Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
El mercado de renta fija argentino: análisis interno y comparativo

En los ultimos anos, la sucesion de crisis financieras en los mercados emergentes ha dado lugar al surgimiento de una gran cantidad de literatura que analiza los determinantes de este tipo de crisis. La vulnerabilidad financiera de estas economias ante perturbaciones internas y externas, es uno de los aspectos que se senalan como claves para explicar el surgimiento de las crisis, asi como los mecanismos por los cuales se propagan estas crisis financieras hacia otras economias de similar grado de desarrollo. Varios autores han estudiado el origen de la vulnerabilidad financiera de una economia, y muchos de ellos llegan a la conclusion de que la estructura de emision de los titulos de deuda publica esta intimamente relacionada con el grado de vulnerabilidad financiera de una economia. A partir de aqui, se desarrollo una serie de trabajos que afirman que, cuando se observa malestar en el mercado, existen titulos cuyas caracteristicas de emision provocan variaciones inesperadas, y llevan a aumentar el riesgo de default del gobierno. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es analizar la evolucion del mercado de renta fija argentino, pais que sufrio el contagio de las crisis financieras que se desataron en las economias emergentes a lo largo de toda la decada del '90, pero que ademas, sufrio una de las peores crisis de su historia. La evolucion del mercado de renta fija argentino se realizo desde dos perspectivas: a partir un analisis interno, y a partir de un analisis comparativo. El analisis interno comprende dos etapas marcando como limite la crisis del 2001. En la primera etapa se describe la evolucion del mercado a partir de lo que podemos llamar el nacimiento del mercado de renta fija. La segunda etapa se inicia en el 2005, a partir de la reestructuracion de la deuda publica en default. El analisis comparativo se realizo a traves de la descripcion del mercado de renta fija de paises agrupados por su grado de desarrollo. Para lo cual seleccionamos un grupo de paises desarrollados y un grupo de paises emergentes, haciendo hincapie en los principales paises de Latinoamerica. A partir de los resultados de las comparaciones entre mercados con diferentes grados de desarrollo, pudimos observar que en el mercado argentino se observan una serie de peculiaridades, que no se presentan ni en los mercados desarrollados ni en otros mercados emergentes de la region.Estos resultados junto al analisis interno mencionado anteriormente, se utilizaron para detectar cuales son los problemas actuales con los que se enfrenta el gobierno argentino, a la hora de emitir titulos de deuda, y plantear posibles soluciones con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de la deuda de este pais.
Molecular Targeted Drugs and Biomarkers in NSCLC, the Evolving Role of Individualized Therapy

Lung cancer first line treatment has been directed from the non-specific cytotoxic doublet chemotherapy to the molecular targeted. The major limitation of the targeted therapies still remains the small number of patients positive to gene mutations. Furthermore, the differentiation between second line and maintenance therapy has not been fully clarified and differs in the clinical practice between cancer centers. The authors present a segregation between maintenance treatment and second line and present a possible definition for the term “maintenance” treatment. In addition, cancer cell evolution induces mutations and therefore either targeted therapies or non-specific chemotherapy drugs in many patients become ineffective. In the present work pathways such as epidermal growth factor, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, met proto-oncogene and PI3K are extensively presented and correlated with current chemotherapy treatment. Future, perspectives for targeted treatment are presented based on the current publications and ongoing clinical trials.
Intestinal inflammation allows Salmonella to use ethanolamine to compete with the microbiota

Conventional wisdom holds that microbes support their growth in vertebrate hosts by exploiting a large variety of nutrients. We show here that use of a specific nutrient (ethanolamine) confers a marked growth advantage on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in the lumen of the inflamed intestine. In the anaerobic environment of the gut, ethanolamine supports little or no growth by fermentation. However, S. Typhimurium is able to use this carbon source by inducing the gut to produce a respiratory electron acceptor (tetrathionate), which supports anaerobic growth on ethanolamine. The gut normally converts ambient hydrogen sulfide to thiosulfate, which it then oxidizes further to tetrathionate during inflammation. Evidence is provided that S. Typhimurium's growth advantage in an inflamed gut is because of its ability to respire ethanolamine, which is released from host tissue, but is not utilizable by competing bacteria. By inducing intestinal inflammation, S. Typhimurium sidesteps nutritional competition and gains the ability to use an abundant simple substrate, ethanolamine, which is provided by the host.
Identifying Interface States in AlInN/GaN Heterostructure by Photocurrent Method

