Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neuronal mediators of inhibitory junction potentials and relaxation in the guinea‐pig internal anal sphincter.

1. Inhibitory junction potentials (IJPs) and relaxations evoked in response to field stimulation (supramaximal voltage, 0.1 ms, single stimulus and 5 stimuli at 5‐40 Hz) of non‐adrenergic non‐cholinergic (NANC) nerves with atropine and phentolamine (each 1 microM) were measured in the guinea‐pig internal anal sphincter (gpIAS). The mean resting membrane potential was ‐44.2 +/‐ 0.2 mV (n = 1119 cells from 260 preparations). 2. NANC nerve stimulation evoked frequency‐dependent IJPs (19.7 +/‐ 1.1 mV, n = 165, 33 tissues to a single stimulus) and relaxations. IJPs consisted of two tetrodotoxin (1 microM)‐sensitive components: one was abolished by apamin (0.3 microM) and the P2‐purinoceptor antagonist suramin (100 microM); the other, smaller in amplitude, was sensitive to inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS, e.g. L‐NAME, 100 microM) and the nitric oxide (NO) scavenger oxyhaemoglobin (HbO, 10 microM). 3. ATP (1 mM), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP, 0.01‐0.25 microM) and pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating peptide (PACAP(1‐27), 0.84 microM) each hyperpolarized and relaxed the gpIAS; only ATP responses resembled the evoked IJPs in time course. 4. The guanylyl cyclase inhibitor LY83583 (10 microM) abolished apamin‐insensitive IJPs and relaxations. The cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor M&B 22948 (30 microM) and 8‐Br‐cGMP (100 microM) each hyperpolarized the gpIAS. 5. Two components comprise the IJP and relaxation evoked in response to NANC nerve stimulation in the gpIAS. One, sensitive to apamin, resembles the response to ATP and is modulated by purinoceptor antagonists; the other, apamin and suramin insensitive, is inhibited by NO antagonists.
Helminth Infections: Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis

Helminth infections caused by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and schistosomes are among the most prevalent afflictions of humans who live in areas of poverty in the developing world. The morbidity caused by STHs and schistosomes is most commonly associated with infections of heavy intensity. Approximately 300 million people with heavy helminth infections suffer from severe morbidity that results in more than 150000 deaths annually. In addition to their health effects helminth infections also impair physical and mental growth in childhood thwart educational advancement and hinder economic development. Because of the geographic overlap of these afflictions and their impact on children and adolescents the World Health Organization (WHO); the World Bank; and other United Nations agencies and bilaterals; and civil society are working to integrate STH and schistosome control through a program of periodic school-based targeted anthelmintic drug treatments. (excerpt)
An Insurance Model of Property Tax Limitations

Forty-three states in the United States have legal limits on local property taxation. These limits constrain increases in local government revenues, increases in property values, and the level of tax rates . A large literature cites the desire of taxpaying voters to constrain wasteful local government expenditures as the primary motivation for these limitations. The provision of insurance against unexpected increases in individual property tax liability, however, also explains these limitations. While a desire by local residents to constrain wasteful local government expenditures may exist, demand for insurance explains the presence of limitations in the absence of any voter perception of wasteful expenditures.
Heterogeneity of astrocytes in human optic nerve head

