Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes of Endogenous Plant Hormones and Soluble Sugars and Proteins during Floret Development and Degeneration in Wheat

The changes of endogenous content of plant hormones and soluble sugars and proteins in fertile and infertile florets during the process of their development and degeneration were studied with wheat variety Yangmai 158. Soluble proteins in infertile florets began to decrease sharply on 18 days before anthesis, which indicates the beginning of floret degeneration. The fresh weight and the content of fructan and soluble sugars began to decrease sharply on 14 days before anthesis. The endogenous hormones showed the opposite changes between fertile and infertile florets. The fertile floret showed the steady decrease of ABA and GA 1+3 levels and lower level of IAA as it developed, as well as hormone balance. The infertile floret, however, showed the higher level of IAA and sharp decrease of IAA/ABA and GA 1+3 /ABA and iPA/ABA ratio at the beginning of its degeneration, and increase of ABA level as it degenerated. The results indicated that the higher level of IAA and sharp decrease of IAA/ABA and GA 1+3 /ABA and iPA/ABA ratio might be the main physiological reason of floret degeneration.
Neurosexology

Sexual function can be altered in patients by many neurological disorders affecting the cerebrum, the brain stem, the spinal cord, the spinal roots or the peripheral nerves. It can also be prominently affected in patients with an underlying undiagnosed neurological disease. Traditionally, practising neurologists have not paid much attention to sexual dysfunction in their patients, partly because therapeutic possibilities were scant. Sexual dysfunction, however, is observed in many neurological disorders, and may arise as a primary neurogenic disorder. Although not as obviously limiting as, for instance, paresis and pain, it is most disruptive for patients' lives. With emerging awareness of the primary importance of quality of life as the most important indicator of good patient management, and with the advent of more effective treatment of sexual dysfunction, it is no longer acceptable to ignore this very important dimension of life.
Cyclic population dynamics and random perturbations

Periodically oscillating populations have been c sistent interest in animal ecology since thei appearance in ecological literature (Elton 1924, Elton & Nicholson 1942). Several hypotheses been put forward (see, e.g. Ak9akaya 1992; Rc 1992) but no single process has arisen above oth universal means to cause and maintain cyclic dyn The hypotheses include, among others, evoking nal factors such as sunspot cycle (Elton 1924), cycle (Siivonen & Koskimies 1955), and weathei (Grange 1949). Along these lines, it has also suggested (Soper 1929; Bartlett 1957, 1960a,b; son et al. 1986; Townsend, Sutherland & Perrow Royama 1992) that continuously acting nonenvironmental disturbances may maintain popu cycles. The possible causes of periodic epidemic recently reviewed by Anderson & May (1991) lowing suit, we shall demonstrate that perturb of random strength affecting reproductive succ random intervals may very well sustain regular lations in otherwise stable populations. For the current purposes, consider a popu of animals obeying delayed density dependence denoting its size at time k
THE ECOLOGY AND GENETICS OF FITNESS IN CHLAMYDOMONAS. XIII. FITNESS OF LONG‐TERM SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL POPULATIONS IN BENIGN ENVIRONMENTS

Abstract We measured the mean fitness of populations of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii maintained in the laboratory as obligately sexual or asexual populations for about 100 sexual cycles and about 1000 asexual generations. Sexuality (random gamete fusion followed by meiosis) is expected to reduce mutational load and increase mean fitness by combining deleterious mutations from different lines of descent. We found no evidence for this process of mutation clearance: the mean fitness of sexual populations did not exceed that of asexual populations, whether measured through competition or in pure culture. We found instead that sexual progeny suffer an immediate loss in fitness, and that sexual lines maintain genetic variance for fitness. We suggest that sexual populations at equilibrium with selection in a benign environment may be mixtures of several or many epistatic genotypes with nearly equal fitness. Recombination between these genotypes reduces mean fitness and creates genetic variance for fitness. This may provide fuel for continued selection should the environment change.
Announcements

