Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A quantitative study of neuronal discharge in areas 5, 2, and 4 of the monkey during fast arm movements.

1. The properties of parietal neurons were studied in four adult rhesus monkeys during fast arm movements. The animals were trained to perform flexion or extension of the forearm about the elbow in response to specific auditory cues. Single neuron activity was recorded in 272 area 5 neurons, 81 neurons of the somatosensory cortex, and 92 neurons of the motor cortex. 2. In area 5, 42% of neuronal changes occurred before movement onset (early changes) and 58% after (late changes), with 21% before the earliest electromyogram. The range of modification in activity took place between 260 ms before movement onset and 180 ms after. Complex receptive fields were found in area 5 with a greater proportion among the late neurons (72%) than among the early neurons (32%). 3. Different patterns of activity were observed in neurons recorded in both movement directions. Reciprocal neurons represented 52% of the motor cortex neurons and 41% of the neurons in the somatosensory cortex but only 14% of the area 5 neurons. Of the remainder area 5 neurons, 46% were direction-sensitive neurons and 39% coactivated neurons. This suggests a more complex encoding of movement direction in area 5 than in area 2 or 4. 4. Temporal characteristics of the neuronal bursts were quantitatively analyzed in areas 5, 2, and 4. Neuronal burst duration was longer in area 5 than in the other areas. Above all, a variability of burst parameters, which did not depend on variable movement execution, was noticed in area 5. Therefore neuronal activity in this cortical area cannot be simply explained by a convergence of sensory and motor inputs but may depend on the behavioral context in which the movement is performed. 5. A correlation between neuronal burst duration and movement duration was found in 41% of area 2 neurons. In area 5, this correlation was observed in 20% of the late neurons and in 14% of the early neurons. A correlation between neuronal discharge frequency and movement velocity was found in 34% of area 2 neurons and 24% of area 4 neurons. About 16% of both late and early neurons in area 5 showed such a correlation. These neurons received polyarticular input, and it is suggested that they may be involved in the kinematic encoding of polyarticular movements. 6. A topographic and functional organization of area 5 was noticed. In anterior area, 5, 83% of the neurons had receptive fields and most of the reciprocal neurons and those exhibiting a correlation with movement parameters were found there. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Diagnosis of Pneumoperitoneum: Abdominal CT vs. Upright Chest Film

To compare the sensitivity of CT with upright chest radiography for the detection of free intraperitoneal air, we compared the results of these examinations performed on trauma patients who had introduction of intraperitoneal air from diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL). Thirteen patients were studied by abdominal CT within 24 h after DPL. Upright chest radiography was performed prior to abdominal CT or <4 h after abdominal CT. All patients demonstrated free air on abdominal CT. Only 5 of 13 (38%) patients demonstrated free air on plain radiography. The amount of free air demonstrated on CT was quantified into three groups. Upright chest radiography in the minimal group (less than three 1 mm pockets of air) was totally insensitive (0 of 2) in detecting free air. Upright chest radiography in the moderate group (greater than three 1 mm pockets, but <13 mm diameter collection of air) was 33% sensitive (3 of 9). Upright chest radiography in the large group (>13 mm collection of air) was 100% sensitive (2 of 2). Abdominal CT is clearly superior to upright chest radiography in demonstrating free intraperitoneal air in this clinical setting.
Supratrochlear and Supraorbital Nerves: An Anatomical Study and Applications in the Head and Neck Area

Background: This article elucidates the anatomical details of the course and territory of the supraorbital (SO) and supratrochlear (ST) nerves. Possible applications of the SO and ST nerves for sensory nerve transfer are also examined. Methods: The dissection of 3 fresh cadaver heads (6 hemifaces) was performed. In each hemiface, the ST and SO nerves were identified. The following data were recorded: 1) number of branches, 2) skin boundaries, 3) communicative branches, and 4) branch length. The feasibility of specific nerve-transfer procedures was also examined. Results: In 4 hemifaces the SO nerve exited from the SO notch and in 2 hemifaces from the SO foramen. The position was lateral to the midline, with a mean distance of 1.93 cm. In all dissections, a maximum of 4 SO branches (range 2–4) were identified. The ST nerve exited the orbital rim medial to the SO nerve, and lateral to the midline with a mean distance of 0.866 cm. The mean distance between the SO and ST nerves at the level of the SO rim was 1.06 cm. In 5 of 6 hemifaces, several sub-branches emerged from the main trunk of the ST nerve. In 1 hemiface the ST nerve was divided in 2 main branches. Conclusions: The data presented in the current study are in agreement with previous anatomical studies. Both ST and SO nerves can be used as sensory nerve donors in the head and neck area for numerous expanding applications.
Integrated Scheduling of Grid Applications in WDM Optical Light-Trail Networks

