Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Public Policies Still Alive Within a Liberalized Environment: Insights From Costa Rica

We carry out a comparative study of four farm sectors in Costa Rica, based on a dynamic analysis of behaviors regarding institutional changes occurring during the liberalization process. We highlight organizations' capacities to adapt and contribute to institutional changes by implementing economical activities and participating to policy making processes. We show that organizations play a key role in the regulation of farm sectors, and that their success depends on the institutional and organizational thickness they have contributed to create in each sector and responds to a path-dependent logic. French Abstract : Nous menons une etude comparative de quatre filieres agricoles au Costa Rica, qui repose sur une analyse dynamique des comportements des acteurs des filieres au regard des changements institutionnels lies a la liberalisation economique. Les organisations de producteurs agricoles, qui jouent un role cle dans la regulation des filieres, ont opte pour des comportements strategiques differents. Nous mettons en evidence les capacites de ces organisations a s'adapter mais egalement a contribuer aux changements institutionnels en mettant en place des activites technico-economiques de transformation et commercialisation et en participant aux processus de negociation des politiques. Nous montrons que leur succes depend de la densite institutionnelle et organisationnelle qu'elles ont contribue a creer au sein de chaque filiere et s'inscrit dans une logique de dependance au sentier.
On certain L-functions for deformations of knot group representations

We study the twisted knot module for the universal deformation of an ${\rm SL}_2$-representation of a knot group, and introduce an associated $L$-function, which may be seen as an analogue of the algebraic $p$-adic $L$-function associated to the Selmer module for the universal deformation of a Galois representation. We then investigate two problems proposed by Mazur: Firstly we show the torsion property of the twisted knot module over the universal deformation ring under certain conditions. Secondly we verify the simplicity of the zeroes of the $L$-function by some concrete examples for 2-bridge knots.
1987 A ) “ Phorbol Ester

4,535,058 A 8/1985 Weinber et al. 4,601,978 A 7/1986 Karin 4,699.877 A 10/1987 Cline et al. 4,736.866 A 4f1988 Leder et al. 4,738,922 A 4f1988 Haseltine et al. 4,740,461 A 4/1988 Kaufman 4,740,463 A 4/1988 Weinberg et al. 4,761,367 A 8/1988 Edgell et al. 4,761,371 A 8/1988 Bell et al. 4,806.463 A 2/1989 Goodchild et al. 4,810,643 A 3/1989 Souza 4,827,079 A 5/1989 Evans . 800/304 4,861,709 A 8/1989 Ulitzer et al. 4.885,238 A 12/1989 Reddelet al. 4,935,363 A 6/1990 Brown et al. 4,981,783 A 1/1991 Augenlicht 4,981,784. A 1/1991 Evans . 435/6 4,981,790 A 1/1991 Haseltine et al. 5,070,012 A 12/1991 Nolan et al. 5,071,773. A 12/1991 Evans et al. 5,075.229 A 12/1991 Hanson et al. 5,262,300 A 11/1993 Evans et al.
Commentary on Philip Pettit’s The Birth of Ethics

Philip Pettit begins his account of the evolution of morality with early human individuals reporting their experiences to others linguistically, and he maintains that language is a crucial and necessary part of the process throughout. The key is that there were social pressures on early humans to be honest in their reporting in order to maintain a good reputation. But informing others of things truthfully and helpfully is a cooperative social action that may be effected non-linguistically, for example, by pointing to relevant referential situations. And the reputation one creates by engaging in such behavior is not as a skillful language user but as a cooperative one: telling the truth only matters if it either helps or hinders the recipient in her behavioral decision-making. And so, Tomasello’s claim is that what is actually doing the work in Pettit's account is not language per se, but rather the cooperative intentions and social actions that underlie certain kinds of speech acts. This suggests the possibility of an account of the evolution of morality based not on language but on cooperation more generally.
Tinkering with black boxes: counterfactuals uncover modularity in generative models

Deep generative models such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and Variational Auto-Encoders (VAEs) are important tools to capture and investigate the properties of complex empirical data. However, the complexity of their inner elements makes their functionment challenging to assess and modify. In this respect, these architectures behave as black box models. In order to better understand the function of such networks, we analyze their modularity based on the counterfactual manipulation of their internal variables. Our experiments on the generation of human faces with VAEs and GANs support that modularity between activation maps distributed over channels of generator architectures is achieved to some degree, can be used to better understand how these systems operate and allow meaningful transformations of the generated images without further training.
Challenges to Implementation of Business Strategies: Implications on Business Sustainability of Transnational Tea Firms in Kenya.

