Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preferenda thermiques des champignons associés à lps sexdentatus Boern. et Tomicus piniperda L. ( Coleoptera : Scolytidae)

Summary — Temperature preferenda of the fungi associated with lps sexdentatus Boern. and Tomicus piniperda L. (Coleoptera : Scolytidae). Five species of fungi, Leptographium wingfieldii, Ophiostoma minus and Hormonema dematioides associated with T. piniperda, Ophiostoma ips and Ophiostoma brunneo-ciliatum associated with I. sexdentatus were grown on a malt-agar medium in the laboratory, under several different temperatures. Their speeds of growth and their temperature preferenda were compared and discussed in relation to the defense reactions of the host tree and to the dates of flight and tree attack of the beetles. According to the present findings, L. wingfieldii, O. ips and O. brunneo-ciliatum seem better adaptered to their host than O. minus and H. dematioides.
Cryopreservation of tobacco BY-2 suspension cell cultures by vitrification with encapsulation

Tobacco BY-2 suspension cells were successfully cryopreserved by a vitrification method combined with an encapsulation technique. Cell cultures cryopreserved using the optimal conditions established in this study could be thawed and grown enough to subculture in fresh medium within 14 days. However, the vitrification method was less effective for cryopreservation of BY-2 than a simplified slow prefreezing method.
A cytoarchitectural study of the sheep cortex

Holocortex bistratificatus (archicortex) . Formatio Ammonis . Area retrobulbaris . Semicortex (paleocortex) . Regio praepyriformis . Regio periamygdalaris . Tuberculum olf actorium . Discussion . Holocortex septemstratificatus . Regio praecentralis . Regiofrontalis . Regio postcentralis et parietalis . Regio temporalis . Regio occipitalis . Mesocortex (limbic cortex) . Bicortex (insular cortex) . Schizocortex (pyriform cortex) . Holocortex bistratificatus (archicortex) . Semicortex (paleocortex) .
The effects of copper and zinc on growth of the fouling diatoms amphora and amphiprora

Copper and zinc salts act synergistically and have inhibitory effects on the growth of the diatoms Amphora coffeaeformis and Amphiprora hyalina. The concentrations required to cause a significant reduction in growth yields indicate that the isolates of the two species used are copper and zinc tolerant. Some growth stimulation was found in lower concentrations of the two metals. Cellular levels generally increased with increasing concentrations in the external medium, resulting in increased growth inhibition. Growth yields and cellular copper concentrations were found to be related to calculated cupric ion activities in the medium. Relative inhibitory and cellular concentrations of copper and zinc tor A. coffeaeformis and A. hyalina suggest that the latter species may be more sensitive to CuC12‐2HjO and more tolerant to ZnCl2 than the former. The results suggest that inclusion of ZnO as an additional biocide in self‐polishing copolymer antifouling paints would result in more effective antifouling action.
Promotion of nucleopolyhedrovirus infection in larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) by flufenoxuron

Flufenoxuron, an insect growth regulator (IGR), promoted infection of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) in 5th-instar B. mori larvae, when the chemical was dissolved in acetone and incorporated into the larval diet. The median lethal dose (LD50) of BmNPV was decreased as the concentration of flufenoxuron was increased. Undissolved flufenoxuron did not exert such an effect when it was incorporated into the diet as a powder form. Four other IGRs tested, chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, lufenuron and teflubenzuron, had no effect on BmNPV infection.
Prospects and strategies in controlling verticillium wilt of olive1

Control of verticillium wilt of olive currently depends on preventive measures. Since systemic fungicides are unable to prevent or control the disease, its control should primarily be based on cultural methods, including irrigation systems which restrict dissemination of Verticillium dahliae propagules by irrigation water and avoidance of intercropping with hosts susceptible to V. dahliae. Since leaves from affected olive trees contribute, through formation of microsclerotia, to the inoculum in the soil, pruning should be practised prior to branch defoliation. As for resistant olive rootstocks or cultivars, promising verticillium-wilt resistance has been found in two rootstocks selected in California (US). However, these have to be tested under local conditions before they can be released to Mediterranean growers, while further search for other resistant rootstocks is needed. Soil solarization applied to individual diseased trees in established olive groves could substantially contribute to recovery or long-lasting symptom remission in the treated trees. This effect is mainly attributed to the decrease or eradication of V. dahliae microsclerotia in the treated soil but also to heat-tolerant fungal antagonists of the pathogen. Using herbicides to control weeds, and limiting soil rotovation, can restrict symptom development. Biological control can also be considered as a promising trend in controlling the disease by searching, testing and exploiting potential fungal or bacterial antagonists.
Studies on the Germination of Pine Pollen (Pinus mugo) in vitro. III. Inhibition by D‐Mannose and Deoxyhexoses

