Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Screening for Depression in Diabetes Using the Beck Depression Inventory

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) as a screening tool for major depression in diabetes. Method One hundred seventy-two diabetic outpatients (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [IDDM] = 59, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [NIDDM] = 113) being evaluated for a treatment trial were studied. BDI scores were calculated for the complete 21-item measure as well as for the cognitive (13 items) and somatic (eight items) symptom subgroups. The presence of depression was determined using the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R) criteria. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to evaluate the performance of the screening test in relation to the diagnostic standard. Results Depressed subjects were effectively discriminated from nondepressed subjects by using the full 21-item BDI, the cognitive items alone, or the somatic items alone (p <.001 for each comparison), although the cognitive items were more effective than the somatic items (p <.0005). BDI total scores between 12 and 14 inclusive displayed the best balance between sensitivity (0.90-0.82) and specificity (0.84-0.89), but a cutoff score > or = to16 for the entire 21-item measure exhibited the best balance between sensitivity and positive predictive value when prediction values were extrapolated to a diabetic population with a depression prevalence rate of 20%. This cutoff score would capture >70% of the patients diagnosed with major depression yet provide >70% certainly that a person screening positive actually has the psychiatric disorder. Conclusion The BDI is an effective screening test for major depression in diabetic patients. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the test's precise performance characteristics in the general clinical setting.
Factors influencing knowledge and practice of hygiene in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programme areas of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee.

INTRODUCTION Improved hygiene is one of the most effective means of reducing disease occurrence. However, a complete understanding of the factors that contribute to such improvement are not clear. This study explored factors that facilitate and/or impede hygiene behavior in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) intervention areas using qualitative research techniques. METHODS The Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) has been providing WASH intervention to 150 rural upazilas (sub-districts) since 2006. For qualitative data collection, in-depth interviews were conducted with 144 purposively selected women from six upazilas across Bangladesh. A woman in the household was considered as a case and interviewed regarding various aspects of sanitation and hygiene, using a checklist. Some practices, such as cleanliness of latrines, and availability of soap, water, slippers in their designated place were physically verified. RESULTS The respondents' hygiene behavior was mainly facilitated by improved knowledge and awareness of health and environment-related issues. Latrine ownership increased through financial assistance, resulting in improved privacy, social prestige, and a heightened sense of responsibility towards maintaining a healthy life. However, lack of interest in attending cluster meetings, traditional knowledge, poverty, and lack of will were some of the factors impeding knowledge and hygiene practice. In addition, attitude played a definitive role, with some respondents not practicing hygiene in spite of having the financial ability to do so. They expected full financial support for creating sanitation and hygiene facilities in their household despite BRAC's policy of providing such support only to the 'ultra-poor'. CONCLUSIONS The identified impeding factors often act as barriers to transformation of hygiene-related knowledge into practice and practice into habit. More motivational cluster meetings with large-scale participation and periodic home visits by the programme organizers are imperative as they markedly improve hygiene behavior.
Regulation of ovarian antioxidant vitamins, reduced glutathione, and lipid peroxidation by luteinizing hormone and prostaglandin F2 alpha.

Reactive oxygen species are generated by the rat ovary, and they evoke marked antigonadotropic responses in ovarian cells. Protection against reactive oxygen species is provided by antioxidants such as vitamins C, E, and A, and reduced glutathione (GSH). Our objectives were to establish the ovarian levels of these antioxidants during development and regression of the corpus luteum of the pseudopregnant rat and to determine whether these levels were changed by an acute treatment with either a luteotropic (LH) or luteolytic (prostaglandin [PG] F2 alpha) agent. In addition, we evaluated the extent of oxidative activity in the ovary by determining the level of lipid peroxidation. Follicular development was associated with a significant increase in ovarian levels of vitamin A and GSH, whereas levels of vitamins E and C were unchanged. During the luteal phase, vitamin E levels tended to increase, whereas vitamin A and GSH levels decreased. Luteal regression was associated with a marked increase in ovarian levels of vitamins E and A, whereas GSH levels increased only transiently. Acute treatment with LH in the midluteal phase produced a transient decrease in vitamin C levels that was maximal at 4 h. Luteal vitamin E levels were markedly increased 24 h after LH treatment, whereas vitamin A levels were unchanged, and no evidence of lipid peroxidation was seen. Acute treatment with PGF2 alpha produced a transient decrease in luteal vitamin C levels coincident with transient lipid peroxidation and a sustained fall in serum progesterone levels. Ovarian vitamin A levels were elevated 24 h after PGF2 alpha treatment. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
El modelo PSA-Vigo: claves de eficiencia productiva y logística en un entorno ajustado

