Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

SUMMARY Dengue fever, a very old disease, has reemerged in the past 20 years with an expanded geographic distribution of both the viruses and the mosquito vectors, increased epidemic activity, the development of hyperendemicity (the cocirculation of multiple serotypes), and the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in new geographic regions. In 1998 this mosquito-borne disease is the most important tropical infectious disease after malaria, with an estimated 100 million cases of dengue fever, 500,000 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever, and 25,000 deaths annually. The reasons for this resurgence and emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the waning years of the 20th century are complex and not fully understood, but demographic, societal, and public health infrastructure changes in the past 30 years have contributed greatly. This paper reviews the changing epidemiology of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever by geographic region, the natural history and transmission cycles, clinical diagnosis of both dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever, serologic and virologic laboratory diagnoses, pathogenesis, surveillance, prevention, and control. A major challenge for public health officials in all tropical areas of the world is to devleop and implement sustainable prevention and control programs that will reverse the trend of emergent dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Does Competition Among Public Schools Benefit Students and Taxpayers? A Comment on Hoxby (2000)

In an influential paper, Hoxby (2000) studies the relationship between the degree of so-called "Tiebout choice" among local school districts within a metropolitan area and average test scores. She argues that choice is endogenous to school quality, and instruments with the number of larger and smaller streams. She finds a large positive effect of choice on test scores, which she interprets as evidence that school choice induces greater school productivity. This paper revisits Hoxby's analysis. I document several important errors in Hoxby's data and code. I also demonstrate that the estimated choice effect is extremely sensitive to the way that "larger streams" are coded. When Hoxby's hand count of larger streams is replaced with any of several alternative, easily replicable measures, there is no significant difference between IV and OLS, each of which indicates a choice effect near zero. There is thus little evidence that schools respond to Tiebout competition by raising productivity. A data appendix for this paper is available online
The tractability index of memristive circuits: branch‐oriented and tree‐based models

The memory‐resistor or memristor is a new electrical element characterized by a nonlinear charge‐flux relation. This device poses many challenging problems, in particular from the circuit modeling point of view. In this paper, we address the index analysis of certain differential‐algebraic models of memristive circuits; specifically, our attention is focused on so‐called branch‐oriented models, which include in particular tree‐based formulations of the circuit equations. Our approach combines results coming from differential‐algebraic equation theory, matrix analysis and theory of digraphs. This framework should be useful in future studies of dynamical aspects of memristive circuits. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smaller left anterior cingulate cortex volumes are associated with impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation in healthy elderly men.

CONTEXT Studies in animals suggest that the limbic prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate cortex, is involved in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, but human data are lacking. OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that smaller anterior cingulate cortex volumes are associated with HPA axis dysregulation in healthy older men. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Comparison was made of volumes of bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and superior frontal gyrus (control region) volumes in two groups of 10 healthy men, aged 65-70 yr, who showed nonsuppression or suppression of cortisol levels in response to low dose (250 microg) dexamethasone. Analysis of brain volumes was performed blind to the cortisol levels. SETTING This study was performed at a tertiary care clinical research center. RESULTS Nonsuppressors had significantly smaller left anterior cingulate cortex volumes than suppressors (5757 vs. 7817 mm(3); P = 0.01). Right anterior cingulate cortex, bilateral hippocampus, and bilateral superior frontal gyrus volumes were not significantly different between nonsuppressors and suppressors. CONCLUSIONS Smaller left anterior cingulate cortex volumes may be associated with HPA axis dysregulation in humans. These results substantiate evidence from animal studies indicating an important role for the anterior cingulate cortex in suprahypothalamic feedback regulation of the HPA axis. The results also have implications for disorders in which HPA axis dysregulation and abnormalities of the anterior cingulate cortex are frequently observed, such as depression and Alzheimer's disease.
Partial peripheral motor nerve lesions induce changes in the conduction properties of remaining intact motoneurons

