Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automation in Cervical Cytology

: Cervical cytology is the most logical area to introduce automation into daily practice. The Papanicolaou test is extremely labor intensive and, therefore, at risk for human errors. Automated screening of cervical tests has been attempted for many years with the hope of improving sensitivity and speciﬁcity, as well as increasing productivity. Over the years, numerous systems have been introduced. The early ones failed mostly because computer capabilities could not handle the enormous amount of information required to differentiate normal from abnormal cells. Recent improvements in the processing power of computers have made the practical application of automated devices possible. In the process of developing automated screening systems, it was realized that the method of specimen processing (smearing a sample over a glass slide) is not an optimal one. As such, mostly as a byproduct, liquid-based technology was introduced. Despite early concerns regarding morphology and, more important, cost, liquid-based preparations have become so successful that, in practice, they have become the standard of care. Similar concerns regarding additional cost are raised against currently available automated systems. Clinical daily practice will show if these concerns are valid.
Identifiability and identification of inertial parameters using the underactuated base-link dynamics for legged multibody systems

In this paper we study the dynamics of multibody systems with the base not permanently fixed to the inertial frame, or more specifically legged systems such as humanoid robots and humans. The issue is to be approached in terms of the identification theory developed in the field of robotics. The under-actuated base-link which characterizes the dynamics of legged systems is the focus of this work. The useful mechanical feature to analyze the dynamics of legged system is proven: the set of inertial parameters appearing in the equation of motion of the under-actuated base is equivalent to the set in the equations of the whole body. In particular, when no external force acts on the system, all of the parameters in the set except the total mass are generally identifiable only from the observation of the free-flying motion. We also propose a method to identify the inertial parameters based on the dynamics of the under-actuated base. The method does not require the measurement of the joint torques. Neither the joint frictions nor the actuator dynamics need to be considered. Even when the system has no external reaction force, the method is still applicable. The method has been tested on both a humanoid robot and a human, and the experimental results are shown.
Cortical spreading depression and gene regulation: Relevance to migraine

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) may be the underlying mechanism of migraine aura. The role of CSD in initiating a migraine headache remains to be determined, but it might involve specific changes in gene expression in the brain. To examine these changes, four episodes of CSD at 5‐minute intervals were induced in the mouse brain by application of 300mM KCl, and gene expression was examined 2 hours later using cDNA array and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Controls consisted of groups that received anesthesia only, attachment of recording electrodes only, and application of 0.9% NaCl. Of the over 1,180 genes examined in our experiments, those consistently regulated by CSD included vasoactive peptides; the vasodilator atrial natriuretic peptide was induced by CSD, while the vasoconstrictor neuropeptide Y was downregulated. Other genes specifically regulated by CSD were involved in oxidative stress responses (major prion protein, glutathione‐S‐transferase‐5, and apolipoprotein E). L‐type calcium channel mRNA was upregulated. In summary, CSD regulates genes that are intrinsic to its propagation, that identify accompanying vascular responses as a potential source of pain, and that protect against its potential pathological consequences. We believe these observations have strong relevance to the mechanisms of migraine and its outcomes.
Tamoxifen Inhibits Inward Rectifier K+ 2.x Family of Inward Rectifier Channels by Interfering with Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate-Channel Interactions

Tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor antagonist used in the treatment of breast cancer, inhibits the inward rectifier potassium current (IK1) in cardiac myocytes by an unknown mechanism. We characterized the inhibitory effects of tamoxifen on Kir2.1, Kir2.2, and Kir2.3 potassium channels that underlie cardiac IK1. We also studied the effects of 4-hydroxytamoxifen and raloxifene. All three drugs inhibited inward rectifier K+ 2.x (Kir2.x) family members. The order of inhibition for all three drugs was Kir2.3 > Kir2.1 ∼ Kir2.2. The onset of inhibition of Kir2.x current by these compounds was slow (T1/2 ∼ 6 min) and only partially recovered after washout (∼30%). Kir2.x inhibition was concentration-dependent but voltage-independent. The time course and degree of inhibition was independent of external or internal drug application. We tested the hypothesis that tamoxifen interferes with the interaction between the channel and the membrane-delimited channel activator, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Inhibition of Kir2.3 currents was significantly reduced by a single point mutation of I213L, which enhances Kir2.3 interaction with membrane PIP2. Pretreatment with PIP2 significantly decreased the inhibition induced by tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and raloxifene on Kir2.3 channels. Pretreatment with spermine (100 μM) decreased the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on Kir2.1, probably by strengthening the channel's interaction with PIP2. In cat atrial and ventricular myocytes, 3 μM tamoxifen inhibited IK1, but the effect was greater in the former than the latter. The data strongly suggest that tamoxifen, its metabolite, and the estrogen receptor inhibitor raloxifene inhibit Kir2.x channels indirectly by interfering with the interaction between the channel and PIP2.
Regional Differential Effects of the Novel Histamine H3 Receptor Antagonist 6-[(3-Cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin-7-yl)oxy]-N-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide hydrochloride (GSK189254) on Histamine Release in the Central Nervous System of Freely Moving Rats

