Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low-resource spoken keyword search strategies in georgian inspired by distinctive feature theory

We present low-resource spoken keyword search (KWS) strategies guided by distinctive feature theory in linguistics to conduct data selection, feature selection, and transcription augmentation. These strategies were employed in the context of the 2016 NIST Open Keyword Search Evaluation (OpenKWS16) using conversational Georgian from the IARPA Babel program. In particular, we elaborate on the following: (1) We exploit glottal-source-related acoustic features that characterize Georgian ejective phonemes ([+constricted glottis], [+raised larynx ejective] specified in distinctive feature theory). These features complement standard acoustic features, leading to a relative fusion gain of 11.9%. (2) We use noisy channel models to incorporate probabilistic phonetic transcriptions from mismatched crowdsourcing to conduct transfer learning to improve KWS for extremely under-resourced conditions (24 min of transcribed Georgian), achieving a relative improvement of 118% over the baseline and a relative fusion gain of 32%. (3) Using distinctive feature analysis, we select a compact subset of source languages used in past evaluations to ensure high phonetic coverage for cross-lingual acoustic modeling when only limited system development time and computational resources are available. This strategy leads to comparable performance to using all available linguistic resources when only 1/3 of the source languages were chosen.
Dietary studies of children from a biracial population: intakes of vitamins in 10- and 13-year-olds.

Impact of vitamin supplements upon dietary intakes of eight vitamins was examined in 10- and 13-year-old children randomly selected from a biracial community, Bogalusa, LA. More younger children reported taking supplements daily (17%) than did adolescents (12%). Over 90% of the children surveyed had dietary intakes of vitamin E and niacin that met or exceeded the RDA. One-half to two-thirds of children using supplements had adequate intakes of ascorbic acid from diet alone. Children who most needed ascorbic acid supplements were the least likely to take them. One-quarter to one-half of the children did not consume the RDA levels of vitamin A, thiamine, and riboflavin. Adolescents had less adequate vitamin A intakes than younger children. In all surveys, a higher proportion of girls than boys had intakes that did not meet the RDA for vitamins B6 and B12. Vitamin intakes of Bogalusa children and adolescents were comparable to other U.S. surveys. Inclusion of vitamin E and niacin in supplements may be unnecessary.
Dorsal column stimulation in pain treatment

ABSTRACT— Thirty‐five patients with chronic pain were treated by electrical stimulation of the dorsal columns through implanted epidural electrodes. In 5, such stimulation had minimal pain‐reducing effect during an immediate postoperative trial period, and the electrodes were removed. In the remaining 30, an electrode system for chronic stimulation was implanted. Four of these died of related or unrelated causes. The electrode system was removed in 2 patients due to infections, and in 1 due to mechanical discomfort. The remaining 23 patients answered a questionnaire concerning the pain reducing effect of stimulation (4–60 months postoperatively, median 15 months). The group as a whole estimated the pain reducing effect of stimulation as weak. Only 10 patients (43.5%) used the stimulator regularly. Even in these patients, the pain‐reducing effect was limited. Chronic back pain after repeated back surgery responded relatively better to stimulation than did the other cases. Phantom limb pain was most resistant. The modest results suggest future restriction on the use of such stimulation.
Broadband Purcell effect: Radiative decay engineering with metamaterials

We show that metamaterials with hyperbolic dispersion support a large number of electromagnetic states that can couple to quantum emitters leading to a broadband Purcell effect. The proposed approach of radiative decay engineering, useful for applications such as single photon sources, fluorescence imaging, biosensing, and single molecule detection, also opens up the possibility of using hyperbolic metamaterials to probe the spontaneous emission properties of atoms and artificial atoms such as quantum dots.
Synaptobrevin binding to synaptophysin: a potential mechanism for controlling the exocytotic fusion machine.

