Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Robotic System Specification Methodology Based on Hierarchical Petri Nets

The paper presents a methodology of creating a Hierarchical Petri Net modelling the activities of a multi-agent robotic system. The methodology follows the separation of concerns approach to the design of robot control software, thus five layers resulted, representing: the system composed of agents, agents’ subsystems, behaviours of subsystems, behaviour pattern, and finally inter-subsystem communication and transition function calculation. Blocking and non-blocking communication modes are taken into account. The robotic system structure and its activities are specified using the developed Robotic System HPN Tool. It facilitates modeling HPNs, verification of the activities of a robotic system through the HPN simulation and automatic code generation of an equivalent ROS based system. The specification methodology is presented on a simple example of designing a controller for the LWR4+ robot.
Agronomic and morphological diversity of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) accessions in North-Central Namibia

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc. ) is an orphan, underutilised and less exploited crop in Africa and beyond, yet it is an essential traditional crop for subsistence farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, in Namibia, neither a pre-breeding nor a breeding programme exists for Bambara groundnut. Twenty-five Bambara groundnut accessions acquired locally and outside Namibia were characterised for descriptor state, including possible character diversity on the quantitative descriptors. Square lattice design with three replications was used. Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation moment, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis. ANOVA indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) among accessions for most of the characters measured, and highly significant differences (P < 0.01) for the number of pods per plant, pod yield, seed yield, plant height, and dry biomass. The dendrogram sub-criterion indicated three clusters, confirming the results of the PCA, which grouped accessions with common descriptors in the same quadrants. PCA biplot showed that the first two components explained 59.55% of the variation. Overall results suggest that the Bambara groundnut accessions evaluated in this study showed high variability, thus can be used as a source of pre-breeding materials to initiate a national breeding programme.
Lithuanian family farm economic sustainability: does the indicator matter?

The economic situation of Lithuanian agricultural sector faces with challenges in regards to family farms’ income instability and income discrepancies between family farms. The aim of this paper is to assess the economic sustainability of Lithuanian sector at farm level across farm size classes in terms of physical size and by specialization. Furthermore, as the sustainability construction index method was employed as basis to conduct the research, the methodology aspects related to the number of indicators included in the set of indicators and the estimation of thresholds of sustainability intervals were empirically analysed. The findings of economic sub-index assessment indicates very good level of Lithuanian family farms as 68% of the sample farms were defined by medium level of economic sustainability. The assessment of family farms’ economic sustainability by specialization revealed that the horticulture farms performed the highest economic sustainability and, at the other end of spectrum, the COP farms achieved the lowest economic sustainability. As regards the physical size of farms, the best economic sustainability was observed on the smallest farms in terms of size and on the largest farms, of less than 5 ha and from 500 ha or over, respectively.
Comparison of the Behaviour of Broiler Chickens in Indoor and Free-Range Environments

The behaviour of broilers reared at pasture from 4 to 12 weeks of age on a low density diet supplied either indoors or outdoors, was compared with that of birds reared inside on deep litter. This single study found few differences in behaviour. Activity levels of birds outside were initially greater, but from six weeks of age lying increased to comparable levels in all groups.Surprisingly little use was made of the extra space and facilities such as perches at pasture. It is proposed that the main reason for this was leg weakness as 80 per cent of the birds had a detectable gait abnormality at seven weeks of age. There was no evidence of reduced motivation to extend the behavioural repertoire, as, for example, ground pecking remained at significantly higher levels in the outdoor groups because it could also be performed from a lying posture.
A molecular genetic approach for sex determination on helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) casque: a forensic casework

