Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DefGAN: Defect Detection GANs With Latent Space Pitting for High-Speed Railway Insulator

As a key component of the high-speed railway catenary, the insulator plays an important role in supporting the catenary and maintaining the insulation between the catenary and earth. Regular inspection using computer vision technology is an effective way to detect insulator defects and improve the catenary operation safety. However, achieving full automation of insulator defects detection is still a difficult task due to the defective sample scarcity and subtle defect features. To overcome the problem, this article proposes defect detection GANs (DefGANs) that consist of a denoising autoencoder, a discriminator, and a classifier to detect defects, which can generate defective samples from pitted latent representations, thereby improving the reliability of defect detection classifier. The proposed DefGAN can pit the latent representations of normal samples to generate defective samples. Our proposal mainly consists of two stages. In the first stage, we use cascaded deep segmentation networks (CDSNets) to extract the insulator from the catenary images. Then, the insulator area is sampled into small patches. In the second stage, the patches are fed into the proposed DefGAN to detect defects. Moreover, the defect score is determined by the anomaly probability of the classifier and reconstruction error of the denoising autoencoder. The effectiveness of our work is measured across the catenary data sets.
A comparative analysis of the effects of esmolol, lidocaine, nitroglycerin and placebo on hemodynamic response to extubation, and extubation quality and postoperative pain

Aim: To comparatively analyze and determine the effects of esmolol, lidocaine, and nitroglycerin on hemodynamic response to extubation, extubation quality and postoperative pain, based on the placebo effect. Material and Methods: Our study design covers a prospective, randomized clinical trial in 120 patients who underwent intubation. Random division was applied onto the patients to obtain 4 groups: Esmolol, Lidocaine, Nitroglycerin, and Saline. In preparation for extubation; when the train-of-four (TOF) value reached 75% (basaline), study drugs were administered. When TOF ≥90%, the patients were extubated. Heart rate (HR) and mean blood pressure (MBP) records were taken prior to induction, when TOF 75% and 90, 1st, 3rd, and 5th. minutes after drugs were administered and extubation. Extubation time, quality, and postoperative pain values were recorded. Results: When compared to the Placebo group based on post extubation measurements, the Esmolol group had no significant difference for MBP at any time but lower HR as recorded at the fifth minute (P:0.012). For both indicators, it significantly decreased according to preand post excubation records, with the Nitroglycerin group (P<0.05). All the groups are indifferent at a statistical significance level for extubation quality. The Lidocain group had lower pain scores in the postoperative period for any specified time, compared to the Placebo (P<0.05). Conclusions: No superior agent was found in our study with regard to inhibition of the hemodynamic response to extubation, and its quality. Nonetheless, in order to limit the response esmolol and nitroglycerin were efficacious when used at the doses of 1.5 mg and 2 μg per kg, respectively. Lastly, the postoperative pain were lower in the Lidocaine group.
An improved radiative plasma focus model calibrated for neon-filled NX2 using a tapered anode

This paper presents a 4-phase radiative plasma focus model, where the dynamics of the current sheath is represented using Lee's model. The model is based on the snowplow model in the axial phase and the slug model in the radial phase, complemented with sensible estimations made for the plasma parameters. The x-ray emission characteristics are investigated using a corona plasma equilibrium model. A refinement to the code was made, firstly by taking into account the tapering of the anode in the axial phase and secondly by including the energy loss due to recombination radiation in the slow compression (radiative) phase. Our improved code was calibrated for the NX2, a 3 kJ plasma focus device, operated in neon at a pressure range of 4–7 mbar with a tapered copper anode. An additional macro was programmed to the code in order to automate the curve fitting of the simulated current traces with those obtained experimentally. The resulting theoretical x-ray yield predictions are compared against experimental data, showing good agreement in terms of pressure dependence trends. The model, however, appears to consistently underestimate the absolute x-ray yield when compared with the experimentally obtained values.
Study on Thermal Aging Properties of Engineering Smoked Bamboo by TD-GC-MS

In order to evaluate its thermal aging properties, the volatile organic compounds of engineering smoked bamboo were adsorbed and determined by TD-GC-MS. The result were: (1) The main constituents of volatiles at 160°С were acetic acid(42.20%), benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro- (7.32%), 1,3-benzodioxole, 5-(2-propenyl)-(5.72%), etc. (2) The main constituents of volatiles at 180°С were acetic acid(41.69%), benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro- (7.32%), 3(5)-[[1,2-dihydroxy-3-propoxy]met hyl]-4-hydroxy- 1h-pyrazole-5(3)-ca rboxamide (6.75%), 1-phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde, 7-ethenyl- 1,2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,9,10,10a- dodecahydro- 1,4a,7 - trimethyl- (3.46%),etc. So the engineering smoked bamboo was safe under 160-180°С.
Spectral Design of Silicon Integrated Bragg Gratings: A Tutorial

