Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization and Molecular Evolution of a Vertebrate Hyaluronan Synthase Gene Family*

The three mammalian hyaluronan synthase (HAS) genes and the related Xenopus laevis gene,DG42, belong to a larger evolutionarily conserved vertebrate HAS gene family. We have characterized additional vertebrate HAS genes from chicken (chas2 and chas3) andXenopus (xhas2, xhas3, and a uniqueXenopus HAS-related sequence, xHAS-rs). Genomic structure analyses demonstrated that all vertebrate HAS genes share at least one exon-intron boundary, suggesting that they evolved from a common ancestral gene. Furthermore, the Has2 andHas3 genes are identical in structure, suggesting that they arose by a gene duplication event early in vertebrate evolution. Significantly, similarities in the genomic structures of the mouseHas1 and Xenopus DG42 genes strongly suggest that they are orthologues. Northern analyses revealed a similar temporal expression pattern of HAS genes in developing mouse andXenopus embryos. Expression of mouse Has2, Has3, andXenopus Has1 (DG42) led to hyaluronan biosynthesis in transfected mammalian cells. However, only mouse Has2 and Has3 expressing cells formed significant hyaluronan-dependent pericellular coats in culture, implying both functional similarities and differences among vertebrate HAS enzymes. We propose that vertebrate hyaluronan biosynthesis is regulated by a comparatively ancient gene family that has arisen by sequential gene duplication and divergence.
Collaborative systematic review of the randomised trials of organised inpatient (stroke unit) care after stroke

Abstract Objectives: To define the characteristics and determine the effectiveness of organised inpatient (stroke unit) care compared with conventional care in reducing death, dependency, and the requirement for long term institutional care after stroke. Design: Systematic review of all randomised trials which compared organised inpatient stroke care with the contemporary conventional care. Specialist stroke unit interventions were defined as either a ward or team exclusively managing stroke (dedicated stroke unit) or a ward or team specialising in the management of disabling illnesses, which include stroke (mixed assessment/rehabilitation unit). Conventional care was usually provided in a general medical ward. Setting: 19 trials (of which three had two treatment arms). 12 trials randomised a total of 2060 patients to a dedicated stroke unit or a general medical ward, six trials (647 patients) compared a mixed assessment/rehabilitation unit with a general medical ward, and four trials (542 patients) compared a dedicated stroke unit with a mixed assessment/rehabilitation unit. Main outcome measures: Death, institutionalisation, and dependency. Results: Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care, when compared with conventional care, was best characterised by coordinated multidisciplinary rehabilitation, programmes of education and training in stroke, and specialisation of medical and nursing staff. The stroke unit care was usually housed in a geographically discrete ward. Stroke unit care was associated with a long term (median one year follow up) reduction of death (odds ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.69 to 0.98; P<0.05) and of the combined poor outcomes of death or dependency (0.69, 0.59 to 0.82; P <0.0001) and death or institutionalisation (0.75, 0.65 to 0.87; P<0.0001). Beneficial effects were independent of patients' age, sex, or stroke severity and of variations in stroke unit organisation. Length of stay in a hospital or institution was reduced by 8% (95% confidence interval 3% to 13%) compared with conventional care but there was considerable heterogeneity of results. Conclusions: Organised stroke unit care resulted in long term reductions in death, dependency, and the need for institutional care. The observed benefits were not restricted to any particular subgroup of patients or model of stroke unit care. No systematic increase in the use of resources (in terms of length of stay) was apparent.
Does Reputable Employee Behaviour in Social Networks Affect Customers' Trust and Word of Mouth? An Experimental Study

Firms must create, maintain and manage their corporate reputation to stay competitive. With the rise of social media and social network applications this management includes upholding the reputation online. Employees especially can harm companies’ reputation with thoughtless behaviour in social networks because their behaviour might be attributed to the firm’s products and services. This study investigates how employees’ behaviour in social networks affects customer outcome variables of corporate reputation such as trust and word of mouth. The study extends prior reputation research that centred on offline contexts and investigates reputation-related online behaviour of employees. The authors use an experimental design and surveyed 199 customers. The results indicate that employees’ reputable behaviour in social networks positively affect trust and word of mouth. Additionally, the authors find support for a mediating effect of customer-based corporate reputation. The findings contribute to corporate reputation research by enhancing our understanding of the effect of employee behaviour in social networks.
Measurement of Antiviral Activity Induced by Interferons α, β, and γ

The in this unit describes an assay for murine IFN‐induced antiviral activity and employs vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and IFN‐sensitive fibroblasts. describes the preparation of VSV cultures and the calculation of multiplicity of infection (MOI; i.e., concentration of viral particles required to infect cells). describes the antibody neutralization assay, which can be used to identify the bioactive species of IFN in a sample, or to test the potency of an antibody preparation against a particular species of IFN. 1 covers measurement of human IFN‐induced antiviral activity; while the steps are quite similar to , different viral and cell cultures are described.
Grain Hardness: A Major Determinant of Wheat Quality

