Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Culture and the social-ecology of local food use by Indigenous communities in northern North America

Social-ecological and biocultural systems connect people to their environment at the intersection of nature and culture. The harvest of local wildlife for human consumption is critically important to the food security of the world’s Indigenous peoples and to the conservation of biodiversity, either as a driver of biodiversity loss or of biodiversity protection, depending on system properties. By their nature, local food systems are assumed to be both ecologically determined and culturally defined. Here, we analyze standardized local food consumption surveys conducted in 21 Indigenous communities across northern North America. Using measures of dietary similarity from the ecological sciences and a variance partitioning statistical approach, we reveal a profound and prevailing importance of culture in defining the types and amounts of animal species consumed as food, operating within the environmental constraint of local availability. This quantitative, multicommunity analysis reveals the sustainability and cultural agency inherent in local food systems and the importance of cultural-ecological coupling in an era of accelerating social and environmental change.
Towards a dynamic multiscale personal information space: beyond application and document centered views of information

The historical moment when a person worked in front of a single computer has passed. Computers are now ubiquitous and embedded in virtually every new device and system, connecting our personal and professional activities to ever-expanding information resources with previously unimaginable computational power. Yet with all the increases in capacity, speed, and connectivity, our experiences too often remain difficult, awkward, and frustrating. Even after six decades of design evolution there is little of the naturalness and contextual sensitivity required for convivial interaction with computer-mediated information. We envision a future in which the existing world of documents and applications is linked to a multiscale personalized information space in which dynamic visual entities behave in accordance with cognitively motivated rules sensitive to tasks, personal and group interaction histories, and context. The heart of the project is to rethink the nature of computer-mediated information as a basis to begin to fully realize the potential of computers to assist information-based activities. This requires challenging fundamental presuppositions that have led to today’s walled gardens and information silos. Our goal is to catalyze an international research community to rethink the nature of information as a basis for radically advancing the human-centered design of information-based work and helping to ensure the future is one of convivial, effective, and humane systems. In this paper, we propose a new view of information systems, discuss cognitive requirements for a human-centered information space, and sketch a research agenda and approach.
Gustatory Responses to Tetrodotoxin and Saxitoxin in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus): A Possible Biological Defense Mechanism

Pufferfish toxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX), is a potent neurotoxin, with its lethal toxicity to humans 300 times that of KCN. TTX exerts its toxic action by specifically blocking the voltage-sensitive sodium channels in nerve and muscle membranes. ' TTX is widely distributed in tetraodontid fishes, but its distribution seems much wider than originally thought. Although much information is available on the mechanism of its pharmacological action, little is known about its biological significance. The presence of the fish toxin presents some interesting questions: DO possessors have any adaptive significance, or do predators benefit as toxins act as warning signals emanating from prey? Some pufferfish release TTX into surrounding water when stimulated by electric shock or stressed by handling. ' Our recent behavioral studies demonstrated that some fish species avoid food containing TTX, suggesting that fish may be able to detect TTX via the gustatory system (Yamamori et al., unpublished). Saxitoxin (STX), a paralytic toxin, has also been found in some puffertish species,' and its pharmacological action is identical to that of TTX. This study was designed to describe the gustatory sensitivity of rainbow trout and arctic char to TTX and STX by measuring the integrated electrical responses from the palatine nerve innervating the palate and inside upper lip.
Destabilizing Hybridization, General-Purpose Genotypes and Geographic Parthenogenesis

The ecological and genetic correlates of parthenogenesis are clarified by focusing upon two of the major challenges that confront a newly arisen parthenogen: the genetic disruption that results from backcrosses with sexual relatives, and the evolution of a highly generalized genotype. Both of these factors have been ignored in previous theories of the evolution of reproductive systems. Yet, the geographic ranges, ecological characteristics, elevated ploidy levels, and hybrid origins of many parthenogens, as well as the widespread suppression of recombination in automicts, are consistent with expectations derived from the destabilizing hybridization and general-purpose genotype hypotheses. Whereas the support for these hypotheses is broad, much of the evidence is circumstantial; experimental tests would allow an evaluation of the proposed hypotheses and the more traditional alternatives based on differential colonization, competitive, and coevolutionary abilities. An appreciation of the stringent requirements for a successful transition to parthenogenesis may help to explain its uneven phylogenetic distribution. The relevance of parthenogenesis to the biological control of pest species also requires attention.
ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE OF THE CABBAGE LOOPER, Trichoplusia ni: ENZYMATIC RESPONSES TO THE SUPEROXIDE‐GENERATING FLAVONOID, QUERCETIN, and PHOTODYNAMIC FURANOCOUMARIN, XANTHOTOXIN

