Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low Back Pain and Diagnostic Lumbar Facet Joint Nerve Blocks: Assessment of Prevalence, False-Positive Rates, and a Philosophical Paradigm Shift from an Acute to a Chronic Pain Model.

BACKGROUND Lumbar facet joints are a clinically important source of chronic low back pain. There have been extensive diagnostic accuracy studies, along with studies of influence on the diagnostic process, but most of them have utilized the acute pain model. One group of investigators have emphasized the importance of the chronic pain model and longer lasting relief with diagnostic blocks. OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic accuracy of lumbar facet joint nerve blocks with controlled comparative local anesthetic blocks and concordant pain relief with an updated assessment of the prevalence, false-positive rates, and a description of a philosophical paradigm shift from an acute to a chronic pain model. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study to determine diagnostic accuracy, prevalence and false-positive rates. SETTING A multidisciplinary, non-university based interventional pain management practice in the United States. METHODS Controlled comparative local anesthetic blocks were performed initially with 1% lidocaine, followed by 0.25% bupivacaine if appropriate response was obtained, in an operating room under fluoroscopic guidance utilizing 0.5 mL of lidocaine or bupivacaine at L3, L4 medial branches and L5 dorsal ramus. All patients non-responsive to lidocaine blocks were considered to be negative for facet joint pain. All patients were assessed after the diagnostic blocks were performed with >= 80% pain relief for their ability to perform previously painful movements. RESULTS The prevalence of lumbar facet joint pain in chronic low back pain was 34.1% (95% CI, 28.8%, 39.8%), with a false-positive rate of 49.8% (95% CI, 42.7%, 56.8%). This study also showed a single block prevalence rate of 67.9% (95% CI, 62.9%, 73.2%). Average duration of pain relief >= 80% was 6 days with lidocaine block and total relief of >= 50% of 32 days. With bupivacaine, the average duration of pain relief >= 80% was 13 days with total relief of >= 50% lasting for 55 days. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the chronic pain model is more accurate and reliable with concordant pain relief. This updated assessment also showed prevalence and false-positive rates of 34.1% and 49.8%.
Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Versus Platelet‐rich Plasma for Achilles Tendinopathy

A 55-year-old male recreational runner presents for evaluation to a sports medicine clinic for right ankle pain. He reports onset of his symptoms over the past year without an inciting event, with worsening as he has prepared to run a half marathon. His symptoms are localized to his right Achilles tendon, mid-portion, with associated stiffness in the morning and with initial activity. He does not report gross loss of strength. He has experienced a 10-pound increase in weight due to reduced activity. Treatment to date has included physical therapy progression, including eccentric loading program using the Alfredson’s protocol. Prior treatment has also included nonsteroidal antiinflammatories and nitroglycerin patch for pain relief. His past medical history is unremarkable and he reports no prior use of medications, including oral steroids or antibiotics, specifically fluoroquinolones. On examination, he is of athletic build and his gait is non-antalgic. On inspection, his right Achilles tendon appears mildly prominent compared to the left. He has tenderness to palpation and firmness over the mid-portion of right Achilles tendon, no associated crepitus of the peritenon, and minimal pain is elicited on the left Achilles. The calcaneus does not appear asymmetric or enlarged. He can perform a single leg calf raise bilaterally, but reports mild pain on the right. He does evert his ankle on terminal plantar flexion and drops his heel quickly during the eccentric phase. His single leg squat demonstrates good alignment with minimal femoral adduction and symmetric stability. He had an MRI of the right ankle performed, which was notable for increased T2 signal of the Achilles tendon at the site of thickening, consistent with Achilles tendinopathy with intrasubstance tearing. A point of care ultrasound evaluation was performed of both Achilles tendons. The right Achilles tendon displayed hypoechoic disruption of the normal fibular pattern longitudinal to the Achilles tendon with minimal areas of hypoechoic foci; no retraction was seen on dynamic plantar flexion. The left Achilles tendon had minimal irregularity but reduced thickness. Color flow Doppler demonstrates findings compatible with neovascularization including from Keger’s fat pad. Drs. Adam Tenforde and David Robinson will argue that extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) provides a less invasive effective treatment procedure supported by clinical evidence. Dr Joanne Borg-Stein and Dr. Haylee Borgstrom will argue that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection will offer this patient a more durable treatment benefit supported by long-term data.
Trends in Diagnosis of HIV Infection, Linkage to Medical Care, and Viral Suppression Among Men Who Have Sex with Men, by Race/Ethnicity and Age — 33 Jurisdictions, United States, 2014–2018

