Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
False negative findings in intraoperative SEP monitoring: analysis of 658 consecutive neurosurgical cases and review of published reports

Objectives: To determine the sensitivity of intraoperative monitoring in neurosurgical operations using somatosensory evoked potentials and to identify reasons for false negative findings and possible settings with an increased risk for monitoring failure. Methods: SEP monitoring of 658 neurosurgical operations was analysed. The target of monitoring was the function of a hemisphere in 251 cases, the brain stem in 198 cases, and the spinal cord in 209 cases. Results: In 27 cases (4.1%), monitoring was classified as false negative. Further analysis showed that five of these patients had experienced delayed neurological damage. Among the remaining 22 false negative cases, 14 had a minor neurological deficit and eight had severe neurological damage. Overall sensitivity and negative predictive value of SEP monitoring was 79% and 96%, respectively. For the detection of severe neurological damage the corresponding figures were 91% and 98%. Sensitivity of monitoring varied depending on the target of monitoring and the type of lesion. Monitoring was less likely to detect neurological damage in surgery for infratentorial tumours with brain stem compression, small lesions of the motor cortex, and small vessel damage during aneurysm surgery. Conclusions: SEP monitoring has acceptable sensitivity for detecting neurological damage during different neurosurgical procedures. Distinct settings with an increased risk of monitoring failure can be identified. In these cases measures to enhance the sensitivity of monitoring should be considered.
Metric studies of information: An Approach towards a Practical Teaching Method

This paper addresses the validity, from the educational standpoint, of a methodological proposal for teaching bibliometrics as a part of the library and information science curriculum. The emphasis in this approach is on the use of readily available software, modularly integrated to facilitate full automation of the data gathering and analysis processes, as well as to obtain indicators. This methodology has been in place since 1996 as part of the curricula for the associate degree in Library and Information Science and the bachelor’s degree in Documentation awarded by the Carlos III University of Madrid.
Semantic representation in the cerebral cortex with sparse coding

In this study, we investigate whether sparse coding helps explain the semantic representation in human cerebral cortex. We show this by using sparse coding to model semantic representation in the cerebral cortex. We propose three methods for estimating semantic representation from brain activity data. For estimating a new semantic representation, in the first method, we use only a semantic representation dictionary obtained via sparse coding. The semantic representation estimated using this method is more similar to the actual semantic representation of the cerebral cortex than that estimated without sparse coding. In the second method, we use only a brain activity dictionary obtained via sparse coding. The semantic representation estimated using this method is also better than that estimated without sparse coding. In addition, in the third method, we estimate semantic representation by applying sparse coding to both semantic representation and brain activity data. The semantic representation estimated by using this third method is better than that estimated by the first or second methods. Through the above three experiments, we have confirmed that sparse coding helps explain the semantic representation in human cerebral cortex.
Lisa filled water into the cup: The roles of entrenchment, pre-emption and verb semantics in German speakers’ L2 acquisition of English locatives

A central challenge for learners of English is discovering verbs’ argument structure privileges; for example which verbs may appear in the figure-locative but not the ground locative construction (e.g. Lisa poured water into the cup/ *Lisa poured the cup with water), which show the opposite pattern (e.g. *Lisa filled water into the cup/ Lisa filled the cup with water), and which may appear in both (e.g. Lisa sprayed water onto the flowers/ Lisa sprayed the flowers with water). This study investigated how adult L1 German learners of L2 English acquire these restrictions, in the face of potential transfer effects from a similar - but subtly different - pattern in the L1. The study took the form of a replication of a previous grammaticality judgment study conducted with native-speaking adults. The findings provide some evidence that, like L1 learners, advanced L2 leaners use the fit between verb and construction semantics to acquire verbs’ argument structure restrictions. Unlike L1 learners, how-ever, they did not display any evidence of spontaneously using surface-based “inference-from-absence” processes such as entrenchment and pre-emption. We end by offering some potential learning and teaching strategies for L2 learners of English.
Standardized task strain and system response times in human-computer interaction.