Abstract— Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was induced by ca 2‐fold (to5–6 U) when Trichoplusia ni midfifth‐instar larvae were exposed to two toxic oxygen species generating plant pro‐oxidants, quercetin (a flavonoid) and xanthotoxin (8‐methoxypsoralen; a photoactive furanocoumarin). Very high catalase (CAT) activity (ca 300 U) of this insect was not affected by 8‐methoxypsoralen, but was slightly decreased by quercetin. No Se‐dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) activity was observed, but high glutathione transferase (GST) peroxidase activity (over 50 U) in this insect was slightly induced by 8‐methoxypsoralen (8‐MOP), and was partially inhibited by quercetin, 8‐Methoxypsoralen induced the activity of glutathione reductase (GR), but quercetin partially inhibited the activity of this enzyme. An increase in SOD activity appears to be the main response of this insect to dietary exposure to pro‐oxidant compounds. High CAT activity guarantees the destruction of large cellular increases in H2O2, a product of rapid dismutation of superoxide from induced activity of SOD. Moreover, GST with its peroxidase activity apparently substitutes for GPOX, forming a GST/GR enzyme pair as a primary line of defense against deleterious organic hydroperoxides. These studies clearly point out the key role for an insect's antioxidant enzymatic countermeasures against defensive pro‐oxidant compounds produced by plants.
Exigência de lisina para suínos em crescimento e terminação, alimentados com rações de baixo teor de proteína, formuladas de acordo com o conceito de proteína ideal

Lysine requirement of growing-finishing pigs, fed low protein diets, formulated according to ideal protein concept. A performance trial was carried out to determine the total lysine requirement of growing-finishing pigs (35.13.35 a 84.77.09kg), fed low protein diet, formulated according to ideal protein concept. It was used 32 barrows, 16 pigs from a common genetic group (CGG) and 16 from an improved genetic group (IGG). The treatments consisted of four diets (0.75, 0.90, 1.05 and 1.20% of total lysine in the growing phase and 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 1.05 in the finishing phase). The results for IGG, either for growing and finishing phase, showed a decrease of DFI and DWG, without effect on G:F. In the CGG there was no effect of lysine level on pigs performance and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN). The results suggest that the total lysine requirement of barrows from both genetic groups is 0.75 and 0.60%, respectively for growing and finishing phase.
OP-NDTJ190182 790..845

Background. Outcomes after acute kidney injury (AKI) are well described, but not for those already under nephrology clinic care. This is where discussions about kidney failure risk are commonplace. We evaluated whether the established kidney failure risk equation (KFRE) should account for previous AKI episodes when used in this setting. Methods. This observational cohort study included 7491 people referred for nephrology clinic care in British Columbia in 2003–09 followed to 2016. Predictors were previous Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes–based AKI, age, sex, proteinuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and renal diagnosis. Outcomes were 5-year kidney failure and death. We developed cause-specific Cox models (AKI versus no AKI) for kidney failure and death, stratified by eGFR (</ 30 mL/min/1.73 m). We also compared prediction models comparing the 5-year KFRE with two refitted models, one with and one without AKI as a predictor. Results. AKI was associated with increased kidney failure (33.1% versus 26.3%) and death (23.8% versus 16.8%) (P < 0.001). In Cox models, AKI was independently associated with increased kidney failure in those with an eGFR 30 mL/min/1.73 m {hazard ratio [HR] 1.35 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07–1.70]}, no increase in those with eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m ([HR 1.05 95% CI 0.91–1.21)] and increased mortality in both subgroups [respective HRs 1.89 (95% CI 1.56–2.30) and 1.43 (1.16–1.75)]. Incorporating AKI into a refitted kidney failure prediction model did not improve predictions on comparison of receiver operating characteristics (P1⁄4 0.16) or decision curve analysis. The original KFRE calibrated poorly in this setting, underpredicting risk. Conclusions. AKI carries a poorer long-term prognosis among those already under nephrology care. AKI may not alter kidney VC The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 836 O R IG IN A L A R T IC LE failure risk predictions, but the use of prediction models without appreciating the full impact of AKI, including increased mortality, would be simplistic. People with kidney diseases have risks beyond simply kidney failure. This complexity and variability of outcomes of individuals is important.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA of screwworm fly populations (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from Southeastern Brazil and Northern Argentina

