Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tightly congruent bursts of lineage and phenotypic diversification identified in a continental ant radiation

Adaptive diversification is thought to be shaped by ecological opportunity. A prediction of this ecological process of diversification is that it should result in congruent bursts of lineage and phenotypic diversification, but few studies have found this expected association. Here, we study the relationship between rates of lineage diversification and body size evolution in the turtle ants, a diverse Neotropical clade. Using a near complete, time‐calibrated phylogeny we investigated lineage diversification dynamics and body size disparity through model fitting analyses and estimation of per‐lineage rates of cladogenesis and phenotypic evolution. We identify an exceptionally high degree of congruence between the high rates of lineage and body size diversification in a young clade undergoing renewed diversification in the ecologically distinct Chacoan biogeographical region of South America. It is likely that the region presented turtle ants with novel ecological opportunity, which facilitated a nested burst of diversification and phenotypic evolution within the group. Our results provide a compelling quantitative example of tight congruence between rates of lineage and phenotypic diversification, meeting the key predicted pattern of adaptive diversification shaped by ecological opportunity.
Environment‐dependent variation in selection on life history across small spatial scales

Variation in life‐history traits is ubiquitous, even though genetic variation is thought to be depleted by selection. One potential mechanism for the maintenance of trait variation is spatially variable selection. We explored spatial variation in selection in the field for a colonial marine invertebrate that shows phenotypic differences across a depth gradient of only 3 m. Our analysis included life‐history traits relating to module size, colony growth, and phenology. Directional selection on colony growth varied in strength across depths, while module size was under directional selection at one depth but not the other. Differences in selection may explain some of the observed phenotypic differentiation among depths for one trait but not another: instead, selection should actually erode the differences observed for this trait. Our results suggest selection is not acting alone to maintain trait variation within and across environments in this system.
The role of maternal nutrition in the aetiology of gastroschisis: an incident case-control study.

BACKGROUND Gastroschisis, a congenital anomaly involving a defect in the fetal abdominal wall, has increased in prevalence in many countries, but the aetiology is uncertain. We tested the hypothesis that high maternal alcohol consumption and poor diet in the first trimester are risk factors in a case-control study in the UK (1 July 2007 to 28 February 2010). METHODS Gastroschisis cases and three controls per case (matched for maternal age) were identified at 18- to 20-week routine anomaly screening ultrasound scan (USS). Interviews were carried out during the antenatal period (median 24 weeks' gestation) using a piloted questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression was used to describe the associations between exposure variables and gastroschisis, adjusted for known confounding variables. RESULTS The response rate was 73% for cases (n = 91) and 70% for controls (n = 217). High consumption of fruits and vegetables during the first trimester (aOR 0.2; 95% CI 0.04-0.6), taking folic acid for at least 6 weeks during the first trimester (aOR 0.3; 95% CI 0.1-0.7) and increasing body fat percentage of total maternal body weight (aOR 0.9; 95% CI 0.8-0.9 per 1% increase) were independently associated with reduced risk. Cigarette smoking (aOR 2.7; 95% CI 1.1-6.8) was an independent risk factor. CONCLUSION We report for the first time that higher intake of fruits and vegetables during the first trimester, longer duration of folic acid supplementation and higher body fat percentage are associated with reduced risk of fetal gastroschisis, independent of cigarette smoking. The increased risk of cigarette smoking is greatest in older women and in high socio-economic groups.
Adaptive, but not condition‐dependent, body shape differences contribute to assortative mating preferences during ecological speciation

Assortative mating is critical for reproductive isolation during speciation; however, the mechanisms underlying mating preferences are often unknown. Assortative mating can be mediated through preferences for condition‐dependent and adaptive (“magic”) traits, but rigorously testing these hypotheses has been impeded by trait covariation in living organisms. We used computer‐generated models to examine the role of body shape in producing association preferences between fish populations undergoing ecological speciation in different habitat types. We demonstrate that body shape can serve as an adaptive trait (variation in head size between populations) and a condition‐dependent signal (variation in abdominal distention among individuals). Female preferences for stimuli varying in only one aspect of body shape uncovered evidence for body shape as a magic trait across population pairs, but no evidence for body shape serving as a condition‐dependent signal. Evolution of preferences only in females from one habitat type as well as stronger preferences in sympatric nonsulfidic as opposed to allopatric nonsulfidic populations suggests that reinforcement may have played a role in producing the observed patterns.
Infecção hospitalar em pacientes cirúrgicos de um hospital do interior de Minas Gerais

