Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Where Have All the Youngsters Gone? The Background and Consequences of Young Adults’ Outmigration from Hungarian Small Towns

Abstract Due to the general demographic situation in Hungary and the recent overall crisis of this traditional settlement-type, Hungarian small towns have been facing an intensive shrinking since the last decade. Although natural decrease and migration loss are almost equal factors of population decline, outmigration seems to be a more strategic, critical problem for these settlements. There are hardly any reliable data available about the migrants leaving small towns, but some of them seem to support the wellknown assumption that the young people, who leave these towns are looking for wider horizons and better perspectives. The aim of the present paper is to analyse the outmigration of young adults from small towns, and give estimation about the international aspects of migration, which is hardly ever published in official statistics. The paper also aims at revealing the impact of the intensive migration on the local labour market. A short statistical analysis based on census data and two empirical surveys conducted by the authors are also included. One was carried out with the support of volunteer contributors, former small-town students, who tried to reconstruct the post-secondary school migration of their former classmates. The other survey contains a series of interviews focusing on the consequences of the young adults’ migration on the labour market. The results facilitate the estimation regarding the (weak) capability of small towns to keep their young population, and highlight the problems of local developmental options within the context of demographic shrinkage.
Transduction of Dendritic Cells by DNA Viral Vectors Directs the Immune Response to Transgene Products in Muscle Fibers

ABSTRACT Immune responses to vector-corrected cells have limited the application of gene therapy for treatment of chronic disorders such as inherited deficiency states. We have found that recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) efficiently transduces muscle fibers in vivo without activation of cellular and humoral immunity to neoantigenic transgene products such as β-galactosidase, which differs from the experience with recombinant adenovirus, where vibrant T-cell responses to the transgene product destroy the targeted muscle fibers. T cells activated following intramuscular administration of adenovirus expressing lacZ (AdlacZ) can destroy AAVlacZ-transduced muscle fibers, indicating a prior state of immunologic nonresponsiveness in the context of AAV gene therapy. Adoptive transfer of dendritic cells infected with AdlacZleads to immune mediated elimination of AAVlacZ-transduced muscle fibers. AAVlacZ-transduced antigen-presenting cells fail to demonstrate β-galactosidase activity and are unable to elicit transgene immunity in adoptive transfer experiments. These studies indicate that vector-mediated transduction of dendritic cells is necessary for cellular immune responses to muscle gene therapy, a step which AAV avoids, providing a useful biological niche for its use in gene therapy.
The Effect of Prone Positioning on Intraocular Pressure in Anesthetized Patients

Background Ocular perfusion pressure is commonly defined as mean arterial pressure minus intraocular pressure (IOP). Changes in mean arterial pressure or IOP can affect ocular perfusion pressure. IOP has not been studied in this context in the prone anesthetized patient. Methods After institutional human studies committee approval and informed consent, 20 patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I–III) without eye disease who were scheduled for spine surgery in the prone position were enrolled. IOP was measured with a Tono-pen® XL handheld tonometer at five time points: awake supine (baseline), anesthetized (supine 1), anesthetized prone (prone 1), anesthetized prone at conclusion of case (prone 2), and anesthetized supine before wake-up (supine 2). Anesthetic protocol was standardized. The head was positioned with a pinned head-holder. Data were analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance and paired t test. Results Supine 1 IOP (13 ± 1 mmHg) decreased from baseline (19 ± 1 mmHg) (P < 0.05). Prone 1 IOP (27 ± 2 mmHg) increased in comparison with baseline (P < 0.05) and supine 1 (P < 0.05). Prone 2 IOP (40 ± 2 mmHg) was measured after 320 ± 107 min in the prone position and was significantly increased in comparison with all previous measurements (P < 0.05). Supine 2 IOP (31 ± 2 mmHg) decreased in comparison with prone 2 IOP (P < 0.05) but was relatively elevated in comparison with supine 1 and baseline (P < 0.05). Hemodynamic and ventilatory parameters remained unchanged during the prone period. Conclusions Prone positioning increases IOP during anesthesia. Ocular perfusion pressure could therefore decrease, despite maintenance of normotension.
Detecting Bridge Anaphora in Novels

