Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Pathology of Diabetes, with Special Reference to Pancreatic Regeneration.

But little opportunity has been afforded for the pathological study of cases of diabetes treated by insulin and for determination of what effects, if any, this treatment has had upon the lesions. Twenty-six autopsied cases of diabetes, the disease process varying in duration from two months to thirty years, form the basis of this report. These cases were under the care of Dr. E. P. Joslin, and the histories and clinical findings are unusually complete, with only one or two exceptions. Of these twenty-six cases, seventeen were treated with insulin over periods ranging from ten hours to thirteen months. In order to present briefly the salient facts in the pathology of these cases, they have been combined in Table i. Although statements as to the exact time of onset of diabetes are somewhat uncertain, it has seemed best to arrange the cases in order of increasing duration. One case, where the patient had been under observation twenty-six days, but had undoubtedly been suffering from diabetes much longer, has been placed at the end of the table. Pancreas. Though the weight or estimated size of the pancreas is given in most cases, it is of little value in estimating the amount of pancreatic substance owing to the great variation in the connective tissue and fat, chiefly interlobular, present in the organ. Thus of two pancreases, both of which contained but little pancreatic tissue, one weighed 30 gms. and one 240 gms. This variation is not altogether dependent on the weight of the individual from which the organ came, as both women weighed over 200 pounds. No attempt has been made to count the number of islands, owing to the inaccuracy of any feasible method. However, in six cases the islands appeared to be distinctly less numerous than in normal pancreases. No one distinctive lesion of the islands has been encountered in this series, as is to be expected in light of the work of Allen,' * Received for publication May ii, I925.
Multifunctional redox-responsive and CD44 receptor targeting polymer-drug nanomedicine based curcumin and alendronate: synthesis, characterization and in vitro evaluation

Abstract The traditional therapy of cancer has systemic side effects, and many cancers, such as human breast cancer and lung cancer easily metastasize to bones, leading to the formation of secondary tumours. This study was aimed at enhancing the anti-tumour effect of curcumin (CUR) and preventing tumour spread to the bone. A novel multifunctional redox-responsive and CD44 receptor targeting polymer-drug, poly alendronate-hyaluronan-S-S-curcumin copolymer (ALN-oHA-S-S-CUR) based CUR and alendronate (ALN) were synthesized successfully with the disulphide bond linker. The structure of ALN-oHA-S-S-CUR was characterized by 1H-NMR. The nanomedicine had natural anti-tumour drugs (CUR) as the hydrophobic kernel, and targeting CD44 receptor oligosaccharides of hyaluronan (oHA) and other anti-tumour drugs (ALN) as hydrophilic shell, named ALN-oHA-S-S-CUR conjugates, which could self-assemble into micelle-like nano-spheres in water via a dialysis method with hydrodynamic diameters of 179 ± 23 nm. Interestingly, the cur-loaded ALN-oHA-S-S-CUR micelles were stable in PBS but were capable of releasing the drug under the reducing environment. The rate of drug release was proportional to the GSH concentration. The uptake and cytotoxicity of micelles were higher in MDA-MB-231 cells than in MCF-7 cells because of a higher expression of the CD44 receptor in the former cell line. And compared to the cur-loaded oHA-CUR micelles, the cur-loaded ALN-oHA-S-S-CUR micelles had a good cellular uptake in 2D cancer cell and penetrability in 3D cancer cell spheroids. These results indicated the active targeting redox-sensitive micelles were promising as intracellular drug delivery systems for cancer treatment.
Inhibition of Ultraviolet B–Induced AP‐1 Activation by Theaflavins From Black Tea