During 2018, gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) accounted for 69.4% of all diagnoses of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States (1). Moreover, in all 42 jurisdictions with complete laboratory reporting of CD4 and viral load results,* percentages of MSM linked to care within 1 month (80.8%) and virally suppressed (viral load <200 copies of HIV RNA/mL or interpreted as undetected) within 6 months (68.3%) of diagnosis were below target during 2018 (2). African American/Black (Black), Hispanic/Latino (Hispanic), and younger MSM disproportionately experience HIV diagnosis, not being linked to care, and not being virally suppressed. To characterize trends in these outcomes, CDC analyzed National HIV Surveillance System† data from 2014 to 2018. The number of diagnoses of HIV infection among all MSM decreased 2.3% per year (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.9-2.8). However, diagnoses did not significantly change among either Hispanic MSM or any MSM aged 13-19 years; increased 2.2% (95% CI = 1.0-3.4) and 2.0% (95% CI = 0.6-3.3) per year among Black and Hispanic MSM aged 25-34 years, respectively; and were highest in absolute count among Black MSM. Annual percentages of linkage to care within 1 month and viral suppression within 6 months of diagnosis among all MSM increased (2.9% [95% CI = 2.4-3.5] and 6.8% [95% CI = 6.2-7.4] per year, respectively). These findings, albeit promising, warrant intensified prevention efforts for Black, Hispanic, and younger MSM.
Characteristics of Colletotrichum from peach, apple, pecan, and others hosts

Seventy-two Colletotrichum isolates from peach, apple, pecan, and other hosts were examined morphologically and tested in vitro for benomyl sensitivity and for polymorphisms in the ribosomal 18S and 28S transcriptional unit. In general, the isolates separated into pink and gray colony types. Each type was isolated from peach, apple, and pecan. Regardless of host origin, pink isolates produced pink to pinkish-orange colonies on potato-dextrose agar (PDA), grew on benomyl-amended medium, produced mostly fusiform conidia, and had similar restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns. Gray isolates produced gray colonies on PDA, grew slightly or not at all on benomyl-amended medium, had conidia with rounded ends, and had similar RFLP patterns that were distinct from pink isolates. Symptoms on detached peach fruit following inoculation with gray and pink isolates were not visually distinguishable. The two types corresponded to C. acutatum (pink isolates) and C. gloeosporioides (gray isolates), respectively. We concluded that C. acutatum and C. gloesosporioides are separate species and are found on peach, apple, and pecan
Advances in contraception research and development

Purpose of review In the past few years, there have been great advances in contraceptive technology and development. Here we review advances in contraception over the past two years including new medications, and technologies. Recent findings Contraception must be discussed within the context of individual goals and context. New contraceptive options approved by the FDA in the past two years include a year-long vaginal ring, a progestin-only pill that is as effective as combined oral contraceptive pills, a new hormonal patch and a vaginal gel that may also help prevent sexually transmitted infections. There are still areas of contraceptive research that are very much unknown including biomarkers of contraceptive efficacy or side effects, how individuals or groups metabolize contraception, initiation around reproductive life events or the discontinuation of other methods. Summary There have been many new contraceptives developed over the past few years to address challenges of existing contraception and create new methods; yet, there remain many unanswered questions in contraceptive research. Contraceptive technology has far-reaching consequences, and independent of technology itself, represents a great opportunity for truly personalized medicine.
Thermally Stable Nitrothiacalixarene Chromophores: Conformational Study and Aggregation Behavior

