Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
American Educational Research Association 2000, New Orleans: Roundtable Constructivism and Teacher Epistemology: Training Teachers in Classroom Computer Use

The NASA Classroom of the Future sponsored a residential training course to help teachers learn to use computer-based educational tools and explore constructivist instructional approaches. Researchers hypothesized that creating a living-and-learning environment for the training would foster rapid changes in teachers’ epistemological beliefs. Pretest-posttest differences on an epistemology inventory indicated that teachers changed significantly on three of four factors related to constructivist teaching philosophies (Simple Knowledge, Quick Learning and Certain Knowledge). The fourth factor (Fixed Ability) did not reveal significant changes. These findings have two implications: 1) constructivist approaches to training teachers may promote epistemological change, and 2) epistemology may be a less stable trait than was previously supposed. Background Recently there has been a growing interest in understanding what teachers believe about the nature of knowledge and learning, and how these beliefs, or epistemologies, impact their curriculum implementation and instructional approaches (e.g., Clark, 1988; Clark & Peterson, 1986; Hofer & Pintrich, 1997; Kagan, 1990; Lyons, 1990; Pajares, 1992; Prawat, 1992b). Teacher epistemology has been shown to affect teachers' use of teaching strategies (Hashweh, 1996), their use of problem-solving approaches (Martens, 1992), their efforts in curriculum adaptation (Benson, 1989; Prawat, 1992a), their use of textbooks (Freeman & Porter, 1989), their openness to student alternative conceptions (Hashweh, 1996), their preservice training needs (Many, Howard & Hoge, 1997), their students' reading practices (Anders & Evans, 1994) and their students’ use of higher-level thinking skills (Maor & Taylor, 1995). Schommer (1990) proposed that personal epistemology is a belief system comprised of five more or less independent dimensions: the structure, certainty, and source of knowledge, and the control and speed of knowledge acquisition (see also Schommer, Crouse, & Rhodes, 1992). From Schommer’s perspective, a teacher who holds “naive” epistemologies along all five dimensions generally believes that knowledge resides in authorities and is thus unchanging, that concepts are learned quickly or not at all, that learning ability is innate, and that knowledge is simple, clear, and specific. She suggests that a teacher who holds “sophisticated” epistemologies 1 A similar version of this document will be published as Howard, B. C. , McGee, S. , Schwartz, N. & Purcell, S. (2000). The experience of constructivism: transforming teacher epistemology. Journal of Research on Computing in Education. 32(4). 2 Contact: Bruce Howard or Steven McGee, 316 Washington Avenue, Wheeling, WV 26003, (304) 243-2388 3 The terms “naïve” and “sophisticated” are taken from Schommer (1990).
Chemical Analysis of Biochemically Toxic Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Environmental Water

This mini review focuses on studies recently reported concerning the chemical analysis of metal oxide nanoparticles in environmental water due to their biochemical toxicity. After an introduction to the most important chemical and physical characteristics of metal oxide nanoparticles, we review their latest use in scientific endeavors. Nowadays, these nanoparticles and their composites have attracted versatile applications based on many unique properties. Considerable research has been invested to improve the performance of materials prepared with nanoparticles. The diversity of these nanomaterials allows rapid development of novel catalysts, devices, sensors and technologies. Finally, we conclude with a perspective on the future direction of these nanoparticles in the controlled synthesis of nanohybrids. *Corresponding author: Edward P.C. Lai E-mail: edward.lai@carleton.ca (E.P.C.L) Copyright: ©2017 OLOGY Group. Edward P.C. Lai* and Samar Alsudir Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Journal of Research Analytica Review Article
Global existence and blow-up phenomena for a weakly dissipative Degasperis-Procesi equation

This paper is concerned with the long time behaviour of a weakly dissipative Degasperis-Procesi equation. Our analysis discloses the co-existence of global in time solutions and finite time break down of strong solutions. Our blow-up criterion for the initial profile generalizes considerably results obtained earlier in [32].
Characteristics of undulatory locomotion in granular media

