Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temperature Response from the Change of Surface Heat Flux and Vertical Diffusivity by Urbanization

A 1-D diffusion model of temperature is employed to understand important features of temperature response to the changes of surface heat flux (SHF) and vertical diffusivity shown in 3-D model simulations. Analytical results show that the temperature response to the SHF change is the convolution of the SHF change and Green’s function (GF). Because the GF is inversely proportional to the square root of diffusion coefficient near the surface, weak/strong diffusivity in the early morning/noontime tends to generate a large/small temperature response by slowing/accelerating heat flow from surface to the atmosphere. The modulation effect of the GF and the convolution effect explain very different temperature responses to the SHF change during each period. Analytical results also show that the temperature response to the change of DF is equal to the convolution of the product of diffusion coefficient change, vertical gradients of reference temperature and the GF. Because the vertical gradient of the GF is negative below 80 m, enhanced/reduced diffusivity would enhance/weaken the urban temperature, if the vertical gradient of reference temperature is negative/positive. Numerical results with typical values of the changes of SHF and diffusivity suggest that the changes of SHF has the dominant contribution to the temperature response.
The effects of fructose feeding on the quantal catecholamine release from adrenal chromaffin cells

The fructose-fed rat is an animal model of metabolic syndrome, which includes the development of hypertension. In other animal models of hypertension, an increase in the amount catecholamine released from chromaffin cells was reported. Employing carbon fibre amperometry, I tested the hypothesis that fructose feeding causes an increase in the amount of catecholamine released from individual adrenal chromaffin cells. When I stimulated chromaffin cells from fructose-fed rats with a non-selective acetylcholine agonist, they secreted more catecholamine than cells from age-matched control rats, although the amplitude of the rise in intracellular Ca 2+ (measured by fura-2) was not increased. Fructose feeding also increased the amount of catecholamine released from individual secretory granules. These changes in catecholamine release were not reproduced when the cells were stimulated by elevating the extracellular concentration of K + . My findings suggest that fructose feeding may alter the expression or function of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in chromaffin cells.
Chromosomes and Sex

accomplish this specialists have been allowed to concentrate their attention on a limited field of one or two cereals. The importance of practical trials, the use of hybridization, and some of the practical results are noted, as well as the fact that mutations do appear in cultivated plants; but the main point of the paper is the contribution made to the science of plant breeding by the method of pedigree culture originated at the Svalof station. -GEO. D. FULLER.
Nitrogen Fertilizers

The present report deals with the germination and polyembryony of Poa pratensis. One of the interesting features in the germination of this species is the development of numerous hairs on the coleorhiza, corresponding in origin and structure to ordinary root hairs. It is concluded that these coleorhiza hairs "serve as a unique device for putting the embryo in immediate contact with the soil water, and so tide it over the period required for the development of an absorbing root surface. " It is also concluded that the epiblast, with its associated structure, is a cotyledon, a confirmation of the recently developed views as to the origin of monocotyledony. The occurrence of polyembryony was studied, various types being noted, but the most common expression of it was the development of two or three embryos from a common massive suspensor. In some instances the egg did not function at all, and all the embryos arose from other sources. The conclusion is that polyembryony and other irregularities are usually associated with ovaries that have become abnormal as a result of the sting of insects which deposit their eggs in the ovary at various stages of its development. Just what the nature of the resulting stimulus is was not determined, but the possibility of changes of osmotic pressure is suggested. -J. M. C.
An ecomorphospace for the Ammonoidea

