Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Are economic ideas a sustainable commons? A study of the exchange of creative economics

In this essay I claim that productive markets need not necessarily involve clearly defined and enforced property rights, upon which a price system can be used to allocate resources. I shall pursue this thought by an examination of the mechanisms that facilitate the exchange of economic ideas, and link academic norms to the emerging theoretical justification for open source software, and “free culture”.
High-precision U/Pb geochronology of large igneous provinces and mass extinctions : testing coincidence and causation

The history of life on Earth is punctuated by mass extinction, the cause of which has often been attributed to rapid changes in global climate and/or ocean chemistry that are inferred to accompany the eruption of large igneous provinces (LIPs). Implicating LIP eruptions as the trigger of the biologic crises has relied on the approximate coincidence in time between these two events. To test this causal link and to understand the mechanisms driving extinction requires a more accurate and precise temporal record of both events than currently exists. With higher precision, the ability to resolve the relative timing of mass extinction and magmatism outside the analytical uncertainty on dates populating age models is possible, allowing detailed investigation of a causal connection. The current work develops zircon and perovskite minerals as accurate, high-precision geochronometers on the mafic rocks that commonly characterize LIP magmas. These advances are coupled with the latest techniques in U/Pb geochronology to generate highprecision age models which are used to evaluate the relative timing of (1) the end- Permian mass extinction, which is the most severe in the Phanerozoic, and the Siberian Traps LIP, which is the largest continental magmatic event in the Phanerozoic, and (2) the Karoo-Ferrar LIP and the early-Jurassic biotic crisis and global ocean anoxia. With these datasets, age-models for both mass extinction and LIP magmatism precise to a maximum of ~0.02% are developed, enabling, for the first time, resolution of the relative timing of eruption and extinction outside of uncertainty. This work conclusively indicates that (1) Siberian Traps LIP magmatism precedes onset of the end-Permian mass extinction and continued through the mass extinction interval, into the early Triassic biotic recovery interval, and (2) Karoo-Ferrar LIP magmatism likely preceded the onset of early-Jurassic extinction and ocean anoxic event and continued through this interval, over ~ 1 Ma.
The Role of Nurses in the Covid-19 pandemic: A health policy approach in a dead-end

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the role of nurses in the Covid-19 pandemic and the way a nurse can help the health system in this regard. Method: This is a qualitative research using content analysis in 2020. The aim of this study was to elucidate the key role of nurses in the COVID-19 epidemic and the determinants of a professional nurse during an epidemic/pandemic crisis using virtual expert panels consisting of experts in the field of nursing, health care management, and psychology. Data were analyzed using the thematic analysis approach. Results: The findings show that nurses in the coronavirus pandemic can have 4 main duties such as professional, spiritual and mental, health economics, and social roles. According to the present framework, the health economics, social and mental and spiritual roles together can determine and affect the nurses’ professional role. These professional nurses can be able to provide necessary cares during COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: In the crises like COVID-19 pandemic in which medical sciences alone cannot treat or alleviate the condition, as seen worldwide, among professional, spiritual and mental, health economics, and social roles, the spiritual and mental role may be the most important part a nurse can play.
On the origin of the Vastitas Borealis Formation in Chryse and Acidalia Planitiae, Mars

The geologic history of the northern plains of Mars has been extensively debated. Specifically, the Vastitas Borealis Formation (VBF) represents an enigmatic surface unit that exhibits flow morphologies at its boundary, extensive surface fracturing, tens of thousands of small mounds, and unique crater morphologies. Here we test the hypothesis that the VBF in the region of Chryse and Acidalia Planitiae, Mars, originated through the compaction and later expulsion of fluid‐laden sediments sourced from the shallow subsurface. We find that the morphological, thermophysical, and spectral properties of the VBF marginal unit, in addition to the recent identification of fine‐grained sedimentary layers in the shallow subsurface, are all consistent with such a formation mechanism. Estimates of volume loss based on “collar‐like” morphologies present on high‐standing buttes suggest that a minimum fluid volume of ~13,500 km3 was expelled from the subsurface, making the VBF a significant ancient hydrologic reservoir on the Martian surface. This formation mechanism lends additional insight into the sedimentary and aqueous history of the northern plains of Mars and unites morphologic, spectral, thermophysical, and structural observations under one consistent formation hypothesis.
Income Inequality in the People's Republic of China and Its Decomposition: 1990-2004

