Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Le contrôle à distance : La gestion de la sous-traitance au Kirghizstan par les agences françaises de tourisme d’aventure

Les contraintes liees a la concurrence et aux fluctuations du tourisme international ont conduit les agences francaises de tourisme d’aventure a modifier leurs conditions de production. Aujourd’hui, elles sous-traitent a des agences locales une grande partie de la fabrication et de l’accompagnement des voyages qu’elles vendent. L’objectif de l’article est d’interroger les enjeux de cette evolution et d’identifier les strategies mises en oeuvre par les agences pour maintenir la valeur distinctive de leurs voyages et repondre aux attentes de la clientele francaise. Ce texte repose sur une enquete de terrain realisee aupres des responsables d’agences francaises mais aussi de leurs correspondants locaux. Plusieurs sejours au Kirghizstan entre 2003 et 2006 nous ont permis d’etudier le fonctionnement de 28 agences locales et de connaitre les trajectoires de leurs fondateurs. Il apparait ainsi qu’une relation de confiance se nouera d’autant plus facilement entre une agence francaise et son correspondant etranger que celui-ci est un expatrie, qui s’est impose localement en developpant un reseau local, notamment a partir de strategies matrimoniales.
Healthcare-Associated Infections in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Patients from 36 Japanese Hospitals: Risk-Adjusted Economic and Clinical Outcomes

Background Healthcare-associated infections are a major cause for worsening in ischaemic stroke patients. In addition to increased morbidity and mortality, healthcare-associated infections also result in a potentially preventable increase in economic costs. Aims The aim of this study was to identify healthcare-associated infection incidence in ischaemic stroke patients in Japanese hospitals, and to conduct a risk-adjusted analysis of the associated economic and clinical outcomes. Methods Healthcare-associated infections were identified in 36 Japanese hospitals using an administrative database. Identification was carried out using a combination of International Classification of Diseases-10 codes and antibiotic utilisation patterns that indicated the presence of an infection. Risk-adjusted hospital charges and length of stay were calculated using multiple linear regression analyses correcting for patient and hospital factors. A logistic regression model was used to analyse the association between healthcare-associated infection infection and mortality. Results There was an overall healthcare-associated infection incidence of 16·4 %, with an interhospital range of 4·7–28·3%. After risk-adjustment, infected cases paid an additional US$3 067 per admission (interhospital range US$434–US$7 151) and were hospitalised for an additional 16·3-days (interhospital range: 5·1–25·1-days) when compared with uninfected patients. Healthcare-associated infections also had a strongly significant association with increased mortality (odds ratio=23·2, 95% confidence intervals: 12·5–43·2). Conclusions We observed a wide range of healthcare-associated infection incidence between the hospitals. Healthcare-associated infections were found to be significantly associated with increased hospital charges, length of stay, and mortality. Furthermore, the use of risk-adjusted multi-institutional comparisons allowed us to analyse individual performance levels in both infection and cost control.
The prevalence and severity of burnout among academic orthopaedic departmental leaders.

Burnout has many definitions but the most commonly accepted is “a state of physical, emotional or mental exhaustion caused by long-term involvement in situations that are emotionally demanding. ”1 It tends to be most common among medical professionals as a result of long working hours, stresses associated with the responsibilities of patient care, and emotional contact with patients2. According to Jones, burnout—a syndrome of progressive emotional, attitudinal, and physical exhaustion—is a critical occupational hazard for people in a wide range of helping professions3. Those who are affected find themselves plagued by chronic fatigue, low energy, irritability, and a negative attitude toward themselves, toward others, and toward their jobs. Because they are emotionally depleted and cynical, they may have a negative impact on those around them, including the individuals with whom they work and the patients they treat. Among the members of the so-called helping professions, physicians are clearly most afflicted with burnout and, as we noted in our previous report4, they have by now been quite intensively studied. Characteristically, burnout syndrome involves the development of a cynical attitude and the loss of concern for people with whom one is working. In addition to physical exhaustion, which harms physical health through many pathways5, burnout is also characterized by an emotional exhaustion wherein the professional experiences growing negative feelings, cynicism, or disrespect for patients and colleagues. “A very cynical and dehumanized perception of these people often develops in which they are labeled in derogatory ways and therefore treated accordingly. ”6 Gabbe et al.7 undertook a cross-sectional study, in which a questionnaire was sent to 131 chairs of academic departments of obstetrics and gynecology in the United States and Puerto Rico, and had a 91% response rate. The study found that 22% of the …
Germinal centre CD4+ T cells are an important site of HIV replication in vivo

