Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Productive performance of laying hens fed wheat-based diets included olive pulp with or without a commercial enzyme product

Olive pulp (OP) is the remainder of olive cake (the raw material resulting from extraction of olive oil) after the removal of the seed fractions. It can be achieved by sieving the dry olive cake to separate most of the seeds. To assess effects of dietary inclusion of OP supplementing with a cocktail commercial enzyme on performance of laying hens and egg quality characteristics, one hundred and twenty 80week-old Lohmann LSL-Lite hens, with an average laying rate of 80.3 ± 3.8% (late production phase) and 1450 ± 14 g live body weight, were divided in 20 cages (n = 6). Hens in 5 cages (replicates) were randomly assigned to feed on one of the 4 experimental diets. Based on a 2×2 factorial arrangement, 4 iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets (ME =2720 kcal/kg and CP=150 g/kg) including OP (0.0 and 90.0 g/kg) and a commercial cocktail enzyme with mostly xylanase activity (Nutrase®, 0.0 or 0.9 g/kg) were formulated. To determine blood biochemical parameters and differentiable count of white blood cells, one hen per replicate was bled via wing vein on day 35 of trial. To determine egg quality parameters, all eggs during three frequent days were collected on week 4 of trial. Collected data of feed intake (FI), egg production (EP), egg mass (EM) and calculated feed conversion ratio (FCR), blood biochemical parameters and egg quality traits during 6 week trial period was analyzed based on completely randomized design. Hens fed the OP-included diet shown decreased EP compared with hens fed the control diet during week 3 of experimental period (p ≤ 0.05). There was no significant difference between hens fed the OP-included diet and the control diet in terms of FI and EM. In addition, the same trend was observed in terms of enzyme effect on FI and EM. Dietary enzyme supplementation improved FCR compared with hens fed the control diet during week 6 of the experimental period (p ≤ 0.05). Including OP in the diets of hens decreased the blood level of triglycerides (p ≤ 0.05). Including OP in the diets of hens increased the yolk index (p ≤ 0.05). From the results of this investigation, it can be concluded that including OP in diets of laying hens up to 9% would not have deleterious effects on bird's productive performance. In addition, dietary supplementation with a cocktail enzyme with mainly xylanase activity improved FCR in hens.
Molecular Analysis of Hybridization between the Box Turtles Terrapene carolina and T. ornata

Abstract Hybridization of the box turtles Terrapene carolina and T. ornata has been reported throughout their sympatric range. Herein, eight polymorphic microsatellite loci and one mitochondrial polymorphism were used to assess patterns of introgression between these two species, both of which are of conservation concern. We estimated standard population statistics, population assignments, and ancestry for 28 T. carolina, 17 T. ornata, and ten putative T. carolina–T. ornata hybrids from southwest Texas. Both parental populations had high observed heterozygosity and allelic diversity, and there was high gene flow between the two parental species. Ancestry values were sporadic and typical of species that have been hybridizing. Approximately 86% and 76% of T. carolina and T. ornata, respectively, were correctly assigned to their species. Seven of the hybrids had a high level of ancestry for T. carolina and three resembled T. ornata. Interestingly, all T. carolina, putative hybrids, and one T. ornata had haplotypes of T. carolina, whereas all but one T. ornata had haplotypes of T. ornata. These results suggest that hybridization has occurred for several generations within this population, and we discuss how such hybridization may influence population structure for such species of concern.
Plant volatile compounds shorten reaction time and enhance attraction of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella) to codlemone

