Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Etiology of molar incisor hypomineralization - A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a common developmental dental defect of permanent teeth, which can increase the risk of dental caries, infection and hospitalization. The etiology is currently unclear although prenatal or early childhood health factors are suspected. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the strength of evidence linking etiological factors with MIH. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using the Medline and Embase electronic databases for studies investigating environmental etiological factors of MIH. Two reviewers assessed the eligibility of studies. The level of evidence and bias was determined for all eligible studies according to Australian National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines for systematic reviews of etiology and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS From a total of 2254 studies identified through electronic and hand searching, 28 were eligible for inclusion. Twenty-five of these investigated MIH and three investigated a related condition in primary teeth, hypomineralized second primary molars (HSPM), and these were analysed separately. A limited number of studies reported significant associations between MIH and pre- and perinatal factors such as maternal illness and medication use in pregnancy, prematurity and birth complications. Early childhood illness was implicated as an etiological factor in MIH in several studies, in particular fever, asthma and pneumonia. The studies investigating HSPM revealed an association with maternal alcohol consumption, infantile fever and ethnicity. However, the validity of these findings is impaired by study design, lack of adjustment for confounders, lack of detail and consistency of exposures investigated and poor reporting. CONCLUSIONS Childhood illness is likely to be associated with MIH. Further prospective studies of the etiology of MIH/HSPM are needed.
Approach to supracondylar humerus fractures with neurovascular compromise in children.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate neurovascular compromise in childhood Gartland Type 3 supracondylar humerus fractures (SHFs), identify the factors correlated with increased need of open reduction and compare the clinical outcome of anterior open reduction with that of closed reduction. METHODS The study included 65 patients (46 male, 19 female; mean age: 7.03 years, range: 1 to 14 years) treated surgically for SCH fracture between January 2002 and June 2008. Fractures underwent closed reduction with percutaneous pinning when possible. Open reduction was performed when adequate reduction via the closed technique failed or vascular compromise were indications for open reduction. Patient demographics, physical examination findings, adequacy of reduction, functional and cosmetic outcomes were assessed. RESULTS During the antecubital approach, vascular pathology was noted in all patients with signs of vascular compromise at physical examination. Half of these patients underwent vascular intervention. Closed reduction failed in 93% of patients with concomitant edema, ecchymosis and dimple sign. Of these, the median nerve was trapped between the bone fragments in 4 patients with normal neurological examinations. Functional and cosmetic results of open reduction were similar to closed reduction (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Closed reduction should not be forced in cases with marked edema, ecchymosis, dimple sign, and absence of radial pulse. The anterior approach is the surgical approach of choice due to direct visualization of neurovascular bundle and availability of neurovascular intervention by extending the same approach.
Sodium-23 magnetic resonance imaging during and after transient cerebral ischemia: multinuclear stroke protocols for double-tuned 23Na/1H resonator systems

A double-tuned 23Na/1H resonator system was developed to record multinuclear MR image data during and after transient cerebral ischemia. 1H-diffusion-, 1H perfusion, 1H T2-, 1H arterial blood flow- and 23Na spin density-weighted images were then acquired at three time points in a rodent stroke model: (I) during 90 min artery occlusion, (II) directly after arterial reperfusion and (III) one day after arterial reperfusion. Normal 23Na was detected in hypoperfused stroke tissue which exhibited a low 1H apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and no changes in 1H T2 relaxation time during transient ischemia, while 23Na increased and ADC values recovered to normal values directly after arterial reperfusion. For the first time, a similar imaging protocol was set-up on a clinical 3T MRI site in conjunction with a commercial double-tuned 1H/23Na birdcage resonator avoiding a time-consuming exchange of resonators or MRI systems. Multinuclear 23Na/1H MRI data sets were obtained from one stroke patient during both the acute and non-acute stroke phases with an aquisition time of 22 min. The lesion exhibiting low ADC was found to be larger compared to the lesion with high 23Na at 9 h after symptom onset. It is hoped that the presented pilot data demonstrate that fast multinuclear 23Na/1H MRI preclinical and clinical protocols can enable a better understanding of how temporal and regional MRI parameter changes link to pathophysiological variations in ischemic stroke tissue.
Private Information, Excessive Volatility and Intraday Empirical Regularities in the Spot Foreign Exchange Market