Objective: CD4+ T cells are the main target for HIV. However, the highest HIV antigen concentration in infected subjects accumulates on the cell surface of follicular dendritic cells in the germinal centres of the lymphoid tissue. Germinal centres contain a T‐helper cell subset which expresses CD57 molecules. Here we analysed virus replication and viral load in CD57+CD4+ germinal centre T cells and in the CD4+ T cells found mostly outside germinal centres (CD57−CD4+). Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymph‐node cells were prepared, stained for CD4 and CD57 and purified by FACS. Defined cell numbers of CD4+CD57+ cells and CD4+CD57− cells were sorted directly into polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tubes by FACS, equipped with an automated cell deposition unit and analysed by PCR to detect proviral DNA. Based on Poisson distribution, the expected level of infection was calculated. Viral replication was determined by amplifying double‐spliced, single‐spliced, and full‐length transcripts of HIV using serially diluted cDNA of the FACS‐sorted cells. Results: An up to 10‐fold higher frequency of infected cells was found in the CD57+CD4+ germinal centre T cells compared with CD57−CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, active viral replication was detected almost exclusively in the CD57+CD4+ T cells. Conclusions: The CD57+CD4+ germinal centre T cells are one of the sites of HIV infection and replication that may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection.
Preventing neurophobia in medical students, and so future doctors.

[Graphic][1] Although neurophobia is a longstanding problem, it has only recently been given the name. In 1994, Jozefowicz, an American neurologist, described it as “a fear of the neural sciences and clinical neurology” held by medical students and doctors.1 This fear can lead to paralysis of thinking or action. Neurologists on both sides of the Atlantic will be familiar with referrals from medicine or psychiatry of patients with questions like “? organic brain ? ”. Other patients, who have not previously been referred, but who clearly have neurological signs, have a clinical record in which the examination reads “CNS NAD”. Neurologists have come to infer that this acronym for “Nothing Abnormal Demonstrated” can equally mean “No Assessment Done”. Fear of neurology and avoidance of the examination of the nervous system is not only a problem for hospital specialists. It pursues medical graduates when they go out to practice in the community. Epilepsy is one of the commonest neurological conditions managed by general practitioners (GPs). 2 And patients generally prefer receiving epilepsy care mainly from their GP.3 Indeed, in the UK, the Department of Health endorsed the importance of monitoring epilepsy in general practice by payments which are linked to standards set by the Quality and Outcomes Framework.4 However, when Thapar et al surveyed GPs, they found that GPs rated as low their confidence and competence to manage this common condition.5 In interviews, GPs also expressed lack of confidence in managing other common neurological conditions, like Parkinson’s disease and headache.6,7 There is simultaneous evidence from patients that lack of confidence in neurology leads GPs to avoid providing advice on the social aspects of the condition—like fitness to work, driving and eligibility for benefits.6,8 It has been an in-joke among neurologists that outsiders feared their subject … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage

Metarhizium anisopliae, the type species of the anamorph entomopathogenic genus Metarhizium, is currently composed of four varieties, including the type variety, and had been demonstrated to be closely related to M. taii, M. pingshaense and M. guizhouense. In this study we evaluate phylogenetic relationships within the M. anisopliae complex, identify monophyletic lineages and clarify the species taxonomy. To this end we have employed a multigene phylogenetic approach using near-complete sequences from nuclear encoded EF-1α, RPB1, RPB2 and β-tubulin gene regions and evaluated the morphology of these taxa, including ex-type isolates whenever possible. The phylogenetic and in some cases morphological evidence supports the monophyly of nine terminal taxa in the M. anisopliae complex that we recognize as species. We propose to recognize at species rank M. anisopliae, M. guizhouense, M. pingshaense, M. acridum stat. nov., M. lepidiotae stat. nov. and M. majus stat. nov. In addition we describe the new species M. globosum and M. robertsii, resurrect the name M. brunneum and show that M. taii is a later synonym of M. guizhouense.
Toward evaluation of ship bridge teamwork for marine simulator training based on heart rate variability

Mental workload is useful for evaluating performance of a ship's navigator: a captain, a duty officer, and a pilot. The heart rate variability (R-R interval), the nasal temperature and the salivary amylase predict well based on pre-experiments; however, most of the research tests a professional's skill. The evaluation does not test a cadet's skill yet. In this paper, we evaluate a cadet's R-R interval as they guide a ship from a narrow channel to open sea, and consider simulator training effects. The experiment is carried out using a ship bridge simulator, not a real ship. We show the R-R interval is a good index for the evaluation of ship bridge teamwork for marine simulator training.
Speculation and innovation about catastrophe index fund induced by Japanese tsunami

The earthquake which happened off the coast of Japan Miyagi Prefecture, the northeastern part of Japan's Honshu Island, has evolved into a “nuclear radiation crisis”. However, what is more frightening than the impact of the crisis itself on the entire environment, including the economic environment is that it brings people's fear of global investment institutions. The financial tsunami triggered by currency stock market boom/bust is the most deadly blow to the world economy and the environment. This article aims to take the impact of Japanese tsunami and nuclear radiation on economy as an example to study method of improving catastrophe index model and speculation and research of model innovation.
The evolutionary state of short-period magnetic white dwarf binaries

We present phase-resolved spectroscopy of two new short-period low accretion rate magnetic binaries, SDSS J125044.42+154957.3 (P_(orb)= 86 min) and SDSS J151415.65+074446.5 (P_(orb)= 89 min). Both systems were previously identified as magnetic white dwarfs from the Zeeman splitting of the Balmer absorption lines in their optical spectra. Their spectral energy distributions exhibit a large near-infrared excess, which we interpret as a combination of cyclotron emission and possibly a late-type companion star. No absorption features from the companion are seen in our optical spectra. We derive the orbital periods from a narrow, variable Hα emission line which we show to originate on the companion star. The high radial velocity amplitude measured in both systems suggests a high orbital inclination, but we find no evidence for eclipses in our data. The two new systems resemble the polar EF Eri in its prolonged low state and also SDSS J121209.31+013627.7, a known magnetic white dwarf plus possible brown dwarf binary, which was also recovered by our method.
Use of Shigella flexneri ipaC and ipaH gene sequences for the general identification of Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli

The products of the ipaB, ipaC, and ipaD genes are involved in the expression of the invasive phenotype in all species of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC). DNA probes derived from these genes are accurate indicators of the invasive phenotype (M. Venkatesan, J. M. Buysse, E. V. Vandendries, and D. J. Kopecko, J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:261-266, 1988); however, spontaneous loss of the invasion plasmid or selective deletion of invasion-associated genes may restrict the usefulness of such probes as general diagnostic tools. In this study, we report that laboratory-passaged strains of Shigella spp. and EIEC that were invasion and Sereny test negative were unable to hybridize to the ipaC DNA probe. However, a second DNA probe, derived from the Shigella flexneri ipaH gene, a multiple-copy element found on the chromosome and invasion plasmid that encodes a 60-kilodalton antigen, was more sensitive in its ability to detect virulent as well as avirulent shigellae and EIEC. Analysis of colony blots and stool blots from pediatric patients with diarrhea indicated that the ipaH probe was more effective in detecting shigellae and EIEC than was either the ipaC or 17-kilobase EcoRI fragment probe.
Heart valve regeneration: the need for systems approaches