The synaptic vesicle protein synaptobrevin (VAMP) has recently been implicated as one of the key proteins involved in exocytotic membrane fusion. It interacts with the synaptic membrane proteins syntaxin I and synaptosome‐associated protein (SNAP)‐25 to form a complex which precedes exocytosis [Söllner et al. (1993b) Cell, 75, 409‐418]. Here we demonstrate that the majority of synaptobrevin is bound to the vesicle protein synaptophysin in detergent extracts. No syntaxin I was found in this complex when synaptophysin‐specific antibodies were used for immunoprecipitation. Conversely, no synaptophysin was associated with the synaptobrevin‐syntaxin I complex when syntaxin‐specific antibodies were used for immunoprecipitation. Thus, the synaptobrevin pool bound to synaptophysin is not available for binding to syntaxin I and SNAP‐25, and vice versa. Synaptobrevin‐synaptophysin binding was also demonstrated by chemical cross‐linking in isolated nerve terminals. Furthermore, recombinant synaptobrevin II efficiently bound synaptophysin and its isoform synaptoporin, but not the more distantly related synaptic vesicle protein p29. Recombinant synaptobrevin I bound with similar efficiency, whereas the non‐neuronal isoform cellubrevin displayed a lower affinity towards synaptophysin. Treatment with high NaCl concentrations resulted in a dissociation of the synaptobrevin‐synaptophysin complex. In addition, the interaction of synaptobrevin with synaptophysin was irreversibly abolished by low amounts of SDS, while the interaction with syntaxin I was enhanced. We conclude that synaptophysin selectively interacts with synaptobrevin in a complex which excludes the t‐SNAP receptors syntaxin I and SNAP‐25, suggesting a role for synaptophysin in the control of exocytosis.
A balanced level of profilin-1 promotes stemness and tumor-initiating potential of breast cancer cells

ABSTRACT Profilin-1 (Pfn1) is an important actin-regulatory protein that is downregulated in human breast cancer and when forcibly elevated, it suppresses the tumor-initiating ability of triple-negative breast cancer cells. In this study, we demonstrate that Pfn1 overexpression reduces the stem-like phenotype (a key biologic feature associated with higher tumor-initiating potential) of MDA-MB-231 (MDA-231) triple-negative breast cancer cells. Interestingly, the stem-like trait of MDA-231 cells is also attenuated upon depletion of Pfn1. A comparison of cancer stem cell gene (CSC) gene expression signatures between depleted and elevated conditions of Pfn1 further suggest that Pfn1 may be somehow involved in regulating the expression of a few CSC-related genes including MUC1, STAT3, FZD7, and ITGB1. Consistent with the reduced stem-like phenotype associated with loss-of-function of Pfn1, xenograft studies showed lower tumor-initiating frequency of Pfn1-depleted MDA-231 cells compared to their control counterparts. In MMTV:PyMT mouse model, homozygous but not heterozygous deletion of Pfn1 gene leads to severe genetic mosaicism and positive selection of Pfn1-proficient tumor cells further supporting the contention that a complete lack of Pfn1 is likely not conducive for efficient tumor initiation capability of breast cancer cells. In summary, these findings suggest that the maintenance of optimal stemness and tumor-initiating ability of breast cancer cells requires a balanced expression of Pfn1.
Tibial rotation.

The rotation of the tibia and subtalar motion are being taken into account in some of the newer techniques for leg bracing. It is the purpose of this paper to investigate the precise relationship between these two movements. The rotation of the tibia in a horizontal plane, occurring during stance, is rotation about a simple vertical axis to a limited degree only. The major range of tibial rotation is contributed by the subtalar joint which has a compound axis so directed as to produce tibial rotation as a primary movement. It has been customary to view subtalar motion from the aspect of the various planes in which the foot moves during inversion-eversion, i . e . , the frontal, sagittal, and horizontal planes . This, however, is essentially a non-functional concept . When the foot is on the ground, it would be more pertinent to be concerned with what happens to the segment proximal to the subtalar joint—the tibia. During the stance phase, tibial rotation becomes dependent on the motion of the joints between the tibia and the floor . These are primarily: 1. The subtalar (peritalar) joint 2. The ankle joint 3. The mid-tarsal joint The following describes a method for simulating the rotation of the tibia as it occurs in relation to these three joints.
Influence of Cell Shape and Adhesiveness on Stratification and Terminal Differentiation of Human Keratinocytes in Culture

