Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HRUNTING : A Distributed Shared Memory System forthe BEOWULF Parallel

| Shared memory programming systems present a helpful abstraction to the parallel programmer. However, modern commodity and near commodity archi-tectures, such as Networks-of-Workstations (IBM SP/2) and Piles-of-PCs (Beowulf) lack hardware support for memory operations that span multiple memory busses. Such architectures require software support for shared memory operations. Two important design choices by which software shared memory can be characterized are namespace model and access method. In order to provide the sematics and ease-of-use of shared memory multiprocessors, distributed memory systems must provide a global names-pace and a transparent (implicit) access method. This paper describes Hrunting, a freeware distributed shared memory (DSM) system for Beowulf-class multicomput-ers that satisses both requirements. In order to reduce network communications, the DSM system uses the release consistency model. Release consistency does not guarantee that writes to shared memory by one process will be visible to another process until the processes have synchronized, thus allowing communications between the processes to be delayed or eliminated. It has been shown that release consistency is equivalent to serial consistency with suucient synchronization. In order to take advantage of the existing memory management hardware and software, the DSM system deals with the shared memory on the granularity of virtual memory pages. The DSM system employs a multiple writer protocol to allow several processes to write to different parts of the same virtual memory page, and an invalidate protocol to allow processes to keep copies of shared pages until the pages are modiied. The performance of the DSM system was tested with a Barnes-Hut N-body galaxy simulation and with a parallel sort using the Parallel Sorting by Regular sampling (PSRS) algorithm. The testing platform was a cluster of 16 100 MHz Pentiums connected by a full-duplex 100 Mbit/s Ethernet switch. The sort scaled well up to 8 nodes, but achieved only a 50% eeciency on 15 nodes. The Barnes-Hut code, however, acheived a parallel ee-ciency of 95% with 15 nodes.
The Role of Non-Financial Measures in Management Forecasts

This study examines the role of non-financial measures (NFMs) in management forecasts of earnings. We hand-collect company-specific NFMs (e.g., number of retail outlets, square footage of facilities, patents) disclosed in 10-K filings to demonstrate that actual changes in NFMs are an important input into management forecasts of earnings. We also illustrate that NFM changes are typically aligned with contemporaneous changes in earnings and describe how greater divergence between NFMs and earnings (i.e., NFM changes substantially outpacing earnings growth or vice versa) render NFMs less useful for forecasting. As such, in more divergent settings, we observe that management is less likely to issue guidance. Consistent with our theory, for managers that do provide guidance in more divergent settings, management forecast errors increase. Our evidence demonstrates that NFMs and their relationship with financial information play a critical role in management forecasts.
Research Framework for International Franchising

본 연구는 국내외 프랜차이즈의 해외진출에 대한 연구들을 바탕으로 국제프랜차이징연구의 전체적인 연구체계를 세워보고 연구체계를 형성하고 있는 연구요인들을 확인하여 각 연구요소별로 이루어지는 연구주제와 내용을 살펴보고 앞으로의 연구주제들을 제안하고자 한다. 조요한 연구요소들은 국제프랜차이징의 동기 및 환경 요소와 진출의사결정 국제프랜차이징의 진입양식 및 발전전략.
THE FUNDAMENTAL GROUP AND CONNECTIONS TO COVERING SPACES

The fundamental group of a space is one of the central topological invariants we can define. We begin with necessary background material on the subject, building to the definition of the fundamental group. For a hands-on calculation, we compute π1(S). This, by design, introduces the idea of covering spaces. The theory of covering spaces is introduced and developed in the latter half of this paper, in particular their intimate relationship to fundamental groups. We conclude with a beautiful synthesis of the two structures, demonstrating the one-to-one correspondence between isomorphism classes of covering spaces of (X,x0) and the fundamental group π1(X,x0).
An automated version of the BAT Syntactic Comprehension task for assessing auditory L2 proficiency in healthy adults

Studies of bilingualism sometimes require healthy subjects to be assessed for proficiency at auditory sentence processing in their second language (L2). The Syntactic Comprehension task of the Bilingual Aphasia Test could satisfy this need. For ease and uniformity of application, we automated its English (. The Bilingual Aphasia Test. English version. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates) and French (. The Bilingual Aphasia Test, French version. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates) versions. Although the Bilingual Aphasia Test is meant to assess neurological disorders affecting language, we hypothesised that ceiling performance in L2 would be rare and L2 errors should be consistent with lack of processing automaticity. Initial data from 13 French–English and 4 English–French bilinguals confirm these expectations. Thus, the automated Syntactic Comprehension task (available online for PC and Mac platforms) is indeed suited to test bilingual English and French proficiency levels in healthy adults.
Inadequate blood supply persists in keloids

