Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Life Cycle Assessment of Second Generation Bioethanols Produced From Scandinavian Boreal Forest Resources

The boreal forests of Scandinavia offer a considerable resource base, and use of the resource for the production of less carbon‐intensive alternative transport fuel is one strategy being considered in Norway. Here, we quantify the resource potential and investigate the environmental implications of wood‐based transportation relative to a fossil reference system for a specific region in Norway. We apply a well‐to‐wheel life cycle assessment to evaluate four E85 production system designs based on two distinct wood‐to‐ethanol conversion technologies. We form best and worst case scenarios to assess the sensitivity of impact results through the adjustment of key parameters, such as biomass‐to‐ethanol conversion efficiency and upstream biomass transport distance. Depending on the system design, global warming emission reductions of 46% to 68% per‐MJ‐gasoline avoided can be realized in the region, along with reductions in most of the other environmental impact categories considered. We find that the region's surplus forest‐bioenergy resources are vast; use for the production of bioethanol today would have resulted in the displacement of 55% to 68% of the region's gasoline‐based global warming emission—or 6% to 8% of Norway's total global warming emissions associated with road transportation.
Consistent prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes across six years of second-year medical school students

Background: The dietary behaviors of physicians and medical students are strongly associated with their nutrition counseling practices. Little research to date describes their dietary intakes and no recent studies have assessed the adequacy of their micronutrient intakes. As micronutrient imbalances are associated with a variety of chronic diseases, public guidelines target increasing dietary nutrient density. The purpose of this study was to identify micronutrient imbalances in the diets of medical students and determine whether intakes are becoming more compliant with dietary guidelines over time. Methods: From 2000 to 2006, 409 second-year Vanderbilt University medical students completed the Block Brief 2000 food frequency questionnaire prior to the required “Introduction to Clinical Nutrition” course. Nutrient data were compared to Dietary Reference Intake values. Results: Dietary intakes of male students were consistently inadequate for vitamin E, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium and potassium across the six cohorts. Despite a significant increase over time in the number of vegetable servings consumed, the intakes of female students revealed the same inadequacies, as well as inadequate folate and iron intakes. Multivitamin and multimineral supplementation, consumed regularly by 51% of students, closed the gap in meeting estimated micronutrient requirements, except vitamin E. Conclusions: These data can be used to inform the content of nutrition interventions for medical students focused on making optimal food selection choices as well as the content of nutrition education in the medical school curriculum. It is important to enhance medical students’ preparedness as fu- ture health care providers—not only to serve as role models for healthy dietary behaviors, but also to better recognize the nutrition needs of their future patients.
11 â-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is a predominant reductase in intact rat Leydig cells

11â-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11â-HSDs) interconvert active corticosterone and inert 11-dehydrocorticosterone. In tissue homogenates, 11â-HSD type 1 (11â-HSD-1) exhibits both 11â-dehydrogenase (corticosterone inactivating) and 11â-reductase (corticosterone regenerating) activities, whereas 11â-HSD type 2 (11âHSD-2) is an exclusive dehydrogenase. In the rat testis, 11â-HSD has been proposed to reduce glucocorticoid inhibition of testosterone production, promoting puberty and fertility. This hypothesis presupposes dehydrogenation predominates. 11â-HSD-1 immunoreactivity has been localised to Leydig cells. However, recent studies suggest that 11â-HSD-1 is predominantly an 11â-reductase in many intact cells. We therefore examined the expression and reaction direction of 11â-HSD isozymes in cultures of intact rat Leydig cells. Reverse transcriptase PCR demonstrated expression of 11â-HSD-1, but not 11â-HSD-2 mRNA in rat testis. Primary cultures of intact rat Leydig cells showed predominant 11â-reductase activity, activating 50–70% of 11-dehydrocorticosterone to corticosterone over 3 h, whereas 11â-dehydrogenation was <5%. Although both dexamethasone (10 nM) and corticosterone (1 μM) modestly inhibited LH-stimulated testosterone production by Leydig cells, inert 11-dehydrocorticosterone (1 μM) had similar effects, suggesting 11â-reductase is functionally important. Carbenoxolone (10 M) inhibited 11âreduction in intact Leydig cells. However, although carbenoxolone reduced Leydig cell testosterone production, this also occurred in the absence of glucocorticoids, suggesting effects distinct from modulation of corticosteroid access to Leydig cells. In conclusion, rat Leydig cell 11â-HSD-1 is unlikely to reduce glucocorticoid access to testicular receptors. More likely, 11â-reductase amplifies glucocorticoid action, perhaps to maintain Leydig cell metabolic and endocrine functions. Journal of Endocrinology (1998) 159, 233–238
Investigation on Damping Capacities of Spherical Mg2Si Magnesium Matrix Composites Prepared by Super-Gravity Method