Previous studies demonstrated regional differences in the synthesis of extracellular matrix by astrocytes during optic nerve head (ONH) maturation and in glaucomatous optic neuro pathy, suggesting heterogeneity of astrocytes. To characterize different types of glial cells in human fetal and adult ONH, we used a variety of neural cell markers such as HNK‐1/N‐CAM, A2B5, galactocerebroside (GalC), myelin basic protein (MBP), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Cryostat or paraffin sections were prepared from fetal (16–25 weeks) and mature (8 months to 75 years old) ONH and processed for standard single/double immunocytochemistry. Two subpopulations of type 1 astrocytes were present in the mature prelaminar and laminar regions. Glial celia expressing only GFAP were identified as type 1A astrocytes at the edges of the cribriform plates. Cells forming the glial columns and lining the cribriform plates expressed both GFAP and fINK‐1/N‐CAM and were identified as type lB astrocytes. In the myelinated nerve, type 1A astrocytes form the glial limiting membrane. Cells labeled with GFAP and A2B5 were identified as type 2 astrocytes, and GFAP‐negative cells labeled with GaIC, MBP, and HNK‐1/N‐CAM were identified as oligodendrocytes. In fetal ONH, all glial cells expressed HNK‐1/N‐CAM. In older fetal ONH, some glial cells also expressed GFAP. No type 2 astrocytes or oligodendrocytes were present in the fetal ONH. In conclusion, at least two subpopulations of type 1 astrocytes exist in human ONH: Type 1A astrocytes may serve as structural support for a type lB astrocytes, which retain the developmental neural marker HNK‐1/N‐CAM, may have a more complex function by interfacing between blood vessels and other connective tissue surfaces. These findings demonstrate the heterogeneity of astrocytes in the human ONH and suggest differential regional responses to changes in their microenvironment. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Cloning and Characterization of the Human β4-Integrin Gene Promoter and Enhancers*

The cell-surface adhesion molecule α6β4-integrin is a receptor for laminins and a component of hemidesmosomes. β4-Integrin expression is restricted to proliferating basal keratinocytes in the epidermis and is suppressed when differentiation commences. Altered β4-integrin expression levels correlate significantly with the aggressive behavior of cancers. In order to clarify the mechanisms that regulate transcription of the β4-integrin gene, we cloned its 5′-flanking region. This 5′-flanking region was found to have a high G + C content and not to contain either TATA or CAAT boxes. Nested delimitation and reporter analyses mapped a basal promoter to nucleotides −106 to +105, surrounding the most proximal transcription initiation site. Gel retardation and mutational analyses revealed that cooperation between AP1 and Ets, interacting with other factors, mediated the promoter activity. In addition to the promoter element, enhancer activity was found in the first intron (+1905/+3933) and in a sequence upstream of the promoter region (−414/−107). These findings should facilitate our understanding of the regulation of β4-integrin gene expression in processes such as cell growth and differentiation, apoptosis, and cancer development and metastasis.
The Role of Cyclic 3’-5’ Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) in Differentiated and Trans-Differentiated Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMC) are highly specialized cells whose principal functions are contraction and regulation of blood vessel tone-diameter, blood pressure, and blood flow distribution. In healthy adult blood vessels, these cells proliferate at a very low rate, exhibit very low synthetic and migratory activity and express a unique repertoire of contractile proteins, ion channels, and signalling molecules required for the cell's contractile function. VSMC undergo significant phenotypic modulation following vascular injuries including hypoxia, oxidative stress and mechanical injury. This phenotypic transition is mainly charac‐ terized by the loss of contractility and the acquisition of a proliferative, migratory and synthetic phenotype. These drastic phenotypic alterations allow VSMCs to migrate from the media to the intima of the arterial wall where they proliferate and secrete an extracellular matrix and pro-inflammatory molecules. This phenotypic transition, also called the trans-differentiation process, plays a critical role in pathological vascular remodellings such as atherosclerosis, postangioplasty restenosis, bypass vein graft failure, and cardiac allograft vasculopathy [1,2]. Hypoxia, mechanical stress and oxidative stress can induce VSMC trans-differentiation directly or indirectly by stimulating the release of pro-inflammatory molecules and growth factors from endothelium, macrophages, T lymphocytes or VSMC themselves. Signalling pathways involved in VSMC trans-differentiation are diverse. Among them, the 3’-5’-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling pathway stands out since cAMP is not only described to play important roles both in differentiated and transdifferentiated VSMCs, but can also have opposite effects in VSMCs with the same phenotype. Indeed, in trans-differen‐ tiated VSMCs, cAMP has dual opposite effects on migration and inflammation and stops cell proliferation. Alternatively, in differentiated VSMCs, cAMP induces relaxation, expression of
Gestão de unidades básicas de saúde e de pessoas: tendências para a próxima década

