Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A modelling study of hyporheic exchange pattern and the sequence, size, and spacing of stream bedforms in mountain stream networks, Oregon, USA

Studies of hyporheic exchange flows have identified physical features of channels that control exchange flow at the channel unit scale, namely slope breaks in the longitudinal profile of streams that generate subsurface head distributions. We recently completed a field study that suggested channel unit spacing in stream longitudinal profiles can be used to predict the spacing between zones of upwelling (flux of hyporheic water into the stream) and downwelling (flux of stream water into the hyporheic zone) in the beds of mountain streams. Here, we use two‐dimensional groundwater flow and particle tracking models to simulate vertical and longitudinal hyporheic exchange along the longitudinal axis of stream flow in second‐, third‐, and fourth‐order mountain stream reaches. Modelling allowed us to (1) represent visually the effect that the shape of the longitudinal profile has on the flow net beneath streambeds; (2) isolate channel unit sequence and spacing as individual factors controlling the depth that stream water penetrates the hyporheic zone and the length of upwelling and downwelling zones; (3) evaluate the degree to which the effects of regular patterns in bedform size and sequence are masked by irregularities in real streams. We simulated hyporheic exchange in two sets of idealized stream reaches and one set of observed stream reaches. Idealized profiles were constructed using regression equations relating channel form to basin area. The size and length of channel units (step size, pool length, etc.) increased with increasing stream order. Simulations of hyporheic exchange flows in these reaches suggested that upwelling lengths increased (from 2·7 m to 7·6 m), and downwelling lengths increased (from 2·9 m to 6·0 m) with increase in stream order from second to fourth order. Step spacing in the idealized reaches increased from 5·3 m to 13·7 m as stream size increased from second to fourth order. Simulated downwelling lengths increased from 4·3 m in second‐order streams to 9·7 m in fourth‐order streams with a POOL–RIFFLE–STEP channel unit sequence, and increased from 2·5 m to 6·1 m from second‐ to fourth‐order streams with a POOL–STEP–RIFFLE channel unit sequence. Upwelling lengths also increased with stream order in these idealized channels. Our results suggest that channel unit spacing, size, and sequence are all important in determining hyporheic exchange patterns of upwelling and downwelling. Though irregularities in the size and spacing of bedforms caused flow nets to be much more complex in surveyed stream reaches than in idealized stream reaches, similar trends emerged relating the average geomorphic wavelength to the average hyporheic wavelength in both surveyed and idealized reaches. This article replaces a previously published version (Hydrological Processes, 19(17), 2915–2929 (2005) [DOI:10.1002/hyp.5790]. See also retraction notice DOI:10.1002/hyp.6350 Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Analysis of the Recognition and Response Behaviours of Evacuees of WTC1 on 9/11

The terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre (WTC) in New York 2001 resulted in one of the largest full-scale evacuations of high rise buildings in modern times. The survivors’ evacuation experiences provide valuable insights into the factors which influence egress in a rapidly changing high-rise building environment. Primary factors contributing to deaths from any fire is the delay in warning the occupants and the extended time lapses before escape movement actually commences. The primary focus of this paper is in relation to the recognition and response phases of a sample of 126 occupants of WTC1 on 9/11. It includes analysis of the cues received by evacuees and their subsequent response activities. The inter-relationships between these and other potential influencing factors including perception of risk, location within WTC1, prior evacuation experience (1993 evacuation) and individuals’ roles and responsibilities are also explored. The results indicate that occupants performed many different activities, with evidence of differences in the activities of occupants on the upper, middle and lower floor clusters. The results also indicate a link between risk perception and the likelihood of performing certain activities, e.g., collecting belongings.
Influence of the natural setting on environmental education outcomes

Abstract Environmental education (EE) typically occurs in natural settings, which research suggests may enhance learning outcomes. Although field trips are commonly used to teach EE, few studies have isolated the influence of different setting characteristics for enhancing participant outcomes during an EE field trip. According to the literature, certain attributes of the natural setting, including novelty, beauty, and naturalness, as well as how the setting is used such as through place-based education, immersion, and time spent inside vs. outside, are thought to positively impact people’s experiences with nature. In this study, we collected data from 334 EE field trip programs for 5-8th grade students to investigate the influence of these natural setting characteristics on positive learning outcomes. Results suggest that the naturalness and novelty of the setting, the use of place-based education, and spending more time outside vs. inside all positively correlated with more positive student outcomes. The implications of the results for environmental educators are discussed.
An Innovative Ultra Wideband Microstrip Phase Shifter Based on the LANGE Coupler

