Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Calnexin mediates the maturation of GPI-anchors through ER retention

The protein folding and lipid moiety status of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are monitored in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), with calnexin playing dual roles in the maturation of GPI-APs. In the present study, we investigated the functions of calnexin in the quality control and lipid remodeling of GPI-APs in the ER. By directly binding the N-glycan on proteins, calnexin was observed to efficiently retain GPI-APs in the ER until they were correctly folded. In addition, sufficient ER retention time was crucial for GPI-inositol deacylation, which is mediated by post-GPI attachment protein 1 (PGAP1). Once the calnexin/calreticulin cycle was disrupted, misfolded and inositol-acylated GPI-APs could not be retained in the ER and were exposed on the plasma membrane. In calnexin/calreticulin-deficient cells, endogenous GPI-anchored alkaline phosphatase was expressed on the cell surface, but its activity was significantly decreased. ER stress induced surface expression of misfolded GPI-APs, but proper GPI-inositol deacylation occurred due to the extended time that they were retained in the ER. Our results indicate that calnexin-mediated ER quality control systems for GPI-APs are necessary for both protein folding and GPI-inositol deacylation.
LA HOMOCISTEÍNA: UN AMINOÁCIDO NEUROTÓXICO*

The homocysteine is an aminoacid of great importance in the cellular metabolism. It has been considered an atherogenic factor in diverse pathologies, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular illnesses. In the last years attention has been given to the link of high homocysteine plasma concentrations and the damage of neural cells, which has led to many mechanisms of neurotoxicity of the homocysteine, such as the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates, pro-thrombotic effects, oxidative stress, the formation of homocysteine derivatives, accumulation of the β-amyloid and the activation of apoptosis among others. In this revision examples of the mechanisms of neurotoxicity caused by the homocysteine in Alzheimer, cardiovascular illnesses,
A population of central complex neurons promoting airflow-guided orientation in Drosophila

How brain circuits convert sensory signals from diverse modalities into goal-oriented movements is a central question in neuroscience. In insects, a brain region known as the Central Complex (Cx) is believed to support navigation, but how this area organizes and processes diverse sensory cues is not clear. We recorded from genetically-identified Cx cell types in Drosophila and presented directional visual, olfactory, and airflow cues known to elicit orienting behavior. We found that a group of columnar neurons targeting the ventral fan-shaped body (ventral P-FNs) were consistently tuned for airflow direction. Silencing these neurons prevented flies from adopting stable orientations relative to airflow in closed-loop flight. Specifically, silenced flies selected improper corrective turns following changes in airflow direction, but not following airflow offset, suggesting a specific deficit in sensory-motor conversion. Our work provides insight into the organization and function of the insect navigation center.
Nogo-A Beyond the RhoA/ROCK Pathway – Novel Components of Intracellular Nogo-A Signaling Cascades

Nogo-A is a well-characterized myelin-associated membrane protein that restricts fibre growth and the regenerative capacity of the adult central nervous system after injury. To date Nogo-A post-receptor signalling pathway research focused on the RhoA/ROCK cascade, which can lead to growth cone collapse and neurite retraction. Much less is known about continued intracellular Nogo-A signalling mediating long-term neurite outgrowth inhibition resulting from transcriptional and translational changes. Here, we propose a simple but highly reproducible in vitro assay to study Nogo-A related signaling and neurite outgrowth inhibition in general. Furthermore, we identified ERK1/2 as downstream effector of Nogo-A, partially mediating its neurite outgrowth inhibition. We describe ERK1/2 dependent changes of translational events such as elevation of RhoA levels within the growth cone, which may potentiate the cells’ responses to Nogo-A. We also observed Nogo-A dependent upregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway inhibitors SOCS3 and KLF4 and downregulation of insulin mediated phosphorylation of AKT, indicating direct negative crosstalk between Nogo-A signalling and the growth promoting JAK/STAT and AKT/mTORC1 pathways.
A structural inventory of native ribosomal ABCE1‐43S pre‐initiation complexes