Abstract. The fossil conchs of ammonoids provide valuable information about the life habits of this extinct group. A new conch measurement, the apertural surface area (ASarea), is introduced here along with modeled sizes of the buccal mass and the hyponome, based on ratios of these organs in comparison with the aperture height from the Recent Nautilus pompilius. A principal components analysis was performed using the three main characters: (1) apertural surface area index (i.e., the ratio of the apertural surface and the conch diameter), (2) buccal mass area index (i.e., the ratio between the buccal mass area and the ASarea), and (3) coiling rate of the conch. It revealed an ecomorphospace where life history traits can be tentatively assigned to species of the Ammonoidea. In this morphospace, Recent Nautilus has a marginal position, being one of the ectocochleate cephalopods with best properties for active life (capacity for handling large food items, rather good mobility). In contrast, most ammonoids possessed, at comparable conch sizes, much smaller buccal apparatuses and hyponomes, suggesting a more passive life history with reduced mobility potential and reduced capacities for larger prey items.
Belief Revision and Relevance

A general criterion for the theory of belief revision is that when we revise a state of belief by a sentence A, as much of the old information as possible should be retained in the revised state of belief. The motivating idea in this paper is that if a belief B is irrelevant to A, then B should still be believed in the revised state. The problem is that the traditional definition of statistical relevance suffers from some serious shortcomings and cannot be used as a tool for defining belief revision processes. In particular, the traditional definition violates the requirement that if A is irrelevant to C and B is irrelevant to C, then A&B is irrelevant to C. In order to circumvent these drawbacks, I develop an amended notion of relevance which has the desired properties. On the basis of the new definition, I outline how it can be used to simplify a construction of a belief revision method.
Sharpness of the Midlithospheric Discontinuities and Craton Evolution in North China

The lithospheric layering and evolution of Archean cratons can be effectively constrained by seismic properties. We present fine‐scale lithospheric discontinuity images of the North China Craton (NCC) using the seismic daylight imaging (SDI) technique, which is also known as the autocorrelogram method. With the aid of large‐scale surface‐wave velocity models, the characters of autocorrelograms related to lithospheric discontinuities in the NCC are investigated. Spatial variation in discontinuity characteristics is revealed across the craton. In the modified/destroyed eastern NCC, both the midlithospheric discontinuity (MLD) and the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) are rather sharp (~2 km). Various dynamic processes, including juvenile underplating, asthenospheric upwelling, and corner flow induced by paleo‐Pacific Plate subduction, may contribute to such sharp interfaces. In the stable western NCC, P wave reflections cannot easily reveal the LAB, suggesting a diffuse (thicker than 30 km) lithosphere‐asthenosphere transition (LAT). Multiple MLDs are also found that may have arisen during craton formation and multiple phases of rejuvenation of the cratonic lithosphere as evidenced by the petrological results. The use of higher‐frequency data enables us to distinguish among the lithospheric discontinuity styles and favor multiple origins of the MLDs and LAB in the cratonic lithosphere.
Roles of the Environment in Plant Life-History Trade-offs

Variation in plant life-history and functional traits at betweenand within-species levels has key ecological consequences, in which environmental settings impose strong selective pressures and play a vital role throughout life cycles. Our general notion for plant life-history strategies may be that, relative to tall, long-lived plants, short-lived species have features of small stature, small-seededness, rapid growth, and low seedling survival (kversus r-selection). Rate of evolution may be an important agent of selection and annals evolve more rapidly than perennial congeners. These empirical observations prompt a suite of enticing questions, such as how do life-history traits interplay with functional trait at late stages of regeneration? what are the primary trade-offs in a cohort of key life-history traits that may have undergone stabilizing selection? and how do environmental filters differently affect adaptive trait variation in annuals and perennials? In this chapter, we intend to address aforementioned questions via assembling our updated knowledge with emphasis on seed mass and temporal and spatial dimensions of seed dispersal. Through such synthesis, we wish to raise awareness about life-history trade-offs and provide a holistic understanding of the extent to which climate change is likely to impact plant adaptation and eco-evolutionary trajectories of life-history phenotypes.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PERFORMANCES OF POLARIMETRIC TARGET DECOMPOSITIONS USING GB-SAR IMAGING

Ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GB-SAR) systems are mostly utilized to be practical practices in improved understanding of the complex mechanism of microwave backscattering. They also provide complementary information on evaluating the validity of the polarimetric analysis of air-borne or satellite-borne SAR applications. This study investigates some capabilities of polarimetric L-band GB-SAR imaging by testing its performance against a typical terrain and various kinds of manmade targets. Trihedral corner reflectors are also included in the analyses because of their importance in data calibration. Polarimetric backscattering signatures of different targets are analyzed in terms of qualitative assessment of amplitude images and identification and classification of scattering mechanisms through target decomposition techniques. The findings of these analyses and detailed discussions are presented. Specifically, the entropy/mean-alpha ((H/α )) classification results are shown to be capable of clearly identifying the dominant scattering mechanisms occurring within the investigated scene.
Mach reflection promoted by an upstream shock wave

Abstract Mach reflection subjected to the influence of an upstream shock wave from the same side is studied here. This situation occurs when two incident shock waves induced by a double wedge reflect at the same point of the reflecting surface and when the downstream incident shock wave is stronger than the upstream one. A shock polar analysis is used to show that this configuration produces an inverted Mach stem and a type IV shock interference between the Mach stem and the upstream shock wave. This shock interference produces a jet that divides the flow stream downstream of the Mach stem into two ducts with different sonic throats, thus complicating the mechanism by which the Mach stem size is determined. A transition analysis shows that the Mach reflection of the downstream shock wave is promoted by the upstream one. Computational fluid dynamics is used to assess the flow pattern anticipated by shock polar analysis and demonstrates how the heights of Mach stem and jet depend on the inflow Mach number and wedge turning angle.
Bound on the drag coefficient for a flat plate in a uniform flow

Abstract The background method has been a successful tool in obtaining strict bounds on global quantities such as the rate of energy dissipation and heat transfer in turbulent flows. However, all applications of this method until now have focused on flows confined between solid boundaries. An important class of problems that, by contrast, has received no attention is the class of external flows, i.e. flow past a body. In this context, obtaining the dependence of the drag coefficient on the Reynolds number is of crucial relevance for many engineering applications. In this paper, we consider the classical problem of flow past a flat plate of finite length at zero angle of incidence and use the background method to obtain a bound on the drag coefficient. Assuming a statistically steady state and appropriate far-field decay rates for the flow variables, we show that at large Reynolds numbers, the drag coefficient ($C_D$) is bounded by a constant, a bound that is within a logarithmic factor of experimental data.
TESTICULAR AND EPIDIDYMAL SPERM RESERVES OF HEAT STRESSED RABBITS FED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH BI-CARBONATE BUFFER, VITAMIN C AND BAOBAB FRUIT PULP MEAL

A total of twenty five (25) adult male rabbits were used to evaluate effect of heat stress on testicular and epididymal sperm reserves of rabbits treated with bi-carbonate buffer, vitamin C and baobab fruit pulp meal. The rabbits were randomly allotted into five treatment groups with five (5) rabbits per treatment in a completely randomized design. Rabbits in the first group (T1) was the control, animals in the treatment 2 (T2) and treatment 3 (T3) were fed diets as in the control and given potassium bi-carbonate (KHCO3) and sodium bi-carbonate (NaHCO3) buffer respectively. Rabbits in treatment 4 (T4) were fed diet containing synthetic vitamin C and the fifth group (T5) was fed diet containing Baobab Fruit Pulp Meal (BFPM). Feed and water were served ad libitum. Environmental readings such as Ambient Temperature (AT) and Relative Humidity (RH) of the rabbitry micro-climate was taken daily from February through June. The values were used to calculate temperature-humidity index (THI), an indicator of thermal comfort level for animals in an enclosure. The testicular and epididymal sperm reserves parameters monitored included the testicular and epididymal sperm volume and concentration respectively. It was found that the buffers and BFPM recorded a significantly (P<0.05) higher testicular and epididymal sperm reserves compared to the control.
GENETIC DISORDER ALZHEIMER

