Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimation of coancestry from genetic markers in a population with complex pedigree.

INTRODUCTION The concept of coancestry (or kinship) between two individuals plays a central role in animal breeding in order to estimate genetic parameters and to carry out genetic evaluations (Falconer and Mackay, 1996) and in the field of conservation, to decide which animals will contribute gametes to the next generation and how the matings will be organised (Caballero and Toro, 2000). As a consequence of the great interest produced by the development of molecular markers several estimators have been developed to measure pairwise coancestry using the molecular information. Most of them are described in Lynch and Ritland (1999) and Toro et al. (2002) and their performance compared by computer simulation. In the last work several estimators were calculated for 62 individuals genotyped for 49 microsatellite loci and their values compared with the genealogical coancestry calculated from the complete pedigree. Here we analyse with more detail some of them and the implications of their utilisation on the management of a cryoconservation programme.
Wyoming Big Sagebrush Density: Effects of Seeding Rates and Grass Competition

The mining industry commonly seeds shrubs and grasses concurrently on coal‐mined lands of northeastern Wyoming, but ecological interactions between seeded shrubs and grasses are not well documented. Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis (Beetle and Young) (Wyoming big sagebrush) is the dominant pre‐mining shrub on many Wyoming mine sites. Despite past failures to establish Wyoming big sagebrush, the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, Land Quality Division's rules and regulations require establishment of 1 shrub per m2 on 20% of post‐mined land in Wyoming. A study was established at the Belle Ayr Coal Mine south of Gillette, Wyoming to evaluate the effects of sagebrush seeding rates and grass competition on Wyoming big sagebrush seedling density. Three sagebrush seeding rates (1, 2, and 4 kg pure live seed [pls]/ha; 350, 700, and 1,400 pls/m2, respectively) and seven cool‐season perennial grass mixture seeding rates (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 14 kg pls/ha; 0, 187, 374, 561, 750, 935, and 1,309 pls/m2, respectively) were applied during winter 1998–1999. Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love (western wheatgrass), Elymus lanceolatus (Scribner & J.G. Smith) Gould (thickspike wheatgrass), and Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners (slender wheatgrass) comprised the grass seed mix (equal seed numbers of each species). Sagebrush seedling density differed among sagebrush seeding rates but not among grass seeding rates. On all sampling dates in 1999 and 2000, sagebrush seedling density differed among sagebrush rates and was greatest at the 4 kg pls/ha sagebrush seeding rate. All sagebrush seeding rates provided densities of at least 1 shrub per m2 after two growing seasons. Grass density and production in 2000 suggest that adequate grass production (75 g/m2) was achieved by seeding at 6 to 8 kg pls/ha. Within these grass seeding rates, four or more sagebrush seedlings per m2 were attained when sagebrush was seeded at 2 to 4 kg pls/ha. Use of these seeding rate combinations in mine reclamation can achieve Wyoming big sagebrush standards and reduce reseeding costs.
Ecological significance of blue light stimulation of photosynthetic capacity in Laminaria spp. and other brown algae

The transient stimulation of light-saturated photosynthesis In Laminaria digitata (Huds.) Lan~our, and L. saccharina (L.) Lamour. , which has been observed following pulses of blue light, was found to persist when low irradiances of continuous blue light were given as a supplement to saturating irradiances of red or yellow light. The degree of stimulation was directly proportional to the logarithm of the irradiance of blue light, with a 50% response at 0.28 1.1mol m-' S-' and saturation above 1 pm01 m-' S-'. These irradiances represented about 0.2 % and 0.5 %, respectively, of the total irradiance incident on the plants. In natural underwater light fields, such low proportions of blue wavelengths would be found only close to, or below, the lower depth limit for Laminaria spp. , where photosynthesis, if it occurred at all, would be light-limited and, therefore, not subject to blue light stimulation. Irradiances of blue light measured in the Laminaria zone during periods when the total irradiance was high enough to saturate photosynthesis were always higher than 1 pm01 m-' S-', and photosynthesis by Laminaria spp. in simulated underwater light fields in the laboratory was not affected by additional blue light. Unlike Laminaria, other brown algae (e.g. Asperococcus. Ectocarpus) exhibited stimulation by blue light in irradiances of red light which are limiting for photosynthesis, and their photosynthetic rates can, therefore, be limited when blue light is present as a higher proportion of the total irradiance than for Lam~naria. However, these plants are mostly found in the littoral zone, and will rarely experience low blue light environments. The stimulation of photosynthetic capacity by blue light in brown algae occurs at such low irradiances of blue light that photosynthesis by these plants, in their natural habitats, is unlikely ever to be limited by a shortage of blue light.
Existence of a triple layered system of Ca-generators in swine purkinje cells

