Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oh8dG induces G1 arrest in a human acute leukemia cell line by upregulating P21 and blocking the RAS to ERK signaling pathway

We reported previously that KG‐1, a human acute leukemia cell line, has mutational loss of 8‐oxoguanine (8‐hydroxyguanine; oh8Gua) glycosylase 1 (OGG1) activity and undergoes apoptotic death after treatment with 7,8‐dihydro‐8‐oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐oxodeoxyguanosine, 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine; oh8dG). In our present study, we further characterized the effects of oh8dG in KG‐1 cells and found that, in addition to apoptosis, oh8dG induced the arrest of KG‐1 at the G1 phase. Simultaneously, oh8dG‐treated KG‐1 showed an increase in the oh8Gua content of DNA, upregulation of p21 (an inhibitor of cdk), and Ras inactivation. Moreover, the upregulation of p21 was followed by the inactivations of cdk4 and cdk2, the hypophosphorylation of Rb, and a marked decline in the expression of c‐myc (a gene regulated by E2F that is a transcription factor whose activity is suppressed when it is bound to hypophosphorylated Rb). Ras inactivation was also followed by the inactivation of ERK kinase (MEK) and the inactivation of AP‐1, a downstream target of the Ras signaling pathway. The specific MEK inhibitors, PD98059 and U0126, also induced G1 arrest. These findings suggest that p21 upregulation and Ras inactivation contribute to G1 arrest. An increase of oh8Gua content in DNA does not seem to be a principal contributor to G1 arrest, however, because the kinetics of increases of oh8Gua content in DNA and of G1 cell number did not coincide. We report that oh8dG induces the arrest of KG‐1 growth at the G1 phase mainly by upregulating p21 and inactivating Ras. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eastward Enlargement of the Eurozone - Impact on Trade, FDI and Capital Markets

The paper summarizes the current stage of the Czech Republic preparation for accession to EU and its adherence to the aims of EMU with accent on basic features of: • macroeconomic policy orientation, • adoption and implementation of the EMU related acquis communautaire, • assessment of the Copenhagen criteria fulfillment, • possible period for adoption of the euro. Meeting the Copenhagen convergence criteria constitute a prerequisite for the Czech Republic accession to EU (in year 2004). But the fulfillment of the Copenhagen criteria (real convergence) support the ability to adhere to the aims of EMU at the time of the Czech Republic accession to EU. As is mentioned in the literature, there exists the strong elements of complementarity between the processes of real (Copenhagen criteria) and nominal convergence (Maastricht criteria). This view has been adopted by the European Central Bank (ECB). The fulfillment of the "Maastricht convergence criteria" (including price stability, the sustainability of public finance, exchange rate stability in the framework of participation in the Exchange Rate Mechanism and the convergence of interest rates) is not mandatory for the Czech Republic accession to EU. However, creating the macroeconomic conditions for their realization is an important part of economic strategy and policy for the accession to EU and in particular of the adoption and the implementation of * Institute of Integration of the Czech Republic into the European and World Economy, Stěpanska 18, 110 00 Praha 1, Phone/Fax: 00420222233141, E-mail: icre@icre.cz. 3 Social and Economic Consequences of the Czech Republic s Integration into the European Union (Economic Convergence, Competitiveness and Social Cohesion), Summary, Czech Government Council for Social and Economic Strategy, Prague, May 2002; Dědek, O. , The Czech Economy and the Euro (In Czech), Politicka ekonomie 2002, No.3; Dědek, O. , Managing Economic Convergence and Financial Stability in the Czech Republic, Prague Economic Papers, 2002, No. 2. 4 The Eurosystem and EU Enlargement Process, European Central Bank, Monthly Bulletin, 2000, No.2 (February). 5 Economic strategy of the Accession to the European Union: Growth-CompetitivenessEmploymentSolidarity, Approved by the Government of the Czech Republic on May 17,
Prevalence of behavioral changes associated with age-related cognitive impairment in dogs.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of age-related behavioral changes, namely impairment, in a randomly chosen population of dogs. DESIGN Age-stratified cohort study. ANIMALS 97 spayed female and 83 castrated male dogs that were 11 to 16 years old. PROCEDURE Data on possible impairment in 4 behavioral categories (ie, orientation in the home and yard, social interaction, house training, and sleep-wake cycle) linked to cognitive dysfunction were obtained from dog owners, using a structured telephone interview. Hospital records of dogs had been screened to exclude dogs with dysfunction in organ systems that may cause behavioral changes. Dogs with behavioral impairment were those with > or = 2 signs of dysfunction within a category. Dogs with impairment in 1 category were considered mildly impaired and those with impairment in > or =2 categories were considered severely impaired. RESULTS Age by sex interactions for dogs with impairment in any category were not significant, and, therefore, data on castrated males and spayed females were pooled for analyses across ages. The prevalence of age-related progressive impairment was significant in all categories. The percentage of 11- to 12-year-old dogs with impairment in > or = 1 category was 28% (22/80), of which 10% (8/80) had impairment in > or = 2 behavioral categories. Of 15- to 16-year-old dogs, 68% (23/34) had impairment in > or =1 category, of which 35% (12/34) had impairments in > or = 2 categories. There were no significant effects of body weight on the prevalence of signs of dysfunction in the behavioral categories. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Data collected provide estimates of the prevalence of various degrees of age-related behavioral changes associated with cognitive dysfunction in dogs. Age-related behavioral changes may be useful indicators for medical intervention for dogs with signs of cognitive impairment.
Associations between nutrition and cataract.

