Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The relationship of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder to adaptive skills in young children

Abstract Objective: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been linked to deficits in socialization and communication, similar to those observed in children with ASD. In the present study, we examine the differences in developmental quotient and subscale scores between children with ASD and children with ADHD. Methods: We compared the developmental scores in a sample of 2990 children who presented to an early intervention program, who met criteria for ASD, inattentive ADHD, hyperactive/impulsive ADHD, combined ASD/ADHD, or are at risk for developmental disorders. Results: The overall developmental quotient did not significantly differ between those in the ADHD inattentive and hyperactive subtype groups. Adaptive skills differed most greatly between the ASD groups and the ADHD/atypically-developing groups. Conclusion: The present study represents a first step towards understanding the relationship of ADHD to ASD in early childhood. Young children with ASD symptoms are more greatly impaired than those with symptoms of ADHD.
DEALING WITH INCOMPLETE TAXON SAMPLING AND DIVERSIFICATION OF A LARGE CLADE OF MUSHROOM‐FORMING FUNGI

The absence of an adequate fossil record can hinder understanding the process of diversification that underlies the evolutionary history of a given group. In such cases, investigators have used ultrametric trees derived from molecular data from extant taxa to gain insights into processes of speciation and extinction over time. Inadequate taxon sampling, however, impairs such inferences. In this study, we use simulations to investigate the effect of incomplete taxon sampling on the accumulation of lineages through time for a clade of mushroom‐forming fungi, the Hebelomateae. To achieve complete taxon sampling, we use a new Bayesian approach that incorporates substitute lineages to estimate diversification rates. Unlike many studies of animals and plants, we find no evidence of a slowdown in speciation. This indicates the Hebelomateae has not undergone an adaptive radiation. Rather, these fungi have evolved under a relatively constant rate of diversification since their most recent common ancestor, which we date back to the Eocene. The estimated net diversification rate (0.08–0.19 spp./lineage/Ma) is comparable with that of many plants and animals. We suggest that continuous diversification in the Hebelomateae has been facilitated by climatic and vegetation changes throughout the Cenozoic. We also caution against modeling multiple genes as a single partition when performing phylogenetic dating analyses.
Insulin‐like growth factor I is a comitogen for hepatocyte growth factor in a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocyte growth factor–scatter factor (HGF‐SF) is a potent hepatic mitogen yet inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell growth in vitro. Insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) is a pleiotropic growth factor shown to be important in cell growth and differentiation in other tumors. We hypothesized that IGF‐I may play a role in regulating HGF‐SF activity and HCC progression. Using an in vivo model of HCC, we showed elevated IGF‐I messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in normal liver from tumor‐burdened animals in the absence of changes in circulating IGF‐I levels. Analysis of IGF‐I receptor (IGF‐IR) and HGF‐SF (c‐met) receptor expression showed significantly higher expression of both receptors in normal liver compared with an HCC specimen. Using cultured HCC cells from this model, we next showed that treatment with IGF‐I led to significant increases in mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. Furthermore, we observed significant time‐dependent increases in the expression of the c‐fos and c‐jun proto‐oncogenes after addition of IGF‐I (n = 5 per group, P < .05). Despite activation of a MAPK pathway and increased proto‐oncogene expression, IGF‐I failed to significantly affect cell mitogenesis. In contrast, HGF significantly inhibited cell mitogenesis in HCC lines (68.4% ± 9.4% vs. control, n = 4, P < .05). Pretreatment of HCC cells with IGF‐I (60 minutes) led to significant HGF‐SF stimulation of total cell mitogenesis dependent on both IGF‐I and HGF‐SF dose (194% ± 8% increase vs. control, n = 4, P < .05). In conclusion, tumor burden is important in altering intrahepatic growth factor synthesis. Signal cooperation between multiple cytokine pathways is an important factor in the progression of HCC.
[Extracorporeal shock waves induce ventral-periosteal new bone formation out of the focus zone--results of an in-vivo animal trial].

AIM It is known that high-energy extracorporeal shock waves, focussed to the intact distal rabbit femur, induce periosteal new bone formation within the focus zone. This study was done to investigate whether there is additionally new bone formation outside of the focus zone, i. e. , in the proximal femur, 10 days after shock wave application to the distal rabbit femur. METHOD 18 adult Chinchilla-Bastard rabbits were randomly divided into three groups (A, B, C; each n = 6). One distal femur of each animal was focussed for shock wave application with different positive energy flux densities (A 1.2 mJ/mm (2), B 0.9 mJ/mm (2), C sham treatment). Only the proximal femur outside the shock wave focus was investigated. Here periosteal new bone formation was evaluated by fluorescent labelling. The maximum thickness was measured by means of computer-assisted image analysis. RESULTS Maximum ventral-periosteal new bone formation outside the shock wave focus was significantly increased in group A compared to group B (p = 0.007) or group C (p = 0.001). In contrast, the maximum ventral-periosteal new bone formation outside the shock wave focus demonstrated no statistically significant difference in group B compared to group C (p = 1.0). CONCLUSION Depending from the amount of positive energy flux density applied to distal rabbit femur a significantly increased ventral-periosteal new bone formation results in the proximal rabbit femur outside the shock wave focus.
Cell Adhesion on Amyloid Fibrils Lacking Integrin Recognition Motif*

