Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human orbitofrontal cortex is necessary for behavior based on inferred, not experienced outcomes

SUMMARY Decisions are typically guided by what we have experienced in the past. However, when direct experience is unavailable, animals and humans can imagine or infer the future to make choices. Outcome expectations that are based on direct experience and inference may compete for guiding behavior [1, 2], and they may recruit distinct but overlapping brain circuits [3–5]. In rodents, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) contains neural signatures of inferred outcomes and is necessary for behavior that requires inference, but it is not necessary when responding can be based on direct experience [6–10]. In humans, OFC activity is also correlated with inferred outcome expectations [11, 12], but it is unclear whether the human OFC is selectively required for inference-based behavior. To test this, here we used non-invasive targeted continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) [13] to inactivate the human OFC in a sensory preconditioning task designed to isolate inference-based behavior from responding that can be based on direct experience [6, 12, 14]. We show that OFC-targeted cTBS disrupts reward-related behavior only in conditions in which outcome expectations have to be mentally inferred, but that it does not impair behavior that can be based on stimulus-outcome associations that were directly experienced. These findings suggest that OFC is necessary for decision making when outcomes have to be mentally simulated, providing converging cross-species evidence for a critical role of OFC in model-based but not model-free behavior.
Complete Genome Sequence of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strain RJ1267, Isolated in Shanghai, China

Staphylococcal pathogens, especially multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, are responsible for various clinical infections. Multilocus sequence type 630 (ST630) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has been shown to have augmented pathogenicity in humans. In this announcement, we report the complete genome sequence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant strain RJ1267 of Staphylococcus aureus ST630. ABSTRACT Staphylococcal pathogens, especially multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, are responsible for various clinical infections. Multilocus sequence type 630 (ST630) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has been shown to have augmented pathogenicity in humans. In this announcement, we report the complete genome sequence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant strain RJ1267 of Staphylococcus aureus ST630.
Changes in the antioxidative enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in wheat seedlings exposed to cadmium and lead stress

Wheat seedlings were grown in presence of CdCl2 (0-200 µM) and Pb(NO3)2 (0-2000 µM) separately. The growth of metal-treated seedlings was significantly depressed. The activities of antioxidative enzymes namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (POX) were altered both in root and shoot tissues of 7-d-old seedlings. Under Cd stress, SOD activity in roots was undetectable even at the lowest Cd concentration (50 µM) whereas in shoots it declined sharply with increasing Cd levels. The activity of CAT declined to a greater extent in roots than in shoots. Even though the POX activity increased nine times in shoots, a decreasing trend was observed in root tissues due to Cd stress. Under Pb stress, the induction in SOD activity and decline in CAT activity were sharper in root tissues than in their shoot counterparts. The POX activity increased both in roots and shoots under Pb stress. Malondialdehyde concentration increased in both roots and shoots of Cd- and Pb-treated seedlings. The results suggest that metal toxicity was associated with oxidative stress. The decline in CAT activity may be the probable reason behind the Cd- and Pb-induced oxidative stress, since the alterations in SOD and POX activities showed different trends under these metal stresses.
The use of bulked segregant analysis to accumulate RAPD markers near a locus for beet cyst nematode resistance in Beta vulgaris

Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was used to accumulate RAPD markers near the beet cyst nematode resistance locus Hs1 Pro-1 of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Graphical genotypes constructed from RFLP data were utilized to select F 2 individuals in (1) the construction of pools of plants used in the initial screening for polymorphisms, and (2) the selection of individual plants used to confirm the potential linkage. The pooled DNA samples were screened for polymorphisms using 668 RAPD primers. Forty-four candidate markers potentially linked to the region were analysed further using 14 segregating individuals. Close linkage was confirmed for 17 of the markers. Four of the RAPD markers were assigned map coordinates within the RFLP map. Three of these markers extended the RFLP map by 3cM. Altogether, the 8cM target interval contains 10 RFLP and 17 RAPD markers, corresponding to an average marker density of 0.3cM in the Hs1 pro-1 region.
Chronic Neuroleptic‐Induced Parkinsonism Examined With Positron Emission Tomography

