Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Individual trade-offs between nutrition and risk of interspecific transmission of disease by grazing: cows, badger latrines and bovine tuberculosis

1. We examine whether various measures of herbivore current physiological state (age, breeding and immune status) and genetic potential can be used as indicators of exposure to and risk from disease. We use dairy cattle and the risks of tuberculosis (TB) transmission posed to them by pasture contaminated with badger excreta (via the fecal-oral route) as a model system to address our aim.2. We monitored the contact behavior of approximately 150 dairy cattle at pasture contaminated with badger excreta (feces and urine), and correlated this with measures of current and genetic production.3. Cows producing milk with lower milk solids (percentage protein and fat) had greater contact with feces-contaminated swards. In contrast, genetic merit for milk protein and fat content and overall genetic merit were not correlated with contact at feces-contaminated swards. Individuals with higher somatic cell counts (SCC) had less contact with badger feces.4. In general, cattle behaved similarly at non-contaminated swards and those contaminated with badger urine, but differently at badger latrines (which contain both feces and urine). 5. Current animal state is a better correlate than genetic potential of the contact behavior with environmental distributions of excreta (and thus disease risk). Individual physiological characteristics, regularly monitored, may have value in predicting behavior and thus exposure to and risks from disease.
Reproductive Biology of the Southernmost Gecko Homonota Darwini: Convergent Life-history Patterns among Southern Hemisphere Reptiles Living in Harsh Environments

Abstract The southern-most nocturnal Gecko Homonota darwini from Patagonia, Argentina, exhibits a long cycle of gametogenesis, and females usually skip a year of reproduction. This annual to biennial cycle for females and a fixed clutch size of one egg results in a mean annual reproductive output of 0.75, which is one of the lowest values found in lizards. The life-history traits, summarized here for H. darwini, are closer to phylogenetically distant species from similar latitudes (Argentina, South Africa, New Zealand, and Tasmania) than with congenerics from lower latitudes in Argentina. We postulate that the affinities found among different reptile lineages living at similar latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere are the result of convergence. The short activity seasons and the low mean temperatures seem to select for prolonged reproductive cycles, low reproductive output, long lifespan, late maturity, and enhanced parental care of fewer offspring.
Social Learning in Animals: Empirical Studies and Theoretical Models

Abstract The last two decades have seen a virtual explosion in empirical research on the role of social interactions in the development of animals' behavioral repertoires, and a similar increase in attention to formal models of social learning. Here we first review recent empirical evidence of social influences on food choice, tool use, patterns of movement, predator avoidance, mate choice, and courtship, and then consider formal models of when animals choose to copy behavior, and which other animals' behavior they copy, together with empirical tests of predictions from those models.
Fermentation in the rumen of sheep fed Atriplex nummularia cv. De Kock supplemented with incremental levels of barley and maize grain

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two carbohydrate sources, barley and maize, on the ruminal fermentation of Atriplex nummularia cv. De Kock fed to sheep. Barley was used as a source of rapid fermentable carbohydrates while maize was used as a moderately fermentable source. Ten rumen cannulated Merino wethers were fed different increments of ground maize and barley supplements (0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% of the ration dry matter to a basal diet of A. nummularia over four different periods. Supplementation of A. nummularia with energy tended to increase ruminal fermentation. Rumen ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) decreased at the 30% level of supplementation, though an increase in rumen NH3-N concentration was observed for maize at the 45% level. This decrease might have been due to an improvement in microbial protein synthesis. Total rumen volatile fatty acids increased with increasing levels of both barley and maize supplementation. Evidence of the increase in volatile fatty acid production was supported by a decrease in ruminal pH values, with the barley at 45% level of supplementation yielding the lowest rumen pH values. Supplementing sheep with barely and maize at 30% level increased fermentation in the rumen of sheep fed on A. nummularia and enhanced utilisation of degradable protein available in the rumen.
Specific Secretion of Citric Acid Induced by Al Stress in Cassia tora L.

