Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dataset shift in classification: terminology, benchmarks and methods

Este trabajo se centra en problemas de Clasificacion con una unica variable objetivo y con conjuntos de entrenamiento y prueba estaticos. Por estaticos queremos decir que son completamente conocidos en un momento dado, en contraste con problemas de series temporales en los que los datos estan disponibles paso a paso. Una suposicion sobre la que el estudio de este tipo de problemas de Clasificacion se ha basado tipicamente es la de que la distribucion P(y,x) es la misma tanto para los datos de entrenamiento como de prueba. Bajo esta suposicion, un modelo construido con los datos de entrenamiento y que se ajusta a ellos perfectamente deberia predecir las etiquetas de los datos de prueba muy acertadamente. Sin embargo, hay situaciones, que se dan con frecuencia en aplicaciones reales, en las que la suposicion previa no se cumple. Esta cuestion ha sido llamada "Fractura de Datos" (Dataset shift), y es el principal objeto de estudio de este trabajo. El fenomeno ha sido estudiado en profundidad en analisis de series temporales, pero es relativamente nuevo para Clasificacion, con la mayoria de los trabajos relevantes publicados en los ultimos 5-10 anos. La Fractura de Datos se puede considerar un problema de calidad de los datos, y esta por tanto relacionado con ruido, valores perdidos, analisis de complejidad de datos o no balanceo. Sin embargo, se diferencia de ellos en que no es observable solo a partir de los datos de entrenamiento, sino que se define como un problema entre los datos de entrenamiento y los de aplicacion. Por esta razon, las propuestas para analizar y resolver la Fractura de Datos generalmente no se centran en la fase de preprocesamiento, sino en la adaptacion del modelo construido. En este sentido, hay una relacion cercana entre los campos de Fractura de Datos y de Transferencia de Aprendizaje. En esta tesis, presentamos la investigacion realizada en Fractura de Datos en Clasificacion. Comenzamos proponiendo un estandar para la unificacion de la terminologia asociada al problema, ya que era habitual en la dispersa literatura encontrar el mismo concepto definido con distintos terminos, o distintos conceptos asociados al mismo termino. Seguidamente creamos una serie de conjuntos de datos de referencia para que sirvan de base para la realizacin de comparaciones justas entre el comportamiento de las diversas propuestas de la literatura, y despues presentamos nuestra propia alternativa. Finalmente, estudiamos como interactua la Fractura de Datos con otros factores en Clasificacion como el no balanceo o la validacion cruzada con k-subgrupos.
Weight and Weight-Related Behaviors Among 2-Year College Students

Abstract Objectives and Participants: The purpose of this article is to describe weight indicators and weight-related behaviors of students enrolled in 2-year colleges, including sex differences. Methods: During Fall 2011 and Spring 2012, 441 students from 3 Minnesota community colleges enrolled in the Choosing Healthy Options in College Environments and Settings (CHOICES) Study and completed baseline assessments. Participants completed a baseline survey evaluating eating and activity patterns, sleep, and stress and measures of height, weight, waist circumference, and body fat. Results: Participants were primarily female (68%), white (73%), with a mean age of 22.8 years, and 66.2% reporting an annual income < $12,000. Almost half (47%) were overweight or obese. Young males appeared to engage the most in risky health behaviors and had higher levels of overweight or obesity, compared with young females. Conclusions: Findings confirm the need for innovative interventions targeting this understudied and underserved young adult population.
Stiripentol in refractory status epilepticus

