Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Software Patents in Europe: Exploitation Strategies and Infringement Monitoring

Software patents are now relatively widely patentable under the European Patent Convention. However, managing software patents is much more than just acquiring a patent through patent offices. The role of software patents as strategic business tools has significantly increased, and software patents cannot be regarded as mere legal instruments anymore. This has also placed pressure on companies to exploit software patents more effectively in their patent strategies. Even though companies might recognize the strategic importance of software patents in their strategies, they might not be able to exploit their patents in an intended manner, because a major problem with software patents is infringement detection. The analysis of prior academic literature has revealed that there is a need to investigate and to get a deeper understanding of patent exploitation strategies and patent infringement monitoring separately but also of the relationship between these two in the context of software patents under the current European legal framework. This study can be described as interdisciplinary, founded mainly on prior legal and strategic managerial writings. Because this study investigates different legal, strategic and also technological aspects of software patents within the European software industry, in addition to a traditional legal dogmatic approach this thesis also employs approaches which are based on legal sociology and legal informatics in order to carry out the research objective properly. The contributions of this thesis to software patent research are two: first, it increases the knowledge of software patent research by identifying and clarifying some problem areas in the context of software patents, such as the European legal framework regarding reverse-engineering and explains why the nature of software causes problems in infringement detection, and second it identifies and integrates factors from two different disciplines, i.e. strategic management and intellectual property, into the same analysis. Therefore, the contents of this thesis contribute to a better understanding of European software patents by bringing the aspects of exploitation strategies and infringement monitoring together. This thesis concludes that if patent infringement monitoring is ignored or not properly understood, some strategic aspects of the use of software patents are limited or worthless. In addition, it deduces that in some fields there may be no getting around the practical difficulty of detecting infringement, and for several reasons, the software industry appears to be one of these fields. The abstract nature of software, the legal issues regarding collecting and analysing evidence in Europe, and the costs in general set multiple barriers for detecting infringements in the case of software patents and may thus also affect the selection of companies’ patent exploitation strategies.
A Versioning Approach to VM Live Migration

In the context of virtual machines live migration, two strategies called “pre-copy” and “post-copy” have already been presented; but each of these strategies works well only in some circumstances. In this paper, we have a brief presentation of QAVNS and then introduce a new approach which is based on the concept of "informational object", assigning QAVNS-scheme-revision number, and observing the changes. In this approach, the total virtual machine memory is considered as a QAVNS informational object that is constantly changing. In this regard, we have defined some criteria and presented an algorithm by which the hypervisor can detect the current behavior of the virtual machine, and automatically select the virtual machine migration strategy from the two pre-copy and post-copy options. We evaluated the implementation & simulation platforms considering the state of the art available technologies, mostly CloudSim, SimGrid and DartCSim+. Formal analysis shows that applying the proposed scheme and the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the live migration process of virtual machines.
PENGARUH TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN, LAMA USAHA, TINGKAT PENDAPATAN, USIA PENGELOLA, DAN GENDER TERHADAP LITERASI KEUANGAN PELAKU USAHA MIKRO KECIL MENENGAH (UMKM) DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA

This research is a quantitative research aimed to find the level of financial literacy of UMKM in Yogyakarta and the factors that influence it. The sample of this research is UMKM in Yogyakarta as much as 60 respondents. The data was analyzed using multiple linear regression method with SPSS version 24.0. The results of this research show that (1) there is an influence between grade of education towards the financial literacy, (2) there is an influence between the length of business towards the financial literacy, (3) there is an influence between income level towards the financial literacy, (4) there isn’t an influence between the age of managers towards the financial literacy, (5) there is an influence between gender towards the financial literacy, (6) grade of education, length of business, income level, age of managers, and gender were together have an influence on financial literacy.
What the obesity prevention field can learn from the gay marriage movement

In the US, two-thirds of adults and one-third of children continue to be affected by overweight or obesity despite two decades and billions of dollars spent in public health efforts (1). In the past decade, public health has stepped up its call for greater emphasis on environmental and policy interventions, including active designs in urban planning and restrictions on food marketing to children, to incentivize healthy behaviors and disincentivize less healthy ones (2). However, there has been little success in policy change to prevent obesity (3). Voters in Berkeley, California, recently passed a onecent-per-ounce soda tax, but a similar measure was defeated by voters in San Francisco, California, which joins 30 other municipalities to date in opting not to adopt such a policy. Analysts have attributed the defeat in San Francisco, in part, to the lack of outreach to lowincome and minority communities (4). Indeed, the lack of public mobilization in relation to obesity prevention was extensively discussed in a recent paper (5). No other contemporary movements have shifted public opinions more effectively and more rapidly than the gay marriage movement in the US which has been unfolding in parallel to efforts to prevent obesity. In this commentary, we describe how the gay marriage movement has succeeded so far in hopes of providing insight to the field of obesity prevention.
Ternary complex formation between the MADS‐box proteins SQUAMOSA, DEFICIENS and GLOBOSA is involved in the control of floral architecture in Antirrhinum majus

