Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contributions à la résolution du problème de la Satisfiabilité Propositionnelle

Dans cette these, nous nous interessons a la resolution du probleme de la satisfiabilite propositionnelle (SAT). Ce probleme fondamental en theorie de la complexite est aujourd'hui utilise dans de nombreux domaines comme la planification, la bio-informatique, la verification de materiels et de logiciels. En depit d'enormes progres observes ces dernieres annees dans la resolution pratique du probleme SAT, il existe encore une forte demande d'algorithmes efficaces pouvant permettre de resoudre les problemes difficiles. C'est dans ce contexte que se situent les differentes contributions apportees par cette these. Ces contributions s'attellent principalement autour de deux composants cles des solveurs SAT : l'apprentissage de clauses et les heuristiques de choix de variables de branchement. Premierement, nous proposons une methode de resolution permettant d'exploiter les fonctions booleennes cachees generalement introduites lors de la phase d'encodage CNF pour reduire la taille des clauses apprises au cours de la recherche. Ensuite, nous proposons une approche de resolution basee sur le principe d'intensification qui indique les variables sur lesquelles le solveur devrait brancher prioritairement a chaque redemarrage. Ce principe permet ainsi au solveur de diriger la recherche sur la sous-formule booleenne la plus contraignante et de tirer profit du travail de recherche deja accompli en evitant d'explorer le meme sous-espace de recherche plusieurs fois. Dans une troisieme contribution, nous proposons un nouveau schema d'apprentissage de clauses qui permet de deriver une classe particuliere de clauses Bi-Assertives et nous montrons que leur exploitation ameliore significativement les performances des solveurs SAT CDCL issus de l'etat de l'art. Finalement, nous nous sommes interesses aux principales strategies de gestion de la base de clauses apprises utilisees dans la litterature. En effet, partant de deux strategies de reduction simples : elimination des clauses de maniere aleatoire et celle utilisant la taille des clauses comme critere pour juger la qualite d'une clause apprise, et motiver par les resultats obtenus a partir de ces strategies, nous proposons plusieurs nouvelles strategies efficaces qui combinent le maintien de clauses courtes (de taille bornee par k), tout en supprimant aleatoirement les clauses de longueurs superieures a k. Ces nouvelles strategies nous permettent d'identifier les clauses les plus pertinentes pour le processus de recherche.
APPLICATION DE LA MECANIQUE DE L'ENDOMMAGEMENT AU COMPORTEMENT NON LINEAIRE ET A LA RUPTURE DU BETON DE STRUCTURE

CETTE ETUDE PROPOSE LA CONSTRUCTION D'UN MODELE DE COMPORTEMENT S'APPUYANT SUR LES PROPRIETES MICROSTRUCTURELLES DU MATERIAU ET PERMETTANT LA SIMULATION NUMERIQUE DE L'ENDOMMAGEMENT. TROIS PARTIES COMPOSENT CE TRAVAIL : 1 - MICROSTRUCTURE ET COMPORTEMENT MECANIQUE DU BETON : IL S'AGIT DE L'ETUDE DE LA FORMATION ET DE L'EVOLUTION DE LA MICROSTRUCTURE DANS LE TEMPS ET SOUS SOLLICITATIONS MECANIQUES. DES MODELES MICROSTRUCTURAUX AIDENT A APPREHENDER LES PRINCIPAUX PHENOMENES DE COMPORTEMENT ET APPORTENT DE NOMBREUX ENSEIGNEMENTS A LA FORMULATION D'HYPOTHESES UTILISEES DANS LA SUITE. - 2 - MODELE DE COMPORTEMENT MECANIQUE DU BETON : ETABLI DANS LE CADRE DE LA THERMODYNAMIQUE DES PROCESSUS IRREVERSIBLES, ON PASSE EN REVUE LES ACQUIS ET ON JUSTIFIE LES APPORTS SPECIFIQUES A CETTE ETUDE. APRES AVOIR TRAITE DES PROBLEMES D'IDENTIFICATION, UNE ETUDE NUMERIQUE A L'ECHELLE DE L'ELEMENT DE VOLUME JUSTIFIE LES CHOIX EFFECTUES ET PERMET DE PROPOSER UNE INTERPRETATION ORIGINALE DE CERTAINS RESULTATS EXPERIMENTAUX. - 3 - ETUDE DE L'ENDOMMAGEMENT EN TRACTION DANS LES STRUCTURES : LA FORMATION DES FISSURES : L'ETUDE PRECEDENTE EST ADAPTEE PUIS INTEGREE A UN PROGRAMME DE CALCUL PAR ELEMENTS FINIS. UNE EXPERIMENTATION VISANT A CARACTERISER PHYSIQUEMENT ET MECANIQUEMENT LA NOTION D'ENDOMMAGEMENT ET DE RUPTURE PERMET DE VERIFIER LE BIEN FONDE DU MODELE PROPOSE ET D'ANALYSER SES PERFORMANCES DANS LE DOMAINE DU CALCUL PREVISIONNEL.
HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries?

