Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shoulder Disarticulation Externally Powered Prosthetic Fitting Following Targeted Muscle Reinnervation for Improved Myoelectric Control

Functional prosthetic restoration is challenging for individuals with high-level upper extremity amputations. It is of greater consequence when the individual has sustained bilateral limb loss. It is possible to denervate expendable regions of muscle in or near an amputated limb and transfer the residual peripheral nerves to this muscle. The surface EMG signals from the reinnervated muscle can then be used as additional control signals for an externally powered prosthesis. This technique, called “targeted reinnervation,” allows the simultaneous control of multiple degrees of freedom in a prosthesis. Control of the prosthesis is also easier and more natural because the myoelectric signals are physiologically correlated to the movements of the lost arm and could greatly improve the function of myoelectric prostheses. The authors describe the first application of targeted reinnervation to a man with bilateral shoulder disarticulation amputations, with a focus on the prosthetic fitting and its challenges. The surgical procedure and preliminary outcomes are presented.
PUC9-MMC: A Reduced-Switch-Count Modular Multilevel Converter with DC Fault Current Handling Capability

A nine-level packed U-cell (PUC9) multilevel converter is introduced as a submodule of a modular multi-level converter (MMC) to increase the voltage level by reducing the component counts. This topology would handle the DC fault current without needing the additional DC circuit breaker. PUC9 topology doubles the output voltage levels at the output of MMC with 33% more component counts rather than PUC5. The proposed configuration could be operated as a single DC source single-phase or three-phase multilevel converter with the capability of modularity and scalability. Voltage balancing integrated with level shift pulse width modulation (LS-PWM) technique is applied to balance three flying capacitors (FCs) voltages of each submodule without needing to an external controller. To validate the performance of the converter in transient and steady-state mode, PUC9-MMC is modeled in Matlab-Simulink and the results illustrate the appropriate waveforms in stand-alone mode.
Targeting neuronal hyperexcitability for antimigraine drug development

Migraine is among the most prevalent neurological disorders worldwide, afflicting up to 16% of the population. Because it mostly affects patients between the most productive ages of 25 and 50 years, migraine costs employers more than US$13 billion per year in reduced productivity and missed days. It is therefore important to prevent and treat migraine attacks. Triptans were introduced in the early 1990s and effectively alleviate symptoms in most patients. Their success was based on the existence of the operational hypothesis implicating the trigemino-vascular system. Prophylactic medications have been available since beta-blockers, followed by agents belonging to other therapeutic classes. Most of them were found serendipitously to be effective. However, progress in the development of preventative agents has been hampered by the lack of animal models mimicking the early events of migraine pathophysiology. This review will examine how a recent theory on the origin of migraine attacks is likely to lead to t.
Prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and the role of the A− variant in a Saudi population

Objectives To estimate the prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency among Saudi men, and to establish the frequency of the two mutations/polymorphisms associated with the G6PD A− mutation – G to A at nucleotide 202 (G202A) and A to G at nucleotide 376 (A376G) – in those found to have G6PD deficiency. Methods Blood samples were obtained from healthy male Saudi donors and screened for G6PD deficiency using a ﬂuorescent spot test. Samples from subjects shown to be G6PD deficient and controls were then analysed for the presence of the G202A and A376G mutations on exons 4 and 5, respectively, of the G6PD gene using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Result A total of 2100 male subjects were screened; of these, 100 (4.76%) were shown to be G6PD deficient. The G6PD A− mutation (presence of both G202A and A376G) was observed in two (2%) of the 100 subjects with G6PD deficiency. There was no significant difference in the frequency of this mutation between those with G6PD deficiency and controls. Conclusion The G6PD A− mutation (G202A and A376G) does not appear to have a role in G6PD deficiency in a Saudi population.
A Link Between Virulence and Ecological Abundance in Natural Populations of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of severe infection in humans and yet is carried without symptoms by a large proportion of the population. We used multilocus sequence typing to characterize isolates of S. aureus recovered from asymptomatic nasal carriage and from episodes of severe disease within a defined population. We identified a number of frequently carried genotypes that were disproportionately common as causes of disease, even taking into account their relative abundance among carriage isolates. The existence of these ecologically abundant hypervirulent clones suggests that factors promoting the ecological fitness of this important pathogen also increase its virulence.
Proapoptotic BAX and BAK: A Requisite Gateway to Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Death