cet Neurology (Neal et al., 2008) and an Opinion paper on this topic published in Trends in Neurosciences (Masino & Geiger, 2008). Neal et al. (2008) confirmed the efficacy of ketogenic diet demonstrated numerous times in research studies and in previous uncontrolled clinical studies (Hartman & Vining, 2007). A commentary accompanying this landmark study by Neal et al. (2008) notes that the mechanisms underlying the success of the ketogenic diet for epilepsy are largely unknown (Wiznitzer, 2008). This gap in our understanding, coupled with difficulties in complying with a somewhat restricted diet, limits widespread use of this diet-based therapy as an alternate to standard pharmaceutical approaches. We have put forth a hypothesis that the protective effects of ketogenic strategies are due to changes in brain bioenergetics and activity. More specifically, we hypothesize that ketogenic diet-induced increases in ATP and its core molecule adenosine help link cell metabolism, neuronal signaling, and neuromodulation (Masino & Geiger, 2008). In cortex and hippocampus, regions of critical importance for the initiation and propagation of an epileptic seizure, adenosine acting at A1 receptors exerts a powerful inhibitory influence on excitatory synaptic transmission, and adenosine’s efficacy as an anticonvulsant is well-established in animal models (Boison, 2007). Adenosine has long been coveted as an endogenous anticonvulsant, but attempts to harness these clinical benefits have not reached fruition. We propose that the effects of the ketogenic diet are twofold: (1) enhanced energy status (mitochondrial biogenesis, high-energy molecules, and ATP levels) helps maintain cellular homeostasis and (2) enhanced adenosine levels acting at A1 receptors reduces neuronal activity and metabolic demand—directly increasing seizure threshold and reducing neuronal excitability. The clinical implications of this hypothesis are significant—potentially elucidating a novel strategy to upregulate adenosine levels physiologically as well as leading to a better understanding of key mechanisms underlying the therapeutic success of the ketogenic diet. This parallel coevolution of basic and clinical research, coupled with increased communications between basic and clinical scientists, should intensify research efforts targeted towards understanding mechanisms. Overall, we expect that clear documentation of the clinical efficacy of the diet, coupled with better communication between basic and clinical scientists, will spawn increased research efforts targeted towards understanding mechanisms. We look forward to seeing additional and wide-ranging research efforts moving these ideas rapidly into translational research and clinical benefits (Gasior et al., 2006). Susan A. Masino, Ph.D. susan.masino@trincoll.edu Jonathan D. Geiger, Ph.D. jgeiger@medicine.nodak. edu Neuroscience Program/Psychology Dept. Trinity College, Life Sciences Center 208 300 Summit Street, Hartford, CT, U.S.A. Dept. Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics University of North Dakota Medical School 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND, U.S.A.
Detecting differences in tail risk of serially dependent data

We derive functional central limit theory for tail index estimates of multivariate serially dependent data under mild conditions on the extremal dependence between the components. We use this result to also derive convergence results for extreme Value-at-Risk and extreme Expected Shortfall estimates. This allows to construct tests for equality of ‘tail risk’ in multivariate data, which can be useful in a number of empirical contexts. In constructing test statistics, we avoid the estimation of long-run variances for tail index estimates by using self-normalization. Size and power of the tests for equal ‘tail risk’ are assessed in simulations. An empirical application to exchange returns illustrates the practical usefulness of the tests.
A Pipeline for Precise and Efficient Genome Editing by sgRNA-Cas9 RNPs in Drosophila

