Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Examination of Field Electron Emission from Knife-Edge Structures

This thesis reports the experimental and modeling research carried out on field and thermal emission from knife-edge structures. Field emission arises from electron emission from a surface under the influence of intense electric fields by the process of quantum mechanical tunneling through the potential barrier at the material-vacuum interface. The field emission experiments were done on the Madison Cathode Experiment (MACX) setup with cathodes fabricated with raised vanes or knife-edges. Measurements of emission current as a function of applied voltage, anode-cathode spacing and temperature were recorded using an amplifier developed for these experiments and analysis of the experimental data was done using Fowler-Nordheim theory as well as thermal-field emission processes. Cathode parameters such as work function (φ), field enhancement factor (β) and the effective emitting area (A) are extracted for the copper knife edge (CKE) cathodes making use of thermal and field emission data. The ranges of cathode parameters thus obtained are, φ ≈ 2.96–4.7 eV, β ≈ 400–440 and A ≈ 6.3–6.66 ×10−7 m. Evidence of space charge limited emission current is also obtained for these CKE cathodes. Investigations of field emission from lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) thin films (∼ 300 nm) sputter deposited on these CKE cathodes with a titanium adhesion layer on copper are also reported. These thin films of LaB6 have a low work function (∼ 2.6 eV) and are expected to enhance the emission current density from the CKE cathodes. However, the experiments obtain a lower emission current density than bare copper and nonlinear field emission current variations from these LaB6 films at elevated temperatures (∼200°C). A hypothesis based on electron transport in the copper metal and the LaB6 thin film is presented to explain these observations. In conclusion, some future experiments are suggested to further investigate field emission from CKE cathodes as well as field emission properties with differing LaB6 thickness thin films on CKE structures.
Loss of TRP53 (p53) accelerates tumorigenesis and changes the tumor spectrum of SJL/J mice

Known as the guardian of the genome, transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53) is a well -known tumor suppressor. Here, we describe a novel TRP53 deficient mouse model on a tumor prone background—SJL/J mice. The absence of TRP53 (TRP53 nullizygosity) leads to a shift in the tumor spectrum from a non-Hodgkin’s-like disease to thymic lymphomas and testicular teratomas at a very rapid tumor onset averaging ~12 weeks of age. In haplotype studies, comparing tumor prone versus tumor resistant Trp53 null mouse strains, we found that other tumor suppressor, DNA repair and/or immune system genes modulate tumor incidence in TRP53 null strains, suggesting that even a strong tumor suppressor such as TRP53 is modulated by genetic background. Due to their rapid development of tumors, the SJL/J TRP53 null mice generated here can be used as an efficient chemotherapy or immunotherapy screening mouse model.
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE AND GENETICS ON SKELETAL MUSCLE LIPID METABOLISM WITH FOCUS ON THE LOCALIZATION AND ASSOCIATION OF LIPID DROPLETS, MITOCHONDRIA AND PLIN5