A novel task graph model, flexible task model (FTM), is proposed for modeling the grid computing tasks and the relationships among the tasks. In this model, a task may generate output before the task completes whereas previous work assumes that no output is available until the task is completed. In addition, a task in FTM can start to execute when it has collected a minimum amount of required input from its predecessors. FTM is more general and flexible than the conventional task graph model considered in previous work. Based on FTM, we investigate the problem of scheduling grid applications that integrates the resource allocation for task execution and service provisioning for subwavelength data communication between the tasks. Data communication between grid tasks under the FTM model is better supported using light-trails in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks, than lightpaths. The objective is to minimize the total amount of time for task completion or makespan. Simulation results show that our proposed scheduling algorithm under FTM significantly reduces the total task completion time compared with that under the conventional task graph model. Moreover, the communication service provisioning using light-trails is very resource efficient.
Nutritional Status of Upper Primary School Pupils in a Rural Setting in Ghana

Malnutrition continues to be a major problem among school-aged children in developing countries. In Ghana, there is not much documented data on the nutritional status of this category of children. Thus, this cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the nutritional status of 120 upper primary school pupils, comprising 60 males and 60 females in a rural setting. These pupils were randomly selected from 3 public schools in 3 villages with similar socioeconomic characteristics in the Atwima-Nwabiagya District of the Ashanti region of Ghana. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics and food consumption patterns of the pupils while an electronic bathroom scale and microtoise stadiometer were used to obtain their weights and heights, respectively. A 24-hour dietary recall was used to assess the nutrients and energy intakes and the ESHA food processor nutrients database was employed in the analysis of energy and nutrients. To assess stunting and underweight among the respondents, WHO/Epi software was used. T-test and chi-squared statistic were used to analyze differences between variables. The results of the study revealed that almost half of the pupils reported eating three times daily with breakfast and lunch mainly consumed from the school canteen. The 24-hour recall showed that the pupils did not meet their energy and nutrient requirements except for five out of the twelve nutrients investigated. The prevalence of stunting and underweight were 56.7% and 45.8%, respectively, among the respondents. More males than females were either stunted or underweight. However, no significant difference was found between males and females in the incidence of stunting and underweight. The prevalence of thinness also showed that 5% of the males were thin and 13.5% females were overweight/obese. It was concluded that the nutritional status of the respondents was poor since the incidence of stunting and underweight were high while energy and some nutrients were below the recommended intakes. The researchers recommended that there should be more effort in designing intervention programs to improve the quality of meals the pupils consume and also there should be more emphasis on nutrition education at the primary level in rural areas .
Serum soluble transferrin receptor in hypochromic microcytic anaemia.

INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to assess the clinical significance of soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) in hypochromic microcytic anaemia. METHODS Serum sTfR was determined on 91 blood samples with haemoglobin less than 110 g/L and MCV less than 76 fl or MCH less than 27.0 pg. The samples were classified as iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) and thalassaemia. ACD was further divided into groups 1 and 2, based on the serum ferritin level. RESULTS The sTfR level in the control was 1.53+/-0.8 mg/L. In IDA, the sTfR level was 5.53+/-8.76 mg/L and this was significantly higher compared with the control (p-value is less than 0.0001). sTfR levels in ACD (3.32+/-3.94 mg/L) and the thalassaemia group(1.64+/-1.02 mg/L) were not significantly different from that of the control (p-value is more than 0.05). In ACD, the sTfR level in group 1 was significantly higher when compared with the control (p-value is less than 0.001) and group 2 (p-value is less than 0.01). A significantly higher sTfR/ferritin ratio was observed in IDA (2,368.98+/-7,236.4 microg/microg) compared to the control (37.6+/-43.7 microg/microg) (p-value is less than 0.001). No significant difference was noted between ACD, thalassaemia and control (p-value is greater than 0.05). sTfR/ferritin ratio was significantly higher in group 1 of ACD when compared with that of control and group 2 (p-value is less than 0.001). CONCLUSION Serum sTfR and sTfR/ferritin ratio are useful parameters in hypochromic microcytic anaemia to diagnose iron deficiency particularly when associated with chronic inflammation. sTfR can be done selectively in ACD patients when ferritin levels are more than 60 microg/L and there is a diagnostic dilemma. If sTfR level is raised, a trial of iron therapy is suggested for these patients.
Shear Modulus and Shear Strength Evaluation of Solid Wood by a Modified ISO 15310 Square-Plate Twist Method

Square-plate twist (SPT) tests were conducted to measure the shear modulus and shear strength using the method, which was a modifi cation of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 15310) standardized method. In the SPT test, the length/thickness ratio varied. In addition, asymmetric four-point bend- ing (AFPB) tests were conducted, and the shear modulus and shear strength obtained were compared with those obtained by the SPT tests. The shear modulus was obtained effectively by the SPT test when the specimen was thin enough. Although the shear strength was evaluated as higher than that obtained by the AFPB tests, it might be regarded as an apparent value of shear strength when the range of length/thickness is limited. To obtain the actual shear strength by the SPT test, some modifi cation of the equation is required.
Constraint-based structural learning in Bayesian networks using finite data sets

Bayesian networks have become a popular probabilistic model for coping with uncertainty. When learning their structure from given data the constraint-based approach has proven to be very efficient in many experiments. However, this approach is only well-understood under certain conditions, typically only when infinite data sets are provided. This thesis focuses on the constraint-based approach for those cases where only a finite amount of data is available, as typical in practical applications. Among various extensions to this approach the so-called necessary path condition is presented. While its use does not notably increase computation time, it entails considerable improvements in the quality of the induced network structures. In particular, uncertainty regarding the presence of edges can be discovered by this extension: instead of a single network structure, as typical for state-of-the-art constraint-based approaches, it can find several graphs. As the induced graphs usually have many common edges and differ only in the presence of a few edges, they can be visualized by means of a single graph, thus easing the interpretation.
Airway and blood vessel interaction during lung development

In the adult lung the pulmonary arteries run alongside the airways and the pulmonary veins show a similar branching pattern to the arteries, though separated from them. During early fetal development the airways act as a template for pulmonary blood vessel development in that the vessels form by vasculogenesis around the branching airways. In later lung development the capillary bed is essential for alveolar formation. This paper reviews evidence for the interaction of the airways and blood vessels in both normal and abnormal lung development.
G-Protein and Signalling in Pituitary Tumours

The genesis of pituitary tumours is still under debate. Although these neoplasias are monoclonal in origin, mutations of GNAS1, the gene encoding the α subunit of the stimulatory G-protein, Gs, are the only mutational changes unequivocally associated with growth hormone (GH)-secreting adenomas. However, despite the growth advantage that this oncogene has been demonstrated to confer in vitro, patients carrying this mutation have a similar clinical and biochemical phenotype to those who do not carry it. This discrepancy is due to the occurrence of events able to counteract the biological effect of the mutation. Consistent with a potential role of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway in the proliferation of somatotrophs, germline mutations of the gene encoding the type 1α regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PRKAR1A) have been found in patients with the Carney complex, a syndrome including GH-secreting adenomas, whereas alterations in the expression levels of this subunit are frequently observed in sporadic adenomas.
Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever : First report in a Calf in Northeastern Turkey

