Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unmet Healthcare Need Among Women Who Use Methamphetamine in San Francisco

Methamphetamine use has increased substantially in the United States since the 1990s. Few studies have examined the healthcare service needs of women who use methamphetamine. This study describes unmet medical needs in a community-based sample of women who use methamphetamine in San Francisco, CA. Women who use methamphetamine were recruited in San Francisco and participated in a computer-assisted survey (N = 298 HIV-negative women). Multivariate analysis was performed to explore associations among sociodemographic variables, drug use, use of health and social services, and unmet healthcare need across three domains: chronic health problems, dermatologic problems, and women's preventive healthcare. Sixty-nine percent of participants reported a need for care for a chronic health condition, and 31% of them had an unmet need for care, in the last six months. Thirty-five percent of participants reported a need for dermatologic healthcare, and 66% had an unmet need for care in the last 6 months. Ninety-two percent of participants reported a need for women's preventive healthcare and 46% had an unmet need for care in the last year. Women who reported having a healthcare provider had lower odds of reporting an unmet need for a chronic health condition or women's preventive healthcare. Women who used a case manager had lower odds of having an unmet need for dermatologic care. A significant proportion of women who use methamphetamine in this sample had an unmet need for women's preventive healthcare, and overall these women had a significant unmet need for healthcare. These findings suggest that contact with a healthcare provider or a caseworker could help to expand access to healthcare for this vulnerable population.
Novedades en el tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer de mama

Un tratamiento quirúrgico correcto es imprescindible para conseguir la curación de las pacientes con cáncer de mama. El cirujano debe elegir la mejor cirugía tanto en la mama como en los ganglios axilares. En la última década se han incorporado dos nuevas técnicas quirúrgicas: la cirugía oncoplástica conservadora y la biopsia de ganglio centinela. La cirugía oncoplástica aporta seguridad oncológica y buen resultado estético. En este trabajo se revisan los pasos técnicos y las indicaciones de las diferentes técnicas oncoplásticas que se emplean en cirugía conservadora de mama. Respecto a la cirugía axilar, la biopsia de ganglio centinela es la técnica de elección actual. Sin embargo existen aspectos controvertidos en la biopsia del ganglio centinela respecto a indicaciones, técnicas de identificación y hallazgos histológicos.
Differences in Trait Mindfulness Across Mental Health Symptoms Among Adults in Substance Use Treatment

Mindfulness is a growing area of investigation among individuals manifesting substance use disorders, as mindfulness meditation may help to prevent relapse to substance use. The current study examined levels of trait mindfulness in substance users seeking treatment from May 2012 to August 2012 in a Tennessee residential center and whether patients with probable (i.e., diagnoses based on a self-report screening instrument) comorbid depression or PTSD reported lower mindfulness than patients without a probable comorbid diagnosis. Data were collected from a convenience sample of archival patient records (N = 125) and four instruments. The majority of patients were male (n = 84) and non-Hispanic Caucasian (92%); the mean age of the sample was 37.36 (SD = 12.47). Results showed that lower trait mindfulness was associated with increased levels of substance use, depression, and PTSD. Patients with a probable depression or PTSD diagnosis reported lower mindfulness than patients without these disorders. Patients with probable comorbid depression and PTSD reported the lowest levels of mindfulness. These findings suggest that altering levels of mindfulness may be important for individuals manifesting dual-diagnoses in substance user treatment. The study's limitations are noted.
Acute myocardial infarction case fatality, incidence and mortality rates in a population registry in Gerona, Spain, 1990–1992

The objective of the present study was to determine MI [myocardial infarction] mortality incidence attack rate and 28-day case fatality in the province of Gerona Spain from 1990 to 1992. Myocardial infarction incidence mortality rates and case fatality in Gerona are among the lowest in the world. Age-adjusted case fatality within 28 days is only marginally higher in women than in men but fatal cases occur later within this period in women. (EXCERPT)
Preventing ACL injuries, turning research into practice and avoiding media ambush

