Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Verifying the Effectiveness of New Face Spoofing DB with Capture Angle and Distance

Face recognition is a representative biometric that can be easily used; however, spoofing attacks threaten the security of face biometric systems by generating fake faces. Thus, it is not advisable to only consider sophisticated spoofing cases, such as three-dimensional masks, because they require additional equipment, thereby increasing the implementation cost. To prevent easy face spoofing attacks through print and display, the two-dimensional (2D) image analysis method using existing face recognition systems is reasonable. Therefore, we proposed a new database called the “pattern recognition-face spoofing advancement database” that can be used to prevent such attacks based on 2D image analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first face spoofing database that considers the changes in both the angle and distance. Therefore, it can be used to train various positional relationships between a face and camera. We conducted various experiments to verify the efficiency of this database. The spoofing detection accuracy of our database using ResNet-18 was found to be 96.75%. The experimental results for various scenarios demonstrated that the spoof detection performances were better for images with pinch angle, near distance images, and replay attacks than those for front images, far distance images, and print attacks, respectively. In the cross-database verification result, the performance when tested with other databases (DBs) after training with our DB was better than the opposite. The results of cross-device verification in terms of camera type showed negligible difference; thus, it was concluded that the type of image sensor does not affect the detection accuracy. Consequently, it was confirmed that the proposed DB that considers various distances, capture angles, lighting conditions, and backgrounds can be used as a training DB to detect spoofing attacks in general face recognition systems.
An Ultra-Low Cost Multilayer RAM in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is an alternative nanotechnology to traditional CMOS technology. In theory, circuits in QCA have the advantages of lower power consumption, higher integration density and switching frequency than circuits based on CMOS. Random access memory (RAM) circuits that are critical in designing large memory circuits have been explored. In this brief, a novel loop-based RAM cell with asynchronous set and reset, by using a new 2-1 multiplexer and D-latch, is proposed. Efficient 1 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 4 RAM and 4 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 4 RAM with three-layer structure are constructed. The proposed RAM cell has 35% improvement in both circuit footprint and cost, compared with an existing best scheme. The 1 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 4 RAM has less cells, delay and area than the previous designs with the same circuit scheme. The 4 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 4 RAM and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${m}\,\,\times \,\,{n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> RAM show that the proposed RAM cell has excellent scalability for designing complex circuits. Functional correctness of the proposed designs has been proved by using QCADesigner 2.0. 3.
Annual and Social Variation in Foraging Effort of the Obligately Eusocial Sweat Bee, Halictus ligatus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Abstract Previous studies of the obligately eusocial sweat bee Halictus ligatus Say, at a nesting aggregation in Victoria, southern Ontario, Canada, showed how changes in local environmental conditions led to marked variation in demography, body size, and social patterns. Under the harsher weather conditions of 1990, mortality was higher, colony sizes were lower, brood body sizes were smaller, and surviving colonies were more strongly eusocial than under the milder conditions of 1991. These patterns suggested that the link between environmental conditions and colony social organization might be mediated by foraging effort, especially by queens during late spring and early summer when colonies were most susceptible to environmental constraints. Social parameters such as differences in reproductive effort between queens and workers or between haplometrotic and pleometrotic colonies, might also have a basis in differences in foraging effort. In this paper, I examine annual, seasonal, and social sources of variation in foraging effort of female H. ligatus from Victoria. Foraging effort of queens and workers was described in terms of seven different measures: number of foraging trips per day, flight time per trip, handling time per trip, average round trip time, total flight time per day, total handling time per day, and total provisioning time per day. These parameters were measured by observing individually marked queens and workers during their respective foraging periods in 1990 and 1991. Previously, it had been shown that in 1990 there were fewer days with weather suitable for flying, but observations of foraging effort show that the relatively large queens of 1990 spent about as much time foraging as the relatively small queens of 1991, and still produced much smaller brood. This suggests that a previously unsuspected effect of the poor weather in 1990 colonies was a scarcity of pollen, at least during the queen foraging period. Both queens and workers appear able to adjust their foraging effort to current conditions. As a result, the expected correlation between increased degree of eusociality (reproductive skew more strongly favouring queens) and stronger division of labour (workers doing a greater share of colony parental investment) did not occur, as workers apparently worked harder when their own reproductive opportunities increased. This may be a general pattern in social halictids.
Radiotherapy tumor volume for limited-stage small cell lung cancer: less is more

Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut d’Oncologie Thoracique (IOT), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Univ Paris Sud, Université ParisSaclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM U1030, Molecular Radiotherapy, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France; Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK Correspondence to: Antonin Levy, MD, PhD. Department of Radiation Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94805, Villejuif, France. Email: Antonin.LEVY@gustaveroussy.fr. Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned and reviewed by the Section Editor Dr. Chun-Ru Chien (Director, Department of Radiation Oncology, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu; Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, China Medical University, Taichung). Comment on: Hu X, Bao Y, Xu Y, et al. Final report of a prospective randomized study on thoracic radiotherapy target volume for limited-stage small cell lung cancer with radiation dosimetric analyses. Cancer 2020;126:840-9.
Interaction of two key pelagic species in the Humboldt Current: euphausiid predation on anchoveta eggs estimated by immunoassays

The euphausiid Euphausia mucronata and anchoveta Engraulis ringens are extremely abundant key components of the pelagic community of the Humboldt Current, and utilize a large fraction of primary production in the euphotic zone. Despite the economic importance of the Peruvian anchoveta, little information exists on the causes of mortality during their early life stages. In this study we: (1) detected and quantified E. mucronata predation on anchoveta eggs in Northern Chile during the winter peak spawning season of 2000 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); and (2) estimated the fraction of total natural mortality of anchoveta eggs produced by euphausiid predation. Immunoassay with polyclonal antibodies detected 0.1 µg of anchoveta egg proteins. Potential cross-reactions with proteins of coastal fish eggs were eliminated after the use of electrophoresis, Western blotting and ELISA. Protein detection time in euphausiid guts was 9 h (13°C) and egg protein decay rate was 0.0385 h -1 . Geostatistical analysis identified a large area of egg abundance, and a smaller secondary egg aggregation within the area covered in the regular spawning biomass stock assessment survey in northern Chile (daily egg production method sampling grid). Eighteen percent of total captured euphausiids within the main aggregation of eggs provided positive reactions, indicating anchoveta egg proteins in their guts. Natural mortality rate calculated at the main spawning area was 0.868 d -1 . The potential euphausiid consumption of eggs in this area varied from 3.9 × 10 12 to 4.4 × 10 12 eggs d -1 . Euphausiid predation accounted for 24 to 27% of natural mortality. When added to mortality rate estimates resulting from anchoveta cannibalism in the Hum- boldt Current, our results suggest that half of the daily anchoveta egg production dies daily. Accord- ingly, these estimates challenge classical ideas of trophic webs that do not consider either young developmental stages or interspecific interaction schemes for control of dominant species in pelagic systems.
Estudo das espécies brasileiras do genêro Diplotriaena Henry & Ozoux, 1909 (Nematoda, Filarioidea)

Twenty species of Diplotriaena Henry & Ozoux, 1909 that occur in Brazil were studied. The tasonomy of this group of nematode recovered from birds is based mainly on the shape and size of tridents and spicules. For all the species were resistered their dimentions, hosts and regional distribution, condensed in comparative tables. Comments on some of the species were made in order to provide complementary data. A key to Brazilian Diplotriaena is also given.
On the Relationship between Wing Disc Loading and Foraging Strategy in Hummingbirds

Nectivorous hummingbirds have two distinct foraging strategies. Territorial individuals exploit and defend high densities of flowers; nonterritorial ("traplining") individuals visit but do not defend dispersed flowers. Wing disc loading (ratio of body weight to area swept out by wings) and the cost of hovering flight were estimated for species in both groups. Trapliners have longer wings relative to body size, lower wing disc loading, and apparently lower energy requirements for hovering flight than territorial birds. This relationship of wing disc loading to foraging strategy also occurs within species that exhibit sexual dimorphism in foraging behavior. Therefore, we predict that the territorial species or sexes of hummingbirds within any given community will be found to have higher wing disc loading than the nonterritorial birds.
Optimizing Hash Strategy to Avoid Birthday Attack

It is necessary to optimize hash codes to prevent birthday attacks. First of all, it is necessary to know what hash codes are, what birthday attacks are, and how to attack them. In this article, there are two ways to avoid birthday attacks: enlarge hash space andselection of magic number. After the implementation of different code and different magic number selection, the most stable and secure one will be chosen.
Perceptions of Academic Rights and Responsibilities in Physical Therapy Students and Faculty

Introduction. e purpose of this study was to compare the perceived academic entitlement of physical therapy students with the way in which physical therapy faculty members perceived their students’ academic rights and responsibilities. ree groups of researchers have published academic entitlement questionnaires. Although several researchers have attempted to measure the academic entitlement of undergraduate students, very few studies have investigated the same issue because it relates to graduate students. In addition, only one study has attempted to measure the academic entitlement of graduate students enrolled in a health care curriculum. Methods. e participants were Doctor of Physical erapy (DPT) faculty members and DPT students at a public liberal arts university in theMidwest part of theUnited States. e data collection tool was the 15item academic entitlement questionnaire created by Greenberger et al. A comparison of how the DPT faculty members and the DPT students answered the individual questionnaire items was calculated using the Fisher Exact Test, and a comparison of how theDPTfacultymembers and theDPT students responded to the entire questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach’s Alpha. Results. ere was no statistically significant difference between the way in which the DPT faculty members answered the individual questionnaire items and the way in which the DPTstudents responded to each question. When the entire questionnaire was taken into consideration, the overall academic entitlement of the DPT students was significantly greater than the way in which the DPT faculty members perceived their students’ academic rights and responsibilities (P = .0452). Discussion and Conclusion. is study found that some DPT students may have an inflated sense of their academic entitlement. erefore, DPT faculty members should explore meaningful ways in which to convey expectations regarding academic rights and responsibilities.
Heat and water in tropical Merino sheep.

