Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intake, digestibility and rumen characteristics of sheep given grass fertilized with phosphorus

Pangola grass (Digitauia decumbens) was grown on an infertile sand and fertilized with low and high levels of phosphorus (P) and adequate levels of other nutrients. Regrowths were cut at 8, 11, 13 and 14 weeks, dried and fed to sheep to measure their voluntary intake and digestibility with and without a P supplement. Retention time of feed in the reticulo-rumen was determined by a total emptying procedure using rumen-fistulated sheep. Fertilizer P increased mean P levels in the grass from 0.16 to 0.26%, but had no significant effect on other elements and carbohydrate fractions. P fertilizer had no significant effect on the intake and digestibility of the dry and organic matter of the unsupplemented grass. However, when the P-fertilized grass was supplemented with P, intake was depressed. This adverse effect on voluntary intake may be attributed to a narrowing of the Ca : P ratio, which was associated with an increase in the time grass was retained in the reticulorumen.
Bold Tail Coloration Protects Tadpoles from Dragonfly Strikes

Abstract Some amphibian larvae develop brightly colored or black tail fins when reared in ponds with predaceous insects. The conspicuous tail has been proposed to lure predator strikes toward the tail and away from the more vulnerable head/body region. We tested this hypothesis by presenting model tadpoles that differed only in coloration to Aeshna dragonfly larvae. The models had either a dark body and pale tail, a dark spot in the middle of the tail, or a dark spot near the tip of the tail. Almost all models with plain tails were struck on the head/body, whereas those with dark spots in the tail were struck significantly more often on the tail. Because living tadpoles survive better when attacked on the tail than on the head, our results show that tail coloration can protect tadpoles from predators at close range.
Seed Treatment of Barley with Idriella bolleyi causes Systemically Enhanced Defence against Root and Leaf Infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana

Inoculation of barley seed with the saprophytic fungus Idriella bolleyi caused systemically improved resistance on both leaves and roots of young plants to subsequent infection with the necrotrophic fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana . Lesion sizes were reduced by up to 50% as a result of the seed treatment. Seed and root inoculation with I. bolleyi induced biochemical defence responses in the plants as shown by slight accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, but the accumulation was not as great as when the roots were inoculated with B. sorokinina . Conidia of I. bolleyi applied to seed survived well during storage, with no significant reduction in colony forming units (CFUs) occurring at 15°C after 2 months. However, storage at 28°C decreased the viability of the applied conidia. The fungus colonized the seed and roots during field conditions as indicated by high numbers of CFUs. Two months after sowing, frequencies of I. bolleyi were higher on plants treated with the fungus than on control plants where colonization occurred naturally from field soil. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to earlier reports of biological control of cereal root diseases by I. bolleyi and induced resistance.
Behavioral ecology of killer whales (Orcinus orca), in the Pacific Northwest

Killer whales (Orcinus orca) were found to use different physiographic regions of their habitat in unique ways. Resident whales fed more in areas of high relief subsurface topography along salmon migratory routes, and may use these geographic features to increase feeding efficiency. Transient whales fed in shallow protected areas around concentrations of their prey, harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Whales traveled across deep, featureless areas in moving from one feeding area to another. Whales rested depending on the previous sequence of behaviors and played in open water areas or adjacent to feeding areas. The location of food resources and habitats suitable for prey capture appears to be the prime determining factor in the behavioral ecology of these whales. These patterns of behavior most likely represent cultural mechanisms that have been learned through trial and error experiences leading to successful foraging strategies.
Pain, Anxiety- and Depression-Like Behaviors in Alcohol-Preferring and -NonPreferring Rats

