Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ETORICOXIB-LOADED SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE DOSAGE FORM: FORMULATION, OPTIMIZATION, CHARACTERIZATION, STABILITY STUDYAND IN-VITRO IN-VIVO EVALUATION

Objective: The aim of present research work is to increase the bioavailability of poorly water soluble drug etoricoxib by developing s olid lipid nanoparticle (SLN). Due to their unique size dependent properties, lipid nanoparticles offer the possibility to develop new therapeutics and enhance the bioavailability. Methods: An aqueous-based etoricoxib loaded solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by hot and high speed homogenization technique, using different ratio of stearic acid and tripalmitin as lipid and different amount of pluronic F-68 as emulsifier. Optimization was done by surface response methodology (SRM) technique. The formulations are charecterised by drug content, drug entrapment efficiency, particle size and zea potential determination, SEM etc and evaluated by pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and stability study. Results: Particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency and drug release were found 499.20 nm, 72% and 98.36% simultaneously, for selected optimized formulations. Zeta potential and span of optimized formulation found to be within the range of+34.2±0.9 and 0.29. in-vivo studies shows that pain reaction time (PRT) has increased from 6.2±0.42 to 8.45±0.19 second. Pharmacokinetic study shows an increasing remarkable result for C max which one is increased from 6274.290 μg ml −1 h to 8558.134 μg ml −1 h when compared with the standard formulation and for AUC it has been observed from 94202.963 mg. h. l -1 to 124310.201 mg. h. l -1 Conclusion: Development of SLN formulations could be a better approach to increase the bioavailability of poorly water soluble drug like etoricoxib.
Effects of Phytobiotics on the Performance of Broilers

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of phytobbiotics on the performance of broilers. Four thousand broiler chicks were divided in to eight equal groups. The birds from group 1 received control diet and group 2 received diet with antibiotic growth promoter BMD (Bacitracin methylene disalicylate 10%) @ 200 g /ton of feed. The birds from group 3 to 7 received diets with phytogenic blend 3 @ 125 g/ton, phytogenic blend 4@125 g/ton, phytogenic blend 5 @ 1000 g/ton, phytogenic blend 6 @ 1000 g/ton, and phytogenic blend 7 @ 125 g/ton, respectively. The birds from Group 8 received diet containing phytogenic blend-8 @ 125 g/ ton for prestarter and starter and @ 80 g/ton for finisher birds throughout the experimental period. Final live weight of control group was significantly lower than all other groups. It is also observed that the birds receving phytogenic blends 5 and 7 (Gr.5 and 7) recorded significantly higher live weights as compared to those receiving BMD (Gr.2). However, the average weekly live weights of the birds receiving various phytogenic blends did not differ significantly among them. Non-significant effect of feed treatments was observed on gain in weight, total feed consumption and feed conversion ratios of birds from various groups. Supplementation of different phytobiotic combination in broiler diets helped to fetch more profits. All the treatment groups were having lesser mean TVC (Total Viable Count) as compared to control although difference was non- significant. Hence it is concluded that supplementation of phytobiotic is beneficial for better growth response by birds in terms of final live weights, gain in weights, better feed conversion, controlling the gut micro flora and higher net profits at the end of sixth week.
Parental energy expenditure in relation to manipulated brood size in the European kestrel Falco tinnunculus

Parental daily energy expenditure (DEE(par)) of European kestrels Falco tinnunculus with manipulated brood sizes was measured with the doubly labelled water (DLW) method. The reproductive output of the experimental broods increased with brood size. DEE(par) was positively associated with the number of young that were added to the brood, while no association with original brood size could be established. The average level of DEE(par) did not differ between the sexes, but female DEE(par) increased with age of the brood, whereas male DEE(par) was not affected by age of the brood. Other potentially important effects on DEE(par) were examined, such as environmental factors (wind speed, rainfall, and ambient temperature), characteristics of experimental nests (laying date, mortality), and characteristics of experimental individuals (body mass). None of the tested factors contributed significantly to the explained variance in DEE(par). The negative association of DEE(par) and local survival rate of experimental parent birds is the first observed direct link between parental energy expenditure and fitness costs. We discuss potential causes of fitness costs as a result of hard work.
A biochemical and proteomic analysis of sugargraze sorghum under hyperosmotic stress