Theaflavins are believed to be key active components in black tea for chemoprevention of cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of theaflavins are not clear. With the JB6 mouse epidermal cell line, we investigated the effects of theaflavins on ultraviolet (UV) B radiation–induced activator protein‐1 (AP‐1)–dependent transcriptional activation and compared them with (−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), a major green tea polyphenol that has cancer chemopreventative activity. Theaflavins and EGCG inhibited UVB‐induced AP‐1 activation in a concentration‐dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of theaflavins were stronger than those of EGCG. We found that theaflavins significantly inhibited activation of extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinases and c‐jun NH2‐terminal kinases. Because the transcription factor AP‐1 is important in the process of tumor promotion, the inhibitory effect of these polyphenols on AP‐1 activation may further explain the anti–tumor promotion action of these tea constituents. Mol. Carcinog. 28:148–155, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and regulation by interferon of a double-stranded-RNA-specific adenosine deaminase from human cells: evidence for two forms of the deaminase

A 6,474-nucleotide human cDNA clone designated K88, which encodes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-specific adenosine deaminase, was isolated in a screen for interferon (IFN)-regulated cDNAs. Northern (RNA) blot analysis revealed that the K88 cDNA hybridized to a single major transcript of approximately 6.7 kb in human cells which was increased about fivefold by IFN treatment. Polyclonal antisera prepared against K88 cDNA products expressed in Escherichia coli as glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins recognized two proteins by Western (immunoblot) analysis. An IFN-induced 150-kDa protein and a constitutively expressed 110-kDa protein whose level was not altered by IFN treatment were detected in human amnion U and neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell lines. Only the 150-kDa protein was detected in mouse fibroblasts with antiserum raised against the recombinant human protein; the mouse 150-kDa protein was IFN inducible. Immunofluorescence microscopy and cell fractionation analyses showed that the 110-kDa protein was exclusively nuclear, whereas the 150-kDa protein was present in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of human cells. The amino acid sequence deduced from the K88 cDNA includes three copies of the highly conserved R motif commonly found in dsRNA-binding proteins. Both the 150-kDa and the 110-kDa proteins prepared from human nuclear extracts bound to double-stranded but not to single-stranded RNA affinity columns. Furthermore, E. coli-expressed GST-K88 fusion proteins that included the R motif possessed dsRNA-binding activity. Extracts prepared either from K88 cDNA-transfected cells or from IFN-treated cells contained increased dsRNA-specific adenosine deaminase enzyme activity. These results establish that K88 encodes an IFN-inducible dsRNA-specific adenosine deaminase and suggest that at least two forms of dsRNA-specific adenosine deaminase occur in human cells.
Robust lecture speech translation for speech misrecognition and its rescoring effect from multiple candidates

We describe a scheme to translate spoken English lectures into Japanese consisting of a deep neural network based English automatic speech recognition system (ASR) and an English to Japanese phrase-based statistical machine translation system (SMT). The bad influence of speech misrecognition for the translation model is focused. For coping with bad influence caused by speech misrecognition, we utilized the actual misrecognition results as a parallel corpus. We prepared four ASR systems. Pairs of the results including speech misrecognition and the correct translation into target language are added to an original parallel corpus. When the sentences including misrecognition were added to an original corpus, the baseline model was improved. Next, we prepared speech misrecognition results by using a simulated ASR system. This method also improved the baseline system by about 2.0 BLEU as well as actual ASR systems. Finally, we investigated the effectiveness of optimal selection from multiple candidates / outputs by rescoring based on language models. We found that the performance was improved further by 2.0 ∼ 3.0 BLEU, if we can select the optimal candidate.
Stability of Piperacillin and Ticarcillin in AutoDose Infusion System Bags