Normal 0 21 false false false O controle de Infeccao Hospitalar (IH) e um desafio para a equipe cirurgica, o que faz com que os profissionais da area busquem novas medidas para diminuir tal ocorrencia. O estudo objetivou investigar a prevalencia de IH em pacientes cirurgicos atraves de um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, de abordagem quantitativa. Observou-se uma taxa de infeccao hospitalar em pacientes cirurgicos de 4,14%. Dos casos, 63,40% eram do sexo masculino; 65,90% foram encaminhados para o centro de terapia intensiva e 46,30% apresentavam alguma comorbidade. A maior ocorrencia ocorreu no sitio cirurgico (33,30%), seguida de pneumonia associada a ventilacao mecânica (31,40%). Durante a internacao, 31 (75,61%) pacientes utilizaram procedimentos invasivos e os antimicrobianos mais utilizados foram as cefalosporinas de 3a geracao. Conclui-se que para o controle eficaz da IH e necessaria a atuacao efetiva da Comissao de Controle de Infeccao Hospitalar e, os dados do estudo apontam para necessidade de intensificacao de acoes preventivas.
Escherichia Coli: Mechanisms of Virulence

more assured approach to childbearing and child-raising and a desire for autonomy and control. It surprised me that as many as 16% were nulliparae and that 1% had had a previous caesarean section. Not surprisingly, 40% of nulliparae and many of those with uterine scars ended up in the planned-home but delivered-in-hospital group. At the heart of this study is its tables and figures. As we expect with Geoffrey Chamberlain's surveys, these are almost invariably a model of clarity. No paradigm-seeking candidate preparing his/her dissertation for the new MRCOG examination need look further. But just as the data collected for these dissertations tend to contain few surprises and to be of local interest only, most ofthe data presented in Home Births will be of interest only to those intimately involved in domiciliary confinements. Furthermore, the data presented by the NBTF in this special study of home births is necessarily incomplete because ofthe voluntary nature of its collection. So much so, in fact, that the editors' first recommendation is for funds to be provided for better maternity information collection and publication. None the less, this confidential enquiry into home births in the UK of 1994 has provided a wealth of detail, not available elsewhere, about a service which, because it is low-tech and does not involve many patients, has tended to be sidelined by many who practise serious obstetrics. There are sections on what happens after delivery and the baby. There is also, no doubt in deference to modern times, an economic evaluation of home births. A helicopter ambulance costs £856/ 30 min. A ground ambulance with a midwife costs £33/30 min. The services of an acupuncturist cost £25/h. An aromatherapist is the same. Hire of a water bath for home is £206. The cheapest thing for pain relief in labour is pethidine at a unit cost of £1.1.
Association Between Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcomes Among Women With Epilepsy

Importance To date, few attempts have been made to examine associations between exposure to maternal epilepsy with or without antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy and pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Objectives To investigate associations between epilepsy in pregnancy and risks of pregnancy and perinatal outcomes as well as whether use of AEDs influenced risks. Design, Setting, and Participants A population-based cohort study was conducted on all singleton births at 22 or more completed gestational weeks in Sweden from 1997 through 2011; of these, 1 424 279 were included in the sample. Information on AED exposure was available in the subset of offspring from July 1, 2005, to December 31, 2011. Data analysis was performed from October 1, 2016, to February 15, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Pregnancy, delivery, and perinatal outcomes. Multivariable Poisson log-linear regression was used to estimate adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) and 95% CIs, after adjusting for maternal age, country of origin, educational level, cohabitation with a partner, height, early pregnancy body mass index, smoking, year of delivery, maternal pregestational diabetes, hypertension, and psychiatric disorders. Results Of the 1 429 652 births included in the sample, 5373 births were in 3586 women with epilepsy; mean (SD) age at first delivery of the epilepsy cohort was 30.54 (5.18) years. Compared with pregnancies of women without epilepsy, women with epilepsy were at increased risks of adverse pregnancy and delivery outcomes, including preeclampsia (aRR 1.24; 95% CI, 1.07-1.43), infection (aRR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.43-2.29), placental abruption (aRR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.18-2.38), induction (aRR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.21-1.40), elective cesarean section (aRR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.45-1.71), and emergency cesarean section (aRR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.00-1.20). Infants of mothers with epilepsy were at increased risks of stillbirth (aRR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.05-2.30), having both medically indicated (aRR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.08-1.43) and spontaneous (aRR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.20-1.53) preterm birth, being small for gestational age at birth (aRR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.13-1.30), and having neonatal infections (aRR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.17-1.73), any congenital malformation (aRR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.35-1.62), major malformations (aRR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.43-1.81), asphyxia-related complications (aRR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.26-2.42), Apgar score of 4 to 6 at 5 minutes (aRR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.03-1.76), Apgar score of 0 to 3 at 5 minutes (aRR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.62-3.61), neonatal hypoglycemia (aRR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.34-1.75), and respiratory distress syndrome (aRR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.30-1.68) compared with infants of unaffected women. In women with epilepsy, using AEDs during pregnancy did not increase the risks of pregnancy and perinatal complications, except for a higher rate of induction of labor (aRR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.10-1.55). Conclusions and Relevance Epilepsy during pregnancy is associated with increased risks of adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. However, AED use during pregnancy is generally not associated with adverse outcomes.
early Identification of Long Term Unemployed

