Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Apricitabine – a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection that is refractory to existing drugs

Background: Apricitabine (ATC) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) being developed for the treatment of HIV. ATC has promising antiviral activity, including against HIV-1 containing reverse transcriptase mutations that confer resistance to other NRTIs. Objectives: This paper describes the development of ATC, including its in vitro activity, pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy and safety. Methods: The current literature on ATC was reviewed. Results/conclusions: ATC is a novel deoxycytidine NRTI with good antiviral activity, both in vitro and in treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients, including those with resistance to other NRTIs. This activity is accompanied by a favourable safety profile and a low propensity to select for resistance. ATC may have a place in the treatment of patients who have failed previous treatment regimens due to the development of NRTI resistance as a replacement for existing drugs.
Chest computed tomography for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

We analysed 53 cases of laboratory‐confirmed Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection with cough lasting ≥7 days and chest radiography showing no abnormal findings. Twenty‐two (41%) of those patients showed abnormal findings on chest high‐resolution computed tomography. In the daily clinical setting, for assessment of acute cough, physicians should be aware that it is difficult to confirm bronchiolitis or bronchopneumonia due to M. pneumoniae by chest radiography.
Fixed points and frontiers: a new perspective

Abstract Abstract interpretation is the collective name for a family of semantics-based techniques for compile-time analysis of programs. One of the most costly operations in automating such analyses is the computation of fixed points. The frontiers algorithm is an elegant method, invented by Chris Clack and Simon Peyton Jones, which addresses this issue. In this article we present a new approach to the frontiers algorithm based on the insight that frontiers represent upper and lower subsets of a function's argument domain. This insight leads to a new formulation of the frontiers algorithm for higher-order functions, which is considerably more concise than previous versions. We go on to argue that for many functions, especially in the higher-order case, finding fixed points is an intractable problem unless the sizes of the abstract domains are reduced. We show how the semantic machinery of abstract interpretation allows us to place upper and lower bounds on the values of fixed points in large lattices by working within smaller ones.
Intracellular β‐amyloid accumulation leads to age‐dependent progression of Ca2+ dysregulation in skeletal muscle

Intramyofiber accumulation of β‐amyloid fragments (Aβ) is a pathologic hallmark of inclusion‐body myositis (IBM), a progressive skeletal muscle disorder. We investigated the temporal pattern of alterations in the resting cytoplasmic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) as well as the depolarization‐evoked Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle from transgenic mice expressing human βAPP (MCK‐βAPP). MCK‐βAPP mice show an age‐dependent increase in [Ca2+]i along with a reduction in depolarization‐evoked Ca2+ release, which appear well before the other reported aspects of IBM, such as inclusion formation, inflammation, centralized nuclei, atrophy, and skeletal muscle weakness. In the young MCK‐βAPP animals the increase in resting [Ca2+]i can be attributed largely to Ca2+ influx through nifedipine‐sensitive Ca2+ channels. In the adult MCK‐βAPP mice, in addition to the nifedipine‐sensitive pathway, there is also a substantial contribution by the intracellular compartments to the increase in [Ca2+]i. These results suggest that β‐amyloid‐induced disuption of Ca2+ handling may represent an early event in the pathogenesis of IBM. Muscle Nerve, 2010
The bologna optimal higher-order machine

Abstract The Bologna Optimal Higher-order Machine (BOHM) is a prototype implementation of the core of a functional language based on (a variant of) Lamping's optimal graph reduction technique (Lamping, 1990; Gonthier et al., 1992a; Asperti, 1994). The source language is a sugared λ-calculus enriched with booleans, integers, lists and basic operations on these data types (following the guidelines of Interaction Systems – Asperti and Laneve (1993b, 1994), Laneve (1993)). In this paper, we shall describe BOHM's general architecture (comprising the garbage collector), and give a large set of benchmarks and experimental results.
Red-black trees with types

Chris Okasaki showed how to implement red-black trees in a functional programming language. Ralf Hinze incorporated even the invariants of such data structures into their types, using higher-order nested datatypes. We show how one can achieve something very similar without the usual performance penalty of such types, by combining the features of nested datatypes, phantom types and existential type variables.
Faking it Simulating dependent types in Haskell

Dependent types reflect the fact that validity of data is often a relative notion by allowing prior data to affect the types of subsequent data. Not only does this make for a precise type system, but also a highly generic one: both the type and the program for each instance of a family of operations can be computed from the data which codes for that instance. Recent experimental extensions to the Haskell type class mechanism give us strong tools to relativize types to other types. We may simulate some aspects of dependent typing by making counterfeit type-level copies of data, with type constructors simulating data constructors and type classes simulating datatypes. This paper gives examples of the technique and discusses its potential.
Recombinant human SDF-1&agr; administration accelerates aneurysm neck reendothelialization in rabbit saccular aneurysm after flow diverter treatment

