Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ethnic and National Entities

This category was not included in the previous two cumulative indices, and so 169 entities are listed here, in papers from Volume 1 onwards. (Conventional spellings have been used for Aranda, Kwakiutl, etc.) As a convenient aid to students, the relevant entry has where possible been cited from two common reference works: the Encyclopedia of World Cultures [EWC; Ember, Levinson et al. 1991–2002]; nations that are not found in that source can be located in Countries and Their Cultures [CTC; Ember and Ember 2001]. No book or film reviews have been included in this listing.
Solanum weeds as hosts for Phthorimaea operculella: Implications for resistance management of genetically modified potatoes (Solanum tuberosum)

Abstract Foliage from Solanum species found within or near potato fields in New Zealand was compared to potato (Solanum tuberosum) foliage for its ability to support growth of larvae of Phthorimaea operculella (potato tuber moth, PTM). Solanum species included S. laciniatum (poroporo), S. physalifolium (hairy nightshade), S. chenopodioides (velvety nightshade), S. nigrum (black nightshade), and S. dulcamara (bittersweet). In detached leaf bioassays larval growth was greater on velvety nightshade and poroporo than on foliage from the potato cultivar, ‘Iwa’, in the first year, but only larval growth on poroporo foliage was greater in the second year (P < 0.05). Larval growth on bittersweet foliage was similar to larvae on ‘Iwa’ foliage. No larvae survived on black nightshade beyond 5 days in both years. From a field survey, no PTM larval mines were found on any foliage of hairy, velvety, or black nightshade plants in or within 100 m of a field trial of transgenic PTM‐resistant potato plants from a survey undertaken in the third summer. Over the entire survey, an average of 0.18 mines/plant were recorded on poroporo plants, all of which were <200 mm2, compared to an average of 3.8 mines/ non‐transgenic potato plants (volunteer potato plants >100 m from the field trial and non‐transgenic potato plants of the cultivars ‘Iwa’, ‘Red Rascal’, and breeding line 2390, used as experimental controls within the field trial). This study demonstrated that, under no‐choice conditions, PTM larvae could grow on alternative Solanum species. However, PTM exhibited a clear preference for oviposition and development on potato plants in the field.
Forest Succession Endangers the Special Ant Fauna of Abandoned Quarries along the River Meuse (Wallonia, Belgium)

In Western Europe, old abandoned mining sites and quarries are often of high biodiversity and conservation value due to the presence of a number of endangered species. In the southern part of Belgium (Wallonia), many ancient quarries near the river Meuse are rather small and were abandoned from 50 to more than 100 years ago. In 2003, we collected 26 ant species by pitfall trapping in four of these quarries. In addition to common ones, several rare species, usually associated with mesomorphic to xeromorphic grasslands, were found in high numbers. Quarries undergoing forest succession were dominated by eurytopic species and by species typical of wet shadowy places, a fauna far less valuable in terms of nature conservation. Therefore, we suggest a management that halts further forest succession of open mesomorphic and xeromorphic habitat patches in these quarries. To assess and monitor the nature value of the ant fauna of these sites, we propose a so‐called habitat preference approach, wherein each species is assigned to one of the following three habitat preference categories: (1) eurytopic, (2) bound to wet shadow‐rich habitats, or (3) bound to dry open habitats. The stenotopic species of the last category are all endangered in Belgium and of high conservation value. The proportion of the total number of captured specimens included in the latter habitat preference category group is strongly reduced as scrub and tree encroachment advances. This proportion can therefore be used as a proxy to monitor the effects of management measures that prevent further forest succession.
Peer Assessment

Peer assessment is an arrangement for learners to consider and specify the level, value, or quality of a product or performance of other equal-status learners. Products to be assessed can include writing, oral presentations, portfolios, test performance, or other skilled behaviors. Peer assessment can be summative or formative. A formative view is presented here, in which the intent is to help students help each other plan their learning, identify their strengths and weaknesses, target areas for remedial action, and develop metacognitive and other personal and professional skills. Peer feedback is available in greater volume and with greater immediacy than teacher feedback. A peer assessor with less skill at assessment but more time in which to do it can produce an assessment of equal reliability and validity to that of a teacher. This article describes effective approaches to peer assessment and encourages teachers to incorporate it into their practice.
An integrated model for growth incorporating tag-recapture, length-frequency, and direct aging data

