Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determinants of antimicrobial use in diarrhoea management among under-five children in Zomba, Malawi

Diarrhoea is one of the most common infections that under-five children suffer from across the world. Antibiotics remains one of the common measures used to treat the infection, which has led to increased usage; nevertheless, the extent to which an individual is prompted to use antibiotics in managing diarrhoea in the Malawian setting is not clearly known. This study was aimed at establishing the factors that prompt mothers/caregivers to use antibiotics in treating childhood diarrhoea. Women/caregivers with under-five children who suffered from diarrhoea two weeks before the study were recruited for the interviews (n=269). One-on-one interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire and two focus group discussions were carried out to generate qualitative data. Quantitative data was entered in CSPro version 7 and exported to STATA version 12 for analysis. The study established that caregivers use antibiotics in managing diarrhoea due to long distances to the health facility (OR 1.93, 95% CI: 1.03-3.65; P<0.04), unavailability of drugs at the facility (OR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.60-2.10; P<.71), quality of medical care at the health facility (OR 1.11, 95% CI: 0.57-2.15; P<.75) and previous knowledge of the diarrhoea condition (OR 0.90, 95% CI: 0.49-1.66; P<.74). As a result of these findings, Government of Malawi should consider widening access to health facilities to its citizens such that citizens are encouraged to always visit the healthy facilities. Healthy professionals should always encourage caregivers to refrain from engaging in self-medicational behavior as it has devastating effects on increased drug usage which contributes to anti-microbial resistance. Key words: Diarrhoea, under five children, anti-microbial, resistance, self-medication, over the counter, determinants, prescription.
Studying the Distribution of Fragments of English Using Deep Semantic Annotation

We present a preliminary study on how to use deep semantic annotation, namely the Boxer statistical semantic parser, that is capable of producing FO semantic representations for English sentences, to understand the distribution of families of socalled fragments of English. In particular, we try to answer the questions, relevant for the field of natural logic, of whether and how the semantic complexity of those fragments (viz., the computational complexity of the satisfiability problem of their FO semantic representations) correlates with their frequency.
Evidence Selection in Long Documents

A lot of Natural Language Processing tasks currently consist of processing a few sentences or paragraphs of text to solve a certain downstream task. Question-Answering in the SQuAD dataset consists of a single question sentence and a paragraph of context. Tasks like named entity recognition and semantic parsing also mostly contains datasets where the inputs are fairly small. In most real world applications however, one would have to go through entire documents to be able to solve a problem. Take the problem of comparing two treatments for a disease that are mentioned in a clinical trial report. One would have to browse through the entire document to find the relevant text to be able to answer the question of which treatment is better. This problem of finding the evidence in large documents for downstream tasks exists in other scenarios as well. Going back to the bio-medical domain, one would have to search through entire clinician reports to find evidence of drug interactions. Researchers have released datasets and have started working on methods to tackle these tasks consisting of long documents. In this project, we aim to tackle one such problem, the task of the treatment comparison. Our task is defined as follows: Given a PubMed article about a randomized control trial, answer a structured question about treatments in the trial. The structured question is a prompt that contains an intervention, comparator, and an outcome. The intervention and comparator are some treatments that are described in the article. The outcome is a patient outcome that is of interest. The answer to the question is one of the three options: significantly increase, significantly decrease, and no significant difference. The task is described with an example in Figure 1. In the example, we Figure 1: Our task: Evidence selection to answer questions about different treatment options, structured as a prompt. We split this task into two steps, the evidence selection part, and the final prediction.
Robust location-transportation problems with integer-valued demand

A Location-Transportation (LT) problem concerns designing a company's distribution network consisting of one central warehouse with ample stock and multiple local warehouses for a long but finite time horizon. The network is designed to satisfy the demands of geographically dispersed customers for multiple items within given delivery time targets. The company needs to decide on the locations of local warehouses and their basestock levels while considering the optimal shipment policies from central or local warehouses to customers. In this paper, we deal with integer uncertain demands in LT problems to design a robust distribution network. We prove two main characteristics of our LT problems, namely convexity and nondecreasingness of the optimal shipment cost function. Using these characteristics, we show for two commonly used uncertainty sets (box and budget uncertainty sets) that the optimal decisions on the location and the basestock levels of local warehouses can be made by solving a polynomial number of deterministic problems. For a general uncertainty set, we propose a new method, called Simplex-type method, to find a locally robust solution. The numerical experiments show the superiority of our method over using the integer-valued affine decision rules, which is the only available method for this class of problems.
Simulating Outbreak Scenarios: Novel Bat Coronavirus from Guano Harvest