Integrated Bragg gratings (IBGs) developed on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform, owning to their high spectral flexibility, are showing great potential for many optical applications such as optical telecommunications and optical signal processing. In this tutorial, we describe how to design SOI-based IBGs to achieve arbitrary, complex, spectral responses. The overall design flow of IBGs is first introduced, followed by detailed elaborations of each individual step of the design and implementation process. Then, design examples of two SOI IBG-based, advanced optical devices, which are a multichannel photonic Hilbert transformer and a flattop, dispersion-compensating filter, are described, to further illustrate the design methodology. Finally, a conclusion of this tutorial and an outlook of the future work are given.
Assessment of impact of root canal curvature on the accuracy of an electronic apex locator

Background: Working lengths is defined as the distance from a coronal reference point to the point at which canal preparation and filling should terminate. To determine the working length, a number of techniques, including tactile sensation, radiographs, and electronic apex locators are routinely used in clinics. Hence; the present study was conducted for assessing the impact of root canal curvature on the accuracy of an electronic apex locator. Materials & Methods: A total of 30 freshly extracted mandibular firs molars were included in the present study. At approximately at cemeto-enamel junction, all the specimens were sectioned with the help of a diamond disk. This was followed by grouping of all the samples broadly into three study groups as follows: Group A: Specimens with mild canal curvature (Less than 20), Group B: Specimens with moderate canal curvature (In between 20 and 36), and Group C: Specimens with severe canal curvature (More than 36). Actual root canal length was determined through a number 10 file. This was named as actual working length (AL). Working length measured by apex locator was termed as Electronic Working Length (EL). All the results were then recorded in Microsoft excel sheet and were analysed by SPSS software. Results: Mean difference between AL and EL was 0.139 for group A, 0.273 for group B and 0.265 for group C. While comparing statistically, significant results were obtained while comparing in between group A and group B and between Group B and group C respectively. However; while comparing between group A and group C, non-significant results were obtained. Conclusion: Electronic working length is slight significantly affected with curvature of the root canal. However; when used with higher precision, electronic apex locators can be used regularly in dental practice with higher accuracy.
Adaptive Control of Combustion Instabilities for Combustion Systems with Right-Half Plane Zeros

Adaptive control offers an efficient means of stabilising combustion instabilities across a range of operating conditions. Self-tuning regulators (STRs) are Lyapunov-based adaptive controllers which are attractive as they do not require detailed prior system characterisation nor on-line system identification. For STRs to be guaranteed to work, the open loop system must not contain any right-half plane (RHP) zeros. This paper shows that many practical combustion systems are likely to contain RHP zeros, caused by wave reflections from boundaries or by the flame transfer function containing RHP zeros. A method of modifying the STR algorithm so that it is able to stabilise systems with RHP zeros is developed. It models the effect of the RHP zeros as a time delay, and utilises a previous STR modification developed for time delays. The method successfully stabilises an experimental Rijke tube with artificially added RHP zeros; its main drawback is that it requires knowledge of the RHP zero locations. When the RHP zeros are caused by reflections from boundaries, this drawback can be overcome. An alternative sensor signal is formed from two pressure readings in such a way as to reduce the relative magnitude of the upstream travelling acoustic wave. This has the effect of shifting any RHP zeros into the LHP. This approach was successfully demonstrated on a numerical model of an unstable combustion system.
Importance of language for children’s theory of mind: Comparison of verbal and nonverbal theory of mind tasks

The ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others, known as the theory of mind (ToM), has been widely researched over the past 40 years, along with its relation to language comprehension. However, a majority of the research on the relation between ToM and language used only verbal tasks assessing false belief understanding as a measure of ToM. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the relation between language and ToM, using a larger battery of ToM measures, with different language demands. A total of 203 typically developing children between 46 and 68 months of age, with average nonverbal cognitive skills, were assessed using language comprehension and ToM tasks. The language aspect was assessed using the Reynell Developmental Language Scales (Language Comprehension scale A). To assess ToM, verbal and non-verbal tasks were taken from the ToM subtest of the NEPSY? II. Results indicated a significant correlation between language comprehension and verbal and non-verbal ToM measures. Hierarchical regression showed that language comprehension was a significant predictor for children? s performance on both verbal and non-verbal ToM tasks. Specifically, language comprehension affected ToM, regardless of the language demands of the ToM tasks. However, language comprehension was a stronger predictor for verbal than non-verbal ToM tasks. The results of this study contribute to the view that the relation between language and ToM is fundamental and exceeds the features of specific tasks.
The Impact of Economic Events on Stock Market Returns: Evidence from India

