Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Males on the life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways: Follow-up at age 26 years

This article reports a comparison on outcomes of 26-year-old males who were defined several years ago in the Dunedin longitudinal study as exhibiting childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset antisocial behavior and who were indistinguishable on delinquent offending in adolescence. Previous studies of these groups in childhood and adolescence showed that childhood-onset delinquents had inadequate parenting, neurocognitive problems, undercontrolled temperament, severe hyperactivity, psychopathic personality traits, and violent behavior. Adolescent-onset delinquents were not distinguished by these features. Here followed to age 26 years, the childhood-onset delinquents were the most elevated on psychopathic personality traits, mental-health problems, substance dependence, numbers of children, financial problems, work problems, and drug-related and violent crime, including violence against women and children. The adolescent-onset delinquents at 26 years were less extreme but elevated on impulsive personality traits, mental-health problems, substance dependence, financial problems, and property offenses. A third group of men who had been aggressive as children but not very delinquent as adolescents emerged as low-level chronic offenders who were anxious, depressed, socially isolated, and had financial and work problems. These findings support the theory of life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior but also extend it. Findings recommend intervention with all aggressive children and with all delinquent adolescents, to prevent a variety of maladjustments in adult life.
Measurements of the in vivo synthesis of thromboxane and prostacyclin in humans.

Our studies on the urinary excretion of 2,3-dinor-TxB2 and 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1 alpha in humans strongly indicate that these metabolites are good indicators of the in vivo synthesis of TxA2 and PGI2. Our finding that physical exercise increases PGI2 synthesis was of particular importance for the design of adequate studies on the effects of various drugs on the in vivo formation of PGI2. The rapid recovery (within 3-4 h) of PGI2 formation found following administration of 1.0 g of aspirin together with the long-lasting inhibition of TxA2, suggests that in the prophylaxis of thromboembolic events an intermittent dosage of 0.5 g of aspirin every third day should be a better alternative than daily low or high doses of aspirin. The increased TxA2 formation found in patients with acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis and in patients following insertion of synthetic surfaces into the circulation, is very likely a reflection of an increased activation of platelets. The increased TxA2 synthesis may cause further platelet activation, vasoconstriction and activation of the coagulation system. Thus, theoretically, inhibition of TxA2 could diminish platelet activation and reduce the risk of thrombotic complications. It is well known that the interaction between platelets and the vessel wall plays an important role in haemostasis and in the development of thrombosis. On the basis of its biological properties, PGI2 may play a local haemostatic role in the regulation of this interaction. Our studies of myocardial infarction and deep vein thrombosis clearly demonstrate the involvement of PGI2 in those diseases. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Verification of a chaos-based random number generator through the bootstrap

A random number generation method based on a cross coupled chaotic oscillator is introduced. Numerical model for the proposed design has been developed where bootstrap method is utilized which allows us to estimate the statistical characteristics of underlying chaotic signal. Numerical results verifying the feasibility and correct operation of the random number generator are given such that numerically generated binary sequences fulfill FIPS-140-2 statistical test suites for randomness without post-processing. Presented random number generator features much higher and constant throughput rates and allows offset compensation.
Square-Root Finding Problem In Graphs, A Complete Dichotomy Theorem

Graph G is the square of graph H if two vertices x,y have an edge in G if and only if x,y are of distance at most two in H. Given H it is easy to compute its square H^2. Determining if a given graph G is the square of some graph is not easy in general. Motwani and Sudan proved that it is NP-complete to determine if a given graph G is the square of some graph. The graph introduced in their reduction is a graph that contains many triangles and is relatively dense. Farzad et al. proved the NP-completeness for finding a square root for girth 4 while they gave a polynomial time algorithm for computing a square root of girth at least six. Adamaszek and Adamaszek proved that if a graph has a square root of girth six then this square root is unique up to isomorphism. In this paper we consider the characterization and recognition problem of graphs that are square of graphs of girth at least five. We introduce a family of graphs with exponentially many non-isomorphic square roots, and as the main result of this paper we prove that the square root finding problem is NP-complete for square roots of girth five. This proof is providing the complete dichotomy theorem for square root problem in terms of the girth of the square roots.
Patient perceptions of physician acceptance of gifts from the pharmaceutical industry.