Financial markets generally, and the spot foreign exchange market in particular, are reputed to be excessively volatile. Previous research has linked this excess volatility to private information. This article re-examines the theory and challenges that link. Empirical evidence suggests that random variation between buy and sell volumes is a more important driver than private informaion in the spot foreign exchange market. The paper also develops theoretical propositions for the relationships between key market variables on an intraday basis. High frequency data is used to examine the role of private information in explaining well documented intraday patterns that persist in the time series of a number of trade related variables, including return volatility.
EDI in Europe: How It Works in Practice

From the Publisher: The automatic exchange of data and structured documents, and the implications of 'paperless trade' is a key issue for business in the Europe of the 21st century. EDI in Europe is part of a Europe wide effort to provide business with the best tools and practices in this vital area. At the beginning of this decade, the Commission of the European Communities launched the TEDIS Programme (Trade EDI Systems) in order to promote the use of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) in the European Community and to increase the competitiveness of European business. SISnet, a research consortium which includes academics from major European business schools and universities, was commissioned to study the use of EDI in Europe within the framework of the TEDIS programme. Specifically this was to take an audit of the adoption and implementation and then to assess its effects on the firms and industries using it. EDI is a recent phenomenon and since it can only really be studied in context, case studies have been used which will encourage understanding of the dynamics within individual settings. Cases spanning a wide range of industries come from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland. EDI in Europe brings all the research together. The team's work is set to continue as the issues are analysed - it is ongoing and will affect business at all levels. EDI in Europe will help make everyone aware of EDI in practice and further its diffusion into, and acceptance by, the entire European business community.
The X-ray Crystal Structure of Human γS-crystallin C-terminal Domain*

γS-crystallin is a major human lens protein found in the outer region of the eye lens, where the refractive index is low. Because crystallins are not renewed they acquire post-translational modifications that may perturb stability and solubility. In common with other members of the βγ-crystallin superfamily, γS-crystallin comprises two similar β-sheet domains. The crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of human γS-crystallin has been solved at 2.4 Å resolution. The structure shows that in thein vitro expressed protein, the buried cysteines remain reduced. The backbone conformation of the “tyrosine corner” differs from that of other βγ-crystallins because of deviation from the consensus sequence. The two C-terminal domains in the asymmetric unit are organized about a slightly distorted 2-fold axis to form a dimer with similar geometry to full-length two-domain family members. Two glutamines found in lattice contacts may be important for short range interactions in the lens. An asparagine known to be deamidated in human cataract is located in a highly ordered structural region.
Obstetricians' prior malpractice experience and patients' satisfaction with care.

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between prior physician malpractice experience and patients' satisfaction with care. DESIGN Women were interviewed using a questionnaire that contained structured and open-ended questions. PARTICIPANTS Mothers of all stillborn infants, infant deaths, and a random sampling of viable infants drawn from 1987 Florida Vital Statistics were sorted into four groups based on the malpractice claims experience of their obstetricians between 1983 and 1986. Interviews were completed with 963 of 1536 women, most by telephone, 53 by in-person interview. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mothers' responses to closed-ended and open-ended questions about their perceptions of the care they received during their pregnancy, labor, and delivery. RESULTS Even though none of the women actually filed a claim, a consistent pattern of differences emerged when comparing women's perceptions of care received. Patients seeing physicians with the most frequent numbers of claims but without high payments were significantly more likely to complain that they felt rushed, never received explanations for tests, and were ignored. In response to the open-ended question, "What part of your care were you least satisfied with? " women seeing physicians in the High Frequency malpractice risk group offered twice as many complaints as those seeing physicians who had never been sued. Problems with physician-patient communication were the most commonly offered complaints. CONCLUSION Physicians who have been sued frequently are more often the objects of complaints about the interpersonal care they provide even by their patients who do not sue.
A Classification System for Software Reuse