Neuroleptic drug‐induced parkinsonism (NIP) is a leading cause of parkinsonism, particularly in aging. Based on abnormal dopamine transporter scan results, individuals displaying chronic NIP are often diagnosed with Lewy‐body Parkinson's disease (PD), but this assumption needs further substantiation.
AN OPTIMIZED SYSTEM OF A COMBINED TRANS-CRITICAL CO2 REFRIGERATION AND MULTI EFFECT DESALINATION SYSTEM

The objective of this paper is to study and make a comparison between an original boosted-system with one Booster (B-MED) and an optimized system with two boosters (2B-MED) of a combined trans-critical CO2 refrigeration and boosted multi effect desalination system. The two systems are analyzed and compared thermodynamically. The optimized system with two boosters produces around 361.72 m day ⁄ of fresh water, on the other hand the original system with only one booster module produces around 290.3 m day ⁄ of fresh water, which means that the optimized system with two boosters increased the fresh water production rate by 24.6 % in comparison with that of one booster module. In addition, the heat transfer rate of the gascooler to the environment in the original system is equal to 1059 kW , while it is equal to 472.5 kW in the optimized one, which means that the optimized system (2B-MED) improves the refrigeration system by decreasing the heat transfer rate of the gas-cooler by 55.38 %. This leads to the reduction of the heat transfer area (HTA) of the gas cooler and all that will lead to the decrease of the total annual cost (TAC) of the refrigeration system. So that, the optimized system with two boosters is thermodynamically better than the original one.
Contemporary occupational therapy philosophy and practice in hospital settings

Abstract Background Occupational therapists have sought to reconnect with the foundations of the profession for many years, and a key focus has been the place of occupation in practice. Existing literature suggests that therapists working in acute settings experience difficulties practicing in ways that centralise occupation. Aim/Objective This scoping review aimed to explore the existing literature on contemporary occupational therapy philosophy and practice in acute hospital settings. Methods A five step scoping review process was implemented. Four electronic databases were searched using a combination of search terms. Searching reference lists of papers was also completed. Results were summarised using numeric and thematic analysis. Results Twenty four publications were included. Four themes were identified; attitudes towards occupation-based practice, benefits of occupation-based approaches, challenges implementing occupation-based practice, and strategies to overcome challenges. Conclusion and Significance Findings highlighted therapists value occupation as an important aspect of practice, however they experience many environmental and personal challenges in acute settings. Strategies to overcome these challenges related to individual’s changing their practice to be more occupation-focussed and changes within the practice context including adapting environments, documentation and intervention protocols to focus on occupation. These strategies may support therapists to align practice with their professional values.
Antibiotic Stewardship in the Intensive Care Unit. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report in Collaboration with the AACN, CHEST, CDC, and SCCM

Intensive care units (ICUs) are an appropriate focus of antibiotic stewardship program efforts because a large proportion of any hospital’s use of parenteral antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum, occurs in the ICU. Given the importance of antibiotic stewardship for critically ill patients and the importance of critical care practitioners as the front line for antibiotic stewardship, a workshop was convened to specifically address barriers to antibiotic stewardship in the ICU and discuss tactics to overcome these. The working definition of antibiotic stewardship is “the right drug at the right time and the right dose for the right bug for the right duration. ” A major emphasis was that antibiotic stewardship should be a core competency of critical care clinicians. Fear of pathogens that are not covered by empirical antibiotics is a major driver of excessively broad-spectrum therapy in critically ill patients. Better diagnostics and outcome data can address this fear and expand efforts to narrow or shorten therapy. Greater awareness of the substantial adverse effects of antibiotics should be emphasized and is an important counterargument to broad-spectrum therapy in individual low-risk patients. Optimal antibiotic stewardship should not focus solely on reducing antibiotic use or ensuring compliance with guidelines. Instead, it should enhance care both for individual patients (by improving and individualizing their choice of antibiotic) and for the ICU population as a whole. Opportunities for antibiotic stewardship in common ICU infections, including community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia and sepsis, are discussed. Intensivists can partner with antibiotic stewardship programs to address barriers and improve patient care.
Blood Eosinophil–directed Management of Airway Disease. The Past, Present, and Future