Finland is famous for many things including its haunting national anthem (creatively called 'Finlandia') and a universal love of lakes and saunas. I'll stay away from memorable Eurovision winners Lordii! In this issue of BJSM, you can read the report of the Finnish randomised controlled trial (RCT) that showed a tremendous reduction of lower limb injuries with a simple warm-up programme (see page 802) . 1 Although not powered for that holy grail of sports medicine research — reduced anterior cruciate ligament injuries – the study provides a very clear message. If you have a daughter who is playing basketball, soccer, handball or floorball, then it is crazy if her team isn’t undertaking one of the evidence-based warm-ups targeting lower limb injury prevention. You’ll find exercises illustrated in the links here as well as in papers previously published in Europe and the US. There is now incontrovertible evidence that a series of warm-up programmes that encourage neuromuscular training and balance activities have more benefits than risks. We owe a great deal to pioneers including Caraffa, Myklebust, Maendelbaum and Silvers.2 If you missed the special IOC knee consensus statement in June,3 you can download it from the BJSM home page (click on “Browse by Issues” on the right-hand side). How can we “interface” …
Coupling temperature sensing and development

Hsp90 is environmentally contingent molecular chaperone that influences the form and function of diverse signal transducers. Here we discuss our recent findings that Hsp90 regulates the morphogenetic transition from yeast to filamentous forms required for virulence of the most prevalent fungal pathogen of humans, Candida albicans, and does so via cAMP-PKA signalling. This transition is normally regulated by environmental cues that are contingent upon elevated temperature to relieve Hsp90-mediated repression of the morphogenetic program. Intriguingly, Hsp90 inhibition induces filamentation independent of the canonical PKA transcription factor Efg1, in striking similarity to a select set of morphogenetic stimuli. Further investigation will determine the downstream transcription factors through which Hsp90 regulates morphogenesis and the precise mechanism of Hsp90's interaction with the cAMP-PKA pathway. C. albicans is one of many fungal species that undergo a morphological transition in a temperature-dependent manner, thus Hsp90's capacity to govern this key developmental program may provide insight into morphogenesis of diverse organisms.
Human origin for avian pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen associated with nosocomial and community-acquired infections, and is also responsible for several economically important infections of livestock. However, the evolutionary origin of animal strains and the potential for cross-species transmission has not been well examined. We recently traced the origin of a common S. aureus clone which is a significant cause of morbidity in the global broiler poultry industry. We provided evidence that it evolved from a single human to poultry host jump which was followed by extensive genetic diversification including acquisition of novel mobile genetic elements and loss of virulence gene function. The clone has since been disseminated widely to several different continents presumably through globalization of the poultry industry. In the current article, we summarise the findings of the paper, discuss their implications and speculate on the potential for other S. aureus cross-species transfer events.
Ready for Retirement: The Gateway Drug Hypothesis

The psycho-social observation that the use of some psychoactive substances (“drugs”) is often followed by the use of other and more problematic drugs has given rise to a cluster of so-called “gateway drug hypotheses,” and such hypotheses have often played an important role in developing drug use policy. The current essay suggests that drug use policies that have drawn on versions of the hypothesis have involved an unjustified oversimplification of the dynamics of drug use, reflecting the interests of certain stakeholders rather than wise social policy. The hypothesis should be retired.
Consenso sobre diabetes gestacional e diabetes pré-gestacional

O Grupo de Trabalho em Diabetes e Gravidez, reunido durante o XI Congresso Brasileiro de Diabetes, em 1997, elaborou normas para o manejo do diabetes gestacional e pre-gestacional. O rastreamento do diabetes gestacional deve ser seletivo, isto e, dirigido a gestantes com fatores de risco. Para tanto, e sugerido o emprego da glicemia de jejum a partir da 20a semana de gestacao. Pontos de corte de 85mg/dl ou 90mg/dl sao sugeridos para classificacao de rastreamento positivo, que indica a necessidade de um teste oral de tolerância com 75g de glicose. Esse teste deve ser interpretado de acordo com os criterios sugeridos pela Organizacao Mundial da Saude (glicemia de jejum ³126mg/dl ou glicemia de 2h ³140mg/dl). Sao apresentadas tambem estrategias de manejo metabolico e obstetrico do diabetes gestacional e do diabetes pre-gestacional.
Oxidative Imbalance and Non-Enzymic Antioxidant Status in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Infected Subjects: Carcinogenic Potential

