Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Breeding Biology of an Isolated Bobolink Population in Oregon

This study was initiated to evaluate the status and management of the isolated population of Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) breeding at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern Oregon. It was conducted as part of a larger study concerned with habitat selection and the evolution of polygyny in Bobolinks (Wittenberger 1976). My purpose here is to report on the current status and breeding biology of the Malheur population. The results also provide some pertinent evidence for evaluating current mating system theory and suggest a new factor that may affect the timing of breeding events. The Bobolink population at Malheur Refuge is of special interest because it represents the largest population west of the Great Plains (Hamilton 1962) and is the only remaining population in Oregon. As the entire population is confined to an approximate area of only 865 ha, it is potentially vulnerable to extinction in the absence of proper management. The population is also of interest because it has shown no propensity to expand its range, despite the availability of apparently suitable habitats in other parts of Oregon (Gabrielson and Jewett 1940). Hence, understanding the dynamics of this population may help clarify how geographical ranges of birds are limited. Bobolinks have only recently colonized the Malheur Lake Basin, as Bendire (1877) failed to find them there during 1874-1877. Habitat suitable for Bobolinks was apparently nonexistent in the basin until 1872, when ranchers first began draining the lowland marshes to convert them into grazing lands (Brimlow 1951). The first specimens were collected there in 1908 (Gabrielson and Jewett 1940), and breeding was first recorded in 1918 (Willet 1919). Smaller Bobolink populations have also been recorded in Oregon (now extinct; Jewett 1916, Gabrielson and Jewett 1940), northeastern California (now extinct; Dawson 1916, Maillard 1924), and other western states and provinces (A.O.U. Check-list 1957, Hamilton 1962, Bailey and Niedrach 1965, Marshall 1969, Weydemeyer 1973). The origin of these western populations is, however, open to question. Most authors (e.g., Ridgway 1876, Bendire 1895, Chapman 1909, Lincoln 1939, Bent 1958) have assumed that Bobolinks recently invaded the west with the advent of agriculture. Hamilton (1962) disputed this claim and argued instead that these populations represent relicts from an earlier widespread distribution when the Great Basin was covered by grasslands. Although the population at Malheur Refuge stems from a recent colonization, Hamilton's hypothesis may still be valid because the colonizers could have
Perceptual Learning and Transfer Study of First-and Second-order Motion Direction Discrimination

In order to investigate the interactions between first-and second-order motion perception systems,14 adult subjects with normal or correct to normal visual acuity were recruited and divided into two groups.Then these two groups were trained,in their parafovea,to discriminate the direction of first-and second-order motion gratings respectively.The spatial frequency of the gratings used in study was fixed at 2 cycles/degree and the temporal frequency was fixed at 8 Hz during training.Contrast sensitivity of subjects in these two training groups for first-and second-order motion was measured before and after 7 days'training to estimate the effects of training.In addition,the differences between the two training groups(14 subjects) and another control group (11 subjects) were studied.The results showed that:1) the training with first-order motion gratings can improve subjects'performance in first-order motion direction discrimination but the improvement can't be transferred to the performance in second-order motion task;2) the training with second-order motion gratings can improve subjects'performance in both first-and second-order motion direction discrimination tasks.In conclusion,an "asymmetric transfer" occurred between the training effect of first-and second-order motion gratings.These results indicate that there are two mechanisms for perceiving first-and second-order motion respectively.However,they are not completely different from each other but only partly separated.
Techniques for Quantifying Structure-Function Relationships of Interstitial Cell of Cajal Networks

