Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE MANIFESTED IN ThE STRESS-vOLUMETRIC STRAIN DIAGRAM

The unknown load history of structures in service does not allow determining the long-term compressive strength, critical for their reliability, from short-term tests of drilled concrete cylinders by the use of relationships derived on specimens without previous overloading. The extent of damage of the material must be taken into account when the residual strength should be estimated correctly. The existing knowledge of the microcracks in concrete, their origin and growth during loading, as well as their impact on the degradation of the long-term strength is dealt in the article. In this context, the possibility of the application of nonlinear acoustic methods is briefly pointed out. The main attention is paid to the stress-volumetric strain diagram. Based on experimental measurements, its ability to indicate the mechanical properties of concrete is studied.
Formation of gas phase macromolecular targets by laser desorption from surfaces

To study biomolecular fragmentation induced by low energy ions, electrons, photons and radicals requires the production of a characterised gas phase target. Previous studies have used thermally evaporated DNA or RNA bases however this technique cannot be applied to a wide range of biomolecules because of fragmentation or decomposition. The technique described here involves the use of IR laser desorption for the production of the target in conjunction with time of flight mass spectrometry for analysis of molecular fragmentation. Characterisation of the targets will be carried out by fluorescent dye tagging and laser induced fluorescence imaging of the target spatial density profiles.
Pathways for the deoxygenation of triglycerides to aliphatic hydrocarbons over activated alumina

The functional group pathways for the high-yield conversion of triglycerides to aliphatic hydrocarbons (mainly monoalkenes) when passed over activated alumina at 450 °C (weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) 0.28-0.46 h -1 ) were studied by using model compounds believed to be intermediates in the process. These compounds included methyl ketones, dodecyl aldehyde, and dodecanol. Previous results had been obtained on carboxylic acids and symmetrical ketones. It is concluded that the triglycerides can split out carboxylic acids by β-elimination or yield alkenes by a γ-hydrogen transfer mechanism. The carboxylic acids form symmetric ketones which preferably undergo a further γ-hydrogen transfer to produce monoalkenes and methyl ketones. An unknown reductive mechanism followed by dehydration produces monoalkenes from the methyl ketones. The latter can also undergo the γ-hydrogen rearrangement. It is proposed that the methyl ketone can also isomerize to aldehydes, which then undergo an oxidation producing carboxylic acids. This may involve a disproportionation and be coupled with the reduction mentioned previously. A cycling of the carboxylic acids through the ketone route is believed to be the source of monoalkenes having one more carbon atom than the methyl ketones. The relevance of this study to petroleum biogenesis is obvious.
Shocking Matter to Extreme Conditions

Understanding how matter behaves at high pressure is essential for astrophysics, condensed matter physics, and other fields. In their Perspective, Gupta and Sharma discuss results from a group at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in which intense laser energy was used to generate shock waves in hydrogen and deuterium. The results are used to determine the equation of state, which governs how pressure, volume, and temperature are related in a material. In particular, the laser shock studies show that molecular dissociation must be accounted for in models of the equation of state of nature's simplest atomic species.
EFL Teacher challenges in suprasegmental stress

Stress as a suprasegmental feature of pronunciation is important for clarity and accuracy of English. However, EFL teachers at public schools in Ismailia inconsistently lacked knowledge and production relating to this feature as evidenced at a workshop on Stress Teaching in Ismailia in 2015. This study aimed at intensively examining the situation of EFL teachers at the Educational Directorate of Ismailia in Egypt with respect to their knowledge and production of word stress, related types and patterns, and knowledge of other terms pertinent to the feature. The participants were ninety nine examinees working at public schools in Ismailia. The study also investigated fifteen EFL superiors‟ and nine TEFL professors‟ suggestions and recommendations for the situation. The study adopted the qualitative approach, so it held interviews with both teachers and experts. Findings revealed that both stress types and patterns (in addition to the terms of prosody and rhythm) were problematic to teachers. Moreover, findings also indicated that there were problems with stress uses. Expert suggestions and recommendations offered included pre-service preparation and in-service professional development.
Surface modification of LDPE film by chemical processes with Ni2+ and ammonium persulfate

