Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Intelligent System for Parking Trailer using Reinforcement Learning and Type 2 fuzzy Logic

In examples of reinforcement learning where state space is continuous, it seems impossible to use reference tables to store value-action . In these problems a method is required for value estimation for each state-action pair . The inputs to this estimation system are (characteristics of) state variables which reflect the status of agent in the environment . The system can be either linear of nonlinear . For each member in set of actions of an agent, there exists an estimation system which determines state value for the action . On the other hand, in most real world problems, just as the state space is continuous, so is the action space for an agent . In these cases, type 2 type 2 fuzzy systems may provide a useful solution in selection of final action from action space . In this paper we intend to combine reinforcement learning algorithm with fuzzified actions and state space along with a linear estimation system into an intelligent systems for parking Trailers in cases where both state and action spaces are continuous . Finally, the successful performance of the proposed algorithm is shown through simulations on trailer parking problem . Keyword: Reinforcement Learning; Type 2 type 2 fuzzy
Comparison of large-scale dynamical variability in the extratropical stratosphere among the JRA-55 family data sets

This study compares large-scale dynamical variability in the extratropical stratosphere, such as major stratospheric sudden warmings (MSSWs), among the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55) family data sets. The JRA-55 family consists of three products: a standard product of the JRA-55 reanalysis data, and two sub-products of JRA-55C and JRA-55AMIP. JRA-55C assimilates only conventional observations, whereas JRA-55AMIP runs the same numerical weather prediction model without assimilation of observational data. A comparison of the occurrence of MSSWs in Northern winter shows that compared to the standard product, JRA-55C delays several MSSWs by one to four days and also misses a few MSSWs. JRA-55C also misses the Southern Hemisphere MSSW in September 2002. JRA-55AMIP shows much fewer MSSWs in Northern winter, and especially lacks MSSWs of high aspect ratio of the polar vortex. A further examination of daily geopotential height differences between JRA-55 and JRA-55C reveals occasional peaks in both hemispheres. The delayed and missed MSSW cases have smaller height differences in magnitude than such peaks. The differences include large contributions from the zonal component, which are consistent with underestimations in the weakening of the zonal mean polar night jet in JRA-55C. We also explore strong planetary wave forcings and associated polar vortex weakenings for JRA-55 and JRA-55AMIP. It shows a lower frequency of strong wave forcings and weaker vortex responses to such wave forcings in JRA-55AMIP, consistent with the lower MSSW frequency.
Helping Agribusinesses—Small Millets Value Chain—To Grow in India

Small millets, a group of highly nutritious food, have taken a back seat in the Indian agriculture landscape in recent years, due to government policies and failings in the value chain. In this commentary, the unusual decline of small millets in comparison to its substitutes, and the repercussions thereof, were first presented as context. Thereafter, based on analysis of data from literature, survey, and stakeholder contributions, a cluster map for the Indian small millets value chain was designed, and its competitive state presented. This information was used to conceptualize an open innovation driven business model, and an ecosystem for the proposed model was discussed. This commentary provides the first cluster map analysis of small millets value chain in India, and a business model-based approach to stimulating its agribusinesses growth through a synthesis of stakeholders’ contributions and market data.
Effect of Some Selected Factors on Job Satisfaction in Public Banking

Job satisfaction among public bank employees of Bangladesh is highlighted by this study. Literature validates those factors such as poor working conditions, below competitive salaries, a lack of promotional opportunities are some major factors contributing to employee dissatisfaction within this sector. As the ultimate goal in the banking sector is to provide service, it is essential that employees perform optimally and maintain acceptable levels of job satisfaction. The primary objective of this study is to ascertain the levels of job satisfaction experienced amongst employees at banking sector in Bangladesh. For the purpose of this study a quantitative; non-probability convenience sampling design was used to assess job satisfaction. The sample group (N = 88) consisted of permanent male and female staff members, extending across the following occupational classes: AGM, senior principle officer, principle officer, senior officer, officer. A biographical questionnaire and the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) questionnaire were administered to gather the data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Results indicate that employees at the banking sector in Bangladesh expressed satisfaction with their co-workers, followed by the nature of the work and the supervision they receive. Opportunities for promotion and pay emerged as major sources of
Phototrophic nutrition and symbiont diversity of two Caribbean sponge-cyanobacteria symbioses