Involuntary delays in human-computer interaction, for example, system response times (SRTs) can increase stress. In the present study, 40 college-age subjects were randomly divided into an 'incentive' and a 'non-incentive' group'. Subjects performed a computer task with SRTs of 0.5, 1.5, and 4.5s. Physiological, subjective, and performance data were collected during the task. The computer task was designed to individually set difficulty level (i.e., mental strain), thus standardizing the task for all subjects. By using this procedure, changes resulting from SRT duration can be separated from the effects related to task difficulty. The results indicate that both short and long SRTs produced differential psychophysiological changes consistent with different types of stress responses. Short SRTs resulted in higher autonomic and somatic activity, increased positive self-reported emotional states but poorer performance. Long SRTs resulted in increased electrodermal activity, negative self-reported emotional states and better performance.
Compatibility of H9N2 avian influenza surface genes and 2009 pandemic H1N1 internal genes for transmission in the ferret model

In 2009, a novel H1N1 influenza (pH1N1) virus caused the first influenza pandemic in 40 y. The virus was identified as a triple reassortant between avian, swine, and human influenza viruses, highlighting the importance of reassortment in the generation of viruses with pandemic potential. Previously, we showed that a reassortant virus composed of wild-type avian H9N2 surface genes in a seasonal human H3N2 backbone could gain efficient respiratory droplet transmission in the ferret model. Here we determine the ability of the H9N2 surface genes in the context of the internal genes of a pH1N1 virus to efficiently transmit via respiratory droplets in ferrets. We generated reassorted viruses carrying the HA gene alone or in combination with the NA gene of a prototypical H9N2 virus in the background of a pH1N1 virus. Four reassortant viruses were generated, with three of them showing efficient respiratory droplet transmission. Differences in replication efficiency were observed for these viruses; however, the results clearly indicate that H9N2 avian influenza viruses and pH1N1 viruses, both of which have occasionally infected pigs, have the potential to reassort and generate novel viruses with respiratory transmission potential in mammals.
Las recientes orientaciones de la investigación sobre la historia del Brasil urbano.Elementos para un balance (1990-2003)

Este articulo se propone hacer un balance de las investigaciones emprendidas desde el principio de los anos noventa, en Brasil como en Europa y Norteamerica, en torno a la historia del Brasil urbano. A partir de una recopilacion (no exhaustiva) de 207 referencias, esta investigacion destaca varios aspectos: 1. la historia del Brasil urbano es un campo de estudio compartido entre varias disciplinas (historia, urbanismo, arquitectura, antropologia y geografia). Concierne esencialmente al Brasil, los Estados Unidos, Francia y Portugal. 2. Esta division se basa en especificidades tematicas consustanciales a cada pais. Una de las calidades de este campo es que es muy receptivo a los incentivos internacionales que resultan de los programas de investigacion en cooperacion. 3. Este campo de estudio se caracteriza por un profundo desequilibrio entre los trabajos referentes al periodo colonial y los del periodo contemporaneo. Trata tanto de la forma de la ciudad industrial como de las implicaciones politicas, sociales y culturales de su aparicion (una cuarta parte de los trabajos se refiere al periodo 1880- 1930). 4. Este campo se estructuro inicialmente como una ‘escuela de vida’, para definir genesis o sacar lecciones del pasado. El estudio de la recopilacion reunida desde los anos noventa indica, al contrario, que se impuso una practica clasica de la historia urbana haciendo cuidado de cruzar las dimensiones espaciales y societales. Es indudablemente lo que hace la especificidad de esta experiencia.
Advances in pharmacotherapy for hyperphosphatemia in renal disease