Introduction: Psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, hyperalgesia, and depression have been associated with excessive alcohol drinking, but the neuronal mechanisms involved are only partially understood. Alcoholism more often occurs in individuals with a family history, indicating that genes may play a critical role. Chronic alcohol exposure alters calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) signaling in the lateral habenula (LHb), and the LHb is implicated in mediating aversive behaviors, including those related to alcohol. We compared the CaMKII signaling in the LHb and the aberrant behaviors in the selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) and alcohol-non-preferring (NP) lines of rats. Materials and Methods: The responses to mechanical (Von Frey) and thermal (Hargreaves) nociception tests, anxiety- (elevated plus maze, Marble burying) and depressive-like behaviors (forced swimming) were examined in the alcohol-naive P and NP rats, as well as in P rats after 4-8 weeks of alcohol consumption; their LHb tissues were also collected for Western blot analysis of CaMKII expression. Results: Compared to NP rats, the P rats had a higher sensitivity to mechanical stimuli, and displayed depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, as well as a higher level of CaMKII in the LHb. Alcohol consumption alleviated all these behaviors, except for anxiety, and decreased CaMKII levels in the LHb of P rats. Conclusions: The results show that selective breeding for different oral alcohol preference has produced differences in nociception, anxiety, and depression, as well as CaMKII expression in the LHb of P and NP rats. P rats may deal with pain and depression by self-medicating with alcohol.
Apports en DHA (acide gras oméga-3) par les poissons et les fruits de mer consommés en France

This present work measures the contributions of seafood (finfish and shellfish, wild and farmed) to the intakes of DHA in France, year 2005, and consequently to the French recommended daily intakes (RDA) of DHA. For this purpose, we measured the concentrations of DHA in each individual seafood by analysis of many published data. We also determined the exact consumption of the main products of seafood (fishing and farming) in France (year 2005) using the modified method of the dietary intake measurement defined by the FAO.For year 2005, the 34 species of finfish and shellfish whose DHA contents are known account for 150% of the RDA of this omega-3 fatty acid. Taking all the species individually and extrapolating to include those whose DHA contents are not known, gives 156% of the RDA. The 10 greatest contributors to the DHA intake in the present diet are: salmon (47.6 mg/day/person), sardine (28.4), tuna (20.5, mackerel (15.7), herring (12.4), Alaskan pollock (8.9), cod (6.9), trout (6.5), hake (4.7), saithe (4.6). The 5 species of oily fish (salmon, sardine, tuna, mackerel and herring) provide 63% of the DHA intake, and thus approx 95% of the French RDA.Besides DHA, seafood contains low amounts of ALA, but it can very high in farmed fish fed on rapeseed or linseed products.Omega-3 fatty acids (including EPA and DHA) have an important role in human diet, both for prevention and the therapy of different pathologies. Data from many epidemiological studies has shown an inverse association between fish consumption, generally oily fish, and reductions in certain diseases. Although number of people do not lack dietary DHA, others, mainly pregnant women and nursing mothers and those people whose life styles or socio-economic positions restrict their seafood intakes, would benefit greatly from an increased intake of this omega-3 fatty acid.
Characteristics of the Prolonged El Niño Events During 1960–2020

Most El Niño events decayed rapidly after boreal winter, while some events prolonged and grew again in the second year, accounting for 5 out of the 17 episodes during 1960–2020. In their development stages, warm water volume (WWV) anomalies were comparable to the other events, but the growth of sea surface temperature (SST) and westerly anomalies and the discharge of WWV were delayed by about a season. The weak but warm SST anomaly in Eastern Pacific persisted into next year, intensified again via Bjerknes feedback, and decayed after the second boreal winter. In June–October of 1968, 1986, 2014, and 2018, a strengthened cross‐hemisphere SST gradient appeared in Eastern Pacific, induced anomalous southerly at the equator, and disrupted the zonal positive feedback. The intensity of this meridional mode is independent of the El Niño state and is weaker in late 1990s to early 2010s than in other decades.
Effect of cutting management, seeding rates and sowing method on seed yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

