Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The outwelling hypothesis and North Inlet, South Carolina

Extensive measurements of material concentrahons and water velocities at a transect across North Inlet, South C a r o h a (USA) allowed the estimation of net material and water fluxes. Sampling periods were distnbuted seasonally and according to tidal height. Statistical and hydrodynanlic models were used to develop flux estimates for specific tidal cycles. There was a net discharge of water from the marsh-estuanne system to the Atlantic Ocean which is attributed to rainfall runoff and freshwater input from an adjacent estuary. All constitutents were exported seasonally and annually from the system except total semments, imported during fall and winter, and chlorophyll a and zooplankton, imported in summer and fall. ATP, bird biomass and macrodetritus were exported throughout the year. Export of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from North Inlet is high compared to other systems studied to date. Large net fluxes of DOC during winter imply coupling with the uplands. The high rates of export of ammonium and orthophosphate along with detritus and microorganisms suggest major decomposition processes are taking place within the system. Export of ammonium and orthophosphate to the coastal ocean also suggest a feedback loop with phytoplankton utilizing these materials, then in turn phytoplankton are imported into the estuary where they are consumed and remineralized. Previous explanations of outwehng and tidal transport are examined and found to be individually lacking. It is proposed that any comprehensive explanahon of the magnitude and direction of transport must include a physical explanation of water motion and the biological and physical mechanisms by which materials are added or removed from tidal waters. A comprehensive explanation of outwelling in North Inlet IS proposed which describes this system as an ebb-dominated, bar-built estuary with good flow connection to the sea and with some freshwater input. It is also a fertile system with high productivity providing materials for export to the coastal ocean and utilization of other imported materials.
Plant-water relations of intertidal and subtidal seagrasses

This work represents the first contribution to (i) examine the changes in plantwater relations of an inter-tidal seagrass during air exposure (Zostera noltii), and (ii) compare the water status descriptors between inter-tidal- and subtidaladapted species (Cymodocea nodosa, Zostera marina). Two different morphotypes of Z. noltii that develop in the highest and lowest inter-tidal levels in the Portuguese lagoon of Ria Formosa were exposed to natural emersion periods under laboratory conditions, and the evolution of leaf water relations and osmolytes (ions, proline and non-structural carbohydrates) was measured. Both morphotypes regulated their water potential (Ψw) by reducing the osmotic potential (Ψp) through osmolyte accumulation, but only high inter-tidal plants were able to do this by adjusting the turgor pressure through cell wall hardening. This is a conservative mechanism for osmotic acclimation, which occurred only after long emersion periods (7 h). After a rapid increase in ion concentration under air exposure, the high inter-tidal morphotype replaced them by more physiologically compatible solutes (proline and non-structural carbohydrates) to maintain the osmotic adjustment. Altered ionic homeostasis was found in low inter-tidal plants when exposed to such unnatural, long emersion periods. Osmotic unbalances were also observed during the submerged recovery phase. Descriptors of leaf pressure–volume (P–V) curves and H€ diagrams were derived for seagrasses for the first time. They support the divergences in water relations observed between inter-tidal and subtidal seagrasses according to their vertical distribution. More negative water and osmotic potentials and higher rigidity of cell walls (higher elastic modulus, e) were found to be specific osmotic adaptations of seagrasses to the inter-tidal.
World Saving

This paper presents new evidence on the behavior of saving in the world, by extending previous empirical research in five dimensions. First, it is based on a very large and recent database, covering 165 countries from 1981 to 2012. Second, it conducts a robustness analysis across different estimation techniques. Third, the empirical search is expanded by including potential saving determinants identified by theory but not previously considered in the empirical literature. Fourth, the paper explores differences in saving behavior nesting the 2008-10 crisis period and four different country groups. Finally, it also searches for commonalities and differences in behavior across national, private, household, and corporate saving rates. The results confirm in part existing research, shed light on some ambiguous or contradictory findings, and highlight the role of neglected determinants. Compared to the literature, we find a larger number of significant determinants of saving rates, using different estimators, for different periods and country groups, and for different saving aggregates.
Smoke-Water and a Smoke-Isolated Butenolide Improve Germination and Seedling Vigour of Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter under High Temperature and Low Osmotic Potential

