Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cottonseed meal in poultry diets: A review

The residue of cottonseed oil extraction industry popularly known as cottonseed meal (CSM) is a fairly good source of protein (222.0 to 560.2gkg-1) and metabolizable energy (7.4 to 11.99MJkg-1). The use of CSM in poultry diet is limited due to the presence of gossypol, cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA), high fibre and poor protein quality. The most critical amino acid in CSM is lysine. During the oil extraction from cotton- seeds, a portion of free gossypol (FG) binds with the epsilon amino group of lysine, thereby reducing the availability of lysine to the chicken. The concentration of nutrients, FG, CPFA in CSM depends on the variety of cultivars, methods of oil extraction, proportion of kernel to husk, lint and seed coat. The concentration of FG in various varieties of CSM ranges from 200 and 5300mgkg-1. In glandless variety, the FG concentration is less (>130mgkg-1). Gossypol inhibits the activity of pepsin and trypsin in gastro-intestinal tract, thereby reducing the digestibility of protein. The reported toxic effects of gossypol are growth depression, lameness, decreased egg size and hatchability. Gossypol and CPFA also deteriorates the internal egg quality by causing yolk mottling and pinkish discoloration of albumen, respectively. The tolerance levels of FG in birds vary widely depending on the age and strain of birds, protein content and quality, duration of feeding, presence of minerals especially the iron content in the diet. The tolerance of FG in chicks varies widely (90 to 1000mgkg-1 diets), however performance of layer chicks could be affected even at a lower FG intake of 2.02mg day-1 bird-1. Though, growth was not affected in broilers at FG concentration in diet below 150mgkg-1, feed efficiency was reduced at lower levels i.e. 60-100mgkg-1. The depression in egg production in layers fed diets containing more than 100mgkg-1 was mainly due to lowered feed intake. The egg weight and egg quality was not affected at FG levels upto 200mgkg-1 diet. Iron treatment (4 : 1; Fe : FG) proved to be effective in alleviating the negative effects on egg quality, but could not alleviate the depression in laying performance. Lysine supplementation to CSM containing diets is also effective in counteracting the ill effects of FG in chicken, especially chicks and broilers. Other processing methods like solid substrate fermentation, production of glandless cotton seed and use of organic solvents were though effective in improving the nutritive value of CSM and reducing the FG content in CSM, these methods are of little practical relevance and uneconomical. Production of glandless variety of cottonseed through genetic modification (Bacillus thuringiensis cotton) is one of the recent trends of reducing the FG content. Some other methods like pelleting, extrusion, cooking and Ca (OH)2 treatment of CSM could be tried for improving the feeding value of CSM in poultry.
Long-term ecological trends of flow-dependent ecosystems in a major regulated river basin

The case for restoring water to the environment in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia, is based mainly on condition assessments, although time series provide valuable information on trends. We assessed trends of 301 ecological time series (mean 23 years, range 1905–2013) in two categories: (1) ‘population’ (abundance, biomass, extent) and (2) ‘non-population’ (condition, occurrence, composition). We analysed trends using log-linear regression, accounting for observation error only, and a state–space model that accounts for observation error and environmental ‘noise’. Of the log-linear series (n=239), 50 (22%) showed statistically significant decline, but 180 (78%) showed no trend. For state–space series (n=197) one increased, but others were stable. Distribution of median exponential rates of increase (r) indicated a small but statistically significant declining trend, though 35–39% of the series were positive. Our analysis only partly supports, though does not refute, prevailing assumptions of recent ecological decline in the Murray–Darling Basin. The pattern is of fluctuating stability, with declines during droughts and recovery after flood. The overall trend from our meta-analysis is consistent with a pattern of historical decline to a hybrid ecosystem followed by slow, recent decline for some components and stability for others, with considerable variation in trends of specific ecological components: in short, there are ecological ‘winners’ and ‘losers’.
Dereplication of Saccharide and Polyol Constituents of Candidate Sweet‐tasting Plants: Isolation of the Sesquiterpene Glycoside Mukurozioside IIb as a Sweet Principle of Sapindus rarak