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are specialised cells present throughout much of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These cells perform various functions to facilitate normal GI motility, with one of the most prominent roles being the electrical pacemaking of the GI tract. ICC loss and injury is now a major research focus as it is recognised as a hallmark of several GI functional motility disorders, but the mechanism relating ICC structure to GI function and dysfunction remain poorly defined. Progress in elucidating this mechanism is limited with experimental techniques alone due to factors including: 1) the absence of methods for quantifying the complex network structures formed by ICC; 2) challenges in associating cellular and tissue level activity across multiple spatial and temporal scales; and 3) the lack of a comprehensive ICC imaging data set encompassing large-scale network structures across a range of network properties. This thesis therefore aims to use a mathematical modelling approach to address these experimental shortcomings and investigate ICC network structure-function relationships. A set of six numerical metrics were developed to quantify the structural properties of confocal ICC network imaging data: density, thickness, hole size, contact ratio, connectivity and anisotropy. These metrics were applied to discern the effects of various gene knockouts (KO) and postnatal maturation (three-dayversus four-week-old) on murine intestinal ICC network structural properties, allowing for the first detailed automated analyses and unbiased quantitative comparisons of ICC network structures. The analysis revealed a novel remodelling phenomenon occurring during 5-HT2B KO (ICC depletion), namely a spatial rearrangement of ICC and the preferential longitudinal alignment of processes, and an apparent pruning of the ICC network occurring during postnatal maturation was identified as well. On the other hand, no changes in the ICC network stucture were observed during Ano1 or Spry4 KO.
Aboveground insect feeding leads to the recruitment of rhizosphere microbes for plant self-protection against subsequent diverse attacks

Plants have evolved general and specific defense mechanisms to protect themselves from diverse enemies, including herbivores and pathogens. To maintain fitness in the presence of enemies, plant defense mechanisms are aimed at inducing systemic resistance: in response to the attack of pathogens or herbivores, plants initiate extensive changes in gene expression to activate “systemic acquired resistance” against pathogens and “indirect defense” against herbivores. Recent work revealed that leaf infestation by whiteflies, stimulated systemic defenses against both an airborne pathogen and a soil-borne pathogen, which was confirmed by the detection of the systemic expression of pathogenesis-related genes in response to salicylic acid and jasmonic acid-signaling pathway activation. Further investigation revealed that plants use self protection mechanisms against subsequent herbivore attacks by recruiting beneficial microorganisms called plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria/ fungi, which are capable of reducing whitefly populations. Our results pro vide new evidence that plant-mediated aboveground to belowground communication and vice versa are more common than expected.
Effect of food deprivation on mate searching and spermatophore production in male water mites (Acari : Unionicolidae)

1. Because of the physiological cost of ejaculate production and courtship behaviour, male mating activities may be limited by their energy stores. Energy-depleted males may prefer foraging to rebuild these stores rather than expending meagre reserves on possibly unsuccessful mating attempts. 2. Few studies have manipulated male energy level to determine its effect on ejaculate production, mating behaviour and foraging. Water mites of the genus Neumania are ideal candidates for such a study because males deposit groups of spermatophores on the substrate, thus allowing easy determination of ejaculate size, and because males cannot hunt and search for mates simultaneously
Physiological and Genetic Aspects of Growth in the Mussel Mytilus edulis. I. Oxygen Consumption, Growth, and Weight Loss

Small (S; shell length, 4 mm) and large (L; shell length, 10 mm) Mytilus edulis spat were grown singly in plastic racks in a tidal salt marsh for 72 days, then starved in the laboratory for 2 mo. Dry weight gain in the racks, dry weight loss during starvation, and net dry weight gain were estimated for individuals of both groups; rate of oxygen consumption (V̇o2) was measured during the period of starvation. Heterozygosity at five polymorphic enzyme loci was measured for a subset of the sample. L individuals were significantly more heterozygous and had significantly lower weight-standardized V̇o2 ($$\dot{V}O_{2_{s}}$$.) than S individuals. There was a negative relationship between $$\dot{V}O_{2_{s}}$$ and dry weight gain in the racks for all individuals. During starvation in both groups, a positive relationship existed between $$\dot{V}O_{2_{s}}$$ and dry weight loss; the slopes of the S group were significantly greater than those of the L group. Lower $$\dot{V}O_{2_{s}}$$ is associated more with resistance to weight loss than with the capacity for weight gain.
Genetic diversity in a collection of ancient cultivars of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) as revealed by SSR-based fingerprinting

