Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scotch-tape-like exfoliation of graphite assisted with elemental sulfur and graphene–sulfur composites for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries

A new composite structure of graphene–sulfur with a high electrochemical performance is proposed. Scotch-tape-like sulfur-assisted exfoliation of graphite is developed to produce the graphene–sulfur composites and freestanding low-defect graphene sheets. The intimate interaction between sulfur and graphene, attributed to the similar electronegativities of the two elements, is stronger than the van der Waals forces between adjacent π–π stacked graphene layers. This causes cleavage of the graphene layers when the sulfur molecules stick to the surface and edges of the graphite, similar to Scotch tape in micromechanical exfoliation processes. This approach enables us to obtain graphene with an electrical conductivity as high as 1820 S cm−1 and a Hall mobility as high as 200 cm2 V−1 s−1, superior to most reported graphene. Furthermore, the graphene sheets which uniformly anchor sulfur molecules provide a superior confinement ability for polysulfides, sufficient space to accommodate sulfur volumetric expansion, a large contact area with the sulfur and a short transport pathway for both electrons and Li+. The unique structure containing 73 wt. % sulfur exhibits excellent overall electrochemical properties of 615 mA h g−1 at the 1 C (1 C = 1675 mA g−1) rate after 100 cycles (corresponding average Coulombic efficiency of over 96%) and 570 mA h g−1 at 2 C. These encouraging results represent that sulfur molecules bound onto graphene sheets could be a promising cathode material for lithium batteries with a high energy density.
The intriguing question of anionic redox in high-energy density cathodes for Li-ion batteries

The energy density delivered by a Li-ion battery is a key parameter that needs to be significantly increased to address the global question of energy storage for the next 40 years. This quantity is directly proportional to the battery voltage (V) and the battery capacity (C) which are difficult to improve simultaneously when materials exhibit classical cationic redox activity. Recently, a cumulative cationic (M4+/M5+) and anionic (2O2−/(O2)n−) redox activity has been demonstrated in the Li-rich Li2MO3 family of compounds, therefore enabling doubling of the energy density with respect to high-potential cathodes such as transition metal phosphates and sulfates. This paper aims to clarify the origin of this extra capacity by addressing some fundamental questions regarding reversible anionic redox in high-potential electrodes for Li-ion batteries. First, the ability of the system to stabilize the oxygen holes generated by Li-removal and to achieve a reversible oxo- to peroxo-like (2O2−/(O2)n−) transformation is elucidated by means of a metal-driven reductive coupling mechanism. The penchant of the system for undergoing this reversible anionic redox or releasing O2 gas is then discussed with regards to experimental results for 3d- and 4d-based Li2MO3 phases. Finally, robust indicators are built as tools to predict which materials in the Li-rich TM-oxide family will undergo efficient and reversible anionic redox. The present finding provides insights into new directions to be explored for the development of high-energy density materials for Li-ion batteries.
EFEK EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH MANGGIS (Garcinia Mangostana L.) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Shigella dysentriae dan Escherichia coli

