Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tracing the molecular gas in distant submillimetre galaxies via CO(1-0) imaging with the EVLA

We report the results of a pilot study with the Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA) of 12 CO J = 1 0 emission from four submillimetre-selected galaxies (SMGs) at z = 2.2‐2.5, each with an existing detection of 12 CO J = 3 2, one of which comprises two distinct spatial components. Using the EVLA’s most compact configuration we d etect strong, broad (medians: 990 km s −1 FWZI; 540 km s −1 FWHM) J = 1 0 line emission from all of our targets ‐ coincident in position and velocity with their J = 3 2 emission. The median line width ratio, �1−0/�3−2 = 1.15 ± 0.06, suggests that the J =1 0 is more spatially extended than the J =3 2 emission, a situation confirmed by our maps which reveal velo city structure in several cases and typical sizes of �16 kpc FWHM. The median brightness temperature (Tb) ratio is r3−2/1−0 = 0.55 ± 0.05, consistent with local galaxies with LIR > 10 11 L� , noting that our value may be biased high because of the J =3 2-based sample selection. Naively, this suggests gas masses roughly 2× higher than estimates made using higher-J transitions of CO, with the discrepency due entirely to the difference in assumed Tb ratio. We also estimate molecular gas masses using the 12 CO J =1 0 line and the observed global Tb ratios, assuming standard underlying Tb ratios for the non-star-forming and star-forming gas phases as well as a limiting star-formation efficiency (SFE) for the latter in all systems, i.e. without calling upon XCO (� �). Using this new method, we find a median molecular gas mass of (2.5±0.8)×10 10 M� , with a plausible range stretching up to 3× higher. Even larger masses cannot be ruled out, but are not favoured by dynamical constraints: the median dynamical mass within R � 7 kpc for our sample is (2.3 ± 1.4) × 10 11 M� , or �6× more massive than UV-selected galaxies at this epoch. We examine the Schmidt-Kennicutt (S-K) relation for all the distant galaxy populations for which CO J = 1 0 or J = 2 1 data are available, finding small systematic differences between galaxy p opulations. These have previously been interpreted as evidence for different modes of star for mation, but we argue that these differences are to be expected, given the still considerabl e uncertainties, certainly when considering the probable excitation biases due to the molecular lines used, and the possibility of sustained S-K offsets during the evolution of individual gas-rich systems. Finally, we discuss the morass of degeneracies surrounding molecular gas mass estimates, the possibilities for breaking them, and the future prospects for imaging and studying cold, quiescent molecular gas at high redshifts.
Study of the vibrational modes of GaSb/AlSb (001) superlattices

In the present work, we study the modes of vibration of small period (GaSb)n/(AlSb)n supelattices, n=1,2,3, grown along (001) direction. Any supelattice (SL) is described by a three dimensional elementary cell several times bigger of the elementary cell of the zinc blend bulk constituents. The modes of vibration are calculated using a ten parameter (10) Valence Overlap Shell Model, with the interactions of the binaries GaSb and AlSb calculated with different parameter sets, for both short and long range forces. With the atomic displacements known, we calculated the Raman spectra, away of resonance conditions, based on the Bond Polarizability Model. Our results are in good agreement with the existing experimental data.
Importance of thermal reactivity for hexamethylenetetramine formation from simulated interstellar ices

Context. Complex organic molecules are observed in a broad variety of astrophysical objects, but little is known about their formation mechanism. Laboratory simulations on interstellar ice analogues are therefore crucial for understanding the origin of these complex organic molecules. In this context, we focus on the thermal reactivity for the formation of the organic residue obtained after photolysis at 25 K of the interstellar ice analogue (H2O:CH3OH:NH3) warmed to 300 K. Aims: We determine the formation mechanism of one major product detected in the organic residue: hexamethylenetetramine (HMT). We compare the warming of the photolysed interstellar ice analogue with the warming of the two non-photolysed specific ice mixtures H2CO:NH3:HCOOH and CH2NH:HCOOH, which are used as references. Using both general and specific approaches, we show the precise role of the UV photons and the thermal processing in the HMT formation. Methods: We used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to monitor the chemical changes induced by the heating of the photolysed ice analogue and characterize some important species that will subsequently evolve in the formation of HMT in the residue. Results: We show that the thermal processes play a key role in the HMT formation in photolysed ice analogues heated at 300 K. We identify the stable intermediates in the HMT formation that are formed during the warming: the aminomethanol (NH2CH2OH) and the protonated ion trimethyletriamine (TMTH+, C3H10N3+). We also identify for the first time a new product in the organic residue, the polymethylenimine PMI (-(CH2 -NH)n). Results from this study will be interesting for the analysis of the forthcoming Rosetta mission.
Hemin induces autophagy in a leukemic erythroblast cell line through the LRP1 receptor

