Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Funktionelle Reaktionen von Konsumenten: die SSS Gleichung und ihre Anwendung

Der Zusammenhang zwischen der pro Kopf Konsumtionsrate und der Nahrungsdichte wird in der Okologie als funktionelle Reaktion bezeichnet und ist das Thema dieser Dissertation. Jeweils zum ersten Mal seit den 70er Jahren gebe ich hier einen Uberblick uber sowohl theoretische als auch empirische Arbeiten zur funktionellen Reaktion. Dabei zeige ich eine Lucke in der bisherigen Theorie und fulle diese mit einem neuen Modell, der SSS Gleichung. Dieses Modell kann man beispielsweise dazu verwenden, die Auswirkungen von Beutetier-Verteidigungen auf Konsumtionsraten von Raubern vorherzusagen. Diese Vorhersagen sind korrekt im Vergleich zu den bisher einzigen existierenden entsprechenden empirischen Daten, welche hier vorgestellt werden. Eine weitere Anwendungsmoglichkeit der SSS Gleichung ist die Einteilung von Konsumenten in zwei Gruppen, handling-limitierte und verdauungslimitierte, wobei erstere fur das Angreifen und die Aufnahme von Nahrung (beides zusammen wird als handling bezeichnet) mindestens so viel Zeit benotigen wie fur die Verdauung; deren Konsumtionsrate wird deshalb von deren handling time bestimmt. Die meisten Konsumenten sind in ihrer Konsumtionsrate jedoch verdauungslimitiert. Sie konnen ‚satt’ werden und sollten daher von Zeitdruck befreit sein, wenn die Nahrung haufig genug ist, um schnell gefunden zu werden und auch die ubrigen Umweltbedingungen gut sind. Eine von mir durchgefuhrte Analyse empirischer Daten deutet an, dass zumindest Herbivore in der Natur tatsachlich haufig von Zeitdruck befreit zu sein scheinen. Diese Analyse zeigt damit einen Schwachpunkt bisheriger Verhaltensmodelle, welche ausnahmslos vom Gegenteil, also permanentem Zeitdruck, ausgehen. In meiner Zusammenfassung empirischer funktioneller Reaktionen zeige ich, dass filtrierende Konsumenten charakteristischerweise einen bestimmten Typ funktioneller Reaktionen zeigen. Nachdem ich die SSS Gleichung dahingehend erweitert habe, dass sie die Besonderheiten von Filtrierern berucksichtigt, kann ich dieses Ergebnis erklaren: Die Ursache scheint die Eigenschaft von Filtrierern zu sein, wahrend der Nahrungssuche und -aufnahme in der Lage zu sein, weitere Nahrungspartikel zu fangen oder zu fressen und auch andere Aktivitaten auszufuhren, z.B. nach Raubern Ausschau zu halten. Ich erweitere die SSS Gleichung auserdem um den sog. Konfusionseffekt. Ein solcher Effekt liegt vor, wenn ein Rauber, der mit einem Schwarm seiner Beutetiere konfrontiert ist, nicht in der Lage ist, die vielen Sinneseindrucke neuronal zu verarbeiten. Ich vergleiche die erweiterte SSS Gleichung mit empirischen Daten zur funktionellen Reaktion von ‚konfusen’ Raubern und stelle nicht nur eine qualitative, sondern auch eine quantitative Ubereinstimmung fest. In diesem Abschnitt zeige ich auch, dass der Konfusionseffekt ein haufig auftretendes Phanomen ist, besonders bei taktilen Raubern und solchen visuellen Raubern, die agile Beutetiere jagen. Abschliesend zeige ich weitere, bisher nicht verwirklichte Anwendungsmoglichkeiten der SSS Gleichung im speziellen und des Konzepts der funktionellen Reaktion im allgemeinen.
Diagnosing different binge‐eating disorders based on reward‐related brain activation patterns

