Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards Solving NP-Complete and Other Hard Problems Efficiently in Practice

Until now, Computer Scientists have concerned themselves with identifying efficient algorithms for solving the general case of some problem that is finding one which performs well when the size of the input tends to infinity. However, this is the precise opposite of what is actually needed in practice. Effectively solving some real-world problem entails identifying an algorithm which works well for all (or some) inputs up to some fixed upper bound dictated by the concrete practical application. Such an algorithm may be distinct from the one which solves the general case. Furthermore, a general case algorithm may not exist at all or finding it might prove painstakingly hard for the human mind. Fortunately, in practice all that is needed is one which works on the finite cases involved in the real world situations, not one which can, unaltered, solve any input correctly. In this paper, we first introduce a theoretical framework for reasoning about finite algorithmics. It allows familiar concepts such as asymptotic complexity to be adapted to the case where the input size is bounded from above. We also present some elementary results within this theory. Secondly, we present a generic approach for automatically discovering an adequate algorithm for the finite case of some hard problem if one exists. Thirdly, we argue why we expect Email addresses: mircea.digulescu@gmail.com (Mircea-Adrian Digulescu), mircea.digulescu@my.fmi. unibuc.ro (Mircea-Adrian Digulescu) Preprint submitted to Theoretical Computer Science November 2019 the finite case of hard problems to be easier than the general case. Fourthly, we present some relevant ideas specific to three hard problems, namely 3CNFSAT, String Compression and Integer Factorization. Fifthly, we discuss the significance of the theory and methods introduced in this paper noting among other things that they can be used to automatically determine that either (i) P = NP , (ii) P 6= NP or (iii) we don’t really care about the distinction for practical purposes. Finally, we present four directions for immediate further research and formulate an open question which, when answered will, for all practical purposes, decide P = NP . Enhancing the way Computer Scientists reason about hard problems is ultimately the single most important contribution we claim for this paper.
Exoplanet Candidate Stellar Companion Detection using a Mask R-CNN

This project attempts a novel application using a Mask Region Convolutional Neural Networks (Mask R-CNN) to adaptive optics observational data from of exoplanet candidates from the Kepler telescope. Anomalous light curve behavior observed create inﬂated exoplanet radii measurements and false positive exoplanet detections. The high volume of stellar observations cannot possibly be processed manually and require intelligent software to conduct the task. Using Mask R-CNN, the code identiﬁes stars with a stellar companion and corrects the Asterosemic data along with exoplanet radii measurements to exclude false positives A single GPU was used processing a single image at a time with the CCD camera in greyscale. The learning momentum is set at 0.9 with a learning rate of 0.001. The mini-mask shape is 56x56 searching for a star. Training is conducted on 903 stellar observations, with 38 development images, and 346 validation images. Results show proﬁcient detection of starts at 98% success level.
Attacking AUTOSAR using Software and Hardware Attacks

— The AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture (AU-TOSAR) development partnership is a world-wide initiative aiming to jointly develop and establish an open industry standard for automotive E/E software architectures. This standard is rapidly being adopted by the automotive industry and therefore it is important to understand the attack surface of AUTOSAR-based electronic control units (ECU). In this paper we describe several scenarios how software and hardware attacks can compromise the security of AUTOSAR-based ECUs. We consider an attacker with physical access to the ECU who is capable of exploiting both software and hardware vulnerabilities. We discuss how an attacker can use different attack techniques to exploit these vulnerabilities. Moreover, we describe a case study in full detail where we execute arbitrary code on an AUTOSAR-based demonstration ECU by performing a voltage fault injection attack on the AUTOSAR communication stack. Several automotive threats may materialize if an attacker is able to execute arbitrary code on an ECU. For example, it will be possible to persistently modify the ECU’s functionality if its code is not authenticated using secure boot.
SOUND EVENTS DETECTION AND DIRECTION OF ARRIVAL ESTIMATION USING RESIDUAL NET AND RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORKS

This paper presents deep learning approach for sound events detection and localization, which is also a part of detection and classification of acoustic scenes and events (DCASE) challenge 2019 Task 3. Deep residual nets originally used for image classification are adapted and combined with recurrent neural networks (RNN) to estimate the onset-offset of sound events, sound events class, and their direction in a reverberant environment. Additionally, data augmentation and post processing techniques are applied to generalize the system performance to unseen data. Using our best model on validation dataset, sound events detection achieves F1-score of 0.89 and error rate of 0.18, whereas sound source localization task achieves angular error of 9 degree and 0.90 frame re-call.
AGAINST THE QUOTATIONAL THEORY OF MEANING ASCRIPTIONS1

