Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
National estimates of insulin-related hypoglycemia and errors leading to emergency department visits and hospitalizations.

IMPORTANCE Detailed, nationally representative data describing high-risk populations and circumstances involved in insulin-related hypoglycemia and errors (IHEs) can inform approaches to individualizing glycemic targets. OBJECTIVE To describe the US burden, rates, and characteristics of emergency department (ED) visits and emergency hospitalizations for IHEs. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Nationally representative public health surveillance of adverse drug events among insulin-treated patients seeking ED care (National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-Cooperative Adverse Drug Event Surveillance project) and a national household survey of insulin use (the National Health Interview Survey) were used to obtain data from January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2011. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Estimated annual numbers and estimated annual rates of ED visits and hospitalizations for IHEs among insulin-treated patients with diabetes mellitus. RESULTS Based on 8100 National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-Cooperative Adverse Drug Event Surveillance cases, an estimated 97,648 (95% CI, 64,410-130,887) ED visits for IHEs occurred annually; almost one-third (29.3%; 95% CI, 21.8%-36.8%) resulted in hospitalization. Severe neurologic sequelae were documented in an estimated 60.6% (95% CI, 51.3%-69.9%) of ED visits for IHEs, and blood glucose levels of 50 mg/dL (to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555) or less were recorded in more than half of cases (53.4%). Insulin-treated patients 80 years or older were more than twice as likely to visit the ED (rate ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5-4.3) and nearly 5 times as likely to be subsequently hospitalized (rate ratio, 4.9; 95% CI, 2.6-9.1) for IHEs than those 45 to 64 years. The most commonly identified IHE precipitants were reduced food intake and administration of the wrong insulin product. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Rates of ED visits and subsequent hospitalizations for IHEs were highest in patients 80 years or older; the risks of hypoglycemic sequelae in this age group should be considered in decisions to prescribe and intensify insulin. Meal-planning misadventures and insulin product mix-ups are important targets for hypoglycemia prevention efforts.
Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Italian extra virgin olive oil Monti Iblei.

The profile of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, oxidative stability, and chemical characteristics (free acidity, peroxide value, specific extinction K232 and K270 values, and DeltaK) of 22 commercial extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) samples coming from the denomination of protected origin (DPO) Monti Iblei and obtained from olives harvested in the period September-December 2005 in the production area of the province of Siracusa (Sicily, Italy) were evaluated. The content of total phenols, expressed as gallic acid equivalents, ranged from 14.80 to 121.20 mg/100 g, with a mean value of 53.72 mg/100 g, mainly attributable to deacetoxyligstroside aglycone, deacetoxyoleuropein aglycone, oleuropein aglycone, and ligstroside aglycone. The mean values of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and of oxidative stability were 54.76 and 11.99 hours, respectively. Both TEAC and oxidative stability were positively correlated to the phenol content and to the percentage of inclusion of the olive cultivar "Tonda Iblea. " The high mean content of phenols, besides conferring prolonged oxidative stability, likely confers to the DPO Monti Iblei EVOO marked potential beneficial effects for human health.
Hepatocyte growth factor is essential for migration of myogenic cells and promotes their proliferation during the early periods of tongue morphogenesis in mouse embryos

Temporal and spatial occurrence of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its cognate receptor c‐Met in the mouse mandibular development was investigated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. HGF was first recognized in the mesenchymal cells of the first branchial arch at the 10th day of gestation (E10), before tongue formation, whereas HGF receptor (c‐Met) ‐positive myogenic cells first appeared at E11 in the center of mandibles. By E12, HGF turned to be colocalized with c‐Met in the differentiating tongue myoblasts. Between E14 and E16, HGF disappeared, whereas c‐Met remained, in the tongue myoblasts. The levels of HGF mRNA in the developing tongue decreased in accordance with the increase of desmin mRNA levels from E11 to E17. These in vivo results strongly suggest that the HGF/c‐Met system takes part in the earlier stages of tongue development. To elucidate this hypothesis, the antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide (A‐ODN) for mouse HGF mRNA was added to the organ culture system of mandible with serumless, defined medium. Mandibular arches from E10 mouse embryos were cultured at 37°C for 10 days in the absence or presence of A‐ODN, control (sense) oligonucleotide (C‐ODN), or A‐ODN plus recombinant HGF. In the control mandibular explants cultured without HGF or ODN, the anterior two‐third of the tongue derived from the first branchial arch was formed. It contained abundant desmin‐positive myoblasts and was equivalent to the tongue of E14–E15. In contrast, in the presence of A‐ODN in the medium, neither the swelling nor myogenic cells were found in the tongue‐forming region of explants, and myogenic cells accumulated behind the tongue‐forming region. Such dysplasia of tongue was never induced in the presence of C‐ODN or A‐ODN plus recombinant HGF in the medium. The effect of A‐ODN appeared to be developmental stage‐specific, because tongue dysplasia occurred when A‐ODN was present during the earlier 4 days but not during the later 4 days of the culture. Furthermore, recombinant HGF added to the culture without ODNs during the earlier 4 days caused elevation in the number of mitotic myoblasts. These results suggest that HGF regulates both the migration and proliferation of myogenic cells during the earlier stages of tongue development. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glomerulonephritis and Cellular Regulation of Prostaglandin Synthesis

