Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expression of NMDA and High‐affinity Kainate Receptor Subunit mRNAs in the Adult Rat Retina

The expression patterns of nine genes encoding the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits NR1 and NR2A, NR2B, NR2C and NR2D, and the high‐affinity kainate receptor subunits KA1, KA2, GluR6 and GluR7, were studied in the adult rat retina by in situ hybridization. Hybridization with [35S]dATP‐labelled oligonucleotide probes revealed the expression of four of the NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A, NR2B and NR2C) and three of the high‐affinity kainate receptor subunits (KA2, GluR6 and GluR7) in the retina. The NMDA receptor subunit NR2D and the high‐affinity kainate receptor subunit KA1 could not be detected. In the ganglion cell layer, virtually every ganglion cell or displaced amacrine cell expressed the receptor subunits NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, KA2 and GluR7. The GluR6 subunit was expressed in a more restricted manner in the ganglion cell layer. In the inner nuclear layer, the receptor subunits NR1 and KA2 were homogeneously distributed, and therefore are most likely expressed by all cell types in this layer. The GluR6, NR2A, NR2B and NR2C subunits were expressed by subsets of amacrine cells. Labelling for NR2C was also found above the middle of the inner nuclear layer, corresponding to the location of bipolar cell somata. The GluR7 subunit was expressed by most amacrine and bipolar cells. These findings suggest that NMDA and high‐affinity kainate receptor subunits could be present at a majority of glutamatergic retinal synapses.
Export-Mediated Assembly of Mycobacterial Glycoproteins Parallels Eukaryotic Pathways

Protein O-mannosylation is an essential and evolutionarily conserved post-translational modification among eukaryotes. This form of protein modification is also described in Mycobacterium tuberculosis; however, the mechanism of mannoprotein assembly remains unclear. Evaluation of differentially translocated chimeric proteins and mass spectrometry to monitor glycosylation demonstrated that specific translocation processes were required for protein O-mannosylation in M. tuberculosis. Additionally, Rv1002c, a M. tuberculosis membrane protein homolog of eukaryotic protein mannosyltransferases, was shown to catalyze the initial step of protein mannosylation. Thus, the process of protein mannosylation is conserved between M. tuberculosis and eukaryotic organisms.
Un modelo matemático para la optimización de las operaciones de mantenimiento de áreas verdes de la ciudad de Guayaquil

En esta investigacion se desarrolla un modelo matematico de optimizacion del tipo MIP (mixed integer programming) para determinar una mejor solucion en el diseno de un Plan de Visitas para la supervision del mantenimiento integral de las areas verdes de la ciudad de Guayaquil, que permita un eficiente cumplimiento de las actividades ejecutadas por los contratistas; minimizando los costos de operacion y maximizando el uso de los recursos disponibles. Dadas las caracteristicas del problema, que incluye incertidumbre en algunas variables, se incorporan distribuciones de probabilidad para incluir el patron de dicha incertidumbre y determinar su influencia en los valores optimales. Luego se implementa el modelo matematico en un optimizador de proposito general, basado en algoritmos geneticos y se realiza un analisis de los resultados.
Smad 4 and Transforming Growth Factor 1 Expression in Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus 1

Purpose: The members of the Smad family play key roles in regulating gene expression in the transforming growth factor (TGF)1 signaling pathways. Activation of Smads causes their translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where they function as transcription factors. The present study analyzed the expression and clinicopathological significance of Smad4 and TGF1 in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Experimental Design: Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the expression of Smad4 and TGF1 proteins in 258 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. The relationship between expression of these proteins and clinicopathological factors was analyzed, and the usefulness of Smad4 in disease prognosis was evaluated in relation to TGF1 expression. Results: Smad4 expression was preserved in 32.2% of tumors, and TGF1 expression was identified in 42.6% of tumors. Patients with preserved expression of Smad4 had a higher rate of early-stage carcinoma (P < 0.01) and fewer lymph node metastases (P < 0.01) than those with reduced Smad4 expression. The expression of TGF1 was not associated with any of the clinicopathological factors. Postoperative survival analysis indicated that patients with a tumor in which Smad4 expression was reduced had worse clinical outcomes than those with preserved expression (P 0.01). In patients with TGF1-negative tumors, the survival rate was significantly higher in patients with a preserved level of Smad4 expression than in those with reduced Smad4 expression (P 0.02). However, according to multivariate analysis, Smad4 expression could not be used as an independent prognostic factor. Conclusions: Although Smad4 expression could not be used as a prognostic factor, its expression reflected tumor progression such as tumor depth and lymph node metastasis.
Alterations in RDINK4/ARF‐mediated en bloc regulation of the INK4‐ARF locus in human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

