Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Health Decision Making: Lynchpin of Evidence-Based Practice

Health decision making is both the lynchpin and the least developed aspect of evidence-based practice. The evidence-based practice process requires integrating the evidence with consideration of practical resources and patient preferences and doing so via a process that is genuinely collaborative. Yet, the literature is largely silent about how to accomplish integrative, shared decision making. Implications for evidence-based practice are discussed for 2 theories of clinician decision making (expected utility and fuzzy trace) and 2 theories of patient health decision making (transtheoretical model and reasoned action). Three suggestions are offered. First, it would be advantageous to have theory-based algorithms that weight and integrate the 3 data strands (evidence, resources, preferences) in different decisional contexts. Second, patients, not providers, make the decisions of greatest impact on public health, and those decisions are behavioral. Consequently, theory explicating how provider-patient collaboration can influence patient lifestyle decisions made miles from the provider's office is greatly needed. Third, although the preponderance of data on complex decisions supports a computational approach, such an approach to evidence-based practice is too impractical to be widely applied at present. More troublesomely, until patients come to trust decisions made computationally more than they trust their providers' intuitions, patient adherence will remain problematic. A good theory of integrative, collaborative health decision making remains needed.
Autosomal recessive congenital cerebellar hypoplasia

We report three sibling pairs with congenital cerebellar hypoplasia. All six children presented in the first years of life with delays in motor and language development. All patients showed cerebellar and/or vermal dysfunction and, on formal psychometric testing, cognitive abilities ranged from normal to moderately retarded. Abnormalities on CT scan ranged from prominent valleculla to an enlarged cisterna magna with hypoplasia of the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis. The pedigrees are consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance.
Regulation of Food Intake by Inflammatory Cytokines in the Brain

A number of inflammatory cytokines are synthesized and released after activation of the immune system. In addition to other biological effects, these cytokines can potently inhibit food intake. Cytokine-mediated inhibition of food intake is of particular importance because excessive production of peripheral inflammatory cytokines is often associated with the cachexia-anorexia syndrome seen in some chronic diseases. The weight loss in cachexia is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality. Understanding how cytokines regulate food intake may be crucial in enhancing quality of life and facilitating recovery in patients exhibiting cachexia. This review describes the main inflammatory cytokines that influence food intake and explores how peripheral cytokines communicate with hypothalamic nuclei to influence feeding.
Effect of fatigue, workload, and environment on patient safety in the pediatric intensive care unit

Introduction: Pediatric intensive care unit patient care occurs in an unpredictable, technology-rich environment that is dependent on highly skilled providers who need constant communication—all features providing the setting for potential error. This review examines basic principles of human error and sleep physiology and evaluates the evidence for potential effects of fatigued healthcare workers and workload on medical error. Body: The pediatric intensive care unit setting, examined from a human factors engineering standpoint, is a highly complex environment in which fatigue and excessive workload can provide potential “holes” that may allow errors to occur. A large body of evidence is examined that suggests sleep deprivation can impair medical and surgical performance and can be improved with scheduling intervention. Nursing fatigue and workload have documented effects on increasing intensive care unit error, infections, and cost. Specific environmental factors such as distractions and communication barriers are also associated with greater error. Conclusion: Fatigue, excessive workload, and the pediatric intensive care unit environment can adversely affect the performance of physicians and nurses working in the pediatric intensive care unit. The weight of the evidence suggests that these factors have the potential to contribute to medical error in the pediatric intensive care unit.
The Rod-and-Frame Effect: The Whole is Less than the Sum of its Parts

Since the discovery of the influence of the tilted frame on the visual perception of the orientation perceived as vertical (VPV), the frame has been treated as a unitary object—a Gestalt. We evaluated the effect of 1-line, 2-line, 3-line, and 4-line (square frame) stimuli of two different sizes, and asked whether the influence of the square frame on VPV is any greater than the additive combination of separate influences produced by the individual lines constituting the frame. We found that, for each size, the square frame is considerably less influential than the additive combination of the influences of the individual lines. The results conform to a mass action rule, in which the lengths and orientations of the individual line components are what matters and the organization of the lines into a square does not—no higher-level Gestalt property is involved in the induction effect on VPV.
Evaluation of the efficacy and long-term safety outcomes of first generation drug-eluting stents in off-label indications

