Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Infection Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases in Developing Countries and Resource-Limited Settings

acillin, but all S. aureus isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. The prevalences of resistance to other antimicrobials were as follows: penicillin, 97% of isolates; erythromycin, 9.5%; gentamicin, 9%; tetracycline, 40%; clindamycin, 5%; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 17.5%; chloramphenicol, 11%; and ciprofloxacin, 1%. Among K. pneumoniae isolates, 24% were resistant to ciprofloxacin, but all isolates were resistant to ampicillin. All isolates of Acinetobacter species were resistant to ceftazidime, cefixime, and cefazolin. However, all isolates were susceptible to imipenem. The prevalences of resistance to other agents were as follows: ciprofloxacin, 65% of isolates; gentamicin, 76.5%; amikacin, 82.5%; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 85.7%; and ofloxacin, 87.5%. Thirty percent of P. aeruginosa isolates were resistant to imipenem, and 60% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. All isolates of K. pneumoniae were resistant to ampicillin, amikacin, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime; 29% were resistant to imipenem, 73% were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and 83% were resistant to gentamicin.
Global Precipitation Map using Satelliteborne Microwave Radiometers by the GSMaP Project : Production and Validation

By Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) Project, global surface rainfall estimates are retrieved from satelliteborne passive microwave radiometers. Using the common deterministic rain retrieval algorithm, we have obtained global rainfall maps from the TMI for 1998-2004, from the AMSR-E for 2003-2004, and from the AMSR for April-October 2003 and from the SSM/I for 2003-2004. We combined these rainfall retrievals derived from microwave radiometers (GSMaP_MWR). For the validation, the GSMaP-retrievals are compared to TRMM/PR rainfalls, GPROF-retrievals, and gauge-based data. Keywords-Precipitation, retrieval, TRMM, satelliteborne microwave radiometer, validation
Effects of LB Broth, Naphthalene Concentration, and Acetone on the Naphthalene Degradation Activities by Pseudomonas putida G7

Luria‐Bertani broth and acetone were usually used in naphthalene degradation experiments as nutrient and solvent. However, their effect on the degradation was seldom mentioned. In this work, we investigated the effect of LB, naphthalene concentration, and acetone on the degradation of naphthalene by Pseudomonas putida G7, which is useful for the degradation of naphthalene on future field remediation. By adding LB, the naphthalene degradation efficiencies and naphthalene dioxygenase were both decreased by 98%, while the catechol dioxygenase was decreased by 90%. Degradation of naphthalene was also inhibited when naphthalene concentration was 56 ppm and higher, which was accompanied with the accumulation of orange‐colored metabolism products. However, acetone can stimulate the degradation of naphthalene, and the stimulation was more obvious when naphthalene concentration was lower than 2000 ppm. By assaying the enzyme activities of naphthalene dioxygenase and catechol dioxygenase, it was thought that the degradation efficiency was depending on the more sensitive enzymes on the complicated conditions.
The Competitive Effects of Advertising in the US Automobile Industry, 1970‐94

Is advertising anticompetitive? One school of thought in industrial economics holds that advertising increases profits and reduces consumer welfare by creating spurious product differentiation and barriers to entry. Another school focuses on the informative character of advertising, claiming that advertising makes markets more competitive and reduces profits by supplying consumers with information about price and quality. We distinguish these views by examining the effect of advertising on competition in the US automobile industry. Our data include advertising, sales, profit, and market-share figures for General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler over a 25-year period from 1970 to 1994.We ask if advertising increases or decreases profitability, controlling for market structure and other factors affecting demand.Wefind that these firms cannot increase their profits above normal levels by increasing their advertising expenditures. This evidence supports the view that advertising serves primarily to transmit information, not to create entry barriers.
Robot-Aided Neurorehabilitation: From Evidence-Based to Science-Based Rehabilitation

