Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Static capsuloligamentous restraints to superior-inferior translation of the glenohumeral joint

The purpose of this study was to determine the contri butions of specific capsuloligamentous structures to restraining superior-inferior translation of the glenohu meral joint. Eleven cadaveric shoulders were tested using a four degrees-of-freedom test apparatus. The humerus was free to translate in three planes and free to flex and extend when a superior and inferior force of 50 N was applied. Testing was performed in three positions of abduction (0°, 45°, and 90°) and three positions of rotation (neutral, maximum internal, and external). Shoulders were tested intact, vented, and after division of specific capsuloligamentous structures. The primary restraint to inferior translation of the ad ducted shoulder was the superior glenohumeral liga ment. The coracohumeral ligament appeared to have no significant suspensory role. With progressive abduc tion, the anterior and posterior portions of the gleno humeral ligament become the main static stabilizers resisting inferior translation: the anterior portion was the primary capsular restraint at 45° of abduction, while the posterior portion was the primary restraint at 90° of abduction, neutral rotation. Our results indicate that clinical assessment of glenohumeral translation in the superior-inferior plane should be performed in multiple positions of abduction and rotation.
Association between hyperglycemia and survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma.

PURPOSE Hyperglycemia has been associated with poor outcomes in many disease states. This retrospective study assessed the association between hyperglycemia and survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). PATIENTS AND METHODS; Between 1999 and 2004, before the standard use of temozolomide, 191 patients were accrued onto New Approaches to Brain Tumor Therapy CNS Consortium trials with similar eligibility criteria. Time-weighted mean glucose and mean glucocorticoid dose were calculated for each patient using all values collected regularly in follow-up. The primary outcome was survival. RESULTS Mean glucose levels ranged between 65 and 459 mg/dL. These were divided into quartiles: quartile one (< 94 mg/dL), quartile two (94 to 109 mg/dL), quartile three (110 to 137 mg/dL), and quartile four (> 137 mg/dL). Median survival times for patients in quartiles one, two, three, and four were 14.5, 11.6, 11.6, and 9.1 months, respectively. The association between higher mean glucose and shorter survival persisted after adjustment for mean daily glucocorticoid dose, age, and baseline Karnofsky performance score (KPS). Compared with patients in the lowest mean glucose quartile, those in quartile two (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.29; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.96), quartile three (adjusted HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 0.89 to 2.06), and quartile four (adjusted HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.40) were at progressively higher risk of dying (P = .041 for trend). CONCLUSION In these patients with newly diagnosed GBM and good baseline KPS, hyperglycemia was associated with shorter survival, after controlling for glucocorticoid dose and other confounders. The effect of intensive management of glucocorticoid-related hyperglycemia on survival deserves additional study in patients with GBM.
Complexity of Chinese Characters

Chinese characters are logograms each of which corresponds to one or only a few ideas. To express many ideas, many characters have to be used. Thus, in order to distinguish different characters, great complexity of form is necessary. If Chinese characters had evolved so as to maximize efficiency in conveying ideas, character complexity would depend on the necessary number of characters. Therefore we examined the distributions of stroke numbers of Chinese characters taught from the first to sixth grade of Japanese elementary school, Chinese characters for normal daily use, and all the Chinese characters listed in large dictionaries. A fairly linear relationship was found between the logarithm of the number of characters and the average number of strokes in each groups (r = 0.998). This result suggests that the morphology of the Chinese character system is well organized so as to distinguish given number of ideas with minimum complexity.
Comparative mapping between human chromosome 3 and porcine chromosome 13

Zoo-FISH and somatic cell hybrid panels have earlier demonstrated extended synteny conservation between human chromosome 3 (HSA3) and pig chromosome 13 (SSC13). In the present study, eight human genes viz., ADCY5, CASR, COL7A1, COL8A1, ITIH1, RHO, SIAT1 and XPC, spread along the length of HSA3, were chosen for expanding the comparative map between the two chromosomes. Using human and rat cDNAs, or human- and porcine-specific PCR products as probes, 8 porcine lambda clones were isolated. After subcloning and partial sequence determination, identity of the clones with regards to the specific genes was established. The eight type 1 markers thus obtained were biotin labeled and FISH mapped to pig metaphase spreads. All lambda clones localized to SSC13. In combination with the hitherto published mapping data of coding sequences on SSC13, a preliminary comparative status depicting the relative organization of this chromosome with respect to HSA3 was developed. The comparative map thus obtained bears significance in searching for candidate genes of economically important traits mapped to SSC13.
The impact of later trading hours for Australian public houses (hotels) on levels of violence.

OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of later trading hours for licensed hotels (Australian public houses are usually known as "hotels") in Perth, Western Australia, on levels of violent assault on or near these premises. METHOD Data on assault offenses reported to police between July 1, 1991, and June 30, 1997, were examined to identify those offenses that occurred on or close to hotels. During this period, 45 (24%) of the 188 hotels meeting study criteria were granted an extended trading permit for 1AM closing ("ETP hotels"), whereas the rest continued to close at midnight ("non-ETP hotels"). A time-series analysis employing linear regression was used to test whether there was a relationship between the introduction of extended trading and monthly rates of assaults associated with ETP hotels, while controlling for the general trend in assault rates among normally trading hotels. Possible confounders and other variables of interest (e.g., levels of alcohol purchases) were also examined. RESULTS After controlling for the general trend in assaults occurring throughout Perth hotels, there was a significant increase in monthly assault rates for hotels with late trading following the introduction of extended trading permits. This relationship was largely accounted for by higher volumes of high alcohol content beer, wine and distilled spirits purchased by late trading hotels. CONCLUSIONS Late trading was associated with both increased violence in and around Perth hotels and increased levels of alcohol consumption during the study period. It is suggested that greater numbers of patrons and increased levels of intoxication contributed to the observed increase in violence and that systematic planning and evaluation of late trading licenses is required.
A Kalman Filter-Based Control Strategy for Dynamic Coverage Control

In this paper, a control strategy based on the discrete Kalman filter is developed for a dynamic coverage control problem. The goal is to estimate a spatially-decoupled scalar field using a network of finite-range sensor vehicles. The approach relies on using the Kalman filter to estimate the field and on the filter's prediction step to plan the vehicles' next move to maximize the quality of the field estimate. Finally, the algorithm is modified to avoid converging to local minima of the coverage cost, and to guarantee full estimation of the field over the entire domain. Numerical simulations are provided to show the performance of the proposed control strategies.
Improving MAP arithmetic decoding of H.264 intra modes using residual redundancy

This paper presents an improved MAP decoder to be used for joint source-channel arithmetic decoding for H.264 symbols. The proposed decoder uses not only the intentional redundancy inserted via a forbidden symbol but also exploits residual redundancy by a syntax checker. A breadth-first suboptimal sequential MAP decoder is employed. The decoder eliminates paths in the decoding tree that result in invalid syntax or that decode a forbidden symbol. In contrast to previous methods, this is done as each channel bit is decoded. Simulations using intra prediction modes show improvements in error rates, for example, syntax element error rate reduction by an order of magnitude for channel SNR of 7.33dB. The cost of this improvement is more computational complexity spent on the syntax checking.
Mobile Application Pricing

This paper examines the pricing of mobile applications when application providers can either supply consumers directly or through a mobile platform (such as a smart phone or tablet). It is demonstrated that when platform access (i.e., purchasing a device) takes place in advance of application pricing, a non-trivial unravelling problem exists that rules out selling platform access at a positive price. Consequently, all platform revenues come from sharing application provider revenues. It is demonstrated that several restrictive conditions on application providers, such as most favoured customer clauses, can allow the platform provider to earn more profits and charge a positive access price increasing the likelihood the platform is provided.
FEM analysis the relation between pole pairs and air gap flux density, air gap flux respectively in IPM synchronous machine

The increase of pole numbers of the interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous machine can boost its air gap flux density, raise its efficiency and torque, and reduce its volume and weight. With the help of geometry module, this paper analyzes the relation between "flux concentration function" and the pole pair numbers of IPM synchronous machine, discusses connections between pole numbers and air gap flux density, per pole flux, non-load electric potential, flux density of rotor lead magnet material, flux density of stator tooth, flux density of stator yoke, and power which permanent magnet of unit volume produce respectively. Finally, authors point out: (1) when the saturation of lead magnet material was considered, the air gap flux density and the sums of the per pole flux will produce a the maximum with the increase of pole pairs, that is, IPM machine has a suitable pole pairs; (2) IPM machine bears "flux concentration function", when its pole pairs is more than or equal to 3, B/sub /spl delta///B/sub M/>1 or 4, B/sub /spl delta///B/sub r/>1; (3) the pole pairs of the IPM machine, which be from 3 to 6, is suitable. (4) the inner flux density of permanent magnet and power produced by the permanent magnet of unit volume will drop with the increase of pole pairs of the IPM machine.
“CLUES TO SUICIDE.”

