Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Grameen Bank Microcrdit Programme on Changing Livelihood Status of the Rural Women in Panchagarh District of Bangladesh

Problem statement: Rural women in Bangladesh are the most deprived part of the society and majority of them are extremely poor. They have very limited access to income generating activities and consequently less opportunity to imp rove their livelihood status. Microcredit programme contributes to improve the livelihood status of rur al women in Bangladesh. Approach: This study examines the extent of changes in livelihood status of rural women through their involvement in the microcredit programme of Bangladesh. Results: The study reveals that the rural women, after joini ng the microcredit programme, have been able to engage themselves in income generating activities and consequently improved significantly their livelihoo d status. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that microcredit programme plays a significant role in changing and improving livelihood status among the rural poor families.
An analysis of manufacturer benefits under vendor-managed systems

Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) has attracted a lot of attention due to its benefits such as fewer stock-outs, higher sales, and lower inventory levels at the retailers. Vendor-Managed Availability (VMA) is an improvement that exploits the advantages beyond VMI. This article analyzes the benefits beyond information sharing and assesses the motivation for the manufacturer (vendor) behind joining such a program. It is shown that such vendor-managed systems provide increased flexibility in manufacturer's operations and may bring additional benefits. An analysis is presented on how the system parameters affect the profitability and determine the conditions that make the vendor-managed system a viable strategy for the manufacturer.
Semantic Processing Precedes Affect Retrieval: The Neurological Case for Cognitive Primacy in Visual Processing

According to the affective primacy hypothesis, visual stimuli can be evaluated prior to and independent of object identification and semantic analysis (Zajonc, 1980, 2000). Our review concludes that the affective primacy hypothesis is, from the available evidence, not likely correct. Although people can react to objects that they cannot consciously identify, such affective reactions are dependent upon prior semantic analysis within the visual cortex. The authors propose that the features of objects must first be integrated, and then the objects themselves must be categorized and identified, all prior to affective analysis. Additionally, the authors offer a preliminary neurological analysis of the mere exposure and affective priming effects that is consistent with the claim that semantic analysis is needed to elicit these effects. In sum, the authors conclude that the brain must know what something is in order to know whether it is good or bad.
The Devil is in the Details the Meanings of Faces and How They Influence the Meanings of Facial Expressions

Facial expressions have a primary role in signaling emotional states. As such they are an important source of information in social interactions and have been the focus of a large body of research in psychology and allied disciplines. This research has been drawn upon extensively in the creation of avatars and computer controlled agents in order to facilitate human-machine interactions. A great deal of effort has gone into attempting to translate the temporal and pattern features of human emotional expressions into a credible computer generated display. However, what has been ignored in this process is the fact that faces and facial movements provide other information in addition to the apparent emotional state of the individual. Specifically, facial expressions also signal behavioral intentions such as intentions to approach or to avoid as well as personality characteristics of the person such as dominance and affiliativeness. For example, anger signals dominance and an intention to approach, whereas fear signals submissiveness and an intention to withdraw. In this sense facial expressions not only provide information on what emotion a person is feeling, but also tell us about who a person is and what to expect from them behaviorally. It is also important to note that a great deal of socially relevant information is transmitted via other cues directly linked to the face, in particular by physiognomy and gaze direction. Because these cues serve as the immediate context for facial expressions they can plausibly affect the interpretation we give to the facial movement. Stereotypic beliefs elicited by facial appearance, such as beliefs that men are more likely to show anger and women more likely to smile, also can impact our interpretation of expressions. It is our view that gaze, physiognomy and emotion expressions use a shared signal system in which some signals are functionally equivalent whereas others serve to reinforce each other. This means that certain combinations of expressive, gaze and physiognomic cues present a coherent message and reinforce each other, whereas others may conflict or contradict each other. Put another way, the face on which emotional expressions appear is not an empty canvas, rather, as
GERMINAÇÃO DE IMBIRATANHA SOB ESTRESSE SALINO E DÉFICIT HÍDRICO

