Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Folk Theorem with Private Monitoring and Uniform Sustainability

This paper investigates infinitely repeated prisoner-dilemma games where the discount factor is less than but close to 1. We assume that monitoring is truly imperfect and truly private, there exist no public signals and no public randomization devices, and players cannot communicate and use only pure strategies. We show that implicit collusion can be sustained by Nash equilibria under a mild condition. We show that the Folk Theorem holds when players' private signals are conditionally independent. These results are permissive, because we require no conditions concerning the accuracy of private signals such as the zero likelihood ratio condition. We also investigate the situation in which players play a Nash equilibrium of a machine game irrespective of their initial states, i.e., they play a uniform equilibrium. We show that there exists a unique payoff vector sustained by a uniform equilibrium, i.e., a unique uniformly sustainable payoff vector, which Pareto-dominates all other uniformly sustainable payoff vectors. We characterize this payoff vector by using the values of the minimum likelihood ratio. We show that this payoff vector is efficient if and only if the zero likelihood ratio condition is satisfied. These positive results hold even if each player has limited knowledge on her opponent's private signal structure. Keywords: Repeated Prisoner-Dilemma Games, Private Monitoring, Conditional Independence, Folk Theorem, Uniform Sustainability, Zero Likelihood Ratio Condition, Limited Knowledge.
Antihyperlipidemic effect of ambrex, a polyherbal formulation against experimentally induced hypercholesterolemia in rats

Ambrex, a polyherbal formulation was tested for its antihypercholesterolemic effect against experimentally induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Alteration in the levels of serum marker enzymes, alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and general biochemical parameters glucose, protein, urea and creatinine were tested in both treated and untreated groups. Rats treated with high fat diet for four weeks exhibited hypercholesterolemia. Oral administration of ambrex at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight significantly decreased serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoproteins (LDL) levels and there was a concomitant increase in serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Atherogenic index of the ambrex treated group showed marked improvement compared to other groups. Studies established that ambrex might be a safe drug that exhibits negligible toxic effects on liver and kidney functions under experimental condition. The histopathalogical observation of liver tissue also confirms the same. The results shows the ambrex possess considerable antihypercholesterolemic activity compared with standard drug, atorvastatin. Key words: Hypercholesterolemia, amber, Withania somnifera, atorvastatin.
Impact of Country-of-Origin on Product Purchase Decision.

The purpose of this study is to explain, explore and to analyse the possible impact of the different Country-of-Origin on consumers purchase decision on three different categories of products. This study is conducted from a consumer-based view to investigate what to what extend Country-of-Origin effect the customers purchasing decision for three different categories of products? The study also investigated the possible behaviour of different customers regarding different Country-of-Origin depending upon the different demographic variables different choices and preferences of different customers segments were explored. Different age, gender, education and different income subgroups will be examined and the relevant importance of "Made in Pakistan" cue was analysed with other countries products. Study also analyses the impact of Product Involvement on product purchase decision an relationship of Product Knowledge and product purchase decision is also study. Primary data was collected using standardized questioners from four different cities of Pakistan. Results demonstrated that the people who looks for Country-of-origin information, they have certain images of different countries in different product categories. Research also concluded that Pakistan is only preferred country in Fabric products and not in electronics and cosmetics products. Product Involvement and Product knowledge does affect the customer choices in term of selecting the countries across different product categories. Demographic variables also influenced the Country-of-Origin effect. “Made in Pakistan” was evaluated better for Fabrics but not for Electronics or Cosmetics. Keywords : Country-of-origin, Product Involvement and Product knowledge, Demographic Variables, Pakistan.
An Analysis between Poverty and Climate Change and Role of Governance

In another study the IPCC has estimated that the global average temperature can be broken into four categories of estimates since 1999, viz., high, best (constant aerosol), best (increasing aerosol) and low towards 2090. The estimate of high temperature will increase steadily to 200C from 150C since 1999. The best estimates will lie between 17-180C and low estimate was shown at 16.20C during the same period. Notably claiming that global temperature is catapulting but whether it is increasing for GHG is a debatable issue because Cosmic theory opposed the view of CO2 theory in the issue of global warming. In 2010 climate change has, in a sense, left the nest. For decades climate discussions were defined within an environmental context, but it has become abundantly clear that climate change is not only our greatest environmental issue, it may be our greatest human rights issue.
Plant mutualisms with rhizosphere microbiota in introduced versus native ranges

