Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Soybean cultivar for tofu, 'Saedanbaek' with disease resistance, and high protein content.

: A soybean cultivar for tofu, ‘Saedanbaek’, was developed from the cross between ‘MD87L’ with high protein content and ‘SS99237 (Pokwangkong/Suwon193)’ with good seed performance and high yield by National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in 2010. ‘SS99237-45-2-3-1’ was selected by pedigree selection and designated as the name of ‘Milyang 192’. It was prominent and had good result from regional adaptation yield trials (RYT) for three years from 2008 to 2010 and released as the name of ‘Saedanbaek’. It has a determinate growth habit, white flower, grey pubescence, yellow seed coat, spherical seed shape and medium seed (20.7 grams per 100 seeds). ‘Saedanbaek’ has high content in protein (48.2%), and shows excellent result for making tofu. ‘Saedanbaek’ was resistant to bacterial pustule and moderately resistant to soybean mosaic virus, the major soybean diseases in Korea. The average yield of ‘Saedanbaek’ was 2.28 ton per hectare in the regional yield trials carried out for three years from 2008 to 2010.
Deciphering cellular responses to pathogens using genomics data

The respiratory tract is exposed to viral and bacterial infections that cause morbidity and mortality particularly in children, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals. Despite the importance of such infections, the mechanisms underpinning disease pathogenesis in the host are unclear. Generally, signals in biological systems are transmitted when proteins interact with each other. It is therefore imperative to investigate infection-induced regulation and expression of these moieties. Herein, we examined genomics and proteomics data generated from host-cells in response to infectious agents like the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Using 2-D gel electrophoresis and bioinformatics; we uncovered apoptosis as an important process in alveolar epithelial cells after infection with various respiratory tract viruses. (Chapter 2) Proteins that are encoded from genes associated with genetic or infectious diseases have protein- and interaction-enrichment biases in general protein-protein interaction networks. We developed a method called Physical Interaction Enrichment to alleviate this issue. (Chapter 3) Invading pathogens compete directly or indirectly with their host-cells for iron. We developed a method called Iron Squelch to investigate gene response to infection with respect to the response of the same genes during iron-overload or iron-depletion. We found an iron-depletion profile for intracellular infections. (Chapter 4) Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenters whose differentiation from monocytes following infection is unclear. MicroRNAs could be involved. We identified microRNAs that are over-expressed in DCs relative to their precursors; uncovered their target genes and characterize transcription factor binding sites in their promoters. (Chapter 5) Neutrophils are immune cells that can subdue bacterial infections. We examined LPS-induced gene expression changes in neutrophils extracted from whole blood of human volunteers. We uncovered interesting temporal response patterns. (Chapter 6) Further insights of events at the interface between host and pathogens shall improve as wet-lab and dry-lab researchers continue to cooperate. (Chapter 7)
An introduction to the neotropical muroid rodent genus Zygodontomys. Bulletin of the AMNH ; no. 210

4 Resumen . 5 Introduction . 6 Acknowledgments . 6 Materials and Methods . 7 Specimens . 7 Collection Localities . 8 Measurements . 14 Age Criteria . 16 Anatomical Nomenclature and Methods . 16 Multivariate Statistical Methods . 16 Historical Synopsis . 17 The Genus . 20 Zygodontomys J. A. Allen . 20 Comparisons with Bolomys . 21 Comparisons with Calomys . 27 Comparisons with Pseudoryzomys . 29 Phylogenetic Relationships . 30 Variation Within and Among Populations . 37 Pelage . 37 Cranial and Dental Measurements . 38 Species Accounts . 41 Zygodontomys brunneus . 41 Zygodontomys brevicauda . 47 Zygodontomys brevicauda brevicauda . 51 Zygodontomys brevicauda cherriei . 59 Zygodontomys brevicauda microtinus . 63 Unidentified Specimens . 65 Natural History . 65 Mainland Habitats . 66 Island Habitats . 73 Summary of Habitat Information . 74 Other Topics . 80 Discussion . 84 Biogeography . 85 Nonforest Vegetation in the Northern Neotropics . 85 Savanna Ecology and Quaternary Climates . 89 The Nonforest Mammal Fauna . go Discussion . 93 References . 10. i Appendix 1: List of Measured Specimens . 110 Appendix 2: Specimens Dissected for Gall Bladders . 11. I Appendix 3: Specimens of Sylvilagusfloridanus Examined . 113
Effect of kaempferol on in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes.

