Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Immunologic distribution of an organic anion transport protein in rat liver and kidney.

A Na(+)-independent organic anion transport protein was recently cloned from rat liver using a Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system [E. Jacquemin, B. Hagenbuch, B. Stieger, A.W. Wolkoff, and P.J. Meier, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 133-137, 1994]. Although expression of this protein is sufficient for cells to transport the organic anion bromosulfophthalein, little is known about its cell biology or biochemical characteristics. Northern blot analysis performed under high-stringency conditions revealed hybridization with RNA only from liver and kidney; transcripts appeared the same in these two organs. Within kidney, hybridization was greatest when RNA extracted from the outer medulla was used. Immunoblot analysis revealed that in liver, the transporter was enriched in 0.1 M Na2CO3-extracted membranes and sinusoidal plasma membrane preparations, consistent with its being an integral membrane protein. This 80-kDa protein migrated as a 65-kDa protein after treatment with N-glycanase. Immunomorphological examination of liver revealed basolateral plasma membrane localization. In 0.1 M Na2CO3-extracted membranes of kidney, the transporter migrated as an 83-kDa protein on nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). On reduction, it resolved into peptides of 33 and 37 kDa. SDS-PAGE migration of the liver protein was unaffected by reduction. Immunomorphological examination of kidney revealed apical plasma membrane localization in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule of the outer medulla. Differential processing and trafficking of this transporter in liver and kidney may have important functional and regulatory consequences.
Long‐lasting modulation of synaptic input to Purkinje neurons by Bergmann glia stimulation in rat brain slices

Information processing in the nervous system is achieved primarily at chemical synapses between neurons. Recent evidence suggests that glia‐neuron interactions contribute in multiple ways to the synaptic process. In the present study we used the frequency of spontaneous postsynaptic currents (sPSC) in Purkinje neurons in acute cerebellar brain slices from juvenile rats (13‐19 days old) as a measure of synaptic activity. Following 50 depolarizing pulses to an adjacent Bergmann glial cell (50 mV; duration 0.5 s; 1 Hz) the sPSC frequency of the Purkinje neuron was reduced to 65 ± 7 % of control values within 10 min after glial stimulation and remained depressed for at least 40 min. Depolarizing pulses to 0 mV had a comparable effect (70 ± 5 % of control). The frequency of miniature PSCs, as recorded in 300 nm TTX, was not modulated after glial stimulation. Blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) with kynurenic acid (1 mm) or 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (CNQX, 5 μm) suppressed the reduction of neuronal activity induced by glial depolarization, whereas the glial modulation of synaptic activity was not inhibited by a block of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate iGluRs, metabotropic glutamate receptors, cannabinoid receptors or GABAB receptors. Fluorometric measurements of the intraglial Ca2+ concentration revealed no glial Ca2+ transients during the depolarization series, and glial cell stimulation reduced the neuronal sPSC frequency even after loading the glial cell with 20 mm of the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA. Our results indicate a glia‐induced long‐lasting depression of neuronal communication mediated by iGluRs.
Hyperpolarization‐activated currents in isolated superior colliculus‐projecting neurons from rat visual cortex.

