Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How voluntary are minimal actions ?

This paper aims at exploring how intentional a piece of behavior should be to count as an action, and how a minimal view on action, not requiring a richly intentional causation, may still qualify as voluntary. Knowing what counts as an action is not only a matter of nominal definition. It has important consequences in education, law, as well as in ethics. One unresolved question in the domain of action consists in determining which features, if any, are distinctive of human action as contrasted with non-human animal action. The interest of studying what Kent Bach (1978) called "minimal actions" is that they seem not to presuppose any prior intention, not even any conscious decision. Defining a minimal action as a guided bodily movement (not requiring an intentional belief-desire causation) will help us discuss some issues that become easily blurred within the folkpsychological approach to full-fledged, richly intentional actions. In the first section, I will first develop the contrast between the two kinds of action and offer reasons for taking the category of minimal action as a functionally relevant one. In the second section, this "austere" definition of action will be used to test our intuitions about what counts as a voluntary action. In ordinary usage, three different ways of explaining what makes an action voluntary can be found. The first involves the sense of agency which normally, but not necessarily, accompanies self-generated bodily movement. The second invokes the fact that the subject wanted to act as she did. The third, richer meaning of a voluntary action requires that an agent has a positive evaluation of what she did, in the sense that her second-order desires are in agreement with the action taken. We will examine how these three senses may apply to minimal actions. This analysis will hopefully contribute separating out causal, experiential and metaphysical considerations on voluntary action.
Consistency and Transformation Rules in the MDA-based Modeling of an Enterprise Software Architecture

'Consistency checking' and 'Transformation of models' are some of important links in MDA process, but because of immaturity of technology and lack of interest many MDA tools had overlooked them. Extending the existing MDA based tools for making them more mature and advance in MDA sense is the target of this thesis. Prototype of Extended Coryx Platform Technology (CxPT) and Extended Octopus (an open source MDA based tool) has been described in this thesis followed by the study of different techniques and tools in this area. STS – Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg (TUHH) i Consistency and Transformation Rules in the MDA-based Modeling of an Enterprise Software Architecture
Technologizing Democracy or Democratizing Technology? A Layered-Architecture Perspective on Potentials and Challenges

While technology is often claimed to be “democratizing”, the technologizing of society has more often yielded undemocratic or even anti-democratic outcomes. Is technology fundamentally at odds with democracy, or is it merely a rich and inﬁnitely-adaptable toolbox that we’re using the wrong way? We explore how technology has failed to support robust democracy – but could do better – in the context of four basic social processes: collective deliberation and choice, information distribution and ﬁltering, economic commerce, and identity. Technology could eventually help us make better collective choices, but only if we can make digital deliberation and voting systems both truly participatory and truly secure. Since making good decisions relies on the availability of good information, we need digital forums that enable communities to vet and ﬁlter a digital deluge of information democratically without falling into a muddle of fake news, real and perceived bias, or polarized echo chambers. Since effective participations is impractical for those who must spend every moment of time struggling to survive, healthy digital democracy will require a democratic reformulation of digital-age money and commerce as well. Finally, none of these social processes can resist abuse or subversion without a democratic basis for digital identity that can distinguish real people from abuse, botnets, and sock puppets, while preserving the privacy needed for freedom and true self-expression. While this perspective leaves many questions to answer and challenges to overcome, it does suggest a framework or layered architecture we might take as a tentative blueprint for digital democracy.
How Follow-Up Counselling Increases Linkage to Care Among HIV-Positive Persons Identified Through Home-Based HIV Counselling and Testing: A Qualitative Study in Uganda