OBJECTIVE To examine patient perceptions of professional appropriateness and the potential impact on health care of physician acceptance of gifts from the pharmaceutical industry. DESIGN A random-digit dialing telephone survey. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A sample of 649 adults (> or = 18 years old) living in Kentucky. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patient awareness of office-use gifts (eg, pens, notepads) and personal gifts to physicians from the pharmaceutical industry, patient exposure to office-use gifts, and attitudes toward physician acceptance of both office-use and personal gifts. RESULTS The survey had a response rate of 55%. Eighty-two percent of the respondents were aware that physicians received office-use gifts, while 32% were aware that physicians received personal gifts. Seventy-five percent reported receiving free samples of medication from their physicians. Compared with office-use gifts, more respondents believed that personal gifts to physicians have a negative effect on both health care cost (42% vs 26%) and quality (23% vs 13%). After controlling for demographic variables, as well as awareness and exposure to physician gifts, individuals with at least a high school education were 2.4 times as likely to believe that personal gifts have a negative effect on the cost of health care and 2.3 times as likely to believe that personal gifts would have a negative effect on the quality of health care. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the public is generally uninformed about personal gifts from pharmaceutical companies to physicians. If public perception regarding the objectivity of the medical profession is to serve as a guide, these findings suggest a reevaluation may be in order for guidelines regarding physician acceptance of gifts from the pharmaceutical industry.
Double blind, placebo controlled trial of two probiotic strains in interleukin 10 knockout mice and mechanistic link with cytokine balance

Background: Prophylactic efficacy against colitis following lactobacillus consumption in interleukin 10 (IL-10) knockout (KO) mice has been reported. Whether this applies equally to other probiotic strains is unknown, and the mechanism is unclear. Aims: (1) To compare the effect of feeding Lactobacillus salivarius subspecies salivarius 433118 and Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 against placebo on enterocolitis, the intestinal microflora, and (2) to compare the systemic immunological response to in vitro microbial challenge in probiotic fed and control IL-10 KO mice. Methods: Three groups of 10 IL-10 KO mice were fed fermented milk products containing Lb salivarius 433118 at 109 CFU/ml, B infantis 35624 at 108 CFU/ml, and unmodified milk, respectively, for 19 weeks. Faecal samples were taken at regular intervals to confirm gut transit, recovery of fed probiotics, and to assess the impact on the microflora. At sacrifice, the bowels were histologically scored. Cytokine production from Peyers’ patches and splenocytes was measured in vitro by ELISA. Results: Faecal recovery of probiotics was confirmed in all probiotic fed mice but not in controls. Colonic and caecal inflammatory scores were significantly decreased in both groups of probiotic fed mice (p<0.05). Proinflammatory cytokine production by Peyers’ patches and splenocytes was significantly reduced in probiotic fed animals whereas transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) levels were maintained. Conclusion: Both Lactobacillus salivarius 433118 and Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 significantly attenuate colitis in this murine model. Attenuation of colitis is associated with a reduced ability to produce Th1-type cytokines systemically and mucosally, while levels of TGF-β are maintained.
Parallelizing particle swarm optimization

This paper focuses on a parallel version of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm which can significantly reduces execution time for solving complex large-scale optimization problems. This paper gives an overview of PSO algorithm, and then proposes a design and an implementation of parallel PSO. The proposed algorithm eliminates redundant synchronizations and optimizes message transfer to overlap communication with computation. The experimental results showed that 13.2 times speedup was obtained by the proposed parallel PSO algorithm with 14 processors.
Interacting or Just Acting? -A Case Study of European, Korean, and American Politicians' Interactions with the Public on Twitter

