Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Physiology of Mental Stress: Some Practical Aspects*

The effects of strong emotion upon physical functions have been recognised for a long time. John Hunter (1728-93), a sufferer from angina, recognised the great power of emotion upon the body when he complained that his life was in the hands of any rascal who chose to annoy him-and that was how it turned out! He was an irascible person, and following an argument, he collapsed and died. Rather more precise consideration of psychosomatic relationships began with William James in 1890. He wrote, 'my theory . is that the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion'. A similar theory particularly emphasising the role of the vasomotor system came at about the same time from Lange in 1885, hence the J ames-Lange theory of emotion which has been restated recently by Tyrer (1973). In 1927 Cannon formulated his views which were more concerned with adrenal medullary activity. He wrote, 'if the secretion of adrenin is increased in strong emotional states and in pain, that constitutes a fact of considerable importance, for, as already mentioned, ad renin is capable of producing many of the bodily changes which are characteristically manifested in emotional and painful experiences' (Cannon 1929). In developing this theory, the Iiow familiar view of emergency preparation for fight or flight was described thus; 'the functions which in quiet times establish and support the bodily reserves are, in times of stress, instantly checked or completely stopped and these reserves are lavishly drawn upon to increase power in the attack and in the defence or flight' (Cannon 1929). In 1932 he introduced the word 'homeostatis' as 'co-ordinated physiological processes which maintain most of the steady states in the organism', previously described by Claude Bernard in 1867 in terms of 'La Fixite du Milieu Interieur'. In 1936 Se1ye first reported the findings which led to his theories about stress and the ideas were developed in his monumental volume entitled 'Stress', published in 1950 and followed by a subsequent 'Annual Report on Stress' whichappeared for several years and made much impact on both biology and medicine. Selye proposed what he called a 'General Adaptation Syndrome', described as being in addition to many specific defence reactions, such as maintenance of body temperature, and he said that it was 'an integrated syndrome of closely inter-related adaptive reactions to non-specific stress'. 1Ihe word 'stress' has both a popular and scientific use. In the former sense it conveys a disagreeable mental experience, usually involving anxiety, and while this is related to the scientific meaning, the latter has distinct physiological implications. A definition is not easy to devise but, while the popular ideas about stress need not include physiological arousal, the scientific meaning requires
Structure of Intensive Care Unit and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients with Influenza A/H1N1 2009

Departments of Internal Medicine, *Preventive and Social Mecine, Inha University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Yonsei University College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, **Hallym Univerity College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
Studying extant species to model our past.

The cover caption for the Special Section on Ardipithecus ramidus (2 October 2009, p. [60][1]; cover caption, p. 5) echoed a conclusion threaded among the Research Articles: Ar. ramidus appears to be so different from Pan that “extant great apes are poor models for our last common ancestor. ” We
Lesões musculoesqueléticas na temporada de 2006 em atletas da seleção brasileira feminina principal de canoagem velocidade

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the incidence, kind, etiology and anatomical site of musculoskeletal injuries of athletes of the Brazilian Women's Speed Canoeing Team for the 2006 season. METHODOLOGY: All eight athletes of the main team participated on the study. Their mean age was 19.50 years (± 3.78); mean body mass of 58.67 kg (± 5.44) and mean height of 162.00 cm (± 4.00). RESULTS: After the analysis of data, a rate of 5.06 injuries/ athlete/ 1000 hours of sports practice was found. We also found that 87.50% of the athletes experienced injuries, totaling 82.05% of recurrences. -The most common injuries seen were: muscle contraction (48.72%) and tendonitis (23.08%). The trunk (56.41%), particularly the thoracic and thoracolumbar region, and the UULL (41.03%), particularly the shoulder, were the areas that were shown to be most frequently affected. CONCLUSION: As a result of the sportive gesture, the etiology of injuries was non-traumatic especially due to overload of anatomical structures. We believe that with the characterization of injuries in this sport activity, it will be possible for sportive physical therapy to develop a preventive work focused to the specific injuries found with the purpose of reducing their incidence and recurrence rates.
Spoiling for a fight with mold.

