Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scanning Tunneling Microscope Studies of Ultrathin Graphitic (Graphene) Films on an Insulating Substrate under Ambient Conditions

In the present study, a scanning tunneling microscope (STM), modified to include active lateral position feedback control, is employed to image single and few layer graphene films placed on a nonconductive substrate under ambient conditions. The return path for tunneling electrons was provided by gold electrodes produced by either electron beam lithography or shadow evaporation techniques. STM images of graphene films with a thickness of two or more layers display topographs that are similar to those obtained from a bulk graphite crystal. For single layer graphene sheets, the ability to obtain atomically resolved images was found to be extremely sensitive to sample preparation methods. Graphene microdevices produced by electron beam lithography with edges covered by gold electrodes show hexagonal patterns similar to those obtained from ultrahigh vacuum STM images reported earlier. Ambient STM measurements of graphene microdevices made by shadow mask evaporation, whose edges were exposed to air, exhibited .
Crystal Structure and Synthesis of 3 β -( p -Iodobenzoyloxy)-16 α ,17 α -Epoxypregn-4-En-6,20-Dione

3β-(p-iodobenzoyloxy)-16α,17α-epoxypregn-4-en-6,20-dione (7), C28H31O5I, was synthesized from the commercially available 16-dehydropregnenolone acetate. X-ray diffraction analysis of (1) demonstrated that it consisted of four rings, three six-membered rings (A, B and C) and one five-membered ring (D). A, B, C and D rings occur in an envelope, deformed chair, deformed chair, and the half chair conformations, respectively. The absolute configurations of 7 for the chiral centers are 3S, 8S, 9S, 10R, 13S and 14S. The crystal of 3β-(p-iodobenzoyloxy)-16α,17α-epoxypregn-4-en-6,20-dione is in monoclinic crystal system with space group P21, lattice constants: a = 10.8567 (11), b = 7.5479 (7), c = 16.0391 (16) A, β = 109.473 (1)°, V = 1239.1 (2) A3, Dx = 1.518 g/cm3 and Z = 2. The molecules in the crystal are stabilized by C-H···O interactions and van der Waals forces.
Effects of Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids on Sorption-Desorption of Phenanthrene in Soils

The impact of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) on the sorption-desorption of phenanthrene, used as a representative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, was investigated with a laboratory batch technique. Experiments were conducted with three types of soil samples containing various organic components: citric, oxalic, and malic acids. The sorption of phenanthrene by soils could be well described by a linear-type model irrespective of the addition of LMWOAs. The simulated distribution constant (K d ) and C-normalized distribution constant K oc ) for phenanthrene sorption decreased significantly with the addition of LMWOAs to the soils (P < 0.05). In contrast, the desorption amounts of phenanthrene were clearly enhanced by the addition of LMWOAs, and the impact of citric acid on the sorption-desorption of phenanthrene was generally more significant than those of oxalic or malic acids, probably due to their chemical structures and properties. Compared with the baseline soil samples, the desorption amounts of phenanthrene in the presence of LMWOAs were significantly decreased in soils after 60 d of cultivation (P < 0.05), whereby the level of the fractional soil organic C content (f oc , %) increased proportionally with the inhibition strength of phenanthrene desorption in the presence of LMWOAs. Based on these observations, we suggest that the availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be enhanced with suitable types and concentrations of LMWOAs.
Design of solid catalysts for the conversion of biomass

The discovery and investigation of novel and efficient pathways for the conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals are among the big challenges facing heterogeneous catalysis nowadays. However, not all experience gained in the transformation of hydrocarbons over the last 100 years can directly be transferred to biomass conversion. In this article, we will discuss how the specific properties of biomass pose new requirements on the processes and on the solids that are used as catalysts for their conversion. Due to the importance of lignocellulosic materials, which constitute ca. 95% of the total plant biomass, we will focus mostly on the desired properties of solid catalysts for the conversion of these polymeric biomolecules. Research in this field is very intense presently and novel transformations and catalysts are being discovered at a high rate. This paper thus focuses on the concepts that govern biomass transformation instead of giving a complete and comprehensive survey of the literature, which would be outdated within a short time.
Synthesis of a model 3-miktoarm star terpolymer