Abstract There is no “magic bullet” in rehabilitation. In the absence of direct neural transplants, neurological rehabilitation is an arduous process. We have pioneered the clinical application of robotics in stroke rehabilitation and have shown evidence of the positive impact of targeted exercise on stroke recovery. In this article, we will review results obtained in the initial clinical trials with 96 stroke patients at the Burke Rehabilitation Hospital. We will provide evidence that robot-aided training enhances recovery, that this enhanced recovery is sustained in the long term, and that this recovery is not due to a general physiological improvement — in fact, it appears to be limb and muscle group specific. An evidence-based approach must now segue into a more scientific approach to stroke rehabilitation. Given the length of the required protocols and patients' variability and limited census, the practical limitations of the evidence-based approach are self-evident and extend trials for years. Each patient and lesion is unique in stroke rehabilitation, so there is no reason to believe that a “one-size-fits-all” optimal treatment exists. To optimize therapy for individual patients, we need science-based models. In this article, we will summarize the scientific tools and models that we are investigating and present some of the results to date.
Potent Inhibition of Macrophage Responses to IFN-γ by Live Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Independent of Mature Mycobacterial Lipoproteins but Dependent on TLR21

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a highly successful pathogen that can persist and cause disease despite an immune response. One potential mechanism for resisting elimination is by inhibiting the action of IFN-γ. We have previously shown that live M. tuberculosis inhibits selected macrophage responses to IFN-γ, and that purified M. tuberculosis 19-kDa lipoprotein inhibits induction of selected IFN-γ-responsive genes through a TLR2-dependent pathway, whereas peptidoglycan inhibits responses to IFN-γ by a TLR2-independent pathway. To determine the relative contribution of lipoproteins to the inhibition of responses to IFN-γ, we deleted the M. tuberculosis gene (lspA) that encodes lipoprotein signal peptidase. This revealed that M. tuberculosis lipoprotein processing is indispensable for stimulation of TLR2 reporter cells, but that the lspA mutant inhibits macrophage responses to IFN-γ to the same extent as wild-type bacteria. Macrophages lacking TLR2 are more resistant to inhibition by either strain of M. tuberculosis, suggesting that nonlipoprotein TLR2 agonists contribute to inhibition. Indeed, we found that phosphatidylinositol mannan from M. tuberculosis inhibits macrophage responses to IFN-γ. M. tuberculosis inhibition of responses to IFN-γ requires new protein synthesis, indicating that a late effect of innate immune stimulation is the inhibition of responses to IFN-γ. These results establish that M. tuberculosis possesses multiple mechanisms of inhibiting responses to IFN-γ.
Inhibition of Constitutive STAT 3 Activity Sensitizes Resistant Non-Hodgkin ’ s Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma to Chemotherapeutic Drug-mediated Apoptosis 1

Hematopoietic malignancies have been shown to depend on cytokine growth factor autocrine/paracrine loops for growth and differentiation. This results in the constitutive activation of cytokine-mediated transcription factors like signal transducer and activators of transcription (STAT) 3 in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM). Recent evidence demonstrates that cytokines also contribute to a drug-resistant phenotype in many tumor cell types. We hypothesized that inhibitors of the STAT3 pathway would sensitize drug-resistant and endogenous cytokine-dependent NHL and MM tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. We examined an AIDS-related NHL cell line, 2F7, known to be dependent on interleukin (IL)-10 for survival and an MM cell line, U266, known to be dependent on IL-6 for survival. IL-10 and IL-6 signal the cells through the activation of Janus kinase (JAK)1 and JAK2, respectively. Thus, we investigated the effect of two chemical STAT3 pathway inhibitors, namely, piceatannol (JAK1/STAT3 inhibitor) and tyrphostin AG490 (JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor), on the tumor cells for sensitization to therapeutic drugs. We demonstrate by phosphoprotein immunoblotting analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift analysis that piceatannol and AG490 inhibit the constitutive activity of STAT3 in 2F7 and U266, respectively. Furthermore, piceatannol and AG490 sensitize 2F7 and U266 cells, respectively, to apoptosis by a range of therapeutic drugs including cisplatin, fludarabine, Adriamycin, and vinblastine. The specificity of the inhibitors was corroborated in experiments showing that piceatannol had no effect on U266 and, likewise, AG490 has no effect on 2F7. The sensitization observed by these inhibitors correlated with the inhibition of Bcl-2 expression in 2F7 and Bcl-xL expression in U266. Altogether, these results demonstrate that STAT3 pathway inhibitors are a novel class of chemotherapeutic sensitizing agents capable of reversing the drugresistant phenotype of cytokine-dependent tumor cells.
Primary Reticulosis of the Central Nervous System in the Dog