A partial injury or loss of peripheral motor axons is followed by compensatory sprouting of remaining intact motor axons in order to reinnervate muscle. Little is known, however, about the electrophysiologic properties proximally of these intact motoneurons and their axons following injury of neighboring motor axons. We studied the conduction properties of intact cat motor axons and motoneurons proximal to the site of a partial peripheral nerve section. Twelve weeks after the partial transection of the cat medial gastrocnemius motor nerve, there was a significant (7%) reduction in conduction velocity and a 13% prolongation in afterhyperpolarization half–decay time in the remaining intact motoneurons, compared with controls. Partial injury to motor nerves thus induces reactive electrophysiologic changes in the remaining intact motoneurons and their axons, perhaps associated with compensatory sprouting within partially denervated muscle. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 662–666, 2001
Fragrance to vector as scent technology

In order to understand human recognition on scent, it is required to learn sequencing odors and its expression. When using only distributed representations of words about odor and fragrance for scent recognition, they lose quantitative scales. This study is about a machine learning between textual and vector representation of scent. In this paper, scent vector and semi-supervised learning as a base of human expression for odors and fragrances are proposed. First, related researches are shown in section 1. In section 2 and 3, concept of scent technology using sensor data and machine learning is described.
ADAPTATION OF GLASS COLUMNS FOR CLEAN-UP IN RP-HPLC DETERMINATION OF AFLATOXINS WITH POST-COLUMN DERIVATISATION WITH BROMINE AND FLUORESCENCE DETECTION

Consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods in developing countries may not only cause cancer in the general population, but is also associated with stunting and immune suppression in children. Accurate determination of aflatoxins in foods is important for the prevention of the above health risks. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of using cheap florisil-packed glass columns instead of relatively complex and expensive pre-packed cartridges for afltoxin clean-up prior to HPLC analysis. Additionally, effects of aflatoxin extract storage temperature, and the moisture content of florisil on aflatoxin recovery were assessed. Results showed that the standard curve was highly linear as depicted by the high correlation coefficient for all four aflatoxins [0.99, 0.99, 0.97 and 0.98, respectively for AFG1, AFB2 and AFB1 and AFG2. The retention times over a total run time of 20 minutes were 14.8 (SD 0.4), 12.4 (SD 0.1), 10.7 (SD 0.3) and 9.1 (SD 0.3) minutes, respectively for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2. Florisil powder that had been dried for 12 hours at 100 oC, then hydrated with water at 5% (w/v) before packing on glass columns gave slightly higher recovery for all aflatoxins (100.3% AFB1, 93.1% AFB2, 83.8% AFG1 and 71.1% AFG2) compared to the pre-packed cartridges (96.4% AFB1, 91.5% AFB2, 80.6% AFG1 and 66.9% AFG2). There was 10% and 20% aflatoxin loss at 4 oC and 22 oC, respectively. After 6 hours of storage, no aflatoxin degradation was observed at – 18 oC. There was 0-5% aflatoxin loss at –18 oC after 12 hours, while at 4 oC and 22 oC, the loss range was 20-50% and 30-55%, respectively. Aflatoxin recoveries ranged from 120-160%, 90-110%, 80-98%, and 55-74% for florisil which had been hydrated with water at 2.5%, 5% and 10%, respectively. Glass columns are cheap and can be used many times and are a feasible and sustainable alternative to pre-packed florisil cartridges for aflatoxin clean up to ensure food safety, especially in resource poor settings.
Visual experience and age affect synaptic organization in the mushroom bodies of the desert ant Cataglyphis fortis

