Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Survey of Reserve Managers: Lessons from the Crisis

This paper reports in detail on a survey that was circulated to reserve managing central banks of IMF member countries in April 2012. The survey aims to gain further insight into how reserve managers have reacted to the crisis to date. The survey also aims to understand how reserve managers arrive at their strategic asset allocation and how they operate their risk management frameworks in practice. Some of the key themes that emerge from the survey include potential procyclical and counter cyclical behavior by reserve managers, increased focus placed on returns and wide variability across countries in how the currency composition of reserves is derived.
Key roles of autophagy in regulating T‐cell function

In the past 10 years, autophagy has emerged as a crucial regulator of T‐cell homeostasis, activation, and differentiation. Through the ability to adjust the cell's proteome in response to different stimuli, different forms of autophagy have been shown to control T‐cell homeostasis and survival. Autophagic processes can also determine the magnitude of the T‐cell response to TCR engagement, by regulating the cellular levels of specific signaling intermediates and modulating the metabolic output in activated T cells. In this review we will examine the mechanisms that control autophagy activity in T cells, such as ROS signaling and signaling through common gamma‐chain cytokine receptors, and the different aspect of T‐cell biology, including T‐cell survival, effector cell function, and generation of memory, which can be regulated by autophagy.
PHYLOGENY OF FOUR DINOPHYSIACEAN GENERA (DINOPHYCEAE, DINOPHYSIALES) BASED ON rDNA SEQUENCES FROM SINGLE CELLS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES 1

Dinoflagellates are a highly diverse and environmentally important group of protists with relatively poor resolution of phylogenetic relationships, particularly among heterotrophic species. We examined the phylogeny of several dinophysiacean dinoflagellates using samples collected from four Atlantic sites. As a rule, 3.5 kb of sequence including the nuclear ribosomal genes SSU, 5.8S, LSU, plus their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 regions were determined for 26 individuals, including representatives of two genera for which molecular data were previously unavailable, Ornithocercus F. Stein and Histioneis F. Stein. In addition, a clone library targeting the dinophysiacean ITS2 and LSU sequences was constructed from bulk environmental DNA from three sites. Three phylogenetic trees were inferred from the data, one using data from this study for cells identified to genus or species (3.5 kb, 28 taxa); another containing dinoflagellate SSU submissions from GenBank and the 12 new dinophysiacean sequences (1.9 kb, 56 taxa) from this study; and the third tree combing data from identified taxa, dinophysiacean GenBank submissions, and the clone libraries from this study (2.1 kb, 136 taxa). All trees were congruent and indicated a distinct division between the genera Phalacroma F. Stein and Dinophysis Ehrenb. The cyanobionts containing genera Histioneis and Ornithocercus were also monophyletic. This was the largest molecular phylogeny of dinophysoid taxa performed to date and was consistent with the view that the genus Phalacroma may not be synonymous with Dinophysis.
Endothelial release of nitric oxide contributes to the vasodilator effect of adenosine in humans.

BACKGROUND The endogenous nucleoside adenosine plays an important role in the regulation of vascular tone, especially during ischemia. Experimental data derived from animal models suggest that nitric oxide (NO) contributes to the vasodilator effect of adenosine. The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the endothelial release of NO contributes to adenosine-induced vasodilation in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS Venous occlusion plethysmography was used to assess the forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to graded intra-arterial infusions of adenosine (1.5 to 500 micrograms/min). Dose-response curves were constructed before and during intra-arterial infusion of the NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) (2 mg/min, n = 6) or vehicle (n = 6). Before infusion of L-NMMA, adenosine caused a dose-dependent increase in FBF from 2.3 to 15.9 mL.min-1.dL-1. During concurrent infusion of L-NMMA, adenosine increased FBF from 1.7 to 10.0 mL.min-1.dL-1, and this change from baseline was significantly reduced compared with that before L-NMMA (P < .05). L-NMMA also attenuated the FBF response to adenosine when the basal constrictor effect of L-NMMA was prevented by coinfusion of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (n = 6, P < .01). In contrast, L-NMMA did not affect the FBF response to intra-arterial infusion of the endothelium-independent vasodilator verapamil (from 2.0 to 13.9 mL.min-1.dL-1 before L-NMMA and from 1.3 to 13.6 mL.min-1.dL-1 during L-NMMA; n = 6, P = NS). The second objective of this study was to determine whether the adenosine-induced release of NO is mediated by activation of endothelial potassium channels, putatively coupled to adenosine receptors. Thus, the FBF response to adenosine was measured before and during infusion of the ATP-dependent potassium channel blocker tolbutamide (1 mg/min, n = 6), or the potassium channel blocker quinidine (0.5 mg/min, n = 6). The adenosine-mediated increments in FBF were not attenuated by either potassium channel blocker. CONCLUSIONS Adenosine-induced vasodilation in humans is mediated, at least in part, by endothelial release of NO. The transducing mechanism of this phenomenon is not known, but it does not appear to involve the activation of either ATP-dependent or quinidine-sensitive potassium channels.
Lack of Residual Sedation Following Middle-of-the-Night Zaleplon Administration in Sleep Maintenance Insomnia

