Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variations in the crustal structure beneath western Turkey

SUMMARY We use teleseismic receiver functions to investigate the crustal structure at two locations in westernTurkey using seismic data recorded on small arrays of temporary broad-band seismographs. The results from these analyses are compared with receiver function results from the GDSN station ANTO on the Anatolian Plateau in central Turkey. The crust is *30 km thick in the region of western Turkey where active normal faulting reveals present-day extension in the upper crust and alkali-basaltic volcanism reveals recent extension within the subcrustal lithosphere. The crust is *34 km thick further east where crustal extension is still evident but less pronounced. In the Anatolian Plateau, which is not currently extending, the crust is *38 km thick. The level of extension estimated from these measurements of crustal thickness implies a b-factor of *1.2. This value agrees with the amount of extension estimated in the upper crust from the integrated seismic strain rate (b-factor of *1.3), from surface faulting (b-factor of *1.25) and from the amount of extension in the subcrustal lithosphere estimated from the volcanism (b-factor < 2), all indicating that the extension is approximately uniformly distributed vertically throughout the lithosphere. The Moho transition in this region appears to thin slightly as the degree of extension increases westwards.
Biodiversity and international water policy: international agreements and experiences related to the protection of freshwater

The paper reviews current international conventions, agreements and declarations related to the sustainable use of freshwater ecosystems and freshwater biodiversity. Its primary objective is to stimulate discussions on practical experiences and challenges in freshwater ecosystem management. Since the topic of freshwater biodiversity is rather complex and ideas of appropriate management tools are manifold the paper is far from being comprehensive. However, the paper high-lights some principle areas of concern taking due consideration of the challenges that people face who are engaged in water management
Geocultural Inter-relations of Iranian and Pakistani Balochistan in the Globalization Era

The province of Sistan and Balochistan shares a border of more than 1100 kilometers with Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Baloch living in Sistan and Balochistan (Iranian Balochistan) and Pakistani Balochistan have similar customs and traditions. Several factors account for interaction between the two populations. Socio-cultural and economic factors are the major source of interactions.Trade is the economic foundation of the border region. So, because of the vast boundaries, across the border, illegal trade is common among settlers of both sides.The study takes culture and modernity as the process of product and aims to provide a deeper insight and develop a better understanding of the influence of culture on modernity and globalization in general and its cultural tradition in Balochistan, particularly Iranian Balochistan.This paper is an attempt to examine the socio-economic and cultural inter-relations of Iranian and Pakistani Balochistan in the globalization era.
Polygonal impact craters in Argyre region, Mars: Implications for geology and cratering mechanics

Abstract— Impact craters are not always circular; sometimes their rims are composed of several straight segments. Such polygonal impact craters (PICs) are controlled by pre‐existing target structures, mainly faults or other similar planes of weakness. In the Argyre region, Mars, PICs comprise ˜ 17% of the total impact crater population (>7 km in diameter), and PICs are relatively more common in older geologic units. Their formation is mainly controlled by radial fractures induced by the Argyre and Ladon impact basins, and to a lesser extent by the basin‐concentric fractures. Also basin‐induced conjugate shear fractures may play a role. Unlike the PICs, ridges and graben in the Argyre region are mostly controlled by Tharsis‐induced tectonism, with the ridges being concentric and graben radial to Tharsis. Therefore, the PICs primarily reflect an old impact basin‐centered tectonic pattern, whereas Tharsis‐centered tectonism responsible for the graben and the ridges has only minor influence on the PIC rim orientations.
Mortality in a Predator-free Insular Environment: the Dwarf Deer of Crete

ABSTRACT Age-graded fossils of Pleistocene endemic Cretan deer (Candiacervus spp.) reveal unexpectedly high juvenile mortality similar to that reported for extant mainland ruminants, despite the fact that these deer lived in a predator-free environment and became extinct before any plausible date for human arrival. Age profiles show that deer surviving past the fawn stage were relatively long-lived for ruminants, indicating that high juvenile mortality was not an expression of their living a “fast” life. Although the effects on survivorship of such variables as fatal accidents, starvation, and disease are difficult to gauge in extinct taxa, the presence of extreme morphological variability within nominal species/ecomorphs of Candiacervus is consistent with the view that high juvenile mortality can function as a key innovation permitting rapid adaptation in insular contexts.
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE USING AN INTERFERENCE PATTERN FOR MEASURING DIRECTIONAL FLUCTUATIONS OF A LASER BEAM CREATED BY A STRONG THERMAL TURBULENCE

