Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proteccionismo y desarrollo económico

El desarrollo económico chileno en el siglo pasado se basó fuertemente en la pujanza de las actividades agrícola y minera. En efecto, hasta antes de la Guerra del Pacífico bien puede afirmarse que en Chile no existía industria propiamente tal. Pero después de ésta, y de la incorporación a nuestro territorio de las provincias de Tarapacá y Antofagasta, un nuevo sector industrial comienza a surgir. Durante todo este periodo el marco institutional chileno favorece esencialmente al libre comercio. Sin embargo, en los estertores del siglo XIX comienzan a surgir algunas medidas proteccionistas, aunque no siempre con el propósito de amparar a la industria nacional. Esta tendencia continúa en las tres primeras décadas de este siglo; contrariamente a lo que sostienen algunos autores, políicas posteriores a la Gran Depresión representan la agudización de un fenómeno ya existente. La estrategia de sustitución de importaciones toma a partir de entonces las mas variadas formas, en que a la tarifa se unen los tipos de cambio multiples, los controles de cambio, los depósitos previos y las cuotas. Esta situación provoca un fuerte cambio de precios relativos en la economía chilena, incentivando fuertemente la industrialización en productos sustitutivos de importaciones. Muchos otros países latinoamericanos siguen políticas similares, influidos por el fenómeno recesivo mundial y, en menor escala, por ideas como las que después caracterizarían a la CEPAL. Numerosas interrogantes surgen a este respecto, algunas de las cuales han suscitado fuerte polémica:
Geste instrumental du violoniste en situation de jeu : analyse et modélisation

Les techniques de captation de gestes offrent aux interpretes la possibilite de controler des processus de synthese sonore par leurs mouvements. Les reflexions sur les manieres d'associer "geste" et "son" amenent alors a s'interroger sur les liens essentiels unissant un musicien et son instrument. Dans ce contexte, l'etude d'instruments acoustiques et des gestes employes par les instrumentistes pour controler le son emis peut apporter des elements de reponse fondamentaux. Cette these etudie ce controle dans le cas des cordes frottees, en se fixant dans un cadre defini par les contraintes acoustiques de l'instrument et biomecaniques de l'instrumentiste. Elle s'articule autour de quatre articles. Les articles I et III proposent une exploration des strategies utilisees par les instrumentistes dans differents contextes impliquant differents modes de jeux, tempos et nuances. L'article II se concentre sur les transitions entre coups d'archet, produisant differentes qualites d'articulations entre notes, et souligne leur importance dans la maitrise du controle de l'archet. L'article IV propose des modeles du mouvement inspires de travaux en biomecanique, et permettant notamment de mettre en avant l'influence du contexte musical. Les applications a la creation artistique et a la pedagogie musicale sont egalement presentees.
Predicting habitat affinities of plant species using commonly measured 1 functional traits 2

42 Questions : : Heinz Ellenberg classically defined “indicator” scores for species representing their typical 43 positions along gradients of key environmental variables, and these have proven very useful for 44 designating ecological distributions. We tested a key tenent of trait-based ecology, i.e., the ability to 45 predict ecological preferences from species’ traits. More specifically, can we predict Ellenberg indicator 46 scores for soil nutrients, soil moisture and irradiance from four well-studied traits: leaf area, leaf dry 47 matter content, specific leaf area and seed mass? Can we use such relationships to estimate Ellenberg 48 scores for species never classified by Ellenberg? 49 Location : Global 50 Methods : Cumulative link models were developed to predict Ellenberg nutrients, irradiance and 51 moisture values from Ln-transformed trait values using 922, 981 and 988 species respectively. We then 52 independently tested these prediction equations using the trait values of 423 and 421 new species that 53 occurred elsewere in Europe, North America and Morocco and whose habitat affinities we could classify 54 from independent sources as 3-level ordinal ranks related to soil moisture and irradiance. The traits 55 were specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf area and seed mass. 56 Results : The four functional traits predicted the Ellenberg indicator scores of site fertility, light and 57 moisture with average error rates of < 2 Ellenberg ranks out of 9. We then used the trait values of 423 58 and 421 species respectively that occurred (mostly) outside of Germany but whose habitat affinities we 59 could classify as 3-level ordinal ranks related to soil moisture and irradiance. The predicted positions of 60 the new species, given the equations derived from the Ellenberg indices, agreed well with their 61 independent habitat classifications, although our equation for Ellenberg irrandiance levels performed 62 poorly on the lower ranks. Conclusions : These prediction equations, and their eventual extensions, could be used to provide 64 approximate descriptions of habitat affinities of large numbers of species worldwide.
3D hydrodynamic interactions lead to divergences in 2D diffusion

