Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phytate and microbial phytase: implications for endogenous nitrogen losses and nutrient availability

The effect of phytate and phytase on the bioavailability of phosphorus has been appreciated for many years and phytase has been exploited commercially since the late-1990s to considerable global success. Although a number of authors have reported improved digestibility of amino acids, energy and other minerals (most notably calcium) by the addition of phytase to poultry diets, these so-called ‘extra-phosphoric’ effects of phytase are less well understood. Recent work has shed light on the underlying mechanisms by which phytase influences the apparent digestibility of amino acids, energy and minerals and much of the improvements are thought to be related to enhanced absorption of exogenous and re-absorption of endogenous amino acids. The synthesis and loss of endogenous protein is nutritionally expensive for animals and is negatively correlated with metabolisable energy, net energy, and the digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids. It has been estimated that as much as 50% of the total nitrogen present in the small intestine during digestion is of endogenous origin, resulting in negative digestibility coefficients in the proximal small intestine. Clearly the successful resorption of the secreted protein in the small intestine is critical to maintain favourable nitrogen balance and most endogenous proteins will eventually be digested and absorbed. However, a considerable proportion of endogenous secretions leave the terminal ileum and represent a net cost to the animal, the environment, and, importantly, to the poultry producer. Thus, dietary anti-nutrients that induce secretion and/or impair absorption e.g. tannins, trypsin inhibitors, or phytate can have substantial adverse consequences for productivity. The measurement and nutritional significance of endogenous losses in poultry, specifically with regard to the effect of phytate and phytase, are examined in the current review, in an attempt to explain the extra-phosphoric nutrient matrices assigned to commercial phytase products.
Transgenic Enhancement of High‐Molecular‐Weight Glutenin Subunit 1Dy10 Concentration: Effects in Wheat Flour Blends and Sponge and Dough Baking

ABSTRACT Dough strength is needed for efficient breadmaking quality. This property is strongly influenced in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by gluten seed storage proteins and, in particular, by high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunit composition. Experiments were designed to elevate expression of a key native HMW glutenin subunit (1Dy10) via genetic engineering and to determine whether resultant flours can be used in sponge and dough applications, the most common commercial bread-baking procedure. Both unblended and blended samples from transgenic and nontransgenic sister lines were tested, with blended samples being formed by addition to a control sample. Dough properties, as determined by farinograph evaluation, were improved by the transgene-encoded increases in 1Dy10 in both undiluted and blended flours. Mean farinograph stability of transgenic samples was twice that of the control, and blends with transgenic samples demonstrated increases in stabilities proportional to the amount of transgenic fl.
Depredación de peces sobre el zooplancton en tres embalses neotropicales con distintos estados tróficos

Se evaluo la importancia del zooplancton en la dieta de individuos de pequenas tallas de Astyanax bimaculatus, Moenkhausia pittieri, Roeboides sp. , Caquetaia kraussii y Geophagus sp. , en tres embalses venezolanos con dos estados troficos (oligotrofico: embalse Taguaza, hipereutroficos: embalses La Mariposa y Pao-Cachinche). Los peces fueron colectados en dos fases hidrologicas (baja y alta). Se analizaron 998 individuos (104 de A. bimaculatus, 127 de M. pittieri, 205 de Roeboides sp., 363 de C. kraussii y 199 de Geophagus sp.) provenientes de 30 colectas de campo. La talla de los individuos analizados vario entre 15,2 y 97mm de longitud estandar. Los resultados, reportados como frecuencia numerica (%) y de aparicion (%), mostraron una variacion en la depredacion que ejercieron los peces dependiendo de la especie y de las caracteristicas del ambiente. En algunos casos no hubo relacion entre abundancia del zooplancton en el ambiente e intensidad de consumo. Segun el consumo de zooplancton, las especies se clasificaron en tres grupos: alto (M. pittieri en Taguaza y Roeboides sp. en La Mariposa), moderado (A. bimaculatus en Taguaza y Geophagus sp. en Pao-Cachinche) y bajo consumo (C. kraussii en Pao-Cachinche). Los resultados mostraron una intensa depredacion intragremio entre C. kraussii y Chaoborus sp. en el embalse hipereutrofico Pao-Cachinche, lo cual disminuyo aun mas el efecto de regulacion sobre la comunidad del zooplancton. Por el contrario, la depredacion intragremio entre M. pittieri o Roeboides sp. y Chaoborus sp. no ocurrio, mientras que en Geophagus sp. o A. bimaculatus fue de baja intensidad.
Heterogenous distribution of fibronectin, tenascin‐c, and laminin immunoreactive material in the cumulus‐coronal cells surrounding mature human oocytes from IVF‐ET protocols—Evidence that they are composed of different subpopulations: An immunohistochemical study using scanning confocal laser and fl