Objectives To describe the progression times of HIV-1 infection from seroconversion to AIDS and to death, and time from first developing AIDS to death in rural Uganda. Also, to describe the proportion of individuals within the cohort dying with AIDS and the CD4 lymphocyte count before death. Design A prospective, longitudinal, population-based cohort. Methods Since 1990, 107 HIV-prevalent cases, 168 incident cases and 235 HIV-seronegative controls have been recruited into a cohort in rural Uganda. Participants are recruited from the general population and they are reviewed routinely every 3 months and at other times when ill. Results The median time from seroconversion to death was 9.8 years. Age over 40 years at seroconversion was associated with more rapid progression (P < 0.001, log rank test). For the first 4 years of the study, HIV contributed little to the death rates in the HIV incident cases, but after 5 years, the contribution of HIV became greater and was particularly marked in the oldest age group. Survival rates in the cohort were similar to those in the general population. The median time from seroconversion to AIDS was 9.4 years and from AIDS to death was 9.2 months. Of those infected with HIV-1, 80% died with AIDS and 20% had a CD4 count < 10 × 106 cells/l. Conclusions Survival with HIV-1 infection is similar in Africa to industrialized countries before the use of antiretroviral therapy; when they do die, many of those in Africa are severely immunosuppressed and most have clinical features of AIDS.
WeARHand: Head-worn, RGB-D camera-based, bare-hand user interface with visually enhanced depth perception

We introduce WeARHand, which allows a user to manipulate virtual 3D objects with a bare hand in a wearable augmented reality (AR) environment. Our method uses no environmentally tethered tracking devices and localizes a pair of near-range and far-range RGB-D cameras mounted on a head-worn display and a moving bare hand in 3D space by exploiting depth input data. Depth perception is enhanced through egocentric visual feedback, including a semi-transparent proxy hand. We implement a virtual hand interaction technique and feedback approaches, and evaluate their performance and usability. The proposed method can apply to many 3D interaction scenarios using hands in a wearable AR environment, such as AR information browsing, maintenance, design, and games.
Cytochrome P450c17α (CYP17) gene polymorphism is not associated with leiomyoma susceptibility

Estrogen plays a role in the pathogenesis of leiomyoma. The CYP17 gene codes for the cytochrome P450c17a enzyme, which is involved in the biosynthesis of estrogen. Our aim was to investigate if CYP17 polymorphism could be a useful marker to predict the susceptibility to leiomyoma. Our sample of female subjects was divided into two groups: (1) with leiomyoma (n = 159); (2) without leiomyoma (n = 128). A 169-bp fragment encompassing the A1/A2 polymorphic site of the CYP17 gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restricted by enzyme MspA1I and electrophored on agarose gel. Genotypes and allelic frequencies for this polymorphism in both groups were compared. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the distribution of the CYP17 gene polymorphism frequencies. The A1 homozygote/heterozygote/A2 homozygote proportions for CYP17 in both groups were: (1) 17.0/46.5/36.5%, and (2) 17.2/45.3/37.5%. The proportions for alleles A1 and A2 were also comparable in the two groups. A1 and A2 allele frequencies were: 7% (40.3/59) in group 1, and 2% (39.8/60) in group 2. No significant association was observed between the risk of leiomyoma and polymorphisms of the CYP 17 gene. So, CYP17 gene polymorphism does not appear to be a useful marker for the prediction of leiomyoma susceptibility.
Different Doses of Clazosentan for Aneurismal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Clazosentan therapy has been found to be effective in reducing the incidence of vasospasm after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine whether different doses of clazosentan treatment significantly reduced the incidence of delayed ischemic neurological deficits (DINDs) and new cerebral infarction (NCI). We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library and Medline from inception until October, 2015. All randomized controlled trials related to the functions of clazosentan in aSAH were included. Analyses were performed following the method guideline of Cochrane Back Review Group. Four randomized placebo-controlled trials met eligibility criteria and enrolled a total of 2159 patients. The meta-analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in the incidence of DINDs (relative risk, 0.49 and 95% CI, 0.33–0.73) and NCI (relative risk, 0.42 and 95% CI, 0.25–0.71) in patients treated with a high dose of clazosentan (15 mg/h) after aSAH. In addition, a high dose of clazosentan (15 mg/h) had no more effect on the incidence of adverse events than that of a low dose (1–5 mg/h). The results of the present meta-analysis show that a high dose of clazosentan significantly reduced the incidence of the vasospasm-related DINDs and NCI. Further study is required to fully understand the potential usefulness of clazosentan in patients with aSAH.
EEG Recording and Analysis for Sleep Research

