Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Virtual instruction in driving simulators

This paper describes how driving simulators are a valuable tool for driver training. They allow basic vehicle handling and traffic participation to be trained effectively. Since traffic situations can be controlled, many situations can be presented in a short time span. This makes a simulator training more effective than training in the real world. In addition, if simulator didactics are at a sufficient level, one instructor can train multiple students at the same time, which substantially increases the cost-effectiveness. This paper describes some of the steps that were undertaken in the development of such a ‘virtual driving instructor’. The paper describes what it is to drive a car, how to learn that in practice, and how to learn that in a driving simulator. These steps are the basis for a discussion on virtual instruction in driving simulators, in which the authors present some of the current and future work on a cost-effective driving simulator.
Modelos computacionales del razonamiento en las teorías científicas

Las teor¶3as cient¶3 cas pueden considerarse como extensi¶ ones de las teor¶3as l¶ogicas, en las que se incorpora un conjunto heterogeneo y posiblemente inconsistente de conocimiento tentativo (leyes emp¶3ricas, conjeturas, hip¶ otesis auxiliares, etc.). Dicho conocimiento est¶a organizado por medio de una jerarqu¶3a que representa una dimensi¶ on pragm¶atica que tiene en cuenta los posibles bene cios en el uso de dicho conocimiento por medio de patrones de inferencia, englobados dentro de lo que usualmente se denomina m¶etodo cient¶3 co. En este trabajo se propone formalizar algunos aspectos de la din¶ amica de las teorias cienti cas, tomando como base la propuesta de Lakatos denominada Programas de Investigaci¶on Cient¶3 ca. En particular, consideramos que un programa es representable por medio de teor¶3as no monot¶ onicas. Tambi¶en se analiza el efecto en los programas de la aparici¶ on de nueva evidencia, y se propone un mecanismo de comparaci¶on de programas en funci¶ on del progreso emp¶3rico o del grado de con rmaci¶on de los mismos.
A potential antioxidant resource: Endophytic fungi from medicinal plants

Medicinal plants and their endophytes are important resources for discovery of natural products. Several previous studies have found a positive correlation between total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total phenolic content (TPC) of many medicinal plant extracts. However, no information is available on whether such a relationship also exists in their endophytic fungal metabolites. We investigated the relationship between TAC and TPC for 292 morphologically distinct endophytic fungi isolated from 29 traditional Chinese medicinal plants. The antioxidant capacities of the endophytic fungal cultures were significantly correlated with their total phenolic contents, suggesting that phenolics were also the major antioxidant constituents of the endophytes. Some of the endophytes were found to produce metabolites possessing strong antioxidant activities. Several bioactive constituents from the fungal cultures and host plant extracts were identified. This investigation reveals that the metabolites produced by a wide diversity of endophytic fungi in culture can be a potential source of novel natural antioxidants.
Spatial Representation of Hippocampal Place Cells in a T-Maze with an Aversive Stimulation

The hippocampus contains place cells representing spaces in an environment, and these place cells have been suggested to play a fundamental role in the formation of a cognitive map for spatial processing. However, how alterations in the firing patterns of place cells in response to aversive events encode the locations tied to these aversive events is unknown. Here, we analyzed spiking patterns of place cell ensembles in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 region of rats performing a T-maze alternation task with an aversive air-puff stimulation applied at a specific location on one side of a trajectory. The intensity of the air puff was adjusted so that the rats decreased their running speed before passing the aversive location. The addition of the aversive stimulus induced reorganization of place cell ensembles on both left and right trajectories with and without the aversive stimulus, respectively. Specifically, the animals showed a more abundant spatial representation in the vicinity of the aversive location. Removing the aversive stimulus induced new spatial firing patterns on both of the trajectories that differed from those both before and during application of the aversive stimulus. These results demonstrate that hippocampal spatial maps are flexibly reorganized to represent particular aversive events.
Research on Expert Problem Solving in Physics