Monoclonal antibodies and immunofluorescence microscopy, including laser confocal microscopy, were used in this study to point out the production of fibronectin, tenascin‐c, and laminin in the cumulus‐corona (CC) cells surrounding mature human oocytes from IVF‐ET protocols in view of their presumptive importance in the coordination of the processes leading to fertilization and early embryo cleavage, including the final maturation of the ovum, the sperm‐egg interaction, and the “complex biochemical dialogue” between the gamete and the oviduct through the tubal luminal environment.
Pollination Ecology of Cimicifuga arizonica (Ranunculaceae)

Cimicifuga arizonica is pollinated by workers of three bumblebee species. The flowering peak coincides with maximal colony size of the bees. The bees preferentially alight on the upper half of the row of flowers, run over the flowers, and collect pollen by pressing their undersides against the stamens. Duration of the visit is similar for all species. Bombus occidentalis regularly used buzzing to make almost dehiscent anthers burst, thus gaining access to large amounts of pollen. Pyrobombus huntii buzzed at one locality only. While Separatobombus morrisoni usually specializes and collects pollen exclusively, B. occidentalis seems to depend on Aquilegia chrysantha as a nectar source. Analyses of corbiculae showed that Cimicifuga was the major pollen source, mixed with small amounts of Geranium, Vicia, and Ipomopsis. Differences in nectar and pollen sources were recorded among the bees. An exceptionally high pollen/ovule ratio is explained as a compensatory allocation into the only floral reward for pollen-robbing visitors.
Integrating sexual health interventions into reproductive health services: programme experience from developing countries.

In 1994 at the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD 1994) 184 countries reached a landmark consensus on the need for a broad integrated approach to sexual and reproductive health. Since that time countries have been struggling to put the concept into practice. The first challenge has been to understand the broad concept of sexual and reproductive health in order to identify the service interventions that should be added to an existing reproductive health (RH) or maternal and child health (MCH) programme to make it a sexual and reproductive health (SRH) programme. The second more difficult challenge has been to develop feasible acceptable and cost effective strategies for providing these services within the existing poorly resourced primary health care programme base. To create SRH programmes reproductive health services have to be expanded to better address sexual health. SRH programmes need to give attention to broader determinants of healthy sexuality and well-being. A recent WHO publication Conceptual framework for programming in sexual health offers a sexual health approach to service design and implementation. It stresses the need to recognize that not all sexual activity is for reproduction and that other motivational factors such as pleasure or a sense of obligation are often more important determinants of individual sexual health and well being. To improve sexual health programmes must address sexuality throughout the lifespan from adolescence to old age for both men and women. They must also recognize the role of power in sexual relationships and how it affects peoples ability to make decisions about their own bodies and sexual life free from violence discrimination and stigma. Individual decision-making and the ability to make informed choices can also be limited by social cultural and legal barriers. Broad sexual and reproductive health care services must recognize and begin to address these constraints through targeted interventions. (excerpt)
Light intensity and the growth of Eucalyptus seedlings. II. The effect of cuticular waxes on light absorption in leaves of Eucalyptus species.

