Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of stratosphere‐troposphere exchange on the future tropospheric ozone trend

[1] This paper investigates the impact of circulation changes in a changed climate on the exchange of ozone between the stratosphere and the troposphere. We have identified an increase in the net transport of ozone into the troposphere in the future climate of 37%, although a decreased ozone lifetime means that the overall tropospheric burden decreases. There are regions in the midlatitudes to high latitudes where surface ozone is predicted to increase in the spring. However, these increases are not significant. Significant ozone increases are predicted in regions of the upper troposphere. The general increase in the stratospheric contribution (O3s tracer) to tropospheric ozone in the climate changed scenario indicates that the stratosphere will play an even more significant role in the future.
A NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE URYSOHN-TYPE FREDHOLM INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

A. JAFARIAN1,a, S.A. MEASOOMY1,b, ALIREZA K. GOLMANKHANEH1,c, D. BALEANU2,3,4 1Department of Mathematics, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 969, Oromiyeh, Iran E-mail: jafarian5594@yahoo.com E-mail: measoomy@yahoo.com E-mail: alirezakhalili2002@yahoo.co.in 2Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80204, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia 3Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Çankaya University, 06530 Ankara, Turkey 4Institute of Space Sciences, P.O. Box MG-23, RO-077125, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania E-mail: dumitru@cankaya.edu. tr
Impact of Nitrogen Oxides, Volatile Organic Compounds and Black Carbon on Atmospheric Ozone Levels at a Semi Arid Urban Site in Hyderabad

The surface level ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO2 + NO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), black carbon (BC) and meteorological parameters were continuously monitored for the period of one year (2010) at an urban site in Hyderabad using different trace gas monitors. The local emissions and meteorology have been found to play a significant role in diurnal variations of O3. The average peak time mixing ratios of O3 were observed in the range of 23 ± 8 to 67 ± 13 ppbv. Diurnalseasonal variation of O3 and its precursors were also reported. The observed O3 concentrations were higher during the day than in the night. Maximum O3 concentrations in the three seasons i.e., summer, winter and monsoon were 56 ± 14 ppbv, 50 ± 9 ppbv, and 28 ± 10 ppbv, respectively. Weekday/weekend variation of O3 and its precursors were studied during the three seasons. High O3 concentrations were observed on weekends compared to weekdays, however, NOx and BC levels were found low during weekends. The weekend effect of O3 was high during winter. The annual average afternoon peak time O3 levels on weekends were 11% higher than the weekday concentrations. Weekday/weekend variations of NOx at morning traffic rush hour were 14%, 9% and 8% in winter, summer and monsoon, respectively. The annual mean of NOx and BC concentrations at weekend were observed to be lower than weekday about 10% and 9% respectively. VOC/NOx ratio is more (5) during weekend than weekday (4) which resulted in enhanced O3 formation.
Use of herbal medicines in control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants: efficacies and prospects

It is mainly due to the resistance to conventional anthelmintics representing a barrier, being a constant challenge to search for new bases in the control of these parasites. Thus the use of phytotherapics becomes viable alternative in the fight against gastrointestinal nematodes, beyond promoting slow development of the resistance, it is biodegradable and does not cause environmental contamination. Thereby, the review aims to address the main results obtained in research on herbal drugs effective in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants. Key words: anthelmintics, medicinal plants, gastrointestinal nematodes, small ruminants
Association of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema with renal function in southern Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a single-centre observational study

