Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Avaliação das exigências nutricionais de pequenos ruminantes pelos sistemas de alimentação recentemente publicados

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos de diferentes relacoes fluor:fosforo na alimentacao sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 1.000 pintos de corte de 1 dia distribuidos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repeticoes de 50 aves por boxe. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro fontes de fosforo com relacoes fluor:fosforo de 1:40, 1:60, 1:80 e 1:100. O experimento foi dividido em tres fases experimentais: 1 a 21, 22 a 42 e 43 a 49 dias de idade. Em cada fase, avaliou-se o consumo de racao, o ganho de peso e a conversao alimentar. Ao final do experimento, foram abatidas duas aves de cada repeticao para coleta da tibia e de musculos do peito para analise das concentracoes.
The Nearctic Psylloidea (Insecta: Homoptera): an annotated check list

The 302 species of jumping plant lice (Insecta: Homoptera: Psylloidea) recorded from the Nearctic zoogeographical region are listed under their respective genera. Information is given on synonymy, host plants and distribution; and the taxonomic position of problematical species is discussed. A list of host-plants and their associated psyllids in also included.
The Resource-Ratio Hypothesis of Plant Succession

The resource-ratio hypothesis assumes that each plant species is a superior competitor for a particular proportion of the limiting resources and predicts that community composition should change whenever the relative availability of two or more limiting resources changes. It is suggested that (1) the major limiting resources for mesic terrestrial habitats are often a soil resource, especially nitrogen, and light; (2) these resources are naturally inversely related, the habitats with poor soils having high-light availability and the habitats with rich soils having low-light availability; (3) the life history of a plant should depend on the point along the soil-resource: light gradient at which the plant is a superior competitor; and (4) primary succession and secondary succession on poor soils result from a temporal gradient in the relative availabilities of a limiting soil resource and light. If, as hypothesized, plants specialized on low-nutrient habitats are relatively short in height, short-lived, and fast growing, and if they reproduce early in life compared to plants dominant when light at the soil surface is limiting, these life history differences could explain the similarity of secondary succession on rich soils to primary succession and secondary succession on poor soils.
Human α‐amylase and starch digestion: An interesting marriage

α-Amylase catalyses the first step in the digestion of starch, a main source of carbohydrate in the human diet. Amylase present in human saliva was one of the first enzymes ever to be recognised but many puzzles remain about the molecular mechanisms involved in amylolysis of starch and even of the physiological role of the salivary amylase itself. Native starch granules represent a formidable challenge for attack from an enzyme in solution. Moreover the frequently reported differences in the susceptibility to amylolysis of starches from various botanical species, plus the changes that occur in starch structure and properties during domestic and commercial food processing means that studies of the enzymology of starch digestion can be challenging. We review the molecular properties of mammalian α-amylase including its genetics, and speculate on the role of salivary amylase in digestion of dietary starch. Also considered are enzyme kinetic approaches that have been used in vitro studies of amylase digestion of starches. Such studies can result in better understanding of reasons for the differences in glycaemic responses of humans following ingestion of different starch containing foods.
Protogyny, Self-Incompatibility and Pollination in Anthocercis gracilis (Solanaceae)

