Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measured and Simulated Nitrate Leaching on an Organic and a Conventional Mixed Farm

ABSTRACT A number of fields on an organic (a potato field, a pasture and a field with red cabbage) and a conventional mixed farm (a potato field, a pasture and a field with cauliflower) were compared with respect to nitrate leaching in winter, using both soil mineral N measurements and a simulation approach. Soil organic matter N mineralization rates of the surface layers were determined during laboratory incubations. Mineral N contents of the 0–90 cm layer of each field were monitored during the period October-March. A coupled N mineralization—leaching model was used to simulate NO3-leaching over this period. Calculated NO3-leaching was in the same range on most fields, between 66 and 87 kg NO3-N ha−1, except for the conventional pasture, which had smaller losses (35 kg NO3-N ha−1), and the conventional cauliflower, which had very large losses (293 kg NO3-N ha−1). The contribution of N mineralization during autumn and winter to NO3 leaching was important, and could only be taken into account explicitly using simulation models. The most remarkable difference with respect to N leaching was observed between the conventional cauliflower and organic red cabbage field, both with very high N fertilization rates. This was attributed to the differences in type of fertilizer applied, with N fertilization on the conventional fields much more conducive to N losses. The average NH4 +-N concentrations during the field experiment were larger on the organic fields than on the conventional fields. This indication for a retardation or inhibition of nitrification in the organic fields is an important observation, which obviously could have important implications for NO3 − leaching, but needs to be further investigated and quantified before it could be incorporated into simulation models.
Antigen‐specific regulatory T cells can induce tolerance to immunogenic grafts without the need for chronic immunosuppression

Regulatory CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells (Tregs) play an important role in the induction of allospecific tolerance. However tolerance in solid organ transplantation by mere transfer of Tregs has been difficult. Besides this the stability of the differentiation phenotype of Tregs has recently been questioned. We therefore aimed in generating large numbers of stable allospecific Tregs from naive T cells by retroviral transduction with Foxp3. These were tested in an immunogenic skin transplantation model (C57BL/6BALB/c). We established a system of transduction of mouse T cells with ecotropic retroviruses expressing Foxp3 and Thy1.1 as a surface marker to follow up transduced T cells. Alloantigen-specific Tregs were generated by stimulating naive recipient CD4+ T cells with irradiated donor splenocytes. CD25+ and/or CD69+ allospecific recipient CD4+ T cells were isolated and transduced with Foxp3. Alloantigen-specific Foxp3 T cells (iTregs) showed high expression for the Treg markers Foxp3, CTLA4 and GITR. They could suppress a MLR in an alloantigen-specific manner. Furthermore, they could be expanded up to 18 fold in vitro while maintaining their Treg phenotype and expression of lymph node homing markers like CCR7 and CD62L. iTregs prevented skin graft rejection without the need for chronic immunosuppression and recipients showed systemic allospecific allotolerance. Alloantigen-specific Tregs were far more potent than polyspecific Tregs. Mechanisms of tolerance were graft specific homing, expansion and long-term persistence of Tregs within the graft (>100 days, 90% of intragraft Tregs were alloantigen-specific). In fact, tolerance could be transferred with re-transplantation of the tolerant graft onto secondary recipients. Third party grafts were readily rejected demonstrating specificity of tolerance. Due to the Foxp3 transduction, iTregs did not lose their Treg phenotype. The results prove that large numbers of stable alloantigen-specific Tregs can be generated from a polyclonal repertoire of naive T cells. This is the first time that allotolerance was achieved in a non-lymphopenic transplant model using skin grafts in an immunogenic strain combination. Therefore, antigen-specific Tregs might have a huge therapeutic potential after solid organ transplantation.
A STATUS REPORT ON THE CORAL REEF AT PULAU DURAI, ANAMBAS ISLANDS INDONESIA

