Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of stator temperature profile using distributed sensing

The aging of generators is intimately associated with the hotspot temperature of the stator windings groundwall insulation. Common resistive thermal detectors (RTD) installed in the machine are well suited to monitor temperature changes and trends during normal operation, as long as temperature distribution is uniform, but are blind to some hotspots. Moreover, the relationship between the RTD temperature and the one of the copper conductor depends on the operating condition, the machine design and its cooling system so a simple rule of ten degree of difference is not always valid. When generators are operated close to their limit, it is essential to determine as precisely as possible the exact hotspot temperature to prevent any life reduction of the equipment. To optimize generation without any life reduction, Hydro-Quebec Research institute IREQ has been developing over the past decade a generator model that includes finite element modeling of electromagnetism, thermal, mechanical and fluid dynamics of the cooling air. This model relies on experimental data from the field to validate calculation. One of the main sensors use to validate thermal simulation is an optic fiber installed in the stator core's vent ducts. This sensor is use for distributed temperature sensing (DTS) measurement. This paper presents the comparison of the thermal model calculations, the DTS measurements and other sensors used to measure temperature in five case studies on actual generators.
Simplified correlation decoding by selecting possible codewords using erasure information

Correlation decoding is an optimal scheme of soft-decision decoding for error-correcting codes in the sense of minimum block-error probability. However, it is very difficult to apply the scheme when the number of information digits is large because of decoding complexity. A new algorithm for soft-decision decoding is presented, simplifying the correlation scheme by selecting certain codewords and decreasing decoding complexity by using erasure information. Any desired block-error probability between the error Probabilities of correlation and hard-decision decoding can be realized by setting up a suitable threshold value 0 for erasure decision. Computer simulation has been performed for Golay (23,12,7) code and BCH (15,7,5) code.
Causes of transient dilatation of the left ventricle during myocardial perfusion imaging.

1349 eginning with Stolzenberg [1] in 1980 and later popularized by Weiss et al. [2] in 1987, the apparent dilatation of the left ventricular cavity on myocardial perfusion imaging in the presence of extensive epicardial vessel stenoses has been referred to as transient ischemic dilation. Iskandrian et al. [3] provided evidence that the mechanism of this apparent dilatation may involve subendocardial ischemia by revealing increased wall thickness on the delay images when cavity dilatation with myocardial thinning was seen during stress. The severely ischemic, count-poor subendocardium at stress appears as part of the left ventricular cavity with an external rim of slightly better perfused epicardium. The result is a relatively dilated left ventricular cavity during stress imaging. Transient ischemic left ventricular cavity dilatation during stress myocardial perfusion imaging has become a generally accepted marker of severe, Causes of Transient Dilatation of the Left Ventricle During Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Vincent J. B. Robinson 1,2 , James H. Corley 2 , David S. Marks 1,3 , Linton W. Eberhardt 2 , Casimir Eubig 2 , George J. Burke 2 , L. Michael Prisant 1
Predictors, prodromes and incidence of postpartum depression

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of clinically significant depression occurring between 7 and 4 months postpartum and to investigate whether somatic complaints, subsyndromal depressive symptoms, or birth-related concerns among non-depressed women at 1 month were predictive of postpartum depression. This is a prospective cohort study of 465 women from the Wisconsin Maternity Leave and Health Project (WMLHP). Women who were not depressed at 1 month postpartum were reassessed 3 months later for depression occurring at any time in the interval between 1 and 4 months postpartum. Depression was defined as either meeting the criteria for major depression on the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) or scoring above 15 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Physical symptoms were assessed by an adapted Health Responses Scale. Other measures were developed specifically for the WMLHP. Of 465 women, 27 (5.8%) became clinically depressed between 1 and 4 months postpartum. In a logistic regression analysis, four variables (maternal age, depression during pregnancy, thoughts of death and dying at 1 month postpartum, and difficulty falling asleep at 1 month postpartum) were predictive of depression at 4 months postpartum. Breast-feeding, mode of delivery, family income, parity and mother‘s education did not predict depression. The existence of subsyndromal depressive symptoms, particularly thoughts of death and dying, may represent a prodromal phase of depression and should alert clinicians to the possibility of future postpartum depression. Women with a history of depression during pregnancy should be monitored for signs of postpartum depression for a minimum of 4 months. Obstetricians are in a unique position during the postpartum check-up to screen women for these predictors of future postpartum depression and possibly to avert the development of a clinically significant depressive episode.
High efficiency optical switches with Heater-on-Slab (HoS) structures