In the view of measuring directional fluctuations of a thin laser beam sent through a heated turbulent jet, an optical method using interference and diffraction with the out coming beam is proposed. The experimental set-up is described. A new technique for separating directional fluctuations of the laser beam is explained. From the measurement of the interference pattern perturbations, are deduced the Rms of the laser beam deflection angle, the spectrum of directional fluctuations of the laser beam, and the value of a scattering coefficient characterizing the heated turbulent jet. The measured spectrum reveals a −8/3 power law and the value obtained for that coefficient is nearly equal to that found in previous works. This agreement enables to conclude that the experimental technique used is efficient and satisfactory.
ON THE CONVEXITY OF RIGHT-CLOSED SETS AND ITS APPLICATION TO LIVENESS ENFORCEMENT IN PETRI NETS BY EHSAN SALIMI DISSERTATION

A set of n-dimensional integral vectors, Ω ⊆ N , is said to be right-closed if for any x ∈ Ω, any vector y ≥ x also belongs to it. An integral-set Ω ⊆ N n is convex if and only if there is a convex set C ⊆ R such that Ω = Int(C), where Int(•) denotes the integral points in the set argument. In this dissertation, we show that the problem of verifying convexity of a right-closed set is decidable. Following this, we present a polynomial time, LP-based algorithm, for verifying the convexity of a right-closed set of integral vectors, when the dimension n is fixed. This result is to be viewed against the backdrop of the fact that checking the convexity of a real-valued, geometric set can only be accomplished in an approximate sense; and, the fact that most algorithms involving sets of real-valued vectors do not apply directly to their integral counterparts. Also, we discuss a grid-search based algorithm for verifying the convexity of such a set, although not a polynomial time procedure, it is a method that verifies the convexity of right-closed sets in a reasonable time complexity. On the application side, right-closed sets feature in the synthesis of Liveness Enforcing Supervisory Policies (LESPs) for a large family of Petri Nets (PNs). For any PN structure N from this family, the set of initial markings, ∆(N), for which there is a LESP, is right-closed. A LESP determines the transitions of a PN that are to be permitted to fire at any marking in such a manner that, irrespective of the past, every transition can be fired at some marking in the future. A system that is modeled by a live PN does not experience livelocks, which serves as the motivation for investigating implementation paradigms for LESPs in practice. If a transition is prevented from firing at a marking by a LESP, and all LESPs, irrespective of the implementation-paradigm that is chosen, prescribe the same control for the marking, then it is a minimally restrictive LESP. It is possible to synthesize the minimally restrictive LESP for any instance
An under sampled k-means approach for handlingimbalanced data using diversified distribution

Some true applications uncover troubles in taking in classifiers from imbalanced information. Albeit a few techniques for enhancing classifiers have been presented, the distinguishing proof of conditions for the effective utilization of the specific strategy is as yet an open research issue. It is likewise worth to think about the idea of imbalanced information, qualities of the minority class dissemination and their impact on arrangement execution. In any case, current investigations on imbalanced information trouble factors have been predominantly finished with manufactured datasets and their decisions are not effortlessly material to this present reality issues, likewise on the grounds that the techniques for their distinguishing proof are not adequately created. In this paper, we recommended a novel approach Under Sampling Utilizing Diversified Distribution (USDD) for explaining the issues of class lopsidedness in genuine datasets by thinking about the systems of recognizable pieces of proof and expulsion of marginal, uncommon and anomalies sub groups utilizing k-implies. USDD utilizes exceptional procedure for recognizable proof of these kinds of cases, which depends on breaking down a class dissemination in a nearby neighborhood of the considered case utilizing k-closest approach. The exploratory outcomes recommend that the proposed USDD approach performs superior to the looked at approach as far as AUC, accuracy, review and f-measure.
Controlling Surface Potential of Graphene Using dc Electric Field

In this work, we study surface potential of graphite deposited on SiO 2 /Si substrate using Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) and Electric Force Microscopy (EFM). The amplitude modulated KPFM (AM-KPFM) shows that the graphene layer work function is 4.69±0.02 eV, whereas frequency modulated KPFM (FM-KPFM) revealed 4.50±0.02 eV. The work function indifference of 0.19±0.02 eV was attributed to the superior resolution of FM-KPFM and higher detection sensitivity of AM-KPFM. Subsequent EFM mapping suggests that the phase monotonically increases with increasing applied dc bias voltage in the range from -5 V to 5 V. This phase shift is ascribed to the induced charge polarization at tip-graphene surface due to interatomic interactions induced by dc field effects.
Through thick and thin: Marine and meteoric ice in a “Snowball Earth” climate

