Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Counter aggression and reconciliation in Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis)

Patterns of aggressive and affiliative behavior, such as counter aggression and reconciliation, are said to covary in the genus Macaca; this is referred to as the systematic variation hypothesis. These behavior patterns constitute a species dominance style. Van Schaik’s [1989] socioecological model explains dominance style in macaques in terms of within‐ and between‐group contest competition. Dominance style is also said to correlate with phylogeny in macaques. The present study was undertaken to examine phylogenetic and socioecological explanations of dominance style, as well as the systematic variation hypothesis. We collected data on counter aggression and reconciliation from a habituated group of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) at the Tukeswari Temple in Assam, India. The proportion of agonistic episodes that involved counter aggression was relatively low. Counter aggression, however, occurred more often among males than among females, and it was most common when females initiated aggression against males. The conciliatory tendency for this group of Assamese macaques was 11.2%. The frequency of reconciliation was low for fights among males and for fights among females, but reconciliation was particularly rare for opposite‐sexed opponents. Female social relationships were consistent with the systematic variation hypothesis, and suggest a despotic dominance style. A despotic dominance style in Assamese macaques weakens the correlation between dominance style and phylogeny in macaques, but it is not inconsistent with the socioecological model. Male–female relationships were not well explained by the despotic‐egalitarian framework, and males may well have more tolerant social relationships than do females. Sex differences need to be considered when categorizing species according to dominance style. Am. J. Primatol. 56:215–230, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disposición de las empresas de la ciudad de Mérida, Venezuela a participar en mercado alternativo bursátil

Los Mercados Alternativos Bursatiles son una modalidad de bolsa de valores, donde se transan acciones de pequenas y medianas empresas (PYME). Este tipo de mercados son una alternativa tanto para las PYME, que pueden financiar su crecimiento (emision de acciones) como para los inversionistas, quienes tienen una opcion adicional de inversion. La investigacion tuvo como objetivos estudiar la disposicion de las empresas de la ciudad de Merida, Venezuela a participar en un potencial Mercado Alternativo Bursatil (MAB, de gestion privada o publica) y determinar los factores significativos de la participacion. Los resultados dan cuenta que un 85 % de las empresas meridenas estan dispuestas a participar en un MAB privado y un 70 % de ellas en un MAB publico
On the calculation of principle curvatures of the left-ventricular surfaces

A local description of the shape of the left ventricle is relevant in assessing the process of adverse ventricular remodeling, associated with most cardiac pathologies, and in monitoring reverse remodeling by therapy. To quantify local shape of the left ventricle, one can calculate the curvature of its epicardial or endocardial surface. The 3D geometry of the heart and especially the ventricles, can typically be described using finite element meshes. From a mathematical point of view these meshes provide a local parametrization of the surface in the 3-dimensional space. We discuss the analytic derivation of the principle curvatures of the left-ventricular surfaces given their smooth finite-element meshes and apply this derivation to assess the regional shape of the normal porcine left ventricle.
Validation of the Virtual MET as an assessment tool for executive functions

The purpose of this study was to establish ecological validity and initial construct validity of a Virtual Multiple Errands Test (VMET) as an assessment tool for executive functions. It was implemented within the Virtual Mall (VMall), a novel functional video-capture virtual shopping environment. The main objectives were (1) to examine the relationships between the performance of three groups of participants in the Multiple Errands Test (MET) carried out in a real shopping mall and their performance in the VMET, (2) to assess the relationships between the MET and VMET of the post-stroke participant's level of executive functioning and independence in instrumental activities of daily living, and (3) to compare the performance of post-stroke participants to those of healthy young and older controls in both the MET and VMET. The study population included three groups; post-stroke participants (n = 9), healthy young participants (n = 20), and healthy older participants (n = 20). The VMET was able to differentiate between two age groups of healthy participants and between healthy and post-stroke participants thus demonstrating that it is sensitive to brain injury and ageing and supports construct validity between known groups. In addition, significant correlations were found between the MET and the VMET for both the post-stroke participants and older healthy participants. This provides initial support for the ecological validity of the VMET as an assessment tool of executive functions. However, further psychometric data on temporal stability are needed, namely test–retest reliability and responsiveness, before it is ready for clinical application. Further research using the VMET as an assessment tool within the VMall with larger groups and in additional populations is also recommended.
Principal component elimination method for the improvement of S/N in evoked neuromagnetic field measurements

