Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Rare Case Of Liver Disease Induced Hypercalcemia: Case Presentation And Review Of The Literature

Hypercalcemia induced by advanced chronic liver disease without hepatoma is an exquisitely rare condition, poorly understood, with only 17 cases described to date in the literature. We describe the case of a 36 year old African American man with sickle cell disease, chronic liver disease secondary to sickle cell hepatopathy complicated by acute liver failure induced by congestive hepatopathy following a severe episode of sickle cell crisis. The patient was transferred to our center to be evaluated for liver transplantation. While in the hospital he developed hypercalcemia. Our extensive search for a “classical” etiology of hypercalcemia was negative. The calcium rapidly returned to normal with calcitonin followed by a small dose of bisphosphonate and recovering of the liver function. Liver disease induced hypercalcemia is a diagnosis of exclusion and responds well to bisphosphonate treatment.
químicos e farmacológicos sobre as plantas utilizadas como medicinais pela comunidade do bairro Ponta Grossa , Porto Alegre , Rio Grande do Sul

“Chemical and pharmacologic data on medicinal plants used by the community of the Ponta Grossa neighborhood, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil”. The ten most important species among all plants used as medicinal by the residents and Communitary Agents of Health from the Family Health Offi ce of Ponta Grossa neighborhood, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil were selected. A bibliographical review for these species was accomplished, fi nding studies about the chemical constitution for all species and some pharmacologic activity for nine of them. Clinical studies for four species and therapeutic uses approved by international organisms for three species were found. It was verifi ed that according to the literature, adverse effects for fi ve of the ten researched species and for six of these the use is dissuaded during the gestation.
BIOLOGY OF FLATHEAD CHUB, PLATYGOBIO GRACILIS, IN THREE GREAT PLAINS RIVERS

Flathead chub (Platygobio gracilis) is a Missouri River Basin native that has declined throughout much of the lower Basin but remains relatively abundant in the northern and western parts of its range. This study summarizes flathead chub status and population metrics in the Belle Fourche, Cheyenne and White rivers in South Dakota during 2004, 2006, and 2007. A total of 578 chubs were sampled and ranged from 32 mm to 158 mm in total length. The oldest flathead chubs were age six in the Belle Fourche River, age five in the Cheyenne River, and age four in the White River. Flathead chubs from the White River were shorter at age one but longer at older ages compared to chubs from the other rivers. Flathead chub weight-to-length relationships were similar among rivers for specimens up to 120 mm, but after that length chubs in the White River had less weight gain than did fish from the Cheyenne and Belle Fourche rivers. This study supports the current listing of the White River as an important ecosystem for conserving biodiversity.
FORCING VARIABLES OF PURCHASING POWER PARITY ON ASEAN-4 REAL EFFECTIVE EXCHANGE RATE: AN APPLICATION OF AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG (ARDL)

This paper presents the empirical study on long-run and short-run forcing variables of purchasing power parity (PPP) for ASEAN-4 currencies vis-a-vis the U.S. dollar, i.e., their real effective exchange rate (REER). This study uses a recently developed autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to co-integration (Pesaran et al., 2001) over the period 1991:Q1 – 2006:Q2. Our empirical results suggest that the domestic money supply (M1) for Malaysia is in long-run only, while for Indonesia, Philippines, and Singapore are in long and short run is a significant forcing variable of PPP for countries’ REER. The findings can derive policy implication for the monetary authorities in these ASEAN-4 countries.
A REVIEW ON AGENT ORIENTED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

3 Abstract: Agent oriented software engineering is one of the important areas of software engineering which deals with agents and multi agents. These agents are the intelligent, robust modules specialized to perform work in the area it is being specialized. There exist various methodologies to design and execute them having various characteristics to support different types of agents. The paper concentrates on analyzing the limitations of different methodologies and solutions to them so as to have more reliable and efficient methodology.
Knowledge exchange: a review and research agenda for environmental management

SUMMARY There is increasing emphasis on the need for effective ways of sharing knowledge to enhance environmental management and sustainability. Knowledge exchange (KE) are processes that generate, share and/or use knowledge through various methods appropriate to the context, purpose, and participants involved. KE includes concepts such as sharing, generation, coproduction, comanagement, and brokerage of knowledge. This paper elicits the expert knowledge of academics involved in research and practice of KE from different disciplines and backgrounds to review research themes, identify gaps and questions, and develop a research agenda for furthering understanding about KE. Results include 80 research questions prefaced by a review of research themes. Key conclusions are: (1) there is a diverse range of questions relating to KE that require attention; (2) there is a particular need for research on understanding the process of KE and how KE can be evaluated; and (3) given the strong interdependency of research questions, an integrated approach to understanding KE is required. To improve understanding of KE, action research methodologies and embedding evaluation as a normal part of KE research and practice need to be encouraged. This will foster more adaptive approaches to learning about KE and enhance effectiveness of environmental management.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTENSOR TORQUE AND H: Q RATIO WITH TRIPLE HOP DISTANCE IN PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS

