Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The epidemiology of AIDS‐related malignancies

Immunosuppression resulting from HIV infection does not explain the unique distribution of Kaposi's sarcoma across risk groups. A majority of cases occur among homosexual men, particularly those with oral-anal contact, those with sexual contacts in high-risk cities, and those who frequently use nitrite inhalants, suggesting a currently unidentified etiologic cofactor. Risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among HIV-infected persons continues to increase over time. Because all HIV-infected groups are at high risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, environmental cofactors may be less important in the disease's etiology. Because data on risk factors for AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are limited, further studies are needed. Cohort studies suggested that the risk of Hodgkin's disease is greater among HIV-infected persons; however, the number of cases reported has been small. Hodgkin's disease occurring among HIV-infected persons is more aggressive than and differs in presentation from that among noninfected persons. The addition of invasive cervical cancer to the US Centers for Disease Control definition of AIDS is based on data showing that HIV-infected women have a high prevalence of cervical disease. Although no conclusions can yet be drawn regarding the temporal relationship of cervical disease and HIV infection, there is evidence of a direct relationship between the degree of HIV-induced immunosuppression and the extent of cervical disease. Other cancers are being diagnosed among AIDS patients, and monitoring of the risk of solid tumors among various cohorts of high-risk and HIV-infected persons continues.
Desensitization of AMPA Receptors Limits the Amplitude of EPSPs and the Excitability of Motoneurons of the Rat Isolated Spinal Cord

Intracellular recording was used to study the effect of cyclothiazide, a selective blocker of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor desensitization, on lumbar motoneurons of the rat isolated spinal cord. Cyclothiazide (25 μM) enhanced the responses to AMPA in a tetrodotoxin‐insensitive fashion, without affecting those produced by N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate or γ‐aminobutyric acid. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by dorsal root stimulation were strongly potentiated in amplitude while paired‐pulse depression (produced by applying pairs of pulses at 2 s interval) of the EPSP was decreased. In the presence of cyclothiazide the frequency of spontaneous synaptic events was greatly increased and network‐driven bursting activity developed with eventual loss of electrical excitability. The present results suggest that pharmacological block of AMPA receptor desensitization led to strong excitation of motoneurons and indicate a physiological role of desensitization in protecting these nerve cells from overactivity.
Potassium channels and regulation of proliferation of human melanoma cells.

1. Ion channels and their possible relation to cell proliferation have been studied in a human melanoma cell line (IGR 1). Membrane currents were recorded by the patch‐clamp technique using the cell‐attached, cell‐free and whole‐cell mode. Cell growth was monitored by counting the number of cells at different days after seeding and [3H]thymidine incorporation. 2. A voltage‐dependent 10 pS non‐inactivating potassium channel (delayed rectifier) is the most commonly observed ion channel in this type of human cell. The channel is active at the normal resting potential and can be blocked by tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) and also by a membrane‐permeable cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8‐(4‐chlorophenylthio)adenosine 3',5'‐cyclic monophosphate, cyclic AMP). A second type of potassium channel shows properties similar to voltage‐dependent A‐type potassium channels with complete inactivation. 3. A voltage‐independent, non‐selective cation channel with a single‐channel conductance of approximately 20 pS could be seen in only 8% of the patches. Its properties of modulation are still unknown. 4. The incidence of the 10 pS, non‐inactivated potassium channel was maximal at the fourth day after seeding (in 89% of the patches) and was significantly reduced at the seventh day (in 35% of the patches). 5. [3H]thymidine incorporation is maximal at the third day after seeding and is reduced when cells are grown in the presence of TEA or cyclic AMP. This peak of maximal [3H]thymidine incorporation correlated with the incidence of non‐inactivated potassium channels. 6. In the presence of TEA or cyclic AMP, growth of the cells is inhibited. We suppose that due to block of potassium channels, most of the melanoma cells are not able to enter the S‐phase in the cell division cycle. 7. It is concluded that delayed rectifier potassium channels are involved in the control of melanoma cell proliferation. A similar finding has been reported for K+ channels in T‐lymphocytes and human breast carcinoma cells. It is suggested that potassium channels may be involved in controlling the driving force for a calcium influx thereby interacting with Ca(2+)‐dependent cell cycle control proteins.
The clearance, tissue distribution, and cellular localization of intravenously injected lipopolysaccharide in rabbits.