FDA approval of drug-eluting stents (DES) in 2002, was based on data obtained from several pivotal, short-term (< one year) randomized control trials that evaluated their efficacy in reducing in-stent restenosis when used in treatment of coronary artery lesions compared with bare metal stents (BMS). These trials excluded patients with complex coronary lesions. When the FDA approved use of DES in treatment of coronary artery lesions, the on-label indications only applied to a very limited subset of simple lesions. Immediate advantages of DES were observed in clinical practice for onlabel indications, specifically in their ability to significantly reduce in-stent restenosis after PCI. The increased short-term safety and efficacy seen in onlabel clinical cases soon led clinicians to expand the use DES to more complex lesions. These complex indications, not included in the pivotal FDA trials, are considered off-label. Off-label indications include bifurcation lesions, ostial lesions, lesions greater in length and diameter than those approved by the FDA, implantation in saphenous vein grafts, and lesions in the left main coronary artery. Currently, DES use for treatment of lesions presenting off-label indications
Recording soccer players' heart rates during matches.

The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of obtaining information about the heart rate and physiological load imposed on soccer players during a game. The study was conducted on 27 soccer players, 9 each from semi-professional, university and recreational soccer teams. Players from all positions (attack, midfield and defence) were selected for the study. Each subject's heart rate was monitored during a match using a short-range radio telemetry (Sport Tester PE3000), and was sampled at 5-s intervals. The results indicate that it is possible to monitor successfully the heart rate of players with such equipment. The mean heart rate and standard deviation for each player during match play were: semi-professional players (172 +/- 12, 176 +/- 9 and 166 +/- 15 for forwards, midfielders and defenders, respectively); university players (171 +/- 13, 173 +/- 10 and 156 +/- 13 for forwards, midfielders and defenders, respectively); and recreational players (173 +/- 13, 170 +/- 12 and 162 +/- 13 for forwards, midfielders and defenders, respectively). Analysis by playing position revealed that midfield and forward players has a greater mean heart rate during a game than defensive players. To examine the suitability and accuracy of the two methods of obtaining objective data on heart rate, comparisons were made between the Sport Tester PE3000 and a standard electrocardiograph (ECG) telemetry technique. The results show that both techniques produce similar results; the former was the more convenient. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
From the Insoluble Dye Indirubin towards Highly Active, Soluble CDK2‐Inhibitors

The natural product indirubin (1) is part of the class of indigo dyes, employed by mankind since the Bronze Age for textile coloring. These indigo dyes were traditionally obtained by processing of precursor compounds occurring in a number of plants and marine animals and consisted mainly of indigo (5 ; blue) with a small percentage of indirubin (1; purple). In the course of an intensive effort to prepare synthetic indigo as a further program for the rapidly expanding dye industries, the first total synthesis of indirubin (1) was achieved in 1870 by Adolf von Bayer. Shortly thereafter, the total synthesis of indigo was achieved, and synthetic indigo became a major product of the dye industries. Eventually, this dye chemistry laid the foundation for the first synthetic drugs including arsphenamine, acetaminophen, and acetyl salicylic acid. More than 100 years later in 1979, indirubin was reported in a seminal publication to be the active constituent of a traditional Chinese antileukemia remedy. This finding prompted further investigations into the pharmacological properties of the indirubins 5, 6] and resulted in a 1999 report by Eisenbrand, Johnson, Mejier, and co-workers, who showed that indirubin and close analogues are ATP-competitive inhibitors of the enzyme CDK2 (1: IC50 = 2 mm ; see Table 1), a key target in the ongoing search for novel antitumor therapies. 8] This discovery places indirubin in the larger class of ATP-competitive CDK inhibitors of the oxindole family, such as 2, 3, and 4 (Scheme 1). 9] In this publication, the X-ray structure of the related indirubin-5-sulfonic acid (20 ; IC50 =
Afazja a bilingwizm

