Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluating and Comparing the innovation performance of the United States and the European Union Expert report prepared for the TrendChart Policy Workshop 2005

The present report aims at evaluating and comparing the innovation performance of the United States and the European Union. In particular, bearing in mind the subtleties entailed by innovation measurements, we discuss the European comparative performance in terms of scientific output, proxies for technological innovation, and actual production and export in those lines of business which draw more directly on scientific advances. The general message of our analysis can be summarized as follows. Certainly one observes significant differences across scientific and technological fields, but it happens that Europe has structural lags in top level science and innovative performance vis-à-vis the US, together with some points of strength in physical sciences and engineering. At the same time, one also finds ∗We wish to thank Anthony Arundel and Franck Dupont for reading previous versions of the present report and providing insightful comments and suggestions. The usual disclaimers apply. The present work partially draws upon a recent working paper by the same authors to which the reader is referred for more detailed discussion (Dosi et al., 2005). †LEM S.Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa. ‡BETA Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg.
Magnetorotational instability in plasmas with mobile dust grains

The magnetorotational instability of dusty plasmas is investigated using the multi-fluid model and the general dispersion relation is derived based on local approximation. The dust grains are found to play an important role in the dispersion relation in the low-frequency mode and exhibit destabilizing effects on the plasma. Both the instability criterion and growth rate are affected significantly by the dust and when the dust is heavy enough to be unperturbed, the reduced dispersion relations are obtained. The instability criteria show that the dust grains have stabilizing effects on the instability when the rotation frequency decreases outwards and conversely lead to destabilizing effects when the rotation frequency increases outwards. The results are relevant to accession and protoplanetary disks.
PRIVATE INTEREST AND SOCIAL INTEREST OF SHAREHOLDERS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM CHINA

We try to explore the relation among three factors: the private benefits that main shareholders can obtain from the firm, the social benefits derived from a certain ownership structure and the ownership concentration costs. Different corporations have different optimal governance mechanism. Noticing the substitute relation between the level of the management-and-shareholder-conflicts and the different governance mechanism, we take use of the data from China’ stock market and conduct an empirical analysis on the influence both of the different shareholder’s participating in governance and the ownership structure over corporate performance, and have reached two conclusions. First, in the companies with a higher level of conflicts between the management and the shareholders, the shareholder will be more active in participating in governance because the benefits earned here is much more than the company with a lower level of conflicts. Second, when the other governance mechanisms in one company perform poorly, the shareholder is less active in participating in governance because the extra benefits earned here cannot offset their costs. So only in these companies with poor governance mechanisms, the shareholders’ active monitoring can produce benefits. These conclusions can help our further research on the relationship among the shareholder supervision, ownership structure and corporate value, and we should also re-evaluate some traditional theoretical viewpoints.
Correlation and comparison of immunohistochemistry for HER2/neu, using the antibody SP3 and chromogenic in situ hybridization in breast carcinomas samples

Introducao: Avancos no campo da biologia molecular tem proporcionado a diferenciacao dos subtipos moleculares das neoplasias mamarias, fornecendo melhor prognostico e ferramentas importantes para a terapeutica de pacientes com câncer de mama. Entre esses subtipos, as alteracoes ocorridas no gene receptor tipo 2 do fator de crescimento epidermico humano (HER2/neu) amplificam o seu numero de copias e geram o aumento da proteina HER2. Estudos mostram que pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama HER2/neu amplificado tendem a ter recaida mais cedo e tempo de sobrevida menor, sendo o anticorpo monoclonal Trastuzumab a terapia indicada. A elegibilidade das pacientes para a terapia e feita inicialmente pela tecnica de imuno-histoquimica (IHQ), que avalia o nivel de expressao da proteina HER2. Apos essa avaliacao, os casos que apresentam diagnosticos equivocos (escore 2+) sao encaminhados para uma tecnica mais precisa, a hibridizacao cromogena in situ (CISH). Objetivo: Analisar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do anticorpo SP3, alem de determinar o seu nivel de concordância com a tecnica de CISH. Material e metodos: Estudo retrospectivo no banco de dados de um laboratorio anatomopatologico, em laudos de exames de CISH para HER2/neu. Conclusao: Os resultados revelaram que o clone SP3 apresentou 100% de especificidade e 92% de sensibilidade. A IHQ revela variabilidade em seus resultados, porem e sabido que a tecnica e uma importante ferramenta na rotina diaria dos laboratorios, contribuindo na triagem inicial das pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama, que, posteriormente, mostram resultados satisfatorios quando comparados com a tecnica de CISH.
Dinâmicas de curto e de longo prazo na indústria da região Sul do Brasil