Coral reef sponges frequently harbor symbiotic cyanobacteria that can potentially ben- efit their hosts by providing supplemental nutrition. Although nutritional mutualisms have been doc- umented for Indo-Pacific sponges, previous investigations suggest that Caribbean sponges obtain no nutritional benefits from their symbionts. We conducted field-based shading experiments to deter- mine the effects of reduced irradiance on symbiont abundance and host growth in the Caribbean coral reef sponges Aplysina fulva and Neopetrosia subtriangularis, both of which host the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus spongiarum. For both host species, 6 wk of shading significantly reduced chlorophyll a concentrations to less than half of those in control sponges. Shaded A. fulva individuals exhibited less than half the growth of control sponges. For N. subtriangularis, no signifi- cant differences in growth rates were observed between shaded and control sponges. Measurements of gross photosynthesis to respiration (P:R) ratios predicted that both host sponges were heterotrophic at low irradiances ( 500 µmol m -2 s -1 ), with measurements obtained at high irradiances likely to be more indicative of natural conditions. Phylo- genetic analyses of cyanobacterial internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal RNA gene sequences revealed 3 genetically distinct clades of S. spongiarum (designated A, B and C). Clade A symbionts were isolated exclusively from A. fulva, Clade B symbionts from both host sponge species and Clade C symbionts exclusively from N. subtriangularis. These findings demonstrate that Caribbean sponges associate with diverse clades of cyanobacterial symbionts that may confer variable nutritional bene- fits; in some cases, these symbionts appear to substantially enhance host growth rates.
Fiber Surface Modification by Steam-Explosion. I. Analysis of co-refined wood and polyolefin by microscopy. Abstract Wood chips were processed with polyolefins (polyethylene and polypropylene) by steam- explosion. The resulting material was analyzed by a combination of microscopy methods to understa

Wood chips were processed with polyolefins (polyethylene and polypropylene) by steamexplosion. The resulting material was analyzed by a combination of microscopy methods to understand the dispersion and association of thermoplastic on the wood fiber. Factors such as polyolefin (PO) type, molecular weight, and polyolefin form were examined and related to fiber coating. A method for tagging a maleated polyolefin with a fluorescent label was developed and used in confocal laser scanning microscopy to enhance the understanding of low molecular weight PO interaction with cellulose fiber. Autofluorescence of the steam-exploded fiber was shown to inhibit the determination of the location of the fluorescent PO. Instead, the autofluorescence was used to understand the redistribution of wood bio-polymer components during steam-explosion. The study demonstrated that molecular weight is an important factor for polyolefin dispersion and wood fiber coating.
Could Government Achieve Social Optimum From Public-Private Partnership In Urban Transportation Infrastructure Management For Free? A Mechanism Design Approach

Highway system is vital in urban transportation network. Operating, maintaining and financing of existing highway (a.k.a. brownfield highway) are increasingly important. Public-Private Partnership(PPP) is implemented in various countries to solve problems in urban transportation infrastructure projects. In this paper, we will mathematically model PPP to discuss whether government could achieve social optimum for free in urban highway PPP project. Previous modelling methods in PPP share two common shortcomings: over-simplified assumption on behavior of users and owners of the highway and insufficient attention to privately-held information. In this paper, we create a new form of PPP, improved Investment Public-Private Partnership using mechanism design as a multi-leader-multi-follower (MLMF) Stackelberg game. The implementibility in MLMF Stackelberg game in dominant strategy and Bayesian equilibria are derived and the feasibility of the model is proved through these theorems. The condition is discussed and given on achieving social optimal and budget balance simultaneously, that is the government gets job done for free. The SiouxFalls network model is used to illustrate and verify the model.
Engineering graphics: semiotic aspects