Background and objectives The association of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular oedema (DME) with renal function in southern Chinese patients with diabetes is poorly understood. So we aimed to study the correlation between stage of DR and DME with stage of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and stage of urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), and to explore the systemic risk factors for DR and DME. Design and setting This single-centre retrospective observational study was conducted from December 2017 to November 2018. Participants 413 southern Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Outcome measures The correlations between stage of DR and DME with stage of eGFR/UACR were assessed by Spearman’s or χ² analyses and represented with histograms. Risk factors associated with the occurrence of DR and DME were performed by logistic regression and represented with nomograms. Results Stage of DR had a positive correlation with stage of eGFR (r=0.264, p<0.001) and stage of UACR (r=0.542, p<0.001). With the stage of eGFR/UACR being more severe, the prevalence of DME became higher as well (both p<0.001). The risk factors for DR were DM duration (OR 1.072; 95% CI 1.032 to 1.114; p<0.001), stage of UACR (OR 2.001; 95% CI 1.567 to 2.555; p<0.001) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (OR 1.301; 95% CI 1.139 to 1.485; p<0.001), while risk factors for DME were stage of UACR (OR 2.308; 95% CI 1.815 to 2.934; p<0.001) and LDL (OR 1.460; 95% CI 1.123 to 1.875; p=0.008). Conclusions Among southern Chinese patients, stage of DR and DME were positively correlated with renal function, while stage of UACR performed a better relevance than stage of eGFR.
Effect of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Versus Plasma Radiofrequency Ablation on Recurrent Allergic Rhinitis

Background High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and plasma radiofrequency ablation (PRA) have been used to treat recurrent allergic rhinitis (AR); however, there is a lack of literature comparing the efficacy of these 2 methods. We assessed and compared the therapeutic effects of HIFU and PRA on recurrent AR. Material/Methods We enrolled 66 patients with recurrent AR at West China Hospital of Sichuan University. Visual analogue score (VAS), pain score, rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ), and nasal endoscopy were performed to evaluate the therapeutic effect. Results Nasal endoscopy showed that HIFU and PAR reduced the volume of the inferior turbinate, whereas HIFU reduced the amount of nasal secretions in patients. VAS scores showed that HIFU and PRA nasal congestion symptoms were significantly reduced (P<0.05). The preoperative VAS scores for nasal fluid and sneezing were significantly lower in patients receiving HIFU (P<0.05) than in those receiving PRA (P>0.05). HIFU-treated patients had significantly lower postoperative pain scores than those in the PRA group (P<0.05). RQLQ showed activity, sleep, and non-nasal or ocular symptoms, and both HIFU and PRA patients had significantly lower scores (P<0.05). Nasal symptom scores, actual problems, and mood in the HIFU group were significantly worse than those in the PRA group (P<0.05). However, neither treatment had a significant effect on ocular symptoms (P>0.05). Conclusions Compared with PRA, HIFU can significantly reduce the nasal symptoms of AR patients, improve the quality of life, and can be used as an adjuvant therapy with better therapeutic effect.
Preventing Diversity Attacks in Privacy Preserving Data Mining

Data mining exposes dataset to the researchers. However, it is possible to establish sensitive information from the given dataset. To overcome this problem Privacy Preserving Data Mining (PPDM) came into existence. PPDM ensures that the datasets are generated in such a way that they can not disclose identity of the entities present in the dataset. Before data is published, perturbation of data is made in order to preserve privacy in the data. Existing PPDM systems assumed single level trust on data miners. Recently Li et al. relaxed this by introducing Multilevel Trust in PPDM. They believe that if the data miner is more trusted less perturbation is required. However, malicious data miners can establish identity information by combining multiple perturbed copies. It prevents malicious attacks and it is a true PPDM. In this paper we implement that multilevel trust based PPDM which enables data owners to have freedom to choose the level of privacy needed. Based on this trust level perturbations are made. We built a prototype application that demonstrates the proof of concept. The empirical results revealed that the proposed approach is effective and offers flexibility to data owners.
Bifurcation and segregation in quadratic two-populations mean field games systems