Reendothelialization in the aneurysm neck is pivotal to vascular repair for intracranial aneurysm after flow diverter (FD) implantation. Recombinant human stromal cell-derived factor 1α (rhSDF-1α) is a vital chemoattractant to stem cells and potentially facilitates reendothelialization. Here, we sought to investigate the therapeutic effects of intravenous administration of rhSDF-1α and uncover its potential mechanism for promoting aneurysm neck reendothelialization. Recombinant pET32a-186 plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli to produce the rhSDF-1α protein with biological activity. FD was implanted into the elastase-induced saccular aneurysm in New Zealand white rabbits. rhSDF-1α (50 μg/kg/day) was intravenously administrated for consecutive 7 days after FD implantation. After these procedures, aneurysms were harvested after 2 or 4 weeks. Scanning electron microscopy was used to measure the neointima thickness and count the endothelial-like cells at aneurysm neck. Four weeks later, the mRNA levels of endothelial markers in the neointima at aneurysm neck were examined. Migration assay showed that rhSDF-1α could induce migration of endothelial progenitor cells in a dose-dependent manner. Two weeks after stent implantation, follow-up angiography showed partial aneurysm occlusion in one of each group and total aneurysm occlusion in 17 saccular aneurysm rabbits (9 of the rhSDF-1α group and 8 of the control group). No significant change of neointima thickness at aneurysm neck was observed. Intriguingly, more endothelial-like cells were observed at aneurysm neck in the rhSDF-1α group at 2 weeks (55 vs 13 cells per high-power field) and 4 weeks (104 vs 60 cells per high-power field). The mRNA levels of Tie-2, VE-cadherin, KDR and E-selectin were significantly enhanced compared with those of the control group. These results showed that intravenous administration of rhSDF-1α can accelerate reendothelialization in the aneurysm neck after FD implantation. Our study reveals an important role of rhSDF-1α in inducing aneurysm occlusion and suggests that it achieves its function through modulating the reendothelialization.
Control effects as a modality

Abstract We combine ideas from types for continuations, effect systems and monads in a very simple setting by defining a version of classical propositional logic in which double-negation elimination is combined with a modality. The modality corresponds to control effects, and it includes a form of effect masking. Erasing the modality from formulas gives classical logic. On the other hand, the logic is conservative over intuitionistic logic.
Effects of low‐dose morphine on perceived sleep quality in patients with refractory breathlessness: A hypothesis generating study

The management of chronic refractory breathlessness is one of the indications for regular low‐dose (≤30 mg/24 h) oral sustained release morphine. Morphine may disrupt sleep in some conditions and improve sleep quality in others. This study aimed to determine any signal of regular, low‐dose morphine on perceived sleep disruption due to breathlessness and perceived sleep quality.
Virtual interaction through video-web communication: A step towards enriching and internationalizing language learning programs

Abstract This paper describes an intercontinental project with the use of interactive tools, both synchronous and asynchronous, which was set up to internationalize academic learning of Spanish language and culture. The objective of this case study was to investigate whether video-web communication tools can contribute to enriching the quality of foreign language curricula, by facilitating a motivating virtual communication environment for purposeful interaction between non native and native speakers of Spanish to accomplish learning tasks. The project was carried out between a class of twenty Spanish as foreign language students from the University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, and a class of twenty Chilean trainee Spanish teachers from the University of Concepción, Chile. Students interacted weekly, over two months, in dyads and small groups making use of a video-web communication tool, Adobe Connect. The video-web communication tool enabled synchronous interactions, during which participants could see each other while talking and sharing audiovisual documents on-line. A blog was also used to promote collaboration, reflection and exchange of ideas about issues raised during the synchronous sessions. Qualitative data was collected through a questionnaire, analysis of recordings of learners' interaction sessions and the project blog. Results show a positive impact on motivation and on learning outcomes, particularly regarding understanding of the use of language in given contexts, and of cultural issues.
Step bisimulation is pomset equivalence on a parallel language without explicit internal choice