Multiple death signals influence mitochondria during apoptosis, yet the critical initiating event for mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo has been unclear. tBID, the caspase-activated form of a “BH3-domain–only” BCL-2 family member, triggers the homooligomerization of “multidomain” conserved proapoptotic family members BAK or BAX, resulting in the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. We find that cells lacking both Bax andBak, but not cells lacking only one of these components, are completely resistant to tBID-induced cytochrome c release and apoptosis. Moreover, doubly deficient cells are resistant to multiple apoptotic stimuli that act through disruption of mitochondrial function: staurosporine, ultraviolet radiation, growth factor deprivation, etoposide, and the endoplasmic reticulum stress stimuli thapsigargin and tunicamycin. Thus, activation of a “multidomain” proapoptotic member, BAX or BAK, appears to be an essential gateway to mitochondrial dysfunction required for cell death in response to diverse stimuli.
Impairment of Mycobacterial But Not Viral Immunity by a Germline Human STAT1 Mutation

Interferons (IFN) α/β and γ induce the formation of two transcriptional activators: gamma-activating factor (GAF) and interferon-stimulated gamma factor 3 (ISGF3). We report a natural heterozygous germline STAT1 mutation associated with susceptibility to mycobacterial but not viral disease. This mutation causes a loss of GAF and ISGF3 activation but is dominant for one cellular phenotype and recessive for the other. It impairs the nuclear accumulation of GAF but not of ISGF3 in heterozygous cells stimulated by IFNs. Thus, the antimycobacterial, but not the antiviral, effects of human IFNs are principally mediated by GAF.
Changes in Seismic Anisotropy After Volcanic Eruptions: Evidence from Mount Ruapehu

The eruptions of andesite volcanoes are explosively catastrophic and notoriously difficult to predict. Yet changes in shear waveforms observed after an eruption of Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand, suggest that forces generated by such volcanoes are powerful and dynamic enough to locally overprint the regional stress regime, which suggests a new method of monitoring volcanoes for future eruptions. These results show a change in shear-wave polarization with time and are interpreted as being due to a localized stress regime caused by the volcano, with a release in pressure after the eruption.
A Textbook of Clinical Ophthalmology

From the combination of knowledge and actions, someone can improve their skill and ability. It will lead them to live and work much better. This is why, the students, workers, or even employers should have reading habit for books. Any book will give certain knowledge to take all benefits. This is what this textbook of clinical ophthalmology tells you. It will add more knowledge of you to life and work better. Try it and prove it.
Chromium Isotopes and the Fate of Hexavalent Chromium in the Environment

Measurements of chromium (Cr) stable-isotope fractionation in laboratory experiments and natural waters show that lighter isotopes reacted preferentially during Cr(VI) reduction by magnetite and sediments. The 53Cr/52Cr ratio of the product was 3.4 ± 0.1 per mil less than that of the reactant.53Cr/52Cr shifts in water samples indicate the extent of reduction, a critical process that renders toxic Cr(VI) in the environment immobile and less toxic.
Inversions and Gene Order Shuffling in Anopheles gambiae and A. funestus

In tropical Africa, Anopheles funestus is one of the three most important malaria vectors. We physically mapped 157 A. funestus complementary DNAs (cDNAs) to the polytene chromosomes of this species. Sequences of the cDNAs were mapped in silico to theA. gambiae genome as part of a comparative genomic study of synteny, gene order, and sequence conservation between A. funestus and A. gambiae. These species are in the same subgenus and diverged about as recently as humans and chimpanzees. Despite nearly perfect preservation of synteny, we found substantial shuffling of gene order along corresponding chromosome arms. Since the divergence of these species, at least 70 chromosomal inversions have been fixed, the highest rate of rearrangement of any eukaryote studied to date. The high incidence of paracentric inversions and limited colinearity suggests that locating genes in one anopheline species based on gene order in another may be limited to closely related taxa.
Critical Roles of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase in the Homeostasis of Gut Flora