Mailing address: Laboratório de Análise da Função Articular (LAFAr) Rodovia Washington Luís Km 235 13565-905 – São Carlos, SP, Brasil Caixa Postal 676 E-mail: luizselistre@claretiano.edu. br ABSTRACT Objective: The aims of this study were: 1) to determine and compare the extensor torque, H:Q ratio and triple hop distance in functional test between lower extremities; 2) to identify the relationship between extensor torque and H:Q ratio with the performance in triple hop distance in professional soccer players. Materials and methods: Twenty-one healthy male professional soccer players, average 23.2 (± 3.6) years old, without history of injury were selected. The athletes were assessed in an isokinetic dynamometer at three angular velocities: 60, 180 and 300°/s, and from this assessment the peak of torque and calculated H:Q ratio at the three velocities were obtained. The triple hop distance was also used to calculate the hopped distance in meters. Results: No significant difference was found between the lower extremities (dominant and non-dominant) (p = 0.23). Also, a weak relationship between extensor torque and functional test at the three velocities was observed (Dominant: 60°/s_r = 0.38; 180°/s_r = 0.43*; 300°/s_r = 0.26. Non dominant: 60°/s_r = 0.36; 180°/s_r = 0.30; 300°/s_r = 0.48*) (*p ≤ 0.05). Similar results were found for H:Q ratio (Dominant: 60_r = 0.01; 180_r = 0.11; 300_r = –0.02. Non-dominant: 60_r = –0.20; 180_r = –0.15; 300_r = –0.18). Conclusion: Due to a weak relationship, the isokinetic test cannot be replaced by the triple hop distance (functional test) for muscular function assessment.
Investigation on prescription screening of a polyherbal preparation based on splenocyte proliferation activity and its preparation method

Objective: The present study aims to optimize the extraction conditions of polysaccharides and flavonoids from a polyherbal preparation consisting of three kinds of Chinese medicinal herbs, Codonopsis pilosula, Crataegus pinnatifida, and Lycium barbarum, and evaluation of its immunomodulatory activity in immunosuppressed mice. Materials and Methods: An orthogonal design (L9 [3]4) was constructed to achieve the optimal extraction conditions. The immunomodulatory action of the polyherbal preparation was studied at three doses of 10, 20, and 40 mL/kg/day orally by measuring splenocyte proliferation in mice model of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. Results: The chosen parameters, including the ratio of solvent-to-raw material, duration of extraction, and extraction times, were the fundamental variables that influenced the extract yields. The highest yield of total polysaccharides content was 54.3 mg/mL when the ratio of solvent-to-raw material, duration of extraction, and number of extractions were 12:1, 1.5 h, and 3, respectively. The maximum extraction yield of the flavonoids was 3.5 mg/mL when the ratio of solvent-to-raw material was 12:1, the extraction time was 2 h, and the number of extractions was 3. The prescription screening showed that the impact of the polyherbal preparation on the splenocyte proliferation capacity was more pronounced than its disassembled components. Oral administration of the polyherbal preparation could significantly increase the concanavalin A-stimulated mouse spleen cells proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: These findings suggested that the polyherbal preparation possesses potential for augmenting the immune activity due to the polysaccharide and flavonoid content in these herbal medicines.
CHAPTER 60 INSHORE-NEARSHORE MORPHODYNAMICS-A PREDICTIVE MODEL

The two-dimensional topography, developed on a sandy sea bed between surf base and the breaker zone, is computed using (i) sediment gain or loss per unit bed area = zero, (ii) simple models of sediment drift in terms of, firstly, simplified saltation under Stokesian waves, and secondly, frictional wave work on the sea bed, (iii) the drift tendency in direction of wave propogation being offset of the local sea bed gradient. An input contour line at surf base is assumed, across which the input wave train is propogated. Using standard wave refraction combined with (i) to (iii), above, an equilibrium topography is generated by iteration. Inshore of the breaker line, longshore currents generated by radiation stress are combined with the gradient effect to balance sediment drift, producing bar trough topography.
Discussion Kuhn , naturalism , and the positivist legacy

