Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On endomorphisms of a solenoid

Geometrically simple Bernoulli generators are constructed for certain ergodic endomorphisms of solenoids. An arbitrary ergodic solenoidal group automorphism is obtained as the limit of a sequence of such Bernoulli factors and hence, by a theorem of D. S. Ornstein, must be measuretheoretically isomorphic to a Bernoulli shift. In his survey paper [6], B. Weiss stated that, using Y. Katznelson's methods, he can prove that every ergodic automorphism of a solenoid is isomorphic to a Bernoulli shift. The aim of this note is to give an alternative proof of this result, with a partial result in the endomorphism case. The methods used are similar to those of L. M. Abramov [1], who used geometrically simple generating partitions in order to compute the entropy of certain solenoidal automorphisms. A comparison will show that Abramov's generators are refinements of the Bernoulli generators exhibited in ? 2 below. The author would like to acknowledge S. M. Rudolfer, who supervised this work, and R. K. Thomas who suggested the problem to us. For brevity, a working knowledge of measure theory, ergodic theory and topological groups is assumed in what follows, apart from the following fundamental definition of a Bernoulli shift. A measure preserving map 4 from a separable measure space (X, ji) to itself will be called a (one-sided) Bernoulli shift if there is a measurable partition P of X (called a Bernoulli generator for 4) such that (i) {(7-iP}, i _ 0, is an independent family of partitions, and (ii) Vi,0=o47P is the point partition of X. If 4 is invertible, (ii) becomes (ii)' V? 4. P is the point partition of X. 1. Details of solenoids are well documented (see e.g. [1], [3] and [2, Chapter VIII). The following brief characterisation will be subsequently useful. DEFINITION 1.1. Let G be a noncyclic subgroup of the discrete additive group Q of rational numbers. The character group I of G, called a (onedimensional) solenoid, is a compact, separable, commutative topological group. PROPOSITION 1.2. Let a = (a,, a2. ) be a sequence of integers ai _ 2. Let Ga be the subgroup of Q generated by the elements nn71 1/ai, for n _ 1. Up to isomorphism, every additive subgroup G of Q, as in 1.1, can be represented as a Ga for some such a. If a is the constant sequence on some integer a, then Ga is the group of a-ary rationals, denoted Ga. Received by the editors December 4, 1974. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 28A65; Secondary 22D40, 22D45. Key words, and phrases. Solenoid, topological group endomorphism, Bernoulli shift, natural extension, generalised Bernoulli shift. American Mathematical Society 1976 69 This content downloaded from 157.55. 39.112 on Wed, 07 Sep 2016 05:17:32 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms
An Extended Inverse Chirp-Z Transform Algorithm to Process High Squint SAR Data

This paper proposes an Extended Inverse Chirp-Z Transform (EICZT) algorithm to handle the high squint FMCW SAR data, where the conventional Inverse Chirp-Z Transform (ICZT) cannot work due to the failure in dealing with the range-variance of second- and higher-order range-azimuth coupling terms. A pre- processing operation is implemented in the azimuth-Doppler and range-time (Doppler-time) domain, where a perturbation function consisting of second-order and third-order range time variables is implemented to compensate the range variance of the second order range terms. Moreover, a new scaling factor is formulated to represent the Range Cell Migration (RCM), and further corrected by the presented EICZT approach. The proposed approach is analyzed and compared with the conventional ICZT. The simulated high squint SAR scene with nine targets is well focused by the proposed approach and the quality is greatly improved with respect the conventional ICZT. The proposed algorithm is also validated by the X-band high-resolution real SAR data.
Self-aggregates of Highly Hydrophobic Phospholipid Polymers in Aqueous Solution