Adeniran, Ajani 2018. Effects of Exercise and Genetics on Skeletal Muscle Lipid Metabolism, a Focus on the Localisation and Association of Lipid Droplets, Mitochondria and PLIN5. Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä. Master ́s Thesis. 63 pp. Low exercise capacity has been identified as a stronger predictor of morbidity and mortality relative to other commonly reported risk factors. Substrate metabolism, especially lipid storage, lipolysis and transportation in the skeletal muscles is strongly linked to aerobic capacity. The physical topographical properties of some myocellular particles and or organelles such mitochondria, lipid droplets (LDs) and perilipine-5 (Plin5) proteins in the skeletal muscle tissues have been implicated in the onset of most metabolic diseases and may also predict overall physical capacity. We tested the effect of innate high aerobic capacity (genetics) and acquired aerobic capacity (voluntary running) on the number, location and colocalization of the aforementioned particles in the gastrocnemius muscle cells, between the low and high capacity runner rats. Muscle samples from the gastrocnemius muscle of the specially bred rat model with high aerobic capacity (HCR) (n=20) and low aerobic capacity (LCR) (n=20) were used in this study. The samples were obtained from 4 equal subgroups; high capacity runner control (HCR-C) (n=10), high capacity runner receiving exercise intervention (HCR-R) (n=10), low capacity runner control (LCR-C) (n=10) and low capacity runner receiving exercise intervention (LCR-R) (n=10). Immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy and bioinformatics were used in data collections and analysis. A one-way between subject analysis of variance (ANOVA) show statistically significant difference in the content of mitochondria (F (3,24) = 4.24, p<. 0.05) and PLIN5 particles (F (3,24) = 3.8, p<. 005). There were no significant differences in the number of LD (F (3,24) = 0.43, p>0.05) or in the colocalization of the LD and PLIN5 particles (F (3,24) = 1.2, p>. 005) and LD and COXIV particles (F (3,24) = 1, p>. 005) across the groups. The result suggests a strong interplay between genetic background and exercise stimulus. These factors may influence the skeletal muscle properties at the cellular level, effect of which may not only affect performance component but also health component of physical fitness. Physical activity may, however, enhance the cellular function or reverse genetic lags in cellular properties.
Generating Natural Adversarial Remote Sensing Images

Over the last years, remote sensing image (RSI) analysis has started resorting to using deep neural networks to solve most of the commonly faced problems, such as detection, land cover classification, or segmentation. As far as critical decision-making can be based upon the results of RSI analysis, it is important to clearly identify and understand potential security threats occurring in those machine learning algorithms. Notably, it has recently been found that neural networks are particularly sensitive to carefully designed attacks, generally crafted given the full knowledge of the considered deep network. In this article, we consider the more realistic but challenging case where one wants to generate such attacks in the case of a black-box neural network. In this case, only the prediction score of the network is accessible, on a specific dataset. Examples that lure away the network’s prediction, while being perceptually similar to real images, are called natural or unrestricted adversarial examples. We present an original method to generate such examples based on a variant of the Wasserstein generative adversarial network. We demonstrate its effectiveness on natural adversarial hyperspectral image generation and image modification for fooling a state-of-the-art detector. Among others, we also conduct a perceptual evaluation with human annotators to better assess the effectiveness of the proposed method. Our code is available for the community: https://github.com/PythonOT/ARWGAN.
Native Plant Regeneration on Abandoned Desert Farmland: Effects of Irrigation, Soil Preparation, and Amendments on Seedling Establishment

Direct seeding methods to revegetate abandoned farmland were tested at a desert site west of Phoenix, Arizona. Native seeds were broadcast onto plots prepared by mulching, imprinting, chiseling, and fertilizing with phosphorous in a split‐plot design. Each main plot was split into subplots that were not irrigated, irrigated with saline (3.25 dS/m) well water, or irrigated and hand weeded of Salsola iberica. Native seeds germinated poorly on all treatments, and three annual exotic weeds (Brassica nigra, S. iberica, and Schismus spp.) dominated the plots. None of the main plot treatments (mulching, imprinting, chiseling, or fertilizing) had a significant effect on seed germination or canopy cover. Irrigation increased plant cover on plots, but weeds dominated the cover (<4% native species, up to 50% weeds). Near the end of the second growing season a seed bank study was conducted in the greenhouse. Undisturbed desert soil had relatively few weed seeds and more native plant seeds than the disturbed agricultural soil samples, which had few viable native seeds and were dominated by Schismus spp. , B. nigra, and S. iberica. The results illustrate the difficulty of establishing native plants on abandoned desert farmland due to the dominance of weedy species, the presence of salts in the soil, and the lack of adequate soil moisture in the treatments without supplemental irrigation.
Oxidized graphite and carbon fiber (US)

