Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acute Kidney Injury in Sepsis : More Than Just a Brief Encounter *

Another approach that has been proposed is "targeted" preoperative RBC transfusion. One group has done a trial of this approach, but there was no difference in the rate of AKI among patients randomized to preoperative transfusion in this pilot study (8). We remain concerned that RBC transfusion, before, during, or affer surgery does not mitigate the risks of intraoperative anemia, but actually contributes to AKI and mortality, and therefore does not represent an effective strategy to mitigate risks associated with anemia exposure (9,10) In summary, this carefully performed and relevant study demonstrates in a pig model of isovolemic hemodilution that the kidneys experienced injury at levels of anemia that did not cause injury in other organs. Lauscher et al have shown in the laboratory that some of our growing suspicions have been true; that the kidneys may very well represent the "canaries in the coalmine. " Until we have biomarkers that we can predictably use clinically, we need to be mindful that the AKI is a silent yet high impact consequence of exposure to anemia in a variety of critical illnesses.
Use of Fish as Bio-indicator of the Effects of Heavy Metals Pollution

The present review gives a brief account of the toxic effects of heavy metals on fish. In aquatic ecosystem, heavy metals are considered as the most important pollutants, since they are present throughout the ecosystem and are detectable in critical amounts. Heavy metals, such as mercury, cadmium, copper, lead and zinc are of the most important pollutants which effect aquatic environment and fish. They are extremely dangerous for the health of fish. Most of these metals are characterized by being accumulated in tissues, and lead to the poisoning of fish. These metals can effectively influence the vital operations and reproduction of fish; weaken the immune system, and induce pathological changes. As such, fish are used as bio-indictors, playing an important role in monitoring heavy metals pollution. Finally, some recommendations are given to treatment of different kinds of wastewaters, sewage and agricultural wastes before discharge into the aquatic systems. Also, enforcement of laws and legislations regarding the protection of aquatic environments must be taken into consideration.
Long-term effects of elevated CO 2 and temperature on the Arctic

The sensitivity of copepods to ocean acidification (OA) and warming may increase with time, however, studies >10 days and on synergistic effects are rare. We therefore incubated late copepodites and females of two dominant Arctic species, Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus, at 0 C at 390 and 3000 latm pCO2 for several months in fall/winter 2010. Respiration rates, body mass and mortality in both species and life stages did not change with pCO2. To detect synergistic effects, in 2011 C. hyperboreus females were kept at different pCO2 and temperatures (0, 5, 10 C). Incubation at 10 C induced sublethal stress, which might have overruled effects of pCO2. At 5 C and 3000 latm, body carbon was significantly lowest indicating a synergistic effect. The copepods, thus, can tolerate pCO2 predicted for a future ocean, but in combination with increasing temperatures they could be sensitive to OA. 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 How Seed Works

The purpose of this chapter is to compare formal and farmer seed systems, to describe the role of quality seed and to present the context in which small and medium-sized enterprises work in Africa, with a particular emphasis on the challenges of farmer seed enterprises. The demand for seed varies widely with the type of crop planted, and this influences which types of seed farmers want to buy. One of the most important reasons to buy formal seed is to acquire a new variety. The formal sector often ignores these reasons, and complains of how little seed farmers buy, especially smallholders in Africa and elsewhere in the tropics. Yet farmers can often obtain quite good seed from markets, their neighbours or their own farms. The formal seed system is actually a marriage between the government and the private sector, a marriage where communication and collaboration happen some of the time, but not always. While some have proposed encouraging groups of smallholders to produce formal seed for others, this has not been a success. Smallholder seed producer groups find it even more difficult than private seed companies to collaborate with the public sector for source seed supply and certification services. In light of these problems, the cases of functional African seed enterprises described in Chapters 3 to 11 seem even more remarkable.
Potential of Wireless Sensor Networks for Measuring Soil Water Content Variability

Soil water content (SWC) plays a key role in partitioning water and energy fluxes at the land surface and in controlling hydrologic fluxes such as groundwater recharge. Despite the importance of SWC, it is not yet measured in an operational way at larger scales. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of wireless sensor network technology for the near‐real‐time monitoring of SWC at the field and headwater catchment scales using the recently developed wireless sensor network SoilNet. The forest catchment Wüstebach (∼27 ha) was instrumented with 150 end devices and 600 EC‐5 SWC sensors from the ECH2O series by Decagon Devices. In the period between August and November 2009, more than six million SWC measurements were obtained. The observed spatial variability corresponded well with results from previous studies. The very low scattering in the plots of mean SWC against SWC variance indicates that the sensor network data provide a more accurate estimate of SWC variance than discontinuous data from measurement campaigns, due, e.g., to fixed sampling locations and permanently installed sensors. The spatial variability in SWC at the 50‐cm depth was significantly lower than at 5 cm, indicating that the longer travel time to this depth reduced the spatial variability of SWC. Topographic features showed the strongest correlation with SWC during dry periods, indicating that the control of topography on the SWC pattern depended on the soil water status. Interpolation results indicated that the high sampling density allowed capture of the key patterns of SWC variation.
An overview of translationally informed treatments for PTSD : animal models of Pavlovian fear conditioning to human clinical trials Short title : Translationally informed treatments for PTSD