Introduction: Hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered as an independent risk factor for surrogate clinical end points like vascular calcification (VC) and bone disease, or hard clinical outcomes like cardiovascular events. Various treatment options are available for phosphate removal or reduction. Calcium-based phosphate binders (CBB) with their possible positive calcium balance became culprits for progressive VC and increased mortality risk. Non-calcium-based binders (NCBB) treatment allowed a comparable control of hyperphosphatemia with a lower risk of hypercalcemia and a slower progression of VC. Recent data have shown a 22% risk reduction in all-cause mortality with NCBB compared to CBB treatment. The appropriate timing of phosphate binder initiation in CKD patients is still unclear. Recent reports in patients with CKD stages 3b-4 showed increased VC progression when actively treated compared to placebo and a positive calcium, but no negative phosphate balance. Areas covered: This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the pharmacological options to treat hyperphosphatemia. Expert opinion: The use of phosphate binders is essential in preventing morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients. The choice of phosphate binder takes into account CKD stage, the presence of other components of CKD-mineral and bone disorders, concomitant therapies and drug side-effect profile.
On the molecular basis of the recognition of angiotensin II (AII). NMR structure of AII in solution compared with the X-ray structure of AII bound to the mAb Fab131.

The high-resolution 3D structure of the octapeptide hormone angiotensin II (AII) in aqueous solution has been obtained by simulated annealing calculations, using high-resolution NMR-derived restraints. After final refinement in explicit water, a family of 13 structures was obtained with a backbone RMSD of 0.73 +/- 0.23 A. AII adopts a fairly compact folded structure, with its C-terminus and N-terminus approaching to within approximately 7.2 A of each other. The side chains of Arg2, Tyr4, Ile5 and His6 are oriented on one side of a plane defined by the peptide backbone, and the Val3 and Pro7 are pointing in opposite directions. The stabilization of the folded conformation can be explained by the stacking of the Val3 side chain with the Pro7 ring and by a hydrophobic cluster formed by the Tyr4, Ile5 and His6 side chains. Comparison between the NMR-derived structure of AII in aqueous solution and the refined crystal structure of the complex of AII with a high-affinity mAb (Fab131) [Garcia, K.C. , Ronco, P.M. , Verroust, P.J., Brunger, A.T. , Amzel, L.M. (1992) Science257, 502-507] provides important quantitative information on two common structural features: (a) a U-shaped structure of the Tyr4-Ile5-His6-Pro7 sequence, which is the most immunogenic epitope of the peptide, with the Asp1 side chain oriented towards the interior of the turn approaching the C-terminus; (b) an Asx-turn-like motif with the side chain aspartate carboxyl group hydrogen-bonded to the main chain NH group of Arg2. It can be concluded that small rearrangements of the epitope 4-7 in the solution structure of AII are required by a mean value of 0.76 +/- 0.03 A for structure alignment and approximately 1.27 +/- 0.02 A for sequence alignment with the X-ray structure of AII bound to the mAb Fab131. These data are interpreted in terms of a biological "nucleus" conformation of the hormone in solution, which requires a limited number of structural rearrangements for receptor-antigen recognition and binding.
Improved biocatalyst effectiveness by controlled immobilization of enzymes

Nonuniform enzyme distributions can be obtained by kinetic control of the immobilization process. Such heterogeneous biocatalysts exhibit higher effectiveness compared to conventional immobilization procedures, when the mass transfer of substrates or products is limiting. Model calculations provide some insight into the relative weight of the immobilization parameters with respect to optimal control of the enzyme distribution. Experimental results and model calculations show that considerably improved effectiveness of biocatalysts can be obtained. The role of external mass transfer is emphasized.
Improved detection of enhancing and nonenhancing lesions of multiple sclerosis with magnetization transfer.

