Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deconstructing the Cell Wall

Any microorganism that attempts to colonize a plant must contend with the cell wall. One of the most conspicuous effects of microorganisms on plant cell walls is enzymic degradation. Our interpretation of the significance of this depends on our concept of the plant cell wall, which, however, is paradoxical. On the one hand, the wall is an inert mechanical support and barrier; on the other hand, the wall is a dynamic, metabolically active organelle (Robinson, 1991, and refs. therein). The wall is a nutritional source for microorganisms and animals, yet it contains noxious peroxidases, phenolics, and activated oxygen (Cooper, 1984). The wall is mainly carbohydrate, yet its proteins are disproportionately studied (Showalter, 1993). Degradation poses another paradox. On the one hand, plant cell walls are the world's most abundant source of Glc and other sugars; on the other hand, parts of it are resistant to degradation. Since all the polymers of a plant cell wall are eventually degraded by microorganisms, for every type of chemical bond in the wall there must be an enzyme that can cleave it. Some polysaccharidases such as a-amylase are widespread in nature; others, such as ligninase, are very restricted in their distribution.
Android apps and privacy risks : what attackers can learn by sniffing mobile device traffic

Recent years have witnessed significant growth in the mobile device landscape as smartphones and tablet computers have become more affordable and more feature-rich. Users commonly extend the functionality built into these mobile devices by installing add-on applications, called apps. Many popular apps adopt a client-server architecture and communicate with Internet-based services to provide users with a rich and dynamic experience. Worryingly, some of these apps need to access sensitive data such as phonebook entries, appointments, messages, or a user's geographic location, but precisely how apps use and transmit sensitive data over wireless networks has not been widely studied. We examine the traffic sent from 35 popular Android apps spread over 6 categories to explore what an attacker with a promiscuous wireless receiver could learn about a target. We discovered that the majority of the apps that were tested had a detrimental impact on privacy by sending sensitive data without encrypting it. We also discovered that in some cases, improper application design rendered SSL encryption useless at preventing privacy leaks. We discuss ways in which an attacker can use both active and passive attacks to identify and track a user or invade their privacy. Finally, we suggest and discuss several possible solutions to mitigate the privacy risks that were identified.
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR THE RADIOMETRIC CORRECTION OF AIRBORNE HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGE DATA

Hyperspectral imaging is increasingly used in various environmental measurement applications. Airborne hyperspectral sensors enables ground sampling distances (GSD) below 1 meter with high spectral resolution. In order to utilize this data in quantitative remote sensing applications, an accurate radiometric correction of the imagery has to be performed. In this article we present a radiometric correction method for airborne hyperspectral imagery based on the permanent test field and the ATCOR-4 software. Two campaigns were carried out with AisaEAGLE II hyperspectral sensor in Finland, on summer 2011, one over the Sjökulla image quality test field and another over the Porvoo agricultural fields. Five different radiometrically corrected reflectance images were processed from each image. These images present situations with and without field reference measurements and with and without vicarious in-flight radiometric calibration of the sensor. The data analysis was based on field reflectance measurements of several reference reflectance targets (gravels, tarpaulins, wheat and oilseed rape fields). The usability of the vicarious calibration performed over the Sjökulla test field was tested with the Porvoo image lines. The tested processing versions provided up to 10 % reflectance accuracy without any ground reference and reflectance accuracy up to 5 % with vicarious in-flight calibration of the sensor. The results showed the importance of the vicarious radiometric calibration of the sensor in operational conditions, and that the radiometric correction of airborne hyperspectral images is possible in efficient way.
The relation between human fetal mouth opening reflexes and closure of the palate.

The status of the palatal shelves of shelves of human fetuses (before, during and after palatal shelf elevation) was correlated with mouth opening reflexes recorded cinematographically by Doctor Davenport Hooker for many of the same fetuses. Some deductions and conclusions follow. Mouth opening reflexes begin before palatal shelf elevation and are a significant factor in tongue withdrawal from between the vertical shelves through traction resulting from mandibular depression. (2) The upward pull on the palatal shelves created by differences in pressure between the closed nasal area and the oral region when the tongue is withdrawn (epithelial plugs fill external nares completely) is an active force for palatal shelf elevation. (3) Palatal shelf movements are variable in character and closure sometimes results in the shelf borders enfolding each other. (4) On mouth closure, pressure on the shelves by the tongue and the amniotic fluid entering the mouth helps maintain shelf position before fusion. (5) Human palatal shelf elevation without shelf contact in the midline is not necessarily part of normal closure, but, especially if the shelves are far apart, a stage in cleft palate formation. (6) Increased mandibular growth follows rather than precedes tongue withdrawal. Other factors influencing closure are discussed.
The effect of global velocity gradient on the character and filterability of aggregates formed during the coagulation/flocculation process

