Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A modified Mask region‐based convolutional neural network approach for the automated detection of archaeological sites on high‐resolution light detection and ranging‐derived digital elevation models in the North German Lowland

Due to complicated backgrounds and unclear target orientation, automated object detection is difficult in the field of archaeology. Most of the current convolutional neural network (CNN) object‐oriented detection techniques are based on a faster region‐based CNN (R‐CNN) and other one‐stage detectors that often lack adequate processing speeds and detection accuracies. Recently, the two‐stage detector Mask R‐CNN technique achieved impressive results in object detection and instance segmentation problems and was successfully applied in the analysis of archaeological airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. In this study, we outline a modified Mask R‐CNN technique that reliably and efficiently detects relict charcoal hearth (RCH) sites on light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data‐based digital elevation models (DEMs). Using image augmentation and image preprocessing steps combined with the deep learning‐based adaptive gradient method with a dynamic bound on the learning rate (AdaBound) optimization technique, we could improve the model's accuracy and significantly reduce its training time. We use DEMs based on high‐resolution LiDAR data and the visualization for archaeological topography (VAT) technique that give images with a very strong contrast of the terrain and the outline of the sites of interest in the North German Lowland. Therefore, the model can identify RCH sites with an average recall of 83% and an average precision of 87%. Techniques such as the modified Mask R‐CNN method outlined here will help to greatly improve our knowledge about archaeological site densities in the realm of historical charcoal production and past human‐landscape interactions. This method provides an accurate, time‐efficient and bias‐free large‐scale site mapping option not only for the North German Lowland but potentially for other landscapes as well.
Delegating Innovation Projects with Deadline: Committed vs. Flexible Stopping

In many contexts such as product design and development, advertising, and scouting for technical solutions, clients seek the expertise of external providers to generate innovative solutions for their business problems. Because innovation projects are beset with uncertainty, they often require multiple iterations of ideation and evaluation. Although some clients make a commitment to take the first feasible solution from the provider, other clients retain the flexibility to seek more solutions until they decide to stop the project. Which of these policies is the better way to delegate an innovation project? To answer this question, we develop game-theoretic models that capture two salient aspects of delegated innovation projects: a deadline for the project and dynamic effort adjustment by the provider. We show that the flexible stopping policy, despite its intuitive appeal, may not always benefit the client. Specifically, the committed stopping policy is optimal when the provider is highly capable of generating solutions and when the client’s cost of evaluating solutions is in an intermediate range. In such situations, the committed stopping policy provides a stronger incentive to the provider to exert costly effort early on, which improves the quality of initial solutions. Considering endogenous payments, we show that the committed policy not only mitigates the provider’s tendency to postpone effort but also does so with a smaller payment. This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.
Advertising avoidance: a literature review

The avoidance of advertising is highly relevant to the audience, the general attitude towards the advertising and in some cases, it will cause aversion, the boycott of a brand regardless of the one billion designed advertising like how. This study aims to systematically examine and review existing research conducted in the area of advertising avoidance. By elaborating and summarizing various studies, the author provides an overview of the main trends mentioned in the literature regarding avoiding advertising. In this review, the author summarizes the four elementary schools that researchers are aiming to evade advertising, including the intrinsic value of advertising, customer perceptions, and testing for differences in personalizing and the theory of time in advertising. The avoidance of advertising has experimented under different media from newspapers, television, the internet . however, depending on the different forms, the evading behavior of customers is different. Furthermore, the constraints consider future studies to examine further discussion and the proposed directions.
Accurate Sequence-Dependent Coarse-Grained Model for Conformational and Elastic Properties of Double-Stranded DNA

We introduce MADna, a sequence-dependent coarse-grained model of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), where each nucleotide is described by three beads localized at the sugar and base moieties, and at the phosphate group. The sequence dependence is included by considering a step-dependent parameterization of the bonded interactions, which are tuned in order to reproduce the values of key observables obtained from exhaustive atomistic simulations from literature. The predictions of the model are benchmarked against an independent set of all-atom simulations, showing that it captures with high fidelity the sequence dependence of conformational and elastic features beyond the single step considered in its formulation. A remarkably good agreement with experiments is found for both sequence-averaged and sequence-dependent conformational and elastic features, including the stretching and torsion moduli, the twist-stretch and twist-bend couplings, the persistence length and the helical pitch. Overall, for the inspected quantities, the model has a precision comparable to atomistic simulations, hence providing a reliable coarse-grained description for the rationalization of singlemolecule experiments and the study of cellular processes involving dsDNA. Owing to the simplicity of its formulation, MADna can be straightforwardly included in common simulation engines.
Assessing BIM Adoption towards Reliability in QS Cost Estimates