Hemin is an erythropoietic inductor capable of inducing autophagy in erythroid-like cell lines. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a transmembrane receptor involved in a wide range of cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. Our aim was to evaluate whether LRP1 is responsible for hemin activity in K562 cells, with the results demonstrating a three-fold increase in LRP1 gene expression levels (P-values <0.001) when assessed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Moreover, a 70% higher protein amount was observed compared with control condition (P-values <0.01) by Western blot (WB). Time kinetic assays demonstrated a peak in light chain 3 (LC3) II (LC3II) levels after 8 h of hemin stimulation and the localization of LRP1 in the autophagosome structures. Silencing LRP1 by siRNA decreased drastically the hemin-induced autophagy activity by almost 80% compared with control cells (P-values <0.01). Confocal localization and biochemical analysis indicated a significant redistribution of LRP1 from early endosomes and recycling compartments to late endosomes and autophagolysosomes, where the receptor is degraded. We conclude that LRP1 is responsible for hemin-induced autophagy activity in the erythroblastic cell line and that hemin–LRP1 complex activation promotes a self-regulation of the receptor. Our results suggest that hemin, via the LRP1 receptor, favors erythroid maturation by inducing an autophagic response, making it a possible therapeutic candidate to help in the treatment of hematological disorders.
Collaborative Analysis and Revision of Learning Objectives

1Assistant Professor, Agricultural, Leadership and Community Education, 204 Litton-Reaves Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, Email: spindler@vt.edu, Phone: (540)231-8188 Abstract The purpose of this study was to report on the employment of Bloom’s revised taxonomy as a means to describe, assess and revise the learning objectives postsecondary instructors operationalized in their classroom and laboratory instruction. The study uses an example case to describe a generalizable process for assessing learning objectives instructors use within classroom instruction. The example case illustrates that 74% of the specified learning objectives utilized in classroom instruction by 26 instructors were characterized as addressing primarily lower order cognitive processes. The described method of assessing learning objectives is intended to assist instructors in two ways: 1) To help them gain a deeper understanding of the learning objectives they are employing and 2) To provide guidance for constructing and revising learning objectives so that they require higher order levels of cognition from students.
Geometric uniformization in genus 2.

Compact Riemann surfaces with large automorphism groups have been studied extensively. Here we treat genus 2 case in a geometric way. The three surfaces with exceptional symmetry are Wiman curves of types I and II and an Accola–Maclachlan surface. By considering the location of Weierstrass points, we exhibit Dirichlet fundamental polygons for these surfaces and calculate their period matrices. A list of orbifolds covered by closed surfaces of genus 2 is also obtained, leading to the list of triangle groups having a normal subgroup of genus 2 and to their arithmeticity.
Impact of environmental conditions on photosynthesis, growth and carbon allocation strategies of hypersaline species of Dunaliella

Hypersaline environments pose a number of ecological and metabolic challenges to the organisms that live in them. Primary producers, such as halotolerant species of the green microalgal genus Dunaliella, are no exception. In this paper we focus on the problems posed to the acquisition and metabolism of inorganic nutrients and on the consequences of exposure to high light and UV radiation. We show that not only does growth in high salinity environments have repercussions on the flow of carbon into osmolytes such as glycerol, it also affects speciation of inorganic carbon and the uptake of inorganic ions by the cells. The strategies that Dunaliella adopt to optimize resource utilization and the interactions among metabolic pathways are also discussed.
Prenatal nutritional influences on obesity risk in offspring

The incidence of obesity and overweight has almost doubled in Western societies over the last 2 decades, a trend mirrored in developing nations transitioning to first-world economies. Obesity is strongly associated with the comorbidities of type 2 diabetes, hyperten- sion, and heart disease and represents an enormous burden to health care systems. Of even more concern is the increase of around 40% in the prevalence of childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes over the last 20 years. Metabolic disease results from complex interactions of many factors, including genetic, physiologic, behavioral, and environmental influences. The recent rate at which these diseases have increased suggests that environmental, eg, epigenetic, and behavioral influences, rather than genetic causes, are fuelling the present epidemic. In this context, the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis has highlighted the link between periconceptual, fetal, and early infant phases of life and the subsequent development of adult obesity and related metabolic disorders. Both maternal undernutrition (global and tar- geted) and maternal obesity elicit an obese offspring phenotype. This review will examine the role of altered maternal nutrition on obesity risk in offspring, the interactions with the postnatal nutritional environment, the possible strategies for intervention, and the role of epigenetics in the disease process.
Anxiety and exploratory behavior in the African striped mouse, Rhabdomys, taxa are partially modified by the physical rearing environment