O estudo analisa a dinâmica intrarregional da indústria da região Sul do Brasil para inferir sobre o seu grau de integração; ou seja, avalia quais efeitos prevalecem em longo prazo, se os de espraiamento ou retardamento. Para tal, utilizam-se dados mensais de janeiro de 1995 a fevereiro de 2014 e Vetores de Correção de Erros. Os resultados indicam que o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul produz maiores efeitos de espraiamento na região, enquanto que Paraná e Santa Catarina rivalizam-se. Palavras-Chave: Dinâmica Industrial; Região Sul; Modelo VEC. ABSTRACT:
Vocabulary Teaching Techniques: A Review of Common Practices

Abundantly clear though the need for effective eclectic techniques for enhancing learners’ vocabulary learning strategies may seem, in practice, language instructors, by all accounts, tend to resort to only a few obsolete ones. This review paper aims to provide a brief account of practices in vocabulary teaching and learning by focusing on the research on teaching words in context and out of context as well as incidental and intentional vocabulary learning.
Iron biofortification and its impact on antioxidant system, yield and biomass in common bean

The effect of application of two iron (Fe) compounds (FeSO4 and Fe-EDDHA) on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, production of H2O2, Fe accumulation in green bean seeds and crop yield of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), under greenhouse conditions was studied. This experiment was conducted in Delicias, Chihuahua, Mexico. The results indicate that the accumulation of Fe in bean seeds enhanced with the application of Fe-EDDHA, at the dose of 25 μmol. This demonstrated that low Fe application dose was enough to increase Fe levels in seeds of common bean. In addition, Fe-EDDHA application form at 50 μmol was the best treatment to improve crop yield. With respect to antioxidant system, chelated form of Fe (Fe-EDDHA) was more effective in the activation of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase), and a lower content of H2O2 in green bean seeds.
Joint Porosity-permeability Stochastic Simulation and Spatial Median Regression by Nonparametric Copula Modeling

In petrophysics, assesment of formation permeability is a complex and challenging problem that plays a key role in reservoir forecasts and optimal reservoir management. In heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs, permeability evaluation is commonly performed using permeability-porosity relationships, which often seem to be nonlinear and complex. Copulas are marginal-free dependence functions that may capture such nonlinear relationships. In the present work we make use of a nonparametric copula approach for bivariate modeling of permeability- porosity real data, and its application for a spatial median regression.
The devil is in the detail - an analysis of the DBSA's 'Access to Sanitation' indicator

When using indicator values to measure change over an interval of time, the general understanding of the factor being analysed may have been modified during the period under review. Altered definitions of ‘urban’, or ‘poverty’, provide common instances of this phenomenon. This article outlines a similar situation with respect to the ‘access to sanitation’ indicator as it features in the Development Bank of Southern Africa’s series of Development Reports. These publications are often referred to as a ready source of useful information. It is shown how an altered understanding of what constituted ‘sanitation’ in South Africa came to influence the relevant indicator values. This change, if not taken into account, could result in planning calculations yielding invalid conclusions. The article deals with the casual use of ready-to-hand indicators by non- specialist practitioners, and about how easy it is to be misled on occasion.
The Comparison of Antifungal Effects of Methylene Chloride and Methanol Extracts of Green and Black Tea on Candida Albicans

