Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Powab i moc wyjaśniająca kognitywistyki

of brain, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. The paper discusses peculiarities and the attractive force of the cognitive science approach to the functioning of the human mind. It starts with the presentation of the two types of visual deficits: visual form agnosia and colour blindness. These deficits are considered as the point of departure to the explanatory theory of the functioning of the normal, undisturbed mind. The paper shows how the research on a special case of visual form agnosia helped to develop the concept of “two visual brains”, one responsible for perception, the other – for control of action. It also shows how the discussion about qualia and the colour blindness can bring us closer to the explanation of the visual experience. The analysed examples reveal two important properties of cognitive science problem: it expands and is the result of multidyscyplinary efforts. Both properties are shortly described.
Siderophores and the Dissolution of Iron-Bearing Minerals in Marine Systems

### Scope of this review Metal ions have critical functions in biological processes and provided important biological feedbacks with the environment throughout earth history. For example, Fe, Ni, Mg, Mn, Mo, Cu, W, V, and Zn play an essential role as catalysts in key compounds involved in respiration, photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and many other enzymatic processes (da Silva and Williams 2001). It is likely that some of these metal bearing enzymes evolved early in the history of life. However, the availability of metal ions has changed dramatically in the last 3.8 billion years due to changes in atmospheric and marine chemistry (Canfield 1998; Anbar and Knoll 2002; Saito et al. 2003). Homeostasis of metal ions (i.e., the maintenance of an approximately constant intracellular concentration) became a major problem over geologic time scales and in contemporary environments. Iron is an essential nutrient for almost all known organisms due to its important role in important enzymatic processes. While iron is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth crust, its low bioavailability limits primary production in various terrestrial and marine environments. The limitation of primary production in important ecosystems has significant implications for the global carbon cycle and the world climate. This review focuses on geochemical aspects of biological iron acquisition in iron limited “high nutrient low chlorophyll” (HNLC) ocean regions. The purpose of this review is to discuss the effect of biogenic iron specific ligands, the so called siderophores, on the iron speciation, and the dissolution of iron-bearing minerals in the presence of siderophores in these marine systems. Important iron sources for algal growth in HNLC ocean regions are the upward mixing of iron rich subsurface waters to the euphotic zone and the atmospheric deposition of dust particles on the sea surface followed by the dissolution of iron from these particles into the surface …
Water-tolerant zeolite catalyst for the acetalisation of glycerol

We studied the acid-catalysed reaction of glycerol with aqueous formaldehyde and acetone in absence of solvents and using heterogeneous catalysts. The reactivity of acetone was usually higher than formaldehyde and the glycerol conversion was over 90% within 40 min of reaction time for all the heterogeneous acid catalysts studied. With aqueous formaldehyde solution, the glycerol conversion was within 60 to 80%, depending upon the acid catalyst used (Amberlyst-15, K-10 montmorillonite, p-toluene-sulfonic acid), due to the high amount of water in the reaction medium, which shifts the equilibrium and weakens the acid sites. However, the use of zeolite Beta, with Si/Al ratio of 16, leads to a conversion of over 95% within 60 min of reaction time. The hydrophobic character of the zeolite, due to the high silicon content, prevents the diffusion of the water to the interior of the pore, preserving the strength of the acid sites. In addition, the water formed during the acetalisation is expelled off from the pore environment, impairing the reverse reaction, and avoiding the use of hazard solvents, commonly employed to distil off the water formed.
Transport of Anthropogenic Uranium from Sediments to Surface Waters During Episodic Storm Events

