Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding Discrimination in the Scored Society

Modern society features an abundance of situations in which complicated decisions are reached automatically and while relying on the troves of Big Data at the decider's disposal. Furthermore, many of these cases feature a scoring dynamic; a situation in a small yet powerful group of individuals secretly structure a scoring scheme and use it to treat similar individuals differently. The seemingly arbitrary scoring process also unfolds in a manner which is incomprehensible to those affected by it.Scoring has been carried out for years in the realm of consumer credit. Yet the age of big data is leading to the dissemination of these practices to many other contexts. While promoting efficiency and generating important knowledge, the accelerating use of scoring brings about a variety of problems. In a recent important article, "The Scored Society," Professors Danielle Citron and Frank Pasquale examine these issues, explain their severity and offer an innovative set of responses. This Article continues Citron's and Pasquale's analytical journey, and focuses on an important concern surfacing in discussions and analyses of the scored society and the troubles big data analytics bring about -- is that of discrimination. The Article therefore draws out several antidiscrimination paradigms which on their face pertain to the dynamics discussed in The Scored Society, and big data in general. Such analysis allows for recognizing which discrimination-based concerns are especially acute in the scored society, as well as setting forth initial proposed responses for mitigating them, when possible. The Article proceeds as follows: after a brief Introduction mapping the confines of the debate, the Article moves to Part I, where it generally addresses the notion of "discrimination" and its relevance to the issue at hand. Part II -- the heart of this Article -- identifies the discrimination-based concerns which relate to the mistreatment of "protected groups. " There, the Article demonstrates the possible concerns while relying on race as a key example of a "protected group" and distinguishing between explicit discrimination, implicit discrimination, and instances of disparate impact. In Part III, the Article takes a brief look at selected discrimination concerns which go beyond protected groups. It generally finds these latter problems relatively easy to resolve. Finally, in the Conclusion, the Article argues that even though the scoring process is seemingly ridden with discrimination-based concerns, it certainly should not be categorically abandoned, as it might even promote antidiscrimination objectives when carried out properly.
The Construction Of The Local And The Limits Of Contemporary Community Building In The United States

With new relationships between state and civil society, community building has arisen as a preferred mechanism to ameliorate urban poverty. Community building is a much-supported but undercriticized paradigm, especially with respect to questions about the benefits that impoverished neighborhood residents actually acquire from these initiatives. The authors examine community building as a process that is related to larger agendas meant to enact certain productions of urban space and challenge many taken-for-granted notions about the realized benefits of this form of antipoverty work. Moreover, they argue that community-building initiatives occur in an increasingly globalized context, providing opportunities for stakeholders other than residents to promote certain productions of space and place. A case study is presented of an initiative occurring in a southern city in the United States to highlight the theoretical framework presented.
Forest Reproductive Material and Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources in Croatia

Conservation of genetic diversity of forest tree species represents the foundation for sustainable forest management and preservation of natural structure of forest stands in Croatia. Diversity of geographical regions in Croatia has generated various ecological conditions and thus diverse forest communities which are directly affected by habitat degradation, various anthropogenic effects like pollution of air and water, excessive use of certain more valuable species of forest trees and by the increasing impact of global climatic changes. The need for conservation of genetic diversity is related to the species pertaining to social broadleaves—the prevailing species in terms of economic utilization as Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur), Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea) and Common Beech (Fagus sylvatica). Among the conifers Silver Fir (Abies alba) is the most endangered species, with more than 70% of its population being seriously damaged. Other native coniferous species must be preserved from a decrease in genetic diversity as well. Conservation of the noble broadleaves should encompass a larger number of species from various genera (Fraxinus, Alnus, Ulmus, Prunus, Juglans, Castanea, Sorbus, Acer, Malus, Pyrus, Tilia). These are partially endangered because of their exposure to different pests and diseases, as well as by permanent exploitation due to their technical value. Changes in hydrological conditions of rivers have led difficulties in regeneration of the riparian forests and decreased the genetic variability of European Black and White Poplar in their habitats (Populus nigra, P. alba). In Croatia’s Adriatic coastal areas, there is a need for conservation of genetic resources of Dalmatian Black Pine (P. nigra ssp. dalmatica) and Mediterranean Oaks (Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens). Conservation of genetic diversity of various forest tree species is conducted within the programmes that include in situ and ex situ methods with ensuring quality forest reproductive materials. In Croatia, a total of 125 seed stands have been selected, covering a total area of 3885.53 ha. The ex situ method is implemented by establishment of a total of 50 plots (clonal seed orchards, provenances and progeny trials, clonal archives), covering 114.85 ha.
Interactive comment on “Chemical Characteristics of Marine Fine Aerosols over Sea and at Offshore Islands during Three Cruise Sampling Campaigns in the Taiwan Strait– Sea Salts and Anthropogenic Particles” by Tsung-Chang Li et al