The paper describes a fesibility study carried out for the Employment Service and the Department for Education and Employment in Britain to identify those individuals who, when first registering as umemployed, are likely to be at high rish of becoming long-term unemployed. A simple preidction scheme is developed that can be easily administered by officials who deal with unemployment registration. The scheme is based on a logistic model for the odds of long-term employment which is clibrated and cross-validated on the ntional cohort study containing data on employment histories. The paper concludes with discussion of the effects of the decision rules that are chosen and of the prediction errors that arise when the prediction scheme is applied in pratice.
Parasitoid gene expression changes after adaptation to symbiont‐protected hosts

Reciprocal selection between aphids, their protective endosymbionts, and the parasitoid wasps that prey upon them offers an opportunity to study the basis of their coevolution. We investigated adaptation to symbiont‐conferred defense by rearing the parasitoid wasp Lysiphlebus fabarum on aphids (Aphis fabae) possessing different defensive symbiont strains (Hamiltonella defensa). After ten generations of experimental evolution, wasps showed increased abilities to parasitize aphids possessing the H. defensa strain they evolved with, but not aphids possessing the other strain. We show that the two symbiont strains encode different toxins, potentially creating different targets for counter‐adaptation. Phenotypic and behavioral comparisons suggest that neither life‐history traits nor oviposition behavior differed among evolved parasitoid lineages. In contrast, comparative transcriptomics of adult female wasps identified a suite of differentially expressed genes among lineages, even when reared in a common, symbiont‐free, aphid host. In concurrence with the specificity of each parasitoid lineages’ infectivity, most differentially expressed parasitoid transcripts were also lineage‐specific. These transcripts are enriched with putative venom toxins and contain highly expressed, potentially defensive viral particles. Together, these results suggest that wild populations of L. fabarum employ a complicated offensive arsenal with sufficient genetic variation for wasps to adapt rapidly and specifically to their hosts’ microbial defenses.
The Role of MRCP on Management of the Acute Biliary Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis (AP) an acute inflammation of the pancreas, is the most common cause of admission to hospital because of acute gastro-intestinal tract in the USA. In etiology, factors such as cholelithiasis, alcohol, drugs, hypertriglyceridemia, and sphincter of oddi dysfunction play a role. Acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP) constitutes %40 of all pancreatitis cases. The management of patients with ABP are vital for the cases in which choledocholithiazis exists. This review focuses on the management of such patients. The timing of ERCP and the use of MRCP was investigated in this review. For this review, various studies and reviews were critically evaluated.
The evolution of genital shape variation in female cetaceans *

Male genital diversification is likely the result of sexual selection. Female genital diversification may also result from sexual selection, although it is less well studied and understood. Female genitalia are complex among whales, dolphins, and porpoises, especially compared to other vertebrates. The evolutionary factors affecting the diversity of vaginal complexity could include ontogeny, allometry, phylogeny, sexual selection, and natural selection. We quantified shape variation in female genitalia using 2D geometric morphometric analysis, and validated the application of this method to study soft tissues. We explored patterns of variation in the shape of the cervix and vagina of 24 cetacean species (n = 61 specimens), and found that genital shape varies primarily in the relative vaginal length and overall aspect ratio of the reproductive tract. Extensive genital shape variation was partly explained by ontogenetic changes and evolutionary allometry among sexually mature cetaceans, whereas phylogenetic signal, relative testis size, and neonate size were not significantly associated with genital shape. Female genital shape is diverse and evolves rapidly even among closely related species, consistent with predictions of sexual selection models and with findings in invertebrate and vertebrate taxa. Future research exploring genital shape variation in 3D will offer new insights into evolutionary mechanisms because internal vaginal structures are variable and can form complex spirals.
Cohort Profile Cohort Profile : The Polish-Norwegian Study ( PONS ) cohort

