Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cellular automata in structural design

The goal of this project was to introduce NKS to engineering design problems and estimate a true potential of this approach. It was an initial step in exploring the world of simple programs for engineering design applications as well as introducing a novel methodology presented in Wolfram's A New Kind of Science. The motivation for this research was based on the fact that even designers of complex and sophisticated engineering systems (bridges, tall buildings, space structures, etc.) use only a relatively small set of design/decision rules to develop design concepts. Hence, it is plausible that even very complex designs of engineering systems can be modeled using simple programs like cellular automata (CA). Two potential ways of attacking this problem are based on the following observations. First, one of the important problems in engineering design is the problem of topological optimum design, where one seeks the optimal configuration of design elements satisfying some constraints, and optimizing a certain objective function, e.g. deflection, or weight, of a steel structure. This search for the optimal configuration of design elements sometimes yields very interesting patterns. It is possible that the search for such interesting structural patterns can be vastly enhanced using CA and other simple programs. Second, it is usually the case that engineering designs have repetitive forms. CA can generate both very simple and repetitive behavior as well as complex forms and configurations. It is definitely worth exploring whether the complex configurations of engineering systems will be better than traditional designs. The initial exploration of the space of simple programs has been focused on onedimensional CA (1D CA) and two-dimensional CA (2D CA). 1D CA have been used to generate design concepts of wind bracing systems in tall buildings. These experiments were performed using both elementary CA where two possible types of bracings were used and more complex 1D CA involving 7 possible types of bracing elements. In another set of experiments 2D CA were used. Several types of totalistic 2D CA were studied, including Moore neighborhood and von Neumann neighborhood. The fitness of the generated design concepts was determined based on rigidity of the structural systems and measured by their maximum deflection. Results of the conducted experiments have shown that CA can generate interesting structural shaping patterns. They included both traditionally known patterns for this class of buildings like vertical and horizontal trusses, but also some novel arrangements of wind bracings characterized by high fitness values. The best results in the reported experiments were obtained using 1D CA. 2D CA also have the potential of producing interesting structural patterns but the search space is vastly larger compared to the 1D CA case and much larger number of experiments is necessary. 1 Citation: Kicinger, R. (2004). "Cellular automata in structural design. " Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the New Kind of Science (NKS 2004), Boston, MA, April 2225, 2004, Wolfram Media, Urbana-Champaign, IL.
Surprisal Modulates Dual-Task Performance in Older Adults: Pupillometry Shows Age-Related Trade-Offs in Task Performance and Time-Course of Language Processing

Even though older adults are known to have difficulty at language processing when a secondary task has to be performed simultaneously, few studies have addressed how older adults process language in dual-task demands when linguistic load is systematically varied. Here, we manipulated surprisal, an information theoretic measure that quantifies the amount of new information conveyed by a word, to investigate how linguistic load affects younger and older adults during early and late stages of sentence processing under conditions when attention is split between two tasks. In high-surprisal sentences, target words were implausible and mismatched with semantic expectancies based on context, thereby causing integration difficulty. Participants performed semantic meaningfulness judgments on sentences that were presented in isolation (single task) or while performing a secondary tracking task (dual task). Cognitive load was measured by means of pupillometry. Mixed-effects models were fit to the data, showing the following: (a) During the dual task, younger but not older adults demonstrated early sensitivity to surprisal (higher levels of cognitive load, indexed by pupil size) as sentences were heard online; (b) Older adults showed no immediate reaction to surprisal, but a delayed response, where their meaningfulness judgments to high-surprisal words remained stable in accuracy, while secondary tracking performance declined. Findings are discussed in relation to age-related trade-offs in dual tasking and differences in the allocation of attentional resources during language processing. Collectively, our data show that higher linguistic load leads to task trade-offs in older adults and differently affects the time course of online language processing in aging.
Climatic and Biotic Events of the Paleogene DYNAMICS OF PLANT-INSECT HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS DURING LATE PALEOCENE AND EARLY EOCENE ENVIRONMENTAL PERTURBATIONS IN THE BIGHORN BASIN, WYOMING, USA

