Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proposed Numbering Scheme for Mycobacterial Serotypes by Agglutination

A new scheme is proposed for Schaefer's seroagglutination types of mycobacterial strains. In place of numbers and proper names and segregation into three species, Mycobacterium avium, M. intracellulare, and M. scrofulaceum, arabic numbers are assigned in order under the heading “M. avium Complex. ” For those species with but one or two recognized serotypes, the suggested designation is the species name followed by the term “serotype” followed by an arabic number if more than one type can be identified. It is proposed that a “clearing registry” be established within the framework of the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy to prevent different authors from proposing the same serotype numbers for different serotypes.
Forest fire cycles and life tables: a case study from interior Alaska

The negative exponential and Wiebull distributions were used to estimate stand survivorship curves for forested sites in the Porcupine River drainage of interior Alaska. The survivorship curve of Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss sites was best described by a Wiebull function, while both functions adequately described the Piceamariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg hardwood and all sites stand survivorship curve. Fire cycles calculated from the Wiebull distribution were 43, 113, 36, and 26 years for the entire study area, P. glauca, P. mariana, and hardwood sites, respectively. Fire frequencies estimated from a life table analysis were 48, 105, 43, and 30 years, respectively. The relationship between fire cycle and fire frequency calculations is discussed and various management implications are given.
Determination of Clone Size and Age in a Mallee Eucalypt Using RAPDs

Fragmentation of lignotubers and the consequent problems in genotype identification make demographic studies of mallee eucalypts unreliable. DNA fingerprinting using Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers was employed to determine if a hybrid copse between Eucalyptus risdonii and E. amygdalina was clonal. Based on lignotuber morphology this copse appeared to be composed of approximately 20 separate individuals. No variation in RAPD genotype was observed for 67 bands scored from nine primers among the 20 individuals. In contrast, variation was observed between individuals sampled from outside the copse (average 28.6 band differences between any two individuals) and within full sibling families (average 12.9 band differences between individuals). On this basis the copse was considered to be clonal (one genet), originating from lignotuber fragmentation, and measured 5.5 × 3.5 m. The rate of radial expansion in 15-year-old seedling and lignotuber cohorts was measured and used to estimate the age of the hybrid copse. The hybrid genet appeared to be at least 900 years old. While such estimates must be viewed with caution they strongly support the suggestion that mallee eucalypts may attain ages far in excess of single-stemmed eucalypts.
Authors' response

1. Milburn H, Ashman N, Davies P, et al. British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee and Joint Tuberculosis Committee. Guidelines for the prevention and management of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease in adult patients with chronic kidney disease. Thorax 2010;65:559e70. 2. Passalent L, Khan K, Richardson R, et al. Detecting latent tuberculosis infection in hemodialysis patients: a head-to-head comparison of the T-SPOT.TB test, tuberculin skin test, and an expert physician panel. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;2:68e73. 3. Winthrop KL, Nyendak M, Calvet H, et al. Interferongamma release assays for diagnosing mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in renal dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:1357e63. 4. Inoue T, Nakamura T, Katsuma A, et al. The value of QuantiFERON TB-Gold in the diagnosis of tuberculosis among dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:2252e7.
Erratum for Wagner, Sound-Localization Deficits Induced by Lesions in the Barn Owl's Auditory Space Map

In the process of Printing the article “Sound-Localization Deficits Induced by Lesions in the Barn Owl's Auditory Space Map,” by Hermann Wagner [J Neurosci 13:371–386 (1993)] the scale bar belonging to the photographs of Fig. 4 (p. 376) was lost. The scale bar belonging to Fig. 3 (p. 375) is valid for Figure 4, b, d, f, and h,as well. The publisher regrets the error.
Specificity of monoclonal antibodies against Escherichia coli K-12 lipopolysaccharide

