Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BOOK REVIEW

Metaphor and Emotion provides an excellent account of how the human body influences and constrains the conceptualization of emotion. The book convincingly illustrates how figurative language plays a pivotal role in understanding a phenomenon as complex as the nature of human emotion by providing a comprehensive analysis of conceptual metaphors and metonomies across different linguistic communities and cultures, as well as historical time. Zoltán Kövecses addresses several fundamental issues that have remained on the backstage of his earlier work, and for which he has been criticized (e.g., Seitz, 1992). Specifically, in contrast to Emotion Concepts (Kövecses, 1990), which analyzed conceptual metaphors and metonomies that are used to talk about specific emotion but drew on what struck some as “isolated linguistic samples” (Seitz, 1992, p. 100), Kövecses now identifies an overarching “master metaphor,” namely the metaphor of “EMOTION IS FORCE” (chapter 5). By integrating a large number of distinct metaphors into this framework, Kövecses considerably strengthens his argument that a few basic physically derived schemata underlie the conceptualization of abstract concepts in general and the conceptualization of emotions in particular. In other words, many source domains, such as the domain of physical space, have a quite broad range of applicability (chapters 3 and 4). For example, the metaphor of “STATES ARE LOCATIONS” can be found in nonemotional expressions such as “I am in trouble” as well as in emotional expressions, as in “He’s in a rage. ” Thus metaphorical mappings appear to be based on a limited number of conceptual domains. METAPHOR AND SYMBOL, 17(3), 243–247 Copyright © 2002, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Book Review

For the last 2 decades, the psychologist Sam Glucksberg has examined the processes people use to understand figurative language, and whether they differ from those used to understand ordinary, literal language. Though Glucksberg has also done research on irony, his latest book focuses exclusively on metaphor and idiom comprehension. In most cases, the book does a good job in presenting competing theories of how these tropes are understood, as well as in discussing various experiments designed to test the theoretical claims. The result is a wonderfully readable and lucid account that will be very useful to those of us who do research on these topics. In Chapter 1 (Metaphor: The central trope), Glucksberg outlines the “standard pragmatic model” (SPM), a view that he has long criticized. The model, a synthesis based on the writings of Davidson (1977), Grice (1975), and Searle (1979), among others, holds that the comprehension of figurative claims begins with the derivation of literal meaning. Literal meanings are primary and decoded independent of context. If the literal meaning makes sense in the context, it is understood as the intended meaning. If it does not, then an alternate, figurative meaning is derived. Metaphors, which are usually false (e.g., “my lawyer is a shark”), are converted into similes (i.e., “my lawyer is like a shark”) and understood via a comparison process. This model predicts that literal meanings should always take less time to access than figurative meanings. Furthermore, literal meanings will routinely be derived first, while figurative meanings are accessed only when the literal meanings are defective in the context. One by one Glucksberg shows how each of these implications is false. METAPHOR AND SYMBOL, 18(1), 55–61 Copyright © 2003, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity in Dark Green, Old Gold Crimson, Ripening Inhibitor, and Normal Tomatoes

Bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity were determined in one high lycopene normal genotype (Berika), two color mutants [dark green (BCT-115) and old gold crimson (BCT-119)], one ripening mutant [ripening inhibitor (BCT-111)], and six ordinary tomato genotypes (Punjab, Chhuhara, FEB-2, BCT-53, Patharkutchi, CLN-B, and CLN-R). Significant variation (mg/100 g fresh weight) in ascorbic acid (~25–38), lycopene (~3–5), β-carotene (~0.6–1.6), total flavonoids (~0.15–48.0), and total phenols (~23–41) was recorded in the pulp. The peel fraction of the tomatoes was identified as an important reservoir of antioxidant bioactive compounds viz. lycopene (~0.26–28), β-carotene (~1.7–4.7), total flavonoids (~0.6–109), and total phenols (~43–104). The radical scavenging activity was ranged from ~53–82 and ~25–51% in peel and pulp, whereas the metal chelating activity was found to range from ~21–53 and ~12–25% in peel and pulp, respectively, among all genotypes. The tomato genotypes with the highest content of bioactive molecules and antioxidant potential in the edible portion were BCT-115, Berika, and BCT-119. The results show great potential of color mutants (dark green and old gold crimson) for all the parameters. Thus, these genotypes could be used in the future breeding programs to enhance the synthesis of beneficial bioactive molecules in the new cultivars.
Effect of Pellet and Mash Diets Associated with Biozyme Enzyme on Broilers Performance