In the search for new potently sweet compounds from plants, the rapid identification and quantification of free sugars and polyols in a crude plant extract is important for dereplication purposes, wherein compounds of known structure or biological activity are removed from further consideration. Accordingly, plants found to have high levels of free sugars and polyols are regarded as lower priority leads when screening for novel natural sweeteners. In the present study, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to examine the sugar/polyol content of six sweet-tasting species, comprised of the pericarp of Dialium indum L. (Leguminosae), the stem of Drypetes floribunda Hutchinson (Euphorbiaceae), the fruit of Hymenaea oblongifolia Huber var. palustris (Ducke) Lee and Langenheim (Leguminosae), the rhizomes of Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauvois (Gramineae), the fruit of Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen (Sapotaceae), and the pericarp of Sapindus rarak DC. (Sapindaceae). The total yields of sugars/polyols in these plant parts were 1.9, 6.1, 7.8, 4.5, 10.8 and 2.9% w/w, respectively. Several uncommon polyols were identified, including bornesitol in D. floribunda and quebrachitol in S. rarak. It is likely that the sweet taste of the plants containing more than 5% of sugars/polyols is imparted as a result of the high free sugar and/or polyol content. Owing to its low level of free sugars, S. rarak pericarp was chosen for further study, and the known sesquiterpene glycoside mukurozioside IIb (1) was isolated in high yield (6.3% w/w) as a sweet-tasting constituent. Preliminary evaluations, comprised of mouse acute toxicity and bacterial mutagenesis determinations, indicated the safety of 1. The compound was subsequently rated by a human taste panel as having about the same sweetness potency as sucrose. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF INDOLEACETIC ACID, NAPHTHALENEACETIC ACID, AND 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID BY PEA ROOT SEGMENTS IN RELATION TO GROWTH INHIBITION DURING AND AFTER AUXIN APPLICATION

Growth inhibition by applied indoleacetic acid (IAA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was studied using change in fresh weight of pea root segments as the criterion of growth. Auxin metabolism of these tissues was investigated with 14C-labeled auxins applied under conditions similar to those used in the growth studies.Growth inhibition by applied auxins is independent of the rate of auxin uptake, accumulation of auxin or auxin metabolites in the tissues, or the subsequent loss of accumulated auxin from the tissues. It is also independent of the metabolic processes leading either to auxin conjugation with aspartic acid or to decarboxylation. All three auxins inhibit growth to a similar degree, which depends only on the concentration of auxin applied and the pH of the solution. Inhibition persists undiminished as long as the auxin is applied. It is suggested that growth inhibition by applied auxin occurs at a site external to the cytoplasm, i.e. the cell wall or the c.
Cloning of ten distinct DNA fragments of Clostridium thermocellum coding for cellulases

Ten distinct Eco RI fragments of Clostridum thermocellum DNA have been cloned in Escherichia coli and shown to express enzymatic activities related to cellulose degradation. Two of the cloned fragments appeared to carry the previously characterized celA and celB genes, which code for the endoglucanases (EG) A and B. Five other cloned fragments code for hitherto unidentified EGs, which can be detected by the Congo red test for hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). In addition, three separate clones hydrolyzed methylumbelliferyl-β-cellobioside (MUC) but not CMC, hinting that they may express three different cellobiohydrolase genes.
Injured conspecifics alter mobility and byssus production in zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha

In laboratory experiments we studied the effects of different concentrations of chemicals released by crushed conspecifics on zebra mussel mobility and byssogenesis (adhesive thread formation). In response to predation cues, zebra mussels showed reduced numbers of byssal threads, tendency for weaker byssal attachment, shorter distance travelled on sand and slower crawling speed, but duration of crawling did not change. Mussel mobility gradually decreased with increasing concentrations of predation cues. Our findings do not agree with the earlier suggestion that decreased mobility among zebra mussels exposed to predation cues results from acceleration of settlement and increased byssal production dynamics. The results do favour the view that zebra mussels slow their physiological processes in order to lower emissions of metabolites that disclose the location of prey to predators. This study suggests that zebra mussels sense different concentrations of predation cues, make chemosensory assessments of predation risk, and respond accordingly in order to reduce the cost of defences. When faced with predation risk, the zebra mussels seem to trade off resistance to predatory attacks to gain reduced risk of detection, but we argue that profitability of this strategy may depend on the likelihood of immediate attack.
Ultrastructure of susceptible, resistant, and immune reactions of tomato to races of Cladosporium fulvum