In the species of Eucalyptus investigated, differences in reflection characteristics caused by the amount and orientation of waxes on the leaf cuticle resulted in variation in the capability of leaves to absorb light in the waveband 400-700 nm. When the waxes occur as clustered rods or tubes, as in E. pulverulenta and in juvenile and intermediate leaves of E. bicostata, the leaves have a glaucous appearance. The glaucescence is removed when the leaves are wiped with cotton wool. Wiped leaves absorb a greater proportion of incident light than leaves with wax intact and, consequently, have higher rates of apparent photosynthesis at light fluxes below those required for light-saturated photosynthesis. The optical characteristics of leaves of seedlings of E. fastigata and E. bicostata are not measurably affected when the intensity of the light climate in which they are growing is varied, but the temperature of the environment affects the reflectance of glaucous juvenile leaves of E. bicostata.
Phylogenetic systematics of the subfamily Polyphaginae, with the assignment of Cryptocercus Scudder, 1862 to this taxon (Blattaria, Blaberoidea, Poiyphagidae)

The subfamily Polyphaginae is assessed using phylogenetic methodology, which has resulted in a revised concept of this taxon which includes the Homoeogamiidae, Mononychoblattidae and Cryptocercidae. A redescription of the subfamily is offered, and synapomorphic characters are provided to support the monophyly of both the Polyphaginae and the family Poiyphagidae. A phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships of polyphagine genera is proposed, based on fifty morphological characters polarized in reference to six outgroups (one tree, CI = 0.79, RI = 0.87). The Polyphaginae now includes the following sixteen genera: Anisogamia, Arenivaga, Cryptocercus, Eremoblatta, Ergaula, Eucorydia, Eupolyphaga, Hemelytroblatta, Heterogamisca, Heterogamodes, Homoeogamia, Leiopteroblatta, Mononychoblatta, Nymphytria, Polyphaga and Therea. Three genera are removed from the Polyphaginae: Austropolyphaga, Miroblatta and Polyphagoides. One new generic synonymy is proposed: Psam-moblatta as a synonym of Hemelytroblatta. The subgenus Heterogamisca is elevated to generic status. The genus Nymphytria is removed from synonymy with Mononychoblatta, and restored to generic rank. The subfamily Polyphaginae in its present sense has a large ecological range, including deserts of North America and the Old World, and tropical and temperate biomes such as dry and rain forests of Africa and Asia, but excluding Australia.
The Successful Use of Cellulose Acetate Membrane for Very Low Density Lipoprotein Isolation and Cholesterol Quantitation

Abstract The lipoproteins have been successfully isolated electrophoretically from the blood samples of patients having suffered from hyperlipoproteinemia type III but having survived myocardial infarction. The VLDL fraction from the cellulose acetate membrane is cut out and the total cholesterol and cholesterol of the VLDL extracted. The cholesterol is determined using an immobilized cholesterol esterase/oxidase column using a flow injection analysis system.
Glyphosate and Multiple Herbicide Resistance in Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) Populations from Missouri

Abstract Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the level of glyphosate resistance in common waterhemp populations from Platte County (MO1) and Holt County, Missouri (MO2), and to determine the level and distribution of resistance to glyphosate, acetolactate synthase (ALS)–inhibiting herbicides, and protoporophyrinogen oxidase (PPO)–inhibiting herbicides across the MO1 site. Results from greenhouse experiments revealed that the MO1 and MO2 waterhemp populations were 19 and 9 times more resistant to glyphosate, respectively, than a susceptible waterhemp population. In field experiments, greater than 54% of waterhemp at the MO1 site survived 1.7 kg glyphosate ae ha−1 (twice the labeled rate) 6 wk after treatment. Tank-mix combinations of ALS- and PPO-inhibiting herbicides with glyphosate also failed to provide complete control of the waterhemp population at the MO1 site. Collection and screening of seed from individual female waterhemp accessions revealed multiple resistance to glyphosate, ALS-, and PPO-inhibiting herbicides across the MO1 site. All 14 waterhemp accessions collected across the MO1 site exhibited greater than 65% survival to 2× rates of glyphosate and thifensulfuron, and these accessions were spread across a 5-km2 (503-ha) area. Four waterhemp accessions collected across a 0.9-km2 (87-ha) area also exhibited 26 to 38% survival to 2× rates of lactofen. The results from these experiments provide evidence and confirmation of the first glyphosate-resistant waterhemp population in the United States and reveal that multiple resistance to glyphosate, ALS-, and PPO-inhibiting herbicides can occur in waterhemp. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; lactofen; thifensulfuron; common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis Sauer.
The impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 and nitrate supply on growth, biomass allocation, nitrogen partitioning and N2 fixation of Acacia melanoxylon