Helmeted Hornbill(Rhinolax vigil)is the only hornbill that equipped with solid casque made from keratin for both males and females. The demand for casque in the black market was huge and resulted in IUCN status leaped up from vulnerable to critically endangered. We received a total of 68 confiscated helmeted hornbill casques. As part of the casework and the objectives of the study, we determined to reveal the sex status of those casques and the best methods to work with keratinous material. Molecular methods to determining sex in birds rely on the CHD gene located on male and female chromosomes ZZ and ZW, respectively. We optimized laboratory protocols for genetic sexing using three independent sets of primers P2/P8, 2550F/2718R, and CHD1F/CHD1R to amplify regions of the sexlinked CHD-Z and CHD-W genes. The CHD1F/CHD1R determined sex 80.88% of samples. The 2550F/2718R were quite successful, sexing 51.47% of samples. In contrast, the P2/P8 only identified the sex around 20.58% of samples. These results showed that CHD1F/CHD1R works the most effective for sexing the casques with 52.9% females, 27.9% males, and 19.1% unidentified. Therefore, the most accurate and suitable primers are CHD1F/CHD1R, 2550F/2718R, and P2/P8, respectively for keratinous samples.
Adaptive event‐triggered neural control for nonlinear uncertain system with input constraint

In this article, the issue of developing an adaptive event‐triggered neural control for nonlinear uncertain system with input delay is investigated. The radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) are adopted to approximate the uncertain terms, where the time‐varying approximation errors are considered into the approximation system. However, the RBFNNs' weight vector is extended, which may cause the computing burdens. To save network resource, the computing burden caused by the weight vector is handled with the developed adaptive control strategy. Furthermore, in order to compensate the effect of input delay, an auxiliary system is introduced into codesign. With the help of adaptive backstepping technique, an adaptive event‐triggered control approach is established. Under the proposed control approach, the effect of input delay can be compensated effectively while the considered system suffered network resource constraint, and all signals in the close‐loop system can be guarantee bounded. Finally, two simulation examples are given to verify the proposed control method's effectiveness.
Crooked calf disease

Abstract Not Available – First paragraph follows: CROOKED CALF DISEASE has been a problem in the northeast mountain counties of California for many years. Calves are born with this malady and it is demonstrated by malformations of bones in the animal which have a severe to slight crippling effect. Calves may have twisted backs or necks, twisted or bowed legs, cleft palates or combinations of all of these effects.
Resistncia de gentipos de soja a Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) bitipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Whitefly control using resistant cultivars can be considered the ideal option in integrated pest management programs. Squash cultivars and lines with different genealogies have been developed and released by private and public research institutions. However, little information is available about the resistance or susceptibility of those genotypes to insects. The main squash (Cucurbita spp.) cultivars available in the Brazilian market were evaluated as to Bemisia tabaci biotype B resistance, under greenhouse conditions. The cultivar 'Golden Delight' was the most attractive to adults, while 'Menina Brasileira', 'Barbara' and 'Atlas' presented the lowest numbers of adults on the abaxial leaf surfaces. Oviposition was evaluated in free-choice and no-choice tests. 'Novita', 'Exposicao' and 'Caserta' behaved as resistant and showed oviposition nonpreference as the resistance mechanism. The cycle from egg to adult emergence was determined in six genotypes. In 'Golden Delight', the duration of this cycle was the shortest one (24.9 days), and the percentage of adult emergence, the highest one (93.8%), thus indicating that this cultivar is suitable to the insect. On the other hand, 'Exposicao' and 'Menina Brasileira' prolonged this cycle (35.8 and 33.5 days, respectively) and reduced the adult emergence (46.3 and 58.1%), showing to be resistant.
Mammal species composition and diversity of the Nyae Nyae Communal Conservancy, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia

The emergence of the communal conservancies in Namibia contributed to community-based conservation approach outside protected areas. This study was conducted to establish the status of biodiversity conservation of the Nyae Nyae Conservancy by analysing the mammal species composition and diversity changes for 13 years. The long-term wildlife count data were obtained from the conservancy in Tsumkwe, Otjozondjupa region. A total of 20 mammal species, comprising of ungulates and predators, were recorded from 2001 through 2013. The overall trend of the mammal species population sizes was positive, though not statistically significant (r = 0.477; t10 = 1.574; P = 0.145). In addition to the stable species composition over the years, the mammal species diversity in Nyae Nyae conservancy was high (Simpson Index of Diversity, SID = 0.81). However, a significant decline in the diversity of mammal species (SID = 0.72) was detected in 2013 evident from the low species count data. This low diversity may be attributable to many factors including but not limited to the effects of severe drought which may have led to the emigration of some species, reduction in the abundance of some species due to deaths from drought and low reproductive output. Hence Nyae Nyae Conservancy, though an open unfenced system, serves as a good example in which a community-based natural management program outside protected areas contributes not only to the conservation of natural resources including wildlife but also utilisation of these resources for the benefit of local community members.
Electrocommunication in Teleost Fishes: Behavior and Experiments