The seeds of Eragrostis tef are often exposed to high temperatures and low water availability during unfavourable climatic conditions. This affects germination and seedling stand establishment of the crop. Smoke is currently widely studied for its stimulatory role in seed germination. The effect of smoke-water and a smoke-isolated butenolide was investigated on E. tef seed germination and seedling growth at different temperatures, light conditions and osmotic potentials. Treating E. tef seeds with smoke-water and butenolide increased the percentage germination relative to the control at all tested temperatures. These treatments significantly improved seedling length and the vigour index at 25, 30, 35 and 40 and 30/15 °C. Smoke-water and butenolide increased percentage imbibition from high to low osmotic potential. In comparison with the control, smoke-water- and butenolide-treated seeds of E. tef showed higher percentage germination with decreasing osmotic potential. Smoke-water treatment exhibited significantly longer and more vigorous seedlings than the control between 0 and -0.30 MPa osmotic potential. The findings of this study suggest the possibility of using smoke treatments for minimizing E. tef seedling losses at elevated temperatures and water stress.
Regulatory Institutions: A Blueprint for the Russian Federation

The paper develops an architecture for regulatory institutions that could be feasible in the current Russian context. The paper examines two specific areas: first, establishing a regulatory oversight unit, located at the centre of government, responsible for the strategic co-ordination of regulatory reforms and oversight of regulatory quality; and second, redefining the mandates and strengthening the capacities of the competition authority and regulators of network industries. The paper draws on OECD experience and provides a number of lessons which could direct Russia's future efforts in regulatory reform onto a track more similar to the one observed across the OECD.
A Brief History of Space and Time: The Scope-Year Index as a Patent Value Indicator Based on Families and Renewals

The renewal of patents and their geographical scope for protection constitute two essential dimensions in a patent's life, and probably the most frequently used patent value indicators. The intertwining of these dimensions (the geographical scope of protection may vary over time) makes their analysis complex, as any measure along one dimension requires an arbitrary choice on the second. This paper proposes a new indicator of patent value, the Scope-Year index, combining the two dimensions. The index is computed for patents filed at the EPO from 1980 to 1996 and validated in its member states. It shows that the average value of patent filings has increased in the early eighties but has constantly decreased from the mid-eighties until the mid nineties, despite the institutional expansion of the EPO. This result sheds a new and worrying light on the worldwide boom in patent filings.
Isolation of anthocyanin-related MYB gene, GbMYB2, from Gynura bicolor leaves

The leaves of field-cultivated Gynura bicolor DC. are reddish purple on the abaxial side and green on the adaxial side. The leaves of cultured G. bicolor plantlets, however, appear almost completely green on both sides. Cultured plantlet leaves treated with sucrose accumulated anthocyanins on the abaxial side. In this study, to investigate the anthocyanin-accumulation mechanism in G. bicolor leaves, we isolated the MYB transcription regulatory gene from the leaves using a degenerate PCR method. The isolated gene, GbMYB2, was approximately 10-fold up-regulated in sucrose-treated leaves. In addition, co-expression of GbMYB2 and bHLH-type transcription factor, GbMYC1, activated GbDFR and GbANS promoters in tobacco leaf protoplasts. These results suggest that GbMYB2 might regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in G. bicolor leaves.
The development pattern of IGF-1 (insulin- like growth factor-1) protein expression in breast muscle of broiler chickens