This hypothetical scenario examines what might occur if one of the viruses discovered through the PREDICT-1 project spilled over into humans. We also examine ways to reduce this risk. In 2013, the PREDICT project discovered a novel beta-Coronavirus in bat guano in Thailand [1]. This virus does not currently pose a known threat to human health, but its presence in bat guano, which is harvested in Thailand for use in fertilizer and in other countries for traditional medicine, highlights a potential pathway for viruses to emerge.
Construction of Model for the Early Detection of Secondary schools Students 'Exposure to Risk Factors in Al-Najaf City

A descriptive study is conducted at AlNajaf City in Iraq on (540) secondary schools' adolescents which aims at constructing a causal model for the early detection of students’ exposure to risk factors . The results depict that secondary school students are exposed to risk factors Which are directly linked to their behavior , families , schools and communities , and they experience psychological problems on a large scale which include suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Furthermore, they also experience physical problems that include disabilities and genetic diseases. So, they do not receive adequate protective measures as result of the roles of government, school and their families.
A Precursor Study of the Indoleamine and Catecholamine Hypotheses of Depression Using the Dietary Tryptophan and Tyrosine Ratios

The indoleamine and catecholamine hypotheses of depression were tested by studying the tryptophan and tyrosine ratios of 16 women in a representative sample of the Swedish population, who were 46, 50, or 54 years old. The two ratios were estimated from the mean daily intake of six large neutral amino acids from the diet. Depression was not associated with low tryptophan ratios, but a significant association was found between low tyrosine ratios and depression among 54 year olds and among women without menstruation. Tyrosine ratios were not associated with the seasonal differences, and carbohydrate intake and the carbohydrate/protein ratio were not associated with depression.
Conceptual Modelling and Artificial Intelligence: Overview and research challenges from the perspective of predictive business process management

Currently, the visibility of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and society’s expectations of AI are very high, particularly compared to other research topics, namely Modelling. However, between Conceptual Modelling (short: Modelling) and AI exist many interesting and important interrelationships. This position paper overviews possible applications of AI for Modelling and Modelling for AI. After this general discussion, the field of predictive business process management is focused as a particular application case of AI and Modelling. Predictive process management uses machine learning for predicting the future state of a running process instance. The paper closes with some general remarks and research challenges.
Discharge Plan for Mothers to Cope with their Children Suffering from Bronchial Asthma

Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease that can have significantly negative effect on children and their families. Aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a discharge plan on mothers to cope with their children suffering from bronchial asthma. Design: A quasi experimental design was used. Setting: The study was carried out at the Pediatric Emergency Department in Children's Hospital, affiliated to Ain Shams University Hospitals. Subjects: A purposive sample composed of 58 mothers accompanying their children suffering from bronchial asthma who were admitted in the previously mentioned setting over a 6 month period were recruited. Tools: It included; a pre-designed interviewing questionnaire, observation checklist, parenting stress index, and coping health inventory for parents. Results: More than three quarters of the studied mothers had unsatisfactory total knowledge about bronchial asthma pre implementation of the discharge plan compared to slightly less than three quarters of them had satisfactory total knowledge post implementation with a statistically significant difference. As well, mothers’ practices and coping patterns were statistically improved post implementation of the discharge plan. Moreover, mothers' stress levels were significantly decrease post implementation. Conclusion: It can be concluded that, the discharge plan led to significant improvements in mothers’ knowledge and practices as well as coping patterns and decrease in stress level regarding care of their children suffering from bronchial asthma. Recommendations: Discharge plan for all mothers having children suffering from bronchial asthma should be conducted in emergency department, inpatient and outpatient clinics.
The effect of chlorine on the viscosity of Na 2 OFe 2 O 3-Al 2 O 3-SiO 2 melts

The shear viscosities of Cl-bearing melts in the system Na2O-Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 were determined at temperatures of 550950 °C in the range of 10 to 10 Pa s using the micropenetration technique. The compositions are based on addition of Fe2O3 or FeCl3 to aluminosilicate glasses with a Þ xed amount of SiO2 (67 mol%). Although there was loss of Cl during the glass syntheses, no loss occurred during the viscometry experiments. It is to be expected that Cl takes the structural position of O, and thus reduces the polymerization of the melt structure, and therefore the viscosity of the melt; as F does. Our measurements show that the presence of Cl increases or decreases the viscosity of the melts as a function of melt composition. In the present melts, at least 10% of the Fe exists as network-modifying or charge-balancing Fe; whereas the rest exists as network-forming Fe. It is proposed here that the different effects of Cl on viscosity are due to the preferred Cl-FeNBO bonding together with the different structure of peralkaline and peraluminous melts. In peralkaline aluminosilicate melts, the addition of Cl2O-1 will destroy 2 NBOs and create one BO if Cl bonds primarily to the Fe creating non-bridging O atoms. This would result in an increase in viscosity. In peraluminous melts, the addition of Cl2O1 may result in Cl bonds to the charge-balancing Fe, creating 2 new tri-clusters [assuming (Al,Fe)Si2O5 tri-clusters exist]. The preference of Cl to form bonds to the NBO-forming Fe is indicated by the small amount of Cl soluble in the peraluminous melt structure in comparison to that soluble in the peralkaline structure.
Sociological Understanding of The Interface Between Poverty And The Community: A Study of Mahashas of J&K, India

