Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seasonality of biological and physical controls on surface ocean CO2 from hourly observations at the Southern Ocean Time Series site south of Australia

The Subantarctic Zone (SAZ), which covers the northern half of the Southern Ocean between the Subtropical and Subantarctic Fronts, is important for air‐sea CO2 exchange, ventilation of the lower thermocline, and nutrient supply for global ocean productivity. Here we present the first high‐resolution autonomous observations of mixed layer CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and hydrographic properties covering a full annual cycle in the SAZ. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle in pCO2 (∼60 μatm), from near‐atmospheric equilibrium in late winter to ∼330 μatm in midsummer, results from opposing physical and biological drivers. Decomposing these contributions demonstrates that the biological control on pCO2 (up to 100 μatm), is 4 times larger than the thermal component and driven by annual net community production of 2.45 ± 1.47 mol C m−2 yr−1. After the summer biological pCO2 depletion, the return to near‐atmospheric equilibrium proceeds slowly, driven in part by autumn entrainment into a deepening mixed layer and achieving full equilibration in late winter and early spring as respiration and advection complete the annual cycle. The shutdown of winter convection and associated mixed layer shoaling proceeds intermittently, appearing to frustrate the initiation of production. Horizontal processes, identified from salinity anomalies, are associated with biological pCO2 signatures but with differing impacts in winter (when they reflect far‐field variations in dissolved inorganic carbon and/or biomass) and summer (when they suggest promotion of local production by the relief of silicic acid or iron limitation). These results provide clarity on SAZ seasonal carbon cycling and demonstrate that the magnitude of the seasonal pCO2 cycle is twice as large as that in the subarctic high‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll waters, which can inform the selection of optimal global models in this region.
Prediction of the Size of Double Lumen Endotracheal Intubation by Measuring the Diameter of the Trachea

Objective: To find the faster and easier way than the existing intubating technique for double-lumen tube. We prediction of required double lumen tube size by measure the X-ray trachea diameter size before surgery. Methods: Randomly selected 100 cases of single lung ventilation in patients undergoing thoracic surgery. Measurement of tracheal diameter at the level of clavicle in X-ray. Choose the double-lumen size according to the measurement of tracheal diameter in X-ray. If the tracheal diameter greater than 16 mm, choose a 39 Fr double lumen tube, if the trachea diameter between 15-16 mm, used 37 Fr double lumen tube, with less than 15 mm, used 35 Fr double lumen tube. Record the number of intubation and whether there is difficulty for double lumen tube through the glottis. Results: All patients’ double lumen were selected according for the measurement of the diameter of the trachea, all successful intubation and accurate localization of bronchus. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the diameter of trachea with age, body weight and height, and the diameter of the female trachea was significantly narrower than that of the male. For vast majority of male Chinese, 39 Fr double lumen tube is suitable, and the height and weight is of small relation, female patients with large differences in the airway diameter, height, weight, gender cannot be the basis for the choice of double lumen tube.
Stochastic Control With Affine Dynamics and Extended Quadratic Costs

An extended quadratic function is a quadratic function plus the indicator function of an affine set, i.e., a quadratic function with embedded linear equality constraints. In this article, we show that, under some technical conditions, random convex extended quadratic functions are closed under addition, composition with an affine function, expectation, and partial minimization, i.e., minimizing over some of its arguments. These properties imply that dynamic programming can be tractably carried out for stochastic control problems with random affine dynamics and extended quadratic cost functions. While the equations for the dynamic programming iterations are much more complicated than for traditional linear quadratic control, they are well suited to an object-oriented implementation, which we describe. We also describe a number of known and new applications.
Tunnel spectroscopy of a proximity Josephson junction

We present tunnel spectroscopy experiments on the proximity effect in lateral superconductor--normal-metal--superconductor Josephson junctions. Our weak link is embedded into a superconducting ring allowing phase biasing of the Josephson junction by an external magnetic field. We explore the temperature and phase dependence of both the induced minigap and the modification of the density of states in the normal metal. Our results agree with a model based on the quasiclassical theory in the diffusive limit. The device presents an advanced version of the superconducting quantum interference proximity transistor, now reaching flux sensitivities of 3 nA$/{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}$, where ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}$ is the flux quantum.
W-type and H-type Non-Associative Algebras using Additive Maps I