A Two years field study conducted at the Agronomic Research Station, University of Agriculture Faisalabad (Pakistan) to explore the impact of cutting management, seed rates and sowing technique on seed yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The treatments comprised of three last cutting dates were 19 February 5 March and 19 March, three seeding rates were 10, 15 and 20 kg ha and four sowing method i.e. line sowing in 30 , 45, 60 cm apart rows and broadcast, respectively. Earliest Last cutting (19 February) exhibited significantly higher number of raceme plant, 1000 seed weight, number of pods raceme and final seed yield. Seed rate of 10 kg ha had a significant impact on numbers of raceme m, pods raceme, seeds pod and final seed yield for both years. Sowing method of using 60 cm had significant effects on raceme m, pods raceme, seeds pod, 1000 seed wt. and final seed yield in both years. It can be concluded that alfalfa forage crop left on 19 February with 10 kg ha and 60 cm produced clearly higher seed yield.
¿Cómo marca el patrocinio de un evento deportivo de alta implicación a la marca patrocinadora? Aplicación al caso de instituciones públicas

espanolEste estudio analiza la notoriedad, el recuerdo, la vinculacion entre la marca y el evento patrocinado, la implicacion en el evento, el valor y la reputacion de una marca institucional y su percepcion entre asistentes del ambito territorial de esa institucion, aprovechando la celebracion del Maraton Valencia Trinidad Alfonso. Mediante la obtencion de una muestra aleatoria de 507 asistentes –corredores y espectadores-, los resultados demuestran la importancia del proceso de transferencia entre las percepciones de la actividad patrocinada y una marca institucional y como el tipo de participacion en el evento, genero y exposicion al mismo determinan respuestas diferentes. De las conclusiones es posible extraer una serie de consideraciones de interes para los gestores de marcas en el ambito publico de cara, al planteamiento de estrategias de comunicacion efectivas que logren el posicionamiento deseado ante uno de sus principales grupos de interes: los ciudadanos residentes en el territorio de esa marca institucional. El estudio sobre el patrocinio en el ambito deportivo se centra generalmente en el contexto empresarial y lucrativo, asi como unicamente en los participantes; la investigacion presentada aporta valor al analizar las percepciones desde la heterogeneidad de los publicos y en un ambito publico. EnglishThe study examines brand awareness, recall and bonding between the brand and the sponsored event, event involvement, value and the reputation of the institutional brand, as well as the perception among local attendees, using the Trinidad Alfonso Marathon celebrated in Valencia (Spain). A sample of 507 attendees (runners and viewers) was obtained and the results showed the relevance of the transfer of the perceptions of the sponsored activity to the institutional brand. Also, it was found that the type of event participation, the gender and the exposure determine different responses. The findings reveal a series of implications for brand managers in the public administration domain regarding the design of effective communication strategies aiming at building the desired positioning to one of the most relevant stakeholder groups: the residents in the territory which the institutional brand represents. Existing literature on sponsorship of participant sport-based events has generally focused on private brands and only with the perception of participants; the present research provides value by analysing perceptions from the heterogeneity of the public and in a public sphere.
Metapopulation consequences of site fidelity for colonially breeding mammals and birds

Summary 1. Many far-ranging bird and mammal species aggregate in colonies to breed, and most individuals remain faithful to one colony. Here, we use modelling to explore the consequences of this site fidelity for the metapopulation dynamics of such species. 2. We develop a spatially explicit model of the annual transfer process between colonies. We apply it to different spatial arrangements of 20 identical colonies and thus demonstrate that connectivity alone can, in the short term, give rise to heterogeneity in colony size. 3. We place the annual transfer model within a state-structured population model and examine the consequences of local and global density dependence for long-term dynamics. For each scenario, we investigate the implications of the strength of site fidelity, the cost of migration and the population’s intrinsic growth rate. 4. Our results suggest that, under local density dependence, site fidelity slows down the colonization process and can temporarily trap the entire population in a subset of the available potential colonies. When site fidelity is strong, the metapopulation follows a step-like trajectory. Population growth occurs only rarely because individuals must overcome their site-fidelity to found new colonies. Even though this effect is temporary, it renders the entire metapopulation vulnerable to rare catastrophic collapses. 5. Under global density dependence, site fidelity imposes competition between colonies for the limiting resource. Stochastic events lead to the dominance of certain colonies and the temporary extinction of others. If site fidelity is strong, it can permanently prevent the metapopulation from occupying all available potential colonies. 6. We conclude that, irrespective of the mechanism of population regulation, colonially breeding species that show strong site fidelity are likely to occupy only a portion of the breeding habitat available to them.
Crescimento e mortalidade de Brycon opalinus (Characiformes, Characidae) no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Mata Atlântica, Estado de São Paulo