D-Mannose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, 6-deoxy-D-galactose, and 2-deoxy-D-galactose inhibit germination of pine pollen (Pinus mugo Turra) probably competitively with a metabolizable sugar. Inhibition by D-mannose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, or 6-deoxy-D-galactose is reversed by transfer of pollen to sucrose medium, if the inhibitors was added before tube growth has started. In contrast, inhibition by 2-deoxy-D-galactose is irreversible except after very short exposures to the inhibitor, in which case the transfer results in reduced growth and germination. Incubation with 2-deoxy-D-glucose, 6-deoxy-n-galactose, or 2-deoxy-D-galactose after tube growth has started, results in irreversible inhibition of growth. If D-mannose is used, growth is resumed if the pollen are transferred to sucrose medium. Addition of D-mannose or lowering of the temperature prior to incubation with the deoxyhexoses protected against the irreversible growth inhibition. Uptake of oxygen and 32P-labelled phosphate is reduced upon addition of either of the inhibitors.
Effects of plasmid curing on antibiotic susceptibility, phage type, lipopoly saccharide and outer membrane protein profiles in local Salmonella isolates

Abstract Five different Salmonella isolates (four Salmonella enteritidis and one Salmonella havana ) of human, chicken or egg origin which all expressed smooth lipopolysaccharide were subjected to plasmid curing. Upon this treatment, four isolates lost at least one of their resident plasmids while all five isolates became rough in their LPS profiles. Two of the S. enteritidis isolates, CA13 and CE7, were found to convert phage types (PTs) as well. The phage type conversion in CA13 from PT6 to PT21 was found to be accompanied by the loss of a 19·0-MDa plasmid as well as the loss of sulbactam ampicillin and tetracycline resistance. The change in the PTs of the strain CE7 from PT20a to the PT20 variant was accompanied by the loss of two plasmids of 10·9 and 1·45 MDa. Outer membrane protein (OMP) type change occurred only in the isolate CA13, which lost an OMP of 27·2 kDa. The strains, CA13 and CE7, retained their high molecular weight plasmid (36 MDa), which has been very commonly found (77 of 82) among local S. enteritidis isolates.
The size of pig embryos is not influenced by their sex by day-10 after insemination.

The extent of embryonic death in preimplantation period in the pig may reach even 40%. Several factors contribute to this phenomenon (onset of oestrogen production, uterine space, chromosomal inbalance). The aim of the present study was to clarify whether genetic sex influences the development of pig embryos in the preimplantation period since the already published data is not consistent. Porcine embryos were flushed out post mortem on day-10 after insemination, photographed and individually frozen. DNA was extracted from 91 embryos and sex examined by use of PCR method with pair of primers corresponding to the SRY gene. 94.5% of embryos were succesfully sexed. Embryonic perimeter was measured by means of computer aided programme and sexed embryos were classified and grouped into three categories: small, medium and large, accorrding to their perimeter. According to statistical analysis, embryonic size was not influenced by genetic sex. The overal sex ratio, females to males (1.4:1) was not significantly different from the expected 1:1. Moreover, no significant difference between the percentage of males and females was found in the three categories.
A new pulse active width modulation (PAWM) for multilevel converters

This paper proposes a new pulse amplitude width modulation (PAWM) procedure for cascaded H-bridges multilevel inverters fed by DC voltage sources with unequal amplitudes. With proposed procedure, the generated output voltage is obtained modulating a sinusoidal reference signal at the desired fundamental frequency with equally spaced switching angles. It has been analytically demonstrated that, under these assumptions, all harmonics except those of order n = 2kl ± 1, k = 1, 2, . are deleted from the output voltage waveform. After a detailed description of the method and a comparative analysis with others existing in literature, its harmonics elimination capability has been experimentally verified with 5, 7, 9 and 11 level cascaded H-bridge inverters, moreover it has been mathematically demonstrated that it reduces THD below 5% with a 17-level inverter and it is capable to eliminate the first 49 harmonics considered by standards with a 27-level inverter.
Learning online combinatorial stochastic policies with deep reinforcement