In this study, the authors produced self-aggregates of highly hydrophobic phospholipid polymers consisting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and stearyl methacrylate (SMA). MPC/SMA copolymers (PMS) self aggregated in a solvent consisting of 1-propanol and water (in 1:4 (w/w)). When alcohols other than 1-propanol were used, no homogeneous self-aggregate solution was obtained. The average diameter of PMS self-aggregates varied from 10 to 40 nm depending on the MPC content in PMS. The PMS self-aggregate was stable, and the diameter showed no changes even when the solution was stored at 60°C or 4°C for 3 months. The PMS showed high solubilization ability and solubilized hydrophobic compounds, such as tocopherol acetate and coenzyme Q10, in aqueous solutions. PMS that contained 50 unit mol% of SMA (PMS5050) showed the highest solubilization ability among PMS of different SMA contents. In spite of the high solubilization ability, PMS self-aggregates showed low surface activity and almost no cytotoxicity, showing that the PMS self-aggregates are promising biocompatible solubilizer.
The Effects of Employee Turnover on Those Who Stay.

During a break from a proofreading task subjects were exposed to a confednrate who quit the task either because of / boredom, combined with the availibility of greater rewards elsewhere (inequity condition),. or because of illness (control condition). The subjects then completed a second proofreading task, followed by a brief cr.testionnaire. Data analysis revealed that the output of the inequity group on the second proofreading task was significantly lower than that of the control group. There were no differences between the groups in quality of performance. The inequity group also rated the task significantly more negatively than did the control group. Other questionnaire data suggest these findings can be explained in terms of inequity generated in the stayer by a comparison with the leaver's new job.
Carbon dynamics in boreal peatlands of the Yenisey region, western Siberia

Abstract. Here we investigate the vegetation history and peat accumulation at the eastern boarder of the West Siberian Plain, near the Yenisey River, south of permafrost. In this region, peat started to accumulate 15 000 years ago as gyttja of shallow lakes in ancient river valleys. This peat is older than previously reported, mainly due to separating particulate organic carbon (POC) from dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which was 1900–6500 years younger than POC. The probability of finding peat layers older than 12 000 years is about 2 %. Peat accumulated as fen peat at a constant rate of 0.2 mm yr−1 and 0.01 kg C m−2 yr−1. The accumulation was higher in ancient river valley environments. Over the last 2000 years these bogs changed into Sphagnum mires which have accumulated up to about 0.1 kg C m−2 yr−1 until present. The long-lasting fen stage, which makes the Yenisey bogs distinct from the western Siberian bogs, is discussed as a consequence of the local hydrology. The high accumulation rate of peat in unfrozen mires is taken as an indication that thawing of permafrost peat may also change northern peatlands into long-lasting carbon sinks.
Advancement in the Mobile APP Review System to Enhance Quality of Mobile Applications

The market for mobile applications has enormously increased in the past five years. According to the App Annie reports, the gross annual revenue is projected to exceed $189 billion by 2020. Developing and enhancing mobile applications will vastly facilitate in increasing the market for mobile applications. User reviews of mobile apps play a vital role in enhancing the quality of currently existing mobile applications, and, in the development of new high quality mobile applications. Typically, user reviews are either in the form of several lines of text or numerical rating or both. Both forms of rating are meant to aid the prospective users in app installation/purchasing. User reviews also assist the developers in identifying technical glitches (if any) and in providing further advanced updates to the mobile app. The objective of this paper is twofold. Firstly, this paper identifies the currently existing app review systems and analyzes each of these app review systems in detail. Secondly, based on the analysis, we have introduced a four-step app review system that will be instrumental in enhancing the quality of mobile applications. In addition, we have presented the results of a survey (sample size = 100) that was administered to comprehend the effectiveness of the proposed app review system.
Content adaptive encoding method for high frame rate screen-camera communication

