Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phosphate Solubilizing Bio-fertilizers and Their Role in Bio-available P Nutrient: An Overview

Soil is an ecosystem that plays a fundamental role in the availability of plant nutrients and contains a diverse array of beneficial microorganisms which can play a key role in soil fertility enhancement. Soil fertility management strategies for improving plant nutrients and crop productivity include the use of application of composts, vermicomposts and manures, and application of biofertilizer or microbial inoculants. The application of efficient phosphate-solubilizing microbial inoculants in agriculture opens up new insight for future crop productivity besides sustaining soil health. Development in the use of phosphate solublizing bio-inoculants are one of the recently promising options for meeting agricultural challenges imposed by the still growing demand for food. In this regard this review will show that phosphate-solubilizing microbes (PSMs) have tremendous potential as bio-fertilizers. Bio-fetilizer technologies can contribute to efficient utilization of limited resource of phosphorus fertilizers under low-input farming systems and guarantee the environment for livelihood. To strengthen the application of phosphate solublizing bio-inoculants, there is a need to know and understand the methods for their isolation and characterization of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and the mechanisms they used to solublize phosphate to make it available for plant nutrition. At the same time there is a need to understand various sources of bio-inoculants used for the primary isolation and characterization of indigenous phosphate solublizers which will be focused in this review. This review will also provide a broad spectrum for the various mechanisms of phosphate solublization and its impact in sustainable agriculture.
Production of Synthetic Fuels by Co-Electrolysis of Steam and Carbon Dioxide

Co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2 was studied in solid oxide cells (SOCs) supported by nickel-/yittria-stabilized zirconia (Ni/YSZ) electrode. Polarization characterization indicates that electrochemical reduction of both CO2 and H2O occurs during co-electrolysis. In parallel with the electrochemical reactions, the equilibrium of the water–gas shift reaction is reached, and moreover, CO is produced via the water–gas shift reaction. The degradation observed when performing co-electrolysis in these SOCs occurs mainly at the Ni/YSZ cathode and may be a consequence of impurities in the gas stream, adsorbing on active sites in the SOC. The low degradation is most likely acceptable for long-time operation.
Study of the protonation of simple Schiff bases in solvents of various polarity by means of Raman spectroscopy

In this study, the protonation of simple Schiff bases by organic acids in various solvents is investigated by Raman spectroscopy and the spectral response of the C=N+ stretching mode is correlated with the macroscopic properties of the medium surrounding the imine. Upon protonation, the unperturbed C=N stretch increases in frequency due to the combination of the coupling with the C=N+H bend and a partial rehybridization of the C=N bond. Depending on the proton location relative to that of its counterion, one mechanism may prevail over the other. Intensity measurements show that protonation is mostly controlled by the hydrogen bonding properties of the solvent and by the polarity of the medium. However, whatever the solvent, full proton transfer cannot be achieved with organic acids with pKa similar to the COOH of amino acids found in visual or bacterial pigments, meaning that the protonation mechanism may depend upon particular properties of the protein. Key words: imines, protonation, Raman spectroscopy,.
On the Thermal Stability of Theta Prime Precipitates in Al-Cu-Mn-Zr alloys

In this study, the high temperature compressive response of cast aluminum alloys 319 and RR350 are compared in light of their microstructures. The 319 alloy is widely used in thermally critical automotive applications and provides a baseline for comparison with the RR350 alloy, whose microstructural stability at high homologous temperatures was recently reported. Cylindrical compression samples from each alloy were tested at four temperatures up to 300 C at a constant true strain rate varied over four orders of magnitude. Although both alloys are strengthened by metastable θ′ precipitates (nominally Al2Cu) in the as-aged condition, their mechanical response diverges at temperatures greater than 250 C as the strengthening precipitates coarsen and evolve in the 319 alloy while they retain their as-aged morphology in the RR350 alloy. Deformation mechanisms of each alloy are examined using microstructural analysis and empirical activation energy calculations. The stability of the θ′ phase in the RR350 alloy leads to effective precipitation hardening at homologous temperatures up to 0.6 and an extensive regime of grain boundary controlled deformation.
Proton Resonance Shift of Water in the Gas and Liquid States

