Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Ex‐Post Cost‐Effectiveness of Nitrogen Load Reductions From Nine Countries to the Baltic Sea Between 1996 and 2010

Policy efforts to improve Baltic Sea water quality will be expensive if the ambitious targets agreed are to be achieved. The aim of this study is to evaluate the ex‐post cost‐effectiveness of nitrogen load reductions to the Baltic Sea made between 1996 and 2010. We first calculate the counterfactual change in nitrogen load to the Baltic Sea and compare to observed loads. The costs of the net reductions are evaluated using a Baltic‐wide cost‐effectiveness model, which includes a wide set of nitrogen abatement measures in the littoral countries. Results show that the net nitrogen reductions achieved through environmental policy, about 145,000 tons total nitrogen, could have been obtained at 12% of the realized cost, through reallocation of abatement between countries. The total budget spent on abatement could, if used in a cost‐effective manner, be sufficient for a doubling of the net nitrogen load reduction. Milestone targets, in combination with a compensation scheme between countries, could help to reduce policy costs.
Global Estimates of the Energy Transfer From the Wind to the Ocean, With Emphasis on Near‐Inertial Oscillations

Abstract Estimates of the kinetic energy transfer from the wind to the ocean are often limited by the spatial and temporal resolution of surface currents and surface winds. Here we examine the wind work in a pair of global, very high‐resolution (1/48° and 1/24°) MIT general circulation model simulations in Latitude‐Longitude‐polar Cap (LLC) configuration that provide hourly output at spatial resolutions of a few kilometers and include tidal forcing. A cospectrum analysis of wind stress and ocean surface currents shows positive contribution at large scales (>300 km) and near‐inertial frequency and negative contribution from mesoscales, tidal frequencies, and internal gravity waves. Larger surface kinetic energy fluxes are in the Kuroshio in winter at large scales (40 mW/m2) and mesoscales (−30 mW/m2). The Kerguelen region is dominated by large scale (∼20 mW/m2), followed by inertial oscillations in summer (13 mW/m2) and mesoscale in winter (−12 mW/m2). Kinetic energy fluxes from internal gravity waves (−0.1 to −9.9 mW/m2) are generally stronger in summer. Surface kinetic energy fluxes in the LLC simulations are 4.71 TW, which is 25–85% higher than previous global estimates from coarser (1/6–1/10°) general ocean circulation models; this is likely due to improved representation of wind variability (6‐hourly, 0.14°, operational European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts). However, the low wind power input to the near‐inertial frequency band obtained with LLC (0.16 TW) compared to global slab models suggests that wind variability on time scales less than 6 hr and spatial scales less than 15 km are critical to better representing the wind power input in ocean circulation models.
Evaluation of ion exchange material from sulfonated polystyrene waste synthesized for removal Cr3+ from aqueous solution by column experiment

The paper aims to study the effect of operating conditions in the column experiment with the ion exchange material which was prepared in optimum synthesized conditions. Polystyrene waste from disposable food packaging was dissolved in cyclohexane and sulfonated by sulfuric acid to synthesize cation exchange materials which were applied to remove Cr3+ in water by the ion exchange principle. The optimum conditions for this method were found out and described in previously published literature of the author. Characterization by SEM and Fourier Transforms Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy proved that the additional Sulfonic groups were presented. The efficiency of Cr3+ removal was highly affected by column bed height, initial ion concentrations and flow rate of effluent. The highest efficiency of material was 84.0% with a material bed height of 10 cm in the removal of Cr3+ from simulated wastewater containing initial Cr3+ concentration of 120 mg/l. The experimental data obtained from this study was consistent with Thomas and Yoon-Nelson kinetic models, which will be applied for column design in practical study and design. The results from this method can help reduce the plastic waste and easy to apply in practice for removal of Cr3+ in wastewater. Keywords: ion exchange; polystyrene waste; synthesize; chromium.
Named Entity Recognition for Nepali language: A Semi Hybrid Approach

Named entity recognition (NER) is a process of specific Information Extraction (IE) from a text document or paragraph. Named Entity has some specific classes like Name of Person, Location, Number, Organization, Currency, Quantifier etc. Our target language is Nepali. This language is one of the Indian language as well as the national language of Nepal. In this paper the main focus is on development of stemming tool, POS (Part of Speech) tagging tool and finally NER detection tool using a semi hybrid approach(Using HMM and some rule based approaches. Accuracy of these tools is also determined.
Improving Sanitation in Cold Regions

Globally, 2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation. Improving sanitation is a challenge around the world; cold climates add to that challenge. The objective of this Catalog is to identify suitable technological options for delivering sustainable improved sanitation in cold regions where the population is not served by piped water supply and sewer networks.
Comparing Object-Oriented Languages Using Designpatterns

