Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of repeated freeze–thaw cycles on tenderness and cooking loss in beef

When beef neck muscle, maintained at rest length, was subjected to repeated freezing and thawing, the increases in tenderness were small and significant only when taken in aggregate after two or three cycles. Cooking losses rose steeply after freezing once. There was a very small but significant rise after further cycles. Aging did not affect cooking loss. The rate of aging in meat after freezing and thawing increased, approaching significance. There were large variations in the ability of different samples to be tenderised by freezing or by aging.
NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF BEACH PEA (LATHYRUS MARITIMUS L.) SEEDS AND POD SHELLS AT VARIOUS STAGES OF MATURITY

The biochemical composition of seeds and pod shells of beach pea was determined during growth and maturation. The content of crude and soluble protein, soluble sugars and phenolics was high in the fresh green seeds and pod shells, but these decreased rapidly during seed maturation. Meanwhile, the corresponding content of starch increased in seeds and decreased in pod shells. Glutamic acid was the predominant amino acid in seeds and aspartic acid was dominant in pod shells. Levels of arginine, alanine and threonine were highest in fresh green seeds. Methionine and cysteine content increased during seed maturation, but declined in pod shells. Free amino acid content decreased rapidly during latter stages of seed maturation. Potassium, calcium, sodium and phosphorus were the predominant minerals in fresh green seeds and pod shells, but iron content was highest in mature pod shells relative to that of other stages of maturation. Major changes in color (pigment interchanges) also occurred during maturation. Based on its biochemical composition, beach pea may become of special importance for widespread cultivation.
Comparative Pigmentation Efficiency of High Dietary Levels of Apo-Ester and Marigold Extract on Quality Traits of Whole Liquid Egg of Two Strains of Laying Hens

This trial was carried out to compare the effect of the dietary supplementation of high doses of either synthetic pigment ethyl ester of β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid (apo-ester) or natural pigments, mainly lutein and zeaxanthin, extracted from Tagetes erecta, on egg quality of hens laying brown shell eggs (ISA Brown) and white shell eggs (Hy-Line White W-36). The hens of each strain were divided into 6 groups and fed a corn-soybean basal diet supplemented either with 40, 60, and 80 ppmofapo-ester(APO)orwith120,180,and240ppmofmarigoldextract(MAR). Eggpigmentation rose linearly and significantly (P < 0.01) as the dietary levels of apo-ester increased, but this did not occur when MAR supplementation was used. The amount of β-carotene equivalents in whole liquid egg of MAR treatments was almost constant with varying pigment dietary dose and was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than in APO treatments. In both hen strains, whole liquid egg redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) were higher with APO supplementation. The egg component weights were highly affected (P < 0.01) by the hen strain, with yolk:egg ratio higher in the Hy-Line. The trial confirms that in spite of the higher level of MAR supplementation, APO has a better efficiency in whole liquid egg pigmentation. The ISA Brown hens showed a better ability to absorb dietary carotenoids than did the Hy-Line White.
Functional Sarcoplasmic Reticulum for Calcium Handling of Human Embryonic Stem Cell‐Derived Cardiomyocytes: Insights for Driven Maturation

