Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unique role of jellyfish in the plankton ecosystem revealed using a global ocean biogeochemical model

Abstract. Jellyfish are increasingly recognised as important components of the marine ecosystem, yet their specific role is poorly defined compared to that of other zooplankton groups. This paper presents the first global ocean biogeochemical model that includes an explicit representation of jellyfish, and uses the model to gain insight into the influence of jellyfish on the plankton community. The PlankTOM11 model groups organisms into Plankton Functional Types (PFT). The jellyfish PFT is parameterised here based on our synthesis of observations on jellyfish growth, grazing, respiration and mortality rates as functions of temperature and on jellyfish biomass. The distribution of jellyfish is unique compared to that of other PFTs in the model. The jellyfish global biomass of 0.13 PgC is within the observational range, and comparable to the biomass of other zooplankton and phytoplankton PFTs. The introduction of jellyfish in the model has a large direct influence on the crustacean macrozooplankton PFT, and influences indirectly the rest of the plankton ecosystem through trophic cascades. The zooplankton community in PlankTOM11 is highly sensitive to the jellyfish mortality rate, with jellyfish increasingly dominating the zooplankton community as its mortality diminishes. Overall the results suggest that jellyfish play an important and unique role in regulating marine plankton ecosystems, which has been neglected so far.
Access to Higher Education for Visually Impaired Students in Turkey: Disclosure, Inclusion, and Oppression of Two Pre-service Teachers

ABSTRACT This qualitative case study examined the experiences of two pre-service teachers with visual impairments at a Turkish university. Two pre-service teachers with visual impairments, four teacher educators, six peers, and three administrators participated in this study. The data were collected through individual and focus group interviews, observations, reflective journals, and formal documents. The qualitative analysis of data was completed with the utilisation of MAXQDA software. The findings suggested that even though the institution fulfilled the minimum requirements for the regulations, there were several issues that needed to be addressed in order to provide accessibility to the students with visual impairments. Also, the empowerment and advocacy of students with disabilities were oppressed by dominance social, cultural, and political bodies. In this regard, recommendations and implications for future research are discussed.
Adaptation to Low CO2 Level in a Mutant of Anacystis nidulans R2 which Requires High CO2 for Growth

The mutant E1 of Anacystis nidulans R2 requires high CO2 concentration for growth but was able to adapt to low CO2 concentration. This was exhibited by the increased ability to accumulate inorganic carbon within the cells and the large increase in the amount of a 42-kilodalton polypeptide located in the cytoplasmic membrane. The adaptation occurred in E1 cells at an extracellular CO2 concentration as high as 0.3%, which was 8 times the concentration for maximal adaptation in R2 cells. The ability of E1 cells to exhibit low CO2 characteristics at a higher CO2 concentration was attributed to lower intracellular CO2 concentration.
All in an afternoon: mixed breeding system in one-day lasting flowers of Hypericum elodes L. (Hypericaceae)

Knowledge about mixed mating systems can improve our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of reproductive systems. Here we report a study of the floral and reproductive biology of Hypericum elodes, an Atlantic-European soft-water pools specialist which shows a floral architecture consistent with both self- and cross-pollination. Controlled pollination experiments were performed in a natural population during three consecutive years. Marked flowers were monitored until fruit production, and laboratory germination experiments were conducted with the seeds produced. Plants were self-compatible (SCI>0.75), however, compared with selfing, cross-pollination enhanced fruit-set, seed-set and seedling growth, but not seed germination. Inbreeding depression (δ) was mild in the pre-dispersal stages (δ = 0.22 for fruit set, 0.18 for seed set and 0.13 for seed mass), low for germination percentage (δ = 0.003) and mild for seedling growth (δ = 0.23). The breeding system of H. elodes promotes outcrossing and assures reproductive success by means of competitive autogamy. Our results suggest a mixed mating strategy for the studied population, characterized by mild inbreeding depression (cumulative δ = 0.57), highlighting the benefit of this reproductive mode in unpredictable habitat, as the typical shallow-water meadows where H. elodes grows.
Supramolecular association of M2+⋯π induced by different electrostatic properties using naphthyl substituted β-diketonate complexes (metal = Cu, Pd, Pt)

