Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
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Knudsen and her colleagues describe the impact of common mental disorders (CMDs), namely anxiety and depression on the duration and occurrence of absence from work in a large database covering 13 436 patients over a time span of 6 years using the HADS screening instrument (1). CMDs s negatively affect functioning in private life, lead to individual suffering and also to increased probability of long-term absence from work that might even lead to financial problems as well as complete exclusion from the job market with increasing cost for society due to medical costs as well as non-productive work time (2). It has even been calculated that only 50% of employees unable to work based on CMDs return to their jobs but might be forced to retire (3). Considering the role of mental disorders on the global burden of disease as well as the scarcity of valid studies on this important topic, this examination is a highly sensitive study on the effects of CMDs on the ability to work. Medical practitioners from various disciplines are confronted with various aspects of absence due to mental illnesses as a multidimensional problem; therefore, several variables have been incorporated into their analyses such as gender, income after tax, education, marital status, physical activity, smoking and alcohol drinking habits, body mass index as well as waist-to-hip ratio also including somatic and pain conditions. However, we could not find any data on age-related changes in absence from work. One might assume that age influences the ability to work in relation to various factors that were taken into account in this very comprehensive study. A correlation of various age groups with duration of absence from work in relation to CMDs and other aspects might be helpful for the treatment of the individual and also in the prevention of longer absences from work.
Elevated gene expression of most microglial markers, and reduced expression of most pyramidal neuron and interneuron markers, in postmortem autism cortex

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Nevertheless, a characteristic gene expression signature in postmortem cortex is shared across most ASD cases. Knowing whether this signature reflects changes in cells of particular types would help to determine the molecular, cellular, and anatomical etiology of ASD. To investigate we took advantage of cell type marker genes defined by recent single cell transcriptome sequencing from mouse or human cortex. We find that microglial markers showed significantly and substantially higher median expression in postmortem ASD than in control cortex for both mouse and human markers (21% higher for orthologous markers defined in mouse; 93% higher for human markers). In contrast, neuronal markers showed reduced median expression: 12% and 16% lower for mouse interneurons and pyramidal neurons, 40% lower for human neurons, and 36% lower for a class of human excitatory projection neurons. Cell type density alterations in ASD brains are indicated because distributions of these cell type markers are shifted concordantly. Importantly, orthologous mouse neuronal marker genes encoding proteins localized to diverse neuronal compartments all showed reduced median expression in ASD. Our results provide a framework for revealing the basis of transcriptomic differences in ASD. We propose comparing cell type density alterations in post-mortem tissue with and without these distinctive gene expression changes to reconcile results from stereological and transcriptomic studies.
Genetic Risk Prediction — Are We There Yet?

Amajor goal of the Human Genome Project was to facilitate the identification of inherited genetic variants that increase or decrease the risk of complex diseases. The completion of the International HapMap Project and the development of new methods for genotyping individual DNA samples at 500,000 or more loci have led to a wave of discoveries through genomewide association studies. These analyses have identified common genetic variants that are associated with the risk of more than 40 diseases and human phenotypes. Several companies have begun offering directto-consumer testing that uses the same single-nucleotide polymorphism chips that are used in genomewide association studies. These companies claim that such testing should be made available to consumers who are interested in their personal level of risk for the relevant diseases. Now, “risk tests” for specific diseases such as breast cancer are also being marketed to physicians and consumers. 1
The Validity of the Just Noticeable Difference as a Unit of Psychological Magnitude

Ever since the time of Fechner's Psychophysik it has been commonly supposed that the differential limen or j. n. d. (just noticeable difference) represents a unit of psychological magnitude. And following this assumption it has been held further that psychological magnitudes may be expressed in terms of the number of j. n. d. steps within the limits of such magnitudes. This was the basis on which Fechner was able to develop his logarithmic function relating stimulus and sensation from Weber's law. It is not our purpose here to go into the long argument over the validity of Fechner's position nor the reasoning by which the supraliminal sense distance has been s,abstituted for the differential limen. It is sufficient to point out that at least two recent writers still accept the assumption on which Fechner's procedure was based. Thus Hecht (1929), for instance, after demonstrating that Weber's ratio for brightness discrimination is very far from constant (cf. Hecht 1924), still accepts the j. n. d. as a unit of brightness. Troland (1930) publishes a curve purporting to show the relation between physical and psychological magnitudes based on this assumption.
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is 15 mg/liter, which is unexpectedly greater than the component upper IQR values of 11 mg/liter for the 17 remission and 14 mg/liter for the 30 LDA subgroups (Table 1). The 30 LDA subgroup median CRP translated value of 0.1 mg/liter is also far lower than the median value of the complementary remission subgroup (1.0) as well as the median values of the LDA patients classified by the Clinical Disease Activity Index (2.0) and Simplified Disease Activity Index (1.9) definitions (1). Clarification of the above-mentioned upper IQR outlier values for CRP and inconsistent LDA median CRP values will be helpful in evaluating the comparative efficacy of serum CRP and calprotectin as biomarkers in the large spectrum of inflammatory disease activity of RA. Use of equivalent units of serum calprotectin and CRP as well as SAA or other biomarkers in future cross-sectional (1), longitudinal (2), or preclinical studies would permit more efficient direct data comparisons to interpret complex correlations with disease activity in RA.
Predicting unnecessary nodule biopsy for a small lung cancer screening dataset by less-abstractive deep features