1. Kupferschmidt K, Cohen J. Race to find COVID-19 treatments accelerates. Science 2020;367:1412–1413. 2. Muthuri SG, Venkatesan S, Myles PR, Leonardi-Bee J, Al Khuwaitir TS, Al Mamun A, et al.; PRIDE Consortium Investigators. Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in reducing mortality in patients admitted to hospital with influenza A H1N1pdm09 virus infection: a metaanalysis of individual participant data. Lancet Respir Med 2014;2: 395–404. 3. Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T, Liu Z, et al. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the Perspectives of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol 2020;214: 108393. 4. Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, Mehta AK, Zingman BS, Kalil AC, et al.; ACTT-1 Study Group Members. Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19: preliminary report. N Engl J Med [online ahead of print] 22 May 2020; DOI: 10.1056/ NEJMoa2007764.
Etiology of a sugar maple decline

Studies in an 85-year-old sugar maple, Acersaccharum Marsh. , stand indicated that since the early stages of stand development, sugar maples that are currently declining showed slower growth than healthy trees. A steady growth decline of all dominant trees during the last 30 years was significantly correlated with adverse climatic conditions. High levels of stand density (competition) appeared to predispose sugar maple trees to adverse affects of climatic (winters with periodic thaws and sparse snow cover, summer drought, low autumn soil water recharge) stresses. In some cases, sugar maple decline may be part of a natural stand density regulatory process, and it may be prevented by silvicultural intervention.
Effect of Soy Lecithin Supplementation in Beef Cows before Calving on Colostrum Composition and Serum Total Protein and Immunoglobulin G Concentrations in Calves

Simple Summary Until recently, fat supplements were considered merely as a source of energy for cows during transition. However, individual fatty acids included in fat supplements may clearly induce different production and metabolic responses, which in consequence change the nutritional value of bovine colostrum. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the type of fat additive to use in feed ration. This study aimed to determine an effect of soy lecithin supplementation on beef cow’s colostrum composition and selected blood parameters in their calves. Obtained results suggest that soy lecithin addition in cows before calving has a beneficial impact on colostrum composition. This concerns mainly an increase of linoleic acid in colostrum, which may influence IgG activity in calf serum. In turn, higher content of these components in colostrum may contribute to improve calves’ survival rate during the first weeks of their life. Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of soy lecithin supplementation in beef cow’s nutrition on colostrum composition and serum concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and serum total protein (STP) in calves. Twenty pregnant Charolaise cows were assigned to two groups. In the supplementation group (n = 10) during the last four weeks of pregnancy, soy lecithin was administrated in an amount of 20 g/cow/day. In both groups, basic composition (protein, fat, lactose, dry matter), somatic cell count (SCC), total bacteria count (TBC), IgG concentration, and fatty acids profile were determined in colostrum samples. Moreover, STP and IgG concentration were measured in calves’ blood samples on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days of life, mothered by supplementation and control cows. Animals fed with soy lecithin before calving produced colostrum with a higher (p = 0.049) level of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6). In addition, these results showed that soy lecithin supplementation has contributed to an increase (p = 0.029) of serum IgG in calves on the 14th day of life. The impact of such change in colostrum on IgG levels on calves serum and their half-life need further analysis.
Pervasive ice sheet mass loss reflects competing ocean and atmosphere processes