Expanded π-conjugated coordination complexes, [M(L2)2] (M = Cu2+, Pd2+, and Pt2+; L2 = dinaphthoylmethanido−), were prepared and the different metal characteristics were found due to the supramolecular associations: [Cu(L2)2] shows a remarkable M2+⋯π interaction (3.249 A) inducing the cationicity of Cu2+ and the strength of the interactions clearly decreases for the Pd2+ and Pt2+ ions (3.785 and 4.610 A), indicating their electron-rich and nucleophilic characteristics.
Wideband filtering balun power dividers using modified Schiffman phase shifter

Two novel wideband bandpass filtering balun power dividers using modified Schiffman phase shifter are proposed in this article. Two types of wideband Wilkinson power dividers are adopted, respectively, in the two structures for wide passband. The Schiffman phase shifters are used in the structures for realizing 180° phase shift between output ports modified by connecting each of them with a short‐ended stub for weak coupling coefficient. In addition, two transmission zeros are realized by an open‐ended stub connected in parallel at the input port to realize the filtering characteristic. To verify the proposed structures, two wideband bandpass filtering balun power dividers (εr = 3.66，h = 0.762 mm, tanδ = 0.004) centering at 2GHz are designed and fabricated. The simulated and measured results are discussed.
Treg und Th17-Zellen: Verwandtschaft mit Folgen

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Verschiedene Helfer-T-Zellen (Th) unterscheiden sich in Merkmalen und Funktionen. Th1 werden durch IL-12/IFN-gamma induziert, exprimieren T-bet und produzieren IFN-gamma. IL-17-produzierende Th17 exprimieren RORC, tragen den Chemokinrezeptor CCR6 und werden durch IL-1beta/IL-6/IL-23 stimuliert. Regulatorische T-Zellen (Treg) werden durch IL-2/TGF-beta stimuliert, exprimieren FoxP3 und produzieren IL-10. Th1 sind physiologischerweise an der intrazellulären Erregerabwehr beteiligt, Th2 von Parasiten, Th17 von extrazellulären Bakterien und Pilzen und Treg an der peripheren T-Zell-Homöostase. Eine Dysbalance zwischen Treg/Th1 und Th17 wird mit Autoimmunprozessen in Zusammenhang gebracht. Insbesondere synoviale Th1/Th17-Zellen, die CD161 exprimieren, zeigen enge Korrelationen mit schweren Verläufen der JIA, während IL-17-produzierende Treg/Th17-Zellen pro- und antiinflammatorische Fähigkeiten vereinen können. Alle Th weisen eine hohe Plastizität in unterschiedlichen inflammatorischen Milieus auf. Es gibt Hinweise, dass eine effiziente Hemmung von bestimmten Zytokinen zu einer Rekonstitution der Treg-Funktion beiträgt, was in neuen Therapieansätzen genutzt werden könnte. SUMMARY Different T helper cell types (Th) demonstrate different features and functions. Th1 are stimulated by IL-12/IFN-gamma, express T-bet and produce IFN-gamma. IL-17-producing Th17 express RORC, are positive for chemokine receptor CCR6 and are stimulated by IL-1beta/IL-6/IL-23. IL-2 and TGF-beta stimulate Treg, which express FoxP3 and produce IL-10. Physiologically, Th1 are directed against intracellular pathogens, whereas Th2 fend off parasites, and Th17 extracellular bacteria and fungi. Treg are involved in the peripheral T cell homeostasis. A dysbalance between Treg and Th1 as well as Th17 is critical in the pathogenesis of many T cell-mediated autoimmune disorders. Particularly, synovial Th1/Th17 cells expressing CD161 correlate with severe courses of JIA. IL-17-producing Treg/Th17 cells combine pro- and anti-inflammatory abilities. All Th subtypes demonstrate a high grade of plasticity in different inflammatory cytokine milieus. There is upcoming evidence, that efficient blockade of certain cytokines may contribute to the reconstitution of Treg function, which may be utilized in novel therapeutic approaches.
The effects of nutritional imbalance on compensatory feeding for cellulose‐mediated dietary dilution in a generalist caterpillar