We focus attention on a language ℒ generated by a set of elementary actions under operations of sequential composition, external binary choice, iteration, and non-nested disjoint parallel composition: that is, on an especially simple parallel language without explicit internal, or ‘local’, nondeterminism. ℒ is nondeterministic, despite the restriction to external choice, since a given action may occur in both subterms F and G of the parallel composition F ║ G. We exhibit a single set of equations that axiomatizes both step bisimulation and pomset equivalence on ℒ Given that step bisimulation and pomset equivalence are incomparable on the language ℒ+ obtained from ℒ by relaxing just the constraint on choice, the coincidence of these equivalences on ℒ suggests that the elimination of explicit internal choice can result in simplifications at the semantic level. We reinforce this impression by showing for ℒ that step bisimulation (i) coincides with pomset bisimulation equivalence, (ii) is real-time consistent, and (iii) has step trees as concrete representatives of its equivalence classes. Moreover, we show that none of these results holds for the language ℒ+ Finally, step trace equivalence is proved not to coincide with step bisimulation equivalence on ℒ.
Least fixpoints of endofunctors of cartesian closed categories

Least fixpoints are constructed for finite coproducts of definable endofunctors of Cartesian closed categories that have weak polynomial products and joint equalizers of arbitrary families of pairs of parallel arrows. Both conditions hold in PER, the category whose objects are partial equivalence relations on N, and whose arrows are partial recursive functions. Weak polynomial products exist in any cartesian closed category with a finite number of objects as well as in any model of second order polymorphic lambda calculus: that is, in the proof theory of any second order positive intuitionistic propositional calculus, but such a category need not have equalizers. However, any finite coproduct of definable endofunctors of a cartesian closed category with weak polynomial products will have a least fixpoint in a larger category with equalizers whose objects are right ideals (or sieves) of modulo certain congruence relations, and whose arrows are induced from .
Ambient Air Pollution Particles and the Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Investigation has repeatedly demonstrated an association between exposure to ambient air pollution particles and numerous indices of human morbidity and mortality. Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are among those with an increased sensitivity to air pollution particles. Current and ex-smokers account for 80 to 85% of all those with COPD. The human breathing in an urban site with a significant level of particulate matter (PM) may be exposed to 720 μ g daily. A single cigarette introduces 15,000 to 40,000 μ g particle into the respiratory tract of the smoker. It is subsequently confounding why such a relatively small mass of airborne PM should have any biological effect in the patient with COPD, as these individuals are repeatedly exposed to particles (with a similar size and composition) at perhaps a thousandfold the mass of ambient PM. Regarding this increased sensitivity of COPD patients to air pollution particles, there are several possible explanations for this seeming contradiction, including correlations of PM levels with other components of air pollution, an accumulation of multiple independent risk factors in a patient, changes in individual activity patterns, disparities in dosimetry between healthy subjects and COPD patients, and some unique characteristic of an ambient air pollution PM. Regardless of the underlying mechanism for the increased sensitivity of COPD patients, exposures of these individuals to elevated levels of PM should be discouraged. To provide a greater awareness of PM levels, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency now includes levels of air pollution particles in an air quality index.
Categorical models for Abadi and Plotkin's logic for parametricity

We propose a new category-theoretic formulation of relational parametricity based on a logic for reasoning about parametricity given by Abadi and Plotkin. The logic can be used to reason about parametric models, such that we may prove consequences of parametricity that to our knowledge have not been proved before for existing category-theoretic notions of relational parametricity. We provide examples of parametric models and describe a way of constructing parametric models from given models of the second-order lambda calculus.
INVITED REVIEW SERIES: RESPIRATORY SLEEP DISORDERS

Heart failure (HF) and sleep apnoea are common disorders which frequently coexist. Two main types of apnoea occur: one is obstructive which, through recurring episodes of snoring, hypoxaemia, large negative intrathoracic pressures and arousals from sleep leading to downstream inflammatory and autonomic nervous system changes, is thought to be a causative factor to the development of systemic hypertension and HF. The other type of apnoea, Cheyne–Stokes respiration with central sleep apnoea (CSR-CSA), is characterized by an oscillatory pattern of ventilation with a prevailing hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia, often in the absence of significant hypoxaemia and snoring, and is thought to be a consequence of advanced HF-related low cardiac output, high sympathetic nervous system activation and pulmonary congestion. CSR-CSA may be a compensatory response to advanced HF. Rostral fluid shift during sleep may play an important role in the pathogenesis of both obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and CSA. Studies of positive airway pressure (PAP) treatment of OSA and CSA in HF have shown short-term improvements in cardiac and autonomic function; however, there is no evidence of improved survival. Loop gain may provide useful marker of continuous PAP (CPAP) responsiveness in patients with central apnoea. A greater understanding of the pathophysiology of the interaction between obstructive and central apnoea and the various types of HF, and the mechanisms of therapies, such as PAP, is required to develop new strategies to overcome the disabling symptoms, and perhaps improve the mortality, that accompany HF with sleep apnoea.
Permutation classes and polyomino classes with excluded submatrices

This article introduces an analogue of permutation classes in the context of polyominoes. For both permutation classes and polyomino classes, we present an original way of characterizing them by avoidance constraints (namely, with excluded submatrices) and we discuss how canonical such a description by submatrix-avoidance can be. We provide numerous examples of permutation and polyomino classes which may be defined and studied from the submatrix-avoidance point of view, and conclude with various directions for future research on this topic.
Could more than three million older people in England be at risk of alcohol-related harm? A cross-sectional analysis of proposed age-specific drinking limits.