Dahniar Anindya. Medical Education. Effect of Mangosteen Rind (Garcinia Mangostana L.) Extract Towards the Growth of Shigella dysentriae and Escherichia coli. 2012. Extract of mangosteen rind (Garcinia Mangostana L.) contains many chemical compounds, mainly xanthone has antibacterial power. The aim of this study to determine how the antibacterial effect of mangosteen rind extract on the growth of Escherichia coli and Shigella dysentriae. Maceration method using 96% ethanol was carried out to extract the one kg of mangosteen rind. Thick extract of mangosteen rind 149,3 g is obtained. Furthermore, made of various concentrations extracts of mangosteen rind, 0% as a negative control, 0,25 g/ml, 0,5 g/ml, 0,75 g/ml and 1 g/ml and amoxicillin as a positive control to determine growth inhibitoin in both bacteria by disc diffusion method. The results obtained Shigella dysentriae bacterial growth inhibition, whereas in Escherichia coli bacterial growth inhibition was not obtained. Bacterial growth inhibition was statistically significant by Kruskal-Wallis test (p=0.006). The conclusion is the mangosteen rind extract can inhibit the growth of Shigella dysentriae and the greater concentration of mangosteen rind extracts obtained stronger growth inhibition, whereas in Escherichia coli unable to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Keyword : Mangosteen rind extract, Shigella dysentriae and Escherichia coli.
Phytochemicals and Antibacterial Activities of Leaf Extract of Tridax procumbens Linn. On Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Medicinal plants have been used as remedies for human diseases because they contain components of therapeutic value. Plants serve as the greatest source to obtain new antimicrobials. An increasing interest in herbal remedies has been observed in several parts of the world. Tridax procumbens Linn. commonly known as ‘coat button’ is a weed and a pest plant. Previous researches have shown that the plant has antimicrobial activities and pharmacological effects. This study aimed at evaluating the phytochemical compounds and antibacterial activities of the leaf extract of Tridax procumbens. Leaf ethanol and water extracts were used in this study. The test organisms were Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial assay was performed by disc diffusion method. Treatment extract concentrations were 250mg/ml, 200mg/ml, 100mg/ml and 50mg/ml and distilled water (negative control) and an antibiotic Amphicloxa (positive control). Each treatment was replicated three times. The leaf extract was tested for the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and glycosides. The plates were examined for zones of inhibitions. Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance. Treatments were separated and compared using LSD at P < 0.05. Both ethanol and water extracts were biologically active against the two microbes. Ethanol extract showed greater inhibition (9.29 mm) in comparison to water extract (7.19 mm). Escherichia coli showed greater susceptibility as compared to Staphycoccus aureus. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract of Tridax procumbens revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and glycosides. It is possible that the growth inhibition observed in the study occurred due to the presence of these different chemical compounds. From these findings, ethanolic and water extracts of the leaf of Tridax procumbens Linn. showed a good potential as a source of new drug for treating infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
AKTIVITAS ANTIFOTOOKSIDAN DAN KOMPOSISI FENOLIK DARI DAUN CENGKEH (Eugenia aromatic L.)

The objectives of the present research were evaluated effect of solvent extraction on antiphotooxidative from clove leave (Eugenia aromatic (L). A certain quantity of powdered sample was extracted with methanol 80%, ethanol 80% and aseton 80%. After evaporation the extracts were dissolved in methanol and assayed for phenolic, flavonoid and condensed tannin content. Singlet oxygen quenching and free radical activity of each extracts of spices at 500 ppm level were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. Anti-photooxidative activity test was conducted using linoleic acid as substrates each containing 5 ppm erythrosine as a photosensitizer. The result showed that solvent was significantly having effect on total phenolic, flavonoid and condensed tannin content. Methanol extract possessed highest total flavonoid and condensed tannin content than aseton and etanol. Methanol extract of clove leave was found to have the highest anti-photooxidative effect, followed by aseton and ethanol. In addition, ekstrak methanol showed any difference in it free radical scavenger effect than that of ethanol and aseton extracts. This results show that clove methanol extract has the best activity on photooxidation of linoleic acid and scavenger of free radical DPPH. These results suggest that the methanolic extract of clove leave contains some compounds having singlet oxygen quenching and free radical scavenging activities on linoleic acid and free radical DPPH. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh pelarut ekstraksi terhadap aktivitas antifotooksidan dan komposisi fenolik yang terdapat pada ekstrak daun cengkeh. Serbuk daun cengkeh diekstraksi dengan metanol 80%, etanol 80% dan aseton 80%. Setelah evaporasi, ekstrak daun cengkeh dilakukan pengujian untuk kandungan fenolik, flavonoid dan tannin terkondensasi. Aktivitas penstabilan oksigen singlet dan radikal bebas dari ekstrak dievaluasi dengan menggunakan asam linoleat sebagai substrat yang mengandung 5 ppm eritrosin sebagai fotosensitiser dan radikal bebas 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pelarut ekstraksi memiliki efek sangat signifikan terhadap kandungan fenolik, flavonoid dan tannin terkondensasi. Pelarut ekstrak metanol memiliki kandung flavonoid dan tannin terkondensasi paling tinggi daripada aseton dan etanol. Ekstrak metanol daun cengkeh ditemukan mempunyai efek antifotooksidatif diikuti ekstrak etanol etanol dan aseton. Selain itu, pelarut methanol juga menunjukkan suatu perbedaan dalam penangkalan radikal bebas DPPH. Berdasarkan analisis komposisi fenolik dalam daun cengkeh dengan HPLC teridentifikasi senyawa eugenol, asam galat, kuersetin, rutin dan kaempferol. Hasil ini menyimpulkan bahwa ekstrak metanol daun cengkeh mengandung beberapa senyawa fenolik yang mempunyai aktivitas sebagai penstabilan oksigen singlet dan penangkalan radikal bebas.
Preparation of nanocrystalline ZnO/TiO2 film and its application to dye-sensitized solar cells

