Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
String constraints with concatenation and transducers solved efficiently

String analysis is the problem of reasoning about how strings are manipulated by a program. It has numerous applications including automatic detection of cross-site scripting, and automatic test-case generation. A popular string analysis technique includes symbolic executions, which at their core use constraint solvers over the string domain, a.k. a. string solvers. Such solvers typically reason about constraints expressed in theories over strings with the concatenation operator as an atomic constraint. In recent years, researchers started to recognise the importance of incorporating the replace-all operator (i.e. replace all occurrences of a string by another string) and, more generally, finite-state transductions in the theories of strings with concatenation. Such string operations are typically crucial for reasoning about XSS vulnerabilities in web applications, especially for modelling sanitisation functions and implicit browser transductions (e.g. innerHTML). Although this results in an undecidable theory in general, it was recently shown that the straight-line fragment of the theory is decidable, and is sufficiently expressive in practice. In this paper, we provide the first string solver that can reason about constraints involving both concatenation and finite-state transductions. Moreover, it has a completeness and termination guarantee for several important fragments (e.g. straight-line fragment). The main challenge addressed in the paper is the prohibitive worst-case complexity of the theory (double-exponential time), which is exponentially harder than the case without finite-state transductions. To this end, we propose a method that exploits succinct alternating finite-state automata as concise symbolic representations of string constraints. In contrast to previous approaches using nondeterministic automata, alternation offers not only exponential savings in space when representing Boolean combinations of transducers, but also a possibility of succinct representation of otherwise costly combinations of transducers and concatenation. Reasoning about the emptiness of the AFA language requires a state-space exploration in an exponential-sized graph, for which we use model checking algorithms (e.g. IC3). We have implemented our algorithm and demonstrated its efficacy on benchmarks that are derived from cross-site scripting analysis and other examples in the literature.
Making term extraction tools usable

The paper reviews the extraction of terminology from corpora. It identifies three possible applications, terminology, translation, and retrieval. They differ in the requirements for relevancy of terms to be extracted. Standard evaluation methods based on recall and precision critically depend on the notion of relevancy of a term, which is questionable and possibly outweighed in favour of criteria of usability in practical applications. Two tools, TermExtract and BiExtract, are presented as examples of the integration of extraction tools into different workflows.
Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis (Footwarts) in California Dairy Cattle: Clinical and Gross Pathologic Findings

Clinical, gross pathologic, and therapeutic studies were performed on a contagious, painful, wartlike digital disease of unknown etiology in California dairy cattle. The disease was called papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD). Survey indicated that the disease spread geographically throughout southern California over the past few years. In 1991, 31% of herds had papillomatous digital dermatitis, whereas in 1994, 89% were affected. Increased incidence occurred during late spring and summer, 1–3 months after the rainy season. Within-herd morbidity ranged from 0.5% to 12% per month. Study of 93 cows in 10 drylot dairies revealed that 91% had characteristic circumscribed, erosive to papillomatous, intensely painful lesions often surrounded by a ridge of hyperkeratotic skin bearing hypertrophied hairs. Lesions were 2–6 cm across (88%), circular to oval (78%), and raised (59%) and had surfaces that were uniformly erosive and granular (31%), uniformly papillary (28%), or composites of both appearances (41%). Lesions were most frequently seen in lactating heifers (31%) and 3-year-old cows (43%). Clinical signs were characterized by lameness, with walking on toes and clubbing of hooves. Lesions exclusively involved the hind limbs in 82% of cows and the plantar/palmar regions in 84% of cows. Lesions had high (89%) prediliction for plantar/palmar skin bordering the interdigital space. Lesions exclusively involved either the medial or lateral digit in 10% and 28% of cows, respectively. In 50% of cows, both medial and lateral digits of individual limbs were involved; in most cows (31%), lesions apposed each other across the plantar interdigital space, whereas in others (19%), lesions confluently involved the entire plantar/palmar commissural skin folds. In another 12% of cows, lesions were axial. High proportions of lesions showed complete therapeutic responses to antibiotics: parenteral penicillin (9/9) and ceftiofur (41/44), and topical oxytetracycline (4/4). Recurrence or new lesion development occurred in 48% of cows reexamined 7–12 weeks after complete therapeutic response was observed. Overall, the findings indicated that PDD is a distinct disease entity of economic importance in which bacteria may play an important pathogenic role.
OTDM add-drop multiplexing using a raman amplification-based adiabatic soliton compressor

An optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) add-drop multiplexing using Raman amplification-based adiabatic soliton compressor (RA-ASC) and a fiber-based cross phase modulation (XPM) switch is experimentally demonstrated. A 10 Gb/s clock train is compressed by the RA-ASC and then acts as a control signal in the fiber-based XPM switch to perform the OTDM add-drop multiplexing. A 10 Gb/s data channel is dropped from a 40 Gb/s OTDM data signal and a new 10 Gb/s data channel is added in its place. Below 2-dB power penalties are obtained for all demultiplexed channels after OTDM add-drop multiplexing.
Targeting gene expression to the female larval fat body of transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

As the fat body is a critical tissue for mosquito development, metamorphosis, immune and reproductive system function, the characterization of regulatory modules targeting gene expression to the female mosquito fat body at distinct life stages is much needed for multiple, varied strategies for controlling vector‐borne diseases such as dengue and malaria. The hexameric storage protein, Hexamerin‐1.2, of the mosquito Aedes atropalpus is female‐specific and uniquely expressed in the fat body of fourth instar larvae and young adults. We have identified in the Hex‐1.2 gene, a short regulatory module that directs female‐, tissue‐, and stage‐specific lacZ reporter gene expression using a heterologous promoter in transgenic lines of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. Male transgenic larvae and pupae of one line expressed no Escherichia coli β‐galactosidase or transgene product; in two other lines reporter gene activity was highly female‐biased. All transgenic lines expressed the reporter only in the fat body; however, lacZ mRNA levels were no different in males and females at any stage examined, suggesting that the gene regulatory module drives female‐specific expression by post‐transcriptional regulation in the heterologous mosquito. This regulatory element from the Hex‐1.2 gene thus provides a new molecular tool for transgenic mosquito control as well as functional genetic analysis in aedine mosquitoes.
Treatment of Dysfunction of the Cricopharyngeal Muscle with Botulinum a Toxin: Introduction of a New, Noninvasive Method

Botulinum toxin is known as a relatively safe and efficacious agent for the treatment of various neurologic and ophthalmologic disorders. Since dysphagia and deglutition problems combined with aspiration are often caused by spasticity, hypertonus, or delayed relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES), conventional treatment including lateral cricopharyngotomy was replaced by localized injections of botulinum toxin into the cricopharyngeal muscle (CM) in a series of 7 patients. The study comprised patients with slight dysphagia caused by isolated hypertonus of the UES, as well as patients with severe deglutition disorders, complete inability to swallow, and aspiration problems. Preoperative diagnostic evaluation included careful history-taking, physical examination, cineradiography, and esophageal manometry to exclude other causes of dysphagia. For precise localization, injections were performed under general anesthesia after location of the CM by direct esophagoscopy and electromyographic guidance. Injections were administered into the dorsomedial part and on both sides into the ventrolateral parts of the muscle. Depending on the severity of symptoms and the intraluminal pressure of the UES, the dose varied between 80 and 120 units (botulinum toxin A from Dysport). The treatment outcome was evaluated by a disability rating score: patients' complaints were scored by subjective and objective parameters before and after injection. All but 2 patients experienced complete relief or marked improvement of their complaints. There were no severe side effects or postoperative complications. Local botulinum toxin injection proved to be an effective alternative treatment to invasive procedures for patients with isolated dysfunction of the UES, and also for patients with more complex deglutition problems combined with aspiration.
Preoperative oral carbohydrate nutrition: an update