Blindness due to opacification of the lens, or cataract, afflicts 50 million persons worldwide. In the United States over 541,000 cataract extractions are done annually at a cost of over $3.8 billion. Conservative estimates indicate that the prevalences of cataracts in Americans aged 65-75 and 75-85 years are 18% and 46%, respectively. Cataracts are even more prevalent in some other populations. It is estimated that the need for cataract extractions would be diminished by half if onset of cataract could be delayed by only ten years. Hypotheses regarding the etiology of cataract include oxidative perturbations of protein metabolism, diverse pathologic conditions, and perhaps glycation of lens proteins. Epidemiologic data indicate that elevated plasma levels of specific nutrients (i.e., carotenoids, ascorbate, tocopherol, and taurine) are associated with diminished incidence of certain types of cataract. Biochemical evidence suggests that each of these compounds can delay photooxidative damage to lens proteins. Roles in lens metabolism for selenium and tryptophan have been suggested. Elucidation of mechanisms by which caloric restriction delays cataract development is a promising area of current research.
The Changing Role of Marketing in the Corporation

New organization forms, including strategic partnerships and networks, are replacing simple market-based transactions and traditional bureaucratic hierarchical organizations. The historical marketing management function, based on the microeconomic maximization paradigm, must be critically examined for its relevance to marketing theory and practice in the 1990s. A new conception of marketing will focus on managing strategic partnerships and positioning the firm between vendors and customers in the value chain with the aim of delivering superior value to customers. Customer relationships will be seen as the key strategic resource of the business.
Allocating Assets and Discounting Cash Flows: Pension Plan Finance

This paper examines two pension decisions which firms must make when they offer a defined benefit pension plan: how to pick the appropriate rate for discounting pension liabilities and how to allocate the assets in the pension plan. The correct allocation of assets must be driven by frictions which occur in real world financial markets. In the absence of market frictions, the asset allocation decision is irrelevant. The paper first reviews the theory which describes the optimal asset allocation in the presence of distortionary taxes and imperfect capital markets. This allows us to examine the role played by the pension plan in the financial structure of the firm. It also provides us the background for examining the actual asset allocation of defined benefit pension assets. The paper then turns to the choice of discount rates. If the goal is to value the pension liabilities, the correct discount rate should depend upon the type of risk inherent in the pension promise. The paper begins by developing the theory behind choosing the discount rate in a world without market frictions and then extends the analysis to the presence of market imperfections. I then compare the theory to the actual discount rates chosen by firms. I find that the discount rates are significantly lower than equivalent market rates and are very insensitive to changes in market rates. The framework of the paper provides a background for discussing the implications of the shift from defined benefit to define d contribution pension plans on capital markets -- given the perceived difference in how these two types of plans invest their assets.
Key Technologies of TV Programs Subjective Evaluations Based on Opinion Mining

This paper mainly introduces three key steps and technologies used in the processes of subjective evaluations of TV programs. Firstly, Chinese 2-POS subjective models are used to judge subjective and objective sentences. Secondly, feature words and sentiment words are extracted based on the templates of POS-Path. Thirdly, SO-PMI algorithm is used to determine and calculate the orientations of sentiment words. It effectively overcomes the three bottlenecks in the traditional subjective evaluations of TV programs.
A Study on Customer Dissatisfaction, Complaining Behavior, and Long-Term Orientation of Internet Fashion Shopping Mall

