Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contaminants Analysis of Different Branded and Unbranded Honey of khyber pukhtounkhwa Pakistan

This study presents evaluation of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) and heavy metals (cadmium, manganese, lead, mercury, nickel and cobalt) contamination in branded and unbranded honey. Higher concentration (µg/kg) of heavy metals was found in branded honey as compared to unbranded honey. As in Marhaba, Ni concentration (0.49±0.03) found maximum while Co (0.15±0.02) was lowest. Pb concentration (0.85±0.03) was maximum whereas Cd (0.16±0.03) found lowest in Qarshi. Versatile contains maximum Pb (1.34±0.02) while lowest Cd (0.12±0.02). In Al-hayat Cu concentration (1.23±0.03) was maximum while Pb (0.11±0.03) was lowest. Young's honey contains maximum Ni (2.41±0.01) while lowest Mercury (0.16±0.03). Ni (1.25±0.02) was found maximum and Mn (0.14±0.03) lowest in Pak-salman, whereas in Langness Hg concentration (0.71±0.03) found maximum while Cd (0.13±0.02) was lowest. The contamination level of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) was also evaluated in both types of honey. Minimum level of aflatoxins were detected in branded and unbranded honey sample are B1and B2 such as (2.14, 1.25) and maximum concentration are (2.33, 2.15) respectively. It is concluded that contaminants are less as compare to the reported values so mostly the honey produces in Khyber pakhtunkhwa are good for use and export can be enhanced. ( KhaliqurRahman, Imdadullah muhammadzai, Arshad Hussain, HalimurRahman, Javid Ali. Contaminants Analysis of Different Branded and Unbranded Honey of khyber pukhtounkhwa Pakistan. Life Sci J 2014;11(3s):227-231). (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite. com . 34
Incorporating Location in ArgumentStructure: The Lubukusu Locative Clitic

This paper examines the morphosyntax of this locative clitic, describing the syntactic contexts in which it is licensed (§2) in addition to examining its various lexical restrictions (§3). Section 4 then proposes a syntactic projection (termed ‘Location Phrase’) in order to account for both the syntactic and lexical-semantic properties of the clitic. Before this, however, the following sub-sections provide some relevant background on basic Lubukusu morphosyntax and the existing research on Bantu cliticlike elements.
Brief Announcement: A Memory Optimized Architecture for Multi-Field Packet Classification

The high-performance hardware architectures for multi-field packet classification have been studied over the past decade. Although many FPGA-based solutions can achieve very high throughput, the limited FPGA resources severely hinders the scalability of the rulesets or matching fields. To address this issue, we present a parallel architecture named Wildcard-removed Two-dimensional Pipeline (WeeTP) to save memory usage of wildcards and reduce logic resources. WeeTP uses the Maximum Wildcard Overlap (MWO) algorithm to maximize the compression percentage by rearranging the ruleset. We implement and evaluate WeeTP on an Intel STRATIX V FPGA. Experimental results show that our approach can save 37% and 41% memory consumption on average for real 5-tuple rules and OpenFlow rules, respectively. CCS CONCEPTS • Networks → Packet classification.
CULTIVATION AND MAINTENANCE OF CYANOBACTERIAL CULTURES UNDER VARIOUS STRESSES

Environmental pollution has been very damaging to ecosystems due to the presence of heavy metals, salt, pesticide and herbicide in agricultural, urban, and industrial wastes. The use of microorganisms and plants for the decontamination of heavy metals has attracted growing attention because of several problems associated with pollutant removal using conventional methods. Metals, salt, pesticide and herbicide can be highly toxic to human and animal health; their jumbled use has serious environmental insinuation. Pesticide contamination in aquatic ecosystem including paddy fields is a serious global environmental concern. Cyanobacteria are also affected by pesticides as nontarget organism. Microorganisms could be used to clean up metal contamination by removing metals from contaminated water and waste streams, sequestering metals from soils and sediments, or solubilizing metals to facilitate their extraction.
Intensive versus standard dose statin therapy: the costs and benefits for patients with acute coronary syndrome