BACKGROUND: The codling moth is the most serious pest of deciduous tree fruit (apples, pears, crabapples, walnuts, quince) worldwide. The high frequency of insecticide treatments per season has resulted in breakdown of codling moth control owing to insecticide resistance. As an alternative, integrated pest management includes mating disruption to achieve population suppression in orchards. Under this scheme, the sex pheromone of the codling moth, (E, E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone), is released from dispensers in crops to hinder mating by luring males. Increasing the attractiveness of codlemone formulations to codling moth males can be regarded as a key to increasing the efficacy of mating disruption. With this aim, the effects of adding plant volatiles on the behavioural responses of codling moth males to codlemone were tested. RESULTS: Adding R(+)-limonene, linalool, (E)-β-farnesene or ethyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate to codlemone significantly increases the proportion of males flying to the pheromone source in a wind tunnel. The response level is equivalent to that of males responding to females releasing codlemone. Using real-time recordings, it is shown how these four plant products also shorten the response time of males to codlemone under the behavioural criteria time to activation, time till upwind flight is induced and time to pheromone source contact. CONCLUSION: Shortening the response time and increasing source location by males of dispensers releasing codlemone with R(+)-limonene, linalool, (E)-β-farnesene or ethyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate added would enhance mating disruption through better engagement of males with dispensers, to the detriment of females. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
5‐HT2 receptors and anxiety

The present overview explores the role of the 5‐HT2 receptor subtypes (5‐HT2A, 5‐HT2B, and 5HT2C) in anxiety models in animals with clinical consideration for the development of anxiolytic drugs in humans. The anxiolytic activities of the serotonin‐selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drug paroxetine or the serotonin‐noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) drug venlafaxine, respectively, involve 5‐HT2A receptors and both 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT2B receptors. The anxiolytic‐like effects of [(±)‐1‐(2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodophenyl)‐2‐aminopropane] (DOI) in the four‐plates test and elevated plus maze test indicate a reduced serotonergic activity in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, implicating these structures in the anxiolytic‐like effects subsequent to 5‐HT2A receptor stimulation. The aim of this report was thus to evaluate further the possible involvement of the specific 5‐HT2 receptor subtypes in anxiety‐related responses by reassessing the effects of well‐known 5‐HT2 receptor agonists and antagonists and comparing them to new unfamiliar molecules. Of greater potential importance is the fact that most 5‐HT2 receptor antagonists tested are non‐selective for the 5‐HT2 receptor subtypes, displaying high affinities for 5‐HT2A, 5‐HT2B and 5‐HT2C sites. Drug Dev. Res. 65:133–140, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strategic Formal Layoffs: Unemployment Insurance and Informal Labor Markets

Exploiting an unemployment insurance reform in Brazil, we study incentive effects of UI in the presence of informal labor markets. We find that eligibility for UI benefits increases formal layoffs by 11 percent. Most of the additional layoffs are related to workers transitioning to informal employment. We further document formal layoff and recall patterns consistent with rent extraction from the UI system. Workers are laid off as they become eligible for UI benefits and recalled when benefits cease. These patterns are stronger for industries and municipalities with a high degree of labor market informality. (JEL J22, J46, J63, J65, K31, O15)
Responses of plants in polar regions to UVB exposure: a meta‐analysis

We report a meta‐analysis of data from 34 field studies into the effects of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on Arctic and Antarctic bryophytes and angiosperms. The studies measured plant responses to decreases in UVB radiation under screens, natural fluctuations in UVB irradiance or increases in UVB radiation applied from fluorescent UV lamps. Exposure to UVB radiation was found to increase the concentrations of UVB absorbing compounds in leaves or thalli by 7% and 25% (expressed on a mass or area basis, respectively). UVB exposure also reduced aboveground biomass and plant height by 15% and 10%, respectively, and increased DNA damage by 90%. No effects of UVB exposure were found on carotenoid or chlorophyll concentrations, net photosynthesis, Fv/Fm or ΦPSII, belowground or total biomass, leaf mass, leaf area or specific leaf area (SLA). The methodology adopted influenced the concentration of UVB absorbing compounds, with screens and natural fluctuations promoting significant changes in the concentrations of these pigments, but lamps failing to elicit a response. Greater reductions in leaf area and SLA, and greater increases in concentrations of carotenoids, were found in experiments based in Antarctica than in those in the Arctic. Bryophytes typically responded in the same way as angiosperms to UVB exposure. Regression analyses indicated that the percentage difference in UVB dose between treatment and control plots was positively associated with concentrations of UVB absorbing compounds and carotenoids, and negatively so with aboveground biomass and leaf area. We conclude that, despite being dominated by bryophytes, the vegetation of polar regions responds to UVB exposure in a similar way to higher plant‐dominated vegetation at lower latitudes. In broad terms, the exposure of plants in these regions to UVB radiation elicits the synthesis of UVB absorbing compounds, reduces aboveground biomass and height, and increases DNA damage.
Oxidant and antioxidant signalling in plants: a re-evaluation of the concept of oxidative stress in a physiological context