We study on-demand delivery services in stochastic environments and propose one representation of the online vehicle routing problem that can be learned with supervised and reinforcement learning. Using a simulation framework with topology projections, we evaluate different models and show that stochastic policies can be learned. Fine-tuning the models through the use of the REINFORCE rule and with a deterministic critic suggests that this approach can lead to promising policies to solve the problem.
Methods to detect the occurrence of various indicator bacteria on the surface of retail poultry in Spain

Contamination levels (cfu/g and cfu/cm 2 ) of indicator microorganisms in retail broiler chicken carcasses in Leon (Spain) were investigated. Counts (log 10 cfu/g) were 5.19, 3.04, 2.73, 3.38, and 3.16 for total aerobic counts (TAC), Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms determined by the standard VRBA method (coliforms-VRBA), coliforms determined by the Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter method (coliforms-HGMF), and Escherichia coli (HGMF method), respectively. These values fit into the microbiological criteria for poultry meat consulted. A low correlation coefficient was found between TAC and Enterobacteriaceae counts (r = 0.308; P = 0.053) and between coliforms-VRBA and coliforms-HGMF counts (r = 0.398; P = 0.048). The determination method had a significant influence on the coliform counts obtained. All broiler chicken carcasses harbored E. coli biotype I. E. coli biotype II was detected in 20% of the samples. The HGMF method was not completely specific for detecting E. coli since 11.25% of false positive colonies were found. De nombreuses intoxications alimentaires sont reliees a la consommation de viande de poulet contenant des microorganismes pathogenes. Dans cette etude, les taux de contamination (cfu/g et cfu/cm 2 ) par des microorganismes indicateurs (flore aerobie totale, Enterobacteriaceae, coliformes et E. coli) de carcasses de poulet de Leon en Espagne sont recherches. Elle determine le type de E. coli detecte et evalue l'efficacite du systeme Iso-grid HGMF TM dans la determination des coliformes et de E. coli.
Anaplasmosis Control and Diagnosis in South Africa

: Anaplasmosis is widespread in South Africa with more than 99% of the total cattle population at risk. Five tick species have been experimentally shown to be capable of transmitting Anaplasma in South Africa. Mechanical transmission through blood contaminated instruments and biting flies also occurs. Vaccination against Anaplasma marginale by administration of an Anaplasma centrale live-blood vaccine has been practiced in this country since 1912. Although generally a mild pathogen, Anaplasma centrale can cause severe clinical reactions following vaccination and also does not afford complete protection against all A. marginale isolates. Anaplasmosis vaccine is routinely available in a deep-frozen form and approximately 220,000 doses of vaccine are sold per annum. Microscopic examination of stained thin blood smears is still the most reliable and cost effective method of confirming a clinical diagnosis of anaplasmosis. Several diagnostic tests, such as the complement fixation tests, card agglutination test, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have been developed to identify carrier cattle. A competitive inhibition ELISA test, based on antibody binding to a recombinant MSP-5 protein conserved among Anaplasma species, is routinely used at this laboratory.
Efficacy of Tower Medfly Eclosion Systems

A 16-repetition experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of the “tower” system for eclosion of sterile medflies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). This system has now replaced the PARC system previously used in Florida S.I. T. programs. In addition to testing the efficacy of these eclosion systems, as compared to the PARC system, quality control was also monitored and evaluated. No significant differences were found between either system in regards to C. capitata yield, weight or flight ability (p=0.05). Based on these comparative trials, the tower eclosion system appears to be an efficient alternative to the PARC system.
Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of the Extract from Sparganium stoloniferum Buch.-Ham. Root and Its Constituent Compounds

