Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Leadership Style of CEO at Small and Medium-sized Enterprises on the Organizational Effectiveness

Abstract This study analyzes the effect of leadership styles (transformational leadership, transactional leadership, andservant leadership) of CEOs at small and medium-sized enterprises on the organizational effectiveness of the employees (organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior). A survey was conducted on 573 employees of domestic small and medium-sized enterprises in the electric, electronic, and IT industries, and the data was used to perform statistical analysis. As the result, charisma of transformational leadership, individual consideration, emotional healing of servant leadership, wisdom, and stewardship were shown to have positive effect on the organizational commitment. Furthermore, charisma of transformational leadership, exceptional management of transactional leadership, wisdom of servant leadership, and stewardship were shown to have positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior. 요 약 본 연구는 중소기업 CEO 의 리더십 유형 ( 변혁적 리더십 , 거래적 리더십 , 서번트 리더십 )
Corporate Social Performance in Strategic Governance and Stakeholder Dimensions: Evidence of Indian Multinational Manufacturing Companies

Assessment of corporate social performance has become one of the widely researched areas due to its practical implications. The article assesses the social performance of Indian multinational manufacturing companies on the twin dimensions of strategic governance and responsibility towards primary stakeholders. Using the data collected from corporate social responsibility (CSR) managers through a measurement tool, Indian multinational manufacturing companies have been found to be performing just about average. Strategic governance received the highest weightage, as generated with the help of expert opinion, followed by customers, investors, employees, communities and then suppliers. The results also revealed that strategic governance explained significant variation in stakeholders’ responsibility. The findings give out important implications for CSR managers and overall management of the companies.
Exploiting freely available imagery to improve land cover characterization and shallow landslide detection

Natural hazards and land management issues can benefit nowadays from the increasing availability of free, high-resolution satellite imagery that opens the way to fine scale detailed investigations. In high elevation catchments the analysis of vegetation dynamics deserves particular attention since little climatic modifications can be amplified in such fragile systems. For the same reasons, the dynamic of instability phenomena as response to an input hydrological forcing, requires a meticulous spatial representation in order to better represent the active processes at catchment scale. The present work focuses on the analysis of high-resolution freely available imagery (Microsoft® Bing Maps™ Platform) that enables the characterization of vegetation cover and the automatic mapping of shallow landslides in an alpine catchment. Semi-automatic detection of vegetation is carried out at the fine scale using both orthophotos and freely available satellite imagery. The analysis based on the satellite imagery showed a better accuracy in respect to the one based on the orthophotos. In particular, satellite imagery analysis showed high sensitivity and high specificity even in low illumination conditions, while, for the same circumstances, orthophotos-based analysis shows a significant wrong detection rate. In the framework of a long term, multi-temporal and high-resolution characterization of vegetation cover and for a rapid mapping of shallow instability phenomena, the effectiveness of the proposed approach can speed up the representation of the local conditions towards an improvement of land management strategies and hazard and risk assessment.
Corporate Volunteering: What Employers and Employees Really Think

The Corporate Volunteering Survey (Volunteering Australia 2006) found that the primary driver for a company investing in employee volunteering (EV) programs is a sense of obligation to be socially responsible corporate citizens. Also, the benefits accruing to staff were identified as having almost equal weight in justifying the existence of these programs. In this article we explore the findings of two online surveys Volunteering Australia carried out, with support from internet job search provider Seek, which investigated how employers promote their volunteering programs to potential employees and how they measure those programs' impact on retention, job satisfaction and productivity, and secondly, an investigation on jobseeker perceptions of volunteer programs in the workplace.
The Ethical Content of Accounting Information

This paper sets forth a theory that accounting information can provide insights into the ethics of an organization. While the primary purpose of accounting information is to provide information on the economic activity of a firm, it is argued that the informational content of accounting measurements and disclosures includes ethical information regarding a corporation. A framework is developed decoding accounting information such that ethical information regarding a firm can be revealed. From the perspective of the overall economic system, ethical information from company financial reports may provide insights regarding overall economic system risk. The theory developed in this paper extends the information content of accounting information to non-financial information.
Gradience in Grammar: Experimental and Computational Aspects of Degrees of Grammaticality

