Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the necessity of including electrical conductivity in the description of piezoelectric fracture in real materials

Because no real material is a perfect insulator, but has some small electrical conductivity, under static circumstances the piezoelectric equations are not applicable to any real material and, hence, have no physical significance. On account of the existence of real current, when the time-dependence is sufficiently slow, the zero charge equation of electrostatics does not apply and must be replaced by the equation of the continuity of electric charge.
Human bocavirus—the first 5 years

Four species of human bocavirus (HBoV) have been recently discovered and classified in the Bocavirus genus (family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae). Although detected both in respiratory and stool samples worldwide, HBoV1 is predominantly a respiratory pathogen, whereas HBoV2, HBoV3, and HBoV4 have been found mainly in stool. A variety of signs and symptoms have been described in patients with HBoV infection including rhinitis, pharyngitis, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, pneumonia, acute otitis media, fever, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Many of these potential manifestations have not been systematically explored, and they have been questioned because of high HBoV co‐infection rates in symptomatic subjects and high HBoV detection rates in asymptomatic subjects. However, evidence is mounting to show that HBoV1 is an important cause of lower respiratory tract illness. The best currently available diagnostic approaches are quantitative PCR and serology. This concise review summarizes the current clinical knowledge on HBoV species. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Residual stress in sputtered gold films on quartz measured by the cantilever beam deflection technique

With resonator applications in mind, the residual stress in sputtered gold electrodes on quartz has been investigated with respect to various deposition rates (2, 10, and 50 /spl Aring//s), pressures (1.0 and 3.0 10/sup -3/ mbar), deposition temperatures (80/spl deg/C and room temperature (RT)), film thicknesses (approx. 400 to 800 /spl Aring/), and substrate smoothnesses (lapped and polished), using the cantilever beam deflection method. Samples were monitored for 4 weeks at room temperature followed by 13 weeks of annealing at 85/spl deg/C. The initial stress (ranging from -180 to -60 MPa) was compressive for all samples but turned tensile (a few megaPascals) in some of the samples after annealing. A significant decrease in initial compressive stress appeared with samples coated at an elevated temperature. From samples prepared at lower pressure and differing only in film thickness and substrate roughness, an increased compressive stress was found in thicker films and on rougher surfaces. The stress relaxation has been fitted to an exponential expression, and an attempt to relate the stress to a frequency shift (typically a few parts per million for ordinary, 100-/spl mu/m thick AT blanks) has been made. With the help of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the film morphology was investigated and related to the deposition parameters and aging. Judging from the increase in compressive stress and grain refinement with increased deposition rate and decreased pressure, the atomic peening mechanism is the most likely reason for the induced stress. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) was employed to rule out the inclusion of argon (below or around 0.5%) as an explanation. From the vague, but clearly discernible, trend toward faster RT stress relaxation with higher initial stress, together with the finer film morphology, the relief mechanism is believed to be stress-promoted grain boundary diffusion.
Nutrient Timing

As the incidence rate of lifestyle-related chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes continues to increase, the importance of regular exercise and a healthy diet for improving or maintaining good health is critical. Exercise training is known to improve fitness and many health risk factors, as well as to improve the performance of competitive athletes. It has become increasingly clear, however, that nutrient intake before, during, and after exercise sessions has a powerful influence on the adaptive response to the exercise stimuli. In this review, the science behind nutrient timing will be discussed as it relates to exercise performance, recovery, and training adaptation. Evidence will be provided that validates intake of appropriate nutrients before, during, and immediately after exercise not only to improve exercise performance but also to maximize the training response. Ultimately, the combined response to exercise and proper nutrient intake leads to not only better performance in athletes but also greater health benefits for all exercisers.
Scaling to New Heights

—An English proverb One of the major challenges of information visualization is using it to solve realworld problems in diverse areas such as telecommunications, financial analysis, software engineering, command and control, and information systems. The real world is complicated. Data and information are often complex, massive, time dependent, of diverse types, and not always reliable. To make the situation even more complex, users come with all levels of capabilities, education, and tastes. All of these facts further complicate the visualization process. Unfortunately, academic interests rather than applicability to real-life situations tend to motivate a large part of the research and development in visualization. This creates a visualization “bag of tricks” according to our colleague Ken Boff. An alternative, more demanding—but necessary— approach is to study the problem first and then look for appropriate solutions (for example, using information visualization, if appropriate). Those of us in the visualization community need to realize that in many realworld applications, visualization is just one component of a complex system rather than a stand-alone entity. We also need to understand the system and the user needs in order to create effective visualizations. The section on information visualization in this special issue presents examples of the potential usefulness of information visualization in real-life environments containing large amounts of complex data and information. From the wide range of issues concerning this practical area, we chose to focus mainly on one aspect— scaling. This scaling issue—how to deal with massive amounts of complex data and information practically— is very important. Methodologies for dealing with large amounts of data and information can be classified as follows:
Making Sense of the Evidence: How to Read and Evaluate Research Publications.