This study addresses how visual food cues are encoded in reward related brain areas and whether this encoding might provide information to differentiate between patients suffering from eating disorders [binge‐eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN)], overweight controls (C‐OW), and normal‐weight controls (C‐NW). Participants passively viewed pictures of food stimuli and neutral stimuli in a cue reactivity design. Two classification analyses were conducted. First, we used multivariate pattern recognition techniques to decode the category of a currently viewed picture from local brain activity patterns. In the second analysis, we applied an ensemble classifier to predict the clinical status of subjects (BED, BN, C‐OW, and C‐NW) based on food‐related brain response patterns. The left insular cortex separated between food and neutral contents in all four groups. Patterns in the right insular cortex provided a maximum diagnostic accuracy for the separation of BED patients and C‐NW (86% accuracy, P < 10−5, 82% sensitivity, and 90% specificity) as well as BN patients and C‐NW (78% accuracy, P = 0.001, 86% sensitivity, and 70% specificity). The right ventral striatum separated maximally between BED patients and C‐OW (71% accuracy, P = 0.013, 59% sensitivity, and 82% specificity). The right lateral orbitofrontal cortex separated maximally between BN patients and C‐OW (86% accuracy, P < 10−4, 79% sensitivity, and 94% specificity). The best differential diagnostic separation between BED and BN patients was obtained in the left ventral striatum (84% accuracy, P < 10−3, 82% sensitivity, and 86% specificity). Our results indicate that pattern recognition techniques are able to contribute to a reliable differential diagnosis of BN and BED. Hum Brain Mapp 33:2135–2146, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
West Nile and St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Antibody Seroconversion, Prevalence, and Persistence in Naturally Infected Pig-Tailed Macaques (Macaca nemestrina)

ABSTRACT Pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) naturally infected with West Nile virus were monitored from 1999 to 2005 to determine virus-specific antibody seroconversion, prevalence, and persistence. Antibodies persisted for up to 36 months, as detected by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent and hemagglutination inhibition assays. Exposure to cocirculating St. Louis encephalitis virus was evaluated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays.
A functional polymorphism in the promoter of the progesterone receptor gene associated with endometrial cancer risk

Excessive estrogen stimulation unopposed by progesterone strongly predisposes to endometrial cancer. Because the antiproliferative effect of progesterone requires the progesterone receptor (PR), which exists in two isoforms, PR-A and -B, we reasoned that variants in the PR gene may predispose to endometrial cancer. We found six variable sites, including four polymorphisms in the hPR gene and five common haplotypes. One promoter region polymorphism, +331G/A, creates a unique transcription start site. Biochemical assays showed that the +331G/A polymorphism increases transcription of the PR gene, favoring production of hPR-B in an endometrial cancer cell line. Using a case-control study nested within the Nurses' Health Study cohort, we observed a statistically significant association between the +331G/A polymorphism and the risk of endometrial cancer, which was even greater in overweight women carriers. After including a second population of controls, these associations remained intact. Our findings suggest that the +331G/A hPR gene polymorphism may contribute to endometrial cancer risk by increasing expression of the hPR-B isoform.
Lakes and streams as sentinels of environmental change in terrestrial and atmospheric processes

Recent advances in our understanding of the importance of continental- to global-scale connectivity among terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems make consideration of aquatic–terrestrial linkages an urgent ecological and environmental issue. Here, we describe the role of inland waters as sentinels and integrators of the impact of humans on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The metabolic responses of lakes and streams (ie the rates at which these systems process carbon) are proposed as a common metric to integrate the impacts of environmental change across a broad range of landscapes. Lakes and streams transport and alter nutrients, contaminants, and energy, and store signals of environmental change from local to continental scales over periods ranging from weeks to millennia. A carefully conceived and well-integrated network that includes monitoring and experimental approaches to terrestrial–aquatic connectivity is critical to an understanding of basic ecosystem-level processes and to forecasting and mitigating future environmental impacts at the continental scale.
Analysis of Total Sugar and Free Amino Acids in Wheat Grains Samples from Five Different Regions of Balochistan