In Antirrhinum, floral meristems are established by meristem identity genes. Floral meristems give rise to floral organs in whorls, with their identity established by combinatorial activities of organ identity genes. Double mutants of the floral meristem identity gene SQUAMOSA and organ identity genes DEFICIENS or GLOBOSA produce flowers in which whorled patterning is partially lost. In yeast, SQUA, DEF and GLO proteins form ternary complexes via their C‐termini, which in gel‐shift assays show increased DNA binding to CArG motifs compared with DEF/GLO heterodimers or SQUA/SQUA homodimers. Formation of ternary complexes by plant MADS‐box factors increases the complexity of their regulatory functions and might be the molecular basis for establishment of whorled phyllotaxis and combinatorial interactions of floral organ identity genes.
Retinal safety of near-infrared lasers in cataract surgery

Abstract. Femtosecond lasers have added unprecedented precision and reproducibility to cataract surgery. However, retinal safety limits for the near-infrared lasers employed in surgery are not well quantified. We determined retinal injury thresholds for scanning patterns while considering the effects of reduced blood perfusion from rising intraocular pressure and retinal protection from light scattering on bubbles and tissue fragments produced by laser cutting. We measured retinal damage thresholds of a stationary, 1030-nm, continuous-wave laser with 2.6-mm retinal spot size for 10- and 100-s exposures in rabbits to be 1.35 W (1.26 to 1.42) and 0.78 W (0.73 to 0.83), respectively, and 1.08 W (0.96 to 1.11) and 0.36 W (0.33 to 0.41) when retinal perfusion is blocked. These thresholds were input into a computational model of ocular heating to calculate damage threshold temperatures. By requiring the tissue temperature to remain below the damage threshold temperatures determined in stationary beam experiments, one can calculate conservative damage thresholds for cataract surgery patterns. Light scattering on microbubbles and tissue fragments decreased the transmitted power by 88% within a 12 deg angle, adding a significant margin for retinal safety. These results can be used for assessment of the maximum permissible exposure during laser cataract surgery under various assumptions of blood perfusion, treatment duration, and scanning patterns.
Lillian Røstad Access Control in Healthcare Information Systems

Access control is a key feature of healthcare information systems. Access control is about enforcing rules to ensure that only authorized users get access to resources in a system. In healthcare systems this means protecting patient privacy. However, the top priority is always to provide the best possible care for a patient. This depends on the clinicians having access to the information they need to make the best, most informed, care decisions. Care processes are often unpredictable and hard to map to strict access control rules. As a result, in emergency or otherwise unexpected situations, clinicians need to be able to bypass access control. In a crisis, availability of information takes precedence over privacy concerns. This duality of concerns is what makes access control in healthcare systems so challenging and interesting as a research subject. To create access control models for healthcare we need to understand how healthcare works. Before creating a model we need to understand the requirements the model should fulfill. Though many access control models have been proposed and argued to be suitable for healthcare, little work has been published on access control requirements for healthcare. This PhD project has focused on bridging the gap between formalized models and real world requirements for access control in healthcare by targeting the following research goals: RG1 To collect knowledge that forms a foundation for access control requirements in healthcare systems. RG2 To create improved access control models for healthcare systems based on real requirements. This PhD project has consisted of a number of smaller, distinct, but related projects to reach the research goals. The main contributions can be summarized as: C1 Requirements for access control in healthcare: Studies performed on audit data, in workshops, by observation and interviews have helped discover requirements. Results from this work include methods for access control requirements elicitation in addition to the actual requirements discovered. C2 Process-based access control: The main conclusion from the requirements work is that access control should be tailored to care processes. Care processes are highly dynamic and often unpredictable, and access control needs to adapt to this. This thesis suggests how existing sources of process information, both explicit and implicit, may be used for this purpose. C3 Personally controlled health records (PCHR): This thesis explores the consequences of making the patient the administrator of access control and proposes a model based on these initial requirements. From a performed usability study it is clear that the main challenge is how to keep the patient informed about the consequences of sharing.
Multi-modal tactile sensing and feedback (tele-taction) for enhanced tele-manipulator control

Describes the development of a multi-sensor tactile digit. This instrumented finger has the ability to detect contact pressure/force, hardness, texture, temperature, slip, surface profile/shape, and thermal conductivity. This information is subsequently transferred directly from the robot to the skin of the remote operator using tactile feedback units based on piezo, vibro and thermal effects. This multipurpose human-machine interface (tele-taction) provides the user with an enhanced degree of true feel for a grasped object.
Catalysis of Dynamical Flavor Symmetry Breaking by a Magnetic Field in 2+1 Dimensions.

