Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nesprin-2 is a multi-isomeric protein that binds lamin and emerin at the nuclear envelope and forms a subcellular network in skeletal muscle

Nesprin-2 is a multi-isomeric, modular protein composed of variable numbers of spectrin-repeats linked to a C-terminal transmembrane domain and/or to N-terminal paired calponin homology (CH) domains. The smaller isoforms of nesprin-2 co-localize with and bind lamin A and emerin at the inner nuclear envelope (NE). In SW-13 cells, which lack lamin A/C, nesprin-2 epitopes and emerin were both mislocalized and formed aggregates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The larger isoforms and other CH-domain-containing isoforms co-localize with heterochromatin within the nucleus and are also present at the outer NE and in multiple cytoplasmic compartments. Nesprin-2 isoforms relocalize during in vitro muscle differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts to the sarcomere of myotubes. Immunogold electron microscopy using antibodies specific for three different epitopes detected nesprin-2 isoforms at multiple locations including intranuclear foci, both membranes of the NE, mitochondria, sarcomeric structures and plasma membrane foci. In adult skeletal muscle, confocal immunolocalization studies demonstrated that nesprin-2 epitopes were present at the Z-line and were also associated with the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in close apposition to SERCA2. These data suggest that nesprin-2 isoforms form a linking network between organelles and the actin cytoskeleton and thus may be important for maintaining sub-cellular spatial organisation. Moreover, its association at the NE with lamin and emerin, the genes mutated in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, suggests a mechanism to explain how disruption of the NE leads to muscle dysfunction.
The cyclization of peptides and depsipeptides

Constricting the peptide backbone into a more defined conformational form through cyclization is an activity evolved in nature and in synthetic work, the latter straddling only the most recent decades. The resulting conformational constraints increase the probability of an optimum response with bio‐receptors. The purpose of this review is to highlight developments that have proved to be reasonably efficient in the macrocyclization of linear precursors into cyclic peptides and depsipeptides. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peripheral Sensory Axon Growth: From Receptor Binding to Cellular Signaling

Regeneration following axonal injury of the adult peripheral sensory nervous system is heavily influenced by factors located in a neuron's extracellular environment. These factors include neurotrophins, such as Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and the extracellular matrix, such as laminin. The presence of these molecules in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a major contributing factor for the dichotomy between regenerative capacities of central vs. peripheral neurons. Although PNS neurons are capable of spontaneous regeneration, this response is critically dependent on many different factors including the type, location and severity of the injury. In this article, we will focus on the plasticity of adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons and how trophic factors and the extracellular environment stimulate the activation of intracellular signaling cascades that promote axonal growth in adult dorsal root ganglion neurons.
Opinion Target Extraction for Student Course Feedback

Student feedback is an essential part of the instructor - student relationship. Traditionally student feedback is manually summarized by instructors, which is time consuming. Automatic student feedback summarization provides a potential solution to this. For summarizing student feedback, first, the opinion targets should be identified and extracted. In this context, opinion targets such as “lecture slides”, “teaching style” are the important key points in the feedback that the students have shown their sentiment towards. In this paper, we focus on the opinion target extraction task of general student feedback. We model this problem as an information extraction task and extract opinion targets using a Conditional Random Fields (CRF) classifier. Our results show that this classifier outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques for student feedback summarization.
Mesenchymal stem cell‐derived interleukin‐6 and vascular endothelial growth factor promote breast cancer cell migration

