Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sexual Behaviour, Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding HIV/AIDS amongst Female Sex Workers (FSWs) in Red Light Area of Mumbai City

Background: HIV/AIDS is not only a public health problem but also a social, political and economic challenge. The key concern with HIV infection is not only about infected person, but also about the chain of people infected by that individual and that h/she will probably infect in the future. The prevalence of HIV infection in India has been steadily increasing over the past few decades. Commercial sex workers and their clients are at highest risk for HIV infection and transmission. Objective: The present study describes the sexual behaviour, knowledge, attitude and practices in context to HIV/AIDS amongst female sex workers (FSWs) in red light area of Mumbai city. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional community based study was conducted among female sex workers in red light area of Mumbai city during period of October 2008 to September 2009. A total 103 female sex workers were selected and interviewed. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 13.0). Results: In the present study, the mean age of the FSWs was 26.4 ± 5.2 years and 43.8% belonged to lower middle class socio-economic status. Most of the FSWs responded poverty (84%) and broken family (76%) as the main reasons for resorting to the sex trade. Majority of the FSWs (72.8%) were illiterate and more than half (67%) did not have any children. Most of the FSWs (84.5%) were aware about HIV/AIDS but only 33% were aware of the status of their partner. Only 13.6% FSWs knew that HIV could be transmitted to the child through breast feeding from an infected mother. Conclusion: Misconception about HIV was very high. Most of the FSWs in the present study had first sexual debut at a very young age. Routine screening and periodic surveys are warranted in order for early detection of infections including HIV and other STDs.
Validation of a Risk-Based Biomarker-Enhanced Scoring System for Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (OPTIMA I Basel)—An Observational Survey

Background: Despiteits recommendation in management guide lines for community acquired pneumonia (CAP), the CURB65 score is frequently not followed for disposition decisions in clinical routine. We therefore proposed an improved CURB65 A score, supplemented by proadre nome dull in (ProADM) levels for patients with CAP and other lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). In this study, we vali dated this risk based biomarker enhanced disposition in patients with LRTIs presenting to the emergency department of the University Hospital of Basel. Methods: In this prospective observational cohort study of 85 patients presenting with LRTIs, site of care was decided by the physicians in charge according to their judgement. Retro spectively the CURB65 A score was calculated and a virtual disposition assigned. This was compared with the existing disposition in order to identify efficacy of the novel risk based biomarker enhanced disposition. Results: The novel disposition criteria considered 14 patients suitable for outpatient treatment compared to 11 in the current disposition (p = 0.5). It detected 7 patients to be best treated outside the hospital for nursing reasons, while the current disposition detected only 1 patient requiring geriatric care (p = 0.09). Further, it decreased regular hospitalizations considerably (32 vs. 64, p 0.001). Conclusions: The novel risk based biomarker enhanced disposition is an objective, safe and probably more efficient disposition system to identify outpatient treatment options than the current practice at the University Hospital of Basel.
Orthostatic hypertension: profile of a Nigerian population

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, age, sex distribution and blood pressure (BP) pattern of patients with orthostatic hypertension in a cohort of hypertensives. Method: A total of 179 patients on follow-up treatment in a hypertension clinic were assessed for age, sex and BP in the seated position, and after two minutes in the erect position, on three consecutive visits. Orthostatic hypertension was defined as an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) of ≥ 20 mmHg on more than one occasion in the erect position. Orthostatic hypotension was defined as a decrease in BP on more than one occasion, between the seated and erect SBP, of ≥ 20 mmHg. The mean ages of the participants with and without orthostatic hypertension were compared by t-test for any significant difference. The means of the seated SBP of participants with and without orthostatic hypertension were also compared with the t-test. The effect of gender on orthostatic hypertension was tested with a chi-square (χ2). The differences between the mean seated and mean erect SBPs of participants with and without orthostatic hypertension were compared with the paired t-test. Results: Thirty-eight (21.23%) of the participants had orthostatic hypertension. The mean age of those with orthostatic hypertension was not significantly different from that of the participants without orthostatic hypertension (p-value = 0.789). There was no significant effect of gender on orthostatic hypertension (p-value = 0.795). The mean of the seated SBP was significantly lower in the participants with orthostatic hypertension (p-value = 0.008). The mean seated SBP was significantly different from the mean erect SBP for those with orthostatic hypertension, compared to those without orthostatic hypertension (p-value = 0.000 vs. p-value = 0.169). Five (2.79%) of the participants had orthostatic hypotension. Conclusion: Orthostatic hypertension, a form of BP dysregulation, may be more common among treated hypertensives than what is presently known.
Resistant or Difficult-to-Control Hypertension