2 Abstract: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of form of diets with different levels of biozyme enzyme on broilers performance. 800 Arbor Acres strain chickens were used in a factorial arrangement 2×3 with 2 form of diets (pellet and mash) and 3 levels of biozyme (0, 0.75 and 1.5 kg/ton) in a randomized completely design with 6 treatments and 3 replicates in each treatment and 45 birds/replicates. The weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured weekly from week 1-6. Carcass components were recorded at the end of trial (day 42). The WG wer e significantly (P<0.05) greater in broiler fed pellet diets than comparable groups. The birds fed diet containing 0.75 kg/ton biozyme had greater WG (56.31 vs. 54.77 and 54.57 gram) and better FCR (1.7 vs. 1.79 and 1.84) than birds fed diets containing the two others levels. The weight of breast, thigh, abdominal fat and liver were significantly (P<0.05) greater in broilers fed 0.75 kg/ton Biozyme and pellet diet. Heart weight in broilers fed pellet diets were significantly (P<0.05) heavier than the broilers fed mash diets (9.56 vs. 8.056 gram). On, the other hand, Right ventricle to Total ventricle ratio was not affected by form of diet. It is concluded that the performance and carcass characteristics were improved in pellet diets.
Book Review

The goal of On Our Mind is to celebrate the heretofore unheralded role of salience. This first monograph by cognitive scientist Giora “aims to shed light, primarily empirically, on how, in addition to contextual information, salient meanings and senses of words and fixed expressions shape our linguistic behavior” (p. 9). In chapter 1, “Prologue,” Giora paves the way for the uninitiated. The chapter abounds in lively examples enlightening us as to how meanings and perspectives foremost on our mind determine the way we make sense of all kinds of stimuli, including those that amuse us. For instance, one of Gary Larson’s cartoons portrays a person lying on a bed with unfamiliar creatures underneath. It catches us by surprise when we read the caption, I’ve got it again, Larry . an eerie feeling like there’s something on top of the bed. In the remaining pages, Giora’s theory, the Graded Salience Hypothesis, beautifully articulates why we find such cartoons so witty. Countless other sociocognitive linguistic phenomena are explicated as well. Giora’s theory is introduced straight on in the first chapter. It is introduced boldly, along with its competitors. Indeed, boldness and forthrightness are trademarks of this excellent monograph. One competitor to the Graded Salience Hypothesis is Fodor’s modular view (Fodor, 1983). As does a traditional modular view, the Graded Salience Hypothesis assumes
Perceived relationship with God moderates the relationship between social comparison and body appreciation

Social comparison has been shown to contribute to the negative attitudes that most Western women have towards their bodies. However, minimal research has addressed the relationship between social comparison and body appreciation, which entails holding favourable opinions towards the body, accepting the body along with its deviations from societal beauty ideals, respecting the body by engaging in healthy behaviours, and protecting the body by rejecting unrealistic media appearance ideals. This study tested whether feeling loved and accepted by God would weaken the inverse relationship between social comparison and body appreciation among a sample of 186 female undergraduates. Results showed that frequent body-related comparisons were related to lower body appreciation, but this relationship was conditional upon the quality of women's perceived relationship with God. Results suggest that future research should explore interventions designed to create improved secure attachment relationships between clients and God.
A Protein Disulfide Isomerase Plays a Role in Programmed Cell Death