The interactive effects of nitrate supply and atmospheric CO2 concentration on growth, N2 fixation, dry matter and nitrogen partitioning in the leguminous tree Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. were studied. Seedlings were grown hydroponically in controlled-environment cabinets for 5 weeks at seven 15N-labelled nitrate levels, ranging from 3 to 6400 mmol m–3. Plants were exposed to ambient (~350 µmol mol–1) or elevated (~700 µmol mol–1) atmospheric CO2 for 6 weeks. Total plant dry mass increased strongly with nitrate supply. The proportion of nitrogen derived from air decreased with increasing nitrate supply. Plants grown under either ambient or elevated CO2 fixed the same amount of nitrogen per unit nodule dry mass (16.6 mmol N per g nodule dry mass) regardless of the nitrogen treatment. CO2 concentration had no effect on the relative contribution of N2 fixation to the nitrogen yield of plants. Plants grown with ≥50 mmol m–3 N and elevated CO2 had approximately twice the dry mass of those grown with ambient CO2 after 42 days. The rates of net CO2 assimilation under growth conditions were higher per unit leaf area for plants grown under elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 also decreased specific foliage area, due to an increase in foliage thickness and density. Dry matter partitioning between plant organs was affected by ontogeny and nitrogen status of the plants, but not by CO2 concentration. In contrast, plants grown under elevated CO2 partitioned more of their nitrogen to roots. This could be attributed to reduced nitrogen concentrations in foliage grown under elevated CO2.
RESIDUOS DE AGROQUÍMICOS EN SEDIMENTOS DE RÍOS, POÁS, COSTA RICA

Se analizo la presencia y distribucion de agroquimicos organofosforados y organoclorados en los sedimentos de 3 rios localizados en un area de produccion de ornamentales en el canton de Poas, Alajuela, Costa Rica. El estudio comprendio 8 meses, con la idea de abarcar las epocas seca, de transicion, y lluviosa. Los sedimentos fueron colectados en 10 estaciones de muestreo, ubicadas a lo largo de los rios, y caracterizados de acuerdo con su contenido de materia organica y textura. En 7 de las 10 estaciones muestreadas fueron hallados residuos de agroquimicos con concentraciones detectables, en al menos 1 de cada 4 muestras, pero solo en 4 estaciones los residuos alcanzaron niveles cuantificables. Los residuos evaluados incluyeron 21 agroquimicos entre organofosforados y organoclorados, pero solo fueron encontrados 3 organoclorados, debido a su persistencia en los sedimentos. Los residuos correspondieron a PCNB (80-800 μg.kg-1), Endosulfan-β (40-50 μg.kg-1) y Endosulfan -a (90 μg.kg-1). El Clorotalonil fue detectado solo en una muestra.
A new species of Gastrophanella from central western Atlantic, with a discussion of the family Siphonidiidae (Demospongiae: Lithistida)

A new species of Gastrophanella, G. cavernicola sp. nov. (Demospongiae: Siphonidiidae), is described from submarine caves in Fernando de Noronha Island (north-east Brazil), Carrie Bow Cay and Columbus Cay, Belize (central Western Atlantic), at depths of 5-30 m. It differs from all other species of the genus by its lobate shape with thin superficial canals and centrotylote tylostrongyles. Gastrophanella cavernicola sp. nov. is the second record of the genus Gastrophanella from both Brazil and the Caribbean. It is the sixth ‘lithistid’ sponge reported from the Brazilian coast, whereas at least 32 other desma-bearing sponges are known from the Caribbean. The genus now includes five valid species, G. implexa Schmidt from the West Indies (type species), G. mammilliformis Burton from South Africa, G. primore Gómez from the Pacific Coast of Mexico, G. stylifera Mothes & Silva from south Brazil, and G. cavernicola sp. nov. from north-east Brazil and Belize. Aciculites oxytylota Lévi & Lévi from New Caledonia is transferred to Siphonidium Schmidt. The family Siphonidiidae Lendenfeld, which is probably related to order Hadromerida, is redefined to contain only Siphonidium and Gastrophanella, both with fused rhizoclone desmas associated to microspined exotyles.
Origem do plexo braquial do macaco Cebus apella