A rapid and sensitive assay method for Al-chelating activity was established to screen Al-chelating substances secreted from roots of Al-resistant species in response to Al stress. From one Al-resistant species, Cassia tora L. , an Alchelating substance was detected in the root exudates when they were exposed to SO fM Al in 0.5 mM CaCl2 solution at pH 4.5; the dominant component was identified as citric acid. The secretion of citric acid was very low during the first 4 h after initiation of Al treatment, but increased markedly thereafter. A 3-h pulse with 50 //M Al also induced significant secretion of citric acid after 6 h. The lag between Al addition and secretion of citric acid suggests that inducible processes are involved. A dose-response experiment showed that the amount of secreted citric acid increased with increasing external concentrations of Al. Eight-d treatment of P deficiency did not induce the secretion of citric acid. Exposure to 50 //M of either lanthanum (La3*) or ytterbium (Yb3+) did not induce the secretion of citric acid either. These findings indicate that the secretion of citric acid is a response specific to Al stress in C. tora and constitutes a mechanism of Al resistance.
Kinematics, Balance Equations, and Principles of Stokes Flow

The focus of this book is the dynamics of fluids at small scales and of small objects (e.g., particles, cells, macromolecules) suspended in fluids. As we will see, such suspensions or solutions can have nontrivial dynamical and rheological behavior: i.e., in this regard they are complex fluids. Small is relative, of course, and we exclusively consider systems that are not so small that atomistic details of the fluid or objects are important; in particular, we treat the fluid as a continuum to which we can assign properties at every spatial position x. For liquids, the continuum approximation is broadly valid for scales of about 1 nanometer (nm) and larger (a water molecule has a size of about 0.2 nm). One way that we know this is through molecular simulations (Schmidt & Skinner 2003, 2004), which show agreement with, for example, the continuum prediction for the drag force on a moving sphere even when the sphere is only several solvent atoms across. In the first several chapters of this book, we will only concern ourselves with the behavior of fluids, and particles within fluids, in the absence of thermal fluctuations. This behavior is governed by the classical equations of continuum mechanics, which are the starting point of the chapter. After reviewing these here, the governing equations for Newtonian fluids are introduced. Our ultimate focus is the Stokes equation, which governs fluid motions when the inertia of the fluid is negligible compared to viscous stresses.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and aphids interact by changing host plant quality and volatile emission

Summary Most plants interact with both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which increase nutrient acquisition, and herbivores such as aphids, which drain nutrients from plants. Both AM fungi and aphids can affect plant metabolic pathways and may influence each other by altering the condition of the shared host plant. This study tests simultaneously the effects of AM fungi on interactions with aphids (bottom-up effects) and the effects of aphids on interactions with AM fungi (top-down effects). We hypothesized that: (i) attractiveness of plants to aphids is regulated by induced changes in production of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) triggered by AM fungi or aphids; (ii) aphids reduce AM fungal colonization; and (iii) AM fungal colonization affects aphid development. Broad beans were exposed to AM fungi, aphids and a combination of both. To test for the strength of bottom-up and top-down effects, separate treatments enabled establishment of mycorrhizas either before or after aphids were added to plants. VOCs produced by plants were used to (i) test their attractiveness to aphids and (ii) identify the semiochemicals causing attraction. We also measured plant growth and nutrition, AM fungal colonization and aphid reproduction. AM fungi increased the attractiveness of plants to aphids, and this effect tended to prevail even for aphid-infested plants. However, both attractiveness and aphid population growth depended on the timing of AM fungal inoculation. AM fungi suppressed emission of the sesquiterpenes (E)-caryophyllene and (E)-β-farnesene, and aphid attractiveness to VOCs was negatively associated with the proportion of sesquiterpenes in the sample. Emission of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, naphthalene and (R)-germacrene D was regulated by an interaction between aphids and AM fungi. Aphids had a negative effect on mycorrhizal colonization, plant biomass and nutrition. Our data show that below- and above-ground organisms can interact by altering the quality of their shared host plant even though there is no direct contact between them. Plant interactions with herbivores and AM fungi operate in both directions: AM fungi have a key bottom-up role in insect host location by increasing the attractiveness of plant VOCs to aphids, whereas aphids inhibit formation of AM symbioses.
Soil organic phosphorus

