Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MATURITY GROUPING IN SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) / CLASIFICACIÓN DE GIRASOL (Helianthus annuus L.) POR GRUPOS DE MADURACIÓN / CLASSIFICATION DE TOURNESOL (Helianthus annuus L.) SELON LES GROUPES DE MATURATION

SUMMARY Twelve commercial sunflower hybrids were evaluated as possible standards for classifying sunflower hybrids into maturity groups at the different growth stages of sunflower for maturity classification of new hybrids in the U.S. Due to the narrow range among hybrids only four maturity classes were determined. Hybrids earlier than NK 231 were classified as the earliest group, between NK 231 and D-3868 as the second maturity group, between D-3868 and C-187 as the third group and hybrids later than C-187 as the latest maturity group. This grouping system was based on mean separation procedures using LSD values, and lowest MSEs. For detailed evaluation of physiological maturity, H-311 and K-8806 could be used as additional standards of very early and very late hybrids to give six maturity groups. RESUMEN En el trabajo se evaluaron 12 híbridos de girasol comerciales, para que se determinara si se pudieran utilizar como estándares para la clasificación de nuevos híbridos de girasol por grupos de maduración en diferentes fases de crecimiento en los E.E.U.U. Debido al estrecho rango entre híbridos, se han determinado sólo cuatro grupos de maduración. Los híbridos anteriores de NK 231, se han clasificado como el grupo más temprano, los híbridos entre NK 231 y D-3868, como el segundo grupo de maduración, los híbridos entre D- 3868 y C-187 como tercer grupo, y los híbridos más tardíos que C-187, como el grupo más tardío. Este sistema de agrupación está basado en los procedimientos de la separación media, junto con la utilización de los valores LSD y de los MSE más bajos. Para una detallada calificación de madurez fisiológica, podrían utilizarse los híbridos H-311 y K-8806, como unas normas adicionales de los híbridos muy tempranos y muy tardíos, para obtener seis grupos de maduración. RÉSUMÉ Aux Etats Unis, douze hybrides commerciaux de tournesol sont évalués afin de vérifier la possibilité d’être utilisés comme les hybrides standard pour la classification de nouveaux hybrides de tournesol selon les groupes de maturation dans les phases différentes de développement des plantes. En raison du diapason restreint parmi les hybrides, seulement quatre groupes de maturation sont déterminés. Les hybrides qui mûrissent plus tôt que les hybrides NK 231, sont classifiés comme groupe qui mûrit le plus tôt, les hybrides entre NK 231 et D-3868 sont classifiés comme deuxième groupe de maturation, les hybrides entre D-3868 et C-187 sont classifiés comme troisième groupe de maturation et les hybrides qui mûrissent plus tard que les hybrides C-187 sont classifiés comme quatrième groupe de maturation. Ce système est basé sur le procédé de séparation moyenne en utilisant les valeurs LSD et les plus bas de MSE. Pour une évaluation plus détaillée de maturation physiologique, les hybrides H-311 et K-8806 pourraient être utilisés comme hybrides standard de groupes qui mûrissent très tôt et trop tard pour obtenir six groupes de maturation.
Ecology of Aestivation in a Cocoon-forming Frog, Cyclorana Australis (Hylidae)

Abstract We examined burrow microclimate and cocoon formation of the burrowing frog, Cyclorana australis, from northern Australia, during the dormancy season by monitoring frogs in burrows in the field. At the beginning of the dry season, while the soils were still quite moist, frogs dug shallow burrows, with 2–8 cm of soil above the top of the burrow chamber. The frogs spent 2–3 months underground without cocoons, but they began to form cocoons once the soils dried to water potentials that would dehydrate the frogs (as determined by laboratory experiments on water exchange). Frogs remained underground for up to six months, and then emerged when soil water potentials were great enough to permit water absorption, although it is unclear whether this was the primary cue for emergence. Soil temperatures adjacent to burrows were intermediate to those in full sun and full shade at 10-cm depth and increased throughout the dormancy period. Frogs removed from burrows after 2–4 months underground had a body mass 136% of their standard mass, indicating that burrowed frogs store a considerable amount of water in the bladder while in the burrows in the early weeks of aestivation. Because C. australis absorb water during the first part of aestivation (or at least maintain water they absorbed prior to burrowing), and construct a relatively impermeable cocoon during the latter part of aestivation, when they could lose water, these frogs may never experience water stress, despite being underground in the dry season for 5–6 months.
The leaf numbers and root diameter of Pule Pandak (Raufolvia serpentina Benth.) influence the root-dry weight and reserpine content