The pollination biology of A. gracilis was examined in glasshouse plants and natural populations. The species is both protogynous and pre-zygotically self-sterile (self-incompatible). Protogyny prevents autopollination (autogamous self-pollination), and self-incompatibility avoids geitonogamous self-fertilisation. This sequence is essential because prior selfing blocks the style with pollen tubes and prevents subsequent outcrossing. Flowers have no discernible daytime odour, the pollen is clumped and not easily shaken from opened anthers, and daytime insect visitors are rarely observed in the field. However in long-established populations, mast plants carry one or a few capsules during winter-spring and seeds per capsule are generally high. Reproduction of natural populations involves reliable pollinators of unknown identity, possibly small flies, bees or moths lured by a tiny amount of sucrose-rich nectar secreted by the hypogynous disc. It is not anomalous that A. gracilis has two devices for preventing self-fertilisation, protogyny and strong self-incompatibility, as both are functional aspects of the same outcrossing system. This is the first report of self-incompatibility in the Anthocercideae which is an old and apparently basal lineage in the Solanaceae.
Recent Progress in the Generation of Transgenic Medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Abstract Medaka (Oryzias latipes) has been recognized as a potential model vertebrate to which modern molecular genetics can be applied. Recent progress in transgenic techniques emphasizes the importance of the use of medaka in a variety of biological fields, particularly in view of the development of transgenic vectors. The first transgenic medaka was produced by microinjection of DNA into the pronucleus of unfertilized oocytes. Several new methods have since been developed for producing transgenic medaka, and an appropriate method can be selected according to the aims of experiments and application. Transgenic medaka have been used in many fields, including aquaculture, toxicology, developmental biology (phenotypic rescue experiments), and for successful characterization of transcriptional regulatory regions. Here, we describe examples of the application of transgenics in these fields. We also summarize the recent progress in transgenic techniques and transgenic vectors, focusing on the elements and the marker genes that enable identification and/or induction of the expression of exogenous genes in transgenics.
Seasonal variation in vegetation and pollen collected by honeybees in Thessaloniki, Greece

Pollen is important for the nutrition of honeybees and it is necessary for their survival and reproduction. In this study, we collected daily the pollen pellets from four colonies and also recorded the plants in flower in the area around the apiary, over a two‐year period. Field records revealed the presence of 204 species with Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae being the most specious families. Although honey bees collected more than 140 pollen types, the main pollen sources (>60% of the total weight) came from less than ten taxa. The most important pollen types with respect to total weight were Sisymbrium irio, Papaver rhoeas, Verbascum sp. , Polygonum aviculare, Zea mays and Olea europaea. The use of pollen traps proved a more accurate method to record the type and the foraging period during which the honeybees collect pollen, compared to field observations.
Ecological grouping of Solanum elaeagnifolium: a principal weed in the irrigated Tadla plain (central Morocco)

In order to study the ecological relationships between Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. and the main biotic and abiotic factors in the irrigated arid Tadla plain (central Morocco), the theory of mutual information and corrected frequency profiles has been adopted. The main ecological factors taken into account in this study were the climate, soil, texture, salinity, irrigation, type of land use and the intensity of farming. The growth and extension of S. elaeagnifolium was found to be controlled by the arid and semi-arid Mediterranean climate, by soil type and by technical and agronomic factors.
Persistence and differential distribution of nonindigenous ascidians in harbors of the Southern California Bight

The Southern California Bight covers a region of about 300 km of coastline from northern Baja California to Point Conception. The present study includes ascidian species abundance data from 1994 to 2000 from 29 sites within the 12 major harbors of the Bight north of the Mexico/US border, plus 2 sites in Ensenada (Baja California, Mexico) sampled in August 2000. Nonindigenous ascidians form a major part of the fouling community biomass on floating docks in these harbors. Nine solitary and 5 colonial species are present, 13 of them in San Diego Bay, the largest bay in this region. The most northerly and among the smallest bays, Santa Barbara, contains 8 nonindigenous species. This study reports additional surveys to our 1998 paper (Lambert & Lambert 1998, Mar Biol 130:675-688) for fall 1997, spring 1998 and summer 2000, documents the newly arrived Botrylloides perspicuum, and corrects the records of 2 species. A main focus is the listing and abundance of species at each survey site within each major harbor and an attempt to analyze the differences between sites and between seasons within a single harbor with reference to variations in water movement, temperature, salinity, pollution factors and competition. Several species appeared for the first time in southern California during 1994 to 1997, apparently correlated with the influx of warmer water during the El Nino of that time. Subsequent surveys show that all of these species have persisted, several have dramatically increased in abundance and distribution, and an additional species has successfully invaded.
Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections

Chlamydia trachomatis (C.t.) infection is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease in Europe and in developed countries. The main biological features and pathogenic mechanisms of C.t. infection are summarized in this review. It usually occurs without symptoms and often goes undiagnosed. If untreated, it can cause severe consequences for women, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy and tubal infertility. Several studies have found that Chlamydia is more common among young women <25 years old, with multiple sexual partners within six months and non protected intercourses. Because re-infection rates are high, complications may be reduced if partners are treated and women re-tested. This paper emphasizes the importance of counselling and prevention programs and underlines that selective screening of high-risk population remains an essential component of C.t. control. In the last years, the detection of C.t. infection has been improved in sensitivity and specificity.We describe the main diagnostic techniques, from culture, enzyme immunoassay (EIA), direct fluorescent-antibody assay (DFA) to the new DNA-based test systems. Actually, NAATs (nucleic acid amplification tests) are regarded as the gold standard diagnostic techniques for chlamydial infections.
Regeneration of Ficus glomerata Roxb., using shoot tips and nodal explants

Shoot tips and nodal explants from in vitro growing seedlings of Ficus glomerata Roxb. (Moraceae). showed best shoot induction (88%) on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BAP, where maximum number of shoots were produced per culture. In vitro raised shoots rooted well on half strength of MS medium with 2.0 mg/l IBA + 0.1 mg/l NAA. The survival rate of regenerated plantlets was 82%. Key words: Ficus glomerata Roxb. ; Shoot proliferation; Micropropagation; Acclimatization DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v39i1. 5525 Bangladesh J. Bot. 39(1): 47-50, 2010 (June)
Osmunda vancouverensis sp. nov. (Osmundaceae), Permineralized Fertile Frond Segments from the Lower Cretaceous of British Columbia, Canada

The Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian to Hauterivian) Apple Bay locality on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, has yielded several fragments of fertile permineralized osmundaceous pinnae. Specimens are preserved in calcareous concretions, showing both internal anatomy and allowing for the reconstruction of external morphology. Sporangia are borne laterally and clustered along terete pinna segments. They range from 550 to 650 μm in diameter, with a lateral annulus that is nine to 12 cells wide and two to three cells high and is separated from the stalk by only one or two cells. Spores are spheroidal and trilete, 40‐52 μm in diameter, with long laesurae and a coarsely tuberculate exospore. Some tubercles are fused, forming microrugulae. Sporangial structure and spores most closely resemble those of Osmunda L. These fossils, described as Osmunda vancouverensis sp. nov., add to our growing appreciation for the antiquity of modern Osmundaceae and underscore the potential of the numerous well‐preserved fern fossils from Apple Bay to enhance our understanding of the phylogeny of Filicales.
Sperm morphology of Batrachyla (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

The structure of immature and mature sperm of the three species of Batrachyla were compared by using smears for light microscopy and ultrathin sections for transmission electron microscopy. Minor differences in length and some ultrastructural details support the notion that B. antartandica and B, taeniata are more closely related to each other than to B. leptopus. Comparisons of the sperm of Batrachyla with those of other anurans suggest the sperm morphology may be correlated with broad phylogenetic relationships as well as mode of fertilization.
High universality of matK primers for barcoding gymnosperms

Abstract DNA barcoding is a tool to provide rapid and accurate taxonomic identification using a standard DNA region. A two‐marker combination of matK+rbcL was formally proposed as the core barcode for land plants by the Consortium for the Barcode of Life Plant Working Group. However, there are currently no barcoding primers for matK showing high universality in gymnosperms. We used 57 gymnosperm species representing 40 genera, 11 families and four subclasses to evaluate the universality of nine candidate matK primers and one rbcL primer in this study. Primer (1F/724R) of rbcL is proposed here as a universal primer for gymnosperms due to high universality. One of the nine candidate matK primers (Gym_F1A/Gym_R1A) is proposed as the best “universal”matK primer for gymnosperms because of high polymerase chain reaction success and routine generation of high quality bidirectional sequences. A specific matK primer for Ephedra was newly designed in this study, which performed well on the sampled species. The primers proposed here for rbcL and matK can be easily and successfully amplified for most gymnosperms.
Can Wind-Induced Resuspension of Meroplankton Affect Phytoplankton Dynamics?

