Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Partial cDNAs of ST and ATPS from Maize

Sulfate transporter and ATP sulfurylase play major role on bio-transportation of sulfate respectively as the key protein and enzyme in the uptake of sulfate by roots and the assimilation of sulfate in plants.Primers were designed according to reported conserve sequences of sulfate transporter(ST)and ATP sulfurylase(ATPS) genes of Zea mays.Using RT-PCR,two fragments of 783 bp and 820 bp were obtained respectively,named as ST_ND108 and ATPS_ND108 from 'Nongda 108' maize roots.Sequence analysis indicated that ST_ND108 was similar to those of the corresponding gene fragments of Zea mays and rice(Oryza sativa) with the homologies standing at 99% and 85%;while,of ATPS_ND108 was 97% similar to Zea mays corresponding gene fragment.Based on the results of phylogenetic tree and alignment of predicted amino sequence,we concluded that ST_ND108 is fragment of high affinity sulfate transporter gene and ATPS_ND108 is fragment of plastid ATP sulfurylase gene.
Nuclear responses to MPF activation and inactivation in Xenopus oocytes and early embryos

The cell cycle of most organisms is highlighted by characteristic changes in the appearance and activity of the nucleus. Structural changes in the nucleus are particularly evident when a cell begins to divide. At this time, the nuclear envelope is disassembled, the chromatin condenses into metaphase chromosomes, and the chromosomes associate with a newly formed spindle. Upon completion of cell division the nuclear envelope reassembles around the chromosomes as they form telophase nuclei, and subsequently interphase nuclei, in the daughter cells. The cytoplasmic control of nuclear behavior has been the theme of Yoshio Masui's research for much of his career. His pioneering demonstration that the cytoplasm of maturing amphibian oocytes causes the resumption of the meiotic cell cycle when it is injected into an immature oocyte provided unequivocal evidence that a cytoplasmic factor could initiate the transition from interphase to metaphase (M‐phase) in intact cells. As described in several reviews in this and the previous issue of Biology of the Cell (see Beckhelling and Ford; Duesbery and Vande Woude; Maller), Masui initially called this activity maturation promoting factor (MPF), but when it was realized that it was a ubiquitous regulator of both mitotic and meiotic cell cycles, MPF came to stand for M‐phase promoting factor. Biochemical evidence indicates that MPF activity is composed of a mitotic B‐type cyclins and cyclin‐dependent kinase 1. The increase in the protein kinase activity of cdk1 initiates the changes in the nucleus associated with oocyte maturation and with the entry into mitosis. This article will attempt to provide a brief summary of the responses of the nucleus to the activation of MPF. In addition, the effect of MPF inactivation on nuclear envelope assembly at the end of mitosis will be discussed. This article is written as a tribute to Yoshio Masui on his retirement from the University of Toronto, and as an expression of gratitude for his guidance while I was a student in his laboratory. I have felt very privileged to have known him as a mentor and a friend.
Identification of Homoeology between the Elytrigia elongatum (2n=14, EE) and Wheat Chromosomes Using Biochemical and Molecular Markers

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and Isoelectric focusing (IEF) were used to identify the homoeology between Elytrigia elongatum and wheat chromosomes. There were eight biochemical and thirteen RFLP markers Showing polymorphism between the two parents. The result indicated that the chromosomes of 1E, 2E, 3E, 4E, 5E, 6E, 7E were homoeologous to the lst, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th homoeologous groups, respectively. Chromosome translocation between 1E and 7E, 5E and 7E took place probably during the evoluation process of E genome. Meanwhile, five biochemical markers such as Est-E5, Est-E8, Per-E1, Per-E4 and -Amy-E1 were located in E genome chromosomes, the -Amry-E1s loci was relocated in 6EL
Germinal vesicle material is dispensable for oscillations in cdc2 and MAP kinase activities, cyclin B degradation and synthesis during meiosis in Xenopus oocytes