Undulatory locomotion is ubiquitous in nature and observed in different media, from the swimming of flagellated microorganisms in biological fluids, to the slithering of snakes on land, or the locomotion of sandfish lizards in sand. Despite the similarity in the undulating pattern, the swimming characteristics depend on the rheological properties of different media. Analysis of locomotion in granular materials is relatively less developed compared with fluids partially due to a lack of validated force models but recently a resistive force theory in granular media has been proposed and shown useful in studying the locomotion of a sand-swimming lizard. Here we employ the proposed model to investigate the swimming characteristics of a slender filament, of both finite and infinite length, undulating in a granular medium and compare the results with swimming in viscous fluids. In particular, we characterize the effects of drifting and pitching in terms of propulsion speed and efficiency for a finite sinusoidal.
Totally Categorical Structures

If an axiomatic theory T has a unique model (up to isomorphism) of a given cardinality «, it is said to Tbc %-categorical, and if this is the case for all infinite H, then the theory is said to be totally categorical. Thus the theory of dense linear orderings having no first or last element is K0categorical, the theory of algebraically closed fields of specified characteristic is Nx-categorical, and a slightly non-trivial example of a totally categorical theory is provided by the theory A(p) of abelian groups of exponent p in which every element of order p is divisible by p. These three examples are known to be typical in many respects, though the full story is by no means known. As a simple example, it is well known that for any countable model Q of an K0-categorical theory, the automorphism group G of Q has only finitely many orbits on Q (for any n). This in fact characterizes K0-categorical theories; but the analysis of «-categorical theories for % uncountable is more elaborate (as the natural example suggests). Good results on totally categorical theories in general have only become available quite recently, and the picture is still quite incomplete. The main results are: THEOREM I. A totally categorical structure A has tlw finite submodel property: any first order property of A is also a property of some finite substructure of A.
© 2013 Long Kai EMPIRICAL STUDY OF UNSTABLE LEADERS IN PAXOS BY LONG KAI THESIS

This thesis studies the effect of unstable leaders in Paxos protocol. Paxos algorithm is one of the most popular solutions for distributed consensus, and is often used for building replicated state machines. Safety is guaranteed by Paxos algorithm regardless of various machine and communication failures. However, the liveness is compromised when multiple Paxos leaders exist at the same time. Also, despite the extensive literature in the field, implementing Paxos algorithm for practical systems is still non-trivial. This thesis first studies the implications of multiple Paxos leaders in practical systems and provides an optimization by using leases. A complete specification of classical Paxos protocol is provided. We evaluate our implementation and show the effect of unstable leaders in practical systems.
Entropy and Renormalization in Chaotic Visibility Graphs

In this chapter, we concentrate on a mapping from time series to graphs, the visibility algorithm introduced by Lacasa et al. [1]. In order to cite some of its most relevant features, we will stress its intrinsic nonlocality, low computational cost, straightforward implementation, and quite “simple” way of inheriting the time series properties in the structure of the associated graphs. These features will make it easier to find connections between the underlying processes and the networks obtained from them by a direct analysis of the latter. In particular, in this chapter, we will focus the implementation of the algorithm of visibility to three known routes to chaos. We will define a graph entropy and process of renormalization for visibility graphs that characterize these routes and analyze the relationship between the flow of renormalization and the extremes of the entropy function. Disregarding any underlying process, we can consider a time series just as an ordered set of values and transform this set into a different mathematical object with the aids of an abstract mapping [2, 3]. We can then ask which properties of the original set are conserved, which are transformed and how, what can we say about one of the mathematical representations just by looking at the other. This exercise is of mathematical interest by itself. In addition, it turns out that time series or signals is a universal method of extracting information from dynamical systems in any field of science. Therefore, the preceding mathematical mapping gains some unexpected practical interest as it opens the possibility of analyzing a time series from an alternative point of view. Of course, the relevant information stored in the original time series should be somehow conserved in the mapping. The motivation is completed when the new representation belongs to a relatively mature mathematical field, where information encoded in such a representation can be effectively disentangled and processed. This is, precisely, the first motivation to map time series into networks. This motivation is increased by two interconnected factors: (i) Although a mature field, time series analysis has some limitations, when it refers to study the so-called complex signals. Beyond the linear regime, there exists a wide range of phenomena, which are usually embraced in the field of the so-called
Development of a Radial Basis Function Network to Estimate the Head Generated by Electrical Submersible Pumps on Gaseous Petroleum Fluids