The presence of RDINK4/ARF (RD) enhancer in the INK4‐ARF locus provides a novel mechanism to simultaneously increase the transcription of p15INK4b (p15), p14ARF (p14), and p16INK4a (p16). While such upregulation can be repressed through interactions between RD and oncoproteins CDC6 and BMI1, little is known about the involvement of RD in cancer. In this study we investigated RD deletions in 30 squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and the patient‐matched High At‐Risk Mucosa specimens (HARM, “phenotypically normal” tissues neighboring SCCHN foci but beyond the surgical resection margin). RD was deleted (homozygously/heterozygously) in SCCHN and HARM at the incidence of 36.7% (11/30) and 13.3% (4/30), respectively. In comparison, no RD deletion was detected in 26 oral buccal brush biopsy specimens from healthy donors. Both p16 and p14 were lowly expressed in SCCHN and HARM, and their mRNA expression levels were positively associated with each other (P < 0.01). Moreover, BMI1 was highly expressed in both SCCHN and HARM, and BMI1 overexpression was associated with p16 downregulation in SCCHN (P < 0.05). These results indicate that RD deletion and BMI1 overexpression frequently occur in the early stage of oral carcinogenesis and BMI1 overexpression may downregulate the transcription of p16 and p14 through interfering with RD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
[Folates in the treatment of depression].

Depression is an important and often recurrent illness. An initial antidepressant trial is effective at achieving remission for about 30 % of patients when prescribed as monotherapy, with the majority of patients returning as partial or non-responders. Suboptimal serum and red blood cell folate levels have been associated with a poorer response to antidepressant therapy, a greater severity of symptoms, later onset of clinical improvement, and overall treatment resistance. This article reviews the evidence for L-methylfolate and folic acid as antidepressive agents in depression and discusses their clinical use.
Potential energy, relaxation, vibrational dynamics and the boson peak, of hyperquenched glasses

We describe a combination of laboratory and simulation studies that give quantitative information on the energy landscape for glass-forming liquids. Both types of study focus on the idea of suddenly extracting the thermal energy, so that the system obtained for subsequent study has the structure, and hence potential energy, of a liquid at a much higher temperature than the normal glass temperature Tg . O ne t ype of study gives information on the energy that can be trapped in experimental glasses by hyperquenching, relative to the normal glass, and on the magnitude of barriers separating basins of attraction on the landscape. Stepwise annealing studies also give information on the matter of energy heterogeneity and the question of ‘nanogranularity’ in liquids near Tg . T heother type of study gives information on the vibrational properties of as ystem c onfined to a given basin, and particularly on how that vibrational structure changes with the state of configurational excitation of the liquid. A feature in the low frequency (‘boson peak’) region of the density of vibrational states of the normal glass becomes much stronger in the hyperquenched glass. Qualitatively similar observations are made on heating fragile glass-formers into th es upercooled and stable liquid states. The vibrational dynamics findings are supported and elucidated by constant pressure molecular dynamics/normal mode MD/NM simulations/analysis of the densities of states of different inherent structures of a model fragile liquid (orthoterphenyl (OTP) in the Lewis– Wahnstrom approximation). These show that, when the temperature is raised at constant pressure, the total density of states changes in a manner that can be well represented by a two-Gaussian ‘excitation acros st hecentroid’, leaving a thir da nd major Gaussian component unchanging. The low frequency Gaussian component, which grows with increasing temperature, has a constant peak
Cargo Cults as Cultural Historical Phenomena