This paper estimates income inequality in the People’s Republic of China at the national, regional, and provincial levels using extrapolated unit-level household income data covering urban and rural populations of 23 provinces during 1990–2004. The estimates indicate that income inequality increased significantly during the last two decades, but the extent of the increases was lower than reported in most sources by about 20 percent when regional differences in cost of living are adjusted. The major sources of the increases in inequality were found to be within urban inequality and between urban and rural inequality, with their contribution increasing, respectively, from 15.7 and 12.0 percent in 1990, to 34.0 and 30.4 percent in 2004. The between-region and between-province inequality only accounted for 3.8 and 11.2 percent, respectively, in 2004.
Digitale Fremdsprachenkompetenzen? Vorüberlegungen zur Modellierung digitaler Englischkompetenzen im Rahmen des Projekts „Digi_Gap – Digitale Lücken in der Lehrkräftebildung schließen“

In diesem Beitrag werden infolge der Veroffentlichung des Strategiepapiers „Bildung in der digitalen Welt“ der Kultusministerkonferenz Uberlegungen zur fachspezifischen Ausgestaltung des dort vorgeschlagenen Rahmenmodells zu den „Kompetenzen in der digitalen Welt“ in Bezug auf das Fach Englisch angestellt. Hierbei handelt es sich um Voruberlegungen fur das Projekt „Digi_Gap – Digitale Lucken in der Lehrkraftebildung schliesen“, welches von 2020 bis 2023 als Teil der Qualitatsoffensive Lehrerbildung vom Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) an der Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main gefordert wird und in dessen Rahmen eine Modellierung digitaler Fremdsprachenkompetenzen Englisch erfolgen soll. Neben den Empfehlungen der Kultusministerkonferenz werden weitere Kompetenzmodelle sowie Ansatze und Konzepte aus dem Bereich der (Fremd-)Sprachenforschung herangezogen, um vorlaufige Ruckschlusse bezuglich der avisierten Modellierung zu ziehen, die mit der Perspektive schulischer Bildung im post-digitalen Zeitalter erarbeitet werden soll.
Radar astrometry of asteroids, comets and planetary satellites. (Lecture)

Groundbased radar has considerable astrometric potential for asteroids, comets and natural satellites that enter the detectability windows of available telescopes. For very closely approaching asteroids and comets, measurements of the distribution of echo power in time delay (range) and Doppler frequency (radial velocity) can achieve a fractional precision between 10 −5 and 10 −9 , and consequently are invaluable for refining orbits and prediction ephemerides. Even for mainbelt asteroids and the more readily detectable planetary satellites whose orbits are very well known, radar can collapse range uncertainties from a few target radii to a few percent of a target radius, with direct implications for the navigation of spacecraft on flyby or rendezvous trajectories.
Using Distributed Mission Training to Augment Flight Lead Upgrade Training