It is proved that the protein expression of IGF-1 is detected in several tissues including liver, brain, eye, lung, pancreas and muscle. This growth factor exerts autocrine and paracrine effect during embryonic and postnatal development and is involved in muscle development. The aim of this study was to determine the level of protein expression of IGF-1 in breast muscle during embryonic and postnatal development of broiler chickens. For the experiment were used fertilized eggs and broiler chickens of heavy hybrid "Ross 308", originating from parent flock at the age of 54 weeks. Samples of breast muscle were taken from embryos during the 15th and 19th day of embryonic development and 3rd and 21st day of postnatal development from 5 birds in each age category. From all of the embryos and chickens the right side of the brest muscles were individually sampled. The muscle tissue was macerated and then homogenized in buffer with protease inhibitors. After that immunoprecipitation, electrophoresis and transfer the Western blot analysis were performed on all samples. For visualization of proteins the membranes were incubated in chemiluminescent substrate. The results indicate statistically significant increase in protein expression of IGF-1 in breast muscle on the 19th day of embryonic development and 3rd of postnatal development in compared to 15th day of embryonic development (p<0,05 compared to 19th day of embryonic development and p<0,01 compared to the 3rd day of postnatal development). After the 3rd day of postnatal development the protein expression was at the same level until the 21st day of postnatal development. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31033]
Qualidade Higiênico-Sanitária e Demanda de Cloro da Água de Dessedentação de Galinhas de Postura Coletadas em Bebedouros Tipo Nipple e Taça

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of two kinds of water troughs nipple and cup, used for laying hen water intake and the incresing demand of chlorine from the water offered by both kinds of water troughs. Total coliform, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci and mesophillic microorganisms bacterial count were done. Results showed that both, water trough and tank water, were microbiologycally contaminated before passing through the water trough. The contamination of fecal bacteria was greater in the cup water trough samples, as well as, they were the responsible for a greater organic material accumulation, that caused an elevated chlorine demand and greater depreciation in the water quality offered to the laying hens. From both water trough studied, nipple showed to be less harmful concerning water quality, however, independently of the kind of water trough used for the hen water ingestion, the water disinfection is indispensable to maintain the microbiological quality and to eliminate pathogens.
Histology of the pathogenesis of Mycosphaerella graminicola in wheat

Cellular aspects of the pathogenesis of Mycosphaerella graminicola in a susceptible and resistant wheat cultivar were studied by light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Experiments were designed as time-sequence studies in two replications with sampling dates at 12-, 24-, and 48-h postinoculation (hpi), and 4-, 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-, and 16-days postinoculation (dpi). A separate experiment was performed to quantify the mycelial biomass in cultivars Shafir and Kavkaz/K4500 1.6. a.4 at the aforementioned intervals using a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for M. graminicola. The germination frequency of M. graminicola conidia was high in both compatible and incompatible interactions, but the infection frequency was low. Infection was strictly stomatal, but appeared to be a random process since many germ tubes crossed stomata without penetrating them. Some germ tubes formed branched structures close to or on top of stomata. These structures were small compared with the size of stomata, were formed irregularly, and were not significantly correlated with successful penetrations of the host. Multiple penetrations of stomata occurred regularly. Hyphae of M. graminicola were already observed in the substomatal cavities at 12 hpi and, at 48 hpi, hyphae had reached the nearest mesophyll cells. In the compatible response, colonization was fairly limited until 8 dpi. Hyphae grew intercellularly and in close contact with the mesophyll cells. During the 10- to 12-dpi interval, extensive host cell death occurred, which induced further colonization and, eventually, pycnidium formation in substomatal cavities. Initial and further colonization had marked effects on the number and size of the chloroplasts in the compatible interaction. Nevertheless, leaves remained green until approximately 10 dpi. The resistance response was primarily characterized by very limited colonization, mostly in the vicinity of the substomatal cavity. Quantification of the mycelial mass with ELISA revealed similar mycelial quantities in cultivars Shafir and Kavkaz/K4500 1.6. a.4 until 8 dpi. After 8 days, the mycelial quantity developed exponentially in 'Shafir,' but did not significantly increase in 'Kavkaz/K4500 1.6. a.4. '
Basis Risk and Inflation Replication