Data from Lake Apopka, Florida, are presented to illustrate the importance of wind-induced resuspension of sediments in a shallow, subtropical, hypereutrophic lake. Wind-induced resuspension of meroplankton, primarily planktonic diatoms that settle to the benthic environment, accounts for a large component of the temporal variation in phytoplankton biomass. Chlorophyll concentrations >100 μg/L are highly correlated with wind speed, and the regression of wind speed on chlorophyll accounts for 53% of the temporal variability in chlorophyll. Resting cells of diatoms are also resuspended with the meroplanktonic community. Induction of resting cells that are physiologically dormant occurs in darkness; but within a few hours after exposure to the water-column light and nutrient environment, resting cells become physiologically active. Other types of resting propagules in addition to diatom resting cells also may be resuspended from sediments and affect phytoplankton dynamics. Data from Lake Apopka and other systems are used to develop paradigms about time and depth scales for resuspension of meroplankton and resting propagules in lakes and in the sea.
Controle químico de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) em laboratório

The South American Fruit Fly, Anastrepha fraterculus is one of the most important pest of temperate fruit crops. The effect of four new inseticide groups to replace organophosphate compounds for A. fraterculus control was evaluated under laboratory conditions (25 ± 3oC, relative humity of 70 ± 10% and 12:12 L:D). Emamectin benzoate, etofenprox, imidacloprid, spinosad, thiacloprid and thiamethoxan were evaluated to control adults by contact and ingestion and against eggs/larvae inside apple fruits compared with fenthion and thrichlorphon. Emamectin benzoate was not efficient to control adults of A. fraterculus by contact and ingestion. Etofenprox, imidacloprid, spinosad and thiamethoxan were efficient to control adults by contact and ingestion being more toxic by ingestion. No new insecticide controlled eggs/larvae inside apple fruit while organophosphate compounds caused 100% of mortality of immature stages and adults. The new insecticides showed more potential to substitute organophosphate compounds in bait sprays for adult control.
Interactive Effects of Stocking Site Salinity and Handling Stress on Survival of Striped Bass Fingerlings

Abstract We evaluated the effects of prestocking handling and stocking site salinity on survival and stress response during the first 48 h after stocking for three size-classes of cultured striped bass Morone saxatilis (mean sizes: 20, 65, and 230 mm total length). Treatments were routine handling, tagging, and minimal handling. Routinely handled and tagged fish experienced normal hatchery procedures for a large-scale stocking program. Minimally handled fish were transported directly from rearing ponds to stocking sites at low densities. Fish were stocked at freshwater or brackish (salinity, 0–7‰) sites. Survival in cages was monitored for 48 h after stocking, and cortisol concentration was measured to indicate stress levels. Handling before stocking, stocking site salinity, and the interaction of these factors significantly affected survival and cortisol levels. For the two larger size-classes, minimally handled fish had high survival rates (>99%) and low cortisol levels (≤18 μg/dL) at both stocking site.
Phenological Development of Wheat Cultivars in the Field and Screening for Early Maturing Traits