Amyloids are highly ordered, cross-β-sheet-rich protein/peptide aggregates associated with both human diseases and native functions. Given the well established ability of amyloids in interacting with cell membranes, we hypothesize that amyloids can serve as universal cell-adhesive substrates. Here, we show that, similar to the extracellular matrix protein collagen, amyloids of various proteins/peptides support attachment and spreading of cells via robust stimulation of integrin expression and formation of integrin-based focal adhesions. Additionally, amyloid fibrils are also capable of immobilizing non-adherent red blood cells through charge-based interactions. Together, our results indicate that both active and passive mechanisms contribute to adhesion on amyloid fibrils. The present data may delineate the functional aspect of cell adhesion on amyloids by various organisms and its involvement in human diseases. Our results also raise the exciting possibility that cell adhesivity might be a generic property of amyloids.
Clinicians' reasons for antipsychotic coprescribing.

BACKGROUND Prescribing more than 1 antipsychotic is common but has received little supportive evidence in the literature. This study was designed to systematically survey clinicians about their rationale for prescribing more than 1 antipsychotic for specific patients. METHOD Patients with schizophrenia (diagnosed according to ICD-9 criteria from October 1, 1999, to September 30, 2000) at 2 Veterans Administration (VA) medical centers and their prescriptions for anti-psychotics (filled within the VA system from June 1, 2000, through September 30, 2000) were identified from administrative databases. Clinicians for each patient with more than 1 antipsychotic prescription were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. After summarizing offered explanations, we compared patients prescribed 2 atypicals with those prescribed an atypical and a conventional. RESULTS The treatment of 66 patients was reviewed. The 4 most common reasons for coprescription were reducing positive symptoms (61%), reducing negative symptoms (20%), decreasing total amount of medication (9%), and reducing extrapyramidal symptoms (5%). In 65% of patients (41/63), psychiatric symptoms were thought to have been refractory to antipsychotic monotherapy. In 39% of patients (N = 26), antipsychotic coprescription was intended to be transitional, but in only 46% of these patients (N = 12) had this transition been completed after 6 to 12 months. CONCLUSION Prescribers for patients receiving more than one antipsychotic were frequently able to cite plausible and specific target symptoms they were attempting to address with this practice.
Group A Streptococcus virulence factors genes in north India & their association with emm type in pharyngitis

Background & objectives: Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis, especially among children, leads to high prevalence of rheumatic fever (RF)/rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in India, as compared to the western world where invasive diseases are common. GAS encodes numerous virulence factors that cause diseases by exhibiting extraordinary biological diversity. Hence, we studied the virulence factors genes of GAS isolated from the throat of children with pharyngitis and also asymptomatic carriers. Methods: Fifty GAS isolates cultured from throats of north Indian children aged 5-15 yr with mild pharyngitis (20), severe pharyngitis (24) and asymptomatic pharyngeal carriers (6), during 2000-2003 along with reference M1 strain were emm typed and characterized for virulence factors genes by PCR. The presence of virulence factors was also checked for their association with emm type in pharyngitis. Results: Twenty emm types, six sequence types, and one non-typeable strain were found circulating in north India. The five most prevalent types were emm 74 (12%), 11 & StI129 (8% each) and emm 68 and NS292 (6% each). The spe B gene was found to be significantly higher (P=0.0007) in opacity factor (OF) negative isolates. emm 3, 11, 77, 86, 87, 109 and StI129 showed maximum virulence factors genes. Interpretation & conclusions: GAS isolates collected from throats of children from north India possess highly virulent antigens. This study also supports concept of isolate-associated virulence rather than type relatedness.
Assignment1 of the Aquaporin-8 water channel gene (AQP8) to human chromosome 16p12

