Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coexistence of five sympatric Piper (Piperaceae) species in a tropical dry forest

Five Costa Rican species of Piper (Piperaceae) co—occur in evergreen forest sites at Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. The species were found to have distinctive spatial distribution patterns with two species (Piper marginatum and P. pseudofuligineum) occurring in early successional sites and the others, P. amalago, P. jacquemontianum, and P. tuberculatum, occurring in less disturbed sites in dry forest, evergreen forest, and riparian forest, respectively. These habitat differences are associated with differences in seed and seedling biology and seasonal changes in the foraging behavior of the chiropteran seed dispersers of these plants. Excluding the uncommon P. tuberculatum, overall pairwise spatial overlap, measured by Pianka's (1974) symmetrical index, averaged 0.61. Relatively low phenological overlap allows the species to share animal visitors. Average pairwise flowering overlap (0.13) was about one—half the value of pairwise fruiting overlap (0.22). Responses to different rainfall cues and/or different inflorescence growth rates produce temporally separated phenological cycles. However, results of computer simulations suggest that observed phenological overlap was neither significantly lower nor significantly higher than expected by chance, for most pairs of species. Insect visitation is necessary for high seed—set, and species differ in their attractiveness to pollinators. Pairwise insect overlap (0.59) was greater than expected by chance, however. The plants also utilize the same six species of frugivorous bats as seed dispersers, and pairwise bat overlap was extremely high (0.96). Because they are important fruit sources for three common bat species, Piper species are keystone mutualists in dry tropical forests.
The orchard establishment, growth and precocity of four micropropagated apple scion cultivars

SummarySelf-rooted trees of Cox’s Orange Pippin, James Grieve, Greensleeves and Golden Delicious apple cvs, produced by micropropagation in vitro in 1978, were planted in April 1979 in a field trial to compare them with trees of the same cultivars produced conventionally by budding onto M.9 and MM. 106 rootstocks in 1977. The micropropagated trees were much smaller at planting than the (older) conventional trees, and although they all were difficult to establish and grew slowly in the year after planting their subsequent performance varied greatly between cultivars. Greensleeves on its own roots was less vigorous (up to five years of age) than Greensleeves on MM. 106 although it was somewhat more vigorous than Greensleeves on M.9. It flowered in the year after planting (1980), and in the subsequent years produced as many or more flowers and fruits per unit length of branch as did the Greensleeves on M.9 and MM. 106. James Grieve on its own roots was much more vigorous in absolute terms and relative to its.
The activity of recombinant DEAD-Box protein Mss116p

Das selbst-spleisende Sc. Gruppe II Intron ai5gamma stellt seit Langem ein uberaus wichtiges und machtiges Modelsystem fur RNA Faltung in vitro dar. Wie fur alle anderen RNAs, spielen Metall Ionen eine entscheidende Rolle im ai5gamma in vitro Faltungsprozess und in den Hefemitochondrien. Im Gegensatz zu den vorherrschenden intrazellularen Ionenkonzentrationen, ist ai5gamma in vitro auf hohe Salzkonzentrationen angewiesen um den selbst-spleis Prozess durchzufuhren. Besonders die Komprimierung des Introns ist limitiert von der Formation eines instabilen Faltungsintermediates, welches durch die Bindung von Mg2+ Ionen stabilisiert wird. Mg2+ Ionen sind bekannt dafur eine uberaus wichtige Rolle in der Forderung des langsamen ai5gamma Faltungskollapses in vitro zu spielen. Es wurde beobachtet, dass eine kernkodierte DEAD-box Helikase, welche als Spleisfaktor fur alle mitochondrialen Introns in Hefe dient, die Mg2+ Anforderung in vitro auf zellulare Konzentration senken kann. Kurzlich wurde Mss116p die Funktion zugewiesen, die Komprimierung von ai5gamma in vitro zu beschleunigen. Deshalb sind wir uberaus interessiert daran, ob Mss116p den Intron-Faltungsprozess uber die Stabilisation des instabilen geschwindigkeitsbeschrankenden Faltungsintermediates stimuliert. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen muss zuerst rekombinantes Mss116p Protein hergestellt werden. Nach Entwicklung eines adaquaten Expressions- und Aufreinigungsprotokolls wird Mss116p auf die Aktivitat und Funktionalitat uberpruft. Im Detail zeigen wir, dass Mss116p im Stande ist ATP, in Abhangigkeit von RNA, zu hydrolysieren und dass es den ai5gamma Gruppe II Intron Selbst-Spleis-Prozess unter beinah-physiologischen Ionenkonzentrationen und Temperaturbedingungen fordert. Zuletzt wurde eine Methode entwickelt um die Struktur von ai5gamma in Ab- und Anwesenheit von Mss116p in vitro zu ermitteln wobei wir Metall-Ionen-induzierte Schnitte als machtiges Instrument zur Hilfe nehmen. Unsere bislang erlangten Daten deuten auf weitere wichtige Optimierungsschritte der Tb3+ Schnittbedingungen hin um die Metall-induzierten Schnittstellen uber eine Reverse Transkription visualisieren zu konnen.
Hybridization of Penaeus setiferus (Linnaeus, 1767) and Penaeus schmitti Burkenroad, 1936 (Decapoda)

