Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human Conscious Experience is Four-Dimensional and has a Neural Correlate Modeled by Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity

In humans, knowing the world occurs through spatial-temporal experiences and interpretations. Conscious experience is the direct observation of conscious events. It makes up the content of consciousness. Conscious experience is organized in four dimensions. It is an orientation in space and time and an understanding of the position of the observer in space and time. A neural correlate for four-dimensional conscious experience has been found in the human brain which is modeled by Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity. Spacetime intervals are fundamentally involved in the organization of coherent conscious experiences. They account for why conscious experience appears to us the way it does. They also account for assessment of causality and past-future relationships, the integration of higher cognitive functions, and the implementation of goal-directed behaviors. Spacetime intervals in effect compose and direct our conscious life. The relativistic concept closes the explanatory gap and solves the hard problem of consciousness (how something subjective like conscious experience can arise in something physical like the brain). There is a place in physics for consciousness. We describe all physical phenomena through conscious experience, whether they be described at the quantum level or classical level. Since spacetime intervals direct the formation of all conscious experiences and all physical phenomena are described through conscious experience, the equation formulating spacetime intervals contains the information from which all observable phenomena may be deduced. It might therefore be considered expression of a theory of everything.
High-quality all-oxide Schottky junctions fabricated on heavily doped Nb: SrTiO3 substrates

We present a detailed investigation of the electrical properties of epitaxial ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.3}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}∕\mathrm{Sr}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{0.98}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{0.02}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ Schottky junctions. A fabrication process that allows reduction of the junction dimensions to current electronic device size has been employed. A heavily doped semiconductor has been used as a substrate in order to suppress its series resistance. We show that, unlike standard semiconductors, high-quality oxide-based Schottky junctions maintain a highly rectifying behavior for doping concentration of the semiconductor larger than ${10}^{20}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Moreover, the junctions show hysteretic current-voltage characteristics.
Cayley Digraphs of Matrix Rings over Finite Fields

We use the \emph{unit-graphs} and the \emph{special unit-digraphs} on matrix rings to show that every $n \times n$ nonzero matrix over $\Bbb F_q$ can be written as a sum of two $\operatorname{SL}_n$-matrices when $n>1$. We compute the eigenvalues of these graphs in terms of Kloosterman sums and study their spectral properties; and prove that if $X$ is a subset of $\operatorname{Mat}_2 (\Bbb F_q)$ with size $|X| > \frac{2 q^3 \sqrt{q}}{q - 1}$, then $X$ contains at least two distinct matrices whose difference has determinant $\alpha$ for any $\alpha \in \Bbb F_q^{\ast}$. Using this result we also prove a sum-product type result: if $A,B,C,D \subseteq \Bbb F_q$ satisfy $\sqrt[4]{|A||B||C||D|}= \Omega (q^{0.75})$ as $q \rightarrow \infty$, then $(A - B)(C - D)$ equals all of $\Bbb F_q$. In particular, if $A$ is a subset of $\Bbb F_q$ with cardinality $|A| > \frac{3} {2} q^{\frac{3}{4}}$, then the subset $(A - A) (A - A)$ equals all of $\Bbb F_q$. We also recover a classical result: every element in any finite ring of odd order can be written as the sum of two units.
We are not the 99 percent: quantifying asphericity in the distribution of Local Group satellites

We use simulations to build an analytic probability distribution for the asphericity in the satellite distribution around Local Group (LG) type galaxies in the Lambda Cold Dark Matter (LCDM) paradigm. We use this distribution to estimate the atypicality of the satellite distributions in the LG even when the underlying simulations do not have enough systems fully resembling the LG in terms of its typical masses, separation and kinematics. We demonstrate the method using three different simulations (Illustris-1, Illustris-1-Dark and ELVIS) and a number of satellites ranging from 11 to 15. Detailed results differ greatly among the simulations suggesting a strong influence of the typical DM halo mass, the number of satellites and the simulated baryonic effects. However, there are three common trends. First, at most $2\%$ of the pairs are expected to have satellite distributions with the same asphericity as the LG; second, at most $80\%$ of the pairs have a halo with a satellite distribution as aspherical as in M31; and third, at most $4\%$ of the pairs have a halo with satellite distribution as planar as in the MW. These quantitative results place the LG at the level of a $3\sigma$ outlier in the LCDM paradigm. We suggest that understanding the reasons for this atypicality requires quantifying the asphericity probability distribution as a function of halo mass and large scale environment. The approach presented here can facilitate that kind of study and other comparisons between different numerical setups and choices to study satellites around LG pairs in simulations.
ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES IN UTERINE TISSUES OF BITCHES WITH PYOMETRA

