Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Torpor reduces predation risk by compensating for the energetic cost of antipredator foraging behaviours

Foraging activity is needed for energy intake but increases the risk of predation, and antipredator behavioural responses, such as reduced activity, generally reduce energy intake. Hence, the mortality and indirect effects of predation risk are dependent on the energy requirements of prey. Torpor, a controlled reduction in resting metabolism and body temperature, is a common energy-saving mechanism of small mammals that enhances their resistance to starvation. Here we test the hypothesis that torpor could also reduce predation risk by compensating for the energetic cost of antipredator behaviours. We measured the foraging behaviour and body temperature of house mice in response to manipulation of perceived predation risk by adjusting levels of ground cover and starvation risk by 24 h food withdrawal every third day. We found that a voluntary reduction in daily food intake in response to lower cover (high predation risk) was matched by the extent of a daily reduction in body temperature. Our study provides the first experimental evidence of a close link between energy-saving torpor responses to starvation risk and behavioural responses to perceived predation risk. By reducing the risk of starvation, torpor can facilitate stronger antipredator behaviours. These results highlight the interplay between the capacity for reducing metabolic energy expenditure, optimal decisions about foraging behaviour and the life-history ecology of prey.
Study the Effect of Various Sulfonation Methods on Catalytic Activity of Carbohydrate-Derived Catalysts for Ester Production

In the present study, four types of sulfonation method, including thermal treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4), thermal decomposition of ammonium sulphate (NHSO4), thermal treatment with chlorosulfonic in chloroform (HSO3Cl), and in situ polymerization of poly(sodium4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), were employed to convert incomplete carbonized glucose (ICG) to sulfonated heterogeneous catalysts for the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production. The characteristics of synthesized catalysts were further examined using Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR), ammonia temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). According to experiments, the sulfonic acid density was varied in a range from 4.408 to 14.643 mmol g−1 over various sulfonation methods. The catalytic activity of synthesized catalysts over different sulfonation methods was determined by performing the conversion of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to ester synthesis in a batch-system reactor. The findings reveal that using PSS-ICG resulted in the highest FAME yield of 96.3% followed by HSO3Cl-ICG of 94.8%, NHSO4-ICG of 84.2%; and H2SO4-ICG of 77.2%. According to results, the ICG sulfonated by PSS method with the highest acid density (14.643 mmol g−1) gave the highest catalytic activity over PFAD conversion to biodiesel. According to experiment results, acid density played a crucial role over FAME yield percentage. Besides acid density, it is also worth mentioning that various sulfonation methods including different mechanisms, chemicals and sulfonating agents played crucial roles in the FAME yield percentage.
Comparison Study for the Quantity of Titanium Exist in Different Type of Dental Implant Alloy

Aims: The current study aims to compare alloys of dental implants and to find the ratio of titanium element (Ti) with different origins which are used by dentists in dental implant to restore the missing teeth. Materials and Methods: Three types of dental implants from Germany, Italy and Korea used in this study for statement the chemical structure of these alloys using (XRD: X-Ray Diffraction) (Model S1Turbo SD LE CE , BRUKER). Hardness, tensile strength, and flexibility coefficient tested by hardness measuring device Micro Hardness – AMSLER, Germany, 1978. The microstructure of samples obtained by Metrology Microscope (600X), ME-3125, UNION, 1978, Japan. Results: Different elements appeared in each alloy, and the titanium (Ti) ratio was the main one, where the Germany type (95.14%), Italy, (91.21%), while Korea type was the highest (95.21%). Tension Resistance in Germany model (755) N/(mm) 2 , Italian (781) N/(mm) 2 , and Germany (785) N/(mm) 2 . Hardness Vickers (HV) in Germany (277), Italy (285) and for Korean type (287). Modulus of elasticity, in Germany (107) Gpa, in Italy (115) Gpa. and in Korean (107) Gpa. The classification according to the American Society for Testing and Materials found in Germany Ti 3-2.5, Italy Ti6-2-1-1, and in Korean Ti 3-2.5. Conclusions: The Korean sample is best for three reasons the quantity of Titanium, Hardness Vickers (VH) and Tension Resistance are more. The Italy type is found better for Modulus Elasticity, while the Germany type is better in Microstructure. In general, and since, the three types have more than (90%) of Titanium there for all the types of dental implant are good against corrosion from acid and Hydrofluor-
Impact of childhood maltreatment on obsessive-compulsive disorder symptom severity and treatment outcome