The screwworm fly Cochliomyia hominivorax is one of the most important agents of traumatic myiasis throughout neotropical regions. In this work, we optimized the technique of RAPD-PCR for these species and used it to study the genetic variability among seven populations (six from southeastern Brazil and one from northern Argentina) of C. hominivorax. RAPD fingerprints showed high variation for 12 primers used, revealing 209 presumptive loci of which 198 were polymorphic. Marker pattern relationships for these different populations were used to determine genetic relatedness, as well as to examine potential patterns of gene flow. Our interpretation of Lynch and Milligan's analogue of Wright's F(ST) was that C. hominivorax populations are genetically subdivided (F'(ST) for pooled samples = 0.122). Our data suggested that the subdivision detected in C. hominivorax populations by RAPD can be explained by the interplay of random factors affecting allele frequency changes. These results indicate that the RAPD-PC.
Allométrie de la masse du squelette chez des amphibiens anoures

To verify the functional hypotheses that link, in vertebrates, the skeletal mass (Ms) to the total body mass (Mt), the skeletons of 75 adult specimens of anuran amphibians (Mt = 5–400 g) belonging to 7 species, aquatic, semiaquatic, or terrestrial (5 Rana, Bufo americanus, and Xenopus laevis), have been extracted by enzymatic maceration, and air-dried. Covariance analyses show significant differences in position, but not in slope, between the anuran species in the specific allometric relationships . A Spearman rank test indicated a highly significant relationship between the regression-line position and the level of species infeodation to the aquatic habitat. The relationship is more evident for the Ranids. The relative mass of the skeleton in terrestrial species (e.g., R. sylvatica: 4.4%) can be twice that of aquatic species (e.g., R. septentrionalis: 2.3%). For the 75 anuran specimens, the calculated allometric equation, , is very close to the one already established for teleost fish. When R. septentrio.
Induction of Stress Genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during Starvation

In order to analyze the response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to starvation on a gene expression level, microarray experiments were performed using a yeast whole genome array. It is well known that under stress conditions like heat, high salt concentrations, pressure or the presence of toxins, special stress response genes are induced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This includes the genes encoding the typical heat shock proteins as well as numerous genes concerning cell membrane composition, central carbon metabolism or cell cycle. In this contribution, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae starvation‐stress response is analyzed. Starvation is a living condition often experienced by yeast in natural surroundings. As Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an eukaryote, many results from the gene expression analysis are valid for mammalians as well. The understanding of response of the yeast to the absence of a nutrient is also important for the development of feeding strategies in cultivations. Therefore, knowledge about the gene expression during starvation is important for both research and industrial applications. The regulation of 233 genes, which are involved in the stress response according to the literature, was examined via microarray experiments. In addition, a screening was carried out identifying 115 genes, which are hitherto not known to be comprised in the stress response, but which were significantly up‐regulated during starvation.
Aegilops kotschyi and Aegilops tauschii as sources for higher levels of grain Iron and Zinc

Micronutrient malnutrition affects a very large proportion of the world's population. For combating micronutrient malnutrition, biofortification through genetic manipulation has been proposed as an alternative to traditional fortification for increasing the bioavailable nutrient content of food crops. Wheat, being a staple food for a large section of the world's population, is targeted for increasing the Fe and Zn content in the grains. The cultivated germplasm of wheat does not have sufficient variability for grain Fe and Zn content but the wild species of wheat do show wider variation for grain micronutrient density. The analysis of Aegilops kotschyi and A. tauschii for Fe and Zn content in the grains using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) indicated that the S and D genome species accumulate significantly higher iron and zinc in the grains than the cultivated wheats. One of the CIMMYT synthetics also had significantly higher Fe and Zn in the grains as compared with the cultivated wheats. Aegilops kotschyi as a promising source for Fe and Zn, is reported for the first time. A systematic programme to identify and utilize the additional sources for high Fe and Zn has been initiated.
Effect of Penicillin on Amino Acid Fermentation

The effect of penicillin G (k) was first investigated on L-homoserine production by Micrococcus glutamicus 534-Co 147 (a threonine requiring mutant). The addition of 4μ/ml of penicillin, 7 to 9 hours after inoculation, brought about the conversion of L-homoserine to L-glutamic acid production. Similar phenomena were observed in L-lysine and L-valine fermentations. In these cases, a homoserine requiring and a leucine requiring mutant of M. glutamicus were used respectively. A marked conversion from lysine and valine to glutamate accumulation occured by penicillin addition. However, in L-isoleucine fermentation with Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6871, no glutamate accumulation took place and isoleucine yields were remarkably decreased.
Predation on hatchery-reared and wild smolts of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the estuary of River Orkla, Norway

Predation on wild and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon smolts was studied in the estuary of River Orkla. Cod and saithe congregating in the estuary were the most serious predators on smolts. There was no difference between the mortality rates of wild and hatchery-reared smolts. Predation by cod was estimated at 20%. No evidence was found to indicate selective predation on the smallest wild and hatchery-reared smolts.
Biomass recalcitrance. Part I: the chemical compositions and physical structures affecting the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose

Lignocellulosic biomass is recalcitrant to biodegradation due to the rigid and compact structure of plant cell wall. The recalcitrance of biomass is mainly constructed by its chemical compositions that build a spatial network as a protective bulwark. Generally, the factors affecting the accessibility of biomass cellulose can be divided into direct and indirect factors. The direct factors refer to the accessible surface area, and the indirect factors include biomass structure‐relevant factors (pore size and volume, particle size, and specific surface area), chemical compositions (lignin, hemicelluloses, and acetyl group), and cellulose structure‐relevant factors (cellulose crystallinity and degree of polymerization). Pre‐treatment is actually the process to alter indirect factors and improve direct factors thus enhancing the accessibility of cellulose. In this review, we summarize the effects of chemical compositions and physical structures on the enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass. We suggest that future work should be focused on but not limited to the molecular mechanisms of biomass recalcitrance by investigating the microscale and nanoscale features as well as hydrogen bonds network of lignocellulosic biomass. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Purification and Characterization of pili from Flavobacterium branchiophila

The pili of Flavobacterium branchiophila ATCC 35035 were purified and characterized. After mechanical detachment from the bacterial cells, the pili were concentrated by ultrafiltration. The purification of the pili was carried out by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. By electron microscopy, the purified pili were observed to be filaments measureing approximately 4 nm by 1μm The molecular weight of the protein subunits of the purified pili was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One protein subunit had a molecular weight of 23, 000 dalton, and the other faintly stained protein might be a dimer of the objective molecule. The purified pilus subunit was rich in aspartic acid and glutamic acid, alanine and glycine, but poor in histidine and methionine. Ultraviolet absorption spectrum of the purified pili showed a maximum absorption at 276 nm, and the extinction coefficient was calculated to be 41.0. In serological analysis, four strains of F. branchiophila produced a single common precipitin line against rabbit anti-pili serum. These results suggest that the pili are relatively homogeneous and a common structural component among the strains of F. branchiophila.
Developmental basis of interspecific differences in leaf size and specific leaf area among C3 grass species

Summary 1Leaf size and specific leaf area (SLA) are major traits in determining a plant's ecological functions. Differences in these leaf traits are characterized by cell division, expansion and maturation processes during leaf development. In this study, 16 C3 grass species were grown under controlled environments, and various cell division and elongation parameters in the leaf growth zone were obtained by a kinematic method to examine cellular mechanisms underlying interspecific differences in leaf length and specific leaf area. 2Leaf length showed a threefold difference among species. This difference in leaf length was closely associated with the number of dividing cells in the leaf meristem. Cell division activity in the leaf meristem also influenced mature cell length. Species with high levels of cell division activity had smaller mesophyll cells, mainly caused by a short cell elongation period. The fact that 70% of the variation in mature cell length was explained by cell division activity suggests that cell size determination is more strongly influenced by the developmental processes than by specific genes affecting cell size. 3Cell division and elongation activities did not have clear effects on SLA. However, species with high levels of division activity had higher leaf water content and lower leaf dry matter concentration than did species with low levels of division activity. 4The results of this study reveal the importance of cell-cycle regulation in the leaf meristem in determining interspecific differences in leaf size and SLA among grass species.
The Evolution and Maintenance of Androdioecy

▪ Abstract Examples of androdioecy, the coexistence of males and hermaphrodites, was unknown when the subject was last reviewed about two decades ago. Since then, several examples have been discovered in both plants and animals, and we are now in a position to reappraise theoretical work on the subject. Whereas early ideas were framed largely in terms of the invasion of males into hermaphroditic populations, all of the clearest examples of androdioecy now known appear to have evolved from dioecy. There are strong indications that this has occurred repeatedly as a result of the selection of self-fertile hermaphroditism for reproductive assurance during colonization. Male frequencies in these species are highly variable, self-fertilization in hermaphrodites is delayed, and mating opportunities appear to depend strongly on population density. Results from theoretical work on the evolution and maintenance of androdioecy in single populations and in metapopulations are summarized, and several case studies of a.
Protein interactions guiding carpel and fruit development in Arabidopsis

Many proteins such as transcription factors work cooperatively in transcriptional regulation, which is crucial for the correct development of an organism. In this review, we focus on protein–protein interactions and on protein complexes guiding carpel and fruit development in Arabidopsis, starting with the inflorescence and floral meristem initiation, floral organ specification, and finally on carpel and fruit tissue formation.