Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Des modalités différentes d'un même projet de commercialisation de l'enseignement supérieur

The integration of Higher Education in GATS agreements seems unimaginable and scandalous for many initiators or artisans of the Bologna process. This article is an attempt to understand why their indignation is selective and not so fierce in front of the Higher Education's europeanisation conducted by the Bologna process. It highlights the connexion between the Bologna process, the Lisbon strategy and GATS agreements, that all three lead to a commercialisation of Higher Education. Then, it analyses the contradictions in the discourses of politics and universities leaders who are taking part in the evolution of the commercialisation process, and who, in the same time, are opposed to the idea of including education services in the negotiations undertaken by WTO.
Intrusion detection and response using mobile agent technology

Today the computer security community is in search of novel solutions to achieve efficient detection and response mechanisms. It is especially because attackers intervene in an automated way, at computer speed. Therefore, there is need of such intrusion detection and response systems, which detect and respond at the same speed so that damage may be minimized. We have designed an intrusion detection and response system prototype, based on mobile agents. Our agents travel between systems in a network, obtain information, classify and correlate the information and report to the manager of the intrusion detection and response system (IDRS) which is responsible for responding the attack.
Homemaking practices of provision and maintenance: Implications for environmental action

Practices such as buying a home and carrying out renovations, as well as practices that comprise daily routines, affect land use, layout, and the environmental impact of postindustrial cities. Using theories of social practice, this chapter sheds light on the apparent ambivalence toward environmental action perceived in the majority of households. Drawing on two qualitative studies with Australian households who are buying or renovating their home, the chapter is positioned around household practices of homemaking. These include practices of: provision (buying and/or furnishing homes) and maintenance (repairing and renovating homes). It argues that, as the relationship between practices of homemaking and the materiality of houses is tightly coupled and productive, it presents a considerable challenge for those seeking to intervene in and divert trajectories of consumption. Until this relationship is better understood, and potentially loosened or decoupled, widespread environmental action by households will not be achieved.
Angiotensin II Blockade Augments Renal Cortical Microvascular pO2 Indicating a Novel, Potentially Renoprotective Action

Background: The existence of tubulointerstitial damage in most cases of progressive human glomerular disease suggests that this compartment of the kidney is likely to be targeted by renoprotective agents which slow the progression of disease. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have become the cornerstone of renal protection. Since we have proposed that perturbation of the interstitial capillary circulation with consequent chronic hypoxia could be critical to the progressive nature of many renal diseases, we developed a dynamic method of measuring renal cortical pO2 and sought to determine whether agents which block the renal effects of angiotensin II (AII) could affect interstitial microvascular oxygenation in the normal rat kidney. Methods: Instrumented, anaesthetised adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Cortical microvascular pO2 was measured on the surface of the exposed kidney using protoporphyrin phosphorescence. Blood pressure and renal artery blood flow (Doppler flowmetry) were measured concurrently over a 180-min experimental period. Animals received non-hypotensive doses of enalaprilat (100 µg/kg i.v.) or candesartan (40 µg/kg i.v.) either at the beginning of the experimental period or after an initial decline in cortical microvascular pO2. Results: After a 30-min stabilisation period there was a slow decline in pO2 from 48.6 ± 4.1 to 38.5 ± 6.9 mm Hg in control animals over the 180-min experimental period. Administration of the ACE inhibitor, enalaprilat at the beginning of the experimental period, completely abrogated this decline and protected pO2 levels throughout this period with no effect on blood pressure or renal blood flow. In separate experiments, administration of enalaprilat after microvascular pO2 had fallen by 5 mm Hg, resulted in a rise in RBF and pO2 within 15 min with pO2 remaining elevated for up to 60 min post-injection. The angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist, candesartan, had a similar effect to enalaprilat, inducing a rapid and sustained elevation in cortical pO2. Conclusions: These studies indicate that blockade of AII raises pO2 in the interstitial microvascular compartment of the normal rat kidney. This effect may contribute to the renoprotective action of ACE inhibitors and AII receptor antagonists in slowing the progression of chronic renal diseases.
Biogenesis of the Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Cytolethal Distending Toxin Holotoxin