This thesis deals with gradience in grammar, i.e., with the fact that some linguistic structures are not fully acceptable or unacceptable, but receive gradient linguistic judgments. The importance of gradient data for linguistic theory has been recognized at least since Chomsky’s Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory. However, systematic empirical studies of gradience are largely absent, and none of the major theoretical frameworks is designed to account for gradient data. The present thesis addresses both questions. In the experimental part of the thesis (Chapters 3–5), we present a set of magnitude estimation experiments investigating gradience in grammar. The experiments deal with unaccusativity/unergativity, extraction, binding, word order, and gapping. They cover all major modules of syntactic theory, and draw on data from three languages (English, German, and Greek). In the theoretical part of thesis (Chapters 6 and 7), we use these experimental results to motivate a model of gradience in grammar. This model is a variant of Optimality Theory, and explains gradience in terms of the competition of ranked, violable linguistic constraints. The experimental studies in this thesis deliver two main results. First, they demonstrate that an experimental investigation of gradient phenomena can advance linguistic theory by uncovering acceptability distinctions that have gone unnoticed in the theoretical literature. An experimental approach can also settle data disputes that result from the informal data collection techniques typically employed in theoretical linguistics, which are not well-suited to investigate the behavior of gradient linguistic data. Second, we identify a set of general properties of gradient data that seem to be valid for a wide range of syntactic phenomena and across languages. (a) Linguistic constraints are ranked, in the sense that some constraint violations lead to a greater degree of unacceptability than others. (b) Constraint violations are cumulative, i.e., the degree of unacceptability of a structure increases with the number of constraints it violates. (c) Two constraint types can be distinguished experimentally: soft constraints lead to mild unacceptability when violated, while hard constraint violations trigger serious unacceptability. (d) The hard/soft distinction can be diagnosed by testing for effects from the linguistic context; context effects only occur for soft constraints; hard constraints are immune to contextual variation. (e) The soft/hard distinction is crosslinguistically stable. In the theoretical part of the thesis, we develop a model of gradient grammaticality that borrows central concepts from Optimality Theory, a competition-based grammatical framework. We propose an extension, Linear Optimality Theory, motivated by our experimental results on constraint ranking and the cumulativity of violations. The core assumption of our
Wound care at the end of life.

As wound care nurses, dealing with patients with wounds in the end-of-life stage can be very challenging. The first instinct is to create the environment for healing by addressing systemic issues and providing the appropriate topical treatment. However, this feat is not always practical or realistic given a palliative care situation (Langemo & Brown, 2006). When the body is failing, healing is unlikely or less likely, regardless of the treatment. However, failure to aggressively treat a wound may be interpreted by patients and their families as neglectful or uncaring. Palliative wounds often can be maintained with less expensive topical treatments that would keep the wound clean and stable as well as provide comfort to patients. However, without clear progress in wound healing, expensive treatments may continue until death because the overall prognosis has not been accepted by the patient or family. Lack of healing progress is defined as an “unresponsive” wound over a two to four week period despite optimal care, possibly from the presence of cofactors that were not or cannot be addressed (Nix, 2007). Another scenario is that the wound has been healed at all cost but the patient dies anyway. Aesthetically, this may be more pleasing to the family as the patient dies with their skin intact. However, wounds can occur because of the dying process. The skin is the largest organ so, as multi-organ failure continues, the skin fails as well (Stokowski, 2008). These wounds often are attributed to poor nursing care instead of to the natural process that causes them. This natural process of wound denigration from multiorgan failure also may bring other signs and symptoms, such as malodor and pain. Choosing appropriate topical treatments to address these issues may provide comfort to the patient by avoiding embarrassing odors and the pain sometimes associated from dressing placement and removal.
Accelerated 24-hour luteinizing hormone pulsatile activity in adolescent girls with ovarian hyperandrogenism: relevance to the developmental phase of polycystic ovarian syndrome.

