Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Live Fluorescent Staining Platform for Drug-Screening and Mechanism-Analysis in Zebrafish for Bone Mineralization

Currently, drug screening relies on cell-based experiments or on animal models to confirm biological effects. The mammalian system is considered too time-consuming, expensive and complex to perform high-throughput drug screening. There is a gap between in vitro cell-based models and the in vivo mammalian models. The zebrafish is an ideal model that could link preclinical toxicity screening with the drug development pipeline. Taking advantage of a highly conservative genomic, rapid development, large number of offspring, low cost and easy manipulation, zebrafish has been considered an excellent animal model for disease-based drug screening. In this study, zebrafish embryos were incubated with small molecular compounds that potentially affected bone mineralization in microplates. Two compounds of alendronate and dorsomorphin were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The level of osteogenic mineralization was measured and quantified by using ImageJ software with fluorescent calcein-staining images. Among twenty-four tested compounds from the kinase inhibitor library, we identified two compounds, pentamidine and BML-267, which showed increased embryonic mineralization; while six compounds, RWJ-60475, levamisole HCL, tetramisole HCL, fenvalerate, NSC-663284, and BML-267ester, were inhibitory to bone mineralization. In addition, real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed to evaluate the biological pathways involved in bone metabolism at the molecular level. We confirmed that alendronate enhanced the level of bone mineralization by inhibiting osteoclast-related genes. In summary, our research established a simple method to screen potential bone metabolic drugs and to perform mechanism analysis for bone mineralization in vivo.
Pharmacokinetics of ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C virus.

AIM A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using plasma concentration data (n = 7025) from 380 patients to examine the relationship between ribavirin dose and its pharmacokinetics. METHODS Ribavirin pharmacokinetics were described by a three-compartment model with sequential zero-order and a first-order absorption processes. Interoccasion variability and food effects were included. RESULTS Lean body weight (range 41-91 kg) was the only covariate with a clinically significant influence on ribavirin pharmacokinetics, affecting clearance (15.3-23.9 l h(-1)) and the volume of the larger peripheral compartment. CONCLUSION The model provided a good description of the available data, confirmed by accurate estimates of parameter values and low residual variability (17%).
Distortion weighting based on biorthogonal wavelet gain in JPEG2000

JPEG2000 is the latest standard in image compression with the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) committee ratifying Part 1, second edition of the standard in September 2004. The JPEG2000 compression system improves upon the original JPEG compression standard through the use of a wavelet transform and an Embedded Block Coding with Optimal Truncation (EBCOT) technique that allows for a compression advantage over JPEG of about 30 percent on average. EBCOT depends on an arithmetic entropy coder called the MQ Coder that processes data and outputs the final image bit-stream that is stored in a JPEG2000 file. After the MQ Coder, the bit-stream can be truncated at points defined during the encoding process, and this truncation may be done optimally to minimize the amount of distortion introduced to the decoded image. This optimal truncation relies on a distortion calculation for every bit that makes up an image. In order to properly calculate this bit-distortion, weights are applied to a squared-error calculation, scaling the resulting distortion in a manner that accounts for the gain associated with the biorthogonal wavelet transform used in JPEG2000. This paper gives a background on the derivation of these weights and where they are applied in the optimal truncation process.
Impacts of 3-D Integration Processes on Memory Retention Characteristics in Thinned DRAM Chip for High-Reliable 3-D DRAM

The impacts of 3-D integration processes on memory retention characteristics in thinned DRAM chip were evaluated. The retention characteristics of DRAM cell in a DRAM chip which was face-down bonded to an interposer with under-fill degraded depending on the decreased chip thickness, especially dramatically degraded below 40- μm thickness. Meanwhile, the retention characteristics of DRAM cell in a DRAM chip which was bonded without under-fill relatively not so degraded until to 30- μm thickness, but suddenly degraded below 20- μm thickness. The retention characteristics of DRAM cell in the thinned DRAM chip which was CMP-treated dramatically degraded after intentional Cu diffusion from the backside surface at 300 °C annealing, regardless of the well structure. Meanwhile, the retention characteristics of DRAM cell in the thinned DRAM chip which was DP-treated not degraded even after Cu diffusion at 300 °C annealing.
Zafimaniry: An Understanding of What Is Passed on from Parents to Children: A Cross-Cultural Investigation