Reserpine is the most important alkaloid content in Rauvolfia serpentina Benth’s. (Pule Pandak) root. To figure out the relationship of Pule Pandak morphological character with the reserpine contents, an observation based analysis was done. The environment, fertilizing treatment, and fenotipe observation data were collected and analyzed. In Pule Pandak cultivated at 600 m – 450 m above sea level under the teaks (Tectona grandis) or sengon (Paraserianthes falcattaria), in latosol soil and fertilizer doses at 20 t/ha – 30 t/ha, we found that the leaf numbers and root diameter would followed by the root’s dry weight and the increase of root diameter will be followed by the increase of its reserpine content. Key words: Raufolvia serpentine, Pule Pandak, Reserpine, Root
The indigenous coastal Californian population of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus, a cultivated species, may be at risk of extinction

This study employed nuclear and mitochondrial markers to assess the present‐day composition of the population of Agaricus bisporus in coastal California. Favourable weather in the fall, winter and spring of 1990–91 furnished an uncommon opportunity to collect and study field material of the ‘button mushroom’A. bisporus, a cultivated species, from the region. The previous such season occurred 13 years earlier. Ninety‐five nonredundant cultures from field material were prepared and genotypically characterized. These data were combined with data from earlier studies. Multilocus nuclear and mitochondrial genotypes were determined for 123 individuals. Genotypes were compared in pairwise fashion both within the sample and between this sample and others of diverse geographical origin or commercial provenance. Using parametric analysis and cluster analysis of nuclear similarities, and also mitochondrial data, two elements – indigenous and European – were apparent within the sample. This was consistent with our earlier results on a much smaller sample. At least 10 mitochondrial haplotypes (MTs) were present; based on genotypic similarities of associated nuclei, five (or six) MTs were Californian, four were European, and one was ambiguous. Based on MT origins, 54% of the 121 classifiable individuals in California were of European ancestry; natives constituted a minority at 46%. Even in the indigenous Monterey cypress habitat, where 84% of all individuals from California were sampled, non‐native A. bisporus appeared to have achieved parity (at 48–49%) with the native population. In all other habitats, which are far more extensive, European individuals outnumbered Californian natives by 4:1. Some evidence of hybridization between the two ancestral groups was found. European strains appear to have been resident in California for approximately one century. The extensive occupancy of the native habitat by non‐native germ plasm, the apparent inability of native strains to occupy or compete in non‐native habitats, and the disproportionately large inoculum reservoirs represented by non‐native habitat and agronomic activities all suggest that the native population is under considerable competitive pressure in what may be a very dynamic situation. If this surmise is correct, the native population may be at serious risk of further contraction, irreversible dilution through interbreeding, and possibly even extinction.
Identifying Olive (Olea europaea ) Cultivars Using Artificial Neural Networks

Backpropagation neural networks (BPNNs) were used to distinguish among 10 olive ( Olea europaea L.) cultivars, originating throughout the Mediterranean basin. Identification was performed on the basis of 17 phyllometric parameters resulting from image analysis. Different BPNN architectures were attempted and best performance was achieved using a 17 × 20 × 10 BPNN. Networks were tested with sets of phyllometric parameters not involved in the training phase. Results enabled identification with certainty all cultivars tested. Olive (Olea europaea) is a species of great economic impor- tance in the entire Mediterranean basin, where 95% of the world production occurs. A large number of cultivars exist, many of which are of ancient origin and genetically heterogeneous, creat- ing a problem of cultivar identification and classification. Present systems used to identify olive cultivars are based on quantitative and/or qualitative parameters (Barranco and Rallo, 1985; Di Prima, 1949). Statistical methods, such as discriminate functions (Damigella, 1960), have been used in the analysis of the above parameters. Recently, interesting results in the area of olive cultivar identification have resulted from isozyme analyses (Ouazzani et al., 1993; Trujillo et al., 1990, 1995), and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers (Bogani et al., 1994; Fabbri et al., 1995). Although these methods are effective, they are resource and labor-intensive, and require a skilled and experienced technical staff to be exploited effectively. Therefore, we assessed the use of artificial neural networks (ANN) as a possible alternative for cultivar distinction and identification in olive. ANNs are processing devices that are loosely modeled after the neuronal structure of the brain, reflecting the hypothesis that information in a brain resides in the strength of connections between neurons, not in their internal state. An ANN consists of a pool of simple processing units (nodes or neurons), which communicate by sending signals to each other over a large number of weighted connections. Each unit performs a relatively simple job, receive input from neighbors or external sources and use it to compute an output signal that is propagated to other units. The system is inherently parallel in the sense that many units can carry out their computations at the same time. Most neural networks have some sort of learning rule whereby the weights of connections are adjusted on the basis of data. In other words, neural networks learn from examples. This means they must be taught using a set of training data where known solutions are supplied. The most widely used learning method for neural network is the backpropagation of error. A backpropagation neural network (BPNN) in its basic form is composed of layers of neurons: an input layer, one or more hidden layers, and an output layer. Each layer of neurons receives its input from the previous layer or from the network input. The output of each neuron feeds the next layer
Regional variations in the European Neolithic dispersal: the role of the coastlines

