Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin II and Noradrenergic Transmission in the Pithed Rat

The norepinephrine (NE) release rate, determined in the pithed rat with stimulated sympathetic out-flow (3 Hz), was calculated from the steady-state concentrations of endogenous NE and [3H]NE in the central venous pool after infusion of [3H]NE intraarterially (i.a.). This technique appropriately corrects for NE metabolism and disposition since the ['H]NE closely follows the removal path of neuronally released NE. Infusion of angiotensin II (AII) [0.1 μg/kg/min, intravenously (i.v.)] failed to increase the NE release rate. A higher rate of infusion of All (1.0 μg/kg/min, i.v.) markedly increased the NE release rate. The converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (1 mg/kg, i.v.) and the All-receptor blocking drug saralasin (10 μg/kg/min, i.v.) decreased the NE release rate, indicating a tonic activation of facilitatory prejunctional All receptors at sympathetic nerve endings. After bilateral nephrectomy, captopril and saralasin did not decrease the NE release rate. This suggests that renin release from the kidney is the primary determinant of All effects and that local tissue generation of All is not important. Other differences were observed in nephrectomized rats: All (0.1 μg/kg/min, i.v.), in contrast to its lack of effect in rats with kidneys, increased the NE release rate. This suggests that the lack of effect of All (0.1 μg/kg/min, i.v.) on NE release in rats with kidneys may occur because facilitatory prejunctional All receptors are maximally activated by endogenous AII.
Aktuelles aus Diagnostik und Therapie

With the approval of various substances for the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis (MS), treatment possibilities have improved significantly over the last few years. Indeed, the choice of individually tailored preparations and treatment monitoring for the treating doctor is becoming increasingly more complex. This is particularly applicable for monitoring for a treatment-induced compromise of the immune system. The following article by members of the German Multiple Sclerosis Skills Network (KKNMS) and the task force „Provision Structures and Therapeutics“ summarizes the practical recommendations for approved immunotherapy for mild to moderate and for (highly) active courses of MS. The focus is on elucidating the substancespecific relevance of particular laboratory parameters with regard to the mechanism of action and the side effects profile. To enable appropriate action to be taken in clinical practice, any blood work changes that can be expected, in addition to any undesirable laboratory findings and their causes and relevance, should be elucidated.
The future of communications

Today the telecommunications community is going through a tremendous revolution that will shape the next century. The network will be everywhere and computing will shift from professional desktop computing towards consumer oriented networked computing using compact wireless personal multi-media devices that can communicate with each other as well as with machines such as house hold appliances. Radically new man-machine interfaces will appear and sooner then you think you will be talking to your VCR over your mobile handset in order to program it. Deregulation and convergence are today's magic words. Because of the monopolies, market share used be to guaranteed. Deregulation made competition reenter the game. Today it are consumers that drive the telecommunications market and no longer the governments. In stead of 5-year plans we now have to plan the annual christmas sales and be sure that our prices are competitive. Nowadays, we have to buy market share through time-to-market, price and of course. good products. Network convergence is key to make it all happen. Fixed/mobile and voice/data/video convergence will be essential for the development of the networked society.
Social Media Experiences of the Netherlands Twin Register

Introduction Most research institutes have a website with the aim of informing their participants about ongoing research studies and results. However, information on these sites is generally static and not set up for active participant contact. The present day development of social media provides an opportunity for a more active interaction with participants. Recently, the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) became an active player in social media. This includes Facebook, Twitter and Hyves. The most important goal is to decrease the distance between the research institute (NTR) and the participants.
Trap of Feature Diversity in the Learning of MLPs

In this paper, we focus on a typical two-phase phenomenon in the learning of multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs), and we aim to explain the reason for the decrease of feature diversity in the first phase. Specifically, people find that, in the training of MLPs, the training loss does not decrease significantly until the second phase. To this end, we further explore the reason why the diversity of features over different samples keeps decreasing in the first phase, which hurts the optimization of MLPs. We explain such a phenomenon in terms of the learning dynamics of MLPs. Furthermore, we theoretically explain why four typical operations can alleviate the decrease of the feature diversity.
Effects of obesity and stable weight reduction on UCP2 and UCP3 gene expression in humans.