Chemical modification of the surface of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film was performed with an aqueous solution of ammoniacal ammonium persulfate in the presence of Ni2+ ions, where the polar groups were generated on the surface of the LDPE film. The surface of the LDPE film was modified chemically with an ammoniacal solution of ammonium persulfate (1.1M) and Ni(SO4)2 (0.02M) heated at about 70°C for 3 h. The morphologies of the surfaces were studied with scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy; electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis revealed the introduction of polar groups on the surface, which improved printability and adhesion properties. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 406–415, 2001
Farmers' Perception of Unsprayed Crop Edges in the Netherlands

This paper argues that not only should environmental and ecological benefits and economic costs be considered in developing nature conservation policies at the farm level but that farmers' perceptions should also be taken into account. Statistical analysis of survey data demonstrates the relevance of these behavioural aspects. Arable farmers with experience of unsprayed crop edges indicated that they preferred unsprayed edges in cereals or grass strips for agronomical, farming equipment related and socio-psychological reasons. The study also focused on the “ideal” unsprayed crop edge from the farmers' perspective. It appeared that a flexible width is most important for acceptance in farming practice, because it is, above all, the width that determines compatibility with existing farming organisation and parcel lay-out. In this respect, there was significant differences between regions. With regard to the payment system, farmers prefer a guaranteed reward instead of a “payment for nature” result, irrespective of the region considered.
Phase composition of metallurgical slag studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy

Metallurgical industry supplies huge amount of wastes, mainly in the form of slag, which is being stored for decades on dumps. Nowadays, there are attempts to utilize this material in some sectors of the economy [5, 9], mainly in the construction of roads. However, the metallurgical slag frequently contains significant amount of heavy metals which, during long storage, may lead to the environmental pollution. In the long-term plan these wastes may be treated as raw materials. Therefore, the determination of their physical and chemical properties, mainly their phase composition is the subject of many studies of applied character [1]. The obtained results are, as well, very interesting from the point of view of the fundamental research. The crystallization in a blast furnace may be compared with natural magma processes, but the initial composition of the batch and applied supplements may lead to the synthesis of materials never appearing in the nature. The time evolution of the formed phases in relation to the conditions of the slag storing appears interesting as well. The metallurgical slag was studied in the past by many authors, for example: Kucha and Jedrzejczyk [6], Puziewicz, Zainoun, Bril [8], Jonczy [2] – slag after Zn-Pb production, slag after Cu production Muszer [7], slag after steel production Jonczy [3, 4]. In practice, each particular type of slag is unique, which requires application of many different research techniques. Especially, in the case where the slag is rich in the iron bearing phases the application of routine analytical methods as optical microscopy, scanning microscopy or X-ray diffraction not always leads to unamPhase composition of metallurgical slag studied by Mossbauer spectroscopy Iwona Jonczy, Jan Stanek
Low-Temperature Molten Salt Synthesis of NiWO4 Nanoparticles

NiWO4 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a molten salt method at 270°C. The as-prepared powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and exhibited a pure phase NiWO4 with about 50 nm in particle size and uniform nearly-spherical particle shape.
Modeling of Vertical Bubble-Driven Flows

Bubbly flows comprise a large number of different flow situations, e.g., dispersed pipe flows, flows in multiphase agitated tanks, flows in multiphase fixed- and fluidized-bed reactors, and typical bubble-column and loop-reactor flows. This paper focuses on bubble-driven flows. These are flow situations were the bubble movement itself is the main source of momentum to the flow field and are often characterized by low superficial liquid velocities, relatively high superficial gas velocities, and no mechanical support of the flow (e.g., agitation). Only vertical flow situations are considered. An overview of the verified forces acting on bubbles is given, and examples of both classical and more recent modeling approaches are shown. This include gravity, buoyancy, centrifugal forces, conventional Magnus and Saffman forces, form and friction drag, and added mass as well as turbulent migration and other instability mechanisms. Special emphasis is placed on mechanisms creating bubble movement in the radial dire.
Synthesis, structure, and properties of biimidazole-chelated arylruthenium complexes