OF THE THESIS Content Adaptive Encoding Method for High Frame Rate Screen-Camera Communication by Yaqin Tang Thesis Director: Professor Marco Gruteser As both screen displaying speed and camera capturing speed has been improved significantly over recent years, there has been increasing interest in using this technique to explore new ways of visual communication yet remain unobtrusive to human eyes. This thesis proposes a content adaptive system that can communicate between a high speed screen and a high speed camera while hiding information from human perception. The novel content adaptive embedding approach for this visual light communication system is implemented by applying texture range selection and edge avoiding on a checkerboard pattern for the original image to embed more information in image regions that are suitable for flicker-free communication. At the receiver, the embedding regions are identified by tracking temporal signal amplitude alteration. With such techniques, the system can achieve near zero flicker perception while successfully communicating a large volume of information between the screen and camera. To evaluate the system, we test 10 static and dynamic color videos displaying at 120fps and place the camera
Grade Inflation and Social Ties in Restaurant Hygiene Inspections*

Discontinuities frequently appear in the distributions of scores underlying public grading schemes such as restaurant hygiene inspections. The typical economics-based study of such discontinuities generally sees them as rational responses to the scheme’s inherent incentives. By contrast, we examine how evolving social relationships between inspectors and restaurants influence grades in a systematic manner. We study 512,313 inspections in Los Angeles County from 2000–2010 and find that the stronger the social tie between an inspector and a restaurant (i.e., duration of tie and number of repeated visits), the more likely the inspection score will be artificially inflated to the next highest grade category. The effect of tie strength is robust. When aggregated, such inflated grading produces discontinuities – kinks – in the distribution of scores around grade boundaries. We also find that restaurants with likely inflated grades subsequently receive more consumer complaints. These findings carry important implications for theory, practice, and policy.
A review and analysis of electrical percolation in carbon nanotube polymer composites

We review experimental and theoretical work on electrical percolation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in polymer composites. We give a comprehensive survey of published data together with an attempt of systematization. Parameters like CNT type, synthesis method, treatment and dimensionality as well as polymer type and dispersion method are evaluated with respect to their impact on percolation threshold, scaling law exponent and maximum conductivity of the composite. Validity as well as limitations of commonly used statistical percolation theories are discussed, in particular with respect to the recently reported existence of a lower kinetic (allowing for re-aggregation) and a higher statistical percolation threshold.
Lignocellulosic biomass: a sustainable platform for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers

The demand for petroleum dependent chemicals and materials has been increasing despite the dwindling of their fossil resources. As the dead-end of petroleum based industry has started to appear, today's modern society has to implement alternative energy and valuable chemical resources immediately. Owing to the importance of lignocellulosic biomass being the most abundant and bio-renewable biomass on earth, this critical review provides insights into the potential of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative platform to fossil resources. In this context, over 200 value-added compounds, which can be derived from lignocellulosic biomass by various treatment methods, are presented with their references. Lignocellulosic biomass based polymers and their commercial importance are also reported mainly in the frame of these compounds. This review article aims to draw the map of lignocellulosic biomass derived chemicals and their synthetic polymers, and to reveal the scope of this map in today's modern chemical and polymer industry.
Tree-ring analysis of the fungal disease Swiss needle cast in western Oregon coastal forests

Swiss needle cast (SNC), an important fungal disease of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), has increased in severity throughout its natural and introduced range over the last half century. The role of climate change and forest management practices in the increase is unclear. We analyzed tree-ring chronologies from six late-successional Douglas-fir stands in the western Oregon Coast Range using time-series intervention analysis (TSIA) to address how climate relates to the impact of SNC on tree growth. Tree-ring chronologies of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. ), a species not susceptible to the fungus Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii (Rhode) Petrak, were used as a climate proxy in the TSIA. We found that growth reductions associated with SNC dated back to the 1590s, the earliest record in our dendritic data. Growth reductions were synchronous across the six sites, indicating that the disease severity was largely influenced by climatic conditions. SNC impact peaked in 1984–1986 at a.
Practice Guidelines Management of chronic hepatitis B in childhood : ESPGHAN clinical practice guidelines