The Paleocene-Eocene sediments of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA, record a time of significant variation in climate, biodiversity, and floral and faunal composition. Beginning in the Late Paleocene, global temperatures warmed to the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) 51-53 Ma (Zachos et al. 2001). Superimposed on this gradual warming are the abrupt temperature and C02 increase at the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, 55.8 Ma) and an Early Eocene cool period (Rohl et al. 2000; Wing et al. 2000; Zachos et al. 2003). Although many studies have analyzed the responses of individual taxonomic groups to climate change during this interval (e.g. Chew 2009; Gingerich 2006; Wing 1998), very few have focused on interactions among organisms (Currano et al. 2008). Here, we examine the effect of climate fluctuations that are well documented and
Pharmacotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder with comorbid substance-use disorder (SUD)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Substance use disorder (SUD) is very common amongst patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The two disorders share partially overlapping features and SUD in ADHD is characterized by an early age of onset, high likelihood of poly-substance use, increased risk of suicide attempts, more hospitalizations, and scarce treatment adherence. Areas covered: This paper reviews randomized active comparator-controlled or placebo-controlled trials evaluating the use of pharmacotherapy in patients with ADHD and SUD. The authors include open label and observational studies. Expert opinion: Stimulant and non-stimulant treatments should be used to aid ADHD symptomatology in patients with SUD. SUD seems to be less responsive, suggesting a relative independence of the two conditions. For this reason, the association of ADHD-specific drugs and SUD-treatments should be recommended in a large proportion of patients suffering from both disorders. The rate and the quality of ADHD response to specific pharmacological treatments is highly variable, depending on the dose and the duration of the treatment, the age of the patient, and the severity and the chronicity of addiction. Further research is necessary to explore the divergences in treatment response of different ADHD subtypes in different subtypes of SUD.
Influence of heat transfer on two-phase flow behavior in onshore oil pipelines

Computational tools for simulation of multiphase flow in oil pipelines are of great importance for the determination of the technical feasibility of the production in oilfields. The present article presents the mathematical and numerical modeling of the oil biphasic flow in a partially submerged onshore pipeline. The biphasic behavior of the heavy oil of 13,2oAPI is translated by the Dukler correlation. The oil’s viscosity is regarded as dependent on the temperature and on the API density of the oil by means of the Hossain correlation. The pipeline, of 3,600m and 4 inches (10.16cm) in diameter, transports the oil from a collecting station to a storage center and consists of three sections. The first and third sections are above ground and are in contact with the external environment. The intermediate section is sitting on the river bed and is the critical part of the pipeline, once high heat losses are observed. The influence on the type of pipe insulation in the pressure and temperature gradients was analyzed with the aid of commercial 1D software Pipesim®. The results, of this 1D and non-isothermal problem with prescribed outlet pressure, show that the use of isolation when appropriately designed in terms of material quality and thickness is of utmost importance to maintain the heat transfer at low levels, in order to ensure the movement of fluids in long sections without compromising the system operation.
How can incentives in unemployment insurance be improved? Theory and evidence §

This paper provides a review of the recent literature on how incentives in unemployment insurance can be improved. We are particularly concerned with three instruments, viz. the duration of benefit payments (or more generally the time sequencing of benefits), monitoring in conjunction with sanctions, and workfare. Our reading of the theoretical literature is that the case for imposing a penalty on less active job search is fairly solid. A growing number of empirical studies, including randomized experiments, are in line with this conclusion.
A phase-theoretic analysis of object omission