Three monoclonal antibodies against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli strain K-12 were obtained after immunization of BALB/c mice with heat-killed bacteria and were serologically characterized by hemagglutination, enzyme-immunoassay, Western, dot, and colony blot using as antigens bacteria, LPS, de-O-acylated LPS, dephosphorylated LPS, the core oligosaccharide and synthetic partial structures representing a di-, tri-and tetrasaccharide of the K-12 outer core region. In addition, deacylated LPS and synthetic oligosaccharides were covalently linked to bovine serum albumin resulting in artificial glycoconjugate antigens. In all assays used, the antibodies were specific for K-12 LPS. These antibodies detect E. coli K-12 LPS in its isolated form as well as on the surface of bacteria and are, thus, useful for all working with this microorganism.
Experimental study of young fish distribution and behaviour under combined influence of baro‐, photo‐ and thermo‐gradients

The complex influence of baro-, photo- and thermo-gradients on distribution and behaviour of young physostomous Leuciscus leuciscus L. , leaciscus idus L. and physoclistous fish Perca fluviatilis L. was investigated. 40 different combinations consisting of 4 types of photogradients, 3 types of termo gradients and 4 types of baro-gradients were tested. All considered factors influenced the distribution of physostomous and physoclistous fish with high degree of significance. Under a multi-factorial experiment fish behaviour and distribution are determined not only by a separately taken environmental factor but by the presence of other accompanying factors. Under different combinations of imposed factors, the reaction of fish to an individual factor and the character of the response (positive or negative) may change. Hydrostatic pressure is one of the strongest factors which influence fish distribution. The presence of its gradient may change the character of response of perch Perca fluviatilis to light (a changing of a sign of its photoreaction). Water temperature influences fish distribution more than illumination. However, the definite value of water temperature at which most fish prefer to stay may be changed depending on both the intensity of illumination and the value of hydrostatic pressure.
GENETICS OF GLOMERELLA. II. FERTILIZATION BETWEEN STRAINS

FROM STUDIES which have been made on certain fungi belonging to the genus Glomerella, the evidence supports the conclusion that there is a close association between two distinct strains or strain types which have been designated as plus and minus. The plus strain is the one ordinarily picked up and cultured. When ascospores are isolated from this strain, cultures of both the plus and minus strains are readily obtained. It is also known that when the plus and minus strains are grown in the same plate, a ridge of perithecia forms very rapidly on the line wlhere they come together. The perithecia develop more rapidly in this ridge than they do in the small glomerate masses which are produced by a plus culture growing by itself. When the ascospores from a ridge are cultured, it has been found that ordinarily the asci contain either four plus and four minus spores or else eight minus spores. As the same segregation occurs in the plus strain alone, it has not been possible to prove definitely that the ridge of perithecia on the line of contact follows a fertilization between the two strains as was suggested in an early paper (Edgerton, 1914), or is merely due to some stimulus. The object of this paper is to present evidence to show that a fertilization does take place between the plus and minus strains. A culture of the plus type from Ipomoea has provided the way for obtaining such evidence. As reported in a previous paper (Lucas, Chilton, and Edgerton, 1944), from this culture and its plus and minus progeny several variants were obtained which were definitely distinct from the plus and minus strains usually isolated from ascospores. Certain of these when grown in plates with other strains produced perithecial ridges on lines of contact. From these ridges it was again possible to isolate ascospores and identify the cultures developing from them. Among the variants obtained from the Ipomoea culture were two strains which were of great aid in the present investigations. These were a strain definitely of the plus type but differing in certain respects from the original better-known one and a culture of the minus type distinct from the original. These two variants and the common plus and minus strains have been grown in plates in all possible combinations. The term type is introduced in this paper in order to group strains which differ in some respects but in general are similar. There are strains of the plus type which are unlike in certain characteristics, and similarly there are different strains of the minus type. For the present no other types are being considered. DESCRIPTIONS OF CULTURES USED. -Cultures of the ordinary plus and minus strains and of the two
Effect of First Feed Intake Time on Broiler Performance and Carcass Traits

