Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oxygen/Hydrogen Chemistry in the Inner Comae of Active Comets

We have constructed a concentric-shell, one-dimensional kinetic model that examines the chemistry of hydrogen and oxygen species in detail. We have studied the effects of the reactions of the reactive OH, O(3P), and O(1D) species with themselves and with the abundant stable molecules in the inner coma of moderately and highly active comets. We find that the reactions (1) O(1D) + H2O → 2OH and (2) O(3P) + OH → O2 + H play important roles in the inner comae of active comets. Inclusion of reaction (2) predicts the formation of significant amounts of molecular oxygen. As the densities of O2 may be as high as 1% those of water in some cases, the possibility of detection exists. We suggest the possibility that the ion O may contribute to some previously unassigned features in the optical ion-tail spectra of comets. We also consider the role that reactions of the reactive species might play in the destruction of CO, NH3, and organic molecules in the inner coma of the active comet. We find that destruction of formaldehyde, for example, by reaction with OH has a small but essentially negligible effect on the predicted production rate of formaldehyde. Finally, we examine the significance of the reaction of OH with CO in the dense inner coma.
Actual justification of the Crooks and Nichols radiometers, and failure of solar sails

Radiation energy causes fluctuation of the molecules in vanes of the Crooks radiometer. Through this fluctuation, molecules of the vanes strike the adjacent air molecules and as reaction cause recoil of the vanes. It seems that this is also the mechanism of Nichols radiometer. But, in the vacuum of the space, there are not practically such molecules to be leaned by the striking molecules of the vanes of solar sails. So, the vanes will not recoiled to be propelled. It is shown that a comet’s tail and antitail are common tides produced by Sun rather than by radiation pressure.
A reptile survey in a dry deciduous forest fragment in northern Madagascar showing new records for the little-known snake Pararhadinaea melanogaster and a range extension for the skink Amphiglossus tanysoma

A small area within a fragment of unprotected secondary dry deciduous forest named Antsolipa, located between the protected areas of Montagne d'Ambre National Park and Ankarana Special Reserve in northern Madagascar, was surveyed for its reptile fauna over a ten-week period between July and September 2009, during the dry season. A combination of active searching, opportunistic collection as well as pitfall and funnel trapping yielded a total of 19 reptile species including 2 listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and 7 species on the CITES appendices. As this forest was previously unstudied, this survey provides the first inventory of reptile species for the area, also providing a new locality record for a little known species of colubrid snake, Pararhadinaea melanogaster, of which only six specimens were previously known from a few locations in Northern Madagascar. It is also the first locality where multiple specimens of this species have been observed. The discovery of a skink thought to be Amphiglossus tanysoma is also important, as this would be a northern range extension for this species. The fragmented forests in this area are under increasing threat from logging and clearing, and as few studies have been carried out in these unprotected areas their conservational importance remains poorly known. It is hoped that the results of this survey may help to highlight the rich species diversity contained within these forests, and hopefully lead to some form of official protection of what little remains of these potentially important habitats.
Palaeoclimate reconstruction on Big Lyakhovsky Island, north Siberia—hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in ice wedges

Late Quaternary permafrost deposits on Big Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Islands, Russian Arctic) were studied with the aim of reconstructing the palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental conditions of northern Siberia. Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope analyses are presented for six different generations of ice wedges as well as for recent ice wedges and precipitation. An age of about 200 ka BP was determined for an autochtonous peat layer in ice‐rich deposits by U/Th method, containing the oldest ice wedges ever analysed for hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. The palaeoclimatic reconstruction revealed a period of severe winter temperatures at that time. After a gap in the sedimentation history of several tens of thousands of years, ice‐wedge growth was re‐initiated around 50 ka BP by a short period of extremely cold winters and rapid sedimentation leading to ice‐wedge burial and characteristic ice‐soil wedges (‘polosatics’). This corresponds to the initial stage for the Late Weichselian Ice Complex, a peculiar cryolithogenic periglacial formation typical of the lowlands of northern Siberia. The Ice Complex ice wedges reflect cold winters and similar climatic conditions as around 200 ka BP. With a sharp rise in δ18O of 6‰ and δD of 40‰, the warming trend between Pleistocene and Holocene ice wedges is documented. Stable isotope data of recent ice wedges show that Big Lyakhovsky Island has never been as warm in winter as today. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring Knowledge Sharing Among Medical and Non- Medical Staff: A Case Study Of An Ophthalmology Hospital In Malaysia