ABSTRACT The cell cycle G2/M specific inhibitor cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is composed of CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC coded on the cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC genes that are tandem on the chromosomal cdt locus. A. actinomycetemcomitans CdtA has the lipid binding consensus domain, the so-called “lipobox”, at the N-terminal signal sequence. Using Escherichia coli carrying plasmid pTK3022, we show that the 16th residue, cysteine, of CdtA bound [3H]palmitate or [3H]glycerol. Further, posttranslational processing of the signal peptide, CdtA, was inhibited using globomycin, an inhibitor of lipoprotein-specific signal peptidase II. Fractionation and immunoblotting show the lipid-modified CdtA is present in the outer membrane. Immunoprecipitation and the pull-down assay of the CDT complex from E. coli carrying a plasmid containing cdtABC demonstrated that the CDT complex in the periplasm is composed of CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC and that the CDT complex in culture supernatant is an N-terminally truncated (36 to 43 amino acids) form of CdtA (CdtA′), CdtB, and CdtC. This suggests that CDT is present as a complex both in the periplasm and the supernatant where CdtA undergoes posttranslation processing to CdtA′ in the process of biogenesis and secretion of CDT holotoxin into the culture supernatant. Site-directed mutagenesis of the 16th cysteine residue to glycine in CdtA altered localization of CdtA in the cell and reduced the amount of CDT activity in the culture supernatant. This suggests that CDT forms a complex inside the periplasm for lipid modification where posttranslational processing of CdtA plays an important role for the efficient production of CDT holotoxin into the culture supernatant.
Draft Genome Sequence of Streptomyces olivochromogenes NBRC 3561, a Bioactive Peptide-Producing Actinobacterium

ABSTRACT Recently, we found that Streptomyces olivochromogenes NBRC 3561 produced a bioactive peptide, so we sequenced its genome to clarify its biosynthesis. We report here the draft genome sequence of S. olivochromogenes NBRC 3561, in which 40 potential secondary metabolite gene clusters were predicted by antiSMASH.
QUANTITATIVE THALLIUM-201 SCINTIGRAPHY IN CHILDHOOD OSTEOSARCOMA: Comparison with Technetuim-99m MDP and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Chemotherapeutic Response

The aim of this study was to assess early (15 min) and late (2 h) thallium-201 (201Tl) uptake in children with osteosarcoma and to compare these findings with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and technetium-99mAu: Technetuim or Technet.Au: Scan page missing. Disk Fellow. Pls. Check. methylenediphosphonate (99mTc MDP), with emphasis on evaluating tumor viability before and after chemotherapy. Fifteen patients with biopsy-proven osteosarcoma received standard preoperative chemotherapy with a combination of cisplatin, Adriamycin, and high-dose methotrexate. Their ages ranged between 7 and 18 years (median 14.5 years). All patients had 201Tl, 99mTc MDP, and MRI studies. Thallium scintigraphy was performed at 15 min and 2 h after IV injection of 92 MBq of thallium. Thallium uptake ratio was calculated by dividing the count density of the lesion (L) by that of the controlateral normal (N) area. The percent reduction of 201Tl uptake ratio (alteration ratio) was calculated by [100 × (prechemotherapy L/N − postchemotherapy L/N)/prechemotherapy L/N]. Pathologic changes were graded on the basis of % tumor necrosis as defined histologically. Scintigraphic comparisons demonstrated a high-degree of correlation with late 201Tl alteration ratio and poor correlation with both early 201Tl and 99mTc MDP alteration ratios. Late 201Tl images were superior to early 201Tl, 99mTc MDP, and MRI in predicting tumor response to chemotherapy as determined by% tumor necrosis (p <. 01). The authors found that late 201Tl was an accurate test for evaluating the response to specific therapeutic regimens and it can be useful planning surgery or choosing alternative chemotherapeutic regimens.
The right place to grow rice for the Japanese market: comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emissions of rice cultivation in Japan and the United States