We have investigated at a molecular level the requirements for germinal vesicle (nuclear) material during the course of meiosis in Xenopus oocytes. We present the localization of some cell cycle proteins in stage VI oocytes; most of those analyzed are cytoplasmic, although some (MAD, 26S proteasome) are distributed between the cytoplasm and the germinal vesicle. By analyzing changes in individual oocytes, we find that the unphosphorylated form of cyclin B2 disappears and the phosphorylated form is then degraded in both nucleated and enucleated oocytes. Enucleated oocytes are also capable of resynthesizing both cyclin B1 and cyclin B2 after the initial degradation and of reactivating cdc2 kinase. Synthesis of mos protein and activation of MAP kinase concomitant with cdc2‐cyclin B reactivation are also unaffected by prior removal of the germinal vesicle.
Etude de la diversité spécifique et fonctionnelle des communautes microbiennes associées à des sources hydrothermales marines profondes par des approches moléculaires

Nos connaissances de la diversite des communautes microbiennes marines ont longtemps ete restreintes aux informations precieuses, mais incompletes, issues de l'utilisation de methodes de culture. Lors de cette etude, des techniques moleculaires (PCR, RT-PCR, clonage, sequencage, hybridation) et des marqueurs genetiques [ARNr 16S, genes codant pour des enzymes specifiques de differentes voies metaboliques (mcr A, pmo A, dsrAB)] ont ete utilises pour contourner les limites inherentes aux methodes de culture et acceder a une vision plus realiste de la diversite specifique et fonctionnelle de communautes microbiennes hydrothermales. Ce travail de recherche a permis (i) de mettre en evidence une grande diversite de sequences d'ADNr 16S archaeens et bacteriens, et de montrer l 'existence de variations dans la composition des communautes archaennes a l'echelle d'une source et d'un champ hydrothermal , (ii) de decouvrir de nouvelles lignees microbiennes, quelles que soient les marqueurs genetiques utilisees, et d'etudier la diversite phylogenetique et la distribution geographique d'une d'entre elles, (iii) de developper et valider des sondes oligonucleotidiques ciblant l'ARNr 16 S d'archaea frequemment rencontrees sans des systemes hydrothermaux, et (iv) d'identifier les archaea les plus actives d'une communaute microbienne associee a un echantillon hydrothermal. Grâce a l'utilisation combinee de differentes approches moleculaires, ce travail elargit notre vision de la diversite des communautes microbiennes de l'ecosysteme hydrothermal marin profond
Centrosome structure and microbubule nucleation in animal cells

Genetic studies in the budding yeast have led to the molecular characterization of γ‐tubulin associated proteins and to the identification of orthologues in animal cells. While the γ‐tubulin complex is more complex in animal cells than in budding yeast, its function is probably maintained throughout evolution. In this review we discuss some of the possible regulations of the nucleation activity in the light of the centrosome structure. A potential cross‐talk between microtubule nucleation and centrosome duplication is suggested by some, still scarce, data.
Advances in fitness of resistant insect to insecticides and its mechanism of endocrinic regulation.

The advances in studying resistance fitness of insect pest to insecticides and the mechanism of endocrinic regulation were reviewed. The characteristic differences in morphology, physiological response and biology between resistant and susceptible strains were generally thought for the manifestation of fitness cost of resistance gene, and were probably caused by the changes in physiological metabolism balance induced by resistance gene in resistant insect pest. There were two hypotheses on the mechanism of resistance cost, resource limitation and disruption of metabolic equilibria. The difference of biotic fitness between two strains of the insect pest was related to the changes in hormone level and its regulation ability. The possible mechanism of expression regulation of hormones to resistance relative enzymes could be divided into three types: direct, indirect and synergetic regulations.
Physiological studies of cortical spreading depression

