Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Securing Ad hoc Networks for Intrusion Detection , A study

A Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is characterized by mobile nodes, multihop wireless connectivity, Non infrastructural environment and dynamic topology. In Ad Hoc network routing is the reactive on-demand philosophy where routes are established only when required. Stable Routing, Security and Power efficiency are the major concerns in this field. The ad hoc environment is accessible to both legitimate network users and malicious attackers. This paper checks one of the common attack on MANET as Intrusion detection and tries solving the situation. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Since their emergence in the 1970s, wireless networks have become increasingly popular in the computing industry. This is particularly true within the past decade which has seen wireless networks being adapted to enable mobility. Wireless networks are emerging fast as latest technology to allow users to access information and services via electronic media, without taking geographic position in account. Mobile hosts and wireless networking hardware are becoming widely available and extensive work has been done recently in integrating these elements into traditional networks such as the Internet. Wireless networks have taken the world by storm. Enterprises and homeowners are avoiding the expenses and delays associated with installing wired networks. High-speed Internet facility is enjoyed by travelers all over the places worldwide. Along with increases in throughput, wireless networks remain unlicensed and affordable. This has further helped their exponential growth in businesses, homes, communities and open spaces. There are currently two variations of mobile wireless networks. The first is known as infrastructure networks i.e., those networks with fixed and wired gateways. The bridges for these networks are known as base stations. A mobile unit within these networks connects to, and communicates with, the nearest base station that is within its communication radius. Typical applications of this type of network include office wireless local area networks (WLANs). The second type of mobile wireless network is the infrastructure less mobile network, commonly known as an ad-hoc network. The term wireless networking refers to technology that enables two or more computers to communicate using standard network protocols, but without network cabling. The technology, with the emergence of cross vendor industry standards such as IEEE 802.11, has shaped a number of popular and cost-effective wireless solutions for business and schools as well as sophisticated applications where installing wired network is impossible, such as in warehousing or point-of-sale handheld equipment. Figure 1 to Figure 3 are representation for various types of wireless networks. Wireless networks operate in one of the following two modes :  ad-hoc [IEEE name : Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)]  infrastructure [IEEE name : Basic Service Set (BSS)]
Impact of Dynamic Social Relationship in a File Sharing System

In this paper we discuss the impact of social networks (e.g. Facebook) on the improvement of data dissemination in Bittorrent. We compare a social disseminated swarm with a traditional disseminated swarm, discussing peers locality and inter-AS traffic.z Our results show that social disseminated swarms may present up to 3 times more peers behaving to the same region. This pattern impacts on inter-AS traffic, which in turn, impacts the network traffic cost. Our characterization can be used to develop new incentive mechanisms that consider social relationship and geographic locality.
Con fi rmation of post-harvest spectral recovery from Landsat time series using measures of forest cover and height derived from airborne laser scanning data

Landsat time series (LTS) enable the characterization of forest recovery post-disturbance over large areas; however, there is a gap in our current knowledge concerning the linkage between spectral measures of recovery derived from LTS and actual manifestations of forest structure in regenerating stands. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) data provide useful measures of forest structure that can be used to corroborate spectral measures of forest recovery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of a spectral index of recovery based on the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR): the years to recovery, or Y2R metric, as an indicator of the return of forest vegetation following forest harvest (clearcutting). The Y2R metric has previously been defined as the number of years required for a pixel to return to 80% of its pre-disturbance NBR (NBRpre) value. In this study, the Composite2Change (C2C) algorithm was used to generate a time series of gap-free, cloud-free Landsat surface reflectance composites (1985–2012), associated change metrics, and a spatially-explicit dataset of detected changes for an actively managed forest area in southern Finland (5.3Mha). The overall accuracy of change detection, determined using independent validation data, was 89%. Areas of forest harvesting in 1991 were then used to evaluate the Y2R metric. Four alternative recovery scenarios were evaluated, representing variations in the spectral threshold used to define Y2R: 60%, 80%, and 100% of NBRpre, and a critical value of z (i.e. the year in which the pixel's NBR value is no longer significantly different from NBRpre). The Y2R for each scenario were classified into five groups: recovery within<10 years, 10–13 years, 14–17 years, > 17 years, and not recovered. Measures of forest structure (canopy height and cover) were obtained from ALS data. Benchmarks for height (> 5m) and canopy cover (> 10%) were applied to each recovery scenario, and the percentage of pixels that attained both of these benchmarks for each recovery group, was determined for each Y2R scenario. Our results indicated that the Y2R metric using the 80% threshold provided the most realistic assessment of forest recovery: all pixels considered in our analysis were spectrally recovered within the analysis period, with 88.88% of recovered pixels attaining the benchmarks for both cover and height. Moreover, false positives (pixels that had recovered spectrally, but not structurally) and false negatives (pixels that had recovered structurally, but not spectrally) were minimized with the 80% threshold. This research demonstrates the efficacy of LTS-derived assessments of recovery, which can be spatially exhaustive and retrospective, providing important baseline data for forest monitoring.
A Tale of Two Growth Engines : Interactive Effects of Monetary Policy and Intellectual Property Rights