The paper presents the importance of a proper understanding of the novel content trough the perspective of bridge relationship type. Furthermore, we are interested in developing an instrument that can automatically identify the semantic bridge relationships for any sort of text. In this regard, we also suggest the automatic recognizing of anaphoric relationships with a high precision. This can be possible using a manually annotated collection of texts (Quo Vadis novel), used as training data. This study is intended to help direct beneficiaries, such as specialists and researchers in the field of natural language processing, linguists, psychologists, sociologists, economists, etc.
Role of sonography in the diagnosis of gallbladder perforation

Gallbladder perforation is a dreaded complication of acute cholecystitis that is associated with a high mortality rate. Early detection of gallbladder perforation reduces the associated mortality and morbidity rates. The purpose of this study was to highlight the role of sonography in the diagnosis of gallbladder perforation and to compare the diagnostic accuracy of sonography with that of CT.
The Effects of Exogenous Polyamines on Some Biochemical Changes During Drought Stress in Ctenanthe Setosa (Rosc.) Eichler

Morphological and biochemical changes in plant cells are known as important events for adaptation to stress. In this study, in Ctenanthe setosa leaves to which polyamines were applied during drought stress, changes in the activity of peroxidase, reducing sugar, proline and soluble protein levels were investigated. The three common polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine were exogenously treated through the leaves. The polyamines were sprayed onto the leaves at 5×10^−5 M. In the leaves to which polyamines were applied the peroxidase activity decreased, soluble protein increased. Also, it was determined that putrescine and spermidine caused an increase in the amount of proline and in reducing sugar. However, increase was not observed in the leaves to which spermine was applied. In addition, we observed an increase in the activity of peroxidase, proline and reducing sugar levels, and a decrease in soluble protein level in the control ones and the leaves to which polyamines were applied during drought stress. As a result, the effect of polyamine on leaf rolling may be explained through the contribution to osmotic adjustment of the increase in proline, reducing sugar and soluble protein contents.
Between dependence and deprivation: The interlocking nature of land alienation in Tanzania

Studies of accumulation by dispossession in the Global South tend to focus on individual sectors, for example, large ‐ scale agriculture or nature conservation. Yet smallholder farmers and pastoralists are affected by multiple processes of land alienation. Drawing on the case of Tanzania, we illustrate the analytical purchase of a comprehensive examination of dynamics of land alienation across multiple sectors. To begin with, processes of land alienation through investments in agriculture, mining, conservation, and tourism dovetail with a growing social differentiation and class formation. These dynamics generate unequal patterns of land deprivation and accumulation that evolve in a context of continued land dependency for the vast majority of the rural population. Consequently, land alienation engenders responses by individuals and communities seeking to maintain control over their means of production. These responses include migration, land tenure formalization, and land transactions, that propagate across multiple localities and scales, interlocking with and further reinforcing the effects of land alienation. Various localized processes of primitive accumulation contribute to a scramble for land in the aggregate, providing justifications for policies that further drive land alienation.
Compatible bacterial mixture, tolerant to desiccation, improves maize plant growth

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) increase plant growth and crop productivity. The inoculation of plants with a bacterial mixture (consortium) apparently provides greater benefits to plant growth than inoculation with a single bacterial strain. In the present work, a bacterial consortium was formulated containing four compatible and desiccation-tolerant strains with potential as PGPR. The formulation had one moderately (Pseudomonas putida KT2440) and three highly desiccation-tolerant (Sphingomonas sp. OF178, Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 and Acinetobacter sp. EMM02) strains. The four bacterial strains were able to adhere to seeds and colonize the rhizosphere of plants when applied in both mono-inoculation and multi-inoculation treatments, showing that they can also coexist without antagonistic effects in association with plants. The effects of the bacterial consortium on the growth of blue maize were evaluated. Seeds inoculated with either individual bacterial strains or the bacterial consortium were subjected to two experimental conditions before sowing: normal hydration or desiccation. In general, inoculation with the bacterial consortium increased the shoot and root dry weight, plant height and plant diameter compared to the non-inoculated control or mono-inoculation treatments. The bacterial consortium formulated in this work had greater benefits for blue maize plants even when the inoculated seeds underwent desiccation stress before germination, making this formulation attractive for future field applications.
γδ T cells play a protective role during infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis by promoting goblet cell function in the small intestine

