Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
State Failure, State Collapse, and State Reconstruction: Concepts, Lessons and Strategies

Practically and conceptually, the ‘state’ is again under siege. Less than two decades after its ‘rediscovery’ by scholars (Evans et al., 1985; Hall, 1986), the central unit of analysis in international relations and comparative politics seems once again in crisis. Some authors, such as Robert Kaplan, present a vision of future chaos resulting from (in a dystopic twist on Marx) the withering away of the central governments of modern states in favour of tribal domains, ‘city-states, shanty-states, [and] nebulous and anarchic regionalisms’ (Kaplan, 1994: 24). Others welcome the weakening of the state in favour of either a more cosmopolitan (global) or more representative (local) vision of politics (Held, 1995, 1997; Rosenau, 1990, 1997). Still others, often accused of being anachronistic (or even reactionary), argue that in the absence of global or regional hegemons, the sovereign state remains the most appropriate solution to the problem of political order (Jackson, 2001; Krasner, 1999). Perhaps it was always so. The modern state, since it emerged out of the ashes of the medieval order, has always been a work in progress. The aspirations of its most ardent defenders for legitimate, representative, redistributive or just governance have shimmered on the horizon distant from the reality of contemporary states, whether in their eighteenth century absolutist, or twentieth century authoritarian, versions. But it is against this backdrop that the current discourse of ‘failed’ or ‘collapsed’ states must be understood. For every claim that a state has collapsed, is failing, or is going to fail, contains two usually implicit definitions or benchmarks. One concerns the ‘stateness’ against which any given state should be measured as having succeeded or failed (the institutional dimension of state collapse), and the other concerns the normative and practical implications of such a failure (the functional dimension of state failure). Concern over the possibility of state failure thus often has as much to do with dashed expectations about
When the Innocent Bystander Becomes the Culprit: Two Episodes of STElevation Myocardial Infarction with Different Culprit Coronary Arteries in A Single Patient Occurring Two Days a Part

Background: Recurrent ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with different culprit lesions in a single patient occurring few days apart is uncommon with limited similar cases reported. Case Presentation: This is a case of a 53-year-old male who presented to the Emergency Department with left upper quadrant abdominal pain and an initial electrocardiogram showing ST elevation MI in the anterolateral leads. He underwent successful primary angioplasty of the culprit lesion (LAD) with placement of a single Everolimus drug-eluting stent with plans for staged intervention within a month of the remaining severe lesion in the left circumflex (LCx) artery (non-infarct related vessel). Two days after the initial STEMI, the patient experienced recurrence of abdominal pain with hypotension, and a repeat ECG revealed new ST segment elevation in the inferior leads. A repeat coronary angiogram demonstrated a widely patent stent in the LAD and the previously noted diseased LCx. No other new lesions were noted and the RCA was also patent. The patient then underwent a successful second primary PCI of the previously untreated severe lesion in the LCx. Conclusion: Consecutive episodes of acute myocardial infarction in different coronary arteries occurring within hours to a few days after primary PCI for STEMI is uncommon and can be catastrophic if not detected early. The mechanism and predisposing factors to such event are still unclear. The optimum interventional treatment strategy regarding the immediate management of STEMI in patients with multi-vessel disease remains controversial.
IL-6 RESPONSES TO GLYCAEMIC INDEX DURING RECOVERY FROM EXERCISE

Purpose: This study examined the effect of meal with different glycaemic index (GI) on plasma IL-6 concentration and glucose metabolism after maximal lengthening contractions of the knee extensors. Using a cross-over design, Material : 10 healthy males completed 5 sets of 10 lengthening (eccentric) contractions at 120% 1 repetition-maximum. Subjects were randomized to consume the GI beverage (high-GI, low-GI (15% weight per volume; 3 g/kg BM) or placebo in three times within 10 min following exercise, and again at 50 and 110 min during recovery time. Blood samples were collected before exercise and after 0.60, 180 min and 24 h of recovery. Results: Concentration of plasma IL-6 in HGI group was less than LGI and Pla groups. IL-6 tended to significantly increase after exercise in recovery time in 3 groups (all P < 0.05), except for 24 hours (P = 1.00), furthermore there was significant difference for IL-6 between placebo and high glycemic groups in 3hours after exercise (P=.016). Concentration of serum CK in HGI group was less than LGI and Pla groups, CK was significantly elevated at all times points during recovery in 3 groups (all P < 0.05), except for 1 hour after exercise in HGI group (P = 0.31), but there was no significant difference for CK between groups. Conclusion: In summary, consuming HGI carbohydrate during recovery from exercise attenuate plasma IL-6 concentration.
A fuzzy logic control system for the rotary dental instruments

