Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Relations Between Classic and Geometric Probability and Scale-Free Feature In Social Networks

Probability and statistics have been proved to be strong and useful tools for recovering the topological properties in complex systems and networks all over the world. We recall the process of studying complex systems in the past decades and propose general evolution equation about the dynamical function of network. Relations between classic and geometric probability and scale-free feature have been discussed, and we build up a class new network models in which the classic and geometric probability are coexisting. Introduction As known, in the past two decades studies of complex systems and networks have taken much attentions in wide variety of fields, from social science to biology to computer science. For example, the World-Wide-Web(WWW) [2], the internet, food webs [4], the collaboration networks [3], the web of sexual contacts [5], protein interaction networks [6], metabolic networks [7, 21], the scientific literature webs and so on. Indeed, it is a long time to research complex systems. Almost all these studies are based on the graphs which are a collections of vertices with edges connecting pairs of them [9,10,13]. The vertex and edges is stand for basic element and the relations of basic elements, respectively. A social-network is a collection of people, each of whom is communicating with some subsets of the others. The process of studying complex systems can be divided into three parts. Staring with the lightly influential work of Erdös and Rényi [15] came up with the stochastic network model, which is built at random, to describe complex network, called ER-model. As a new researching tool to complex networks, random graph theory has long-term growth into one the mainstays of computer science and modern discrete mathematics. At the end of the last century (in 1998s), Watts and Strogatz [16,18] put forward the small-world model (WS-model). Soon, based on the investigating on the topological structure of WWW, Barabási and Albert [17] presented firstly the model of scale-free network in their article published (in 1999s). The degree distribution of their model, hereafter named BA-model, satisfies the power-law formula: γ k k P   ) ( , 3 2   k . Dorogovtsev et.al. [8] gave
Mobile devices as support systems for health behaviour change

A Behaviour Change Support System (BCSS) is a socio-technical information system designed to form, alter, or reinforce attitudes, behaviours, or compliance to a regular patterns of activities, and they do so without the use of coercive or deceptive elements. A health BCSS (HBCSS) is then a BCSS aimed at influencing health behaviours and wellbeing in a positive way. Accordingly, mobile devices can represent ideal tools to become the enabler portals for HBCSS. In this research we provide a review of the literature on mobile applications to see if and how they can be classified as HBCSS. We focus our review on Type 1 Diabetes and emphasize on whether persuasive elements are used and, if so, how. This in turn will aid us to assess what is required for mobile devices to become HBCSS. Keywords—mobile devices; persuasive design; behavioural change support systems; Type 1 Diabetes
The economic effects of network neutrality: a policy perspective

Network neutrality – regulation of Internet service providers (ISPs) to ensure equal treatment of all traffic – is becoming something many people have heard about. While the context is technical, network neutrality ultimately boils down to economics. The political weight of the subject is heavy, and the international debate is fierce. Still, surprisingly little rigorous research appears to be behind it. In this paper, I review economic literature on network neutrality and ISP regulation, covering both practical and theoretical implications for the broadband market. I define the degrees of network neutrality with more granularity than papers so far, evaluate the qualitative economic effects of regulation, and describe the broadband market, frameworks for modeling it, and its peculiar economic characteristics. In particular, I review and compare different theoretical modeling approaches and models’ predictions of the welfare effects of different regulatory regimes. Throughout the paper, I incorporate economic literature from relevant areas into the analysis. I do not make definite policy recommendations, but I draw conclusions that are potentially of interest from a policy point of view. My analysis would indicate that the complexity of the Internet ecosystem and interrelations between market participants make effective regulation difficult. There is no economic evidence that network neutrality generally increases total welfare. In fact, it turns out that from a well-rounded economic perspective, strong network neutrality appears in most cases as detrimental to both consumer surplus and total welfare. In certain scenarios, however, models predict that neutrality can increase static and dynamic efficiency. The results depend crucially on model specifications and parameters, which differ significantly across the literature. So far, there is no consensus among economists on the optimal level of ISP regulation. Market-driven solutions such as dynamic pricing might provide a way to circumvent the neutrality question.
Library: The Drama Within

Anyone who loves books has a fondness for libraries, but few of us have a sense of their infinite variety. Diane Ass+(c)o Griliches has photographed libraries all over the world, from the grand reading room in the Biblioth+? que Nationale in Paris, to the humble remodelled train depot that serves as the library in Cleveland, Mississippi. Libraries are inhabited by books and people. Diane Griliches has photographed not only the magnificent walls of books and tables full of students at the Biblioteca Marucelliana in Florence, and the library in Sarajevo, which has since been destroyed, but also the homeless seeking shelter, children using their library cards for the first time, patient librarians, lovers in the stacks, and a wealth of other human dramas that take place inside libraries.
The role of surface‐active carbohydrates in the formation of transparent exopolymer particles by bubble adsorption of seawater

