Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF STUDENT ASSESSMENT THROUGH GRADING

We develop a mathematical theory of assigning grades at the conclusion of educational courses. Usually, such grades are derived from final scores (which can be assumed to range from 0% to 100%) and are assigned on the basis of various approaches and traditions, for example by fitting grades into a “bell curve”, or by looking for gaps in between scores (“clustering” method), or by assigning grades on the basis of pre-determined thresholds, such as 90% for A, 80% for B, and so on. Are these methods rationally justified? Are they informative and fair to the students? We answer these questions by introducing a quantitative analysis of grading methods based on the information theory and statistics. Specifically, we introduce (1) the “entropy” of a grading method which measures the amount of information carried by a student’s grade, and (2) the “inconsistency” of a grading method, which measures the influence of random factors on a student’s grade. We argue that the best grading methods are characterized by maximal entropy and minimal inconsistency. We show that the maximal entropy grading methods assign, on average all possible passing grades with equal frequencies e.g. frequency 1/10 for each grade in the 10 grade scale, A, A-, . , D. On the basis of computer Monte Carlo computations, we show that a properly defined clustering grading method satisfies this property for classes up to around 50 students. However, the “quantile grading method” (defined in the paper) has the maximal entropy for classes of all sizes and is the most consistent among maximal entropy grading methods analyzed by us. We also show that the following popular grading methods are generally suboptimal: (1) any overly lenient grading practice assigning A’s and B’s to majority of students. (2) fitting grade distribution into a “bell curve”, by assigning grades on the basis of the distance of a student’s score from the class mean, measured in standard deviations. (We also show that most often fitting grades into a “bell curve” like that is difficult, if not impossible, from a practical point of view.) (3) Assigning grades on the basis of the threshold 90% for A, 80% for B, and so on. Finally, we discuss situations in which the teacher desires to assign grades with a pre-determined average. We show that among grading policies of that type, the highest entropy grading method has an exponential distribution. We discuss practical methods of assigning grades in that way.
FOLIA POMERANAE UNIVERSITATIS TECHNOLOGIAE STETINENSIS

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of application of xylanase or xylanase and phytase to diets containing rapeseed cakes of ‘Kana cv. ’ on performance, carcass traits, physico-chemical parameters of meat and bone and digestibility of diets. Experiment 1 (growth trial) was carried out on 90 one-day-old broilers Ross 308, which were divided into three groups. The chickens were fed diets that contained 15% (starter – 1–21 days) and 20% (grower – 22–42 days) of rapeseed cake. The control diet (RC) for first group was without enzymes, diet for second group RC(X) contained enzyme preparation with endo-1,4-βxylanase at the level of 0.3 g ∙ kg–1 (min. 1000 FXU/g). The third diet – RC(X + PHY) contained xylanase and enzyme preparation contained phytase in the amount of 0.35 g ∙ kg–1 (min 2500 FYT/g). At the age of 42 days, six chickens from each group were slaughtered. In the experiment 2 (on 60 broilers) the digestibility of diets from the experiment 1 on broilers at 3 week of life (starter diets) and at 5 week (grower diets) was carried out. Obtained results showed the tendency to increase of body weight and decrease of feed conversion after application of enzymes to the wheat-rapeseed diets. Less content of skin with subcutaneous fat in carcasses of broilers fed diets with enzymes, significant in simultaneous introduced xylanase and phytase, and increase of protein content in leg muscles was stated. Simultaneous introduced of xylanase and phytase (non significant) increased the digestibility of total phosphorus in grower mixtures and the crude ash and total phosphorus contents in bones.
Technology Orientation and Corporate Innovativeness of Quoted Manufacturing Firms in Rivers State

This study examined the relationship between technology orientation and corporate innovativeness of quoted manufacturing firms in Rivers state. It adopted the cross-sectional survey in its investigation of the variables. Primary data was generated through selfadministered questionnaire. The population of the paper was 20 managers of four (4) manufacturing companies in Rivers state and due to the small population, the census method of sampling was adopted. The research instrument was validated through content validity while the reliability of the instrument was achieved by the use of the Cronbach Alpha coefficient with all the items scoring above 0.70. Data generated were analyzed and presented using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques and the hypotheses were tested using the Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Statistics. The tests were carried out at a 95% confidence interval and a 0.05 level of significance and findings revealed that there is a significant and positive relationship between technology orientation and corporate innovativeness of the quoted manufacturing firms in Rivers state. This study recommends that manufacturing firms should make use of technology orientation to develop artificial intelligence to enhance their work process and add more value to their products in order to compete on a global scale.
Multivariate Approaches to Optimal Network Design for Geophysical Fields

