Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of pulse oximetry and oxygen therapy on length of stay in bronchiolitis hospitalizations.

BACKGROUND Infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis are frequently monitored with a pulse oximeter. However, there is little consensus on an acceptable lower limit of oxygenation. No previous studies have examined how the use of pulse oximetry and supplemental oxygen therapy affects length of stay. OBJECTIVE To determine the extent to which bronchiolitis hospitalizations are prolonged by a perceived need for supplemental oxygen based on pulse oximetry readings. Design and Patients Retrospective case series of subjects younger than 2 years who were hospitalized with bronchiolitis at an academic medical center. Two investigators independently reviewed the hospitalization records of 73 infants and determined at what point an infant met all discharge criteria except oxygenation. We then calculated the extent to which hospitalizations were prolonged by a perceived need for supplemental oxygen therapy based on pulse oximetry readings alone. RESULTS Sixty-two infants met inclusion criteria. There was high interrater reliability in determining whether hospitalizations were prolonged (kappa = 0.75). In 16 (26%) of 62 patients (95% confidence interval, 15%-37%), the hospitalization was prolonged because of oxygenation concerns. Length of stay was prolonged an average of 1.6 days (range, 1.1-2.0 days) per hospitalization for these 16 patients, or 0.4 day (range, 0.2-0.6 day) per hospitalization for all 62 patients. CONCLUSIONS Hospitalizations of some infants with bronchiolitis are prolonged by a perceived need for supplemental oxygen therapy based on pulse oximetry readings. Further investigation into outcomes of different levels and durations of oxygen desaturation is needed and would have the potential to reduce practice variability and shorten the length of stay.
Audience Design and Social Relations in Aging

This study asks two questions: (1) Do older adults modify their language based on age of the listener (audience design)? (2) Does social contact affect audience design in older adults? Older adults (n = 34; mean age = 82) engaged in an instructions task with two fictive listeners (a child and an adult) to test these questions. Results show that older adults used a greater total number of propositions and rapport-building devices and a lower type–token ratio when giving instructions to the child compared to the adult listener. Adults with more social interactions used more propositions when talking to a child. In addition, satisfaction with interactions was significantly positively related to task-tracking devices and negatively related to rapport-building devices by older adults. These results suggest that audience design and social relations are worth further study in language maintenance in older age.
Techniques of orbital regional anaesthesia.

1.0–1.5 cm from the apex of the orbit. Local anaesthetics, in blocking concentrations, have to reach an exposed 5–10-mm segment of these motor nerves in the posterior intracone space for conduction block of those nerves and akinesia of their supplied muscles to occur. Retained activity of the superior oblique muscle is frequently seen after intraconal local anaesthetic injection because its motor nerve, the trochlear, runs an extraconal course. There is insufficient space between the lateral rectus muscle and adjacent lateral orbit wall, and between the inferior rectus muscle and adjacent orbit floor, to consider placing injectate in either location without risking injury to the respective muscles. Cornealnd perilimb al conjunctival sensation is mediated via the nasociliary nerve which lies within the cone of muscles; intracone blocks therefore produce anaesthesia of the cornea and the conjunctiva immediately surrounding it. However, the sensation of the peripheral conjunctiva is supplied through the lacrimal, frontal and infraorbital nerves coursing outside the muscle cone [2]; intraoperative pain may be experienced in this area after a solely intracone block [11].
Optimizing the overhead for network-on-chip routing reconfiguration in parallel multi-core platforms