The method presented in this paper is beased on coupled line in the standard schiffman phase shifters structure and replace it with lange coupler. To having a wider bandwidth, the stronger coupling is required. One way to achieve strong coupling is using of the parallel coupled lines that this property exist in the lange coupler. So this paper discusses the design of fixed broadband phase shifter by using the lange coupler and a novel phase shifters will be introduced according to the standard schiffman phase shifters. Finally optimal parameters to achieve the desired performance will be shown.
A VIRTUALIZED

Since for most students, learning dramatically improves with hands-on experience, a good networking lab is an asset for teaching networks. However, building such a lab is usually a challenge. It requires costly equipment and ﬂexible conﬁgurations that are often not compatible with the campus network. In this paper, we describe how we designed a network teaching lab based on virtual machines connected on a virtual network. An instructor can create a virtual network and make it available to students. Students can conﬁgure the network and run experiments as instructed. When the task is complete, the students can submit the result of their work.
Impact of bacteria and yeast with probiotic properties on performance, digestibility, health status and gut environment of growing pigs in Vietnam

This thesis aimed to evaluate the effects of six lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains and Bacillus subtilis H4, Saccharomyces boulardii Sb, and a microbial enzyme mixture, supplemented to basal diets on the performance, diet digestibility, health status, and gut environment of growing pigs under Vietnamese conditions. The results showed that three different 3-strain-LAB complexes, comprising combinations of Enterococcus faecium 6H2, Lactobacillus acidophilus C3, Pediococcus pentosaceus D7, L. plantarum 1K8 and L. plantarum 3K2 improved performance, digestibility, health status and gut environment of the LAB-supplemented piglets in the first two weeks post-weaning (Per I), but not in the following 3 weeks (Per II). Adding an LAB strain (L. fermentum NC1) alone or combined with the Bacillus, or combined with a Bacillus and yeast complex, to a 3-strain-LAB complex showed improvements in the performance, diet digestibility, health status and gut environment of the probiotics-supplemented piglets in both Per I and II. The inclusion of Bacillus resulted in higher nutrient digestibility, and the addition of Saccharomyces showed improvements in the scouring scores of the piglets. Supplementation with either a microbial enzyme mixture alone or a combination of a 3-strain-LAB complex and yeast in a weaner diet improved the performance and diet digestibility in piglets in Per I. In Per II, no changes in performance or digestibility were found in enzymes-fed piglets, while improved performance and diet digestibility were obtained in piglets fed the LAB-yeast diet. There was lack of response of piglets to this enzyme mixture when these enzymes were supplemented to the diet that contained the complex of LAB and yeast in both Per I and II. Dietary supplementation with the combination of Bacillus, Saccharomyces and 4-strain-LAB complex had positive effects on performance and digestibility in grower pigs, but not in finisher pigs, while supplementation with the Bacillus alone or combined with Saccharomyces did not affect the performance and digestibility in grower and finisher pigs. The results of these studies suggest that combinations of suitable strains of Bacillus, Saccharomyces and LAB can be used as an alternative to antibiotic feed additives in pig production under the conditions of Vietnam.
Strategic Evaluation Utilization in the Canadian Federal Government

Abstract Given the potential of the federal program evaluation function to inform decision-making at the highest levels of government, this project sought to investigate the nature and extent to which program evaluation findings are used as part of spending reviews and other reallocation exercises in selected government organizations. The multiple case study design used in this investigation included a qualitative content analysis of evaluation reports published between 2010 and 2013 as well as a series of key informant interviews conducted with evaluation staff and program managers. The findings show very little evidence of strategic evaluation utilization by organizational leaders; this is thought to be due to a few key factors: a) the requirements of the Policy on Evaluation (2009) that was in effect at the time of the study; b) the program-level focus of the evaluations; and c) the public nature of the evaluation reports. L’etude presentee dans cet article avait pour but d’examiner l’utilisation des evaluations federales lors des exercices de revision budgetaire et de reaffectation des ressources financieres au gouvernement federal. Notre etude de cas multiples comprenait a la fois une analyse de contenu qualitative de rapports d’evaluation publies entre 2010 et 2013 ainsi que des entretiens semi-diriges aupres d’evaluateurs et de gestionnaires de programmes. Nos resultats demontrent qu’en general, les evaluations n’ont pas servi a la prise de decisions strategiques par la haute direction. Nous croyons que trois elements sont en cause : a) les exigences de la Politique sur l’evaluation (2009) en vigueur pendant notre etude ; b) la portee des evaluations federales, qui ont tendance a evaluer un seul programme ; et c) la diffusion publique des rapports d’evaluation.
Elements of organizational communication