The tea industry in Kenya, as in most other growing countries, is characterized by great unpredictability in terms of markets, growing conditions and cost of inputs. Strategy formulation and implementation, in these circumstances, cannot be a simple exercise, but getting it right is more important than for organizations in more predictable environments. This study seeks to establish the challenges facing successful implementation of the formulated business strategies by multinational tea companies in Kenya, their effect on business sustainability and how the negative effects of these challenges can be mitigated. The study aims to identify the challenges to successful implementation of business strategies in the transnational tea firms; the effect of these challenges on business sustainability and finally to find out ways of mitigating the effects of these challenges on successful strategy implementation and business sustainability. The respondents were 30, comprising of Managers of the strategic Business units at these companies. Most of the data was collected by way of Questionnaires, personally administered to ensure clarification is offered where necessary. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics (percentages, frequencies and averages) and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) followed by data presentation on tables.The study established that the main challenge to successful implementation of business strategies is currency exchange rates, followed by changes in international tea prices and weather patterns. The study further found out that in order to mitigate the effect of these challenges to successful implementation of strategies, the firms need to use flexible strategies while ensuring that where more than one strategy is used, the strategies are integrated so that they support and justify one another. Key words : Business strategies, Strategy formulation, Strategy implementation, Business sustainability
Small Wearable Meta Materials Antennas for Medical Systems

─ Communication industry is in rapid growth in the last years. Efficient small antennas are crucial in the development of medical systems. Low efficiency is the major disadvantage of small antennas. Meta material technology is used to improve the efficiency of small antennas. Design tradeoffs, computed and measured results of wearable meta-materials antennas with high efficiency are presented in this paper. All antennas were analyzed by using 3D full-wave software, ADS. The antennas electrical parameters on the human body are presented. The gain and directivity of the patch antenna with split-ring resonators, SRR, is higher by 2.5 dB than the patch antenna without SRR. The resonant frequency of the antennas with SRR is lower by 5% to 10% than the antennas without SRR. The resonant frequency of the antenna with SRR on human body is shifted by 3%. Index Terms ─ Metamaterial antennas, printed antennas.
An Individual-Based Model of Innovation Diffusion Mixing Social Value and Individual Benefit 1

The authors propose an individual-based model of innovation diffusion and explore its main dynamical properties. In the model, individuals assign an a priori social value to an innovation which evolves during their interactions with the “relative agreement” influence model. This model offers the possibility of including a minority of “extremists” with extreme and very definite opinions. Individuals who give a high social value to the innovation tend to look for information that allows them to evaluate more precisely the individual benefit of adoption. If the social value they assign is low, they neither consider the information nor transmit it. The main finding is that innovations with high social value and low individual benefit have a greater chance of succeeding than innovations with low social value and high individual benefit. Moreover, in some cases, a minority of extremists can have a very important impact on the propagation by polarizing the social value.
Spatial and seasonal changes of brackish peracaridan assemblages and their relation to some environmental variables in two tidal channels of the Ria de Aveiro ( NW Portugal )

The shallow-water fauna of 2 rnain channels in the Ria de Aveiro (Canal de Ovar and Canal de Mira) was sarnpled between June 1995 and June 1996 using a suprabenthic sled. Sarnples were collected monthly at 5 stations and every third month at 11 other stations, covering both channels from the lower to the upper reaches. The channels differ in their hydrodynamics. in the distribution of the sediment environments and in the salinity gradient, thus providing an invaluable exarnple for field studies. The results presented herein concern peracaridan crustaceans. Multivariate analysis (MDS, ANOSIiM and UPGMA) of the faunal data showed significant differences between the 2 channels. Spatial and seasonal variations within the channels were also significant. The distinctive structural features were the higher number of species and overall dorninance of mysids in the Canal de Mira as opposed to the dorninance of arnphipods and higher densities in the Canal de Ovar. In both channels there was a spatial pattern of high densities in areas with a rich sediment environrnent (fine sediments. high organic content, more diversified and stable food sources). Specific life cycle features, unfavourable ternperature and salinity conditions, and probably also increased predation pressure induced a general impoverishment of the peracaridan assemblage during winter. Amphipods (rnainly epibenthic and tube dwellers) and mysids (characteristic suprabenthic) showed defined spatial and seasonal patterns. Amphipods dominated the areas with rnore stable food sources, while the highly rnotile mysids succeeded in colonising and dominated in rnore dynarnic and unpredictable environrnents. Density fluctuations of amphipods and rnysids occurred seasonauy in non-coincident cycles. On the whole, rnysids were dominant during winter and spring and arnphipods dunng surnmer and auturnn.
Spinoza and German Idealism

same text, each in her own language translation. We could say that the French woman understood the text the English woman was reading, but not that she understood that she was reading the same text as the English woman. Coming now to the second question relevant to the faculty-psychology interpretation: how do the capacities of the soul stand in relation to each other? Johansen casts the question in these terms: Are the soul’s capacities ‘modular’ or ‘holistic’? That is,
Role of the dopamine system in motor skill learning : implications for neurodevelopmental disorders

