Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relevance of weak hydrogen bonds in the conformation of organic compounds and bioconjugates: evidence from recent experimental data and high-level ab initio MO calculations.

Organic chemists tend to consider the conformation of compounds as a consequence of repulsive steric interactions. In other words, “the steric effect” means “repulsive” in many cases. Thus, folded conformations observed in organic molecules have been often regarded as unusual, while the reason remained undecided. However, accurate determinations by modern spectroscopic methods, recent crystallographic data, and high-level ab initio MO calculations have demonstrated that the folded conformation is by no means exceptional. We will show that the gauche or folded conformation prevails in organic compounds bearing at least an electronegative or π-group in the molecule. We consider that the above phenomenon finds its origin, in most cases, in nonconventional hydrogen bonds such as the CH/X (X ) O, halogen, etc.) and the XH/π (X ) O, N, C, etc.) hydrogen bonds. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: shu@ hiroshima-u.ac. jp. ‡ Hiroshima University. § Yokohama National University. ⊥ The CHPI Institute. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 6049–6076 6049
Quorum sensing in Gram-negative bacteria: small-molecule modulation of AHL and AI-2 quorum sensing pathways.

Numerous species of bacteria employ a mechanism of intercellular communication known as quorum sensing. This signaling process allows the cells comprising a bacterial colony to coordinate their gene expression in a cell-density dependent manner.1-3 Quorum sensing is mediated by small diffusible molecules termed autoinducers that are synthesized intracellularly (throughout the growth of the bacteria) and released into the surrounding milieu. As the number of cells in a bacterial colony increases, so does the extracellular concentration of the autoinducer. Once a threshold concentration is reached (at which point the population is considered to be “quorate”), productive binding of the autoinducer to cognate receptors within the bacterial cells occurs, triggering a signal transduction cascade that results in population-wide changes in gene expression.4-6 Thus, quorum sensing enables the cells within a bacterial colony to act cooperatively, facilitating population-dependent adaptive behavior.6 Quorum sensing has been shown to play a critical role in both pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria-host interactions.5 In symbionts, significant quorum sensing phenotypes include bioluminescence and root nodulation.7-11 Several clinically relevant pathogens use quorum sensing systems to regulate processes associated with virulence; this enhances the survival prospects of the bacteria because a coordinated attack on the host is only made when the bacterial population reaches a high population density, increasing the likelihood that the hosts defenses will be successfully overwhelmed.12,13 For example, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, quorum sensing is involved in the formation of biofilms and their tolerance to antimicrobial agents14-17 and the innate host immune * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel. : +44 (0)1223 336498. Fax: +44 (0)1223 336362. E-mail: spring@ch.cam. ac.uk. † Department of Chemistry. ‡ Department of Biochemistry. Chem. Rev. 2011, 111, 28–67 28
When do infants need additional inspired oxygen? A review of the current literature

There is considerable uncertainty regarding the oxygen saturation threshold below which additional inspired oxygen should be given to infants with acute or chronic lung disease. In the absence of data from controlled studies, recommendations can only be based on reference values for healthy infants and on observational studies regarding the pathophysiological effects of acute and chronic hypoxia. Reference values for pulse oximeter saturations (SpO2) in term and preterm infants show that during normal breathing 95% of infants maintain SpO2 at or above 93–97%, depending on age. Studies of infants with chronic lung disease (CLD) show that (1) when SpO2 was kept at ⩾93% by administration of home oxygen, rates of sudden infant death were reduced; (2) weight gain was significantly better when SpO2 was maintained at ⩾93–95%, (3) increasing SpO2 from 82 to 93% by delivering low‐flow oxygen resulted in a 50% reduction in pulmonary artery pressure, (4) O2 administration to mildly hypoxemic infants (SpO2 89%) caused a 50% decrease in airway resistance, and (5) low‐flow oxygen reduced the frequency of intermittent hypoxemic episodes, even in infants who had values of ⩾90% at rest. Based on these data, it is recommended that oxygen therapy should be considered in infants whose baseline SpO2 is <93%, and that SpO2 should be maintained at ⩾95% when infants are managed at home. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1998; 26:424–428. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ecology and physiology of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a microbial process in which NH4 (+) is oxidized to N2 gas with NO2 (-) as an electron acceptor. The anammox process is mediated by bacterial members affiliated with the phylum Planctomycetes, which are ubiquitously detected from anoxic natural and man-made ecosystems and a key player in the global nitrogen cycle. In the past two decades, phylogenetically different anammox bacteria have been recognized in natural and synthetic ecosystems (i.e. 'Candidatus Kuenenia', 'Candidatus Brocadia', 'Candidatus Jettenia', 'Candidatus Anammoxoglobus' and 'Candidatus Scalindua' genera), and the geographic distributions of these anammox bacteria indicate that they have genus-specific or species-specific habitats. Recently, we revealed the physiological characteristics of 'Ca. Jettenia' in addition to 'Ca. Kuenenia', 'Ca. Brocadia' and 'Ca. Scalindua', and, as a result, it is possible to compare the physiological characteristics of the anammox bacteria and discuss their niche partitioning. Therefore, we summarize the current knowledge of anammox bacterial ecology and physiology in this review to assess the potential ecological niche partitioning of anammox bacteria in natural and synthetic ecosystems.
Complement halts angiogenesis gone wild.