Please cite this article as: Sokal, E.M. , Paganelli, M. , Wirth, S. , Socha, P., Vajro, P., Lacaille, F. , Kelly, D. , MieliVergani, G. , Consensus of an expert panel on behalf of the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Management of chronic hepatitis B in childhood:ESPGHAN clinical practice guidelines, Journal of Hepatology (2013), doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.jhep. 2013.05. 016
The influence of different Cardan sequences on three-dimensional cycling kinematics

Purpose. Three-dimensional (3-D) kinematics are widely utilized to quantify movement in cycling analyses. Three-dimensional angular kinematics are obtained using the Euler/Cardan technique, however, Cardan angles are influenced by their ordered sequence and may affect the resultant angular parameters. An XYZ sequence of rotations is currently recommended, although this technique may not always be appropriate when coronal and transverse plane angles are quantified. This study aimed to determine the influence of the six available Cardan sequences on 3-D lower extremity kinematics during cycling. Methods. Kinematic information was obtained from twelve cyclists using an optoelectronic 3-D motion capture system operating at 250 Hz. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to compare the kinematic parameters obtained using the six Cardan sequences, and intraclass correlations were employed to detect the presence of crosstalk across planes. Results. The results show that discrete kinematic parameters in the sagittal, coronal and transverse planes were significantly greater when using the YXZ and ZXY sequences. It was also observed that these sequences were associated with the strongest correlations from the sagittal plane and also exhibited evidence of gimbal lock. Conclusions. The results suggest that the accurate representation of 3-D kinematics during cycling should continue utilizing the XYZ sequence and avoid the use of the YXZ and ZXY sequences.
Prandtl-number Effects in High-Rayleigh-number Spherical Convection

Convection is the predominant mechanism by which energy and angular momentum are transported in the outer portion of the Sun. The resulting overturning motions are also the primary energy source for the solar magnetic field. An accurate solar dynamo model therefore requires a complete description of the convective motions, but these motions remain poorly understood. Studying stellar convection numerically remains challenging; it occurs within a parameter regime that is extreme by computational standards. The fluid properties of the convection zone are characterized in part by the Prandtl number = ν/κ, where ν is the kinematic viscosity and κ is the thermal diffusion; in stars, is extremely low, ≈ 10−7. The influence of on the convective motions at the heart of the dynamo is not well understood since most numerical studies are limited to using ≈ 1. We systematically vary and the degree of thermal forcing, characterized through a Rayleigh number, to explore its influence on the convective dynamics. For sufficiently large thermal driving, the simulations reach a so-called convective free-fall state where diffusion no longer plays an important role in the interior dynamics. Simulations with a lower generate faster convective flows and broader ranges of scales for equivalent levels of thermal forcing. Characteristics of the spectral distribution of the velocity remain largely insensitive to changes in . Importantly, we find that plays a key role in determining when the free-fall regime is reached by controlling the thickness of the thermal boundary layer.
Chapter 2 MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION NETWORKS IN SOCIAL MEDIA

The popularity of personal digital cameras and online photo/video sharin g community has lead to an explosion of multimedia information. Unlike traditional multimedia data, many new multimedia datasets are organized in a structural way, incorporating rich information such as semantic ontology, social inte raction, community media, geographical maps, in addition to the multimedia contents by themselves. Studies of such structured multimedia data have resulte d in a new research area, which is referred to as Multimedia Information Netw orks (MINet). MINets are closely related to social networks, but especially fo cus on understanding the topics and semantics of the multimedia files in the context of network structure. This chapter reviews different categories of re cent MINet systems, summarizes the popular inference methods used in recent wo rks, and discusses the applications related to MINets. We also discuss a wide range o f topics including public datasets, related industrial systems, and potential fu ture research directions in this field.
Vitamin D status in Europe

