Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Debt Cycles, Instability and Fiscal Rules: A Godley-Minsky Model

Wynne Godley and Hyman Minsky were two macroeconomists who ‘saw the crisis coming’. This paper develops a simple macrodynamic model that synthesises some key perspectives of their analytical frameworks. The model incorporates Godley’s financial balances approach and postulates that private sector’s propensity to spend is driven by a stock-flow norm (the target net private debt-to-income ratio) that changes endogenously via a Minsky mechanism. It also includes two fiscal rules: a Maastricht-type fiscal rule, according to which the fiscal authorities adjust the government expenditures based on a target net government debt ratio; and a Godley-Minsky fiscal rule, which links government expenditures with private indebtedness following a counter-cyclical logic. The analysis shows that (i) the interaction between the propensity to spend and net private indebtedness can generate cycles and instability; (ii) instability is more likely when the propensity to spend responds strongly to deviations from the stock-flow norm and when the expectations that determine the stock-flow norm are highly sensitive to the economic cycle; (iii) the Maastricht-type fiscal rule is destabilising while the Godley-Minsky fiscal rule is stabilising; and (iv) the paradox of debt can apply both to the private sector and to the government sector.
A Weighted-fractional model to European option pricing

This paper deals the option pricing problem in the weighted fractional Brownian motion model. Both the long-range dependence of the weighted fractional Brownian motion and the European option pricing formula are obtained. Figures are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the result and show that the weighted-fractional model to option pricing is a reasonable one.
State of the Art of Lithium-Ion Battery SOC Estimation for Electrical Vehicles

Sate of charge (SOC) accurate estimation is one of the most important functions in a battery management system for battery packs used in electrical vehicles. This paper focuses on battery SOC estimation and its issues and challenges by exploring different existing estimation methodologies. The key technologies of lithium-ion battery state estimation methodologies of the electrical vehicles categorized under five groups, such as the conventional method, adaptive filter algorithm, learning algorithm, nonlinear observer, and the hybrid method, are explored in an in-depth analysis. Lithium-ion battery characteristic, battery model, estimation algorithm, and cell unbalancing are the most important factors that affect the accuracy and robustness of SOC estimation. Finally, this paper concludes with the challenges of SOC estimation and suggests other directions for possible research efforts.
Characteristics of Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter adaptive sampling guidance for tropical cyclones

The Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (ETKF) is one candidate strategy for targeting observations around tropical cyclones. The characteristics of target areas identified by a revised version of the ETKF are investigated using the THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble. In order to emphasize sensitivity to the environmental flow, the axisymmetric circulation associated with the tropical cyclone is removed from each ensemble member. The guidance is found to differ markedly from the ensemble variance, and the guidance products based on ensembles from different operational centres often disagree. For the pre‐recurvature stage of typhoon Sinlaku (2008), the targets correspond to asymmetries close to the typhoon, neighbouring features including the adjacent subtropical ridge and a nearby upper‐level trough, and far‐field features including the monsoon trough and areas of flow convergence. During and after recurvature, targets exist in the midlatitude jet upstream and downstream of the typhoon. The midlatitude targets are discernible for forecasts beyond 3 days. The sensitivity to hypothetical observations of wind is more pronounced than those of temperature or specific humidity. The targets based on upper‐level observations correspond to the outflow of the tropical cyclone and nearby and remote jets, while the lower‐level targets correspond to confluent flow near the cyclone. Multiple remote targets are evident, particularly for longer forecast times, and some of these may be spurious. When ensemble forecasts initialized at different times are used for the same case, the characteristics of the guidance differ, although not dramatically. Future priorities include the evaluation of the effects of assimilating observations sampled in target areas versus those in non‐target areas, and the improvement of the data assimilation methodology assumed in the ETKF. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Static Person Detection and Localization Based on their Respiratory Motion Using Various Antenna Types

Detection and localization of non-moving human targets by ultra-wideband radars (sensors) is becoming crucial in the last years. In contrast to a moving target localization this task is much more challenging. A movement of a static person caused by the respiratory motion is barely observable. In this paper, a new method of respiratory motion detection based on Welch periodogram is presented. The performance of this method is demonstrated on a scenario with real radar data obtained by a measurement at laboratory conditions. Moreover, a custom-made ﬂat antipodal Vivaldi antennas are used. Despite of the conditions, one static person is succesfully detected and localized.
Plasmodium falciparum Pfs25 Gene Promoter Has no Polymorphism in Natural Isolates of Eastern India