In eukaryotic translation, the termination and recycling phases are linked to subsequent initiation by persistence of several factors. These comprise the large eIF3 complex, eIF3j (Hcr1 in yeast) and the ATP-binding cassette protein ABCE1 (Rli1 in yeast). The ATPase is mainly active as a recycling factor, but it can remain bound to the dissociated 40S subunit until formation of 43S pre-initiation complexes. However, its functional role and native architectural context remains largely enigmatic. Here, we present an architectural inventory of native yeast and human ABCE1-containing pre-initiation complexes by cryo-EM. We found that ABCE1 was mostly associated with early 43S but also later 48S phases of initiation. It directly interacted with eIF3j via its unique iron-sulfur cluster domain and adopted a novel hybrid conformation, which was ATPase-inhibited and stabilized by an unknown factor bound between the nucleotide binding sites. Moreover, the native human samples provided a near-complete molecular picture of the architecture and sophisticated interaction network of the 43S-bound eIF3 complex and also the eIF2 ternary complex containing the initiator tRNA.
Sex differences in the association between childhood maltreatment and cardiovascular disease in the UK Biobank

Objectives To assess and compare associations between childhood maltreatment and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in men and women in the UK. In secondary analyses, we also explored possible age differences and associations with early onset CVD (<50 years). Methods We included 157 311 participants from the UK Biobank who had information on physical, sexual or emotional abuse, emotional or physical neglect. CVD outcomes were defined as any CVD, hypertensive disease, ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular disease. These were extracted from self-report, blood pressure measurements, hospital register and death register. The associations between maltreatment and CVD were assessed using Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate risk ratios, stratified by sex and adjusted for socioeconomic and demographic factors. Results All types of maltreatment were associated with increased risk of CVD and IHD in both sexes. Additionally, in women all types of maltreatment were associated with higher risk of hypertensive disease, and all, except emotional neglect, were associated with cerebrovascular disease. In men, all but sexual abuse, were associated with higher risk of hypertensive disease, and all, except physical and sexual abuse, were associated with cerebrovascular disease. Associations were generally stronger in women, and individuals who were younger at baseline had stronger associations of childhood maltreatment with any CVD and IHD, but age differences were less evident when only early onset CVD was considered. Conclusions Childhood maltreatment was consistently associated with CVD and stronger associations were generally observed in women and seemed to be stronger for early onset CVD.
Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Sargassum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae), inferred from ITS‐2 nrDNA, with an emphasis on the taxonomic subdivision of the genus

Sequences from the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer‐2 (ITS‐2) were compared among species of Sargassaceae including the genera Sargassum and Hizikia. Species of different subgenera and sections of Sargassum were used to assess the taxonomic relationships within the genus, especially the subdivisions of the subgenus Bactrophycus. Sequences were aligned in accordance with their common secondary structure. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using neighbor‐joining, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods with three species of Turbinaria as outgroups.
The Survival Benefit of Benthic Macroalgae Gracilaria vermiculophylla as an Alternative Nursery Habitat for Juvenile Blue Crabs

The Chesapeake Bay blue crab is in decline. One of the threats to it is the loss of its once plentiful nursery habitat, seagrass, due to baywide eutrophication and climate change. The emergence of the non-native benthic macroalga Gracilaria vermiculophylla may offer the blue crab an alternative nursery if it can provide juvenile crabs a refuge from predation. The ability of Gracilaria to protect juvenile blue crabs was investigated in mesocosm and field survival studies, which were combined into a larger dataset. All of these studies used tethering and therefore a tethering validation study in mesocosms accompanied these experiments. In the validation study, there was no evidence for treatment specific-bias due to tethering, and mortality of free crabs was approximately half that of tethered crabs. In mesocosms, survival in a large algal patch of 80-cm diameter was 42-69 % greater than that of crabs in a 10-cm algal patch or unvegetated habitat. In the field, the survival benefits of a 40-cm-diameter Gracilaria patch varied with the size of juvenile blue crabs. In the combined data, larger algal patches increased the survival of smaller juvenile crabs. This survival benefit of macroalgae decreased with increased crab size such that survival of larger juveniles was inversely related to Gracilaria patch diameter. Consequently, the non-native Gracilaria may serve as a nursery for the blue crab, but its benefits will depend on crab and algal patch size.
Leptin gene polymorphisms in native Turkish cattle breeds.

