Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk in women participating in the Black Women's Health Study.

BACKGROUND No studies have examined dietary patterns and breast cancer risk in a large cohort of African American women. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between dietary patterns and breast cancer risk in the Black Women's Health Study. DESIGN This is a prospective cohort study of 50,778 participants followed biennially from 1995 through 2007. During 443,742 person-years of follow-up, 1094 incident cases of breast cancer were identified. Factor analysis was used to derive food patterns based on 69 food variables. We used Cox regression models to obtain incident rate ratios (IRRs) for breast cancer in relation to quintiles of each of the 2 dietary patterns, with adjustment for other breast cancer risk factors. RESULTS Through factor analysis, we identified 2 dietary patterns: Western (refined grains, processed meat, and sweets) and prudent (whole grains, vegetables, fruit, and fish). The prudent diet was weakly associated with lower breast cancer risk overall; P for trend = 0.06. In analyses stratified by body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)), the prudent dietary pattern was associated with a significantly lower risk of breast cancer in women with a BMI <25 (IRR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.93; P for trend = 0.01). The prudent dietary pattern was also associated with a significantly lower risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women (IRR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.96; P for trend = 0.01), and we found a significant inverse association for the prudent dietary pattern and estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer (IRR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.94; P for trend <0.01). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the prudent dietary pattern may protect against breast cancer in some black women.
Is coeliac disease prevalent among adolescent psychiatric patients?

Coeliac disease (CD) occasionally presents solely with neuropsychiatric symptoms and may predispose to mental and behavioural disorders. This study screened new adolescent psychiatric outpatients (n= 140) in the Department of Adolescent Psychiatry of the Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki, using immunoglobulin A antibody to tissue transglutaminase. The prevalence rate of CD was found to be 1 in 140.
Drug-disease and drug-drug interactions: systematic examination of recommendations in 12 UK national clinical guidelines

Objective To identify the number of drug-disease and drug-drug interactions for exemplar index conditions within National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) clinical guidelines. Design Systematic identification, quantification, and classification of potentially serious drug-disease and drug-drug interactions for drugs recommended by NICE clinical guidelines for type 2 diabetes, heart failure, and depression in relation to 11 other common conditions and drugs recommended by NICE guidelines for those conditions. Setting NICE clinical guidelines for type 2 diabetes, heart failure, and depression Main outcome measures Potentially serious drug-disease and drug-drug interactions. Results Following recommendations for prescription in 12 national clinical guidelines would result in several potentially serious drug interactions. There were 32 potentially serious drug-disease interactions between drugs recommended in the guideline for type 2 diabetes and the 11 other conditions compared with six for drugs recommended in the guideline for depression and 10 for drugs recommended in the guideline for heart failure. Of these drug-disease interactions, 27 (84%) in the type 2 diabetes guideline and all of those in the two other guidelines were between the recommended drug and chronic kidney disease. More potentially serious drug-drug interactions were identified between drugs recommended by guidelines for each of the three index conditions and drugs recommended by the guidelines for the 11 other conditions: 133 drug-drug interactions for drugs recommended in the type 2 diabetes guideline, 89 for depression, and 111 for heart failure. Few of these drug-disease or drug-drug interactions were highlighted in the guidelines for the three index conditions. Conclusions Drug-disease interactions were relatively uncommon with the exception of interactions when a patient also has chronic kidney disease. Guideline developers could consider a more systematic approach regarding the potential for drug-disease interactions, based on epidemiological knowledge of the comorbidities of people with the disease the guideline is focused on, and should particularly consider whether chronic kidney disease is common in the target population. In contrast, potentially serious drug-drug interactions between recommended drugs for different conditions were common. The extensive number of potentially serious interactions requires innovative interactive approaches to the production and dissemination of guidelines to allow clinicians and patients with multimorbidity to make informed decisions about drug selection.
Leaf area partitioning as an important factor in growth.

Despite continuing efforts to correlate unit area rates of photosynthesis of crop varieties with growth rates, there has been little or no success. It is reasonable to assume that partitioning of photosynthate into new leaf area is an important component of growth. Accordingly, an expression was developed to measure leaf area partitioning. Using growth analysis techniques, relative growth rates were compared to net assimilation rates, partitioning of daily weight gain into new leaf area, and partitioning of daily weight gain into new leaf weight of nine species grown in growth chambers under three temperature regimes. Day/night temperatures of 21/10, 32/21, and 38/27 C caused large differences in relative growth rates. Relative growth rates were closely correlated with leaf area partitioning in seven of the nine species, but were inversely correlated with leaf weight partitioning for six of the nine species. Relative growth rates were poorly correlated with net assimilation rates for five of the nine species. The product of net assimilation rate times leaf area partitioning is shown to be equal to the relative leaf area expansion rate.These results indicate that growth responses due to temperature shifts were more sensitive to changes in leaf area partitioning or relative leaf area expansion rates than to net assimilation rates. Because changes in leaf area partitioning or relative leaf area expansion rates can have an effect on relative growth rates that overshadow changes in net assimilation rates, and because net assimilation rates are largely a function of unit area rates of photosynthesis, the correlation of unit area rates of photosynthesis with growth should include consideration of leaf area partitioning or relative leaf area expansion rates.
More Notes on "A Clash of Intuitions"