The relation between environment and the water intake and output of young Merino sheep living in the hot dry tropics on lat. 21° S. has been studied for 3 years.The tip wool of sheep standing in the sun heats to 189°F by absorption of radiant energy, most of which is re-radiated. Wool, especially when it is more than 3 cm long, assists in protecting sheep from radiant energy. The respiratory rates of sheep shorn during summer were more than twice those of unshorn sheep standing in the sun. On the open plains summer shearing appears to add to the thermal strain. Acclimatizing sheep respired more rapidly in the sun than tropical sheep.Evaporative cooling, by panting, increases water demand, and in summer Merinos drank on the average 12 times as much water as in winter, when they took 7.3 ml/kg/day. Water intake is related closely to respiratory rate.Urine output was lower in summer than in winter.
The processing of subject pronouns in highly proficient L2 speakers of English

Studies on second language (L2) anaphora resolution have mainly focused on learners of null-subject languages, demonstrating that L2 speakers show residual indeterminacy in the L2 referential choice, even at the highest levels of proficiency. On the other hand, studies on anaphora resolution in L2 learners of non-null-subject languages have shown conflicting results, indicating that L2 speakers may process referential expressions in the L2 like native speakers. Using a visual word paradigm task, we test the online processing of pronouns in highly proficient L2 speakers of English whose L1 is Spanish, and compare their performance to a group of native English speakers. The native speakers’ data show rapid use of the first mention bias (i.e., interpreting a pronoun towards the first-mentioned referent) and gender information upon encountering a gender ambiguous or unambiguous pronoun. For the L2 participants, we find similar underlying processes of pronoun resolution in comparison to native speakers. The results do not reveal a processing cost for L2 speakers of a non-null-subject language during anaphora resolution. Overall, our study demonstrates that L2 speakers of a non-null-subject language ( English) can achieve native-like processing of the default referential form signaling topic continuity (i.e., the overt pronoun; Sorace 2011).
Feeding by the short‐tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) on fruit and possibly nectar

New Zealand's short‐tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata Gray, 1843) feeds on fruit, insects, and possibly nectar in North Island kauri (Agathis australis) forest. Fruits eaten by members of a colony of 500 bats in May included those of Freycinetia baueriana (Pandanaceae), Collospermum hastatum, and C. microspermum (Liliaceae). Pollen analyses of bat guano, and of the stomach contents of 4 short‐tailed bats from Omahuta Forest (Lat. 35°10'S) and 3 from Stewart Island and adjacent islands (Lat. 47°15'S), showed that most of the pollen was from flowers of Metrosideros and Leptospermum (Myrtaceae), Knightia excelsa (Proteaceae), and Collospermum, and that spores of the tree fern Cyathea (Cyatheaceae) were present also. Both Metrosideros and Knightia have abundant nectar. The partially extensile tongue of Mystacina is tipped with a brush of fine papillae, possibly to extract nectar and pollen; but the pollen and spores in the bat stomachs and guano could have come from insects eaten by the bats. Transverse ridge.
Transcriptional regulation of seed storage protein genes in Arabidopsis and cereals

Abstract Seed storage proteins (SSPs) are synthesized during development and the expression of their genes is under tight tissue-specific and temporal transcriptional regulation. In this review we summarize the current knowledge concerning the regulatory steps controlling SSP synthesis in Arabidopsis and cereals, which involves the interaction of cis regulatory elements with corresponding trans-acting factors. In some cases, the regulation of SSP genes requires the concerted action of multiple transcription factors (TFs). There is an evolutionary conservation between the prolamins (the main group of SSPs in many cereal grains) and a major group of dicot seed albumins; this relates to both the regulatory elements and the TFs that are functionally exchangeable between the monocot and dicot species.
Activin A Decreases glucagon and arx Gene Expression in α-Cell Lines

