Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mehr Wettbewerb im Handwerk durch die Handwerksreform

Die Anfang 2004 durchgefuhrten Reformen auf dem Handwerksmarkt hatten vor allem eine Erleichterung des Marktzutritts und damit mehr Wettbewerb zum Ziel. Die erwartete Zunahme der Anbieter, durch die es zu sinkenden Preisen und einer steigenden Nachfrage kommen soll, konnte zumindest auf Teilmarkten beobachtet werden. Der Artikel soll anhand von Beispielen des sehr heterogenen Handwerksmarkts aufzeigen, wie sich der Wettbewerb unter der Annahme unterschiedlicher mikrookonomischer Modellkonstellationen (vollstandige Konkurrenz, Monopol, monopolistische Konkurrenz und Qualitatswettbewerb) entwickelt. Auf Grundlage einer Ende 2004 in Zusammenarbeit mit der Kreishandwerkerschaft Luneburg durchgefuhrten Befragung Luneburger Handwerksbetriebe sollen dazu erste okonometrische Auswertungen vorgestellt werden, die sich mit den Auswirkungen der Reform auf die wirtschaftliche Lage der Betriebe befassen.
Enzyme Toolbox: Novel Enantiocomplementary Imine Reductases

Reducing reactions are among the most useful transformations for the generation of chiral compounds in the fine‐chemical industry. Because of their exquisite selectivities, enzymatic approaches have emerged as the method of choice for the reduction of CO and activated CC bonds. However, stereoselective enzymatic reduction of CN bonds is still in its infancy—it was only recently described after the discovery of enzymes capable of imine reduction. In our work, we increased the spectrum of imine‐reducing enzymes by database analysis. By combining the currently available knowledge about the function of imine reductases with the experimentally uncharacterized diversity stored in protein sequence databases, three novel imine reductases with complementary enantiopreference were identified along with amino acids important for catalysis. Furthermore, their reducing capability was demonstrated by the reduction of the pharmaceutically relevant prochiral imine 2‐methylpyrroline. These novel enzymes exhibited comparable to higher catalytic efficiencies than previously described enzymes, and their biosynthetic potential is highlighted by the full conversion of 2‐methylpyrroline in whole cells with excellent selectivities.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS

1. Extracellular matrices are organized networks of diverse macromolecules, secreted and deposited in the vicinity of cells. They not only play structural roles but are also involved in dynamic processes such as cell migration and differentiation, embryo development, wound healing and cancerous transformation. They are composed, mainly, of collagens, adhesive glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which interact with each other and with cell‐surface receptors through specific binding sites.
Computer-Generated Batik Crack in Real Time

This paper presents several methods to improve the existing algorithm of rendering batik cracks. Experiments show that better visual features of batik cracks can be simulated and better real-time performances of algorithm can be achieved by using the following four ways including the distance transform algorithm based on flooding method which needs less calculation, the probabilistic algorithm of finding a seed point which can get better distribution, the random sampling and linear interpolation way which adjust single crack's shape, and using hyperbola parameter control to widen T-function for the vivid result.
A Numerical Tool for Checking the Robust Stability of Delayed Quasipolynomials

A procedure based on the finite Nyquist theorem and the finite inclusions theorem for checking the robust stability of uncertain quasipolynomials is presented. The cases of polytopic and interval uncertainty are considered. The results are integrated in a user friendly toolbox Matlab based package. The main features of the software are explained with the help of four illustrative examples
Subpial and stellate cells: Two populations of interneurons in turtle visual cortex

Turtle visual cortex has three layers and receives direct input from the dorsolateral geniculate complex of the thalamus. The outer layer 1 contains several populations of interneurons, but their physiological properties have not been characterized. This study used intracellular recording methods followed by filling with Neurobiotin to characterize the morphology and physiology of two populations of layer 1 interneurons. Subpial cells have somata positioned in the outer third of layer 1 and dendrites confined within the band of geniculate afferents that runs from lateral to medial across visual cortex. Their dendrites are composed of a sequence of many beads or varicosities separated by intervaricose segments. They have membrane time constants of τo = 45.5 ± 5.2 ms and electrotonic lengths of 1.1 ± 0.2. Subpial cells show spike rate adaptation in response to intracellular current pulses. Stellate cells have somata located in the inner two‐thirds of layer 1 and, less frequently, in layers 2 and 3. Their dendrites extend in a stellate configuration across the cortex. They are smooth or sparsely spiny, but never bear distinct varicosities. They have membrane time constants of τo = 155.1 ± 12 ms and electrotonic lengths of 3.8 ± 0.5. They show little spike rate adaptation in response to intracellular current pulses. The positions of the two populations of cells in visual cortex and their physiological properties suggest that subpial cells may participate in a feedforward inhibitory pathway to pyramidal cells, whereas stellate cells are involved in feedback inhibition to pyramidal cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 471:333–351, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS OF GREEN TEA (Camellia sinensis) AGAINST PATHOGENIC VIRUSES OF HUMAN AND ANIMALS (A MINIREVIEW)