After oral administration, the nonimidazole histamine H3 receptor antagonist, 6-[(3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin-7-yl)oxy]-N-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide hydrochloride (GSK189254), increased histamine release from the tuberomammillary nucleus, where all histaminergic somata are localized, and from where their axons project to the entire brain. To further understand functional histaminergic circuitry in the brain, dual-probe microdialysis was used to pharmacologically block H3 receptors in the tuberomammillary nucleus, and monitor histamine release in projection areas. Perfusion of the tuberomammillary nucleus with GSK189254 increased histamine release from the tuberomammillary nucleus, nucleus basalis magnocellularis, and cortex, but not from the striatum or nucleus accumbens. Cortical acetylcholine (ACh) release was also increased, but striatal dopamine release was not affected. When administered locally, GSK189254 increased histamine release from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis, but not from the striatum. Thus, defined by their sensitivity to GSK189254, histaminergic neurons establish distinct pathways according to their terminal projections, and can differentially modulate neurotransmitter release in a brain region-specific manner. Consistent with its effects on cortical ACh release, systemic administration of GSK189254 antagonized the amnesic effects of scopolamine in the rat object recognition test, a cognition paradigm with important cortical components.
PRX-08066, a Novel 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2B Antagonist, Reduces Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Right Ventricular Hypertrophy in Rats

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening disease that results in right ventricular failure. 5-((4-(6-Chlorothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-2-fluorobenzonitrile monofumarate (PRX-08066) is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B (5-HT2BR) antagonist that causes selective vasodilation of pulmonary arteries. In the current study, the effects of PRX-08066 were assessed by using the monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rat model. Male rats received 40 mg/kg MCT or phosphate-buffered saline and were treated orally twice a day with vehicle or 50 or 100 mg/kg PRX-08066 for 5 weeks. Pulmonary and cardiac functions were evaluated by hemodynamics, heart weight, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pulmonary artery (PA) morphology, and histology. Cardiac MRI demonstrated that PRX-08066 (100 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) improved right ventricular ejection fraction. PRX-08066 significantly reduced peak PA pressure at 50 and 100 mg/kg (P < 0.05 and < 0.01, respectively) compared with MCT control animals. PRX-08066 therapy also significantly reduced right ventricle (RV)/body weight and RV/left ventricle + septum (P < 0.01 and < 0.001, respectively) compared with MCT-treated animals. Morphometric assessment of pulmonary arterioles revealed a significant reduction in medial wall thickening and lumen occlusion associated with both doses of PRX-08066 (P < 0.01). The 5-HT2BR antagonist PRX-08066 significantly attenuated the elevation in PA pressure and RV hypertrophy and maintained cardiac function. Pulmonary vascular remodeling was also diminished compared with MCT control rats. PRX-08066 prevents the severity of PAH in the MCT rat model.
Blue NA 0.85/DVD/CD compatible optical head

In high density optical disk systems employing blue laser diodes, high NA (numerical aperture) objective lenses and thin cover layer disks, compatibility with conventional DVDs and CDs is strongly required. The authors have previously proposed a blue/DVD/CD compatible optical head, whose NA for the blue optical disk is 0.7. On the other hand, NA 0.85 single objective lenses have also become available, which are suitable for the compatibility requirements because of the long working distance. So, this paper further proposes a blue/DVD/CD compatible optical head, whose NA for the blue optical disk is 0.85. In order to realize the compatibility between different types of disks, it is necessary to correct the spherical aberration and control the NA for each disk. In this three-wavelength optical head, the spherical aberration is corrected by variable magnification, and the NA is controlled by a wavelength selective aperture.
3-Substituted Pyrazole Analogs of the Cannabinoid Type 1 (CB1) Receptor Antagonist Rimonabant: Cannabinoid Agonist-Like Effects in Mice via Non-CB1, Non-CB2 Mechanism

