Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Time Course of the Competition Between Grouping Organizations

Previous research on the competition between grouping organizations focused mainly on their relative strength as measured by subjective reports of the final percept. Considerably less is known about the underlying representations of the competing organizations. We hypothesized that when more than 1 organization is possible, multiple representations are constructed for the alternative organizations. We tested this hypothesis using the primed-matching paradigm. Our primes depicted either a single grouping principle (grouping into columns or rows by brightness similarity, connectedness, or proximity) or 2 grouping principles (brightness similarity and connectedness, or brightness similarity and proximity) that led to competing organizations (e.g., grouping into columns by brightness similarity and into rows by connectedness, or vice versa). The time course of representation construction was examined by varying prime duration. Significant priming effects of similar magnitude were found for the individual grouping organizations. These effects were modified when 2 competing organizations were present in the prime, indicating that both organizations were represented and competed for dominancy.
Spatial Regularized Local Manifold Learning for Classification of Hyperspectral Images

A spatial regularized local manifold learning (SR_LML) approach is investigated for dimensionality reduction (DR) of hyperspectral images, where the spatial regularizer constrains the spatial neighbors with high spectral similarity to have similar embedding coordinates. SR_LML requires the processed data to contain good spatial relations, but the requirement may not be satisfied. We solve the problem by dividing the image into small tiles and applying the SR_LML in each of them. In a tile, each pixel is spatially related to some other pixels, and thus good spatial relations of data can be guaranteed and the effect of the spatial regularizer can be maximized. Moreover, an alignment method is applied to merge all the resulted manifolds in different tiles to a globally consistent manifold. The SR_LML performed in small tiles in conjunction with alignment is denoted as SR_LML_TA; it is able to best use of the spatial relations of pixels in the image, and is suitable for large-scale remote sensing scenes. Experiments with airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS), reflective optics system imaging spectrometer (ROSIS), and NSF-funded Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM) hyperspectral images demonstrated that the manifold coordinates of SR_LML_TA can provide good separation of classes that are difficult to distinguish. The classification results using 1NN classifier indicated SR_LML_TA significantly outperformed the spectral LML, and obtained higher accuracies than several spatial and spectral LML methods.
Searching for the intervention in intervention research reports.

PURPOSE Precisely described interventions in nursing research reports are essential as a foundation for nursing practice and to facilitate future research. The purpose of this project was to characterize the intervention descriptions in nursing intervention research reports. DESIGN AND METHODS Quantitative content analysis was used to analyze intervention descriptions in reports published in English-language general nursing journals during 2005. Normative analysis was used to examine reports for details related to intervention content and delivery. Physical unit analysis was used to compare relative amounts of article space devoted to intervention description vs. other methodological details. FINDINGS Results were tabulated for 141 research articles published in 27 journals. Analysis indicated incomplete reporting of intervention details in many articles. Dose and dosing frequency were rarely completely defined. Delivery setting and interventionist were frequently not indicated, and the professional credentials of nurse interventionists were often unclear. While descriptions of interventions involving substances or devices were typically detailed, the specifics of psychological, educational, behavioral, and systems-level interventions were often lacking. Intervention descriptions averaged 7.27% of total article space, whereas nonintervention methodological descriptions averaged 20.74% of space. Of studies examined, only 38 (27.0%) reported enough detail to potentially replicate the study or translate the intervention into practice. CONCLUSIONS Intervention descriptions in general nursing journals lack sufficient detail to provide the evidence basis for practice.
σ2-Adaptin Facilitates Basal Synaptic Transmission and Is Required for Regenerating Endo-Exo Cycling Pool Under High-Frequency Nerve Stimulation in Drosophila

