Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental evaluation of the performance of vacuum cooling method for large cooked meat joints

The cooling rate, weight loss and temperature distribution of large cooked meat joints during vacuum cooling are experimentally analyzed. For cooling cooked meat joints with a weight of more than 5 kg from an initial temperature of around 74C to a final temperature of 10C, the experimental results showed that the total cooling time for vacuum cooling was less than 2 h, compared with over 5 h, 7 h and 9 h for water immersion, air blast and slow air cooling, respectively. During vacuum cooling, meat weights had no significant effect on the cooling rate and the maximum temperature point was not always located in the geometrical center of meat body. Vacuum cooling of cooked meat resulted in a higher weight loss, which was as high as about 10-13% of the weight before cooling, in comparison with 6-7% for slow air and air blast cooling. However, the moisture loss of cooked meats during vacuum cooling can be reduced by manipulating the brine injection levels.
Micro Two-Dimensional Thin-Layer Chromatography and Chemometric Analysis of Essential Oils from Selected Mentha Species and Its Application in Herbal Fingerprinting

Micro two-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic systems (micro-2D-TLCs) were optimized using some popular nonaqueous mobile phases on 5 cm × 5 cm silica plates. The optimal 2D TLC systems were chosen based on correlations of RF values vs. mobile phases concentrations performed for 1D separations. Finally plates were developed using the following mobile phases: in the first direction – ethyl acetate/toluene (5/95; v/v) and in the second direction – ethyl acetate/n-heptane (15/85; v/v). Eleven essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation in Deryng apparatus from various mint specimens were separated and then 2D thin-layer chromatograms were densitometrically scanned at the wavelength of 254 nm. Digital images (exported from densitometer software as ASCII files) were processed using ImageJ free software, and then some chemometric parameters were calculated (determination coefficient, congruence coefficient, Euclidean’s distance, Manhattan’s distance, Chebyshev’s distance) and additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to determine the goodness of matching for individual essential oils. The chemometric analysis allows one to identify individual essential oils and the examined plant materials.
Science overlay maps: A new tool for research policy and library management

We present a novel approach to visually locate bodies of research within the sciences, both at each moment of time and dynamically. This article describes how this approach fits with other efforts to locally and globally map scientific outputs. We then show how these science overlay maps help benchmark, explore collaborations, and track temporal changes, using examples of universities, corporations, funding agencies, and research topics. We address conditions of application, with their advantages, downsides and limitations. Overlay maps especially help investigate the increasing number of scientific developments and organisations that do not fit within traditional disciplinary categories. We make these tools accessible to help researchers explore the ongoing socio-cognitive transformation of science and technology systems.
Synthesis and thermal stability of polystyrene and poly(vinyl chloride) coated with polythiophene and modified with Fe2O3 nanoparticles

In this study, polystyrene and poly(vinyl chloride) particles were coated successfully with polythiophene in aqueous media. These nanocomposites were prepared in situ by polymerization of thiophene in the presence of FeCl3 as an oxidant and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) as a surfactant. The effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the characteristics of products such as thermal stability and morphology was investigated. The chemical structure, morphology, and thermal stability of these core‐shell nanocomposites were studied by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. Thermal stability of the nanocomposites was compared and indicated that the thermal stability of polythiophene/polystyrene was better than the polythiophene/poly(vinyl chloride) nanocomposite. Also, the presence of Fe2O3 nanoparticles can drastically increase the thermal stability of polythiophene nanocomposites. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL. 20:212–217, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Dynamical theory for electron scattering from crystal defects and disorder

Dynamical diffraction calculations have been made by use of the periodic-continuation assumption for the diffuse scattering in electron diffraction patterns and for electron microscope images of single split interstitials in gold crystals for thicknesses up to 200 A in order to demonstrate the strong fluctuations of scattering with thickness. The diffuse scattering from distributions of defects in crystals, described in terms of correlation functions, can be written in terms of 'dynamical factors' for each type of individual defect. These dynamical factors multiply the same Fourier transforms of correlation functions as are used in kinematical theory to give the effect of dynamical scattering on the diffraction intensities. Calculations of dynamical factors have been made by multi-slice dynamical diffraction methods for unit changes in atomic scattering factors and for atom displacements in gold and aluminum crystals in [001] orientation for thicknesses up to 100 A. With increasing thickness the dynamical factors show rapidly reducing fluctuations with crystal thickness and become more nearly isotropic except for the effects of Kikuchi bands which are seen to develop.
Kinetic Behavior of Cobalt Nanoparticles Facilitated by Cationic Surfactant