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were built by using ZnO/TiO2 films as electrodes consisting of ZnO nanorod arrays coated with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in sol or slurry form prepared by sol–gel methods. The addition of TiO2 sol to ZnO arrays resulted in an improvement of cell performance, but the cell efficiency was not high. The cell efficiency was more improved by coating of ZnO arrays with TiO2 slurry. The tetraethylammonium hydroxide surfactant was effective to control TiO2 NPs suspension between sol and slurry. The penetration of TiO2 sol or slurry into ZnO array was important, especially in the long nanorod array. The cell performance of ZnO/TiO2 electrode increased more by TiO2 slurry than by TiO2 sol because TiO2 sol shrank more during calcination.
Hierarchical Temporal Memory as a reinforcement learning method

: In this document the author explores the performance of Hierarchical Temporal Memory (HTM) in a reinforcement learning system and benchmarks it with that of Q-Learning, a state of the art method. We compare both system in 3 experiments, a basic problem, a second order Markov problem and a delayed reinforcement problem. We find that HTM is capable of solving the basic and second order problems but incapable of delayed reinforcement learning. Q-Learning, in contrast, solves the basic problem 40 times faster and is capable of delayed reinforcement learning but not of solving the second order Markov problem.
Porosity Estimation of a Reservoir Using Geophysical Well Logs and an Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic System

The authors propose a novel interval type-2 fuzzy logic structure that uses the advantages of type-2 fuzzy sets to estimate the formation porosity of the reservoir using geophysical well logs. The proposed system is constructed on the base of a set of fuzzy rules that includes type-2 fuzzy sets in the antecedent part and type-1 interval representing the centroid of a type-2 fuzzy interval in the consequent part of the rules. For structure identification, a fuzzy clustering algorithm is implemented to generate the rules automatically and for parameter adjustment the back propagation algorithm is used. To demonstrate the superiority of the proposed model, the results of the proposed type-2 fuzzy logic structure are compared with its type-1 counterpart.
Chemical Oxidation of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube by Sodium Hypochlorite for Production of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were chemically oxidized to produce graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets via a simple method. Pristine CNTs were treated with sulfuric acid and acid-treated CNTs were oxidized with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) to obtain peeled CNTs and consequently GO nanosheets. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to determine the morphology of synthesized GO nanosheets and peeled CNTs, respectively. UV-vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and thermal gravimetric analysis were used to characterize the product structure. The UV-vis spectroscopy revealed peak absorption at 245 nm, which is similar to what is seen on CNT unzipping in producing GO nano-ribbons.
A Water-Soluble pH-Responsive Molecular Brush of Poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) Grafted Polythiophene