Engineering and technology students learn to perform the engineering drawing (graphic representation) as reflection of an existing object or geometric structure of a future object. The basic course in this field of teaching is Engineering Graphics, which can be divided into two parts: understanding of logical development of concepts, and application of these concepts to practical situations. In other terms, the course deals with geometrical variables in logical relationships as well as with graphic variables (semiotic tools) i.e. the system of sign representing icons, indexes and symbols, both being properties of the universe [1]. In our treatment of the semiotic (graphic) drawing we proceed from Peirce s model of the sign and from the triadic model of symbolic representation [2].
Microdatos para el estudio de la productividad en América Latina

La creciente disponibilidad de microdatos empresariales ha permitido a los investigadores indagar sobre el papel que la heterogeneidad entre las empresas o establecimientos productivos juega para explicar la productividad agregada de una economia. Sin embargo, los procedimientos restrictivos de acceso a este tipo de datos, y las diferencias metodologicas en la construccion de las bases de datos de distintos paises, suelen obligar a los investigadores a enfocar estas indagaciones en un solo pais y un sector especifico. En este documento caracterizamos diversos momentos de la distribucion de productividad y su evolucion a traves de establecimientos de un sector, asi como sus consecuencias sobre la productividad agregada de la economia, para un grupo de paises de America Latina. Para lidiar con la imposibilidad de reunir las bases de datos de los distintos paises bajo la tutela de un solo investigador, asi como con las dificultades de comparacion a traves de paises, empleamos el enfoque denominado analisis de microdatos distribuido (Bartelsman, Haltiwanger y Scarpetta 2009). Esta aproximacion unifica el analisis de resultados generados separadamente, pero con una metodologia uniforme, para cada uno de los distintos paises. Comparado con el estudio original de Bartelsman, Haltiwanger y Scarpetta, que tambien incluyo varios paises de America Latina, este documento caracteriza un conjunto mas amplio de dimensiones de la distribucion de productividad, y tanto para productividad medida como producto por trabajador, como para productividad total de factores, PTF. Cubre tambien, cuando es posible, el sector de servicios. Para lograr esta mayor cobertura acudimos a informacion administrativa.
Assessment of the toxic potentials of some plants powders on survival and development of Callosobuchus maculatus

Dried leaves powders of Guirea senegalensis, Piliostigma reticulatum and dried fruit powder of Piper guineense, were tested along side a conventional insecticide, Actellic-2-Dust, to compare their efficacies on survival of cowpea weevil ( Callosobuchus maculates ) during storage. Both the treated and untreated cowpeas (control) were then infested with newly emerged adult bruchids of both sexes. In all the trials, 83 to 100% mortality rates were observed in the treated samples. The rates in the untreated control ranges from 33.3 to 43.6%. The effects of the powders on fecundity were more pronounced on P. guineense and Actellic-dust treated samples. Similar effects were observed on development of immature stages and emergence of adult weevils. P. guineense had the highest larvicidal effects and lower productivity result especially. P. reticulatum had the lowest mortality rate and higher productivity result. The effects of the different powders were found to be dose related. Key Words: Cowpea weevil, Callosobuchus maculates , biological insecticides, Vigna unguiculata . African Journal of Biotechnology Vol.3(1) 2004: 60-62
Non-equidistant “Basic Form”-focused Grey Verhulst Models (NBFGVMs) for ill-structured socio-economic forecasting problems