ABSTRACT Background Preliminary evidence suggests childhood maltreatment to play a causal role in the development and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, both the effect of childhood maltreatment on the course of OCD treatment and the role of specific subtypes of maltreatment remain largely unknown. Objective This study aimed to investigate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and the severity and time course of OCD symptoms within a clinical sample of OCD patients (N = 68). We hypothesized that higher levels of childhood maltreatment in OCD patients would be associated with higher symptom severity and worse treatment outcomes. Method Assessments of childhood maltreatment, OCD symptomatology, and related variables were completed in a sample of OCD patients before and after inpatient treatment as well as at 6 month follow-up. Results Emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect were highly prevalent in our sample. Additionally, the severity of experienced childhood maltreatment was associated with higher OCD symptom severity, with the strongest association found for emotional abuse. Hierarchical linear models indicated that patients with childhood maltreatment showed higher OCD symptom severity at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and follow-up compared to patients without these experiences. However, childhood maltreatment did not moderate symptom improvement during treatment. Conclusion Thus, although childhood maltreatment is not related to treatment outcome, it is highly prevalent among OCD patients and childhood trauma survivors still show higher OCD symptom severity after treatment. Therefore, childhood maltreatment should be considered in psychological interventions in individuals with OCD.
Desarrollo de un sistema de cultivo in vitro de raíces pilosas de Phyllantus acumminatus, para la producción de compuestos con actividad biológica

Las plantas del género Phyllanthus son actualmente investigadas por su habilidad para producir compuestos fenólicos con alta capacidad antioxidante. Además, diversos estudios han revelado que estas plantas poseen metabolitos (filantósidos y lignanos) que pueden inducir la apoptosis celular, lo que les proporciona un gran potencial para posibles tratamientos de prevención contra el cáncer. En este trabajo, se llevó a cabo la introducción in vitro de semillas de P. acumminatus; se logró el cultivo in vitro del material vegetal, y las vitro-plantas fueron utilizadas en ensayos de inducción de raíces pilosas, mediante transformación genética con Agrobacterium rhizogenes cepa Ar15834. El tratamiento más favorable para la inducción de estos cultivos organogénicos consistió en el uso de estacas de aproximadamente 1-2 cm, a las cuales se les hicieron cortes transversales con un bisturí, para luego ser inoculadas en el cultivo bacteriano (OD600: 0.6-1). Las estacas fueron colocadas en medio M & S semisólido al 50% de sales y vitaminas, sin reguladores de crecimiento, por un período de 48 h. Transcurrido este tiempo, las estacas fueron micropropagadas en medio M & S al 100% de sales y vitaminas, complementado con 500 µg/l del antibiótico Ceftriaxona® para erradicar la bacteria. Se logró el cultivo de las raíces pilosas en medio M & S al 100% de sales y vitaminas, sin reguladores de crecimiento. Por medio del uso de microscopía de luz, se logró la caracterización morfológica de las raíces establecidas, las cuales coinciden plenamente con las típicas raíces pilosas o hairy roots obtenidas por medio del sistema de agro-infección, según la literatura consultada.
Methodological validation of measuring Hanwoo hair cortisol concentration using bead beater and surgical scissors

Abstract Different methodologies in hair cortisol extraction may alter the final output. Thus finding the standard methodology according to a laboratory facilities is pivotal. This study was carried out to validate the feasibility of two methods of grinding hair for cortisol extraction in Korean native (Hanwoo) cattle. Hair from nine cattle including mature cows, heifers, and calves were assigned to one of the following methods for grinding hair; 1) using bead beater (BB) and 2) using surgical scissors (SS). Hair samples (> 1 g) were harvested from forehead of each individual twice (first and second measurement) to validate the results. To improve the accuracy of the obtained data, each sample was duplicated into two wells during enzyme immunoassay (EIA) analysis. Overall comparison of hair cortisol concentration (HCC) showed that the data within the range (out of the range) of standards provided by the EIA kit were 88.9% (11.1%) and 66.7% (33.3%) for BB compared with SS, respectively. In the first measurement, application of BB was tended to show higher (p = 0.056) amount of HCC compared with SS. In the second measurement application of BB showed higher (p = 0.0028) amount of HCC compared with SS. Among the cattle, calves showed higher HCC using BB compared with SS (p < 0.05). Application of BB in hair grinding methodology for Hanwoo cattle may improve cortisol extraction in comparison to application of SS method, with more consistency. Thus, it would be the preferable method to use.
A legal protection for domestic well-known mark on impersonation of different kind of goods under Indonesia’s trademark law

