Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical analysis of the flux of micrometeoroids at Mercury from both cometary and asteroidal components

Context. Meteoroid impacts are an important source of neutral atoms for the exosphere of Mercury. We previously estimated the contribution of meteoroids originating in the asteroid belt for vapor release. In this paper, we concentrate on the cometary component of particles impacting the planet. Comets and asteroids are considered to be the two major sources of interplanetary dust particles in the solar system. The debate about which source contributes most to dust populating the solar system is still ongoing. Aims. In this work, we compute the orbital evolution of dust particles produced by Jupiter-family comets (JFC) via N-body numerical integrations. From our numerical simulations, we compute the fraction of particles hitting Earth and Mercury’s surface and the corresponding distribution of impact velocities. According to some authors more than 80% of all the incoming mass of meteoroids entering the Earth’s atmosphere is concentrated in the mass range 10−7−10−3 g. In our model, we considered a slightly different range, 10−9 to 10−6 g, to include possible uncertainty. Methods. The orbital evolution of dust particles of different sizes is computed with a numerical integration code, which includes the effects of Poynting-Robertson drag, solar wind drag, and planetary perturbations. Results. By comparing the impact frequency of grains evolving either from main belt asteroids or JFC we find that the cometary component is significantly less efficient in releasing dust particles on Mercury than on the Earth. The opposite occurs in the case of dust coming from the main belt with a flux higher at Mercury than on the Earth. This is mostly due to the different dynamical histories of the grains from their release until impact. This may have important implications for the vapor production rate on Mercury. We compare our results with previous estimates given by different authors.
Factors Affecting Households' Expenditure on Food Away from Home (in Thai)*

The paper examines factors affecting the households’ expenditure on food away from home in Bangkok area. In this paper, the expenditure is the proportion between the total household expenditure on food away from home and the total household income. The data are from the Household Socio-economic Survey Data in 2009 collected by the National Statistical Office. In total, the data set covers about 2,502 sample households in Bangkok and is analyzed by tobit model. The results show that the average household expenditure on food away from home to the total household income is 0.12. The age of household head, total household income, household size, tenure of residence, household head’s marital status and occupation are the factors affecting the expenditure. Gender of household head, period of education of household head, type of residence, household debt and household head’s hours of participation in the workforce have no influence on the expenditure. The results indicate that the food business in Bangkok area still has a good opportunity for growth because households’ expenditure on food away from home is increasing.
Do Military Expenditures Boost Profit Rates

Understanding the effect of military expenditures on profit rates can provide important insights on the use of government spending. We utilize the panel dynamic ordinary least square method to examine that relationship for 32 major countries from the period of 1963-2008. We find that while military expenditures increase profit rates in arm-exporting countries, the opposite occurs in the case of arms-importing countries.
Low-pay sectors, earnings mobility and economic policy in the UK

Low pay is a significant and growing issue in many developed economies. Sectoral approaches are often used in both economic development and labour market policy, yet there is little evidence on how low pay and earnings mobility vary by sector. This article investigates this issue in the UK. It shows pronounced sectoral variations in low pay and earnings mobility. It highlights the policy implications of growth in large, low paying sectors. While policymakers have focused on high-wage, high-skill sectors, efforts to improve productivity in low-wage sectors could improve living standards and the UK’s economic performance.
Understanding the role of culture in the health-related behaviors of older Asian Indian immigrants

The purpose of this study was to understand how cultural values influence health-related behaviors among older Asian Indian immigrants in the United States. To achieve this purpose, the following questions guided this research: 1) How do older Asian Indian immigrants learn about health-related issues? 2) In what ways do culture and heritage affect older Asian Indian immigrants’ health behaviors? and 3) How do older Asian Indian immigrants mediate between Western and Eastern healthcare approaches? A qualitative research approach was employed. In-depth interviews were conducted with eleven participants to obtain data on how cultural values shape the health-related behaviors of older Asian Indian immigrants. A purposeful sampling was conducted to find suitable participants. All participants were at least 60 years of age and had moved to the U.S. as adults. Neither they nor any immediate family member was involved in healthcare professions. Eight men and three women representing various regions of India were interviewed using in-depth interviews with open-ended questions. Analysis revealed five key resources the participants used to learn about health. These included their healthcare professional, immediate family, the Indian community, media, and the Internet. An analysis of the findings also addressed three cultural values that influenced these immigrants’ health behaviors. First, the participants worked to establish a personal relationship with their healthcare professional. Second, there was a high level of family involvement not only during the treatment process, but also in the everyday maintenance of health. And third, these immigrants value alternative medicine, making it a viable option when these individuals are faced with an illness. Finally, analysis of the last set of findings highlighted the participants’ decision making process when they are considering medical treatment. Data indicated that these immigrants experiment with both Western and Eastern medicine and their belief in traditional systems of healing cause them to be skeptical of certain Western medical practices. Based on the findings the following conclusions were drawn from the study: Indian culture and heritage shape healthcare behaviors of older Asian Indian immigrants and informal learning is the primary way these immigrants learn about health.
Incremental Consolidation and Comprehensive Reorganization of American State Executive Branches