Three compounds, vanillic acid, p-hydroxylcinnamic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde have been isolated from the ethylacetate extract of Sparganium stoloniferum Buch. -Ham roots using silica gel open column chromatography, preparative thin-layer chromatography (pTLC) and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The structures of the compounds were established on the basis of IR, extensive 1D NMR, and MS analyses. The ethylacetate (EtOAc) extract, vanillic acid, and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde showed α-glucosidase inhibition activity of 72.71%, 20.13%, and 30.42%, at the concentration of 10 ㎍/mL, respectively. The EtOAc extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC 50 value of 24.37 ㎍/mL against DPPH radical scavenging activity, the vanillic acid, p-hydroxylcinnamic acid, and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde with an IC 50 value of 2.10 μM, 1.59 μM, and 2.72 μM against DPPH, respectively.
Responses of Dryas octopetala to ITEX environmental manipulations: a synthesis with circumpolar comparisons

We have examined organismic responses of Dryas octopetala to simulated changes in the summer climate at four tundra sites as part of the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX). Our study sites are located in the High Arctic, on Svalbard, Norway, in the Low Arctic at Abisko, Sweden, and at Toolik Lake, Alaska, USA and our temperate alpine site is at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, USA. These sites represent a range of tundra temperature and precipitation regimes, being generally cold and dry in the High Arctic and warmer and wetter at Toolik Lake and Niwot Ridge. Results from our studies indicate organismic attributes such as flowering shoot length varies by 30% between low and high arctic populations and that experimental warming results in significant increases in shoot height at three of four sites. We find that phenological development of Dryas is accelerated under experimentally warmed conditions which corresponds with a lengthening of the growing season in autumn, greater degrees of seed set and a higher likelihood of colonization of bare ground. We also observe that Dryas dominated ecosystems which are exposed to experimental manipulations are capable of exhibiting net carbon sequestration in late autumn, and that Dryas photosynthesis and green leaf biomass is significantly greater under warmer as opposed to ambient temperature conditions. Dryas leaf nitrogen is also significantly lowered under warmer conditions resulting in senescent leaves having a higher C:N ratio than those under ambient conditions. Together these findings indicate that Dryas phenology and carbon flux may be altered to the greatest degree in spring and again in autumn by higher summer temperatures and that simultaneously both positive and negative feedback effects may result from changes in plant and ecosystem performance.
Photoinduced toxicity of fluoranthene on primary processes of photosynthesis in lichens

The effect of increasing concentrations (0·01, 0·1, 1 and 5 mg l−1) of intact (FLT) and photo-modified (phFLT) fluoranthene and the duration of exposure (1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days) on the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F0, FV/FM, and ΦII) of symbiotic algae in the thalli of two foliose lichens Lasallia pustulata and Umbilicaria hirsuta was investigated. In addition the FLT concentration in thalli of both lichen species was determined and a bioconcentration factor (BCF) was calculated. The results obtained demonstrated that the concentrations of FLT and especially phFLT (1 and 5 mg l−1) applied affected primary photochemical processes of photosynthesis in the algae of both lichen species. The F0 value increased and the FV/FM and ΦII values decreased. The fluoranthene content in the thallus of both lichen species increased with increasing FLT concentration in the environment.
Coordinate expression of β1 and β2 integrin “activation” epitopes during T cell responses in secondary lymphoid tissue