We investigated how follow-up counselling had increased linkage to HIV care in a trial of referral to care and follow-up counseling, compared to referral to care only, for participants diagnosed as HIV-positive through home-based HIV counseling and testing. We carried out a cross-sectional qualitative study. Using random stratified sampling, we selected 43 trial participants (26 [60%] in the intervention arm). Sample stratification was by sex, distance to an ART facility, linkage, and nonlinkage to HIV care. Twenty-six in-depth interviews were conducted with participants in the intervention arm: 17 people who had linked to HIV care and 9 who had not linked after 6 months of follow-up. Home-based follow-up counseling helped to overcome worries resulting from an HIV-positive test result. In addition, the counseling offered an opportunity to address questions on HIV treatment side effects, share experiences of intimate partner violence or threats, and general problems linking to care. The counselling encouraged early linkage to HIV care and use of biomedical medicines, discouraging alternative medicine usage. Home-based follow-up counseling also helped to promote HIV sero-status disclosure, facilitating linkage to, retention in and adherence to HIV care and treatment. This study successfully demonstrated that home-based follow-up counselling increased linkage to care through encouragement to seek care, provision of accurate information about HIV care services and supporting the person living with HIV to disclose and manage stigma.
Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction with Acute Renal Failure due to Anti-$Jk^{b}$ : a Case Study

We reported a case of hemolytic transfusion reaction producing acute renal failure due to Anti- in a 35year-old man with septic hip in post-operative state. At first, he received 7 units of packed red blood cells one month before admission, 2 units for hematuria 7 days before, and with 2 units just one day before the admission. He complained of symptoms and signs accounting for acute hemolytic transfusion reaction with chilling, hematuria, and oliguria. In this case, it seems that the patient acquired unexpected antibody by the episode of transfusion one month ago. He received another transfusion with similar episode of transfusion reaction. His transfusion was repeated and even more severe hemolytic transfusion reaction was presented, leading to acute renal failure.
Building a Cohesive Society: The Case of Singapore’s Housing Policies

The reasons for the rise of populism in the West are still debated intensely. Besides educational, regional and structural divergences, a racial element and xenophobia are increasingly seen as contributing factors.1 A common characteristic of any successful populist platform is that it plays the “we against them” theme. This tune may have nationalist or racist colours, exploiting deep-seated resentment and fear. By splitting society and creating social distress, it can even lead to social violence.
Racjonalni inwestorzy zamiast racjonalnych oczekiwań w hipotezie rynku efektywnego

Streszczenie: Napływające na rynek informacje wpływają nie tylko na ceny bieżące, ale również na oczekiwane ceny w przyszłości, które są ustalane na rynku terminowym. Ceny na rynku terminowym niosą istotne informacje o oczekiwaniach inwestorów. Założenie neoklasycznej racjonalności inwestorów (metoda zdyskontowanych przepływów pieniężnych DCF w czasie ciągłym) prowadzi do wniosku, że testy hipotezy rynku efektywnego (EMH) opierające się tylko na danych z przeszłości i teraźniejszości mogą dawać błędne wyniki. Pominięcie oczekiwań inwestorów co do przyszłości utrudnia dostrzeżenie ewentualnego nowego trendu cen powstałego po dotarciu do inwestorów nowej informacji. Wyłączenie z testowania EMH oczekiwanych wartości zmiennych w przyszłości jest sprzeczne z zasadą racjonalności inwestora. Aby zmniejszyć ryzyko nieprawidłowego wyniku testów EMH, postuluje się włączenie do badań oczekiwanych przez inwestorów cen i zmiennych fundamentalnych w przyszłości.
Management information for ecologically—oriented decision–making. A case study of the introduction of co–generation in eleven spanish companies

The purpose of this case study was to provide a report on the motivations which have led Spanish managers in the Galician region to take a green pathway. Such decisional processes may reflect a change in corporate consciousness, or it might be just another corporate response to increased political visibility and possible government intervention (Rodgers, 1991, 1992, Rodgers and Gago, 2001) The study focuses on eleven Spanish companies who instead of purchasing energy decided to produce their own energy using a co-generation system. A case study approach was selected in order to interpret the information provided concerning the adoption of a co-generation corporate strategy (Parker, and Roffey, 1997). Accounting information systems are considered to be important in this process as they select, classify and arrange information to inform their communities. Their design and implementation highlight environmental contingencies as they affect business entities’ ability to operate. The results of the case study survey confirm that management benefit through cost savings and additional incomes. The article concludes by observing that the ecological implications of co-generation were not the primary motivation for adopting the ‘green’ innovation.
Ultrasound estimation of amniotic fluid and perinatal outcome in normotensive and pre-eclamptics at term in a Nigerian tertiary hospital