Cardiomyocytes (CMs) are nonregenerative. Self‐renewable pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can differentiate into CMs for cell‐based therapies. In adult CMs, Ca2+‐induced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via the ryanodine receptor (RyR) is key in excitation‐contraction coupling. Therefore, proper Ca2+ handling properties of hESC‐derived CMs are required for their successful functional integration with the recipient heart. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of CMs differentiated from the H1 (H1‐CMs) and HES2 (HES2‐CMs) hESC lines and human fetal (F) and adult (A) left ventricular (LV) CMs. Upon electrical stimulation, all of H1‐, HES2‐, and FLV‐CMs generated similar Ca2+ transients. Caffeine induced Ca2+ release in 65% of FLV‐CMs and ∼38% of H1‐ and HES2‐CMs. Ryanodine significantly reduced the electrically evoked Ca2+ transient amplitudes of caffeine‐responsive but not ‐insensitive HES2‐ and H1‐CMs and slowed their upstroke; thapsigargin, which inhibits the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA) pump, reduced the amplitude of only caffeine‐responsive HES2‐ and H1‐CMs and slowed the decay. SERCA2a expression was highest in ALV‐CMs but comparable among H1‐, HES2‐, and FLV‐CMs. The Na+‐Ca2+ exchanger was substantially expressed in both HES2‐ and H1‐CMs relative to FLV‐ and ALV‐CMs. RyR was expressed in HES2‐, H1‐, and FLV‐CMs, but the organized pattern for ALV‐CMs was not observed. The regulatory proteins junctin, triadin, and calsequestrin were expressed in ALV‐CMs but not HES2‐ and H1‐CMs. We conclude that functional SRs are indeed expressed in hESC‐CMs, albeit immaturely. Our results may lead to driven maturation of Ca2+ handling properties of hESC‐CMs for enhanced contractile functions.
BACTERIAL DISEASES OF FISH

Introduction . Part 1: Cytophagaceae: Bacterial cold water disease . Columnaris disease . Bacterial gill disease: fin rot . Part 2: Enterobacteriaceae:. Edwardsiella septicaemia . Enteric redmouth (ERM): Proteus and serratia infections . Part 3: Vibrionaceae:: Vibriosis . Furunculosis . Motile aeromonad septicaemia . Part 4: Pasteurellaceae: Pasteurellosis . Part 5: Pseudomonadaceae:Pseudomonas: Alteromonas infections . Part 6: Gram--positive Fish Pathogens: Bacterial kidney disease (BKD) . Streptococcal infections . Clostridial infections . Part 7: Acid--fast Fish Pathogens: Mycobacteriosis:nocardiosis . Part 8: Rickettsias and Chlamydias: Epitheliocystis: salmonid rickettsial septicaemia . Part 9: Practice of Fish Bacteriology: Isolation and identification of fish bacterial pathogens . Public health aspects
Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Beef Carcass

A survey was performed to estimate the frequency of Escherichia coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) in carcasses obtained from at an abattoir in Brazil. The aim of present study was to verify the presence of virulence gene in E. coli strains isolated from cattle carcasses and also verify the antimicrobial resistance level these isolates. Thus, three carcass among the 80 tested showed a STEC, stx2-encoding gene. The frequency of carcass contamination by E. coli during processing was tested at three situations, respectively: preevisceration, postevisceration and postprocessing, during the rain and dry seasons. The prevalence of E. coli at the three points was of 14.67%, 37.61%, 14.67% in the rain season and of 7.33%, 11.0%, 14.67% during the dry season, respectively. The highest antimicrobials resistances were to cephalotin, followed by ampicilin and amikacin. The lowest were to trimethoprim, tetracycline and streptomycin. These findings suggest that the cattle carcasses can be vehicles from STEC and also from strains with high antimicrobials resistance for consumers.
OCULOMOTOR REACTIONS IN THE CUTTLEFISH, SEPIA OFFICINALIS

Adult Sepia qfficinalis, caught in the Bay of Naples and stored in tanks with circulating sea water, were used. Specimens with a dorsal mantle length between 10 and 15 cm. could be accommodated in the experimental apparatus. Eye movements were measured using Robinson's (1963) scleral coil method, which is based on magnetic induction. Briefly, an a.c. magnetic field was generated in the eye region by passing an a.c. current (10 kHz) through two solenoids, placed in front of and behind the animal, respectively. The direction of the field was parallel to the longitudinal axis of the animal. A small induction coil was fixed to the eye; depending upon its orientation with respect to the stationary magnetic field a varying a.c. potential was induced; by suitable amplification and detection this signal was transformed in an analogue voltage, proportional to the angular position of the eye. While
DISINFECTION OF BREWING YEAST WITH ACIDIFIED AMMONIUM PERSULPHATE

