Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A software fault tolerance method for safety-critical systems: effectiveness and drawbacks

An automatic software technique suitable for on-line detection of transient errors due to the effects of the environment (radiation, EMC,.) is presented. The proposed approach, particularly well suited for low-cost safety-critical microprocessor-based applications, has been validated through fault injection experiments and radiation testing campaigns. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach in terms of fault detection capabilities. Undetected faults have been analyzed to point out the limitations of the method.
Rap1-Mediated Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases by Cyclic AMP Is Dependent on the Mode of Rap1 Activation

ABSTRACT Like other small G proteins of the Ras superfamily, Rap1 is activated by distinct guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) in response to different signals to elicit cellular responses. Activation of Rap1 by cyclic AMP (cAMP) can occur via cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA)-independent and PKA-dependent mechanisms. PKA-independent activation of Rap1 by cAMP is mediated by direct binding of cAMP to Rap1-guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Rap1-GEFs) Epac1 (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1) and Epac2 (Epac1 and Epac2 are also called cAMP-GEFI and -GEFII). The availability of cAMP analogues that selectively activate Epacs, but not PKA, provides a specific tool to activate Rap1. It has been argued that the inability of these analogues to regulate extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) signaling despite activating Rap1 provides evidence that Rap1 is incapable of regulating ERKs. We confirm that the PKA-independent activation of Rap1 by Epac1 activates a perinuclear pool of Rap1 and that this does not result in ERK activation. However, we demonstrate that this inability to regulate ERKs is not a property of Rap1 but is rather a property of Epacs themselves. The addition of a membrane-targeting motif to Epac1 (Epac-CAAX) relocalizes Epac1 from its normal perinuclear locale to the plasma membrane. In this new locale it is capable of activating ERKs in a Rap1- and cAMP-dependent manner. Rap1 activation by Epac-CAAX, but not wild-type Epac, triggers its association with B-Raf. Therefore, we propose that its intracellular localization prevents Epac1 from activating ERKs. C3G (Crk SH3 domain Guanine nucleotide exchanger) is a Rap1 exchanger that is targeted to the plasma membrane upon activation. We show that C3G can be localized to the plasma membrane by cAMP/PKA, as can Rap1 when activated by cAMP/PKA. Using a small interfering RNA approach, we demonstrate that C3G is required for the activation of ERKs and Rap1 by cAMP/PKA. This activation requires the GTP-dependent association of Rap1 with B-Raf. These data demonstrate that B-Raf is a physiological target of Rap1, but its utilization as a Rap1 effector is GEF specific. We propose a model that specific GEFs activate distinct pools of Rap1 that are differentially coupled to downstream effectors.
Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND The relation between consumption of different types of red meats and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association between unprocessed and processed red meat consumption and incident T2D in US adults. DESIGN We followed 37,083 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2006), 79,570 women in the Nurses' Health Study I (1980-2008), and 87,504 women in the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2005). Diet was assessed by validated food-frequency questionnaires, and data were updated every 4 y. Incident T2D was confirmed by a validated supplementary questionnaire. RESULTS During 4,033,322 person-years of follow-up, we documented 13,759 incident T2D cases. After adjustment for age, BMI, and other lifestyle and dietary risk factors, both unprocessed and processed red meat intakes were positively associated with T2D risk in each cohort (all P-trend <0.001). The pooled HRs (95% CIs) for a one serving/d increase in unprocessed, processed, and total red meat consumption were 1.12 (1.08, 1.16), 1.32 (1.25, 1.40), and 1.14 (1.10, 1.18), respectively. The results were confirmed by a meta-analysis (442,101 participants and 28,228 diabetes cases): the RRs (95% CIs) were 1.19 (1.04, 1.37) and 1.51 (1.25, 1.83) for 100 g unprocessed red meat/d and for 50 g processed red meat/d, respectively. We estimated that substitutions of one serving of nuts, low-fat dairy, and whole grains per day for one serving of red meat per day were associated with a 16-35% lower risk of T2D. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that red meat consumption, particularly processed red meat, is associated with an increased risk of T2D.
A morphological study of phagocytosis by endothelial phagocytes lining the hepatic sinusoids of the mouse

When submicroscopic particulate matter is ingested by a phagocyte, the particles are segregated and conoentrated at certain points within the cytoplasm to form microscopically visible inclusions. Since it is impossible to visualize this process as it unfolds, the cytologist must look mainly to the morphology of the formed inclusion for clues to the, understanding of the mechanisms involved. While careful morphological studies have been made on cytoplasmic inclusions of vital dyes such as trypan blue in phagocytes distributed throughout the body, little or no serious attention has been paid to the morphological feature of the phagocytosis of colloids of larger particle size. Unlike the vital dyes, these do not normally escape from the blood stream after intravascular injection but are engulfed by endothelial phagocytes in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Von Mollendorff ('18) says that vital dyes are typically stored in the cytoplasm as newly-formed vacuoles containing a suspension of dye particles; Evans and Scott ( '21) are in substantial agreement with this view, but they attribute functional significance to a pre-existent system of vacuoles, the
Reply to Henrich et al.: The Tasmanian effect and other red herrings

