Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the acoustic basis of recognition of the mother hen by the chick in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus).

The maternal cluck vocalizations of the bantam hen were examined using a sonagraph. 3 consecutive clucks from each of 6 hens were examined. Eight physical parameters from each vocalization were measured directly from the spectrograms, namely duration of the cluck, maximum frequency at the beginning of the cluck, maximum absolute frequency of the cluck, maximum frequency at the end of the cluck, positive pitch change, negative pitch change, positive slope and negative slope. The coefficient of variation of these parameters show considerable variation between the clucks (Table 1). A two-way ANOVA shows that this variation is due to differences between the hens and not to differences between consecutive clucks of the same hen. The differences between hens was significant on 4 of the 8 parameters measured. The correlations between two consecutive clucks from each of the 6 hens was statistically significant for 3 of the 8 parameters (Table 2). Further no significant differences were found between clucks recorded on day 3 and clucks recorded on day 9 (Table 3). The measures of slope are correlated with the duration of the slope and with the duration of the cluck showing that as changes occur in one parameter corresponding changes will take place in another parameter. Thus the chick may utilize a gestalt of 2 or more parameters of the cluck to recognize the mother hen. The maternal cluck is of a significantly longer duration and dclivered at a slower rate than the maternal food call. They are two distinct calls. The results suggest that there is sufficient variability between the clucks of different hens for the chick to discriminate between her own mother and an alien hen on the basis of cluck vocalizations. The similarity between successive clucks and between clucks of the same hen recorded on different days suggest that the chick should be able to learn the individual characteristics of the hens maternal cluck, and thus use them for recognition of mother hen.
Expression of an oxalate oxidase gene in tomato and severity of disease caused by Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

A cDNA clone of wheat oxalate oxidase (OxO) under the control of the constitutive CAMV 35S promotor was expressed in tomato plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Twenty-six transgenic tomato lines were obtained and analysed. PCR experiments confirmed the incorporation of the OxO gene in all tested tomato lines. The transgenic tomato plants expressed a 124-kDa protein showing OxO activity, and were able to convert different oxalic acid (OA) concentrations in vitro. In a detached leaf assay, most of the transgenic lines showed reduced disease symptoms compared with controls, following inoculation with Botrytis cinerea. In addition, leaves of the line T15 showed a marked reduction in symptoms compared with the control following inoculation with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
Influence of some polyvalent organic acids and salts on the colloidal stability of milk

Fifteen polyvalent organic salts and acids increased, some very markedly, the heat stability of milk progressively with increasing concentration; acetate and mesaconic acid had no effect, and maleate caused destabilization. Citrate, oxalate and EDTA markedly reduced the [Ca+] in the milk and increased its ethanol stability by shifting the ethanol/pH profile to lower pH values. These additives ≥ 20 mmol/l prevented the coagulation of milk by rennet, but the other additives caused only slight increases in RCT. Citrate, EDTA and oxalate disrupted casein micelles and would therefore not be suitable additives: however, the other acids and salts did not alter the appearance of the milk and might be recommended as suitable additives to improve the heat stability. In terms of the response to the level of Ca2+ and colloidal calcium phosphate in milk, there appeared to be a correlation between ethanol stability and rennet coagulation time.
Dietary Energy and Protein for Growing Pigs: 1. Performance and Carcass Composition

Abstract In a joint Nordic project, four experiments with a total of 880 growing pigs following the same outline were conducted in Denmark, Norway, Finland and Sweden. In three of these experiments the animals were fed individually. Five dietary treatments were investigated with respect to effects on performance, carcass composition and leg condition by entire or partial dissection. The treatments were: (1) restricted standard feeding as a reference in all experiments; (2) ad libitum feeding with protein (amino acid) concentrations according to recommended allowances (RA); (3) as in (2) but RA increased by 10% (RA + 10%); (4) as in (2) but RA lowered by 10% (RA - 10%), or (5) the most common restricted feeding scale recommended in the individual countries, thus being different from experiment to experiment. Compared with the restricted standard feeding, for which daily feed intake and daily weight gain in the weight range 23–100 kg averaged 2.07 kg and 750 g, respectively (rel. value 100), the correspondi.
THE ECOLOGY OF THE GREENISH WARBLER PHYLLOSCOPUS TROCHILOIDES IN ITS WINTER QUARTERS