195 Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever in a Calf INTRODUCTION Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle and other ungulates caused by the ruminant gamma-herpes viruses alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1 (AIHV-1) and ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) (1). The disease is an infectious disease of domestic cattle, wild ruminants (2, 3, 4) and occasionally pigs (5, 6). Sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF) is caused by ovine herpes virus type 2 (OvHV-2) and AIHV-1 causes Wildebeestassociated MCF (WA-MCF) (1, 2, 3). Caprine herpes virus type 2 (CpHV-2) causes disease in goats and a fourth type has also been identified which is of unknown origin (7, 8). Sheep are the major source of MCF in cattle and when they are held together with cattle the incidence of infection increases. Cattle are naturally infected by close contact with infected sheep actively shedding the virus (3, 9). A high level of homology between WA-MCF virus and SA-MCF virus was reported in viral DNA sequence analysis of lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from infected cattle with SA-MCF (10). The most common clinical signs are fever, nasal discharge, depression and bilateral keratoconjuntivitis, lymph node enlargement and corneal opacity. Neurological signs maybe observed in terminal stages of the disease and these include muscle tremors, ataxia, head pressing, nystagmus, and twitching (2, 11-15). Vasculitis, mucosal and epidermal lesions, hyperplasia and necrosis of lymphoid tissues and lymphoid cell infiltration in non-lymphoid tissues are typical changes in MCF (12, 14). MCF in cattle has been reported as sporadic around the world and in Turkey (4, 12, 15-18, 25). Although the diseases was mostly encountered in adult animals, there are few report in young animals around the world (19-23). Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever: First report in a Calf in Northeastern Turkey
Reduced suicide risk during lithium maintenance treatment.

BACKGROUND About 20% of deaths of bipolar disorder patients are suicides associated with depressive or mixed episodes. Long-term lithium treatment may be associated with reduction of suicidal risk. METHOD We reviewed studies and our previously reported data to quantify relationships of presence versus absence of lithium maintenance and suicides or suicide attempts in bipolar disorder patients. RESULTS Results from 22 studies (1974-1998) yielded 7-fold lower suicidal rates for patients during long-term lithium treatment than for these patients when they were not receiving such treatment, patients lacking such treatment, or for patients after lithium discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS Protection against suicide with lithium is incomplete, but rates of suicides plus attempts during lithium treatment may approach general population base rates. Better protection against bipolar depression is essential for limiting suicidal risk: alternatives to lithium require further study for effects on suicidal behavior.
Race-, age-, gender-, and refractive error-related differences in the normal optic disc.

OBJECTIVE To determine race-, age-, gender-, and refractive error-related differences in the size and topography of the optic disc in healthy Americans. DESIGN Population-based study. SETTING Eastern and southeastern health districts of Baltimore, Md. PARTICIPANTS A population-based sample of 4877 non-institutionalized black and white individuals aged 40 years or older without evidence of optic nerve disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Race-, age-, gender-, and refractive error-related differences in optic disc measurements: disc area, neural rim area, cup area, cup-to-disc ratio, and neural rim area-to-disc area ratio. RESULTS We analyzed simultaneous stereoscopic optic disc photographs from 3387 (1534 black and 1853 white) of the 4877 healthy individuals using an image analyzer (Topcon Image Analyzer, Topcon Instrument Corporation, Paramus, NJ). A total of 1490 individuals were excluded owing to the absence of good-quality images from either eye. The image analyzer defined the cup margin 150 microns below the surface of the disc margin. On average, blacks had significantly larger disc areas (blacks, 2.94 mm2; whites, 2.63 mm2), larger cup areas (blacks, 1.04 mm2; whites, 0.71 mm2), larger cup-to-disc ratios (blacks, 0.56; whites, 0.49), similar neural rim areas (blacks, 1.90 mm2; whites, 1.92 mm2), and smaller neural rim area-to-disc area ratios (blacks, 0.66; whites, 0.74) compared with whites. There were no age-related differences in any of the disc measurements. Male subjects had 2% to 3% larger optic discs compared with female subjects. No association between refractive error and any of the optic disc measurements studied was detected. CONCLUSIONS Racial differences in the normal optic disc are present among urban Americans, and these differences must be considered in evaluation of the optic disc for glaucoma and other optic neuropathies. Among the individuals in our study, all of whom were 40 years of age or older, no progressive age-related decline in neural rim area was detectable. Neither gender nor refractive error were associated with any significant differences in the size and topography of the normal optic disc.
Charakterisierung der mitochondrialen Funktion in Herz- und Skelettmuskel während der Entwicklung einer durch chronisch erhöhte Nachlast induzierten Herzinsuffizienz