Background: Spontaneous electrical signals from cardiac Purkinje fibers trigger life threatening arrhythmias. This abnormal signaling was associated with increased spontaneous intracellular Ca²⁺ activity following myocardial infarction. The present study aimed to understand the Ca²⁺ cycling within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in Purkinje cells (Pcells) in the large mammalian heart. -- Methods: Immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and fast confocal Ca²⁺ imaging were used with normal porcine Pcells, to examine the Ca²⁺ activity under various conditions including addition of specific agonist/antagonists of ER-Ca²⁺ channels. -- Results: Spontaneous Ca²⁺ activity was different between 3 distinct subcellular regions: 1) the "Near SL" region was in close apposition with the sarcolemma (SL) and contained IP₃R₁; 2) the "SubSL" region, contained a thin layer of RyR ₃, and 3) the core region contained RyR₂. -- Conclusions: These results are consistent with the existence of 3 distinct layers of ER Ca²⁺ -generators in porcine Pcells, which highlights potential new mechanisms for Purkinje arrhythmogenicity.
Mechanics of Forward Flight in Bumblebees: II. QUASI-STEADY LIFT AND POWER REQUIREMENTS

This paper examines the aerodynamics and power requirements of forward flight in bumblebees. Measurements weremade of the steady-state lift and drag forces acting on bumblebee wings and bodies. The aerodynamic force and pitching moment balances for bumblebees previously filmed in free flight were calculated. A detailed aerodynamic analysis was used to show that quasi-steady aerodynamic mechanisms are inadequate to explain even fast forward flight. Calculations of the mechanical power requirements of forward flight show that the power required to fly is independent of airspeed over a range from hovering flight to an airspeed of 4.5 ms −1
Infracomunidades de helmintos parásitos de Ambystoma lermaensis (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) en Lerma, México

The helminth infracommunity structure was analyzed in 48 salamanders ( Ambystoma lermaensis) from San Pedro Tlaltizapan, Lerma, Estado de Mexico (June 1997 to March 1999). Richness (2.46 ± 1.8), abun- dance (29.5 ± 42.3), and diversity (0.64 ± 0.58) levels characterize these communities as depauperate, similar to other amphibian helminth communities worldwide. Apparently, the main forces determining infracommunity structure are ectothermy (as regulator of the ingestion rate), and the opportunistic feeding habits of the hosts, be- cause 80% of the helminth taxa enter the host by ingestion of intermediate hosts.
THE EFFECT OF DELAYED FERTILIZATION IN SOME SPECIES OF THE GENUS TISBE (COPEPODA, HARPACTICOIDA)

Delay in fertilization of the females of Tisbe dobzhanskii from Anzio.T. holothuriac from Ponza, and T. clodiensis from Venice and Ponza was found to affect the sex-ratio of these populations.The degree of the influence depended largely upon the lateness of fertilization and, thus, upon the biology of the species.Especially in T. dobzhanskii shifting of the sex-ratio in favor of males was highly significant. In the other populations it was less evident, but still significant. If the delay of fertilization was too great, the females were no longer able to produce viable offspring.In addition to the shifting of the sex-ratio towards males an increase of offspring per family was observed.The possible adaptive nature of the phenomenon is discussed.
Cigarette Smoking Among Successive Birth Cohorts of Men and Women in the United States During 1900–1980

: Trends in cigarette smoking among successive cohorts of men and women were reconstructed from smoking histories of respondents to the 1978-80 Health Interview Surveys. Estimated smoking rates among the older cohorts were then adjusted for the differential mortality of cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. By 1920, over half of the young male population smoked cigarettes. Not until 1950 did more than a third of the young female population smoke cigarettes. The proportion of men who ever smoked cigarettes progressively declined with each successive cohort born after 1920. By contrast, the proportion of women who ever smoked declined only among cohorts born after 1940. Cessation of cigarette smoking from age 30 years onward was observed for all cohorts of men. Cessation rates accelerated for men who reached age 30 after 1960. By contrast, smoking cessation from age 30 was observed only for women who reached age 30 after 1950. Cessation rates accelerated only for women who reached age 30 after 1970. For each cohort, recent smoking cessation rates for men have exceeded those for women. Maximum exposure to cigarette smoking probably occurred among men who are now in their seventh and eighth decades. By contrast, peak exposure to smoking probably occurred among women who are now only in their fifth and sixth decades.
Fogo em pastagens: estratégia de manejo?