The initial interaction of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with the blood and tissues of rabbits was studied by using radioiodinated LPS purified from Escherichia coli O111:B4 and Salmonella minnesota R595. After i.v. injection of 250 µg of 125I-LPS, a rapid clearance phase (t1/2 < 30 min) was observed with substantial uptake of LPS by liver, spleen, and lung during this initial period. With autoradiography, LPS was found to be concentrated in phagocytic vacuoles of hepatic Kupffer cells, splenic macrophages, and leukocytes. LPS remaining in plasma beyond 30 min was converted to a form with a density of less than 1.2 g/cm3, which disappeared from the blood with a half-life of 12 hr. Except for a marked increase in the concentration of O111:B4 LPS in the adrenal glands, tissue-bound LPS concentrations did not change appreciably between 5 and 180 min. When the low density form (ρ < 1.2 g/cm3) of either LPS was injected i.v. , the initial rapid clearance phase was absent and approximately one-half of the LPS was cleared from blood during the next 4 hr followed by a slower clearance rate (t1/2 = 15 hr). In contrast to findings with the parent LPS, LPS concentrations in the adrenals at 180 min were 3- to 4-fold increased over those in other tissues. Results from SDS-PAGE of LPS recovered from plasma and liver homogenates indicated that no major cleavage of the glycolipid structure of LPS occurred within 180 min. Thus, i.v. injected LPS is rapidly partitioned into tissuebound LPS and that remaining in plasma, neither of which shows evidence of major degradative change within 180 min. Accumulation of low density LPS in the adrenal may compromise the ability of the host to survive in LPS-induced shock.
Appropriateness of referrals for open-access endoscopy. How do physicians in different medical specialties do?

BACKGROUND Open-access endoscopy allows nongastroenterologist physicians the opportunity to directly schedule elective common endoscopic procedures for their patients without having them first examined in the gastrointestinal clinic. There are few data as to whether nongastroenterologist physicians in the United States schedule patients for appropriate indications. OBJECTIVES To examine our practice to see whether patients undergoing open-access endoscopy were scheduled for appropriate indications and to see whether there were differences among physicians in various medical specialties. METHODS We prospectively tracked 310 consecutive patients scheduled for open-access esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy by nongastroenterologist physicians over a 9-month period in our academic practice setting to determine whether the indications for performing the procedures were appropriate. The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy criteria (revised in 1992) were used as the standard for comparison. RESULTS Primary care physicians (family practitioners and general internists) did a superior job of scheduling patients for appropriate indications for EGD and colonoscopy than did non-primary care physicians (internal medicine subspecialists and surgeons): 97.0% vs 81.3% for EGD (P = .04) and 84.9% vs 66.7% for colonoscopy (P = .02), respectively. , CONCLUSIONS Primary care physicians were significantly more likely to schedule patients for open-access EGD and colonoscopy for appropriate indications than were non-primary care physicians. The frequency of inappropriate indications for colonoscopy referrals was greater than for EGD. The reasons for the differences among primary care physicians, surgeons, and internal medicine subspecialists require further exploration.
Statistical analysis of induced ground voltage using the TLM+UT method

The effect of induced voltages due to electromagnetic pulses is studied with the combination of commercial electromagnetic simulation software (MEFISTo) and uncertainty modeling. The uncertainty is introduced using the Unscented Transform technique for two random variables: the relative permittivity and conductivity of the soil. These were modeled as independent random variables with uniform distribution. The results were the statistical moments of the induced voltage (expected value and standard deviation) as well as an estimate of the cumulative distribution function.
A lexicon for measuring maintenance of behavior change.