The monoclonal antibodies (mAb) 15/7 and 24 recognize unique activation‐dependent, conformational epitopes on β1 and β 2‐integrins, respectively. The expression of both of these epitopes closely correlates with the ligand binding ability of their respective integrins, and thus serves as indicators of functional integrin “activation”. Here, we have used six‐parameter flow cytometry to examine the expression of these epitopes and conventional β1‐ and β2‐integrin epitopes during human T cell activation in secondary lymphoid tissues in vivo, focusing particularly on the virgin to memory/effector cell transition. Fresh tonsil lymphocytes were stained with mAb against conventional or activation‐dependent integrin epitopes, followed by staining with mAb against CD3, CD45RA, and CD45RO, thus allowing the determination of integrin epitope expression on virgin (CD3+) T cells (CD45RA+/RO−to±), memory/effector (CD45RA−/RO++) T cells, and T cells undergoing the virgin to memory/effector transition: transition region‐1 (T1; CD45RA+to++/RO+); ‐2 (T2; CD45RA++/RO++); and ‐3 (T3; CD45RA+/RO++). Conventional β1‐ and β2‐integrin epitopes progressively increase during the virgin to T3 stages of the transition in tonsil, in keeping with the generally higher levels of these adhesion molecules on memory/effector vs. virgin T cells. Expression of both the β1 (15/7)‐and β2 (24)‐integrin activation epitopes first appears on transitional T cells, and is maintained on a relatively constant number of cells (averaging 25‐30%) throughout the T1‐T3 stages. These epitopes are also noted on a subset of activated memory/effector T cells. Importantly, on both transitional and activated memory/effector T cell subsets, the expression patterns of the 15/7 and 24 epitopes vs. a variety of T cell activation antigens are identical, and the expression of these epitopes relative to each other is linearly correlated, findings strongly supporting the coordinate activation of β1 and β2 integrins duringT cell activation in vivo. These results provide the first evidence of integrin activation during an in vivo immunologic response, and demonstrate the usefulness of mAb recognizing conformational epitopes and multiparameter flow cytometry in delineating the dynamic interplay of adhesion molecules during complex physiologic processes.
Cytotoxicity of Benzo[c]phenanthridinium Alkaloids in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes

Sanguinarine, chelerythrine and fagaronine were examined for hepatotoxic effect. Administration of sanguinarine and chelerythrine (10 mg/kg/day; i.p.) produced marked parenchymal injury not found in the livers of fagaronine treated rats. In chronic administration of sanguinarine (0.2 mg/kg/56 days; i.p.) degeneration and necrosis were not observed in the liver. The effect of the alkaloids was tested by enzyme leakage (LDH and ASAT) and changes in glutathione levels in isolated rat hepatocytes. Sanguinarine produced the greatest toxicity followed by lesser toxicity in the case of chelerythrine while no toxicity was displayed with fagaronine. These effects correlate with pKR+ values for pseudobase formation. Finally, no increased lipid peroxidation or mitochondrial membrane damage were found.
Differences in Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Local and Introduced Cultivars and Mutated Lines of Garlic

ABSTRACT A field study was conducted to compare morphological, physiological, and genetic variation among local and introduced cultivars and mutated lines of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Twenty-six garlic mutants and twenty-six local and introduced garlic cultivars were used in the study. Characteristics studied included plant height, percent of plants forming multiple shoots, disease resistance, time to maturity, bolting, farmer acceptance, bulb weight, bulb to total plant ratio, and weight loss after two-weeks and 3 mo of storage. Genetic variation among cultivars was determined using isozyme and protein electrophoretic analyses. Several introduced cultivars showed improvement in many characteristics over local characteristics. The cvs. PI383819 and Rumani were better than the local cultivars in bulb weight, bulb to total plant ratio, and resistance to white rot. However, the same cultivars received low grades in the farmers' evaluation test due to high percentage of multiple shoots. The results of this study confirmed the effectiveness of positive selection of good size bulbs in the white rot resistance mutants. The mutant lines maintained a high degree of resistance (< 2.5% infection) in addition to the increase in bulb weight compared to local cultivars. Isozyme and total protein electrophoretic analyses revealed a high level of variability among the cultivars. The cv. Hungary was distinct from other cultivars in cluster analysis, apparently because it belongs to A. ampeloprasum and not A. sativum.
Changes in a Former Chestnut-Dominated Forest after a Half Century of Succession

In 1932, E. Lucy Braun surveyed a chestnut-dominated forest on Salt Pond Mountain in southwestern Virginia. The vegetation of this same site was resampled during the summers of 1982 and 1983 to determine the extent and nature of compositional changes after a half century of succession. Quercus rubra, which formed only 11 T% of the canopy in 1932, is now the dominant species, and Castanea dentata, which once made up 85% of the canopy, has disappeared from the canopy completely. Acer rubrum increased in importance, and Q alba declined. Several species (Acer saccharum, Amelanchier arborea, Betula lenta, Prunus serotina and Robinia pseudoacacia) not recorded as canopy trees in the original study are now present in the canopy. Results of the present study are compared to those from other recent investigations of the post-blight composition of upland forests in areas of the southern Appalachians where chestnut was once abundant. The general pattern that emerges is that after a half century of succession no single species has assumed the dominant or codominant role once occupied by chestnut in these communities.