Physics problems cannot in general be solved by methods of deductive search in which the laws of physics are stated as axioms. In solving a real physics problem, it is necessary to treat the problem as a "nearly decomposable system" and to design a method of analysis which accounts for the salient factors in the problem while ignoring insignificant factors. The analysis method which is chosen will depend not only on the objects in the problem and their interactions, but also on the context, the accuracy needed, the factors which are known, the factors which are desired, and the magnitudes of certain quantities. Expert problem solvers are able to recognize many frequently occurring problem types and use analysis methods which solve such problems efficiently. Methods by which a program might learn such expertise through practice are discussed.
Literary Theory and Return of the Forms for Naming and Thinking God in Theology

La theorie litteraire a detruit l'innocence de l'auto-comprehension theologique. Le retour aux formes premodernes du recit, du theâtre ; les hermeneutiques feministes de suspicion des formes masculines et traditionnelles du langage de Dieu ; la curieuse combinaison de l'exces et du detachement ont produit une situation entierement nouvelle pour penser et designer Dieu. Ce sont les grands mots en isme qui, aujourd'hui, retiennent l'attention de la critique
Statistical iterative reconstruction to improve image quality for digital breast tomosynthesis.

PURPOSE Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a novel modality with the potential to improve early detection of breast cancer by providing three-dimensional (3D) imaging with a low radiation dose. 3D image reconstruction presents some challenges: cone-beam and flat-panel geometry, and highly incomplete sampling. A promising means of overcome these challenges is statistical iterative reconstruction (IR), since it provides the flexibility of accurate physics modeling and a general description of system geometry. The authors' goal was to develop techniques for applying statistical IR to tomosynthesis imaging data. METHODS These techniques include the following: a physics model with a local voxel-pair based prior with flexible parameters to fine-tune image quality; a precomputed parameter λ in the prior, to remove data dependence and to achieve a uniform resolution property; an effective ray-driven technique to compute the forward and backprojection; and an oversampled, ray-driven method to perform high resolution reconstruction with a practical region-of-interest technique. To assess the performance of these techniques, the authors acquired phantom data on the stationary DBT prototype system. To solve the estimation problem, the authors proposed an optimization-transfer based algorithm framework that potentially allows fewer iterations to achieve an acceptably converged reconstruction. RESULTS IR improved the detectability of low-contrast and small microcalcifications, reduced cross-plane artifacts, improved spatial resolution, and lowered noise in reconstructed images. CONCLUSIONS Although the computational load remains a significant challenge for practical development, the superior image quality provided by statistical IR, combined with advancing computational techniques, may bring benefits to screening, diagnostics, and intraoperative imaging in clinical applications.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Escherichia coli Vero cytotoxin 1

The frequency of Vero cytotoxin 1 (VT1)-neutralizing antibody (NAb) in serum specimens from 790 age-stratified (0 to 70 years) control individuals from Toronto was 61 of 790 (7.7%), with a peak of 19% in the 20- to 30-year-old age group and a second peak of 16.7% in the 60- to 70-year-old age group. A total of 568 serum specimens, including 538 from the 790 Toronto control subjects, 21 from patients from three outbreaks of VT-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) infection, and 9 known VT1-NAb-positive serum specimens from patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), were then tested for the presence of anti-VT1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mean ELISA values of 522 VT1-NAb-negative serum specimens and 46 VT1-NAb-positive serum specimens were 0.09 +/- 0.06 (range, 0 to 0.56) and 0.78 +/- 0.66 (range, 0.16 to 2.91), respectively (P < 0.001; Student's t test). With a breakpoint of 0.21 (mean ELISA value of the VT1-NAb-negative sera + 2 standard deviations), the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the VT1 IgG ELISA compared with those of the VT1-NAb assay were, respectively, 95.7, 98.7, 86.3, and 99.6%. There were nine discrepant serum specimens, of which seven were anti-VT1 IgG positive and VT1-NAb negative and two were anti-VT1 IgG negative and VT1-NAb positive. The ELISA was also used for testing 238 control serum specimens from The Netherlands, Japan, and India and acute- and convalescent-phase serum specimens from 42 Toronto patients with HUS. The frequencies of anti-VT1 IgG (with VT1-NAb frequencies in parantheses) in control sera from the Netherlands, Japan, and India were 6% (3%), 1.1% (0%), and 12% (10%), respectively, with no age clustering. The frequencies of anti-VT1 IgG seropositivity in HUS patients were 5 of 14 (35.7%) in patients with unknown toxin exposure, 2 of 22 (9.1%) in individuals with known exposure to VT1 plus VT2 or VT1 alone, and 0 of 6 (0%) in patients exposed to only VT2. Development of serum anti-VT1 IgG response appears to be the exception rather than the rule in sporadic HUS patients infected with VTEC expressing VT1. However, in two family outbreaks associated with VTEC strains expressing VT1 alone and VT1 plus VT2, respectively, the presence of anti-VT1 IgG in virtually all exposed individuals who remained symptom free suggests that the presence of antibody was associated with protection.
Sellars' Critical Direct Realism 1

