Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of dietary protein‐energy levels and fish initial sizes on growth rate, development and production of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L.

The effects of dietary protein-energy levels on the growth rate, proximate composition and production were examined in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, at two starting weights (22.9 and 39.8 g) reared in concrete ponds for 180 days. The highest weight gain (183.1 g) was obtained with fish fed a 30% protein and 10.5 kJ g−1 diet for the small initial size and 180.2 g for a diet containing 25% protein and 12.6 kJ g−1 for the large initial size. Dressed yields (edible mass) and fillets increased to 56.9% and 52.5% in fish fed diet with 25% protein and 10.5 kJ g−1 at the initial size of 22.9 g, while fish started at 39.8 g exhibited the best values (56.5% and 52.1%) when fed the 30% protein and 10.5 kJ g−1 diet. Proximate composition of soft tissue (wet weight basis) in small fish was significantly influenced by dietary protein-energy levels. Protein was 26.1±0.3% in fish fed the high protein (30%) and low energy (10.5 kJ g−1 diet), while lipid content was 6.4±0.3% at diet containing 20% protein and 14.7 kJ g−1 diet. Large initial size fish fed the diet with 25% protein and 14.7 kJ g−1 had the highest body protein (32.0±0.4%) and lowest lipid content (2.2±0.3%). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio varied with different dietary protein-energy levels and initial fish sizes. Feed conversion ratio increased with increasing protein and decreasing energy level in the diet, and values in small fish were higher than values in large fish. Protein efficiency ratio decreased with increasing dietary protein level and decreasing energy level. The maximum total production (7.6 tons feddan−1) was with dietary high protein (30%) and low energy (10.5 kJ g−1) for small-sized fish, while large initial fish had the highest production (3.7 tons feddan−1) when fed the 25% protein and 12.6 kJ g−1 diet energy. Starting with 22.9 g fish was more advantageous than the initial size of 39.8 g for rearing Nile tilapia. Small fish required a high-protein and low-energy diet, whereas large fish required a low-protein and high-energy diet to achieve highest production.
Diet of the sixgill shark Hexanchus griseus off southern Africa

The sixgill shark Hexanchus griseus is a large, active, deep-water species that typically occurs along the outer continental shelves and their upper slopes. Stomach analysis was performed on 137 specimens collected off Namibia and South Africa. The major prey groups were cephalopods, teleosts, chondrichthyans and marine mammals. Dietary changes of sixgill sharks are related to growth. In most of their area of distribution, sixgill sharks have few comparable competitors, because sympatric squaloids and lamnoids of equivalent size feed at a lower trophic level.
Influence of Cultural Conditions on Phosphate Accumulation of Arthrobacter globiformis PAB-6

The influence of cultural conditions was examined on phosphate accumulation of the high phosphate accumulating bacterium, Arthrobacter globiformis PAB-6. This bacterium utilized nitrate and nitrite, as well as ammonium salts, as nitrogen source, and polyphosphates, organic phosphates, as well as inorganic phosphate, as phosphorus source. Ferric and calcium ions were found to be essential for high phosphate accumulation. Both growth and phosphate uptake were stimulated by addition of certain amino acids. Phenylalanine had an especially highly stimulatory effect. Optimal temperature and pH for efficient phosphate uptake were 25°C and between 7 and 8, respectively.
Potential disruptions to seed dispersal mutualisms in Tonga, Western Polynesia

As a result of the extinctions of several large frugivorous birds (and one flying fox) and the diminished ranges of others, Tonga now has a relatively small number of effective seed dispersers, especially for large‐seeded plants. We estimate the bill width and gape of the two largest known extinct pigeon species (Ducula) present in Tonga prior to human arrival. We then estimate which native rain forest species had fruits that would have probably been included in the diets of these extinct birds but which may not be dispersed regularly by the smaller frugivores present today.
Reproductive biology of two deep-water sharks from the British Isles, Centroscymnus coelolepis and Centrophorus squamosus (Chondrichthyes: Squalidae)