The functional requirement of adapter protein 2 (AP2) complex in synaptic membrane retrieval by clathrin-mediated endocytosis is not fully understood. Here we isolated and functionally characterized a mutation that dramatically altered synaptic development. Based on the aberrant neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synapse, we named this mutation angur (a Hindi word meaning “grapes”). Loss-of-function alleles of angur show more than twofold overgrowth in bouton numbers and a dramatic decrease in bouton size. We mapped the angur mutation to σ2-adaptin, the smallest subunit of the AP2 complex. Reducing the neuronal level of any of the subunits of the AP2 complex or disrupting AP2 complex assembly in neurons phenocopied the σ2-adaptin mutation. Genetic perturbation of σ2-adaptin in neurons leads to a reversible temperature-sensitive paralysis at 38°. Electrophysiological analysis of the mutants revealed reduced evoked junction potentials and quantal content. Interestingly, high-frequency nerve stimulation caused prolonged synaptic fatigue at the NMJs. The synaptic levels of subunits of the AP2 complex and clathrin, but not other endocytic proteins, were reduced in the mutants. Moreover, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling was altered in these mutants and was restored by normalizing σ2-adaptin in neurons. Thus, our data suggest that (1) while σ2-adaptin facilitates synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling for basal synaptic transmission, its activity is also required for regenerating SVs during high-frequency nerve stimulation, and (2) σ2-adaptin regulates NMJ morphology by attenuating TGFβ signaling.
Nursing assessment of continuous vital sign surveillance to improve patient safety on the medical/surgical unit

Aims and objectives Evaluate continuous vital sign surveillance as a tool to improve patient safety in the medical/surgical unit. Background Failure‐to‐rescue is an important measure of hospital quality. Patient deterioration is often preceded by changes in vital signs. However, continuous multi‐parameter vital sign monitoring may decrease patient safety with an abundance of unnecessary alarms. Design Prospective observational study at two geographically disperse hospitals in a single hospital system. Methods A multi‐parameter vital sign monitoring system was installed in a medical/surgical unit in Utah and one in Alabama providing continuous display of SpO2, heart rate, blood pressure and respiration rate on a central station. Alarm thresholds and time to alert annunciations were set based on prior analysis of the distribution of each vital sign. At the end of 4 weeks, nurses completed a survey on their experience. An average alert per patient, per day was determined retrospectively from the saved vital signs data and knowledge of the alarm settings. Results Ninety‐two per cent of the nurses agreed that the number of alarms and alerts were appropriate; 54% strongly agreed. On average, both units experienced 10·8 alarms per patient, per day. One hundred per cent agreed the monitor provided valuable patient data that increased patient safety; 79% strongly agreed. Conclusions Continuous, multi‐parameter patient monitoring could be performed on medical/surgical units with a small and appropriate level of alarms. Continuous vital sign assessment may have initiated nursing interventions that prevented failure‐to‐rescue events. Nurses surveyed unanimously agreed that continuous vital sign surveillance will help enhance patient safety. Relevance to clinical practice Nursing response to abnormal vital signs is one of the most important levers in patient safety, by providing timely recognition of early clinical deterioration. This occurs through diligent nursing surveillance, involving assessment, interpretation of data, recognition of a problem and meaningful response.
The iron hypothesis—Does iron cause atherosclerosis?

Women experience only 30–50% of the coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence and mortality of age‐matched men. Since oxidation of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is important in atherosclerosis, and oxidation is catalyzed by iron, it has been hypothesized that the lower iron stores of women reduce their risk of CHD through lessened lipid peroxide. The biochemistry of oxidation is well described in the literature and involves iron as a catalyst in the formation of powerful free radicals which subsequently modify LDL cholesterol. Chelating iron with desferrioxamine stops oxidation. Iron is present in atherosclerotic gruel and this gruel stimulates lipid peroxidation. Serum deficient in iron has minimal oxidative capacity which increases with iron repletion. At least seven epidemiologic studies have found a positive association between CHD and various indicators of body iron. Conversely, 18 epidemiologic studies have found a negative or no association. While biochemically appealing, the iron hypothesis remains unproven.
Involvement of plasma leptin, insulin and free tryptophan in cytokine-induced anorexia.