Oxidative imbalance and non-enzymic antioxidant status in plasma of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Nigeria were investigated. Forty HIV/AIDS seronegative pulmonary tuberculosis patients with the active infection (24 males, 16 females) aged 20-60 years diagnosed by Ziehl Neelson staining/demonstration of mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum and sputum culture Lowenstein Jensen medium visiting Federal Medical Centre, Owerri were selected for the study. Sixty normal subjects free from pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS (30 males and 30 females) ages 20-60 years were also used as control. Patients with complication such as renal diseases, viral and other bacterial infections, etc. were excluded from the study. In the analysis of the results using Duncan multiple range test, pulmonary tuberculosis infected subjects presented significantly higher mean values of plasma lipid peroxide (p<0.05) when compared with control. Also the levels of non-enzymic antioxidants such as Vitamin C, vitamin E and reduced glutathione in plasma were significantly depleted in the pulmonary tuberculosis infected subjects (p<0.05) when compared with control. This shows that pulmonary tuberculosis could probably be associated with excess ROS production.
Status Syndrome: How Your Social Standing Directly Affects Your Health and Life Expectancy.

In affluent nations, an individual's position in the social hierarchy is increasingly recognised as one of the major determinants of health. People who are lower in the hierarchy tend to have worse health and shorter life expectancy. Michael Marmot argues that low social standing is seen not only as a condition of material deprivation but also as an indicator of people's capability to control life and fully participate in society (psychosocial disadvantage). As a person's position in the social hierarchy decreases, the less likely he or she is to have full control over life and opportunities for full participation in society. [][1] Michael Marmot Bloomsbury, £12.99, … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Design and optimization of a stomach-specific drug delivery system of repaglinide: Application of simplex lattice design

The current study involves the development of oral bioadhesive hydrophilic matrices of repaglinide and the optimization of their in vitro drug release and ex vivo bioadhesion. A simplex lattice design was employed to systematically optimize the drug delivery containing two polymers and a filler. The proportions of polyethylene oxide (PEO), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and lactose were varied to be fitted in simplex lattice design. Mucoadhesion (M), drug release at 2 h (Q2) and drug release at 8 h (Q8) were taken as responses. Response surface plots were drawn and the optimum formulation was selected by desirability function. The criteria for optimized formulation were set for mucoadhesion as maximum, Q2 as 20% and Q8 as 80%. The formulations were also checked for their swelling index and showed good swelling characteristic. In vitro drug release study was carried out using simulated gastric fluid (SGF) pH 1.2. The experimental values of M, Q2 and Q8 for check point batch were found to be 0.211N, 21.87% and 80.86% respectively. The release profile indicated anomalous (non-Fickian) transport mechanism. The optimized formulation was further checked for its compatibility with other excipients by studying FTIR and DSC studies and they indicated the absence of any significant chemical interaction within drug and excipients.
Sample Means of Independent Standard Cauchy Random Variables Are Standard Cauchy: A New Approach

Abstract A remarkable property of the Cauchy distribution is that the sample mean of standard Cauchy random variables itself has a standard Cauchy distribution. This result can be shown using characteristic functions, convolution integrals, or multidimensional change of variables (Jacobians). A new method of proof based on the periodicity properties of the tangent function is presented.
Effects of formulation parameters on encapsulation efficiency and release behavior of thienorphine loaded PLGA microspheres