A W-type Lie algebra is defined using a map from an additive group to a field of characteristic zero in the paper (see [10]). We define Lieadmissible W-type and H-type non-associative algebras over a field of any characteristic in this work (see [9]). We show that those algebras are simple.
The Effect of the Initial Retransmission Timeout upon the Dictionary Attack Delay

this paper focuses on the effects of the TCP Initial Retransmission Timeout (RTO) and Round Trip Time (RTT) on one hand and the dictionary attack on the other hand. A dictionary attack model of two servers has been programmed and applied using TCL language. The delay time to find the correct password in the dictionary has been assigned to NS2 simulation network. The value of the initial RTO has been set to 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10 seconds, with Round Trip Times (RTT) of 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 milliseconds in the simulated network to study different situations. The results obtained were found to be consistent with previous findings associated to initial RTO values between 0.5s to Is for network performance. The additional values introduced here are for network security purposes as they represent the best values for which the attacker finds difficulty to accomplish dictionary attack.
Overview of the Helios Version 2.0 Computational Platform for Rotorcraft Simulations

This article summarizes the capabilities and development of the Helios version 2.0, or Shasta, software for rotary wing simulations. Specific capabilities enabled by Shasta include off-body adaptive mesh refinement and the ability to handle multiple interacting rotorcraft components such as the fuselage, rotors, flaps and stores. In addition, a new run-mode to handle maneuvering flight has been added. Fundamental changes of the Helios interfaces have been introduced to streamline the integration of these capabilities. Various modifications have also been carried out in the underlying modules for near-body solution, off-body solution, domain connectivity, rotor fluid structure interface and comprehensive analysis to accommodate these interfaces and to enhance operational robustness and efficiency. Results are presented to demonstrate the mesh adaptation features of the software for the NACA0015 wing, TRAM rotor in hover and the UH-60A in forward flight.
A weighted plus/minus metric for individual soccer player performance

Despite soccer being the number one sport in the world in many respects, the “beautiful game” still lags behind other sports in terms of analytics. We propose a weighted plus/minus metric to be used as an instrument to evaluate player performance. An unweighted plus/minus metric subtracts goals conceded from goals scored for each player while on the field of play and are regularly used in hockey or basketball. Key improvements to this established, unweighted +/– metric include control for opponents’ strength, the importance of a particular goal, and considerations for the fact that scoring is less frequent in soccer. The results from three teams (Bayern Munich, VfL Wolfsburg, Werder Bremen) in the German Bundesliga from the 2012-13 season were used as a demonstration and comparison of the two metrics. In addition to the creation of a weighted +/– system, a spatial mapping system of team shots was developed to give a potential visual explanation of why certain players were a net positive/negative influence for their team.
Study of Physical Layer Security and Teaching Methods in Wireless Communications

In most wireless channels, the signals propagate in all directions. For the communication between Alice and Bob, an Eavesdropper can receive the signals from both Alice and Bob as far as the Eavesdropper is in the range determined by the transmitting power. Through phased array antenna with beam tracking circuits or cooperative iteration, the signals are confined near the straight line connecting the positions of Alice and Bob, so it will largely reduce the valid placement of an Eavesdropper. Sometimes, this reduction can be prohibitive for Eavesdropper to wiretap the channel since the reduced space can be readily protected. Two course modules have been developed for students to understand signal propagation in physical layer and how it is used to enhance channel security along with natural and man-made noise.
Developing collaboration in complex events: A model for civil-military inter-organizational problem-solving and decision-making

Abstract : Stewardship of complex extreme events requires effective civil-military collaboration. This paper examines the organizational roles and pre-conditions for this collaboration. Firstly, a review of the relevant interdisciplinary literatures identifies various models of problem-solving and decision-making across the range of organizations involved in major events. Secondly, findings from a series of Canadian and international extreme events involving civil-military interaction are examined to identify situational characteristics and features of inter-organizational relationships across an extended event timeline. Finally, a framework for understanding inter-organizational problem-solving and decision-making is presented. Two interrelated components drive the process: situational complexity and approach to problem-solving. The relationship between these components is modified according to problem-solving stage, and various assets such as power, resources and information. Three elements identified as contributing to situational complexity include impact, uncertainty and vulnerability. These elements interact to determine whether the situation is categorized as simple, complicated or complex. Problem-solving is characterized in time as a recursive six-stage process including problem identification, problem definition, solution generation, decision-making, solution implementation and feedback. Three main approaches to inter-organizational problem-solving are described as coordination, cooperation and collaboration. Methods involving the development of an experimental environment for in vivo simulation to test the inter-organizational problem-solving model are described.
Tillage and Crop Rotation Effects on Selected Soil Chemical Properties and Wheat Yield in a Sandy Loam Oakleaf Soil in the Eastern Cape , South Africa