sign system and grammatical rules), social reality (application of language rules, social rank of interlocutor and intentions of speaker). Men’s verbal behavior is realized simultaneously in three areas of reality: biological and physical reality (working of the speech production and perception systems governed by brain centers), mental reality (functioning of an abstract sign system and grammatical rules in the mind), and social reality (application of language rules defining the ways in which texts are executed adequately to the situation, social rank of the interlocutor and intentions of the speaker). The aphasia requires data from numerous fields used for the diagnosis, clinical description and therapy. These fields comprise: neurology (organic and local diagnosis), psychology (functional diagnosis), linguistics (the description of linguistic behavior) and sociology (age, sex, social background, etc). Speech is a complex, structured and controlled process. The course of the successive stages of forming an utterance is controlled by linguistic knowledge, depending on the character of linguistic reflection, of two types: “the knowledge how. ” (metalinguistic competence), and “the knowledge that. ” (linguistic-competence). In conclusion, results point to the importance of factors such as social context, pre and post morbid language skills and systematic analysis of bilingual’s languages in different communicative contexts as important factors in evaluating code switching. Research indicate clinical necessity of modifying existing methods of description and therapy to suit them the needs of bilingual aphasics, considering the heterogeneous nature of the phenomena. AFAZJA A BILINGWIZM
Dezentrale, kontextbasierte Steuerung der Suche im Internet

Die Auswahl von Suchbegriffen, die einerseits ein Informationsbedurfnis passend beschreiben, aber durch die auch relevante Suchergebnisse gewonnen werden konnen, spielt besonders bei der Suche im Internet eine grose Rolle. Durch die riesige Menge an Informationen im Internet ist es jedoch fur Nutzer oftmals nicht leicht, gesuchte Informationen tatsachlich zu finden. Die Berucksichtigung des jeweiligen Suchkontextes eines Nutzers bei der Zusammenstellung von Suchergebnissen, d.h. die Nutzung seines erlangten Wissens aus vorangegangen Suchsitzungen, findet zu diesem Zweck aktuell bei der Verwendung von Websuchmaschinen keine Anwendung. Diese versuchen vielmehr durch simple Erweiterung von Suchanfragen mit gangigen, aber nicht immer passenden Begriffen, den Nutzer zu unterstutzen. Diese Arbeit stellt mehrere Verfahren vor, den Suchkontext durch Techniken der Verarbeitung von lokal auf Endgeraten des Nutzers gespeicherten, naturlichsprachigen Textdokumenten, insbesondere durch Analyse von Kookkurrenzgraphen, automatisiert zu erheben und geeignete Begriffe aus ihnen zur Verbesserung der Suche im Internet einzusetzen. Die Bestimmung dieser Begriffe erfolgt dabei unter Einbeziehung der semantischen Beziehungen zwischen Wortformen in diesen Texten durch diesbezuglich erweiterte Varianten der Algorithmen PageRank und HITS sowie durch ein Verfahren der lokalen Suchworterweiterung. Es wird nachgewiesen, dass die Verwendung dieser Suchbegriffe die Anzahl der dem Nutzer zuruckgegebenen, relevanten Suchergebnisse masgeblich steigert. Ein vorgestellter, auf PageRank basierender, Clustering-Algorithmus ist in der Lage, lexikale Verkettungen zu erzeugen, deren Begriffe sich zur Verfolgung von Themen im Internet eignen. Zusatzlich wird ein neuartiges, auf HITS basierendes, Verfahren prasentiert, das die Verlinkung von Webdokumenten bezuglich ihrer semantischen Abhangigkeiten untereinander vorschlagt. Auf diese Weise wird eine dokumentubergreifende Themenverfolgung ermoglicht, die uber simple Erfassung semantischer Ahnlichkeiten zwischen Dokumenten hinaus geht. Die Arbeit wird abgerundet durch die Vorstellung zweier interaktiver Suchapplikationen, die die zuvor beschriebenen Verfahren implementieren.
Design Considerations for Coreless Linear Actuators