OBJECTIVES The molecular determinants of energy expenditure are presently unknown. Recently, two uncoupling protein homologues, UCP2 and UCP3, have been identified. UCP2 is expressed widely, and UCP3 is expressed abundantly in skeletal muscle. Both could be important regulators of energy balance. In this paper, we investigated whether altered UCP2 and UCP3 mRNA levels are associated with obesity or weight reduction. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES UCP2, UCP3 long and short mRNA levels were examined in skeletal muscle and in white adipose tissue of lean, obese, and weight-reduced individuals by RNase protection assay. RESULTS Expression of UCP2, UCP3S, and UCP3L mRNA in skeletal muscle was similar in lean individuals and in individuals with obesity at stable weight. In contrast, UCP3L and UCP3S mRNAs were decreased by 38% (p<0.0059) and 48% (p<0.0047), respectively, in 20% weight-reduced patients with obesity at stable weight. In contrast, UCP2 mRNA levels were increased by 30% in skeletal muscle of 20% weight-reduced subjects with obesity. In a different set of patients, mostly lean, UCP3L mRNA in skeletal muscle was decreased by 28% (p = 0.0425) after 10% weight reduction at stable weight. Expression of UCP2 mRNA in subcutaneous adipose tissue was similar in lean individuals and in individuals with obesity, and was increased by 58% during active weight loss. DISCUSSION Stabilization at reduced body weight in humans is associated with a decrease in UCP3 mRNA in muscle. It is possible that reduced UCP3 expression could contribute to decreased energy expenditure in weight-stable, weight-reduced individuals.
ECONOMIC INDICATORS AND STOCK MARKET PERFORMANCE - AN EMPIRICAL CASE OF INDIA

This study attempts Movements in the stock market can be quite volatile and sometimes movements in share prices can seem divorced from economic factors. However, there are certain underlying factors which have a strong influence over the movement of share prices and the stock market in general. Within the framework of a Correlation Coefficient Model, the paper examines whether a number of macroeconomic variables influence stock prices in Indian Stock Market. A Correlation and regression analysis is applied in order to model the long-term relationship between GDP, Exchange rates, Inflation Rate, Gross Domestic Savings, Capital formation/Investment and SENSEX in the Indian Capital market. The researchers found that except GDP, GCF and GDS no other indicators have positive influence on the SENSEX performance. They found r square is at 77.20% that means the stock market performance is explained by the said variables to the extent of 77.2% which is good to model the same.
Trade‐off acquisition and allocation in Gryllus firmus: a test of the Y model

Many models of life history evolution assume trade‐offs between major life history traits; however, these trade‐offs are often not found. The Y model predicts that variation in acquisition can mask underlying allocation trade‐offs and is a major hypothesis explaining why negative relationships are not always found between traits that are predicted to trade‐off with one another. Despite this model’s influence on the field of life history evolution, it has rarely been properly tested. We use a model system, the wing dimorphic cricket, Gryllus firmus as a case study to test the assumptions and predictions of the Y model. By experimentally altering the acquisition regime and by estimating energy acquisition and energy allocation directly in this species, we are able to explicitly test this important model. Overall, we find strong support for the predictions of the Y model.
The Study of Drug Resistance of C.Albicans Biofilm to Chinese Medicinal Herb Sophora Flavescens and Liquorice

Objective: To study the drug resistance of C. albicans biofilm at different stage of C. albicans biofilm formation to Chinese medicinal herb Sophora flavescens and liquorice. Methods: The morphology of the biofilm at different development stages(2, 4, 8, 24, 48h)in glass slide was observed under the inverted microscope. The drug resistance of dissociative C. albicans was detect with NCCLs microdilution and the changes of C. albicans drug resistance in biofilm were tested with XTT reduction method. Results: Drug resistance of C.albicans increased with the biofilm maturation significantly ( P<;0.05). Compared with planktonic C. albicans strains, The drug resistance of biofilm is 100 times. Conclusion:There is positive correlation between drug resistance and biofilm maturation of C. albicans.
The collaborative roots of corruption

Significance Recent financial scandals highlight the devastating consequences of corruption. While much is known about individual immoral behavior, little is known about the collaborative roots of curruption. In a novel experimental paradigm, people could adhere to one of two competing moral norms: collaborate vs. be honest. Whereas collaborative settings may boost honesty due to increased observability, accountability, and reluctance to force others to become accomplices, we show that collaboration, particularly on equal terms, is inductive to the emergence of corruption. When partners' profits are not aligned, or when individuals complete a comparable task alone, corruption levels drop. These findings reveal a dark side of collaboration, suggesting that human cooperative tendencies, and not merely greed, take part in shaping corruption. Cooperation is essential for completing tasks that individuals cannot accomplish alone. Whereas the benefits of cooperation are clear, little is known about its possible negative aspects. Introducing a novel sequential dyadic die-rolling paradigm, we show that collaborative settings provide fertile ground for the emergence of corruption. In the main experimental treatment the outcomes of the two players are perfectly aligned. Player A privately rolls a die, reports the result to player B, who then privately rolls and reports the result as well. Both players are paid the value of the reports if, and only if, they are identical (e.g., if both report 6, each earns €6). Because rolls are truly private, players can inflate their profit by misreporting the actual outcomes. Indeed, the proportion of reported doubles was 489% higher than the expected proportion assuming honesty, 48% higher than when individuals rolled and reported alone, and 96% higher than when lies only benefited the other player. Breaking the alignment in payoffs between player A and player B reduced the extent of brazen lying. Despite player B's central role in determining whether a double was reported, modifying the incentive structure of either player A or player B had nearly identical effects on the frequency of reported doubles. Our results highlight the role of collaboration—particularly on equal terms—in shaping corruption. These findings fit a functional perspective on morality. When facing opposing moral sentiments—to be honest vs. to join forces in collaboration—people often opt for engaging in corrupt collaboration.
Designing sparse frequency waveform using iterative algorithm