The organizational communication represents an arbitrated process in which the message is sent to the organization through a planning process and development strategy. The concept of communication has the role to make the connection between people. Human relations are in fact organizational communication interaction; they represent a universal concept because everything in the world is communicated. In a global setting, the information can be common, but also they can adapt in function of the immediate reality. One of the effects of the mass media is to develop the human relations and cultural relations by creating a connection between the members of different community. Communication is an essential condition in human evolution. A communication interaction generates significances, but any human behavior can be seen as an intentional act. A man’s experience of many types of interactions represents his personal system (with subjective preferences and objective preferences). The interaction is a complex system and is represented by the state of homeostasis. Social interaction assumes a communication interaction with social-organizational facts: any actions is based on an idea and express the communication idea.
Introduction of the special issue “Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases”

For reprints contact: service@oaepublish.com Atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic diseases remain the problem number one of current medicine and health care being the cause of myocardial infarction, stroke, sudden death, and other common causes of mortality and disability. Atherosclerotic diseases account for more than 50% of total mortality in industrialized societies. Atherosclerotic lesion development has a long asymptomatic phase. Therefore, in many cases, the first clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis appear when the lesion is already well developed causing significant narrowing of the vascular lumen. Current treatment of atherosclerosis is mainly symptomatic and does not affect the atherosclerotic lesion per se. Frequently, symptomatic therapy that improves the state of the patient even provokes further development of atherosclerosis. Unfortunately, direct anti-atherosclerotic therapy aimed at regression of atherosclerotic plaques remains to be developed. Such development should become a major goal of modern medicine and pharmaceutical industry, taking into account the burden and clinical significance of the disease.
Ultra-sensitive Transition-edge Sensors for Far- Infrared Spectroscopy on SPICA

We report progress in the fabrication of low-thermal conductance (G) transition-edge sensors (TESs) for SPICA. The TESs are silicon-nitride (Si-N) micro-mesh bolometers patterned into grid absorbers suspended by thin support beams. We are prototyping TESs for the Background Limited Far- Infrared Sub-millimeter Spectrograph (BLISS) far-infrared (IR) grating spectrometer, for which the photon-noise-limited noise-equivalent power (NEP) goal is 3×10 -20 W/Hz 1/2 and the NEP requirement is 10 -19 W/Hz 1/2 . The NEP sets the thermal conductivity (G) for a 65 mK operating temperature to be G=4fW/K for the NEP goal and G=45fW/K for the NEP requirement. We report measurements of our progress toward meeting the requirement and goal G values. Additionally, BLISS requires the TESs to be sufficiently fast with an effective response time of ! eff " 100ms. For the NEP requirement and G=45fW/K, the heat capacity (C) of the TES absorbers should be on the order of 10fJ/K, which we demonstrate here. In addition to building TESs and TES absorbers and support beams for BLISS, we can also manufacture TES absorbers and support beams suitable for the SpicA FAR-infrared Instrument (SAFARI). We investigate the effect of a dry XeF 2 etch versus a wet KOH etch on the C and G properties of BLISS-like and SAFARI-like absorbers and support beams.
Spatio-temporal analyses of formaldehyde over Pakistan by using SCIAMACHY and GOME-2 observations

ABSTRACTThis study primarily focuses on monitoring of tropospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) column densities over Pakistan during the time period of year 2003 to 2012. Observations from two satellite instruments SCIAMACHY (Scanning imaging absorption spectrometer for atmospheric chartography, on-board ENVISAT-1) and GOME-2 (Global ozone monitoring experiment, on-board Metop-A) were used. Spatial and temporal distributions of HCHO column densities over Pakistan are analysed. Spatial maps were generated in order to see the distribution of HCHO and to identify major hotspots across the country. Seasonal cycle of HCHO over all provinces of Pakistan showed the summer maximum attributed to increase in biogenic emissions and biomass burning activities. Further emphasis was made on source identification of HCHO emissions. It revealed that agriculture fires and extensive use of compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel also contribute to tropospheric HCHO in Pakistan. World fire atlas data from along track scanning radiometer (ATSR) was used to identify effect of agriculture waste burning on HCHO concentration in Pakistan. Significant correlation was observed between agricultural fires and increased HCHO column densities.
Impaired explicit processing of musical syntax and tonality in a group of Mandarin-speaking congenital amusics

