Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrate Polymers

Two hundred years ago, Henri Braconnot described a polysaccharide containing a substantial percent of nitrogen, later to be called chitin: that discovery stemmed from investigations on the composition of edible mushrooms and their nutritional value. The present interdisciplinary article reviews the major research topics explored by Braconnot, and assesses their importance in the light of our most advanced knowledge. Thus, the value of fungi, seafoods and insects is described in connection with the significance of the presence of chitin itself in foods, and chitinases in the human digestive system. The capacity of chitin/chitosan to depress the development of microbial pathogens, is discussed in terms of crop protection and food preservation. Other topics cherished by Braconnot, such as the isolation of pectin from a large number of plants, and inulin from the Helianthus tubers, are presented in up-to-date terms. Acids isolated from plants at that early time, led to enormous scientific advancements, in particular the glyoxylic acid and levulinic acid used for the preparation of soluble chitosan derivatives that paved the way to a number of applications. An opportunity to trace the origins of the carbohydrate polymers science, and to appreciate the European scientific heritage. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Primary Repair of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A Review of the Literature

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) repair was first performed over a century ago, but reconstruction has overwhelmingly been the surgery of choice for operative ACL ruptures since the 1970s. However, high rates of osteoarthritis and low return to play rates following conventional ACL reconstruction have prompted clinicians to re-examine the utility of ACL repair with emphasis on biologic therapy, operative techniques and patient selection. The purpose of this review is to provide an indepth summary of the most recent advances pertaining to primary ACL repair. A thorough literature search on studies published up to May of 2016 using Pubmed, Ovid Medline and Cochrane Review databases was performed. Full text articles were reviewed and information pertaining to our institution’s experience was included. There are promising results with good short-term outcomes for primary repair with or without biologic augmentation and newer operative techniques performed on carefully selected patients. However, long-term follow-up is lacking, and therefore these studies cannot conclusively impact clinical practice. Long-term follow-up and further studies are needed to further elucidate the role of primary ACL repair.
Existence of solutions of the hyperbolic Keller-Segel model

We are concerned with the hyperbolic Keller-Segel model with quorum sensing, a model describing the collective cell movement due to chemical signalling with a flux limitation for high cell densities. This is a first order quasilinear equation, its flux depends on space and time via the solution to an elliptic PDE in which the right-hand side is the solution to the hyperbolic equation. This model lacks strong compactness or contraction properties. Our purpose is to prove the existence of an entropy solution obtained, as usual, in passing to the limit in a sequence of solutions to the parabolic approximation. The method consists in the derivation of a kinetic formulation for the weak limit. The specific structure of the limiting kinetic equation allows for a `rigidity theorem', which identifies some property of the solution (which might be nonunique) to this kinetic equation. This is enough to deduce a posteriori the strong convergence of a subsequence.
AN INTEGRABLE SO(3,R)-COUNTERPART OF THE HEISENBERG

WEN-XIU MA1, SHOU FENG SHEN2, SHUI MENG YU3, HUI QUN ZHANG4 and WEN YING ZHANG5 1Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5700, USA (e-mail: wma3@usf.edu) 2Department of Applied Mathematics, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, PR China 3School of Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China 4College of Mathematical Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China 5Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
COMPONENT GROUPS OF CENTRALIZERS OF NILPOTENTS IN COMPLEX SYMMETRIC SPACE DONALD R. KING

Let G be the adjoint group of a simple Lie algebra g, and let KC ! Aut(pC) be the complexi ed isotropy representation at the identity coset of the corresponding symmetric space. If e 2 pC is nilpotent, we consider the centralizer of e in KC. We show that the conjugacy classes of the component group of this centralizer can be described in terms generalizing the Bala-Carter classi cation of nilpotent orbits in the complexi cation of g.
Feeling of agency versus judgment of agency in passive movements with various delays from the stimulus