The aim of the study was to determine the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase, and catalase in the uterine tissues of bitches with pyometra. The uterus from 11 bitches with pyometra and from 18 healthy bitches, which had undergone sterilisation (controls), were used. The activities of enzymes were determined in uterine tissue homogenisates using spectrophotometric methods. Lower GSH-Px activities in the uterine tissues of bitches with pyometra indicate deteriorated capacities of cells to protect against ROS and suggest possible involvement of oxidative stress in the aetiology and pathogenesis of pyometra. Further studies, however, are required to thoroughly elucidate this issue.
How Country-Level Corporate Governance Impacts Information Environment. Using a New Model with More Forecast Properties

Financial analyst forecast properties are often used to measure the information environment (IE) within which firms operate. The three most common analyst proxies for IE are analyst following, analyst forecast accuracy, and analyst forecast dispersion. Research using these forecast properties indicates that country-level corporate governance (CCG) positively affects IE. However, consider that analyst properties are determined by both public and private information and that these proxies do not enable determining these two dimensions; even so, they can be interpreted as a rough proxy for IE, in particular because there are models that measure the proportion and precision of private information, the precision of public information and the precision of total information using analyst data. We claim that it is especially important to understand these dimensions and that the relationship between CCG and IE has not been fully investigated. The aim of this paper is therefore to investigate this relationship more thoroughly using a new model as a proxy for firms’ IE. We use a worldwide sample, and our results show that higher levels of CCG significantly and positively affect IE. Greater CCG improves the precision of both public and total information. Additionally, our results indicate that precision in private information is unaffected by greater CCG and that analysts use relatively less private information in their forecasts with increased CCG. We can therefore conclude a generally positive relationship between CCG and IE with improved public information.
Indian classical dance action identification using adaptive graph matching from unconstrained videos

Extracting and recognizing complex human movements from unconstraint online video sequence is a challenging task. In this work the problem becomes complicated by the use of unconstraint video sequences belonging to Indian classical dance forms. A new segmentation model is developed using discrete wavelet transform and local binary pattern features for segmentation. We also explore multiple feature fusion models with early fusion and late fusion techniques for improving the classification process. The extracted features were represented as a graph and a novel adaptive graph matching algorithm is proposed. We test the algorithms on online dance videos and on an Indian classical dance dataset prepared in our lab. The algorithms were tested for accuracy and correctness in identifying the dance postures.
Migration and Related Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated with Unavoidable Increments of Tuberculosis Morbid Indicators in Kuwait

“5 million lives can be saved between now and 2015 by fully funding and implementing the Global Plan to Stop TB 2011-2015” (WHO 2011). Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major public health problem and is associated with worldwide demographic infra-structure changes, which can reflect the disease prevalence and mortality especially among foreign-born residents and new immigrants from TB-endemic regions. The World Health Organization (WHO) has considered tuberculosis to be a global, contagious, epidemic, public health emergency since 1993. Objective: This work assesses and retrospectively presents a descriptive analysis the epidemiological trends of tuberculosis morbid indicators and related fatality by gender and nationality which is associated with international migration into Kuwait. Methodology: Demographic data were obtained from the authorized Kuwaiti national records over a 29-year-period (1984-2012). Results: Non-Kuwaitis had higher TB morbidity and mortality rates than Kuwaitis and also male rates were comparatively higher than those of female. Since 2004 re-increment of all morbid trends was observed. Conclusions: TB became a disease of specific subgroups in Kuwait (low incidence country) which requires focused interventions on expatriates from various ‘at risk’ geographic localities. Overcoming higher rates of TB morbidity and mortality of non-Kuwaitis’ in comparison to those of Kuwaitis’ constitute a public health challenge that deserves urgent evaluation, developing a new health policy and re-structuring of the tuberculosis control program to reduce the burden of tuberculosis in Kuwait.
Measuring market power in the Mongolian banking sector

This paper measures market power in the Mongolian banking sector using bank-level panel data for commercial banks over the period of 1999-2006. The authors show that both the monopoly hypothesis and the perfect competition hypothesis are rejected and that the Mongolian banking sector is instead characterized by monopolistic competition. The results thus show that the Mongolian banking sector is more competitive than market concentration measures may suggest. The authors infer that privatization and the introduction of foreign ownership in the market contributed to the result.
Comparison of DTPA and resin extractable soil Zn to plant Zn uptake