Eine haufige Ursache fur die Entstehung einer Herzinsuffizienz (HI) ist die chronische Druckuberlastung (PO) des Herzens, welche oftmals mit einer mitochondrialen (MT) Dysfunktion assoziiert ist. In dieser Arbeit sollte die Entwicklung der MT Funktion in Herz- und Skelettmuskel wahrend der Entstehung einer durch Druckuberlastung induzierten HI untersucht werden. Nach der Induktion einer PO durch eine Aortenstenose wurde die kardiale Funktion, die MT Funktion sowie die Gen- und Proteinexpression in Herz, Gastrocnemius und Soleus nach 2, 6, 10 und 20 Wochen (W) untersucht. Druckuberlastung fuhrte nach 2W zu einer kompensierten Hypertrophie des linken Ventrikels (2,86±0,09 vs. 3,56±0,05mm). Nach 6-10W lag eine diastolische Dysfunktion mit erhohtem Lungen-zu-Korpergewicht vor. Die Dilation des linken Ventrikels (LVEDD: 7,54±0,20vs. 8,44±0,18mm) sowie eine Verkurzungsfraktion von unter 30% (FS: 49,4±1,4 vs. 25,8±1,0%), zeigten nach 20W das Vorliegen einer HI an. Die respiratorische Kapazitat (RC) der Mitochondrien war in Herz- und Skelettmuskel nach 2W erhoht, normalisierte sich nach 10W und war mit Auftreten der systolischen Dysfunktion vermindert (623±109 vs. 186±12nAtomeO/min/mg). Die Aktivitat der Atmungskettenkomplexe zeigte analog zur RC einen biphasischen Verlauf. Die Gen- und Proteinexpression verschiedener Atmungskettenkomplexuntereinheiten sowie die MT Biogenese blieben unverandert. Ebenfalls war die Menge der Respirasomen zum Zeitpunkt der HI unverandert. Das Auftreten einer HI bei kardialer Druckuberlastung ist mit einer MT Dysfunktion sowohl in Herz- als auch Skelettmuskel verbunden. Eine HI mit erhaltener systolischer Funktion tritt bereits vor einer MT Dysfunktion auf. Dies schliest eine MT Dysfunktion als primare Ursache fur das Auftreten einer durch Druckuberlastung induzierten HI mit groser Wahrscheinlichkeit aus. Die Parallelitat zwischen Herz- und Skelettmuskel weist auf einen Mechanismus unabhangig der Arbeitslast als Ursache einer MT Dysfunktion hin.
Quinine-Resistant Malaria in Traveler Returning from Senegal, 2007

We describe clinical and parasitologic features of in vivo and in vitro Plasmodium falciparum resistance to quinine in a nonimmune traveler who returned to France from Senegal in 2007 with severe imported malaria. Clinical quinine failure was associated with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 829 nmol/L. Increased vigilance is required during treatment follow-up.
Challenges of printed electronics on flexible substrates

Printed electronics is an emerging technology that would likely complement conventional silicon-based electronics in numerous applications. In this paper, we review the different printing/patterning technologies for realizing printed electronics, and the major challenges thereof are delineated. We discuss why printed electronics based on Additive processing (fully-printed) has higher potential for ubiquity than Subtractive processes (non-fully printed). We present our printing process based on fully-printed screen printing, and the characteristics of the ensuing printed transistors and an op-amp. Of specific interest, to the best of our knowledge, the carrier mobility of our fully-printed transistor is the fastest of all reported full-printed transistors, and the fully-printed op-amp is the first fully-printed op-amp.
Correcting effective mobility measurements for the presence of significant gate leakage current

A physically based correction for the impact of gate leakage current on the extraction of the effective mobility in MOSFETs has been derived that allows accurate determination of the mobility even when the gate leakage becomes significant. Experimentally, this correction has been applied to MOSFETs with both thin silicon dioxide and high-k gate dielectric, and the efficacy of the correction has been demonstrated for gate leakage up to 10 A/cm/sup 2/.