Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Approach and avoidance strength during goal attainment : Regulatory focus and the goal looms larger effect

Three studies tested the hypothesis that regulatory focus, both as a chronic person variable and as a manipulated situational variable, differentially affects the strength of participants' approach and avoidance strategic motivations as they get closer to the goal. In 2 studies, flexion and extension arm pressure were used as on-line measures of approach and avoidance intensity, respectively. As predicted, the approach gradient was steeper for participants with a promotion focus on aspirations and gains than for participants with a prevention focus on responsibilit ies and nonlosses, whereas the reverse was true for the avoidance gradient. In a third study, the same pattern of results was found on a persistence measure of motivational strength. Participants with a promotion focus worked longer on anagrams closer to the goal when they were approach means for goal attainment than when they were avoidance means, whereas the reverse was true for participants with a prevention focus.
On the time required for identification of visual objects

In this paper a neural network model of visual short-term memory (VSTM) is presented. The model aims at integrating a winners-take-all type of neural network (Usher & Cohen, 1999) with Bundesen’s (1990) well-established mathematical theory of visual attention. We evaluate the model’s ability to fit experimental data from a classical whole and partial report study. Previous statistic models have successfully assessed the spatial distribution of visual attention; our neural network meets this standard and offers a neural interpretation of how objects are consolidated in VSTM at the same time. We hope that in the future, the model will be developed to fit temporally dependent phenomena like the attentional blink effect, lag-1 sparing, and attentional dwell-time.
The relationship between satisfaction, attitudes, and performance: An organizational level analysis.

Previous research has consistently shown little relationship between job satisfaction, job attitudes, and performance for individuals, but little work has investigated these relationships at the organizational level of analysis. This study investigated the relationship between employee satisfaction, other job-related attitudes (commitment, adjustment, and psychological stress), and organizational performance. Organizational performance data were collected for 298 schools; employee satisfaction and attitude data were collected from 13,808 teachers within these schools. Correlation and regression analyses supported the expected relationships between employee satisfaction/attitudes and organizational performance
A Fast Hierarchical-based Algorithm of Eye Locating

The eye positions are very important landmarks in face recognition.In this paper a fast hierarchical-based algorithm is proposed to locate eyes from face images.This new algorithm involves three main steps.First,MER(minimum extremal region)is introduced here to locate eye roughly.Then,a three-layer-filter is applied to rule out false detections step by step.Finally,an accurate eye-locating method is used to adjust the eye locations precisely.This algorithm has good results in CAS-PEAL,JAFFE and our own face database.Therefore,it is considered to be an effective method.
Cues and channels in emotion recognition.

This article addresses methodological issues pertinent to judgment studies in nonverbal communication research, in general, and to the perception and attribution of emotions, in particular. We investigated which behavioral cues are used in portraying various emotions and to what extent the channel of presentation and encoding differences between actors affect judgment accuracy. In an encoding study the nonverbal behaviors of 6 different actors (3 male, 3 female) portraying four emotions (joy, sadness, anger, surprise) were analyzed from a videotape. In a decoding study these portrayals were shown using 4 channels of presentation (audio-video, video only, audio only, filtered audio), to groups of naive judges. The results indicate that different nonverbal cues are used to portray the various emotions and that differences between channels and between actors strongly affect decoding accuracy. Specifically, overemphasis of behavioral cues characteristic for certain emotions results in reduced decoding accuracy. Given the widespread assumption that nonverbal signal systems are particularly suitable for communicating affective information, it is not surprising that many researchers have attempted to study how well individuals can recognize different emotions from various nonverbal cues (for an overview of such studies, see Ekman, 1982; Scherer, 1981). One of the major obstades researchers have encountered in this area has been the problem of obtaining realistic stimulus material to present to judges; that is, obtaining nonverbal expressions that represent valid indicators of various emotional states. The ethical and practical difficulties in experimentally inducing strong emotional states, or even recording naturally occurring emotional experiences, has been one of the perennial problems in the scientific study of emotion. In studying the role of vocal cues in the communication of emotional meaning, this difficulty is aggravated because the researcher, in order to avoid interference from verbal content, usually wants to use standard verbal utterances with the same content for different emotions so as to focus on the different paralinguistic cues that carry the emotional meaning. Given these constraints, most researchers have taken recourse to emotional expression simulated or portrayed by actors using standard verbal material such as standard sentences, nonsense syllables, letters of the alphabet, and the like (see summary in
Contribution of Therapist Experience and Personal Characteristics to the Working Alliance.

