Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Debt Sustainability and Financial Crises in South Africa

ABSTRACT In this study, we use a long historical data series to assess debt sustainability in South Africa allowing for possible nonlinearities in the form of threshold behavior by fiscal authorities conditional on the recent history of indebtedness and the occurrence of financial crises. First, the results reveal that fiscal consolidation is maintained when a debt-to-GDP ratio of around 56 percent is reached with evidence of a statistically insignificant fiscal consolidation below this threshold level. Second, the results reveal that fiscal adjustment takes into account past levels of debt to allow for smoother corrective action. Third, fiscal consolidation occurs at a higher debt-to-GDP ratio during financial crises.
Interactive comment on “NOGAPS-ALPHA model simulations of stratospheric ozoneduring the SOLVE2 campaign” by J. P. McCormack et al

Authors’ Reply to Referee #1 General Comments The referee’s comments here address the general scope of the present study. Three main points are made, which we address in turn 1. What is the Aim of this New System? By "system," we are not sure whether the reviewer refers to NOGAPS-ALPHA as a whole, or the new prognostic ozone capability specifically. We address both possibilities. The point of the new NOGAPS-ALPHA model, as stated both in the Introduction (pages 4229-4230) and in the Summary (page 4255), is to provide a completely new prognostic middle atmosphere capability in the Navy’s operational global numeri-
Manifold Spines and Hyperbolicity Equations

Summary. - We give a combinatorial representation of compact connected orientable 3-dimensional manifolds with boundary and their special spines by a class of graphs with extrastructure which are strictly related to o-graphs defined and studied in [3] and [4]. Then we describe a simple algorithm for constructing the boundary of these manifolds by using a list of 6-tuples of non-negative integers. Finally we discuss some combinatorial methods for determining the hyperbolicity equations. Examples of hyperbolic 3manifolds of low complexity illustrate in particular cases the constructions and algorithms presented in the paper.
Potential Use of Venom of Odontobuthus odonturus (Arachnida: Buthidae) as Bio-pesticide Against Rhopalosiphum erysimi (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Present study was designed to test the effectiveness of different concentrations of crude venom of Odontobuthus odonturus Pocock, 1897 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) against Rhopalosiphum erysimi (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Scorpions were collected from Sargodha district of Punjab (Pakistan) using portable ultra-violet (UV) lamps. The venom of the scorpions was collected in 1.5 ml plastic collection tubes and frozen at -20oC. The bioassay tests were performed against 0.5, 0.75 and 1 dose of scorpion venom in the laboratory. The percent mortality after 12 h was 68.3, 71.65 and 83.3 against 0.5, 0.75 and 1 µl concentrations, respectively. The mortality was significantly higher in the treated groups compared to the control. The LT50 and LT95 values were decreased as the venom concentrations were increased. The calculated LD50 and LD95 values for R. erysimi were 0.44 µl and 1.31 µl, respectively. It is concluded that venom of O. odonturus contains toxins which could be used as potential bio-pesticide candidates.
The Study of the Relation Between Organizational Commitment and Professional Commitment

The main aim of this study is analysis of organizational commitment and professional commitment between staffs Private bank in Kermanshah. This study is according to descriptive analysis and reaching branch and information gathering tools is questionnaire. Sample population volume 350 subjects from privet banks in Kermanshah and according to sampling random way some of them had been chosen a stoical population and finally we collected 95 questionnaire. for determining normality of data we use kolomogrove – sminoroph test and results of tests confirm normality of data so meaningful relationship between them had approved. the study results show that in the statistical society of the study , there is a, there is a positive relationship between
Radiation and Dissipation of Internal Waves Generated by Geostrophic Motions Impinging on Small-Scale Topography: Theory

Abstract Observations and inverse models suggest that small-scale turbulent mixing is enhanced in the Southern Ocean in regions above rough topography. The enhancement extends O(1) km above the topography, suggesting that mixing is supported by the breaking of gravity waves radiated from the ocean bottom. In this study, it is shown that the observed mixing rates can be sustained by internal waves generated by geostrophic motions flowing over bottom topography. Weakly nonlinear theory is used to describe the internal wave generation and the feedback of the waves on the zonally averaged flow. Vigorous inertial oscillations are driven at the ocean bottom by waves generated at steep topography. The wave radiation and dissipation at equilibrium is therefore the result of both geostrophic flow and inertial oscillations differing substantially from the classical lee-wave problem. The theoretical predictions are tested versus two-dimensional high-resolution numerical simulations with parameters representative of .
A new Early Triassic gastropod genus and the recovery of gastropods from the Permian/Triassic extinction

