Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CYTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIFFERENT GROWTH HABITS IN THE DICOTYLEDONS

IN REVIEWING the cytology of a number of different families of dicotyledonous angiosperms, the writer noted that although there were no characteristic differences between the chromosomes of the various larger systematic divisions of this subclass, there appeared to be, on the other hand, a definite set of characteristics associated with the different growth habits, particularly the woody plants as opposed to the herbs, and the annual or biennial as distinguished from the perennial species. In order to test this apparent phenomenon, he undertook a systematic review of the chromosomal characteristics of all dicotyledonous genera sufficiently recorded in the literature for this purpose. The results of this survey are recorded in the present paper. MATERIAL AND METHODS. -Three chromosomal characteristics were selected as the easiest to treat in the manner contemplated: (1) the basic chromosome number of a genus, (2) the percentage of polyploid species within a genus, and (3) the absolute size of the chromosomes within the genus. The data for the first two characteristics were obtained chiefly from the lists of Tischler (1931, 1936), while additional information on certain genera was obtained from more recent partial lists and from a few treatments of particular genera. In general, genera included in the classification by basic number and by absolute size are those of which at least five species are known, but unless the known species were fairly uniform in character, they were not admitted to the lists unless a larger number of species was recorded. For classification as to percentage of polyploidy, only those genera were selected of which 30 per cent or more of the species are known cvtologically, but an additional list was compiled including all the genera classified as to basic number. The basic number was considered that which was found, either in itself or in multiples of it, in fourfifths or more of the species of the genus. If a second number occurred in a considerable proportion of the species, the genus was given one-half value under each number, while if there were three, it was given onethird value under each of them. If there were more than 3 numbers in the genus, only the 3 most common ones were recorded. Numbers near to multiples of the lowest basic number were considered to be derived by polyploidy--e.g., if a genus contained the gametic numbers 8 and 17, the latter was considered as a hypertetraploid based on the former. Only those basic haploid numbers actually found in the genus were recorded; the evidence from secondary pairing was disregarded as being not firmly enough established and not recorded in a sufficient number of genera to be of use in a comprehensive survey such
Probing the hydrothermal system of the Chicxulub impact crater

The Chicxulub impact event generated a long-duration hydrothermal system suitable for microbial life. The ~180-km-diameter Chicxulub peak-ring crater and ~240-km multiring basin, produced by the impact that terminated the Cretaceous, is the largest remaining intact impact basin on Earth. International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) and International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) Expedition 364 drilled to a depth of 1335 m below the sea floor into the peak ring, providing a unique opportunity to study the thermal and chemical modification of Earth’s crust caused by the impact. The recovered core shows the crater hosted a spatially extensive hydrothermal system that chemically and mineralogically modified ~1.4 × 105 km3 of Earth’s crust, a volume more than nine times that of the Yellowstone Caldera system. Initially, high temperatures of 300° to 400°C and an independent geomagnetic polarity clock indicate the hydrothermal system was long lived, in excess of 106 years.
Temporal expression of MOF acetyltransferase primes transcription factor networks for erythroid fate

Identifying the transcription factor network regulating correct timing and dosage of Mof expression during hematopoiesis. Self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are orchestrated by the combinatorial action of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators. Here, we have explored the mechanism by which histone H4 lysine 16 acetyltransferase MOF regulates erythropoiesis. Single-cell RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing uncovered that MOF influences erythroid trajectory by dynamic recruitment to chromatin and its haploinsufficiency causes accumulation of a transient HSC population. A regulatory network consisting of MOF, RUNX1, and GFI1B is critical for erythroid fate commitment. GFI1B acts as a Mof activator which is necessary and sufficient for cell type-specific induction of Mof expression. Plasticity of Mof-depleted HSCs can be rescued by expression of a downstream effector, Gata1, or by rebalancing acetylation via a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Accurate timing and dosage of Mof expression act as a rheostat for the feedforward transcription factor network that safeguards progression along the erythroid fate.
Changes in Acid-base Status of Holstein Steers Fed High Roughage or High Concentrate Diet

