Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
1-BENZOYL-2-(2-NITROPHENYL)-1H-BENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES: A NOVEL APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW HIV-1 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS

A novel approach to the development of a new class of HIV-1 RT inhibitors is reported. The 1-benzoyl-2-aryl-1H-benzimidazole series was designed as a combination of two previously reported active scaffolds, the benzimidazole and benzoyl moieties. The active compounds of the series effectively blocked the reverse transcription in the micromolar range in an in vitro assay containing the wild-type enzyme. We have demonstrated that the 2-nitrophenyl C-2 substituent is an important structural feature for the desired biological activity in this series. Molecular docking experiments suggest that the active compounds adopt a butterflylike conformation within the binding pocket of the enzyme, with the benzoyl moiety located in an extended hydrophobic region defined mainly by Tyrl 81, Tyrl 88, and Trp229
Campylobacteriosi nel perugino nel primo biennio del nuovo secolo: alcuni aspetti e considerazioni di microbiologia clinica

794 faecal specimens of outpatients with enteritis during 2001-02 were examined for pathogens. Campylobacter jejuni/coli (14.2%) and Salmonella spp (15.1%) prevailed among bacteria. 3 strains of Arcobacter butzleri were isolated too (0.4%). C. jejuni prevailed (85.7%) in respect of C. coli (11.8%) and A. butzleri (2.5%), as in children as in adults. C. jejuni biotype 1 was prevalent (68.6%) in respect of C. jejuni b. 2 (29.4%) or C. jejuni b. 3 (2.0%); also C. coli b. 1 prevailed (78.6%). The average of infected people was 4 years for children (0-14 years old) and 48 for adults, with a range between 3 moths and 84 years. Regarding patterns of resistance to antibiotics, were observed 6.7% of resistance (R) to erytromycin, 49.5% to norfloxacin (and similar quinolones), 37.8% to tetracycline, 31.1% to minocycline, 1.7% to amoxicyllin + clavulanate, 0.8% to gentamycin and chloramphenicole. No particular correlations were observed between age, sex, clinical findings and species or biotype of isolated Campylobacter. Concluding, the filter membrane technique is preferable for isolating these spirilla, the identification of genus and species could be rational, macrolides are always the first choice molecules for therapy when mandatory.
THE OCCURRENCE AND INHERITANCE OF SEX INTERGRADATION IN PLANTS

In a previous paper (i919) I have called attention to sex intergradation in Mercurialis annua in both male and female cultures. It is my purpose here to discuss the general question of sex intergrades as they occur in the flowering plants. This discussion is based in a large measure upon the results reported in the paper mentioned above. There can be no question from the data at hand that sex in Mercurialis is a fluctuating rather than a fixed character expressing itself in a wide range of sex intergrades, including as the extremes some pure male and some pure female plants and midway between the extremes highly fertile monoecious forms. The sex intergrades here are all highly and equally fertile, and no suspicion of abnormality or of pathological conditions can attach to them. That there is a tendency to pure dioecism seems highly probable, but the transition from hermaphroditism is still represented by all possible gradations, showing most convincingly that theories of sex determination based on the segregation of fixed unit factors can have no significance for such types. SEX INTERGRADES
Null models for species co-occurrence patterns: assessing bias and minimum iteration number for the sequential swap