The present randomized, double-blind, placebo and active-drug controlled, crossover study assessed residual sedation after zaleplon 10 mg, flurazepam 30 mg (as an active control), and placebo, taken during a nocturnal awakening in patients with sleep maintenance insomnia. Twenty-two healthy sleep maintenance insomniacs (11 men; mean age, 42 y) received zaleplon, flurazepam, or placebo after an experimental awakening 3.5 hours after bedtime on two consecutive nights in each of three conditions. Residual sedation was measured with sleep latency testing (5 and 6.5 h postdrug), digit symbol substitution, symbol copying, and subjective sleepiness by visual analog scale, each twice each morning. Zaleplon did not differ from placebo on any measure of residual sedation; flurazepam showed significant sedation on all measures. No residual sedative effects were detected 5 or 6.5 hours after ingestion of zaleplon during the middle of the night by sleep maintenance insomniacs.
Glutamate receptor subunit 3 (GluR3) immunoreactivity delineates a subpopulation of parvalbumin‐containing interneurons in the rat hippocampus

Rasmussen's encephalitis is a childhood disease resulting in intractable seizures associated with hippocampal and neocortical inflammation. An autoantibody against the GluR3 subunit of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole‐propionic acid (AMPA) receptors is implicated in the pathophysiology of Rasmussen's encephalitis. AMPA receptors mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the brain and contain combinations of four subunits (GluR1–4). Although the distributions of GluR1, GluR2, and GluR4 are known in some detail, the cellular distribution of GluR3 in the mammalian brain remains to be described. We developed and characterized a GluR3‐specific monoclonal antibody and quantified the cellular distribution of GluR3 in CA1 of the rat hippocampus. GluR3 immunoreactivity was detected in all pyramidal neurons and astrocytes and in most interneurons. We quantified the intensity of GluR3 immunoreactivity in interneuron subtypes defined by their calcium‐binding protein content. GluR3 immunofluorescence, but not GluR1 or GluR2 immunofluorescence, was significantly elevated in somata of parvalbumin‐containing interneurons compared to pyramidal somata. Strikingly, increased GluR3 immunofluorescence was not observed in calbindin‐ and calretinin‐containing interneurons. Furthermore, 24% of parvalbumin‐containing interneurons could be distinguished from surrounding neurons based on their intense GluR3 immunoreactivity. This subpopulation had significantly elevated GluR3 immunoreactivity compared to the rest of parvalbumin‐containing interneurons. Electron microscopy revealed enriched GluR3 immunoreactivity in parvalbumin‐containing perikarya at cytoplasmic and postsynaptic sites. Parvalbumin‐containing interneurons, potent inhibitors of cortical pyramidal neurons, are vulnerable in the brains of epileptic patients. Our findings suggest that the somata of these interneurons are enriched in GluR3, which may render them vulnerable to pathological states such as epilepsy and Rasmussen's encephalitis. J. Comp. Neurol. 462:15–28, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
[Agranulocytosis induced by dapsone prescribed for dermatitis herpetiformis].