The performance of introduced plants can be limited by the availability of soil mutualists outside their native range, but how interactions with mutualists differ between ranges is largely unknown. If mutualists are absent, incompatible or parasitic, plants may compensate by investing more in root biomass, adapting to be more selective or by maximizing the benefits associated with the mutualists available. We tested these hypotheses using seven non‐agricultural species of Trifolium naturalized in New Zealand (NZ). We grew seeds from two native (Spain, UK) and one introduced (NZ) provenance of each species in glasshouse pots inoculated with rhizosphere microbiota collected from conspecifics in each region. We compared how plant biomass, degree of colonization by rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and the growth benefit associated with each mutualist differed between provenances (native and introduced populations) when grown with soil microbiota from each region. We also tested whether the growth benefit of colonization by mutualists was correlated with the extent to which alien plants were distributed in the introduced range. Rhizobia colonization was generally lower among introduced relative to native provenances. In NZ soils, 9% of all plants lacked rhizobia and 16% hosted parasitic nodules, whereas in native‐range soils, there was no evidence of parasitism and all but one plant hosted rhizobia. Growth rates as a factor of rhizobia colonization were always highest when plants were grown in soil from their home range. Colonization by AMF was similar for all provenances in all soils but for four out of seven species grown in NZ soils, the level of AMF colonization was negatively correlated with growth rate. In general, introduced provenances did not compensate for lower growth rates or lower mutualist associations by decreasing shoot–root ratios. Synthesis. Despite differences between introduced and native provenances in their associations with soil mutualists and substantial evidence of parasitism in the introduced range, neither level of colonization by mutualists nor the growth benefit associated with colonization was correlated with the extent of species’ distributions in the introduced range, suggesting mutualist associations are not predictive of invasion success for these species.
Modeling organic transformations by microorganisms of soils in six contrasting ecosystems: Validation of the MOMOS model

The Modeling Organic Transformations by Microorganisms of Soils (MOMOS) model simulates the growth, respiration, and mortality of soil microorganisms as main drivers of the mineralization and humification processes of organic substrates. Originally built and calibrated using data from two high‐altitude sites, the model is now validated with data from a 14C experiment carried out in six contrasting tropical ecosystems covering a large gradient of temperature, rainfall, vegetation, and soil types from 65 to 3968 m asl. MOMOS enabled prediction of a greater number of variables using a lower number of parameter values than for predictions previously published on this experiment. The measured 14C mineralization and transfer into microbial biomass (MB) and humified compartments were accurately modeled using (1) temperature and moisture response functions to daily adjust the model responses to weather conditions and (2) optimization of only one parameter, the respiration rate kresp of soil microorganisms at optimal temperature and moisture. This validates the parameterization and hypotheses of the previous calibration experiment. Climate and microbial respiratory activity, related to soil properties, appear as the main factors that regulate the C cycle. The kresp rate was found to be negatively related to the fine textural fraction of soil and positively related to soil pH, allowing the proposition of two transfer functions that can be helpful to generalize MOMOS application at regional or global scale.
Interactive comment on “Enhancement of marine cloud albedo via controlled sea spray injections: a global model study of the influence of emission

This study uses a state of the art global-microphysical model to explore the expected changes in cloud drop number concentration from one particular set of assumptions for how the proposed particle distribution would be implemented. The authors have used a state-of-the-art microphysics model to employ a specific scenario of increased Mbl aerosol; their results do not reveal any underlying new behavior but they do have interesting new implications for the feasibility of geo engineering. What seems disappointing is (1) the authors’ failure to use the model to explore the sensitivity of their results to various uncertainties, which would clearly do a far better job of increasing our
Floating utility criterion in a problem of optimal budget distribution

This paper contains the research of neuroeconomics results such as formulation and analysis of Ultimatum game (Sanfey et al. 2003) and neuromarketing (Renvoisé-Morin 2007). As a result the rational behavior of consumer during the decision-making of consume object prejudiced. In particular the axiom of reflexiveness of the rational utility theory was disproved. That axiom maintains that the fixed set of goods is not worse that itself. A conclusion that consumer choice based on the utility criterion depends not only on the set of goods but on the consume environment was made. The hypothesis of irrational behavior allowed to formalize floating utility criterion and correlation between the basket of products utility and consume environment during the consumer decision-making. Based on floating utility criterion the problem of optimal consumer’s budget distribution in conditions of integral utility maximization on limited time interval and consideration of the predicted environment factors value posed. Then the problem of intertemporal consumer choise for floating criterion was posed. The solution analysis of that problems had allowed to draw a conclusion of a significant influence of the predicted environment factors value exactness on an optimal solution and a dependence of that exactness on a consumer satisfaction.
Impacts of anthropogenic activities on physical and selected chemical properties of soils in the natural forest˗savanna of Northern Ghana

