Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cost analysis and cost determinants in a European inflammatory bowel disease inception cohort with 10 years of follow-up evaluation.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Economic analysis in chronic diseases is a prerequisite for planning a proper distribution of health care resources. We aimed to determine the cost of inflammatory bowel disease, a lifetime illness with considerable morbidity. METHODS We studied 1321 patients from an inception cohort in 8 European countries and Israel over 10 years. Data on consumption of resources were obtained retrospectively. The cost of health care was calculated from the use of resources and their median prices. Data were analyzed using regression models based on the generalized estimating equations approach. RESULTS The mean annual total expenditure on health care was 1871 Euro/patient-year for inflammatory bowel disease, 1524 Euro/patient-year for ulcerative colitis, and 2548 Euro/patient-year for Crohn's disease (P < .001). The most expensive resources were medical and surgical hospitalizations, together accounting for 63% of the cost in Crohn's disease and 45% in ulcerative colitis. Total and hospitalization costs were much higher in the first year after diagnosis than in subsequent years. Differences in medical and surgical hospitalizations were the primary cause of substantial intercountry variations of cost; the mean cost of health care was 3705 Euro/patient-year in Denmark and 888 Euro/patient-year in Norway. The outlay for mesalamine, a costly medication with extensive use, was greater than for all other drugs combined. Patient age at diagnosis and sex did not affect costs. CONCLUSIONS In this multinational, population-based, time-dependent characterization of the health care cost of inflammatory bowel disease, increased expenditure was driven largely by country, diagnosis, hospitalization, and follow-up year.
Effects of Enrichment of Fibroblasts with Unesterified Cholesterol on the Efflux of Cellular Lipids to Apolipoprotein A-I*

This study elucidates the factors underlying the enhancement in efflux of human fibroblast unesterified cholesterol and phospholipid (PL) by lipid-free apolipoprotein (apo) A-I that is induced by cholesterol enrichment of the cells. Doubling the unesterified cholesterol content of the plasma membrane by incubation for 24 h with low density lipoprotein and lipid/cholesterol dispersions increases the pools of PL and cholesterol available for removal by apoA-I from about 0.8–5%; the initial rates of mass release of cholesterol and PL are both increased about 6-fold. Expression of the ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is critical for this increased efflux of lipids, and cholesterol loading of the fibroblasts over 24 h increases ABCA1 mRNA about 12-fold. The presence of more ABCA1 and cholesterol in the plasma membrane results in a 2-fold increase in the level of specific binding of apoA-I to the cells with no change in binding affinity. Characterization of the species released from either control or cholesterol-enriched cells indicates that the plasma membrane domains from which lipids are removed are cholesterol-enriched with respect to the average plasma membrane composition. Cholesterol enrichment of fibroblasts also affects PL synthesis, and this leads to enhanced release of phosphatidylcholine (PC) relative to sphingomyelin (SM); the ratios of PC to SM solubilized from control and cholesterol-enriched fibroblasts are ∼2/1 and 5/1, respectively. Biosynthesis of PC is critical for this preferential release of PC and the enhanced cholesterol efflux because inhibition of PC synthesis by choline depletion reduces cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-enriched cells. Overall, it is clear that enrichment of fibroblasts with unesterified cholesterol enhances efflux of cholesterol and PL to apoA-I because of three effects, 1) increased PC biosynthesis, 2) increased PC transport via ABCA1, and 3) increased cholesterol in the plasma membrane.
Microsatellite variation in marine, freshwater and anadromous ﬁshes compared with other animals

2 December 1999 ) From a total of 524 microsatellite loci considered in nearly 40 000 individuals of 78 species, freshwater ﬁsh displayed levels of population genetic variation (mean heterozygosity, h =0·46, and mean numbers of alleles per locus, a =7·5) roughly similar to those of non-piscine animals ( h =0·58 and a =7·1). In contrast, local population samples of marine ﬁsh displayed on average signiﬁcantly higher heterozygosities ( h =0·79) and nearly three times the number of alleles per locus ( a =20·6). Anadromous ﬁsh were intermediate to marine and freshwater ﬁsh ( h =0·68 and a =11·3). Results parallel earlier comparative summaries of allozyme variation in marine, anadromous, and freshwater ﬁshes and probably are attributable in part to di ﬀ erences in evolutionarily e ﬀ ective population sizes typifying
REVOLUTION, REACTION, AND REFORM: THE CHANGE THEORY OF PARSONS'S MIDDLE PERIOD

