Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Methanogenesis from Acetate by Methanosarcina barkeri: Catalysis of Acetate Formation from Methyl Iodide, CO2 , and H2 by the Enzyme System Involved

Cell suspensions of Methanosarcina barkeri grown on acetate catalyze the formation of methane and CO2 from acetate as well as an isotopic exchange between the carboxyl group of acetate and CO2. Here we report that these cells also mediate the synthesis of acetate from methyl iodide, CO2, and reducing equivalents (H2 or CO), the methyl group of acetate being derived from methyl iodide and the carboxyl group from CO2. Methyl chloride and methyltosylate but not methanol can substitute for methyl iodide in this reaction. Acetate formation from methyl iodide, CO2, and reducing equivalents is coupled with the phosphorylation of ADP. Evidence is presented that methyl iodide is incorporated into the methyl group of acetate via a methyl corrinoid intermediate (deduced from inhibition experiments with propyl iodide) and that CO2 is assimilated into the carboxyl group via a C1 intermediate which does not exchange with free formate or free CO. The effects of protonophores, of the proton-translocating ATPase inhibitor N.N′-di- cyclohexylcarbodiimide, and of arsenate on acetate formation are interpreted to indicate that the reduction of CO2 to the oxidation level of the carboxyl group of acetate requires the presence of an electrochemical proton potential and that acetyl-CoA or acetyl-phosphate rather than free acetate is the immediate product of the condensation reaction. These results are discussed with respect to the mechanism of methanogenesis from acetate.
Identification of the Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication Complex in Huh-7 Cells Harboring Subgenomic Replicons

ABSTRACT Formation of a membrane-associated replication complex, composed of viral proteins, replicating RNA, and altered cellular membranes, is a characteristic feature of plus-strand RNA viruses. Here, we demonstrate the presence of a specific membrane alteration, designated the membranous web, that contains hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural proteins, as well as viral plus-strand RNA, in Huh-7 cells harboring autonomously replicating subgenomic HCV RNAs. Metabolic labeling with 5-bromouridine 5′-triphosphate in the presence of actinomycin D revealed that the membranous web is the site of viral RNA synthesis and therefore represents the replication complex of HCV.
A microsatellite survey of cattle from a centre of origin: the Near East

Eight humpless cattle breeds from the Near East, three from Europe, one from West Africa and two zebu breeds from India were screened with 20 microsatellite loci. Breeds from the Near East revealed considerable levels of introgression from zebu cattle, which was apparent most in populations from the East and which declined in populations further West. This nonrandom pattern is suggestive of the introduction of zebu cattle from the East. Notwithstanding the overlay of zebu alleles, it was possible to demonstrate that Near Eastern cattle exhibited significantly higher levels of allelic diversity than breeds from other regions, which is consistent with the view that this region represents a primary domestication centre for Bos taurus cattle. The hypothesis that B. taurus and B. indicus cattle have separate domestic origins is also supported by the survey, a large genetic divergence being apparent between the nonhybrid taurine and zebu groups.
Low levels of drug resistance amidst rapidly increasing tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-epidemics in Botswana.

SETTING Botswana, southern Africa, where the tuberculosis (TB) case rate increased by 120% from 1989 to 1996 in spite of a decade of implementation of the directly observed therapy, short-course (DOTS) strategy. OBJECTIVE To determine prevalence of and risk factors for drug-resistant tuberculosis in an epidemic setting. DESIGN Systematic national random survey of newly diagnosed pulmonary TB and all patients with TB requiring retreatment during 1995-1996. Interviews were conducted, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing was offered, and drug susceptibility testing was performed for isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol. RESULTS Resistance to at least one drug was identified in 16 (3.7%) new cases and 18 (14.9%) retreatment cases. One (0.2%) new and seven (5.8%) retreatment cases had resistance to at least both isoniazid and rifampicin (multidrug-resistant TB). Retreatment cases with multidrug-resistant TB were significantly more likely to have worked in the mines in South Africa than were cases with fully susceptible isolates (6/7 [85.7%] versus 32/ 103 [31.1%], odds ratio 13.3, 95% confidence interval 1.5-311.0, P = 0.007). Of 240 patients tested for HIV, 117 (48.8%) were positive; prevalence was similar among new and retreatment cases, and was not a risk factor for drug resistance in either group. CONCLUSION During the HIV and TB co-epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa, DOTS may help to control drug-resistant TB. However, the TB case rate can be expected to continue to climb in spite of the implementation of the DOTS strategy.
Followership: An Important Partner of Leadership