Marine ice cover in the frigid Neoproterozoic climate system tends to isolate the ocean: the thickness of this ice, and thus the degree of isolation, is an important unknown in geochemical and biological arguments regarding the fully‐glaciated “Snowball Earth” hypothesis. The Pollard and Kasting (2005) coupled atmosphere/ice model has been modified to track ice of marine and atmospheric origin separately, and model their different optical properties. In contrast to Pollard and Kasting's results, a tropical region of thin ice is not stable in this model: ice is hundreds of meters thick everywhere. The overall pattern of the hydrological cycle in a Snowball climate is also discussed.
The Survey of Energy Demand in Islamic Countries by Using of Panel Data

*In this paper calorie demand of some Islamic countries is studied. Given the vast differences among Muslim countries by per capita income level of the first cluster using SPSS software analysts were divided into 5 groups. According to this matter, the countries such as Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Iran a lonely each groups were posited of first, second and third place. The four countries such as Jordan, Malaysia, Turkey and Egypt were posited in fourth group of 10 countries, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Pakistan, Niger, Nigeria, Morocco, Indonesia, Kambya, Cameroon were in fifth place. The pattern model of fourth and fifth countries is estimated as a panel. In first, fourth and fifth price index of consumer was positive and significant. Also, the coefficient of national impure produce in first, second, third and fifth group were positive and significant. According to the absolute values of the coefficient of variable of incoming the fifth groups with other countries have significant difference. Also, the coefficient on the price difference between Kuwait and other countries are significant. Except in the case of Saudi Arabia (Group II) in other countries this time around with the theoretical values is obtained. The increased income has a positive effect on per capita calorie consumption and the negative relationship between price index and caloric intake is observed. As expected, income elasticity is less than one in all countries and it is about annually per capita. The tension between the absolute numbers of countries, the difference is highly significant.
A novel machine learning approach for identifying the drivers of domestic electricity users’ price responsiveness

Time-based pricing programs for domestic electricity users have been effective in reducing peak demand and facilitating renewables integration. Nevertheless, high cost, price non-responsiveness and adverse selection may create the possible challenges. To overcome these challenges, it can be fruitful to investigate the ‘high-potential’ users, which are more responsive to price changes and apply time-based pricing to these users. Few studies have investigated how to identify which users are more price-responsive. We aim to fill this gap by comprehensively identifying the drivers of domestic users’ price responsiveness, in order to facilitate the selection of the high-potential users. We adopt a novel data-driven approach, first by a feed forward neural network model to accurately determine the baseline monthly peak consumption of individual households, followed by an integrated machine-learning variable selection methodology to identify the drivers of price responsiveness applied to Irish smart meter data from 2009-10 as part of a national Time of Use trial. This methodology substantially outperforms traditional variable selection methods by combining three advanced machine-learning techniques. Our results show that the response of energy users to price change is affected by a number of factors, ranging from demographic and dwelling characteristics, psychological factors, historical electricity consumption, to appliance ownership. In particular, historical electricity consumption, income, the number of occupants, perceived behavioural control, and adoption of specific appliances, including immersion water heater and dishwasher, are found to be significant drivers of price responsiveness. We also observe that continual price increase within a moderate range does not drive additional peak demand reduction, and that there is an intention-behaviour gap, whereby stated intention does not lead to actual peak reduction behavior. Based on our findings, we have conducted scenario analysis to demonstrate the feasibility of selecting the high potential users to achieve significant peak reduction.
Distance imprecision and error in spatial decision support systems

Locational models are being used with increasing frequency in geographic information systems. Many such models use distance measurements in calculating solutions. A number of commonly used distance measurement procedures are used to examine whether results are influenced by the various estimates. In one set of analyses, the objective function increases with the scale factor of the source map. Additionally, the geometrical configurations yielded by the analyses vary among the distance estimation procedures.
Depression in older adults: prevalence and risk factors in a primary health care sample

Background: Depression in the geriatric population has been identified as a significant problem in view of the associated negative outcomes regarding poor functioning, increased perception of poor health and increased utilisation of medical services. Significantly associated with increased morbidity and mortality, depression has been found to be an independent cause of disability as well as adding to disability due to primary physical illnesses. Early identification and treatment of depression reduces medical costs and lessens caregiver burden. Epidemiological data and prevalence rates of geriatric depression in Africa are limited, although such data are vital to mobilise and plan government mental health initiatives aimed at screening and early intervention. Objective: To determine the prevalence of depression and associated clinical and socio-demographic factors amongst older adult patients attending a primary health care clinic in the Ethekwini District in Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. Methods: The 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale and a socio-demographic questionnaire were administered in English to 255 geriatric outpatients, randomly selected, at a local community clinic in Durban. Data analysis: Data were analysed using SPSS version 23®. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the sample demographics and response rate and non-parametric statistics were used to test for associations and differences. Results: A Cronbach’s alpha for the GDS was calculated (p = 0.793). Some 40% of participants screened positive for depression. Female gender, widowhood and a negative subjective health status rating were significantly associated with depression and marriage appeared to be protective (p < 0.001). Participants with a poor subjective health rating were 21 times more likely to be depressed and widowhood conferred an almost fourfold increased risk of being depressed, with widows at greater risk than widowers. No association between depression and specific medical conditions was identified. Conclusion: There is a high rate of undetected depression among the elderly attending a local primary health care clinic with widowhood and poor subjective health being strong predictors of mood disorders. The findings warrant replication in bigger samples.
Historical Fire Detection of Tropical Forest from NDVI Time-series Data: Case Study on Jambi, Indonesia

