Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rhythmic activity in cells of the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca in freely moving rats

This thesis presents results from simultaneous, chronic recordings from the septum/diagonal band of Broca cells in freely moving rats. The rats were trained to run for a food reward in a feature-rich environment from end to end of a linear track, which was oriented in one of eight directions. The cells displayed similar activity profiles as those seen in anaesthetised rats, including; highly rhythmic bursting cells; cells with variable rhythmicity; and cells that displayed no rhythmicity. All rhythmic cells fired in phase with hippocampal theta rhythm. The preferential phases of the cells varied widely, but tended to correspond to two poles at the positive and negative peaks of the theta rhythm and were maintained over time. The highly-rhythmic cells were strongly phase-locked to hippocampal theta rhythm, but often displayed rhythmic activity in the absence of theta, particularly before the start and after the end of a burst of theta in the hippocampus. These cells also varied in terms of burst reliability, with some cells demonstrating a significant number of burst failures during theta rhythm. Those cells that were most clearly phase-locked with the theta rhythm also showed an increase in frequency of burst firing corresponding to an increase in the rat's running speed. Cells were also found whose rhythmicity showed significant variation depending on the spatial orientation of the linear track and the direction of motion of the rat. The findings are discussed with reference to the mechanisms of theta rhythm generation and current work concerning temporal coding in the nervous system, as opposed to coding by rate modulation. This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust and the MRC (UK). Chapter One Introduction . 7 A. Temporal coding . 8 Binding in the visual cortex . 9 The information content of neural signals . 11 The detection of temporal coincidence . 13 Temporal variance in neural response rates . 21 Clock-referenced coding in the hippocampus . 27 B. The anatomy and connections of the medial septum/diagonal band of Broca . 34 Gross anatom y. 34 Afferent connections of the MS/DBB . 34 Efferent connections from the MS/DBB . 38 C. The classification of cells of the medial septum/diagonal band of Broca . 40 Functional categorisation . 40 Anatomical and Electrophysiological Categorisation . 50 D. The medial septum/diagonal band of Broca and spatial memory. 56 E. Non-spatial elements of MS/DBB function . 63 F. Theta rhythm . 67 G. The hippocampus: structure . 80 Gross anatom y. 80 Synaptic connections within the hippocampus . 84 Afferent connections to the hippocampus . 86 Efferent connections of the hippocampus . 91 Cortical Efferents . 91 Thalamic connections . 92 Subcortical connections . 93 H. The hippocampus: function . 94 Memory . 94 Cognitive mapping theory . 95 Working vs Reference memory . 100 Procedural vs Declarative memory . 103 Configurai Association Theory . 105 The comparator model . 108 Temporal continuity . 110 Spatial navigation . 113 I. Conclusion . 117
A Study on the Application Service of 3D BIM-based Disaster Integrated Information System Management for Effective Disaster Response

Periodic and systemic disaster management has become more important than ever owing to the recent continuous occurrence of disasters, such as fires, earthquakes, and flooding. This management goes beyond simple disaster preparedness, which was introduced minimally under the existing legal system. For effective disaster management, facilities should be managed through regular maintenance on a daily basis, and in the case of an emergency, intuitive and accurate communication is essential regarding the situation and purpose. BIM manages the entire building property data using the effective 3D visualization model, so it can be used for various management purposes from design to facility maintenance. In this study, through an expert survey on the use of services in a BIM-based integrated disaster information system, the available areas of BIM data were organized in terms of facility information management, 3D visualization, and disaster control. Later, through the use service and DB definition within the BIM-based disaster integration information system, the main facilities monitoring and response services based on BIM and BIM-based spatial management service are proposed. Based on this study, it is hoped that the BIM-based application service functions within the system will be implemented to enable an effective system response.
Poplar wood‐methylolurea composites prepared by in situ polymerization

Chemical modification of wood is a potential way to obtain high quality wood. In this study, methylolurea was used to modify the polar wood by in situ polymerization. The mechanical properties and dimension stability of the wood-methylourea composites were investigated, and the modified samples were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanism of in situ polymerization was presented in graphs. The test results showed that the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of natural wood were improved remarkably. FTIR analysis suggested that the methylolurea polymerized with the active groups of wood cell wall. XRD test showed that the crystallinity of wood increased after modification. Finally, the SEM analysis proved that the good interfacial adhesion of wood modifier between wood fiber and polymer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 933-938, 2013
Breakup of a drop in a liquid–liquid pipe flow through an orifice