The mechanisms by which agriculture spread across Europe in the Neolithic, and the speed at which it happened, have long been debated. Attempts to quantify the process by constructing spatio-temporal models have given a diversity of results. In this paper, a new approach to the problem of modelling is advanced. Data from over 300 Neolithic sites from Asia Minor and Europe are used to produce a global picture of the emergence of farming across Europe which also allows for variable local conditions. Particular attention is paid to coastal enhancement: the more rapid advance of the Neolithic along coasts and rivers, as compared with inland or terrestrial domains. The key outcome of this model is hence to confirm the importance of waterways and coastal mobilities in the spread of farming in the early Neolithic, and to establish the extent to which this importance varied regionally.
Phytoplankton photosynthetic efficiency and primary production rates estimated from fast repetition rate fluorometry at coastal embayments affected by upwelling (Rías Baixas, NW of Spain)

might be related to environmental control of the coupling between photosynthetic electron transport through photosystem II (PSII) and carbon uptake in phytoplankton. In this study, we looked at this relationship under upwelling conditions favourable for phytoplankton growth. The combination of both techniques allowed the calculation of the quantum efficiency of carbon fixation, which averaged 20 0.12 mol C (mol quanta) � 1 indicating that phytoplankton populations were very efficient in converting absorbed photons into photosynthetically produced organic carbon. The tight coupling observed between phytoplankton photosynthetic electron transport through PSII and carbon uptake resulted in a statistically significant linear relationship between FRRF-derived and 14 C-based carbon incorporation rates, with a slope of 1.43. In conclusion, the results of the this study indicate 25 that FRRF can be a useful tool to derive high spatial and temporal resolution primary production estimates under environmental conditions favouring the close coupling between PSII electron transport and carbon uptake, such as those characteristic of this coastal upwelling system.
BLOOMS OF SURF‐ZONE DIATOMS ALONG THE COAST OF THE OLYMPIC PENINSULA, WASHINGTON. VI. DAILY PERIODICITY PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH CHAETOCEROS ARMATUM IN ITS NATURAL HABITAT 1, 2

Microscope observations of chains of Chaetoceros T. armatum T. West, collected, from its natural habitat, at Copalis Beach, Washington, have been made. A regular daily periodicity in the occurrence of cell division stages and length of the chains was found on each occasion (November, February, April, May, August). During the night, short chains of 3 cells predominated. In early morning hours, average chain lengths increased due to cell elongation, and nuclear and protoplast division occurred. This correlated with the time of day when cell masses of C. armatum first appeared at the surface of the water. In the late afternoon, the new silica valves of the daughter protoplasts were formed. Formation of special bristle‐bearing end valves effected the separation of long chains into shorter chains composed predominantly of 3 cells. (Cultured material was used to verify some of these stages.) This correlated with the time of day when cell masses disappeared from the water surface and dispersed.
δ15N signatures of marine mesozooplankton and seston size fractions in Kiel Fjord, Baltic Sea

The δ 15 N of marine mesozooplankton species was measured on four occasions. Significant differences were found between copepods and neroplanktonic larvae, yet not between holoplanktonic species. On average, mesozooplankton was enriched by 3.4 ± 0.9‰ relative to selected seston size fractions. Despite suggesting small differences (∼0.5 to 1‰) in the δ 15 N of different phytoplankton taxa on one occasion, the size fractionation procedure generally proved inadequate in separating major taxonomic groups composing seston. This circumstance, and phase-shifts in the transmission of rapid changes (>2‰) in seston δ 15 N to mesozooplankton complicate the calculation of mesozooplankton trophic levels.
Clustered Nesting and Vegetation Thresholds Reduce Egg Predation in Sooty Terns

Abstract. Although egg predation from aerial predators is one of the most important threats to ground-nesting seabirds, few populations conceal their nests under vegetation. However, little is known about the relationships between nesting habitat characteristics, nest densities and egg predation. Dry Tortugas (DRTO) Sooty Terns (Onychoprion fuscata) nest on sandy substrate. However, a substantial shift in the onset of their breeding season has increased their exposure to aerial predators, which, in turn, may have triggered a change in nesting behavior. A Bayesian model was developed to determine the relationship between vegetation cover and nest numbers, and whether such a relationship has reduced the incidence of egg predation. Over eight years, data on the number of nests, incidents of egg predation and on vegetation cover were collected from 132 survey plots. A clear non-linear relationship between vegetation cover and nesting numbers was found: thresholds of 65% cover of woody vegetation, such as shrubs, and of less than 13% of forbs, were shown to maximize the number of nests, and to significantly reduce egg predation. These results have implications for nesting habitat management and demonstrate that Sooty Terns are capable of changing their breeding behavior in response to an increase in the risk of egg predation.
Heterotrophic Utilization of Dissolved Organic Compounds in the Sea III. Measurement of the Oxidation Rates and Concentrations of Glucose and Amino Acids in Sea Water