In order to assess the residual leakage current mechanisms in electronic devices based on AlInN/GaN heterostructures, defect states were investigated by photocurrent method based on a metal-semiconductor-metal structure device. As a result, a continuous distribution of defect levels from 56 to 110 meV below the conduction band of GaN was identified at the AlInN/GaN interface by analyzing photocurrent spectra under different bias voltages and photogenerated carrier transport based on the simulation of electric field distribution. These interface states filled with electrons at zero bias can release electrons at reverse bias and provide a path of gate leakage.
Concise Review: Making a Retina—From the Building Blocks to Clinical Applications

The retina is the neural tissue located at the back of the eye that captures and processes light and transmits this information to visual processing centers in the brain, which enables us to see. Basic research in retinal development has provided important insight on the control of cell fate, proliferation, and neurogenesis in the central nervous system. This review summarizes the major cellular and molecular events that occur during retinal development and highlights how this knowledge may be harnessed for new therapeutic strategies to treat retinal disease. STEM CELLS 2011;29:412–417
New Approaches for Lowering Path Expansion Complexity of K-Best MIMO Detection Algorithms

The present paper proposes two original approaches to reduce computational resources necessary for expanding survivor paths while searching in a K-best manner the MIMO detection tree. The first approach involves precomputing some products that are so far recomputed for each path expansion. The second technique is a new method to compute the path metrics. In all K-best detection techniques proposed so far, the complexity necessary to expand a path grows with the path depth in the tree. The originality of our approach stems from the fact that the path expansion complexity decreases with the path depth. Since the number of expanded paths increases with their depth, our approach better balances the path expansion complexity and the number of expanded paths at a given depth, which can yield a significant complexity reduction. We then present a new K-best Hard-Output Lattice Decoding (K-HOLD) algorithm that combines both proposed techniques. A complexity analysis shows that K-HOLD can reduce by up to 70% the overall path expansion complexity as compared to the less-complex known algorithms [1]. This advantage comes about at no cost in terms of performance degradation.
Asian Economic and Social Society Mission Impossible ? A Scientific Comparison between the Overlapping and Diverging Phenomena of Friendship and Love Kaarina MÄÄTTÄ

Everyone needs intimate relationships that provide appreciation, support, recreation, and protection. In addition, these kinds of relationships make effective means of enhancing self-esteem and feelings of mastery and thus promote overall well-being. What are characteristics of today‘s friendship and love? These issues are analyzed in this article grounding on a vast body of research literature. The differences and similarities between love and friendship are discussed. The salient purpose is to dissect friendship as a form of love and its essence in relation to love and to highlight their significance for the well-being of modern people. The fundamental question is whether both love and friendship can be defined as abilities that can be studied and learned.
Singular Perturbation Method in Control of Multiple Flexible-Joint Robots

Abstract The trajectory-tracking control of a typical industrial robot with six revolute joints is studied, where the joint flexibility is taken into account. An explicit form of the control law is obtained by using the composite control technique. The stability of system is discussed. The global convergence of tracking error can be reached by tuning the controller parameters. This method has a unique advantage in handling a multiple flexible joint robot as well as hybrid rigid/flexible joint robot. Numerical simulation on a Fanuc-s430iw heavy-duty robot arm has been performed to verify the control algorithm. Satisfactory tracking performance has been achieved.
Pooled estimates of immediate and late outcome of mitral valve surgery in octogenarians: a meta-analysis and meta-regression.