Indonesia’s trademark law does not provide provision for legal protection to registered mark which is well-known domestically therefore, there is no legal basis in case there is another party to commit in impersonation the said registered mark in the different kind of goods. On the other hand, protection indicates the address of international well-known marks only. Referring to the trademark law regime which is common universally such as can be found in the Paris Convention and TRIPs Agreement. Otherwise, for impersonation in different kinds of goods, the protection is given for a wellknown mark only. However, the said mark must be recognized within the territory where the mark is called as wellknown such in certain countries. The purpose of this study is to know the legal protection for the domestic well-known mark on impersonation of different kind of goods under Indonesia’s trademark law. This study is normative legal research with legislation, concept, and comparative approach. The legal material with technical analysis is done by the method of interpretation. Results of this study, The regulation of legal protection for registered trademark owners of impersonation of different kinds of goods should be reregulated (a reformulation of provisions). So that which is a well-known trademark can be in the form of domestic and internationally well-known, therefore the requirements for registration and commercializing of a mark in several countries, not as an obligation to obtain the rights and status become a well-known mark. However, when a mark is factually known and used in Indonesia, the wide scope of international well-known is no need as a mandatory. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee SSBFNET, Istanbul, Turkey. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Macrofungi: A review of cultivation strategies, bioactivity, and application of mushrooms.

The production of macrofungi (mushrooms) as well as their economic value have been steadily increasing globally. The use of functional foods, dietary supplements, and traditional medicines derived from macrofungi is increasing as they have numerous health benefits as well as abundant nutrients. Macrofungi are diverse with complex and highly varied growth conditions and bioactive constituents, most macrofungal resources have not yet been fully explored and applicated, leading to an urgent need for appropriate strategies to address the problem. Increasing attention has been paid to the macrofungal cultivation and application, in particular, potential prebiotics. Herein, the present review comprehensively summarizes recent progress in the cultivation, newly identified bioactive constituents, and their effects on gut microbiota as well as the potential ways in which they affect human health. Moreover, the macrofungal food development is discussed to improve food nutritional value and change the quality characteristics of food. Finally, the review addresses consumer safety concerns and the prospective genetic manipulation of macrofungi. We hope that this review can provide a comprehensive research reference for ensuring the safety and efficacy, along with maximizing the value and profitability of macrofungi production.
Drops in the Ocean: Rooted Academic Identities and Transformational Resistance in a College Assistance Migrant Program

ABSTRACT This qualitative study investigated the experiences of first- and second-year migrant undergraduate students and staff in the College Assistance Migrant Program (CAMP) at Arizona State University (ASU). ASU CAMP, which started in 2016, is the first program of its kind at an Arizona public university. Using an ethnographic monitoring approach, a research team that included a faculty member and graduate and undergraduate students conducted observations in a variety of CAMP settings, along with interviews and document analysis, in order to examine how Mexican-origin CAMP scholars developed academic identities rooted in family and community strengths while resisting assimilation to the “foreign land” of the university. We theorize students’ academic identity development and staff’s efforts to support and advocate for them as a form of transformational resistance through which participants acknowledged the inequities and challenges facing migrant students in postsecondary education and began to “reinvent” the university as they confronted this reality. The findings are relevant to scholars, teachers, and others who work with migrant students in K-12 and postsecondary settings, as well as those who seek to support Latinx and first-generation college students’ academic identity development in culturally sustaining ways.
SUSTAINABLE BIOFUEL PRODUCTION FROM ESTUARINE DIATOMS

Purpose of the study: Microalgae with better carbon sequestration potential, higher biomass, and lipid productivity in comparison to terrestrial counterparts is emerging as a viable sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Diatoms, a subgroup of a broader category of microalgae are well-known for their role as a bio-indicator in palaeo-climatological studies across historical timelines. Understanding ecology, community structure, and habitat preference of diatoms are prerequisites for prioritizing diatom strains towards sustainable biofuel production along with value-added product extraction. Method: Selection of appropriate strains, economically viable harvesting and environmentally sound transesterification are the challenges faced in microalgal industry. The present study focusses on understanding the variability in benthic diatom community assemblages across seasons and its affinity to different substrata at fixed sampling locations in an estuarine eco-system through field sampling for twelve months covering all seasons. Main Findings: The results highlight the tolerance and resilience in select diatom strains in fluctuating water qualities and seasonal variations, the insights much needed during mass cultivation under open environments. Statistical data analyses revealed distinct demarcation between sensitive and tolerant species with selective habitat preferences and resilience to fluctuating environmental conditions. Variations of benthic diatom community structure across various substrata highlights substratum affinity of diatom strains. From the inferences derived through field studies, mixed consortia of diatoms were developed, monitored, and optimized for higher biomass and lipid productivity under controlled laboratory conditions. Application of the Study: The results highlight the prospects of phyco-prospecting of indigenously grown diatom strains for sustainable biofuel production.
Genetic tagging of free-ranging black and brown bears