Children (aged 7 to 16 years) and adults from a remote Zafimaniry village in eastern Madagascar were probed for their intuitive understanding of the biological inheritance of bodily features. They were told a story about a baby adopted at birth, and were asked whether, when grown, he would be more likely to resemble his birth parents or his adoptive parents in bodily traits, beliefs, preferences, temperaments, and skills. In spite of the fact that the Zafimaniry, like other Southeast Asian and Malagasy peoples, profess explicit beliefs concerning the fixation of individuals' properties that are at variance with Western folkbiology, Zafimaniry adults responded as do American adults on the task. Zafimaniry children, however, did not repond as did the adults, nor did they respond as did the majority of American children. Rather, they responded in the manner most consistent with what would be predicted, for children as well as for adults, from the ethnographic literature. That is, they tended to judge that an adopted boy would resemble his adoptive rather than his birth parents on virtually all traits, including bodily traits. The implications of these findings for current debates within cognitive science and anthropology are discussed.
[Roles of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway in silicon dioxide-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human pulmonary epithelial cells].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) on the expression of E-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and transforming growth factor β₁(TGF-β₁) in human pulmonary epithelial cells (A549) with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and to study the roles of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway in SiO₂-induced EMT in A549 cells in vitro. METHODS Alveolar macrophages (AMs) were stimulated with 50 µg/ml SiO₂for 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, or 36 h, and the supernatants were collected to measure the expression of TGF-β₁protein by ELISA. The AM supernatant in which TGF-β₁reached the highest expression (T=18 h) was used as AM-conditioned supernatant. A549 cells were cultured in AM-conditioned supernatant and stimulated with indicated doses of SiO₂(0, 50, 100, and 200 µg/ml) for 48 h. The cell morphological changes were observed using an inverted microscope. The cells were collected at different times, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of E-cadherin, α-SMA, and EGFR were measured by RT-PCR and immunocytofluorescence, respectively. RESULTS After stimulation by SiO₂, the expression level of TGF-β₁protein at each time point was significantly higher in the presence of AM supernatants than in the absence of AM supernatants (P<0.05). With the action time, the expression level of TGF-β₁protein increased at first and then decreased, and the highest level was reached at 18 h. After exposure to SiO₂, A549 cells exhibited mesenchymal characteristics, such as a spindle shape, pseudopodia change, and fibroblast-like morphology, as observed by inverted microscope, especially in the 200 µg/ml group. With increased concentration of SiO₂, the mRNA and protein expression of E-cadherin was down-regulated gradually, especially in the 200 µg/ml group, whereas the mRNA and protein expression of α-SMA and EGFR was up-regulated gradually, especially in the 200 µg/m1 group. There were significant differences between the SiO₂-treated groups (50, 100, and 200 µg/ml SiO₂) and the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION After being stimulated by SiO₂in vitro, AMs have significantly increased expression level of TGF-β₁protein. The AM supernatant together with SiO₂can induce the transition of pulmonary epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells, and its mechanism may be related to the EGFR signaling pathway.
Crystal modification of phenytoin with polyethylene glycol for improving mechanical strength, dissolution rate and bioavailability by a spherical crystallization technique.

Phenytoin crystals with improved mechanical strength, dissolution rate and bioavailability were obtained by using a novel crystallization process termed "spherical crystallization. " An alkaline solution of phenytoin held at 40°C was poured into a well dispersed mixture of isopropyl acetate and hydrochloric acid containing a water-soluble polymer, e.g. polyethylene glycol (PEG), at 20°C. Fine crystals of phenytoin incorporating PEG in proportion to its concentration in the solvent were directly agglomerated. The agglomerates with PEG had a free-flowing property due to their spherical shape and smooth surface. The PEG incorporated in the agglomerate resulted in increased mechanical strength, dissolution rate and bioavailability of the resultant agglomerated crystals of phenytoin.
Morphometric Analysis of the Dental Pulp Chamber as a Method of Age Determination in Humans

Eighty bite-wing radiographs from 40 female and 40 male patients were selected from the patient record system at the University of Texas Dental School at San Antonio, Texas. All samples were equally divided into four age groups, with a range from 15 to 55 years of age. The lower right first permanent molar tooth was chosen as the representative tooth for measuring the maximum height and width of the pulp chamber. The reproducibility of the method was checked by repeating all measurements on two different occasions. Regression analysis indicates that the height and width of the pulp chamber were negatively correlated with age (height r = −0.376 and width r = −0.125). The coefficient of determination (r2) for pulp chamber height and width were 0.123 and 0.058, respectively. This indicates that although there appears to be a definite relationship between the age of an individual and the height and width of the dental pulp chamber, these measures cannot be used as a reliable method of age determination.
Management of infantile esotropia