OBJECTIVE to determine the impact of recently proposed age-specific alcohol consumption limits on the proportion and number of older people classified at risk of alcohol-related harm. DESIGN nationally representative cross-sectional population data from the Health Survey for England (HSE). PARTICIPANTS adults with valid alcohol consumption data, comprising 14,718 participants from 2003 and 14,939 from 2008. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE the prevalence of alcohol consumption in excess of existing and recently proposed consumption limits, plus associated population estimates. RESULTS the number of individuals aged 65 or over and drinking in excess of daily recommended limits would have increased 2.5-fold to over 3 million in 2008 under age-specific recommendations proposed in a report from the Royal College of Psychiatrists, equating to an at-risk population 809,000 individuals greater than found within the 16-24 age group during the same year. Suggested revisions to existing binge drinking classifications would have defined almost 1,200,000 people aged 65 or over as hazardous consumers of alcohol in 2008-a 3.6-fold increase over existing definitions. CONCLUSION age-specific drinking recommendations proposed in the Royal College of Psychiatrists Report would increase the number of older drinkers classified as hazardous alcohol consumers to a level greater than found among young adults aged 16-24.
Taming the wild ant-lion; a counterexample to a conjecture of Böhm

In Barendregt (1984), Corrado Böhm conjectured that every adequate (Barendregt 1984, 6.4.2 (ii)) numeral system of normal combinators has normal successor, predecessor and zero test. In this note, we give a counterexample to this conjecture. Our example is shown to have no normal zero test. Böhm has informed us that Intrigila (1994) has given an example with no normal successor. Our strategy, in terms of the ant-lion paradigm, is to pry open the trap so wide that it enters its active state before its jaws are shut.
New Directions in Research on STARBRIGHT Interventions

This special issue of Children’s Health Care focuses on a presentation of the preliminary database regarding interventions developed by the STARBRIGHT Foundation. The studies included in this issue help to establish baseline data for more definitive outcome evaluations, as well as to elucidate areas for future theoretical development regarding innovative approaches to facilitating optimal outcomes for children facing the challenges of hospitalization and chronic illness. Advances in medical management of childhood chronic illnesses have resulted in an increased focus on psychosocial factors mediating or otherwise impacting the course of, and adaptation to, hospitalization and illness. Recent emphasis within pediatric psychology has focused on the development of empirically validated treatment models for intervention in a number of childhood conditions. Furthermore, research has moved beyond the mere identification of adverse psychosocial outcomes for chronically ill children toward the development of complex, interactive, risk-resiliency models that include medical, temporal, developmental, and psychosocial factors. Efforts to help hospitalized children and children with chronic illnesses have moved beyond traditional service delivery to include program development, staff training, and policy formulation. Psychologists and other multidisciplinary health care providers also have become involved in the development of children’s media, including educational television programming; psychoeducational videotapes; and more recently, interactive psychoeducational software. During this CHILDREN’S HEALTH CARE, 31(1), 87–91 Copyright © 2002, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Constructive forcing, CPS translations and witness extraction in Interactive realizability †

In Interactive realizability for second-order Heyting Arithmetic with EM 1 and SK 1 (the excluded middle and Skolem axioms restricted to Σ1 0-formulas), realizers are written in a classical version of Girard's System F. Since the usual reducibility semantics does not apply to such a system, we introduce a constructive forcing/reducibility semantics: though realizers are not computable functionals in the sense of Girard, they can be forced to be computable. We apply this semantics to show how to extract witnesses for realizable Π2 0-formulas. In particular, a constructive and efficient method is introduced. It is based on a new ‘(state-extending-continuation)-passing-style translation’ whose properties are described with the constructive forcing/reducibility semantics.
Premonoidal categories and notions of computation

We introduce the notions of premonoidal category and premonoidal functor, and show how these can be used in the denotational semantics of programming languages. We characterize the semantic definitions of Eugenio Moggi's monads as notions of computation, exhibit a representation theorem for our premonoidal setting in terms of monads, and give a fibrational setting for the structure.