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), slowly continuous neurological disorder, mostly appears in older >65 age that deals with the memory loss due to death or damage of brain cells and cognitive functions (thinking, reasoning, and behavior abnormalities) due to the accumulation of the specific protein (beta-amyloid protein) which form plaque and fibers (tau tangles) in the brain. Not only the genetic factors are responsible but also most of the non-genetic factors are responsible for AD. Several mutations in the gene ( APP, APOE, PENS1, PENS2 on chromosome no. 21, 19, 14, 1) are responsible for causing four types of AD. Memory loss is most common sign of AD. Predisposing factors of AD are hereditary, severe brain injury or traumatic, and metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypercholesteremia, and obesity. Although treatment can manage some symptoms in few people, but there is no current mechanism to cure AD or stop its progression. Beta-secretase inhibitor molecule prevents the first step in a chain accumulation which leads to the formation of amyloid plaque in the brain. However, the scientist or researchers have established a compound NIC5-15 they have been found NIC5-15 has safe and effectual treatment which has been used to stabilize cognitive performance in patients with mild to moderate AD.
The Effects of Iron Supplementation and Fortification on the Gut Microbiota: A Review

Iron supplementation and fortification are used to treat iron deficiency, which is often associated with gastrointestinal conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Within the gut, commensal bacteria contribute to maintaining systemic iron homeostasis. Disturbances that lead to excess iron promote the replication and virulence of enteric pathogens. Consequently, research has been interested in better understanding the effects of iron supplementation and fortification on gut bacterial composition and overall gut health. While animal and human trials have shown seemingly conflicting results, these studies emphasize how numerous factors influence gut microbial composition. Understanding how different iron formulations and doses impact specific bacteria will improve the outcomes of iron supplementation and fortification in humans. Furthermore, discerning the nuances of iron supplementation and fortification will benefit subpopulations that currently do not respond well to treatment.
Molecular biology of host - influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) interactions and their relevance in the pathogenesis of influenza virus.

Influenza A virus (IAV) proteins interact with an array of cellular proteins and hijack host pathways which are at the helm of cellular responses to facilitate virus invasion. This thesis identifies host protein, RING finger protein 43 (RNF43), a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a novel interactor of nucleoprotein (NP) of IAV and an essential partner to induce NP-driven p53-mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in IAV-infected cells. This thesis describes a novel strategy adopted by IAV for utilizing the much conserved ubiquitin proteasomal pathway and also unravels a promising host target for antiviral intervention.
Association between root growth angle and root length density of a near-isogenic line of IR64 rice with DEEPER ROOTING 1 under different levels of soil compaction

Abstract DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1) of rice controls the gravitropic response of root growth angle. In order to clarify the effects of DRO1 on root growth angle and root length density under different soil resistance to penetration, and to quantify the relationship between root growth angle and root length density, we assessed the root growth of Dro1-NIL (a near-isogenic line homozygous for the Kinandang Patong allele of DRO1 in the IR64 background) under upland Andosol field conditions in Japan in 2013 and 2014. The trial included three levels of soil compaction (none, moderate, and hard). Root length density at a depth of 30 to 60 cm was largest in Kinandang Patong, followed by Dro1-NIL, and was least in IR64 in both years and in all compaction treatments. Root length density at this depth decreased with hard compaction (to 70% of control) and increased with moderate compaction (to 135%). The number of roots with a deep angle (i.e. 45° to 90° from the horizontal) measured by the basket method was similar at maximum tillering and maturity stages, and its value as a proportion of the total number of roots was strongly correlated with the root length density at 30 to 60 cm in both years, which demonstrates the importance of a deep root angle for the development of deep roots. Dro1-NIL had a higher proportion of deep roots than IR64, but the difference was small under hard compaction, with a significant genotype × compaction interaction.
Comparative Analysis and Phylogenetic Relationships between Populations of Commercially Important Jasminum sp. by Using RAPD Markers