Acidified (pH 2.8) ammonium persulphate (0.75%) was more effective than an acid wash at pH 2.8 or straight 0.75% ammonium persulphate in the disinfection of contaminated yeasts obtained from breweries. The contaminating bacteria in the samples of brewery yeast were isolated and grown in mixed fermentations with yeast. The data from disinfection trials with the contaminated yeasts showed that acidified ammonium persulphate provided the most effective treatment. The following patterns of bacterial resistance to the various treatments were noted: (a) lactobacilli tend to be resistant to disinfection with 0.75% ammonium persulphate; (b) acetic acid bacteria resist acid treatments, unless the pH is 2.4 or lower; and (c) flavobacteria are sensitive to acid washes and to treatments with ammonium persulphate, but the acidified ammonium persulphate killed this bacterial type more rapidly.
Predation of Songbird Nests Differs By Predator and Between Field and Forest Habitats

Our understanding of factors affecting nest predation and ability to mitigate high nest predation rates is hampered by a lack of information on the importance of various nest predator species in different habitats and landscapes. We identified predators of songbird nests in old-field and forest habitats in central Missouri, USA, with miniature video cameras. We used an information-theoretic approach to evaluate support for hypotheses that the importance of predator species varied among habitats and nest stage. We monitored 165 nests with cameras and 272 nests without cameras during 1997-1999, and identified predators at 61 of 74 depredated nests monitored by cameras. Model selection indicated the most support for a model with seperate rates for predation by birds, mammels, and snakes in field and forest habitats. Predation by snakes was greater than predation by mammels and birds in old fields; predation by mammels (mostly rccoons [Procyon lotor]) was greater than by snakes and birds in forest. We found little support for the hypothesis that monitoring nests with cameras effects predation. Nests could not be assigned reliably to a predator group based on condition of the nest. We believe that knowledge of the identity and abundance of dominant predators in a habitat or landscape is neccessary to target conservation efforts to reduce nest predation or to interpret results of research on factors affecting nest success.
Osteology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Fossil and Recent Paddlefishes (Polyodontidae) with Comments on the Interrelationships of Acipenseriformes

ABSTRACT The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of fossil and living paddlefishes (Polyodontidae) are investigated in detail for the first time. This peculiar, poorly known group is of great significance to phylogenetic studies of primitive actinopterygians, because it is one of only two chondrostean families that have survived to the present. Consequently the group is frequently used as an outgroup for studies of the many fossil chondrostean groups and for higher-level studies of actinopterygian (and even osteichthyan) interrelationships. The family has a long but spotty fossil record dating back to the Upper Cretaceous, including species represented by relatively complete skeletons or at least skulls. These relatively complete fossils are extremely rare and belong to the species †Paleopsephurus wilsoni MacAlpin, 1947 from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of Montana (redescribed here); †Polyodon sp. nov. from the lower Paleocene Tullock Formation of Montana (described here); an.
PENETRATION OF WATER INTO BLIND-ENDED CAPILLARY TUBES AND ITS BEARING ON THE FUNCTIONAL DESIGN OF THE LUNGS OF SOLDIER CRABS MICTYRIS LONGICARPUS

Soldier crabs, Mictyris longicarpus Latreille, inhabit intertidal sand-flats of Eastern Australia. Their gill chambers are modified for both water circulation and air-breathing. Water circulates through the lower gill compartments. The upper regions of the gill chambers are air-filled and function as lungs. The deep vascular parenchyma lining the upper gill chambers, or lungs, is penetrated by a regular series of fine branching airways. Scanning electron micrographs of lung architecture are shown. Measurements relating to lung structure were made on plastic casts. Because of the lung's design, water circulating through the lower gill compartments does not interfere with lung function. The airways are blind-ended and nonanastomosing, acting in effect as air-filled capillary tubes sealed at one end. A mathematical model and explanation show how the air trapped within this lung structure substantially reduces water penetration, despite surface tension (capillary) processes. This same lung design also facilitates the shedding of the lung cuticle at each moult. Note: Present address: Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa 2193.
Molecular and genetic characterization of Fusarium head blight resistance in durum wheat

iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.v LIST OF TABLES.ix LIST OF FIGURES.x CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION.1 Literature Cited.2 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW.4 Infection of Wheat by the FHB Pathogen.4 Management of FHB Disease.5 Types of FHB Resistance . 6 FHB Inoculation and Evaluation.7 Sources of FHB Resistance.10 Genetic and Molecular Analysis of FHB Resistance Genes.12 FHB Resistance in Durum Wheat.15 Conclusions.16 Literature Cited.16 CHAPTER 3. TOWARD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE CHROMOSOMAL REGION HARBORING FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT RESISTANCE QTL QFHS.NDSU-3AS IN DURUM WHEAT.29 Abstract.29. 29 Introduction.30 Materials and Methods.32 Mapping Populations.32 Comparative Analysis and Molecular Marker Development.32
Review Article: The Silence of Genes in Transgenic Plants

Abstract In genetically modified plants, the introduced transgenes are sometimes not expressed. They can be silenced. Transgenes can also cause the silencing of endogenous plant genes if they are sufficiently homologous, a phenomenon known as co-suppression. Silencing occurs transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally but silencing of endogenous genes seems predominantly post-transcriptional. If viral transgenes are introduced and silenced, the post-transcriptional process also prevents homologous RNA viruses from accumulating; this is a means of generating virus-resistant plants. A major goal of current research is to dissect the mechanism(s) of these sequence-homology-dependent gene silencing phenomena. Various factors seem to play a role, including DNA methylation, transgene copy number and the repetitiveness of the transgene insert, transgene expression level, possible production of aberrant RNAs, and ectopic DNA–DNA interactions. The causal relationship between these factors and the link between transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing is not always clear. In this review we discuss various observations associated with gene silencing and attempt to relate them.
Activation of Protein Kinase C (α, β, and ζ) by Insulin in 3T3/L1 Cells

We presently studied (a) insulin effects on protein kinase C (PKC) and (b) effects of transfection-induced, stable expression of PKC isoforms on glucose transport in 3T3/L1 cells. In both fibroblasts and adipocytes, insulin provoked increases in membrane PKC enzyme activity and membrane levels of PKC-α and PKC-β. However, insulin-induced increases in PKC enzyme activity were apparent in both non-down-regulated adipocytes and adipocytes that were down-regulated by overnight treatment with 5 μM phorbol ester, which largely depletes PKC-α, PKC-β, and PKC-ε, but not PKC-η. Moreover, insulin provoked increases in the enzyme activity of immunoprecipitable PKC-η. In transfection studies, stable overexpression of wild-type or constitutively active forms of PKC-α, PKC-β1, and PKC-β2 failed to influence basal or insulin-stimulated glucose transport (2-deoxyglucose uptake) in fibroblasts and adipocytes, despite inhibiting insulin effects on glycogen synthesis. In contrast, stable overexpression of wild-type PKC-η increased, and a dominant-negative mutant form of PKC-η decreased, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in fibroblasts and adipocytes. These findings suggested that: (a) insulin activates PKC-η, as well as PKC-α and β; and (b) PKC-η is required for, and may contribute to, insulin effects on glucose transport in 3T3/L1 cells.
The HGF/MET pathway in colorectal cancer

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Years of Potential Life Lost Due to Occupational Fatal Injury in the United States

Fatal injury surveillance data coupled with life expectancy data may be used to assess the impact of occupational fatal injuries on years of potential life lost (YPLL). We compare three definitions of YPLL and trends over time in YPLL. Two definitions determine YPLL as expected life lost to fixed life expectancies of 65 or 85 years. The third definition uses actuarial adjustments of life expectancy given survival to a given age stratified by gender and race. Fatalities from the National Traumatic Occupational Fatality (NTOF) database are used to illustrate the three definitions of YPLL. The three YPLL measures were similar in magnitude and direction of the trend in YPLL over 1980-1992. Proper interpretation of these trends can only be made in conjunction with other measures (e.g., rates). Almost all YPLL trends are declining, implying that over time fatal injuries are shifting to older workers. The exception is the increasing trend in YPLL for the retail trade industry, injury rates have also been increas.
DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE.

