with the measured NO and O3. The diurnally varying species concentrations are next calculated using the box model and used to estimate the diurnally averaged production and removal rates of ozone for the sampled air parcels. Clear sky photolysis rates are used in the diurnal calculations. The campaign also provided measured concentration of NOy. The observed NO/NOy ratio is usually larger than the model calculated equilibrium value. There are several possible explanations. It could be a result of recent injection of NO into the air parcel, recent removal of HNO3 from the parcel, recent rapid transport of an air parcel from another location, or a combination of all processes. Our analyses suggest that the local production rate of O3 can be used as another indicator of recent NO injection. However, more direct studies using air trajectory analyses and other collaborative evidences are needed to ascertain the roles played by individual process.
Coronal Magnetic Flux Rope Equilibria and Magnetic Helicity

Using a 2.5-dimensional (2.5-D) ideal MHD model, this paper analyzes the equilibrium properties of coronal magnetic flux ropes in a bipolar ambient magnetic field. It is found that the geometrical features of the magnetic flux rope, including the height of the rope axis, the half-width of the rope, and the length of the vertical current sheet below the rope, are determined by a single magnetic parameter, the magnetic helicity, which is the sum of the self-helicity of the rope and the mutual helicity between the rope field and the ambient magnetic field. All the geometrical parameters increase monotonically with increasing magnetic helicity. The implication of this result in solar active phenomena is briefly discussed.
On the Distinction Between Perceived Duration and Event Timing: Towards a Unified Model of Time Perception

Time is a fundamental dimension of human perception, cognition and action, as the processing and cognition of temporal information is essential for everyday activities and survival. Innumerable studies have investigated the perception of time over the last 100 years, but the neural and computational bases for the processing of time remains unknown. Extant models of time perception are discussed before the proposition of a unified model of time perception that relates perceived event timing with perceived duration. The distinction between perceived event timing and perceived duration provides the current for navigating a river of contemporary approaches to time perception. Recent work has advocated a Bayesian approach to time perception. This framework has been applied to both duration and perceived timing, where prior expectations about when a stimulus might occur in the future (prior distribution) are combined with current sensory evidence (likelihood function) in order to generate the perception of temporal properties (posterior distribution). In general, these models predict that the brain uses temporal expectations to bias perception in a way that stimuli are ‘regularized’ i.e. stimuli look more like what has been seen before. As such, the synthesis of perceived timing and duration models is of theoretical importance for the field of timing and time perception.
Floods and Rainstorms Impacts, Responses and Coping Among Households in Ilorin, Kwara Stat

Floods and rainstorms affect households each year in Ilorin and contribute to endemic poverty among the poor households in the city. Climate change and anticipated increases in extreme weather events will exacerbate this. This study examines the impacts of flooding and rainstorms in the city and the current responses and coping among the affected households. The social risk management (SRM) and asset-based approaches on which the study is based provide a conceptual framework for understanding the sequential links between risks; human exposure and sensitivity; the impacts of risky events; and risk management (or adaptation) strategies. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. The secondary data include data from the Kwara State Emergency Management Agency (KSEMA) on flood victims in the State between 2007 and 2009 while the primary data is a structured questionnaire administered to flood and rainstorm victims randomly selected from the KSEMA records. This study brings out the important issue of vulnerability, coping and adaptation to weather induced disasters among the urban poor. A Multiple linear regression model tested shows that the house characteristics and neighbourhood quality contribute significantly to vulnerability to rainstorm and flooding. The study revealed that the indigenous coping mechanisms employed by the poor may become less effective as increasingly fragile livelihood systems struggle to withstand disaster shocks. Strategies to reduce vulnerability should be rooted in vulnerability analysis and greater understanding of both household-level and macro-response options that are available to decrease the poor’s exposure to climate risk. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013. v3n4p135