Followership is the mirror image of leadership. After all, an underlying truth is that leaders would be nonexistent without the support of their followers. To some extent, the relationship between leaders and followers resembles a miniature democracy. Thus, followership should be credited as leadership. The purpose of this article was to review related literature concerning followership and to draw attention to this area because it is argued that good followership serves as an important resource for organizational development. First, the definition of followership is reviewed. Next, the qualities of good followers are examined. Then a path to effective followership is suggested.
Open-circuit fault detection and tolerant operation for a parallel-connected SAB DC-DC converter

This paper presents an open-circuit fault detection method and its tolerant control strategy for a Parallel-Connected Single Active Bridge (PCSAB) dc-dc converter. The structural and operational characteristics of the PCSAB converter lead to several advantages especially for high power applications. By paralleling modular converters, the power and current ratings of each modular converter can be lowered and by interleaving the switching patterns, the input and output current ripples can be significantly reduced without increasing switching losses or device stresses. Apart from these, the PCSAB converter also possesses better reliability under a certain open-circuit fault condition. The proposed fault diagnosis method identifies both location and type of a fault using one current sensor in the output. Depending on the type of the fault, the proposed fault-tolerant strategy tries to keep the capability of the converter unaffected or to improve the quality of the output current under the fault condition. The feasibility of the proposed fault detection and fault-tolerant methods are verified by simulations and experiments.
Gestational gigantomastia with complete resolution in a Nigerian woman

Physiological enlargement of the breasts occurs at puberty and during pregnancy. It is known as gestational gigantomastia when enlargement in pregnancy becomes excessive, uncomfortable and embarrassing. Gestational gigantomastia may have far reaching effects for the mother and fetus. This rare condition is associated with considerable morbidity but may be associated with good fetal outcome. Our case was very interesting because it was managed conservatively and postpartum there was complete spontaneous resolution.
Resistance-Associated Loss of Viral Fitness in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Phenotypic Analysis of Protease andgag Coevolution in Protease Inhibitor-Treated Patients

ABSTRACT We have studied the phenotypic impact of adaptative Gag cleavage site mutations in patient-derived human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants having developed resistance to the protease inhibitor ritonavir or saquinavir. We found that Gag mutations occurred in a minority of resistant viruses, regardless of the duration of the treatment and of the protease mutation profile. Gag mutations exerted only a partial corrective effect on resistance-associated loss of viral fitness. Reconstructed viruses with resistant proteases displayed multiple Gag cleavage defects, and in spite of Gag adaptation, several of these defects remained, explaining the limited corrective effect of cleavage site mutations on fitness. Our data provide clear evidence of the interplay between resistance and fitness in HIV-1 evolution in patients treated with protease inhibitors.
Microscopic Residual Tumor After Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Is Standardization of Pathological Examination Worthwhile?