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) manifests after exposure to a traumatic event and is characterized by avoidance/numbing, intrusive symptoms and flashbacks, mood and cognitive disruptions, and hyperarousal/reactivity symptoms. These symptoms reflect dysregulation of the fear system likely caused by poor fear inhibition/extinction, increased generalization, and/or enhanced consolidation or acquisition of fear. These phenotypes can be modeled in animal subjects using Pavlovian fear conditioning, allowing investigation of the underlying neurobiology of normative and pathological fear. Pre-clinical studies reveal a number of neurotransmitter systems and circuits critical for aversive learning and memory, which have informed the development of therapies used in human clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the evidence for a number of established and emerging pharmacotherapies and device-based treatments for PTSD that have been developed via a bench to bedside translational model.
Household Fast Food Expenditures and Children's Television Viewing: Can They Really Significantly Influence Children's Dietary Quality?

Previous studies have found a strong relationship between food-away-from-home expenditures and television viewing, and children's diet. This study revisits this issue by examining the impact of household fast food expenditures and children's television viewing on children's dietary quality. Results indicate that both factors have statistically significant and negative effects. However, the elasticities of children's diet quality with respect to both factors are quite inelastic. Results also suggest that the effects of these two factors differ between children younger than 11 years old and children at least 11 years old. Relevant policy implications are discussed.
Fractionation of Heavy Metals (Pb, Cr and Cd) In Municipal Sewage Sluges from Podlasie Province

In the samples of fresh dehydrated sewage sludges from municipal treatment plants in Grajewo, Bielsk Podlaski, Sokółka, Dąbrowa Białostocka, Knyszyn, Mońki, Augustów, Suwałki, Sejny and Suchowola the following determinations were made: pH, pseudo-total content of Pb, Cd and Cr, organic matter and dry mass. The contents of the above-mentioned elements in fractions were evaluated using modified BCR method (four fractions: 1-acid soluble and exchangeable, 2-reducible, 3-oxidizable, 4-residual). The lead content (mean values) in particular fractions can be arranged quantitatively in a sequence: F4 (51.4%) > F2 (30.3%) > F3 (19.2%) > F1 (7.2%), in the case of cadmium: F4 (49.0%) > F2 (23.6%) > F3 (18.9%) > F1 (15.5%) and in the case of chromium: F4 (65.0%) > F3 (30.6%) > F2 (6.8%) > F1 (3.1%). Cumulative content of lead in mobile fractions (F1+F2+F3) ranged from 20.7% to 89.9%; for cadmium from 32.9% to 76.9% and for chromium from 27.5 to 58.6% of pseudo-total content.
Following Stroke Functional Innervation of Hepatic iNKT Cells Is Immunosuppressive

, 101 (2011); 334 Science et al. Connie H. Y. Wong Following Stroke Functional Innervation of Hepatic iNKT Cells Is Immunosuppressive This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. clicking here. colleagues, clients, or customers by , you can order high-quality copies for your If you wish to distribute this article to others here. following the guidelines can be obtained by Permission to republish or repurpose articles or portions of articles ): November 11, 2014 www.sciencemag. org (this information is current as of The following resources related to this article are available online at http://www.sciencemag. org/content/334/6052/101.full. html version of this article at: including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online Updated information and services, http://www.sciencemag. org/content/suppl/2011/09/14/science.1210301. DC1.html can be found at: Supporting Online Material http://www.sciencemag. org/content/334/6052/101.full. html#related found at: can be related to this article A list of selected additional articles on the Science Web sites http://www.sciencemag. org/content/334/6052/101.full. html#ref-list-1 , 15 of which can be accessed free: cites 32 articles This article http://www.sciencemag. org/content/334/6052/101.full. html#related-urls 16 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see: cited by This article has been http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/collection/immunology Immunology subject collections: This article appears in the following
Minimum Error Thresholding Based on Two Dimensional Histogram

Thresholding is an important technique for image segmentation and is widely applied to the field of digital image processing. The purpose of this paper is to extend the minimum error thresholding to the 2-dimensional histogram to come up a new algorithm, namely, minimum error thresholding based on the 2D histogram. This new method can derive the 2D optimal threshold vector by presuming that the object and background gray level values are normally distributedin the 2D histogram. This method utilizes not only the gray level information of each pixel but its spatial correlation information of its neighborhood in an image. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated by simulation results.
The present and the future of forensic identification.

