Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Jets and jet algorithms

Jets are an important tool in hadronic physics and they will p lay a predominant role at the LHC. By defining jets as clusters of particles one aims at acce ssing, from the final-state particles, the underlying hard parton-level processes. Therefore jet s are an essential tool for a variety of studies, such as top reconstruction, mass measurements, Hi ggs and new physics (NP) searches. Furthermore, they are instrumental for QCD studies, e.g. for inclusive jet measurements, which in turn constitute an important input for the determination of parton distribution functions. By clustering particles into jets, jet algorithms reduce comp licated multiparticle events in simple final states with few jets. This procedure and the way particl es are recombined together ( .g. the Eor P -scheme) is fundamentally non-unique. In the following we will present recent progress in the descr iption of jets, both from the phenomenological and the experimental points of view. In pa rticular, we will focus on different aspects of the SISCone and antikt jet algorithms. We will also describe jet finding strategies and jet reconstruction and calibration techniques being devel oped by the LHC experiments ATLAS, CMS and LHCb. Finally, a recurring question in jet studies is what the best jet definition for a given physics analysis is. We will present a proposal of a characterizatio n of jet-finding “quality” designed to be simple, robust, physical and reasonably representative of common analysis tasks.
Photoactivatable Fluorescent Protein mEos2 Displays Repeated Photoactivation after a Long-Lived Dark State in the Red Photoconverted Form

Illumination with 405 nm light can recover the emission for single green fluorescent protein (GFP) mutants that have gone into a long-lived dark state. The reported behavior is the standard for the reverse photoswitchable protein Dronpa and its mutants. However, conventional knowledge regarding the mEos2 photoactivatable fluorescent protein (PA-FP) is that, once bleached, this fluorophore is hardly reactivated, aside from a minority population that might display this behavior. Here we show that, in a typical experiment, approximately 50% of the investigated single molecule time traces display multiple reactivations, making this a seemingly inherent feature of the mEos2 PA-FP. These results hint to some similarities between mEos2 and other reversibly photoactivatable probes such as Dronpa. We investigate the consequences of this phenomenon in the framework of photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) experiments.
Combinatorial Investigations of Si-M ( M = Cr + Ni , Fe , Mn ) Thin Film Negative Electrode Materials

Thin film libraries of sputtered Si x M 1 - x (M = Cr + Ni, Fe, Mn) have been investigated for use as negative electrode materials in Li-ion rechargeable batteries. Results from over 200 compositions are reported here. Theobserved capacity decreases as transition metal content increases, approaching zero around 50 atom % Si, and can be approximated assuming active Si in an inactive SiM (M = Cr, Fe, Mn or Ni) matrix. Plots of differential capacity vs. potential are characteristic of a-Si in an inert matrix, in agreement with X-ray diffraction results. The behavior of Si-Mn thin film libraries differs from that of Si-Fe and Si-Cr-Ni libraries for the range of 50 to 70 atom % Si.
helix-loop-helix transcriptional co-factors PHYTOCHROME RAPIDLY REGULATED1 (PAR1) and PAR2,

a Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China 8 b School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical 9 Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China 10 c State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 11 271018, China 12 d Corresponding Author: whyang@scau.edu. cn 13 14 Short Title: FHY3/FAR1 regulate shade avoidance 15
An SiO2 Film Deposition Technology Using Tetraethylorthosilicate and Ozone for Interlayer Metal Dielectrics