The themeof the bambini of Andreadella Robbia and of their modern adaptationsin the world of prediatricswell fits the present season. Della Robbia's medallions are undoubtedlymeantto depict not only the waifs and strays for whom the hospital was founded,and not only the Holy Innocents-theinfants massacredby Herod-after whom the hospital was named, but also and first of all II Bambino, the Christ-child. The Greek physicianLuke tells us that on the first Christmasnight Mary "brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger,becausethere was no room for them in the inn". Thus the infant Jesus becomesthe symbol of the helpless child appealingto an adult world grown hard and cynical and preoccupiedwith getting and spending. We do not like to think that today a mother could be left to give birth to her child in a stablewithout trained help, or that a child could die in a hospital from starvation as some did at the Hospital of the Holy Innocentswhen hard times came on Florence. The Welfare State and the Government-sponsoredinternational health and relief organizationsare looking after things like that. That is as may be, but the modern world has brought its own problems. There are still children in need of food, of homes, of medical care, and from this want they ask us to make them free. Millions more, on the other hand, know nothing of this kind of want, but they face a world of Sputniks and intercontinental missiles, of cold wars and racial feuds, of bureaucratic regimentation and charity grown cold, of broken homes and rising divorce rates, of parentswho care too little to bother and parents who care too much to be unselfish. Much concern is expressedtoday about the number of "problem children". "Problem children", writes Waldo Nelson,' "are not trying to create problems-butto solve them. " Their elders may well ask what part they themselves play in creating the problems for their children. Perhapsthey would have a better chanceof solving their own problems if they could look at the world through their children'seyes, orthrough the eyes of the foundlings of Florence, or through the eyes of the infant Christ. Many things have changed since the first century and since the fifteenth century, but the appeal of Il Bambino to the adult world remains. Christmasis a good time to think about it. • <lturrent <ltomment.
A Generic Open-Loop Algorithm for Three-Phase Grid Voltage/Current Synchronization With Particular Reference to Phase, Frequency, and Amplitude Estimation

This paper presents a new open-loop architecture for three-phase grid synchronization based on moving average and predictive filters, where accurate measurements of phase, frequency, and amplitude are carried out in real time. Previous works establish that the fundamental positive sequence vector of a set of utility voltage/current vectors can be decoupled using Park's transformation and low-pass filters. However, the filtering process introduces delays that impair the system performance. More specifically, when the input signal frequency is shifted above the nominal, a nonzero average steady-state phase error appears in the measurements. To overcome such limitations, a suitable combination of predictive and moving average finite impulse response (FIR) filters is used by the authors to achieve a robust synchronization system for all input frequencies. Moving average filters are linear phase FIR filters that have a constant time delay at low frequencies, a characteristic that is exploited to good effect to design a predictive filter that compensates such time delays, enabling zero steady-state phase errors for shifted input frequencies. In summary, the main attributes of the new system are its good frequency adaptation, good filtering/transient response tradeoff, and the fact that its dynamics is independent of the input vector amplitude. Comprehensive experimental results validate the theoretical approach and the high performance of the proposed synchronization algorithm.
A Novel Multimode Reduced-Surface-Wave Antenna for GNSS Applications

A novel multimode reduced-surface-wave antenna is proposed for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications. Based on the shorted-annular-ring reduced-surface-wave (SAR-RSW) element and the inverted-shorted-annular-ring reduced-surface-wave (ISAR-RSW) element, proximity-coupled probe feeds are adopted to increase impedance bandwidth, and the defected ground structure band-rejection filters are inserted to suppress the mutual coupling between the SAR-RSW and ISAR-RSW elements. Experiment results indicate that the antenna has a less than 10-dB return-loss bandwidth in the range of 1.164–1.255 and 1.552–1.610 GHz, a 3-dB axial-ratio bandwidth from 1.16 to 1.26 GHz and from 1.54 to 1.61 GHz, and a larger than 7-dBi gain in the whole operating band.
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Surgeons, like other clinicians, are obliged to keep up-to-date with the rapidly expanding knowledge. The information explosion particularly in the electronic media, methodological problems associated with clinical trials in surgery and failure to appraise critically the existing knowledge has made application of high quality evidence in surgical decision-making difficult. This article examines the functioning and the role of Cochrane collaboration and in particular, the systematic reviews undertaken by it, in the assimilation and dissemination of robust evidence for use in evidence-based surgery.
OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR TESTS OF TRANSITIVITY IN CHOICES BETWEEN FIXED AND VARIABLE REINFORCER DELAYS