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Background: Candidiasis is the most common fungal infection Nystatin is often used to treating of candidiasis that creates the problem of drug resistance and side effects. Study was performed to determine the antifungal properties of black and green tea extracts against Candida albicans. METHODS: To do this basic study, at first methylene chloride and methanolic extracts of green and black tea were prepared. Disk diffusion method and measuring the diameter of inhibition zone was used to determine anti-fungal extracts against Candida albicans. The methanolic extract at doses of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg and methylene chloride extracts with concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 mg per disk were used and the results compared in 24 and 48 hours. FINDINGS: Methylene chloride extracts of both type of tea create antifungal activity more than methanol extracts. The maximum antifungal activity 24 hours by a concentration of 1 mg hard methylene chloride extract was obtained and in this concentration with formation of zone inhibition 30.57±4.4 and 34.25±2.7 mm, respectively, for the methylene chloride extract of green tea and black more antifungal effect compared to Nystatin (20±1.06 mm) was established (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The results have shown that green and black tea leaf extract can create antifungal activity effects against Candida albicans as dose -dependent manner and is more effective in the first 24 hours than the 48 hours.
Biological Significance of Essential Oil on the Duration and Survival of Larvae of Multivoltine Mulberry Silkworm

The silkworm Bombyx mori L. , an economic sericigenous insect, show high activity after feeding on the treated mulberry leaves with essential oils. The experiments were performed with Aloe vera essential oil viz. 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 ml with respect to the single, double and triple treatment of B. mori larvae. Variation in the A. vera essential oil amount influenced the duration and survival % of larvae. The survival of larvae increased with increasing the number of larval treatment by 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 ml Aloe vera essential oil. The maximum level of survival of larvae (96.427±0.681%) was noticed in case of triple treatment with 0.75 ml A. vera essential oil. The minimum larval duration (21.436±0.313 days) was recorded in case of triple treatment by 0.75 ml Aloe vera essential oil, showing good development of larvae. It is suggested that supplementation of Aloe vera essential oil may also help to device improvement in the rearing programme of multivoltine mulberry silkworm to increase the quality and quantity of silk and boosting up the sericulture industry as well as the economy of silkworm rearing.
The Algorithms for the Ray Tracing Based on the Analytical Solutions

We consider the problems of ray tracing faced when calculating the parameters electromagnetic field in ray approximation. The Shooting and Bouncing Rays (SBR) model is characterized briefly and the disadvantages of its software implementations are specified. The alternative model for ray tracing at flat obstructions is presented using the analytical solutions obtained by means of analytic geometry. The introduced model allows us to avoid the redundant computations that the SBR method requires and, therefore, we can reduce time needed for the tracing tasks solution. The new algorithms for ray tracing after reflection and diffraction are stated and the possibility of their software support studied.
Artificial rubber mineralization by co-cultured bacterial strains

Objective: This study involves the use Natural Rubber degrading Bacterial co-cultures isolated from rubber plantation soil for the degradation of Artificial Rubber. Methods: Plate assay method and liquid assay method by using Mineral Salt Medium was followed for screening of bacteria for its capacity to mineralize Artificial rubber. Degradation was confirmed by Spectrophotometric and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) studies. The co-cultures were able to utilize the artificial rubber which was confirmed by Spectrophotometric and FTIR studies. Results: Bacterial cocultures have the capacity to mineralize artificial rubber. Mineralization was observed for 30 days and it was maximum (6.48 x 10-5) on the 20th Day. This was confirmed using SEM and FTIR.Further, these were applied on bioplastics and plastics to study their capacity to degrade them. It was able to degrade them as well which was confirmed using FTIR. Conclusion: From current investigation, it can be concluded that the bacterial cocultures Bacillus cohnii and Brevundimonas naejangsanensis have the capacity to mineralize artificial rubber, plastics and bioplastics. Hence such isolated cocultures can be used in removal of artificial rubber, plastics and bioplastic wastes from the environment.
Public Perception on Calligraphic Woodcarving Ornamentations of Mosques; a Comparison between East Coast and Southwest of Peninsula Malaysia