The “conflict school” in contemporary sociology emerged in large part as a critique of the theory of social change that Talcott Parsons developed during his middle period, which began with the empiricallyoriented essays that appeared after The Structure of Social Action (Parsons, 1937), and extended through the simultaneous publication of Towards a General Theory of Action (Parsons and Shils, 1951) and The Social System (Parsons, 1951). The conflict critique, now enshrined in textbook lore and highbrow writing alike, accused Parsons of a static, idealist bias that ignored issues of process, conflict, and change. While Parsons's attitude toward change, during this and later periods of his development, was complex and often ambiguous, this evaluation was certainly incorrect. I will demonstrate, in fact, that in this middle period Parsons actually produced a more systematic and compelling approach to conflict and change than the theories produced by the conflict critics themselves. In the first part of this paper, I will present the formal elements of Parsons's change theory. The second part will add substance to this theory by showing how Parsons applied it to the empirical problematics of recent Western development. In the third section, I will relate this formal and substantive theorizing to the vastly misunderstood deviance paradigm from The Social System. In conclusion, I will return to the question with which I began: What is the real relationship between the conflict theorists and their very useful straw man, “Talcott Parsons”? 1
Challenges in the estimation of extinction from molecular phylogenies: A response to Beaulieu and O'Meara

Time‐calibrated phylogenies that contain only living species have been widely used to study the dynamics of speciation and extinction. Concerns about the reliability of phylogenetic extinction estimates were raised by Rabosky (2010), where I suggested that unaccommodated heterogeneity in speciation rate could lead to positively biased extinction estimates. In a recent article, Beaulieu and O'Meara (2015a) correctly point out several technical errors in the execution of my 2010 study and concluded that phylogenetic extinction estimates are robust to speciation rate heterogeneity under a range of model parameters. I demonstrate that Beaulieu and O'Meara underestimated the magnitude of speciation rate variation in real phylogenies and consequently did not incorporate biologically meaningful levels of rate heterogeneity into their simulations. Using parameter values drawn from the recent literature, I find that modest levels of heterogeneity in speciation rate result in a consistent, positive bias in extinction estimates that are exacerbated by phylogenetic tree size. This bias, combined with the inherent lack of information about extinction in molecular phylogenies, suggests that extinction rate estimates from phylogenies of extant taxa only should be treated with caution.
Multi-tier architecture for Web search engines

We describe a novel multitier architecture far a search engine. Based on observations from query log analysis as well as properties of a ranking formula, we derive a method to tier documents in a search engine. This allows for increased performance while keeping the order of the results returned, and hence relevance, almost "untouched". The architecture and method have been tested large scale on a carrier-class search engine with 1 billion documents. The architecture gives a huge increase in capacity, and is today in use for a major search engine.
Kronik Servisitlerin Tanı ve Tedavisinde Loop Elektrokoterin Etkinliği

ÖZET Amaç Leep elektrokoterin benign servikal lezyonlarda et­ kinliğini araştırmak. Çalışmanın yapıldığı yer: İRENBE Doğum ve Kadın Has­ talıkları ve Özel Sağlık Ltd Şti. Alsancak-İZMİR Materyal ve Metod: Vajınal akıntı veya spot tarzında kana­ ma şikayetleri ile başvuran ve servısit ve servikal eroz­ yon ön tanısı almış 128 hastada yeni bir yöntem olan loopelektrokoter ile konizasyon uygulandı. Yöntemin ay­ nı anda hem tedavi edici hemde tanı koydurucu özellik­ leri değerlendirildi. Bulgular: 128 hastadan kontrolü yapılan 109 hastanın 102 sinde mevcut lezyonlarda tam iyileşme, 7 sinde kısmı iyileşme saptandı. İyileşme süresi ortalama 82+37 gün olarak hesaplandı Sonuç: Loop elektrokoter ile servikal konizasyonun güveni­ lirliği, komplikasyonları histopatolojik tanı ve tedavi edici özellikleri yönünden üstünlüğü tartışıldı.
Alimentos altos en fibra para especies monogástricas. Caracterización de la matríz fibrosa y sus efectos en la fisiología digestiva