The authors hypothesized that level of experience and selected personal characteristics of therapists would predict clients' perceptions of the working alliance early in treatment. Therapists (N = 73) in university settings completed measures that assessed level of self-directed hostility, perceived social supports, and degree of comfort with attachment, and their clients completed a measure that estimated the working alliance between the 3rd and 5th sessions of therapy. As predicted, level of self-directed hostility, perceived social support, and degree of comfort with closeness in interpersonal relationships were significantly predictive of the bond component of the working alliance. Contrary to predictions, experience level was not uniquely predictive of clients' alliance ratings on the goal and task components of the alliance.
A Survey on Face Detection and Face Recognition

A Survey on Face Detection and Face Recognition Yoshio Iwai†, Shihong Lao‡, Osamu Yamaguchi∗, Takatsugu Hirayama†† †Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University iwai@sys.es. osaka-u.ac. jp ‡ Omron Corporation lao@ari.ncl. omron.co.jp ∗ TOSHIBA Corporate Research and Development Center osamu1.yamaguchi@toshiba.co.jp †† Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University hirayama@vision.kuee. kyoto-u.ac. jp
Normalizing Attributions May Contribute to Non-Help- Seeking Behavior in People With Fibromyalgia Syndrome

Background Causal attributions of bodily perceptions indicate the possibility of some degree of control over events. Therefore, attributions are important to support the social significance of experience and confer meaning. Objective The aim of this study is to investigate whether nonpatients with fibromyalgia (FMS) use more normalizing attributions than healthy control subjects and help-seeking patients. Method Thirty-seven FMS patients attending tertiary care were compared with 38 non-patients and 34 healthy controls on mean anxiety, depression, attribution style, and alexithymia scores. Results Mean normalizing scores were greatest in the non-patient group, followed by the healthy-control group, and smallest in the tertiary-care attending group. Non-patients are using more normalizing explanations than the FMS patients and the healthycontrol subjects. Conclusion Thus, normalization may negatively influence help-seeking behavior and contribute to non–help-seeking behavior.
The Effects Of Various Warm-Up Devices on Bat Velocity and Trajectory in Collegiate Baseball Players

12 Chapter I 14 INTRODUCTION 14 Purpose of the Study 20 Chapter II 22 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 22 2.1. 1 Chronological Review of Kinematic Studies 25 2.1. 2 Electromyography (EMG) Studies of Baseball Swing 58 2.1. 3 Kinetic Studies of the Baseball Swing 65 2.1. 4 Joint Kinetics 77 2.2 Swing Trajectory 90 2.3 Effects of Various Weighted Devices on Bat Velocity 100 2.4 Motor Re-Calibration to Weight Changes/Kinesthetic Aftereffects 112 2.5 Location of Weight (Moment of InertiaMOI) 131 2.6 Specificity of Training 140 2.6. 1 Train to Perform 143 Chapter III 150 METHODS 150 3.1 Operational Definitions 150 3.2 Dependent Variables 151 3.3 Limitations 151 3.4 Delimitations 152 3.5 Instrumentation 152 3.6 Participants 154 3.7 General Procedures 155 3.8 Familiarization 156 3.9 Warm-up Procedures 157 3.10 Experimental Procedures 159 3.11 Data Reduction 159 3.12 Data Analysis 160
Psychosocial Support for War-Traumatized Child and Adolescent Refugees: Evaluation of a Short-Term Treatment Program

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a newly designed psychosocial treatment program for war traumatized child and adolescent refugees. The program was designed to reduce emotional distress and improve psychosocial functioning. Method: Ten young Kosovan refugees (mean age 13.3 years) residing in Germany participated in the manual based intervention program. This multimodal program consists of individual, family and group sessions using a psychoeducational approach beside trauma and grief focusing activities, creative techniques and relaxation. Kind and severity of traumatic experiences were gathered by interviewing the child and their caretakers using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). Psychiatric diagnoses (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, K-SADS) were assessed prior to the intervention. Post-traumatic symptomatology (HTQ), emotional problems (Diagnostic System for Psychological Disorders, DYSIPS) and the overall psychosocial functioning (Child Global Assessment Scale, CGAS) were assessed before and after the 12-week intervention. Results: Following the intervention the degree of overall psychosocial functioning increased substantially in 9 of 10 participants. Furthermore, post-traumatic, anxiety and depressive symptoms were reduced significantly. The rate of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnoses fell from 60% to 30%. The number of patients with PTSD and a high rate of comorbid symptoms (depression and anxiety) as well as a history of severe traumatization remained at 30%. Conclusions: This study suggests that the psychosocial treatment program specified for war traumatized adolescents may be useful for the relief of psychiatric sequelae and for an improvement in overall psychosocial functions, but not for the subgroup of severely traumatized patients with complex psychiatric disturbances.
Development and validation of a three-dimensional measure of drinking motives.

