Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of larval‐rearing density on adult life‐history traits and developmental stability of the dorsal eyespot pattern in the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria

Behavioural stresses such as crowding are thought to incur a metabolic cost to insect larvae, and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) has been shown to be a possible indicator of this stress. A study of a Madeiran population of the butterfly Pararge aegeria L. (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae) shows that larval crowding affects larval development and growth, with female larvae being more adversely affected than males. It was predicted that if larval crowding increases FA, male and female P. aegeria adults may show different responses to this stress. The FA of five different wing pattern elements on the dorsal hindwings of adult male and female P. aegeria that had been reared at different larval densities was measured. Crowding in P. aegeria resulted in a trait‐specific and sex‐specific increase in FA. Although a significant correlation between FA and longevity was not observed, there was a significant correlation with egg‐laying rate. Stressed females increased their egg‐laying rate. An increased egg‐laying rate may carry a further fitness cost through the offspring of stressed females, because high egg‐laying rates are associated with a decline in oviposition site quality.
Patent Pol- Icy and Pro- Cedures

Leominster MA Re: In support of the optional sub-channel carrier spacing in 802.16. a draft standard in Section 8.3. 5.7 OFDMA 2 PHY (optional) Abstract It is demonstrated that the performance of the classical Wiener spatial filter degrades dramatically as the bandwidth of the channel increases for fixed wireless channels. The degradation is most pronounced in channels that contain multiple users sharing the same frequencies. An optimal bandwidth that trades off dispersion effects due to channel time variation versus dispersion effects due to frequency variation can be found in the vicinity of 50 kHz. The performance effects are demonstrated by simulating the Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models. Purpose This document supports the contention that allowing carriers from a single sub-channel to occupy adjacent frequency bins is advantageous to support classical linear beamforming for multiple antennae systems. Allowing such a mode permits the use of narrow-band beamforming and avoids the problem of array overloading due to multipath induced by co-channel interference from wide-band signals. Such a mode is currently proposed in the 802.16. a draft standard in Section 8.3. 5.7 OFDMA 2 as an optional PHY. Notice This document has been prepared to assist IEEE 802.16. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release The contributor grants a free, irrevocable license to the IEEE to incorporate material contained in this contribution, and any modifications thereof, in the creation of an IEEE Standards publication; to copyright in the IEEE's name any IEEE Standards publication even though it may include portions of this contribution; and at the IEEE's sole discretion to permit others to reproduce in whole or in part the resulting IEEE Standards publication. The contributor also acknowledges and accepts that this contribution may be made public by IEEE 802.16. including the statement " IEEE standards may include the known use of patent(s), including patent applications, if there is technical justification in the opinion of the standards-developing committee and provided the IEEE receives assurance from the patent holder that it will license applicants under reasonable terms and conditions for the purpose of implementing the standard. " Early disclosure to the Working Group of patent information that might be relevant to the standard is essential to …
Automatic Composition of Guitar Tabs by Transformers and Groove Modeling

Deep learning algorithms are increasingly developed for learning to compose music in the form of MIDI files. However, whether such algorithms work well for composing guitar tabs, which are quite different from MIDIs, remain relatively unexplored. To address this, we build a model for composing fingerstyle guitar tabs with Transformer-XL, a neural sequence model architecture. With this model, we investigate the following research questions. First, whether the neural net generates note sequences with meaningful note-string combinations, which is important for the guitar but not other instruments such as the piano. Second, whether it generates compositions with coherent rhythmic groove, crucial for fingerstyle guitar music. And, finally, how pleasant the composed music is in comparison to real, human-made compositions. Our work provides preliminary empirical evidence of the promise of deep learning for tab composition, and suggests areas for future study.
The Chicken-of-Tomorrow Program; Its Influence on “Meat-Type” Poultry Production

Abstract A CHANGE of gigantic proportions has taken place in the Poultry Industry of the United States. Meat-type poultry has taken its place alongside “Production Bred”—and Standard Bred Fancy Chickens. Changing economic conditions and a well-organized “Chicken-of-Tomorrow” Program has speeded up this evolution. The practice of raising Commercial Meat Chickens on mass production methods has proved profitable, and the volume has more than doubled in five years’ time. The number raised in the United States increased from 275 million in 1946 to 616 million in 1950, and the expansion has continued during 1951. This added interest created enormous pressure for an improved meat-type chicken, a more efficient ration, larger hatching and processing facilities, and better marketing and merchandising procedure. In 1945 Howard C. Pierce, Poultry Research Director, A & P Food Stores, in an address before a Canadian Poultry meeting remarked that someone would confer a boon upon the poultry .
The biology of pelagic Tunicates