S U M M A R Y : According to the quotational theory of meaning ascriptions, sentences like “‘Bruder (in German) means brother” are abbreviated synonymy claims, such as “‘Bruder (in German) means the same as ‘brother’”. After discussing a problem with Harman’s (1999) version of the quotational theory, I present an amended version defended by Field (2001; 2017). Then, I address Field’s responses to two arguments against the theory that revolve around translation and the understanding of foreign expressions. Afterwards, I formulate two original arguments against both Harman’s and Field’s versions of the theory. One of them targets the hyperintensionality of quotations and the other raises a problem pertaining to variant spellings of words.
EDGE COMPUTING AND CLOUDLETS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

: Many cloud-based applications employ a data centre as a central server to process data that is generated by edge devices, such as smart phones, tablets and wearable. This model places ever increasing demands on communication and computational infrastructure with inevitable adverse effect on Quality- of-Service and Experience. The concept of Edge Computing is predicated on moving some of this computational load towards the edge of the network to harness computational capabilities that are currently untapped in edge nodes, such as base stations, routers and switches. This position paper considers the challenges and opportunities that arise out of this new direction in the computing landscape. The purpose of this article is to explain the importance of using Cloudlets in our everyday life, by presenting the main challenges and possibilities of further research. We present a short introduction about Cloudlets; the cloudlets architecture and the way they operate. Moreover, we discuss about what their features are, how they work with thin and tick clients, and how they operate as offload elements. In the end, we state the challenges and open research question related to the topic.
Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy provided by novice psychotherapists: effects on symptomatology and psychological structure in patients with anxiety disorders

This study examines the effectiveness of psychotherapy provided by novice therapists, in an attempt to clarify the controversial relationship between treatment effectiveness and therapist experience. To achieve this, we examined the short- and long-term effectiveness of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy (ISTDP) in the treatment of patients with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, IV edition - Text Revision anxiety disorders, as provided by novice psychology trainees. Twenty-two patients with anxiety disorders were provided ISTDP. Patients improved significantly on all outcome indices, including the global assessment of functioning, the symptom checklist and the inventory of interpersonal problems, at the end of the treatment and at 6 and 12 month follow-up. In addition to these results, there was marked structural personality change as evidenced by ratings on the Shedler Westen assessment procedure (SWAP-200), at the same assessment moments; the SWAP-200 psychological health index score showed a meaningful increase in adaptive psychological resources and capacities, while the mean number of personality diagnoses decreased from the beginning to the end of therapy, and all patients maintaining their gains in 6-12 month follow-up. We conclude that ISTDP provided by novice psychotherapists is efficacious in bringing broad and in-depth change to pathology that can perpetuate anxiety disorders and other psychiatric conditions.
Effects of whole-body cryotherapy on a total antioxidative status and activities of antioxidative enzymes in blood of..

Whole body cryostimulation (WBCT) is becoming popular in medicine and sport as an adjuvant form of treatment since late 1970s. Only a few works concerning antioxidant protection after WBCT have been published. The aim of this study was to determine the eVect of a ten 3-min-long exposures (one exposure per day) to cryogenic temperature (¡130°C) on the level of total antioxidant status (TAS), activity of selected antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and main non-enzymatic antioxidant—uric acid (UA) in WBCT study group (man n = 24; female n = 22) and non-WBCT control subjects (man n = 22; female n = 26). Moreover, we evaluated the lipid peroxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances products. Their blood samples were collected twice at an interval of 10 days in both study group and control subjects. The activity of antioxidant enzyme and lipid peroxidation was assayed in erythrocytes, while the concentration of uric acid was measured in plasma. After completing a total of ten WBCT sessions a signiWcant increase (p < 0.001) of TAS and UA levels in plasma (p < 0.001) in comparison to non-WBCT was observed. Our data showed that there was statistically signiWcant increase of the activities of SOD in erythrocytes obtained from WBCT study group compared to non-WBCT controls after 10 days of treatment (p < 0.001). It was concluded that expositions to extremely low temperatures use in cryostimulation improve the antioxidant capacity of organism.
EFFECT OF INTERMITTENT LIGHTING ON THE CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS, INTERNAL ORGANS, RELATIVE WEIGHT AND PH VALUE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, AND SOME OF THE IMMUNOLOGICAL TRAITS OF BROILER CHICKEN