We propose optical switches in which the heater is fabricated directly on the slab region of the rib waveguide. Two types of Heater-on-Slab (HoS) switches were investigated. In the first type, the silicon slab regions are doped highly to form the heaters. For this type of switches, the switching power is ∼85 mW and the switching time is ∼27 µs. In the second type, a strip of metal in direct contact with the silicon slab forms the heater. For this type of switches, the switching power is ∼25 mW and the switching time is ∼17 µs. An extinction ratio of ∼28.4 dB was also achieved.
Aggression of Male Syrian Hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus )

Many nontropical rodent species rely on photoperiod as a primary cue to coordinate seasonally appropriate vide an important, ecologically relevant model with which to study the neuroendocrine mechanisms underchanges in physiology and behavior. Among these changes, some species of rodents demonstrate increased aggression in short, “winter-like” compared with long “summer-like” day lengths. The precise neuroendocrine mechanisms mediating changes in aggression, however, remain largely unknown. The goal of the present study was to examine the effects of photoperiod and exogenous melatonin on resident-intruder aggression in male Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). In Experiment 1, male Syrian hamsters were housed in long (LD 14:10) or short (LD 10:14) days for 10 weeks. In Experiment 2, hamsters were housed in long days and half of the animals were given daily subcutaneous melatonin injections (15 g/day in 0.1 ml saline) 2 h before lights out for 10 consecutive days to simulate a shortday pattern of melatonin secretion, while the remaining animals received injections of the vehicle alone. Animals in both experiments were then tested using a residentintruder model of aggression and the number of attacks, duration of attacks, and latency to initial attack were recorded. In Experiment 1, short-day hamsters underwent gonadal regression and displayed increased aggression compared with long-day animals. In Experiment 2, melatonin treatment also increased aggression compared with control hamsters without affecting circulating testosterone. Collectively, the results of the present study demonstrate that exposure to short days or short day-like patterns of melatonin increase aggression in male Syrian hamsters. In addition, these results suggest that photoperiodic changes in aggression pro-
Increased lungkine and chitinase levels in allergic airway inflammation: A proteomics approach

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by pulmonary eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness. Mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of asthma are still not fully understood. The present study investigated alterations in global protein expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in allergic airway inflammation using a proteomics approach. BALB/c mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin developed airway eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, elevation of immunoglobulin E, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Lavage fluid proteins from normal and asthmatic mice were resolved by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis, and identified by peptide mass fingerprinting matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight mass spectrometry. A total of 28 protein spots were significantly altered. Several of these proteins were undetectable or at very low levels in normal mice but were significantly increased in airway inflammation. These include lungkine, a recently described chemokine, a family of chitinases including Ym1, Ym2, and acidic mammalian chitinase, gob‐5, a protein that mediates mucus secretion, and surfactant protein‐D, a C‐type lectin capable of modulating inflammatory responses. Overall, proteomics is a powerful tool in unraveling protein expression changes in allergic airway inflammation. The proteins identified in this study may be associated with the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation and may also be found useful as surrogate biomarkers for asthma.
Medical comorbidity in bipolar disorder: reprioritizing unmet needs