Deposite consistent evidence that alcohol can be used to cope with negative emotions or to enhance positive emotions, research on drinking motives has focused primarily on coping and social motives. This article reports on the development of a 3-factor measure that also assesses enhancement motives. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we demonstrated that enhancement motives are empirically distinct from coping and social motives and that a correlated 3-factor model fits the data equally well across race and gender groups in a large representative sample. Each drinking motive was also shown to predict distinct aspects of alcohol use and abuse. Finally, interaction analyses suggested that coping and enhacement motives differ in the magnitude of their effects on drinking behavior across Blacks and Whites and that enhancement motives differ in their effects across men and women
Caught in the Continuum: A Critical Analysis of the Principle of the Least Restrictive Environment

This article presents a critical analysis of the principle of the least restrictive environment (LRE). The article begins with a review of the origins of LRE in professional writings and law and moves next to a discussion of how LRE has been operationalized in terms of a continuum of residential, educational, and vocational services. Building on previous critiques of the continuum concept, the author presents seven conceptual and philosophical flaws or pitfalls in the LRE principle itself, especially when it is applied to people with severe disabilities. The author then argues that an uncritical acceptance of LRE may lead to the establishment of a “new” community-based continuum and takes the position that many leading writings in the field can be interpreted to legitimate this new continuum. The conclusion of the article supports an unconditional commitment to integration and briefly contrasts integration with LRE as a guiding principle for the design of services and support for people with developmental disabilities and concludes with a note on the importance of viewing concepts in historical context.
Age and gender differences in and personality correlates of loneliness in different relationships

This study examined age and gender differences in and personality correlates of loneliness in different relationships. Loneliness was measured in three groups of subjects (college men, college women, and elderly women) with the Differential Loneliness Scale which assesses dissatisfaction with four types of relationships (Family, Larger Groups, Friendships, and Romantic/ Sexual). Age and gender differences were significant. Compared to elderly women, college women expressed more dissatisfaction with their Family and Large Group relationships. Compared to college women, elderly women expressed more dissatisfaction with their Friendships and Romantic/Sexual relationships. With regard to gender differences, college men expressed more dissatisfaction with Family, Large Group, and Friendship relationships than college women. For each subject group, dissatisfaction scores were correlated with health status, locus of control, social support, depression, and self-consciousness. Correlations varied with type of rel.
Leaders of American Psychology, 1879-1967: Career Development, Creative Output, and Professional Achievement

Building on previous work in the metasciences, this article examines 69 eminent psychologists who helped make the United States a center of disciplinary activity. After measuring professional eminence (occupying the American Psychological Association presidency and posthumous reputation), creative output (using both citation indicators and a content analysis of titles), and career development (aspects of graduate training and institutional affiliations), along with essential control variables, the analyses (a) provide a sketch of the "typical" eminent American psychologist, (b) trace the historical trends in the general profile across 8 decades, and (c) identify some cognitive and behavioral factors underlying differential distinction. When the American Psychological Association (APA) was founded in 1892, psychology in the United States was mostly a provincial offshoot of European academic disciplines. Many of the most distinguished American psychologists, such as James McKeen Cattell, had studied abroad, and those who were more homegrown products, such as William James, looked largely to Europe for guidance and inspiration. \fet as we come to celebrate the centennial of APA, this modest image has dramatically transformed: American psychology may now represent the core tradition, with the top psychologists in the United States providing the exemplars for investigators throughout the world. This is not to make the ethnocentric claim that other psychological traditions are defunct or that all first-rate psychologists today are American, but only to point out that in the past 100 years American psychology has become such an independent force that all psychologists throughout the world have no Editor's Note. Dean Keith Simonton's article was an invited contribution to the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology to help recognize and celebrate the American Psychological Association's centennial anniversary. We are delighted to have such a fine piece mark the occasion. Over the course of the year we hope to have two or three more. —AT
Forgivingness, relationship quality, stress while imagining relationship events, and physical and mental health.

