Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical Survey of the Different Shapes of the Human Nose

Experimental results are reported for the numerical quantities of the different shapes of human nose where, to the best of the author's knowledge, this approach has never been applied. The results are based on 1793 pictures of noses, of which 403 are artworks, 498 are photographs taken by the author in Europe-Holland, Belgium, and France-while visiting these places, 801 were photographed in Israel, and 91 are not clear where exactly photographed. One thousand eighty-one were photographs of men, and 712 were of women. The author has succeeded to classify all the noses into 14 groups, where for each nose shape it was possible to find also an artistic demonstration. Near each shape the percentage of the total number of noses of a certain nose shape is reported. The detailed results for the number of noses versus their shape and sources: artworks and photographing places-Europe and Israel-are reported. The most widespread nose, 24.2%, is shape 1, the fleshy nose, where the least widespread nose, 0.45%, is shape 4. It should be emphasized also that shape 14, 0.05%, photographed in Israel is extremely unique and the only one existing among the 1793 noses that were considered.
äéçäìêÖçñàü êÄáåçéÜÖçàü ëêÖÑà ëÄåéä ÜÖãíéÅêûïéÉé ëìêäÄ

La compétition reproductive entre les femelles de marmottes à ventre jaune implique trois mécanismes majeurs : (1) conflits entre femelles de différentes matrilignées ; (2) agressivité dirigée vers les femelles antenaises ; (3) inhibition de la reproduction des jeunes adultes d'une matrilignée par les adultes plus âgés. Cette dernière retarde surtout l'âge de première reproduction. Bien que la probabilité de se reproduire pour une jeune femelle en présence de sa mère soit faible, elle est meilleure si sa mère est la femelle la plus âgée plutôt que s’il s’agit d’autres femelles plus âgées est présente. En l'absence d'adultes âgés, plus de femelles produisent une portée si des parents du même âge ou plus jeunes sont présents que lorsqu'ils sont absents. La première reproduction d'une jeune femelle n'est pas densité-dépendante. Mots clés : marmotte à ventre jaune, Marmota flaviventris, inhibition reproductrice, âge de la première reproduction, parents, frères et sœurs.
Characterization of phi8, a bacteriophage containing three double-stranded RNA genomic segments and distantly related to Phi6.

The three double-stranded RNA genomic segments of bacteriophage Phi8 were copied as cDNA, and their nucleotide sequences were determined. Although the organization of the genome is similar to that of Phi6, there is no similarity in either the nucleotide sequences or the amino acid sequences, with the exception of the motifs characteristic of viral RNA polymerases that are found in the presumptive polymerase sequence. Several features of the viral proteins differ markedly from those of Phi6. Although both phages are covered by a lipid-containing membrane, the protein compositions are very different. The most striking difference is that protein P8, which constitutes a shell around the procapsid in Phi6, is part of the membrane in Phi8. The host attachment protein consists of two peptides rather than one and the phage attaches directly to the lipopolysaccharide of the host rather than to a type IV pilus. The host range of Phi8 includes rough strains of Salmonella typhimurium and of pseudomonads
RAD51C Is Required for Holliday Junction Processing in Mammalian Cells

During genetic recombination and the recombinational repair of chromosome breaks, DNA molecules become linked at points of strand exchange. Branch migration and resolution of these crossovers, or Holliday junctions (HJs), complete the recombination process. Here, we show that extracts from cells carrying mutations in the recombination/repair genes RAD51C or XRCC3 have reduced levels of HJresolvase activity. Moreover, depletion of RAD51C from fractionated human extracts caused a loss of branch migration and resolution activity, but these functions were restored by complementation with a variety of RAD51 paralog complexes containing RAD51C. We conclude that the RAD51 paralogs are involved in HJprocessing in human cells.
Faster Scaling of Auditory Neurons in Cortical Areas Relative to Subcortical Structures in Primate Brains