OBJECTIVE The authors evaluated the outcome of patients≥80 years undergoing mitral valve (MV) surgery. DESIGN Systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. SETTING None. PARTICIPANTS None. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN RESULTS Twenty-four studies reporting on 5,572 patients ≥80 years of age who underwent MV surgery were included in this analysis. Pooled proportion of operative mortality was 15.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 11.9-18.1), stroke was 3.9% (95% CI 2.6-5.2), and dialysis was 2.7% (95% CI 0.5-4.9). Early date of study (p = 0.014), increased age (p = 0.006), MV replacement (p = 0.008), procedure other than isolated MV surgery (p = 0.010), MV surgery associated with coronary artery surgery (p = 0.029), aortic cross-clamping time (p<0.001), and cardiopulmonary bypass time (p<0.001) were associated significantly with increased operative mortality. MV repair had lower operative mortality compared with MV replacement (7.3% v 14.2%, relative risk 0.573, 95% CI 0.342-0.962). Random-effects metaregression showed that prolonged aortic cross-clamping time (p = 0.005) was the only determinant of increased operative mortality, even when adjusted (p<0.001) for date of study (p = 0.004). Operative mortality was significantly higher in studies reporting a mean cross-clamp time >90 minutes (17.0% v 7.4%, p<0.001). Survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 76.1%, 67.7%, and 56.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS MV surgery in patients ≥80 years of age is associated with operative mortality, which has decreased significantly during recent years. Prolonged aortic cross-clamp time is a major determinant of operative mortality. MV repair may achieve better results than MV replacement in the very elderly. Five-year survival of these patients is good and justifies surgical treatment of MV diseases in octogenarians.
Biological Clocks in Medicine and Psychiatry

adds, and dealt, in part, with the importance of the structure of fatty acids both as components of animal diets and animal tissue and as factors in blood coagulation and thrombosis. The second symposium discussed the newer techniques used to study lipids, especially the recent developments in gas-liquid, liquid-solid, and thin-layer chromatography. From the brief summary given above, it will be obvious that this volume offers an enormous amount of information which will be useful to anyone working in lipid research regardless of his specialized field of interest. But perhaps more important is the information made available to the nonspecialist who wishes to learn about the advances that are being made in this rapidly expanding field and that are beginning to bridge one of the many gaps between biochemistry and physiology per se and clinical medicine.
Identification and quantitation of carotenoids and their metabolites in the tissues of the human eye.

There is increasing evidence that the macular pigment carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, may play an important role in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration, cataract, and other blinding disorders. Although it is well known that the retina and lens are enriched in these carotenoids, relatively little is known about carotenoid levels in the uveal tract and in other ocular tissues. Also, the oxidative metabolism and physiological functions of the ocular carotenoids are not fully understood. Thus, we have set out to identify and quantify the complete spectrum of dietary carotenoids and their oxidative metabolites in a systematic manner in all tissues of the human eye in order to gain better insight into their ocular physiology. Human donor eyes were dissected, and carotenoid extracts from ocular tissues [retinal pigment epithelium/choroid (RPE/choroid), macula, peripheral retina, ciliary body, iris, lens, vitreous, cornea, and sclera] were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Carotenoids were identified and quantified by comparing their chromatographic and spectral profiles with those of authentic standards. Nearly all ocular structures examined with the exception of vitreous, cornea, and sclera had quantifiable levels of dietary (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein, zeaxanthin, their geometrical (E / Z) isomers, as well as their metabolites, (3R,3'S,6'R)-lutein (3'-epilutein) and 3-hydroxy-beta,epsilon-caroten-3'-one. In addition, human ciliary body revealed the presence of monohydroxycarotenoids and hydrocarbon carotenoids, while only the latter group was detected in human RPE/choroid. Uveal structures (iris, ciliary body, and RPE/choroid) account for approximately 50% of the eye's total carotenoids and approximately 30% of the lutein and zeaxanthin. In the iris, these pigments are likely to play a role in filtering out phototoxic short-wavelength visible light, while they are more likely to act as antioxidants in the ciliary body. Both mechanisms, light screening and antioxidant, may be operative in the RPE/choroid in addition to a possible function of this tissue in the transport of dihydroxycarotenoids from the circulating blood to the retina. This report lends further support for the critical role of lutein, zeaxanthin, and other ocular carotenoids in protecting the eye from light-induced oxidative damage and aging.
Use of Intravenous Premarin® in the Treatment of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding—A Double- Blind Randomized Control Study