Temperature‐dependence measurements have been made on the chemical shift of the proton of a water molecule in the liquid state and in the gas state at varying pressure. The problem of relating these experimental data to the intermolecular forces leading to cohesion and to hydrogen‐bond formation between water molecules is considered in detail. It is shown that a consistent treatment of the chemical shift, thermal, and dielectric data for water can be given based on a two‐state model involving an equilibrium between a hydrogen‐bonded ``icelike'' fraction and a ``monomer'' fraction whose interaction with the lattice arises entirely from London dispersion forces.Using semiempirically derived values of the chemical shift and energy associated with the condensation of water vapor to ``monomer,'' the magnitude of the shift associated with the transformation to ice is calculated. It is then shown that, on the assumption that the hydrogen bond is electrostatic in character, the ``polar'' contribution to this shif.
Étude de skutterudites de terres-rares (R) et de métaux d (M) du type RM4Sb12 : de nouveaux matériaux thermoélectriques pour la génération d'électricité

Cette etude presente les proprietes de nouveaux composes de la famille des skutterudites, de formule generale Ry-pR'pFe4-x(Co/Ni)xSb12 (R et R' = Ce, Yb, Ba, La), d'une part du point de vue des proprietes physiques, et d'autre part du point de vue de leurs potentialites pour la conversion de chaleur en electricite par effet thermoelectrique. La valence de Yb est non entiere et elle decroit lorsque la fraction de Yb augmente. En revanche, elle ne depend pas de la temperature ce qui met en evidence un etat de valence mixte (deux sites pour deux etats de valence). Le cerium est quant a lui toujours trivalent dans ces composes. Le systeme passe d'un regime d'interactions dominantes ferromagnetiques pour Yb0,9Fe4Sb12 avec Yb presque divalent a un regime d'interactions antiferromagnetiques pour Ce0,9Fe4Sb12 avec Ce trivalent. Le moment paramagnetique a ete decompose suivant les sous-systemes R, R' et Fe4Sb12. La contribution de ce dernier ne depend pas la nature et de la valence de R et R', mais elle decroit si Fe est substitue par Ni. Une transition magnetique est presente pour R = Yb et Ba a 6,5 K sans doute vers un etat verre de spin. Les proprietes de transport electrique et thermique ont ete mesurees de 5K a 800K ce qui a permis de discuter des potentialites de ces materiaux pour la generation d'electricite par effet thermoelectrique. Le facteur de puissance et le facteur de merite ZT sont plus eleves dans les composes de type Cey/2Yby/2Fe4-x(Co/Ni)xSb12 que dans ceux de type RyFe4-x(Co/Ni)xSb12 presentes dans la litterature.
Soil Nitrogen Balance in selected Row-Crop Sitesin Southern California 1

Nine row-crop sites, where data for nitrogen fertilizer use, crop yields, and amounts of irrigation water used were available for a number of years, were studied to estimate the N balance as related to NO₃⁻ in water in the unsaturated zone from below the zone of root influence to the water table or to the 15-m depth. The system of predicting NO₃⁻ concentrations in drainage waters based on the difference between N inputs and N removal in harvested crop sand the drainage volume in which the excess N, converted to NO₃⁻, is dissolved, was valid in open-porous soils containing no layers that restrict water movement within the soil profile (0- to 2-m depth). A combination of losses plus net immobilization of up to 56% had to be assumed in some soils to account for all the N loss. In two soils that had been used for disposal of feedlot manure, net mineralization of N from the organic N pool had to be assumed to explain the data obtained. The current fertilization and irrigation practices used for some row crops in southern California leave varying amounts of NO₃⁻ in the drainage water. The amounts depend on the total N added, crop removal, drainage volume, net mineralization, and losses.
Growth and humidity-dependent electrical properties of bulk-like MoS2 thin films on Si

