Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of pluvial lake cycles on earthquake recurrence in the northwestern Basin and Range, USA

The Basin and Range hosted large pluvial lakes during the Pleistocene, which generally reached highstands following the Last Glacial Maximum and then regressed rapidly to near-modern levels. These lakes were large and deep enough to profoundly affect the crust through flexure; they filled basins formed by faults, and they locally modified pore pressure and groundwater conditions. A compilation of geochronologic constraints on paleoshorelines and paleoseismicity suggests temporal correlations between lake level and earthquake recurrence, with changes in earthquake rates as lakes regressed. In the northwestern Basin and Range, climatic and tectonic conditions differ from the rest of the province: The modern and glacial climate is/was cooler and wetter, glacial lakes were proportionally larger, and the crustal strain rate is lower. Numerous valleys host late Pleistocene and Holocene fault scarps and evidence of >Mw 7 earthquakes in the last 15,000 yr. We compiled detailed lake hydrographs, timing of earthquakes and slip on faults, and other climatic and crustal data from Surprise Valley, Summer Lake, and the Fort Rock basin, along with additional data from other basins in the northwestern Basin and Range. We also present new mapping and topographic analysis of fault scarps that provides relative age constraints on the timing of slip events. Our results confirm temporal correlations, but the limited length of the paleoseismic record prevents definitive causation on the scale of the individual fault or lake basin. Taken together, however, data from all basins suggest that the faults in the northwestern Basin and Range could be acting as a system, with pluvial lake cycles affecting elastic strain accumulation and release across the region.
Effects of forestry management and environmental factors on water and light use efficiencies in a cool-temperate mixed forest in northern Japan

Over a period of 9 years covering both disturbed and undisturbed periods, we evaluated long-term variations in water and light use efficiency (WUE, LUE) in a cool-temperate mixed forest in northern Hokkaido, Japan: our study clarified the relationship of WUE and LUE to environmental and vegetation variables. WUE and LUE markedly decreased after deforestation: they were negatively correlated with the seasonal variations in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and water vapor deficit, and LUE increased with the increase in the leaf area index (LAI) coincident with the vegetation recovery. Other environmental and vegetation variables did not explain the changes in the WUE and LUE. The effect of clear-cutting on LUE was well explained by the change in the LAI; on the other hand, vegetation composition (developed forest or young tree seedling with dense undergrowth) had little effect on the magnitude and variation of LUE. In contrast, the change in LAI had little effect on WUE, because WUE is more sensitive to the atmospheric water deficit than it is to vegetation structure.
River Water‐Quality Concentration and Flux Estimation Can be Improved by Accounting for Serial Correlation Through an Autoregressive Model

Accurate quantification of riverine water‐quality concentration and flux is challenging because monitoring programs typically collect concentration data at lower frequencies than discharge data. Statistical methods are often used to estimate concentration and flux on days without observations. One recently developed approach is the Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS), which has been shown to provide among the most accurate estimates compared to other common methods. The main objective of this work was to improve WRTDS estimation by accounting for the autocorrelation structure of model residuals using the first‐order autoregressive model (AR1). This modified approach, called WRTDS‐Kalman Filter (WRTDS‐K), was compared with WRTDS for six constituents including nitrate‐plus‐nitrite (NOx), total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, suspended sediment, and chloride. Near‐daily concentration records at nine sites were used to generate subsets through Monte Carlo sampling for five different sampling scenarios. Results show that WRTDS‐K provided generally better daily estimates of concentration and flux than WRTDS under these sampling scenarios for all constituents, especially NOx. The degree of improvement is strongly affected by the underlying sampling scenario, with WRTDS‐K gaining more advantage when more samples are available, and hence more residuals can be exploited. The performance of WRTDS‐K depends on the AR1 coefficient (ρ) and that relationship varies with constituents and sampling scenarios. These results provided recommendations on the optimal ρ for each constituent and sampling scenario. Overall, WRTDS‐K has the potential for broad applications to monitoring records elsewhere, as demonstrated by a pilot application to Chesapeake Bay tributaries.
Descriptive Study on Socio-Demographic and Risk factors Associated with theOral Cancers, Batticaloa District

