Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Out of South America: multiple origins of non‐native apple snails in Asia

Apple snails (Ampullariidae: Pomacea) native to the New World have become agricultural and environmental pests widely in southern and eastern Asia since their introduction in about 1980. Although their impacts have been extensively documented, considerable confusion persists regarding their identities and geographical origins. Efforts to resolve the confusion have suffered from inadequate taxonomic and geographical sampling from both native and introduced ranges. Using phylogenetic and genealogical methods, we analysed 610–655 bp of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I DNA sequences from 783 apple snails from 164 Asian locations and 57 native South American locations. In Asia, we found four species of Pomacea in two clades: (1) Pomacea canaliculata and P. insularum, and (2) P. scalaris and P. diffusa. Parsimony networks and mismatch distributions indicate that the non‐native ranges of the two most widespread species, P. canaliculata and P. insularum, probably result from multiple introductions. Molecular analyses are consistent with early accounts; non‐native P. canaliculata populations trace back to multiple locations in Argentina and have probably been introduced more than once. In contrast, P. insularum was probably introduced from Brazil and Argentina independently. Multiple introductions may, in part, explain the success and rapid spread of these two species. Unlike P. canaliculata and P. insularum, P. scalaris and P. diffusa were probably introduced through the aquarium trade, derived originally from Argentina and Brazil, respectively. Possible physiological, ecological, and native range differences among these four species highlight the importance of accurate identification in understanding invasion patterns and processes, which is vital in developing and implementing management strategies.
Feeding behaviour and swimming activity of larval herring (Clupea harengus) in relation to density of copepod nauplii.

Prey organisms of fish larvae vary in density, both temporally and spatially. Do fish larvae respond behaviourally to variation in food density? The responses of larval herring Clupea harengus L. to different densities of copepod nauplii (5 to 360 nauplii 1-l) were studied in laboratory experiments. Larval feeding rate increased as food availability increased until an asymptote was reached. At low food densities;larval swimming activity was ca 100 % higher than at the highest food concentrations; a change in larval swimming mode within the range of food densities was also noted. The water volume searched by the larvae, calculated on the basis of rate of feeding attacks, showed a pronounced increase when food density declined, partly due to the increased swimming activity but also as a result of an increase in distance of reaction to food particles. The adaptive significance of these behavioural changes is discussed.
Effect of Shrimp Meal Made of Heads of Black Tiger (Penaeus monodon) and White Leg (Litopenaeus vannamei) Shrimps on Growth Performance in Broilers

The present study was conducted to measure the growth performance in growing broilers given shrimp meal (SM) made of heads of black tiger (Penaeus monodon) (BT) and white leg (Litopenaeus vannamei) (WL) shrimps. Forty-two male broiler chicks (8 days old, Ross 308) were randomly divided into 7 dietary groups (control, 5% BT, 10% BT, 15% BT, 5% WL, 10% WL and 15% WL) having similar body weight (6 birds per diet). Metabolisable energy and CP were adjusted to about 3,180 kcal/kg and about 235 g/kg, respectively, and other nutrients were formulated to meet or slightly exceed the requirements. Diet and water were provided ad libitum during the experimental period (8 to 21 days old). The results revealed that body weight gain decreased in BT groups with increasing level of SM (P<0.05), and feed intake decreased slightly with increasing level of SM in diets. As the result, feed conversion ratio also deteriorated with increasing level of SM. Similar trend was observed in WL groups, but the adverse effects of SM were milder comparing with BT groups. Nitrogen retention in both BT and WL groups tended to decrease with increasing level of SM. Chitin digestibilities in WL groups were greater than the corresponding values in BT groups. In conclusion, it is suggested that WL heads can be more nutritious SM for broiler diets than BT heads.
Oak chloroplast-DNA polymorphisms detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