defocused. While observed in different languages, Rizzi (1986) pointed out that object omission is more common in languages like Italian than in English and advocated the pro-drop parameter for this difference. However, the syntactic nature of English object omission does not seem to be explained properly by his parameter. In this paper, it will be proposed that object omission involves movement to the edge of vP, in parallel with p-movement, another defocusing phenomenon. The Phase Theory constrains defocusing. In addition, defocused DPs are optionally assigned null Case which makes them invisible to phonology. Null-Case assignment is parameterized. Finally, the possibility of minimizing the inventory of empty categories will be entertained.
Treatment of simulated oil and gas production wastewater using Typha latifolia in a pilot-scale constructed wetland

wetland containing cattail (Typha latifolia) was tested for treatment of synthetic PW. After 49 days, PW pH increased from 4.2 to 7.0, and electrical conductivity decreased from 22,100 to 3,300μS·cm-1. Typha shoots had bioconcentration factors for Pb ranging from 2.8 (Stage 1 of constructed wetland) to 8.0 (Stage 2). Transfer factors for Pb were 0.67 (Stage 1) and 1.37 (Stage 2). These results indicate that Typha may be effective for Pb removal from PWs. The present study may be of practical value to oil and gas production companies that plan to recycle or properly dispose of large quantities of oil and gas production wastewater. ABSTRACT
Over expression of CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in transgenic sweet potato enhances tolerance and recovery from drought stress

To understand the antioxidant stress of transgenic sweet potato containing elevated Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in chloroplasts, we analyzed plant growth, yield, water status, photosynthetic activity and several antioxidant enzyme activities under drought and post-drought re-watering conditions. Three water stress regimes no, moderate and severe water stress were applied. Our results indicated that the number of transgenic plants (TS) was a function of water deficit and recovery period. Compared with non-transgenic plants (NS), the expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, APX and CAT) in transgenic plants was profoundly increased under drought stress and rewatering periods. Transgenic plants exhibited better growth, photosynthetic activity (Fv/Fm) and water status under drought stress, but tuberization was poor. Compared with NS plants, TS plants exhibited low levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage (EL). In addition, TS plants recovered faster upon release from drought stress. These results showed that expression of Cu/Zn SOD and APX in chloroplasts of sweet potato enhanced drought resistance and capacity for recovery from drought stress. However, tuber formation in TS plants was constrained by drought stress.
Inhibitors of telomerase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases synergize to limit the lifespan of pancreatic cancer cells

Imetelstat (GRN163L) is a potent and selective inhibitor of telomerase. We have previously reported that GRN163L could shorten telomeres and limit the lifespan of CD18/HPAF and CAPAN1 pancreatic cancer cells. Here, we examined the effects of GRN163L on two other pancreatic cancer cell lines: AsPC1 and L3.6pl. In both lines, chronic exposure to GRN163L led to an initial shortening of telomeres followed by a stabilization of extremely short telomeres. In AsPC1 cells, telomere attrition eventually led to the induction of crisis and the loss of the treated population. In L3.6pl cells, crisis was transient and followed by the emergence of GRN163L-resistant cells, which could grow at increasing concentrations of GRN163L. The Shelterin complex is a telomere-associated complex that limits the access of telomerase to telomeres. The telomerase inhibitory function of this complex can be enhanced by drugs that block the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of its TRF1 and/or TRF2 subunits. Combined treatment of the GRN163L-resistant L3.6pl cells with GRN163L and 3-aminobenzamide (3AB), a general inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, led to additional telomere shortening and limited the lifespan of the resistant cells. Results from this work suggest that inhibitors of telomerase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases can cooperate to limit the lifespan of pancreatic cancer cells.
Application of computer image analysis software for determining incubation period of cavitation erosion – preliminary results