In all, 39 participants (19 male, 20 female) were classified as either happy (n = 19) or unhappy (n = 20) with a relationship. Baseline salivary cortisol was measured. Participants imagined (for a 5-min duration) scenes typical of their relationship, and salivary cortisol was measured again. Participants in unhappy relationships had higher cortisol reactivity (indicating higher stress) following the imagery. Cortisol reactivity was predicted by relationship variables (high love and liking for the partner, high happiness with the relationship) and personality variables (high forgivingness, low trait anger). Personality had an indirect effect through the relationship variables. Physical health was predicted by personality variables. Mental health was predicted by both personality and relationship variables. Implications of these results for counseling health psychology are discussed.
Application of Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter for Tracking a Moving Target

Object tracking is a very important part of precise guidance system.Aiming at moving target track problem,based on to building the moving model,the paper introduces Kalman filtering algorithm to do the research of tracking simulation.Taking into account the instability and low accuracy of passive filters in bearings-only target tracking,the paper presents an adaptive extended Kalman filter suited for nonlinear observation model and linear dynamic model.Virtual noise is estimated,and errors due to linearization are dynamically compensated so that the system's observation error is reduced.The filtering theory and the algorithm are studied.Simulation results show that MPAEKF can improve the filter convergence and accuracy.
Bayes Linear Methods for Large-Scale Network Search

Consider the problem of searching a large set of items, such as emails, for a small set which are relevant to a given query. This can be implemented in a sequential manner whereby we use knowledge from earlier items that we have screened to help us choose future items in an informed way. Often the items we are searching have an underlying network structure: for example emails can be related to a network of participants, where an edge in the network relates to the presence of a communication between those two participants. Recent work by Dimitrov, Kress and Nevo has shown that using the information about the network structure together with a modelling assumption that relevant items and participants are likely to cluster together, can greatly increase the rate of screening relevant items. However their approach is computationally expensive and thus limited in applicability to small networks. Here we show how Bayes Linear methods provide a natural approach to modelling such data; that they output posterior summaries that are most relevant to heuristic policies for choosing future items; and that they can easily be applied to large-scale networks. Both on simulated data, and data from the Enron Corpus, Bayes Linear approaches are shown to be applicable to situations where the method of Dimitrov et al. is infeasible; and give substantially better performance than methods that ignore the network structure.
Nonword Span as a Unique Predictor of Second-Language Vocabulary Learning.

This study attempts to extend the relationship between phonological memory and word acquisition to the experimental learning of second-language vocabulary. Nonword span was used to measure phonological memory and was found to be generally predictive of the number of trials needed for acquiring certain English (second-language) new words for a group of Hong Kong 7th graders. This relationship, however, was preserved only in those whose English vocabulary size was below the group median. It was concluded that phonological memory plays a part in second-language word learning, and its effect interacts with the learner's long-term knowledge in that language.
Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: A meta-analysis of the strange situation.

VAN IJZENDOORN, MARINUs H. , and KROONENBERG, PIETER M. Cross-cultural Patterns of Attachment: A Meta-Analysis of the Strange Situation. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1988, 59, 147-156. Crosscultural research using Ainsworth's Strange Situation tends to rely on incomplete information and to concentrate on individual rather than aggregated samples. In this study, a wider perspective is taken by examining almost 2,000 Strange Situation classifications obtained in 8 different countries. Differences and similarities between distributions in classifications of samples are investigated using correspondence analysis. Aggregation of samples per country and continent allowed for a firmer empirical basis for cross-cultural analysis. Substantial intracultural differences were established; in a number of instances, samples from 1 country resembled those in other countries more than they did each other. The data also suggest a pattern of cross-cultural differences, in which A classifications emerge as relatively more prevalent in Western European countries and C classifications as relatively more frequent in Israel and Japan. Intracultural variation was nearly 1.5 times the crosscultural variation.
Resisting temptation: Devaluation of alternative partners as a means of maintaining commitment in close relationships.

This work tested the hypothesis that persons who are more committed to their relationships devalue potential alternative partners, especially attractive and threatening alternatives. In Study 1, a longitudinal study, perceived quality of alternatives decreased over time among stayers but increased for leavers. In Study 2, a computer dating service paradigm, more committed persons exhibited greatest devaluation of alternatives under conditions of high threat—when personally evaluating extremely attractive alternative partners. In Study 3, a simulation experiment, the tendency to reject and devalue alternatives was greater under conditions of high commitment. In all three studies, tendencies to devalue were more strongly linked to commitment than to satisfaction.
Interactive minds : A facilitative setting for wisdom-related performance ?

Two goals guided the present study : to develop ecologically relevant and functional interactive-minds settings for the assessment of wisdom-related performance and to investigate whether and under which conditions such settings would facilitate higher levels of wisdom-related performance. After baseline assessment of wisdom-related performance, a sample of 122 natural dyads (244 participants), ranging in age from 20 to 70 years, were randomly assigned to 5 experimental conditions. These conditions varied in the degree to which they werejudged to be ecologically relevant and functional and involved the interaction of minds. It was found that performance settings that were judged to be ecologically relevant and functional and provided for actual or virtual (internal) interaction of minds increased wisdom-related performance levels by I SD. In addition, older adults profited more than younger adults from I setting.