Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Automated Method for Characterizing the Relaxedness of Galaxy Clusters

Relaxed galaxy clusters are useful tools for probing cosmological parameters like the gas mass fraction of the universe. Selecting relaxed clusters for this purpose can be a time-consuming and subjective task, so we present methods to automate parts of the process. We fit elliptical isophotes to a diverse sample of Chandra cluster data and summarize other methods for quantifying relaxedness which will be included in future work. Analysis of the results of tests from isophote fitting, combined with numerical simulations of cluster structures and comparison to previous classifications will allow us to formulate criteria for selection of relaxed clusters. We find that they tend to have core radii less than approximately 60 kpc from King model fits, shifts in isophote centroids of less than 25 kpc over a range in semi-major axes of several hundred kpc, and significantly greater surface brightness profile gradients within 30 kpc of their cores than unrelaxed clusters. These criteria will help with future cosmological work as larger amounts of cluster data are taken and need objective classification.
On agents negotiation in a trading company simulation

The aim of this paper is to propose an innovative approach to describe the customer behavior in the trading processes of a virtual company. Agent-based modeling and simulation techniques are used to implement a multi-agent system to serve as a simulation framework. The framework should be a basic part of a management system operating in the integration with real system of a company (e.g. ERP system) to investigate and to predict chosen business metrics of a company. This will ensure the management of a company to support their decision-making processes. The paper firstly presents some of the existing theories about consumer behavior and the types of factors influencing it. Secondly, characterizes multi-agent model of a virtual company, the agents participating in the seller-customer negotiation, and the production function. The production function is used to count the product price while negotiating. Lastly, the simulation results and their validation are described. To sum up, the proposed approach to consumer behavior in an agent-based model could properly contribute to better decision-making process.
THE EMBRYONIC STEM CELL ENVIRONMENT

Despite the enormous advances in the biology of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), several challenges still prevent their application to regenerative medicine. These include challenges such as how to control ESC fate decisions as well as how to fabricate complex tissues that mimic the complexity of native tissue architecture and function. Microfabrication technologies and biomaterials offer new opportunities to overcome these challenges to direct ESC differentiation and to fabricate tissue engineered constructs. In this chapter, the use of microengineering approaches and biomaterials to influence ESC self-renewal and differentiation is discussed, and various applications of these technologies are illustrated in controlling the cellular microenvironment. 1. Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering 1.1 Embryonic stem cells The derivation of pluripotent ESCs from mouse embryos was first reported in 1981. In these studies, ESCs were derived from the inner cell 3 b1112 Stem Cell Bioengineering and Tissue Engineering b1112_Chapter-01.qxd 6/7/2011 12:34 PM Page 3
Proposal of n-gram Based Algorithm for Malware Classification

Obfuscation techniques degrade the n-gram features of binary form of the malware. In this study, methodology to classify malware instances by using n-gram features of its disassembled code is presented. The presented statistical method uses the n-gram features of the malware to classify its instance with respect to their families. n-gram is a fixed size sliding window of byte array, where n is the size of the window. The contribution of the presented method is capability of using only one vector to represent malware subfamily which is called subfamily centroid. Using only one vector for classification simply reduces the dimension of the n- gram space. Experimental results are performed over a fairly large data set, which is being collected through Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) activities in the National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology, to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed malware classification methodology.
Incorporation of Fe3+ into forsterite and wadsleyite

Abstract An atomistic computer simulation study has been undertaken to determine the energies associated with different mechanisms of Fe3+ incorporation into forsterite and wadsleyite, and to determine why Fe3+ substitutions into some mantle minerals (such as forsterite) are less favorable than in others. We have also compared our results to previous results obtained for perovskite. In all three phases, the most favorable substitution mechanism is Fe3+ entering both the Mg and Si sites. In forsterite, the energy of incorporation is 2 eV less favorable than the same mechanism in perovskite and 1 eV less favorable than in wadsleyite. These differences are due to significantly different energies for the substitution of Fe3+ into the Si site in each of these silicates. This substitution was most favorable in perovskite (octahedral site), less favorable in wadsleyite (tetrahedral site) and least favorable in forsterite (also tetrahedral). The energy difference between forsterite and wadsleyite was found to be the result of structural effects. The linked tetrahedra in wadsleyite are able to distort more easily to accommodate Fe3+ than the isolated SiO4 tetrahedra in forsterite.
NONLINEAR THERMODYNAMIC MAGNETIC FIELD AND SPECIFIC HEAT OF TWO-BAND SUPERCONDUCTORS IN THE GINZBURG-LANDAU THEORY