Ultrastructural examination of the Cladosporium fulvum Cooke – tomato combination was carried out to reveal the nature of the host–parasite interaction. The tomato varieties V-121 (Cf3) and Vinequeen (Cf2, Cf4), inoculated with race 1, served as the resistant hosts. Vinequeen, inoculated with race 12, was used as the susceptible host.Relatively few ultrastructural changes were observed in the susceptible host until sporulation was extensive. In the resistant V-121 host, cytological changes occurred within the lesion area just before aerial mycelia formation (about day 8) and included cytoplasmic disorganization, increased electron density of cytoplasm, limited callose formation, and the association of extracellular material with the cell walls. In the susceptible host, the mycelium was rich in polysaccharide and lipid-like substances, in contrast with the mycelium in V-121 lesions, which was highly vacuolated and had an additional electron-dense layer on the cell wall surface. The reaction of the highly r.
STUDIES ON THE OLFACTION AND COLOUR SENSITIVITY OF BEMISIA TABACI (GENN.) (HOMOPTERA, ALEYRODIDAE)

The whitefly, B. tabaci, is attracted by two groups of wavelengths of transmitted light, the blue/ultra‐violet, and the yellow parts of the spectrum. A mixture of these components in a reflecting surface however is not attractive. A possible explanation of this is that ultraviolet radiation induces migratory behaviour, whereas yellow radiation induces vegetative behaviour. It has further been found that B. tabaci has no easily detectable olfactory reactions. In this, and in its reactions to coloured surfaces, it appears to differ from the whitefly Aleyrodes brassicae, which may explain the different host range of the two species.
Carboxymethyl cocoyam starch : Synthesis, characterisation and influence of reaction parameters

Twenty carboxymethyl starch derivatives of cocoyam starch were synthesized under different reaction conditions. The influences of sodium hydroxide concentration, sodium monochloroacetate concentration, water, type of organic solvent, reaction time and temperature were evaluated for degree of substitution (DS) and reaction efficiency (RE). The optimal ratio of moles of NaOH per mole anhydroglucose unit (AGU), n NaOH /n AGU was 1.62. Increases in ratio of moles of monochloroacetate (n SMCA ) to mole of AGU (n AGU ) increased the DS progressively. The ratio of water to solvent (isopropanol, IPA) in the reaction media was optimal at H 2 O/IPA 0.16. Both RE and the DS increased with increase in reaction time within the studied time range (1-4 h). Increases in temperature enhanced both reaction efficiency and DS. Among the solvents studied, an isopropanol - water medium produced the optimal result. The starch paste clarity improved remarkably after carboxymethylation. Wide angle X-ray diffractometry revealed that starch crystallinity was reduced after carboxymethylation. 13 C-NMR showed peaks at 5 = 180.42 ppm, 80.35 ppm, 77.77 ppm, and 71.96 ppm, which were assigned to C-O, substituted C-2, C-3 and C-6, respectively. In addition, three signals appeared at δ = 74.16 ppm, 73.42 ppm and 72.59 ppm and they were assigned to the CH 2 in the carboxylate substituents.
The Audit

The value of the audit process to libraries is examined and questioned. Although generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are followed by accountants in all fields, these policies and procedures are not always relevant for serials, particularly electronic journals. Adhering to these best practices does little to achieve professed goals and desired outcomes.
Microinjection of fluorescent brain tubulin reveals dynamic properties of cortical microtubules in living plant cells