The synthesis of a well-defined, near monodisperse, star terpolymer with three different arms, i.e., polyisoprene, polystyrene, and polybutadiene, is described. The synthetic approach involves the reaction of polyisoprenyllithium with an excess of methyltrichlorosilane followed, after removal of the excess of methyltrichlorosilane, by a stoichiometric addition (titration) of polystyrillithium and finally by a small excess of polybutadienyllithium. The sequence of the addition of the different living polymers is very critical
Preparation of Na2Ti3O7/Titanium Peroxide Composites and Their Adsorption Property on Cationic Dyes

Na2Ti3O7/titanium peroxide composites (TN-TP) were successfully prepared with the reaction of Ti foils, NaOH, and H2O2 at 60°C for 24 h in water bath. The Na2Ti3O7 appeared as nanorods in composites. Water bath temperature, water bath time, and the concentration of H2O2 and NaOH were crucial. The reaction mechanism was proposed. TN-TP was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). TN-TP was a mesoporous material and exhibited stronger adsorption capability for neutral red (NR), malachite green (MG), methylene blue (MB), and crystal violet (CV) than pure Na2Ti3O7 and pure titanium peroxide, and the saturated adsorption capacities were 490.21, 386.13, 322.81, and 292.74 mg/g at 25°C, respectively. It was found that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model could well describe the adsorption kinetic and isotherm of cationic dyes studied. The results of this work are of great significance for environmental applications of TN-TP as a promising adsorbent material for dyeing water purification.
Water saturation and surfactant effects on bacterial transport in sand columns

Bacterial breakthrough curves from clean sand columns were used in two related studies of the effects of unsaturated flow and added surfactant on cell transport. In the first study, step-inputs of bacteria were used to evaluate the effects of water saturation (saturated and unsaturated condition), surfactant concentration (0 and 20 μmol/L sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DDBS)), and bacterial strain (aquifer isolates E3W7 and W31) on the kinetics of cell deposition and entrainment. These surfactant concentrations and bacterial strains did not have significant effects on the rate coefficients. Unsaturated columns, however, always had delayed cell breakthrough compared with saturated columns, and the deposition rate coefficient was significantly greater in unsaturated conditions compared with saturated conditions. After the outflow concentration of E3W7 from the saturated columns reached the inflow concentration, the columns were partially desaturated. This resulted in a rapid drop in outflow concentration-a decline of 29% with surfactant and 78% without surfactant. A second study was conducted to investigate the mechanism of surfactant-enhancement of bacterial transport by applying 100 μmol/L DDBS before a pulse of W31, concurrent with the pulse, following the pulse, at all times, or at no time. Only the presence of surfactant at all times and concurrently with the cell pulse resulted in significantly greater cell recovery compared with the no-surfactant control. This suggests that 100 μmol/L DDBS interacted with the cells to reduce their adsorption to gas-water interfaces in unsaturated sand.
Real — Time Speciation of Uranium during Active Bioremediation and U(IV) Reoxidation

The biological reduction of uranium from soluble U(VI) to insoluble U(IV) has shown potential to prevent uranium migration in groundwater. To gain insight into the extent of uranium reduction that can occur during biostimulation and to what degree U(IV) reoxidation will occur under field relevant conditions after biostimulation is terminated, X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was used to monitor: (1) uranium speciation in situ in a flowing column while active reduction was occurring; and (2) in situ postbiostimulation uranium stability and speciation when exposed to incoming oxic water. Results show that after 70 days of bioreduction in a high (30 mM) bicarbonate solution, the majority (>90%) of the uranium in the column was immobilized as U(IV). After acetate addition was terminated and oxic water entered the column, in situ real-time XANES analysis showed that U(IV) reoxidation to U(VI) (and subsequent remobilization) occurred rapidly (on the order of minutes) within the reach of the oxygen front and the spatial and temporal XANES spectra captured during reoxidation allowed for real-time uranium reoxidation rates to be calculated.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Studies on Aggregated Gold Nanorods†