En los ultimos anos en los paises tropicales se ha incrementado la utilizacion de fuentes fibrosas (harinas de follaje de leguminosas y gramineas) en especies monogastricas, como una alternativa alimentaria de bajo costo y ademas no compite con los alimentos destinados al hombre. En esta resena se analizara la caracterizacion de la matriz fibrosa de estas fuentes, que incluye el origen, la composicion quimica, las propiedades fisicas y su repercusion en el fisiologismo digestivo de los animales que las consumen.
Isolation and identification of strains of Bacteroides fragilis group from the digestive tract of Callithrix penicillata marmosets

Thirty-five strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group were isolated from oral and intestinal samples from 5 wild caught, captive Callithrix penicillata. Nine oral strains of Bacteroides fragilis (7) and Bacteroides distasonis (2), and 26 intestinal strains of Bacteroides fragilis (14) and Bacteroides distasonis (12) were identified.
Reescrevendo uma trajetória a partir de mudanças estratégicas: um estudo de caso na Bunge

A sobrevivencia das organizacoes ao longo do tempo e tema central das discussoes acerca da estrategia empresarial. As empresas mais longevas sao aquelas que conseguem, no decorrer do tempo, operar mudancas estrategicas profundas. Neste contexto de grande dinamicidade, desenvolver mudancas parece ser obrigatorio, mas nem sempre as empresas conseguem vencer a sua inercia para mudar aspectos essenciais de sua gestao. Mudancas graduais e superficiais tampouco podem se mostrar suficientes para reposicionar a trajetoria organizacional. Um processo real de turnaround geralmente inclui uma reconfiguracao da carteira de competencias e de negocios da organizacao e a implementacao de uma gestao profissional. Neste artigo sera apresentado o processo de mudancas estrategicas pelo qual a Bunge Limited conseguiu, na decada de 90, reescrever sua trajetoria. O objetivo e compreender como as empresas podem reestruturar-se em momentos de crises - neste caso com um foco especifico na reconfiguracao de sua carteira de negocios e de recursos -, identificando os elementos estrategicos e a forma pela qual a alocacao de recursos e realizada. A fundamentacao teorica concentrou-se no processo de mudancas, mais especificamente no turnaround empresarial e nos recursos utilizados nesse processo, segundo a abordagem da RBV.
Pinpointing needles in giant haystacks: use of text mining to reduce impractical screening workload in extremely large scoping reviews

In scoping reviews, boundaries of relevant evidence may be initially fuzzy, with refined conceptual understanding of interventions and their proposed mechanisms of action an intended output of the scoping process rather than its starting point. Electronic searches are therefore sensitive, often retrieving very large record sets that are impractical to screen in their entirety. This paper describes methods for applying and evaluating the use of text mining (TM) technologies to reduce impractical screening workload in reviews, using examples of two extremely large‐scale scoping reviews of public health evidence (choice architecture (CA) and economic environment (EE)).
Selection on Heritable Phenotypic Plasticity in a Wild Bird Population

Theoretical and laboratory research suggests that phenotypic plasticity can evolve under selection. However, evidence for its evolutionary potential from the wild is lacking. We present evidence from a Dutch population of great tits (Parus major) for variation in individual plasticity in the timing of reproduction, and we show that this variation is heritable. Selection favoring highly plastic individuals has intensified over a 32-year period. This temporal trend is concurrent with climate change causing a mismatch between the breeding times of the birds and their caterpillar prey. Continued selection on plasticity can act to alleviate this mismatch.
Isolated instrument transcription using a deep belief network

Automatic music transcription is a difficult task that has provoked extensive research on transcription systems that are predominantly general purpose, processing any number or type of instruments sounding simultaneously. This paper presents a polyphonic transcription system that is constrained to processing the output of a single instrument with an upper bound on polyphony. For example, a guitar has six strings and is limited to producing six notes simultaneously. The transcription system consists of a novel pitch estimation algorithm that uses a deep belief network and multi-label learning techniques to generate multiple pitch estimates for each audio analysis frame, such that the polyphony does not exceed that of the instrument. The implemented transcription system is evaluated on a compiled dataset of synthesized guitar recordings. Comparing these results to a prior single-instrument polyphonic transcription system that received exceptional results, this paper demonstrates the effectiveness of deep, multi-label learning for the task of polyphonic transcription.
A legitimidade de normas internacionais na Teoria Pura do Direito

