Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Histone H2AX Is Phosphorylated in an ATR-dependent Manner in Response to Replicational Stress*

H2AX, a member of the histone H2A family, is rapidly phosphorylated in response to ionizing radiation. This phosphorylation, at an evolutionary conserved C-terminal phosphatidylinositol 3-OH-kinase-related kinase (PI3KK) motif, is thought to be critical for recognition and repair of DNA double strand breaks. Here we report that inhibition of DNA replication by hydroxyurea or ultraviolet irradiation also induces phosphorylation and foci formation of H2AX. These phospho-H2AX foci colocalize with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), BRCA1, and 53BP1 at the arrested replication fork in S phase cells. This response is ATR-dependent but does not require ATM or Hus1. Our findings suggest that, in addition to its role in the recognition and repair of double strand breaks, H2AX also participates in the surveillance of DNA replication.
Model of placental glucose consumption and glucose transfer.

Net ovine uteroplacental glucose consumption (Ro,up) and transfer rates to the fetus (Rf,up) were measured at different concentrations of maternal (GA) and fetal (Ga) arterial plasma glucose that were set and maintained independently by a glucose clamp procedure. Five GA/Ga combinations were studied: 70/15, 70/20, 70/30, 50/14, and 50/24 mg/dl. Rf,up was inversely related to Ga both at GA = 70 and GA = 50. Linear regression analysis of Rf,up vs. Ga for the GA = 70 and GA = 50 groups of observations revealed similar slopes (-0.286 +/- 0.012 vs. -0.217 +/- 0.028 dl.min-1.kg fetus-1) but a significantly higher intercept for the GA = 70 group (10.3 +/- 0.12 vs. 5.5 +/- 0.47 mg.min-1.kg fetus-1). In contrast, Ro,up increased significantly in response to an increase of Ga and had no significant dependence on GA. These results indicate that uteroplacental glucose metabolism occurs primarily in tissues that have direct access to glucose molecules carried by the umbilical circulation and that the glucose transport capacity of the placental barrier is greater on its fetal than its maternal surface. Uteroplacental glucose metabolic rate and its dependence on fetal glucose concentration are major factors that determine the magnitude and variability of the glucose concentration gradient (and thus the rate of net glucose transfer) between maternal and fetal plasma.
Gene expression and biomarkers in renal transplant ischemia reperfusion injury

The incidence of postischemic acute renal allograft failure (ARF) occurs in roughly 25% of cadaveric donor kidney recipients. This high rate remained virtually unchanged over the last decades despite modification in recipient management and modern immunosuppressive strategies. It has recently been shown that among other reasons, the systemic inflammation in the brain death cadaveric organ donor contributes to subsequent ARF in the recipient. This review focuses on the consequences of ischemia and reperfusion on the cellular level and offers potential solutions for the reduction of ARF. Genome‐wide gene expression analysis together with sophisticated biostatistical analysis made it possible to identify several candidate gene products and proteins that may act as specific and sensitive biomarker for renal inflammation and ischemia. These markers may be very helpful in the clinical management of patients with a high a priori risk of subsequent ARF such as recipients of marginal donor kidneys. Ongoing clinical trials will evaluate whether immunosuppression of the cadaveric organ donor before organ harvest will have the potential to reduce inflammation in the transplant kidney and subsequently lead to a reduction in the rate of ARF.
The Role of Poverty and Household Economic Conditions to the Treatment of Malaria in Zamfara State North West Nigeria

Malaria in Nigeria and Africa remains most important health problem. It remains a vital public health fear of our time. This paper seeks to focus on the role of poverty and economic factor to the treatment of malaria among peoples of Zamfara state in North West Nigeria. Poverty and economic factors are obviously connected to health threat, as well as the threat for malaria. It is now well recognized all over the world that malaria cases of morbidity and death rates are honestly linked with poverty and economic status of the society. Qualitative research was used for this to interview participant of the research in order to seek their perception and experiences about malaria and economic problems. Semi-structure interview was used as instrument for this study. Interview was conducted with 10 respondents that participated in the study. Finding of this study shows that poverty and economic situation and the people’s background not only play a critical role to the contribution of malaria but as sole reasons dictating the prevalence of the disease within the community
Impact of psychological distress on pain and function following knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND Preoperative psychological distress has been reported to be an important risk factor for poor outcome following lower-extremity arthroplasty. We determined the independent impact of preoperative psychological distress on three, twelve, and twenty-four-month WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) pain and function scores and on change scores over those time periods. METHODS Data were obtained from an international group of 952 patients in thirteen centers participating in the Kinemax Outcomes Study. Patients completed the WOMAC and Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaires. The mental health (MH) scale of the SF-36 was used to quantify the impact of psychological distress on WOMAC pain and function scores. We also dichotomized patients into groups with and without psychological distress on the basis of evidence-based cut-points. Repeated-measures models were used to derive mean preoperative and three, twelve, and twenty-four-month WOMAC pain and function scores and general linear models were used to derive change scores for patients with and without psychological distress after adjustment for covariates. RESULTS Psychological distress, when examined on a continuous scale, was found to predict pain and function at all time-points. WOMAC pain scores for psychologically distressed patients were 3 to 5 points lower, depending on the time-frame, than the scores for the non-distressed patients, after adjustment for covariates. WOMAC function scores did not differ significantly between the two groups following surgery. The changes in the WOMAC pain and function scores for the psychologically distressed patients were not significantly different from those for the non-distressed patients. CONCLUSIONS Many patients with psychological distress demonstrate a substantial decrease in that distress following surgery. Patients who are distressed have slightly worse pain preoperatively and for up to two years following knee arthroplasty as compared with patients with no psychological distress. With the exception of preoperative scores, these differences are not likely to be measurable at the individual patient level. WOMAC pain and function change scores do not differ between patients with and without distress after adjustment for covariates. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level I.
Prospects for reform of the Russian militia