Understanding poverty is a major area in the study of social stratification and inequality. The reasons of poverty could not be evaluated by any uni-dimensional approach, rather it requires overall holistic approaches to deal with the issue. In India especially when we have to deal with the structure based on caste system, issue becomes more complex and thus we need multi-dimensional lens to find the solutions. This study is an endeavour to explore the underlying reasons of poverty among one of the scheduled caste community in Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The community under study is Mahasha. The results showed that the pathetic condition of the community cannot be attributed singly to economic, cultural or social factors. In fact it seems to be a complex combination and it is difficult to separate them as cause and effect.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Flavobacteriaceae isolates from Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Tanzania

This study aimed to assess antimicrobial susceptibility of members of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Antimicrobial susceptibility of 67 Flavobacteriaceae isolates originating mainly from ponds and Lake Victoria against 19 antimicrobial agents was determined by the broth micro dilution method. Overall, most isolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin (97%; MIC90 2 μg/ml) followed by novobiocin (85%, MIC90, 4 μg/ml) and the aminoglycoside streptomycin (85%; MIC90, 128 μg/ml). Some isolates were also susceptible towards trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (77.6%), neomycin and florfenicol both at 62.7%. Susceptibility levels were low for tylosin tartrate (32.8%), clindamycin and sulphathiazole both at (23.9%), ceftiofur (6%), spectinomycin (6%) and tetracyclines/oxtetracyclines (4.5%). In contrast, β-Lactams (amoxicillin, penicillin), gentamycin and erythromycin exhibited very poor activity against Flavobacteriaceae isolates. The extent of antimicrobial susceptibility did not vary significantly among isolates from farmed and wild fish isolates (P > 0.01). The highest Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance (MAR) index was observed in Chryseobacterium indologenes (0.89) and the lowest in Chaetoderma indicum isolates (0.32). Our results indicate that most of Flavobacteriaceae isolates are multidrug resistance, and this may be associated with intrinsic resistance mechanisms to a broad range of antimicrobial agents. However, the need remains to carryout in-depth study to understand better the underlying genetic mechanisms given that the magnitude and trend for susceptibility was comparable between isolates from aquaculture and fisheries. The findings from this study give us insight into appropriate choice of antimicrobial agents for effective treatment of infections caused by these isolates. Key words: Aquaculture, Fisheries, Intrinsic resistance, minimum inhibitory concentrations, ponds, Lake Victoria.
Psychosocial and Economic Challenges Encountered by Widows and Their Effect on Self-esteem. A Case of Githunguchu Sub- location, Gatundu Sub County, Kenya

The death of a spouse is a stressful life event that marks a turning point in the life course often involving transitions and adaptations in social roles for the surviving partner. Widowhood is associated with increased financial strain, the assumption of new tasks in household management and changes in social relationships, all of which may exerbate or mitigate psychological distress. Widowhood impacts multiple life domains which may moderate short and long term effects on the psychological wellbeing of the bereaved. The study examined the psychosocial and economic challenges encountered by widows and their effect on selfesteem in Githunguchu Sub-location location, Gatundu Sub County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were to assess and identify psychosocial and economic challenges encountered by widows in relation to the effects of psychosocial and economic challenges on widows‟ self-esteem. Mixed methods design were used by combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Primary data for the study was collected using questionnaires, oral interviews and focus group discussions and analyzed using SPSS and Nvivo software. The sample size was 27 individuals. The study revealed a strong positive correlation between psychosocial and economic problems (r=.515, p<.01, N=107), with a relatively high composite score being obtained for economic challenges on a 5point scale (M=3.52, SD=0.53) and a similar score being obtained for psychosocial challenges (M=3.53, SD=0.66). The study established that there was a weak positive and statistically significant relationship between psychosocial and economic challenges on the widows self-esteem (r=.267, p<.01). Comparatively, self-esteem recorded a lower general score on a scale of 1 to 5 (M=3.18, SD=0.85). Results showed that the correlation between psychosocial challenges and their effect on self-esteem (r=.319, p<.01) was stronger than the correlation between economic challenges and its effect on self-esteem (r=.267, p<.01). The study revealed that most challenges faced by widows were financial, stress, and other social factors. Therefore, widows need to be sensitized to seek psychological services in order to cope with their low self-esteem especially after the loss of their spouses.
Time in Language and Philosophy: temporal сonceptualisations in Ukrainian