Prostaglandins, hormone-like substances initially isolated from human semen in 1930, got their name from the presumption that they predominately come from the prostate gland (von Euler 1936). In fact, prostaglandins are lipid mediators generated by a wide variety of cell types and tissues. Being derivatives of 20 carbon fatty acids, their common feature is 20carbon skeleton which includes 5-member carbon ring. Prostaglandins are major players in human physiology in both healthiness and illness and are key molecules in the generation of the inflammatory response (Miller 2006). Their synthesis is drastically increased in inflamed tissue and prostaglandin-mediated signaling contributes to the development of acute inflammation (Ricciotti and Fitzgerald 2011). Prostaglandins regulate a number of principal signal transduction pathways that modulate progression of renal diseases: cellular adhesion, growth, and differentiation. Cyclooxygenases (also termed PGH2 synthases) are key enzymes in the production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid and an immediate product of cyclooxygenase activity, prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), is used as a substrate by a number of terminal prostaglandinand thromboxane synthases to produce a whole series of potent bioactive prostanoids. Multiple extracellular mitogens, including PDGF and endothelins, are involved in the pathogenesis of proliferative forms of glomerulonephritis. They share ability to induce Cox-2 expression in glomerular cells resulting in the release of prostanoids, with PGE2 being a major prostaglandin produced by renal cells. Selective Cox-2 inhibitors have an anti-inflammation effect and reduce manifestation of experimental membranous glomerulonephritis. This chapter will discuss the role of prostaglandin synthesis and signaling via specific prostaglandin receptors in the progression of different types of glomerulonephritis.
Antibodies with specificity to native gp120 and neutralization activity against primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates elicited by immunization with oligomeric gp160

Current human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope vaccine candidates elicit high antibody binding titers with neutralizing activity against T-cell line-adapted but not primary HIV-1 isolates. Serum antibodies from these human vaccine recipients were also found to be preferentially directed to linear epitopes within gp120 that are poorly exposed on native gp120. Systemic immunization of rabbits with an affinity-purified oligomeric gp160 protein formulated with either Alhydrogel or monophosphoryl lipid A-containing adjuvants resulted in the induction of high-titered serum antibodies that preferentially bound epitopes exposed on native forms of gp120 and gp160, recognized a restricted number of linear epitopes, efficiently bound heterologous strains of monomeric gp120 and cell surface-expressed oligomeric gp120/gp41, and neutralized several strains of T-cell line-adapted HIV-1. Additionally, those immune sera with the highest oligomeric gp160 antibody binding titers had neutralizing activity against some primary HIV-1 isolates, using phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell targets. Induction of an antibody response preferentially reactive with natively folded gp120/gp160 was dependent on the tertiary structure of the HIV-1 envelope immunogen as well as its adjuvant formulation, route of administration, and number of immunizations administered. These studies demonstrate the capacity of a soluble HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein vaccine to elicit an antibody response capable of neutralizing primary HIV-1 isolates.
Development and validation of the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessment Questionnaire (COPD-AQ).

AIMS To develop a practical patient-completed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment questionnaire (COPD-AQ) to improve COPD assessment and management in primary care, based on the concept of COPD stability. METHODS An Expert Working Group defined parameters of COPD stability and a 10-item Physician's Global Assessment was established. A 21-item COPD-AQ was developed and validated in a cross-sectional, non-randomised study of patients with COPD (n=395). Items most discriminative of stability status (stable/unstable) were selected to produce a 5-item COPD-AQ, which was then validated. RESULTS In the development sample, internal consistency reliability of the 5-item COPD-AQ was 0.74 (n=296). The COPD-AQ discriminated between stability groups based on physician assessment (F=44.26; p<0.0001) and post-bronchodilator spirometry measures (F=2.92; p<0.05). A questionnaire score >20 (range: 5.0-25.0) had a specificity of 82.9% and sensitivity of 64.7%. CONCLUSIONS The 5-item COPD-AQ proved a practical tool for assessing COPD status and was sufficiently simple for routine clinical use. However, overall validation was limited by small numbers of patients in the validation sample. Difficulties also existed over using the term 'stability' to define COPD status. COPD-AQ was not progressed further, but this work will prove valuable in the future development of a global questionnaire to improve COPD management in primary care.
Comparison of Gastric Emptying and Plasma Ghrelin Levels in Patients with Functional Dyspepsia and Non-Erosive Reflux Disease

