Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oscillation of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Concentration during the Myocardial Contraction Cycle

The concentration of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) rises and falls during each myocardial contraction cycle. Peak concentrations of cyclic AMP precede peak development of systolic tension. Epinephrine alters the normal oscillation in myocardial cyclic AMP and increases both diastolic and systolic concentrations of the cyclic nucleotide. These transient changes in myocardial cyclic AMP indicate a potential role for cyclic AMP as a beat-to-beat regulator of myocardial contractility.
A new method for myocardial activation imaging

Noninvasive images of the myocardial activation sequence are acquired, based on a new formulation of the inverse problem of electrocardiography in terms of the critical points of the ventricular surface activation map. It is shown that the method is stable with respect to substantial amounts of correlated noise common in the measurements and modeling of electrocardiography and that problems associated with conventional regularization techniques can be circumvented. Examples of application of the method to measured human data are presented. This first invasive validation of results compares well to previously published results obtained by using a standard approach. The method can provide additional constraints on, and thus improve, traditional methods aimed at solving the inverse problem of electrocardiography.
Effect of Psychopathy on Physical Aggression Toward Gay and Heterosexual Men

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of psychopathy on antigay aggression. Participants were 84 heterosexual men who competed in an aggression paradigm in which electric shocks were received from and administered to a randomly determined fictitious opponent (heterosexual male, gay male) during a competitive reaction time task. Aggression was operationalized as shock intensities administered to the opponent. Prior to the task, all participants completed measures of psychopathy, sexual prejudice, and state anger; viewed a male-male erotic video; and reported state anger a second time. After controlling for sexual prejudice, analyses revealed that psychopathy significantly predicted aggression toward the gay, but not the heterosexual, male confederate. Psychopathy was not associated with increases in anger in response to the erotic video. These findings indicate that psychopathy is a significant marker for antigay violence, though anger experienced in response to homosexuality does not seem to underlie this association.
Vascular smooth muscle orientation in curved branches and bifurcations of human cerebral arteries

Two approaches were developed for determining reference axes and positions associated with bending tubular arteries and bifurcations from the human middle cerebral branching system. In the region of the bifurcation the orientation of groups of two‐dimensional nuclear vectors was determined by the method of roses and average alignment. The reference axes and positions for these groups were determined from physical reconstructions of two bifurcations. The overall pattern in the bifurcation region was found to be random but there were significant differences between group orientations. The three‐dimensional arterial direction vectors for three sections, from the bending arteries of one bifurcation, were determined. By taking the dot product of the three‐dimensional nuclear vectors and these direction vectors, the pitch of individual nuclei was determined. The average pitch was 2.45° ± 3.20 (SD for N = 8) with the largest mean pitch (6.14°) in the branch with the greatest curvature. Possible use of the three‐dimensional approach for determination of smooth muscle orientation at bifurcations is discussed in general terms.
Molecular biology and genetics of mycoplasmas (Mollicutes)