Summary &mdash; Petunia hybrida chloroplast (cp) DNA probes were used to find restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the cp DNA of the oak species Quercus robur and Quercus pe- traea. Five individuals have been analysed (2 Q robur and 3 Q petraea) with 18 different restriction enzymes, and with 7 P hybrida cp DNA probes. Only 2 probes (P6 and P8) detected polymorphisms, probe P6 detected 4 polymorphisms with the restriction enzymes Aval, BglII, Clal and Xbal, while probe P8 detected a BglII polymorphism. enzymes restriction hybridé 7 de P hybrida. révélé polymorphisme (P6 et P8) : P6 restriction BglII, ClaI et XbaI; P8 provided by Dr to identify oak cpDNA polymorphisms. DNA probes were labeled with [&alpha;-32P]dATP by random prim-ing (Boehringer-Mannheim). Filter hybridization was performed as described by Church and Gilbert (1984), at 50°C overnight. Three washes were made in 2 x SSC, 0.1 % (w/v) sodium dode-cyl sulfate (SDS) at room temperature (5 min each), followed by 1 x SSC, 0.1% SDS washes at 50°C for 30 min. The wet filters were exposed to Kodak X-Omat autoradiographic films with 2 intensifying screens (DuPont) at -80°C.
Energy value of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii ssp. tridentatus (Crustacea, Decapoda) in relation to season, sex and size

The energy value of male and female Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus of various carapace width classes was determined. Crab samples were collected in the Vistula Lagoon from April to November 1995. The population of R. harrisii tridentatus from the Vistula Lagoon was characterised by a very low energy value 7.97 [SD] ± 1.5 Jmg DW, (12.69 [SD] ± 2.1 Jmg AFDW). The average amount of ash in this population was 37.66% of dry weight (organic matter was 62.44%). In each month (except September) the calorific value of the females exceeded that of the males; this value also varied seasonally. The calorific value of the population dropped to a minimum in August, whereas the maximum level was recorded in September.
Phytotoxicity of eight mycotoxins associated with the fusariosis of wheat spikelets.

The study of eight mycotoxins from Fusarium spp. at concentrations ranging from 0 to 4.3 mg/L for deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalnol, and a culture filtrate, and from 0 to 14.3 mg/L for T2 toxin, HT2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and zearalenone, demonstrate that trichothecenes are phytotoxic. The inhibition of coleoptile elongation by each trichothecene is well described by a linear equation and these compounds show differences in phytotoxicity. Deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol are 2.5 times more toxic than T2 toxin, 8 times more toxic than HT2 toxin, and 13 times more toxic than diacetoxyscirpenol. The culture filtrate, which contains deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, is the most toxic to the coleoptile. A mixture of four purified trichothecenes, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, T2 toxin, and nivalenol, revealed differences in trichothecene susceptibility among 11 wheat cultivars. Moreover, reduction of coleoptile elongation of these cultivars was correlated with scab.
LIMITACIONES DE LA BACTERIOSIS VASCULAR DE YUCA: NUEVOS AVANCES

Cassava (Manihot esculenta), a starchy root crop, constitutes the source of alimentation for over 600 million people worldwide. Cassava Bacterial Blight (CBB) is caused bythe bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam). This review will focus on the current knowledge on the molecular cassava-Xam interaction. We will present the different molecular techniques developed to assess the genetic diversity and dynamics of Xam populations. We will also present different methods developed for detecting the pathogen in vegetative planting materials and true seeds and their contribution to reduce the impact of the disease. We will review different studies conducted to gain a better understanding on the molecular mechanisms and the genes involved in the cassava bacterial resistance, including the recent advances obtained using functional genomics. The acquired knowledge in the last years for this pathosystem will help to establish better disease control strategies and generate, in a short term, resistant cassava varieties contributing to solve one of the main problems of poor cassava farmers and this effort will open a new horizon to the cassava crop in the world.
Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) from green leaves‐potential as a food protein