Gomiero, L.M. , Carmassi, A.L. & Braga, F.M.S. Growth and mortality of Brycon opalinus (Characiformes, Characidae) in Serra do Mar State Park, Atlantic Forest, Sao Paulo State. Biota Neotrop. Jan/Apr 2007 vol. 7, no. 1 http://www.biotaneotropica. org.br/v7n1/pt/abstract? article+bn00207012007 ISSN 1676-0603. Growth and mortality parameters for males and females of Brycon opalinus were estimated from January through December 2004 in rivers of the Serra do Mar State Park - Santa Virginia Unit, State of Sao Paulo. The distributions of the total-length frequency classes were different for males and females. The estimated parameters for males and females were: L∞ (asymptotic maximum length) = 29.8 and 37.7 cm; k (growth coefficient) = 0.54 and 0.56 year -1 ; C (growth oscillation) = 0.3; Wp (winter point) = 0.7; M (natural mortality coefficient) = 0.97 and 0.93 year -1 ; four to five cohorts and longevity of 4.58 and 4.53 years, respectively. Growth and mortality of B. opalinus are intimately related to the intrinsic characteristics of the species, as well as to the environmental characteristics of seasonality and availability of food.
Phenotypic Plasticity of Anatomical Structures and Its Ecomorphological Significance

Ecomorphologists have thus far paid little attention to phenotypic plasticity of anatomical structures. In this paper we present four cases of phenotypic plasticity in African cichlids, which we suppose to be adaptive responses to environmental changes. On the basis of these cases we hypothesize that the response of a plastic anatomical structure to an environmental change may be constrained by surrounding structures. Alternatively, the surrounding structures may be affected by a plastic structure which changed as a direct response to environmental alterations. We also analyze the morphological and ecological implications of the potentials of growth retardation and accelaration on the phenotypic plasticity in organisms. The flexibility of the reaction norm of an organism may depend on these potentials of heterochrony.
AGE STRUCTURE AND DISTURBANCE HISTORY OF A SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN VIRGIN FOREST

The frequency and intensity of natural disturbances in a montane old-growth forest of coniferous (Tsuga) and broad-leaved deciduous trees (Liriodendron, Betula, Castanea, Fagus, Acer) were investigated by means of diameter frequency distributions, diameter-age regressions, and anal- ysis of radial growth patterns. The seven species investigated are represented by all-aged populations regardless of the degree of shade tolerance. The age distributions of most species, however, are irregular with several prominent peaks. Apparent coincidence of these peaks among some species suggests a common underlying influence. Radial growth patterns reveal higher than average numbers of abrupt and sustained increases in growth rate in most decades of peak recruitment which, along with other evidence, suggest that disturbance was the principal causal factor. There is evidence for eight partial disturbances in the past 250 yr, each of which generally removed < 10%o of the overstory trees. These fairly light disturbances appear to be sufficient to cause major deviations from the theoretical equilibrium diameter distribution of the forest.
Influence of bio-inoculants on the control of root rot and wilt disease of pyrethrum caused by Rhizoctonia solani