Allometric studies in primates have shown that the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and remaining brain structures increase in size as a linear function of their numbers of neurons and nonneuronal cells across primates. Whether such scaling rules also apply to functionally related structures such as those of the auditory system is unknown. Here, we investigate the scaling of brain structures in the auditory pathway of six primate species and the closely related tree shrew. Using the isotropic fractionator method to estimate the numbers of neurons and nonneuronal cells in the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus, and auditory cortex (Ac), we assessed how they scaled across species and examined the relative scaling relationships among them. As expected, each auditory structure scales in mass as a linear function of its number of neurons, with no significant changes in neuronal density across species. The Ac scales proportionately with the cerebral cortex as a whole, maintaining a relative mass of approximately 1% and a relative number of neurons of 0.7%. However, the Ac gains neurons faster than both subcortical structures examined. As a result, larger primate brains have increased ratios of cortical to subcortical neurons involved in processing auditory information.
Lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22/LYP) variant and Graves’ disease in a Polish population: association and gene dose‐dependent correlation with age of onset

Objective Susceptibility to Graves’ disease (GD) is to a significant extent determined by genetic factors of which the best known are those associated with the HLA and the CTLA4 locus. Recently, two studies on British Caucasians reported that a single nucleotide polymorphism, 1858 C>T in PTPN22, encoding Arg620Trp in the lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), which is a negative regulator of T‐cell activation, increases the risk of GD. The purpose of our study was to investigate whether the PTPN22‘T’ allele is associated with GD and/or its subsets, defined by clinical or genetic parameters, in a Polish population.
Regulation of Sucrose-6-Phosphate Hydrolase Activity inStreptococcus mutans: Characterization of thescrR Gene

ABSTRACT Previous results have implicated an important role for the enzyme IIScr, the sucrose-specific permease, in the transport of sucrose by cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. The product of the scrB gene, sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolase (Suc-6PH), is required for the metabolism of phosphorylated sucrose. The results from the utilization of scrB::lacZ fusions in S. mutans GS-5 have suggested that sucrose-grown cells have higher levels of scrB gene expression than do cells grown with glucose or fructose. Northern blot analysis ofscrB transcripts has also confirmed the relative strengths of expression as sucrose>glucose>fructose. Immediately downstream from the scrB gene, an open reading frame with homology to regulatory proteins of the GalR-LacI family as well as to ScrR proteins from several other bacteria has been identified. In addition, this gene appears to be transcribed in the same operon as scrB. Inactivation of this gene, scrR, did not alter the relative expression of the scrB gene in the presence of sucrose or fructose but did increase SUC-6PH levels in the presence of glucose to that observed with sucrose. Furthermore, the S. mutans ScrR homolog appears to bind to the scrB promoter region as determined from the results of gel shift assays. These results suggest that the scrR gene is involved in the regulation ofscrB, and likely scrA, expression. However, it is not clear whether sucrose acts as an inducer of expression of these genes or, alternatively, whether glucose and fructose act as repressors.
A Revisit of the Time of Monk Xuanzang of the Tang Dynasty on a Pilgrimage for Buddhist Scriptures: Focus on Rhyme Style

Monk Xuanzang of the Tang Dynasty on a Pilgrimage for Buddhist Scriptures is an important text in the evolution of the story"Journey to the West. "The time of its background,has been frequently visited from novel history,linguistics and so on. This paper briefly reviews the previous main points of view,mainly analyzes its rhyme text style—comparing with Dunhuang Bianwen(mutatis mutandis) narrative prose,storytelling and singing art in the Song Dynasty—and the religious tendency revealed in the text,and suggests that such literary texts have multilayer historical features.
Molecular mechanics simulations of a conformational rearrangement of D‐xylose in the active site of D‐xylose isomerase