The common Early Triassic (Olenekian) gastropod Turbo rectecostatus from the upper Werfen Formation of the Alps is placed in the new genus Werfenella. Elimination of the wrong or outdated generic assignments of Late Palaeozoic and Early Mesozoic gastropods to archetypical genera such as Turbo, Trochus ,o rNatica (all with Recent type species) repre− sents an important step toward understanding the evolutionary history of the gastropods across the Permian/Triassic mass−extinction event. The first appearance of Werfenella in the Olenekian, as well as the origination of other groups of gastropods, suggests an early turnover in the aftermath of the end−Permian mass extinction event. The relatively large size of Werfenella (up to 35 mm) sheds doubt on assertions that all Early Triassic gastropods are microgastropods (Lilliput ef− fect). The new genus is placed in the caenogastropod family Purpurinidae and represents its earliest occurrence. However, a placement of Werfenella in the Archaeogastropoda (Vetigastropoda) is also possible because it resembles the paraturbinid genus Chartronella. The characteristic Werfenella rectecostata–Natiria costata gastropod association from the Werfen Formation is not found in the approximately contemporaneous Sinbad Limestone of the Moenkopi Formation (Utah, USA) nor elsewhere outside Europe. This suggests that the similarities between Olenekian gastropod faunas from the Tethys and western North America are more limited than previously thought.
An Accuracy Assessment of the CALIOP/CALIPSO Version 2/Version 3 Daytime Aerosol Extinction Product Based on a Detailed Multi-Sensor, Multi-Platform Case Study

Abstract. The Cloud Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), on board the CALIPSO platform, has measured profiles of total attenuated backscatter coefficient (level 1 products) since June 2006. CALIOP's level 2 products, such as the aerosol backscatter and extinction coefficient profiles, are retrieved using a complex succession of automated algorithms. The goal of this study is to help identify potential shortcomings in the CALIOP version 2 level 2 aerosol extinction product and to illustrate some of the motivation for the changes that have been introduced in the next version of CALIOP data (version 3, released in June 2010). To help illustrate the potential factors contributing to the uncertainty of the CALIOP aerosol extinction retrieval, we focus on a one-day, multi-instrument, multiplatform comparison study during the CALIPSO and Twilight Zone (CATZ) validation campaign on 4 August 2007. On that day, we observe a consistency in the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) values recorded by four different instruments (i.e. space-borne MODerate Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS: 0.67 and POLarization and Directionality of Earth's Reflectances, POLDER: 0.58, airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar, HSRL: 0.52 and ground-based AErosol RObotic NETwork, AERONET: 0.48 to 0.73) while CALIOP AOD is a factor of two lower (0.32 at 532 nm). This case study illustrates the following potential sources of uncertainty in the CALIOP AOD: (i) CALIOP's low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) leading to the misclassification and/or lack of aerosol layer identification, especially close to the Earth's surface; (ii) the cloud contamination of CALIOP version 2 aerosol backscatter and extinction profiles; (iii) potentially erroneous assumptions of the aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio ( S a ) used in CALIOP's extinction retrievals; and (iv) calibration coefficient biases in the CALIOP daytime attenuated backscatter coefficient profiles. The use of version 3 CALIOP extinction retrieval for our case study seems to partially fix factor (i) although the aerosol retrieved by CALIOP is still somewhat lower than the profile measured by HSRL; the cloud contamination (ii) appears to be corrected; no particular change is apparent in the observation-based CALIOP S a value (iii). Our case study also showed very little difference in version 2 and version 3 CALIOP attenuated backscatter coefficient profiles, illustrating a minor change in the calibration scheme (iv).
An Agent Based Simulation for Testing the Emergence of Meaning

To understand the essence of meaning is a crucial point to build intelligent systems. It is proposed that meaning emerges if an agent starts to distinguish objects or events that have positive or negative impact on survival and to prefer desirable and avoid undesirable states. In this paper a simulation is proposed to evaluate whether it is possible that from a random initial configuration with the help of an evolutionary process an evaluation system emerges that helps an agent to distinguish and gather energy rich resources and to avoid dangerous matter.
Personal or Interpersonal Construal of Happiness: A Cultural Psychological Perspective

