Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetic variation of the poliovirus genome with two VPg coding units.

Amongst the picornaviruses, poliovirus encodes a single copy of the genome‐linked protein, VPg wheras foot‐and‐mouth disease virus uniquely encodes three copies of VPg. We have previously shown that a genetically engineered poliovirus genome containing two tandemly arranged VPgs is quasi‐infectious (qi) that, upon genome replication, inadvertently deleted one complete VPg sequence. Using two genetically marked viral genomes with two VPg sequences, we now provide evidence that this deletion occurs via homologous recombination. The mechanism was abrogated when the second VPg was engineered such that its nucleotide sequence differed from that of the first VPg sequence by 36%. Such genomes also expressed a qi phenotype, but progeny viruses resulted from (i) random deletions yielding single VPg coding sequences of varying length lacking the Q*G cleavage site between the VPgs and (ii) mutations in the AKVQ*G cleavage sites between the VPgs at either the P4, P1 or P1′ position. These variants present a unique genetic system defining the cleavage signals recognized in 3Cpro‐catalyzed proteolysis. We propose a recognition event in the cis cleavages of the polyprotein P2‐P3 region, and we present a hypothesis why the poliovirus genome does not tolerate two tandemly arranged VPg sequences.
The Uptake and Translocation of Latex Nanospheres and Microspheres after Oral Administration to Rats

Abstract— Non‐ionic and carboxylated fluorescent polystyrene microspheres (100, 500 nm, 1 and 3 μm in diameter), were fed by gavage (2·5% w/v; 1·25 mg kg−1) daily for 10 days to female Sprague Dawley rats. Peyer's patches, villi, liver, lymph nodes and spleen of animals fed the non‐ionic microspheres from 100 nm to 1 μm showed unequivocal evidence of uptake and translocation of the particles. Heart, kidney and lung showed no evidence of the presence of microspheres. Carboxylated microspheres were taken up to a lesser degree than the non‐ionised particles. Experiments with 125I radiolabeled 100 nm and 1 μm particles showed a higher uptake of the smaller particles, which were concentrated in GI tissue and liver. Particles were not distributed randomly in the tissues, but were concentrated at the serosal side of the Peyer's patches and could be seen traversing the mesentery lymph vessels towards the lymph nodes. The results demonstrate a need to re‐examine the possibilities of particulate oral delivery, as well as the potential toxicity of ingested particulates.
“I Will Not Drink With You Today”: A Topic-Guided Thematic Analysis of Addiction Recovery on Reddit

Recovery from addiction is a journey that requires a lifetime of support from a strong network of peers. Many people seek out this support through online communities, like those on Reddit. However, as these communities developed outside of existing aid groups and medical practice, it is unclear how they enable recovery. Their scale also limits researchers’ ability to engage through traditional qualitative research methods. To study these groups, we performed a topic-guided thematic analysis that used machine-generated topic models to purposively sample from two recovery subreddits: r/stopdrinking and r/OpiatesRecovery. We show that these communities provide access to an experienced and accessible support group whose discussions include consequences, reflections, and celebrations, but that also play a distinct metacommunicative role in supporting formal treatment. We discuss how these communities can act as knowledge sources to improve in-person recovery support and medical practice, and how computational techniques can enable HCI researchers to study communities at scale.
Diagnosis of human herpesvirus 6B primary infection by polymerase chain reaction in young children with exanthematic disease.

INTRODUCTION Exanthem subitum is a classical rash disease of early childhood caused by human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B). However, the rash is frequently misdiagnosed as that of either measles or rubella. METHODS In this study, a nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to diagnose HHV-6B primary infection, differentiate it from infections caused by HHV-6A and compare it to antibody avidity tests. The samples were separated into case group and control group according to the results of the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) technique. RESULTS From the saliva samples analyzed, HHV-6A DNA was detected in 3.2% of the case group and in 2.6% of the control group. Regarding HHV-6B, PCR detected viral DNA in 4.8% of the case group and in 1.3% of the control group. Among the serum samples studied, a frequency of 1.7% was determined for HHV-6A in the case group and 1.2% in the control group. PCR did not detect HHV-6B DNA in serum samples. The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR technique ranged from 0% to 4.8% and 97.5% to 100%, respectively, compared to IFA. CONCLUSIONS The PCR technique was not suitable for diagnosing primary infection by HHV-6B in children with exanthematic disease and should not substitute the IFA.
Investigating the Learnability of Immersive Free-Hand Sketching

