Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Study of Teacher-Learner Interactions: A Continuum Between Monologic and Dialogic Interactions.

PURPOSE Teachers and learners must be able to shift flexibly along the continuum of monologic and dialogic interactional repertoires to advance learning. This article describes how teachers and learners interacted during whole-class instruction along the continuum between monologic and dialogic interaction in primary school classrooms in Western Cape, South Africa. METHOD A video-observation method was used to analyze teacher-learner interactions (TLIs) across 15 lessons in intermediate-phase classrooms. TLIs were analyzed in relation to indicators such as authority, questions, feedback, explanation, metalevel connection, and collaboration. The transcriptions of TLIs were described using quantitative and qualitative techniques. RESULTS The study found that teachers sustained dominant monologic interactions by asserting their authority, asking mainly closed-ended questions, and providing confirming/correcting feedback that constrained the interaction. Learners had limited opportunities for explanations or collaboration. Across most lessons, there were episodic shifts from monologic TLIs to transitional TLIs. These transitions were achieved by using mainly open-ended questions and feedback to expand the interaction. Dialogic TLIs were not evident. CONCLUSIONS Monologic TLIs were dominant, closing down opportunities for communication. Although transitional TLIs were evident, they were episodic and showed the potential for opening interaction opportunities. The absence of dialogic TLIs suggested that collaborative engagement opportunities were unavailable. The opportunity for intervention to increase dialogic TLIs is discussed.
Myths and Facts

Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction. Secondary consequences may include problems in reading comprehension and reduced reading experience that can impede growth of vocabulary and background knowledge.
Effect of Bean Cultivars on Soil Microorganisms

PETROVIĆ BOJANA, ĐURIĆ SIMONIDA, VASIĆ MIRJANA, TUNGUZ VESNA, POKLUDA ROBERT. 2018. Effect of Bean Cultivars on Soil Microorganisms. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 66(1): 0155 – 0160. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological activity in soil under beans in organic and conventional production. Organic production was conducted on the field in the village Pivnice (Serbia), while conventional production was conducted in the village Curug (Serbia) during 2014 on the chernosem type soil. Cultivars of beans Belko, Dvadesetica, Maksa, Slavonac, Sremac, Zlatko were used. Before sowing, the bean seeds were inoculated by biofertilizers NS-Nitragin. NS-Nitragin contains a mixture of selected strains of symbiotic bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli. The total number of actinomycetes, ammonifiers, Azotobacter, bacteria and fungi were determined. At the end of vegetation period in conventional production the highest number of actinomycetes (5.83) and fungi (4.87) was recorded in cultivar Dvadesetica. In organic production the highest number of ammonifires was in cultivar Sremac (9.91). The highest number of bacteria was in cultivar Dvadesetica (9.08) and the highest number of fungi was in cultivar Zlatko (5.14). The results have shown that number of microorganisms was higher in organic production.
Depth-dependent autofluorescence photobleaching using 325, 473, 633, and 785 nm of porcine ear skin ex vivo

Abstract. Autofluorescence photobleaching describes the decrease of fluorescence intensity of endogenous fluorophores in biological tissue upon light irradiation. The origin of autofluorescence photobleaching is not fully understood. In the skin, the spatial distribution of various endogenous fluorophores varies within the skin layers. Most endogenous fluorophores are excited in the ultraviolet and short visible wavelength range, and only a few, such as porphyrins (red) and melanin (near-infrared), are excited at longer wavelengths. The excitation wavelength- and depth-dependent irradiation of skin will therefore excite different fluorophores, which will likely influence the photobleaching characteristics. The autofluorescence photobleaching of porcine ear skin has been measured ex vivo using 325, 473, 633, and 785 nm excitation at different skin depths from the surface to the dermis at 150 μm. Confocal Raman microscopes were used to achieve sufficient spatial resolution of the measurements. The autofluorescence area under the curve was measured for 21 consecutive acquisitions of 15 s. In all cases, the photobleaching follows a two-exponential decay function approximated by nonlinear regression. The results show that photobleaching can be applied to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in Raman spectroscopy for all of the applied excitation wavelengths and skin depths.
Achieving Next Generation Science Standards through Agricultural Contexts: A Delphi Study of Outdoor Education Experts.