Abstract Up to 25% of the total protein in green leaves consists of a single molecular species, the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco). In C3 plants rubisco molecules are found densely packed within chloroplast stroma at concentrations up to 300 mg/mL. The oligomeric protein (MW 550,000) is composed of eight large and eight small subunits which combine to form a compact, nearly spherical molecule. Rubisco is easily purified from leaf extracts in the laboratory but, as yet, there is no simple, economical method for isolating large (kilogram) quantities of the plant enzyme. The protein appears to have potential as an ingredient in animal and/or human foods. Highly purified rubisco is a tasteless, odorless, white powder with a nutritive value reported to be equal to or superior to that of other food proteins. Rubisco also possesses some desirable functional properties which might enable food processors to successfully incorporate the protein into a number of different food systems.
Fasciation Mutation Enhances Meristematic Activity and Alters Pattern Formation in Soybean

The recessive f mutation in soybean results in a ridgelike apical meristem that completely dominates plant ontogeny and causes virtually complete inhibition of leaf axillary buds and restriction of floral induction. For the first time, the process of formation of the ridgelike meristem (also the meristematic phenotype of CLAVATA1-1 and CLAVATA3-1 Arabidopsis mutants) is shown with scanning electron microscopy. Immediately after seed imbibition, the fasciation mutation was manifested by meristem enlargement and hastened differentiation of the second trifoliolate leaf primordium. The early meristematic phenotype of the mutant indicates that the f gene functions upstream of other developmental genes. Decussate and later semiwhorled leaf arrangements, combined with continuous meristem enlargement and shortened plastochron, replaced the wild-type distichous phyllotaxy. A dome-shaped meristem, the most energy-efficient configuration of the apical meristem, persisted during 11-12 plastochrons attaining a size four to five times that of the wild-type meristem. Meristem zonation triggered shape alteration from rectangular to round, to triangular, to oval, and finally to a ridgelike form. The stable ridgelike meristem presumably resulted from attaining a new balance between cell division and differentiation. The elevated level of endogenous IAA (two- to threefold increases over the wild-type) in meristematic tissues, hypocotyl, and leaves could be a secondary consequence of auxin overproduction by the proliferating meristem. The f gene product might affect cell divisions and the auxin metabolic pathway and might intervene in a multitude of developmental aspects.
Cobalt concentrations in some new zealand fodder plants grown on cobalt-sufficient and cobalt-deficient soils

Abstract It was found that marked differences in cobalt concentration occurred between fodder plants grown in association with each other on soils deemed to be cobalt-sufficient. In particular, lucerne and red and white clovers accumulated more cobalt than did grasses. In contrast, there was no significant difference in cobalt concentration between white clover and mixed grasses, when samples were taken from swards grown on known cobalt-deficient soils.
Spikelet number, its control and relation to yield per ear in wheat.

For 12 cultivars of wheat grown under a 21°C day/16°C night temperature regime, spikelet number was closely related to grain number, but not to grain yield per ear as individual grain weights differed considerably between cultivars. However, when spikelet number was varied by day length or vernalization treatment, grain yield per ear was clearly dependent on spikelet number within each cultivar.
Phase change in loblolly pine:Shoot development as a function of age

The growth behavior of grafted scions from 1-, 4-, 8- and 12-year-old ortets representing five half-sib loblolly pine families was observed over a two-year period (three for strobilus production) following grafting. Significant, persistent decreases in total number of cycles produced, height and diameter increment, number of branches produced, foliar surface area and total scion biomass were observed with increasing age. Needle length, diameter, and ability to form male and female strobili increased with increasing scion age. The persistence of these differences is not a function of size since the scions were the same length at grafting. The significance of these results to the establishment of breeding orchards, early genetic evaluation, and the nature of phase change is discussed.
Limnology of Shallow Lakes in the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, Interior Alaska