Desert ants of the genus Cataglyphis undergo an age‐related polyethism from interior workers involved in brood care and food processing to short‐lived outdoor foragers with remarkable visual navigation capabilities. The quick transition from dark to light suggests that visual centers in the ant's brain express a high degree of plasticity. To investigate structural synaptic plasticity in the mushroom bodies (MBs)—sensory integration centers supposed to be involved in learning and memory—we immunolabeled and quantified pre‐ and postsynaptic profiles of synaptic complexes (microglomeruli, MG) in the visual (collar) and olfactory (lip) input regions of the MB calyx. The results show that a volume increase of the MB calyx during behavioral transition is associated with a decrease in MG numbers in the collar and, less pronounced, in the lip. Analysis of tubulin‐positive profiles indicates that presynaptic pruning of projection neurons and dendritic expansion in intrinsic Kenyon cells are involved. Light‐exposure of dark‐reared ants of different age classes revealed similar effects. The results indicate that this structural synaptic plasticity in the MB calyx is primarily driven by visual experience rather than by an internal program. This is supported by the fact that dark‐reared ants age‐matched to foragers had MG numbers comparable to those of interior workers. Ants aged artificially for up to 1 year expressed a similar plasticity. These results suggest that the high degree of neuronal plasticity in visual input regions of the MB calyx may be an important factor related to behavior transitions associated with division of labor. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 70: 408–423, 2010
Recent advances in the treatment of epilepsy.

Great progress has been seen in the treatment of epilepsy during the past decade, with the marketing of 8 new anticonvulsants and an innovative neurostimulation device. This plethora of options creates dilemmas for physicians faced with treatment decisions. This article reviews recent advances in epilepsy treatment, in the context of available evidence.
Elevated performance: the unique physiology of birds that fly at high altitudes

Summary Birds that fly at high altitudes must support vigorous exercise in oxygen-thin environments. Here I discuss the characteristics that help high fliers sustain the high rates of metabolism needed for flight at elevation. Many traits in the O2 transport pathway distinguish birds in general from other vertebrates. These include enhanced gas-exchange efficiency in the lungs, maintenance of O2 delivery and oxygenation in the brain during hypoxia, augmented O2 diffusion capacity in peripheral tissues and a high aerobic capacity. These traits are not high-altitude adaptations, because they are also characteristic of lowland birds, but are nonetheless important for hypoxia tolerance and exercise capacity. However, unique specializations also appear to have arisen, presumably by high-altitude adaptation, at every step in the O2 pathway of highland species. The distinctive features of high fliers include an enhanced hypoxic ventilatory response, an effective breathing pattern, larger lungs, haemoglobin with a higher O2 affinity, further augmentation of O2 diffusion capacity in the periphery and multiple alterations in the metabolic properties of cardiac and skeletal muscle. These unique specializations improve the uptake, circulation and efficient utilization of O2 during high-altitude hypoxia. High-altitude birds also have larger wings than their lowland relatives to reduce the metabolic costs of staying aloft in low-density air. High fliers are therefore unique in many ways, but the relative roles of adaptation and plasticity (acclimatization) in high-altitude flight are still unclear. Disentangling these roles will be instrumental if we are to understand the physiological basis of altitudinal range limits and how they might shift in response to climate change.
Examining the effect of dietary electrolyte balance, energy source, and length of feeding of nitrogen‐free diets on ileal endogenous amino acid losses in broilersc1

ABSTRACT The effect of dietary electrolyte balance (DEB), energy source (ES), and length of feeding of nitrogen‐free diet (NFD) on ileal endogenous amino acid (EAA) loss in mg/kg dry matter intake (DMI) was evaluated in broiler chickens. In Experiment 1, 720 chickens consisting of 15 replicate cages with 6 chickens/replicate were used. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial and consisted of 4 NFD with 2 levels (low or high) of DEB and 2 ES [corn starch (CS) or dextrose (DX)], and 2 sampling time‐points (diets were fed for either 72 h (d 16 to 19) or 120 h (d 16 to 21). Experiment 2 used 360 chickens in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 levels (low or high) of DEB and 2 ES (CS or DX). Diets were fed for 72 h (d 18 to 21). All birds had access to feed and water on an ad libitum basis. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS appropriate for a completely randomized design for a factorial arrangement of treatments. For Experiment 1, there were interactions (P < 0.05) between the 3 main factors for nitrogen and all the AA except Trp. Broilers that were fed DX‐based NFD with high DEB for 72 h had the highest (P < 0.05) EAA losses. In Experiment 2, there was no interaction between DEB and ES except for His and Lys. When ileal EAA losses from birds fed the low DEB, CS‐based NFD were used to standardize apparent ileal digestibility values from a previous study, there was no effect of length of feeding on standardized ileal AA digestibility values. In conclusion, DX‐based NFD with high DEB increased endogenous AA loses. Despite differences in ileal EAA losses from CS‐based NFD, standardized ileal AA digestibility values were not influenced by the length of feeding of NFD. Based on the results from these studies, NFD could be fed for 72 h without influencing SIAAD values.
Las bases materiales del sector exportador chileno : un análisis input-output