II DECLARATION . IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . V LIST OF TABLES . VI LIST OF FIGURES . VII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . IX TABLE OF CONTENTS . XVI LITERATURE REVIEW . 1 1.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF CEREAL CROPS . 1 1.2 SORGHUM AS A CEREAL CROP . 1 1.2. 1 Origin and use . 2 1.2. 2 Nutritional value of sorghum . 3 1.2. 3 Sweet sorghum . 3 1.2. 3.1 Sugargraze as a sweet sorghum variety . 5 1.3 THE INFLUENCE OF ABIOTIC STRESS ON PLANTS. 5 1.3.1 Drought . 6 1.3. 2 Salinity . 7 1.4 STRESS-INDUCED ROS PRODUCTION IN PLANTS . 7 1.5 MECHANISMS OF ROS SCAVENGING IN PLANTS . 8 1.5. 1 Enzymatic scavenging of ROS in plants . 9 1.5. 1.1 Superoxide Dismutase . 9 1.5. 1.2 Ascorbate peroxidase . 11 1.5. 1.3 Catalase . 11 1.5. 1.4 Glutathione Peroxidase . 12
Innate Immune Recognition of RNA-virus infection in human macrophages

8 Tiivistelma 10 Abbreviations and a mini-glossary 12 Original publications 17 Review of the literature 18 1. Innate immunity: the primary sensor of "self" and "non-self" 18 1.1. Cells of the innate immunity 18 1.1.1 Professional phagocytes and antigen presenting cells (APCs) 20 1.2. Activation of innate immunity by pathogenic microbes: pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) 21 1.2.1. Viral PAMPs 22 1.2.1.1. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) 23 1.3. Activation of innate immunity by endogenous host molecules: danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) 25 1.4. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) 25 1.4. 1. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 26 1.4. 1.1. Nucleic acid-sensing TLRs in viral recognition 28 1.4. 2. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) -like receptors (RLRs) 28 1.4. 2.1 RNA recognition of RIG-I and MDA-5 29 1.4. 3. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and inflammasomes 31 1.4. 3.1. NLRP3-inflammasome 32 1.4. 3.2. Inflammasomes in virus recognition 33 1.5. Other dsRNA-activated effector proteins of the innate immunity 34 1.5. 1. Double-stranded RNA-activated Protein kinase (PKR) 34 1.5. 2. 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2'-5'OAS) and ribonuclease-L (RNAseL) system 34 1.5. 3. Mx protein A (MxA) 35 2. Innate immune responses against viruses 35 2.1. Antiviral cytokine response: Interferons (IFNs) 35 2.1.1. Systemic and context-specific effects of IFN-/ 36 2.1.2. Induction of IFN-/: two phases 37 2.1.3.1 IFN-/ production mediated through TLRs 38 2.1.3.2 IFN-/ production mediated through RLRs 39 2.2. Virus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine response 40 2.2.1. IL-1 family of pro-inflammatory cytokines 41 2.2.2. Systemic effects of IL-1 and IL-18 42 2.2. 3. Production of IL-1 and IL-18: two phases 43
Trunk window trapping: an effective technique for sampling tropical saproxylic beetles.

Three techniques for trapping saproxylic (dead wood associated) beetles are compared, based on a study in an old-growth Australian lowland tropical rainforest. Trunk window traps, which are small flight intercept traps mounted on the sides of dead trees, are the most efficient, and are highly recommended for studies where high between-trap variability is not a major concern. Ground-based flight intercept traps collect fewer species, and sample a different, perhaps less substrate-specific, set of species. They are, however, useful for between-site comparisons since they have lower between-trap variability. Both techniques are cheap and simple to operate. Log emergence traps are the least efficient and their cost in time, effort and expense is high. They do, however, sample a few cryptic species not readily sampled by other means. All three techniques would be desirable for a comprehensive survey, but given time/cost constraints, trunk window traps alone are recommended. Despite a combined sampling intensity in this study equivalent to18 trap-years, the yield of 329 species from 59 traps may represent little more than half of the species potentially sampleable by these means. Thus whichever method is chosen, and whatever the objective, it is advisable to operate multiple traps continuously over several months during the season of insect activity.
Effects of Escherichia coli infection and Eimeria tenella invasion on blood concentrations of some positive acute phase proteins (haptoglobin (PIT 54), fibrinogen and ceruloplasmin) in chickens.