We investigate the influence of 3D hydrodynamic interactions on confined colloidal suspensions, where only the colloids are restricted to one or two dimensions. In the absence of static interactions among the colloids, i.e., an ideal gas of colloidal particles with a finite hydrodynamic radius, we find a divergent collective diffusion coefficient. The origin of the divergence is traced back to the dimensional mismatch of 3D hydrodynamic interactions and the colloidal particles moving only in 1D or 2D. Our results from theory are confirmed by Stokesian dynamics simulations and supported by light scattering observational data for particles at a fluid interface.
Business knowledge and skills.

Andrew N. Garman, Psy.D. , associate professor and director of master’s programs, Department of Health Systems Management, Rush University, Chicago; Teresa Burkhart, senior director, Rush Health Associates, and assistant professor, Department of Health Systems Management, Rush University; and Jeremy Strong, administrator, Surgical Services, and instructor, Department of Health Systems Management, Rush University
In vitro characterization of 4′-(p-toluenesulfonylamide)-4-hydroxychalcone using human liver microsomes and recombinant cytochrome P450s

Abstract 1. 4′-(p-Toluenesulfonylamide)-4-hydroxychalcone (TSAHC) is a synthetic sulfonylamino chalcone compound possessing anti-cancer properties. The aim of this study was to elucidate the metabolism of TSAHC in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and to characterize the cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of TSAHC. 2. TSAHC was incubated with HLMs or recombinant P450 isoforms (rP450) in the presence of an nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH)-regenerating system. The metabolites were identified and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). P450 isoforms, responsible for TSAHC metabolite formation, were characterized by chemical inhibition and correlation studies in HLMs and enzyme kinetic studies with a panel of rP450 isoforms. 3. Two hydroxyl metabolites, that is M1 and M2, were produced from the human liver microsomal incubations (Km and Vmax values were 2.46 µM and 85.1 pmol/min/mg protein for M1 and 9.98 µM and 32.1 pmol/min/mg protein for M2, respectively). The specific P450 isoforms responsible for two hydroxy-TSAHC formations were identified using a combination of chemical inhibition, correlation analysis and metabolism by expressed recombinant P450 isoforms. The known P450 enzyme activities and the rate of TSAHC metabolite formation in the 15 HLMs showed that TSAHC metabolism is correlated with CYP2C and CYP3A activity. The P450 isoform-selective inhibition study in HLMs and the incubation study of cDNA-expressed enzymes also showed that two hydroxyl metabolites M1 and M2 biotransformed from TSAHC are mainly mediated by CYP2C and CYP3A, respectively. These findings suggest that CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 isoforms are major enzymes contributing to TSAHC metabolism.
Identification of Novel Regulators of atonal Expression in the Developing Drosophila Retina