THE following item was given me on June 17, 1922, by Joshua Moody, a Bellacoola Indian, apparently a full-blood, about 54 years of age. It was corroborated voluntarily on August 8, 1922, by the late Captain Schooner, also a Bellacoola Indian, apparently full-blood, about 74 years of age. The fact that Joshua and Schooner were not on good terms and that Schooner did not know that I had already heard of the item, strengthens the corroboration. Neither Indian understood English, and the material was taken in Chinook jargon. A sort of primitive sun-dial was sometimes set up by a Bellacoola Indian traveller to record for the benefit of those following him the time which had elapsed since he had left. This was used only where one followed another, not as a true sun-dial to tell the time of day. The Carrier and the Chilcotin Indians also used it. Joshua did not know which tribe originated it. This time recorder consisted of a twig made into a circular hoop about six inches in diameter, by twisting the ends together, and fastened firmly to a slanting stick stuck up in the smooth earth. The Bellacoola, who so commonly travelled up and down the Bella Coola river, frequently put one of these upon the sandy river beach. The more or less circular shadow of the hoop was marked in the soil, and the distance that it had travelled from the mark indicated how long the recorder had been standing. If the one following was travelling in a river canoe and saw that the shadow was near the mark, his canoe party might pole hard in an effort to catch up, but if the shadow were far away he knew that it was probably useless to try to overtake the one ahead. The distinctive character of this time recorder may possibly be useful in the solution of the problems of distribution. HARLAN I. SMITH
Injury rates and psychological wellbeing in temporary work: a study of seasonal workers in the New Zealand food processing industry

A growing body of research has examined the effects of job insecurity or different forms of precarious work, such as temporary employment, on occupational health and safety (OHS). A number of reasons have been proposed to explain the more mixed results with regard to studies of temporary employment, including the diversity of these work arrangements, the health indices used, and a number of other complicating factors. There have been very few studies of seasonal work as a specific form of temporary employment. In addition to addressing this gap, this study provides evidence with regard to two other explanations of 'mixed results', namely the importance of controlling for exposure and the possibility that associations differ depending on the particular health indices/outcome measures selected. Findings highlight the importance of controlling for exposure when comparing OHS outcomes for permanent and temporary workers, using multiple health indices and the need for systematic research into different types of temporary work. Several factors that may explain why seasonal workers experience higher rates of injury but appear to have adapted positively to intermittent employment are identified. The study reinforces the need for a more nuanced explanation of how temporary work can affect health and safety.
Medicinal plants and rural livelihoods in Pondoland, South Africa: Towards an understanding of resource value

This paper analyzes data on the contribution of medicinal plants to the livelihoods of rural people in Pondoland, South Africa. A total of 23 medicinal plant species were identified as being important to local livelihoods, either for domestic use or for trading purposes in the city markets. The study explores complex ways in which benefits from medicinal plants are mediated, including by local social factors, ecological factors determining availability, and external forces that determine the actual cash income from the sale of plants in the cities. The study concludes that unclear and sometimes restrictive government policies and legislation, and the collectors' disadvantageous positions in the medicinal plant commodity chain, mean that the overall benefit for individuals and households is limited.
Carcinogenic Assay of Foods Using Auxotrophic Strains of Salmonella typhimurium Employing Reverse Mutation Technique

World hastens the changes in food items, that facilities of the addition of colouring agents and flavouring agents. They were not aware of the treat of dangers awaiting them in the form of food increasing with modernization in food along with the development new diseases many desirable factors are involved in foods. Fifty five food samples were tested by the reverse Mutation test for the presence of carcinogenic chemicals. The auxotrophic mutant strain had the character of his arg+ , amp+ and Tet +. From the result of reverse mutation assay, we informed that 48% of sample was under 2+ level, 40% of sample under 1+ level were recorded for carcinogenic behavior while 59.2% the sample did not reflect any level. Out of 55 samples, 41.8% showed the positive result that indicated dangerous carcinogenic chemicals in fried oil, reheated oil, halwa, jangiri etc., Even sweets had the high content of carcinogens which were mostly preferred by kids. The extra chromosomal DNAs isolated were electrophoresed.