Several different cytokines and growth factors secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been hypothesized to play a role in breast cancer progression. By using a small panel of breast cancer cell lines (MCF‐7, T47D, and SK‐Br‐3 cells), we analyzed the role of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) in the cross‐talk between MSCs and breast cancer cells. We performed migration assays in which breast cancer cells were allowed to migrate in response to conditioned medium from MSCs (MSCs‐CM), in absence or in presence of the anti‐VEGF antibody bevacizumab or an anti‐IL‐6 antibody, alone or in combination. We found that anti‐VEGF and anti‐IL‐6 antibodies inhibited the migration of breast cancer cells and that the combination had an higher inhibitory effect. We next evaluated the effects of recombinant VEGF and IL‐6 proteins on breast cancer cell growth and migration. IL‐6 and VEGF had not significant effects on the proliferation of breast carcinoma cells. In contrast, both VEGF and IL‐6 significantly increased the ability to migrate of MCF‐7, T47D and SK‐Br‐3 cells, with the combination showing a greater effect as compared with treatment with a single protein. The combination of VEGF and IL‐6 produced in breast cancer cells a more significant and more persistent activation of MAPK, AKT, and p38MAPK intracellular signaling pathways. These results suggest that MSC‐secreted IL‐6 and VEGF may act as paracrine factors to sustain breast cancer cell migration. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 3363–3370, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Regional Tourist Market Segment and Marketing Strategy

Taking Chengdu as an example, the regional tourist market can be divided into two parts: the domestic and international market. The domestic tourist market can be further divided into the basic market, the chiefly market and the supported market. Meanwhile, international market can also be divided into the basic market, the chief market, the key market, the supporting market and the potential market. Such a series of marketing strategies should be carried out to improve the pertinence and validity of regional tourist marketing, that advancing key market while making overall planning, building up image and extruding brand, improving condition and optimizing environment, and regional cooperation and advantage complementation.
The Organized Foundation of Administrative Subcontract

As a response to the issue of the origin of "administrative subcontract"in China,different from the "cost measuring"explanation,this paper suggests that the roots of the subcontracting system could be found in the body of the administrative organization,its own characteristics and historical ties.Due to its multi-roles,its multi-centered organizational form,and its dependence on organizational implement tool,the government system has gradually developed a flexible and adaptable way which is capable of employing the abovementioned organizational environment to perform tasks.This has made it different from a single bureaucratic system.Taking advantage of the self-evident control power,"administrative subcontract system"manages to gather organizations with different goals and interests by means of acquiescence,exchange and invisible authorization,which ends up forming a mixed system of governance we can see today.Therefore,the structure of government administrative system,its internal organizational relationships and its multi-roles,is the cornerstone based on which the sub-contracting system comes into being.
An assessment of the quality of referral letters sent to a specialist periodontist during a nine month period.

There have been concerns about the quality of referral letters received by specialist periodontists. This retrospective study aimed to assess the quality of all referral letters received over a nine month period, by a specialist periodontist working in a publicly financed community clinic, and to compare the results with those obtained from a study which assessed referral letters received by the periodontal department of a London teaching hospital during the same period. After the assessors had trained for intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility, the letters were assessed using the Categorisation System for Periodontal Referral Quality (CSPRQ) (Snoad et al., 1999). The year and country of qualification (UK or non-UK), and possession or otherwise of postgraduate qualifications for each of the referring dentists was ascertained from the UK Dentists Register. The results from this study and those from the hospital study were statistically tested using the Chi-squared test. Before the studies commenced the assessors achieved 100% inter-examiner reproducibility when applying the CSPRQ. A total of 114 letters was received, six of which were excluded. Of the remaining 108, 38 were categorised as of an acceptable standard. There were differences in the performance of dentists from different age groups in that 56% of letters from those qualified from 10-20 years, 29% of those from dentists qualified < 10 years and 27% of those qualified > 20 years were of an acceptable standard. The results were broadly similar to those of the hospital study except that there was a statistically significant difference (P< 0.05) between the quality of referrals from dentists qualified between 10 and 20 years and those with non-UK primary qualifications. It was concluded that the overall quality of referral letters assessed in this study was poor and that the CSPRQ provided a highly reproducible technique for assessing the quality of periodontal referral letters.
The Reputation Incentive Mechanism of Venture Capital Investment under Relative Performance Evaluation