Atonal is a Drosophila proneural protein required for the proper formation of the R8 photoreceptor cell, the founding photoreceptor cell in the developing retina. Proper expression and refinement of the Atonal protein is essential for the proper formation of the Drosophila adult eye. In vertebrates, expression of transcription factors orthologous to Drosophila Atonal (MATH5/Atoh7, XATH5, and ATH5) and their progressive restriction are also involved in specifying the retinal ganglion cell, the founding neural cell type in the mammalian retina. Thus, identifying factors that are involved in regulating the expression of Atonal during development are important to fully understand how retinal neurogenesis is accomplished. We have performed a chemical mutagenesis screen for autosomal dominant enhancers of a loss-of-function atonal eye phenotype. We report here the identification of five genes required for proper Atonal expression, three of which are novel regulators of Atonal expression in the Drosophila retina. We characterize the role of the daughterless, kismet, and roughened eye genes on atonal transcriptional regulation in the developing retina and show that each gene regulates atonal transcription differently within the context of retinal development. Our results provide additional insights into the regulation of Atonal expression in the developing Drosophila retina.
Application of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) superstrates with controllable defects for a class of patch antennas as spatial angular filters

We present some applications of an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) superstrate as a spatial angular filter for filtering undesired radiation by sharpening the radiation pattern. Two different defects, one introduced by the ground plane of the antenna and the other produced by a row of defect rods with different dielectric constants in the EBG structure, are simultaneously used as key controllers of directivity enhancement. Initially, we study the unit cell of the EBG structures by varying several parameters, in order to understand how they influence the locations of the bandgap and defect frequencies. Next, the defect frequencies of the unit cell of the EBG cover, and those with high directivity for the EBG antenna composite, are compared to validate the proposed design scheme. Finally, we introduce some interesting applications of EBG superstrates for various types of patch antennas as spatial angular filters, such as a dual-band orthogonally-polarized antenna, a wide-band directive antenna, and an array antenna with grating lobes.
CD2‐mediated signaling in T cells lacking the ζ‐chain‐specific immune receptor tyrosine‐based activation (ITAM) motif

T lymphocytes can be activated via the T cell receptor (TCR) or by triggering through a number of other surface structures, including the CD2 co‐receptor molecule. Signaling through the CD2 molecule was shown previously to be dependent on the TCR‐associated ζ‐chain. Here, we show that CD2‐induced activation also functions in T cells which express ζ‐chains lacking a functional immune‐receptor tyrosine‐based activation motif (ITAM). TCR‐positive T cells that express only the transmembrane part of the ζ‐chain protein and thus lack a functional ζ‐derived ITAM readily produce interleukin (IL)‐2 when cross‐linked with CD2‐specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb). TCR‐negative T cell hybridomas expressing minimal receptors consisting of an extracellular CD25 and an intracellular ζ‐chain‐derived segment were effectively stimulated via CD2‐specific mAb. For CD2‐mediated co‐stimulation of TCR‐negative cells, two ζ‐chain‐derived ITAM were sufficient to induce IL‐2 when the CD2 molecules were co‐cross‐linked with the chimeric CD25‐ζ molecules. Taken together, our results show that CD2‐induced signaling does not necessarily employ the ζ‐chain in TCR‐positive cells and that CD2‐dependent co‐stimulation in TCR‐negative cells can be mediated via two functional ζ‐chain‐derived ITAM.
Institutional change and healthcare organizations: from professional dominance to managed care

From an historical and sociological perspective, ‘integrated care’ has emerged as part of institutional efforts to break up professional fiefdoms, especially of subspecialists entrenched in hospitals, and to reorganise services around clinically integrated pathways and services for the patients. It was the more enlightened part of what I have called the ‘buyers’ revolt’, which occurred in the 1980s when those who had long paid the bills (insurers, governments, employers) became so fed up by the waste, excesses, and variability of services delivered under professional dominance that they started to take forceful action w1x. This book is a masterpiece of historical work and organisational analysis of that revolt at its centre, the San Francisco Bay area.
New research on scalability of lossless image compression by GP engine