In this study, offering an investigation into the notion of time in Ukrainian language and philosophy, I depart from Vyvyan Evans’ approach (Evans 2005) which recognizes a complex structure of time, and employ his Lexical Concepts and Cognitive Models theory (LCCM) to tackle the structure of time as denoted by two Ukrainian lexical items: Ukr. час and Ukr. верем’я. An important deviation from Evans’ methodology is the diachronic dimension the LCCM is applied in, which is introduced by the concept of the inner form of the word. Defined as its closest etymological meaning, the inner form of the word implies that, in a form-meaning pairing, the form used to express the meaning is motivated rather than arbitrary. With regard to their inner forms, both Ukr. час and Ukr. верем’я exhibit interlingual diachronic polysemy that can be structured as a radial category, and interpreted as an array of lexical concepts integrated into a specific cognitive model for time. It turns out that the proposed analysis of Ukrainian temporal terms uncovers two different cognitive models relating to such opposing cultural visions of time as the linear and
FRONT SIDE STRUCTURES IN TIO2 FOR CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS: WHICH EFFECTS CAN THEY ACHIEVE?

Light trapping and reflection reduction are essential, in order to enhance the absorption of silicon solar cells. State of the art in industry is texturization using wet chemical etching of the front surface in combination with the deposition of antireflection coatings to improve the solar cell optics. Within this work an alternative route, namely a TiO2 coating with nano structures on the front side of a planar silicon solar cell encapsulated in ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and glass, is analyzed. The focus is put on the experimental realization of such a system. Optical measurements are compared to optical simulations using the rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) and the OPTOS method. Good agreement between measurements and simulation was found, so the simulation modell can be used in the future for prediction of the optical perfomance of different structures even in a PV-module.
Simulation of a Rectangular Patch Antenna with Polyolefin Substrate from Wasted Materials by Zeland IE-3D

Utilization of different wasted materials for the development of microstrip antenna segment has been rapid due to the recent miniaturization of wireless devices. In this paper, we have simulated a coaxial fed rectangular microstrip patch antenna for all those communication systems whose limited antenna size is premium. Low permittivity polyolefin has been used as substrate to achieve wide bandwidth. The Polyolefin can be collected form wastes of pipes, cables which will be a step towards recycling of unused pipes, cables etc. The simulation of this proposed antenna has been performed by using IE3D software, which is the first SCALABLE EM design and verification platform that delivers the modeling accuracy for the combined needs of high-frequency circuit design and signal integrity engineers across multiple design domains. This research will therefore contribute to a new generation of with extensive functionalities.
An Integrated Approach to Moral Autonomous Systems

The prevailing methodology for integrating decision making and ethics is to modify autonomous systems in an ad hoc way to incorporate moral sensibility. However, these provisional modiﬁ-cations often lead to behavior that jeopardizes the intentions of developers or the values of stakeholders. We propose a novel approach for building moral autonomous systems that optimally completes a task and follows an ethical framework by decoupling ethical compliance from task completion. This paper offers a formal deﬁnition of our approach along with its key properties, an example based on prima facie duties, and a demonstration that uses our open source library.
Examining the possibility of phagotrophy in the polar alga, Micromonas sp

Micromonas CCMP2099 is the most common picophytoplankton in the Arctic waters and one of the main contributors to CO2 fixation in the ocean, which is very important for the carbon cycle. There are some scientists who suggest that Micromonas CCMP2099 can do phototrophy but also phagotrophy when there are bad conditions for them to obtain energy through photosynthesis. Mixotrophy may change the way that the carbon cycle works as well as the climate change. To further understand if Micromonas CCMP2099 is mixotroph and how that would affect to the carbon cycle, we are studying the ingestion of particles called “beads” in stressful conditions by Micromonas with flow cytometry.
Effects of Environmental Variability on Metabolism in the Red Abalone, Haliotis rufescens

Through fossil fuel emissions, the ocean chemistry is increasing to be more acidic and hypoxic in the deep and warmer at the surface. Through seasonal coastal upwelling from below the continental shelf and advection, acidic and hypoxic waters will be brought toward the coast, which may be stressful for the marine organisms. For the experiment, we tested how the juvenile red abalone, Haliotis rufescens ’s metabolism will be affected by exposing them to the upwelling condition in the lab. Before the experiment, two sets of abalones were exposed to different environmental condition for five days. The first set was exposed to the upwelling condition and the other set was exposed to the constant condition, which takes the mean of all the environmental variables (7.595 pH; 5.55 mg L -1 ; 15.1 o C). The metabolism rate from both sets of abalones did not show a significant difference, as it indicated that the exposure rate was short. However, during when oxygen rate increased in the upwelling cycle, there was a slight difference in metabolism, suggesting that the abalones from the upwelling exposure had adapted faster to become an oxyregulator when there is excess oxygen in the surrounding.