The environment may modulate genetic influences on behavioral expression. We investigated whether the physical rearing environment modulates anxiety and exploratory behavior in four populations, representing three species, of the striped mouse Rhabdomys. One population originated from an arid, open habitat and the others from grassy, covered habitats, and two species occurred in sympatry. We raised captive individuals of all populations in treatments that simulated cover or no cover for two generations and investigated the behavior of resulting adults in an open-field, light-dark and startle response tests. We expected that, when raised without cover, the arid population would be less anxious and more exploratory than grassland populations, but found the opposite in the open-field test only. We also expected that all individuals would be anxious and less exploratory when raised under cover, which was the case for anxiety in a light-dark test, but individuals from the no cover treatment were more anxious in the open-field test. Only one population × treatment interaction was detected in which the arid population was least exploratory. Therefore, the physical rearing environment had less of an influence than phylogeny on the development of anxiety and exploration in Rhabdomys.
The Shadow Price of Aircraft Noise Nuisance

This paper has a twofold objective. First, we develop a new method to assess the monetary valuefor individuals of external effects. The method makes use of an ordinal index of life satisfaction asscored by individual respondents who are subjected in varying intensity to the external effect. Oursecond objective is to assess, with this method, to what extent noise nuisance effects aroundAmsterdam Airport Schiphol are internalized and what should be the monetary compensation forthe nuisance. Such a compensation scheme depends on, among other things, the objective noiselevel, income and the presence of noise insulation.
Reversing the De-Evolution of Our Gut Flora to Combat Obesity and its Comorbidities

Obesity has become a global epidemic, resulting in an increase in obesity-related illnesses and an astounding estimate of 147 million dollars for medically-related costs in the U.S. in 2008. According to the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, less than 15% of the U.S. population was obese in 1990. That percentage grew to over 25% in 2010 and in 2016, 69% of adults in the U.S. were overweight and 36% were obese. There are a number of genetic and environmental factors that can lead to obesity, but a decrease in the diversity of gut bacteria caused by antibiotics and emulsifiers has also been shown to be related to the increase in obesity. Antibiotics and emulsifiers were introduced commercially at roughly the same time (early to mid-1900s) and from that time, there began to be an increase in the prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities. An increase in the diversity of gut bacteria is needed to help combat obesity. Studies have shown that increasing the diversity of the microbiome leads to decreased gastrointestinal symptoms and lowered levels of obesity. Increasing the density and diversity of the gut bacteria is a natural way to combat obesity and improve overall health.
Exploiting Social Context for Review Quality Prediction

Online reviews in which users publish detailed commentary about their experiences and opinions with products, services, or events are extremely valuable to users who rely on them to make informed decisions. However, reviews vary greatly in quality and are constantly increasing in number, therefore, automatic assessment of review helpfulness is of growing importance. Previous work has addressed the problem by treating a review as a stand-alone document, extracting features from the review text, and learning a function based on these features for predicting the review quality. In this work, we exploit contextual information about authors’ identities and social networks for improving review quality prediction. We propose a generic framework for incorporating social context information by adding regularization constraints to the text-based predictor. Our approach can effectively use the social context information available for large quantities of unlabeled reviews. It also has the advantage that the resulting predictor is usable even when social context is unavailable. We validate our framework within a real commerce portal and experimentally demonstrate that using social context information can help improve the accuracy of review quality prediction especially when the available training data is sparse.
Complexity of conditional colouring with given template

We study partitions of the vertex set of a given graph into cells that each induce a subgraph in a given family, and for which edges can have ends in different cells only when those cells correspond to adjacent vertices of a fixed template graph H. For triangle-free templates, a general collection of graph families for which the partitioning problem can be solved in polynomial time is described. For templates with a triangle, the problem is in some cases shown to be NP-complete.
Effect of a combined programme of dietary restriction and physical activity on the physical function and body composition of obese middle-aged and older adults with knee OA (DRPA): protocol for a feasibility study