The electroencephalogram (EEG) is the most common tool used in sleep research. This unit describes the methods for recording and analyzing the EEG. Detailed protocols describe recorder calibration, electrode application, EEG recording, and computer EEG analysis with power spectral analysis. Computer digitization of an analog EEG signal is discussed, along with EEG filtering and the parameters of fast Fourier transform (FFT) power spectral analysis. Sample data are provided for a typical night's analysis of EEG during NREM (non‐REM) and REM sleep. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 49:10.2. 1‐10.2. 19. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Economic Analysis of Widespread Adoption of CSR and Sustainability Reporting Standards: Structured Overview of CSR Literature

In this appendix to Christensen, Hail, and Leuz (2018), “Economic Analysis of Widespread Adoption of CSR and Sustainability Reporting Standards,” Research report (available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3315673), we classify and briefly summarize extant academic literature on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability reporting. Based on a systematic search and review of articles in leading accounting, economics, finance, and management journals as well as ongoing research, we identify more than 380 published articles and working papers on topics related to CSR and CSR reporting. For each academic study, we provide a summary of the research question and the variables of interest, the research design, and the main results. We also indicate the research methods applied and whether the study specifically relates to CSR reporting issues or rather to CSR activities in general. We group the studies into seven topical areas, each represented by its own summary table, and add a table containing CSR review and summary articles at the end.
Improvement in Photovoltaic Performance of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Using Activated Carbon-TiO2  Composites-Based Photoanode

In this study, the activated carbon (AC) is synthesized from the oil fly ash (FA). Noncarbonaceous impurities were eliminated by acidic treatment of oil FA. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analyses are used to characterize the AC. The AC is then mixed with TiO2 in different concentrations to form hybrid photoanodes for dye sensitized solar cells. The dispersion of AC in TiO2 is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy analysis. Solar cells are fabricated by employing the composite films as the working electrode. The UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy, photocurrent-voltage characteristic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses are carried out to examine the performance of solar cells. The results indicate that the concentration of AC in photoanode strongly affects the efficiency of solar cells. The solar cell fabricated with 0.05% AC -TiO2 photoanode, shows the highest efficiency of 5.45%, which is 61% greater than unmodified photoanode (3.38%). Density functional theory quantum modeling technique is used to compute the band gap of TiO2 and C-TiO2 clusters.
Cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life at different exercise intensities after myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND Studies relating physical exercises and health have contributed to elucidate the influence of sedentary habits on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of different intensities of aerobic exercises on patients' functional capacity (VO₂(peak)) and quality of life after acute myocardial infarction. METHODS Eighty-seven men (57.7 ± 6.1 years old) were enrolled in this prospective study and assigned to one of three groups: a) high-intensity physical training (n=29) at 85% maximum heart rate for 12 weeks; b) moderate-intensity training (n=29) at 75% maximum heart rate for 12 weeks; and c) control group (n=29), who were followed. The training groups did aerobic exercises five times a week in 45-minute sessions, besides muscular strengthening and stretching exercises. Maximum VO₂ was measured through a cardiopulmonary test, and quality of life was assessed through the MacNew Questionnaire. RESULTS Two-way ANOVA revealed a significant increase in VO₂(peak) (p<0.05) in the high-intensity training group (from 29.9 ± 2.2 ml/kg.min to 41.6± 3.9 ml/kg.min) compared with the moderate-intensity training group (from 32.0 ± 5.3 ml/kg.min to 37.1 ± 3.9 ml/kg.min). Additionally, both training groups showed a significant increase in this parameter compared with the control group (from 31.6 ± 3.9 ml/kg.min to 29.2 ±4.1 ml/kg.min). Quality of life improved significantly (p<0.05) in the high-intensity training group (from 5.66 to 6.80) and in the moderate-intensity training group (from 5.38 to 6.72), but not in the control group (from 5.30 to 5.15). CONCLUSION Exercises of greater intensity resulted in an increase in functional capacity and quality of life in patients after myocardial infarction.
Evaluation of a prototype small-animal PET detector with depth-of-interaction encoding