In the study of magnetoencephalography, it is important to obtain evoked fields with good signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) and with a small number of epochs in averaging. The noises are considered to be mainly spontaneous neuromagnetic fields. In the present study, we propose a method to improve the S/N. The basic principle of this method is the elimination of a principal component (PC) of multichannel-recorded neuromagnetic fields, utilizing the synchronized characteristics of spontaneous rhythmic activities dominating the fields. The proposed method is, therefore, called the principal component elimination method (PCEM). PCEM was applied to neuromagnetic fields measured by a 37-channel superconducting quantum interference device system, on which computer-generated evoked fields were superposed, in order to examine possible improvement in S/N. It was found that elimination of the first PC could improve the S/N of the evoked fields. The improvement in S/N with elimination of the first PC, compared to conventional simple averaging, increased with increases in the number of epochs and reached more than 50% after averaging over 128 epochs. PCEM also reduced the number of epochs needed in averaging to about half of that needed in conventional simple averaging.
A comparison of two sigmoidal-type activation functions in video game controller evolution

This paper presents an empirical comparison of two sigmoidal-type activation functions in evolutionary artificial neural network models. They are the log-sigmoid and hyperbolic tangent sigmoid activation functions which were investigated in order for evolving neural network controllers to play a classic video game. A Hill-Climbing Neural Network (HillClimbNet) was developed using the hill-climbing method together with a feedforward neural network to automatically create an intelligent controller that can play the screen-capture of Ms. Pac-man arcade game. The experimental results showed that that the HillClimbNet with log-sigmoid outperforms the HillClimbNet with hyperbolic tangent sigmoid when used in the hidden and output layers of the network when the agent plays the game.
Understanding the Human Side of Openness: The Fit between Open Innovation Modes and CEO Characteristics

In small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), where typically the decision-making process is highly centralised, important decisions, such as open innovation (OI) adoption, will be strongly influenced by the characteristics of their Chief Executive Officers (CEOs). Pointing the attention to the strategic leadership and human elements, this paper sheds light on the micro-foundation of OI by emphasising the role that the personal traits of key individuals in innovation. OI adoption could result in the enactment of several OI modes – each representing an opportunity of potential change (of market, of technology or/and of the organisation) – and this paper attempts to examine the relationships between the CEO characteristics and each of the OI modes. Our analysis, using Korean SME data, shows that CEOs’ positive attitude, entrepreneurial orientation (EO), patience and education can play important roles in facilitating OI in SMEs. However, this paper also observed that the effects of CEO characteristics on OI adoption were differently configured according to the nature of each OI mode, for example, CEOs’ patience and EO had different impacts depending on the degree of uncertainty in the OI mode. This suggest that OI must be understood as a wide innovation spectrum, and, to increase opportunities for successful OI adoption, CEOs have to attempt to compensate for characteristics they may lack by recruiting appropriate complementary top managements. The research has practical implications for CEOs and policy makers who are interested in enhancing competitiveness of SMEs.
UltraRapid communication : coexpression of connexins 40 and 43 enhances the pH sensitivityof gap junctions: A model for synergistic interactions among connexins

Gap junctions are formed by oligomerization of a protein called connexin. Most cells express more than one connexin isotype. Atrial myocytes, for example, coexpress connexin (Cx) 40 and Cx43. The consequence of connexin coexpression on the regulation of gap junctions is not well understood. In the present study, we show that cells coexpressing Cx40 and Cx43 are more susceptible to acidification-induced uncoupling than those cells expressing only one connexin isotype. Xenopus oocytes were injected with mRNA for Cx40, Cx43, or a combination of both. Intracellular pH and junctional conductance were simultaneously measured while cells were progressively acidified by superfusion with a bicarbonate-buffered solution gassed with increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide. The data show that the pKa (ie, the pH at which junctional conductance decreased to 50% from maximum) shifted from approximately 6.7 when cells expressed only Cx40 or only Cx43 to approximately 7.0 when one of the oocytes was coexpressing both connexins. Truncation of the carboxyl terminal domains of the connexins caused the loss of pH sensitivity even after coexpression. The data are interpreted on the basis of previous studies from our laboratory that demonstrated heterodomain interactions in the regulation of Cx40 and Cx43 gap junctions. The possible implications of these findings on the regulation of native gap junctions that express both connexins remain to be determined. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha. org. Web Site Feature The full-length article can be found on the World Wide Web at http://www.circresaha. org Key Words: connexin gap junctions pH(i)
Correlation between the severity of sleep apnea and upper airway morphology in pediatric and adult patients