We have previously shown that the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of keloids remains high for a long time. In keloids, anaerobic glycolysis may be related to the production of ATP. In this study, we counted the vessels in keloids, hypertrophic and atrophic scars in a defined area, and measured the cross-sectional areas of their internal lumens immunohistopathologically and the lactate concentrations. The mean number in a defined area was smallest in keloids as was the mean internal area of vessels. The lactate content of keloids was 39.4 (13.5) mmol/g of protein, of red scars 23.8 (7.5), of pink scars 23.8 (7.6), and of white scars 13.3 (7.3). These results indicate that ATP may be produced by anaerobic glycolysis in keloids, and that the decreased and narrowed vessels may reduce oxygen perfusion. The blood supply to keloids is inadequate, and this persists.
Risk of overweight among adolescents who were breastfed as infants.

CONTEXT Overweight during adolescence predicts short- and long-term morbidity as well as obesity in adulthood. The prevalence of overweight among adolescents is high and continues to increase. Physiological and behavioral mechanisms and preliminary epidemiologic data suggest that breastfeeding could lower the risk of subsequent obesity in adolescence. OBJECTIVE To examine the extent to which overweight status among adolescents is associated with the type of infant feeding (breast milk vs infant formula) and duration of breastfeeding. DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS Survey of 8186 girls and 7155 boys, aged 9 to 14 years, who are participants in the Growing Up Today Study, a nationwide cohort study of diet, activity, and growth. In the fall of 1996 we mailed a questionnaire to each of the subjects, and in the spring of 1997, we mailed a supplemental questionnaire to their mothers, who are participants in the Nurses' Health Study II. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Overweight status defined as body mass index exceeding the 95th percentile for age and sex from US national data. RESULTS In the first 6 months of life, 9553 subjects (62%) were only or mostly fed breast milk, and 4744 (31%) were only or mostly fed infant formula. A total of 7186 subjects (48%) were breastfed for at least 7 months while 4613 (31%) were breastfed for 3 months or less. At ages 9 to 14 years, 404 girls (5%) and 635 boys (9%) were overweight. Among subjects who had been only or mostly fed breast milk, compared with those only or mostly fed formula, the odds ratio (OR) for being overweight was 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66-0.91), after adjustment for age, sex, sexual maturity, energy intake, time watching television, physical activity, mother's body mass index, and other variables reflecting social, economic, and lifestyle factors. Compared with subjects who had been breastfed for 3 months or less, those who had been breastfed for at least 7 months had an adjusted OR for being overweight of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.67-0.96). Timing of introduction of solid foods, infant formula, or cow's milk was not related to risk of being overweight. CONCLUSION Infants who were fed breast milk more than infant formula, or who were breastfed for longer periods, had a lower risk of being overweight during older childhood and adolescence.
CD4+CD25high T Cells Are Enriched in the Tumor and Peripheral Blood of Prostate Cancer Patients1

In this study, we investigated whether CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells (Treg) are increased in the tumor tissue and peripheral blood of early-stage prostate cancer patients undergoing prostatectomy. We show that the prevalence of CD4+CD25high T cells inside the prostate was significantly higher in the tumor compared with benign tissue from the same prostate. Furthermore, the frequency of CD4+CD25high T cells in peripheral blood was significantly higher in prostate cancer patients compared with normal donors. A proportion of the CD4+CD25high T cells was also shown to be glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor, ICOS, and FOXP3 positive. Moreover, CD4+CD25+ T cells from blood and supernatants from cultured prostate tumor tissue samples exhibited immunosuppressive function in vitro. Furthermore, supernatants from cultured prostate tissue samples and prostate cancer ascites fluid induced migration of CD4+CD25+ T cells and were shown to contain the regulatory T cell chemokine CCL22 by ELISA. Our findings indicate that Tregs are an important cellular component of early-stage prostate tumors, and thus new therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibition or depletion of Tregs may improve prostate cancer immunotherapy.
Analysis of Delta–Notch interaction by molecular modeling and molecular dynamic simulation studies

Notch is a single-pass transmembrane receptor protein. Delta (member of the DSL protein family), a Notch ligand, is also single-pass transmembrane protein that can interact with Notch to form the Delta–Notch complex. It has been demonstrated that of the 36 Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) repeats of Notch, 11th and 12th are sufficient to mediate interactions with Delta. Crystal structure of mammalian Notch1 extracellular ligand binding domain shows the presence of 11th and 12th EGF-like repeats. Here a portion of the Drosophila Delta protein, known to interact with Notch extracellular domain, has been modeled using homology modeling. The structure of the Delta–Notch complex was subsequently modeled by protein-docking method using GRAMM. Molecular dynamic simulations of the modeled structures were performed. The probable structures for Delta–Notch complex have been proposed based on interaction energy parameter and planarity studies.
Use your imagination