This study assessed the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the textural and selected chemical properties of the soils in the natural forestEsavanna in northern Ghana by comparing the soil physicochemical status of protected forests and neighbouring unprotected forests which are prone to human pressures (except farming and settlements). Three study zones (Wungu, Serigu, and Mognori, which are parts of West Mamprusi, Bolgatanga and Bawku East Districts respectively) were used for the study. Ninety-six (96) composite soil samples (0-50 cm depth) were collected for analysis. The study results showed that the texture of soils generally showed little difference between the protected and unprotected forests within each study zone. Bulk density, Cation exchange capacity (CEC), and soil organic C, Total Nitrogen (TN), and phosphorus (P), values were generally higher in the protected sites than the unprotected. Exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K and Na) and available micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) content were greater in the protected forests than the unprotected. The study therefore suggests the development of management systems for offEreserve forests in a direction which protects the fertility of the soils under these forests, and sustains forest productivity and people’s livelihoods. Key words: ForestEsavanna, soil, physicochemical properties, soil health and fertility.
Meeting of users’ expectations, ensuring quality of social services

In recent decades the quality of social services primarily means the very clients’ evaluations of and satisfaction with services (Zalimiene, 2006). Therefore, in order to ensure quality of social services, it is important to meet users’ expectations. Today no researches on meeting the expectations of users of social services are carried out because all scientific researches in the area of management of quality of social services so far have been carried out within the limits of one service institution, municipality or focusing more on separate users’ groups. This article aims to highlight how users’ expectations are met when ensuring quality of social services in Lithuania. To achieve this aim, methods of content analysis and expert (interview-based) are employed.
Inhibitory Properties of Kidney Bean Protein Hydrolysate and its Membrane Fractions Against Renin, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, and Free Radicals

Kidney bean hydrolysate (KBH) was obtained by alcalase hydrolysis of the seed globulin protein followed by membrane ultrafiltration to produce peptide fractions that differ in molecular sizes (<1, 1-3, 3-5, and 5-10 kDa). Evaluation of potential antihypertensive properties of the peptides showed that the <1 and 5-10 kDa fractions exhibited significantly highest (p<0.05) renin inhibition. In contrast, the KBH and peptide fractions showed similar and non-significant (p<0.05) inhibitory activities against angiotensin converting enzyme. The antioxidant power of the hydrolysates was evaluated through free radical scavenging activities (DPPH and hydroxyl radical), inhibition of iron activities (metal chelation and ferric reducing antioxidant power) and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation. The <1 and 5-10 kDa peptide fractions showed significantly (p<0.05) higher ability to scavenge DPPH free radical, inhibit peroxidation of linoleic acid and reduce Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ . Generally the fractions with <1 and 5-10 kDa peptides showed better potential as antihypertensive and antioxidant peptides, probably due to their slightly higher contents of hydrophobic amino acids. It was concluded that kidney bean protein hydrolysate and some of the peptide fractions could potentially serve as useful ingredients to formulate functional foods and nutraceuticals against hypertension and oxidative stress.
Investigation of Adolescents’ Physical Education Trait Anxiety Levels by a Range of Variables

The aim of this study is to determine adolescents’ trait anxiety levels during physical education lessons and investigate them by a range of variables. Screening model was used in the study. The study group was a total of 1083 high school students (Mage=16.08, SD=1.11), including 491 females (45.3%) and 592 males (%54.7), from high schools in the provinces of Ankara, Aksaray and Istanbul during the academic year 2013-2014. "Physical Education Trait Anxiety Scale" was used to collect data. In the analyses, in addition to descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test of the difference between the arithmetic means and one-way analysis of variance were used. In the study, students were found to have a moderate level of physical education trait anxiety. Significant differences were observed by gender and grade in physical education trait anxiety levels, while no significant difference was found by being licensed athlete.
THE IMPACT OF MARKETING-ORIENTATED PRICING ON PRODUCT MIX PRICING STRATEGIES AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON THE MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION PROVIDERS IN JORDAN