BACKGROUND Hypothalamic serotonin, the synthesis of which parallels plasma free tryptophan, contributes to satiety. Plasma free tryptophan, insulin and leptin, all of which can also decrease food intake partly via the hypothalamic serotonergic system, are modulated by cytokines, which decrease food intake. The mechanisms of anorexia induced by cytokines, as related to plasma tryptophan, leptin and insulin, have not been fully determined. OBJECTIVE We determined the plasma concentrations of free as well as total tryptophan, leptin and insulin, and correlations to those of food intake and body weight change after cytokines or tryptophan injection. DESIGN Interleukin-1alpha and/or tumor necrosis factor-alpha, or tryptophan was injected subcutaneously into male rats for 2 days. Daily food intake, body weight, carcass adiposity, plasma total as well as free tryptophan, plasma leptin and insulin were measured. RESULTS Interleukin-1alpha injection decreased food intake, body weight, carcass adiposity and plasma leptin, but increased plasma free tryptophan and insulin. Tryptophan injection increased both free and total tryptophan, but did not change food intake, body weight, carcass adiposity or leptin. Plasma free tryptophan, but not total tryptophan, was significantly negatively correlated with food intake. There was a negative correlation between plasma insulin and food intake. CONCLUSIONS Increased plasma free tryptophan may contribute to synthesis of brain serotonin but anorexia may be due to stimulation of its release induced by interleukin-1alpha. Plasma insulin, but not leptin, may partly contribute to anorexia of cytokines.
Oil-Forced Versus Oil-Directed Cooling of Power Transformers

In this study, an analysis of the oil-forced (OF) and oil-directed (OD) cooling of oil power transformers was performed. The starting point was a case study of an OF transformer with a declared rated power of 360 MVA having thermal problems in operation. The effects of possible improvements of the cooling were analyzed, where the limiting factor was the geometry of the transformer (winding, core, and tank); cross sections and cooling channels of the windings and the core were also resolved. All calculations, showing an influence of varying characteristics of the cooling (the pump, the cooler, modification from OF to OD construction), were realized with software based on a detailed thermal-hydraulic model. This method gives all relevant oil flows (including oil bypass between the winding and the tank) and all temperatures for a specified configuration and specified parameters of the cooling system. Based on the results, the limits of OF cooling in general are clearly described in this paper. Finally, the effect of applying oil guiding elements inside the windings is illustrated and discussed.
Prognostic significance of CD44 and c-erb-B2 protein overexpression in patients with gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIMS The aim of the study is to evaluate the correlation between c-erb-B2 and CD44 overexpression and survival of patients with gastric cancer. METHODOLOGY The paraffin blocks of 48 patients with gastric carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. The pathological specimens were stained with CD44 and c-erb-B2 by immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS The positivity of c-erb-B2 was detected in 9 patients. In six of them, predominantly strong cytoplasmic staining was observed. The remaining three tumors were predominantly membranous stained. No correlation was found between the c-erb-B2 positivity and overall survival (OS). Seventeen specimens (35.4%) were CD44 positive, all localized in cell membrane. The median OS time of CD44 positive patients was worse than that of patients with CD44 negative (11 vs. 17 months, respectively). This difference was statistically significant (p=0.03). In 5 patients both CD44 and c-erb-B2 were detected as positive. However, there were 23 patients with both CD44 negative and c-erb-B2 negative. The median OS time for patients with both CD44 and cerb- B2 negative was better than those of patients with both CD44 and c-erb-B2 positive (37 vs. 11 months, respectively, p=0.03). The relationship between CD44 and c-erb-B2 positivities and clinicopathological factors (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that there was no correlation between c-erb-B2 positivity and OS, except for CD44. In addition, we found significant association of simultaneous positivities of c-erb-B2 and CD44 with OS of patients with gastric cancer. CD44 alone can be taken as a prognostic factor and also simultaneous overexpression of CD44 and c-erb-B2 may be used as a marker of poor prognosis.
Association of valproate‐induced teratogenesis with histone deacetylase inhibition in vivo

