The Tomato crop : a scientific basis for improvement

1 Biosystematics of the tomato. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Taxonomic status of the tomato within the family Solanaceae. - 1.3 Composition of the genus Lycopersicon. - 1.4 The problem of Solanum (or Lycopersicon) pennellii. - 1.5 Other closely related Solanum species. - References. - 2 Genetics and Breeding. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Mutants. - 2.3 Cytogenetics. - 2.4 Linkage. - 2.5 Mutation. - 2.6 Biochemical and molecular genetics. - 2.7 Developmental and physiological genetics. - 2.8 Interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. - 2.9 History of tomato breeding. - 2.10 Resistance to disease. - 2.11 Resistance to nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). - 2.12 Resistance to insects. - 2.13 Tolerance of stress. - 2.14 Nutrient use efficiency. - 2.15 Parthenocarpy. - 2.16 Male sterility. - 2.17 Fruit quality. - 2.18 Cultivars for machine harvest. - 2.19 Cultivars for greenhouse production. - 2.20 Seed production. - 2.21 Seed crop husbandry. - References. - 3 Germination and vegetative development. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Germination. - 3.3 Vegetative development. - 3.4 Conclusions. - 3.5 Acknowledgements. - 3.6 Abbreviations. - 3.6 Symbols used in text. - References. - 4 Flowering. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Significance of flowering in tomato production. - 4.3 Floral morphology. - 4.4 Growth and flowering of determinate and indeterminate cultivars. - 4.5 Shoot environment and flowering. - 4.6 Root environment and flowering. - 4.7 Plant growth regulators and flowering. - 4.8 Growth correlations and flowering. - 4.9 Concluding remarks. - 4.10 Acknowledgements. - References. - 5 Fruit development. - 5.1 Significance of fruit development in tomato production. - 5.2 Processes of pollination and fertilization. - 5.3 Morphology and anatomy of fruits. - 5.4 Factors affecting the rate of fruit development. - 5.5 Assimilate distribution in fruiting plants. - 5.6 Growth regulators and parthenocarpic fruit formation. - References. - 6 Fruit ripening and quality. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Physiology and biochemistry of ripening. - 6.3 Quality components and evaluation procedures. - 6.4 Pre-harvest factors influencing quality. - 6.5 Post-harvest factors influencing quality. - References. - 7 Mineral nutrition. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Growth and crop responses to nutrients. - 7.3 Factors affecting responses to nutrients. - 7.4 Nutrient uptake and distribution. - 7.5 Nutritional disorders. - 7.6 Estimating nutrient requirements. - 7.7 Future developments. - References. - 8 Water economy. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Water potential. - 8.3 Cell and plant growth. - 8.4 Development of the root system. - 8.5 Turgor maintenance by osmotic adjustment. - 8.6 The importance of osmotic adjustment. - 8.7 Stomatal behaviour. - 8.8 The role of abscisic acid and other hormones in water stress. - 8.9 Carbon metabolism and translocation of assimilates. - 8.10 Nitrogen metabolism and protein synthesis. - 8.11 Adaptation to water stress. - 8.12 Effects of salinity. - 8.13 Responses to waterlogging. - 8.14 Interspecific differences in drought resistance. - 8.15 Quantitative indices of water stress and irrigation planning. - 8.16 Effects of water tension on the crop. - 8.17 Water economy and fruit quality. - References. - 9 Disorders. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Rogues. - 9.3 Silvering. - 9.4 Leaf distortion. - 9.5 Silvering and leaf distortion on seedlings. - 9.6 Other chimerical disorders. - 9.7 Cytoplasmic inheritance in the tomato. - 9.8 Triploids. - 9.9 Non-genetic disorders. - 9.10 Damage from aerial pollutants. - 9.11 Other chemically induced disorders. - 9.12 Disorders related to flooding and water stress. - References. - 10 Pests. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Pest damage. - 10.3 Geographical distribution of pests. - 10.4 The biology and control of some important pests. - 10.5 Pest management. - References. - 11 Diseases. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Disease development in protected and field crops. - 11.3 Major tomato diseases of Europe. USA and the Middle East. - 11.4 Disease control strategy. - References. - 12 Weed control. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Weed biology. - 12.3 Field management for weed control. - 12.4 Herbicides. - 12.5 General conclusions. - References. - 13 Field crop management. - 13.1 Introduction. - 13.2 Timing of operations. - 13.3 Timing of fruit production. - 13.4 Land preparation. - 13.5 Pre-planting water, fertilizer and chimerical treatments. - 13.6 Seedbed conditions. - 13.7 Crop spacing and arrangement. - 13.8 Transplant production. - 13.9 Fluid drilling. - 13.10 Pre-sowing salt treatments and osmoconditioning. - 13.11 Plug mix planting. - 13.12 Fertilizers. - 13.13 Soil mulching. - 13.14 Irrigation. - 13.15 Training and trimming field tomatoes. - 13.16 Field production under partial protection with plastic tunnels. - 13.17 Fruit set. - 13.18 Enhancement of fruit ripening. - 13.19 Harvest and handling. - References. - 14 The future of the field crop. - 14.1 Recent trends in production and consumption in the USA. - 14.2 Cultivars for the future. - 14.3 Cultural practices. - 14.4 Harvesting. - 14.5 Conclusions. - References. - 15 Glasshouse crop production. - 15.1 Introduction. - 15.2 Economics. - 15.3 Glasshouse structure and equipment. - 15.4 Planting and cropping schedules. - 15.5 Substrates. - 15.6 Nutrition and irrigation. - 15.7 Varieties. - 15.8 Crop spacing and arrangement. - 15.9 Transplant production. - 15.10 Training and management systems. - 15.11 Environmental factors. - 15.12 Harvest of tomato fruits. - 15.13 Integrated pest management in glasshouse tomatoes. - References. - 16 An economic consideration of the future for glasshouse tomatoes. - 16.1 Introduction. - 16.2 Current profitability of heated tomato crops. - 16.3 Short-term options for glasshouse tomato growers. - 16.4 Some future scenarios. - 16.5 Conclusions. - 16.6 Towards the year 2000. - References.