Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incidence of self-reported acute gastrointestinal infections in the community in Poland: a population-based study

SUMMARY A retrospective cross-sectional survey of self-reported acute gastrointestinal infection (AGI) incidence in the community was performed in Poland, from December 2008 to November 2009. The aim of the study was to estimate the magnitude and distribution of self-reported AGI, in order to calibrate the routine AGI surveillance system in Poland. The study population were randomly selected residents of all Polish regions, having a fixed telephone line. An equal number of telephone interviews were collected each month, requesting the interviewee to identify gastrointestinal symptoms that had occurred in the previous 4 weeks. The international AGI case definition was used. In total 3583 complete interviews were obtained. The compliance ratio was 26%. Of 3583 respondents, 240 (6·7%) individuals fulfilled the AGI case definition. The annualized incidence of acute gastroenteritis was 0·9/person-year (95% confidence interval 0·8–1·0). Comparison of the obtained annual AGI estimate (33·3 million infections) with the number of cases reported to national surveillance during the corresponding period (73 512), yielded an underreporting factor of 453 cases occurring in the community for each reported case. Of the 240 AGI cases, 30·4% consulted a general practitioner, and 4·6% were admitted to hospital. Samples for microbiological confirmation were collected from four (1·6%) cases. This first population-based study in eastern Europe has confirmed that AGI places a high burden on Polish society, which is underestimated by national surveillance data. Efforts are necessary to improve AGI reporting and diagnostic practices in order to increase the effectiveness of the Polish surveillance system in detecting threats related to new AGI pathogens, new routes of transmission or the potential for international spread.
Creatinine clearnce Rate (CCR) in Dignosing Different stages of chronic kidney Disease (CKD) - An update and review

on either side of the aorta and inferior vena cava. Each kidney contains 1 million functional units, or ‘nephrons’. These consists of glomerulus’s (where filtration of plasma occurs), proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule (where selective reabsorption of fluid and solutes from the filtrate occurs), and the collecting duct. The collecting ducts of multiple nephrons drain into the renal pelvis and ureter. There is a rich blood supply (20% - 25% of cardiac output). Intralobular branches of the renal artery give rise to the glomerular afferent arterioles which supply the capillaries within the glomerulus. The efferent arteriole, leading from the glomerulus, supplies the distal nephron and medulla in a ‘portal’ circulation. Glomeruli 7
Climate change and world food supply

Climate change could have far‐reaching effects on agriculture, trade patterns, development and food security. This article examines quantitatively the impact of climate change on food production and numbers at risk of hunger, allowing for factors such as latitude and farming practice. Globally, a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) level may lead to a small to moderate decrease in food production, but developing countries would bear the brunt of the consequences. To prevent widespread hunger, the agricultural industry should develop management programmes for hot and dry conditions, in conjunction with measures to slow the growth of the human population and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
Drug Use and Other Determinants of Premarital Pregnancy and Its Outcome: A Dynamic Analysis of Competing Life Events.

A two-step process was tested to identify the determinants of (a) the occurrence and (b) the outcomes of a premarital pregnancy, whether abortion or premarital or postmarital birth. Risk factors were modeled through event history and logistic regression analysis. Generally, the same covariates predict the occurrence of a premarital pregnancy and its outcome. Such variables as cohabitation, being black, having had poor grades and high peer activity in high school, use of illicit drugs other than marijuana, and having dropped out of high school are associated with a twoto threefold increase in the risk of a premarital pregnancy. Premarital births are overrepresented among blacks, as are abortions among users of illicit drugs other than marijuana. The risk factors identify groups of adolescents for whom the timing and sequencing of family roles is especially disrupted.
Upper-Extremity Functional Performance Tests: Reference Values for Overhead Athletes

Abstract This study aimed to provide an age, gender and sport-based normative database for three functional shoulder tests: Y Balance Test – Upper Quarter (YBT-UQ), Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST), and Seated Medicine Ball Throw (SMBT). A second aim was to discuss gender, age and sports differences. Finally, correlation between tests was evaluated. Overhead athletes (106 male, 100 female) between 18 and 50 years old and from three different sports (volleyball, tennis, handball) performed all functional tests. A linear mixed or regression model was applied to determine significant differences in test scores between gender, age and sports. Pearson correlation coefficients were analyzed to determine the relationship between tests. Normative values were established and divided by gender, sports and age. Results showed significant gender and age differences for all tests. For YBT-UQ, also significant side and sports differences were recorded. CKCUEST is moderately correlated with SMBT and YBT-UQ. Weak correlation was found between SMBT and YBT-UQ. In conclusion, this study provides normative data for YBT-UQ, CKCUEST and SMBT, which is clinically relevant for functionally screening overhead athletes and benchmark their performance to others from the same gender, age and sports. A combination of included tests is recommended.
Male Majority, Female Majority, or Gender Diversity in Organizations: How Do Proportions Affect Gender Stereotyping and Women Leaders’ Well-Being?