In this issue of Blood , Langer and colleagues demonstrate the inhibitory role of the complement system during neovascularization, which is mediated by complement-stimulated macrophages in both a mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity and in a Matrigel culture model. [1][1] Complement is
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases: more than just green chemistry.

Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc. ca. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc. ca. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC
Barriers to uptake of physical activity in community-based patients with schizophrenia

Background: Recent United Kingdom Government Policy documents have emphasized the need to improve the physical health of patients with mental illness. Although physical health could be improved by increasing physical activity levels, uptake of widely available community-based activity programmes is low in this patient population. Aims: To investigate the barriers to uptake of and adherence to physical activity in community-dwelling patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Methods: Qualitative study on 27 community dwelling patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia from four Community Mental Health Teams (CMHT) in Edinburgh. Patients were individually interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Themes and sub themes from the interviews were identified using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Results: Four barriers to physical activity uptake were identified: limited experience of physical activity engagement, impact of the illness and effects of medication, effects of anxiety and the influences of support networks. Conclusion: These patients experience complex barriers to physical activity uptake which need to be considered in the design of physical activity interventions to target obesity and related physical health problems.
The drug industry is a barrier to diabetes care in poor countries

In many parts of the world, people with type 1 diabetes (whether or not the condition is diagnosed) still die for want of insulin, and those with type 2 diabetes go without treatments that prolong life at minimal cost—metformin, antihypertensives, and statins.1 The UN High-level Meeting on Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) in New York in 2011 emphasised the importance of accessibility to and affordability of effective treatment, but concerns have been expressed that including the food, tobacco, and pharmaceutical industries in deliberations could undermine the development of sound policy.2 There was a vital role for novel patented medicines to tackle HIV/AIDS a decade ago, but it is questionable whether the same applies to management of NCDs. I argue that the approaches to management that are so heavily advocated by the research based drug industry are not just irrelevant to diabetes care in low income countries, but are actually counterproductive. One of the important needs addressed by the UN meeting was ensuring universal access to affordable high quality essential medicines for NCDs. All four diabetes drugs on the 2011 WHO essential medicines list,3 and those recommended as first line agents by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence,4 are available at low cost from generic manufacturers. A decade ago, tackling World Trade Organization agreements on intellectual property was integral to improving the global availability and affordability of antiretroviral drugs, but drugs still under patent protection are unnecessary for …
Studies on the Permeability of the Intervertebral Disc During Skeletal Maturation

A method for determining the permeability of the rabbit intervertebral disc to fluorescein and formation of a suitable index are presented. A significant decrease in the index with aging was found in both sexes; however, male discs were significantly less permeable than female discs in all ages tested. The decrease in permeability of the disc matrix is thought to be important with respect to the onset of disc degeneration.
FDA approves “instant” HIV home test

The US Food and Drug Administration has approved the first true over the counter self administered test for HIV. The OraQuick In-Home HIV Test is manufactured by OraSure Technologies. The test consists of a swab to collect an oral fluid sample from the gums of the mouth, which is then placed in a developer vial to measure antibodies to the virus. The test produces results in 20 to 40 minutes in much the same way as a home pregnancy test. It has a specificity of 99.98%, resulting in one false positive result in every 5000 tests …
Cutaneous melanoma attributable to sunbed use: systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective To estimate the burden of melanoma resulting from sunbed use in western Europe. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources PubMed, ISI Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded), Embase, Pascal, Cochrane Library, LILACS, and MedCarib, along with published surveys reporting prevalence of sunbed use at national level in Europe. Study selection Observational studies reporting a measure of risk for skin cancer (cutaneous melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma) associated with ever use of sunbeds. Results Based on 27 studies ever use of sunbeds was associated with a summary relative risk of 1.20 (95% confidence interval 1.08 to 1.34). Publication bias was not evident. Restricting the analysis to cohorts and population based studies, the summary relative risk was 1.25 (1.09 to 1.43). Calculations for dose-response showed a 1.8% (95% confidence interval 0% to 3.8%) increase in risk of melanoma for each additional session of sunbed use per year. Based on 13 informative studies, first use of sunbeds before age 35 years was associated with a summary relative risk of 1.87 (1.41 to 2.48), with no indication of heterogeneity between studies. By using prevalence data from surveys and data from GLOBOCAN 2008, in 2008 in the 15 original member countries of the European Community plus three countries that were members of the European Free Trade Association, an estimated 3438 cases of melanoma could be attributable to sunbed use, most (n=2341) occurring among women. Conclusions Sunbed use is associated with a significant increase in risk of melanoma. This risk increases with number of sunbed sessions and with initial usage at a young age (<35 years). The cancerous damage associated with sunbed use is substantial and could be avoided by strict regulations.
Functional characterization of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the cereal head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum

Fusarium graminearum is a prominent plant pathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight in major cereal crops worldwide. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal development and virulence, large collections of F. graminearum mutants have been constructed. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are widely distributed in organisms and are involved in a diverse array of molecular/metabolic processes; however, no systematic functional analysis of P450s has been attempted in filamentous fungi. In this study, we constructed a genome-wide deletion mutant set covering 102 P450s and analyzed these mutants for changes in 38 phenotypic categories, including fungal development, stress responses and responses to several xenobiotics, to build a comprehensive phenotypic dataset. Most P450 mutants showing defective phenotypes were impaired in a single phenotypic trait, demonstrating that our mutant library is a good genetic resource for further fungal genetic studies. In particular, we identified novel P450s specifically involved in virulence (5) and both asexual (1) and sexual development (2). Most P450s seem to play redundant roles in the degradation of xenobiotics in F. graminearum. This study is the first phenome-based functional analysis of P450s, and it provides a valuable genetic resource for further basic and applied biological research in filamentous fungi and other plant pathogens.
Condensed matter theory of dipolar quantum gases.

Recent experimental breakthroughs in trapping, cooling and controlling ultracold gases of polar molecules, magnetic and Rydberg atoms have paved the way toward the investigation of highly tunable quantum systems, where anisotropic, long-range dipolar interactions play a prominent role at the many-body level. In this article we review recent theoretical studies concerning the physics of such systems. Starting from a general discussion on interaction design techniques and microscopic Hamiltonians, we provide a summary of recent work focused on many-body properties of dipolar systems, including: weakly interacting Bose gases, weakly interacting Fermi gases, multilayer systems, strongly interacting dipolar gases and dipolar gases in 1D and quasi-1D geometries. Within each of these topics, purely dipolar effects and connections with experimental realizations are emphasized.
Osteocalcin as a biochemical marker of bone turnover

SUMMARY: Osteocalcin is a calcium‐binding bone protein whose blood concentrations are correlated with bone synthesis and resorption. the level of blood osteocalcin is determined by several factors. Laboratory monitoring of blood osteocalcin is helpful in patient diagnosis and managment. This study presents the known biosynthesis of osteocalcin and its role as an index of bone turnover.
Functionalization of graphene: covalent and non-covalent approaches, derivatives and applications.

Approaches, Derivatives and Applications Vasilios Georgakilas,† Michal Otyepka,‡ Athanasios B. Bourlinos,‡ Vimlesh Chandra, Namdong Kim, K. Christian Kemp, Pavel Hobza,‡,§,⊥ Radek Zboril,*,‡ and Kwang S. Kim* †Institute of Materials Science, NCSR “Demokritos”, Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, 15310 Athens, Greece ‡Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v. i. , Flemingovo naḿ. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
Impact of data privacy and confidentiality on developing telemedicine applications: A review participates opinion and expert concerns

Telemedicine referred to any health care delivery application using an active media such as internet, mobile platforms, or satellites to communicate the parties. Telemedicine can be as simple as patient-doctors phone call, or as complex as the remote surgeries (telesurgery). Telemedicine applications required highly secured systems. In this study we will review the impact of data privacy and confidentiality on developing telemedicine applications. Moreover, we will support this review by short survey on 130 participates to support the literature evidence. Â© 2011 Asian Network for Scientific Information.
Obligate sugar oxidation in Mesotoga spp., phylum Thermotogae, in the presence of either elemental sulfur or hydrogenotrophic sulfate‐reducers as electron acceptor

Mesotoga prima strain PhosAc3 is a mesophilic representative of the phylum Thermotogae comprising only fermentative bacteria so far. We show that while unable to ferment glucose, this bacterium is able to couple its oxidation to reduction of elemental sulfur. We demonstrate furthermore that M. prima strain PhosAc3 as well as M. prima strain MesG1 and Mesotoga infera are able to grow in syntrophic association with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) acting as hydrogen scavengers through interspecies hydrogen transfer. Hydrogen production was higher in M. prima strain PhosAc3 cells co-cultured with SRB than in cells cultured alone in the presence of elemental sulfur. We propose that the efficient sugar-oxidizing metabolism by M. prima strain PhosAc3 in syntrophic association with a hydrogenotrophic sulfate-reducing bacterium can be extrapolated to all members of the Mesotoga genus. Genome comparison of Thermotogae members suggests that the metabolic difference between Mesotoga and Thermotoga species (sugar oxidation versus fermentation) is mainly due to the absence of the bifurcating [FeFe]-hydrogenase in the former. Such an obligate oxidative process for using sugars, unusual within prokaryotes, is the first reported within the Thermotogae. It is hypothesized to be of primary ecological importance for growth of Mesotoga spp. in the environments that they inhabit.
Update 1 of: macrolactonizations in the total synthesis of natural products.