ABSTRACT One consequence of increasing agricultural trade is a shift of geographic location of agricultural activity to more economically productive countries. Whether or not the economic efficiency translates to environmental efficiency for agricultural goods is an open question. To examine environmental implications of shifting agricultural location, we analysed the life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of rice production in Japan and the US for the Japanese market in a comparative manner. This paper presents the life-cycle assessment of brown japonica rice. Our computation of GHG emissions of rice production in Japan and the US were 3.54 and 2.99 kgCO2-eq kg-rice−1, respectively. With respect to harvested area, the emissions were 18.4 in Japan and 27.8 tCO2-eq ha−1 in the US. For Japan to be environmentally competitive with the US production, fundamental restructuration of field size is necessary to increase yield. In conclusion, economic efficiency does not translate to environmental efficiency with the case of rice production. Importing rice is both economically and environmentally viable option for the Japanese market.
Hmong-American K-12 Students and the Academic Skills needed for a College Education: A Review of the Existing Literature and Suggestions for Future Research

This research literature review article examines the factors that affect academic success or failure of Hmong-American K-12 students to provide some insights into the academic challenges and complexity they still face today in the American educational system. Existing studies indicate that many Hmong-American students are academically underprepared for postsecondary studies since they are lagging in the academic skills needed for success. Academic and cultural background issues are discussed to help differentiate successful students from less successful students.
Grb10 regulates the development of fiber number in skeletal muscle

Grb10 is an intracellular adaptor protein that acts as a negative regulator of insulin and insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF1) receptors. Since global deletion of Grb10 in mice causes hypermuscularity, we have characterized the skeletal muscle physiology underlying this phenotype. Compared to wild‐type (WT) controls, adult mice deficient in Grb10 have elevated body mass and muscle mass throughout adulthood, up to 12 mo of age. The muscle enlargement is not due to increased myofiber size, but rather an increase in myofiber number (142% of WT, P<0.01). There is no change in myofiber type proportions between WT and Grb10‐deficient muscles, nor are the metabolic properties of the muscles altered on Grb10 deletion. Notably, the weight and cross‐sectional area of hindlimbs from neonatal mice are increased in Grb10‐deficient animals (198 and 137% of WT, respectively, both P<0.001). Functional gene signatures for myogenic signaling and proliferation are up‐regulated in Grb10‐deficient neonatal muscle. Our findings indicate that Grb10 plays a previously unrecognized role in regulating the development of fiber number during murine embryonic growth. In addition, Grb10‐ablated muscle from adult mice shows coordinate gene changes that oppose those of muscle wasting pathologies, highlighting Grb10 as a potential therapeutic target for these conditions. — Holt, L. J., Turner, N. , Mokbel, N. , Trefely, S. , Kanzleiter, T. , Kaplan, W. , Ormandy, C. J., Daly, R. J., Cooney, G. J. Grb10 regulates the development of fiber number in skeletal muscle. FASEB J. 26, 3658–3669 (2012). www.fasebj. org
Host stem cells can selectively reconstitute missing lymphoid lineages in irradiation bone marrow chimeras.

The regulatory elements governing the process of lymphopoiesis from pluripotential stem cells to mature lymphocytes are not well understood. In this study we found that in bone marrow chimeras made by reconstituting lethally irradiated normal mice with bone marrow taken from genetically B-cell-deficient animals (microMT.B6 --> F1) the B-cell compartment is reconstituted with host-derived B cells. Similarly, in animals reconstituted with bone marrow taken from mice with genetic deficiencies in the development of T cells (TCR-/- --> F1) or both B and T cells (RAG-/- --> F1), the missing lymphocyte lineage(s) was specifically reconstituted from host-derived cells. In all chimeras, all other blood lineages were generated from donor-derived stem cells. Control chimeras (B6 --> F1) had only donor-derived hematopoietic cells as expected. The reconstituted, host-derived lymphoid compartments contained normal functional cell populations as determined by the presence of T cells expressing all 16 common TCR Vbeta families, and the presence of all antibody isotypes in the serum. Reconstituted TCR-/- --> F1 chimeras were also able to mount T-cell proliferative responses to foreign antigens equal to those of control animals. This observation would seem to suggest that during lymphopoietic reconstitution, missing lymphoid lineages can dictate their own reconstitution.
Lying and Deception in Games

