Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative Analysis of the Occurrence and Role of CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) and Its Receptor CX3CR1 in Hemophilic Arthropathy and Osteoarthritis

Objective Hemophilic arthropathy is characterized by recurrent bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia leading to irreversible joint degeneration. The involvement of CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and its receptor CX3CR1 was observed in the pathogenesis of numerous arthritis-associated diseases. Taking this into account, we have presented a study investigating the role of the CX3CL1/CX3XR1 axis in the course of hemophilic arthropathy, including the CX3CL1-dependent expression of CD56+, CD68+, and CD31+ cells along with evaluation of articular cartilage and synovial membrane morphology. Methods The study was carried out using cases (n = 20) of end-stage hemophilic arthropathy with a severe type of hemophilia A and control cases (n = 20) diagnosed with osteoarthritis. The biofluids including blood serum and synovial fluid were obtained intraoperatively for the evaluation of CX3CL1 using the ELISA test. Tissue specimens including articular cartilage and synovial membrane were similarly collected during surgery and stained immunohistologically using selected antibodies including anti-CX3CR1, anti-CD56, anti-CD68, and anti-CD31. Additionally, the analysis included the assessment of articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and blood vessel morphology. Results In our study, we have documented increased average concentration of CX3CL1 in the blood serum of the study group (7.16 ± 0.53 ng/ml) compared to the control group (5.85 ± 0.70 ng/ml) without statistically significant difference in synovial fluid concentration at the same time. We have observed an increased macrophage presence with more marked proliferation and fibrosis of the synovial membrane in the study group. Remaining results such as expression of CX3CR1 presence of NK cells and larger surface area of blood vessels within the synovial membrane were noted also without statistical significance. Conclusions This study has demonstrated collective CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis involvement in hemophilic arthropathy pathogenesis introducing new interesting diagnostics and a therapeutic target.
Schisandra Inhibit Bleomycin-Induced Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats via Suppressing M2 Macrophage Polarization

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is defined as a specific form of chronic, progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause and limited to the lungs. Schisandrae chinensis fructus (Wuweizi, Schisandra) is commonly used traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, bronchitis, and other lung diseases in China. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of Schisandra on IPF which is induced by bleomycin (BLM) in rats and the inhibition of alternatively activated macrophage (M2) polarization. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis was used as a model for IPF, and rats were given drug interventions for 7 and 28 days to evaluate the role of Schisandra in the early oxidative phase and late fibrotic phases of BLM-induced pulmonary injury. The data showed that Schisandra exerted protective effects on BLM-induced pulmonary injury in two phases, which were improving inflammatory cell infiltration and severe damages of lung architectures and decreasing markers of M2 subtype. In order to prove the inhibitory effect of Schisandra on M2 polarization, in vitro experiments, we found that Schisandra downregulated the M2 ratio, which confirmed that the polarization of M2 was suppressed. Moreover, Schisandra blocked TGF-β1 signaling in AMs by reducing the levels of Smad3 and Smad4; meanwhile, the upregulation of Smad7 by Schisandra also promoted the effect of inhibition on the TGF-β1/Smad pathway. These results demonstrate that suppression of M2 polarization by Schisandra is associated with the development of IPF in rats.
Variation and multilevel selection of SARS‐CoV‐2

The evolution of SARS‐CoV‐2 remains poorly understood. Theory predicts a group‐structured population with selection acting principally at two levels: the pathogen individuals and the group of pathogens within a single host individual. Rapid replication of individual viruses is selected for, but if this replication debilitates the host before transmission occurs, the entire group of viruses in that host may perish. Thus, rapid transmission can favor more pathogenic strains, while slower transmission can favor less pathogenic strains. Available data suggest that SARS‐CoV‐2 may follow this pattern. Indeed, high population density and other circumstances that favor rapid transmission may also favor more deadly strains. Health care workers, exposed to pathogenic strains of hospitalized patients, may be at greater risk. The low case fatality rate on the Diamond Princess cruise ship may reflect the founder effect—an initial infection with a mild strain. A vaccine made with one strain may confer limited immunity to other strains. Variation among strains may lead to the rapid evolution of resistance to therapeutics. Finally, if less pathogenic strains are largely associated with mild disease, rather than treating all SARS‐CoV‐2 positive individuals equally, priority could be focused on testing and contact tracing the most seriously symptomatic patients.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress in Part Mediates Effects of Angiotensin II in Pancreatic Beta Cells