Programmed cell death (PCD), the tightly regulated self-destruction of specific cells, is crucial for the development and survival of plants ([Greenberg, 1996][1]). A striking illustration of this is seen in tracheary xylem elements, which are dead at maturity and function both to transport water
COMPARISON OF CASCADED FIFTEEN LEVEL INVERTER MULTICARRIER SPWM STRATEGIES

This paper puts forward different SPWM control strategies and modulation techniques of fifteen level H bridge multilevel inverter. Two control strategies are presented; the triangular multicarrier SPWM and the saw tooth multicarrier SPWM. For these two control strategies, different modulation techniques such as phase disposition (PD), alternative phase disposition (APD), phase opposition disposition (POD) and alternative phase disposition (APOD) are implemented. A comparison between the modulation techniques of each control strategy is made. Next, a comparison between the two control strategies. The subjects of comparison are the output voltage fundamental and the total harmonic distortion (THD). The obtained simulation results have proved that phase disposition (PD) is the best modulation technique and the saw tooth multicarrier SPWM control starategy is better than the triangular multicarrier SPWM control strategy. Simulations are carried out by PSIM program.
Blood parasites, leucocytes and plumage brightness in the Cirl Bunting, Emberiza cirlus

1. Although a female preference for pairing with brightly plumaged males has been reported in many species, the reasons for this choice are not fully understood. 2. Parasites have been proposed as playing an important role in shaping these preferences because, by pairing with brightly coloured individuals, females can obtain parasite-free and/or more healthy mates. 3. In this paper one of the predictions of this hypothesis is tested, namely a higher health level in brightly coloured individuals, by analysing the relationships among blood parasites, leucocyte levels and plumage brightness in the Cirl Bunting, Emberiza cirlus. 4. Two species of blood parasites were detected. Whereas a lower body condition was detected in individuals infected by Leucocytozoon cambournaci, no such differences were associated with Plasmodium relictum infections. Infected individuals showed higher total leucocyte counts than non-infected individuals. 5. Colour intensity of carotenoid derived colorations was negatively correlated to the relative proportion of lymphocytes and positively correlated to the relative presence of heterophils. Furthermore, the size of yellow feathered areas was positively correlated with the absolute number of leucocytes and the relative presence of heterophils. Only some of these relationships were found for non-carotenoid derived traits. 6. These results suggest that male plumage yellow coloration in the Cirl Bunting is a reliable indicator of health status and supports the hypothesis that females obtain more parasite-free mates if they pair with brightly coloured individuals.
Effect of JH III and β-ecdysone on seminal vesicle protein secretion in the tropical tasar silkmoth, Antheraea mylitta (Drury) (Lepidoptera : Saturniidae)

The present studies revealed an active secretory activity in the seminal vesicles soon after emergence of the male tasar silkmoth, Antheraea mylitta. The total concentration of DNA, RNA and proteins in the seminal vesicle tissue showed gradual reduction with advancement of age of the male moth. The SDS-PAGE analyzed about 11 protein bands ranging from 31.8 to 196.1 in molecular weight. Topical application of juvenile hormone (JH-III) on the newly emerged adult male moths showed enhancement while that of β-ecdysone (βE) caused depletion of the total seminal vesicle protein concentration.
Plumage Quality and Mate Choice in Mallards (Anas Platyrhynchos)

The suspected relevance of plumage quality of drakes for the choice of mates by ducks has been confirmed in a series of experiments. Drakes were ranked according to the extent of naturally occurring blemishes (deviations from the plumage of an ideal drake) and introduced, two at a time, to a resident group of female "adjudicators", who would choose drakes by following one of them and/or by performing aggressive acts against one or both. We could predict the outcome in almost every case. In other experiments we could influence female choice by making attractive drakes ugly or unattractive ones more beautiful by means of staining and bleaching. The success in these experiments of isolating the effects of plumage quality from the many other factors which usually influence mate choice in females was a consequence of the drakes' apparent lack of interest in the females to whose pen they were introduced for a short time only. When several females chose the same good looking male, intense rivalry and aggressive behaviour occurred among the females. The possible effect of such rivalry on female mate choice was briefly examined; it appeared to be unimportant in our experiments.
Interaction between wind-induced seiches and convective cooling governs algal distribution in a canyon-shaped reservoir