In this report, spectrophotometric, kinetic, and structural analysis has been carried out for the formation of cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) using 4-aminophenol as reducing agent. The localized surface plasmon resonance band (SPR) of cobalt nanoparticles in the UV–vis spectrum is used to determine the rate of formation of cobalt nanoparticles and assess the beginning of the oxidation process. The effect of cobalt nitrate, 4-aminophenol and TTAB concentration was investigated on the growth rate of cobalt nanoparticles. CoNPs were characterized by means of UV–vis, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The data obtained in this work provide valuable information on the rate of reactions at the nanoscale.
Mesoporous Calcium Phosphate Via Post‐Treatment of α‐TCP

α-Tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) macroporous ceramic scaffold was chemically treated with a buffered solution at pH=4. Mesopores were formed in the scaffold after the treatment to result in a remarkable increase in surface area of the scaffold. The increase in the surface area is caused by precipitation of octacalcium phosphate (OCP). Bimodal pore size distribution consisting of mesopores and macropores obtained by the treatment of α-TCP scaffold having higher initial porosity brought about high adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) than monomodal pore size distribution of mesopores. Adsorption of BSA, acidic protein, was suggested to result from crystallographic characters of OCP.
Methane consumption in aerated soils of the temperate zone

Quasi-continuous observations of the methane concentration in aerated soils of the temperate zone are presented. The flux of methane into the soil is calculated from the concentration gradient at the soil surface. Depending on the permeability of methane in soil air at an individual site, yearly mean uptake rates between 0.09 and 1.3 g CH 4 m -2 yr -1 have been observed in temperate forest soils. The methane flux from the atmosphere into the soil shows only a weak seasonality with an about 50% higher uptake rate in the summer than in the winter months. This indicates that the methane flux into the soil is mainly controlled by the transport resistance in the soil rather than by the potential microbial decomposition rate. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1990. 00002.x
Toxicity Reduction and Improvement of Anticancer Activities from Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor by Ultra High Pressure Extracts Process

This study was performed to investigate the reduction of toxicity and improvement of anticancer activities from R. sachalinensis by ultra high pressure extracts process. The cytotoxicity on human kidney cell (HEK293) and human lung cell (HEL299) was showed below 20.4% and 21.6% as compare to normal extracts in adding 1.0 concentration. This showed that toxic materials through ultra high pressure processing is broken or degraded. Because bond such as hydrogen bond, electrostatic bond, Van der waals bond, the hydrophobic bond, can be broken by high pressure. The anticancer activity was also increased in over 7% by high pressure processing in A549, AGS, MCF-7 and Hep3B cells. The result showed that extraction by high pressure have low cytotoxicity and high anticancer activity. So, the high pressure extraction technology can play an important role in eruption of new material with high biological activity.
Molecular beam photoionization study of HgBr2 and HgI2

Photoionization efficiency (PIE) data for HgBr2+ and HgI2+ and their fragment ions have been obtained in the region 600–1350 A using an oven‐type supersonic beam source. The ionization energies (IE) for the X 2Π3/2g states of HgBr2+ and HgI2+ were determined to be 10.560±0.003 and 9.5088±0.0022 eV, respectively. The analyses of the Rydberg series converging to the 2Π1/2g states of HgBr2+ and HgI2+ yield a value of 10.8846±0.0012 eV for the IE of the 2Π1/2g state of HgBr2+ and 10.1953±0.0025 eV for that of HgI2+. The major fragment ions from HgBr2 were identified to be HgBr+, Hg+, Br2+, and Br+ and those from HgI2 were found to be HgI+, I2+, and I+. The measured appearance energies for HgBr+ and HgI+ allow the calculation of the bond dissociation energies for HgBr+ and HgI+ to be 55±2 and 59±1 kcal/mol, respectively. Similar to the observation in the PIE curves for HgCl2+ and its fragment ions, the PIE spectra for HgBr2+, HgI2+, and their fragment ions are dominated by autoionization structures exhibiting.
ON THE DIFFUSION IMPEDANCE AT SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRODES

It is well known that at metal electrodes, mass transport limitations introduce a Warburg impedance in the electrochemical impedance of an electrode process. Semiconductor electrodes, however, react differently from metal electrodes to variations of the applied potential, so that the influence of diffusion on the electrochemical impedance is less straightforward. In this paper, we propose a general approach of this problem, allowing to describe both the metal and semiconductor electrode behavior by using appropriate kinetical models. When discussing the diffusion impedance at ideal semiconductor/electrolyte contacts, distinction must be made between direct capture reactions and direct injection reactions. Whereas the former result in a Randles-like equivalent circuit, no Warburg component is present in the impedance spectrum of the latter if the reverse reaction is negligible. Thus, the electrochemical impedance provides a clear distinction between both reaction types. At nonideal semiconductor/electrolyt.
Determination of average dislocation densities in metals by analysis of digitally processed transmission‐electron microscopy images