Genome editing via homology-directed repair (HDR) has made possible precise and deliberate modifications to gene sequences. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated HDR is the simplest means to carry this out. However, technical challenges remain to improve efficiency and broaden applicability to any genetic background of Drosophila melanogaster as well as to other Drosophila species. To address these issues, we developed a two-stage marker-assisted strategy in which embryos are injected with RNPs and pre-screened using T7EI. Using sgRNA in complex with recombinant Cas9 protein, we assayed each sgRNA for genome-cutting efficiency. We then conducted HDR using sgRNAs that efficiently cut target genes and the application of a transformation marker that generates RNAi against eyes absent. This allows for screening based on eye morphology rather than color. These new tools can be used to make a single change or a series of allelic substitutions in a region of interest, or to create additional genetic tools such as balancer chromosomes.
Role of bacterial secretion systems and effector proteins – insights into Aeromonas pathogenicity mechanisms*

Gram-negative bacteria have developed several nanomachine channels known as type II, III, IV and VI secretion systems that enable export of effector proteins/toxins from their cytosol across the outer membrane to target host cells. Protein secretion systems are critical to bacterial virulence and interactions with other organisms. Aeromonas utilize various secretion machines, e.g. twostep T2SS, a Sec-dependent system, as well as one-step, Sec-independent T3SS and T6SS systems to transport effector proteins/toxins and virulence factors. Type III secretion system (T3SS) is considered to be the dominant virulence system in Aeromonas. Activity of bacterial T3SS effector proteins most often leads to disorders in signalling pathways and reorganization of the cell cytoskeleton. There are also scientific reports on a pathogenicity mechanism associated with the host cell apopotosis/pyroptosis resulting from secretion of a cytotoxic enterotoxin, i.e. the Act protein, by the T2SS secretion system and an effector protein Hcp by the T6SS system. Type IV secretion system (T4SS) is the system which translocates protein substrates, protein-DNA complexes and DNA into eukaryotic or bacterial target cells. In this paper, contribution of virulence determinants involved in the pathogenicity potential of Aeromonas is discussed. Considering that the variable expression of virulence factors has a decisive impact on the differences observed in the virulence of particular species of microorganisms, it is important to assess a correlation between bacterial pathogenicity and their virulence-associated genes.
Demographic Profile of Donor Cornea of an Eye Bank in Tertiary Care Hospital in North India- A 9-Year Review

Purpose: To study the demographic profile of the donated corneas and eye donation trend of an eye bank in tertiary care hospital in North India. Study DesignRetrospective, non-comparative observational study. Material and MethodsData from 1273 donor eyes collected from all over Haryana under Hospital Cornea Retrieval Programme (HRCP) and those collected from voluntary donors at their residence from April 2011 to March 2020 were analyzed including the demographic features like the cause of death, gender, age, and place of tissue procurement, death-enucleation time &distance from the eye bank. Results: During the study period, 1273 corneas were retrieved from 672 donors, among which 59.2% were males and 40.8% were females, with donor age ranging from 12-102 years. Most of the donors were from nearby districts in Haryana and few from neighbouring state of Punjab. Maximum number of eye donations was in the age group of 51-70 years. Death enucleation time was within 6 hrs from death in majority of the donors. 51.5% of the donor corneas were procured from within 50 kms from the eye bank. 60% of the corneas were collected from home and 40% under HRCP (Hospital corneal retrieval programme). The most common cause of donor death was due to old age (Natural death), followed by cardiovascular disease, trauma/multiple injury. Conclusion: Analysis of the Eye Bank registers provided valuable information in relation to eye banking and corneal utilisation in Haryana, northern India and significant trends were identified in donor demographics.
A novel nanoscale probe facilitates non-invasive quantification of tumor EPR status and helps predict chemotherapy outcomes in a rodent breast cancer model