La planta de PSA en Vigo se ha convertido en una referencia de eficiencia, tanto dentro del grupo frances como entre las plantas espanolas. Su modelo, sin embargo, dificilmente puede sorprender a nadie: inversion en nuevas tecnologias, innovacion organizativa en la planta y en sus relaciones con los proveedores, cierta flexibilidad laboral y fomento de la participacion de los empleados? No hay secretos ni recetas milagrosas. La teoria es conocida. El gran merito de los miembros de PSA-Vigo, desde su direccion hasta el ultimo operario, es haberla convertido en realidad dandole un toque local. Este trabajo describe precisamente como se concreta la sabiduria convencional en una planta que, pese a todo el recorrido hecho, es consciente tanto de sus carencias actuales como de sus retos futuros. Tambien estos son tratados aqui.
Optical diagnostics of tissue pathology by multiphoton microscopy.

IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Advances in nonlinear optical microscopy have led to new imaging modalities that can be used for diagnosing pathological tissues. Intrinsic optical sectioning, reduced photodamage and greater specimen penetration depth allow three-dimensional, high-contrast, tissue imaging to be performed with multiphoton techniques. Although autofluorescence can be useful in imaging cellular architecture, it is the polarization-based technique of second harmonic generation (SHG) that is effective in visualizing non-centrosymmetric biological structures such as collagen and muscle fibers without extrinsic labeling. In addition, third harmonic generation (THG) offers another contrast mechanism for imaging the morphology of tissue constituents. These techniques offer the possibility of diagnosing normal and diseased states in selected epithelial tissues, often without the introduction of extrinsic labels. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW In this review, the physical principles of multiphoton fluorescence excitation, SHG and THG processes are discussed. In addition, the basic instrument set up of a multiphoton microscope along with recent advances in multiphoton microscopy instrumentation are presented. Examples from imaging tissue pathologies from organs such as skin, cornea, lung and the liver are illustrated. Finally, developments leading to miniaturized or endoscopic instrumentation that allows real-time diagnosis of tissue pathologies in accessible epithelial tissues are discussed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN From this review, the reader will gain knowledge of the basic principles of multiphoton microscopy and the technical information of building a multiphoton instrument. In addition, the reader will appreciate the ability of this technique in the diagnostics of pathological tissues and gain insights into the future development of this technique. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Intrinsic fluorescence and harmonic generation signals are capable of differentiating normal and pathological epithelial tissues. Further technical advances leading to improved imaging depths, multimodal imaging capabilities and endoscopic instrumentation may enable the effective diagnostics of selected epithelial tissues in the clinical setting.
Effects of GH replacement therapy in adults on serum levels of leptin and ghrelin: the role of lipolysis.

OBJECTIVE The regulation and function of systemic ghrelin levels appear to be associated with food intake and energy balance rather than GH. Since GH, in turn, acutely induces lipolysis and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, we aimed to study the isolated and combined effects of GH, free fatty acids (FFAs) and insulin sensitivity on circulating ghrelin levels in human subjects. DESIGN Seven GH-deficient patients (aged 37 +/- 4 years (mean +/- s.e.)) were studied on four occasions in a 2 x 2 factorial design with and without GH substitution and with and without administration of acipimox, which lowers FFA levels by inhibition of the hormone-sensitive lipase, in the basal state and during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. RESULTS Serum FFA levels decreased with acipimox administration irrespective of GH status. The GH-induced reduction in insulin sensitivity was countered by acipimox. Fasting ghrelin levels decreased insignificantly during GH administration alone, but were reduced by 33% during co-administration of GH and acipimox (Aci) (in ng/l): 860 +/- 120 (-GH - Aci), 711 +/- 130 (-GH + Aci), 806 +/- 130 (+GH - Aci), 574 +/- 129 (+GH + Aci), P < 0.01. The clamp was associated with a further, moderate lowering of ghrelin. GH and acipimox induced a reciprocal 25% increase in serum leptin levels (microg/l): 11.2 +/- 4.4 (-GH - Aci), 11.7 +/- 4.4 (-GH + Aci), 11.5 +/- 4.4 (+GH - Aci), 13.9 +/- 4.2 (+GH + Aci), P = 0.005. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that antilipolysis via suppression of the hormone-sensitive lipase in combination with GH administration is associated with significant and reciprocal changes in ghrelin and leptin.
Usefulness of a cube-copying test in outpatients with dementia

