Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review of Modelling of Photovolaic Solar Cell for Maximum Power Point Tracking

In recent years, the use of solar energy become an alternating source of energy of great importance. Several researches and efforts have been concentred on the improvement of the efficiency of photovoltaic system. Although solar energy is available throughout the day its insolation varies from morning to evening and with changing climate conditions. As the efficiency of solar PV panel at any given period of time. Several types of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique are proposed for the purpose. In this paper, MPPT has been studied and is undertaken for their theoretical verification and graphical representation.
Does services offshoring boost productivity? Some Canadian evidence on causation

The quest to enhance productivity makes outsourcing not only an important corporate strategy, but a focus of public policy as well. Existing studies consider correlations between outsourcing and productivity. This paper attempts to examine causation. We use annual time series data for Canada on international outsourcing of services, and total factor productivity for the period 1961–2005 for three sectors: manufacturing; business services; and all other (non-business) services. The statistical results strongly suggest that services offshoring increases productivity growth for business services and manufacturing, with some remarkable differences in the direction of causality across sectors. This has implications for how trade liberalisation, for example, can be expected to affect the contribution of services to national productivity growth.
RoleEP: role based evolutionary programming for cooperative mobile agent applications

Using mobile agent systems, cooperative distributed applications that run over the Internet can be constructed flexibly. However, there are some problems: it is difficult to understand collaborations among the agents as a whole, and it is difficult to define the behaviors of agents because they are dynamically influenced by their external context. So, in general, constructions of cooperative distributed applications based on mobile agent systems are considered as very hard and difficult works. In this paper, the concept of RoleEP (Role-based Evolutionary Programming) is proposed in order to alleviate these problems. RoleEP provides a systematic evolutionary programming style. In RoleEP, a field where a group of agents collaborate with each other is regarded as an environment, and a function that an agent assumes in an environment is defined as a role. Descriptions only concerning the collaborations among agents can be abstracted by environments. An object becomes an agent by binding itself with a role that is defined in an environment, and it then acquires the functions needed for collaborating with other agents that exist in the same environment. Distributed applications based on mobile agent systems, which may change their functions dynamically in order to adapt themselves to their external context, can be constructed by synthesizing environments dynamically.
On Endowing an Explicit Time Integrator for Rotational Dynamics of Rigid Bodies with Conservation Properties

We consider the problem of integration of the initial value problem of rotational rigid body dynamics. In this brief note we show that the explicit time integrator of Simo and Wong [17] may be endowed both with energy and momentum conservation. This integrator is by construction angular momentum conserving but in a way unconditionally unstable, since the energy always drifts (increases). By considering a control torque applied during a timestep we achieve energy conservation, thereby rendering the integrator momentum and energy conserving, and stable in the energy sense.
INFLUENCE OF ADDITIVE FROM SUGAR BEET ON WHITE BREAD QUALITY

The additive of acceptable sensory, physical and chemical and microbiological characteristics was made from cossettes. Great water binding capacity related to microcrystals of cellulose qualifies this additive as a desired one in bread making process. Bread was baked in the laboratory and patent flour was used. The additive with particles smaller than 95 (m was supplemented in the quantities of 2, 5 and 10%. The data related to the influence of the quantity of additive on white bread quality point that parallel to increasing the amount of the additive in the dough, yield of dough and bread were also increased. Negative effects are detected as volume depression and inferior bread crumb quality and altered crumb color. The decrease in bread quality is small if 2% of additive was applied, but significant with 5 and 10%. The bread freshness was highly graded 48 hours after baking due to the ability of the additive to retain water. On the whole, bread of superior quality supplemented by 5 and 10% of the additive from sugar beet fiber can be easily made by fortifying flour with gluten and by adding appropriate dough conditioner.
Iron Removal from Water by using Cashew Nut Shell

: Cashew nut shell from the agricultural waste was used as the adsorbent for the removal of iron present in the water. The effect of various parameters such as particle size, adsorbent dosage, initial iron concentration, contact time, pH and temperature were studied. FTIR, Scanning electron microscopy and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used for the characteristic study of cashew nut shell. Pinnacle 900 H atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for the analysis. Results of adsorption isotherm study shows that, Langmuir isotherm was best fitted to the experimental data. Pseudo second order equation was follows adsorption kinetics. Desorption study was conducted by varying the hydrochloric acid concentration. Based on the study’s results showed that cashew nut shell was effectively used for the iron present in water.
Bulked Segregant Analysis Using the GoldenGate Assay to Locate the Rpp3 Locus that Confers Resistance to Soybean Rust in Soybean