ABSTRACT Hybrid crosses of females of Penaeus setiferus x males of Penaeus schmitti were obtained through artificial insemination. Mature females of P. setiferus (mean weight, 53 g ± 8.2 SD), collected from a wild population in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, were inseminated with sperm of males of P. schmitti (mean weight, 27 g ± 5.3 SD) obtained from the western Caribbean Sea. Nauplii resulted from 7 of 19 artificial inseminations and were cultured to the subadult stage. Fertilization in all inseminations was less than 1% (4-4,300 nauplii per spawn), and subsequent survival of nauplii to postlarvae averaged 47%. Hybridization was confirmed by isozyme comparisons of parents and offspring using starch gel electrophoresis. Hybrids also exhibited uropod coloration typical of P. schmitti, the paternal phenotype, when sampled as subadults. Diagnostic differences between the parent species were found only by using a soluble protein stain and were not found in 11 specific enzymes tested. Sperm and ova were observed in mature hybrid offspring. These results are indicative of the phylogenetic relatedness and genomic compatibility of these species.
Neutrophil function in S100A9 null mice.

S100A9 and its heterodimeric binding protein, S100A8, are low molecular weight calcium-binding proteins of the SI00 protein family that are abundantly expressed in myeloid cells. They constitute 40% of neutrophil cytosolic protein and 1% of monocyte cytosolic protein. To elucidate the function of this protein complex, a study of the S100A9 null mice, which also lack S100A8, was undertaken. Myelopoiesis in the S100A9 null mice was shown to be normal, with the resulting neutrophils and monocytes showing no differences in differentiation or activation state. No compensatory upregulation of other SI00 proteins was found in S100A9 null neutrophils, which exhibit a significantly lower buoyant density than wildtype neutrophils. The basic calcium homeostasis of the S100A9 null neutrophils was normal. However a reduced calcium flux in response to suboptimal levels of MIP-2, KC, MlP-la, PAF and C5a but not FMLP was observed. This lesion in calcium response was shown to be in the IP3-mediated calcium release pathway. Adhesion of the S100A9 null neutrophils along with migration and in vitro chemotaxis was normal. In addition no differences in the cytoskeletal morphology of the S100A9 null cells was seen. No defect in in vivo migration of neutrophils or monocytes could be seen in a peritonitis model initiated by thioglycollate, TNFa or IL-ip. Activation of the NADPH oxidase, measured in kinetic and phagocytosis- activated studies, was unaltered by the loss of S100A9. There was no effect of S100A9 deletion in an in vitro bacterial killing assay or in an in vivo model of Streptococcus pneumoniae lung infection. Expression of S100A8/9 has been associated with wound healing and cancer. No defect in wound healing or injected tumour growth was found in S100A9 null mice. However a model of chemical-induced carcinogenesis in the S100A9 null mice demonstrated both an increased rate of papilloma formation and increased papilloma multiplicity.
Uses Semi-quantitative and Relative Quantity Methods to Analysis Gene Expression of DGAT1 Gene Responsible for the Olive Diacylglcerol Acyltransferases in 10 Cultivars of Olive (Olea europaea. L)