51) Int. Cl. (57) A mechanochemical oxidation process that allows relatively benign oxidizers to be used for the production of at least partially oxidized graphite, and a method of preparing a carbon fiber using oxidized graphite and a fiber component. Partially oxidized graphite is fully dispersible in water and can be used to prepare thin films with conductivities rivaling pure graphite. This offers the potential for improved electronic displays, solar cells, and lithium ion batteries. A carbon nanotube and a method of making the same is also provided. COJB 31104 C09D 5124 DOlF 8118 DOlF 9114 D06M 11174 C09D 1100 (52) U.S. Cl. (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01)
Seasonal Migration Behaviors and Distribution of Adult Pacific Lampreys in Unimpounded Reaches of the Snake River Basin

AbstractComplex life histories render anadromous fishes particularly susceptible to environmental and anthropogenic change. Adult Pacific Lampreys Entosphenus tridentatus migrating in the Columbia River and its tributaries must ascend a series of dams to reach interior spawning sites. While considerable research has focused on improving dam passage for lampreys, little is known about adult Pacific Lamprey behavior and distribution patterns within free-flowing environments, particularly within the interior portions of their distribution. In this 3-year study, we monitored the movements of 146 adult Pacific Lampreys in the Snake River and its tributaries upstream from Lower Granite Dam, the eighth dam from the Pacific Ocean. Our objectives were to characterize migration and test several hypotheses about adult upstream movement after dam passage. A majority of radio-tagged adults, released above Lower Granite Dam, migrated upstream after release and many moved hundreds of kilometers upstream into Snake River.
THE ACQUISITION OF ROOT NN COMPOUNDS IN ROMANIAN

The paper investigates the comprehension and production of root NN compounds by Romanian children (mean age: 5;6) and adults. Given that endocentric root NN compounds are not productive in Romanian, a Romance language, the main goal of the study was to see to what extent children manage to ascribe an interpretation to or produce such compounds. The results show that, unlike in English, where head-final endocentric compounds are the most frequent ones, both Romanian monolingual children and adults tend to understand and produce much more blend compounds than endocentric ones (which, in Romanian, are head-first).
MSc in Money, Banking and Finance Dissertation Testing Weak-Form Market Efficiency of Developing Markets: Evidence from the Baltic Stock Exchange

"This dissertation is submitted in part requirement for the Degree of MSc in Money, Banking and Finance at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. I declare that this Dissertation is 10,000 words in length. I have read and fully understand the University Code on Academic Misconduct. I hereby declare that the attached piece of work is my own. It is written in my own words and I have acknowledged all of the sources that I have drawn upon"
5 Scanning Probes for the Life Sciences

Scanning probe based patterning techniques have the unique ability to deposit biological material into specific architectures on substrates and read and analyze the patterns using an atomic force microscope. Such devices are able to make much smaller biomolecule patterns, on the order of nanometers, than conventional techniques such as microcontact printing and optical lithography. A reduction in patterned feature size allows for greater sensitivity in biological studies and in life sciences applications such as drug screening and immunoassays. A variety of tools for the fabrication of nanoarrays are discussed. These include openand closed-channel devices and pipette-based devices. Their potential for the integration of active components or augmentation to large-scale arrays for high-throughput deposition are examined. The mechanisms for deposition and biomolecule transport are also explained.
Experimental Study of the Lattice Constant and Lattice Spacing Of Potassium Bromide by Laue and Debye Scherer Methods