SUMMARY Human epidermal keratinocytes can be grown in culture under conditions in which they assemble a tissue with the same basic organization as normal epidermis. The cells stratify, mitosis is restricted to the basal layer and terminal differentiation occurs as the cells move through the suprabasal layers. Keratinocytes do not have to leave the basal layer in order to undergo terminal differentiation, but the two processes are normally linked, because during terminal differentiation the adhesive affinity of keratinocytes for the culture substratum and for other keratinocytes is reduced. Down-regulation of synthesis of basement membrane components and their receptors may provide the molecular basis for the reduction in cell–substratum adhesiveness. However, the molecules that mediate changes in cohesiveness have not yet been identified. Restriction of substratum contact, so that cells are prevented from spreading, appears to be one signal that induces keratinocytes to stop dividing and undergo terminal differentiation.
Pollen-wall formation in Arum alpinum.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Arum alpinum has a quite uncommon pollen wall. A sporopolleninous ektexine is missing. The outermost pollen wall layer is formed by the endexine which is covered by polysaccharidic ornamentation elements. An ontogenetical investigation was accomplished to clarify pollen-wall development, with special reference to callose and pollen-wall development. METHODS Plants of Arum alpinum grown in their natural habitat were collected once a week within the vegetative period and processed for semi- and ultra-thin sectioning. KEY RESULTS At any stage of pollen-wall formation callose is missing. Microspores are released from the tetrad by invagination of the amoeboid tapetum. The polysaccharidic wall ornamentations are formed by the tapetum. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be no truth in the dogma that callose is essential for microspore separation and release from the tetrad. The lack of callose does not influence fertility but could be the reason for the uncommon pollen wall, where a sporopolleninous ektexine is missing.
YY1 controls Eμ-3'RR DNA loop formation and immunoglobulin heavy chain class switch recombination.

Immunoglobulin heavy chain ( IgH ) class switch recombination (CSR) is a crucial immune function that produces immunoglobulin isotypes with distinct effector functions. [1][1] CSR is initiated by the introduction of double-stranded DNA breaks by activation-induced DNA deaminase (AID) at switch
Nonuniversality in the erosion of tilted landscapes.

The anisotropic model for landscapes erosion proposed by Pastor-Satorras and Rothman [R. Pastor-Satorras and D. H. Rothman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4349 (1998)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.80. 4349] is believed to capture the physics of erosion at intermediate length scale (≲3 km), and to account for the large value of the roughness exponent α observed in real data at this scale. Our study of this model-conducted using the nonperturbative renormalization group-concludes on the nonuniversality of this exponent because of the existence of a line of fixed points. Thus the roughness exponent depends (weakly) on the details of the soil and the erosion mechanisms. We conjecture that this feature, while preserving the generic scaling observed in real data, could explain the wide spectrum of values of α measured for natural landscapes.
Vitamin D deficiency is common in orthopaedic ward staff Powszechny niedobór witaminy D u pracowników oddziału ortopedycznego

Summary introduction. Vitamin D deficiency is common in many populations and its health are not limited to bone. aim. To determine vitamin D concentrations at its minimum in orthopaedic ward staff. Material and methods. In early spring we measured 25(OH)D concentrations in 18 asymptomatic health professionals (nurses and physicians, 10 women, 8 men) 30-55 years of age (aver age 39.8). results. We observed mean vitamin D concentration of 14.25 ng/ml (SD = 5.55, median = 12.85). None of the subjects reached a normal concentration, which means 100% deficiency in this population. conclusions: 1. In a group of physicians and nurses investigated in early spring we observed 100% of subjects with vitamin D deficiency. 2. Vitamin D deficiency is common and easily correctable. Vitamin D supplementation is indicated also in medical profes- sionals.
Interoperability Constraints in Service Selection Algorithms