Bulk-like molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin films were deposited on Si substrates using a dc magnetron sputtering technique and n-MoS2/p-Si junctions were fabricated at room temperature (RT) and 400 °C, respectively. The typical oscillating modes of E12g and A1g were shown in the Raman spectra of the as-grown MoS2 films. Atomic force microscopy illustrated that the surfaces of the films were composed of dense nanoscale grains and scanning electron microscopy revealed the existence of large quantities of pores in the surface. The current–voltage curves of the junctions showed obvious rectifying characteristics due to the energy-band bending near the interface of MoS2/Si. The fabricated junctions exhibited humidity-dependent electrical properties. Compared with the one with the MoS2 film deposited at RT, the junction fabricated at 400 °C showed much more obvious sensing properties to humid gas. In particular, the sensitivity of the device could be tuned by external electrical fields. In the forward voltage range, the currents increased significantly after the junction was exposed to humid conditions. The response increased with increasing voltage and reached a saturated value after V = 1.9 V. The sensing performance featured high sensitivity, fast response and recovery. The junction current in the reverse voltage range decreased under the humid condition. This was contrary to that in the forward voltage range. We also studied the dependence of the sensing response on humidity levels. An almost linear correlation was obtained in the measured range of humidity levels. The sensing mechanisms of the MoS2/Si heterojunction were proposed.
Second-Generation Inhibitors for the Metalloprotease Neprilysin Based on Bicyclic Heteroaromatic Scaffolds: Synthesis, Biological Activity, and X-ray Crystal Structure Analysis

A new class of nonpeptidic inhibitors of the ZnII-dependent metalloprotease neprilysin with IC50 values in the nanomolar activity range (0.034–0.30 μM) were developed based on structure-based de novo design (Figs. 1 and 2). The inhibitors feature benzimidazole and imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine moieties as central scaffolds to undergo H-bonding to Asn542 and Arg717 and to engage in favorable π-π stacking interactions with the imidazole ring of His711. The platform is decorated with a thiol vector to coordinate to the ZnII ion and an aryl residue to occupy the hydrophobic S1′ pocket, but lack a substituent for binding in the S2′ pocket, which remains closed by the side chains of Phe106 and Arg110 when not occupied. The enantioselective syntheses of the active compounds (+)-1, (+)-2, (+)-25, and (+)-26 were accomplished using Evans auxiliaries (Schemes 2, 4, and 5). The inhibitors (+)-2 and (+)-26 with an imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine core are ca. 8 times more active than those with a benzimidazole core ((+)-1 and (+)-25) (Table 1). The predicted binding mode was established by X-ray analysis of the complex of neprilysin with (+)-2 at 2.25-A resolution (Fig. 4 and Table 2). The ligand coordinates with its sulfanyl residue to the ZnII ion, and the benzyl residue occupies the S1′ pocket. The 1H-imidazole moiety of the central scaffold forms the required H-bonds to the side chains of Asn542 and Arg717. The heterobicyclic platform additionally undergoes π-π stacking with the side chain of His711 as well as edge-to-face-type interactions with the side chain of Trp693. According to the X-ray analysis, the substantial advantage in biological activity of the imidazo-pyridine inhibitors over the benzimidazole ligands arises from favorable interactions of the pyridine N-atom in the former with the side chain of Arg102. Unexpectedly, replacement of the phenyl group pointing into the deep S1′ pocket by a biphenyl group does not enhance the binding affinity for this class of inhibitors.
Computational study of carbonyl sulphide formation on model interstellar dust grains

The formation of carbonyl sulphide, OCS, is investigated computationally on a model carbonaceous grain surface (coronene) using density functional theory. Four reaction pathways for the formation of OCS are investigated: formation from CO + S (on both the singlet and the triplet surfaces) and CO + HS, and formation from CS + O (again on both the singlet and the triplet surfaces) and CS + OH. The Langmuir−Hinshelwood, Eley−Rideal, and hot-atom mechanisms are investigated. Calculations show that all species in the ground state are physisorbed on the surface. However, both sulfur and oxygen in their first excited states chemisorb on coronene. The first reaction pathway, 3OCS formation from CO + 3S, is activated by 18.7 kJ mol−1 in the gas phase. This barrier is much too high for the reaction to occur at a significant rate at the low temperatures (10−20 K) found in dark interstellar clouds. However, calculations show that coronene catalyzes this reaction, lowering the barrier to 15.6 kJ mol−1 for the Langmuir.
A Comprehensive View of Global Potential for Hydro-generated Electricity

