Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Involvement of soilborne Phytophthora species in Central European oak decline and the effect of site factors on the disease

A survey was made on the occurrence of soilborne Phytophthora species in 35 oak stands on a range of geologically different sites in Bavaria. The most widespread species were P. quercina, P. cambivora and P. citricola. Seven other Phytophthora species were isolated infrequently. The fine root systems of 106 healthy and 111 declining mature trees of Quercus robur and Q. petraea were intensively investigated. The results indicate that, depending on the site conditions, at least two different complex diseases are referred to under the name ‘oak decline’. On sites with a mean soil pH (CaCl2) 3·5 and sandy-loamy to clayey soil texture Phytophthora spp. were commonly isolated from rhizosphere soil, and highly significant correlations existed between crown transparency and various root parameters. Oaks with P. quercina or other Phytophthora spp. in their rhizosphere had markedly higher levels of fine root damage than oaks without Phytophthora spp. , and were subject to a relative risk of severe crown symptoms of 2·1 and 2·8, respectively. In contrast, in stands with sandy to sandy-loamy soils and a mean soil pH 3·9, Phytophthora spp. were not found. In these stands, correlations between crown transparency and various root parameters were either less significant or not significant. It is concluded that Phytophthora species are strongly involved in oak decline on sandy-loamy to clayey sites with a mean soil-pH (CaCl2) 3·5.
Machines, Monsters, and Coffin Corners: Broadcast Meteorologists’ Use of Figurative and Intense Language during Hurricane Harvey

During impactful weather events, television broadcast meteorologists act as high-profile risk communicators by interpreting complex weather information for viewers. However, the specific language choices broadcast meteorologists make in these situations have rarely been studied. This qualitative study investigates how meteorologists used figurative and emotionally intense language to interpret threats and impacts during Hurricane Harvey in August 2017, using 24 h of live broadcasts from KHOU, a Houston CBS affiliate. The results of this inductive, thematic analysis suggest that KHOU meteorologists framed Harvey as an all-encompassing monster and as a heat-seeking machine. The meteorologists also relied on emotionally intense language to emphasize Harvey’s extreme threat and to express their concern and disbelief about Harvey’s impact. This study indicates the specific and multifaceted ways broadcast meteorologists communicate risk and science during high-impact events and identifies key questions for future research.
A Mechanistic Analysis of Wetland Biogeochemistry in Response to Temperature, Vegetation, and Nutrient Input Changes

Wetlands represent the most significant natural greenhouse gas (GHG) source and their annual emissions tightly depend on climatic and anthropogenic factors. Biogeochemical processes occurring in wetlands are still poorly described by mechanistic models and hence their dynamic response to environmental changes are weakly predicted. We investigated wetland GHG emissions, relevant electron acceptors and donors concentrations, and microbial composition resulting from changes in temperature, CH4 plant uptake efficiency, and SO 42− deposition using a mechanistic biogeochemical model (here called BAMS3) that integrates the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) cycles. Parameters constraining the coupled C‐N‐S cycles were retrieved from controlled experiments and were validated against independent field data of CH4 emissions, and CH4(aq) and SO 42− concentration profiles in a wetland in southern Michigan, USA (Shannon & White, 1994, http://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/236252? index=1). We found that +1.75 °C increase in temperature leads to 22% and 30% increment in CH4 and N2O emissions, respectively. A decrease in the CH4 plant uptake efficiency causes the prevalent CH4 emission pathway to become diffusion mediated and resulted in 50% increase in the daily average CH4 emissions. Finally, a decreasing SO 42− deposition rate can increase CH4 emissions up to 5%. We conclude that the increasing GHG emissions from wetlands is a result of both environmental and anthropogenic causes rather than global warming alone. An increase in model complexity does not necessary improve the estimation of GHG emissions but it aids interpretation of intermediate processes to a greater detail.
Behind the Comments Section: The Ethics of Digital Native News Discussions