Summary A collection of 48 accessions of Malus domestica Borkh. from the apple germplasm repository of the Campania Region in Italy, several of which were suspected to be “synonyms”, was screened together with eight ancient well-known cultivars, added for reference, using a set of nine microsatellite or Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) primer pairs to determine genetic identities, to estimate genetic diversity and to identify genetic relationships between the accessions. All microsatellite (SSR) primers revealed polymorphism, with seven to 14 alleles per main locus and the expected heterozygosity (He) ranging from 0.713–0.884. Three SSRs (CH01h02, CH02c11 and CH04c06) amplified a second locus that was less polymorphic and clearly distinguished from the main locus. The frequency of each allele at the main loci was generally low, with many alleles detected in only one or a few cultivars. Of the 56 genotypes studied, as many as 27 were identified as “synonyms” and were excluded from the genetic analysis. Synonymy not only included accessions classified with the same name, but also accessions with different names. In a few cases, accessions with the same name resulted in absolutely different SSR marker profiles. The remaining 29 unique genotypes showed great genetic diversity, with the eight reference cultivars (‘Belle de Boskoop’, ‘Calville blanc’, ‘Delicious’, ‘Golden delicious’, ‘Limoncella’, ‘McIntosh’, ‘Permain dorée’, and ‘Stark splendor’) distributed throughout the dendrogram. Finally, this paper discusses the problems in dealing with incorrect allele-sizing and “binning”, which still do not allow comparison of SSR-based profiles produced by different laboratories.
Chemistry and Organization of Aleurone Cell Wall Components From Wheat and Barley

Methylation analysis and hydrolysis with specific enzymes indicates that aleurone cell wall preparations from wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Insignia) and barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Clipper) are composed of two main types of polysaccharides, heteroxylans and 1,3;1,4-β-glucans. Small amounts of glucomannan and cellulose are also present. Approximately 1% of a 1,3-β-glucan was also detected in the wall preparations using a specific 1,3-β-glucan exohydrolase. This material probably corresponds to the aniline blue-fluorescent deposits seen at the aleurone-endosperm interface. As isolated, the aleurone wall preparations are associated with protein, 10.5% in wheat and 16.0% in barley. Electron microscopic examination and amino acid analyses indicated that a major part of this protein arises from cytoplasmic protein deposited on the walls during isolation in organic solvents. Fractionation of the walls by conventional procedures showed that the heteroxylan and 1,3 ;1,4-β-glucan components were extracted by water, 8 M urea and alkaline solvents. Their differential solubility is discussed in terms of their structural organization and possible covalent interactions between polymers. Transmission electron microscopy of the walls at each stage of fractionation showed that the bilayered organization was retained after water and 8 M urea extraction but was lost following extraction in alkaline media.
Nickel hyperaccumulated by Thlaspi montanum var. montanum is acutely toxic to an insect herbivore

Some plants growing on serpentine soils sequester (hyperaccumulate) nickel from those soils in their tissues. Several ecological functions for metal hyperaccumulation have been suggested, including defense against herbivores. This study tests the herbivore defense hypothesis using the Ni hyperaccumulator Thlaspi montanum var. montanum. Leaves differing 167-fold in Ni content (3,000 vs 18 ppm) were obtained by growing plants on high- and low-Ni soils. Leaves were fed to larvae of Pieris rapae, a generalist folivore. Larvae fed high-Ni leaves did not grow and suffered 100 % mortality after 12 d, whereas those fed low-Ni leaves quadrupled in weight with a corresponding mortality of only 21 % (.)
Reproductive tactics of the waterstrider Gerris thoracicus in unpredictable environments: a simulation study