S I1NCE the publication of The Vailala Madness and the Destruction of Native Ceremonies in t Gulf District' by F. E. Williams in 1923 the literature on cargo cults has steadily increased. Reports of similar phenomena have come from several parts of the world, and these reports have in turn forced scholars to take a new look at religious movements in the history of Western culture. Theories, interpretations, and methodologies have kept pace with the citing of new phenomena of this type. Beginning with F. E. Williams' own theory of the cause of this religious phenomenon, i.e., the destruction of native ceremonies and the attempt to substitute Western cultural forms in place of the indigenous culture, through Ralph Linton's refinement of this theory into one of cultural deprivation2 to the latest and most sophisticated theories of Peter Worsley and K. Burridge,3 the problem of cargo cults has presented such an issue to students of religion that I. C. Jarvie4 has taken the issue of cargo cults as the basis for speaking of a "revolution in anthropology. " If we are to take Jarvie seriously, the phenomenon of cargo cults looms as an issue comparable only to the older issue of totemism, as requiring not only explanation but also a re-evaluation of a much wider range of anthropological theory and method. If the issue is as crucial as Jarvie has defined it for
Modelacion parametrica de factores de expansion en encuestas complejas

El principio de representatividad afirma que el vector de probabilidades de inclusion debe tener un comportamiento estructural similar al del vector de observacionesde la caracteristica de interes. En encuestas complejas, en donde se utilizanprocesos de conglomeracion y estratificacion, generalmente no se cumple tal principio.Por lo anterior, y dado el caracter multiprop´osito de las encuestas que brindanestadisticas oficiales, se hace necesario profundizar acerca de la forma como se ponderanlas observaciones para cumplir con los requisitos de minima variacion en laestimacion de totales poblaciones. En este articulo se explora una metodologia quepermite modelar los factores de expansion, inducidos por el diseno de muestreo,para cumplir con el principio de representatividad y mejorar los coeficientes devariacion para unos nuevos estimadores de totales de las variables que conformanuna encuesta compleja.
Use of Pre-Injection Diffusion of Local Anaesthetic as a Means of Reducing Needle Penetration Discomfort.

AIM To determine if pre-injection diffusion of local anaesthetic solution influences the discomfort of needle penetration in the palate. METHODS A placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind split-mouth investigation was conducted. 25 healthy adult volunteers were recruited and each received two needle penetrations in a random order during one visit. The penetration sites were 1 cm from the gingival margin of the first maxillary premolars on each side of the mouth. 30 gauge-13 mm needles which were attached to syringes that contained either 2% lidocaine with 0.125mg/ml epinephrine or physiological saline were used. For each penetration an operator encouraged a drop of solution to appear at the end of the needle and placed this drop with the bevel of the needle flat on the palate for 20 seconds. The discomfort was noted on a 100 mm visual analogue scale with end points marked "No pain" and "Unbearable pain". RESULTS There was no significant difference in penetration discomfort between solutions, (mean VAS = 26.80±19.36mm for lidocaine and 26.20±18.39mm for saline) however the 2nd penetration was significantly more uncomfortable than the first (mean VAS = 31.00±19.84 mm and 22.00±16.65 mm respectively). CONCLUSION Pre-injection diffusion of local anaesthetic solution did not influence the discomfort of needle penetration in the palate.
Importance of raised growth hormone levels in mediating the metabolic derangements of diabetes.

To evaluate the importance of the raised levels of growth hormone that characterize poor diabetic control, we gave growth hormone for 21 to 45 hours in the form of hourly 100-micrograms pulses to 14 diabetics being treated by insulin pump. Insulin-pump settings and meals were kept constant. Mean 24-hour levels of growth hormone (+/- S.E.M.) rose from 8 +/- 1 to 16 +/- 2 ng per milliliter--values identical to those observed in 12 other patients with poorly controlled diabetes (17 +/- 3 ng per milliliter). Plasma glucose concentrations doubled within 8 to 10 hours and remained elevated until growth hormone was discontinued (fasting glucose level rose from 86 +/- 11 to 204 +/- 17 mg per deciliter at 18 hours and to 240 +/- 20 mg per deciliter at 42 hours). The hyperglycemia was due mainly to a marked stimulation of hepatic glucose production that occurred without changes in levels of free insulin or glucagon. Levels of circulating free fatty acids, ketones, and branched-chain amino acids were also increased. The moderate elevations in growth hormone levels that occur in poorly controlled diabetes can themselves reproduce the whole spectrum of abnormal metabolic fuel concentrations that are associated with poor diabetic control, despite optimized insulin treatment. Thus, hypersecretion of growth hormone may be the cause as much as the consequence of poor diabetic control.
GaN Substrates for III-Nitride Devices