To develop a long-acting injectable thienorphine biodegradable poly (d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microsphere for the therapy of opioid addiction, the effects of formulation parameters on encapsulation efficiency and release behavior were studied. The thienorphine loaded PLGA microspheres were prepared by o/w solvent evaporation method and characterized by HPLC, SEM, laser particle size analysis, residual solvent content and sterility testing. The microspheres were sterilized by gamma irradiation (2.5 kGy). The results indicated that the morphology of the thienorphine PLGA microspheres presented a spherical shape with smooth surface, the particle size was distributed from 30.19 ± 1.17 to 59.15 ± 0. 67μm and the drug encapsulation efficiency was influenced by drug/polymer ratio, homogeneous rotation speed, PVA concentration in the water phase and the polymer concentration in the oil phase. These changes were also reflected in drug release. The plasma drug concentration vs. time profiles were relatively smooth for about 25 days after injection of the thienorphine loaded PLGA microspheres to beagle dogs. In vitro and in vivo correlation was established.
An Elementary Application of Brouwer's Fixed Point Theorem to Transition Matrices

TOM LEINSTER studied at Oxford and Cambridge, and held positions at Cambridge, the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, and the University of Glasgow before taking up his current job in Edinburgh. He is interested in category theory and its applications, especially some of the more unusual ones. He is a professionally qualified masseur. School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom. Tom.Leinster@ed.ac. uk
The power of relationships: Implications for safer and unsafe practices among injection drug users

Aims: To explore the influence of social relationships, at the interpersonal and community level, on safer and unsafe drug use practices among injection drug users (IDUs) in Nova Scotia, Canada. Method: Thirty-eight current injection drug users were recruited through two needle exchange programs. Fifteen women and 23 men participated in semi-structured interviews about their daily lives, relationships and safer/unsafe drug use and sexual practices. Findings: Most participants were well aware of the risks associated with injecting drugs and reported purposely engaging in numerous strategies to minimize those risks for themselves and others. However, several IDUs revealed that the dynamics of their relationships with other IDUs and with non-IDUs could and did lead to unsafe practices including needle sharing. Stigmatizing encounters with non-users and social exclusion from mainstream resources and structures appear to underlie and reproduce these unsafe practices. Conclusions: Within the current Canadian political context, there is a move to shift drug policies away from harm reduction toward a more enforcement-based approach. This shift will likely only exacerbate the current discourse of blame and stigma directed at injection drug users. In addition, it may serve to increase the interdependency among IDUs, and social and economic exclusion from non-IDUs.
Chitosan-based systems for intranasal immunization against foot-and-mouth disease

Abstract Inactivated conventional vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) are used routinely in endemic countries and are effective against clinical disease. Increased systemic IgG levels can be obtained with these vaccines whereas local response at the mucosal sites where the virus primarily enters the organism and replicates remains very limited. The aim of this study was to develop a safe, non-invasive and antigen compatible system for mucosal delivery of the FMD antigen which induces both the systemic and local immunity. Gel formulations were prepared using different types of chitosan at different concentrations and were incorporated with the whole inactivated FMD virion. The immune responses in guinea pigs were determined following intranasal administration. Chitosan-based FMD vaccine formulations have been shown to induce FMD antigen-specific serum IgG and nasal IgA levels, the latter response being significantly stronger as compared to that obtained following subcutaneous administration of the FMD antigen in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. Our results suggest that intranasal immunization with inactivated FMD virion delivered in the presence of chitosan is very promising, inducing both systemic and local immune responses.
An Overview of Importance of Breastfeeding

Context: According to some studies, the tendency of mothers to breastfeed has declined in recent years. Due to numerous benefits of breastfeeding which had been reported, this problem may put children’s health and overall health of society at risk. In this study, we reviewed previous studies, emphasizing importance and necessity and enumerating benefits of breast-feeding. Evidence Acquisition: Databases including Science Direct, Biomed, Medline, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, SID, and magazines related to the topic were searched using keywords. Articles that examined various aspects of breastfeeding were analyzed as well. Results: The most perfect food for babies during the first two years of their lives is breast milk. It has so many health benefits for both mother and baby. Breastfeeding was studied from various aspects. There was significant correlation between the examined factors in vast majority of papers. However, some factors that researchers considered important did not give definitive results; therefore more extensive research is needed in this area. Conclusions: Breast milk is the most perfect food for babies during the first two years and no replacement is recommended during this time. Breastfeeding has so many health benefits for both mother and baby during the breastfeeding period as well as in the future.
Effects of Leak Compensation on Patient-Ventilator Synchrony During Premature/Neonatal Invasive and Noninvasive Ventilation: A Lung Model Study