Background. The sense of agency (SoA) provides us with the experience of being a physical agent with free will. On a phenomenological basis, SoA can be divided into sensory components (feeling of agency, FoA) and more cognitive components (judgment of agency, JoA). Both these components can be independently measured. objective and method. A new method was developed to test the possibility of preserving SoA and its components in the atypical conditions of passive movements. Parameters of the participant’s movement in response to a visual stimulus (reaction time, speed, and amplitude) were measured and used to control a servo that simulated the movement (executed passive movements). The scores on the psychometric scale of the agency and the event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded for variable movement delays relative to the stimulus onset. Results. It was found that the FoA was not present under passive movement conditions. At the same time, participants associated these movements with their own activity (JoA), even when their delay after the stimulus onset was too short to be actively reproduced. The somatosensory ERPs’ amplitude decreased for the expected movements, demonstrating an inverse relationship with the agency scores. The lowest amplitude was observed when movements were actuated by another hand. The results can be explained using a predictive forward model, since the FoA was not observed in the absence of active movements. On the other hand, the ERPs’ data and the presence of JoA with various delays between the stimulus and movement support the postdictive model of agency, where the leading role is assigned to prejudice and contextual knowledge related to the action. conclusion. It seems that the “context pressure” of the situation, demanding a mandatory response to the stimulus, forms a cognitive prediction of movements without firm sensory representation.
Marine Resource Management under Increasing Complexities and Uncertainties

This paper outlines a framework for analyzing institutional adaptation to environmental risks and economic vulnerability on fisheries and aqua farming in Vietnam. It argues that institutions under the form of collective actions to mediate vulnerability to environmental problems can be observed through the process of decision-making made by state authorities as well as local people. The paper using field based study on the land use and the economic values from livelihoods and watershed management in the area with different natural environment conditions in the Day Estuary, one of the main estuaries of the Red River system in the North of Vietnam. The case study shows that with the changes of salinity of the land and water areas, the local authorities and residents in the Day Estuary have found their effective ways to solve the problems of overexploitation and the increasing pollution from upstream for earnings and restorations of natural fishery resources. The fresh water area, with the fertile alluvial from the Red River, NAAFE Forum 2013: Marine Resource Management under Increasing Complexities and Uncertainties 20 is covered with rice at high quality and productivity. The mild brackish area is covered with the mixture of rice at a lower productivity, vegetables and aqua farming. The moderate brackish area is mainly used for aqua farming. In the heavy brackish area, the mangrove forests grow well, bringing good total economic value. With the natural land expansion to the sea at 80-100 m annually due to the alluvial from the Red River system, local people use the flora wisely to expand their land: rice encroaches rush, rush encroaches mangrove, and mangrove encroaches sea. The development of the sea dyke system and the irrigation water channel system also help the farmers to actively change the natural environmental conditions for their livelihoods. On the other side, there are more concerns on the vulnerability of natural coastal ecosystem as results of the development of the aqua farming, as well as the construction of sea dykes and water channels, is threatening the development of the mangrove forest. These raising issues are putting the local people in a challenge for more institution and management adaptation.
Pretreatment Methods of Organic Wastes for Biogas Production

During biogas production, the rate-determining step for the conversion of complex organic matter is the hydrolysis. Different pretreatment methods aid in facilitating the anaerobic digestion by increasing the rate of organic matter hydrolysis. This in effect results in enhanced production of biogas and aids in waste stabilization as well as disposal. This review gives an overview of the methods used in pretreating organic wastes including mechanical, thermal, chemical and biological. In addition, hybrid method (physico-chemical) involving more than one technology has been useful in enhancing waste solubilization and anaerobic digestion. Thus, economic analysis including the cost of operation and the benefits derived in form of biogas, waste minimization and treatment should be considered during the selection of any pretreatment methods for large scale application.
Mapping Aboveground and Foliage Biomass Over the Porcupine Caribou Habitat in Northern Yukon and Alaska Using Landsat and JERS-1/SAR Data

The linkage between caribou and the aboriginal people in the North America has existed for thousands of years. Caribou have played a critical role in the economy, culture, and way of life of the aboriginal people (Hall, 1989; Madsen, 2001). Currently, there are 60 major migratary tundra caribou herds circum-arctic, of which 30 are located in North America, including the Porcupine caribou herd in northern Yukon, Canada and northern Alaska, USA (Russell et al., 1992; Russell et al., 1993; Russell & McNeil, 2002; Russell et al., 2002; Griffith et al., 2002). The Porcupine caribou herd has been at the centre of debate between wildlife habitat conservation and industrial development in the Arctic because of the potential oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) 1002 area, which happens to largely overlap with the calving ground of the Porcupine caribou herd (Griffith et al., 2002; Kaiser, 2002; National Research Council, 2003; Heuer, 2006). One of the objectives of the Canadian International Polar Year (IPY) project entitled “Climate Change Impacts on Canadian Arctic Tundra Ecosystems (CiCAT): Interdisciplinary and Multi-scale Assessments” was to assess the impact of climate change on caribou habitats over Canada’s north, in close collaboration with the CircumArctic Ranfiger Monitoring and Assessment network (CARMA) (http://www.rangifer.net /carma/). Because of the vastness and remoteness of the arctic landmass, inherent logistic difficulty, and high cost of conducting field measurements, an approach that is solely based on field inventory is clearly impractical for monitoring and assessing the impact of climate on caribou habitats. Satellite remote sensing can monitor land surfaces from space repeatedly and consistently over large areas. Therefore, remote sensing provides a powerful tool for monitoring and assessing the impact of climate on caribou habitats, when calibrated and validated against the field measurements and other independent data. In this study, we report the development of baseline maps of aboveground and foliage biomass over the Porcupine caribou habitat in northern Yukon and Alaska, using Landsat and JERS1/SAR data. Specifically, we will (1) describe aboveground and foliage biomass measurement, (2) establish and validate relationships between measurements and remote sensing indices, and (3) map aboveground and foliage biomass for the Porcupine caribou habitat.
Predicting Venues in Location Based Social Network