INTRODUCTION . 420 GENOME STRUCTURE . 420 Size. 420 Base Composition. 421 Methylated bases. 422 Base Sequences . 9 423 Deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization . 423 Deoxyribonucleic acid cleavage patterns . 424 Electrophoretic patter ns of cell proteins . 425 GENOME REPLICATION . 426 Site of Replication . 426 Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerases. 426 Nucleases. 427 IRRADIATION DAMAGE AND MUTAGENESIS . 427 Ultraviolet Irradiation Damage and Repair. 427 Mutagenesis. 6 427 TRANSFORMATION, TRANSFECTION, AND RECOMBINATION . 428 Transformation. 428 Transfection . 428 Recombination following membrane fusion . 429 GENE EXPRESSION . 429 Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase . 429 Promoters, Terminators, and Control Mechanisms. 429 Expression of Cloned Mycoplasma Genes . 431 RIBOSOMES . 432 Ribosomal Proteins. 432 Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acids . 432 Synthesis and Methylation of Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acids . 433 Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Genes.43. 3 Transfer Ribonucleic Acid. 436 CLONED GENES AS DIAGNOSTIC PROBES . 437 Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Gene Probes. , 437 Protein GeneProbes. 437 PLASMIDS.4. -. 38 MYCOPLASMA VIRUSES. 440 Host Specificity and Virus Heterogeneity . 440 Morphology. 440 Biophysical and Biochemical Properties.4. 441 Nucleic acids. 441 Proteins 4. --. 441 Lipids.441 Virus Inactivation . 442 Virus Adsorption . 442 Resistance to Virus Infection . 443 Virus Replication and Release. , 443 Lysogeny. 444 Virus Infection and Mycoplasma Pathogenicity . 445 PHYLOGENY. 445 Models for Mycoplasma Phylogeny . 445 Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acids as Phylogenetic Markers. 446 Relationship of Taxonomy to Phylogeny. 447 CONCLUSION. 448 ACKNOWLEIDGMENTS.449 LITERATURECITED . 449
The Effect of Intervertebral Disc Space Narrowing on the Contact Force Between the Nerve Root and a Simulated Disc Protrusion

An instrumented probe mounted on the anterior surface of the lumbar spine over an excised lumbar Intervertebral disc was used to simulate a disc protrusion in 12 fresh cadavers. The contact force between probe and nerve root was measured as a function of two independent variables: probe protrusion depth and disc space height. The contact force on the nerve root was found to increase with increasing probe depth. Disc space widening increased the contact force while narrowing the disc space decreased it. A simple mechanical model analysis confirmed that the force exerted on the nerve root by the probe is the result of tension produced in the nerve root as it is deformed by the probe. The mechanical principle that disc narrowing can reduce the pressure on a nerve root produced by a disc protrusion may be an explanation of how chemonycleolysis relieves sciatic pain
Role of the MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism in the initiation and early age of onset of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Recent studies refer that amplification/overexpression of the principal negative regulator of p53 (Mdm2) is frequently found in several malignancies. Several studies have associated a polymorphism (SNP309 T/G) in the promoter region of MDM2 with higher levels of this protein, which will favor p53‐pathway abolishment, cell‐cycle escape, and development of cancer. We aimed to study if MDM2 SNP309 T/G polymorphism contributes to the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We have developed a case–control study with 124 patients with NPC and 509 healthy individuals from the north of Portugal to determine the genetic distribution of the MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism in DNA extracted from peripheral blood samples. Statistical analysis was performed to compare categorical variables adjusted for age and gender by multivariate logistic regression. Genotype‐specific distributions according to age of onset were tested by Kaplan–Meier method and analyzed by Cox‐regression proportional hazard model adjusted for gender. This study revealed that MDM2 SNP309 GG homozygous represent an increased risk adjusted for age and gender to develop NPC (OR = 2.15), with particular effect in undifferentiated types (OR = 2.46) and early clinical stages (OR = 3.32). We also found that median age of onset of NPC was significantly different (55.2 vs. 61.6) with increased effect in undifferentiated types (55.2 vs. 61.9) and early clinical stages (55.3 vs. 65.3). Our study suggests that MDM2 SNP309 can be considered a risk marker for the development of NPC mainly in early ages probably as an initiation marker for potential cancer development. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wolbachia-mediated sperm modification is dependent on the host genotype in Drosophila

Estimates of Wolbachia density in the eggs, testes and whole flies of drosophilid hosts have been unable to predict the lack of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) expression in so–called mod– variants. Consequently, the working hypothesis has been that CI expression, although related to Wolbachia density, is also governed by unknown factors that are influenced by both host and bacterial genomes. Here, we compare the behaviour of the mod– over–replicating Wolbachia popcorn strain in its native Drosophila melanogaster host to the same strain transinfected into a novel host, namely Drosophila simulans. We report that (i) the popcorn strain is a close relative of other D. melanogaster infections, (ii) the mod– status of popcorn in D. melanogaster appears to result from its inability to colonize sperm bundles, (iii) popcorn is present in the bundles in D. simulans and induces strong CI expression, which demonstrates that the bacterial strain does not lack the genetic machinery for inducing CI and that there is host–species–specific control over Wolbachia tissue tropism, and (iv) infection of sperm bundles by the mod– D. simulans wCof strain indicates that there are several independent routes by which a strain can be a CI non–expressor.
Facteurs Socio-Economiques Influençant L’adoption de Coton Biologique au Nord- Est du Bénin: Cas de la Commune de Kandi