By reacting Ru(η2-RL)(PPh3)2(CO)Cl (1) with excess 4,5-dimethyl-2,2′-biimidazole (dmbi), organometallics of the type [Ru(η1-RL)(PPh3)2(CO)(dmbi)](PF6) (2) have been isolated in excellent yield (η2-RL is C6H2O-2-CHNHC6H4R(p)-3-Me-5, η1-RL is C6H2OH-2-CHNC6H4R(p)-3-Me-5 and R is Me, OMe and Cl). In this process the dmbi ligand undergoes five-membered chelation, the iminium-phenolato function tautomerizes to the imine-phenol function and the Schiff base performs a large rotation around the Ru−C bond. The crystal and molecular structure of [Ru(η1-MeL)(PPh3)2(CO)(dmbi)](PF6)·CH2Cl2 is reported. For steric reasons the carbon monoxide ligand is located syn to the phenolic oxygen atom as opposed to anti in the precursor 1. In the hydrogen bonded imine-phenol function the O−H, H···N, and N···O distances are 0.83(8), 1.77(8), and 2.552(6) A, respectively, the O−H···N angle being 156(2)°. The Ru(dmbi) chelate along with the metallated carbon atom and the CO ligand define an equatorial plane from which the metallated aldimine fragment is rotated by 34.5° due to interligand repulsion. This results in two unequal [2.348(2) and 2.411(2) A] Ru−P bonds and an apparent suppression of the trans influence of the metallated carbanionic site. The cation and anion in the complex are engaged in N−H···F and C−H···F hydrogen bonding, generating a centrosymmetric dimer in the lattice. One of the hydrogen bonds, characterized by H···F, 2.03(8) A and N−H···F, 166(2)°, is particularly strong. Solutions of 2 absorb near 400 nm and emit near 460 nm with quantum yields and lifetimes of ca. 10−3 and ⩽ 20 ns, respectively. The emission, which probably involves the 3MLCT state incorporating a π*(dmbi) contribution, is peculiar to the coligation of η1-RL and dmbi to bivalent ruthenium. In dichloromethane solution 2 displays a quasireversible 2+/2 couple near 0.70 V vs. SCE [2+ is the ruthenium(III) analogue of 2]. Coulometrically generated solutions of 2+ display a strong absorption near 400 nm and rhombic EPR spectra with g values near 2.55, 2.15, and 1.83. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Novel Uric Acid Sensor Based on Enzyme Electrode Modified by ZnO Nanoparticles and Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes

Abstract In this work, we report the development of a highly sensitive and stable uric acid sensor based on the synergic action of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and ZnO nanoparticles. MWNTs were first cast on pyrolytic graphite (PG) wafers. ZnO nanoparticles were then decorated onto the negatively charged MWNTs via the Vapor Liquid Solid (VLS) growth. Uricase was immobilized on the ZnO nanoparticles surface because of their large differences in the isoelectric point (IEP). Last, a cationic polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) layer was coated onto the uricase-contained ZnO nanoparticle layer and resulted in the PDDA/uricase/ZnO/MWNTs multilayer structure. The unique multilayer structure provides a favorable microenvironment to keep the bioactivity of uricase, which led to rapid amperometric response toward uric acid. Amperometric detection of uric acid was carried out at 320 mV (vs. SCE) in 0.05 mol/L (M) phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.8). For the sensor, a wide linear response range of 5.0 µM to 1 mM with a linear sensitivity of 393 mA cm−2M−1, a detection limit of 2.0 µM (3σ), and a long-term stability of 160 days can be obtained by using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Testing results in human urine obtained from the sensors were also compared with the data obtained by spectrometry. For five samples with different concentrations of urine, the relative deviations between them were smaller than 3.8%. The recovery was between 96.5 and 104.0%.
Spectroscopy of Li+·Rg and Li+–Rg transport coefficients (Rg = He–Rn)

High-quality [CCSD(T), large basis sets] ab initio potential energy curves are calculated for the series of Li+·Rg species. These curves are employed to calculate spectroscopic parameters for these species, and are used to calculate transport properties for Li+ moving through a bath of the relevant inert gas. The transport results obtained are statistically compared to previous ones. The present potentials appear to be the best available for Li+·Ar, Li+·Kr and Li+·Xe and they rival the best ones for Li+·He and Li+·Ne. In the case of the Li+·Rn system, these are the first reported results.
Micellar and salt effects on the interaction of [Cu(II)-Gly-Gly]+ with ninhydrin