A study was initiated to delineate the neuroendocrine characteristics of hyperandrogenic adolescent girls with the aim of discerning features that may relate to the pubertal onset of the polycystic ovarian syndrome. Thirteen 11- to 18-yr-old girls with mild to moderate signs of hyperandrogenism (HA) and increased ovarian volume and 28 age-matched normal girls were recruited for the study. LH pulsatility and FSH levels were analyzed based on serum concentrations measured with sensitive immunofluorometric assays in samples taken at 10-min intervals for 24 h under basal conditions, GnRH antagonist (Nal-Glu) suppression, and dexamethasone suppression. Adrenal and ovarian contributions to serum cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone (T), estrone (E1), estradiol (hourly), 17-hydroxypregnenolone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17PO) concentrations were compared during basal and suppression conditions and after gonadotropin and adrenal stimulations by bolus GnRH (10 micrograms) and CRF (1 microgram/kg). The progression from sleep-augmented pulsatile LH secretion to higher LH levels during wake than sleep observed during normal pubertal development occurred 2 yr earlier in the HA group. The number of LH pulses was significantly higher in the HA group during both sleep and waking, whereas pulse amplitude was higher only during the awake time. Thus, mean LH was 2.0-fold higher during the awake time and only 1.6-fold higher during sleep in the HA group compared to the normal group. The elevation of FSH in HA was small relative to that of LH, resulting in an increased LH/FSH ratio (P < 0.008). The HA group had higher concentrations of 17PO (1.8-fold), androstenedione (1.9-fold), T (2.4-fold), and E1 (1.7-fold) than the normal group (all P < 0.001), with no alteration in circadian rhythm. These elevated steroid levels were significantly correlated with LH levels in the basal state and decreased in proportion to the change in LH during Nal-Glu suppression. During adrenal suppression with dexamethasone, concentrations of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and 17-hydroxypregnenolone decreased in both groups (P < 0.001), but significant suppression of 17PO, T, and E1 occurred only in the normal girls, indicating the ovarian origin of the increased levels of these steroids with enhanced expression of 17 alpha-hydroxylase activity in HA girls. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Almotriptan in Migraine Patients Who Respond Poorly to Oral Sumatriptan: A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and tolerability of almotriptan 12.5 mg in migraine patients who respond poorly to sumatriptan 50 mg. Background: Poor response to sumatriptan therapy for acute migraine attacks has been documented in the literature, but few controlled trials have investigated the efficacy of an alternative triptan in this subgroup of patients. Methods: Patients with an International Headache Society diagnosis of migraine who self-described as experiencing at least two unsatisfactory responses to sumatriptan treated their first migraine attack with open-label sumatriptan 50 mg. Patients who did not achieve 2-hour pain relief (improvement of headache from moderate/severe to mild/no headache) were then randomized to treat their second attack with almotriptan 12.5 mg or placebo under double-blind conditions. Results: In the first attack, 221 of 302 participants (73%) did not achieve 2-hour pain relief with sumatriptan and were randomized to treatment of their second attack with almotriptan 12.5 mg or placebo. Of the 198 sumatriptan nonresponders who treated their second attack (99 almotriptan; 99 placebo), 70% had severe headache pain at baseline. Two-hour pain-relief rates were significantly higher with almotriptan compared to placebo (47.5 vs. 23.2%; p < 0.001). A significant treatment effect for almotriptan was also seen in pain-free rates at 2 h (33.3 vs. 14.1%; p < 0.005) and sustained freedom from pain (20.9 vs. 9.0%; p < 0.05). In the second attack, 7.1% of patients in the almotriptan group experienced adverse events compared to 5.1% in the placebo group (p = 0.77). Conclusions: Almotriptan 12.5 mg is an effective and well-tolerated alternative for patients who respond poorly to sumatriptan 50 mg. A poor response to one triptan does not predict a poor response to other agents in that class.
An Institutional Analysis of US Voluntary Environmental Agreements

The increased use of voluntary environmental agreements (VAs) in the United States in the early 1990's prompted a small but growing theoretical and empirical literature on their usage. The primary focus of this literature has been on the social welfare effects of VAs. As part of this focus, the extant literature on VAs offers explanations regarding why firms and regulators might desire VAs. However a careful reading of this literature reveals that most of the explanations are timeless, and therefore fail to explain the sudden emergence of VA usage in the United States. This paper interprets the emergence of VAs as a change in American environmental regulatory institutions. We identify four groups powerful enough to be the agents of change in these institutions: industry, national environmental groups, the EPA and the Congress. Of these four, industry and the EPA hold dominant positions in writing VAs. We review US regulatory policy prior to the 1990s, and argue that a confluence of four “shocks” that arose from the mid to late 1980s set the stage for the adoption of VAs. The four shocks we enumerate are: mounting, complex environmental legislation; technological change and scientific discovery; budget cut backs at the EPA; and the rise of citizen law suits. These four factors altered the balance of power among the four groups mentioned above. In particular, both the EPA and industry found themselves in less desirable situations. These facts created incentives for the EPA and industry to attempt to rewrite the rules of US regulatory institutions through the vehicle of VAs.
Do Orofacial Clefts Represent Different Genetic Entities?

Objective To contribute to the understanding of potential genetic differences between different cleft types. Method Analysis of family history concerning cleft type and search for cleft-type–specific associations in candidate genes performed in 98 individuals from 98 families. Results In a given family, the cleft type of a second case was more often identical to the index case than expected by chance. Each type of cleft (cleft lip [CL], cleft lip and palate [CLP], cleft palate only [CP], and submucous cleft palate only [SMCP]) was associated with different genes. Conclusion Family history indicates some specificity of cleft types. The observed phenotype-genotype associations were compatible with this interpretation in that significant associations occurred with disjoint sets of genes in each cleft type. These observations indicate that CL, CLP, CP, and SMCP might represent genetically different entities.
Carbon stable isotope turnover and fractionation in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella tissues