Wheat quality, a complex term, depends upon intentional use for unambiguous products. The foremost determinants of wheat quality are endosperm texture (grain hardness), protein content and gluten strength. Endosperm texture in wheat is the single most important and defining quality characteristic, as it facilitates wheat classification and affects milling, baking and end-use quality. Various techniques used for grain hardness measurement are classified into diverse groups according to grinding, crushing and abrasion. The most extensively used methods for texture measurement are PSI, NIR hardness, SKCS, pearling index, SDS-PAGE and PCR markers. Friabilin is a 15 kDa endosperm specific protein associated with starch granules of wheat grain and is unswervingly related to grain softness. Chemically, it is a concoction of different polypeptides, primarily puroindolines; Pin a and Pin b. Hardness (Ha) locus of chromosome 5DS makes the distinction between soft and hard classes of wheat. Some additional modifying genes are also present which contribute to the disparity within wheat classes. Numerous allelic mutations in Pin have been reported and their relation to end product quality has been established. This treatise elaborates the consequence of grain hardness in wheat eminence.
Diagnostic Value of Color Doppler Ultrasonography of Temporal Arteries and Large Vessels in Giant Cell Arteritis: A Consecutive Case Series

Color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) can detect inflammation in the vessel wall. No studies have evaluated the examination of the common carotid artery by CDUS in the diagnostics of giant cell arteritis (GCA). Our aim was to evaluate the combination of CDUS examination of the temporal, axillary, and common carotid arteries in the diagnosis of GCA.
The PhoP/PhoQ system controls the intramacrophage type three secretion system of Salmonella enterica

Spi/Ssa is a unique type three secretion system that functions exclusively when Salmonella enterica is inside eukaryotic cells. Expression of the Spi/Ssa system and its secreted effectors is dependent on SsrB/SpiR, a two‐component regulatory system encoded in the SPI‐2 pathogenicity island that also harbours the spi/ssa genes. Here we determine that the PhoP/PhoQ two‐component system controls the intramacrophage expression of spi/ssa genes by regulating the SsrB/SpiR system. We establish that PhoP regulates transcription of the response regulator SsrB and demonstrate binding of the PhoP protein to the ssrB promoter both in vivo using chromatin immunoprecipitation in Salmonella‐infected macrophages, and in vitro using purified PhoP protein. We show that PhoP controls the SpiR sensor post‐transcriptionally and identify a region in the 5′ untranslated region of the spiR message that is required for this effect. The demonstration that the PhoP/PhoQ system is directly involved in the regulation of the SPI‐2 pathogenicity island highlights PhoP/PhoQ's central role in Salmonella virulence. We suggest that different regulatory systems convey distinct signals over time to produce the SsrB/SpiR system, which then modulates expression of the Spi/Ssa apparatus and secreted effectors.
Brain dynamic neurochemical changes in dystonic patients: A magnetic resonance spectroscopy study

Measurements of the concentrations of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in the motor cortices and lentiform nuclei of dystonic patients using single‐voxel 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have yielded conflicting results so far. This study aimed to investigate dynamic changes in metabolite concentrations after stimulation of the motor cortices in patients with upper limb dystonia. Using single‐voxel MRS at 3 T, the concentrations of GABA, glutamate plus glutamine, and N‐acetylaspartate were measured bilaterally in the primary sensorimotor cortex, lentiform nucleus, and occipital region before and after 5‐Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the dominant motor cortex. Data obtained from 15 patients with upper limb primary dystonia were compared with data obtained from 14 healthy volunteers. At baseline, there was no group difference in concentration of metabolites in any region. rTMS induced a local (in the stimulated motor cortex) decrease of N‐acetylaspartate (P < .006) to the same extent in healthy volunteers and patients. GABA concentrations were modulated differently, however, decreasing mildly in patients and increasing mildly in healthy volunteers (P = .05). There were no remote effects in the lentiform nucleus in either group. The stimulation‐induced changes in metabolite concentrations have been interpreted in view of the increased energy demand induced by rTMS. The dynamics of the GABA concentration were specifically impaired in dystonic patients. Whether these changes reflect changes in the extrasynaptic or synaptic GABA component is discussed. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
A catalytic independent function of the deubiquitinating enzyme USP14 regulates hippocampal synaptic short‐term plasticity and vesicle number