Henrich and his large group of cosigners (1) miss the point of our paper (2). They believe we were rejecting the relevance of population size in cultural evolution outright, whereas we were critiquing the recent trend in archaeology to use population size to explain patterns in the archaeological record; hence, our title “Population size does not explain past changes in cultural complexity” (2). Perhaps not surprisingly given their misreading of our paper, none of Henrich et al.’s points (1) contradicts our argument. We argued that the recent wave of studies in which population size is claimed to explain past changes in cultural complexity is problematic. One cause for concern, we averred, is that the models that … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: k.vaesen{at}tue.nl. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
A Randomized Controlled Study of Uncomplicated Gallstone Disease with a 14-Year Follow-Up Showed that Operation Was the Preferred Treatment

Background/Aims: Cholecystectomy is considered the treatment of choice for symptomatic gallstone disease. Some patients abstain from surgery and provide the opportunity to study the natural history of cholelithiasis. The aim of the present study was to examine the feasibility and safety of observation after extended long-term follow-up in a randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 137 patients (40.5% of those assessed) were randomized to observation or cholecystectomy and followed up for 14 years. The prevalence of symptomatic events or major complications after treatment was the primary end point. A secondary end point was completion of randomized treatment. Results: There were no differences in outcome between the observation group and the surgical group (p = 0.298). Virtually no cholecystectomy was performed after 5 years of follow-up, and no clear escalation in the severity of the disease was observed. A total of 50.7% of patients from the observation group and 88.2% from the surgical group underwent surgery. The group randomized to surgery completed their designated treatment significantly more often (p < 0.001), especially among patients younger than 70 years of age (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Cholecystectomy was the preferred treatment after extended long-term follow-up, but conservative management for symptomatic gallstone disease is an alternative to surgery in the elderly.
Interaction of PAK with Rac: determination of a minimum binding domain on PAK.

Rac and Cdc42 are both members of the Rho family of GTP binding proteins involved in signal transduction pathways linking activation of growth-factor or G-protein coupled cell surface receptors to cytoskeletal re-organisation and activation of the stress responsive JNKk3APK pathway [l]. p21 activated kinase (PAK) is a serin&nine kinase with a molecular mass of 65kDa which is activated by autophosphorylation following interaction with the GTP forms of Rac and Cdc42 [2]. Sequence homology studies suggested that PAK residues 75-94 contain a motif required for Rac binding, however using a filter binding assay the smallest region of PAK reported to bind strongly to Rac is 67-150 [3,4]. We have studied the Rac/PAK interaction using a scintillation proximity assay designed to measure protein-protein interactions [5] with the aim of determining the smallest PAK domain required for binding to Rac.
Community studies on prevalence of HBsAg in two urban populations of southern India.

OBJECTIVE To find out prevalence of HBsAg in general population, especially in under-five children. SETTING Bangalore and Rajahmundry towns in southern India. METHODS Localities were chosen as the sampling units in each town. About 10-20 households were randomly selected from each locality. Only the youngest but apparently healthy person present in the household was interviewed for age, sex and history of jaundice any time in life. Mothers were interviewed to collect data for children below 15 years of age. Blood samples were collected from these persons on filter paper strips (18-mm diameter disc, Whatman filter paper No. 3) by finger prick method. The samples were tested for HBsAg by Micro ELISA (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics). RESULTS Overall, 3.3% (95% CI, 2.0-4.5) of 737 persons in Rajahmundry and 4.2% (95% CI, 2.8-5.5) of 816 persons in Bangalore were found carriers of HBsAg. Age-specific or sex specific carrier rates were similar in Rajahmundry as well as in Bangalore. Most of the carriers (96%) denied having jaundice ever in life. CONCLUSIONS The results from this community based study are in agreement with the historical data from hospital based studies that about 3-5% of persons may be carriers of HBsAg and that the pool of chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus in India is built up in childhood and is then maintained in older children and adults. The results highlight the need of completing hepatitis B immunization during the infancy.
Tactical fleet mix computation using multiobjective evolutionary optimization

A multi-objective model for determining optimal fleet mixes for a set of non-concurrent tactical missions is studied. An implementation of the multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (MEA) NSGA-II is used to solve the problem, and it is compared to an exhaustive search of the fleet mix space as well as a solution set obtained by a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Program. The exhaustive and MEA searches are compared with respect to both accuracy and computational complexity. The use of an alternative genotypic representation is investigated; its slow convergence is used to demonstrate the importance of chromosome choice, aligning with past research on locality and redundancy in genotypic representations.
Effect of altering smooth muscle tone on maximal expiratory flows in patients with tracheomalacia

