Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Topographic form of the Coast Ranges of the Cascadia Margin in relation to coastal uplift rates and plate subduction

The Coast Ranges of the Cascadia margin are overriding the subducted Juan de Fuca/Gorda plate. We investigate the extent to which the latitudinal trend in average topography of the Coast Ranges is a function of the latitudinal change in attributes related to the subduction process. These attributes include the variable age of the subducted slab that underlies the Coast Ranges and average vertical crustal velocities of the western margin of the Coast Ranges for two markedly different time periods, the last 45 years and the last 100 kyr. These vertical crustal velocities are computed from the resurveying of highway bench marks and from the present elevation of shore platforms that have been uplifted in the late Quaternary, respectively. Topography of the Coast Ranges is in part a function of the age and buoyancy of the underlying subducted plate. This is evident in the fact that the two highest topographic elements of the Coast Ranges, the Klamath Mountains and the Olympic Mountains, are underlain by youngest subducted oceanic crust. The subducted Blanco Fracture Zone in southernmost Oregon is responsible for an age discontinuity of subducted crust under the Klamath Mountains. The northern terminus of the topographically higher Klamaths is offset to the north relative to the position of the underlying Blanco Fracture Zone, the offset being in the direction of migration of the fracture zone, as dictated by relative plate motions. Vertical crustal velocities at the coast, derived from bench mark surveys, are as much as an order of magnitude greater than vertical crustal velocities derived from uplifted shore platforms. This uplift rate discrepancy indicates that strain is accumulating on the plate margin, to be released during the next interplate earthquake. In a latitudinal sense, average Coast Range topography is relatively high where bench mark-derived, short-term vertical crustal velocites are highest. Because the shore platform vertical crustal velocites reflect longer-term, permanent uplift, we infer that a small percentage of the interseismic strain that accumulates as rapid short-term uplift is not recovered by subduction earthquakes but rather contributes to rock uplift of the Coast Ranges. The conjecture that permanent rock uplift is related to interseismic uplift is consistent with the observation that those segments of the subduction zone subject to greater interseismic uplift rates are at approximately the same latitudes as those segments of the Coast Ranges that have higher magnitudes of rock uplift over the long term.
Interaction between bone and glucose metabolism

Accumulating evidence has shown that bone and glucose metabolism are closely associated with each other. Since the risk of osteoporotic fractures is increased in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), osteoporosis is recently recognized as one of diabetic complications, called DM-induced bone fragility. Previous studies showed that collagen cross-links of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and dysfunctions of osteoblast and osteocyte are involved in DMinduced bone fragility. Circulating levels of AGEs and homocysteine are increased in patients with DM, and they directly impair the functions of osteoblast and osteocyte, resulting in decreased bone formation and bone remodeling. On the other hand, bone is recently recognized as an endocrine organ. Previous studies based on in vitro and animal studies showed that osteocalcin, which is specifically expressed in osteoblasts and secreted into the circulation, may regulate glucose homeostasis. Although several clinical studies reported the relationship between osteocalcin and glucose metabolism, further large-scale and intervention studies are necessary to confirm the beneficial effects of osteocalcin on glucose metabolism in human. It has been shown that adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an intracellular energy sensor, is involved in bone metabolism. Adiponectin and metformin stimulate osteocalcin expression and the differentiation of osteoblasts via AMPK activation. Also, AMPK activation protects against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of osteocytes. These findings suggest that AMPK in osteoblasts and osteocytes may be a therapeutic target for DM-induced bone fragility.
AC characterization of nitrate intercalated layered double hydroxides gas sensors

Layered Double Hydroxides nanostructures and their possibility of accommodating different molecules or atoms inside their matrix bestow a large number of interesting physical and chemical properties. Indeed, these materials have been widely used for different purposes. Nevertheless, their usage in gas sensors applications is still challenging since Layered Double Hydroxides conduction mechanisms are not completely clear. To this purpose, ac impedance spectrum analysis can represent a powerful technique to investigate specific conduction mechanisms. In fact, ac characterization allows highlighting the different contributions of the conduction and it permits to find out information about the undergoing physical phenomena. In this work, a fully ac characterization of a Nitrate-intercalated Zn/Al Layered Double Hydroxides gas sensor such as is performed. In particular, the complex impedance of the sensor is measured in the range 1 Hz to 100 kHz in presence of different concentrations of three volatile compounds (CH4, CO2 and NO). The Nyquist plots show an evident variation of sensor impedance when sensor is exposed to the gas. Finally, a circuital model of the sensor that takes into account the peculiar conduction processes is introduced to fit the experimental data and explain the sensor behavior.
Gender Empowerment in 19th Century Sweden: Women's Economic Empowerment and the Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital

Using unique data spanning the universe of individuals in 37 Swedish parishes throughout the 19 th century this paper examine the effect of the economic conditions at birth on the intergenerational transmission of health. In addition, we also study whether and to what extent gender-specific earnings shocks affect this transmission differently. We find that higher relative male earnings led to more illegitimate births and worse children’s health . On the contrary, increasing women’s relative incomes reduced the illegitimacy rates and improved health outcomes. Gender-specific earnings shocks also have long-lasting and persistent effects. Women whose parents experienced a male-specific positive earnings shock had more children, gave birth to their first child at a younger age, and experienced higher child death rates. We detect a reduction in total fertility among parents who experienced a female-specific earnings shock during childhood and a decrease in the incidence of infant death among their children.
Half-life and safety of canakinumab in pediatric patients: comment on the article by Ilowite et al

We read with great interest the report by Ilowite et al, summarizing the results of a trial investigating the efficacy and safety of rilonacept in the treatment of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) 1. We believe a statement made in the article is incorrect and needs clarification. In the Discussion section, the authors stated the following about the circulating half-life of rilonacept: “Rilonacept could offer an alternative [context: to canakinumab], with its circulating half-life of 8.6 days, in contrast to the long biologic activity of canakinumab (236 days), which could be a disadvantage in the setting of an SAE [context: serious adverse event]. ” This statement, however, does not seem fully consistent with the published literature. In adults with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS), the mean terminal half-life of canakinumab was demonstrated to be 26 days, with the terminal half-life in pediatric CAPS patients found to be similar to that in adults 2. Pharmacokinetic properties of canakinumab are similar in the CAPS and systemic JIA pediatric populations 2. From a pharmacokinetic standpoint, based on the known 26-day half-life of canakinumab, 5–6 half-lives is 130–156 days, a range that encompasses another relevant efficacy end point, the median time to worsening in the adapted American College of Rheumatology Pediatric criteria level in the withdrawal arm (placebo) of the phase III study from which the 236-day data point was derived 3–6. While extensive postmarketing and phase IV surveillance data are not yet available, there has been no indication in the available safety data that the 26-day half-life of canakinumab is problematic in the management of serious adverse events.
Ipsilateral projection from the subiculum to the retrosplenial cortex in the guinea pig

A projection from the subiculum to the retrosplenial cortex (area 29a and b) was studied by autoradiographic tracing of anterogradely transported proteins following injections of radioactive amino acids into ventral and dorsal parts of the subiculum. Only the dorsal parts of the subiculum projected to the retrosplenial cortex. The projection was exclusively ipsilateral, and topographically arranged along both the longitudinal septotemporal axis and the transverse plane of the subiculum. The termination in the retrosplenial cortex was confined to the relatively cell free superficial layer (lamina 1) and the underlying cell‐rich layers (laminae 3–4). Between these two terminations a narrow zone (lamina 2) was only weakly labeled. The projection constitutes an output route for hippocampal activity in addition to the fimbria‐fornix system and the subicular projections to the parahippocampal areas.
An Intelligent C3 Terminal Architecture

With some further development of current technologies it should be possible to realize a communication terminal that could enhance the capabilities of a commander in a significant way by utilizing machine intelligence in conjunction with modern digital communication and signal processing technologies. The terminal we envision would have modules supporting digital voice, video, graphics, and text communication at a variety of rates as well as interfaces to a wide range of communication networks and links. In the event of stress caused by network damage or jamming, the terminal would adapt its communications by choosing lower rates, different network paths, other modalities, or some combination of these options. End-to-end security layers would allow secure communication among these advanced terminals through public networks when necessary under emergency conditions. The "smarts" in the terminal would reside in a module called the Intelligent Communication Associate (ICA) that would utilize appropriate artificial intelligence and database management techniques to assist the commander in establishing connections to the parties with whom he wished to communicate, and to advise him as to current network status. The ICA would maintain a directory of other terminals with ICAs as well as other parties with whom the commander may have need to communicate. The directory would be designed to contain any information that might prove useful in achieving successful communication when normal paths are damaged or blocked.
Ink-jet Printing of Nano Materials and Processes for Electronics Applications

Ag metallic particles from nano-scale to submicron-scale are combined with organic solvent to provide fine circuits and interconnection. Ag nanoparticle pastes have been successfully adopted to ink-jet wiring and the multilayered circuit layers in a SiP structure. Ink-jet printing with Ag nano particle pastes demonstrated the potentials of the new printed electronics technology. Lowering process temperature for Ag nanoparticle pastes finally reached room temperature wiring in air atmosphere.
Exploring big 'crisis' data in action: potential positive and negative externalities

