Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Utilización de aditivos en la alimentación del ganado ovino y caprino

INTRODUCCIÓN El próximo octubre se cumplirán tres años, desde la publicación del Reglamento (CE) No 1831/2003 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 22 de septiembre de 2003, sobre el uso de aditivos en la alimentación animal (Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea de 18.10.2003). En este Reglamento se indica que la producción ganadera ocupa un lugar muy importante en la agricultura de la Unión Europea y que los resultados satisfactorios dependen, en gran medida, del uso de alimentos para los animales que sean seguros y de buena calidad. Este aspecto incluye también a los aditivos utilizados en la alimentación animal, que deben ser evaluados antes de su autorización con la finalidad de asegurar su eficacia y seguridad, tanto para las especies animales a las que se destinan como para los consumidores y el medio ambiente. El principal objetivo del Reglamento (CE) No 1831/2003 fue establecer un procedimiento comunitario para la evaluación y autorización de la comercialización y uso de los aditivos para alimentación animal e introducir normas de vigilancia y etiquetado de los aditivos y premezclas, con el fin de facilitar una base para garantizar un alto nivel de protección de la salud humana, la sanidad y el bienestar de los animales, el medio ambiente y los intereses de los usuarios y consumidores, y garantizar al mismo tiempo el funcionamiento eficaz del mercado interior. Por ello, en este Reglamento se estableció que los aditivos para alimentación animal no deben “tener un efecto adverso para la sanidad animal, la salud humana o el medio ambiente”, “ser presentados de manera que induzcan a error al consumidor”, ni “perjudicar al consumidor influyendo negativamente en las características distintivas de los productos animales o inducirle a error con respecto a las características distintivas de dichos productos”. Por el contrario, los aditivos deben cumplir al menos una de las siguientes funciones: a) influir positivamente en las características del pienso b) influir positivamente en las características de los productos animales c) influir favorablemente en el color de los pájaros y peces ornamentales ARTÍCULOS DE REVISIÓN
Effect of carbon taxes and subsidies on optimal forest rotation age and supply of carbon services

Carbon taxes and subsidies will affect the optimal forest rotation and, consequently, the carbon stored in forests. Unlike the Hartman rotation, where externality benefits are a function of the volume of timber growing on a site at any time, carbon benefits are a function of the change in biomass. Theoretical and empirical results (for coastal British Columbia and northern Alberta) indicate that, under some tax regimes, it may be socially optimal never to harvest the trees. In general, inclusion of the external benefits from carbon uptake results in rotation ages only a bit longer than the financial (Faustmann) rotation age.
Extreme leg action and hip-joint dynamics in wild primates

We measure how leg actions of cadaver monkeys are transferred within the hip-joint, and we compare physical femoral mobility of wild and captive monkeys in Panama, Costa Rica, and in zoological parks of California. We acquire leg movement data of howler, capuchin and spider monkeys with random 1 second digital photography during 4 months in Central America, and weekly visits for 2 months in California zoos (n=47 wild primates, 1879 focal events; 24 captive primates, 959 focal events). We employ computer software to objectively assess leg angle in regards to flexion, neutral and extension postures of the femur, relative to the hip socket. We apply leg action data to cadaver pelvises in primate bone collections at University of California, Davis, University of Oregon Osteology Lab, and the Denver Museum. Our study reveals that extreme femoral action translates as high diversity of articular contacts within the primate hip joint, and that captive monkeys in artificial habitats have less femoral movements than wild monkeys, with statistical comparisons being: Full leg flexion P = 0.0012; Flexion P = 0.023; Ambulatory as in walking P = 0.075; Extension P = 0.002; and Full extension with leg in line with body P = 0.00011. We speculate that the primate body is built to move in extreme but nontraumatic, wide-ranging appendicular actions. Such movements may help to simulate peripheral articular cartilage, contributing to the longevity of joints, and perhaps extending the life of primates who move in this manner.
Incidence of fruit rot on strawberries in Latvia, resistance of cultivars and impact of cultural systems.

