Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expanding the Definition of Access: It Isn't Just About Health Insurance

Measurement of access to health care services is often limited to such variables as having health insurance or a usual source of care. We argue for an expanded definition of access measuring whether providers accept a particular form of insurance (overall accessibility), ease of contacting providers for appointments (contact accessibility), length of time it takes to get an appointment (appointment accessibility), and proximity of providers to patients (geographic accessibility). Interviewers posing as Medicaid beneficiaries telephoned providers in Florida's Medicaid primary care case management program, to determine whether the provider was accepting new patients, had weekend or evening hours, and how long it would take to get an appointment. Approximately 87% were accepting new patients, but only 68% were accepting new Medicaid patients. The survey also showed that beneficiaries may encounter difficulty in reaching physicians and making appointments: 22% of all calls were not answered on the first attempt and over two-thirds of providers had no weekend or evening hours.
Unusual hepta‐ and octabrominated diphenyl ethers and nonabrominated diphenyl ether profile in California, USA, peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus): More evidence for brominated diphenyl ether‐209 debromination

High (maximum of 4.1 ppm lipid weight) levels of BDE‐209 and other higher brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) found in California, USA, peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs (n = 95) provided an opportunity to examine homolog profiles of nona‐, octa‐, and hepta‐BDEs as possible evidence for biological debromination of BDE‐209. We found two congeners in eggs, an unidentified hepta‐BDE (BDE‐heptaUNK) and BDE‐202 (octa‐BDE) that are not present in commercial mixtures. In addition, BDE‐208 (nona‐BDE) was present at much higher (10‐fold) proportions in eggs than in commercial mixtures. To examine whether these unusual homolog patterns arose from assimilation of environmentally degraded BDE commercial mixtures, we compared nona‐hepta‐BDE homolog profiles of peregrine falcon eggs with those of weathered BDEs present in various abiotic matrices (sludge, sediment, and dusts). We found the profiles differed significantly: BDE‐207 was the major nona‐BDE in eggs, whereas BDE‐206 was the major nona‐BDE in abiotic matrices. Thus, the evidence for the biological debromination of BDE‐209 in peregrine falcons is twofold: Eggs have two congeners (BDE‐202 and −heptaUNK) that are not reported for any commercial mixtures nor in the abiotic matrices examined thus far, and eggs have higher‐brominated BDE homolog patterns that are different from those found in commercial mixtures or environmental matrices.
The toxicity of Roundup Original Max® to 13 species of larval amphibians

With the increased use of glyphosate‐based herbicides (marketed under several names, including Roundup® and Vision®), there has been a concomitant increased concern about the unintended impacts that particular formulations containing the popular surfactant polyethoxylated tallowamine (POEA) might have on amphibians. Published studies have examined a relatively small number of anuran species (primarily from Australia and eastern North America) and, surprisingly, no species of salamanders. Using a popular formulation of glyphosate (Roundup Original Max®), the goal of the present study was to conduct tests of lethal concentrations estimated to kill 50% of a population after 96 h (LC5096‐h) on a wider diversity of species from both eastern and western North America. Tests were conducted on nine species of stage 25, larval anurans from three families (Ranidae: Rana pipiens, R. clamitans, R. sylvatica, R. catesbeiana, R. cascadae; Bufonidae: Bufo americanus, B. boreas; and Hylidae: Hyla versicolor, Pseudacris crucifer) and four species of larval salamanders from two families (Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma gracile, A. maculatum, A. laterale; and Salamandridae: Notophthalmus viridescens). For the nine species of larval anurans, LC5096‐h values ranged from 0.8‐ to 2.0‐mg acid equivalents per liter with relatively little pattern in differential sensitivity among the species or families. The four species of larval salamanders were less sensitive than the anurans, with LC5096‐h values ranging from 2.7‐ to 3.2‐mg acid equivalents per liter and no substantial differences among the species of salamanders. This work substantially increases the available data on amphibian sensitivity to glyphosate formulations that include either POEA surfactants or the equally moderately to highly toxic surfactants of Roundup Original Max and should be useful for improving future risk assessments.
Perceptions of Safety by On-Campus Location, Rurality, and Type of Security/Police Force: The Case of the Community College