Few resistance loci to soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. , have been genetically mapped and linked to molecular markers that can be used for marker assisted selection. New technologies are available for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping that can be used to rapidly map traits controlled by single loci such as resistance to SBR. Our objective was to demonstrate that the highthroughput SNP genotyping method known as the GoldenGate assay can be used to perform bulked segregant analysis (BSA) to fi nd candidate regions to facilitate effi cient mapping of a dominant resistant locus to SBR designated Rpp3. We used a 1536 SNP GoldenGate assay to perform BSA followed by simple sequence repeat (SSR) mapping in an F 2 population segregating for SBR resistance conditioned by Rpp3. A 13-cM region on linkage group C2 was the only candidate region identifi ed with BSA. Subsequent F 2 mapping placed Rpp3 between SSR markers BARC_Satt460 and BARC_Sat_263 on linkage group C2 which is the same region identifi ed by BSA. These results suggest that the GoldenGate assay was successful at implementing BSA, making it a powerful tool to quickly map qualitative traits since the GoldenGate assay is capable of screening 1536 SNPs on 192 DNA samples in three days.
Midfoot Flexibility, Fossil Footprints, and Sasquatch Steps: New Perspectives on the Evolution of Bipedalism

The chimpanzee foot is flexible near its middle, it can bend about the axis of the transverse tarsal joint, whereas the human foot is a comparatively rigid arched platform. Flexion at the transverse tarsal joint—the ''midtarsal break''—uncouples the functions of a grasping, or prehensile, forefoot and a propulsive hindfoot during grasp-climbing on vertical or inclined supports. At some point after the transition to habitual bipedalism, these grasp-climbing adaptations were compromised by the evolution of the longitudinal arch, which permits increased mechanical advantage of the flexors of the ankle and im- proved endurance for long-distance walking and running. Ape, human, and Plio-Pleistocene hominid footprints were examined for the effects of a midtarsal break. The human footprint reflects arched-foot architecture, combined with a stiff-legged striding gait. Pressure releases occur at particular locations behind the ball and the great toe, or hallux. Early (ca. 3.5 million years ago) hominid footprints from the Laetoli excavation confirm midfoot flexibility, including repeated suggestion of an associated pressure ridge. The Terra Amata footprint (ca. 400,000 years ago), yet to be fully pub- lished, exhibits evidence of midfoot flexibility. Several footprints attributed to an alleged North American ape, commonly known as sasquatch, exhibit a distinctive midtarsal pressure ridge and other indications of midfoot flexibility. In the Patterson-Gimlin film, the feet of the film subject correlate with the kinematics inferred from the footprints, in that a midtarsal break is present. Additional independent examples corroborate the consistent presence of this feature, including examples of half-tracks that record contact beneath the foot only anterior to the midtarsus. These data provide a fresh perspective from which to consider the pattern and timing of the emer- gence of the distinctive features of modern human bipedalism and bear on the credibility of the possible existence of sasquatch. The observed and inferred sas- quatch locomotor anatomy parallels the stable adaptations that marked the greater span of early hominid bipedalism.
Dust in Supernovae Remnants

In this Review, I will discuss our changing view on supernova e as interstellar dust sources. In particular I will focus on infrared and submillimetre studi es of the historical supernova remnants Cassiopeia A, the Crab Nebula, SN 1987A, Tycho and Kepler. In the last decade (and particularly in recent years), SCUBA, Herscheland ALMA have now demonstrated that core-collapse supernovae are prolific dust factories, with evidence of 0 . 1−0.7M⊙ of dust formed in the ejecta, though there is little evidence (as yet) for significant dust production in Type Ia supernova ejecta. There is no longer any question that dust (and molecule) form ation is efficient after some supernova events, though it is not clear how much of this will survi ve over longer timescales. Current and future instruments will allow us to investigate the spat ial distribution of dust within corecollapse ejecta, and whether this component contributes a s ignificant amount to the dust content of the Universe or if supernovae ultimately provide a net los s nce dust destruction by shocks is taken into account.
InKS, a programming model to decouple performance from semantics in simulation codes

Existing programming models lead to a tight inter-leaving of semantics and computer optimization concerns in high-performance simulation codes. With the increasing complexity and heterogeneity of super-computers this requires scientists to become experts in both the simulated domain and the optimization process and makes the code difficult to maintain and port to new architectures. This report proposes InKS, a programming model that aims to improve the situation by decoupling semantics and optimizations in code so as to ease the collaboration between domain scientists and expert of high-performance optimizations. We define the InKS language that enables developers to describe the semantic of a simulation code with no concern for performance. We describe the implementation of a compiler able to automatically execute this InKS code without making any explicit execution choice. We also describe a method to manually specify these choices to reach high-performance. Our preliminary evaluation on a 3D heat equation solver demonstrates the feasibility of the automatic approach as well as the ability to specify complex optimizations while not altering the semantic part. It shows promising performance where two distinct specifications of optimization choices in InKS offer similar performance as existing hand-tailored versions of the solver.
Effect of Channel Layer Thickness on Characteristics and Stability of Amorphous Hafnium–Indium–Zinc Oxide Thin Film Transistors