PURPOSE To determine whether magnetization transfer imaging can improve visibility of contrast enhancement of multiple sclerosis plaques. METHODS Fifty-nine enhancing and 63 nonenhancing lesions in 10 patients with multiple sclerosis were evaluated to calculate contrast-to-noise ratios on conventional T1-weighted and T1-weighted magnetization transfer images. The signal intensity of the lesion and the background (white matter) were measured on precontrast T1-weighted and T1-weighted magnetization transfer images (800/20/1 [repetition time/echo time/excitations]) and on postcontrast T1-weighted and T1-weighted magnetization transfer images. Mean contrast-to-noise ratios was calculated for all lesions. RESULTS The contrast-to-noise ratio was significantly higher for enhancing and nonenhancing lesions on T1-weighted magnetization transfer images than on conventional T1-weighted images. For enhancing lesions, the contrast-to-noise ratio was significantly higher on postcontrast T1-weighted magnetization transfer images, 32 +/- 2 compared with 21 +/- 2 on conventional T1-weighted images. Fifty of the 59 enhancing lesions were seen on both the T1-weighted and the T1-weighted magnetization transfer images. Nine enhancing lesions were seen only on the postcontrast T1-weighted magnetization transfer images. In addition, of 63 nonenhancing lesions seen on proton-density, T2-weighted, and T1-weighted magnetization transfer images, 16 were not seen on the conventional T1-weighted images. Seven of the 63 nonenhancing lesions and 7 of the 59 enhancing lesions had high signal intensity on the precontrast T1-weighted magnetization transfer images suggestive of lipid signal, a finding not seen on the conventional precontrast T1-weighted images. CONCLUSION Magnetization transfer improves the visibility of enhancing multiple sclerosis lesions, because they have a higher contrast-to-noise ratio than conventional postcontrast T1-weighted images. High signal intensity on both nonenhancing and enhancing lesions noted only on precontrast T1-weighted magnetization transfer suggests a lipid signal was unmasked. If magnetization transfer is used in multiple sclerosis patients, a precontrast magnetization transfer image is necessary.
A review of pharmacological treatments used in experimental models of traumatic brain injury

Primary objective: We provide a review of recent chronic and delayed rehabilitative pharmacological treatments examined in experimental models of traumatic brain injury. There is a specific emphasis on studies aiming to enhance cognitive recovery. Main outcomes and results: Decreased neuronal activity is believed to contribute to persistent cognitive disabilities. Neurotransmitter based rehabilitative treatments that increase neuronal activity may assist in the recovery of cognitive function. However, timing and dosage of drug treatment are influential in cognitive enhancement. Drug treatments that affect single and multiple neurotransmitter systems have the ability to significantly influence recovery of function following brain injury. Conclusions: Understanding the relationship between neural disturbances and functional deficits following brain injury is challenging. Cognitive impairment may be the result of a single event or multiple events that occur after the initial insult. Increasing neuronal activity during the chronic phase of injury seems to be an effective treatment strategy for facilitating cognitive recovery. Pharmacological agents do not necessarily display the same effects in an injured brain as in a non-injured brain. Thus, further research is needed to establish the effectiveness of rehabilitative drug treatments.
Effect of Unilateral Decortication on Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in the Nucleus Basalis and Other Areas of the Rat Brain

Abstract: Acetyl‐coenzyme A: choline O‐acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) (ChAT) enzyme activity was measured in the nucleus basalis and other microscopically identified brain areas at various times after unilateral cortical lesions were made in the rat. Initially, a significant decrease in ChAT activity was detected in the nucleus basalis ipsilateral to the lesion. However, after 120 days ChAT activity had apparently recovered, as levels of the enzyme at that time were not significantly different from control values. No changes in ChAT activity could be detected in any of the other brain areas similarly studied. The significance of these findings and their relationship to the morphological changes seen in neurones of the nucleus basalis after cortical lesions are discussed.
ssSNPTarget: genome‐wide splice‐site single nucleotide polymorphism database