No Brasil, a caatinga é um bioma encontrado predominantemente no semiárido nordestino. Nesta região, a disponibilidade de água e o acúmulo de sais são alguns dos fatores que interferem na germinação e no desenvolvimento de plântulas. Assim, conhecimentos sobre a germinação e os níveis de resistência de espécies da caatinga quanto à salinidade e a seca são de grande importância para a conservação e manejo destas espécies. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos estresses salino e déficit hídrico na germinação da Pseudobombax marginatum (Imbiratanha), simulados respectivamente pelos agentes estressores cloreto de sódio (NaCl) e polietilenoglicol 6000 (PEG). A germinação foi conduzida em sistema de rolo utilizando papel Germistest®, embebidos com soluções de NaCl a 50 mM e 100 mM e PEG com potenciais isosmóticos de -0,3 e -0,5 MPa. Durante a germinação, foram avaliados a taxa de germinação (TG), o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), o índice de crescimento radicular relativo (ICRR), as massas fresca (MF) e seca (MS) e o percentual de umidade (U%) de folhas, hipocótilo e raízes. Não ocorreu germinação quando as sementes foram submetidas ao PEG e a 100 mM de NaCl. Sementes submetidas a 50 mM foram capazes de germinar, contudo o efeito do NaCl foi negativo, provocando redução em todos os parâmetros avaliados quando comparados ao controle.
THE ANALYSIS OF SEMI INTENSIVE NATIVE CHICKEN FARMING IN RURAL COMMUNITIES (Case Study on Farmers Group "Poyuyanan" in Poyowa Besar Village, South Kotamobagu District, North Sulawesi Province)

The study was aimed to determine the income for semi intensive native chicken farming and todetermine the factors influence it. The study was conducted by survey method and direct interview usingquestionnaire to 35 members of farmers group “Poyuyanan” in Poyowa Besar Village, SouthKotamobagu Dstrict North Sulawesi Province. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and quantitativeanalysis using multiple regression analysis of Cobb-Douglass model. The result showed that farmer withan average ownership of 8 hens could obtain income equivalent to 37.9 kg of rice per month. Theregression analysis showed that altogether the dependent variables had effect to income as much 81.2%(R2 = 0.821). Partially variables that could increase farmers’ income were hatching rate, number ofproductive hen, cost of production and number of eggs hatched. Mortality was the only variable thatdecreased farmers’ income. Cost of production in semi intensive native chicken farming which mainlyfor buying feed could increase the production and income for farmers that in turn would support foodavailability of rural communities in Poyowa Besar Villages
Medium-term planning information technology for quality improvement of the software development process based on the CMMI model

Розглядається технологія для вирішення задачі середньострокового планування (динамічна постановка задачі) покращення якості процесу розробки програмного забезпечення на основі моделі CMMI. Розглянуто тестовий приклад для другого рівня зрілості організації розробника програмного забезпечення. Плановий період складається з трьох підперіодів, а цільовий профайл може містити довільну кількість практик. Проведено аналіз отриманих результатів, які є вихідною інформацією для статичної постановки задачі. Ключові слова: динамічна постановка задачі, розробка програмного забезпечення, модель CMMI, другий рівень зрілості, цільовий профайл.
Buoyancy storms in a zonal stream on the polar beta-plane: experiments with altimetry