Insulin resistance is a central feature of the metabolic response after elective surgery as well as other trauma, and has been shown to be a predictor of the length of stay after surgery. Carbohydrate treatment instead of overnight fasting before surgery has been shown to reduce postoperative insulin resistance and to reduce hospital stay approximately 20% after elective surgery. For potential use as a clinical routine before surgery, a carbohydrate-rich drink was developed. Gastric emptying of a 50 g oral carbohydrate load using this drink is complete within 90 min after intake. Oral carbohydrate loading before surgery has confirmed previous data, using glucose and insulin infusions, that postoperative insulin resistance is reduced compared with overnight fasted patients before surgery, and this is associated with improved well-being before and after surgery.
Role of Charged Residues in Coupling Ligand Binding and Channel Activation in the Extracellular Domain of the Glycine Receptor*

The glycine receptor is a member of the ligand-gated ion channel receptor superfamily that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the brainstem and spinal cord. Following ligand binding, the receptor undergoes a conformational change that is conveyed to the transmembrane regions of the receptor resulting in the opening of the channel pore. Using the acetylcholine-binding protein structure as a template, we modeled the extracellular domain of the glycine receptor α1-subunit and identified the location of charged residues within loops 2 and 7 (the conserved Cys-loop). These loops have been postulated to interact with the M2-M3 linker region between the transmembrane domains 2 and 3 as part of the receptor activation mechanism. Charged residues were substituted with cysteine, resulting in a shift in the concentration-response curves to the right in each case. Covalent modification with 2-(trimethylammonium) ethyl methanethiosulfonate was demonstrated only for K143C, which was more accessible in the open state than the closed state, and resulted in a shift in the EC50 toward wild-type values. Charge reversal mutations (E53K, D57K, and D148K) also impaired channel activation, as inferred from increases in EC50 values and the conversion of taurine from an agonist to an antagonist in E53K and D57K. Thus, each of the residues Glu-53, Asp-57, Lys-143, and Asp-148 are implicated in channel gating. However, the double reverse charge mutations E53K:K276E, D57K:K276E, and D148K:K276E did not restore glycine receptor function. These results indicate that loops 2 and 7 in the extracellular domain play an important role in the mechanism of activation of the glycine receptor although not by a direct electrostatic mechanism.
Algunas dificultades en la enseñanza de la histología animal

Se revisan las principales dificultades detectadas en la ensenanza de la Histologia animal mediante el analisis y comparacion de los contenidos presentes en una cantidad importante de libros clasicos de Histologia, textos de estudio de nivel universitario, textos escolares de Biologia de ensenanza secundaria, y diccionarios tecnicos, editados en diferentes paises y epocas. Se analizaron en especial los problemas asociados a las definiciones, clasificaciones y delimitaciones de los tejidos animales, la relacion entre tejidos y organos, y la influencia de concepciones previas, detectandose dificultades, contradicciones y errores. Se presentan algunas sugerencias para mejorar la ensenanza de estos contenidos y favorecer su aprendizaje
DEFECTIVE DISSOCIATION OF ACCOMMODATION AND CONVERGENCE IN DYSLECTIC CHILDREN

Accommodation was measured in 78 dyslectic children, of whom 21 gave abnormal or subnormal readings. These were given a thorough orthoptic investigation which showed: 1. accommodative insufficiency, 2. convergence deficiency, 3. defective visual acuity in one or both eyes for near in spite of 6/6 at 6 m in the majority of the cases. The investigation showed defective dissociation of accommodation and convergence.
Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania: Orbital Phlebography and Steroid Treatment: A Case Report

A 62-year-old man with ankylosing spondylitis and with a 3-year history of chronic paroxysmal hemicrania is presented. Because of his ankylosing spondylitis naproxen was prescribed; this decreased the attacks of headache to about 50%. However, treatment with indomethacin and steroids eliminated the attacks completely, the former drug in 24 h but only when the drug was taken; the latter drug was completely effective after a week but with an effect that lasted half a year after the medication was stopped. Orbital phlebography showed changes similar to those previously observed in patients with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and cluster headache. Venous vasculitis thus seems to be associated with all three disorders and may be a factor of etiologic significance.
Central Nervous System Atrophy and Clinical Status in Multiple Sclerosis