The drop breakup in a heterogeneous turbulent pipe flow developing downstream of an orifice is reported. A two-phase flow is considered of n-heptane drops in a water-glycerin solution at three distinct volume concentrations: Φ d = 0 (single-phase flow), 0.1, and 0.2. The maximum pressure drop across the orifice, ΔP max , is found to be a linear function of the kinetic energy of the mixture that weakly depends on Φ d . The continuous-phase velocity field is measured by means of high-speed particle image velocimetry in an optically homogeneous medium. The turbulence energy level and its spatial distribution are strongly influenced by both the continuous-phase viscosity and the presence of the dispersed phase. Drop breakup is driven by an inertial mechanism and is observed where the turbulence is the most intense. The breakup probability, the mean number of fragments, and the daughter-drop Sauter diameter are plotted against the global Weber number based on ΔP max . For concentrations up to 0.1, breakup statistics are close to those obtained with an isolated drop in a single-phase flow of water. For Φ d = 0.2, the increase of breakup probability with the Weber number becomes weaker because of the volume reduction of the region of intense turbulence. The evolution of breakup probability with the distance from the orifice indeed shows strong differences between the test cases, arising from modifications in the local structure of the heterogeneous turbulence field.
Propofol Reduces Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Apoptosis through Down-Regulating Bim Expression in Alveolar Epithelial Cells

Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic agent widely used to introduce and maintain anesthesia during surgical procedures, and it has often been used in recent years as a sedative in patients with acute lung injury (ALI). A common cause of ALI is sepsis, and apoptosis in vascular endothelium and alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) during sepsis plays an important role in the pathologic formation of ALI. Propofol has drawn greater attention due to its anti-inflammatory effect and anti-apoptosis capability. It was already found that propofol inhibited MCP-1 mRNA expression and secretion, as well as the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, SAPK/JNK, ATF-2, and c-Jun induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in AECs. The present study investigated the effect and mechanism of propofol on apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in AECs. AECs were treated with 0.1 or 1μMH2O2 for 1, 12, or 24h following pretreatment with 25μM propofol for 1h. The cell proliferation assay was performed using the TetraColor ONE. The percentage of apoptotic cells was measured by flow cytometry analysis. The phosphorylation of c-Jun and expression of Bim, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL were measured by a Western blot analysis. Propofol down-regulated c-Jun phosphorylation and Bim (as a known c-Jun-mediated induction of pro-apoptotic and antiapoptotic target genes) expression and up-regulated the reduction of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl expression induced by H2O2 in AECs. These results suggest that the application of propofol has potential to reduce apoptosis through the JNK pathway and Bim down-regulation.
Polymer translocation through a hole

The average residence time τ of a polymer of length N passing through a narrow hole under a chemical potential gradient is calculated. In the proposed model, details of the hole parametrize the rate constant k0 for transporting a monomer across the hole, independent of the chain length. We show that any asymmetry in the average conformations of the polymer across the hole is sufficient to generate the driving force for the polymer translocation. If chemical potential gradient is absent, τ∼N2, with the proportionality constant depending on the size exponent of the polymer before and after the translocation. For translocation along the chemical potential gradient Δμ, τ is proportional to N(T/k0Δμ) and N2/k0, respectively, for large and small NΔμ/T. For translocation against the chemical potential gradient, τ∼exp(N) for long polymers.
Process Improvement by Application of Membrane Bioreactors

Membrane bioreactors (MBR) – combinations of common bioreactors and membrane separation units for biomass retention – offer new possibilities for bioprocesses and wastewater treatment according to the particular goal and demands of the process. MBRs combine the benefits of high biomass concentrations to increase removal rates or volumetric productivity with the possibility to run a continuous process at controlled biomass retention e.g., by individual control of hydraulic and biomass residence times, production or degradation kinetics as well as biocoenosis composition can be optimized beyond chemostat or common activated sludge process performance. Although several practical experiences and data are already available for design and operation of MBR processes there is still considerable optimization potential. In MBRs, bioreactor and membrane filtration cannot be regarded as individual unit operations as they interact in a number of ways. Therefore, MBRs need to be considered as hybrid reactors. In this paper, some of the biology–membrane interactions are exemplarily discussed and data from different research and technical aspects including maintenance kinetics, membrane fouling, and rheology are presented.
Influence of the Structure of the Amino Group and Polarity of the Medium on the Photophysical Behavior of 4-Amino-1,8-naphthalimide Derivatives