Mold spoils some 10% of the world9s annual harvests. And perhaps more significantly, many fungi produce mycotoxins, poisonous chemicals that can accumulate in human tissues. The most dangerous is aflatoxin, which is elevating rates of liver cancer and likely stunting childhood growth in Africa, Southeast Asia, and China. Mycologists are studying a possible solution that involves introducing spores of a benign fungus into the soil in hopes it will outcompete and drive out the aflatoxin-producing strain.
Malaria in East Africa

Historically, malaria has coloured the European view of East Africa since the days of early exploration. Victorian England regarded the African coast as a place where they were very likely to die from the disease, and with good reason. The protestant missionary, Rev. Dr Johann Ludwig Krapf, arriving in East Africa in early May 1844 before the rains started, established a mission station at Rabai, outside Mombasa. He was “attacked by the fever” on 1st July, and his pregnant wife became sick at the same time. She gave birth to a baby girl on 6th July, but died 3 days later. The baby died on 15th July. It was felt that no European could live long on the coast of East Africa without being attacked by mkunguru or fever of the country (Pavitt 1989). Obviously, the major burden of malaria morbidity and mortality falls on the people of Africa; a disease which still kills approximately two million African children each year, despite the considerable resources which are directed against it. The Global Eradication Strategy for malaria, conceived as a practicable endeavour, has quietly been replaced by a policy of Malaria Control. Vector control has been largely abandoned as impracticable, drug resistance in the parasite continues to erode the small collection of effective treatment drugs and a malaria vaccine remains well below the horizon. Despite hopeful new initiatives (bed nets, improved drug availability to rural areas), malaria remains a scourge for the inhabitants of East Africa.
Efficient query refinement for image retrieval

Although powerful image representations have been proposed for content-based image retrieval, most of the current systems are "rigid", i.e. they retrieve a fixed set of images as response to a given query and an image feature. In this paper, our goal is to introduce tools for making image retrieval systems more flexible. More precisely, we use multiple image features, and present in details a new relevance feedback technique that integrates the positive and negative examples provided by the user. Experimental results on various large databases show that the proposed technique is more performant than the standard relevance feedback approach.
A tutorial on the positive realization problem

This paper is a tutorial on the positive realization problem, that is the problem of finding a positive state-space representation of a given transfer function and characterizing existence and minimality of such representation. This problem goes back to the 1950s and was first related to the identifiability problem for hidden Markov models, then to the determination of internal structures for compartmental systems and later embedded in the more general framework of positive systems theory. Within this framework, developing some ideas sprang in the 1960s, during the 1980s, the positive realization problem was reformulated in terms of a geometric condition which was recently exploited as a tool for finding the solution to the existence problem and providing partial answers to the minimality problem. In this paper, the reader is carried through the key ideas which have proved to be useful in order to tackle this problem. In order to illustrate the main results, contributions and open problems, several motivating examples and a comprehensive bibliography on positive systems organized by topics are provided.
Real-time 3D motion and structure of point features: a front-end system for vision-based control and interaction

We present a system that consists of one camera connected to a personal computer that can (a) select and track a number of high-contrast point features on a sequence of images, (b) estimate their three-dimensional motion and position relative to an inertial reference frame, assuming rigidity, (c) handle occlusions that cause point-features to disappear as well as new features to appear. The system can also (d) perform partial self-calibration and (e) check for consistency of the rigidity assumption, although these features are not implemented in the current release. All of this is done automatically and in real-time (30 Hz) for 40-50 point features using commercial off-the-shelf hardware. The system is based on an algorithm presented by Chiuso et al. (2000), the properties of which have been analyzed by Chiuso and Soatto (2000). In particular, the algorithm is provably observable, provably minimal and provably stable- under suitable conditions. The core of the system, consisting of C++ code ready to interface with a frame grabber as well as Matlab code for development, is available at http://ee.wustl. edu/-soatto/research.html. We demonstrate the system by showing its use as (1) an ego-motion estimator, (2) an object tracker, and (3) an interactive input device, all without any modification of the system settings.
Of Mice and Women: The Bias in Animal Models

In 1993, the U.S. National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act mandated that women and minorities be included in clinical research, because treatments had been shown to have different effects in different populations. A 2001 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report published by the National Academy Press pointed to evidence that the same was true for research using animal models: The sex of the animal can lead to qualitatively different results. Yet because male rodents are cheaper and easier to work with than females, almost nobody uses females in basic research. Earlier this month, at a workshop held on behalf of the IOM9s Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders, representatives from academia, journals, funding agencies, and the pharmaceutical industry discussed solutions to this problem of systematic sex bias in animal studies. This bias compromises the safety and effectiveness of drugs in women, they say.
On stabilization of nonstandard singularly perturbed systems with small delays in state and control

