Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination model for cetane number of biodiesel at different fatty acid composition: a review

The most accepted definition of biodiesel is stated at the EU technical regulation EN 14214 (2008) or in the USA in ASTM 6751-02. As a result of this highly strict description only methyl esters of fatty acids conform to these definitions, nevertheless the term ‘‘biodiesel’’ is spread out to other alkyl fatty esters. Some countries have adopted bioethanol for replacement of methanol in biodiesel transesterification and thus assuring a fully biological fuel. Of course, such position brings some problems in fulfilling technical requirements of EN 14214 or ASTM 6751-02. Biodiesel is actually a less complex mixture than petrodiesel, but different feedstock origins and the effect of seasonality may impose difficulties in fuel quality control. Since biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel derived from the transesterification of triacylglycerol comprised materials, such as vegetable oils or animal fats, with simple alcohols to furnish the corresponding mono-alkyl esters, its composition depends on the raw material used, the cultivated area location, and harvest time. The choice of the raw material is usually the most important factor for fluctuations of biodiesel composition, because different vegetable oils and animal fats may contain different types of fatty acids. Important properties of this fuel vary significantly with the composition of the mixture. Cetane number, melting point, degree of saturation, density, cloud point, pour point, viscosity, and nitrogen oxides exhaust emission (NOx), for instance, deserve to be mentioned. One of the most important fuel quality indicators is the cetane number; however its experimental determination may be an expensive and lengthy task. To weaken situation concerning biodiesel, the availability of data in the literature is also scarce. In such scenario, the use of reliable models to predict the cetane number or any other essential characteristic may be of great utility. We reviewed available literature to describe model, which will correlate cetane number of single mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids and their mixtures (biodiesels) with structural characteristics achieved by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. We suggest that this could be done through the application of a three stages process, combining statistical tools, fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks. Both treatments pointed to two major characteristics as determinants for the cetane number values: the number of carbon-carbon double bonds and the structure of alcohol moiety in each fatty ester. Neural Networks predicted cetane number quantitatively. The results are beneficial for the further development of analytical models addressing the quality of biofuels.
Towards 5G Cellular: Understanding 3D In-Building Single Band and Multi-band Small Cells with Control/User-plane Coupled and Separation Architectures with a Novel Resource Reuse Approach

In this paper, we present numerous small cell base station, i.e. femtocell base station (FCBS), with control-/user-plane coupled and separation architectures based on the number of transceivers and operating frequency bands to serve control-/user-plane traffic. A single transceiver enabled FCBS can operate at either a co-channel microwave of the overlaid macrocell or a millimeter wave band. For multiple transceivers, dual transceivers are considered operating at both bands. FCBSs are deployed in a number of buildings with each floor modeled as 5×5 square-grid apartments. The co-channel interference with FCBSs is avoided using enhanced intercell interference coordination techniques. We propose a static frequency reuse approach and develop an algorithm by avoiding adjacent channel interferences from reusing frequencies in FCBSs. We also develop a resource scheduling algorithm for FCBSs with CUCA and CUSA to evaluate system level performances with a multi-tier network. It is found that a single transceiver cochannel microwave enabled FCBS with CUCA provides the worse, whereas a single or dual transceivers millimeter wave enabled FCBS with CUSA provides the best overall system capacity and FCBSs’ energy efficiency performances. Besides, we show the outperformances of the proposed resource reuse approach over an existing approach in literature in terms of system capacity and fairness among FCBSs with CUCA. Finally, we point out the applicability of a multi-band enabled FCBS and several features and issues of FCBSs with CUCA and CUSA.
Community Connections: Integrating Community-Based Field Experiences to Support Teacher Education for Diversity

Educational Considerations Introduction In the United States, preservice teachers often graduate and go on to work with students whose backgrounds are different from their own and in communities in which they have limited lived experience (Sleeter 2000). This holds significant implications for teacher education programs given the importance of life and educational experiences in informing teaching and learning knowledge and practices and the subsequent impact of these practices in shaping the experiences and trajectories of students’ lives. As Villegas (2007) observes, “given the salient role that schools play in shaping students’ life chances and the obligation that teachers have to teach all students fairly, teacher education can ill-ignore the conspicuous pattern of disparities in the distribution of school benefits across groups” (371). This compels approaches to teacher education, including multicultural education (Banks and Banks 2009; Nieto and Bode 2011; Sleeter and Grant 2007) and culturally responsive teaching (Gay 2010; Villegas and Lucas 2002) that attends to issues related to diversity and equity, and that enables preservice teachers to cultivate the knowledge, skills, and dispositions necessary to develop responsive teaching and learning practices (Villegas 2007). Such approaches are often united by an emphasis on social justice. Though discussion and debate continue as to what constitutes teaching for social justice or social justice teacher education (McDonald and Zeichner 2009; Cochran-Smith et al. 2009), this concept can be understood broadly as an approach to education “that aims to have all students reach high levels of learning and to prepare them for active and full participation in a democracy” (Villegas 2007, 372). While there remains a “lack of clarity in the field at large about what constitutes social justice teacher education” (McDonald and Zeichner 2009, 595), it is apparent that the development of responsive practices requires more than content knowledge, and that knowledge of students and their communities is central to these approaches (Sleeter 2008a; Wadell 2013). However, many preservice teachers enter and Community Connections: Integrating Community-Based Field Experiences to Support Teacher Education for Diversity
BAYESMIX: a software program for Bayesian analysis of mixture models with an application to model-based clustering of microarray gene expression data.