Linear permanent magnet synchronous motors are often used in applications where a high accuracy is needed. This paper investigates the influence of the key design parameters on the performance of a linear actuator with vertically magnetized magnets and a magnet array with quasi-Halbach magnetization. The performance is modeled by means of analytical expressions of the three-dimensional magnetic field components and optimal design ratios and guidelines are established.
Relation of capsular materials and colony opacity to virulence of Vibrio vulnificus

Colonies which varied in opacity were isolated from the four strains of Vibrio vulnificus. Opaque and translucent colonial types of the strains were distinguished from the corresponding parent strains. Variation in the opacity of colonies formed by each strain was accompanied by variation of capsular material formation, which was clarified by electron microscopy of the organisms stained with ruthenium red. The opaque-type colonies of the strains had capsular materials. On the other hand, three translucent-type colonies had no observable capsular materials, and one had incomplete capsular materials, in contrast to the corresponding opaque type. The corresponding opaque and translucent types of the strains were compared for points of virulence in mice and guinea pigs. By having capsular materials, the bacterial strains acquired resistance to serum bactericidal action, antiphagocytic activity, high lethality for mice, and strong invasiveness in the subcutaneous tissue of guinea pigs. Capsular materials of V. vulnificus were considered to be important for the expression of virulence.
How many HIV infections are there in Israel? Reconstructing HIV incidence from AIDS case reporting.

BACKGROUND The reporting of AIDS cases to Israel's Ministry of Health is believed to be accurate, but the completeness of HIV surveillance is unknown. We implement a model that reconstructs HIV incidence in Israel from AIDS case reports excluding Ethiopian immigrants. METHODS We apply the well-known method of backcalculation to AIDS cases reported to the Ministry of Health. The data are adjusted statistically to account for reporting delays and the elimination of AIDS Related Complex reporting. The analysis also accounts for the impact of differential administration of antiretroviral therapy to HIV-infected persons over time. RESULTS Excluding Ethiopian immigrants, we find that the cumulative number of HIV infections reported to the Ministry of Health through December 1993 (1,011) is not statistically different from the model's estimate of 922 (z = 1.04; p = 0.30), though the reported number of new infections in recent years exceeds the modeleted rate. CONCLUSIONS The low HIV incidence estimated among non-Ethiopian Israelis is consistent with other studies of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV-related risky behavior in Israel. This result counters the hypothesis that an explosive HIV epidemic will occur. That the number of recently reported new infections exceeds the estimate from the model could indicate that the reporting system is catching up with the extant spread of disease, or that the model is missing some aspect of the dynamics of HIV in Israel. We suggest that comparing future annual HIV incidence rates to the model's upper bound of 80 infections per year will enable resolution of this issue over time.
Unstable modes of non-axisymmetric gaseous discs

We present a perturbation theory for studying the instabilities of non-axisymmetric gaseous discs. We perturb the dynamical equations of self-gravitating fluids in the vicinity of a non-axisymmetric equilibrium, and expand the perturbed physical quantities in terms of a complete basis set and a small non-axisymmetry parameter ǫ. We then derive a linear eigenvalue problem in matrix form, and determine the pattern speed, growth rate and mode shapes of the first three unstable modes. In nonaxisymmetric discs the amplitude and phase angle of travelling waves are functions of both the radius R and the azimuthal angle φ. This is due to the interaction of different wave components in the response spectrum. We demonstrate that wave interaction in unstable discs with small initial asymmetries, can develop dense clumps during the phase of exponential growth. Local clumps, which occur on the major spiral arms, can constitute seeds of gas giant planets in accretion discs.
In vivo and ex vivo MR imaging of slowly cycling melanoma cells