We search for non-constant normalized solutions to the semilinear elliptic system \begin{eqnarray*} \begin{cases} - \nu \Delta v_i + g_i(v_j^2) v_i = \lambda_i v_i,\quad v_i>0 & \text{in }\Omega \\ \partial_n v_i = 0 & \text{on }\partial \Omega\\ \int_\Omega v_i^2\,{\rm d}x = 1, & 1\leq i,j\leq 2, \quad j\neq i, \end{cases} \end{eqnarray*}where ν > 0, Ω ⊂ R N is smooth and bounded, the functions g i are positive and increasing, and both the functions v i and the parameters λ i are unknown. This system is obtained, via the Hopf−Cole transformation, from a two-populations ergodic Mean Field Games system, which describes Nash equilibria in differential games with identical players. In these models, each population consists of a very large number of indistinguishable rational agents, aiming at minimizing some long-time average criterion. Firstly, we discuss existence of nontrivial solutions, using variational methods when g i ( s ) = s , and bifurcation ones in the general case; secondly, for selected families of nontrivial solutions, we address the appearing of segregation in the vanishing viscosity limit, i.e. \begin{eqnarray*} \int_{\Omega} v_1 v_2 \to 0 \qquad \text{as }\nu\to0. \end{eqnarray*}∫Ωv1v2→0 asν→0.
Defensive acid-secretion in marine gastropods

An important function of the gastropod shell is to protect the body against attack by predators. If the shell of a whelk is broken away and the soft animal is then offered to a hungry cod, it is eaten readily. Many successful gastropods, however, lack an external shell as adults (although it is certain that all have evolved from shelled ancestors) and might be expected to be eaten by fish as readily as is the naked body of a broken whelk. The purpose of this paper is to describe part of an investigation into whether this is in fact true.
Glucocorticoid for Hearing Preservation After Cochlear Implantation: A Systemic Review and Meta-analysis of Animal Studies.

OBJECTIVES To conduct systematic review and meta-analyses of preclinical studies describing the efficacy of glucocorticoids administered via different routes for hearing preservation after cochlear implantation. DATA SOURCES A literature search was performed in PubMed to identify peer-reviewed articles published before December 31, 2017, with no language restrictions. Search components were "Cochlear implant," "Glucocorticoids," and "Hearing preservation. " The results were specified for animal studies. STUDY SELECTION Original studies in which glucocorticoids were administered before or during cochlear implantation in animal models and hearing threshold shifts were measured using auditory brainstem response. DATA EXTRACTION Quality of included studies was assessed using the SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation protocol. Threshold Shift reduction between the "study" and "control" groups at 1-month postimplantation was the parameter used to evaluate hearing preservation. DATA SYNTHESIS The random-effects models were used to combine the results of selected studies. Separate meta-analyses were performed for drug-eluting electrodes, systemic, and local administration. CONCLUSIONS Administering either systemic or topical glucocorticosteroids had a significant effect on preserving low and high-frequency hearing. Topical administration was equally effective across a range of concentration levels and provided maximal hearing preservation when applied 120 minutes before implantation. The effect of systemic treatment was achieved with high doses, equivalent to 26 mg of dexamethasone per day in humans. No significant effect was found with the use of drug-eluting electrodes and more studies are needed to characterise the utility and efficacy of this administration method.
Producer Attitudes Toward Groundwater Conservation in the U.S. Ogallala‐High Plains

We present descriptive findings on attitudes towards groundwater conservation and management from a survey of 1,226 producers farming in the High Plains/Ogallala aquifer region of the United States. We find that a super‐majority of producers agree that groundwater should be conserved rather than entirely depleted. The majority perceives groundwater depletion to be a serious problem. Producers perceive depletion to be a greater problem for their communities than for their own farming operations. There is overwhelming agreement that groundwater should be conserved for altruistic reasons to benefit future generations in the community. Most producers believe they have limited personal capacity for additional groundwater conservation on their farms, and few are involved in voluntary group conservation initiatives. We suggest that a key element of the conservation challenge is social and that future efforts should focus on developing networks, capacities, and cultures of groundwater conservation on the High Plains.
Nitric oxide regulates the firing rate of neuronal subtypes in the guinea pig ventral cochlear nucleus