We investigated the effects of kaempferol on porcine oocytes in vitro maturation. Kaempferol is one the most studied flavonoids and is in research attention on animal cells until 1979. Flavonoids are known as polyphenolic compounds synthesized by the plants. Cumulus-oocyte complexes aspirated from the ovaries were maturated in vitro, fertilized and embryos were cultured in a defined conditioned medium with 5, 15, 25, 35 µg/ml or without kaempferol supplementation. During in vitro maturation with highest kaempferol concentration (35 µg/ml) distinct significantly increase the rate of cumulus cell expansion in grad 4 (42.74 vs. 50.96%, p<0.01). The same, addition of 5 µg/ml kaempferol to the in vitro maturation medium increase significantly the rate of expansion compared to 25 µg/ml (42.20 vs. 48.67%, p<0.05) and increase distinct significantly the rate of expansion compared to 35 µg/ml (42.20 vs. 50.96%, p<0.01). Kaempferol supplementation (15 µg/ml vs. 35 µg/ml) of the in vitro fertilization medium led to a significant increase in the rate of 4-8 cells formation (0.69 vs. 4.96%, p<0.05). In conclusion, these results demonstrate that supplementation with kaempferol during in vitro maturation improved the developmental competence of porcine oocytes.
Thermal adaptation, phylogeny, and the unimodal size scaling of marine phytoplankton growth

Studies on the size‐scaling of phytoplankton growth rate are usually based on temperature‐corrected growth rates or experiments performed at a fixed temperature, but the effects of differing thermal adaptation of small and large species have not been considered. We use an extensive dataset of phytoplankton growth rate responses to temperature and cell size to show that the unimodal size‐scaling of phytoplankton growth depends strongly on temperature, and is not significant at high temperatures where the most common picophytoplankton species grow at their optimum. Furthermore, we show that the unimodality results from the different growth rate scaling of picophytoplankton, which differs phylogenetically from larger phytoplankton taxa. Using ribosomal RNA sequences we recalculated the size‐scaling allometry with Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares regression. After phylogenetic correction, the unimodal relationship is not significant at any temperature, suggesting that the observed curvature reflects the evolutionary adaptation of picophytoplankton to the warm conditions usually encountered in oligotrophic environments.
Juvenile crab spiders (Mecaphesa asperata) use indirect cues to choose foraging sites

Direct assessment of food resources may be unreliable if those resources fluctuate or are not easily detected. Foragers under such conditions may instead use indirect cues to assess the quality of potential foraging sites. Young individuals may be particularly likely to use indirect cues to compensate for their inexperience and to reduce assessment costs. We investigated the cues juvenile crab spiders (Mecaphesa asperata) use when selecting foraging sites. First, we examined whether spiderlings' site preference was influenced by prey abundance, a direct cue of site quality. We next investigated whether juvenile crab spiders assessed potential sites using indirect cues, including flower quality, cues left by conspecifics, or conspecifics themselves. We found spiderlings did not use prey abundance to assess foraging sites, but instead used indirect cues when choosing where to forage. Spiderlings preferred sites that would attract larger numbers of their arthropod prey, choosing blooming inflorescences over both senescing inflorescences and inflorescences with buds. Hungry spiderlings, unlike individuals that had recently fed, also used cues left by conspecifics, preferring sites on which a conspecific had previously foraged. Finally, spiderlings avoided sites with larger numbers of conspecifics, but were attracted to sites with relatively low abundances of conspecifics, indicating that spiderlings are able to weigh the possibility of improving their foraging success by joining conspecifics against the potential costs of being in larger groups. We show here that young, relatively inexperienced animals do not always directly assess prey abundance when choosing foraging sites, but that these individuals are capable of detecting and using a variety of indirect cues to evaluate foraging site quality.
Modification of beef quality through steer age at slaughter, breed cross and growth promotants

