Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The biology of Harveyella mirabilis (Cryptonemiales, Rhodophyceae). II. Carposporophyte development as related to the taxonomic affiliation of the parasitic red alga, Harveyella mirabilis*

Abstract Carposporophyte development in the parasitic red alga Harveyella mirabilis is similar to that described in the red algal families Callymeniaceae (Cryptonemiales), Phyllophoraceae and Gigartinaceae (Gigartinales), but is unlike that of the Rhodomelaceae (Ceramiales) as previously reported. A large intercalary-borne supporting cell of the four-celled carpogonial branch acts as an auxiliary cell. The diploidized nucleus in the carpogonium is transferred to the juxtaposed auxiliary cell by means of a short connecting filament. A series of post-fertilization events gives rise to the gonimoblast, composed of horizontal and erect gonimoblast filaments with terminally-borne carpospores. Upon maturation the carpospores are released through ostioles in the female gametophyte. Whether Harveyella mirabilis should be systematically grouped with the Cryptonemiales or Gigartinales is discussed in regards to the positioning of the auxiliary cell.
Sublethal effects of Thymus vulgaris essential oil on life-table parameters of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Sublethal effects of Thymus vulgaris were investigated on life-table parameters of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in the laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10% RH and a 14:10 h (L:D) photoperiod. Bioassay was conducted to assess the effect of different concentrations of T. vulgaris essential oil on two-spotted spider mite. LC50 and LC20 of T. vulgaris on T. urticae were calculated as 18.86 and 6.24 μl/litre air for 24 h after treatment. In the sublethal effects, after 24 h exposure to LC50 concentration, mortality, fecundity and longevity of the females that survived from treatment were determined. Results showed that T. vulgaris caused significant reductions in fecundity and longevity of adults. Life-table assay indicated that the intrinsic rate of increase (r m), net reproductive rate (R 0), finite rate of increase (λ), mean generation time (T), significantly reduced in treated females compared to control. These results suggest that T. vulgaris could be incorporated in integrated pest management programmes of T. urticae.
Retinoic acid stimulates expression of the functional osteoclast integrin αvβ3: Transcriptional activation of the β3 but not the αv gene

The capacity of osteoclasts to resorb bone depends, in part, on the surface expression of the integrin αvβ3. We have investigated whether the steroid hormone retinoic acid, known to stimulate bone resorption, regulates the appearance of the αvβ3 complex in avian osteoclast presursors. Using surface labeling, followed by immunoprecipitation with a αvβ3‐specific antibody, we show that retinoic acid increases surface expression of the heterodimer in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Northern analysis reveals that the high basal steady‐state levels of αv mRNA do not change, while those for β3 rise significantly from their initially low levels. Nuclear run‐on studies confirm that steroid treatment stimulates transcription of the β3, but not the αv gene. Osteoclast precursors treated with retinoic acid exhibit increased multinucleation and expression of the osteoclast marker enzyme tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase. However, the fused cells do not have an increased capacity to resorb bone. In summary, multinucleated cells generated in this study do not represent fully differentiated bone‐resorbing polykaryons. These results suggest that treatment of osteoclast precursors with retinoic acid is necessary, but insufficient, for expression of the mature osteoclast phenotype. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biproportional Methods of Structural Change Analysis: A Typological Survey

Analysts often are interested in learning how much an exchange system has changed over time or how two different exchange systems differ. Identifying structural difference in exchange matrices can be performed using either 'directed' or 'undirected' methods. Directed methods are based on the computation and comparison of column- or row-normalizations of the matrices. The choice of row or column for the normalization implies a specific direction of the exchanges, so that the column-wise normalized results should not be compared to the row-wise normalized results. In this category fall the simple comparison of coefficient matrices and the causative method. Undirected methods do not impose such underlying constraints on exchanges. Hence, I present a set of undirected methods that can be used to compare structural matrices: the biproportional ordinary filter, the biproportional mean filter and the bi-Markovian filter. While doing so, I recall why the bicausative method must be dismissed. I then classify the methods according to their orientation and data needs, and illustrate how the results can differ from one method to the next using French tables for 1980 and 1997.
Character Release and Displacement in Fishes: A Neglected Literature