A void-free SiO 2 interlayer dielectric film formation technology has been developed. This technology utilizes tetraethylorthosilicate [TEOS, Si(OC 2 H 5 ) 4 ]/ozone (O 3 ) atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) SiO 2 film gap-filling, and the TEOS-based dual frequency plasma enhanced vapor deposition (PECVD) SiO 2 film as an underlayer of TEOS/O 3 APCVD SiO 2 film. This technology enables the formation of void-free SiO 2 interlayer dielectric films without any pretreatment for the underlayer between aluminum wirings line and space of 600 and 600 nm, respectively. Single-frequency PECVD SiO 2 films are also applied as an underlayer of TEOS/O 3 APCVD SiO 2 gap-filling. However, void-free gap-filling cannot be achieved, even using the single frequency PECVD SiO 2 underlayer. To clarify the mechanism of the void-free gap-filling, the underlayer PECVD SiO 2 film properties are investigated. The SiO 2 film density at the Al wiring pattern's sidewall of the dual-frequency PECVD SiO 2 films is equal to that at the pattern's bottom, while the density at the pattern's sidewall formed using single-frequency PECVD SiO 2 films is lower than that at the pattern's bottom. The carbon concentration for the dual-frequency PECVD SiO 2 films is lower than that for the single-frequency PECVD SiO 2 films. The H 2 O and acetaldehyde (CH 3 CHO) detected from the dual-frequency PECVD SiO 2 films due to the oxidation of the ethoxy group, is much more than that from the single-frequency PECVD SiO 2 films. Based on the experimental results, the mechanism of void-free gap-filling of TEOS/O 3 APCVD SiO 2 films is considered to consist of three steps ; (i) involving R ions (R, alkyl group) into the PECVD SiO 2 films during film deposition, (ii) Si-OR bonds formation at the PECVD SiO 2 films' surface, and (iii) oligomers flow at TEOS/O 3 APCVD SiO 2 film deposition. It is considered that the oligomers flow is promoted by the Si-OR bonds, resulting in the void-free gap-filling. The dual-frequency PECVD SiO 2 films can improve the gap-filling of TEOS/O 3 APCVD SiO 2 films.
Phase Diagrams for Ceramists: Supplement No. 1

The original compilation of phase diagrams was made by F. P. Hall and Herbert Insley and was published as the October, 1933, issue of The Journal of The American Ceramzc Soctety. These authors then followed with a supplement, published as the April, 1938, issue of the same Journal, and with another complete compilation which was published as Part I1 of the Sovember, 1947, issue of this Journal. The following compilation is the first supplement to the Sovember, 1947, issue. It includes corrections of errorst and omitted diagrams as well as those published since the 1917 compilation was printed. It is to be understood that temperatures are given in degrees centigrade and the compositions are given in weight percentage unless otherwise stated on the individual diagram.
Nitrogen isotope fractionation during the uptake and assimilation of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and urea by a marine diatom

Knowledge of the fractionation of nitrogen isotopes by phytoplankton is a key requirement for the calibration of the new δ15N paleotracer. An essential part of information required in this calibration concerns the magnitude of isotopic fractionation during the incorporation of N substrates by phytoplankton. To this end, the δ15N of batch cultures of Thalassiosira pseudonana grown on nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and urea was determined. This paper reports the first δ15N study of phytoplankton growth on urea (e.g. organic N substrate). The δ15N of the particulate nitrogen (PN) collected during the logarithmic growth phase, thus for N‐sufficient cells, was lower than the δ15N of the source due to kinetic isotope fractionation. With increasing drawdown of the N substrate, the δ15N of the accumulating PN increased in accordance with the Rayleigh distillation model. Enrichment factors (ε) derived from a least‐squares analysis of the accumulated δ15NPN data were 5.2 ± 0.2‰, 0.9 ± 0.6‰, 20 ± 1‰, and 0.8 ± 0.6‰ for NO3−, NO2−, NH4+, and urea incorporation, respectively. Overall, ε values for nitrate incorporation were consistent with field estimates of ~6‰ and could be used to estimate past relative nitrate utilization as estimated from the 615N of bulk sedimentary organic matter.
Amperometric Detection of Gaseous Formaldehydein the ppb Range

The direct amperometric detection of low levels of formaldehyde in the gas phase with an acidic electrochemical cell based on a gold coated Nafion membrane as working electrode was investigated. The sensor was found to show a linear response from the detection limit of 13 ppb up to at least 10 ppm. Influences of the flow rate and the humidity of the gas stream were studied. Also determined were the cross-sensitivities to a number of organic and inorganic gases. A new approach to overcome the interferences from NO, NO2 and SO2 is proposed whereby formaldehyde is selectively adsorbed from the sample stream with an aluminum oxide filter. By forming the difference for the measurements with and without filter a net signal for formaldehyde could be obtained in presence of the interferants.
On the Structure and Dynamics of Ionic Liquids