-This paper presents the calculation of Lattice parameters of the structure of crystals of Crystalline and powder ionic salts of KaBr by a x-rays LD apparatus. The crystals structure study is important to get knowledge about the different characteristics of materials just like by kinetic molecular theory. Due to analysis of materials on the basis of diffraction phenomena, the field has been made more growing and sophisticated. X-rays diffraction by points of the lattice provide radiograph on special Dentus films using X-ray machine. X-ray diffraction technique is an easy approach to crystallography as compared to electron and neutron diffraction due to its ease, availability and easily handling. By developing the film under darkroom conditions, the data is collected by indexing the pattern of spots and rings or the images and is tabulated for different parameters by calculation of the sample through Laue and Debye Scherer methods. The obtained results are much closed to the actual results. This research work will also be helpful in the crystallography by different techniques of different alkali halides samples.
Allantoin and Micronutrients Restores Renal Dysfunction in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Objectives: Diabetic nephropathy is the major complication in diabetic patients. The current available treatment options for diabetic nephropathy do not affect the underlying pathology and slow the progression of the disease. The many experimental data suggest that individual component of micronutritional supplementsand allantoin has shown the protective effect in diabetic nephropathy. So with the aim to evaluate the combination of allantoin and micronutrientsin diabetes induced nephropathy. Methodology: Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by administrating streptozotocin (STZ) (52mg/kg, i.p). Diabetic rats were treated with allantoin (100 and 200 mg/kg), nutritional supplement, combination of allantoin (100 mg/kg) + nutritional supplement and allantoin (200 mg/kg) + nutritional supplement for 6 weeks. After the six weeks of treatment body weight, renal function parameters and kidney index were measured. Antioxidant enzymes (SOD) and lipid peroxide levels were determinedin the kidney homogenateand histopathology of kidney was carried out. Results: The combination therapy of allantoin and micro nutritional supplements weresignificantly elevated the body weight, significantly reduced serum glucose level, glycosylated haemoglobin, and significantly improved renal function parameters. In kidney homogenate, the treatment with combination therapy increases the antioxidant enzyme level and reduces the lipid peroxide product compared to diabetic rats. Conclusion: The combination therapy of allantoin and micronutritional supplements has improved glycemic control in diabetic rats. Hence, treatment with combination of drugs may be a way to offset the early pathophysiologic damage resulting from hyperglycemia which can be attributed towards its nephroprotective effects in rats.
Recent Applications of HYDRUS Model: A Review

HYDRUS computer software packages are widely used for predicting and analyzing water flow and solute transport in vadose zone, variably saturated media, and groundwater. Applications involve a broad range of steady-state or transient water flow, solute transport, irrigation scheme and fate of contamination in subsurface flow constructed wetland. The HYDRUS models can be used for both direct problems such as solute transport and irrigation problems, as well as co-operated with CW2D and CWM1to simulate contaminate transfer in subsurface flow constructed wetland. In this article, a brief overview of the current developments on modelling of subsurface flow using HYDRUS model is provided. Physical and chemical nonequilibrium water flow (water storage in immobile domains and/or water flow in structured soils with macropores) is also discussed, and review various application approaches that have been used in the literature in combination with the HYDRUS codes. KEYWORDSConstructed wetland, HYDRUS model, irrigation schemes, solute transfer, water flow --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 27-11-2019 Date of acceptance: 09-12-2019 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Designing for Children - With focus on ‘Play + Learn’ The affection of cursor frozen time to children’s mouse interface

: Young children who use the computer mouse for the first time have difficulties to control it. Clicking, double-clicking and dragging are the main challenges. Due to their undeveloped motor skills many move their arm unconsciously while pressing the mouse button. We examined the cursor frozen time to prevent this problem and its affection to usability. We developed a program in which the cursor was frozen for a specified period of time when pressing the mouse button. Tasks of double-clicking, clicking and dragging in different frozen times were given to 17 children and the number of attempts and satisfaction were measured. A design guideline was proposed based on the result.
Caste-Selective Pheromone Biosynthesis in Honeybees

Queen and worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) produce a caste-related blend of functionalized 8- and 10-carbon fatty acids in their mandibular glands. The biological functions of these compounds match the queen's reproductive and the worker's nonreproductive roles in the colony. Studies with deuterated substrates revealed that the biosynthesis of these acids begins with stearic acid, which is hydroxylated at the 17th or 18th position. The 18-carbon hydroxy acid chains are shortened, and the resulting 10-carbon hydroxy acids are oxidized in a caste-selective manner, thereby determining many of the functional differences between queens and workers.
Impact of Storage Temperature on Viability of Microbial Inoculum for Estimating In Vitro Equine Digestibility