The gaseous free radical, nitric oxide (NO) acts as a ubiquitous neuromodulator, contributing to synaptic plasticity in a complex way that can involve either long term potentiation or depression. It is produced by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) which is presynaptically expressed and also located postsynaptically in the membrane and cytoplasm of a subpopulation of each major neuronal type in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). We have used iontophoresis in vivo to study the effect of the NOS inhibitor L‐NAME (L‐NG‐Nitroarginine methyl ester) and the NO donors SIN‐1 (3‐Morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride) and SNOG (S‐Nitrosoglutathione) on VCN units under urethane anaesthesia. Collectively, both donors produced increases and decreases in driven and spontaneous firing rates of some neurones. Inhibition of endogenous NO production with L‐NAME evoked a consistent increase in driven firing rates in 18% of units without much effect on spontaneous rate. This reduction of gain produced by endogenous NO was mirrored when studying the effect of L‐NAME on NMDA(N‐Methyl‐D‐aspartic acid)‐evoked excitation, with 30% of units showing enhanced NMDA‐evoked excitation during L‐NAME application (reduced NO levels). Approximately 25% of neurones contain nNOS and the NO produced can modulate the firing rate of the main principal cells: medium stellates (choppers), large stellates (onset responses) and bushy cells (primary‐like responses). The main endogenous role of NO seems to be to partly suppress driven firing rates associated with NMDA channel activity but there is scope for it to increase neural gain if there were a pathological increase in its production following hearing loss.
Potential of Rhizobia in Improving Nitrogen Fixation and Yields of Legumes

Strong demand for food requires specific efforts by researchers involved in the agricul- tural sector to develop means for sufficient production. While, agriculture today faces challenges such as soil fertility loss, climate change and increased attacks of pathogens and pests. The production of sufficient quantities in a sustainable and healthy farming system is based on environmentally friendly approaches such as the use of biofertilizers, biopesticides and the return of crop residues. The multiplicity of beneficial effects of soil microorganisms, particularly plant growth promotion (PGP), highlights the need to fur- ther strengthen the research and its use in modern agriculture. Rhizobia are considered as PGP comes in symbiosis with legumes taking advantage of nutrients from plant root exudates. When interacting with legumes, rhizobia help in increased plant growth through enriching nutrients by nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphates and producing phytohormones, and rhizobia can increase plants ’ protection by influencing the production of metabolites, improve plant defense by triggering systemic resistance induced against pests and pathogens. In addition, rhizobia contain useful variations to tolerate abiotic stresses such as extreme temperatures, pH, salinity and drought. The search for rhizobium tolerant strains is expected to improve plant growth and yield, even under a combination of constraints. This chapter summarizes the use of rhizobia in agriculture and its benefits.
Cost-effectiveness of selective digestive decontamination (SDD) versus selective oropharyngeal decontamination (SOD) in intensive care units with low levels of antimicrobial resistance: an individual patient data meta-analysis

Objective To determine the cost-effectiveness of selective digestive decontamination (SDD) as compared to selective oropharyngeal decontamination (SOD) in intensive care units (ICUs) with low levels of antimicrobial resistance. Design Post-hoc analysis of a previously performed individual patient data meta-analysis of two cluster-randomised cross-over trials. Setting 24 ICUs in the Netherlands. Participants 12 952 ICU patients who were treated with ≥1 dose of SDD (n=6720) or SOD (n=6232). Interventions SDD versus SOD. Primary and secondary outcome measures The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER; ie, costs to prevent one in-hospital death) was calculated by comparing differences in direct healthcare costs and in-hospital mortality of patients treated with SDD versus SOD. A willingness-to-pay curve was plotted to reflect the probability of cost-effectiveness of SDD for a range of different values of maximum costs per prevented in-hospital death. Results The ICER resulting from the fixed-effect meta-analysis, adjusted for clustering and differences in baseline characteristics, showed that SDD significantly reduced in-hospital mortality (adjusted absolute risk reduction 0.0195, 95% CI 0.0050 to 0.0338) with no difference in costs (adjusted cost difference €62 in favour of SDD, 95% CI –€1079 to €935). Thus, SDD yielded significantly lower in-hospital mortality and comparable costs as compared with SOD. At a willingness-to-pay value of €33 633 per one prevented in-hospital death, SDD had a probability of 90.0% to be cost-effective as compared with SOD. Conclusion In Dutch ICUs, SDD has a very high probability of cost-effectiveness as compared to SOD. These data support the implementation of SDD in settings with low levels of antimicrobial resistance.
SOCIAL AND SCALE EFFICIENCY GAINS DUE TO VERTICAL INTEGRATION IN THE U.S. HOG SECTOR