Benzodiazepines (BZDs), which enhance γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor–mediated inhibition, are the first‐line therapy for treatment of status epilepticus (SE). However, pharmacoresistance to BZDs develops rapidly after SE initiation. This is due to an activity‐dependent internalization of BZD‐sensitive GABAA receptors during SE. Stiripentol (STP) is a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors with a unique subunit selectivity profile. We report that in a rodent model of SE, STP terminates behavioral seizures and remains effective in established SE when seizures have become BZD resistant. The anticonvulsant effects of STP are age dependent, with greater potency in juvenile animals. Whole cell recordings from dentate granule cells in hippocampal slices reveal that STP potentiates GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) and tonic GABAergic currents by acting at a site on the GABAA receptor that is separate from the benzodiazepine binding site. This potentiation persists in established SE, whereas potentiation of GABAergic inhibition by BZDs is lost. STP potentiates IPSCs in juvenile animals with greater potency than in adult animals. We suggest that STP, either alone or as add‐on therapy, may prove useful in treating established and BZD‐resistant status epilepticus. Furthermore, STP may be particularly effective in terminating SE in children when SE is most prevalent.
Studding two indices of voltage stability in reliability constrained unit commitment in a day-ahead market

In an electricity market environment, market participants try to increase their profit. This attitude may lead to voltage instability and insecurity in operation of power systems. In this paper, unit commitment problem considering voltage stability is investigated. Benders decomposition is used to solve unit commitment problem. Some indices are used to describe voltage stability for each bus and all of the system. In other words, this paper tries to make comprise between cost and voltage stability in unit commitment (UC). Hence, the objective function was modified by adding a penalty factor. A sensitivity analysis is made to see the effect of this factor on voltage stability and cost. Based on this method, the penalty factor and cost of UC is defined in a way that voltage stability and cost are optimized. The effect of this improvement is investigated in spinning reserve and reliability. Spinning reserve was calculated by probabilistic criteria. A 6 bus system is used to evaluate this method.
Letter to the Editor and Response

People exposed to Agent Orange during the Vietnam War from January 9, 1962 through May 7, 1975, or in the Korean demilitarized zone during the period from September 1, 1967 through August 31, 1971 had a high rate of diseases as well as congenital malformations of their offspring (Agent Orange). The US National Academy of Science in two occasions declared Agent Orange was not harmful two human health. Only after extended litigation and a $180 million settlement, President Bill Clinton signed the Veterans’ Benefits Act of 1997 granted benefits for children of Vietnam veterans who were suffering from spina bifida (38 U.S.C. §1805). Reference: 38 CFR §3.814 There is a large list of conditions that have been related to Agent Orange exposure, including Congenital Malformations, Spina Bifida, Cancer and lately Parkinson Disease. This can be read in the Veterans administration web pages. A panel of scientists from OEA/Cicad in 2005 declared that Herbicides mixture containing Glyphosphate and other chemical compounds used in the Chemical Warfare against drugs was not harmful to humans. This lead to a second investigation to establish if the mixture was toxogenetic. Samples were taken in five regions of Colombia, the only country in the world that allows Chemical warfare in its territory. A report came out recently in your Journal. The methodology used Nuclear lymphocyte counting as the only reported test to determine DNA damage, has been reported to be obsolete. Results published in your journal conclude there was no evidence of genetic alterations. Colombia suffers from an increase number of Congenital Malformations. According to the Central Intelligence Agency report, 48.000 children were born last year with this scourge. Infantile mortality was 19.5 per 1000 births. In my personal opinion, genetic damage probably is due to a combination of malnutrition with low folate levels and to the toxogenetic effect of the Chemical Warfare. I have no conflicts of interest to declare, I do not know of the authors of the articles in your journal could make the same claim.
Nonparametric Smoothing and Lack-of-Fit Tests

A solution to get the problem off, have you found it? Really? What kind of solution do you resolve the problem? From what sources? Well, there are so many questions that we utter every day. No matter how you will get the solution, it will mean better. You can take the reference from some books. And the nonparametric smoothing and lack of fit tests is one book that we really recommend you to read, to get more solutions in solving this problem.
Causal versus constitutivo. ¿Dónde debemos trazar los límites de la mente?