Cultural psychological research reveals considerable variation in how people construe happiness and experience subjective wellbeing. This paper identified substantial cultural differences in (1) meanings of happiness, (2) predictors of happiness, and (3) how social changes such as globalization are related to happiness. In European-American cultural contexts, happiness is construed as including experience of a highly desirable and positive emotional state defined in terms of a high arousal state such as excitement and a sense of personal achievement. Moreover, individual happiness is best predicted by personal goal attainment and high self-esteem or self-efficacy. In contrast, in East Asian cultural contexts (i.e., those found in Japan), happiness is construed as including experience of both positive and negative emotional state. Happiness is defined in terms of experiencing a low arousal state such as calmness and interpersonal connectedness and harmony. Furthermore, individual happiness is best predicted by relationship harmony and emotional support from others. While people maintain traditional cultural norms, some societies and organizations are under pressure from globalization and this might affect happiness. We examined how cultural change affects wellbeing, especially focusing on current Japanese contexts where individuals have experienced an increasing shift toward individualism and have experienced a large national disaster. Cultural psychological perspectives regarding happiness provide important contributions to psychological science and society at large.
Roughness Method to Estimate Fractal Dimension

A method based on the pattern roughness was introduced for determination of the fractal dimension and tested for fractals like the Sierpinski carpet, the Sierpinski triangle, standard Cantor set, the Menger sponge and the Sierpinski tetrahedron. It was tested for non-fractal pattern like two- and four-dimensional gray scale random dust as well. It was found that for all these patterns the Hausdorfi dimension is reproduced with relatively high accuracy. Roughness method is based on simple, fast and easy to implement algorithm applicable in any topological dimension. It is particularly suited for patterns being composed of the hierarchy of structures having the same topological dimension as the space embedding them. It is applicable to \fuzzy" patterns with overlapping structures, where other methods are useless. It is designed for pixelized structures, the latter structures resulting as typical experimental data sets.
Numerical Heat Transfer , Part B : Fundamentals : An International Journal of Computation and Methodology

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Measuring Gaussian noise using a lock-in amplifier

Gaussian fluctuations (or Gaussian noise) appear in almost all measurements in physics. Here, a concise and self-contained introduction to thermal Gaussian noise is presented. Our analysis in the frequency domain centers on thermal fluctuations of the position of a particle bound in a one-dimensional harmonic potential, which in this case is a microcantilever immersed in a bath of room-temperature gas. Position fluctuations of the microcantilever, detected by the optical beam deflection technique, are then fed into a lock-in amplifier to measure the probability distribution and spectral properties of the fluctuations. The lock-in amplifier measurement is designed to emphasize the frequency-domain properties of Gaussian noise. The discussion here can be complementary to a discussion of Gaussian fluctuations in the time domain.
Challenges in noise removal from Doppler spectra acquired by a continuous-wave lidar

This paper is focused on the required post processing of Doppler spectra, acquired from a continuous-wave coherent lidar at high sampling rates (400 Hz) and under rapid scanning of the laser beam. In particular, the necessary steps followed for extracting the wind speed from such Doppler spectra are presented. A method for determining the background noise spectrum without interrupting the transmission of the laser beam is described. Moreover, the dependency between the determination of the threshold of a Doppler spectrum with low signal-to-noise ratios and the characteristics of the wind ﬂow are investigated and a systematic approach for removing the noise is out-lined. The suggested post processing procedures are applied to two sample time series acquired by a short-range WindScanner during one second each.
Working in family firms Family firms offer higher job security but lower wages than other firms

Family firms represent a form of capitalism that has strong implications for workers. Due to their ability to commit to long-term implicit contracts, and possibly also because they derive utility from it, family firms behave in a more “paternalistic” way, protecting their workers more but paying them less. Their management practices and styles are also drastically different than in non-family firms. Policies toward family firms should therefore be motivated by their impact on the workforce at least as much as on their economic or financial performance, which does not seem to strongly differ from that of other firms. Prevalence of family firms ELEVATOR PITCH
Fourty-Four Years of Brody Disease: It is Time to Review

Brody disease is an inherited skeletal muscle disorder clinically characterized by exercise-induced muscle stiffness and delayed relaxation due to a diminished sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase activity. The disease is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and results from mutations in the ATP2A1 gene encoding the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 (SERCA1), a protein that catalyzes the ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake from the cytosol to the lumen of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Mutations in the SERCA1-encoding gene are absent in a quote of patients with autosomal recessive pattern and have never been found in patients with an autosomal dominant inheritance suggesting the genetic heterogeneity of the disease. Therefore, the term Brody syndrome has been proposed to designate patients with decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase activity but without ATP2A1 mutation. The review aims to summarize the salient clinical, laboratory and biochemical findings in patients with Brody disease and Brody syndrome.
The Apparent Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Digestibilities of Copra Meal In Broiler Diets