In order to study the effect of relative performance evaluation on behavior of venture entrepreneur under reputation incentive mechanism of venture capital investment,the product function of venture firms was improved,and dynamic game models were constructed.By discussing the static and dynamic relative performance evaluation of venture entrepreneurs,the Pareto postulate of effort improving was given.The analysis shows that under reputation incentive mechanism,relative performance evaluation could(supervise) the problem solving of asymmetric information and contract implementation between venture(capitalists) and venture entrepreneurs.
Pain in neurological disease

Pain in neurologic disease is common and may be severe. The clinical features of pain in neurologic disease are seldom disease-specific. Pain presentations in neurologic disease are diverse, reflecting diverse mechanisms. Nociceptive, as well as neuropathic, pain commonly occurs. Individual patients may have more than one pain phenotype. For each pain phenotype, the physiological nature of the generation of pain has implications for treatment.
Dynamics of Dpp Signaling and Proliferation Control

Sizing Signals Growth regulation of the Drosophila wing imaginal disc critically depends on the Decapentaplegic (Dpp) morphogen gradient. How a graded Dpp signal is interpreted by cells to control homogeneous tissue growth remains unclear. Wartlick et al. (p. 1154; see the Perspective by Le Goff and Lecuit) address this question by measuring the spatial and temporal changes of Dpp concentration and signaling activity during the disc growth phase and by quantifying cell proliferation parameters in the discs. Both modeling and experimental findings suggest that both Dpp concentration and signaling gradients scale with tissue size so that, on average, the onset of mitosis occurs when Dpp signaling levels have increased by 50% since the beginning of the cell cycle. Mitosis starts when morphogen signaling levels have increased by half since the beginning of the cell cycle. Morphogens, such as Decapentaplegic (Dpp) in the fly imaginal discs, form graded concentration profiles that control patterning and growth of developing organs. In the imaginal discs, proliferative growth is homogeneous in space, posing the conundrum of how morphogen concentration gradients could control position-independent growth. To understand the mechanism of proliferation control by the Dpp gradient, we quantified Dpp concentration and signaling levels during wing disc growth. Both Dpp concentration and signaling gradients scale with tissue size during development. On average, cells divide when Dpp signaling levels have increased by 50%. Our observations are consistent with a growth control mechanism based on temporal changes of cellular morphogen signaling levels. For a scaling gradient, this mechanism generates position-independent growth rates.
Cytokines and cytokine network in silicosis and coal workers' pneumoconiosis.

The alveolar macrophage (AM) is a critically important cell playing a prominent role in lung inflammation via the production of oxygen radicals, enzymes, arachidonic acid metabolites, and also a large panel of cytokines. Among interstitial lung disorders, silicosis and coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) are the most widespread fibrotic lung diseases. Although their pathophysiology remains incompletely understood, several lines of evidence suggest the participation of cytokines produced by AMs at least in the initiation of the alveolitis. In vitro exposure of AMs (obtained from healthy subjects) to coal dust particles triggered a significant release of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6, by comparison with titanium dioxide used as a biologically inert control dust. Moreover, it appeared that coal mine dust was more aggressive than similar concentrations of pure silica, suggesting that cytokine secretion induced by coal mine dust was not exclusively related to the presence of silica but resulted from a complex interaction between the different components. In silicosis and CWP, bronchoalveolar lavage showed a large influx of mononuclear phagocytes, with an increased spontaneous production of oxidants, fibronectin, neutrophil chemotactic factor, and also of interleukin-6 and TNF-alpha. This spontaneous cytokine release was associated with an increased cytokine messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in the lungs of coal miners. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Snout-Hand Behavior in an Adult Patient

