Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using machine learning for semi-automatic expansion of the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary

The Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (HTOED) provides a highly granular taxonomic classification of the contents of the OED. However, HTOED was based largely on the first edition of the OED (plus supplements), and has not been updated to include content added more recently, or changed content emerging from third-edition revisions. This means that 32% of lexical items in the current OED data set are unclassified. We use the existing HTOED classifications as training data to classify this ‘missing’ content. The classification system works as a two-stage process. Firstly, for a given input sense, a Bayesian classifier identifies the general topic (high-level thesaurus branch) to which the sense belongs; secondly, a battery of similarity measures identifies possible target nodes within this branch. The system looks for consensus or proximity among the outputs of these methods, in order to pinpoint the optimal node(s) to which the sense should be assigned. The system is currently able to classify 25% of input senses to the correct node, and a further 40% of input senses to the right neighbourhood (a parent, child, or sibling of the correct node). A web-based UI facilitates the manual checking, approval, and adjustment of proposed classifications.
Proinflammatory Potential of Cytomegalovirus Infection

We observed the effects of antiviral therapy on CMV and/or oxidative-stress-induced stimulation of proinflammatory molecules including interleukin-8 (IL-8), melanoma growth stimulatory activity-α (GRO-α) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) using human foreskin fibroblasts. Ganciclovir, foscarnet or cidofovir completely suppressed virus replication, as demonstrated by CMV late (L) antigen production. These drugs did not influence CMV immediate-early (IE) antigen expression and had no effects on CMV-induced cellular changes in IL-8, GRO-α and ICAM-1 levels. Phosphorothioate oligonucleotide (ISIS 2922) suppressed both CMV IE and L antigen by 99%. ISIS 2922 completely suppressed CMV-induced upregulation of both chemokines and ICAM-1. Induction of oxidative stress by H2O2 upregulated IL-8 expression. Oxidative stress and CMV infection showed synergistic effects on IL-8 expression. ISIS 2922 only partially inhibited the upregulation of IL-8 in infected cells treated with H2O2, whereas cotreatment with ISIS 2922 and antioxidants inhibited the upregulation almost completely. The results showed that inhibition of CMV IE expression alone or in combination with antioxidants is promising for the treatment of CMV disease.
Multi-model ensemble projections of climate change effects on global marine biodiversity

Species distribution models (SDMs) are important tools to explore the effects of future global changes in biodiversity. Previous studies show that variability is introduced into projected distributions through alternative datasets and modelling procedures. However, a multi-model approach to assess biogeographic shifts at the global scale is still rarely applied, particularly in the marine environment. Here, we apply three commonly used SDMs (AquaMaps, Maxent, and the Dynamic Bioclimate Envelope Model) to assess the global patterns of change in species richness, invasion, and extinction intensity in the world oceans. We make species-specific projections of distribution shift using each SDM, subsequently aggregating them to calculate indices of change across a set of 802 species of exploited marine fish and invertebrates. Results indicate an average poleward latitudinal shift across species and SDMs at a rate of 15.5 and 25.6 km decade 21 for a low and high emissions climate change scenario, respectively. Predicted distribution shifts resulted in hotspots of local invasion intensity in high latitude regions, while local extinctions were concentrated near the equator. Specifically, between 108N and 108S, we predicted that, on average, 6.5 species would become locally extinct per 0.58 latitude under the climate change emissions scenario Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5. Average invasions were predicted to be 2.0 species per 0.58 latitude in the Arctic Ocean and 1.5 species per 0.58 latitude in the Southern Ocean. These averaged global hotspots of invasion and local extinction intensity are robust to the different SDM used and coincide with high levels of agreement.
Purification and Characterization of the Messenger RNA Coding for Bovine Corticotropin/β‐Lipotropin Precursor