The global community, via Observatories Network of Human Resources for Health proposes actions aimed at upgrading human resources in the next decade and Pro-Health encourages the production of academic research; they manage to implement strategies that encourage knowledge to strengthen the training of health professionals to act in the local scenarios. By means of this assumption, the research objectives were: To identify what factors would be producing new trends in the management of the Basic Health Units, which changes are managers projecting in the management models, identify the most important problems and difficulties that the managers are facing, identify the difficulties to manage the team and how people policies management affects this process, to identify whether they are aware of the trends in the macro context and the changes pushed by the Social Organizations of Health, to identify the profile of skills to fill this position and to formulate proposals for human health resource development aligned to the new demands of the next decade. To achieve the objectives of the research the use of Delphi Methodology as a prospective technique was chosen, prospective methods are suitable primarily for two types of situations: to predict when a new process or product will be widely adopted and what new developments or discoveries occur in a particular area. The results showed that the Basic Health Units are not anticipating the changes in the external environment. Training and continuing education of health professionals to assume management of these services are misaligned trends. The profiles shown on the manager's training and skills for the position were: General Education in Health Sciences and Specific Education in Management of Health Services, talking about the competences listed they were: Ethics and Social Responsibility, Systemic Vision in a Comprehensive Long-Term, Effective Communication, Manage Change and Conflict, Develop and Unite Teams, Political Skills, Negotiation, Ability to Lead and Work with Plans, Actions and Results. Conclusions: Recruitment, Selection, Development and Evaluation of these professionals should be guided by the assessment of these skills and these should be aligned to the mission, vision, values and management models. The academic education should be reviewed not only about their content, but also on ways and strategies of these professional development aligned to the current context. Descriptors: Organization (Administration); Human Resources Management; Health Education Trends.
Optimization of Hybrid PV/Wind Energy System Using Genetic Algorithm (GA)

In this paper, a new approach of optimum design for a Hybrid PV/Wind energy system is presented in order to assist the designers to take into consideration both the economic and ecological aspects. When the stand alone energy system having photovoltaic panels only or wind turbine only are compared with the hybrid PV/wind energy systems, the hybrid systems are more economical and reliable according to climate changes. This paper presents an optimization technique to design the hybrid PV/wind system. The hybrid system consists of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines and storage batteries. Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization technique is utilized to minimize the formulated objective function, i.e. total cost which includes initial costs, yearly replacement cost, yearly operating costs and maintenance costs and salvage value of the proposed hybrid system. A computer program is designed, using MATLAB code to formulate the optimization problem by computing the coefficients of the objective function. The method mentioned in this article is proved to be effective using an example of hybrid energy system. Finally, the optimal solution is achieved by Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization method.
The Use of Soluble Fibrin in Evaluating the Acute and Chronic Hypercoagulable State

Soluble fibrin detected in clinical plasma samples includes a variety of complexes consisting of fibrin monomer units, fibrinogen, and various proteolytic derivatives of fibrinogen and fibrin. The advantage of measuring soluble fibrin over fibrinopeptide A to detect thrombin action on fibrinogen is the considerably longer half-life of soluble fibrin in the circulation. Soluble fibrin can be detected by a variety of methods, including paracoagulation and precipitation assays, adsorption of fibrin monomer to insolubilized fibrinogen, functional assays based on the cofactor activity of some soluble fibrin compounds in t-PA-induced plasminogen activation, and by using fibrin-specific antibodies. Fibrin-specific antibodies may react with epitopes generated directly by fibrinopeptide A or B release or with epitopes generated by fibrin polymerization. Epitopes dependent on fibrinopeptide A release are often not accessible in native fibrin complexes and require the disaggregation of fibrin compounds to be reactive, whereas epitopes dependent on fibrinopeptide B release or fibrin polymerization are accessible to the monoclonal antibodies in nondenatured fibrin. Since soluble fibrin assays detect different structural or functional properties of soluble fibrin, no common calibrator for all soluble fibrin assays and, often, little correlation between different assay systems in clinical evaluations exist. Clinical applications of soluble fibrin assays include diagnosis and treatment monitoring of intravascular coagulation processes and prethrombotic states, monitoring anticoagulant treatment, and biocompatibility investigations. Some soluble fibrin assays have been demonstrated to be extremely sensitive indicators of acute fibrin formation. For the exclusion of venous thrombosis, D-dimer assays appear to be more sensitive than current soluble fibrin assays, since D-dimer assays detect freshly formed fibrin and proteolytic fragments of particulate clots. Further clinical studies are needed to establish the clinical utility of specific, soluble fibrin assays. The development of rapid, quantitative soluble fibrin assays for clinical routine use should be encouraged.
Stiffness and compactness of morselized grafts during impaction: An in vitro study with human femoral heads