Immersive modeling systems which allow for sketching and constructing three-dimensional product models receive growing interest from both academic research and industry [DBWB*00; FASM02; IWMS09; KAMD*08; KAML*01]. The potential of such systems is estimated in the possibility to create models in a one-to-one scale, to interact with product models and to reduce breaks between analogue and digital media during the development process [DBWB*00; IWMS09]. Despite the growing interest in 3D-sketching techniques, little is known so far about the ability of designers to create free-hand drawings in three-dimensional space. In particular, only few studies have investigated cognitive and sensorimotor processes during immersive sketching yet. This paper contributes to the research on immersive sketching by investigating the learnability of free-hand sketching in an experimental setting. In a study among 25 students, participants repeatedly sketched primitive shapes (circles, squares, balls, and cubes). Sketching performance was operationalized by the time needed to complete a sketch, the quality of the sketch, and the subjective mental workload of the designers. Results suggest a significant enhancement of sketching quality over time, but no change in the time needed to complete a sketch.
Localization of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and trkb receptors to postsynaptic densities of adult rat cerebral cortex

Although neurotrophins are critical for neuronal survival and differentiation, recent studies suggest that they also regulate synaptic plasticity. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) rapidly increases synaptic transmission in hippocampal neurons, and enhances long‐term potentiation (LTP), a cellular and molecular model of learning and memory. Loci and precise mechanisms of BDNF action remain to be defined: evidence supports both pre‐ and postsynaptic sites of action. To help elucidate the synaptic mechanisms of BDNF action, we used antisera directed against the extracellular and intracellular domains of trkB receptors, anti‐trkBout and anti‐trkBin, respectively, to localize the receptors in relation to synapses. Synaptic localization of BDNF was examined in parallel using anti‐BDNF antisera. By light microscopy, trkBin and trkBout immunoreactivities were localized to hippocampal neurons and all layers of the overlying visual cortex. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis of the cerebral cortex revealed that trkB and BDNF localize discretely to postsynaptic densities (PSD) of axo‐spinous asymmetric synaptic junctions, that are the morphological correlates of excitatory, glutamatergic synapses. TrkB immunoreactivity was also detected in the nucleoplasm by light and electron microscopy. Western blot analysis indicated that both anti‐trkBout and anti‐trkBin antisera react with a protein band in the PSD corresponding to the molecular weight expected for trkB; however, molecular species distinct from that for trkB were recognized in the nuclear fraction by both anti‐trkBin and anti‐trkBout antisera, indicating that the nuclear immunoreactivity, seen by immunocytochemistry, reflects cross‐reactivity with proteins closely related to, but distinct from, trkB. The PSD localization of both BDNF and trkB supports the contention that this receptor/ligand pair participates in postsynaptic plasticity. J. Neurosci. Res. 59:454–463, 2000 © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Context‐dependent effects of CB1 cannabinoid gene disruption on anxiety‐like and social behaviour in mice

Contrasting data were reported regarding the effects of cannabinoids on anxiety and social behaviour in both animals and humans. The cognitive effects of cannabinoids and their interactions with the HPA‐axis raise the possibility that cannabinoid effects are context but not behaviour specific. To assess this hypothesis, we submitted CB1 receptor knock‐out (CB1‐KO) and wild‐type (WT) mice to tests, which involved similar behaviours, but the behavioural context was different. The elevated plus‐maze test was performed under less and more anxiogenic conditions, i.e. under low and high light, respectively. We also compared the social behaviour of the two genotypes in the resident/intruder and social interaction tests. Both tests represent a social challenge and induce similar behaviours, but involve different contexts. The behaviour of CB1‐KO and WT mice was similar under low light, but CB1 gene disruption increased anxiety‐like behaviour under the high light condition. CB1 gene disruption promoted aggressive behaviour in the home‐cage, whereas it inhibited social behaviour in the unfamiliar cage. Thus, the anxiogenic‐like effect was restricted to the more stressful unfamiliar environment. These data suggest that the effects of CB1 gene disruption were context and not behaviour specific. Novelty stress resulted in higher ACTH levels in CB1‐KOs than in WTs, which suggests that context dependency occurred in conjunction with an altered HPA axis function. The present data at least partly explain contrasting effects of cannabinoids in different contexts as well as in different species and strains that show differential stress responses and coping strategies.
Comparative study of intramedullary interlocking nailing and minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) in extra articular distal tibial fracture