In Service Oriented Architecture, composite applications are developed by integration of existing, atomic services that may be available in alternative versions realizing the same functionality but having different Quality of Service (QoS) attributes. The development process requires effective service selection algorithms that balance profits and constraints of QoS attributes. Additionally, services operate in a heterogeneous environment, which requires resolution of interoperability issues during integration. In this paper, the author proposes a methodology that introduces interoperability analysis into existing service selection algorithms. Algorithm data structures are extended with additional constraints that represent interoperability for the two considered computational models: the graph-based model and the combinatorial model based on integer linear programming. The extensions enable a straightforward application of a wide range of existing algorithms as the general structure of input data is preserved. As a part of the research, a system that supports development of SOA-based applications was implemented. Chosen service selection algorithms together with appropriate extensions for interoperability analysis were implemented in the system.
Optimizing Query Performance with OLAP to Discovering the Diagnosis of Diabetes

Decision support system to provide On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) techniques are used to provide analysis of data. The major confusion is that when to use Database Queries in Data Mining and when to use On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP). The various purposes according to the retrieved information are used to the different requirements. The purpose of retrieved information might be in various users’ behavior prediction or for the purpose of Decision Support System (DSS) for effective decision making predict patients who might be diagnosed with diabetes. This paper also provides a focused answer using historical data of concerned patients, with an emphasis on their new requirements focus on the step and we propose then the use of AK-Mode algorithm.
Influence of Highlighting, Columns, and Font Size on Visual Search Performance with Respect to on-Screen Chinese Characters

The effects of highlighting conditions were investigated with respect to performance in visual search of on-screen Chinese characters. Five highlighting conditions were used: boldface, underline, character border, italic, and shadow. The text tested was shown in 10-point and 12-point font size and was arranged in two ways, as single and double columns. Analysis of the results showed that the fastest and most accurate searches were performed with bold highlighting and that text arranged in a double column was searched more quickly than text arranged in a single column but that it generated more errors. Analysis also found that 12-point text was faster to search than 10-point text but generated more errors. These findings have implications when text for searches is used in graphical user interfaces.
Dynamical critical behavior of the three-dimensional Heisenberg model.

We have carried out extensive Monte Carlo simulations of the dynamic critical behavior of L×L×L simple-cubic classical Heisenberg models with periodic boundary conditions. The equilibrium relaxation time τ is determined from the long-time exponential decay of the time-displaced correlation function of the magnetization. Using finite-size scaling and corrections to scaling we find that at the critical point T c =(0.6929) -1 , τ grows like τ≃L' with z=1.96(6). In the paramagnetic region we show that the relaxation time is represented by a universal scaling function τL -z vs (T/T c -1)L 1/ν with z=1.96(6)
Temporal Behavior of Intraarticular Gadolinium

Purpose As imaging delays during MR arthrography can result in suboptimal studies and potential pitfalls in diagnosis, we sought to evaluate the temporal behavior of intraarticular Gd-DTPA. Method We prospectively studied four shoulders, four knees, and four hips. Two of each group received either an intraarticular injection of 3 mmol/L Gd-DTPA and iodinated contrast medium or 2 mmol/L Gd-DTPA and 0.9% saline. We measured contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and joint distention on serial T1-weighted sequences. Retrospectively, we measured CNR and imaging delays in 31 MR arthrography patients (20 shoulders, 7 knees, and 4 hips). Results In the shoulder, maximal CNR and joint distention occurred at 15 min. CNR decreased 53% by 1 h. In the knee, maximal distention occurred at 1 h, whereas CNR peaked at 2.75 h and then declined 20 and 86% by 3.5 and 6.25 h, respectively. In the hip, peak CNR and distention occurred at 0.5 h. CNR declined 53% by 2 h. Both contrast mixtures yielded similar results. Conclusion MR arthrography may tolerate imaging delays of 1 h for the shoulder, 2 h for the hip, and 3.5 h for the knee.
16 Targeting EGFR and HER 2 for Molecular Imaging of Cancer