INTRODUCTION Dapsone is a drug widely prescribed in dermatology. It can lead to undesirable side effects including hematologic disorders. CASE REPORT A patient with dermatitis herpetiformis was treated with dapsone. Agranulocytosis developed 6 weeks later and was revealed by fever and pneumonia which resolved under antibiotics. The agranulocytosis regressed without specific treatment after drug withdrawal. Blood counts returned to normal 2 weeks later. DISCUSSION Dapsone-induced agranulocytosis is in common (1/10,000 to 1/20,000). The drug is widely prescribed, particularly for leprosy. Nevertheless, when dapsone is prescribed for dermatitis herpetiformis, the risk of agranulocytosis increases 25-fold reaching 1/400. The indication for dapsone must always made carefully, with surveillance of the blood counts every 15 days during the first 3 months of treatment for dermatitis herpetiformis.
The Leadership Gap: Ensuring Effective Healthcare Leadership Requires Inclusion of Women at the Top

This paper argues that successful transformation of the healthcare system requires inclusion of women at the top. Women are missing in top leadership roles in healthcare at a time when the US healthcare system faces daunting challenges. There is a documented need for diverse leadership teams with transformational leadership skills to successfully lead organizations, yet women who comprise three fourths of the healthcare workforce are sparsely represented in board rooms and in the senior executive suite. Through a review the literature the authors explain why this leadership gap persists and recommend strategies to increase gender diversity in leadership ranks of the healthcare industry. Studies from other business sectors are also examined for application in healthcare. A lack of focus on female career development and succession planning, often based on persistent stereotypes about women leaders is a major deterrent to advancing women in top leadership positions. A compelling case is made for immediate remediation of this issue and implementing strategies to fill the leadership gap with talented women leaders. There is a demand to increase the number of women in top leadership positions in healthcare to assist in overcoming the current crises facing the industry.
Real‐time monitoring of the surface relief formation on azo‐polymer films upon near‐field excitation

We use near‐field optical microscopy to investigate the early state formation of photo‐induced topographical structures on the free surface of azobenzene‐containing polymers. The near‐field technique is employed to monitor in real time the mass migration during the embossing of the surface of 50/50 copolymer films of polymethacrylate and polymethacrylate containing 3‐methyl‐4′‐pentyloxy‐azobenzene units. The dynamic of surface relief formation induced by light have been investigated as a function of the sample temperature. Furthermore, a formula derived from Navier–Stokes equations for classical laminar flow has been used to fit the mass displacement data during the embossing process. Excellent agreements between the experimental data and the fitting formula have been found for all the temperature considered.
OTIMIZAÇÃO DO PLANEJAMENTO DE ROTAS NA COLETA DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS

RESUMO – Neste trabalho apresenta-se um modelo de otimizacao para a solucao do problema de planejamento de coleta e transporte de residuos solidos em cidades de medio porte. Como resultados finais espera-se promover reducao de custos aos cofres publicos, bem como beneficios ao meio ambiente. O modelo matematico desenvolvido e formulado como um problema de Programacao Linear Mista com variaveis inteiras (PLMI) e transcrito para a linguagem algebrica GAMS. A aplicacao pratica foi realizada com dados coletados na regiao central de uma cidade brasileira com aproximadamente 90.000 habitantes. O modelo deterministico utilizado permitiu que uma solucao otima fosse encontrada apos a inclusao de restricoes que eliminaram o aparecimento de sub-rotas. Concluiu-se que as rotas otimizadas permitem uma reducao de 20% na distância total percorrida, o que pode gerar uma economia de R$ 300,00/dia referente a gastos de manutencao e combustivel dos caminhoes.
A Cross-Domain Optimization Scheme for MANET Communications in Heterogeneous Networks