The intestinal epithelium is rich in γδ T cells and the gut is a site of residence for a wide variety of pathogens, including nematodes. Although CD4+ T‐cell receptor (TCR) ‐αβ+ T helper type 2 T cells are essential for the expulsion of intestinal nematodes, little information is available on the function of γδ T cells in this type of infection. Here, we demonstrate two major functions of γδ T cells as a potently protective T‐cell population against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection using γδ T‐cell‐deficient (TCR‐δ−/−) mice. First, γδ T cells are required to initiate rapid expulsion of adult worms from the intestine and to limit egg production. Second, γδ T cells prevent the pathological intestinal damage associated with nematode infection, evident by increased clinical disease and more severe microscopic lesions in infected TCR‐δ−/− mice. γδ T‐cell deficiency led to delayed goblet cell hyperplasia in association with reduced expression of phosphorylated STAT6, MUC2, Trefoil factor‐3 (TFF3) and T helper type 2 cytokines including interleukin‐13 (IL‐13). TCR‐δ−/− mice also produced more interferon‐γ than wild‐type mice. Within the intraepithelial lymphocyte compartment, γδ T cells produced IL‐13. Adoptive transfer of γδ T cells or administration of recombinant IL‐13 to TCR‐δ−/− mice successfully reduced the egg production by N. brasiliensis. Collectively, these data provide strong evidence that γδ T cells play an important role in controlling infection with intestinal nematodes and limiting infection‐induced pathology.
Discomfort Design: Critical Reflection through Uncomfortable Play

Consider that uncomfortable moment in life when people discover a playful experience ceases to be worth playing. Just as an arm is broken on the playground, or a relationship can no longer be mended, there are explicit moments when art transgresses some unforeseen territory leaving us with fear of its potential. This paper explores the potential of taboo game design.
Anatomy of the normal left atrial appendage: a quantitative study of age-related changes in 500 autopsy hearts: implications for echocardiographic examination.

BACKGROUND Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the diagnostic modality of choice for visualizing the left atrial appendage (LAA). This study defined the morphology of the LAA in normal autopsy specimen hearts and considered the implications of these findings for TEE studies. METHODS AND RESULTS Five hundred normal autopsy hearts were reviewed (25 male and 25 female subjects from each decade for 10 decades). LAA length, width, orifice size, and number of lobes were recorded. Number of lobes was compared between sexes with the rank sum test and regressed against age. Mean length, width, and orifice size increased with age, up to age 20 years, in both sexes. Rates were significantly different between sexes for LAA size (P=.011) and width (P=.006). After age 20, statistically significant but clinically insignificant age-related changes were observed. Fifty-four percent of LAAs had two lobes (range, 1 to 4), with no age or sex differences. Lobes exist in different planes of the heart. Most pectinate muscles were > or = 1 mm in width. Pectinate muscles < 1 mm (2.6% of cases) were seen in only the first and last decades. CONCLUSIONS Age- and sex-related differences in LAA dimensions exist. These differences and the existence of multilobed appendages are important in the accurate TEE evaluation of LAA. Because lobes exist in different planes, imaging must be done in multiple planes to visualize the entire LAA.
Employees’ green recovery performance: the roles of green HR practices and serving culture