This study was conducted at the field of poultry farm of the Department of Animal Production / College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad / Abu Ghraib during the period from 22/9-10/11/2019 (for a period of 49 days). This study aims to demonstrate the effect of different systems of lighting on production performance, leg abnormalities, total mortality rate and some microbial traits in broiler chickens. 300 unsexed Ross308 chicks were used in the study at one day age with an average initial weight of 37.5 g. They were randomly distributed to five experimental treatments with three replicates for each treatment. Chicks were fed on starter diet for the first three weeks of age, and finisher diets for the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh weeks of bird age. All birds switched to continuous lighting (24 hours light) during the first week of age. On the eighth day, the experiment was divided into five treatment ,The first program was Tc (control) 24 hours of light, the second T1:18 hours of light: 6 hours of darkness, and the third T2: 19 hours of light: 2 hours of darkness: 1 hour of light: 2 hours of darkness and the fourth T3:17 hours of light: 3 hours of darkness :1 hour of light: 3 hours of darkness, 5 hours of darkness, T4: 15 hours of light: 4 hours of darkness: 1 hour of light: 4 hours of darkness. (Up to the age of 6 weeks) and at the seventh week, all birds were exposed to continuous lighting for 24 hours of light. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in dressing yield with out and with edible organs at 6,7 weeks. While significant differences (P <0.05) were observed in the relative weight of the thighs and wings parts in the treatment T3 compared with the control Tc treatment at the seventh week of age and a high significant superiority (P <0.01) for the treatment T3 in the relative weight of neck cutter for the same age, Whereas, the control Tc treatment was significantly superior (P <0.05) in the relative weight of the liver compared to the T1 treatment at the sixth week of age. Treatment T2 (P<0.01 and P <0.05) was significantly compared with all trial treatments in pH value in crop, duodenum and ileum at 7 weeks of age. A significant increase (P <0.05) was observed in the T2 treatment compared to the control treatment in the relative weight of thymus gland at the seventh week of age, and highly significant (P <0.01) in the T3 treatment compared to the control treatment in the antibodies directed against Newcastle disease. Conclusion: It is concluded from this study that intermittent lighting programs Improved immune system function and reinforcement Production of antibodies against Newcastle disease and improved pH value of the digestive system. Keyword: intermittent light, carcass characteristics, pH value, digestive system, immune system
Veriﬁable Secret Sharing Mechanisms - A Survey

In this paper, we show the state of the art technology in key escrow mechanisms. Secure communication over the internet as well as inside an intranet is based on the encryption of sent data. Hence the keys used for encryption are not only precious for the user but also for economical institutions. As soon as these keys are inaccessible the encrypted data can not be recovered, which might result in a loss of essential information. Therefore a way to regain these keys is fundamental for any institution. In this context Key Escrow provides a simple way to provide this desirable infrastructural feature. This paper will introduce several mechanisms to escrow keys and try to give a suitable solution for modern networks. Consequently key escrow in general will be explained and the currently popular mechanisms will be shown divided by the approach used in the infrastructure. These approaches will be explained on protocol layer and checked for the practicability. Finally it should give a conclusion over all protocols.
Structural order of extruded calcium metaphosphate glasses

The structure of extruded Ca(PO 3 ) 2 glass was characterised by measuring optical birefringence, thermal expansion and two dimensional rotorsynchronised nuclear magnetic resonance spectra using magic angle sample spinning (2D MAS NMR). The results give evidence not only of a macroscopic structural anisotropy but also of a local molecular alignment in the extruded Ca(PO 3 ) 2 glass. The degree of anisotropy decreases during post extrusion thermal treatment due to structural relaxation.
maximized by small group sizes Decision accuracy in complex environments

Supplementary data tml http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/suppl/2014/04/17/rspb.2013. 3305.DC1. h "Data Supplement" References http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/281/1784/20133305.full. html#ref-list-1 This article cites 55 articles, 27 of which can be accessed free Subject collections (92 articles) theoretical biology  (240 articles) cognition  Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections
Customer behavior impact on international tourist's travel intention due to Covid-19

Purpose: Several industries affected by the Covid-19 outbreak – one of the most affected is the tourism industry due to travel restrictions, which have resulted in an unprecedented slump in the number of international tourists. This situation has an impact on changing consumer behavior towards intention to travel. This study aims to measure the impact of Covid-19 on international tourists' consumer behavior towards crises to intention to travel overseas after the pandemic is over. Research methodology: A paper questionnaire was distributed to international tourists who have been traveling abroad (outside country of origin) at least once during the last 12 months through a nonprobability, convenience-sampling approach. A total of 350 questionnaires were analyzed using multiple regression linear. Results: The results from the regression model suggest that: (1) general impact have significant partial effects on traveling intention; (2) attitude and preference have a significant partial impact to travel intention; (3) hygiene and safety have significant partial impacts to travel intention; (4) general impact, attitude, and preference, hygiene and safety have a significant simultaneous impact to travel intention. Implications and future research issues were discussed. Limitations: This research is limited due to the limited number of respondents. Contribution: This research suggests that every country carries out promotions and increases national branding to rebuild trust to travel. Keywords: Impact, Covid-19, Customer behavior, International tourists, Travel intention, Post-pandemic
Influence of titanium dioxide modification on the antibacterial properties