Initially offered as a digital public sphere forum, comments sections became the preferred democratic arena for gatekeepers to encourage their readers to engage in constructive dialogue about relevant issues. However, news sites require commenters to remain civil in their interactions, which led users to seek alternative ways of commenting on the news. This article explores in-depth the contents of a sample of 98,426 user-comments collected between February–March 2019 from three major Spanish digital native newspapers: ElDiario.es, ElEspañol. com, and ElConfidencial.com. The main goals were to analyze whether comments in news outlets are deliberative, to assess the quality of the debate that takes place in them, and to describe their specific features. Discourse ethics were explored to determine the discussions’ impact, the language used, the acceptance of arguments, and the recognition and civility of participants. Findings reveal that comments sections in news outlets do not have a dialogic nature and that the debates have a low-quality profile. Nonetheless, the degree of mutual respect in interaction is acceptable, with slightly observed levels of incivility. Finally, the data suggest that the focused comments are higher on social media and that memes and emojis represent a new form of digital discourse.
Localization and Characterization of the 5S rDNA Bearing Chromosome in Two Steindachneridion Species by Means of Different Cytogenetic Techniques

Karyotype macrostructure and nucleolar organizer regions have often been studied in Neotropical siluriform fishes, but data about structural rearrangements and gene mapping are scarce. 5S rDNA is localized and characterized in Sorubiminae species (Steindachneridion melanodermatum and S. scriptum) using fluorescence in situ hybridization, C- and G-banding and restriction enzyme banding (AluI, BamHI and EcoRI). Chromosome mapping of 5S rDNA genes showed only one site located on the short arms of subtelocentric chromosome pair (chromosome 23) in both species, with no apparent polymorphisms. This region is C-positive and shows a clear G-band, having no cleavage sites for the restriction enzymes tested. These genes are not syntenical with the 18S ones and their karyotype location remains conserved in the species studied, appearing as a cytogenetic marker.
The apples and oranges of reference and potential evapotranspiration: Implications for agroecosystem models

Although standardized evapotranspiration (ET) methods have been available for decades, they are commonly misunderstood, miscommunicated, and misused, especially within the agroecosystem modeling community. Some models misapply or misname standardized ET methods unbeknownst to users, and there is confusion in communication between applied ET practitioners and agroecosystem modelers. By highlighting some of these issues, we demonstrate and suggest the need for improved and consistent communication and application of standardized ET methodology.
Ecological Consequences of Prairie Dog Disturbances

Prairie dogs (Figure 1) are large (approximately 1 kg as adults), herbivorous rodents that burrow and live colonially. Historically, the most abundant and widely distributed species, the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus), was common throughout the shortand mixed-grass prairies of the Great Plains. It is impossible to estimate accurately the average size or density of prairie dog colonies in presettlement times, but they covered about Figure 1. Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) on a soil mound surrounding a burrow entrance at Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota. As long as a burrow is inhabited, prairie dogs maintain the area around the entrance free from vegetation.
New Species of Odontophrynus Reinhardt and Lütken 1862 (Anura: Neobatrachia) from Brazil and Uruguay

Abstract A new species of the Neotropical frog genus Odontophrynus from coastal regions of Brazil and Uruguay is described. It is included in the americanus species group and has a diploid complement of 22 chromosomes. Odontophrynus sp. nov. is distinguished from the other species of the americanus group by having smaller size, head nearly as wide as long, skin on dorsum bearing small-sized warts, and distinct postorbital and parotoid glands that form a longitudinal ridge. Moreover, the new species has a pair of enlarged postorbital dark blotches around the afore-mentioned glandular ridge and few small-sized dark blotches on the upper lip and forelimbs. Odontophrynus sp. nov. is also characterized by nasals and frontoparietals well separated from one another, frontoparietal fontanelle exposed anteriorly, and the maxillar process of nasals slightly separated from the nasal process of the pterygoids.
Biogeography of Phormidium autumnale (Oscillatoriales, Cyanobacteria) in western and central Spitsbergen

