Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
14 Less Commonly Taught Languages : Issues in Learning and Teaching

A “Less Commonly Taught Language” (LCTL), a definition stemming out of educational policy, is a language considered important by the government, but unsustainable by the market. Political priorities drive a nation’s linguistic need, although developing the educational infrastructure to support this need presents serious challenges. While “LCTL” is predominantly a US term referring to languages other than French, German, and Spanish (Brecht & Walton, 1997), the concept exists globally and it is a nation’s current educational policy and political situation that determine what languages are classified as less commonly taught (LCT). For instance, in the US, languages such as Persian and Japanese have only recently become thought of as LCT, not because of the number of speakers of those languages, which has not changed significantly, but because those countries have come to play an increasingly important role in the global political arena and economy, whereas a language such as Dutch, which is equally, if not more, uncommon in foreign language curricula, is not classified as LCT. Furthermore, LCTLs are not universal, that is, a language classified as LCT in one country may be the predominant foreign language in another country. For example, Chinese is a LCTL in the US, but in many Asian countries it is offered, and often required, as part of the standard foreign language curriculum. Brecht and Walton (1997) outline political, economic, social, and communication factors as playing a crucial role in determining a nation’s foreign language needs. Specifically, language is a political tool for people to assert their identity in territorial and cultural conflicts. For example, Kazakhstan has recently replaced Russian as a lingua franca with its own language, making Kazakh important not only in Russia, but also in countries with a political or economic stake in that part of the world. International trade drives economic relationships, which also has consequences as to what languages are considered important to a nation. Social issues such as humanitarian aid and environmental protection require international cooperation that relies on communication among more people from
Optimization of land use of agricultural farms in Sumedang regency by using linear programming models

Land is one of the most important assets for farmers in Sumedang Regency. Therefore, agricultural land should be used optimally. This study aims to obtain the optimal land use composition in order to obtain maximum income. The optimization method used in this research is Linear Programming Models. Based on the results of the analysis, the composition of land use for rice area of 135.314 hectares, corn area of 11.798 hectares, soy area of 2.290 hectares, and peanuts of 2.818 hectares with the value of farmers income of IDR 2.682. 020.000. 000,-/year. The results of this analysis can be used as a consideration in decisions making about cropping patterns by farmers.
Complete Cure of Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis with Amphotericin B in Stearylamine-Bearing Cationic Liposomes Involves Down-Regulation of IL-10 and Favorable T Cell Responses1

Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani is a life-threatening disease involving uncontrolled parasitization of liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Most available drugs are toxic. Moreover, relapse after seemingly successful therapy remains a chronic problem. In this study, we evaluated a new therapeutic approach based on combination of a low dose of amphotericin B (AmB) in association with suboptimum dose of stearylamine (SA)-bearing cationic liposomes, itself having leishmanicidal activity. We demonstrate that a single-shot therapy with this formulation caused clearance of parasites from liver and spleen below the level of detection in the selected piece of the organs of BALB/c mice. The combination was superior to free AmB and AmBisome for therapy, as well as for prevention of relapse and reinfection. Besides having better killing activity, AmB in SA liposomes, in contrast to AmBisome, maintained the immunomodulatory effect of free AmB on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for IFN-γ production, at the same time reducing the toxic effects of the drug, reflected through decline in TNF-α. In addition, IL-10 was down-regulated to almost negligible levels, most efficiently through therapy with SA-bearing cationic liposomes-AmB. This IL-10-deficient environment of IFN-γ-secreting T cells probably up-regulated the enhanced IL-12 and NO production observed in splenic culture supernatants of these mice, correlating with prolonged disease suppression better than free AmB and AmBisome. The ability of the formulation to elicit protective immunity was reconfirmed in a prophylactic model. Our results emphasize the requirement of effective immune stimulation, additionally, by antileishmanials for persistent disease protection, demonstrated by this liposomal AmB formulation.
A horizontally polarizing liquid trap enhances the tabanid-capturing efficiency of the classic canopy trap

Abstract Host-seeking female tabanid flies, that need mammalian blood for the development of their eggs, can be captured by the classic canopy trap with an elevated shiny black sphere as a luring visual target. The design of more efficient tabanid traps is important for stock-breeders to control tabanids, since these blood-sucking insects can cause severe problems for livestock, especially for horse- and cattle-keepers: reduced meat/milk production in cattle farms, horses cannot be ridden, decreased quality of hides due to biting scars. We show here that male and female tabanids can be caught by a novel, weather-proof liquid-filled black tray laid on the ground, because the strongly and horizontally polarized light reflected from the black liquid surface attracts water-seeking polarotactic tabanids. We performed field experiments to reveal the ideal elevation of the liquid trap and to compare the tabanid-capturing efficiency of three different traps: (1) the classic canopy trap, (2) the new polarization liquid trap, and (3) the combination of the two traps. In field tests, we showed that the combined trap captures 2.4–8.2 times more tabanids than the canopy trap alone. The reason for the larger efficiency of the combined trap is that it captures simultaneously the host-seeking female and the water-seeking male and female tabanids. We suggest supplementing the traditional canopy trap with the new liquid trap in order to enhance the tabanid-capturing efficiency.
The peptide moiety of blood-group-specific glycoproteins. Some amino-acid sequences in the regions carrying the carbohydrate chains.