A nonstandard singularly perturbed linear time-invariant system with a general type of small delay in state and control variables is considered. Two much simpler parameter-free systems (the reduced-order and the boundary-layer ones), associated with the original system, are introduced. Since the original system is nonstandard, the reduced-order one is descriptor (differential-algebraic). A composite feedback control exponentially stabilizing the original system is constructed based on stabilizing controls of the reduced-order and boundary-layer systems. An illustrative example is presented.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Where Did We Start and Where Are We Now?

This historical perspective on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is primarily based on the experience of the Denver group. ARDS was first described as a clinical entity in 1967. In our initial report, we described the unique clinical and physiological features of 12 patients who presented with a form of acute respiratory distress and profound respiratory failure. These patients were "discovered" as we began to develop a new service for respiratory care at a time when mechanical ventilation was only provided for neuromuscular disorders by neurologists who were adept at using body or tank-type ventilators. As soon as our new team learned the techniques of modern mechanical ventilation and began to offer a new service aimed at providing mechanical ventilation and other respiratory support for all forms of acute respiratory failure, we recognized a subset of patients with florid acute respiratory failure from a variety of unrelated insults, which caused either direct or indirect injury to the lung. These patients presented a syndrome that appeared remarkably similar to the infantile respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS). These original 12 patients derived from a series of 272 consecutive patients who received mechanical ventilatory support in our newly organized medical and surgical intensive care units. Features in common were the rapid development of diffuse bilateral symmetrical infiltrations seen on standard chest x-rays, refractory hypoxemia, and the necessity of using highinflation pressures for adequate mechanical ventilation. All 12 required high-inspired oxygen fractions (FIO2 often as high as 1.0) for adequate arterial oxygenation, that is, partial oxygen tension (PO2) more than 55 mm Hg. During that experience, we found that use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) improved oxygen transfer across the lung in most patients. Associated background factors were trauma in seven patients, viral pneumonia was suspected but not proven in four, and drug ingestion was present in two. One patient with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis completed the series, which included five men and seven women. The age range was from 11 to 48 years (mean, 27.3). A strong suggestion of gross fluid overload was found in five patients; hypotension and acidemia were additional background factors. Five patients survived with mechanical ventilatory support, which usually involved the application of PEEP. Autopsy findings of the other seven revealed remarkably similar findings of atelectasis,
Journal accused of manipulating impact factor

The journal Leukemia , which is owned by Macmillan magazines, has been accused of trying to manipulate its impact factor, the measure used to rank the importance of scientific journals. The accusation comes from Terry Hamblin, consultant haematologist at the Royal Bournemouth Hospital and editor of Leukemia Research , a rival to Leukemia . Dr Hamblin has sent the BMJ a copy of a letter received by authors who had submitted a paper to Leukemia in October 1996 asking them to increase the number of references to papers published in Leukemia . This would increase the journal's impact factor, which is calculated by dividing the number of …
Partnership means protection? Perceptions of the effectiveness of multi‐agency working and the regulatory framework within adult protection in England and Wales,

This article examines the effectiveness of the multi‐agency approach in adult protection and draws on findings from research that examined the effectiveness of both partnership working and perceptions of the regulatory framework to protect vulnerable adults. The research findings were collected through the use of a survey of all local councils with social services responsibilities in England and Wales. Examples of good practice in partnership working were found. However, resource pressures, insufficient information sharing and a lack of clarity about roles and responsibilities were reported to hinder a multi‐agency approach.
Empfehlungen zu Diagnostik und Therapie beim Schleimhautpemphigoid am Auge

: Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is often accompanied with a chronic cicatrizing conjunctivitis that may eventually lead to loss of vision. The study is intended to investigate the current scientific knowledge on the diagnosis of and therapy for MMP involving the eye. Previous studies published before December 2004 have been systematically reviewed for their level of evidence. Consequently, recommendations for patient management are provided.
Adaptive finite-time control of nonlinear systems with parametric uncertainty

In this note, global finite time stabilization is investigated for a class of nonlinear systems in p normal form with parametric uncertainties. To achieve finite-time stabilization, a constructive control design approach is proposed by following backstepping methodology, and an adaptive finite-time control law is obtained in the form of continuous time-invariant feedback.
Nonblocking supervisory control of state tree structures