The PONS cohort is a longitudinal observational regional study collecting information on health and health-related behaviours in the south-eastern part of Poland. The study aims at providing information on determinants of health differences between Poland and other countries in the region, especially related to premature mortality. The baseline data collection contains records for 13 172 individuals (2010–11), between 45 and 64 years of age, from the city of Kielce and surrounding rural area. All cohort members were volunteer participants and gave informed consent prior to inclusion. Data were collected on current health status, medical history and health-related behaviours with focus on preventable causes of chronic diseases, including tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and dietary habits. In addition to an extensive questionnaire, blood and urine samples were collected for storage. The study is expected to provide valuable evidence related to various lifestyle behaviours and health, and insight into the usefulness of population approaches for preventive interventions in Polish communities. To access data or biological material or to use the sample to recruit participants for new studies, researchers should contact the principal investigator, Witold A Zatonski at: [canepid@coi.waw. pl].
Natural selection favors local specialization in a widespread habitat generalist

The ecological success of widespread species is attributed to an ability to generalize across diverse habitats, a so‐called “jack of all trades” scenario. However, this assumption ignores the potential for local specialization, an alternative scenario whereby spatial variation in natural selection generates habitat‐specific fitness surfaces. Despite a growing recognition of spatial variation in selection in nature, and the inevitable exploitation of distinct habitat types across an extensive geographic range, attention to this hypothesis has been lacking for widespread taxa. We test this hypothesis using data from four populations of a widespread species drawing from two distinct habitat types (tree‐ and boulder‐dominated, respectively). Specifically, we compare major physiological traits of male and female lizards by habitat type and then estimate the shape of natural selection gradients on those traits for each sex in each habitat (i.e., their fitness surfaces). We detected significant differences in morphology and performance across habitats that mirror interspecific patterns. Importantly, patterns of linear and nonlinear selection on these traits were habitat‐specific for both sexes, supporting a clear but underappreciated capacity for local specialization. Our findings challenge assumptions of habitat generalism in widespread taxa, and instead provide some evidence for adaptive diversification in driving their ecological success.
Excessive Bleeding After Cardiac Surgery in Adults: Reasons and Management

Excessive Bleeding After Cardiac Surgery in Adults: Reasons and Management Postoperative bleeding is a concern for all patients undergoing cardiac surgery. In patients exposed to cardiopulmonary bypass, bleeding following surgery is excessive in up to twelve percent of patients in whom subsequent re-exploration is required. Several studies have evaluated main reasons, prevention of excessive postoperative bleeding and impact of patients outcomes. This article contains a literature review on excessive bleeding and re-exploration following cardiac surgery, main surgical and medical sources, prevention and management of bleeding.
Acquired Resistance of EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer to a T790M-Specific EGFR Inhibitor: Emergence of a Third Mutation (C797S) in the EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Domain.

EGFR-mutant lung cancers represent a paradigm for the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to treat molecular subsets of cancer, with randomized trials demonstrating the efficacy of first-generation, reversible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) TKIs. However, acquired resistance invariably develops, and rebiopsy of patients with clinical progression has elucidated EGFR T790M mutation as the major resistance mechanism.1
Statistical Analysis and Modeling of Breast Cancer and Lung Cancer

The objective of the present study is to investigate various problems associate with breast cancer and lung cancer patients. In this study, we compare the effectiveness of breast cancer treatments using decision tree analysis and come to the conclusion that although certain treatment shows overall effectiveness over the others, physicians or doctors should discretionally give different treatment to breast cancer patients based on their characteristics. Reoccurrence time of breast caner patients who receive different treatments are compared in an overall sense, histology type is also taken into consideration. To further understand the relation between relapse time and other variables, statistical models are applied to identify the attribute variables and predict the relapse time. Of equal importance, the transition between different breast cancer stages are analyzed through Markov Chain which not only gives the transition probability between stages for specific treatment but also provide guidance on breast cancer treatment based on stating information. Sensitivity analysis is conducted on breast cancer doubling time which involves two commonly used assumptions: spherical tumor and exponential growth of
Well-Leg Compartment Syndrome After Surgery for Gynecologic Cancer

Abstract Background: Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a life-threatening process induced by abnormally high pressure between muscles and enveloping fasciae. There are few reports in connection with gynecologic surgery. Case: A 38-year-old patient underwent extended surgery for a malignant yolk sac tumor of the ovary. The operating time was almost 6 hours, and anesthesia time and time in lithotomy position was almost 7 hours. On the first postoperative day, the patient reported pain and swelling in the lower left leg and ACS was diagnosed. An immediate fasciotomy with necrectomy of the soleus muscle was performed. The patient subsequently required repeated debridement on the 4th and 6th postoperative days. Five (5) months postoperatively, after physical therapy, the patient was well and mobile but her foot drop persisted. Conclusions: ACS is a clinical diagnosis confirmed by laboratory findings. It is well-known to trauma and plastic surgeons, but the well-leg variant is rare and may not be familiar to .