Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Control of orienting gaze shifts by the tectoreticulospinal system in the head-free cat. II. Sustained discharges during motor preparation and fixation.

1. We recorded from electrophysiologically identified output neurons of the superior colliculus (SC)--tectoreticular and tectoreticulospinal neurons [together called TR(S)Ns]--in the alert cat with head either unrestrained or immobilized. A cat actively exploring its visual surrounds typically makes a series of coordinated eye-head orienting movements that rapidly shift the visual axis from one point to another. These single-step shifts in gaze position (gaze = eye-in-space = eye-in-head + head-in-space) are separated by periods in which the visual axis remains stationary with respect to surrounding space. 2. Eighty-seven percent (86/99) of the TR(S)Ns studied during periods when the visual axis was stationary presented a sustained discharge, the intensity of which depended on the magnitude and direction of the vector drawn between current gaze position and the gaze position required to fixate a target of interest (gaze position error or GPE). The maximum sustained discharge recorded from each TR(S)N corresponded to a specific GPE vector and was correlated with the cell's position on the SC's retinotopically coded motor map. 3. The 86 TR(S)Ns could be divided into two classes. "Fixation TR(S)Ns" [fTR(S)Ns, n = 12] discharged maximally when the animal attentively fixated a target of interest, (i.e. GPE = 0 degrees). These neurons were located in the rostral SC and had visual receptive fields that included a representation of the area centralis. "Orientation TR(S)Ns" [oTR(S)Ns, n = 62] had visual receptive fields that excluded the area centralis and discharged for nonzero GPEs. The oTR(S)Ns were recorded more caudally on the SC's map. 4. For a given value of GPE, an ensemble of TR(S)Ns was active. When the cat changed its gaze position relative to a fixed target of interest, the zone of sustained activity shifted to a new collicular site. Thus, to maintain the maximum sustained discharge of a TR(S)N when target position was changed relative to the fixed body, it was necessary that gaze move to a new position that reestablished the preferred GPE. 5. The areal extent of GPEs for which a TR(S)N discharged defined a gaze position error field (GPEF) that was approximately coaligned with the cell's visual receptive field. The maximum sustained discharge occurred when GPE corresponded approximately to the center of the cell's GPEF. 6. The diameter of a TR(S)N's GPEF was related to the magnitude of that cell's optimal GPE. fTR(S)Ns had the smallest GPEFs, approximately 15-20 degrees; GPEF diameter was larger for oTR(S)Ns. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Neuro-Fuzzy Based Approach for the Prediction of Quality of Reusable Software Components

The requirement to improve software productivity has promoted the research on software metric technology. There are metrics for identifying the quality of reusable components. These metrics if identified in the design phase or even in the coding phase can help us to reduce the rework by improving quality of reuse of the component and hence improve the productivity due to probabilistic increase in the reuse level. A suit of metrics can be used to obtain the reusability in the modules. And the reusability can be obtained with the help of Neuro-fuzzy based approach where neural network can learn new relationships with new input data, can be used to refine fuzzy rules to create fuzzy adaptive system. An algorithm has been proposed in which the inputs can be given to Neuro-fuzzy system in form of Cyclometric Complexity, Volume, Regularity, Reuse-Frequency & Coupling, and output can be obtained in terms of reusability.
[Expression and significance of Th17 cells and related cytokines in a murine model of systemic sclerosis].