In this study, we assess global hydropower potential using runoff and stream flow data, along with turbine technology performance, cost assumptions, and consideration of protected areas. The results provide the first comprehensive quantification of global hydropower potential including gross, technical, economic, and exploitable estimates. Total global potential of gross, technical, economic, and exploitable hydropower are estimated to be approximately 128, 26, 21, and 16 petawatt hours per year, respectively. The economic and exploitable potential of hydropower are calculated at less than 9 cents per kW h. We find that hydropower has the potential to supply a significant portion of world energy needs, although this potential varies substantially by region. Globally, exploitable hydropower potential is comparable to total electricity demand in 2005. Hydropower plays different roles in each country owing to regional variation in potential relative to electricity demand. In some countries such as the Congo, there is sufficient hydropower potential (>10 times) to meet all electricity demands, while in other countries such as United Kingdom, hydropower potential can only accommodate a small portion (<3%) of total demand. A sensitivity analysis indicates that hydropower estimates are sensitive to a number of parameters: design flow (varying by −10% to +0% at less than 9 cents per kW h), cost assumptions (by −35% to +12%), turbine efficiency (by −40% to +20%), stream flow (by −35% to +35%), fixed charge rate (by −15% to 10%), and protected land (by −15% to 20%). This sensitivity analysis emphasizes the reliable role of hydropower for future energy systems, when compared to other renewable energy resources with larger uncertainty in their future potentials.
An infrared spectroscopic study of sodium silicate adsorption on porous anodic alumina

Sodium silicate solutions, also known as ‘water‐glass’, are used for a wide variety of applications. In particular, they are commonly used in pre‐treatments of aluminum alloys as cleaners and corrosion inhibitors. Silicate films are known to be promising for corrosion protection and to confer high hydrophilicity. One of the main issues in the study of the formation of silicate films on metal oxides is the complexity of the anionic speciation in aqueous solution. In this work, the mechanism of sodium silicate interaction with porous anodic alumina and its dependence on the solution characteristics is studied by means of Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Grazing angle‐FTIR and attenuated total reflection‐FTIR are used in order to monitor the chemical changes occurring with time on the surface upon silicate adsorption. The effect of the SiO2/Na2O molar ratio and the temperature is studied. The role of rinsing is investigated when the alumina surface is washed in water after the silicate treatment. A chemical description of the phenomena occurring during silicate treatment is given. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of the hypomagnetic field on the size of the eye pupil

Previously, we reported that the hypomagnetic field obtained by the 100-fold deprivation of the geomagnetic field affected human cognitive processes as estimated in several computer tests. The exposure to the hypomagnetic field caused a statistically significant increase both in the task processing time and in the number of errors. The magnitude of this magnetic effect, averaged over 40 healthy subjects and more than 10^5 separate trials, was about 1.7%. In the present work, the results of a simultaneous study are described, in which the right eye of each subject was video recorded, while the subject performed the tasks. It has appeared that the pupil size grows in the hypomagnetic field. This effect has been calculated based on the treatment of a large data set of about 6.10^6 video frames. Averaged all over the frames, the magnetic effect on the pupil area was about 1.6%, with high statistical confidence. This is the first laboratory study in which the number of separate trials has been large enough to obtain rather smooth distribution functions. Thus, the small effect of the hypomagnetic field on humans has become evident and statistically valid.
The effect that finite lattice spacing has upon the ESR Bloch equations

The ESR Bloch equations are rederived within a model which allows for finite lattice spacing. It is found this causes the usual Bloch equations to be modified. The internal field as seen by the local moments is changed from Hext+ lambda Me to Hext+ lambda Me+ alpha Me where alpha = lambda 2( Sigma i not=jF1(Rij)- chi e0) and where Hext is the total external field, lambda is the molecular field constant, F1(R) is the usual RKKY range function, chi e0 the static conduction electron susceptibility and Rij is the distance between the sites i and j. The effect this change has upon various limits of physical interest is investigated, compared with the previous results and the experimental data for Mg-Gd is discussed. Finally, the effect of short range correlations in dilute alloys is discussed and a set of generalized Bloch equations are proposed to account for the effects of such correlations in systems which exhibit structured resonances.
Transfer of phosphate ions between soil and solution: perspectives in soil testing.

