Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response: Early Assessment of the Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Can Fasting Parameters of Glucose Metabolism Contribute to Risk Prediction? (Diabetes Metab J 2019;43:785–93)

Corresponding author: Christian S. Göbl https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3922-7443 Division of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria E-mail: christian.goebl@meduniwien.ac. at We appreciate the interest in our article and would like to thank the editor to give us the opportunity to respond to the thoughtful comments by Drs Yang und Jung. We agree that fasting (or static) indices of glucose metabolism, which were used in our study, cannot fully reflect the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), although, these indices have some interesting properties [1]. Their major advantage is that they are easy to obtain by a simple blood sample at fasting condition; therefore, they are cheaper and less time consuming as compared to dynamic indices based on frequently sampled intravenous or oral glucose tolerance tests. Especially regarding the estimation of insulin sensitivity, a previous study concluded that static surrogate measures of insulin action appeared to be typically acceptable, and sometimes nearly as good as dynamic indices derived from the oral glucose tolerance test [2]. In line with these findings we observed that a modified quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) showed good properties to identify patients with risk for GDM and especially those with need of glucose lowering medications already at early gestation. As further pointed out by Drs Young and Jung the predictive power may be increased by using one variable representing both the amount of insulin sensitivity and secretion. This could be achieved by the disposition index (an index of β-cell secretion that accounts for insulin resistance), which is traditionally calculated as the product of insulin action and insulin secretion [3]. While this is an interesting idea, we have consciously not included a “modified” disposition index in our study due to several concerns as in detail reviewed by [4]. First, a correct calculation of the disposition index ideally would require that insulin sensitivity and secretion are calculated from different tests (i.e., that they are not intrinsically interdependent). This is generally not true if both indices are derived from fasting conditions as it was the case in our study. Second, the disposition index should assume a hyperbolic relationship between insulin action and secretion, which may not exist for indices derived from fasting condition. Finally, we agree with Drs Young and Jung that the potential clinical benefit of early interventions in women with high risk for GDM needs to be evaluated in prospective studies.
A Review of Diatom Lipid Droplets

The dynamic nutrient availability and photon flux density of diatom habitats necessitate buffering capabilities in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis. This is accomplished by the biosynthesis and turnover of storage lipids, which are sequestered in lipid droplets (LDs). LDs are an organelle conserved among eukaryotes, composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a polar lipid monolayer. LDs shield the intracellular environment from the accumulation of hydrophobic compounds and function as a carbon and electron sink. These functions are implemented by interconnections with other intracellular systems, including photosynthesis and autophagy. Since diatom lipid production may be a promising objective for biotechnological exploitation, a deeper understanding of LDs may offer targets for metabolic engineering. In this review, we provide an overview of diatom LD biology and biotechnological potential.
Mixed company: a framework for understanding the composition and organization of mixed‐species animal groups

Mixed‐species animal groups (MSGs) are widely acknowledged to increase predator avoidance and foraging efficiency, among other benefits, and thereby increase participants' fitness. Diversity in MSG composition ranges from two to 70 species of very similar or completely different phenotypes. Yet consistency in organization is also observable in that one or a few species usually have disproportionate importance for MSG formation and/or maintenance. We propose a two‐dimensional framework for understanding this diversity and consistency, concentrating on the types of interactions possible between two individuals, usually of different species. One axis represents the similarity of benefit types traded between the individuals, while the second axis expresses asymmetry in the relative amount of benefits/costs accrued. Considering benefit types, one extreme represents the case of single‐species groups wherein all individuals obtain the same supplementary, group‐size‐related benefits, and the other extreme comprises associations of very different, but complementary species (e.g. one partner creates access to food while the other provides vigilance). The relevance of social information and the matching of activities (e.g. speed of movement) are highest for relationships on the supplementary side of this axis, but so is competition; relationships between species will occur at points along this gradient where the benefits outweigh the costs. Considering benefit amounts given or received, extreme asymmetry occurs when one species is exclusively a benefit provider and the other a benefit user. Within this parameter space, some MSG systems are constrained to one kind of interaction, such as shoals of fish of similar species or leader–follower interactions in fish and other taxa. Other MSGs, such as terrestrial bird flocks, can simultaneously include a variety of supplementary and complementary interactions. We review the benefits that species obtain across the diversity of MSG types, and argue that the degree and nature of asymmetry between benefit providers and users should be measured and not just assumed. We then discuss evolutionary shifts in MSG types, focusing on drivers towards similarity in group composition, and selection on benefit providers to enhance the benefits they can receive from other species. Finally, we conclude by considering how individual and collective behaviour in MSGs may influence both the structure and processes of communities.
ABCA7—A Member of the ABC Transporter Family in Healthy and Ailing Brain