It is shown that in 2+1 dimensions,a constant magnetic field is a strong cata- lyst of dynamical flavor symmetry breaking,leading to generating a fermion dy- namical mass even at the weakest attractive interaction between fermions.The effect is illustrated in the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model in a magnetic field.The low-energy effective action in this model is derived and the thermodynamic pro- perties of the model are established.The relevance of this effect for planar condensed matter systems and for 3+1 dimensional theories at high temperature is pointed out.
EVOLUTION OF VIRULENCE IN HETEROGENEOUS HOST COMMUNITIES UNDER MULTIPLE TRADE‐OFFS

Many pathogens and parasites are transmitted through hosts that differ in species, sex, genotype, or immune status. In addition, virulence (here defined as disease‐induced mortality) and transmission can vary during the infectious period within hosts of different state. Most models of virulence evolution assume that transmission and virulence are constant over the infectious period and that the host population is homogenous. Here, we examine a multispecies susceptible‐infected‐recovered (SIR) model where transmission occurs within and between species, and transmission and virulence varied during the infectious period. This allows us to understand virulence evolution in a broader range of situations that characterize many emerging diseases. Because emerging pathogens are by definition new to their host populations, they should be expected to rapidly adapt after emergence. We illustrate these evolutionary effects using the framework of adaptive dynamics to examine how virulence evolves after emergence in response to the relative strength of selection on pathogen fitness and mutational variance for virulence. We illustrate the role of evolution by simulating adaptive walks to an evolutionarily stable virulence. We found that the magnitude of between‐species transmission and the relative timing of transmission and mortality across species were of primary importance for determining the evolutionarily stable virulence.
The compliance of healthcare workers with universal precautions in the emergency room at the university hospital of the west indies.

OBJECTIVES The study assessed compliance among health workers in the Emergency Room at the University Hospital of the West Indies with universal precautions. This was done by determining the knowledge, practices and perceptions of staff of universal precautions and by assessing compliance. Reported adherence with universal precautions was compared with observed practice. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study conducted over a one-year period. It was approved by the University Hospital of the West Indies/University of the West Indies/Faculty of Medical Sciences Ethics Committee. Data were analysed using Stata version 11.1. RESULTS During the study period, 67 persons gave consent for the study, data were obtained for 62 of these participants and 52 of the respondents were observed. All of the participants were aware that universal precautions related to blood. Eighty-six per cent erroneously thought that universal precautions apply to urine. Seventy-nine per cent of the participants reported always washing their hands after performing a procedure and 43.5% reported always washing their hands before a procedure. Just over half of the participants reported always wearing gloves while doing procedures (56.5%). Only 9% reported always using a gown with a trauma patient. However, 31% and 43.3% reported wearing a gown when placing a chest tube and when anticipating splashes, respectively. Of those participants who reported washing their hands often after a procedure, over 30% did not perform hand-washing when observed. Fifty per cent of persons that reported never recapping needles were observed to recap needles by hand. CONCLUSION The study revealed that compliance among staff in the Emergency Room with universal precautions was unsatisfactory. The need for education in this area was recognized.
Social and economic consequences of overweight in adolescence and young adulthood.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS Overweight in adolescents may have deleterious effects on their subsequent self-esteem, social and economic characteristics, and physical health. We studied the relation between overweight and subsequent educational attainment, marital status, household income, and self-esteem in a nationally representative sample of 10,039 randomly selected young people who were 16 to 24 years old in 1981. Follow-up data were obtained in 1988 for 65 to 79 percent of the original cohort, depending on the variable studied. The characteristics of the subjects who had been overweight in 1981 were compared with those for young people with asthma, musculoskeletal abnormalities, and other chronic health conditions. Overweight was defined as a body-mass index above the 95th percentile for age and sex. RESULTS In 1981, 370 of the subjects were overweight. Seven years later, women who had been overweight had completed fewer years of school (0.3 year less; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.6; P = 0.009), were less likely to be married (20 percent less likely; 95 percent confidence interval, 13 to 27 percent; P < 0.001), had lower household incomes ($6,710 less per year; 95 percent confidence interval, $3,942 to $9,478; P < 0.001), and had higher rates of household poverty (10 percent higher; 95 percent confidence interval, 4 to 16 percent; P < 0.001) than the women who had not been overweight, independent of their base-line socioeconomic status and aptitude-test scores. Men who had been overweight were less likely to be married (11 percent less likely; 95 percent confidence interval, 3 to 18 percent; P = 0.005). In contrast, people with the other chronic conditions we studied did not differ in these ways from the nonoverweight subjects. We found no evidence of an effect of overweight on self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS Overweight during adolescence has important social and economic consequences, which are greater than those of many other chronic physical conditions. Discrimination against overweight persons may account for these results.
Predicting Performance of Heavy Industry Firms in Korea with U.S. Trade Policy Data