Remobilization of sediment-associated uranium (U) from contaminated floodplain sediments to a stream adjacent to a nuclear weapons processing facility during episodic rain events was investigated. In addition, U solid phase associations in suspended sediments were assessed by a sequential chemical extraction procedure to gauge U chemical lability. Mass flux estimates determined from base flow measurements potentially underestimate the amount of U transported from contaminated terrestrial sources to surface water systems. Erosional processes can effectively mobilize sediment-associated contaminants during storms or flooding. During the various storm events measured, approximately 1500 to 2800% more U was exported to Upper Three Runs Creek (UTRC) relative to base flow measurements. Sequential extraction results suggest the suspended sediment load transports the bulk of U in labile forms predominantly as acid soluble (specifically adsorbed), MnO 2 occluded and organically bound phases. This implies that U may be available to the ecosystem under a range of environmental conditions likely to be encountered within depositional environments (e.g., Eh and pH) or as a result of industrial processes. This study demonstrates the need to evaluate contaminant transport during storm events from exposed contaminated sediments, or from industrial waste stockpiles subject to erosion.
Diffusion enhancement in composites of nanotubes and porous structures

Composites are often used to obtain enhanced material properties, including improved mechanical performance, enhanced conductivity, increased transport and other properties. Recent advances in carbon nanotube (CNT) composite porous materials suggest that CNTs may offer a greater advantage than conventional fillers, not only due to their extraordinary mechanical and electronic properties but also due to their smooth potential surface that allows for relatively high flux through the tubes. Using lattice Monte Carlo simulation, we study activated diffusion through various porous structures, and compare it with CNT composite materials. Flux enhancement is found to be substantial beyond the percolation threshold of nanotube aggregates, especially for relatively low-porosity structures. The simulation results are captured by a simple model that accounts for two contributions to the flux: diffusion within the percolating nanotube clusters and inside the porous substrate. Such porous structures may form better catalysts, membranes or molecular sieves where an increase in both surface area and flux is required.
Structural and electrical properties of Cu2O thin films deposited on ZnO by metal organic chemical vapor deposition

Cu2O thin films were deposited on ZnO coated glass substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition from copper(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate [Cu(C5HF6O2)2], oxygen gas, and water vapor. The dependence of the structural and electrical properties of Cu2O films on deposition temperature and film thickness was investigated. X-ray diffraction showed that Cu2O thin films grow on ZnO with preferred (220)Cu2O∥(0002)ZnO orientation. The grain size and stress in Cu2O films increase with increasing substrate temperature but decrease with increasing film thickness. The carrier mobility increases with increasing grain size indicating that the carrier transport is limited by scattering from the grain boundaries. Single-phase epitaxial p-type Cu2O films with hole mobilities exceeding 30 cm2/V s are obtained at a deposition temperature of 400 °C.
Nanotoxicity of Magnesium Oxide on Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cell Lines

The use of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles in industrial applications has been raised over the last decade. However, there is limited toxicology information available regarding the effects of MgO nanoparticles. In this study, cytotoxicity and neurotoxicity of this nanoparticle on SH-SY5Y cell lines was investigated. In order to assess the cytotoxicity effect, SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to three different types of MgO nanoparticles (MgO 5, MgO 10 and MgO 24) for 24, 48 and 72 h. The concentration of nanoparticles ranges from 1nM to 1mM. Cell viability was determined by MTS assay. Neurotoxicity test was performed to determine the effects of MgO nanoparticles on human neural cells. Results indicated that MgO nanoparticles are not toxic to both undifferentiated and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. With further exploration, the safety and health concern regarding exposure of MgO nanoparticles can be verified since the increasing of using this nanoparticle in industry over the time.
Disklike Micelles in Water from Polyethylene-Containing Diblock Copolymers

Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)−polyethylene (AE) diblock copolymers were synthesized by the combination of living anionic and reversible addition−fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerizations. By direct dispersion of the copolymers into water above the melting transition of polyethylene and cooling to 25 °C, disklike micelles were obtained and visualized by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). Spherical micelles were formed from a control noncrystalline poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)−poly(ethylene-alt-propylene) (AP) sample with similar composition and overall molecular weight. In combination with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), the disklike morphology in AE micelles was ascribed to the crystallization of polyethylene, driving the formation of disklike structures in this stepwise “micellization−crystallization” protocol. Further, as evidenced by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), chain exchange between micelles was absent at elevated temper.
Laser infrared thermography detection for aviation carbon fibre composites

