Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging of the recently described anterolateral ligament of the knee.

The anterolateral ligament (ALL) was recently found to be present in 97% (40/41) of human cadaveric knees by Claes et al. They hypothesized that it is important to control internal tibial rotation and prevent pivot shift. Its existence was suspected as far back as 1879 when Dr Segond described a Bpearly, fibrous band[ while describing avulsion fractures at the anterolateral proximal tibia above and behind the Gerdy tubercle (Segond fracture). The term anterolateral ligament was first introduced by Vierira et al. The ALL shares an origin from the lateral femoral condyle with the lateral collateral ligament. It runs obliquely parallel but deep to the iliotibial band (ITB). It inserts on the midportion of the proximal tibia halfway between the Gerdy tubercle and the fibular head. The close proximity to the ITB for much of its course until its terminus 2 cmposterior to ITB insertionmay have contributed to difficulty identifying it until now. This visual vignette describes the identification of the ALL with diagnostic ultrasound. The lateral knee of a 52-yr-old healthy male subject was examined with a GE P6 musculoskeletal ultrasound machine. Initially, the ligament was difficult to discern from surrounding structures with the knee in full extension. The knee was then flexed to approximately 90 degrees to enhance visualization. The ligament was seen in long axis passing over the lateral meniscus and emerging from underneath the ITB as it traveled in an oblique parallel orientation to the ITB (Fig. 1). The terminus of the ligament was identified inferior to the proximal lateral edge of the tibia, posterior and proximal to the Gerdy tubercle on the lateral tibial recess (Fig. 1). Short-axis views of the ligament are represented at the tibial insertion (Fig. 2). Using the descriptions of the ALL in the article by Claes et al., the authors found that the ligament was easiest to identify when the knee was in 90-degree flexion and slight internal rotation, resulting in the ligament being taut. The ability to visualize this ligament may prove to be useful to clinicians on the field of play when an anterior cruciate ligament injury is suspected. Identifying it with ultrasound would be a distinct advantage to the clinician. The authors intend to present follow-up reports correlating cadaveric ultrasound images before and after dissection of the knee to elaborate further on the sonographic appearance of the ALL.
Neglected role of hookah and opium in gastric carcinogenesis: A cohort study on risk factors and attributable fractions

A recent study showed an association between hookah/opium use and gastric cancer but no study has investigated the relationship with gastric precancerous lesions. We examined the association between hookah/opium and gastric precancerous lesions and subsequent gastric cancer. In a population‐based cohort study, 928 randomly selected, healthy, Helicobacter pylori‐infected subjects in Ardabil Province, Iran, were followed for 10 years. The association between baseline precancerous lesions and lifestyle risk factors (including hookah/opium) was analyzed using logistic regression and presented as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We also calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the associations of lifestyle risk factors and endoscopic and histological parameters with incident gastric cancers using Cox regression models. Additionally, the proportion of cancers attributable to modifiable risk factors was calculated. During 9,096 person‐years of follow‐up, 36 new cases of gastric cancer were observed (incidence rate: 3.96/1,000 persons‐years). Opium consumption was strongly associated with baseline antral (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.2–9.1) and body intestinal metaplasia (OR: 7.3; 95% CI: 2.5–21.5). Opium (HR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.4–7.7), hookah (HR: 3.4; 95% CI: 1.7–7.1) and cigarette use (HR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.4–7.5), as well as high salt intake, family history of gastric cancer, gastric ulcer and histological atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia of body were associated with higher risk of gastric cancer. The fraction of cancers attributable jointly to high salt, low fruit intake, smoking (including hookah) and opium was 93% (95% CI: 83–98). Hookah and opium use are risk factors for gastric cancer as well as for precancerous lesions. Hookah, opium, cigarette and high salt intake are important modifiable risk factors in this high‐incidence gastric cancer area.
Childhood Hydrocephalus: Clinical Features, Treatment, and the Slit‐Ventricle Syndrome