Abstract The design patterns from the widely used Gang of Four book provide flexible, reusable designs that can be employed in many disparate application domains. Each of these well-known patterns employs important object-oriented techniques, including encapsulation and inheritance, and polymorphism (both compile time and runtime), as well as object instantiation and deletion. Because these patterns employ the object-oriented techniques in standard ways, they can serve as a good mechanism for comparing different object-oriented languages and for comparing the compilers for these languages. The authors compare different modern object-oriented languages and compilers using the standard Gang of Four design patterns as benchmarks. The languages compared were C++ , Java, and the new . NET language, C#. The performances of C+ + and Java were examined on both Linux and Microsoft Windows XP, whereas the performance of C# (a Microsoft programming language) was examined only on Microsoft Windows XP. Of particular interest was the performance of C# , as it is the newest language of the three, as well as the performance of all three object-oriented programming languages in a standard PC-based environment, with the commonly used PC operating systems, Linux and Microsoft Windows. Statistical techniques were employed in order to achieve strong language comparisons.
Understanding File Upload Security for Web Applications

- In today’s times the web model has become an important mechanism in terms of information and services delivery over the internet. With the success of the internet, it becomes important to take into account the security of the web application layer from various unauthorized user attacks. The main reason for security awareness is due to lack of trustworthiness of the applications programming logic or input validation. The best way of preventing application exploitability is to enforce good security policies through the applications. This can be done only when the client and server collaborate to achieve the desired security goals eliminating the possibility of such attacks. In this paper we focus on file upload exploits with respect to web application security. Various test cases will be explained along with the impact which will help security testers and application developers to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of user data. Finally, potential steps for mitigation will be provided in order to restrict such attacks.
The effect of the structural evolution of snow on heat transfer

The heat flow through a snow cover profoundly changes its structure and thus the thermophysical and mechanical properties of snow. Despite the great amount of empirical data collected so far, the physical processes behind these changes are poorly understood because snow sinters and recrystallizes simultaneously at temperatures typical on earth. Heat conduction in snow takes place as (i) conduction in the ice matrix and pore space, (ii) heat transport by water vapor diffusion, and (iii) latent heat release and gain due to phase changes. X-ray computed micro-tomography allows detailed representations of the 3D-microstructure of snow and its evolution during metamorphism without disturbing the snow sample. The reconstructed microstructure of snow was used to simulate the heat conduction in the ice matrix of snow and its evolution during controlled temperature gradient metamorphism. The numerical results, compared with the measured effective heat conductivites of the snow samples, suggest the relative contribution of the components of the heat flux through snow to be considerably different from what is assumed nowadays.
A Novel Relational-Based Transductive Transfer Learning Method for PolSAR Images via Time-Series Clustering

The combination of transfer learning and remote sensing image processing technology can effectively improve the automation level of image information extraction from a remote sensing time series. However, in the processing of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) time-series images, the existing transfer learning methods often cannot make full use of the time-series information of the images, relying too much on the labeled samples in the target domain. Furthermore, the speckle noise inherent in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery aggravates the difficulty of the manual selection of labeled samples, so these methods have difficulty in meeting the processing requirements of large data volumes and high efficiency. In lieu of these problems and the spatio-temporal relational knowledge of objects in time-series images, this paper introduces the theory of time-series clustering and proposes a new three-phase time-series clustering algorithm. Due to the full use of the inherent characteristics of the PolSAR images, this algorithm can accurately transfer the labels of the source domain samples to those samples that have not changed in the whole time series without relying on the target domain labeled samples, so as to realize transductive sample label transfer for PolSAR time-series images. Experiments were carried out using three different sets of PolSAR time-series images and the proposed method was compared with two of the existing methods. The experimental results showed that the transfer precision of the proposed method reaches a high level with different data and different objects and it performs significantly better than the existing methods. With strong reliability and practicability, the proposed method can provide a new solution for the rapid information extraction of remote sensing image time series.
Foundations of acoustic analogies