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) produces propagating waves of transient neuronal hyperexcitability followed by depression. CSD is initiated by K+ release following neuronal firing or electrical, mechanical or chemical stimuli. A triphasic (30–50 s) cortical potential transient accompanies localized transmembrane redistributions of K+, glutamate, Ca2+, Na+, Cl‐ and H+. Accumulated K+ in the restricted interstitial space can cause both further neuronal depolarisation and inward movement of K+ into astrocytes that buffers this increased extracellular K+ concentration ([K+])o. However, astrocyte interconnections may then propagate the CSD wave by K+ liberation through an opening of remote K+ channels by volume, Ca2+ or N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor activation. Changes in cerebral blood volume and in apparent water diffusion co‐efficient (ADC) accompanying CSD were first studied using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in whole lissencephalic brains. Diffusion‐weighted echoplanar imaging in gyrencephalic brains went on to demonstrate CSD features that paralleled classical migraine aura. The ADC activity persisted minutes/hours post KCl stimulus. Pixelwise analyses distinguished single primary events and multiple, spatially restricted, slower propagating, secondary events whose detailed features varied with the nature of the originating stimulus. These ADC changes varied reciprocally with T2*‐weighted (i.e. referring to spin‐spin relaxation times) waveforms reflecting local blood flow. There followed prolonged decreases in cerebral blood flow culminating in late cerebrovascular changes blocked by the antimigraine agent sumatriptan. CSD phenomena have possible translational significance for human migraine aura and other cerebral pathologies such as the peri‐infarct depolarisation events that follow ischaemia and brain injury.
TRANSPORTERS

The Fifth Edition of the ‘Guide to Receptors and Channels’ is a compilation of the major pharmacological targets divided into seven sections: G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside suggestions for further reading. Available alongside this publication is a portal at http://www.GuideToPharmacology. org which is produced in close association with NC-IUPHAR and allows free online access to the information presented in the Fifth Edition.
Immunocytochemical localization of arabinoxylans in the cell wall of maize apical internode after microbial degradation in the rumen

Summary— Arabinoxylans were localised by immunocytochemistry using polyclonal antibodies in the cell walls of the apical internode of maize after degradation in the rumen. In order to understand the significance of arabinoxylan in digestibility property, two lines of maize differing in digestibility were used. Wide variations in the intensity of labelling were observed in the four tissues studied (sclerenchyma, fibres, xylem and parenchyma) from the first hours of incubation in the rumen. Incubation time in the rumen greatly influences the intensity of labelling.
Levels of Evidence

1b Individual RCT (with narrow Confidence Interval‡) Individual inception cohort study with > 80% follow-up; CDR† validated in a single population Validating** cohort study with good††† reference standards; or CDR† tested within one clinical centre Prospective cohort study with good follow-up**** Analysis based on clinically sensible costs or alternatives; systematic review(s) of the evidence; and including multi-way sensitivity analyses 1c All or none§ All or none case-series Absolute SpPins and SnNouts†† All or none case-series Absolute better-value or worsevalue analyses†††† 2a SR (with homogeneity*) of cohort studies SR (with homogeneity*) of either retrospective cohort studies or untreated control groups in RCTs SR (with homogeneity*) of Level > 2 diagnostic studies SR (with homogeneity*) of 2b and better studies SR (with homogeneity*) of Level > 2 economic studies
Interspecific Transition Among Caragana microphylla, C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii Along Geographic Gradient. I. Ecological and RAPD Evidence

The former plant population survey has shown that three genetically-related species, Caraganamicrophylla Lam. , C. davazamcii Sancz. and C. korshinskii Kom. , form a geographical replacement series inNei Mongol Plateau. The present study on population distribution, taxonomy, morphology, development andgenetic structure demonstrated that the geographical distribution of these three species was successiveand in gradual change, thus forming a geographical cline which extended from the east to the west of NeiMongol Plateau. With an analysis of climate change over time, it was considered that the formation of thisgeographical cline was a result of plant adaptation to its natural environment.
The dynamic regeneration niche of a forest following a rare disturbance event