As growing emphasis is placed on engaging with big ‘crisis’ data, including data from social media, GPS, and satellite, adequate policies and measures must be in place in order to use this data in an ethically and legally responsible manner. The current working paper introduces the BYTE study, which is working towards identifying and understanding the various positive and negative externalities, or impacts, associated with the use of big ‘crisis’ data. This insight paper provides a preliminary discussion of various externalities that may be encountered in this study. By doing so, the authors highlight the need for additional research in this area to promote ethically and legally responsible crisis data practices.
Age Related Differences in the Strategies Used by Middle Aged Adults to Solve a Block Design Task

In the present study, it was proposed to investigate the effects of aging on the strategies used to solve a block design task and to establish whether these strategies may be associated with differential patterns of ability. Two groups of subjects, 30 young adults (aged 20–35 years) and 30 middle-aged adults (aged 45–60 years) were set a computer version of the Kohs task and a battery of tests. An age-related decrease in fluid intelligence (Gf) and visual-spatial ability (Gv) was observed, along with the fact that most of the older subjects used a global strategy rather than a synthetic one. On the other hand, while continuing to use strategies of the analytic type, the older subjects looked more frequently at the model and scored high on crystallized intelligence (Gc). These findings are discussed from two different points of view: the theory of hierarchical stimuli and the hypothesis that metacognitive ability, which is thought to rely on Gc, may increase with age, and thus compensate for the loss of Gf and Gv.
Effects of Folate and Vitamin B12 Deficiencies During Pregnancy on Fetal, Infant, and Child Development

The importance of folate in reproduction can be appreciated by considering that the existence of the vitamin was first suspected from efforts to explain a potentially fatal megaloblastic anemia in young pregnant women in India. Today, low maternal folate status during pregnancy and lactation remains a significant cause of maternal morbidity in some communities. The folate status of the neonate tends to be protected at the expense of maternal stores; nevertheless, there is mounting evidence that inadequate maternal folate status during pregnancy may lead to low infant birthweight, thereby conferring risk of developmental and long-term adverse health outcomes. Moreover, folate-related anemia during childhood and adolescence might predispose children to further infections and disease. The role of folic acid in prevention of neural tube defects (NTD) is now established, and several studies suggest that this protection may extend to some other birth defects. In terms of maternal health, clinical vitamin B12 deficiency may be a cause of infertility or recurrent spontaneous abortion. Starting pregnancy with an inadequate vitamin B12 status may increase risk of birth defects such as NTD, and may contribute to preterm delivery, although this needs further evaluation. Furthermore, inadequate vitamin B12 status in the mother may lead to frank deficiency in the infant if sufficient fetal stores of vitamin B12 are not laid down during pregnancy or are not available in breastmilk. However, the implications of starting pregnancy and lactation with low vitamin B12 status have not been sufficiently researched.
Clarithromycin attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced mucositis in mice.

No universally recognized agent is available for prophylaxis or therapy of mucositis induced by chemotherapy or chemo-radiotherapy. The effect of clarithromycin on the severity of mucositis induced by cyclophosphamide was investigated using a mouse model. Four cross-sections of small intestine (levels A, B, C, and D) were taken at equivalent intervals at day 5 after cyclophosphamide (400 mg kg(-1)) administration. The sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and were graded for the degree of mucositis histologically. At section level B, the number of mice with no mucositis (grade 0) in the clarithromycin group was significantly greater than that in the ceftriaxone group (P<0.05). At levels B and C, the number of mice with no mucositis (grade 0) in the clarithromycin group was significantly greater than that in the normal saline (NS) group (P<0.05). At level C, the number of mice with grade 2 mucositis in the ceftriaxone group was significantly greater than that in the NS group (P<0.05). When the number of sections at all levels were analyzed together, the number of mice with no mucositis (grade 0) in the clarithromycin group was significantly greater than that in the ceftriaxone and NS groups (P<0.05). The present observation suggests that clarithromycin and ceftriaxone attenuates and aggravates cyclophosphamide-induced mucositis. It prompts clinical trials in bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients receiving cyclophosphamide for conditioning, and reconsideration in the use of ceftriaxone in the treatment of neutropenic fever in BMT recipients.
Perturbed Amelogenin Secondary Structure Leads to Uncontrolled Aggregation in Amelogenesis Imperfecta Mutant Proteins*