The author compares the possible reform of the Russian militia with the urgently needed Russian military reform. In contrast to the likely military reform any substantial reform of the law‐enforcement currently lacks the commitment from the country's political establishment. The structure of the Ministry of the Interior's forces, its ranking system and the ideology of policing still largely reflect the old Soviet values. Therefore, they cannot be productive in the rapidly changing conditions of the modern Russia. New types of crime and the increasing public fears are commonly used to justify the more repressive militia's tactics, the anonymity of its officers’ actions, their little concern on the violation of the individual rights and the diminishing role for the public control over the law‐enforcement. The only changes within the militia's priorities are caused by the re‐distribution of the power, with even a bigger emphasis on the political elites’ personal security. Due to the collapse of the state fin.
An Intelligent Bulletin Board System with Real-time Vision-based Interaction Using Head Pose Estimation

A bulletin board is a place where people can read announcements, posters or leave public messages. However, traditional bulletin board certainly have several disadvantages such like without real-time interaction with users and monotonous. This paper presents an intelligent bulletin board system (iBBS), which allows a user to real-time interact with it without any additional auxiliaries. At first, a real-time front-view face detection using Harr-like features is used to decide when iBBS should wake up and become interactive with the user. After system initialization, we keep on finding some feature points within the detected face area. Then we estimate the orientation of user's head via pyramidal Lucas-Kanade optical flow tracking. Compared to the traditional bulletin board system, our system has more flexibility. With the comparison to other non-vision-based input devices such like gloves or markers, our system offers a simple, useful and economical solution for the real-time interaction between the user and computer
Youth survival in the labour market: Employment scarring in three transition economies

The aim of this study is to examine whether the prevalent and fairly long unemployment spell of young Macedonians, Serbians and Montenegrins early in their career has negative effects on their subsequent labour-market performance: the so-called employment scarring. We first model unemployment spell as a function of individual and household characteristics and work attitudes and preferences using a discrete-time duration method. Then, we estimate the survival probabilities to examine the potential existence of employment scarring. The results provide some evidence for the potential presence of employment scarring in the three countries. The scars are largest in Serbia for all durations of the unemployment spell followed by Macedonia; they are weakest in Montenegro.
The Evolution of Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts: Advances in Technology and Technique

Over the past few centuries, there have been many advances in shunt technology, from the evolution of shunt tubing materials, to advances in valves for regulating the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Additional medical advances have enabled the antibiotic impregnation of catheters. Finally, advances in technology have expanded the options for minimally invasive techniques and improved the management of complicated cases of hydrocephalus. The evolution of technology and technique in the management of hydrocephalus with CSF shunts will be discussed here.
Time for Critical Military Sociology