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding results from disruption of the normal sequence of ovarian cyclic hormonal stimulation of the uterine endometrium. Treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding previously consisted of surgical or hormonal manipulation, or both. The present study was conducted on 34 patients in a randomized double-blind fashion to evaluate the efficacy of treating dysfunctional uterine bleeding with intravenous Premarin. Bleeding stopped in 72% of patients who received intravenous Premarin and in 38% who received placebo (P=.021). Premarin was effective in terminating endometrial bleeding in patients with biopsyproved pathology consisting of secretory, proliferative, menstrual, polypoid, or cystic hyperplasia, as well as endometritis.
Bandwidth Efficient Block Spreading Linear Dispersion Codes in Frequency Selective Fading Channels

In this paper, we propose a method of constructing a novel generalized space-time code from a linear dispersion (LD) "protocode" by using the block spreading (BS) technique. The resulting generalized space-time code, therefore referred to as the BS-LD code, is shown to achieve the same rate, capacity, and performance as its protocode in flat fading channels. Moreover, our BS-LD codes exhibit a higher bandwidth efficiency when overlayed onto a block transmission method such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). This property suggests BS-LD codes are ideal for use in frequency selective fading channels.
Cortical Actin Organization: Lessons from ERM (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin) Proteins*

In recent years to clarify the molecular mechanism of dynamic organization of the cortical actin filaments, which is important not only for the determination of cell-surface structures but also for the functions of integral membrane proteins themselves, various types of submembrane proteins involved in cortical actin filament/ plasma membrane interaction have been intensively studied. In this minireview, we focus on ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins, which are general cross-linkers between cortical actin filaments and plasma membranes and are involved in the formation of microvilli, cell adhesion sites, ruffling membranes, and cleavage furrows. ERM proteins have attracted a great deal of interest because their functions have been shown to be regulated by the Rho signaling pathway (for recent reviews, see Refs. 1–7).
The CD39 molecule defines distinct cytotoxic subsets within alloactivated human CD8‐positive cells

Lymphocyte activation induces or increases the expression of several surface structures, none of which is characteristic of an activated cell subset. In particular, structures such as CD45RO, CD25, CD26, CD49b, CD54, CD71 are expressed by the vast majority of lymphocytes at various times following in vitro activation. CD39 molecules were originally identified on activated B lymphocytes and have recently been described on activated T cell clones. In the present report, we have characterized phenotypically and functionally defined cell subsets generated during an in vitro allostimulation. Results indicated that the percentage of CD39+ cells reached a maximum at day 6 and remained stable thereafter. We demonstrate that CD39 expression allows the identification within the allosensitized CD8+ cytotoxic cells of distinct subsets of cells mediating allo cytotoxic T lymphocyte or natural killer (NK)‐like reactivity. More precisely, CD8+CD39+ alloactivated cells mainly mediate specific killer activity, whereas CD8+CD39− alloactivated cells predominantly exhibit NK‐like reactivity. Further, we show a high functional correlation associated with the lack of CD39 expression on NK‐like alloactivated CD8+ cells, while there is no association with CD56 or CD57 NK‐associated structures.
Protective Effect of Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis) Leaves Extract on Carbon Tetrachloride - Induced Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) is an environmental pollutant that showed toxicity in different organs. Exposure to CCl 4 is known to induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a herb commonly used as spice and flavoring agents in food processing and is useful in treatment of many diseases. The purpose of present study was to investigate the protective role of rosemary on CCl 4 -induced renal damage. Treating rats with 1.0ml /kg body weight of 10% CCl 4 twice a week for 6 weeks induced many histological changes in the kidney cortex . The renal tubules lost their characteristic appearance and their lining epithelial cells were degenerated. The glomeruli were atrophied and the renal blood vessels were congested. The intertubular spaces were infiltrated by inflammatory leucocytic cells. An increase in interstitial expression of α-SMA was observed compared with control group. CCl 4 also caused marked elevation in serum creatinine and urea. Treating animals with CCl 4 and aqueous extract of rosemary led to an improvement, in both biochemical and histopathological pictures. It is concluded that rosemary extract had a protective effect against kidney injury induced by CCl 4 and this effect may be attributed to its antioxidant activity. (Saber A. Sakr and Hawazen A. Lamfon. Protective Effect of Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis) Leaves Extract on Carbon Tetrachloride -Induced Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats. Life Science Journal 2012; 9(3):779-785). (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite. com . 112
Comparison of Postprandial Responses to a High-Fat Meal in Hypertriglyceridemic Men and Women before and after Treatment with Fenofibrate in the Genetics and Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) Study.