The effect of cationic micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on the kinetics of interaction of copper dipeptide complex [Cu(II)-Gly-Gly]+ with ninhydrin has been studied spectrophotometrically at 70°C and pH 5.0. The reaction follows first- and fractional-order kinetics, respectively, in complex and ninhydrin. The reaction is catalyzed by CTAB micelles, and the maximum rate enhancement is about twofold. The results obtained in the micellar medium are treated quantitatively in terms of the kinetic pseudophase and Piszkiewicz models. The rate constants (kobs or kΨ), micellar-binding constants (kS for [Cu(II)-Gly-Gly]+, kN for ninhydrin), and index of cooperativity (n) have been evaluated. A mechanism is proposed in accordance with the experimental results. The influence of different inorganic (NaCl, NaBr, Na2SO4) and organic (NaBenz, NaSal) salts on the reaction rate has also been seen, and it is found that tightly bound/incorporated counterions are the most effective. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 556–564, 2007
Atomic force microscopy in the picometer regime - resolving spins and non-trivial surface terminations

Atomic Force MIcrosocpy (AFM) offers the unique possiblity to study conductive as well as insulating surfaces at the atomic scale. While achieving atomic or sub-molecular resolution with low temperature AFM is well established nowadays, the resolution of subatomic features and magnetic exchange interactions remains a challenge. The first part of this work deals with the characterization and improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of quartz-based force sensors, namely the qPlus and the needle sensor. The second issue is the resolution of non-trivial surface terminations. Subatomic features on a copper (Cu) adatom on Cu(110) were resolved. Another example for a non-trivial surface termination is the cleaved TlBiSe2 surface which consists of disordered Tl islands. This directly explains the absence of trivial surface states in photoemission experiments. The third main topic is the resolution of the antiferromagnetic structure of nickel oxide (001) at the atomic scale. Additionally, the exchange interaction for this system was quantitatively measured with dynamic force spectroscopy. The results with SmCo tips indicate that tip materials with a large magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy should be selected to detect magnetic exchange forces.
Neue Untersuchungen an Na3NO3

Einkristalluntersuchungen zufolge leitet sich die Kristallstruktur von Na3NO3 ≙ (NO)ONa3+ vom anti-Perowskittyp ab (a = 4,605 A, Pm3m); das Nitrit-Anion ist fehlgeordnet. New Investigations on Na3NO3 According to X-Ray investigations on single crystals, the crystal structure of Na3NO3 ≙ (NO)ONa3+ can be derived from the anti-Perovskite type of structure (a = 4.605 A, Pm3m); the NO-anion is disordered.
Refinement of crystal structure of 2-biphenylboronic acid, C12H11BO2

C12H11BO2, triclinic, P1 (no. 2), a = 8.313(2) Å, b = 9.420(2) Å, c = 14.687(3) Å, + = 99.255(2)°, * = 104.533(2)°, ( = 100.311(2)°, V = 1069.5 Å, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.043, wRref(F) = 0.113, T = 296 K. Source of material 2-Biphenylboronic acid was purchased from Aldrich, and recrystallized from water/ethanol solution at room temperature to give the desired crystals suitable for single crystal X-ray diffraction investigation. Discussion Arylboronic acids ArB(OH)2 are important starting materials in organic synthesis [1]. They are predominantly applied for the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction [2]. Recently arylboronic acids have also been employed as promising building blocks in crystal engineering and various types of novel supramoolecular assemblies have been generated [3,4]. Analogous to carboxylic acids, they are capable of forming dimeric units, this is the most basic and frequent structural motif found in the solid state [5]. The title crystal structure has two crystallographically independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The benzene rings are not coplanar, with dihedral angles between the two benzene rings of 132.7° and 129.1° in the two molecules. The B(OH)2 group is twisted by 125.5° and 127.2° from the palne of the benzene ring in the two independent molecules. In the crystal structure of the title compound, the B(OH)2 moiety adopted the most preferred synanti conformation [6,7], there exist O–H···O hydrogen bonds between the adjacent molecules, which enforce the chain structure of the title compound. Z. Kristallogr. NCS 225 (2010) 295-296 / DOI 10.1524/ncrs.2010. 0127 295 © by Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, München Crystal: colorless block, size 0.16 × 0.18 × 0.38 mm Wavelength: Mo K+ radiation (0.71073 Å) . : 0.81 cm−1 Diffractometer, scan mode: Bruker SMART APEXII CCD, #/' 2,max: 51° N(hkl)measured, N(hkl)unique: 8212, 3954 Criterion for Iobs, N(hkl)gt: Iobs > 2 )(Iobs), 2575 N(param)refined: 275 Programs: SHELXS-97 [8], SHELXL-97 [9], SHELXTL [10] Table 1. Data collection and handling. H(1) 2i 0.1217 0.7310 0.1263 0.074 H(2) 2i 0.1181 0.4250 0.0125 0.082 H(3) 2i 0.0060 −0.0772 0.0632 0.076 H(4) 2i 0.2198 0.2348 0.0831 0.072 H(2A) 2i 0.6379 0.8616 0.3866 0.093 H(3A) 2i 0.8507 0.8839 0.3135 0.113 H(4A) 2i 0.7983 0.7693 0.1549 0.104 H(5) 2i 0.5272 0.6364 0.0683 0.079 H(8) 2i 0.3585 0.9321 0.3905 0.090 H(9) 2i 0.1612 0.8978 0.4751 0.114 H(10) 2i −0.0006 0.6664 0.4601 0.110 H(11) 2i 0.0338 0.4661 0.3608 0.087 H(12) 2i 0.2299 0.4979 0.2758 0.068 H(14) 2i 0.6138 0.3550 0.4016 0.074 H(15) 2i 0.4478 0.3490 0.5041 0.086 H(16) 2i 0.1660 0.2236 0.4489 0.083 H(17) 2i 0.0500 0.1054 0.2896 0.069 H(20) 2i 0.6462 0.4534 0.2499 0.077 H(21) 2i 0.8250 0.4523 0.1535 0.098 H(22) 2i 0.8385 0.2339 0.0636 0.097 H(23) 2i 0.6707 0.0146 0.0690 0.085 H(24) 2i 0.4899 0.0138 0.1650 0.068 Table 2. Atomic coordinates and displacement parameters (in Å). Atom Site x y z Uiso
Monitoring the Crystallization Process of Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate (MPHS) from Ethanol Solution by Combined ATR-FTIR- FBRM- PVM

