Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Uncertainties in the derivation of the Dutch flood safety standards

In January 2017, new flood safety standards for the Dutch primary flood defences came into effect. These new safety standards are for most flood defences based on two criteria: a maximum allowed casualty risk and a balance between flood damage and costs for reducing flood probabilities. Two accompanying flood safety standards were derived for these criteria: respectively the so-called local individual risk (LIR) standard and the social cost-benefit (SCBA) standard. The process to derive these new flood safety standards consists of a series of models, assumptions, data and simplifications. It is currently largely unknown how accurate these safety standards are, and which spatial characteristics affect the uncertainty. As the current flood defence improvement tasks and dike designs are guided by these safety standards, there is a desire to derive optimal safety standards fitting the flood risks. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the uncertainty of the new flood safety standards and has determined the influence of uncertainty sources within the safety standard calculation process.
A comparison of Pt overlayers on α-Al2O3(0001), ZnO(0001)Zn, and ZnO(0001)O

The growth of Pt films on ZnO(0001)Zn and ZnO(0001)O and their adsorption properties for CO have been studied and compared to results obtained for Pt on α‐Al2O3(0001). Samples were prepared by vapor deposition of Pt onto flat substrates in ultra high vacuum, and metal coverages were measured using a quartz‐crystal, film thickness monitor. On both ZnO surfaces, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicate that Pt grows in as a 2D film at 300 K, in contrast to results for Pt on α‐Al2O3(0001) where 3D particles are formed under these conditions. Furthermore, transmission electron diffraction (TED) showed that the Pt grew as an ordered overlayer on the ZnO crystals. Heating the Pt/ZnO surfaces resulted in the formation of Pt particles starting at ∼650 K, but the Pt particles were still oriented with the ZnO. On both ZnO surfaces, temperature programmed desorption (TPD) curves for CO from high Pt coverages (>one monolayer) and from Pt particles formed by heating thinne.
Metody badań niejednorodności energetycznej powierzchni katalizatorów i adsorbentów

Wprowadzenie 1. Opis oddziaływań na powierzchni adsorbenta 2. Niejednorodność powierzchni 3. Funkcja gęstości energii 4. Metody pomiarowe 4.1. Metody statyczne 4.2. Metody kalorymetryczno-objętościowe 4.3. Techniki chromatograficzne 4.3. 1. Odwrócona (inwersyjna) chromatografia gazowa 4.3. 2. Chromatografia gazowa z zatrzymaniem przepływu 4.3. 3. Technika odwróconego przepływu 4.4. Programowana desorpcja 5. Widma energii centrów aktywnych i ich interpretacje 5.1. Materiały węglowe 5.2. Krzemionka 5.3. Glinokrzemiany 5.4. Zeolity Podsumowanie
Molecular terms, magnetic moments, and optical transitions of molecular ions C60mplus-or-minus

Starting from a multipole expansion of intramolecular Coulomb interactions, we present configuration interaction calculations of the molecular energy terms of the hole configurations (hu+)m, m=2–5, of C60m+ cations, of the electron configurations t1un, n=2–4, of the C60n− anions, and of the exciton configurations (hu+t1u−), (hu+t1g−) of the neutral C60 molecule. The ground state of C602− is either 3T1g or 1Ag, depending on the energy separation between t1g and t1u levels. There are three close (∼0.03 eV) low lying spin triplets 3T1g, 3Gg, 3T2g for C602+, and three spin quartets 4T1u, 4Gu, 4T2u for C603+, which can be subjected to the Jahn–Teller effect. The number of low lying nearly degenerate states is largest for m=3 holes. We have calculated the magnetic moments of the hole and electron configurations and found that they are independent of molecular orientation with respect to an external magnetic field. The coupling of spin and orbital momenta differs from the atomic case. We analyze the electronic d.
Negative Staining Technique of Heine for the Detection of Cryptosporidiumspp.: A Fast and Simple Screening Technique

Although inexpensive and easy to perform, the negative staining technique of Heine for the detection of Cryp- tosporidium spp. has been largely neglected. The lack of familiarity with the negative staining technique, the misconcep- tion that a phase-contrast microscope is indispensible and inferior results due to Kohler-illumination, are possible explan- ations for its low popularity. While the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique is still considered the Gold Standard for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. , the negative staining technique of Heine should be reconsidered as the screening technique of first choice. Advantages of the negative staining technique of Heine over the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining are discussed.
Bioremediation of Soil Microcosms from Auto-Mechanic Workshops