The main purpose of this study is to explore the views medical and non-medical staffs of an Ophthalmology hospital towards the importance of knowledge sharing (KS), discover barriers to KS and strategies that may encourage KS. Furthermore, it examined the differences in the views of these constructs between medical and non-medical staff. Questionnaires derived from previous studies were used to collect a survey data from a purposive sample of 54 staff of an Ophthalmology hospital. The results were subjected to descriptive analyses. The results showed that there was a general good awareness by respondents about the importance of KS. Major organizational barriers identified in this study include no system to identify colleagues with whom to share knowledge, and lack of reward and recognition. Major individual barriers identified include lack of interaction between those who need knowledge and those who can provide and lack of trust and communication. Major strategies suggested by respondents include management encouragement to allow publications on newsletter and website, linking KS with performance appraisal and rewards. There was statistical significant difference in the views of medical and non-medical staffs in area of trust and linking KS with non-monetary rewards. This study noted that the management of the hospital must take into considerations, the difference in views and also avail the different opportunities present in the hospital environment to evolve ways in which KS can be encouraged and implemented in the hospital. Key words: Knowledge sharing, medical staff, non medical staff, Ophthalmology hospital
Yield and nitrogen recovery of wheat plants subjected to urea application with or without a urease inhibitor in the absence of irrigation

The use of urease inhibitors and irrigation are management options to increasing the efficiency of top-dressed urea by reducing NH 3 volatilization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the productive performance and N recovery of ‘BRS 254’ wheat plants without irrigation after applying urea or urea+NBPT [N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide] as the top dressing. The experiment was carried out in Vicosa, MG, Brazil, between May and September of 2008 using a complete randomized block design with a 2×6+1 factorial arrangement of the following treatments: 1) urea or urea+NBPT, 2) six periods without irrigation (0, 48, 96, 144, 192 or 240 h after applying the top-dressing fertilizer), and 3) a control without N; there were four replications. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance (P≤0.05). The mean values of the treatments with urea or urea+NBPT were compared by Tukey’s test (P≤0.05), and the effects of the periods without irrigation were analyzed by a regression (P≤0.05). The results of the study show that NBPT did not lead to agronomic advantages for the wheat crop under the study conditions, and the absence of irrigation after urea application as the top dressing led to less N utilization by the wheat plants. El uso de inhibidores de ureasa o de riego son opciones de manejo para aumentar la eficiencia de la urea aplicada en cobertera, a traves de la reduccion de la volatilizacion de NH 3 . La investigacion tuvo como objetivo la evaluacion del desempeno productivo y la recuperacion de N por plantas de trigo ‘BRS 254’ sin riego, despues de la aplicacion de urea o urea+ NBPT [N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide] en cobertera. El experimento se llevo a cabo en la ciudad de Vicosa, MG, en Brasil desde mayo hasta septiembre de 2008. Los tratamientos siguieron un arreglo factorial 2×6+1, en el cual la urea o urea + NBPT se combinaron en seis periodos sin riego: 0, 48,96, 144, 192 y 240 horas despues de la aplicacion del fertilizante en cobertera, ademas de una muestra de control sin la aplicacion de N. Para el diseno experimental, se utilizaron los bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se concluyo que el NBPT no proporciona ventajas agricolas a la cosecha de trigo, bajo las condiciones estudiadas. La ausencia de riego despues de la aplicacion de urea en cobertera provee un aprovechamiento menor de N por las plantas de trigo.
Mobile technology interaction to e–Commerce in promising of u–Commerce