The waterstrider Gerris thoracicus Schumm. (Heteroptera) is met with in Finland only in the archipelago and coastal areas of the Baltic, mainly in rock pools and brackish-water bays, in which living conditions change unpredictably for waterstriders. We modelled reproductive success in each habitat. In the rock pools the critical environmental variable is the drying-up of pools, which depends on the length of rainless periods. We simulated different hypothetical population persistence by changing the timing of reproduction and batch size using precipitation data over 20 yr. The tactics were either big-bang or spread-out ones. All big-bang tactics suffered from high or fairly high extinction probabilities. Only those tactics that spread oviposition over July or over June and July could survive. In the sea the critical parameter is the length of the time when the water is warm enough for reproduction and development. There were at least three years out of the 17 studied when the sea surface temperature was so low throughout the summer that offspring production was highly improbable in the sea. Severe space and food limitations in rock pools suggest that these must substantially increase local extinction probabilities. Due to the negative correlation between crunch years in the rock pool system and the sea, a tactic mixing reproduction in these two habitats might maintain the population. The result is compatible with field data.
Cystopteris tennesseensis in Illinois

Cystopteris tennesseensis Shaver is a fertile allotetraploid that presumably arose from an ancient cross involving C. bulbifera (L.) Bernh. and C. protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell. Shaver (1950) pointed out that C. tennesseensis is morphologically intermediate between C. bulbifera and C. protrusa and concluded that these were the two parental species. Morphological and cytological work by Blasdell (1963) supports this interpretation. Plants of C. tennesseensis are usually misidentified as either C. bulbifera or C. protrusa. As a result, the range and abundance of this fern are not precisely known. This paper presents the distribution of C. tennesseensis in Illinois and shows that it is much more common and widespread than generally realized.
Penggunaan Metode Backpropagation Pada Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan Untuk Intrusion Detection System

Convenience is the main goal of existence of technology this days, but over time these technological advancements have made user privacy increasingly difficult and become a cause of concern. The existence of IDS (Intrusion Detection System ) is believed to help in achieving security in network usage where this detection system work by observing abnormal network behavior. IDS emphasizes the need to use artificial neural network to detect these attack. From the research tht has been done, the use of artificial neural network with a learning rate of 0.1 has been applied and the KDDCup-99 dataset has been used to train and make network benchmarks. To conduct a comparison, training has also been carried out on the same dataset using several other learning algorithms. The number of layer used in this artificial neural network start from 1 to 5, and the result have been compared so that the conclusion said that the artificial neural network with 3 layers has a superior performance compare to other machine learning algorithms. DOI : 10.29408/jit.v3i2. 2317
Nearest Neighbor Analysis of Dopamine D1 Receptors and Na 1 -K 1 -ATPases in Dendritic Spines Dissected by STED

Protein localization in dendritic spines is the focus of intense investigations within neuroscience. Applications of super-resolution microscopy to dissect nanoscale protein distribu- tions, as shown in this work with dual-color STED, generate spatial correlation coefficients having quite small values. This means that colocalization analysis to some extent looses part of its correla- tive impact. In this study we thus introduced nearest neighbor analysis to quantify the spatial rela- tions between two important proteins in neurons, the dopamine D1 receptor and Na 1 ,K 1 -ATPase. The analysis gave new information on how dense the D1 receptor and Na 1 ,K 1 -ATPase constituting nanoclusters are located both with respect to the homogenous (self to same) and the heterogeneous (same to other) topology. The STED dissected nanoscale topologies provide evidence for both a joint as well as a separated confinement of the D1 receptor and the Na 1 ,K 1 -ATPase in the postsynaptic areas of dendritic spines. This confined topology may have implications for generation of local sodium gradients and for structural and functional interactions modulating slow synaptic trans- mission processes. Microsc. Res. Tech. 00:000-000, 2011. V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii)研究现状

斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii Matsumura)传播速度快,危害多种水果,已经引起广泛重视。 其形态鉴别特征是雄虫翅翼边缘末端以第1翅脉为中心有一块清晰的黑斑,雌虫产卵器为坚硬的锯齿状,可将卵直接产于成熟或即将成熟的果实内。 斑翅果蝇繁殖速度快,1 a可繁殖3~10代,雌蝇终生产卵200~600粒。 糖醋液诱捕监测以及果园清洁处理是害虫防治的必要措施。 有机磷、拟除虫菊酯、多杀霉素等农药都有很好的局部触杀和残留杀虫活性。
Optimum Acoustic Criteria of Concert Halls for the Performance of Classical Music