Knowledge of how climate and fire regimes affect regeneration in foundation species is critical to the conservation of entire ecosystems. Different stages of regeneration often require different ecological conditions, but dynamic constraints on regeneration are poorly known for species that regenerate only after infrequent wildfires. Focussing on a long‐lived, foundation tree species (Eucalyptus regnans), we tested the hypothesis that the relative importance of fire regime variables (fire severity and time since previous fire) and environmental gradients on post‐fire regeneration would shift as seedlings developed.
Structural determinants involved in the activation and regulation of G protein‐coupled receptors: lessons from the alpha1‐adrenegic receptor subtypes

Summry— The aim of a large number of studies on G protein‐coupled receptors was centered on understanding the structural basis of their main functional properties. Here, we will briefly review the results obtained on the α1‐adrenergic receptor subtypes belonging to the rhodopsin‐like family of receptors. These findings contribute, on the one hand, to further understand the molecular basis of adrenergic transmission and, on the other, to provide some generalities on the structure‐functional relationship of G protein‐coupled receptors.
Erratum

The authors of Ki et al. (2013) have supplied the following correction to their article. The image of Pin1 in Figure 7 part A of the article is incorrect. During the process of taking pictures using E2F1 immunostained tissues the image of Pin1 was mislabeled, and the authors did not immediately recognize the mistake and submitted that image as representative of Pin1 immunostaining in the wire-injured group. The corrected Figure 7 is given below:
Association Analysis of Agronomic and Quality Traits with SSR Markers in Glycine max and Glycine soja in China:II. Exploration of Elite Alleles

On the basis of our previous results of SSR loci associated with the 16 traits,alleles of loci significantly associated with the traits were analyzed further in the present paper. The phenotypic allele effect was estimated through comparison between the average phenotypic value over accessions with the specific allele and that of accessions with "null allele",and then the average positive(negative) allele effect(AAE) of a locus was calculated over the estimated phenotypic effects of all positive(negative) alleles. The results showed that a set of elite alleles,loci and their carrier materials were screened out. Among the elite alleles existed in Glycine max and Glycine soja,some were consistent,some inconsistent and some complementary. The phenotypic effects of positive(negative) alleles were different from each other,and therefore,the average positive(negative) effects of a locus were also different from each other,indicating the potential of genetic recombination for breeding purposes. A same marker locus could associate with multiple traits with its alleles performed in their own way in direction and size,and the covariation of a same allele performed in two related traits might be the genetic basis of their phenotypic correlation. In summary,the results implied that association mapping could offer further genetic information complementary to the family-based linkage mapping for the improvement of breeding procedures. In addition,further detailed information on elite alleles and phenotypic effects of the 16 traits were shown in the text.
Modelling Southern Ocean ecosystems: krill, the food‐web, and the impacts of harvesting

The ecosystem approach to fisheries recognises the interdependence between harvested species and other ecosystem components. It aims to account for the propagation of the effects of harvesting through the food‐web. The formulation and evaluation of ecosystem‐based management strategies requires reliable models of ecosystem dynamics to predict these effects. The krill‐based system in the Southern Ocean was the focus of some of the earliest models exploring such effects. It is also a suitable example for the development of models to support the ecosystem approach to fisheries because it has a relatively simple food‐web structure and progress has been made in developing models of the key species and interactions, some of which has been motivated by the need to develop ecosystem‐based management. Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, is the main target species for the fishery and the main prey of many top predators. It is therefore critical to capture the processes affecting the dynamics and distribution of krill in ecosystem dynamics models. These processes include environmental influences on recruitment and the spatially variable influence of advection. Models must also capture the interactions between krill and its consumers, which are mediated by the spatial structure of the environment. Various models have explored predator‐prey population dynamics with simplistic representations of these interactions, while others have focused on specific details of the interactions. There is now a pressing need to develop plausible and practical models of ecosystem dynamics that link processes occurring at these different scales. Many studies have highlighted uncertainties in our understanding of the system, which indicates future priorities in terms of both data collection and developing methods to evaluate the effects of these uncertainties on model predictions. We propose a modelling approach that focuses on harvested species and their monitored consumers and that evaluates model uncertainty by using alternative structures and functional forms in a Monte Carlo framework.
Notes on soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Sichuan Province,China