Abstract. The interactive effects of macronutrient balance [protein (P) : carbohydrate (C) ratio] and dietary dilution by cellulose on nutritional regulation and performance were investigated in the generalist caterpillar Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval). Caterpillars were reared through the final stadium on one of 20 foods varying factorially in macronutrient content (P + C%: 42, 33.6. 25.2 or 16.8%) and P : C ratio (5 : 1, 2 : 1, 1 : 1, 1 : 2 or 1 : 5). The animals compensate by eating more of diluted foods, but suffer reduced nutrient intake in proportion to the degree of dilution. Increase in food intake with dilution is greater on balanced than imbalanced foods and this is reflected in greater reduction of dry pupal mass with dilution in the latter. Whereas dilution results in a reduction in the amount of whichever macronutrient is in excess in the food, by contrast, the ability to compensate for the deficient macronutrient in the food is unaffected by nutrient imbalance. Excess protein intake due to nutritional imbalance (diets with high P : C ratios) results in a regulatory decrease in the efficiency of retention of ingested nitrogen relative to restricted protein intake on oppositely imbalanced foods (low P : C ratios). By contrast, decreased protein intake due to dietary dilution is associated with a non‐regulatory reduction in the efficiency of retention, irrespective of P : C ratio. Dilution is similarly associated with reduced utilization efficiency of ingested carbohydrate. The ecological implications of these results are discussed.
Migrant family entrepreneurship – mixed and multiple embeddedness of transgenerational Turkish family entrepreneurs in Berlin

PurposeBy combining manifold approaches from migrant entrepreneurship and family business studies, the purpose of the paper is to shed some light upon the contextual features of motivation, resources, generational pathways of Turkish migrant family entrepreneurs in Berlin – through the lens of a mixed and multiple embeddedness approach.Design/methodology/approachAn explorative research design, based on an eclectic theoretical framework and on purposive sampling, combines qualitative in-depth interviews/content analysis and on-site observation resulting in an almost ethnographic assessment of selected case studies of Turkish migrant family entrepreneurs (concerning age (min. 20 years), size (15+ employees) and currently at a stage of succession). FindingsThe results show that despite specific strategies vary – four circumstances hold true for all cases: (1) firm trajectories were characterized by little strategic planning and mostly trail-and error processes in the past and business survival is highly dependent on owner families; (2) owner families heavily relied on personal, family and collective resources, not benefiting from promotion programmes or micro-funding measures for SMEs; (3) owner families have actively developed their (mixed) embeddings during the growth of their migrant business beyond the single ethnic group at various spatial scales; (4) succession adds another layer of context – what we call here multiple embeddedness – with ambivalent effects: emerging potentials and conflicts between the preceding and succeeding generation.Practical implicationsResults have shown that is it necessary to set up both: customized funding opportunities for migrant start-ups in general and succession consulting for migrant family entrepreneurs in particular. Given the magnitude of family migrant entrepreneurs and the accelerating migration patterns in most Western European countries, there is urgent need for such measures.Originality/valueFamily entrepreneurship has been often discussed without a migration perspective, neither taking a systematic look at pertinent motivation, resources, and future trajectories nor context. Migrant entrepreneurship studies barely take the family or family-specific issues (e.g. succession) into account, and mainly deal with the integration or economic aspects. Our mixed and multiple embeddedness approach allows for a holistic view on transgenerational migrant family entrepreneurship by integrating both socio-spatial (actor, family, network, micro, meso, macro) and multi-generational contexts (preceding, succeeding).
Effects of broiler companions on early performance of Turkeys

1. In two experiments turkeys (T) and broilers (B) of both sexes were reared from hatching in groups of four (to 20 d of age) or groups of 40 (to 8 weeks), composed of single species (4T, 4B, 40T, 40B) and mixed species (3T: IB, 2T: 2B, 36T: 4B, 30T: 10B), to determine whether turkey performance might be stimulated by the presence of broiler companions. 2. In both experiments early mortality of turkeys was lower in mixed‐species than in single‐species groups, but not significantly so. Broiler mortality was high in groups of 36T: 4B with females only, but not in other groups. 3. In both experiments body‐weight gain of turkeys was greater in mixed‐species than in single‐species groups, significantly so at 20 d and 4 weeks of age, but not at 8 weeks. Broilers grew faster in groups of 3T: IB to 20 d, but not in other mixed‐species groups. There was evidence that these faster growth rates were due more to greater food consumption than to greater efficiency of food conversion. 4. It is unlikely that mixing broi.
PROSPECTS OF RAW MATERIALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL IN BRAZIL