Prim ar y reti cul osis of the central nerv ou s system is a relativel y co mmo n brain tum or in the dog (2). Morph ologic similari ties between ret icul osis an d ence pha litis have a lways invited speculat ion as to the in fect ious ca use of these neoplasms (3). Distemper and ra bies-lik e inclusion bodi es ha ve bee n seen in canine reti culosis [I , 7) but mor e di rect evide nce of vira l infection is lackin g. A 6-yea r-old fem ale mixed breed dog had a history of seizu res and d ifficult y in ea ting for several months. Th e dog had postur al a nd cra nia l nerve deficits on th e left side and seemed to be disoriented . Th e dog was kill ed and su bm itted for post mortem examination . Fresh tissue sa mples were tak en fro m the brain ste m and frozen at - 70 0 C. C ryos tat sectio ns of thi s tissue. sta ined in flu ore scein-l ab eled a nti-dis tem per anti body and Evans' blue were exa mine d with th e ultra-violet microscop e. T he remainder of the tissues were fixed in formalin and processed for histology.
Anemia and Nutritional Status of Preschool Children: Comparison between Two Childhood Education Centers in Botucatu City, Brazil

Background and Aim: Anemia is responsible for major problems in child growth and development, requiring identification and appropriate management to reduce complications and promote the overall health of children. Moreover, nutritional deficiencies also represent a major public health concern, and can lead to irreversible consequences for children. The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of anemia, overweight and obesity in preschool children and compare two Municipal Childhood Education Centers (CEC), one located in a suburb of the urban area and the other one in a rural area in Botucatu city, Brazil. Methods: A total of 151 children in the urban CEC and 31 children in the rural CEC were evaluated. Anthropometric measurements and nutritional status according to sex and age using the Body Mass Index were performed. The diagnosis of anemia was performed through the fingerstick hemoglobin level using the Bhemoglobin-meter device. The cutoff point was 11.0 g/dl according to recommendations for the age group from 4 to 72 months. Database was performed in Excel and analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Results: A significant association was found between CECs and nutritional status and anemia, with higher prevalence of overweight children and with anemia in the urban CEC (p=0.002). Conclusions: Anemia remains as a childhood public health problem despite all efforts through policies against it. Obesity and overweight in childhood really reveal alarming data just at preschool age. Surveillance and combating measures should be taken as a public policy involving different sectors besides health.
Parent–Teacher Agreement and Reliability on the Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA) in English and Spanish for Ethnically Diverse Children Living in Poverty

Research Findings: Social-emotional competence is especially important for children living in poverty, and effective assessment of social-emotional skills is critical. This study examined parent–teacher agreement and reliability of the Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA; P. A. LeBuffe & J. A. Naglieri, 1999) English and Spanish forms in a large (n = 7,756) sample of impoverished, ethnically diverse preschoolers. Both forms were reliable. Parents reported greater social-emotional protective factors and behavioral concerns than teachers. Parent–teacher agreement was moderate (rs = .20–.28) and consistent with previous research. Parent–teacher agreement was higher when both informants completed the survey in the same language. Agreement was highest for average-functioning children, according to a standardized assessment of cognition, language, and motor skills that was also administered. Parents rated low-functioning children more favorably than did teachers; teachers rated high-functioning children more favorably than did parents. Practice or Policy: The English and Spanish DECA forms demonstrate reliability for examining social-emotional skills and behavioral concerns for impoverished, ethnically diverse preschoolers.
Active receiving antennas for direction finding