Microbial activities are essential for the restoration of soil contaminated with hydrocarbons, their roles includes biotransformation and mineralization of petroleum products into harmless compounds. In this study eighty six soil samples from fifteen auto-mechanic workshops within Ilorin metropolis were collected. These were analyzed by selective enrichment technique, resulted in the isolation of five bacterial species which are Acinetobacter sp, Flavobacterium sp, Pseudomonas sp. , Serratia and Bacillus sp. Bioremediation of the soil microcosms was designed for 2months using mixed culture of the isolates. TVC, Protein, Dehydrogenase and lipase activities were used as bioindicators for the bioremediation processes. Highest TVC, Protein and Dehydrogenase activities were recorded in four week as 163. 15μgTPFg -1 soil,6.3×10 7 and5.53mg/g were obtained respectively at pH of 7.17 and gradually declined while lipase activities and percentage of oil was highest in week six as 65.41% and4.72unit/g. These findings have environmental implication towards developing a bioremediation protocol that could be exploited for cleaning oil polluted soil @JASEM Keywords: Bioremediation, automechanic workshop, Bioindicator, Hydrocarbon, Selective enrichment J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage . Sept, 2011, Vol. 15 (3) 473 -477
Phonon confinement effects in Raman spectra of porous silicon at non‐resonant excitation condition

Light emitting porous silicon samples with different porosities, i.e. crystalline sizes, were produced from the low level doped p-type silicon wafers by the anodization process. The effects of strong phonon confinement, redshift and broadening, were found on the O(Γ) phonon mode of the Raman spectra recorded at non-resonant excitation condition using a near infrared 1064 nm laser excitation wavelength. Similarly, the blueshift of the photoluminescence peak was observed by reducing the crystalline sizes. Vibrational and optical findings were analysed within the existing models of confinement on the vibrational and electronic states of silicon nanocrystals. Since the energy of the photoluminescence peak of small nanocrystals also depends on the oxygen content on the surface of nanocrystals, the surface oxidation states were examined using infrared and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The partial coverage of the surface of nanocrystals was found due to the sample exposure to air. As a consequence, the photoluminescence energy did not increase as would be expected from the quantum confinement model. These results further indicate that the oxygen passivation along with the quantum confinement determines the electronic states of the silicon nanocrystals in porous silicon. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring of a Sugar Crystallization Process with Fuzzy Logic and Digital Image Processing

The sugar crystallization process is a solid–liquid separation where molecules are transferred from a solute dissolved in a liquid phase to a solid phase. The aim of this research is to present a monitoring computational framework to model sugar crystallization process based on expert knowledge using fuzzy logic and digital image techniques from direct samples of crystallization slurries, which determine the size of sugar crystals. The framework acquires images that feed a diffuse network automatically. Therefore, it is determined when displaying an image to various times in the process of crystallization. This allows us to know the growth behavior and to determine the optimum crystallization of the sugar crystals. The results show that using fuzzy logic techniques with digital images can be incorporated as a complementary tool for monitoring a sugar crystallization process. Practical Application In the sugar industry, it is very important to have a monitoring system for the crystallization process of sugar. This kind of system for the monitoring process can generate products of the highest quality and can facilitate energy savings in the industry. Moreover, the image processing-based systems can also be used as a visual monitoring tool for the sugar crystallization process, allowing to improve the final quality of the products and to optimize the manufacturing process.
Streaming potentials in diatomite filtration of water

ing solids from a water depend on the surface charge. If the particles in water contributing to its turbidity have a zeta potential opposite to that of the filter medium, coagulation of the solids on the filter aid will take place. This is known as "mutual coagulation. " As the zeta potential of most of the colloid particles found in natural waters is negative, filter aids used in their filtration should have a positive zeta potential unless the particles can be removed effectively by simple straining. Diatomite filter aids can be given a positive zeta potential by coating them with alum,2 iron, or a cationic polyelectrolyte.
RESIDUA UPGRADING EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT MODELS: WRI COKING INDEXES