This article proposes definitions of lying, deception, and damage in strategic settings. Lying depends on the existence of accepted meanings for messages but does not require a model of how the audience responds to messages. Deception does require a model of how the audience interprets messages but does not directly refer to consequences. Damage requires consideration of the consequences of messages. Lies need not be deceptive. Deception does not require lying. Lying and deception are compatible with equilibrium. I give conditions under which deception must be damaging.
Health care expenditures for urban and rural veterans in Veterans Health Administration care.

OBJECTIVE To compare Veterans Health Administration (VA) patients, non-VA-using veterans, and nonveterans, separated by urban/rural residence and age group, on their use of major categories of medical care and payment sources. DATA SOURCE Expenditures for health care-using men in Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys from 1996 through 2004. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, cross-sectional analysis. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS Controlling for demographics, health status, and insurance, we compared groups on population-weighted expenditures for inpatient, hospital-based outpatient, office-based, pharmacy, and other care, by major payers (self/family, private insurance, Medicare, other sources, and VA). RESULTS VA users received most of their health care outside of the VA system, paid through private insurance or Medicare; self-payments were substantial. VA users under 65 reported worse health if they were rural residents but also lower expenditures overall and less care through private insurance. CONCLUSIONS VA health care users get most of their medical care from non-VA providers. Working-age VA users have less insurance coverage and rely more on VA care if they live in rural areas.
Changes in Cholesterol-Lowering Medications Use Over a Decade in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

BACKGROUND The impact of evidence-based guidelines and controlled trial data on use of cholesterol-lowering medications in older adults is unclear. OBJECTIVE To examine whether utilization patterns of cholesterol-lowering medications in community-dwelling older adults changed following the release of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines and results from the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk in 2002. METHODS Community-dwelling elderly individuals who were enrolled in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study in 1997–1998 were followed for up to 11 years. An interrupted time series analysis with multivariable generalized estimating equations (GEEs) was used to examine changes in level and trend in cholesterol-lowering medication use before and after 2002, adjusting for sociodemographics, health-related behaviors, and health status. RESULTS Cholesterol-lowering medication use increased nearly 3-fold from 14.9% in 1997–1998 to 42.6% in 2007–2008, with statins representing the most common class used (87–94%). Multivariable GEE results revealed no significant difference in the level of cholesterol-lowering medication use after 2002 (adjusted OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.89–1.02). Multivariable GEE results revealed that trend changes in the rate of increase in cholesterol-lowering medication declined after 2002 (adjusted ratio of ORs 0.92; 95% CI 0.89–0.95). CONCLUSIONS The use of cholesterol-lowering medication increased substantially over a decade in community-dwelling elderly individuals but was not related to a change in level or trend following the release of the guidelines and evidence-based data.
Dietary omega-3 fatty acid and fish intake in the primary prevention of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE To systematically review the evidence on dietary omega-3 fatty acid and fish intake in the primary prevention of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Seven databases were systematically searched with no limits on publication year or language using standardized criteria. Randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies were included. Of 2754 abstracts identified, 3 prospective cohort, 3 case-control, and 3 cross-sectional studies met the criteria. Measures of associations were pooled quantitatively using meta-analytic methods. RESULTS Nine studies provided data on a total sample of 88 974 people, including 3203 AMD cases. A high dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids was associated with a 38% reduction in the risk of late AMD (pooled odds ratio [OR], 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-0.82). Fish intake at least twice a week was associated with a reduced risk of both early AMD (pooled OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.64-0.90) and late AMD (pooled OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.53-0.85). CONCLUSIONS Although this meta-analysis suggests that consumption of fish and foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids may be associated with a lower risk of AMD, there is insufficient evidence from the current literature, with few prospective studies and no randomized clinical trials, to support their routine consumption for AMD prevention.
Agonist‐induced internalization of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1a is arrestin‐ and dynamin‐dependent