Obtaining and offering bioenergy has been identified as promising alternatives to minimize the effects caused by the uncontrolled use of oil and its derivatives. Biofuels are examples of sources of bioenergy that seek to meet the social demand in the development and establishment of concepts in the generation of new industrial technologies. In this work, information was sought from different research sources, related to the historical context of the evolution of biodiesel production with emphasis on the perspectives of the raw materials that have been most researched today, such as macauba, microalgae, sewage sludge and residual oils. Such raw materials do not compete with food production; some have great environmental advantages, such as oil residue that stops being deposited in sewers to become an alternative fuel source. In order for these alternative resources to soy to be viable for the production of biodiesel on a large scale, it is increasingly necessary to encourage public and private sector policies to insert these biomasses into the biofuel market.
Transfer of resistance to potato leafroll virus, potato virus Y and potato virus X from Solarium brevidens to S. tuberosum through symmetric and designed asymmetric somatic hybridisation

Summary Resistance to potato leafroll virus (PLRV), potato virus Y (PVYo) and potato virus X (PVX) was studied in symmetric and asymmetric somatic hybrids produced by electrofusion between Solanum brevidens (2n=2×=24) and dihaploid S. tuberosum (2n=2×=24), and also in regenerants (B-hybrids) derived through protoplast culture from a single somatic hybrid (chromosome number 48). All of the somatic hybrids between 5. brevidens and the two dihaploid lines of potato cv. Pito were extremely resistant to PLRV and PVYoand moderately resistant to PVX, irrespective of their chromosome number and ploidy level (tetraploid or hexaploid). Most (56%) of the asymmetric hybrids of irradiated S. brevidens and the dihaploid line of potato cv. Pentland Crown (PDH40) had high titres of PVYosimilar to those of PDH40, whereas the rest of the hybrids had PVYotitres less than a tenth of those in PDH40. Three B-hybrids had a highly reduced chromosome number (27, 30 and 34), but were however as resistant to PLRV, PVYoand PVX as 5. brevidens. Two asymmetric hybrids and one B-hybrid were extremely resistant to PLRV but susceptible to both PVY and PVX. The results suggested that resistance to PLRV in 5. brevidens is controlled by a gene or genes different from those controlling resistance to PVY and PVX, and the gene(s) for resistance to PVY and PVX are linked in S. brevidens.
Ecology of gyrfalcons, Falco rusticolus, in the central Canadian Arctic: diet and feeding behaviour

Diet and aspects of feeding behaviour in a population of gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) in the Northwest Territories were examined between 1984 and 1986. Three prey species, rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus), arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii), and arctic hare (Lepus arcticus), composed 96.5% of total prey biomass identified. Ptarmigan and hares were taken in May and June of all years (98.2% of biomass). Juvenile squirrels were used extensively in July and August of 1984 and 1985 but not in 1986, when squirrel production fell to almost zero; ptarmigan continued to be the dominant prey species throughout that summer. Because densities of breeding ptarmigan remained relatively constant during the study, but those of juvenile ground squirrels did not, it appeared that gyrfalcons responded functionally to varying availability of prey. Mean weight (250 g) of prey taken by male gyrfalcons was significantly less than the weight (330 g) of prey taken by females. As predicted by optimal foraging theory, ave.
AFRICLIM: high‐resolution climate projections for ecological applications in Africa

Tables S1-S5. Summary variables derived from downscaled monthly temperature and rainfall grids. Spatial means compare observed (CRU, WorldClim, TAMSAT, CHIRPS) and modelled (nine GCM-RCM combinations) climate across five sub-regions of Africa, partitioned as shown in the map below. Emboldened values indicate no overlap between observed and modelled baseline means. Projected future climates show ranges in spatial means over all 18 (temperature) or 36 (moisture) GCM-RCM-baseline triplets, for comparison with the observational baselines.
Short Communication: The Role of Dendritic Cells in the Infection of CD4+ T Cells with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Use of Dendritic Cells from Individuals Homozygous for the Δ32CCR5 Allele as a Model