Temperature dependence of thermodynamic magnetic field for superconducting magnesium diboride MgB2 is studied in the vicinity of Tc using the two-band Ginzburg-Landau theory. The results are in good agreement with calculations from experimental data. In addition, the two-band Ginzburg-Landau theory gives a smaller specific heat jump than a single-band Ginzburg-Landau theory and nonlinear temperature dependence below Tc.
An adversary for algorithms

The general adversary bound is a semi-definite program that lower-bounds the number of input queries needed by a quantum algorithm to evaluate a function. It is known to be tight up to constant factors for functions (total or partial) with boolean output and binary input alphabet. We show that the general adversary bound is tight for any function whatsoever, with potentially non-boolean input or output alphabets. We also show that quantum query complexity exhibits a remarkable composition property: Q ( f(g(x), . , g(x)) ) = O ( Q(f)Q(g) ) for any compatible functions f, g. This was previously known only in the boolean case. Both of these results are obtained by defining a new, but closely related, semi-definite program that we call the witness size. The minimization formulation of the witness size adds constraints compared with the general adversary bound to enable dual solutions to correspond to eigenvalue-zero eigenvectors of certain graphs. While the witness size can be strictly larger than the adversary bound, we show that it can be at most a factor of two larger.
The Method of Variant Synthesis of Information and Communication Network Structures on the Basis of the Graph and Set-Theoretical Models

The subject matter of the article is developing information and communication network (ICN) for critical infrastructure systems (CIS). The aim of the work is to provide high-quality information and telecommunication processes by developing the optimal version of distributing CIS functional tasks and ICN processes to the network nodes. The article deals with following problems: developing a model for mapping the information and technical ICN structures, developing a method for variant synthesis of ITS structural models, a formalized representation of the problem of selecting CIS optimal structure. The methods used are: the system method, the set-theoretic and graphic analytic approaches, methods of hierarchic structures synthesis, optimization methods. The following results were obtained: the use of system approach for formalizing the information processing process in CIS was justified; mapping the ICS functional system into the information and technical one was presented as multilevel graph chain; the generalized representation of graph structures hierarchy was developed for the set of data transmitting tasks; this approach enabled formal representing alternative variants that consider the main links, sequencing, the amount and flows of the processed information among the different structure levels; the scheme of variant synthesis method of ICN models according to graph structures mapping was developed; the problem of selecting optimal ICN structures was formally presented; a complex efficiency criterion for solving problems of optimizing variant synthesis of structures; the problem of optimal synthesis of the structure of the given level factored in resource constraints was formulated. Conclusions. The article deals with such novelty aspects as improving the model of problem of selecting the optimal ICN structure by settheoretic formalization factored in the criterion of maximum intensity of computational resource application, which enabled determining structural links among the major elements considering the decomposition of the model up to the basic elements such as "node" and "task" and the development of a new method of optimal ICN structuring which unlike the existing ones involves the variant synthesis of structures hierarchy and formalizing selection problems on the basis of settheoretic models, which enables providing the efficiency of application of information and technical net resources.
INCARNATION: RADICALIZING THE EMBODIMENT OF MATHEMATICS

As the end result of metaphysics, Kant's constructive mind is not present in the world but withdrawn into the nether world of its representations and constructions. First phenomenology then embodied cognition research sug gested that there could be no cognition without the human body. There is something unsatisfying and lacking, however, in the concept of the body, which undermines the very effort to ground (mathematical) knowledge differently than in the private cogitations of the isolated mind. [1] The purpose of this paper is to articulate a conceptualization of mathemati cal knowledge that is grounded in materialist phenomenology (as developed by Maine de Biran and Henry) and phenome nological sociology (Bourdieu). Most essentially, the approach rests on a shift from the category of the (material) body to that of the flesh. The close relation between cogni tion and the world is possible only when there is flesh, whereas the material body is an insufficient condition for the human mind to emerge, hi other words, current embodiment theories tend not to answer questions about the special char acteristics of those bodies that develop human minds versus those bodies that do not and cannot. In this phenomenological reflection on the conditions of geometrical knowing, I draw on a lesson fragment from a second-grade classroom to exem plify this different conceptualization of mathematical knowing.
Robust people detection using computer vision