O artigo propoe que a norma fundamental exerca, na teoria pura do direito, uma funcao de fundamento de legitimidade. A metodologia do artigo centra-se na analise das principais obras que descrevem e informam a Teoria Pura do Direito. Nocoes teoricas de legitimidade sao aplicadas a norma fundamental a fim de dar a conhecer as caracteristicas da legitimidade de normas de direito internacional.
Involvement of the Pleckstrin Homology Domain in the Insulin-stimulated Activation of Protein Kinase B*

Involvement of the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain in the insulin-stimulated activation of protein kinase B (PKB) was investigated in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Different PKB constructs that contain mutations or deletions in the PH domain were transfected into cells, and the results on the basal and insulin-induced kinase activities were analyzed. Deletion of the entire PH domain (ΔPH-PKB) did not impair the kinase activity; in contrast, the basal activity was elevated with respect to wild-type PKB. In addition, ΔPH-PKB was responsive to insulin, and as for wild-type PKB, this was dependent on phosphoinositide 3-kinase. By contrast, a point mutation within the PH domain that impairs phospholipid binding (R25C) resulted in a construct that was not responsive to insulin. However, this defect was overcome by mutations that mimic the phosphorylation state of the active kinase. The increase in the basal activity of ΔPH-PKB was shown to be due to an elevation in the level of phosphorylation of this construct. In addition, the subcellular localization of ΔPH-PKB, as determined by both immunofluorescence and fractionation, was predominately cytosolic, and ΔPH-PKB was present in the plasma membrane at much lower levels compared with wild-type PKB. These data show that phosphorylation is the major factor regulating the activity of PKB and that either removal of the PH domain or binding of phospholipids is required to permit this phosphorylation. In addition, membrane localization does not appear to be required for the activation process, but instead, binding of PKB to membrane phospholipids permits a conformational change in the molecule that allows for phosphorylation.
Implementierungstechniken für Hauptspeicherdatenbanksysteme: The Bw-Tree

The Bw-Tree as presented by Levandoski et al. was designed to accommodate the emergence of new hardware, and especially the rising number of processing cores available in modern CPU architectures. This paper provides a detailed description of the structure and algorithms of this particular tree. Another aspect of this paper concerns a performance evaluation of the Bw-Tree in comparison to B+-Trees harnessing different locking protocols. Substantial improvements in regard to the overall performance of the B+-Tree are to be expected by the utilization of optimistic locking techniques.
Anaemia and depletion of iron stores as risk factors for postpartum depression: a literature review

Abstract Purpose: Iron-deficiency and anaemia are common in pregnant and postpartum women because of increasing iron demand and blood loss. Many women also enter pregnancy with pre-depleted iron stores. We reviewed the evidence linking anaemia and/or iron-deficiency to postpartum depression (PPD). Methods: We identified seventeen studies in four databases including randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies assessing the impact of anaemia, iron-deficiency and iron supplementation on the risk of PPD. We extracted data on sample size, geographical region, obstetrical complications, measures of depression, haemoglobin, iron levels and intake of iron supplementation and critically appraised the results from the studies. Results: Eight out of ten studies found higher risk for PPD (r − 0.19 to −0.43 and ORs 1.70–4.64) in anaemic women. Low ferritin in the postpartum period but not during pregnancy was associated with increased risk of PPD. Iron supplementation in the postpartum period decreased risk of PPD in four out of five studies, whereas it did not protect from PPD if given during pregnancy. Limitations include study heterogeneity, discrepancy of prevalence of PPD and usage of a screening tool for evaluation of PPD. Conclusion: Anaemia and/or iron-deficiency may contribute to PPD in at-risk women. Further studies should elucidate the association between these entities.
Kadın ve Erkek Genç Erişkinler Arasında Fiziksel Aktivite ve Yaşam Kalitesi Farklılıklarının Araştırılması