Les enteropathogenes E. coli et E. tenella sont des infections communes du tractus gastro-intestinal chez les poulets. Cette etude a ete conduite dans le but de mettre en evidence des variations des concentrations circulantes d'une proteine voisine de l'haptoglobine, PIT 54, de la ceruloplasmine et du fibrinogene lors d'infections separees ou combinees par E. coli et E. tenella. Au total, 40 poulets d'elevage Cobb 500 ont ete aleatoirement repartis en 4 groupes egaux en fonction des modalites d'infection: un 1er groupe d'oiseaux de 12 jours a ete oralement infecte par des oocystes d'E. tenella (8.10 4 ), un 2 eme groupe a ete inocule par voie intraperitoneale par le serotype 078 d'E. coli (10 7 cfu) lorsque les poussins etaient âges de 16 jours, les oiseaux du 3 eme groupe ont doublement ete infectes par E. tenella a 12 jours et E. coli a 16 jours alors que le dernier groupe a servi de temoin negatif. Les echantillons plasmatiques ont ete recueillis chez tous les oiseaux lorsqu'ils etaient âges de 20 jours. Les concentrations plasmatiques des 3 marqueurs biochimiques ont ete considerablement augmentees chez les oiseaux infectes par E. coli seul ou en association avec E. tenella (par comparaison avec les controles: P < 0.001). Les poussins traites seulement par Eimeria ont aussi presente des augmentations significatives mais plus moderees que precedemment des concentrations plasmatiques de ceruloplasmine et de fibrinogene (P < 0.001) alors que les concentrations en PIT 54 n'ont pas varie de facon significative dans ce groupe, bien qu'elles tendissent a etre plus elevees que dans le groupe controle non infecte. De plus, une correlation positive (r = 0.56, P < 0.05) a ete observee entre les concentrations en haptoglobine et en ceruloplasmine chez tous les oiseaux inocules par Eimeria (infection separee ou combinee). Ces resultats montrent que la ceruloplasmine, le fibrinogene et PIT 54 a un moindre degre sont des proteines positives majeures de la phase aigue chez les poussins souffrant d'une inflammation d'origine infectieuse. Ils suggerent aussi que l'intensite de la phase aigue depend beaucoup de l'origine de l'inflammation.
Effect of cadmium on plant biomass and cadmium accumulation in amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor) cultivars

An experiment was conducted during 2006–08 to find out the effect of cadmium on plant growth and its accumulation in different amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.) varieties. Three amaranthus cultivars, namely Local, ‘Arka Arunima’ and ‘Arka Suguna’ were evaluated for their Cd tolerance and accumulating capacity in greenhouse on sandy loam soil. Variable levels of Cd were created through the application of CdCl2 @ 0 (control), 50, 100 and 200 mg Cd/kg soil. Fresh and dry biomass yield of shoots and roots in all the cultivars decreased with increased Cd levels. The relative reduction in fresh biomass yield of cultivar followed the order: Local> ‘Arka Suguna’> ‘Arka Arunima’. Significant reduction in the biomass of Local was recorded at applied Cd level of 50 mg/kg where as percentage reduction in biomass was lower in ‘Arka Arunima’. The Cd content of foliage increased with increase in soil Cd levels in all the cultivars. However, the concentration of Cd in ‘Arka Arunima’ was highest at all levels of applied Cd . This cultivar accumulated 43.5% more Cd than that in Local and 25.8% more Cd than that in ‘Arka Suguna’ at soil Cd level of 50.0 mg/kg. At highest soil applied Cd level of 200 mg/kg the Cd concentration in ‘Arka Arunima’ was 16.3 and 13.7% more than that in Local and ‘Arka Suguna’ respectively. Local cultivar accumulated relatively lower levels of Cd and this cultivar can be preferred for cultivation in high Cd soils.
The Role of Adaptive Stress Responses in HIV Replication and Macrophage-Mediated Neurotoxicity

Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infection promotes cognitive dysfunction and neurodegeneration through persistent inflammation and neurotoxin release from infected and/or activated macrophages. Inflammation and immune activation within both the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery correlate with disease progression and morbidity in ART-treated individuals. Accordingly, drugs targeting these pathological processes are needed for effective, adjunctive therapy. Using our in vitro model of HIV-mediated neurotoxicity, in which HIV infected monocyte-derived macrophages (HIV/MDM) release excitatory neurotoxins, we demonstrate that HIV infection dysregulates adaptive stress responses, including the antioxidant response and the unfolded protein response (UPR). HIV infected macrophages have dramatic reductions in heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels. Activation of the antioxidant response attenuates HIV replication and restoration of HO-1 expression, specifically, reduces neurotoxin release from HIV/MDM, even with robust HIV replication. We propose that dysregulation of the antioxidant response during HIV infection drives macrophage-mediated neurotoxicity and that pharmacological inducers of the antioxidant response could serve as adjunctive neuroprotectants and HIV disease modifiers in ART-treated individuals. Additionally, we found that HIV infection activates the UPR in macrophages, increasing phosphorylated eIF2α in our in vitro system and macrophagic BiP in HAND frontal cortex. Pharmacological induction of the UPR, which attenuates viral replication, enhances macrophage-mediated neurotoxicity. Therefore, processes that induce the UPR in macrophages may enhance neurotoxin production and contribute to pathological processes underlying HAND. Understanding how HIV infection affects adaptive stress responses and neurotoxin production pathways in the macrophage will improve our ability to develop effective adjunctive therapies for the neurological consequences of HIV infection. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Neuroscience First Advisor Dennis L. Kolson
Rekonstruktion der Absenkungsgeschichte des Argentinischen Kontinentalrands