Purpose of review The aim of this review is to synthesize results from extant investigations which report on the co-occurrence of bipolar disorder and medical comorbidity. Recent findings We conducted a MEDLINE search of all English-language articles published between January 2004 and November 2006. Most studies report on medical comorbidity in bipolar samples; relatively fewer studies report the reciprocal association. Individuals with bipolar disorder are differentially affected by several ‘stress-sensitive’ medical disorders notably circulatory disorders, obesity and diabetes mellitus. Neurological disorders (e.g. migraine), respiratory disorders and infectious diseases are also prevalent. Although relatively few studies have scrutinized the co-occurrence of bipolar disorder in medical settings, individuals with epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, migraine and circulatory disorders may have a higher prevalence of bipolar disorder. A clustering of traditional and emerging (e.g. immunoinflammatory activation) risk factors presage somatic health issues in the bipolar disorder population. Iatrogenic factors and insufficient access to primary, preventive and integrated healthcare systems are also contributory. Summary Somatic health issues in individuals with bipolar disorder are ubiquitous, under-recognized and suboptimally treated. Facile screening for risk factors and laboratory abnormalities along with behavioral modification for reducing medical comorbidity are warranted.
Inhibition of telomerase in the endothelial cells disrupts tumor angiogenesis in glioblastoma xenografts

Tumor angiogenesis is a complex process that involves a series of interactions between tumor cells and endothelial cells (ECs). In vitro, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells are known to induce an increase in proliferation, migration and tube formation by the ECs. We have previously shown that in human GBM specimens the proliferating ECs of the tumor vasculature express the catalytic component of telomerase, hTERT, and that telomerase can be upregulated in human ECs by exposing these cells to GBM in vitro. Here, we developed a controlled in vivo assay of tumor angiogenesis in which primary human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) were subcutaneously grafted with or without human GBM cells in immunocompromised mice as Matrigel implants. We found that primary HUVECs did not survive in Matrigel implants, and that telomerase upregulation had little effect on HUVEC survival. In the presence of GBM cells, however, the grafted HUVECs not only survived in Matrigel implants but developed tubule structures that integrated with murine microvessels. Telomerase upregulation in HUVECs enhanced such effect. More importantly, inhibition of telomerase in HUVECs completely abolished tubule formation and greatly reduced survival of these cells in the tumor xenografts. Our data demonstrate that telomerase upregulation by the ECs is a key requisite for GBM tumor angiogenesis. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ncr1p, the Yeast Ortholog of Mammalian Niemann Pick C1 Protein, is Dispensable for Endocytic Transport

The Niemann Pick C1 protein localizes to late endosomes and plays a key role in the intracellular transport of cholesterol in mammalian cells. Cholesterol and other lipids accumulate in a lysosomal or late endosomal compartment in cells lacking normal NPC1 function. Other than accumulation of lipids, defects in lysosomal retroendocytosis, sorting of a multifunctional receptor and endosomal movement have also been detected in NPC1 mutant cells. Ncr1p is an ortholog of NPC1 in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we show that Ncr1p is a vacuolar membrane protein that transits through the biosynthetic vacuolar protein sorting pathway, and that it can be solubilized by Triton X‐100 at 4 °C. Using well‐established assays, we demonstrate that the absence of Ncr1p had no effect on fluid phase and receptor‐ mediated endocytosis, biosynthetic delivery to the vacuole, retrograde transport from endosome to Golgi and ubiquitin‐ and nonubiquitin‐dependent multivesicular body sorting. We conclude that Ncr1p does not have an essential role in known endocytic transport pathways in yeast.
Mutations in Domain I Interhelical Loops Affect the Rate of Pore Formation by the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Aa Toxin in Insect Midgut Brush Border Membrane Vesicles