We report on the evaluation of a prototype small-animal positron emission tomography (PET) detector with depth-of-interaction (DOI) encoding. The detector consisted of an 8/spl times/8 array of scintillator crystals that were read out on the top and bottom by position sensitive avalanche photodiodes (PSAPD). Each scintillator crystal had dimensions of 1.65 mm/spl times/1.65 mm/spl times/22.00 mm, and the array had a pitch of 1.75 mm. The 14/spl times/4 mm PSAPDs were coupled to compact, discrete transimpedance preamplifiers. The DOI response was measured by illuminating the detector module from the side with an electronically collimated fan beam of 511 keV gamma rays. The signals from the corner contacts of the PSAPDs were used to identify the crystal of interaction, and the ratio of the total signals from the two PSAPDs was used to calculate the depth z at which the interaction took place. By stepping the crystal array in the z direction (perpendicular to the fan beam), we were able to determine the DOI resolution for each individual crystal. For measurements made at 10/spl deg/C, the average DOI resolution was better than 3 mm. Energy resolution and timing resolution (versus a fast plastic scintillator coupled to a photomultiplier tube) were made under the same operating conditions. The average energy resolution across the array was 16.6% at 511 keV, and the average timing resolution was 3.9 ns. Importantly, the detector performance was maintained all the way out to the crystals at the edges of the PSAPDs.
The changes occurring in the ovary of the goat during the estrous cycle and in early pregnancy.

IINTRODUCTION During the last forty years many papers have been written on the changes occurring in the ovaries of the common domestic ungulates. Yet there is still a gap in our knowledge of the histological changes that occur in the ovary of the goat. Corner (1915, 1919 and 1921) and Solomons & Gatenby (1924) have described the changes that occur in the ovary of the sow, whilst Marshall (1904), Grant (1934) and Warbritton (1934) cover certain aspects of these changes in the ovary of the sheep. The details of some of the changes occurring in the ovary of the cow have been described by McNutt (1924) and all the available literature was summarized by Hammond (1927). The histological changes occurring in the ovary of the mare and the pony have been the subject of recent papers by Hammond & Wodzicki (1941) and Harrison (1946). Kupfer (1928) has given a description of the macroscopic appearances of 20 Boer and 20 Angora goat ovaries from South Africa, but no histological details are presented. The following work was therefore undertaken to investigate ovogenesis, follicular development and atresia, and the development and fate of the corpus luteum in the ovary of the goat.
Probabilistic Estimation of Location Error in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Many ad hoc network applications rely on nodes having accurate knowledge of their geographic locations. However, inherent in all localization systems is a degree of error in computed positions, which can compromise the accuracy and efficiency of location dependent applications and protocols. We propose a method in which nodes estimate the amount of error present in their derived positions with a certain probability. A linear scaling function is applied to the the calculated theoretical lower bound on localization variance, given by the Cram\'{e}r-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB), so that it closely matches the variance of a given localization system. Probabilistic methods then use this variance function to estimate localization error. Coefficients for the scaling function were derived through simulations, and the proposed method was used to successfully estimate localization error in a multitude of randomly generated network topologies. Once known, estimates can be integrated into location dependent schemes to improve on their robustness to localization error.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE UPTAKE, BINDING AND RETENTION OF [3H]CORTISOL BY THE CHICK EMBRYO RETINA AS RELATED TO ENZYME INDUCTION