Summary The Greenish Warbler is an abundant entirely insectivorous Pafaearctic migrant wintering in the tropical deciduous forests of India and east Asia. A population was studied at one locality in the eastern Ghats of south India over one winter, with a short return the following winter. Individuals maintain, and annually re-occupy, territories throughout their seven or eight months stay. A general account of territorial behaviour is given. There is much evidence that food is critically short, particularly during the months of December to February and March, which coincides with the end of the dry season. Because of the short duration of the study, there are shortcomings in data presented. Nevertheless there is evidence that territories vary severalfold in quality and individual birds' behaviour and survival probability are correlated with this. It is suggested that territorial behaviour is the best individual strategy for long-term resource management. The presence of food competitors can alter this behaviour, much as changes in food dispersion are known to. The ability to control return time to a patch as a subsidiary function for territoriality is briefly discussed.
Rostro genérico para máquinas que interactúan con personas

This work is a first approximation to the creation of faces for machines, resulting in amodule that can provide mainly to machines that interact with people, a face capable of simulating the movements of the mouth when speaking and express facially six emotional states (surprise, joy, normal, sadness, anger and fear) through colors and gestures. In this article we propose the Face Management Module as an isolated component of the machine control system, which is responsible for fully managing the face according to the orders received through itsApplication Programming Interface.
Florística em um hectare de cerrado stricto sensu na ARIE - cerrado Pé-de-Gigante, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, SP

A floristic survey was carried out in one ha of cerrado stricto sensu, in the northern part of the ARIE - Cerrado Pe-de-Gigante, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, Sao Paulo, Brazil. A total of 428 specimens in reproductive stage were collected in twenty-five field trips to the area, from november 1996 to april 1998. The flora shows 141 species, representing 109 genera and 49 families. Leguminosae, Asteraceae, Malpighiaceae and Myrtaceae were the most representative families. Flowering and fruiting were higher in the rainy season. The zoochorous species (61) were greater than anemo (46) and autochorous (34) ones. The cerrado flora as a whole and its two components, woody and herbaceous, were analysed separately.
Study of the adaptation of the rumen ecosystem to the antimethanogenic effect of monensin measured in vivo

The affinity for H2 of RA is lower than that of M but the importance of RA in the hindgut has been related to the higher amounts of free amino acids, mucins and bile salts, inducive and/or inhibitory for RA and M respectively. Batch incubations of sheep rumen contents with these compounds added did not stimulate RA although selective inhibition of M was demonstrated, accompanied however by increased propionate production [2,3]. Addition of Peptrostreptococcus productus ATCC 35244 [4] or methanol [. 5] together with 2-bromoethane sulfonic acid (BES)
Physiological trade-offs associated with methyl jasmonate - induced resistance in Pinus radiata

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can induce defence responses in plants to pathogen attack, but it can also have consequences for plant growth. The transient effects of exogenous MeJA treatment on the resistance of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) seedlings to Diplodia pinea (Desm.) Kickx. and some physiological parameters affecting the impact of treatment on seedling growth were investigated. Following foliar application of 4.5 mmol·L–1 MeJA, disease resistance was greatest 1–2 weeks after treatment and declined with time thereafter. Elevated disease resistance was accompanied by a reduction in seedling growth rate the second week following MeJA treatment. Thereafter, seedling growth rate recovered and exceeded that of the control seedlings 4–5 weeks after MeJA treatment. Within hours of MeJA treatment, reductions in both the capacity of photosystem II and transpiration rate were observed, resulting in a concomitant reduction in net CO2 uptake rate. The slight reduction in transpiration rate was also associat.
Coriolus versicolor polysaccharides enhance the immune response of crucian carp (Corassius auratus gibelio) and protect against Aeromonas hydrophila