¿Cómo saber qué entidades causan los procesos mentales y qué entidades los constituyen? La relevancia de esta pregunta cobra fuerza a partir de la objeción de Adams y Aizawa a la teoría de la mente extendida. Este artículo reconstruye algunos argumentos a favor la teoría de la mente extendida y del externalismo de la conciencia. Posteriormente, se evalúa la propuesta de Kirchhoff de una noción de constitución como una relación entre niveles. Actualmente la discusión carece de un acuerdo básico sobre los términos de la disputa, lo que hace indecidible el problema y debilita por igual la posición de ambas partes.
An Optimal A Priori Error Estimate for Nonlinear Multibody Contact Problems

Nonconforming domain decomposition methods provide a powerful tool for the numerical approximation of partial differential equations. For the discretization of a nonlinear multibody contact problem, we use linear mortar finite elements based on dual Lagrange multipliers. Under some regularity assumptions on the solution, an optimal convergence order of $h^{0.5+\nu}$, $0<\nu\leq 0.5$, can be established in two dimensions (2D) and three dimensions (3D). Compared with a standard linear saddle point formulation, two additional terms which provide a measure for the nonconformity and the nonlinearity of the approach have to be taken in account. Numerical examples illustrating the performance of the nonconforming method and confirming our theoretical result are presented.
Aplicación de algoritmos no supervisados para la detección de tópicos de investigación

Aplicación de algoritmos no supervisados para la detección de tópicos de investigación Claudia M. González, Sebastián Varela, Sandra Miguel 1 Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Cs de la Educación. Dpto de Bibliotecología, Argentina. 2 Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Dpto de Sociología, Argentina. 3 Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Cs SocialesIdIHCS(CONICET/UNLP)
Characterization of Mouse Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptors mCysLT1 and mCysLT2

Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTs) are important proinflammatory mediators. Their precise roles in mice need to be elucidated to interpret mouse models of inflammatory diseases. For this purpose, we cloned and characterized mouse receptors for cysteinyl LTs, mCysLT1 and mCysLT2. mCysLT1 and mCysLT2 were composed of 339 amino acids with 87.3% identity and 309 amino acids with 73.4% identity to human orthologues, respectively. A pharmacological difference was noted between mouse and human CysLT2. Pranlukast, a specific inhibitor for human CysLT1, antagonized mCysLT2responses as determined by Ca2+ elevation and receptor-induced promoter activation. The mRNA expressions of both mCysLTs were higher in C57BL/6 mice than in 129 mice. mCysLT1 mRNA was expressed mainly in skin, lung, and small intestine. mCysLT2 was seen more ubiquitously with high expressions in spleen, lung, and small intestine. By in situ hybridization we demonstrated for the first time that mCysLT1 and mCysLT2 were expressed in subcutaneous fibroblasts. The different pharmacological characteristics of CysLT2 between human and mouse and the different distributions of CysLTs between mouse strains suggest that careful choice and interpretation are necessary for a study of CysLTs using animal models.
The human Y chromosome derives largely from a single autosomal region added to the sex chromosomes 80–130 million years ago

Mapping of human X-borne genes in distantly related mammals has defined a conserved region shared by the X chromosome in all three extant mammalian groups, plus a region that was recently added to the eutherian X but is still autosomal in marsupials and monotremes. Using comparative mapping of human Y-borne genes, we now directly show that the eutherian Y is also composed of a conserved and an added region which contains most of the ubiquitously expressed Y-borne genes. Little of the ancient conserved region remains, and the human Y chromosome is largely derived from the added region.
The Expression of Epithelial Intercellular Junctional Proteins in the Sinonasal Tissue of Subjects with Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Histopathologic Study