The reproductive biology of two aplacental viviparous deep sea sharks, Centroscymnus coelolepis and Centrophorus squamosus has been studied from 1735 and 675 specimens respectively, collected with bottom trawls between 600 and 1400 m depth off the west coast of the British Isles. A macroscopic maturity scale indicates that for both species, size at first maturity is greater in females than in males. In Centroscymnus coelolepis, genital maturity occurs at an average length of ∼86 cm for males and ∼102 cm for females. In Centrophorus squamosus, males are mature near 98 cm and females near 124 cm total length (TL). Smallest juveniles of both species are absent from catches: no specimens of Centroscymnus coelolepis shorter than 58 cm, nor specimens of Centrophorus squamosus shorter than 84 cm have been recorded. Ovarian fecundity is higher in Centroscymnus coelolepis than in Centrophorus squamosus. A maternal supply has been demonstrated for Centroscymnus coelolepis. Litter size has been estimated only in C. coelolepis because no pregnant females of Centrophorus squamosus were recovered. A dwarf embryo and a pair of twins have been observed. Segregation by sexual stage of development shows that immatures are generally found at greater depths than adults.
Dynamics of nitrogen capture without fertilizer: the baseline for fertilizing winter wheat in the UK

Experiments at three sites in 1993, six sites in 1994 and eight sites in 1995, mostly after oilseed rape, tested effects of previous fertilizer N (differing by 200 kg/ha for 1993 and 1994 and 300 kg/ha for 1995) and date of sowing (differing by about 2 months) on soil mineral N and N uptake by winter wheat cv. Mercia which received no fertilizer N. Soil mineral N to 90 cm plus crop N (‘soil N supply’; SNS) in February was 103 and 76 kg/ha after large and small amounts of previous fertilizer N respectively but was not affected by date of sowing. Previous fertilizer N seldom affected crop N in spring because sowing was too late for N capture during autumn, but it did affect soil mineral N, particularly in the 60–90 cm soil horizon, presumably due to over-winter leaching. Tillering generally occurred in spring, and was delayed but not diminished by later sowing. Previous fertilizer N increased shoot survival more than it increased shoot production. Final shoot number was affected by previous fertilizer N, but not by date of sowing. Overall, there were 29 surviving tillers/g SNS. N uptakes at fortnightly intervals from spring to harvest at two core sites were described well by linear rates. The difference between sowings in the fitted date with 10 kg/ha crop N was 1 month; these dates were not significantly affected by previous fertilizer. N uptake rates were increased by both previous fertilizer N and late sowing. Rates of N uptake related closely to soil mineral N in February such that ‘equivalent recovery’ was achieved in late May or early June. At one site there was evidence that most of the residue from previous fertilizer N had moved below 90 cm by February, but N uptake was nevertheless increased. Two further ‘satellite’ sites behaved similarly. Thus at 14 out of 17 sites, N uptake until harvest related directly and with approximate parity to soil mineral N in February (R2 = 0·79), a significant intercept being in keeping with an atmospheric contribution of 20–40 kg/ha N at all sites. It is concluded that, on retentive soils in the UK, SNS in early spring was a good indicator of N availability throughout growth of unfertilized wheat, because the N residues arising from previous fertilizer mineralized before analysis, yet remained largely within root range. The steady rates of soil mineral N recovery were taken as being dependent on progressively deeper root development. Thus, even if soil mineral N equated with a crop's N requirement, fresh fertilizer applications might be needed before ‘equivalent recovery’ of soil N, to encourage the earlier processes of tiller production and canopy expansion. The later process of grain filling was sustained by continued N uptake (mean 41 kg/ha) coming apparently from N leached to the subsoil (relating to previous fertilizer use) as well as from sources not related to previous fertilizer use; significant net mineralization was apparent in some subsoils.
Angstrom-Prescott model based Regression Coefficient Calculation for the Region of Botucatu, Brazil

- The primary source of energy for all surface phenomena and life on earth is the energy of sun. Solar radiation is the radiant form of energy from the sun and provides light and heat for the earth. The amount and intensity of solar radiation that a location receives depends on a variety of factors like latitude, season, time of day, cloud cover and altitude. The computed solar radiation from the extraterrestrial direct and diffuse components of the solar radiation taking the sunshine duration, temperature and relative humidity into consideration is Global Solar Radiation. In this work, the estimation of Regression Coefficient ( a and b) for the region of Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil using Angstrom- Prescott Method (1924) for the year 2015 is to be done. The data are collected from the Solar Radiometric Station situated at the College of Agricultural Sciences (FCA), University of the State of São Paulo (UNESP), located in Botucatu. The estimation of Regression Coefficient is to be done on Origin 6.0 Professional Software. The sunshine hour data is manually read by the Sunshine Record Card in Heliograph and the Global solar radiation is recorded with the help of Pyranometer and Campbell Scientific CR3000 data logger in the solar radiometric station. The data of Global solar radiation and sunshine hour collected and fed to software to provide results of Regression coefficient for the region of Botucatu in the year 2015.
Adenosine A1 receptors in rat brain synaptosomes: Transductional mechanisms, effects on glutamate release, and preservation after metabolic inhibition