Due to inherent high damping capacities of Mg, Mg-based alloys or composites can absorb enormous elastic energy, thus, can be used as damping materials playing important role in reducing vibration and noise. Spherical Mg2Si magnesium matrix composites were prepared by super-gravity method with fly ash floating beads with particle sizes of 80, 125 and 500 μm. The microstructures and damping capacities of prepared samples were discussed. Spherical and fragment-shaped Mg2Si phases were observed in the matrix by SEM micrograph. Increasing particle size of fly ash floating beads can lead to an obviously decreasing tendency of internal friction tan . The critical strain cr  =1.9×10−2 of  – tan curve and critical temperature cr T =150 °C of T – tan curve for tan changing from slowly to greatly increasing. Damping peaks occur in the vicinity of strain  =5.2×10-2 in  – tan curve whereas no damping peaks occur in T – tan curve.
Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial

Biofertilizer has been identified as an alternative to chemical fertilizer to increase soil fertility and crop production in sustainable farming. The objective of this greenhouse study was to evaluate the effects of four biofertilizers containing an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus mosseae or Glomus intraradices) with or without N-fixer (Azotobacter chroococcum), P solubilizer (Bacillus megaterium) and K solubilizer (Bacillus mucilaginous) on soil properties and the growth of Zea mays. The application treatments included control (no fertilizer), chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer and two types of biofertilizer. The application of biofertilizer containing mycorrhizal fungus and three species of bacteria significantly increased the growth of Z. mays. The use of biofertilizer (G. mosseae and three bacterial species) resulted in the highest biomass and seedling height. This greenhouse study also indicated that half the amount of biofertilizer application had similar effects when compared with organic fertilizer or chemical fertilizer treatments. Microbial inoculum not only increased the nutritional assimilation of plant (total N, P and K), but also improved soil properties, such as organic matter content and total N in soil. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) had a higher root infection rate in the presence of bacterial inoculation. By contrast, the AMF seemed to have an inhibiting effect on the P-solubilizing bacteria. The nutrient deficiency in soil resulted in a larger population of Nfixing bacteria and higher colonization of AMF. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
STANDARDISATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF TRADITIONAL FORMULATION

Objective: The main objective of this study is to standardise and evaluate traditional formulation both qualitatively and quantitatively on the basis of organoleptic characteristics, physical characteristics, physiochemical properties and phytochemical screening. Methods: Traditional formulation (TF) containing seven traditionally used herbs were collected from local areas and market. The plants were washed, air-dried and coarsely powdered. The aqueous extract was prepared as per literature, and various physiochemical, phytochemical screening was done. Results: The organoleptic character shows the drug with greenish colour, slightly bitter taste and characteristic odour. The physiochemical properties show the appropriate pH and the solubility of TF. Secondary metabolites like phenolic compounds and flavonoids are present abundantly in aqueous extract than in other extracts. Conclusion: Our studies suggests that TF contains medicinally important secondary metabolites which has disease protective properties. This study will help in the progression of a suitable monograph, determining the quality and purity of a crude extract and laying down pharmacopoeia standards for the formulation.
AN APPROACH FOR GENERIC DETECTION OF CONIC FORM

In this paper we introduce a unique methodology to detect any conic form by using Hough transform which is an established method for shape detection. This technique works based on features extraction for each conic separately and intend to unify all type of Hough detection in only one. Once we have the conic’s parameters it is possible to build an accumulator array named parameter space where the most voted set of parameters is the chosen form. To build this accumulator, a range of values is set up and each value is a real parameter candidate. The length of which cell depends on the accuracy desirable and the dimension depends on the type of conic. This transform maps points from digital space to parameters space in order to match the point of the chosen form to the form in the real image. In this way it is much easier to reconstruct the conic form whenever it is necessary and to detect a form from artificial images or handmade drawing. Although each form has one different equation and number of parameters, we realized it follows a pattern and concluded that is possible to elaborate a generic equation and a methodology to detect any conic. The use of polar coordinates makes the generic detection easier because of the rotations variety detection. In addition, the order of search is important. We observed that the detection result is better if the searching for the correct rotation is the first step. Another relevant thing is the chosen length of bins in the accumulator which really defines a better match. This paper involves analysis about each conic equation, their similarities, number of parameters and how they can be introduced by a unique expression for Hough transform.
Using the Resource Access Decision Service to Improve the Application Security Layer

