Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identifying international assignees at risk for premature departure : The interactive effect of outcome favorability and procedural fairness

Two studies examined factors that predict expatriate managers' tendencies to think seriously about departing prematurely from their international assignments. Previous research (conducted outside of the expatriate context) has shown that individuals' willingness to stay with or leave their positions is an interactive function of outcome favorability and procedural fairness. A conceptually analogous interaction effect was found in the present studies. Whereas expatriates more seriously thought of departing prematurely when they perceived the non-work-related outcomes of their overseas assignments to be less favorable, this tendency was much less pronounced when procedural fairness was relatively high. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, as are limitations of the studies and suggestions for
The Taxonomy of the North American Acaulescent White Violets

The small, stemless, white-flowered violets of North America have long presented problems in identification to American taxonomists. They have never been studied as a group, though Brainerd (1905) discussed the eastern forms, and Gershoy and his associates (Gershoy, 1928, 1934; Bamford and Gershoy, 1930) have worked with all of them in their cytological studies. They are treated here as six species, belonging to the Section Nominium, Subsection Plagiostigma, Group Stolonosae, of the Genus Viola. In addition to the six white-flowered violets, the Group Stolonosae incdudes two circumpolar, blueflowered species, V. palustris L. and V. epipsila Led. , which are not dealt with here. The scheme of classification used above is taken from the works of Bamford and Gershoy (1930) and Gershoy (1934). These authors further break the Group Stolonosae into three subgroups: the subgroup Primulifoliae, including V. lanceolata, V. primulifolia, V. macloskeyi and V. renifolia, the subgroup Blandae, including V. blanda and V. incognita, and the subgroup Palustres, composed of V. palustris and V. epipsila. From all available evidence, this seems to be a natural grouping. In addition to morphological evidence, to be later discussed, the first two subgroups are separated by chromosome number and, though fertile hybrids are produced within each subgroup, only sterile hybrids are produced in intergroup crosses (Bamford & Gershoy, 1930). The subgroup Primulifoliae has a diploid chromosome number of 24 (Gershoy, 1934), while the subgroup Blandae is characterized by a diploid chromosome number of 48 (Clausen, 1929). The present studies were made during 1948, 1949 and 1950. This is the introductory paper in a series to be presented upon variation in the stemless white violets. Some of the evidence for the decisions rendered here must be presented in summarized form in this paper and will be dealt with in detail
14. Genome Assembly and Annotation Process

The primary data produced by genome sequencing projects are often highly fragmented and sparsely annotated. This is especially true for the Human Genome Project [http://www.genome. gov/ page.cfm? pageID=10001772] as a result of its policy of releasing sequence data to the public sequence databases every day (1, 2). So that individual researchers do not have to piece together extended segments of a genome and then relate the sequence to genetic maps and known genes, NCBI provides annotated assemblies of public genome sequence data. NCBI assimilates data of various types, from numerous sources, to provide an integrated view of a genome, making it easier for researchers to spot informative relationships that might not have been apparent from looking at the primary data. The annotated genomes can be explored using Map Viewer (Chapter 20) to display different types of data side-by-side and to follow links between related pieces of data. This chapter describes the series of steps, the “pipeline”, that produces NCBI's annotated genome assembly from data deposited in the public sequence databases. A variant of the annotation process developed for the human genome is used to annotate the mouse genome, and similar procedures will be applied to other genomes (Box 1). NCBI constantly strives to improve the accuracy of its human genome assembly and annotation, to make the data displays more informative, and to enhance the utility of our access tools. Each run through the assembly and annotation procedure, together with feedback from outside groups and individual users, is used to improve the process, refine the parameters for individual steps, and add new features. Consequently, the details of the assembly and annotation process change from one run to the next. This chapter, therefore, describes the overall human genome assembly and annotation process and provides short descriptions of the key steps, but it does not detail specific procedures or parameters. However, sufficient detail is provided to enable users of our assembly and annotations to become familiar with the complexities and possible limitations of the data we provide.
Karyotypic analysis, constitutive heterochromatin and NOR distribution in five grasshopper species of the subfamily Leptysminae (Acrididae)