ABSTRACT Data from 129 shallow riverine lakes within the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge (between 65° 45'N and 67° 30'N and 142° 30'W and 150° 00'W) are presented as a baseline contribution to the regional limnology of Alaska. Ion composition reflected the composition of carbonate alluvium within the region; in most lakes Ca > Mg and bicarbonate dominated the anions (~90%). In lakes where alkali deposits occurred, Na, Mg and bicarbonate were the principal ions. Some 25% of the lakes were slightly brackish (conductivity >500 μS) to brackish. The lakes are colored, with 18 to 447 Pt-units. And, they are fertile, with over 70% classified as eu-or hypereutrophic on the basis of their nutrient content. Ratios of N:P suggested nitrogen was potentially limiting in about half the study lakes and was increasingly important at high P values. The yield of algal chlorophyll (Chl) per unit of plant nutrient was low in these lakes and Chl-nutrient relations explained less of the variance relative to published models. Invertebrate grazing potentially regulates Chi in some lakes. Typically these lakes freeze to the sediments and most do not support a permanent fishery. High ratios of organic suspended solids to Chl indicate detrital carbon contributes to the filterable carbon pool of these shallow lakes.
Accelerated Postmortem Aging of Beef Utilizing Electronbeam Irradiation and Modified Atmosphere Packaging

The combined effects of electron-beam irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) with 25% CO2 and 75% N2 were examined. Steaks from prerigor beef longissimus (lumborum and thoracis) were prepared, placed in MAP, irradiated with 2 kGy, and stored at 15°C or 30°C. Postrigor longissimus steaks from the other half of each carcass were vacuum-packaged and stored at 2°C. Analysis for tenderness, lipid oxidation, color, and microbial growth were conducted over 2 wk. Aging irradiated prerigor beef at 30°C for 2 days with MAP resulted in similar Warner-Bratzler shear values as conventional wet aging at 2°C for 7 or 14 days, and steaks did not show discoloration, lipid oxidation, or microbial spoilage.
Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in dogs and horses: hematological and clinical aspects

Trypanosoma evansi caused severe anemia in horses and pronounced leukopenia in dogs, both naturally infected. The horses presented microcytic normochromic anemia and the dogs showed microcytic hypochromic anemia. The clinical signs observed were fever, anemia, edema of the legs and lower parts, weakness and inappetence. Light microscopic studies demonstrated that Trypanosoma evansi produced several alterations in erythrocytes of dogs and horses. These pathologic changes included vacuolation, acanthocytes, dacrocytes, codocytes, microspherocytes and bizarre shapes. Mature erythrocyte were observed adhered to trypanosomes. Erythrophagocytosis was also demonstred.
The Theory of Dominance

1. The hypothesis of Fisher postulates that heterozygotes are originally intermediate, and that dominance arises through selection of the gene complex, those types of heterozygotes being preserved which react most favorably with a given recurrent mutation. 2. This view is supported by work on Drosopkila, rodents and other forms, cited by Fisher, and by the researches of Dobzhansky on the multiple effects of single genes. 3. Mutations are due (a) to changes in gene structure, which may be alterations or additions of material, and (b) to actual losses of genie substance, whether partial or complete. 4. Partial or complete loss of genie material provides no explanation of the dominant and recessive conditions. 5. Demonstrable genie losses do not, therefore, always lead to the recessive state. 6. Only in so far as loss mutations are quantitative in effect and are associated with a saturation value which is exceeded by the heterozygote can they lead to dominance. 7. All the mutations from a gene which exceed such a value will be indistinguishable. But it has been suggested by Haldane that those will be selected which, in combination with a given mutation in the minus direction, maintain the combined value of the pair above saturation level. 8. It is, however, to be expected that the level of any saturation value could be altered by selection operating on the gene complex. 9. Polymorphism may be associated with dominant mutant forms. It must always depend upon a stable equilibrium between the frequency ratios of some allelomorphic pair. Such stable equilibrium can be maintained only if selection favors the heterozygotes. These will consequently form a significant proportion of the population, leading to a condition singularly favorable to the production of dominance in the manner suggested by Fisher
2-BUTOXYETHANOL: HAZARD CHARACTERIZATION AND EXPOSURE–RESPONSE ANALYSIS

2-Butoxyethanol has been assessed as a Priority Substance under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Based primarily on investigations in experimental animals, the critical health effects associated with exposure to 2-butoxyethanol are alterations in hematological parameters associated with hemolysis and lesions of the forestomach in mice. A tolerable concentration of 11 mg/m3 has been derived, based upon the benchmark concentration for hematological effects in rats, quantitatively taking into account experimental data on interspecies variations in kinetics and dynamics. A tolerable concentration of 0.04 mg/m3 has also been derived based on the benchmark concentration for hyperplasia of the forestomach in mice. There is less confidence in this value, however, due to the paucity of information on mode of induction and, hence, relevance to humans.
Bacterial response to dissolved organic matter affects resource availability for algae