A maximum likelihood method for modelling fish growth is presented that integrates data from three key sources of growth information: tagrecapture studies, lengthfrequency samples from commercial catches, and direct aging data from hard-parts analyses. Previous studies have almost exclusively modelled growth using only one of these sources of information. Different data sources are often most informative about different portions of the life cycle. The development of an integrated approach allows for the different data sources to complement each other and provide more comprehensive and robust estimates of growth parameters. The integrated method is applied to data sets from southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) using the von Bertalanffy growth curve as well as a more sophisticated growth curve that makes a smooth transition between two von Bertalanffy curves with different growth rate parameters. The latter is found to provide a significantly better fit and supports previous findings that southern blu.
Seasonal variations of the rennet-coagulation properties of herd milks in Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese manufacture: comparison between Italian Friesian and Italian Brown cattle breeds

Riassunto Variazioni stagionali delle caratteristiche di coagulazione presamica di campioni di latte di stalla nella produzione del Parmigiano-Reggiano: confronto tra le razze Frisona Italiana e Bruna Italiana. Sono state studiate le caratteristiche di coagulazione presamica di campioni di latte di allevamento di vacche di razza Bruna Italiana e Frisona Italiana. Sotto il profilo tecnologico-caseario, il latte delle vacche di razza Bruna ha mostrato valori dei parametri di coagulazione migliori rispetto a quelli del latte delle vacche di razza Frisona in tutte le stagioni considerate. Gli andamenti stagionali del tempo di coagulazione e della consistenza del coagulo sono risultati statisticamente differenti nelle due razze. La consistenza del coagulo - parametro strettamente correlato con le caratteristiche reologiche della cagliata - nel latte della Frisona è risultata inferiore rispetto a quella del latte della Bruna in inverno (25,0 vs. 34,7 mm; Pà0,01), estate (15,8 vs. 25,4 mm; Pà0,01) e autunno (22,0 vs. 35,5 mm; Pà0,01).
Innovations and Challenges in CLIL Research: Exploring the Development of Subject-Specific Literacies

Abstract Bilingual education programs are considered to be powerful tools used to foster the development of foreign languages, especially when focusing on language development. In Europe, the adoption of the approach known as content and language integrated learning (CLIL) has spread rapidly as one of the models that best fit the necessities of both bilingual and monolingual communities (Marsh, 2013). However, this model is far from being exclusive and the promotion of the foreign language can also be complemented by a desire to consolidate the linguistic competence of all the languages present in the curriculum, not only the foreign language. This article explores the rationale of a proposal that aims to develop subject specific literacies to promote efficient construction of meaning, and presents a series of practical recommendations at the organizational and methodological level to extend this method to all languages used as a vehicle of instruction in schools.
Book Reviews

This book is our invitation to the types of conversation many of us wish we were party to more often. Talking about Sydney; Population, Community and Culture in Contemporary Sydney (UNSW Press) features contributions by some of Australia’s noted urban commentators, and fresh voices from industry and local government. It is the outcome of a series of public symposia focusing on quality of life in Sydney, held jointly between 2002 and 2005 by the Museum of Sydney and the University of NSW’s Faculty of the Built Environment. Talking about Sydney is a useful introduction to Sydney’s contemporary community and cultural concerns. It would make an ideal reference for an urban studies course at undergraduate or graduate level. The excellent introduction explains the book’s three overarching themes: population change, social sustainability and the cultural economy, setting a clear framework for the papers themselves, which form a coherent set. The book seeks to encourage further debate and dialogue, so papers are short and not overworked. Many are embryonic—exploring ideas that may need further discussion and refinement. The index is detailed and thorough, which is particularly welcome in an edited collection of this nature. The first section of the book, “City People: Change and Diversity in Sydney’s Population”, addresses the social and spatial dimensions of population growth and mobility. Graeme Hugo presents the latest comparative data about Sydney’s transforming population, focusing on five ‘mega trends’: ageing, generational shifts in household composition, immigration, internal migration and shifts in fertility. Bernard Salt gives a colourful account of population change and diversity in Sydney, linking patterns of migration to and from Sydney to Australia’s ‘man drought’. While Sydney attracts talented young people from other Australian cities and regions, in global terms, we learn, Sydney is “nothing but a wheat belt town tithing its men to more dominant cities” (p. 35). Does Sydney have ghettos? No, says Ian Burnley, whose review of settlement patterns and concentration by ethnicity reveals a high level of overall ethnic diversity even within areas of the city that are associated with particular groups, such as Cabramatta (associated with South East Asian immigrants) or Leichhardt’s Italian quarter. Socio-spatial segmentation and disadvantage exists, however, as emphasised in Sharon Fingland’s useful and applied analysis of Western Sydney’s ageing suburbs. The final piece in this section of the book focuses on the challenges facing Sydney’s outer metropolitan areas such as the Central Coast. Michael Leavey’s discussion of the key issues—managing an ageing population and matching employment generation with housing growth—raises plenty of material for a good student research project or debate.
Activation of diverse pathways to apoptosis by 125IdUrd and γ‐photon exposure