Whereas popular wisdom often centers on character differences between women and men when explaining work-related behavior, Kanter (1977) predicted that the proportion of women and men present in organizations is the crucial factor: With unequal proportions, women (similar to other minority persons) are singled out as “tokens” and gender becomes salient, which has been theorized to have a range of negative consequences. In contrast, if proportions of women and men are similar (i.e., in the presence of gender diversity), gender is not salient, and the work environment becomes much more positive for women. These considerations imply that not only a male majority, but also a female majority at work has negative consequences, because gender becomes salient in both cases. However, empirical research on work environments with female majorities at the top of organizations is scarce. The present study tested the perception of a range of negative consequences, including work-related well-being, among women in leadership positions in Spain who reported a male majority, a female majority, or similar proportions of both genders at the top level of their organization. The online convenience sample consisted of a total of N = 649 women leaders. In addition to work-related well-being, we measured perceived work–family conflict and perceived feelings of guilt associated with work–family conflict, traditional gender stereotypes regarding warmth and competence, women-leadership stereotypes, negative work-related stereotypes of mothers, gender harassment, and stigma consciousness. Almost all of our findings support Kanter’s theorizing that equal proportions of both genders go along with more positive perceptions as compared to a male majority. However, a female majority went along with as negative perceptions as a male majority regarding several of the outcome variables, but was associated with the most positive perceptions for other outcomes. We discuss implications and possible reasons for the latter mixed findings.
Risk Factors of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Critically III Patients

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), a hospital acquired pneumonia that occurs more than 48 h after mechanical ventilation, is a common complication of mechanical ventilation with a high mortality rate. VAP can cause patients to have difficulty weaning off the ventilator and to stay in the hospital longer, which results in a huge financial burden to patients and a huge demand for medical resources. Several strategies, such as drugs including chlorhexidine, β-lactam antibiotics and probiotics, have been used to prevent VAP in clinic. The incidence and the mortality rate of VAP have been decreased with the development of preventative strategies in the past decades, but VAP remains one of the most common causes of nosocomial infections and death in the intensive care unit. Current challenges in the management of VAP involved the lack of a gold standard for diagnosis, the absence of effective preventative strategies, and the rise in antibiotic resistance. Therefore, in order to reduce the incidence of VAP and improve the outcome of patients with mechanical ventilation, it is necessary to clarify the risk factors of VAP for clinical prevention and control of VAP. This paper reviews the international risk factors of VAP occurrence reported in recent years, including patient characteristics, increased mechanical ventilation time and prolonged length of hospital stay, disorders of consciousness, burns, comorbidities, prior antibiotic therapy, invasive operations, gene polymorphisms, and mentions the corresponding preventive measures. Each factor is not only an independent risk factor of VAP, but also has an influence on each other. A better understanding of risk factors for VAP is helpful for predicting the occurrence of VAP, improving the prevention and control of VAP, and reducing the morbidity and mortality rates of patients with VAP.
Gradient‐based electrical properties tomography (gEPT): A robust method for mapping electrical properties of biological tissues in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging

To develop high‐resolution electrical properties tomography (EPT) methods and investigate a gradient‐based EPT (gEPT) approach that aims to reconstruct the electrical properties (EP), including conductivity and permittivity, of an imaged sample from experimentally measured B1 maps with improved boundary reconstruction and robustness against measurement noise.
Fisioterapia respiratória no pré e pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio

The cardiovascular diseases are among the main death causes in the developed world. They have been increasing epidemically in the developing countries. In spite of several alternatives for the treatment of the coronary artery disease; the surgery of the myocardial revascularization is an option with proper indications of medium and long-term with good results. It provides the remission of the angina symptoms contributing to the increase of the expectation and improvement of the life quality. Most of patients undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery develop postoperative lung dysfunction with important reduction of the lung volumes, damages in the respiratory mechanism, decrease in the lung indulgence and increase of the respiratory work. The reduction of volumes and lung capacities can contribute to alterations in the gas exchanges, resulting in hypoxemia and decrease in the diffusion capacity. Taking this into account, the Physiotherapy has been requested more and more to perform in the pre as well as in the postoperative period of this surgery. This study aimed at updating the knowledge regarding the respiratory physiotherapy performance in the pre and postoperative period of the myocardial revascularization surgery enhancing the prevention of lung complications. The Physiotherapy uses several techniques in the preoperative period; such as: the incentive spirometry, exercises of deep breathing, cough, inspiratory muscle training, earlier ambulation and physiotherapeutic orientations. While in the postoperative period, the objective is the treatment after lung complications took place, performed by means of physiotherapeutic maneuvers and noninvasive respiratory devices, aiming at improving the respiratory mechanism, the lung reexpansion and the bronchial hygiene. Respiratory physiotherapy is an integral part in the care management of the patient with cardiopathy, either in the pre or in the postoperative period, since it contributes significantly to a better prognosis of these patients with the use of specific techniques.
Molecular prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. in wild rodents of Southeast Asia: influence of human settlement habitat

