Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A regular contribution from Lars Ovesen, which we hope will help the busy scientist in keeping up with the literature

There is an impressive scientific literature examining the many factors that affect how much you tip after a meal. These factors can be grouped into three categories: (1) characteristics of the dining party, such as party size, method of payment, alcohol consumption and mood; (2) characteristics of the server, including attractiveness, dress and gender; and (3) characteristics related to server–diner interactions. This short review will deal with the many ways the server can manipulate you into increased tipping, i.e. characteristics related to the server–diner interaction.
Regulation of Vascular Calcification by Osteoclast Regulatory Factors RANKL and OPG Role of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Vascular Calcification Angiogenesis and Pericytes in the Initiation of Ectopic Calcification Osteopontin Promoter Regulation and Phosphate Transport Molecules in Vascular Calcif

Ectopic calcification of blood vessels, heart valves, and skeletal muscle is a major clinical problem. There is now good evidence that angiogenesis is associated with ectopic calcification in these tissues and that it is necessary, but not sufficient, for calcification to occur. Angiogenesis may regulate ectopic calcification in several ways. First, many angiogenic factors are now known to exert both direct and indirect effects on bone and cartilage formation. Second, cytokines released by endothelial cells can induce the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells. Third, the new blood vessels provide oxygen and nutrients to support the growing bone. Finally, the new blood vessels can serve as a conduit for osteoprogenitor cells. These osteoprogenitor cells may be derived from the circulation or from pericytes that are present in the neovessels themselves. Indeed, there is now compelling evidence that pericytes can differentiate into osteoblasts and chondrocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Other vascular cells, including adventitial myofibroblasts, calcifying vascular cells, smooth muscle cells, and valvular interstitial cells, have also been shown to exhibit multilineage potential in vitro. Although these cells share many properties with pericytes, the precise relationship between them is not known. Furthermore, it still remains to be determined whether all or some of these cells contribute to the ectopic calcification observed in vivo. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms that link angiogenesis, pericytes, and ectopic calcification should provide a basis for development of therapeutic strategies to treat or arrest this clinically significant condition. (Circ Res. 2005;96:930-938.)
On the Nature of Illness and Disability

Issues underlying the rapid increase in assignment of disability to nonspecific low back pain are addressed. The central point of the discussion is that the healthcare system relies too exclusively on a biomedical perspective on pain and illness while failing to consider adequately environmental influences on symptom behavior and care seeking. Specific medical conditions with pathoanatomic findings observed are distinguished from nonspecific conditions in which those are lacking or only inferred. A biomedical model often suffices with specific conditions but, inherently, nonspecific conditions implicate the environment and social feedback. Impairment usually is defined in terms of biomedical issues. Disability, however, although often originating with impairment, is subject to major influence by patient effort and other considerations implicating the environment. In light of these issues in addition to reconsidering disability policy, attention also is directed to implications for the physician’s role in implicitly encouraging patient perceptions of suffering as related inevitably to assumed underlying pathoanatomic factors.
Critical Care/Respiratory Care Gastrointestinal Complications of Acute Respiratory Failure

Complications in the gastrointestinal tract of critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure are extremely common. This susceptibility to injury is likely due to a myriad of factors, including splanchnic hypoperfusion, hypoxemia, inflammatory cytokine release, and altered tissue pH, as well as the underlying illness that first caused respiratory failure. This review details the most common gastrointestinal problems associated with the first 48 hours of respiratory failure. Specifically, we discuss the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pneumoperitoneum and gastric rupture, gastrointestinal hemorrhage and its causes, gastrointestinal dysmotility, hepatic injury, pancreatitis, and acute acalculous cholecystitis and their relationship to acute respiratory failure.
Thromboembolic Disease after Total Hip Arthroplasty