Aviation safety is the focus of aviation field. In this paper, two different heating ways of modulated lasers were used to heat the aviation carbon fibre composites with internal defects. The results show that, after expanding, the unevenness of laser energy distribution has a great influence on the detection effect. In order to solve this problem, we obtained the reference temperature information by using the defect-free surface inside the specimen. After the difference between the obtained temperature information of the internal defect surface and the internal defect-free surface, the internal defect information of the specimen was successfully presented. At the same time, it is found that compared with the square wave heating, the effect of sine wave heating on detecting the internal defects of the specimen is more obvious. There are two main advantages of using laser infrared thermography to detect aviation carbon fibre composites: (1) the detection time is short, which only need a few seconds to complete the detection process; (2) the heating area can be adjusted by the distance between the specimen and the laser, which will make the detection more flexible.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON NITRIFICATION IN SOILS

Abstract Nitrification plays an important role in nitrogen transformation in soils. As a practical problem the fact is noteworthy that by nitrification, the loss of nitrogen from soils is caused at higher temperatures in the summer. On the contrary, it is quite slow at the lower temperatures of early spring. Recently much Work has been done on the effect of temperature on nitrification in soils. It was noticed that its effect is not the same according to the difference of soils. Soils which have high nitrifying activities at ordinary temperatures (around 25°C) show fairly good nitrification even at lower temperatures (1, 2, 5). However, in nitrification by usual experimental methods, the amount of nitrate produced can be only estimated while nitrifying organisms are increasing or decreasing in soil. As the growing Process of microbes is extremely influenced by both the properties of the soil and the cultural conditions, it is necessary to examine the effect of temperature on the growing process of microbe.
Evaluation of greater yam (Dioscorea alata L.) genotypes for growth, yield and quality characters under South Gujarat conditions

Field experiment was conducted during 2017-18 and 2018-19 at AICRP on tuber crops project, RHRS farm, ACHF, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari to determine and evaluate the growth, yield and quality performance of greater yam genotypes under South Gujarat condition. Treatments comprised of 27 different genotypes and the experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The evaluation performance of different genotypes was assessed by analyzing data on vegetative growth, yield and quality. Results demonstrated that there is significant difference on performance of different greater yam genotypes. Based on the mean performance, the genotypes Sree Roopa and NGy-3 found to be elite for days to first sprouting whereas NGy-8 for the length of leaf, IGDa-3 for width of leaf and length of petiole, NGy-7 for vine diameter, NGy-12 for internode length, IGDa-4 for number of branches/vine and dry matter content of tubers, Da-11 for number of tubers/vine, length of tuber and starch, NGy-15 for weight of tuber, NGy-1 for width of tuber, NGy-17 for yield per vine and yield t/ha, NGy-16 for total sugars and NGy-14 for moisture content were found to be elite over the check Sree Karthika among all the 27 genotypes.
Preparation of a Palladium Composite Membrane by an Improved Electroless Plating Technique

An ultrathin palladium membrane was prepared by an improved electroless plating technique on the surface of a porous titania ceramic substrate. A simple yet new and valuable activation technique named photocatalytic deposition (PCD) has been presented. The thickness of the resulting palladium membrane was about 0.3−0.4 μm. Hydrogen permeation through the composite membrane was proportional to the hydrogen partial pressure difference. The hydrogen permeability and H2:N2 selectivity through the palladium composite membrane are 6.3 × 10-6 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1 and 1140 at 773 K, respectively. The activation energy for hydrogen permeation is 21.27 kJ/mol at the temperature range of 673−773 K. Long-term hydrogen permeation operation at 673 K indicated that the flux through the resulting membrane under hydrogen/nitrogen gradients requires 80 h to reach a steady state. The steady-state hydrogen flux showed no observable changes during the thermal cycles between 673 and 773 K.
Knowledge Discovery in Reaction Databases: Landscaping Organic Reactions by a Self-Organizing Neural Network