OBJECTIVE To study the expression and significance of Th17 cells and related cytokines in the peripheral blood, skin and lung in a murine model of systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS Twenty female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 2 groups, including a control group and a bleomycin(BLM) -injected-4-week group (SSc group). Pathological changes of the skin and lung were detected. The proportion of CD4(+)IL-17(+)Th17 cells in the peripheral blood, skin and lung of the mice was determined by flow cytometry. The mRNA expressions of RORγt, IL-17A, and IL-6 of the skin and lung were evaluated by real-time PCR. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the levels of IL-17 and IL-6 in the serum. RESULTS Dermal inflammation and the score of PF were significantly increased in the SSc group as compared with the control group (2.60±0.84 vs. 0.40±0.52, 2.80± 1.81 vs.0.60±0.70). Hydroxyproline(HYP) contents of the skin and lung were obviously increased in the SSc group than in the control group [(3.17±1.74) mg/g vs. (1.45±0.40) mg/g,(0.53±0.14) mg/g vs. (0.38±0.16) mg/g], all P<0.05. The percentage of Th17 cells in the peripheral blood, skin and lung of the SSc group were significantly increased as compared with the control group [(2.07±0.89)% vs. (1.02±0.32)%,(5.80±2.02)% vs. (1.64±0.58)%,(5.24±2.43)% vs. (1.92±0.98)%,P <0.01]. Compared with the control group, the mRNA levels of IL-17A, RORγt, IL-6 in the skin and lung of the SSc group were higher. The levels of IL-17, IL-6 of the SSc group in the serum were significantly increased, all P<0.05. The frequency of Th17 cells, and the levels of IL-17 and IL-6 in the blood had a positive correlation with dermal and pulmonary inflammation, fibrosis and HYP contents of the skin and lung, The frequency of Th17, IL-17 and IL-6 in the skin and lung had, respectively, a positive correlation with dermal and pulmonary inflammation, HYP contents of the skin and lung, all P<0.01. CONCLUSION Th17 cells were significantly increased in the peripheral blood, skin and lung of a murine model of SSc, and had an intimate relationship with inflammation and fibrosis of the skin and lung, and involved the pathogenesis of SSc through producing IL-17, IL-6.
Health consequences of religious and philosophical exemptions from immunization laws: individual and societal risk of measles.

CONTEXT All US states require proof of immunization for school entry. Exemptions are generally offered for medical, religious, or philosophical reasons, but the health consequences of claiming such exemptions are poorly documented. OBJECTIVES To quantify the risk of contracting measles among individuals claiming religious and/or philosophical exemptions from immunization (exemptors) compared with vaccinated persons, and to examine the risk that exemptors pose to the nonexempt population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Population-based, retrospective cohort study of data from 1985 through 1992, collected by the Measles Surveillance System of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as from annual state immunization program reports on prevalence of exemptors and vaccination coverage. The study group was restricted to individuals aged 5 to 19 years. To empirically determine and quantify community risk, a mathematical model was developed that examines the spread of measles through communities with varying proportions of exemptors and vaccinated children. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Relative risk of contracting measles for exemptors vs vaccinated individuals based on cohort study data. Community risk of contracting measles derived from a mathematical model. RESULTS On average, exemptors were 35 times more likely to contract measles than were vaccinated persons (95% confidence interval, 34-37). Relative risk varied by age and year. Comparing the incidence among exemptors with that among vaccinated children and adolescents during the years 1985-1992 indicated that the 1989-1991 measles resurgence may have occurred 1 year earlier among exemptors. Mapping of exemptors by county in California indicated that exempt populations tended to be clustered in certain geographic regions. Depending on assumptions of the model about the degree of mixing between exemptors and nonexemptors, an increase or decrease in the number of exemptors would affect the incidence of measles in nonexempt populations. If the number of exemptors doubled, the incidence of measles infection in nonexempt individuals would increase by 5.5%, 18.6%, and 30.8%, respectively, for intergroup mixing ratios of 20%, 40%, and 60%. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest the need for systematic review of vaccine-preventable incidents to examine the effect of exemptors, increased surveillance of the number of exemptors and cases among them, and research to determine the reasons why individuals claim exemptions.
Phosphorylation of Synaptic Vesicle Protein 2 Modulates Binding to Synaptotagmin*

Synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2) is a component of all synaptic vesicles that is required for normal neurotransmission. Here we report that in intact synaptic terminals SV2 is a phosphoprotein. Phosphopeptide mapping studies indicate that a major site of phosphorylation is located on the cytoplasmic amino terminus. SV2 is phosphorylated on serine and threonine but not on tyrosine residues, indicating that it is a substrate for serine/threonine kinases. Phosphopeptide mapping, in gel kinase assays, and surveys of kinase inhibitors suggest that casein kinase I is a primary SV2 kinase. The amino terminus of SV2 was previously shown to mediate its interaction with synaptotagmin, a calcium-binding protein also required for normal neurotransmission. Comparison of synaptotagmin binding with phosphorylated and unphosphorylated SV2 amino-terminal peptides reveals an increase in binding with phosphorylation. These results suggest that the affinity of SV2 for synaptotagmin is modulated by phosphorylation of SV2.
Disfunción eréctil en el trasplante renal.