Synaptosomes from various rat brain areas show saturable and specific binding to an adenosine A1 receptor ligand [Dagani et al. (1993): Drug Dev Res 28:359–363]. In this study, the functional correlates of these receptors were characterized in rat hippocampal synaptosomes by evaluating the ability of the adenosine analogue cyclo‐pentyl‐adenosine (CPA) to modulate KCI‐ and veratridine‐induced glutamate outflow. CPA concentration‐dependently reduced both depolarization‐induced glutamate release and the associated increases of intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ concentrations. Maximal reduction by 100 μM CPA (30% and 40% with respect to control for veratridine‐ and KCI‐induced release, respectively) was completely antagonized by the xanthine adenosine receptor blocker bamyfilline, confirming the involvement of adenosine A1 receptors. CPA selectively affected outflow of glutamate, with no significant influence on release of aspartate or GABA. Experiments performed in the absence of extrasynaptosomal Ca2+ ions suggested that adenosine selectively modulates glutamate Ca2+ ‐dependent vesicular pool. Transductional studies showed that mobilization of Ca2+ from intrasynaptosomal inositol‐phosphate‐sensitive stores does not contribute to adenosine effects on release, therefore implying that CPA reduction of Ca2+ influx is due to direct effects on membrane Ca2+ conductance. Conversely, activation of A1 receptors resulted in inhibition of forskolin‐stimulated cAMP production in the same agonist concentration range effective on modulation of release, suggesting that this second messenger may play a role in the presynaptic effects of adenosine analogues. Finally, CPA reduced both glutamate efflux and the increases of internal Ca2+ concentrations associated with block of synaptosomal energy metabolism with rotenone and iodoacetic acid, suggesting that presynaptic A1 receptors represent a strategic site of action for adenosine also under experimental conditions resembling brain ischemia and hypoxia. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidative stress and anxiety

High O2 consumption, modest antioxidant defenses and a lipid-rich constitution make the brain highly vulnerable to redox imbalances. Oxidative damage in the brain causes nervous system impairment. Recently, oxidative stress has also been implicated in depression, anxiety disorders and high anxiety levels. The findings which establish a link between oxidative stress and pathological anxiety have inspired a number of other recent studies focusing on the link between oxidative status and normal anxiety and also on a possible causal relationship between cellular oxidative stress and emotional stress. This review examines the recent discoveries made on the link between oxidative status and normal anxiety levels and the putative role of oxidative stress in genesis of anxiety. We discuss the different opinions and questions that exist in the field and review the methodological approaches that are being used to determine a causal relationship between oxidative and emotional stress.
Friction and wear of two polyethylenes under different tribological contact conditions

Tribological properties of ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) were studied in two different wear modes. Firstly, reciprocating sliding wear studies under non-conformal contact investigated the effects of counterface surface roughness (polished, lapped and ground) of Ti6Al4V on the friction and wear of the polyethylenes. Secondly, two-body abrasive wear studies in conformal contact against different abrasive grit size papers were also carried out to ascertain the wear sensitivity of the polyethylenes under these adverse conditions. Wear mechanisms were studied using optical and scanning electron micrographs. The results of the reciprocating sliding wear studies showed that surface roughness of the counterface influenced friction and wear characteristics although no correlation was found between the coefficient of friction and specific wear rate. XLPE demonstrated wear sensitivity, particularly under severe abrasive wear condition. The results indicated that the performance of the polyethylenes greatly depends upon the tribological system under which it is operating.
New Late Jurassic Dinosaur (Ornithischia) from China Sheds Light on the Early Evolution of the Ornithopod Skeleton and Phylogeny of Ornithopoda