Purpose of reviewRecent advances in upper airway imaging allow a better analysis of the upper airway morphology. With the increased accuracy of computed tomography, MRI and other imaging techniques, it becomes possible to identify very local changes in bony structure, soft tissues and lumen of the pharyngeal airway. These advances are able to provide new insights into obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) evaluation and treatment. Recent findingsThe present review intends to capture the current status of the research on the correlation between OSA severity and upper airway morphology. Morphological abnormalities that are responsible for OSA differ with age. Therefore, correlations between morphology and OSA in children and adults and the effects of puberty are discussed in different chapters. Literature provides several anatomical correlates that correlate with the severity of OSA but are not able to differentiate healthy individuals from OSA patients. SummaryAs anatomical correlates are not able to identify OSA in an individual, their main importance might lie in the selection of the ideal treatment on a patient-specific basis. Several sources report promising results in this use of morphological biomarkers. These, in combination with the new insights gained by the advances in imaging, should be the bases for additional research in the domain of treatment selection and result prediction.
DRESS FLEECE FOOTGOOSEKIT LOT NEAR NORTHNURSESQUARE STARTSTRU TRAP DRESS FLEECE FOOT GOOSE KIT LOT NEAR NORTH NURSE SQUARE START STRUT TRAP

Vowel variability is often explained in terms of linguistic and social factors. We have observed another factor that predicts vowel variability. Within four different corpora of Australian English vowels, we find a consistent relationship between the mean and standard deviation of formant values. For both F1 and F2, increases in mean formant values go hand in hand with increased variability. Given this observation, we propose that inferences about vowel variability take the mean formant values into account. Doing so changes conclusions about which vowels are most variable, undergoing change, or likely to reflect meaningful social variation.
Applying a Theory-Based Framework to Understand Public Knowledge of Genetic Risk Factors: A Case for the Distinction between How-To Knowledge and Principles Knowledge

Objective: Using E.M. Rogers’s knowledge framework as presented in his seminal innovation-decision process, this paper aims to present an overview of the general public’s knowledge of genetics. It also makes a first attempt to examine the statistical validity of this framework. Methods: A sample of 2,500 members of the Dutch general population was presented with a questionnaire containing measures of 3 increasingly complex forms of knowledge: awareness knowledge, (practical) how-to knowledge and (theoretical) principles knowledge. Results: The general public seems to be moderately aware of genetic risk factors for multifactorial diseases. In general, how-to knowledge seems fair, whereas principles knowledge is limited and superficial. Additional analyses provided empirical evidence for the distinction between awareness knowledge, how-to knowledge and principles knowledge. Conclusion: The innovation-decision process, and specifically Rogers’s knowledge framework, provides a useful tool for public education in genetics. Future research may build upon and extend our findings by examining the persuasion, decision, implementation, and possibly the confirmation stages of the innovation-decision process concerning genetic education.
Using biological knowledge to discover higher order interactions in genetic association studies

The recent successes of genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed that many of the replicated findings have explained only a small fraction of the heritability of common diseases. One hypothesis that investigators have suggested is that higher order interactions between SNPs or SNPs and environmental risk factors may account for some of this missing heritability. Searching for these interactions poses great statistical and computational challenges. In this article, we propose a novel method that addresses these challenges by incorporating external biological knowledge into a fully Bayesian analysis. The method is designed to be scalable for high‐dimensional search spaces (where it supports interactions of any order) because priors that use such knowledge focus the search in regions that are more biologically plausible and avoid having to enumerate all possible interactions. We provide several examples based on simulated data demonstrating how external information can enhance power, specificity, and effect estimates in comparison to conventional approaches based on maximum likelihood estimates. We also apply the method to data from a GWAS for breast cancer, revealing a set of interactions enriched for the Gene Ontology terms growth, metabolic process, and biological regulation. Genet. Epidemiol. 34:863–878, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shoaling in zebrafish: what we don’t know

Abstract Zebrafish have been gaining increasing popularity in behavioral neuroscience. However, the number of behavioral test paradigms specifically designed for zebrafish, and in general the amount of information available on the behavior of this species, is relatively small when compared with classical laboratory model organisms such as the mouse, the rat, and the fruit fly. A particularly typical behavioral feature of zebrafish is shoaling, i.e., group formation. Given the importance of social behavior in our own species and the fact that zebrafish possess several characteristics similar to those of other vertebrates, including humans, at many levels of biological organization (e.g., neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, biochemical processes, and amino acid sequence of proteins or nucleotide sequence of genes), the zebrafish is expected to be an excellent tool not only for basic research but perhaps also for translational research. Briefly, we propose that once social behavior of the zebrafish is better characterized and once appropriate behavioral methods have been developed, this species can be utilized for the analysis of the mechanisms of social behavior of other vertebrates including our own. In this review, we discuss general principles of shoaling and highlight what we know and what we do not know about this behavior as it pertains to zebrafish.
Islands in the Stream? The Challenges and Resilience of the Danish Industrial Relations Model in a Liberalising World

Nordic industrial relations models have often been highlighted as being successful ‘highroads’ in advanced capitalism. However, the economic crisis has increased pressures to liberalise and deregulate labour markets. Although this challenges the Danish industrial relations model, there are several countermeasures, in particular strong unions and the supportive institutional context, which have prevented erosion indicating the resilience and adaptability of the model.
The Structure of Vimentin Linker 1 and Rod 1B Domains Characterized by Site-directed Spin-labeling Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (SDSL-EPR) and X-ray Crystallography*