Despite the rapid commercialization of III-nitride semiconductor devices for applications in visible and ultraviolet optoelectronics and in high-power and high-frequency electronics, their full potential is limited by two primary obstacles: i) a high defect density and biaxial strain due to the heteroepitaxial growth on foreign substrates, which result in lower performance and shortened device lifetime, and ii) a strong built-in electric field due to spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization in the wurtzite structures along the well-established [0001] growth direction for nitrides. Recent advances in the research, development, and commercial production of native GaN substrates with low defect density and high structural and optical quality have opened opportunities to overcome both of these obstacles and have led to significant progress in the development of several optoelectronic and high-power devices. In this paper, the recent achievements in bulk GaN growth development using different approaches are reviewed; comparison of the bulk materials grown in different directions is made; and the current achievements in device performance utilizing native GaN substrate material are summarized.
Nonuniform total-dose-induced charge distribution in shallow-trench isolation oxides

A new approach for modeling the radiation-induced charge distribution in shallow-trench isolation (STI) structures shows that much less charge is trapped near the top of the trench. We found that charges inside the STI oxide are pushed down by the vertical electric field coming from the positive gate bias, leaving much less total-dose-induced charge close to the top of trench. This nonuniformity significantly affects the measured leakage current.
Arbeitsmotivation und soziale Gerechtigkeit: Zur Benabou-Tirole-Theorie

Diese Arbeit der beiden aus Frankreich stammenden, aber mindestens zur Halfte in den USA tatigen Autoren (Benabou und Tirole 2006) versucht eine Theorie zu entwickeln, die erklaren soll, wie es zu der recht stabilen Diskrepanz zwischen dem US-amerikanischen und dem europaischen Wirtschaftsstil kommt. In Europa ist der Umverteilungsapparat weitaus starker ausgebaut als in den USA. Zugleich ist das Sozialprodukt pro Kopf geringer als in den USA. Der im Vergleich zu den USA hohere Staatsanteil am Sozialprodukt in Europa ist im Wesentlichen dem umfassenderen Sozialstaat und seiner Umverteilungsmaschinerie geschuldet. Zugleich beobachtet man anhand von entsprechenden Befragungen der Bevolkerung, dass deren Einstellung zur Ungleichheit der Einkommen auf den beiden Kontinenten unterschiedlich ist. Wahrend in den USA die Vorstellung vorherrscht, dass diese Ungleichheit vor allem auf ungleiche Leistungsbereitschaft zuruckzufuhren ist, ist in Europa die Meinung verbreitet, dass die Ungleichheit Ausdruck ungleicher Chancen und ungleichen Schicksals ist, die man als Individuum nicht beeinflussen kann. Als Motto ihrer Arbeit stellen die Autoren folgendes Zitat voran: „Individuals have a need to believe that they live in a world where people generally get what they deserve. “ Es stammt aus einem Buch, „The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion“ des Sozialpsychologen Melvin Lerner, das dieser 1982 veroffentlicht hat. Die Autoren bauen ein Modell auf, in dem bei gleichen Parameterwerten zwei unterschiedliche Gleichgewichte moglich sind, wobei bestimmte Anfangsbedingungen daruber entscheiden, welches dieser beiden Gleichgewichte implementiert wird. Sie nennen diese beiden Gleichgewichte „Belief in A Just World“ (BJW)-Gleichgewicht und „Realistic Pessimism“ (RP)-Gleichgewicht. Das BJW-Gleichgewicht entspricht den USA; das RP-Gleichgewicht entspricht Europa. Die Ingredienzien dieses Modell-Ergebnisses sind recht umfangreich. Es ist daher auch nicht leicht, die formale Struktur des Modells voll zu verstehen. Sie wird im Folgenden auch nicht im Einzelnen dargestellt. Ich prasentiere nur die okonomischen und psychologischen Grundgedanken, die den einzelnen Ingredienzien entsprechen.
Should PLCs Diversify into Related or Unrelated Industries? Evidence from Malaysia