ABSTRACT A tourist organization’ green sustainability can be achieved not only through its employees’ environmental activities but also through their green recovery behavior performed to resolve or recover environmentally–unfriendly actions in their tourist services. The primary aim of our research is to investigate the role of green human resource (HR) practices (training, empowerment and rewarding for pro-environmental behaviors) in fostering employees’ green recovery performance. Participants recruited for this study comprised frontline employees and their supervisors from tour companies based in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The research results provided support for the mediation role of employee environmental commitment for the positive effects of green HR practices on employee's green recovery performance. Moreover, serving culture was found to play a moderating role to strengthen the impacts of green HR practices on employee environmental commitment as well as for the effect of employee environment commitment on their green recovery performance.
Assistive Tele-op: Leveraging Transformers to Collect Robotic Task Demonstrations

Sharing autonomy between robots and human operators could facilitate data collection of robotic task demonstrations to continuously improve learned models. Yet, the means to communicate intent and reason about the future are disparate between humans and robots. We present Assistive Tele-op, a virtual reality (VR) system for collecting robot task demonstrations that displays an autonomous trajectory forecast to communicate the robot's intent. As the robot moves, the user can switch between autonomous and manual control when desired. This allows users to collect task demonstrations with both a high success rate and with greater ease than manual teleoperation systems. Our system is powered by transformers, which can provide a window of potential states and actions far into the future -- with almost no added computation time. A key insight is that human intent can be injected at any location within the transformer sequence if the user decides that the model-predicted actions are inappropriate. At every time step, the user can (1) do nothing and allow autonomous operation to continue while observing the robot's future plan sequence, or (2) take over and momentarily prescribe a different set of actions to nudge the model back on track. We host the videos and other supplementary material at https://sites.google. com/view/assistive-teleop.
Practice Structure Improves Unconscious Transitional Memories by Increasing Synchrony in a Premotor Network

Sequence learning relies on formation of unconscious transitional and conscious ordinal memories. The influence of practice type on formation of these memories that compose skill and systems level neural substrates is not known. Here, we studied learning of transitional and ordinal memories in participants trained on motor sequences while scanned using fMRI. Practice structure was varied or grouped (mixing or grouping sequences during training, respectively). Memory was assessed 30 min and 1 week later. Varied practice improved transitional memory and enhanced coupling of the dorsal premotor cortex with thalamus, cerebellum, and lingual and cingulate regions and greater transitional memory correlated with this coupling. Thus, varied practice improves unconscious transitional memories in proportion to coupling within a cortico-subcortical network linked to premotor cortex. This result indicates that practice structure influences unconscious transitional memory formation and identifies underlying systems level mechanisms.
Power of a Labrador Retriever-Greyhound pedigree for linkage analysis of hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the number of dogs required to find linkage to heritable traits of hip dysplasia in dogs from an experimental pedigree. ANIMALS 147 Labrador Retrievers, Greyhounds, and their crossbreed offspring. PROCEDURE Labrador Retrievers with hip dysplasia were crossed with unaffected Greyhounds. Age at detection of femoral capital ossification, distraction index (DI), hip joint dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, and hip joint osteoarthritis (OA) were recorded. Power to find linkage of a single marker to a quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling 100% of the variation in a dysplastic trait in the backcross dogs was determined. RESULTS For the DI at the observed effect size, recombination fraction of 0.05, and heterozygosity of 0.75, 35 dogs in the backcross of the F1 to the Greyhound generation would yield linkage at a power of 0.8. For the DLS score, 35 dogs in the backcross to the Labrador Retriever generation would be required for linkage at the same power. For OSS, 45 dogs in the backcross to the founding Labrador Retrievers would yield linkage at the same power. Fewer dogs were projected to be necessary to find linkage to hip OA. Testing for linkage to the DLS at 4 loci simultaneously, each controlling 25% of the phenotypic variation, yielded an overall power of 0.7 CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Based on this conservative single-marker estimate, this pedigree has the requisite power to find microsatellites linked to susceptibility loci for hip dysplasia and hip OA by breeding a reasonable number of backcross dogs.
The Political Economy of Open Source Software