Filamentous types from the order Oscillatoriales, particularly the species Phor− midium autumnale, have widely diverse morphotypes, which dominate in Arctic aquatic microbial mats and wet soils. We cultivated 25 strains of Ph. autumnale from Svalbard and compared them with available strains from surrounding regions. The comparison of strains, based on 16S rDNA and 16S−23S rDNA intergenic spacer sequences, revealed the similar− ity of strains from Ellesmere Island, the Canadian Arctic and Abisko, Sweden with strains from Svalbard. The rate of colonization of Ph. atumnale from aquatic habitats is relatively high and we suggest geese as a main transmission vector from surrounding lands. Strains of Ph. autumnale were positioned in the phylogenetic tree according to their occurrence in similar habitats. An apparent clustering factor is the duration of availability of water in lakes and long−lasting streams in contrast to rapid and repeated desiccation in soil and on wetted rock in the spray zone of waterfalls. Strains that grow in very cold waters just above the melting point of snow or ice form a distinct genetic group. The strains investigated in this study show morphological similarity in the shape of the trichomes of the studied specimens. Overall, the cell diameter, except for terminal cells, of our strains varied between 3 and 10 μm. Comparison of 16S rDNA sequences of the genus Ph. autumnale with the previ− ously published definition of the species Microcoleus vaginatus revealed the identity of these two species.
The Comparative Drought Resistance of Landraces of Sorghum and Millet From Dry and Humid Regions

^Department of Field Crops, The Volcani Center, ARO P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, Israel and%USDA, ARS, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USAAccepted: 2 December 1985ABSTRACTIt may be that land-races of sorghum (Sorghum sp.) and millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke] whichevolved along geographical gradients of rainfall in Africa and India, differ in their drought resistance. Anyphysiological attributes found to be correlated with low rainfall might be important and effective characteristicsfor crop production in dry regions.Twenty land-races were chosen which evolved along geographical gradients of rainfall, seven millets fromIndia, six sorghums from Mali, and seven sorghums from the Sudan. Races were evaluated for their growthpotential and plant water relations under hydroponics conditions in a growth chamber. A water stress treatmentwas imposed by adding polyethylene glycol-8000 to the nutrient solution, giving a solute water potential of-0-5 MPa, compared with a control solution at 003 MPa.Drought resistance, in terms of relatively less growth inhibition under stress, was higher in races from dryregions than in races from humid regions. Of all the physiological variables measured [carbon exchange rate,(CER), transpiration, transpiration ratio (CER/transpiration), leaf diffusive resistance, leaf water potentialand osmotic adjustment], only osmotic adjustment under stress was generally correlated with average rainfallat each race's origin, indicating greater osmotic adjustment in land-races from drier regions. Races with agreater capacity for osmotic adjustment were characterized by smaller plants with high rates of transpirationand low rates of leaf senescence under stress.The carbon exchange rate per unit leaf area increased as live leaf area decreased under stress due to leafsenescence. Thus, drought resistant races under stress tended to have lower CER per unit live leaf area (butnot per plant) than susceptible races. Transpiration ratios under stress were lower in resistant than in susceptibleraces, mainly because resistant races had higher transpiration.The results for the measured variables showed a general trend for greater drought resistance in sorghumthan in millet, indicating that the commonly observed adapation of the millets to dry environments may bedue to other factors, such as drought escape or heat tolerance.Key words: Sorghum sp. Pennisetum americanum L. (Leeke), water stress, osmotic adjustment, photosynthesis,transpiration, evolution, drought resistance.INTRODUCTION
The Relationship of the Chicken Egg to Selected Paratyphoids

ABSTRACT SPECIES of Salmonella occur in poultry flesh (Galton et al., 1955) and are the causative agents of the paratyphoid disease4 in chickens (Darby and Stafseth, 1942; Edwards and Bruner, 1943; Edwards et al., 1948; Hinshaw et al., 1944; Jungherr and Clancy, 1939; and Schalm, 1937). They also occur in egg products (Solowey et al., 1947Solowey et al., 1948; cf. Byrne et al., 1955). The relationship between the carrier hen and the transmission of the organism to the egg product has, however, been studied only to a limited extent. Following an outbreak of disease among sailors, Watt (1945) recovered S. Montevideo from 11 of 14 shell eggs from a stock of eggs remaining aboard ship. He also recovered S. derby and S. choleraesuis during the culture of shell eggs from Iowa farms. Felsenfeld et al. (1950) recovered S. typhimurium once, and S. bareilley twice during the culture of 500 market eggs. Recoveries of .
Singing streams: Describing freshwater soundscapes with the help of acoustic indices

