Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Flow Induced Excitation On Basic Shape Structures

The study of flow-induced excitation on structures and obstacles is one of the main topics of fluid dynamics related to the practical interests in a large number of engineering applications e.g. aerodynamic, mechanical, civil, naval, etc. New design and project techniques have offered hazardous solutions, resulting in structures that are even more slender and flexible. This has led to a number of situations of self-excited vibration due to the interaction between flow fields and structures. Forces coming from this mechanism depend upon both the incoming flow and the structure motion, giving rise to a strong non-conservative force field, which may eventually lead to a growing structure motion. The aim of this chapter is to offer an overture about the phenomenon of the fluid–structure interaction. Because of the importance that the cylindrical and spherical shapes have in the practical applications and the generalizations that these shapes allow, in this chapter the fluid–structure interaction is mainly referred to these basic shapes.
Biomechanical Analysis of Concealed Pack Load Influences on Terrorist Gait Signatures Derived from Gröbner Basis Theory

This project examines kinematic gait parameters as forensic predictors of the influence associated with individuals carrying concealed weighted packs up to 20% of their body weight. An initial inverse dynamics approach combined with computational algebra provided lower limb joint angles during the stance phase of gait as measured from 12 human subjects during normal walking. The following paper describes the additional biomechanical analysis of the joint angle data to produce kinetic and kinematic parameters further characterizing human motion. Results include the rotational velocities and accelerations of the hip, knee, and ankle as well as inertial moments and kinetic energies produced at these joints. The reported findings indicate a non-statistically significant influence of concealed pack load, body mass index, and gender on joint kinetics (p>0.05). Ratios of loaded to unloaded kinematics, however, identified some statistical influence on gait (p<0.05). On-going studies are examining an additional subject cohort with greater pack loads in an effort to identify alterations in gait signatures as a counter-terrorism approach.
Polymer characterization of cellulose and hemicellulose

This chapter focuses on the characterization of cellulose and hemicellulose as the most abundant polysaccharides on earth. These polymers have different molecular structure, physicochemical and thermal characteristics. Natural polymers are generally characterized for their existence characteristic and future applications. Analysis of polymeric materials commonly involves spectroscopic technique such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and to some extent ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Conventional characterization techniques are often applied for solid state polymeric materials such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal analysis. Additionally gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is employed to determine the molecular weight of hemicellulose and cellulose.
Comparison between Brain Tissue Gray and White Matters in Tension Including Necking Phenomenon

Characterizing the differences between the mechanical properties of brain tissue gray and white matters is of importance in biomechanics of brain tissue and may find a variety of different applications in medicine. In this study, a comparison has been made between mechanical behavior of bovine brain tissue white and gray matters. Through a linear elastic theory and using Bridgman method, necking phenomenon is considered for brain tissue in tension test. Results show that gray and white matters have different mechanical properties and differences between true and nominal values (the effect of cross section changes of the samples during the test) are not negligible. Besides, it is shown that for certain strains, linear elastic theory is acceptable for brain tissue modeling. These results are in agreement with the literature.
Comments on Greenhow, Robelia, and Hughes: Digital Immersion, Teacher Learning, and Games

In this comment article, the author elaborates on three significant issues that Greenhow, Robelia, and Hughes (2009) identified but did not explore. First, the author discusses the need for research on the impact that youth’s immersion in a digital world may have on meta-cognitive and social skill development. Then teacher learning with the Web is considered, and the author identifies research questions related to improving the design of professional learning experiences. The author concludes with a discussion of digital games for learning and points to several key areas that need further research.
Recruitment of juvenile corals onto coral tables preyed upon by Acanthaster plana

Corals of 3 table-forming species of the genus Acropora, whose tissues had been removed by the seastar Acanthasterplanci (L.) during 2 mo prior to a major annual coral-spawning season, acted as substrata onto which juvenile corals settled. Juvenile corals were detected microscopically in the laboratory on samples taken from tables 10 wk after spawning time (mean diameter of juveniles 1.3 mm; density 3.5 per 100 cm2). Previously it had been thought that a delay of at least 1 yr was necessary before corals would settle after predation by A. planci. The same tables were sampled again after the next coral-spawning season (1 yr later). Desplte the presence of algae and other colonizing organisms, new corals had settled at a density of 2.8 per 100 cm! About 34 41 of the previous year's juveniles had survived, and mean diameter of these was now 7.24 mm When tables were searched closely in the field, surviving juveniles and some new recruits (with diameters down to 2.00 mm) could be detected. These results indicate that apparent delay in settlement after predation by A. planci can be due to the small size of newly settled corals, which can only be seen by careful inspection of the substratum during the first year after settlement, and which do not achieve 3-dimensional structure until some time later. A. planci was still present at the slte when these observations were made. Thus re-establishment of the coral community on this reef had begun during the time that the adult community was being preyed upon.
Credit card behavior as a function of impulsivity and mother’s socialization factors