By introducing the optimal linear predictive code technique into the dynamic issue of lossless image compression, this paper presented a less complexity fitness function for genetic programming engine, which can reduce the cost of computational time in each evaluation for individual greatly, and can also provide further benefit with the scalability issue. To make the speed of large image compression faster in condition of not increasing the cost of computational resource and time, evaluating mechanism in the field of machine learning was used to help genetic programming, and the scalability issue was mapped to the task of making the approach accuracy best from lower speed sampling to higher speed sampling in the field of signal processing. In experiments for compressing large images, the cost of computational time was reduced evidently and efficiently.
Intranasal Administration of Alpha Interferon Reduces Seasonal Influenza A Virus Morbidity in Ferrets

ABSTRACT The type I interferon (IFN) response represents one of the first lines of defense against influenza virus infections. In this study, we assessed the protective potential of exogenous IFN-α against seasonal and highly pathogenic influenza viruses in ferrets. Intranasal treatment with IFN-α several hours before infection with the H1N1 influenza A virus strain A/USSR/90/77 reduced viral titers in nasal washes at least 100-fold compared to mock-treated controls. IFN-treated animals developed only mild and transient respiratory symptoms, and the characteristic fever peak seen in mock-treated ferrets 2 days after infection was not observed. Repeated application of IFN-α substantially increased the protective effect of the cytokine treatment. IFN-α did not increase survival after infection with the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus strain A/Vietnam/1203/2004. However, viral titers in nasal washes were significantly reduced at days 1 and 3 postinfection. Our study shows that intranasal application of IFN-α can protect ferrets from seasonal influenza viruses, which replicate mainly in the upper respiratory tract, but not from highly pathogenic influenza viruses, which also disseminate to the lung. Based on these results, a more intensive evaluation of IFN-α as an emergency drug against pandemic influenza A is warranted.
NovoFLAP: A Ligand-Based De Novo Design Approach for the Generation of Medicinally Relevant Ideas

NovoFLAP is a computer-aided de novo design tool that generates medicinally relevant ideas for ligand-based projects. The approach combines an evolutionary algorithm (EA-Inventor) with a powerful ligand-based scoring function that uses both molecular shape and pharmacophore features in a multiconformational context (FLAP). We demonstrate that NovoFLAP can generate novel ideas that are not only appealing to design scientists but are also validated by comparison to compounds known to demonstrate activity at the desired biological target. NovoFLAP provides a novel computer-aided design technique that can be used to generate ideas that maintain desirable molecular attributes, such as activity at the primary biological target, while offering opportunities to surmount additional design challenges. Application to the design of the first nonbasic 5HT(1B) antagonist is presented.
Evaluation of the clinimetrics of transcutaneous oxygen measurement and its application in wound care

Transcutaneous oxygen (TcPO2) measurement is a non‐invasive diagnostic tool increasingly being used in clinical practice. Existing evidence suggests that reduction of TcPO2 is correlated with an increase in skin ischaemia, and its measurement has been shown to have predictive value for wound healing in diabetic patients, success rate of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, amputation rate in patients suffering from peripheral vascular disease or with ischaemic ulcers. This article evaluates the clinimetrics of TcPO2 measurement in adults with discussion of its potential application in clinical practice.
The Effect of Sexual Abstinence on Educational Attainment

A number of studies have shown that teenagers who abstain from sex are more likely to graduate from high school and attend college than their sexually active peers. However, it is unclear whether this association represents a causal relationship or can be explained by unmeasured heterogeneity. This study employs a variety of econometric techniques to distinguish between these hypotheses using data on females from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Our results provide evidence that delaying first intercourse leads to an increased likelihood of graduating high school. The avoidance of teen pregnancies can explain approximately one third of this effect. Controlling for teen pregnancies, psychological/emotional factors, and academic performance reduces the estimated effect by more than 50 percent. (JEL: I21, I10, J13)
Soul Sickness: A Frequently Missed Diagnosis