ABSTRACT Pore formation in the apical membrane of the midgut epithelial cells of susceptible insects constitutes a key step in the mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxins. In order to study the mechanism of toxin insertion into the membrane, at least one residue in each of the pore-forming-domain (domain I) interhelical loops of Cry1Aa was replaced individually by cysteine, an amino acid which is normally absent from the activated Cry1Aa toxin, using site-directed mutagenesis. The toxicity of most mutants to Manduca sexta neonate larvae was comparable to that of Cry1Aa. The ability of each of the activated mutant toxins to permeabilize M. sexta midgut brush border membrane vesicles was examined with an osmotic swelling assay. Following a 1-h preincubation, all mutants except the V150C mutant were able to form pores at pH 7.5, although the W182C mutant had a weaker activity than the other toxins. Increasing the pH to 10.5, a procedure which introduces a negative charge on the thiol group of the cysteine residues, caused a significant reduction in the pore-forming abilities of most mutants without affecting those of Cry1Aa or the I88C, T122C, Y153C, or S252C mutant. The rate of pore formation was significantly lower for the F50C, Q151C, Y153C, W182C, and S252C mutants than for Cry1Aa at pH 7.5. At the higher pH, all mutants formed pores significantly more slowly than Cry1Aa, except the I88C mutant, which formed pores significantly faster, and the T122C mutant. These results indicate that domain I interhelical loop residues play an important role in the conformational changes leading to toxin insertion and pore formation.
Nuclear transport of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, visna virus, and equine infectious anemia virus Rev proteins: identification of a family of transferable nuclear export signals

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev trans activator binds directly to unspliced viral mRNA in the nucleus and activates its transport to the cytoplasm. In additon to the sequences that confer RNA binding and nuclear localization, Rev has a carboxy-terminal region, the activation domain, whose integrity is essential for biological activity. Because it has been established that Rev constitutively exits and reenters the nucleus and that the activation domain is required for nuclear exit, it has been proposed that Rev's activation domain is a nuclear export signal (NES). Here, we used microinjection-based assays to demonstrate that the activation domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev imparts rapid nuclear export after its transfer to heterologous substrates. NES- mediated export is specific, as it is sensitive both to inactivation by missense mutation and to selective inhibition by an excess of the wild-type, but not mutant, activation domain peptide. Examination of the Rev trans activators of two nonprimate lentiviruses, visna virus and equine infectious anemia virus, revealed that their activation domains are also potent NESs. Taken together, these data demonstrate that nuclear export can be determined by positively acting peptide motifs, namely, NESs, and suggest that Rev proteins activate viral RNA transport by providing export ribonucleoproteins with specific information that targets them to the cytoplasm.
Time-scaling control and passive walking of bipeds with underactuation degree one

The paper develops a feedback control law that results in periodic orbits on different slopes for an n degree-of-freedom biped robot with one degree of underactuation. This is achieved by introducing the time-scaling control approach to translate a periodic orbit for a passive robot, which exists on a specific shallow slope, to other slopes. The resulting periodic orbits on other slopes, if exist, are the same as those orbits generated by controlled symmetries for full actuated bipeds in geometry. The temporal solutions are influenced by a one-degree subsystem related to the evolution of virtual time that scales the passive gait. Necessary and sufficient conditions are investigated for the existence and stability properties of periodic orbits on different slopes with the proposed control law. Finally, the proposed method is illustrated by two underactuated compass biped robots.
Irreversible Oxidation of the Active-site Cysteine of Peroxiredoxin to Cysteine Sulfonic Acid for Enhanced Molecular Chaperone Activity*