In this review, the authors focus on clinical aspects of central nervous system (CNS) atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS), including the relationship between atrophy and disability, disease course, disease duration, quality of life, and fatigue. Crosssectional studies have demonstrated a moderate but significant correlation between brain or spinal cord atrophy and physical disability in patients with MS. Longitudinal studies ([.greaterequal] 5 years) have shown that CNS atrophy is a significant predictor of subsequent long‐term neurologic deterioration. The clinical relevance of CNS atrophy is reinforced by studies showing that atrophy accounts for more variance than conventional lesion measures in predicting disability. Impaired quality of life and both urodynamic and sexual dysfunction, but not fatigue, are associated with brain atrophy. It is likely that once the level of CNS atrophy reaches a critical threshold, patients begin to suffer clinical impairment and disease progression. Longitudinal studies suggest that CNS atrophy may occur in patients with clinically isolated demyelinating syndromes who are at high risk for developing clinically definite MS. Longitudinal natural history studies in relapsing‐remitting, secondary progressive, and primary progressive MS have suggested that patients develop CNS atrophy at a faster rate in the first few years of disease than later in the disease course. Similarly, long‐term follow‐up studies have shown a poor relationship between disease duration and the rate of brain atrophy. The authors conclude that measurement of atrophy of the CNS is emerging as a clinically relevant biomarker of the MS disease process.
Lipid metabolism: An alternative Achille’s heel in lymphomas?

Integr Cancer Sci Therap, 2017 doi: 10.15761/ICST.1000245 Volume 4(3): 1-2 and cell growth with nutrient availability [4]. Once activated, it also promotes the activation under normoxic conditions of HypoxiaInducible Factor 1 (HIF1), which in turn cooperates with MYC in the final shift towards the glycolytic phenotype, by amplifying the transcription of glucose membrane transporters and key glycolytic enzymes, while in turn reducing oxidative phosphorylation. MYC also promotes the expression of Pyruvate Kynase M2 [5], which, despite being scarcely effective at promoting glycolysis, grants the tumor a substantial advantage by allowing carbohydrate metabolites to enter other pathways and ultimately generate macromolecules [6]. Several other factors who, on the contrary, work towards creating a balance between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation by promoting the latter, are found inactivated in neoplastic cells. Among these are AMPK (whose pathway can still be stimulated thanks to common antidiabetic drugs such as metformin and phenoformin) [7], and, most notably, P53 and OCT1 [1]. Lastly, low-to-medium levels of reactive oxygen species can promote cell proliferation and survival, and the expression of factor such as HIF and VEGF , thus explaining the importance of efficient antioxidant systems such as glutathione and thioredoxin in tumor cells [8].
Support Vector Machines Ensemble with Optimizing Weights by Genetic Algorithm

Support vector machines (SVM) is a classification technique based on the structural risk minimization principle. It is characteristic of processing complex data and high accuracy. And the ensemble of classifiers often has better performance than any of component classifiers in the ensemble. In this paper, bagging, boosting, multiple SVM decision model (MSDM) and heterogeneous SVM decision model (HSDM) of SVM ensemble are compared on four data sets. For boosting and bagging, genetic algorithm is used to optimize the combining weights of component SVMs. Experiment results show that SVM ensemble with optimizing weights by genetic algorithm could gain higher accuracy
Allozyme relationships among ten species of Rhodniini, showing paraphyly of Rhodnius including Psammolestes