In this paper, we propose a cross-domain optimization (CDO) scheme, which optimizes the MANET topology and enables communication between multiple MANETs via LTE. Particularly, we first deploy a gateway to the center of gravity of all nodes in each MANET so that the network topology is optimized. Thus, the aggregation cost of intra-MANET traffic in the gateway is improved. Likewise, we then deploy an eNodeB in the center of gravity of all gateways to establish communication connections between multiple MANETs via LTE. Then, the aggregation cost of inter-MANET traffic at eNodeBs can be largely reduced because of the minimization of the distances between eNodeBs and gateways, along with a significant performance improvement of inter-MANET communications owing to the superiority of LTE. Vis extensive simulations, we validate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme. Our experimental results demonstrate that the CDO scheme can greatly improve network performance. Finally, we discuss some other issues. Received on 5 December 2017; accepted on 5 December 2017; published on 12 December 2017
The moderating effect of organizational cohesiveness in knowledge use and new product development

This study examined the influence of cohesiveness, an organizational cultural variable, on knowledge use and organizational learning within the context of new product development (NPD). The authors surveyed NPD managers from 323 firms, representing a wide range of product classifications, about their firms’ levels of cohesiveness and NPD efforts. Using structural equation modeling, the authors demonstrated that organizational cohesiveness has a moderating influence on both an organization’s use of its existing knowledge to develop innovative new products and the resulting performance of those products, which emphasizes how influential organizational “mind-set” can be. By considering cohesiveness an influence in new product innovativeness and new product performance, the authors incorporated a cultural variable that has received little attention in the NPD and more general marketing literature. This research reveals that much is left to learn about cohesiveness and that understanding it can advance knowledge use, organizational learning, and innovation.
Longitudinal Pathways to Condom Use

Abstract This longitudinal study examined the psychosocial risk and protective factors involved in condom use among 265 male IDUs. Subjects were individually interviewed at two points in time using a structured questionnaire, which included psychosocial measures and questions about drug use and condom use. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlations and hierarchical regression analyses. T1 condom use was the most powerful predictor of T2 condom use, with or without control on other variables. T1 family support for condom use, friends' support for condom use, adaptive coping with AIDS or the threat of AIDS, and planning to use condoms were significantly related to T2 condom use. Protective father factors enhanced the effects of other protective psychosocial factors, increasing T2 condom use. The results suggest several approaches for changing risk-taking sexual behavior in male IDUs: enhancing coping abilities, selecting peers who take fewer risks, and planning to use condoms.
Insurance requirements and practices of Ethiopia’s construction sector

The principles of insurance and types of insurance policies in construCtion industry in general is discussed. The status of consultants and contractors in Ethiopian construction sector is briefly reviewed. Questionnaires were designed to preliminary assess whether relevant insurance policies are bought by contracting and consulting firms, and the results were evaluated and discussed. Conclusions and recommendations are given. Keywords : Construction industry, Client, Consultant, Contractor, Contract, Insurance, Insurable interest, Indemnity, Liability, Policy, Premium, Risk management.
Confirmation of correct central venous catheter position in the preoperative setting by echocardiographic "bubble-test".

BACKGROUND Verification of the central venous catheters (CVCs) position by chest X-ray (CXR) is usually performed in the postoperative period with the risk related to possible malposition. This prospective observational study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility of ultrasound (US) and "bubble test" to detect malpositions of CVC in the preoperative setting. METHODS The study included 105 patients undergoing preoperative CVC placement. A US protocol aimed at direct visualization of the CVC was completed by a single operator and two consecutive "bubble tests" were performed independently by different physicians. Two parameters were considered: complete right atrium (RA) opacization versus visualization of "no or few bubbles" and time from agitated saline injection to visualization of micro-bubbles in the RA ("push-to-bubbles" time). RESULTS CXR identified 14 (13%) CVC malpositions. Vascular US showed a sensitivity of 64% and a specificity of 100% while visualization of "no or few bubbles" at bubble test yielded a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 100%. "Push-to-bubbles" times were ≈9 times longer in patients with compared to those without CVC malposition (1400 [702-2160] ms versus 167 [123-228] ms, P<0.001). A cut off value of 500 ms had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 99% for CVC malposition with an inter-observer agreement of 99% (kappa 0.96, P<0.001). CONCLUSION CVC malposition was observed in a sizeable proportion of patients undergoing preoperative central venous cannulation. Measurement of "push-to-bubbles" time is a fast, accurate and highly reproducible tool for verifying the correct CVC position.
Truncated expected hypervolume improvement: Exact computation and application