SUMMARY This study investigated the molecular prevalence of Trypanosoma lewisi and T. evansi in wild rodents from Cambodia, Lao PDR and Thailand. Between 2008 and 2012, rodents (and shrews) were trapped in nine locations and 616 of these were tested using three sets of primers: TRYP1 (amplifying ITS1 of ribosomal DNA of all trypanosomes), TBR (amplifying satellite genomic DNA of Trypanozoon parasites) and LEW1 (amplifying ITS1 of ribosomal DNA of T. lewisi). Based on the size of the PCR products using TRYP1, 17% were positive for T. lewisi and 1·0% positive for Trypanozoon. Results were confirmed by sequencing PCR products and by using more specific primers (LEW1 and TBR). The specificity of TRYP1 primers, however, failed as rodent DNA was amplified in some instances, giving unexpected product sizes. Using LEW1 primers, 13·3% of the samples were confirmed positive for T. lewisi, both by PCR and sequencing. In Thailand, T. lewisi was found in Rattus tanezumi, R. exulans and Berylmys; in Lao PDR, in R. tanezumi and R. exulans, and in Cambodia in R. tanezumi, R. exulans and R. norvegicus. Using TBR, 1·3% of the samples tested positive for Trypanozoon by PCR and sequencing; T. evansi is the only species of the Trypanozoon subgenus possibly present in wild Asian rodents. These results confirmed its presence in rodents from Thailand (R. tanezumi), Lao PDR (R. tanezumi, R. nitidus) and Cambodia (R. tanezumi, Niviventer fulvescens, Maxomys surifer). Based on the information related to rodent trapping, it was found that rodent species trapped in and around human dwellings had a higher prevalence of T. lewisi infection. R. tanezumi and R. exulans, two synanthropic species, were mainly found infected in this habitat suggesting a role as a reservoir and thus a potential source of T. lewisi for human infection.
Psychosomatic Aspects of Chronic Wounds

Chronic wounds, such as ulcus cruris, decubitus and the diabetic foot are of great medical and socio-economic importance, since they affect 2–3 million people in Germany and have a prevalence of 1–2% in Western countries. Previous studies have primarily addressed the consequences of chronic wounds on quality of life, showing sometimes marked impairment in physical, social, psychological, and financial domains. There are few study data on the influence of psychosomatic factors on the onset and duration of chronic wounds. Experimental and psychosocial studies show, however, that emotional factors and stress may lead to increased pain and prolonged wound healing. Based on studies of patients undergoing minor surgical procedures, a perioperative stress model has been developed. This model explains the occurrence of complications as neuroendocrino-immunological interactions. Anxious patients report more severe pain and have higher cortisol and blood pressure values. Detailed explanations of the procedure, methods of muscle relaxation, music or pre-medication may be advantageous prior to surgical procedures. In chronic wounds, supportive communication, psychotherapy and psychopharmacological treatment are to be considered, depending on the indication. Looking at the studies from a psychosomatic point of view, it is clear that patients with chronic wounds suffer greater limitations of activity and mobility, more severe pain and increased worries about their health. Moreover, these patients show significantly lower self-esteem. In addition, there is also a secondary gain from illness. Improvement in compliance, which is very low in many patients, is thus an additional approach to improving the prognosis of a chronic wound. Adequate wound therapy and therapeutic device in wound care may, as confirmed by several studies, significantly improve patients’ quality of life and self-esteem. Likewise, structured follow-up care should be provided even after the wound has healed.
Trends in macrolide resistance of respiratory tract pathogens in the paediatric population in Serbia from 2004 to 2009

SUMMARY We report the first study of macrolide resistance in respiratory tract pathogens in a Serbian paediatric population. It included 5293 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 4297 Streptococcus pyogenes, 2568 Moraxella catarrhalis and 1998 Haemophilus influenzae isolates derived from the respiratory tract and 110 invasive isolates from children aged up to 18 years during 2004–2009. Over the 6-year period, a significant increase (P < 0·01) in macrolide resistance was found in both S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes that reached 45% and 19%, respectively, in 2009. In the same period, consumption of macrolides increased continually from 2·46 to 5·8 defined daily dose/1000 inhabitants per day. The increase in macrolide resistance in S. pyogenes correlated with consumption of total macrolide and long-acting macrolides (r = 0·879, P = 0·05 and r = 0·922, P = 0·026, respectively). A similar trend was observed in pneumoccoci, although it did not reach statistical significance. The growing problem of macrolide resistance in pneumococci and S. pyogenes in Serbia requires further vigilant surveillance.
Periodontitis: facts, fallacies and the future.