In order to cope with an increased level of resource contention and dynamic application behaviour, the runtime reconfiguration of the routing function of an on-chip interconnection network is a desirable feature for multi-core hardware platforms in the embedded computing domain. The most intuitive approach consists of draining the network from ongoing packets before reconfiguring its routing tables, thus preventing the occurrence of deadlock from the ground up. The impact on application performance is however unacceptable. On the other hand, truly dynamic approaches are too much of an overhead for an on-chip setting. Recently, the overlapped static reconfiguration (OSR) method was proven to be capable of routing reconfiguration in the presence of background traffic with only a mild impact on the resource budget. This work finds that this method is still far from materializing its potentials in terms of reconfiguration performance (both impact on background traffic, which is still there to some extent, and duration of the reconfiguration transient). Therefore, it proposes a set of optimization methods for OSR spanning the trade-off between performance improvements and implementation cost. To the limit, fully transparent reconfiguration is delivered.
Discordance of Exocrine and Endocrine Growth After 90% Pancreatectomy in Rats

As we have previously shown, by 8 wk after 90% pancreatectomy (PX) in the rat, there is considerable regeneration of both exocrine and endocrine pancreas. In this study we examine the growth of both the exocrine and endocrine tissue 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after PX by following the pancreatic content of insulin, glucagon, and amylase as well as the mitotic indices for exocrine and islet β-cells. By 7 days the pancreatic remnant weighed more than the anatomically equivalent tissue in the sham, the remnant equivalent. The growth of the exocrine tissue and the endocrine β-cells was discordant during these initial weeks after PX, as shown by the mitotic index. The mitotic index, measured as accumulated mitotic figures after a 4-h colchicine treatment, for both the exocrine and β-cells in the sham animals was low and unchanging at the different time points (∼0.5%). At 3 and 7 days after PX, both the exocrine and β-cells had mitotic indices three- to fourfold that of the sham animals. At 14 days after PX, the exocrine cells had a slightly, albeit significantly, elevated mitotic index, whereas that of the β-cells was still double that of the shams. By 21 days there was no difference in mitotic index for exocrine tissue, but the β-cells on the PX animals had a mitotic index still double that of the shams. Another index of growth, the cell birthrate, was estimated at 7 days from the slope of regression lines of the mitotic frequency accumulated 1, 2, 3, and 4 h after colchicine. The cell birthrates of both the exocrine cells (PX 3.8 ± 0.96%, sham 0.96 ± 0.72%) and the β-cells (PX 7.2 ± 1.7%, sham 0.72 ± 0.96%) were significantly elevated in the pancreatic remnant. Thus, both exocrine cells and endocrine β-cells undergo considerable growth in the initial 3 wk after PX. However, there is discordance in their growth with respect to each other. In addition, these adult β-cells have a greater and more sustained growth than previously thought possible. The PX model could therefore become a useful model for studying the mechanisms of both exocrine and endocrine regeneration.
Beyond aerobic glycolysis: Transformed cells can engage in glutamine metabolism that exceeds the requirement for protein and nucleotide synthesis

Tumor cell proliferation requires rapid synthesis of macromolecules including lipids, proteins, and nucleotides. Many tumor cells exhibit rapid glucose consumption, with most of the glucose-derived carbon being secreted as lactate despite abundant oxygen availability (the Warburg effect). Here, we used 13C NMR spectroscopy to examine the metabolism of glioblastoma cells exhibiting aerobic glycolysis. In these cells, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was active but was characterized by an efflux of substrates for use in biosynthetic pathways, particularly fatty acid synthesis. The success of this synthetic activity depends on activation of pathways to generate reductive power (NADPH) and to restore oxaloacetate for continued TCA cycle function (anaplerosis). Surprisingly, both these needs were met by a high rate of glutamine metabolism. First, conversion of glutamine to lactate (glutaminolysis) was rapid enough to produce sufficient NADPH to support fatty acid synthesis. Second, despite substantial mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism, pyruvate carboxylation was suppressed, and anaplerotic oxaloacetate was derived from glutamine. Glutamine catabolism was accompanied by secretion of alanine and ammonia, such that most of the amino groups from glutamine were lost from the cell rather than incorporated into other molecules. These data demonstrate that transformed cells exhibit a high rate of glutamine consumption that cannot be explained by the nitrogen demand imposed by nucleotide synthesis or maintenance of nonessential amino acid pools. Rather, glutamine metabolism provides a carbon source that facilitates the cell's ability to use glucose-derived carbon and TCA cycle intermediates as biosynthetic precursors.
Current aspects of ectopic pregnancies in Nosy Be, Madagascar from November 1993 to February 1995