The coral reefs surrounding Pulau Durai (located in the northwest of Indonesia in the Anambas Islands, South China Sea) were surveyed from 22 June to 5 July 2011 to provide baseline data on their biotic composition and condition. At each of four sites around the island, point intercept methodology over two 50 m transects yielded an average benthic cover of 26% live hard coral. The maximum live hard coral cover observed was 47% on the northern side of the island where fishing boats anchor overnight to seek shelter from the southwest monsoon. The minimum of 3% live hard coral was observed on the west side, which is the inhabited area of the island and where there is the greatest amount of anthropogenic activity. A total of 38 hard coral genera and 115 fish species were recorded across all transects. The average biomass of fish per transect was 2135.5 kg/ha and the populations were mostly comprised of herbivores which correlated with the abundance of dead coral, algae overgrowth, and lack of predator fish. Crown-of-thorns starfish ( Acanthaster planci ) were present at all sites with a maximum of 15 individuals sighted on both the North Shallow and South Shallow transects. In general, damage from anchors and destructive fishing practices have gravely impacted Pulau Durai‟s reefs in the past. Present threats include continued anchoring, over-fishing and a current infestation of crown-of-thorns starfish, which are negatively affecting the remaining health and abundance of living coral. Pulau Durai and its neighbouring island, Pulau Pahat, were declared a marine protected area in July 2011. Given the depleted state of this reef, it will be imperative to establish a “no-take” fishing area to restore the fish populations, ban anchoring on the reef to stop the destruction of coral, and if possible, remove the crown-of-thorns starfish.
Variation, Heritability, and Relationship to Yield of Physiological Characters in Peas 1

Seven quantitative physiological characters [photosynthetic CO exchange rate (CER), specific leaf weight, N(CH) fixation, root respiration, respiratory cost of N(CH,) fixation, growth duration, and relative growth rate] were examined in 25 pea(L.) genotypes. To assess the possible use of these traits as criteria for selection in plant breeding, studies were carried out in three field environments, and four yield characters (total plant dry weight, seed dry weight, harvest index, and seed N) were determined.Despite the significant environmental effects on all characters except seed N, overall genotype means differed significantly for all but the cost of N fixation and relative growth rate. These last two characters were affected by large genotype ✕ environment interactions which may have obscured the significant within-environment genotypic differences. Genetic coefficients of variation for the physiological characters varied from 2 to 13% and estimates of broad sense heritability were high except for cost of N(CH) fixation and relative growth rate. Significant correlations were found between yield characters and physiological characters [total weight and growth duration; total weight and cost of N(CH) fixation (negative); seed N and N fixation (negative); harvest index and specific leaf weight; harvest index and CER]; and among physiological characters (N fixation and root respiration; CER and relative growth rate). for areas with short growing seasons, rapid growth for a limited period with more assimilate being placed into seeds (high harvest index) may be desirable. The combination of such characters of such characters might produce maximum potential yield in the short time available. Because CER appears to be correlated with these traits and is highly heritable, selection on the basis of this non-destructive character might be profitable in breeding such conditions.
Phase‐ and frequency coordination of cardiac and respiratory function

Abstract ECG and respiration (by nose thermistor sensor) were measured in 160 healthy volunteers under resting conditions. Frequency analysis allowed to distinguish fast (center frequency ≈ 0,25 Hertz), medium (center frequency ≈ 0,1 Hertz) and slow waves (center frequency = 0,05 Hertz) of heart rate variability. The fast waves are related to respiratory sinus arrhythmia, which mirrors parasympathetic tone and the slow waves are mainly connected with the sympathetic nervous activities, whereas medium waves are influenced by both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. Simultaneously we calculated the heart ‐ respiration coupling by recording a total of ≈ 18.000 respiratory cycles as well as the time from the R‐peak to the onset of the next inspiration. Three distinct peaks of coincidence are related to afferents discharging in the isometric systolic phase (peak I ), to the baroreceptor afferents in the great arterial vessels (peak 2) and afferents excited in the relaxation or diastolic fil.
THE CENTIPEDE FAUNA (CHILOPODA) OF CRETE AND ITS SATELLITE ISLANDS (GREECE, EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN)