At present, little is known regarding the mechanism of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) trafficking. To facilitate this characterization we inserted a haemagglutinin (HA) epitope tag in the extracellular N‐terminal domain of the rat mGluR1a. In human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293), transiently transfected with HA‐mGluR1a, the epitope‐tagged receptor was primarily localized to the cell surface prior to agonist stimulation. Following stimulation with glutamate (10 µm; 30 min) the HA‐mGluR1a underwent internalization to endosomes. Further quantification of receptor internalization was provided by ELISA experiments which showed rapid agonist‐induced internalization of the HA‐mGluR1a. To determine whether agonist‐induced mGluR1a internalization is an arrestin‐ and dynamin‐dependent process, cells were cotransfected with HA‐mGluR1a and either of these dynamin‐K44A or arrestin‐2 (319–418). Expression of either dominant negative mutant constructs with receptor strongly inhibited glutamate‐induced (10 µm; 30 min) HA‐mGluR1a internalization. In addition, wild‐type arrestin‐2−green fluorescent protein (arrestin‐2−GFP) or arrestin‐3−GFP underwent agonist‐induced translocation from cytosol to membrane in HEK293 cells coexpressing HA‐mGluR1a. Taken together our observations demonstrate that agonist‐induced internalization of mGluR1a is an arrestin‐ and dynamin‐dependent process.
Energy aware Ad-Hoc On Demand Multipath Distance Vector (EA-AOMDV)

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of an enormous number of mobile or stationary nodes connected together to accomplish a specific task. WSN is the best solution in many applications such as military or rescue operations, In this type of critical environments it will be so difficult to recharge or replace batteries. Conservation of the battery power is very important as it make the network able to operate for longer time. In this paper, we propose (EA-AOMDV) which is a modified energy Aware routing protocol based on Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) for mobile ad-hoc networks. In our protocol, paths are chosen based on their energy metric instead of hop count metric to minimize the average consumed energy and maximize the network operational time. Path discovery in EA-AOMDV protocol avoids paths having low energy nodes in addition to the total energy of the path. Simulation results show that EA-AOMDV can give better performance in terms of network lifetime, average consumed energy, end-to-end delay, normalized routing load, packet delivery ratio and delivered packets when compared with AOMDV.
Opposite roles of FOXA1 and NKX2‐1 in lung cancer progression

Gene copy number profiles of primary lung tumors were screened for high‐level amplifications. We detected 22 high‐level amplifications in various loci, including 14q13. This locus is known to harbor the adenocarcinoma (AC) lineage‐specific target gene NKX2‐1, which is not expressed in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). As the 14q amplification was also found in SCC, we investigated whether or not FOXA1 might be the corresponding target gene for SCC. Focusing on these two target genes, we assessed gene amplifications and protein expression of NKX2‐1 and FOXA1 in primary lung tumors (n = 554) and brain metastases (n = 68). Primary AC (n = 194) showed positive protein expression of NKX2‐1 in 58.2% of the samples compared with 4.2% of primary SCC samples (n = 212). Positive staining for FOXA1 was seen in 34.7% of the SCC samples, which was comparable with 39.6% in the AC samples. For brain metastases, FOXA1 expression was slightly higher in the SCC samples (55.6%) compared with the non‐matched primary SCC tumor samples (43.4%), whereas NKX2‐1 expression was comparable in both primary tumors and brain metastases. Positive FOXA1 and NKX2‐1 expression was associated with a gain or amplification in 34.6% and 28.6% of cases, respectively. The expression of NKX2‐1 was associated with early stage and grade among the AC cases. In contrast, FOXA1 expression in SCC was associated with distant metastases as well as an unfavorable survival rate (P = 0.039). These results suggest that both FOXA1 and NKX2‐1 may act as lineage‐specific target genes within the 14q amplicon with opposite functions in lung cancer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.