ABSTRACT Despite exposure to multiple strains of both macrophage (M)-tropic and T cell (T)-tropic HIV, primary infection is largely restricted to relatively homogeneous M-tropic virus. Since dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the early events of HIV infection, several studies have focused on the role of DCs in this restriction. It has been proposed that DCs are more efficiently infected with M-tropic versus T-tropic viruses; however, the infectability of DCs and the relevance of their infectability for inducing productive infection is controversial. It has also been suggested that variability in DC expression of coreceptors for M-tropic versus T-tropic virus could explain the restriction in the transmitting virus. Using HIV-pulsed DCs from individuals with a homozygous deletion in the CCR5 gene as a human "knockout" model, we demonstrate that infection of DCs per se is not necessary to promulgate infection in CD4+ T cells. The data also suggest that transmission of HIV to CD4+ T cells is not dep.
Production, marketing, and future prospects of Nepali orthodox tea

Abstract Orthodox tea is one of the high-value agriculture commodities having enormous potential of export to international market. Nepal offers suitable climate, soil, and topography for profitable production of the orthodox tea having exceptional flavor, aroma, and taste. The study was designed to analyze the production trend, annual growth rate, export and import, and prospects of the Nepali orthodox tea. Findings showed that production of tea is in increasing trend with an average annual growth rate of 9.55%. Despite possessing ample opportunity in domestic and international markets, yet country only produces little amount of orthodox tea. Further, 90% of the total produced orthodox tea was imported primarily to India which has been one of the factors for not being able to receive optimum premium as compared to other tea exporting countries like China and India. Thus to revitalize tea subsector, it is recommended to focus on improving tea productivity with proper mechanization, establishing tea processing industries, easy and reliable certification, price intervention, market recognition, and enhancing diplomatic relations for easy market accessibility and duty-free trade.
Study on Silicon-Based Polarization Converter Using Asymmetric Slot Waveguide

SUMMARY A compact optical polarization converter (PC) based on slot waveguide has been proposed in this study. Utilizing the high refractive index contrast between a Si waveguide and SiO 2 cladding on the silicon- on-insulator platform, the light beam can be strongly conﬁned in a slot waveguide structure. The proposed PC consists of a square waveguide and an L -shape cover waveguide. Since the overall structure is symmetrically distributed along the axis rotated 45-degree from the horizontal direction, the optical axis of this PC lies in the direction with equi-angle from two orthogonally polarized modes of the input and output ends, which leads to a high polarization conversion e ﬃ ciency (PCE). 3D FDTD simulation results illustrate that a TE-to-TM mode conversion is achieved with a device length of 8.2 μ m, and the PCE exceeds 99.8%. The structural tolerance and wavelength dependence of the PC have also been discussed in detail.
Determination of DNA in Densovirus-Infected Invertebrate Cell Line by Flow Cytometry

Abstract The DNA content of lepidopteran cell lines infected with densovirus was determined by flow cytometry. Vital DNA production was monitored and in vitro viral cytopathogenic effects were analyzed. The increased fluorochrome binding was linked to an increase in viral DNA content and to alteration in the nucleus structure observed under electron microscopy. The information provided by flow cytometry was complemented by ultrastructural studies.
Giant kelp microbiome altered in the presence of epiphytes

Characterizing patterns in the microbial communities associated with canopy‐forming kelps is critical to understanding the mechanisms shaping macroalgal microbiomes. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we characterized bacterial and archaeal communities associated with giant kelp in the Santa Barbara Channel. Our results indicate that kelp‐associated microbial communities are altered in the presence of epiphytic bryozoans and reflect changes previously observed in other studies of stressed macroalgae. This observation is indicative of patterns of microbiome disruption (dysbiosis) and opportunistic pathogenesis that may have implications for the health and productivity of foundational species of macroalgae. Our study highlights new patterns in host–microbiome associations and reveals the importance of considering host source and condition when investigating the dynamics of macroalgal microbiomes.