An overview of the centipede fauna of Crete is presented, with distribution maps, based on the rich centipede collection of the Natural History Museum of Crete and existing data. Centipede records from the satellite islets of Crete are presented for the first time. Distribution patterns according to latitude/ longitude and altitude data of Crete are identified. The analysis of the faunistic elements showed that 25% of the Cretan centipedes have European and South European affinities, 36% have Mediterranean, Northeast, and East Mediterranean affinities, 12% are Balkanic, 10% have Palaearctic affinities, 5% have West Asiatic affinities, and 12% are Cretan endemics. Forty-two species and subspecies are recorded from Crete and the satellite islets. Strigamia acuminata is recorded for the first time from Greece, and 6 additional species (Lithobius lucifugus, L. pamukkalensis, Haploschendyla europea, Nannophilus eximius, Tuoba poseidonis, and Insigniporus sturanyi) are recorded for the first time from Crete. Da.
Mitochondrial 16S-rRna Gene of Two Species of Shrimps: Sequence Variability and Secondary Structure

Part of the mitochondrial 16S-ribosomal RNA gene (around 400 nucleotides) of Penaeus notialis and Penaeus schmitti has been amplified and sequenced. The comparison of sequences reveals an 11% nucleotide divergence between the two species. When compared with that of the homologous fragment in Artemia salina and Drosophila yakuba, the secondary structure appears well conserved in spite of high nucleotide divergence due to numerous substitutions and additions/deletions. Sequences have been obtained for six individuals of P. notialis belonging to the same population, their comparison shows a 0.7% nucleotide diversity.
Acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 et risque de cancer du sein : étude épidémiologique biochimique cas-témoins

Parmi les causes du cancer du sein accessibles à la prévention, l'alimentation occupe la première place. Toutefois, la prévention du cancer du sein par l'alimentation n'est pas réaliste aujourd'hui, car les nutriments protecteurs ne sont pas identifiés avec précision. Parmi les nutriments potentiellement protecteurs, les données issues des expérimentations in vivo ont montré que les acides gras polyinsaturés n-3, acide alpha-linolénique (18:3 n-3) et acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA, 22:6 n-3), exercent une activité anti-tumorale au niveau de la croissance tumorale mammaire. Les données provenant des études épidémiologiques suggèrent qu'une consommation élevée en légumes, source d'acide alpha-linolénique, et en poissons, source de DRA, ont un effet protecteur au niveau du risque de cancer du sein. Les quelques études visant à examiner la relation entre apport alimentaire estimé en acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 et risque de cancer du sein ont produit des résultats hétérogènes. La divergence de ces données s'explique en premier lieu par la difficulté à obtenir une mesure précise des apports alimentaires en acides gras polyinsaturés. Afin de pallier l'imprécison des questionnaires alimentaires, il est actuellement recommandé d'utiliser des marqueurs biochimiques des apports alimentaires qualitatifs en acides gras polyinsaturés. Parmi ceux disponibles, la mesure de la teneur en acides gras polyinsaturés du tissu adipeux constitue la meilleure approche, puisqu'elle reflète les apports alimentaires à long terme, permettant d'exclure les biais dus à un potentiel effet de la tumeur sur les paramètres biochimiques mesurés. Par cette approche, nous avons, dans des études précédentes, individualisé l'acide alpha-linolénique comme indicateur du risque de cancer du sein ou de métastases.
Influence of tillage on plant populations, disease incidence, and grain yield of two soft red winter wheat cultivars

(.) The purpose of this study was to determine if the elimination of tillage in winter wheat production influences plant populations, disease incidence, and grain yield response to N fertilization. A 3-yr study was conducted on a Loradale silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Argiudolls) using two cultivars. No-tillage (NT) was compared to more conventional (CT) systems involving either a moldboard or chisel plow. Fertilizer application rates were 0, 70, and 140 Ib N/acre. Plant stands for the cultivar « Caldwell », measured 3 wk after planting, were 14.7% lower in NT than in CT in 1982-1983. (.)
Effect of Bio-Natural Fertilizer on Phosphorus Uptake and Growth of Peanut in Alfisols, Entisols, and Vertisols