Introduction Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic illness among older adults. Up to the submission date of this protocol, there are no published UK studies reporting the efficacy of a combined intervention programme of physical activity and dietary restriction on the musculoskeletal function of obese older adults with knee OA in spite of the clinical recommendation for exercise and diet for people with knee OA. The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a combined dietary restriction and physical activity intervention programme and collect preliminary data. Method and analysis This single-arm intervention study is scheduled to begin in September 2017 and conclude in November 2018. It will take place at the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital (ROH), Birmingham and the School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences (SportExR), University of Birmingham. Participants will receive a physiotherapy usual care programme for knee OA for 1 month, after which they will continue to exercise in their local gym/leisure facility for 3 months. Participants will also follow dietary restriction throughout the 4-month intervention. Mixed analysis techniques will be used to analyse the quantitative and qualitative outcome measures. Ethics and dissemination It is approved by ROH R&D Foundation Trust and the Health Research Authority. The Consort Guidelines and checklist will be reviewed prior to generating any publications for the trial to ensure they meet the standards required for submission to high-quality peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration number ISRCTN12906938.
Validity of Immunofluorescence Test for the Detection of Respiratory Viruses Causing Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Among Under Five Children

Background: Respiratory viruses cause a variety of human infections, ranging from the common cold to life-threatening pneumonia. Over 200 strains of virus can cause respiratory disease. The majority of severe viral respiratory infections are caused by relatively few viruses, primarily parainfluenza virus types 1, 2 and 3, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A and B viruses, and adenovirus. Objective: The purpose of this study was to see the validity of Immunofluorescence test for the detection of Respiratory viruses causing acute lower respiratory tract infection among under five children. Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Virology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka from July 2002 to June 2003 for a period of one year. The children with the age group of below five (5) years presented with the clinical manifestations of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) who were visited or were admitted to Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka were selected as study population. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected. Viruses were detected by cell line culture and direct Immunoflorescence (DFA) method. Result: The study was carried out among 100 children aged from new born to 60 months with acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI). Highest rate (85.7%) of isolation was obtained among children between 0 to 24 months of age. There was a significant reduction in the number of cases in older children in 25 to 60 months of age group. The most common virus isolated from the under five children was respiratory syncytial virus which was 20(95.2%). Adenovirus was isolated in only 1(4.8%) case. No other viruses were found in this study. DFA method typically more rapid than the cell culture and also detect virus which has lost viability in transit. Culture methods on the other hand, are more favorable for detecting low titer of viable virus. In this study 17 samples are positive by cell culture and these are also positive by DFA. Total 21 samples are positive by DFA and among them 4 samples are negative. Conclusion: DFA is highly sensitive and specific for detection of respiratory viruses among the under-five children. Furthermore the accuracy of this test is also very high. Therefore it is recommended that the DFA test can be used for the detection of respiratory virus from the children presented with respiratory tract infection.
Mechanoelectrical Feedback Has a Role in the Development of Cardiac Memory

Cardiac memory is characterized by an altered T wave during sinus rhythm that is induced by a period of ventricular pac-ing or arrhythmia. Returning to sinus rhythm (normal activation) after an interval of abnormal ventricular depolarization (ventricular pacing or arrhythmia) may result in a change in the T wave vector that persists for a time period of minutes to weeks. Cardiac memory, expressed as a specific pattern of T-wave change on an ECG, is associated with reduced tran-sient outward potassium current ( I to), reduced epicardial mRNA levels of Kv4.3 (one of the molecular correlates of I to) and altered L-type calcium channel kinetics. The molecular and genetic changes associated with cardiac memory have been studied but the triggers responsible for inducing memory remain unknown. We hypothesize that mechanoelectrical feedback contributes to the initiation of cardiac memory. Two lines of evidence support this hypothesis. First, cardiac an-giotensin II synthesis and release as a consequence of altered stretch imposed by ventricular pacing is accompanied by a reduction in I to density and an increased ICa,L. Second, alterations in ventricular activation by pacing are associated with regional changes in myocardial strain, and myocardial strain strongly influences the repolarization properties of myo-cytes. Confirmation of this hypothesis will elucidate the electrophysiological trigger responsible for inducing cardiac memory.
The muscle-powered bite of allosaurus (dinosauria; theropoda): an interpretation of cranio-dental morphology

The skull morphology of Allosaurus has been the subject of functional interpretations which imply a predatory behaviour radically different from that recorded in any predatory land vertebrate. Those interpretations imply the use of the skull and maxillary dentition as analogues of hand-held, man-made weapons, incorporating the inertia of the predator's dash toward prey to add to the effect of the impact, and using wide jaw gapes as a way to keep the mandible out of the way of such blows. We re-interpret the evident adaptations for gape and for recruitment of neck muscles in head depression of Allosaurus in terms of a muscle-powered bite directed at surfaces with moderate convexity, such as the bodies of very large pres. In our model, the forces leading to penetration of the teeth are generated in the context of the opposition between the maxillary and the mandible. This interpretation allows us to incorporate al1 the observed adaptations of the Allosaurus skull, while avoiding the problems created by previous models.