INTRODUCTION One of the longstanding problems in marine biology has been to determine the quantitative importance of bacteria in the regeneration of the inorganic nutrients. There probably still is no entirely satisfactory way of studying this. It is currently believed that although a variety of marine organisms may utilize soluble organic compounds, bacteria dominate this activity. Thus, a measurement of the amount of soluble organic material oxidized will give a first approximation of bacterial activity. Such an estimate may have to be revised at a later date to allow for the activity of other micro-organisms.
The forests of Bhutan: a vital resource for the Himalayas?

ABSTRACT Large areas of the Himalayas have become severely deforested although little has been published about the extent of this problem in the closed Kingdom of Bhutan. A preliminary survey was undertaken during 1983. Without detailed information or accurate maps, LANDSAT 2 imagery was used to prepare a sampling stratification and to plot the distribution of defined vegetation types after sampling and analysis. Eleven forest noda are described in relation to their habitats, and area and timber volume estimates given. Deforestation pressures are discussed.
Multiple tracers demonstrate distinct sources of dissolved organic matter to lakes of the Mackenzie Delta, western Canadian Arctic

Lakes of the Mackenzie Delta occur across a gradient that contains three clear end members: those that remain connected to river‐water channels throughout the summer; those that receive only brief inputs of river water during an annual spring flood but contain dense macrophyte stands; and those that experience significant permafrost thaw along their margins. We measured dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, dissolved organic matter (DOM) absorption and fluorescence, and stable isotopes of DOM, DOM precursor materials, and bacteria to elucidate the importance of river water, macrophytes, and thermokarst as DOM sources to Mackenzie Delta lakes. Despite standing stocks of macrophyte C that are sevenfold to 12‐fold greater than those of total DOC, stable isotopes indicated that autochthonous sources contributed less than 15% to overall DOM in macrophyte‐rich lakes. Instead, fluorescence and absorption indicated that the moderate summertime increase in DOC concentration in macrophyte‐rich lakes was the result of infrequent flushing, while bacterial δ13C indicated rapid bacterial removal of autochthonous DOC from the water column. In thermokarst lakes, summertime increases in DOC concentration were substantial, and stable isotopes indicated that much of this increase came from C released as a result of thermokarst‐related processes. Our results indicate that these distinct sources of DOM to neighboring arctic Delta lakes may drive between‐lake differences in C cycling and energy flow. Rapidly assimilated macrophyte DOM should be an important contributor to microbial food webs in our study lakes. In contrast, the accumulation of thermokarst‐origin DOM allows for a significant role in physico‐chemistry but indicates a lesser contribution of this DOM to higher trophic levels.
Phytochemistry and Therapeutic Potentials of the Seed Essential Oil of Eucalyptus maculata Hook from Nigeria

The aim of this research was to study the phytochemicals, therapeutic potentials of the seed essential oil of E. maculata Hook grown in Nigeria. Composition of the seed essential oil was investigated by GC, GC-MS, MS and FT-IR. Analyses of the volatile oil resulted in the identification of fifty-eight phytocompounds representing 98.95% of the oil. Cyclofenchene (7.0%), α-pinene (8.0%), 1R-α-pinene (6.0%), 1S-α-pinene (7.0%), DL-pinene (6.0%) and β-trans-Ocimene (8.0%) were detected as the principal components accounted for 42% of the seed essential oil. None of these main compounds has ever been detected in the leaves extracts of E. maculata that had been investigated before except α-Pinene. The total phenolics content of the seed oil of E. maculata was estimated as 195.84 ± 0.002 μg/mg GAE. The results of free radical scavenging capacity using DPPH and FRAP methods showed that the oil possessed strong antioxidant activity with IC50 8.0 and 10.0 µgml-1 respectively. The acute toxicity test showed that the seed oil extract is safe to be used in vivo. The seed oil at 1000 µgkg-1 (p.o.) gave 87.50% significant inhibition of paw edema. In the antinociceptive assay the oil inhibited the licking time by 86.46% in first phase (neurogenic pain) and 60.10% in the second phase (inflammatory pain). These results showed that the seed oil of E. maculata could be an active source of substances with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The pharmacological potentials of the investigated seed oil could be explained by their antioxidant properties, due to their high phenolic and terpenoids contents.