Mobile technology interaction is gaining increasing acceptance. The need for mobility is a primary driving force behind mobile banking, mobile entertainment and mobile marketing, and is supported by an ever increasing convergence of computers and mobile telecommunication devices. This article examines the conceptual background and existing experience of another wave of change that provides the ultimate form of ubiquitous networks and universal devices. It presents understanding of another form of commerce, a form that goes over above and beyond traditional commerce, simply "ucommerce”, in order to make consumers and service-providers aware of new business opportunities arising out of this convergence.
Color Images Encryption using Cipher System with Different Types of Random Number Generator

Image encryption is a wide science in a nowadays and is used in research of information security, and a lot of image encryption algorithms have been introduced to protect the personal images from unauthorized access. The proposal algorithm generated random password seed which is used as a key to three types of Pseudo Random Number Generator; Linear Feed Back Shift Register, Non-Linear Feed Back Shift Register and BLUM BLUM SHUB. The algorithms are applied to the colour images with large random keys. The experimental results of comparisons between these algorithms, shows that BBS have better performance than LFBSR and NLFBSR.
Integrating Bangla script recognition support in tesseract OCR

Tesseract is considered one of the most accurate free software OCR engines currently available. It was originally developed by Hewlett-Packard from 1985 until 1995, and is currently maintained by Google. At present, Tesseract is capable of only recognizing English, French, Italian, German, Spanish and Dutch. However, it is possible to make Tesseract recognize other scripts if the engine is trained with the requisite data. In this paper, we present a complete methodology to integrate Bangla script recognition support in Tesseract.
An endoevaporitic microbial mat within a gypsum crust: Zonation of phototrophs, photopigments, and light penetration

We characterized a layered community of cyanobactena and purple bacteria that developed within a gypsum crust on the bottom of a hypersaline saltern pond (salinity 280 to 290 g 1-0 in Eilat, Israel. The upper 1 to 2 cm of the 4 to 5 cm thick gypsum crust is inhabited by carotenoid-rich unicellular cyanobacteria (Aphanothece sp. and others), imparting an orange-brown color to the gypsum. Under the brown layer, a green layer dominated by unicellular cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus is found, with filanlentous Phormidjum-type cyanobacteria as a minor component. Below these layers of oxygenic phototrophs is a red layer of purple bacteria. We studied the optical properties of the gypsum crust, both by characterization of the pigments present in the different layers and by measuring spectral scalar irradiance at different depths in the crust, using fiber-optic microprobes. In the upper 2 mm of the crust, a maximum of scalar irradiance of up to 200% of incident light was measured. Light in the blue range of the spectrum (400 to 500 nm) was effectively absorbed by the protective caroteno~ds (myxoxanthophyll, echinenone, and others) in the upper brown layer. However, significant amounts of light in the red part of the spectrum penetrated down to the green layer to enable photosynthesis: about 1 % of the incident irradiance at 620 and 675 nm reached the green layer at a depth of 15 mm, and > l % of the incident light in the infrared part of the spectrum reached the purple bacteria located at a depth of 20 to 23 mm.
Investigation of droplet oscillation on a vibrating elastic plate

Behaviour of a sessile droplet on a vibrating elastic plate is investigated. We obtain experimentally the characteristics of droplet oscillation modes by two high speed cameras recording from side view and top view synchronously. Theoretical shapes and frequencies are compared with those measured in the experiments, and different regimes of the droplet oscillations are explained. Moreover, the circular patterns of the elastic plate oscillations, so-called “Chladni patterns”, were visualized. The radius variations of the nodal lines in the plate with the frequency of the external forcing are well predicted by our theoretical model. We further focus on the influence of the non-uniform amplitude of the plate oscillation on the droplet oscillatory behaviour. It is important to notice that a drop placed at a nodal line oscillates due to the pitch motion of the plate at this line but not due to the plate vertical vibration which is negligible at the nodal line. A droplet located either outside or inside the nodal lines behaves very differently, resulting in potential depinning of the contact line due to the gradient of the plate deflection.
Harmful use of alcohol among Nigerian undergraduates: the influence of alcohol-risk perception, religiosity and gender