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) plays an essential role in class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin genes. We report here that deficiency in AID results in the development of hyperplasia of isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs) associated with a 100-fold expansion of anaerobic flora in the small intestine. Reduction of bacterial flora by antibiotic treatment of AID−/− mice abolished ILF hyperplasia as well as the germinal center enlargement seen in secondary lymphoid tissues. Because an inability to switch to immunoglobulin A on its own does not lead to a similar phenotype, these results suggest that SHM of ILF B cells plays a critical role in regulating intestinal microflora.
On Tree Circuits

This article is primarily concerned with means for finding economical tree circuit realizations? iterative applications of decompositions f(x n , x n-1 ,., x 1 ) = F i (G i (x n , x n-1 ,., x? i ,., x 1 ), H i ,(x n , x n-1 ,., x? i ,., x 1 ), x i ) and their associated circuitry? for Boolean functions f(x n , x n-1 ,., x 1 ). A uniform estimate or inequality shows that when synthesis is effected with two-input-per-gate circuitry, tree circuits are preferable to those which result from conventional sum of products techniques. The practical significance of the estimate is illustrated by its application to the tree circuit synthesis problem. The relationship of tree circuit theory to decomposition theory is established and the extension of the present theory to the corresponding multiple-output and incompletely-specified problems is indicated.
Noninvasive prenatal screening for fetal common sex chromosome aneuploidies from maternal blood

Objective To explore the feasibility of high-throughput massively parallel genomic DNA sequencing technology for the noninvasive prenatal detection of fetal sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs). Methods The study enrolled pregnant women who were prepared to undergo noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) in the second trimester. Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) was extracted from the mother’s peripheral venous blood and a high-throughput sequencing procedure was undertaken. Patients identified as having pregnancies associated with SCAs were offered prenatal fetal chromosomal karyotyping. Results The study enrolled 10 275 pregnant women who were prepared to undergo NIPT. Of these, 57 pregnant women (0.55%) showed fetal SCA, including 27 with Turner syndrome (45,X), eight with Triple X syndrome (47,XXX), 12 with Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) and three with 47,XYY. Thirty-three pregnant women agreed to undergo fetal karyotyping and 18 had results consistent with NIPT, while 15 patients received a normal karyotype result. The overall positive predictive value of NIPT for detecting SCAs was 54.54% (18/33) and for detecting Turner syndrome (45,X) was 29.41% (5/17). Conclusion NIPT can be used to identify fetal SCAs by analysing cffDNA using massively parallel genomic sequencing, although the accuracy needs to be improved particularly for Turner syndrome (45,X).
Cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of diastolic dysfunction in acute coronary syndrome

Chest pain is an important presenting symptom. However, few cases of chest pain are diagnosed as acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the acute setting. This results in frequent inappropriate discharge and major delay in treatment for patients with underlying ACS. The conventional methods of assessing ACS, which include electrocardiography and serological markers of infarct, can take time to manifest. Recent studies have investigated more sensitive and specific imaging modalities that can be used. Diastolic dysfunction occurs early following coronary artery occlusion and its detection is useful in confirming the diagnosis, risk stratification, and prognosis post-ACS. Cardiac magnetic resonance provides a single imaging modality for comprehensive evaluation of chest pain in the acute setting. In particular, cardiac magnetic resonance has many imaging techniques that assess diastolic dysfunction post-coronary artery occlusion. Techniques such as measurement of left atrial size, mitral inflow, and mitral annular and pulmonary vein flow velocities with phase-contrast imaging enable general assessment of ventricular diastolic function. More novel imaging techniques, such as T2-weighted imaging for oedema, T1 mapping, and myocardial tagging, allow early determination of regional diastolic dysfunction and oedema. These findings may correspond to specific infarcted arteries that may be used to tailor eventual percutaneous coronary artery intervention.
A Chromosome 21 Critical Region Does Not Cause Specific Down Syndrome Phenotypes