37 Introduction Personal finance experts commonly recommend that individuals and families limit their use of credit in favor of cash in difficult economic times. This strategy can be recommended as a way to control spending. Kates-Smith (2011) suggested that some Americans have taken this advice and replaced the use of credit cards with cash. However, the possibility that a majority of Americans will change their purchasing behavior is improbable.
Uncertainty Analysis Using Fuzzy Sets for Decision Support System

In agricultural domain application, it is becoming increasingly important to preserve planting material behavior when interact with an environment that is not under its control. However, the uncertainty always inherent such inaccurate decisions when a present of incomplete information in sampling data set (Chao, et al., 2005; Latkowski, 2002; Michelini, et al., 1995). As a result, the proper decision may need to adapt changes in their environment by adjusting its own behavior. Many different methods for dealing uncertainty have been developed. This research work proposes incomplete information with fuzzy representation in objective function for decision modeling. Firstly, we integrate expert knowledge and planting material data to provide meaningful training data sets. Secondly, fuzzy representation is used to partition data by taking full advantages of the observed information to achieve the better performance. Finally, we optimally generalize decision tree algorithms using decision tree technique to provide simpler and more understandable models. The output of this intelligent decision system can be highly beneficial to users in designing effective policies and decision making.
Time-Dependent Pricing of Mobile Data : Model , Systems , and Field Trials

As demand for mobile data doubles every year, Internet service providers’ (ISPs) networks are experiencing increased congestion and bandwidth monetization issues. To address these problems, many ISPs are pursuing usage-based penalty mechanisms that are harmful to the Internet ecosystem. Moreover, usage-based pricing plans fail to induce any of the temporal changes in demand that are necessary to reduce peak hour congestion. A more efficient solution to congestion is to use time-dependent pricing (TDP), in which users pay higher prices during times of higher congestion, incentivizing them to shift their usage to off-peak periods when the network is under-utilized. Yet TDP’s feasibility in wireless networks depends on whether users will actually respond to the time-dependent prices, i.e., whether higher prices induce them to shift their usage. To investigate this question, we developed an analytical model and designed a functional system prototype for offering dynamic day-ahead time-dependent pricing. We also tested the feasibility of the concept and the prototype by conducting the first randomized TDP trials with customers of two cellular network operators. We show that users do in fact respond to time-dependent prices by shifting their usage away from high-priced to low-priced hours of the day. Users were also found to offload data to WiFi networks when such networks are available. Our results contribute to enabling the creation of time-dependent pricing plans for mobile data.
OPTICAL MEASUREMENT OF PHOTOSENSITIZER CONCENTRATION IN VIVO

Most techniques for measuring tissue concentrations of drugs are invasive, time-consuming, and often require the removal of tissue or body fluids. Optical pharmacokinetics (OP) is a minimally invasive alternative giving an immediate result. Pulses of white light are directed at the tissue of interest using a fiber optic probe. Scattered light is detected by a second fiber immediately adjacent to the first in the same probe (separation 1.7 mm). Using the photosensitizer disulfonated aluminium phthalocyanine (AlS2Pc), OP measurements were made in phantoms and on the mouth, stomach, colon, skin, and liver of normal rats 1 and 24 h after intravenous AlS2Pc administration. AlS2Pc concentration was determined by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) in the spectral region around the peak drug absorption or measuring the height of the peak. Spectral baseline interpolation removed the need for pre-drug, control optical measurements. OP measurements correlated well with values from alkali chemical extraction (CE) of the corresponding tissues, (R2 0.87–0.97). OP measurements in the mouth also correlated with CE of less accessible internal organs (R2 0.77–0.88). In phantoms, the lowest detectable concentration was 0.1 μg/g. In vivo, results were limited by the lower accuracy in the CE measurements but were almost certainly comparable. An incidental finding was a 12–15 nm red shifted component in the spectra observed 1 h after drug administration, suggesting partitioning of the drug in different microenvironment compartments, which could prove to be of considerable interest in future studies. In conclusion, OP shows promise for real-time measurement of concentrations of drugs with suitable absorption peaks.
Partially Observable Contingent Planning for Penetration Testing

Penetration Testing (pentesting), where network administrators automatically attack their own network to identify and fix vulnerabilities, has recently received attention from the AI community. Smart algorithms that can identify robust and efficient attack plans may imitate human hackers better than simple protocols. Classical planning methods for pentesting model poorly the real world, where the attacker has only partial information concerning the network. On the other hand POMDPbased approaches provide a strong model, but fail to scale up to reasonable model sizes. In this paper we offer a middle ground, allowing for partial observability and non-deterministic action effects, by modeling pentesting as a partially observable contingent problem. We experiment with a real network of a large organization, showing our solver to scale to realistic problem sizes. We also experiment with sub-sampled networks, comparing the expected reward of a contingent plan graph to that of a POMDP policy.
EPILEPSY AND ORAL HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION-INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