Experiments were performed to examine the role of surface‐active polysaccharides in the formation of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) by bubble adsorption in seawater. Filtered (1.0 µm, 0.45 µm) and ultrafiltered (0.1 µm, 100 kDa, and 10 kDa) seawater samples were bubbled in a glass foam tower. The neutral sugar composition, concentration of TEP, and concentration of surface‐active carbohydrates in generated foam samples were determined. Three different surface seawater samples (Monterey Bay, California; Shannon Point, Anacortes, Washington; and East Sound, Orcas Island, Washington) were used in the experiments. Significant concentrations of pre‐existing and new TEP were extracted into foam by bubble adsorption. Newly generated TEP accounted for 28–52% of the TEP collected in the foam samples by bubbling 1.0‐µm‐filtered samples. Neutral sugar composition analyses of foam samples derived as a function of bubbling time indicated that two types of surface‐active carbohydrates were extracted by bubble adsorption: highly surface‐active carbohydrates, which were extracted initially, and less surfaceactive carbohydrates. As in our previous mesocosm study (Mopper et al. 1995), highly surface‐active polysaccharides were enriched in deoxysugars (fucose and rhamnose), whereas the less surface‐active polysaccharides and residual (bubble‐stripped) water were glucose rich. In addition, the highly surface‐active fraction was strongly enriched in covalently bound sulfate. The concentrations of TEP and surface‐active carbohydrates that were extracted into the foam both decreased sharply with decreasing filter size used to filter samples prior to bubbling, in agreement with theoretical considerations. The results of this study suggest that bubble adsorption of sulfate‐rich surface‐active carbohydrates is an important pathway for the formation of TEP in surface waters, especially during algal blooms.
ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 547 A DECADE OF DECLINE OF MASSIVE CORALS IN FLORIDA PATCH REEFS BY

Patch reefs are the most common reef type in the Florida Reef Tract, which represents the largest tropical reef area in the conterminous United States. Clusters of large massive corals of the Montastraea group form the backbone of these reefs and are of paramount importance as they provide habitat for a large variety of invertebrates and fish. Significant increases in dead surface area in clusters from 51% in 1995 to 67% in 2005 on average along the reef tract were observed during this long-term study. Even though the causes of decline are not entirely clear, the results are alarming because patch reefs are considered to be the reef type, which suffered the least decline in Florida in recent time.
Noise analysis in distributed amplifiers with feedback-active load

This study presents the noise analysis of amplifiers when the input line termination is implemented via an active load. The noise figure (NF) of distributed amplifiers is analysed to determine the effect of the gate and drain terminations. The noise of a transistor configured as a one-port device has been analysed and a lower noise temperature has been achieved as compared with a conventional resistor. In order to improve the noise performance of the overall amplifier, a parallel feedback has been added to the active load, and its effects are analysed in terms of noise. A distributed amplifier has been designed as a test vehicle of the analysis and characterised with a resistor as input line termination and with an active load to demonstrate the improvement in NF at frequencies below 2 GHz. The resulting amplifier exhibits 10.9 dB of small signal gain from 1 to 5 GHz, with a reduction of 0.6 dB in NF below 2 GHz when the input line termination is replaced by an active load.
Effect of squat depth on performance and biomechanical parameters of countermovement vertical jump

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of different squat depths in the performance and biomechanical parameters at counter movement jump (CMJ). Twenty-two male volleyball or basketball players volunteered to participate in this study and all were currently competing at the college level. The CMJ was performed in three different conditions: 1) with relative knee flexion at the end of counter movement phase smaller than 90° ( 90°), and; 3) preferred position (PREF). During the CMJ, kinematic, kinetic, and electromyography parameters were assessed. ANOVA for repeated measures with post-hoc Bonferroni´s test was used for variables comparison, with a significance level set at p≤0.05. The higher performance was on PREF and 90°. Average and peak power, as well as absolute and normalized peak forces, were higher ​​in >90° CMJ. The peak velocity of CG and angular velocities of hip and knee were higher in the 90°. Recuts femoris and biceps femoris did not show difference in any jump phases. In conclusion, the knee flexion interferes the performance and the biomechanical variables at the CMJ. The highest jumps were got at a deeper squat, so this technique could be used for athletes in order to optimize the vertical jump performance in the training and competitions.
The effect of non-financial risk information on the evaluation of implied cost of capitals

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of voluntary disclosure of `business risk' information (hereafter referred to as `risk information' ), which is a significant determinant of the information environment, on estimating the cost of capital. Recently, some studies indicate that the reliability of the cost of capital estimation differs according to the accounting standards and the information environment of the firm (e.g. Chen et al., 2004; Easton and Monahan, 2005). On the basis of their studies, we predict that the cost of capital will be more precise in firms that proactively disclose risk information voluntarily. Our results suggest that the implied cost of capital reflects risk more appropriately in firms with a high `business risk' disclosure level.
Single factor stochastic models with seasonality applied to underlying weather derivatives variables