Introduction The renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) is a hormone system known for its role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. Numerous RAAS inhibitors routinely prescribed for hypertension have also beneficial effects in type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevention. RAAS components are expressed locally in many tissues, including adipose tissue and pancreas, where they exert metabolic effects through RAAS bioactive hormone angiotensin II (Ang II). Pancreatic beta cells are specialized insulin-producing cells; they have also developed endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which contributes to beta cell dysfunction, when proteins are misfolded in disease states such as T2D. However, no studies have investigated the relationship between RAAS and ER stress in beta cells as a mechanism linking pancreatic RAAS to T2D. Hence, we hypothesized that Ang II treatment of beta cells increases ER stress and inflammation leading to reduced insulin secretion. Methods To test this hypothesis, we treated clonal INS-1E beta cells and human islets with Ang II and assessed changes in ER stress markers. INS-1E beta cells were also used for measuring insulin secretion and for assessing the effects of various RAAS and ER stress inhibitors. Results We demonstrated that Ang II significantly increased the expression of ER stress genes such as Chop and Atf4 and reduced insulin secretion. Furthermore, inhibition of Ang II production with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi, captopril) significantly reduced ER stress. Moreover, the Ang II receptor blockade reduced ER stress significantly and rescued insulin secretion. Discussion This research provides new mechanistic insight into the role of RAAS activation via ER stress on beta cell dysfunction and provides additional evidence for protective effects of RAAS inhibition in T2D.
Asymmetric effects of grazing intensity on macroelements and microelements in grassland soil and plants in Inner Mongolia Grazing alters nutrient dynamics of grasslands

Abstract Grazing is a traditional grassland management technique and greatly alters ecosystem nutrient cycling. The effects of grazing intensity on the nutrient dynamics of soil and plants in grassland ecosystems remain uncertain, especially among microelements. A 2‐year field grazing experiment was conducted in a typical grassland with four grazing intensities (ungrazed control, light, moderate, and heavy grazing) in Inner Mongolia, China. Nutrient concentration was assessed in soil and three dominant plant species (Stipa krylovii, Leymus chinensis, and Cleistogenes squarrosa). Assessed quantities included four macroelements (carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg)) and four microelements (copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)). Soil total C, total N, total P, available N, and available P concentrations significantly increased with grazing intensity but soil Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn concentrations had no significant response. Plant C concentration decreased but plant N, P, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations significantly increased with grazing intensity. In soil, macroelement dynamics (i.e., C, N, and P) exhibited higher sensitivity with grazing intensity, conversely in plants, microelements were more sensitive. This result indicates macroelements and microelements in soil and plants had asymmetric responses with grazing intensity. The slopes of nutrient linear regression in C. squarrosa were higher than that of S. krylovii and L. chinensis, indicating that C. squarrosa had higher nutrient acquisition capacity and responded more rapidly to heavy grazing. These findings indicate that short‐term heavy grazing accelerates nutrient cycling of the soil–plant system in grassland ecosystems, elucidate the multiple nutrient dynamics of soil and plants with grazing intensity, and emphasize the important function of microelements in plant adaptation in grazing management.
Synergistic Effect and Mechanism of Plumbagin with Gentamicin Against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

Background Aminoglycosides are one of a few susceptible antimicrobials available for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). However, the altered pharmacokinetics and increasing drug resistance of aminoglycosides will make them hardly effective if used in monotherapy. The purpose of this study was to identify herbal compounds that potentiate the antibacterial effect of gentamicin against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKp) with gentamicin resistance and explore the action mechanisms. Methods A collection of 280 Chinese herbal compounds was screened for synergistic effect with gentamicin against CRKp by broth microdilution method according to the standard of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Intracellular gentamicin was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The membrane potential was evaluated by BacLightTM Bacterial Membrane Potential Kit. Plumbagin-induced metabolite changes of vital metabolic pathways were measured by an optimized untargeted metabolomics method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was detected via EnzyChrom NAD/NADH assay kit. Results We identified plumbagin to remarkably potentiate the antimicrobial activity of gentamicin against the CRKp with gentamicin resistance. Plumbagin at 100 μM could bring the MIC of gentamicin from >16 μg/mL to ~4 μg/mL despite its minimal inhibitory effect on the CRKp. A similar synergistic effect with gentamicin was also observed in an antibiotics-susceptible strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Compared with gentamicin monotreatment, the combination group showed a higher intracellular concentration of gentamicin and increased membrane potential in CRKp. Metabolomics analysis indicated remarkable increases of malate and α-ketoglutarate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the CRKp upon plumbagin treatment. Further analysis revealed higher intracellular NADH concentration in plumbagin-treated CRKp, supporting increased proton-motive force (PMF) that facilitates aminoglycosides uptake. Conclusion Herbal compound plumbagin was identified to stimulate gentamicin uptake by CRKp via enhancing TCA efflux and PMF to achieve a synergistic antibacterial effect. Plumbagin may be used in combination with aminoglycosides for severe CRKp infection by potentiating their therapeutic efficacy and lowering dosage.
Determining Requirements and Analyzing Costs for Automated Classification of Deep Sea Species.