Biologists concerned with the evolutionary consequences of competition seem unaware of a large literature on freshwater fishes that bears directly on the debates over ecological character displacement, character release, and the concept of "empty niches. " Only five potential instances of character displacement in teleosts are cited in the conceptually oriented literature, whereas data exist for 97 species comprising 52 genera and 17 families. We review these studies, focusing on lacustrine species, and draw the following conclusions. First, competition is frequently a diversifying force that creates differences between species (character displacement) and differences within species (character release) when other closely related species are absent. Second, differentiation in lakes occurs along predictable pathways and almost always includes pelagic and benthic forms. The lake environment can therefore be viewed as a set of non-Hutchinsonian or "environmental" niches that exist apart from the species that occupy them. Third, a traditional criterion for demonstrating character displacement has been that phenotypic differences between populations in sympatry and allopatry should have a genetic basis. Although this criterion is frequently met in freshwater fish, it is not necessary because phenotypic plasticity can itself be an evolutionary consequence of competition. Finally, in the conceptually oriented literature, the evolutionary consequences of predation are well accepted, but the evolutionary consequences of competition are regarded more skeptically. This skepticism is unwarranted for freshwater fish, whose evolution is clearly influenced by both predators and competitors.
Effects of β-mannanase-based enzyme in corn-soy and corn-soy-canola diets on broiler performance

A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) by canola meal (CM) with and without a β-mannanase-based enzyme on growth performance of broilers. A total number of 360 one-day-old broiler chicks were weighed and allocated to four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets, each of which had 9 pens of 10 chicks with the same number of both sexes. Starter, grower and finisher diets were offered to birds from 0 to 21 day, 22 to 42 day and 43 to 49 day of age, respectively. All experimental data were subjected to the general linear model procedure of SAS as a complete randomised design. Dietary partial replacement of SBM by CM decreased body weight (BW) of broilers on days 21, 42 and 49 of age. Dietary CM inclusion decreased and increased feed intake (FI) of broilers during starting and finishing periods, respectively. Broilers fed corn-SBM diet shown improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) in comparing to those fed corn-CM diet during all rearing periods. Dietary enzyme supplementation improved BW of birds on 21, 42 and 49 days of age. Dietary β-mannanase supplementation improved feed conversion ratio feed conversion ratio (FCR) during growing as well as whole periods; but FI of birds was not affected by enzyme. Dietary inclusion of CM increased the relative weights of gizzard, liver, pancreas, fat pad, duodenum, jejunum and ileum; however, the relative length of digestive tracts was increased in CM-included dietary group. The relative weights of gizzard, fat pad, liver, pancreas and digestive tracts were not affected by dietary enzyme supplementation. Litter pH on week 7 was higher in corn-SBM in comparing to corn-SBM-CM dietary group. In conclusion, broilers fed CM-included diets did not achieve similar performance compared to corn-SBM control group. Dietary β-mannanase supplementation improved performance of broilers fed corn-SBM- and/or corn-SBM-CM-based diets.
Cryopreservation of Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs) from White Leghorn Embryos Using Commercial Cryoprotectants