Abstract In this paper, I attempt to demonstrate the structure of Sellars’ critical direct realism in the philosophy of perception. This position is original because it attempts to balance two claims that many have thought to be incompatible: (1) that perceptual knowledge is direct, i.e., not inferential, and (2) that perceptual knowledge is irreducibly conceptual. Even though perceptual episodes are not the result of inferences, they must still stand within the space of reasons if they are to be counted not only as knowledge, but also as thoughts directed at the world. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate how Sellars elaborates and defends this position.
Gummy Smile and Optimization of Dentofacial Esthetics

A comprehensive, inter-disciplinary treatment of the mouth involves the following aspects: assessment of facial characteristics and muscle activity as well as existing relationship between visible dentition and soft tissues to improve patientsaesthetics and function. There are some physiological and/or pathological conditions which result in excessive exposition of the gums. This causes a negative appearance and limits facial expression. Altered or delayed eruption is one of the main causes of gummy smile. This clinical report describes a gingivoplastic and Osteoplastic procedure for reduction of excessive gingival display.
Coordinated control of renal Ca(2+) transport proteins by parathyroid hormone.

BACKGROUND The kidney is one of the affected organs involved in the clinical symptoms of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related disorders, like primary hyperparathyroidism and familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying alterations in renal Ca(2+) handling in these disorders is poorly understood. METHODS Parathyroidectomized and PTH-supplemented rats and mice infused with the calcimimetic compound NPS R-467 were used to study the in vivo effect of PTH on the expression of renal transcellular Ca(2+) transport proteins, including the epithelial Ca(2+) channel transient receptor potential, vanilloid, member 5 (TRPV5), calbindins, and the Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchanger (NCX1). In addition, the effect of PTH on transepithelial Ca(2+) transport in rabbit connecting tubule/cortical collecting duct (CNT/CCD) primary cultures was determined. RESULTS Decreased PTH levels in parathyroidectomized rats or NPS R-467-infused mice, resulted in reduced expression of these proteins, which is consistent with diminished Ca(2+) reabsorption, causing the development of the observed hypocalcemia. PTH supplementation of parathyroidectomized rats restored the expression of the renal Ca(2+) transport machinery and serum Ca(2+) levels, independent of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) levels and renal vitamin D or Ca(2+)-sensing receptor mRNA abundance. Inhibition of the PTH-stimulated transepithelial Ca(2+) transport by the TRPV5-specific inhibitor ruthenium red reduced the PTH-stimulated expression of calbindin-D(28K) and NCX1 in rabbit CNT/CCD primary cultures. CONCLUSION PTH stimulates renal Ca(2+) reabsorption through the coordinated expression of renal transcellular Ca(2+) transport proteins. Moreover, the PTH-induced stimulation is enhanced by the magnitude of the Ca(2+) influx through the gatekeeper TRPV5, which in turn facilitates the expression of the downstream Ca(2+) transport proteins. Therefore, the renal transcellular Ca(2+) transport proteins, including TRPV5, could contribute to the pathogenesis of PTH-related disorders.
Antagonism of the Antinocifensive Action of Halothane by Intrathecal Administration of GABA‐A Receptor Antagonists