This paper proposes radial basis function network (RBFN) models to estimate the head of gaseous petroleum fluids (GPFs) in electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) as an alternative to widely used empirical models. Both exact and efficient RBFN modelling approaches were employed. RBFN modelling essentially tend to minimise the modelling error, the discrepancy of estimated and real outputs within the modelling data. This may lead to overfitting and lack of model generality for operating conditions not reflected in modelling data. This critical matter was addressed in RBFN design process, and highly accurate RBFNs were developed and cross validated.
The flow around a fish-inspired heaving and pitching hydrofoil

An extensive investigation into the flow around a fish-inspired heaving and pitching hydrofoil was performed using a combination of two dimensional digital particle image velocimetry (PIV), direct strain gauge force and moment measurements, dye visualisation and hydrogen bubble visualisation. The intention of this investigation was to study the effect of the foil dynamics on the foil wake structure and hydrodynamic forces, with the ultimate goal of determining if the oscillating foil, and by implication, fish, employ unsteady flow mechanisms to generate optimal thrust.
Nonlocal self-improving properties

Solutions to nonlocal equations with measurable coefficients are higher differentiable. Specifically, we consider nonlocal integrodifferential equations with measurable coefficients whose model is given by integral(Rn)integral(Rn)[u(x) - u(y)][eta(x) - eta(y)]K(x, y) dx dy = integral(Rn) f eta dx for all eta is an element of C-c(infinity) (R-n), where the kernel K( . ) is a measurable function and satisfies the bounds 1/Lambda vertical bar x - y vertical bar(n+2 alpha) <= K(x, y) <= Lambda/vertical bar x - y vertical bar(n+2 alpha) with 0 1, while f is an element of L-loc(q)(R-n) for some q > 2n/(n + 2 alpha). The main result states that there exists a positive, universal exponent delta equivalent to delta(n, alpha, Lambda, q) such that for every weak solution u the self-improving property u is an element of W-alpha,W-2 (R-n) double right arrow u is an element of W-loc(alpha+delta,2+delta) (R-n) holds. This differentiability improvement is a genuinely nonlocal phenomenon and does not appear in the local case, where solutions to linear equations in divergence form with measurable coefficients are known to be higher integrable but are not, in general, higher differentiable. The result is achieved by proving a new version of the Gehring lemma involving certain families of lifted reverse Holder-type inequalities in R-2n and which is implied by delicate covering and exit-time arguments. In turn, such reverse Holder inequalities are based on the concept of dual pairs, that is, pairs (mu, U) of measures and functions in R-2n which are canonically associated to solutions. We also allow for more general equations involving as a source term an integrodifferential operator whose kernel does not necessarily have to be of order alpha.
Simultaneous multi-colony tracking of a pelagic seabird reveals cross-colony utilization of a shared foraging area