Using a non-parametric linear programming approach, our contribution is (1) to examine if efficiency gains in hog production are realized due to vertical integration and (2) to demonstrate the efficiency gains that are realized are a product of economies of scope and scale. The model uses U.S. hog sector data for the period, 1982-1997. Results indicate efficiency gains are realized due to vertical integration and can be explained by scope and scale efficiency gains. The t-test at the 5% level of significance indicates the mean overall efficiency gains; scope efficiency gains and scale efficiency gains are significantly different from one.
EOR 5559 No . of Pages 10 , DTD = 4 . 3 . 1 29 March 2003 Disk used SPS-N , Chennai

SWOT analysis is an established method for assisting the formulation of strategy. An application to strategy formulation and its incorporation into the strategic development process at the University of Warwick is described. The application links SWOT analysis to resource-based planning, illustrates it as an iterative rather than a linear process and embeds it within the overall planning process. Lessons are drawn both for the University and for the strategy formulation process itself. 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
A new numerical approach for solving high-order linear and non-linear differantial equations

In this paper, the Legendre wavelet operational matrix method has been introduced for solving high-order linear and non-linear multi-point: initial and boundary value problems. It has been suggested that the technique is rest upon practical application of the operational matrix and its derivatives. The differential equation is presented that it is converted to a system of algebraic equations via the properties of Legendre wavelet together with the operational matrix method. As a result of this study, the scheme has been tested on five linear and non-linear problems. The results have demonstrated that this method is a very effective and advantageous tool in solving such problems.
Assessment of Fatty Acid, Proximate and Quantitative Phytochemical Compositions of Matured Stem of Costus afer (Bush Cane).

This study estimated the fatty acid, proximate and quantitative phytochemical compositions of Costus afer matured stem collected from Choba campus of University of Port Harcourt, in Choba community, Rivers State. This was carried out using standard procedures of analysis (fatty acid and proximate) as well as gas chromatographic method (quantitative phytochemical analysis). The fatty acid analysis of the plant stem revealed high contents of linolenic acid (32.26%), linoleic acid (25.89%) and palmitic acid (25.48%) and moderate levels of oleic acid (7.11%) and stearic acid (6.36%) while myristic acid, palmitoleic acid, arachidonic acid, behenic acid and lignoceric acid was low and caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, margaric acid, arachidonic acid, erucic acid were absent. The results of the proximate composition of the stem of Costus afer indicated that total carbohydrate composition of Costus afer stem was the highest (54.98%) while crude fat had the lowest value of 1.15%. The moisture content had a moderate value of 22.15% while total ash (4.60%), crude protein (7.72%) and crude fibre (9.40%) values were low. The gas chromatographic analysis of the stem indicated that the total alkaloid composition was 70.59mg/100g with high compositions of papaverine (44.72%), methyl morphine (23.24%), morphine (17.92%) and narcotine (14.11%). The total flavonoids concentration was 28.29mg/100g. Myricetin (69.79%) had the highest value with moderate levels of quercetin (14.88%) and kaempferol (9.78%). The total composition of saponin was 2.87mg/100g. The sapogenin content of the stem (39.20%) was the highest with moderate levels of diosgenin (26.13%), saponine (22.12%) and tigonine (9.76%) while gitogenin value (2.28%) was observed to be low. The analysis of the plant stem showed the presence of glycosides (22.35mg/100mg) made up mainly of costugenin (65.60%), digitoxin (18.73%), digoxin (6.28%), salicin (4.76%) and low levels of ouabain (1.95%) and kaemferol-3-rhamnoside (1.08%). The study has shown that matured stems of Costus afer can contribute greatly towards meeting human nutritional requirements and suggest the possibility of its use in folklore medicine. Keywords: Costus afer, phytochemicals, proximate composition, fatty acids.