Carbon stable isotope signatures can effectively trace food sources, elucidate trophic interactions, and presumably reflect food web structure. The present study conducted a diet- switch experiment using freshwater teleost grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella cultured for 3 mo with artificial feed that had a distinct carbon stable isotope composition. Turnover and fractiona- tion of carbon stable isotopes were determined based on the proportional contributions of metab- olism and growth to the isotopic turnover in different tissues. Carbon isotopic turnover rates showed significant differences among tissues and increased in the sequence of gill < muscle < liver due to the difference in the metabolic activities among the various tissues. Carbon half-lives based on the isotopic turnover models were 22.5 d or 1.13-fold mass increase for liver, 52.7 d or 1.35-fold mass increase for muscle and 101.1 d or 1.73-fold mass increase for gill tissue. Fraction- ation of carbon stable isotopes differed among the 3 types of tissues due to the differential bio- chemical constituents of the tissues. Based on the isotopic turnover models, the fractionation of carbon stable isotopes relative to the new diet approximately fitted the traditional carbon fraction- ation value of 1‰. Metabolism in liver and muscle tissue accounted for approximately 75-85% and 50-60% of tissue turnover, respectively, whereas only 15-25% of tissue turnover might be attributable to metabolism in the gills.
A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF NPAS AND LOAN OUTSTANDINGS OF SHG LINKAGE PROGRAMME IN INDIA

Microfinance is defined as “the means by which poor people convert small sums of money into large sums”. (Rutherford 1999). It is the provision of financial services to poor people in poor countries who lack to access commercial banking system They are many types of micro finance institutions; local organization that provide a small number of donor-based loans and multimillion dollar loans This paper tries to highlight the performance of outstanding loans, the amount of loans disbursed and the non performance assets with regard to banking and financial institutions. This paper will give a bird’s eye view about the microfinance industry with reference to non performance assets and the region wise performance of the NPAs. This will enlighten the people and enormous effort taken for the self help group linkage programme in India.
Surgical treatment of intrathyroid metastases: preliminary results of a multicentric study.

BACKGROUND Intrathyroid metastases (ITM) are rare and usually have a dismal prognosis. The aim of this study was to detect which neoplasms metastasize most often to the thyroid gland, their clinical features and treatment options. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of clinical files of 17,122 patients submitted to surgery for thyroid disease between 1995 and 2005. Twenty-five patients (median age 61 years) were affected by ITM. RESULTS The site of the primary tumor was: kidney (15), lung (4), colon (3), breast (1), melanoma (1), and unknown in 1 patient. Ten patients (40%) complained of preoperative symptoms, in the others, thyroid involvement was incidentally discovered during the follow-up for the primary cancer. Twenty patients (80%) underwent total thyroidectomy, 3 received thyroid lobectomy and 2 palliative procedures. Morbidity was 16%, mortality was nil. The median follow-up was 24 months. CONCLUSION ITM should always be suspected in any patient with a previous history of malignancy. Fine-needle agobiopsy (FNAB) with immunohistochemical stains may help in preoperative workup. A long delay between the primary tumor and the recurrence warrants surgery and total thyroidectomy seems to be the treatment of choice because of the multifocality of metastasis to the thyroid gland.
Central and peripheral autonomic failure in cold-induced sweating syndrome type 1

Cold-induced sweating syndrome type 1 (CISS1) is a rare disorder characterized by profuse sweating in a cold environment, determined by mutations in cytokine receptor–like factor 1 ( CRLF1 ). 1 Its pathogenesis is not fully understood. It has been demonstrated in vitro that CRLF1 may be involved in inducing differentiation from a noradrenergic to a cholinergic transmitter phenotype. During development, catecholaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission is required for the induction of secretory function, whereas cholinergic transmission becomes crucial for the maintenance of the secretory responsiveness.2 The abnormal sweat response in CISS1 could be also related to alterations in temperature signals acting on hypothalamus and preoptic areas.1 We report clinical, molecular, skin biopsy, and temperature monitoring data of an Italian boy with CISS1. ### Case report. A 16-year-old boy had come to our observation at 1 year of age. His parents were healthy and unrelated. A brother, with facial dysmorphisms and hypotonia, had died at age 3 months from bronchopulmonary infection. Our patient was hypotonic at birth and experienced severe feeding difficulties. He had elongated face, high-arched palate, weak cry, large pinnae, short hands, tapering fingers, clinodactyly, and reduced tendon reflexes. Concentric needle EMG, nerve conduction velocity (NCV) studies (ulnar, median, peroneal, tibial, and sural nerves), and repetitive nerve stimulation testing excluded a …