Pre-eclampsia is a subtype of hypertensive disorder in pregnancy which is described as a disorder of widespread vascular endothelial malfunction and vasospasm that manifest clinically after 20 weeks gestation and can present as late as 4-6 weeks postpartum. However, the focus in modern obstetric care is on reduction of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality through preventive strategies. The objective of this study was to determine the usefulness of ultrasound scan measurement of the amniotic fluid indices in determining perinatal outcome in normotensive and pre-eclamptic paturients at term. This was an observational study involving 120 consenting pre-eclamptics and 120 normotensive women. An analysis of the measures of perinatal outcome in this study revealed a statistical significant difference when meconium stained liquor, route of delivery, fetal outcome and birth weight in pre-eclamptic women were compared with those of normotensive women. Ultrasound estimation of amniotic fluid in pre-eclamptic and normotensive paturients has been found to be useful in the management of these patients with the aim of improving perinatal outcome. Hence, there may be a need to include this in the protocol of management; however, randomized control trials will be needed to further justify the finding of this recommendation. Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences (2015) 4(3), 1-8 Keywords: Pregnancy induced hypertension, perinatal outcome, blood pressure, Nigeria
Adesão terapêutica ao tratamento da tuberculose em um município do estado de São Paulo/ Adherence therapeutic to the treatment of tuberculosis in a municipality of the São Paulo state

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e analisar os aspectos associados a adesao terapeutica da tuberculose no municipio de Ribeirao Preto – SP. A populacao do estudo foi constituida por doentes de tuberculose em tratamento, ha tres meses ou mais, no periodo de 2011 a 2012. Foi entrevistada uma amostra de 127 pacientes, de um total de 204, utilizando-se um formulario estruturado em quatro blocos: Dados sociodemograficos, clinicos e de organizacao da assistencia aos doentes em tratamento; Medida de Adesao ao Tratamento da Tuberculose; Conhecimento dos doentes sobre a doenca e tratamento; Vinculo com a equipe de saude. Para analise dos dados realizou-se Analise de Agrupamento e Analise de Correspondencia Multipla. Foram construidos dois grupos de analise cujas medias padronizadas permitiram a classificacao do grupo 2 como satisfatorio e envolveu 67 (52,8%) entrevistados, constituidos por adultos jovens, com vinculo empregaticio, ausencia de coinfeccao TB/HIV, maior frequencia de Tratamento Diretamente Observado no domicilio, vinculo com a equipe de saude e conhecimento sobre a doenca. Nivel de escolaridade, sexo e forma clinica nao foram aspectos que determinaram a adesao. Destaca-se a importância de conhecer o perfil dos doentes associados a adesao terapeutica, uma vez que poderiam nortear a oferta de acoes e incentivos.
The likelihood of returning to work after breast cancer.

Objective. This is an examination of factors associated with retuming to work after the diagnosis of breast cancer. Methods. Three months after being diagnosed with breast cancer, 296 employed women from the Detroit metropolitan area (52 black and 244 white women) were interviewed. These women were part of a larger cohort of 1,011 breast cancer patients ages 40 to 84 interviewed for the study Health and Functioning in Women with Breast Cancer. Results. Although most employed women retumed to work within three months of the diagnosis of breast cancer, black women were twice as likely as white women to be on medical leave three months after diagnosis (OR = 1.94 ; 95% CI 1.04 to 3.62). Being on leave was found to be associated with the need for assistance with transportation, limitations in upper-body strength, and employment in jobs requiring physical activity. After adjusting for these factors, the racial difference was reduced and no longer statistically significant (OR = 1.34 ; 95% CI 0.67, 2.70). Conclusion. Breast cancer rehabilitation programs should not only address the patient's physical capacity but also the daily demands she is likely to face once she leaves the hospital and retums to work.
Faktor Risiko Kejadian Asma pada Anak di Kota Padang