People detection is a challenging and interesting field of research that has many applications, one of which being video surveillance. Besides monitoring or detection of abnormalities, there is an increasing trend in using video surveillance to draw statistics that can help in managing and planning. In an environment like a restaurant, an automatic system could be used to determine the transition of people and the presence of seated people at tables. This information could help to direct the service for the tables. The purpose of this thesis was then to develop a framework for automatic people detection in restaurants. Adopting state-of-the-art Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) as feature descriptors and Linear Support Vector Machines (SVM) to train classifiers, we propose a novel method for people detection in scenes seen from an oblique camera view. Unlike other holistic methods, which train one general people classifier from available datasets of people, like the INRIA dataset, and search through the whole image applying the classifier model in a sliding window multi-scale fashion, we propose a method based on training of multiple specific classifiers in specific positions in the scene. This scheme allows users to overcome the difficulties that arise from people occlusions and foreshortening that are inherent in other holistic approaches. Furthermore, by performing training only with data generated by synthetic models of humans in synthetic 3D models of the scene, we avoid the problem of acquiring datasets of real images for training. In addition, by performing training only with synthetic models we provide ourselves with a rich dataset of humans in various poses and articulations, not only for standing configurations, but also for sitting (our method is general enough to extend to other poses, but detection of standing and sitting people is the focus here). We demonstrate that this method outperforms the state-of-the-art holistic HOG approach by comparing it to four detectors trained on the INRIA dataset and on three different datasets from our scene real footage. In the end, we show that our detector, which performs single scale detection only on previously trained scene positions, is twice faster when compared to the sliding window multi-scale methods.
Hypoglycemic Effect of Crude Methanolic Extract as Well as Sub Fractions of Morus alba on Rabbits

3 Abstract: In the present research work the crude extract and its ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions of the leaves Morus alba were subjected for antidiabeic activity on selected rabbits having weight (1.2-2 kg). Alloxan monohydrate was used for induction of hyperglycemia. The samples to be tested were screened at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for their antidiabetic potential. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the most significant (p<0.01) antidiabetic effect followed by crude methanolic extract and chloroform fraction. During 24 h study the significant effect was started from the 1 h of experiment which was remained upto the end of experiment (24h). st The antidiabetic effect of our tested plant was comparable with the standard drug (metformin). The present research work strongly proved the antidiabetic effect of the leaves of Morus alba.
A Literature Survey of Ultrasound and Computed Tomography-Based Cardiac Image Registration

A literature survey of Ultrasound and Computed Tomography (CT) -based cardiac image registration is presented in this article. We aim to provide the reader with a preliminary discussion into the area of cardiac image registration, as well as to briefly describe the major contributions in the field and present collective and comprehensive knowledge as guidelines for beginners in this field to initiate their research. We also highlight the major challenges where CT and Ultrasound are the modalities concerned in fusion and registration tasks. Further, we found that a majority of research in medical image registration are suitably categorized based on these factors: anatomy, imaging modality and image registration methods. Our focus in the article is on Ultrasound-CT image registration of the heart, where numerous algorithms under this scope have been elaborated. Overall, multimodal cardiac image registration offers great benefit for image visualization systems during surgery. It facilitates accurate alignment of the patient’s heart imagery acquired via different imaging sensors, without extensive user involvement and interception. Through registration, the combined anatomical and functional information from multiple modalities may be derived by the medical practitioner to aid in physiological understanding, disease monitoring, clinical treatment and diagnostic purposes.
Cantilever Snap-Fit Performance Analysis for Haptic Evaluation

This paper investigates the parametric effects, which include material properties, hook shape, and shear deformation, on the force=deflection relationship governing the assembly=disassembly processes of a snap-fit for developing embedded algebraic solutions to achieve realistic force feedback through a haptic device. For this purpose, an algebraic model, which isolates individual parametric factors that contribute to the cantilever hook deflection, has been derived for examining assumptions commonly made to simplify models for design optimization and real-time control. The algebraic model has been verified by comparing computed results against those simulated using ANSYS FEA workbench and published approximate solutions. Additionally, the model has been validated by comparing the friction coefficients of three different snap-fit designs (with same materials), which closely agree within 5% of their root-mean-square value. Implemented on a commercial PHANTOM haptic device, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the model as embedded algebraic solutions for haptic rendering in design. Nine individuals participated in evaluating a set of design options with different parameter settings; 78% of whom chose the optimal theoretical solution by feeling the feedback force. These findings demonstrate that the design confidence of assembly robustness can be enhanced through a relatively accurate virtual force feedback. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4005085]
Self-Determination and Success Outcomes of Two-Year College Students with Disabilities

This two-phase study integrated quantitative and qualitative research methods to investigate the relationship between success outcomes of two-year college students with disabilities and self-determination, and how students with higher and lesser degrees of self-determination understand and describe the outcomes of their post-secondary experience. The ARC Self-Determination Scale (Wehmeyer & Kelchner, 1995) and the Demographic and Outcomes Survey (researcher developed) were used in the quantitative phase. In the qualitative phase, follow-up interviews were conducted with four participants using Wehmeyer's framework of self-determination. Results suggest that individuals with higher degrees of self-determination describe highly self-determining behaviors and have more positive success outcomes than those with lesser degrees of self-determination.
Genetics and Epigenetics in Tumorigenesis: Acting Separately or Linked?