1. In vivo injections of rhodamine beads into the superior colliculus of 4‐9 postnatal day rat pups label a population of layer 5 cells in the primary visual cortex that can be identified in tissue sections or dissociated cell cultures. 2. Under voltage clamp, hyperpolarizations of isolated superior colliculus‐projecting (SCP) neurons from rest elicit an instantaneous inward current (Iinst) with nearly linear current‐voltage properties that is not blocked by extracellular application of 3 mM CsCl. 3. Voltage clamp steps to potentials more negative than ‐60 mV evoke a slowly activating, non‐inactivating inward current that is not blocked by 1 microM TTX, 1 mM 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP), 5 mM Co2+, or 25 mM TEA, but is potently blocked by extracellular application of 3 mM CsCl. This current is similar to Ih described in other systems. 4. Ih, the time‐dependent inward current in SCP neurons, begins to activate near the resting membrane potential and reaches full activation at ‐110 mV. The voltage dependence of activation is well fitted by a Boltzmann distribution with the membrane potential at half‐maximal activation (V1/2) = ‐81.0 mV and s (steepness of the curve parameter) = 7.2 mV. Thus, Ih may contribute to setting the resting membrane potential and resting input resistance of SCP neurons. 5. The inward rectification of the whole‐cell current vs. voltage relation is accounted for by the voltage dependence of Ih activation. Current through the activated h‐conductance shows slight outward rectification that is accounted for by constant field considerations. 6. The h‐conductance is substantially permeable only to sodium and potassium and, under normal physiological conditions, is expected to reverse at approximately ‐22 mV at 20 degrees C. For [K+]o < or = 20 mM and 120 mM > or = [Na+]o > or = 70 mM, Ih obeys independence with a PNa/PK (ratio of Na+ to K+ permeability) of 0.40. 7. Extracellular potassium increases gh. If this effect is modelled as the result of potassium binding to an extracellular conductance‐permitting site, potassium has an apparent dissociation constant (Kapp) of 25.7 mM and the ability to maximally increase gh in the order of 10‐fold over basal levels. 8. Ih underlies the depolarizing 'sag’ and ‘overshoot’ observed in SCP neurons following the onset and offset, respectively, of hyperpolarizing current injections. In addition, Ih appears to control the duration and the frequency of repetitive firing following the cessation of sustained hyperpolarizing current injections. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Pre- and post-translocational stages in protein secretion by Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus-soorten worden veelvuldig gebruikt als eiwitfabriekjes op celniveau in biotechnologische, farmaceutische, wasmiddelen- en voedingsmiddelenindustrieen. Om de toepassingsmogelijkheden uit te breiden en bijvoorbeeld de efficientie te verhogen is er nog veel kennis nodig; zoals over het eiwittransport door de celmembraan. Geeske Zanen deed onderzoek naar de rol van zogenaamde pre- en post-translationele componenten tijdens de eiwitsecretie in Bacillus subtilis. Samenvattend laten haar waarnemingen zien dat componenten die actief zijn in de vroege stadia van eiwitsecretie, zoals de SRP-GTPases Ffh en FtsY, mogelijk geexploiteerd zouden kunnen worden voor de optimalisatie van B. subtilis als een celfabriek.
Does increasing applied load lead to contact changes indicative of knee osteoarthritis? A subject‐specific FEA study

This study investigated whether increased loading (representing obesity) in the extended knee and flexed knee led to increased stresses in areas of typical medial and lateral osteoarthritis cartilage lesions, respectively. We created two paired sets of subject‐specific finite element models; both sets included models of extended knees and of flexed knees. The first set represented normal loading; the second set represented increased loading. All other variables were held constant. The von Mises stresses and contact areas calculated on the tibial cartilage surfaces of the paired models were then compared.
Parkinson's disease in a nationwide twin cohort

The Finnish Twin Cohort includes all Finnish same-sexed twins born before 1958 and alive in 1967; the number of individuals alive in 1975 was 33,247. We performed a search for cases with Parkinson's disease among this cohort by linking the Twin Cohort Register with the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register and the Finnish Sickness Insurance Register. We ascertained altogether 42 cases of Parkinson's disease occurring in 41 twin pairs, including 18 monozygotic pairs, 14 dizygotic pairs, and nine pairs of undetermined zygosity. Only one dizygotic pair was concordant for Parkinson's disease; all other pairs were discordant. In 1981, the expected number of cases among the Twin Cohort, calculated according to the age- and sex-specific prevalence rates of Parkinson's disease in Finland, was 33. At the same time, the observed number of patients alive was 35. This study, further substantiating the low concordance for Parkinson's disease in monozygotic as well as in dizygotic twins and indicating that the prevalence of Parkinson's disease in twins compares with the prevalence in the general population, suggests that Parkinson's disease is an acquired disease not caused by a hereditary process.
CODE SWITCHING IN SOCIAL MEDIA: SELF LEARNING MEDIA OF ENGLISH AS FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN THE ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY

English has been an international language for the world, which means English will be used in any occasions when people around the world gather. It becomes a language that should be used in International forum. This situation makes English becomes a language that everyone in the world should conquer. Not all countries in the world use English as their mother language, some countries utilize English as foreign language. Thus, there are many methods so people are able to speak English. One of the methods is by self-learning. The phenomenon happens in the world of todays is people will have a self-learning process throughout social media by using code switching method. People unconsciously used code switching which makes them become bilinguals. This method could help people in learning English. It helps people a lot in mastering English which supposed to be one of a must language skills to face Asean Economic Community era. This paper uses descriptive qualitative approach which identified code switching method in learning English. The data for analysis were collected by library research. By this research, it shows one of methods in learning English so Asians could be well-prepared in taking part of Asean Economic Community. Keywords: code switching, social media, self learning, foreign language, asean economic community
Embedding quantitative methods by stealth in political science

Student evaluations of quantitative methods courses in political science often reveal they are characterised by aversion, alienation and anxiety. As a solution to this problem, this paper describes a pedagogic research project with the aim of embedding quantitative methods by stealth into the first-year undergraduate curriculum. This paper describes the development and evaluation of new teaching and learning materials using active learning pedagogies. The learning activities were designed to develop introductory-level quantitative skills and create a positive first impression of quantitative methods by clearly communicating their value and relevance. The paper demonstrates how the study of psephology – electoral and polling data – can be used to embed quantitative methods within the substantive political science curriculum. This involved devising effective ways of not only teaching psephology but also recreating the experiences of ‘being a psephologist’ as a learning experience in a way that develops quantitative skills and embeds quantitative methods. This study illustrates how quantitative methods can be successfully embedded into the substantive curriculum and explores a range of relevant debates for pedagogical practice and curriculum design.
Effects of two modes of static stretching on muscle strength and stiffness.

PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of constant-angle (CA) and constant-torque (CT) stretching of the leg flexors on peak torque (PT), EMGRMS at PT, passive range of motion (PROM), passive torque (PAS(TQ)), and musculotendinous stiffness (MTS). METHODS Seventeen healthy men (mean ± SD: age = 21.4 ± 2.4 yr) performed a PROM assessment and an isometric maximal voluntary contraction of the leg flexors at a knee joint angle of 80° below full leg extension before and after 8 min of CA and CT stretching. PASTQ and MTS were measured at three common joint angles for before and after assessments. RESULTS PT decreased (mean ± SE = 5.63 ± 1.65 N·m) (P = 0.004), and EMG(RMS) was unchanged (P > 0.05) from before to after stretching for both treatments. PROM increased (5.00° ± 1.03°) and PASTQ decreased at all three angles before to after stretching (angle 1 = 5.03 ± 4.52 N·m, angle 2 = 6.30 ± 5.88 N·m, angle 3 = 6.68 ± 6.33 N·m) for both treatments (P ≤ 0.001). In addition, MTS decreased at all three angles (angle 1 = 0.23 ± 0.29 N·m·°(-1), angle 2 = 0.26 ± 0.35 N·m·°(-1), angle 3 = 0.28 ± 0.44 N·m·°(-1)) after the CT stretching treatment (P < 0.005); however, MTS was unchanged after CA stretching (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS PT, EMG(RMS), PROM, and PASTQ changed in a similar manner after stretching treatments; however, only CT stretching resulted in a decrease in MTS. Therefore, if the primary goal of the stretching routine is to decrease MTS, these results suggest that CT stretching (constant pressure) may be more appropriate than a stretch held at a constant muscle length (CA stretching).
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials as an Aid in the Diagnosis and Intraoperative Management of Spinal Stenosis