第一胃フィステルを装着した体重517～574kgの3頭のホルスタイン去勢牛を用い,粗飼料多給(R)区および濃厚飼料多給(C)区にて4週間飼育し,採食に伴う血液の酸塩基平衡と第一胃発酵の変化を3時間にわたって観察した. 血液pHは,R区では採食によって低下し採食中この値を持続し,その後回復する傾向を示した. C区では,採食前の血液pHはR区と比較して明らかに低く,さらに採食により急激に低下し,その後直ちに採食前の値に回復した. HCO3-は,採食中両区で一時的に低下し直ちに採食前の値に回復した. 逆にPCO2は,採食に伴って一時的に増加したが,そのピークは飼料区によって差が見られた. Ht値はC区で採食開始後15～30分で増加したが,R区では変化が見られなかった. C区において第一胃pHは7. 0から6. 0にVFAは55から100mMに採食に伴って変化したが,R区の変化はC区と比較して非常に小さかった. 乳酸はC区で採食開始後著しく増加したが,採食開始後90分で回復していた. A/P比はC区で約2. 0,R区で5. 2で採食に伴う変化は認められなかった. 第一胃内容のNa濃度は採食に伴う唾液分泌によって増加したと思われる変化を示したが,有意の変化ではなかった. K濃度は両区において採食に伴って増加したが,無機燐濃度には変化が観察されなかった. 以上の結果から,粗飼料多給および濃厚飼料多給ホルスタイン去勢牛の採食にともなう酸塩基平衡の変化には,唾液等の消化液の分泌が関与しているものと思われる.
Registration of ‘Antero’ Wheat

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An Endoparasitic Lamippid Copepod in Acanella From the North Atlantic

[Une nouvelle espece de copepode lamippide, Lamippella acanellae, est decrite. Ce crustace parasite bathyal, recolte pendant la Campagne Biogas I du "Jean Charcot" dans l'Atlantique du Nord, demeure dans des polypes du gorgoniaire Acanella arbuscula (Johnson). L'anatomie musculaire du mâle est comparee a celle d'autres lamippides. , Une nouvelle espece de copepode lamippide, Lamippella acanellae, est decrite. Ce crustace parasite bathyal, recolte pendant la Campagne Biogas I du "Jean Charcot" dans l'Atlantique du Nord, demeure dans des polypes du gorgoniaire Acanella arbuscula (Johnson). L'anatomie musculaire du mâle est comparee a celle d'autres lamippides. ]
Counterparty Credit Risk and AmericanOptions

One of the many counterintuitive things students in a first course on options learn is that premature exercise of an American call option on a nondividend paying stock is a mistake, and that for a dividend-paying stock, early exercise is never rational except just before the stock goes ex-dividend. Efforts to incorporate counterparty credit risk in the calculation have suggested assuming no change in exercise policy and simply discount the projected future cash flows at a higher risky interest rate. Others have argued that counterparty default should never happen with American options because the holder will exercise just before the counterparty defaults and effectively step in front of the other creditors to be paid in full. Klein and Yang show that these ideas are incorrect. Early exercise gives up the option’s time value, so that even when imminent counterparty default is perfectly predictable, there is still a cost to exercise for credit reasons. Moreover, properly taking counterparty risk into account leads to optimal exercise behavior different from that in the nonvulnerable case, so simply discounting the same cash flows at a different rate undervalues the vulnerable option. The difference is particularly important when counterparty risk is wrong-way risk, such that the counterparty’s credit weakens under the same conditions that the option is in the money.
Causes of sex‐biased adult survival in ungulates: sexual size dimorphism, mating tactic or environment harshness?