This report presents the best-known acoustic analogies, and their equations are derived mathematically in detail to allow their applicability to be extended when necessary. In the acoustic analogies, the equations governing the flow-generated acoustic fields are rearranged in such a way that the field variable connections (wave operator part) are on the left-hand side and that which is supposed to form the source quantities for the acoustic field (source part) is on the right-hand side. Lighthill’s analogy was originally developed for unbounded flows. The analogy assumes that, outside the source region, there is no static flow and the fluid is ideal. The refraction effects are not included in the wave operator. Powell’s analogy is an approximate version of Lighthill’s analogy. The Ffowcs Williams– Hawkings analogy is such an extension of Lighthill’s analogy that, being based on the same starting point, it takes into account the effects of moving boundaries by equivalent Huygens sources. Curle’s analogy is obtained from the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings analogy by assuming that the boundaries are not moving. In Phillips’ analogy, the effects of a moving medium are partially taken into account, and the refraction effects are included in the wave operator. The fluid outside the source region is assumed to be ideal. Lilley’s analogy is based on the same starting point as Phillips’ analogy, but all the ‘propagation effects’ occurring in a transversely sheared mean flow are inside the wave operator part of the equation. In Howe’s analogy, the vorticity vector (in the form of Coriolis acceleration) and the entropy gradients are put in the source part of the equation, forming the main part of the sources; the compressibility of the medium is assumed to be constant and the viscous losses are assumed to vanish. In Doak’s analogy, the compressibility of the medium does not need to be constant, the vorticity and the entropy gradients do not need to disappear outside the source region, and the viscous and thermal losses can be taken into account, somehow, inside and outside the source region. The four last-presented analogies assume that the medium is an ideal gas, so without modifications they cannot be applied to acoustic fields in liquids.
A QUALITY EVALUATION METHOD OF IRIS IMAGES

During the image acquisition process of an automatic iris recognition system, unqualified iris images are probably rejected (Failure to Enroll). Three performance metrics, Image Definition, Inside and Outside Eccentricity, and Iris Visibility are introduced, which makes possible a real-time evaluation to the acquired images. The experiment results show that this evaluation system can reflect the real quality of images and thus significantly improve the overall performance of the iris recognition system.
Survey on Offline Signature Recognition Techniques

— Digital Recognition of any individual is an under kind to recognize the people. Human identification utilizing . As signatures are widely accepted bio-metric for authentication and identification of a person because every person has a distinct signature with its specific behavioural property, so it is very much necessary to prove the authenticity of signature itself. A huge increase in forgery cases relative to signatures induced a need of efficient “Signature Verification System”. These systems can be online or offline based on type of input taken by the system. This paper represents a brief review on various approaches used in signature verification systems. In this paper we have purposed a method to enhance the security level in signature recognition and to detect the true and false users. Calculate distance (D) b/n Input sign and among present in database and Threshold .
CFSSP: Chou and Fasman Secondary Structure Prediction Server

ABSTRACT CFSSP (Chou & Fasman Secondary Structure Prediction Server) is an online protein secondary structure prediction server. This server predicts regions of secondary structure from the protein sequence such as alpha helix, beta sheet, and turns from the amino acid sequence. The output of predicted secondary structure is also displayed in linear sequential graphical view based on the probability of occurrence of alpha helix, beta sheet, and turns. The method implemented in CFSSP is Chou-Fasman algorithm, which is based on analyses of the relative frequencies of each amino acid in alpha helices, beta sheets, and turns based on known protein structures solved with X-ray crystallography. CFSSP is freely accessible via ExPASy server or directly from BioGem tools at http://www.biogem. org/tool/chou-fasman. CFSSP server is written in Perl, which runs through CGI. Key words: CFSSP, ExPASy, BioGem Tools, Secondary Structure, Chou and Fasman. INTRODUCTION Successful prediction of protein structure from the amino acid sequence is one of the challenging tasks in bioinformatics and structural biology; it is highly important in medicine (for example, in drug design) and biotechnology (for example, in the design of novel enzymes). Although experimental structure determination has improved, information about the three dimensional structure is still available for only a small fraction of known proteins. Structure prediction of soluble proteins using experimental methods is still a challenging task due to the vast number of degrees of freedom in the molecule. An intermediate but useful step is to predict the protein secondary structure, that is, each residue of a protein sequence is assigned a conformational state, either helix (H), strand (E) or coil (C). The information provided by this assignment is valuable both in
Emulating Earth System Model temperatures: from global mean
temperature trajectories to grid-point level realizations on land