ABSTRACT . The world’s copra meal production amounted to 1.8 million tonnes in 2002 and most of it was produced in Asia. The Philippines and Indonesia contributed approximately 65% of the world’s copra meal production. The main problems of using copra meal in poultry diets are its physical properties along with its nutritional profiles. This study was conducted to determine the physical characteristics and feeding value of copra meal. Physical characteristics were determined by measuring the bulk density and water holding capacity of copra meal and a digestibility study was undertaken to investigate nutrient digestibility, jejunal digesta viscosity and apparent metabolizable energy of copra meal. A total of 28 day old male Ross chicks were given control starter and grower diets from day 1 to 35. From day 36 to 42 , the birds were fed an experimental diet. Faeces were collected for three consecutive days. Jejunal digesta was measured for viscosity and ileal digesta was used for amino acid digestibility measurements. Data indicated that bulk density and water holding capacity of copra meal were poor, being 0.49 g/cm3 and 4.69 g water / g feed respectively. Although the crude proteind and amino acids contents of copra meal were favourable to meet a broiler chicken’s requirements, their digestibilities were low and lysine digestibility being the lowest while arginine digestibility was high. Dry matter, neutral detergent fibre digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy were also low. The low digestibilities of nutrients were not due to the jejunal digesta viscosity as jejunal digesta viscosity was low.
Numerical Investigation of Phase and Group Propagation of Time-Domain Signals in a Novel Band-Reject Metamaterial Ring Hybrid

Phase and group propagation in metamaterial-based microwave components has always been intellectually challenging for students and engineers new to the area of periodic structures and metamaterials. This paper aims in tackling this important topic by studying the wave propagation in a metamaterial-based microwave device. Hence, the contribution of this paper is twofold. First, design of a novel metamaterial ring hybrid (or rate-race) is presented which has a large rejection band so that the second and third harmonics are effectively suppressed. Second, the electromagnetic phase and the group propagation in the ring hybrid are investigated by numerically exciting the input ports with band-limited Gaussian pulses and then finding their responses at various locations in the device.
EVALUATION OF INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL IN PRODUCTION

In the article was elucidated the essence of intellectual capital and its role in productive activity. At establishing the knowledge-based model of economy the formation of intellectual industrial property as one of the main components of intellectual capital of existing productions needs planning, clear organization and motivation of this process. The author defined an attempt to evaluate an effectiveness of using intellectual capital as the problem of research. The categorical essence of intellectual capital was analyzed from the positions of the different authors. There was offered the author’s classification of intellectual capital content where it is divided into internal and external structure and also in the staff competence. At the same time there is the certain correspondence between the structural components of intellectual capital in both variants of their singling out. There was offered the system of interconnection between the objects of intellectual capital and technological processes or means of technological equipping applied to the subdivisions of the main and auxiliary productions. It was grounded, that the management of intellectual capital needs planning, clear organization and motivation of this process through the analysis of costs connected with its creation. There was offered the quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of intellectual capital use. There was established the value of this parameter as the reference point for attainment of the effective innovative development of industrial enterprises.
Scaling down the analysis of seabird-fishery interactions

Seabird-fishery interactions are currently a major issue in marine conservation management. A common approach to quantifying the extent of interactions is to overlay density maps of seabird and fishing activities derived from point locations. Such large-scale evaluations of overlap can be misleading due to the static representation of birds and vessels that in reality are spatially and temporally dynamic. Additionally, overlap at large scales does not necessarily indicate interaction; overlapping distributions of seabirds and fisheries could reflect coincident use of habitat. Using 4 yr of distribution data, we conducted a fine-scale analysis of overlap between albatrosses and fishing vessels. Results were compared to those derived from large-scale density comparisons. Additionally, we compared overlap versus interaction rates by calculating the proportion of time that birds foraged in close association with a fishing vessel versus independently while within 10 km of a vessel. Results of our fine-scale analysis indicated generally low rates of overlap while foraging and high variability among sexes, years and types of fishery. Changes in overlap rates were attributed to shifts in both albatross and vessel distributions. Albatrosses foraged independently of fishing vessels half the time they were within 10 km of a vessel, indicating that 50% of overlap is due to coincident habitat use rather than vessel interaction. Overlaying of large-scale distribution maps failed to distinguish annual variation in the degree of bird-fishery overlap, and suggested overlap where none was identified at the finer scale. This study illustrates the increased insight derived from fine-scale analyses of seabird-fisheries interactions.