The “Down syndrome critical region” (DSCR) is a chromosome 21 segment purported to contain genes responsible for many features of Down syndrome (DS), including craniofacial dysmorphology. We used chromosome engineering to create mice that were trisomic or monosomic for only the mouse chromosome segment orthologous to the DSCR and assessed dysmorphologies of the craniofacial skeleton that show direct parallels with DS in mice with a larger segmental trisomy. The DSCR genes were not sufficient and were largely not necessary to produce the facial phenotype. These results refute specific predictions of the prevailing hypothesis of gene action in DS.
The Enigma of Prokaryotic Life in Deep Hypersaline Anoxic Basins

Deep hypersaline anoxic basins in the Mediterranean Sea are a legacy of dissolution of ancient subterranean salt deposits from the Miocene period. Our study revealed that these hypersaline basins are not biogeochemical dead ends, but support in situ sulfate reduction, methanogenesis, and heterotrophic activity. A wide diversity of prokaryotes was observed, including a new, abundant, deeply branching order within the Euryarchaeota. Furthermore, we demonstrated the presence of a unique, metabolically active microbial community in the Discovery basin, which is one of the most extreme terrestrial saline environments known, as it is almost saturated with MgCl2 (5 M).
Energy Management Systems for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: A Review

Looking at how electric vehicle charging stations are using renewable and clean energy resources such as fuel cells, solar photovoltaic and energy storage systems to reduce the impact on the grid, it is important that these resources are managed optimally. Therefore, the energy management systems (EMS) play a significant role for charging stations. In this paper, we analyze the different strategies and types of energy management systems used for electric vehicle charging stations.
Methylation as a Crucial Step in Plant microRNA Biogenesis

Methylation on the base or the ribose is prevalent in eukaryotic ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and is thought to be crucial for ribosome biogenesis and function. Artificially introduced 2′-O-methyl groups in small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can stabilize siRNAs in serum without affecting their activities in RNA interference in mammalian cells. Here, we show that plant microRNAs (miRNAs) have a naturally occurring methyl group on the ribose of the last nucleotide. Whereas methylation of rRNAs depends on guide RNAs, the methyltransferase protein HEN1 is sufficient to methylate miRNA/miRNA* duplexes. Our studies uncover a new and crucial step in plant miRNA biogenesis and have profound implications in the function of miRNAs.
The localizing value of nystagmus in brainstem disorders

As causes for conjugate jerk nystagmus at the midposition of the eye. vestibular imbalance, a neural integrator deficit, smooth pursuit imbalance and a saccade generator deficit have been considered. The authors investigated anatomically brainstem lesions of patients with downbeat, upbeat, torsional and horizontal nystagmus. Although relatively common, downbeat nystagmus is only rarely seen with brainstem lesions. In these instances it is localized in midline medullary structures. Upbeat nystagmus is more often caused by a discrete brainstem lesion in the medulla, which can be as far caudal as the cranio-cervical junction. Lesions have also been found at the pontine level. In the mesencephalon, torsional nystagmus occurs with lesions to the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and the rostral interstitial nucleus of the MLF. In addition torsional nystagmus is seen after vestibular nuclei and lateral medullary lesions. Both lesion sites are also found with horizontal nystagmus.Although in some instances pathophys.
The Continued Emergence of Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: An Update from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Pneumococcal Sentinel Surveillance System

As part of their ongoing national surveillance of invasive bacterial infections the CDC reports on the trend of antimicrobial resistance for invasive pneumococcal isolates from around the United States. Twelve hospitals from 11 states contributed 740 pneumococcal isolates recovered from normally sterile body sites from patients admitted during the years of 1993 and 1994. The percentages of strains fully resistant (above the resistant break point) to penicillin, cephalosporins, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were between 0.4% and 5.0%, and the percent of nonsusceptible strains (above the intermediate break point on susceptibility panels) ranged from 4.1% for cefotaxime to 13.6% and 14.1% for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and penicillin, respectively. Equally as important, the trend in the proportion of isolates with reduced susceptibility and the number of serotypes that demonstrated reduced susceptibility had increased from earlier years. Pediatric health care providers should note that penicillin-nonsusceptible strains were more prevalent in children <6 years of age than in patients >18 years of age. These
On the Connection Assignment Problem of Diagnosable Systems