La production biologique est l’une des serieuses options a considerer pour assurer la securite alimentaire et limiter significativement les risques d’intoxication provoques par les produits chimiques. Elle est d’autant plus importante pour les pays en voie de developpement a l’instar du Benin ou l’agriculture, un des piliers de l’economie reste fortement dependante des pesticides chimiques. L’objectif vise par cette etude est d’analyser l’adoption de la production du coton biologique dans la commune de Kandi (Nord-Est du Benin). Au total 143 producteurs de coton ont ete enquetes dont 70 producteurs de coton biologique et 73 producteurs de coton conventionnel. Les donnees ont ete collectees a l’aide d’entretiens individuels bases sur des questionnaires. L’analyse de l’adoption du coton biologique realisee a l’aide d’un modele de regression logistique a montre que les caracteristiques socio-economiques des producteurs ainsi que la distance entre les champs et les menages des producteurs sont les principaux facteurs qui influencent leur choix de produire ou non le coton biologique. Les femmes preferent plus la production biologique que celle conventionnelle. Cela leur permet non seulement de ne plus dependre de leur mari pour les intrants mais aussi d’avoir leurs propres champs. Les producteurs ayant pour activite principale l’agriculture, possedant un nombre d’actifs agricoles eleve, et accedant au credit sont plus susceptibles d’adopter le coton biologique. De meme, les producteurs ayant leurs champs proches de leur maison sont plus favorables a cette production que ceux dont les champs sont trop eloignes.
Novel Concepts Regarding Calcium Homeostasis During the Transition Period

Adequate circulating calcium (Ca) concentrations throughout the transition period are necessary for a productive lactation, but large quantities of Ca are lost from maternal Ca pools into milk and colostrum. A rapid, substantial drop in maternal blood Ca causes 5-10% of cows to be afflicted with clinical hypocalcemia (CH) and an additional 50% to suffer from subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH). Subclinical hypocalcemia and CH are significant risk factors of early lactation culling/premature removal from the herd (DeGaris and Lean, 2008; Reinhardt et al., 2011; Roberts et al., 2012). Furthermore, SCH increases risks of developing ketosis; displaced abomasum; and metritis; SCH depresses immune function; prolongs the interval until pregnancy is achieved; decreases pregnancy rate; and reduces overall productivity (Figure 1; Kimura et al., 2006; Goff, 2008; DeGaris and Lean, 2008; Chapinal et al., 2011; Reinhardt et al., 2011; Chapinal et al., 2012; Martinez et al., 2012). During lactation, dietary Ca is not sufficient to maintain maternal Ca concentrations while supporting milk formation. Therefore, activation of maternal bone Ca mobilization during the dry period is critical for the prevention of post-partum SCH and CH. Using the estimates of Dr. Garrett Oetzel ($300 loss for each treatment of CH, and $125 loss for each treatment of SCH; Guard, 1996) the annual cost to the U.S. dairy industry, which has approximately 9,200,000 cows, is approximately $575,000,000 for SCH and approximately $325,000,000 for CH (NAHMS, 2007; Oetzel, 2013). SCH and CH are detrimental to animal health and welfare, and a formidable economic burden to U.S. farmers (Oetzel, 2013). Currently accepted practices for treatment and prevention of SCH and CH include oral Ca supplementation post-calving and anionic salt supplementation (DCAD) pre-calving (Oetzel, 2004; Oetzel, 2013). However, post-calving Ca supplementations, while critical for treatment, are not sufficient to prevent maternal hypocalcemia and its associated peripartum disorders. Use of anionic salts in the pre-partum period has reduced the incidence of SCH and CH. However, approximately 25% of cows will still be afflicted with SCH (Oetzel, 2004). Additional limitations in the use of anionic salts as a prevention strategy include cost, reduced feed palatability, and the difficulty of finding low potassium forages to include in the diet (Oetzel, 2004; Goff, 2004; Goff, 2008). The lack of adequate therapies targeted towards preventing hypocalcemia leaves a large percentage of the U.S. dairy cow population unprotected and new therapeutic strategies are lacking because the physiological mechanisms of SCH are not fully understood.
Communicating Ebola through social media and electronic news media outlets: A cross-sectional study