Purpose of review Surgical treatment has been the accepted mode of treatment for infantile esotropia for decades. The present review of recent literature evaluates the current standing of: type of surgery performed and best timing of surgery to achieve optimal results. Recent findings Recent studies suggest that early surgical intervention is of benefit by improving the probability of developing stereopsis. A significant advantage of the type of surgical intervention has yet to be demonstrated by the current studies. Botulinum toxin continues to be used for treatment of infantile esotropia, although it has not been shown to be a superior treatment. Summary Although many theories exist, the true cause of infantile esotropia remains unknown. The literature suggests that treatment before age 2 and perhaps even earlier improves the potential for binocular vision. After significant review of literature, it is clear that surgery is the treatment of choice for infantile esotropia but no method has a clear advantage. Efforts to define the best surgical procedure and timing of surgery through prospective, randomized multicenter trials are warranted.
High-Dimensional Space Search System for Multi-Tower Crane Motion Planning

The purpose of multi-tower crane motion planning is to find a collision-free construction process for multiple tower cranes operating in a construction site. This problem can be reduced to the path searching problem in highdimensional space and an important amount of research related to the path search algorithm has been published in various fields. In this paper, we analyzed the features of high-dimensional space reduced from the construction site, and we found that the generated space has particular patterns. Therefore, we propose that the previously developed path searching algorithms can easily be optimized to the space. Finally, this study presents an implementation of goal-biased rapidlyexploring random trees, and running the algorithm in the reduced space allows us to obtain the collision-free construction process for multiple tower cranes effectively.
Fine‐needle aspiration of pancreatic serous cystadenoma

The preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic serous cystadenoma (SCA) is important because as a typically benign tumor it can be treated expectantly, whereas many other cystic tumors require excision. This study examines the cytology, clinical and radiologic features, diagnostic accuracy of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA), and potential pitfalls associated with this rare tumor.
Clarification of the identity of Homona salaconis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

In our analysis of the moth genus Homona in New Guinea (Hulcr et al. 2007), we had one species that we could not clearly identify that we called “species near salaconis. ” The New Guinea specimens differ somewhat in genitalic morphology from specimens from the Philippines (the type locality of salaconis) and DNA data were not available at the time. Through Wolfram Mey, we have subsequently obtained specimens from the Philippines, and obtained Cytochrome Oxidase I (“DNA barcode”) sequences from two specimens (Genbank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"GU440204-GU440205","start_term":"GU440204","end_term":"GU440205","start_term_id":"288548541","end_term_id":"288548543"}}GU440204-GU440205). The two Philippines sequences differ 0.15% from each other, while the Philippines sequences differ from our original New Guinea sequences (Genbank EF070825-070836) by 3.30-4.28% (using Neighbor Joining with the Kimura 2 parameter as implemented by Ratnasingham and Hebert, 2007). Based on the morphological and DNA criteria discussed in Hulcr et al. (2007), the Philippines and New Guinea populations should be considered separate species. The Philippines population keeps the name Homona salaconis, which was well illustrated by Diakonoff (1968, as Archips salaconis). The name Homona auriga (Durrant, 1915) is available for the New Guinea population, which we propose here as a resurrected taxonomic status. We have examined the female holotype from Indonesian New Guinea in the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH Microlepidoptera slide 7854) and it matches our specimens from Papua New Guinea. Homona auriga was previously considered a synonym of Homona salaconis (Brown, 2005). The identities of other populations formerly identified as Homona salaconis outside of the Philippines and New Guinea should also be reviewed (such as those mentioned by Brown 2005 from Sumatra and Sulawesi), but no material suitable for DNA study is available to us.
Lamarck was partially right—and that is good for corals

Tabletop corals can adapt to changing temperature conditions on shorter time scales than previously thought [Also see Report by Palumbi et al.] Ocean warming is one of the most urgent threats to coral reefs (1–3). Some taxa may migrate in response to changing environmental conditions (4), but corals and other sessile organisms only migrate through larval movement (5). This is viable for coral species with planktonic larvae, but not for the many coral species with crawl-away larvae that cannot migrate far. Adult corals must therefore adapt evolutionarily or acclimate physiologically to survive warming. On page 895 of this issue, Palumbi et al. (6) show that tabletop corals (see the first photo) can both acclimate and adapt to elevated temperatures in American Samoan back-reef pools (see the second photo), where high-temperature extremes are common. If the result holds for other species and locations, it provides hope for coral reefs under global warming.
What Is the Evidence for Use of a Supplemental Feeding Tube Device as an Alternative Supplemental Feeding Method for Breastfed Infants?