Abstract The extraction and resin fractionation procedures for determination of amounts and kinds of soil organic phosphorus (Pt IV of this series) were applied to a sequence of four soils having common parent material and vegetation but varying in altitude, rainfall, and temperature. Three different zonal soil groups were represented in the sequence: the brown-grey earths, yellow-grey earths, and high country yellow-brown earths. For each soil type, samples of the topsoil and of three individual horizons (A, AB, and B) were examined. The amount of organic phosphorus extracted and its occurrence in different fractions were similar for comparable samples from each soil type, suggesting that the amount and nature of soil organic phosphorus are determined primarily by parent material and biological factors. The kinds of organic phosphorus compound present in different horizons of each soil were clearly differentiated. Humic acid-associated organic phosphorus and inositol phosphates were present in comparable.
Protected Natural Areas: A New Alternative Offer for the Seaside and Mass Tourism Destination Agadir: The Case of Souss Massa National Park

Tourism professionals in Morocco talk about the need to diversify the tourism offer and move towards ecotourism. This is particularly the case for the Agadir destination, whose product has not really evolved over the last 20 years, a product that is essentially based on the seaside, while this one (the destination) has enormous assets, particularly the mountainous hinterland natural; the unique and fascinating fauna and flora without forgetting the very welcoming inhabitants. However, the National Park of Souss Massa, given the beauty of its natural landscapes, its remarkable flora and fauna, can be seen as an important component and promoter for the ecotourism offer of the region. Nevertheless, it is not enough for a territory to have cultural, natural, and human potential to develop high value-added tourism and make it accessible on the market (Marir, 2011). Despite the attractive potential of this territory, most people are unaware of its existence. Therefore, an empirical study was conducted during this study aimed to describe the type of customers interested in the product “National Park” and promotional tools to put in place to make it more attractive.
TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6 and ICAM-1 Expression in Human Keratinocytes Stimulated in Vitro with Escherichia Coli Heat-Shock Proteins

Bacterial heat-shock proteins (HSPs) from Escherichia coli (GroES, GroEL and DnaK) were studied for their ability to induce by themselves the expression and release of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-1α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) by cultured human keratinocytes. The surface expression of ICAM-1 was also investigated. In the supernatants of untreated cells none or a minimal amount of these molecules was found. After 48 h of stimulation with GroEL significant amounts of TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6 and soluble ICAM-1 were detected, reaching maximum concentrations at 1 μg ml-1. The same effect was elicited by DnaK but to a lesser extent. Treatment of keratinocytes with GroEL and DnaK also increased TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6 and ICAM-1 mRNA levels. GroES showed significant activity only on the expression and release of IL-6. GroEL and DnaK were also able to up-regulate the surface expression of ICAM-1 on keratinocytes. The effects on ICAM-1 expression seemed to be directly due to HSPs and not mediated via cytokines. Furthermore, these effects were due to the properties of HSPs because they were inhibited by specific monoclonal antibodies. These findings support the potential role of HSPs in modulating cell interactions during immunological and inflammatory responses in the skin.
Recognition of venom fractions from Brazilian coral snakes by antielapid serum

Aims: To investigate whether the antielapid serum produced in Brazil could identify venom fractions from six species of Micrurus , including those in the inoculation pool: Micrurus brasiliensis , M. corallinus , M. frontalis , M. lemniscatus , M. spixii , and M. surinamensis . Methods: The samples belong to the venom bank of the Center for Biological Studies and Research from the Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Goias, Brazil. The antielapid serum was granted by the Ezequiel Dias Foundation. Both electrophoresis and immunoblotting methods were used. Results: Variability in venom components and in the ability to recognize such components was demonstrated by the antielapid serum. Conclusions: The results suggest restricted efficacy of the antielapid serum, due to its limitations against species from the Amazon region, reinforcing the need for a review of intraspecific and interspecific studies of Micrurus venoms.
Período de desove y fecundidad del pez espada (Xiphias gladius) capturado en el Pacífico suroriental