We live in an evidence-based nursing world; but what is considered evidence? The answer is: The results of research studies are considered to be evidence. Rigorous research designs (e.g., randomized clinical trials, quasi-experimental studies) continue to be judged as some of the best evidence. The strongest level of evidence is systematic reviews or evidence-based clinical practice guidelines based on these rigorous research designs. There are other levels of research evidence such as quantitative observational studies (e.g., chart review, case series, and single-group designs), qualitative studies, and expert opinions that also answer questions and generate evidence. For more information on how to appraise/judge research evidence see: http://www.nursingworld. org/Research-Toolkit/Appraisingthe-Evidence. While research is about investigation, exploration, and discovery, on the other hand quality improvement is a different activity that uses a systematic, data-guided approach to improve specific organizational processes or patient outcomes. Nurses need both research studies and quality improvement projects to guide practice. In sum, evidence-based practice is using the best available research results, the evidence, plus clinical expertise, patient values and needs, and the environment that contains organizational resources (Grove, Burns, & Gray, 2013) that may include outcomes from quality improvement projects. Within this issue, there is a blend of research, as well as other articles such as an educational intervention to improve nurse collaborative goal-setting skills (Revello and Fields) and a case study to determine the effectiveness of massage after mastectomy (Wilk, et al.). There is also evidence from several quantitative research studies dedicated to nurses with back and shoulder pain (Alperovitch-Najenson and others), stroke survivors and problem-solving therapy (Hadidi and colleagues), cardiac rehabilitation (Sadeghi, et al.), and individuals with extremity lymphedema (Denj and associates). In addition, there is one qualitative study centered on family caregivers of veterans with traumatic brain injury (Saban, et al.). Some nurses view the research process as overwhelming and may shy away from reading those types of publications. The outcome is that new ideas for practice, freshly uncovered evidence, can become lost or slow to be implemented across settings. Let me suggest quick tips for reading and evaluating research publications to help make sense of the evidence.
An anaesthetic technique for intracranial aneurysms

may be of interest to note that the work of Eggers et al.,’ which was carried out on eight healthy adult males and showed that, following the inhalation of 100% oxygen for 30 minutes, there was a slight but statistically significant decrease in cardiac index and heart rate. There were also significant increases in peripheral vascular resistance, mean arterial pressure, systolic and arterial pressures. The object of our study was to ascertain whether the administration of 50% nitrous oxide 50% oxygen (Entonox) to patients with cardiac disease produced changes which might jeopardise their well-being. Our studies reveal that although changes occur, they are minimal, and there would appear to be no contra-indication to the administration of such a nitrous 0xide:oxygen mixture in such patients, apart from the uncontrolled excitement sometimes provoked by prolonged administration. Work is currently being carried out in this Department to ascertain the degree of rise of arterial oxygen tension when changing from 50% nitrogen :SO% oxygen to 50% nitrous oxide:50% oxygen.
Seasonal Variations in Food Consumption by Serere Families in Senegal

As part of a comprehensive study of the relationship between nutrition and fertility, a food consumption survey was carried out on 40 Serere households in Senegal, on two separate occasions in 1981: in the middle of the dry season (period of relative abundance) and at the end of the rainy season before the first harvests (at the end of the period of food shortage). This approach does not estimate individual consumption but does give us a good estimate of family consumption. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the daily per capita intake for each household during the two seasons shows significant differences for peanuts, total pulses and fruits. The only significant effect for nutrients was a general decrease of lipid consumption during the rainy season. Regardless of season, very few households consumed meat and/or fish. But in those households we noted a tendency to change the diet away from self‐sufficiency towards a diet including purchased foodstuffs. This analysis confirms the fragility of the n.
Enabling a Continuum of Virtual Environment Experiences