Mutations in amelogenin sequence result in defective enamel, and the diverse group of genetically altered conditions is collectively known as amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). Despite numerous studies, the detailed molecular mechanism of defective enamel formation is still unknown. In this study, we have examined the biophysical properties of a recombinant murine amelogenin (rM180) and two point mutations identified from human DNA sequences in two cases of AI (T21I and P41T). At pH 5.8 and 25 °C, wild type (WT) rM180 and mutant P41T existed as monomers, and mutant T21I formed lower order oligomers. CD, dynamic light scattering, and fluorescence studies indicated that rM180 and P41T can be classified as a premolten globule-like subclass protein at 25 °C. Thermal denaturation and refolding monitored by CD ellipticity at 224 nm indicated the presence of a strong hysteresis in mutants compared with WT. Variable temperature tryptophan fluorescence and dynamic light scattering studies showed that WT transformed to a partially folded conformation upon heating and remained stable. The partially folded conformation formed by P41T, however, readily converted into a heterogeneous population of aggregates. T21I existed in an oligomeric state at room temperature and, upon heating, rapidly formed large aggregates over a very narrow temperature range. Thermal denaturation and refolding studies indicated that the mutants are less stable and exhibit poor refolding ability compared with WT rM180. Our results suggest that alterations in self-assembly of amelogenin are a consequence of destabilization of the intrinsic disorder. Therefore, we propose that, like a number of other human diseases, AI appears to be due to the destabilization of the secondary structure as a result of amelogenin mutations.
Understanding the mechanisms of angiotensin II signaling involved in hypertension and its long-term sequelae: insights from Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes, human models of endogenous angiotensin II signaling antagonism

Angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a key role in hypertension, renal and cardiovascular pathophysiology via intracellular pathways that involve the activation of a multiplicity of signaling mechanisms. Although experimental and genetic animal models have been developed and used to explore Ang II signaling's role in hypertension, a complete understanding of the processes mediating Ang II signaling in hypertension in humans remains elusive. One impediment is that these animal models do not exhibit all the traits of human hypertension, making it impossible to extrapolate from them to humans. To overcome this issue, we have used patients with Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes, a human model of endogenously blunted and blocked Ang II signaling that presents a constellation of clinical findings which manifest themselves as the opposite of hypertension. This article reviews the aspects of the pathophysiology of human hypertension and its short and long term sequelae, and uses the results of our studies in Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes along with those of others to gain better insight and understanding of the role of Ang II signaling in these processes.
Seat designs for whiplash injury lessening

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential for the reduction of occupants neck injuries, so called "whiplash injuries" (whiplash associated disorder), in rear end collisions. Based upon new biomechanical research, an effort was made to design head restraints and seats to help lead to a reduction of such injuries. This resulted in a concept which involves the motion of the head and torso in harmony during a rear end collision. Consequently a newly designed seat based upon this concept is evaluated in low speed rear impact dummy sled tests, and additionally offered in volunteer sled tests using X-ray cinemas conducted by Japan Automobile Research Institute and University of Tsukuba, who investigate the influence of seat characteristics to human head and torso kinematics and cervical vetebra movement to reveal the mechanism of whiplash injuries. As a result, it was found that the motion between head and torso as well as the movement between each cervical vertebra was reduced. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD E102514.
Advances in the prevention of sudden cardiac death in the young

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a tragic and devastating complication of a number of cardiovascular diseases. Although coronary artery disease accounts for a majority of these deaths across all ages, many other aetiologies contribute to this problem when it occurs in the young (age ≤ 35 years), where coronary artery disease is far less common. Specifically, genetic heart disorders are an important cause of SCD in the young. While pharmacological therapies have made some impact on prevention of SCD, the introduction of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy has been the single major advance in the prevention of SCD in the young. In addition, the awareness that most causes of SCD in the young are inherited, means family screening of relatives of young SCD victims allows identification of previously unrecognised at-risk individuals thereby enabling prevention of SCD in relatives. The role of genetic testing, both in living affected individuals and in the setting of a `molecular autopsy', is emerging as a key factor in early diagnosis of an underlying cardiovascular genetic disorder. Understanding the genetic basis of SCD, investigating the molecular mechanisms that lead from the gene defect to the clinical phenotype, and elucidating the specific environmental triggers for SCD, will most likely lead to further key improvements in the prevention of SCD in the young.
The Core Dry-Season Diet of Yellow Baboons (Papio hamadryas cynocephalus)in Ruaha National Park, Tanza nia

Core dry-season foods consumed by free-ranging, adult male yellow baboons (Papio hamadryas cynocephalus) in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania are described. For each food I provide (1) the total number of grams consumed, (2) the total number of minutes used and (3) the estimated grams obtained per minute of handling. I hypothesize purposeful encounter for predictable foods that either use a relatively large proportion of feeding time or provide a relatively high number of grams per minute handling.