Different solutions have been implemented for access control, and application security of enterprise applications. In this paper, we add a new layer to n-tier web application architectures, which use RAD service implementations to execute enterprise and application security policies. Proposed architecture enables applications to eliminate web application attacks including but not limited to those based on cross-site scripting, SQL injection, cookie poisoning, and most importantly session stealing.
Blue-detuned optical atom trapping in a compact plasmonic structure

We theoretically propose blue-detuned optical trapping for neutral atoms via strong near-field interfacing in a plasmonic nanohole array. The optical field at resonance forms a nanoscale-trap potential with an FWHM of 200 nm and about ∼370 nm away from the nanohole; thus, a stable 3D atom trapping independent of the surface potential is demonstrated. The effective trap depth is more than 1 mK when the optical power of trapping light is only about 0.5 mW, while the atom scattering rate is merely about 3.31 s−1, and the trap lifetime is about 800 s. This compact plasmonic structure provides high uniformity of trap depths and a two-layer array of atom nanotraps, which should have important applications in the manipulation of cold atoms and collective resonance fluorescence.
Assessment of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Alcohol Use during Pregnancy among the dwellers of Bahir-Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia, 2014

Background: Alcohol is the most commonly used teratogen substance which is used during pregnancy with detrimental effects on the fetus and the mother. Objective: to assess prevalence and associated factors of alcohol use during pregnancy among the dwellers of Bahir-Dar, Northwest Ethiopia Method: Community based cross sectional study was conducted among 810 pregnant women in Bahar-Dar City from March to June 2014. Information on socio-demographic characteristics reproductive health and alcohol use were collected using pre prepared structured checklist and analyzed using SPSS version 20.00. Besides association between dependent and in dependent variables was analyzed and presented using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Most (40.6%) of the respondents were found between the age of 25-29 years old and 48.3% of them were in the third trimester of pregnancy. This study revealed 34% of respondents consumed alcohol during pregnancy at least once per week. ”Tella”, beer, and wine were the commonest kinds of alcohol beverages consumed by the pregnant mothers. In this study, being married (AOR = 3.09; 95% CI: 1.79, 5.33), having alcohol consuming partner (AOR=1.71; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.67) and (AOR=3.84; 95% CI: 2.34, 6.30), being unemployed (AOR=3.11; 95% CI: 1.73, 5.60), and unplanned pregnancy AOR = 3.12; 95% CI: (1.85, 5.28) were found significantly associated with alcohol consumption. Conclusion: This study indicated that alcohol consumption during pregnancy is still high. Hence, responsible bodies working on maternal and child health shall endeavor while planning interventions to mitigate or eliminate the above listed factors.
That which goes unsaid: Experiences of everyday life in residential care for residents with limited communication ability. A collective case study.

Background The experiences of residents who have communication difficulties such as dysphasia are largely absent from the literature. Aim To illuminate the everyday experiences of four residents with severe communication difficulties living in a residential care setting in the Netherlands. Methodology & Methods A collective case study methodology was used. Seventy-five hours of observation, interview and documentary data was gathered over six weeks. Alternative strategies of communication were developed to enable the co-creation of dialogue between participants and researcher. For example, a participant who could not talk used intentionally created artwork to share her ideas with the researcher. Findings Participants' daily experiences were characterised by struggling against the constraints of the residential setting: having to wait, having unmet needs, experiencing vulnerability and uncertainty. Participants' communication difficulties exacerbated these constraints. Their experiences of struggling were sometimes ameliorated by significant social contact with family or particular staff members, and engaging in enjoyable activities. Occasionally the experiences of enjoying the here-and-now, and being 'seen' as a person by the other, would create beautiful moments in which truly person centred engagement would occur. These moments were neither articulated nor recorded, and were thus invisible after they had occurred. Similarly, the experiences of struggling against the constraints were neither acknowledged nor recorded. Significant experiences in the lives of these four residents were therefore invisible to others. The unifying theme representing the participants' daily experiences was: That which goes unsaid. Discussion It was necessary to develop communication strategies which would by-pass the researcher's assumptions and enable participants to introduce their own ideas and opinions. This ongoing process of co-creation of dialogue required work from, and trust between, participants and researcher. What is new?  Expressly seeking the views of residents with communication difficulties  Successfully using process consent with participants in this situation  Using intentionally created artwork during data gathering in this context What has regional, national or international relevance? The findings indicate that people with communication difficulties may not receive optimal care in residential settings in the Netherlands. Methods are described which could be used by practitioners in their everyday work, and which show facilitators or practice developers how they can help carers to engage in more effective communication with this kind of resident. Additionally, this research contributes to the international discussion about ethical participation of vulnerable people in research.
Cookie-Cutter Versus Character: The Micro Structure of Small Business Lending by Large and Small Banks