BIM technology has been evolving around the world in recent years. As in Malaysia, the country has initiated BIM in its current Construction Industry Transformation Programme (CITP) 2016-2020. One of the CITP agenda is to encourage BIM usage to assist the construction players in improving their current practices towards better productivity, hence better sustainability within the construction industry. In quantity surveying field, the technology potentially helps the Quantity Surveyors to accelerate the process of taking-off building quantities, subsequently establishing more reliable and sustainable cost estimates. Although BIM is claimed to upgrade the conventional methods of the measurement tasks, there are still some limitations of BIM innovation, with previous studies lacking explanation in identifying those issues. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of using BIM to aid Malaysian Quantity Surveyors primarily in cost estimating towards composing sustainability elements in the construction industry. To achieve this, a series of focus group discussions were conducted amongst BIM and non-BIM users. Through content analysis, it resulted that the capabilities of estimators in occupying BIM is critical to accomplish the sustainable benefits of the technology. It engages skills in both technology usage and traditional methods of measurement to achieve holistic knowledge of building construction. Thus, it enhances the performance of the estimators to likely generate reliability and sustainability in their cost estimates. This study contributes towards better understanding of cost estimating incorporating BIM and sustainability settings in quantity surveying practice.
One or two gaps in Mo8Ga41 superconductor? Local Hall-probe magnetometry study

The magnetization properties of the endohedral cluster superconductor Mo8Ga41 are studied by sensitive Hall-probe magnetometry. The temperature dependence of the lower critical magnetic field H c1 is obtained and compared to theoretical models accounting for single-gap and two-gap superconductivity. Data can be described by both models with minor differences. These results are confronted with our previous measurements which evidence that the system is inherently single-gap s-wave superconductor but minor additional phases are present also in seemingly perfect samples. We discuss how presence of such additional phases with varying size of the penetration depth and H c1 field is reflected in magnetization measurements which could lead to misinterpretation of the multigap superconductivity in Mo8Ga41.
Experimental Investigation on Strain Changes during CO2 Adsorption of Raw Coal Sample: Temperature and Effective Stress

Through laboratory simulation experiments, this paper studies the influence of different temperature and stress conditions on strain changes of raw coal samples induced by the CO2 adsorption with tri-axial creep-seepage and adsorption-desorption experimental system. Comparing and analyzing the experimental results, the study shows that: (1) within a certain time, the axial and radial strain of the raw coal sample induced by CO2 adsorption both show a growing trend as the adsorption time increases and the strain of the raw coal sample for CO2 adsorption is obvious anisotropy; (2) at the same point in time, the greater the axial effective stress, the smaller the axial strain increasing rate of the loaded coal sample during CO2 adsorption process and the smaller the value of axial deformation; (3) during the adsorption process, the volume strain of raw coal sample decreases with the increasing of temperature, namely, the adsorption capacity of raw coal sample decreases with the increasing of temperature.
Hochschullehre im Pandemiebetrieb

Im Sommersemester 2020 beteiligten sich 3469 Studierende sachsischer Hochschulen an einer Onlinebefragung zum Studium wahrend der Coronapandemie. Trotz Campusschliessungen konnten die Befragten ihr Studium weitgehend wie geplant fortfuhren. Wahrend die technische Ausstattung der Studierenden eine Teilnahme an digitalen Lehrveranstaltungen zuliess, zeigten sich Defizite bei der Qualitat der Internetverbindung. Im Vergleich zum Vorsemester wurden die Studienorganisation als moderat (d = -0.48, 95 % CI [-0.52, -0.45]), Lernaktivitaten als deutlich (d = -0.86, 95 % CI [-0.90, -0.82]) schwerer empfunden. Auch die Konzentration auf das Studium fiel den Befragten schwerer als im Semester davor (d = -0.69, 95 % CI [-0.72, -0.65]). Mit den angebotenen Lernmedien zeigten sich die Befragten tendenziell zufrieden. Vor allem Learning-Management-Systeme, digitale Texte und Prasentationen dominierten das Lerngeschehen an den sachsischen Hochschulen. Fehlende soziale Interaktionen mit Peers und fehlende lernbezogene Interaktionen mit Dozentinnen und Dozenten wurden als besonders nachteilig erlebt. Zeit- und Kostenersparnisse sowie mehr Autonomie beim Lernen sind die grossten Vorteile des Studierens von zu Hause. Es zeigen sich keine Hinweise, dass leistungsschwache Studierende von den veranderten Studienbedingungen starker nachteilig betroffen waren.
Identification of conserved and novel mature miRNAs in selected crops as future targets for metabolic engineering