The purposes of this study were to identify the dimensions of perceived dissatisfaction, complaining behavior, and long-term orientation of customers about the Internet fashion shopping mall, and to empirically examine the effects of each dimension of perceived dissatisfaction and complaining behavior on long-term orientation. For this study, questionnaires were administered to 275 Internet shopping mall customer. To analyze collected data, descriptive analysis, factor analysis, Cronbach`s , correlation analysis, and regression analysis were used. Major findings were as follows. First, college students were found to mainly complain of dissatisfaction at product quality, refunding/changing/maintenance repair, price, contract, delivery, and payment after transaction with the Internet shopping mall. Second, customer dissatisfaction was found to have high correlation with complaining behavior and partly with customer neglect or exit. Third, higher customer dissatisfaction was found to increase customer complaining behavior in general. Finally, higher complaining behavior was found to have connection with lower customer loyalty and higher customer neglect and exit.
An Improved Directional Broadcast Algorithm Based on Brownian Motion

Several broadcast algorithms have been developed in recent years. However, the problem of reducing routing overhead in ad hoc networks is always to be concerned. This paper proposes an improved directional broadcast algorithm based on Brownian motion for AODV protocol (DBB-AODV). We bring Brownian motion into network model and gain the distribution of the nodes which encountered destination before. This algorithm uses encounter records to predict the direction to destination and forwards RREQ packets with reasonable probability according to the distribution just mentioned. Simulation results indicate that DBB-AODV saves up to 20% of average routing overhead compared to the probabilistic protocol and about 80% of the blind flooding.
Contributions of landscape genetics – approaches, insights, and future potential

Landscape genetics is an emerging field that seeks to understand how specific landscape features and microevolutionary processes such as gene flow, genetic drift, and selection interact to shape the amount and spatial distribution of genetic variation (Manel et al. 2010). Its conceptual basis is founded in landscape ecology, population genetics, and spatial statistics, which are integrated to address landscape-scale research questions and hypotheses (Manel et al. 2003; Storfer et al. 2007; Storfer et al. 2010). When the term ‘landscape genetics’ was first proposed (Manel et al. 2003), it was not clear how it differed from established disciplines such as population and geographical genetics. However, the focus of landscape genetics was refined to include spatially explicit research that specifically ‘quantifies the effects of landscape composition, configuration and matrix quality on gene flow and spatial genetic variation’ (Storfer et al. 2007). Early research models in this discipline focused on the terrestrial landscape, but the field has expanded to include ‘riverscape’ and ‘seascape’ systems (Fausch et al. 2002; Galindo et al. 2006, 2010; Selkoe et al. 2008, 2010). Across all ecosystems, a common emphasis is unravelling the influence of landscape and environmental features on the distribution of genetic variation. Three main forces have driven the current rapid growth of landscape genetics. First, managers and conservation biologists have shifted to landscape and ecosystem level planning to address the challenge of maintaining viable
The interactive effect of fund balance and revenue diversification on local government fiscal sustainability

This dissertation explores how cities achieve fiscal sustainability—the financial capacity to consistently meet basic public service responsibilities regardless of economic conditions. Two research questions arise from the interplay between the local economy and fiscal sustainability. First, what management tools do cities use to achieve fiscal sustainability given that economic conditions are largely outside their control? Second, what explains the variation among cities in the financial management tools used to achieve fiscal sustainability? The financial management tools of interest in this study are revenue diversity and the size of the fund balance. It is conjectured that financial management tools interact with each other prompting the tools to function as policy substitutes for each other. Cities achieve fiscal sustainability by strategically choosing budget-balancing tools appropriate to their economic conditions. The study utilizes a cross-state comparison from 351 Massachusetts municipal governments using panel data from 2000 to 2009 and 993 New York municipal governments using panel data from 2001 to 2010. Using theories of fiscal sustainability and revenue diversification, several models are proposed that test the interactive effects of fund balance size and revenue diversity on fiscal sustainability. The results from the empirical analyses show that cities use various financial management tools to stabilize spending during economic downturns. Cities pursue strategies that help maintain fiscal sustainability. Furthermore, it is discovered that interaction of fund balance and revenue diversity on municipal expenditures is stronger as the level of revenue diversity decreases. This interaction has a large effect during periods of economic downturns as compared to periods of economic growth.
Entrepreneurial Orientation and its Relation to the Internationalization of Small Business Manufacturing Enterprises in New England