Abstract Extraction of soil zinc with routine chemical extractants does not always reflect differences in Zn availability as detected by plant uptake. This study was undertaken to explore and compare the use of an ion exchange resin and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) for extracting soil Zn as related to plant Zn uptake. Beans were grown in 1989 following differential cropping with corn and beans or fallow in 1988 on a Portneuf silt loam near Kimberly, Idaho. Two Zn fertilizer treatments were imposed across previous cropping treatments. A batch method for determining resin extractable soil Zn was established. Both plant Zn concentration and Zn uptake by beans in 1989 were significantly higher in Zn fertilized than unfertilized treatments regardless of previous crop; and higher in plots previously cropped with corn than beans or fallow, regardless of Zn treatment. DTPA and resin extractable soil Zn were significantly higher in Zn fertilized plots compared to unfertilized plots but did not differ .
Impact of North Atlantic Current changes on the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean

[1] The impact of North Atlantic Current (NAC) volume, heat, and salt transport variability onto the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean is investigated using numerical hindcast and sensitivity experiments. The ocean-sea ice model reproduces observed propagation pathways and speeds of SST anomalies. Signals reaching the entrance to the Nordic Seas between Iceland and Scotland originate partly in the lower-latitude North Atlantic. Response experiments with different prescribed conditions at 50°N show that changes in the barotropic flow across 50°N have no impact on the seas north of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge because of the strong deformation of the f/H field. A temperature anomaly inserted in the upper 500 m at 50°N, on the other hand, has a widespread effect on the temperature distribution and the circulation in the high-latitude North Atlantic. NAC induced variability in the Nordic Seas and locally induced variability have similar magnitude. The local atmospheric influence and the complexity of North Atlantic-Nordic Seas advection pathways make it unlikely that detection of signal propagation in the NAC could lead to a prediction of oceanic conditions in the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean with several years lead time.
Modeling the reconstructed BAO in Fourier space

The density field reconstruction technique, which was developed to partially reverse the nonlinear degradation of the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) feature in the galaxy redshift surveys, has been successful in substantially improving the cosmology constraints from recent galaxy surveys such as Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). We estimate the efficiency of the reconstruction method as a function of various reconstruction details. To directly quantify the BAO information in nonlinear density fields before and after reconstruction, we calculate the cross-correlations (i.e., propagators) of the pre(post)-reconstructed density field with the initial linear field using a mock galaxy sample that is designed to mimic the clustering of the BOSS CMASS galaxies. The results directly provide the BAO damping as a function of wavenumber that can be implemented into the Fisher matrix analysis. We focus on investigating the dependence of the propagator on a choice of smoothing filters and on two major different conventions of the redshift-space density field reconstruction that have been used in literature. By estimating the BAO signal-to-noise for each case, we predict constraints on the angular diameter distance and Hubble parameter using the Fisher matrix analysis. We thus determine an optimal Gaussian smoothing filter scale for the signal-to-noise level of the BOSS CMASS. We also present appropriate BAO fitting models for different reconstruction methods based on the first and second order Lagrangian perturbation theory in Fourier space. Using the mock data, we show that the modified BAO fitting model can substantially improve the accuracy of the BAO position in the best fits as well as the goodness of the fits.
Can Carbon Credit Reduce Switchgrass Breakeven Price

This paper estimates the farmgate and delivered price of the bioenergy crop switchgrass with and without the presence of carbon credit. A biophysical model EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) is used to simulate the feedstock yields and the amount of carbon sequestration for land capability class I, II, and III in several counties of Oklahoma, U.S.A. The centroid of land capability class in each county within the surrounding of the potential hypothetical biorefinery is estimated and used to determine the delivered switchgrass price. Three hypothetical carbon credit rates: $20 Mg-1, $30 Mg-1, and $40 Mg-1 are used to estimate the breakeven price of switchgrass. Results suggest that valuing the carbon sequestration in the soil derived from the switchgrass production reduce both the farmgate and delivered costs of switchgrass under all scenarios and the difference between the switchgrass price with and without considering the carbon credits is the highest for the land capability class III.
The Regression Analysis between the Meteorological Synthetic Index Sequence and PM2.5 Concentration

Adapting daily meteorological data provided by China International Exchange Station, and using principal component analysis of meteorological index for dimension reduction comprehensive, the regression analysis model between PM2.5 and comprehensive index is established, by making use of Eviews time series modeling of the comprehensive principal component, finally puts forward opinions and suggestions aim at the regression analysis results of using artificial rainfall to ease haze.
Broad-band emission properties of central engine-powered supernova ejecta interacting with a circumstellar medium