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules, involved in the posttranscriptional gene expression of countless metabolic pathways including plant biomass production. The current work was focused on identification of miRNAs involved in the growth metabolism of Glycine max, Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor, Brassica napus, Triticum aestivum. In order to identify conserved miRNA clusters, the miRNA data were collected from miRBase database. Overall, 756, 738, 325, 241, 92, and 125 datasets of the mature miRNA sequences of Glycine max, Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor, Brassica napus, Triticum aestivum were collected from miRbase. Using MEGA software, a total of 6, 6, 5, 6, and 3 conserved miRNA clusters were examined in aforementioned crops, respectively, with the aim of studying the conserved miRNA clusters belonging to same gene families. The conserved miRNA clusters were shown to belong to miR166, miR399, miR156, miR171, miR164, miR167, and miR394 families in the selected crops. This study may lead to elucidate the role of these miRNAs and their subsequent exploitation to enhance the biomass production via metabolic pathway engineering.
Longitudinal Variation of Postsunset Plasma Depletions From the Global‐Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) Mission

The Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission, launched in 2018, aims to investigate the low latitude ionosphere from a geostationary orbit at 47.5°W. It uses two identical spectrometers measuring the wavelength range from 134.0 to 163.0 nm. The configuration of the Earth's magnetic field shows that the largest offset between geographic and geomagnetic equators occurs in the longitude sectors sampled by GOLD. In an attempt to investigate the longitude dependence of the occurrence rate and time of onset of plasma bubbles, or plasma depletions, GOLD data were separated in three sectors: 65°‐55°W, 50°‐40°W, and 10°W–0°. Observations of the nighttime emissions in 135.6 nm on November 2018 and March 2019 show plasma depletions occurring very frequently at these longitudes. The growth rate of the Rayleigh‐Taylor instability was computed at these longitudes under similar low solar activity conditions, assuming an empirical model of upward plasma drifts. The time and value of the maximum growth rates obtained cannot always explain the observations. On average, the observed occurrence rate of plasma depletions is high, with a maximum of 73% (observed during November 2018 at ∼45°W). Most of the depletions observed in November at 45°W and 60°W occur within 1 h after sunset. When compared with the November 2018 observations, depletions in March 2019 occur at later times.
Transmission, buildup factors, and photon shielding capacity of vanadium reinforced tellurite glasses

The ionizing radiation shielding parameters of (90-y)TeO2-yV2O3-5CaO-5Na2O (TVCN): y = 5–20 mol% semiconductor glasses were investigated. The avarage track lengths of photons with different energies (0.015- 15 MeV) in the TVCN-glasses were simulated via MCNP-5 code, then the corresponding LAC were computed. Based on LAC values, the MACs were calculated and compared with values which obtained via XCOM software. The highest LAC achieved for low energy (0.015 MeV) and reduced from 199.549 to 169.891 cm− 1, while the lowest values achieved for gamma photon with higher energies and reduced from 0.188 to 0.161 cm− 1 with replacment of TeO2 compound by V2O5. The highest (I/Io) achieved for TVCN20 glasses and decreased from 0.703 to 0.172. , while the lowest (I/Io) performed for TVCN5 glasses and decreased from 0.680 to 0.145 for glasses thickness varied between 1 and 5 cm. The thinner HVL was achieved for TVCN5 and increases from 0.003 to 3.684 cm, while the thicker HVL was achieved for TVCN20 and increases from 0.004 to 4.293 cm. The highest dose rate was recorded in the presence of theTVCN20 glasses and varied between 5.680 and 23.210 µSv/hr, while the lowest dose rate recorded in the presence of the TVCN5 glasses and varied between 4.807 and 22.448 µSv/hr for glass thickness varied in range between 1–5 cm. The highest values of the Zeff was recorded for glasses TVCN5 and varied between 21.209 and 50.402, while the lowest Zeff achieved for TVCN20 and varied between 18.489 and 40.479. The calculated buildup factors (EBF and EABF) reach maximum values for glasses TVCN5 while the lowest EBF and EABF achieved for glasses TVCN20. Therefore, the glasses TVCN5 have a higher ability to attenuate the incident gamma photons. Thus, the TVCN-glasses can be applied in various radiation shielding applications in medical area.
Storage solutions for vein grafts

Even though total arterial revascularization is increasingly used, saphenous vein grafts are still the most commonly used conduits for coronary arterial bypass grafting worldwide. Every surgeon should keep in mind that a vascular graft is living tissue with active metabolism, analogous to a solid organ for transplant, and should understand the impact of the choice of the storage solution. Unfortunately, the choice of the storage solution is usually not the result of a thoughtful review of alternatives and evidence but is a function of habit, convenience, and availability. The ideal storage solution should preserve and restore endothelial functional after harvesting. Much effort has been invested in finding ways to avoid or prevent endothelial lesions during harvesting and storage, as well as delaying vein graft dilatation after coronary arterial bypass grafting. After a brief reminder of the vein graft failure pathophysiology, this chapter discusses storage conditions using the existing graft storage solutions and their influence on endothelial function and graft patency. The use of external stenting for vein grafts is addressed elsewhere.
Conservation of Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms: Understanding of the ECM Fungi Mediated Carbon and Nitrogen Movement within Forest Ecosystems