The effects of tillage and crop rotation on soil selected chemical properties and wheat yield were evaluated during the 6 season of an on-going field trial at the University of Fort Hare Farm (UFH), South Africa. Two tillage systems; conventional tillage (CT) and no-till and crop rotations; maize (Zea mays L.)-fallow-maize (MFM), maize-fallow-soybean (Glycine max L.)(MFS); maize-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (MWM) and maize-wheat-soybean (MWS), were evaluated. Residues were retained in all treatments after each cropping season. No-till resulted in significantly higher soil organic carbon (SOC), ammonium-N (NH4-N), nitrate-N (NO3-N), P, K, Ca and Zn relative to CT. The MWS rotation recorded significantly higher SOC while the MFM rotation had the least SOC under both tillage treatments. Tillage and crop rotation effects were not significant (p>0.05) with regards to grain yield in all the seasons. Generally, higher wheat grain yield was found in the MWS rotation under no-till. Soil organic carbon, P and total mineral N were positively correlated with grain yield. It is concluded that, in the long term, regular inclusion of soybean in rotation coupled with surface residue retention under no-till is expected to have a positive significant impact on soil health and wheat grain yield. © 2018 Friends Science Publishers
Character-based BiLSTM-CRF Incorporating POS and Dictionaries for Chinese Opinion Target Extraction

Opinion target extraction (OTE) is a fundamental step for sentiment analysis and opinion summarization. We analyze the diﬀerence between Chinese and the Indo-European languages family, and reduce Chinese OTE to a character-based sequence tagging task. Then we introduce two novel features for each character by distributing POS diﬀeren-tially and using predeﬁned templates over contexts and dictionaries. We further propose a character-based BiLSTM-CRF model incorporating the two feature sequences aligned with the character sequence. Experimental results on real-world consumer review datasets show that our work signiﬁcantly outperforms the baseline methods for Chinese OTE.
High-refractive-index TiO2-nanoparticle-loaded encapsulants for light-emitting diodes

A high-refractive-index (high-n) encapsulant is highly desirable because it can result in enhancement of light-extraction efficiency from high-n semiconductor light-emitting diode (LED) chips. A uniform dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles in epoxy for LED encapsulation is demonstrated for surfactant-coated TiO2 nanoparticles by drying, mixing with a solvent, refluxing, centrifuging, and mixing with epoxy. The refractive index of surfactant-coated TiO2-nanoparticle-loaded epoxy is 1.67 at 500nm, significantly higher than that of conventional epoxy (n=1.53). Theoretical analysis of optical scattering in nanoparticle-loaded encapsulants reveals that the diameter of nanoparticles and the volume loading fraction of nanoparticles are of critical importance for optical scattering. Quasispecular transparency of the encapsulant film can be achieved if the thickness of the film is kept below the optical scattering length. A graded-refractive-index multilayer encapsulation structure with the thickness of each layer bei.
Towards a head-movement-aware spatial localisation model: Elevation

A multiple-microphone-sphere-based localisation model has been developed that predicts source location by modelling the cues given by head movement. In order to inform improvements to this model, a series of experiments was devised to investigate the impact of head movement cues on the localisation response accuracy of human listeners. It was shown that head movements improve elevation localisation response accuracy for noise sources. When pinna cues are impaired the significance of head movement cues increases. The improved localisation resulting from head movement is due to dynamic cues available during the period of movement, and not to improved static cues available once the head is turned to face the sound source. Head movements improve elevation localisation to a similar degree for band- limited sources with differing centre frequencies (500 Hz, 2 kHz and 6 kHz), which indicates that both dynamic ILDs and dynamic ITDs are used. Head movements do not improve elevation response accuracy for programme items with less than an octave bandwidth. Head movements improve elevation response accuracy to a greater degree for sources further away from the equatorial plane.
Unsafe abortions in Sri Lanka –facts and risk profile

Introduction Unsafe abortions frequently endanger the lives of Asian women. Research on diverse aspects of this important public health problem is considered an urgent need. Methodology Six hundred and sixty five women with a history of an unsafe abortion were compared with a control group of pregnant women who had never undergone an abortion. The processes of abortions were summarized. The two groups were compared to identify factors that may raise the risk of resorting to an unsafe abortion. The significance and the strength of respective associations were determined using regression analysis. Results Unmet needs in family planning accounted for 73% of unsafe abortions. Over 84% of women knew undergoing an unsafe abortion could lead to serious life threatening conditions. Seventy five percent knew that abortion was illegal. Nearly 92% of unsafe abortions were performed surgically, mostly by unqualified personnel. Risk factors identified included; economic hardships, lower educational standards, poor religious devotedness, perceived burden of child rearing, poor lower family and social support, strained marital relationship, peers influence in reproductive decisions and having an important life goal that is likely to be obstructed by having a pregnancy. Conclusion Awareness on potential complications or legal restrictions did not prevent women from resorting to unsafe abortion. The quality of services received by abortion seekers was very poor. Ensuring access to family planning alone may result in a significant reduction in the burden of unsafe abortion. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.4038/jccpsl.v15i1. 4934 Journal of the College of Community Physicians of Sri Lanka Vol.15(1) May 2010 1-12
Relativistic AGN jets I. The delicate interplay between jet structure, cocoon morphology and jet-head propagation