A Delphi survey was conducted with 30 outdoor education experts in Kansas. Participant responses helped frame a Kansas definition of outdoor education and identified essential educational goals and outcomes, critical components for effective outdoor education programming, and barriers facing outdoor education in Kansas. The study highlights contributions outdoor education could have for implementation of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) curriculum framework in Kansas through agricultural education.
Mechanistic Basis for Coding End Sequence Effects in the Initiation of V(D)J Recombination

ABSTRACT V(D)J recombination is directed by recombination signal sequences. However, the flanking coding end sequence can markedly affect the frequency of the initiation of V(D)J recombination in vivo. Here we demonstrate that the coding end sequence effect can be qualitatively and quantitatively recapitulated in vitro with purified RAG proteins. We find that coding end sequence specifically affects the nicking step, which is the first biochemical step in RAG-mediated cleavage. The subsequent hairpin formation step is not affected by the coding end sequence. Furthermore, the coding end sequence effect can be ablated by prenicking the substrate, indicating that the coding end effect is specific to the nicking step. In reactions in which both 12- and 23-substrates are present, a suboptimal coding end sequence on one signal can slow down hairpin formation at the partner signal, a result consistent with models in which coordination between the signals occurs at the hairpin formation step. The coding end sequence effect on nicking and the coupling of the 12- and 23-substrates explains how hairpin formation can be rate limiting for some 12/23 pairs, whereas nicking can be rate limiting when low-efficiency coding end sequences are involved.
Changing species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Shigella over a 29-year period (1980–2008)

SUMMARY We studied changes in species distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella during 1980–2008, using the Diarrhoeal Diseases Surveillance system of Dhaka Hospital of ICDDR,B. In hospitalized patients Shigella prevalence decreased steadily from 8–12% in the 1980s to 3% in 2008. Endemic S. flexneri was the most commonly isolated species (54%). Epidemic S. dysenteriae type 1 had two peaks in 1984 and 1993, but was not found after 2000, except for one case in 2004. The therapeutic options are now limited: in 2008 a total of 33% of S. flexneri were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 57% to mecillinam. In the <5 years age group, severely underweight, wasted and stunted children were more at risk of shigellosis compared to well-nourished children (P<0·001). Although hospitalization for Shigella diarrhoea is decreasing, the high levels of antimicrobial resistance and increased susceptibility of malnourished children continue to pose an ongoing risk.
Central Bank Optimism as a Policy Tool: Evidence from the Bank of England

We evaluate the tone of optimism in the Bank of England’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) communication using computerised textual analysis and then explore the impacts of optimism shocks on key macroeconomic variables. We show that innovations in optimism impact key macroeconomic variables in the same way that a contractionary monetary policy would. We find that increasing optimism shocks in MPC communication leads to rising inflation, falling output, declining stock market returns and a rise in the Pound value. We further find evidence that optimism shocks reduce credit availability, the money supply, retail sales as well as earnings. Finally, government bond yields also tend to rise in response to optimism shocks.
Environmental tobacco smoke and cardiovascular disease. A position paper from the Council on Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care, American Heart Association.

Although the number of cardiovascular deaths associated with environmental tobacco smoke cannot be predicted with absolute certainty, the available evidence indicates that environmental tobacco smoke increases the risk of heart disease. The effects of environmental tobacco smoke on cardiovascular function, platelet function, neutrophil function, and plaque formation are the probable mechanisms leading to heart disease. The risk of death due to heart disease is increased by about 30% among those exposed to environmental tobacco smoke at home and could be much higher in those exposed at the workplace, where higher levels of environmental tobacco smoke may be present. Even though considerable uncertainty is a part of any analysis on the health affects of environmental tobacco smoke because of the difficulty of conducting long-term studies and selecting sample populations, an estimated 35,000-40,000 cardiovascular disease-related deaths and 3,000-5,000 lung cancer deaths due to environmental tobacco smoke exposure have been predicted to occur each year. The AHA's Council on Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care has concluded that environmental tobacco smoke is a major preventable cause of cardiovascular disease and death. The council strongly supports efforts to eliminate all exposure of nonsmokers to environmental tobacco smoke. This requires that environmental tobacco smoke be treated as an environmental toxin, and ways to protect workers and the public from this health hazard should be developed. According to a 1989 Gallup survey commissioned by the American Lung Association, 86% of nonsmokers think that environmental tobacco smoke is harmful and 77% believe that smokers should abstain in the presence of nonsmokers. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Computed Tomography Monitoring of Radiation-Induced Lung Fibrosis in Mice