Dopamine (DA), released by midbrain neurons, is critical for motor performance, motor skill learning, and corticostriatal synaptic plasticity. Dysregulation of DAergic signaling in corticostriatal circuitry has also been implicated in several highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which are often associated with deficits in fine motor skills. However, the cellular and molecular pathways mediating the effects of DA are still poorly understood. In the present thesis, we used a skilled reaching task to investigate potential DAergic mechanisms contributing to the acquisition and performance of fine motor skills (i.e., skilled reaching and grasping). To explore the influence of natural genetic variation in the DA system in motor skill learning, we took advantage of two inbred strains of mice (i.e., BALB/c and C57BL/6) that differ markedly in the number of midbrain DA neurons. We demonstrate significant variation in skilled reaching behavior in these two strains. Specifically, variations in the rate of motor learning correlated with divergent DA-related gene expression (e.g., DA D1 receptors and DARPP-32) in frontal cortex and striatum. These results implicate genetically driven variation in frontostriatal DAergic neurotransmission as a key contributor to individual differences in fine motor skill. To identify brain activity patterns associated with different phases of motor skill learning, we studied the induction of the plasticity-related gene Arc (also known as Arg3.1), and also investigated learning-induced changes in the DA system. In the early phase of motor skill learning, Arc mRNA was significantly induced in the corticostriatal circuitry, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), cingulate cortex, primary motor cortex, and striatum. In the late phase, however, a shift in the expression pattern of Arc was evident–with a significant decrease in Arc mRNA in most regions examined (except in the mPFC and striatum). There were also significant changes in the expression of DA D1 receptors and their intracellular target DARPP-32 in the striatum (but not cortical regions) during the early, but not late, phase of motor skill learning. Analysis of the phosphorylation state of dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, Mr 32 kDa (DARPP-32) and its downstream target cAMP response element- binding protein (CREB) in the striatum indicated increased levels of phospho-Thr34-DARPP- 32 and phospho-Ser133-CREB during the early, but not late, phase of motor skill learning. These findings implicate the cAMP/PKA/DARPP-32 signaling pathway in the acquisition of novel motor skills, and also demonstrate a dynamic shift in the contribution of corticostriatal circuitry during different phases of motor skill learning. Finally, we explored whether spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), the most commonly used genetic animal model of ADHD, is valid for investigating fine motor skill problems …
THE OPTIMAL ACCURACY OF DIFFERENCE SCHEMES

We consider difference approximations to the model hyperbolic equation ut = UX which compute each new value U(x, t + At) as a combination of the known values U(x - rA x, t), . , U(x + s A x, A t). For such schemes we find the optimal order of accuracy: stability is possible for small A t/A x if and only if p < min{r + s, 2 r + 2, 2s}. A similar bound is established for implicit methods. In this case the most accurate schemes are based on Pade approximations P(z)/Q(z) to ZA near z - 1, and we find an expression for the difference I Q 12- p 12; this allows us to test the von Neumann condition I P/Q I < 1. We also determine the number of zeros of Q in the unit circle, which decides whether the implicit part is uniformly invertible.
Modelling organic matter dynamics in different soils.

A mathematical model was developed to describe carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in different soil types, e.g. clay and sandy soils. Transformation rates were described by first-order kinetics. Soil organic matter is divided into four fractions (including microbial biomass pool) and three fractions of residues. The fraction of active soil organic matter was assumed to be affected by the extent of physical protection within the soil, as was the soil microbial biomass. The extent of protection influenced the steady state level of the model, and, hence, the mineralization rates. The mineralization rate in fine-textured soils is lower than in coarse-textured soils; in fine-textured soils a larger proportion of the soil organic matter may be physically protected. The availability of organic materials as a substrate for microorganisms is not only determined by their chemical composition, but also by their spatial distribution in the soil. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Monensin Supplementation in the Feed for Lactating Murrah Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis): Influence on Nutrient Utilization and Enteric Methane Emissions