Products A. Parenty,† X. Moreau,†,§ Gilles Niel,‡ and J.-M. Campagne*,†,‡ †Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif sur Yvette, France Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR CNRS 8180, Universite ́ de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France ‡Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR5253, Ecole Nationale Supeŕieure de Chimie, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, F-34296 Montpellier, France
Ueber Veränderungen des Kleinhirns infolge von Hydrocephalie des Grosshirns1)

So gross auch die pathologisch-anatomische Litteratur über die Hydrocephalie ist, so wurde doch bisher den durch Hydrocephalie des Grosshirns gesetzten consecutiven Veränderungen im Bereiche des Kleinhirns sehr wenig Beachtung geschenkt. Nur nebenbei wird von einzelnen Autoren erwähnt, dass auch das Kleinhirn sowie der Pons und die Medulla oblongata infolge von Hydrocephalie des Grosshirns abgeplattet sein können; von den interessanten Veränderungen der Lagc, der Architectur und der Textur aber, die meiner Erfahrung nach am Kleinhirn und weiter am Pons und der Medulla oblongata bei Hydrocephalie des Grosshirns durchaus nicht so selten angetroffen werden, wurde, soweit ich eruiren konnte, theils garnichts mitgetheilt, theils ein etwaiger einschlägiger Befund nicht mit der Hydrocephalie in Causalnexus gebracht. Aus diesem Grunde möchte ich mir erlauben, im Nachfolgenden an der Hand ausgewählter Fälle auf einzelne Typen dieser Veränderungen hinzuweisen, eine ausfährlichere Beschreibung des gesammten mir zur Verfügung stehenden Material es einer späteren Mittheilung vorbehaltend. Als erster Typus sei hingesteilt die Verlängerung der Tonsillen und der medialeji Antheile der Lobi inferiores2) des Kleinhirns zu zapfenförmigen Fortsätzen, welche die Medulla oblongata iii den Wirbelcazial begleiten. Gewiss hat jeder Anatom die Erfahrung gemacht, dass die Form der Tonsillen und der medialen kntheile der Lobi inferiores nach einwärts von den durch die Tubercula jugularia bedingten impressiones jugulares beträchtlichereu Variationen unterliegen kann. Garnicht so selten besteht das auffällige darin, dass die genannten Abschnitte des Kleinhirns und zwar beiderseitig oder einseitig mehr vorspringen und sich weiter nach abwärts erstrecken, so dass bei der usuellen Herausnahme des Gehirns aus der Schädelhöhle diese Theile des Kleinhirns in der Höhe des Foramen occipitale magnum angeschnitten werden. Seit der Zeit nun, dass ich genauer auf diese Verhältnisse achte, habe ich den Eindruck bekommen, dass die Verlängerung der Tonsillen und der medialen Theile der Lobi inferiores wohl immer als eine Folge von Hydrocephalie des Grosshirns, und zwar chronischer, sehr früh einsetzender, gemeinhin sogenannter congenitaler Hydroceplialie angesehen werden müsse. Ohne Hydrocephalie fand ich sie niemals, bei acuter oder sicher erst später entstandener Hydrocephalie auch nicht, bei der chronischen c.ongenitalen Hydrocephalie hingegen in einer relativ grossen Procentzahl. Augenscheinlich handelt es sich dabei um eine ganz allmählich zur Zeit des Heranwachsens des Kleinhirns entstandene Formanomalie. Die Substanz
A NEW TONOMETER SYSTEM

A tonometer, which involves no mechanical contact with the eye, has been designed and Is being tested. An air pulse generated from the ambient atmosphere with a reliable positive linear force-time ramp impinges upon the cornea. The pulse causes a gradual curvature reduction, applanation, and finally a slight concavity before the decaying force-time ramp permits restoration. Telecentric optical-electronic monitoring of the corneal vertex specular reflection unlqueiy identifies, In time, the applanation event. Both human and animal testing have demonstrated a direct linear relationship between intra-ocular pressure and the time interval to applanation. This permits Instantaneous digital readout in mm Hg. An optical-spherometer type system is utilized to effect alignment of the pneumatic and monitoring systems with the cornea In the three dimensions. Following alignment and triggering, measurement in the normal range takes approximately 3 milliseconds, does not require lid retraction, and induces only a blink reflex with no discomfort.