Summary To investigate the effect of Coriolus versicolor polysaccharides (CVPS) on the immune response of crucian carp (Corassius auratus gibelio), fish were fed diets containing CVPS at different concentrations including 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g kg−1 for 5 weeks. Other groups of fish were vaccinated by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) against Aeromonas hydrophila with a killed bacterin at the beginning of the experiment and fed the same diets as described above. Additionally, control fish and vaccinated-only fish were fed basal diets without CVPS supplementation. The phagocytosis, lysozyme activity, complement components C3 and C4, E-C3bRR (Erythrocyte-C3b rosette rate) and E-CIRR (Erythrocyte-immune complex rosette rate) levels and circulating antibody titers in the serum were monitored. Five weeks after feeding the prescribed diet, fish were challenged with A. hydrophila and the mortalities recorded. Results showed that feeding non-vaccinated and vaccinated crucian carp with CVPS stimulated the phagocytosis of leukocytes, lysozyme, complement components C3 and C4, erythrocyte immune adherence, and circulatory antibody titers in serum in vaccinated crucian carp. Immune parameters increased to their highest levels after 3 weeks of feeding the diet containing 0.5 or 1.0 g kg−1 CVPS. These doses also resulted in the highest protection in the challenge experiment. Best survival (85%) was in the vaccinated group fed the diet containing 1.0 g kg−1 CVPS, whereas almost 80% of control fish (negative control) and 50% of vaccinated-only fish (positive control) died.
Combined Effect of Plantaricin BM-1 and Refrigeration Storage to Control Listeria Monocytogenes Inoculated in Brined Cooked Ham

The effect of plantaricin BM-1 on the behavior of Listeria Monocytogenes in sliced brined cooked ham during refrigerated storage (4°Cand 9°C) was assessed. The combination of low storage temperature (4°C) and plantaricin can significantly reduced viable counts of L. Monocytogenes during storage (P < 0.05). When the same amount of plantaricin was applied, the growth of L. Monocytogenes in brined cooked ham stored at 4 °C was significantly slower than that in sample stored at 9°C (P < 0.01). Even combination of 1280 AU/g plantaricin and 4°C storage produced greater inhibition of L. monocytogenes than combination of 5120 AU/g plantaricin and 9°C. The combination of 4°C and 5120 AU/g plantaricin was the most effective treatment and can decrease the levels of L. monocytogenes 1.7 Log CFU/g at the end of storage. Keywords-component; refrigerated storage; plantaricin; Listeria Monocytogenes; brined cooked ham
Subgraph Isomorphism Search in Massive Graph Databases

Querying graph data is a fundamental problem that witnesses an increasing interest especially for massive structured data where graphs come as a promising alternative to relational databases for big data modeling. However, querying graph data is different and more complex than querying relational table-based data. The main task involved in querying graph data is subgraph isomorphism search which is an NP-complete problem. Subgraph isomorphism search, is an important problem which is involved in various domains such as pattern recognition, social network analysis, biology, etc. It consists to enumerate the subgraphs of a data graph that match a query graph. The most known solutions of this problem are backtracking-based. They explore a large search space which results in a high computational cost when we deal with massive graph data. To reduce time and memory space complexity of subgraph isomorphism search. We propose to use compressed graphs. In our approach, subgraph isomorphism search is achieved on compressed representations of graphs without decompressing them. Graph compression is performed by grouping vertices into super vertices. This concept is known, in graph theory, as modular decomposition. It is used to generate a tree representation of a graph that highlights groups of vertices that have the same neighbors. With this compression we obtain a substantial reduction of the search space and consequently a significant saving in the processing time. We also propose a novel encoding of vertices that simplifies the filtering of the search space. This new mechanism is called compact neighborhood Index (CNI). A CNI distills all the information around a vertex in a single integer. This simple neighborhood encoding reduces the time complexity of vertex filtering from cubic to quadratic which is considerable for big graphs. We propose also an iterative local global filtering algorithm that relies on the characteristics of CNIs to ensure a global pruning of the search space.We evaluated our approaches on several real-word datasets and compared them with the state of the art algorithms
Comparison of gene expression in pre-implantation bovine embryos either injected or transfected with a siRNA targeted against E-cadherin