Identification of individuals in a free-ranging animal population is potentially hampered by a lack of distinguishing features (e.g., scars, unique color patterns), poor visibility (e.g., densely forested environments), cost and invasiveness of physical capture, and mark loss. Advances in DNA-analysis technology offer alternative methods of individual identification that may overcome several of these problems. We investigated the genetic variability of American black bears (Ursus americanus) and brown (grizzly) bears (Ursus arctos) in the Columbia River basin of British Columbia, Canada, and developed a method to obtain genetic samples from free-ranging bears. We established the background genetic variability using microsatellite genotyping at 9 loci using tissue and blood samples from captured bears. In 3 field trials, we tested methods to obtain hair from free-ranging bears. Although all methods collected hair suitable for DNA analysis, the barbed-wire enclosure hair-trap was superior. We extracted DNA from hair roots and identified sample species with a species-specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) test and sample sex from a Y-chromosome test. Using 6 microsatellite loci from nuclear DNA (nDNA), we screened all hair samples for individual identity and developed match probability functions based on scenarios of random sampling (P(random)), the likely presence of parent-offspring groupings in the samples (P(par-offs)), and the likely presence of siblings in the samples (P(sib)). We applied the P(sib) to each hair sample (match criteria at P(sib)<0.05) and illustrated how these microsatellite genotypes can be used as genetic tags in mark recapture bear censuses. The ability to identify species, sex, and individuality of free-ranging bears has numerous potential applications in field studies.
Sorbent Based on Polyvinyl Butyral and Potassium Polytitanate for Purifying Wastewater from Heavy Metal Ions

Currently, the rapid development of industry leads to an increase in negative anthropogenic impacts on the environment, including water ecosystems. This circumstance entails toughening environmental standards and, in particular, requirements for the content of pollutants in wastewater. As a result, developing technical and cost-effective ways for wastewater purification becomes relevant. This study is devoted to the development of a novel composite sorbent, based on polyvinyl butyral and potassium polytitanate, designed to purify water from heavy metal ions. The co-deposition of a mixture based on a polymer solution and a filler suspension was used to obtain a composite material. In this work, the influence of the deposition conditions on the structure and properties of the resulting composites was studied, as well as the optimal ratio of components, including solvent, precipitant, polymer binder, and filler, were established. In the course of this study on the sorption properties of the developed composite materials using various sorption models, the sorption capacity of the obtained material, the sorption mechanism, and the limiting stage of the sorption process were determined. The developed sorbent can be suitably used in the wastewater treatment systems of galvanic industries, enterprises producing chemical current sources, and in other areas.
READING DISORDERS AND DYSLEXIA IN THE PROCESS OF READING SKILLS ACQUISITION

The paper describes research on the situation in the primary education classrooms of Latvian educational institutions regarding the detection and correction of reading disorders and dyslexia in the framework of the Erasmus + K2 project "Dyslexia Assessment Protocol (DAP)" (2019-1-LV01-KA201-060355). The results of research showed that the behaviour of primary school teachers in situations, when reading disorders are identified, varies, but most of the correction work and support in educational institutions is provided by the speech therapist. It is important to carry out the professional development of primary school teachers by providing an understanding of the terms "reading disorders" and "dyslexia", knowledge of further actions in reading disorders and dyslexia cases, support opportunities for pupils and parents, as well as collaboration with a speech therapist. Teachers recognize the need for a common methodological material for native language teachers for work with children with reading disorders or dyslexia in order to ensure that teachers, regardless of professional experience or knowledge, work as homogeneous as possible. It would also serve as a good argument for talking to pupils' parents.
A Support System of Sightseeing Tour Planning Using Public Transportation in Japanese Rural Areas

: Though most of tourists tend to visit multiple sightseeing spots during their sightseeing tours, it is difficult for them to efficiently acquire information necessary for their sightseeing tour planning. Additionally, in rural area, many people hope to use public transportation which has not developed as much as in urban areas. The present study aims to design and develop a support system of sightseeing tour planning in Japanese rural areas, adopting the information related to real timetables of public transportation on both the sea and the ground, and genetic algorism (GA). The system was developed integrating moving route recommendation system, web-geographic information systems (Web-GIS), and augmented reality (AR) application. Furthermore, Kagawa Prefecture in the western part was selected as the operation target area. The operation of the system was conducted for two months, targeting those inside and outside the operation target area, and web questionnaire surveys were conducted. From the evaluation results based on the web questionnaire surveys, the usefulness of all the original functions as well as of the entire system was analyzed. Additionally, though some users could not easily use the system, it is expected that they will get used to utilizing it by their continuous use.