Background The hind brain and the spinal cord, regions that contain high concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA receptors, have been implicated as sites of action of inhalational anesthetics. Previous studies have established that general anesthetics potentiate the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid at the GABAA receptor. It was therefore hypothesized that the suppression of nocifensive movements during anesthesia is due to an enhancement of GABAA receptor-mediated transmission within the spinal cord. Methods Rats in which an intrathecal catheter had been implanted 1 week earlier were anesthetized with halothane. Core temperature was maintained at a steady level. After MAC determination, the concentration of halothane was adjusted to that at which the rats last moved in response to tail clamping. Saline, a GABAA, a GABAB, or a glycine receptor antagonist was then injected intrathecally. The latency to move in response to application of the tail clamp was redetermined 5 min later, after which the halothane concentration was increased by 0.2%. Response latencies to application of the noxious stimulus were measured at 7-min intervals during the subsequent 35 min. To determine whether these antagonists altered baseline response latencies by themselves, another experiment was conducted in which the concentration of halothane was not increased after intrathecal administration of GABAA receptor antagonists. Results Intrathecal administration of the GABAA receptor antagonists bicuculline (0.3 micro gram) or picrotoxin (0.3, 1.0 micro gram) antagonized the suppression of nocifensive movement produced by the small increase in halothane concentration. In contrast, the antinocifensive effect of the increase in halothane concentration was not attenuated by the GABAB receptor antagonist CGP 35348 or the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine. By themselves, the GABAA receptor antagonists did not alter response latency in rats anesthetized with sub-MAC concentrations of halothane. Conclusions Intrathecal administration of bicuculline or picrotoxin, at doses that do not change the latency to pinch-evoked movement when administered alone, antagonized the suppression of noxious-evoked movement produced by halothane concentrations equal to or greater than MAC. These results suggest that enhancement of GABAA receptor-mediated transmission within the spinal cord contributes to halothane's ability to suppress nocifensive movements.
Split ring resonator-based left-handed coplanar waveguide

In this letter, a planar left-handed propagating medium consisting of a coplanar waveguide (CPW) inductively coupled to split ring resonators (SRR) and periodically loaded with narrow metallic wires is proposed. The wires make the structure behave as a microwave plasma with a negative effective permittivity which covers a broad frequency range. The negative permeability required to achieve left-handed wave propagation is provided by the rings in the vicinity of their resonant frequency. The result is a structure which allows negative wave propagation in a narrow frequency band. The transmission coefficient measured in a fabricated prototype device exhibits very low insertion losses in the pass band and high-frequency selectivity. Since rings are much smaller than signal wavelength at resonance and can be easily tuned, SRR-CPW-based structures are of interest for the design of very compact microwave circuits based on left handedness.
STUDIES ON IMMUNITY AND PATHOGENESIS OF SALMONELLOSIS. II. ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AND ACCUMULATION OF BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDE IN THE TISSUES OF CHICKENS INFECTED WITH SALMONELLA GALLINARUM.

The bacterial agglutination, haemagglutination and antiglobulin haemagglutination tests have been used to detect antibody production during the development of Salmonella gallinarum infection in chickens. The latter test has detected serum antibodies as early as 1 day after oral infection in some cases of acute experimental disease, and antibodies were detected in the sera of all birds at the time of death. The accumulation of bacterial polysaccharide in the tissues of infected birds has been detected by a haemagglutination inhibition test. High but variable concentrations occurred in different organs of chickens which died from the disease. The presence of bacterial antibody and bacterial polysaccharide in the tissues of infected birds at death is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of this disease. It is postulated that an antigen—antibody reaction, developing as an anaphylactic type of hypersensitivity, may be closely associated with the production of symptoms and death of chickens infected with Salm. gallinarum.
A Hybrid Fast Multipole Pseudo-Spectral Time Domain Method