A proposed reaction mechanism for the enzyme D‐xylose isomerase involves the ring opening of the cyclic substrate with a subsequent conformational rearrangement to an extended open‐chain form. Restrained energy minimization was used to simulate the rearrangement. In the ring‐opening step, the substrate energy function was gradually altered from a cyclic to an open‐chain form, with energy minimization after each change. The protein/sugar contact energy did not increase significantly during the process, showing that there was no steric hindrance to ring opening. The conformational rearrangement involves an alteration in the coordination of the substrate to metal ion [1], which was induced by gradually changing restraints on metal/ligand distances. By allowing varying amounts of flexibility in the protein and examining a simplified model system, the interactions of the sugar with metal ion [1] and its immediate ligands were found to be the most important contributors to the energy barrier for the change. Only small changes in the positions of protein atoms were required. The energy barrier to the rearrangement was estimated to be less than the Arrhenius activation energy for the enzymatic reaction. This is in accordance with experimental indications that the isomerization step is rate determining. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In Utero Exposure to Phthalate Downregulates Critical Genes in Leydig Cells of F1 Male Progeny

Phthalates are the largest group of environmental pollutants and are considered toxicant to the endocrine system. The present study was aimed to test the effect of in utero exposure of di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) on Leydig cell steroidogenesis in F1 male offspring's. Pregnant dams were oral gavaged with different doses (1, 10, and 100 mg/kg/day) of DEHP or olive oil during gestational Day 9–21. Serum testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) levels were significantly reduced in male offspring at 60 days of age. Our results also demonstrate a coordinate, dose‐dependent disruption of genes involved in steroidogenesis. The gene expression of StAR, Cyp11a1, 3β‐HSD, 17β‐HSD, 5α‐reductase and cytochrome P450 19a1 (or) aromatase (Cyp‐19) were significantly decreased. The transcription factors like steroidogenic factor‐1 (SF‐1) and specific protein‐1 (Sp‐1) showed a significant decrease in 10 and 100 mg DEHP treatment group. DNA methylation analysis using bisulfite specific‐methylation PCR shows hypermethylation in the SF‐1 and Sp‐1 promoter regions. Further to determine whether the DEHP‐induced methylation changes were associated with increased DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) levels, we measured the expression levels of Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b, Dnmt1, and Dnmt3l using real‐time PCR and Western blot method. The mRNA and protein expressions of Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b, and Dnmt1 were stimulated in 10 and 100 mg DEHP treatment groups, whereas no significant change was seen in Dnmt3l expression, suggesting that increased Dnmt3a/b, Dnmt1 may cause DNA hypermethylation in testicular Leydig cells. Overall, these data suggest that gestational exposure to DEHP affects adult testicular function via altered methylation patterns. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1466–1477, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tubuloreticular Structures in Rectal Biopsies of SIV-infected Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Tubuloreticular structures (TRS) are considered to be a specific ultrastructural marker for AIDS in various organs. Experimental SIV infection in rhesus macaques is the most appropriate animal model of HIV infection. In 8 rhesus monkeys, experimentally infected with SIVmac251/MPBC, rectum biopsies were taken prior to and post infection (day 3; 1, 2, 4, 12 weeks p.i.) and were investigated by transmissionelectron microscopy to determine incidence and extent of tubuloreticular structures as well as affected cells. From the first week p.i. on TRS were found in all experimental animals as tubuli with a diameter of 20–30 nm. The tubuli were arranged in regular paracristalline formations and formed intracytoplasmatic heterogenous, polymorph accumulations, which were localized close to the endoplasmatic reticulum. In the rectal lamina propria macrophages, endothelial cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and neutrophilic granulocytes were the affected cell types. In 5 control biopsies TRS were detected, too, but, in contrast to SIV-infected animals, they appeared only singular and very small. The results indicate that TRS are a characteristic morphologic criteria of intestinal SIV infection. They appear in very early stages of the infection. In the rectum, they can be detected as bigger, conspicuous, and abundant formations in several cells and have a restricted diagnostic and prognostic validity.
Long Short-Term Memory for apnea detection based on Heart Rate Variability