Deep sequencing has shown that over 90% of human genes undergo alternative splicing. The splicing process requires exon‐intron boundary recognition. SNPs located in the boundaries (splice sites) influence exon configuration. Also, splice site SNPs (ssSNPs) alter translation efficiency of the mRNA and lead to important changes in disease susceptibility. We developed the ssSNPTarget database to provide ssSNPs on human and mouse genes. It includes: 1) ssSNP distribution information in human and mouse genes; 2) effects of SNPs in splice sites: junction strength change, protein domain change, and alternative splicing events (exon skipping, 5′‐ or 3′‐exon extension); 3) splice site conservation in eukaryotes; and 4) associated disease information derived from OMIM, GAD, and HGMD. ssSNPTarget contains 1,576 human ssSNPs associated with 1,193 genes and 538 mouse ssSNPs associated with 281 genes. Users can query ssSNPTarget with several types of search terms (gene symbol, SNP rs number, transcript ID, or genomic position), and the information can be accessed at http://variome.kobic. re.kr/ssSNPTarget/ or http://ssSNPTarget.org. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Redes neurais: uma aplicação na previsão de vendas

Aplicou-se os modelos ARIMA e de retropropagacao na analise do comportamento da serie de vendas de uma empresa de porte medio de Santa Maria, no periodo de janeiro de 1979 a dezembro de 1989. Inicialmente, avaliou-se os dados a partir de uma analise exploratoria e das funcoes de autocorrelacao e de autocorrelacao parcial, com o objetivo de verificar a existencia de componentes sazonais, de nao estacionaridade e alcatoriedade dos dados. O numero de unidades da camada intermediaria foi determinado por tentativas. Utilizou-se a analise da serie residual para determinar o modelo mais adequado aos dados, bem como para escolher a melhor rede. A previsao pontual obtida atraves da rede Neural foi superior ao modelo ARIMA de Box-Jenkins
Disruption of Hippocampal Neuregulin 1–ErbB4 Signaling Contributes to the Hippocampus-dependent Cognitive Impairment Induced by Isoflurane in Aged Mice

Background:A prolonged isoflurane exposure may lead to cognitive decline in rodents. Neuregulin 1 (NRG1)–ErbB4 signaling plays a key role in the modulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity through regulating the neurotransmission. The authors hypothesized that hippocampal NRG1–ErbB4 signaling is involved in isoflurane-induced cognitive impairments in aged mice. Methods:Fourteen-month-old C57BL/6 mice were randomized to receive 100% O2 exposure, vehicle injection after 100% O2 exposure, vehicle injection after exposure to isoflurane carried by 100% O2, NRG1-&bgr;1 injection after exposure to isoflurane carried by 100% O2, and NRG1-&bgr;1 and an ErbB4 inhibitor AG1478 injection after exposure to isoflurane carried by 100% O2. Fear conditioning test was used to assess the cognitive function of mice 48-h postexposure. The brain tissues were harvested 48-h postexposure to determine the levels of NRG1, ErbB4, p-ErbB4, parvalbumin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 in the hippocampus using Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescence. Results:The percentage of freezing time to context was decreased from 50.28 ± 11.53% to 30.82 ± 10.00%, and the hippocampal levels of NRG1, p-ErbB4/ErbB4, parvalbumin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 were decreased from 172.79 ± 20.85 ng/g, 69.15 ± 12.20%, 101.68 ± 11.21%, and 104.71 ± 6.85% to 112.92 ± 16.65 ng/g, 42.26 ± 9.71%, 75.89 ± 10.26%, and 73.87 ± 16.89%, respectively, after isoflurane exposure. NRG1-&bgr;1 attenuated the isoflurane-induced hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairment and the declines in the hippocampal NRG1, p-ErbB4/ErbB4, parvalbumin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67. AG1478 inhibited the rescuing effects of NRG1-&bgr;1. Conclusion:Disruption of NRG1–ErbB4 signaling in the parvalbumin-positive interneurons might, at least partially, contribute to the isoflurane-induced hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairment after exposure to isoflurane carried by 100% O2 in aged mice.
Part of the Solution

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