Girard, I. , Aalhus, J. L. , Basarab, J. A. , Larsen, I. L. and Bruce, H. L. 2012. Modification of beef quality through steer age at slaughter, breed cross and growth promotants. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 175-188. A 23 factorial experiment tested the interactions of slaughter age (12-13 or 18-20 mo), growth implants use (Component E-S, TE-S), ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) feed supplementation use and breed cross [Hereford-Aberdeen Angus (HAA) or Charolais-Red Angus (CRA)] on pH, temperature, objective colour measurements, relative myoglobin states, sarcomere lengths, shear force, and water losses of m. semitendinosus (ST) and m. gluteus medius (GM) from 112 crossbred steers. In the ST, age affected objective colour measurements by increasing chroma and decreasing lightness (L*) and hue angle (P<0.05). Metmyoglobin (MMB) content of the ST also increased with steer age (P<0.05). In the GM, yearling-fed steers had greater MMB content than calf-fed steers, while hue angle varied the opposite way (P<0.05). Other variations in meat colour and myoglobin contents were more complex in the GM than the ST as they involved three-way interactions between the different treatments. Shear force and purge loss of the ST increased with implantation (P<0.05) with no change in sarcomere length (P>0.05). Shear force standard deviation was similar for breed crosses when yearling-fed but greatest for CRA breed cross when calf-fed (P<0.05). In both muscles, purge loss was increased by RAC supplementation (P<0.05). RAC supplementation did not affect sarcomere length and shear force in both muscles (P>0.10). In the GM, shear force increased with age and with CRA genetics (P<0.05). Results indicated that producers seeking to reduce beef toughness should consider using British crossbreds, exclude the use of hormonal implants and slaughter process steers at 12 to13 mo of age.
Population increases of buffalo and wildebeest in the Serengeti

Summary Censuses of buffalo and wildebeest in the Serengeti-Mara region have been carried out by various workers at intervals since 1958. The methods of these censuses, which normally employ a total count, are described and the errors inherent in such techniques are analysed in detail. After the appropriate corrections had been made the results showed that both populations have increased considerably over the years 1961–1971.
CAMBIOS EN LA ACTIVIDAD ENZIMÁTICA EN DUODENO Y YEYUNO DE CERDOS DURANTE VARIOS PERIODOS POSDESTETE

Objetivos : evaluar los cambios en la actividad enzimatica intestinal de algunos cerdos durante varios periodos posdestete. Materiales y metodos : el trabajo de campo se realizo en el Centro San Pablo, perteneciente a la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellin. El estudio se realizo con 16 cerdos destetados a los 21 dias de edad. Los animales experimentales fueron alimentados durante 10 dias con una dieta basal (DB) que tuvo como componentes leche y algunos de sus derivados y que ademas cumplia con los requerimientos nutricionales. Luego, los cerdos fueron sacrificados escalonadamente los dias uno, cinco, siete y diez posdestete, y se realizo extraccion completa del intestino delgado, el cual fue dividido en dos secciones (duodeno y yeyuno) de igual tamano. El analisis de la actividad enzimatica (APN, DPP-IV, LPH, MGA y SI) se realizo mediante el metodo de velocidades iniciales y el diseno estadistico que se empleo fue completamente al azar, no obstante, los datos se analizaron mediante la aplicacion de los modelos lineales generales (GLM) y de la prueba de duncan. Resultados : se evidencia que las enzimas presentaron diferencias (P Conclusiones : el destete temprano disminuye la actividad enzimatica a nivel intestinal, provocando la subutilizacion de los nutrientes de la dieta y, por ende, alta incidencia de diarreas durante esta etapa.
Effects of exposure to short periods of suboptimal temperature during chill (5 °C) on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in maize seedlings (Zea Mays L.)