The strong activation of the clotting cascade that occurs during total hip arthroplasty places patients at increased risk for venous thromboembolism. The risk is higher in those patients with the following predisposing factors, listed in approximate order of importance: hip fracture; malignancy, particularly if associated with chemotherapy; antiphospholipid syndrome; immobility; history of venous thromboembolism; administration of tamoxifen; raloxifene; oral contraceptives or estrogen; morbid obesity; stroke; atherosclerosis; and an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification of 3 or greater. The following risk factors are weak or controversial: advanced age; diabetes mellitus; congestive heart disease; atrial fibrillation; varicose veins; and smoking. However, 50% of patients who develop thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty have no clinical predisposing factors. In a matched, controlled study, we defined the major genetic predispositions that increase the risk of venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty: deficiency of antithrombin III (< 75%) and protein C (< 70%), and prothrombin gene mutation. Preoperative genetic screening in conjunction with the recognized clinical risk factors can help categorize postoperative venous thromboembolism risk and differentiate patients who can be protected with milder and safer prophylaxis (eg, aspirin, intermittent pneumatic compression) compared with those at higher risk who need to be anticoagulated.
Challenges in delivering antiretroviral treatment in resource poor settings

While the AIDS epidemic has ravaged sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries, industrialized nations have managed to reduce mortality and morbidity secondary to the disease with the introduction of triple drug therapy including protease inhibitors in 1996 [1]. As the deaths secondary to AIDS climb to nearly 3 million people per year, economically challenged countries have been devastated [2]. Worldwide twelve countries have a prevalence of HIV exceeding 10% [2]. The cumulative effects of AIDS compromise existing health programs, food security and economic welfare of these countries which has led to mounting pressure to provide universal antiretroviral treatment. Even with the provision of medications at a dramatically decreased cost, the lack of established clinical infrastructure, negative social stigma and paucity of social services in these impoverished countries remain significant obstacles to delivering effective antiretroviral therapy (ART).
Epidemiologic phenotypes : transient and persistent wheezing

Purpose of review There is currently limited ability to identify which infants and young children with recurrent wheezing will ultimately develop persistent asthma. In addition, it is not clear how risk factors influence the development of asthma in later childhood and adulthood. This review will discuss efforts to categorize these children with recurrent wheezing and develop asthma-predictive tools.
Management of Natal Teeth in a Preterm Neonate – A Case Report

A 24 day old preterm neonate was referred to the dental clinic by his paediatrician. Subsequent to an extra and intra oral clinical assessment he was diagnosed with an erupted, grade III mobile mandibular right natal tooth and an unerupted mandibular left natal tooth. Subsequently the right natal tooth was extracted, preventive advice imparted and a follow up for extraction of the erupted left natal tooth was advised. Hence this case report elucidates the identification of natal teeth in neonates and highlights the clinical management of natal teeth with respect to their underlying systemic considerations. Keyword: Infant, Haematology, Natal teeth, Premature birth.
Isolated Avulsion of the Biceps Femoris Insertion

The clinical, roentgenographic, and operative findings of an isolated biceps femoris avulsion in a 2 I year-old man demonstrated the significance of the static stabilizers about the knee, menisci, and articular cartilage. Examination of the dynamic structures about the knee, however, may present a diagnostic problem. A systematic examination of the musculature (hamstrings, quadriceps, and patellofemoral mechanism) should be included in the evaluation of every acute knee injury. Special attention should be given to the surface anatomy as well as function of the knee.
Lengthening of a Vascularized Free Fibular Graft

Wide bone resection is sometimes necessary for bone tumors, and reconstruction is a major challenge. Vascularized fibular graft is one alternative but may result in progressive limb-length discrepancy (LLD) in children with substantial growth left. Progressive distraction lengthening with an external fixator is now a standard procedure to generally correct LLD. However, lengthening of free vascularized fibular grafts for lower limb reconstruction has not been reported frequently and then only in small series or case reports. We report our experience with three patients with lengthening after tibial reconstruction with a free vascularized fibular graft and review the literature.
One in 16 Quadrillion Importance of Blinding in Research Reproducibility

on the impact of endocrine disruptors and other families of environmental factors on male fertility (or the lack thereof) should not be drawn from studies of temporal trends in male fertility parameters alone. To characterize the impact of exposures during the developmental window, mother–child cohorts with a biomarkerbased assessment of exposure during pregnancy and long-term follow-up constitute a more relevant tool. Such studies are unfortunately rare.
The b 2 -Adrenergic Receptor Delivers an Antiapoptotic Signal to Cardiac Myocytes Through G i -Dependent Coupling to Phosphatidylinositol 3 * -Kinase