BACKGROUND: During both nasal noninvasive ventilation (NIV) and invasive ventilation of neonates, the presence of air leaks causes triggering and cycling asynchrony. METHODS: Five ICU ventilators (PB840, PB980, Servo-i, V500, and Avea) were compared in available invasive ventilation and NIV ventilator modes (pressure control continuous spontaneous ventilation [PC-CSV] and pressure control continuous mandatory ventilation [PC-CMV]). The V500 and Avea do not provide PC-CSV and PC-CMV in NIV. The Servo-i and Avea were tested with and without their proximal flow sensor. The ASL 5000 lung model (version 3.5) was used to simulate 4 neonatal scenarios (body weight 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kg). The ASL 5000 was ventilated via endotracheal tube (invasive ventilation) or nasal cannula (NIV) with 4 different leaks. RESULTS: The Avea (without flow sensor) during invasive ventilation and Servo-i and PB840 during NIV were not triggered by inspiratory efforts of the ASL 5000 at the baseline leak in the 0.5 kg scenario. In invasive ventilation, overall (median) asynchrony index was significantly lower with the PB980 (1%) and V500 (3%) than with the Servo-i (with flow sensor, 50%; without flow sensor, 50%) and Avea (with sensor, 50%; without sensor, 62%) (P < .05 for all comparisons). The PB840 (33%) was significantly different from all ventilators (P < .05). In NIV, the asynchrony index was significantly lower in PB980 (2%) than in the Servo-i (with sensor, 100%; without sensor, 100%) and PB840 (75%) (P < .05 for both). There was no difference in asynchrony index between PC-CSV and PC-CMV in all tested conditions and ventilators. CONCLUSIONS: The ability of leak compensation to prevent asynchronous breathing varied widely between ventilators and lung mechanics. The PB980 and V500 were the only two ventilators to acclimate to all leak scenarios in invasive ventilation, and PB980 was the only ventilator to acclimate to all leak scenarios in NIV.
Perceived Satisfaction With Long-Term Oxygen Delivery Devices Affects Perceived Mobility and Quality of Life of Oxygen-Dependent Individuals With COPD

BACKGROUND: Although routine physical activity for individuals with COPD is recommended, there are inherent limitations of available oxygen delivery devices that may result in hypoxemia during activity. Changes in Medicare laws have resulted in an increased use of oxygen cylinders and a reduction in the use of liquid oxygen devices. The aim of this survey was to assess the impact of perceived satisfaction with various oxygen delivery devices on perceived mobility and quality of life (QOL) of oxygen-dependent subjects with COPD. METHODS: A survey was developed to measure perceived satisfaction with current portable oxygen delivery devices, perceived mobility, and perceived QOL. The survey was deployed via a link posted on the COPD Foundation's COPD360SOCIAL social media site for 5 weeks, which resulted in the recruitment of 529 participants, of which 417 were included in the data analysis. RESULTS: Quantile regression analysis revealed that the median perceived device satisfaction score was significantly higher in the liquid oxygen device group (P < .001) compared with the portable oxygen cylinder and portable oxygen concentrator (POC) groups. The median perceived mobility score was significantly higher in the liquid oxygen device group (P < .001) compared with the portable oxygen cylinder group, but not the POC group. The median QOL score was significantly higher in the liquid oxygen device group (P < .001) compared with the POC and portable oxygen cylinder groups. Moreover, partial least-squares structural equation modeling regression analysis showed that perceived mobility is significantly affected by perceived satisfaction with the long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) device (adjusted R2 = 0.15, P < .001), and perceived QOL is significantly affected by both perceived satisfaction with the LTOT device and perceived mobility (adjusted R2 = 0.45, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: For individuals with COPD requiring LTOT, perceived satisfaction with a portable LTOT device significantly and positively affects perceived mobility and QOL.