Straipsnyje apžvelgiamos teismo identifikacijos klausimo problemos. Identifikacijos ir tapatybės nustatymo problema nėra naujas klausimas, jau antikinių laiką filosofai domėjosi tapatybės nustatymo principu (principium identitatis). Pradedant IV a. pries Kr. doktrinomis mes sužinojome, kad daiktai (būtybės) yra identiski tik patys sau. Beje, dėl subjekto arba asmens galimi tik du atsakymai: identiskas arba neidentiskas. Sitaisyklė apima taip pat unikalumo doktriną - subjektas gali būti identiskas tik pats sau - ir skirtingumo doktriną - visi subjektai yra skirtingi. Anksciau pateikta filosofinė teorija tinka ir kriminalinės justicijos mokslams, nes jų tikslas - nustatyti nusikaltėlio tapatybe ir konkrecias padaryto nusikaltimo aplinkybes. Sie mokslai siekia savo tikslo pasitelkiant teorinius pagrindimus ir profesionalias ekspertizes, atliekamas pagal tuos pakitimus, kuriuos sukėlė padarytas nusikaltimas. Teorinė to bazė yra grindžiama teismo identifikacija, paremta praktiniais metodais. Teismo identifikacijos, panasiai kaip kriminalistikos mokslo, istorija palyginti trumpa - paplito XIX a. antroje pusėje. Ankstesnė procedūra nereikalaudavo pagrįsti profesionaliai atskleistą nusikalstamą veiką, o tenkindavosi įrodymais, paremtais įtariamojo kankinimais. Tokia koncepcija buvo pakeista XVIII a. pabaigoje, kai įtariamojo teisės tapo gerbiamos, taip pat kai tyrimui buvo pasitelkti gamtos mokslų laimėjimai. Pastarasis veiksnys tapo XX a. teismo mokslų atspirties tasku, gamtos mokslų laimėjimų pritaikymas moksliskai pagrindė kriminalistikos technikos metodų bei priemonių panaudojimą kaltininkui susekti. Straipsnyje parodoma milžiniska kriminalinės justicijos mokslų pažanga, patvirtinamas mokslinis faktas, kad kriminalistikos taktikos metodai, tobulėjant kriminalistikos technikos metodams, kardinaliai nesikeicia. Žinoma, naujos pėdsakų suradimo ir fiksavimo metodikos yra labai svarbios, bet nauji laimėjimai į tyrimą turi būti įtraukiami laipsniskai. Kita vertus, kas pries simtmetį galėjo pagalvoti, kad žmogaus DNR galės būti naudojama kriminalistiniams tyrimams arba kad žmogaus rasysenos pavyzdžiai galės būti įrasyti į automatizuotą duomenų baze.
Ion temperature profile stiffness: non-linear gyrokinetic simulations and comparison with experiment

Recent experimental observations at JET show evidence of reduced ion temperature profile stiffness. An extensive set of nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations are performed based on the experimental discharges, investigating the physical mechanism behind the observations. The impact on the ion heat flux of various parameters that differ within the data-set are explored. These parameters include the safety factor, magnetic shear, toroidal flow shear, effect of rotation on the magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium, R/Ln, βe, Zeff, Te/Ti, and the fast-particle content. While previously hypothesized to be an important factor in the stiffness reduction, the combined effect of toroidal flow shear and low magnetic shear is not predicted by the simulations to lead to a significant reduction in ion heat flux, due both to an insufficient magnitude of flow shear and significant parallel velocity gradient destabilization. It is however found that nonlinear electromagnetic effects due to both thermal and fast-particle pressure gradients, even at low βe, can significantly reduce the ion heat flux, and is a key factor in explaining the experimental observations. A total of four discharges are examined, at both inner and outer radii. For all cases studied, the simulated and experimental ion heat flux values agree within reasonable variations of input parameters around the experimental uncertainties.
Big Data in Railway O&M: A Dependability Approach

Railway systems are complex with respect to technology and operations with the involvement of a wide range of human actors, organizations and technical solutions. For the operations and control of such complexity, a viable solution is to apply intelligent computerized systems, for instance, computerized traffic control systems for coordinating airline transportation, or advanced monitoring and diagnostic systems in vehicles. Moreover, transportation assets cannot compromise the safety of the passengers by only applying operation and maintenance activities. Indeed, safety is a more difficult goal to achieve using traditional maintenance strategies and computerized solutions come into the picture as the only option to deal with complex systems interacting among them and trying to balance the growth in technical complexity together with stable and acceptable dependability indexes. Big data analytics are expected to improve the overall performance of the railways supported by smart systems and Internetbased solutions. Operation and Maintenance will be application areas, where benefits will be visible as a consequence of big data policies due to diagnosis and prognosis capabilities provided to the whole network of processes. This chapter shows the possibilities of applying the big data concept in the railway transportation industry and the positive effects on technology and operations from a systems perspective.
EARLY HISPANIC ALCOHOL USE IN THE UNITED STATES 865 Prevalence of Alcohol Use Among Early Adolescent Hispanics Prevention scientists have repeatedly highlighted the racial / ethnic disparities experienced by Hispanics with respect to alcohol use during early adolescence