Social media and electronic news media activity are an important source of information for the general public. Yet, there is a dearth of research exploring the use of Twitter and electronic news outlets during significant worldly events such as the recent Ebola Virus scare. The purpose of this article is to investigate the use of Twitter and electronic news media outlets in communicating Ebola Virus information. A cross-sectional survey of Twitter data and Google News Trend data from 30 September till 29 October, 2014 was conducted. Between 30 September and 29 October, there were approximately 26 million tweets (25,925,152) that contained the word Ebola. The highest number of correlated activity for Twitter and electronic news outlets occurred on 16 October 2014. Other important peaks in Twitter data occurred on 1 October, 6 October, 8 October, and 12 October, 2014. The main influencers of the Twitter feeds were news media outlets. The study reveals a relationship between electronic news media publishing and Twitter activity around significant events such as Ebola. Healthcare organizations should take advantage of the relationship between electronic news media and trending events on social media sites such as Twitter and should work on developing social media campaigns in co-operation with leading electronic news media outlets (e.g. CNN, Yahoo, Reuters) that can have an influence on social media activity.
2-Exp Time lower bounds for propositional dynamic logics with intersection

Abstract In 1984. Danecki proved that satisfiability in IPDL, i.e., Propositional Dynamic Logic (PDL) extended with an intersection operator on programs, is decidabie in deterministic double exponential time. Since then, the exact complexity of IPDL has remained an open problem: the best known lower bound was the ExpTime one stemming from plain PDL until, in 2004. the first author established ExpSpace-hardness. In this paper, we finally close the gap and prove that IPDL is hard for 2-ExpTime. thus 2-ExpTime-complete. We then sharpen our lower bound, showing that it even applies to IPDL without the test operator interpreted on tree structures.
All-optical phase-preserving amplitude regeneration using coherent nonlinear wave mixing

We propose and demonstrate an all-optical tunable phase-preserving scheme for amplitude regeneration of amplitude modulated signals and phase modulated signals based on coherent optical nonlinear wave mixing using HNLF. A regeneration factor of 7 for OOK and a regeneration factor of 2.9 for BPSK are achieved.
Glucocorticoids and Neurotrophin Gene Regulation in the Nervous System a

Glucocorticoid hormones play an important role in mediating the stress response in brain, but the hormones also influence survival of specific neuronal populations. '. * Adrenal steroids exert their gene effects by interacting with specific hormone receptors belonging to the superfamily of steroid receptor^. ^ In the brain, two types of glucocorticoid receptors, type I or mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and type I1 or classical glucocorticoid receptor (GR), are present with a partly overlapping distribution.M Corticosterone, which is the physiological glucocorticoid in rats, interacts with both receptors in brain cells albeit with different affinities. ' Interestingly, the GRs are widely distributed in rat brain," while the MR, which binds mineralocorticoids and natural glucocorticoids with high affinity, is highly expressed particularly in the h ippocamp~s . ~*~ . ~ Hippocampus is also the site of synthesis of many of the neurotrophic factors which have important functions in promoting survival and differentiation of certain populations of n e ~ r o n s . ~ Thus, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) are all expressed in the rat hippocampus although in different relative proportions.lOJ1 It seems that at least in the intact rat brain the expression of the neurotrophins is confined largely to neurons. In addition, the levels of neuronal NGF and BDNF mRNAs are increased by enhanced neuronal activity following glutamate'* and muscarinic receptor ~timulation. '~ Besides neurotrophins, hippocampal neurons also express the TrkB and TrkC tyrosine kinase receptors, which mediate the effects of BDNF and NT-3, respectively (for a review see Ref. 14). Recently it was shown that BDNF and NT-3 are able to elevate intracellular calcium in hippocampal ne~r0ns . l~ This finding supports the view that neurotrophins might have autocrine or paracrine actions within this brain region. On the other hand, adrenal steroids have been shown to influence survival of hippocampal neurons in addition to having effects on neuronal excitability. '*I6 In order to study whether the actions of glucocorticoids involve alterations in neurotrophic gene expression, we have analyzed the effects of the hormones on the levels of mRNA
Viral infections as potential triggers of type 1 diabetes