Unacantidadimportantedelos trasplantesde órganossólidosquése llevanacabohoy en día, incluidoslos injertosrenales,serealizanenvarones.Lascifras cadavez másimportantesde posiblesreceptoresvarones deórganoshacenquese tenganen cuentalas posiblesinteraccionesde todo lo querodeaal procesode implantede órganosconpatologíasespecíficas delvaí-ón, en estecasola disfuncióneréctil y la infertilidad. La disfuncióneréctil definidacomola incapacidaddelvarónparaconseguirunaerecciónde suficienterigidezparapermitir la penetraciónvaginal adecuada, esun problemafrecuenteenpacientesen diálisis (fracaso renalcrónico) y despuésdel trasplanterenal. Se conocepor estudiosrecientesqueaproximadamentel 50% de los pacientesen hemodiálisiscrónica tienenalgúngrado de disfuncióneréc~ ~. Despuésde un trasplanterenal muchospacientesmantienenla erecciónpero entreun 22-54% segúnlas diversasseries,sevolverán o mantendránimpotentes”2’456Afortunadamenteun 75% delospacientes implantados,coninjertofuncionante,recuperanla erección7’8. Segúnla seriede Salvatierray cols4. un 66% de sus pacienteseran potentesantesde entraren diálisis,un 22% mientrasestuvieronen diálisis y un 47% trase! trasplanterenal.
Energy expenditure prediction using a miniaturized ear-worn sensor.

PURPOSE This study aimed to predict human energy expenditure and activity type using a miniature lightweight ear-worn inertia sensor and a novel pattern recognition algorithm for activity detection. METHODS This study used a protocol of 11 activities of daily living: lying down, standing, computer work, vacuuming, stairs, slow walking, brisk walking, slow running, fast running, cycling, and rowing. Subjects included 25 healthy randomized subjects (18 males and 7 females). Each participant wore the ear sensor to record posture and linear acceleration, as well as the Cosmed K4b system for indirect calorimetry. The main outcome measure was the continuous energy expenditure per minute prediction for both task-known and task-blind estimation. RESULTS The values for METs predicted using the proposed algorithm and the measured METs using the K4b showed good agreement with low values for the systematic bias (lying down=0.01, standing=-0.02, computer work=-0.04, vacuuming=-0.17, stairs=-0.02, slow walking=0.01, fast walking=0.04, slow running=0.14, fast running=-0.35, cycling=0.32, and rowing=0.10). For task-blind prediction, the agreement between predicted and measured METs is also good with low values of the systematic bias (lying down=0.11, standing=0.14, computer work=-0.06, vacuuming=0.47, stairs=-0.47, slow walking=0.53, fast walking=-0.11, slow running=0.83, fast running=-1.18, cycling=0.31, and rowing=-0.67). Activity is also well predicted (for task-blind prediction) with an overall success rate of 88.99% and individual correct classification rates of lying down=89.62%, standing/computer work=99.10%, vacuuming=76.60%, stairs=89.13%, walking=85.11%, running=98.96%, and cycling=79.79%. CONCLUSIONS The ear-worn sensor presented in this work is a novel lightweight device that can be used to predict energy expenditure for a range of activities without behavior interference or modification.
Comparison Research on Digital Signature Algorithms in Mobile Web Services

Mobile web services are playing an import role in the mobile information system. However, their security is a critical issue cumbering their application and development. The digital signature is the indispensable way to ensure the security of mobile web services and has great significance in practical applications. This paper studied the most popular digital signature algorithms such as DSA, RSA and ECDSA and compared these algorithms in theory. And the signature algorithms were implemented in Java ME on mobile device emulators, with various VM speeds simulated and different key sizes set. Experimental comparison results of the three signature algorithms were presented and analyzed. The results show that ECDSA is more suitable to generate the signature and RSA is more suitable to verify the signature on mobile devices. And a recommended solution to the digital signature in mobile web services is derived that it's to use the 1024-bit RSA scheme when the mobile client is required to verify the signature, and switch to adopt the 160-bit ECDSA scheme when the mobile client is required to become a signer.
Thermal Computation in Railgun by Hybrid Time Domain Technique 3-D-FEM-IEM