Development of bio-natural fertilizer was needed to overcome the scarcity of fertilizer in Indonesia, the deficiency of soil nutrient, and low efficiency of fertilizer use. The research purposed to study the effect of bio-natural fertilizer formula and find out of best formula on P uptake and growth of peanuts in various soils ordo. The experiment used a completely randomized design with three factors. The first factor was bio-natural fertilizer P1 (vermicompost 100% without enrichment material, without microbial inoculums), P2 (vermicompost 66,67%, enrichment material 33,33% and microbial inoculum of NPKS with proportion of 2:2:1:1), and P3 (vermicompost 33,33%, enrichment material 66,67% and microbial inoculum of NPKS with proportion of 2:2:1:1). The second factor was peanut varieties, Elephant and Rabbit varieties. The third factor was soil ordo, Alfisols, Entisols, and Vertisols. The variables observed were av-P, P uptake, shoot dry weight, soil pH, population of P-solubilizing fungi, plant height, and shoot fresh weight. Data was analyzed by F test at 95% level confidence. The results showed that formula of bio-natural fertilizer influence significantly on P uptake and growth of peanuts in various soils. The formula of bio-natural fertilizer P2 is the best formula to increased P uptake of peanut on Alfisols, Entisol, and Vertisol, as well as for highest peanut growth on Alfisols.
Cytoskeleton, Microtubules, Tubulin and Colchicine: a Review

Cytoskeleton: Its chemical and physical organization Cytoskeleton was first visualized as fluorescence shape reflecting the distributions within non-muscle cells of subunit proteins forming filamentous subcellular structures , which is a network with associated nucleus (Lazarides and Weber 1974, Weber and Groeschel-Stewart 1974, Weber et al. 1975). Therefore this structure has been known as a fibrous and contractile skeleton of cells. Proceeding studies on different kinds of cells increased the number of protein subunits associated with cytoskeletons more of which belong to the filamentous struc tures and its connections (Satir 1984, Weber and Osborn 1982). However, cytoskeleton is described in a broad sense the three dimensional network formed by the nucleus, organelles, fibrous systems and membranes (Weber and Osborn 1982). Since the data concerning the proteinous organization of fibrous part of cytoskeleton had already been cited, in this article evidences concerning other mentioned aspects of cytoskeletal organi zation will be presented. Cellular proteins that constitute cytoskeletal filaments are not specific for these substruc tures. Even they are contained in cellular membranes and nucleus (Douvas et al. 1975, Gruenstein et al. 1975, Burridge and Phillips 1975, Blitz and Fine 1974, Bhattacharyya and Wolff 1975). Recent reports expand these findings and lead to the concept that cytoskeleton and remaining part of cells share similar protein components (Carraway et al. 1982, Nakayasu and Ueda 1983, Hubbard and Ma 1983, Rotman et al. 1982, Phillips et al. 1980, Lehto 1983, Wilkins and Lin 1981, Armbruster et al. 1983). Morphological studies showed that cytoskeletal systems are associated with ribosomes (Wolosewick and Porter 1976, Lenk et al. 1977, Fulton et al. 1980, Cervera et al. 1981, Jeffery 1982). Myofibrils that are analogue to cytoskeleton in muscle cell are associated with ribonucleic acids and contain phospholipids (Zak et al. 1967, Ozgunes and Artvinli 1982). Besides phospholipids, other components that assemble to membranes also retained in Triton X-100 extracted cells which comprise cytoskele tons (Schick et al. 1983, Nagai and Sakakibara 1982, Ben-Ze'ev and Abulafia 1983, Wheeler et al. 1984, Carraway et al. 1983, Moss 1983). In detergent-treated cytoskeletal residues, some receptor and enzyme activities tested could also be detected (Prives et al. 1982, Streuli et al. 1981, Sahyoun et al. 1981, Tuszynski et al. 1984, Tashiro and Ishizaki 1982). Sphingolipids and creatine phosphokinase activity in cytoskeletons of intact cells were showed by immuno flourescence microscopy (Sakakibara et al. 1981, Eckert et al. 1980). In addition to the data that reveal contribution of membranous components to cyto skeletal organization, those that and surface membrane were reported (Nicolson 1976). Sub sequently, the presence of such associations were observed (Koch and Smith 1978, Lehto et al. 1983, Williams et al. 1979, Ash and Singer 1976, Ash et al. 1977, Flanagan and Koch 1978).
Recombination in Bacteriophage Qβ and Its Satellite RNAs: Thein Vivoandin VitroStudies☆