HE PSYCHOANALYTIC METHOD aims to change nonverbal communication into verbal, from repeating to remembering, and T from acting out to re-experiencing in the transference in order to analyze the neurotic conflict rooted in the infantile period. Hence, in approaching the subject of nonverbal communication in the adult, one is dealing not only with a subject that sheds Iight on the meaning of the patient’s behavior, but also with one mode of communication that must be changed to another so that it might be analytically effective. This reverts to the fundamental rule of psychoanalysis, which is to say whatever comes to the mind, namely, a verbal process. 115th this basic orientation one can discuss nonverbal communication more meaningfully as it relates to psychoanalysis, and recognize that from the viewpoint of general psychology, communication theories, etc., the subject would be approached differently. I shall not attempt to review the literature on this subject, but refer to Spitz’s (1957) work on the genesis of human communication, which I feel consolidates our recent theoretical basis for this subject. He states, “It is obvious that psychoanalysts, who deal mainly with the verbal communications of the adult, will have to undertake a more systematic study of the earliest, archaic forms of communication in infancy if they want to arrive at an
Primary intrathoracic goiter.

A 30-year-old woman was referred to our thyroid cancer clinic for further evaluation of a large mediastinal mass shadow that had been found incidentally on routine chest roentgenography (Fig. 1). She denied any subjective symptoms except for mild exertional dyspnea. Chest computed tomographic (CT) scans showed a right anterior middle mediastinal mass compressing and displacing the trachea posteriorly, but the mass was not connected to the cervical thyroid (Fig. 2). No palpable nodules were detected in the thyroid. The patient underwent surgery through a median sternotomy and the mass was removed successfully after controlling bleeding from the local intrathoracic vessels. The mass weighed 291 g and measured 10 9 7 cm (Fig. 3), and it was thought to be a primary intrathoracic goiter because it was not connected to the cervical thyroid. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of thyroid adenomatous hyperplasia arising from the ectopic thyroid tissue in the mediastinum. The patient remains asymptomatic 3 years after the surgery. Most intrathoracic goiters are of the secondary type, resulting from a downward extension of the cervical goiters. In contrast, primary intrathoracic goiters, which clinically arise from the ectopic thyroid tissue in the mediastinum, are very rare. Blood flow in primary type goiters is supplied by the local mediastinal vessels and the goiter is not connected to the cervical thyroid. The symptoms of intrathoracic goiters include cough, wheezing, dyspnea, superior vena cava obstruction, and chest pain, but none of these symptoms is specific (1,2). Chest roentgenography is diagnostic for most patients (up to 90%) (3). Chest CT scans provide more information about the location of the goiter and its relationship to surrounding structures. Differential diagnosis includes various kinds of mediastinal masses, such as neurogenic tumors, teratodermoid tumors, spinal lesions, bronchogenic cysts, aneurysms, and lymph node lesions (1,2). Most intrathoracic goiters should be removed to reduce the risk of compression of surrounding structures and to exclude malignancy. Surgical excision usually requires a median sternotomy or thoracotomy, whereas most secondary goiters can be removed through standard cervical incisions. Recently, there has been a tendency to use video-assisted thoracoscopic or da Vinci robotic approaches in the resection of intrathoracic goiters (4).
Association of Hemorheology With High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T Levels in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Assessed by Microchannel Array Flow Analyzer

Background Recent studies on high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and whole blood passage time (WBPT), estimated by hemorheology assessed with the microchannel array flow analyzer (MC-FAN), have revealed the significance of cardiovascular risk factors. However, there are no known reports on the relationship between these two clinical parameters. This cross-sectional study aimed to clarify the associations between WBPT and hs-cTnT levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from the perspective of subclinical myocardial injury or the primary prevention of cardiovascular events. Methods A total of 301 outpatients (men, 116; women, 185; mean age, 65 ± 11 years), with no history of cardiovascular diseases, undergoing treatment for diabetes mellitus were enrolled. Hs-cTnT levels and WBPT were measured using a commercial device, and the relationship between hs-cTnT levels and various clinical parameters, including WBPT, was examined. Results Hs-cTnT levels were detected in 261 (86.7%) patients. WBPT was significantly higher in patients with detectable hs-cTnT levels than in those with undetectable hs-cTnT levels (64 ± 18 s vs. 51 ± 13 s, P < 0.001). In patients with detectable hs-cTnT levels, there was a significantly positive correlation between WBPT and hs-cTnT levels (r = 0.40; P < 0.001). Furthermore, multiple regression analysis revealed that WBPT (β = 0.24; P < 0.001) was an independent variable when hs-cTnT was a subordinate factor. Conversely, patients with high (≥ 70 s; odds ratio, 5.3 (95% CI, 1.6 - 16.1); P < 0.01) and median (50.2 - 69.8 s; odds ratio, 3.8 (95% CI, 1.2 - 12.4); P < 0.05) WBPT had a significantly higher risk for high hs-cTnT levels (≥ 0.014 ng/mL) than those with low WBPT (≤ 50.0 s). Conclusions The results of this study indicated independent associations of hemorheology with hs-cTnT in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus assessed by MC-FAN. We suggest that an increase in hs-cTnT levels can be prevented by maintaining WBPT at ≤ 50.0 s.
Drug Utilization Study on Antibiotics Use in Lower Respiratory Tract Infection