Using both a conventional and a phylogenetic approach, we tested whether sexual size dimorphism, mating tactic and environmental conditions influenced the between-sex differences in adult survival among 26 populations of polygynous ungulates. As a general rule, male survival was both lower and more variable among species than female survival. Whatever the method we used, sexual size dimorphism had no direct influence on male-biased mortality. In food-limited environments, the survival of males relative to that of females was lower than in good environments, suggesting a cost of large size for males facing harsh conditions. On the other hand, the survival of males relative to that of females tended to increase with sexual size dimorphism in good environments, indicating that large size may be profitable for males facing favourable conditions. Lastly, we found that the between-sex differences in adult survival did not vary with sexual size dimorphism in harem-holding or tending species, but tended to increase with sexual size dimorphism in territorial species. Our analyses indicate that sexual size dimorphism does not lead directly to a decrease in male survival compared to that of females. Thus, environmental conditions rather than the species considered could shape between-sex differences in adult survival observed in ungulate populations.
From isolated ramets to coral colonies: the significanceof colony pattern formation in reef restoration practices

Summary Fragmentation in scleractinian corals has been recognized as an important facet in the life history portrait of many species. Fragments (ramets) isolated from existing genets may establish new colonies; a phenomenon that is widely used in a variety of management measures, including restoration of denuded coral reef areas. An analysis of regenerating branches of the Indo-Pacific coral Stylophora pistillata reveals that the architectural complexity of isolated branches may have a significant impact on the initiation of the regeneration process towards the typical structure and complexity of an intact colony. It is suggested that the 3-D structure complexity of isolated ramets should be taken into consideration when applying reef restoration practices. Die Fragmentierung bei skleraktinischen Korallen ist fur das Lebenzyklus-Portrait vieler Arten als wichtiges Merkmal erkannt worden. Fragmente (Rameten), die von existierenden genetischen Individuen (genets) isoliert wurden, konnen neue Kolonien etablieren; dies ist ein Phanomen, das bei Management-Messungen vielfach genutzt wird, zum Beispiel in der Restoration erodierter Riffe. Eine Analyse der sich regenerierenden Aste der indopazifischen Koralle Stylophora pistillata zeigte, dass die Komplexitat der Architektur isolierter Aste einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Initiierung des Regenerationsprozesses im Hinblick auf die typische Struktur und Komplexitat einer intakten Kolonie hat. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass die 3D-Struktur-Komplexitat von isolierten Rameten berucksichtigt werden wollte, wenn Riff-Restorations-Masnahmen angewandt werden.
Seasonal Modification of Ovine Pineal Function

Pineal β-adrenoceptor density and affinity in ewes are modified in a season-dependent manner by gonadal steroids and by the sympathetic innervation of the gland. The present study was undertaken to relate the steroidal effects on the receptors to post receptor endocrine events, and to investigate the influence of the sympathetic innervation of the pineal gland on these events. Plasma melatonin and prolactin profiles were determined during anestrus and during the normal breeding season in ewes subjected to sympathetic denervation of the pineal and/or a range of steroid-related treatments. Wherever valid comparisons could be drawn between effects of the treatments on β-adrenoceptor variables and on circulating hormone levels, similar effects were noted. Further, ganglionectomy influenced hormone profiles similarly to estradiol under all conditions tested. It appears that gonadal steroids (estradiol) and the sympathetic neurotransmitter noradrenaline have opposing actions on prolactin levels, just as they have on pineal β-adrenoceptor binding affinity. These findings suggest that steroid-mediated changes in receptor number and affinity are reflected in post receptor endocrine events. In addition, other factors (e.g. photoperiodic information transmitted via the sympathetic innervation) also play important roles in the regulation of the observed hormonal profiles. A steroid-mediated feedback regulation of pituitary prolactin release, partly direct and partly via pineal melatonin release, is suggested.
DISTRIBUTION OF IMMUNOREACTIVE ATRIAL AND BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES IN THE HEART OF THE NEWT, CYNOPS PYRRHOGASTER

The distribution of immunoreactive (ir-) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was studied immunohistochemically and immunoelectronmicroscopically in the heart of the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster. The difference in immunostaining for ANP and BNP indicated that the heart of the newt contains two peptides, and that they are immunologically related to mammalian ANP and BNP, respectively. Immunoreactivity for ANP was stronger than that for BNP in the atrium, postcaval vein and sinus venosus of all specimens, while immunoreactivity for BNP was similar to or stronger than that for ANP in the ventricle of most specimens. Ir-ANP and ir-BNP appeared to be colocalized in many cardiocytes in the atrial wall and in some of ventricular cardiocytes. The double protein A-gold labeling technique revealed the granules showing immunoreactivity only for ANP and those showing only for BNP in the same cardiocyte of the atrium and ventricle. In addition, there were some granules showing coexistence of ir-ANP and ir-BNP.
UV-B radiation was the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary terrestrial extinction kill mechanism