A 70-year-old woman with a long-standing history of hypertension comes for follow-up. Her medications include atenolol (100 mg daily), hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg daily), lisinopril (40 mg daily), and ibuprofen (400 mg twice daily for osteoarthritis). She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) is 32. Her systolic and diastolic blood pressures (measured three times while she was seated) range from 164 to 170 mm Hg and 92 to 96 mm Hg, respectively, and the pulse rate is 72 per minute. Examination of her ocular fundi reveals arteriolar narrowing. The results of cardiovascular examination are normal. There are no abdominal bruits. The serum potassium level is 3.8 meq per liter, and the serum creatinine level is 1.2 mg per deciliter (106 μmol per liter); there is no microalbuminuria. How should this patient be further evaluated and treated?
Reliability of Isokinetic Concentric and Eccentric Strength in Circumpubertal Soccer Players

The reliable examination of isokinetic parameters in young athletes is important for the establishment of appropriate strength testing protocols. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of peak moments, non-preferred/preferred leg and reciprocal ratios during isokinetic knee efforts in young soccer players. Thirteen circumpubertal (age = 13.0 ± 0.4 years) soccer players performed maximum knee extension and flexion efforts at 30, 120 and 180°·s1 in two occasions, a week apart. The reliability of the peak moments was high, with reliability coefficients ranging from 0.71 to 0.98. The non-preferred/preferred leg and reciprocal ratios demonstrated moderate to high reliability (coefficients ranged from 0.42 to 0.87). The reliable examination of moments of force and ratio measurements during eccentric tests and at fast angular velocities in young soccer players requires extensive familiarization of the subjects prior to the main test.
CORR Insights 1 : What MRI Findings Predict Failure 10 Years After Surgery for Femoroacetabular Impingement ?

T he study by Hanke and colleagues brings to light several important issues pertaining to the practice of joint preservation surgery for FAI. First, are standard radiographs still of any value when evaluating and treating patients for FAI, or should magnetic resonance arthrogram (MRA) be the standard imaging study? Second, if these radiographic features are not seen on standard radiographs, are we diagnosing FAI too late in its natural history? Finally, do these data support or refute the concepts of ‘‘universal screening for FAI’’ or prophylactic surgery? Standard hip radiographs have been the mainstay for diagnosis and treatment of FAI for at least two decades. In 2004, a landmark study [2] demonstrated that patients undergoing FAI surgery had a higher risk of poor Harris hip scores if they were older than 40 years of age, had Tönnis Grade 2 of radiographic osteoarthritis (OA), and had MRI evidence of translation of the femoral head into an acetabular cartilage defect. Furthermore, for arthroscopic FAI surgery, Phillipon and colleagues [7] noted that radiographic evidence of joint-space narrowing greater than 2 mm were associated with poor Harris hip scores. These radiographic criteria have been used as a means of selecting patients and avoiding unnecessary surgery and should still be considered valuable when evaluating FAI patients. The current study, however, illustrates the power of MRA in redefining the FAI process, as more than 95% of patients in the cohort presented had a Tönnis Grade 0 or 1, but had MRA imaging findings that were associated with a poor prognosis. MRA has long been used as a diagnostic tool to evaluate the cartilage and labrum prior to FAI surgery and a few studies have correlated MRA findings with outcome [5, 6]. Radial formatted images have routinely been used to evaluate the size of the cam deformity. However, scant attention has been placed on how these images can detect radiographic features that portray a ‘‘hip at risk. ’’ Up to 90% of total hip replacements performed in patients younger than 55 years of age have an underlying This CORR Insights is a commentary on the article ‘‘What MRI Findings Predict Failure 10 Years After Surgery for Femoroacetabular Impingement? ’’ by Hanke and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-0165040-8. The author certifies that he, or a member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/ licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR or The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. This CORR Insights comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-0165040-8.
Principles of Practice in Mental Health Assessment with Aboriginal Australians

In this chapter, concepts and history of assessment and testing in the context of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing and mental health are discussed. Importantly, recently revised diagnostic guidelines and the National Practice Standards for the Mental Health Workforce 20131 and their appropriateness for meeting the distinctive needs of Aboriginal people are reviewed. Various assessment tools and measures that have been validated or proved appropriate for use with particular Aboriginal populations, i.e. youth, women and older people, are described. We conclude that practitioners need to be critically reflective in their role in assessment, and position themselves to play an important transformative role in conducting assessment. This extends to acknowledging and enacting culturally responsive principles, procedures and practices to ensure that Aboriginal people have access to effective, culturally secure mental health care.
Determining the Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Patients with Bipolar Disorder Type I (BID) within Their Remission Phase