In optimization with expensive black box evaluations, the expected improvement algorithm (also called efficient global optimization) is a commonly applied method. It uses Gaussian Processes (or Kriging) to build a model of the objective function and uses the expected improvement as an infill criterion, taking into account both - predictive mean and variance. It has been generalized to multi-objective optimization using the expected hypervolume improvement, which measures the expected gain in the hypervolume indicator of a Pareto front approximation. However, this criterion assumes an unbounded objective space even if it is often known a-priori that the objective function values are within a prescribed range, e.g., lower bounded by zero. To take advantage of such a-priori knowledge, this paper introduces the truncated expected hypervolume improvement and a multiobjective efficient global optimization method that is based on it. In this paper it is shown how to compute the truncated expected hypervolume improvement exactly and efficiently. Then it is tested as an infill criterion in efficient global optimization. It is shown that it can effectively make use of a-priori knowledge and achieve better results in cases where such knowledge is given. The usefulness of the new approach is demonstrated in benchmark examples and applications from robust PID (proportional-integral-derivative) controller optimization. The empirical studies in this paper are confined to the bi-objective case.
Structural elucidation of rat biliary metabolites of corynoxeine and their quantification using LC-MS(n).

Corynoxeine (COR) is one of 4 bioactive oxindole alkaloids in Uncaria species. In this work two phase I metabolites, namely 11-hydroxycorynoxeine (M1) and 10-hydroxycorynoxeine (M2), and two phase II metabolites, namely 11-hydroxycorynoxeine 11-O-β-d-glucuronide (M3) and 10-hydroxycorynoxeine 10-O-β-d-glucuronide (M4), were detected in rat bile after oral dose of COR (0.105 mmol/kg), by optimized high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n) ) with electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. Structures of M1-4 were determined by LC-MS(n) , nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism and high-resolution MS spectra. COR and its metabolites in rat bile were quantified by LC-MS(n) . The LC-MS(n) quantification methods for COR and its metabolites yielded a linearity with coefficient of determination ≥0.995 from 5.0 × 10(-10) to 5.0 × 10(-7) m. The recoveries of stability tests varied from 96.80 to 103.10%. Accuracy ranged from 91.00 to 105.20%. Relative standard deviation for intra-day and inter-day assay was <5.0%. After the oral dose 0.14% of COR was detected in rat bile from 0 to 8 h, in which in total 97.8% COR biotransformed into M1-4. M1 and M2 yielded 48.1 and 49.7%, which successively glucuronidated to M3 and M4 at 47.2 and 43.8%, respectively.
The relationship between major-league sports’ official sponsorship announcements and the stock prices of sponsoring firms

This study presents analysis of the impact of “official product” sports sponsorships with the National Football League (NFL), Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Hockey League (NHL), the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the Professional Golfers Association (PGA) on the stock prices of sponsoring firms. The primary finding of the study is that, in the main, announcements were accompanied by increases in shareholder wealth. The 53 sponsors analyzed experienced mean increases in stock valuations of about $257 million. A multiple regression analysis of firm-specific stock price changes and selected corporate and sponsorship attributes indicates that official product sponsorships with the NBA, NHL, and PGA and those with smaller market shares were associated with the largest gains in share prices. Although corporate cashflow (a proxy for agency conflicts) is statistically unrelated to shareholder approval, sponsorships by high-technology companies were associated with stronger stock price reactions than otherwise. Finally, product congruence with the sponsored sport was positively related to changes in stock prices.
Impact of the World-Wide Web on today's society - the economic and business sectors

Introduction Eelctronic workplace/commercial publishing/content on demand Virtual enterprise and processes Customer relationship management and collaborations technologies Internet market spoilers/Web aggregators Network and data security Enterprise information portals and knowledge management Digital/virtual currencies and payment systems Trust and reputation Intermediaries and cybermediaries Discipline of informatics Conclusion: the WWW in support of e-commerce References