How do intellectual property rights that determine the market power of firms influence the effects of monetary policy? In a hybrid endogenous growth model in which R&D and capital accumulation are both engines of long-run economic growth, we find that monetary expansion hurts economic growth and social welfare by reducing R&D and capital accumulation. Furthermore, a larger market power of firms strengthens (weakens) these effects through the R&D (capital-accumulation) channel. Finally, we calibrate the model using data in the US and Euro Area to simulate the welfare cost of inflation and find that the R&D channel dominates in both economies.
EFL Students in the Desert : Using Survival Simulations to Improve Teamwork

In this paper, a group of 12 Japanese advanced-level EFL learners (n=12) participated in a survival simulation activity known as the Desert Survival Situation (DSS). This exploratory research aims to understand the impact of several interpersonal factors that were perceived by the participants to either enhance or diminish group performance. To that end, the participants reflected on their own and each other’s performance during the consensus-building discussion phase of the DSS and completed a two-part written feedback survey that included: 1) eight closed-ended items that used a 4-point Likert scale, and 2) five open-ended questions. The quantitative and qualitative results from responses showed that participants had strongly favorable impressions of their own and each other’s interpersonal skills used to form consensus in the DSS. Suggestions for future research based on this initial study are also offered.
Field-Induced Transitions in Highly Frustrated SrHo2O4

SrHo 2O 4 is a geometrically frustrated magnet in which the magnetic Ho 3 + ions are connected through a network of zigzag chains and coupled by several competing interactions. The Ho 3 + ions show a pronounced Ising anisotropy at low temperatures, and the spins on the two crystallographically inequivalent magnetic sites point along orthogonal crystallographic axes. Using single-crystal neutron diffraction, we report on the development of complex and highly anisotropic short- and long-range magnetic order in SrHo 2O 4 induced by an applied magnetic field. For H ‖ c , the diffuse scattering around the k = 0 positions is suppressed and above 0.5 T the spin structure for one of the Ho sites is long-range and ferromagnetic. For H ‖ b , planes of diffuse scattering at Q = ( h k ± l 2 ) are split by the field, and an up–up–down magnetic order associated with a 1/3-magnetisation plateau develops at 0.8 T. Further increasing the field above 1.2 T allows the second Ho site to also order in a long-range ferromagnetic structure.
Experimental investigation of a three phase multilevel converter based on two standard voltage source inverters with insulated dc supplies

An experimental investigation of a multilevel converter topology feeding three-phase open-end winding loads is proposed in this paper. The hardware scheme is based on two insulated dc supplies, each one feeding a standard two-level, three-phase inverter. A three-phase, six wires load is connected across the output terminals. A new modulation technique is considered, based on the space vector approach, able to regulate the sharing of the output power between the two dc sources within each switching cycle. The performances of the multilevel converter are discussed on the basis of a complete set of experimental tests.
A New Cell Selection and Handover Approach in Heterogeneous LTE Networks Additional Criteria Based on Capacity Estimation and User Speed

Long Term Evolution (LTE) heterogeneous networks represent an interesting approach to the ever increasing demand for coverage and Quality of Service (QoS) by the mobile users. Small cells play an important role in dealing with this demand by providing a means for the mobile user to overcome the problem of lack of mobile network resources or, when these resources are available, a way to dodge their poor quality in certain scenarios. However, the cell selection and handover procedures found in LTE Release 8 are inefficient in heterogeneous scenarios, since they are based only on Reference Symbol Received Power (RSRP) for cell selection and handover, and Reference Symbol Received Quality (RSRQ) for handover only parameters. In this paper, the implementation of two additional criteria is proposed as an improvement for the cell selection and handover procedures: base station capacity estimation and user speed. As the results show, the proposed algorithm has the benefit of contributing to the macrocell offloading, network load balancing, and user QoS. Keywords-LTE; Handover; Load Balancing; Capacity Estimation; User Speed.
Query-based learning method for query routing in unstructured P 2 P systems