Multiple uncertainties complicate socio-economic forecasting problems, especially when relying on ill-conditioned limited data. Such problems are best addressed by grey prediction models such as Grey Verhulst Model (GVM). This paper resolves the incompatibility between GVM’s estimation and prediction by taking its basic form equation as the basis of both. The resultant “Basic Form”-focused GVM (BFGVM) is also further developed to create Direct Non-equidistant BFGVM (DNBFGVM) and, in turn, DNBFGVM with Recursive simulation (DNBFGVMR). Experimental analyses comprise 19 socio-economic time series with an emphasis on Iranian population, a low-frequency non-equidistant time series with remarkable strategic importance. Promisingly, the proposed DNBFGVM and DNBFGVMR provide accurate in-sample and out-of-sample socio-economic forecasts, show highly significant improvements over the best traditional GVM, and offer cost-effective intelligent support of decision-making. Final results suggest future trends of studied socio-economic time series. Specifically, they reveal Iranian population to grow even slower than anticipated, demanding an urgent consideration of policy-makers.
Seasonal and three-year variability of meiobenthic nematode populations at two estuarine sites

Three yr of continuous sampling of nematode species at 2 South Carolina estuarine sites (1 sand, 1 mud) indicate different species assemblages, abundance and seasonal patterns. Year-to-year variability was not great and was similar at both sites. The mud species were distinctly seasonal; the sand community lacked distinct seasonality. Juvenile fish predation probably controlled the seasonal population changes at the mud site, whereas at the sand site the lack of seasonality is thought to be due to an active hydrodynamic regime which maintained the fauna at a relatively constant abundance. While 98 species were identified from the mud and 123 from the sand, only 6 in mud and 5 in sand were h g h enough in relative abundance to each conlpnse 3 O/ O or more of the total nematodes. These 11 species are chscussed in detall. Correlation of nematode species abundance (and their life stages, e.g. female, male, luvenile) with physical (temperature, salinity, Redox depth) and biological factors (diatom, bacteria abundance) were uninformative. There were no more significant correlahons than expected by chance. Neither a gravid female nor a juvenile maximum preceded the abundance maximum of any species suggesting that either the generations were overlapping and/or the nematodes had a continuous or protracted reproductive activity.
Formulation of Emulsion Paint from a Copolymer Composite of Dimethylol Urea/Polystyrene

Dimethylol urea (DMU) with reduced formaldehyde emission was synthesized in this work and copolymerized by blending with polystyrene (PS) obtained by constituting waste expanded polystyrene into liquid form. The determined physical properties of the copolymer composite (i.e. DMU/PS) compared to the pure DMU revealed improvements in its disadvantageous properties such as hardness and moisture uptake. Paint samples were formulated using the pure DMU, DMU/PS and commercially obtained acrylic PVA binder resin, and analyzed. While the DMU/PS and APVA paints passed, the pure DMU failed such critical coating tests as flexibility, adhesion and blistering. Again, the DMU/PS and PVA paints show good chemical resistance while the DMU paint blisters in the alkaline medium. However, all paint samples passed tackiness, opacity and stability, and exhibit acceptable pH, viscosity, and drying time. Keywords: Dimethylol urea, Polystyrenes, Copolymer composite, Emulsion paint
Monitoring Multi -Year Snow Cover Dynamics on the Antarctic Peninsula U sing SAR Imagery

Summary:The capability of mapping different radar glacier zones on a regionalscale using multi-temporalSAR-mosaicsderived from ERS-l/2quicklookimagery is demonstrated. The 1992 and 1997 winter mosaics and the 1998sum­mer mosaic facilitate a discrimination of the major radar glacier zones on theAntarctic Peninsula: (1) the dry snow radar zone, (2) the frozen percolation ra­dar zone, (3) the wet snow radar zone and (4) the bare ice radar zone. The bound­aries between these zones have been identified as indicators of climatic varia­bility providing information on different time scales: (1) the dynamic wet snowline approximately coincides with the position of the actual 0 "C isotherm, (2)the transient snowline at the end of the ablation season documents the spatialextension ofthe ablation zone and (3) the dry snow line is a sensitive indicatorfor singular extreme melt events. Furthermore, SAR-data might be used to estab­lish the timing of melt onset over glaciers and thus enables to determine theduration of the annual ablation period. Comparison of the 1997 winter mosaicwith the mosaic from the 1998 ablation season reveals the seasonallarge-scalepatterns of snow cover dynamics along the Antarctic Peninsula. Although thequicklook - mosaics lack aradiometrie and geometrie correction, they providea cost- andtime-efficienttool for monitoring and investigating the large-scalepatterns of snow cover properties, identifying unusual radar signatures features,and discriminating areas of special interest. This is demonstrated with threeregional case studies from Adelaide Island, the inner Marguerite Bay and theSouth Shetland Islands.Zusammenfassung: Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt die Moglichkeiten der gros­masstabigen Kartierung verschiedener Radar-Gletscherzonen unter Nutzung vonaus ERS-l/2-Quicklookserzeugten, multi-temporalenSAR-Mosaikenauf. DieMosaike der Winter 1992 und 1997 sowie des Sommers 1998 ermoglichen dieAusscheidung der dominierenden Radar-Gletscherzonenim Bereich der Ant­arktischen Halbinsel:
Dependence of the programming window of silicon-on-insulator nanocrystal memories on channel width