Introduction: Nanoscale therapeutic interventions are increasingly important elements of cancer therapy [1]. Nanoparticle-based chemotherapeutics have been approved for clinical use, such as Doxil® [2] and Abraxane® [3], or undergo clinical evaluation . However, the success of nanoparticlebased cancer chemotherapy is primarily dependent on the access these agents have to tumors via the leaky vasculature, the so called Enhanced Permeation and Retention (EPR) effect [4]. Yet, the extent of vascular permeability to nanoparticles in individual tumors varies widely [5, 6], resulting in a correspondingly wide range of responses to the therapy. However, there exist no tools currently to rationally determine whether tumor blood vessels are amenable to nanocarrier mediated therapy in a patient-specific manner today. An a priori determination of the extent of vascular permeability would therefore facilitate personalized therapy, and spare potential non-responders from the rigors of a chemotherapy regimen. Methods: To address this need, we developed a long-circulating liposomal contrast nanoprobe, for X-ray imaging. Using a clinical mammography unit, we probed the tumor vascular permeability to the nanoprobe in a rat breast tumor (MAT BIII mammary adenocarcinoma), and subsequently treated the animals with liposomal doxorubicin of similar composition and particle size as the probe (and as the clinically used liposomal chemotherapy), to evaluate the probe’s predictive efficacy. Results: The high iodine content (155 mg of iodine per mL) and the method of use allowed detection and quantification of the intratumoral, extravascular accumulation of the nanoprobe showing a widely variable vascular permeability. It would be expected that a long-circulating agent would produce undistinguishable extravascular and intravascular signal making determination of the degree of EPR unfeasible. Here, we identified a dose that produces undetectable signal from the blood while the accumulation of the agent produces adequate signal for detection. We were able to identify two subgroups prior to treatment: a ‘good prognosis’ and a ‘bad prognosis’ subgroup and indeed these demonstrated differential tumor growth rates. Conclusions: In this work, we demonstrate what is to our knowledge, the first contrast agent capable of predicting the therapeutic outcome of a clinically used chemotherapy using a simple, fast and commonly used imaging modality (such as mammography).
Amplify-and-Forward Relaying With Maximal Ratio Combining Over Fluctuating Two-Ray Channel: Non-Asymptotic and Asymptotic Performance Analysis

Fluctuating two-ray (FTR) channel model was shown to effectively characterize millimeter wave (mmWave) communication channels. In this article, we adopt FTR to investigate amplify-and-Forward (AF) mmWave relaying system. Two communications scenarios are considered corresponding to the presence and absence of a direct link between the transmitter and receiver. Outage probability and symbol error rate (SER) are then analytically obtained as performance metrics. The results are further compared with the corresponding metrics obtained based on conventional channel models including Nakagami- ${m}$ and two-wave with diffuse power (TWDP). Especially, for the high-SNR regime, our analyses indicate that performance evaluations based on the conventional models significantly deviate from that of based on the FTR model. Our results provide quantitative insights on the importance of model selection in design and performance evaluations of relay-based mmWave systems. Moreover, for the high-SNR regime, we carry out asymptotic analysis and obtain a low-complexity expression for the achieved AF relaying gain. Such an expression provides a quantitative measure on whether or not AF relaying outperforms no-relaying in a given setting. Extensive numerical and simulation results are provided to confirm the accuracy of the analysis and investigate system performance in different settings.
Continuous Authentication Using Wearable Medical Sensors

– Most computer systems are protected through a process of user identification and authentication during initial login which can lead to security issues. Continuous authentication system is developed to resolve such issue. There are some previous methods for continuous authentication that uses biometrics i.e, face recognition or behaviometrics, e.g., key stroke patterns. Here, Continuous authentication system is developed using wireless wearable medical sensors. Continuous authentication using wearable sensors authenticates users based on the collection of biomedical signal streams that can be collected continuously and non-invasively using wearable medical devices like watches, belts etc, We collect data from different sensors continuously and based on those collected values authentication is provided. Then, we propose various applications and advantages and describe how it can be extended to user identification and adaptive access control authorization. Finally, the data collected from the sensors can further be used for health monitoring purposes.
Recursive Smith-type Iterative Algorithm to Solve a Class of Periodic Lyapunov Equations Arising in Periodic Model Reduction