Introduction: Tibia is one of the most commonly fractured long bone of the body. Distal tibia fractures are primarily located within a square based on the width of the distal tibia. Treatment of distal tibia fracture is challenging because of its unique anatomical characteristics of subcutaneous location with precarious blood supply and proximity to the ankle joint. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) and intramedullary interlocking nail (IMLN) are two well-accepted and effective methods Materials & Methods: Hospital based comparative study carried out to compare the effects of two different forms of treatment modalties of intramedullary nailing and minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO). Total of 30 patients were enrolled in the study who were then randomly assigned groups for treatment modality using computer generated random numbers to receive type of treatment. Results: The operating duration in IMLN group ranged from 45 to 70 min (mean 56.4 ± 8.30 min) whereas in case of MIPO it ranged from 60 to 80 min. The average time of union in the IMLN group was 18.26 ± 2.49 weeks (range 15–24 weeks). In the MIPO group, union occurred in an average of 21.70 ± 2.67 weeks (range 16–24 weeks). The statistical difference between the two groups comes out to be very significant (P< 0.0001). Conclusion: We conclude that both minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) with a medial distal tibial locking plate and closed reduction with intramedullary nailing are viable options for management of extra-articular fractures of the distal tibia.
Periodic signal frequency tracking via a shifted second-order generalized integrator

Second-order generalized integrators have been extensively used for the frequency estimation of periodic input signal. In this paper a novel structure is proposed by considering two additional parameters into the estimation scheme. This results in frequency tracking processes that sensibly attenuate overshooting phenomena affecting the classical approaches. Moreover an opportune choice of such parameters makes the scheme more robust in presence of unaccounted noises. The convergence in case of generic periodic input signal is discussed.
Pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection.

The study of Streptococcus pneumoniae has led to many insights into the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. The importance of the polysaccharide capsule of the organism in determining its virulence was indicated by studies of the protective role of anticapsular antibodies.1–3 Of comparable importance was the observation that noncapsulated pneumococci caused progressive disease in rabbits with agranulocytosis, demonstrating thereby the pathogenic properties of the pneumococcal soma.4 Investigation of the pathologic events in pneumococcal infection led to the discovery of DNA,2,3 the development of the first bacterial polysaccharide vaccine,5 and insights into the mechanism of action of penicillin,6 antibiotic tolerance, .
“Hidden” dUTPase Sequence in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120

ABSTRACT A coding region homologous to the sequence for essential eukaryotic enzyme dUTPase has been identified in different genomic regions of several viral lineages. Unlike the nonprimate lentiviruses (caprine arthritis- encephalitis virus, equine infectious anemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, and visna virus), where dUTPase is integrated into the pol coding region, this enzyme has never been demonstrated to be present in the primate lentivirus genomes (human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [HIV-1], HIV-2, or the related simian immunodeficiency virus). A novel approach allowed us to identify a weak but significant sequence similarity between HIV-1 gp120 and the human dUTPase. This finding was then extended to all of the primate lentivirus lineages. Together with the recently reported fragmentary structural similarity between the V3 loop region and the Escherichia coli dUTPase (P. D. Kwong, R. Wyatt, J. Robinson, R. W. Sweet, J. Sodroski, and W. A. Hendrickson, Nature 393:648–659, 1998), our results strongly suggest that an ancestral dUTPase gene has evolved into the present primate lentivirus CD4 and cytokine receptor interacting region of gp120.
Predictive current control strategy for a three-phase grid connected photovoltaic-wind hybrid system

This paper presents predictive current control strategies for a grid integration of photovoltaic-wind hybrid energy systems with versatile power transfer. The hybrid system is the combination of photovoltaic (PV) array, wind turbine via a common dc bus. For PV generation system, the Incremental Conductance (IncCond) MPPT algorithm is used to be compared with the Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm. For wind generation system, a simple and cost maximum power extraction control strategy is proposed for the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based variable speed wind energy conversion system. The speed of PMSG is estimate using a model reference adaptive speed (MRAS) observers only by measuring phase voltages and currents. Extensive simulation results using Matlab/SIMULINK established that the performance of the controllers is quite satisfactory under to climatic condition step change (wind speed, irradiance). The effective ness of the developed controller is also tested for step no load to full load.
Decentralised disturbance-observer-based adaptive tracking in the presence of unmatched nonlinear time-delayed interactions and disturbances

ABSTRACT This paper proposes an approximation-based nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO) approach for decentralised adaptive tracking of uncertain interconnected pure-feedback nonlinear systems with unmatched time-delayed nonlinear interactions and external disturbances. Compared with the existing approximation-based NDO approach for uncertain interconnected nonlinear systems where the centralised design framework was proposed, the main contribution of this paper is to develop a decentralised and memoryless NDO-based adaptive control scheme in the presence of unknown time-varying delayed interactions and disturbances unmatched in the control inputs. The recursive design methodology is derived to construct the decentralised NDO and controller where the function approximators used in the decentralised NDO are employed to design the decentralised adaptive controller. From the Lyapunov stability theorem using Lyapunov--Krasovskii functionals, it is shown that all signals of the closed-loop system are semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded and the tracking errors converge to an adjustable neighbourhood of the origin.
Involvement of brassinosteroids and ethylene in the control of mitochondrial electron transport chain in postharvest papaya fruit