Chemists have always derived their knowledge about chemical reactions by inductive learning from observations on a series of individual chemical reactions. Predictions of the products of chemical reactions are made by analogy. With the availability of large reaction databases this process can be automated. In this paper a new method based on a Kohonen neural network and physicochemical variables for describing reaction centers is developed for this purpose. The results with two reaction datasets show how a set of chemical reactions with the same reaction center can automatically be classified, clearly revealing different levels of similarities of the reactions under investigation. The relative positions of reactions and clusters in the two-dimensional Kohonen map offer extra chemical information. A third reaction dataset is used to show how a trained Kohonen network can be used to predict reaction types for organic reactions.
Molecular simulation and continuum mechanics study of simple fluids in non-isothermal planar couette flows

The behavior of simple fluids under shear is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The simulated system consists of a fluid confined between two atomistic walls which are moved in opposite directions. Two approaches for shear flow simulations are compared: in one case, the sheared fluid is not thermostatted and only the confining walls are maintained at a constant temperature, while in the other, a thermostat is employed to keep the entire mass of the sheared fluid at a constant temperature. In the first case the sheared fluid undergoes significant viscous heating at the shear rates investigated, consistent with experimental observations and with theoretical predictions. Most simulations to date, however, have used the second approach which is akin to studying a fluid with infinite thermal conductivity. It is shown here that results for transport coefficients are significantly affected by the thermostat; in fact, the transport properties of the fluid determined using the two methods exhibit a qualitatively different shear rate dependence. It is also shown that the temperature profiles observed in our simulations can be described by continuum mechanics, provided the temperature dependence of the viscosity and thermal conductivity is taken into account.
Effect of rice variety on zinc, cadmium, iron, and manganese content in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil fractions

Abstract In research on selecting rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars that are resistant to metal toxicity, an experiment was carried out with the objective of determining the effects of rice cultivars with differing oxidizing powers on the forms of metals in the rhizosphere soil. Four rice varieties were grown for 40 d in 3 soils which had differing amounts of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) oxides. The rhizosphere soil was kept separate from the non‐rhizosphere using nylon mesh “rhizobags”;. The soils were treated with either 5 mg/kg cadmium (Cd) or 20 mg/kg zinc (Zn). At the end of the experiment the soils were analyzed using a sequential fractionation scheme for five forms of Cd, Zn, Fe, and Mn. The rhizosphere soil was lower in pH (p=0.14) and P (p=0.05) than the non‐rhizosphere soil. Iron in the Mn oxide fraction was ten times higher in the rhizosphere as opposed to the non‐rhizosphere soil while the rhizosphere soil Mn was lower in this fraction. Cadmium in the rhizosphere soil was increased in both the .
Lethality and injuring the effect of compression and decompression rates of high hydrostatic pressure on Escherichia coli O157:H7 in different matrices

The effect of compression and decompression rates of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on Escherichia coli O157:H7 was investigated. Samples of orange juice, skimmed milk and Tris buffer were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and subjected to 600 MPa for 3 min at 4°C with fast, medium and slow compression and decompression. Analyses immediately after HHP treatment revealed that E. coli in milk and juice treated with fast compression suffered more than slow compression rates. Slow decompression resulted in higher inactivation of E. coli in all matrices. After overnight storage, highest stress-recovery (1.19 log cfu/mL) was observed in Tris buffer. Healthy cells were<1 log cfu/mL in milk and buffer samples, but no growth was detected in orange juice for any of the treatments immediately after HHP. After 15 days at 4°C, E. coli cells in skimmed milk and Tris buffer recovered significantly, whereas the recovery of sublethally injured cells was inhibited in orange juice.
Ultrastructural changes in isolated cardiomyocytes in modeling of endoplasmic reticulum stress