Sedimentary basins represent geological archives. Accordingly, 3D basin models that integrate geological and geophysical observations can be used to reproduce not only their present-day structural configuration and distribution of physical properties, but also their evolution including the subsidence history. For example, the thickness of deposited sediments reflects the amount of subsidence caused by the sediment load. The corresponding load-dependent vertical movements (called isostatic subsidence) can be sequentially subtracted from the total subsidence in order to reconstruct past depth configurations. Another aspect of basin subsidence is caused by thermal processes that can also be approximated by studying the present-day basin configuration. If the basin formation is related to lithospheric stretching and thinning, it initially involves a thermal disturbance due to which the geothermal gradient is increased by an amount depending on the observed strain. After stretching has ceased, the lithosphere starts cooling down and approaches a thermal equilibrium. This cooling process is accompanied by an increase in rock density and related thermal subsidence, which can also be assessed. By calculating the two subsidence components for certain stratigraphic intervals, the corresponding temporal changes in water depths (paleobathymetries) can be reconstructed for our understanding of subsidence dynamics. This research methodology was applied to the conjugate passive continental margins of Africa and Argentina in order to analyse and compare the evolution of sedimentary basins after the formation of the South Atlantic. This study mainly focussed on the Argentinian Colorado Basin because of its complex evolution and economic resource potential.
Organic pig meat production

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the influence of dietary amino acid levels in a low-energy diet provided ad libitum on performance, carcass quality, behaviour and health of organic growing/finishing pigs in outdoor and indoor production systems. 192 piglets born outdoors were transferred to either a pen indoors (I) or a pasture outdoors (O). The pigs were allocated to six treatments (IR, IR-7, IR-14 and OR, OR-7, OR-14) with diets containing different amino acid levels. R was in accordance with the Swedish norm, R-7 and R-14 contained 7 and 14% lower levels than the norm. The aim was also to determine whether additional roughage and access to outdoor areas affect activity behaviour and reduce aggression level among organic growing/finishing pigs. A total of 515 pigs in indoor housing systems with access to concrete outdoor runs were studied. The pigs were allocated to either a control treatment or one of three treatments with access to additional roughages in the outdoor run: hay, grass silage or whole crop barley silage. Furthermore, the objective was to provide data on nutritional properties of some alternative organic protein feed resources. A 4-period changeover digestibility trial included pigs fitted with a post valve t-caecum cannula. The dietary treatments were faba bean and cake from hempseed, linseed and rapeseed. The results showed that production system, rather than dietary amino acid level, affected pig performance and carcass quality and that pigs seem able to tolerate lower amino acid levels than the Swedish norm if fed ad libitum. The prevalence of erysipelas infections was higher in outdoor pigs and Ascaris suum infections were present in both production systems. Access to roughage and outdoor areas allowed pigs to express highly motivated natural behaviours, such as foraging, rooting and exploring, which generally resulted in a higher activity level. Roughage played an important role in occupying the pigs and reduced aggressions between the pigs. The alternative protein feed resources had satisfactory digestibility values and might have the potential to be used to a greater extent in the formulation of organic pig diets.
The Global Invasive Species Database