During the last decades, the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has increased significantly, reaching percentages of 3% annually worldwide. This increase suggests that besides genetical factors environmental perturbations (including viral infections) are also involved in the pathogenesis of T1D. T1D has been associated with viral infections including enteroviruses, rubella, mumps, rotavirus, parvovirus and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Although correlations between clinical presentation with T1D and the occurrence of a viral infection that precedes the development of overt disease have been recognized, causalities between viruses and the diabetogenic process are still elusive and difficult to prove in humans. The use of experimental animal models is therefore indispensable, and indeed more insight in the mechanism by which viruses can modulate diabetogenesis has been provided by studies in rodent models for T1D such as the biobreeding (BB) rat, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse or specific transgenic mouse strains. Data from experimental animals as well as in vitro studies indicate that various viruses are clearly able to modulate the development of T1D via different mechanisms, including direct β‐cell lysis, bystander activation of autoreactive T cells, loss of regulatory T cells and molecular mimicry. Data obtained in rodents and in vitro systems have improved our insight in the possible role of viral infections in the pathogenesis of human T1D. Future studies will hopefully reveal which human viruses are causally involved in the induction of T1D and this knowledge may provide directions on how to deal with viral infections in diabetes‐susceptible individuals in order to delay or even prevent the diabetogenic process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facilitation of Cognitive Performance in Aged Rats by Past Experience Depends on the Type of Information Processing Involved: A Combined Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study

The impact of past history on behavior across the life span is largely unknown. This is why the role of previous experience in subsequent memory performances has been studied in a combined longitudinal (animals repeatedly tested) and cross-sectional (animals tested once at various ages) study, in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Different types of memory (reference and working memory) and/or information processing (route or place learning) were assessed in three different tasks (T-maze, Morris water maze, and eight-arm radial maze). Our results indicate that experience prevents age-related impairments in the learning phase of the T-maze and the Morris water maze, in both middle-aged and old rats. Nonexperienced animals of the same age were found to present age-related memory deficits. However, previous experience did not have any effect on the learning of the radial maze or on the reversal performance. It is suggested that controlled processes (intentional and attentional) are impaired by aging and cannot be improved by training, whereas automated processes appear to benefit from it. These data underline the heterogeneity of cognitive aging and indicate that aging is not inevitably accompanied by a decline in performance.
Downtrend Algorithm and Hedging Strategy in Futures Market

The paper investigates downtrend algorithm and trading strategy based on chart pattern recognition and technical analysis in futures market. The proposed chart formation is a pattern with the lowest low in the middle and one higher low on each side. The contribution of this paper lies in the reinforcement of statements about the profitability of momentum trend trading strategies. Practical benefit of the research is a trading algorithm in falling markets and back-test analysis in futures markets. When based on daily data, the algorithm has generated positive results, especially when the market had downtrend period. Downtrend algorithm can be applied as a hedge strategy against possible sudden market crashes. The proposed strategy can be interesting for futures traders, hedge funds or scientific researchers performing technical or algorithmic market analysis based on momentum trend trading. Keywords—trading algorithm, chart pattern, downtrend trading, futures market, hedging