Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Separation and Purification of Aloe Anthraquinones Using PEG/Salt Aqueous Two-Phase System

The anthraquinones were extracted from Curacao aloe leaves. Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) of polyethylene glycol (PEG)/salt, coupled with spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were employed for the first time as an attractive alternative for the downstream processing of aloe anthraquinones, mainly for the removal of the impurities without additional steps. The influence factors such as molecular mass and concentration of PEG, type, and concentration of neutral salt, temperature, and pH on the phase partition behavior of ATPS had been studied. Under the optimal condition, the highest extraction yield 90.54% was obtained in PEG phase using PEG-6000/(NH4)2SO4 system to a mass ratio of 2:1 at 40°C, pH 3.0 with 0.6 g sodium chloride added. The reverse extraction of anthraquinones from the PEG phase was achieved with a recovery of 70.15% by adjusting the pH. Meanwhile, the PEG could be recycled. The major components in aloe anthraquinones of aloe-emodin and chrysophanol were analyzed by HPLC before and after ATPS extraction process. Compared with conventional purification methods, this technique can be completed in one operation; besides it is low-cost and environmentally friendly.
Synthesis of MnO@C core–shell nanoplates with controllable shell thickness and their electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries

MnO@C core–shell nanoplates with a size of ∼150 nm have been prepared via thermal treatment deposition of acetylene with the precursor of Mn(OH)2 nanoplates, which has been hydrothermally synthesized. The thickness of the carbon shells varied from ∼3.1 to 13.7 nm by controlling the treatment temperature and reaction duration time. The electrochemical performance of the MnO@C nanoplates, which were synthesized at 550 °C for 10 h with a carbon shell thickness of ∼8.1 nm, display a high reversible capacity of ∼770 mA h g−1 at a current density of 200 mA g−1 and good cyclability after prolonged testing, which is higher than that of MnO@C nanoplates with a carbon shell thickness of ∼3.1, 4.0, 4.2, 10.9 and 13.7 nm.
Extension of the enthalpy of sublimation for adipic acid to temperatures below 80 °C

The enthalpy of sublimation for adipic acid is available from several literature sources (Chemical Rubber Co. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 66th ed.; Chemical Rubber Publishing: Boca Raton, FL, 1985-1986. Configurational Thermal Vacuum Stability Test Method Development, TR-427-001; Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, White Sands Test Facility, January 3, 1989. Afeedy, H. Y.; Liebman, J. F.; Stein, S. E. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69; NIST: Gaithersburg, MD, November 1998) for temperatures of ≥80 °C. Those references generally cite the work of Davies and Thomas (Davies, M.; Thomas, G. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1960, 56, 185-192) on the lattice energy of dicarboxylic acids. Measurements made with a 15 MHz temperature-controlled quartz crystal microbalance demonstrate that the enthalpy of sublimation, (129 ± 1.0) kJ.mol -1 , for adipic acid is constant in the range of 25 to 80 °C.
Activated sludge treatment of wash waters derived from the purification of virgin olive oil in a new manufacturing process

Effluent derived from the washing of virgin olive oil in a new manufacturing process was found to be readily treated using a completely mixed activated sludge process. The biokinetic coefficients for the process were derived by operating laboratory-scale plant at four different input chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations and four differing solids retention times. Results showed effluent COD to be correlated with input feed growth and proportional to the product of feed strength and specific growth rate. The proportional to the product of feed strength and specific grown rate. The multiple-substrate model of Admas et al. fitted the data well and could be used productively to determine effluent COD from a wide range of input substrate concentrations.
Sample stacking of an extremely large injection volume in high-performance capillary electrophoresis

Sample stacking is a sample on-column concentration technique in high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE). However, the amount of sample which can be loaded into the column in conventional sample stacking is rather limited because of disturbance caused by the low-concentration sample buffer. This report describes a technique of stacking an extremely large sample volume into narrow bands. The technique is based on the principal that the local electrophoretic velocity of the ions inside the sample buffer is much faster than the bulk electroosmotic velocity of the solution
Adsorption of Zn2+ on the (110) Surface of TiO2 (Rutile): A Density Functional Molecular Dynamics Study