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the physical and chemical stability of piperacillin sodium 3 and 4 g/100 mL and ticarcillin disodium 3 g/100 mL each admixed in NaCl 0.9% injection packaged in AutoDose Infusion System bags. DESIGN: Triplicate test samples of the penicillin antibiotics in NaCl 0.9% injection were packaged in ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) plastic containers, AutoDose bags, designed for use in the AutoDose Infusion System. Samples were stored protected from light and evaluated at appropriate intervals for up to seven days at 23 °C and up to 30 days at 4 °C. Physical stability was assessed using turbidimetric and particulate measurement as well as visual inspection. Chemical stability was assessed by HPLC. RESULTS: All of the penicillin admixtures initially were clear when viewed in normal fluorescent room light and with a Tyndall beam. Measured turbidity and particulate content were low initially and exhibited little change in the ticarcillin disodium samples throughout the study. The piperacillin sodium samples exhibited small increases in measured haze throughout the study, but no accompanying increase in particulates ≥1.04 μm was found. All samples were essentially colorless throughout the study. HPLC analysis found some decomposition in the samples. Piperacillin sodium exhibited a 9–10% loss after five days at 23 °C. In the samples stored at 4 °C, piperacillin sodium exhibited acceptable stability through 21 days of storage, but losses exceeded 10% after 30 days. Ticarcillin disodium exhibited a 7% loss after three days, but 14% after five days at 23 °C. Less than 7% loss occurred after 21 days, but 12% loss after 30 days at 4 °C. CONCLUSIONS: Piperacillin sodium and ticarcillin disodium exhibited physical and chemical stability consistent with previous studies on these drugs. The AutoDose Infusion System bags were not found to adversely affect the physical and chemical stability of these penicillin antibiotics.
Fluctuations and Persistence Length of Charged Flexible Polymers

We analyze the effect of conformational fluctuations of charged flexible polymers in the presence of screening. We find that the fluctuations do not invalidate the classical theory of electrostatic persistence length due to Odijk and to Skolnick and Fixman. We show that there are strong local fluctuations with wavelength smaller than the screening length κ -1 . These fluctuations significantly decrease the direct distance between two monomers separated by a contour length smaller than κ -1 , although they do not affect the persistence length on much larger length scales. Our theory accounts for the apparent short persistence length recently reported by Barrat and Boyer.
Significance of chest computed tomography findings in the evaluation and treatment of persistent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether chest computed tomography (CT) findings in patients with persistent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) and a negative chest roentgenogram (CXR) significantly influence clinical outcome and to determine potential clinical predictors of pulmonary micrometastasis STUDY DESIGN The charts of 201 patients with nonmetastatic GTN (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO] stage I) receiving primary treatment with methotrexate (MTX) infusion between December 1985 and December 2000 were reviewed, and data were collected on age, gravidity and parity, FIGO stage, histologic diagnosis, metastatic disease, radiologic findings, surgery, presenting human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level, total number of chemotherapy courses and chemotherapeutic agents required to reach remission, and time to remission. The chi2, regression, Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests were utilized to evaluate the correlation of chest CT with CXR findings, histology of antecedent pregnancy, presenting hCG level, chemotherapeutic requirements and time to remission. RESULTS Of 30 patients with a negative CXR, 13 (43.3%) had chest CT positive for micrometastasis. Histology of the antecedent pregnancy and mean presenting hCG did not correlate with the chest CT result. There was no significant difference between patients with positive or negative chest CT results in the requirement for > 1 dose of MTX or for additional chemotherapeutic agents. There also was no significant difference in time to remission by chest CT status. Regression analysis using histologic diagnosis, presenting hCG level, age, gravidity and parity as covariates did not reveal any clear risk factors for pulmonary micrometastasis. CONCLUSION It has been suggested that GTN patients with micrometastases identified on chest CT only are at increased risk of requiring > 1 dose of MTX or of requiring additional chemotherapeutic agents. Our data suggest that chest CT alone is not predictive of clinical outcome. Furthermore, the presence of micrometastases does not correlate with hCG level or histologic diagnosis, and there are no clear risk factors for pulmonary micrometastases.
Aggressive EOT Scaling of Ge pMOSFETs With HfO2/AlOx/GeOx Gate-Stacks Fabricated by Ozone Postoxidation