Many questions remain about the causes and implications of state government reorganization. Using an original data set on agency consolidation in the states between 1950 and 1992, we show that executive branch restructuring occurs incrementally as well as through better recognized comprehensive reorganization. With continuous state-space modeling we show that these different reform paths are related and driven by distinct political and economic conditions. We also show that, contrary to previous findings, state attempts to alter their administrative organizations do impact long-term employment growth rates. Although smaller in magnitude, incremental as well as comprehensive reforms can enhance administrative efficiency. Further, unlike the Baumgartner and Jones (1993, 2002) punctuated-equilibrium model, we do not find evidence that incrementalism gives way to bursts of nonincremental change. Rather, incremental adjustments to the status quo may be sufficient to reduce the possibility the possibility of comprehensive reorganization at any point in the future.
Stable isotope analysis of the Hypoplectrus species complex reveals no evidence for dietary niche divergence

The polymorphic coral reef fish genus Hypoplectrus (hamlets) provides an excellent sys- tem for examining the initial stages of natural biological divergence in the expansive marine environ- ment. Despite close genetic similarities, hamlets occur in assortatively mating colour morphotypes. In this study, we determined whether ecological differences exist between morphs that could reinforce the assortative mating pattern within morphs. We compared the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope dietary signatures of 6 hamlet morphotypes from 5 geographically distant locations. Across 364 indi- viduals, and with the exception of fish sampled in the Gulf of Mexico, no significant isotopic associa- tions with morphotype were detected. Our results therefore provide no evidence that different hamlet morphs are associated with distinct dietary niches, despite finding highly significant geo- graphical differentiation for both isotopes. We argue that tight assortative mating without ecological divergence could be maintained through the demands of reciprocal cooperation within a reproduc- tive pattern of simultaneous hermaphroditism which characterises all hamlets.
On the connections between optimal control, regulation and dynamic network routing

The paper is devoted to studying general features of dynamic network routing problems. It is shown that these problems may be interpreted as receding horizon optimal control problems or simply regulation problems. In the basic formulation it is assumed, that the nodes have no dynamics and the only goal of the optimization mechanism is to find the shortest paths from the source to the destination nodes. In this problem the optimization mechanism (i.e. the Bellman-Ford algorithm) may be interpreted as a receding horizon optimal control routine. Moreover, there is one-toone correspondence between the Bellman optimal cost-to-go function in the shortest path problem and the Lyapunov function in the regulation problem. At the end some results of the application of the routing optimization algorithm to an inverted pendulum regulation problem are presented.
Natural attenuation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in soil and groundwater

Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are a group of organic compounds that can be synthesized through the process of esterification of fatty acids with methanol. With the increasing use of FAME in biodiesel, there is interest in the fate and effects of FAME in the environment. Single FAME compounds are of low aqueous solubility, low volatility and low mobility but the mechanisms of autoxidation and hydrolysis may result in the generation of more mobile but equally biodegradable components. The FAME types that have been studied in the peer-reviewed literature do not appear to enhance the solubility of hydrocarbons. FAME are widely reported to be readily biodegradable under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, although rates may vary from site to site. In the majority of studies, biodiesel FAME biodegradation occurred more rapidly than petroleum diesel biodegradation. At sites with limited electron acceptors and macronutrients, microorganisms that degrade FAME have the potential to deplete available electron acceptors and nutrients, resulting in an extended time for diesel biodegradation. As with other labile biofuels, anaerobic biodegradation of FAME may result in significant methane generation. Overall, natural attenuation would appear to be significant in controlling the fate, behaviour and potential risks posed by biodiesel.
Determination of Single Cell Growth Kinetics with Microcantilever Sensors