Introduction: Recent NICE guidance in England and Wales states that statin therapy for secondary CVD should "usually be initiated with a drug with a low acquisition cost (taking into account required daily dose and product price per dose)". Intensive dose statin therapy is more costly than standard dose, but offers additional benefits and may potentially be more cost effective for a sub-group of high risk patients. Objective: To determine if the strategy of treating ACS patients with intensive dose statin compared with standard dose statin can be considered to be cost effective and to what extent these results are influenced by the age of the patient at start of treatment. Methods: A Markov model was used to explore the costs and health outcomes associated with a lifetime of intensive dose (represented by 80mg atorvastatin) versus standard dose (represented by 20mg simvastatin) treatment for patients with acute coronary syndrome. Health states included unstable angina, MI, stroke, fatal CHD, fatal stroke, or non vascular death. The benefits associated with statin treatment were modelled by applying the relative risks from a meta-analysis of 4 large RCTs reporting clinical endpoints. Costs and utilities assigned to health states were derived from a review of published evidence. Results: Treatment with intensive dose statin therapy offers additional benefits over standard dose therapy. The cost offsets through avoided events are less than the associated treatment costs and result in a cost per QALY of around £24,000 for patients with ACS starting treatment at 60 years of age and falling to around £14,000 for patients starting treatment at 70 years. The key driver of cost effectiveness is the relative risk for mortality. Conclusions: This analysis suggests that intensive statin regimens (represented by atorvastatin 80mg/day) are cost effective compared with standard statin regimens (represented by simvastatin 20mg/day) for patients with ACS over the age of 60 years. A recent registry study reports a mean age of 70 years for ACS patients admitted to UK hospitals and hence this comparison applies to the great majority of ACS patients.
Natural and anthropogenic methane fluxes in Eurasia: a mesoscale quantification by generalized atmospheric inversion

Abstract. Eight surface observation sites providing quasi-continuous measurements of atmospheric methane mixing ratios have been operated since the mid-2000's in Siberia. For the first time in a single work, we assimilate 1 year of these in situ observations in an atmospheric inversion. Our objective is to quantify methane surface fluxes from anthropogenic and wetland sources at the mesoscale in the Siberian lowlands for the year 2010. To do so, we first inquire about the way the inversion uses the observations and the way the fluxes are constrained by the observation sites. As atmospheric inversions at the mesoscale suffer from mis-quantified sources of uncertainties, we follow recent innovations in inversion techniques and use a new inversion approach which quantifies the uncertainties more objectively than the previous inversion systems. We find that, due to errors in the representation of the atmospheric transport and redundant pieces of information, only one observation every few days is found valuable by the inversion. The remaining high-resolution quasi-continuous signal is representative of very local emission patterns difficult to analyse with a mesoscale system. An analysis of the use of information by the inversion also reveals that the observation sites constrain methane emissions within a radius of 500 km. More observation sites than the ones currently in operation are then necessary to constrain the whole Siberian lowlands. Still, the fluxes within the constrained areas are quantified with objectified uncertainties. Finally, the tolerance intervals for posterior methane fluxes are of roughly 20 % (resp. 50 %) of the fluxes for anthropogenic (resp. wetland) sources. About 50–70 % of Siberian lowlands emissions are constrained by the inversion on average on an annual basis. Extrapolating the figures on the constrained areas to the whole Siberian lowlands, we find a regional methane budget of 5–28 TgCH4 for the year 2010, i.e. 1–5 % of the global methane emissions. As very few in situ observations are available in the region of interest, observations of methane total columns from the Greenhouse Gas Observing SATellite (GOSAT) are tentatively used for the evaluation of the inversion results, but they exhibit only a marginal signal from the fluxes within the region of interest.
Axion minicluster power spectrum and mass function

When Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry breaking happens after inflation, the axion field takes random values in causally disconnected regions. This leads to fluctuations of order one in the axion energy density around the QCD epoch. These over-densities eventually decouple from the Hubble expansion and form so-called miniclusters. We present a semi-analytical method to calculate the average axion energy density, as well as the power spectrum, from the re-alignment mechanism in this scenario. Furthermore, we develop a modified Press & Schechter approach, suitable to describe the collapse of non-linear density fluctuations during radiation domination, which is relevant for the formation of axion miniclusters. It allows us to calculate the double differential distribution of gravitationally collapsed miniclusters as a function of their mass and size. For instance, assuming a PQ scale of 1011 GeV, minicluster masses range from about 5 × 10−16 to 3 × 10−13 solar masses and have sizes from about 4× 104 to 7× 105 km at the time they start to collapse.
Inflation Dynamics in the U.S.: Global but Not Local Mean Reversion

A stylized fact of U.S. inflation dynamics is one of extreme persistence and possible unit root behavior. If so, the implications for macroeconomics and monetary policy are somewhat unpalatable. Our econometric analysis proposes a parsimonious univariate representation of the inflation process for the last 60 years, the nonlinear exponential smooth autoregressive. The empirical results confirm a number of the key features such as global stationarity, local unit root behavior, and lower persistence in the post-1983 period than in the pre-1983 period. We compare the forecasting ability of our model with that of competing univariate models and find that the nonlinear model outperforms the linear autoregressive model in the pre-1983 period and the random walk in the post-1983 period at short horizons.
On the difficulty of presenting finitely presentable groups

We exhibit classes of groups in which the word problem is uniformly solvable but in which there is no algorithm that can compute finite presentations for finitely presentable subgroups. Direct products of hyperbolic groups, groups of integer matrices, and right-angled Coxeter groups form such classes. We discuss related classes of groups in which there does exist an algorithm to compute finite presentations for finitely presentable subgroups. We also construct a finitely presented group that has a polynomial Dehn function but in which there is no algorithm to compute the first Betti number of its finitely presentable subgroups.
Calving time and foetus growth among wild reindeer in Norway

Mean calving dates among 7 wild reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus) herds in southern Norway varied between the 6th and the 27th of May. Ln transformed foetus weights relate linearly to ln age in days. Regression analyzes based upon 225 days pregnancy predicts birth wet weights between 4600 and 7500 g in the different areas and years. At 130 days, foetus weights varied between 547 and 746 g (mean=681, standard deviation s=63) in all areas and years, indicating that foetus growth up to this size is independent of mothers body weight or condition. During the remaining 95 days of pregnancy, very poor body condition, reflected in dressed weights, resulted in slower foetus growth and smaller regression estimated birth weights. The foetus weight variation recorded at similar dates within areas and sampling years indicates a dispersed breeding time mostly within two ovulations. A small sample of foetuses from pregnant yearlings and calves indicate that these cohorts conceive later than 2 yr + females. Assuming similar foetus growth pattern among all female age cohorts within areas, yearlings conceive around 1 week later and calves (in Ottadalen) more than 3 weeks later than 2 + yr olds.
Metoprolol, N-Acetylcysteine, and Escitalopram Prevents Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depression by Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

Background: Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) has been recently suggested to be activated in the major depressive disorder (MDD). However, whether ERS is a potential therapeutic target for MDD is largely unknown. Here we attempted to assess the preventive effect of metoprolol (MET), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and escitalopram (ESC) on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression and investigate whether ERS mediates the antidepressant role of these drugs. Method: Forty-five sprague-dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, CUMS, CUMS+ESC, CUMS+NAC, and CUMS+MET. Weight measurement, open field activity and sucrose preference were performed before and after stress. Hippocampal nerve cells and capillary ultrastructure were observed by transmission electron microscope, and hippocampal cells apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. Furthermore, expression of ERS markers glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), and caspase-12 were measured by western blot and qRT-PCR. Results: The CUMS-induced rats showed significantly increased depressive-like behaviors including decreased open field activity and sucrose preference. Moreover, CUMS-exposed rats exhibited significantly increased hippocampal cell apoptosis, and showed damage in hippocampal nerve cells and capillary ultrastructure. Furthermore, ESC and NAC not only mitigated depressive-like behaviors, but also decreased apoptosis and pathologies, while MET fail to decrease apoptosis. Moreover, CUMS stimulation significantly elevated ERS by increasing the levels of GRP78, CHOP, and decreasing the level of caspase-12, while ESC, NAC, and MET significantly decreased the ERS. Conclusion: ESC, NAC, and MET might prevent the MDD partly through inactivating the ERS. These findings demonstrated ERS as a novel treatment target for depression.
Ecology of the Northern Goshawk in Fennoscandia