Thermal energy in railgun is unwanted and generated by ohmic losses that are dependent to the current implied, rail dimensions, electrical conductivity (σ), and specific heat (Cp)-σ and Cp are functions of temperature. Using achievement formula by intelligent estimation method, the current density and ohmic losses on the cross section of the rail are computed. Ohmic losses are the source heat and utilized heat equation that are used to compute thermal distribution and temperature that are compared with other results in some papers. This paper chose , h = 30 mm , w = 10 mm, and copper for the rail material and a method to compute the thermal distribution on the surface of the rail and side rail edges. Effects of rail dimensions on the temperature in time domain are calculated and shown in the figures. Rail materials are investigated with copper and aluminum in which the average temperature of both materials on the rail surface is calculated and compared.
Informational inference via information flow

Human judgments about information would seem to have an inferential character. The article presents an informational inference mechanism realized via computations of information flow through a high dimensional conceptual space. The conceptual space is realized via the Hyperspace Analogue to Language Algorithm (HAL), which produces vector representations of concepts compatible with those used in human information processing. We show how inference at the symbolic level can be implemented by employing Barwise and Seligman's (1996) theory of information flow. The real valued state spaces advocated by them are realized by HAL vectors to represent the information "state" of a word in the context of a collection of words. Examples of information flow are given to illustrate how it can be used to drive informational inference.
Parasites, diseases, injuries, and anomalies of the Columbian black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus columbianus (Richardson), in British Columbia.

The occurrence of parasites, parasitic disease, some non-parasitic diseases, and certain anomalous conditions in the Columbian black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus columbianus (Richardson), in southern British Columbia is outlined. The parasitological findings are in two categories: those based upon a random sample of 40 wild deer, and those based upon 25 additional deer examined in their entirety and others in part. Twenty-five species of parasites, 8 arthropods and 17 helminths, were recovered. Comparison of parasitism in young and adult deer reveals a few differences in the species of parasites present but both age groups are almost equally susceptible to arthropods and to helminths. Five species of parasites, Cephenemyia jellisoni, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Fascioloides magna, and Nematodirus filicollis, were found to induce disease that was not infrequently fatal. Some evidence was secured that cursorial predators selectively remove the more heavily parasitized deer.Ten ano.
Neuroprotective Effects of Phenylbutyrate in the N171-82Q Transgenic Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease*

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expansion of exonic CAG triplet repeats in the gene encoding the huntingtin protein (Htt), however, the means by which neurodegeneration occurs remains obscure. There is evidence that mutant Htt interacts with transcription factors leading to reduced histone acetylation. We report that administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor phenylbutyrate after onset of symptoms in a transgenic mouse model of HD significantly extends survival and attenuates both gross brain and neuronal atrophy. Administration of phenylbutyrate increased brain histone acetylation and decreased histone methylation levels as assessed by both immunocytochemistry and Western blots. Phenylbutyrate increased mRNA for components of the ubiquitin-proteosomal pathway and down-regulated caspases implicated in apoptotic cell death, and active caspase 3 immunoreactivity in the striatum. These results show that administration of phenylbutyrate, at doses that are well tolerated in man, exerts significant neuroprotective effects in a transgenic mouse model of HD, and therefore represents a very promising therapeutic approach for HD.
Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced solid malignancies.