Most of the potential vaccine candidate genes show polymorphism or point mutation, which affects the structure of antigen and thereby, production of antibody to protect the host against further infection. In the present study, we have analyzed the promoter regions of 415 base pair (nucleotide position -722 to -308) of Pfs25 gene. Previous studies have shown that, removing these important regions drastically affects the promoter activity and Pfs25 protein expression. We for the first time, report that though promoter regions of Pfs25 gene is AT rich, it doesn’t show any polymorphism or point mutation in sequences important for its activity in 155 natural isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from hyper endemic malaria transmission regions. Since, Pfs25 expression is vital for the survival of the parasite in the mosquito vector, a stable promoter sequence of Pfs25 in all the strains may have fair chances of survival in the mosquito vector. Our finding of a stable promoter sequence in combination with previous reports of limited polymorphism in the coding regions of Pfs25 indicates that Pfs25 might be a strong candidate for vaccine.
Obesity in the older adult

Introduction Our population is aging, and along with this increase in the number of older adults, the prevalence of obesity is increasing. This has a number of potential public health concerns, in that obesity has an impact not only on the cardiovascular risk factors and mortality, but also in the functioning and disability factors in older adults. There are very few randomised controlled trials in older adults. This review will outline some of the evidence available in older adults and demonstrate their outcomes. Additionally, we will explore some of the issues revolving around bariatric surgery in older adults and present evidence and controversies noting that it potentially may be a suitable alternative to lifestyle measures. Conclusion Further research is required in older adults with obesity pursuing weight loss regimens.
Chromatic Aberration: A New Tool for Colour Constancy

Maloney proposed solving the colour constancy problem by using a fi&e-dimensional linear model. Zlis method depends on the number of sensor classes being larger than the number of basis functions needed to model the surface spectral reflectance. Since the surface spectral reflectances of most natural objects require at least three basis functions for accurate modeling. xcording to Maloney's paper we must have four sensor classes in order to achieve colour constancy. However, most experiments suggest that the human visual system is tri-chromatic. That is. there are only three classes of sensors in the human visual system. As a result, we must look for other spectral information to help us achieve colour constancy. We claim that chrom&c aberration can help here. , . f'rom the chromatic aberration which occurs a t the edge between two coloured regions under unknown illumination. we derive the difference o f the spectral power distributions of the lights reflected from these regions. Using finite-dimensional linear models of illumination and surface spectral reflectances as our basic assumption, we obtain a set of equations for the coefficients that describe the illumination and the surface spectral reflectance. In combination with the equations obtailred from the sensors inside each coloured reglon. we determine the surface spectral reflectances. b hence colours. of the regions and the spectral power distribution of the illumination. ~f the number of sensor classes used is not smaller than that of the dimensions of I he f inite-dimensional linear model for surface spectral reflectance. Since u s i q degree three in the linear model approximates most of surfac; spectral reflectances very well, we only need to use three classes of sensors and chromatic aberration to recover the surface spectral reflectances. Without using chromatic aberration, Maloney had to use a t least four sensors. ~ h i s th; information provided by chromatic aberration is very valuable.
Los efectos de terceras variables en la investigación psicológica

espanolDada una aparente relacion causa-efecto entre una variable independiente (X) y una variable de respuesta (Y), muchos investigadores se interesan en determinar el papel que juegan otras variables intervinientes (terceras variables o variables Z) en tal relacion, y particularmente el papel de variables mediadoras y moderadoras. En repetidas ocasiones se ha denunciado que existe cierta confusion en lo relativo al significado y uso apropiado de los efectos de terceras variables como hipotesis causales en la investigacion psicologica. En este trabajo se pretende reforzar la compren-sion y utilizacion de algunos de los efectos debidos a terceras variables, en concreto los efectos de covariacion, espuriedad o confundido, supresion, y particularmente los de mediacion y moderacion, concediendo especial atencion a la correcta aplicacion de pruebas estadisticas y a los errores que con mayor frecuencia suelen cometerse cuando se aborda un analisis causal con tales efectos. Se utiliza con esta finalidad un lenguaje sencillo mediante diagramas path que asumimos asequible al investigador aplicado y se pro-pone finalmente un diagrama de flujo con el objeto de ayudar a distinguir los efectos de las terceras variables y a facilitar la aplicacion de los proce-dimientos estadisticos apropiados. EnglishGiven a causal relationship between an independent variable (X) and a response variable (Y), the interest of some applied researchers is sometimes focused on knowing the role playing for alternative intervening variables (third variables or Z-variables), and particularly the role of me-diating and moderating variables. Some influential works have repeatedly denounced that in applied psychology some confusion exists with respect to the meaning and appropriate use of third variables effects as causal hypotheses. This work is intended to reinforce the comprehension and using of five of more known effects of third variables and concretely the effects of covariation, spuriousness or confounding, suppression, and particularly of mediation and moderation, with special attention towards the application of statistical tests and the report of most common mis-takes that usually appear when we tackle a causal analysis. An accessible language for applied researcher with path diagrams is used. A flow dia-gram is finally proposed in order to help applied researchers to distinguish between third variable effects and to make easier the application of the appropriate statistical procedures.
DEVELOPMENT OF IDENTITY IN NATIVE INDIAN CHILDREN : REVIEW AND POSSIBLE F U