El objetivo principal de este estudio ha sido reatribuir los materiales que extrajo la economia chilena en el ano 1996 de acuerdo a la demanda final extranjera. Para ello se utilizo una metodologia input-output (IO). En 1996 la economia chilena requirio 500 millones de toneladas de inputs de materiales directos (IMD). Los resultados encontrados indican que el sector exportador de Chile, que represento el 38% del PIB en 1996, demando en total 399 millones de toneladas (80%) de los IMD que ingresaron a la economia. La industria del cobre en particular fue responsable de 316 de las 399 millones de toneladas de IMD. Estos resultados indican que si bien el sector externo de la economia chilena ha sido el motor del crecimiento economico, es necesario remarcar tambien que este utilizo el 80% de los IMD que ingresaron en la economia. Sin duda, esta es solo una de las cargas ambientales asociadas a las exportaciones chilenas intensivas en recursos naturales.
Caregivers’ interest in using smokeless tobacco products: Novel methods that may reduce children’s exposure to secondhand smoke

The study examined caregivers’ interest in using potentially reduced exposure tobacco products for smoking cessation, reduction, and to help them not smoke in places such as around their child, as all three methods would potentially lead to reduced secondhand smoke exposure for their children. A sample of 136 caregivers completed carbon monoxide testing to assess smoking status and a brief survey. Few caregivers had ever used potentially reduced exposure tobacco products (<1%), but a majority were interested in trying them as means of smoking reduction (54%), to quit/stay quit from smoking (51%), and to help them not smoke around their child or in the home (55%). Caregivers less motivated to quit smoking and with no home smoking ban were more interested in using potentially reduced exposure tobacco products to help them quit/stay quit from smoking (p < .05).
Postnatal development of cholinergic neurotransmitter enzymes in the mouse cerebellum. Biochemical, light microscopic and electron microscopic cytochemical investigations

The activity and distribution of the cholinergic neurotransmitter enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) in the developing cerebellum of the mouse were investigated using biochemical assays and light microscopic histochemistry for AChE and ChAc, and electron microscopic histochemistry for AChE.
Scaling issues for p-i-n carbon nanotube FETs: A computational study

