Clinical Questions and an Inquiring Mind for Patients with IgG4-related Disease

Immunoglobulin (Ig)G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a new disease entity that was established in Japan in this century. This chronic fibro-inflammatory disorder is characterized by elevated levels of serum IgG4 and abundant infiltration of IgG4-bearing plasma cells with fibrosis. Various organs can be involved, including the lacrimal and salivary glands, pancreas, bile duct, kidneys, retroperitoneal cavity, lungs, aorta, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and prostate gland (1). Before the establishment of this disorder, lesions of the lacrimal and salivary glands were usually diagnosed as Sjögren’s syndrome (2), and pancreatic lesions were often diagnosed as pancreatic cancer and treated surgically. However, regarding pancreatic lesions, lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis was proposed based on the histopathological findings described by Kawaguchi et al. (3), and autoimmune pancreatitis was proposed from clinical findings by Yoshida et al. (4) in the 1990s. Lacrimal and salivary gland lesions were noticed to be different from typical Sjögren’s syndrome (5, 6). In 2000, elevated levels of serum IgG4 were detected in autoimmune pancreatitis by Hamano et al. (7), and the same group found prominent infiltration of IgG4-positive plasmacytes in the involved organs the following year (8). This was the beginning of IgG4-RD. The lacrimal and salivary gland involvement were later revealed to be quite different from Sjögren’s syndrome (9). The new disease entity was subsequently proposed as IgG4-related autoimmune disease by Kamisawa et al. (10), IgG4-positive multiorgan lymphoproliferative syndrome by Masaki et al. (11), and systemic IgG4-related plasmacytic syndrome (SIPS) by our group (12). Only 18 years ago, these disease concepts were unified under the term IgG4-RD. I read both the paper by Konno et al. (13) and the case report from 35 years ago (14) with interest and excitement. They impressed me. The diagnosis for the case 35 years ago was not, of course, IgG4-RD. At present, IgG4-RD is relatively easy to diagnose based on the typical clinical findings: enlargement of the submandibular gland; periaortitis; and hydronephrosis due to left ureteral obstruction. However, the mesenteric vein obstruction and central diabetes insipidus were very interesting findings, even now. Certainly, the authors seemed to have felt uncomfortable with the diagnosis of this case. That is why it is worth noting that this clinical question was solved 35 years later. Scientists, including physicians, must always have a degree of intellectual modesty and an inquiring mind. The description in the textbook at hand will not necessarily be considered correct in the future. Current medical knowledge is imperfect, and there is a constant need to review our own understanding. We are always striving to provide patients with the best treatment based on the latest knowledge. If questions remain that cannot be resolved even using the latest medical knowledge, the issues involved need to be kept in mind. Time will pass and new findings may provide insights that will solve them. The authors continued to keep their clinical question in mind and took action 35 years later. This diagnostic process gave me a feeling of excitement and led me to remember the scientific ideal. The humility and spirit of inquiry the authors show are indispensable for doctors. In particular, I recommend that young doctors and researchers read this paper, and hopefully keep the lessons provided in their minds.