This paper describes an effective and simple procedure to derive information about the dislocation density distribution in metals by applying standard techniques of digital image processing on gray scaled microstructure images obtained from transmission‐electron microscopy. In a representative transmission‐electron microscopy image, two local dislocation density values were investigated by classical methods and were used as input parameter for further processing. A correlation between dislocations and image intensities is assumed such that dark areas in microstructural images are seen as a dense concentration of dislocations. Then, the contrast is increased for each transmission‐electron microscopy photography. In the next step, posterization, a gradation of tone, is applied to these images. From this, a pixel weighted average distribution of gray level correlated dislocation densities is obtained as well as an average value for a given set of images. The implementation of the several processing steps is done in Matlab employing graphical user interfaces.
“Clickable” thiol-functionalized nanoporous polymers: from their synthesis to further adsorption of gold nanoparticles and subsequent use as efficient catalytic supports

A straightforward and versatile approach towards thiol-functionalized nanoporous polystyrene frameworks is reported through the selective cleavage of a disulfide bridge at the junction between both blocks of newly synthesized polystyrene-block-poly(D,L-lactide) (PS-b-PLA) diblock copolymer precursors. This methodology requires the synthesis of a disulfide-bearing heterodifunctional initiator that allows for the production of well-defined diblock copolymers by combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of D,L-lactide. After macroscopic orientation of the copolymer precursors through channel die processing and subsequent quantitative degradation of the disulfide bridge via triphenylphosphine-mediated reduction, thiol-functionalized porous polymers are obtained. Further, “click” thiol–ene-mediated functionalization of thiol-coated pore walls within nanoporous frameworks is implemented. More interestingly, adsorption of in situ generated gold nanoparticles and subsequent and unprecedented supported catalytic reduction of a model nitroaromatic compound, i.e. para-nitrophenol, are successfully achieved. Reusability of the hybrid catalyst is also proved over a 5 run-cycle with conversion of nearly 70% within only two hours.
A Novel Energy Efficient Plasma Chemical Process for the Destruction of Volatile Toxic Compounds

Removal of low-concentrations (below several percent) of volatile toxic compounds (VTCs) from contaminated air streams is encountered at DOE waste sites in two instances: (i) Off-gases resulting from air-stripping of contaminated soil and water. (ii) Effluent from the incineration of highly-concentrated combustible hazardous wastes The objective of our research program is to develop a novel plasma chemical process for the destruction of VTC's in low-concentration waste streams.
Biodegradation of Two Aromatic Amines Produced from the Decolorization of Orange II by Zero-Valence Tin

An azo dye, Orange II was decolorized and degraded by two-stage-treatment of chemical reduction by using zero-valence tin and biological oxidation. Zero-valence tin decolorized Orange II under acidic conditions, and produced the two aromatic amines, p-aminobenzene sulphonic acid (ABS) and 1-amino-2-naphthol (1A2N). By the enrichment culture using ABS and/or 1A2N as the sole carbon source, ABS-degrading consortium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa m2 as 1A2N-degrading bacterium were obtained. When the co-culture of P. aeruginosa m2 and ABS-degrading consortium was performed in the decolorized solution of Orange II by tin, the isolated strains exerted their degradation activities against each aromatic amine during the co-culture. The recalcitrant complex which was formed between ABS and 1A2N through auto-oxidation remained during the co-culture time. However, the elimination of the complex and the enhancement of ABS degradation were observed when tin was mixed in the co-culture.
Mild Brønsted acid initiated controlled polymerizations of 2-oxazoline towards one-pot synthesis of novel double-hydrophilic poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-block-poly(sarcosine)

Cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) of 2-oxazolines is initiated with acylation, alkylation, and silylation on the 2-oxazoline nitrogen. A mild acid initiator for CROP of 2-oxazoline has never been reported. Here we demonstrated that a mild Bronsted acid, diphenyl phosphate (DPP), initiated controlled CROP of 2-ethyl-oxazoline (EtOx) towards PEtOx and its diblock copolymers. PEtOx, with Mw ranging from 3000 to 15 000 g mol−1, and narrow dispersities (Đ ≤ 1.13), was successfully produced by feed molar ratios. The kinetics plot showed that the polymerization was in a two stage mode with a marked acceleration in rate at the early stage. Moreover, the propagation during the late stage proceeded quickly (3.73 × 10−4 L mol−1 s−1). NMR investigations supported a cationic nature of the initiation with DPP. Novel double-hydrophilic poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-block-poly(sarcosine) diblock copolymers were synthesized via a one-pot two-step approach.
Osmotic dehydration of fruits in food industrial: a review.