This paper treats the problem of automatic fault diagnosis for systems with multiple faults. The system is decomposed into n units u 1 , u 2 , . , u n , where a unit is a well-identifiable portion of the system which cannot be further decomposed for the purpose of diagnosis. By means of a given arrangement of testing links (connection assignment) each unit of the system tests a subset of units, and a proper diagnosis can be arrived at for any diagnosable fault pattern. Methods for optimal assignments are given for instantaneous and sequential diagnosis procedures.
Breaking paragraphs into lines

This paper discusses a new approach to the problem of dividing the text of a paragraph into lines of approximately equal length. Instead of simply making decisions one line at a time, the method considers the paragraph as a whole, so that the final appearance of a given line might be influenced by the text on succeeding lines. A system based on three simple primitive concepts called ‘boxes’, ‘glue’, and ‘penalties’ provides the ability to deal satisfactorily with a wide variety of typesetting problems in a unified framework, using a single algorithm that determines optimum breakpoints. The algorithm avoids backtracking by a judicious use of the techniques of dynamic programming. Extensive computational experience confirms that the approach is both efficient and effective in producing high‐quality output. The paper concludes with a brief history of line‐breaking methods, and an appendix presents a simplified algorithm that requires comparatively few resources.
The Kinase LKB1 Mediates Glucose Homeostasis in Liver and Therapeutic Effects of Metformin

The Peutz-Jegher syndrome tumor-suppressor gene encodes a protein-threonine kinase, LKB1, which phosphorylates and activates AMPK [adenosine monophosphate (AMP)–activated protein kinase]. The deletion of LKB1 in the liver of adult mice resulted in a nearly complete loss of AMPK activity. Loss of LKB1 function resulted in hyperglycemia with increased gluconeogenic and lipogenic gene expression. In LKB1-deficient livers, TORC2, a transcriptional coactivator of CREB (cAMP response element–binding protein), was dephosphorylated and entered the nucleus, driving the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), which in turn drives gluconeogenesis. Adenoviral small hairpin RNA (shRNA) for TORC2 reduced PGC-1α expression and normalized blood glucose levels in mice with deleted liver LKB1, indicating that TORC2 is a critical target of LKB1/AMPK signals in the regulation of gluconeogenesis. Finally, we show that metformin, one of the most widely prescribed type 2 diabetes therapeutics, requires LKB1 in the liver to lower blood glucose levels.
A Topoisomerase IIß-Mediated dsDNA Break Required for Regulated Transcription

Multiple enzymatic activities are required for transcriptional initiation. The enzyme DNA topoisomerase II associates with gene promoter regions and can generate breaks in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Therefore, it is of interest to know whether this enzyme is critical for regulated gene activation. We report that the signal-dependent activation of gene transcription by nuclear receptors and other classes of DNA binding transcription factors, including activating protein 1, requires DNA topoisomerase IIβ-dependent, transient, site-specific dsDNA break formation. Subsequent to the break, poly(adenosine diphosphate–ribose) polymerase–1 enzymatic activity is induced, which is required for a nucleosome-specific histone H1–high-mobility group B exchange event and for local changes of chromatin architecture. Our data mechanistically link DNA topoisomerase IIβ–dependent dsDNA breaks and the components of the DNA damage and repair machinery in regulated gene transcription.
The AID of Electron Microscopy in the Diagnosis of Osteosarcoma of the Bone (Case Report)

Osteogenic sarcoma with marked cellular anaplasia and little or no osteoid formation may present major problems in histologic identification. The application of electron microscopy is demonstrated in a case of a poorly differentiated osteosarcoma of the tibia. Unequivocal electron microscopic diagnostic findings are described in relation to light microscopic data.