New media optimists have claimed that social technologies, such as the micro-blogging service, Twitter, stand to change political communication in positive ways. Many hope that new technologies can help level the playing field between political elites, who enjoy a number of resources to their advantage, including access to traditional media channels, and non-elites, who struggle to get their messages out (e.g., Bimber 1998; Rheingold 1993). Likewise, there is optimism that new technologies might be harnessed and used to reverse the trend of increasing apathy among citizens in liberal democracies, and particularly among youth (Delli Carpini 2000). In this study, we explore how elected officials use Twitter to interact with the public. Twitter touts itself as a technology used around the globe that is being rapidly adopted by users in almost every country. Therefore, to observe a wide variety of ways in which officials use Twitter, we have conducted a study of officials in three regions with liberal democratic governments. Particularly, we draw upon datasets used in our ongoing research (Hemphill, Otterbacher and Shapiro 2013), in which we follow the tweets of Members of the European Parliament, Korean National Assembly Members, and United States Members of Congress. The goals here, however, are to examine qualitatively the types of vertical communication taking place between elected officials and the citizens they represent and to develop a framework for analysis that can facilitate future work. Our analysis suggests that, while Twitter provides the infrastructure to facilitate a high level of interactivity between political officials and constituents, not everyone takes advantage of these affordances. We illustrate that Twitter is being used in a variety of ways, from an essentially one-
The efficacy of the ketogenic diet-1998: a prospective evaluation of intervention in 150 children.

OBJECTIVE The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, low-protein, low-carbohydrate diet developed in the 1920s for the treatment of children with difficult to control seizures. Despite advances in both the pharmacotherapy and the surgery of epilepsy, many children continue to have difficult-to-control seizures. This prospective study sought to determine the ketogenic diet's effectiveness and tolerability in children refractory to today's medications. METHODS One hundred fifty consecutive children, ages 1 to 16 years, virtually all of whom continued to have more than two seizures per week despite adequate therapy with at least two anticonvulsant medications, were prospectively enrolled in this study, treated with the ketogenic diet, and followed for a minimum of 1 year. Seizure frequency was tabulated from patients' daily seizure calendars and seizure reduction calculated as percentage of baseline frequency. Adverse events and reasons for diet discontinuation were recorded. RESULTS The children (mean age, 5.3 years), averaged 410 seizures per month before the diet, despite an exposure to a mean of 6.2 antiepileptic medications. Three months after diet initiation, 83% of those starting remained on the diet and 34% had >90% decrease in seizures. At 6 months, 71% still remained on the diet and 32% had a >90% decrease in seizures. At 1 year, 55% remained on the diet and 27% had a >90% decrease in seizure frequency. Most of those discontinuing the diet did so because it was either insufficiently effective or too restrictive. Seven percent stopped because of intercurrent illness. CONCLUSIONS The ketogenic diet should be considered as alternative therapy for children with difficult-to-control seizures. It is more effective than many of the new anticonvulsant medications and is well tolerated by children and families when it is effective.
On the Declining Health Status of Welfare Caseloads: Emerging Dilemmas for Serving the Poor

An emerging concern for public policy is welfare reform's potential to inadvertently affect caseload composition by increasing the proportion of recipients with health-related barriers to employment. The authors examine this using data from the Welfare Client Longitudinal Study, an in-depth case study of a large California county. Through quantitative analyses, they examine the extent of change in health-related problems since welfare reform and their potential to progressively impact overall composition of the caseload. They augment this with qualitative data on how local welfare providers are responding to the health-related needs of aid recipients. Results suggest that the burden of health-related problems is growing and that welfare providers may be poorly equipped to respond effectively on their own. The changing composition of welfare caseloads may foster several new policy dilemmas that demand broader attention: states and localities may face difficulties meeting federal workforce participation requirements, may need to restructure welfare-to-work programs to serve a more functionally impaired population, and may need to take steps to better integrate health and welfare services at the local level.
Position‐dependent interactions of Y‐box protein 2 (YBX2) with mRNA enable mRNA storage in round spermatids by repressing mRNA translation and blocking translation‐dependent mRNA decay