I defend against criticism the following claims concerning Thomas Kuhn: (i) there is a strong naturalist streak in The structure of scientific revolutions, whereby Kuhn used the results of a posteriori enquiry in addressing philosophical questions; (ii) as Kuhn’s career as a philosopher of science developed he tended to drop the naturalistic elements and to replace them with more traditionally philosophical, a priori approaches; (iii) at the same time there is a significant residue of positivist thought in Kuhn, which Kuhn did not recognise as such; (iv) the naturalistic elements referred to in (i) are the most original and fruitful elements of Kuhn’s thinking; (v) the positivistic elements referred to in (iii) vitiated his thought and acted as factors in preventing Kuhn from developing the naturalistic elements and from following the path taken by much subsequent philosophy of science. Preston presents an alternative reading of Kuhn which emphasizes the Wittgensteinian elements in Kuhn. I argue that this alternative view is, descriptively, poorly supported by the textual evidence and the facts of the history of philosophy of science in the twentieth century. I provide some defence of the naturalistic approach and related themes. # 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Institute of Economics University of Copenhagen From Domestic M Revolution

This paper investigates the historical process of industrialisation. The allocation of labour between food and non-food activities and the pattern of consumption of domestic versus industrial manufacture are determined endogenously, depending on terms of trade between agricultural and industrial goods. It is demonstrated that growth in the industrial sector’s productivity is crucial to the expansion and development of the agricultural sector and thus to the transfer of labour from agriculture to industry and to economic growth. This view contrasts with the traditional perception according to which the agricultural sector leads in the process of industrialisation.
Soil quality and microbes in organic and conventional farming systems

Compared to conventional farming practices, organic farming practices have an advantage over improving soil quality and gain worldwide acceptance. Here we summarize soil properties, microbial biomass, abundance and diversity of microbes between organic and conventional soil, as well as advantages and disadvantages of various molecular approaches for assessing the diversity of microbial communities. The results confirm that higher levels of total and organic C, total N and soluble organic C are observed in all of the organic soil. However, other soil properties are inconsistent between organic and conventional soil. Consistently, all the studies show that higher levels of microbial biomass C and N are found in organic soil with different plants. Nevertheless, different molecular approaches for assessing the diversity of microbial communities could lead to different results in the same study. In addition, most studies consider that organic management can improve the abundance and diversity of total bacteria and fungi. Knowledge and assessment of organic and conventional farming systems still need to be evaluated in the future work. Key words: Organic and conventional soil, microbial biomass, abundance, diversity, soil properties.
Innovation and Knowledge Spillovers : Evidence from European Data 2003 / 39

This paper analyses the relative effects of national, international, sectoral and intersectoral spillovers on innovative activity in six large, industrialized countries (France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and US) over the period 1981-1995. This is done controlling for firm level effects and accounting for spillovers from universities and public institutions. We use patent applications at the European Patent Office to measure innovation and their citations to trace knowledge flows within and across 135 narrowly defined technological classes. We find that international spillovers are an important determinant of innovation and mostly occur within narrowly defined technological classes. Firm level effects are particularly noteworthy at the national level while we do not find evidence of spillovers from public institutions. Finally some important sectoral differences emerge. JEL Codes: F0, O3, R1
ON THE ROLE OF GUIDANCE IN COMPLEX , DYNAMIC SYSTEMS 1 With a little help ... : On the role of guidance in the acquisition and utilisation of knowledge in the control of complex , dynamic systems

Many situations require people to acquire knowledge about, and learn how to control, complex dynamic systems of inter-connected variables. Numerous studies have found that most problem solvers are unable to acquire complete knowledge of the underlying structure of a system through an unguided exploration of the system variables; additional instruction or guidance is required. This paper examines whether providing structural information following an unguided exploration also improves control performance, and the extent to which any improvements are moderated by problem solvers’ fluid intelligence as measured via Raven’s APM. A sample of 98 participants attempted to discover the underlying structure of a computer-simulated complex dynamic system. After initially controlling the system with their independently acquired knowledge, half of the sample received information and an explanation of the underlying structure of the system. All participants then controlled the system again. In contrast to the results of previous studies, the provided information resulted in immediate improvements in control performance. Fluid intelligence as measured via APM moderated the extent to which participants benefited from the intervention. These results indicate that guidance in the form of structural information is critical in facilitating knowledge acquisition and subsequent use or application of such knowledge when controlling complex and dynamic systems.
The structure of protoplanetary discs around evolving young stars