Rationale and Objectives:To identify characteristics of lung fibrosis in a mouse model after radiotherapy (RT) using thin-section computed tomography (CT), histology and clinical parameters. Materials and Methods:Using a multislice CT-scanner, follow-up chest CT scans of 10 out of 72 included mice (C57BL/6J, 36 control mice, 36 mice (20Gy)) were performed every 2 weeks until week 26 after RT. Hounsfield units (HU) and cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) were measured, and a multireader analysis on characteristic lung changes was performed and correlated with histology and clinical parameters. Results:From weeks 4 to 8 after RT changes in histology (leukocyte count, extraalveolar edema, P < 0.01) and from week 12 changes in CT were detected (increase in HU, intralobular opacity and fibrotic strandings, P < 0.05). From week 14 clinical manifestations occurred (loss of weight, mobility, breathing, increased mortality, P < 0.01). CTR showed no significant changes. Three readers showed excellent interobserver agreement (κ >0.84). Conclusion:Thin-section CT in a mouse model is capable of detecting the development of lung fibrosis after RT prior to the onset of clinical deterioration.
Pediatric transplantation

Analysis of the OPTN/SRTR database demonstrates that, in 2002, pediatric recipients accounted for 7% of all recipients, while pediatric individuals accounted for 14% of deceased organ donors. For children fortunate enough to receive a transplant, there has been continued improvement in outcomes following all forms of transplantation. Current 1‐year graft survival is generally excellent, with survival rates following transplantation in many cases equaling or exceeding those of all other recipients. In renal transplantation, despite excellent early graft survival, there is evidence that long‐term graft survival for adolescent recipients is well below that of other recipients. A causative role for noncompliance is possible. While the significant improvements in graft and patient survival are laudable, waiting list mortality remains excessive. Pediatric candidates awaiting liver, intestine, and thoracic transplantation face mortality rates generally greater than those of their adult counterparts. This finding is particularly pronounced in patients aged 5 years and younger. While mortality awaiting transplantation is an important consideration in refining organ allocation strategies, it is important to realize that other issues, in addition to mortality, are critical for children. Consideration of the impact of end‐stage organ disease on growth and development is often equally important, both while awaiting and after transplantation.
Involvement Drivers: A Study of Nurses and Physicians in Improvement Work

This article reports on the involvement of nurses and physicians in improvement work, with a special focus on the drivers. The purpose was to describe how the nurse and physician groups understand involvement drivers for improvement work and to explain the differences in how they understand involvement. The study was conducted at 2 Swedish hospitals, and a total of 20 nurses and 10 physicians were interviewed. The theoretical framework, developed by an interpretative approach, identifies and describes a number of involvement drivers. On clustering the drivers into larger involvement factors, the study shows clear differences and profiles in terms of the 2 groups' perception and understanding of the involvement—drivers. Each group's profile was then analyzed on the basis of concept of professional culture.
Murder and psychosis: Neuropsychological profiles of homicide offenders with schizophrenia

BACKGROUND Neurocognitive dysfunction, a core feature of schizophrenia, is thought to contribute to the impulsive violent aggression manifested by some individuals with schizophrenia, but not enough is known about how homicidal individuals with schizophrenia perform on neuropsychological measures. AIMS The primary aim of our study was to describe the neuropsychological profiles of homicide offenders with schizophrenia. Supplementary analyses compared the criminal, psychiatric and neuropsychological features of schizophrenic homicide offenders with and without God/Satan/demon-themed psychotic symptoms. METHODS Twenty-five men and women diagnosed with schizophrenia who had killed another person - 21 convicted of first-degree murder and 4 found not guilty by reason of insanity - completed neuropsychological testing during forensic evaluations. RESULTS The sample was characterised by extensive neurocognitive impairments, involving executive dysfunction (60%), memory dysfunction (68%) and attentional dysfunction (50%), although those with God/Satan/demon-themed psychotic symptoms performed better than those with nonreligious psychotic content. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that impaired cognition may play an important role in the commission of homicide by individuals with schizophrenia. A subgroup with God/Satan/demon delusions seem sufficiently less impaired that they might be able to engage in metacognitive treatment approaches, aimed at changing their relationship to their psychotic symptoms, thus reducing the perception of power and omnipotence of hallucinated voices and increasing their safety. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Natural History of Rape