Identification of genetic markers of a human disease, which is generally sporadic, may become an essential tool for the investigation of its molecular mechanisms. The role of ABCA7 in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was discovered less than ten years ago when meta-analyses provided evidence that rs3764650 is a new AD susceptibility locus. Recent research advances in this locus and new evidence regarding ABCA7 contribution to the AD pathogenesis brought a new understanding of the underlying mechanisms of this disorder. An interesting, up-to-date review article "ABCA7 and Pathogenic Pathways of Alzheimer’s Disease" by Aikawa et al. (2018), outlines the ABCA7 role in AD and summarizes new findings in this exciting area. ABC transporters or ATP-binding cassette transporters are a superfamily of proteins belonging to a cell transport system. Currently, members of the family are the focus of attention because of their central role in drug pharmacokinetics. Two recent findings are the reason why much attention is drawn to the ABCA7 family. First, is the biochemical data showing a role of ABCA7 in amyloid pathology. Second, genetic data identifying ABCA7 gene variants as loci responsible for the late-onset AD. These results point to the ABCA7 as a significant new contributor to the pathogenesis of AD.
Treatment of childhood constipation: a synthesis of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

ABSTRACT Introduction: Constipation occurs in many children and can become chronic. Many grow out of it but for one third, it continues into adulthood. For most patients, there is no identifiable organic disorder and it is classified as functional constipation. Areas covered: In 2016, treatment of childhood constipation was extensively reviewed by Rome IV. This review covers meta-analyses and evidence for treatment of paediatric constipation since 2016 and new emerging treatments. Expert opinion: Since 2016, meta-analyses conclude 1) fibre should be included in a normal diet, but further supplementation does not improve constipation; 2) probiotics may increase stool frequency in children, but evidence from larger RCTs is needed; 3) comparing laxatives, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is superior to placebo, lactulose and milk of magnesia, and 4) appendix stomas are effective and should be considered before surgery. Emerging areas of study include food intolerance, electrical stimulation and faecal microbiota transplant. For research, outcome measures need standardising to allow comparison between studies and allow meta-analyses. To assist this, validated GI instruments have been developed by Rome IV and PedsQl.
Emerging roles of the αC‐β4 loop in protein kinase structure, function, evolution, and disease

The faithful propagation of cellular signals in most organisms relies on the coordinated functions of a large family of protein kinases that share a conserved catalytic domain. The catalytic domain is a dynamic scaffold that undergoes large conformational changes upon activation. Most of these conformational changes, such as movement of the regulatory αC‐helix from an “out” to “in” conformation, hinge on a conserved, but understudied, loop termed the αC‐β4 loop, which mediates conserved interactions to tether flexible structural elements to the kinase core. We previously showed that the αC‐β4 loop is a unique feature of eukaryotic protein kinases. Here, we review the emerging roles of this loop in kinase structure, function, regulation, and diseases. Through a kinome‐wide analysis, we define the boundaries of the loop for the first time and show that sequence and structural variation in the loop correlate with conformational and regulatory variation. Many recurrent disease mutations map to the αC‐β4 loop and contribute to drug resistance and abnormal kinase activation by relieving key auto‐inhibitory interactions associated with αC‐helix and inter‐lobe movement. The αC‐β4 loop is a hotspot for post‐translational modifications, protein–protein interaction, and Hsp90 mediated folding. Our kinome‐wide analysis provides insights for hypothesis‐driven characterization of understudied kinases and the development of allosteric protein kinase inhibitors.
Highly regulated, diversifying NTP-dependent biological conflict systems with implications for the emergence of multicellularity

Social cellular aggregation or multicellular organization pose increased risk of transmission of infections through the system upon infection of a single cell. The generality of the evolutionary responses to this outside of Metazoa remains unclear. We report the discovery of several thematically unified, remarkable biological conflict systems preponderantly present in multicellular prokaryotes. These combine thresholding mechanisms utilizing NTPase chaperones (the MoxR-vWA couple), GTPases and proteolytic cascades with hypervariable effectors, which vary either by using a reverse transcriptase-dependent diversity-generating system or through a system of acquisition of diverse protein modules, typically in inactive form, from various cellular subsystems. Conciliant lines of evidence indicate their deployment against invasive entities, like viruses, to limit their spread in multicellular/social contexts via physical containment, dominant-negative interactions or apoptosis. These findings argue for both a similar operational ‘grammar’ and shared protein domains in the sensing and limiting of infections during the multiple emergences of multicellularity.
Robust Traffic Light and Arrow Detection Using Digital Map with Spatial Prior Information for Automated Driving