Asthma is a chronic disease that is often found in children. Based on the National Health Survey (RISKESDAS) in Indonesia, the prevalence of asthma in the Province of West Sumatra was 3,6%, this is relatively high compared to other provinces. The incidence of asthma among children(1-14 years old) in the Public Health Center (PHC) of Pauh was 6% higher compared to other PHCs. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with the incidence of asthma among children in Pauh Public Health Center. This study used a case-control study and included 1-14 year old children with asthma who visited PHC of Pauh as case and 1-14 year old children without asthma who visited PHC of Pauh as control. The number of samples in the case group were 32 and control group were 64. Data analysis included univariate, bivariate with the chi-square test and multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression methods. The risk factors that independently associated with asthma were male (OR=5.2; 95%CI: 1.5-17.9), not exclusive breastfeeding (OR=4.2; 95%CI: 1.2-14.7), family history of asthma (OR=10.8; 95%CI: 3.3-35.1), and contact with pets (OR=8.5; 95% CI: 1.3-54.9). Boys with a family history of asthma need more attention because of their higher risk. Prevention is advised to start since birth through early lactation initiation and followed by exclusive breastfeeding. Family participation in the prevention of asthma is warranted since they have a big role in minimizing their child’s contact with animals.
Medication compliance in the elderly were analyzed retrospectively

Objective In order to elevate medicine compliance and safety,return visited the elderly medication guide.Methods 162 cases of elderly patients were randomly divided into trial group 81 cases and 81 cases in control group.During hospitalization before and after treatment,nurses have to be used in the doctor's advice made it clear that drugs,drug effects,note etc,and observe for discharge medication guide.On this basis,the test group after being discharged from the hospital medical service centers for one return visit every month,each sick with 3 times.Focus on all aspects of the disease,knowledge of the characteristics of elderly drug metabolism,the use of drugs,drug effect and prone to side effects.Medicine knowledge through the questionnaire survey of two groups,and compared the results.Results Test group in the knowledge about the disease and drug,understanding non-compliance and non-prescribed by a doctor from the manner and reasons were better than the control group,the differences were statistically significant(P0.05). Conclusion Carry out medication directions can elevate medicine compliance and safety.
Income Distributional Effects of CAP Subsidies

This paper studies the income distributional effects of three main instruments of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in the EU: Coupled Direct Payments (CDP), the Rural Development Programme (RDP) and the Single Payment Scheme (SPS). The authors use a large set of cross-country farm-level panel data for the EU covering the period 1999–2007, and employ the GMM estimator, which allows important sources of endogeneity to be addressed. According to the results, farmers gain 66–72%, 77–82% and 93–109% from the CDP, SPS and RDP respectively. These findings suggest that the initiated shift in CAP expenditure from the support of farm production activities towards supporting rural development and the provision of public goods and externalities is also in line with supporting farmers' income.
Vision 2020: the right to sight.

oday, there are 45 million blind people in the world, and cataract, which is one of the most important causes of blindness, accounts for half of the blindness. Moreover, trachoma and childhood blindness are responsible for 15% and 4% of all blindness respectively. Besides, other important causes of blindness in our region are uncorrected refractive error, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age related macular degeneration. Among all the blindness, 80% are avoidable which means it is either preventable or curable. An innumerable number of blind people reside in this region, and a study found that about one third of the world’s blind and half of the world’s 1.5 million blind children live in this region alone. It is quite disheartening to know the fact that among 12 people who go blind every minute in the world, 4 are from South East Asia.
Criterios clínicos de malignidad en el nódulo tiroideo. ¿Están vigentes? Clinical criteria to assess malignancy in the thyroid nodule. Are they still in vogue?