The use of shunting for hydrocephalus has a long history of improvements made through basic science, clinical innovations, and biomedical products. Shunting has dramatically changed the outlook of children with hydrocephalus, with many of them having normal life expectancies and attaining normal intelligence. The use of shunts, however, has created many unique problems of shunt dependence with frequent shunt revisions being the rule for most hydrocephalic children. Shunt problems assume a major amount of all neurosurgeons' efforts. In addition, the slit-ventricle syndrome has posed many new questions regarding what the post-shunting ventricular size should be and what problems are created by having a slit-like ventricular system. This article reviews current concepts of childhood hydrocephalus with respect to the various hydrocephalic syndromes and provides detailed descriptions of problems unique to various shunting systems. In addition, the slit-ventricle syndrome is distinguished from asymptomatic slit-ventricles after shunting. The various forms of the slit-ventricle syndrome are described, and proposed guidelines for classifying, working up, and treating the slit-ventricle syndromes are provided.
Carry-over of melamine from feed to eggs and body tissues of laying hens

The objective of this study was to assess the carry-over of melamine from feed into eggs and body tissues of laying hens. In the first experiment, laying hens were supplied with feed added at 0, 1, 2, 5, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg−1 of melamine for 21 days followed by a depletion period to observe the residues of melamine in eggs. In a second experiment, laying hens were allocated 0, 50, and 100 mg kg−1 melamine to determine levels of melamine in body tissues. Melamine and cyanuric acid were simultaneously analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the diet as well as in eggs and body tissue. In the first experiment, melamine appeared in the egg within 24 h after first ingestion of the melamine at 5, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg−1. Melamine concentration in egg reached a maximum of 2.34 mg kg−1 within 17 days after exposure of 100 mg kg−1 melamine, and the carry-over rate for melamine from feed to the eggs was 1.21%. In the second experiment, melamine was detected in tissues within 3 days after exposure; the maximum concentration of melamine residues occurred in the 100 mg kg−1 group and was as follows: egg (1.83) > kidney (1.21) > breast muscle (0.86) > liver (0.70) > serum (0.42). The melamine level in egg albumen was about twice that of egg yolk. Melamine levels in laying hens decreased rapidly with withdrawal from feed, but melamine only declined to undetectable levels in the egg at day 6 and in tissues at day 4 after last ingestion of 100 mg kg−1. It can be concluded that a pathway exists for the transmission of melamine from feed to egg and body tissues and the carry-over rate of melamine is low, and that melamine is not metabolized into cyanuric acid in laying hens. A positive relationship exists between exposure levels and eggs or tissues, but no direct relationship between the exposure time and measured levels of melamine in eggs and tissues. The current Chinese limit for melamine in feed and feed material of 2.5 mg kg−1 established on 8 June 2009 is sufficient to ensure that levels in eggs, breast muscle, liver as well as kidney will not exceed the limit of 2.5 mg kg−1 in foods other than infant formula introduced by many countries including China.
Comparison of the migration of melamine from melamine–formaldehyde plastics (‘melaware’) into various food simulants and foods themselves

A variety of melaware articles were tested for the migration of melamine into the food simulant 3% w/v acetic acid as a benchmark, and into other food simulants, beverages and foods for comparison. The results indicate that the acidity of the food simulant plays a role in promoting migration, but not by as much as might have been anticipated, since 3% acetic acid gave migration values about double those obtained using water under the same time and temperature test conditions. In contrast, migration into the fatty food simulant olive oil was not detectable and at least 20-fold lower than with the aqueous food simulants. This was expected given the solubility properties of melamine and the characteristics of the melaware plastic. Migration levels into hot acidic beverages (apple juice, tomato juice, red-fruit tea and black coffee) were rather similar to the acetic acid simulant when the same time and temperature test conditions are used, e.g. 2 h at 70°C. However, migration levels into foods that were placed hot into melaware articles and then allowed to cool on standing were much lower (6–14 times lower) than if pre-heated food was placed into the articles and then maintained (artificially) at that high temperature in the same way that a controlled time–temperature test using simulants would be conducted. This very strong influence of time and especially temperature was manifest in the effects seen of microwave heating of food or beverage in the melaware articles. Here, despite the short duration of hot contact, migration levels were similar to simulants used for longer periods, e.g. 70°C for 2 h. This is rationalized in terms of the peak temperature achieved on microwave heating, which may exceed 70°C, counterbalancing the shorter time period held hot. There was also evidence that when using melaware utensils in boiling liquids, as for stovetop use of spatulas, the boiling action of circulating food/simulant can have an additional effect in promoting surface erosion, increasing the plastic decomposition and so elevating the melamine release.
In vitro inhibitory effect of tetrahydrocurcuminoids on Fusarium proliferatum growth and fumonisin B1 biosynthesis