The formation of planets with gaseous envelopes takes place in protoplanetary accretion discs on time scales of several million years. Small dust particles stick to each other to form pebbles, pebbles concentrate in the turbulent flow to form planetesimals and planetary embryos and grow to planets, which undergo substantial radial migration. All these processes are influenced by the underlying structure of the protoplanetary disc, specifically the profiles of temperature, gas scale height, and density. The commonly used disc structure of the minimum mass solar nebula (MMSN) is a simple power law in all these quantities. However, protoplanetary disc models with both viscous and stellar heating show several bumps and dips in temperature, scale height, and density caused by transitions in opacity, which are missing in the MMSN model. These play an important role in the formation of planets, since they can act as sweet spots for forming planetesimals via the streaming instability and affect the direction and magnitude of type-I migration. We present 2D simulations of accretion discs that feature radiative cooling and viscous and stellar heating, and they are linked to the observed evolutionary stages of protoplanetary discs and their host stars. These models allow us to identify preferred planetesimal and planet formation regions in the protoplanetary disc as a function of the disc's metallicity, accretion rate, and lifetime. We derive simple fitting formulae that feature all structural characteristics of protoplanetary discs during the evolution of several Myr. These fits are straightforward for applying to modelling any growth stage of planets where detailed knowledge of the underlying disc structure is required. (Less)
Use of Forecasting Models to Predict Producers and Consumers Losses

There are several approaches in estimating losses caused by the environmental intervention. The common one is to determine the incomes obtained before and after the perturbation where the difference is the net loss or gain. However, the loss sometimes extends to the consumers who have to pay more for the goods affected by the perturbation following the law of demand and supply. Thus, in fisheries, the losses are determined by the differences of producer and consumer surpluses. The forecasting technique using time series data collected in 1992-1997 is used to predict landings after perturbation for the next six years. ARIMA (2,0,2) model is found suitable for the forecasting to perform. It is suggested that in the situation where the landings trend is already decreasing even before the perturbation, forecasting technique is used to discern the losses. The reason being, the decreasing trend after perturbation is likely to be perceived as naturally caused thus does not merit losses claim.
The Value System of Commercial Banking in Kenya: An Ethical Perspective

The core intent of this research paper was to understand the universality of the value system practiced by commercial banks, the effectiveness of loans, equality in banking services and the reliability of the products offered with respect to ethical banking in Kenya. This research forms a framework for ethical banking in the industry by recommending concrete measures on the cases of increasing financial slavery, indiscriminate banking, and unethical conduct. A major finding was found to be that in order to create a formidable ethical banking in Kenya, commercial banks have to be at the fore front of embracing and employing ethical considerations in their banking practices. This study is focused on the ethical considerations in banking industry in Kenya. Taken as a whole, our findings suggest that, there is need to embrace ethical values by commercial banks in creating an ethically inclined banking environment.
The role of crustacea in the destruction of submerged timber

During the last fifty years considerable attention has been paid to the study of the marine animals, which directly or indirectly bring about the deterioration of submerged timber. They belong to two groups, molluscs and crustaceans. A lot of work has been done on the moUuscan wood-borers but even now information on the crustacean wood-borers is scanty. The present paper gives a classified list of the crustaceans which are known to bore into timber and a resume of the published information on their biology.
0 O ct 2 01 1 String Theory and General Methodology ; a Reciprocal Evaluation ∗

String theory has been the dominating research field in theoretical physics during the last decades. Despite the considerable time elapse, no new testable predictions have been derived by string theorists and it is understandable that doubts have been voiced. Some people have argued that it is time to give up since testability is wanting. But the majority has not been convinced and they continue to believe that string theory is the right way to go. This situation is interesting for philosophy of science since it highlights several of our central issues. In this paper we will discuss string theory from a number of different perspectives in general methodology. We will also relate the realism/antirealism debate to the current status of string theory. Our goal is two-fold; both to take a look at string theory from philosophical perspectives and to use string theory as a test case for some philosophical issues. ∗This article has been published in Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. The published version has the slightly different title “String theory and general methodology: A mutual evaluation”.
Human leukocyte antigen antibody detection technologies in platelet transfusion refractoriness, with special emphasis on functional test

In the clinical settings of transfusion medicine, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody detection and platelet cross-matching are important tests applied in the management of patients with platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR). Presently, fluorescence beads technologies using extracted and purified HLA antigens are applied for the HLA antibody screening, and highly sensitive methods such as flow cytometry crossmatch (FCXM) and immunocomplex capture fluorescence analysis (ICFA), based on the use of live intact cells, are used for the cross-matching. Such highly sensitive methods have importantly contributed for the prevention of refractoriness caused by low titer antibodies but, on the other hand, they also detect those low titer antibodies or naturally occurring antibodies without or with unknown clinical relevance. Moreover, the use of recombinant antigens has been shown to be associated with specific issues. In addition, although the relationship between the antibody features and the clinical implications, such as the relevance of antibody subclass in platelet clearance, has been investigated in the field of transplantation, presently, few evidence exists in the literature related to blood transfusion. Here, we reviewed on the available HLA antibody detection methods, the issues of the present methods, and present a new method for the evaluation of clinically significant HLA antibodies using in vitro platelet phagocytosis assay.