Background and Aims: The symptoms of postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) and epigastric pain syndrome (EPS), the two subtypes of functional dyspepsia (FD) under the new Rome III classification, tend to overlap with those of non-erosive reflux disease (NERD). Plasma ghrelin levels have been associated with gastric motility; however, clinical studies have yet to examine this relationship among patients with PDS, EPS or NERD. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the correlation between gastric emptying and ghrelin levels as possible candidate factors for gastric motility in these diseases. Methods: One hundred and fifty-one patients presenting with typical symptoms of FD (EPS, n = 36; PDS, n = 76) or NERD (n = 39), and 20 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Gastric motility was evaluated with the Tmax value as a marker of gastric emptying using the 13C-acetate breath test. We used Rome III criteria to evaluate upper abdominal symptoms, and SRQ-D scores to determine depression status. We measured both acylated and des-acylated ghrelin levels by ELISA methods. Results: The Tmax value in PDS patients was significantly higher than in healthy volunteers. Acylated ghrelin levels were significantly lower in NERD and PDS patients than in healthy volunteers. Interestingly, there was significant correlation between the acylated ghrelin levels and Tmax value in PDS patients but not in EPS or NERD patients. Conclusion: Our results suggest that acylated ghrelin might play an important role in the pathophysiology of PDS patients through its effect on gastric emptying.
Susceptibility testing of multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis to second line 1 drugs on blood agar 2 3 4

Susceptibility testing of multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis to second line 1 drugs on blood agar 2 3 4 Dilek SATANA 1 , Ahmet Yilmaz COBAN 2* , Meltem UZUN 1 5 6 7 1 Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Clinical 8 Microbiology, Đstanbul, Turkey. 9 2* Ondokuz Mayis University, Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Clinical 10 Microbiology, Samsun, Turkey. 11 12 13 14 15 *Corresponding author: Ahmet Yilmaz COBAN, PhD. 16 Ondokuz Mayis University, Medical School, 17 Department of Medical Microbiology, 18 55139, Samsun, Turkey. 19 20 E-mail: cobanay2003@yahoo.com. tr 21 Tel: +90362 3121919/3526 22 Fax: +90362 4576041 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Copyright © 2010, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved. J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/JCM.00688-10 JCM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 8 September 2010
Normal atrial conduction in medically treated patients with bulimia nervosa

Abstract Background. Bulimia nervosa (BN) patients are characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors. Ingestion of emetic substances, characteristic to some BN patients, has been reported to be associated with supraventricular arrhythmias. Aims. To evaluate atrial electrocardiographic markers for supraventricular arrhythmias in patients with BN. Method. The cohort included 31 patients with BN and sex- and age-matched controls. Twelve-lead electrocardiography was conducted on all participants under strict standards. P wave length and P wave dispersion in each patient were computed from a randomly selected beat and an averaged beat constructed from 7–12 beats, included in a 10-s ECG. Results. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups for minimal, maximal, and average P wave duration and P wave dispersion, calculated either from a random beat or averaged beats. Conclusion. BN patients who are medically monitored and treated, have normal P wave parameters and P wave dispersion, and therefore do not appear to have an increased risk for developing supraventricular arrhythmias. Future research should focus on evaluating the effect of acute ingestion of emetic drugs on resting ECG of BN patients, as well as using signal averaging techniques and prolonged ECG-Holter monitoring.
APOFERRITIN AS A TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Conventional cancer treatment often effects normal cells and has many side effects. These can be addressed by the use of nanomedicine, especially its platform nanotransporters, in which cytostatic drug can be encapsulated. These nanotransporters can be dispersed in tumors through relatively large pores in tumor blood vessels but not in normal blood vessels. The nanotransporters can be coupled with antibodies, thus allowing targeted delivery of drugs. For this coupling we chose the method using linker, small peptide that interacts with Fc region of IgG antibodies, presenting the antigen binding site facing out. The aim of this experiment was to create, characterize and test a nanotransporter based on apoferritin nanocage with encapsulated doxorubicin, modified with specific antibody. As a linker, heptapeptide HWRGWVC was used. Cysteine has known affinity towards gold, two methods of apoferritin surface modification were proposed and better results were obtained with apoferritin modified with gold nanoparticles. The presence of gold on apoferritin was proved by separation in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) measurement. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to prove the apoferritin ability to specifically bind to target cells. Apoferritin retained its ability to open and release doxorubicin in low pH. This is very convenient, since there is lower pH in tumors due to hypoxemia.
Quality of life and maintenance of improvements after early multimodal rehabilitation: A 5-year follow-up