A brief UV-B burst, during a climatic warming interval, collapsed the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary terrestrial ecosystem. There is an unexplained terrestrial mass extinction at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary (359 million years ago). The discovery in east Greenland of malformed land plant spores demonstrates that the extinction was coincident with elevated UV-B radiation demonstrating ozone layer reduction. Mercury data through the extinction level prove that, unlike other mass extinctions, there were no planetary scale volcanic eruptions. Importantly, the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary terrestrial mass extinction was coincident with a major climatic warming that ended the intense final glacial cycle of the latest Devonian ice age. A mechanism for ozone layer reduction during rapid warming is increased convective transport of ClO. Hence, ozone loss during rapid warming is an inherent Earth system process with the unavoidable conclusion that we should be alert for such an eventuality in the future warming world.
An Analysis of Diet Selection by Large Generalist Herbivores

Ecological theory has formulated the objective of feeding strategies as to maximize the capture rate of some nutrient. But large generalist herbivores typically face a limit on how much material they can digest. Thus, their feeding strategy is best considered as aiming to achieve the best nutritional balance within a fixed total bulk of food. The problem of finding the diet which provides the best mix of nutrients can be formulated as a linear program. A property of this "optimization model" is that the contribution of a food to the diet will sometimes vary with the food's content of a particular nutrient and sometimes will not. This might explain why no consistent relations of this kind have been found experimentally. The long-delay learning mechanism is described. If this exists in large generalist herbivores, it would provide a means by which they might pursue optimization of nutrient mix in the diet. It would also account for the very large inter- and intraindividual variability in preference reported. Optimization achieved by this means would be imperfect. First, the necessary sampling of foods would modify the diet in the direction of greater variety than predicted by the linear model. Second, optimization would not act perfectly on all nutrients. If diet selection is dominated by the need to meet nutritional criteria, the response of the diet to availability of particular foods should not be continuous but take the form of a cutoff at very low availability. This implies that as a food becomes rarer in a plant community, grazing pressure on it will increase, at least until the cutoff is reached.
Developmental regulation of albumin and α-fetoprotein gene expression in the rat

Albumin and AFP comprise a developmentally regulated gene family expressed predominantly in liver and yolk sac. In this study, we have analyzed the developmental changes in the levels of transcripts in liver and yolk sac, and the methylation of the genes in yolk sac. We have previously analyzed the gene methylation in developing liver and non-expressing tissues (Kunnath and Locker, 1983, EMBO J., 2, 317-324). From these analyses we can distinguish 3 active modes of coordinated expression. The adult liver synthesizes albumin, the yolk sac synthesizes AFP, and the fetal liver synthesizes both. In the yolk sac, the relatively inactive albumin gene is hypermethylated, while the active AFP gene is undermethylated. Our data suggest that the genes are activated simultaneously but that subsequent enhancement is specific for tissue and developmental stage.
Spore germination and hyphal growth of a vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae (Gerdemann and Trappe), under decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide concentrations

Spore germination and hyphal growth from spores of the vesicular–arbuscular endophyte Glomus mosseae have been studied under different oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions. Spores failed to germinate at low oxygen tension. This effect was reversible. However, mycelial growth from spores not preincubated in air was irreversibly damaged. The mycelial growth from preincubated spores was affected by oxygen tension. Between 21 and 3% oxygen, growth decreased slightly. Below 3% oxygen it decreased sharply. Again this effect was reversible. A tension of 5% carbon dioxide had no effect on spore germination, but reduced hyphal growth consistently at all oxygen tensions. This effect persisted when spores were subsequently returned to air.
Biodiversity and Incidence of Burkholderia Species

ABSTRACT The members of genus Burkholderia are various microorganisms, which occupy surprisingly wide range of ecological niches—soil, water (including marine water), rhizosphere, animals and human. The genus includes over 30 species that are important causes of human, animal and plant diseases, as well as organisms useful in promoting plant growth and bioremediation. Extremely important is the question if the “good” and the “bad” strains are equivalent in their nature.
RETICULAR MYOELECTRIC ACTIVITY AND TURNOVER OF RUMEN DIGESTA IN THE GROWING STEER