Chemically induced birth defects are an important public health and human problem. Here we use Xenopus and zebrafish as models to investigate the mechanism of action of a well‐known teratogen, valproic acid (VPA). VPA is a drug used in treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder but causes spina bifida if taken during pregnancy. VPA has several biochemical activities, including inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs). To investigate the mechanism of action of VPA, we compared its effects in Xenopus and zebrafish embryos with those of known HDAC inhibitors and noninhibitory VPA analogs. We found that VPA and other HDAC inhibitors cause very similar and characteristic developmental defects whereas VPA analogs with poor inhibitory activity in vivo have little teratogenic effect. Unbiased microarray analysis revealed that the effects of VPA and trichostatin A (TSA), a structurally unrelated HDAC inhibitor, are strikingly concordant. The concordance is apparent both by en masse correlation of fold‐changes and by detailed similarity of dose‐response profiles of individual genes. Together, the results demonstrate that the teratogenic effects of VPA are very likely mediated specifically by inhibition of HDACs.
Development and Evaluation of a Photochemical Chamber to Examine the Toxicity of Coal-Fired Power Plant Emissions

When investigating the toxicity of individual particle sources, it is important to consider the contribution of both primary and secondary particles. In this article, we present the design of a new photochemical chamber that can be used to form secondary sulfuric acid particles from diluted coal-fired power plant emissions. The chamber is a relatively small, well-mixed flow reactor that can fit in a mobile reaction laboratory. It produces high concentrations of hydroxyl radical (OH) from the photolysis of ozone (O3) in the presence of water vapor. Two chambers were built and tested. A pilot chamber was tested in the laboratory, using mixtures of NO and SO2 in air, at concentrations that are approximately 100 times lower than those in power plant stack emissions. This chamber was able to oxidize about 20% of the SO2, thereby producing 1350 μ g m−3 of H2SO4 particles. Further tests showed that increasing O3 concentrations and residence time increased the H2SO4 production. A field chamber was built subsequently and used in a toxicological study. Diluted coal-fired power plant emissions were introduced in the chamber. Over 19 days of exposure, the chamber, on average, converted 17% of the supplied SO2 emissions and produced an average of 350 μ g m−3 of H2SO4 particles. Particle losses were determined for the pilot chamber, using artificial particles whose size ranged from 50 to 1000 nm. The determined losses ranged from 21 to 42%, with no trend between the amount of particle loss and particle size. Losses for the field chamber, estimated using model calculations, were found to be similar to those of the pilot chamber.
Ocular and systemic factors related to intraocular pressure in Japanese adults: the Tajimi study

Background: As intraocular pressure (IOP) and age are consistent risk factors of glaucoma, it is of special interest to know the association between IOP and possibly relating factors including age in Japan where a high prevalence of normal-tension glaucoma has been reported. The aim of this report was to evaluate the distribution of and factors related to applanation IOP in a population-based study in Japan. Methods: A randomly sampled group of 3021 residents (response rate 78.1%) of Tajimi City, aged 40 years or older, underwent screening examinations including measurements of IOP with Goldmann applanation tonometry and central corneal thickness. Results: Among right eyes without glaucoma, suspected glaucoma or other disorders which could affect correct IOP measurements, IOP averaged 14.6 (SD 2.7) and 14.5 (2.5) mm Hg in men and women, respectively, with no significant intergender difference (p = 0.342). Multiple regression analyses revealed that age was significantly negatively correlated with IOP (non-standardised beta (B) = −0.020/year, p = 0.0001). Higher body mass index (B = 0.14/BMI, p<0.0001), higher mean blood pressure (B = 0.022/mm Hg, p<0.0001), history of diabetes (p = 0.0019), thicker cornea (B = 0.014/μm, p<0.0001), higher myopia (B = 0.055/dioptres, p = 0.0043) and steeper corneal curvature (B = −0.72/mm, p = 0.0002) were also significantly correlated with higher IOP. Conclusions: In an adult Japanese population, applanation IOP averaged 14.5 mm Hg and was negatively correlated with age after adjusting for other related factors. A positive correlation between IOP and myopia was found.
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Ameliorated FCA-Induced Experimental Arthritis: A Comparative Study among Different Extracts