ObjectivesR1 resection rate after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for cancer is highly variable. The aim of this study was to verify if a standardized histopathological work-up of the specimen affects the rate of R1 resection after PD for cancer. MethodsTwo groups of specimens were managed with (standardized method [SM] group) or without (non-standardized method [NSM] group) a SM of histopathological work-up. Each group included 50 cases of PD for periampullary cancer. Differences in terms of R1 resection rate between the 2 groups were evaluated. Correlation between R1 status and local recurrence was also evaluated. ResultsThe cohort of 100 patients consisted of 66 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, 15 cholangiocarcinoma, and 19 ampullary cancer. The R1 resection rate resulted statistically higher in the SM group (66% vs 10%). Local recurrence was more frequently related to R1 resection in the SM group (34.3% of cases) than in NSM group (20% of cases). ConclusionsThe use of the SM of pathological evaluation of the specimen after PD for cancer determines a significant increase of R1 resection. This remarkable difference seems to be due to the different definition of minimum clearance. The SM seems to better discriminate patients in terms of risk of local recurrence.
Desempleo, búsqueda y políticas activas

Dentro de las politicas activas de empleo, los programas de Orientacion para el Empleo suponen actualmente -en terminos de acciones- mas de la mitad de las politicas puestas en marcha por los servicios publicos de empleo. Asimismo, los recursos economicos destinados a dichas medidas han ido incrementandose ano a ano haciendo que en 2004 se acercara al 7% del presupuesto total destinado a politicas activas. En este contexto, el objetivo perseguido en este trabajo es analizar la eficacia de los programas de orientacion laboral que se vienen aplicando en Espana por los Servicios de Empleo en los ultimos anos, destinados esencialmente a facilitar a los participantes en desempleo el acceso y ajuste a las vacantes surgidas. En concreto, se procede a estimar la probabilidad que tienen los distintos grupos de individuos de obtener un empleo utilizando para ello un grupo de control formado por individuos de caracteristicas semejantes pero que no han participado en politicas activas de empleo. Los resultados obtenidos se analizan en el marco de un modelo de busqueda bajo el que la alternativa de participacion supone tanto el incurrir en un coste como la mejora de la calidad de las ofertas.
Gate driver circuit design optimization for TFT-LCD panel manufacturing

For TFT-LCD panel manufacturing, gate driver circuit with amorphous silicon thin-film transistor (TFT-ASG circuit) plays an important role. In this paper, we propose two different ASG driver circuit topologies to improve crucial dynamic characteristics and then optimize them with circuit sizing by simulation-based evolutionary method which integrates genetic algorithm and circuit simulator on the unified optimization framework [1]. The first circuit consisting of fourteen a-Si:H TFT devices is designed for the specifications of the rise time < 1.5 μs, the fall time < 1.5 μs and the ripple voltage < 3 V with the minimization of total layout area. The second one with eight a-Si:H TFTs and two capacitors is optimized with the additional constraint that power dissipation < 2 mW. The optimized results of this study successfully meet the desired specifications and sensitivity analysis of these results shows promising characteristics which could be used for optimal manufacturing of TFT-LCD panel.
Psicoterapia de la postmodermidad

El articulo desarrolla los dos sentidos que sugiere el titulo. Por un lado, se presentan y discuten las caracteristicas que toma la psicoterapia en la post-modernidad y, por otro, se senala la psicoterapia que la propia post-modernidad necesita (para mejorar ella misma). Asi pues, se critica tanto la psicoterapia post-moderna como la condicion de la post-modernidad.
Osteoclast Differentiation Factor in Human Osteosarcoma Cell Line

Abstract A sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for human osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF/RANKL/ OPGL/TRANCE) utilizing a polyclonal antibody that recognizes both human soluble ODF and mouse ODF in combination with a osteoclasogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF/OPG) was developed. We can quantify the ODF level in not only human ODF (detection limit: 0.05 ng/ml), but also mouse ODF by virtue of cross-reactivity. Employing this assay system, we demonstrated that ODF is constitutively present as a membrane-bound form in both the human osteosarcoma cell lines, MG-63, HOS and SaOS-2, and the mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1.
PROVOCATION OF SKIN GRAFT REJECTION ACROSS MURINE CLASS II DIFFERENCES BY NON‐BONE‐MARROW‐DERIVED CELLS