The analysis of co-occurrence matrices is a common practice to evaluate community structure. The observed data are compared with a "null model", a randomised co-occurrence matrix derived from the observation by using a statistic, e.g. the C-score, sensitive to the pattern investigated. The most frequently used algorithm, "sequential swap", has been criticised for not sampling with equal frequencies thereby calling into question the results of earlier analysis. The bias of the "sequential swap" algorithm when used with the C-score was assessed by analysing 291 published presence-absence matrices. In 152 cases, the true p-value differed by > 5% from the p-value generated by an uncorrected "sequential swap". However, the absolute value of the difference was rather small. Out of the 291 matrices, there were only 5 cases in which an incorrect statistical decision would have been reached by using the uncorrected p-value (3 at the p <0.05 and 2 at the p <0.01 level), and in all 5 of these cases, the true p-value was close to the significance level. Our results confirm analytical studies of Miklos and Podani which show that the uncorrected swap gives slightly conservative results in tests for competitive segregation. However, the bias is very small and should not distort the ecological interpretation. We also estimated the number of iterations needed for the "sequential swap" to generate accurate p-values. While most authors do not exceed a number of 104 iterations, the suggested minimum number of swaps for 29 out of the 291 tested matrices is greater than 104. We recommend to use 30 000 "sequential swaps" if the required sample size is not assessed otherwise.
SEXUAL PREJUDICE AND THE RELEVANCE OF POLITICAL CULTURE: TRENDS AND CORRELATES IN EL SALVADOR

The correlates of sexual prejudice –negative attitudes toward gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals– are well-known in the literature, but the relevance of the social-political environment in which these correlates insert has received less attention. This study examines trends and correlates of sexual prejudice in El Salvador, a country frequently ranked as one of the most homophobic in the Americas. Using a representative sample from national-level surveys conducted between 2008 and 2016, it was found that the Salvadorian population displayed high levels of sexual prejudice in this period, although these levels varied significantly over time. Analysis with 2016 data showed that socially precarious conditions, religion, and traditionally gendered worldviews, were positively associated with sexual prejudice. Sexual prejudice also correlated with political and social beliefs that encompass authoritarian and misogynistic tendencies. Three clusters of predictors of sexual prejudice were identified: Religious conventionalism, unsophisticated masculinity background, and deficient democratic socialization. This study supports previous findings about correlates of sexual prejudice while highlighting the lesser-studied role of the social-political environment, and oscillations in a democratic culture, in perpetuating sexual prejudice.
Storage length interacts with maturity to affect nutrient availability in unprocessed flint corn silage

ABSTRACT Our objective was to determine the effects of maturity and storage length on the fermentation pattern, ruminal disappearance of nutrients, and recovery of digestible nutrients in flint corn (Zea mays L.) silage harvested with a pull-type machine without a kernel processor. Corn plants were harvested at 300 g kg−1 DM (low dry matter, LDM) or 400 g kg−1 DM (high dry matter, HDM) and stored for 0, 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 d in laboratory silos. [. ]
Fertilization of Danish Forests: A Review of Experiments

Fertilization experiments in Norway spruce stands on nutrient-poor sites have been practised in Denmark since the eighteenth century. Until 1950, the main aim was to find a nitrogen (N) source that improved the survival of plants in the early growth phase. The N supply could be improved by intercropping with N 2 -fixing plants, and fertilization with phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) improved the growth of the N 2 fixers, thereby improving tree growth and survival. Positive responses of P and K in spruce cultures were seen in the 1960s, and in most cases the N response was dependent on the supply of P and K. Fertilization experiments in mature spruce stands began in the 1960s. Despite 20 yrs of experimentation, no trends can be deduced. The results discouraged fertilization aimed at increasing growth in mature stands, and fertilization stopped in 1989. After 1980, fertilizers were used in experiments aimed at clarifying the causes and effects of forest decline. Fertilization and liming counteracted soil acidification and increased needle nutrient concentrations when they were below deficiency levels. However, positive growth responses have only been recorded in some of the experiments where nutrient deficiencies were overcome. The experiments have not resulted in practical revitalization programmes. Future fertilization of Danish forests may be limited to systems where nutrient extraction is in excess of the carrying capacity of the ecosystem, and presumably where spruce plantations are converted to broadleaved forests. Finally, future events of deposition of acidifying compounds may necessitate counteractive measures.
A Novel Framework for Fog Computing: Lattice-Based Secured Framework for Cloud Interface