Abstract Antibacterial properties of 15 titania photocatalysts, mono- and dual-modified with nitrogen and carbon were examined. Amorphous TiO2, supplied by Azoty Group Chemical Factory Police S.A. , was used as titania source (Ar-TiO2, C-TiO2, N-TiO2 and N,C-TiO2 calcined at 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, 700°C). The disinfection ability was examined against Escherichia coli K12 under irradiation with UV and artificial sunlight and in dark conditions. It has been found the development of new photocatalysts with enhanced interaction ability with microorganisms might be a useful strategy to improve disinfection method conducted under artificial sunlight irradiation. The efficiency of disinfection process conducted under artificial sunlight irradiation with carbon (C-TiO2) and carbon/nitrogen (N,C-TiO2) photocatalysts was similar as obtained under UV irradiation. Furthermore, during dark incubation, any toxicity of the photocatalyst was noted.
Synthesis and Characterizations of Cadmium Doped Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles

The cadmium doped aluminium oxide (CdAl2O3) nanoparticles were prepared by reverse precipitation method. The prepared CdAl2O3 nanoparticles were characterized by Powder X-Ray Diffraction in order to confirm the crystalline nature of the sample and found average crystallite size in the range 27.6 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the presence of metal oxygen bonds in the CdAl2O3 nanoparticle.
Orthodontic management of non-syndromic hyperdontia

Hyperdontia presents as an odontostomatologic derangement where and excess in tooth number is observed. Mesiodens in the premaxilla is the most commonly occurring supernumerary tooth. It is usually clinical in form. The following case reported with erupted supernumerary tooth. The consequences and management has been discussed in elaborate details. Keywords: Mesiodens, Supernumerary tooth, Cephalometrics, Preadjusted edgewise.
A review of Terahertz technology and Metamaterial based electromagnetic absorber at Terahertz band

Terahertz (THz) technology, a new step towards the wireless communication is a recent topic of research. THz radiation has unique properties which make it better than microwaves, infrared, Xrays, etc. These radiations have wide applications in various fields like imaging, spectroscopy, security, biomedicine, sub-millimeter astronomy, in communication, etc. The sources for THz radiation as well as the detectors are the key components within THz communication system, and are still in a developing stage. As in naturally occurring materials, there is lack of good terahertz characteristic, so researchers are moving towards artificial one, i.e., the metamaterial based design. Designing of generators and detectors based on metamaterial for THz radiation is the recent demands in the field of THz communication. Hence, we are focusing on the metamaterial based THz transmitter and receiver. So in this paper, a brief study of the THz technology based on metamaterial has been carried out and presented here.
PERFORMANCE MODELING OF NETWORK DEFENSE IN BREADTH SYSTEMS BY MATRIX REWRITING SRN WITH FUZZY PARAMETERS

We have defined in this paper, a new kind of stochastic reward network (SRN) by introducing matrix attributes and fuzzy parameters of timed transitions and of rewriting rules, called MFRSRN, allowing the dynamic marking-dependent reconfiguration of these models. Moreover, this formalism offers a descriptive language that allows managing the compact representations the model's size through the introduction of matrix structuring and rewriting mechanisms of the compositional model's behavior. As an example of application, we show how the proposed formalism can be applied to performance modeling of network “Defense in Breadth” system which includes the combination of firewall, IDS, honeypot and moving target defense (MTD) techniques, taking into account the probabilistic and epistemic uncertainty aspects.
Association of Alpha-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase Gene Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Prostate Cancer: a Meta-Analysis

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies in men with approximately 0.9 million newly diagnosed cases and 0.26 million deaths in 2008 worldwide (Jemal et al., 2011). Until now, the exact carcinogenic mechanism of prostate cancer has remained unclear (Mahmoud et al., 2014). It is widely accepted that carcinogenesis of prostate cancer is affected by genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure, for instance, a fatty acid diet (Amankwah et al., 2012; Doolan et al., 2014; Askari et al., 2014). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as a type of genetic predisposing factor, might lead to changes in protein encoding and be involved in the alterative risk of prostate cancer (Yang et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2014). Therefore, it is crucial to focus on these genetic markers for their application in susceptibility prediction, early diagnosis and individualized therapeutic regimens of prostate cancer.
Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products

1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers the distillation of natural gasolines, motor gasolines, aviation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels, special boiling point spirits, naphthas, white spirit, kerosines, gas oils, distillate fuel oils, and similar petroleum products, utilizing either manual or automated equipment. 1.2 In cases of dispute, the referee test method is the manual test method prepared as directed for the indicated group. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, i f any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.