Comparison of Gene Expression in Pre-implantation Bovine Embryos Either Injected or Transfected with siRNA Targeted Against E-cadherin. (August 2008) Carol Bailey McCormick Hanna, B.S., Colorado State University; M.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Duane Kraemer The ability to create transgenic livestock is a tremendous benefit in scientific research for many disciplines including functional genomics, pharmaceutical synthesis and development of enhanced production animals. Transgenes can either be stably or transiently expressed to alter gene function and obtain a specifically engineered phenotype. To create a transgenic bovine embryo, genetically altered somatic cells must be used in somatic cell nucleus transfer, or early 1-cell embryos (zygotes) must be microinjected with plasmid DNA or small interfering RNA (siRNA). Given the cost and skill associated with both methods, a preliminary investigation exploring alternative delivery techniques of siRNA (transient expression) into bovine zygotes with a nonhomologous Cy3 labeled siRNA (Cy3-siRNA) was first performed. It was discovered that zygotes injected with more than 50 μmol L -1 of Cy3-siRNA fail to form a blastocoel and that, although bovine zygotes are not susceptible to chemical transfection, the trophectoderm cells of the blastocyst are. Based on this information, bovine E-cadherin gene expression was compared in day 9 blastocysts derived from either injected zygotes
Effect of Cosmos caudatus Kunth leaves on the lipid profile of a hyperlipidemia-induced animal model.

Hyperlipidemia, a metabolic disorder closely associated with the modern life-style and eating habits, is increasingly prevalent among the world population. This study was conducted on obese rats to evaluate the efficacy of Cosmos caudatus leaves as a treatment of hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidemic conditions were induced in rats by submitting them to a high-fat diet during 3 months. After this, the rats were administered 200 mg/kg body weight of an ethanolic C. caudatus leaf extract or 35 mg/kg body weight atorvastatin for four weeks. The rats treated with the C. caudatus extract showed a significant (P<0.05) reduction of plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and glucose, and a significant (P< 0.05) increase in high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and Atherogenic Index values. The study indicated that supplementation with C. caudatus has a potential for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
Will agri‐environment schemes deliver substantial biodiversity gain, and if not why not?

Summary 1 One of the main aims of agri-environment schemes (AES) is to increase biodiversity on farmland. Common conservation practice is to identify areas containing valuable resources (e.g. habitats, ecosystems and species) and then to protect them: ‘protected area’ schemes. AES differ from typical protected area schemes because they are often applied to small patches of land, such as field boundaries, and are sometimes located in areas where the target species does not occur. 2 AES require an enormous amount of funding and they have been applied across a large geographical area, i.e. the European Union. However, recent evidence suggests mixed results regarding the effects of AES on biodiversity. 3 It is hard to predict the consequences of AES on biodiversity because a number of factors are seldom accounted for explicitly. For example: (i) the occurrence of target species will vary between patches; (ii) there will be variation in habitat preference by species in different geographical areas; (iii) both optimal foraging theory and metapopulation theory predict that the distance from breeding individuals is likely to determine patch use; (iv) if resources are widely spread then the home ranges of some species may need to increase to encompass the multiple resources needed for breeding. The potential for these factors to affect the outcome of AES on biodiversity is discussed. 4 Synthesis and applications. AES are likely to increase biodiversity if a lower number of larger resource patches are provided, in contrast to current practice that promotes many small fragmented areas of environmental resource. One way of achieving this may be to run these schemes more like traditional protected area schemes, with farms or groups of farms managed using extensive farming methods. Such an approach negates some of the problems of current AES and may help to address a wider range of concerns held by different countryside stakeholders.
Novel climates, no‐analog communities, and ecological surprises