The present experiment was conducted to find out the effect of monensin supplementation on nutrients utilization and enteric methane emission in lactating Murrah buffaloes. Twelve lactating Murrah buffaloes (567.50 ± 44.3 kg body weight (BW); initial days in milk = 52.83 ± 10.24; milk yield = 6-8 kg/d) were divided in to two groups (n=6) based on the BW and days in milk. Both the groups were fed sugar graze and concentrate mixture (70:30 ratio) as a total mixed ration, without supplementation (control) or supplemented with monensin 24 mg/kg of dry matter intake (treatment) for sixty days. Nutrient utilization and enteric methane emissions were measured after 50 days of monensin supplementation. The daily intake (kg/d) and apparent digestibility (%) of nutrients were similar (P>0.05) in both the groups, However Methane emissions in terms of g/d, g/kg milk yield and g/kg dry matter intake (DMI) were found to be lower (P<0.05) by 8.55%, 13.20% and 9.02% respectively, in treatment group as compared to control. Methane energy loss as percent of Gross Energy (GE), Digestive Energy (DE) and Metabolizable Energy (ME) was reduced (P<0.05) in monensin supplemented group by 8.82, 11.11 and 11.45%, respectively compared to control. The results suggested that feeding 24 mg/kg DMI of monensin on high forage diets has the potential to reduce enteric methane emissions in lactating buffaloes without significant effect on nutrient utilization which will reduce the contribution of buffaloes to the global methane inventory and its negative impact on environment and increase environmental friendly milk production in the country.
Increasing air humidity - a climate trend predicted for northern latitudes - alters the chemical composition of stemwood in silver birch and hybrid aspen.

We studied the physicochemical properties of stemwood in saplings of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx.), grown for four years under artificially elevated relative air humidity (on average by 7%) in field conditions, using the Free Air Humidity Manipulation (FAHM) research facility in Estonia. Altogether 91 sample trees from three experimental plots with manipulated air humidity and from three control plots were cut in the dormant season and sampled for the analysis of cellulose, hemicellulose, acid detergent lignin, macronutrients (N, P, K), ash content, density, and calorific value of wood. The analysed trees grew significantly more slowly under elevated humidity conditions, with a more pronounced effect on aspens. Significantly higher concentrations of N and P were observed in the stemwood of both aspens and birches grown under elevated humidity. This could be the result of a change in the content of living parenchyma cells and/or enhanced retranslocation of nutrients into wood parenchyma. Additionally, humidification resulted in a significantly higher concentration of cellulose and a lower concentration of hemicellulose in aspen stemwood, and in significantly lower concentrations of cellulose and K in birch stemwood. Elevated humidity did not affect lignin concentration, ash content, basic density and calorific value of stemwood. Results from the FAHM experiment suggest that the increasing air humidity accompanying global warming at northern latitudes will affect the growth and functioning of deciduous trees and forests, with obvious consequences also for forest management and industry.
A Model of Solar X-ray Bright Points and Ephemeral Active Regions

Solar ephemeral active regions may provide a larger amount of emerging magnetic flux than the active regions themselves, and the origin and disposal of this flux pose problems. The related X-ray bright points are a major feature of coronal dynamics, and the two phenomena may entail a revision of our ideas of the activity cycle. A new large-scale subsurface magnetic field system has been suggested, but it is shown that such a system is neither plausible nor necessary. The emerging magnetic bipoles merely represent loops in pre-existing vertical flux tubes which are parts of active regions or the remnants of active regions. These loops result from the kink (or helical) instability in a twisted flux tube. Their observed properties are explained in terms of the flux-rope theory of solar fields. The model is extended to some dynamical effects in emerging loops. Further observations of ephemeral active regions may provide important tests between the traditional and flux-rope theories of solar magnetic fields.
National Survey of Stroke Survivors: Documenting the Experiences and Levels of Self-Reported Long-Term Need in Stroke Survivors in the First 5 years.Systematic Review:Factors Associated with Community Re-integration in the First 12 months Post Stroke: A Qualitative Synthesis.

In Ireland it is estimated that there are 30,000 persons living with residualeffects of stroke. The Irish National Audit of Stroke Care, carried out in 2007, identified substantial deficits in a number of areas including discharge planning, rehabilitation, on-going secondary prevention, and communication with patients and families. The present study builds on the findings of the audit. It explores in detail the current needs of people post stroke in Ireland who are living in the community. It also provides a profile of many possible problems that stroke can cause. In addition it provides a comprehensive review of the literature
Mental Structure of Assessment and its Hierarсhiс Structure

This article describes the conceptual basis of formation of the mental structure of assessment. As it is stated in the ongoing research, the structure consists of obligatory and optional elements which constitute a hierarchy. To prove this fact, special attention is given to the conceptual features of these elements, their content and correlation with the object of reality. Considering the mental structure under study as a structure with transparent borders, we pay particular attention to the possible connection of the concept under study and other mental structures in the situation of assessment. Similarity between the mental structure and a synergetic self-developing system is also pointed out. This is possible due to the equivalent parameters of the concept of assessment and self-organizing non linear, dissipative synergetic system flexible to changes in the process of evolution.