1. Taxonomy of Electroreceptive Teleosts. - 1.1 Osteoglossiformes. - 1.2 Mormyriformes. - 1.3 Gymnotiformes. - 1.4 Siluriformes. - 2. Electric Sensori-Motor System. - 2.1 Electroreception in Evolutionary Perspective. - 2.1.1 Cranial Nerves and Somatic Distribution of Electroreceptors in Teleosts. - 2.1.2 Structure of Electroreceptors in Teleosts. - 2.1.3 Modes of Encoding Electrical Stimuli. - 2.1.4 Central Projections of Electroreceptive Afferents (Mormyridae, Gymnotiformes). - 2.2 Electric Organs. - 2.2.1 Structure and Function of Electric Organs. - 2.2.2 Neural Control of Electric Organs. - 2.3 The Electric System in the Aquatic Environment. - 2.3.1 Active Electrolocation. - 2.3.2 Electrocommunication: Spatial Aspects of Sending and Receiving Electric Organ Discharges. - 3. Species Diversity of Electric Organ Discharge Activity. - 3.1 Waveforms of Electric Organ Discharges. - 3.1.1 Mormyriformes. - 3.1.1.1 Mormyriform Pulse Species (Mormyridae). - 3.1.1.2 Mormyriform Wave Species (Gymnarchus). - 3.1.2 Gymnotiformes. - 3.1.2.1 Gymnotiform Pulse Species. - 3.1.2.2 Gymnotiform Wave Species. - 3.1.3 Siluriformes. - 3.2 Patterns of Spontaneous Discharge Rates. - 3.2.1 Mormyriformes. - 3.2.1.1 Mormyriform Pulse Species (Mormyridae). - 3.2.1.2 Mormyriform Wave Species (Gymnarchus). - 3.2.2 Gymnotiformes. - 3.2.2.1 Gymnotiform Pulse Species. - 3.2.2.2 Gymnotiform Wave Species. - 3.2.3 Siluriformes. - 3.3 Responses to Disturbances (or Food Stimuli). - 3.3.1 Mormyriformes. - 3.3.1.1 Mormyriform Pulse Species (Mormyridae). - 3.3.1.2 Mormyriform Wave Species (Gymnarchus). - 3.3.2 Gymnotiformes. - 3.3.2.1 Gymnotiform Pulse Species. - 3.3.2.2 Gymnotiform Wave Species. - 3.3.3 Siluriformes. - 4. Communicating with Electric Organ Discharges. - 4.1 Electrical and Motor Displays of Communicating Fish. - 4.1.1 Mormyriformes. - 4.1.1.1 Mormyriform Pulse Species (Mormyridae). - 4.1.1.2 Mormyriform Wave Species (Gymnarchus). - 4.1.2 Gymnotiformes. - 4.1.2.1 Gymnotiform Pulse Species. - 4.1.2.2 Gymnotiform Wave Species. - 4.2 Experimental Manipulation of the Electrocommunication System. - 4.2.1 Mormyriformes. - 4.2.1.1 Ethological Approach. - 4.2.1.2 Playback of EOD Interval Patterns. - 4.2.1.3 Species Recognition by EOD Interval Pattern (B. Kramer and H. Lucker). - 4.2.1.4 Discrimination of Inter-Pulse Intervals (B. Kramer and U. Heinrich). - 4.2.2 Gymnotiformes. - 4.2.2.1 Electrical Stimulation and Playback of EOD Patterns in Pulse Species. - 4.2.2.2 Electrical Stimulation and Playback of EODs in Wave Species. - Conclusion. - References. - Systematic Index.
COMPARISON OF THREE DIFFERENT EOUTECHNIQUES FOR FIFTH−GENERATION MM−WWIRELESS NETWORKS