OBJECTIVES To establish a workgroup within the NIH-funded Health Maintenance Consortium (HMC) to examine how "maintenance" of behavior change was conceptualized and measured across and within behaviors. METHODS Multiple meetings were held by the workgroup to reach consensus definitions of maintenance and maintenance-related constructs across diet/nutrition, tobacco, substance abuse, and physical activity. Once consensus was reached, a survey assessed how maintenance was operationalized across 16 HMC intervention studies. RESULTS Seventy-five percent of 16 studies assessed are using a criterion to assess maintenance and are tracking maintenance as a continuous measure. Eighty-one percent are assessing facilitators and barriers, and conceptualizing maintenance as both an intermediate and primary outcome measure. All 16 studies are assessing maintenance at the individual level with fewer at the organizational (N = 3), environmental (N = 3), and policy levels (N = 1). CONCLUSIONS This survey found similarities and differences in measurement across behaviors that have important implications for advancing the quality of transbehavioral research.
DNA breaks detected by in situ end‐labelling in dorsal root ganglia of patients with AIDS

Distal sensory axonal polyneuropathy (DSP) is the most frequent HIV‐associated peripheral neuropathy. DSPs tend to occur in full‐blown AIDS and worsen as CD4 cell counts decrease in blood. To assess a possible role for apoptosis in the pathogenesis of the neuropathy, we used in situ end‐labelling (ISEL) detecting DNA strand breaks in DRG neurons of 19 HIV‐infected patients, of whom nine had axonal polyneuropathy, and 11 controls. Sensory neurons with ISEL‐assessed DNA breaks were observed in 9/19 patients with AIDS, 0/3 patients with pre‐AIDS, and 1/11 controls. The prevalence of DNA breaks in neurons was higher in AIDS patients than in controls (P<0.05). Among AIDS patients, DNA breaks in neurons were more abundant in patients with peripheral neuropathy (P<0.04). It is possible that DNA breaks of DRG neurons induce the axonopathy and consequently play a role in the pathogenesis of DSP. It cannot be excluded, however, that DNA breaks could represent the result rather than the cause of axonopathy. We suggest that ISEL may detect neurons that were primed to apoptosis before death in relation with the HIV infection, and undergo DNA fragmentation at time of death, rather than neurons that underwent pre‐mortem both priming and triggering steps of the apoptotic process. This hypothesis could explain why most ISEL‐positive neurons lack typical apoptotic morphology and why normal controls do not show ISEL positive cells.
Constrained Adaptive Backstepping Controller Design for Aircraft Landing in Wind Disturbance and Actuator Stuck

An adaptive backstepping controller is designed for the automatic landing of a fixed-wing aircraft. The backstepping control scheme is adopted by using the nonlinear six degree-of-freedom dynamics of the aircraft during the landing phase. The adaptive law is integrated along with the backstepping controller in order to estimate the aircraft modeling errors as well as the external disturbance. The dynamic constraints of the states and the actuator inputs are taken into account in the parameter adaptation. This is done to prevent an aggressive adaptation and to provide reliable control commands. Numerical simulations were performed to verify the performance of the proposed control law for the landing of the aircraft with the presence of gust and actuator stuck.
Biopsy Studies in Ulcerative Colitis

In a previous paper (Truelove, Horler, and Richards, 1955) we described an instrument for making serial biopsy studies of the colonic mucosa. We have continued such studies in ulcerative colitis and in addition have made isolated examinations of a number of other patients, including some not suffering from ulcerative colitis, who constitute a control group. Our main object in the present paper is to present the relationships between the clinical state, sigmoidoscopic appearance, and histological findings. The method has so far proved entirely harmless. There have been no local complications such as bleeding or spread of infection through the bowel wall; nor has there been any evidence that biopsy examinations, even when repeated several times, have had adverse effects on the course of ulcerative colitis. Biopsy specimens were obtained at 6-8 in. (15-20 cm.) from the anal margin. The specimen consisted of a round piece of colonic mucosa measuring up to 0.4 cm. in diameter. In most cases part of the muscularis mucosae was included in the sample, and sometimes the whole thickness of this layer together with a small portion of submucosa. The tissue was fixed in 10% formol saline. Paraffin-wax sections were stained routinely with haematoxylin and eosin.
IMIGRAÇÃO E EDUCAÇÃO DOS POLONESES EM PONTA GROSSA, PR