Nickel-titanium alloy (Ni-Ti) rotary dental instrument files are devices which are commonly used in the field of endodontics for root canal preparation. However, Ni-Ti file breakage is common and is often caused by excessive hand pressure by the endodontist during a root canal preparation. The present solution is to automate the control of file failure (caused by pressure) through the development of a fuzzy logic controller to maintain the file breakage. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to gather enough data to observe the system behavior and to modify the control system. In vivo results showed that a fuzzy logic control system was able to improve the file life up to 22% compared to existing rotary instrument control systems. Thus the fuzzy logic system presented in this paper not only improves the filing process performance, but reduced the time and costs spent by the endodontist as well through maximizing the use of file life and preventing file failures with the use of an applied intelligent control system.
Power Quality Improvement Using UPQC forWind Farm Generation System

Normally the wind energy conversion system Wind Farms (WF) are employing squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) and these are directly connected to the grid. In modern power system for convenience purpose the WF are connected through medium voltage (MV) distribution headlines. In this case a situation arises i.e. the power generated by WF is comparable to the transport capacity of the grid. This case is known as Wind Farm to Weak Grid Connection. Due to this poor voltage regulation problems are arise at the point of common coupling (PCC). The overall problems like weak grids ,wind power fluctuations and sudden load changes in system cause of this the power quality will be disturb. To overcome these problems a compensate technique will be use at pcc. In this technique using Custom Power devices technology (CUPS) efficiently regulates all problems. In this project propose a Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) Custom power device. This device develop to regulate the Voltage in the WF terminals and to reduce voltage fluctuations at grid side. The internal control strategy is based on the management of active and reactive power in the series and shunt converters of the UPQC, and the exchange of power between converters through UPQC DC–Link. Simulations results show the effectiveness of the propose compensation strategy for the enhancement of Power Quality.
Do Director Networks Help Managers Forecast Better?

I examine whether directors' superior access to information through their board network improves the accuracy of firms' forecasting. Managers may benefit from well-connected directors (i.e., board centrality) as they may have limited insight into market developments or decision-making processes of other firms beyond knowledge specific to their firm. Employing a sample of U.S.-listed companies, I separately examine the effect of within-firm variation in direct and indirect board connections on management earnings forecast accuracy. The study contributes by showing that higher-degree connections can have an economically significant effect on the accuracy of management forecasts, regardless of firms' board interlocks. Further analyses point toward well-connected directors' ability to provide managers with valuable advice in a forecasting context, which complements directors' more extensively studied role in preventing managerial expropriation.
Global embeddings of pseudo-Riemannian spaces.

Motivated by various higher dimensional theories in high-energy-physics and cosmology, we consider the local and global isometric embeddings of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds into manifolds of higher dimensions. We provide the necessary background in general relativity, topology and differential geometry, and present the technique for local isometric embeddings. Since an understanding of the local results is key to the development of global embeddings, we review some local existence theorems for general pseudo-Riemannian embedding spaces. In order to gain insight we recapitulate the formalism required to embed static spherically symmetric space-times into fivedimensional Einstein spaces, and explicitly treat some special cases, obtaining local and isometric embeddings for the Reissner-Nordstrom space-time, as well as the null geometry of the global monopole metric. We also comment on existence theorems for Euclidean embedding spaces. In a recent result, it is claimed (Katzourakis 2005a) that any analytic n-dimensional space M may be globally embedded into an Einstein space M × F (F an analytic real-valued one-dimensional field). As a corollary, it is claimed that all product spaces are Einsteinian. We demonstrate that this construction for the embedding space is in fact limited to particular types of embedded spaces. We analyze this particular construction for global embeddings into Einstein spaces, uncovering a crucial misunderstanding with regard to the form of the local embedding. We elucidate the impact of this misapprehension on the subsequent proof, and amend the given construction so that it applies to all embedded spaces as well as to embedding spaces of arbitrary curvature. This study is presented as new theorems.
Canadian snow and sea ice: historical trends and projections