Atmospheric measurements are often not optimally or objectively sited, due to a wide range of factors, including a lack of effective strategies to meet this need. A general methodology is presented for identifying measurements objectively that are simultaneously optimized for an arbitrary number of performance metrics. Two specific optimizations are considered for measures on Gaussian distributions: the trace of the metric covariance matrix, and Kullback-Liebler (KL) Divergence. These approaches are applied to determine optimal station networks for observing Antarctic 2-meter air temperature using data from the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) and a bootstrap estimate of the effect of sample error on the results. Both approaches yield spatially localized results, with the first station having the largest impact. Subsequent stations have progressively smaller impact, although this decrease is not monotonic. The algorithm terminates when a selected measurement is statistically indistinguishable from the next selected measurement with 99% confidence, which for the chosen metric, occurs after 73 stations for the covariance approach and 69 stations for the KL Divergence approach. Results show that the covariance-trace approach selects locations with longer correlation horizontal length scales, whereas the KL-Divergence approach selects areas of shorter correlation length scales. 7
Lie groups and algebraic groups

One of the fundamental branches of mathematics is the study of symmetries of any mathematical object (like a geometric object, or a differential/polynomial equation, etc.). The symmetries form a group, and group theoretical properties of this group give us information on other mathematical properties of the object under consideration. For example, the solvability of the ‘Galois group’ of a polynomial equation is equivalent to the solvability of the equation by radicals. A similar statement can be made for solvability of differential equations. The most ubiquitous class of groups is that of Lie groups. These are manifolds (geometrical objects, functions on which can be differentiated) such that the group operations are infinitely differentiable. Lie groups occur naturally in geometry, analysis, algebra and physics. Prototypical examples are the groups GLn(R) (GLn(C)) of invertible n×n matrices with real (complex) entries. By its very nature, a Lie group has analytic, geometric and algebraic properties, each of which is a highly developed field of study. These fields are interrelated and each of these fields contributes to the other.
Prediction of Horseshoe Chaos in a Nonlinearly Damped Asymmetrical Systems

The occurrence of horseshoe chaos in a nonlinearly damped Duffingvander Pol (DVP) oscillator with three different forms of asymmetrical double-well potential is analyzed. Three forms of asymmetry can be introduced by varying the depth of the left-well alone, the location of the local minimum of the left-well alone and both the depth and local minimum of the left-well respectively, keeping the shape of the right-well unchanged. We assume the nonlinear damping term is proportional to the power of velocity (ẋ) in the form |ẋ|P−1. Applying the Melnikov analytical technique, the threshold condition for the occurrence of horseshoe chaos is obtained for each asymmetrical potential. Melnikov threshold curves are drawn in (f − ω) parameter space. By varying the parameter f , parametric regimes where suppression or induce of chaos are predicted. The analytical predictions are verified by numerical simulation.
Etude de différentes techniques de Super-Résolution de séquences vidéos

Résumé—Cet article propose une étude comparative de différentes techniques de super-résolution (SR) : la méthode fréquentielle, la reconstruction par interpolation, le filtrage de Wiener, le Maximum A Posteriori (MAP), la reconstruction par visages propres (eigenfaces) et la projection sur des ensembles convexes (Projection Onto Convex Sets (POCS)). Plusieurs de ces algorithmes ont été implémentés et expérimentés sur des images en niveaux de gris : l’algorithme de reconstruction par estimation MAP [10], l’algorithme des eigenfaces [11], la méthode de Wiener [1] et la méthode POCS [18]. Les performances de ces algorithmes sont comparés sur des protocoles de test standard. Les méthodes POCS et MAP donnent des résultats similaires. La SR en aveugle [9] ainsi que l’amélioration des algorithmes pour qu’ils fonctionnent en temps réel constituent des thèmes de recherche prometteurs ainsi que les méthodes hybrides POCSML.
Assessment of Gender Influence in Household’s Responsibility and Supervision (In Mbeya Rural Utengule-Usongwe Ward-Tanzania)

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess gender influence in household and resources allocation in Mbeya Rural District. The process of resources allocation at household level involves two different genders whereby male dominates female in all sphere of life. It was discovered through many literatures that women were discriminated, oppressed, not access to, control and inherit of land by customary law.
Detection of Moving Vehicles Using ANN-Based Clustering of Optical Flow

 Abstract — This paper presents the detection of moving vehicles using clustering of optical flow. ANN (Artificial Neural Network) algorithms are employed to group pixels of moving vehicles from traffic images based on the clustering of optical flow. For the estimation of optical flow, the pyramidal Lucas-Kanade optical flow algorithm using our feature tracking system is then implemented. The information after estimating the optical flow can be used in the later tracking and detecting processes. To verify the efficiency of optical flow clustering, we use the Autonomous Agents for On-Scene Networked Incident Management (ATON) project’s highway video files. Experimental results demonstrate good performance for the segmentation of moving vehicles. The study confirms that the proposed method can efficiently detect moving vehicles out of background and accurately estimate the velocity of moving vehicle.
Impacto da Modulação dos Conversores Boost