Sparse frequency waveform with stopbands sparsely distributed over a larger spectrum band is desired in many radar and communication systems operated in a highly congested spectrum environment. In this paper, a new method for designing sparse frequency waveform with sidelobe constraint is proposed. The basic idea is to construct a penalty function based on both the Power Spectrum Density requirement and the sidelobe requirement and then minimize it through an iterative algorithm. The proposed new method is efficient in computation and can design sparse frequency waveform with large dimensions. Numerical studies with design examples illustrated the efficiency of the proposed method.
Is this 'it'? An outline of a theory of depressions

The crisis initiated in the United States in 2007, and spread worldwide in 2008, has been compared to the Great Depression of the 1930s. They have in common a deep fall in the level of activity (although in the 2010s government intervention was able to contain the fall before it could reach the dimensions of the 1930s), followed by a period where recovery is uncertain and fragile, as has been the case both in the US and in Western Europe. The paper outlines a theory of depression that comprises both aspects. The theory draws on the theoretical contributions of Keynes, Fisher, Minsky and Leijonhufvud, proposing that the concept of "corridor of stability" may help to explain how an initial adverse aggregate shock may lead to a contractionary spiral, where debt deflation is main mechanism to explain the downward movement of the economy and why one should expect a period of weak and volatile recovery to follow it.
Biological activities of Lavender essential oil

Essential oils distilled from members of the genus Lavandula have been used both cosmetically and therapeutically for centuries with the most commonly used species being L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, L. stoechas and L. x intermedia. Although there is considerable anecdotal information about the biological activity of these oils much of this has not been substantiated by scientific or clinical evidence. Among the claims made for lavender oil are that is it antibacterial, antifungal, carminative (smooth muscle relaxing), sedative, antidepressive and effective for burns and insect bites. In this review we detail the current state of knowledge about the effect of lavender oils on psychological and physiological parameters and its use as an antimicrobial agent. Although the data are still inconclusive and often controversial, there does seem to be both scientific and clinical data that support the traditional uses of lavender. However, methodological and oil identification problems have severely hampered the evaluation of the therapeutic significance of much of the research on Lavandula spp. These issues need to be resolved before we have a true picture of the biological activities of lavender essential oil. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dopaminergic Modulation of Synaptic Integration and Firing Patterns in the Rat Entopeduncular Nucleus

Dopamine is known to differentially modulate the impact of cortical input to the striatum between the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia (BG). However, the role of extrastriatal dopamine receptors (DRs) in BG information processing is less clear. To investigate the role of extrastriatal DRs, we studied their distribution and function in one of the output nuclei of the BG of the rodent, the entopeduncular nucleus (EP). qRT-PCR indicated that all DR subtypes were expressed by EP neurons, suggesting that both D1-like receptors (D1LRs) and D2-like receptors (D2LRs) were likely to affect information processing in the EP. Whole-cell recordings revealed that striatal inputs to the EP were potentiated by D1LRs whereas pallidal inputs to the EP were depressed by D2LRs. Changes to the paired-pulse ratio of inputs to the EP suggested that dopaminergic modulation of striatal inputs is mediated by postsynaptic receptors, and that of globus pallidus-evoked inputs is mediated by presynaptic receptors. We show that these changes in synaptic efficacy changed the information content of EP neuron firing. Overall, the findings suggest that the dopaminergic system affects the passage of feedforward information through the BG by modulating input divergence in the striatum and output convergence in the EP. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The entopeduncular nucleus (EP), one of the basal ganglia (BG) output nuclei, is an important station in information processing in BG. However, it remains unclear how EP neurons encode information and how dopamine affects this process. This contrasts with the well established role of dopamine in the striatum, which is known to redistribute cortical input between the direct and indirect pathways. Here we show that, in symmetry with the striatum, dopamine controls the rebalancing of information flow between the two pathways in the EP. Specifically, we demonstrate that dopamine regulates EP activity by differentially modulating striatal and pallidal GABAergic inputs. These results call for a reassessment of current perspectives on BG information processing by highlighting the functional role of extrastriatal dopamine receptors.
Pneumatic haptic interface fuzzy controller for simulation of abdominal palpations during colonoscopy