Tissue‐engineered heart valves are promising alternatives to address the limitations of current valve replacements, particularly for growing children. Current heart valve tissue engineering strategies involve the selection of biomaterial scaffolds, cell types, and often in vitro culture conditions aimed at regenerating a valve for implantation and subsequent maturation in vivo. However, identifying optimal combinations of cell sources, biomaterials, and/or bioreactor conditions to produce functional, durable valve tissue remains a challenge. Despite some short‐term success in animal models, attempts to recapitulate aspects of the native heart valve environment based on ‘best guesses’ of a limited number of regulatory factors have not proven effective. Better outcomes for valve tissue regeneration will likely require a systems‐level understanding of the relationships between multiple interacting regulatory factors and their effects on cell function and tissue formation. Until recently, conventional culture methods have not allowed for multiple design parameters to be considered at once. Emerging microtechnologies are well suited to systematically probe multiple inputs, in combination, in high throughput and with great precision. When combined with statistical and network systems analyses, these microtechnologies have excellent potential to define multivariate signal–response relationships and reveal key regulatory pathways for robust functional tissue regeneration. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2016, 8:169–182. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1329
Epilepsy in young people: 23 year follow up of the british national child development study

Abstract Objective: To estimate the incidence and prevalence of epilepsy during childhood and early adult life in England, Scotland, and Wales. Design: Prospective study of 17 414 children born in England, Scotland, and Wales between 3 and 9 March 1958, followed up at 7, 11, 16, and 23 years of age, with a review of those with epilepsy at age 28. Subjects: People with epilepsy developing at or before age 23. Main outcome measures: The age specific incidence, cumulative incidence, and prevalence of epilepsy. Results: 124 young people had a confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy during their first 23 years (cumulative incidence 8.4 per 1000; 95% confidence interval 6.8 to 10.0). 6 had died by age 23. 46 (37%) had neurological impairment or another major health problem in addition to epilepsy. The prevalence of active epilepsy at age 23 was 6.3 per 1000 (4.9 to 7.7). Conclusions: A wide variety of seizure disorders is included under the term epilepsy. A third of cases had generalised seizures. In only a quarter was the onset of seizures attributed to a specific cause. Children with additional health problems were more likely to continue to have seizures in early adult life than those with epilepsy alone. 1 in 8 were prescribed drug treatment for 6 years or more after their last seizure. All deaths occurred in young adults over the age of 16. Key messages A cause of epilepsy was identified in only about a quarter of cases in the national child development study cohort 35% of those diagnosed with epilepsy by age 16 no longer require drug treatment and are free from seizures by age 23 30% of young people in this cohort continued taking drugs for epilepsy for more than 2 years after their last seizure; 15 of these young people had not had a seizure for 6 or more years Continuing epilepsy is more likely in those with neurological impairment or other additional medical conditions After age 16 there is a high death rate in young people with epilepsy. This emphasises the importance of maintaining supportive relationships between health care professionals and people with epilepsy as they become independent adults
Adaptive energy detection for spectrum sensing in unknown white Gaussian noise

Most previous works on energy detection for spectrum sensing have assumed that the noise power in the licensed band is constant over time and known a priori. However, it is widely known that this assumption does not hold in practice. In order to deal with this issue, the author has presented an adaptive energy detection strategy which adjusts its detection threshold according to the noise power estimation and analysed its sensing performance for the case of employing a single receive antenna at the secondary user terminals. The author extend this work to the case of multiple receive antennas. Analytical results show that the proposed scheme can maintain a target false alarm rate irrespective of the noise power level. Also, they demonstrate that it can achieve a closer approximation of the performance of the energy detector with an ideal detection threshold by increasing the number of the receive antennas and/or the time bandwidth product of the noise waveform used to estimate the noise power.
Torque behavior of one-PhasePermanent-magnet AC motor