In this study gene expression for DGAT1 gene was analyzed. Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) catalyze the final step of the triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis of the Kennedy pathway. Two major gene families have been shown to encode DGATs, DGAT1 (type-1) and DGAT2 (type-2). Gene expression were analyzed for 10 Olive cultivars (Olea europaea L.) (Khaderi, Qaysi, Manzenillo, Baashiqi, Arabqween, Nabali, Labeeb, Dahkan, Shami and Sorani). Different plant organs as plant materials (mature leaves, mesocarp and seeds for drups) used for analysis. Two methods for analysis gene expression were used, first method was called semi – quantitative and second method was called relative – quantitative, used in relative method (Real time PCR and Actine gene as Housekeeping gene). On the other hand chemical analysis was used on fruits like moisture % and oil % of dry and fresh weigh. The results revealed the following: DGAT1 gene expression in leaves, mesocarp and seeds by two methods (semi- quantitative and relative quantity) were the convergent results and clear, also if this results compared with chemical analysis shows that the best cultivars were Arabqween, Khaderi, Qaysi and Labeeb. The cultivars Shami and Khaderi then were contain in fruits desirable qualities of olive oil, low moisture and high oil percentages ratios. While Nabali, Manzanello, and Sorani cultivars middle desirable quantity, and Baashiqi and Dahkan cultivars had undesirable because of low oil quantity and high moisture in contain fruits. Some cultivars have low intensity in semi- quantitative and little fold in relative quantity but it have high oil in contain fruits that may be indicate that these cultivars were complete gene expression and begin to accumulation and save oil in tissue. Therefore particular emphasis was given to the temporal regulation of olive DGATs during drupe development. In olive fruit, TAGs are formed and stored in both the mesocarp and the seed . Two drupe compartments that have different physiological functions and roles and also display difference in the mode of TAG accumulation. DGATI share an overlapping expression pattern after 28 WAF, suggesting that they probably function at those stages. However, following maximal mRNA levels at 22 WAF, DGAT1 transcription declined substantially.
Brood-Rearing in Relation to Worker Number in the Ant Myrmica

winter into a characteristic quantitative as well as qualitative composition. The number of final-instar larvae was roughly proportional to the number of workers, and larvae were bigger when workers were relatively numerous. Evidence was thus provided in support of the hypothesis that the growth of the worker population was autocatalytic, the numbers at any time playing a large part in determining the amount of growing juvenile replacement material. To understand how this regulation is achieved would necessitate full analysis of the social processes involved, but as a first step it is clearly desirable to discover by experiment how worker group size affects brood growth in general, and it is with this that the present paper is concerned. The results of the culture of fixed quantities of brood (starting either as eggs or as larvae) by variable numbers of workers are presented. In addition to this preliminary analysis of the social regulatory mechanism, some light has been thrown on the question of the social conditions relating to the production of queens and workers. Wesson (1940) has shown, using species of the Myrmecine ant Leptothorax, that, after hibernation, amply fed cultures
Human Origin Lactobacillus casei Isolated from Indonesian Infants Demonstrating Potential Characteristics as Probiotics in vitro

The aim of this experiment was to isolate and identify Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) from infant faeces and subsequent evaluation of its potential probiotics. LAB was isolated from faeces of infants who consumed breast milk as the only source of diet on L-cysteine-supplemented MRS Agar, and incubated on 37oC for 48 hours. Colonies grew on this media were then identifi ed based on morphological, physiological and molecular approaches. Morphological and physiological identifi cations based on Gram staining, shape, motility, spore formation, catalase, CO2 and NH3 production, and the ability to grow on temperature at 10oC and 45oC. Molecular identifi cation based on the amplifi cation of 16S rRNA gene. The potential application of selected isolates for probiotics was evaluated based on the ability to grow on media with low pH and the addition of 0.5% bile salts, the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic Bacillus cereus and Eschericia coli, and in vitro adherence ability. On the basis of morphological, physiological and molecular analysis of 16S rRNA gene, it was concluded that the selected isolate 1AF was a strain of Lactobacillus casei. Evaluation of probiotic in vitro showed that 60.4% of cells were resistant to pH 2.0 for 90 minutes. Survival of isolate 1AF after growing at 0.5% bile salts was 70.8%. The selected isolate 1AF showed the ability to inhibit the growth of Eschericia coli and Bacillus cereus with inhibitory zone of 12.00±1,00 and 15.33±1.53 mm, respectively. In vitro study on the adherence value of isolate to solid plate was found at 46.5%. It is concluded that Lactobacillus casei isolate 1AF is a potential candidate as probiotics and subject to further in vivo evaluation.
A new species of arboreal rat, genus Oecomys (Rodentia, Cricetidae) from Chaco