This paper presents the design and implementation of two VHF (30-90 MHz) receiving antennas for direction finding applications. The antennas are constrained to an aperture area of about 15 cm × 15 cm Therefore, an electrically small-loop and dipole antenna elements are considered. Active amplification designs are also proposed to improve the received signal strength. Finally, measurements are conducted to validate the performance of the designs. The measured results also show a good agreement to the simulation results.
DOCÊNCIA NO ENSINO SUPERIOR: DESAFIOS E POSSIBILIDADES PARA UMA PRÁTICA EMANCIPATÓRIA

O contexto social do seculo XXI demarca uma sociedade que apresenta avancos e mudancas, principalmente no que se refere aos aspetos socioeconomicos. No campo da educacao esse reflexo e observado em todos os niveis de ensino principalmente na educacao superior. O presente artigo foi elaborado a partir de discussoes a respeito da profissao docente na educacao superior, tendo como objetivo analisar as contribuicoes do exercicio da docencia para uma perspectiva de ensino emancipatorio. Foram discutidos os desafios e possibilidades da docencia para uma educacao cidada. Quanto aos aspectos metodologicos o presente estudo foi realizado por meio da revisao de literatura apontando os principais desafios da docencia que estao imbricados no exercicio do professorado e as possibilidades da pratica docente, tais como a formacao dos professores universitarios para uma educacao geradora de novos cidadaos, a insercao dos recursos tecnologicos como ferramentas de aperfeicoamento das praticas pedagogicas e a reconfiguracao da funcao social das universidades e principalmente dos docentes no processo de ensino. Ao final da realizacao deste estudo elencamos os desafios do exercicio da docencia no ensino superior e suas possibilidades para redefinir a pratica pedagogica em vista da producao do conhecimento cientifico. Por fim, espera-se que estudo coopere para novas discussoes a respeito do exercicio da docencia no ensino superior e suas contribuicoes para o desenvolvimento humano, cognitivo e social dos estudantes. Palavras-chave : : Docencia; Educacao Superior; Formacao Docente Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:107%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
Predictors of post‐traumatic stress disorder following severe injury

The chronicity and morbidity of established post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has stimulated interest in recognizing and understanding the early development of the disorder. Acute stress disorder, a new diagnosis intended to facilitate early case detection, rests on the occurrence of dissociative reactions. It remains uncertain whether dissociation is a universal or unique early predictor of subsequent PTSD. Traumatic injury is an important and relatively understudied antecedent of PTSD. The objective of this study was to preliminarily identify which previously implicated early reactions and risk factors would apply to the prediction of PTSD following severe traumatic injury. Patients admitted to a regional Level I trauma center following life threatening events who had recall of the incident and did not have signs of traumatic brain injury or recent psychopathology were enrolled. Comprehensive assessments were conducted during hospitalization and after discharge approximately 2 months after the traumatic event. At follow‐up, 24% of the available 50 subjects met full criteria for PTSD and an additional 22% met criteria for two of three symptom clusters. Early symptoms of heightened arousal and coping with disengagement were independent predictors of PTSD severity at follow‐up. Relationships to initial dissociative reactions and a diagnosis of ASD were not significant. These early predictors found in a setting of severe injury only partially overlap findings from previous PTSD studies. Depression and Anxiety 14:226–231, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kazakistan Cumhuriyetinde Eğitim Sisteminin Tarihî Seyri ve Günümüzdeki Yapısı

Bu calisma Kazakistan Cumhuriyetindeki egitim sisteminin baslangictan gunumuze kadarki tarihi seyrinin incelenmesi icin hazirlanmistir. Kazakistan, uzun yillar Rus hâkimiyeti altinda yasamis -Carlik Rusya ve Sovyet Rusya- ve Sovyetler Birliginin dagilmasindan sonra 16 Aralik 1991 yilinda bagimsizligini ilan etmis bir ulkedir. Yasanan Rus hâkimiyetleri neticesinde de dogrudan veya dolayli olarak pek cok yonde degisimlere, baskilara ve asimilasyonlara maruz kalmistir. Ozellikle Sovyet Rusya doneminde daha sistemli bir sekilde yurutulmeye baslayan bu politikalar cesitli yontem ve stratejilerle Kazak egitim sisteminde de yerini almis ve tum halk Sovyetlestirilmeye calisilmistir. Yapilan calismayla Turklerle dil-kultur iliskisi bakimindan koklu bir gecmise sahip olan Kazakistan Cumhuriyetindeki egitim sisteminin temelleri, tarihi gelisimi ve gunumuzdeki yapisi ele alinmistir. Makalenin, bu alanla ilgili yapilacak daha kapsamli ve farkli arastirmalara katki saglayacagi ve Turk Dunyasi arasindaki egitim calismalarini daha da ileri goturecegi kanaatindeyiz.
Susceptibility of melanized and nonmelanized Cryptococcus neoformans to the melanin-binding compounds trifluoperazine and chloroquine