Fluorescent brain tubulin, injected into living cells of the green alga Nitella pseudoflabellata and the higher plant Tradescantia virginiana, incorporates into the cortical microtubules, allowing these structures to be observed. With confocal laser scanning microscopy, clear images of microtubules were recorded and changes in microtubule patterns documented. After injection, fluorescent lengths of microtubules appeared within a few minutes and their number and length increased rapidly to a “steady state” over the first 15 min. In many instances, fluorescent microtubules could still be detected several hours after injection. In the cells examined, microtubules are arranged as an array of separate units only occasionally displaying close association or accurate co-alignment with neighboring microtubules. In what we perceive to be the steady state condition, some microtubules remain relatively static, while others undergo rapid changes in length or small translocations. We also document what appears to be bidirectional microtubule elongation during postdepolymerization assembly. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Efeito da porosidade do substrato casca de pínus no desenvolvimento de mudas de grumixameira

Aiming to evaluate the effect of the pine bark substrate porosity on the development of the grumixama plant (Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.), an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"/USP, Piracicaba, Brazil. The treatments were: 100% ground pine bark without separation of particles; 100% pine bark of < 0,1mm; 75% pine bark of < 0,1mm + 25% between 0,1-4,0 mm; 50% of pine bark < 0,1mm + 50% between 0,1-4,0 mm; 25% pine bark of < 0,1mm + 75% between 0,1-4,0 mm and 100% pine bark of 0,1-4,0 mm. The evaluations (stem diameter, length and average dry weight of seedlings) were performed on the 90, 120 and 150th days after sowing. The low water absorption in the early stages and the low aeration of the roots promoted by the substrate, affect the development of the grumixama plant seedlings, that grow best when the total pore space of the substrate is less than 90% (v / v).
Species-specific polymerase chain reaction primers for Lactococcus garvieae

A dihydropteroate synthase gene from the chromosomal DNA of the fish-pathogenic bacteria Lactococcus garvieae (formerly Enterococcus seriolicida) was cloned. This gene was then chosen as the target for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The designated PCR primer set only amplified a 709-bp DNA fragment from L. garvieae strains, and did not amplify the same molecular size fragment from related species of L. lactis, Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium or β-haemolytic Streptococcus sp. The kidney tissue of yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata (Temminck and Schlegel), a species which is naturally infected with L. garvieae, and also kidney tissue samples of healthy yellowtail were stored in TNES-Urea. The DNA was extracted from tissue samples by a modification of the standard method and by a boiled-extraction method. In particular, template DNA was utilized within 30 min following extraction and purification by the boiled-extraction method. These species-specific PCR primers could amplify a L. garvieae target sequence from yellowtail which were naturally infected with L. garvieae. The total procedure for the diagnosis of L. garvieae infections in fish, from the point of DNA extraction to observation in an agarose gel following electrophoresis, can be performed in less than 4 h.
Avidez de anticorpos IgG específicos como marcadores de infecção primária recente pelo Toxoplasma gondii

A caracterizacao de infeccao primaria recente pelo Toxoplasma gondii se apoia principalmente na presenca, no soro, de anticorpos especificos IgM. Para fins diagnosticos de toxoplasmose aguda, ou de contagio recente, a possibilidade de outros marcadores e altamente desejavel. Um marcador de infeccao recente atualmente referido e a baixa afinidade ou avidez de anticorpos especificos IgG. Para avaliacao do novo marcador, titularam-se os soros contra poliantigenos do T. gondii pelo teste imunoenzimatico (ELISA), antes e apos tratamento dos complexos antigeno-anticorpo formados, com solucao de ureia 6 M como agente dissociante. O deslocamento de anticorpos de baixa avidez foi indicado por uma queda de titulos, calculada em porcentagem em relacao aos titulos iniciais. Foram estudados 69 soros, 23 de cada um dos 3 perfis sorologicos sucessivos, observados na infeccao, e que a caracterizam respectivamente como recente, em fase de transicao e cronica. Os perfis foram determinados segundo os resultados de uma bateria de testes, incluindo os de imunofluorescencia IgG e IgM, de captura de anticorpos IgM e de hemaglutinacao. Para os soros de infeccao cronica a queda observada foi de 3% ± 3%, de 34% ± 12% para toxoplasmose recente e de 12% ± 9% para a fase de transicao. Conclue-se que a determinacao da avidez de anticorpos IgG pode ser utilizada como marcador de infeccao primaria recente pelo T. gondii.
ClassroomQual: a scale for measuring the use-of-classrooms-for-teaching–learning service quality