The mechanical properties of the impacted material is important when using impaction bone grafting in revision arthroplasty. We did an in vitro study to monitor the stiffness and compactness of morsellized bone grafts during impaction. Using human osteoarthrotic femoral heads as the bone source we prepared 3 types of morselized grafts with the same bone mill: (1) purely cancellous grafts, (2) cortico-cancellous grafts and (3) cortico-cancellous bone with cartilage remnants. 5 g of bone samples were progressively impacted up to 150 times in a contained cavity. All types of grafts became stiffer and stiffer during the first 30 impactions. After 30 impactions, the grafts' compactness continued to increase slowly without concomitant changes in their stiffness. Over-impaction was not useful, but did not jeopardize the implant stability. The presence of cartilage remnants considerably compromised the increase in stiffness. In contrast, the addition of cortical bone from the femoral neck did not affect the impaction and resultant stiffness.
, Development in Response to Disturbed Flow Histone Deacetylase 3 Is Critical in Endothelial Survival and Atherosclerosis

Copyright © 2010 American Heart Association. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Online 72514 Circulation is published by the American Heart Association. 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109. 890491 2010;121;132-142; originally published online Dec 21, 2009; Circulation Cockerill, Justin C. Mason, Yanhua Hu and Qingbo Xu Zhongyi Zhang, Anna Elena Pepe, Gang Wang, Ouassila Habi, Elena deFalco, Gillian Anna Zampetaki, Lingfang Zeng, Andriana Margariti, Qingzhong Xiao, Hongling Li, Development in Response to Disturbed Flow Histone Deacetylase 3 Is Critical in Endothelial Survival and Atherosclerosis http://circ.ahajournals. org/cgi/content/full/CIRCULATIONAHA.109. 890491/DC1 Data Supplement (unedited) at: http://circ.ahajournals. org/cgi/content/full/121/1/132 located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is
EFFECT OF TISSUE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ON OSCILLOMETRIC BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT METHOD

In this abstract, blood pressure (BP) measurement error due to variability of arm tissue mechanical properties is investigated through a validated 3D finite element upper arm model. The model consists of three separate cylindrical parts: soft tissue, bone and brachial artery. The artery volume changes under the cuff are used to represent the cuff pressure oscillations for analyzing BP measurements. These oscillation trends are identical to observed clinical data. Also an upper arm simulator is designed and built for model validation. The model shows that the variation of soft tissue compressibility introduces an error up to 5% in BP measurements. It is also revealed that the variation of the brachial artery and arm tissue stiffness has an insignificant effect on oscillometric BP measurement method.
Advances in Brief High Epithelial and Stromal Genetic Instability of Chromosome 17 in Ulcerative Colitis-associated Carcinogenesis 1

To define the relative frequencies of genetic instability in stromal and epithelial compartments during ulcerative colitis (UC)-associated tumorigenesis, samples from laser-captured microdissection were assessed for microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity in regenerative tissue, dysplasia, and carcinomas in long-standing UC cases. Five National Cancer Institute-recommended standard markers and four markers located close to p53 and BRCA1 genes in chromosome 17 were tested, and p53 gene sequencing was also carried out. Although chromosome 17-MSI and -loss of heterozygosity in epithelium correlated with histological progression, in stroma they showed a consistently high frequency throughout the different stages, indicating a distinct carcinogenesis pathway of UC. The rates for standard markers were lower in both epithelium and stroma.
Derivation of the Hall and Extended Magnetohydrodynamics Brackets