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen which becomes heavily melanized in the presence of phenolic substrates such as L-dopa. Various drugs are known to bind to melanin with high affinity, including the antipsychotic agent trifluoperazine and the antimalarial agent chloroquine. We hypothesized that drugs which bind melanin may have different toxicities for melanized and nonmelanized C. neoformans cells. The effects of trifluoperazine and chloroquine or C. neoformans were determined by measuring cell viability after exposure to these drugs. Cell viability was measured by CFU determination and flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining. Melanized cells were more susceptible than nonmelanized cells to the fungicidal effects of trifluoperazine. Chloroquine had no fungicidal effect on either melanized or nonmelanized C. neoformans under the conditions studied. Flow cytometry of trifluoperazine-treated C. neoformans cells stained with the mitochondrial stain dihydrorhodamine 123 revealed fluorescence changes consistent with mitochondrial damage. Our results indicate that melanized and nonmelanized C. neoformans cells can differ in susceptibility to certain drugs and suggest that strategies which target melanin may be productive for antifungal-drug discovery.
Échographie compressée : Une nouvelle stratégie d’acquisition et de formation pour une imagerie ultrarapide

Il ne fait aucun doute que le cout relativement faible des echographes, la procedure rapide et la capacite d’imager des tissus biologiques mous ont permis a l’echographie de devenir l’un des outils de diagnostic medical les plus courants. Malheureusement, l’imagerie ultrasonore presente encore des inconvenients par rapport a d’autres techniques d’imagerie medicale, principalement en termes de qualite d’image et de details fournis. Dans le souci d’ameliorer la qualite d’image, le prix a payer est generalement la baisse de la cadence d’acquisition. Ce compromis profondement enracine entre la qualite d'image fournie et le temps d'acquisition est peut-etre l'un des plus difficiles verrous de la recherche dans le domaine de l’echographie et son depassement pourrait mener a des meilleures performances des applications existantes et meme a des nouvelles utilisations de l’echographie. Ce travail de these porte sur l’amelioration du compromis precedemment indique entre la qualite d’image et la cadence d’acquisition. En combinant des concepts tels que l’imagerie par ondes planes, les systemes a entrees multiples / sorties multiples et les problemes inverses, ce travail vise a acquerir simultanement des images ultrasonores du tissu insonifie, ce qui permet d’augmenter la cadence d’acquisition sans reduire la qualite de l’image fournie. A travers cette etude, nous avons mis au point un modele mathematique permettant de modeliser la propagation des ondes ultrasonores dans les tissus mous. Ce modele a ete utilise pour passer en revue un grand nombre de schemas d’acquisition en echographie deja existants et pour exposer leurs avantages et leurs inconvenients. Nous avons propose de surmonter le compromis qualite / cadence d’acquisition d'images en utilisant des ondes ultrasonores codees temporellement emises simultanement, et le modele direct genere a permis l'utilisation des differentes approches de problemes inverses afin de reconstruire la reponse impulsionnelle pulse / echo du milieu insonifie et donc de son image. De plus, nous avons encore ameliore le modele direct, ce qui nous a permis de relier directement les echos retrodiffuses a la position / magnitude des diffuseurs a l'interieur du milieu image. Les resultats fournies par les approches de problemes inverses basees sur ce modele ameliore nous ont mis devant une methode de pointe qui non seulement ameliorent d’un facteur consequent la qualite de l'image en termes de resolution et de coherence du speckle, mais permettent egalement d'ameliorer la cadence d'acquisition d’images.