In aquatic systems, the presence of colored dissolved organic matter (DOM) may affect algal growth in numerous ways. This paper focuses on the effects of DOM on resource availability. DOM contains nitrogen and phosphorus, which may become available following microbial or photochemical degradation. Also, addition of DOM may stimulate bacterial growth, which in turn may change the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and inorganic carbon to algae. Experiments conducted in a moderately colored lake showed that the effect of DOM on algal growth depended on the amount of nutrients present in the peat extract and on bacterial response to DOM. There was evidence for competition for phosphorus between algae and bacteria in some treatments. In addition, when both bacteria growth and algal growth were high, bacterial respiration of DOM alleviated algal carbon limitation by providing algae with an inorganic carbon source. Thus, the degree to which bacteria are stimulated by the addition of DOM will affect the amoun.
Sex identification of polar bears from blood and tissue samples

Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) can be adversely affected by hunting and other human perturbations because of low population densities and low reproduction rates. The sustainable take of adult females may be as low as 1.5% of the population. Females and accompanying young are most vulnerable to hunting, and hunters have not consistently reported the sex composition of the harvest, therefore a method to confirm the sexes of polar bears harvested in Alaska is needed. Evidence of the sex of harvested animals is often not available, but blood or other tissue samples often are. We extracted DNA from tissue and blood samples, and amplified segments of zinc finger (ZFX and ZFY) genes from both X and Y chromosomes with the polymerase chain reaction. Digestion of amplified portions of the X chromosome with the restriction enzyme HaeIII resulted in subdivision of the original amplified segment into four smaller fragments. Digestion with HaeIII did not subdivide the original segment amplified from the Y chromosome. Th.
Programmed Cell Death in the Digestive Canal of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) during Prepupal Period

Tam metamorfoz geciren ipek boceklerinde, larval-pupal gelisim sirasinda sindirim kanali programlanmis hucre olumu yoluyla dejenere olmaktadir. Gelisim biyolojisinde programlanmis hucre olumu anahtar rol oynamaktadir. Programlanmis hucre olumu genel olarak, Apoptotik ve otofajik hucre olumu olarak isimlendirilen iki ana mekanizma ile gerceklesmektedir. Bu calismadaki amacimiz, larvalpupal metamorfoz sirasinda, Bombyx mori sindirim sisteminde meydana gelen metamorfik olaylarin gosterilmesidir. Histolojik teknikler kullanilarak morfolojik degisimler gosterilmistir; HE bulgularimiz, sindirim kanalinda meydana gelen olumde apoptoz ve otofajinin birlikte rol oynadigini gostermistir
Mechanics of motility initiation and motility arrest in active gels

Motility initiation in crawling cells requires transformation of a symmetric state into a polarized state while motility arrest is associated with re-symmetrization. Experiments on keratocytes suggest that polarization is triggered by the increased contractility of motor proteins but the conditions of re-symmetrization remain unclear. In this paper we show that if adhesion with the extra-cellular substrate is sufficiently low, the progressive intensification of motor-induced contraction may be responsible for both transitions: from static (symmetric) to motile (polarized) at a lower contractility threshold and from motile (polarized) back to static (symmetric) at a higher contractility threshold. Our model of lamellipodial cell motility is based on a 1D projection of the complex intra-cellular dynamics on the direction of locomotion. In the interest of analytical transparency we also neglect active protrusion and view adhesion as passive. Despite the unavoidable oversimplifications associated with these assumptions, the model reproduces quantitatively the motility initiation pattern in fish keratocytes and reveals a crucial role played in cell motility by the nonlocal feedback between the mechanics and the transport of active agents. A prediction of the model that a crawling cell can stop and re-symmetrize when contractility increases sufficiently far beyond the motility initiation threshold still awaits experimental verification.