Early maturing which enables harvesting before the rainy season is a desirable trait for wheat, in Japan. The objective of this study was to assess the length of developmental phases in 6 wheat cultivars which were sown in a field at 20 planting date-year combinations. The time at each developmental stage varied with the cultivar, planting date, and year. The variation was larger in early stages (e.g., double ridge) and smaller in late stages (e.g., maturity). After the double ridge stage, the lengths of each developmental phase was negatively correlated with the time of the beginning of the phase. These negative correlations indicate that hastening of planting date and double ridge stage does not result in earlier maturity. These correlations also make it difficult to screen for the developmental phase lengths in the field condition. The length of each developmental phases was always negatively correlated with the mean temperature, but, we could not confirm which climatic factor directly influenced the phase length, because there were high correlations between the factors. Additional experiments were conducted under controlled environments (phytotron) to screen for the cultivars with shorter heading-to-maturity phase lengths. T. spelta cultivars (e.g., 'Khapli' and ' France-62') had significantly shorter anthesis-to-maturity phase length than the control cultivar 'Shirasagi-komugi'. T. compactum cultivars had a shorter heading-to-anthesis phase length than the control cultivar, but the length from flag-leaf expansion to anthesis did not differ significantly among cultivars.
Cross-Generation Effects for Cold Resistance in Tropical Populations of Drosophila-Melanogaster and Drosophila-Simulans

Cross-generation effects on the cold resistance of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans were investigated by exposing adults to different levels of cold stress and testing the resistance of female F1s and F2s. Maternal and paternal treatments had different effects on progeny resistance. Maternal effects were not detected for either species when progeny were held at 25-degrees-C, but were detected when progeny were acclimated at 13-degrees-C prior to testing. When dams were exposed to a non-lethal cold stress following acclimation, the cold resistance of their progeny was increased, particularly in D. simulans. Grandmaternal exposure to 13-degrees-C and a non-lethal stress led to a small decrease in the cold resistance of D. melanogaster, and a small increase in the resistance of D. simulans. When sires of D. melanogaster and D. simulans were exposed to a cold stress, the resistance of their progeny decreased when progeny were tested without acclimation at 13-degrees-C, but decreased only in D. melanogaster when progeny were acclimated. Paternal effects were smaller than maternal effects and were not evident in the F2 generation.
Detection and Extraction of OFDM Parameters Using Difference of Gaussians

Signals type detection is very important in telecommunication. Telecommunication signals can be divided into two major groups: single-carrier signals and multi-carrier signals. The first step in extracting data in multi-carrier communication signals is to detect signals and their subcarriers. OFDM signals are one of the most popular multi-carrier signals that are used widely. This paper will introduce a blind detection method for OFDM signals, subcarriers, and the central frequency of them based on the Difference of Gaussians (DoG) technique which is applied for blob detection in machine vision. Performance of our method is compared with high-resolution spectral estimation such as Capon, Borgiotti-Lagunas, and MUSIC. Results showed that it has less computational complexity than the others. Also, there is no need to learn parameters, so the response time of the system is appropriate. Furthermore, many tests have been done on real and artificial signals corrupted with noise and fading and the results showed our proposed method has better performance and cause the lower error in the severe condition like SNR=0.
Differing Life History Characteristics Support Coexistence of Tree Soil Generalist and Specialist Species in Tropical Rain Forests

Niche differentiation is a prominent mechanism for explaining tree species coexistence in tropical rain forests. Theory predicts that species that are specialized on a set of environmental conditions should competitively exclude generalists in those conditions, and that environmental heterogeneity allows the coexistence of many different species based on niche specialization. Yet, many tropical tree species of the family Dipterocarpaceae have broadly similar habitat preferences, with some occurring widely across several soil types. These soil generalists clearly persist despite the presence of other dipterocarp species that show clear soil specialization. We evaluate comparative seedling performance (growth and survival) of six Shorea species (Dipterocarpaceae) which differ in their adult tree habitat associations within the Sepilok Forest Reserve (Borneo, Malaysia). We tested the hypothesis that seedlings of species associated with a particular soil type perform better on that soil type than seedlings of soil generalist species, with generalists in turn performing better than specialists on a different soil type. We conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment including two soil types (alluvial and mudstone) and two light treatments (gap and understory). The soils differed in soil acidity, Al and P concentration. Observed species‐specific differences in seedling responses to soil, light, and occasional flooding events could partially explain observed adult distribution, although not all species could be fully differentiated along these axes. Other trade‐offs, such as investment in defense against herbivores and tolerance to soil waterlogging, may play additional roles in explaining coexistence of these species.