Fifth−generation (5G) and millimeter−waves (MM−W) hold tremendous promise to provide opportunities torevolutionize education, healthcare, business, and agriculture.Nevertheless, the generation of MM−W in the electrical−domain is infeasible due to the bandwidth limitation of electronic componentsand radio frequency (RF) interference. The capability to generate MM−W in the optical−domain can provide transportation ofMM−W with low loss from switching center to remote base stations. The present paper is focusing on electro−opticalup−conversion (EOU) techniques for optical generation and transmission of 60−GHz MM−W signal. A comparative study iscarried out between three different EOU techniques: frequency−quadrupling, frequency sextupling and frequency−octotupling. The comparative study aims at showing the strengths and weaknesses of three EOU techniques and evaluatingeach technique in terms of electrical spurious suppression ratio (ESSR), as well as in terms of the influence of non−ideal phaseshifting. The performance of the three EOU techniques after transmission over optical fiber is evaluated by eye pattern test. Theresults of the simulation confirm that the frequency−quadrupling outperforms frequency− sextupling and frequency− octotuplingtechniques.
Direct and indirect effects of southern flounder predation on a spot population: Experimental and model analyses

We have previously shown that southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma Jordan and Gilbert) influence the survival and size-distribution of spot (Leiostomus xanthurus Lafayette) and other small estuarine fishes in experimental ponds. In this paper, we seek to determine whether these of effects can be accounted for by direct size-dependent predation or if there is also evidence for indirect behavioral effects on spot foraging which might alter their survival or population size structure. In our experiment, spot were allowed to grow in the presence and absence of southern flounder in an experimental estuarine pond for 101 days. Each treatment was replicated three times. We also apply a recently published simulation model of the flounder-spot interaction to this experiment to independently test the model and to estimate the direct effects of flounder predation on spot survival and size structure.
The Response of Groundwater Level to Climate Change and Human Activities in Baotou City, China

The response mechanism of groundwater to climate change and human activities in cities within arid and semi-arid regions, such as the Urban Planning Area of Baotou City (UPABC), northern China, is a complicated problem to understand. We analyzed the climate change relationships, including precipitation and temperature, and analyzed changes in human activities, such as groundwater consumption, and then statistically analyzed the main factors affecting groundwater depth. Furthermore, cross-wavelet and wavelet coherence methods were used to analyze the response relationship and hysteresis of groundwater depth to precipitation to better understand the groundwater depth response law. The results showed that the annual precipitation in the UPABC reduction rate was 3.3 mm/10 yr, and the annual average temperature increase rate was 0.43 °C/10 yr, from 1981 to 2017. The unconfined water decrease rate was 0.50 m/yr, and the confined water decrease rate was 0.7 m/yr. The unconfined and confined water depths were affected by precipitation and groundwater exploitation, respectively, with correlation coefficients of 0.58 and 0.57, respectively. The hysteresis of groundwater depth to precipitation was about 9–14 months. However, changes in groundwater depth, especially confined water depth, were greatly affected by groundwater exploitation. This reflected the imbalance in consumption and recharges in the UPABC, highlighting the long-term risk in areas relying on access to this resource. Therefore, arid inland zones of northern China, such as the UPABC, should pay more attention to the rational development of groundwater and strengthen the management and protection of groundwater resources.
Cold-active Moulds from Jammu and Kashmir, India as Potential Source of Cold-active Enzymes

Cold-active moulds have been isolated from the soil of ten selected sites of Jammu and Kashmir (India) in the winter season. Most of them turned out to be psychrotolerant except BPF-5 and BPF-6 which showed defective growth above 20 o C, and thus were identified as psychrophilic moulds. BPF-5 was also found to form sexual structure at 4 o C, while BPF-6 formed melanaceous filaments in old culture. The isolate BPF-5 has been identified as Truncatella angustata and BPF-6 as Psudogymnoascus sp. Among psychrotolerant moulds, the species of Cladosporium and Penicillium were found to be dominant taxa in terms of frequency and number of species while Rhizomucor sp. , to be the most prolific mould under in vitro culture. Many of them formed adaptive structures and pigment. All of these isolates were able to utilize starch, cellulose, casein and tween-80 while many of them were able to use pectin and carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) as sole carbon source at 4 o C suggesting that they might be important sources of cold-adapted enzymes and other biomolecules. Although α-amylase from all the isolates showed residual cold-activity, that from BPF-6 exhibited the highest one suggesting it to be further explored for biotechnological applications.
Responses of Rotifer Community to Microhabitat Changes Caused by Summer-Concentrated Rainfall in a Shallow Reservoir, South Korea