Aquaporins represent water channel proteins widely spread throughout nature where they are responsible for the high water permeability characterizing numerous plasma membranes (Agre, 1998). A number of aquaporins have been described in mammals where their sites of expression predict roles in physiology and disease (Agre et al., 1998). Some of these functions have been already demonstrated (see Agre et al., 1998 for references). Interest is triggered by the recent discovery of the Aquaporin-8 water channel (AQP8) in rat (Ishibashi et al., 1997; Koyama et al., 1997), mouse (Ma et al., 1997) and human (Koyama et al., 1998) tissues where its distribution predicts roles in secretion of pancreatic juice, bile and primary saliva, fecal dehydration, transport of fluid across placenta, and in the movement of water across the spermatozoa plasma membrane. An involvement of AQP8 in clinical disorders of unknown molecular origin is also expected. In agreement with phylogenetic analyses, the genomic organization of the AQP8 gene indicates a separate evolutionary pathway for AQP8 compared to that of the other mammalian aquaporins (Koyama et al., 1998; Calamita et al., submitted for publication). This distinction may be responsible for regulatory and functional features which could still be unknown at the present. Uncertain is the assumption that the mouse, rat and human AQP8 are orthologous to each other. Here we report the fine mapping of the AQP8 gene to human chromosome 16p12, a region which is syntenic to the region where the mouse AQP8 gene maps (Calamita et al., submitted for publication). This result demonstrates that the mouse and human AQP8 genes are orthologous and provides important insight into the phylogenesis of the aquaporins.
I Will Give You My Vote but Not My Money: Preferences for Public versus Private Action in Addressing Social Issues

This study explores the extent to which individuals will support public action but, in its absence, will not commit their own voluntary efforts. An internet survey was administered to over 3,500 individuals with hypothetical scenarios in which they could donate their own money toward a cause and/or support government action. When asked to choose between public or private action, most chose a combination of the two, suggesting that public and private partnerships are the preferred vehicle for solutions to social problems. Close to 20% indicated they would vote for laws to confront an issue but not contribute their own private donations.
The Forward Premium Bias under different Monetary Policy environments

The ex post failure of uncovered interest parity (i.e. the forward premium bias) in the post-Bretton Woods era is well documented. Recently, explanations have been offered for this failure which have centred upon the unusual monetary experience over this period. We test these explanations using data from earlier periods as well as subsequent to the adoption of an inflation target. Canada operated a flexible exchange rate regime during the Bretton Woods era, providing a unique opportunity to examine ex post deviations from uncovered interest parity. Canada is also unusual in that it has pursued an explicit inflation rate target since February 1991. We find no forward premium bias over the flexible rate period during Bretton Woods, as well as prior to Canada’s adoption of inflation rate targeting (when learning would be expected to have taken place), while a forward premium bias does exist during the inflationary/disinflationary period and subsequent to the new monetary regime.
Pearson marrow pancreas syndrome: a molecular study and clinical management

Human mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) lesions can cause a heterogeneous group of mitochondrial degenerative disorders. We report on a 5‐year‐old patient suffering from the full‐blown picture of Pearson syndrome. His symptoms started in the first year of life with failure to thrive, followed by chronic diarrhoea and lactic acidosis at 18 months of age. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA revealed large amounts of mt DNA molecules with a 2.7 kb deletion in all tissues examined. The diagnosis of Pearson syndrome was made initially in the absence of haematological disturbances. In the following months neutropenia, sideroblastic anaemia and hypoparathyroidism developed. Daily administration of dichloroacetate (DCA) and bicarbonate controls the lactic acidosis, while episodic treatments with filgastrim (Neupogen®) reverse episodes of severe neutropenia. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation compensate for the hypoparathyroidism. Chronic administration of DCA and supportive treatment for a long period help to stabilize patients with multiorgan dysfunction.
Changes in AIDS incidence trends in Spain.

OBJECTIVE To detect changes in the evolution of the AIDS epidemic in Spain. DESIGN Analysis of time-trends in AIDS incidence. METHODS AIDS cases reported in Spain up to December 1993 were adjusted for reporting delays. Quarterly time-trends in incidence were analysed for groups divided according to sex, age and transmission category. RESULTS The adjusted number of cases diagnosed by September 1993 totalled 24,519. Of these, 15,652 were injecting drug users (IDU), 3679 were homosexual/bisexual men and 1753 were cases of heterosexually transmitted infection since 1989. AIDS incidence has exhibited a linear rate of growth. While all groups studied showed an upward trend, variations were found between the different groups. The overall trend resembled the pattern for IDU, the largest but the slope in the growth curve for this category has steepened steadily, and experienced the greatest percentage increases since 1989. AIDS incidence among blood transfusion recipients has risen slowly since 1988, while that for blood factor recipients reached a ceiling in 1989 and has declined progressively thereafter. Within the respective transmission categories, women exhibited trends similar to men. From 1989 onwards, a greater rate of increase was observed among those aged over 30 years than among those under 30. CONCLUSION The overall trend in AIDS incidence is the sum of the epidemics in the different population groups. While advances in controlling the epidemic have been made in certain groups, the trend as a whole has worsened.
The space where aging acts: focus on the GABAergic synapse