We obtained maximal partial expiratory flow‐volume (PEFV) curves using the rapid compression technique in three infants with intrathoracic tracheomalacia. Maximum flows were quantitated at functional residual capacity (V̇maxFRC). Studies were performed at baseline, after inhalation of methacholine (MCh) and after inhalation of albuterol. At baseline, all three patients had significantly lower than normal V̇maxFRC values, and two patients displayed expiratory flow limitation during tidal breathing. V̇maxFRC improved significantly after MCh administration, but fell back toward or below baseline after albuterol. Additionally, the ratio of forced to tidal flows at mid‐tidal volume (V̇mid(forced/tidal), a reflection of expiratory flow reserve, increased after MCh administration and decreased after albuterol. Two patients also received oral bethanechol: 2.9 mg/M2, q 8 hr for 10 days, after which PEFV curves were repeated. Both V̇maxFRC and V̇mid(forced/tidal) were increased over baseline after bethanechol administration, but decreased after albuterol. These results suggest that in patients with abnormally collapsible tracheae, stimulation of tracheal smooth muscle can improve airway stability, thereby increasing forced expiratory flows. Additionally, relaxation of airway smooth muscle by bronchodilators can have the opposite effect and exacerbate obstruction. Pediatr Pulmonal 1990; 9:170–176.
Constrained Randomization of Time Series Data

A new method is introduced to create artificial time sequences that fulfil given constraints but are random otherwise. Constraints are usually derived from a measured signal for which surrogate data are to be generated. They are fulfilled by minimizing a suitable cost function using simulated annealing. A wide variety of structures can be imposed on the surrogate series, including multivariate, nonlinear, and nonstationary properties. When the linear correlation structure is to be preserved, the new approach avoids certain artifacts generated by Fourier-based randomization schemes.
Performance Measurement Systems: Empirical Evidence from Slovenia

Abstract The present study aims to analyze the use of performance measurement systems within Slovene large, medium-sized, and small companies. The study was performed on the basis of a questionnaire which was distributed to the management of Slovene firms in 2007, analyzing the use of performance measurement techniques in the post-transition period. Slovene companies mainly use traditional performance measurement techniques. Contemporary performance measurement systems were used only occasionally. Moreover, the study demonstrates that performance measurement techniques differ between companies of different size. Small companies have less developed performance measurement systems that are based almost solely on traditional measurement techniques, while large companies have more developed performance measurement systems and also use some more contemporary techniques. Future research should analyze the design of management accounting systems in economies that have completed the transition period to provide evidence about the changes that occur afterwards.
Levels-of-processing effects on a variety of memory tasks: new findings and theoretical implications.

Three experiments investigated level of processing (LOP) effects on a variety of direct and indirect memory tasks, in the context of a processing theory of dissociations. Subjects studied words in five encoding conditions and received one of ten memory tests. In Experiment 1, four tests previously classified as conceptual showed a robust LOP effect, as did a direct perceptual test of graphemic cued recall. An indirect perceptual word fragment completion test was unaffected by LOP. Experiment 2 showed that a new indirect version of a graphemic cued test was not affected by LOP. In Experiment 3, guided by a generation/recognition model, we constructed three new direct tests in which subjects identified words that were graphemically, phonologically, or semantically similar to studied words. The three tests differed in their sensitivity to study conditions, but LOP had no effect in any case, despite the involvement of deliberate conscious recollection. Contemporary explanatory frameworks couched as dichotomies (e.g., implicit/explicit, perceptual/conceptual) do not provide an adequate account of the results. It seems necessary instead to specify the types of information activated by each encoding condition, the types of information required by each test, and how encoding and retrieval processes are modified by task instructions.
DNA Polymorphisms in SREBF1 and FASN Genes Affect Fatty Acid Composition in Korean Cattle (Hanwoo)

Sterol regulatory element binding factor 1 (SREBF1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN ) genes play an important role in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, and in lipid metabolism. This study used polymorphisms in the intron 5 of bovine SREBF1 and in the thioesterase (TE) domain of FASN genes to evaluate their associations with beef fatty acid composition. A previously identified 84-bp indel (L: insertion/long type and S: deletion/short type) of the SREBF1 gene in Korean cattle had significant associations with the concentration of stearic (C18:0), linoleic (C18:2) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The stearic acid concentration was 6.30% lower in the SS than the LL genotype (p A, g.18043C>T, g.18440G>A, g.18529G>A and g.18663C>T in the TE domain of the FASN gene were identified among the different cattle breeds studied. Among these, only g.17924 G>A and g.18663C>T SNPs were segregating in the Hanwoo population. The g.17924G>A SNP is a non-synonymous mutation (thr2264ala) and was significantly associated with the contents of palmitic (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1). The oleic acid concentration was 3.18% and 2.79% higher in Hanwoo with the GG genotype than the AA and AG genotypes, respectively (p A SNP of the FASN
Using positive psychology to explain shelter use: A study of homeless families in New York City