Objective: To determine whether malignancy criteria are precise and their value in our population. Setting: Third level health care hospital. Design: Retrospective, transversal, comparative study. Patients and methods: We reviewed the clinical files of 300 patients with thyroid nodules and who had been operated on. We analyzed the following malignancy criteria: evolution time, pain, dysphagia, dysnea, dysphonia, growth velocity, history of previous radiation, familial antecedents of thyroid cancer, size, consistency, fixation to other planes, presence of cervical ganglia, hypersensitivity and functional state. These results were compared with those obtained from the definite histopathological study. Results: The population studied consisted of 282 women (94%) and 18 men (6%), average age of 42. We found 212 (70%) benign nodules, 202 women and 10 men; the malignant nodules amounted to 88 (29%), 80 women and 8 men. Average evolution time for all patients was 44 months; for the benign nodules, 46 months and for the malignant ones of 38 months, no statistically significant difference was found. The average size of the nodule was 10.1 mm, the benign ones
Phase 1/2a study of double immune suppression blockade by combining a CSF1R inhibitor (pexidartinib/PLX3397) with an anti PD-1 antibody (pembrolizumab) to treat advanced melanoma and other solid tumors.

TPS465 Background: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) support tumor growth and cause tumor resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy; myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) suppress anti-tumor immunity and cause resistance to PD-1 inhibition. TAMs and MDSCs are both regulated by colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1). Pexidartinib is a small molecule inhibitor of CSF1 receptor, CSF1R. The normal function of PD-1, expressed on the cell surface of activated T-cells, is to suppress excessive immune responses, eg, autoimmune reactions. Tumors utilize PD-1 signaling to downregulate immune-mediated elimination. Pembrolizumab is a potent, highly selective humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks interactions between PD-1 and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. We present the study design for a Phase 1/2a clinical trial assessing safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the combination of pexidartinib and pembrolizumab in advanced solid tumors (NCT02452424). Methods: In Part 1 of this open-lab.
The prevalence of insulin resistance in the Turkish population

Objectives: The aim of this study was to apply the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and examine the relationships between age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and insulin resistance (IR) in the Turkish population of different regions of the country. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational study designed in the framework of a multicenter study to analyze the Turkish prevalence of insulin resistance. The study sample consisted of volunteers from the 7 different regions of Turkey. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. BMI, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and fasting blood insulin levels were calculated. IR was determined using the HOMA-IR. Results: The prevalence of DM, impaired fasting glucose, and IR was 11.1%, 21.3%, and 26.2%, respectively, in all 7 regions of Turkey. IR was detected in 28.9% of women and 25.1% of men. The difference between men and women was significant (p=0.04). The prevalence of IR in postmenopausal women (30.8%) was higher than premenopausal women (25.1%) (p<0.04). A comparison of age groups revealed that the prevalence of IR among those aged 50 to 59 (33.8%; p<0.001) was higher than in the other age groups. IR was also more prevalent in those with a BMI >25 kg/m2, those with hypertension, and those living in city centers (p<0.05). Conclusion: The high prevalence of IR and DM in Turkey is an important public health problem. This study provides a large-sample representative study of the Turkish population. The prevalence of IR was highly correlated with central obesity, hypertension, and a more sedentary lifestyle, such as is often seen in city centers. There is an urgent need to institute more aggressive, nationwide public health measures and screening programs regarding obesity.
Information Disclosure in Dynamic Research Contests

We study the design of information disclosure in a dynamic multi-agent research contest, where each agent privately searches for innovations and submits his best to compete for a winner-takes-all prize. We find that although submission is a onetime event for each agent, different disclosure policies on the agents’ submissions induce different equilibrium behavior, making the design of disclosure a useful instrument for the contest sponsor. We characterize equilibrium behavior in a public contest where submissions are immediately revealed and in a hidden contest where no submission information is revealed to the agents. In addition, for contests with indefinite duration, the public disclosure policy is an optimal policy among a natural set of disclosure policies.