This study investigated the role of alcohol risk perception, religiosity and gender in harmful use of alcohol using a sample of Nigeria undergraduates. The study participants comprised of 501 undergraduate students (340 males and 161 females) between the age of 18 and 27 years, with the mean age of 23.14 years. Participants completed a measure of the augmented CAGE questionnaire, alcohol-risk perception scale, and the religiosity scale. Linear regression showed that males are more likely to abuse alcohol than females (β= -.17; t = -3.47; P < .01). Also, alcohol-risk perception significantly predicted alcohol abuse (β= .14; t = 2.74; P < .01). However, religiosity did not significantly predict alcohol abuse. Results, implications of findings, and suggestions for further research were discussed. Keywords: Harmful use of alcohol, Alcohol-Risk perception, Religiosity, Gender, Nigeria
Cultivating Effective Pedagogical Skills in In-Service Teachers: The Role of Some Teacher Variables.

Researchers have opined that pedagogical skill of the teacher is a powerful force. This study investigated variables that are required to cultivate effective pedagogical skills for teaching basic science and technology (BST) in Ogun State Primary Schools in Nigeria. A survey research design was adopted. A total of 148 teachers across the state were sampled. Three instruments were used: (a) Teachers’ Time Management Observational Scale (r=0.81); (b) Teachers’ BST Content Knowledge Test (r=0.96); (c) Teachers’ Pedagogical Skills Observational Schedule (r=0.84). There was no significant difference between the original and the reproduced correlation coefficients. All the teacher variables had significant total effects on teachers’ pedagogical skills.
Content and relationship dimensions of a conflict encounter scenario as determinants of interpersonal conflict rules

11 LIST OF FIGURES . IT LIST OF TABLES . vi Chapter
Numerical Study on Subcooled Pool Boiling

*This study focuses on the clarification of the heat transfer characteristics of the subcooled pool boiling, the discussion on its mechanism, and the establishment of a boiling and condensation model for direct numerical simulation on the subcooled pool boiling phenomena. In this paper, three dimensional numerical simulations based on the MARS (Multi-interface Advection and Reconstruction Solver) with a boiling and condensation model which consisted of the improved phase-change model and the relaxation time based on the quasi-thermal equilibrium state have been conducted for the bubble growth process in the subcooled pool boiling. The numerical results regarding the bubble growth process of the subcooled pool boiling show in good agreement with the experimental observation results and the existing analytical equations among Rayleigh, Plesset and Zwick and Mikic et al. Therefore, it was found that the improved boiling and condensation model with the relaxation time consideration can predict the bubble growth process of the subcooled pool boiling phenomena.
Migotanie przedsionków a przewlekła choroba nerek Atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease

WSTĘP Migotanie przedsionków (AF) należy do najczęstszych nadkomorowych zaburzeń rytmu serca [1]. Zaburzenie to wiąże się ze zwiększonym ryzykiem powikłań zakrzepowo-zatorowych i nagłego zgonu. Szczególnie niebezpieczne jest napadowe AF, które najczęściej ustępuje samoistnie lub z czasem przekształca się w utrwalone AF bez tendencji do spontanicznego powrotu rytmu zatokowego [2–4]. U osób z przewlekłą chorobą nerek (PChN) napadowe AF najczęściej pojawia się podczas dializoterapii. Częstość występowania AF w populacji ogólnej szacuje się na 1–2%. Wraz z wiekiem obserwuje się narastanie częstości występowania tego zaburzenia rytmu (z 0,5% w 40–50 rż. do 5–15% w 80 rż.) [1]. Innymi czynnikami ryzyka wystąpienia AF są: nadciśnienie tętnicze, choroba niedokrwienna serca i niewydolność lewej komory [5]. Częstość występowania AF u chorych ze schyłkową niewydolnością nerek jest znacznie wyższa niż w populacji ogólnej — wynosi 7–27% (tab. 1). Również w tej grupie chorych częstość rośnie wraz z wiekiem. Istotne znaczenie ma również czas leczenia nerkozastępczego. Najwyższą częstość występowania AF (27%) stwierdzono w populacji badanej przez Genovesi i wsp. [6]. Populacja ta była znacznie starsza (66,6 ± 13,4 roku) w porównaniu z innymi badanymi grupami i charakteryzowała się najdłuższym czasem dializoterapii (76 ± 84 miesięcy). Badania prospektywne wykazały, że zapadalność na AF w populacji dializowanych wynosi od 1 do 3,1/100 osób/rok [7, 8].
Mind the Gap: Bridging the Perception and Reality of Crime Rates with Information