This paper presents filter-based PM2.5 composition measurements area over Taiwan strait where is not well characterized and compares with the condition at an offshore island site in Penghu island. This is a high quality data set and an important contribution to the field. I do recognize that this is a data set over a large marine area with different cruises and as such it is difficult to analyze, but I do not think the analysis at present is
Effective Approaches to Enlarge English Vocabulary

This thesis is the study of enlarging English vocabulary based on the principles of paying attention to culture differences, making full use of context, enlarging English vocabulary through collocation and connotation. This thesis is based on some theories provided by the scholars of the field of English vocabulary learning. According to Harmer (2002:153), “if language structure makes up the skeleton of language, then it is vocabulary that provides the vital organs and the flesh. An ability to manipulate grammatical structure does not have any potential meaning unless words are used. ” "Culture consists of all the shared products of human society (Robertson, 1981). " It means language is a part of culture. Also, It is accepted that choosing words carefully in certain situations is more important than choosing grammatical structures (Harmer 1991). As words often appear in the form of collocation, English learners should enlarge their vocabulary not only with their meanings but also their collocations. This thesis illustrates presentation approaches for enlarging vocabulary, effective approaches of consolidating vocabulary, developing vocabulary enlarging approaches. Through these approaches, teachers will help students save large amount of time and efforts and create a more relaxed and efficient English learning environment for better performance.
R&D Cooperation and Industry Cartelization

The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of R&D cooperation on cartel formation in the product market. The R&D investments that precede the production process are aimed at the reduction of the unit manufacturing costs, and could create positive externalities for the potential competitors. In contrast to the preceding literature, we assume that the competition between firms on the product market takes place according to the Stackelberg leadership model. For simplicity we focus on the case of duopoly. Numerical analysis shows that a closer cooperation at the R&D stage may strengthen the incentives to create a cartel in the product market.
Economic Ordering Quantity Model with Lead Time Reduction and Backorder Price Discount for Stochastic Demand

This study considered reorder point on the continuous review inventory model under controllable lead time with mixture of backorder price discounts and partial lost sales. We developed a continuous review inventory model where the lead time, the order quantity, backorder discount and safety factor were considered as the decision variables of a mixture of backorders and lost sales inventory model. The objective was to minimize the expected total annual cost with respect to related decision variables. The purpose model with lead time demand distribution was unknown. The author applies a minimax distribution free procedure to find the optimal solution and numerical example was included to illustrate the solution procedure of the proposed algorithms.
Doing Doha for Development: a Development Perspective

To understand how the Doha Round can contribute to development we must first ask whether it is possible or useful to define a trade negotiation round as a ‘Development Round’. Then, we can look at the trading interests of the developing countries in this Round, and how they have become more able to articulate their own interests. It is also essential to examine the particular interest of developing countries in ‘special and differential treatment’.
Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus resource supply and utilisation for coastal planktonic heterotrophic bacteria in a gradient of nutrient loading

Data from 7 mesocosms with a gradient in daily nutrient loading rate (LN) and inverse modelling were used to estimate all C, N and P flows in an idealised food web. The gradient in LN created autotrophic production (AP) of 7 to 314 μg C l−1 d−1 (mean values over 18 d). The production of dissolved organic C (DOC) decreased from 240 to 40% of AP, and was dominated by heterotrophs (80 to 58%), with heterotrophic bacteria (BAC) producing 48 ± 8% (means ± SD) by excretion or lysis. The consumption of DOC by BAC was 133 to 86% of AP, and DOC accumulated when experimental LN ≥ natural LN. C of BAC origin constituted 5.5 to 0.2% of the C consumed by copepods. The production of dissolved N and P was mainly by heterotrophs (92 ± 2% of DN, 92 ± 4% DP), but autotrophs produced 26 ± 7% of dissolved organic N (DON) and 21 ± 8% of dissolved organic P (DOP). For the production of inorganic N and P (DIN and DIP, respectively), BAC predators produced >50% of DIN and >70% of DIP at low or moderate LN (averages 37 ± 16% of DIN and 66 ± 14% of DIP). The contribution by BAC was low for DIN (12 ± 6%) and zero for DIP. For the re-mineralisation of N and P, the significance of BAC was as N and P rich food particles. DOP accumulated more than DOC, despite the high demand for P. Turnover time of dissolved organic matter (DOM) decreased from around 80 to 12 d with increasing LN. These data provide new insights into the role of various functional groups of organisms for the cycling of DOM, and to the differences in C, N and P cycling.
Student Satisfaction Scale Development and Application for Sport Management in China.