Scaling study of p-i-n carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFETs) is presented through numerical simulations based on a quantum-mechanical simulator. This simulator is based on a self-consistent solution of Poisson's equation and the carrier transport equation. Finite element method is used for solving Poisson's equation while the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism is used to model the carrier transport. The developed simulator is used to investigate the effects of the device parameters on the device performance.
Strengthened glycolysis under hypoxia supports tumor symbiosis and hexosamine biosynthesis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most intractable and fatal cancer. The decreased blood vessel density displayed by this tumor not only favors its resistance to chemotherapy but also participates in its aggressiveness due to the consequent high degree of hypoxia. It is indeed clear that hypoxia promotes selective pressure on malignant cells that must develop adaptive metabolic responses to reach their energetic and biosynthetic demands. Here, using a well-defined mouse model of pancreatic cancer, we report that hypoxic areas from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma are mainly composed of epithelial cells harboring epithelial-mesenchymal transition features and expressing glycolytic markers, two characteristics associated with tumor aggressiveness. We also show that hypoxia increases the “glycolytic” switch of pancreatic cancer cells from oxydative phosphorylation to lactate production and we demonstrate that increased lactate efflux from hypoxic cancer cells favors the growth of normoxic cancer cells. In addition, we show that glutamine metabolization by hypoxic pancreatic tumor cells is necessary for their survival. Metabolized glucose and glutamine converge toward a common pathway, termed hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which allows O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modifications of proteins. Here, we report that hypoxia increases transcription of hexosamine biosynthetic pathway genes as well as levels of O-glycosylated proteins and that O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation of proteins is a process required for hypoxic pancreatic cancer cell survival. Our results demonstrate that hypoxia-driven metabolic adaptive processes, such as high glycolytic rate and hexosamine biosynthetic pathway activation, favor hypoxic and normoxic cancer cell survival and correlate with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma aggressiveness.
Universal metabolic constraints shape the evolutionary ecology of diving in animals

Diving as a lifestyle has evolved on multiple occasions when air-breathing terrestrial animals invaded the aquatic realm, and diving performance shapes the ecology and behaviour of all air-breathing aquatic taxa, from small insects to great whales. Using the largest dataset yet assembled, we show that maximum dive duration increases predictably with body mass in both ectotherms and endotherms. Compared to endotherms, ectotherms can remain submerged for longer, but the mass scaling relationship for dive duration is much steeper in endotherms than in ectotherms. These differences in diving allometry can be fully explained by inherent differences between the two groups in their metabolic rate and how metabolism scales with body mass and temperature. Therefore, we suggest that similar constraints on oxygen storage and usage have shaped the evolutionary ecology of diving in all air-breathing animals, irrespective of their evolutionary history and metabolic mode. The steeper scaling relationship between body mass and dive duration in endotherms not only helps explain why the largest extant vertebrate divers are endothermic rather than ectothermic, but also fits well with the emerging consensus that large extinct tetrapod divers (e.g. plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs) were endothermic.
Fermented Camel Milk (Chal): Chemical, Microbial and Functional Properties

O p e n A c c e s s Fermented Camel Milk (Chal): Chemical, Microbial and Functional Properties Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences & Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (IAUPS) Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran , Karaj campus, Karaj, Iran. Department of Food Science and Technology, Safadasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Progesterone profiles of postpartum dairy cows as an aid to diagnosis and treatment of reproductive disorders

Milk progesterone levels were measured on a daily basis for 44 dairy cows from calving to conception in order to use the progesterone profiles in diagnosing and treating reproductive disorders related to the oestrous cycle. Some of the profiles could be used to identify reproductive abnormalities, for example, silent heats (13,6%), irregular oestrous cycles (2,2%), ovarian cysts (6,8%), and embryo mortality (15,2%). The degree to which such problems were overcome could also be monitored. The wide variation in progesterone profiles made it difficult to predict the outcome of insemination. It was concluded that repeat breeding could be due to several reasons, only some of which could be identified from progesterone profiles. Daaglikse melkprogesteroonwaardes van 44 melkkoeie is bepaal vanaf kalwing tot besetting sodat progesteroonprofiele gebruik kon word om voortplantingsgebreke van die estrussiklus te diagnoseer en te behandel. Sekere van die profiele kon gebruik word om voortplantingsgebreke soos byvoorbeeld, stilbrons (13,6%), ongereelde bronstigheidssiklusse (2,2%), ovariumsiste (6,8%), en embriomortaliteit (15,2%) te identifiseer. Die mate waartoe sulke probleme oorkom is, kon ook gemonitor word. Weens die groot variasie in progesteroonprofiele was dit moeilik om die sukses van kunsmatige inseminasie te voorspel. Herhaalde onsuksesvolle inseminasie kon dus toegeskryf word aan verskeie oorsake waarvan net sommige deur middel van progesteroonprofiele identifiseerbaar was .