Few studies have examined the behavioral and protective correlates of alcohol use among young Hispanics. Using a national sample (N= 7,606), logistic regression and latent profile analysis (LPA) are employed to examine the relationships between alcohol use, psychosocial factors, and externalizing behavior amongHispanics during early adolescence. Early drinkers are more likely to report truancy, fighting, smoking, and drug use. LPA results revealed a three class solution. Classes identified included: psychosocial risk (41.11%), moderate protection (39.44%), and highly religious (19.44%). Alcohol use is clearly associated with externalizing behavior; however, an important degree of psychosocial and behavioral heterogeneity nevertheless exists.
SEMANTIC ACTIVATION WITHOUT AWARENESS: STILL NO RELIABLE EVIDENCE

Three experiments were conducted to examine whether semantic association contributes to unconscious priming. Experiment 1 used exclusion instructions in which participants were told to avoid completing the stem (e.g. mo---) with a word related to a masked prime (e.g. cash) flashed for 0, 38, or 212 ms. Significant semantic priming was found only in the items analysis when data was averaged across participants. In the subjects analysis, this performance was moderated by participants’ ability to report the prime. Experiment 2 used a free association task to examine unconscious semantic priming. Participants were instructed to respond to a target homograph (e.g. pupil) with the first word that came to mind that is not related to the meaning of the flashed word (e.g. student). No significant unconscious semantic priming was found. Experiment 3 replicated the conditions previously used to demonstrate unconscious semantic priming and show that such priming is due to methodological problems. The same methodology as Experiment 2 was used except participants were given inclusion instead of exclusion instructions. Significant priming was found across all trials; however, this priming dissolved when only the trials where participants failed to report the prime were examined. The results of all experiments suggest that unconscious semantic priming from word stimuli is a result of residual conscious awareness of the prime.
Immunopathology during African Trypanosomosis

African trypanosomes are the causative agents of Human African Trypanosomosis (HAT), otherwise termed ‘Sleeping Sickness’, and Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT) or ‘Nagana’. These parasites infect humans and animals throughout the African continent, where they cause death and impair economic development. In this review we describe the events leading to the onset of inflammation in the mouse model for trypanosomosis, and we describe two important pathological features associated to the acute pro-inflammatory reaction: anemia and B cell destruction.
Chapter 5 Development of Faster SMA Actuators

Large cycle time, resulted from slow cooling, is the core hindrance to the wide spread applications of shape memory alloys (SMAs) as actuators. This chapter discusses a novel cooling technique to decrease the cycle time of SMAs. Under this technique, the SMA actuator of 0.15 mm diameter was run through a grease-filled Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tube of 0.5 mm outside diameter. Later, same tests were repeated with oil filled PTFE tube. The test results conducted in ambient air were used as standard for comparison. The actuation current in ambient air was set at 210, 310 and 410 mA. While testing with heat sink, i.e. grease and oil, the SMA was heated with 210, 310, 410, 500, 615 and 720 mA currents for 1 and 2 seconds, whereas the SMA was heated for 1 second only with 810 mA current. It was found that the grease cooling reduced the cooling time up to 30% and oil cooling by 20%, as compared to the ambient air-cooling time. However, the grease-cooled actuators had shown less strain, and their response was non-linear at many instances. Heat loss to the sinks resulted to more power consumption than that in ambient air cooling for equivalent amount of strain.
Developing strategies to manage highly phosphine resistant populations of flat grain beetles in large bulk storages in Australia

Development of high level resistance to phosphine fumigant in flat grain beetles ( Cryptolestes ferrugineus ) in large bulk storages in Australia poses a serious threat to the biosecurity of Australian grain. The level of resistance in this species is the highest ever detected in any stored grain insect pest in Australia with a resistance factor of 875. Laboratory studies showed that at 0.5 mg/L and at 1 mg/L of phosphine 30 and 24 days are required, respectively, to attain population extinction. These doses are currently being tested in field trials for their validation. Moreover, we have developed an action plan in collaboration with project scientists and the major Australian bulk handling companies aimed at eradicating infestations of phosphine resistant flat grain beetles and preventing their spread. The key components of this plan include the use of grain protectants and sulfuryl fluoride to eliminate phosphine-resistant populations, adoption of an intensive hygiene program and monitoring of insect populations through inspection, sampling and resistance testing. Keywords : Flat grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus , Phosphine, Resistance, Fumigation protocols