Objective: To evaluate the expression of five epithelial intercellular junctional proteins in the sinonasal tissue of subjects with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Methods: Forty-one samples of nasal polyp tissue of CRS patients with nasal polyps (wNP), 20 ethmoid sinus mucosa of CRS patients without nasal polyps (sNP) and 19 nasal mucosa of controls were collected and assessed for the expression of zonulae occludens (ZO-1), claudin-1, E-cadherin and desmoglein-1 and -2 (DSG1, DSG2) using immunohistochemical staining. Interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations in the tissues were also measured using ELISA. Results: The expression of ZO-1, claudin-1, DSG1 and DSG2 in the CRSwNP patient group and the expression of claudin-1, DSG1 and DSG2 of the CRSsNP patient group was significantly lower compared to that of the control group. Furthermore, the expression of DSG1 in the CRSwNP patient group was also significantly lower than in the CRSsNP patient group. In contrast, the expression of E-cadherin in the CRSwNP and the CRSsNP patient groups was significantly greater compared to the controls. The assessment of associations between the expression of the intercellular junctional proteins and cytokines demonstrated negative correlations between IL-5 and claudin-1, IL-6 and claudin-1, IL-6 and DSG2, IL-8 and DSG1, and IL-8 and DSG2. In contrast, a positive correlation was found between IL-8 and E-cadherin. Conclusions: Differences in the expression of epithelial intercellular junctional proteins may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CRS.
Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy

In less than two decades, gene therapy has evolved to become a significant technique to treat a wide variety of genetic disorders, and a promising approach to replace the use of chemical drugs and surgeries in a more effective way. Vectors used to deliver genes into target cells are many; each type of vectors is discussed briefly in this study, considering the methods, the advantages, and limitations of each type of vectors individually. A major approach discussed is the use of Nanoparticles as non-viral carriers for gene delivery purposes regarding their favorable characteristics such as their nano-metric size, high surface to volume ratio, stability, their ability of undergoing surface modifications, their ability to encapsulate nucleic acids and release them inside target cells, and their lack of immunogenicity. In this study, we are presenting a general review on nanoparticles use in gene therapy. The main types of nanoparticles are explained in details, including liposomes, chitosan-based nanoparticles, dendrimers, and gold nanoparticles. Each type of nanoparticles is discussed based on the structure, function, and the successful attempts using these types of particles in different gene therapy purposes and in several diseases’ treatments referring to some considerable studies and experiments done in vitro and in vivo. Toxic effects and potential hazards of nanoparticles are in addition to the ethical issues regarding the use of nanoparticles in gene therapy.
Role of Religiosity and Spirituality in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Cancer Survivors in California

Objectives. Cancer survivors often turn to religion, spirituality, and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) because they perceive these areas as being more holistic and patient-centered than conventional medicine. Because increased religiosity and spirituality have been found to be associated with higher CAM use in the general population, it was hypothesized that these factors would be important predictors of CAM use in cancer survivors. Design and Subjects. The study included a subsample of 1844 people with cancer or a history of cancer from the 2003 California Health Interview Survey of CAM, a cross-sectional survey of a population-based sample of adults in California. Prevalence and predictors of religious/spiritual forms of CAM (R/S CAM) and nonreligious/nonspiritual forms of CAM (non-R/S CAM) were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of R/S CAM and non-R/S CAM. Results. Nearly two thirds of participants reported using at least 1 type of R/S CAM, and 85% reported ever using non-R/S CAM. The majority of cancer survivors reported that they were very/moderately religious or spiritual. Both religiosity and spirituality were strongly related to non-R/S CAM use, but in opposite directions. Very or moderately religious cancer survivors were less likely (odds ratio = 0.30; 95% confidence interval, 0.12-0.40) than nonreligious cancer survivors to use non-R/S CAM. In contrast, very or moderately spiritual cancer survivors were more likely (odds ratio = 2.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-6.02) than nonspiritual cancer survivors to use non-R/S CAM. Conclusions. The use of R/S CAM and non-R/S CAM is very high in cancer survivors. It may be helpful for clinicians to ascertain their patients' use of these types of CAM to integrate all forms of care used to managing their cancer.
Computational model of avian nervous system nuclei governing learned song