A new species of rodent is added to the highly diverse genus Oecomys (Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae, Oryzomyini) based on specimens collected in the Argentinian provinces of Chaco and Formosa. The new species is characterized by a derived carotid circulatory pattern, a feature shared with O. concolor, O. mamorae, and O. sydandersoni. A unique combination of morphological, morphometric, and molecular characters, however, provides unambiguous evidence of its validity as a separate entity. Individuals of the new species are larger than other representatives of Oecomys, and their skulls have wide and cuneate interorbital regions with well-developed supraorbital shelves, long incisive foramina, long palates, absent alisphenoid struts, and broad Eustachian tubes. This new Oecomys appears to be endemic to the Humid Chaco, an ecoregion listed as Vulnerable due to the human impact. Preliminary observations suggest that several specimens from Eastern Paraguay and the Brazilian Pantanal could also be assigned to the new species described herein.
The Input from Population Genetics: "The New Ecological Genetics

Recently there has been a growing interaction of genetical and ecological approaches to theoretical and natural populations. The relative ease with which plant populations can be studied demographi- cally and experimentally suggests that plants will play a major role in developing this interaction. Already such studies have lead to a "new ecological genetics" that goes beyond earlier conceptualization of ge- netic differences among populations in the framework of experimental taxonomy. This new ecological genetics has developed a series of tenets that emphasize the importance of considering genetic and ecological factors in concert: 1) Explaining the abundance and distribution of organisms is basically the genetic problem of explaining limits to nat- ural selection. 2) An understanding of community structure will come from consideration of hbw forces maintaining species diversity and genetic diversity interact. 3) Adaptation is operationally definable in terms of mortality and fecundity of individuals in populations. 4) Adaptation to new environments results in different genotypes with different life histories. 5) The distinction between "ecological time" and "evolutionary time" is artificial and misleading.
Response of bioinoculents on growth, yield and fiber quality of cotton under irrigation

A field experiment was conducted at Marathwada Agriculture University, Parbhani (M.S., India) to study the effect of bioinoculents on cotton. A co-cultured formulation of Azospirillum, Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and Pink coloured facultative methylotrops (PPFM) were used as bioinoculants in cotton var. PH-348. Plant growth parameters (length, fresh and dry weight) of shoot and root, yield parameters (weight of bolls, number of bolls per plants, seed cotton yield) and fiber quality parameters (span length, uniformity ratio, micronair value, tenacity, EIG%, SFI) were determined. Inoculation of Azospirillum, PSB and PPFMs along with chemical fertilizers resulted in to the significant increase in growth and seed cotton yield parameters of irrigated cotton. The interaction effect due to fertilizer and inoculation were significant on all dates of observations. Surat strain of Azospirillum was proved superior at all fertilizer level. The superiority of Surat strain of Azospirillum + PSB + PPFM was evident at all the fertilizer level and was immediately followed by MAU strain of Azospirillumn + PSB + PPFM. The uses of bioinoculents are beneficial in improving the fiber quality up to some extent.
Breeding ecology of Odorrana margaretae

The breeding ecology of Odorrana margaretae is studied by the methods of observation at fixed-position at regular time in field and at room from 15 July 1997 to 3 Sep.2005. The results indicate that breeding period of O.margaretae is mainly between the first ten days of July and the last ten days of Augest.The average number of eggs in ovaries is 1269.8,and the number of eggs per cluch is 1169.
Multiple lines of evidence support the species status of the poorly known Diasporus tigrillo and the recently described Diasporus citrinobapheus (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae)