Results from a new series of experiments on flows generated by localized heating in the presence of a background zonal current on the polar beta-plane are presented. The flow induced by a heater without the background zonal flow is in the form of a beta-plume. Zonal jets of alternating directions are formed within the plume. The westward transport velocity in the plume is proportional to the upwelling velocity above the heater in agreement with linear theory. When the background flow in the form of the eastward zonal current is present, the beta-plume can be overwhelmed by the eastward current. The main control parameters of the experiment are the strength of the heater and strength of the sink which is used to create the background flow. The regime diagram shows the area where a beta-plume can exist in the parameter space. The critical value of the velocity of the zonal flow below which the beta-plume can exist is obtained by considering barotropic Rossby waves emitted by the baroclinic eddies in the heated area.
Transpiration From Cotton Leaves Under a Range of Environmental Conditions in Relation to Internal and External Diffusive Resistances

tltudies on the transpiration of cotton leaves were made under a range of light intensities (3' 8, 7· 5, 15· 0, and 22·5 X 10'" erg cm-ll sec-I), temperatures (30, 35, and 40°C), and humidities (relative vapour pressures ranged from c. 0·4 to c. O· 8) at several low windspeeds, v, ranging from 0·6 to 3·1 em sec-I
STUDY OF MHD FLOW OF BLOOD WITH HEAT TRANSFER IN AN ARTERIAL SEGMENT UNDER THE EFFECT OF PERIODIC BODY ACCELERATION

The aim of this paper is to study numerically the blood flow in an arterial segment in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field and body acceleration by considering the fluid to be incompressible and Newtonian. A heat transfer analysis is carried out along with the governing momentum equations for the fully developed flow. A suitable numerical technique is employed to solve the Navier-Stokes equations. The influence of the applied magnetic field on the flow is analyzed with the aid of the dimensionless magnetic parameter H, the Hartmann number. The velocity distribution, temperature distribution and the heat transfer effects are studied and presented graphically. AMS Subject Classification: 76Z05, 76W05, 80A20
Dinâmica das Queimadas no Cerrado do Estado do Maranhão, Nordeste do Brasil

As queimadas têm um papel central nas emissões de carbono nas regiões tropicais, afetando diretamente o ciclo do carbono e a saúde da população. No Cerrado, o fogo ocorre naturalmente e por influência humana, utilizado no processo produtivo da agricultura e pecuária. Nesse contexto o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a dinâmica espaço-temporal das queimadas no Cerrado do estado do Maranhão. Para isso, foram utilizados dados derivados de produtos de sensoriamento remoto e de estações meteorológicas do INMET. Os dados foram processados e tabulados. Análises espaciais e de regressão foram realizadas. Os resultados evidenciaram que as queimadas são moduladas pela sazonalidade do regime de chuva, podendo ser influenciada também por variações de temperatura e umidade do ar. Essa região foi afetada nos anos de 2007 e 2012 por secas que ocasionaram o aumento expressivo no número de queimadas. Nessa região, o desmatamento não está ligado diretamente à ocorrência de queimadas. A vegetação de formações savânicas foram identificadas como as mais suscetíveis à ocorrência de queimadas, por totalizarem grande parte das recorrências e ocorrências de queimadas nessa região.
Older people and smartwatches, initial experiences

Las tecnologias wearables, como los smartwatches (relojes inteligentes), se han visto como una oportunidad para resolver problemas, a menudo relacionados con las personas mayores (55+), tales como manejo de emergencias, falta de actividad fisica, y soledad. Sin embargo poco se sabe sobre en que medida tales personas apropiarian estos dispositivos. Dotamos a 11 personas mayores con relojes inteligentes y seguimos sus primeras experiencia principalmente con dos entrevistas. De acuerdo con los resultados, las experiencias previas con otras tecnologias de la informacion y la comunicacion, y las actitudes positivas hacia la tecnologia fueron fundamentales para una primera apropiacion de la nueva tecnologia, y para superar los primeros problemas. Ademas el uso estuvo muy relacionado con las expectativas y los habitos personales. Los participantes usaron los relojes en forma similar a la descrita en estudios previos con adultos (18-64), que incluye el manejo de notificaciones y los sistemas para seguimiento deportivo. El reloj proveia a la mayoria de los participantes un status social (asociado a ser guay, snob o joven), y creaba oportunidades o preocupaciones sobre el estilo personal. Abstract While wearable technologies, such as smartwatches, are seen as an opportunity to solve some problems often related to older people (65+), e.g. emergencies, physical activity, or isolation, little is known about how older people would domesticate such new technologies. In this study we provided eleven older individuals with smartwatches and tracked their expectations and initial experiences using two interviews. According to our preliminary findings, previous experience with ICTs along with optimistic attitudes toward technology were key to initial domestication of the new technology and overcoming initial problems. Moreover, use was closely related to expectations and personal habits. Participants in this study used smartwatches in similar ways to to those described in previous studies with adults (18–64), including managing notifications and sports’ tracking. Additionally, users reported that the smartwatch provided a boost in social status (associated with attributes such as cool, snobbish, young) and created some fashion opportunities and/or concerns.
Newcastle Disease: Present status and future challenges for developing countries