countries shows a high variation [1]. A serum 25(OH)D lower than 25nmol/l was found in 2 to 30% of adults, but this percentage may increase to 75% or more in older persons in institutions [2]. Some international studies used one central laboratory, i.e. one radioimmunological method, for all measurements of serum 25(OH)D. The Euronut-Seneca study on independent older persons, showed mean serum 25(OH)D levels of 20 to 30nmol/l in southern European centres to 40 to 50nmol/l in northern Europe [3]. The levels usually were higher in men than in women. The strong positive correlation between serum 25(OH)D and latitude in this survey was rather unexpected because ultraviolet irradiation is more effective in southern than in northern European countries. A similar positive correlation (r2 = 0.42) between serum 25(OH)D and latitude was found in the baseline data of the MORE study, a clinical trial on the effect of raloxifene in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, which also used a central laboratory facility [4]. Within countries the variation in vitamin D status also is very high. The SUVIMAX study in French adult men and women between 35 and 65 years, showed a mean serum 25(OH)D of 43nmol/l in the north and 94nmol/l in the south west of France [5]. In this study the correlation between serum 25(OH)D and latitude was negative as expected. In the Netherlands, the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) showed a serum 25(OH)D lower than 25nmol/l in 8% of men and 14% of women, and lower than 50nmol/l in 45 % of men and 56% of the women [6]. Similar data were found in the population-based Hoorn Study and Swiss Monica Project [7, 8]. A study of Swiss nursing homes observed that 90% of elderly women had serum 25(OH)D levels below 50nmol/l, compared to 57% in non-institutionVitamin D status in Europe
Dendritic signals from rat CA1 neurons during coincident pre- and post-synaptic activity: a combined voltage- and calcium-imaging study Running title: Vm and Ca signals during coincident activity

2 The non-linear and spatially inhomogeneous interactions of dendritic membrane potential signals that represent the first step in the induction of activity dependent long-term synaptic plasticity are not fully understood, particularly in dendritic regions which are beyond the reach of electrode measurements. We combined voltage-sensitive-dye recordings and Ca 2+-imaging of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons to study large regions of the dendritic arbor, including branches of small diameter (distal apical and oblique dendrites). Dendritic membrane potential transients were monitored at high spatial resolution and correlated with supra-linear [Ca 2+ ] i changes during one cycle of a repetitive patterned stimulation protocol that typically results in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP). While the increase in the peak membrane depolarization during coincident pre-and post-synaptic activity was required for the induction of supra-linear [Ca 2+ ] i-signals shown to be necessary for LTP, the change in the baseline-to-peak amplitude of the backpropagating dendritic action potential (bAP) was not critical in this process. At different dendritic locations, the baseline-to-peak amplitude of the bAP could be either increased, decreased or unaltered at sites where EPSP-AP pairing evoked supra-linear summation of [Ca 2+ ] i-transients. We suggest that modulations in the bAP baseline-to-peak amplitude by local EPSPs act as a mechanism that brings the membrane potential into the optimal range for Ca 2+-influx through NMDA receptors (0 to-15 mV); this may require either boosting or the reduction of the bAP, depending on the initial size of both signals. 3 The concomitant activity of pre-and post-synaptic neurons can either potentiate or depress synaptic transmission in a persistent manner (e. g. Linden, 1999). These changes may be related to fundamental functions of the nervous system, including learning and memory In many neurons synchronized pre-and post-synaptic activity results in a large transient influx of calcium ions in synaptically active dendritic spines caused by the unblocking of NMDA receptors (NMDA-R) by the backpropagating action potential (bAP) (Malenka et al. its magnitude and dynamics, can then trigger postsynaptic biochemical processes responsible for different forms of NMDA-R dependent associative long-term potentiation The non-linear interaction between the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and bAPs which is responsible for the induction of LTP is not fully understood. This interaction depends critically on the amplitude of both signals (Pan and Colbert, 2001; Stuart and Hausser, 2001) and must, therefore, be spatially nonuniform. The test of this prediction requires spatially well resolved measurements that have not been …