CONTEXT The fenofibrate effect on the subclass size distribution of lipoproteins before and after a high-fat challenge is not well studied. OBJECTIVE To characterize the baseline and post-prandial response (PPL) to a high-fat challenge following fenofibrate therapy, on changes in LDL, HDL, and VLDL particle subclasses, number, and size in 271 hypertriglyceridemic participants. METHODS Participants from the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) study who conducted PPL studies both before and after three weeks of fenofibrate (160 mg/d) treatment were analyzed. Particle size distributions were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and lipid determinations were measured at fasting (0 hr), 3.5 hours, and 6 hours after ingestion of a standardized high-fat meal. Analyses were stratified by gender. Changes in particle subclass distributions were assessed using repeated measures analysis of variance adjusted for pedigree. RESULTS Before PPL, fenofibrate in men (adjusted for age, field center, smoking status, diabetes, and weight circumference) lowered fasting and postprandial VLDL primarily due to reductions in postprandial levels of large and medium VLDL particles (9 SE +/-0.7 to 4 +/-0.4 and 78 / -4 to 36 / -3 nmol/L both P < .0001, resp.). Fenofibrate also reduced fasting and postprandial total LDL particles, primarily a result of reduced small LDL particles (1497 = / - 37 to 1088 = / - 36 nmol/L, P < .0001). Directional changes were similar in men and women but the magnitude of change was different for some parameters. CONCLUSION Fenofibrate treatment resulted in a lower triglyceride excursion following a high-fat meal. This investigation provides new knowledge of the magnitude and time course of fenofibrate induced attenuation of Lipoprotein subclass size distribution following a postprandial lipid challenge.
Comparison Results of Finite Element Methods for the Poisson Model Problem

This paper establishes the equivalence of the conforming Courant finite element method, the nonconforming Crouzeix--Raviart finite element method, and several first-order discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods in the sense that the respective energy error norms are equivalent up to generic constants and higher-order data oscillations in a Poisson model problem. The Raviart--Thomas mixed finite element method is better than the previous methods, whereas the conjecture of the converse relation is proved to be false. This paper completes the analysis of comparison initiated by Braess [Calcolo, 46 (2009), pp. 149--155]. Two numerical benchmarks illustrate the comparison theorems and the possible strict superiority of the Raviart--Thomas mixed finite element method. Applications include least-squares finite element methods, finite volume methods, and equality of approximation classes for concepts of optimality for adaptive finite element methods.
The interaction of presynaptic polarization with calcium and magnesium in modifying spontaneous transmitter release from mammalian motor nerve terminals

1. The relationship between motor terminal polarization and miniature end‐plate potential (m.e.p.p.) frequency was examined in the presence of various Ca, Mg and K concentrations ([Ca], [Mg] and [K]) and also at modified bathing osmolarity levels. The polarization changes were obtained with ‘electrotonic’ and ‘focal’ polarizing currents and with rapid changes in bathing [K].