We reviewed studies on the Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) carried out in northern Europe (Fennoscandia) since the 1950s concerning the following: diet composition, breeding performance, movements, home range, survival, and population trends. Goshawks feed mainly on forest grouse throughout the year in boreal forests but rely more on Ring-necked Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) and hares (Lepus spp.) in mixed deciduous-coniferous forests in southern Fennoscandia. Breeding density of the goshawks varies from one–fi ve pairs/100 km, on average three pairs/100 km. Mean clutch size (3.5), brood size (2.8), and productivity of fl edglings (2) per occupied territory have remained stable over the decades irrespective of the decline of the forest grouse. Proportion of grouse in the diet as well as breeding output closely followed the density of grouse during the1950s–1970s with relatively dense grouse populations but this close connection has recently disappeared, probably due to a decline of grouse and disappearance of their multi-annual cycles. Goshawks are the most important cause of mortality among forest grouse, and grouse density, in turn, affects the dispersal distances of juvenile goshawks. Because of the narrower diet width of males compared to that of females, males tend to move over longer distances than females. Among adults, females move more than males, like in other raptors. Median distances moved by juveniles range from 50–100 km but some individuals can travel up to >1,000 km. After the dispersal phase, juveniles tend to establish more or less stable ranges before moving to the fi nal breeding range. Not much is known about the site tenacity of breeders but in good conditions males, at least, likely remain on their territories throughout their life. Winter range size varies from 2,000–10,000 ha depending on sex, age, and the quality of the habitat or of the prey size. Juvenile males suffer from higher mortality than juvenile females but this difference disappears by the third year of life. Based on fi eld studies and museum data, roughly one-third of juvenile hawks succumb because of starvation, one-third of trauma or trauma and starvation-disease, and one-fi fth to one-third are killed by hunters. Productivity of goshawk populations has not changed during the years of declining trends found in many local studies, which may indicate an increased adult mortality. Annual mortality among the adults may likely not exceed 30% without a decline of the breeding population. The ultimate reason behind declining goshawk populations is likely the change in the forest bird community due to intensifi ed forestry which has negatively affected the populations of main prey, forest grouse. Problems in nourishment of goshawks occur during the winter after migratory birds have moved to south.
Very Large Array Ammonia Observations of the HH 111/HH 121 Protostellar System: A Detection of a New Source with a Peculiar Chemistry

We present the results of Very Large Array NH3 ( J , K ) = ( 1 , 1 ) and ( 2 , 2 ) observations of the HH 111/HH 121 protostellar system. HH 111, with a spectacular collimated optical jet, is one of the most well-known Herbig–Haro objects. We report the detection of a new source, NH3–S, in the vicinity of HH 111/HH 121 (∼0.03 pc from the HH 111 jet source) in two epochs of the ammonia observations. This constitutes the first detection of this source, in a region that has been thoroughly covered previously by both continuum and spectral line interferometric observations. We study the kinematic and physical properties of HH 111 and the newly discovered NH3–S. We also use HCO+ and HCN ( J = 4 − 3 ) data obtained with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope and archival Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array 13CO, 12CO, and C18O ( J = 2 − 1 ) , N2D+ ( J = 3 − 2 ) , and 13CS ( J = 5 − 4 ) data to gain insight into the nature of NH3–S. The chemical structure of NH3–S shows evidence for “selective freeze-out,” an inherent characteristic of dense cold cores. The inner part of NH3–S shows subsonic nonthermal velocity dispersions indicating a “coherent core,” while they increase in the direction of the jets. Archival near- to far-infrared data show no indication of any embedded source in NH3–S. The properties of NH3–S and its location in the infrared dark cloud suggest that it is a starless core located in a turbulent medium, with the turbulence induced by Herbig–Haro jets and associated outflows. More data are needed to fully understand the physical and chemical properties of NH3–S and if/how its evolution is affected by nearby jets.
Food or Fuel? Trade-offs between food and biofuels globally and in small-scale organic agriculture