Phosphorus inputs must be estimated accurately to optimize the economic return to farmers and minimize P loss from soils to surface waters. Currently, P recommendations are based on the diagnosis of field crop responses by chemically extracted soil P. However, the inability of chemical extraction to characterize plant-available P limits the reliability of these recommendations. Major sources of P mobilized by plant roots include P ions in solution and those from soil constituents, which replenish and buffer solution. A mechanistic evaluation of soil P supply should therefore be based on the description of P ion transfer between soil constituents and solution. Sorption, desorption, electro-ultrafiltration (EUF), and isotopic exchange studies show that an adequate modeling of this quantity [Q (CP.f) ] of P ions must account for both the concentration of P ions in soil solution (C p ) and time (t). In one long-term field experiment, the Q (CP,f) description was not affected by crop rotation and mineral fertilization histories; therefore, Q (CP,f) changes are fully explained by C p changes. In two field experiments, C p changes were linearly correlated with the cumulative P budget, inputs, and outputs over years. In three field experiments, the soil type effect on the relative maize (Zea mays L.) response curve was taken into account using the ability of soil P to replenish solution P for 1 d. The residual variance of this diagnosis is halved compared to Olsen's extraction. Although more information is necessary, accuracy is improved when soil testing is based on mobility of P ions.
Water solubility enhancements of DDT and trichlorobenzene by some surfactants below and above the critical micelle concentration

Etude de la solubilisation de l'eau dans des micelles de dodecylsulfate de sodium, de Triton X114, X100, X405 et de bromure de cetyltrimethylammonium en presence de DDT et de trichloro-1,2,3 benzene
Catalytic effect of two-phase intergrowth and coexistence CuO–CeO2

Intergrowth CuO–CeO2 oxides were synthesized using an improved amorphous citric precursor (IACP) method. In order to explore the relationship between structure modulation and catalytic performance, samples were characterized using XRD, XPS, SEM, EDX, HRTEM, O2-TPD, TG-DSC, OSC, H2-TPR, and in situ DRIFTS measurements. Catalytic activities were then investigated in CO + O2 and NO + CO model reactions. Results indicate that the CuO–CeO2 samples form an intergrowth system which is made up of imperfect monoclinic crystal CuO and cubic crystal CeO2. Strong interactions between CuO and CeO2 occurred in the intergrowth process, making the Cu species of CuO gradually form Cu+ and produce corresponding oxygen vacancies with the increase of CeO2 content, which results in an imperfect [Cu1−x2+Cux+][O1−x/2□x/2] structure and improvement of the redox ability of CuO. Meanwhile, the CeO2 retains a few Ce3+ and corresponding oxygen vacancies. As a result, the OSC and the catalytic performance of the samples are greatly enhanced. These results are partly due to the intergrowth and coexistence effects of CuO–CeO2.
Optimization of Ultrasonic Irradiation as an Advanced Oxidation Technology

The optimization of ultrasonic irradiation as an advanced oxidation technology can be achieved by adjusting the ultrasonic frequency and saturating gas during sonolysis. The sonolytic production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) has been investigated at the ultrasonic frequencies of 20, 40, 80, and 500 kHz, respectively, in the presence of four different saturating gases (i.e., Kr, Ar, He, O2) at each frequency. H2O2 was measured with a KI dosimeter, and the formation of •OH was monitored by trapping with terephthalic acid. Both the applied frequency and the physicochemical properties of the saturating gases influ ence the sonochemical rates of production of •OH and H2O2. At 20 kHz, the rate contants for the production of H2O2 vary over an order of magnitude as a function of the nature of the dissolved gas (0.0508 and 1.31 μM min-1). Similar trends are observed for the production of •OH at the same frequencies and under an identical set of saturating gases. The highest rates of produc.
Absorption Spectra of Fe, Mn, and Mg Water Complexes Calculated Using Density Functional Theory

Abstract : We present calculations of excited state resonance structure associated with Fe, Mn, and Mg water complexes using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). Calculation of excited state resonance structure using TD-DFT can provide interpretation of absorption spectra with respect to molecular structure for excitation by electromagnetic waves at frequencies within the UV range. The DFT software GAUSSIAN was used for the calculations of ground and excited state resonance structure presented here.