Wheat is an important cereal enriched with starch, proteins and fibers. In this analysis five different samples of wheat grains grown in different ecological regions (Jaffarabad, Kohlu, Loralai, Quetta and Sibi) of Balochistan were studied for total sugar and free amino acids. These parameters result in differences between all the samples. Maximum concentration of both total sugar and amino acids were shown by wheat grain sample of Loralai while minimum concentration of total sugars were shown by the sample from Sibi and minimum concentration of amino acids were shown by sample from Jaffarabad. The differences in genotype and environmental conditions were considered to be responsible for the variation of total sugar and free amino acids concentration in wheat grain samples taken from different regions of Balochistan.
Prediction of Individual Response to Electroconvulsive Therapy via Machine Learning on Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data.

IMPORTANCE Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective treatments for severe depression. However, biomarkers that accurately predict a response to ECT remain unidentified. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether certain factors identified by structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are able to predict ECT response. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this nonrandomized prospective study, gray matter structure was assessed twice at approximately 6 weeks apart using 3-T MRI and voxel-based morphometry. Patients were recruited through the inpatient service of the Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, from March 11, 2010, to March 27, 2015. Two patient groups with acute major depressive disorder were included. One group received an ECT series in addition to antidepressants (n = 24); a comparison sample was treated solely with antidepressants (n = 23). Both groups were compared with a sample of healthy control participants (n = 21). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Binary pattern classification was used to predict ECT response by structural MRI that was performed before treatment. In addition, univariate analysis was conducted to predict reduction of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score by pretreatment gray matter volumes and to investigate ECT-related structural changes. RESULTS One participant in the ECT sample was excluded from the analysis, leaving 67 participants (27 men and 40 women; mean [SD] age, 43.7 [10.6] years). The binary pattern classification yielded a successful prediction of ECT response, with accuracy rates of 78.3% (18 of 23 patients in the ECT sample) and sensitivity rates of 100% (13 of 13 who responded to ECT). Furthermore, a support vector regression yielded a significant prediction of relative reduction in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score. The principal findings of the univariate model indicated a positive association between pretreatment subgenual cingulate volume and individual ECT response (Montreal Neurological Institute [MNI] coordinates x = 8, y = 21, z = -18; Z score, 4.00; P < .001; peak voxel r = 0.73). Furthermore, the analysis of treatment effects revealed a increase in hippocampal volume in the ECT sample (MNI coordinates x = -28, y = -9, z = -18; Z score, 7.81; P < .001) that was missing in the medication-only sample. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A relatively small degree of structural impairment in the subgenual cingulate cortex before therapy seems to be associated with successful treatment with ECT. In the future, neuroimaging techniques could prove to be promising tools for predicting the individual therapeutic effectiveness of ECT.
My strange quest for Leroi-Gourhan: structuralism's unwitting hero

MICHAEL P. SPEIDEL. Riding for Caesar: the Roman Emperor’s horse guard. 223 pages, 20 plates, 11 figures. 1994. London: Batsford; ISBN 0-71346750-9 hardback €30. GARETH L. STEEN (ed.). Alexandria: the site 8 the history 126 pages, 58 illustrations (most in colour). 1993. London & New York (NY): New York University Press; ISBN 0-8147-7986-7 hardback $35. EBERHARD ZANGGER. Ein neuer Kampf urn Troia: Archaologie in der Krise. 352 pages, 57 illustrations, tables. 1994. Munich: Droemer Knaur; ISBN 3-42626682-2 hardback.
A pitch tracking system dedicated to process singing voice for music retrieval

A number of content-based music retrieval systems have been presented in the last few years. Although query-by-humming has been one of the preferred strategies, the translation of voice input into note-like attributes has been tackled with naive algorithms. In this paper, we present a system developed to consider the peculiar facets of the singing voice. A pre-processing block for signal enhancement, an algorithm for pitch detection and a labeling stage for fine adjustment of intonation are addressed in the context of querying by singing. Experimental results confirm that this system is able to translate a sung performance into a representation close to a music score, thus particularly suited for melody-based search.
Parallel and nonparallel behavioural evolution in response to parasitism and predation in Trinidadian guppies