Cryopreservation of poultry semen has been reported, but preservation of female genetic material has not been possible because of the large size of their yolk structure. Cryopreservation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is an alternative way to preserve both female and male genetic material in chicken. In the present study, fertilized eggs were incubated for about 53 hours to obtain embryos at stage 14-16. The blood of the whole embryo was collected from the terminal vein or dorsal aorta using a fine glass micro pipette under a microscope. The PGCs were then purified using Nycodenz density gradient centrifugation. Four commercially available cryoprotectants (A, B, C and D) were used to preserve the PGCs, and DMSO was used as a control. The average recovery rate of PGCs after thawing was 58.2%, 52.9%, 46.5% and 39.4% with the A, B, C and D treatments, respectively. There was no significant difference between the A, B and C treatments and control (DMSO), which showed an average recovery rate of 49.9%. However, the recovery rate obtained using D cryoprotectant was significantly lower than using treatment A. The average viability of the PGCs after thawing were 86.0%, 82.3%, 81.1% and 84.8% for cryoprotectants A, B, C and D, respectively, and the control (DMSO) was 85.3%. There was no statistically significant difference between the four treatments and control. It was concluded that all of the available cryoprotectants examined in this study could be used for preservation of PGCs from embryos ; however, the use of cryoprotectant D should be avoided since the recovery rate was significantly lower, although the viability was not affected.
Call for Papers: Early Education & Development Special Issue

Infant=toddler care is currently the fastest-growing and most sought-after form of child care in the US (NACCRRA, 2008). In 2010, 24% of children under four years of age with employed mothers attended child care centers while 14% attended nonrelative home care settings (Federal Interagency Forum, 2011). A growing body of research documents the lasting positive impact of high-quality early care on later school achievement and life success (Institute of Medicine & National Research Council, 2012; Vandell et al., 2010). Research has repeatedly demonstrated that high quality infant=toddler center care serves to diminish the income-linked achievement gap commonly reported (Duncan & Sojourner, 2012; Phillips & Lowenstein, 2011). These positive findings are tempered by a body of research that documents the inadequate quality of available infant=toddler care (Phillips & Lowenstein, 2011). The promise and challenges reported in previous research coupled with the increasing attention of policy makers to infant=toddler programs as a mechanism to enhance school readiness calls for a new generation of research. Given its growth, prevalence, and documented long-term outcomes, little is known about the specific features or processes that optimize group care provided for infants, toddlers, twos, and threes. Also, despite the belief that the teacher=caregiver is the key ingredient in producing high-quality early environments, little is known about the professional development content and strategies most effective in preparing infant=toddler teachers (Zaslow, Tout, Halle, Whitaker, & Lavelle, 2010). The primary aim of this EE&D Special Issue is to fill these gaps. The complexity of these gaps necessitates an interdisciplinary approach to research (Guerra, Graham, & Tolan, 2011) and thus a related aim is to integrate information from allied disciplines (e.g., health, social work) to better understand and support infant=toddler development in group care contexts.
Screening of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties against Ascochyta blight and its management through biopesticides

Gram is an important pulse crop extensively grown in the arid and semi-arid zones of Pakistan. Ascochyta blight is a devastating disease of the gram. Thirty varieties/lines were screened against gram blight disease to evaluate the resistant germplam. None of the varieties/lines were immune to infection. 8032, Thal-2006, 06001 and 5CC-109 were resistant in response. Four varieties/line, Bital-98, 03008, PB-2000 and Noor-91, were moderately resistant while 12 were moderately susceptible. Susceptible response was observed in seven (05030, 900156, C-88, M-2008, Balkassar-2000, and Punjab-2000) varieties/lines and three (K8000, 03009 and 05014) were highly susceptible. Two consecutive sprays of five bio-products were done on five gram lines, i.e. 06001, 03008, 093127, 05007 and 05014. Minimum disease incidence was noted on the 06001 line. Vampire was most effective in disease controlling after seven and 14 days of both sprays.
Comparison of Quality, Physiochemical and Functional Property between Organic and Conventional Rice

The differences between organic and conventional rice were studied from the point of view of quality, physiochemical property and functionality. It was concluded that organic rice showed a 6% lower complete rice ratio than conventional rice. However, organic rice exhibited more excellent physiochemical property on amylose or protein content, Toyo value, and acidity with 17.5%, 6.6%, 8.12%, and 8.7%, respectively. There was no difference between two kinds of rice on alkali digestion value and amino acids contents such as Asp, Ser, Glu, Ala, Leu, Arg. Among inorganic compounds of rice, four compounds including B, Mn, Fe, or Zn were slightly higher at organic rice with 1.1~2.7 mg/100 g, compared to conventional rice. Interestingly, total phenolic acid and phytic acid content were 89% or 23% higher at organic rice than conventional rice, respectively. MeOH extract from organic rice showed higher antioxidant activity with 26% than that of conventional rice with 22%. In contrast, conventional rice was favored than organic rice on stickness, taste, palatability fields at sensory evaluation.
A Revision of the Subgenus Solidobalanus Hoek (Cirripedia Thoracica) Including a Description of a New Species With Complemental Males