—Recent studies have shown that chronic b -adrenergic receptor ( b -AR) stimulation alters cardiac myocyte survival in a receptor subtype-specific manner. We examined the effect of selective b 1 - and b 2 -AR subtype stimulation on apoptosis induced by hypoxia or H 2 O 2 in rat neonatal cardiac myocytes. Although neither b 1 - nor b 2 -AR stimulation had any significant effect on the basal level of apoptosis, selective b 2 -AR stimulation protected myocytes from apoptosis. b 2 -AR stimulation markedly increased mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal–regulated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) activation as well as phosphatidylinositol-3 9 -kinase (PI-3K) activity and Akt/protein kinase B phosphorylation. b 1 -AR stimulation also markedly increased MAPK/ERK activation but only minimally activated PI-3K and Akt. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin blocked b 2 -AR–mediated protection from apoptosis as well as the b 2 -AR–stimulated changes in MAPK/ERK, PI-3K, and Akt/protein kinase B. The selective PI-3K inhibitor, LY 294002, also blocked b 2 -AR–mediated protection, whereas inhibition of MAPK/ERK activation at an inhibitor concentration that blocked agonist-induced activation but not the basal level of activation had no effect on b 2 -AR–mediated protection. These findings demonstrate that b 2 -ARs activate a PI-3K–dependent, pertussis toxin– sensitive signaling pathway in cardiac myocytes that is required for protection from apoptosis-inducing stimuli often associated with ischemic stress. ( Circ Res . 2000;87:1172-1179.)
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES

Muscular dystrophies are a group of inherited progressive myopathic disorders caused by mutations in various genes involved in normal muscle function. During the last 20 years, advances in genetics have led to the identification of most of these genes and the respective defects in muscular dystrophies. This has allowed for new diagnostic tests that can confirm clinical diagnoses very accurately and less invasively. Nonetheless, the development of new therapies based on these advances has not yet materialized but continues to be the subject of intensive and promising research. In this chapter, the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of muscular dystrophies will be described.
Coloplasty in Low Colorectal Anastomosis: Manometric and Functional Comparison with Straight and Colonic J-Pouch Anastomosis

PURPOSE After resection of the distal rectum with a straight reanastomosis, poor bowel function can occur. This is felt to be because of the loss of the rectal reservoir. To overcome this, a neoreservoir using a colonic J-pouch has been advocated in low colorectal and coloanal anastomosis. However, difficulties in reach, inability to fit the pouch into a narrow pelvis, and postoperative evacuation problems can make the colonic J-pouch problematic. Coloplasty is a new technique that may overcome the poor bowel function seen in the straight anastomosis and the problems of the colonic J-pouch. The purpose of this study was to compare the functional results after a low colorectal anastomosis among patients receiving a coloplasty, colonic J-pouch, or straight anastomosis. METHODS Twenty patients underwent construction of a coloplasty with a low colorectal anastomosis. Postoperative manometry and functional outcome of these patients was compared with a matched group of 16 patients who had a colonic J-pouch and low colorectal anastomosis and 17 patients who had a straight low colorectal anastomosis. RESULTS Maximum tolerated volume was significantly favorable in the coloplasty (mean, 116.9 ml) and colonic J-pouch group (mean, 150 ml) vs. the straight anastomosis group (mean, 83.3;P < 0.05) The compliance was also significantly favorable for the coloplasty (mean, 4.9 ml/mmHg) and the colonic J-pouch group (mean, 6.1 ml/mmHg) vs. the straight anastomosis group (mean, 3.2 ml/mmHg;P < 0.05) The coloplasty (mean, 2.6; range, 1–5) and colonic J-pouch (mean, 3.1; range, 2–6) had significantly fewer bowel movements per day than the straight anastomosis group (mean, 4.5; range, 1–8;P < 0.05). Similar complication rates were noted in the three groups. CONCLUSIONS Patients with a coloplasty and low colorectal anastomosis seem to have similar functional outcome along with similar pouch compliance compared with patients with colonic J-pouch and low colorectal anastomosis. However, the coloplasty may provide an alternative method to the colonic J-pouch for a neorectal reservoir construction when reach or a narrow pelvis prohibits its formation. Technically it also may be easier to construct. Mantyh CR, Hull TL, Fazio VW. Coloplasty in low colorectal anastomosis: manometric and functional comparison with straight and colonic J-pouch anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:37–42.
Sensory Interventions in Schools: A Literature Review and Knowledge Translation Project