Slowly cycling cells are believed to play a critical role in tumor progression and metastatic dissemination. The goal of this study was to develop a method for in vivo detection of slowly cycling cells. To distinguish these cells from more rapidly proliferating cells that constitute the vast majority of cells in tumors, we used the well‐known effect of label dilution due to division of cells with normal cycle and retention of contrast agent in slowly dividing cells. To detect slowly cycling cells, melanoma cells were labeled with iron oxide particles. After labeling, we observed dilution of contrast agent in parallel with cell proliferation in the vast majority of normally cycling cells. A small and distinct subpopulation of iron‐retaining cells was detected by flow cytometry after 20 days of in vitro proliferation. These iron‐retaining cells exhibited high expression of a biological marker of slowly cycling cells, JARID1B. After implantation of labeled cells as xenografts into immunocompromised mice, iron‐retaining cells were detected in vivo and ex vivo by magnetic resonance imaging that was confirmed by Prussian Blue staining. Magnetic resonance imaging detects not only iron retaining melanoma cells but also iron positive macrophages. Proposed method opens up opportunities to image subpopulation of melanoma cells, which is critical for continuous tumor growth. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determinants of technical efficiency of crop and livestock farms in Poland

Poland, one of the candidate countries for European Union membership, is currently experiencing acute structural problems within its agriculture sector. This article analyses technical efficiency and its determinants for a panel of individual farms in Poland specialized in crop and livestock production in 2000. Technical efficiency is estimated with stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and confidence intervals are constructed. Determinants of inefficiency are also evaluated. The SFA results are compared with results using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). On average, livestock farms are more technically efficient than crop farms. For both specializations, the size–efficiency relationship is positive, that is large farms are more efficient. The SFA findings are generally supported by the DEA results. Soil quality and the degree of integration with downstream markets are highly important determinants of efficiency. The use of factor markets (land and labour) is important for crop farms, while livestock farms can rely on family labour and own land. Also, education is a constraint to efficiency particularly for crop farms.
Caries and plaque inhibition by mutanase in rats.

The effects of mutanase (α-1,3 glucan 3-glucanohydrolase, free of 1,6 activity produced by Trichoderma harzianum OMZ 779) and dextranase (α-1,6 glucan 6-glucanohydrolase obtained from Penicillium funiculosum) on plaque formation and caries incidence were investigated in two groups of 36 rats each. The first group was kept in relative gnotobiosis with Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176 E, the second group harboured its indigenous flora. During the entire 28-day experimental period the animals were housed in a feeding machine and fed 18 meals per day. For the first three experimental days both groups received diet 2,000 (56% sucrose). Thereafter each of the two groups was distributed among the following treatments: O: diet 2,000; M: diet 2,000 containing mutanase (100 MU/ g); D: diet 2,000 containing dextranase (150 DU/g); M+D: diet 2,000 containing both enzymes (100 MU and 150 DU/g). Blood for white cell counts was collected prior to sacrifice by heart puncture. Extent of plaque on the smooth surfaces of the upper molars was scored under a dissection microscope after staining with erythrosin. Fissure caries was assessed on serial sections of the first and second lower molars.
Comparison of gastric cancer surgery between patients aged >80 years and <79 years: complications and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors.

BACKGROUND/AIMS To evaluate the clinicopathological features and results of surgery for gastric cancer in elderly patients aged ˃80 years relative to those aged ˂79 years, and to recommend the appropriate surgical treatment for elderly patients. METHODOLOGY A total of 332 patients with gastric cancer who underwent gastrectomy in our department between 2002 and 2012 were evaluated. Of these, 81 were aged ˃80 years (Group A) and 251 were aged ˂79 years (Group B). We compared surgical outcomes and survival in these two groups. RESULTS; Postopeartive complications were associated with preoperative cormorbid disease(p<0.01). D2 and R0 resection was common in GroupB (p<0.01). Respiratory complications and hospital deaths were higher in Group A than in Group B. Overall survival (OS) was significantly lower in Group A than in Group B. Regarding Stage I disease, OS was significantly lower in Group A; however, cause-specific survival was similar between the two groups. Multivariate analysis showed that radicality and postoperative complications were independent prognostic factors for OS in elderly gastric cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that postoperative respiratory complications and other causes of death worsened the prognosis of elderly. Preoperative accurate judgment of co-morbid disease, meticulous postoperative management and follow up might be improved survival of gastric cancer in elderly.