This paper estimates single factor stochastic models describing daily air temperature behaviour. We modify classical financial models to reflect temperature seasonality and fit them to a time series representing temperatures in Spain. The estimated models are used in Montecarlo simulations to obtain heating and cooling degree-days, which are used as an underlying reference in weather derivatives. The final goal of this work is to obtain an insight into weather derivative valuation, and so making it easier to manage economic activity risks closely related to temperature (i.e. oil, gas and electricity prices and volumes).
Monetary Policy Transparency: Evidence from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN)

The idea of transparency in monetary policy has gained significant attention in the last two decades both in the academia and Central Banking Circle. As such, a number of Central Banks in the World, CBN inclusive subscribed to the trend toward a more transparent monetary policy framework. The degree of transparency is claimed to vary across Central Banks and monetary policy framework. Therefore, its effects may likely vary. This study measures monetary policy transparency using the case of Nigeria’s apex Bank (CBN) by employing the Eijffinger and Geraat (2006) Index. We based our analysis on information provided by CBN from 2007-2015. The result indicates that CBN had a score of 11 out of 15 points. Considering the aggregate score, CBN can be regarded as being transparent in its monetary policy. However, looking at specific transparency dimensions, it is clear that CBN exhibits weak performance in the economic and operational dimensions which constitute important aspects of transparency. The release of accurate data on key economic variables and disclosure of policy models used for policy analysis would enhance the process of coordinating private agents’ expectation toward fundamentals as well as strengthen their confidence on the monetary authority, thereby boost credibility. We recommend on this basis for CBN to partner with National Bureau of Statistics to gain access to data on unemployment and capacity utilization and on more frequent manner. This paper generally recommend that CBN should explicitly provide wide-ranging and accurate information on monetary policy, data on key variables relevant for policy decisions and macroeconomic model used for policy analysis in a timely and more frequent manner.
Optical Quantum Entanglement in Astrophysics

The theories of quantum entanglement between two distant particles, which clearly conrm the non-local nature of Quantum Mechanics, are applied to naturally produced particles in astrophysical objects. We study the production and reception of the cases of optical quantum entanglement most feasible to be observed: the twophoton spontaneous transition of the hydrogen 2 2 S1=2 metastable level, which is known to be one of the components of the continuous spectra of ionized regions. We obtain the two-photon emission rate for four astrophysical objects: the Orion Nebula, two nearby planetary nebulae IC 2149 and NGC 7293, and the solar corona. The production of entangled pairs per second is 5:80 10 48 , 9:39 10 45 , 9:77 10 44 , and 1:46 10 16 respectively. The distribution of the propagation directions of both emitted photons does not vanish at any angle; therefore it is possible to observe the entangled pair at angles 0 . Because the number of two-photon coincidences goes as the fourth power of the ratio between the detector size and the distance from the astrophysical object, coincidences are scarce; for its detection we require receivers much larger than those currently available.
Approaches to definition of verbal aggression in political discourse

The article is devoted to investigation of the phenomenon of verbal aggression and overview of the various approaches to the interpretation of the phenomenon of verbal aggression. Author discusses the correlation of the term "verbal aggression" with related phenomena and conducts its comparison with the concept of "conflict communication". The study of semantics of the key notion is performed for more precise understanding of the phenomenon of verbal aggression.
Land tenure and soil conservation practices on the slopes of Mt Elgon National Park, Eastern Uganda

Property rights have been noted to increasingly play a central role in the management of land resources. This paper examines the implications of land tenure on soil conservation on the slopes of Mt Elgon, Eastern Uganda. Primary data were obtained through household surveys and field observations conducted in Tsekululu Sub County, Bubulo County, Manafwa District, Eastern Uganda between September and December 2012. The sampled parishes were stratified according to their distance from the Park boundary. SPSS (16) was used to compute descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. Check dams and gulley controls were the most common structural measures adopted by farmers in all the three sites, although, overall the level of adoption by park-adjacent communities was lower compared to distant ones, whose reluctance to invest in long term conservation techniques is attributable to the tenure insecurity, while the high adoption rate by distant communities is owed to the transferability, alienability, exclusivity and enforceability rights that secure private land. Thus, a policy environment that guarantees tenure security of park adjacent farmers could help in incentivizing investment in soil conservation. Success thereof will be achieved if the politicians, Park Authorities and local communities jointly participate in their design and implementation. Key words: Land tenure, Mt. Elgon, soil conservation, Park adjacent communities, Uganda.
Influence of Salicylic Acid on Growth and Bulb Yield of Onion (Allium cepa L.)