Adsorption of Zn2+ at the rutile TiO2 (110)-aqueous interface was studied with Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics at 300 K. Simulations were carried out using the periodically repeated slab model with vacuum gap of 15 A filled with 72 H2O molecules. Two possible adsorption sites, monodentate above bridging oxygen (Ti–O–Ti or Obr) and bidentate above terminal oxygens (Ti–O), were investigated. Sites with different coordination environment for adsorbed Zn2+ differ from each other by the position of Zn2+ above surface level and by characteristic Zn–O distances. Obtained results gave evidence that 4-fold coordination of adsorbed Zn2+ is more probable than the 6-fold coordination found for aqueous species. The hydrolysis of H2O molecules was observed in the first coordination shell of adsorbed ion, resulting in formation of OH– groups attached to Zn2+. Calculated energies favor the tetrahedral bidentate structure of hydrated Zn2+ on the rutile surface. The model structures are compared to observed positions o.
Chromosome classification by atomic force microscopy volume measurement

Historically, metaphase chromosomes have been differentiated (or karyotyped), within a species using chemical banding techniques and optical microscopy. This chemical approach alters the structure of the chromosomes. Following successful work on high‐resolution imaging of plant chromosomes, the volumes of complete metaphase sets of maize and barley chromosomes have been calculated from three dimensional atomic force microscopy data. These results correlated extremely well with classification by arm lengths and ratios. This study demonstrates the novel application of atomic force microscopy as a high‐resolution measuring instrument for volumes of biological systems, a hitherto underused facility of the microscope. This approach will permit chromosomes to be identified and experiments performed on them without recourse to destructive chemical treatment.
Plasma Source Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Biological and Environmental Samples: Dealing with Potential Interferences

Introduction Effectiveness of a plasma to dissociate the sample into ions has been the basis of the development of plasma source optical emission spectrometer (OES) and mass spectrometer (MS) for elemental and isotope analysis. Among the available ways of inducing and sustaining a plasma, only inductively coupled plasma (ICP) has gained commercial application. The ICP is an electrodeless discharge in a gas at atmospheric pressure, maintained by energy coupled to it from a radio frequency generator. This is done by a coupling coil, which functions as the primary of radio frequency transformer, the secondary of which is created by the discharge itself (Jarvis et al., 1992). An ICP-MS system consists of a plasma source (ICP) interfaced with a quadrupole MS. The plasma ionizes the elements of the sample and the MS serves as a detector that measures the mass to charge (m/z) ratio of the element(s) or isotope(s) of interest. Generally an argon (Ar) plasma is used, but other plasma sources have also been propose.
Voltammetry of Platinum in Artificial Perilymph Solution

Mammalian cochlea perilymph contains amino acids and protein which have a major effect on the electrochemistry of an implanted auditory prosthesis. Cyclic voltammetry in an artificial perilymph solution shows that many amino acids adsorb at the platinum electrode diminishing oxidation of the metal, and also blocking hydrogen evolution. At anodic potentials > 900 mV vs. silver/silver chloride they are oxidized leaving adsorbed oxidation products. The sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine have the greatest effects. Protein (human serum albumin, HSA) has a similar hut smaller effect. A solution containing HSA (2 mg mL -1 ), phenylalanine (175 μM), glycine (396 μM), and proline (40 μM) in phosphate buffered saline is proposed as suitable artificial perilymph solution having similar electrochemical and adsorption properties to perilymph.
Water Immobilization at Surfactant Interfaces in Reverse Micelles