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of adsorbed molecules on gold nanorods (NRs) with dimensions of 10 nm × 27 nm was studied on silica surface with low to high surface coverage of NRs. The study was carried out to investigate both the dependence of the SERS intensity on the number of NRs and the NRs spacing on the silica surface. SERS of adsorbed molecules such as 2-aminothiophenol (2-ATP) and the capping molecules (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide) was studied on these surfaces using a near-IR laser excitation source (1064 nm). To produce silica surfaces covered with NRs, two approaches were used. In the first approach, monodispersed NRs gradually deposited from solution to silica surface and their number was increased by increasing the deposition time. In the second one, the NRs were first aggregated in solution and then deposited on the surface. Although using the first approach it was possible to prepare surfaces with high NR surface coverage, SERS intensity was found to be stronger for adsorb.
Proton-Transport Catalysis: A Systematic Study of the Rearrangement of the Isoformyl Cation to the Formyl Cation

High level ab initio calculations at the G2** level of theory have been used to examine the effect of interaction with a series of small neutral molecules (X = He, Ne, Ar, CO, HF, N2, H2O, and NH3) on the barrier for rearrangement of the isoformyl cation (HOC+) to the formyl cation (HCO+). Interaction with species (He, Ne, and Ar) whose proton affinities are less than that of CO at oxygen leads to a reduction in the barrier from the value (147 kJ mol-1) in the isolated system, but the barrier remains positive. Interaction with molecules (HF and N2) whose proton affinities lie between the proton affinities of CO at O and at C leads to the barrier becoming negative, thus allowing proton migration to take place without an overall barrier. Finally, interaction with molecules (H2O and NH3) whose proton affinities are greater than that of CO at C leads to a further lowering of the barrier; however, proton transfer to X rather than proton migration from O to C becomes energetically preferred. The most effective .
Interaction of Cadmium and Four Microelements for Uptake and Translocation in Different Barley Genotypes

A hydroponic experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to study the interaction of cadmium (Cd) and four microelements [zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn)] for uptake, accumulation and distribution in barley during ontogenesis and their difference among genotypes. Cadmium addition to the medium not only significantly decreased Zn concentrations in all plant tissues, but also inhibited its translocation from roots to shoots, leading to higher root/shoot Zn ratio in Cd-treated plants. Cadmium addition also reduced Mn and Cu concentrations in kernels, roots and shoots and of Fe concentration in kernels and shoots. Significantly negative correlation was discovered between Zn, Cu, or Mn concentration and Cd concentration in different plant organs, suggesting the possibility of alleviating Cd accumulation in barley plants through application of these microelements on the Cd-contaminated soils. There was the significant difference among barley genotypes in uptake and translocation of Cd and four microelements.
UV curable pressure-sensitive adhesives for fabricating semiconductors. II. The effect of functionality of acrylate monomers on the adhesive properties

In an attempt to control the adhesive properties of acrylic copolymer-based pressure-sensitive adhesives, a series of multifunctional acrylate monomers were added and UV cured. The adhesive compound with a difunctional monomer had increased peel strength after UV curing. On the other hand, the compound with a tri- or more functional (polyfunctional) monomer had markedly decreased strength after UV curing. Those adhesives containing any polyfunctional monomer also showed much higher storage modulus than an adhesive containing a difunctional monomer. The greater volume contraction of UV-cured polyfunctional monomer suggested microvoids at the interface between the adhesive layer and the adherent, resulting in poor strength. Estimated values of the peel strength of UV-cured adhesives according to the theoretical equations proved that the strength is approximately inversely proportional to the elastic moduli. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2889–2895, 2004
MOS interface states: overview and physicochemical perspective

The metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor has become the dominant device for very large-scale integrated circuits. The performance and reliability of an MOS device are heavily influenced by the quality and properties of the interface between the oxide and the Si region directly beneath. Inherent, process-related, and operationally and environmentally generated interface states or traps are exceedingly harmful or disabling when present. Although controlled successfully by semiempirical design, fabrication and operational regimens, ever-smaller device size-approaching the scale in which a single trap can be important-makes further extension of knowledge on the basic physical and chemical aspects of interface states essential for confident technological progress. In addition, Si/SiO2 interface states continue to merit research in their own right. This paper briefly highlights selected topics from past and present interface-state research and describes some essential physical and chemical properties.
Model identification and control of solution crystallization processes: a review

The modeling of crystal quality (size, shape, and purity) is discussed. Numerical methods for the model solution are reviewed including collocation and Galerkin's method on finite elements. Measurement technologies for on-line crystal size distribution are presented. The difficulties with laser light scattering methods are discussed in detail. Parameter estimation is reviewed and new methods based on nonlinear optimization are presented. Sample calculations of parameters and their uncertainty from experimental data are included. The research literature covering control of continuous and batch crystallization is reviewed, and sample calculations of optimal cooling profiles for batch crystallizers are presented
Charge Recombination Dynamics of Geminate Ion Pairs Formed by Electron Transfer Quenching of Molecules in an Upper Excited State

An investigation of the charge recombination (CR) dynamics of geminate ion pairs formed upon electron transfer quenching of azulene, benz[a]azulene, and xanthione in the second singlet excited state by several electron donors, using ultrafast time resolved spectroscopy and photoconductivity is reported. The ion pairs have two possible CR pathways: (i) a highly exergonic CR to the neutral ground state or (ii) a moderately exergonic CR leading to the formation of the neutral acceptor in the first singlet excited state. This investigation shows strong evidence of the predominance of the second pathway. CR in ion pairs formed with the azulenes is faster by a factor of more than 50 than in ion pairs having a similar energy but with the first CR pathway only. The electron transfer quenching of xanthione in the second singlet excited state by several weak donors does not lead to a significant reduction of the triplet yield of this molecule. The relevance of these results to explain the absence of the inverted r.
Frequency of pulmonary thromboembolism in autopsy findings

Sažetak. Pltićna iromboembolija (PTE) je, pored tromboze dubokih vena, jedan od oblika venskog tromhoembolizma (VTE). Nckaraktensticna klinička slika i mimikrijski karakter otciavuju dijagnozu Mnoge PTE se dijagnostikiju, tek, no ohditkckmom stohi. Cvj rada je bio cia se uivrdi uéestahst РТЕ кой umrlih, ohduciranih, bolničkih pacijenata. kao i prisustvo PTE kod bolesnika sa poznatim jaktorima rizika i njeno mjesto kao itzroka smrti и kardiovaskularnim ahoijenjima (K.VO). U periodic od 2000. do 2002. godine obdukovano je 256 pacijenata iiječenih i amrlih v Kliničkom centra Banja Luka. U radu su ispitivane karakieristike PTE kod 155 odraslih pacijenata. PTE je utvrđena и 19 (12,26%) slučajeva svih obdukovanih и ispitivanorn periodic U 7,10% shtêajeva PTE je bila neposredni uzrok smrti, a и 5,16% doprinoseéi faktor. U obdukc jsk i utvrâenhn, PTE je bila и 15,79% zazivotno prepoznata, dok je nu obdukcionom stohi dijagnoza postavljena и, сак, 84,21% slučaja. Izvorište tromba nađeno je и 42,11% slučaja РТЕ utvrđene na obdukciji. intrakardijalna tromboza и 21,05%, a plućni infarkt и 36,84% slučaja. Najčešće je PTE ustanovljena hod starijih od 50 godina, više kod zena, safatalnim ishodom najčešće и sestoj i sedmoj deceniji živoia. Kao uzrok mortalitcta kod KVO. PTE se našla na drugom mjestn, iza akutnog infarkia miokanla. Porazan je zaključak о veonm čestom nalazu PTE na obdukciji и odno.su na zaživotnu dijagnoza РТЕ. Značajan procenat PTE dijagnostikovane, tek, na obdukciji upiićuje na pot rebu brže. g i efikasnijeg dijagnostičkog pristupa, kao i utvrdivanja stepena rizikci za PTE.
Analysis of Whole Blood Quality: Number of Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets, and pH Value during 28-day Storage