Interconnection and intercommunication between people, processes, and things have been enhanced with the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and extended with fog computing for better efficiency. Fog computing improves the network services and circumvents the problem of escalated data management as an interface between cloud and terminal with the requirement of secure data transmission. In this article, a novel security framework is designed for fog computing intended for improving the security of IoT. This framework uses single point of aggregation from fog interface and lattice cryptographic approach to establish the security for the services. Azure cloud platform and Sage lattice cryptographic base have been employed to evaluate the performance of the framework. It is noticed that the Level 1-Level 2 (L1–L2) cache implementation in the system significantly improves the efficiency of the framework. The results show that the proposed framework is robust in preventing attacks on fog nodes and additionally provides an advantage for low communication overhead.
The Functions of Antlers

1. This paper reviews evidence for five functional explanations of the evolution of antlers in male cervids: that they are used as weapons in fights; that they allow individuals to defend themselves against predators; that they act as heat radiators during their period of growth; that they advertise an individual's fighting ability and allow males to assess each other without fighting; and that they increase the chances that a male will be selected as a mate by females. 2. There is extensive evidence that antlers are used in fights between competing males. Contrary to some suggestions in the literature, fights are regular during the breeding season and can be damaging. In species where fighting behaviour has been studied in detail, antlers have proved to be effective weapons of defence and offense, and there is no systematic evidence to support the suggestion that antler-less males (hummels) are more successful in competition for females than antlered stags. 3. Though male deer sometimes use their antlers in defence against predators, the absence of antlers in females of most species suggests that this is not their principal function. Nor does it seem likely that antlers evolved as heat-regulating mechanisms - in some species, they are grown during the winter months and there is no tendency for them to be larger in tropical species than in temperate ones. 4. Despite many suggestions, there is no conclusive evidence that males assess each other by their relative antler size and most measures of antler size and shape are not closely correlated with dominance or fighting ability. Nor is there firm evidence that females selectively mate with large-antlered males. 5. The absence of unequivocal support for the importance of antlers in defence against predators, in heat regulation, in assessment between rivals and in attracting mates leaves open the possibility that, despite their bizarre appearance, antlers evolved as weapons and are retained by selection because of their function in intra-specific combat.
Evaluation of genetic effects of demographic bottleneck in Muzzafarnagri sheep from India using microsatellite markers.

Genetic variability is an important component in the ability of populations to adapt in the face of environmental change. Severe human impacts reduced Muzzafarnagri sheep of India from 500,000 in 1972 to 10,989 in 1973-74. Here we report for the first time the effect of this population decline on levels of genetic variability at 13 FAO recommended ovine microsatellite loci and contrast levels of variability to that in a breed from the same geographical region, which differed in numbers, by an order of magnitude (Marwari sheep). Of the 13 loci, 100% were polymorphic in both breeds. A high degree of genetic variation was observed within populations in terms of both allele diversity (number of alleles per locus, >4) and gene diversity (expected heterozygosity, >0.5), which implied that there is still a substantial amount of genetic diversity at the nuclear loci in a declining population. Nevertheless, overall low number of alleles per locus and relatively less abundance of low frequency alleles in Muzzafarnagri sheep suggested that genetic variability has been comparatively reduced in this population. Bottleneck analysis indicated that a genetic bottleneck did not occur during the most recent decline. In addition, we found that the differentiation among populations was moderate (F ST = 11.8%). This study on assessment of genetic effects of the population declines in ovines is a step towards identification of genetically impoverished or healthy populations, which could prove to be a useful tool to facilitate conservation planning in this important species of small ruminants.
PREPARATION OF A MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY RECOGNIZING THE GOLGI APPARATUS OF SEROUS EXOCRINE CELLS