Numerous partial to complete individuals of a new neornithischian dinosaur have been collected from the early Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) Shishugou Formation in northwestern China. The new taxon includes an ossified clavicle and, uniquely, a patellar sesamoid and trilobate maxillary and dentary teeth. Coeval taxa from the Shaximiao Formation in Sichuan, China (Hexinlusaurus, Agilisaurus, Yandusaurus), regarded in many recent analyses as falling outside of Cerapoda (Marginocephalia + Ornithopoda), lack many characters distributed among ornithopods that are present in the new Shishugou taxon, including a large hooked coracoid process, a small quadratojugal foramen, narrow and elongate frontals, well‐developed epipophyseal ridges on the postzygapophyses of anterior cervical vertebrae, and a well‐defined and elongate femoral neck with a deep femoral capital sulcus. However, the new Shishugou taxon also retains some plesiomorphic character states relative to most ornithopods such as having five sacral vertebrae, and a short, narrow lesser trochanter on the femur. Recent analyses of neornithischian dinosaurs are not in agreement over the taxonomic composition of Ornithopoda or Cerapoda, or the distribution of characters along the neornithischian branch. Putative synapomorphies of Ornithopoda vary from study to study, as does the taxonomic composition of the clade. In some studies, many erstwhile “ornithopods” such as Thescelosaurus and Orodromeus have been pulled out of Cerapoda as basal neornithischians, while other studies recover a more inclusive monophyletic Ornithopoda. The current consensus of basal neornithischian and cerapodan phylogeny is poorly resolved. New taxa such as the Shishugou taxon that exhibit some, but not all, characters used in many studies to define Ornithopoda may help unclutter some of the resolution at the base of the cerapodan tree. The morphology present in the new taxon gives polarity to a suite of characters for basal neornithischian dinosaurs that may help provide a clearer diagnosis for Ornithopoda.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Properties of Bradyrhizobia Nodulating Leguminous Plants of the Glycine, Vigna and Lupinus Genera

Objective. To study phenotypic and genotypic features of nodule bacteria – microsymbionts of leguminous plants of the Glycine, Vigna and Lupinus genera. Methods. Serological affinity of 12 rhizobia strains was determined in agglutination reactions. Host specificity of strains was studied in vegetation experiments. RFLP analysis of rpoB gene was performed using MspI, HaeIII and NdeII restrictases. Sequencing of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer of rhizobia was performed on ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer. Results. It was established that studied rhizobia strains differ significantly in serological properties and belong to 7 serogroups: КВ11, М8, 1967, 46, В1, В2 and 367а. Microsymbionts of soybean, cowpea and mung bean form the group of cross inoculation, however, are unable to infect lupine. Alternatively, lupine rhizobia B. lupini 367а and Bradyrhizobium sp. ЛД4, enter into symbiotic interactions with lupine, however, they do not nodulate soybean. B. japonicum 631 strain is capable of symbiosis with leguminous plants of different tribes: Phaseoleae and Lupineae. Based on RFLP analysis of rpoB gene, rhizobia were grouped into four clusters with following microsymbionts: I – cowpea, II – mung bean and soybean, III – slow-growing soybean nodule bacteria, IV – lupine rhizobia and intensive-growing soybean rhizobia. 16S-23S rDNA sequencing confirmed pertinence of soybean rhizobia to the B. japonicum species (USDA 4, USDA 6, USDA 123 genetic groups). This species also included mung bean microsymbionts (USDA 4 group). Bradyrhizobium sp. В11 isolate was obtained for the first time from cowpea nodules, and it was identified as a new B. diazoefficiens species (USDA 110 group). ITS regions of B. lupini 367а and Bradyrhizobium sp. ЛД4 rhizobia were found to be identical. B. japonicum 631 strain has a 100% similarity with B. lupini 367a strain according to 16S-23S rDNA, and with high degree of probability can be included to B. lupini species. Conclusions. Serological heterogeneity of rhizobia from root nodules of plants of the Glycine, Vigna and Lupinus genera has been demonstrated. It was established that microsymbionts of soybean, cowpea and mung bean belong to one group of cross inoculation. 16S-23S rDNA sequencing allowed to classify the studied strains as different genetic groups and identify them as B. japonicum, B. diazoefficiens and B. lupini. The serological grouping of nodule bacteria was found to coincide with the genetic (rpoB gene and ITS region) grouping, and their host specificity was related to species affiliation. formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules; Nod Fix formation of nodules nitrogen, Nod nodules are not formed, – – not investigated, Х undetermined serological group.
PHYLOGENY, BIOGEOGRAPHY, AND TAXONOMY OF AUSTRALASIAN TEALS