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR, HER1, ErbB1) and human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2, ErbB2) belong to the ErbB family of type I tyrosine kinases (TKs). This family of receptor TKs also includes another two closely related members HER3/ErbB3 and HER4/ErbB4. The general structure of these cell surface receptor proteins contains an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a hydrophobic transmembrane domain, an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain and a non-catalytic carboxyl terminal tail (Ferguson et al., 2000; Kari et al., 2003; Mitsudomi & Yatabe, 2010; Pines et al., 2010). Various ligands for EGFR, HER3 and HER4 have been identified, with EGF the most extensively characterized for its binding and activation of EGFR. These ErbB proteins are present in the plasma membrane as monomers. Upon ligand binding, the ErbB receptors can associate with each other to form different receptor dimers, which may be homodimers (e.g., EGFR-EGFR) or heterodimers (e.g., EGFR-HER2). The dimerization results in the activation of kinase activity and downstream signaling pathways, which often leads to cell proliferation and malignant tumor growth. HER2 is an exception, with no compatible ligand identified. However, it is the preferred heterodimerization partner for all other ErbB members (Mishani & Hagooly, 2009; Niu et al., 2008; Tzahar et al., 1996; Yarden & Sliwkowski, 2001).
In-Depth, Longitudinal Analysis of Viral Quasispecies from an Individual Triply Infected with Late-Stage Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1, Using a Multiple PCR Primer Approach

ABSTRACT Coinfections with more than one human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype appear to be the source of new recombinant strains and may be commonplace in high-risk cohorts exposed to multiple subtypes. Many potential dual infections have been identified during the HIV Superinfection Study in Mbeya, Tanzania, where 600 female bar workers who are highly exposed to subtypes A, C, and D have been evaluated every 3 months for over 3 years by use of the MHAacd HIV-1 genotyping assay. Here we describe an in-depth, longitudinal analysis of the viral quasispecies in a woman who was triply infected with HIV-1 and who developed AIDS and passed away 15 months after enrollment. The MHA results obtained at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months revealed dual-probe reactivities and shifts in subtype over time, indicating a potential dual infection and prompting further investigation. The multiple infection was confirmed by PCR amplification of three genome regions by a multiple primer approach, followed by molecular cloning and sequencing. A highly complex viral quasispecies was found, including several recombinant forms, with vpu/gp120 being the most diverse region. A significant fluctuation in molecular forms over time was observed, showing that the serial sample format is highly desirable, if not essential, for the identification of multiple infections. In a separate experiment, we confirmed that the detection of coinfections is more efficient with the use of multiple amplification primers to overcome the primer bias that results from the enormous diversity in the HIV-1 genome.
Visual adaptation and the relative nature of perception

Our perception is constantly shaped by processes of adaptation that adjust visual sensitivity in response to the images currently before us. Many classic after-effects demonstrate the striking changes in perceived color, form and motion that can result from only brief exposures to simple adapting patterns. But what are the adapting patterns we encounter in everyday viewing, and how do they influence everyday visual judgments? We have examined the states of adaptation induced by the properties of the natural visual environment, and show that they can profoundly affect many natural visual tasks, from color perception to face recognition to the perception of image blur. These sensitivity adjustments are an intrinsic part of the visual response to any stimulus, and presumably functions to match visual coding to the current characteristics of the world. Consequently, how the world looks may-to a surprisingly large extent-depend on what you've recently been looking at.