The burning of fields is a traditional tool for grassland management in Brazil. In the Northeast and Midwest regions, though much disputed in the scientific and by environmental organizations and society in general, it is a reality and common practice. In the South, specifically in the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, this activity is widespread, which is mainly due to the steep topography and rock outcroppings, which makes grazing difficult to manage during the dry season (late winter). The possible reasons for the use of burning as a management tool could be related to the elimination of the plant material blasted by frost during the winter, which, according to farmers, would reduce spring growth. Other arguments raised by proponents of this practice are the degree of infestation of undesirable species in burned and unburned areas and the rate of regrowth of forage species after burning. The points cited are based mostly on visual observations with research carried out in areas that aren’t very representative, which often leads to erroneous conclusions or a misleading reality. Thus, this review aims to elucidate the main effects of burning on pasture, its advantages, disadvantages and particularly the damage caused by frequent and continuous use of burning as a management tool.
Natural history of Hypsiboas leptolineatus (Anura: Hylidae) in Aparados da Serra National Park, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

A historia natural da especie Hypsiboas leptolineatus foi estudada no periodo de dezembro de 2003 a julho de 2005, nos ambientes de Floresta Ombrofila Densa, Floresta Ombrofila Mista, Campos de Cima da Serra e em areas de transicao entre Floresta Ombrofila Mista e Estepe. Os ambientes referidos localizam-se no Parque Nacional de Aparados da Serra, nos municipios de Cambara do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, e Praia Grande, Santa Catarina. A especie habita preferencialmente corpos d’agua estagnada no ambiente Estepe, utilizando sitios de vocalizacao dentro ou muito proximos ao corpo d’agua. A atividade de vocalizacao ocorre durante o ano todo, sendo interrompida somente em temperaturas muito baixas, mas sua atividade diaria e estritamente noturna. Os machos sao territorialistas e formam coros nupciais. A defesa dos territorios ocorre atraves de disputas vocais e, possivelmente, podem ocorrer combates fisicos, evidenciados por marcas no dorso dos machos. As femeas sao maiores que os machos, tanto em peso quanto em comprimento rostro-cloacal. As posturas sao depositadas na agua, e o desenvolvimento larvario dura cerca de quatro meses e meio. Palavras-chave: Hylidae, distribuicao espacial, periodo reprodutivo, desenvolvimento larval, Hypsiboas leptolineatus .
Targeted exploitation of gene pools of alien Triticeae species for sustainable and multi-faceted improvement of the durum wheat crop

Abstract. Enlarging the genetic basis of essential crop species such as the polyploid wheats is a priority in breeding outlooks for the new millennium. To this end, one feasible approach to exploit the wide and largely untapped variation present in the gene pools of alien Triticeae species is chromosome engineering, which enables the transfer of alien chromosomal segments carrying targeted genes to wheat chromosomes. Recent progress in molecular marker technology, molecular cytogenetic techniques, and in genome knowledge has greatly enhanced the ability of chromosome engineering to contribute breeder-friendly germplasm, even in the case of durum wheat, considered more sensitive to genome manipulations than bread wheat. Using finely tuned chromosome engineering, stable incorporation into durum has been achieved for various alien segments containing genes for disease resistance, quality attributes, and even yield-related traits, both separately and in combination. The state of the art and the breeding potential of such transfers are reviewed and updated.
Potentiation of phytoalexin accumulation in elicitor-treated epicotyls of pea (Pisum sativum) by a diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor.