The mRNA coding for the common precursor of corticotropin and β-lipotropin has been purified to homogeneity from neurointermediate lobes of bovine pituitaries. The homogeneity of the mRNA preparation is evidenced by analysis of its translation product, electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel in the presence of formamide and analysis of the kinetics of hybridization with its cDNA. The purification procedure involves the isolation of RNA from membrane-bound polysomes, chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose and on poly(U)-Sepharose and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The mRNA has a molecular weight of approximately 450000, equivalent to approximately 1360 nucleotides in length, and contains a polyadenylate sequence with an average length of 68 nucleotides. The size of the mRNA is sufficiently large to encode the corticotropin/β-lipotropin precursor.
AVALIAÇÃO DA VIABILIDADE E EFETIVIDADE DAS UNIDADES DE CONSERVAÇÃO DE PROTEÇÃO INTEGRAL NO CEARÁ, BRASIL

Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade e a efetividade das Unidades de Conservacao (UC) de protecao integral visando identificar lacunas na definicao de prioridades para a ampliacao do Sistema de Areas Protegidas do Ceara. Com base nos documentos legais de criacao e questionario direcionado aos gestores das UC, foi analisado o tamanho da UC, verificada a existencia de plano de manejo, de atividades de monitoramento e, os criterios utilizados na escolha da area a ser transformada em UC. Identificou-se que para oito das 16 UC de protecao integral do Ceara nao foram utilizados criterios tecnico-cientificos e nenhum estudo previo dos recursos naturais quando foram criadas. Quinze ainda nao elaboraram seus planos de manejos e 13 nao possuiam atividades de pesquisa e monitoramento. Quanto ao tamanho, doze UC tem menos de 10.000 ha, sendo necessarios estudos acurados para se conhecer a extensao adequada para manter a biodiversidade dos ecossistemas do Ceara. A situacao atual das UC de protecao integral do Ceara, possivelmente, reduz a eficiencia do sistema de florestas protegidas em preservar a biodiversidade cearense sendo necessario implementar os instrumentos de manutencao destas florestas para resguardar a vida silvestre e os servicos ambientais prestados nestas areas.
Vitamin Ε as an Antioxidant/Free Radical Scavenger Against Amyloid β-Peptide-Induced Oxidative Stress in Neocortical Synaptosomal Membranes and Hippocampal Neurons in Culture: Insights into Alzheimer's Disease

Amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), the major constituent in senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, is thought by many researchers to be central to neurotoxicity in AD brain. Increasing evidence from many laboratories indicates that AD brain is under oxidative stress, with strong evidence of protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and peroxynitrite damage. A link between the central role of Abeta and oxidative stress in AD brain may be Abeta-associated free radical oxidative stress. If so, antioxidants such as vitamin E should modulate Abeta-induced oxidative damage and neurotoxicity in brain cells. This review summarizes studies of Abeta-associated free radical oxidative stress and its inhibition by vitamin E in cortical synaptosomal membranes and hippocampal neuronal cells in culture. Taken together with the recent report that vitamin E slows the progression of AD, this review strongly supports a central role of Abeta-associated free radical oxidative stress in neurotoxicity in AD brain.
ÍNDICES HEMATIMÉTRICOS E BIOQUÍMICA SANGUÍNEA NO CAVALO DE CAVALGADA EM CONDIÇÕES TROPICAIS

The objective of this study was to determine haematological variables (red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and coefficient of variation of the distribution curve of red blood cells) and blood biochemistry (total plasma proteins, fibrinogen, urea, creatinine, uric acid, total cholesterol and triglycerides) of pleasure horses. Therefore, we evaluated 46 Mangalarga Marchador horses, 32 males and 14 females at different ages (6.83±0.65 years). The animals were kept stabled at different pleasure horses training centers, which presented similar nutritional management and conditioning regimen. We evaluated the sex group (male and female) and age groups (younger than five years, between five and ten years, over ten years). The results indicated differences in the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration related to sexual group (P<0,05), and in the variation of total serum protein concentration (P<0,05) related to the age groups. The results suggested that there are important differences in biochemical and hematological parameters in horse riding toward sex and age group, except for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and total plasma proteins concentration, which do not compromise physical performance of these animals.
Effect of fat-enriched diets on rabbit meat fatty acid composition