While the chemical nature of reactive oxygen species (ROS) dictates that they are potentially harmful to cells, recent genetic evidence suggests that in planta purely physicochemical damage may be much more limited than previously thought. The most potentially deleterious effect of ROS under most conditions is that at high concentrations they trigger genetically programmed cell suicide events. Moreover, because plants use ROS as second messengers in signal transduction cascades in processes as diverse as mitosis, tropisms and cell death, their accumulation is crucial to plant development as well as defence. Direct ROS signal transduction will ensue only if ROS escape destruction by antioxidants or are otherwise consumed in a ROS cascade. Thus, the major low molecular weight antioxidants determine the specificity of the signal. They are also themselves signal-transducing molecules that can either signal independently or further transmit ROS signals. The moment has come to re-evaluate the concept of oxidative stress. In contrast to this pejorative or negative term, implying a state to be avoided, we propose that the syndrome would be more usefully described as 'oxidative signalling', that is, an important and critical function associated with the mechanisms by which plant cells sense the environment and make appropriate adjustments to gene expression, metabolism and physiology.
Assessment of Bacterial Communities in Auriferous and Non-Auriferous Soils Using Genetic and Functional Fingerprinting

Understanding the microbial processes affecting the mobility of Au is important in the development of biogeochemical models describing the formation of secondary anomalies and Au grains in soils and deeper regolith materials. This study characterizes bacterial activity in auriferous soils that is linked to the microbially mediated solubilization of Au, as a result of production and consumption of free amino acids, which can form stable complexes with Au. Through the application of 16S rDNA fingerprinting and community level physiological profiling (CLPP), concurrently with Au mobility data, microcosm experiments have demonstrated the role that mobile Au plays in determining the structure and function of bacterial communities in auriferous soils. The bacterial community of auriferous soils displayed genetic differences compared to non-auriferous (background) soils associated with the appearance of Methylocella sp. , Arthrobacter sp. and Bacillus sp. , as well as functional differences in the utilization of D-Cellobiose, L-Serine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Arginine and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine. These results suggest that soil bacterial communities are linked to biogeochemical Au cycling, and that microbial fingerprinting analyses may be used as a screening tool in Au exploration to differentiate auriferous from background terrains.
Delaying Weed Control Lengthens the Anthesis-Silking Interval in Maize

Abstract Stress caused by early weed competition is known to delay the rate of maize development which may result in a decrease in kernel number. Kernel number in maize is correlated negatively with the length of the anthesis-silking interval (ASI). A short ASI has been identified as an easily measured, visual trait which may identify enhanced drought tolerance in maize. Field studies were conducted to test whether: (1) delaying weed control would result in a lengthening of ASI in both a drought tolerant and non-drought tolerant maize hybrid and (2) the presence of drought tolerance genetics comes at a physiological cost, resulting in a greater yield reduction under weedy conditions. In this study, the response of a drought tolerant hybrid with its non-drought tolerant near-isoline was compared to seven different timings of weed control using wheat as a surrogate competitor. Results confirmed that there was no treatment by hybrid interaction at any site–yr for any of the parameters evaluated. Delaying weed control reduced plant height, leaf tip number, shifted and reduced biomass accumulation, kernel number and grain yield and lengthened ASI for both hybrids. Although yield losses occurred with the delay in weed control timing, no yield differences were observed between hybrids suggesting that there was no additional physiological cost associated with the drought tolerant traits. The drought tolerant hybrid, however, was found to have a shorter ASI, lower kernel number and higher kernel wt compared to the non-drought tolerant hybrid. This study confirmed that delaying weed control can influence the length of ASI, which is an important drought tolerant trait. The lengthening of ASI by early weed competition resulted in a rate of yield loss of 0.13 T ha−1 growing degree days (GDD)−1 when averaged across both hybrids and all treatments. Nomenclature: Maize, Zea mays L.
The fluorescent probe HPTS as a phloem-mobile, symplastic tracer: an evaluation using confocal laser scanning microscopy