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the commercial vegetable and spice crops of India and belongs to the family Alliaceae. The area and production of onion in India is about 1181’000 hectares and 18924’000 tonnes of bulb, respectively, with an average yield of 16 t ha -1 (NHB, 2015). In India, about 60 percent of onion is predominantly cultivated during winter followed by 20% each in kharif and late kharif seasons. The reason for lower productivity of onion in India is primarily due to cultivation of low yield potential varieties having susceptibility to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Onion is an important commercial crop exposing to wide array of damaging agents including biotic (pathogens and insects) and abiotic (drought, salinity, heat, cold and poor soil fertility) environmental aggressions. To cope up with these continuous challenges under field conditions, plants have evolved broad and efficient mechanism to obtain an adequate defense and one more such mechanism against pathogen attack is the synthesis of vast array of low molecular weight components with disparate functions in plant pathogen interactions (Dixon, 2001). SA is recently included in the class of phytohormones for proper plant growth and development and induction of tolerance to both biotic as well as abiotic stresses. In general, SA is an important defensive signal in plants essential for elicitor triggered immunity and establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) (Carr et International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 9 (2017) pp. 1732-1737 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
Analyses and tests of interlamination short-circuits

Since the interlamination short-circuits in stator cores can cause major damage to electrical machine a great emphasis is placed to detect such faults. ELCID (Electromagnetic Core Imperfection Detector) test is nowadays often used for testing of interlamination insulation in stator cores of large electrical machines. To investigate this relatively young method a laboratory model of stator core was built, which enables measurements and analyses of intentional short-circuits in the core. Interlamination faults were also simulated and analysed using FEM. Streszczenie. Poniewaz zwarcia miedzywarstwowe w rdzeniach stojanow mogą spowodowac istotne awarie maszyn elektrycznych jest sprawą wielkiej wagi detekcja takich zwarc. Test detektorem uszkodzen rdzeni magnetycznych jest wspolcześnie czesto uzywany dla testowania izolacji miedzywarstwowej w rdzeniach stojana duzych maszyn elektrycznych. Do zbadania tej relatywnie nowej metody zbudowany zostal laboratoryjny model rdzenia stojana, ktory umozliwia pomiary i analize celowych zwarc w rdzeniu. Uszkodzenia miedzywarstwowe byly takze symulowane i analizowane za pomoca MES. (Analizy i testy zwarc miedzywarstwowych)
Free and Open Source Software – An Empirical Study

- A software can be described in terms of its characteristics. These characteristics can be further subdivided into sub-characteristics and their corresponding attributes. The basic idea generally remains the same i.e. to analyse the software in terms of its working, performance, cost and complexity. All these aspects lead to the software evaluation. Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) is no exception in this regard.The basic idea behind carrying out this research endeavour was to analyse FOSS in terms of its important characteristics likeDeploybility and Maintainability. The purpose of such study was to establish the association between these two vital characteristics empirically. Apart from this, two very important issues related to FOSS, were also taken into account. It was tried to find out how and what help FOSS professionals seek when they encounter some problem in their routine or specialized tasks. Another matter of concern was to know if people involved in FOSS do require some training sort of activity for the betterment of their FOSS related activities. The survey results signify that seeking additional knowledge through one way or the other does improve proficiency. The probable dependency of the two characteristics on each other was also established.
On Rapid Interstellar Scintillation of Quasars: PKS 1257-326 Revisited

Abstract The line of sight towards the compact, radio loud quasar PKS 1257–326 passes through a patch of scattering plasma in the local Galactic ISM that causes large and rapid, intra-hour variations in the received flux density at centimetre wavelengths. This rapid interstellar scintillation (SS) has been occurring for at least 15 years, implying that the scattering “screen” is at least 100 AU in physical extent. Through observations of the ISS we have measured microarcsecond-scale “core shifts” in PKS 1257-326, corresponding to changing opacity during an intrinsic outburst. Recent analysis of VLA data of a sample of 128 quasars found 6 sources scintillating with a characteristic time-scale of < 2 hours, suggesting that nearby scattering screens in the ISM may have a covering fraction of a few percent. That is an important consideration for proposed surveys of the transient and variable radio sky.
Which Institutions Encourage Entrepreneurs to Create Larger Firms?

We develop entrepreneurship and institutional theory to explain variation in different types of entrepreneurship across individuals and institutional contexts. Our framework generates hypotheses about the negative impact of higher levels of corruption, weaker property rights and especially intellectual property rights, and a larger state on entrepreneurs who plan to grow faster. We test these hypotheses using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor surveys in 55 countries for 2001-2006, applying a multilevel estimation framework. We confirm our main hypotheses but we find no significant impact from intellectual property rights.