Abstract The Qβ phage has recently emerged as a unique model for studying RNA recombination bothin vivoand in a purified cell-free system. Thein vitroexperiments have provided the first direct evidence of the ability of RNA to recombine without DNA intermediates and of the existence of a splicing type RNA recombination mechanism.
Effects of breed and dietary energy content within breed on growth performance, carcass and chemical composition and beef quality in Hereford and Simmental steers

Forty-eight Hereford and 60 Simmental steers were used to evaluate breed differences as affected by dietary energy content on growth performance, carcass and chemical composition, and beef quality. Diets were based on corn silage, alfalfa haylage, whole corn, and SBM and were formulated to provide 2.52 to 2.81 Mcal kg−1 ME and 11.7 to 12.6% protein in the growing phase and 2.69 to 2.86 Mcal kg−1 ME and 9.7 to 10.4% protein in the finishing phase. Low- and high-ener-gy diets were formulated for each breed with the high-energy diet for Hereford serving as the low-energy diet for Simmental. Steers were slaughtered after attaining 8 to 10 mm backfat determined by ultrasound. Higher energy diets increased (P < 0.09) average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency within both breeds. Hereford gained more rapidly (P = 0.074) and were more (P = 0.001) efficient in converting feed to gain than Simmental. High-energy diets decreased (P = 0.001) days on feed for both breeds and increased (P = 0.001) carcass weights for.
The spread of the eel swimbladder nematode Anguillicola crassus through the Erne system, Ireland

The spread of Anguillicola crassus was documented and showed an increase in both prevalence (9.9%) and mean intensity (6.7). Infected eels Anguilla anguilla were recorded 30 km downstream of the first recorded sites of infection. Migrating silver eels from commercial nets near the outlet of the Erne during October-December 1999 were also infected. Continued spread of A. crassus through Ireland's major wild eel fisheries now appears likely.
Microsatellites and allozymes as the genetic memory of habitat fragmentation and defragmentation in populations of the ground beetle Carabus auronitens (Col., Carabidae)

Aim This paper has three aims: (1) to reconstruct the population history of a flightless silvicolous (forest) ground beetle in a region where strong anthropogenic activity has altered the connectivity of the landscape; (2) to estimate the effects of both contemporary and historical landscape structure on the genetics of populations; and (3) to investigate the reasons for clinal variation in one gene locus found in an earlier study carried out in the same geographical location.
Ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp. em pequenos mamíferos silvestres de três áreas serranas do Sudeste brasileiro

This study describes infection of Cryptosporidium spp in the natural fauna of small wildlife mammals in the Serra da Mantiqueira region. These protozoa were detected by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique and a direct immunofluorescent assay. From 240 captured animals, acid-resistant structures were observed in the feces of 39 specimens, and these structures were confirmed to be C. muris (5.1%) or C. parvum (5.1%) by the direct immunofluorescent assay.
Biosonar, dive, and foraging activity of satellite tracked harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)

This study presents bioacoustic recordings in combination with movements and diving behavior of three free-ranging harbor porpoises (a female and two males) in Danish waters. Each porpoise was equipped with an acoustic data logger (A-tag), a time-depth-recorder, a VHF radio transmitter, and a satellite transmitter. The units were programmed to release after 24 or 72 h. Possible foraging occurred mostly near the surface or at the bottom of a dive. The porpoises showed individual diversity in biosonar activity ( 50,000 clicks per hour) and in dive frequency (6–179 dives per hour). We confirm that wild harbor porpoises use more intense clicks than captive animals. A positive tendency between number of dives and clicks per hour was found for a subadult male, which stayed near shore. It showed a distinct day-night cycle with low echolocation rates during the day, but five times higher rates and higher dive activity at night. A female traveling in open waters showed no diel rhythm, but its sonar activity was three times higher compared to the males'. Considerable individual differences in dive and echolocation activity could have been influenced by biological and physical factors, but also show behavioral adaptability necessary for survival in a complex coastal environment.