The role that population-level competition plays in regulating foraging distributions of colonial breeders has remained elusive because many studies of animal movements in the nat- ural environment focus on relatively small datasets from a single population of animals. Here, we present a large (528 foraging trips, 169 individuals), multi-year, multi-colony GPS tracking dataset mostly collected simultaneously at 4 breeding colonies across the core breeding range of a colo- nially breeding pelagic seabird, the Manx shearwater Puffinus puffinus. Foraging areas were identified by filtering GPS locations (using speed, time of day, and turning angle), validated on a subset of 25 birds carrying co-deployed depth loggers to maximise inclusion of foraging and feed- ing behaviour. Foraging areas showed high annual variation, but consistent patterns emerged. Birds from each colony consistently foraged locally, showing little overlap between colonies, but birds from all 4 colonies sometimes travelled large distances to forage within a single relatively restricted area. This combined pattern may be driven by density-dependent competition relatively locally, with high overlap and resource sharing at a distance, facilitated by a dual foraging strat- egy of mixing short and long trips. The key shared area was located near to a tidal front system, the Irish Sea Front, and the stratified waters of the Western Irish Sea to its north and west, which are characterised by high productivity. Visits to this area declined with increasing colony distance, suggesting that foraging advantages are balanced by the energetic costs of travel. Nevertheless, this area is probably of key importance to birds breeding at colonies across the species' core breeding range, highlighting the potential connectedness, and therefore vulnerability, of a pelagic species via a single foraging location, despite apparent segregation more locally around the breeding colonies.
Mosquito management: A review

This research is conducted in the University of Gujrat Pakistan. The main objectives of the research were to find best way of mosquito management, to describe different methods of mosquito control, different plants extracts that are used against mosquito and to compare either chemical or botanical control is best. In term of disease transmission and public health importance mosquito are considered as very important group of insects. Population of mosquito’s increases exponentially that is huge problem for many countries because mosquito spread the filarial, encephalitis, malaria, Yellow fever, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, Lyme disease and epidemic poly-arthritis. Different types of mosquito repellents such as synthetic compounds, aromatic oils and herbs are used against mosquitoes. Chemical mosquito repellents have an extraordinary protection profile, but they are noxious as compare to the plant based repellents.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Tin Monosulfide Thin Films

Thin film solar cells made from earth‐abundant, non‐toxic materials are needed to replace the current technology that uses Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 and CdTe, which contain scarce and toxic elements. One promising candidate absorber material is tin monosulfide (SnS). In this report, pure, stoichiometric, single‐phase SnS films were obtained by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using the reaction of bis(N,N′‐diisopropylacetamidinato)tin(II) [Sn(MeC(N‐iPr)2)2] and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) at low temperatures (100 to 200 °C). The direct optical band gap of SnS is around 1.3 eV and strong optical absorption (α > 104 cm−1) is observed throughout the visible and near‐infrared spectral regions. The films are p‐type semiconductors with carrier concentration on the order of 1016 cm−3 and hole mobility 0.82–15.3 cm2V−1s−1 in the plane of the films. The electrical properties are anisotropic, with three times higher mobility in the direction through the film, compared to the in‐plane direction.
INCOME INEQUALITY IN TAIWAN 1976-1995: AGING, FERTILITY AND FAMILY COMPOSITION *

* Taipei. I appreciate having received access to the Personal Income Surveys collected by the Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, and the programming assistance of Paul McGuire, and the sharing of data by Dr. H.Y. Wu of the Academica Sinica. Only I am responsible for the remaining errors. Box 208269, New Haven, CT 06520-8269. E-mail: paul.schultz@yale.edu . July 1, 1997 Comments Welcomed INCOME INEQUALITY IN TAIWAN 1976-1995: AGING, FERTILITY AND FAMILY COMPOSITION T. Paul Schultz Yale University
The allocation of a ruminant feeding type to the okapi (Okapia johnstoni) on the basis of morphological parameters

As the anatomy of the digestive tract of the okapi (Okapia johnstoni) has not been described in relation to the ruminant feeding type classification to date, we here report anatomical measurements on a complete digestive tract of an okapi euthanised in captivity and measurements of its ingesta particle size and forestomach protozoa species, supplemented with other information on two okapi forestomachs and anatomical literature data. The digestive tract of the okapi is characterised by a comparatively small reticulorumen (wet contents 9.8 % of body weight) with weak rumen pillars (thickness 7-10 mm), a shallow reticular honeycomb structure (reticular crest height 1-2 mm) and a small omasum (curvature 28-33 cm); particularly long papillae unguiculiformes have been reported and were found in one forestomach investigated, but are not a consistent finding. The ratio of the length of the small vs. large intestine was low (1.3-1.8). The liver investigated was comparatively large (1.56 % of body weight). Faecal particle size investigated was large compared to other ruminant data. Forestomach protozoa were almost exclusively Entodinium species. All these parameters are in accord with a classification as a typical browser according to Hofmann (1989). However, the parotid glands investigated represented only 0.071 % of body weight, which is within the range typically reported for grazers. Potential causes and consequences of this finding are briefly discussed.
FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM IN OCEANOGRAPHY