The effects of beef tallow-, soya and sunflower olein- and soya bean oil-enriched (3%) diets on the chemical and fatty acid composition of total, a polar and polar lipids of rabbit meat have been studied. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in the meat chemical composition were observed between groups. However, a large effect of the diet on the total and apolar lipid fatty acids was found, with C18:1 and C18:2 the most affected fatty acids. The influence of the diets on the fatty acids of the polar fraction was less marked. It is concluded that the enrichment of the rabbit diet with either soya and sunflower oleins or soya bean oil allows the production of rabbit meat with a higher unsaturation degree than is obtained by using conventional diets, which constitutes an important nutritional benefit to the human being.
Stability to Oxidation of Spray-Dried Fish Oil Powder Microencapsulated Using Milk Ingredients

Microencapsulation of fish oil was achieved by spray-drying homogenized emulsions of fish oil using 3 different types of casein as emulsifier and lactose as filler. As the degree of aggregation of the casein emulsifier increased, the vacuole volume of the microencapsulated powders decreased. The shelf life of the powders increased as the degree of aggregation of the casein emulsifier increased at the high homogenization conditions. When micel- lar casein was used as emulsifier, the shelf life also increased as homogenization conditions increased. Free fat but not surface fat was inversely related to shelf life. Since the type of casein used was confounded with the powder vacuole volume, the increased shelf life may have been due to either factor.
Relationships between Seed Mass, Seed Nutrients, and Seedling Growth in Banksia cunninghamii (Proteaceae)

We examined relationships between seed mass, seed nutrients, and seedling growth in two populations of Banksia cunninghamii to determine whether large seed mass provided an advantage for seedling establishment on nutrient‐poor soils. N and P content of seeds increased more than proportionally with increasing seed mass, indicating that large seeds had greater concentrations of these nutrients than small seeds. K content of seeds increased either proportionally or more than proportionally with seed mass, depending on population. In a common garden, larger seeds produced larger seedlings, although seed mass had little effect on seed germination, seedling survival, root:shoot ratios, or relative growth rate. In a nutrient‐deprivation experiment, seedlings were smaller under low nutrients than under high nutrients. Under low nutrients in one population, the increase in seedling size with seed mass was greater than proportional, indicating that large seed mass minimized the effect of nutrient deprivation. Under high nutrients in this population and under both nutrient regimes in the other population, the increase in seedling size with seed mass was only proportional. Overall, our findings highlight the advantage of large seed mass on nutrient‐poor soils, probably by rendering seedlings less reliant on soil nutrients.
Influence of Moisture, Temperature, and Substrate on Snapping Turtle Eggs and Embryos

Flexible-shelled eggs of common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) were incubated on two substrates (sand and vermiculite) at each of three temperatures (26.0°, 28.5°, 31.0°C) and three moisture regimes (water potentials initially -150 kPa, -550 kPa, -950 kPa) in a factorial experiment assessing the influence of these variables on the water relations of eggs and the development of embryos. Hatching success was high on wet substrates at 26.0° and 28.5°, but declined at the highest temperature and on drier media. Net absorption of water by viable eggs, duration of incubation by embryos, and size of hatchlings were positively correlated with wetness of substrates and negatively correlated with temperature. Turtles hatching from eggs at 26.0° were males regardless of the wetness of the medium, whereas those emerging from eggs at 28.5° and 31.0° were females. These patterns of response characterized eggs incubated on sand as well as those on vermiculite. Findings from this study indicate that temporal and spatial variations in moisture and temperature within and among natural nests probably elicit ecologically important variation in size and sex of hatchling snapping turtles.
Winter management of grass grub (Costelytra zealandia (white))