Most edible ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushrooms are currently harvested from nature and many of them are high-priced. Demand for the wild mushrooms as a culinary delicacy has stimulated research that aims to understand (1) the puzzled role that the ECM fungi play in the forest ecosystem, and (2) nutritional and other requirements for fruiting, which is highly variable. In this review, we focus on understanding of the ECM fungi mediated carbon and nitrogen movement between the symbiotic partners and on the interactions with other fungi in forest ecosystems. Thereby, we better understand the diverse nitrogen requirements for edible ECM fungal growth and mushroom fruiting. We attempt to provide a theoretical basis for the future research of edible ECM mushrooms in wild and controlled conditions.
Linear Superposition Compensation Strategy to Optimize Transient Response for Critical Conduction Mode Boost Converter

For boost converter operating in the Critical Conduction Mode (CRM), linear compensation strategy is widely used to improve the control performance. However, conventional linear compensation is designed for limited input, since transfer functions for different input are often incompatible. In this paper, transient responses with respect to input/reference voltage and load variations are optimized simultaneously by a linear superposition compensation strategy. The objective closed-loop transfer functions for each kind of variations are investigated, which contribute to the overall compensation loop design. According to linear superposition principle, the compensation results are summed as reference current, based on which the switching on/off time is modulated. Although the summed results are convergence, separate compensation loop that includes integral terms can lead to divergence in calculation process. To eliminate the potential divergence, the overall compensation loop is re-designed so as to suit digital implementation. Experimental results show that the linear superposition compensation strategy achieves great transient performance to different kind of variations.
Effective immobilization of silver nanoparticles on a regenerated cellulose–chitosan composite membrane and its antibacterial activity

An antibacterial chitosan–cellulose composite membrane, containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), was fabricated by coagulating a cellulose solution in a chitosan solution, followed by the in situ synthesis of AgNPs on the produced membrane. By adjusting the concentration of chitosan (0–2.5%, w/v) in acetic acid coagulating solution, various cellulose–chitosan membranes with different chitosan contents were produced, which then served as substrates for the in situ synthesis and immobilization of AgNPs via a microwave-assisted approach. The amount of AgNPs deposited on the membrane was measured and found to increase with an increasing in the chitosan content on the membrane. Electron micrographs of the membranes revealed entanglement of chitosan on the membranes structure, whereas AgNPs were deposited on the membrane surfaces. In addition, the surface roughness of the membrane increased as a result of the increase of chitosan and AgNPs on the membrane surfaces. Consequently, the membranes exhibited an improved antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as the AgNPs content increased. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a successful green approach for preparing a nanocomposite membrane of cellulose–chitosan–AgNPs with strong antibacterial activities.
Sufficient Context for Real-Time Semantic Segmentation

In recent years, the research on semantic segmentation has progressed rapidly, and many segmentation models with good effects have emerged, but these models often require a large amount of parameters. In actual application scenarios, the computing resources and memory of the device are limited, so the research on lightweight real-time semantic segmentation has very important practical significance. In this paper, we propose SDSNet, which is mainly composed of SDS module that includes some SDS-units. SDS unit is based on split-shuffle and dilated convolution, which can get sufficient context by increasing the interaction capability between channels and expanding the receptive field without increasing the amount of calculation.Our network combines the high feature generated by the SDS module with low-level spatial information, yielding a perfect segmentation results. Experiments on CityScapes prove that the proposed SDSNet achieved a comparable result to the state-of-the-art models.
Reconciling the ecological and engineering definitions of resilience

Assessing and managing the human in ﬂ uence on the natural and anthropic ecosystems strongly demands for robust measures of their resilience, especially in a world facing global changes as it is the Earth now. Many de ﬁ nitions of resilience have been proposed in order to cover different contexts. However, they are mostly derived either from the ecological or the engineering de ﬁ nitions of resilience, which substantially differ between each other. Here, following the strategy for measuring the system perturbations by the return period of their impacts on production (or equivalently by the inverse frequency), I demonstrate the mathematical equivalence of the ecological and engineering de ﬁ nitions of resilience for a special class of production systems. These ﬁ nding provides additional robustness to resilience assessments based on the recently proposed annual production resilience indicator.