Invasive gebietsfremde Arten verursachen okologische und okonomische Auswirkungen auf der ganzen Welt. Die Datenverfugbarkeit zum Ausmas der Auswirkungen von biologischen Invasionen weltweit hat sich in den letzten Jahren stark verbessert. Vor allem durch die Erstellung von grosen Datenbanken, wie der Global Invasive Species-Datenbank (GISD). Es ist jedoch noch unklar, wie sich diese Auswirkungen geographisch, klimatisch und taxonomisch verteilen, welche Faktoren die Grose dieser Einflusse beeinflussen, und wo die wichtigsten Datenlucken gefunden werden konnen. In dieser Studie untersuchten wir den Informationsgehalt der GISD im Zusammenhang mit den okologischen und soziookonomischen Auswirkungen fur bereits erfasste gebietsfremde Arten, indem wir den globalen Status quo und die Trends biologischer Invasionen analysierten. Wir fanden heraus, dass die erfassten Auswirkungen von gebietsfremden Arten auf die Umwelt, im Vergleich mit Auswirkungen auf die Soziookonomie, dominieren. Dies gilt speziell fur Regionen, die auf kontinentalen Festlandern liegen, im Vergleich zu Inseln. Diese Dominanz der Umweltauswirkungen zeigte sich einheitlich in den verschiedenen Zonobiomen und taxonomischen Gruppen. Abschliesend diskutieren wir, dass die Informationen uber die Auswirkungen von invasiven gebietsfremden Arten im Hinblick auf die globale geografische Abdeckung in der GISD derzeit sehr ungleichmasig sind. Wir identifizierten dabei die wichtigsten Datenlucken in der GISD. Es besteht ein dringender Bedarf, die Daten im GISD zu erweitern, besonders um Regionen und taxonomische Gruppen abzudecken, die derzeit unterreprasentiert sind. Durch eine solche Erweiterung des GISD wurde sichergestellt, dass diese Datenbank tatsachlich eine globale und taxonomisch umfassende Datenbank uber gebietsfremde Arten wird, die zur Adressierung einer Reihe von Fragestellungen zu gebietsfremden Arten und deren Management ideal geeignet ist.
Dyneins : structure, biology and disease

I History and Evolution Chapter 1 Discovery of Dynein and its Properties : A Personal Account Chapter 2 Evolutionary Biology of Dyneins II Structure and Mechanics of Dynein Motors Chapter 3 The AAA+ Powerhouse-Trying to Understand How it Works Chapter 4 Dynein Motor Mechanisms Chapter 5 Structural Analysis of Dynein Intermediate and Light Chains Chapter 6 Biophysics of Dynein In Vivo III Dyneins in Ciliary Biology Chapter 7 Composition and Assembly of Axonemal Dyneins Chapter 8 Organization of Dyneins in the Axoneme Chapter 9 Genetic Approaches to Axonemal Dynein Function in Chlamydomonas and Other Organisms Chapter 10 Regulation of Axonemal Outer-Arm Dyneins in Cilia Chapter 11 Control of Axonemal Inner Dynein Arms Chapter 12 Flagellar Motility and the Dynein Regulatory Complex Chapter 13 Regulation of Dynein in Ciliary and Flagellar Movement Chapter 14 Dynein and Intraflagella Transport IV Cytoplasmic Dynein Biology Chapter 15 Cytoplasmic Dynein Function Define by Subunit Composition Chapter 16 Studies of Lissencephaly and Neurodegenerative Disease Reveal Novel Aspects of Chapter 17 Insights into Cytoplasmic Dynein Function and Regulation from Fungal Genetics Chapter 18 Genetic Insights in to Mammalian Cytoplasmic Dynein Function Provided by Novel Mutations in Mouse Chapter 19 Role of Dynactin in Dynein-mediated Motility Chapter 20 Roles of Cytoplasmic Dynein during Mitosis V Dynein Dysfunction and Disease Chapter 21 Does Dynein Influence the Non -Mendelian Inheritance of Chromosome 17 Homologs in Male Mice? Chapter 22 Role of Dynein in Viral Pathogenesis Chapter 23 Cytoplasmic Dynein Dysfunction and Neurodegenerative Disease Chapter 24 Dynein Dysfunction as a Cause of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia and Other Ciliopathies
Research regarding the nutrition space, seeds germination and free compounds in Melissa officinalis L. species.

Its scientific name, Melissa , derives from the greek word Melitta , which means bee and makes so reference to the bees atraction toward its flower and produced honey quality. The prime material used are the leaves ( Melissae folium ) or the entire plant (the aerial part) ( Melissae herba ), which contain: volatile oil (0,05 - 0,3%), tanin, rozmarinic acid (4%), triterpene, flavonoizi etc. The age influences the germinative faculty only in the case of seeds which were put to germinate at temperatures between 20-30 0 C, when the results are very significant. the highest herba production was obtained at variant with 60 cm between rows and 30 cm between plants on row resulting a density of 55.555 pl/ha. Extraction in propilenglicol:water allows the obtaining of a more concentrated product.