Metabolização de xenobióticos e produção de bioinseticidas por bactérias associadas a insetos

Metabolization of xenobiotics and bioinsecticide production by insect-associated bacteria The insects are the most diverse and abundant group of multicellular organisms, inhabiting a range of environments. Many of their adaptations to restricting conditions are related to their association with bacteria. The knowledge of the diversity of insect associations with bacteria can elucidate their role in insect response to biotic and abiotic factors. Bacteria are also the main target of exploitation for the development of biotechnological products. Insect ́s diversity and interactions with the environment turn insects a new niche for the exploration of microorganisms with biotechnological potential. The long history of association of insects with bacteria and the participation of insect-associated bacteria in the degradation of natural and/or synthetic organic molecules indicate the potential of these microorganisms to interfere with insect response to insecticides. Additionally, bacterial symbionts associated with insects may also be a promising source of bioactive compounds. The discovery of new natural compounds has been declining, requiring the exploration of new niches of microorganisms and the use of new technologies to overcome the reduced number of molecules discovered. This work aimed to investigate the role of insect-associated bacteria in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the host and their potential to synthesize insecticidal compounds. Our objectives were to demonstrate i) the mechanisms involved in insecticide degradation by selected microbial symbionts, and to determine their contribution to host survival when exposed to insecticides, and ii) the biological and metabolic diversity of the microbiota associated with a leaf cutting ant. Bacteria that are able to degrade xenobiotics isolated from the gut microbiota of insecticide-resistant insects were used for the colonization of the gut of a susceptible strain of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Comparisons of larval survival after insecticide exposure and the existence of adaptive costs of the association were done by using a aposymbiotic and infected susceptible lines. Suceptible larvae infected with IIL-Cl29 Leclercia adecarboxylata require twice the dose of chlorpyrifos ethyl to kill 50% of the larave (LC50) when compared to the aposymbiotic larvae. But the association with IIL-Cl29 was shown costly to S. frugiperda, particularly affecting female fecundity. However, no fitness costs were detected to infected larvae in the presence of the selection pressure (insecticide). GC-MS and LC-MS-MS analyses of the bacteria isolated from resistant larvae of S. frugiperda to organophosphate (chlorpirifos ethyl), pyrethroid (lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin), spinosyn (spinosad) and benzoylurea (lufenuron) revealed they are able to hydrolyze, metabolyze and bioaccumulate insecticides, showing they can actively interfere with the efficacy of insecticides against the host. These processes were better characterized for the isolate IIL-Luf14 Microbacterium arborescens. The species and metabolic diversity of culturable bacteria associated with Acromyrmex coronatus (Fabricius, 1804) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were investigated to demonstrated their potential to produce bioinsecticides. A total of 46 isolates belonging to Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were identified. In vivo and in vitro assays to detect insecticide activity in organic extracts of fermentates indicated a great number of active extracts. In vivo assays with 1st instars of S. frugiperda were more adequate in detecting toxic molecules to insects, and the isolate Asp77 Streptomyces drozdowiczii was selected for the identification of active molecules with insecticidal effect. Two bioactive compounds with insecticidal activity were identified and the insecticidal activity attributed to two different chemical classes: pyrrolobenzodiazepine and alkaloid. Our results support the hypothesis that symbionts participate in the metabolization of xenobiotics in insects, at the same time that they have potential for exploration of new insecticides.