Abstract. Earth System Models (ESMs) are invaluable tools to study the climate system's response to specific greenhouse gas emission pathways. Large single-model initial-condition and multi-model ensembles are used to investigate the range of possible responses and serve as input to climate impact and integrated assessment models. Thereby, climate signal uncertainty is propagated along the uncertainty chain and its effect on interactions between humans and the Earth system can be quantified. However, generating both single-model initial-condition and multi-model ensembles is computationally expensive. In this study, we assess the feasibility of geographically-explicit climate model emulation, i.e., of statistically producing large ensembles of global spatially and temporally correlated land temperature field time series at a negligible computational cost which closely resemble ESM runs spanning from 1870 to 2099. For this purpose, we develop a modular framework that consists of (i) a global mean temperature emulator, (ii) a local mean temperature emulator, and (iii) a local residual temperature variability emulator. We first show that to successfully mimic single-model initial-condition ensembles of yearly temperature, it is sufficient to train on a single ESM run, but separate emulators need to be calibrated for individual ESMs given fundamental inter-model differences. We then emulate 40 climate models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to create a super-ensemble, i.e., a large ensemble that closely resembles a multi-model initial-condition ensemble. Furthermore, the thereby emerging ESM-specific emulator calibration parameters provide essential insights on inter-model divergences across a broad range of scales which can be viewed as a model ID of core properties of each ESM. Our results highlight that, for temperature at the spatio-temporal scales considered here, it is likely more advantageous to invest computational resources into generating multi-model ensembles rather than large single-model initial-condition ensembles. Such multi-model ensembles can then be extended to super-ensembles with geographically-explicit temperature emulators like the one presented here.
How mapping can reduce threats to public health

ABSTRACT Worldwide, the number of deaths attributable to communicable diseases is on a steady decline. Although there have been significant decreases in deaths due to communicable diseases, infectious diseases have not become a negligible cause of illness and death. Because of a recent emergence in the US, we sought to explore the spread of one communicable disease: Zika virus. Because of the threat to individual and public health posed by Zika, this study sought to examine the presence of the virus in Cameron County Texas from 1 January 2016 to 20 September 2018. Using geographical analysis, the goal of this study was to explore potential patterns in the spread of the infectious disease in order to forecast community risk. While the overall numbers of cases of Zika virus may decrease, this project’s findings indicate a geographic spread of the virus through Cameron county Texas. This geographic spread of Zika virus is a public health issue for concern. GIS mapping can help address this public health concern by offering support to public health officials in assessing the outbreaks of infectious diseases. Moreover, the details provided through geographic exploration can support public health officials in anticipating communities at risk for the spread of communicable disease.
Improved Quasi-Y-Source DC-DC Converter for Renewable Energy

In order to improve the performance of dc-dc converter circuit in renewable energy power generation system, and overcome the problems of input current discontinuity and high inrush current in traditional V-source converter, an improved V-source dc-dc boost converter topology is presented in this paper. The voltage gain formula is derived by analyzing the topology and operating principle of the converter circuit. The proposed circuit topology inherits all the benefits of the existing V-source converter and has several more advantages, including the higher voltage gain, continuous input current and small inrush current. The simulation and the experiments based on the prototype are performed. And the simulation and experimental results verify the rationality and superiority of the circuit topology.
The Latent Semantic Scaling Automated dictionary making technique for document scaling

In computer-assisted text analysis (CTA), high portability is required to dictionaries, because they are usually repurposed with minor or no modification in different research settings. To achieve such portability, dictionaries have to be externally valid across different types of documents. The General Inquirer dictionary compiled by Stone (1966) is one of the highly portable CTA dictionaries, but dictionary created by automated techniques tend to be limited in portability. Wordscore (Benoit and Laver 2003) is a supervised method based on expert coding, and Wordfish (Slapin and Proksch 2008) is an unsupervised method using the maximum likelihood estimator. Although those two techniques proved their ability to scale party manifestos on left-right scale very close to human coding, they are generated from the same type texts that they are aiming to analyze, and highly specific to the type of documents used in training.
Fault Geometry and Slip Distribution of the 2013 Mw 6.6 Lushan Earthquake in China Constrained by GPS, InSAR, Leveling, and Strong Motion Data

On 20 April 2013, an Mw 6.6 Lushan earthquake occurred on the southwestern segment of the Longmen Shan fault belt, which is the tectonic block boundary between the eastern Tibetan plateau and the Sichuan basin. Seismic reflection profiles and aftershock relocation indicate that there exists a back thrust fault in the source region but whether it is ruptured during the Lushan earthquake remains controversial. Here the precise leveling data are firstly used together with Global Positioning System (GPS), Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), and strong motion data to invert for the fault geometry and slip distribution associated with the earthquake. The joint inversion result shows that the Lushan earthquake occurred on a blind thrust fault with strike N208.5 °E and dip 42.1° to the NW and did not rupture the back reverse fault. The coseismic slip model reveals the Lushan earthquake involves the rupture of one major asperity. The coseismic slip is mainly concentrated on a steeply dipping fault plane. The coseismic rupture terminates on the southwestern side of the seismic gap between the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes. Topographic stress may be the dominant mechanism of coseismic rupture termination.