A path-based inheritance logic is proposed for handling nonmonotonic inheritance structures. The formalism is called exceptional inheritance logic (EIL). Exceptional information which is nevertheless inheritable is encapsulated in a class, called an exceptional class. EIL also takes into account a difference between acquired and inheritable properties. The paper describes ways in which exceptional classes are identified and subsequently located in inheritance struc­ tures. The on-path versus off-path debate is reassessed using EIL. 1 Introduction A major problem for network representations of defea­ sible and default knowledge (called 'nonmonotonic in­ heritance structures') concerns the use of 'redundant' links. Whilst the use of shortest-path algorithms for de­ riving network conclusions returns the (intuitively) cor­ rect result in many cases, in many other cases it does not [Touretzky, 1984]. One obvious answer is to as­ sert 'redundant' links explicitly into the network rep­ resentation so that shortest-path algorithms continue to work correctly. Such links represent binary assertions which explicitly relate by one link two nodes which pre­ viously were related by two or more intervening links. But the introduction of such 'redundant links' can make previously non-problematic network structures problem­ atic: unambiguous structures can become ambiguous, and there may be side-effects in other parts of the net­ work not involved with the redundant link. Touretzky [1986] describes a formal mechanism called on-path preemption which comes into play when a re­ dundant link causes such problems. The general idea is that where there is a redundant link, another path can override paths containing the redundant link (as will be described later). The effect is to implement formally the basic requirement that, despite the presence of redun­ dant links, more general information should be overrid­ den by more specific, i.e. that information from more specific superclasses should take precedence over infor­ mation from more general superclasses in cases of con­ flict. However, Sandewall [1986] notes that Touretzky's definitions do not take into account cases where the re­ dundant link is itself interrupted by another node (i.e. where a redundant link contains two or more sublinks). In such cases (exemplified by the so-called Clyde— African.elephant structure) counterintuitive results are sometimes returned. Sandewall proposes off-path pre-emption , where the idea that more explicit informa­ tion should win in cases of conflict. Touretzky, Horty and Thomason [1987] present a structure, called the 'George-marine' example, in which off-path preemption also returns counterintuitive results. Unfortunately, in the 'George-marine' example chosen …
A Randomized Trial Comparing Radiofrequency Ablation and Surgical Resection for HCC Conforming to the Milan Criteria

Objective: To compare the long-term outcomes of surgical resection and radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Summary Background Data: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a promising, emerging therapy for small HCC. Whether it is as effective as surgical resection (RES) for long-term outcomes is still indefinite. Methods: Two hundred thirty HCC patients who met the Milan criteria and were suitable to be treated by either RES or RFA entered into a randomized controlled trial. The patients were regularly followed up after treatment for 5years (except for those who died). The primary end point was overall survival; the secondary end points were recurrence-free survival, overall recurrence, and early-stage recurrence. Results: The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year overall survival rates for the RFA group and the RES group were 86.96%, 76.52%, 69.57%, 66.09%, 54.78% and 98.26%, 96.52%, 92.17%, 82.60%, 75.65%, respectively. The corresponding recurrence-free survival rates for the 2 groups were 81.74%, 59.13%, 46.08%, 33.91%, 28.69% and 85.22%, 73.92%, 60.87%, 54.78%, 51.30%, respectively. Overall survival and recurrence-free survival were significantly lower in the RFA group than in the RES group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.017). The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year overall recurrence rates were 16.52%, 38.26%, 49.57%, 59.13%, and 63.48% for the RFA group and 12.17%, 22.60%, 33.91%, 39.13%, and 41.74% for the RES group. The overall recurrence was higher in the RFA group than in the RES group (P = 0.024). Conclusions: Surgical resection may provide better survival and lower recurrence rates than RFA for patients with HCC to the Milan criteria.
Molecular Characterization and Developmental Expression of a Retinoid- and Fatty Acid-binding Glycoprotein from Drosophila