SUMMARY 1. Wind is considered the dominant factor controlling phytoplankton distribution in lentic environments. In canyon-shaped reservoirs, wind tends to blow along the main axis generating internal seiches and advective water movements that jointly with biological features of algae can produce a heterogeneous phytoplankton distribution. Turbulence generated by wind stress and convection will also affect the vertical distribution of algae, depending on their sinking properties. 2. We investigated the vertical and horizontal distribution of phytoplankton during the stratification period in Sau Reservoir (NE Spain). Sites along the main reservoir axis were sampled every 4 h for 3 days, and profiles of chlorophyll-a and temperature were made using a fluorescent FluoroProbe, which can discriminate among the main algal groups. Convective and wind shear velocity scales, and energy dissipation were calculated from meteorological data, and simulation experiments were performed to describe nonmeasured processes, like vertical advection and sinking velocity of phytoplankton. 3. Wind direction changed from day to night, producing a diel thermocline oscillation and an internal seiche. Energy dissipation was moderate during the night, and mainly attributed to convective cooling. During the day the energy dissipation was entirely attributed to wind shear, but values indicated low turbulence intensity. 4. The epilimnetic algal community was mainly composed of diatoms and chlorophytes. Chlorophytes showed a homogeneous distribution on the horizontal and vertical planes. Diatom horizontal pattern was also homogeneous, because the horizontal advective velocities generated by wind forcing were not high enough to develop phytoplankton gradients along the reservoir. 5. Diatom vertical distribution was heterogeneous in space and time. Different processes dominated in different regions of the reservoir, due to the interaction between seiching and the daily cycle of convective-mediated turbulence. As the meteorological forcing followed a clear daily pattern, we found very different diatom sedimentation dynamics between day and night. Remarkably, these dynamics were asynchronous in the extremes of the seiche, implying that under the same meteorological forcing a diatom population can show contrasting sedimentation dynamics at small spatial scales (approximately 10 3 m). This finding should be taken into account when interpreting paleolimnological records from different locations in a lake.
A dynamic model of food allocation to starling (Sturnus vulgaris) nestlings

We present a dynamic model of food allocation to starling nestlings. Based on the premise that current reproductive activities may have detrimental effects on future breeding episodes, the model is elaborated around the concept of a state variable. In this implementation, the state variable represents body mass. A number of activities can be followed during the breeding season, and we measured the value of these actions in terms of the contribution of the action to the fitness of the animal at the end of the nestling period. Using the final states reached by parents and young, we determined fitness by summing current breeding production and future reproductive potential. We used backward induction to find for each combination of states and nestling age the behavioral options that maximize fitness. Subsequently, forward simulations were used to find average trajectories across time of the following variables: parental and offspring states, foraging time, and allocation of energy. We also investigated the effects of brood size and harvest. Physiological parameters, necessary to translate foraging decisions into body mass changes, are taken from studies on starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). The results appear to closely fit available evidence for this species. The discussion relates basic findings of the model to previous results of static and deterministic approaches. Limits to the usefulness of the model are discussed. [Behav Ecol 1991; 2: 21-37]
Humoral Immunity to the Opportunistic Pathogen, Pneumocystis, in a Simian Model of HIV Infection.