Traffic light recognition is an indispensable elemental technology for automated driving in urban areas. In this study, we propose an algorithm that recognizes traffic lights and arrow lights by image processing using the digital map and precise vehicle pose which is estimated by a localization module. The use of a digital map allows the determination of a region-of-interest in an image to reduce the computational cost and false detection. In addition, this study develops an algorithm to recognize arrow lights using relative positions of traffic lights, and the arrow light is used as prior spatial information. This allows for the recognition of distant arrow lights that are difficult for humans to see clearly. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the recognition performance of the proposed method and to verify if it matches the performance required for automated driving. Quantitative evaluations indicate that the proposed method achieved 91.8% and 56.7% of the average f-value for traffic lights and arrow lights, respectively. It was confirmed that the arrow-light detection could recognize small arrow objects even if their size was smaller than 10 pixels. The verification experiments indicate that the performance of the proposed method meets the necessary requirements for smooth acceleration or deceleration at intersections in automated driving.
The Impact of Sleep on the Relationship between Soccer Heading Exposure and Neuropsychological Function in College-Age Soccer Players

Abstract Objective: Soccer is the most popular sport worldwide and is the only sport where athletes purposely use their head to deflect the ball during play, termed “heading” the ball. These repetitive head impacts (RHI) are associated with worse neuropsychological function; however, factors that can increase risk of injury following exposure to such head impacts have been largely unexamined. The present study provided a novel examination of the modifying role of sleep on the relationship between RHI exposure and neuropsychological function in college-age soccer players. Methods: Fifty varsity and intramural college soccer players completed questionnaires assessing recent and long-term heading exposure, a self-report measure of sleep function, and a battery of neuropsychological tests. Results: A high level of recent heading exposure was significantly associated with poorer processing speed, independent of concussion history. With reduced sleep duration, a high level of recent heading exposure was related to worse sustained attention. However, with greater hours of sleep duration, heading exposure was related to preserved neuropsychological outcome in sustained attention. Conclusions: We replicated our earlier finding of an association between recent head impact exposure and worse processing speed in an independent sample. In addition, we found that sleep may serve as a risk or protective factor for soccer players following extensive exposure to head impacts. Ultimately, this study furthers the understanding of factors impacting neuropsychological function in soccer players and provides empirical support for sleep interventions to help ensure safer soccer play and recovery from injury.
Histopathologic and physiologic effect of bifurcation stenting: current status and future prospects

ABSTRACT Introduction: Coronary bifurcation lesions are involved in up to 20% of all percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). However, bifurcation lesion intervention is associated with a high complication rate, and optimal treatment of coronary bifurcation is an ongoing debate. Areas covered: Both different stenting techniques and a variety of devices have been suggested for bifurcation treatment, including the use of conventional coronary stents, bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS), drug-eluting balloons (DEB), and stents dedicated to bifurcations. This review will summarize different therapeutic approaches with their advantages and shortcomings, with special emphasis on histopathologic and physiologic effects of each treatment strategy. Expert opinion: Histopathology and clinical data have shown that a more simple treatment strategy is beneficial in bifurcation lesions, achieving superior results. Bifurcation interventions through balloon angioplasty or placement of stents can importantly alter the bifurcation’s geometry and accordingly modify local flow conditions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies have shown that the outcome of bifurcation interventions is governed by local hemodynamic shear conditions. Minimizing detrimental flow conditions as much as possible should be the ultimate strategy to achieve long-term success of bifurcation interventions.
Suicide-Specific Cognitions, Attentional Fixation, and Worst-Point Suicidal Ideation.

OBJECTIVE The fluid vulnerability theory of suicide posits that each person has a baseline risk for suicide, which is comprised of both stable and dynamic factors. The current study investigated the unique involvement of suicide-specific cognitions and attentional fixation on recent suicidal ideation (SI) and SI at its worst. METHOD Data were analyzed from a sample of N = 126 undergraduate students with a history of SI. Path analyses were used to analyze the relationship between suicide-specific cognitions, attentional fixation, and SI (current and worst point). RESULTS Results revealed that suicide-specific cognitions were directly related to both recent SI and worst-point SI. Suicide-specific cognitions had a significant, indirect effect with worst-point SI through attentional fixation, but this effect was not significant when using recent SI. CONCLUSION These data support the need for interventions to target cognitive contents and contexts (e.g., fixation) to reduce escalation of SI. Future work would benefit from replicating and extending results in studies that include prospective designs and the assessment of suicidal behaviors.
Outcome Impacts Due to Pathogen-Specific Antimicrobial Resistance: A Narrative Review of Published Literature