In this letter, we investigate the observed dependence of the programming window of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanocrystal memories on the width of the channel. Indeed, experiments show that the obtained threshold voltage shift after programming strongly increases with decreasing channel width. We show that such behavior is due to the preferential injection of electrons, during the program operation, from regions close to the edges of the SOI channel, where the electric field is stronger. As a consequence, charge is mostly stored in the dots in the oxide region surrounding the edges, and therefore is more and more effective as the channel width is decreased. Our conjecture is verified through dedicated three-dimensional simulations and checked against other mechanisms proposed in the literature.
A Review and Integration of the Partial Models of Consumer Behaviour

Business organizations offer products with the hope of providing consumers with satisfaction and to earn maximum returns. To achieve these objectives, it is important that managers understand how target consumers behave and the factors that influence their buying patterns. Models of consumer behaviour are vital tools for this purpose. However, the models available for managers to rely on have one criticism or the other. It is argued that the partial models are limited in scope and so do not provide an in-depth understanding of consumer behaviour while the comprehensive models are too complicated and complex. Consequently, this paper presents a review of the partial models of consumer behaviour (economic, linear experimental, psychoanalytic and sociological models) by recognizing their contributions and limitations in explaining consumer behaviour. Following this review, a simplified comprehensive model that integrates the views of the partial models as well as marketing-mix variables and relationships identified by the authors is proposed. Keywords: consumer behaviour, business organizations, buying pattern, influences, model, consumer purchase decision
Effects of maturity stages and fermentation of cocoa beans on total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities in raw cocoa powder

Consumption of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) and cocoa products is associated with numerous health benefits due to their high levels of polyphenols and antioxidant capacities. In this study, changes of total phenolic contents (TPC) and antioxidant capacities (AC) of raw cocoa powder at four maturity stages, under different fermentation methods and fermentation duration of cocoa beans were investigated. The TPC and AC were measured using Folin–Ciocalteu and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)/ABTS assay, respectively. In term of maturity stages, the powder of unfermented cocoa beans harvested from the stage one contained significantly lower levels of TPC (6.39 ± 0.02 g CE/100 g DM) and AC (26.82 ± 0.13 mol TE/100 g DM) than those from the beans harvested from the stage two, three and four. For all maturity stages studied, fermenting cocoa beans increased antioxidant capacities of the raw cocoa powder. Cocoa fermentation using the commercial enzyme Pectinex Ultra SP-L resulted in lower TPC but higher AC in comparison to those treated without enzymes, however prolonged fermentation time in cocoa beans significantly reduced TPC and AC in the powder. Strong correlations between TPC and AC of fermented samples with (R = 0.923) and without enzyme supplement (R = 0.942) were obtained. Two-way anova analyses showed that changes of TPC and AC of cocoa beans were dependent on maturity stages, fermentation methods and fermentation duration. As a conclusion, fermentation of cocoa beans harvested at the maturity stage two and three was found to be optimum for the high levels of AC and TPC attainment; fermented beans with commercial enzyme could be utilized to reduce labor cost by shortening the fermentation duration.