Background: There have been several studies conducted on the relationship between bipolar mood disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) during the recent years, and in most of them the rate of this association had been estimated as 22-90% and had been reported as noticeable. The goal of this study is to determine the prevalence of ADHD in patients with Bipolar mood disorder type I (BID). Materials and Methods: In this Cross-sectional study, 152 patients with BID that were referred to psychiatric clinic of Tehran psychiatric Institute for a better observation and treatment were included. Two questionnaires, Wender’s for childhood ADHD and Conner’s’ for adulthood ADHD were filled by the patients. Results: 102 patients (67%) were males and 50 were females. The average age of patients at the time of our study (with the minimum of 17 and maximum of 76) was 33.5±10.9. The prevalence of ADHD in our patients was 11.8%. 46 people (30.9%) had a history of childhood ADHD. 21 persons had adult ADHD from whom only 3 ones mentioned a history of childhood ADHD (which means 18 people of our adulthood ADHD had no history of childhood ADHD). Conclusion: Since some treatments lead to improvement of ADHD and worsening of BID, investigations on their correlations and their alternative treatments seemed to be necessary. This study showed a significant correlation between ADHD and BID, which was similar to the results of other studies in this field.
On the Commonly Used Design and Statistical Considerations in Double Blind, Potentially Unblind, and Open‐Label Clinical Trials

In clinical trials, parallel group designs, such as placebo‐controlled trials or active‐controlled trials, are commonly used. The study design in comparative clinical trials to address the intended objective is vital to the interpretation of the trial results. If inappropriate study design are employed, they not only cannot answer the intended clinical hypothesis, but they can also impose adverse effects on the collection of efficacy and safety data that may further be compounded by observable and unobservable baseline data. Documentation and interpretation of the outcomes need to be carefully considered. It is well known that various sources of biases can arise during the course of the trial, for instance, design bias, operational bias, analytical bias, methodological bias, interpretation bias, and documentation bias. As a result of such biases, the accuracy and precision of the treatment effect estimate may be severely compromised, depending on the design considered. In this article, commonly used study designs for comparative clinical trials are described. Statistical considerations with various designs, the concept of robustness of statistical findings, and statistical evidence will be discussed in light of the blinding, potential unblinding, and open‐label designs.
The influence of adequate social support on adherence to HIV treatment on young adult females in a community in central Namibia

The study sought to establish the influence of adequate social support among young women in the age group 18 to 25 years, on adherence to HIV treatment in a community in Central Namibia. Bearing in mind that HIV comes with different degrees of stigmatisation in different communities, and the differences in how gender and age may affect coping mechanisms in the context of HIV infection, insight was deemed important. The aim of the study was to determine the extent to which social support influenced adherence to anti-retroviral treatment among young adult females infected with HIV, in order to improve adherence to treatment, treatment outcome as well as to provide guidance for effective health education campaigns. A quantitative research method was used which involved a survey. A written questionnaire with closed ended questions and a set number of responses was used in data collection, administered at selected HIV clinics by selected community counsellors in central Namibia. Qualitative research methods were also employed using interviews and focus group discussions. Interviews were conducted on selected men on HIV treatment attending the same clinics as the women involved in the questionnaires. In addition, focus group discussions were conducted with the healthcare providers from the selected clinics in central Namibia. The data from quantitative research was analysed using frequencies, averages, means, medians and basic correlations to derive the conclusion. Data from qualitative research methods was analysed using the coding system. The study showed that availability of adequate social support was uniquely associated with high levels of treatment adherence in young women infected with HIV. These results provide support for the continued psychosocial interventions in the management of HIV among those infected. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
A Reusable Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Substrate Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition of Alumina on a Multi-Layer Gold and Silver Film

A thermally stable, reusable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate consisting of a gold/silver bi-layer film with a protective alumina coating is reported. The film is synthesized by thermally evaporating sequential layers of gold and silver followed by coating an ultra-thin alumina layer using atomic layer deposition. The use of gold as the foundational layer improves the thermal stability of the metal bi-layer film while providing the additional ability to tune the SERS response. Deposition of the thin alumina overlayer on the bi-layer film creates a SERS substrate capable of enduring multiple high-temperature exposures to 400 °C with minimal loss of enhancement capabilities. We demonstrate the multi-use capability of the substrate by measuring the SERS spectrum of rhodamine 6G followed by a thermal treatment at 400 °C to remove the analyte. A representative substrate was used to acquire SERS spectra of rhodamine 6G up to five repeat measurements, thus establishing the reusability of this relatively simple, inexpensive, and stable substrate.
Torsion of the uterus in the cow

TORSION of the uterus in the cow has been defined as the rotation of the uterus on its long axis with twisting of the anterior vagina. It is a common cause of dystocia with a reported incidence of 5 to 7 per cent. The degree of rotation varies, rotation up to 360° being common but rotations to 720° (double twist) are uncommon. The direction of rotation also varies. The anticlockwise revolution is most common, the assessment being made by a vaginal examination. The torsion usually affects the anterior vagina. This is especially noticeable in torsions of 2700 or more. The effect is akin to 'putting one's arm up a rifle barrel'! The majority of uterine torsions occur at the time of parturition. The author has only encountered one torsion prior to parturition (at eight months gestation) in 20 years of farm animal practice.
ACL Surgery and Accelerated Rehabilitation: Revisited