Many plant pathogens produce toxic metabolites when growing on food and feed. Some antioxidative components seem to prevent fungal growth and mycotoxin formation. Recently, we synthesized a new class of powerful antioxidative compounds, i.e. tetrahydrocurcuminoids, and its structure/antioxidant activity relationships have been established. The South West of France produces large amounts of corn, which can be infected by Fusarium species, particularly F. proliferatum. In this context, the efficiency of tetrahydrocurcuminoids, which can be obtained from natural curcuminoids, was investigated to control in vitro the growth of F. proliferatum and the production of its associated mycotoxin, fumonisin B1. The relation between structure and antifungal activity was studied. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC1), with two guaiacyl phenolic subunits, showed the highest inhibitory activity (measured as radial growth on agar medium) against the F. proliferatum development (67% inhibition at a concentration of 13.6 µmol ml−1). The efficiencies of THC2 (36% at a concentration of 11.5 µmol ml−1), which contains syringyl phenolic units, and THC3 (30% at a concentration of 13.6 µmol ml−1), which does not have any substituent on the aromatic rings, were relatively close. These results indicate that the simultaneous presence of guaiacyl phenols and the enolic function of the β-diketone moiety play an important role in the inhibition mechanisms. The importance of this combination was confirmed using n-propylguaiacol and acetylacetone as molecular models. Under the same conditions, ferulic acid and eugenol, other natural phenolic antioxidants, were less efficient in inhibiting fungal growth. THC1 also reduced fumonisin B1 production in liquid medium by approximately 35, 50 and 75% at concentrations of 0.8, 1.3, and 1.9 µmol ml−1, respectively. These very low inhibitory concentrations show that tetrahydrocurcuminoids could be one of the most promising biobased molecules for the control of mycotoxinogen fungal strains.
Monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in food supplements containing botanicals and other ingredients on the Dutch market

Food supplements can contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has defined 16 priority PAH that are both genotoxic and carcinogenic and identified eight priority PAH (PAH8) or four of these (PAH4) as good indicators of the toxicity and occurrence of PAH in food. The current study aimed to determine benzo[a]pyrene and other EFSA priority PAH in different categories of food supplements containing botanicals and other ingredients. From 2003 to 2008, benzo[a]pyrene exceeded the limit of quantification (LOQ) in 553 (44%) of 1258 supplements with a lower-bound mean of 3.37 µg kg−1. In 2008 and 2009, benzo[a]pyrene and 12 other EFSA priority PAH were determined in 333 food supplements. Benzo[a]pyrene exceeded the LOQ in 210 (63%) food supplements with a lower-bound mean of 5.26 µg kg−1. Lower-bound mean levels for PAH4 and PAH8(-indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene) were 33.5 and 40.5 µg kg−1, respectively. Supplements containing resveratrol, Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort and propolis showed relatively high PAH4 levels in 2008 and 2009. Before 2008, supplements with these ingredients and also dong quai, green tea or valerian contained relatively high benzo[a]pyrene levels. On average, PAH4 intake resulting from food supplement use will be at the lower end of the range of contributions of main food groups to PAH4 exposure, although individual food supplements can contribute significantly to PAH4 exposure. Regular control of EFSA indicator PAH levels in food supplements may prove a way forward to reduce further the intake of PAH from food.
Mantle cell lymphoma: continuously improving the odds!