Woodcarving ornamentation is considered as, a national heritage and can be found in many Malaysian mosques. Woodcarvings are mostly displayed in three different motifs, namely floral, geometry and calligraphy. The application of floral and geometry motifs is to convey an abstract meaning of Islamic teachings to the viewers. However, the calligraphic decorations directly express the messages of Allah almighty or the sayings of the prophets to the congregations. Muslims are the main users of mosques as these are places for prayers as well as other religious and community activities. Therefore, the assessment of users’ opinion about this type of decoration needs to be investigated. This paper aims to evaluate the perception of two groups of mosque users on the calligraphic woodcarving ornamentations from two regions, namely the East Coast and Southwest of Peninsula Malaysia. As Arabic is not the primary language in Malaysia, it would be interesting to find out how much of the calligraphic ornamentation is recognised and understood by the mosque users. The quantitative approach and questionnaire survey were adopted to fulfil the objectives of the study through convenient sampling where 420 questionnaire surveys were distributed at eight selected mosques. A total of 408 respondents amongst users completed and returned the survey forms. The mosques were chosen based on the abundance and diversity of calligraphy woodcarving elements found in the prayer hall. The Mann-Whitney U-test was conducted to find out the differences between the two groups of respondents. Ability of reading and understanding the Arabic scripts, the aesthetic values, the function, appropriate location and finally the desirability of scripts were assessed and compared between the participants of North East and Southwest of Peninsula Malaysia. The results showed that respondents of two areas in Malaysia had different opinions about this traditional sacred ornamentation in mosques. However, there were also similar ideas regarding to the items of variables between two evaluated groups of the study.
Kill and eat your predator: a winning strategy of the planktonic flagellate Prymnesium parvum

Interactions between the toxic and mixotrophic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum and the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina were investigated in P-limited semi-continuous cultures and nutrient-replete batch culture experiments. When exposed to 100 × 10 3 cells ml -1 of P- limited P. parvum, starved O. marina initially ingested the algae, but ingestion was low (0.07 cells grazer -1 h -1 ) compared to the O. marina ingestion rate when the Cryptophyte Rhodomonas sp. was offered as food (2.75 cells grazer -1 h -1 ). Microscopic observations showed that low ingestion is due to toxic effects of P. parvum on the dinoflagellate. Cells of O. marina lost their normal cell shape and became rounded, hyaline and finally lysed. Rounded and partly lysed O. marina cells were rapidly attacked by several P. parvum cells, which formed larger aggregates around the remains of the O. marina cells. This was accompanied by phagotrophic ingestion of particulate material originating from disintegrating O. marina. Cell-free culture medium lysed O. marina cells, although to a lower degree compared to the effect of algal suspensions. O. marina mortality was not only reduced by diluting P. parvum, but also by increasing the dinoflagellate concentration. This clearly indicates that the toxin is removed from the system by its action, presumably by binding to the membrane. Under conditions where toxic effects were not apparent (nutrient-replete batch cultures, low cell concentra- tions, dim light), P. parvum, after an initial lag period, was rapidly ingested and sustained growth of O. marina at rates comparable to those estimated for Rhodomonas sp. Toxicity of P. parvum is thus a key factor in determining the interaction with protozoan grazers. If toxicity is low, P. parvum is a suit- able prey for O. marina. At high toxicity levels, however, O. marina is rapidly killed and ingested by P. parvum, thus reversing the normal direction of grazing interactions between protozoa and algae.
SUM-PRODUCT ESTIMATES VIA DIRECTED EXPANDERS

Let Fq be a finite field of order q and P be a polynomial in Fq [x1, x2]. For a set A ⊂ Fq , define P (A) := {P (x1, x2)|xi ∈ A}. Using certain constructions of expanders, we characterize all polynomials P for which the following holds If |A + A| is small (compared to |A|), then |P (A)| is large. The case P = x1x2 corresponds to the well-known sum-product problem.
Consumers’ Willingness to Purchase Locally Produced Agricultural Products: An Analysis of an Indiana Survey