Objective: To clarify whether a quantitatively scored cube-copying test could rapidly assess dementia patients, predicting thier performance in cognitive tests. Methods: Subjects were 171 outpatients with amnesia who were including 92 with Alzheimer's disease (AD); 59 vascular dementia (VD); 17 frontotemporal dementia (FTD); and three lewy body disease (DLB) and 32 normal healthy subjects. Subjects asked to copy a perspective drawing of a cube. Points of connection and plane-orientation errors were scored using Maeshima's method. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), an auditory verbal learning test (AVLT), a word fluency test and Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) were administered. Age, clinical disease severity, symptom duration, specific diagnosis and neuropsychological scores were evaluated for relationships with constructional ability. Results: The cube-copying test showed errors in most dementia patients and 11 of 32 normal subjects. Only three patients each with AD and VD copied correctly, but 11 patients with 17 FTD drew the cube correctly. Numbers of connections completed and plane-orientation errors correlated significantly with MMSE, AVLT, word fluency and RCPM scores. Conclusion: The cube-copying test is useful for routine clinical dementia screening, however the test examines only one aspect of cognitive function. While not an alternative to conventional neuropsychological examinations, quantitatively scored cube copying can provide a rough estimate of cognitive dysfunction in dementia patients.
Effect of metalloproteinase inhibitor on corneal cytokine expression after alkali injury.

PURPOSE Interleukin (IL)-1alpha and IL-6 levels in the cornea are greatly elevated during the early stages after an alkali burn in mice. The authors investigated the effect of synthetic inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (SIMP) on the expression of inflammatory cytokines in alkali-burned murine corneas and evaluated the clinical appearance of the eyes. METHODS After 0.5N NaOH-alkali burns to 400 corneas of ICR mice, 200 received 400 microg/ml of SIMP topically 4 times a day while 200 corneas were similarly treated with vehicle only. At days 4, 7 and 14 after injury, each cornea was assigned a clinical score for corneal opacity, corneal epithelial defect, hyphema and cataract. Extracts of injured corneas in each group were then assayed for cytokine production using ELISA systems for IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). RESULTS The levels of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 were significantly lower in the SIMP-treated group than in the vehicle-treated group 7 days after the burn. However, levels of these cytokines were similar in the SIMP and non-SIMP groups at days 4 and 14. Levels of TNF-alpha did not differ between both groups at any postinjury time. In the SIMP-treated corneas, there was less opacification and hyphema formation and epithelial regeneration was faster. CONCLUSIONS Topical application of SIMP in alkali-burned murine corneas reduced the expression of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 and lessened the severity of the injury.
Brain connectivity associated with cascading levels of language

Typical oral and written language learners (controls) (5 girls, 4 boys) completed fMRI reading judgment tasks (sub-word grapheme-phoneme, word spelling, sentences with and without spelling foils, affixed words, sentences with and without affix foils, and multi-sentence). Analyses identified connectivity within and across adjacent levels (units) of language in reading: from subword to word to syntax in Set I and from word to syntax to multi-sentence in Set II). Typicals were compared to (a) students with dyslexia (6 girls, 10 boys) on the subword and word tasks in Set I related to levels of language impaired in dyslexia, and (b) students with oral and written language learning disability (OWL LD) (3 girls, 2 boys) on the morphology and syntax tasks in Set II, related to levels of language impaired in OWL LD. Results for typical language learners showed that adjacent levels of language in the reading brain share common and unique connectivity. The dyslexia group showed over-connectivity to a greater degree on the imaging tasks related to their levels of language impairments than the OWL LD group who showed under-connectivity to a greater degree than did the dyslexia group on the imaging tasks related to their levels of language impairment. Results for these students in grades 4 to 9 (ages 9 to 14) are discussed in reference to the contribution of patterns of connectivity across levels of language to understanding the nature of persisting dyslexia and dysgraphia despite early intervention.
Immunolocalization studies of putative guidance molecules used by axons and growth cones of intersegmental interneurons in the chick embryo spinal cord

The earliest developing interneurons in the chick spinal cord can be divided into two groups: neurons in the ventral region whose axons pioneer the primitive longitudinal pathway (PL‐cells) and neurons whose axons project circumferentially (C‐cells) along the lateral marginal zone and join the ipsilateral or contralateral ventrolateral longitudinal pathways. To begin to examine the molecular cues for axonal pathway formation of these interneurons, we screened a variety of molecules from embryonic day (E) 2 to E6.5 [stage 14–30 of Hamburger and Hamilton (1951) J. Morphol. 88:49–92]. These include cell adhesion and related molecules (G4, F11, neurofascin, N‐cadherin, TAG‐1‐like molecule), extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules (laminin, fibronectin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, laminin‐heparan sulfate proteoglycan complex, and collagen type IV), and receptors for ECM molecules (β1‐class integrin). PL‐cells first expressed neurofascin at stage 14+ before the onset of axonogenesis. When the PL‐cells began to extend their axons at stage 15, they expressed G4 and avian TAG‐1‐like molecules, as well as neurofascin, on both cell bodies and longitudinal axons. In the following stages, PL‐cells continued to strongly express neurofascin and G4 on their fasciculating axons, suggesting the involvement of these glycoproteins in growth and fasciculation. C‐cells began to express G4 and TAG‐1‐like molecules on cell bodies and axons at stage 15–16 shortly after axonal growth. In the following stages, C‐cells expressed several cell adhesion molecules differentially on their axonal segments. The proximal segment of C‐axons in the circumferential pathway strongly expressed a TAG‐1‐like molecule, whereas the distal segment in the longitudinal pathway strongly expressed G4 and neurofascin. The commissural axonal segment in the floor plate expressed TAG‐1‐like molecule, neurofascin, N‐cadherin, and β‐class integrin. The basement membrane around the spinal cord was enriched with ECM glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and collagen type TV) during the stages examined (stage 15–27), and commissural C‐cell axons became strongly integrin positive in the floor plate where they contacted the basement membrane. These data indicate that interneurons may use multiple molecules during axonal pathway formation, depending on cell type, pathway position, and developmental stag.
A possible secondary immune response in adipose tissue during weight cycling