—The accumulation of [3H]cortisol by the embryonic chick neural retina was studied at a time of rapid biochemical differentiation. In retinal cultures, uptake of steroid was decreased by inhibitors of energy metabolism and of sulphhydryl groups but not by inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis. The retention of steroid was inhibited by dinitrophenol and N‐ethyl maleimide (NEM) over a 3 h incubation period. This inhibition may be due, in part, to the effect of NEM on the binding of steroid to intraretinal receptor as can be demonstrated by gel filtration. Neuraminidase had no effect on [3H]cortisol uptake or retention but markedly inhibited the induction of glutamine synthetase by the steroid. Uptake and retention of steroid at 37° was greater in the retinal nuclear pellet than in the cytosol fraction; the reverse was true at 4°. After treatment with NEM, [3H]cortisol accumulation in the nuclear pellet was drastically decreased, with approximately the same level of uptake as that seen at 4°. A temperature‐dependent, sulphhydryl‐sensitive process of steroid translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus may thus be indicated.
NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS

The thymidine mimics isocarbostyril nucleosides and difluorophenyl nucleosides were tested as deoxynucleoside kinase substrates using recombinant human cytosolic thymidine kinase (TK1) and deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), and mitochondrial thymidine kinase (TK2) and deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK). The isocarbostyril nucleoside compound 1-(2-deoxy-b-D-ribofuranosyl)-isocarbostyril (EN1) was a poor substrate with all the enzymes. The phosphorylation rates of EN1 with TK1 and TK2 were <1% relative to Thd, where as the phosphorylation rates for EN1 were 1.4% and 1.1% with dCK and dGK relative to dCyd and dGuo, respectively. The analogue 1-(2-deoxy-b-D-ribofuranosyl)-7-iodoisocarbostyril (EN2) showed poor relativephosphorylation efficiencies (kcat/Km) with both TK1 and dGK, but not with TK2. The kcat/Km value for EN2 with TK2 was 12.6% relative to that for Thd. Of the *Correspondence: Staffan Eriksson, Division of Cardiology, Vascular Biology Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, KIY 4W7, Canada; E-mail: Staffan.Eriksson@
A cDNA resource from the basal chordate Ciona intestinalis

Summary: The genome of the basal choradate Ciona intestinalis contains a basic set of genes with less redundancy compared to the vertebrate genome. Extensive EST analyses, cDNA sequencing, and clustering yielded “Ciona intestinalis Gene Collection Release 1,” which contains cDNA clones for 13,464 genes, covering nearly 85% of the Ciona mRNA species. This release is ready for use in cDNA cloning, micro/macroarray analysis, and other comprehensive genome‐wide analyses for further molecular studies of basal chordates. genesis 33:153–154, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Differential Effects of pp120 (Ceacam 1) on the Mitogenic Action of Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Are Regulated by the Nonconserved Tyrosine 1316 in the Insulin Receptor

ABSTRACT pp120 (Ceacam 1) undergoes ligand-stimulated phosphorylation by the insulin receptor, but not by the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). This differential phosphorylation is regulated by the C terminus of the β-subunit of the insulin receptor, the least conserved domain of the two receptors. In the present studies, deletion and site-directed mutagenesis in stably transfected hepatocytes derived from insulin receptor knockout mice (IR−/−) revealed that Tyr1316, which is replaced by the nonphosphorylatable phenylalanine in IGF-1R, regulated the differential phosphorylation of pp120 by the insulin receptor. Similarly, the nonconserved Tyr1316 residue also regulated the differential effect of pp120 on IGF-1 and insulin mitogenesis, with pp120 downregulating the growth-promoting action of insulin, but not that of IGF-1. Thus, it appears that pp120 phosphorylation by the insulin receptor is required and sufficient to mediate its downregulatory effect on the mitogenic action of insulin. Furthermore, the current studies revealed that the C terminus of the β-subunit of the insulin receptor contains elements that suppress the mitogenic action of insulin. Because IR−/− hepatocytes are derived from liver, an insulin-targeted tissue, our observations have finally resolved the controversy about the role of the least-conserved domain of insulin and IGF-1Rs in mediating the difference in the mitogenic action of their ligands, with IGF-1 being more mitogenic than insulin.