Abstract Rolling pasture in May‐early June depressed grass grub (Costelytra zealandica (White)) densities by crushing larvae feeding close to the surface. The relationship between rolling intensity and decreasing grass grub density was generally exponential. This initial depression (25–90%) was followed by a further population depression during the pre‐pupal and pupal stages. Rolling and pasture‐treading by dairy cows in late July and August when larvae were deep in the soil profile, also depressed pupal densities. Marked reductions in grass grub densities were recorded following insecticide treatment (63–73%) and differing rolling intensities (28–73%) carried out in June. When both methods were combined, the reductions obtained were additive. Depressions in pest densities resulting from treading (69%) in early July and rolling (65%) in early August were similar and as with the combination of insecticide and rolling, were additive (93%). Losses in pasture production and changes in botanical composition we.
The Defence of Bumblebee Colonies

I. A study has been made of the ability of bumblebees to recognise intruding bumblebees from other colonies and of their behaviour towards them. 2. Bumblebees are to recognise intruders by their scent alone. Scents of strange colonies may be adsorbed onto the body surfaces of bees causing them to be attacked when they return to their own colony. It is suggested that the similar body odours possessed by members of the same colony arise partly by adsorption of the odours of their nest by the waxes on their body surfaces. 3. Large colonies have guards at the entrances of their nests. Some bees act as guards for several days in succession, and periods of guard duty alternate with periods of foraging and nest duties. 4. Certain bees in small colonies are more ready to attack intruders than others. The aggressiveness of such bees is probably associated with the relatively high degree of development of their ovaries. The aggressiveness shown by queens towards each other can also probably be explained in this way.
Adaptive egg size plasticity for larval competition and its limits in the seed beetle Callosobruchus chinensis

Life‐history theory predicts that females who experienced stressful conditions, such as larval competition or malnutrition, should increase their investment in individual offspring to increase offspring fitness (the adaptive parental hypothesis). In contrast, it has been shown that when females were reared under stressful conditions, they become smaller, which consequently decreases egg size (the parental stress hypothesis). To test whether females adjust their egg volume depending on larval competition, independent of maternal body mass constraint, we used a pest species of stored adzuki beans, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). The eggs of females reared with competitors were smaller than those of females reared alone, supporting the parental stress hypothesis; however, correcting for female body size, females reared with competitors produced larger eggs than those reared in the absence of competition, supporting the adaptive parental hypothesis, as predicted. The phenotypic plasticity in females' investment in each offspring in stressful environments counteracts the constraint of body size on egg size.
Actividad antimicrobiana de Weissella confusa y sus metabolitos frente a Escherichia coli y Klebsiella pneumoniae

Summary The kinetic of antimicrobial activity of Weissella confusa and their metabolites against E. coli, and K. pneumoniae, (two pathogens causing foodborne illness) was evaluated, in order to know the possible use in food processing. W. confusa was produced by batch fermentation using MRS commercial substrate. Three fermentations, of 6 hours at 33 °C, without aeration, stirring continuously (100 rpm) were performed. Every hour of fermentation, three biological substances, W. confusa with their metabolites (W + W10b), W. confusa free cells metabolites (W), and metabolite (W10b) were separated, and subsequently the antimicrobial activity against pathogenic E. coli and K. pneumoniae was measured. Statistically significant differences between treatments and fermentation time were found. Treatment (W) against E. coli, showed the greatest antimicrobial activity, it was obtained between the fourth and sixth hours of fermentation (2.45 cm diameter average inhibition). In treatments W and W + W10b against K. pneumoniae, statistically significant differences between them were not found. The antimicrobial activity was shown between the fourth and fifth hour of fermentation. W. confusa and W10b have antimicrobial activity against E. coli and K. pneumoniae, suggesting that W and W10b could be used as an alternative to biopreservation or bioprotection of fresh and proces
An improved method for marking crayfish

An improved method of marking crayfish by refinement of punching holes in uropods and telson and clipping pleura was developed. The method, with at least 10 800 codes, provides an economical and practical approach to temporarily mark and individually identify crayfish, and is particularly useful for marking a large field sample. The method was tested by marking Pacifastacus leniusculus both in laboratory and river. The marks on the crayfish, ranging from 30 to 75 mm carapace length (CL), from the river lasted more than one year (or 2-3 moults). The table of 10 800 codes, in which most reliable codes are also indicated, is given to facilitate further application. The method is suitable for field studies on population size, density and dispersal or migration of animals as no significant effects on the survival of marked crayfish of >30 mm CL were found. However, care must be taken if the method is applied to estimate growth because a remarkable reduction (~20%) in the moult increment of CL after marking treatment was observed in crayfish, ranging from 33.4 to 46.6 mm CL, under laboratory conditions.
Purinoceptors in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation

Tropic actions of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides have been described in both the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as for numerous other cell types. These effects on cellular differentiation and proliferation are mediated by specific cell surface P1 and P2 receptors. In some cases, extracellular purines act synergistically with polypeptide growth factors. The signal‐transduction pathways that couple the P1 or P2 receptors to changes in cell growth are beginning to be uncovered. The trophic actions of purines have both physiological and pathological implications and may play important roles in development and synaptogenesis as well as in tissue injury and repair. Drug Dev. Res. 39:407–412, 1996. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A taxonomic study of Plantago subgenus Psyllium (Miller) Harms

ANDRZEJEWSKA-GOLEC, E. , 1992. A taxonomic study of Plantago subgenus Psyllium (Miller) Harms. The result of studies on hairs and iridoid glycosides provide evidence for heterogeneity of the subgenus Psyllium. The division of the subgenus into four series is undertaken.
Effect of Different Maceration Levels on the Antioxidant and Bioavailability of Wine from Vitis vinifera Cv. Muscat Hamburg

The paper studied the effect of different maceration levels on the antioxidant and bioavailability of wine from vitis vinifera cv. Muscat Hamburg in China. The bioavailability of phenolic fraction was assayed for Folin-Ciocalteu Reaction (FCR) reducing capacity, and methanol content was determined with Gas Chromatography. All maceration treatments raised wine polyphenolic content and antioxidant while increased the methanol, too. Evaluated by an in vitro digestion process, the bioavailability of polyphenolic compounds and methanol in wine showed that the FCR value of the full-maceration samples was the highest (31.56%), the methanol content of the samples was higher than that of other three groups (29.60%), and the availability was up to its maximum absorptivity (53.07%). It suggests that the Muscat red wine may represent higher quality and bioavailability after extended maceration.
Ephemeroptera and the Great American Interchange

The Panamerican Ephemeroptera fauna is evaluated with respect to the interchange of generic lineages and species between the Americas, and comparisons are drawn with classical studies of the American interchange based on other biota. Cladistic, distributional, and behavioral data are presented or reviewed that support the following hypotheses and conclusions: The Central American corridor has strongly favored northward dispersal, with 29 of 85 potential South American donor genera having infiltrated Central America, and 21 of those having further penetrated Nearctic North America. Only 10 of 63 potential North American donor genera have dispersed into Central America, and of those only Cercobrachys, Choroterpes, Epeorus, and Hexagenia have broached the Central American corridor. Only 8 species among the genera Campylocia, Cloeodes, Euthyplocia, Guajirolus, Hexagenia, Mayobaetis, and Tortopus co-occur in South and Central America. All belong to South American lineages, and 5 are large, relatively strong flying ephemeroid mayflies--the 3 belonging to Euthyplocia and Hexagenia having further penetrated North America. Species range extensions between North and Central American are less restricted, with 34 species of genera of South American origin and 9 species of genera of North American origin co-occurring in the continental Neotropics ("Central America") and Nearctic region ("North America") of the Northern Hemisphere. Late Neogene and Holocene dispersal can account for most infiltration of Central America as well as interchanges across the corridor. Bi-directional dispersal is evident in Caenis and Hexagenia. Vicariance has evidently affected the Panamerican distribution of Hexagenia and Homoeoneuria. Mid-Tertiary or earlier southward and more recent northward dispersal of Hexagenia is consistent with the distribution and phylogeny of the genus. A relatively early northward dispersal of Homoeoneuria is suggested by the presence of a distinct lineage in South America and the Holarctic sister relationship of Homoeoneuria and Oligoneurisca. Distributional pattern analysis predicts that the widespread Panamerican genus Callibaetis is of South American origin.