Natural enemies such as predators and parasites are known to shape intraspecific variability of behaviour and personality in natural populations, yet several key questions remain: (i) What is the relative importance of predation vs. parasitism in shaping intraspecific variation of behaviour across generations? (ii) What are the contributions of genetic and plastic effects to this behavioural divergence? (iii) And to what extent are responses to predation and parasitism repeatable across independent evolutionary lineages? We addressed these questions using Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) (i) varying in their exposure to dangerous fish predators and Gyrodactylus ectoparasites for (ii) both wild‐caught F0 and laboratory‐reared F2 individuals and coming from (iii) multiple independent evolutionary lineages (i.e. independent drainages). Several key findings emerged. First, a population's history of predation and parasitism influenced behavioural profiles, but to different extent depending on the behaviour considered (activity, shoaling or boldness). Second, we had evidence for some genetic effects of predation regime on behaviour, with differences in activity of F2 laboratory‐reared individuals, but not for parasitism, which had only plastic effects on the boldness of wild‐caught F0 individuals. Third, the two lineages showed a mixture of parallel and nonparallel responses to predation/parasitism, with parallel responses being stronger for predation than for parasitism and for activity and boldness than for shoaling. These findings suggest that different sets of behaviours provide different pay‐offs in alternative predation/parasitism environments and that parasitism has more transient effects in shaping intraspecific variation of behaviour than does predation.
In vivo short TE localized 1H MR spectroscopy of mouse cervical spinal cord at very high magnetic field (11.75 T)

MR spectroscopy allows a noninvasive assessment of metabolic information in healthy and pathological central nervous system. Whereas MR spectroscopy has been extensively applied in the brain, only few spectroscopic studies of the spinal cord (SC) have been performed so far. For mice, due to additional technical challenges, in vivo 1H SC MRS has not yet been reported. In this work, the feasibility of short echo time localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy using Point RESolved Spectroscopy sequence for the examination of mouse cervical SC at 11.75 T is presented. Several optimizations were performed to improve the static field homogeneity, to reduce physiological motion effects and lipid contaminations arising from SC surrounding tissues, and to provide a careful metabolic quantification. Satisfactory spectrum quality was obtained. The described protocol allowed reliable quantification of five metabolites in the cervical SC. The mean reproducibility regarding the quantification of tNAA, tCr and tCho was ≥ 80%, > 70% for mI and > 55% for Glu, whereas the intersubject variabilities were ≤ 21%. The application of this protocol to transgenic mouse models in pathological conditions such as SC injury or neurodegenerative diseases may thus provide complementary information to MRI and increase our understanding of such pathologies. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional Role of Metaplastic Paneth Cell Defensins in Helicobacter pylori‐Infected Stomach

Background and Aims: Chronic gastritis is caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, and gastritis is classified as inflammation, atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia. Detailed pathologic studies have shown that H. pylori settles on the surface of gastric mucosa, and that it is eliminated from metaplastic mucosa. However, its mechanism of natural protection is not well known.
Cuentos, vínculos de apego y organizaciones de significado personal

El presente articulo se centra en analizar los distintos significados y formas narrativas que le brindan ninos de distintas organizaciones de significado personal a los cuentos de hadas. Primariamente se analiza la estructura narrativa de los cuentos infantiles (carencia, partida y final feliz). Siguiendo una vision evolutiva y acorde con las teorias post-racionalista y del apego, se buscara evidenciar como un mismo cuento puede tener distintos significados de acuerdo a la organizacion de significado personal, o como al interior de la misma, distintos cuentos pueden tener un significado similar. Finalmente, se esbozan algunos de los posibles usos que en la practica clinica pueden tener los cuentos infantiles.
Stability of lumbosacral somatosensory evoked potentials in a long‐term follow‐up