The effect of various periods of exposure to suboptimal temperature (‘warm breaks’– WB: 14 °C for 4 h, 1 h and 0 h – control in 24 h cycles) during chilling (5 °C) of maize seedlings on the photosynthesis, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and on the injuries of the cell membranes of leaves and water content in plants was compared. The measurements were conducted after 1, 3, 7 and 12 chill cycles. It was found that WB of either length distinctly diminished the chill-induced inhibition of net photosynthesis and the decrease of photochemical efficiency of PSII. The protective effect on WB on these parameters was observed shortly after completion of chilling of the plant as well as an after-effect. Daily warming up of the plants also reduced the leakage of electrolytes and diminished the water deficit of the chilled seedlings. The protective effect of WB on the measured parameters of the plants was greater in the chill-sensitive genotype than in the chill-tolerant one, especially when plants were warmed up for 4 h. The results obtained are an indication that short periods of warm weather during cold spring may diminish the injuries of the photosynthetic apparatus, as well as reduce the disturbance of water status of seedlings, contributing in this way to better condition of maize crops.
Giant Fibre and Small Fibre Pathways Involved in the Evasive Response of the Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana

1. Giant fibres were found not to activate leg motoneurones during evasion. 2. A pathway of small axons having a conduction velocity of 1.5-35 m. /sec. was found to govern leg activation during escape. 3. This pathway remains functional after giant-fibre degeneration after the giant axons have been severed from their somata. 4. Movements of the antennae were found to be activated by the giant fibres simultaneously or slightly earlier than movements of the legs. 5. It is suggested that a general alarm system is activated by the giant fibres concomitantly with activation of the leg motoneurones by a slower conducting pathway.
Seedling vigour in wheat - sources of variation for genetic and agronomic improvement

The early growth of wheat is slow compared with that of barley and triticale. This is expected to limit the yield of wheat in environments where greater seedling vigour is advantageous. To overcome the slow growth of wheat, genetic sources of seedling vigour are required for use in breeding programs, and/or ways to increase seedling growth by manipulating seed characteristics. This study reports (i) new sources of and 3 heights at cutting (cutting was done when the grass reached 0.5, 1, and 1.5 m above the ground). The N fertiliser treatment did not yield any significant difference in DMD, ND, or IVDMD. Height at cutting had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on rumen DMD and ND and their degradability characteristics for all incubation times. There was a reduction in DMD and ND and their degradability characteristics as plant height increased at cutting. Similarly, as height at cutting increased there was a decline in IVDMD. There was a positive linear correlation between IVDMD and both DMD and ND at 48, 72, 96, and 120 h (r = 0.917, 0.923, 0.921, and 0.850 for DMD; r = 0.795, 0.814, 0.787, and 0.787 for ND). Hence, further study on intake and performance of animals is suggested to develop Napier-based diets for smallholders.
Combined Testcross and S1 Selection for the Improvement of Testcross and Inbred Performances

In crops where heterosis is high, one of the limiting factors in the development of commercial single-cross hybrids is the seed yield of the female parent. To improve simultaneously combining ability with the male parent and the seed yield of the female parent, combined testcross and S 1 selection has already been proposed by several researchers. In this study, after derivation of the theoretical expression of the relative efficiency of combined testcross and S 1 selection, the testcross and S 1 correlated responses are compared with those of direct selection with the same number of replications. The genetic advance using an economic index combining testcross and S 1 performances is also considered. Combined selection can be more efficient than direct selection for the improvement of testcross performance only with a low testcross heritability, a relatively high S 1 heritability, and a high genetic correlation between S 1 and testcross progenies. Combined selection will generally be less efficient in improving testcross performance than direct selection for testcross performance if the same number of plots is used in both methods. Evaluations of selection methods using an economic index that accounts for the cost of seed production demonstrated that combined selection can be more efficient than direct testcross selection. However, the economic weight placed on the S 1 value must be relatively high. With the same total number of replications as for testcross selection, combined selection will generally be more justified with unimproved than with elite material.
Betaine supplementation affects the cholesterol but not the lipid profile of pigs