There are great expectations on agriculture to provide both food and fuels in the future. Previous attempts to estimate the global bioenergy potential have produced varying results, indicating major uncertainty. This thesis investigated the global theoretical ‘potential’, or limit, for biofuels based on current agricultural systems. The results showed that use of edible crops for biofuels in the current global food system would lead to a global deficit of food. Producing biofuels from residues also proved to have uncertain ‘potential’ and could not exceed 8 x 10 TWh. Despite the global limitations of biofuel production in the current food system, agriculture is essentially the only truly indispensable sector and may need to be independent of fossil fuels in the future due to depletion of these resources. Therefore a small-scale, low-input food system was studied to examine the effects of fuel selfsufficiency in farm work on food production and nutrient fluxes. It was found that using wheat or potatoes for ethanol production lowered food production by 23% and 18%, respectively, compared with the reference scenario of conventional diesel. The least impact on food production (94% of the reference scenario) was obtained by combining a draught horse and cold-pressed rapeseed oil produced on-farm. By producing the fuel on-farm, a larger degree of nutrient recycling could be obtained. The draught horse-rapeseed oil scenario had only a small phosphorus (P) deficit, but the potassium (K) deficit was significant in all scenarios except when potatoes were used for ethanol production. Potassium deficiency is not a problem on soils formed on sedimentary clay in Sweden, but for such alternative fuel system to be viable in other regions, some solution for recycling K will be increasingly required. Nitrogen (N) level was maintained in all scenarios due to the inclusion of N-fixing leys. The P level can be maintained in arable fields if bones are recycled. However, nutrients, especially K, are also moved from meadow to cropland.
Nanosecond pulsed laser generation of holographic structures on metals

A laser-based process for the generation of phase holographic structures directly onto the surface of metals is presented. This process uses 35ns long laser pulses of wavelength 355nm to generate optically-smooth surface deformations on a metal. The laser-induced surface deformations (LISDs) are produced by either localized laser melting or the combination of melting and evaporation. The geometry (shape and dimension) of the LISDs depends on the laser processing parameters, in particular the pulse energy, as well as on the chemical composition of a metal. In this paper, we explain the mechanism of the LISDs formation on various metals, such as stainless steel, pure nickel and nickel-chromium Inconel® alloys. In addition, we provide information about the design and fabrication process of the phase holographic structures and demonstrate their use as robust markings for the identification and traceability of high value metal goods.
Immediate effect of intertidal non-mechanised cockle harvesting on macrobenthic communities: a comparative study

In Ria Formosa cockles ( Cerastoderma edule ) have traditionally been harvested with a harvesting-knife (HK). However, over the last six years there has been an increase in the use of a hand-dredge (HD) to exploit cockle beds. A comparative study on the impact of these harvesting methods on the benthic macrofauna was undertaken with the aim of evaluating the possible introduction of the hand-dredge in the fishery. Macrofaunal mortality was very low regardless of the gear. However, the total mortality resulting from using the HK was superior to the one observed for the HD. For the same fishing time the hand-dredge covers an area approximately five times greater that the one covered by the knife, with the former yielding 5 times the catch of the latter. Consequently, the use of hand-dredges increases the fishing effort, which may lead to the overexploitation of the cockle populations. Our results revealed that the immediate effect of both gears on macrobenthic communities was similar and minimal. Therefore, we believe that introducing the hand-dredge in the cockle fishery should only be authorised if other management measures, such as daily quotas, closed areas and limiting the number of fishing licenses, are implemented.