Photophysical behavior of two series of 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives differing in the amino functionality has been studied as a function of the polarity of the medium. The location of the lowest singlet state of the systems, intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) in nature, is largely controlled by the conformation of the 4-amino group rather than its electron-donating ability. The fluorescence properties of the systems are strongly dependent on the nature of the amino group as well as on the polarity of the media. An increase in the length of the dialkyl groups connected to the amino nitrogen or an increase in the size of the ring containing the amino nitrogen enhances the nonradiative deactivation of the fluorescent state of the molecule. The nonradiative relaxation process is facilitated by an increase in the polarity of the media. The present results suggest that the radiationless deactivation of the fluorescent state of the systems is dependent on the nitrogen inversion rate at the amino group.
Impact of the Hydrogenation Process on the Performance of Self-Aligned Metal Double-Gate Low-Temperature Polycrystalline-Silicon Thin-Film Transistors

We investigated hydrogenation of low-temperature (LT) polycrystalline-silicon (poly-Si) thin-film transistors (TFTs) from the point of view of the gettering phenomenon, specifically, using self-aligned metal double-gate p-channel LT poly-Si TFTs that had a small subthreshold swing value and a high field-effect mobility. Hydrogenation of TFTs was carried out by forming gas annealing. Our results indicate that the conventionally used hydrogenation temperature of 400 °C is considerably high because annealing at this temperature results in the re-emission of gettered hydrogen. Moreover, when annealing in forming gas, hydrogenation actually occurs during cooling from 400 °C, but not at 400 °C. The most important parameter for effective hydrogenation is the rate of cooling from 400 °C, but not the hydrogenation temperature of 400 °C.
On the low-lying singlet excited states of styrene: a theoretical contribution

The present contribution analyses the trans–cis photoisomerization mechanism of ethene and styrene on the singlet manifold. Within the framework of multiconfigurational second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2), the extended multistate approach (MS-CASPT2) is found to be flexible enough to describe energy hypersurfaces adiabatically. For ethene, torsion about the CC bond towards a perpendicular structure leads to a situation where the energy difference between the ground and the lowest excited state is still too large (2.5 eV) for efficient radiationless decay. However, the energy gap decreases to 0.4 eV when one of the methylene moieties is, in addition, pyramidalized from the twisted structure. A similar behaviour is obtained for styrene upon torsion-pyramidalization of the methylene subunit, with a computed energy gap of 0.2 eV. The intersection of the ground and excited states potential energy surfaces occurs by a slight additional pyramidalization from the optimal excited state structure. The actual barrier height on the S1 surface from the local planar minimum structure is estimated to be less than 0.8 eV.
Energy transfer from excited NO*2 to molecular oxygen

When nitric oxide is added to a flow of oxygen in helium which has passed through an electric discharge, O2(1Σ+g) is produced. The main excitation process is the energy pooling reaction NO*2+ O2(1Δg)→ NO2+ O2(1Σ+g)(5) which has a rate coefficient in the range 2–6 × 1010 dm3 mol–1 s–1. NO*2 is identified as the same state or states which lead to the air afterglow emission. The value of the rate constant for the reaction O2(1Δg)+ NO [graphic omitted] O2(3Σ–g)+ NO (7) has been measured as k7= 2.7 ± 0.6 × 104 dm3 mol–1 s–1 in agreement with earlier work.
Toxicokinetic modeling of mixtures of organic chemicals

A residue-based one-compartment, first-order-kinetics model (1CFOK) was used to investigate the toxicity of mixtures of organic chemicals to the American flagfish, Jordanella floridae. Four sets of chemicals (chloroethanes, chloroethylenes, chlorobenzenes, and chlorophenols) were used to examine within-set mixtures. Component chemicals of the mixtures appeared to be simply additive at threshold LC50. Kinetics rate constants and critical body residue (CBR) data estimated from single chemical toxicity test data, along with bioconcentration factor information calculated from log Kow, were used to model the time course of toxicant action of the mixtures and compare them against independently observed mixture toxicity test results. Agreement between observed and modeled information was good, in terms of both threshold toxicity estimates and the time course of toxicant action.
Evaluation of some immobilized room-temperature phosphorescent metal chelates as sensing materials for oxygen

8-hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic acid (ferron) chelates of some transition metals (including Al(III), Zr(IV), Ga(III), and Nb(V)), when retained on the surface of anion-exchange resin beads, exhibit strong phosphorescence at room temperature (RTP) in suspensions of aqueous and organic solutions or encapsulated in silicone rubber films. An oxygen transducer based on RTP quenching measurements of the Al-ferron chelate has been evaluated. The immobilized RTP metal chelate proved to be photochemically very stable, and is RTP emission is highly sensitive toward oxygen
Reaction of lignin model compounds sequentially with chlorine dioxide and sodium hydroxide