Astrophysical jets reveal strong signs of radial structure. They suggest that the inner region of the jet, the jet spine, consists of a low-density, fast-moving gas, while the outer region of the jet consists of a more dense and slower moving gas, called the jet sheath. Moreover, if jets carry angular momentum, the resultant centrifugal forces lead to a radial stratification. Current observations are not able to fully resolve the radial structure, so little is known about its actual profile. We present three active galactic nuclei jet models in 2.5D of which two have been given a radial structure. The first model is a homogeneous jet, the only model that does not carry angular momentum; the second model is a spine-sheath jet with an isothermal equation of state; and the third jet model is a (piecewise) isochoric spine-sheath jet, with constant but different densities for jet spine and jet sheath. In this paper, we look at the effects of radial stratification on jet integrity, mixing between the different jet components and global morphology of the jet-head and surrounding cocoon. We consider steady jets that have been active for 23 Myr. All jets have developed the same number of strong internal shocks along their jet axis at the final time of simulation. These shocks arise when vortices are being shed by the jet-head. We find that all three jets maintain their stability all the way up to the jet-head. The isothermal jet maintains part of its structural integrity at the jet-head where the distinction between jet spine and jet sheath material can still be made. In this case, mixing between jet spine and jet sheath within the jet is fairly inefficient. The isochoric jet, on the other hand, loses its structural jet integrity fairly quickly after the jet is injected. At its jet-head, little structure is maintained and the central part of the jet predominantly consists of jet sheath material. In this case, jet spine and jet sheath material mix efficiently within the jet. We find that the propagation speed for all three models is less than expected from simple theoretical predictions. We propose this is due to an enlarged cross-section of the jet which impacts with the ambient medium. We show that in these models, the effective surface area is 16 times as large in the case of the homogeneous jet, 30 times as large in the case of the isochoric jet and can be up to 40 times as large in the case of the isothermal jet.
Effect of dietary protein level, amino acid balance and feeding level on growth, gastrointestinal tract, and mucosal structure of the small intestine in broiler chickens

In a factorial experiment, two series of feeds containing excess dietary protein, differing in amino acid balance (i.e. balanced (BPS) and unbalanced (UPS) amino acid mixture), and with a range of protein contents (400, 300 and 200 g CP·kg -1 ) at the same energy content of 13 MJ AME·kg -1 were offered at two levels of feeding (ad libitum or 0.75 of ad libitum intake) to 4320 broiler chickens between 10 and 24 days of age. Growth rate was significantly lowered by feed restriction. There was also a significant (P < 0.001) effect of dietary protein on the combined weight of the proventriculus and gizzard but only for the birds on the restricted feeding regime. Relative pancreatic weight in- creased (P < 0.001) with an increase in dietary protein level for the birds fed restricted amounts of BPS. The crypt depth of chicks on the ad libitum feeding regime was higher (P < 0.01) for the chicks on the BPS than for those on the UPS diet. The protein content of the jejunal mucosa was higher (P < 0.001) for birds fed ad libitum on the UPS diet than on the BPS diet. Daily feed allocation had a significant (P < 0.01) effect on jejunal protein content in birds that received the BPS diet, this being reduced in birds on restricted feeding. Maltase (P < 0.001) and sucrase (P < 0.01) activities were sig- nificantly reduced in chicks offered ad libitum access to the UPS diet. At high dietary CP, the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase was lower (P < 0.001) in chicks on the UPS diet than in those fed the BPS diet.
Optimization of Achievable Information Rates and Number of Levels in Multilevel Flash Memories

—This paper is concerned with channel modeling and capacity evaluation of the multilevel ﬂash memory with m levels. The m -level ﬂash memory channel ( m -LFMC) is modeled as an m -amplitude-modulation channel with input-dependent additive Gaussian noise whose standard deviation depends on the channel input. Then the capacity of an m -LFMC is given. The determination of the capacity can be transformed into a two-step optimization problem, which can be numerically solved by an alternating iterative algorithm. This algorithm delivers not only the optimal input/level distribution but also the optimal values of levels. This algorithm also delivers the optimized number of levels at any given voltage-to-deviation ratio. Numerical results are presented to show the consistency with well-known Smith’s results for the amplitude-limited AWGN channel and the applicability of the modeling method.