The primary issue in diversification strategy is concerning its type. A large body of research on the relative effect of related versus unrelated diversification still remains inconclusive. Scholars have been studying this topic through different research designs and in different contexts, although a greater part of the research was conducted in western economies. Importantly, certain scholars have asserted that powerful conclusions could be produced if product diversification is measured using powerful techniques and performance is assessed through combination of objective and subjective measures. This research builds up on that suggestion and revisits the subject using a sample of Malaysian PLCs as Malaysia has always been characterised by proliferation of diversified companies. This is also imperative keeping in view the challenges confronted by Malaysian economy in recent years and the significant repercussions of selecting type of diversification by Malaysian corporate sector. This study was conducted for multi-business PLCs listed on Main Market of Bursa Malaysia. T-tests based on 123 diversified PLCs revealed that related diversifiers outperformed unrelated diversifiers on Tobin’s q and price/book value. The study carries significant theoretical implications along with practical implications for Malaysian corporate sector and other PLCs facing similar business scenarios as in Malaysia. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015. v6n1s1p517
HISTOCHEMICAL AZO COUPLING REACTIONS A CATECHOLAMINE IN ENTEROCHROMAFFIN CELLS IN PLACE OF OR IN ADDITION TO 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE

Appreciable azo coupling of enterochromaffin cells (EC) and of adrenal medulla (AM) is restricted to the alkaline range, fading out around pH 6, negative at 3-5. Low pH (3.0) azo coupling of rat and mouse mast cells (MC) with diazosafranin correlates with their known content of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and with the pH 3-9 range of deep red azo coupling color reaction of p-nitrodiazobenzene with 5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-HT. The MC reaction is covalent azo bonding and not cationic dye salt bonding. The MC reaction is not influenced by prior oxidation by HIO4, FeCl3, K2Cr2O7 or I2/CH3OH exposures which prevent azo coupling of EC and of AM. The oxidation blockades of the azo coupling of EC and AM are reversed by Na2S2O5, N2S2O4 or Na2S2O3 reductions. These reductions after oxidation do not affect the MC diazosafranin reaction. In vitro the azo coupling of 5-HT is only slightly retarded but not weakened by HIO4 oxidation and then slightly enhanced by Na2S2O3, while noradrenaline gives red before oxidation, light yellow after, and after Na2S2O3, again deep red, the control α-naphthol giving deep red with p-nitrodiazobenzine at all three phases, before HIO4, between HIO4 and after Na2S2O3. Indole reactions for EC have been reported on glutaraldehyde (G), acetaldehyde and acrolein fixed but not formaldehyde (F) fixed guinea pig duodenum by Solcia and Sampietro (63), Geyer (27) (G), Barter and Pearse (5, 6) and Lillie and Greco-Henson (44). Repetition of the Lillie and Greco-Henson test of combining in the same preparation a blue indole reaction (postcoupled benzylidene) and a red azo coupling reaction with p-nitrodiazobenzene in both sequences disclosed numerous red EC and blue Paneth cells and eosinophil leukocytes, alike on F and G tissue. Direct observation during the second reaction and color photography of the same field after each of the two reactions showed that no red stained cell was replaced by a blue or purple one, and that no blue stained cell altered its color to purple or red. Moreover, azo positive cells were seen in the epithelium of the tips of the villi and in the sides of the gastric glands of the guinea pig pylorus and fundus. Indole positive cells did not occur in villus tip or pyloric gland epithelium and were restricted to fundus chief cells. It is concluded that the azo reactive substance in EC is a catechol and not 5-HT. The fluorescence studies have indicated the presence of 5-HT in EC, but the quantity present is insufficient for the acid azo coupling reaction shown by rat and mouse MC with diazosafranin.