Pyrolysis experiments were conducted with three residua at 400 C (752 F) at various residence times. The wt % coke and gaseous products were measured for the product oils. The Western Research Institute (WRI) Coking Indexes were determined for the product oils. Measurements were made using techniques that might correlate with the Coking Indexes. These included spin-echo proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, heat capacity measurements at 280 C (536 F), and ultrasonic attenuation. The two immiscible liquid phases that form once coke formation begins were isolated and characterized for a Boscan residuum pyrolyzed at 400 C (752 F) for 55 minutes. These materials were analyzed for elemental composition (CHNS), porphyrins, and metals (Ni,V) content.
Claudins and Germ Cell Tumors

Tight junctions are cellular structures present in epithelial, endothelial and mesothelial cells (1, 2, 3). They are located at the apicolateral part of the cell membrane and regulate the paracellular permeability of cell layers which is called the gate function (4). They also have a fence function segregating the apical region of the cell membrane from the lateral parts preventing proteins of the apical area from mixing up with those of the lateral regions (1,4). Tight junctions also take part in determination of cellular polarity (1,4). They prevent pathogens from invading into the subepithelial tissues and thus can be considered to represent one part of the innate immune system (5).
Measurement of microbial oxidation of methane in lake water

A radiotracer method which measures rates of oxidation of methane to cell material, extracellular products, and carbon dioxide has been applied to two lakes and indicates that methane oxidation occurred in a narrow band where methane and oxygen occurred together in the water column. Oxidation rates of 1.0 µM hr−1 were recorded in a eutrophic lake; rates in a meromictic lake reached 0.15 µM hr−1. Usually a third of the carbon from oxidized methane was found in cell material and extracellular products and the rest was converted to carbon dioxide. This ratio was observed to change at very low oxygen concentrations.
Studies on the Constituents of the Crude Drug "Fritillariae Bulbus." III. On the Diterpenoid Constituents of Fresh Bulbs of Fritillaria thunbergii MIQ.

In addition to trans-communol and trans-communic acid (obtained in the form of the methyl ester), seven new diterpenoids were isolated as non basic constituents from fresh bulbs of Fritillaria thunbergii MIQ. (Liliaceae). Their structures were determined to be isopimaran-19-ol (3), isopimaran-19-oic acid [obtained in the form of the methyl ester (4)], ent-kauran-16β, 17-diol (5), ent-kauran-16α, 17-diol (6), ent-16β, 17-epoxy-kaurane (7), ent-16α-methoxy-kauran-17-ol (8), and ent-kaur-15-en-17-ol (9).
Mineralization Potential of Atrazine and Degradation Intermediates from Clustered Characteristics in Inoculated Soils

Soil properties impact pesticide persistence. Because these characteristics operate together in situ, identification of their clustered associations can help explain pesticide fate. Factor analysis was used to reduce the dimensionality of soil characteristics by grouping them into clustered independent factors, which were then related to the mineralization of atrazine and selected degradation intermediates. A Sharpsburg silty clay loam, Ortello sandy loam, and Hord silt loam were inoculated with a Hord soil that had a high capacity for atrazine mineralization. The soils were spiked with 14C-radiolabeled atrazine, deethylatrazine, hydroxyatrazine, N-isopropylammeline, N-isopropylammelide or cyanuric acid and sampled during incubation for 80 d (atrazine) or 40 d (degradation intermediates) at 22°C. Low mineralization in uninoculated soils demonstrated that the absence of atrazine-mineralizing microorganisms was most limiting. In inoculated soils, regression analysis indicated mineralization of atrazine (R2 = 0.88) and its degradation intermediates (R2 ≥ 0.89) was related to factors associated with bioavailability and microbial activity. For atrazine, this relationship indicated mineralization may be positively influenced by higher pH and available phosphorus, lower NO3-N, organic carbon and clay contents, and lower adsorption. Our results show how factor analysis can be used in conjunction with multiple regression to determine mineralization potential and thus help identify soils with limited degradation capacities and possible long-term persistence.
Polar Concentration of Elements in Tree Leaves

A long-term study of the elements Mg, Al, Si, P, Ca, S, Cl, Fe and Mn in leaves is in progress. The objective of this study is to develop a week-by-week profile of these elements in leaves during several growing seasons. The profile includes the following information: (1) Which elements each tree collects in its leaves. (2) The location in the leaf with the highest concentration, top side, under side or interior. (3) The week during the growing season when each element first appears in the leaves of each tree. (4) The change in the relative concentration from week to week. (5) The source of the element i.e., deposition from the atmosphere or the root system of the tree. This information is profile for each year and will be correlated with environmental conditions for that year. Leaves are collected weekly from first unfolding in early spring until leaf drop in the fall. They are from the 31 trees and 26 species in Broome County, NY. From time to time leaves from most of the 26 species are being randomly collected from trees growing throughout the northeastern US.
A Catalyzed Hydrocarbon Trap Using Metal-impregnated Zeolite for SULEV systems