The major computation cost of pseudo-spectral method comes from the evaluation of differentiation matrix multiplication. In the past, uniform or Chebyshev collocation points are used for sampling. The differentiation matrix multiplication was evaluated by fast Fourier transform (FFT) or fast cosine transform (FCT), in order to reduce the computation complexity from O(N2) to O(N log(N)). However, the intrinsic properties of FFT or FCT may cause the wraparound effect and Gibbs phenomenon. Moreover, FFT or FCT is not applicable to other collocation points such as Legendre and Hermite. In order to improve the accuracy and applicability of the pseudo-spectral method, the fast multipole method (FMM) is exploited to substitute the FFT or FCT. By making use of the similarity of the N-body problem and the collocation problem, a new FMM-based pseudo-spectral time domain method is developed in this paper.
Searching for Thinspiration: The Nature of Internet Searches for Pro-Eating Disorder Websites

Pro-eating disorder (Pro-ED) Websites are widespread and easily accessible. The risks associated with these Websites (e.g., reinforcing and encouraging eating disordered behaviors) have received interest from researchers, media, and mental health professionals. However, little is known about how these Websites are found, which may provide insight into prevention and intervention initiatives. Using Google AdWords Keywords in February 2011, a series of search terms (based on previous research) were entered to generate search-related data regarding actual pro-ED terms used in Google, including the corresponding search results, which were coded for degree of potential harm. Results indicated that Pro-ED search terms are sought out more than 13 million times annually, with pro ana receiving the most searches monthly. Overall, different terms are associated with varying numbers of monthly searches and regional interest. Search terms with references to thinspiration and thinspo are associated with the most harmful Website content. To provide those who seek pro-ED content with helpful, research-supported resources, it may be important to intervene before the point of access by targeting the search results corresponding with pro-ED search terms. Efforts may need to pay particular attention to terms such as thinspiration and thinspo.
EFEITOS DA NUTRIÇÃO, IDADE À DESMAMA E MASTITE SOBRE A QUALIDADE DO COLOSTRO E LEITE DE OVELHAS

Vinte e nove ovelhas multiparas da raca Santa Ines, todas com o mesmo numero de partos foram submetidas, a partir do 5o mes de gestacao, a quatro tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 2 X 2 (nivel de nutricao e idade a desmama) em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo: 1 : dieta composta apenas por silagem; desmama aos 45 dias; 2 : dieta composta por silagem e concentrado; desmama aos 45 dias; 3 : dieta a base de silagem; desmama aos 70 dias e 4 : dieta composta por silagem e concentrado; desmama aos 70 dias. Coletaram-se amostras de colostro apos o parto, e nas 24 e 48 horas subsequentes. Foi determinada a concentracao de IgG pelo metodo de Fahey & McKelvey (32) e amostras de leite foram colhidas semanalmente, a partir da 2a semana pos-parto, visando a contagem de celulas somaticas. Foram analisados, no colostro e no leite, os conteudos de: solidos totais, proteina, lactose e gordura. Houve efeito de dieta para gordura, proteina e solidos totais do colostro tendo o grupo alimentado com silagem e concentrado, apresentado menores valores. Na porcentagem de gordura do leite, verificaram-se maiores valores para idade a desmama aos 70 dias (5,51%) do que aos 45 dias (4,32%). A composicao quimica do leite aproximou-se dos valores obtidos para racas especializadas em producao de leite. A mastite subclinica nao afetou a qualidade do leite.
Cultural influences on the sexual attitudes, beliefs, and norms of young Latina adolescents.

PURPOSE To describe the influence of cultural values famillism, gender-role expectations, and religion on sexual attitudes, beliefs, and norms of young Latina adolescents. DESIGN Ethnography, focus group interviews. SETTING Community-based agencies in two urban cities. PARTICIPANTS Puerto Rican and Mexican-American adolescents (10-15 years) and their mothers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Ethnographic interview guide. RESULTS The importance of family and the role of the extended network, dimensions of famillism, were evident in such patterns as respect for self and family, protection of self, child, and family. The protectiveness of families toward girls, gender differences in rules, value of virginity, and the importance of having a family, were findings consistent with Latino gender roles. However, there were also some important deviations from these roles. For example, virginity, although important, was not associated with religious doctrine of practice. The necessity of preventing pregnancy was also considered important. CONCLUSION Latino cultural values need to be incorporated in primary and secondary prevention efforts to decrease the risk associated with early and unprotected sexual activity.