Abstract Cornops aquaticum, C. frenatum frenatum, Stenopola dorsalis, Ste-nacris xanthochlora and Tucayaca parvula were analyzed cytologically by standard staining, C-banding, silver nitrate staining (AgNO3) and base-specific fluorochromes. All species had 23,XO karyotypes in males and 24,XX in females, acrocentric chromosomes and pericentromeric C-bands. In addition, distal bands were revealed in C. aquaticum, C. f. frenatum and S. dorsalis. Triple staining CMA3/DA/DAPI revealed CMA3-positive bands in three biva-lents of C. aquaticum and S. xanthochlora, in four of T. parvula, five of S. dor-salis, and in all chromosomes of C. f. frenatum. Staining with DAPI fluo-rochrome was uniform. The nucleolar organizer regions detected by AgNO3 staining were limited to autosomes in all the species and showed correspondence with GC base pairs distribution detected by sequential staining (AgNO3/CMA3/DA).
Signal peptide-dependent protein transport in Bacillus subtilis

genes for most secretory proteins, whereas the minor SPases are transcribed at a low level during all growth phases. SipW is the only ER-type SPase, showing a high degree of similarity to eukaryotic and archaeal SPases. In contrast to the prokaryotic (P)type SPases of B. subtilis , which have one amino-terminal membrane anchor, SipW appears to have an additional carboxyl-terminal membrane anchor. Finally, B. subtilis contains only one gene ( lsp ) for a type II SPase (L) with four membrane anchors, which is required for the processing of the 114 predicted lipoproteins (291) (see text for details).
Is there a role for the RNA-binding protein LARP1 in β-cells?

Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a cellular rheostat linking nutrient availability and growth factor to cellular protein translation. In pancreatic insulin secreting β-cells, mTORC1 deficiency or chronic hyperactivation leads to diabetes. mTORC1 complexes with La-related protein 1 (LARP1) to specifically regulate the expression of 5’ terminal oligopyrimidine tract (5’TOP) mRNAs which encode proteins of the translation machinery and ribosome biogenesis. We aimed to investigate the role played by LARP1 in β-cells in vivo. Here we show that LARP1 is the most expressed LARP in mouse islets and human β-cells, being 2-4-fold more abundant than LARP1B, a member of the family that also interacts with mTORC1. Interestingly, β-cells from diabetic patients have higher LARP1 and LARP1B expression suggesting greater protein translation. These studies led us to generate a conditional LARP1 knockout mouse in β-cells (β-Larp1KO mice). These mice exhibit normal levels of all LARP family members including Larp1B, Larp4, Larp6 and Larp7. We did not observe any difference between control and β-Larp1KO male mice in body weight gain, glucose levels and glucose tolerance at 8, 14 and 44 weeks of age. Female β-Larp1KO mice also performed normally during the glucose tolerance test. We then challenged the β-Larp1KO mice with high fat (HFD) or high branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) diets. During the course of 8 weeks in HFD, β-Larp1KO and control mice had similar weight gain and did not show alterations in glucose homeostasis compared to control littermates. BCAA did not impair glucose metabolism up to 8 weeks of diet challenge. However, glucose tolerance was slightly impaired in the β-Larp1KO mice at 16 weeks under BCAA diet. In conclusion, LARP1 is the most abundant LARP in mouse islets and human β-cells and it is upregulated in diabetic subjects. While the lack of LARP1 specifically in β-cells did not alter glucose homeostasis in basal conditions, long-term high branched-chain amino acid feeding could impair glucose tolerance.
Vertebral growth zone deposition in pacific Angel sharks

Vertebrae and body size measurements were taken from 334 Pacific angel sharks collected from commercial gill netters off Santa Barbara, California, from Sept. 1979-Nov. 1983. Radiographs of vertebral centra from 247 specimens were studied to delineate calcified bands for age determination. The vertebrae of the smallest newborn sharks (260 mm TL) had 6 or 7 bands while those of the largest (1140 mm TL) had 42 bands. Bands were not deposited annually but were related to somatic growth. This hypothesis is supported by the number of bands in embryos and newborn Pacific angel sharks, growth of girth, and vertebral centrum dimensions, laboratory grow-out studies of tetracycline-injected sharks, and evidence from six tetracycline-injected tag returns.
Integrated enzyme production lowers the cost of cellulosic ethanol

Previous studies of cellulosic‐ethanol production have shown that the cost of producing cellulase is surprisingly significant, and that reducing this cost is key to making cellulosic‐ethanol economically viable. This study confirms that finding, and compares the costs of the three approaches for producing cellulase: off‐site, on‐site, and integrated. It finds that the integrated method is the lowest cost, primarily because it substitutes an inexpensive feedstock, biomass, for a relatively expensive one, glucose. This substitution also makes the ethanol a 100% second‐generation biofuel, i.e., it uses no ‘food for fuel’. This study also compares the activity of cellulase produced by the integrated method versus that produced by the off‐site method. Laboratory trials of the two show the ‘integrated’ cellulase to be better or equal to commercially available ‘off‐site’ cellulase in converting cellulose to sugar. © 2016 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts, Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of age and hearing loss on perceptual and physiological measures of temporal envelope processing and spatial release from speech-on-speech masking