The structure and dynamics of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate is studied by molecular dynamics simulations. We find long-range spatial correlations between the ions and a three-dimensional local structure that reflects the asymmetry of the cations. The main contribution to the configurational energy comes from the electrostatic interactions which leads to charge-ordering effects. Radial screening and three-dimensional distribution of charge are also analyzed. The motion of a single ion is studied via velocity and reorientational correlation functions. It is found that ions “rattle” in a long-lived cage, while the orientational structure relaxes on a time scale longer than 200 ps. As in a supercooled liquid, the mean square displacements reveal a subdiffusive dynamics. In addition, the presence of dynamic heterogeneities can be detected by analyzing the non-Gaussian behavior of the van Hove correlation function and the spatial arrangement of the most mobile ions. The short-time collect.
Performance of a corona ion source for measurement of sulfuric acid by chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract. The performance of an ion source based on corona discharge has been studied. This source is used for the detection of gaseous sulfuric acid by chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) through the reaction of NO3– ions with H2SO4. The ion source is operated under atmospheric pressure and its design is similar to the one of a radioactive (americium-241) ion source which has been used previously. The results show that the detection limit for the corona ion source is sufficiently good for most applications. For an integration time of 1 min it is ~6 × 104 molecule cm−3 of H2SO4. In addition, only a small cross-sensitivity to SO2 has been observed for concentrations as high as 1 ppmv in the sample gas. This low sensitivity to SO2 is achieved even without the addition of an OH scavenger. When comparing the new corona ion source with the americium ion source for the same provided H2SO4 concentration, both ion sources yield almost identical values. These features make the corona ion source investigated here favorable over the more commonly used radioactive ion sources for most applications where H2SO4 is measured by CIMS.
Interfacial tension and contact angle measurements for the evaluation of CO2‐brine two‐phase flow characteristics in porous media

It is of great importance to investigate gas and water flow characteristics to better understand the geological CO2 sequestration process. The interfacial tension between CO2 and brine and the wettability of reservoir rocks are the most important parameters for two‐phase flow in porous media that have a significant influence on the capacity of CO2 storage. In this paper, we present a set of interfacial tension data between CO2 and a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and the contact angle data between CO2, NaCl and quartz by using a visual experimental method at multiple pressure, temperature and salinity conditions. We also performed simulations of CO2 and NaCl solution two‐phase flow in quartz bead‐packed beds by introducing interfacial tension and contact angle data into the pore network model to evaluate the relative permeability and capillary pressure. We found that the phase alternation of CO2 from a gas to its supercritical state has a significant influence on the wettability of pore surfaces and thus governs the capillary trapping mechanism. This indicates that CO2 sequestration efficiency in a saline aquifer will be greatly affected while CO2 is in its different phase states. The simulation results showed that a pore network model is available for the study of CO2 and brine two‐phase flow characteristics in porous media. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1756–1762, 2015
Ceramic Microbeads as Adsorbents for Purification Technologies with High Specific Surface Area, Adjustable Pore Size, and Morphology Obtained by Ionotropic Gelation

In this study, we present an ionotropic gelation route for obtaining porous alumina/silica microbeads (MBs) with tailorable morphology, specific surface area (SBET), and pore size, which can directly be sintered into porous, monolithic adsorbents (MAds). After sintering, SBETs from 20 m2/g up to 70 m2/g with open porosities up to 90% could be achieved depending on the silica nanoparticle addition. Due to the significantly increased SBET, a more than 100-fold faster uptake of model dye molecules was obtained. Pore sizes ranged between 13 and 184 nm with adjustable mono- and bimodal size distributions. Depending on silica content and sintering temperature, the MBs were also found to be chemically stable in technologically relevant solvents such as water, acetone, acetonitrile, hydrochloric acid, and methanol for at least 1 week except for sodium hydroxide. By adjusting the processing parameters, spherical, fibrous or irregular microbead morphologies could be obtained. The same route was also successfully applied for obtaining calcium phosphate, titania, and zirconia microbeads. The presented straight-forward ionotropic gelation route is basically applicable to any other ceramic material and therefore extremely versatile. The obtained MBs and MAds can be further adapted to any type of environmental or biotechnological purification process by additional functionalization steps.
Ac breakdown in near-atmospheric pressure noble gases: II. Simulations