Screening lung cancer by computed tomography (CT) has shown great benefit for early cancer detection, but requires a great effort to eliminate the associated false detection, where the biopsy option costs most among other eliminating options. Therefore it is significant to study lung cancer through image analysis to decrease biopsy tests. However, it is extremely difficult to get enough data with biopsy reports from hospital for machine learning study in a short period. So this study aims to explore machine transfer learning innovations to predict unnecessary biopsies from a very small dataset of pathologically proven nodule CT images. To overcome the problem of big data requirement of the CNN architecture (such as VGG used in this study), we used the parameters trained by ImageNet as the initial features. Then we put part of the labeled pulmonary nodule dataset with the ground truth into the training dataset to fine-tune the parameters of different architectures. Fifty repetitions of the cross validation method of two-thirds training and one-third testing are used to measure the efficiency of different deep transfer learning architectures. Through the classification results shown in ROC curves and AUC values, we find that deep features transferred from natural images can enhance 0.1663 more than the traditional machine learning method based on texture features extracted from gray images directly. And our improved VGG architecture with 8 layers for achieving less-abstractive features can obtain 0.1081 better performance than the more-abstractive ones on the recognition of malignant nodules.
The significance of a two-phase growth response to salinity in wheat and barley

Wheat and barley genotypes that differed in salt tolerance were used to test a hypothesis that the growth response to salinity has two phases. In the first phase there would be a large decrease in growth rate caused by the salt outside the roots, i.e. an 'osmotic' response. In the second phase there would be an additional decline in growth caused by salt having built up to toxic levels within plants, i.e. a 'salt-specific' response. If this two-phase model is correct, genotypes that differ in their ability to exclude salt or tolerate high internal salt concentrations would not differ in growth rate for some period of time in saline conditions. This hypothesis was tested using many genotypes that had previously been found to differ greatly in salt tolerance, as defined by differences in percent reduction in yield or biomass after prolonged exposure to NaCl. Leaf extension of 15 wheat and barley genotypes was measured daily while the NaCl in the nutrient solution was increased over 10 days to 250 mM. All 15 genotypes showed a similar percentage reduction in leaf extension rate. Dry matter production of four selected wheat genotypes that again differed greatly in salt tolerance was measured for up to 6 weeks in 150 mM NaCl. All genotypes showed the same growth reduction for 4 weeks. After this initial period the more salt- sensitive genotype showed a greater decline in growth. This occurred after 60% of the leaves were dead. These data strongly support the hypothesis that the growth response to salinity has two phases, and indicate that most changes in metabolism or gene expression leading to growth reductions during the first phase relate to the osmotic effect of salinity, not to any salt-specific effect. They also indicate that the salt within the plant reduces growth by causing premature senescence of old leaves and hence a reduced supply of assimilates to the growing regions.
A regional model of the eastern cottontail and land-use changes in Illinois

The eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) is important in ecological food webs as a prey species for a wide variety of predators throughout its range, and is also a popular game animal. From 1956 to 1978, the eastern cottontail is estimated to have declined at least 70% in Illinois and more than 90% in the most intensively farmed regions of the state. We describe long-term changes in the index of relative abundance for the eastern cottontail in Illinois in relation tQ regional patterns of land use. Classification and regression trees (CART) analysis was used to analyze county-level changes in 6 land-use variables (row crops, hay, diverted cropland, woodland, small grains, pasture) in relation to the number of cottontails harvested per hunter per day, 1956-69 versus 1982-89. In the early period (1956-69), 78% of the counties had an index of at least 1.50 cottontails hunter -1 . day -1 , compared to only 28% of the counties in the recent period (1982-89). The amounts of pasture, hay, and small grains were positively correlated (P ≤ 0.01) with the change in cottontail index, and 2 response regions were identified with the change in pasture. The region with the least decline in cottontail index had more pasture, hay, and woodland. The stable amount of woodland during recent decades may have moderated the decline in cottontails, despite the negative influences of the other land-use changes. Long-term changes in the cottontail index in Illinois predictably track changes in farming and geomorphic factors that modify agriculture. Our analyses underscore the influence of agriculture on upland wildlife over expansive temporal and spatial scales in North America, influences that are not necessarily apparent in finerscale studies.
Phylogenetics of the Cotton Genus (Gossypium): Character-State Weighted Parsimony Analysis of Chloroplast-DNA Restriction Site Data and Its Systematic and Biogeographic Implications