BACKGROUND According to the Healthy People 2020 goals, the sustainability of breastfeeding duration rates within the United States has not been achieved. To increase these rates, it is important that women with breastfeeding difficulties receive the support needed to continue breastfeeding. When supplementation occurs, it is essential that the breastfeeding relationship be preserved. Various methods of supplementation are often recommended including use of the supplemental feeding tube device (SFTD). PURPOSE The question guiding this brief is "What evidence exists to support the use of an SFTD as a method of supplementation for breastfed infants? " SEARCH STRATEGY The PubMed and CINAHL databases were queried for original research published in English from 1990 through July 2016. Search terms included "supplemental feeding tube," "breastfeeding," "term infants," "premature infants," "Supplemental Nursing System," "Lact-aid," and "supply line. " FINDINGS Very limited research exists on the use of SFTDs as a method of supplementation for breastfed infants; however, existing research suggests that an SFTD may be useful as a supplementation method for breastfed infants. High-quality research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of using an SFTD for supporting exclusive and all breastfeeding rates. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Nurses and providers need to be educated and trained in the use of SFTDs as well as all supplemental feeding methods. Information on efficacy and SFTD use should also be included in policies related to breastfeeding and human milk use. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH Further research should determine best methods of supplementation for breastfed infants and should examine differences in breastfeeding rates when using the SFTD for supplementation.
Effect of pyrolysis temperature on the property modifications of lignocellulosic biomass and its components

The main purpose of this work was to understand property modifications during lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis by using different experimental techniques (thermal analysis methods, x-ray diffraction and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT)). Miscanthus x Giganteus as energy crop and its components (cellulose, holocellulose and lignin) were used as feedstock in this investigation. Pyrolysis tests were carried out in laboratory scale reactors with a slow hating rate of 5 °C/min at three different temperatures 280, 300, 350 °C. The initial samples and their biochar products were investigated with the objective of their effective valorization. X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated the presence of mineral classes in the biochars like silicate. Analysis of functional groups showed the progressive decrease of carboxyl groups and the increase of carbonyl during pyrolysis. The greatest change in surface functionality was identified at 300-350 °C.
Exponential Equilibria and Uniform Boundedness of HIV Infection Model

According to data and statistics in a global summary of the Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic from The World Health Organization (WHO), by the end of 2007 an estimated 33 million people worldwide were living with human immunodeficiency virus, HIV. That same year, some 2 million died of AIDS, and the number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) was reported in 2.990. 000, while an estimated of about 9.700. 000 the people needing ART. In other words, globally, less than one person in five at risk of HIV has access to basic HIV prevention services. The same study indicates a total 31% as the ART coverage at that same period (WHO, 2007). Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has demonstrated to be effective at slowing the progression of (HIV) infection to Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and, subsequently, to improve quality of life for infected people. However, if on the one hand the cocktail of drugs has been making possible to extend patient’s lives, on the other hand the many problems associated with it and its high cost, particularly to poor people are a clear indication that new approaches to address the situation are needed. Most efforts to control HIV replication has been focused on developing and optimizing antiretroviral therapies. The immune system of human beings contains different types of cells that help protect the body from infections. One of these types of specialized cells are called Cluster of Differentiation Antigen 4 (CD4) or T-cells, by the fact that CD4 is a glycoprotein predominantly found on the surface of helper T cells. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus and therefore it needs cells from a host so that it can make copies of itself. The CD4 cells are receptors for HIV and they aid the virus to initiate its replication process by enabling it to enter into its host. HIV is essentially considered as an infection of the immune in the sense that this virus infects and damages CD4 during the virus replication process. The more virus is produced by infected cells, the higher is the viral load and consequently, lower will be the number of functioning CD4 cells. When this number of uninfected cells declines below a critical value, the immune system is seriously deteriorated by HIV. In section 2, it is shown the theoretical reference used to analyze the asymptotic behavior of the solution to the nonlinear perturbed system. The analysis concerning the origin, x=0 as 11
Inflammatory reactions in placental blood of Plasmodium falciparum‐infected women and high concentrations of soluble E‐selectin and a circulating P. falciparum protein in the cord sera

To better understand reasons for increased susceptibility to malaria in pregnancy; and the interrelationships between maternal malaria, local immune reactions and the development of the fetus, concentrations of soluble interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), cytokine receptors, adhesion molecules, a Plasmodium falciparum protein, glutamate‐rich protein (GLURP) and antibodies to P. falciparum rhoptry‐associated protein‐1 were measured among 105 Gambian women and their neonates. Peripheral blood concentrations of IL‐10, soluble cytokine receptors and soluble adhesion molecules were found to be different from those concentrations measured in the placenta. Markers of inflammatory reactions: IL‐10, sIL‐2R, sIL‐4R, and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor I (sTNF‐RI) were found in high concentrations in the placenta, indicating that inflammatory reactions take place in the placenta which has been regarded as an immunoprivileged site. Concentrations of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (sVCAM‐1) and soluble intracellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1), potential adhesion receptors for malaria parasites, were associated with an active P. falciparum infection in the placenta although the associations did not reach significance. P. falciparum exoantigen, GLURP, was detected in cord blood indicating transplacental passage of malarial antigens. Concentrations of E‐selectin were higher in cord blood samples compared with peripheral blood samples. This appeared to be associated with development of cord endothelial cells and not with P. falciparum infection.