Abstract The taxonomy of the Australasian teals has been particularly unstable. Australasian Grey Teal (Anas gracilis) and Chestnut Teal (A. castanea) are widely viewed as specifically distinct, but the taxonomy of the New Zealand teals remains unsettled. Because conservation status is affected by taxonomic rank, it is important to resolve the status of the rare subantarctic teals. To estimate phylogenetic relationships of teals, we sequenced three mitochondrial DNA genes (12S, and ATPase 6 and 8). The resultant phylogeny unequivocally groups the Chestnut Teal with the Grey Teal, rather than with the New Zealand teals as has traditionally been held (Fleming 1953). A greater level of sequence divergence occurred within the New Zealand teals than between the Grey and Chestnut teals. This diversity, together with morphological and behavioral differences, implies that the New Zealand teals should be accorded specific status as A. aucklandica, A. nesiotis, and A. chlorotis. Although it is most likely that the teal that colonized the Auckland Islands and Campbell Islands originated in New Zealand, our data do not allow us to determine whether the ancestors of the Campbell Island Teal came from mainland New Zealand or the Auckland Islands. This uncertainty arises because, as our data show, the colonization events were separated by a short period of time.
Effectiveness of Msap, Fiscus Services and Taxation Sanctions on Tax Obligation Compliance with Patriotism as Intervening Variables

this research is to find out how much influence the modernization of the tax administration system (MSAP), the tax authorities and tax sanctions on tax compliance through patriotism. The population in this study are taxpayers who have registered at the serpong pratama tax service office. The sample in this study amounted to 99 respondents who were selected using a simple random sample (Simple Random Sampling). Data collection method is done by distributing questionnaires for 1 month. Data analysis techniques used in this study used Smart PLS and SPSS software. The tax authorities have a significant effect on taxpayer compliance, while the modernization of the tax administration system and tax sanctions have no significant effect on taxpayer compliance even with patriotism as an intervening variable. although there is a modernization of the tax administration system that has been more but the level of tax authorities is still a cornerstone to increase taxpayer compliance in paying taxes
Composição bromatológica e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca de silagens de milho e sorgo tratadas com inoculantes microbianos

Avaliaram-se a composicao bromatologica e a digestibilidade in vitro da materia seca (DIVMS) de silagens de milho e sorgo, tratadas ou nao com inoculantes microbianos, em diferentes periodos de fermentacao. Utilizou-se um arranjo fatorial 6 x 2 x 3 (periodos de fermentacao x silagens x inoculantes), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, para avaliacao dos teores de materia seca (MS) e proteina bruta (PB), e um arranjo fatorial 4 x 2 x 3 para avaliacao dos constituintes fibrosos e da DIVMS, ambos com tres repeticoes. Observou-se os efeitos da interacao periodo de fermentacao ´ silagem ´ inoculante sobre os teores de MS e da interacao inoculante ´ periodo, sobre os teores de PB das silagens. Constatou-se efeito da interacao triplice tambem sobre os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente acido (FDA). Estimaram-se teores minimos de FDN nas silagens de milho tratadas com os inoculantes Silobac e Maize-All, respectivamente, de 52,14 e 50,75%, aos 37,34 e 46,1 dias apos a ensilagem. Quanto a celulose, verificou-se, entre as silagens de milho, menores valores nas silagens tratadas, mas nao foi detectado efeito de inoculante nas silagens de sorgo. Os teores medios de hemicelulose foram influenciados por silagem, periodo e inoculante, registrando-se na silagem de milho (29,8%) valor maior que na de sorgo (28,4%). Houve efeito quadratico do periodo de fermentacao sobre a DIVMS da silagem de milho tratada com os inoculantes Silobac e Maize-All, estimando-se valores maximos de 71,1 e 71,7%, aos 42,29 e 50,3 dias de ensilagem, respectivamente. As DIVMS das silagens de sorgo, no entanto, nao foram influenciadas pelo periodo de fermentacao.