Cette etude fait le point sur l’aspect actuel des grossesses extra-uterines dans l’ile de Nosy Be (situee au nord-ouest de Madagascar et qui fait partie integrante du territoire malgache) et des solutions sont proposees. Elle est prospective, continue, non randomisee et ouverte, et concerne 27 grossesses extra-uterines, confirmees par laparotomie, soignees pendant 16 mois, de novembre 1993 a fevrier 1995, dans le Service de chirurgie generale de l’hopital de Nosy Be. Comme dans de nombreux pays en developpement, les grossesses extra-uterines posent un probleme de sante publique a Madagascar. Les criteres de jugement choisis sont d’ordre epidemiologique, clinique et anatomo-pathologique. Il apparait que, mis a part les antecedents d’infections genitales, le tableau clinique des grossesses extra-uterines a Nosy Be se presente tres differemment de celui rencontre dans les pays industrialises ; elles touchent surtout les femmes jeunes, ayant des antecedents d’infections genitales, sont diagnostiquees tardivement, au stade d’inondation intraperitoneale avec choc hemorragique. Le diagnostic est exclusivement clinique car l’hopital de Nosy Be ne possede pas les moyens materiels pour realiser un dosage de l’hormone gonadotrophine chonionique, une echographie et une cœlioscopie. Par ailleurs, sur le plan therapeutique, il n’a pas de banque de sang. Nous pensons que des actions doivent etre entreprises : - pour l’acquisition d’une banque de sang ; - pour l’amelioration des conditions de diagnostic precoce de la maladie grâce a l’information, l’education et le suivi medical precoce des femmes enceintes, mesures qui sous-tendeur l’acces aux examens complementaires (dosage de l’hormone gonadotrophine chorionique, echographie et cœlioscopie) ; - pour l’information et l’education du public sur les dangers des infections genitales, leurs preventions primaire et secondaire, et la necessite de leur traitement adequat.
Verification of the security of a secure network component

The author formally proves using a mechanical verifier that a security multiplexer for a network is secure and has no timing channels. While this multiplexer is only a small piece of a system, it handles multiple security levels and contains a process and two procedures that interact with other parts of the system. Security is expressed using an information flow model, extended to handle time. He shows how the multiplexer is specified in this model, describes the synchronous deterministic security model used, and discuss the security proof. <<ETX>>
Kinetics of lymphocytic subsets in chicken tracheal lesions infected with infectious bronchitis virus.

The kinetics of T-cells (CD3 positive (+), CD4+ and CD8+ cells) and B-cells (IgG+, IgM+ and IgA+ cells) in chicken trachea were studied immunohistochemically and histopathologically following an intratracheal inoculation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Viral antigen was detected in the cytoplasm of tracheal epithelium from 16 hr to 6 days post-inoculation (p.i.) with a peak on 4 days p.i. A few IgG+, IgM+ and IgA+ cells were detected in the submucosa from 8 hr p.i. Thereafter IgG+ and IgM+ cells were gradually increased in number, and dramatically increased from 3 days p.i. , peaked on 4 days p.i. , and gradually decreased after 5 days p.i. IgA+ cells were detected in a small number than IgG+ and IgM+ cells during the all experimental period. These B cells mainly existed in the lamina propria, and some cells were recognized in the interepithelial space. After 14 days p.i. , small number of IgG+ and IgM+ cells were detected in the germinal center of lymph follicles in the lamina propria. From 24 to 60 hr p.i. , a few number of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells were detected at the perivascular area in the lamina propria. After 3 or 4 days p.i. , each positive T-cells increased rapidly in number, and reached on the peak at 5 days p.i. CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells tend to distribute diffusely, perivascular area, and surrounding area of CD4+ cells, respectively. CD4+ cells were dramatically decreased from 7 days p.i. , and CD3+ and CD8+ cells were decreased from 14 days p.i. No T-cells were detected in the lymph follicles in the lamina propria.
Firing Properties of Spinal Interneurons during Voluntary Movement. I. State-Dependent Regularity of Firing