We examined explicit processing of musical syntax and tonality in a group of Han Chinese Mandarin speakers with congenital amusia, and the extent to which pitch discrimination impairments were associated with syntax and tonality processing. In Experiment 1, we assessed whether congenital amusia is associated with impaired explicit processing of musical syntax. Congruity ratings were examined for syntactically regular or irregular endings in harmonic and melodic contexts. Unlike controls, amusic participants failed to explicitly distinguish regular from irregular endings in both contexts. Surprisingly, however, a concurrent manipulation of pitch distance did not affect the processing of musical syntax for amusics, and their impaired music-syntactic processing was uncorrelated with their pitch discrimination thresholds. In Experiment 2, we assessed tonality perception using a probe-tone paradigm. Recovery of the tonal hierarchy was less evident for the amusic group than for the control group, and this reduced sensitivity to tonality in amusia was also unrelated to poor pitch discrimination. These findings support the view that music structure is processed by cognitive and neural resources that operate independently of pitch discrimination, and that these resources are impaired in explicit judgments for individuals with congenital amusia.
Characteristics and in Vitro Fertilization Ability of Ram Spermatozoa: Comparison of Epididymal and Ejaculated Spermatozoa

The characteristics and in vitro fertilization (IVF) ability of ram spermatozoa collected from cauda epididymal was examined. Ejaculated spermatozoa was used as control group in this experiment. Characteristics of spermatozoa including the percentage of progressive motility, viability, abnormality and membrane integrity were evaluated before and after freezing. Fertilization ability of post�thawed spermatozoa in both group was examined based on the pronucleus formation after IVF of in vitro matured (IVM) oocytes. Results from these study showed that there were no significant differences in the characteristics between cauda epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa before freezing. After freezing, motility of ejaculated spermatozoa was higher than epididymal spermatozoa (��.�����.����� vs ��.����.����), however the membrane integrity of epididymal spermatozoa was higher than ejaculated spermatozoa (��.����.����� vs ��.�����.����) (P��.��). The experiment revealed that the ability of post� thawed epididymal spermatozoa to fertilize oocytes (��.����, ���.����, ��.����� for total, normal and polysperm, respectively) did not differ from that of ejaculated spermatozoa (66.67%, 48.78%, 17.89% for total, normal and polysperm, respectively). These results indicate that ram spermatozoa collected from cauda epididymal and then frozen have the ability to fertilize ram ooctyes in vitro in the similar rate with ejaculated spermatozoa.
Adaptable metasurface for dynamic anomalous reflection

In this paper, we demonstrate an adaptable metasurface with a periodic array of liquid-metal ring-shaped resonators. Its optical properties can be dynamically controlled by individually reconfiguring the geometry (shape and orientation) of the resonators. For the proof of concept, by tailoring the phase profile of the scattered electromagnetic wave, a dynamic anomalous reflection is demonstrated, whereby the reflection angle is fixed at −45° for three different normal incident frequencies of 10.5, 12, and 14 GHz. The demonstrated adaptable metasurfaces pave a way for promising applications in multi-frequency tracking radar systems and broadband scanning systems.
The removal of the textile basic dye from the water solution by using natural zeolite

The use of natural zeolite for elimination of the textile basic dye from the water solution was researched in this paper. The practical simulation of purification of waste water from the textile industry was done. Zeolite was characterized by physical and chemical analysis. SiO2 dominates the chemical structure of the adsorbent, followed by: Al2O3, CaO, Fe2O3, K2O. The used natural adsorbent – zeolite is a relatively fine bulk material with heterogenic porous particles, generally smaller than 45 μm. The effect of the initial dye concentration, pH and mixing time was investigated. In lower concentrations, the percentage of the removed dye is higher, but generally observed, a larger amount od dye is absorbed onto zeolite at higher initial concentrations. Longer adsorption time with a higher initial concentration results in a larger amount of the dye adsorbed by the adsorbent. The results confirm that all varied input parameters influence the efficiency of the basic dye adsorption and that the used natural zeolite, as adsorbent, has fulfilled the expectations considering the dye level after adsorption (the amount of the removed dye >82% at pH 4).
Common codes for situated interaction

A common code for integrating perceptions and actions was relevant for simple behavioral guidance well before the evolution of cognitive abilities. We review proposals that representation of to-be-produced events played important roles in early behavior, and evidence that the neural mechanisms supporting such rudimentary sensory predictions have been elaborated through evolution to support the cognitive codes addressed
Long-term dependence of popular and neglected stocks

In this study, we establish a connection between the levels of market attentions of a stock with its long memory features. We construct two portfolios of US equities based on previous studies’ criteria for neglected and popular stocks and measure the degrees of persistence for their daily returns from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2007. We find that all stocks except for one display anti-persistence in the neglect portfolio while the popular portfolio stocks uniformly display random-walk returns. This result suggests that there is a connection between the persistence features of stock return series and the levels of ‘neglect’ of stocks. We use book to market ratio, analyst coverage and transaction frictions to classify the levels of market neglect of stocks. Based on our study, while these criteria combined appear to contribute to the long memory features of daily returns of stocks, we also suspect the presence of other factors driving the persistence of stock returns.