Taking stock of our losses Earth's ice sheets are melting and sea levels are rising, so it behooves us to understand better which climate processes are responsible for how much of the mass loss. Smith et al. estimated grounded and floating ice mass change for the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets from 2003 to 2019 using satellite laser altimetry data from NASA's ICESat and ICESat-2 satellites. They show how changing ice flow, melting, and precipitation affect different regions of ice and estimate that grounded-ice loss averaged close to 320 gigatons per year over that period and contributed 14 millimeters to sea level rise. Science, this issue p. 1239 Satellite laser altimetry shows the extent of ice sheet mass loss since 2003. Quantifying changes in Earth’s ice sheets and identifying the climate drivers are central to improving sea level projections. We provide unified estimates of grounded and floating ice mass change from 2003 to 2019 using NASA’s Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) and ICESat-2 satellite laser altimetry. Our data reveal patterns likely linked to competing climate processes: Ice loss from coastal Greenland (increased surface melt), Antarctic ice shelves (increased ocean melting), and Greenland and Antarctic outlet glaciers (dynamic response to ocean melting) was partially compensated by mass gains over ice sheet interiors (increased snow accumulation). Losses outpaced gains, with grounded-ice loss from Greenland (200 billion tonnes per year) and Antarctica (118 billion tonnes per year) contributing 14 millimeters to sea level. Mass lost from West Antarctica’s ice shelves accounted for more than 30% of that region’s total.
Janus-faced spatacsin (SPG11): involvement in neurodevelopment and multisystem neurodegeneration

SPG11-HSP is the commonest form of complicated autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia. Pozner et al. review current knowledge of SPG11, focusing on clinical and cellular aspects of the pathology, and consider how impairment of the autophagy-lysosomal machinery may link neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative phenotypes.
The Band 3-Related AE Anion Exchanger Gene Family

Chloride/bicarbonate exchange activity is present or elicitable in nearly all tissues and cultured cells, where it contributes to the maintenance of cellular proton, chloride and volume homeostasis. The best characterized chloride/bicarbonate exchange protein, red cell band 3 (AE1), is the prototype member of the AE anion exchanger gene family. This gene family includes, in addition to AE1, the related genes AE2 and AE3. These genes and their protein products are expressed in many nonerythroid tissues, and their regulatory properties are under active investigation. Following an introduction which places chloride/bicarbonate exchange in the perspective of cellular pH and volume regulation, this review first will summarize current knowledge of the molecular biology and the molecular genetics of the AE gene family. The second part will describe the results of functional studies of recombinant AE protein expression. The last part will summarize data on endogenous AE protein immunolocalization and regulation.
Vitamin D’s Effect on Immune Function

Ever since its discovery by Windhaus, the importance of the active metabolite of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; 1,25-(OH)2D3) has been ever expanding. In this review, the attention is shifted towards the importance of the extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D, with special emphasis on the immune system. The first hint of the significant role of vitamin D on the immune system was made by the discovery of the presence of the vitamin D receptor on almost all cells of the immune system. In vitro, the overwhelming effect of supra-physiological doses of vitamin D on the individual components of the immune system is very clear. Despite these promising pre-clinical results, the translation of the in vitro observations to solid clinical effects has mostly failed. Nevertheless, the evidence of a link between vitamin D deficiency and adverse outcomes is overwhelming and clearly points towards avoidance of vitamin D deficiency especially in early life.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Trypanosoma cruzi B. M. López Strain (TcIa), Isolated from a Colombian Patient

Trypanosoma cruzi parasite strains are classified into six lineages (discrete typing units TcI to TcVI). The broad genetic diversity of T. cruzi strains has an influence on the development of the host response and pathogenesis, as well as drug susceptibility. Here, the draft genome of the T. cruzi B. M. López strain (TcIa) is reported. ABSTRACT Trypanosoma cruzi parasite strains are classified into six lineages (discrete typing units TcI to TcVI). The broad genetic diversity of T. cruzi strains has an influence on the development of the host response and pathogenesis, as well as drug susceptibility. Here, the draft genome of the T. cruzi B. M. López strain (TcIa) is reported.
Association between work schedules and motivation for lifestyle change in workers with overweight or obesity: a cross-sectional study in Japan