Professor Robert Putnam opened his presidential address at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association in 2002 by stating that “the health of the […] Association and of [the] discipline is excellent” (Putnam, 2003, p.249). However, Putnam did not limit his argument to a health diagnosis. He also asked his colleagues to think about their professional responsibility. He claimed that “an important and underappreciated part of our professional responsibility is to engage with our fellow citizens in deliberation about their political concerns, broadly defined” (ibid.) I would like to echo his words by arguing that scholars studying the relations between the military and society should do more to contribute to public life, not necessarily by solving problems and answering questions but by framing new questions and highlighting aspects of the relations between the military and society that have been ignored. This commitment is relevant now more than ever. The period between the French Revolution and the Vietnam War was typified by mass recruitment of citizens for war, making the “nation in arms” a dominant concept in Western political culture. This period can be viewed as a time in which the democratization of war took place, meaning that decisions about going to war, the management of war and the preparation for it were subject to bargaining between the State and organized groups (see Tilly, 1997, pp.193-215). As Martin Shaw noted in his Dialectics of War : “Total war is at its very best a two-way process, in which the State coerces the population but the population endorses its own coercion and thereby improves its position in and influence on the State” (2010 [1988], p.57). Small wonder, then, that the warfare-welfare State saw its empowerment during this era. However, since the 1960s, state leaders in industrialized democracies have sought to limit such bargaining or avoid it completely. In short, the de-democratization of war has been set in motion. Military participation, in terms of the proportion of society's members who are mobilized in the military, physically and financially, has been steadily declining since the 1960s. The move towards professional forces and the use of contractors, coupled with the shift from labor-intensive to capital-intensive warfare, is part of the process, distancing society from the experience of war. Indeed, prominent in the American discourse are laments about the growing civil-military gaps. Ironically, for example, an American writer justified her choice to write about a military unit of war dogs by arguing that “dogs were one of the few common points of reference between the military and the larger public” (Fallows, 2015, p.4).
The Relationship of Atopy, Smoking, and Sensitization to Methyltetrahydrophthalic Anhydride

We investigated the association of smoking, atopy and helper T (Th) cytokines with sensitization to methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA) in occupationally exposed subjects. A population of 147 workers from two condenser plants using epoxy resin with MTHPA underwent a questionnaire survey and serologic investigations. Total and MTHPA-specific IgE levels were measured by the Pharmacia CAP system, and serum levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and interferon-gammma (IFN-g) by enzyme immunoassay. The Pharmacia CAP-Phadiatop® test, which detects serum IgE specific to most common aeroallergens, was also used. Ninety-six (65%) of the currently exposed workers had positive MTHPA-specific IgE. A significant difference was found in the frequency of positive specific IgE between atopic and non-atopic subjects (P<0.01), but not between smokers and non-smokers. As for smoking, the frequency of positive specific IgE was significantly (P<0.005) higher in smokers than that in non-smokers in non-atopic subjects. Multiple logistic regression analysis also confirmed significant contributions of atopy and smoking to the development of specific IgE (odds ratio=3.2 and 10.5, respectively), suggesting that atopic subjects and non-atopic smokers may be at increased risk of developing sensitization to MTHPA. It is also possible that subjects who became sensitized to MTHPA may become sensitized to common aeroallergens. On the other hand, none of the Th cytokines contributed to the elevation of specific IgE levels. These results suggest that atopic subjects and non-atopic smokers are at increased risk of sensitization by MTHPA. However, to evaluate conclusively the effect of atopy on sensitization, further prospective studies are necessary.
24S‐hydroxycholesterol in relation to disease manifestations of acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Levels of the brain‐specific cholesterol metabolite 24S‐hydroxycholesterol are proposed as possible biomarkers for multiple sclerosis (MS). It is not yet clear for which aspect of the MS disease manifestations 24S‐hydroxycholesterol is a reflection. We studied the relation of serum levels of 24S‐hydroxycholesterol and other sterols to the disease characteristics of acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS. Serum was analyzed for cholesterol precursors, oxysterols, and plant sterols during the course of disease development. Significantly increased levels of the cholesterol metabolites 24S‐hydroxycholesterol and 27‐hydroxycholesterol were observed on day 9, before the onset of clinical signs. The serum levels of these oxysterols gradually increased up to 193% and 415%, respectively, at day 17, when clinical symptoms had recovered. Total cholesterol levels were slightly but significantly decreased on day 9 and day 17 in treated animals. Serum levels of cholesterol precursors and plant sterols decreased gradually from day 11 and day 14, respectively. Immunostaining of the 24S‐hydroxycholesterol‐forming enzyme Cyp46 was shown in macrophage infiltrates. In vitro experiments confirmed the presence of Cyp46 in macrophages and showed a decreased expression after LPS treatment. The data indicate that changes in serum oxysterols occur early in EAE and can be formed by macrophages. These early changes indicate an important role for oxysterols in the development of EAE. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of small DNA fragments synthesized in herpes simplex virus-infected cells in the presence of acyclovir

The effect of acyclovir on DNA synthesized in cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 was examined. DNA that was synthesized in infected cells in the presence of acyclovir during a short pulse with [3H]thymidine remained near the top of an alkaline sucrose gradient after centrifugation. The sedimentation characteristics of labeled DNA were not changed after chasing in isotope-free medium. The slowly sedimenting DNA was identified as viral in origin by hybridization to purified herpes simplex virus nucleocapsid DNA. When cells were infected with acyclovir-resistant virus containing mutations in the polymerase gene, the viral DNA synthesized in the presence of acyclovir was chased into high-molecular-weight DNA. These findings are consistent with chain termination of herpes simplex virus DNA in virus-infected cells.
Rural Youth Within Changing Education, Formal Labour Market and Informal Economic Conditions During Postsocialist Transformation Period in the Kyrgyz Republic