The paper discusses the application of image analysis software ImagePro Plus and MetIlo for assessing cavitation erosion wear. The investigation of cavitation damage is performed on a vibratory test rig in compliance with the ASTM G32 standard using the stationary specimen method. Low-alloy steel grade 34CrNiMo6 is used as the test material. Cavitation wear is evaluated by gravimetric and roughness measurements, microscopic observations and computer image analysis in specified exposure times. The computer image analysis of selected surface areas during a predetermined exposure to cavitation time is performed using images captured with a metallographic microscope. Based on the results of scanning electron and stereoscope microscopic observations, the cavitation worn surfaces are qualitatively described. The relations between surface topography, gravimetric measurements and the microscopic results are discussed. The findings obtained by gravimetric and roughness measurements, image processing and microscopic observations are complementary. The results prove the suitability of image analysis for investigating incubation period of cavitation erosion. The quantification of cavitation erosion damage indicates that the incubation period of cavitation erosion of the tested steel lasts for 20 minutes. The results demonstrate that cavitation-worn surfaces at the initial stage of cavitation erosion can be examined using both ImagePro Plus and MetIlo.
Changes in DTPA extractability of added cadmium in two different soil types treated with wheat straw in sterile and unsterile conditions

Heavy metals in soluble form have the highest bioavailability and toxicity in soil. DTPA-extractable Cd was investigated in two different soil types treated with wheat straw (5%) under sterile and unsterile conditions. Soils were located in Hamadan (Iran, 48o 28' 23" E and 34o 56' 48" N), a fallow cropland with a semi-arid climate, and Lahijan (Iran, 50o 1' 51" E and 37o 11' 59" N), a tea plantation with a temperate climate. DTPA-extractable Cd in contaminated soils (10 mg Cd kg-1) was measured from 1 minute to 3600 hours. During the soil incubation period, DTPA-extractable Cd was higher in the Lahijan soil, but at the end of the soil incubation period it was higher in the Hamadan soil. The positive effect of wheat residue on DTPA-extractable Cd was higher in the Lahijan unsterile soil at the end of the soil incubation period. The decrease of DTPA extractability of the added Cd was lower in the Lahijan soil incubated under unsterile conditions compared to that under sterile conditions. In contrast, Hamadan sterile soil treated and untreated with wheat residue had the highest DTPA-extractable Cd at the end of the soil incubation period. The decrease in DTPA extractability of the added Cd in soils was exponential with 3 steps. In the 1st step the highest and the lowest rates of DTPA decrease were observed in Hamadan sterile and Lahijan unsterile soils treated with wheat residue. In the 3rd step it was reversed, and the decrease in DTPA extractable Cd was lower in the Hamadan soil compared to the Lahijan soil.
Comparing Clusterings:A Store Segmentation Application

Bu calisma, kumelemelerin karsilastirilmasi olculerinden biri olan ciftleri sayma tekniklerini (Rand Endeksi, Duzeltilmis Rand Endeksi ve Fowlkes Mallows Endeksi gibi) incelemektedir. Bu calismanin amaci bahsi gecen tekniklerin ozelliklerini tartismak ve tekniklerin pazarlama alanindaki bir uygulamasini gostermektir. Uygulama olarak, zincir magazalara sahip olan bir perakendecinin supermarket magazalari iki farkli yaklasimla, kumeleme analizi kullanilarak segmentlere ayrilmistir. Ilk yaklasiminda magazalar bulunduklari yerin ve potansiyel musterilerinin sosyoekonomik ozelliklerine gore, ikinci yaklasimda ise magazalar kendi musterilerinin satin alma davranislarina gore segmentlere ayrilmistir. Musteri satin alma davranislari, sosyoekonomik faktorlerden guclu bir sekilde etkilendigi icin, bu calismanin beklentisi iki kumelemenin gorus birliginde olmasi yonundedir. Analizler sonucunda Rand Endeksi iki kumeleme arasinda bir gorus birliginin oldugunu gosterse de, Fowlkes-Mallows Endeksi zayif bir gorus birligine, Duzeltilmis Rand Endeksi ise gorus birliginin olmadigina isaret etmektedir.
Powerful E­Learning: A Preliminary Study of Learner Experiences