ABSTRACT Antibiotics are commonly prescribed for the lower respiratory tract infection. But if antibiotics are not used rationally then there will be increase chances of resistance of bacteria as well as increase in the total cost of treatment. This study was conducted to see the antibiotics utilization pattern. Aim: This drug utilization study was conducted to evaluate the pattern of antibiotics use in Medicine Department of a Krishna Hospital, Karad, Maharashtra, India. 96 case records were examined, of which 46.87% were LRTI (nonspecific LRTI & acute bronchitis) and 51% were pneumonia. Female accounted for 53.12% and male for 46.87 % of total cases. The World Health Organization (WHO) indicators (utilization in defined daily doses (DDD); DDD/1000inhibitant/day) were used and the ATC/DDD method was implemented. The most frequently prescribed antibiotic was ceftriaxone, followed by Azithromycin. The DDD/1000inhibitant/day of Azithromycin was the highest (5.74). Average treatment period was found to be 5.42 and 6.52 for LRTI (nonspecific LRTI and Acute Bronchitis) and pneumonia respectively. A total of 96 cases studied; in which 33 cases had mono-antibiotic therapy (33.37%) and rest contained poly-antibiotics therapy (66.63%). Prescribing by generic names has to be encouraged.
Treatment of osteoporosis: current and future.

Political parties are always seeking the 'big idea' which will encapsulate their philosophy and catch the imagination of the electorate. This is a general phenomenon, and as evidence accumulates that preventive therapy is effective the 'big idea' in osteoporosis shifts to thetreatment of established disease. The strategies which will be needed, however, differ fundamentally from those which have been so successful in prevention.
Evaluation of Centers of Excellence Program for Knee and Hip Replacement

Background:Medicare and private plans are encouraging individuals to seek care at hospitals that are designated as centers of excellence. Few evaluations of such programs have been conducted. This study examines a large national initiative that designated hospitals as centers of excellence for knee and hip replacement. Objective:Comparison of outcomes and costs associated with knee and hip replacement at designated hospitals and other hospitals. Research Design:Retrospective claims analysis of approximately 54 million enrollees. Study Population:Individuals with insurance from one of the sponsors of this centers of excellence program who underwent a primary knee or hip replacement in 2007–2009. Outcomes:Primary outcomes were any complication within 30 days of discharge and costs within 90 days after the procedure. Results:A total of 80,931 patients had a knee replacement and 39,532 patients had a hip replacement of which 52.2% and 56.5%, respectively, were performed at a designated hospital. Designated hospitals had a larger number of beds and were more likely to be an academic center. Patients with a knee replacement at designated hospitals did not have a statistically significantly lower overall complication rate with an odds ratio of 0.90 (P=0.08). Patients with hip replacement treated at designated hospitals had a statistically significant lower risk of complications with an odds ratio of 0.80 (P=0.002). There was no significant difference in 90-day costs for either procedure. Conclusions:Hospitals designated as joint replacement centers of excellence had lower rates of complications for hip replacement, but there was no statistically significant difference for knee replacement. It is important to validate the criteria used to designate centers of excellence.