This study evaluated the effect of storage temperature of equine fecal material on the viability of microbial inoculum used for in vitro equine digestibility trials. Fecal material was stored at four storage temperatures of 39°C for 15 minutes (control), 22°C for 6h, 3°C for 6h, and -18°C for 24h. Stored fecal material was used to form microbial inoculum for use in an Ankom Daisy II Incubator. Six different forage samples were digested in the Ankom Daisy II Incubator to evaluate interactions between storage condition of microbial inoculum and chemical composition of digested forage samples. After determination of dry matter digestibility (DMD), an Ankom Fiber Analyzer was used to measure neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) and acid detergent fiber digestibility (ADFD). A mixed linear model was used to analyze differences in DMD, NDFD, and ADFD. Further analysis with a mixed linear model was used to evaluate the effect of forage quality parameters crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) as covariates for DMD, NDFD, and ADFD results. Significant differences were observed for DMD (P<0.0001), NDFD (P<0.01), and ADFD (P<0.001) between 39°C and 3°C, 39°C and -18°C, 22°C and 3°C, and 22°C and -18°C. No differences (P>0.05) were observed in DMD, NDFD, or ADFD between 39°C and 22°C or 3°C and -18°C. Covariance analysis found no difference (P>0.05) in slope between any of the four treatment levels when CP, NDF, and ADF were modeled as covariates for DMD, NDFD, and ADFD. Results show that fecal material stored for up to six hours in 22°C temperature conditions provides a viable alternative to fresh fecal material for the formation of microbial inoculum. Chilled and frozen fecal material did not provide comparable microbial inoculum to the control. Further research is needed to determine the reason for the decline in DMD, NDFD, and ADFD observed when microbial inoculum was formed using chilled and frozen fecal samples.
Effect of Vertebrate Grazing on Plant and Insect Community Structure

Abstract: We compared species diversity of plants and insects among grazed and ungrazed areas of Ponderosa pine–grassland communities in Arizona. Plant species richness was higher in two of three grassland communities that were grazed by native elk and deer and domestic cattle than in ungrazed areas inside a series of three large (approximately 40‐ha) grazing exclosures. Similarly, plant species richness was higher in grazed areas relative to ungrazed areas at one of two series of smaller (approximately 25‐m2) and short‐term exclosure sites. Evenness of plant distribution, however, was greater inside ungrazed long‐term exclosures but was reduced inside ungrazed short‐term exclosures relative to grazed areas. Relative abundances of forbs, grasses, trees, and shrubs, and native and introduced plants did not differ between the long‐ and short‐term grazing exclosures and their grazed counterparts. Relative abundances of some plant species changed when grazers were excluded, however. In contrast, insect species richness was not different between grazed and ungrazed habitats, although insect abundance increased 4‐ to 10‐fold in ungrazed vegetation. Our results suggest that vertebrate grazing may increase plant richness, even in nutrient‐poor, semi‐arid grasslands, but may decrease insect abundances.
Disturbance interactions: characterization, prediction, and the potential for cascading effects

Disturbances are fundamental components of ecosystems and, in many cases, a dominant driver of ecosystem structure and function at multiple spatial and temporal scales. While the effect of any one disturbance may be relatively well understood, multiple interacting disturbances can cause unexpected disturbance behavior (e.g., larger extents), altered return likelihoods, or reduced ecosystem resilience and regime shifts. Given the long-lasting implications of such events, and the potential for changes in disturbance rates driven by climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressures, developing a broad conceptual understanding and some predictive ability regarding the likelihood of interactions between disturbances is crucial. Through a broad synthesis of the literature, and across multiple biomes, disturbance interactions are placed into a unified framework around the concept of changing ecosystem resistance (“linked interactions,” alterations to likelihood, extent, or severity) or ecosystem resilience (.