: Whole blood contains all the elements of blood such as all blood cells, plasma, and clotting factors. It is used in the treatment of massive bleeding. However whole blood has an expiration time limit. The quality of blood decreases gradually due to storage time and causes blood cell lysis, so it directly affects blood cell counts and pH. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of whole blood during 28day storage. Whole Blood from blood bags containing CPDA-1 was used as a sample. The number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets was measured by Hematology Analyzer. The results of the study showed that there was a decrease in the number of erythrocytes from 5,02 x 10 6 cell/µL into 4,92x10 6 cell/µL. The number of leukocytes decreased from 6,31x103cell/µL to 3,17 x 103cell/µL. Platelet count also decreased from 195x10 3 cell /µL to 81x10 3 cell/µL. The pH value decreased from 7.2 on to 6.9. This study concluded that there was a decrease in the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and pH. The number of erythrocytes and pH was still normal, while the number of leukocytes and platelets was below the normal range.
Platinum Etching and Plasma Characteristics in RF Magnetron and Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasmas

The properties of platinum etching were investigated using both rf magnetron and electron cyclotron resonance plasmas, together with measurement of the plasma parameters. Experiments were performed over a wide pressure range from 0.4 to 50 mTorr in Cl2 plasmas. In rf magnetron plasmas, the etch rate of Pt was constant at the substrate temperature from 20 to 160°C. The etch rate and the plasma electron density increased with decreasing gas pressure from 50 to 5 mTorr. In ECR plasmas for rf power of 300 W, the etch rate of Pt was almost constant (∼100 nm/min) with decreasing gas pressure from 5 to 0.4 mTorr, while the plasma electron density was gradually increased with decreasing gas pressure. These experimental results were discussed with respect to the relationship between the etch yield and ratio of neutral Cl flux and ion flux incident on the substrate. Submicron patterning (0.5 µm lines & spaces) of platinum masked with photoresist was demonstrated using Cl2 plasmas in ECR discharges. High accuracy was obtained with no undercutting.
Growth and Characterization of ZnO Nanoporous Belts

ZnO nanoporous belts with a smooth surface and high pore density have been successfully synthesized; the simple growth method is applicable to produce high-yield single-crystalline ZnO nanoporous belts with a relatively high purity and at a low cost. The morphology and microstructure and optical properties of ZnO nanoporous belts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared system (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), field-emission transmission electron microscope (FETEM), selective area electron diffraction (SAED), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Results reveal that ZnO nanoporous belts possess good crystalline quality. The formation mechanism of the special ZnO microstructure is discussed, emphasizing the effect of polar orientation on the nucleation and growth of ZnO nanoporous belts.
Quantitative interpretation of the response of surface plasmon resonance sensors to adsorbed films

A simple but quantitative mathematical formalism for interpretation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) signals from adsorbed films of a wide variety of structures is presented. It can be used to estimate adsorbed film thicknesses, surface coverages, or surface concentrations from the SPR response over the entire range of film thicknesses without relying on calibration curves of response versus known thicknesses or surface concentrations. This formalism is compared to more complex optical simulations. It is further tested by (1) calibrating the response of two SPR spectrometers to changes in bulk index of refraction, (2) using these calibrations with this formalism to predict responses to several well-characterized adlayer structures (alkanethiolates and serum albumin on gold, propylamine on COOH-functionalized gold), and then (3) comparing these predictions to measured SPR responses. Methods for estimating the refractive index of the adlayer material are also discussed. Detection limits in both bulk and a.