Background: The complete structure is not known for any intermediate filament (IF) protein. Results: Linker 1 and rod 1B in human vimentin were characterized using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography. Conclusion: The rod 1B adopts two functional conformations that mediate formation of an anti-parallel “A11” tetramer. Significance: Understanding vimentin structure provides insight into all IFs and the related human pathologies. Despite the passage of ∼30 years since the complete primary sequence of the intermediate filament (IF) protein vimentin was reported, the structure remains unknown for both an individual protomer and the assembled filament. In this report, we present data describing the structure of vimentin linker 1 (L1) and rod 1B. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra collected from samples bearing site-directed spin labels demonstrate that L1 is not a flexible segment between coiled-coils (CCs) but instead forms a rigid, tightly packed structure. An x-ray crystal structure of a construct containing L1 and rod 1B shows that it forms a tetramer comprising two equivalent parallel CC dimers that interact with one another in the form of a symmetrical anti-parallel dimer. Remarkably, the parallel CC dimers are themselves asymmetrical, which enables them to tetramerize rather than undergoing higher order oligomerization. This functionally vital asymmetry in the CC structure, encoded in the primary sequence of rod 1B, provides a striking example of evolutionary exploitation of the structural plasticity of proteins. EPR and crystallographic data consistently suggest that a very short region within L1 represents a minor local distortion in what is likely to be a continuous CC from the end of rod 1A through the entirety of rod 1B. The concordance of this structural model with previously published cross-linking and spectral data supports the conclusion that the crystallographic oligomer represents a native biological structure.
Resolvin D1 and Its Precursor Docosahexaenoic Acid Promote Resolution of Adipose Tissue Inflammation by Eliciting Macrophage Polarization toward an M2-Like Phenotype

We recently demonstrated that ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids ameliorate obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. In this study, we report novel mechanisms underlying ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid actions on adipose tissue, adipocytes, and stromal vascular cells (SVC). Inflamed adipose tissue from high-fat diet-induced obese mice showed increased F4/80 and CD11b double-positive macrophage staining and elevated IL-6 and MCP-1 levels. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 4 μg/g) did not change the total number of macrophages but significantly reduced the percentage of high CD11b/high F4/80-expressing cells in parallel with the emergence of low-expressing CD11b/F4/80 macrophages in the adipose tissue. This effect was associated with downregulation of proinflammatory adipokines in parallel with increased expression of IL-10, CD206, arginase 1, resistin-like molecule α, and chitinase-3 like protein, indicating a phenotypic switch in macrophage polarization toward an M2-like phenotype. This shift was confined to the SVC fraction, in which secretion of Th1 cytokines (IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α) was blocked by DHA. Notably, resolvin D1, an anti-inflammatory and proresolving mediator biosynthesized from DHA, markedly attenuated IFN-γ/LPS-induced Th1 cytokines while upregulating arginase 1 expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Resolvin D1 also stimulated nonphlogistic phagocytosis in adipose SVC macrophages by increasing both the number of macrophages containing ingested particles and the number of phagocytosed particles and by reducing macrophage reactive oxygen species production. No changes in adipocyte area and the phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase, a rate-limiting enzyme regulating adipocyte lipolysis, were observed. These findings illustrate novel mechanisms through which resolvin D1 and its precursor DHA confer anti-inflammatory and proresolving actions in inflamed adipose tissue.
Conditions for DBDS induced corrosive sulfur formation

The conditions required for the formation of copper sulfide originating from the DBDS oil additive which was identified by Scattigio (Terna, Italy) in 2005 is: “sufficiently high copper temperature” and copper corrosion will appear. This paper describes the findings when a transformer allegedly failed by corrosive sulfur was inspected with regards to the presence of copper corrosion. Strong corrosive attacks were found and their relation to temperature was very evident.
A Dual-Stage Piezoelectric Stack for High-Speed and Long-Range Actuation

A dual-stage piezoelectric stack is presented. It consists of three parts, which are used for high-speed actuation, vibration isolation, and long-range actuation. This dual-stage piezoelectric stack is a modified piezoelectric stack and appears as a single stack. The first resonance frequency of the original piezoelectric stack is 40 kHz. The 1-dB cutoff frequency of the original piezoelectric stack is approximately 12 kHz, and the travel range is 16 μm. The 1-dB cutoff frequency of the dual-stage piezoelectric stack is approximately 85 kHz, and the travel range varies approximately from 1.2 to 12.8 μm. The main contribution of this paper is the use of a vibration isolation actuator to prevent coupling between high-speed and long-range actuators.