Empirical studies suggest that the structural heterogeneity of aquatic ecosystem microhabitat is determined by the diversity and abundance of macrophytes. However, excessive accumulation of free-floating macrophytes on the water surface can reduce the biomass of submerged macrophytes, resulting in a relatively simplified habitat structure. We hypothesized that heavy summer rainfall disrupts the growth of free-floating macrophytes covering much of the Jangcheok Reservoir’s water surface, thereby resulting in a more complex habitat structure by allowing development of a more diverse of macrophytic community. We divided long-term (2008–2017) monitoring data (rainfall, macrophytes, and rotifers) into two groups: Rainy and Dry years, corresponding to years with annual rainfall higher and lower than the total annual average, respectively. We found that summer densities of rotifers fell sharply in Rainy years, but increased continuously in Dry years. This trend resulted in greater autumn densities in Rainy relative to Dry years, which we attributed to changes in habitat related to differential macrophyte development. Moderate disturbance of the water surface caused by high summer rainfall can promote growth of submerged macrophytes by creating large areas of open water and therefore a more complex autumnal microhabitat structure, resulting in seasonal variations in rotifer community structures and populations. Moreover, a highly complex microhabitat structure restricts foraging activity of fish (i.e., Lepomis macrochirus) that prey on rotifers. Based on these findings, we suggest that summer-concentrated rainfall plays an important role in supporting the density and species diversity of rotifers.
USG Liver examination of Tahfiz Quran Primary School students in Berastagi

The Liver is the largest solid organ in the human body and has many roles in maintaining a healthy body. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a fatty liver without being accompanied by the consumption of alcohol. NAFLD is a condition that is often found in children. The majority of patients with NAFLD are asymptomatic. The diagnosis of NAFLD is usually made through imaging the liver or abnormal liver function with the presence of metabolic syndrome and or overweight. Ultrasound has high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing NAFLD into an imaging technique that is widely used in cases with fatty liver. This community service is done to find out about the liver health of Tahfiz Quran Primary School students in Berastagi. It is also an effort to screening and early detection of liver health problems in those students. It also aims to raise awareness of heart health among students, teachers, and parents. Ultrasound liver examination of the 59 Tahfiz Quran Primary School students. Educational activities also done to educate the students about liver health. Out of 59 students, 10 students (16.9%) had mild fatty liver, 1 student (1.7%) had a calcified liver, and 36 students (61.0%) had ascites. Fatty liver was found among the students also the majority of the students had ascites.
Label-Free Biosensing of DNA in Microfluidics Using Amorphous Silicon Capacitive Micro-Cantilevers

Biosensing uses biorecognition reactions to detect molecules of interest such as biomarkers of disease, food contaminants or environmental agents. Label-free detection techniques, due their simplicity, are promising for point-of-care applications. In this paper, label-free biosensing of DNA is demonstrated with amorphous silicon micromechanical cantilevers operating in the stress-mode. The sensors are fabricated on glass substrates in a bottom electrode configuration, for capacitive readout, and are integrated with microfluidic channels for reproducible fluid handling. The amplitude noise in the capacitance measurement is ~20 aF in air and ~731 aF in water, corresponding to minimum detectable tip deflections of 42.8 nm in air and 17.2 nm in water. The sensor functionalization is performed using gold-thiol chemistry under optimized conditions, resulting in a DNA probe density of ${8.50}\times {10}^{12}$ molecules cm−2, corresponding to a coverage of 34 % of the gold surface and an average spacing between molecules of ~3.4 nm. With this system, target DNA with the sequence of microRNA-145, a cancer-associated biomarker, is detected with a limit of detection of 63 nM (corresponding to a mass of ~613 fg). This type of sensors can be multiplexed to allow the detection of multiple targets and integrated with portable electronics for point-of-use applications.