Stock markets act as barometers of economies; thus, a nationâ€™s stock market returns are expected to be affected by not only domestic but also global economic events. This also raises questions about the validity of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH). This study therefore examines the impact of both expected and unexpected economic events on stock market returns in India, as represented by the benchmark NIFTY 50 Index and other sectoral indices. Using dummy variable regression models to determine the effects before, on, and after the date an event occurred, the current study concludes that despite investorsâ€™ immediate positive or negative reactions to economic events, their responses are short term and the Indian stock market quickly recovers. In addition, the findings contradict the EMH in the Indian context: unexpected economic events exert a greater impact than those expected, indicating the potential for investors and traders to earn abnormal profits when such events occur.
Approximating Posterior Cramér–Rao Bounds for Nonlinear Filtering Problems Using Gaussian Mixture Models

The posterior Cramér–Rao bound (PCRB) is a fundamental tool to assess the accuracy limit of the Bayesian estimation problem. In this article, we propose a novel framework to compute the PCRB for the general nonlinear filtering problem with additive white Gaussian noise. It uses the Gaussian mixture model to represent and propagate the uncertainty contained in the state vector and uses the Gauss–Hermite quadrature rule to compute mathematical expectations of vector-valued nonlinear functions of the state variable. The detailed pseudocodes for both the small and large component covariance cases are also presented. Three numerical experiments are conducted. All of the results show that the proposed method has high accuracy and it is more efficient than the plain Monte Carlo integration approach in the small component covariance case.
Charge polarization-dependent activity of catalyst nanoparticles on carbon nitride nanotubes for hydrogen generation

We demonstrate that catalyst nanoparticles attached to carbon nitride nanotubes (CNNTs) show superior catalytic activity for hydrogen generation from aqueous solutions. The calculated natural bonding orbitals show quite different charge polarizations for different catalysts attached to CNNTs; Co and Ni atoms attached to CNNTs are more positively polarized than Pt when they interact with NaBH4 and H2O. Our experiments prove that the increased positive charges for Co and Ni result in a greater ability to attract hydride anions, thus improving the hydrogen generation rate. For example, Co catalysts attached to CNNTs show the highest hydrogen generation rate, up to 10 kg hydrogen per hour per 1 kg catalyst, while Pt is about 3 times less effective. It should therefore be feasible to use cheap metals such as Co for generating hydrogen from aqueous solutions for automobile applications.
Rate constants and transition-state geometry of reactions of alkyl, alkoxyl, and peroxyl radicals with thiols

Enthalpy, activation energy, and rate constant of 9 alkyl, 3 acyl, 3 alkoxyl, and 9 peroxyl radicals with alkanethiols, benzenethiol, and L-cysteine are calculated. The intersection parabolas model is used for activation energy calculations. Depending on the structure of attacking radical, the activation energy of reactions with alkylthiols varies from 3 to 43 kJ mol−1 for alkyl radicals, from 7 to 9 kJ mol−1 for alkoxyl, and from 18 to 35 kJ mol−1 for peroxyl radicals. The influence of adjacent π-bonds on activation energy is estimated. The polar effect is found in reactions of hydroxyalkyl and acyl radicals with alkylthiols. The steric effect is observed in reactions of alkyl radicals with tert-alkylthiols. All these factors are characterized via increments of activation energy. Quantum chemical calculations of activation energy and geometry of transition state were performed for model reactions: C•H3 + CH3SH, CH3O• + CH3SH, and HO2• + CH3SH with using density functional theory and Gaussian-98. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 284–293, 2009
Electrical Characterization of Thermally Activated Defects in n-Type Float-Zone Silicon

Float-zone (FZ) silicon is usually assumed to be bulk defect-lean and stable. However, recent studies have revealed that detrimental defects can be thermally activated in FZ silicon wafers and lead to a reduction of carrier lifetime by up to two orders of magnitude. A robust methodology which combines different characterization techniques and passivation schemes is used to provide new insight into the origin of degradation of 1 Ω·cm n-type phosphorus doped FZ silicon (with nitrogen doping during growth) after annealing at 500 °C. Carrier lifetime and photoluminescence experiments are first performed with temporary room temperature surface passivation which minimizes lifetime changes which can occur during passivation processes involving thermal treatments. Temperature- and injection-dependent lifetime spectroscopy is then performed with a more stable passivation scheme, with the same samples finally being studied by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Although five defect levels are found with DLTS, detailed analysis of injection-dependent lifetime data reveals that the most detrimental defect levels could arise from just two independent single-level defects or from one two-level defect. The defect parameters for these two possible scenarios are extracted and discussed.
Implementation of Dual-Nonlinearity Mechanism for Bandwidth Extension of MEMS Multi-Modal Energy Harvester