We study inflation replication in European markets and find that investors can improve their inflation hedge by acquiring foreign inflation-linked derivatives on the international market. Although European inflation-linked bonds holdings have a substantial impact on the inflation hedging ability, their weight in the hedging portfolio is declining over the investment horizon. We show that UK and US inflation-linked bonds can be attractive as well by exploiting long run dynamics of inflation and currency movements. While under stable conditions the replication ability of these portfolios can be improved, uncertainty about long run dynamics may still influence its hedging performance. We confirm with a Bayesian methodology taking into account the uncertainty associated with long run dynamics that during the Financial crisis local nominal bond holdings increased while foreign inflation-linked bonds decreased. While we observe the flight to local securities for inflation hedging investors, European inflation-linked bond holdings remain steady, showing the importance of these bonds in the replication strategy of the investor.
El Perfil Del Emprendedor De La Zona Sur Del Estado De Yucatán: Características, Factores De Vocación Y Fuentes De Inspiración (The Entrepreneur Profile of the South State of Yucatan: Features, Vocation Factors and Sources of Inspiration)

<b>Spanish Abstract</b>: Un elemento clave de la innovación es el empresario, pues éste es quien realiza las innovaciones hasta obtener nuevos productos y/o servicios, por lo que es considerado como el motor del cambio tecnológico según Schumpeter. Empero, el estudio del impacto de las actividades desarrolladas por este tipo de agentes es relativamente reciente, los primeros estudios se centraron en las características personales del empresario; sin embargo, la evidencia y hallazgos obtenidos permiten concluir que lo que realmente diferencia al empresario emprendedor es un proceso caracterizado por la innovación constante. Es por esto que, los trabajos recientes, proponen considerar al proceso emprendedor como un conjunto de funciones, actividades y acciones asociadas con la percepción de oportunidad y la creación de la organización para explotarla. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es conocer e identificar las principales características que poseen los emprendedores de la zona sur del estado de Yucatán, para que estos puedan desarrollar productos o servicios innovadores. Entre los resultados obtenidos se encuentra las principales fuentes de inspiración que contribuyeron a generar su negocio, los factores que determinaron su vocación emprendedora y los principales atributos y hábitos que poseen. <b>English Abstract</b>: A key element of innovation is the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur makes innovations to develop new products and/or services, so he is the engine of technological change according to Schumpeter. However, study of the impact of activities developed by such agents is relatively recent. Early studies focused on personal characteristics of the entrepreneur. However, the evidence and findings obtained indicate that what really differentiates the enterprising entrepreneur is a process characterized by constant innovation. For this reason, recent work, considers the entrepreneurial process as a set of functions, activities and actions associated with the perception of opportunity and the creation of the organization to exploit it. The aim of this work is to identify the main features that entrepreneurs have in the southern state of Yucatán, so they can develop innovative products or services. Among the obtained results are the main sources of inspiration that contributed to generate the business, factors that determined their entrepreneurial spirit and the main attributes and habits he has.
Counting Chickens When They Hatch: The Short Term Effect of Aid on Growth