A purified glycoprotein with blood-group-A specificity, was digested with insoluble pronase to give a serologically active product enriched in peptide-bonded serine and threonine residues; this was degraded with 0.25 M sulphuric in glacial acetic acid for 24 h. The resultant N-acetylgalactosaminyl-peptides were hydrolysed with 0.2 M hydrochloric acid for 24 h at 110°C. Fractionation of the products on Sephadex G-10, followed by preparative separation on an amino-acid analyser and paper electrophoresis at pH 1.9 yielded the following homogeneous oligopeptides; one tripeptide with the N-terminal sequence Thr-Thr-Ser, three tetrapeptides with the sequences, Thr-Ser-Thr-Ser, Thr-Pro-Thr-Ser and Pro-Thr-Thr-Ser, one pentapeptide with the sequence Thr-Pro-Thr-Ser-Ser, one hexapeptide with the sequence Pro-Thr-Thr-Thr-Pro-Ser and one heptapeptide with the sequence Ala-Pro-Thr-Thr-Ser-Gly-Ser. Galactosamine was present in several of these fragments and the hexapeptide and heptapeptide both contained sufficient of this sugar for all the serine and threonine residues to be glycosylated. The following five tetrapeptides sequences were deduced from mixtures of two peptides which differed by the amino-acid substituent at only one position in the chain; Pro-Thr-Ala-Ser, Thr-Thr-Pro-Ser, Thr-Thr-Ala-Ser, Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser, and Ser-Ala-Thr-Ser. A tripeptide mixture which differed only in the nature of the third amino acid yielded the following three tripeptide sequences: Pro-Thr-Ser, Pro-Thr-Gly and Pro-Thr-Ala. These peptides do not indicate a clearly defined amino-acid sequence surrounding the glycosylated hydroxy amino acids but establish that in the human blood-group-specific glycoproteins there is close packing of the serine and threonine residues in the region of the peptide moiety carrying the carbohydrate chains.
Selective loss of noradrenergic phenotypic characters in neuroblasts of the rat embryo.

To define the fate of embryonic neuroblasts in rat gut, which transiently express several noradrenergic traits, we investigated the high-affinity uptake of norepinephrine. At 12.5 days of gestation, these cells exhibited immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase [tyrosine 3-monoxygenase; L-tyrosine, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), EC 1.14. 16.2] and endogenous catecholamine fluorescence. However, by 13.5 days these noradrenergic neurotransmitter phenotypic characters essentially disappeared. In contrast, norepinephrine uptake, which was also apparent at 12.5 days, persisted at least through 17.5 days. These observations indicate that norepinephrine uptake develops as an additional noradrenergic characteristic in these cells and persists after the disappearance of other noradrenergic traits. Consequently, neurotransmitter phenotypic characters may be transiently displayed during normal development in vivo.
Upper ocean stratification and sea ice growth rates during the summer-fall transition, as revealed by Elephant seal foraging in the Adélie Depression, East Antarctica

Abstract. Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina), fitted with Conductivity-Temperature-Depth sensors at Macquarie Island in January 2005 and 2010, collected unique oceanographic observations of the Adelie and George V Land continental shelf (140–148° E) during the summer-fall transition (late February through April). This is a key region of dense shelf water formation from enhanced sea ice growth/brine rejection in the local coastal polynyas. In 2005, two seals occupied the continental shelf break near the grounded icebergs at the northern end of the Mertz Glacier Tongue for several weeks from the end of February. One of the seals migrated west to the Dibble Ice Tongue, apparently utilising the Antarctic Slope Front current near the continental shelf break. In 2010, immediately after that year's calving of the Mertz Glacier Tongue, two seals migrated to the same region but penetrated much further southwest across the Adelie Depression and sampled the Commonwealth Bay polynya from March through April. Here we present observations of the regional oceanography during the summer-fall transition, in particular (i) the zonal distribution of modified Circumpolar Deep Water exchange across the shelf break, (ii) the upper ocean stratification across the Adelie Depression, including alongside iceberg C-28 that calved from the Mertz Glacier and (iii) the convective overturning of the deep remnant seasonal mixed layer in Commonwealth Bay from sea ice growth. Heat and freshwater budgets to 200–300 m are used to estimate the ocean heat content (400→50 MJ m−2), flux (50–200 W m−2 loss) and sea ice growth rates (maximum of 7.5–12.5 cm day−1). Mean seal-derived sea ice growth rates were within the range of satellite-derived estimates from 1992–2007 using ERA-Interim data. We speculate that the continuous foraging by the seals within Commonwealth Bay during the summer/fall transition was due to favorable feeding conditions resulting from the convective overturning of the deep seasonal mixed layer and chlorophyll maximum that is a reported feature of this location.
Analyse des écoulements micro-vasculaires cérébraux