Objective: Sri Lanka has the highest reported incidence of oral cancer in the world. The aim of the study to investigate the relationship of risk factors with oral cancers. Materials & Methods: 596 individuals of Batticaloa district were investigated for this study through intervieweradministrated questionnaire within the time frame for the data collection, applying multi stage cluster sampling technique. Results &Discussion: Out of these 596, 63.42% (Nos. 378) are males. 2% (Nos. 11) of the people interviewed have been reported with oral cancer. 91% (Nos. 10) of the total number of oral cancer victims are from rural area. 63.64% (Nos. 7) are in the range of 61-75 years of age among oral cancer. There has no imply any clue about coalition between sex and oral cancer. 30.20% (Nos. 180) have the habit of Tobacco consumption and of which only 5 % (Nos. 7) were identified with oral cancer. Chewing is popular method [77.78% (Nos. 7)] among oral cancer victims. 32.38% (Nos. 193) are having the habit of chewing beetle. 81.82% (Nos. 9) oral cancer patients have the habit of chewing beetle. 90.67% (Nos. 175) people use one or more other substances such as slake lime, areca nut and Tobacco together. 66.67% (Nos. 6) oral cancer patients have the same practice of chewing while sleeping in the night. It is noted that 100% (Nos. 6) of the people with oral cancer and who are beetle chewers while sleeping in the night, keep the beetle pulp near their molar. 32.21% (Nos. 192) people including 3 (27.27 %) out of 11 oral cancer victims are having the habit of consuming Alcohol. Conclusions: Oral cancers are common among people aged 61-75 years. Tobacco consumption and Beetle chewing are most inducing factors of oral cancer.
Risk analysis of soil liquefaction in earthquake disasters

China is an earthquake-prone country. With the development of urbanization in China, the effect of population aggregation becomes more and more obvious, and the Casualty Risk of earthquake disasters also increases. Combining with the characteristics of earthquake liquefaction, this paper analyses the disaster situation of soil liquefaction caused by earthquake in Indonesia. The internal influencing factors of soil liquefaction and the external dynamic factors caused by earthquake are summarized, and then the evaluation factors of seismic liquefaction are summarized. The earthquake liquefaction risk is indexed to facilitate trend analysis. The index of earthquake liquefaction risk is more conducive to the disaster trend analysis of soil liquefaction risk areas, which is of great significance for earthquake disaster rescue.
Are 'exceptionally' preserved skeletal fossils necessarily exceptional chemically and cytologically?

At the macroscopic scale, vertebrate fossils are considered exceptional when non-biomineralized (soft) tissues are preserved. Histologically, high quality is defined by trueness to original shape of a bone, preservation of fine details (e.g. canaliculi), and presence or absence of matrix material in void spaces. Some fossils are hypothesized to preserve cells and durable organelles. Traditionally, cytological details and biomolecular remains have been sought in exceptional fossils. Durable cytological features such as melanosomes do appear to follow feather preservation, but traditionally exceptional fossils are not necessarily exceptional on a microscopic scale. Here, we analyze a feathered dinosaur specimen from the Jehol Lagerstätte to assess claims of blood cell preservation and the state of potential biomolecular preservation. Beipiaosaurus inexpectus is a fairly complete specimen with preserved feathers. Though crushed, fine details in thin section are prevalent. Using Raman spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry, and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy we found no evidence of exceptional molecular preservation. Instead, we found evidence that the vasculature, once hypothesized to contain preserved red blood cells, is filled with clay minerals, with the purported cells chemically indistinguishable from materials of other shapes infilling the vessels. Despite yielding exceptional fossils, the preservational environment of the Jehol biota does not necessarily preserve exceptional details cytologically or biomolecularly. Consequently, we conclude that a systematic approach to biomolecular and cytological preservation studies should rely on traits other than classic exceptional preservation. Are ‘exceptionally’ preserved skeletal fossils necessarily exceptional chemically and
A Survey of Plasma Waves Appearing Near Dayside Magnetopause Electron Diffusion Region Events

One of the major unresolved questions regarding the magnetic reconnection phenomenon is how plasma waves impact the process. In 2015, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration launched the four‐satellite Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission to study magnetic reconnection, especially on the electron scale. Since launch, it has identified several wave modes below the electron plasma frequency that occur near the dayside reconnection X‐line. These include large‐amplitude parallel electrostatic waves, whistler mode waves, lower hybrid waves, and turbulence associated with a corrugated current structure. We survey 23 electron diffusion region events observed by Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission at the dayside magnetopause to help understand how these wave modes impact the reconnection process. Common wave modes are identified, as well as their typical location within the reconnection layer (e.g., electron diffusion region, ion diffusion region, separatrix, and inflow and outflow jets). We find that, with a few exceptions, electromagnetic whistlers are most commonly confined to the separatrices of the exhaust boundary. Lower hybrid waves are found on the magnetosphere side of the current layer and do not make it to the X‐line. The wave modes that typically occur closest to the dissipation region are the corrugated current structures and large‐amplitude parallel electrostatic waves.
Ernesto: Anatomy of a storm tide

Virginia residents were warned that tropical depression ERNESTO would bring a lot of rain and consequently some flooding from runoff. Although briefly a hurricane (sustained winds greater than 74 mph) near the island of Haiti, ERNESTO spent most of its life as a tropical storm (winds greater than 58 mph) before crossing into Virginia on September 1, 2006, as a tropical depression (winds greater than 39 mph). Little did we know that a mere tropical depression would be packing high winds and a walloping storm tide along with the rain.
Electrification of Experimental Volcanic Jets with Varying Water Content and Temperature