[Les auteurs presentent une revue critique de la litterature relative aux especes et aux groupes d'especes inclus dans les sous-genres Solidobalanus et Hesperibalanus, et la completent par l'examen de nombreux specimens des especes disponibles dans le sous-genre. Des variations infraspecifiques considerables ont ete trouvees dans les caracteres diagnostiques utilises pour distinguer ces sous-genres; ces caracteres presentent aussi de notables chevauchements parmi les especes. Les resultats de cette etude indiquent clairement que Hesperibalanus n'est pas un sous-genre valide et doit etre considere comme un synonyme de Solidobalanus. En outre, une nouvelle espece de Solidobalanus est decrite du Pacifique oriental. Elle est particulierement remarquable car elle est, parmi les Balanomorpha, la premiere espece connue comme ayant des mâles complementaires. , Les auteurs presentent une revue critique de la litterature relative aux especes et aux groupes d'especes inclus dans les sous-genres Solidobalanus et Hesperibalanus, et la completent par l'examen de nombreux specimens des especes disponibles dans le sous-genre. Des variations infraspecifiques considerables ont ete trouvees dans les caracteres diagnostiques utilises pour distinguer ces sous-genres; ces caracteres presentent aussi de notables chevauchements parmi les especes. Les resultats de cette etude indiquent clairement que Hesperibalanus n'est pas un sous-genre valide et doit etre considere comme un synonyme de Solidobalanus. En outre, une nouvelle espece de Solidobalanus est decrite du Pacifique oriental. Elle est particulierement remarquable car elle est, parmi les Balanomorpha, la premiere espece connue comme ayant des mâles complementaires. ]
Editorial

In summary, the Reading First initiative, recently enacted into law as part of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2002, requires the use of scienti®cally based classroom reading instruction for all students. Even with the best classroom instruction, there will still be some students who don't make adequate progress and need additional, more intensive instruction. Reading Recovery has not met the needs of these lowest performing students. Most signi®cantly, its excessive costs can make it more dif®cult for a school to provide help for all students in need, especially those who are behind in the upper grades. Thus, Reading Recovery is not a productive investment of taxpayers' money or students' time and is a classic example of a `̀ one size ®ts all'' method. No single method works with all students. Methods like Reading Recovery that are rigidly implemented and limited in the number of components of effective reading instruction will not work with all students. Reading Recovery leaves too many students behind.
Pathophysiology of Aplastic Anaemia

Aplastic anaemia is the clinical expression of reduced influx into the compartments of morphologically identifiable proliferating and maturing haemo‐poietic cells from the stem cell compartment. The bulk of evidence, especially the results of bone marrow transplantation, favours a primary alteration of the proliferation and/or differentiation of pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells. Experimental and clinical data suggest that a stem cell compartment which is reduced in size may compensate its output by adaptation of kinetics for a limited period of time; this could explain the well‐known time lag between exposure to potentially harmful drugs or viruses and manifestation of aplastic anaemia. Humoral regulating factors, as far as have been examined, show normal reactivity. A primary alteration of bone marrow stroma is less likely. However, the basic mechanism of aplastic anaemia may be heterogenous and some cases may be due to alteration in the micro‐environment of haemopoietic cells. In many, and maybe in all cases, haemopoietic insufficiency is induced by external factors on the basis of individual hypersensitivity. Chemical, physical and viral factors are known. Direct toxicity of these factors on stem cells is more likely than mediation through immune mechanisms.
Two new species of Paradeontacylix McIntosh, 1934 (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae) from the vascular system of a cultured marine fish, Seriola purpurascens