There are about 50 million people with epilepsy in the world and a quarter of them are in the reproductive age group. India alone contributes to 10% of this fig. Because of the advances in therapeutic drugs, the women affected with epilepsy easily enter into reproductive life. These women like others are highly fertile and frequently need to adopt effective and safe contraceptive measures to avoid unplanned pregnancy. There are several concerns regarding the efficacy and safety of natural methods or barrier methods in women who are taking antiepileptic drugs (AED), failure of which poses a great risk to the affected person because pregnancy can result in exposure of fetus to the teratogenic effect of AEDs and also the hemodynamic changes in pregnancy can lower the plasma concentrations of AED and there can be poor seizure control. Oral hormonal pills are prescribed to epileptic women, not only for birth control but also in certain situations such as polycystic ovaries, irregular menstruation, acne and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. There are major bidirectional interactions between reproductive hormones and antiepileptic drugs which the physician should be aware of while dealing with these women. There are now enough evidence that oral contraceptive pills can reduce the efficacy of AEDs by affecting their metabolism and also AEDs by themselves may affect the contraceptive efficacy of oral pills by different pathways. Though estrogen free hormonal contraception is least likely to be effected by this nature of drug interaction, but still caution should be exercised in drug prescription as progesterone by itself has a lesser contraceptive effect and hence even slighted drug interaction too can lead to contraceptive failure. This extensive review focusses upon potential drug interactions between constituents of various oral pills and anti-epileptic drugs, the formulations available in India with different dosages for oestrogen and newer progestogens with their advantages with a special note on ormeloxifene which is exclusively marketed for birth control in Rural India. Special conditions such as contraception during lactation and emergency contraception for epileptic women are also discussed
Switching strategies, population dynamics, and mechanisms of co-existence in food webs with Jekyll-and-Hyde species

Definition: Intra-guild predators prey on members of other species that belong to the same guild. Question: What are the effects of polymorphic intra-guild predators on population dynamics and diversity? Mathematical method: We use differential equations to model a specific form of trophic polymorphism where the polymorphic species is an intra-guild predator. This species can switch between two morphs – Jekyll, which competes with the intra-guild prey for a shared resource, and Hyde, which preys on the intra-guild prey. For generality, we explore two different food web arrangements (with and without cannibalism of Hyde on Jekyll) and two different switching strategies (constant and variable). Key assumptions: We assume that switching between the morphs occurs continuously and in both directions. We also assume that switching is cost-free. Conclusions: Switching in general stabilizes population dynamics, except in the case of the cannibalistic food web with variable switching. Population subsidies from one morph to the other create ecological opportunity for a specialist species with identical ecology as the subsidizing morph. Switching enhances opportunities for co-existence with the intra-guild prey when Hyde subsidizes Jekyll. However, when Jekyll subsidizes Hyde, opportunities for co-existence with the intra-guild prey are diminished.
Ventricular Proarrhythmias Induced by Antiarrhythmic Drugs , Non-Cardiovascular Agents , and Implantable Antiarrhythmia Devices

Unfortunately, the vast majority of antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) aggravate heart rhythm disturbances (in 3 – 15 % of cases); this phenomenon is known as proarrhythmia, or drug-induced arrhythmogenesis [1]. It occurs most often when an AAD increases the frequency and/or duration of the tachyarrhythmic episodes it is intended to suppress, but the AAD may also induce a life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia (VT/VF) by activating a previously dormant arrhythmic substrate, or by creating a de novo arrhythmogenic mechanism [2]. In recent years, those non-cardiovascular drugs capable of inducing ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden arrhythmic cardiac death (SACD) even in subjects with a structurally intact heart [3,4] have become of increasing interest to us. We also refer to a "proarrhythmic effect" if deterioration of a tachyarrhythmia is induced by an implantable antiarrhythmia device (pacemaker, ICD), either alone or in conjunction with an AAD [5,6].
A review on transportation last-mile network design and urban freight vehicles