It is well known that the nonblocking supervisory control problem is NP-hard, subject in particular to state space explosion that is exponential in the number of system components. In this paper we propose to manage complexity by organizing the system as a state tree structure (STS). STS are an adaptation of statecharts to supervisory control theory. Based on STS we present an efficient recursive symbolic algorithm that can perform nonblocking supervisory control design (in reasonable time and memory) for systems of state size 10/sup 24/ and higher. The resulting controllers are tractable and readily comprehensible.
Advanced occupancy sensing for energy efficiency in office buildings

Control systems for heating, ventilation and air conditioning in non-domestic buildings often operate to fixed schedules, assuming maximum occupancy during business hours. Since lower occupancies usually mean less demand for heating, ventilation and air conditioning, energy savings could be made. Air quality sensing, often combined with temperature sensing, has performed sufficiently in the past for this if maintained properly, although sensor and control failures may increase energy use by as much as 50%. As energy costs increase, coupled with increased complexity in building services and reduced commissioning time, all placing ever higher demands on sensing, building controls must meet increasingly stringent environmental requirements, whilst also improving reliability. Sensor fusion offers performance and resilience to meet these demands, while cost and privacy are key factors which are also met. This article describes a neural network approach to sensor fusion for occupancy estimation. Feature selection was carried out using symmetrical uncertainty analysis, while fusion of sensor features used a back-propagation neural network, with occupant count accuracy exceeding 74%.
The Association of Active Trigger Points with Lumbar Disc Lesions

Objective: To seek indication for an association between trigger points [TrPs] and lumbar disc lesions as evidenced by the myotomal level of the disc lesion. Methods: Sixty subjects, 44 men and 16 women, ranging from 22 to 61 years-old who had lumbar disc prolapse [location confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging] were recruited to the cross-sectional study from consecutive sampling. All patients were referred from the Department of Orthopaedic and Accident Surgery Unit I. Subjects with disc prolapse who were scheduled for surgery in the following week participated in this study. They were given a complete physical therapy examination including an assessment of soft tissue pain and dysfunction. The clinical diagnosis of TrPs and myofascial pain syndrome were made according to the criteria by Travell and Simons. Results: The majority of the patients with LL Vdisc prolapse had active TrPs in the tibialis anterior. Subjects with LL Vand LS lesions had active TrPs in the gluteus medius and gastrocnemius. Subjects with LL Vdisc prolapse had active TrPs in the extensor hallucis longus and tibialis anterior. Conclusions: This study affirms that there is a possibility of a myofascial pain syndrome component when there is lumbar disc disease, and it also corresponds to the same myotome level of the lesion.
Incidence and surveillance of infections from Clostridium difficile: the experience at the Galliera of Genoa in the three-year period 2004-2006

Introduction Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive bacillus, anaerobic, sporogenous ,with oro-faecal transmission.The formation of the spores can persist in a long time, encouraging the transmission. Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, age, alteration of intestinal flora are the most common risk factors that expose the subject to any subsequent colonization and infection. The hospital staff is the main vehicle of transmission and the probability of contracting an infection is proportional to the duration of hospitalization in patients infected with cohabitation. Objectives The infections surveillance of C. difficile is a instrument to monitor procedures for the control of hospital infections, and may be useful to highlight and point out shortcomings in the system. Materials and Methods The data are the results of tests for the detection of toxins on stools during the period 2004-2006, distributed quarterly to study the seasonal, divided by individual UO the hospital and later for area hospital. Results and conclusions The incidence of infection from C. difficile in the last three years has been in constant increase (from 7 to 12.5 case/1000 admissions). Much of increase is attributable to community infections 3 case/1000 admissions (2004) up to about 6 case/1000 admissions (2006). Substantially increasing content of hospital infections (5-6 case/1000 admissions).
The management and treatment of peri-prosthetic fractures around both total hip and hemiarthroplasty

Peri-prosthetic fractures are an increasingly common phenomenon. They are associated with a high mortality, morbidity and economic burden. We reviewed the literature and look at historical aspects, risk factors, clinical assessment, classification and management of peri-prosthetic fractures around the hip. This article is intended to provide an overview to enable safe initial management of peri-prosthetic fractures and insight into definitive treatment.