The effect of frequency on the characteristics of ac-driven breakdown processes in 0.7 bar argon is investigated by means of a two-dimensional fluid model. The geometry represents the high intensity discharge lamp burner with a pin–pin electrode system forming a 7 mm electrode gap. The breakdown process is considered in the frequency range between 60 kHz and 1 MHz. The appearance of the discharge and the influence of the voltage frequency on its characteristics obtained in the simulations is in good agreement with the experimental data (accompanying paper—Sobota et al 2011 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 44 224002, special issue on LS12/WLED3 symposium). The role of the secondary electron emission from the electrode surfaces is demonstrated and linked to the lowering of the threshold voltage with the increase in frequency observed both in experiment and model.
Direct Initiation Through Detonation Branching in a Pulsed Detonation Engine

Abstract : Pulsed Detonation Engines are currently limited in operating frequency to the order of 40 Hz due to lengthy ignition and deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) times. An experimental study is conducted to determine the requirements necessary to eliminate these constraints through the concept of direct initiation. A branched detonation crossover setup is constructed and the operational requirements are determined. This research demonstrates the ability to directly initiate a detonation in a vacant tube from a detonation obtained through detonation branching. Using a hydrogen-air mixture, a tail-to-head detonation branching is achieved in which a detonation is seen to propagate from a spark ignited detonation tube, through a crossover tube and across a 1:2 diameter expansion ratio into a vacant second detonation tube. This effectively eliminates the ignition and DDT times associated with the conventional operation of the second tube. The closed-end pressure trace of a transferred detonation as deemed successful through wave speed measurements is analyzed and further solidifies the findings.
STABILITY-INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN BULK DRUGS AND IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

A novel stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for quantitative determination of guanfacine hydrochloride in bulk drug and in pharmaceutical dosage form. An isocratic, reversed phase HPLC method was developed to separate the drug from the degradation products, using Apollo, C18 (250mm x 4.6mm, 5µm) column with mobile phase of 50mM Ammonium acetate (volatile buffer) and acetonitrile (65:35, v/v). UV detection has been done at wavelength 220 nm. The guanfacine hydrochloride was subjected to the stress conditions of hydrolysis (acid, base), oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation. The stressed samples were analyzed by the proposed method. The analyte peak shape was excellent. The described method shows excellent linearity over a range of 30 – 450 µg/mL. The correlation coefficient for guanfacine hydrochloride was 0.999. The limit of detection for Guanfacine hydrochloride is 0.011 µg/mL and the limit of quantification is 0.038 µg/mL respectively. Degradation was observed for guanfacine hydrochloride in base, thermal and in 30% H2O2 conditions. The drug was found to be stable in the other stress conditions attempted. The degradation products were well resolved from main peak. The percentage recovery of guanfacine hydrochloride was ranged from (99.2% to 100.5%) in pharmaceutical dosage form. The developed method was validated with respect to the linearity, accuracy (recovery), precision, specificity and robustness. The forced degradation studies prove the stability indicating power of the method.
Morphological Aspects of Ciliary Motility

In Elliptio complanatus lateral cilia, two distinct patterns of filament termination can be discerned. In one case, all nine filaments are present and all are single; in the second, at least one filament is missing but doublets are still present. These probably represent different configurations within one cilium in different stroke positions; to get from one to the other, some peripheral filaments must move with respect to others. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the filaments themselves do not change length, but rather slide past one another to accommodate increasing curvature. The bent regions of the cilium are in the form of circular arcs. In a few cases, apparent displacement of filaments at the tip (Δl) can be shown to be accounted for if we assume that all differences are generated within these arcs. The displacement per degree of bend is 35 A. Regions of bent arc are initially confined to the base of the cilium but move up the shaft as straight regions appear below them. From the relationship between arc length and radius of curvature, a shaft length that is the unit that initially bends and slides may be defined. Quantal displacements of the length of one 14S dynein may perhaps occur at sites between filaments at opposite sides of such a unit as sliding occurs.
Application of girdling for improved fruit retention, yield and fruit quality in Syzygium samarangense under field conditions