P2P systems allow users to share and access different resources over Internet. Actually, they are an excellent alternative to client/server ones, since they are fault tolerant and more scalable. Nonetheless, searching pertinent peers (i.e., peers which share pertinent resources) to user queries in large scale P2P systems is a major problem. In the literature, this task is commonly named query routing. In this respect, the author introduces in this paper a new query-based routing method for unstructured P2P systems. The main originality of our method is the exploitation of the strong connections between query terms and relevant peers, which provided pertinent results for those queries, to define a user profile model. Thus, the computation of the user profile comes down to extracting special types of triadic formal concepts. The user profile is used latter to efficiently route the forthcoming queries. Simulation results show that our method is more effective than the baseline method.
Periodontal Issues for the Modern iologic Orthodontist

The term synergy refers to the interaction between many agents acting in concert to create an effect greater than the sum of the separate parts; in other words the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. This definition helps one understand the biologic basis of periodontal orthodontic relationships in either therapy or disease. Synergistic collaborative treatment between the specialists also helps develop the harmony that results in less damage to both components of the periodontium, the soft tissue “gingival unit” around the crown, and the “attachment apparatus” that connects the root to bone. Orthodontists should recognize possible periodontal risks to patients undergoing orthodontic treatment and any “damage” to the periodontium or enlargement of the gingiva is often an inevitable and reversible side effect. The goal is to minimize any harmful effects as any good surgeon seeks to minimize an inevitable scar. This is best done by interdisciplinary collaboration in controlling infection with chemicals, erupting teeth through keratinized gingiva, empowering patients with modern regenerative surgery, and using orthodontic therapy to minimize the amount of bone that is removed during periodontal osseous surgery. Thus, with synergistic collaboration, orthodontic therapy can enhance periodontal health and periodontal therapy can enhance the orthodontic outcome. (Semin Orthod 2008;14: 229-245.) © 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Numerical Investigation of Shock / Film-Cooling Interaction

In this numerical study, a film-cooling flow with shock-wave interaction is analyzed using large-eddy simulation (LES). A laminar cooling film at an injection Mach number of Mai = 1.8 is injected through a slot into a fully turbulent boundary layer at a freestream Mach number of Ma1 = 2.44. An oblique shock, generated by a flow deflection of = 5 or 8 , impinges upon the cooling film within the potential-core region. At a deflection angle of = 5 , the cooling effectiveness downstream the shock impingement is decreased by 4.6% compared to the undisturbed flow configuration. A flow deflection of = 8 leads to a decrease in cooling effectiveness of 13.4%. The separation bubble at the shock impingement position causes a strong negative peak of the Reynolds shear stress near the wall. With increasing shock strength, the separation bubble significantly grows in size. The separation length of the strong shock configuration is increased by a factor of 4.6 compared to the weaker shock configuration.
Sri Lankan Colubrid Snakes

At some point of our lives we have come across the words ‘Mapila’, ‘Ahatulla’ or ‘Malsara’ ; the feared , mysterious snakes that come in a group of seven and suck the blood of sleeping people ; the eye-plucking monsters. the stories go on. But these fascinating snakes are far more innocent and helpful to humans than we think. This article will expose the unremarkable and splendid colubrid snakes in Sri Lanka, with focus on the species diversity according to their habitats. The article will also reveal their current status, threats faced by these animals and their conservation in the country.
Why Telco Companies in Indonesia using Social Media Monitoring as a way to handle feedback

Developments within industrial technology has currently become one of the phenomenon’s in causing industries to use social media monitoring in handling feedback. People who work within an industry, have similar aims and purpose of the aforementioned industry, in which is usually related with the industry’s vision and mission. “Both practitioners and academics agree that the social revolution occurring through digital channels will have a profound impact on how people interact with each other and how companies manage their relationships in the changing communications landscape (Greenberg, 2010;Kletzmann et al.,2011;Dennis et al.,2009)” (Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, Vol. 30). Within this study, Telco Industries in Indonesia have been chosen to be the subject of research. The researcher chose several Telco industries that meets the criteria in accordance to the qualification standards and needs previously set by the researcher itself. Such a matter has become very interesting – especially in the digital era, as companies have transformed from using conventional methods in handling feedback to currently digital handling feedbacks by using social media monitoring. The research method used, includes a literature study. The data used within the results of this study, comes in the form of data collection obtained from media releases, websites, and several literatures such as journals and books. Results that are obtained from this research, includes an analysis regarding to why and how industries use as well as utilize social media monitoring to handle feedback.
The Study of Microbial Diversity in Mangrove Wetland Ecological System Based on a 16S rDNA Library