Résumé Early studies in i t ia ted theory and research on the development of rac ia l / e thn ic ident i ty in minori ty and majori ty g r o u p chi ldren. Th is p a p e r rev iews the major theories and research on the development of own g r o u p ident i ty in majori ty (White) and minori ty (Aboriginal) chi ldren. Early research with Aboriginal chi ldren, b a s e d on ideas derived from psychodynamic theory, experimenter bias, ingroup language u s a g e or general ized response biases are examined. They on ly par t ia l ly exp la in ident i ty development in t hese chi ldren. A m o d e l of ident i ty development wh i ch integrates both motivat ional and cognit ive developmental perspectives is discussed, supportive res e a r c h is provided, and suggestions for future research are made. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies XVl, 1(1996):81-103. D'anciennes études ont a m o r c é des théories et des recherches sur le développement de l ' ident i té raciale/ethnique chez des enfants des groupes minori taires et majoritaires. Cet ar t ic le fait un compte-rendu des théories et recherches majeures sur le développement d ' u n e ident i té de g r o u p e chez les enfants du g r o u p e majoritaire (blanc) et du groupe minoritaire (autochtone). D'anciennes recherches sur des enfants autochtones, b a s é e s sur des idées turées de la théor ie psychodynamique, du parti pris du chercheur, de la langue ut i l isée au sein du g r o u p e ou de la nature des préjugés généralisés des r é p o n s e s sont examinées. Ces recherches expl iquent en part ie seulement le développement de l'identité chez les enfants. On a étud ié un modèle du développement de l'identité incorporant des perspect i v e s du développement qui motivent et infusent le d é s i r de connaissance. L'article fourni t des recherches de soutien a i n s i que des suggestions pour des recherches futures.
Copy Move Forgery Detection Using SIFT Features- An Analysis

Emphasis on the need for authentication of image content has increased since images have been inferred to have some cognitive effects on human brain coupled along with the pervasiveness of images. General form of malicious image manipulations is Copy Move Forgery (CMF) in which a region is cloned from source location and pasted onto the same image at a target location. Techniques often used to hide or increase presence of an object in the image. This need to establish detection of image originality and authentication without using any prior details of the image has increased by many folds. In this paper, we present a list of comparisons on the detection of image forgeries mostly pertaining to CMF using SIFT method. An effort has been made to produce suffused paper by quoting most of the recent practices by providing an in depth analysis of range of different techniques for forgery localization.
An analysis of the Graduate Labour Market in Finland: the impact of Spatial Agglomeration and Skill-Job Mismatches

The recent history of Finland has been shaped by the rollercoaster of the 1990s when the economy went from deep recession to becoming among the most innovative and competitive within merely a decade. Economic recovery driven by the surge of ICT-related industries with the active support of the higher education system gave way also to growing inequalities among regions, especially within graduate workers. The paper elaborates an empirical analysis of the returns to education of a cohort entering the labour force between 1995 and 2005; our objective is to capture the extent of spatial and occupational determinants on income distribution as Finland slid from its most troubled to most prosperous times.
Influence of Organizational Core Competencies on Strategic Product Innovation in Manufacturing Operations

Since the popularity of core competencies in the 1990s, many organizations have been giving it a serious thought on how to strengthen the internal capabilities of the organization as a veritable asset for competition. The purpose of this research is to examine the influence of organizational core competencies on strategic production innovation in a manufacturing enterprise. Using the data acquired from the manufacturing segment of Transnational Corporation (Transcorp), Plc. in Lagos, Nigeria, Africa, this research, through surveys, examined the influence of organizational core competencies on strategic product innovation. The variables incorporated in this research were mainly perceptional in nature. The design was quantitative in which ninety survey questionnaires were administered to them. The study had two variables, organizational core competencies as the independent variable and strategic product innovation as the dependent variables. Regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between the two variables, independent and dependent. Cronbach’s alpha was also determined in each section of the questionnaires to test the internal reliability of the constructed questionnaires. This research concludes that core competencies and the emphasis on core competencies is essential for any organization that wants to gain a competitive edge in the marketplace. It is an intangible asset of an organization.
A Digital Beam-Forming Antenna Module for a Mobile Multimedia Terminal in LTCC-Multilayer Technique