Reaction of creosol4 and the lignin condensation model dimer 5 with chlorine dioxide gave a mixture of muconic acid esters, lactones and maleic acids analogous to those reported in a previous paper. Reaction of the lactones 7 and 8 with sodium hydroxide resulted in saponification of the methyl esters and ring opening to muconic acids which partially recyclized and dechlorinated to lactones during the acidic workup. Reaction of the dimeric lactones 12a, 12b, 13, 22 and 23 with sodium hydroxide gave the analogous dimeric muconic acids which also recyclized to lactones during the acidic workup. Double bond isomerization and degradation to lower molecular weight products also occurred. The results indicate that muconic acids are important products of chlorine dioxide bleaching and that these structures are likely constituents of the high molecular mass material found in bleaching effluent.
Successes and failures of time-dependent density functional theory for the low-lying excited states of chlorophylls

It has been suggested that electronic excited states outside of those included within the Gouterman four-orbital model (Q y , Q x , B x , and B y ) are present in the low-energy region of chlorophyll molecules. In particular, studies performed using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) predict the presence of a very large number of such states, most of whom are expected to be ‘dark’ states that are thus difficult to identify. So far, there has been no experimental test that has authoritatively confirmed or contradicted these predictions. The paper considers the response of the TDDFT-calculated excited states to applied electric fields of the order of those experienced by the chlorophylls in Photosystem-I (PS-I). TDDFT calculations using the PW91 density functional with the 6-31G* basis set are shown to predict that charge-transfer bands form the lowest excited state under these conditions, contrary to experimental results. In general, TDDFT calculations using modern functionals are shown to be unreliable for calculations of the excited states of chlorophylls, although important, realistic spectral information is depicted within them that may possibly be extracted for useful purposes.
Magnesium: Comparison of density functional theory calculations with electron and x-ray diffraction experiments

Accurate experimental structure factors for Mg have been measured and compared with density functional theory (DFT) to test some commonly used functionals and self-interaction correction (SIC) schemes. Low order structure factors, free of extinction and on absolute scale, were measured accurately by quantitative convergent beam electron diffraction. In addition, a complete set of structure factors up to sin θ/λ=1.6 A−1 was measured by x-ray diffraction at 10 K. The DFT calculations were performed using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave method. It was found that the agreement with experiment increases when going from the local density approximation (LDA) to the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) of Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhofer and further to the GGA of Engel and Vosko. Applying the SIC of Perdew and Zunger to the core states for LDA does not improve the agreement with theory, while applying the SIC of Lundin and Eriksson results in a significantly improved agreement. This implies that the main source of error in the LDA functional comes from the description of the core densities. Using the functional which agrees best with experiment, a non-nuclear maximum is established in the calculated electron density of beryllium but not of magnesium.Accurate experimental structure factors for Mg have been measured and compared with density functional theory (DFT) to test some commonly used functionals and self-interaction correction (SIC) schemes. Low order structure factors, free of extinction and on absolute scale, were measured accurately by quantitative convergent beam electron diffraction. In addition, a complete set of structure factors up to sin θ/λ=1.6 A−1 was measured by x-ray diffraction at 10 K. The DFT calculations were performed using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave method. It was found that the agreement with experiment increases when going from the local density approximation (LDA) to the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) of Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhofer and further to the GGA of Engel and Vosko. Applying the SIC of Perdew and Zunger to the core states for LDA does not improve the agreement with theory, while applying the SIC of Lundin and Eriksson results in a significantly improved agreement. This implies t.
A shape model for molecular ordering in nematics

An explicit form for the orientating potential acting in uniaxial liquid crystal phases is derived, by analogy with the surface anchoring potential which determines the orientation of macroscopic anisometric particles. The surface of a molecule is determined by describing the molecule as an assembly of van der Waals spheres. The model is successfully applied to predict the ordering tensors for a variety of systems, namely, solutions in nematic solvents of small and rigid probes, or relatively long n-alkanes with many degrees of internal freedom, and pure nematogens formed by aromatic cores attached to flexible chains.
The Comparison of MBBR and ASP for Treatment on Petrochemical Wastewater

Abstract In order to study the character of a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) in treating petrochemical wastewater, the authors offer the comparison experiment between MBBR and activated sludge process (ASP) regarding such factors as hydraulic retention time (HRT), organic loading rate, and air flow rate. The optimal condition of MBBR is that air flow rate be equal to 1.25 L/min and HRT be equal to 8 hr. Under these conditions, when organic loading rate is about 1.0 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/(m3·day), the removal of COD produced by MBBR can reach more than 80%, and the effluent COD from MBBR is less than 50 mg/L. While the organic loading rate reaches the value of 2.0 kg COD/(m3·day), the removal of COD is more than 70%. Under the optimal conditions, the removal of COD produced by MBBR is higher than ASP in all the process. MBBR has stronger capacities regarding the impact of organic loading compared with ASP.