Newcastle disease (ND) is an important infectious disease of the poultry that is caused by virulent strains of Avian Paramyxovirus - 1, which is a single strand non segmented negative sense RNA virus. The virus belongs to family Paramyxoviridae and it has 10 serotypes designated as APMV-1 to APMV-10. The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is endemic in many countries of the world. The first outbreak of Newcastle disease was observed at Newcastle during 1926. Later, it was found in various parts of the world. NDV spreads mostly by the direct contact between healthy and diseased birds or also by the excretions of infected birds. This disease can vary in nature from mild to severe depending upon the type of the virus. NDV can infect both domestic and wild birds. This disease can have a devastating effect on poultry due to high morbidity and mortality rates. In unvaccinated chickens, the morbidity and mortality rates may reach up to 100% each, depending upon the virulence of the NDV. Live virus vaccines and killed oil based vaccines are used in many countries to prevent the disease in chickens. Despite the extensive use of vaccines, outbreaks are continuously occurring in various parts of the world resulting in huge losses since few years. Moreover, extensive use of vaccines has made the situation favorable for genetic modification of the pathogenic virus. Keeping these issues in mind, future challenges are highlighted in detail. Key words: Newcastle disease, vaccines, outbreaks, genetic modification, avian paramyxovirus-1.
Determining the Carrot Volume via Radius and Length Using ANN

In this study a total of 464 carrots were taken from Kasinhani, where the most carrots are produces in Turkey. The length and radiuses with an interval of 5 cm and volume were measured and recorded. Three different Artificial Neural Network models: BP, LM and PUNN were designed for predicting the carrot volume. To assess the success of the system, statistical measures such as Root Mean Squared Error, Mean Absolute Error and R 2 were used. The results were showed that all three methods are successful in this problem, while LM and PUNN seems bit.
Utilidad del ensayo de cadenas livianas libres en suero en el manejo de gammapatías monoclonales: diagnóstico, pronóstico y monitoreo

The se rum free light chain tes ting quan ti fies le vels of free  and . The re are three main in di ca tions for the mea su re ment of free light chains in the hand ling of pa tients with mul ti ple mye lo ma and as so cia ted di sea ses. First, wit hin the con text of diag no sis, they pro vi de the most sen si ti ve pat tern for scree ning to get her with se rum pro tein elec trop ho re sis and im mu ni fi xa tion elec trop ho re sis, re sul ting in it not being ne ces sary to per form 24-hour uri ne co llec tion. Se cond, ba sal va lues of free light chains have pro ved their prog nos tic va lue for most mo no clo nal gam ma pat hies. Third, se rum free light chain tes ting ena bles a quan ti ta ti ve and sen si ti ve mo ni to ring in pa tients with an oli go se cre tory pre sen ta tion of the di sea se, in clu ding AL amy loi do sis, and in al most 70% of pa tients who were his to ri cally con si de red to be non-secretory. This review aims to update the in for ma tion on the application of this testing.
CO2 Emissions in China’s Yangtze River
Economic Zone: A Dynamic Vector
Autoregression Approach