Using a survey of over 320 consumers from across the state of Indiana, we estimate an ordered probit model to determine the demographic and attitudinal factors which are most important in predicting the likelihood of consumers to purchase products that are produced within the state. Our results indicate that the willingness to purchase locally produced agricultural products increases with time of residency in the state, and we find a greater tendency for female consumers to purchase such products. We also find that quality perceptions play a critical role in these food purchase decisions. We underscore the importance of maintaining minimum quality standards to maximize the effectiveness of state level agricultural promotion programs.
EFFECT OF SEMINAL PLASMA ON FUNCTIONAL INTEGRITY OF RABBIT SPERM MEMBRANES DURING STORAGE AT 4 o C OR FREEZING

Standard semen analysis relies on assessing a number of parameters such as sperm concentration, motility and morphology for the assessment of male fertility. However, these parameters have some limitations and, therefore, cannot be used as reliable predictors of sperm fertilizing ability. The sperm membrane appears to have particular importance in male fertility because it is involved in the metabolic exchanges of the cell with the surrounding medium. Moreover, the process of capacitation, acrosome reaction and binding of the spermatozoa to the oocyte surface requires an active and functional membrane.
GLIMPSE ON SPLENDID AROMATASE INHIBITOR – LETROZOLE - A PRAGMATIC REVIEW

Letrozole is the third-generation aromatase inhibitor (AI) most commonly used in assisted reproduction. It brings ovulation by inhibiting estrogen production; the consequent hypoestrogenic state enhances GnRH release and pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis. Letrozole has fewer side effects, and a shorter halflife than clomiphene citrate, and no demonstrable effect upon the receptivity of the endometrium. It is effective in treating women with chronic anovulation, unexplained infertility and diminished ovarian reserve. Its safety is superior to clomiphene citrate. Utilizing bioequivalent doses, letrozole pregnancy rates are equal or superior to clomiphene citrate. Several studies reveal situations where it is more efficacious than gonadotropin treatment. A conclusion established was letrozole is as effective as other methods of ovulation induction. Further randomizedcontrolled studies are warranted to define more clearly the efficacy and safety of letrozole in human reproduction.
Computer games and narrative progression

As one of the more visible manifestations of the boom in new media, computer games have attracted a great deal of attention, both from the popular press, and from academics. In the case of the former, much of this coverage has focussed on the perceived danger games pose to the young mind, whether that danger be physical (in terms of bodily atrophy due to inactivity) or social (in terms of anti-social and even violent behaviour, caused by exposure to specific types of content). The massacre at Columbine High School in the United States seems to have further fuelled these fears, with several stories focusing on the fact that the killers were both players of violent video games (Dickinson 1999; Hansen 1999). These concerns have also found their way into political circles, promoting a seemingly endless cycle of inquiries and reports (for example, see Durkin 1995; Durkin and Aisbett 1999).
REDUCTION OF MICROORGANISMS IN MARINATED POULTRY BREAST USING OREGANO ESSENTIAL OIL AND POWER ULTRASOUND

Marinated chicken meat is an ideal substrate for the growth of microorganisms. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of high-intensity ultrasound on the microbial fl ora of chicken meat marinated in oregano oil. Three concentrations of oregano oil (0%, 0.1%, and 0.3%) and two types of marination (traditional and highintensity ultrasound) were tested. Microorganisms were enumerated immediately after marination and on 7, 14, and 21 days of chilled storage. Marination in oregano oil resulted in signifi cant differences (P<0.05) in the numbers of anaerobic, lactic acid bacteria, and mesophiles. Ultrasound with 0.1% OEO did not show any effect on the three types of bacteria. The treatment with 0.3% oregano oil and ultrasound had the greatest effect on controlling microbial growth. Therefore, a combination of ultrasound and oregano oil is the most appropriate option for reducing the growth of mesophilic, anaerobic, and lactic acid bacteria in vacuum-packed marinated chicken breasts during chilled storage.