This study examined Virginia community college students’ perceptions of campus safety. A survey of 11,161 students revealed the crimes students most feared being a victim of while on the community college campus and the areas in which they felt the most and least safe. The research also demonstrated the effect of certain variables had on students’ overall perception of campus safety. The variables studied included student demographics, the presence and type of security personnel, and the rurality of the campus setting. The campuses with the highest and lowest degrees of perceived safety were then further studied via case studies to gather detailed information, which may assist college administrators and policymakers in improving campus safety on community college campuses.
Perceived Physician-informed Weight Status Predicts Accurate Weight Self-Perception and Weight Self-Regulation in Low-income, African American Women

Background. Obese African American women under-appraise their body mass index (BMI) classification and report fewer weight loss attempts than women who accurately appraise their weight status. This cross-sectional study examined whether physician-informed weight status could predict weight self-perception and weight self-regulation strategies in obese women. Methods. A convenience sample of 118 low-income women completed a survey assessing demographic characteristics, comorbidities, weight self-perception, and weight self-regulation strategies. BMI was calculated during nurse triage. Binary logistic regression models were performed to test hypotheses. Results. The odds of obese accurate appraisers having been informed about their weight status were six times greater than those of under-appraisers. The odds of those using an “approach” self-regulation strategy having been physician-informed were four times greater compared with those using an “avoidance” strategy. Discussion. Physicians are uniquely positioned to influence accurate weight self-perception and adaptive weight self-regulation strategies in underserved women, reducing their risk for obesity-related morbidity.
Simulation Study on the Maximum Incident Optical Intensity of Zero-Bias MUTC-PD

The 3dB-bandwidth versus incident optical intensity and saturation property of modified uni-traveling carrier photodiode (MUTC-PD) was simulated. When the optical intensity is less than 5.13×105W/cm2, the MUTC-PD could maintain linear output power and its bandwidth could reach 134.8GHz at 0V.
Moving Beyond Nostalgia and Motives: Towards a Complexity Science View of Medical Professionalism

Modern-day discourse on medical professionalism has largely been dominated by a “nostalgic” view, emphasizing individual motives and behaviors. Shaped by a defining conflict between commercialism and professionalism, this discourse has unfolded through a series of waves, the first four of which are discovery, definition, assessment, and institutionalization. They have unfolded in a series of highly interactive and overlapping sequences that extend into the present. The fifth wave—linking structure and agency—which is nascent, proposes to shift our focus on professionalism from changing individuals to modifying the underlying structural and environmental forces that shape social actors and actions. The sixth wave—complexity science—is more incubatory in nature and seeks to recast social actors, social structures, and environmental factors as interactive, adaptive, and interdependent. Moving towards such a framing is necessary if medicine is to effectively reestablish professionalism as a core principle.
Bladder compliance and detrusor activity during the collection phase

The bladder wall is composed of passive (collagen, elaftin) and active (smooth muscle) elements. Some of the smooth muscle cells have properties of “pacemakers” in that they show spontaneous activity at rest. Moreover, when these cells are stretched, the resting membrane potentials decrease and the frequency of action potentials increase. It has been further demonstrated that both in vitro muscle strips and in vivo bladder preparations show spontaneous activity which may generate both tonic and phasic changes in bladder wall forces. The rate and duration of stretch both affect the force that the cell can generate. Thus, the filling pressureivolume curve obtained by systometry represents an interaction between the active and passive elements of the bladder wall. Since the cystornetric curve is time dependent, it is impossible to compare cystometrograms unless this time dependency is taken into account. With these principles in mind it is possible to standardize the terminology for characterizing detrusor activity during the collection phase as outlined in this report.
A changing paradigm for prevention of cardiovascular disease: emergence of the metabolic syndrome as a multiplex risk factor