Mice carrying the ataxia (axJ) mutation have a 95% reduction in the deubiquitinating enzyme USP14, which results in a reduction in hippocampal paired pulse facilitation, a form of short‐term synaptic plasticity. Hippocampal synapses in axJ mice have a 50% reduction in synaptic vesicles but no change in the initial release probability, which is a novel mechanism for regulating paired pulse facilitation. USP14 modulates hippocampal short‐term plasticity and structure independent of its deubiquitinating activity, as overexpression of a catalytically inactive form of USP14 restores hippocampal paired pulse facilitation and vesicle number to the ataxia mice. Pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome also rescues the deficits in hippocampal short‐term plasticity in ataxia mice, implying that the loss of USP14 causes increased protein degradation. These results suggest that USP14 plays a modulatory role in regulating protein turnover by the proteasome that is independent of its canonical role in the disassembly of polyubiquitin conjugates.
A Survey of Biosecurity Practices as Risk Factors Affecting Broiler Performance on the Delmarva Peninsula

SUMMARY. A 10-page questionnaire on biosecurity practices was mailed to 187 growers on the Delmarva Peninsula in October 2000. The growers were selected by three broiler integrators on the basis of flock performance and were classified as cases (bottom 10% performers) and controls (top 10% performers). After two mailings, 71 growers (38%) responded to the survey, of which 47 (66.2%) represented good performers and 24 (33.8%) represented poor performers. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses revealed that increased frequency of sanitizing water lines was statistically significantly associated with good flock performance (P = 0.0449). The presence of wild birds inside poultry houses during grow-out showed a slightly statistically significant association with poor flock performance (P = 0.0633).
Numerical and analytical simulations of suspended gate - FET for ultra-low power inverters

This paper proposes, for the first time, the investigation of the SG-FET small slope switch based on a hybrid numerical simulation approach combining ANSYSTM Multiphysics and ISE-DESSISTM in a self-consistent system. The proposed hybrid numerical simulations uniquely enables the investigation of the physics of complex Micro-Electro-Mechanical/solid-state devices, such as SG-FET. Abrupt switching and effect of gate charges are demonstrated. The numerical data serves to calibrate an analytical EKV-based SG-FET model, which is the used to design and originally simulate a sub-micron (90 nm) scaled SG-FET complementary inverter. It is demonstrated that, due to abrupt switch in the subthreshold region and electro-mechanical hysteresis, the SG-FET inverter provides significant power saving (1-2 decades reduction of inverter peak current and practically, no leakage power) compared with traditional CMOS inverter.
Locality-Constrained Double Low-Rank Representation for Effective Face Hallucination

Recently, position-patch-based face hallucination methods have received much attention, and obtained promising progresses due to their effectiveness and efficiency. A locality-constrained double low-rank representation (LCDLRR) method is proposed for effective face hallucination in this paper. LCDLRR attempts to directly use the image-matrix based regression model to compute the representation coefficients to maintain the essential structural information. On the other hand, LCDLRR imposes a low-rank constraint on the representation coefficients to adaptively select the training samples that belong to the same subspace as the inputs. Moreover, a locality constraint is also enforced to preserve the locality and the sparsity simultaneously. Compared with previous methods, our proposed LCDLRR considers locality manifold structure, cluster constraints, and structure error simultaneously. Extensive experimental results on standard face hallucination databases indicate that our proposed method outperforms some state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of both visual quantity and objective metrics.
The Mainstreaming of Evaluation: New Directions for Evaluation

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EvoHyp - a Java toolkit for evolutionary algorithm hyper-heuristics

Hyper-heuristics is an emergent technology that has proven to be effective at solving real-world problems. The two main categories of hyper-heuristics are selection and generation. Selection hyper-heuristics select existing low-level heuristics while generation hyper-heuristics create new heuristics. At the inception of the field single point searches were essentially employed by selection hyper-heuristics, however as the field progressed evolutionary algorithms are becoming more prominent. Evolutionary algorithms, namely, genetic programming, have chiefly been used for generation hyper-heuristics. Implementing evolutionary algorithm hyper-heuristics can be quite a time-consuming task which is daunting for first time researchers and practitioners who want to rather focus on the application domain the hyper-heuristic will be applied to which can be quite complex. This paper presents a Java toolkit for the implementation of evolutionary algorithm hyper-heuristics, namely, EvoHyp. EvoHyp includes libraries for a genetic algorithm selection hyper-heuristic (GenAlg), a genetic programming generation hyper-heuristic (GenProg), a distributed version of GenAlg (DistrGenAlg) and a distributed version of GenProg (DistrGenProg). The paper describes the libraries and illustrates how they can be used. The ultimate aim is to provide a toolkit which a non-expert in evolutionary algorithm hyper-heuristics can use. The paper concludes with an overview of future extensions of the toolkit.
Lipid profiles of non-diabetic healthy and ischaemic heart disease patients.