Tumorigenesis represents both genetic and epigenetic alterations. Genetic changes are defined as genomic DNA sequence changes, including point mutation, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) or copy number variability (CNV), including loss of heterozygozity (LOH), gain copy number or deletion. On the other hand, epigenetic modification is responsible for regulation of gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence. Such mechanisms include DNA methylation, post-translational modifications of the histone proteins, and micro RNA, resulting in selective gene activation and/or in activation. As opposed to solely isolated genetic and epigenetic components acting in tumorigenesis, the complex nature of cancer seems to stem from the interaction of these mechanisms.
The effect of salinity on the growth of the halophyte Atriplex hortensis (Chenopodiaceae).

The effect of salt stress on the growth of the Atriplex hortensis was determined by growing plants in soils receiving a one-time irrigation of nutrient solution containing low, medium, and high levels of NaCl. Atriplex plants were grown in sand culture under controlled greenhouse conditions. The experiment was compared to two varieties of A. hortensis. Growth and yield were progressively declined by increasing NaCl concentrations. Atriplex hortensis, an annual halophyte, exhibits significant reduction in height and biomass under saline stress conditions. The photosynthetic activity decreases when plants are grown under saline conditions leading to reduced growth and productivity. Low levels of salinity (5 g/l NaCl) did not cause substantial inhibition of growth but increasing concentrations of salt induced a progressive decline in length and weight of the plants. Salt stress induced a significant decrease in leaf area, but it had no significant effect on leaf water content. The results of present study indicate no differences in salinity tolerance in both Atriplex plants. Another possible conclusion is that improved tolerance to salt stress may be accomplished by decline in growth and photosynthetic activity. Based on
Perils and Promise of Privately Owned Protected Areas

G have long been the principal force behind the establishment of protected areas worldwide. The quality of governmental protection, however, has often proven inadequate, with many parks existing only on paper (Van Schaik et al. 1997, IUCN 1999). Even if publicly owned parks were well protected, more than 93% of the Earth’s land area and most of its biodiversity would still remain vulnerable (WRI et al. 1998). Given ongoing habitat destruction, especially in the tropics (World Bank 1998), it is imperative that the conservation community develop additional approaches for in situ biodiversity protection. Privately owned protected areas have emerged as one option. Private parks are proliferating throughout much of the world, yet little is known about them. Research has begun to address private parks, but only indirectly (Sayer 1991, Schelhas and Greenberg 1993). A few case studies highlighting various aspects of specific preserves have been completed (Horwich 1990, Alyward et al. 1996, Langholz et al. 2000a, Reid 2001), and three researchers have conducted international mail surveys revealing private parks’ activities, problems, profitability, and other attributes (Alderman 1994, Langholz 1996, Mesquita 1999). Additional studies have verified the private sector’s increasing role in biodiversity conservation (Edwards 1995, Merrifield 1996, Krug 2001). In effect, what Dixon and Sherman (1990) called a “small but important development in protected area management” a decade ago has evolved into a pronounced new direction in conservation. Despite their recent proliferation, and studies of them, private parks remain largely a mystery. Even experienced conservationists are hard pressed to name more than a few of the world’s privately owned parks, let alone place them in a larger conservation context. As public resources for conservation dwindle and interest in private sector initiatives grows, it is increasingly vital that a systematic examination of this conservation approach be undertaken. The rise of modern private parks Privately owned protected areas have existed in various forms for centuries (Runte 1979, Alderman 1994). The first scholarly reference to them occurred approximately 40 years ago, when the First World Congress on National Parks acknowledged that many nature reserves throughout the world are “owned by private individuals, but are nevertheless dedicated in perpetuity to the conservation of wildlife and of natural resources”(Adams 1962). Since then, the private park niche has expanded rapidly. This growth remains largely undocumented, with virtually no information available on the
Continuous State Space Q-Learning for control of Nonlinear Systems

Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva. nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.