PURPOSE This phase I trial (EGF10005) assessed the safety, optimally tolerated regimen (OTR), and pharmacokinetics of lapatinib and capecitabine in combination in patients with advanced solid malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with previously treated, advanced solid malignancies were eligible. Cohorts of at least three patients each received once-daily oral lapatinib (continuous) and capecitabine (twice daily for 14 days every 21 days). Doses of lapatinib and capecitabine were escalated based on dose-limiting toxicities in the first treatment cycle until the OTR was reached. Additional patients were treated at the OTR dose level to further evaluate safety and for pharmacokinetic analyses. RESULTS Forty-five patients were treated in the study. The OTR was determined to be lapatinib 1,250 mg/d plus capecitabine 2,000 mg/m(2)/d. The majority of drug-related adverse events were grade 1 to grade 2 in severity, with few grade 3 and no grade 4 toxicities. The most common drug-related toxicities (> 15% of patients) were diarrhea, nausea, rash, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, mucositis, vomiting, and stomatitis. There were four confirmed responses (one complete response and three partial responses). The pharmacokinetics (area under the curve and maximum concentration) of lapatinib, capecitabine and its metabolites, fluorouracil, and alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine, were not meaningfully altered by coadministration. CONCLUSION Lapatinib and capecitabine administered on a 3-week schedule were well tolerated, and no pharmacokinetic interaction was observed. Clinical activity was observed in patients with previously treated, advanced solid malignancies.
Pitx1 in vivo Promoter Activity and Mechanisms of Positive Autoregulation

During early mouse embryogenesis, Pitx1 (pituitary homeobox 1), a member of the bicoid subgroup of paired homeobox-containing transcription factors, marks the stomodeum, oral ectoderm, pituitary and first branchial arch in the anterior part of the embryo and lateral plate mesoderm only in the posterior half of the embryo. We have now defined Pitx1 promoter fragments that mimic the anterior but not posterior expression of Pitx1 in transgenic mice. In addition, we show positive regulation of this promoter in transfection studies by three members of the Pitx1 family (Pitx1, Pitx1b, Pitx2), as well as by a related factor, Otx1. Pitx1 autoregulation depends on DNA-binding and trans-activation domains of Pitx1 and it may be responsible for establishment and/or maintenance of the Pitx1 expression domain.
Research of Driving Circuit in Coaxial Induction Coilgun

Power supply is crucial equipment in coaxial induction coil launcher . Configuration of the driving circuit directly influence s the efficiency of the coil launcher.This paper gives a detailed analysis of the properties of the driving circuit construction based on the capacitor source. Three topologies of the driving circuit are compared including oscillation , crowbar and half-wave circuits. It is proved that which circuit has the better efficiency depends on the detailed parameters of the experiment, especially the crowbar resistance. Crowbar resistor regulates not only efficiency of the system, but also temperature rise of the coil. Electromagnetic force (EMF) applied on the armature will be another problem which influence s service condition of the driving circuits. Oscillation and crowbar circuits should be applied to both of the synchronous and asynchronous induction coil launchers, respectively. Half-wave circuit is seldom used in the experiment. Although efficiency of the half-wave circuit is very high , the speed of the armature is low. A simple independent half-wave circuit is proposed in this paper. In general, the comprehensive property of crowbar circuit is the most practical in the three typical circuits. Conclusions of the paper could provide guidelines for practice.
The effect of bacterial contamination of semen on sperm chromatin integrity and standard semen parameters in men from infertile couples

A considerable proportion of male factor infertility cases are associated with inflammatory processes. The most common sexually transmissible agents causing sexually transmitted diseases in industrial countries are Chlamydia trachomatis, genital Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma spp. This study was undertaken to investigate whether these bacterial contaminants in semen affect sperm quality parameters and particularly DNA integrity (detected by sperm chromatin structure assay) in males from infertile couples (n = 293). The results showed that semen contaminations with the investigated bacterial species were not associated with sperm DNA fragmentation. However, contaminations with Mycoplasma spp. and C. trachomatis were associated with decreased sperm concentrations. Total sperm numbers in contaminated semen samples tended to be decreased, but not significantly. Mycoplasma had the highest adverse effect on sperm quality (concentration, motility, morphology and DNA condensation). Antibiotic therapy of the selected 47 men was successful in 55%, but semen quality parameters did not improve at least up to 3 months after the therapy. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in semen is primarily associated with low sperm production. Our data showed that Mycoplasma spp. contamination of semen had the highest adverse effect on sperm quality. Sperm chromatin integrity assessed by the presence of DNA breaks was not disturbed.