This experiment tested for transitivity in pigeons' choices between variable-time (VT) and fixed-time (FT) schedules. In a discrete-trials procedure, a subject chose between two alternatives by making a single key peck. Each choice was between a "standard alternative," which was the same schedule throughout a condition, and an "adjusting alternative," in which the delay to reinforcement was systematically increased or decreased many times a session. These adjustments enabled an approximate indifference point to be identified-the value of the adjusting delay at which the subject chose each alternative about equally often. Each test of transitivity involved four conditions. In one, the standard alternative was a variable-time schedule with a 2-s reinforcer, and the adjusting alternative also delivered a 2-s reinforcer. A second condition was similar except that the adjusting alternative delivered a 5-s reinforcer. The indifference point from each of these conditions was then converted to a fixed-time schedule for subsequent comparisons in the third and fourth conditions, respectively. Each of these last two conditions compared one of the fixed-time schedules (based upon the previous conditions and including their different reinforcer durations) with an adjusting schedule that delivered the alternative reinforcer duration, to determine whether the obtained indifference points would be those predicted from the prior alternative-duration comparisons with the VT schedule. There was little evidence for intransitivity of choice: Averaged across subjects and replications, the obtained indifference points deviated from perfect transitivity by less than 8%, and these deviations were not statistically significant. These results contrast with those of Navarick and Fantino (1972), who found frequent violations of transitivity between periodic and aperiodic schedules using a concurrent-chains procedure with variable-interval schedules in the initial links.
Time Course Evaluation of Reparative Cartilage with MR Imaging after Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the qualitative change in reparative cartilage after autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). Ten knees of 10 patients were studied. The signal intensities of reparative and normal cartilage were evaluated by fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled-gradient recalled (FS 3D-SPGR) MR imaging. The signal intensity (SI) index (signal intensity of reparative cartilage divided by that of normal cartilage) was defined and the change in SI index was investigated. Histological and biochemical evaluation was done at the second look arthroscopy. The SI index was at its lowest level immediately after ACI and increased with time to 9 months thereafter. After 9–12 months, the SI index settled to almost level and was maintained at that value for at least 2–3 years postoperatively. The average of the SI indexes after 12 months to the last examination was 74.2 ± 4.6 (range 64.2–82.8), which means signal intensity of reparative cartilage was maintained at a value lower than that of normal cartilage. The total ICRS score was 11.6 ± 2.3 points (mean ± SD). The GAG concentration was 107.9 ± 17.0 μg/mg (mean ± SD) in normal cartilage and 65.9 ± 9.4 μg/mg in reparative cartilage. The quality of reparative cartilage as hyaline cartilage was inferior to that of normal cartilage. In the present study, the time course change in the SI index indicates that the major maturation process of implanted chondrocytes neared completion in 9–12 months. Minor changes, such as matrix remodeling with reorganization of the collagen fibers in reparative cartilage, may continue, but an almost identical condition seemed to be maintained during the first 2–3 years of follow-up. SI index does not always reflect all properties of reparative cartilage but may be a useful parameter for noninvasive evaluation.
The Health Benefits of Eating Salmon

The recent Report by R. A. Hites et al. about toxic contaminants in salmon (“Global assessment of organic contaminants in farmed salmon,” 9 Jan., p. [226][1]) may have unintended negative consequences on human health. Yes, the source of toxic contaminants in farmed fish should be investigated
Oropharyngeal dysphagia and nutritional management

Purpose of reviewThis review examines recent studies of the evaluation and treatment of oropharyngeal dysphagia as well as papers investigating oropharyngeal dysphagia and nutritional management. Recent findingsThere continue to be difficulties in accurate diagnosis of some disorders in oropharyngeal swallow, accounting for the patient's dysphagic symptoms and in identifying optimal treatment strategies for each patient. The efficacy of new techniques for the treatment of oropharyngeal dysphagia have been examined in various populations. Exercise programs have been showing increased efficacy in particular patient groups. SummaryArticles in this past year have focused largely on identifying new procedures for assessment of oropharyngeal swallowing and defining treatment effects. Relatively little work has examined nutritional management in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia. Most studies that have investigated nutritional management do not carefully define the patient's medical diagnosis or specific swallowing disorders. Similarly, those that study oropharyngeal dysphagia do not relate these data to nutritional management of these patients.
A path planning method based on improved RRT

An improved Rapidly-exploring Random Tree* (RRT*) algorithm was given, which focused on the problem of UAV path planning in 3-D dynamic environment. By considering the constraint of the UAV, the frequency of collision checking in the searching stage was reduced. And this could save searching time. D* Lite algorithm was introduced to RRT* to solve the dynamic path planning problem. The information of the length and the collision checking results on the route segments was saved to construct a road map. By using the road map, D* Lite algorithm could be more efficient. The simulation results show that the improved RRT* algorithm can find the result more quickly, and when a sudden threat arise, the algorithm can find a substituted route fast.