A detailed understanding of the mechanism of lipid transport in insects has been hampered by the inability to identify the proapolipophorin gene that encodes apolipophorins I and II, the principal protein components of lipophorin, the lipid transport vehicle. Here we provide the first molecular description of the Drosophila gene encoding a retinoid- and fatty acid-binding glycoprotein (RFABG) and present evidence that it is a member of the proapolipophorin gene family. The gene, localized to the chromosome 4 (102 F region), encodes a 3351-amino acid protein that could serve as the precursor for the ∼70-kDa and >200-kDa polypeptides associated with RFABG. The N-terminal sequence of the ∼70-kDa polypeptide and that predicted for the >200-kDa polypeptide showed high sequence similarity to blowfly apolipophorin II and apolipophorin I, respectively. The RFABG precursor contains a signal peptide and exhibits a multidomain mosaic protein structure, which is typical of extracellular proteins. It has structural domains similar to lipid-binding proteins, namely vitellogenins and apolipoprotein B. The protein also contains a domain similar to the D domain of von Willebrand factor and mucin. The gene is expressed in the Drosophila embryo during development in cells that make up the amnioserosa and fat bodies. Immunolocalizations using specific antibodies against RFABG reveal that the protein is initially dispersed through the embryonic amnioserosa sac and latter concentrated at skeletal muscle-epidermis apodemeal contact junctions during larval development. This novel gene may play an important role in the transport of lipids, including retinoids and fatty acids, in insects.
Atherosclerotic Carotid Plaques: Multimodality Imaging with Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Introduction: The imaging of carotid plaques has undergone a paradigm shift increasing importance being given to plaque characterization. Patients with “vulnerable” plaques are more prone to develop future neurovascular events. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of multimodality imaging techniques in the assessment of carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six patients were prospectively enrolled in the study. Patients underwent multidetector computed tomography (CT) angiography, ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the carotid arteries with special emphasis on the carotid bifurcation. Results: The mean age of patients was 65.41 years. Twenty-one were males. Plaque neovascularization was seen in 10 of the 18 plaques studied (55.56%). Based on the predominant components of the plaque, plaques were characterized as lipid (3), lipid with recent hemorrhage (1), fibrous (7), fibrofatty (4), fibrofatty with some hemorrhagic components (3), and recent hemorrhage (2). Conclusions: Together, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, CT, and MRI provide complete information about the plaque characteristics.
Evaluation of statistical methods of image reconstruction through ROC analysis [emission tomography]

Several statistical methods of image reconstruction are described and objectively compared through the use of receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analysis based on a specified detection task performed by a human observer. The simulated imaging system is a multiple-pinhole coded-aperture system for dynamic cardiac imaging, and the objects represent cross sections of the left ventricle at end systole. The task is detection of a profusion representing an akinetic wall segment. Thirteen different reconstruction algorithms are considered. Human observers perform the specified task on this set of reconstructions, and the results are analyzed through the use of ROC analysis. The results show that the methods that utilize the largest amount of (accurate) prior information tend to perform the best.
Ecto‐enzyme and signaling functions of lymphocyte CD 7 3

Summary: CD73 or ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase (S‐NT) is a widely expressed ecto‐enzyme which catalyzes the dephosphorylation of AMP and other nucleoside monophosphates. CD 73 participates in purine salvage through this enzymatic activity, supplying cells with precursors for energy metabolism and nucleic acid biosynthesis. As an enzyme that produces adenosine, CD 73 can also regulate adenosine receptor engagement in many tissues. However, CD73 also has functions independent of its enzyme activity like many glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored molecules, it transmits potent activation signals in T cells when ligated by antibodies. Less compelling evidence suggests that CD 73 may function as a cell adhesion molecule. In the human immune system, CD73 is expressed on subsets of T and B cells, on germinal center follicular dendritic cells, and on thymic medullary reticular fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Many challenging areas remain to be explored before the role of CD73 in the immune system will be fully understood. These include an evaluation of the role of adenosine receptors in lymphoid development, the identification of physiological CD73 ligands, a functional assessment of the GPI anchor, and an analysis of the intricate cell‐type‐specific and developmental regulation of CD 73 expression.
Visualizing Ribosome Biogenesis: Parallel Assembly Pathways for the 30S Subunit