HfO<sub>2</sub>/AlO<sub>x</sub>/GeO<sub>x</sub> gate-stacks have been fabricated on Ge surfaces by in situ ozone postoxidation method. It is found that the ultrathin GeOx interfacial layer beneath the high-k capping is formed by the ozone postoxidation, yielding the sufficiently low density of interface traps. In addition, due to the crystallization of HfO<sub>2</sub>, the permittivity of HfO<sub>2</sub> increases after the ozone postoxidation. As a result, the formed HfO<sub>2</sub>/AlO<sub>x</sub>/GeO<sub>x</sub> gate-stack exhibits an equivalent oxide thickness as thin as 0.6 nm and a D<sub>it</sub> down to the level of 1011 cm<sup>-2</sup> eV<sup>-1</sup>. Ge pMOSFETs with the record high hole mobility of 417 cm<sup>2</sup>/Vs have also been realized by this gate-stack fabrication technique.
Advances in pharmacotherapy for the treatment of gout

Introduction: Gout is a common inflammatory arthritis affecting almost 6% of US males and 2% of US females. The central cause of gout is deposition of monosodium urate crystals, and the focus of treatment is aimed at crystal dissolution using urate-lowering therapy. Areas covered: The review describes the current treatments for urate-lowering therapy including allopurinol, febuxostat, probenecid, benzbromarone and pegloticase. Anti-inflammatory treatment of acute flares and prophylaxis of flares with NSAIDs, colchicine, corticosteroids and anti-IL-1 agents is also reviewed. In addition, drugs in Phase III clinical trials for gout indications are reviewed. Expert opinion: In the last decade, there has been major progress in the pharmacotherapy of gout. Management guidelines have emphasized the importance of a therapeutic serum urate target for effective gout management. Studies have identified the safe and effective dosing strategies for ‘old’ drugs such as allopurinol and colchicine. New therapeutic agents have been developed and approved for both urate-lowering therapy and anti-inflammatory treatment of acute flares. However, quality of care remains a major challenge in gout management, and strategies to ensure best practice require further focus to ensure that the progress of the last decade translates into clinical benefit for people with gout.
Heterojunction rear passivated contact for high efficiency n-Cz Si solar cells

We investigate the challenges and potential for high-efficiency n-type Cz Si solar cells having a hybrid structure - a diffused B emitter on the front side, and an amorphous Si heterojunction (SHJ) passivated full-area contact on the rear. This cell design has benefits over comparable high-efficiency geometries such as PERL (passivated emitter rear locally diffused) and SHJ cells with heterojunctions both front and rear. We show that an advantage of the HJ rear contact is excellent passivation of the backside, with measured contact recombination current density J0,b,c <; 10 fA/cm2; moreover, compared to PERL, its cell fabrication process is much simpler. Weighed against standard SHJ cells, the diffused front results in less optical loss and no need for a transparent conducting oxide (TCO). We study the contact resistivity of a state-of-the-art SHJ rear contact to the wafer, finding a value of ~0.3 ohm-cm2; a series of experiments are performed to reduce this value while maintaining potential for high Voc > 700 mV. As an initial demonstration of the concept, we fabricate a hybrid-structure cell having Voc = 671 mV, Jsc = 36.7 mA/cm2, FF = 0.75 and efficiency of 18.5%.
Complement Activation: The role in Health and Disease and Strategies of Therapeutic Complement Inhibition

The multiple interconnections among complement proteins, immune cells, and mediators provide an excellent mechanism to protect the organism against infections and support the repair of damaged tissues. However, disturbances in this "defense machinery" contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases. The role of complement in various inflammatory disorders is multifaceted; for example, the activation of complement can significantly contribute to inflammation-mediated tissue damage, whereas inherited or acquired complement deficiencies highly favor the development of autoimmunity. Complement as an essential component of the immune system is of substantial relevance for the destruction of invading microorganisms and for maintaining tissue homeostasis including the protection against autoimmune diseases. The involvement of complement in the pathogenesis of a great number of partly life threatening diseases defines the importance to develop inhibitors which specifically interfere with its deleterious action. Endogenous soluble complement-inhibitors, antibodies or low molecular weight antagonists, either blocking key proteins of the cascade reaction or neutralizing the action of the complement- derived anaphylatoxins have successfully been tested in various animal models over the past years.
Teleseismic shot-profile migration