The effect of four bio-inoculants namely, Glomus aggregatum, Streptomyces sp. , Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum and a fungicide, Ridomil-mancozeb was evaluated on the biomass production and control of root rot and wilt disease under glasshouse conditions. Results showed that 21-day- prior inoculation with G. aggregatum was most effective where none of the treated plants produced disease symptoms and interestingly their growth was increased by 39.4%. The colonisation by G. aggregatum (>80%) also increased P concentration in shoot. While, similar treatment with Streptomyces sp. , B. subtilis, T. harzianum and Ridomil-mancozeb individually failed to produce any significant effect over Rhizoctonia solani inoculated control, where all inoculated plant died, prematurely. The simultaneous and 3-day-post treatments of G. aggregatum were non-effective but simultaneous treatment with Streptomyces sp. produced 70% disease control, while B. subtilis and T. harzianum individually provided 50% control. Their effects were either better or at par when compared with the simultaneous treatment of Ridomil-mancozeb. In 3-day-post treatment, Streptomyces, B. subtilis and Ridomil-mancozeb individually provided 50% disease control, whereas T. harzianum was least effective as it could protect only 25% plants against infection. The results reveals that 15 days prior treatment of G. aggregatum can significantly controls the root rot and wilt disease of pyrethrum. Further, treatment of Streptomyces can also serve the next effective post infection control method.
Post-operative of bleeding, haemolysis and coagulation in mechanical circulatory support patients

There are unique complications arising from mechanical support devices but some of the long-term systemic haematological complications are indistinguishable from management problems affecting the care of other patients receiving intermediate to long term care in the cardiac ICU. The field of mechanical cardiac assist device (MCAD) is evolving. Despite major changes in design of these devices the most feared haematological complications have remained unchanged, namely haemolysis, pump thrombosis or thromboembolism. This review article gives an overview over the pathophysiology of MCAD related haematological complications, their management and where possible an outlook on future strategies to prevent such complications. The impact of MCAD on blood is discussed, starting with rheology, common pump mechanisms, current and future pump surface coating materials, anatomical considerations of the connection of the circuit and design of the circuit itself. Moreover, the duration of the cardiovascular support, impact of bleeding complications and other patient factors. This article also covers the impact of long term mechanical cardiac support on the properties of platelets, the anticoagulation strategies and a basic guide to the differential diagnosis of haemolysis is reviewed. The section on anaemia considers anaemia in the wider perioperative setting for patients in critical care having undergone cardiac surgery and also discusses transfusion alternatives.
Syntax-prosody Interface in Perception of Right Dislocation in Mandarin

This article presents a perceptual experiment investigating the relative contributions of two prosodic properties in the perception of right dislocation in Mandarin. In contrast with the impression of pause in Mandarin right dislocation, the experimental results suggest that pause is acceptable in right-dislocated sentences since inserting a pause before the right-dislocated part does not significantly impact acceptability. Additionally, results show that there is an interaction between syntactic structure and prosodic properties. Non-NP right-dislocated sentences are more acceptable than NP counterparts. While pitch compression serves as a significant signal in the perception of NP right dislocated sentences, it does not significantly affect the perception of sentences with non-NPs. The distinction can be attributed to their different roles in the information structure of the main clause.
Extraction of Roof Planes from Different Point Clouds Using RANSAC Algorithm

Solar energy is a renewable energy source directly from sunlight and its production depends on roof characteristics such as roof type and size. In solar potential analysis, the main purpose is to determine the suitable roofs for the placement of solar panels. Hence, roof plane detection plays a crucial role in solar energy assessment. In this study, a detailed comparison was presented between aerial photogrammetry data and LIDAR data for roof plane recognition applying RANSAC (Random Sample Consensus) algorithm. RANSAC algorithm was performed to 3D-point clouds obtained by both LIDAR (Laser Ranging and Detection) and aerial photogrammetric survey. In this regard, solar energy assessment from the results can be applied. It is shown that, the RANSAC algorithm detects building roofs better on the point cloud data acquired from airborne LIDAR regarding completeness within model, since aerial photogrammetric survey provides noisy data in spite of its high-density data. This noise in the source data leads to deformations in roof plane detection. The study area of the project is the campus of Istanbul Technical University. Accuracy information of the roof extraction of three different buildings are presented in tables.