Abstract : Previous research on Distributed Mission Training (DMT) shows that pilots and Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) weapons directors rate DMT as highly effective for training multiship, multibogey air combat. DMT exercises were also used as opportunities for pilots participating in Flight Lead Upgrade (FLUG) training to gain experience in planning, briefing, leading, and debriefing 4-ship missions in an intensive air-to-air threat environment. We describe a four-phase research program at the Air Force Research Laboratory, Warfighter Training Research Division (AFRL/HEA) in Apr 99 to assess the effectiveness of using DMT to augment FLUG training. We reviewed training records at one F-16 base to identify 4-ship FLUG missions that would benefit most from DMT experience and establish baseline rates for sorties repeated due to noneffective upgrading pilot proficiency. A 5-day DMT-FLUG protocol was developed targeting these missions. DMT-FLUG training exercises were conducted over one year. During these exercises, upgrading pilots led several missions of increasing complexity using the AFRL 4-ship DMT testbed in Mesa AZ with AWACS weapons controllers from AFRL s research facility at Brooks AFB TX. We assessed transfer to aircraft training through review of training records and interviews with both upgrading pilots and their instructors. Eight out of 12 upgrading pilots participating in DMT-FLUG successfully completed the program without any repeated missions, one pilot repeated one mission, two transferred out of fighters, and one pilot was still in training. We discuss pilots and AWACS weapons directors performance within DMT and identify mission tasks most appropriate for DMT.
China and the World Trade Organization: An Economic Balance Sheet

China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) would affect the fundamental economic interests of both the United States and China. American opportunities to export to and invest in China would increase significantly. The United States would continue to apply the same, normal tariffs it has applied to imports from China continuously since 1980, but on a permanent basis instead of through annual renewals. China would ultimately be freed from quota restrictions under the Multi-Fiber Arrangement, which is being phased out as part of the WTO Agreement on Clothing and Textiles, enabling China to compete freely in the US market with other textile and apparel producers. The United States would agree to resolve trade disputes with China multilaterally as it does with the other 131 WTO members, rather than bilaterally.
Troubles associés de la locomotion et du contrôle postural des segments axiaux chez les enfants atteints de paralysie cérébrale : impact d’une rééducation centrée sur le tronc

Chez l’enfant, les segments axiaux sont la premiere reference autour de laquelle se developpe la marche et un developpement atypique du controle de ces derniers pourrait donc avoir des incidences nefastes sur la marche. Chez les enfants atteints de paralysie cerebrale (PC), la marche digitigrade, c’est a dire l’absence de premier pivot associee a une pose de pied a plat, est frequente. Si ce comportement a souvent ete considere comme resultant de la spasticite des flechisseurs plantaires, de recents travaux questionnent cette physiopathologie et ouvrent la voie a la recherche d’une causalite plus fonctionnelle. Ces enfants ont par ailleurs une grande instabilite des segments axiaux. La marche digitigrade pourrait alors etre une forme d’adaptation permettant de compenser un controle axial deficitaire. Le premier objectif de cette these etait la mise en evidence des troubles du controle axial chez des enfants atteints de PC âges de 6 a 12 ans apres avoir caracterise son developpement typique (DT) aux memes âges. En utilisant une assise instable neutralisant la contribution des membres inferieurs et superieurs dans le controle postural, nous montrons dans l’etude 1 une amelioration de la stabilisation axiale chez les enfants DT entre 6 et 12 ans, soulignant un developpement progressif du controle des segments axiaux entre ces âges. Cette meme methode couplee a une evaluation fonctionnelle du tronc montre dans l’etude 2 un deficit de stabilisation et d’utilisation fonctionnelle des segments axiaux chez 17 enfants atteints de PC compares a des enfants DT du meme âge – deficits associes a de plus amples oscillations debout. Le second objectif consistait a etablir des liens fonctionnels entre marche digitigrade et les deficits axiaux puis a proposer d’ameliorer la marche par une reeducation centree sur le tronc. L’etude 3 montre que les enfants atteints de PC s’adaptent au port de chaussure a cambrure inversee par une dorsiflexion permettant la pose de la chaussure a plat et le maintien d’un meme freinage que pieds nus lors de la phase de mise en charge, confirmant l’aspect fonctionnel de ce freinage. L’etude 4 confirme que ce dernier est lie a la dynamique du tronc et vise a pallier les deficits de controle axial. Nous montrons ensuite qu’une reeducation centree sur le tronc ameliore le controle des segments axiaux tout comme l’equilibre locomoteur avec une diminution post-reeducation du freinage de la dorsiflexion et du tronc pendant la mise en charge.
Abuso de Internet y Factores Psicológicos Relacionados