The circulation of the social networks and the evolution of the mobile phone devices has led to a big usage of location based social networks application such as Foursquare, Twitter, Swarm and Zomato on mobile phone devices mean that huge dataset which is containing a blend of information about users behaviour’s, social society network of each users and also information about each of venues, all these information available in mobile location recommendation system . These datasets are much more different from those which is used in online recommender systems, these datasets have more information and details about the users and the venues which is allowing to have more clear result with much more higher accuracy of the analysing in the result. In this paper we examine the users behaviour’s and the popularity of the venue through a large check-ins dataset from a location based social services, Foursquare: by using large scale dataset containing both user check-in and location information . Our analysis expose across 3 different cities.On analysis of these dataset reveal a different mobility habits, preferring places and also location patterns in the user personality. This information about the users behaviour’s and each of the location popularity can be used to know the recommendation systems and to predict the next move of the users depending on the categories that the users attend to visit and according to the history of each users check-ins.
Anonymization Service for Finnish Case Law: Opening Data without Sacrificing Data Protection and Privacy of Citizens

The Finnish public sector produces vast amounts of valuable data that concern private citizens of Finland. The Finnish court case data, for example, could be useful in governmental decision making and research if opened for the public. However, due to issues of data protection and privacy it is not possible to share the data openly. This challenge is especially urgent now that the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into effect on May 25, 2018. After this, the court cases need to be sealed from the public, unless anonymized. The GDPR (EU) 2016/6795 is a regulation in EU law on data protection and privacy for all individuals within the European Union. Prior to the GDPR, thousands of selected court cases have been made available to the public via the Finlex service6, and the related Semantic Finlex Linked Data service7 managed by the Ministry of Justice. The court cases in Finland are available and can be obtained in print for a request from courts, but their publication on the web is restricted. In order to release court case documents to the public it is required that the documents are anonymized. Anonymization is the process that removes explicitly or implicitly identifying details of persons and companies from text. Edita Publishing Ltd. estimated that it takes roughly 40 minutes to manually anonymize one decision. The proceedings of the decision making in courts have been highly interesting for the public but few decisions have been anonymized and made public. In order to publish the decisions anonymized more human resources are required, but these may not be available. In this paper, we propose an automatic anonymization method and tool for the court decisions. Currently, according to Back & Keränen [2], the Finnish public sector utilizes poorly automatic anonymization tools because of the difficulty of evaluating the sufficiency of the anonymization for different kinds of data and needs. In addition, it is hard to find a service or tool that can handle both Finnish and Swedish language texts properly. For these reasons, we are in the process of creating a semi-automatic tool for Finnish and Swedish languages.
Classifications of Intertrochanteric fractures and their Clinical Importance

Intertrochanteric fractures are one of the most common fractures encountered by an orthopaedic Surgeon. Many attempts to classify these fractures are made and different scientific rationale are applied by various authors. Here we tried to provide an overview of both old and new classification of intertrochanteric fractures and also provide with the clinical significance of the same Keywords: intertrochanteric fractures, hip fractures, classifications
Pediatric Liver Transplantation