The genus of direct-developing frogs Diasporus is currently composed of 11 species ranging from Honduras to Ecuador. Body size variability, advertisement call divergence, and polychromatism have all been reported at the interpopulation level, suggesting that the existence of some species may be masked within the current nomenclature of this group. This pattern highlights the need for integrative approaches to resolve the taxonomy of the genus and provide a robust delimitation of the species it contains. Here, we provide novel data on morphology, genetics, habitat use, and bioacoustics for D. tigrillo, the least known species in the genus. Then we use an integrative approach to assess the divergence between this species and D. citrinobapheus a recently described species. D. tigrillo was indicated as the most similar species to D. citrinobapheus by its authors; however, given the lack of available information for D. tigrillo this conclusion was based only on morphological data obtained from a few deteriorated specimens collected and preserved five decades ago. With our morphological redescription, molecular inference, ecological observations, and acoustic analysis, we found important differences between these two taxonomic entities. Our data, in addition to improving the knowledge of D. tigrillo, therefore provides robust evidence to support the validity of both species. Molecular sequence data. GenBank Accession numbers are detailed in the text. Phylogenetic data. Information related can be reviewed at this URL: http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S18102
Effects of livestock grazing on small mammals at a desert Cienaga

Livestock in arid regions often concentrate their grazing in riparian areas, and this activity can have strong effects on native vegetation and wildlife. Small mammals at a desert wetland (cienaga) in southwestern New Mexico were more abundant on 2 1-ha plots from which livestock were excluded over a 10-year period than on 2 similar grazed plots (P = 0.025). However, species of small mammals differed in the direction and degree of their responses to livestock exclusion. Differences in mean abundance between grazed versus ungrazed plots could not be demonstrated for any species of small mammal individually because of strong annual variation in abundance and low statistical power of tests. However, the cumulative effect was that small mammals were 50% more abundant on plots from which livestock were excluded. Because small mammals provide an important resource base for many animals at higher trophic levels, even a few livestock exclosures of moderate size could benefit a variety of species of wildlife in desert wetlands.
Distribution of Hoplocarida and Decapoda shrimps in spring and winter in the middle area of Subei shoal

Based on the data from two fishery resource surveys in the middle area of Subei shoal in May and September,2010,the paper studied the spatial-temporal distribution of Hoplocarida and Decapoda shrimps(short for shrimp) richness and diversity(H′),discussed the contribution of dominant species to total shrimp density and analyzed shrimp diversity from factors such as geographic and geomorphic conditions and hydrological features.Results showed that 18 Decapoda and 2 Hoplocarida species were identified,of which Palaemon gravieri was the main dominant species in spring and Parapenaeopsis hardwickii in autumn according to index of relative significance(IRI). Although the average number of species in spring was slightly higher than that in autumn,the distribution of shrimps in autumn was more uniform,resulting in that the weight and individual diversity index(H′) in spring(1.13,1.57) was both lower than that in autumn(1.59,1.85). The seasonal species alternation was 55% from spring to autumn.The seasonal variation of Yellow Sea cold water mass and Yangtze River diluted water were indispensible factors that influenced the diversity distribution of shrimps.Judging from value,we draw the conclusion that the variation of the shrimp density was connected to the change of the dominant species density.
Characteristics of Auditory Stereocilia in the Apical Turn of the Echolocating Bats by Scanning Electron Microscopy

The auditory system of the Korean greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum korai, RFK) is adapted to its own echolocation signal, which consist of constant frequency (CF) element and frequency modulated (FM) element. In contrast, the Japanese long-fingered bat (Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus, MSF) emits FM signals. In the present study, the characteristics of stereocilia in RFK (a CF/FM bat) and MSF (a FM bat) were studied in the apical turn of the cochlea where the lower frequencies are transduced. Stereocilia lengths and numbers were quantitatively measured in RFK by scanning electron microscopy and compared with those of MSF. Each inner hair cells (IHCs) of RFK possessed three rows of stereocilia, whereas MSF possessed five rows of stereocilia. Gradients in stereocilia lengths and numbers of stereocilia of the IHCs of RFK were found to be less pronounced and fewer, respectively, than those of MSF. Each outer hair cells (OHCs) possessed three rows of stereocilia in both species. OHCs stereocilia in RFK that distinguished it from MSF were a shorter length and a greater number of stereocilia. These features suggest that the apical cochleas of RFK are adapted for the processing of higher frequency echolocation calls rather than that of MSF.