Since late 2016, protectionism has been a major trend in world trade with the Great Britain exiting the European Union and the United States electing Donald Trump as the 45th president. Consequently, there has been a huge public outcry regarding the negative prospects of heavy industry firms in Korea, which are highly dependent upon international trade with Western countries including the United States. In light of such trend and concerns, we have tried to predict business performance of heavy industry firms in Korea with data regarding trade policy of the United States. United States International Trade Commission (USITC) levies countervailing duties and anti-dumping duties to firms that violate its fair-trade regulations. In this study, we have performed data analysis with past records of countervailing duties and anti-dumping duties. With results from clustering analysis, it could be concluded that trade policy trends of the Unites States significantly affects the business performance of heavy industry firms in Korea. Furthermore, we have attempted to quantify such effects by employing long shorthttp://www.jsebs. org ISSN: 2288-3908 The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies Vol.22, No.4, November 2017, pp.71-101 https://doi.org/10.7838/jsebs.2017. 22.4. 071
The treatment of melasma with topical creams alone, CO2 fractional ablative resurfacing alone, or a combination of the two: a comparative study.

BACKGROUND Melasma is a difficult entity to treat. Topical creams or chemical peels offer some success, and the newer fractional lasers have also been proposed to be useful. This three-armed study compares topical creams, CO2 ablative fractional resurfacing and the combination of both modalities. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty females with melasma, mean age of 38 years, skin types II-IV, were allocated to three groups: group A received treatment with Kligman's formula maintenance topical cream program; group B, CO2 fractional resurfacing using high power, fixed pulse width and low frequency; and group C, both laser and maintenance topical cream treatment. Subjective patient and clinician assessments based on melasma area severity index (MASI) scores were made at baseline, one, two, six and 12 months, and the satisfaction index (SI) and overall efficacy calculated. RESULTS All patients completed the study. The SI and overall efficacy in groups A, B and C were 100% at one month in all groups but progressively decreased in further assessments except for group C in which better scores were maintained throughout. MASI scores for group C were statistically significantly improved compared to A and B at six and 12 months (P < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSION The fractional CO2 laser and topical cream regimen produced good, well-maintained results in melasma treatment compared with the monotherapy groups.
Multiple Subcutaneous Leiomyosarcomas in an Adolescent with AIDS

The case of 17-year-old boy with thalassemia major who contracted the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through multiple transfusions is described. Eight years after the onset of generalized lymphadenopathy, and 5 years after the documentation of HIV infection on serologic grounds, he developed the first of multiple, painful, subcutaneous nodules, which proved to be leiomyosarcomas of vascular origin. The histopathology and possible pathogenesis of these unusual tumors are discussed.
The oral health of individuals with dementia in nursing homes.

OBJECTIVE To determine if moderate to severe dementia has an effect on the oral health of individuals resident in nursing homes. BACKGROUND A significant proportion of the elderly population lives in nursing homes and suffers from varying degrees of dementia. Dementia might affect an individual's ability to implement oral care. Previous work in this area has focused on individuals with mild dementia living in the community setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two matched cohorts of subjects resident in four nursing homes in Cheshire were recruited (n=135). One cohort's subjects were deemed to have no or mild dementia, whereas the other cohort's subjects were deemed to have moderate to severe dementia. Oral parameters were scored, including Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) scoring, dental deposit scoring, denture assessment and the noting of any other pathology. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in the relative level of dementia of the subjects between the two cohorts (p<0.01, Student's t-test). The DMFT scores were similar for both groups. The mean number (+/-SD) of decayed and missing teeth for the no/mild dementia group was 1.11 (+/-3.42) and 28.22 (+/-6.64), whilst that of the moderate/severe dementia cohort was 0.80 (+/-1.87) and 27.28 (+/-7.73), respectively. Eleven per cent of the moderate/severe dementia cohort wore an upper denture alone as compared with 16% in the no/mild dementia group. CONCLUSION For individuals resident in nursing homes, moderate to severe dementia might have a deleterious effect on oral health. Further work in this area is required.