The traditional major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) are cigarette smoking, hypertension, elevated serum cholesterol, and hyperglycaemia (diabetes). The majority of patients with CVD have multiple risk factors. In recent years a common pattern of multiple risk factors has emerged. This is the metabolic syndrome, which is driven largely by obesity. The metabolic syndrome is particularly important because it is a multiplex risk factor for both CVD and Type 2 diabetes. Although obesity is the primary cause of the metabolic syndrome, there are other endogenous and exogenous factors.
The Impact of Fitness Technology on Health Outcomes

Using 2014 data compiled from a sample of Claremont McKenna undergraduate students, I examine the effect that fitness technology (i.e., mobile and wearable technology) has on users’ health outcomes. Specifically, I find no effect of mobile or wearable use on self-reported health. However, I do find some evidence of mobile use on weight but not wearable. Applying a basic OLS regression analysis, I show that mobile users tend to be heavier than non-mobile users irrespective of gender. Furthermore, I find that contemporaneous health on prior mobile use show higher weight levels compared to nonmobile prior users. Such findings provide evidence suggesting that mobile is ineffective in providing users with healthier outcomes.
A histomorphometric study of nanothickness and plasma-sprayed calcium-phosphorous-coated implant surfaces in rabbit bone.

BACKGROUND Novel implant surface treatments with a nanothickness bioactive ceramic deposition onto rough surfaces have been recently introduced. This study aims to evaluate histologically and histomorphometrically (bone-to-implant contact [BIC] and bone area fraction occupancy [BAFO]) the early bone response to plasma-sprayed calcium-phosphate (PSCaP)-coated versus a 300- to 500-nm thickness bioactive ceramic nano-coated plateau root form implants in a rabbit femur model. METHODS A total of 48 plateau root form implants were bilaterally placed in the distal aspect of the femur of 12 white New Zealand rabbits, remaining for 20, 30, and 60 days in vivo (n = 4 animals per time in vivo, n = 2 implants per surface per animal). After sacrifice, the implants in bone were non-decalcified processed to slides of approximately 30 mum thickness, and were morphologically and morphometrically (BIC and BAFO) evaluated. RESULTS Higher degrees of bone structural organization were temporally observed for the PSCaP surface compared to the nano surface over time. BIC and BAFO was significantly higher (P <0.05) for PSCaP at all implantation times evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of this study it is possible to state that bioactive ceramic coatings of both thicknesses were biocompatible and osteoconductive. However, the early bone response was favored by the presence of the thicker PSCaP coating.
The role of the endothelium in arterial thrombosis and the influence of antithrombotic therapy

The nonthrombogenicity of vascular endothelium, a single layer of cells separating blood‐borne platelets and thrombogenic components of the underlying subendothelium, results from more than its provision of a physical barrier. These cells synthesize and secrete prostacyclin, plasminogen activator, and inhibitors of the coagulation system. They also catabolize proaggregatory agents such as ADP and serotonin (5‐HT). Damage to or removal of the endothelium is, of course, a potent thrombogenic stimulus. We have employed an acute canine model of coronary arterial thrombosis, which combines vessel narrowing and intimal injury as stimuli for repetitive, regular occlusive thrombus formation. Of all agents tested by us and others in this model, prostacyclin, selective thromboxane (TXA2) synthetase inhibitors, and 5‐HT antagonists consistently inhibit thrombus formation. Available data suggest that the antithrombotic actions of TXA2 synthetase inhibitors result in part from vascular metabolism of platelet‐derived endoperoxides, as well as endogenous PGI2 production. Serotonin, alone, exerts weak proaggregatory effects. However, it uniquely amplifies the proaggregatory effects of many physiologic proaggregatory mediators. Serotonin2 antagonists are more potent and consistently antithrombotic in this canine model than TXA2 synthetase inhibitors.
Fatal Coxiellosis in Swainson's Blue Mountain Rainbow Lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus)