China has become the world’s largest carbon emitter, and coal consumption in the Yangtze River Economic Zone takes over more than one third of the total number in the country. Investigating the main influencing factors of the Yangtze River Economic Zone’s CO2 emissions is of vital importance to develop effective environmental policies. The vector autoregression model was applied in the present paper to analyze the driving forces in this area based on the pertinent data from 1985 to 2014. Results show that energy efficiency is the primary influencing factor of the region’s carbon emissions, which plays a leading role in mitigating CO2 emissions. Energy structure has an obviously positive impact on the zone’s CO2 emissions. Urbanization has continuously promoted coal consumption in this area. These findings are extremely helpful for related departments in the Yangtze River Economic Zone to develop appropriate policies pertaining to energy savings and emissions reduction.
Towards a better interpretation of bone morphology: The effect of obesity on bone

The effects of obesity on bone are poorly understood in biological anthropology. By using an experimental approach, we hope to achieve several aims and objectives designed to further our understanding of how obesity affects bone health. The aims also look at trying to understand the implications of the results for understanding past human populations and modern day issues surrounding obesity. To accomplish this, a project has been developed and is outlined below. Bones from lean (control), obese and calorie restricted rats (n=9 rats/group) that were raised in metabolic cages and sacrificed at 17 weeks of age, were studied. The samples were provided by the Nutrition and Obesity Research Group of the University of the Basque Country. The carcasses were micro-CT scanned for linear measurements (LM), geometric morphometric shape analysis (GMSA) and cross sectional shape analysis (CSSA). LM, GMSA and CSSA were performed on a set of 18 landmarks representing the overall shape of the right femur, using the MorphoJ package and Avizo 9.0 software. Cross-sections were obtained at the midshaft and the most lateral point of the third trochanter. The following measurements were collected: maximum length, epiphysis diameter, epiphysis circumference, epicondyle width and epiphysis/epicondyle width ratio. Obese rats had significantly longer but narrower femora. The LM, GMSA and CSSA significantly differentiated between control, obese and calorie restricted. Obese individuals had longer femora with a relatively higher positioned third trochanter but were more gracile and weaker in their diaphyseal strength and rigidity compared to the control sample. These findings confirm that obesity has a significant effect on bone shape and strength but the results from the calorie restricted group demonstrates that these may be reversible. Further research into potential underlying mechanisms, including interactions between bone and lipid cells is required
CNG FUEL LEAKAGE DETECTION AS EMISSIONS PREVENTION

The paper describes and presents practical results of a method for detection of internal fuel leakage in an engine. The method is based in unexpected oxygen concentration changes measured in the exhaust gases together with the Engine Roughness (disturbance on the Low Idle controller). The concept is useful to detect small leakages or a fuel injector blocked in the open position. This strategy can be used when the fuel injectors are blocked in the open position and the engine is in one of these two states: no external torque demand and torque is controlled by the low idle controller (Low Idle) or no external torque demand and torque is increasing due to the drag of the engine external influence (Overrun). The measurements were performed on a system with natural gas injection in a Dual Fuel (Diesel + CNG) vehicle equipped with a lambda sensor on the exhaust pipe. The measurements were performed on a system with natural gas injection in a Dual Fuel vehicle.
The Formal Sector Wage Premium and Firm Size for Self-Employed Workers

We develop a model where formal sector firms pay tax and informal ones do not, but informal firms risk incurring the penalty associated with non-compliance. Workers may enter self-employment or search for jobs as employees. Workers with higher managerial skills will run larger firms while workers with lower will manage smaller firms and will be in self-employment only when they cannot find a salary job. For these workers self-employment is a secondary/informal form of employment. The Burdett and Mortensen (1998) equilibrium search model turns out to be a special case that we amend by incorporating taxes and a penalty for non-payment of taxes. Our model is also consistent with some of the empirical literature in that the informal wage penalty does appear to be limited to low wage/skill workers while firm size is an important determinant of the employee formal sector premium. We test theoretical predictions using empirical evidence from Mexico and find that firm size wage effects for employees and self-employed workers are broadly consistent with the model.