This paper presents a detailed comparative study of two starting and running methods for a single-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor, equipped with a squirrel-cage rotor. The analysis of the motor performance is realized for a pulse width modulated (PWM) inverter fed motor and for a capacitor-start, capacitor-run motor. The developed approach may be extended to any 1-phase ac motor-induction, synchronous reluctance or synchronous permanent magnet.
Nonlinear transfer in heated L-modes approaching the L–H transition threshold in Alcator C-Mod

Nonlinear transfer processes between large-scale edge flows and the ambient broadband fluctuations have been shown to play a significant role in the dynamics of edge turbulence, including spreading power from coherent modes and suppressing turbulence at the formation of edge transport barriers. In order to predict thresholds of confinement regimes, both the transition dynamics and the parametric dependence of the nonlinear energy transfer must be studied. Since the expected flow damping terms depend on ion collision rates and local safety factors, recent experiments aimed also to explore the nonlinear drive at various values of the plasma current, density and amount of auxiliary heating. Nonlinear interactions between zonal flows and turbulence in L-mode are estimated using bispectral as well as time-resolved methods based on gas-puff-imaging in Alcator C-Mod [].
Complicaciones en la anestesia de plexo braquial

El bloqueo de plexo braquial es uno de los metodos anestesicos mas utilizados para la cirugia de miembro toracico proporciona anestesia quirurgica, analgesia postoperatoria, analgesia durante la rehabilitacion, analgesia en el tratamiento del dolor cronico y mejora el flujo sanguineo de la extremidad superior, es una tecnica util, segura y economica, su uso se ha incrementado en las ultimas decadas. Sin embargo, aun un elevado numero de anestesiologos prefieren la anestesia general, debido a su pobre experiencia y confianza en las tecnicas de bloqueo regional, los resultados de la encuesta nacional sobre el grado de formacion durante la residencia en anestesiologia y reanimacion presenta datos que nos deben hacer reflexionar, un 11% de los residentes afirman no haber realizado ningun bloqueo del plexo braquial por via axilar, cifra que se eleva al 19% en la via interescalenica. Aceptando el concepto clasico de anestesia de plexo como la desconexion de grupos completos de nervios de una vez y con una sola inyeccion, se establecen tres niveles de abordaje del plexo braquial:
Towards Improving Canonical Correlation Analysis for Cross-modal Retrieval

Building correlations for cross-modal retrieval, i.e., image-to-text retrieval and text-to-image retrieval, is a feasible solution to bridge the semantic gap between different modalities. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) based methods have ever achieved great successes. However, conventional 2-view CCA suffers from three inherent problems: 1) it fails to capture the intra-modal semantic consistency, which is a necessary element to improve the retrieval performance, 2) it is hard to learn the non-linear correlation between different modalities, and 3) there exists problem in similarity measure due to the fact that the latent space learned by CCA is not directly optimized with certain distance measure. To address above problem, in this paper, we propose an improved CCA algorithm (ICCA) from three aspects. First, we propose two effective semantic features based on text features to improve intra-modal semantic consistency. Second, we expand traditional CCA from 2-view to 4-view, and embed 4-view CCA into a progressive framework to alleviate the over-fitting. Our progressive framework combines the training of linear projection and nonlinear hidden layers to ensure that good representations of the input raw data are learned at the output of the network. Third, inspired by large scale similarity learning (LSSL), a similarity metric is proposed to improve the distance measure. Experiments on three publicly data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ICCA method.
Abandonment and Reorganization the Mimbres Region of the American Southwest

Archaeological research on abandonments has focused primarily on their causes, as though they were final events. This article investigates the abandonment at the end of the Mimbres Classic Period as a process of reorganization within a larger social context. Analyses of pottery and architecture demonstrate that previously homogeneous material culture was replaced by a diversity of technological styles. These material changes indicate that the reorganization involved the development of broader regional ties and the redefinition of community.