The firing properties of single spinal interneurons (INs) were studied in five awake, behaving monkeys performing isometric or auxotonic flexion-extension torques at the wrist. INs tended to fire tonically at rest (mean rate, 14 spikes (sp)/sec) and during generation of static torque (mean rate, 19 sp/sec in flexion, 24 sp/sec in extension). INs exhibited regular firing, with autocorrelation functions showing clear periodic features and a mean coefficient of variation of interspike intervals (CV) of 0.55 during production of static torque. For the population, there was an inverse correlation between CV and mean rate. However, 46% of the INs had task-dependent changes in regularity that were not predicted by changes in firing rate, suggesting that their firing pattern is determined not only by the intrinsic properties of the neurons but also by the properties of its synaptic inputs. INs showed two main response types to passive wrist displacement: biphasic and coactivation. Cells with these sensory responses had different, stereotypical temporal activity profiles and firing regularity during active movement. However, INs having correlational linkages with forearm muscles, identified as features in spike-triggered averages of electromyographic activity, did not exhibit unique responses or firing properties, although they tended to fire more regularly than other INs. This suggests the lack of a precise mapping of inputs to outputs for the spinal premotor network.
Glucose Suppression of Glucagon Secretion

Glucagon is released from α-cells present in intact pancreatic islets at glucose concentrations below 4 mm, whereas higher glucose levels inhibit its secretion. The mechanisms underlying the suppression of α-cell secretory activity are poorly understood, but two general types of models have been proposed as follows: direct inhibition by glucose or paracrine inhibition from non-α-cells within the islet of Langerhans. To identify α-cells for analysis, we utilized transgenic mice expressing fluorescent proteins targeted specifically to these cells. Measurements of glucagon secretion from pure populations of flow-sorted α-cells show that contrary to its effect on intact islets, glucose does stimulate glucagon secretion from isolated α-cells. This observation argues against a direct inhibition of glucagon secretion by glucose and supports the paracrine inhibition model. Imaging of cellular metabolism by two-photon excitation of NAD(P)H autofluorescence indicates that glucose is metabolized in α-cells and that glucokinase is the likely rate-limiting step in this process. Imaging calcium dynamics of α-cells in intact islets reveals that inhibiting concentrations of glucose increase the intracellular calcium concentration and the frequency of α-cell calcium oscillations. Application of candidate paracrine inhibitors leads to reduced glucagon secretion but did not decrease the α-cell calcium activity. Taken together, the data suggest that suppression occurs downstream from α-cell calcium signaling, presumably at the level of vesicle trafficking or exocytotic machinery.
A Reconstruction of Regional and Global Temperature for the Past 11,300 Years

Exceptional Now The climate has been warming since the industrial revolution, but how warm is climate now compared with the rest of the Holocene? Marcott et al. (p. 1198) constructed a record of global mean surface temperature for more than the last 11,000 years, using a variety of land- and marine-based proxy data from all around the world. The pattern of temperatures shows a rise as the world emerged from the last deglaciation, warm conditions until the middle of the Holocene, and a cooling trend over the next 5000 years that culminated around 200 years ago in the Little Ice Age. Temperatures have risen steadily since then, leaving us now with a global temperature higher than those during 90% of the entire Holocene. Current global average surface air temperature is warmer than that for all but a small fraction of the past 11,300 years. Surface temperature reconstructions of the past 1500 years suggest that recent warming is unprecedented in that time. Here we provide a broader perspective by reconstructing regional and global temperature anomalies for the past 11,300 years from 73 globally distributed records. Early Holocene (10,000 to 5000 years ago) warmth is followed by ~0.7°C cooling through the middle to late Holocene (<5000 years ago), culminating in the coolest temperatures of the Holocene during the Little Ice Age, about 200 years ago. This cooling is largely associated with ~2°C change in the North Atlantic. Current global temperatures of the past decade have not yet exceeded peak interglacial values but are warmer than during ~75% of the Holocene temperature history. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change model projections for 2100 exceed the full distribution of Holocene temperature under all plausible greenhouse gas emission scenarios.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA in calcified pleura from remains 1400 years old