The use of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) In localizing the level, extent, and laterality of nerve root entrapment is clinically important. In patients with lumbar spinal stenosis, this is especially true. This study defines a prospective investigation of 20 patients with preoperative SEPs of which 11 patients had intraoperative SEPs correlated with their computed tomographic (CT) scan and/or myelographic findings. The results confirm a high incidence of 4th and 5th lumbar and 1st sacral nerve root involvement. The posterior tibial nerve was abnormal in 95%, the peroneal in 90%, and the sural in 60% in the symptomatical lower extremity. Upper lumbar segments were barely affected as evident by the low incidence of saphenous nerve abnormality in only 12% of the patients. The posterior tibial nerve had the highest yield and was useful for screening. Bilateral lower extremity abnormalities were found in seven of 20 cases studied with two patients having bilateral symptoms and findings. Therefore, bilateral lower extremity SEP evaluation can reveal previously unsuspected pathology and is strongly recommended in preoperative evaluations. SEPs can serve as a useful intraoperative tool to guide the surgeon during a decompressive surgical procedure. SEPs are specifically helpful in spinal stenosis with a paucity of clinical findings and equivocal CT scan or myelographic studies. SEPs seem much more sensitive and effective than conventional electrodiagnostic tests in detecting spinal nerve root compression secondary to spinal stenosis.
Tendon injury and repair after core biopsies in chronic Achilles tendinosis evaluated by serial magnetic resonance imaging

Objective: To evaluate the morphological response and healing process after transverse ultrasound guided core biopsies in chronic Achilles tendinosis using serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over a period of one year. Methods: The study included 10 patients. Six had five transverse core biopsies and were longitudinally evaluated by MRI before the biopsies and then after one week, three months, seven months, and one year. These patients started a three month eccentric training programme one to two weeks after the biopsy. Four “non-biopsied” and untreated patients were used for comparison. The clinical outcome was categorised according to the level of pain and performance. Results: The MRI one week after the biopsies showed an increase in tendon volume (T1-WI) and mean signal intensity (PD-WI) of 29% and 30% (p = 0.04). During follow up, tendon volume and mean signal intensity gradually decreased. One year after the biopsy, the tendon volume had decreased by 20% and the intratendinous signal by 28% compared with the index MRI (p = 0.04). The untreated patients showed an increase in both tendon volume (39%, p = 0.06) and intratendinous signal (37%, p = 0.14) at the one year follow up. After one year, pain and performance had improved in the treated patients but not the untreated patients. Conclusion: Five transverse ultrasound guided core biopsies induced a lesion in the diseased Achilles tendon. Alterations during healing such as tendon size and intratendinous signal intensity could be evaluated by MRI. The tendon alterations had decreased one year after the core biopsies.
A SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OF THE FOUNDERS OF INSTITUTIONALIZED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANCY

This paper examines the social relations of the founders of the first institutions of modern public accountancy in Scotland. The study uses archival data to construct social networks prior to 1854. Individual founders in the networks are identified as potentially significant sources of influence in the foundation events. The paper reports the social network analysis in several parts. First, relations between the founders of The Institute of Accountants in Edinburgh (IAE), renamed The Society of Accountants in Edinburgh (SAE), are networked. Second, a similar analysis is made of the foundation of The Institute of Accountants and Actuaries in Glasgow (IAAG). Third, social links between individual founders of the IAE/SAE and IAAG are identified. The research results are generally consistent with prior studies but reveal significant matters not identified by other researchers. The social network analysis of the IAE/SAE founders confirms the existence of a cohesive and elite community and the presence of an el.
Évolution d'une ontologie dédiée à la représentation de relations n-aires

Résumé. Nous nous intéressons dans cet article à la problématique d’évolution d’une ontologie permettant de représenter des relations n-aires. Nous présentons la représentation formelle des changements applicables à notre ontologie permettant de modifier sa structure tout en maintenant sa cohérence structurelle. Nous illustrerons nos propos sur une ontologie dédiée à la représentation de relations n-aires entre des données expérimentales quantitatives.
A high-frequency beamformer design based on variable PMN-PT SAW delays