The fungal opportunistic pathogen, Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis) (Pc) is the causative agent of Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PcP) in immunocompromised persons. Despite improvements in anti-retroviral treatments and Pc prophylaxis, Pc remains an important pathogen in immunocompromised populations. Pc colonization, the presence of Pc in subjects without clinical signs or symptoms of PcP, is common in HIV+ subjects; however, the clinical consequences of colonization are undefined. The non-human primate model of Pc infection in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)- or chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected macaques has been developed to study Pc colonization pathogenesis in the context of AIDS immunosuppression. Using this model, immunologic parameters associated with natural Pc colonization of macaques were evaluated to gain understanding of protective immune responses to Pc. Humoral immunity to the recombinant Pc-antigen, kexin (KEX1), correlated with protection from subsequent Pc colonization, despite declining CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, macaques that remained Pc-negative were protected against lung injury observed in macaques that became Pc-colonized, supporting a role for Pc in pulmonary obstruction development. These experiments suggest KEX1-specific antibodies may provide protection of immunocompromised individuals from developing obstructive pulmonary disease. Because B cell deficits and dysfunctions are reported in HIV+ subjects, we examined peripheral blood B cell populations in SHIV-infected macaques. We report declines in total (CD20+), memory (CD20+CD27+) and IgM+ memory B cell numbers, increased percentages of activated (CD95+) B cells, and hypergammaglobulinemia in SHIV-infected macaques, similar to what has been reported for HIV+ patients, suggesting the relevance of this model for studying HIV-related B cell dysfunctions. Pc colonization status did not correlate with deficits in total B cell populations. Rather, protection from Pc-colonization appears associated with a KEX1-specific memory B cell pool, despite early loss of total CD27+ B cells. These results suggest exposure to Pc prior to immunosuppression, resulting in high levels of circulating antibodies/plasma cells, contributes to maintenance of a Pc-specific memory B cell pool following immunosuppression. These results demonstrate importance of a Pc-specific humoral response in protection from Pc colonization and pulmonary damage, thereby providing a rationale for Pc-KEX1 vaccine development to protect at-risk populations against this opportunistic pathogen.
The Influence of Treatment- and Vaccination-induced Changes in the Risky Contact Rate on HIV Transmission

The influence of treatment- or vaccination-induced changes in the risky contact rate (RCR) on HIV transmission in the homosexual population of San Francisco is investigated, given the heterogeneous susceptibility and progression rates of the mutant allele CCR5 Δ32. Susceptible individuals have no, partial, or complete immunity against HIV. Some susceptible newcomers are vaccinated. Infected individuals have a slow, a normal, or a rapid progression rate. Some newly infected individuals are treated. Vaccinated and treated individuals may change the RCR, the influence of which is quantified by the change in the basic reproductive numbers obtained from differential equations. If vaccination increases (decreases) the RCR, the epidemic will decrease (increase). If the treatment increases (decreases) the RCR, the epidemic will increase (decrease). The influence of treated individuals is much higher than the influence of vaccinated individuals. Prophylactic effort should be devoted more to preventing an increase of the RCR in treated individuals than to preventing a decrease of the RCR in vaccinated individuals.
Measuring Well What Is Ill Defined?

Maul’s paper is a clever and pointed indictment of a set of specific but widespread practices in psychological measurement and the social sciences at large. Through it, Maul highlights central issues in the way we approach theory building and theory testing, bringing to mind the words of Allport, who indicated in 1935 that attitudes—a central concept in social psychology—were “measured more successfully than they are defined” (p. 828). Maul’s studies add to the evidence supporting the unsettling conclusion that, as social scientists, we are still engaged in a field that oftentimes claims to validly measure something that has been ill defined. Overall, I agree with Maul in what I take to be the two central points in his paper. First, I agree that greater care and attention should be devoted to the definition of the psychological attributes that we purport to measure, particularly to the critical appraisal of our assumptions regarding the structure of the attributes. To this end, it is imperative that we move away from the latent remains of operationalism and the “operational definitions” that they engender. Second, I agree with Maul that this greater focus on the characterization of the psychological attributes should be accompanied by the abandonment of the standard paint-by-numbers approach to instrument validation that is widespread in certain areas of psychology. Having said that, I do have some comments and questions about the paper.