Liver transplantation (LT) has become standard management of pediatric liver diseases that lead to acute liver failure or can progress to end-stage liver disease (ESLD). Indications for LT in pediatric patients can be classified into cholestatic disorders, metabolic liver diseases causing liver cirrhosis, metabolic liver diseases without liver cirrhosis, acute liver failure, acute and chronic hepatitis, and liver tumors. The most common indication of PLT is biliary atresia. Generally, the patient is a child with biliary atresia with several prior surgical procedures, extremely malnourished, with stigmata of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency, bleeding diathesis, uncontrolled portal hypertension and massive ascites. Before the technique of liver splitting, pediatric patients were dependent on donors with similar age or size. Partial liver grafts can be obtained either by splitting a cadaveric donor organ or by living-donor liver donation. Living donor liver recipients have a shorter waiting time. The majority of centers employ a regime of' triple therapy with predniso‐ lone, mycophenolate and tacrolimus. LT in the pediatric setting is technically challeng‐ ing due to the reduced size of the vasculature and biliary tree. Strategies for identification and mitigation of risk factors, prevention of technical complications, and protocols for early detection of vascular complications may reduce mortality, morbidity.
Users and innovation: context and relationships

The role of users in designing products is traditionally passive: companies try to understand their customers’ needs through market research and, on such premises, they create and sell appropriate goods. In this context, innovative products are always a mass consumption phenomenon. But when markets steer toward the individualization of demand, the need for perfectly fitting and innovative products coincide with the necessity of survival; companies have to accurately understand customers’ needs and one of the possible ways of achieving such purpose is to integrate users in the design process. Exploring the newborn Fas.P.onSite project, the joint development of solutions between customers and manufacturers is analyzed and discussed as a possible source of innovation.
Source Code Plagiarism Detection Method Using Protégé Built Ontologies

Software plagiarism is a growing and serious problem that affects computer science universities in particular and the quality of education in general. More and more students tend to copy their thesisâ€™s software from older theses or internet databases. Checking source codes manually, to detect if they are similar or the same, is a laborious and time consuming job, maybe even impossible due to existence of large digital repositories. Ontology is a way of describing a documentâ€™s semantic, so it can be easily used for source code files too. OWL Web Ontology Language could find its applicability in describing both vocabulary and taxonomy of a programming language source code. SPARQL is a query language based on SQL that extracts saved or deducted information from ontologies. Our paper proposes a source code plagiarism detection method, based on ontologies created using ProtA©gA© editor, which can be applied in scanning students' theses' software source code.
Charge localization or itineracy at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces: Hole polarons, oxygen vacancies, and mobile electrons

While correlated electron behavior is to be expected at oxide interfaces (IFs) involving Mott insulators, we show how strong correlations in the oxygen 2p states may be necessary to account for observed insulating behavior at charged (001)-IFs between the band insulators LaAl O3 and SrTi O3. Using correlated band theory applied to the O 2p states, an insulating p -type IF is obtained only when a disproportionated, charge-, orbital-, and spin-ordered O Pπ magnetic hole is formed, centered between Al3+ ions in the Al O2 layer at the IF. As an alternative explanation, charge compensation by oxygen vacancies that accommodate the holes as charge-conjugate F centers is modeled. For the n -type IF, a charge disproportionated Ti4+ + Ti3+ layer is obtained with ferromagnetic alignment of the spins resulting from occupied dxy orbitals at checkerboard arranged Ti3+ sites. Electron hopping on a 50\% occupied Ti sublattice (a quarter-filled band) and/or lattice relaxations are discussed as origin of the measured conductivity.
Protective effect of polyphenol‐rich extract prepared from Malaysian cocoa (Theobroma cacao) on glucose levels and lipid profiles in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats

BACKGROUND: Cocoa beans are used for preparing cocoa liquor and cocoa powder, which are the main ingredients of cocoa-based products. Previous studies have reported the health benefits of cocoa polyphenols in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, there is no report on the efficacy of cocoa polyphenols on diabetes mellitus. Therefore this study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of cocoa polyphenol-rich extract (CE) on glucose levels and lipid profiles in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male SpragueDawley rats were divided into diabetic control, diabetic CE and diabetic glibenclamide groups. RESULTS: Three different dosages of CE (10, 20 and 30mg per 100g body weight) were administered orally once a day for 1week before STZ injection and for 3weeks thereafter. The results showed that CE could normalise the body weight loss caused by STZ. In the 20mg CE-pretreated group there was a 143% increase in plasma glucose levels, compared with a 226% increase in diabetic control rats. CE could also normalise total cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol at the end of the experiment compared with the baseline. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that pretreatment with CE from roasted cocoa beans could prevent the development of diabetes induced by STZ injection in rats.  2008 Society of Chemical Industry