A high-frequency ultrasound beamformer based on 70Pb(Mg<inf>⅓</inf>Nb<inf>⅔</inf>)O<inf>3</inf>–0.30PbTiO<inf>3</inf> (PMN-30%PT) single crystal has been designed. The beamformer delays are created using surface acoustic wave (SAW) delay lines, which can be dynamically tuned using the elongation and compression of the bulk PMN-PT substrate between the send and receive SAW electrodes. The change in SAW delay due to the elongation has been measured experimentally and good agreement with the theoretical predictions was found.
Path-Consistent Wrong-Way Risk: A Structural Model Approach

We present a general and path-consistent wrong-way risk (WWR) model, which does not require simulation of credit and market variables simultaneously. Although similar so-called copula models are well known, our approach is novel in several ways. First, our method can model a wide range of dependence structures while always guaranteeing path consistency of default probabilities (the possibility of path-inconsistencies in copula models was highlighted in a recent article). Second, we place special emphasis on the difficult task of calibrating the underlying dependence structure. In particular, we consider a default correction of the dependence structure. Third, our model serves as a bridge between structural model approaches, where dependence between exposure and equity price is modeled, and copula models, where exposure is directly correlated to default time. Finally, we apply our method in realistic situations and show that we can achieve a wide range of WWR impacts.
Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis of a multidisciplinary renal education program for patients with chronic renal disease

Aim. The aim of this economic evaluation is to address the economic impact of a multidisciplinary renal patient education on the work maintenance of patients with chronic renal disease. Method. A total of 281 patients were recruited. An incremental cost-effectiveness analysis considering direct medical costs and days in the work force was performed. In addition, a Cox proportional hazards survival analysis was performed to investigate the effect of receiving the intervention on early retirement due to work disability. Results. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio [95% CI] per day in the work force saved was 737.02°€ [−3345.64; 3093.03] in the whole group, 73.74°€ [−995.28; 1429.92] in patients with a mild limitation and −113.25°€ [−3252.06; 1525.58] in patients with a moderate to severe limitation in kidney function. After adjusting for observed time period, serum creatinine and age, having received the intervention had an almost significant medium-term protective effect on early retirement (hazard ratio 0.314, 95% CI 0.10–1.03, p = 0.0557). Conclusions. The cost-effectiveness of the multidisciplinary patient education highly depends on the level of limitation in kidney function and the intervention may be cost-effective in maintaining patients with mild limitation in kidney function in the work force.
Regional Microvascular Function and Vascular Reactivity in Patients with Different Degrees of Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

The pathophysiology of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is believed to be related to that of microcirculatory dysfunction. We hypothesized that the severity of MODS is determined by measuring regional variables of microvascular function and vascular reactivity in critically ill patients. Therefore, we compared (a) reactive hyperemia response in the forearm using transcutaneous Po2/Pco2 electrodes and laser Doppler velocimetry, (b) microvascular permeability assessed by strain-gauge plethysmography in legs, and (c) variables derived from gastric tonometry in hemodynamically stable patients with moderate (n = 15) and severe (n = 15) MODS. There were no differences in systemic oxygen delivery, consumption, and oxygen extraction ratio between the groups. Mortality was 20% in patients with moderate MODS and 60% in patients with severe MODS (P = 0.025). Patients with a high MODS score had significantly larger arterial lactate concentrations (3.81 ± 2.7 mmol/L) than patients with moderate MODS (1.66 ± 0.82 mmol/L; P = 0.006). No significant differences in gastric pHi, gastric regional-to-arterial Pco2 difference, capillary filtration coefficient, isovolumetric venous pressure, and skin reactive hyperemia response were observed between patients with moderate and severe MODS. Once MODS is established, regional variables of microvascular function and vascular reactivity measured in this study do not reflect severity of organ dysfunction.