A catalyzed hydrocarbon (HC) trap aiming at the super-ultra low emission vehicle (SULEV) regulation was developed using a metal-impregnated zeolite. To enhance the adsorption and to raise the desorption temperature for awide range of HC species, the modification of zeolite with certain metals was needed and Ag was found to be the most promising. Using a Ag impregnated zeolite, a three way catalyst was prepared, and its HC purification ability for a model gas simulating cold-start HCs was studied. Its heat resistance was also examined. A vehicle test for a fresh catalyzed HC trap showed that the cold-start HC after the newly developed trap almost reached the SULEV regulation level.
Preparation of a Nanosilver Composite Plant Medium with Antimicrobial Capability through a Nontoxic Method

A nanosilver composite plant medium with a good antimicrobial capability was successfully prepared via a two-step method in this work. First, nanosilver particles were prepared in a silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution by using D-glucose as a reduction reagent at room temperature. The effect of AgNO3 concentration levels on the size of the nanosilver particles was investigated. The sedimentation activation energy of the nanosilver particles was also measured. Second, the solvent containing the nanosilver particles was added to a Murashige-Skoog medium (a plant growth medium used in the laboratory for the cultivation of plant cell cultures, which was invented by Toshio Murashige and Folke K. Skoog) to form a composite plant medium. The antimicrobial capability of the composite medium was investigated by cultivating in it some fresh strawberry slices. The results showed that the concentration level of AgNO3 significantly influenced the average size of the prepared nanosilver particles. When the AgNO3 concentration was increased from 1.0×10−3 mol/L to 4.0×10−3 mol/L, the average diameter of the nanosilver particles increased from 52 nm to 72 nm, and the sedimentation activation energy of the particles increased from −20.0 kJ/mol to −63.3 kJ/mol. Images from the transmission electron microscope showed that the size distribution of the particles was within narrow parameters. The results of sedimentation activation energy strongly supported the size results obtained from the TEM measurement. It meant that the preparation method could offer good control over the size and size distribution of the nanosilver particles. The cultivation experiments proved that the composite medium has a good antimicrobial capability. Since D-glucose is a nontoxic material, this method of preparing the composite MS medium with an antimicrobial capability was a ‘green’ method.
Changing concentration, lifetime and climate forcing of atmospheric methane

Previous studies on ice core analyses and recent in situ measurements have shown that CH 4 has increased from about 0.75–1.73 μmol/mol during the past 150 years. Here, we review sources and sink estimates and we present global 3D model calculations, showing that the main features of the global CH 4 distribution are well represented. The model has been used to derive the total CH 4 emission source, being about 600 Tg yr -1 . Based on published results of isotope measurements the total contribution of fossil fuel related CH 4 emissions has been estimated to be about 110 Tg yr -1 . However, the individual coal, natural gas and oil associated CH 4 emissions can not be accurately quantified. In particular natural gas and oil associated emissions remain speculative. Since the total anthropogenic CH 4 source is about 410 Tg yr -1 (∼70% of the total source) and the mean recent atmospheric CH 4 increase is ∼20 Tg yr -1 an anthropogenic source reduction of 5% could stabilize the atmospheric CH 4 level. We have calculated the indirect chemical effects of increasing CH 4 on climate forcing on the basis of global 3D chemistry-transport and radiative transfer calculations. These indicate an enhancement of the direct radiative effect by about 30%, in agreement with previous work. The contribution of CH 4 (direct and indirect effects) to climate forcing during the past 150 years is 0.57W m −2 (direct 0.44W m −2 , indirect 0.13 W m −2 ). This is about 35% of the climate forcing by CO 2 (1.6W m −2 ) and about 22% of the forcing by all long-lived greenhouse gases (2.6 W m −2 ). Scenario calculations (IPCC-IS92a) indicate that the CH 4 lifetime in the atmosphere increased by about 25–30%during the past 150 years to a current value of 7.9 years. Future lifetime changes are expected to be much smaller, about 6%, mostly due to the expected increase of tropospheric O 3 (→OH) in the tropics. The global mean concentration of CH 4 may increase to about 2.55 μmol/mol, its lifetime is expected to increase to 8.4 years in the year 2050. Further, we have calculated a CH 4 global warming potential (GWP) of 21 (kgCH 4 /kgCO 2 ) over a time horizon of 100 years, in agreement with IPCC (1996). Scenario calculations indicate that the importance of the climate forcing by CH 4 (including indirect effects) relative to that of CO 2 will decrease in future; currently this is about 35%, while this is expected to decrease to about 15% in the year 2050. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1998. t01-1-00002.x
Conversion of Xylose to Furfural Using Lewis and Brønsted Acid Catalysts in Aqueous Media