Background:It appears the problem in past years that the talent cultivation and management is not suitable for the development of society and sports in China. Such a problem could be solved from various dimensions. From the aspect of management, the reinforcement of self-assessment is practicable.Material and methods:Aiming at such a problem, the professional sport university student satisfaction evaluation scale is constructed for developing the self-assessment of professional sport universities in China. The students in a professional sport university in China are taken as the respondents of survey in this study. Total 2715 students are surveyed, including 796 females and 1919 males.Results:he questionnaire is tested three times in the design process. First, the pre-survey for the initial scale is preceded. Second, Threshold Analysis, Item-Total Correlation, and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) are applied to classify the scale and construct the professional sport university student satisfaction scale, covering 6 dimensions and 58 questions. Third, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is utilized for analyzing the collected data.Conclusions:The development and application of satisfaction scale develop a practicable tool of self-assessment for professional sport universities as well as assist in promoting the teaching service quality of universities in China and enhancing the continual improvement.
New methods to optimize wine production at all stages from vineyard to bottle

A software platform “Gm.Linux” (“Geisenheim-Linux”) has been developed in recent years at the Center of Wine Science & Beverage Processing Technology (HS Geisenheim University), which can be used to analyze and optimize wine pro- duction processes at all stages from vineyard to bottle. Gm.Linux provides a comprehensive and up-to-date collection of free sci- entific open-source software with special relevance to wine production processes, and it is available at no charge at the Center's Internet pages (modellierung.hs-geisenheim.de/). Based on free open source virtualization software, the system can be used directly after download with no installations on all common platforms such as Windows, MacOS etc. A reference card system provides step-by-step instructions for many practically relevant analysis and optimization procedures. Several examples demonstrate the effectiveness of this new approach from the practitioners, engineers and scientists point of view.
Study of safety and efficacy of autologous platelet rich plasma combined with fractional CO2 laser in the treatment of post acne scars: a comparative simultaneous split-face study

Background: Many treatments are available for treating post acne scars but optimized treatment does not exist still. Hence, this study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of autologous platelet rich plasma combined with fractional CO 2 laser for treatment of acne scars when used in Indian skin. Methods: Thirty patients attended to the Dermatology OPD were enrolled in the study after meeting inclusion criteria. They underwent split-face therapy. They received ablative fractional carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser combined with autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment on one half of their face and ablative fractional CO 2 laser with intradermal normal saline on the other half. The injections were administered immediately after laser therapy. Each participant received 4 treatments spaced by 1 month and were followed up for a period of 4 months. Results: The outcome among the study subjects were assessed using Goodman and Baron Scale at different time intervals. Significant reduction in acne scars was observed in both PRP injection site and normal saline injection site but better reduction of acne scars was noted at the PRP site. The blinded physician’s assessment and patient satisfaction was better at PRP injected side as compared to the normal saline injected side. The incidence of adverse effects and pain during the procedure was significantly lower in PRP injected side compared normal saline injected side. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that PRP should be considered as an adjuvant therapeutic option for dermatologic procedures such as fractional CO 2 laser resurfacing for treatment of post acne scars as it might have additional benefit of reducing the adverse effects such as persistent erythema and edema.
DOES LEARNING SCIENCE MEAN DOING SCIENCE? AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON THE ROLE OF ICT TOOLS IN SCIENCE CLASSROOM ANCHORED ON LEARNER'S EFFICIENCY MODEL

This paper reports on the authors’ experiences in conducting an in-service training course on ICT tools for secondary science educators in the SEAMEO region. It focuses on some of the ICT tools that could be used effectively to promote learning in secondary science classroom. Pre/posttests using Likert scales were administered to evaluate the participants’ perceived levels of knowledge and skills before and after the course activities. The perceived attitude of teachers towards the use of ICT tools in the science classroom was also evaluated. Analysis of data was anchored on a learning efficiency framework. The findings showed that learning efficiency through ICT tools could be improved on the five dimensional constructs of content, feedback, user interface, ease of use and satisfaction. The research activities and findings will serve as guidelines for the future planning of in-service teacher education towards improving teaching and learning of science using ICT tools among educators in the SEAMEO region.
Atomic Data and Laser Transitions in as - Like Gallium