Older adults often experience difficulties understanding speech in adverse listening conditions. These difficulties are partially attributed to auditory temporal-processing deficits associated with aging even in the absence of hearing loss. The aim of this study was to assess effects of age and hearing loss on temporal envelope processing and speech-on-speech masking. Listeners with normal and near-normal hearing across a wide age range (20 to 66 years) were tested using a series of psychophysical (amplitude-modulation detection, gap detection, and interaural-envelope-phase discrimination), physiological (electroencephalographic envelope-following responses), speech perception (spatial release from masking), and cognitive (processing speed) measures. Results showed that: (i) psychophysical measures of monaural and binaural envelope processing and neural measures of envelope processing are not affected by aging after accounting for audiometric hearing loss, (ii) behavioral gap-detection thresholds decline with age, (iii) aging results in a reduction of spatial release from masking, even as speech intensity is amplified in the region of hearing loss, (iv) aging is associated with poorer measures of cognitive function. Although age significantly contributed to a decline in spatial release from speech-on-speech masking, individual differences in envelope processing and in scores from nonauditory cognitive tests used in this study were not significant predictors of speech performance. Highlights Age per se does not affect psychophysical and physiological measures of monaural amplitude-modulation processing. Age does not affect the ability to detect interaural disparities in envelope timing between the ears. Gap detection thresholds degrades with age even after hearing thresholds are statistically accounted for. Age, independent of hearing thresholds, can substantially reduce spatial release from masking. Cognitive ability declines with age. However, such declines do not necessarily cause deficits in spatial release from masking.
Cytotoxic CD4 Development Requires CD4 Effectors to Concurrently Recognize Local Antigen and Encounter Infection-Induced IL-15

Cytotoxic CD4 T cells (ThCTL) are tissue-resident effectors that enhance viral clearance by MHC-II-restricted cytotoxicity of infected cells. Using a model of influenza A virus (IAV) infection, we identify key factors that drive CD4 effectors to differentiate into lung-resident ThCTL. We find that, to become ThCTL, CD4 effectors must again recognize cognate antigen on antigen presenting cells (APC) within the lung. Different APC subsets can drive this transition, including dendritic cells, B cells, and to a lesser extent non-hematopoietic MHC-II+ APC. CD28 co-stimulation is not required and can reduce ThCTL development. In contrast, T follicular helper cells (TFH) that are another specialized CD4 effector subset, require CD28 during this time. Optimal ThCTL generation also requires ongoing infection in the effector phase, that acts independently of antigen presentation. The mechanism involves production of Type I IFN, that induces IL-15 which acts to support further differentiation of CD4 effectors to ThCTL. The multiple spatial, temporal and cellular requirements for ThCTL generation from CD4 effectors described here would be expected to prevent cytotoxic CD4 responses in the lung after pathogen has already been cleared, while ensuring the development of potent lung-restricted ThCTL effectors when pathogen persists.
Agonistic Behavior and Territory in the American Redstart

A few essential terms are reviewed. Agonistic behavior is concerned with attack and escape. Individual distance "is an area around a bird, which moves with it, has no topographical reference, and into which no other individual is allowed to come" (Conder, 1949). Displays are defined by Moynihan (1955) as "those peculiarly standardized and often exaggerated performances, including all vocalizations and many movements and postures, which have become specialized and modified as social signals or releasers. " Blest (1961) describes ritualization as "the evolutionary process responsible for the existence of interand intra-specific signalling movements. " Intention movements are the "incomplete and low intensity movements, so called by Heinroth because they reveal what the animal is 'intending to do' . " (Marler, 1956). Tendency is used here in the sense of Hinde given by Marler (1956) as the "readiness to show a particular type of behaviour as observed under natural conditions. " The strengths of the attack and escape tendencies are determined by using the methods described by Tinbergen (1959). The first method involves recording what behavior follows a given display if the stimulus situation (i.e., the other bird) remains constant. This method requires many observations of the same display since the stimulus situation often varies in natural encounters. If a display leads to attack 70 per cent of the time and to escape 30 per cent, it can be said that this display is caused by a relatively strong attack tendency in conflict with a weaker escape tendency. Another method involves an analysis of the situations in which the display occurs and is frequently used in this study in combination with the first method. The least reliable method consists of analyzing the form of the display. For instance, if it consists mainly of intention movements to fly from the opponent, one can postulate that it reflects a strong escape tendency. The function of a display is determined by observing the response of the other bird (Tinbergen, 1959). For example, if a certain display by one bird typically causes the second bird to flee or to cease an approach, the display has a threat function.
Issues in Spoken Dialogue Systems: Experiences with the Dutch Arise System