We present a FORTRAN 90 code to perform Bayesian analysis of a mixture of Gaussian distributions with a known number of components, with specific application to model-based clustering of cDNA microarray gene expression data. Its application is illustrated with two simulated and one real data set. Benchmarking is performed through equivalent models obtained via maximum likelihood. The program was developed using a Linux based compiler, although it is flexible with respect to both computer platform and user interaction. Upon request, the executable is available free of charge for research institutions and for non-commercial use only.
ECO-INNOVATIONS - TOOLS FOR THE TRANSITION TO GREEN ECONOMY

Eco-innovations remain a basic source of green growth and resource efficiency leading to a greater sustainability and at the same time to a technological change. The paper covers the discussion on the methodological controversies related to eco-innovations’ importance for the economy. The main purpose of this study is to present in a theoretical way the role of eco-innovations in the transition to green economy and a current state of eco-innovativeness performance in the EU Member States. Special emphasis is put on the measurement dilemma related to eco-innovativeness performance assessment. The literature review suggests that there are two approaches concerning the significance of eco-innovations for the economy eco-efficiency and resource efficiency. Eco-innovations are also one of the main sources of green growth. The proper measurement of eco-innovativeness performance remains a serious problem although several projects sponsored by OECD and the EU have tried to address this issue. The current performance of the EU Members States regarding eco-innovations roughly coincides with the general innovativeness performance with some variations concerning the eco-innovation activities and eco-innovation outputs. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.5755/j01.em. 18.4. 4485
DIVERSITY OF Wasmannia auropunctata (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) AND THE USE OF MITOCHONDRIAL INTERGENIC SPACER AND LEUCINE tRNA FOR ITS IDENTIFICATION

Formigas da espécie Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger, 1863) tem sido o foco de muitos estudos abordando o seu status de invasora, o seu sistema reprodutivo e o seu controle. Porém, poucos estudos têm analisado sua diversidade genética ou estudado novas técnicas para a identificação da espécie. No presente artigo foi estudada a diversidade de W. auropunctata em duas de suas regiões nativas, Brasil e Colômbia, testando novos métodos moleculares de identificação. Para tal, foi sequenciado o gene citocromo c oxidase subunidade I (COI), o espaçador intergênico (IGS), o RNA transportador (tRNA) e o gene citocromo c oxidase subunidade II (COII) de operárias de 31 localidades. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que 80% dos mitótipos identificados nunca haviam sido registrados anteriormente e que as amostras apresentaram uma alta diversidade haplotípica. A análise dos dados e comparação com diferentes estudos publicados indicam que o tRNA entre o IGS e o gene COII foi similar para todas as formigas dessa espécie, enquanto o IGS entre o gene COI e o tRNA variou em comprimento. Sendo assim, tais padrões poderiam contribuir para a identificação inter e intraespecífica, respectivamente. O presente trabalho demonstra a importância de mais estudos moleculares na área, uma vez que podem oferecer novas perspectivas sobre a diversidade da espécie, assim como métodos de identificá-la.
Feeding and Fecundity in the Predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The relationship of food consumption during the grub stage with the subsequent adult stage of female Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and the impact of food consumption on its fecundity was studied. Food consumption of the adult female C. montrouzieri was found to be positively correlated with food consumption during the grub stage and the regression analysis explained 54% of the variability (y = 0.3418x + 1.3884; R 2 = 0.542). Further, fecundity was found to be linked to the adult female's food consumption with a highly significant positive correlation to consumption of previous 1st day (r = 0.83), 2nd day (r = 0.82), 3rd day (r = 0.81), 1st + 2nd day (r = 0.83), 2nd + 3rd day (r = 0.82) as well as to cumulative food consumption (r = 0.83). Linear and non-linear functions explained the relationship between amount of food consumed and numbers of eggs laid to the extent of 85% (y = 1.6075x + 46.8; R 2 = 0.8456) and 89% (y=15.198x 0.5681 ; R 2 = 0.8854), respectively. Thus, selection for high food consumption in the grub stage also selects indirectly C. montrouzieri adult females that lay copious quantities of eggs.
Ecological impacts of wildlife conservation units policy in Mexico