Abstract Petek, M. , Yilmaz, E. and Cibik, R. 2007. Effect of first feed intake time on broiler performance and carcass traits. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 32: 203–206. Influence of first feed intake time on broiler performance parameters and carcass traits have been evaluated using 225 newly hatched male chicks (Ross), randomly divided into three treatment groups and post-hatch initial feeding times as Oh, 18h and 36h. During the first four weeks, body weight gain of delayed fed groups were lower than control group. However, by the end of the 42 d experimental period body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, survival rate and carcass trait parameters were not different (P>0;05) among the groups. Performance deficiencies caused by delayed feeding disappeared in subsequent days suggesting that this process had no detrimental effect on broiler performance.
The rocky-reef fish assemblages of Malta and Lampedusa islands (Strait of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea): a visual census study in a changing biogeographical sector

The rising impact of invasive species and climate change on Mediterranean fish biodiversity highlight the urgency to evaluate the current status of natural assemblages. Here we investigated the rocky-reef fish of Malta and Lampedusa (Strait of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea), two islands of high biogeographical importance subjected to a different level of protection and anthropic pressure. By using underwater visual census, a total of 192 counts were performed in May–June and September–October 2007 using a hierarchical spatial design and four depth layers. Overall, 23 families and 61 different taxa were recorded. Out of them, two highly invasive species were censused (i.e. Siganus luridus and Fistularia commersonii) with relatively low abundances. Native Labridae and Sparidae shape the assemblage structure of both islands, and thermophilic species such as Sparisoma cretense and Thalassoma pavo occur with high densities. The fish assemblages of Malta and Lampedusa were relatively similar in species composition, richness and total abundance. Nevertheless, multivariate analysis depicted significant differences between these two islands, mainly attributable to the unevenness of Labridae. Significant differences in the size distribution of the most abundant species were detected between islands, with parallel variation across time. The pattern of spatio-temporal variability of the whole assemblage structure strongly resembled that of nekto-benthic fish, hence pointing out the relevance of this guild as an indicator species group in future monitoring activity. This study will serve as a current baseline against which future changes in the central Mediterranean fish assemblages can be assessed.
GreenLab‐tomato: A 3D architectural model of tomato development

Abstract A 3D architectural model of greenhouse tomato development is presented. The GREENLAB dual‐scale automaton is used to model plant organo‐genesis from germination to maturity The model simulates both plant topological structure and the kinetics of elongation of individual organs. Results show that organ expansion is the same among phy‐tomers although they had different final lengths. The kinetics of any organ can be simulated from its final length and an extension law, and the kinetics is expressed in organogenesis growth cycle (GC) units. With parameterisation, it is possible to model the variability of phytomer size, together with their geometric shapes.
The sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.) (Lep., Crambidae) and its parasitoids: a synchrony approach to spatial and temporal dynamics

Abstract: A data set on Diatraea saccharalis and its parasitoids, Cotesia flavipes and tachinid flies, was analysed at five spatial scales – sugarcane mill, region, intermediary, farm and zone – to determine the role of spatial scale in synchrony patterns, and on temporal population variability. To analyse synchrony patterns, only the three highest spatial scales were considered, but for temporal population variability, all spatial scales were adopted. The synchrony–distance relationship revealed complex spatial structures depending on both species and spatial scale. Temporal population variability [SD log(x + 1)] levels were highest at the smallest spatial scales although, in the majority of the cases, temporal variability was inversely dependent on sample size. All the species studied, with a few exceptions, presented spatial synchrony independent of spatial scale. The tachinid flies exhibited stronger synchrony dynamics than D. saccharalis and C. flavipes in all spatial scales with the latter displaying the weakest synchrony levels, except when mill spatial scales were compared. In some cases spatial synchrony may at first decay and then increase with distance, but the presence of such patterns can change depending on the spatial scale adopted.
Harvesting strategies for Norwegian spring‐spawning herring