Twenty-seven isolates of soil dematiaceous hyphomycetes belonging to 24 species in 16 genera were obtained from 24 soil samples of Sichuan Province.Among them,Stachybotrys pallescens is described as a new species,Chloridium virescens var.virescens,Oidiodendron maius var.maius and Stachybotrys dichroa are new records to China.All dried specimens and living cultures examined have been deposited in the Herbarium of Shandong Agricultural University:Plant Pathology (HSAUP).
Sexual dimorphism and fecundity in the gold-stripe pond frog(Pelophylax plancyi)and the terrestrial frog(Fejervarya limnocharis)

The fecundity selection” hypothesis has been used to explain why females grow larger than males in many animal species. To test whether this hypothesis is able to explain inter-specific differences in sexual dimorphism, we compared sexual dimorphism and female fecundity of two species of frogs, the gold-stripe pond frog (Pelophylax plancyi) and the terrestrial frog (Fejervarya limnocharis), in eastern China. In May 2002, 93 terrestrial frogs (51 males, 42 females) and 104 gold-stripe pond frogs (28 males, 76 females) were captured from Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. The animals were weighed to the nearest mg and measured to the nearest mm for snout-urostyle length, head length and width, diameter of eye, and limb length. Clutch sizes were also determined by counting eggs inside the females. The snout-urostyle length of adult females was significantly larger than that of adult males in both species. Although the degree of sexual size dimorphism differed remarkably (0.30 in P. plancyi and 0.08 in F. limnocharis), clutch size was similar between the two species after the effects of female body size (snout-urostyle length) were statistically removed. Therefore, our results are not consistent with the fecundity selection hypothesis. This outcome may not necessarily mean that fecundity selection does not affect the evolution in sexual dimorphism in amphibian. Firstly, a comparison between two species is not enough to draw general conclusions. Secondly, other causes, which we were not able to test in the current study, could be responsible to failure of the fecundity selection hypothesis to predict the sexual dimorphism in these two species. These causes include selection pressures that affect males rather than females, interspecific differences in energy allocation or mortality rates, and the unknown phylogenetic history of the two species. Moreover, we found interspecific and between-sex differences in body condition and morphology in P. plancyi and F. limnocharis. In the reproductive season, females had lower body condition than males in both species. Gold-stripe pond frogs had larger heads, eyes and limbs than did terrestrial frogs when we statistically controlled for snout-urostyle length. In both species of frogs, limb length was larger in females than in males. Males and females showed different allometric growth patterns in limb length of F. limnocharis, as females grow faster than do males; this sex difference does not occur in P. plancyi.
THE FOLIAR AND FLORAL NECTARIES OF TURNERA ULMIFOLIA L.

A B S T R A C T The floral and foliar nectaries of Turnera ulmifolia are specialized and are representative of others found in the Turneraceae. The foliar and floral nectary systems must be treated independently. Foliar nectaries are organized into a definite structure (composed of a base, rim, secretory tissue, modified epidermis) and are supplied with vascular tissue composed of both xylem and phloem. Nectar from foliar nectaries contained equal concentrations of glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Floral nectaries are an integral part of the basal portion of each filament. The nectariferous tissue is not supplied with vascular tissue and secretion lasts only a few hours. Nectar from these staminal nectaries yielded a sucrose-dominant nectar containing also fructose, glucose, an unknown, and a trace amount of melezitose. Observations of flowering confirmed the reported short duration of the individual flowers. CURRENT INTEREST in insect and plant interactions has led to many field-oriented projects. However, detailed studies of the morphology, anatomy, and analysis of the nectar are often lacking. Among the more interesting associations are those involving both floral and foliar nectaries on