The value of biodiversity is often expressed in an abstract manner, while land-use decisions are typically made at the local level, on an economic basis, to meet the immediate needs of local communities. In Mexico, recent legislation has created new economic incentives for biodiversity conservation by allowing landowners and managers to benefit directly from the exploitation of wildlife. This bold move toward market-based approaches has proven popular, but implementation is hindered by a lack of scientific rigor in planning and monitoring requirements that, in some cases, has led to unintended and undesirable consequences. Because the program is expanding rapidly across Mexico and may serve as a model for similar efforts in other countries, the goal of the workshop described here was to review the policy and its on-the-ground effects, and to offer an initial set of recommendations for improving implementation and enhancing conservation outcomes. El valor de la biodiversidad es frecuentemente expresado de una manera abstracta, mientras que las decisiones de uso del suelo son tipicamente hechas a escala local, sobre una base economica, a menudo considerando las necesidades inmediatas de las comunidades locales. Legislacion reciente en Mexico ha creado nuevos incentivos economicos para la conservacion de la biodiversidad permitiendo a los propietarios de la tierra y a los encargados beneficiarse directamente de la explotacion de la vida silvestre. Este audaz movimiento hacia las estrategias basadas en el mercado han resultado populares, pero la implementacion se ha entorpecido por la falta de rigor cientifico en los requerimientos de planeacion y monitoreo que, en algunos casos, ha conducido a consecuencias involuntarias e indeseables. Debido a que el programa se esta ampliando rapidamente a traves de Mexico, y que puede servir como modelo para los esfuerzos similares en otros paises, el objetivo del taller reportado aqui fue revisar las politicas y sus efectos sobre el terreno, y ofrecer un conjunto inicial de recomendaciones para reforzar la implementacion y aumentar los resultados para la conservacion.
Value and the third sector. Working paper on ideas for future research

This paper provides a broad sweep across the ideas and practices around ‘value’, and how these relate to third sector organisations and activities. It argues that the current focus on outcome-based ‘social value’ by academics and policy-makers is limited and only part of how third sector organisations operate, why they exist, or how they contribute to society. It also shows how the new measurement approaches, predicated on ideas of blended value, open up opportunities for resources and impact but may downplay the inevitable conflicts in outcomes, stakeholder concerns, and ignore moral values or processes. These new measurement approaches also attempt to add together outcomes which cannot always be easily combined. The paper suggests ideas for a research agenda that begins to fill gaps in current understanding, and reweights policy and practice to better ‘value’ and support diverse third sector activity.
Observations of the magnetorotational instability in spherical Couette flow

Experiments conducted in liquid sodium confined between a rotating inner sphere and a concentric stationary outer sphere show a host of magnetohydrodynamic behavior. The experimental system consists of a 10 cm diameter copper rotating inner sphere and a 30 cm diameter stainless steel stationary outer sphere. A coaxial external magnetic field is supplied using an external electromagnet. The base state shows a rotation rate profile which is Rayleigh stable (Ωr rising in cylindrical r), and magnetorotationally unstable (Ω falling in cylindrical r) [1]. The rotation rate profiles and oscillations were measured using ultrasound Doppler velocimetry. With a sufficiently strong external applied field, this system exhibits the magnetorotational instability. The angular momentum transport increases at the instability onset. The primary instability shows a continuous bifurcation to a rotating m=1 pattern in the magnetic field, and concomitant oscillations in the velocity field. By varying both the rotation rate and the external magnetic field (made dimensionless as the magnetic Reynolds number and the Lundquist number respectively), we have navigated the parameter plane to observe a number of states with distinct dominant wavenumber and parity. These include states with dominant patterns with even and odd symmetry with respect to inversion through the origin. Patterns with dominant azimuthal wavenumbers m = 0, m = 1, and m = 2 have been observed. The onset conditions compare favorably with expectations from linear stability calculations [2]. This is remarkable considering the significant background turbulence (15 Finally we have explored the suitability of spherical Couette flow to show dynamo action. We conjecture that for a rotating outer sphere and a stationary inner sphere, that (using the notation of Dudley and James [3]) a S2T1 velocity pattern suitable for dynamo action can be achieved. We will present measurements of pulse decay measurements for external magnetic fields to test this conjecture.
Molecular phylogeography of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in eastern Eurasia

3 General Introduction . 5 Chapter I Molecular phylogeography of the brown bear Ursus arctos in northeastern Asia based on analyses of complete mitochondrial DNA sequences . 9 Introduction . 10 Materials and Methods . 11 Results . 15 Discussion . 16 Chapter II Mitochondrial DNA haplogrouping of the brown bear Ursus arctos in Asia based on a newly developed APLP analysis . 2
Is cortisol the underlying mediator of prenatal risk factors associated with autism spectrum disorders