This work deals whith the study and analysis of the modulation strategies for interleaved Boost converter for NCells. This will focus on the impact on input current ripple for different modulation strategies, phase angle between the n-cells and their corresponding duty-cycle. The increase in the number of phases does not always lead to a reduction in the amplitude of the current ripple. For this, a correct analysis that relates dutycycle and activation angle becomes necessary, as well as to know the operation regime of the converter, the power supply and the load. Depending on the operating point (variation range: input and output voltages, load), you can carry out design by choosing the number of cells that lead to the minimization or even the cancellation of the input current ripple.
The plant disease of Botrytis cinerea and progress of its microbial control

The plant disease of Botrytis cinerea is related,and recent progresss of study on it in aspects of microbial control methods by means of screening and selection of antagonistic microorganisms and endophyte,and application of those microorganisms and endophyte are surveyed.The existent issues related to the microbial control technique are discussed,and the prospects of application of this technique are presented.
Degree Kirchhoff Index of Unicyclic Graphs

Let G be a connected graph with vertex set V (G). The degree Kirchhoff index of G is defined as S′(G) = ∑ {u,v}⊆V (G) d(u)d(v)R(u, v), where d(u) is the degree of vertex u, and R(u, v) denotes the resistance distance between vertices u and v. In this paper we characterize n-vertex unicyclic graphs having maximum, second–maximum, minimum, and second–minimum degree Kirchhoff index.
AMELIORATIVE POTENTIAL OF CROCUS SATIVUS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GENOTOXICITY AND CYTOTOXICITY IN TUMOR BEARING MICE

Cancer is considered as one of the most dreadful diseases of the 20th century and is a major concern. Chemotherapy is the most common modality used for cancer treatment, but is unable to achieve satisfactory effects because of its severe side effects and dose-limiting toxicity. Ample evidence shows that herbal medicine has evolved as a solution for cancer chemoprevention and new drug development. Crocus sativus is reported to be useful in treating various human disorders. It’s main constituents have memory improving, anti-oxidant, anti-depressant and anti-tumor properties. The present study was therefore, carried out to unveil the protective potential of saffron in terms of the chromosome damage in tumor bearing mice and cytotoxicity using mice skin cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Chromosomal aberration assay was carried out to unveil the genotoxicity of various saffron extracts. MTT-cytotoxicity assay was carried out to explore the cytotoxicity of the saffron extracts using human peripheral blood lymphocytes and mice skin cells. As compared to standard drug 35mg/kg, 65mg/kg, 165mg/kg and 200mg/kg dosage of saffron stigma were found to produce statistically lower mean aberrant metaphases (p<0.05). Besides, 65mg/kg, 165mg/kg and 200mg/kg dosage of saffron bulb were found to produce statistically lower mean aberrant metaphases (p<0.05). MTT cytotoxicity assay of mice skin cells revealed maximum cytoprotection by 20% methanol stigma and minimum cytotoprotection by 100% saffron bulb extract. MTT cytotoxicity assay of lymphocytes revealed minimum cytoprotection by 100% saffron bulb and maximum cytoprotection by 100% methanol stigma.
Analysis of open data of a social network in order to identify deviant communities

—The system of analysis of open data of the social network Vkontakte is developed and programmatically implemented. Two ways of identification of deviant communities are proposed. The first way is by the number of community subscribers blocked by the social network for violating the rules. The second way, by the presence of common subscribers between the studied community, and the community about which it is precisely known that it is deviant. It is experimentally established that the second method of identification of deviant communities gives the best result.
AN INFORMATION-THEORETIC METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE PERFORMANCE OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

We consider a notion of computer capacity as a novel approach to evaluation of computer performance. Computer capacity is based on the number of different tasks that can be executed in a given time. This characteristic does not depend on any particular task and is determined only by the computer architecture. It can be easily computed at the design stage and used for optimizing architectural decisions.
Global Regularity of the Logarithmically Supercritical MHD System in Two-dimensional Space

In this paper, we study the global regularity of logarithmically supercritical MHD equations in 2 dimensional, in which the dissipation terms are −μΛu and −νLb. We show that global regular solutions in the cases 0 < α < 1 2 , β > 1, 3α+ 2β > 3.
Trans-SIALIDASA DE Trypanosoma cruzi: UN BLANCO POTENCIAL PARA EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA ENFERMEDAD DE CHAGAS Artículo original