Internet has marked a milestone in the daily life and way of interaction of people, providing to the population a number of incalculable advantages. However, its frequent use has sometimes caused some problems among Internet users, from isolation to abandonment of daily obligations. Some authors have even dared to categorize the phenomenon as addictive. Nevertheless, the concept of Internet addiction has been questioned over the years. Despite this, it would be unethical to deny the reality of many people who present serious obstacles in their daily lives derived from a problematic use of the Internet. Consequently, it is necessary to research strategies both to intervene in network abuse and to prevent it. With this objective, the aim of this study is to search for psychological factors that could be related to inappropriate use of the Internet. In this way, it could be possible to identify people who have a higher probability of making a problematic use of the cyberspace. After a research with university students, it is concluded that those who abuse the Internet the most have lower levels of extraversion, emotional stability, responsibility, affability and self-esteem. Furthermore, it is discovered that gender acts as a moderator between some of these variables, opening a new path for possible future researches.
Un Sistema Integrato per la Gestione e la Rielaborazione in Ambiente Tridimensionale della Documentazione Prodotta dalle Indagini Archeologiche presso le Pendici Nord-orientali del Palatino

The urban landscape enclosed between the valley of the Colosseum, Palatine Hill and Velia, despite being the result of multiple urban interventions that have taken place over time, still retains a plan of use and an architectural context that dates back to the 4th century. a.D. Obviously what we see is the result of demolitions and excavation operations that have affected the area from the post-ancient age until today. Furthermore, if it is true that the Flavian Amphitheater, the Arch of Constantine and the Temple of Venus and Rome have partially (good or bad) survived the spoliation and vicissitudes of the area, these live as individual monuments, without the urban connective tissue in which they fell in ancient times. In this context, the archaeological research conducted since 1986 at Meta Sudans by the Sapienza University of Rome, under the direction of Prof. Clementina Panella, has affected a large area, between the Arch of Constantine and the Hadrianic base of the Colossus, in order to investigate the ancient vicissitudes of the area: the intent was to find traces of its history, from the earliest human acquaintances to today, and to reconstruct the various forms assumed here by ancient topography. Subsequently, from 2001 to 2017, the investigations moved along the north-eastern slopes of the Palatine with the aim of reconnecting the valley with the Palatine hill and the Forum, reconstructing the connections that the post-ancient demolitions and especially those of the fascist age they had partially stopped. All this research has made the attempt of a general reconstruction of the historical events of the urban landscape practicable, from its first anthropization to the present day, aimed at its correct knowledge, conservation, enhancement and dissemination. Due to space problems, it is not possible to summarize the various chronological phases and the main historical events of the area here. We can only underline how the first traces of settlement, referable to a village of huts from the Iron Age, followed, uninterrupted and numerous over the centuries, a series of construction and destruction of urban blocks that overlap and obliterate each other.
Identifying monetary policy: a primer

The question of the quantitative effect of monetary policy has been of considerable debate for decades. Economists' beliefs about it stem largely from theoretical models that imply the effects of changing monetary policy, and different experiments or theories lead to different conclusions. The actual economy, however, is not the result of any such controlled experiment. In the real world, inferences about the quantitative effect of monetary policy must rely on observations of actual economic activity in which many variables are changing simultaneously. ; This article argues that to assess the actual effect of monetary policy requires understanding the interaction among all players in the economy-the central bank, financial market participants, producers, and consumers. The author first explains the conceptual importance of sorting out the central bank's behavior from that of the many other players. He then discusses difficulties involved in sorting out such a behavior in any given country. Finally, he illustrates this sorting-out process with a few examples in the economics literature.
A Novel Approach to Mastery-based Assessment in Sophomore-level Mechanics Courses