We report the synthesis of a new polythiophene (PT)-based molecular brush (PT-g-PDMA) by growing poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMA) chains from the PT backbone by ATRP. The polymer shows a reversible pH response in aqueous solution. A combination of AFM, light scattering, and 1H NMR measurements indicated that the polymer brush forms a more extended conformation with a decrease in pH from 8 to 2 due to the protonation of the Me2N− groups and increased repulsive interactions among the PDMA side chains, which drives the red shift of the absorption and PL spectra of the PT backbone. The good solubility of this polythiophene-based brush in a wide range of solvents is attractive for the fabrication of functional polymer composites.
Effects of Extrusion Conditions on the Physical and Functional Properties of Instant Cereal Beverage Powders Admixed with Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaves

On account of studying the feasibility of the production instant cereal beverage powders admixed with mulberry leaves by extrusion process, a box-behnken design of the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the interaction of operating conditions at varying screw speed (300, 350 and 400 rpm), mulberry content (5, 10 and 15%) and feed moisture (15, 17 and 19%) on the physical and antioxidant property of product. Data were modelled by multiple regression analysis and the coefficient indicating for best fit model. The results showed that the effect of mulberry content and feed moisture had significant on bulk density, color, viscosity, water absorption index, antioxidant activity and total phenolic compound. Increasing of mulberry content resulted in finished product with higher bulk density, less lightness, less viscosity, less water absorption index, higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds as a result of materials in green foods. Whereas increasing of feed moisture resulted in finished product with higher bulk density, less viscosity and less water absorption index also, but tended to lower antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds. In addition, the optimum condition should be operated at 350 rpm screw speed, 10% mulberry content and 17% feed moisture to obtain finished product of high antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds with good characteristics of moderate color green, easy to dissolve in hot water, palatability, and acceptability.
Coverage-dependent dissociation of H2O on Pd/MgO(100)/Mo(100)

The adsorption of H2O on Pd deposited upon MgO(100) thin films prepared on Mo(100) was studied using low-energy electron diffraction, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. A non-metallic feature of Pd has been observed at the coverage of Pd less than 1.5 monolayer equivalents (MLE) on the MgO(100) films. Partially dissociated H2O was detected on Pd/MgO(100)/Mo(100), and H2O dissociates most readily at ∼0.5 MLE Pd coverage. This coverage-dependent dissociation has arisen from a combination of the size effect of Pd particles and a vacancy-induced modification of surface reactivity.
Fluctuation-dissipation relation between shear stress relaxation modulus and shear stress autocorrelation function revisited

The shear stress relaxation modulus G(t) may be determined from the shear stress after switching on a tiny step strain γ or by inverse Fourier transformation of the storage modulus G′(ω) or the loss modulus G″(ω) obtained in a standard oscillatory shear experiment at angular frequency ω. It is widely assumed that G(t) is equivalent in general to the equilibrium stress autocorrelation function which may be readily computed in computer simulations (β being the inverse temperature and V the volume). Focusing on isotropic solids formed by permanent spring networks we show theoretically by means of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem and computationally by molecular dynamics simulation that in general G(t) = Geq + C(t) for t > 0 with Geq being the static equilibrium shear modulus. A similar relation holds for G′(ω). G(t) and C(t) must thus become different for a solid body and it is impossible to obtain Geq directly from C(t).
The Equilibrium Between α and β Phases in Keratin Fibers in Water

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Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts through saturated columns

Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts through three substrates was used to determine dispersion, retardation, and first-order decay parameters for the convective dispersion equation (CDE). Pulses of diluted Holstein calf feces containing oocysts were passed through saturated columns packed with either glass beads, coarse sand, or shale aggregate. Effluent chloride breakthrough curves (BTCs) were used to fit pore water velocities and dispersions for each column to the CDE. These pore water velocities were then used to fit dispersion, retardation and first-order decay factors to the CDE for C. parvum oocyst BTCs for each column. Dispersion coefficients for oocysts averaged 0.8 cm 2 s -1 in glass beads, 1.7 cm 2 s -1 in sand, and 1.3 cm 2 s -1 in shale aggregate. The ratio of oocyst dispersion to chloride dispersion was <1 for all substrates, suggesting oocysts experienced less shear and turbulence than the pore water. Diffusivities of 0.07 cm for glass beads, 0.15 cm for sand, and 0.09 cm for shale aggregate show that facilitated transport in sand was greater than in the other two substrates. Retardation coefficients for oocysts averaged 1.0 in glass beads and sand and 0.9 in shale aggregate, indicating oocysts did not adhere to these substrates. First-order decay coefficients of 0.5 s -1 for glass beads, 0.8 s -1 for sand, and 0.6 s -1 for shale aggregate indicate significantly higher removal rates in the sand columns. These data suggest oocysts may travel significant distances in both subsurface and overland flow.
EFFECT OF REACTION CONDITIONS ON THE HYDROLYSIS OF WOOL KERATINS

Every year millions of tons of keratinous wastes are generated worldwide, therefore from an economic and environmental point of view, it is worthwhile developing processes to use and reuse these resources. Many different procedures and methods can be applied to obtain keratin hydrolysates. Microwave heating is based upon the ability of a particular substance to absorb microwave energy and convert the electromagnetic energy to heat (kinetic energy). An extension of this is application in the field of proteomics (the study of proteins and in particular their structure and function). Large complex proteins can be broken into smaller parts by using microwave heating. This work aimed to perform microwave-assisted hydrolysis of wool keratin wastes in different experimental conditions, and compare it with a conventional method of alkaline hydrolysis, in order to study the efficiency of the treatment induced by this field on the reaction products, subsequently analyzed by specific methods. It was studied the influence of the reaction conditions (reaction time and working recipe) on the keratin hydrolysis yield, and also were analysed the structural changes induced by hydrolysis. A significant reduction of reaction time concurrent with a higher hydrolysis yield was obtained by microwave hydrolysis regardless of the alkali mixtures used; better results were obtained for 60 min treatment. IR analysis performed highlight the structural modifications induced by hydrolysis conditions, the process carried out by means of microwaves leading to a lower degradation of hydrolysis products.
Microencapsulation of a Palm Oil‐based Alkyd by Amino Resins

Summary Preparation of microcapsules of poly(urea-formaldehyde) (PUF) and melamine-modified PUF (PUMF) shells that encapsulated a core of palm oil-based alkyd resin was described. Ethylene maleic anhydride (EMA) was used as emulsifier. The effects of core-shell weight ratio on microcapsules size and surface morphology were studied. The microcapsules obtained were inspected using digital microscope and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) to study the formation of microcapsules and their surface morphology. The core and shell content was verified using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and attentuated total reflectance fourier-transformed infrared (ATR-FTIR). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shown that the microcapsules have different degradation rates of core and shell thus reconfirmed the formation of microcapsules. The resultant microcapsules appear as white-yellowish and free-flowing spherical particles, having a rough, non-porous shell which was formed by PUF and PUMF nanoparticles. The microcapsules have their diameters ranging from 150–500 microns, and they contain 87–90% of the alkyd as core and 10–13% of shell by weight.
Millijoule femtosecond all-fiber system

Summary form only given. We have demonstrated the first all-fiber chirped pulse amplification (CPA) system producing millijoule-range ultrashort-pulses. Peak powers achieved of /spl sim/3 MW in a fiber amplifier are approximately two orders of magnitude higher compared to the previously reported case of mJ energies and > 100 ns long pulses from a Q-switched multimode fiber laser. Note that 400 ps stretching does not constitute a limit and /spl sim/1 ns stretched pulse durations are achievable with standard /spl sim/10 cm wide diffraction gratings. This indicates the straightforward possibility of further energy scaling with this fiber system. Also, the use of 1800 l/mm gratings will allow stretcher and compressor sizes to be significantly reduced. Furthermore, the robust fundamental-mode excitation and propagation properties of 50 /spl mu/m core fiber indicate that further core-size scaling is possible with potential for even higher pulse energies.