Abstract. The Canadian Sea Ice and Snow Evolution (CanSISE) Network is a climate research network focused on developing and applying state of the art observational data to advance dynamical prediction, projections, and understanding of seasonal snow cover and sea ice in Canada and the circumpolar Arctic. Here, we present an assessment from the CanSISE Network on trends in the historical record of snow cover (fraction, water equivalent) and sea ice (area, concentration, type, and thickness) across Canada. We also assess projected changes in snow cover and sea ice likely to occur by mid-century, as simulated by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) suite of Earth system models. The historical datasets show that the fraction of Canadian land and marine areas covered by snow and ice is decreasing over time, with seasonal and regional variability in the trends consistent with regional differences in surface temperature trends. In particular, summer sea ice cover has decreased significantly across nearly all Canadian marine regions, and the rate of multi-year ice loss in the Beaufort Sea and Canadian Arctic Archipelago has nearly doubled over the last 8 years. The multi-model consensus over the 2020–2050 period shows reductions in fall and spring snow cover fraction and sea ice concentration of 5–10 % per decade (or 15–30 % in total), with similar reductions in winter sea ice concentration in both Hudson Bay and eastern Canadian waters. Peak pre-melt terrestrial snow water equivalent reductions of up to 10 % per decade (30 % in total) are projected across southern Canada.
Self-Regulation during Computer Skills Learning: The Influence of Goals and Self-Evaluation.

This study examined the effects of goals--such as denoting learning and performance outcomes--and self-evaluation on the acquisition of computer skills, efficacy in performing computer tasks, perception of competence for the use of self-regulatory strategies, and frequency of strategy use while learning computer skills. Subjects were 44 college students enrolled in an "Introduction to Computers in Education" course. Subjects' learning goal was the use of specific HyperCard tasks, and their performance goal was to do their best at the tasks. Results showed that when goals are combined with self-evaluation of progress, the students' perception of efficacy and competency for the use of self-regulatory strategies when learning computer skills was raised, and the frequency of strategy use increased. This combination, however, did not lead to a significant increase in other outcome measures. There were no definite results for self-evaluation. (AS) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** Goals and Self-Evaluation 1 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) )(The document has been reproduced as received from the person or organtzahon °roweling it O Minor changes have been made to improve reprodUction quality Points of view or opmeons stated on this document do not necessanly represent official OERI position or policy Self-Regulation during Computer Skills Learning: The Influence of Goals and Self-Evaluation Peggy A. Ertmer Dale H. Schunk Purdue University PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY bole_ hu-nk TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) The authors express their sincere thanks to Tim Newby and the students and graduate assistants in EDCI 260 who willingly assisted with this project. Correspondence should be addressed to Peggy A. Ertmer, Purdue University, 1442 LAEB, Room 3144, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1442. 2 BEST COPY AVAI BLE Goals and Self-Evaluation 2
Revenue Maximization Using Resource Allocation in Cloud Computing Environment

A fundamental problem faced by any cloud service provider is how to maximize their revenues by allocating re-sources dynamically among the service instances and providing differentiated performance levels. Previous pricing mechanisms have been based on Mean Response Time (MRT) and Instant Response Time (IRT). However, mean response time tends to be representative of the performance of just a few big requests since they count the most in the mean because their response times tend to be highest. In this study, we propose two customer-oriented pricing mechanisms Mean Slowdown (MS) and Instant Slowdown (IS), in which the customers are charged according to achieved service performance in terms of mean slowdown. Analytical models of pricing mechanisms are developed for cloud computing under FCFS and PS scheduling policies. The models are then used to compare the performance of First Come First Served (FCFS) and Processor Sharing (PS) scheduling policies in terms of revenue generated. It is also observed that pricing mechanism based on Slowdown generates more revenue for the service provider than pricing mechanism based on response time. We also observe that revenue generated increases with increase in the number of servers, and arrival rate regardless of the pricing mechanism and scheduling policy used. We further observe that revenue generated in terms of MRT and MS is higher under FCFS policy than under PS policy for lower number of servers, however as the number of servers increase, PS policy outperforms FCFS policy in terms of generating more revenue.
Photodegradation of Herbicide Dicamba with TiO2 Immobilized on HZSM-11 Zeolite

Photodegradation of dicamba, an ionizable herbicide, using TiO2 supported on HZSM-11 zeolite was investigated. Four photocatalysts with different weight percentages (wt%) of TiO2 were evaluated: 3%, 10%, 30% and 50%. The effects of the catalyst concentration, the initial pH value and the repeatability of the photocatalytic activity after multiple cycles of reuse were also evaluated. Results showed complete degradation of dicamba within 120 min with the TiO2/HZSM-11 (30 wt%) catalyst. Also, this catalyst is stable (no detectable leaching was observed), can be easily removed from treated solutions and it is reusable for at least nine consecutive cycles. An XRD analysis indicated that the TiO2/HZSM-11(30%) catalyst remained unchanged until the ninth cycle, when it was compared with a new catalyst. The results indicated that the addition of H2O2 to the solution did not affect the catalyst structure.These are important advantages over unsupported TiO2, making it a good photocatalyst for the treatment of water courses polluted with dicamba.
Automated reasoning in a collaborative problem solving process