We define a virtual environment as a set of surroundings that appear to a user through computer-generated sensory stimuli. The level of immersion-or sense of being in another world-that a user experiences within a VE relates to how much stimuli the computer delivers to the user. Thus, one can classify VEs along a virtuality continuum, which ranges from the real world to an entirely computer-generated environment. We present a technology that allows seamless transitions between levels of immersion in VEs. Milgram and Kishino (1994) first proposed the concept of a virtuality continuum in the context of visual displays. The concept of a virtuality continuum extends to multimodal VEs, which combine multiple sensory stimuli, including 3D sound and haptic capability, leading to a multidimensional virtuality continuum. Emerging applications will benefit from multiple levels of immersion, requiring innovative multimodal technologies and the ability to traverse the multidimensional virtuality continuum.
Modeling the global Internet

A new scalable modeling framework and scalable parallel simulations make it possible to analyze the detailed behaviour of large, multidomain multiprotocol Internet models. The article focuses on simulation research. It describes the software designs that let us construct and run appropriately large models. After several years of research, we have developed a scalable network modeling framework, a scalable simulation framework (SSF), and scalable parallel discrete event simulators capable of modeling the Internet at unprecedented scales.
Fast Texture Transfer

The article presents an algorithm for texture transfer between images that is up to several orders of magnitude faster than current state-of-the-art techniques. I demonstrate how the technique can leverage self-similarity of complex images to increase resolution of some types of images and to create novel, artistic looking images from photographs without any prior artistic source. Compared to other alternatives, methods based on texture transfer are global in the sense that the user need not deal with details such as defining and painting individual brush strokes. Texture transfer methods are also more general since they don't need to emulate any particular artistic style (line drawing, hatching, realistic oil painting, and so on). Not surprisingly, there is a price to pay for this generality - an algorithm designed for a specific artistic style will most likely produce results superior to those presented in the paper for that particular case.
The Intensity of Combat and Behavioral Health Status

This is part of the fourth report of the US Army's Mental Health Advisory Team but the first to study and report on Marines as well as Soldiers. During 2006, a total of 1,320 Soldiers and 447 Marines were interviewed during their deployment to Iraq, including focus-group sessions that also included behavioral health providers. The Soldier/Marine Well-Being Survey was utilized. Areas covered in the survey included (1) environmental risk factors, (2) protective factors, and behavioral health status and well-being. There were demographic differences between Soldiers (older, more senior ranking, more educated, more likely to be married and have children) compared to Marines. Soldiers were also more likely to be deployed longer (9 months versus 6 months). Among the central findings reported here are that level of combat (intensity) is the main determinant of behavioral health challenges, followed by deployment-related issues (length, frequency, time between deployments).
Finding trading patterns in stock market data

This article describes our design and evaluation of a multisensory human perceptual tool for the real-world task domain of stock market trading. The tool is complementary in that it displays different information to different senses - our design incorporates both a 3D visual and a 2D sound display. The results of evaluating the tool in a formal experiment are complex. The data mined in this case study is bid-and-ask data - also called depth-of-market data - from the Australian Stock Exchange. Our visual-auditory display is the bid-ask-land-scape, which we developed over much iteration with the close collaboration of an expert in the stock market domain. From this domain's perspective, the project's principal goal was to develop a tool to help traders uncover new trading patterns in depth-of-market data. In this article, we not only describe the design of the bid-ask-landscape but also report on a formal evaluation of this visual-auditory display. We tested nonexperts on their ability to use the tool to predict the future direction of stock prices.
A new method to retrieve phase information for equiangular fan beam differential phase contrast computed tomography.

PURPOSE Sample radiation damage is one of the main drawbacks limiting applications of the x-ray phase-contrast imaging method. Recently, for x-ray grating-based phase contrast imaging, the reverse projection (RP) method has been proposed by Zhu et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 13576-13581 (2010)]. Compared to the conventional phase stepping technique, the RP method allows a strong reduction of the exposure time and minimization of the errors induced by mechanical vibrations. However, so far, it has only been considered for parallel beam illumination, typical of a synchrotron radiation source. In this paper, a generalization of the RP method from parallel beam geometry to fan beam geometry was presented and discussed. METHODS Within parallel beam geometry, the RP method utilizes the conjugate characteristic between reverse projection images. Nevertheless, this characteristic is not directly satisfied for fan beam geometry. In this study, a phantom composed of known materials was constructed and the projection images of the phantom were calculated in a fan beam geometry. By considering single ray, the conjugate images of the projection images were derived from the projection dataset. After that, using the modified RP method the authors retrieved phase and absorption information from paired images. RESULTS Extracted phase and absorption information of the phantom were in good agreement with theoretical values. Additionally, the slice reconstruction was performed and the results turned out to be in the authors' expectation. CONCLUSIONS Theoretical calculations and numerical simulations confirm both feasibility and validity of the RP method under fan beam illumination. Because this method is simple, fast, and releases a relatively low dose, the authors believe that this research is very useful for the x-ray phase contrast imaging applications in clinical diagnosis, bioresearch, and industrial nondestructive testing.
Discussion: The Fetal Fibroblast: The Effector Cell of Scarless Fetal Skin Repair