No-analog communities (communities that are compositionally unlike any found today) occurred frequently in the past and will develop in the greenhouse world of the future. The well documented no-analog plant communities of late-glacial North America are closely linked to “novel” climates also lacking modern analogs, characterized by high seasonality of temperature. In climate simulations for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A2 and B1 emission scenarios, novel climates arise by 2100 AD, primarily in tropical and subtropical regions. These future novel climates are warmer than any present climates globally, with spatially variable shifts in precipitation, and increase the risk of species reshuffling into future no-analog communities and other ecological surprises. Most ecological models are at least partially parameterized from modern observations and so may fail to accurately predict ecological responses to these novel climates. There is an urgent need to test the robustness of ecological mode.
Errors Arising From Rapid Water Loss in the Measurement of Leaf Water Potential by the Pressure Chamber Technique

In rapidly transpiring leaves, the water potentials of uncovered leaves measured in a pressure chamber were 0.2-0.7 MPa lower than the water potentials of leaves that were covered with a plastic sheath from just prior to their excision to the completion of the measurement. The error in the water potential of uncovered leaves arose from rapid water loss in the first 30 s after excision. The degree to which the water potentials were lowered depended on the rate of transpiration, the leaf water potential at the time of excision, the species, and whether the plants were grown in the glasshouse or field. It is suggested that the variation between species and between glasshouse-grown and field-grown plants arises from differences in water retention characteristics of plant tissue as well as to differences in the rates of transpiration at excision. The size of the error induced by the rapid water loss on diurnal changes in leaf water potential is demonstrated and the effect of the error in the calculation of turgor potentials and in the resistances to water flow through the plant is discussed.
EU regulations on the traceability and detection of GMOs: difficulties in interpretation, implementation and compliance

Europe has probably the strictest GMO regulation in the world. Its objectives are to give maximum protection of public health and the environment, while at the same time providing a sciencebased regulatory structure where biotechnology can flourish. In contrast to the situation in the USA, European opinion on the health and environmental biosafety of GMOs has been highly polarized, with the result that the public has expressed the desire of having an informed choice in what they are eating. Consequently, the European Union has introduced legislation on the traceability and detection of GMOs, including labelling of food and feed containing GMOs, or derived products thereof, above a defined threshold of fortuitous presence. This review article summarizes EC regulations, directives and recommendations on traceability and labelling, and discusses the practical problems involved in their implementation. These include the definition of the labelling threshold and the units of measure, sampling of large cargos, mixtures of GMOs, stacked genes, unauthorized GMOs, unknown GMOs and asynchronous approval. The ways in which the EC integrated project Co-Extra is contributing to the resolution of these problems are also discussed.
SEEDLING VIGOR STUDIES IN MORSHANSK BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL

Progenies of 60 birdsfoot trefoil plants out of the Russian strain Morshansk which differed in maturity, seed load, and seed size were evaluated for speed of germination, seedling vigor, and rate of tillering.The results indicated that, first, seed load is unlikely to affect greatly the seed size and seedling vigor of the progeny; secondly, late-maturing strains with good seedling vigor can be found; thirdly, in a population of progeny lines, 80% of the lines may be discarded on the basis of seed size without serious danger of discarding much good seedling vigor germplasm; fourthly, plants arising from large seeds had a pronounced tendency to tiller early; and, fifthly, speed of germination may be of considerable value in detecting lines with good seedling vigor in an unselected population, but is of limited value for that purpose within the large-seeded fraction of the population.