Achieving high thermal stability and control of supramolecular organization of functional dyes in sensors and nonlinear optics remains a demanding task. This study was aimed at the evaluation of thermal behavior and Langmuir monolayer characteristics of topologically varied nitrothiacalixarene multichromophores and phenol monomers. A nitration/azo coupling alkylation synthetic route towards partially O-substituted nitrothiacalixarenes and 4-nitrophenylazo-thiacalixarenes was proposed and realized. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry of disubstituted nitrothiacalix[4]arene revealed a rare 1,2-alternate conformation. A synchronous thermal analysis indicated higher decomposition temperatures of nitrothiacalixarene macrocycles as compared with monomers. Through surface pressure/potential-molecular area measurements, nitrothiacalixarenes were shown to form Langmuir monolayers at the air–water interface and, through atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique, Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films on solid substrates. Reflection-absorption spectroscopy of monolayers and electronic absorption spectroscopy of LB films of nitrothiacalixarenes recorded a red-shifted band (290 nm) with a transition from chloroform, indicative of solvatochromism. Additionally, shoulder band at 360 nm was attributed to aggregation and supported by gas-phase density functional theory (DFT) calculations and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis in chloroform–methanol solvent in the case of monoalkylated calixarene 3. Excellent thermal stability and monolayer formation of nitrothiacalixarenes suggest their potential as functional dyes.
Prenatal Maternal Cortisol Levels and Infant Birth Weight in a Predominately Low-Income Hispanic Cohort

Infant birth weight influences numerous health outcomes throughout the life course including childhood obesity and metabolic morbidities. Maternal experience of stress, both before and during pregnancy, has been hypothesized to influence fetal growth and birth outcomes. However, these associations currently are not fully understood, due to conflicting results in the published literature. Salivary cortisol is often used as a biological biomarker to assess the diurnal pattern of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA-axis) functioning. Cortisol metrics include both the total cortisol concentration secreted during waking hours, reflected by the area under the curve (AUC), and cortisol dynamics, which include the diurnal cortisol slope (DCS) and the cortisol awakening response (CAR). This study examined the association of these cortisol metrics measured during the third trimester of pregnancy and infant birth weight among 240 mother-infant dyads participating in the Maternal and Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors (MADRES) pregnancy cohort study, which is predominately comprised of Hispanic low-income women. There were no significant associations with the maternal biological stress response and infant birth weight in this study. More research is needed in larger studies to better understand how the biological stress response influences birth weight in populations facing health disparities.
Understanding COVID-19 in the light of epidemic disease described in Unani medicine

Abstract Unani system of medicine is based on the humoral theory postulated by Hippocrates, according to him the state of body health and disease are regulated by qualitative and quantitative equilibrium of four humours. Amraz-e-Waba is an umbrella term which is used in Unani medicine for all types of epidemics (smallpox, measles, plague, Hameer Saifi, influenza, Nipaha, Ebola, Zika, and 2019 novel coronavirus, etc.) mostly fatal in nature. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe acute respiratory infection, and the pathogenesis and clinical features resemble with those of Nazla-e-Wabaiya (influenza) and Zatul Riya (pneumonia) which were well described many years ago in Unani text such as high-grade fever, headache, nausea and vomiting, running nose, dry cough, respiratory distress, alternate and small pulse, asthenia, foul smell from breath, insomnia, frothy stool, syncope, coldness in both upper and lower extremities, etc. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a global emergency pandemic. Unani scholars like Hippocrates (370–460 BC), Galen (130–200 AD), Rhazes (865–925 AD), and Avicenna (980–1037 AD) had described four etiological factors for Amraz-e-Waba viz., change in quality of air, water, Earth, and celestial bodies, accordingly mentioned various preventive measures to be adopted during epidemics such as restriction of movement, isolation or “quarantena”, and fumigation with loban (Styrax benzoin W. G. Craib ex Hartwich.), sandalwood (Santalum album L.), Zafran (Crocus sativus L.), myrtle (Myrtus communis L.), and roses (Rosa damascena Mill.) and use of vinegar (sirka) and antidotes (Tiryaq) as prophylaxis, and avoiding consumption of milk, oil, sweet, meat, and alcohol. This review focuses and elaborates on the concept, prevention, and probable management of COVID-19 in the light of Amraz-e-Waba. Highlights – Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a global emergency by the World Health Organization. – According to Unani literature, COVID-19 is a type of Amraz-e-Waba or Nazla-e-Wabaiya. – Amraz-e-Waba are contagious, and some of them spreads rapidly, and are fatal also. – People with malign humours and diminished immunity are more susceptible to Amraz-e-Waba. During Amraz-e-Waba, social distancing, restriction of movement, use of disinfectants, and fumigation and use of vinegar, and anti-dotes as prophylaxis.
RELEASE OF PARTICULATE AND DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON BY THE SCLERACTINIAN CORAL ACROPORA FORMOSA