Rehabilitation following intraarticular anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has undergone a dramatic evolution during the last decade. This paper describes our accelerated rehabilitation program, which is divided into four phases. The preoperative phase begins immediately after injury and emphasizes control of swelling and restoration of full range of motion (ROM) and strength before surgery. Phase II, which includes the first 2 weeks after surgery, emphasizes helping the patient obtain full terminal knee extension and weight bearing. The final two phases focus on improving lower extremity strength and full return to daily and athletic activities. This accelerated program has resulted in an earlier return of ROM and strength as well as a decrease in postoperative procedures, without compromising ligamentous stability.
Zastosowanie dwujamowej stymulacji serca w leczeniu kardiomiopatii przerostowej zawężającej - korzystny wpływ ablacji łącza przedsionkowo-komorowego

Stymulacja DDD w kardiomiopatii przerostowej zawezającej Przedstawiono historie choroby pacjentki z kardiomiopatią przerostową zawezającą leczonej za pomocą stymulacji dwujamowej serca. Zastosowane leczenie (w okolo 3-letniej obserwacji) przynioslo subiektywną poprawe samopoczucia, wzrost tolerancji wysilku fizycznego, istotne obnizenie spoczynkowego i dynamicznego stopnia zawezenia lewej komory oraz poprawe jej funkcji rozkurczowej. Znamienną poprawe kliniczną i hemodynamiczną uzyskano dopiero po wykonaniu ablacji lącza przedsionkowo-komorowego (p-k), ktora umozliwila zaprogramowanie najodpowiedniejszych parametrow stymulatora serca. W celu określenia najbardziej korzystnego pod wzgledem hemodynamicznym opoźnienia p-k wykorzystano badanie echokardiograficzne z oceną naplywu mitralnego. (Folia Cardiol. 2000; 7: 247-252)
Cytokine Responses Induced by Skin Exposure of Mice to Chemical Allergens: Role of Interleukin 12

We reported previously that prolonged (13 day) topical exposure to chemical contact and respiratory allergens such as 2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and trimellitic anhydride (TMA) results in cytokine phenotypes consistent with the selective activation of type 1 and type 2 cells, respectively. In the current experiments, the role of the type 1 inducing heterodimeric cytokine interleukin (IL)‐12 in the development of these divergent cytokine secretion phenotypes has been examined by using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay and neutralizing antibody specific for the p40 subunit of the dimer. After acute exposure, when a mixed Th0 phenotype is observed following treatment with allergen, both DNCB‐ and TMA‐activated lymph node cells (LNC) secrete similar levels of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and IL‐12 p40, and neutralizing anti‐IL‐12 p40 antibody profoundly inhibits expression of IFN‐γ by both DNCB‐ and TMA‐stimulated LNC. After more prolonged treatment, divergent IFN‐γ and IL‐12 p40 production is recorded, with DNCB treatment inducing much higher levels of both cytokines than did identical exposure to TMA. Macrophage depletion studies have shown that the cellular source of IL‐12 p40 is primarily nonphagocytic cells. Given that DNCB‐ and TMA‐activated LNC are expressing similar levels of IL‐12 p40 and equivalent functional activity of IL‐12 with respect to IFN‐γ production following acute exposure, it seems unlikely that the divergent cytokine profiles observed following chronic exposure to allergen are being driven by differential IL‐12 production. As the response polarizes, a divergent capacity to express p40 IL‐12 is apparent, as is the functional activity of this cytokine, with IFN‐γ secretion by DNCB‐activated T helper 1 (Th1) and T cytotoxic 1 (Tc1) cells inhibited by neutralizing antibody, whereas TMA‐stimulated Tc1 cells are refractory to anti‐IL‐12 p40 antibody. These results show that the phenotype of mature DNCB‐ and TMA‐activated LNC is even more polarized than demonstrated previously, with exposure to TMA, but not to DNCB, resulting in a loss of functional responsiveness to IL‐12 p40, presumably as a result of loss of functional IL‐12 receptor expression.
Tertebral Osteomyelitis Due to Capnocytophaga Species in Immunocompetent Patients: Report of Two Cases and Review

: Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by Capnocytophaga species was diagnosed in two adults. One of these infections was due to C. ochracea and the other was due to C. sputigena. Both patients were immunocompetent and presented with concomitant periodontitis and gingivitis. The infections were eradicated by means of prolonged antibiotic therapy, combined in one case with surgical treatment. Capnocytophaga species should be considered a potential cause of vertebral osteomyelitis in immunocompetent patients, especially in the presence of oral pathology.