The overfishing of an increasing number of fish populations has put focus on the need for development of robust sustainable harvest strategies that can be easily implemented. This requires estimates and modelling of the deterministic and stochastic components of the population dynamics as well as an evaluation of the contribution of different harvest strategies to future population fluctuations. Here we present an example of such an approach, using the collapse of Norwegian spring-spawning herring stock as a case. We demonstrate that the collapse probably was due to overfishing, and that the large influence of the environmental stochasticity could only influence the timing of the collapse. We suggest that a proportional threshold strategy with a threshold around 14 billion individuals (4 200 000 tons), combined with a harvest of 30 -40% of the individuals above this threshold will give a sustainable yield with little annual variation. The choice of harvest strategy should also be strongly influenced by the uncertainty in the assessment of stock size. When the population stock is estimated with uncertainty, the proportional threshold strategy give a mean annual yield close to the optimum for known population size.
REACTIONS OF ESTER DERIVATIVES OF CARCINOGENIC N-(4-BIPHENYLYL)HYDROXYLAMINE AND THE CORRESPONDING HYDROXAMIC ACID WITH PURINE NUCLEOSIDES

The nitrenium ions 3a,b derived from hydrolysis of N-(sulfonatooxy)-N-acetyl-4-aminobiphenyl (1a) and N-(4-biphenylyl)-O-pivaloylhydroxylamine (1b) are trapped by the purine nucleosides 2‘-deoxyguanosine (dG), guanosine (G), 8-methylguanosine (8-MeG), adenosine (A), inosine (I), and xanthosine (X) with varying degrees of efficiency. Those nucleosides with a basic N-7 (pKa(N7−H+) ≥ 2.3) react with 3a,b with an apparently diffusion-limited rate constant at 20 °C of ca. 2.0 × 109 M-1 s-1, determined from the experimental trapping ratios knuc/ks and known values of ks for the two nitrenium ions. All nucleosides with a basic N-7, including 8-MeG, generate only C-8 adducts upon reaction with 3a,b. The reactions of 8-MeG with 3a,b produce metastable adducts, tentatively identified as 16a,b, that decompose over time into the stable 7,8-dihydroguanosine derivatives 8a,b. Our data, and those of other workers, are consistent with a mechanism that involves initial attack of N-7 on the nitrogen of the nitrenium ions f.
Delineation of lithosphere structure and characterization of the Moho geometry under the Himalaya–Karakoram–Tibet collision zone using surface-wave tomography

Abstract Group velocities for a period range of 6–60 s for the fundamental mode of the Rayleigh wave passing across the Himalaya–Karakoram–Tibet orogen are used to delineate the structure of the upper lithosphere using the data from 35 broadband seismic stations. 2D tomography velocity maps of group velocities were obtained at grids of 1° separation. Redefined local dispersion curves are inverted non-linearly to obtain 1D velocity models and to construct a 3D image of the S-wave structure down to a depth of 90 km. The Moho discontinuity is correlated with c. 4.0 km s−1 S-wave velocity. The results depict a NE-dipping trend of the Moho depth from c. 40 km beneath the frontal part of the Himalaya to up to c. 70–80 km beneath the collision zone before shallowing substantially to c. 40 km beneath the Tarim Basin. The study also reveals thick deposits of sediments in the Indo-Gangetic plains and the Tarim Basin. A broad low-velocity zone at mid-crustal depth in the western Tibetan Plateau, the Karakoram region and the surface-collision part of the India–Eurasia tectonic plates is interpreted as the effect of partial melting and/or the presence of aqueous fluid. The high velocities in the southern deeper part indicate that the lower crust and uppermost mantle of the Indian Plate are dense and cold.
Expression of α‐amylase gene in rat liver: Liver‐specific amylase has a high affinity to glycogen