Introduction Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition that exhibits itself in children with impaired communication, sensory and learning problems. It is established that autism spectrum disorder is an inheritable disorder with rates of autism varying with gender in a ratio of approximately four males to every one female. The debate over the genetic causes of autism continues with the variations in autistic phenotype being due to a combination of genetics and a range of environmental factors. Many of the risk factors for autism spectrum disorder occur prenatally and include a plethora of conditions but not limited to the following factors; age of parents, infections, asthma and autoimmune conditions, gestational diabetes, iron deficiency, obesity, anxiety, stress and depression. This review investigates the possible role of excess prenatal cortisol in the development of autism spectrum disorder in children who may be genetically predisposed to the detrimental effects of excess cortisol and appraises many of the reported prenatal risk factors which are either caused by excess cortisol or contribute to elevated cortisol during gestation. Conclusion If cortisol is an environmental contributor to the development of autism spectrum disorder, many of the risk factors (i.e. stress, iron deficiency, uncontrolled asthma) that result in the elevation of cortisol during pregnancy are treatable and as such a greater awareness is required by practitioners to understand that high cortisol levels should raise the same concerns during gestation as does elevated glucose levels.
The influence of "Cognitive Orientation of Daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP)" on motor-based Occupational Performance of children aged 7-10 years old with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Background and Aim: Although motor difficulties are not considered as a diagnostic criterion in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: However its association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is commonly reported. CO-OP is a problem-solving approach developed to help children with Developmental Coordination Disorder and addresses their motorbased problems. In this approach, therapist supports the children to use their cognitive strategies in a process of guided discovery to solve occupational performance problems. The objectives of CO-OP are to improve the motor performance of children with ADHD by helping them to discover various procedures to remove barriers and enhance supports by facilitating activities and participation. This study was designed to examine the influence of CO-OP on motor-based occupational performance of children with ADHD. Materials and Methods: A single case experimental design (multiple baseline) was used to examine the influence of a 12 weeks intervention of CO-OP (twice a week) on Six children with ADHD. Each child selected three different goals to practice during intervention. Outcome measures included the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and Performance (BOTMP). At first and prior to the intervention, the COPM was administered to the children and parents separately to obtain a rating of performance and satisfaction of the child in selective goals. The CO-OP intervention protocol was based on Polatajko and colleagues’ work in 2001. During intervention, children were taught the global problem solving strategies helping them to discover and perform domain-specific strategies. Therapist and family also supported children to achieve the performance of selected goals. Results: The results of this study demonstrated improvements in both goals and motor performance in the participants due to the intervention. These results support the use of the CO-OP with children with ADHD. Conclusion: Further research into the application of CO-OP with children with ADHD is warranted based on preliminary positive findings regarding the efficacy of this intervention to address motorbased performance difficulties.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF DYNAMIC MULTICAST GROUPS BASED ON MOBILITY SPEED

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) have group of mobile users over a shared medium that can also offer group communications. In group-oriented communications, multicasting plays an important role. The combination of multicast services with ad-hoc environment introduces new challenges towards security issues. Clustering is an effective technique for group communication. Cluster formation involves election of a node as cluster head and it controls other nodes in the newly formed cluster. The joining or association and leaving or dissociation of nodes to and from clusters disturbs the stability of the network topology. This paper analyses the effect of mobility in dynamic multicast clusters, in which nodes uses multicast ODMRP routing protocol to collect its neighbours to form clusters. Simulation results show the performance in terms of throughput and average end-end delay under various network conditions.
Is Regulatory Competition a Problem or Irrelevant for Corporate Governance?

This article provides an analysis of why regulatory competition in corporate law has operated, for the most part, successfully in the United States, and critiques the position of commentators who are skeptical of the significance and extent of state competition. The article begins by setting out the context in which regulatory competition has been most recently criticized, the U.S. Congress's response to corporate accounting scandals in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and by briefly noting how the problematic features of that legislative response underscore the benefits of regulatory competition. It then evaluates recent criticisms of regulatory competition that focus on the role of the federal government, or the incentives of states other than the leading incorporation state, Delaware, and conclude that U.S. corporate law is not the product of state competition. The article contends that these permutations on the state competition debate do not provide a satisfactory positive explanation of the behavior or the influence of the states and federal government. The minimum policy implication of the analysis is that it would be imprudent for policymakers to overlook the competitive regulatory experience in U.S. corporate law when assessing the approach to take to company and securities law. Prepared for the Special Issue of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy on Corporate Governance and the Corporate Governance Conference at the Said Business School, University of Oxford, January 28, 2005.