Examines whether small manufacturing firms with high levels of internationalization also have high levels of entrepreneurial orientation.Noting that levels of internationalization may be measured by export intensity, it is hypothesized that firms engaging in internationalization are indeed highly entrepreneurial and that entrepreneurial orientation includes a propensity to take risks. Thirty-seven small manufacturing firms, all of which were members of the Smaller Business Association of New England (SBANE) or listed in the Thomas Register of American Manufacturers, responded to a survey designed to evaluate the firms' innovativeness, proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness, degree of internationalization, and risk-taking behaviors. Survey data partially support the hypotheses, and it is concluded that small manufacturing firms that exhibit an entrepreneurial orientation by proactively recognizing and seizing an opportunity before their competitors do may achieve international expansion. (SAA)
Triple therapy of interferon and ribavirin with zinc supplementation for patients with chronic hepatitis C: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

AIM To study the therapeutic effect of interferon (IFN) and ribavirin with zinc supplement on patients with chronic hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection. METHODS A total of 102 patients confirmed histologically to have chronic HCV infection with genotype 1b and more than 100 KIU/mL of HCV were randomly assigned to each arm of the study and each received 10 million units of pegylated interferon (IFN-alpha-2b) daily for 4 wk followed by the same dose every other day for 20 wk plus ribavirin (600 or 800 mg/d depending on body weight), with or without polaprezinc (150 mg/d) orally for 24 wk. The primary endpoint was sustained virological response (SVR) defined as negative HCV-RNA in the serum 6 mo after treatment. RESULTS There were no differences in the clinical background between the two groups except for more females in the dual therapy group than in the other group (P<0.05). SVR was observed in 33.3% of the triple therapy group and 33.3% of the dual therapy group. The side effects were almost the same in both groups except for gastrointestinal symptoms, which were less in the triple therapy group (P=0.019). CONCLUSION Considered together, triple therapy of zinc plus IFN and ribavirin for HCV infection patients with genotype 1b and high viral load is not better than dual therapy except for lower incidence of gastrointestinal side effects.
Consumer Attitude Towards Promotional Schemes and Influence of Brand On Purchasing Home Appliances

Understanding the consumer attitude is an important part of the marketing process to realize the challeng- es faced by marketers in comprehending the consumers' mind. The marketers have to know why a buyer makes a purchase and the processes in the minds of the buyers which influence him or her in buying different products or services. Sales promotions are designed to have an immediate impact on sales. The main objective of this study is to find the impact of promotional schemes on consumer attitude and to find out the brand loyal consumers and also brand switchers of consumer home appliances only because of promotional offers. The methodology adopted for the study was descriptive research design. Sample size was 200. Statisti- cal tools such as percentage analysis, chi-square, ANOVA and Garrett's Ranking were used for analysis. The results indicate that what- ever attractive promotional schemes may be, "BRAND NAME" plays a dominant role in purchasing the home appliances. Maximum of the respondents have interest in some of the promotional schemes such as price discount, exchange scheme, warranty, etc.
Social Media Marketing-A Tool of Innovative Marketing

Article history Received 11 October 2013 Revised 25 November 2013 Accepted 15 December 2013 Available online 22 December 2013 The latest developments in the field of marketing, communication and information are leading to new innovative business and consumption models, in which users are gaining a leading role and are increasingly important. Social Media is rapidly emerging as the next big frontier for customer engagement and interactions. There are millions of customer interactions taking place every day on Social Media sites such as Face book, Twitter, YouTube, etc. as well as a vast number of customer support forums and online communities. Social Media emerged and continues to be as a cultural phenomenon. It is also quickly becoming a business phenomenon. Increasingly, current and prospective customers are using Social Media to communicate about the products and services they buy or intend to buy. Leading enterprises have recognized the importance of tapping such communications. Social Media are new innovative tools that collects millions of users all around the globe and they offer several possibilities and opportunities to companies that want to develop communication and marketing strategies while gaining competitive advantage on their competitors. This paper presents the definition of Social Media marketing with its strategies; it also attempts to identify the challenges and opportunities facing by Social Media sector and find out the current and future trend in the area of Social Media marketing.
The External Wealth of Nations; Measures of Foreign Assets and Liabilities for Industrial and Developing Countries

Capital flows are closely monitored, but surprisingly little is known about the stocks of external assets and liabilities held by countries, especially in the developing world. This paper constructs estimates of foreign assets and liabilities and their equity and debt subcomponents for 66 industrial and developing countries for the period 1970-97. It explores the sensitivity of estimates of stock positions to the treatment of valuation effects not captured in balance of payments data. Finally, it characterizes the stylized facts of estimated stocks and asks whether there are trends in net foreign asset positions and differences in debt-equity ratios across countries.