Three Swainson's Blue Mountain Rainbow Lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus), ranging from 6 to 8 months of age, presented with lethargy, emaciation, and progressive neurologic signs. The first one died 24 hours after the onset of clinical signs, and the other two were euthanized 10 to 14 days after the onset of progressive neurologic disease. Clinical signs in these lorikeets included head pressing, hemiparesis, seizures, obtunded mentation, weakness, and lethargy. Two of the lorikeets had hepatomegaly, and one had splenomegaly on gross examination. Histopathology revealed disseminated microgranulomas in the liver, spleen, and brain, and lymphohistocytic perivascular encephalitis and cephalic vasculitis. Electron microscopic examination of macrophages in brain lesions revealed spherical to rod-shaped prokaryotic organisms with a trilaminar cell wall. Molecular analysis revealed a novel species of Coxiella. This is believed to be the first report of a Coxiella sp. causing disease in a lorikeet.
MAPPA and mental health - 10 years of controversy

Multiagency public protection arrangements (MAPPAs) were established in England and Wales 10 years ago to oversee statutory arrangements for public protection by the identification, assessment and management of high-risk offenders. This article reviews MAPPAs’ relationship with mental health services over the past decade. Despite areas of progress in the management of mentally ill offenders, inconsistent practice persists regarding issues of confidentiality and information-sharing between agencies, which calls for clearer and more consistent guidance from the Royal College of Psychiatrists, the Ministry of Justice and the Department of Health.
Effect of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics on pain perception during scaling by ultrasonic or hand instruments: a masked randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND The aims of this study are to evaluate the efficacy of a eutectic mixture of local anesthetic (EMLA) cream on pain perception during scaling and to compare the intensities of pain provoked by hand and ultrasonic instruments. METHODS Forty subjects with chronic gingivitis or periodontitis were enrolled in the study. In this randomized, split-mouth, controlled, masked clinical trial, each of the four quadrants in subjects was randomly assigned to receive one of the following protocols: scaling with an ultrasonic scaler with or without the application of the EMLA cream or scaling with a Gracey curet with or without the application of the EMLA cream. Pain levels after each quadrant of scaling were assessed with a visual analog scale (VAS; 0 to 100 mm) and verbal rating score (VRS; 0 to 4). All subjects were recalled to detect any complications after 24 hours. RESULTS The mean VAS and VRS when EMLA cream was applied (18.39 ± 14.47 mm and 0.95 ± 0.69) were significantly lower (P <0.001 for VAS and VRS) compared to when EMLA cream was not used (26.54 ± 16.46 mm and 1.30 ± 0.75). The mean VAS and VRS of the ultrasonic scaler group (20.43 ± 16.40 mm and 0.98 ± 0.76) were significantly lower (P = 0.024 for VAS; P = 0.003 for VRS) than those of the Gracey curet group (24.50 ± 15.17 mm and 1.28 ± 0.69). None of the subjects showed adverse effects after EMLA-cream application. CONCLUSION Although most patients experienced limited pain during scaling, a significant reduction of pain is achieved by using EMLA cream and ultrasonic scaler.
IN-SERVICE DELIVERY: METHODS PREFERRED BY GEORGIA AGRICULTURE TEACHERS