The mobility of water in water/Aerosol OT (AOT)/isooctane reverse micelles has been investigated via polar solvation dynamics measurements using ultrafast, time-resolved fluorescence-upconversion spectroscopy. For the smallest reverse micelles studied, w0 = 1.1, no solvation dynamics are observed on the time scale of the instrument, suggesting that the water is essentially frozen. As w0 increases, the mobility of water increases, and the time-correlation functions exhibit multiexponential decays. A subpicosecond component is observed on a time scale similar to that of diffusive bulk-water motion.1 The other components decay on time scales of a few picoseconds to hundreds of picoseconds. The amplitude of the solvent response increases as w0 increases, which is attributed to increased mobility of the water inside the reverse micelles. Because the micellar interior is highly ionic, the solvation dynamics of coumarin 343 in a 1 M Na+ (Na2SO4) solution were also investigated to compare the dynamics of water in.
Photolysis of cyclopiazonic acid to fluorescent products

Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is a mycotoxin produced by some of the same species of fungi that produce the more widely known aflatoxins. As a consequence it has been found previously that CPA and the aflatoxins may co-occur in commodities under certain conditions. CPA, which is a substituted indole, has a chromophore with absorptions in the ultraviolet (UV) region (223 nm, 278 nm). Quantification of CPA is commonly accomplished by liquid chromatographic separation followed by detection of one of the UV absorbances. CPA has not previously been described as fluorescent, and it likely is not. However, herein we report that, following exposure to high intensity UV light in a photochemical reactor, fluorescent products of CPA are produced. In methanol or aqueous acetonitrile these products have an excitation maximum of 372 nm and an emission maximum of 462 nm. Upon exposure to UV light for extended periods a decrease in the absorbance of CPA at 223 nm and 278 nm and a concomitant increase in fluorescence was obser.
Calculation of Intermolecular Interaction Energies by Direct Numerical Integration over Electron Densities. I. Electrostatic and Polarization Energies in Molecular Crystals

A procedure for adapting electron densities obtained by molecular orbital calculations for isolated molecules to the evaluation of intermolecular energies is presented. It involves a reduction of the number of electron pixels in the original density by screening out insignificant points and condensing the others into super pixels and the duplication of the original density according to a given multimolecular arrangement or to crystal symmetry. Electrostatic energies are calculated by direct numerical integration. For the calculation of polarization energies, the total, many-body intermolecular electric field at points over molecular space is evaluated, and a semiempirical model for distributed polarizabilities is introduced. Calculations on well-studied crystalline systems lead to an assessment of the method as concerns the treatment of density overlap zones by a proper choice of the screening and condensation parameters; apart from these, and a few other atomic polarizability parameters, the method is to.
Preparation of Silica Hollow Composite Particles

A facile and effective approach has been developed to prepare hybrid hollow microspheres, via consecutive processes of pickering mini-emulsion polymerization for core-shell formation, and calcination of the sacrificial core. The resulting hollow composite particles have mono-layered shells. The morphology and size characteristics of synthesized composite particles were investigated, using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements.
Preparation of magnesium hydroxide from nitrate aqueous solution

Nucleation of Mg(OH)2 was investigated by measuring the electrical conductivity and pH of the Mg(NO3)2 reaction solution to which ammonia containing different amounts of NH4NO3 was added. NH4NO3 increases solubility and slows down precipitation of Mg(OH)2 in the system. Data are presented on the influence of NH4NO3 on the solubility of Mg(OH)2 at 25°C. The phenomena observed can be explained by the solvation effect of nitrate ions brought to the system with the addition of ammonium nitrate, which was proved by NMR spectroscopy. When the mass fraction of NH4NO3 exceeds 15 %, homogeneous nucleation does not proceed. It was found that seeding of the system with Mg(OH)2 crystals only influenced the rate of Mg(OH)2 crystallisation, not the size and shape of the crystals. Primary crystals are smaller than 0.1 μm. The large difference in the surface energy of individual crystal planes leads to oriented agglomeration. This process is accelerated in a pressure reactor at 130°C. The resulting polycrystals are hexagonal plates 0.2 μm thin with a diameter of 1–2 μm. Under variable reaction conditions, agglomerates as big as 30 μm can be prepared.
The relationship of the quasicrystalline icosahedral phase to the amorphous structure in rapidly quenched Al-Mn-Si and Al-Fe-Si alloys