The increasing demand for mobile access to fast data services is one of the driving forces behind future broadband satellite systems. In-flight data exchange between aircrafts and satellites for real-time Internet access is a prominent example for this kind of applications. Electronically steerable antennas employing Digital BeamForming provide fast and flexible reconfigurability capabilities required for such systems. The antenna module presented here, represents a 4 x 4 patch element array module for the up-link at 29.75 GHz. The polarisation of the antenna is circular, and because of digital beam-forming every single antenna element has to be equipped with its own RF-circuitry (up-converter, etc.). The area for this complex circuitry is however limited to the grid defined by the cell size of one element (about one by one wavelength). In addition, the array requires a complex calibration network. This results in a highly integrated microwave network that can be achieved by means of vertical integration in Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics (LTCC)-Multilayer technology.
Role of the solar wind magnetic field in the interaction of a non-magnetized body with the solar wind: An electromagnetic 2-D particle-in-cell simulation

The solar wind interaction with a non-magnetized, electrically non-conducting body is studied using a two-dimensional electromagnetic full particle simulation. The solar wind magnetic field is introduced into the simulation scheme as an initial condition together with the electric field generated by the motion of the solar wind. The solar wind magnetic field controls the direction of the thermal flow of the electrons and causes an asymmetry of the negative charging of the downstream-side surface. The negative charging and the potential drop are largest at the position where the solar wind magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface of the non-magnetized body. In the absence of photoelectrons, the solar wind electrons begin to be expelled by the negative charging at the terminator and then flow away along the field line producing streaks of enhancements of the electron density.
Information Search and Retrieval System in Libraries

A digital library comprises diverse collections of digital objects representing text, sound, maps, videos, photos, etc. and a working environment, technology and services. The main objective of any Digital Library (DL) is to fulfil the needs of its users. A general problem for a user is information search and retrieval in the Internet world. This paper discusses the information search and retrieval system its models and uses in digital libraries.
Synthesis of ESI Equivalence Class Combinational Circuit Mutants

Abstract : Despite more than a decade of experience with the use of standardized benchmark circuits, meaningful comparisons of EDA algorithms remain elusive. In this paper, we introduce an entirely new methodology for characterizing the performance of Binary Decision Diagram (BDD) software. Our method involves the synthesis of large equivalence classes of Entropy Signature Invariant (ESI) circuits, based on a known reference circuit. We demonstrate that such classes induce controllable distributions of BDD algorithm performance, which provide the foundation for statistically significant comparison of different algorithms.
On the Effect of Interest Rates Dynamics on Vietnamese Companies

In this paper we set out a framework that will help Vietnamese companies to enhance their interest rate risk management practices. We start by analysing time series of Vietnamese Treasury bill rates. Using the maximum likelihood method we calibrate to these data seven models of interest rate dynamics: Vasicek (1977), Cox, Ingersoll and Ross (1985), Chan, Karolyi, Longstaff and Sanders (1992), Ahn and Gao (1999), Ait-Sahalia (1996), two factor version of Cox, Ingersoll and Ross (1985), and AR(1)-GARCH(1,1). Then using calibrated model parameters we calculate risk measures such as Value at Risk or Expected Shortfall and project the interest rates over three months. Finally we study the resulting risk measures as well as distributions of interest rates generated by each model and provide guidance regarding suitability of these models for risk management purposes.
LORETA Neurofeedback at Precuneus in 3-year-old Female with Intrauterine Drug Exposure

This case study presents data for operant conditioning of alpha current source density (CSD)in a 3-year-old female that completed 20 sessions of LNFB to address sequelae associated with intrauterine drug exposure (IUDE), including explosive reactions to unfavorable activities and siblings, deficits in self-care and self-direction and reducing social deficits. One of the more difficult processes is to assess children less than 6 years of age due to extreme variability in affect, interest and focus. However, IUDE increases the range of potential problems and diagnostic confounds. This individual showed improvements across ABAS-3 ratings by parents post-training and was able to complete the K-CPT post training and at 30-day follow-up. Her data demonstrated a general increase in the desired response (alpha CSD at precuneus) across time. Additional changes were evident in the default network (DMN) and a theorized mechanism of self-regulation (SRN) post training with a significant decrease at follow-up suggesting a learning effect over time. This case study demonstrates that LNFB may produce positive effects in children under the age of 4.
Nitrogen Doped Titania Plates with Dominant {001} Facets: The Effect of Surface Fluorination on Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity

In order to investigate the effect of surface fluorination, nitrogen doped titania plates with dominant {001} facets (abbr. NTP) were prepared by one-pot hydrothermal method in the presence of HF, and then two commonly used methods, calcination treatment and NaOH washing were carried out to get rid of F ions anchored on the surface of NTP. The obtained samples were characterized by XRD, SEM and XPS in detail, and their photocatalytic activities were evaluated by the photocatalytic discoloration of methylene blue and methyl orange under visible light irradiation. The results showed that surface fluorination presented positive effect on the visible-light phtocatalytic activity of NTP. The reason could be attributed to the fact that the fluorinated surface was helpful for the generation ofOH radicals.