A literature review of sensory interventions that are possible in a school setting by occupational therapists was completed based on Jennifer Burke’s, a Franklin Pierce Public Schools occupational therapist, question. Her question was what sensory interventions have been shown to be effective for decreasing negative behaviors and/or increasing participation that could be used in a school setting. Most sensory based interventions (SBI) had only weak evidence in support. Sensory integration therapy (SIT) showed more promise for achieving individual goals. Because of the mix of evidence it was recommended that if a clinician chooses to use SBI or SIT they should clearly state what goal they hope to attain with its use and take data to determine if it is effective for that specific child or not. Because many children who may have sensory issues do not qualify for occupational therapy in schools, commercially available sensory kits for classrooms were researched and presented in a table format that included information on each kits pros and cons, as well as what sensory areas the kits are able to target. Burke used the table in conversation with her school counselor who is interested in purchasing a sensory kit. The table was also distributed to the other members of the therapy team for them to use in discussion with other counselors and
Major Transboundary Disease of Ruminants and their Economic Effect in Ethiopia

Trans-boundary animal diseases pose a serious risk to animal production and jeopardize international trade. The objectives of this paper were to give general overview about major trans boundary disease of ruminants and their economic effect in Ethiopia. Ethiopia has been facing devastating economic losses from major outbreaks of trans-boundary animal diseases (TADs) such as foot and mouth disease, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, lumpy skin disease in cattle and pest des petites ruminants, contagious Caprine pleuropneumonia, sheep and goat pox, and brucellosis in small ruminants. These diseases impose major economic costs and risks to the country, the neighbors, and trading partners. Even though both the direct and indirect impact of these diseases causes devastating economic losses to the country, the indirect effect is more serious. The trade implication of TADs can cause a greater economic impact than the direct production losses themselves. The trade ban due to the existence of these major trans-boundary disease and other negative domestic impacts on agriculture and other sectors, can be raised as an example. Among other factors affecting the economic benefit of the country from livestock sector, increased outbreaks of highly contagious trans-boundary animal diseases (TADs) is considered as major cause of economy loses.
A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF TRIPLE DRUG THERAPY WITH DUAL DRUG THERAPY IN COPD PATIENTS