We have learned much about peripheral or spinal mechanism of pain and hyperalgesia, including the role of sodium channel regulation, inflammatory mediators, cytokines, neurotrophins, and TRP channels as well as spinal sensitization and disinhibition.1 However, this knowledge about pain has not been paralleled by success in treatment of chronic pain disorders such as phantom limb pain or complex regional pain syndromes (CRPS). In these patients pain control is difficult, particularly once initial treatments (whether pharmacologic or invasive) have been unsuccessful. When treatment fails we hypothesize alterations in pain memory or centralized pain or may regard the patients' symptoms as functional or hysterical. The use of these terms usually reflects an unsuccessful attempt to disguise our ignorance. Recently, promising results helping to explain chronic pain syndromes have been published. Functional imaging has found that fundamental changes of somatosensory processing in the brain may underlie both phantom limb pain2 and CRPS.3 …
Sickle Cell Pulmonary Hypertension : Pathogenesis and Diagnosis

Sickle cell disease (SCD) refers to the inherited disorder of red blood cells (RBCs). The disorder is marked by point mutation occurring in the beta (β)-globin chain of hemoglobin. This results in the amino acid substitution of valine in place of glutamic acid at position 6 (Glu6Val) of the chain, leading to the formation of abnormal sickle hemoglobin (HbS) [1]. On exposure to low-oxygen tension, HbS loses its solubility capacity, resulting in polymerization and aggregation of mutated hemoglobin inside sickle RBCs as they traverse in microcirculation [2]. The sickled RBCs obstruct blood vessels and impede free blood flow in the affected vessel causing oxygen deprivation, vascular congestion, lactate acidosis, anaerobic glycolysis, and pain [3]. In general, SCD manifestations are secondary to ischemia from vessel occlusion and hemolysis from rupture of sickle cells with less deformable RBCs [4]. However, the severity of complications varies between patients.
Understanding needs, interactions, treatment, and expectations among individuals affected by bipolar disorder or schizophrenia: the UNITE global survey.

OBJECTIVE The overarching aim of the Understanding Patients' Needs, Interactions, Treatment, and Expectations (UNITE) Global Survey was to empirically evaluate the attitudes and general fund of knowledge that individuals with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia possess regarding somatic health issues. METHOD The UNITE survey was an Internet-based initiative that recruited patients and caregivers from 11 countries (Australia, Brazil, France, Greece, Germany, Italy, Spain, South Korea, Sweden, the United States, and the United Kingdom). Opinion Research Corporation, Princeton, NJ, conducted the UNITE survey between June 10, 2006, and September 11, 2006, and analyzed the results. RESULTS A total of 5,074 respondents participated in the survey. From this total sample, 1,155 individuals with schizophrenia and 1,300 with bipolar disorder were self-identified. Psychiatrists were identified as the individuals primarily responsible for patients' medication prescription and surveillance of both psychological and physical health. The majority of respondents in both groups had been receiving medication for more than 5 years. Weight gain was the most commonly cited adverse event associated with medication use. Moreover, weight gain was identified as a contributing factor to general medical comorbidity (eg, diabetes mellitus) and as a detractor to quality of life. Most respondents identified weight gain and general physical health as areas of deficiency in their perceived knowledge and interactions with health care providers. Notwithstanding the ubiquity and implications of comorbid medical disorders and medication-related adverse events, most respondents did not receive opportunistic screening or surveillance for medical risk factors and disorders. Overall, respondents expressed general dissatisfaction when interacting with mental health care providers. CONCLUSION Metabolic consequences of psychotropic medication are the most concerning aspect of medication treatment for patients, contributing to perceived morbidity, quality-of-life reduction, and reduced satisfaction with care. Despite the compelling database that underscores the hazards attributable to comorbid general medical conditions, most individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder receive guideline-discordant care for somatic health conditions as well as for the principal psychiatric disorder. Barriers to somatic health care access for those with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, as well as the impact of targeted interventions, warrant future research.
Examining business models of Software-as-a-Service companies