Many mRNAs encoding proteins needed for the construction of the specialized organelles of spermatozoa are stored as translationally repressed, free messenger ribonucleoproteins in round spermatids, to be actively translated in elongating and elongated spermatids. The factors that repress translation in round spermatids, however, have been elusive. Two lines of evidence implicate the highly abundant and well‐known translational repressor, Y‐box protein 2 (YBX2), as a critical factor: First, protamine 1 (Prm1) and sperm‐mitochondria cysteine‐rich protein (Smcp) mRNAs are prematurely recruited onto polysomes in Ybx2‐knockout mouse round spermatids. Second, mutations in 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) cis‐elements that abrogate YBX2 binding activate translation of Prm1 and Smcp mRNAs in round spermatids of transgenic mice. The abundance of YBX2 and its affinity for variable sequences, however, raise questions of how YBX2 targets specific mRNAs for repression. Mutations to the Prm1 and Smcp mRNAs in transgenic mice reveal that strong repression in round spermatids requires YBX2 binding sites located near the 3′ ends of their 3′UTRs as locating the same sites in upstream positions produce negligible repression. This location‐dependence implies that the assembly of repressive complexes is nucleated by adjacent cis‐elements that enable cooperative interactions of YBX2 with co‐factors. The available data suggest that, in vertebrates, YBX2 has the important role of coordinating the storage of translationally repressed mRNAs in round spermatids by inhibiting translational activity and the degradation of transcripts via translation‐dependent deadenylation. These insights should facilitiate future experiments designed to unravel how YBX2 targets mRNAs for repression in round spermatids and how mutations in the YBX2 gene cause infertility in humans. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 190–207, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The RLF‐M component of the replication licensing system forms complexes containing all six MCM/P1 polypeptides

Replication licensing factor (RLF) is involved in preventing re‐replication of chromosomal DNA in a single cell cycle, and previously has been separated into two components termed RLF‐M and RLF‐B. Here we show that Xenopus RLF‐M consists of all six members of the MCM/P1 protein family, XMcm2–XMcm7. The six MCM/P1 polypeptides co‐eluted on glycerol gradients and gel filtration as complexes with a mol. wt of ∼400 kDa. In crude Xenopus extract, all six MCM/P1 polypeptides co‐precipitated with anti‐XMcm3 antibody, although only XMcm5 quantitatively co‐precipitated from purified RLF‐M. Further fractionation separated RLF‐M into two sub‐components, one consisting of XMcms 3 and 5, the other consisting of XMcms 2, 4, 6 and 7. Neither of the sub‐components provided RLF‐M activity. Finally, we show that all six MCM/P1 proteins bind synchronously to chromatin before the onset of S‐phase and are displaced as S–phase proceeds. These results strongly suggest that complexes containing all six MCM/P1 proteins are necessary for replication licensing.
Individual Differences in Learning Talker Categories: The Role of Working Memory

Abstract The current study explores the question of how an auditory category is learned by having school-age listeners learn to categorize speech not in terms of linguistic categories, but instead in terms of talker categories (i.e., who is talking). Findings from visual-category learning indicate that working memory skills affect learning, but the literature is equivocal: sometimes better working memory is advantageous, and sometimes not. The current study examined the role of different components of working memory to test which component skills benefit, and which hinder, learning talker categories. Results revealed that the short-term storage component positively predicted learning, but that the Central Executive and Episodic Buffer negatively predicted learning. As with visual categories, better working memory is not always an advantage.
Reliability and performance optimization of 42V N-channel drift MOS transistor in advanced BCD technology

Optimization flow for a 42V N-channel drift MOS in an advanced BCD technology in terms of performance and stability is described. The origin of the very fast on state resistance (Ron) degradation detected during reliability tests under off state on the starting device has been identified in borderless silicon nitride used as stop layer during contact etch. The final solution including a process step introduction, device geometry modification and drain doping profile optimization improves performance and addresses both voltage capability and reliability requirements.
Selective reinnervation of skeletal muscle in the newt Triturus cristatus.