ABsTRAcr. Total genomic DNAs from 61 accessions of 40 species of Gossypium were surveyed for restriction site variation in the maternally inherited plastid genome using 25 endonucleases. One hundred thirty-five of the 202 restriction site variants detected were potentially synapomorphous and served as binary characters for phylogeny estimation. Two cladistic methods were employed: Wagner parsimony analysis, which resulted in four equally most-parsimonious topologies requiring 161 steps (CI = 0.84), and a novel character-state weighting approach that models the relative probabilities of restriction site losses versus gains. This latter technique, which is theoretically preferable to both Dollo and Wagner parsimony analysis in that it optimizes against parallel site gains, resulted in two optimal phylogenetic estimates (a subset of the Wagner topologies) that differ only in the placement of G. longicalyx. In general, maternal cladistic relationships are congruent with both cytogenetic groupings and geographic clustering. Three major monophyletic clades among diploid species correspond to three continents: Australia (C-, G-genome), the Americas (D-genome), and Africa (A-, E-, and F-genome). African B-genome diploids are placed as sister to the New World D-genome species, albeit by a single homoplasious character state. Substantial agreement is also evident between the cpDNA phylogeny and traditional taxonomic treatments, although there is considerable disagreement at lower infrageneric ranks, particularly among the American and Australian cottons. These discrepancies are discussed, as is the possibility that inconsistency may reflect, at least in part, reticulation events among diploids, which may have occurred in at least three cases. An area cladogram suggests that Gossypium originated in either Africa or Australia. Because paleocontinental reconstructions, palynological evidence and cpDNA sequence divergence estimates concur in suggesting that the two primary clades diverged during the mid to upper Oligocene, the initial cladogenetic event most likely involved long-distance, intercontinental dispersal. Two colonizations of the New World are indicated, a relatively early long-distance dispersal from Africa leading to the evolution of the D-genome diploids, and a second, later dispersal of the maternal, A-genome ancestor of the allopolyploids. American diploid species are hypothesized to have originated in northwestern Mexico, with later radiations into other regions. The radiation of Gossypium in Australia is suggested to have proceeded from the westernmost portion of the continent. The maternal phylogenetic hypothesis and area cladogram suggest the possibility that New World allopolyploids originated following a trans-Pacific transfer of an ancestral A-genome taxon to the Pacific coast of Mesoamerica or South America.
Spatial pattern analysis of annual precipitation with Climate Information System of China

With Climate Information System of China, the distribution map of mean annual precipitation was drawn to describe the spatial distribution of China water condition First, large scale relief maps and topography data were used to build the Digital Elevation Models of China Then climatic data were used to build Trend Surface Models, and to simulate the spatial distribution trend of China precipitation pattern Interpolation method was used to interpolate the surplus calculated by Trend Surface Analysis The simulated data were “smoothed” twice in order to build the spatial distribution database of China annual precipitation Ecology Information System was used to plot and edit the graph, to confine the boundary, and to generate the distribution map Speediness, nicety, reliable theory, credibility, and practicality were characterized by this method, and the simulated results can be verified too The simulated raster climatic data can be used for ecological modelling, or for high precision distribution map
Stretch-Activated Ca2+ and Ca2+-activated K+ Channels in the Hyphal Tip Plasma Membrane of the Oomycete Saprolegnia Ferax

We have used the patch clamp technique to study ion channels involved in hyphal tip growth in the oomycete Saprolegnia ferax . The development of a technique in which protoplasts are produced in distinct linear arrays has permitted the study of transport proteins in protoplasts derived from different regions of the hypha. Using the cell-attached mode we find two K + channels of different amplitudes, both of which are activated by Ca 2+ , as shown by the addition of the Ca 2+ ionophore A23187. In nearly all the recordings (95%) there was a characteristic but variable oscillatory nature to the activity of these channels. K + fluxes through these channels are inward and are of a sufficient magnitude to have a significant impact on cell turgor. Hyphal tip, but rarely distal protoplasts, also contain two stretch-activated channels, one displaying larger amplitudes and permeable to both Ca 2+ and K + and a smaller channel permeable to Mg 2+ . Stretch-activated ion channels permeable to calcium are of particular interest in relation to tip growth and their concentration at the hyphal tip supports a direct role in the tip growth process. This represents a significant advance toward understanding the mechanisms of regulation of this mode of cellular growth.
THE VIABILITY AND COMPATIBILITY OF POLLEN ON INSECTS VISITING APPLE BLOSSOM