The monkey Cebus apella, native to South American forests, is geographically distributed through the Brazilian land and presents satisfactory adaptation to the captive life showing great capacity of reproduction. Thus, we have described the origin of the brachial plexus in the monkey Cebus apella. The aim of this study was to add information for morphofunctional and comparative studies focusing on Cebus apella, humans and domestic animals. Twenty adult animals, 10 males and 10 females, belonging to the collection of Anatomy Laboratory of the Federal University of Uberlândia were obtained and prepared through fixation and dissection. In the dissected specimens, the brachial plexus of Cebus apella was comprised of nerve roots from C5 to T1 (55,00 ±± 11,12%), from C5 to T2 (25,00 ±± 9,68%), from C4 to T1 (15,00 ±± 7,98%) and from C4 to T2 (5,00 ±± 4,87%). In addition, the occurrence of pre- and post- fixation of the plexus as well as its cranial and caudal extent have been discussed. In conclusion, the brachial plexus of Cebus apella is constituted by nerve roots from C5 to T1.
ranking of dairy-cows for replacement - alternative methods tested by stochastic simulation

Abstract The preferred tool in theoretical dairy cow replacement studies has been stochastic dynamic programming. Under practical conditions, however, this method is less suitable due to computational complexity. In order to develop a ranking criterion for practical use, two criteria were tested by means of stochastic simulation based on random number generation. Under the first criterion the ranking was provided by a dynamic programming model, but instead of herd individual conditions a set of standard conditions was used. Under the second criterion the cows were ranked according to their expected net returns to housing, labour and management during the next 12 months. Both criteria were tested in the presence and absence of a milk quota. The simulation results showed that both criteria are suitable for practical implementation in both situations. Thus the final choice depends on other considerations including implementation and operation costs as well as comprehensibility. A third criterion called expec.
The use of DiazaCon TM to limit fertility in grey squirrels

The grey squirrel is an invasive alien species introduced to Great Britain in the late 19 Century and to Northern Italy during the early 20 Century. As well as displacing the native European red squirrel, grey squirrels cause significant impact to trees and woodlands through bark-stripping activity, and are implicated in the decline of woodland bird populations. In Britain, eradication is no longer an option at a regional scale, but fertility control offers a possible approach to minimise negative impacts. The cholesterol mimic DiazaCon has been successfully used to inhibit reproduction in some species as it reduces cholesterol available for steroid reproductive hormone synthesis. Results are presented from enclosure studies investigating whether DiazaCon would reduce cholesterol levels enough and for a sufficient period to reduce fertility in female grey squirrels.
Profit Functions in Dairy Cattle and Effect of Measures of Effeciency and Prices

Abstract This investigation was to define profit functions from cow performance; to establish relationships among profit functions; and to determine effects of prices on characteristics of the functions and on rank of cows. Data were one to three lactations of 182 cows in the Beltsville Holstein herd. Three subsets of the data were used: 1) complete data set (182 cows), 2) cows with an opportunity for three lactations (92 cows), and 3) cows that completed three lactations (47 cows). Four profit functions were computed from income and expense for each cow. The correlation between profit per day and income/expense was . 98, while the correlation between profit per day and total profit ranged from . 76 to . 87 for the two largest data sets. The correlations among profit per day for 1970, 1980, and 1985 price estimates ranged from . 98 to 1.00. Correlations among estimates of total profit based on these prices were similarly high. Conclusions are: 1) Defining economic efficiency for dairy cattle as the linear function of income minus expenses per time of herd life is best because the linear function is closely correlated with other functions and is most easily understood. 2) Changes in relative prices had little effect on rank of cows. 3) Income variables milk yield, protein yield, and fat yield had the highest simple correlations with profit per day (>.44). Expense items, feed intake (.27), mastitis treatments (−.21), and herd life (.19) had the highest correlations with this profit function.