When epicotyl tissues of pea were treated with a diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase inhibitor (R59022), enhanced induction of the phytoalexin accumulation occurred which was induced by fungal elicitor. The marked induction was associated with a sustained accumulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)-mRNA and the consequent increase in PAL activity. These results suggest that inhibition of DAG breakdown leads to increased induction of phytoalexin accumulation and support the hypothesis that DAG kinase negatively regulates the signal transduction. Zusammenfassung Nach einer Behandlung des Epikotylgewebes von Erbsen mit einem Hemmstoff der Diacylglycerol (DAG)-Kinase (R59022) wurde eine Verstarkung der Phytoalexinakkumulation beobachtet, die durch einen pilzlichen Elicitor induziert worden war. Die ausgepragte Induktion wurde mit einer anhaltenden Akkumulation der Phenylalanin-Ammonlyase (PAL)-mRNS und mit anschliesender erhohter PAL-Aktivitat assoziiert. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass eine Hemmung des DAG-Abbaus zu einer erhohten Induktion der Phytoalexinakkumulation fuhrt und auserdem unterstutzen sie die Hypothese, dass die Signaltransduktion durch die DAG-Kinase negativ reguliert wird.
Effect of urea: ammonium: nitrate ratios in nutrient solution on photosynthesis and quantitative properties of rose cut flower in soilless culture

In order to investigate the effects of different forms of nitrogen in nutrient solution on photosynthesis rate and quantitative properties of rose cv. Dolcvita, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with seven ratios of urea: NH4: NO3 (0-100-0, 0-50-50, 0-0-100, 50-0-50, 25-25-50, 15-15-70 and 0-0-100) and three replications, in a hydroponic greenhouse which grows rose flower. The rooted plants of rose cv. Dolcvita were potted filled with perlite and cocopeat (50:50) substrates. Then, quantitative properties such as plant stalk height, bud length, diameter of bud and stem, leaf area index, vase life, fresh weight of stalk, leaf greenness and photosynthesis parameters were measured. The results showed that increasing the ammonium in nutrient solution reduced the photosynthesis rate, water use efficiency and leaf mesophyll efficiency. The highest stalk height was obtained from 25-25-50 and 0-0-100 treatments (88.3 cm and 86.9 cm), respectively. The highest fresh weight of stalk was obtained in 0-0-100 treatment. Application of 50-0-50 treatment increased leaf greenness as compared to other treatments. When ammonium was increased in nutrition solution, the vase life was reduced. The highest and lowest vase lives were obtained from 25-2550 and 100-0-0 treatments (17.6 and 11.1 days), respectively.
Biophysical and biochemical control of cell expansion in roots and leaves

The endogenous regulation of the extension of cells and tissues appears to be dominated by cell wall mechanics. By simultaneously measuring growth rate at near-single cell resolution and single cell turgor pressure we have begun to chart the behaviour of an expanding cell as it passes from the meristem to the mature region of the roots of maize, wheat, barley, tomato, and Pinus pinaster. A key feature is that turgor pressure is unchanged throughout the development of the cell. Two phases can be distinguished within the expanding zone. (i) An acceleration phase in which the cell walls loosen. The cells of this phase can rapidly alter their wall mechanics following water stress and have the most powerful capacity for osmotic adjustment
Several Cell Responses to Insulin of Cultured Cells Derived from Micromeres, Isolated from Sea Urchin Embryos at the 16 Cell Stage

In micromere‐derived cells of sea urchin embryos, treatment with insulin started for up to 24 h during culture at 20°C resulted in augmentation of 32P incorporation into protein (protein phosphorylation) followed by activation of 32P incorporation into RNA (RNA synthesis) and then induced pseudopodial cable growth, accompanied by considerable decreases in the rates of protein phosphorylation and RNA synthesis. This augmentation of RNA synthesis and cable growth induced by insulin were blocked by H‐7, which inhibited protein phosphorylation, and were also inhibited by actinomycin D without any inhibition of protein phosphorylation. Similar results were obtained on treatment with horse serum, found to contain insulin‐like compounds. In cells treated with horse serum treated cells, high rates of protein phosphorylation and RNA synthesis were maintained even after the initiation of cable growth and about 5 h later, spicule rods were produced. Insulin treatment did not induce spicule rod formation. In cells treated with horse serum, actinomycin D treatment started at the time of initiation of cable growth, cables were formed but formation of spicule rods was blocked. These results suggest that horse serum contains some other substance besides insulin‐like ones, which induces expression of genes that are indispensable for spicule rod formation.
Prevalensi dan Distribusi Cacing Pada Berbagai Organ Ikan Selar Bentong