Fine structure calculations of the energy levels, the wavelengths, the oscillator strengths, log gf and the transition probabilities for transitions among the terms belonging to 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s2ns, n=5-6, 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s2np, n=4-6, 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s2nd, n=4-6 and1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s2nf, n=4-6 configurations of As (III) have been calculated using configurations interaction Cowan atomic structure code. Our calculated values for the above mentioned quantities have been compared with the corresponding experimental data and other theoretical calculations where a satisfactory agreement is found. We also report on some unpublished values for energy levels, oscillator strengths and transition probabilities for As like gallium. These atomic data are taken as the basis for studying laser transitions between levels of As(III). Excitation rate coefficients of As like gallium are calculated using the analytical formulas of Vriens and Smeets (1980) and with considering using the collisional radiative model code CRMO of Allam (2006). A simple modification to these formulas has been included by introducing effective quantum numbers. The energy values, the radiative data and rate coefficients are then used to calculate the population densities by solving the coupled rate equations. Among these calculations positive gain coefficients are found at three selected values of electron temperature, namely 7.087 eV, 14.147 eV and 21.261 eV which are displayed as a function of the electron impact density.
Structural change and agricultural diversification since China’s reforms

Structural change is considered the major engine in fostering a country’s growth. In the agricultural sector, diversification is the commonly used development strategy to increase rural sector’s flexibility, and to respond to improving technologies and market conditions. This study examined agricultural development and transformation during China’s socio-economic reforms. In particular, it empirically investigated whether the change of China’s agricultural structure is consistent with structural change theory and observed outcomes from other countries. The degree of agricultural diversification was quantitatively measured at a regional scale using the Herfindahl index. An underdeveloped province in northwest China was studied to provide insights into the interaction among structural change, agricultural diversification, and implemented development policies. Aggregate-level analyses suggest that China’s agricultural transformation pattern is consistent with those of other developing countries. A specific provincial-level analysis shows that environmentally and economically disadvantaged regions are slower to diversify their economy than better endorsed regions.
Performance Analysis of Transmission Lines By ‘Facts’ Technology Against L-G Fault

As population of the world is increasing day by day the energy requirements are also increasing continuously. Consistently increase requirements of electrical power transmission and lack of long term power transmission system planning causes less security and reduction in quality of the electrical power. EPRI (Electrical power research institute) introduced a new technology commonly known by FACTS (Flexible alternating current transmission system) to reduce or compensate some of these difficulties. Introduction of FACTS controllers in existing transmission network provide flexibility in the process of power transmission and control. FACTS controllers have the capability to compensate the system parameters like voltage, current, impedance (series and shunt) active and reactive power etc. This paper is a complete overview of existing FACTS devices. The main emphasis is to be placed on main four devices (SVC, SSSC, STATCOM, and UPFC); modeling and simulation of uncompensated and FACTS compensated system and their control actions will be analyzed and evaluated. The step of modeling with MATLAB and Simulink of different FACTS compensated system is presented and simulation results are discussed. KeywordsFACTS controllers, SVC, SSSC, STATCOM, UPFC, Active and reactive power comparison. _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Study on models for smart surveillance through multi-camera networks

With ever changing world, visual surveillance once a distinctive issue has now became an indispensable component of surveillance system and multi-camera network are the most suited way to achieve them. Even though multi-camera network has manifold advantage over single camera based surveillance, still it adds overheads towards processing, memory requirement, energy consumption, installation costs and complex handling of the system.This thesis explores different challenges in the domain of multi-camera network and surveys the issue of camera calibration and localization. The survey presents an in-depth study of evolution of camera localization over the time. This study helps in realizing the complexity as well as necessity of camera localization in multi-camera network.This thesis proposes smart visual surveillance model that study phases of multi-camera network development model and proposes algorithms at the level of camera placement and camera control. It proposes camera placement technique for gait pattern recognition and a smart camera control governed by occlusion determination algorithm that leads to reducing the number of active camera thus eradicating many overheads yet not compromising with the standards of surveillance. The proposed camera placement technique has been tested over self-acquired data from corridor of Vikram Sarabhai Hall of Residence, NIT Rourkela. The proposed algorithm provides probable places for camera placement in terms of 3D plot depicting the suitability of camera placement for gait pattern recognition.The control flow between cameras is governed by a three step algorithm that works on direction and apparent speed estimation of moving subjects to determine the chances of occlusion between them. The algorithms are tested over self-acquired as well as existing gait database CASIA Dataset A for direction determination as well as occlusion estimation.