Autonomous driving in the face of unconventional odds

64 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM | APRIL 2021 | VOL. 64 | NO. 4 P H O T O B Y A N N A O S T A N I N A /S H U T T E R S T O C K . C O M the coming subsections, we discuss the challenges facing the successful implementation of AD in the Arab region and map them to the four pillars of the Autonomous Vehicles Readiness Index. Finding solutions to those challenges will help deliver the benefits of AD to world regions that are in desperate need for it, as more than 90% of traffic deaths occur in lowand middle-income countries with Africa having the highest death rates. In addition, it is very beneficial to the automotive industry as 24% of the global automotive market sales are outside Europe, China, U.S., India, and Japan. Infrastructure challenges. The AD algorithmic pipeline employs a ‘sense-plan-act’ design, which is the basis of many robotic systems. Advanced sensors allowed for a more accurate sensing of the environment and the surrounding objects. Nevertheless, today’s road infrastructure provides many open challenges to be fully solved in ‘planning’ and act’ algorithms. From another perspective, once adopted, a self-driving car is expected to generate more than four terabytes of data daily, while the communication infrastructure in many parts of the Arab region is not ready to accommodate such traffic requirements. The solution to improve road infrastructure should start by deploying Road Asset Management Systems (RAMS) to structurally plan and implement maintenance. In low-income countries, RAMS data collection process should be more frequent due to the low-cost material used, and hence it is more costly. Moreover, there is a lack of qualified experts for data analysis. One solution to the cost problem is to adopt more pervasive solutions encouraging drivers to participate in data collection and to rely on the modern deep learningthe vehicle’s actions based on understating the driving scene and eventually ‘acting’ by commanding the vehicle’s control system. Based on our literature review, we conclude that road infrastructure quality is determined by 10 features: signs, marking, barriers, lane, shoulder, median, right-ofway, horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, and lighting. The number of features contributing to road safety problems increases considerably in the case of developing countries and the Arab region compared to developed countries. Arab-region specific problems include a combination of lack of lane markings, traffic signs, light poles, and roadside barriers. Add to that the higher traffic densities and unofficial pedestrian waiting areas, captured in Figure 1, and it creates a very challenging driving scene for the ‘plan T R A F F I C AC C I D E N T S A R E a major unsolved problem worldwide. Yearly, it causes around 1.35 million deaths and 10 million people sustain nonfatal injuries in addition to having substantial negative economic and social effects. With approximately 90% of accidents being due to human errors, autonomous driving (AD) will play a vital role in saving human lives and substantial property damage. Moreover, it promises far greater mobility, energy saving, and less air pollution. Despite the recent advances to achieve such promising vision, enabling autonomous vehicles in complex environments is still decades away. The problem turned out to be more difficult than expected and it is even harder in the extremely complex and challenging driving environments in many regions around the world, including most of the Arab region. In Autonomous Driving in the Face of Unconventional Odds