Many apple cultivars are more or less completely self-incompatible and therefore require cross-pollinating. Although many insects are known to frequent apple blossom, much remains to be done in evaluating the effectiveness of different species as cross-pollinators. The tendency of an insect to carry compatible pollen has mostly been judged by observing its behaviour in orchards, and particularly the way in which it moves from tree to tree (e.g. Menke 1951, 1952; Free & Spencer-Booth 1964; Free 1966). Such information is difficult to obtain, owing to the small size and rapid movements of many blossom visitors, and can lead only to an indirect and speculative assessment. These difficulties have been partially overcome by using new techniques described in this paper.
Social Insects-An Evolutionary Approach to Castes and Reproduction

Related Entry with Social Insects An Evolutionary Approach To Castes And Reproduction : engels w. (ed.) 1990. social insects. an evolutionary wolf engels (ed.) link.springer the structure of a retinal-forming carotenoid oxygenase william t. wcislo commentary: solitary behavior in social bees intracolony chemical communication in social insects reproductive biology of the cape honeybee: a critique of caste development and reproduction: a genome-wide analysis sociobiology and altruism william bechtel's web journal of heredity 10.1093/jhered/ess008 response to taq sustained division of the attentional spotlight short communication bioone short communication bioone higher fertility of queenless workers in the africanized an evolutionary perspective on self-organized division of reproductive biology of the cape honeybee: a critique of intrinsic colony conditions affect the provisioning and the evolutionary ecology of eusociality in australian gall why do workers of melipona favosa chase their sister-gynes natural selection. vii. history and interpretation of kin drone congregations apart from the nest in
Differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into adipocytes

Objective To find the most effective way to obtain highly homogenous and undifferentiated human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells(hADSCs),and induce the hADSCs to differentiate into adipocytes.Methods hADSCs were isolated from human adipose tissue by collagenase digestion and adherence to flasks.hADSCs were differentiated into adipocytes by using dexamethasone,indomethacin,IBMX and insulin.Results hADSCs had unique immunophenotypes and they were positive for CD73,CD44,CD166,CD105 and CD29,but negative for CD31,CD34,CD45 and HLA-DR.hADSCs had the typical proliferative characteristics of stem cells,most of them were in the resting phase ,only a few cells were in the active proliferative phase.They could be induced to differentiate into adipocytes.Conclusion It is successful to isolate and obtain highly homologous hADSCs,and it was also successful in inducing the hADSCs to differentiate into adipocytes in vitro.
Sexual size dimorphism in seabirds

I I Opinion is intended to facilitate communication between reader and author and reader and N reader. Comments, viewpoints or suggestions arising from published papers are welcome. Discussion and debate about important issues in ecology, e.g. theory or terminology, may also I I be included. Contributions should be as precise as possible and references should be kept to a p 0 minimum. A summary is not required. 0 N
Plant zonation in an Alaskan salt marsh. II: An experimental study of the role of edaphic conditions

(1) Field experiments were conducted to examine the response of mature plants to different edaphic conditions in a subarctic salt marsh. Five dominant perennial vascular species characteristic of distinct zones within the marsh were studied. The specific effects of salinity, waterlogging, and soil type were determined. (2) Results from a 2-year reciprocal transplant experiment demonstrated that Carex lyngbyaei, C. ramenskii and Poa eminens (species characteristic of less saline sites) were inhibited in the outer mudflat zone, where soil water salinity was highest (up to 35%S). The above-ground biomass of Puccinellia nutkaensis, a dominant species on the outer mudflat, was three to four times greater at more inland, drained sites; this species usually died in the waterlogged inner sedge marsh. Triglochin maritimum from the inner mudflat grew well in all sites to which it was transplanted. (3) When cultured for 8 weeks in pots of either peat or silt, all species grew best in the least saline (3 c1) waterlogged treatment. The growth of Puccinellia nutkaensis was greatly inhibited in peat; fertilization (N, P and K) overcame the inhibition. (4) The relative salt tolerance of each species corresponded with the soil salinity in its zone of occurrence, and may determine its seaward limit of distribution within the marsh. Where potential distributions overlap, as at most moderate and low salinity sites, biotic factors such as between-species competition may be more important in maintaining the observed zonation patterns. Puccinellia nutkaensis, in particular, appears to be restricted to the outer mudflat because it is a poor competitor in the inner mudflat and riverbank levee zones.