Volcanic lightning—a near ubiquitous feature of explosive volcanic eruptions—possesses great potential for the analysis of volcanic plume dynamics. To date, the lack of quantitative knowledge on the relationships between plume characteristics hinders efficient data analysis and application of the resulting parameterizations. We use a shock‐tube apparatus for rapid decompression experiments to produce particle‐laden jets. We have systematically and independently varied the water content (0–27 wt%) and the temperature (25–320 °C) of the particle‐gas mixture. The addition of a few weight percent of water is sufficient to reduce the observed electrification by an order of magnitude. With increasing temperature, a larger number of smaller discharges are observed, with the overall amount of electrification staying similar. Changes in jet dynamics are proposed as the cause of the temperature‐dependence, while multiple factors (including the higher conductivity of wet ash) can be seen responsible for the decreased electrification in wet experiments.
Considering the causes of RLS

The pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome (RLS) is complex and remains to be fully elucidated. The condition is predominantly a disorder of the central rather than the peripheral, nervous system, and dopaminergic dysfunction in subcortical systems appears to play a central role. Conditions associated with secondary RLS, such as pregnancy or end‐stage renal disease, are characterized by iron deficiency, which suggests that disturbed iron homeostasis may also play a role in the development of the condition. Although most patients with RLS have normal serum ferritin levels, concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in the cerebrospinal fluid are reduced, suggesting iron deficiency within the central nervous system. Although iron is necessary for the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate‐limiting step in dopamine synthesis, it is unclear whether this relationship plays a role in the aetiology of RLS. There also appears to be a genetic component, particularly when the condition develops before the age of 45 years. Candidate genetic loci have been located on chromosomes 9p, 12q and 14q, but the genes involved have yet to be identified. How these three identified aetiological factors, namely dopaminergic dysfunction, impaired iron homeostasis and genetic disposition, are inter‐related in the genesis of RLS remains unclear.
Ideas and perspectives: Is dark carbon fixation relevant for oceanic primary production estimates?

Abstract. About half of the global primary production (PP) is generated in the euphotic layer of the ocean. The 14C method developed by Steemann Nielsen (Nielsen, 1952) more than half a century ago has been the most frequently used method to determine PP in all aquatic systems. This method includes dark incubations to exclude the non-phototrophic dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) fixation. The presence of significant dark DIC fixation rates has been habitually used to suggest the inaccuracy of the 14C method to determine autotrophic phytoplankton primary production. However, we suggest that the dark DIC fixation rates should be incorporated into global oceanic carbon production estimates since the total production of organic matter does not originate only from photosynthesis but also from other processes such as chemoautotrophic and anaplerotic processes. Here we analyzed data collected over almost 30 years from the longest available oceanic time series and calculated that the inclusion of dark DIC fixation would increase oceanic PP estimates by 5 %–22 % when total dark DIC fixation is included or by 2.5 %–11 % when only considering the nighttime DIC fixation. We conclude that dark DIC fixation should be included into global oceanic primary production estimates as it represents newly synthesized organic carbon (ca. 1.2–11 Pg C yr−1) available for the marine food web.
The Effects of Phosphorus Cycle Dynamics on Carbon Sources and Sinks in the Amazon Region: A Modeling Study Using ELM v1

Tropical forests play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, accounting for one third of the global net primary productivity and containing about 25% of global vegetation biomass and soil carbon. This is particularly true for tropical forests in the Amazon region, as these comprise approximately 50% of the world's tropical forests. It is therefore important for us to understand and represent the processes that determine the fluxes and storage of carbon in these forests. In this study, we show that the implementation of phosphorus (P) cycle and P limitation in the version 1 of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model land model (ELM v1) improves simulated spatial pattern of wood productivity. The P‐enabled ELM v1 is able to capture the declining west‐to‐east gradient of productivity, consistent with field observations. We also show that by improving the representation of mortality processes using soils data, ELMv1 is able to reproduce the observed spatial pattern of above ground biomass. Our model simulations show that the consideration of P availability leads to a smaller carbon sink associated with CO2 fertilization effect and lower carbon emissions due to land use and land cover change. Our simulations suggest P limitation would significantly reduce the carbon sink associated with CO2 fertilization effects through the 21st century. We conclude that P cycle dynamics affect both sources and sinks of carbon in the Amazon region, and the effects of P limitation would become increasingly important as CO2 increases. Therefore, P limitation must be considered for projecting future carbon dynamics in tropical ecosystems.
Therapeutic Effect Of YiQiFuMai In Patients With Chronic Congestive Heart Failure