Measurements of both particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC and DOC) release by corals are important in understanding the organic carbon cycle in reef systems. In this study, branches of Acropora formosa (Dana, 1846) were incubated for 5 hrs and the release of POC and DOC into the ambient water was simultaneously measured. POC release rate (average ± SD) was 8.93 ± 1.67 mg C m −2 hr −1 while DOC release rate was 14.98 ± 4.26 mg C m −2 hr −1 . Consequently, the majority (ca. 63%) of organic carbon released by A. formosa dissolves into the seawater.
Abiotic correlates of microbial community structure and nitrogen cycling functions vary within wetlands

We investigated patterns in denitrifier and NH3-oxidizer community structure and function along environmental gradients in midwestern USA wetlands. Denitrifier and NH3-oxidizer functional groups have contrasting sensitivities to O2 levels and other soil factors. Thus, variable environmental tolerance among and within functional groups can result in a range of microbial responses to the same environmental gradient. We compared microbial structure–function relationships in 2 restored wetlands in Illinois and 2 natural wetlands in Michigan. At each site, we established 4 transects perpendicular to the shore and placed 4 plots along each transect. We analyzed denitrifier and NH3-oxidizer community structure (assessed by molecular analysis of functional genes nosZ and amoA) and potential denitrification and nitrification activities (function) across the soil hydrologic gradient. Soil moisture and physicochemical measurements, including organic-matter content, pH, inorganic N levels, and texture, varied along the gradient at each site. Denitrifier and NH3-oxidizer community composition and activity differed between upland and wetland plots at all sites. Denitrifier and NH3-oxidizer community composition were relatively constant through time, whereas microbial activity decreased at most sites from late spring to mid-August. Local environmental factors (e.g., soil moisture, texture) contributed more to microbial function than microbial community composition or functional gene abundance. NH3-oxidizer community composition influenced potential nitrification rates more than denitrifier community composition influenced potential denitrification rates. This result suggests one way that microbial community composition could affect microbial function. Our ability to predict microbial responses to environmental change can be improved by understanding the context-dependence of microbial structure–function relationships.
Effect of a zinc amino acid complex on egg production, egg shell quality and external appearance in two laying hen genotypes housed in two different production systems

With an extended production cycle up to 100 weeks of age, the yearly number of layer chickens hatched and reared can be reduced, and in turn so can the euthanasia of day-old male chickens. Lately, the interest for keeping laying hens for a prolonged production cycle has increased in Sweden as well as in other European countries. However, concerns exist regarding how prolonged laying cycles affect egg quality, animal welfare as well as producer economy. In this trial, the two commercial hybrids LSL Classic and Bovans Robust were housed in furnished cages and a single tier floor production system. In addition to the effects of age, an organic mineral complex with a hypothesized positive effect on egg quality, integument and skeletal condition was evaluated. The study was conducted during 20-61 weeks of age. There were no consistent effects of the mineral amino acid complex supplementation on either egg quality, plumage condition or keel bone deformities at a hen age of 55 weeks. However, there were a lot of differences between hybrids regarding egg composition and layer performance in the two production systems. As expected and concluded in earlier research; egg shell quality, plumage condition and keel bone deformities were negatively affected by increased hen age.
Composition of the Protein Material in the Exuviae of the Mormon Cricket Anabrus simplex Hald