Abstract “Soul sickness,” or demoralization, is characterized by feelings of hopelessness and helplessness and a perceived sense of incompetence. This condition typically involves vague, unexplained physical symptoms. Soul sickness can be efficiently diagnosed by asking patients a series of questions about their personal lives. Patients with this condition require a restoration of their morale and hope. Physicians can assist patients in regaining hope by encouraging them to focus on new, adaptive behaviors. As osteopathic physicians, we can use our skills in osteopathic manipulative treatment to manage the demoralization-related physical symptoms of patients.
Enhanced skin tone detection using heuristic thresholding

The segmentation of skin regions in color images is a preliminary step in several applications. Many different methods to discriminate between skin pixels and non-skin pixels are available in literature. The presence of skin or non-skin region in a digital image can be determined by manipulating tone and/or texture of pixels. The main problem in the detection of skin tone is that it is not satisfactory under illumination conditions and is rarely used for production of an enhanced image. The objective of this article is to enhance and ensure a robust skin tone detection approach which works better under varying lighting conditions and unconstrained environments. This paper outlines a method for detection of skin tone using a heuristic thresholding of YCbCr color space and skin tone enhancement. This approach is successfully applied for segmenting human skin and non-skin regions of single person and group of people in random internet images. Evaluation of the proposed approach can be done using different measures like F-measure, specificity and detection rate. Comparison of the proposed method is made with the HSV model. Experimental results demonstrate high objective quality in terms of detection rate and low false positive rates for the proposed model compared to HSV model for variety of images under varying lighting conditions.
New insights into pre‐mRNA processing factor 19: A multi‐faceted protein in humans

During the dynamic assembly and activation of the spliceosome, human pre‐mRNA processing factor 19 (hPrp19) plays a major role alone or as a part of a protein complex. In addition to participating in post‐transcriptional regulation of eukaryotic gene, hPrp19 takes part in many physiological events such as ubiquitin–proteasome system, DNA damage response, proliferation and apoptosis. Increasing evidence also indicates a potential role of hPrp19 during oncogenesis, possibly owing to its activity of repressing apoptosis. Together, these studies add a new dimension to our understanding of hPrp19, and we have reason to believe that continuing excavation of this multi‐faceted protein may shed light on its roles in human diseases, especially in cancer.
Enhanced penetration of indinavir in cerebrospinal fluid and semen after the addition of low-dose ritonavir

ObjectivePenetration of antiretroviral drugs into anatomical HIV-1 reservoirs such as the male genital tract and the central nervous system is important. Data on indinavir (IDV) concentrations in seminal plasma are lacking and IDV concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid are at best borderline. DesignThirteen patients were treated with zidovudine (or stavudine), lamivudine, abacavir, nevirapine and IDV (1000 mg three times daily). When nevirapine led to low IDV concentrations, IDV was changed into the combination IDV/ritonavir (RTV) 800/100 mg twice daily to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of IDV. MethodsA serum pharmacokinetic profile, a semen sample and a cerebrospinal fluid sample were collected at weeks 8, 24, 48 and 72. ResultsAddition of RTV increased the median IDV trough concentration in serum from 65 to 336 ng/ml (P = 0.005). Median IDV concentration in seminal plasma increased from 141 to 1634 ng/ml (P = 0.002) (n = 9) and in cerebrospinal fluid from 39 (n = 12) to 104 (n = 7) ng/ml (P < 0.001). In six patients with samples collected both before and after the addition of RTV, the IDV concentration in seminal plasma increased 8.2 times [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.2–11.6], and in cerebrospinal fluid 2.4 times (95% CI 1.8–3.9). ConclusionsIDV penetrates well into the male genital tract. The addition of low-dose RTV not only increases IDV concentrations in serum but also in seminal plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, thereby probably improving the potency of the regimen in these anatomical HIV reservoirs. Higher serum trough levels alone can not sufficiently explain the observed increases in seminal plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein-mediated transport by RTV might be an additional mechanism.