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of long term betaine intake on the cholesterol and lipid profile of Alentejano (AL) pigs. At ~36 kg body weight (BW), castrated male and female pigs fed a commercial (C) diet, were divided into two groups: i) Group C, consuming the C diet; and ii) Group CB, consuming the C diet supplemented with 1 g/kg betaine. Pigs were slaughtered at ~100 kg BW. Fasting plasma concentrations of protein, urea, glucose, TAG, phospholipids, homocysteine, total and LDL- and HDL-cholesterol were determined. Liver TAG, phospholipids, and total and free cholesterol were analyzed, as well as total lipids, cholesterol contents, and fatty acid (FA) composition of M. semimembranosus and dorsal subcutaneous fat. Betaine supplemented pigs presented significantly higher plasma concentrations of TAG, phospholipids, cholesterol, and lipoprotein cholesterol. The dorsal subcutaneous fat cholesterol concentration was also significantly higher in CB than in C pigs. No differences were detected in the most abundant FA profile (including the unsaturated to saturated FA ratio) of muscle and subcutaneous fat tissues among treatments. These data suggest that betaine induces dyslipidemia, and increases cholesterol concentration in dorsal subcutaneous fat, without affecting the FA profile of M. semimembranosus and dorsal subcutaneous fat.
Investigation of ion channel activity in alveolarepithelial cells.The development of lung slice in-vitro model.

The alveolar epithelium maintains lung fluid homeostasis by active ion transport. The molecular machinery required to create an osmotic gradient across the alveolar epithelium, which in turn moves water out of the airspaces, has been identified by number of experimental techniques. The alveolar epithelium, which covers 95% of the surface area of the lung, is composed of two morphologically distinct epithelial cell types: alveolar epithelial type one and alveolar epithelial type two cells. The much studied alveolar epithelial type two cell, which cover <5% of the surface, contain the myriad of ion channel and transports required to undertake fluid transport. The alveolar epithelial type one cell, which covers >95% of the surface area, is less well characterised. Direct functional electrophysiological measurements from the alveolar epithelial type one cell has proved difficult to obtain. In order to obtain novel recordings the unfilled lung slice experimental model was developed. This experimental model demonstrated excellent cellular viability. VIIIB2 mouse monoclonal antibody, a specific cell marker for alveolar epithelial type one cells, was used to obtain live cell immunohistochemistry, the first such reported in peripheral tissue. The results presented in this thesis represent the first published ion channel recordings from identified alveolar epithelial type one cells within a rat lung slice (Bourke, S. et al 2005). Cell-attached, patch-clamp recordings demonstrated the presence of a voltage-dependant, K+ selective ion channel with a measured unitary conductance of 21 pS. The findings contained within this thesis present a novel experimental technique to investigate the functional physiological role of the alveolar epithelial cells. The alveolar epithelium is reliant upon Ca2+ signalling mechanisms to undertake a number of normal physiological activities. The release of surfactant from the alveolar epithelial type two cell lamellar bodies relies on a Ca2+ dependant exocytosis step. To investigate further the function of Ca2+ in the alveolar cells, experiments were undertaken using Ca2+ fluorescent indicator dye Fluo-3. Slices demonstrated spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations. Application of a number of physiological and pharmacological substances failed to modulate the observed activity.
Betaine-γ-aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT-1/mGAT2) Interacts with the PDZ Domain of Munc-18 Interacting Proteins (Mints)

The action of neuronally released γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is terminated by uptake into the neurons by GABA transporters (GATs). The mechanism underlying the stabilization and regulation of GAT2 has not yet been elucidated. We used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify proteins that interact with and, thereby, regulate betaine-γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 (BGT-1/mGAT2). We found an interaction between BGT-1/mGAT2 and Munc-18-interacting proteins (Mints). The “T-H-L” motif at the C-terminal end of BGT-1/mGAT2 was essential for the interaction with Mint2 in the yeast two-hybrid assay. Mint2 bound to the tail region of BGT-1/mGAT2, but not to other GAT members. When co-expressed in HEK-293T cells, Mint2 was co-immunoprecipitated with BGT-1/mGAT2. In addition, we demonstrated the cellular co-localization of BGT-1/mGAT2 and Mint2 in the cells. These results suggest that Mint2 contributes to the regulation of BGT-1/mGAT2.