The recent consolidation in the banking system has focused attention on the difference in lending between large and small banks, since large banks lend proportionally less to small business. We use a newly available survey of small business finances conducted by the Federal Reserve System to analyze the micro-level differences between large banks and small banks in the loan approval process. We find that large banks (over $1 billion in assets) appear to employ standard criteria obtained from financial statements in the loan decision process, while small banks (less than $1 billion in assets) deviate from these criteria more and appear to rely on their impression of the character of the borrower to a larger extent. These "cookie-cutter" and "character" approaches are consistent with the incentives and environments facing large and small banks.
ON THE MARTINGALE PROPERTY IN STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY MODELS BASED ON TIME‐HOMOGENEOUS DIFFUSIONS

Lions and Musiela give sufficient conditions to verify when a stochastic exponential of a continuous local martingale is a martingale or a uniformly integrable martingale. Blei and Engelbert and Mijatović and Urusov give necessary and sufficient conditions in the case of perfect correlation ( ρ=1 ). For financial applications, such as checking the martingale property of the stock price process in correlated stochastic volatility models, we extend their work to the arbitrary correlation case ( −1≤ρ≤1 ). We give a complete classification of the convergence properties of both perpetual and capped integral functionals of time‐homogeneous diffusions and generalize results in Mijatović and Urusov with direct proofs avoiding the use of separating times (concept introduced by Cherny and Urusov and extensively used in the proofs of Mijatović and Urusov).
Nanoflare statistics in an active region 3D MHD coronal model

Context. We investigate the statistics of the spatial and temporal distribution of the coronal heating in a three-dimensional magneto- hydrodynamical (3D MHD) model. The model describes the temporal evolution of the corona above an observed active region. The model is driven by photospheric granular motions which braid the magnetic field lines. This induces currents and their dissipation heats the plasma. We evaluate the transient heating as subsequent heating events and analyze their statistics. The results are then interpreted in the context of observed flare statistics and coronal heating mechanisms. Methods. To conduct the numerical experiment we use a high order finite difference code which solves the partial differential equations for the conservation of mass, the momentum and energy balance, and the induction equation. The energy balance includes the Spitzer heat conduction and the optical thin radiative loss in the corona. Results. The temporal and spatial distribution of the Ohmic heating in the 3D MHD model follow a power law and can therefore be explained by system in a self-organized critical state. The slopes of the power law are similar to the results based on flare observations. We find that the corona is heated foot point dominated and the coronal heating is dominated by events called nanoflares with energies on the order of 1017 J.
Studying undisturbed autotrophic biofilms: still a technical challenge

Biofilms in surface waters are characterized by their spatial structure and the heterogeneous distribution of the microorganisms that interact in a complex and dynamic way. Therefore, the assessment of phototrophic and heterotrophic biofilms' metabolic activity should be done without disturbing their structure. Several optical methods that allow the study of undisturbed living biofilms have been developed and are claimed to have high potential in the analysis of biofilms. However, natural biofilms can develop into thick packages of cells that may limit light penetration into the biofilm matrix, hindering the use of optical methods. In this paper we evaluate the use of non-destructive optical and destructive methods for the study of natural algal-bacterial biofilms. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorimetry (with both single and multiple wavelength excitation) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) are used as optical methods and compared to chemical extraction of plant pigments and exopolysaccharides. We demonstrate that the attenuation of the light intensity by the biofilm matrix represents a limitation to optical methods that is difficult to overcome in mature natural biofilms; but nevertheless, optical methods are very reliable for the study of thin or young biofilms. Apart from the biofilm thickness, the degree of compactness should also be taken into account. The density of some natural biofilms could be a limitation of CLSM especially if high molecular weight probes are used for specific biofilm components. In conclusion, a combination of both approaches still appears to be necessary in order to follow the complete developmental period of biofilms. [KEYWORDS: lms ; Microalgae ; PAM fluorimetry ; CLSM ; Chlorophyll ; Lectins ; Bacteria]
An Immunity-inspired Relocation Method for Unknown Malware Detection

Malware is a type of software designed to gain unauthorized access to a computer system. Most malwares have a relocation module that gets the base address of the codes in execution environment to infect other programs, neither do most legitimate programs. Due to this unique characteristic, the malware relocation module can be extracted as an antibody in the immune systems to detect the specific antigens. We present a malware detection method inspired by biology immune system and the structure of malware relocation code. The experiment is conducted and the result shows that this approach not only has relatively higher detection rate of unknown malware than other methods, but also has better capability of self-adaptive and self- learning.