The main drive force in apnea current diagnostic is to reduce overwhelming number of sleep disorders candidates by means of very simple-to-use, comfortable and cheap methodology. The proposed framework is based only on automatic analysis of electrocardiogram signal. The feature extraction stage was performed using methods of Heart Rate Variability and Detrended Fluctuation analysis. Feature-spaces formed using these two methods were used as input to a Long Short-Term Memory Artificial Neural Network chosen for its capability to find temporally dependencies in the data. The framework was evaluated on Challenge 2000 Physionet database yielding successful rate 82.1%, sensitivity 85.5% and specificity 80.1%.
A comparison of basic 94 GHz planar transmission line resonators in commercial BiCMOS back-end-of-line processes

A comparative simulation study of planar 94 GHz resonators in a typical BiCMOS BEOL stack-up is presented, with the effect of chip passivation included. It is shown that Q-factors of between 3 and 15 can be obtained, depending on transmission medium and ground plane layer choice. Straight half-wavelength and shorted quarter-wavelength microstrip resonators are shown to outperform CPW, GCPW and hairpin resonators, with highest Q-factors obtained where the lowest available metallization layer is used as ground plane. Q-factors of above 10 may also be achieve in the absence of any ground plane in CPW, which may be implemented in processes (such as GaAs or GaN) where multiple metallization layers are not readily available.
A comparison of artificial turf.

BACKGROUND In an attempt to decrease injuries, newer forms of artificial turf have been marketed. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a new shredded rubber-based turf improves impact attenuation. METHODS An instrumented computerized impact recording device (IRD, Techmark, Lansing, MI) was dropped 20 times from a height of 48 inches onto five types of turf used by a professional football team. RESULTS Duncan's multiple range test shows that the new rubber-based field and the older foam field are not significantly different. There were significant differences, however, between sites on the shredded rubber-based field. CONCLUSION The change from a foam-based system to a shredded rubber-based system had no effect on impact attenuation overall. However, areas in the shredded rubber-based field were significantly compacted, causing some sites to be much harder than the foam-based surface it replaced.
The Thailand Declaration of the International College of Nutrition; Can Functional Foods and Functional Crops Decrease the Risk of Chronic Diseases and Provide Wellness?

There is evidence that optimal nutrition is fundamental to human health and in the prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) later in adult life. The identification, production and consumption of functional foods worldwide can increase health benefits for all who can access and afford such foods subject to advice from nutritionists. Recent meetings organized by the health agencies, give a crucial opportunity to make nutrition, a central part of the post-2015 sustainable human and agricultural development agenda. The aim of discussions in these meetings was to provide functional crops and foods to achieve optimal health by prevention of NCDs. It is possible that these efforts might ensure that the goals and targets set in the agenda are adequate to address the many challenges of global undernutrition as well as obesity which are major risk factors of NCDs. In many developing and middle income countries, food security provided by the governments, in one sense understandably, gave least consideration to functional foods supply and the prevention of obesity and metabolic syndrome, resulting in to emergence of NCDs. The Thailand Declaration reiterates that commitments to eradicate hunger and undernutrition as well as over-nutrition, and to increase investments in effective interventions; designers foods and designers crops. However, in planning coherent policies, our past experience on rapidly absorbed, energy-rich processed foods should be taken in to account while developing sustainable food systems. The food industry should be educated to exploit the expertise of food scientists and health professionals in designing functional foods taking cognizance of manufacturing and processing. Similarly, agriculture scientists may be actively involved in educating farmers so as to grow cash Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 29 May 2017 doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0200. v1 © 2017 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. crops providing functional foods. The aim should be to achieve an increase in the availability of functional foods to an extent, or by a policy, by which such foods are available to poors, at affordable cost to prevent hunger and undernutrition and related diseases as well as NCDs. In addition our efforts might help in developing an international consensus on how to approach the development of new designer foods by farmers and food industry to produce low glycemic index foods. Such efforts may establish an international framework for the prevention of NCDs, so that human susceptibility to these diseases is substantially diminished.
Ventilation perfusion scintigraphy and lung function testing to assess metal stent efficacy.