Luoma, Eetu Examining Business Models of Software-as-a-Service Companies Jyvaskyla: University of Jyvaskyla, 2013, 86 p. (Jyvaskyla Studies in Computing, ISSN 1456-5390; 188) ISBN 978-951-39-5561-8 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-39-5562-5 (PDF) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) refers to the means of supplying functionalities of a software application to end-users over the Internet. The concept may also incorporate the use of cloud computing technologies as part of the service offered to the end-user. This dissertation investigates the business models of software firms providing Software-as-a-Service through examination of their value propositions, activities, structural aspects and revenue logic. In particular, this dissertation focuses on the characteristics of different business models for Software-as-a-Service firms and to the changes in software firms’ business models induced by the adoption cloud computing technologies and service provisioning over the Internet. Moreover, this dissertation considers the effects of competitive forces to the business models of Software-as-a-Service firms. Findings from the quantitative and qualitative studies in this dissertation demonstrate that both software product firms embracing cost efficiency approach and the software services firms focusing on customer intimacy are adopting cloud computing technologies and unifying what they essentially offer, to transform into Software-as-a-Service companies. As a result, the new Software-as-a-Service firms inherit several characteristics of the software product companies or software services companies. Findings from comparative case study and analysis of 500 survey responses indicate that both types of the Software-as-a-Service firm are changing their value proposition to include a uniform set of software functionalities across different end-users and changing their activities and structure to support more direct customer relationship. However, the changes in the revenue logic of Software-as-a-Service firms are dependent on whether the firm decides to follow the cost efficiency of the customer intimacy approach. These findings provide practical insights into how the software companies are changing their business model and consequently how the market of software products and services is evolving. These conclusions also provide means of conceptualizing Software-as-a-Service for the studies in the adoption of information systems, and outsourcing of information technology.
Knowledge-intensive business services: users, carriers and sources of innovation

It has now been recognised that services play a vital role in advanced industrial economies. In most European Union (EU) member states service activities now provide around two-thirds of all jobs and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and even higher proportion of total firms. More particularly services have provided the bulk of new jobs in the European economy and in a number of strategically important service sectors the EU has established a competitive advantage over its major trading partners, including the US and Japan. The contribution of services to technological innovation has also long been undervalued; service industries were seen as passive consumers of new technology, providing little or no input to innovation generation and diffusion. This major study by two EIMS consultant teams, from PREST in the UK and TNO from the Netherlands and mentored by Dr. Jeremy Howells of the University of Cambridge, seek to alter these outdated views of service innovation by focusing on a key service cluster involved in technological innovation, namely Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS).
Commercialisation de la microfinance: une expérience basée sur le modèle Grameen Bank aux Philippines

Cet article presente un exemple de commercialisation de la microfinance aux Philippines, sous l’egide d’un projet de reproduction de l’approche « Grameen Bank ». Selon l’idee initiale du projet, de modestes prets devaient etre fournis aux foyers les plus pauvres par des ONG et des cooperatives. Finalement, ce sont de petites banques privees qui sont devenues les principaux partenaires du projet. Ces banques rurales s’etaient rendu compte que des services financiers pouvaient etre octroyes aux foyers pauvres sur des bases commerciales. Elles ont mene par la suite une rapide extension, tout en offrant aux clients pauvres un acces a toute une gamme de produits financiers (prets, epargne, assurance). Cette incursion des banques n’a pas provoque de « derive » vers les clients non-pauvres ; bien au contraire, alors qu’en regle generale les clients des institutions de microfinance beneficient de prestations de services financiers, les clients des banques ont eu l’avantage de se voir offrir des services additionnels. Les banques ont propose des couts unitaires de services financiers plus faibles, mais pas de taux d’interet significativement plus bas que les autres IMF impliquees dans le projet.
Two influenza A virus-specific Fabs neutralize by inhibiting virus attachment to target cells, while neutralization by their IgGs is complex and occurs simultaneously through fusion inhibition and attachment inhibition.

Mabs H36 (IgG2a) and H37 (IgG3) recognize epitopes in antigenic sites Sb and Ca2, respectively, in the HA1 subunit of influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). Their neutralization was complex. Our aim here was to investigate the mechanism of neutralization by the IgGs and their Fabs. In MDCK and BHK cells, both IgGs neutralized primarily by inhibiting virus-cell fusion, although at higher IgG concentrations virus attachment to target cells was also inhibited. In contrast, the Fabs neutralized entirely by inhibiting virus attachment, although a higher concentration of Fab than IgG was required to bring this about. Both H36 and H37 exerted a concentration-dependent spectrum of neutralization activity, with virus-cell fusion inhibition and virus-cell attachment inhibition being the predominant mechanisms at low- and high-antibody concentration, respectively, and both mechanisms occurring simultaneously at intermediate concentrations. However, it may be that attachment inhibition was a secondary event, occurring to virus that had already been neutralized through inhibition of its fusion activity. Neutralization by H36 and H37 Fabs was a simple process. Both inhibited virus attachment but required much higher (>100-fold) molar concentrations for activity than did IgG. The functional affinities of the IgGs were high (0.4-0.6 nM) and differences between these and the affinity of their Fabs (H36, nil; H37, 23-fold) were not sufficient to explain the differences observed in neutralization. Similar neutralization data were obtained in two different cell lines. The dose-response curve for neutralization by H36 F(ab')(2) resembled that for IgG, although eightfold more F(ab')(2) was required for 50% neutralization. Overall, neutralization mechanisms of H36 and H37 antibodies were similar, and thus independent of antigenic site, antibody isotype, and target cell.