Enfermedad de Chagas El parásito protozoario Trypanosoma cruzi es el agente etiológico de la enfermedad de Chagas, que afecta a 18 millones de personas en América Latina y constituye un grave problema sanitario y económico. Varias especies de insectos triatomíneos hematófagos actúan como sus vectores de transmisión, siendo el más importante en Argentina el Triatoma infestans, conocido vulgarmente como “vinchuca”. La enfermedad comienza con una etapa aguda caracterizada por altos niveles de parasitemia. El tratamiento en esta etapa es efectivo aunque la vaguedad de los síntomas asociados (hepatoesplenomegalia, fiebre, encefalitis, inflamación de nódulos linfáticos, etc.) a menudo dificulta el diagnóstico. La mayoría de los pacientes sobreviven la etapa aguda y progresan hacia una fase subclínica y asintomática (llamada fase indeterminada) en la cual los parásitos son difícilmente detectables en circulación. Al cabo de varios años, un 30% de los pacientes desarrollan lesiones a nivel de miocardio y/o tracto digestivo, características de la fase crónica de la enfermedad. Se han desarrollado algunas drogas para el tratamiento de estos pacientes, tales como el Benznidazol o Nifurtimox y el D0870. Estas drogas, sin embargo, tienen una eficacia limitada y presentan cierta toxicidad. Por último, el debate todavía abierto acerca de un cierto componente autoinmune en el progreso de la fase crónica atenta contra el desarrollo de posibles vacunas. 5 La incidencia de nuevos casos ha disminuido notablemente en los últimos años, sobre todo debido al control del insecto vector. Sin embargo, y dado que se trata de una infección crónica, la transmisión puede también ocasionarse por transfusiones sanguíneas y por vía transplacentaria. El desarrollo de métodos de diagnóstico rápidos y confiables para el rastreo de los bancos de sangre se torna así en una necesidad aún en países no endémicos para esta enfermedad. En este sentido, la irrupción de la biología molecular permitió la identificación, clonado y expresión recombinante de antígenos con un gran potencial diagnóstico (Figura 1). Un segundo factor a considerar es que, además del ser humano, una gran variedad de vertebrados domésticos y salvajes pueden también ser parasitados por T. cruzi y, por lo tanto, actuar como reservorios de la enfermedad.
Traditional medicine use in patients on antiretroviral therapy: a cross-sectional study at Thembalethu Wellness Centre, Northdale Hospital.

ii PLAGIARISM DECLARATION . iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . v DEDICATION . vi ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . vii TABLE OF CONTENTS . viii LIST OF TABLES . xi LIST OF FIGURES . xii LIST OF APPENDICES . xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.
A Review on Bio-inspired Airfoil: Inspiration from Nature

With the advancement of modern technology, researchers have been working hugely on the aerodynamics with a view to improving and enhancing the performance of the existing airfoils. Several numerical as well as experimental investigations have been performed in this regard. A breakthrough in the field of aerodynamics is the modification of airfoils getting inspired from nature. This paper reviews the works on such airfoils. Researchers have tested several parameters to find out their effects on the overall performance of the airfoils. Modifications on the geometry of the airfoil have been investigated. Different Reynolds numbers have been used to analyze their effect on aerodynamic performance of the corresponding airfoil. The inspiration for such airfoils has originated from the low flight insects like butterfly, dragonfly etc. The places where conventional air vehicles can’t reach, Micro Air Vehicles (MAV) can play an important role especially in military use for security purpose and so on.
Truncated two-stage compound parabolic concentrator for collecting human diffuse transmission light

We propose an optical system employing a compound parabolic concentrator for near infrared spectroscope in noninvasive blood components testing. A truncated two-stage compound parabolic concentrator system is designed, which consists of a normal first-stage compound parabolic concentrator and a truncated second-stage compound parabolic concentrator. Using advanced ray tracing technique, the optical efficiencies of truncated two-stage compound parabolic concentrator system, ellipsoidal mirror system and non-optical-focusing mirror system are calculated to be 25.4%, 22.4% and 4.0%, respectively. Furthermore, the total length of truncated two-stage compound parabolic concentrator is only about 68 mm while the ellipsoidal mirror is 110 mm. It indicates that the truncated two-stage compound parabolic concentrator system enhances the ability of concentrating human diffuse transmission light, and it is a benefit to improve signal-to-noise ratio of noninvasive biochemical analysis system efficiently. Due to the advantage of small size, it tends to achieve a miniature instrument.
corHMM 2.1: Generalized hidden Markov models

The original version of corHMM contained a number of distinct functions for conducting analyses of discrete morphological characters. This included the corHMM() function for fitting a hidden rates model, which uses “hidden” states as a means of allowing transition rates in a binary character to vary across a tree. In reality, the hidden rates model falls within a general class of models, hidden Markov models (HMM), that may also be applied to multistate characters. So, whether the focal trait is binary or contains multiple states, or whether the observed states represents a set of binary and multistate characters, hidden states can be applied as a means of allowing heterogeneity in the transition model. Choosing a model specific to your question is of utmost importance in any comparative method, and in this new version of corHMM we provide users with the tools to create their own hidden Markov models.