Introduction: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) responds well to initial therapy but most patients relapse and then respond only briefly to salvage therapy. Nevertheless, the median overall survival of MCL patients has dramatically improved from 30 months in the late 1970s to > 5 years at present. This is largely explained by the use of dose-intensive strategies and/or high-dose therapy upfront, and the development of novel agents for a disease that commonly shows chemoresistance in the relapse/refractory setting. Areas covered: A comprehensive review of published materials on the biology and management of MCL from the past 10 years were the focus for this review. Expert opinion: MCL outcome has definitely improved and achievement of an early deep response (complete remission [CR] or molecular CR) translates into superior survival. High-dose cytosine arabinoside -containing regimens should be used in the frontline setting in younger patients. Relapse/refractory patients still do poorly and an effort for clinical trials in that setting is essential. Three novel therapies have now been approved in MCL: two in the United States – bortezomib (proteasome inhibitor) in 2006 and lenalidomide (IMiDs) in 2013 – and one in the Europe – temsirolimus (mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor) in 2007. A number of new compounds have shown very promising activity in MCL as well: particularly drugs targeting the B-cell receptor pathway – phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors (idelalisib, IPI-145) and Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ibrutinib) or pan Bcl-2 inhibitors (ABT-199). These molecules provide an opportunity to build up on the regimens used in MCL either in combination or as maintenance and will would without any doubt will revolutionize the landscape in MCL.
Special Issue on Plasticity in Postoperative PainSelect Reports from the Journal-sponsored Symposium

IN this issue of the Journal, we present the third annual special issue. This special issue includes select peer-reviewed manuscripts of studies presented as poster abstracts at the 14th A NESTHESIOLOGY -sponsored symposium at the annual meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, October 2005. We feature six original research reports and a Clinical Concepts and Commentary article related to the topic of the symposium, “Plas-ticity in Postoperative Pain. ” The Journal Editorial Board considered this topic to be timely because we are in the midst of the Decade of Pain Control and Research. This “decade,” declared by the U.S. Congress in the fall of 2000, is aimed at stimulating further progress in research, education, and clinical management of pain in the new millennium. This is only the second congres-sionally declared medical decade and follows the Decade of the Brain in the 1990s.
Factors in the Efficacy, Safety, and Impact on Quality of Life for Treatment of Drooling with Botulinum Toxin Type A in Patients with Cerebral Palsy

Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injected in both submandibular and parotid versus only in parotid glands as a treatment for drooling in patients with spastic and dyskinetic cerebral palsy (CP), including an assessment of impact on quality of life (QoL) based on items from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) core set. Design Forty patients with CP 18 years or older (mean, 21.8 years) participated in a prospective, single-center, randomized controlled interventional study. All participants were classified as Gross Motor Function Classification System level III or higher and all had significant drooling as defined in prior studies. One group (group A) was treated with 100 U of BoNT-A, and another group (group B) served as control. In the treatment group, all patients first received combined parotid and submandibular injections, and then parotid injections only. The main outcome variables were a postinjection decrease in the drooling quotient (DQ) of 50% or more, total flow of 30% or more, and QoL as assessed by a set of 10 items related to drooling from the ICF. Results The proportion of patients who achieved at least 50% reduction in DQ was 45% in group A versus 0.0% in group B; 0.0% (P = 0.0012); and of those who achieved at least 30% reduction in total flow was 90% in group A versus 10% in group B (P < 0.0001). Within group A, 42.1% of the dyskinetic patients versus 58.0% of the spastic ones showed 50% or better response in DQ, which is not a statistically significant difference (P = 0.8045). With regard to ICF questions, group A showed statistically significant improvements in several related items. There did not seem to be a significant difference in overall response for providing parotid-only injections. Additional correlations and uncommon adverse effect experiences are also reviewed. Conclusion Botulinum toxin A injection of the salivary glands is frequently effective and generally safe for the treatment of drooling in patients with either spastic or dyskinetic CP, both in objective measurement of saliva production and subjective symptoms related to the condition. There does not seem to be a significant advantage of injecting both submandibular and parotid glands over injecting parotid glands alone.
Chronic Effects of Different Rest Intervals Between Sets on Dynamic and Isometric Muscle Strength and Muscle Activity in Trained Older Women