To analyze in detail the dynamics of Golgi apparatus in exocrine cells, a monoclonal antibody against resident protein of the Golgi apparatus was prepared. A BALB/C mouse was immunized with fractions enriched in Golgi apparatus of guinea pig pancreas. The derived monoclonal antibody, GF-1, showed intense immunofluorescent staining of the Golgi area of rat pancreatic acinar cells by screening on cryosections. The antibody recognized a single polypeptide band on an immunoblot transferred from SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The polypeptide had a molecular weight of approximate ly 105-kDa and contained asparagine-linked carbohydrates. Light microscopic immunocytochemical study with rat pancreas, parotid gland, sublingual gland and gastric gland tissues indicated a staining pattern consistent with the Golgi apparatus but positive reaction was restricted to serous exocrine cells in these tissues. Immunoelectron microscopy with rat pancreatic and parotid acinar cells showed prominent staining of Golgi apparatus. The positive compartment of Golgi apparatus appeared to be its trans elements. It follows from these findings that monoclonal antibody GF-1 recognizes a glycopeptide of trans-Golgi membrane intimately related to specific functions of serous exocrine cells.
Effects of early season defoliation ofAnthyllis cytisoides(a Mediterranean browse species) on further herbivore attack

Abstract To determine if defoliation of a woody plant affects foraging by folivorous insects, we examined the infection rate (number of leaves damaged per total number of leaves sampled on marked stems) of Anthyllis cytisoides under three experimental treatments: 10, 50 and 90% plant defoliation. Observations were made for three age classes, established by trunk base perimeter (equal to or lower than 11 cm, between 11 and 20 cm, larger than 20 cm). Plants respond positively to artificial defoliation by increasing total vegetative length of the stem and total inflorescence length. This response is most evident in young individuals. Response to herbivory was measured as overall infection rate and also as infection rate by different feeding guilds—chewing, mining, or sucking insects. We found that increased defoliation elicited increased resistance of leaves to insect attack. This was particularly evident in young plants. Different insect guilds respond in different ways. Attack by chewing insects declines with defoliation for all plant age classes; only sucking insects which feed on the oldest plants reduce feeding rate with plant defoliation. Finally, mining insects present the opposite trend in young and senescent plants.
In the Light of Evolution

In his autobiographical book Naturalist, E. O. Wilson wrote that “in the 1950s and 1960s the molecular revolution had begun to run through biology like a flash flood” (Wilson 2006, p. 219). Today, something of the reverse is happening with the techniques and approaches developed by evolutionists permeating molecular biology. For example, phylogenetic analysis plays a critical role in tracing the origins of antibiotic resistance (Dantas et al. 2008), the predictive power of population genetics has assisted in discouraging the evolution of pesticide resistance in genetically engineered crops (Rausher 2001), and the rise of molecular taxonomy has vastly increased our awareness of microbial species diversity (Giovannoni and Sting 2005). In the past, this synergy has come awkwardly, perhaps because of a difference in scientific cultures. The new text Evolution aims to provide students with the fruits of both molecular and evolutionary scientific cultures early in their careers, with the goal of making evolutionary biology more “accessible” to molecular biology students. The book masterfully covers the field of evolutionary biology from a multicultural perspective through the collaborative writings of a population geneticist, paleontologist, microbiologist, human geneticist, and developmental biologist. Like none before it, this book should successfully introduce evolutionary biology to the present generation of students while drawing appropriate connections to molecular foundations, concepts, and the potential for new, integrative directions. In some ways, Evolution is suitable for any student new to the subject of evolutionary biology. The book is organized into four sections: an overview, the origin and diversification of life, evolutionary processes, and human evolution. The overview combines the history of evolutionary biology with the history of molecular biology. Here are found accounts of evolutionary thought before Darwin, events that influenced Darwin’s life, the development of (and opposition to) his ideas, and the integration of multiple perspectives generating the “evolutionary synthesis” in the mid-1900s. Also sketched are the historical circumstances before the birth of molecular biology; the events leading up to the discovery of the structure of DNA; and the technical advances enabling the study of DNA, RNA, proteins, and their relationship to one another and to the evolutionary process.
P32-Labeled Semen for Mosquito Mating Studies.