As it was established that aging is not associated with massive neuronal loss, as was believed in the mid‐20th Century, scientific interest has addressed the influence of aging on particular neuronal subpopulations and their synaptic contacts, which constitute the substrate for neural plasticity. Inhibitory neurons represent the most complex and diverse group of neurons, showing distinct molecular and physiological characteristics and possessing a compelling ability to control the physiology of neural circuits. This review focuses on the aging of GABAergic neurons and synapses. Understanding how aging affects synapses of particular neuronal subpopulations may help explain the heterogeneity of aging‐related effects. We reviewed the literature concerning the effects of aging on the numbers of GABAergic neurons and synapses as well as aging‐related alterations in their presynaptic and postsynaptic components. Finally, we discussed the influence of those changes on the plasticity of the GABAergic system, highlighting our results concerning aging in mouse somatosensory cortex and linking them to plasticity impairments and brain disorders. We posit that aging‐induced impairments of the GABAergic system lead to an inhibitory/excitatory imbalance, thereby decreasing neuron's ability to respond with plastic changes to environmental and cellular challenges, leaving the brain more vulnerable to cognitive decline and damage by synaptopathic diseases.
Image indexing by Color Plane Moment

Among the features of content‐based image retrieval, color features provide important clues to search similar image contents. In addition to color, there exists more information in the image. In this article, we propose a new method for content‐based image retrieval: Color Plane Moment (CPM). This method combines colors' content and their spatial distribution to improve image query results. It integrates the ideas of color histogram, backprojection, and moments. The CPM uses backprojection as one of the image preprocessing methods and computes the invariant moments with those dominant color plane images after preprocessing. There are several dominant colors chosen by color histogram in an image, and each can be expressed by seven invariant moment values that represent spatial distribution of those dominant color planes, respectively. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique outperforms the other techniques. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 12, 139–148, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10022
Factors Affecting Disaster Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Using the Community Capitals Framework

Abstract Disaster research often focuses on how and why communities are affected by a discrete extreme event. We used the community capitals framework to understand how community characteristics influence their preparedness, response to, and recovery from successive or multiple disasters using the 1964 Good Friday Earthquake and the 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill as case studies. This study assesses community response to these disasters by reviewing published literature on impacts to create profiles for six communities and by identifying community capitals before and during these disasters, and throughout the long-term recovery. While the presence of rich natural capitals commonly contributed resources to pre-disaster planning and long-term recovery, restriction of resource access immediately following the disasters was detrimental to many communities. Communities with strong political, social, and financial capitals tended to fare better immediately following disasters, enabling longer-term processes of transformation or recovery. However, in some communities the oil spill undermined these capitals more than the earthquake and resulting tsunami. In understanding how use and reliance on community capitals can lead to varied recovery success from different kinds of disasters, these findings can help coastal managers and planners prepare for future disasters.
Structural transformation in emerging economies: leading sectors and the balanced growth hypothesis

ABSTRACT The paper uses the World Input-Output Database to address patterns of structural transformation in BRIC countries, Indonesia, South Korea, Mexico and Turkey. Sectoral drivers of aggregate labour productivity growth, and the relative importance of within-sector versus employment reallocation effects on aggregate labour productivity growth, are evaluated using growth accounting decomposition methods. Decomposition results are used to assess how patterns of structural transformation relate to macroeconomic performance in terms of aggregate labour productivity, output and employment growth. Together with the construction of ‘Hirschman compliance indices’, decomposition results are also used to shed light on the balanced versus unbalanced growth debates. The paper goes on to assess the extent of complementarities between manufacturing and information and communications technology-intensive advanced services through intermediate inputs, comparing the eight emerging countries with G7 countries over time.
Development of working electrode for sensor application using ZnO film

Electrode selectivity is a valuable task for various applications. It is imparted by the characteristics of the crust separating the domestic sensing element from the other. ZnO based equipment be inflicted with attracted much investigate appeal in the earlier period decade since they not single allow for fundamental studies to increase the understanding of the corporal properties but furthermore could be used as building blocks for a extra generation of diplomacy in uncommon technological domains. Inside this paper, an attempt has been made to develop the electrode to be used in sensor applications. The electrode is termed as working electrode and has a greater impression for sensor design. It is of ZnO film coated and can play a role as semiconductor electrode. That shows the efficiency for collection of data mostly in bio-medical meadow. The voltage varies from 0.7v in opposition to 1.6v so with the intention of it can be used in health check equipments. Also it is straightforward to develop and a reduced amount of cost.