Summary The aim of the study was to determine leptin gene polymorphisms in South Anatolian Red (SAR), East Anatolian Red (EAR) and Turkish Grey Cattle. In the study unrelated 40 SAR, 40 EAR and 40 Turkish Grey cattle were used. Target sites in leptin gene exon 2, exon 3 and intron 2 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) consisting site in exon 2, exon 3 and intron 2 were determined as a result of digestion with Kpn2I, HphI and Sau3AI restriction enzymes, respectively. The highest T allele frequency related with production traits for Kpn2I polymorphism was found for SAR cattle. For HphI polymorphism, T allele frequencies were detected clearly predominant. Within each breed for Sau3AI polymorphism B and C allele frequencies that effect production traits were found to be dramatically lower than A allele frequency. As a result we can suggest that there was no clearly difference that can create any advantage in terms of leptin gene SNPs among the three native Turkish cattle breeds.
Abstracts and Reviews : 5 Africa

AND RURAL NORTH AMERICA by M. BEISER. Paper presented at annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association. New York, 1971. ASSESSING PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER AMONG THE SERER OF SENEGAL by M. BEISER, J. L. RAVEL, H. COLLOMB, and C. EGELHOFF. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 154 (1972): 141-51. ILLNESS OF THE SPIRIT AMONG THE SERER OF SENEGAL by M. BEISER, W.A. BURR, J. L. RAVEL, and H. COLLOMB. American Journal of Psychiatry 130, no. 8 (1973): 881-86. POBOUGH LANG IN SENEGAL: ANALYSIS OF A DEVIANT BEHAVIOR IN BIOLOGICAL AND CUL-
FORAGING AREA FIDELITY OF INDIVIDUAL SEABIRDS IN RELATION TO TIDAL CYCLES AND FLOCK FEEDING

I studied the foraging behavior of Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) using radio transmitters, remote receiving stations, and a boat to track individuals. I tested the hypothesis that individual birds exhibit foraging area fidelity. I also investigated evidence for information transfer among birds and the role of tidal cycles in foraging behavior. Flight speed, feeding methods, chick growth rates, and fledging success were similar for radio-tagged birds and birds without radio-tags, suggesting that radio-tags had no significant effect. Birds made an average of two foraging trips per day for 13 d, during a spring and a neap tide series. Twenty-four of 26 birds returned repeatedly (X = 19.2 trips) to particular areas to feed; these birds were considered faithful to a foraging area. During spring and neap tides, 17 and 14 birds, respectively, timed their foraging trips to coincide with daily tidal cycles. Foraging area fidelity indicates that kittiwakes learn and remember when and where to forage an.
Cutting Edge: TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ T Cells Are Found in Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes of Mice That Lack Classical MHC Class I Molecules

TCRαβ+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) can express either the typical CD8αβ heterodimer or an unusual CD8αα homodimer. Both types of CD8+ IEL require class I molecules for their differentiation, since they are absent in β2m−/− mice. To gain insight into the role of class I molecules in forming TCRαβ+ CD8+ IEL populations, we have analyzed the IEL in mice deficient for either TAP, β2m, CD1, or K and D. We find that K−/−D−/− mice have TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ IEL, although they are deficient for TCRαβ+ CD8αβ+ cells. This indicates that at least some TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ IEL require only nonclassical class I molecules for their development. Surprisingly, the TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ IEL are significantly increased in K−/−D−/− mice, suggesting a complex interaction between CD8+ IEL and class I molecules that might include direct or indirect negative regulation by K and D, as well as positive effects mediated by nonclassical class I molecules.
Bait Insecticides and Hot Water Drenches Against the Little Fire Ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Infesting Containerized Nursery Plants