Variability of the lumbosacral somatosensory evoked potential (LSEP) in test/retest situations was assessed in 49 patients with nonprogressive neurological disorder and 20 healthy subjects. The average time of LSEP follow‐up in the patients was 16.2 months. The first group of healthy subjects had a short test/retest period of between 2 days and 2 weeks, and the second group had a long period between tests, with a mean of 35.7 months. The R and S waves of the LSEP were analyzed separately for latency and amplitude. Test/retest differences were statistically compared. The average correlation coefficient for healthy subjects was 0.84 and for patients was 0.78. These results suggested a remarkable stability of LSEPs in both healthy subjects and patients with nonprogressive neurological disorders. Therefore, we propose that LSEPs can be used in follow‐up both to screen for initial dysfunction of the sensory system and to detect any changes in present dysfunction.
T‐Antigen in normal and neoplastic urothelium

The expression of the Thomsen‐Friedenreich antigen (T‐antigen) in normal and neoplastic urothelium was investigated using paraffin‐processed and fresh frozen tissue sections obtained by biopsy from 56 patients. The T‐antigen was detected through its binding to the peanut agglutinin (PNA) with two methods: a biotin‐avidin‐peroxidase system or a modified red cell adherence test. In vitro treatment of the tissue sections with neuraminidase induced PNA binding in the normal and neoplastic urothelium as well as the red blood cells and the vascular endothelium. Spontaneous PNA binding was absent in normal bladder epithelium, but was observed in 10% of the noninvasive and 65% of the invasive transitional cell carcinomas (TCC). The positive reactions were seen in the cytoplasm, cell surface, and mucin. These results were correlated with the light and electron microscopic findings and with the detectability of the A, B, H blood group antigens in the same tissues. Ultrastructurally, the PNA binding sites frequently corresponded to the Golgi apparatus and to secretory products which stained with Alcian blue. About 90% of TCCs with spontaneous PNA binding did not express the expected blood group antigen. The latter was also undetectable in 54% of TCCs lacking spontaneous PNA binding. It appears, therefore, that the expression of T‐antigen occurs later in the evolution of aggressive TCCs, usually when they have advanced to invasive stages. The finding of spontaneous T‐antigen unmasking correlates with the presence of invasion and a higher risk for metastatic involvement of regional lymph nodes.
A positive selection cloning system based on the gltS gene of Escherichia coli.

derived (9). Thus, the cDNA encoding form g was probably captured by the oligonucleotide for form b. It should be noted that the human liver and mouse brain libraries were constructed with vectors that have different flanking sequences at the polylinker region, which was used to establish by the polymerase chain reaction which library was the source from which a cDNA was isolated (4). Among the cDNAs encoding other proteins in the kinase group, half coded for vitamin D-binding protein (Table 3), and the rest apparently coded for yet unidentified proteins based on a BLAST search in GenBank. These unidentified proteins may actually share a significant sequence identity with the oligonucleotides used for the trapping experiment (only a ;350-bp sequence in the 59 end was determined), which probably contributed to their isolated. In contrast, the cDNA encoding vitamin D-binding protein shows no significant sequence identity with the oligonucleotides; the reason for its isolation remains to be determined. It was likely that the abundance of the cDNAs coding for the kinases to be isolated in these libraries was so low that an excess of the labeled oligonucleotides was available to hybridize with unrelated cDNAs and yielded false positives. This notion is supported by the fact that all of the sequenced clones in the P450 trapping experiment resulted in the isolation of target cDNAs, because P450 enzymes, the primary phase I drugmetabolizing enzymes, are very abundant in the liver (5, 7, 11, 12). We report here a modified cDNA trapping technique that can accommodate multiple oligonucleotides and more than one library at the same time. This method has all the features of the original method such as screening of a large number of clones within a week, rapid isolation of full-length cDNA, and identification of related sequences. This modified method, compared with the original method, saves time and significantly reduces the cost, as the reagents used for cDNA trapping are expensive. This is particularly effective for isolating multiple forms of cDNAs. Acknowledgment. The authors thank Dr. Chichester for reviewing the manuscript.