The microbial resources in mangrove wetland ecological system are abundant because of their special characteristics. However traditional methods of isolation and culture alone cannot analyze the microbial diversity fully and so, in this study, a 16S rDNA library was constructed to analyze microbial diversity in the Fugong mangrove of the Jiulong River Estuary, Fujian Province, China. The total sediment DNA was extracted, a 16S rDNA library constructed, and the clones analyzed using the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. The 16S rDNA sequences of 50 clones which had a higher display frequency in the RFLP analysis were blasted with the sequences in GenBank. The results showed that the highest similarity of the sequence in clones was 100%, while the lowest was 88%. The dominant microbes from mangrove sediments in the 16S rDNA library belonged to the Proteobacteria (70%) including α-proteobacteria (6.0%), γ-proteobacteria (22.0%), δ-proteobacteria (10.0%) and e-proteobacteria (32.0%). The other microbes were Bacteroidetes (8.0%), Planctomycetacia (2.0%), Actinobacteria (2.0%) and Verrucomicrobia (2.0%). Additional uncultured microorganisms as well as those whose classification information was unclear were also detected (16.0%). The results of this study indicated that more objective and comprehensive information of microbial diversity in mangrove wetland ecological system had been obtained. There is abundant microbial diversity and a large amount of unknown microbial resources in mangrove wetland ecological system, which could have a very important potential, and so there should be more research to explore and utilize these microbial and functional gene resources in mangrove wetland ecological system.
Fairness in Algorithmic Decision-Making: Applications in Multi-Winner Voting, Machine Learning, and Recommender Systems

Algorithmic decision-making has become ubiquitous in our societal and economic lives. With more and more decisions being delegated to algorithms, we have also encountered increasing evidence of ethical issues with respect to biases and lack of fairness pertaining to algorithmic decision-making outcomes. Such outcomes may lead to detrimental consequences to minority groups in terms of gender, ethnicity, and race. As a response, recent research has shifted from design of algorithms that merely pursue purely optimal outcomes with respect to a fixed objective function into ones that also ensure additional fairness properties. In this study, we aim to provide a broad and accessible overview of the recent research endeavor aimed at introducing fairness into algorithms used in automated decision-making in three principle domains, namely, multi-winner voting, machine learning, and recommender systems. Even though these domains have developed separately from each other, they share commonality with respect to decision-making as an application, which requires evaluation of a given set of alternatives that needs to be ranked with respect to a clearly defined objective function. More specifically, these relate to tasks such as (1) collectively selecting a fixed number of winner (or potentially high valued) alternatives from a given initial set of alternatives; (2) clustering a given set of alternatives into disjoint groups based on various similarity measures; or (3) finding a consensus ranking of entire or a subset of given alternatives. To this end, we illustrate a multitude of fairness properties studied in these three streams of literature, discuss their commonalities and interrelationships, synthesize what we know so far, and provide a useful perspective for future research.
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification ( lamp ) : furtherance of assorted detection systems towards point-of-care settings

Significant developments in molecular detection have been reported over the years. Practical tools for nucleic acid amplification are invaluable in a wide range of applications, including human clinical tests, veterinary molecular tests, and identity and forensic tests. Nucleic acid amplification is widely used in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, because it can be carried out more rapidly than classical diagnostic methods [1]. Moreover, the process generates several target copies, which significantly increases assay sensitivity.
Towards the Application of Fuzzy Logic to the Sound Recordings Fingerprint Computation and Comparison

: - This paper deals with the application of computational auditory scene analysis system and voice identification algorithms in audio fingerprinting. Generally, audio fingerprinting technology generates a unique fingerprint for an audio file based on an analysis of the acoustic properties of the audio itself and represent unique identification key of the music piece. Presented approach enables extract voice features and compute the hash function, which depends on these voice properties. A system for voice extraction through exploration of the auditory scene analysis approaches and fuzzy rule system is presented.
Technical Improvements in Photonic Networks for Constructing Next-generation Networks

A massive infrastructure for IP networks should be developed to handle the rapid increase in Internet traffic. This requires interworking technologies between IP routers and the underlying transport equipment, so photonic networking technologies urgently need to be improved. This paper describes optical switching technologies for flexibly changing optical connections, control technologies for photonic networks such as ASON (automatic switched optical network) and GMPLS (generalized multi protocol label switching) to improve connection control, and new restoration techniques to enhance network robustness. It also introduces research on optical burst switching to enable fast connection control for dynamic traffic engineering. Technical Improvements in Photonic Networks for Constructing Next-generation Networks † NTT Network Innovation Laboratories Yokosuka-shi, 239-0847 Japan E-mail: takigawa@exa.onlab. ntt.co.jp *The maximum and minimum daily traffic volume on the Internet exchange backplane in bits per second (http://www.jpix.ad.jp/en/techncal/traffic.html) 98/1 1998/1/5 ~ 2002/9/9 14G 98/7 99/1 99/7 00/1 00/7 01/1 01/7 02/1 02/7 Fig. 1. Increase in traffic.