Periodic control systems are of interest in many engineering and mechanical research. Many important analysis of periodic control systems directly links to the periodic matrix equations, i.e., periodic Lyapunov equations or periodic Riccati equations. This paper represents the iterative methods for solving a class of periodic Lyapunov equation, known as periodic projected discrete-time Lyapunov equation. A remarkable contribution of these types of equations are seen in control problems with periodic setting, and also in dimension reduction of periodic systems in descriptor forms. We explore the Smith iterations for the iterative solution of the projected discrete-time algebraic Lyapunov equation and analyze the cyclic and repeated structure of the periodic matrices to ensure the recursive computation of the periodic solutions. We also introduce an algorithm for computing the low-rank approximations of those iterative solutions. Computational results are illustrated at the end to report the efficiency of the suggested methods.
On the Function of Adverbs of Certainty Used at the Periphery of the Clause

The histories of some modal adverbs in English have been shown to involve subjectification and changes in position with respect to the clause (Traugott and Dasher 2002, Lenker 2010). The question whether there is a predictable relationship between a) position "outside the proposition", i.e. left and right periphery, and b) subjectivity or intersubjectivity, has been of interest for some time (see Onodera 2004, Onodera and Suzuki 2007, Beeching, Degand, Detges, Traugott, and Waltereit 2009). In this paper I suggest that while a correlation between topic functions, subjectivity, and left periphery appears to be quite robust, other proposed correlations, e.g. of subjectivity in general with left periphery and of intersubjectivity in general with right periphery, may be specific to the individual construction and not generalizable. I outline the histories of no doubt and surely, and show that in its pragmatic linking function no doubt has come to be used mainly subjectively at left and right periphery while surely in the same function has come to be used mainly intersubjectively in both positions.
NUMERICAL COMPARISON OF UNSTEADY COMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW IN CONVERGENT CHANNEL

This study deals with a numerical solution of a 2D flows of a compressible viscous fluids in a convergent channel for low inlet airflow velocity. Three governing systems – Full system, Adiabatic system, Iso-energetic system based on the Navier-Stokes equations for laminar flow are tested. The numerical solution is realized by finite volume method and the predictor-corrector MacCormack scheme with Jameson artificial viscosity using a grid of quadrilateral cells. The unsteady grid of quadrilateral cells is considered in the form of conservation laws using Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method. The numerical results, acquired from a developed program, are presented for inlet velocity û∞ = 4.12ms −1 and Reynolds number Re = 4× 10.
Comparison of transformer modeling on riser pole arresters behavior during switching transients

Arresters are widely used in power systems to protect other equipment against overvoltages. However, in some conditions, they can’t operate successfully. One of the disturbances leading to the failure of the riser pole arresters is the ferroresonance overvoltages. In this paper, at first the influence of different transformer simulation models of ATP software on the occurrence of ferroresonance is studied and then the effect of ferroresonance on the riser pole arrester has been scrutinized through the thermal and electrical performance of the arrester in an underground distribution system. The results show that the arrester temperature rises due to energy dissipation in a ferroresonance circumstance, which indeed may result into the explosion of the arrester. Also, applying different models of the transformer in the ATP software and comparing the results, it is shown that the available models do not show the same effect on the arrester.
PROPERTIES OF RANDOM WALKS IN DIMENSION ONE

In this paper we present some properties of random walks in dimension one. First, we consider properties of the random walk on the integer axis, regarding the computation of various probabilities. We present the method of counting paths, the reflection principle and some techniques to prove combinatorial formulas. Second, we consider a few properties of the random walk on the circle. Some illustrative examples are also given. MSC 2000. 60-01, 60G17.
Green and blue carbon The role of habitats in mitigating carbon emissions . Linking biodiversity management and climate change mitigation

Ecosystem conservation, restoration and enhancement is embedded in the global carbon agenda, national emissions reduction strategies and actions plans, and the finance sector’s investment standards. Some companies have successfully engaged with national climate change mitigation efforts, however activities have largely been limited to the agriculture and forestry sectors and relate mostly to carbon offsets or credits.