This qualitative case study examines the experiences, expectations and aspirations of education, employment, and future prospects of a group of rural youth growing up in the postsocialist era in southern Kyrgyzstan. Despite popular conceptions that youth are the authors of their life projects with an abundance of choice (Du Bois Reymond, 1995), the socially determining categories of social class, gender, ethnicity, and place still structure these choices and shape the life chances of contemporary youth (Roberts, 2010). This study shows how the postsocialist transformation has increased the burdens and uncertainties of young people and undermined the stability and security of their futures (DeYoung, 2010; Korzh, 2014; Roche, 2014; Walker, 2011). It identifies educational and social inequalities persisting from traditional Kyrgyz and Soviet society, as well as those emerging in the post-Soviet period, and analyzes the effects of these on the experiences and aspirations of rural Kyrgyz youth. Three types of rural Kyrgyz youth emerged from the data set of the study and three illustrative cases were: the trajectory of youth from the rural intelligentsia class with aspirations for a professional future; that of youth from the emerging successful stratum of kommersants (merchants) with aspirations for an entrepreneurial future, and that of youth from the former kolkhoz (Soviet collective farm) working class, who face the
Efficacy of bronchodilators administered by nebulizers versus spacer devices in infants with acute wheezing

The aim of this study was to compare the response of infants with acute wheezing to treatments with inhaled terbutaline when administered by nebulizer or by metered‐dose inhaler and spacer device (MDI‐spacer). Thirty‐four infants between the ages of 1 and 24 months who were seen in our emergency department for acute wheezing were studied in a double‐blind, randomized trial. The participants received two treatments of terbutaline at 20‐min intervals, either by a nebulizer (2 mg/dose in 2.8 mL of 0.9% saline solution) or by an MDI‐spacer device (0.5 mg/dose). The outcome measure was a clinical score, based on respiratory rate, degree of wheezing, retractions, degree of cyanosis, color, and pulse oximetry data measured before treatment, 20 min after the first treatment, and again 20 min after the second treatment. There was no difference in the rate of improvement in the clinical score between infants who received terbutaline by nebulizer and those who received it by MDI‐spacer. We conclude that MDI‐spacers and nebulizers are equally effective means of delivering beta‐2 agonists to infants and small children with acute wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1998; 26:344–348. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extraction of physical parameters of strained silicon MOSFETs from C-V measurement

This paper presents a methodology for extraction of the physical parameters of strained-silicon MOSFET from one capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurement based on physics-based compact model and conventional C-V characterization techniques. The extracted physical parameters (such as strained-silicon layer thickness and doping as well as conduction band offset) are used to create a numerical (Medici) device structure, from which the simulated C-V data is compared with the measured data as well as that from the compact model (Xsim), which validates the extraction technique. The proposed approach provides a simple yet physical means to probe into strained-silicon MOSFFET structures useful for characterize and model these devices, which are emerged as promising candidates for the enhancement and extension to conventional bulk-Si CMOS technology.
Cardiac Sympathetic Afferent Activation Provoked by Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

Abstract: Cardiac sympathetic afferents are known to reflexly activate the cardiovascular system, leading to increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and myocardial contractile function. During myocardial ischemia, these sensory nerves also transmit the sensation of pain (angina pectoris) and cause tachyarrhythmias. The authors' laboratory has been interested in defining the mechanisms of activation of this neural system during ischemia and reperfusion. During these periods, reactive oxygen species, particularly hydroxyl radicals, are produced from the breakdown of purine metabolites and lead to stimulation of sympathetic (and vagal) ventricular chemosensitive nerve endings. For example, stimulation with hydrogen peroxide leads to a small reflex increase in blood pressure from the predominant sympathetic afferent activation that is reduced by simultaneous activation of cardiac vagal afferents (known to exert predominantly depressor reflexes). Central integration of these two opposing reflexes likely occurs at several regions of the brain stem, including the nucleus tractus solitarii, where neural occlusion occurs during simultaneous cardiac sympathetic and vagal‐afferent stimulation. Activation of platelets also appears to play a role during myocardial ischemia, leading to local release of serotonin (5HT), which, through a 5HT3 mechanism, stimulates sympathetic afferents. Finally, regional changes in pH from lactic acid (but not hypercapnia), stimulate ventricular afferents and may activate kallikrein to increase bradykinin (BK), which, in turn, breaks down arachidonic acid to form prostaglandins. Prostaglandins sensitize cardiac sympathetic afferents to BK. Thus, stimulation of cardiac sympathetic afferents during ischemia and reperfusion and the resulting reflex events form a multifactorial process resulting from activation of a number of chemical pathways in the myocardium.