The plant hormones brassinosteroids (BR) and ethylene (ET) act together to regulate plant metabolism. We used BR and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP, an ET action inhibitor) to elucidate the interactions between both hormones for the regulation of mitochondrial respiratory pathways in papaya fruit. The exogenous application of the 24-epibrassinolide (epiBR) enhanced the alternative oxidase (AOX) capacity. While treatment with Brz2001 (Brz is a specific inhibitor of the BR synthesis) also enhanced AOX capacity, these effects lacked in fruit treated simultaneously with epiBR and Brz. Changing the BR level had no effect on ET emission rate in the first 24 h, but a reduction in ET emission was observed in Brz-treated fruit on the fifth day. Together with Brz, epiBR increased the ET production on the fifth day, following the day in which the treatment was carried out. When the ET sensitivity of fruit was inhibited by the application of 1-MCP, the effects of epiBR and Brz were opposite to those obtained without 1-MCP. AOX capacity was slightly inhibited by epiBR in fruit pre-treated with 1-MCP. Data suggest that BR and ET act antagonistically, therefore regulating, directly or indirectly, AOX capacity during papaya fruit ripening.
A Perspective on the Role of Minerals in Prebiotic Synthesis

Abstract The possible role of minerals in prebiotic chemistry is discussed. Reactions involving the transformation of inorganic forms of the biogenic elements into simple organic molecules are emphasized. Three central issues are presented in detail: i) the types of reactions minerals could possibly have promoted; ii) the availability of minerals with catalytic potential on early Earth; and iii) the available research strategy and methods to evaluate the roles minerals may have played in prebiotic chemistry on early Earth.
The social embeddedness of peer production: A comparative qualitative analysis of three Indian language Wikipedia editions

Why do some peer production projects do a better job at engaging potential contributors than others? We address this question by comparing three Indian language Wikipedias, namely, Malayalam, Marathi, and Kannada. We found that although the three projects share goals, technological infrastructure, and a similar set of challenges, Malayalam Wikipedia’s community engages language speakers in contributing at a much higher rate than the others. Drawing from a grounded theory analysis of interviews with 18 community participants from the three projects, we found that experience with participatory governance and free/open-source software in the Malayalam community supported high engagement of contributors. Counterintuitively, we found that financial resources intended to increase participation in the Marathi and Kannada communities hindered the growth of these communities. Our findings underscore the importance of social and cultural context in the trajectories of peer production communities.
Increase in the suppressor‐inducer T cell subset in multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

Summary The expression of CD4 (helper‐inducer). CD8 (suppressor‐cytotoxic) and CD4 subpopulations (2H4 and 4B4) were studied in patients with multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and in healthy controls. The percentages of CD4 + cells and CD8 + cells among total T cells were not different between the three groups studied. However the percentage of CD4 + cells of the suppressor‐inducer type (CD4 + 2H4 +) was 53 ± 9% in patients with MGUS, and 51 ± 9% in those with MM. comrpared to 46 ± 5 in the controls (P=0.033 and P= 0.07 respectively). A significant negative correlation between serum polyclonal IgM and the percentage of CD4 + 2H4 + cells was found in patients with MM but not in those with MGUS. No difference was found in the percentage of CD4+4B4+ (helper CD4+ cells) between the various groups. These findings suggest that the elevation of the suppressor‐inducer subset occurs prior to clinical manifestations of MM, perhaps as an immune response to the malignant clone. The existence of elevated proportions of CD4 suppressor‐inducer cells was associated with the hypogammaglobulinaemia observed in patients with MM. Since no hypogammaglobulinaemia was present in those with MGUS, additional factors are needed to explain the influence of the CD4 + 2H4 + cells on the production of immunoglobulins.
Virtual buying cooperative: A procurement model for improving the sustainability of very small retailers in emerging economies

We hereby present a technology model for improving the traditional supply chain process on which small enterprises in developing countries rely-upon for stock replenishment. Current procurement processes for small enterprises in emergmg economies are fostered by the lack of direct access to market and social factors influencing these enterprises. Social factors such as lack of access to technology and supply risks lead these enterprises to profit loss from stock-outs when there aren't enough products to meet consumers' demands. The model we present aims to reduce the negative impact of these social factors on the growth potential as well as sustainability of these enterprises. We base the motivation of the development of our model on the social factors that influence the business activities of very small enterprises in emerging economies. We demonstrate that the proposed model can leverage on traditional procurement processes which currently limit the performance of very small enterprises in emerging economies.