Myoelectric activity and digesta turnover was measured in the forestomach of steers adapted to diets varying in proportions of hay and concentrates. Frequencies of reticular spike bursts were positively related to turnover rates of liquid rumen digesta. Variations in these processes were induced by changes in diet composition. Key words: Cattle, reticulum motility, digesta turnover
Desempenho e composição da carcaça de frangos de corte submetidos a diferentes períodos de arraçoamento

This investigation was carried out to study the feeding period influence on broilers performance, viscera development, and carcass composition. A total of 630 broiler chickens, Cobb-500â strain, were allocated in three feeding programs from 8th day to 50th day of life: ad libitum (AL - food available 24 hours), diurnal feeding (DF - food provided ad libitum from 7 am to 7 pm and fed restricted from 7 pm to 7 am) and nocturnal feeding (NF- food provided ad libitum from 7 pm to 7 am and fed restricted from 7 am to 7 pm). The water was provided ad libitum for all groups during experimental period. The feeding period (12 hours at nocturnal and diurnal) significantly decreased the broilers' final body weight. However, broilers fed at night showed lower feed intake and had better feed conversion index. The different feeding periods did not affect liver, gizzard, heart and intestine length development. Broilers fed for 12 hours during the night and during the day showed higher carcass fat content. Ash content was not affected by feeding program. The results suggested that the adaptation to feeding program was slow, thus, the broilers were not able to keep the feed consumption compatible with their development, with lower productive performance and higher carcass fat.
Reply:

We thank Dr L. Celso Hygino da Cruz, Jr and colleagues for their interest in our article. We evaluated 56 alcoholic (43%) and nonalcoholic (57%) patients affected by Wernicke encephalopathy (WE), showing that signal-intensity alterations in areas considered atypical for the disease were noted only in nonalcoholic patients and always in association with the typical findings. Furthermore, we noted that contrast enhancement of the thalamus and mamillary bodies was significantly associated with alcohol abuse. However, as described in our article, contrast enhancement was also present in nonalcoholic patients. Thiamine deficiency leads to brain lesions selectively involving brain regions with high thiamine turnover within 14 –21 days. The blood-brain barrier breakdown as depicted by contrast enhancement begins 7–10 days after thiamine deficiency. We postulated that the higher incidence of contrast enhancement in the mamillary bodies and thalami observed in alcoholic compared with nonalcoholic patients underlines a selective anatomic susceptibility to the toxic effects of alcohol. In alcoholism, the low thiamine absorption rate at the mucosal level, the impaired hepatic function, and the alcohol-related raised thiamine metabolism together may lead to the development of chronic thiamine deficiency. Thus, in alcoholism, a pre-existing status of chronic subclinical thiamine deficiency may accelerate the blood-brain barrier breakdown, resulting in a higher incidence of contrast enhancement at the time the patient is imaged. Most interesting, each of the 2 patients presented by Dr Hygino da Cruz, Jr and colleagues had peculiar patterns for WE. In fact, the first patient showed involvement of the pulvinar of the thalami associated with lesions typical of the disease, confirming that not only the medial nuclei but also the posterior (pulvinar) nuclei of the thalami may be involved in WE. The second patient, a 13-year-old boy, demonstrated involvement of the putamina, which is a typical finding in pediatric patients affected by WE. To explain basal ganglia selective involvement in pediatric patients with WE, we speculated that during development, the rate of thiamine-dependent metabolism is increased. In conclusion, WE shows a wide spectrum of neuroradiologic presentations, with the constant presence of typical alterations involving the mammillary bodies, thalami, and periaqueductal gray matter. At least 1 of the typical findings is invariably present in alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients. Although a prevalence of contrast enhancement is observed in the alcoholic population, this may be related to a pre-existing state of chronic thiamine deficiency, not just to the toxic effects of alcohol. In the clinical setting of WE, basal ganglia involvement does represent a typical finding of the disease in the pediatric age group.