Introduction Chapter 1 - Anatomy of Thaliacea Chapter 2 - Anatomy of Appendicularia Chapter 3 - Locomotion, locomotor muscles and buoyancy Chapter 4 - Nervous system, sense organs and excitable epithelia Chapter 5 - Feeding and energetics of Thaliaceans Chapter 6 - The Appendicularian house Chapter 7 - Salp and pyrosomid blooms and their importance in biogeochemical cycles Chapter 8 - Feeding and metabolism of appendicularians Chapter 9 - Life history of the appendicularians Chapter 10 - The role of appendicularia in marine food webs Chapter 11 - The parasites and predators of Thaliacea Chapter 12 - Bioluminescence in the Appendicularia Chapter 13 - The cladistic biogeography of salps and pyrosomas Chapter 14 - Appendicularian distribution and zoogeography Chapter 15 - Molecular phylogeny of tunicates. A preliminary study using 28 Sribosomal RNA partial sequences: implications in terms of evolution and ecology Chapter 16 - The relationships and systematics of the Thaliacea, with keys for identification Chapter 17 - The classification of Appendicularia References Taxonomic Index Subject Index
The bioenergetics of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.): energy allocation at different planes of nutrition

Complete energy budgets were constructed for 19 grass carp, Ctenupharyngudon idella (Val.), held individually in a respirometer for a month. The fish were fed one of four diets or starved. Diets varying in the proportions of protein, lipid and carbohydrate were described as high protein (HP), high carbohydrate (HC) or high lipid (HL). A fourth diet (LM) was made from dried duckweed, Lemna spp. , to provide a more natural diet. Fish were fed and faeces collected daily and oxygen consumption was measured continuously over the month that each experiment lasted. Excretion of ammonia and urea was measured on several days. The total energy lost via nitrogenous waste was calculated using an average daily ammonia quotient (AQ). For growing fish between 50 and 61% of consumed energy was lost via respiration. Energetic losses via nitrogenous wastes were highest on the HP diet (4.7%) and lowest on the HC diet (3.1%). Faecal loss washigheston the HL diet (19.4%)and lowest on the HP diet (10.2%). Over a month of starvation, 32.5% of energy requirement was met by the respiration of protein and 3.2% of the total energy lost was via nitrogenous waste. Fish fed zero or sub-maintenance rations tended to respire lipid in preference to protein whereas fish fed super-maintenance rations accumulated lipid. Protein retention was proportionally highest on HP (48% of total energy retained as growth) and lowest on HC (32%) and HL (30%). This reflected the accumulation of lipid on both the high carbohydrate and high lipid diets. The partitioning of metabolizable energy (ME) was investigated and 0.45 (HL), 0.59 (HP) and 0-67 (HC) kJ ME.kJ-1 retained were lost via respiration.
Modelling the effect of weed‐seed distribution in the soil profile on seedling emergence

Summary Experiments to monitor weed seedling emergence from various soil depths were begun in 1989. Recently shed seeds were buried in either narrow bands at a range of depths in the soil or mixed evenly between the soil surface and each of these depths. Total emergence of Stellaria media (L.) Vill. , Matricaria spp. , Veronica persica Poiret, Veronica arvensis L. and Polygonum aviculare L. , declined with increasing depth of burial. A similar pattern was observed for Chenopodium album L. with the exception of emergence from the surface layer. The reduction in emergence with increasing soil depth was greater for seeds in the narrow-banded treatments than for those in broad layers. A model was developed using the data from the narrow-banded treatments to predict emergence from distributions over broad layers. Predictions from the model closely agree with the data from the present broad-layer treatments and those from a similar experiment made in the 1960s. By including the effects of depth of seed burial on seedling emergence, this model could be combined with models that determine the effects of cultivation on seed distribution, and therefore improve precision of predictions of seedling emergence from the seedbank.
BOAR, BREED AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS OF BOARS USED IN ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

A total of 12 717 ejaculates from 74 Yorkshire, 25 Hampshire, 35 Duroc, 27 Landrace and 5 Lacombe boars were measured for semen volume, sperm concentration, percentage live sperm, motility and potential doses of semen. The data were collected by the Ontario Swine AI Association between 1971 and 1980. Boar repeatability and the effects of breed of boar, technician, year, month, day of the week, interval between collections and age of boar were examined. Boar repeatabilities were 0.21 for volume, 0.32 for concentration, 0.28 for percentage live sperm, 0.21 for motility score and 0.30 for potential doses. Breed of boar effects were significant for all semen measures. Potential doses were highest for Yorkshire (14.7), followed by Landrace (13.7), Duroc (12.9), Hampshire (12.5) and Lacombe (7.7). Differences between technicians were significant for all measures except potential doses. Technicians who collected greater semen volume obtained ejaculates with lower sperm concentration, which resulted in no real di.
Relation of Body Size to Muscle Cell Size and Number in the Chicken