The Mechanics Project is a reimagination of the foundational mechanics courses that engineering students generally take in their sophomore year. The courses associated with the project (statics, dynamics, and deformable solids) were converted to a student-centered engaged learning environment with students spending most of their class time in a flipped recitation environment. The pedagogical transformation was complemented with the implementation of a novel assessment system based upon redundant demonstration of mastery of the course objectives. The assessment system requires two key things: (1) the definition of measurable course objectives that capture the fundamental concept strands—the DNA—of the course and (2) frequent assessment that incorporates the redundancy of demonstration required to confidently conclude mastery. The process of developing this system had a significant impact on the nature of the courses and informed the topical content and development of course materials. The main motivation for moving to a mastery-based grading system was to change the way students think about and experience assessment. The frequency of assessment reduces some of the stress of the testing environment and the redundancy promotes a spiral learning approach that helps students connect the components of the problem-solving process. A simple grading rubric and feedback system was created to provide timely, meaningful, and detailed feedback on their progress with each specific learning objective. This paper describes the learning objectives, the feedback the students receive following each assessment, and how mastery is assessed in each course.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY TYPE AND STUDENTS' WELLBEING IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ORLU EDUCATION ZONE I OF IMO STATE

The study examined the relationship between family type and students' wellbeing in secondary schools in Orlu Education Zone I of Imo State. The study adopted a correlation design. The population of the study is made up of 5322 respondents which comprised of 3991 girls and 1331 boys in all the senior public secondary schools in Orlu Education Zone I of Imo State. The sample size for this study is 783 respondents which made up of 87 boys and 696 girls and was drawn using stratified proportionate random sampling technique. Two instruments were used for data collection for the study. They are researchers made rating scales titled "Family Type Scale (FTS)" and "Students" Wellbeing Scale (SWS)". The scales were validated by experts in the department of Education Measurement and Evaluation and Educational Psychology. Reliability indexes of 0.88 for FTS and 0.74 for SWS were obtained using Cronbach alpha. These indexes indicated that the instruments were reliable for the study. Pearson "r" statistics was used to answer the research questions while t-test significance of simple linear correlation was used to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 level of confidence. The findings revealed that there is high but significant relationship between two-parent family and students' wellbeing in secondary schools in Orlu Education Zone I of Imo State. It was also revealed in the findings of the study that there is low but significant relationship between single-parent family and students' wellbeing in secondary schools in Orlu Education Zone I of Imo State. Based on these findings, it was recommended among others that parental separation (in the form of divorce or disagreement) should be avoided. This can be done when partners learn to tolerate each other's individual differences.
Inferring the Activities of Smartphone Users from Context Measurements Using Bayesian Inference and Random Utility Models

Abstract Smartphones collect a wealth of information about their users' environment and activities. This includes GPS (global positioning system) tracks and the MAC (media access control) addresses of devices around the user, and it can go as far as taking visual and acoustic samples of the user's environment. We present a Bayesian framework for the identification of the current activity type of a smartphone user. As the prior information, we use a random utility model that predicts the type of activity a user is likely to perform given (i) the user's socioeconomic features, (ii) the land use of the user's current location, and (iii) the time of day. This model is estimated using data from the 2005 Swiss transport microcensus. The smartphone measurements come from a experimental survey, where one user carried around a phone programmed to constantly record his GPS location and other context variables, including the MAC addresses of nearby Bluetooth devices. In addition to this, the user answered a daily survey, where he described and geo-located all the activities performed during this period. An analysis of the recorded data shows that the information about nearby Bluetooth devices can be related to particular activities that are conducted jointly with the owners of that devices. The likelihood function is therefore specified as the probability of observing particular Bluetooth devices when conducting particular activities. Due to the limited amount of available data, only exemplary results are given, which, however, clearly indicate that the accuracy of the prior model can be greatly improved by using Bluetooth data.