Gains from government crime-reducing programs are not always visible to the average citizen. The media overexpose crime events, but the absence of crime rarely makes the news, increasing the risk that citizen may have inaccurate perceptions of security. Through a survey experiment carried out in Bogota, Colombia, a city that experienced a substantial reduction in homicides over the last decade, as well as a noticeable drop in robberies, this paper tests the effect that communicating objective crime trends could have on such perceptions. The results show that information improves perceptions of safety and police effectiveness, and lowers distrust in the police. However, the information treatment is not able to impact those with biased priors, and tends to weaken over time. A more active and regular engagement with citizens regarding these trends is needed to bridge the gap between perception and reality.
Communication in Verbal Hand-Over Reports : Nurses' Experiences from in-Patients Hospital Units in Saudi Arabia : Qualitative Study

Correspondence: Haniha Alyamany Email: alyamany-haniha@hotmail.com Introduction Nurses constitute the largest group of health care providers in most countries in the world. Nurses as professionals provide care for patients in many areas of health care, from disease prevention to curative care (Oulton, 2006). Although nurses are the largest group of health care providers, many hospitals have a shortage of professional nurses which can in turn affect patients’ care. As a result of this, many countries throughout the world are striving to improve staffing levels of professional nurses in their hospitals (Buchan & Calman, 2004). Saudi Arabia is one such country which has a shortage of nursing staff. The government is now working intensively in the area of nurse education and nursing practice to improve the situation. Saudi Arabia started its own health education programmes in Riyadh in 1958. The main goal was to increase the number of trained Saudi national nurses working within the health care services (Almalki, FitzGerald, Clark, 2011). The Ministry of Health has shown that Saudi Arabian nationals represent less than one quarter of the workforce in the health care sector in Saudi Arabia (MOH 2008; WHO, 2006). Even though there is an increase in the number of graduated Saudi nurses, the majority of the nurses in Saudi Arabia are recruited from abroad, in order to cover the shortage of nurses. There are therefore many challenges faced in these multi-cultural workplaces, which include clashes of beliefs and value systems which can be different from the Saudi culture (Mebrouk, 2008). There are even challenges in the areas of communication within the health care facilities. English is the official recognised language used in the health care sector in Saudi Arabia. Most of the nurses working in the services, both Saudi and non-Saudi, have English as a second or even as a third language. This can lead to gaps in communication between nurses and Abstract
A Method of Searching for Origins of Cosmic Rays correcting for Galactic Field Deflections and Charge Composition

We present a new method of searching for origins of ultra-high energy cosmic rays directly from observed data. We include corrections for deflections in the galactic magnetic field according to the individual cosmic ray charges. The analysis procedure is iterative and consists of the following steps. Initially, we assign to each cosmic ray a charge hypothesis and apply corresponding corrections for the galactic field to obtain directions outside our galaxy. We then search for directions indicating an enhanced cosmic ray arrival probability using a clustering algorithm. The cluster directions form a set of source candidates. Hereafter, the initial charge assignments of the cosmic rays are disregarded, and a stacked source analysis is performed to evaluate the validity of the set of source candidates. The consistency of the observed cosmic rays with the expected arrival probability distributions on Earth is used in a likelihood ratio method on one hand for the evaluation of the set of source candidates, and on the other hand for assigning charges to each cosmic ray. The procedure can be repeated optimizing for the most likely set of sources. We present the method and its performance using a simulated astrophysical scenario.