This study presents the reproductive biology of the swordfish caught off the Chilean coast. Biological samples were taken in the economic exclusive zone and oceanic areas adjacent to Easter Island, Salas y Gomez Island, and San Felix and San Ambrosio islands between February 2001 and January 2002 and subjected to histological analysis. The monthly records of reproductively active females, the frequency of ovarian stages, and the gonadosomatic index show that spawning activity is greatest in austral summer, during January and February. An analysis of the oocyte frequency distributions revealed a separation of the most advanced mode around 600 µm if taking partial fecundity to be oocytes larger than 600 µm and if the fecundity varies between 0.5 and 31 million oocytes for females with 217 and 303 cm of lower jaw to fork length, respectively. The results indicate that the swordfish could be synchronous by group because, amongst their other characteristics, some specimens show a discontinuity between mature and immature oocytes.
ANALISIS DAN PERHITUNGAN PADA DAYA MOTOR UNTUK TEROWONGAN ANGIN (WIND TUNNEL) TIPE SUBSONIC DENGAN TEST SECTION 0,2 X 0,2 M UNTUK ALAT PERAGA MEKANIKA FLUIDA SKALA LABOLATORIUM

Aerodinamika yaitu salah satu bagian dari ilmu dinamika fluida yang mempelajari tentang gaya yang bekerja kepada suatu objek benda yang berada di dalam suatu aliran fluida. Pemecahan pada persoalan aerodinamika yang umumnya melibatkan penghitungan berbagai sifat pada aliran yang terjadi, semacam kecepatan, tekanan, temperatur, maupungaya masa jenis, sebagai suatu fungsi terhadap ruang dan waktu. Dengan mempelajari model - model aliran yang ada, maka akan memungkinkan untuk menghitung maupun memperkirakan momen dan gaya bekerja pada suatu objek yang berada pada aliran tersebut. Laporan secara eksperimen yang berguna dalam pemecahan permasalahan aerodinamika bisa didapat melalui berbagai macam metode, dan salah satu metode tersebut yaitu dengan menggunakan wind tunnel. Tujuan memperoleh angka air volume / CMH yang dibutuhkan pengujian pada ( test section ) di rangkaian terbuka wind tunnel . Mengetahui total keseluruhan kerugian pada tiap bagian rangkaian terbuka wind tunnel . Mengetahui dari hasil perhitungan daya motor pada fan yang benar dan sesuai. Dari perhitungan yang telah dilakukan maka nilai minimal air volume yang diperlukan pada bagian test section sebesar 2880,14 CMH ( Cubic Meter Hour ). Analisa dari perhitungan Energy losses (kerugian energi) dari setiap komponen dalam rangkaian terbuka wind tunnel yaitu settling chamber ( untuk nilai Honeycomb nilai K 0 = 0,004687 dan screen nilai K 1 = 0,004687) , contraction dengan nilai K 2 = 0,02745, test section nilai K 3 = 0,0675 , Diffuser nilai K 4 = 0,72962, dan saluran discharge nilai K 5 = 0,1667887. Maka total dari keseluruhan nilai tersebut dijumlahkan K total = 0,20014656. Perhitungan nilai daya motor yang dibutuhkan pada hasil perhitungan pada BAB 4 sebesar 233,51 W -> ½ HP.
Schistosomose due à Schistosoma intercalatum et urbanisation en Afrique centrale.