The role of molecular structure on pentose dehydration to furfural has been examined using HCl as a Bronsted acid catalyst in a single phase aqueous media. It is shown that xylulose dehydration results in a much higher furfural yield than xylose dehydration under similar reaction conditions. Furthermore, a cascade of reactions for the efficient conversion of xylose to furfural in a single pot reactor is presented whereby a Lewis acid, CrCl3, is used to isomerize xylose to xylulose, and a Bronsted acid, HCl, is employed to dehydrate xylulose to furfural. Using the combination of Lewis and Bronsted acids, a furfural yield of ∼39% is achieved compared to ∼29% using HCl alone, at a moderate reaction temperature (∼418 K) in a single aqueous phase, with an associated decrease in the residence time by a factor of 5. With this combined catalyst functionalities, a much higher yield (76%) to furfural can be obtained in a biphasic system at low temperatures and short times. Aside from increasing performance, our res.
Insecticidal Effect of Dermatoohagoides pteronyssinus using Ginkgo biloba Leaves Extracts

본 연구에서는 은행잎에 존재하는 생리활성 물질이 추출용매와 추출조건에 따른 D. pteronyssinus에 대한 살충 실험을 통해 최적 추출 조건을 확립하였다. 은행잎 성분 중 bilobalide가 D. pteronyssinus에 살충효과가 있음을 검증하였으며, 다양한 은행잎 추출조건에 따른 살충실험을 한 결과 48시간 이후 약 68% $\sim$ 80%의 치사율을 보였다. 종합적으로 판단해 볼 때 경제성과 치사율을 고려하면 80 $^{\circ}C$ 에서 온수추출물 (GLW80)이 가장 최적추출 조건이다. 【A Insecticidal effect of Ginkgo biloba leaves extract was conducted for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus as a predominant species in korea. D. pteronyssinus has been cultured in constant temperature and humidity chamber at the 25 $^{\circ}C$ and 75% of relative humidity. The mortality of mites was determined by counting the dead bodies for every hour within 48 hours with pin hall microscope after treated by Ginkgo biloba leaves extract spreaded on 0.1 g of mass cultured media. The sequence of mortality for D. pteronyssinus are as follows, bilobalide was 91.6%, 80 $^{\circ}C$ water extract was 82.8%, second water fraction was 75%, ethyl acetate fraction from 80 $^{\circ}C$ water fraction was 73%, first ethyl acetate fraction from 80 $^{\circ}C$ water extract was 69.4%, putaltrin was 65%, distilled water was 58%, methanol extract was 57.8%, Ginkgolide-A was 57.1 %, ethyl acetate fraction of 80 $^{\circ}C$ water extract was 55%, respectively. From the these results we conclude that the bilobalide is the most effective component in the Ginkgo biloba leaves extract having insecticidal effect on house dust mite. 】
Preparation and Electrochromic Properties of RF-Sputtered NiOx Films Prepared in Ar/O2/H2 Atmosphere

The preparation of electrochromic nickel oxide ( NiOx ) films, which are colorless in an as-deposited state, has been carried out in Ar/O2/H2 mixed gas by the rf-sputtering method. Highly transparent films of as-deposited nickel oxide could be prepared in the sputtering atmosphere consisting of Ar:O2:H2=50:10:40. From IR and XPS measurements, the as-deposited films were found to be hydrated and to have the component of Ni(OH)2. When these films were electrochemically colored, NiOOH was known to remain in the films. The coloration efficiency of the films at the wavelength of 633 nm was nearly independent of hydrogen content in sputtering atmosphere up to 40%, but it depended on sputtering pressure. The maximum value of coloration efficiency was 36 cm2/C for films prepared at hydrogen content of 40% and total pressure of 8 Pa.