Objective: The present study was conducted with the objective of analyzing the efficacy of triple-drug combination therapy (formoterol, ciclesonide, tiotropium) by comparing it with double drug combination therapy (formoterol, budesonide). Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted. Sixty patients were enrolled, and divided into two groups of thirty each; one group was treated with the double-drug and the other with a triple drug combination. FEV1 and FVC pre-and post-treatment in either group were assessed spirometrically. Score ranges of 0-10, 11-20 and 21-30 were allotted to mild, moderate and severe categories and results were analyzed statistically. Results: Of the 60 patients recruited, 61-70 y olds constituted the majority (35%) of the population. Males (63.3%) were more in number compared to females (36.6%). Twenty-three of thirty-eight men smoked (60.5%); there were no female smokers. Common symptoms included cough (93.3%), dyspnoea (85%), fever (45%) and haemoptysis (15%). Hypertension accounted for 70% of patient comorbidities, followed by diabetes (60%) and cardiovascular diseases (40%). Three months after treatment with triple therapy, a significant increase in the differences of means of both FEV1 (14.27) and FVC (14.90) values was observed. Further analysis based on score ranges demonstrated that triple therapy administration markedly reduced the number of patients suffering from severe COPD. Conclusion: Our comparative analysis indicated that triple therapy was more effective in improving lung function, enhancing patients’ quality of life (evidenced from score ranges) thereby reducing mortality. While much is known about the greater effectiveness of triple over dual therapy, researchers to formulate the most effective triple therapy are in progress.
ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; FREQUENCY OF MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS

The frequency of modifiable risk factors of acute myocardial infarction varies greatly in different countries and populations of the world. Objective: To find out the frequency of modifiable risk factors in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Cardiology Department. Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad, Period: 1st Jan 2015 and 30th June 2015. Material and Methods: A total of 224 patients of acute myocardial infarction Patients were enquired about the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and family history of ischemic heart disease. Fasting blood sugar and lipid profile were recorded. Results: Out of 224, 90.6% patients had at least one risk factor. Hypertension was found to be the most common risk factor (55.4%), followed by smoking (43.8%) and Diabetes Mellitus (27.2%). Dyslipidemia was found to be the least common (23.2%) risk factor. Conclusion: Hypertension is the most common modifiable risk factor in patients of acute myocardial infarction, followed by smoking and diabetes.
Brief Review Autoregulation of Blood Flow

A UTOREGULATION of blood flow, the tenden/ \ cy for blood flow to remain constant despite A. \ . changes in arterial perfusion pressure, is a ubiquitous and much studied phenomenon. Autoregulation was first described in the kidney in 1931, but it had been anticipated by Bayliss 30 years earlier based on changes in hind limb volume during alterations in arterial pressure. Bayliss noted a secondary decrease of organ volume with arterial pressure elevation and suggested that "the peripheral powers of reaction possessed by the arteries is of such a nature as to provide so far as possible for the maintenance of a constant flow of blood through the tissues supplied by them, whatever may be the height of the blood pressure, except so far as they are directly overruled by impulses from the central nervous system. " The widespread occurrence of autoregulation in various organs of the body began to be recognized in the 1950's as part of an intensified interest in local mechanisms of blood flow regulation. In 1963 a symposium on this topic, provided a detailed view of the field at that time.
SYMPOSIUM: MOLECULAR GENETICS IN SARCOMA Osteosarcoma Development and Stem Cell Differentiation

Osteosarcoma is the most common nonhematologic malignancy of bone in children and adults. The peak incidence occurs in the second decade of life, with a smaller peak after age 50. Osteosarcoma typically arises around the growth plate of long bones. Most osteosarcoma tumors are of high grade and tend to develop pulmonary metastases. Despite clinical improvements, patients with metastatic or recurrent diseases have a poor prognosis. Here, we reviewed the current understanding of human osteosarcoma, with an emphasis on potential links between defective osteogenic differentiation and bone tumorigenesis. Existing data indicate osteosarcoma tumors display a broad range of genetic and molecular alterations, including the gains, losses, or arrangements of chromosomal regions, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, and the deregulation of major signaling pathways. However, except for p53 and/or RB mutations, most alterations are not constantly detected in the majority of osteosarcoma tumors. With a rapid expansion of our knowledge about stem cell biology, emerging evidence suggests osteosarcoma should be regarded as a differentiation disease caused by genetic and epigenetic changes that interrupt osteoblast differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells. Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of human osteosarcoma could ultimately lead to the development of diagnostic and prognostic markers, as well as targeted therapeutics for osteosarcoma patients.