This paper describes the influence of the global velocity gradient G on the properties of aggregates formed during the coagulation/flocculation process. The methods of image and fractal analysis were used to determine aggregate size and structure, respectively. The influence of these aggregate properties on separation using depth filtration is also described. Experiments were conducted in a pilot plant operation. The suspension was formed in a flow mixing tank with global velocity gradients ranging from 28.4–307.2 s−1 and ferric sulphate used as a coagulant. Filtration velocities were 3 and 6 m h−1. Predictably, it was shown that the aggregate size decreased with increasing global velocity gradient G. Furthermore it was demonstrated that, with increasing G, the aggregates became more compact and regular (the D2 fractal dimension increased) and the suspension became more homogeneous in size. The aggregates with the smallest diameter and highest D2 fractal dimension displayed the best filterability, i.e. penetrated throughout the full depth of the filter bed and generated a minimum pressure drop.
Human leukemic cells: RNA-directed DNA polymerase.

The enzyme(s) RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) has been isolated from human lymphocytic cell lines which have been derived from patients with leukemia, infectious mononucleosis, and from normal healthy donors. The reverse transcriptase was purified through high-speed glycerol gradients, and by DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose column chromatography. The enzyme isolated from the cultured human lymphocytes had identical chromatographic patterns. The enzyme properties were studied by utilizing synthetic templates. These synthetic templates are known to discriminate between reverse transcriptase activity and that from other cellular polymerases. The activity of reverse transcriptase from human leukemic cells was much greater than that of the enzyme isolated from cells of normal or infectious mononucleosis origin. The reverse transcriptase isolated from human leukemic cells preferred oligo(dT) · poly(dA) over templates oligo(dT) · poly(dA) and oligo(dG) · poly(rC), wherease templates oligo(dT) · poly(dA) and oligo(dG) · poly(rC) were found to be active with the enzyme isolated from normal cells. The detection of the enzyme(s) reverse transcriptase in well-established cell lines of normal and malignant origin and its possible relation to cellular metabolism is discussed.
Information technology as the key to accelerating advances in mental health care

Many major medical and scientific advances occur in association with technology. Cochlear implants, prosthetics and the human genome project have all come about because of investments in materials, electronics and biotechnologies, combined with medical and clinical knowledge. Computers, and indeed the Internet, are listed as some of the greatest inventions of all time, which have transformed medicine, the sciences and society. From the early 21st century, the Internet was seen to be transforming medicine, by improving communications between patients and clinicians, providing new devices, and facilitating information dissemination. Interestingly, papers written in the early 2000s in major journals such as the Journal of the American Medical Association now seem incredibly conservative in their predictions for Internet-enabled technologies and their use in health care (e.g. Baker et al., 2003). In medicine, the recent NSW review chaired by Peter Wills (2012) and US-based reports on science highlight biotechnological developments as key drivers of innovation (Macilwain, 2010). However, information and communication technologies are just as likely to be as important as biotechnology, and particularly in population and mental health. Web 2.0 has quite literally ‘created’ the global village. The single largest website in the world is Facebook, which allows organisations and individuals across the globe to communicate (Owyang, 2012). Mental health research institutes have their own Facebook pages (e.g. Black Dog Institute). Access to specialised medical information has been democratised. This explosion in knowledge transfer and dissemination has, in part, been driven by the exponential rise in use of internet-enabled devices. More people own mobile phones than computers. In the developing world, mobile phones have overtaken laptops in volume, and provide the major source of communication technology. In Uganda alone, 10 million people, or about 30% of the population, own a mobile phone, a number that grows rapidly every year (Fox, 2011). Some 35% of the American population have ‘apps’ on their smartphones (Purcell et al., 2010) and tablet use is growing at a faster rate than smartphone devices (Online Publishers Association, 2012).
Glycinergic transmission influences the development of dendrite shape

We are interested in the trophic influence of inhibitory synaptic transmission during neuronal maturation. The morphology of dendrites in the gerbil lateral superior olive (LSO) was examined following pharmacological blockade of glycine receptors during postnatal development. The normally occurring change in dendrite morphology during the third postnatal week was prevented. Dendrites had a significantly greater number of branch points, and their arbors were more spread out along the frequency axis in the region of LSO where glycine receptor density is greatest. An identical result has recently been obtained when the glycinergic projection to the LSO was functionally denervated during development. We conclude that glycinergic transmission modulates the maturation of dendrite form during development.
Cutting Edge: MyD88 Controls Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase Function and Killing of Gram-Negative Bacteria1