In 2007 and 2008 strawberry plantations in different regions of Latvia were inspected looking for fruit rots. Causal agents of fruit rot were detected at the laboratory of Latvian Plant Protection Research Center. 28 strawberry plantations were inspected in 2007. In this year weather conditions during strawberry flowering and harvest time were not favorable for the development of the diseases. On the damaged fruits and flowers mostly fungus Botrytis cinerea was detected at laboratory. On some fruits rots caused by Hainesia lynthri, Muccor spp. and Penicillium spp. were found. Next year 26 strawberry plantations were inspected. Botrytis cinerea was detected on samples with damages like pale brown fruit rot, dead flowers and ovaries and dark brown spots on pedicles. Causal agents Hainesia lynthri, Phomopsis obscurans, Coniella castaneicola, Fusarium spp. , Muccor spp. , Rhizopus spp. , Penicillium spp. on rotted fruits also were found at laboratory. Susceptibility to Botrytis rot of 16 strawberry cultivars was evaluated at the Pure HRC in 2006–2008. On the average during three production years, cultivars ‘Honeoye’ and ‘Tenira’ had the lowest Botrytis incidence, but ‘Venta’ and ‘Bounty’ were the most susceptible among the tested cultivars. In 2008, experiments on extending of strawberry production season using different plant covers, plastic soil mulches, cultivars, and “frigo” plants were started at the Pure HRC. The first results showed the significant effect of plastic soil mulches and plant covers on reduction of Botrytis incidence.
Effects of Boophilus Microplus Larval Infestation on Kedah - Kelantan Cattle and Their Bos Taurus Crosses

Tick resistance and the effects of dexamethasone and anti-histamine were investigated in four Kedah-Kelantan (KKKK), four FI Kedah-Kelantan X Friesian (KKFF), and four 25% Kedah-Kelantan X 75% Frieisian (KFFF) using experimental tick infestations. Experimental animals were infested (20,000 larvae) on four occasions with an interval of two months between infestations to determine tick responses and haematological and cellular responses of the host. Subsequently, the effects of dexamethasone and anti-histamine were investigated. Number of ticks, their weight, weight of egg masses and number of hatched larvae were significantly (P<0.05) lower in KKKK than in their crosses. At tick attachment sites, infiltration and degranulation of eosinophils and basophils were the striking changes. KKKK expressed intense eosinophil and basophil response than their crosses. Mast cells were completely ablated at 24 h post infestation indicative of their degranulation. Animals treated with dexamethasone were susceptible to B. microplus larvae as shown by the production of a high number of engorged female ticks, high mean weight of replete ticks, mean weight of egg masses and number of larvae. There was a reduction or complete ablation of cellular infiltration particularly of eosinophils at tick feeding sites in all genotypes. There was little or no effect of anti-histamine treatment on the acquisition of resistance. On the contrary, animals treated with anti-histamine and dexamethasone became more susceptible to B. micro plus larvae. Eosinophil number was higher in anti-histamine treated than those receiving both anti-histamine and dexamethasone in all genotypes. The high tick resistance of Kedah-Kelantan (KKKK) may be attributed to reduction of ticks numbers, presence of degranulated eosinophils and basophils, the absence of immunosuppression, and release of histamine at tick attachment sites from degranulated eosinophils and basophils. Histamine initiates an immediate hypersensitivity reaction leading to self-grooming. As a result, the number of engorged ticks were reduced or absent in Kedah-Kelantan than in their crosses.
Is the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor involved in visual system regenerative failure