In the ARISE project we developed an experimental spoken dialogue system for access to train timetable information of the Dutch Railways. It is based on an existing system (VIOS), which became operational during the course of the project. This paper discusses a number of issues that came to light during evaluations of the ARISE system. We are able to shorten the dialogue with the system considerably, by using confidence measures, short prompts and a zooming exceptions handling strategy. The problems that we observed are all related to the fact that both the dialogue system and the user are unable to infer each other’s intentions and capabilities. Also, evaluation of a dialogue system is difficult since the evaluator has little means to infer the real intentions of the user. Working with predefined scenarios is not the optimal solution for this problem.
Implementing Strategic Flexibility in the Delivery of Youth Mental Health Care: A Tailoring Framework for Thoughtful Clinical Practice

ABSTRACT Despite increased empirical support for, and consensus recognition of, the values of responsive treatment personalization in the delivery of evidence-based mental health care for youth, the literature has actually offered very little structured guidance with which to inform the actual practice of treatment flexibility. The present paper offers aworking heuristic framework for navigating the necessary deliberations that must be at the center of individual therapist efforts to thoughtfully tailor evidence-based practices. Our guiding Strategic Flexibility Model is organized around five critical questions/deliberations, which we collectively refer to as “the Who, What, When, Where, and Why of Strategic Flexibility. ” Specifically, our model has the therapist thoughtfully consider: (1) who warrants treatment flexibility? ; (2) what treatment components merit flexibility, and what modifications can be applied? ; (3) when in treatment is flexibility warranted? ; (4) where (i.e., in what settings) is flexibility needed, and where (in what settings) can flexibility by applied? ; and (5) why (i.e., to what end) should flexibility be applied under specific circumstances? Strategic Flexibility is conceptualized as an active and dynamic process of careful consideration, hypothesis generation, hypothesis testing, and course correction, as needed. Within our model, it is haphazard clinical “off-roading”– not protocol non-adherence, per say– that is of primary concern. Specific examples are offered throughout, and recommendations for future efforts on this front are discussed.
Treatments for Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors in Youth: Progress and Challenges

ABSTRACT Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) remain a common clinical problem in youth. This article reviews the state of knowledge regarding psychosocial treatments for SITBs in youth. Broadly speaking, psychosocial treatments that incorporate parents/family and that emphasize skills development (including emotion regulation and interpersonal skills) appear to produce the best outcomes. We also describe several challenges to the implementation of evidence-based psychotherapy, as well as potential solutions to these challenges, and provide an illustrative case example. Finally, because even evidence-based psychosocial treatments can take weeks to produce effects, increased attention has been given to biological approaches such as esketamine administration and transcranial direct current stimulation that have potential to yield rapid improvement for acute suicidal ideation, though evidence for the safety and efficacy of these approaches is in the early stages.
Influences of production inputs on incidence of infection by Fusarium species on cereal seed

Production inputs of supplementary nitrogen, fungicides, and plant growth regulator were evaluated on wheat and triticale cultivars (four site years) and on two- and six-row barley cultivars (two site years each) for effect on the incidence of Fusarium infection of the harvested seed. Supplementary nitrogen and a plant growth regulator increased, by up to 125%, the incidence of infection by Fusarium species of the seed. The use of a fungicide spray program had no effect on incidence of Fusarium infection. Triticale lines were more susceptible than wheat to Fusarium infection (.)
Improving methods to measure critical thermal limits in phloem‐feeding pest insects

The ability to accurately assess thermal tolerance in the laboratory without compromising ecological relevance is essential to predict the impacts of global climate change on phytophagous pest insects such as the phloem‐feeding aphids. One method to study thermal tolerance employs a temperature‐controlled column to measure critical thermal limits. However, assessments are commonly made with little relation to the natural environment of the study species. This study measured critical thermal minima (CTmin) for three cereal aphids – Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (all Hemiptera: Aphididae) – in the absence and presence of host plant material to determine the best experimental design. Results revealed that CTmin measured in the presence of the host plant was significantly lower, suggesting that performing the measurement in the absence of the host plant could result in an underestimation of insect thermal tolerance. In addition, the study highlights the importance of understanding how an insect interacts with its environment, as this can reveal behavioural variation integral to differential survival at unfavourable temperatures.
Entropy Stable andWell-Balanced Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for the Nonlinear ShallowWater Equations

The nonlinear shallow water equations (SWEs) are widely used to model the unsteady water flows in rivers and coastal areas, with extensive applications in ocean and hydraulic engineering. In this work, we propose entropy stable, well-balanced and positivity-preserving discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods, under arbitrary choices of quadrature rules, for the SWEs with a non-flat bottom topography. In Chan (J Comput Phys 362:346–374, 2018), a SBP-like differentiation operator was introduced to construct the discretely entropy conservative DG methods. We extend this idea to the SWEs and establish an entropy stable scheme by adding additional dissipative terms. Careful approximation of the source term is included to ensure the well-balanced property of the resulting method. A simple positivity-preserving limiter, compatible with the entropy stable property, is included to guarantee the non-negative water heights during the computation. Oneand two-dimensional numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed methods.