We investigate broad-band emission from supernova ejecta powered by a relativistic wind from a central compact object. A recent two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation studying the dynamical evolution of supernova ejecta with a central energy source has revealed that outermost layers of the ejecta are accelerated to mildly relativistic velocities because of the breakout of a hot bubble driven by the energy injection. The outermost layers decelerate as they sweep a circumstellar medium surrounding the ejecta, leading to the formation of the forward and reverse shocks propagating in the circumstellar medium and the ejecta. While the ejecta continue to release the internal energy as thermal emission from the photosphere, the energy dissipation at the forward and reverse shock fronts gives rise to non-thermal emission. We calculate light curves and spectral energy distributions of thermal and non-thermal emission from central engine powered supernova ejecta embedded in a steady stellar wind with typical mass loss rates for massive stars. The light curves are compared with currently available radio and X-ray observations of hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae, as well as the two well-studied broad-lined Ic supernovae, 1998bw and 2009bb, which exhibit bright radio emission indicating central engine activities. We point out that upper limits on radio luminosities of nearby superluminous supernovae may indicate the injected energy is mainly converted to thermal radiation rather than creating mildly relativistic flows owing to photon diffusion time scales comparable to the injection time scale.
A Measurement Model of Operational Capabilities in Application Software Firms

In recent strategy literatures, operational capabilities in the information technology have been mostly interested among academic scholars since newly developed mobile devices emerged. However, the conceptualization and measurement of operational capabilities in application software firms has little come to attention. The purpose of this study is to propose a measurable model of operational capabilities by conceptualizing, operationalizing, and measuring operational capabilities. Specifically, based upon theoretical and practical literatures, this study seeks to conceptualize a set of capabilities-organizing, managing, and technical capability-that help operating existing capabilities in the application software business. Moreover, it concretizes the construct of operational capabilities with formulating reflective and formative modes, and also certifies their validities through empirical data-driven testing from 227 mobile software developers, sourced from Mac App Store and Google Android Apps. In the measurement model, it results in reflective indicators as first-order model and formative indicators as second-order model using partial least square analysis techniques. Lastly, the author discusses the theoretical and managerial implications and provide some suggestions for the future study.
Comments on N. Steiger et al., “Non-linear retreat of Jakobshavn Isbræ. . . ” https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-151

N. Steiger et al. set up a 1D flowline glacier model of Jakobshavn Isbræ (JI) and perform a sensitivity analysis on various climatic and geometric model input parameters for the glacier’s evolution from the Little Ice Age (LIA) to today and into the future (until 2100). The authors conclude that the fjord and trough geometry are the main controls on the glacier’s retreat history. The question of what controls the retreat of JI and other marine-terminating glaciers in Greenland for the last decades is of great interest for assessments of the present and future mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS). However, I find the present study has several shortcomings, which have to be addressed before the paper can be considered to be ready for publication. My main criticisms are: First, the 1D flowline model used for this study is inadequate to represent JI’s complex flow dynamics, especially for inferring its grounding line position and for assessments of it’s future evolution. Second, the results of the model study carry little to no novelty. Third, the manuscript would benefit of some shortening as well as a clearer structure. I will explain my criticism in more detail below.
Stresa , Italy , 25-27 April 2007 A RECONFIGURABLE IMPEDANCE MATCHING NETWORK EMPLOYING RF-MEMS SWITCHES

We propose the design of a reconfigurable impedance matching network for the lower RF frequency band, based on a developed RF-MEMS technology. The circuit is composed of RF-MEMS ohmic relays, metal-insulatormetal (MIM) capacitors and suspended spiral inductors, all integrated on a high resistivity Silicon substrate. The presented circuit is well-suited for all applications requiring adaptive impedance matching between two in principle unknown cascaded RF-circuits. The fabrication and testing of a monolithic integrated prototype in RFMEMS technology from ITC-irst is currently underway.
Growth and Wage Inequality in a Dual Economy

Who benefits from economic growth? This paper analyses the distributional impact of different types of growth within a two-sector model. The paper first presents necessary and sufficient conditions for unambiguous changes in wage inequality in a dual economy, based on analysis of the entire Lorenz curve. These conditions are then applied to the Harris-Todaro model with an urban non-agricultural sector and rural agriculture. It is shown that capital accumulation or technical progress in agriculture can shift the Lorenz curve inwards and reduce wage inequality, while the effects of development in non-agriculture are typically ambiguous. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd and the Board of Trustees of the Bulletin of Economic Research, 2005.