Introduction: A study in 2005 found that Epidermal Growth Factor Kinase Inhibitors (EGFRki) could promote Retinal Ganglion Cell (RGC) axonal regeneration in vivo when delivered to the crushed Optic Nerve (ON). The axon regenerative effects of these EGFRki were attributed to their blockade of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), and EGFR activation was hence suggested to lead to growth cone collapse and failed RGC axon regeneration. Aims: To investigate the role of EGFR in RGC axonal regenerative failure, and to elucidate the mechanisms of action by which EGFRki promote RGC axonal regeneration. Methods: Immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry to visualize activated EGFR (pEGFR) Primary retinal cultures to examine the actions of EGFRki such as AG1478 on RGC in vitro. ELISA to examine the conditioned media from these cultures for NeuroTrophic Factors (NTF). Intravitreal (ivit) injections of EGFRki (PD168393) into Optic Nerve Crush (ONC) recipient rats to attempt to elicit in vivo regeneration. The implantation of PD168393-impregnated collagen matrices into ONC recipient rats to attempt to elicit in vivo regeneration. PCR on retinal lysates to detect NTF mRNA. Results: No pEGFR was detected on RGC axons, either in the retina or in the ON of any treatment or control group. pEGFR was detected on almost all ON and retinal glial types prior to injury and almost all glial types exhibited increased pEGFR levels post-ONC. A sub population (~30%) of RGC cell bodies were pEGFR+ but this proportion did not change between control and treatment groups. AG1478 was shown to disinhibit RGC in Nogo-P4 inhibited primary retinal cultures but ELISA on conditioned media for various NTF detected none, however PCR detected mRNA for several of these NTF in retinal lysates. Ivit PD168393 failed to elicit RGC survival or axonal regeneration in vivo. Intra ON implantation of PD168393 impregnated collagen matrices appeared to promote significant RGC axonal regeneration post-ONC, but did not affect RGC survival. Discussion: Several models explaining the in vitro regenerative and in vivo neuritogenic actions of EGFRki were developed. These included the abrogation of various harmful glially mediated processes, the stimulation of NTF release by local glia and the stimulation or blockade of several other non-EGFR dependent signalling cascades by EGFRki. Conclusions: The axogenic and neuritogenic actions of EGFRki in vitro and in vivo were confirmed. The identification of numerous other means by which EGFRki could indirectly promote RGC axonal regeneration, including by acting on targets other than EGFR allowed the construction of a combinatorial model of how EGFRki effect axonal regeneration, and the original hypothesis positing EGFR as an intra-axonal component of a growth cone collapsing signalling cascade was disgarded.
Generalized Traditional Risk Factors of Being Overweight and Obesity among Ever Married Non-Pregnant Women in Bangladesh: An Application of Decision Tree Analysis

Background: As the prevalence of obesity increases, the co-existing underweight and increasing overweight has also become a public health problem in many developing countries like as Bangladesh. Therefore this study seeks to identify the major determinants factors of being overweight or obese. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional analysis from the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey that include 2,740 maternal women. To assess the determinants factors of overweight and obese, a multivariate technique name as decision tree analysis was used in this study. Results: Around 68% of the maternal women were underweight and 32% were either overweight or obese. Women higher socio-economic status, women age ≥25 years, higher educational level and urban place of residence were found to be most dominant factors of being overweight and obese. Conclusion: The findings suggest that, the major policy implications of this study are the importance of socio-economic status women, age ≥25 years with higher educational level and urban women to minimize its adverse effect on overweight and obese.
Explaining UK Food Price Inflation

Retail food price inflation in the UK peaked at nearly 14% in the summer of 2008, a level much higher than had been seen in the previous 10 years and, since then, food price inflation has continued to lead general inflation. An obvious factor driving domestic retail food prices is world commodity prices, but other factors matter too. In this paper, we model UK food price inflation and explore a range of potential drivers including world food prices, exchange rates, manufacturing costs, oil prices and wages. Over the period 1990-2010, we show that the major drivers of UK food price inflation are world raw food prices and the exchange rate; less important are manufacturing costs, unemployment and earnings. Oil prices matter too but indirectly via their effect on world agricultural commodity prices. We also show that the effect on domestic retail food price inflation depends on the duration of the shocks arising on world commodity markets. JEL Classification: E31; Q02
Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration: Determinants of adequacy.