The prototypic cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, rimonabant, is comprised of a pyrazole core surrounded by a carboxyamide with terminal piperidine group (3-substituent), a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group (1-substituent), a 4-chlorophenyl group (5-substituent), and a methyl group (4-substituent). Previous structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis has suggested that the 3-position may be involved in receptor recognition and agonist activity. The goal of the present study was to develop CB1-selective compounds and explore further the SAR of 3-substitution on the rimonabant template. 3-Substituted analogs with benzyl and alkyl amino, dihydrooxazole, and oxazole moieties were synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Several notable patterns emerged. First, most of the analogs exhibited CB1 selectivity, with many lacking affinity for the CB2 receptor. Affinity tended to be better when [3H]5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-4-methyl-N-(piperidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716), rather than [3H](−)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4(1,1-dimethyl-heptyl)phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxy-propyl)cyclohexanol (CP55,940), was used as the binding radioligand. Second, many of the analogs produced an agonist-like profile of effects in mice (i.e., suppression of activity, antinociception, hypothermia, and immobility); however, their potencies were not well correlated with their CB1 binding affinities. Further assessment of selected analogs showed that none were effective antagonists of the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice, their agonist-like effects were not blocked by rimonabant, they were active in vivo in CB1(−/−) mice, and they failed to stimulate guanosine-5′-O-(3-[35S]thio)-triphosphate binding. Several analogs were inverse agonists in the latter assay. Together, these results suggest that this series of 3-substituted pyrazole analogs represent a novel class of CB1-selective cannabinoids that produce agonist-like effects in mice through a non-CB1, non-CB2 mechanism.
A Fast Reroute Mechanism for RIP Protocol

Aiming at the RIP (Routing Information Protocol) can’t dealing with network failures effectively, causing significant forwarding discontinuity after a failure. The drawback with this protocol is that it need to trade off routing stability and forwarding continuity. To improve failure resiliency without jeopardizing routing stability, we propose a fast local rerouting based on RIP called FR-RIP. The new scheme extend the RIP protocol and have three features: (1) deal with the failure of simultaneous failures of multiple arbitrary links; (2) improves service availability without jeopardizing routing stability; (3) use it does not cause a forwarding loop. The new scheme suppression of its failure notification under FR-RIP (Fast Reroute Mechanism for RIP Protocol) provides better stability and availability, meanwhile the authors proved that it always finds a loop-free path to a destination if one such path exists. Simulations performed show that FR-RIP can dealing with the simultaneous failures of multiple arbitrary links effectively.
Three Uses for Springs in Legged Locomotion

Running animals and robots can save energy and reduce unwanted heat production by bouncing along on springs, using the principle of the pogo stick. (The principal springs in animals are tendons.) They can make further energy savings by using return springs to halt the legs at the end of each foward or backward swing and start them swinging the other way. The forces at impact of feet with the ground can be moderated by compliant foot pads, which can improve road holding by preventing "chatter" (vibrations in which the foot repeatedly leaves and returns to the ground before settling). Animals use springs in all three ways but there seems to be a need for more use of springs in legged robots, especially in robots designed to run fast.
Tactile Sensing Mechanisms

This paper has three main themes: design of a cylindrical tactile sensor, mechanical analysis using planar linear elas ticity models, and signal analysis for determining basic infor mation about the applied contact. An analysis of appropriate sensor depth has been used to allow accurate localization of contacts and reduced spatial aliasing. A comparison has been made between the cylindrical sensor and a simple two- dimensional stress-strain model. The effects of skin thickness and sensor depth on sensitivity are analyzed. Preliminary methods for determining contact location, total force, and tangential force with only normal deflection sensors have been implemented for a line contact.
Effects of Crossing Angles

In visualizing graphs as node-link diagrams, it is commonly accepted and employed as a general rule that the number of link crossings should be minimized whenever possible. However, little attention has been paid to how to handle the remaining crossings in the visualization. The study presented in this paper examines the effects of crossing angles on performance of path tracing tasks. It was found that the effect varied with the size of crossing angles. In particular, task response time decreased as the crossing angle increased. However, the rate of the decrease tended to level off when the angle was close to 90 degrees. One of the implications of this study in graph visualization is that just minimizing the crossing number is not sufficient to reduce the negative impact to the minimum. The angles of remaining crossings should be maximized as well.
Energy Saving Potential Evaluation for U-V Connection Power System-Case Study in Taipower

There have always been many disagreements over applying open-wye open-delta transformer connection for supplying small business users. However, as the most commonly used power supply method for Taiwan’s $3\Phi 3\mathrm{W}220\mathrm{V}$ system, it is not without its advantages. There are more reasons for being stigmatized because of user misuse. This study intends to discuss this electric utility system from the point of view of energy saving, and try to propose improvement schemes.
Transient Receptor Potential Channel Opening Releases Endogenous Acetylcholine, which Contributes to Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation Induced by Mild Hypothermia in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat but Not Wistar-Kyoto Rat Arteries