Abstract Understanding soundscapes, that is, the totality of sounds within a location, helps to assess nature in a more holistic way, providing a novel approach to investigating ecosystems. To date, very few studies have investigated freshwater soundscapes in their entirety and none across a broad spatial scale. In this study, we recorded 12 freshwater streams in South East Queensland continuously for three days and calculated three acoustic indices for each minute in each stream. We then used principal component analysis of summary statistics for all three acoustic indices to investigate acoustic properties of each stream and spatial variation in their soundscapes. All streams had a unique soundscape with most exhibiting diurnal variation in acoustic patterns. Across these sites, we identified five distinct groups with similar acoustic characteristics. We found that we could use summary statistics of AIs to describe daytimes across streams as well. Most difference in stream soundscapes was observed during the daytime with significant variation in soundscapes both between hours and among sites. Synthesis and Application. We demonstrate how to characterize stream soundscapes by using simple summary statistics of complex acoustic indices. This technique allows simple and rapid investigation of streams with similar acoustic properties and the capacity to characterize them in a holistic and universal way. While we developed this technique for freshwater streams, it is also applicable to terrestrial and marine soundscapes.
Evaluation of phenolic constituent, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of sugarcane molasses towards foodborne pathogens

The employment of chemical synthetic as an antimicrobial agent in inhibiting microbial growth has become a major concern due to adverse health impact, food safety crisis and the pressure on food manufacturers. Essential bioactive compound in sugarcane molasses, a by-product from a sugar refinery process could be effective as an alternative antimicrobial substance. However, their antimicrobial properties are not understandable. This study aimed 1) to detect the total phenolic compounds present in sugarcane molasses extract and 2) to determine the antioxidants and antibacterial activities of sugarcane molasses extract towards foodborne pathogens. The phenolic compounds of sugarcane molasses extract were determined by UHPLC-MSMS. Antioxidant activities were estimated by a total phenolic compound assay and a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Meanwhile, antibacterial activities were carried out via disc diffusion, minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) assays. In this study, several extracted compounds were identified in sugarcane molasses extract and included gallic acid, phenylvaleric acids, quinic acid, tannic acid and 6-C-glucosyl-8-C-arabinosyl apigenin or arabinoysl-glucosylapigenin. The sugarcane molasses extract showed high total phenolic compounds with values of 7.6 mg GAE/g extract. Meanwhile, antioxidant activities of sugarcane molasses extract were also found high and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50 value) was about 0.79 mg QE/g. The inhibition zone against four foodborne pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ranged from 8.82±0.3 mm to 25.05±1.6 mm. Meanwhile, the MICs of sugarcane molasses extract ranged from 3.125% to 6.25% v/v and MBCs were 6.25% to >12.5% v/v. In conclusion, sugarcane molasses extract is rich in phenolic compounds and has the potential to be applied as the natural antioxidant and antibacterial compounds.
Lipid rafts in T cell receptor signalling (Review)

The molecular events and the protein components that are involved in signalling by the T cell receptor (TCR) for antigen have been extensively studied. Activation of signalling cascades following TCR stimulation depends on the phosphorylation of the receptor by the tyrosine kinase Lck, which localizes to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane by virtue of its post-translational modification. However, the precise order of events during TCR phosphorylation at the plasma membrane, remains to be defined. A current theory that describes early signalling events incorporates the function of lipid rafts, microdomains at the plasma membrane with distinct lipid and protein composition. Lipid rafts have been implicated in diverse biological functions in mammalian cells. In T cells, molecules with a key role in TCR signalling, including Lck, localize to these domains. Importantly, mutant versions of these proteins which fail to localise to raft domains were unable to support signalling by the TCR. Biochemical studies using purified detergent-resistant membranes (DRM) and confocal microscopy have suggested that upon stimulation, the TCR and Lck-containing lipid rafts may come into proximity allowing phosphorylation of the receptor. Further, there are data suggesting that phosphorylation of the TCR could depend on a transient increase in Lck activity that takes place within lipid rafts to initiate signalling. Current results and a model of how lipid rafts may regulate TCR signalling are discussed.
α subunits influence Zn block of γ2 containing GABAA receptor currents