Background This study aims to evaluate the factors influencing the adequacy of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration specimens. Methods A retrospective analysis of 1,700 endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration samples obtained from 822 patients (500 males, 322 females; mean age 56±13 years; range 16 to 83 years) was performed between March 2011 and March 2014 at our center. Variables potentially associated with sampling adequacy, such as all cytological materials and procedure notes (lymph node and/or lesion size, localization, needle pass number, and slide number) were examined. Results The overall specimen adequacy was 79.8%. The specimen adequacy was associated with needle pass number (p≤0.001). Adequacy rate was 66.9% for one needle pass and 85.8% for three needle passes. According to the sampling regions, adequacy rates showed a difference [69.2%-85.8%; (p≤0.005)]. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis of subcarinal (7) lymph node station, patient age (odds ratio, 0.983; 95% confidence interval, 0.966-1.000; p=0.049) and number of slides (odds ratio, 1.240; 95% confidence interval, 1.062-1.448; p=0.006) were independent determining factors of specimen adequacy. While independent determinants of specimen adequacy for the right paratracheal (4R) region were lymph node size (odds ratio, 1.486; 95% confidence interval, 0.973-2.268; p=0.067) and number of slides (odds ratio, 1.418; 95% confidence interval, 1.146-1.756; p=0.001), they were lymph node size (odds ratio, 1.594; 95% confidence interval, 0.960-2.645; p=0.071) and number of needle passes (odds ratio, 2.277; 95% confidence interval, 1.360-3.811; p=0.002) for the right interlobar (11R) region. Independent determinant of specimen adequacy for the left paratracheal (4L) lymph node station was the number of needle passes (odds ratio, 1.656; 95% confidence interval, 0.955-2.869; p=0.072). Conclusion During endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial fine needle aspirations, particularly when rapid on site evaluation cannot be applied, consideration of factors affecting adequacy according to lymph node localizations may increase the chance for obtaining materials with suitable quality for cytologic evaluation.
Effect of tempol on delivery outcomes in L-name-induced preeclampsia in rat

S42 Effect of tempol on delivery outcomes in L-name-induced preeclampsia in rat M. Talebianpoor, R. Namavar, H. Mirkhani Department of Pharmacology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran and Herbal Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Yasouj University of Medical Sciences, Yasouj, Iran Department of Anatomy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Department of Pharmacology; Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
A new FRDA mouse model [Fxnnull:YG8s(GAA) > 800] with more than 800 GAA repeats

Introduction Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) is an inherited recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a homozygous guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) repeat expansion within intron 1 of the FXN gene, which encodes the essential mitochondrial protein frataxin. There is still no effective therapy for FRDA, therefore the development of optimal cell and animal models of the disease is one of the priorities for preclinical therapeutic testing. Methods We obtained the latest FRDA humanized mouse model that was generated on the basis of our previous YG8sR, by Jackson laboratory [YG8JR, Fxnnull:YG8s(GAA) > 800]. We characterized the behavioral, cellular, molecular and epigenetics properties of the YG8JR model, which has the largest GAA repeat sizes compared to all the current FRDA mouse models. Results We found statistically significant behavioral deficits, together with reduced levels of frataxin mRNA and protein, and aconitase activity in YG8JR mice compared with control Y47JR mice. YG8JR mice exhibit intergenerational GAA repeat instability by the analysis of parent and offspring tissue samples. Somatic GAA repeat instability was also detected in individual brain and cerebellum tissue samples. In addition, increased DNA methylation of CpG U13 was identified in FXN GAA repeat region in the brain, cerebellum, and heart tissues. Furthermore, we show decreased histone H3K9 acetylation and increased H3K9 methylation of YG8JR cerebellum tissues within the FXN gene, upstream and downstream of the GAA repeat region compared to Y47JR controls. Discussion These studies provide a detailed characterization of the GAA repeat expansion-based YG8JR transgenic mouse models that will help investigations of FRDA disease mechanisms and therapy.
Preliminary results from the COPE study using primary-care electronic health records and environmental modelling to examine COPD exacerbations

Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease (COPD) is marked by often severely debilitating exacerbations. Efficient patient-centric research approaches are needed to better inform health management primary-care.The ‘COPE study’ aims to develop a method of predicting COPD exacerbations utilising personal air quality sensors, environmental exposure modelling and electronic health records through the recruitment of patients from consenting GPs contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). The study made use of Electronic Healthcare Records (EHR) from CPRD, an anonymised GP records database to screen and locate patients within GP practices in Central London. Personal air monitors were used to capture data on individual activities and environmental exposures. Output from the monitors were then linked with the EHR data to obtain information on COPD management, severity, comorbidities and exacerbations. Symptom changes not equating to full exacerbations were captured on diary cards. Linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between subject peak flow, symptoms, exacerbation events and exposure data.Preliminary results on the first 80 patients who have completed the study indicate variable susceptibility to environmental stressors in COPD patients. Some individuals appear highly susceptible to environmental stress and others appear to have unrelated triggers.Recruiting patients through EHR for a study is feasible and allows easy collection of data for long term follow up. Portable environmental sensors could now be used to develop personalised models to predict risk of COPD exacerbations in susceptible individuals. Identification of direct links between participant health and activities would allow improved health management thus cost savings.
Molecular evolution and population genetics of glutamate decarboxylase acid resistance pathway in lactic acid bacteria

Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) pathway (GDP) is a major acid resistance mechanism enabling microorganisms’ survival in low pH environments. We aimed to study the molecular evolution and population genetics of GDP in Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) to understand evolutionary processes shaping adaptation to acidic environments comparing species where the GDP genes are organized in an operon structure (Levilactobacillus brevis) versus lack of an operon structure (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum). Within species molecular population genetic analyses of GDP genes in L. brevis and L. plantarum sampled from diverse fermented food and other environments showed abundant synonymous and non-synonymous nucleotide diversity, mostly driven by low frequency changes, distributed throughout the coding regions for all genes in both species. GAD genes showed higher level of replacement polymorphism compared to transporter genes (gadC and YjeM) for both species, and GAD genes that are outside of an operon structure showed even higher level of replacement polymorphism. Population genetic tests suggest negative selection against replacement changes in all genes. Molecular structure and amino acid characteristics analyses showed that in none of the GDP genes replacement changes alter 3D structure or charge distribution supporting negative selection against non-conservative amino acid changes. Phylogenetic and between species divergence analyses suggested adaptive protein evolution on GDP genes comparing phylogenetically distant species, but conservative evolution comparing closely related species. GDP genes within an operon structure showed slower molecular evolution and higher conservation. All GAD and transporter genes showed high codon usage bias in examined LAB species suggesting high expression and utilization of acid resistance genes. Substantial discordances between species, GAD, and transporter gene tree topologies were observed suggesting molecular evolution of GDP genes do not follow speciation events. Distribution of operon structure on the species tree suggested multiple independent gain or loss of operon structure in LABs. In conclusion, GDP genes in LABs exhibit a dynamic molecular evolutionary history shaped by gene loss, gene transfer, negative and positive selection to maintain its active role in acid resistance mechanism, and enable organisms to thrive in acidic environments.
Vanoxerine kills mycobacteria through membrane depolarization and efflux inhibition

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a deadly pathogen, currently the leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious agent through tuberculosis infections. If the End TB 2030 strategy is to be achieved, additional drugs need to be identified and made available to supplement the current treatment regimen. In addition, drug resistance is a growing issue, leading to significantly lower treatment success rates, necessitating further drug development. Vanoxerine (GBR12909), a dopamine re-uptake inhibitor, was recently identified as having anti-mycobacterial activity during a drug repurposing screening effort. However, its effects on mycobacteria were not well characterized. Herein, we report vanoxerine as a disruptor of the membrane electric potential, inhibiting mycobacterial efflux and growth. Vanoxerine had an undetectable level of resistance, highlighting the lack of a protein target. This study suggests a mechanism of action for vanoxerine, which will allow for its continued development or use as a tool compound.