Abstract Genetic relationships among 10 species of bugs belonging to the tribe Rhodniini (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), including some important vectors of Chagas disease, were inferred from allozyme analysis of 12 enzyme loci (out of 21 enzyme systems examined), using agarose gel electrophoresis. These species formed two clusters: one comprising Rhodnius brethesi, R. ecuadoriensis, R. pallescens and R. pictipes; the other with Psammolestes tertius, Rhodnius domesticus and the Rhodnius prolixus group comprising R. nasutus, R. neglectus, R. prolixus and R. robustus.
Frontiers of music technologies

Music technologies will open the future up to new ways of enjoying music both in terms of music appreciation and music creation. In this keynote speech, I introduce the frontiers of music technologies by showing some practical examples to demonstrate how end users can benefit from music signal processing, music understanding technologies, singing synthesis technologies, and music interfaces. For example, a web service for active music listening, “Songle” (http://songle.jp), has analyzed more than 830,000 songs on music- or video-sharing services and facilitates deeper understanding of music and music-synchronized control of robot dancers. A web service for large-scale music browsing, “Songrium” (http://songrium.jp), allows users to explore music while seeing and utilizing various relations among more than 680,000 music video clips on video-sharing services. Singing synthesis technologies open up new possibilities in music creation. I conclude by discussing grand challenges.
A Lyapunov approach to output feedback control using second-order sliding modes

The objective of this paper is to provide for the second-order sliding modes (SOSM) output feedback (OF) a Lyapunov-based approach, in the same spirit as it is done for the observer-based output feedback control in conventional non-linear control. To reach this objective, we consider first the Lyapunov design of a state feedback (SF) control based on the twisting algorithm. We propose a (new) Lipschitz continuous strict Lyapunov function for the twisting controller, which assures its finite-time convergence and its robustness under bounded perturbations. In a second step, a Lyapunov design of a finite-time convergent and robust observer estimating the state of the plant is considered. It generalizes the super-twisting differentiator. In a final step, the properties of the interconnection of the observer and the controller in the OF controller are established by Lyapunov arguments, much in the same form as in the conventional non-linear control literature. It is shown that the SOSM-based OF controller (almost) satisfies a separation principle, a result similar to the linear case. Here, however, in order to guarantee the robustness of the OF, the observer has to be designed taking into account the SF controller.
Fertility and hatchability in RIR and WL breeds as functionally modified by crossing them in alternate sex combinations (Gallus domesticus)

1. Four breeding groups of Rhode Island Red and White Leghorn domestic fowl (RIR (♂) × RIR (♀), RIR (♂) × WL (♀), WL (♂) × RIR (♀) and WL (♂) × WL (♀)) were compared for fertility, hatchability, and their post-insemination sustainability, egg weight loss during incubation and uncovered yolk in abdominal cavity of dead in shell in order to understand the problems associated with the RIR breed in these respects. 2. Crossing RIR (♂) with WL (♀) or in reverse sex combinations did not improve fertility in comparison to pure RIR chickens and all these groups were less fertile than the pure WL. 3. Unlike fertility, hatchability in RIR improved with the change to either sex partner of the WL breed but the WL (♂) × RIR (♀) combination was similar to the pure WL (97·72 and 97·12%, respectively). In contrast, crossing RIR (♂) with WL (♀) resulted in an improvement (86·67%) as compared to pure RIR (76·67%) but still lower than the pure WL and WL (♂) × RIR (♀) cross. 4. Egg weight loss during incubation was more (20·16%) in pure RIR as compared to RIR (♂) × WL (♀) (17·13%), followed by WL (♂) × RIR (♀) (10·28%) and pure WL (9·57%). 5. There were more dead-in-shell embryos with yolks outside their abdominal cavity in pure RIR and their crosses as compared to pure WL breeds. 6. Fertility was sustained for longer in WL than other combinations with post-artificial insemination using constant number of spermatozoa. Fertility after a week of insemination tended to decrease more rapidly than hatchability on a fertile egg basis. 7. It is concluded that both sexes are responsible for the poor fertility in RIR but the female is responsible for poor hatchability and this poor performance is mainly due to greater egg weight loss during incubation.