The shot-profile migration approach of wave-equation migration generates subsurface images using the interferometric principle of crosscorrelating two passive wavefields. These wavefields are typically a source wavefield containing energy from an excited source and a receiver wavefield comprised of scattered-source wavefield energy by the discontinuous earth structure. Shot-profile migration can be recast as a novel way of imaging the earth’s lithosphere using teleseismic wavefield data, where the source wavefield is the directly arriving wavefront and the receiver wavefield is the following wavefield coda. We demonstrate that the shot-profile technique can be tailored to suit teleseismic acquisition geometry and wavefields. Assuming an acoustic framework and 2.5D experimental geometry, we develop procedures that enable kinematic and structural imaging (migration) using both transmission and free-surface reflected passive wavefields. Experiments with synthetic data demonstrate the method’s applicability a.
Pharmacotherapy of acute respiratory distress syndrome

To date, the only therapeutic option that has convincingly been shown to decrease mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been to use a lung-protective strategy that minimises the iatrogenic consequences of providing adequate life support through the use of mechanical ventilation. In terms of the pharmacological options for ARDS, no single drug or treatment has been shown to be the magic bullet in this disease. The search for novel therapies and pharmacological agents is active and relentless. Important pathophysiological areas of focus are preventative therapy, supportive care and treatment of the underlying inflammatory process. In this paper we will review current and experimental approaches to the management of ARDS. In addition, the pathophysiological basis for their putative modes of action, the current state of the literature and the potential for future clinical development will be discussed.
Radiological evaluation of covered self-expandable metallic stents used for palliation in patients with malignant esophageal strictures

Purpose: To study the role of self-expandable metallic stents in malignant esophageal strictures in terms of patency, improved dysphagia score, and possible associated complications. Material and Methods: Twenty-two patients with inoperable carcinoma of the esophagus underwent stent placement. Four different varieties of covered stents were used. Stenting was performed under fluoroscopic guidance and local pharyngeal anesthesia. During follow-up, patients were examined clinically and radiologically to assess the effectiveness of stents in relieving dysphagia, to check the stent position, patency, and possible complications. Results: Fluoroscopic placement of the stent was successful and well tolerated in all patients without any serious complications. Accurate stent placement was possible in 95% of cases. The mean dysphagia score prior to stenting was 3.5 and poststent 1.2, with an improvement of 2.3 degrees. In two patients with associated fistulas, complete closure was seen after stent insertion. There was poor stent expansion in three patients. Significant tumor overgrowth occurred in two patients, and a second overlapping stent was deployed in one case. Three patients developed food impaction, which needed endoscopic removal of impacted food in two cases. Conclusion: Fluoroscopic placement of self-expandable metallic stents is a safe and effective method of palliating severe dysphagia and fistulas in patients with inoperable esophageal carcinoma. However, complications such as tumor overgrowth and food impaction may require reintervention after stent placement.
Tailored glycoproteomics and glycan site mapping using saccharide-selective bioorthogonal probes.

Protein glycosylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins that has profound effects on structure and function. However, the complex and non-templated nature of glycans has been a barrier to studying many of their basic features, especially on a proteome-wide scale. Here, we introduce a glycoproteomic method, glycoprotein identification and glycan mapping (GIDmap), that tailors the isolation of specific glycoprotein subpopulations based on display of metabolically inserted alkynyl sugar probes that can be selectively manipulated using the bioorthogonal Cu(I)-catalyzed [3 + 2] azide−alkyne cycloaddition. This saccharide-selective glycoprotein immobilization allows for subsequent manipulation and analysis of peptides and glycopeptides by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The power of GIDmap was demonstrated by mapping over 200 N-linked glycosylation sites from glycoproteins isolated from prostate cancer cells treated with an alkynyl sugar derivative of N-acetylmannosamin.