We investigated the channel layer thickness dependence of the characteristics and stability in amorphous hafnium indium zinc-oxide (HIZO) thin film transistors (TFTs). HIZO TFTs were prepared with various channel thicknesses from 400 to 700 Å. In HIZO TFTs, carrier concentration is considerably high, which leads to channel layer thickness dependence. The threshold voltages of TFTs negatively shifted as the channel thickness increased. The threshold voltage shift at a high temperature is more severe in TFTs with thicker channel layers. The channel thickness dependence of the bias stability of HIZO TFTs is closely related to the back interface, rather than the bulk state.
An Exploratory Study of Reliability of Ranking vs. Rating in Peer Assessment

Fifty years of research has found great potential for peer assessment as a pedagogical approach. With peer assessment, not only do students receive more copious assessments; they also learn to become assessors. In recent decades, more educational peer assessments have been facilitated by online systems. Those online systems are designed differently to suit different class settings and student groups, but they basically fall into two categories: rating-based and ranking-based. The rating-based systems ask assessors to rate the artifacts one by one following some review rubrics. The ranking-based systems allow assessors to review a set of artifacts and give a rank for each of them. Though there are different systems and a large number of users of each category, there is no comprehensive comparison on which design leads to higher reliability. In this paper, we designed algorithms to evaluate assessors' reliabilities based on their rating/ranking against the global ranks of the artifacts they have reviewed. These algorithms are suitable for data from both rating-based and ranking-based peer assessment systems. The experiments were done based on more than 15,000 peer assessments from multiple peer assessment systems. We found that the assessors in ranking-based peer assessments are at least 10% more reliable than the assessors in rating-based peer assessments. Further analysis also demonstrated that the assessors in ranking-based assessments tend to assess the more differentiable artifacts correctly, but there is no such pattern for rating-based assessors. Keywords—Peer assessment, peer rating, peer ranking, reliability.
Exponential trend to equilibrium for the inelastic Boltzmann equation driven by a particle bath

We consider the spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation for inelastic hard spheres (with constant restitution coefficient α∈(0,1)) under the thermalization induced by a host medium with a fixed Maxwellian distribution. We prove that the solution to the associated initial-value problem converges exponentially fast towards the unique equilibrium solution. The proof combines a careful spectral analysis of the linearised semigroup as well as entropy estimates. The trend towards equilibrium holds in the weakly inelastic regime in which α is close to 1, and the rate of convergence is explicit and depends solely on the spectral gap of the elastic linear collision operator.
An ‘emerging challenge’: The employment practices of a Brazilian multinational company in Canada

Although the literature in international human resource management has developed greatly over recent years, our understanding of the dynamics of the transfer of HR practices in multinational companies (MNCs) from emerging economies with subsidiaries in advanced economies is found wanting. This study addresses this gap in our knowledge by investigating the transfer of employment policies of a Brazilian MNC to its Canadian subsidiaries. It examines interrelated questions about the influence of an emerging-economy parent-business system and how this interacts with the well-developed institutional regulation of the host country in a context of complex relations of dependence and dominance. Our prior expectation that the MNC would have had to adapt its policies to the ‘Canadian way’ was not borne out by the evidence. Instead the Brazilian MNC was found to be adept at capturing significant components of the host country’s institutional setting in a manner that gave it the space to determine the ‘rules’ for its own advantage. That it was able to do so was, in large part, shaped by the market context of the firm and by Canada’s dependence on foreign investment and, in turn, by the political relations of dependence that such reliance engendered. Broader lessons from the case analysis are offered.
Electric Machine Topologies in Energy Storage Systems