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) has been used to evaluate the use of the fluorescent probe HPTS (8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid) as a symplastic tracer. HPTS-acetate was used to load HPTS into the phloem and its movement was followed in three systems where symplastic unloading has been proposed. In Arabidopsis root tips and Abutilon nectaries the intercellular distribution of HPTS differed markedly from that observed with 5-(and 6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF). HPTS was observed in the nuclei and cytoplasm whilst CF was rapidly transferred into the vacuoles. In contrast, both HPTS and CF accumulated in the vacuoles of the vascular parenchyma and nucellus cells following unloading from the phloem of the developing barley caryopsis. The results indicate that HPTS has a number of advantages as a symplastic probe compared with CF. The findings are discussed in relation to the influence of vacuolar sequestration on dye distribution.
Adversarial Robustness Toolbox v1.0.0

Adversarial Robustness Toolbox (ART) is a Python library supporting developers and researchers in defending Machine Learning models (Deep Neural Networks, Gradient Boosted Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines, Random Forests, Logistic Regression, Gaussian Processes, Decision Trees, Scikit-learn Pipelines, etc.) against adversarial threats and helps making AI systems more secure and trustworthy. Machine Learning models are vulnerable to adversarial examples, which are inputs (images, texts, tabular data, etc.) deliberately modified to produce a desired response by the Machine Learning model. ART provides the tools to build and deploy defences and test them with adversarial attacks. Defending Machine Learning models involves certifying and verifying model robustness and model hardening with approaches such as pre-processing inputs, augmenting training data with adversarial samples, and leveraging runtime detection methods to flag any inputs that might have been modified by an adversary. The attacks implemented in ART allow creating adversarial attacks against Machine Learning models which is required to test defenses with state-of-the-art threat models. Supported Machine Learning Libraries include TensorFlow (v1 and v2), Keras, PyTorch, MXNet, Scikit-learn, XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost, and GPy. The source code of ART is released with MIT license at https://github.com/IBM/adversarial-robustness-toolbox. The release includes code examples, notebooks with tutorials and documentation (this http URL).
Barley and triticale underseeded with a kura clover living mulch: Effects on weed pressure, disease incidence, silage yield, and forage quality

Kosinski, S. M. , King, J. R. , Harker, K. N. , Turkington, T. K. and Spaner, D. 2011. Barley and triticale underseeded with a kura clover living mulch: Effects on weed pressure, disease incidence, silage yield, and forage quality. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 677–687. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of seeding barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and triticale (×Triticosecale wittmack) into a living mulch of kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) on weed pressure, barley leaf disease levels, silage yield, and forage quality. Field studies were conducted at two locations in the Parkland region of Alberta, Canada, in 2006 and 2007. Barley and triticale were seeded, at three different soil nitrogen levels, into an established living mulch of kura clover that was either unsuppressed or chemically suppressed with glyphosate at 0.41 kg a.i. ha−1 prior to cereal seeding. Barley and triticale sole crops were also included for comparison. The presence of the suppressed and unsuppressed kura clover living mulches signi.
Relationships of Asanthus (Asteraceae, Eupatorieae)