Schistosoma intercalatum Fischer, 1934 doit son nom d'espece a la forme et a la dimension de ses oeufs, intermediaires entre celles de S. haematobium et de S. bovis. Il est l'agent d'une bilharziose de forme intestinale, ressemblant a celle provoquee par S. mansoni mais caracterisee par une localisation basse des lesions, predominant au niveau du rectum et du sigmoide. Le parasite a une aire de distribution limitee a l'Afrique centrale. Les foyers y sont souvent urbains, d'extension restreinte, limitee a un quartier de la ville. Bulinus forskalii est l'hote intermediaire le plus souvent mis en cause dans la transmission de S. intercalatum souche de Basse Guinee, qui concerne le plus grand nombre de foyers Mais B. crystallinus transmet aussi le parasite au Gabon, dans la region de Gamba. La souche congolaise (Cuvette Centrale) de S. intercalatum est transmise par B globosus. Les maisons ou des porteurs de S. intercalatum sont retrouves se situent en premiere ligne par rapport a la riviere ou au ruisseau qui traverse la ville et qui heberge le mollusque hote intermediaire. La schistosomose a S. intercalatum est actuellement en expansion, du fait du developpement d'agglomerations caracterisees par une urbanisation desordonnee. Elle y est associee a une forte pollution fecale, a l'origine d'une contamination du reseau hydrographique urbain qui est site de transmission de la bilharziose. Bien qu'infeodee a la region forestiere, la bilharziose due a S. intercalatum s'etend avec la deforestation, en meme temps que la bilharziose a S. haematobium s'introduit en foret, en provenance des regions de savane. Mais comme les bulins hotes intermediaires de S. haematobium sont plus heliophiles que ceux qui transmettent S. intercalatum, la bilharziose urinaire tend a supplanter la bilharziose recto-intestinale la ou il y a hybridation entre les deux especes et lorsque les arbres surplombant les points d'eau ombrages se rarefient et meme disparaissent avec le developpement urbain.
SLISCP-light

The emerging areas in which highly resource constrained devices are interacting wirelessly to accomplish tasks have led manufacturers to embed communication systems in them. Tiny low-end devices such as sensor networks nodes and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are of particular importance due to their vulnerability to security attacks, which makes protecting their communication privacy and authenticity an essential matter. In this work, we present a lightweight do-it-all cryptographic design that offers the basic underlying functionalities to secure embedded communication systems in tiny devices. Specifically, we revisit the design approach of the sLiSCP family of lightweight cryptographic permutations, which was proposed in SAC 2017. sLiSCP is designed to be used in a unified duplex sponge construction to provide minimal overhead for multiple cryptographic functionalities within one hardware design. The design of sLiSCP follows a 4-subblock Type-2 Generalized Feistel-like Structure (GFS) with unkeyed round-reduced Simeck as the round function, which are extremely efficient building blocks in terms of their hardware area requirements. In SLISCP-light, we tweak the GFS design and turn it into an elegant Partial Substitution-Permutation Network construction, which further reduces the hardware areas of the SLISCP permutations by around 16% of their original values. The new design also enhances the bit diffusion and algebraic properties of the permutations and enables us to reduce the number of steps, thus achieving a better throughput in both the hashing and authentication modes. We perform a thorough security analysis of the new design with respect to its diffusion, differential and linear, and algebraic properties. For SLISCP-light-192, we report parallel implementation hardware areas of 1,820 (respectively, 1,892)GE in CMOS 65nm (respectively, 130nm) ASIC. The areas for SLISCP-light-256 are 2,397 and 2,500GE in CMOS 65nm and 130nm ASIC, respectively. Overall, the unified duplex sponge mode of SLISCP-light-192, which provides (authenticated) encryption and hashing functionalities, satisfies the area (1,958GE), power (3.97μ W), and throughput (44.4kbps) requirements of passive RFID tags.
When Molecules and Morphology Clash: A Phylogenetic Analysis of the North American Ambystomatid Salamanders (Caudata: Ambystomatidae)

Extremely conflicting phylogenetic conclusions for the same taxa derived from different data sets are rare. When conflicts do occur, they may result from homoplasy as well as nonindependence of characters. We present an analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of the salamander family Ambystomatidae, based on variation at 26 allozyme loci. Our results conflict strongly with those derived from Kraus's (1988, Syst. Zool. 37:106-141) morphological analysis of the same taxa. The major conflict involves five species traditionally placed in the Ambystoma subgenus "Linguaelapsus. " This group, and the clades within it, are each diagnosed by many morphological synapomorphies, providing unambiguous evidence for the monophyly of the subgenus. However, our allozyme data provide equally compelling evidence that "Linguaelap- sus" is polyphyletic. We jackknifed and bootstrapped our allozyme data in a likelihood and a cladistic parsimony framework, respectively; all analyses point to the same conclusions. Sub- dividing the allozyme data into rapidly and slowly evolving loci, and analyzing each separately by maximum likelihood, does not change our conclusions. Our results demonstrate that even apparently "well-corroborated" nodes of a cladogram may be suspect if the assumption of char-