The reactivity of rat liver α‐amylases with maltotriose (G3), maltopentose (G5) and glycogen has been investigated. Liver amylases were found to be glycosylated and to have a molecular mass of 50 kDa by Western blotting using an anti‐human salivary amylase antibody. The glycosylated liver amylases were found to be capable of G3‐ and G5‐hydrolysis and of glucose formation, as demonstrated by thin‐layer chromatography. When the amylase preparation was exposed to different concentrations of glycogen and run on a cellulose acetate membrane, the mobilities of rat liver amylases significantly decreased with tailing directly from the point of origin. In contrast, rat salivary amylases were not so much. These results indicate that rat liver amylases have a strong affinity to glycogen. We confirmed the expression of liver‐specific amylases in rat liver by reverse transcriptional‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR); PCR products showed one band of an expected size of 474 bp using primers tested in the present study. A partial nucleotide sequence was then determined. When compared with the gene of mouse liver amylase, the substitution of 26 bases out of 434 bases was elucidated. The present data demonstrate the presence of liver‐specific amylases in rats.
Navigation in Mazes By a Grey Seal, Halichoer Us Gr Yp Us (Fabricius)

The ability of a grey seal, Halichoerus grypus, to navigate a variety of obstacle courses was examined under light and dark conditions in a 6.1 m diameter tank. Four maze patterns were constructed by varying the positions of 18 vertical rods in the tank. One hundred trials were conducted, each consisting of a 2 minute light phase followed by a 2 minute dark phase. The order of presentation of the maze patterns was randomly determined. All trials were monitored for sound. A phosphorescent tag was attached to the seal to allow monitoring of its movements in the dark. The mazes differentially modified the seal's path of travel. Average rates of movement were determined under four conditions: light with no maze present - 108 cm/sec; light with a maze present - 65 cm/sec; dark with no maze present - 15 cm/sec; and, dark with a maze present - 14 crn/sec. The seal displaced 7 obstacles in the light and 17 in the dark. Trials in the dark with errors had a significantly higher mean distance traveled than those without errors: x = 21.6 m vs x = 16.2 m, p<. 05. Clicks, clusters of clicks, and hisses were recorded, mostly in the dark. There was a negative correlation between sound production and improved navigational ability. It is suggested the seal relied upon visual orientation in the light, and on tactile cues provided by the vibrissae coupled with memory in the dark.
Laying hen rearing systems: a review of chemical composition and hygienic conditions of eggs

Alternative laying hen rearing systems have been rapidly introduced into poultry production in an effort to harmonise poultry health and welfare with consumer, producer, industry and environmental demands. They are an integral part of modern egg production. Husbandry systems for keeping laying hens have an impact on, inter alia, the chemical composition of eggs. The subject matter of this study is a comparative review of the results obtained by different authors on the effect of rearing system on chemical composition (proteins, lipids, cholesterol, vitamins and fatty acids content) and hygienic conditions of eggs from different rearing systems of laying hens. Eggs from these laying hen rearing systems have been proven by a large body of literature data to have better nutritional properties. Moreover, the results analysed also indicate differences within rearing systems. Rearing systems also have an influence on hygienic and microbiological quality of eggs. In view of the above, this comparable overview of the literature on the use of different rearing systems in table egg production can serve as a tool in determining the future direction of research as well as an indicator of its practical application.
Inserção de DNA de Trypanosoma cruzi no genoma de célula hospedeira de mamífero por meio de infecção

Trypanosoma cruzi chromatin was observed in macrophage chromosome spreads obtained at different periods of infections in BALB/c mice. Immunofluorescent studies showed that genetic materials associated with the chromosomes were T. cruzi products. In situ hybridization showed the protozoon DNA insertion in the host cell genome. In addition, selective 3H-DNA insertion in chromosomes 3, 6 and 11 was observed, which suggested that transxenogene rearrangement may take place in T. cruzi infections of mammals.
The apparent feedforward response of stomata to air vapour pressure deficit: information revealed by different experimental procedures with two rainforest trees

A decrease in steady-state leaf transpiration rate with increased vapour pressure difference between leaf and air, which is reversible and independent of leaf water status, is evidence for feedforward control of stomatal aperture (Cowan 1977). A recent survey of gas exchange data by Monteith (1995), covering 52 sets of measurements on 16 species, reported that evidence for feedforward control was rare and usually reliant on a single point. We conducted gas exchange experiments on an additional 13 species and observed an apparent feedforward response in only two. However, the response was not reversible and depended upon experimental procedure. In view of this we discuss the appropriate use of the term ‘feedforward’.