This study has two purposes: (1) to develop and refine a measure of the quality of the complementary service named ‘use-of-classrooms-for-teaching–learning’ and (2) to contribute to the empirical evidence regarding the dimensions of the complementary service. The design was cross-sectional of development and scale validation. The research methods were based on factor and psychometric analyses. The study was conducted in three phases. In the initial phase, 30 interviews were conducted in order to collect critical incidents. The second phase involved the improvement of items (self-administered questionnaire of 59 items, Cronbach's α, and exploratory factor analyses). Students from Industrial Engineering at the University of Antioquia comprised the sample (n = 290). In the third phase, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was implemented, using Amos 21.0 software. The items that made it through the exploratory stage was 23, classified under 7 latent factors (the initial model in the CFA). Through strategies of re-specification, four more models were arrived at, and finally two models (a 16-item model and a 15-item one), both with seven latent factors, were chosen. These models are two versions of a scale we have called ClassroomQual, which presents satisfactory measures of overall fit, parsimony, reliability, and validity.
Nisin induces changes in membrane fatty acid composition of Listeria monocytogenes nisin‐resistant strains at 10°C and 30°C

Listeria monocytogenes isolates resistant to 105 IU ml‐1 nisin were obtained at 30°C (NR30) and at 10°C (NR10). Nisin prolonged the lag phase of isolate NR30 at 10°C. Isolates NR30 and NR10 did not produce a nisinase. Protoplasts of isolate NR30 were unaffected by exposure to nisin. The fatty acid composition from the wild‐type strain and NR isolates was determined. As expected, temperature‐induced differences in the C15/C17 fatty acid ratios were found. Growth of the NR strains in the presence of nisin resulted in significantly different C15/C17 ratios and a significant increase in the percentage of C16:0, C16: 1, C18:0 and C18: 1 fatty acids at 10°C and 30°C. Both the NR10 and NR30 isolates had similar growth rates at low temperatures, but these were slower than the wild‐type strain. These results indicate that ‘nisin resistance’is an environmentally defined phenotype and that nisin induces changes in the fatty acid composition of the membrane in L. monocytogenes nisin‐resistant isolates regardless of the growth temperature.
Effect of micronization on energy, starch and amino acid digestibility in hulless barley for young pigs

Studies were carried out to determine the effect of micronization on energy, starch and amino acid digestibilities in hulless barley. Six pigs (Canabrid × Camborough) were weaned at 21 d of age and fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum on days 23 or 24. The pigs were fed one of three diets with major constituents of hulless barley and soybean meal (HB + SBM), micronized hulless barley and soybean meal (MHB + SBM) and corn starch and soybean meal (C + SBM) according to a repeated Latin square design. The pigs were fed three times daily, equal amounts at 8-h intervals. The diets were supplied at a rate of 5% (wt/wt) of body weight. The average body weight of the pigs was 9.3 kg at start and 15.9 kg at the conclusion of the experiment at 58 d of age. Faeces were collected for 48 h on days 6 and 7 and ileal digesta for 24 h on days 8 and 9. Chromic oxide was used as digestibility marker. The apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities in HB and MHB were determined by the difference method. The appa.
Industrial Policies and Outcomes: A Comparison of Pre-liberalized Korean and Turkish Economies

ABSTRACT Since the 1960s Korea and Turkey have been among the fastest growing economies globally with a transformation of their economic structures from an agrarian into an industrial one. However, design and implementation of their industrial polices have been different, leading to different industrialization paths and end points. This paper reviews and contrasts the industrial policies in the two countries on a comparative basis during their periods of rapid industrialization that precede economic and financial liberalization (1960–80 for Turkey and 1962–97 for Korea). Korean industrial policies were more focused; targeting specific industries and complementing this with manpower and technology policies. While import substitution has been prevalent in both countries, Korea has simultaneously emphasized export orientation and Turkey has not. Macroeconomic management was more prudent in Korea than in Turkey. Repressive financial policy together with directed credits were common in both, as were tax incentives favouring industrial investments.