Samir Chopra is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Brooklyn College of the City University of New York. Samir earned a BA in Mathematical Statistics from Delhi University (1984), an MS in Computer Science from the New Jersey Institute of Technology (1990) and a PhD in Philosophy from the City University of New York (2000). His current research concentrates on the philosophical foundations of artificial intelligence and the politics of technology. With Scott Dexter, he is working on a book on the philosophy of free software, forthcoming from Routledge.
Phylogenetic and functional signals in gymnosperm ovular secretions

Background and Aims Gymnosperms are either wind-pollinated (anemophilous) or both wind- and insect-pollinated (ambophilous). Regardless of pollination mode, ovular secretions play a key role in pollen capture, germination and growth; they are likely also involved in pollinator reward. Little is known about the broad-scale diversity of ovular secretions across gymnosperms, and how these may relate to various reproductive functions. This study analyses the sugar and amino acid profiles of ovular secretions across a range of ambophilous (cycads and Gnetales) and anemophilous gymnosperms (conifers) to place them in an evolutionary context of their possible functions during reproduction. Methods Ovular secretions from 13 species representing all five main lineages of extant gymnosperms were sampled. High-performance liquid chromatography techniques were used to measure sugar and amino acid content. Multivariate statistics were applied to assess whether there are significant differences in the chemical profiles of anemophilous and ambophilous species. Data were compared with published chemical profiles of angiosperm nectar. Chemical profiles were placed in the context of phylogenetic relationships. Key results Total sugar concentrations were significantly higher in ovular secretions of ambophilous species than wind-pollinated taxa such as Pinaceae and Cupressophyta. Ambophilous species had lower amounts of total amino acids, and a higher proportion of non-protein amino acids compared with anemophilous lineages, and were also comparable to angiosperm nectar. Results suggest that early gymnosperms likely had ovular secretion profiles that were a mosaic of those associated with modern anemophilous and ambophilous species. Ginkgo, thought to be anemophilous, had a profile typical of ambophilous taxa, suggesting that insect pollination either exists in Gingko, but is undocumented, or that its ancestral populations were insect-pollinated. Conclusions Chemical profiles of ovular secretions of ambophilous gymnosperms show a clear signal of pollinator-driven selection, including higher levels of carbohydrates than anemophilous taxa, lower levels of amino acids, and the presence of specific amino acids, such as β-alanine, that are known to influence insect feeding behaviour and physiology.
Aquatic toxicity of triclosan

The aquatic toxicity of triclosan (TCS), a chlorinated biphenyl ether used as an antimicrobial in consumer products, was studied with activated‐sludge microorganisms, algae, invertebrates, and fish. Triclosan, a compound used for inhibiting microbial growth, was not toxic to wastewater microorganisms at concentrations less than aqueous solubility. The 48‐h Daphnia magna median effective concentration (EC50) was 390 μg/L and the 96‐h median lethal concentration values for Pimephales promelas and Lepomis macrochirus were 260 and 370 μg/L, respectively. A no‐observed‐effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest‐observed‐effect concentration of 34.1 μg/L and 71.3 μg/L, respectively, were determined with an early life‐stage toxicity test with Onco‐rhynchus mykiss. During a 96‐h Scenedesmus study, the 96‐h biomass EC50 was 1.4 μg/L and the 96‐h NOEC was 0.69 μg/L. Other algae and Lemna also were investigated. Bioconcentration was assessed with Danio rerio. The average TCS accumulation factor over the five‐week test period was 4,157 at 3 μg/L and 2,532 at 30 μg/L. Algae were determined to be the most susceptible organisms. Toxicity of a TCS‐containing wastewater secondary effluent to P. promelas and Ceriodaphnia was evaluated and no observed differences in toxicity between control and TCS‐treated laboratory units were detected. The neutral form of TCS was determined to be associated with toxic effects. Ionization and sorption will mitigate those effects in the aquatic compartment.