Moving homeless families into stable housing is an important policy priority, but little is known about how individual and household characteristics affect shelter use. This leaves homeless services providers and policy makers with few tools to make a priori decisions on which to base the targeting of services. Psychologists and economists have found that positive psychological capital leads to improvements in policy-relevant variables like academic achievement, income, and justice system recidivism; this is the first application of that framework to homelessness. This study measures three positive psychological traits – hope, resilience, and self-control – among 276 families who entered shelter in New York City, and uses survival analysis models to examine their relationships with the number of days subsequently spent in shelter and whether families who exited shelter returned. In addition, scores on these scales are compared to those of other populations. Two of the three traits are significantly associated with the duration of shelter use. On an 8-point hope scale, a onepoint increase is associated with a reduction of 35 shelter days at p<. 05. At the less stringent p<. 10 threshold, a one-point increase on a 5-point resilience scale reduced shelter use by 32 days. Additionally, scores on the three scales were similar to those of non-homeless populations. These findings have implications for perceptions of homelessness and suggest solutions to address it. While the models did not accurately predict how long a family will stay in shelter or whether it will return after leaving, a growing body of research suggests that increasing hope and resilience through low-cost, low-burden interventions may reduce total shelter use. In addition, baseline comparisons to other populations suggest that homelessness is not associated with a deficiency of positive psychological attributes, which may be helpful in re-framing the discourse on factors associated with homelessness. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Social Welfare First Advisor Dennis P. Culhane
Affinity maturation of immunoglobulin A anti‐tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies during development of coeliac disease

Coeliac disease (CD) is an immune‐mediated enteropathy triggered by ingestion of wheat gluten and related cereals in genetically predisposed individuals. Circulating immunoglobulin A (IgA) class autoantibodies against tissue transglutaminase (IgA–TGA) are highly specific and sensitive serological markers for CD, which is ultimately confirmed by duodenal biopsy. Although CD is considered a life‐long disorder, transient or fluctuating IgA–TGA seropositivity has been observed in asymptomatic individuals on a gluten‐containing diet. We set out to explore possible differences in the maturation of IgA–TGA avidity between individuals progressing to CD and subjects remaining healthy despite occasional expression of autoantibodies. We developed a time‐resolved fluorometric IgA–TGA assay based on human recombinant tissue transglutaminase (tTG), and further modified the method to also measure urea‐dependent avidity of the autoantibodies. We measured the autoantibody titres and avidities of sequential serum samples from 10 children developing CD and 10 children presenting transient or fluctuating autoantibodies. Both the initial titres at seroconversion and peak values of transient/fluctuating IgA–TGA were significantly lower than corresponding autoantibody titres in samples drawn from individuals with progressing CD (P = 0·004 and P = 0·0002, respectively). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the initial or peak avidity index values between the two groups of children. The avidity index values increased during the follow‐up period (P = 0·013 for both groups) with no significant difference in the rate of avidity maturation between children with transient/fluctuating IgA–TGA and children developing CD. According to our results, high autoantibody titres have a higher predictive value than avidity maturation of TGA‐IgA in screening for CD.
Normally Off Single-Nanoribbon $\hbox{Al}_{2} \hbox{O}_{3}\hbox{/GaN}$ MISFET

A single-nanoribbon Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MISFET) has been fabricated. The fabricated device exhibits normally off operation with a threshold voltage of 2.1 V. The device also exhibits superior performances such as a maximum drain current density of 1.51 A/mm, a maximum transconductance of 580 mS/mm, and a field-effect mobility of 293 cm<sup>2</sup>·V<sup>-1</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup>. This is because the electron concentration in the GaN channels can be increased due to the enhanced gate controllability, which, thus, effectively screens the field lines from the interface traps or the defects near the channels to improve the electron mobility in the channel. The nanoribbon Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/GaN MISFET is a very promising candidate for high-performance normally off GaN FETs.
Musculoskeletal analysis of mining activities

This paper presents a framework for motion capture and musculoskeletal analysis of underground mining procedures. The framework discusses suitable motion capture solutions, musculoskeletal modelling and best practices. Preliminary analysis was conducted to assess quantitative musculoskeletal risks of rod handling and fitting with the drilling rig. The preliminary results of the analysis provide recommendations to minimise risks of potential muscular injuries.