The structure and thermal stability of rapidly solidified Al86-xFe14Six and Al86-xMn14Six (0<or=x<or=16) alloys have been investigated. The Al-Fe-Si alloys show predominantly a quasicrystalline icosahedral phase for x<or=6 and an amorphous phase for larger x. X-ray and thermal analysis measurements indicate that, for a region of compositions near x=6, one phase grows at the expense of the other. Compositions with x near six show a mixture of these two phases but these two phases remain distinct. The alloys Al-Mn-Si show similar behaviour but here the transition from icosahedral to amorphous occurs near x=13.
Analysis on Pyrolytic Behavior of Wheat Straw Multifunctional Materials by Py-GC-MS

In order to learn of pyrolytic behavior of wheat straw multifunctional materials, the extractives of wheat straw biomass were adsorbed and determined by Py-GC-MS. And the main constituents were stigmasterol, vitamin e, campesterol, . gamma. -sitosterol, stigmasterol, 22,23- dihydro-, nonacosane, stigmastan-3,5,22-trien, heneicosane, lup-20(29)-en-3-one, 1,2- benzenedicarboxylic acid, buty l 2-methylpropyl ester, stigmast-4-en-3-one, stigmastan-3,5-diene, 4,22-stigmastadiene-3-one, cholest-5-en-3-ol (3.beta.)- , pyridine-3-carboxamide, oxime, etc.
Nanostructured Coral-like Carbon as Pt Support for Fuel Cells

A coral-like carbon material (Coral-C) is synthesized by growing curled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) onto carbon black (Lamp Black) to incorporate the unique structures and properties of the two nanostructured carbons, CNTs and carbon spheres. This Coral-C, having a good electronic conductivity, is used as a supporting material for Pt nanocatalyst for application in fuel cell electrodes. The Pt nanoparticles, being synthesized by a ligand exchange method, are stabilized on Coral-C though an enhanced deposition process with poly(oxyproplyene)diamines. The Coral-C supported Pt catalyst shows excellent electrochemical active area (102.5 m2 g−1 Pt), good catalytic activity toward methanol oxidation (1.5 times higher than E-TEK Pt/C), and good power output in single DMFC (1.3 times better than E-TEK Pt/C), which could be attributed to the unique nanostructure of the catalyst: high conductivity of the surface accessible support and highly distributed Pt nanoparticles. The successful advancement in this coral-like na.
Roles of hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking in the optical detection of nitro-explosives with a luminescent metal–organic framework as the sensor

With the aids of density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), the explosives-detection mechanism of a typical luminescent metal–organic framework (MOF) sensor has been comprehensively studied by investigating the interactions between the framework and two analytes, namelty, benzene and nitrobenzene. By studying both the periodic crystal models and cluster models we obtained an in-depth understanding of the detecting mechanism from the viewpoint of electronic coupling between the analyte and sensor. Intermolecular electron transfer from the conduction bands of the framework to the LUMO of nitrobenzene is demonstrated to induce the luminescence quenching phenomenon observed in previous experiments. π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions are found to play essential roles in this intermolecular electron transfer process. π–π stacking provides large fragment orbital overlaps between the unoccupied orbitals of the analyte and sensor, which serves as a highly efficient electron transfer bridge. Hydrogen bonds alone cannot provide enough overlaps for electron transfer but are found to reinforce the π–π stacking interactions. The cooperation of the two interactions induces facile intermolecular electron transfer which strongly quenches the luminescence of the MOF sensor. This work sheds light on the analyte–sensor interactions inside the MOF sensors and would provide valuable insights into the design of high efficient explosives-detecting MOF sensors.
State of the art and opportunities in probing photoinduced phase transitions in molecular materials by conventional and picosecond X-ray diffraction