The study was undertaken to investigate the effects of different girdling techniques on the yield and quality of wax jambu fruits (Syzygium samarangense). Physiological and biochemical parameters were monitored at one week intervals during the three successive growth period from January, 2009 to May, 2010, using I-25%, C, V shaped, I-50% and 100% girdling. Girdling was applied three weeks before flowering every season. It was observed that the C-shaped girdling technique significantly enhanced the inflorescence development and produced the best results with regard to the fruit retention, fruit size, leaf chlorophyll and drymatter in comparison to the control and the other girdling techniques employed. Furthermore, C-shaped girdling enhanced faster fruit growth producing the best final fruit length and diameter, in addition to significantly increased number of fruits and mean fruit weight. It was also observed that I-50% girdling increased the L\D ration of fruit. I-shaped girdling increased the photosynthetic yield and dry matter content in the fruits compared to the control. With regard to fruit quality, the application of C-shape girdling increased total sugars, total phenolics and anthocyanins content in the fruits by 87, 28 and 138%, respectively compared to the control treatment. V-shape girdling increased the total flavonoids 150% more than control fruits. Girdling practices increased the antioxidant activity in the fruits. From this study, it can be concluded that girdling applied before flowering enhanced inflorescence development, increased yield and quality of wax jambu fruits under field conditions. (C) 2011 Friends Science Publishers
“Rainfall Harvesting, a Sustainable Water ManagementAlternative for Food Security in Nigeria

Nigeria with her expanse of land is greatly endowed with potentials of first class food producing nation. Weather information of thirty six states including the Federal Capital Territory: Altitude (AT), population density (PD), average annual rainfall (AR), land mass (LM), latitudes (LT), longitudes (LG), relative humidity (RH), maximum and minimum temperatures (MX, MN) and average daily wind run (WR) were collated, processed and analyzed. Isotherm, isobaths, isohyetal, isotach and isohume maps were constructed. Weighed rainfall of the states was evaluated. Frequency of exceedence based on frequency analysis model was determined. Empirical model generated by NIHORT using 28m2 roof surface area obtained through daily rainfall was used to evaluate the rainfall harvesting potentials of thirty six states of Nigeria including federal capital territory (FCT). Exceedance frequency was highest for Katsina with average annual rainfall of 552mm , altitude 464m, latitude 12o12’N, longitude 7o30’E and population density, 160.3/km2, while Minna recorded the highest weighted rainfall of 116.2mm with average annual rainfall of 1400mm, altitude 299m, latitude 10o00’N, longitude 6o0’E, showing the highest potentials for rainfall harvesting at 129.3km3, though 18th in ranking respect to the actual amount expected based on the average annual rainfall and 28m2 roof surface area.
Electroless Deposition of Metals onto Organosilane Monolayers

Deposition of gold and copper onto monolayers of 3-aminopropylsilane and 3-mercaptopropylsilane is described. The depositions described here are performed without the aid of a palladium or tin/palladium catalyst. Strongly adherent metal particles attached to the modified surfaces can be produced by placing the silane surfaces either in aqueous solutions of the metal ion of interest (HAuCl 4 or CuSO 4 ), followed by exposure of the metal/silane surface to a solution containing only reducing agent (denoted as sequentially prepared films), or aqueous solutions of a reducing agent mixed with the metal ions (denoted as autocatalytic films). Scanning force microscopy, in contact mode, was used to examine the morphology of the resulting nanometer-sized metal deposits. The metal deposits have been used as nucleation layers for the electroless deposition of conductive, reflective copper films.