Abstract THE size of an individual is a function of its cell size and cell number. Variation in body size depends upon the variation in one or both of these variables and a difference in extracellular material. Numerous genetic studies have investigated the nature of body size variation in birds and mammals. Estimates of genetic variance of total body size have been made from many of these studies but have not permitted the separation of the primary factors contributing to body size, ie. cell size and cell number. The understanding of growth and size variation would be markedly improved if its components could be analyzed independently. Robertson (1959), using the wing size of Drosophila melanogaster as an indicator of body size, demonstrated both phenotypic and genetic differences in cell number and size within the same wing size. Selection for small cell size was suggested as a direct means of breaking up…
FATTY ACID AND LIPID COMPOSITION OF THE ACIDOPHILIC GREEN ALGA CHLAMYDOMONAS SP. 1

The lipid and fatty acid compositions of Chlamydomonas sp. isolated from a volcanic acidic lake and C. reinhardtii were compared, and the effects of pH of the medium on lipid and fatty acid components of Chlamydomonas sp. were studied. The fatty acids in polar lipids from Chlamydomonas sp. were more saturated than those of C. reinhardtii. The relative percentage of triacylglycerol to the total lipid content in Chlamydomonas sp. grown in medium at pH 1 was higher than that in other cells grown at higher pH. A probable explanation might be that Chlamydomonas sp. has two low pH adaptation mechanisms. One mechanism is the saturation of fatty acids in membrane lipids to decrease membrane lipid fluidity, and the other is the accumulation of triacylglycerol, as a storage lipid, to prevent the osmotic imbalance caused by high concentrations of H2SO4.
An existence result related to two-phase flows with dynamical capillary pressure

We consider a nonlinear degenerate pseudo-parabolic equation arising in the modeling of immiscible two-phase flows within porous media when the dynamic capillary pressure Pc = p(s) + T? ts is a function of both the saturation s and its time derivative ? ts. We show the existence of a weak solution to the problem using the compactness of a sequence of regularizations of the problem.
Biology and Impacts of Pacific Island Invasive Species. 11. Cinchona pubescens (Red Quinine Tree) (Rubiaceae)1

Abstract: Cinchona pubescens Vahl (red quinine) is an evergreen tree ranging in height from 10 to 25 m with broad leaves and white or pink fragrant flowers arranged in clusters. Growing at altitudes between 130 and 3,300 m, it is one of 23 species in the genus Cinchona and has a natural distribution from Costa Rica to Bolivia. Cinchona pubescens has been cultivated in tropical regions (e.g., in South America, Africa, China, India, and Indonesia) for its quinine-containing bark and has become invasive in some regions. This is especially the case in the Pacific region, where C. pubescens has invaded humid highland areas of Galápagos, Hawai‘i, and Tahiti. It shades out and reduces cover of native plant species and adversely affects endemic birds. In addition, it changes microclimate and nutrient cycling in the soil, especially phosphorus, in Galápagos. Characteristics that make it such a successful invader include production of numerous, windborne seeds and vigorous vegetative reproduction by resprouting from underground stems and fallen trees. In Galápagos, C. pubescens is currently being manually controlled by uprooting the trees and by applying herbicides to cuts in the bark. However, this method requires continuous hand pulling of seedlings to be successful. Disturbance by control actions appears to facilitate establishment and invasion by other nonnative plant species, especially blackberry (Rubus niveus). Quinine and other alkaloids extracted from Cinchona bark are still being used for medicinal purposes today and the wood is increasingly used as construction material in Galápagos. Ironically, C. pubescens is now considered rare and endangered in its native range in Ecuador.
SUMO1 pseudogene 3 (SUMO1P3) expression in human gastric cancer and its clinical significance

Introduction/Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) 1 pseudogene 3, SUMO1P3 expression, as one of the pseudogene-expressed long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) in gastric cancer (GC) patients. Materials and Methods: Fresh gastric cancer and adjacent non-tumor tissues were collected from 182 GC patients, who were admitted to the Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran on December 2014 to January 2016. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the SUMO1P3 levels. Then, the association between the level of SUMO1P3 in gastric cancer tissues and the clinicopathological features of patients with gastric cancer was analyzed. To find the differences of SUMO1P3 levels between gastric cancer tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied. A significance level of 0.05 was considered for the tests. Results: The results showed that SUMO1P3 levels in males were not significantly higher than those in females (p = 0.485). No significant difference of SUMO1P3 expression was observed between patients under 64 years old and above (p = 0.155). The SUMO1P3 levels were not associated with perineural invasion (p = 0.319), lymphatic invasion (p = 0.797), invasion depth (p = 0.790), location of the tumor (p = 0.811), tumor size (p = 0.635), and grading (p = 0.289). Conclusions: These results indicated that in our patient population and according to the used method in this study, pseudogene-expressed lncRNA SUMO1P3 may not be a potential biomarker in the diagnosis of gastric cancer.
Enhancing gene set enrichment using networks