In addition to forest encroachment, forest fire is a serious problem in Indonesia. Attempts at managing its widespread and frequent occurrence has led to intensive use of remote sensing data. Coarse resolution images have been employed to derive hot spots as an indicator of forest fire. However, most efforts to verify the hot spot data and to verify fire accidents have been restricted to the use of medium or high resolution data. At present, it is difficult to verify solely upon those data due to severe cloud cover and low revisit time. In this paper, we present a method to validate forest fire using NDVI time series data. With the freely available NDVI data from SPOT VEGETATION, we successfully detected changes in time series data which were associated with fire accidents.
Transformative Citizenship: A Redefinition of Citizenship in a Multicultural Society

Citizenship education has long been recognized as a central goal of schooling. It has been an integral part of the social studies in particular and there have been a number of attempts in the field to outline what its goals should be and how it should be taught. The two conventional approaches to citizenship have discussed: cultural transmission and reflective inquiry into social science knowledge. This paper contends that both the cultural transmission and reflective inquiry approaches to citizenship are inappropriate because they maintain that democracy is a static rather than a constant struggle for equality and justice, and they support a limited socializing role of mainstream citizenship education rather than classroom activities that lead to civic empowerment and civic courage. This critique leads to an alternative concept of citizenship as democratic transformation. The focus of transformative citizenship is a concern for reconstructing society by developing a critical understanding of and engagement with social issues and institutions. Orienting this understanding and engagement are concerns for overcoming relations of domination and promoting a more just and equitable distribution of society's benefits. This approach to citizenship seems to be central to the creation of education that is multicultural and social reconstructionist. It is important to note that at the level of practice, the goals and principles of citizenship education tend to remain largely inaccessible. In this spirit, the ultimate significance of this paper lies in the potential connection between social studies educators conceptions of citizenship education and classroom practice-a potentially fruitful area for further research.
The part played by an accessory factor in the production of experimental rickets.

In these experiments puppies of about two months old were fed on diets which were found to produce rickets in the course of 3-4 months. Two such diets were used: (1) Milk, rice, oatmeal and sodium chloride, (2) Milk and bread. Salt is essential for life in the case of the first diet. The milk must be limited to less than '200 c.c. each day. If it is much increased no rickets develop. In the case of other puppies, different classes of foodstuffs were added to the ricketty diet and the development or non-development of the disease investigated. The results were of such a nature that if rickets did not develop it could be assumed that it contained some anti-rachitic factor. The following lists briefly indicate some of the results obtained:
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF IRON OXIDES EMBEDDED IN FULLERITE MATRICES

Nanoparticles of iron oxide embedded in C60 matrices are synthesized by co-evaporation of iron and C60-fullerene in a partial oxygen atmosphere, and analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy and MOKE magnetometry. C60 molecules in the neighborhood of the iron oxide nanoclusters transfer charge to the oxide, and the charge deficit fully delocalizes onto the fullerene molecules. The iron oxide nanoclusters contain both hematite and magnetite, in comparable proportions. One analyzes the amplitude of the pre-edge XANES peak, yielding the average ionization state of absorbing Fe atoms, which is confirmed by the simulations of XANES spectra.
GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) framework: un approccio sistematico e trasparente per prendere decisioni informate in ambito sanitario. 1: Introduzione

Following the development of a unifying and transparent approach to grading the certainty of evidence and strength or recommendations, the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) Working Group has refined its process of moving from Evidence to Decisions. The purpose of its new Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks is to help people use evidence in a structured and transparent way to inform decisions in the context of clinical recommendations, coverage decisions, and health system or public health recommendations and decisions. EtD frameworks inform users about the judgments that were made and the evidence supporting those judgments by making the basis for decisions transparent to target audiences. EtD frameworks also facilitate dissemination of recommendations and enable decision makers in other jurisdictions to adopt recommendations or decisions, or adapt them to their context.