Osmotic dehydration (OD) is an operation used for the partial removal of water from plant tissues by immersion in a hypertonic solution, sugar and/or salt solution, to reduce the moisture content of foods before actual drying process. Research applications of osmotic dehydration to food processing in technology and in component transfer mechanisms are being carried out in several countries. This technique is a partial dehydration process to give the product a quality improvement over the conventional drying process. Osmotic dehydration is affected by several factors such as osmotic agent, solute concentration, temperature, time, size, and shape and tissue compactness of the material, agitation and solution/sample ratio. The osmotic dehydration step can be done before, during or after the conventional drying process to enhance the mass transfer rate or to shorten the duration of drying time the quality of osmotically dehydrated products is better and shrinkage is considerably lower as compared to products from conventional drying processes. This technique helps to conserve the overall energy relative to other drying procedures. In this review, the mechanism of osmotic dehydration is described. In addition, some factors that affect on mass transfer during osmotic dehydration reviewed. The major objective of this paper is to discuss the advantage of osmotic dehydration in terms of energy reduction.
Infrared Spectra of HDO in Water and Ionic Solutions

The infrared spectra of HDO in water and saturated metal halide solutions were investigated to study the interactions between ions and solvent molecules and the nature of hydrogen bonding in aqueous systems.The fundamental and overtone bands of the OH and OD stretching vibrations are shifted to lower frequencies and the bending vibration shifts to higher frequencies as one passes from the gaseous to the liquid state. Similar shifts occur for the metal halide solutions, the magnitudes of which are sensitive to the anion species but relatively independent of the cations. The frequency shifts for ionic solutions increase in the order I‐, Cl‐, F‐, with the shift in ion‐free water about equal to that for Cl‐. The data are analyzed in terms of four probable nearest‐neighbor configurations in these solutions.The vibrational anharmonicity of the OH stretching vibration in solution is nearly independent of the frequency shift and only slightly larger than the gas value. The dependence of frequency shift on the sho.
Evaluation of test conditions during the measurement of coffee stability of instant whole milk powder

Coffee provides a harsh environment for the reconstitution of milk powder with undissolved powder being manifested as undesirable ‘floaters' or ‘sinkers’. A coffee test method was adapted to explore the behaviour of a range of industrial samples of coffee stable and coffee unstable instant whole milk powders, under varying pH, temperature and water hardness. The development and application of a simulation test suggests evidence of some stabilizing contribution by the coffee itself. High surface fat coverage, as determined by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, and high ionic calcium levels were associated with instances of poor coffee stability. The effects of the physicochemical characteristics of the powders on coffee stability appear to predominate when various measures were implemented, such as prior reconstitution of the powder before addition to coffee, increased agitation and use of surface active agents, which succeeded in reducing coffee sediment.
Review and outline of environmental SEM at present

The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) allows the examination of specimens in a gaseous environment. It is based on an integration of efficient differential pumping with a new design of electron optics and detection systems. Backscattered, cathodoluminescence and X‐ray detectors can be designed to fit and to perform optimally in the ESEM. The secondary electron signal can be detected with the gaseous detector device, which is a new multipurpose detector. Insulating, uncoated, wet and generally both treated or untreated specimens can be studied.
Automated System for Collecting Multiple, Sequential Samples from Soil Water Percolation Samplers under Continuous Vacuum

Abstract Manually collecting a series of sequential, discrete water samples from soil water percolation samplers, or similar devices that withdraw water from unsaturated porous media under continuous vacuum, is a logistical challenge, though the resulting collection can provide valuable information on the dynamics present in both laboratory and field studies. This article describes a sequential tension autosampler (STAS) that executes such sampling automatically. The STAS operates on 12 volts direct current (VDC) and can be adapted for laboratory and field applications. A data logger was programmed to operate a series of solenoid valves, which direct soil water collected under tension to seven individual collection bottles. The number of sequential samples, sample period, start time, and between‐sample interval are specified by the user. The operator only need to attend the system periodically to transfer water samples to storage vials and program the next sampling sequence. In a laboratory study, the apparatus successfully collected samples overnight or over several days.
Treatment of parking lot runoff by a tree box filter

ABSTRACT Nonpoint source pollutants were usually transported by stormwater runoff, especially in highly urbanized areas. For this reason, studies on stormwater management have been one of the major focuses of the Ministry of Environment of Korea at present. Application of tree box filter, an example of stormwater best management practice, is highly considered in Korea due to its minimal space requirements, applicability in landscaping and good pollutant-removal efficiency. This study investigated the efficiency of a tree box filter in reducing both the pollutant and volume of stormwater runoff generated from a parking lot. This study also identified the relationship between pollutant and volume reduction and the effects of varying amount of rainfall to the overall volume reduction efficiency of the system. The study proved the capability of the tree box filter in improving stormwater runoff quality that was more efficient in total suspended solids (TSS) and soluble heavy metals discharging only 9 and 30% .