Objective To observe the curative effects of YiQiFuMai in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Methods A total of 60 CHF patients were divided into two groups: treatment group (30cases) and control group (30cases). The patients in control group were treated by routine therepy, and the patients in treatment group were treated with YiQiFuMai on the base of routine therapy. The cardiac function and its echocardiogram index, 6-minutes walk distance were measured before and treatment in both groups. Result The total efficacy of cardiac function was 93.33% in treatment group and 70% in control group after treatment (p0.05) . Amelioration of LVEF and LVDD of echocardiogram and 6MWT in treatment group were more than those in control group after treatment. (p0.05). Conclusion Since the YiQiFuMai to be the treathceat of CHF significont effect.
Cerebral Oximetry During Prolonged Cardiac Arrest and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention : A Report on Five Cases

Objective. To evaluate the feasibility of cerebral oximetry (SctO2) with arterial blood pressure (ABP), central venous pressure (CVP), end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), pulse oximetry (SpO2), and arterial blood gases during resuscitation in the coronary catheterization laboratory (cath-lab) setting. Design. We have implemented SctO2 in our cath-lab when cardiac arrest patients are in the need of prolonged resuscitation efforts with mechanical chest compressions (MCC) during simultaneous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Setting. An academic coronary catheterization laboratory. Patients. Five cardiac arrest patients required prolonged resuscitation efforts with MCC in the cath-lab during simultaneous PCI. Results. During MCC, median SctO2 (n = 5) was 47%, median systolic ABP (n = 5) was 88 mm Hg, mean ABP (n = 5) was 58 mm Hg, coronary perfusion pressure (n = 3) was 19 mm Hg, SpO2 (n = 4) was 81%, and ETCO2 (n = 4) was 18.8 torr (2.5 kPa). Four patients had a successful PCI, including 1 patient wit.
First-Responders and Emergency Department Healthcare Provider Interactions During Emergency Situations: A Grounded Theory Study

Interactions between and among first-responders and emergency department (ED) healthcare providers impact the way in which patients are managed during emergency situations. The purpose of this study was to develop a grounded theory to explain the interactions between and among first-responders and ED healthcare providers during emergency situations. Interprofessional collaboration and teamwork has been extensively studied, however little is known about interactions that include first-responders. This study was guided by Strauss and Corbin’s (1990) approach to grounded theory. Data were collected through 256 hours of firstresponder and ED observational opportunities and informal interviews with accompanying detailed field notes. As well, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 firstresponders and ED healthcare providers. Data were organized using NVivo 10 software. A constant comparative approach consistent with grounded theory was used to analyze the field notes, interview transcripts, and policy documents until theoretical saturation was achieved. The proposed theoretical model, the Interactional Theory of Emergency Response and Care (ITERC), explains the interactions between and among first-responders and ED healthcare providers. Coming together for public safety is the core category that helps to describe the social processes of interactions of first-responders and ED healthcare providers during emergency situations. The four domains or subcategories provide further explanation of the micro, meso, and macro contexts that facilitate and/or impede interactions during emergency response and care. Factors that support first-responders and ED healthcare providers in their coming together for public safety include role clarity, clear communication, IPE, shared policies, and strategies to enhance systems issues such as managing offload delays. Given the importance of interactions between and among first-responders and ED healthcare providers and the effects on public safety, the
How Mountain Geometry Affects Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interactions: Part I. Shallow Convective Clouds

This study examines how upslope geometry controls aerosol effects on orographic precipitation through twodimensional idealized simulations of orographic precipitation from shallow warm convective clouds over a bellshaped mountain with 1-km height. A total of nine cases are simulated by considering three different prescribed aerosol number concentrations and three different windward-widths of the mountain. For a detailed representation of drop size distributions, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model that includes a bin microphysics scheme is used with a horizontal grid size of 250 m and 401 terrain-following vertical levels. A higher aerosol number concentration leads to the production of more cloud droplets, inhibiting the growth of cloud droplets into raindrops in the cases with the symmetric mountain (the windward-side half-width a1 = 10 km). As a result, the total and maximum surface precipitation amounts decrease and the location of the maximum surface precipitation amount shifts downstream. The aerosol effects on orographic precipitation are more clearly seen in the cases with the narrow windward-width (a1 = 5 km) compared to the cases with the symmetric mountain and the wide windward-width (a1 = 20 km). In the cases with the narrow windward-width, the steep upslope generates strong convection with a short advection timescale (~ 600 s), resulting in more precipitation being concentrated over a narrow area of the mountain downslope compared to the cases with the symmetric mountain and the wide windward-width. On the other hand, in the cases with the wide windward-width, the gentle upslope generates weak convection with a sufficiently long advection timescale (~ 2400 s) so that a large portion of liquid drops precipitates out on the wide mountain upslope before reaching the peak.