MyD88 is an adaptor protein for the TLR family of proteins that has been implicated as a critical mediator of innate immune responses to pathogen detection. In this study, we report that MyD88 plays a crucial role in killing Gram-negative bacteria by primary macrophages via influencing NADPH oxidase function. Peritoneal macrophages from MyD88−/− mice exhibited a marked inability to kill Escherichia coli (F18) or an attenuated strain of Salmonella typhimurium (sseB) in vitro. This defect in killing was due to diminished NADPH oxidase-mediated production of superoxide anion in response to bacteria by MyD88−/− phagocytes as a consequence of defective NADPH oxidase assembly. Defective oxidase assembly in MyD88-deficient macrophages resulted from impaired p38 MAPK activation and subsequent phosphorylation of p47phox. Together these data demonstrate a pivotal role for MyD88 in killing Gram-negative bacteria via modulation of NADPH oxidase activity in phagocytic cells.
A practical design and analysis of a high power DC to DC converter

DC to DC converters are one of the most important components in power systems. The topology of the converter must be chosen depending on the power level to be converted. In this paper, a converter which is isolated by a high frequency transformer will be discussed. Although the converters are widely used and are easy to use, it is very hard to design and to operate a DC to DC converter especially at high power and voltage levels. Semiconductor switches can break down especially at high power and switching frequency levels depending on the leakage inductance of the insulating transformer as well as the saturation in the magnetic circuit. Here, the effects of leakage inductance and saturation will be re-introduced and the effects of different samples of wires and winding techniques are discussed. The design procedure of a high frequency transformer is given with a realistic way and eventually a sample full-bridge converter design for 2.5 kW and 220 V is given. Main contribution of the paper is merging different techniques together which are used to improve the performance of a seldom used high power DC to DC converter described above.
Genetic mechanisms of knee osteoarthritis: a population based case–control study

Objective: To compare subjects who had at least one parent with a total knee replacement for severe primary knee osteoarthritis with age and sex matched controls who had no family history of knee osteoarthritis Design: Population based case–control study of 188 matched pairs (mean age 45 years, range 26 to 60). Methods: Articular cartilage volume and bone size were determined at the patella and at the medial tibial and lateral tibial compartments by processing images acquired using T1 weighted, fat saturated magnetic resonance imaging. Radiographic osteoarthritis (ROA) was assessed from a standing semiflexed radiograph scored for joint space narrowing and osteophytosis. Knee pain was assessed by questionnaire. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), lower limb muscle strength, and endurance fitness were measured by standard protocols. Results: Compared with the controls, index offspring had higher BMI (27.8 v 26.0 kg/m2, p = 0.02), weaker lower limb muscles (127 v 135 kg, p = 0.006), more knee pain (47% v 22%, p<0.001), and greater medial tibial bone area (17.6 v 17.1 cm2, p = 0.01). With the exception of BMI, these differences persisted in multivariate analysis. There was a non-significant trend to higher cartilage volume at tibial sites and increased ROA in the offspring in the total and subgroup analyses, but no difference in height and endurance fitness. Conclusions: BMI, muscle strength, knee pain, and medial tibial bone area, but not cartilage volume, appear to play a role in the genetic regulation and development of knee osteoarthritis.
Modeling of partial discharge activity in spherical cavities within a dielectric material

In this paper, a model for a spherical cavity within a homogeneous dielectric material was developed using finite element analysis (FEA) software. The model was used to study the influence of different cavity conditions on local electric field distribution and consequent PD activity. The study involved variation of cavity diameter and cavity location within the dielectric material. In addition, experimental measurements were undertaken using epoxy samples containing single spherical cavities of different diameters.
Evaluation of triple and quadruple Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies in Iranian children: a randomized clinical trial

Background Clinical trials in children concerning Helicobacter pylori eradication treatments are scarce. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-based triple therapy using PPI, amoxicillin and clarithromycin in Iranian children. We also evaluated the efficacy of quadruple therapy with PPI, metronidazole, amoxicilin and bismuth citrate in Iranian children. Methods This was a randomized clinical trial performed in Emam Khomeini Hospital between 2003 and 2004. Patients with confirmed H. pylori infection by histology were divided into two groups in a randomized 1:1 scheme: the triple regimen group (omeprazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin for 10 days) and the quadruple regimen group (omeprazole, amoxicillin, metronidazole and bismuth citrate for 10 days). The eradication was assessed by the 13C-urea breath test 4 weeks after the end of treatment and analyzed by per-protocol and intention-to-treat approaches. Results One hundred and twenty-two patients (mean age 12.36±3.06 years) were entered into the study. Only 100 patients completed the study (50 patients in each regimen group). The eradication rates by triple therapy were 92% and 75.5% for the ‘per-protocol’ and ‘intention-to-treat’ approaches, respectively. In the quadruple regimen group, the eradication rates were 84% by the per-protocol approach and 68.8% in the intention-to-treat approach. Symptom responses to therapy were reported in all patients with successful eradication (88% of all patients). Conclusion With regard to recent recommendations, we also suggest PPI, amoxicillin and clarithromycin triple therapy as a first-line eradication treatment, and quadruple therapies as a second-line option, in Iranian children.
A Word-Character Convolutional Neural Network for Language-Agnostic Twitter Sentiment Analysis