This article utilizes photographs taken in Berlin just after the end of World War II to reconstruct the history of mass rape that took place in the city during this period and to argue for this event as foundational to post-war democratic political regimes that inscribed imperialism’s ruling logic within a ‘new world order’. In arguing this point, the author refuses the positivist and evidentiary frameworks through which scholars typically work with photographic images, abjuring an over-emphasis on what is or is not seen within the photographic image, instead focusing on the photograph’s affective and sonic registers, as well as other types of inscriptions in the body of the camera and emissions that require another modality of re/coding. By rereading images historically interpreted as documenting Berlin’s destruction alongside and through textual evidence of the mass rape, this analysis challenges the imperial scopic regime that has classified these images as not being photographs of rape, and connects this act of photographic erasure to the Allies’ post-war efforts to present themselves as saviors, thus legitimizing their continued imperial dominance over the world’s populations.
International Commodity Agreements: policies and problems.

Beginning in the 1920's, there was a wave of interest and activity directed toward the redress of a problem in international commodity trade. At that time, it was viewed as stemming primarily from the instability of demand for primary products by the more highly industrialized nations of the world. It was asserted that this instability of demand resulted in wide fluctuations in both the production and prices of these products. This was held to be highly detrimental to those countries, often underdeveloped, whose economies were dependent upon one or two such commodities. ' The attempted solution to this problem frequently took the form of an international commodity agreement (ICA) to control the price and quantities produced and sold.2 Recently additional emphasis has been put on another aspect of the problem the alleged worsening terms of trade for primary commodity producers in a period when demand and prices have been relatively stable.3 Much of this new emphasis is related to the effect of the terms of trade on economic development, a matter of great concern to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (Unctad I), first held in Geneva in 1964. The members of that conference in number if not in influence were greatly in favor of extending commodity agreements as means of advancing the welfare of the developing countries.4 Unctad I was far more concerned about price levels than price stability. Nor was that conference an isolated example of the U.N.'s enthusiasm for extending international commodity agreements.
Effects of Botox® and Neuronox® on muscle force generation in mice

The current study determined the dose–response relationship for inhibition of muscle force of two commercially available botulinum neurotoxin type‐A (BoNTA) preparations (Botox® and Neuronox®) in a murine model and characterized the time course of recovery from the toxin‐induced muscle paralysis. The effect of freezing reconstituted toxin on toxin potency was also determined. The gastrocnemius muscles in male CD‐1 mice were injected with either saline or BoNTA (0.3–3.0 U/kg), and muscle force generation was examined following stimulation of the tibial nerve (single twitch and 15–200 Hz tetany). Botox and Neuronox produced nearly equivalent decrements in muscle force (30%–90%) at 4 days after toxin injection. At 28 days after injection (1 U/kg), muscle force had recovered from the effects of both toxin preparations. Maintaining reconstituted toxin at −80°C for up to 5 months did not result in significant loss of toxin activity. The results of this study suggest that Botox and Neuronox produce equivalent responses in a murine model, and, in contrast to other models, muscle recovery is rapid with doses of toxin that produce less than maximal decrements in muscle force. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1658–1664, 2007
Mortality after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism: a follow-up of 441 patients operated on from 1956 to 1979.

Four hundred forty-one patients who were operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism were observed for up to 22 years. Mortality was significantly higher than expected during the first postoperative years, for both men and women. This was predominantly due to a higher than expected incidence of diseases of the circulatory organs. The greater risk of death--compared with the expected mortality in the general patient population--appeared to decrease after the initial 5 to 8 postoperative years. However, for the entire follow-up period, the cumulative survival ratio (i.e., the ratio between the expected and the observed rates) was less than 1 for both sexes. The preoperative concentration of serum calcium did not influence the survival rates. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that untreated hyperparathyroidism carries an increased risk of death, particularly from cardiovascular diseases but that this risk is gradually reduced after surgery.
Childhood-Onset Multiple Sclerosis and Mood Disorders: A Case Study

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is rare in children. Little research exists regarding emotional and behavioral disorders in childhood-onset MS, despite the occurrence of such problems in adults with MS. This paper describes the cognitive and behavioral characteristics of a boy diagnosed with MS at age 9 and mood disorder at age 10. He displayed no cognitive or behavioral problems prior to the onset of physical symptoms of MS. Three years after diagnosis, this child showed persistent problems with speed of processing, visual-motor skills, and parent and teacher-reported executive functioning. In addition, he had difficulties with emotional lability, behavioral disinhibition, depression, and social interaction. As with adults, children with MS may be at increased risk for mood disorder compared to their peers. Mood disorders in children with MS are likely to be multiply determined, although the specific causal mechanisms are unknown.