Purpose: To delineate the mechanisms underlying induction of apoptosis in malignant cells irradiated by DNA‐incorporated iodine‐125 or γ‐photons. Materials and methods: Human tumor cells (RKO, LS174T, TE671, and MCF7) were irradiated by DNA‐incorporated 5‐[125I]iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (125IdUrd) or by γ‐photons. Clonogenic survival was determined by the colony‐forming assay. Caspase‐3 induction was measured with a fluorogenic substrate assay, and DNA fragmentation was determined by ligation‐mediated polymerase chain reaction. DNA arrays were used to assess the expression of the B‐cell lymphoma/leukaemia‐2 (Bcl‐2) family and related genes in RKO cells and in caspase‐3‐gene‐defective MCF7 cells. Results: After 125IdUrd or γ‐photon exposure, the highest induction of caspase‐3 was observed in the radiation‐sensitive cell lines (RKO and LS174T). DNA fragmentation was prominent in the radiosensitive cells and undetectable in TE671 (125IdUrd and γ‐photons) and MCF7 (125IdUrd only) cells. Exposure of RKO and MCF7 cells to 125I decay led to up‐regulation of several pro‐apoptotic and anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 family genes whereas γ‐irradiation produced minimal activation. Conclusions: Apoptosis generated by a DNA‐incorporated Auger electron emitter is induced through the mitochondrial/caspase‐3‐mediated pathway and correlates with cellular radiosensitivity. Apoptosis caused by γ‐radiation can be signaled without activation of Bcl‐2 family genes, and DNA fragmentation occurs with or without caspase‐3 activation.
This Issue

T HERE WERE TWO SOURCES of inspiration for this special issue. The first came from discussions I had with in-service teachers regarding their knowledge of, and beliefs about, educational policies that influence their teaching conditions. After a decade of these conversations, I have come to believe that too few teachers understand the implications of the very policies that govern their lives and the lives of their students. Teaching has become such an overwhelming profession that, on any given day, there is simply no time for teachers to process the significance of the national, state, and/or regional set of rules to which they are bound. For example, although most teachers understand that the national policies of high-stakes testing is burdensome for them and their students, too few fully understand the historical context under which the policy emerged, the range of ways it gets enacted, or the types of impact it asserts. Similarly, although many teachers teach students for whom English is a second language, too few understand the ways in which language policies vary from context to context or how the policy has evolved over time. Therefore, one goal of this special issue is to provide a resource for teachers on some of the major policy issues of the day and to review what we know about their effects on practice. A more informed teacher workforce is in a better position to participate in educational policy debates and to serve as vocal advocates for (or against) the types of educational policies that govern their professional lives. A second source of inspiration comes from my worry about how monolithic policies affect our diverse youth in schools. As an example, consider the current high-stakes testing accountability mandate of No Child Left Behind (NCLB). Under NCLB, schools must follow a standards-based curriculum, test students to assess their progress toward meeting these predefined standards outlined in the curriculum, and assert a range of consequences on the basis of how students perform on these tests (see Nichols & Valenzuela, this issue). These tests are “high-stakes” because there are significant consequences that are triggered by positive (or negative) test performance. For example, teachers can lose jobs and/or students can be denied a diploma if they do poorly, or teachers may receive significant financial bonuses and students may be awarded the privilege of receiving their diploma if test scores are high. In the decade since NCLB was passed, data have accumulated to suggest that high-stakes testing accountability systems have had a largely deleterious impact on education—especially in contexts serving our poorest students, our students of color, and those for whom English is a second language (e.g., Nichols & Berliner, 2007; Ravitch, 2011; Valenzuela, 2005). Although we know how testing has impacted teachers and administrators and instruc-
Class 1 Integron in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates From Different Places and Devices of ICU in Babol, Iran

Background: Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as one of the most important pathogens commonly implicated in nosocomial infections, has been increased in recent years, moreover the presence of integrons and the associated resistance gene cassettes is well established. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to ascertain the presence and spread of class 1 integrons amongst environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa from Intensive Care Unit (ICU) as well as its association with drug resistance. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 33 P. aeruginosa, isolated from different places and devices used in ICU at Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Babol, north of Iran, from 2008 to 2009. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles and minimum inhibitory concentration against 12 antibacterial agents were performed by micro dilution and disk diffusion methods. The detection of class 1 integron was performed by the PCR method. The demographic and microbiological data between the integron positive and negative isolates were compared with SPSS software. Results: Thirteen of 33 (39.4%) of P. aeruginosa had intl gene, among which 24.2% were characterized as multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa (MDRPA) on the other hand, 15.2% showed intermediate or complete sensitivity . No significant differences were seen between the presence of integron gene and resistance to the antibiotics except for ofloxacin. Most resistance was observed in cefepime (100%) and the lowest to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (42.5%). Conclusions: The result of this study showed a high prevalence of class 1 integron gene in most P. aeruginosa strains isolated from different parts of the environment and equipment used in ICU. The role of these transferable genetic agents has been proven in the creation of resistance. So, the environmental bacteria represent a reservoir for dissemination of clinically relevant multidrug-resistant antibiotics and should be taken under control to reduce the appearance or distribution of these antibiotic resistant agents.
Management of eutrophication for lakes subject to potentially irreversible change