Collaborative systems are becoming a widely used tool particularly among professional communities and research groups. They provide a suitable context for distributed people working on the same subject to concentrate their work in a shared place to which everyone has access and can keep updated. The Semantic Web, intended to provide well defined semantics and cooperation between machines and people offers a range of technologies that underpin the development of intelligent collaborative systems. Defeasible reasoning has been shown to appropriately model common-sense reasoning. This work presents a first approach to incorporating defeasible reasoning with a software agent that collaborates with humans in a collaborative problem solving process. The process relies in a shared knowledge repository which is also modeled to incorporate defeasible knowledge.
Climatology and Interannual Variability in the Intensity of Synoptic-Scale Processes in the North Atlantic from the NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis Data

Abstract North Atlantic synoptic-scale processes are analyzed by bandpassing 6-hourly NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data (1958–98) for several synoptic ranges corresponding to ultrahigh-frequency variability (0.5–2 days), synoptic-scale variability (2–6 days), slow synoptic processes (6–12 days), and low-frequency variability (12–30 days). Climatological patterns of the intensity of synoptic processes are not collocated for different ranges of variability, especially in the lower troposphere. Intensities of synoptic processes demonstrate opposite trends between the North American coast and in the northeast Atlantic. Although north of 40°N the intensity of ultrahigh-frequency variability and synoptic-scale processes show similar interannual variability, further analysis indicates that secular changes, and decadal-scale and interannual variability in the intensities of synoptic processes may not be necessarily consistent for different synoptic timescales. Magnitudes of winter ultrahigh-frequency variability are high.
Sneutrino-antisneutrino oscillations at colliders

Modern elementary particle physics is based on quantum field theories. Currently, our understanding is that, on the one hand, the smallest structures of matter and, on the other hand, the composition of the universe are based on quantum field theories which present the observable phenomena by describing particles as vibrations of the fields. The Standard Model of particle physics is a quantum field theory describing the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions in terms of a gauge field theory. However, it is believed that the Standard Model describes physics properly only up to a certain energy scale. This scale cannot be much larger than the so-called electroweak scale, i.e., the masses of the gauge fields W± and Z0. Beyond this scale, the Standard Model has to be modified. In this dissertation, supersymmetric theories are used to tackle the problems of the Standard Model. For example, the quadratic divergences, which plague the Higgs boson mass in the Standard model, cancel in supersymmetric theories. Experimental facts concerning the neutrino sector indicate that the lepton number is violated in Nature. On the other hand, the lepton number violating Majorana neutrino masses can induce sneutrino-antisneutrino oscillations in any supersymmetric model. In this dissertation, I present some viable signals for detecting the sneutrino-antisneutrino oscillation at colliders. At the e−γ collider (at the International Linear Collider), the numbers of the electron-sneutrino-antisneutrino oscillation signal events are quite high, and the backgrounds are quite small. A similar study for the LHC shows that, even though there are several backrounds, the sneutrino-antisneutrino oscillations can be detected. A useful asymmetry observable is introduced and studied. Usually, the oscillation probability formula where the sneutrinos are produced at rest is used. However, here, we study a general oscillation probability. The Lorentz factor and the distance at which the measurement is made inside the detector can have effects, especially when the sneutrino decay width is very small. These effects are demonstrated for a certain scenario at the LHC.
The Survey of the Relationship between Management Expected Profits and Disclosure Quality Associated with Market Surprise

In the present study, we deal with the survey of the relationship between the management forecasted profits and disclosure quality with the market surprise in Tehran's securities market. Since managers, analysts and investors pay a greater attention to the companies' reported profit in a way that they use it to evaluate the company's performance and also because the decision-making for purchasing, maintain, or the sale of the stock shares is of a great importance for the investors, and from among other evidences and information, the capability to forecast the stock return rate has a greater influence on such decision-making, the aim of the present study is the survey of the relationship between the management forecasted profits and the disclosure quality with market surprise in the companies accepted in Tehran's Securities Exchange.To reach the aforementioned objective three hypotheses are being proposed in which it has been dealt with the profit forecast accuracy, getting surprised with the management announced profit and systematic risk with stock price response. To test the study hypotheses, the data from 116 companies accepted in Tehran's Securities Exchange was selected based on the goal-oriented systematic sampling method and the data from the time span from 2001 to 2011 was used to statistically test the hypotheses in the form of multiple-regression and the data panel was used in two softwares, namely SPSS17 and Eviews7.The obtained results are suggestive of a significant and reverse relationship between the profit forecast accuracy and the stock price response and there is a direct relationship between getting surprised from the management announced profit and the systematic risk with stock price response.