1. A study was made of the effectiveness of synapses formed by foreign and original nerves during reinnervation of skeletal muscle of the newt Triturus cristatus. The extensor cranialis nerve (e.c.n.) of the forelimb was implanted into the humeroantebrachialis muscle (biceps) which was denervated by cutting or crushing the forelimb flexor nerve (f.f.n.). 2. Although biceps became innervated by the implanted nerve, neuromuscular transmission was abnormal. The ratio of the tensions developed by biceps during single and repetitive (50 Hz) stimulation of e.c. n. was lower than either that obtained in normal biceps or during stimulation of f.f. n. after it had regenerated. Similarly, the mean quantal content of e.p.p.s evoked in biceps during stimulation of e.c. n. were lower (m = 17.1) than those evoked in normal muscles (m = 74.6) or during stimulation of the regenerated f.f. n. (m = 40.4). 3. Although the implanted e.c. n. had innervated biceps, after 2‐3 months a sprout had grown out of the side of the nerve to reinnervate the extensor digitorum communis muscle (e.d.c.) of the forearm. The mean quantal content of e.p.p.s evoked in this muscle by stimulation of e.c. n. (m = 32.2) was higher than that of those e.p.p.s evoked by stimulation of e.c. n. (m = 32.2) was higher than that of those e.p.p.s evoked by stimulation of the same nerve in biceps (m = 17.1). 4. The results suggest that the synapses formed when a muscle is innervated by an inappropriate nerve are less effective than those formed when reinnervation by the correct nerve occurs. This may account for the tendency of the inappropriate synapses to regress following reinnervation by the correct nerve. In addition however, in the newt there seem to exist mechanisms which ensure that regenerating nerves reinnervate their correct muscles.
Impacts of Federal Stimulus Funding on Economic Development Policy Networks Among Local Governments

Introduction How has federal funding provided to local governments through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) altered economic development networks among local governments? Relationships among local governments have important local and regional economic development consequences. Jurisdictional fragmentation of governments in metropolitan regions makes these relationships particularly salient as local development interests sometimes compliment and other times conflict. Interjurisdictional collaboration is a mechanism by which cities can address externalities of fragmentation within metropolitan regions through joint policy action (Kwon and Feiock, 2010). Much of the existing research on regional collaboration mechanisms examines service delivery and why cities collaborate through shared service delivery agreements (Provan and Milward, 1995; Carr and Hawkins, 2013; Carr, LeRoux and Shrestha, 2009). Collaboration for economic development purposes has also been the focus of recent studies (Hawkins, 2010; Lee, Feiock and Lee, 2012; Chen et al. 2016). Even though cities are highly competitive for private investment, hey often collaborate to enhance their regional economic position (Hawkins, 2009), and generate resources to more adequately address fiscal challenges (Kwon et al., 2014). Extant research points to population needs and trust among local officials as determinants of collaboration (Feiock, Lee, and Park, 2012; Shrestha and Feiock 2016). Some evidence suggests that exogenous factors, in particular the federal government, influence collaboration among local governments (Schneider, et al, 2003), yet we know little about how the structure of informal policy networks respond to higher level government interventions. Changes in the structure of policy networks remain an important but understudied area of inquiry in network analysis, and it also has broader implications for how cities respond to risk. The federal government has long provided important resources to local governments to assist them in improving their economic competitiveness. Most federal assistance to local governments has been in existence for a long time span, supports programs on a continuing basis, and changes little from year to year. This poses challenges in identifying the time-specific impact Page 1 of 28 Review of Policy Research