Energy storage systems based on pumped hydro storage, compressed air (CAES) and flywheels require electric machines working both as motors and generators. Each energy storage system has specific requirements leading to a variety of electric machine topologies. Hydro power and CAES stations have several configurations; they may have a turbinegenerator and an independent pump-motor group or a common turbine-motor/generator assembly, but in both cases the electric machines are coupled to turbines that are operated at constant speed and low electric frequency at steady state. Synchronous machines are the predominant technology for these applications. Modern flywheel concepts based on a composite rotor driven by an electric machine started to be studied in the 1970s and 1980s. It is therefore a relatively new field of research based on the latest developments in strong light weight materials, new magnetic materials, magnetic bearings and power electronics. Despite the short history of the concept, there are already commercial applications and other potential applications have been identified such as space applications, Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), vehicles, grid quality enhancement, integration of renewable sources, etc. Flywheels are operated at high and variable speed and require specific machine topologies. Permanent magnet machines are preferred for vehicular flywheel applications (Acarnley et al., 1996), although inductance and reluctance topologies are applied for stationary flywheels. Most common and promising types of machines use in energy storage systems discussed in this chapter are presented in Table 1.
Spatial Variation in Leaf Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of Three Caragana Species in Northern China

Leaf stable carbon isotope (δ13C) composition provides comprehensive insight into plant carbon cycles and water use efficiency and has also been widely used to evaluate the response of plants to environmental change. In the present study, leaf δ13C was analyzed in samples of Caragana microphylla Lam. , C. liouana Zhao, and C. korshinskii Kom. from 38 populations. These species provide great environmental benefits and economic value and are distributed east to west continuously across northern China. We studied the relationship of δ13C to altitude, mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual relative humidity (RH), leaf nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations to examine the patterns and controls of leaf δ13C variation in each species. Results indicated that, across the three species, leaf δ13C significantly decreased with MAP, RH, and leaf N and P concentrations, while it increased with altitude and MAT. However, patterns and environmental controls of leaf δ13C varied proportionally with species. C. korshinskii was mainly controlled by MAP and leaf N concentration, C. liouana was controlled by both MAT and MAP, and C. microphylla was mainly controlled by MAT. Further analysis indicated significant differences in leaf δ13C between species, which tended to increase from C. microphylla to C. korshinskii. Overall, these results suggest that the three Caragana species may respond differently to future climate change due to different controlling factors on leaf δ13C variation, as well as differentiation in water use efficiency, which likely contributes to the geographical distribution of these species.
Gentle Nudges vs. Hard Shoves: Solving the Sticky Norms Problem

The resistance of law enforcers sometimes confounds the efforts of law makers to change social norms. Thus, as legislators expand liability for date rape, domestic violence, and drunk driving, police become less likely to arrest, prosecutors to charge, jurors to convict, and judges to sentence severely. The conspicuous resistance of these decisionmakers in turn reinforces the norms that law makers intended to change. Can this ? sticky norms? pathology be effectively treated? It can be, this article argues, if law makers apply ? gentle nudges? rather than ? hard shoves. When the law embodies a relatively mild degree of condemnation, the desire of most decisionmakers to discharge their civic duties will override their reluctance to enforce a law that attacks a widespread social norm. The willingness of most decisionmakers to enforce can initiate a self-reinforcing wave of condemnation, thereby allowing lawmakers to increase the severity of the law in the future without prompting resistance from most decisionmakers. The article presents a formal model of this strategy for norm reform, illustrates it with real world examples, and identifies its normative and prescriptive implications.
On Testing Frame-Dragging with LAGEOS and a Recently Announced Geodetic Satellite

Recently, Ciufolini and coworkers announced the forthcoming launch of a new cannonball geodetic satellite in 2019. It should be injected in an essentially circular path with the same semimajor axis a of LAGEOS (Laser Geodynamics Satellite), in orbit since 1976, and an inclination I of its orbital plane supplementary with respect to that of its existing cousin. According to their proponents, the sum of the satellites’ precessions of the longitudes of the ascending nodes Ω should allow one to test the general relativistic Lense–Thirring effect to a ≃0.2% accuracy level, with a contribution of the mismodeling in the even zonal harmonics Jl, l = 2, 4, 6, . of the geopotential to the total error budget as little as 0.1%. Actually, such an ambitious goal seems to be hardly attainable because of the direct and indirect impact of, at least, the first even zonal J2. On the one hand, the lingering scatter of the estimated values of such a key geophysical parameter from different recent GRACE/GOCE-based (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment/Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer) global gravity field solutions is representative of an uncertainty which may directly impact the summed Lense–Thirring node precessions at a ≃70–80% in the worst scenarios, and to a ≃3–10% level in other, more favorable cases. On the other hand, the phenomenologically measured secular decay à of the semimajor axis of LAGEOS (and, presumably, of the other satellite as well), currently known at a σà≃0.03 m yr–1 level after more than 30 yr, will couple with the sum of the J2-induced node precessions yielding an overall bias as large as '20–40% after 5–10 yr. A further systematic error of the order of ≃2–14% may arise from an analogous interplay of the secular decay of the inclination I˙ with the oblateness-driven node precessions.