The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) has a large arsenal of data collection tools, utilized by various underwater video and image collection methods. The resulting data collection consists of over 24,000 hours of video footage, much of which requires further annotation. However, the human cost of manual annotation to classify species in still-frames and video is high, and the rate of data collection continues to increase. As such, MBARI has tested several methods of automated detection and classification throughout the years. However, there are many unanswered questions in this field, such as what the ideal machine learning algorithm to use is, how much data is required initially, and what is the cost to produce a model capable of inference. Our work focused on the results of building a machine learning model through transfer learning and a preexisting deep convolutional neural network architecture(CNN) [1]. We found that to classify species from a specific collection of five benthic species, between 200-300 training instances per species was sufficient for our machine learning model’s accuracy bottleneck to no longer be training data. Furthermore, we collected information on the human power required to curate said training instances, as well as the finances required to use Google cloud resources to train and test the models we worked with.
Standardization of Artificial Intelligence for the Development and Use of Intelligent Systems

Standard is document that establishes the requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics according to which materials, products, processes and services that are suitable for these purposes can be used. ISO has more than 21,000 international standards covering aspects of technology and business. Standardization of artificial intelligence is advisable to start with concepts. The standard of artificial intelligence can be defined as follows. Artificial intelligence is a scientific applied direction for the development and creation of technological and software cognitive complexes of the digital twin of human intelligence, capable of learning, retraining, self-realization and development on the basis of the criterion of preferences and to improve functional activities by quality choice and mastering creative innovative high-tech artificial intelligence, a roadmap is being developed. The main tasks of standardization of artificial intelligence are, firstly, the unification and standardization of terminology, ensuring the interoperability of artificial intelligence systems, ensuring methodological continuity in the field of artificial intelligence methods and algorithms, and improving the effectiveness of collective work on creating artificial intelligence systems. Secondly, the removal of regulatory barriers related to the processing of personal data. Thirdly, standardization of procedures for confirming the predictability of the behavior of the artificial intelligence system under certain operating conditions, standardization of procedures for confirming the safety of the functioning of the artificial intelligence system. Fourth, unification of quality characteristics of artificial intelligence systems aimed at solving specific application problems. Fifth, standardization of requirements for technology platforms with artificial intelligence, development of standard artificial intelligence cases for the development and use of intelligent systems and technologies. Artificial intelligence technologies are already ripe enough to standardize them. Without it, the industry will not be able to develop normally, the interests of the state and society will not be protected. The United States, China, other countries and international organizations have begun active work in this direction. Standardization of artificial intelligence will help to find boundaries in which artificial intelligence will benefit humanity and not harm.
Estimation of Lead (Pb) in the Blood of Road Shopkeeper of KPK, Pakistan

The aim of this study was to investigate the content of Lead(Pb) in the blood of road side shopkeeper facing environmental pollution every day. Ten samples of blood were collected from the people belonging to different area of the province of Khyber pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The results were analyzed for lead content in the given samples, which showed the concentration in the range of 227.5± 25.4 μg/dl, 270.5± 40.5 μg/dl, 271.5± 48.9 μg/dl, 288.4± 62.9 μg/dl, 299.6± 68.8 μg/dl, 315.1± 12.1 μg/dl, 321.3± 50.4 μg/dl, 339.7± 85.3 μg/dl, 376.1± 05.1 μg/dl and 381.1± 55.5 μg/dl respectively. The blood samples collected from Karak, Lakki, Nowshehra, Charsada and Mansehra contained the lead content above 300μg/dl, while the blood samples collected from Hangu, D.I Khan, Kohat, Peshawar and Mardan contained the lead content below 300μg/dl. These results clearly indicated that the people belonging to Karak, Lakki, Nowshehra, Charsada and Mansehra are facing more pollution of lead than the rest one.
Color-Line Vector Field for Multispectral Image Denoising

The color-line feature de(cid:12)ned as a line representing the shape of color distribution in a local region is often used in image processing. To demonstrate the practicability of the color-line concept for multispectral images, a new denoising method is proposed by the use of the color-line vector (cid:12)eld and local color component decomposition, based on the extension of the RGB color line feature to M -band multispectral image. In contrast with most of conventional denoising methods which do not consider the correlation among the neighboring pixel colors, our method eﬃciently avoids discolorations by its color correlation consideration. The algorithm consists of color decomposition and (cid:12)ltering, iteratively. In the case of the multispectral images, the number of bands to process in(cid:13)uences the calculation of the decomposed components. In this regard, our algorithm provides (cid:13)ex-ibility to set the number of processed band. The eﬀec-tiveness of our method is validated by comparing the results to VBM3D and nonlocal means. Quantitative comparison shows that our proposed method produces superior results, and has closer similarity to the original image visually.
Market Process Economics and the Market for Money