Objective This study investigated the chronic effects of different rest intervals (RIs) between sets on dynamic and isometric muscle strength and muscle activity. Design We used a repeated-measures design (pretraining and posttraining) with independent groups (different RI). Twenty-one resistance-trained older women (66.4 ± 4.4 years) were randomly assigned to either a 1-minute RI group (G-1 min; n = 10) or 3-minute RI group (G-3 min; n = 11). Both groups completed 3 supervised sessions per week during 8 weeks. In each session, participants performed 3 sets of 15 repetitions of leg press exercise, with a load that elicited muscle failure in the third set. Fifteen maximum repetitions, maximal voluntary contraction, peak rate of force development, and integrated electromyography activity of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles were assessed pretraining and posttraining. Results There was a significant increase in load of 15 maximum repetitions posttraining for G-3 min only (3.6%; P < 0.05). However, posttraining results showed no significant differences between G-1 min and G-3 min groups for all dependent variables (P > 0.05). Conclusions The findings suggest that different RIs between sets did not influence dynamic and isometric muscle strength and muscle activity in resistance-trained older women.
OT‐674 Suppresses Photooxidative Processes Initiated by an RPE Lipofuscin Fluorophore

The pathological processes involved in age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) include retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell degeneration; oxidative mechanisms likely contribute to the demise of these cells. Indeed, RPE cells may be particularly susceptible to photooxidative mechanisms since they accumulate retinoid‐derived photoreactive compounds that constitute the lipofuscin of the cell. Thus we undertook to test the capacity of OT‐674, the reduction product (Tempol‐H) of the nitroxide Tempol, to suppress photooxidative processes initiated by the RPE lipofuscin fluorophore A2E. Accordingly, when ARPE‐19 cells that had accumulated A2E were irradiated at 430 nm, pretreatment with OT‐674 (0.01–10 mm) was found to confer a resistance to cell death. Monitoring by quantitative HPLC also showed that OT‐674 reduced A2E photooxidation in a cell‐free system. Moreover, when presented with a singlet oxygen generator, OT‐674 served as a quencher of singlet oxygen that was more effective than Trolox and α‐tocopherol. We conclude that OT‐674 is a potent antioxidant that suppresses photooxidative processes generated in cultured RPE cells by the lipofuscin fluorophore A2E. As oxidative damage to RPE cells is considered to be a risk factor for AMD, antioxidant therapy with OT‐674 may serve a protective role.
β‐catenin regulates NF‐κB activity via TNFRSF19 in colorectal cancer cells

Wnt/β‐catenin signaling plays a crucial role in the regulation of colon tissue regeneration and the development of colon tumors. Under physiological conditions, β‐catenin activity is tightly controlled. However, the majority of sporadic forms of colorectal cancer are characterized by inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene APC due to loss of heterozygosity (LOH), resulting in deregulation of the protein β‐catenin. Apart from known β‐catenin target genes like MYC, OPG, and DKK4, the gene TNFRSF19, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is regulated by β‐catenin in mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). We found that TNFRSF19 is frequently overexpressed in colorectal cancer cell lines and primary colorectal carcinomas. Further characterization revealed that both isoforms of TNFRSF19, TNFRSF19.1 and TNFRSF19.2, are regulated in a β‐catenin dependent manner. The transcript TNFRSF19.2 encodes a 417 amino acid long protein containing a TRAF‐binding site that links the TNFRSF19.2 to NF‐κB signaling, whereas the isoform TNFRSF19.1 lacks this TRAF‐binding site. Nevertheless both isoform 1 and 2 induced the activity of an NF‐κB reporter gene. NF‐κB signaling is important for inflammatory processes and chronic inflammatory diseases like ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, which are associated with increased risk for developing colorectal cancer. The observation that TNFRSF19 is a β‐catenin target gene and TNFRSF19 receptor molecules activate NF‐κB signaling shows that β‐catenin regulates NF‐κB activity via TNFRSF19, suggesting that TNFRSF19 may contribute to the development of colorectal tumors with deregulated β‐catenin activity.