Human fetal skin heals without scar formation when it is transplanted to a subcutaneous location on an adult athymic mouse and subsequently wounded. In contrast, human fetal skin of identical gestational age heals with scar formation when transplanted to a cutaneous location on the athymic mouse recipient. To determine if mouse (adult) or human (fetal) fibroblasts are healing the graft wounds, we performed indirect immunohistochemistry for mouse and human collagen types I and III. Full-thickness skin grafts (n = 51) from human fetuses at 18 weeks' (n = 4) or 24 weeks' (n = 2) gestational age were placed onto athymic mice in two locations: cutaneously onto a fascial bed and subcutaneously in a pocket under the murine panniculus carnosus. Linear incisions were made in each graft 7 days after transplantation. Grafts were harvested at 7, 14, and 21 days after wounding and stained with hematoxylin and eosin or Mallory's trichrome. Immunohistochemistry for either human collagen type I or type III or for mouse collagen type I was performed. The subcutaneous grafts healed with human collagen types I and III in a scarless pattern. The wound collagen pattern was reticular and unrecognizable from the surrounding dermis. Hair follicles and sebaceous gland patterns were unchanged in the wounded dermis. Conversely, the cutaneous grafts healed with mouse collagen in a scar pattern with disorganized collagen fibers and no appendages. Mouse collagen scar was present along the base of the cutaneous grafts and as a thin capsule around the subcutaneous grafts. We conclude that (1) subcutaneous grafts heal with human fetal collagen and no scar formation, and (2) cutaneous grafts heal with mouse collagen in a scar pattern. Fetal fibroblasts can heal fetal skin wounds without scar despite being perfused by adult serum and inflammatory cells in an adult environment. These data suggest that the fetal fibroblast is the major effector cell for scarless fetal skin repair.
VIDES: an expert system for visually identifying microfossils

The design of a visual identification expert system (VIDES) that uses a visual approach to help identify microfossils down to the species level is discussed. VIDES combines a graphical expert-system shell with a set of knowledge bases to help identify microfossils, reducing the time and cost associated with petroleum exploration. VIDES's initial knowledge-acquisition procedure, automated knowledge acquisition, textual and visual knowledge representation, automatic knowledge-base generation, inference mechanism and graphical interface are described. <<ETX>>
Rescue robots for mudslides: A descriptive study of the 2005 La Conchita mudslide response

The Center for Robot‐Assisted Search and Rescue (CRASAR) assisted the Ventura County Fire Rescue Department with the January 2005 La Conchita, California, mudslide response. CRASAR provided commercially available urban search and rescue robots and expert operators which were deployed twice into damaged structures. The waterproof robots were able to tolerate wet conditions but proved unable to handle the densely packed rubble, vegetation, and soil and failed within two and four minutes, respectively on their two deployments. Informal interviews were conducted with responders as well. The experience forms a descriptive study of what mudslide responses are like, what tasks robots are needed for, how the rescue robots performed, and how responders viewed the robots. Our observations are captured in fourteen findings on robot performance (3), domain characteristics of mudslides (8), and general rescue robot design issues (3). These findings are expected to be of interest to robot designers, software developers, and the human‐robot interaction communities. The experience at La Conchita illustrates that terrain understanding, critical for both robot design and for control, remains an important open research question for rescue robotics. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Immersion into Visual Media: New Applications of Image Understanding

Using images to interface machines and humans offers an exciting new application domain for image understanding (IU). This article describes two such applications: digital libraries that bring visual data to the user, and virtualized reality that brings users to the visual data. The digital library calls on IU techniques such as scene segmentation and content analysis, and joins together natural language analysis and IU. Virtualized reality uses precise, dense, and video-rate stereo reconstruction techniques.