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA was isolated and identified in calcified pleura from remains 1400 years old, with the polymerase chain reaction. This is the first demonstration of tuberculosis in non‐mummified archaeological tissue other than bone; the presence of mycobacterial mycolic acids in the sample supports this conclusion. The study of ancient DNA from microbial pathogens is of interest as it enables verification of traditional diagnoses, may answer long‐standing questions in the history of disease, and provides ancient DNA sequences that can be compared with those of modern isolates.
How can clinical practice guidelines be adapted to facilitate shared decision making? A qualitative key-informant study

Background To explore how clinical practice guidelines can be adapted to facilitate shared decision making. Methods This was a qualitative key-informant study with group discussions and semi-structured interviews. First, 75 experts in guideline development or shared decision making participated in group discussions at two international conferences. Next, health professionals known as experts in depression or breast cancer, experts on clinical practice guidelines and/or shared decision making, and patient representatives were interviewed (N=20). Using illustrative treatment decisions on depression or breast cancer, we asked the interviewees to indicate as specifically as they could how guidelines could be used to facilitate shared decision making. Results Interviewees suggested some generic strategies, namely to include a separate chapter on the importance of shared decision making, to use language that encourages patient involvement, and to develop patient versions of guidelines. Recommendation-specific strategies, related to specific decision points in the guideline, were also suggested: These include structuring the presentation of healthcare options to increase professionals' option awareness; structuring the deliberation process between professionals and patients; and providing relevant patient support tools embedded at important decision points in the guideline. Conclusions This study resulted in an overview of strategies to adapt clinical practice guidelines to facilitate shared decision making. Some strategies seemed more contentious than others. Future research should assess the feasibility and impact of these strategies to make clinical practice guidelines more conducive to facilitate shared decision making.
Laterality of visuo-spatial attention in acute and chronic schizophrenia, major depression and in healthy controls

SYNOPSIS Previous studies have suggested that schizophrenia is characterized by an asymmetry of visuo-spatial attention, in particular that acute unmedicated schizophrenics demonstrate relative inattention to right hemispace, whereas chronically medicated patients demonstrate the opposite pattern. In the present study, 30 unmedicated schizophrenic patients, 32 chronically medicated schizophrenic patients, 30 patients suffering from major depression and 60 healthy controls were assessed using two measures of hemispatial attentional neglect, namely letter and star cancellation. The results demonstrated that the chronic schizophrenic group made more total omissions for star cancellation (in both right and left hemispace), but that there was no difference between the groups in terms of omission asymmetry for either letter or star cancellation.
Driving cessation and health trajectories in older adults.

BACKGROUND Older adults who cease driving have poorer health than those who continue to drive. However, it is unclear whether the transition to driving cessation itself results in health declines or whether driving cessation subsequently exacerbates health declines over time. METHODS The current study addresses these questions using multilevel modeling among 690 older adults from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly study. Driving status and health, as indicated by the SF-36 questionnaire, self-rated health, physical performance (Turn 360 degrees Test), and depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and at 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year follow-up visits. RESULTS The transition to driving cessation was accompanied by significant declines in physical and social functioning, physical performance, and physical role (ps < .05). Health declines after driving cessation were steeper for general health. CONCLUSIONS The transition to driving cessation is associated with health declines for older adults as measured by several indicators. Additionally, general health declines more sharply following driving cessation. These findings highlight the importance of interventions to sustain driving mobility among older adults.