Abstract The optical control of the macroscopic physical properties (magnetic, optical …) of a material by laser irradiation is gaining interest through the emerging field of photoinduced phase transitions. Light-induced changes of the macroscopic state of a material involves subtle coupling between the electronic and structural degrees of freedom, which are essential to stabilize the photo-excited state, different in nature from the stable state. Therefore the new experimental field of photocrystallography plays a key role. It goes far beyond simple structural analysis under laser excitation. By playing on different physical parameters and developing the techniques and analysis, one can investigate new out of equilibrium physics through light-driven cooperative dynamics and transformations in materials. This paper is reviewing different aspects of the use of photocrystallography to investigate the nature, the mechanisms and the dynamics of photoinduced phase transitions for photo-steady or long-lived states, as well as transformations driven by an ultra-short light pulse. We also give a brief overview on recent advances in time-resolved crystallography with 100 ps resolution.
IMPACT OF JANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA ON INSTITUTIONAL DELIVERY AND PERINATAL DEATH

CONTEXT: In 2005 the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) introduced the Janani Suraksha Yojana with the objective of reducing maternal and neonatal mortality by promoting institutional delivery among poor women. AIMS: Present study was carried out to assess the impact of Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) immediately after launch and five years after its implementation, on number of institutional deliveries and perinatal death. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: It was an observational study conducted at tertiary care hospital. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Records were collected with details of number of institutional deliveries, referred cases, booked case, rural cases, total births, live births, still births, for the year of 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010 and 2011. The perinatal deaths were calculated per thousand total births. Details regarding admission in Special Care Newborn Units (SCNU) were also noted. RESULTS: It has been observed that number of institutional deliveries has increased by 31.76% in two years, which remained high to 26.78 % even after 5 years; percentage of live births has increased from 95.2% to 96.8% and 97.48 % respectively. Percentage of Still births has decreased from 4.76 to 2.99%, 2.22%. Perinatal Mortality was 64.86 in 2003-04 and has declined to 51.54 in 2006-07 and 31.97 the year 2010-11. Percent of booked cases, referred cases and women belonged to rural areas increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: It was seen that institutional deliveries, antenatal check-up, and referral of the women were influenced by JSY. It was also found to have a positive effect on decreasing perinatal deaths.
Facile synthesis of bismuth oxide/bismuth vanadate heterostructures for efficient photoelectrochemical cells

Herein, we report a facile approach to synthesize Bi2O3/BiVO4 heterostructures for photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. Due to the fast separation of the electron–hole pairs as a result of the p–n junction, the Bi2O3/BiVO4 heterostructures achieved a remarkable photocurrent of 2.58 mA cm−2 at 1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl, which is about 5 times that of the pristine BiVO4.
Effect of an Electric Field on Silicon Oxidation

Modified‐marker experiments have shown that silicon oxidation is controlled by the diffusion of oxygen through the silicon dioxide film.The application of an electric field across the silicon dioxide layer enhances oxidation when the silicon is made positive with respect to the oxide—gas interface, and retards oxidation when the silicon is negative with respect to the oxide—gas interface. Oxidation under a retarding electric field ceases when the voltage developed across the growing oxide is equivalent to the change in free energy of the oxidation reaction.The dependence of the oxidation rate on an electric field indicates that oxygen ions are the predominant species diffusing through the growing oxide film.
Cyto•IQ: an adaptive cytometer for extracting the noisy dynamics of molecular interactions in live cells

We have developed a fundamentally new type of cytometer to track the statistics of dynamic molecular interactions in hundreds of individual live cells within a single experiment. This entirely new high-throughput experimental system, which we have named Cyto•IQ, reports statistical, rather than image-based data for a large cellular population. Like a flow cytometer, Cyto•IQ rapidly measures several fluorescent probes in a large population of cells to yield a reduced statistical model that is matched to the experimental goals set by the user. However, Cyto•IQ moves beyond flow cytometry by tracking multiple probes in individual cells over time. Using adaptive learning algorithms, we process data in real time to maximize the convergence of the statistical model parameter estimators. Software controlling Cyto•IQ integrates existing open source applications to interface hardware components, process images, and adapt the data acquisition strategy based on previously acquired data. These innovations allow the study of larger populations of cells, and molecular interactions with more complex dynamics, than is possible with traditional microscope-based approaches. Cyto•IQ supports research to characterize the noisy dynamics of molecular interactions controlling biological processes.