We analyzed management policies for ecosystems subject to alternate states, thresholds, and irreversible changes. We focused on the problem of lake eutrophication by excessive phosphorus (P) input. Eutrophic lakes may be classified, with respect to their response to reduced P input alone, as reversible (recovery is immediate and proportional to the reduction in P input), hysteretic (recovery requires extreme reductions in P input for a period of time), or irreversible (recovery cannot be accomplished by reducing P input alone). A model with one state variable and one control variable describes the responses of lake trophic state to changes in P input and other management interventions. Activities that generate P input to the lake are assumed to create profits, while the value of ecosystem services provided by the lake declines at high P levels. We then calculated P input policies that maximize the discounted net benefits from polluting activities and ecosystem services. If “optimality” is defined as maxim.
PDA: Proactive Defense Approach for Black-Hole and DOS Attack Free Optimal Routing In Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

: The scope of the intrusions in mobile ad hoc networks is considerably proportionate to the growth of the mobile ad hoc network scope in the use of technology in general strategic facilities of the human life. The intruders intended to downgrade the performance scope of the target network often performs black hole attacks. The other frequent method of intrusion in ad hoc networks is denial of service, which is often evincing through the gray hole and warm hole attacks. The nodes compromised to perform these attacks are insensitive to identify. This manuscript contributed a novel evolutionary approach to establish an optimal route between source and target nodes that eliminates the scope of the nodes compromised to denial of service attacks through performing black hole, gray-hole and warm-hole activities. The performance of the contribution is scaled by comparing the experimental results of the proposal with other contemporary models.
Evaluating the Relationship Between Variance in Enzyme Expression and Toxicant Concentration in Health Risk Assessment

ABSTRACT The replacement of default uncertainty factors with those based on chemical-specific data is a topic of interest to a growing number of government-based organizations and those in affiliated professional societies. The division of the uncertainty factors for animal-to-human extrapolation and human interindividual variance (UFA and UFH, respectively) into their pharmacodynamic (PD) and pharmacokinetic (PK) components invites additional and specific considerations. Where data are available, or substantiated PK models have been developed, the animal-to-human chemical-specific differences have been quantified and utilized to replace the PK component of the uncertainty factor. The increasing degree to which the genome is being characterized has stimulated additional interest in describing the impact of genetic polymorphisms on susceptibility. Frequently, proteins for which the genes are being evaluated are the group of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. In-depth understanding of the genetic polymorphisms of genes coding for Aldehyde dehydrogenase, glucuronyl transferase and cytochrome P450 enzyme forms has been combined with information on the bioactivation or detoxication of environmental contaminants. The preliminary conclusion of some of these considerations is that alterations in enzyme content or enzyme activity result in a de facto alteration of risk. While this may be true of the “all-or-none” genetic alterations, the impact of more subtle changes in enzyme content and/or activity are more difficult to predict. The hepatotoxicity of trichloroethylene (TCE) is dependent upon an initial, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-mediated oxidative step. Variance of CYP2E1 content of human liver has been characterized from a bank of tissues from human organ donors and combined with data describing the in vitro Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters in order to extrapolate the metabolic capacity (and variance thereof) from in vitro to in vivo and assess its impact on PK through incorporation in a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. This presentation summarizes that work, and demonstrates and discusses why extremes of CYP2E1-mediated metabolic capacity in adult humans has virtually no impact on the PK metric most closely related to hepatotoxic injury from TCE exposure.
Sistem kendali kestabilan attitude quadrotor dengan metode self-tuning Fuzzy-PD

This research aims to develop a quadrotor control system for maintaining its position and balance from disturbance while hovering. A fast and reliable control technique is required to respond to high maneuverability and high non-linearity of six degrees of freedom system. Hence, this research focuses on designing a Self-Tuning Fuzzy-PD control system for quadrotor’s attitude. The designed control system utilizes input data from the Inertial Navigation System (INS). Then the quadrotor’s attitude is controlled by passing the PWM signal to the flight controller APM 2.6. The result shows that the average absolute error for the roll, pitch, and yaw angles are relatively small, as mentioned consecutively 2.079 o , 2.266 o , and 1.528 o , while the maximum absolute errors are 6.314 o , 6.722 o , and 3.82 o .