At modeling of endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress by it classic inducer thapsigargin, anoxia-reoxygenation and simultaneous inhibition ofproteasomal proteolysis, autophagy and apoptosis a diversity of ultrastructural peculiarities was shown. Their comparison allows to make a conclusion that changes in these groups of experiments are similar and typical for ER stress. Thapsigargin application was shown to result in accumulation of giant mitochondria in perinuclear zone of cardiomyocytes. Some of these mitochondria had destroyed and high condensed matrix. The structure of ER was normal but in some regions of cells the dilation of ER cisterns occurred that, to our opinion, is an essential sign of ER stress. In another group of cells thapsigargin caused dehydratation and osmiophilia of cytoplasm, significant dilation of ER cisterns, partial or complete degranulation of these organelles that often formed vacuoles with high electron density material. Also, the significant decrease of the number and size of mitochondria that had partially destroyed and condensed matrix was observed in these cells. The accumulation of lipofuscin and myophilament destruction at preservation of sarcoplasmic membrane integrity was detected. However, in conditions of simultaneous inhibition ofproteasomal proteolysis, aytophagy and apoptosis the loss of membrane integrity was shown, and we propose that it unconditionally should cause necrotic cell death. That was confirmed by use of fluorogenic dyes to detect necrosis and apoptosis. Our data indicate the important role of ER stress in processes of cardiomyocytes death at anoxia-reoxygenation and inhibition of proteasomal and autophagic proteolysis.
Efficiencies of Sieve Tray Distillation Columns by CFD Simulation

A 3-D two-fluid CFD model in the Eulerian-Eulerian framework was developed to predict the hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer of sieve trays. Interaction between the two phases occurs via interphase momentum and heat and mass transfer. The tray geometries are based on the large rectangular tray of Dribika and Biddulph and FRI commercial-scale sieve tray of Yanagi and Sakata. In this work a CFD simulation is developed to give predictions of the fluid flow patterns, hydraulics, and mass transfer efficiency of distillation sieve trays including a downcomer. The main objective has been to find the extent to which CFD can be used as a design and prediction tool for real behavior, concentration and temperature distributions, and efficiencies of industrial trays. Despite the use of simple correlations for closure models, the efficiencies obtained are very close to experimental data. The results show that values of point efficiency vary with position on the tray because of variation of affecting parameters, such as velocities, temperature and concentration gradients, and interfacial area. The simulation results show that CFD can be used as a powerful tool in tray design and analysis, and can be considered as a new approach for efficiency calculations and as a new tool for testing mixing models in both phases. CFD can be used as a “virtual experiment” to simulate tray behavior under operating conditions.
The Influence of spot size on the expansion dynamics of nanosecond-laser-produced copper plasmas in atmosphere

Laser produced copper plasmas of different spot sizes in air were investigated using fast photography and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The laser energy was 33 mJ. There were dramatic changes in the plasma plume expansion into the ambient air when spot sizes changed from ∼0.1 mm to ∼0.6 mm. A stream-like structure and a hemispherical structure were, respectively, observed. It appeared that the same spot size resulted in similar expansion dynamics no matter whether the target was located in the front of or behind the focal point, although laser-induced air breakdown sometimes occurred in the latter case. Plasma plume front positions agree well with the classic blast wave model for the large spot-size cases, while an unexpected stagnation of ∼80 ns occurred after the laser pulse ends for the small spot size cases. This stagnation can be understood in terms of the evolution of enhanced plasma shielding effects near the plasma front. Axial distributions of plasma components by OES revealed a good confinement effect. Electron number densities were estimated and interpreted using the recorded Intensified Charge Coupled Device (ICCD) images.
Crystal structure of (μ-benzene-1,3-diacetato-κ2O:O′)-(μ-1,3-di(1Himidazol- 4-yl)benzene-κ2N:N′)cobalt(II), Co(C10H8O4)(C12H10N4)

C 22 H 18 CoN 4 O 4 , orthorhombic, Ima 2 (no. 46), a = 21.27(1) Å, b = 7.817(4) Å, c = 11.698(6) Å, V = 1944.9 Å 3 , Z = 4, R gt (F) = 0.034, wR ref (F 2 ) = 0.073, T = 298 K.