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi dan distribusi cacing pada berbagai organ ikan selar bentong (Selar crumenophthalmus) yang dipasarkan di Kedonganan, Badung. Sampel yang digunakan adalah 35 ekor ikan selar bentong (Selar crumenophthalmus) yang berasal dari pasar ikan Kedonganan. Ikan diperiksa di laboratorium secara kasat mata yang dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan dibawah mikroskop. Selanjutnya data mengenai distribusi cacing pada berbagai organ yang didapat dalam penelitian dapat digunakan rancangan penelitian Crosss Sectional Study yang dilaporkan secara deskriptif. Hasil pengamatan terhadap sampel adalah ditemukannya 4 jenis parasit cacing, yaitu dari filum cacing Nemathelminthes (Anisakis spp, Camallanus spp, dan Acanthocephala) dan Plathyhelminthes (Digenea). Cacing Anisakiss spp ditemukan pada organ rongga perut, usus, pylorik, perut, dan gonad. Hal ini diakibatkan karena Anisakis spp pada ikan selar bentong (Selar crumenophthalmus) masih berupa larva yang hidupnya motil sehingga bisa berpindah tempat. Sedangkan Anisakis spp dewasa terdapat pada mamalia laut (lumba-lumba dan paus), dimana cacingnya sudah bersifat dormant/ menetap pada jaringan otot. Organ alami Camallanus spp adalah pada organ usus, tetapi dalam penelitian ini cacing Camallanus spp ditemukan pada organ gonad. hal ini disebabkan karena adanya migrasi cacing. Acanthocephala merupakan cacing berkepala duri, karena kekhasan tubuhnya yang memiliki proboscis yang dilengkapi dengan kait. Dalam penelitianini Acanthocephala ditemukan pada organ usus. Serta cacing lainnya dari filum Plathyhelminthes yaitu Digenea. Dimana Digenea memiliki ciri yang khas yaitu mempunyai oral sucker dan ventral sucker. Anisakis spp merupakan cacing yang paling banyak ditemukan yaitu 83,8% dari total jumlah cacing yang ditemukan. Sedangkan cacing Camallanus spp dan Acanthocephala merupakan parasit cacing yang paling sedikit ditemukan yaitu sekitar 0,95%. Serta cacing lainnya adalah Digenea yaitu sekitar 14,3%.
Aspectos ecológicos da determinação sexual em tartarugas

The ecological aspects related to the reproduction of turtles and other reptiles, which present incubation temperature-dependent sex determination, play a crucial role in their population equilibrium. For such species, the sex ratio of hatchlings is controlled by the nest temperature during incubation. To understand how the nest site characteristics affect temperature is essential for considering the factors which control the ecology, reproduction and distribution of turtles. In this paper, we have made a review on the way turtles reproduce and how the physical environment affects reproduction.
Phylogeography of Syringa josikaea (Oleaceae): Early Pleistocene divergence from East Asian relatives and survival in small populations in the Carpathians

Tertiary relict plant species of Europe have had a large distribution range before the Pleistocene but today are confined to small refugial areas. Syringa josikaea of the largely East Asian genus Syringa is a shrub of temperate forests in the Carpathians, restricted to altogether 25 small populations in two disjunct areas, the Apuseni Mountains (Romania) and the Ukrainian Carpathians. Miocene and Pleistocene fossil remains indicate the long-term presence of the species in Central Europe; hence S. josikaea has been considered a Tertiary relict. We aimed at clarifying the historical biogeography of S. josikaea by estimating the divergence time between S. josikaea and its Asian relatives, and by analysing intraspecific variation using multiple DNA sequences as well as microsatellites. The estimated divergence time between S. josikaea and its closest relatives based on nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences is 1.88 Mya [0.30–4.04 Mya highest posterior density], suggesting a relatively recent disruption of a formerly continuous distribution area. This time corresponds to the period of Early Pleistocene extinctions, when many Tertiary plant taxa went extinct in Europe. Sequence variation was found to be very low within S. josikaea. Complete identity among all samples in cpDNA may imply a bottleneck. Four different ribotypes found showed no geographic differentiation between the Apuseni Mountains and the Ukrainian Carpathians, and differentiation between these two areas was weak when considering microsatellite variation. Together these observations may imply that the extant disjunct distribution of the species arose only recently, either through colonization from one glacial refugial area or from disruption of one such area. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, ●●, ●●–●●.