This study continues a program of research into the nature of powerful learning experiences, with a focus this time on e­learning contexts. It was conducted using structured phone interviews with adult learners pursuing undergraduate degrees through e­learning coursework. Among other things, data suggest that meaningful social interaction and emotions may be important components in powerful learning experiences. In addition, the data suggest that powerful learning can indeed occur in e­learning environments. Results of this study combine with those from three previous studies to point toward practices of instructional designers and educators that may contribute to powerful learning in e­learning environments. Further examination of powerful learning in such environments holds promise.
Survival of vertebrate fauna in remnant vegetation patches and colonisation of revegetation areas in the La Trobe Valley, Victoria

Expansion of open-cut coal mines in the La Trobe Valley, Victoria, will lead to the loss of native vegetation and vertebrate habitat. Corporations operating these mines have entered into agreements to manage offset areas for conservation values. Surveys of vertebrate fauna in seven offset areas and revegetation sites were carried out between February 2005 and May 2008. One hundred and twenty-eight species were recorded, comprising 21 mammals, 11 reptiles, eight amphibians and 88 birds. Several threatened species were recorded including Swamp Skink Egernia coventryi, Powerful Owl Ninox strenua, Australasian Shoveler Anas rhynchotis, Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis, Eastern Great Egret Ardea modesta, Royal Spoonbill Platalea regia, and White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster. Several species had colonised revegetation areas and others were detected in degraded sites and isolated remnant patches. The ability of these species to survive in fragmented and disturbed habitats is discussed. The results of these surveys have implications for land managers planning conservation works or habitat enhancement programs especially in degraded sites.
Transformation from Plantigrady to Digitigrady : Functional Morphology of Locomotion in Hesperocyon ( Canidae : Camivora )

The most primitive canid Hesperocyon from the late Eocene to early Oligocene (Duchesnean to Whitneyan) of North America possesses a combination of both cursorial and noncursorial limb characteristics. Compared to the archaic miacoid carnivorans, Hesperocyon has a number of advanced features suggestive ofrunning adaptations, such as absence of a large teres major process on the scapula, a relatively reduced deltoid crest on the humerus, elongated and adjoined metapodials, and laterally oriented fovea capitis femoris. On the other hand, Hesperocyon retains some primitive, arboreal characteristics such as a short, broad scapula with long acromion, a stout humerus with a deep bicipital groove and a thin-bladed brachioradialis crest, an anteriorly bowed ulna, a sharply angled pelvic floor, a relatively large muscle scar for flexor digitorum longus and caudal tibialis on the tibia, and a short, deep, and hooked distal phalanx suggestive of a retractile claw. This combination of cursorial and noncursorial characters shows that Hesperocyon represents a transitional stage from its arboreal plantigrade ancestors to its cursorial digitigrade descendants. Examination of a series of miacoids and primitive canids (Vulpavus, Miacis, Hesperocyon, Cormocyon, Leptocyon, and Tomarctus) reveals that the canid metatarsus did not become erect until the Arikareean Cormocyon and Leptocyon. Increased extension angle of the tibioastragalar joint was achieved through realignment of the plantar tendon groove to be continuous with the astragalar trochlea and elimination ofthe astragalar foramen. By combining anatomical characters with results ofa morphometric analysis, I have concluded that Hesperocyon was plantigrade in posture and probably scansorial in life. I Frick Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History. Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 1993 ISSN 0003-0082 / Price $2.70 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES
Utility of cardiac computed tomography to identify arrhythmia substrates for ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac death

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the leading cause of death in the U.S., and many of these events are attributable to malignant ventricular arrhythmias such as sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT). Most of the efforts to identify arrhythmia precipitants in these patients are based on imaging to look for myocardial or coronary artery disease. As advances in cardiac computed tomography (CCT) are made, it has demonstrated its usefulness in identifying structural intracardiac pathology and measuring parameters of cardiac anatomy and function. In this article we review the different etiologies of VT/SCD that are identifiable by CCT, and its potential usefulness in the workup for VT/SCD.