The thiol (–SH) of the active cysteine residue in peroxiredoxin (Prx) is known to be reversibly hyperoxidized to cysteine sulfinic acid (–SO2H), which can be reduced back to thiol by sulfiredoxin/sestrin. However, hyperoxidized Prx of an irreversible nature has not been reported yet. Using an antibody developed against the sulfonylated (–SO3H) yeast Prx (Tsa1p) active-site peptide (AFTFVCPTEI), we observed an increase in the immunoblot intensity in proportion to the H2O2 concentrations administered to the yeast cells. We identified two species of hyperoxidized Tsa1p: one can be reduced back (reversible) with sulfiredoxin, and the other cannot (irreversible). Irreversibly hyperoxidized Tsa1p was identified as containing the active-site cysteine sulfonic acid (Tsa1p-SO3H) by mass spectrometry. Tsa1p-SO3H was not an autoxidation product of Tsa1p-SO2H and was maintained in yeast cells even after two doubling cycles. Tsa1p-SO3H self-assembled into a ring-shaped multimeric form was shown by electron microscopy. Although the Tsa1p-SO3H multimer lost its peroxidase activity, it gained ∼4-fold higher chaperone activity compared with Tsa1p-SH. In this study, we identify an irreversibly hyperoxidized Prx, Tsa1p-SO3H, with enhanced molecular chaperone activity and suggest that Tsa1p-SO3H is a marker of cumulative oxidative stress in cells.
Membrane potential of vascular smooth muscle and hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The resting membrane potential of tail arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto controls (WKYs) was compared. At 4-5 weeks old, the blood pressure and resting membrane potential of the SHRs was not significantly different from the WKYs. The blood pressure of 8- to 10-week-old SHRs increased significantly to 183 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa) from 127 mmHg at 4 weeks, and the membrane potential decreased from 60 to 51 mV. At 15 weeks of age, the blood pressure of the SHRs was 193 mmHg and the membrane potential was 49 mV. In WKYs, there was no significant change in membrane potential with age. The decrease in membrane potential in the SHRs is due to a decrease in the ouabain-sensitive electrogenic pumping. Chronic treatment of the SHRs with captopril (100 mg . kg-1 . day-1) prevented the increase in blood pressure and the decrease in membrane potential.
Incorporation of lipids into herpes simplex virus particles.

Summary The synthesis of lipids in BSC 1 cells and their association with herpes simplex virus was studied. Radioactive choline was found to be incorporated mainly into lecithin. Infection of cells with herpes simplex virus did not affect the synthesis of cellular lipoproteins. Infected cells, prelabelled with radioactive choline, yielded virus particles which contained radioactively labelled cellular lipids. Treatment of herpes virus particles with sodium deoxycholate caused the dissociation of the particles and the release of capsomeres and soluble proteins.
New Insights Into the Role of Estrogens in Male Fertility Based on Findings in Aromatase‐Deficient Zebrafish

&NA; It has been demonstrated that estrogens are indispensable for male fertility in mammals. Aromatase (encoded by CYP19) catalyzes the final step of estradiol biosynthesis. However, less is known about the role of aromatase in male fertility in nonmammalian species. Fish aromatase is encoded by two separate genes: the gonad‐specific cyp19a1a and the brain‐specific cyp19a1b. In a recent study, we used transcription activatorlike effector nucleases to systematically generate cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b mutant lines and a cyp19a1a;cyp19a1b double‐mutant line in zebrafish and demonstrated that cyp19a1a was indispensable for sex differentiation. In this study, we focused on male fertility in these aromatase‐deficient zebrafish. Our results showed that all aromatase‐deficient male fish had normal fertility even at 1 year after fertilization. Interestingly, we observed more spermatozoa in the cyp19a1a and double‐mutant males than in the wild‐type and cyp19a1b mutant males. The whole‐body androgen levels, follicle‐stimulating hormone &bgr; and luteinizing hormone &bgr; protein levels in the pituitary, and transcript levels of genes known to be involved in spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in the testes were significantly higher in the cyp19a1a mutant and aromatase double‐mutant males than in the wild‐type and cyp19a1b mutant males. These results might explain why more spermatozoa were observed in these fish. Collectively, our findings indicate that estrogens are not needed to achieve and maintain normal fertility in male zebrafish. This finding challenges the traditional view that estrogens are indispensable for male fertility.
Interspecies Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions to Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)

ABSTRACT Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an emerging prion disease of deer and elk. The risk of CWD transmission to humans following exposure to CWD-infected tissues is unknown. To assess the susceptibility of nonhuman primates to CWD, two squirrel monkeys were inoculated with brain tissue from a CWD-infected mule deer. The CWD-inoculated squirrel monkeys developed a progressive neurodegenerative disease and were euthanized at 31 and 34 months postinfection. Brain tissue from the CWD-infected squirrel monkeys contained the abnormal isoform of the prion protein, PrP-res, and displayed spongiform degeneration. This is the first reported transmission of CWD to primates.