Extended Abstract Study of different physical and biochemical parameters of a cell during its life cycle and analysis of underlying regulatory processes are crucial in biomedical and life sciences [1, 2]. One of such parameters is a mass of the cell which is inherently associated with important cellular processes like growth or reproduction. Despite decades of research on cell cycle, there is still a great need for better understanding of many involved process on a single cell level. Such measurements are aided by nano and micro electromechanical systems (NEMS/MEMS) to which nanoand microcantilever biosensors belong to. Cantilever-based devices convert biological or chemical interactions into mechanical response such as cantilever bending amplitude or its resonance frequency change. Objective of this study was the establishment of experimental procedures and analytical tools for comprehensive studies of single cell life cycle using microcantilever biosensors. This work investigated growth kinetics of single cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Instaferm, Lallemand, Poland). S. cerevisiae are commonly used in the cell studies as a model eukaryotic cell. They are widely available and easy to maintain. Here, we demonstrate that it is possible to measure mass changes of single cell during the cell budding using microcantilever biosensor. Analysis of mass changes was based on measuring cantilever resonance frequency changes due to cells adhesion and reproduction. Another important factor in this analysis was the determination of individual cell positions along the cantilever length [3]. Their positions were identified from respective microscopy images. The experiments were performed with Cantisens CSR-801 Concentris (Zurich, Switzerland) cantilever biosensor and Axio Observer Z1 Zeiss (Jena, Germany) microscope. The results of our study provide basic groundwork for further studies of single cell cycle parameters. This work also shows that combination of microcantilever-based sensors and microscopy techniques can be a powerful tool in cell mass kinetics analysis at a single cell level.
An Efficient Qos-Balanced Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

Objective: Packet transferring in the wireless sensor nodes becomes increasingly popular in the real world environment where the usage of wireless devices like mobiles phones is increased considerably. The main goal of this work is to introduce a novel approach for providing an efficient environment to transfer the packets across different number of nodes without packet loss by considering the factors of energy load level, congestion level, interference level and the communication capacity. Method: This work introduces a novel approach called Efficient QoS-Balanced Routing Protocol (EQBR) approach which is used to transfer the packets from the sensor nodes to base station node by establishing the proper connection between them. The routing tree would be constructed in every round for transferring the packet by selecting the proper parent nodes. The parent node selection would be done by calculating the factors called the energy load level, communication capacity, interference level, and the congestion level. By calculating these factors, efficient selection of the parent node with better network life time without congestion could be selected. Results: The performance evaluation was conducted in the network simulator (NS2) environment to prove the improvement of the proposed approach than the existing protocols performance. The comparison has been made by using the parameters called the Delivery ratio, Routing load, End to end delay and Remaining Energy. The comparison made were proves that the proposed methodology provides an better environment to transmit the packets across different number of nodes successfully. Conclusion: The findings of this work demonstrate that the proposed methodology provides better result in terms of successful transmission of packets with improved energy consumption ratio.
EXISTENCE OF PERIODIC WAVE SOLUTION IN SPRING-BLOCK MODEL WITH SLIP-DEPENDENT FRICTION

The global conditions under which a spring-block model coupled with non smooth slip-dependent friction force depicts a seismic fault are stud- ied. Existence and uniqueness conditions of the periodic orbits solutions were proved using Poincare-Bendixsom theorem and Lyapounov-Schmidt reduction technique. The insight gained has important implications for the understanding of earthquakes and other dissipative driven systems.
ECOLOGIES OF SUBVERSION AND INSPIRATION ON TWITTER: THE HIJACKING OF #MYNYPD

Recent new media image scandals on Twitter such as the #myNYPD hashtag debacle in 2014 or the #McDStories hashtag controversy in 2012 have pointed towards emancipatory, anti-corporate communication practices of engaged citizens and customers surrounding the acquisition of social capital online. In view of these events, I argue that communication practices of resistance on new media reinforce and strengthen the complementary and reciprocal relationship between structure and agency. By analyzing cases of hashtag hijacking, we can see new media’s transgressive potential for individuals and groups to participate in ad hoc communities of protest and to appropriate, manipulate, and redirect particular hashtag conversations through ecologies of subversion and inspiration. Internet researchers can, thus, not only demarcate various rhetorical roles exercised by individual participants but also trace the impact of hashtags as idiosyncratic, discourse-enabling markers.
Total dose and single event effects testing of the Intel pentium III (P3) and AMD K7 microprocessors

To understand the radiation sensitivity and radiation response, Intel Pentium III and AMD K7 microprocessors were tested for total ionizing dose and single event effects. The processors have been found to be extremely tolerant to total ionizing dose and no radiation-induced latchups have been observed with protons or heavy ions to an LET of approximately 15 MeV-cm/sup 2//mg. Single event upset and functional interrupts have been observed for both protons and heavy ions.
Modal spectrum in spontaneous parametric down-conversion with noncollinear phase matching

We investigate the effect of the down-conversion angle between the signal and idler beams in spontaneous parametric down-conversion on the bandwidth of the modal spectrum (Schmidt number) of the down-converted quantum state. For this purpose, we consider both the full Schmidt number and the azimuthal Schmidt number in the Laguerre-Gaussian basis. For the full Schmidt number, we show that the approximation of the phase-matching function with a Gaussian function gives results that disagree significantly from those obtained with the more physical sinc-type phase-matching function. We found a drastic increase in both the Schmidt number and the azimuthal Schmidt number for small down-conversion angles, in agreement with recent experimental results.
Spatial Habitat Overlap and Habitat Preference of Himalayan Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal

The musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster), which is native to Nepal, China, Bhutan, and India, is an endangered species, which suffers a high level of poaching due to the economic demand for its musk pod. The World Heritage Site (WHS), Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park (SNP), provides prime habitat for this species. Our aim in this study was to perform a quantitative assessment of the habitat preferences of musk deer in SNP, and evaluate how preferred habitat might be impacted by anthropogenic activities. Results showed that the musk deer population is distributed in 131 km 2 of the park area. We recorded 39 musk deer (11 male, 16 female and 12 unidentified) in Debuche, Tengboche, Phortse Thanga, Dole, and associated areas in SNP. The musk deer in these areas preferred gentle to steep slopes with the altitudinal range of 3400-3900m and also displayed a preference for dense forest and sparse ground/crown cover. The musk deer preferred the trees- Abies spectabilis, Betula utilis, shrubs- Rhododendron spp. , Rosa sericea, and herbs-Usnea spp. and Rui grass, many of which are harvested for construction and firewood. There was, in addition, a significant overlap (35%) in the habitat of m usk deer and the distribution of liv estock within the region. Future planning for the conservation of musk deer must take into the habitat impacts because of anthropogenic activities and livestock grazing.
Novel antitumour natural products from the phylum Bryozoa

This review covers literature published from 2003-2012 for natural products from the phylum Bryozoa. The focus is on new antitumour substances, together with details related to the organism sourced. It describes 19 promising bioactives, originating from 7 marine bryozoans. The chemical structures of all highlighted organic compounds are briefly discussed.
Validity of Self-Reported Diabetes in a Cohort of Thai Adults

BACKGROUND: Much of South East Asia is experiencing an epidemiological transition. In Thailand, chronic disease has emerged and the prevalence of diabetes has tripled. As part of a large cohort study of the Thai transition to chronic disease, we gathered data on self-reported diabetes. Epidemiological studies commonly ascertain such data by self-report but the validity of this method has not been assessed in Thailand. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the validity of self-reported type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in Thai adults participating in the Thai Cohort Study (TCS). METHODS: Data were collected by mailed questionnaire from adults involved in the TCS, a nationwide community-based longitudinal health study of distance learning adult students enrolled at Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University. Participants were surveyed in 2005, 2009 and 2013. We sampled all participants with self-reported T2DM status (878 cases) for telephone interview with our study physician along with a random selection of 650 participants who self-reported not having diabetes in all three TCS surveys. These physician telephone interviews allowed us to validate self-reported questionnaire responses.RESULTS: Questionnaire self-report of diabetes slightly over-estimated the incidence of T2DM in this cohort; the overall proportion of confirmed T2DM cases was 78%. Participants with a consistent pattern of diabetes reporting at the 2009 and 2013 questionnaire follow-ups had the highest validity of self-reported responses (96%; 95%CI 92.9-99.1). The lowest proportion of confirmed T2DM cases was recorded among participants who reported diabetes in 2009 and not in 2013 (32%)(95%CI 22.6-41.4), mostly young women with transient (gestational) diabetes.CONCLUSIONS: Our results, derived mainly from young, educated Thai adults nationwide, show that self-reported doctor diagnosed T2DM is a feasible and acceptable method for assessing diabetes in epidemiological studies.
The Speed of Observed and Theoretical Long Extratropical Planetary Waves

Planetary or Rossby waves are the predominant way in which the ocean adjusts on long (year to decade) timescales. The motion of long planetary waves is westward, at speeds $ 1c m s 2 1. Until recently, very few experimental investigations of such waves were possible because of scarce data. The advent of satellite altimetry has changed the situation considerably. Curiously, the speeds of planetary waves observed by TOPEX/Poseidon are mainly faster than those given by standard linear theory. This paper examines why this should be. It is argued that the major changes to the unperturbed wave speed will be caused by the presence of baroclinic east‐ west mean flows, which modify the potential vorticity gradient. Long linear perturbations to such flow satisfy a simple eigenvalue problem (related directly to standard quasigeostrophic theory). Solutions are mostly real, though a few are complex. In simple situations approximate solutions can be obtained analytically. Using archive data, the global problem is treated. Phase speeds similar to those observed are found in most areas, although in the Southern Hemisphere an underestimate of speed by the theory remains. Thus, the presence of baroclinic mean flow is sufficient to account for the majority of the observed speeds. It is shown that phase speed changes are produced mainly by (vertical) mode-2 east‐west velocities, with mode-1 having little or no effect. Inclusion of the mean barotropic flow from a global eddy-admitting model makes only a small modification to the fit with observations; whether the fit is improved is equivocal.