Mild hypothermia causes endothelium-dependent relaxations, which are reduced by the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. The present study investigated whether endothelial endogenous acetylcholine contributes to these relaxations. Aortic rings of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were contracted with prostaglandin F2α and exposed to progressive mild hypothermia (from 37 to 31°C). Hypothermia induced endothelium-dependent, Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester–sensitive relaxations, which were reduced by atropine, but not by mecamylamine, in SHR but not in WKY rat aortae. The responses in SHR aortae were also reduced by acetylcholinesterase (the enzyme responsible for acetylcholine degradation), bromoacetylcholine (inhibitor of acetylcholine synthesis), hemicholinium-3 (inhibitor of choline uptake), and vesamicol (inhibitor of acetylcholine release). The mild hypothermia-induced relaxations in both SHR and WKY rat aortae were inhibited by AMTB [N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-[(3-methylphenyl)methoxy]-N-(2-thienylmethyl)-benzamide; the transient receptor potential (TRP) M8 inhibitor]; only those in SHR aortae were inhibited by HC-067047 [2-methyl-1-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-5-phenyl-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide; TRPV4 antagonist] while those in WKY rat aortae were reduced by HC-030031 [2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide; TRPA1 antagonist]. The endothelial uptake of extracellular choline and release of cyclic guanosine monophosphate was enhanced by mild hypothermia and inhibited by HC-067047 in SHR but not in WKY rat aortae. Compared with WKY rats, the SHR preparations expressed similar levels of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase, but a lesser amount of vesicular acetylcholine transporter, located mainly in the endothelium. Thus, mild hypothermia causes nitric oxide–dependent relaxations by opening TRPA1 channels in WKY rat aortae. By contrast, in SHR aortae, TRPV4 channels are opened, resulting in endothelial production of acetylcholine, which, in an autocrine manner, activates muscarinic receptors on neighboring cells to elicit endothelium-dependent relaxations in response to mild hypothermia.
The Octahedral Manipulator: Geometry and Mobility

In most of the practical six-actuator, in-parallel manipulators, the octahedral form is either taken as it stands or is approximated. Yet considerable theoretical attention is paid in the literature to more general forms. Here we touch on the general form, and describe some aspects of its behavior that vitiate strongly against its adoption as a pattern for a realistic manipulator. We reach the conclusion that the structure for in-parallel manipulators must be triangulated as fully as possible, so leading to the octahedral form. In describing some of the geometrical properties of the general octahedron, we show how they apply to manipulators. We examine in detail the special configurations at which the 6 x 6 matrix of leg lines is singular, presenting results from the point of view of geometry in preference to analysis. In extending and enlarging on some known properties, a few behavioral surprises materialize. In studying special configurations, we start with the most general situation, and every other case derives from this. Our coverage is more comprehensive than any that we have found. We bring to light material that is, we think, of significant use to a designer.
Thinking on the application of nanotechnology in the mechanism research on the acupuncture treatment of female climacteric syndrome

By analyzing the relationship between nanotechnology and medical science, especially nanotechnology and acupuncture and moxibustion science, the application of nanotechnological methods for the mechanism research on acupuncture and moxibustion for the treatment of women climacteric syndrome was discussed. It is indicated that nanotechnology is one of the fastest developmental, the most potential and the far-reaching high and new technologies in current world, and it greatly promotes the development of medical science and acupuncture and moxibustion science. Nanotechnology will make the development of acupuncture& moxibustion science possess a unprecedented field. It's pointed out that breakthrough will be achieved from the research of the application of nanotechnology on mechanism research on acupuncture and moxibustion for the treatment of women climacteric syndrome.
Using Extra Trees Machine Learning Algorithm to Predict the Asymmetric Warpage Geometry of Panel Level Packaging

In this study, the Finite Element Method (FEM) [1–3] was used to build a 3D model, and to simplify the curing reaction of the epoxy molding the experimentally verified Equivalent CTE was used. The resulting chemical effects such as volume shrinkage have finally successfully established a model for Fan-Out Panel-Level Packaging (FOPLP). Although FEM can save a lot of time and cost compared with experiments, the results are often different due to human error, and the model must be re-established when the structure size is changed. Therefore, in order to reduce the above situation, this study uses an ensemble learning algorithm of Extremely Randomized Trees (ET) to predict the amount of warpage at different packaging scales. First, a training database for fan-out panel-level packaging models of different geometric sizes will be established through the finite element method. After learning, ET can quickly predict any geometric size Warpage value for the panel level package. However, from many literatures, it can be found that the warpage of the fan-out panel level package is an asymmetric shape. There may be many reasons for affecting this result. For example, the thickness of the package can vary due to uneven shrinkage of the epoxy, which can lead to opportunities for asymmetric warpage. Therefore, this study further explores the causes of asymmetric warpage, such as the influence of the process and so on. At the same time, a threedimensional model is established by the finite element method to simulate asymmetric warpage caused by process differences.