Ribosome Assembly Pathway The bacterial ribosome is made up of two subunits (50S and 30S) that together comprise 55 proteins and three large ribosomal RNAs. Both subunits self-assemble from their components in vitro, and hence, Mulder et al. (p. 673) were able to use a derivation of time-resolved electron microscopy to monitor assembly of the 30S subunit. This approach identified 14 distinct assembly intermediates and allowed characterization of the population, conformation, and protein composition of the intermediates along the assembly pathway. A time-resolved electron microscopy method provides snapshots that reveal the mechanism of ribosome self-assembly. Ribosomes are self-assembling macromolecular machines that translate DNA into proteins, and an understanding of ribosome biogenesis is central to cellular physiology. Previous studies on the Escherichia coli 30S subunit suggest that ribosome assembly occurs via multiple parallel pathways rather than through a single rate-limiting step, but little mechanistic information is known about this process. Discovery single-particle profiling (DSP), an application of time-resolved electron microscopy, was used to obtain more than 1 million snapshots of assembling 30S subunits, identify and visualize the structures of 14 assembly intermediates, and monitor the population flux of these intermediates over time. DSP results were integrated with mass spectrometry data to construct the first ribosome-assembly mechanism that incorporates binding dependencies, rate constants, and structural characterization of populated intermediates.
Transformation properties of type 5 adenovirus mutants that differentially express the ElA gene products

Type 5 adenovirus mutants that differential- ly express ElA 13S, 12S, or 9S mRNAs were constructed to study the role of their gene products in transformation. H5dl520 expresses the 243-amino-acid (AA) protein encoded in the 12S mRNA but not the 13S mRNA-encoded 289-AA protein. This mutant transformed both cloned rat embryo fibroblast (CREF) cells and baby rat kidney (BRK) cells at a frequency 40-100 times greater than did wild-type viruses. In addition, all of the foci produced were fibroblastic and grew very slowly at 320C. In contrast, H5dl21, which was mutated so that only the 54-AA protein encoded by the 9S mRNA was synthesized, did not transform either cell type. DNA transfection studies with plasmids from which these mutants were constructed demonstrated that the differences in transformation frequencies were not as marked. The plasmid pDl/D2, which directs the synthesis of the 54-AA protein only, was found to transform baby rat kidney cells at low frequency, provided the gene was linked to a fragment from the simian virus 40 genome containing the transcriptional enhancer element. The early region genes ElA and E1B, located at the left- hand end of the genome, have been shown to be essential for complete morphological transformation of rodent cells by human adenoviruses (Ad) (1-4). However, transfections of baby rat kidney (BRK)
An efficient technique for event location identification using multiple sources of urban data

The proliferation of smart technologies has produced significant changes in the way people interact in a city. Smart traffic monitoring systems allow citizens and city operators to acquire a real-time view of the city traffic state. Furthermore, alternative means of transport, such as bike sharing systems, have enjoyed tremendous success in many major cities around the world today and provide real-time information regarding the mobility of the users. Such sources of urban data may act as human mobility sensors. Detecting the location and extent of large events in urban environments is a challenging problem. Previous work focuses mainly on identifying traffic flows and extract possible event sources. However, these solutions lack the ability to capture large areas of events, as they rely only on single-source data to identify user mobility or focus on identifying single locations rather than areas. In this paper we model the behavior of two different real-time data sources and we illustrate how they may be combined to acquire the area affected from a social event. We propose "fEEL" (Efficient Event Location identification), a novel algorithm to identify affected areas from social events using multiple heterogeneous sources of urban data. Our experimental evaluations show that fEEL is efficient and practical.
The Future of Imaging in Drug Discovery

The number of new chemical entities being registered by drug companies each year is declining, while at the same time, the number of new compounds, and thereby potential therapeutics, is increasing at an exponential rate. The need to demonstrate the safety, efficacy, and the “value” of these new compounds to a sophisticated pharmaceutical market, driven in turn by the forces of healthcare economics, make drug development difficult, resulting in a very lengthy and complex series of steps in the development of a drug. Many aspects of clinical pharmacology are more art than science, and detecting pharmacological effects at the level of living integrated systems is difficult. These challenges are most evident when developing new therapeutics for neuropsychiatric illnesses. We may at last be entering a postmonoamine era, exemplified by compounds such as NK-1 antagonists and metatropic glutamate receptor agonists. Such developments hold significant promise for the treatment of severe mental illness, while at the same time being confronted with completely unknown clinical pharmacologies. Functional imaging may not only be useful for the development of new CNS compounds, but it may in fact be essential for helping to define their clinical pharmacology. Several examples will be addressed that highlight the utility of functional imaging in the development of potentially new CNS drugs.
Metastaatilise neeruvähi süsteemne ravi

Eestis on neeruvahk suhteliselt sage pahaloomuline kasvaja, millesse haigestumine o kasvutendentsiga. Haiguse valjaravimise toenaosus soltub haiguse staadiumist ja kasva disseminatsiooni ulatusest. Metastaaside esinemine juba kasvaja diagnoosimisel voi nend kujunemine parast tuumornefrektoomiat halvendavad oluliselt prognoosi. Patsientide elue pikendamiseks otsitakse aktiivselt neeruvahi susteemse ravi uusi voimalusi. Artiklis on antud ulevaad susteemse ravi arengust ja hetkeseisust kaugelearenenud neeruvahi korral.