Objective To investigate the association between work schedules and motivation for behavioural change of lifestyle, based on the transtheoretical model (TTM) in workers with overweight or obesity. Design A cross-sectional observational study. Setting A healthcare examination centre in Japan. Participants Between April 2014 and March 2016, we recruited 9243 participants who underwent healthcare examination and met the inclusion criteria, namely, age 20–65 years, body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 and full-time workers. Exposure Night and shift (night/shift) workers were compared with daytime workers in terms of motivation for behavioural change. Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome was action and maintenance stages of change (SOC) for lifestyle in TTM. In a subgroup analysis, we investigated interactions between characteristics, including age, sex, BMI, current smoking, alcohol habits, hours of sleep and working hours. Results Overall, 1390 participants (15.0%) were night/shift workers; night/shift workers were younger (median age (IQR): 46 (40–54) vs 43 (37–52) years) and the proportion of men was lesser (75.4 vs 60.9%) compared with daytime workers. The numbers of daytime and night/shift workers in the action and maintenance SOC were 2113 (26.9%) and 309 (22.2%), respectively. Compared with daytime workers, night/shift workers were less likely to demonstrate action and maintenance SOC (adjusted OR (AOR): 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.98). In a subgroup analysis that included only those with long working hours (≥10 hours/day), results revealed a strong inverse association between night/shift work and action and maintenance SOC (AOR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.48 to 0.86). A significant interaction was observed between long working hours and night/shift work (P for interaction=0.04). Conclusions In workers with overweight or obesity, a night/shift work schedule was associated with a lower motivation for behavioural change in lifestyle, and the association was strengthened in those with long working hours.
4E-T-bound mRNAs are stored in a silenced and deadenylated form

Here, Räsch et al. investigated the underlying mechanisms that regulate the decay of mRNAs destabilized by AU-rich elements and miRNAs. They show that upon mRNA binding 4E-T, an eIF4E-binding protein (4E-BP) represses translation and promotes deadenylation via the recruitment of the CCR4–NOT deadenylase complex, and their findings provide insight into the mechanism of mRNA storage that controls localized translation and mRNA stability in P-bodies.
Complete Genome Sequence of Helicobacter pylori Strain ATCC 43504, a Type Strain That Can Infect Gerbils

Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43504 is a type strain isolated from a gastric cancer patient in Australia and is commonly used for pathogenicity studies. In this study, we report the complete genome sequence of a strain that can infect gerbils. The data provide a basis for future H. pylori research. ABSTRACT Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43504 is a type strain isolated from a gastric cancer patient in Australia and is commonly used for pathogenicity studies. In this study, we report the complete genome sequence of a strain that can infect gerbils. The data provide a basis for future H. pylori research.
Phosphorothioate modified oligonucleotide–protein interactions

Abstract Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) interact with target RNAs via hybridization to modulate gene expression through different mechanisms. ASO therapeutics are chemically modified and include phosphorothioate (PS) backbone modifications and different ribose and base modifications to improve pharmacological properties. Modified PS ASOs display better binding affinity to the target RNAs and increased binding to proteins. Moreover, PS ASO protein interactions can affect many aspects of their performance, including distribution and tissue delivery, cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, potency and toxicity. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding PS ASO protein interactions, highlighting the proteins with which PS ASOs interact, the influence of PS ASO protein interactions on ASO performance, and the structure activity relationships of PS ASO modification and protein interactions. A detailed understanding of these interactions can aid in the design of safer and more potent ASO drugs, as illustrated by recent findings that altering ASO chemical modifications dramatically improves therapeutic index.