OBJECTIVE To find any difference in the fasting lipid profile in patients with history of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and established atherosclerotic plaques on angiography and in subjects with no known history of IHD. STUDY DESIGN Observational, cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Immunology Department of University of Health Sciences, Lahore, from January 2007 to January 2009. METHODOLOGY In this study, 200 male subjects, between 40 and 60 years of age were recruited. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides were determined by enzymatic CHOD-PAP and GPO-PAP calorimetric method, HDL-C by accelerator selective detergent method and LDL-C by direct homogeneous enzymatic method. Serum ox-LDL contents were determined by using quantitative sandwich enzyme immuno-assay kits. RESULTS The total serum cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C levels were within the normal range in control and patient groups whereas HDL-C levels were significantly higher in the control group compared to the patient group (p = 0.001). A significant difference (p = 0.001) for HDL-C levels was observed between smokers and non-smokers. Serum ox-LDL levels were higher in patient group as compared to the control group but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION The significantly lower HDL levels in patient group with normal cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride levels may suggest low HDL-C has a greater role in IHD. Raising plasma HDL-cholesterol through weight loss, healthy diet, increased physical activity and by proper pharmacotherapy is, therefore, a legitimate therapeutic target for the optimal prevention of CHD in native population.
The development of concepts of simultaneity in children's understanding of emotions.

The development of children's understanding of simultaneously occurring emotions was investigated. A developmental progression was found in their giving examples of ambivalent situations (e.g. characterised by both happiness and anger); and in their descriptions of situations. The youngest children (mean age = 5.8) gave as examples of ambivalence two unrelated events associated with different emotions. At the next stage children (mean age = 7.0) were able to connect sequentially two events. At a third stage (mean age = 10.1) the children were able to conceive of situations in which two emotions of opposite valence occurred simultaneously.
Effects of dietary fibre on subjective appetite, energy intake and body weight: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Dietary fibres are believed to reduce subjective appetite, energy intake and body weight. However, different types of dietary fibre may affect these outcomes differently. The aim of this review was to systematically investigate the available literature on the relationship between dietary fibre types, appetite, acute and long‐term energy intake, and body weight. Fibres were grouped according to chemical structure and physicochemical properties (viscosity, solubility and fermentability). Effect rates were calculated as the proportion of all fibre–control comparisons that reduced appetite (n = 58 comparisons), acute energy intake (n = 26), long‐term energy intake (n = 38) or body weight (n = 66). For appetite, acute energy intake, long‐term energy intake and body weight, there were clear differences in effect rates depending on chemical structure. Interestingly, fibres characterized as being more viscous (e.g. pectins, β‐glucans and guar gum) reduced appetite more often than those less viscous fibres (59% vs. 14%), which also applied to acute energy intake (69% vs. 30%). Overall, effects on energy intake and body weight were relatively small, and distinct dose–response relationships were not observed. Short‐ and long‐term effects of dietary fibres appear to differ and multiple mechanisms relating to their different physicochemical properties seem to interplay. This warrants further exploration.
Research on Connection Mechanism Between Technology Transfer,Product Innovation and Patent Output——Based on the Data of Large and Medium-sizedIndustry Enterprises During 1991—2006

Based on the data drawn from industrial large and medium-sized enterprises during the year 1991—2006,the models of dynamics econometrics,including ADF unit root test,co-integration analysis and causal test,are used to analyze the dynamic connection between technology transfer,product innovation and patent output.From the perspective of two different channels of technology transfer,the result shows that technology import has stationary positive impact on product innovation and patent output,and the value of inner technology is underestimated.According to the empirical result,some proposals are put forward to utilize global technology resource and achieve technology leapfrogging.
Setting the Equation: Establishing Value in Spine Care

Study Design. Topic review. Objective. Describe value measurement in spine care and discuss the motivation for, methods for, and limitations of such measurement. Summary of Background Data. Spinal disorders are common and are an important cause of pain and disability. Numerous complementary and competing treatment strategies are used to treat spinal disorders, and the costs of these treatments is substantial and continue to rise despite clear evidence of improved health status as a result of these expenditures. Methods. The authors present the economic and legislative imperatives forcing the assessment of value in spine care. The definition of value in health care and methods to measure value specifically in spine care are presented. Limitations to the utility of value judgments and caveats to their use are presented. Results. Examples of value calculations in spine care are presented and critiqued. Methods to improve and broaden the measurement of value across spine care are suggested, and the role of prospective registries in measuring value is discussed. Conclusion. Value can be measured in spine care through the use of appropriate economic measures and patient-reported outcomes measures. Value must be interpreted in light of the perspective of the assessor, the duration of the assessment period, the degree of appropriate risk stratification, and the relative value of treatment alternatives. Level of Evidence: N/A