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal analisar o processo de institucionalizacao das primeiras escolas polonesas mantidas por congregacoes religiosas em Ponta Grossa, Parana. Para isso, fez-se uma reconstrucao historica do processo de imigracao europeia no Brasil a partir de 1850, ate as primeiras decadas do seculo XX. Nesse periodo houve muitas correntes migratorias europeias para o Brasil, que foram incentivadas pelo governo brasileiro para solucionar problemas em relacao a mao-de-obra e ocupacao de terras, e tambem atendiam aos interesses de milhares de pessoas de outros paises, que esperavam encontrar, no Brasil, um futuro mais promissor do que havia em seu lugar de origem, especialmente realizar o sonhar de ser proprietario de terra. No pais entraram imigrantes de diferentes etnias, que acabaram espalhando-se pelas regioes brasileiras. Muitos foram trabalhar nas lavouras cafeeiras em desenvolvimento, outros ocuparam as terras despovoadas do sul, dedicando-se a agricultura familiar. No Parana entrou um grande numero de poloneses que, logo que se instalavam (alem de outras providencias), procuraram criar escolas para seus filhos. Em Ponta Grossa, as escolas catolicas Colegio Santa‟Ana e Colegio Sagrada Familia funcionaram por iniciativa de congregacoes religiosas das Irmas Servas do Espirito Santo e, posteriormente, das Irmas da Sagrada Familia. Para responder a todas as indagacoes feitas no inicio da pesquisa, foram eleitas como categorias de analise: sociedade, Estado, educacao e imigracao. O encaminhamento teorico-metodologico e expresso pelo materialismo historicodialetico, que permite compreender e apreender a realidade. Para a realizacao da pesquisa foram utilizados relatorios dos presidentes da provincia do Parana, leis, decretos, cronicas e fotos como fontes primarias, a fim de uma aproximacao da totalidade do objeto pesquisado. A investigacao realizada permitiu compreender que a constituicao das escolas para filhos de imigrantes poloneses tem sua genese nos embates religiosos travados no interior da igreja catolica, decorrentes do processo de romanizacao. A vinda da Congregacao Sagrada Familia para a cidade de Ponta Grossa tornou-se elemento importante, que possibilitou aglutinar a comunidade polonesa em torno da fe catolica e, assim, manter o poder e a expansao da Igreja na regiao dos Campos Gerais.
Methylation patterns in sentinel genes in peripheral blood cells of heavy smokers: Influence of cruciferous vegetables in an intervention study

Changes in DNA methylation patterns are a hallmark of tobacco-induced carcinogenesis. We have conducted a randomized 4-week intervention trial to investigate the effects of three dietary regimens to modify DNA methylation patterns in peripheral white blood cells of heavy smokers. A group of 88 smokers were randomly assigned to and distributed among three diets, including (1) normal isocaloric diet (balanced in fruits and vegetables), according to international guidelines; (2) a diet enriched in flavonoids and isothiocyanates (particularly cruciferous vegetables); (3) a regimen consisting of diet 1 supplemented with flavonoids (green tea and soy products). Methylation patterns were analyzed by pyrosequencing in LINE1 (Long Interspersed DNA Elements), RASSF1A, ARF and CDKN2a (tumor suppressor genes), MLH1 (mismatch DNA repair) and MTHFR (folate metabolism). Three distinct patterns of methylation were observed. In LINE1, methylation showed a small but reproducible increase with all three regimens. MTHFR was constitutively methylated with no significant modulation by diets. The four other loci showed low basal levels of methylation with no substantial change after intervention. These data suggest that the isocaloric diet may stabilize global epigenetic (LINE1 DNA methylation) patterns in peripheral white blood cells but does not provide evidence for methylation changes in specific genes associated with this short-term dietary intervention.
Test Structure with Variable Test Data Width of IP Cores for Multicore SoCs with DVS and Multiple Voltage Islands

Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) is usually combined with partitioning the system into multiple voltage islands (MVI) to further lower dynamic power consumption, and it is widely adopted in SoC design nowadays. However, it brings great challenges with test. Different from SoC with only single voltage level, multi-Vdd SoCs must be tested at multiple voltage settings, which increases test time and test cost seriously. In addition, testing at lower voltage settings requires much more time because lower scan frequencies must be used for shifting test data using scan chains, and it results in an obvious waste of TAM bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a new test structure with variable test data width of IP cores which is mainly consisted of bandwidth conversion modules and an improved IJTAG network. This new test structure can fully utilize the TAM bandwidth by improving the test data width of IP cores with increasing the number of balanced scan chains, and it use the bandwidth conversion module to lower the frequency of test data using scan chains. Experimental results for a revised d695 from ITC'02 Test benchmarks highlight the effectiveness of the proposed test structure.
Mapping the interaction between GRASP65 and GM130, components of a protein complex involved in the stacking of Golgi cisternae

The nature of the complex containing GRASP65, a membrane protein involved in establishing the stacked structure of the Golgi apparatus, and GM130, a putative Golgi matrix protein and vesicle docking receptor, was investigated. Gel filtration revealed that GRASP65 and GM130 interact in detergent extracts of Golgi membranes under both interphase and mitotic conditions, and that this complex can bind to the vesicle docking protein p115. Using in vitro translation and site‐directed mutagenesis in conjunction with immunoprecipitation, the binding site for GRASP65 on GM130 was mapped to the sequence xxNDxxxIMVI‐COOH at the C‐terminus of GM130, a region known to be required for its localization to the Golgi apparatus. The same approach was used to show that the binding site for GM130 on GRASP65 maps to amino acids 189–201, a region conserved in the mammalian and yeast proteins and reminiscent of PDZ domains. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐tagged reporter constructs, it was shown that one essential function of the interaction between GRASP65 and GM130 is in the correct targeting of the two proteins to the Golgi apparatus.
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Its Etiology, Treatment, and Prevention

In a recent editorial, Kapur described perioperative nausea and vomiting as "the big 'little problem' following ambulatory surgery. "257 Although the actual morbidity associated with nausea is relatively low in health outpatients, it should not be considered an unavoidable part of the perioperative experience. The availability of an emesis basin for every patient in the postanesthesia recovery unit is a reflection of the limited success with the available therapeutic techniques.257 There had been little change in the incidence of postoperative emesis since the introduction of halothane into clinical practice in 1956. However, newer anesthetic drugs (e.g. propofol) appear to have contributed to a recent decline in the incidence of emesis. Factors associated with an increased risk of postoperative emesis include age, gender (menses), obesity, previous history of motion sickness or postoperative vomiting, anxiety, gastroparesis, and type and duration of the surgical procedure (e.g., laparoscopy, strabismus, middle ear procedures). Anesthesiologists have little, if any, control over these surgical factors. However, they do have control over many other factors that influence postoperative emesis (e.g., preanesthetic medication, anesthetic drugs and techniques, and postoperative pain management). Although routine antiemetic prophylaxis is clearly unjustified, patients at high risk for postoperative emesis should receive special considerations with respect to the prophylactic use of antiemetic drugs. Minimally effective doses of antiemetic drugs can be administered to reduce the incidence of sedation and other deleterious side effects. Potent nonopioid analgesics (e.g., ketorolac) can be used to control pain while avoiding some of the opioid-related side effects. Gentle handling in the immediate postoperative period is also essential. If emesis does occur, aggressive intravenous hydration and pain management are important components of the therapeutic regimen, along with antiemetic drugs. If one antiemetic does not appear to be effective, another drug with a different site of action should be considered. With the availability of new antiserotonin drugs, the incidence of recurrent (intractable) emesis could be further decreased. Research into the mechanisms of this common postoperative complication may help in improving the management of emetic sequelae in the future. As suggested in a recent editorial, improvement in antiemetic therapy could have a major impact for surgical patients, particularly after ambulatory surgery. Patients as well as those involved in their postoperative care look forward to a time when the routine offering of an emesis basin after surgery becomes a historical practice.