The means by which neuronal activity yields robust behavior is a ubiquitous question in neuroscience. In the songbird, the timing of a highly stereotyped song motif is attributed to the cortical nucleus HVC, and to feedback to HVC from downstream nuclei in the song motor pathway. Control of the acoustic structure appears to be shared by various structures, whose functional connectivity is largely unknown. Currently there exists no model for functional synaptic architecture that links HVC to song output in a manner consistent with experiments. Here we build on a previous model of HVC in which a distinct functional architecture may act as a pattern generator to drive downstream regions. Using a specific functional connectivity of the song motor pathway, we show how this HVC mechanism can generate simple representations of the driving forces for song. The model reproduces observed correlations between neuronal and respiratory activity and acoustic features of song. It makes testable predictions regarding the electrophysiology of distinct populations in the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA), the connectivity within HVC and RA and between them, and the activity patterns of vocal-respiratory neurons in the brainstem.
Writing up your research results for publication.

The abstract is the entire paper reduced to its essence and may be all that many readers will see. It Manuscript received November 3, 2008; revision accepted November 8, 2008. Affiliations: From the Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA. © 2009 American College of Chest Physicians. Reproduction of this article is prohibited without written permission from the American College of Chest Physicians (www.chestjournal.org/site/ misc/reprints.xhtml). Correspondence to: Peter D. Wagner, MD, Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Bioengineering, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, Department 0623A, La Jolla, CA 92093-0623A; e-mail: pdwagner@ucsd.edu DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-2620 CHEST Postgraduate Education Corner MEDICAL WRITING TIP OF THE MONTH www.chestjournal. org CHEST / 136 / 2 / AUGUST, 2009 639 Copyright © 2009 American College of Chest Physicians at University of British Columbia on August 13, 2009 www.chestjournal. org Downloaded from should contain all of the major elements listed in Table 1, especially introduction, hypothesis, methods, results, and conclusion. Obviously each of these has to be brief, and contain only essential, high-level information. To stay within word limits, and also to maintain reader attention, nonessential data should not be included. The introduction should in one to two sentences bring the reader to the point of expecting the next item (the hypothesis), which should fit within a single sentence. Next should be the overview of the experimental methods/strategy. It should include species and number of subjects (or cells or molecules, as appropriate) including control subjects, and give a high-level statement of the study design. Results should follow, limited to those that are key. If space permits, include data values and statistical outcomes. Finally, present the conclusion allowed by the data, referring back to the hypothesis and whether it is supported or not. In practical terms, it is common to write the first draft of the abstract without too much concern for word limits, just to set the major elements in place, and then refine the text to fit the allowed space in a second step. Most journals ask for a list of 5 to 10 key words, which are used to facilitate reader searches for your paper. These are usually words not already in the formal title of the paper. They should identify key issues of interest to potential readers, and be chosen to try and help them find your paper once published. In the above example (“Hypoxia reduces exercise capacity in the rat by limiting O2 diffusion within muscle”), one might consider as additional key words the following: altitude; maximum oxygen uptake; and oxygen transport. But, choose them carefully as this may well determine who does and does not see your paper.
Detection of phospholipase Cγ in sea urchin eggs

Phosphorylation on tyrosine and turnover of polyphosphoinositide metabolism are rapidly stimulated after fertilization. However, the interconnection between these pathways remains to be determined. In the present paper it is demonstrated that eggs of two different sea urchin species contain tyrosine phosphorylated proteins with calcium‐sensitive phospholipase C activity. We have investigated whether phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ), characteristic of tyrosine kinase receptors, could be responsible for this activity. Western blot and immunocytochemistry performed with antibodies directed against PLCγ revealed the presence of this protein in cortical regions. It was also observed that PLCγ displayed calcium‐sensitive activity. The present results suggest that PLCγ may be part of the cascade of events leading to the calcium signal responsible for egg activation at fertilization.