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have been widely used for text classification. Both word-based CNNs and character-based CNNs have shown good performance for Twitter sentiment classification. Most research on CNNs is towards English Twitter sentiment analysis and language-independent sentiment classification is still a challenging task due to the lack of non-English resources. Recently there are several works using character-based CNNs for tackling the language-independence challenge. Motivated by the intuition that the word-level and character-level deep features contain complimentary information, we propose a hybrid word-character CNN for language-agnostic Twitter sentiment classification. Word-character CNN comprises two convolutional channels, one for word-level convolution and one for character-level convolution, and a merge layer is included in our model for combining features from two convolutional channels. Moreover, our model does not require language identification and do not use unsupervised embeddings or other external resources. Our proposed model can achieve more superior performance on language-agnostic Twitter sentiment classification than word-based CNNs and character-based CNNs.
Imaging pH with hyperpolarized 13C

pH is a fundamental physiological parameter that is tightly controlled by endogenous buffers. The acid–base balance is altered in many disease states, such as inflammation, ischemia and cancer. Despite the importance of pH, there are currently no routine methods for imaging the spatial distribution of pH in humans. The enormous gain in sensitivity afforded by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has provided a novel way in which to image tissue pH using MR, which has the potential to be translated into the clinic. This review explores the advantages and disadvantages of current pH imaging techniques and how they compare with DNP‐based approaches for the measurement and imaging of pH with hyperpolarized 13C. Intravenous injection of hyperpolarized 13C‐labeled bicarbonate results in the rapid production of hyperpolarized 13CO2 in the reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. As this reaction is close to equilibrium in the body and is pH dependent, the ratio of the 13C signal intensities from H13CO3– and 13CO2, measured using MRS, can be used to calculate pH in vivo. The application of this technique to a murine tumor model demonstrated that it measured predominantly extracellular pH and could be mapped in the animal using spectroscopic imaging techniques. A second approach has been to use the production of hyperpolarized 13CO2 from hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate to measure predominantly intracellular pH. In tissues with a high aerobic capacity, such as the heart, the hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate undergoes rapid oxidative decarboxylation, catalyzed by intramitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase. Provided that there is sufficient carbonic anhydrase present to catalyze the rapid equilibration of the hyperpolarized 13C label between CO2 and bicarbonate, the ratio of their resonance intensities may again be used to estimate pH, which, in this case, is predominantly intracellular. As both pyruvate and bicarbonate are endogenous molecules they have the potential to image tissue pH in the clinic. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vascular Disease Patient Information Page: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)

Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a silent but often fatal disease. AAA is most common in older people, with both modifiable (such as smoking) and hereditary (family history of AAA) risk factors influencing disease development. Screening for AAA can aid in the early diagnosis and treatment of the disease, reducing complications and death amongst those affected. Advancements in screening techniques, surgical innovations, and graft development strive to further improve patient outcomes and disease management.
Serum Urate Level is Independentlyassociated with Ca Level : Health Examination Findings

Objective: It is well known that serum urate is regulated by various factors such as alcohol consumption, renal function, and insulin resistance. Although a few studies have investigated the relationship between serum urate and Ca levels, it remains undetermined. Materials/methods: Serum Ca and urate levels along with other parameters were measured in non-medicated males undergoing general health examinations. Results: Serum Ca was positively correlated with serum urate as well as renal function, blood pressure, nutritional status, liver function, TG, glucose level, BMD, and insulin level, as shown by multivariate regression analysis. Conclusion: This present cross-sectional study demonstrated a positive and independent relationship between serum Ca and urate levels.
A Cold Planar Nitrogen-Based Atmospheric-Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge Jet With Enhanced UV Emission and Radical Generation Using Short Electrodes

In this paper, a planar nitrogen-based atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) jet with enhanced UV emission and radical generation, and much lower power consumption and gas temperature using shorter electrodes as compared with a previously developed DBD jet is presented. The highest UV intensity (five times larger) and radical generation (two times larger) in the DBD jet region are found to occur when the electrode length is 1 cm. Corresponding jet gas temperature and power consumption are 31 °C and 39 W, respectively. The 1-cm DBD jet was used to treat polylactide film for enhancing its hydrophilic properties. The results show that a contact angle of 28.4° could be obtained with a residence time of 4 s. The resulting 1-cm DBD jet may provide an efficient surface treatment tool for delicate industrial and biomedical devices/materials.