Activin A is a potent growth and differentiation factor involved in development, differentiation, and physiological functions of the endocrine pancreas; it increases insulin and pax4 gene expression in β-cells and can induce transdifferentiation of the exocrine acinar cell line AR42J into insulin-producing cells. We show here that Activin A decreases glucagon gene expression in the α-cell lines InR1G9 and αTC1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner and that the effect is blocked by Follistatin. This effect is also observed in adult human islets. Glucagon gene expression is inhibited at the transcriptional level by the Smad signaling pathway through the G3 DNA control element. Furthermore, Activin A decreases cell proliferation of InR1G9 and αTC1 cells as well as cyclin D2 and arx gene expression, whose protein product Arx has been shown to be critical for α-cell differentiation. Overexpression of Arx in Activin A-treated InR1G9 cells does not prevent the decrease in glucagon gene expression but corrects the.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Acanthochiton rubrolineatus (Polyplacophora) Based on Mitochondrial and Nuclear Gene Markers

Acanthochiton rubrolineatus (Cryptoplacidae, Neoloricata, Polyplacophora) has a narrow distribution range along the seacoasts of China, the Korean Peninsula and Japan. We collected 238 samples from eight localities along the Chinese coast, and analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure with COI, 16S-rRNA and 28S-rRNA gene sequences. All analyses based on combined sequences of COI and 16S-rRNA suggested that there was evident genetic differentiation between the northern populations (YT, WH, DL, QD, LYG) and southern populations (ZS, YH, XM) of A. rubrolineatus. The haplotype distribution pattern and genetic diversity based on 28S-rRNA sequences also supported the genetic divergence between the two groups. Both groups had experienced population expansion after the ice age of Pleistocene, and an additional population bottleneck had happened in the southern group in recent history, which led to low genetic diversity of mitochondrial DNA and abnormally high diversity of nuclear DNA in this group. Our results suggested that the protection on A. rubrolineatus is necessary, and the northern and southern group should be protected separately.
THE ANALYSIS OF VENTURE COMPANIES’ RATIONAL INVESTMENT DECISIONS BY VALUE CRITERIUM

The purpose of this article was to investigate the methodological tools for analyzing the rationality of investment decisions of venture capital companies by value criterion. Based on this goal, the state of development of venture business with participation of the corporate market in global venture agreements, global venture financing, the size of the global median of venture financing agreements in the stages of implementation of innovative entrepreneurial idea was analyzed. The result of the article was the systematization of the theoretical and methodological tools for the analysis of the rationality of investment decisions of venture companies by the criterion of value. The main criterion for the rationality of investment decisions is the possibility of return on investment in the future. Therefore, most of the world’s venture capital firms are pursuing an absolute and relative return on investment. The most successful are investments with a threefold increase in the value of repaid capital. However, they usually take up a small proportion of such investment decisions (up to 5%). The rest balance at the limit of zero. Considering the state of development of venture business, the theoretical and methodological toolkit to substantiate investment decisions that can be based on the analysis of their rationality for venture capital companies on the criterion of value and some indicators of evaluating the effectiveness of venture financing research allowed to make the following general conclusions in the following: allows to increase its value in the future; rational investment models take into account two main criteria: profitability and riskiness; there are no clearly stated factors that determine the value of a venture capital firm; all models have some limitations and difficulties in their practical application.
An acidic water-soluble cell wall polysaccharide : a chemotaxonomic marker for Fusarium and gibberella

Alkali-extractable and water-soluble cell-wall polysaccharides were purified from cell walls of some species of Fusarium and Gibberella. Their structures were determined by chemical analysis and NMR. The polysaccharides consisted of a main chain of β-(1 → 6)-linked galactofuranose units almost fully branched at positions O-2 by single residues of glucopyranose or acidic chains containing glucuronic acid and mannose. Individual differences were found, concerning the proportion of neutral and acidic side chains. These polysaccharides showed major differences from those of Microdochium nivale, Plectosphaerella cucumerina, Fusarium ciliatum, F. aquaeductuum and F. cavispermum. Highly specific polyclonal antibodies were raised against this structure, which were used in immunocompetence and immunofluorescence experiments.
The effects of tannin and protein on food preference in eastern grey squirrels

Although some mammalian generalist herbivores avoid foods high in plant secondary compounds, it has not been adequately shown that eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), who regularly encounter tannin in acorns, avoid high tannin diets. Dietary tannin can inhibit nitrogen assimilation; hence herbivores that eat tannin should seek high protein diets to compensate. I presented freeranging grey squirrels with four types of dough balls that differed in tannin and protein content. Squirrels consistently preferred low to high tannin foods but did not distinguish between low and high protein foods. Intensity of preference for low tannin foods was greatest during early to mid autumn, when food is relatively abundant, and declined into the spring and early summer, when food is relatively scarce. Food availability, partitioning foraging effort between eating and scatterhoarding, physiological competence, and nutrient complementarity may explain why squirrels consume tannin in natural diets, in spite of preference for low tannin dough balls demonstrated here.