THE two-electrode voltage-clamp technique was used to evaluate Zn block of current activated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in Xenopus oocytes injected with cRNA coding for α1 β3 γ2, α2 β3 γ2, or α3 β3 γ2 subunits of the GABAA receptor (GABAAR). cDNA coded for the human form of α1, α2, β3 and γ2L sub
Pressure Applied during Deep Friction Massage: Characterization and Relationship with Time of Onset of Analgesia

This study aims to determine if a dose–response relationship exists between the pressure applied during deep friction massage (DFM) and the time to the onset of analgesia in an asymptomatic patellar tendon. For this purpose, pressures applied by physiotherapists during DFM (study 1) were characterized and then, based on these pressures, the effects of different DFM pressures on the time to the onset of analgesia were assessed (study 2). First, the mean pressure applied by 40 physiotherapists during a DFM session was assessed with a pressure sensor through an observational, cross-sectional and analytical study. Next, the effects of different pressure intensities (the median, the percentile 25 (P25), and the percentile 75 (P75) of the mean pressure obtained in study 1) were studied in a crossover trial enrolling 30 participants with an asymptomatic patellar tendon. A pressure sensor was used to register the pressures applied during DFM. Our main results indicated that the physiotherapists applied pressures with a wide variation ((mean pressure: 2.317 kg/cm2 (P25: 1.022 kg/cm2; P75: 4.161 kg/cm2)). It was also shown that higher pressures had shorter times to the onset of analgesia (pressure: 1 kg/m2, time to the onset of analgesia: 67.0 s (P25: 84.5 s; P75: 113.5 s); pressure: 2.3 kg/m2, time to the onset of analgesia: 59.0 s (P25: 73.5 s; P75: 87.3 s); pressure: 4.2 kg/m2, time to the onset of analgesia: 37.8 s (P25: 54.0 s; P75: 62.0 s)) (p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, the mean DFM pressure obtained by the physiotherapists was 2.3 kg/cm2 (P25: 1.02 kg/cm2; P75: 4.16 kg/cm2). Higher pressures of DFM resulted in shorter times to the onset of analgesia.
Integrating Water Management Instruments to Reconcile a Hydro‐Economic Water Allocation Strategy With Other Water Preferences

Increasing scarcity and pollution has called for changes in water policies, which should reflect society's preferences toward water use, development, and the environment. Water management is still limited in incorporating changing policies and in deriving directives to implement water instruments under long‐term planning. Some examples are water charges that do not reflect watershed externalities and water permits lacking future vision of allocation. Hydro‐economic modeling has explored trade‐offs of water allocation and improved water operations but still does not address instruments' integration. This paper proposes a modeling approach that identifies how to apply water management instruments integrated with each other to deliver a water allocation strategy reconciled with economic development projections and changing water use preferences. This improves our understanding on adjusting the implementation of water management instruments considering future outcomes and trade‐offs. The methodology combines discrete dynamic programming to determine increments in water permits, multiobjective linear programming to generate a Pareto set to model users' water preferences, and nonlinear programming to allocate water permits over different river reaches subject to water quality targets. The reconciliation allowed to identify sustainable water allocation strategies supported by a watershed, and instruments' integration to make it feasible. Strategies imposing limited water permits to economic users and watershed regions indicated where (and when) water conservation programs should be applied, along with quantitative targets (how much). The economic trade‐offs identified reference values for economic instruments to compensate the externalities. Finally, less strict water quality targets did not result in higher economic returns.