its importance in conditioning insect behavior, has been a subject of considerable study. In general, these studies have been approached from two points of view-the physical characteristics and the chemical composition of the exoskeletal materials. Early investigations, following the discovery of chitin in the elytra of beetles by Odier (1823), were mainly concerned with this substance. More recently, however, the protein constituents have received considerable attention and are now being regarded as the more important component in the interpretation of cuticular properties. An unpredictable variability of the chitinous constituent in exoskeletal materials has been observed, not only between species, but throughout the different stages of development within the same species. Fraenkel and Rudall (1940) reported chitin values as high as 60 per cent for the larval cuticle of Sarcophaga, while Pepper and Hastings (1943) reported values as low as 1.5-2.5 per cent for the soft body cuticle of Loxostege larvae. Anderson and Richards (1942) found that no chitin was present in the iridescent blue scales of the butterfly Morpho cypris. Richards (1947) reported that in certain forms of lepidopterous scales consistently negative tests for chitin were obtained, and Picken (1949) points out that when the scales of Ephestia are first laid down chitin is absent, this material being incorporated progressively as the scales mature.
Niveis de energia metabolizavel e relacoes energia: proteina para aves de corte de crescimento lento criadas em sistema semiconfinado

Metabolizable energy levels and energy:protein ratio for birds broilers of slow growth raised in free range system. Three trials were conducted to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) requirements and the energy to protein ratio (E:P) for slow growth female broilers raised in free range system in the starter, grower and final phase. A completely randomized design was used with five levels of ME (treatments) and four replications of 20 birds per experimental unit. The levels of ME varied in the starter phase from 2600 to 3200 kcal kg -1 , in the grower phase from 2700 to 3300 kcal kg -1 , and in the final phase from 2800 to 3400 kcal kg -1 . The crude protein and other nutrients were maintained at the same level in all diets. The E:P ratio and the ME level that provide the best performance and carcass characteristics for ISA Label females were 128 and 2750 (starter), 147 and 2850 (grower) and 172 and 3100 kcal of ME kg -1 of diet (final).
Wettability Characteristics of Crop Leaf Surfaces

植物葉の濡れを葉面と溶液との相互作用の結果として評価するため, 39種の作物の成葉を色素1. 0%および界面活性剤0. 2%から成る一連の浸漬液 (表面張力: 21.5mN・m-1～63.5mN・m-1) に浸漬し, 葉面に付着する浸漬液の固有の付着量と液滴の形状を測定するとともに, 葉面のミクロおよびマクロ構造を計測した. 付着液滴の形状は葉面と溶液の相互作用の表現と考えられ, 表面張力の変化 (63.5mN・m-1→21.5mN・m-1) に対応する形状の一連の変化のパターンを濡れ特性パターン (WCP) とし, 主要3グループ; WCPs I, IIおよびIII (7sub-WCPsを含む) に分類した. また, 各葉面の完全濡れを開始する臨界表面張力を求めた. WCPおよび臨界表面張力は各葉面に固有であり, 前者はおもに葉面のミクロ構造, とくに, epicuticular waxes の形態と分布状態, および葉脈間に対し相対的に濡れやすい葉脈の存在によって決定されると考えられた. WCPによって各葉面の濡れを比較し評価することが可能である.
Retraction

Retraction: (2021), Corrigendum. Transbound Emerg Dis, 68: 1706-1706. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13990. The above Corrigendum, published online on 26 May 2021 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal's Editor-in-Chief, Professor Michael Ward, and Wiley-VCH GmbH, Weinheim. The retraction has been agreed as, due to publisher error, a duplicate version of the same Corrigendum has been published in the same issue (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tbed.14079). The publisher apologizes for this error.
Plant Defense-related Transcription Factor WTRKY6 Plays Both Supportive and Inhibitory Roles in Tobacco mosaic virus Infection

The initial stage of crosstalk between a virus and host may determine the successful replication and further infection by the virus. To understand the early stage of host gene regulation in response to viral infection, we used a microarray assay to analyze protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana 4 hr after their inoculation with Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Approximately only 2% of the host genes showed greater than 2-fold changed expression, and only 8 genes showed greater than 3-fold changed expression. Four of the 8 genes are involved in transcriptional regulation. We selected a versatile transcription factor, WRKY6, involved in plant resistance. development and plant sensitivity in response to phosphorus and boron deficiency for further analysis, Protoplasts derived from WRKY6-overexpressed or-knockout plants were inoculated with TMV, and the accumulation of TMV was not affected 24 hr post-inoculation. However, TMV accumulation was inhibited in both WRKY6-overexpressed and -knockout plants as compared with wild-type inoculated plans. Therefore, WRKY6 may not be essential in the initial establishment of virus infection but may have dual roles in support and inhibition of virus infection.