In-situ Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and particle video microscope (PVM) have been used simultaneously in this work to monitor the concentration, supersaturation, chord length distribution, and crystal habit, respectively, during a cooling crystallization process of Methyprednisolone Hemisuccinate (MPHS) from ethanol system. We developed a new calibration method based on peak ratios for the assessment of the concentration, solubility, and supersaturation in the 20–60°C temperature range. The crystallizations were conducted at two concentrations (7.5 and 9.5% w/w) with three different cooling rates (0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 K/min). The lower concentration was chosen within the constructed calibration range while the higher one was outside the calibration range and it was used to examine the extrapolating and predicting ability of the constructed calibration curves. The metastable zone widths (MSZW), supersaturation at nucleation, and the number of fine particle chord length of MPHS were all increased with the cooling rate, while the number of the larger chord length decreased with the increasing of the cooling rate.
Confessions of a used-program salesman: lessons learned

Software reuse is the second oldest programming profession. Ever since the first program logic board was wired, people have been looking for ways of saving time and money by building upon other's efforts and not “not re-inventing any wheels. ” This article summarizes the lessons I have learned as used-program salesman. Using this analogy, I will examine efforts made to institutionalize software reuse.
Static NMOS circuits for crossbar architectures using silicon nano-wire technology

This study shows the design and analysis of static NMOS gates composed of silicon nano-wire surrounding gate pull-down NMOSFETs (SGFETs) and p-type pull-up resistors as the primary building blocks to form high density circuits. The device geometry and doping concentration of NMOS transistors and p-type resistors are varied until the lowest noise margin and standby power dissipation are obtained for an inverter. The optimum NMOS transistor and p-type resistor configurations are subsequently used to build various NOR-type static logic gates including a full adder to evaluate the transient performance, power consumption and layout area of each gate. A power-saving technique that replaces the p-type pull-up resistor with a p-type MESFET is also investigated for large-scale logic strings. Simulation results indicate that the worst-case rise and fall delays for a full adder are 130 ps and 90 ps at no capacitive load, and increase by 27.5 ps and 10 ps per fan-out, respectively. The worst-case power dissipation for the same circuit is 186.4 µW. The full adder circuit occupies approximately a 25 μm2 area if laid out conventionally and 36 µm2 if laid out on a crossbar platform. Compared to same feature size conventional CMOS technologies, silicon nano-wire technology offers simplicity in interconnect routing and reduction in the layout area for similar circuit performance.