Radioactive semen of male Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L.), reared in media containing 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 μ. c/ml of radiophosphorus per larva, was detected in the spermathecae of their mates after copulation. The radioautographic techniques employed for detection of semen from treated males can be utilized in field investigations of mosquito-mating behavior. Futhermore, male A. quadrimaculatus sterililed by tepa after semen tagging with radiophosphorus were competitivc with untreated males for mates among untreated females.
Modelo de percepción y comportamiento ambiental de los usuarios de leña para calefacción

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la percepción y comportamiento ambiental que tienen los habitantes de la ciudad de Talca, Chile. El método utilizado es un análisis descriptivo y un modelo de análisis factorial confirmatorio, aplicado a una muestra de 502 personas. Los resultados muestran que existe una correlación positiva entre conocimiento, normas sociales y actitud ambiental pero esta relación es inversa con respecto al comportamiento ambiental. La relación inversa también ocurre entre percepción ambiental y el comportamiento ambiental. Palabras clave: percepción ambiental, análisis factorial, comportamiento ambiental ABSTRACT:
Use of grape vine bark as an effective biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals (copper and lead) from aqueous solutions

Removal of copper and lead from aqueous solutions was carried out by adsorption on unmodified grape vine bark (GVB). Effect of different parameters such as pH, contact time, biosorbent dose and initial metal ion concentration for the removal of metal ions was investigated. Freundlich isotherm was found to best fit the equilibrium data with correlation coefficients (R2) which was 0.913 for Cu2+ and 0.984 for Pb2+. The sorption capacity of GVB obtained was 91 mg/g for Pb2+ and 43 mg/g for Cu2+. Kinetic studies showed that adsorption kinetics of copper and lead ions on GVB was best represented by pseudo-second order rate kinetics. Hence, GVB proved a better biosorbent for the removal of copper and lead when compared with many other conventional biosorbents. The analysis of variance of experimental data showed that the sorption capacity is dependent on pH and biosorbent dose.
A STUDY OF CERTIFIED FINANCIAL AUDITOR: THE EFFECT OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND CERTIFICATION ON PERFORMANCE MEDIATED BY WORK MOTIVATION

This research aimed to obtain an accurate picture of facts related to the object of research, such as a description of the characteristics of career development variables, auditor certification, work motivation, and auditor performance. The hypothesis testing with SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) based on data obtained in the field, namely testing the effect of career development and certification on performance mediated by motivation. This research was to test; 1) The effect of either partially or jointly career development and auditor certification on work motivation; 2) The effect of either partially or jointly career development, auditor certification, and work motivation on auditor performance. This study amounted to 240, an auditor who was in the Inspectorate units of the South Sumatra working area. The finding showed there is a positive and significant influence of career development and auditor certification on the work motivation of auditors in the South Sumatra Inspectorate Office. e. The motivation, career development, and auditor certification significantly affect the auditor performance in the South Sumatra Inspectorate Office. There is a positive and significant influence on career development, auditor certification, and work motivation together on the performance of auditors in the South Sumatra Inspectorate Office.
An Explainable AI approach towards Epileptic Seizure Detection

Epilepsy is a neurological condition resulting in abnormal behavior and recurring seizures. Epilepsy diagnosis requires analysis of large amount of EEG data by a trained specialist. Many potential methods for epilepsy diagnosis using EEG signals utilizing machine learning have been proposed in the literature, but understanding why a model predicts a certain output becomes important when applied to tasks in medical domain. Although the term "accuracy" may sound promising while applying on datasets, justifying a predicted output is important when it comes to diagnosis in real world. In response, we present an explainable AI approach for epilepsy diagnosis which explains the output features of a model using SHAP (Shapley Explanations) - a unified framework developed from game theory. The explanations generated from Shapley values prove efficient for feature explanation for a model’s output in case of epilepsy diagnosis. Explanations show the impact of each feature driving the output towards particular prediction. Moreover, the paper shows experimentation on different machine learning models and their SHAP explanations on the University of Bonn Dataset. The feature explanation approach demystifies the black-box algorithms and can be used to interpret a model’s prediction even in- case of false diagnosis.