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global threat to not only public health impacts but also clinical and economic outcomes. During the past decades, there have been many studies focusing on surveillance, mechanisms, and diagnostics of AMR in infectious diseases but the impacts on public health, clinical and economic outcomes due to emergence of these AMRs are rarely studied and reported. This review was aimed to summarize the findings from published studies to report the outcome impacts due to AMR of malaria, tuberculosis and HIV and briefly discuss the implications for application to other infectious diseases. PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar databases were used for search of empirical and peer-reviewed papers reporting public health, clinical and economic outcomes due to AMR of malaria, tuberculosis and HIV. Papers published through 1 December 2019 were included in this review. A total of 76 studies were included for this review, including 16, 49 and 11 on public health, clinical and economic outcomes, respectively. The synthesized data indicated that the emergence and spread of AMR of malaria, tuberculosis and HIV have resulted in adverse public health, clinical and economic outcomes. AMR of malaria, tuberculosis and HIV results in significant adverse impacts on public health, clinical and economic outcomes. Evidence from this review suggests the needs to consider the similar studies for other infectious diseases.
Addictions: Old Group Psychotherapies (GP) and New Patients.

The psychiatric comorbidity and the variability and frequency of polyconsumption of drugs has increased (75% of the sample), which makes it difficult to use classical approaches and instruments such as GT and, we, as professionals, are trying to adapt them to these new realities. But this adaptation is possible and positive, and involves: i) making the indications for GT more flexible by means of a more individualized assessment, possibly in a day hospital device, of patients with PD, cognitive disorders or with active consumption of some secondary drug, ii) adequate psychotherapeutic control of these patients with a higher risk of relapse and of negatively affecting group dynamics, iii) greater training of therapists to manage these patients, iv) creation, in some cases, of specific groups for patients with specific characteristics and objectives, such as patients who maintain active alcohol consumption (because they want to drink or cannot avoid it), or those over 60 years of age, many with cognitive impairment.
Lossy‐Context Surprisal: An Information‐Theoretic Model of Memory Effects in Sentence Processing

Abstract A key component of research on human sentence processing is to characterize the processing difficulty associated with the comprehension of words in context. Models that explain and predict this difficulty can be broadly divided into two kinds, expectation‐based and memory‐based. In this work, we present a new model of incremental sentence processing difficulty that unifies and extends key features of both kinds of models. Our model, lossy‐context surprisal, holds that the processing difficulty at a word in context is proportional to the surprisal of the word given a lossy memory representation of the context—that is, a memory representation that does not contain complete information about previous words. We show that this model provides an intuitive explanation for an outstanding puzzle involving interactions of memory and expectations: language‐dependent structural forgetting, where the effects of memory on sentence processing appear to be moderated by language statistics. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dependency locality effects, a signature prediction of memory‐based theories, can be derived from lossy‐context surprisal as a special case of a novel, more general principle called information locality.
Development and Underlying Structure of a Second‐Generation Appropriateness Classification System for Total Knee Arthroplasty

Evidence supports the validity of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) appropriateness classification based on the RAND Corporation and University of California Los Angeles system.The system, however, is ~2 decades old, and the science and clinical application of TKA has changed dramatically. We undertook this study to describe the methods used to develop a second‐generation system and to examine the structure of the system to determine the extent to which each of the indication criteria informed appropriateness.
Physical and Physiological Profiles of Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacities in Young Basketball Players

Current trends in the analysis of the physical fitness of athletes are based on subjecting the athlete to requirements similar to those found in competition. Regarding physical fitness, a thorough study of the capacities that affect the development of team sports in different ages and gender is required since the demands are not equivalent. The objective of this paper was to characterize the physical-physiological demands of athletes in an aerobic and anaerobic test specific to basketball players, as well as the evolution of the variables according to age and gender. The research was carried out in 149 players from different training categories (n = 103 male; n = 46 female). The athletes performed two field tests that evaluated both aerobic capacity and lactic anaerobic capacity. Each athlete was equipped with an inertial device during the tests. Sixteen variables (equal in both tests) were analyzed. Three of them evaluated technical-tactical aspects, four variables of objective internal load, six kinematic variables of objective external load (two related to distance and four related to accelerometry) and three neuromuscular variables of objective external load. The obtained results show significant differences in the variables analyzed according to the age and gender of the athletes. They are mainly due to factors related to the anthropometric maturation and development inherent in age and have an impact on the efficiency and technical and tactical requirements of the tests carried out and, therefore, on the obtained results in the tests.