Ces travaux s'interessent a la micro-hydrodynamique des ecoulements sanguins cerebraux dans les reseaux micro-vasculaires. A partir d'images tridimensionnelles haute resolution obtenues par micro-tomographie, les reseaux micro-vasculaires sont numerises apres differentes etapes de traitement d'images. Une resolution numerique approchee des ecoulements sanguins quasi-statique de type reseau est developpee. Cette approche permet a la fois de prendre en compte la structure geometrique micro-vasculaire complexe et les interactions hydrodynamiques non-locales des hematies confinees qui s'ecoulent en son sein. La methode proposee permet l'evaluation des distributions de pression, d'hematocrite et de debit sur des volumes cerebraux d'une dizaine de millimetres cube ou quelques dizaines de milliers de segments vasculaires sont presents. L'analyse systematique des modeles de rheologie sanguine existant montrent la preponderance du choix du modele de viscosite, a opposer au faible impact de la separation de phase sur l'ecoulement, phenomene pour lequel nous proposons aussi une modelisation alternative. De plus, nous avons analyse la perfusion sanguine cerebrale, et l'organisation generale des ecoulements corticaux. Dans la situation physiologique normale, nous quantifions les territoires vasculaires qui sont les unites fonctionnelles micro-vasculaires. Nous evaluons leur evolution et leur robustesse dans des contextes pathologiques modeles et notamment pour les micro-accidents vasculaires cerebraux.
The Effect of Financial Risk and Environmental Risk on Mining Company Performance with Good Corporate Governance as Moderating Variables

The objective of the research is to know and obtain empirical evidence on whether there is an influence between financial risk and environmental risk to mining company performance with Good Corporate Governance as moderating variable. An outline of the practice of business mining processes is given, along with an analysis of the main techniques developed by academics and commercial entities. The data used are A purposive sampling approach was used in selecting the respondents for the study. The statistic method used to test the research hypothesis is a multiple linear regression model, The study identified 6 risk factors contributing to mining project failure. The six most critical mining project risk factors based on both probabilities of occurrence and impact were unstable commodity prices, Inadequate financing, inflation/exchange rate, land degradation, Pollution of air/water bodies, Spread of diseases Keywords: Financial Risk, Environmental Risk, Performance, DOI : 10.7176/EJBM/11-11-02 Publication date : April 30 th 2019
Preferential Orientation of Collagen/Biological Apatite in Growing Rat Ulna under an Artificial Loading Condition

Mechanical loading plays a key role in altering macroscopic and microscopic bone structure through functional adaptation; however, the anisotropic micro-organization of collagen and biological apatite (BAp) in adaptively created bone tissue is not well understood in spite of its importance in the mechanical function of bone. In this study, we artificially applied axial compressive loading (15N at 2Hz) to a growing rat ulna 10min/day for 3 weeks to induce new bone under increased mechanical stimulus. Artificial loading induced marked increases in the structural properties of the loaded ulna; the cortical bone area of the mid-shaft was 43.3% larger in the loaded ulna than the contralateral control ulna. The newly formed bone was located mainly on the medial periosteal surface of the ulnar mid-shaft, which experienced the highest compressive strain. The present study firstly clarified that new bone induced by an artificial load showed preferential orientation of collagen and BAp c-axis along the ulnar long axis, which is similar to the pre-existing bone, although the degree of orientation and bone mineral density (BMD) were still impaired after loading for 3 weeks. This anisotropic organization of collagen and BAp crystals corresponded to that of osteocytes, implying that osteocytes are involved in the formation of anisotropic bone micro-organization which is important aspect of bone mechanical function regarding material properties. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.ME201314]
A Decision Making Method for Selection of Security Controls based on Cost- Effectiveness Analysis and Modeling