This volume of Periodontology 2000 represents the 25th anniversary of the Journal, and uses the occasion to assess important advancements in periodontology over the past quarter-century as well as the hurdles that remain. Periodontitis is defined by pathologic loss of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. The disease involves complex dynamic interactions among active herpesviruses, specific bacterial pathogens and destructive immune responses. Periodontal diagnostics is currently based on clinical rather than etiologic criteria, and provides limited therapeutic guidance. Periodontal causative treatment consists of scaling, antiseptic rinses and occasionally systemic antibiotics, and surgical intervention has been de-emphasized, except perhaps for the most advanced types of periodontitis. Plastic surgical therapy includes soft-tissue grafting to cover exposed root surfaces and bone grafting to provide support for implants. Dental implants are used to replace severely diseased or missing teeth, but implant overuse is of concern. The utility of laser treatment for periodontitis remains unresolved. Host modulation and risk-factor modification therapies may benefit select patient groups. Patient self-care is a critical part of periodontal health care, and twice-weekly oral rinsing with 0.10-0.25% sodium hypochlorite constitutes a valuable adjunct to conventional anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis treatments. A link between periodontal herpesviruses and systemic diseases is a strong biological plausibility. In summary, research during the past 25 years has significantly changed our concepts of periodontitis pathobiology and has produced more-effective and less-costly therapeutic options.
Factors Associated with Drug Treatment Entry Patterns Among Hispanic Women Injection Drug Users Seeking Treatment

SUMMARY This paper examines patterns of drug treatment entry and factors that are associated with these patterns among 1,849 Hispanic women injection drug users (IDUs). The data analyzed originates from a statewide drug-treatment database covering seven years, 1996–2002. Through the use of logistic regression analyses, the study identified significant differences in predisposing, need and enabling factors in the use of detoxification only, residential treatment, or methadone maintenance. Compared to other Hispanics, Puerto Rican women were 40 percent less likely to use only detoxification services and one and a half times more likely to use methadone maintenance. Having health insurance was an especially important factor associated with methadone treatment utilization. Two of the most important factors associated with residential treatment use were history of mental health services utilization and involvement with the criminal justice system. This article discusses specific social work practice implications including the need for social work practitioners to promote services such as residential treatment, to be trained in treatment of co-occurring mental health disorders, especially among women in residential treatment, and the need to establish close linkages with the mental health and criminal justice systems.
Ultrasound Criteria for Diagnosis of Early Pregnancy Failure and Ectopic Pregnancy

Early pregnancy failure and ectopic pregnancy are common clinical diagnoses for which ultrasound can provide useful information. This review explores the use of ultrasound to diagnose early pregnancy failure and ectopic pregnancy. By documenting the developmental milestones of early normal pregnancy using ultrasound, clinicians can distinguish normal from abnormal intrauterine pregnancies. An early pregnancy failure can be diagnosed by the absence of a visible yolk sac with a mean sac diameter of 13 mm; the absence of a visible embryo with a mean sac diameter of 20 [corrected] mm; the absence of cardiac motion with an embryo measuring 5 mm or more in maximal length; or the presence of an empty amnion. In most settings, documentation of a normal intrauterine pregnancy effectively eliminates the possibility of ectopic pregnancy. The presence of an adnexal mass in the absence of an intrauterine gestational sac may indicate an ectopic pregnancy.
The Association of In Vitro Fertilization and Perinatal Morbidity

In recent years, there has been increasing concern regarding the safety of in vitro fertilization (IVF) because of the potential health impact on these infants. Multiple pregnancy contributes the vast majority of morbidity associated with IVF and, initially, many thought that adverse outcomes after IVF were solely attributable to the high incidence of twin pregnancies. More recently, multiple studies have suggested that IVF singleton pregnancies may be at increased risk for preterm birth, low birth weight, congenital anomalies, perinatal mortality, and several other pregnancy-related complications compared with unassisted singleton pregnancies. We have focused this review on the increased risk of adverse outcomes in IVF singleton conceptions compared with that of unassisted conceptions. The available evidence evaluating the association between IVF and low birth weight, preterm delivery, placental abruption, preeclampsia, congenital anomalies, and perinatal mortality in singleton pregnancies is summarized. In addition, data reporting an increased risk of congenital and chromosomal anomalies after IVF are presented.