ABSTRACT Broadcasts of hydramethylnon, S-methoprene, and metaflumizone baits, metaflumizone spray, and hot water drenching were evaluated for their efficacy against the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger), in potted nursery plants. Two applications one month apart of either a bait containing 0.365% hydramethylnon and 0.25% S-methoprene (Extinguish Plus) or a spray containing 24% metaflumizone (BAS 320 I 240 SC) reduced foraging worker numbers by >97% as compared with untreated controls. The persistence of weather-exposed metaflumizone (0.063%) bait was also evaluated: bait applied fresh or after 7 days of weather exposure resulted in >98% ant mortality; bait exposed to weather for 14 d before application still achieved >90% mortality. In vitro submersion of W. auropunctata in 45°C water for 10 min resulted in >99% mortality as compared with 28.9% mortality from submersion in ambient temperature water (26°C) for 12 min. When W. auropunctata -infested potted plants were drenched with hot water (45.6°C) for 11 min, the number of live ants were reduced by 99.3 and 89.3% in rhapis and fishtail palm, respectively, as compared with control plants drenched with ambient temperature water. The presence of a single W. auropunctata worker in a potted plant would fail to meet export requirements; therefore, the chemical baits and sprays and hot water treatment (45.6°C for 11 min) as evaluated in this study would not individually be a sufficient quarantine protocol against little fire ants in containerized nursery plants.
Weed Control for the Preservation of Biological Diversity

Invasions by non-native plants threaten the preservation of many plant and animal species and communities throughout North America. These pest species compete with and displace native plants and animals and may substantially alter ecosystem functions (e.g., fire occurrence and frequency, nutrient cycling). Awareness of these threats among wildland managers has greatly increased in the last decade. In a recent poll of National Park superintendents, 61% of 246 respondents indicated non-native plant invasions were moderate or major problems at their parks. Likewise, over 60% of Nature Conservancy stewards nationwide polled in 1992 indicated weeds were among their top 10 management problems, listing nearly 200 problem species. Over 12% indicated weeds were their worst problem. Weed control programs are now in place in wildlands across the continent, employing techniques ranging from manual removal, mechanical methods, prescribed fire, judicious use of herbicides, the release of biological control agents, and encouragement of native competitors. The most successful endeavors follow an adaptive management strategy in which plans based on the goals of the preserve are developed, weeds that interfere with those goals are identified and prioritized, and control measures are selected and implemented where appropriate. Emphasis is placed on preventing new weeds from becoming established and on early detection and elimination of incipient infestations. Managers must focus on the vegetation or community desired in place of the weeds and periodically re-evaluate whether their programs are moving them toward this objective. Control of weeds in wildlands poses unusual problems not ordinarily met in other systems which offer challenging research opportunities for weed scientists and ecologists.
Supply and partitioning of assimilates to roots of Medicago sativa L. and Lotus corniculatus L. under anoxia

Abstract A current explanation of the mechanism of flooding injury to roots suggests that oxygen deficiency depresses the supply of respirable carbohydrates sufficiently to inhibit fermentation. However, even though it has been shown that phloem transport of assimilate is sharply reduced to anaerobic roots, inhibition of assimilate metabolism has also been suggested to be an important factor. This study examines these hypotheses by relating assimilate supply and metabolic activity in anoxic roots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), a flood-intolerant species, and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), a flood-tolerant plant. Roots were made anoxic (severe O2 deficiency) for 2, 4 or 6 d and shoots were labelled with 14CO2. Assimilate transport to the roots and metabolism to structural components were significantly decreased in both species in response to anoxia. Trefoil exhibited significantly greater 14C incorporation into the residue fraction at 4 d anoxia than did alfalfa, and this was consistent with the greater flooding tolerance of trefoil. When assimilate supply to O2-deficient roots was decreased by shoot shading, shoot fresh weight was reduced by both anoxia and light treatments. Root-soluble sugars were significantly decreased by shading but were greatly increased in response to anoxia. Root starch concentration also increased under anoxia. Root K+ concentration was reduced by anoxia only. The energy status (ATP/ADP) of roots was significantly decreased by shading; however, anoxia reduced the energy status only in unshaded plants. The data indicate that carbohydrate supply to anaerobic roots does not appear to be a limiting factor in the metabolic response of alfalfa roots. Alternatively, metabolism of assimilate in anoxic roots may be an important determinant of survival.
Variation in Salinity Tolerance among Larval Anurans: Implications for Community Composition and the Spread of an Invasive, Non-native Species