There are several plasma models intermediate in complexity between ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and two-fluid theory, with Hall and Extended MHD being two important examples. In this paper we investigate several aspects of these theories, with the ultimate goal of deriving the noncanonical Poisson brackets used in their Hamiltonian formulations. We present fully Lagrangian actions for each, as opposed to the fully Eulerian, or mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian, actions that have appeared previously. As an important step in this process we exhibit each theory's two advected fluxes (in analogy to ideal MHD's advected magnetic flux), discovering also that with the correct choice of gauge they have corresponding Lie-dragged potentials resembling the electromagnetic vector potential, and associated conserved helicities. Finally, using the Euler-Lagrange map, we show how to derive the noncanonical Eulerian brackets from canonical Lagrangian ones.
Pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthase and proline biosynthesis: From osmotolerance to rare metabolic disease

Pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthase (P5CS) is a bifunctional enzyme that exhibits glutamate kinase (GK) and γ‐glutamyl phosphate reductase (GPR) activities. The enzyme is highly relevant in humans because it belongs to a combined route for the interconversion of glutamate, ornithine and proline. The deficiency of P5CS activity in humans is associated with a rare, inherited metabolic disease. It is well established that some bacteria and plants accumulate proline in response to osmotic stress. The alignment of P5CSs from different species and analysis of the solved structures of GK and GPR reveal high sequence and structural conservation. The information acquired from different mutant enzymes with increased osmotolerant properties, together with the position of the insertion found in the longer human isoform, permit the delimitation of the regulatory site of GK and P5CS and the proposal of a model of P5CS architecture. Additionally, the GK moiety of the human enzyme has been modeled and the known clinical mutations and polymorphisms have been mapped.
Doubt about an essential role for constitutive nitric oxide synthase in nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilation

In their recent PNAS article (1) Bonini et al. show that inhibition of endothelial NOS (eNOS) or removal of the endothelium impairs the nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation (see figure 2 in ref. 1). Although some data in the article are interesting, we believe that several points deserve further attention and discussion. The major issue is that the article contradicts a large body of previous literature and makes no effort to reconcile these differences. In fact, many articles have shown that endogenously produced NO antagonizes the effect of nitroglycerin. As an example, mechanical removal of the endothelium, which rids the vessel of NO production, has repeatedly been shown to enhance nitroglycerin vasodilatation, in contrast to the finding by Bonini et al. (1). Inhibition of NOS with agents such as L-NAME has also been shown to enhance nitroglycerin-induced vasodilatation, again contradicting the findings of Bonini et al. (1). Finally, mice lacking the endothelial isoform of NOS exhibit augmented vasodilatation to nitroglycerin (2, 3), and overexpression of this enzyme in transgenic mice paradoxically reduces nitroglycerin- and sodium nitroprusside-induced vasodilatation (4). We have made similar observations and found nitroglycerin potencies (pD2 values) of 6.85 ± 0.05 and 7.4 ± 0.1 in aorta from wild-type and eNOS-deficient mice, respectively (Fig. 1). Additionally, there is an appreciable discrepancy between nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilation and NO formation (reviewed in ref. 5). Although the hemodynamic data presented by Bonini et al. (1) are interesting, they completely contradict previous results on pharmacological, mechanical, and knockout-induced eNOS inhibition and nitroglycerin potency.
PM to HRM – Rebranding or A New Label?

This paper examines what is new in the concept of HRM in comparison to PM in organisations. It took an in-depth look at the transition from Personnel Management to Human resource management, showing that HRM is not different from PM but just an improvement to the traditional PM practices. Understanding the issues that led to HRM developments will make it easier to dispel any contention that they are two different ideologies. The paper went further to look at the evolution of PM as well as HRM, and evaluates current Human resource management practices within some organisations. This paper presented an empirical study using indepth research and review of current literature to identify the current state of knowledge and to outline some of the opposing positions that are being expressed by the various schools of thought.