We have evaluated the relative contribution of bone-marrow-derived cells to skin allograft immunogenicity in mice differing only at class II major histocompatibility genes by using bone marrow radiation chimeras as donors. The mouse strains used were C57BL/6Kh (B6) and B6.C-H-2bm12 (bml2), which differ only at the Aβ gene of the I region of the mouse H-2 complex. Our results demonstrated that skin from (B6 × bm12) chimeras was accepted by bm12 recipients and rejected by B6 mice in a manner indistinguishable from that of normal bm12 skin. Likewise, naive bm12 mice rejected (bm12–by B6) chimeric skin and normal B6 skin equally well, and B6 animals accepted both types of skin grafts. Our data argues that the donor cell-type leading to graft rejection across limited I region differences is not of bone marrow origin, and that these cells must-at least under certain circumstances–express class II antigens.
Studies on genetic organization in higher organisms. I. Analysis of a complex gene in Drosophila melanogaster.

URRENT views concerning the nature of elementary genetic units in multi- cellular organisms focus upon the model of genetic Organization which has emerged in recent years from investigations of microbial systems. CHOVNICK (1966) has reviewed the evidence which permits the identification of a genetic unit of function in Drosophila melanogmter. This entity, the rosy cistron, was shown to be a solitary unit concerned with the enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), located within a short region of the right arm of chromosome 3 at 52.00 (salivary section 87D). Genetic analysis of a large number of mutational altera-tions within the rosy cistron revealed: (1) there does exist a mechanism for intracistronic genetic recombination in higher organisms; (2) the resolving power of such recombination approaches that seen in microbial systems; ( 3 ) utilization of selective procedures for the study of intracistronic recombination permits the demonstration that a cistron in a higher organism consists of a linear order of separable sites capable of independent mutation.
Visuotopic organisation and neuronal response selectivity for direction of motion in visual areas of the caudal temporal lobe of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus): Middle temporal area, middle temporal crescent, and surrounding cortex

On the basis of extracellular recordings in marmoset monkeys, we report on the organisation of the middle temporal area (MT) and the surrounding middle temporal crescent (MTc). Area MT is approximately 5‐mm long and 2‐mm wide, whereas the MTc forms a crescent‐shaped band of cortex 1‐mm wide. Neurones in area MT form a first‐order representation of the contralateral hemifield, whereas those in the MTc form a second‐order representation with a field discontinuity near the horizontal meridian. The representation of the vertical meridian forms the border between area MT and the MTc. In both areas, the fovea is represented ventrocaudally, and the visual field periphery is represented dorsorostrally. Analysis of single units revealed that 86% of cells in area MT show a strong selectivity for the direction of motion of visual stimuli. The proportion of direction‐selective cells in the MTc (53%), whereas lower than that in area MT, is much higher than that observed in most other visual areas. Neurones in the cortex immediately rostral to area MT and the MTc are direction selective, with receptive fields predominantly located in the visual field periphery. In contrast, only a minority of the cells in the cortex ventral to the MTc are direction selective, and their receptive fields emphasise central vision. The results suggest that the MTc is functionally closely related to area MT, and distinct from the areas forming the dorsolateral complex. The MTc may have a role in combining information about motion in the visual field, processed by area MT, with information about stimulus shape, processed by the dorsolateral complex. J. Comp. Neurol. 393:505–527, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Are faces special to infants? An investigation of configural and featural processing for the upper and lower regions of houses in 3- to 7-month-olds

Three- to 7-month-olds were administered a house version of the Face Dimensions Test in which the featural and configural properties of the upper and lower windows were systematically varied. The Dimensions Test has previously been used to study the processing of face features and their configurations by infants (Quinn & Tanaka, 2009). Just as was the case with faces, infants were shown to be sensitive to configural change in the upper and lower regions and to featural change in the upper region, but not to featural change in the lower region. The outcomes reflect either a face processing system that can generalize broadly to stimuli that are as different from faces as houses or a more general processing system with perceptual operations that can apply to both faces and houses.
Analysis of PI-DTC in a segmented interior permanent magnet machine