Nowadays, the issues around Information Security no longer stand on their own but are shifting from what is technically possible to what is economically efficient [19]. Indeed, Anderson [2] has claimed that many of the problems can be explained more clearly and convincingly using the language of microeconomics. Moreover, it has always been demanding to balance between the cost and the benefit gained from the selection of security controls corresponding to risks and vulnerabilities. As we have discussed in the problem analysis of this thesis, there are still many challenges regarding decision making process in the context of Information Security that include (1) risk assessment, (2) security controls analysis, and (3) selection of security controls to mitigate risks in a cost-effective manner. For that reason, the goal of our proposed thesis is to develop a decision making method that supports the selection of security controls, in the way that it would be easier for security consultants and organization to make sufficient security investment and strengthen their security baseline. In order to achieve the overall research objective, this thesis contributes with four main artifacts grounded on its set of success criteria: (1) The checklist for security consultants, (2) The tool support, (3) The process of decision making method, and (4) The approach to cost-effectiveness modeling. These success criteria help us to design and evaluate the results as well as the success of our research at later state. Besides, case study and technology research that provide sufficient degree of generality, precision and realism have been chosen as research method for conducting the research. The results gained from the evaluation through case study include a list of suggested security controls with corresponding estimated costs, expected effect and benefit, together with cost-effectiveness models showing correlation between the risk picture and total cost of implementation. This MSc thesis contributes to the domain of risk assessment and selection of security controls. In the end, we hope that our findings and result can be utilized in the development of decision making method for selection of security controls in the context of cybersecurity investment.
Compressed domain indexing of losslessly compressed images

Image retrieval and image compression have been pursued separately in the past. Only little research has been done on a synthesis of the two by allowing image retrieval to be performed directly in the compressed domain of images without the need to uncompress them first. In this paper methods for image retrieval in the compressed domain of losslessly compressed images are introduced. While most image compression techniques are lossy, i.e.\ discard visually less significant information, lossless techniques are still required in fields like medical imaging or in situations where images must not be changed due to legal reasons. The algorithms in this paper are based on predictive coding methods where a pixel is encoded based on the pixel values of its (already encoded) neighborhood. The first method is based on an understanding that predictively coded data is itself indexable and represents a textural description of the image. The second method operates directly on the entropy encoded data by comparing codebooks of images. Experiments show good image retrieval results for both approaches.
Differential Antibacterial Activity of the Various Crude Leaf Extract of Eucalyptus Offensiveness Against Selected Pathogenic Bacterial Strains

The antibacterial activities of Eucalyptus officinalis extracts were studied. The antibacterial efficiency of the above mentioned plant was evaluated according to agar diffusion and broth dilution methods by using Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Pseuomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates and typed cultures. The most susceptible bacteria were E. coli followed by S. aureus while the most resistant bacteria were Pseud. aeruginosa followed by P. mirabilis and Strept. Pneumoniae. From the screening experiment, the hot water extract produced the highest inhibitory effect 17.22+0.14 and 17.63+0.06 against the clinical isolated and typed culture respectively, hence this plant can be further subjected to isolation of the therapeutic antimicrobials and pharmacological evaluation.
Athletic groin pain: a systematic review of surgical diagnoses, investigations and treatment

Introduction Athletic groin pain requiring surgery remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. This systematic review aims to identify the most common causes of groin pain in athletes requiring surgery. Additionally, it aims to further characterise their susceptible athlete profiles, common physical examination and imaging techniques, and surgical procedures performed. This will enable the orthopaedic sports medicine clinician/surgeon to best treat these patients. Materials and methods The electronic databases MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE were searched from database inception to 13 August 2014 for studies in the English language that addressed athletic groin pain necessitating surgery. The search was updated on 4 August 2015 to find any articles published after the original search. The studies were systematically screened and data were abstracted in duplicate, with descriptive data presented. Results A total of 73 articles were included within our study, with data from 4655 patients abstracted. Overall, intra-articular and extra-articular causes of groin pain in athletes requiring surgery were equal. The top five causes for pain were: femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) (32%), athletic pubalgia (24%), adductor-related pathology (12%), inguinal pathology (10%) and labral pathology (5%), with 35% of this labral pathology specifically attributed to FAI. Conclusions Given the complex anatomy, equal intra-articular and extra-articular contribution, and potential for overlap of clinical entities causing groin pain leading to surgery in athletes, further studies are required to ascertain the finer details regarding specific exam manoeuvres, imaging views and surgical outcomes to best treat this patient population.
Demo: OpenVLC1.2 for Increased Data Rate with Embedded Systems

We introduce the OpenVLC1.2 platform for research in Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems. The platform builds on top of previous versions, that has attracted dozens of users from the research community. We maintain its advantages such as the support for communication with TCP/IP layers, software-based and programmable MAC and PHY layers, and low-cost front-end. In this new version, we make an effort to increase data rate and its overall performance. OpenVLC1.2 is available to the research community.