Amphibians in freshwater coastal wetlands periodically experience acute exposure to salinity from hurricane-related overwash events, as well as chronic exposure associated with rising sea levels. In a comparative experimental approach, we examined whether seven species of anuran amphibians vary in their tolerance to changes in salinity. In a laboratory study, we exposed larval Hyla cinerea (Green Treefrog), H. squirella (Squirrel Treefrog), Lithobates catesbeianus (American Bullfrog), L. sphenocephalus (Southern Leopard Frog), Anaxyrus terrestris (Southern Toad), and Gastrophryne carolinensis (Eastern Narrow-mouthed Toad) from an inland population in north central Florida, USA, and Osteopilus septentrionalis (Cuban Treefrog) tadpoles from an inland population in southwest Florida, to acute salinity for 72 h. For each species, we replicated trials in which tadpoles were exposed to salinities of 0.2 (control), 5, 10, 12, 14, and 16 ppt. For all species, tadpoles reared in the control and 5 ppt treatments had 96.7–100% survival. No individuals of G. carolinensis survived at salinities exceeding 5 ppt and no individuals of any species survived in the 14 or 16 ppt treatments. For all other native species, survival at 10 ppt ranged from 46.7 to 80%, but declined to 0% at 12 ppt (except for H. cinerea, of which only 3.3% survived at 12 ppt). In contrast, all individuals of the invasive, non-native O. septentrionalis survived exposure to a salinity of 10 ppt, and survival in this species remained relatively high at 12 ppt. Our results illustrate that the non-native O. septentrionalis has a higher salinity tolerance than the native species tested, which may contribute to its invasion potential. Moreover, species commonly associated with coastal freshwater wetlands differ in their salinity tolerances, suggesting that salt water intrusion due to storm surges and sea level rise may affect the species composition of these ecosystems.
Influence of Avizyme 1500 on Performance of Commercial Leghorns

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the influence of a corn-soy enzyme, Avizyme 1500 (AZ1500) in hen diets on performance and profits of commercial Leghorns. A 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments comprising three lysine levels (0.75, 0.83, and 0.92%), two energy levels (2,820 and 2,906 kcal ME/kg), and two AZ1500 levels (0 and 0.075%) were used. Hy-Line W-36 hens (n = 1,920) were randomly assigned in groups (20 hens/group) to the 12 dietary treatments for 16 wk. Feed intake (FI), egg production (EP), egg weight (EW), egg specific gravity (SG), and BW were determined. Inclusion of AZ1500 in the diet resulted in interactions with energy and lysine content of the diet, influencing FI, EP, and BW. AZ1500 increased FI of hens fed highenergy diet when lysine was 0.75 and 0.83%, but not at 0.92%. This increase in FI was not observed in hens fed the low-energy diet. AZ1500 increased EP at lower lysine levels but not at the higher level. AZ1500 also increased EP at the low-energy level but not at the high-energy level. Increasing dietary lysine from 0.75 to 0.92% linearly increased EW (P 0.05). A BW increase at 0.83% lysine due to AZ1500 was not observed at 0.75 or 0.92% lysine. Inclusion of AZ1500 in the diet increased the relative amount of bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus spp.) in the caecum in the 30 to 40% range of guanine plus cytosine and decreased the relative amount of microbes (e.g. Bifidobacterium spp.) in the 60 to 70% range of guanine plus cytosine. These results indicate some positive influences of AZ1500 on energy and lysine (protein) utilization in hens, impacting EP, FI, and BW. However, more research is required to learn how to maximize the beneficial effects of AZ1500 on energy utilization in hens.