In the present paper, genetic relationships of 32 varieties of jasmine belonging to four species, [Jasminum sambac (Linn.) Ait. , J. grandiflorum Linn. , J. auriculatum Vahl. , and J. multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andr. ] obtained from different locations in southern India are described on the basis of RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers. PCR-amplifiable DNA was isolated using the CTAB method and 169 amplified fragments were obtained using 8 random primers. The genetic dissimilarity matrix was calculated based on Squared Euclidian Distances, which revealed a maximum genetic distance of 56% between varieties, ‘Bale Japani’ and ‘Manamadhurai Mullai’, while the minimum genetic distance (8%) was between the varieties ‘Rameswaram Mallige’ and ‘Nilakottai Mallige’, belonging to the species (J. sambac). The Ward’s method of cluster analysis grouped all the individuals on the dendrogram into two major clusters ‘A’ and ‘B’ at 52 linkage distances. Cluster ‘A’ consisted of two varieties belonging to species J. multiflorum, clustered at 18 linkage distances. Cluster ‘B’ was segregated into two sub-clusters at 44 linkage distances with varieties of J. auriculatum in sub-cluster ‘B1’, and varieties of J. sambac and J. grandiflorum in sub-cluster ‘B2’ at 39 linkage distances. The present study showed low to moderate genetic diversity among the Jasminum sp. Thus RAPD has the potential for use in species identification and genetic relationships between taxa and species of jasmine for breeding programs.
Preemptive Analgesia with a Second Dose of Pregabalin, Acetaminophen, Naproxen, and Dextromethorphan: A Comparative Clinical Trial in Major Surgeries

Background Postoperative pain management can improve patients’ quality of life and decrease hospitalization rates. Preemptive analgesia may provide an effective approach for both pain control and opioid consumption decrease. A common approach for pain management after surgery is to relieve the pain that has already occurred. Objectives The aim of this clinical trial was to compare the preemptive analgesic effect of single-dose versus two-dose administration of pregabalin, acetaminophen, naproxen, and dextromethorphan (PAND) combination. Methods This study involved 60 patients who had undergone one surgery (including nephrectomy, cystectomy, prostatectomy, colectomy, Whipple, and RPLND). They were randomly divided into two groups: The first group received a single dose of PAND, while the other group received a second dose within 6 hours after discharge from recovery. Pain intensity was assessed by the Universal Pain Assessment Tool (UPAT) in both groups 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively. The postoperative morphine dose in both groups was also recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results Mean pain scores were significantly different between the two groups at 2, 12, 24, and 48 hours after surgery (P < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of opioid consumption (P < 0.001). The total opioid consumption in the second group (with the second administration of PAND) was lower than the first group. Conclusions Preemptive analgesia with a second dose of PAND is an effective method for reducing pain and morphine consumption after surgery.
Object Detection-Based License Plate Localization and Recognition in Complex Environments

Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) has made great progress, yet is still challenged by various factors in the real world, such as blurred or occluded plates, skewed camera angles, bad weather, and so on. Therefore, we propose a method that uses a cascade of object detection algorithms to accurately and speedily recognize plates’ contents. In our method, YOLOv3-Tiny, an end-to-end object detection network, is used to locate license plate areas, and YOLOv3 to recognize license plate characters. According to the type and position of the recognized characters, a logical judgment is made to obtain the license plate number. We applied our method to a truck weighing system and constructed a dataset called SM-ALPR, encapsulating pictures captured by this system. It is demonstrated by experiment and by comparison with two other methods applied to this dataset that our method can locate 99.51% of license plate areas in the images and recognize 99.02% of the characters on the plates while maintaining a higher running speed. Specifically, our method exhibits a better performance on challenging images that contain blurred plates, skewed angles, or accidental occlusion, or have been captured in bad weather or poor light, which implies its potential in more diversified practice scenarios.