Descriptions and identifications are given of two new blood flukes from the vascular system of a marine fish, Seriola purpurascens, cultured intensively on a Pacific coast of Shikoku Island, Japan. The two trematodes belong to the genus Paradeontacylix (Sanguinicolidae). P.grandispinus sp. nov., about 2.0-3.3 mm in body length, resembles P. sanguinicoloides MCINTOSH, 1934 in general morphology, but can be separated from it in the shape of the spines at the posterior end of body and in the number of testes. P. kampachi sp. nov., about 4.7-8.1 mm long, is most similar to P.odhneri (LAYMAN, 1930), but different from it in the relative position of ovary.
Filling in the Gaps – Validation and Integration of Airborne EM Data with Surface and Subsurface Observations for Catchment Management – an Example from Bendigo, Victoria, Australia

An airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey was flown with the TEMPEST AEM System over the Kamarooka study area north of Bendigo. Conductivity values derived from AEM measurements were compared with borehole conductivity values obtained with an EM39 induction probe, indicating an approximately 1:1 relationship between the two quantities when taking into account the vertical (several metres) and horizontal (100 m) resolution of the AEM values. The thickness of Tertiary and Quaternary cover overlying Paleozoic basement was mapped by resolving the transition from moderately conductive cover to resistive basement. Palaeodrainage lines were mapped in the lower parts of the survey area using the topography of this interface, and in the upper portions of these buried valleys by tracing low amplitude magnetic trends associated with the valley infill material. The lateral extent and depth to a shallow (0 to 15 m), highly conductive layer was mapped. This layer was interpreted to correspond to high salt concentrations at the groundwater table. Areas where this layer intersects the land surface correlate with mapped areas of saline discharge. The conductivity values derived from TEMPEST AEM data provided a regularly sampled 3D framework into which surface observations and sparsely distributed sub-surface observations were incorporated as part of an ongoing integrated hydrogeological investigation.
LANDSCAPE FRAGMENTATION AND FOREST COMPOSITION EFFECTS ON GROUSE BREEDING SUCCESS IN BOREAL FORESTS

We examined the breeding success of forest grouse in relation to anthropogenic forest fragmentation in Finland. Employing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and grouse data derived from Finnish wildlife triangle censuses conducted during 1989–1994, we combined the locations of 2267 Black Grouse (Tetrao tetrix) and 1060 Capercaillie (T. urogallus) females after the breeding season in mid-August with landscape data. The indicators of breeding success were the proportion of grouse hens with a brood and brood size. Two study areas (each 45 000 km2) in the boreal zone were selected for investigation. The breeding success of grouse was negatively correlated with both fragmentation of forest area per se by farmland and the decreasing proportion of older forest as a result of clear-cutting. The extent of landscape accounting best for variation in nesting success was an order of magnitude larger (∼100 km2) than the area most probably used by a grouse female and her brood during the summer, which suggests that la.
Physical Factors and Their Influence on the Mussel Fauna of a Main Channel Border Habitat of the Upper Mississippi River

The habitats of mussel species in a portion of the main stem of Navigation Pool 10 of the upper Mississippi River were examined. Population composition, abundance, and sediment and current preferences were measured at 186 sites in the East Channel of the pool. Although total mussel abundance varied significantly as a function of sediment and current (p ≤ 0.05), abundance could be predicted in only 44% of sites by discriminant analysis models. Accurate prediction of abundance for most species also was poor. Species showed little discrimination in choosing main channel habitats, but could be broadly classified into species preferring fine to medium-fine sands (e.g., Truncilla truncata and Potamilus alatus) or coarser sands (e.g., Lampsilis cardium and Truncilla donaciformis). The endangered Lampsilis higginsi was found in a broad range of habitats similar to those occupied by many of the more common species, suggesting factors other than loss of adult habitat for the rarity of this species.