Barnett and Block (2010) prove beyond any reasonable doubt that money trades in every market and therefore, strictly speaking, has no market price of its own. And so every time I used the phrase “objective exchange price” in my comment (Curott, 2010) I should have used the phrase “purchasing power” instead. The fact that money is traded in all markets is of central importance in macroeconomics, as I discuss below, because it suggests that monetary disequilibrium can cause general unemployment. But Barnett and Block’s (2010) lengthy terminological insistence that the purchasing power of money is technically not a price is irrelevant to my critique of their original article.
Modified TCP for Time Critical Applications

-A network is defined to be a congested network if the load on the network exceeds the capacity of the network. The traditional congestion control technique of slow-start and AIMD was adopted when the aim was more on the stability of the Internet. But as more and more time critical applications such as multimedia applications are being used, we need alternate technique that reduces the drastic fluctuations of window size present in the existing technique. Thispaper proposes a techniquefor fast delivery of packet for a time critical application. It reduces the packet overhead and time compared to existing slow-start and AIMD technique. The proposed technique uses information or intelligence from the unexpected packet received. It is a fine modification of the existing slow-start and AIMD technique by adapting them for time critical applications. We propose modification at both thesender and the receiver hosts without modifying anything in the intermediate hosts of the network. Extensivesimulation show that proposed technique reduces congestion in the network by reducing both packet overhead and time compared to the traditional slow-start and AIMD technique and delivers the packets in timely manner than the existing techniques.
The Short and Long-Term Effects of Reproduction on Mortality:

The high risks of childbearing-related health problems experienced by women in the developing world are well known. Maternal disorders, according to Murray and Lopez (1997), are estimated to account for 2.4% of Disability Adjusted Life Years in developing countries and only 0.6% in developed countries. The maternal mortality ratio (pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births) in the mid-1980s was only 10 to 15 in the U.S. (Rosenfield 1989), but about 500 in Matlab, Bangladesh (this figure corresponds to an annual death rate of 100 per 100,000 reproductive-age women) (Fauveau et al. 1988; Koenig et al. 1988). The higher risks are due not only to higher risks per pregnancy but to the higher fertility of women in developing countries, which leads to greater lifetime exposure to the risk of maternal mortality. They lead to estimates by the National
The Experimental-Phonetic Analyses of the Discourse Intonation in the English and Azerbaijan Languages

The article deals with the experimental-phonetic analyses of the discourse intonation in the English and Azerbaijan languages. Having researched the article, it becomes clear that discourse intonation (DI) is an approach to the teaching and analysis of everyday speech. The characteristics of intonation components in the formation of discourse have been touched upon in the article. The intonation is mentioned to be one of the main means in the formation of the discourse. It is a known fact that speech styles can be characterized by their lexical, syntactic and phonetic features. The attention is drawn to the distinguishing points of the speech of the people having various professions such as the speech styles of a teacher and a driver should be different not only from the lexical point of view but also from the phonetic point of view. During the conversation, one can come across some nuances of the speaker’s intellectual level, life experience and social status. It is also important to remember that the subject of the conversation is meant to be an important factor too. The object of the conversation ensures the stylistic formation of the idea. The importance of the experiment has been taken into a special consideration in the article as well. The opinion of academician L. V. Sherba that stresses the importance of the experiment has been analyzed by the author. The factors that are needed to be followed by while carrying out the language facts have been fulfilled in the article. The author tries to prove that DI is concerned with the speakers’ moment-by-moment context-referenced choices. It recognizes four systems of speaker’s choice: prominence, tone, melodicy, and termination. The discourse samples having been chosen for the experiment are fulfilled by using various sentence types. Besides, the inside structure of the sentences and their lexical contents are also taken into account in the article. Some discourse samples have been chosen in the comparable languages to be experimented in order to distinguish the intonation nature of the discourse. The experiment has been carried out by using the program “Praat”. It is noteworthy to mention that the program “Praat” is known to be a computer operation used to analyze speech sounds.
Integrating Tools for Synthesis into Digital Libraries

Second-generation digital libraries aim to go beyond providing access to resources, toward integrating tools and services for exploring the content of resources. Much of the work in this area focuses on tools for analyzing data sets such as numeric observations or text corpora. Our work, in contrast, focuses on tools for synthesizing an understanding of mentioned but unexplained names or terms. We argue that these self-service reference tools , by making connections across separate collections, complement analytic tools that uncover patterns within a collection. Finally, we demonstrate working prototypes that illustrate the basic principles of self-service reference