The research aim to investigate the impact of marketing oriented pricing (that company's use as approach for their marketing activities which is centralized in three main factors: customer, competition, and market defined as independent variables) on the product mix pricing strategies that include three main strategies: complementary, bundling and customer value which is defined as dependant variables. Also the research considered pricing objective as moderating variable divided into three objectives: profit, market share and sales maximization. Because of the importance of these three topics to the mobile telecommunication providers this research set out to examine the Impact of the marketing orientated factors on product mix pricing strategies. The Jordan telecom sector was the population of the study, and sample included 121 employee from three companies: Zain, Orange and Umniah. Hypothesis testing was done using simple regression, stepwise regression and hierarchal tests. The results showed that there is a significant impact of the overall of marketing oriented pricing on the overall product mix pricing and after performing a stepwise regression the results showed that there are a significant impact of the marketing orientated pricing on the complementary, bundling and customer value. In case of moderating variable, researcher found significant impact whenever the pricing objectives interact with marketing orientated as an independent variable on product mix pricing strategies. The researcher recommends that the companies should focus more on marketing orientated pricing and share it in the marketing strategy of the company.
Extracting named entities from tables in biomedical literature

Information overload is a problem for many researchers, particularly in the biomedical field, where more articles are being written every year than is feasible for a single person to read. Information extraction aims to provide a solution to this problem by extracting information from the text data in articles and presenting the main points in a compact, immediately usable form, but the tabular data in those papers pose a specific challenge that, to the best of our knowledge, has yet to be properly addressed. Tables are attractive because they summarise and highlight relevant information in a semi-structured way, but currently there are few approaches that take advantage of the data they contain. This project aims to investigate automated methods for extracting information from tables scraped from journal articles on hereditary nonpolypopsis colorectal cancer. We explored the use of various heuristics and machine learning techniques to extract mutation information from tables. The tables are first scraped from the journal papers in HTML format and segmented into table vectors; the vectors pertaining to mutations are subsequently identified and examined at the cell level to extract mutations. Our results show that efficient identification of mutations from tables is possible through the use of machine learning techniques, using vector header words as features.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Regulation of pyruvate catabolism in Escherichia coli : the role of redox environment

In the previous chapters, differences with regard to product formation, internal redox state, gene expression and in vivo enzyme activities were reported between . steady state cultures with various redox conditions. In order to understand how these differences are brought about, in this chapter we now focus on the sequence of events that accompany transitions from aerobic to anaerobic, and conditions vice versa. Upon a switch from aerobic to anaerobic conditions the cells were able to activate the anaerobic pathways instantaneously. Within minutes, the typical fermentation products acetate, ethanol and formate were produced and from the rate of their formation, it could be calculated that the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was inhibited immediately. The NADH/NAD ratio increased sharply and reached the level as observed in anaerobic cells after ca. 2 minutes. Supposedly, it is this high NADH/NAD ratio that blocks pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity. In addition, it was found that the ATP/ADP ratio decreased rapidly with a concomitant rise of the linking number of the DNA (DNA supercoiling) which may be related to the onset of a modulated gene expression. In the reverse experiment (transition from anaerobic to aerobic conditions), a more complex transient behaviour was seen. Initially, the cells were not able to cany out the aerobic catabolism as found during the steady state: a significant flux to pyruvate as an end product was observed. The NADH/NAD ratio decreased, but more slowly than during the reverse switch whereas the ATP/ADP ratio was found to increase during the first few minutes, followed by a decrease back to the steady state level. The linking number of the DNA showed an opposite trend.
Comparing software piracy in South Africa and Zambia using social cognitive theory

This study examines cross-national differences in relation to software piracy between a Zambian and a South Africa student sample on components of Bandura′s Social Cognitive Theory. The sample was selected based on the vastly different software piracy rates between Zambia (82%) and South Africa (35%) and the fact that software piracy rates are higher amongst student groups. The questionnaire was composed of previously developed scales measuring attitudes, social norms, intentions, incentives, deterrents, self-efficacy, and moral disengagement within the context of software piracy. The sample was gathered from one University in Zambia (N = 69) and one in South Africa (N = 71) in the students′ final and penultimate years of study. Statistical differences were found between the two samples on the attitudes and social norms scales, with the South African sample having more positive attitudes and more favourable social norms towards software piracy than the Zambian sample. In terms of the theoretical model, attitudes, social norms and self-efficacy predicted software piracy intentions in both samples.