UNLABELLED Stent implantation in malignant bronchial stenoses is a highly effective method of providing symptomatic relief by restoring bronchial patency. Whether an improvement in ventilatory conditions is paralleled by an increase in blood flow and gas exchange has not yet been determined. METHODS Fourteen patients with malignant, high-grade obstruction of bronchi who had metal stent implantation were investigated. Before the intervention and again 8 days afterward, both quantitative technegas ventilation and 99mTc-MAA perfusion scans (V/Q scans) and lung function tests were performed. RESULTS Stent implantation was successful in all patients, with a significant reduction in the degree of bronchial stenosis (pre-stent: 93% +/- 1.5%; post-stent: 16% +/- 3.5%). After stent implantation, ventilation scintigraphy revealed an improvement in tracer deposition by 65% (pre-stent: 37% +/- 8%; post-stent: 61% +/- 6%; p < 0.05) within the affected lung. A complementary increase of 71% by perfusion scintigraphy was obtained (pre-stent: 27% +/- 4%; post-stent: 46% +/- 5%; p < 0.01%). Based on scintigraphic criteria, stenting was successful in 93% (n = 13) of all patients. Lung function studies performed after the intervention showed significant improvement in vital capacity (VC, p < 0.01), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1, p < 0.05), peak expiratory flow (PEF, p < 0.05), arterial oxygen (PaO2, p < 0.05) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2, p < 0.05) tension, and oxygen saturation (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Stenting of malignant high-grade bronchial obstructions leads to an increase in bronchial patency and in activity distribution of both ventilation and perfusion scintigraphy of the affected lung, accompanied by significant improvement in lung function parameters.
Human CYP11A1 promoter drives Cre recombinase expression in the brain in addition to adrenals and gonads

The first step of steroid biosynthesis is catalyzed by cytochrome P450scc, encoded by CYP11A1. To achieve steroidogenic tissue‐specific inactivation of genes in vivo by the Cre‐loxP approach, we used the 4.4‐kb regulatory region of the human CYP11A1 gene to drive Cre recombinase expression in the tissues that produce steroids. The resulting SCC‐Cre mice express high levels of Cre in the adrenal cortex and gonads at the same sites as that for the endogenous CYP11A1 expression. In addition, Cre activity was found in the diencephalon and midbrain. In the developing brain, the Cre activity was first detected in the embryonic day 10.5. Our study is the first to show that the 4.4‐kb CYP11A1 promoter is transcriptionally active in the brain in vivo. genesis 45:59–65, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ecological impact of inside/outside house cats around a suburban nature preserve

While subsidised populations of feral cats are known to impact their prey populations, little is known about the ecological impact of inside/outside hunting cats (IOHC). We studied IOHC around a suburban nature preserve. Mail surveys indicated an average of 0.275 IOHC/house, leading to a regional density estimate of 0.32 IOHC/ha. A geographical model of cat density was created based on local house density and distance from forest/neighbourhood edge. IOHC hunted mostly small mammals, averaging 1.67 prey brought home/cat/month and a kill rate of 13%. Predation rates based on kills brought home was lower than the estimate from observing hunting cats (5.54 kills/cat/month). IOHC spent most outside time in their or their immediate neighbours' garden/yard, or in the nearby forest edge; 80% of observed hunts occurred in a garden/yard or in the first 10 m of forest. Radio‐tracked IOHC averaged 0.24 ha in home‐range size (95% minimum convex polygon (MCP)) and rarely entered forest. Confirming this, scent stations detected cats more often near the edge and more cats were detected in smaller forest fragments. There was no relationship between the number of cats detected in an area and the local small mammal abundance or rodent seed predation rates. Cold weather and healthy cat predator populations are speculated to minimise the ecological impact of IOHC on this area.