This paper presents a planar architecture implementing dual-nonlinearity mechanism for broadening bandwidth of a two-degree-of-freedom MEMS energy harvester. The proposed device consists of an electromagnetic-based inner resonator for power generation, and an outer resonator for accessory frequency tuning. In comparison with conventional 2DOF configuration, different high-order nonlinearity is subjected to the first two resonances by nonlinear springs incorporated into the inner and outer resonator, respectively, achieving double hardening responses with increased bandwidth at elevated excitation. Moreover, independent tuning of the resonant frequency and working bandwidth of both resonances could be achieved through concordant control of inner and outer nonlinear resonator, and with further adjust of mass and frequency ratio, the low-efficiency power generation range separating adjacent resonances could be effectively reduced. It’s numerically shown that with proper nonlinearity at both oscillation stages, the approximate convergence of two nonlinear resonances with broadband and narrow low-efficiency range could be achieved following the mass ratio of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu < 0.07$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and linear frequency ratio of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.7 < \alpha < 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> between inner and outer stage. At acceleration of 1 g, test result further confirms that under dual-nonlinearity with nonlinearity ratio of 0.5, a continuous energy harvesting spectrum covering two nonlinear responses is realized with mass ratio of 0.02 and frequency ratio of 1, showing 3-dB bandwidth of 65 Hz. Power output of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$127.7~\mu \text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and normalized power density of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1064~\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>Wcm<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{-3}\text{g}^{-2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> are achieved with the optimum load resistance of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$37.5~\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula>. This mechanism could be further applied to multi-DOF VEH for ultra-wide bandwidth of energy harvesting. [2020-0231]
Synthesis, Isolation, and Chemical Reactivity Studies of Nanocrystalline Zinc Oxide

Nanocrystals of ZnO have been produced by an alkoxide based synthesis involving diethylzinc, tert-butyl alcohol, ethanol, and water. The resulting ZnO is in the form of a powder made up of zincite crystallites in the size range of 3−5 nm. These crystallites aggregate together to form larger spherical particles. These spherical particles have been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer−Emmet−Teller (BET) methods and were found to contain many pores and tunnels. It is because of this that an uncharacteristically high surface area is found, averaging about 120 m2/g. As seen with other metal oxides, once they are made as nanoparticles, their reactivity is greatly enhanced. This is thought to be due to morphological differences, whereas larger crystallites have only a small percentage of reactive sites on the surface, smaller crystallites will possess much higher surface concentration of such sites. Elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy have been used to chara.
Influence of Anomalous Dispersion on the ATR Spectra of Aqueous Solutions

Transmission spectra of aqueous solutions are difficult to obtain because in the 3 μm infrared region, the high absorptivity of water requires the use of thin films. In contrast, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra of aqueous solutions, not requiring thin films, are easily obtained. Unfortunately, compared to measurements made by transmission, ATR measurements cause some variation in the band shape due to the anomalous dispersion (AD) effect. To evaluate these variations, we studied pure water and KCl aqueous solutions. We then compared the ATR spectra of both substances with the real and imaginary refractive index spectra calculated by using the Kramers–Krönig relation. As long as the proper material is used in the ATR cell and the concentration of water is not significantly decreased, then the IR-ATR measurements directly reflect the chemistry of the sample.
A internet como fonte de informação bibliográfica em química

The internet is an important tool for obtaining information. It offers vast amounts of information ranging from basic to advanced, from general to specific. Nevertheless, its quality cannot be classified or graded. Furthermore, some technical and/or specific information may not be available for free. This work primarily shows the great utility of the internet for getting suitable information in Chemistry and emphasizes open access and quality sites in Chemistry. It directs the reader towards many useful sites within some branches of Chemistry that provide powerful tools of research and study that may not be obtained easily at a library.
Efficient QoS-Aware Spatial Join Processing for Scalable NoSQL Storage Frameworks

Current cloud-enabled NoSQL database frameworks support flexible and scalable storage of huge amounts of data arriving through various and often heterogeneous channels. However, they do not natively provide optimised processing of spatial data, thus making it more difficult to perform accurate data analytics needed in many smart city application scenarios. To improve the performance of spatial data computation in the NoSQL MongoDB storage framework, this article proposes a novel data partitioning method based on dimensionality reduction. The underlying key idea is to reduce a spatial data representation from multi to single dimensionality, by still maintaining its geometrical meaning and by employing a specific geo-encoding scheme, i.e., a geohash string. In particular, the geohash string is used as a sharding key in order to store geometrically-nearby objects into the same chunks (and consequently into the same shard). In addition, as a distinctive feature, we have extended the MongoDB framework with a custom spatial QoS-aware optimizer that exploits our novel partitioning scheme to support two, typically expensive, types of spatial queries with QoS guarantees. Those queries are containment (and consequently top-N) and proximity. The paper also contributes to the existing literature with extensive experimental results about the performance of both our partitioning method and query optimizer; the reported results show that our solutions outperform baselines by orders of magnitude.