Differential gene expression (DGE) studies often suffer from poor interpretability of their primary results, i.e., thousands of differentially expressed genes. This has led to the introduction of gene set analysis (GSA) methods that aim at identifying interpretable global effects by grouping genes into sets of common context, such as, molecular pathways, biological function or tissue localization. In practice, GSA often results in hundreds of differentially regulated gene sets. Similar to the genes they contain, gene sets are often regulated in a correlative fashion because they share many of their genes or they describe related processes. Using these kind of neighborhood information to construct networks of gene sets allows to identify highly connected sub-networks as well as poorly connected islands or singletons. We show here how topological information and other network features can be used to filter and prioritize gene sets in routine DGE studies. Community detection in combination with automatic labeling and the network representation of gene set clusters further constitute an appealing and intuitive visualization of GSA results. The RICHNET workflow described here does not require human intervention and can thus be conveniently incorporated in automated analysis pipelines.
Strategies for further development of aquatic feeds.

: To date, aquatic feeds have depended heavily on fishmeal and fish oil as their source of protein and lipid. However, the feed industry is encountering shortfalls in the availability of these ingredients because of a decline in the number of fish captured in the wild and the increased human demand for some of the species currently being used for fishmeal and oil production. Therefore, efforts are now being directed in different parts of the world to finding alternative quality ingredients, which ideally are less expensive and readily available for use in practical diets. The data accrued have shown that a large proportion of both fishmeal and fish oil can be replaced by other protein and lipid sources. However, it is emphasized that an optimal essential amino acid balance be maintained and that the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid requirement be satisfied when combining economical protein and lipid ingredients. Newly developed feeds should aim at being nutrient-dense in order to reduce the output of solid, P and N waste. This can be done through improving nutrient availability, optimizing the digestible protein to energy balance of the diet, and replacing dietary fishmeal with alternate ingredients. These diets should also be effective for maintaining good health and improving disease resistance in fish through enhancement of immune responses. A wholesome approach to culturing fish would be to use appropriate feeding standards that are aimed not only at improving economic returns but also at developing a lasting cohabitation of sustainable aquaculture and a cleaner environment. Furthermore, in the 2lst century aquaculture would still retain its place as a prominent source of food protein, signifying that fish feed research remains a forceful area in discovering better feeds for the industry.
Interactive Trial and Error Learning Method for Distributed Channel Bonding: Model, Prototype Implementation, and Evaluation

Channel bonding (CB) has been proposed as a technique to accommodate growing data rate demands in shared spectrum (SS) bands, such as in the 5-GHz unlicensed band. Using CB, a wireless user can combine multiple non-overlapping channels into one wide channel. In practice, efficient CB utilization in SS bands can be challenging as diverse owners of networks can deploy and operate heterogeneous technologies in an uncoordinated manner. This paper leverages a game theoretic learning rule for efficient distributed channel/bonding selection. Using the proposed method, each user occasionally measures channels to try out new channel/bonding selections, rejecting those selections that are erroneous in the sense that they do not lead to higher utility. Using both analytical and simulation results, we perform a Nash equilibrium assessment of the proposed method. Using various performance metrics, we analyze and compare the performance of the proposed method with a centralized solution and also with conventional distributed CB selection solutions. To realize a complete over-the-air (OTA) channel/bonding selection solution, we also implement a prototype of the proposed method on the wireless open-access research platform. Performance of the implemented prototype is evaluated by experiments which use real OTA wireless communications.
Membrane potentials as an indication for plant cell penetration by aphid stylets

Electrical penetration graphs (EPGs) of aphids on plants demonstrate distinct periods of lowered potential level: the potential drop (pd). Such pds are produced frequently during the stylet pathway to the phloem. Experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that the pd corresponds with a stylet puncture of a (epidermal or mesophyll) cell membrane. The intracellular potentials of — 100 to — 180 mV are thought to be measured thereby with the stylets acting as microelectrodes. The short pd of 5–15 s can be described as a sequence of three distinct phases. Besides the short pd, occurring during pattern B and C. , long pds are produced during the complete pattern D + E. Pattern D + E may occur on the potential level of the pd (abbr.: D + E (pd)) and on the potential level of the preceding pattern C (abbr.: D + E (c)). Pattern D + E (pd) seems to be related to sieve element penetration, at least in a number of cases. Both pds, short and long, are produced on host and non‐host plants, on susceptible and resistant cultivars, using several aphid species.