Amac: Bu calismanin amaci kadin ve erkek genc eriskinlerde fiziksel aktivite ve yasam kalitesi farkliliklarini ve bu parametreler arasi iliskileri arastirmaktir. Gerec ve Yontem: Gonulluluk prensibine gore toplam 710 (387 kadin, 323 erkek) genc eriskine kisa form uluslararasi fiziksel aktivite anketi ve SF-36 yasam kalitesi anketi uygulandi. Uluslararasi fiziksel aktivite anketi ile haftalik siddetli ve orta dereceli fiziksel aktivite ve yurume sureleri ve gunluk oturma suresi belirlendi. SF-36’nin fiziksel ve mental saglik skorlari hesaplandi. Katilimcilarin toplam fiziksel aktivite suresi hesaplandi ve ‘dusuk, orta ve yuksek duzey’ biciminde siniflandirildi. Vucut kutle indeksi (VKI), boy ve kilodan formulle hesaplandi. Bulgular: VKI, siddetli aktivite, orta dereceli aktivite, toplam fiziksel aktivite, SF36-fiziksel ve mental saglik skorlari erkeklerde kadinlardan yuksek bulundu. Erkek ve kadinlarin dusuk, orta ve yuksek fiziksel aktivite duzeylerindeki yuzde degerler arasinda istatistiksel acidan anlamli fark bulundu. Sadece erkeklerde siddetli fiziksel aktivite, SF36-fiziksel saglik skoru ile dusuk duzeyde pozitif korelasyon gosterdi.Sonuc: Genc eriskinlerde kadinlara gore erkeklerin toplam fiziksel aktivite suresinin fazla bulunmasi, erkeklerde yasam kalitesinin daha yuksek olusuna katki saglamis olabilir. Kadin ve erkekler arasinda toplam fiziksel aktivite farkliligi, haftalik yurume suresi haricinde siddetli ve orta dereceli fiziksel aktivite farkliligindan kaynaklanmaktadir. Şiddetli ve orta derece fiziksel aktivite, siklikla haz duyulan takim aktiviteleridir. Genc kadinlarda, yasam kalitesini arttirmak icin bu hosa giden siddetli ve orta dereceli fiziksel aktiviteler onerilebilir
The theory of C2-cofinite vertex operator algebras

Despite several efforts, the theory of rational VOAs is still much more complete than that of C2-cofinite ones. We address this by focusing on the analogue of the categorical Verlinde formula and its relation to the modular S-matrix. We explain that the role of the Hopf link is played by the open Hopf link, which defines a representation of the fusion ring on each End(W ). We extract numbers, called logarithmic Hopf link invariants, from those operators. From this a Verlinde formula can be obtained that depends on the endomorphism ring structure. We apply our ideas directly to the triplet algebras Wp. Using the restricted quantum group of sl2, we compute all open Hopf link operators and the logarithmic Hopf link invariants and compare them successfully with the modular Smatrix of Wp. In particular, S-matrix coefficients involving pseudo-trace functions relate to logarithmic Hopf link invariants with nilpotent endomorphism insertion. We show how the S-matrix specifies the fusion ring (not merely the Grothendieck ring) uniquely. 1 The representation theory of nice VOAs For reasons of simplicity, we will restrict attention in this paper to vertex operator algebras (VOAs) V of CFT-type — this means V has L0-grading V = ∐∞ n=0 Vn with V0 = C1 and dimVn < ∞. We also require V, when regarded as a V-module in the usual way, to be simple and isomorphic to its contragredient V∨. By Modgr(V) we mean the category of grading-restricted weak V-modules M , by which we mean L0 decomposes M into a direct sum of finite-dimensional generalized eigenspaces with eigenvalues bounded from below. When L0 is in fact diagonalizable over M , M is called ordinary. This terminology is explained in more detail in Section 2 below. For convenience we will refer to any grading-restricted weak V-module, simply as a V-module. 1.1 The rational modular story Let V be a strongly-rational vertex operator algebra — i.e. regular, in addition to the aforementioned restrictions. The theory of strongly-rational VOAs is well-understood. Such a VOA enjoys three fundamental properties: (Cat) its category of modules Modgr(V) forms a modular tensor category [T, H2]; (Mod) its 1-point toroidal functions are modular [Z]; and (Ver) Verlinde’s formula holds [V, MS, H1].