Last mile logistics also referred as city logistics or urban logistics, concerns to the optimization of urban freight transportation systems. This relatively recent concept responds to the need for feasible and sustainable last mile logistics solutions that contribute to reductions on not only costs but on congestion and environmental effects, particularly in dense cities. Decisions on a supply level involve network design, which includes urban facilities location. In this context facilities are called urban or city distribution centers, micro distribution centers, satellites platforms or just satellites. On other hand, vehicle fleet related decisions need to be also customized to this particular urban distribution context, specifically dealing with multi-mode selection, fleet size, smaller vehicle capacities (i.e. city-freighters), power technology, vehicle autonomy, and inclusive, vehicle design, etc. Literature suggests there is still an opportunity in terms of optimization modeling and methodologies to address these issues. This work revises the drivers motivating the topic, the last mile distribution network elements, and establishes an explicit connection between urban network design and the actual development and use of more environmental and suitable vehicles for urban freight.
Standard Calculation of Fault Current Contribution of Doubly Fed Induction Generator-Based Wind Turbine

Additional information Abstract The fault current contribution of the doubly fed induction generator-based wind turbines (DFIG-WTs) is dictated by a combination of factors, including the electrical parameters of the machine and the controller configuration of the converters. A detailed manufacturer- based simulation model for DFIG-WT was used for detailed analysis of the controller influences on short-circuit parameters. Based on the analysis, new approximate expressions of the short-circuit parameters were introduced and a new mathematical model of the short-circuit current were developed. The mathematical models and the expressions were later validated using nonlinear optimization for parameter extrac‐ tion. Subsequently, a new method was introduced for fault current contribution calculation in a simple and reliable way similar to IEC-60909. The method is based on linearization and a newly introduced correction factor that takes the influence of the controller into account. Finally, the new introduced method was tested on a small wind farm and the results show better accuracy in comparison with IEC-60909.
26 Differentiation , Characterization and Applications of Human Embryonic Stem Cell – Derived Cardiomyocytes

The term “embryonic stem (ES) cell” was introduced in 1981 to distinguish embryo-derived pluripotent cells from teratocarcinoma-derived pluripotent embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells (Martin 1981). First ES cells were derived from mouse intracellular mass (ICM) in the same year (Evans and Kaufman 1981) and in 1994 Bongso and co-workers reported the successful isolation of human ICM cells and their continued culture for at least two passages in vitro (Bongso, Fong et al. 1994). The first permanent human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines were derived more than a decade ago by Thomson and co-workers (Thomson, ItskovitzEldor et al. 1998) and these lines are still widely used. hESCs are capable of proliferating extensively at undifferentiated state in vitro and have the ablity to differentiate towards all three germ layers and furthermore can, in principle, give rise to all cell types of the body. Adult human cardiomyocytes have limited capability to regenerate and the heart tissue cannot undergo extensive repair needed for example after myocardial infarction. Therefore, the rapid development of stem cell technology has raised hopes for new treatments for tissue damage of cardiac and other tissues with limited regenerative capacity. Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have the ability to differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes by multiple differentiation methods. Traditionally hESCderived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CM) are differentiated spontaneously in embryoid bodies (EB) or in co-culture with mouse endodermal cell like (END-2) cells (Kehat, KenyaginKarsenti et al. 2001; Mummery, Ward-van Oostwaard et al. 2003). In addition, more defined differentiation methods using growth factors have been developed (Laflamme, Chen et al. 2007; Yang, Soonpaa et al. 2008). However, the cardiac differentiation is still quite uncontrolled and inefficient and even though new more defined differentiation methods have been published, spontaneous differentiation in EBs and differentiation in co-culture with END-2 cells are still widely used as they are rather inexpensive and functioning for most of the hESC lines. At the end of the year 2009, the total number of hESC lines worldwide has been estimated to be 1071 (Loser, Schirm et al. 2010). Even though the number of hESC lines has increased steadily, two lines, H1 and H9 (WiCell Research Institute), are the most used ones in stem cell research (Guhr, Kurtz et al. 2006; Scott, McCormick et al. 2009; Loser, Schirm et al. 2010).
The Physiology and Pathology of Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecules

The brain was characterized by an enormous degree of complexity and diversity of neural networks, making it one of the most complicated organs. This complexity and diversity came from the vast numbers of neurons, but also from the variety of synapses where neurons pass electrical or chemical signals to other cells. In the brain, neurons recognized each other and form stable synaptic connections through synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Synaptic CAMs served as the “glue” that connects the preand post-synaptic neurons. These CAMs played important roles in 1) the initial target recognition between preand post-synaptic neurons during synapse formation (Sanes & Yamagata, 2009; Williams et al., 2010) and 2) enrichment of synaptic components at preand post-synaptic terminals in the early stages of synapse development (Dalva et al., 2007; Chavis & Westbrook, 2001). During the later stages of synapse development and in mature synapses, CAMs also regulated synaptic structure and function. Alterations in CAMs led to changes in synaptic morphology and function, leading to dysfunction of neural circuits, whose function was highly reliant on precisely controlled cell-cell adhesions. Thus, it was not surprising that many CAMs were associated with many neuropsychiatric disorders including autism, Alzheimer's desease (AD) and schizophrenia. For example, mutations in