The known criteria of room acoustics are not sufficient to characterize the quality of concert halls. To obtain more specific information on the acoustic qualities of concert halls, the author went on tour with the Cleveland Orchestra, making measurements in 15 concert halls. These measurements revealed that the dynamic range of performed music and also the tempo are different in the several halls. The dynamic range depends on the noise level of the room and the state of sound diffusion. The tempo of music is at a maximum in concert halls which have optimum reverberation time and diffusion.
Acquired chemical defences in grasses: the role of fungal endophytes

Microbial symbionts of plants can affect the interaction between their hosts and herbivores. Systemic fungal endophytes (Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycetes) infect grasses and produce alkaloids in host tissues. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of these fungi infecting a variety of grasses on leaf and seedfeeding insects. Survival, growth, and development of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) reared on infected or noninfected plants were compared. Larvae reared on infected plants tended to exhibit reduced survival and growth and retarded development compared with larvae reared on noninfected plants. There was considerable variation in these variables among host grasses and between different trials using the same grass grown in different environments. Population growth of flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum) on ground seeds from infected or noninfected perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) were also compared. Mean beetle population growth rates were significantly lower on infected seeds and especially on tall fescue. We conclude that insect resistance is a general property of endophyte-infected grasses and that infection may be beneficial to host plants in nature.
A Checklist of Macrofungi in Yaoluoping Nature Reserve, Anhui

Abstract: Field work to survey and investigate the Anhui Yaoluoping Macrofungi Nature Reserve was undertaken in order to understand and rationally develop macrofungi resources. The results showed that there are, in total, 101 macro-fungal species and varieties, including 59 kinds of edible mushroom, 20 kinds of medicinal mushroom, and 8 kinds of toadstools, grouped according to their economic values. The species belong to 5 classes, 13 orders, 43 families and 67 genera, Another 14 species are unknown fungus food or medicine and remains to be further developed. They are widely distributed in broad-leaved forests, mixed forests, coniferous forests, bamboo forests, wastelands and areas with other vegetation types. Large fungi resources are abundant; some varieties are rare and very valuable to develop. Among those of value are some edible and medicinal mushrooms, anti-cancer sulfur bacteria, morchella, gold equivalent cow bacilli, pine mushrooms, etc. Some species and species resources have still not been fully investigated. These large fungi can be domesticated and cultivated, and have very good commercial development prospects.
A SURVEY ON MULTIPLE CLASSIFIERS SYSTEM FOR ANOMALY DETECTION IN CREDIT CARD DATA WITH UNBALANCED AND OVERLAPPED CLASSES

Credit card plays a very important rule in today's economy. It becomes an unavoidable part of household, business and global activities. Although using credit cards provides enormous benefits when used carefully and responsibly, significant credit and financial damages may be caused by fraudulent activities. Many techniques have been proposed to confront the growth in credit card fraud. However, all of these techniques have the same goal of avoiding the credit card fraud; each one has its own drawbacks, advantages and characteristics. The widened uses of Internet credit cards in e-banking systems are currently prone to credit card fraud. Data imbalance also poses a significant difficulty in the method of fraud detection. The efficiency of the existing fraud detection systems is only in question because it detects fraudulent action after the suspect transaction has been completed. In this study, a Multiple Classifiers System (MCS) has been used on two data sets: (i) credit card frauds (CCF), and (ii) credit card default payments (CCDP). The MCS employs a sequential decision combination strategy to produce accurate anomaly detection. The empirical studies show that the MCS outperforms the existing research, particularly in detecting the anomalies that are minorities in these two credit card data sets.
Detection of Coxiella burnetii in ticks collected in Slovakia and Hungary

A total of 235 adult ticks collected from vegetation in Slovakia and Hungary in 1998-2000 were tested for Coxiella burnetii by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). C. burnetii was identified in six ticks of Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor marginatus ,a nd Haemaphysalis concinna species.