Past research on aid and growth is flawed because it typically examines the impact of aggregate aid on growth over a short period, usually four years, while significant portions of aid are unlikely to affect growth in such a brief time. We divide aid into three categories: (1) emergency and humanitarian aid (likely to be negatively correlated with growth); (2) aid that affects growth only over a long period of time, if at all, such as aid to support democracy, the environment, health, or education (likely to have no relationship to growth over four years); and (3) aid that plausibly could stimulate growth in four years, including budget and balance of payments support, investments in infrastructure, and aid for productive sectors such as agriculture and industry. Our focus is on the third group, which accounts for about 53% of all aid flows. We find a positive, causal relationship between this "short-impact" aid and economic growth (with diminishing returns) over a four-year period. The impact is large: at least two-to-three times larger than in studies using aggregate aid. Even at a conservatively high discount rate, at the mean a $1 increase in short-impact aid raises output (and income) by $1.64 in present value in the typical country. From a different perspective, we find that higher-than-average short-impact aid to sub-Saharan Africa raised per capita growth rates there by about half a percentage point over the growth that would have been achieved by average aid flows. The results are highly statistically significant and stand up to a demanding array of tests, including various specifications,endogeneity structures, and treatment of influential observations. The basic result does not depend crucially on a recipient's level of income or quality of institutions and policies; we find that short-impact aid causes growth, on average, regardless of these characteristics. However, we find some evidence that the impact on growth is somewhat larger in countries with stronger institutions or longer life expectancies (better health). We also find a significant negative relationship between debt repayments and growth. We make no statement on, and do not attempt to measure, any additional effect on growth from other categories of aid (e.g., emergency assistance or aid that might affect growth over a longer time period); four-year panel regressions are not an appropriate tool to examine those relationships.
Mortality patterns in a protected population of isards (Rupicapra pyrenaica)

We considered variation in mortality over 8 years in a protected population of isards (Pyrenean chamois; Rupicapra pyrenaica) within the Pyrenean National Park using monthly systematic skull collection. After testing the stationary-type pattern of estimates of mortality of the living population, we (i) analysed the composition of a sample of dead animals in terms of age and sex; (ii) investigated temporal patterns of mortality and their relationship with winter severity; (iii) tested for sexual differences in mortality rates in this weakly sexually dimorphic species. Of 588 animals found dead from natural causes, 114 were kids (19.4%). No statistical differences existed in the composition of the sample according to sex (the ratio of males to females was 1/1.13). Age at death did not differ significantly between the sexes or among years. A positive relationship was found between winter severity (expressed as cumulative snowfall) and mortality rates for both kids and adults. During mild winters, the mortali.
Differentiation of dissociated-reconstituted epiblasts of the chick under the influence of a normal hypoblast

Abstract A cell suspension of chick epiblast cells cultured under defined conditions to form a flat disk, can differentiate and generate axial embryonic structures when covered with a primary hypoblast. Macroscopically identifiable axes developed in 26 out of 33 cases. In all cases axes developed in a direction consistent with the posteroanterior polarity of the normal hypoblast. Almost invariably the epiblast cells differentiated into ectoderm, neural plates or tubes, and endoderm. In some cases typical primitive streaks were found, sometimes accompanied by signs of axial mesoderm, whereas in other cases the primitive streaks seemed to regress. In the absence of a hypoblast no differentiation of neural tissue or any signs of axial development were observed.
Patterns of horizontal distribution of the larvae of southern bluefin ( Thunnus maccoyii ) and other tuna in the Indian Ocean

The abstract was incorrectly printed. The correct version is given below. Abstract. The fine- to coarse-scale distribution patterns of tuna larvae in the east Indian Ocean were investigated by a combination of continuous transect sampling usmg surface tows and random sampling using double oblique tows. Thunnus maccoyii was the most abundant species, reaching densities near patch centres of —22 m"3 in surface tows, which is 25 times greater than the highest previous records for tuna larvae. Patches of T maccoyii larvae in areas of high abundance appeared to be —5—15 km in diameter. Smaller patches in areas of low abundance were usually composed of older larvae Lloyd's index of patchiness was consistently high for all tuna species, ranging from 3.0 to 5.2 for T.maccoyii. There was no change in the index when tow distance was doubled to 1200 m, which suggests that the dominant patch size was somewhat larger than the larger sampling interval. Sampling larvae at the same site 4 days apart resulted in estimates of abundance that differed by an order of magnitude. Abundance estimated from a single station would depend largely on what day the station was occupied and where the sample was taken in relation to a patch.