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (NAT) is commonly used traditionally for the treatment of rheumatism and inflammatory diseases. Current study evaluates the antiarthritic potential of NAT using Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritic rat model. Treatments with methanolic, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts were continued for consecutive 20 days. Macroscopic arthritic scoring and water displacement plethysmometry were used to evaluate arthritic development. Hematological and biochemical parameters were investigated and ankle joints were processed for histopathological evaluation. Qualitative phytochemical analysis and GC-MS analysis were conducted for identification of constituents. NAT extracts suppressed arthritic scoring, paw edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells, pannus formation, and bone erosion. The plant extracts ameliorated total leukocytes and platelet counts and nearly normalized red blood cells (RBC) counts and hemoglobin (Hb) content. The extracts were found safe in terms of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity as determined by aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, and urea levels. Comparative analysis showed that ethyl acetate extract produced the highest inhibition of paw edema. The major constituents found in ethyl acetate extract can be classified into three major classes, that is, terpenes, terpenoids, fatty acids, and iridoid glycosides. Current study showed that Nyctanthes arbor-tristis ameliorated experimental rheumatoid arthritis and ethyl acetate extract possessed the highest inhibitory activity.
Blood pressure response to psychological stressors in adults after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine

Objective There is increasing evidence that restricted prenatal growth is associated with exaggerated blood pressure responses to stress. We investigated the effect of maternal undernutrition on the adult offspring's stress response. Design A historical cohort study. Methods We performed continuous blood pressure and heart rate measurements during a battery of three 5-min physiological stress tests (Stroop test, mirror-drawing test and a public speech task) in 721 men and women, aged 58 years, born as term singletons in Amsterdam at about the time of the Dutch 1944–1945 famine. Results During the stress tests, the systolic blood pressure (SBP) rose from baseline by 20 mmHg during the Stroop test, by 30 mmHg during the mirror-drawing test and by 47 mmHg during the public speech task. The SBP and diastolic blood pressure increase during stress was highest among individuals exposed to famine in early gestation compared with unexposed subjects (4 mmHg extra systolic increase, P = 0.04; 1 mmHg diastolic increase, P = 0.1, both adjusted for sex). Exposure during mid and late gestation was not associated with a stress-related increment of blood pressure (P adjusted for sex > 0.6). Correcting for confounders in a multivariable model did not attenuate the association between famine exposure in early gestation and the SBP increment. The heart rate increment was not related to famine exposure during any part of gestation. Conclusion We found a greater blood pressure increase during stress among individuals exposed to famine in early gestation. Increased stress responsiveness may underlie the known association between coronary heart disease and exposure to famine in early gestation.
Does Dehazing Model Preserve Color Information?

Image dehazing aims at estimating the image information lost caused by the presence of fog, haze and smoke in the scene during acquisition. Degradation causes a loss in contrast and color information, thus enhancement becomes an inevitable task in imaging applications and consumer photography. Color information has been mostly evaluated perceptually along with quality, but no work adresses specifically this aspect. We demonstrate how dehazing model affects color information on simulated and real images. We use a convergence model from perception of transparency to simulate haze on images. We evaluate color loss in terms of angle of hue in IPT color space, saturation in CIE LUV color space and perceived color difference in CIE LAB color space. Results indicate that saturation is critically changed and hue is changed for achromatic colors and blue/yellow colors, where usual image processing space are not showing constant hue lines. We suggest that a correction model based on color transparency perception could help to retrieve color information as an additive layer on dehazing algorithms.