Purpose. There is a paucity of long-term evaluations on rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders, e.g., neck, shoulder or back pain. The aim of this study was to assess quality of life and the effect of early multimodal rehabilitation on 91 patients with musculoskeletal pain and disability at a 5-year follow-up. Method. The follow-up assessment, which included questions on pain, function, quality of life, perceived health, sick leave and psychosomatic symptoms, was performed 5 years after the assessment of baseline status. Results. Improvements in pain, perceived health and psychosomatic symptoms were maintained at the 5-year follow-up. In addition, improvements in function, quality of life, and level of acceptable pain were significant in comparison to baseline. At the time of the baseline assessment all patients were on sick leave (13% were on partial sick leave). At the 5-year follow-up, 58% of the patients were at work part or full time. The results show that those working differed significantly from those not working at the 5-year follow-up on almost all variables, indicating that those working enjoy better health. The most salient prognostic factors for return to work were perceived health and educational level at the time of the baseline evaluation. Conclusions. These results show that treatment improved quality of life and the effects were basically maintained at 5 years. Work capacity as reflected in return to work increased greatly (81%) at a 1-year follow-up and was substantial (58%) at the 5-year follow-up. Moreover, perceived health and educational levels were important prognostic factors. Finally, the fact that patients working reported better health underscores the probable importance of return to work. Our results imply that it may be feasible to obtain long-term benefits from such a primary care-based intervention.
Neural and Pituitary Mechanisms Involved in Growth Hormone Regulation

As for most pituitary hormones, secretion of growth hormone (GH) exhibits a pulsatile pattern. The frequency and amplitude of GH secretory episodes appear to be a species characteristic; in man there are approximately 45 peaks each day, with a predominant one in the early night hours, whereas rats exhibit even peaks every 3 to 3V2 hours. The nature of the pacemaker which ultimately regulates the frequency of GH secretory episodes is not fully elucidated. A few mechanisms have been proposed to account for GH pulse generation, in particular the organizational pattern of the neuronal circuitry underlying episodic secretion. This pattern is presented here, together with the neural and hormonal inputs which modulate its oscillations. Integration by somatotrophs of signals received both from that neuronal circuitry and from paracrine processes within the pituitary are also described.
Complete synchronization in the globally delay-coupled Hindmarsh-Rose large-scale network

Synchronization is a common phenomenon in coupled systems of the world, especially in complex networks combined with nonlinear oscillators. In real world, a problem of signal transfer which is unavoidable is delays in the system. In this paper, we studied the complete synchronization of the globally delay-coupled Hindmarsh-Rose network with a large scale. During the simulations and calculations, we found that although the delay in the gap junction may desynchronize two coupled Hindmarsh-Rose oscillators, it can reduce the demand of synchronization in a large scale network. Through the simulation results, we guess the elimination of chaos in the network might be the reason why the delay can enhance the ability of synchronization in large-scale networks. We defined a quantitative indicator called period error to prove our presumption, and indicate that the proper period of delay which can synchronize a large scale network don't have many relationship with the scale of the network when the coupling strength is in inverse proportion to the scale of the network.
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor in murine candidiasis: serum and tissue levels during infection and protective effect of exogenous administration

Serum and tissue concentrations of the macrophage-specific colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) and the number of CSF-1-responsive cells in bone marrow were investigated in mice chronically infected with a low-virulence strain of the opportunistic zoopathogenic yeast Candida albicans. CSF-1 levels in serum, brain, kidney, liver, and lung were significantly increased shortly after infection and remained elevated during the 2 weeks preceding the onset of specific T cell-dependent immunity. The number of monocytic precursor cells was also increased in the bone marrow of infected mice. When macrophages from naive donors were exposed in vitro to purified murine CSF-1, their anticandidal activity in vitro appeared to be enhanced. CSF-1 was also administered in vivo to prospective recipients of a lethal C. albicans challenge. The results showed that the factor could effectively potentiate the animals' resistance to the yeast, as shown by increased survival times and reduced recovery of viable C. albicans from the organs of the CSF-1-treated mice. Therefore, the present data suggest that CSF-1 is likely to contribute to early resistance to fungal infection and could be successfully exploited in experimental models of antifungal immunotherapy.