A number of direct torque controllers for IPM motor drives have been developed in recent years. The main advantages of direct torque control over vector control include lesser parameter dependence and faster torque response. In this paper, a direct torque controller that uses a proportional + integral (PI) controller and reference flux vector calculator to determine the stator flux linkage vector was implemented on a segmented interior permanent magnet machine, in which the magnet of each pole is segmented with iron bridges between the segments. Both the steady state and dynamic performance of the direct torque controlled segmented IPM motor drive were examined.
Cells migrating from the neural crest contribute to the innervation of the venous pole of the heart

Cells migrating from the neural crest are known to septate the outflow tract of the developing heart, and to contribute to the formation of the arterial valves, their supporting sinuses, the coronary arteries and cardiac neural ganglia. Neural crest cells have also been suggested to contribute to development of the venous pole of the heart, but the extent and fate of such cells remains unclear. In this study, in the mouse, it is shown that cells from the neural crest contribute to the parasympathetic and, to a lesser extent, the sympathetic innervation of the venous pole of the heart. Nerves within the venous pole of the heart are shown to be of mixed origin, with some being derived from the neural crest, while others have an alternative origin, presumably placodal. The neurons innervating the nodal tissue, which can exert chronotropic effects on cardiac conduction, are shown not to be derived from the neural crest. In particular, no evidence was found to support previous suggestions that cells from the neural crest make a direct contribution to the myocardial atrioventricular conduction axis, although a small subset of these cells do co‐localize with the developing left bundle branch. We have therefore confirmed that cells from the neural crest migrate to the venous pole of the heart, and that their major role is in the development of the parasympathetic innervation. In addition, in some embryos, a population of cells derived from the neural crest persist in the leaflets of the atrioventricular valves, but their role in subsequent development remains unknown.
Factors affecting the use of a telephone-based intervention for caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease

We investigated the usefulness of a computer-mediated interactive voice response (IVR) system integrated with voicemail to help family caregivers manage disruptive behaviours in people with Alzheimer's disease. The randomization procedure resulted in 49 caregivers being assigned to the intervention group and 51 to the control group. Using their ordinary telephone, the caregivers were linked to the four components of the IVR system: monitoring and counselling, an in-home support group, 'ask the expert', and a respite conversation. During an 18-month study, total system usage amounted to 55 min per user (SD 78, range 1-318). Half the participants used the system for at least 22 min, and 25% for at least 70 min. Participants made between one and 45 calls over the study period, averaging 11 calls (SD 12). Approximately half of the intervention group used the system regularly for two or more months. These 'adopters' were significantly older, more highly educated and reported a greater sense of management of the situation than 'non-adopters'. Adopters were much more likely than non-adopters to have been rated as highly proficient by the trainer following the technology training session. The IVR approach appealed to a subset of users. However, the overall preference was for human interaction.
Design optimization of single-phase outer-rotor hybrid excitation flux switching motor for electric vehicles

Nowadays, in-wheel motors applied in pure electric vehicles (EVs) propulsion systems have attracted great attention in advance research and development. In-wheel direct drive eliminates the mechanical transmission, differential gears and drive belts. Thus, in-wheel direct drive provides quick torque response, higher efficiency, weight reduction, and increased vehicle space. As one of alternative, a new design of hybrid excitation flux switching motor (ORHEFSM) for in-wheel drive EV is proposed. In this paper, the optimization design of single-phase 8S-4P outer rotor HEFSM is analysed. Open and close circuit of initial and final design is compared based on 2-D finite element analysis (FEA). The optimized design motor has produced higher torque which is 138.18Nm with 22.2% improvement compared to initial design motor which is 107.5Nm and has achieved the target value which 111Nm. The initial maximum power achieved was 17.02kW, while for the improved design motor, it has increased to 41.81kW, since the target maximum power is 41kW. The design optimization has been made on the initial design machine shows that there is great enhancement on torque and power.