The field of immunometabolism is burgeoning, with hundreds of papers published on the topic each year. Our understanding of the contribution of immune cells to metabolic regulation has expanded from a simple idea of innate immune cells, such as macrophages, altering adipose tissue function in obesity, to an awareness of the complex role of adaptive immunity in many different organ systems. Recent findings have clearly demonstrated the presence of adaptive lymphocytes, such as T and B cells, in adipose tissue. Furthermore, these data demonstrated T-cell accumulation and limited T-cell receptor repertoire diversity in obese adipose tissue, indicating that an antigen-specific immune response may occur within this tissue. In a recently published paper, we reported that a mouse model of weight cycling resulted in increased T-cell accumulation in adipose tissue. In the current commentary, we discuss the possibility that this increase in adipose tissue T-cell number could represent a local secondary immune response to self-antigens exposed in adipose tissue during obesity. If further experimentation indicates that this hypothesis is true, these data will fortify the concept that obesity is a complex immune-mediated disease and would emphasize the importance of designing therapies to maintain weight loss.
Performance, meat quality, meat mineral contents and caecal microbial population responses to humic substances administered in drinking water in broilers

Abstract 1. This study was conducted to examine the effect of different levels of humic substances (HS) administered in drinking water on caecal microflora and mineral composition and colour characteristics of breast and thigh meats and the growth performance, carcass and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) traits of broiler chicks. 2. A total of 480 3-d-old broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 4 treatments with 4 cages per treatment and 30 bird (15 males and 15 females) chicks per cage. All birds were fed on commercial basal diet. The control birds (HS0) received drinking water with no additions, whereas birds in the other treatment groups received a drinking water with 7.5 (HS7.5), 15.0 (HS15.0) and 22.5 (HS22.5) g/kg HS. Mush feed were provided on an ad libitum basis. Body weight and feed intake of broilers were determined at d 0, 21, and 42, and feed conversion ratio was calculated. On d 42, 4 broilers (2 males and 2 females) from each cage were slaughtered and the breast and thigh meats were collected for mineral composition and quality measurements. 3. Performance, carcass and GIT traits and caecal microbial population of broiler chicks at d 42 were not affected by the dietary treatments. The lightness (L*) of breast and thigh meat decreased in broilers supplemented with 15 and 22.5 g/kg HS in drinking water. Although the redness (a*) of breast meat increased, yellowness of thigh meat decreased in broilers supplemented with 15 and 22.5 g/kg HS in drinking water (P < 0.05). 4. In conclusion, the 15 and 22.5 g/kg HS administration in drinking water can be applied for broiler chicks to maintain growth performance and improve meat quality without changing caecal microflora.
Biochemical characterization of lymphocyte regulatory molecules. II. Purification of a class of rat and human lymphokines.

Rat spleen cells activated in vitro by concanavalin A produce lymphokine molecules that possess biologic activity in a number of murine lymphocyte response assays. A single class of lymphokine most adequately described as T cell growth factor (TCGF, Interleukin-2) with a m.w. of 15,000 as estimated from gel filtration studies and with an isoelectric range of 5.4 to 5.6 stimulates i) the growth of established T cell lines in culture, ii) the proliferation of thymocytes in the presence of Con A under culture conditions where Con A alone is non-mitogenic, iii) the induction of antibody responses to heterologous erythrocyte antigens in athymic (nude) mouse spleen cell cultures, and iv) the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in thymocyte cultures and in nude mouse spleen cell cultures. We suggest that in each of the assay systems tested, this class of rat lymphokine acts directly on activated T cells. Nonactivated T cells must be stimulated by either mitogen or antigen before becoming responsive to lymphokine, but do not require antigen or mitogen for continued lymphokine-dependent proliferation. Similarly, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells activated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) produce a class of lymphokines of identical size with an isoelectric point of 6.0 to 6.5 that possess the same biologic properties as measured in murine lymphocyte response systems.