Agricultural education teachers need to have opportunities to become students again in order to learn new skills and knowledge that will benefit their agricultural education programs. The purpose of this descriptive study was to survey agriculture teachers (N=348) in Georgia to determine their preferences for how in-service training should be delivered. Sixty one percent of the teachers (n=212) completed the survey. Frequencies and percentages were calculated to indicate teachers’ preferences for in-service delivery. Teachers’ top-rated in-service delivery method was the training sessions held each year at the annual summer teachers’ conference, followed by one week short courses held during the summer, a mentoring program with an experienced teacher, a two to three hour seminar/workshop, and web-based courses, workshops, and/or seminars. Years of teaching experience seemed to have a greater influence on the preferences of in-service training than did gender, type of community, or degree held. As a result of this study Georgia agricultural education leadership should design and develop inservice activities that can be delivered (a) via training sessions held during the annual summer conference, (b) through a one week training session held in conjunction with summer break, (c) using a mentoring program with experienced teachers, and (d) through short two to three hour seminars or workshops.
The Effects of Resistance and Martial Arts Training in 6- to 8-Year-Old Boys

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a 12-week training program on the motor performance of 6- to 8-year-old prepubertal boys (n = 14). Each subject participated in a 40-min session twice a week, which included three sets of upper body strength exercises (1 to 15 repetitions/set), unregimented lower body strength exercises, coordination, balance, and martial arts skills. The control group included 15 prepubertal boys in the same age range. All subjects were pre- and posttested on 20-s sit-ups, seated ball put, standing broad jump, sit-and-reach flexibility, 6 × 4-m shuttle run, and a coordination task. The experimental group improved significantly (p < .05) more than the control group in the sit-ups and in the long jump. Both groups improved (p < .05) in the coordination task. No significant changes were observed in body weight, seated ball put, flexibility, and shuttle run. A twice-weekly training program seems to improve performance in selected motor tasks in 6- to 8-year-old .
Impact of cannabis sativa (marijuana) smoke on alveolar bone loss: a histometric study in rats.

BACKGROUND Cannabis sativa (marijuana) can interfere with bone physiopathology because of its effect on osteoblast and osteoclast activity. However, its impact on periodontal tissues is still controversial. The present study evaluates whether marijuana smoke affects bone loss (BL) on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats were used in the study. A ligature was placed around one of the mandible first molars (ligated teeth) of each animal, and they were then randomly assigned to one of two groups: control (n = 15) or marijuana smoke inhalation ([MSI] for 8 minutes per day; n = 15). Urine samples were obtained to detect the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol. After 30 days, the animals were sacrificed and decalcified sections of the furcation area were obtained and evaluated according to the following histometric parameters: bone area (BA), bone density (BD), and BL. RESULTS Tetrahydrocannabinol was positive in urine samples only for the rats of the MSI group. Non-significant differences were observed for unligated teeth from both groups regarding BL, BA, and BD (P >0.05). However, intragroup analysis showed that all ligated teeth presented BL and a lower BA and BD compared to unligated teeth (P <0.05). The intergroup evaluation of the ligated teeth showed that the MSI group presented higher BL and lower BD (P <0.05) compared to ligated teeth from the control group. CONCLUSION Considering the limitations of this animal study, cannabis smoke may impact alveolar bone by increasing BL resulting from ligature-induced periodontitis.
Review of Nonprimate, Large Animal Models for Osteoporosis Research

Large animal models are required for preclinical prevention and intervention studies related to osteoporosis research. The challenging aspect of this requirement is that no single animal model exactly mimics the progression of this human‐specific chronic condition. There are pros and cons associated with the skeletal, hormonal, and metabolic conditions of each species that influence their relevance and applicability to human physiology. Of all larger mammalian species, nonhuman primates (NHPs) are preeminent in terms of replicating important aspects of human physiology. However, NHPs are very expensive, putting them out of reach of the vast majority of researchers. Practical, cost‐effective alternatives to NHPs are sought after among ungulate (porcine, caprine, and ovine) and canine species that are the focus of this review. The overriding caveat to using large lower‐order species is to take the time in advance to understand and appreciate the limitations and strengths of each animal model. Under these circumstances, experiments can be strategically designed to optimize the potential of an animal to develop the cardinal features of postmenopausal bone loss and/or yield information of relevance to treatment.