Software reuse has been claimed to be one of the most promising approaches to enhance programmer productivity and software quality. One of the problems to be addressed to achieve high software reuse is organizing databases of software experience, in which information on software products and processes is stored and organized to enhance reuse. This dissertation presents a system to define and construct such databases called the Extensible Description Formalism (EDF). The formalism is a generalization of the faceted index approach to classification in the sense that is provides facilities to define facets, terms, and object descriptions. Unlike the faceted approach, objects in EDF can be described in terms of different sets of facets and in terms of other object descriptions. This allows a software library to contain different classes of objects, to represent various types of relations among these classes, and to refine classification schemes by adding more detail supporting a growing application domain and reducing the impact of initial domain analysis. EDF incorporates a similarity-based retrieval mechanism that helps a reuser locate candidate reuse objects that best match the specifications of a target object. Similarity between two objects is quantified by a non-negative magnitude called similarity distance, which represents the estimated amount of effort required to construct one given the other. Because of this, similarity distances are not necessarily symmetric. EDF was designed to overcome the limitations of software reuse library systems based on controlled vocabularies. In particular, EDF provides a specification language based on concepts of set theory capable of representing a rich variety of software and non-software domains; it provides a retrieval mechanism based on exact matches and similarity metrics which can be customized to specific domains; and it provides a mechanism for defining and ensuring certain semantic relations between attribute values. A prototype application of this system has been implemented in ANSI C.
Yield of Brand

The author proposed the original method for estimation parameters of the brand’s yield equation using correlation coefficient. The profitability of brand “VTB” and “Gazprom” was calculated for the period 2007-2008 and 2008-2009. The results were analyzed to understand how the crisis influenced the estimates. Moreover the author tested the influence of relevant news on the yield of brand and described methods of brand management.
Genetic Variations in Host Factors and their Critical Role on HCV Medication

Corresponding Author: Hamed Esmaeil Lashgarian Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran. Phone: +98-6616200133 E-mail: hamedesmaiili@gmail.com Abstract Although standard treatments are nearly life-saving in hepatitis C patients, all patients equalldon’t respond to such medications. To achieve an efficient therapeutic response in all patients, medications should individually alter based on genetic factor variations. Hence, having more detailed knowledge of the affective factors on the disease promotion could help us to organize an appropriate regime to treat HCV patients. In order to review recent studies on HCV-related treatments, the data was collected from the clinical and molecular studies published during the last 15 years in electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, Scopus and Web of Sciences. Thus, this literature reviews the recent clinical studies with the genetic-based aspects, especially those factors affecting the etiopathological and histological feature of hepatitis C, diagnostic genetic and viral affecting criteria as well as some effective treatment strategies.
A web‐based interactive developmental table for the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, including 3D real‐image embryo reconstructions: I. From fertilized egg to hatching larva

The ascidian chordate Ciona intestinalis is an established model organism frequently exploited to examine cellular development and a rapidly emerging model organism with a strong potential for developmental systems biology studies. However, there is no standardized developmental table for this organism. In this study, we made the standard web‐based image resource called FABA: Four‐dimensional Ascidian Body Atlas including ascidian's three‐dimensional (3D) and cross‐sectional images through the developmental time course. These images were reconstructed from more than 3,000 high‐resolution real images collected by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) at newly defined 26 distinct developmental stages (stages 1–26) from fertilized egg to hatching larva, which were grouped into six periods named the zygote, cleavage, gastrula, neurula, tailbud, and larva periods. Our data set will be helpful in standardizing developmental stages for morphology comparison as well as for providing the guideline for several functional studies of a body plan in chordate. Developmental Dynamics 236:1790–1805, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
H∞ Control of Uncertain Fuzzy Networked Control Systems with State Quantization

The problem of robust H∞ control for uncertain discrete-time Takagi and Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy networked control systems (NCSs) is investigated in this paper subject to state quantization. By taking into consideration network induced delays and packet dropouts, an improved model of network-based control is developed. A less conservative delay-dependent stability condition for the closed NCSs is derived by employing a fuzzy Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. Robust H∞ fuzzy controller is constructed that guarantee asymptotic stabilization of the NCSs and expressed in LMI-based conditions. A numerical example illustrates the effectiveness of the developed technique.
Tourism in Africa: Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods

For African countries looking to sustain and increase their unprecedented growth rates of recent years, the potential of tourism has not been fully recognized as a vital source of economic and development power that can strengthen and expand the continent's economies. With a special analysis of 24 tourism case studies from around the world- spanning Sub-Saharan and North Africa, Asia, Central and Latin America, and the Middle East- this report is a sustainable framework for sustainable tourism in Africa. It identifies policies and institutional approaches for African countries to make tourist industries more competitive and attractive to new investment. The study shows how tourism in Thailand barely existed in the 1960s and yet 40 years later, it employs 15 to 20 percent of the country's workforce; Cancun in Mexico grew from an uninhabited peninsula into one of the most visited resorts in the world in just 35 years. Mozambique has managed a seemingly impossible transformation of its tourism industry. While the benefits of tourism development are many, the possible approaches and strategies for development number even more. This work analyzes persistent constraints and how to resolve them through policy and business reforms that have unleashed tourism potential across other regions of the world. To become competitive worldwide, African governments and the private sector must work together in planning tourism infrastructure, promotion and financing. This report is the first to comprehensively examine tourism in Africa regionally and recommend practical, evidence-based measures enabling the sector's economic and development power. This gives new impetus to the continent's development progress by leveraging tourism in pursuit of lasting poverty alleviation and significantly more jobs and opportunity for all Africans. This report identifies policies and institutional approaches to improve the tourism competitiveness of African countries so they can move up the pyramid. It clearly explains the opportunities and challenges that tourism offers and suggests tourism competitiveness strategies based on tourism economic success stories from across the world.
Adaptive subband video coding using bivariate generalized Gaussian distribution model

A multidimensional probabilistic modeling technique is proposed and its applications to video coding is presented. The probability distribution of two adjacent pixels in subband signals are modeled by bivariate generalized Gaussian distributions (GGD). Quantizer design, bit allocation and entropy coding is based on this probability distribution function (PDF) model. We show that use of bivariate generalized Gaussian PDF models yields a significant improvement in rate-distortion performance over univariate GGD models.
Subordinate removal affects parental investment, but not offspring survival in a cooperative cichlid

Summary 1. Subordinates in cooperative breeding systems may provide help to dominant pairs, who can benefit by either an increased total investment in their current brood or a reduced personal contribution to this investment. In the social cichlid Julidochromis ornatus, one large male subordinate generally spends 90% of his time in close proximity to the breeding shelter, whereas the dominants only spend 50% of their time close to the shelter. 2. We experimentally removed the large subordinate for 30 days (approximating one breeding cycle) to study the investment strategies of dominants and the effects on offspring survival, while accounting for subordinate immigration. Experimental groups were compared with control groups, from which subordinates were also caught but not removed. On day one following removal, we tested whether dominants overcompensated, fully compensated or undercompensated for absence of the subordinate on several parental behaviours. Moreover, we tested whether the pairs’ potential compensatory behaviour remained high seven days following large subordinate removal. 3. One day following removal, dominants increased their time spent in the territory and their frequency of breeding shelter visits and defence, compared with the pre-removal phase and control groups. The dominant pair overcompensated for the loss of subordinate help in their breeding shelter visits, fully compensated in defence and undercompensated their time spent in the territory. Seven days after large subordinate removal, behavioural differences between treatments had disappeared. However, when distinguishing between groups with or without a new immigrant subordinate, dominant pairs only diminished investment in the presence of an immigrant, suggesting a compensatory role of the large subordinate. Finally, survival of juvenile group members was not affected by the treatment. 4. Our experiments indicate that the presence of a large subordinate does not increase the dominant pairs’ current reproductive success, but instead allows them to reduce their personal contribution to investment in the current brood. In addition, we illustrate that dominants may show strikingly different compensatory responses depending on the type of behaviour and emphasize the importance of immigrant subordinates to relieve dominants from costly compensatory responses in cooperative breeding systems.
Global Azimuthal Anisotropy in the Transition Zone

Surface wave dispersion measurements for Love wave overtones carry evidence of azimuthal anisotropy in the transition zone of Earth's mantle (400 to 660 kilometers deep). A Backus-Gilbert inversion of anisotropic phase velocity maps, with resolution kernels mainly sensitive to the transition zone, shows a robust long-wavelength azimuthally anisotropic velocity structure. This observation puts new constraints on the mineralogy and dynamics of the transition zone because this anisotropy may result from aligned minerals, tilted laminated structures, or even organized pockets of fluid inclusions.
Attractiveness and agglomeration of automotive industry in Morocco and Tunisia: A comparative analysis (In French)

The paper proposes a comparative analysis of the development of the automotive industry in Morocco and Tunisia. In its first part, it analyses the convergence in the forms of international integration, oriented towards a subcontracting towards European Union, which leads to competition and also complementarities between these two countries. The role of multinational firms and governmental policies is discussed. Location of these automotive activities is analyzed in Part 2 to evaluate the agglomeration factors and the limits of spatial concentration.