Abstract Analysis of DNA sequence data was used to clarify the circumscription and relationships of the small Mexican genus Asanthus. Results from non-coding regions, including the nuclear ITS and the chloroplast psbA-trnH spacer showed that Asanthus is clearly monophyletic and distinct from Steviopsis and Brickellia, two genera with which it is sometimes lumped, as well as from the closely related Brickelliastrum and Carminatia. The DNA sequence data also agree with morphological observations in showing that Asanthus is composed of three species, A. thyrsiflorus from the Sierra Madre Oriental and A. squamulosus and A. solidaginifolius from the Sierra Madre Occidental. Samples from the southern Sierra Madre Occidental that have been identified as A. thyrsiflorus are suggested by the presence of an additive pattern of polymorphisms in the nuclear ITS region to be of interspecific hybrid origin between A. thyrsiflorus and A. solidaginifolius, which is consistent with reports of their morphological intergradation in this area. The results suggest that geographic separation and divergence within Asanthus is now being followed by secondary contact, and point to a dynamic pattern of movement and change in the genus.
Fruit Set and Enlargement in Fertilized and Unfertilized Olive Ovaries

Fruit set and enlargement were compared for fertilized and unfertilized olive (Olea europaea L.) ovaries, the latter obtained by flower emasculation and bagging to prevent pollination. In the control population, the timing of abscission coincided with the onset of ovary expansion following fertilization. In the emasculated population, ovary expansion was only slight, and abscission was substantially delayed. Separation of the ovaries by size using graduated screens provided a useful tool for the evaluation —
Calorimetric Measurements on Ionic Semiclathrate Hydrate Formed with Tetrabutylammonium Sulfate (TBASO4)

This paper reports the dissociation heats of ionic semiclathrate hydrate formed with tetrabutylammonium sulfate (TBASO4) holding the bivalent anion. The heat flow rates and the dissociation heats of TBASO4 hydrate were measured by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at the mass fractions 0.30, 0.34 and 0.38. On the DSC curves of the heat flow rate, the two peaks were observed at the mass fractions 0.30 and 0.34, and the single peak was observed at the mass fraction 0.38. The largest dissociation heat of TBASO4 hydrate was 190 kJ·kg-1 at the mass fraction 0.34.
Helminth community structure and pattern in a migratory host (Anas platyrhynchos)

The helminth community at the southern periphery of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) breeding range on the Southern High Plains of Texas consisted of species commonly reported in this host at northern latitudes. Although prevalence, abundance, and dominance values varied and this helminth community was species-rich and diverse, species composition was relatively consistent over temporal and host variables. Mallards had higher mean abundances of helminths in summer than winter; 80% of all helminth individuals occurred in juveniles. Recurrent groups formed during summer and within juvenile mallards were larger and more complex than groups formed during winter or in adults. Of the 15 helminth species forming group memberships, only Cloacotaenia megalops, Microsomacanthus hopkinsi, Amidostomum acutum, and Tetrameres spp. commonly co-occurred during each of four seasons in juvenile mallards, whereas C. megalops and Capillaria contorta persisted temporally in adult mallards. These species occupy different host .
Phenotypic plasticity of Pseudomonas aureofaciens (lacZY) introduced into and recovered from field and laboratory microcosm soils

The ability of bacteria to alter phenotypic characteristics during their survival and persistence in soil complicates the risk assessment of bacterial inoculants, especially those genetically engineered. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the phenotype of Pseudomonas aureofaciens 3732 RN-L11 (lacZY) introduced into and recovered from wheat roots or soil obtained from the field or laboratory microcosms. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and Biolog™ analyses were used to characterize the phenotype of 88 isolates obtained from soil collected over a 2-year period. There was variation in the relative proportions of fatty acids found in isolates over the growing season, with FAME profiles of isolates obtained at 14, 28 and 70 days after planting different from isolates obtained at day 0 and day 140. However, these changes were not sufficient to alter the species designation. Similarly, carbon substrate utilization by isolates varied only slightly over the growing season. In addition, there were few phenotypic differences found between isolates obtained from rhizosphere or bulk soil, and no observed differences between isolates recovered from field soil or microcosms. Our results indicate that there was little phenotypic drift of this genetically engineered bacterium during its survival in field and laboratory microcosm soils.