Pneumatic control has been used for armature control of robots with pneumatic air muscles achieving accurate position control of the piston actuator with inexpensive solenoid valves. We describe a pneumatic fuzzy controller associated with a pulse width modulation conversion scheme in a novel haptic device within a colonoscopy simulation system. A rubber bladder was used to simulate forces experienced during abdominal palpation during colonoscopy. The haptic device showed good steady-state response when tested with step inputs. A settling time of 0.41s was achieved on positive control step and 0.52–0.81s for negative steps. Dynamic response was adequate for mimicking interactions during inflation stages while noticeably deficient during deflation periods. Tracking accuracy averaged 94.2% within 300ms of the reference input while the user was actively applying abdominal palpation and minor repositioning.
Differential effects of BDNF and neurotrophin 4 (NT4) on endocytic sorting of TrkB receptors

Neurotrophins are a family of growth factors playing key roles in the survival, development, and function of neurons. The neurotrophins brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and NT4 both bind to and activate TrkB receptors, however, they mediate distinct neuronal functions. The molecular mechanism of how TrkB activation by BDNF and NT4 leads to diverse outcomes is unknown. Here, we report that BDNF and NT4 lead to differential endocytic sorting of TrkB receptors resulting in diverse biological functions in cultured cortical neurons. Fluorescent microscopy and surface biotinylation experiments showed that both neurotrophins stimulate internalization of TrkB with similar kinetics. Exposure to BDNF for 2–3 h reduced the surface pool of TrkB receptors to half, whereas a longer treatment (4–5 h) with NT4 was necessary to achieve a similar level of down‐regulation. Although BDNF and NT4 induced TrkB phosphorylation with similar intensities, BDNF induced more rapid ubiquitination and degradation of TrkB than NT4. Interestingly, TrkB receptor ubiquitination by these ligands have substantially different pH sensitivities, resulting in varying degrees of receptor ubiquitination at lower pH levels. Consequently, NT4 was capable of maintaining longer sustained downstream signaling activation that correlated with reduced TrkB ubiquitination at endosomal pH. Thus, by leading to altered endocytic trafficking itineraries for TrkB receptors, BDNF and NT4 elicit differential TrkB signaling in terms of duration, intensity, and specificity, which may contribute to their functional differences in vivo.
Lysophospholipid receptor‐dependent and ‐independent calcium signaling

Changes in cellular Ca2+ concentrations form a ubiquitous signal regulating numerous processes such as fertilization, differentiation, proliferation, contraction, and secretion. The Ca2+ signal, highly organized in space and time, is generated by the cellular Ca2+ signaling toolkit. Lysophospholipids, such as sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P), sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), or lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) use this toolkit in a specific manner to initiate their cellular responses. Acting as agonists at G protein‐coupled receptors, S1P, SPC, and LPA increase the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by using the classical, phospholipase C (PLC)‐dependent pathway as well as PLC‐independent pathways such as sphingosine kinase (SphK)/S1P. The S1P1 receptor, via protein kinase C, inhibits the [Ca2+]i transients caused by other receptors. Both S1P and SPC also act intracellularly to regulate [Ca2+]i. Intracellular S1P mobilizes Ca2+ in intact cells independently of G protein‐coupled S1P receptors, and Ca2+ signaling by many agonists requires SphK‐mediated S1P production. As shown for the FcεRI receptor, PLC and SphK may contribute specific components to the overall [Ca2+]i transient. Of the many open questions, identification of the intracellular S1P target site(s) appears to be of particular importance.
INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE AND RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT Resistance to Pyrethroid Insecticides in Helicoverpa zea ( Lepidoptera : Noctuidae ) in Indiana and Illinois

The corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), can cause serious losses in many Þeld and vegetable crops throughout the United States. Since their introduction, pyrethroid insecticides have become the primary insecticide class for managing H. zea. However, resistance has been reported in the southern United States and has recently became a concern in the Midwest after the observation of sporadic control failures and a decreased efÞcacy of pyrethroids in small-plot Þeld trials. Larvae collected from Lafayette, IN, Vincennes, IN, and Collinsville, IL, were used to establish laboratory colonies in 2006 and 2007. Larvae from these colonies were tested for resistance to the pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin by using topical assays. Adult males collected from pheromone traps in Lafayette were tested for resistance to cypermethrin by using the adult vial test (AVT) method. Resistance ratios of 8 were observed for the larval bifenthrin assays in 2006 and 2007 in all colonies except for the 2007 Illinois colony. AVT assays conducted with cypermethrin showed 15% survival in both 2006 and 2007 at the 5 g per vial discriminating dose. These results suggest that low to moderate levels of pyrethroid resistance are present in these populations.