Multibeam backscatter data collected with SEA BEAM 2000 in the southwest Pacific basin have been used to determine the spatial and temporal variability of backscatter energy from various physiographic provinces. The backscatter data were divided into 3-, 6and 24-hour increments to determine the characteristic across-track backscatter distribution for each time period. The mean , Y-intercept and slope were calculated for each time increment and then plotted on the regional bathymetry to identify spatial or temporal patterns. Several factors appear to be responsible for regional variations in backscatter strength in the portion of the southwest Pacific surveyed by COOK04MV, including, systematic and morphologic sources. The systematic variations are associated with the general decay in signal strength away from the nadir and the apparent DC-shift in backscatter strength associated with gain adjustments during data collection. The primary morphologic source appears to be associated with sediment thickness variations; however, correlations with depth and latitude may also be involved. An interesting relationship between the orientation of seafloor fabric, ship’s heading, and backscatter strength suggests an additional correction may be required to better assess the regional character of backscatter strength.
Rehabilitation and Release of Marine Mammals in the United States: risks and benefits

Author Posting. © Society for Marine Mammalogy, 2007. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of John Wiley & Sons for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Mammal Science 23 (2007): 731-750, doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007. 00146.x.
CHAPTER 32 BONE AND JOINT COMPLICATIONS IN DIABETES

Fractures and osteoarthritis (OA) are common conditions among older adults, account for considerable morbidity in the United States, and occur more frequently with diabetes. At age 50 years, the lifetime risk of a hip fracture, an event associated with substantial risk of increased disability, is 17% for women and 6% for men in the United States. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by lower bone mineral density and an estimated sevenfold increase in the risk of hip fracture. In type 2 diabetes, in spite of average or higher bone density, the risk of hip fractures is increased by about 70% and risk of non-spine fractures by about 20%.
Multipartite information flow for multiple Maxwell demons

The second law of thermodynamics dictates the fundamental limits to the amount of energy and information that can be exchanged between physical systems. In this work, we extend a thermodynamic formalism describing this flow of energy and information developed for a pair of bipartite systems to many multipartite systems. We identify a natural thermodynamic quantity that describes the information exchanged among these systems. We then introduce and discuss a refined version. Our results are illustrated with a model of two, competing Maxwell demons.
A new library of theoretical stellar spectra with scaled-solar and α-enhanced mixtures

Theoretical stellar libraries have been increasingly used to overcome limitations of empirical libraries, e.g. by exploring atmospheric parameter spaces not well represented in the latter. This work presents a new theoretical library which covers 3000 $\leq$ Teff $\leq$ 25000\,K, -0.5 $\leq$ log g $\leq$ 5.5, and 12 chemical mixtures covering 0.0017 $\leq$ Z $\leq$ 0.049 at both scaled-solar and $\alpha$-enhanced compositions. This library complements previous ones by providing: (i) homogeneous computations of opacity distribution functions, models atmospheres, statistical surface fluxes and high resolution spectra; (ii) high resolution spectra with continua slopes corrected by the effect of predicted lines, and; (iii) two families of $\alpha$-enhanced mixtures for each scaled-solar iron abundance, to allow studies of the $\alpha$-enhancement both at `fixed iron' and `fixed Z' cases. Comparisons to observed spectra were performed and confirm that the synthetic spectra reproduce well the observations, although there are wavelength regions which should be still improved. The atmospheric parameter scale of the model library was compared to one derived from a widely used empirical library, and no systematic difference between the scales was found. This is particularly reassuring for methods which use synthetic spectra for deriving atmospheric parameters of stars in spectroscopic surveys.