Background: Tea is the second most addictive worldwide after formulations containing caffeine in carbonated beverage. Green tea is made from leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. In the repertoire of traditional Chinese medicine, green tea beverages have played a fundamental role associated with their culture. It has been suggested that green tea has a number of positive health benefits that are reviewed and discussed in this minireview. Materials and Methods: We performed a search using the key words “green tea” AND “antiviral” covering the last 10 years. The consulted data based were PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Reuters and Thomson. Results: The results of the searching greatly support that green tea presents both antibacterial and antiviral effects. The beneficial effects of green tea are mainly attributed to the presence of a type of polyphenols known as catechins and formed by several isomers including (-) - epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-) - epigallocatechin, (-) - epicatechin gallate, (-) -epicatechin, and (+) - catechin. The catechins in green tea have a wide range of antiviral activity against a variety of viruses that act by interfering with its replication cycle. Conclusion: A detailed information on the antiviral activity of green tea in a number of different viruses show a promising future as a popular drink and also as a potential therapeutic agent.
Analysis and design of compact wideband baluns on multilayer liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) based substrates

Although the Marchand topology has been used extensively to implement wideband baluns, its size is prohibitively large at low frequencies. Several methods have been proposed in the past to reduce the balun size, but they also result in a reduction of the percentage bandwidth. This paper presents an approach to implement compact wideband baluns, by employing two additional lumped reactances at the output of the Marchand balun. A design methodology for the baluns is proposed that allows simultaneous optimization of size and bandwidth. Using a multilayer LCP packaging technology, a wideband balun operating in the 5GHz band has been designed and fabricated. Measurements show a percentage bandwidth of 53% centered around 6.2GHz (for S11 < -10dB) at the same time effecting a size reduction of 64% over a conventional Marchand balun.
Immigration and Suicide: The Role of Marital Status, Duration of Residence, and Social Integration

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of immigration on suicide. An unmatched case-control design was employed. Data on cases were obtained on suicides in Riverside County, California, 1998 to 2001. Information on controls was obtained from the 2000 Census. Immigration increased suicide risk. Immigrant divorced persons were over 2 times more likely to commit suicide than natives. Single immigrants were nearly 2.6 times more likely to kill themselves than the native born. Shorter duration of residence was associated with higher suicide risk. Integration of immigrants in receiving societies is important for decreasing suicide. Policies aimed at reducing suicide should target more recent immigrants.
Early Developmental Actions of Endocrine Disruptors on the Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, and Cerebral Cortex

Sex steroids and thyroid hormones play a key role in the development of the central nervous system. The critical role of these hormonal systems may explain the sensitivity of the hypothalamus, the cerebral cortex, and the hippocampus to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC). This review examines the evidence for endocrine disruption of glial–neuronal functions in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. Focus was placed on two well-studied EDC, the insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). DDT is involved in neuroendocrine disruption of the reproductive axis, whereas polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) interact with both the thyroid hormone- and sex steroid-dependent systems and disturb the neuroendocrine control of reproduction and development of hippocampus and cortex. These results highlight the impact of EDC on the developing nervous system and the need for more research in this area.
Comparative safety of amphotericin B lipid complex and amphotericin B deoxycholate as aerosolized antifungal prophylaxis in lung-transplant recipients

Background. Aerosolized administrations of amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmBd) and amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) in lung transplant recipients were compared for safety and tolerability. The incidence of invasive fungal infections in patients receiving aerosolized amphotericin B formulations as sole prophylaxis was determined. Methods. A prospective, randomized (1:1), double-blinded trial was conducted with 100 subjects. AmBd and ABLC were administered postoperatively by nebulizer at doses of 25 mg and 50 mg, respectively, which were doubled in mechanically ventilated patients. The planned treatment was once every day for 4 days, then once per week for 7 weeks. Treatment-related adverse events and invasive fungal infections were quantitated for 2 months after study drug initiation. Results. Intent-to-treat analysis revealed study drug was discontinued for intolerance in 6 of 49 (12.2%) and 3 of 51 (5.9%) patients in the AmBd- and ABLC-treated groups, respectively (p =0.313). Subjects receiving AmBd were more likely to have experienced an adverse event (odds ratio 2.16, 95% confidence interval 1.10, 4.24, p =0.02). Primary prophylaxis failure within 2 months of study drug initiation was observed in 7 of 49 (14.3%) AmBd-treated patients and 6 of 51 (11.8%) ABLC-treated patients. No fungal pneumonias were observed. Only two (2%) patients experienced documented primary prophylaxis failure with Aspergillus infections within the follow-up period. Conclusions. Both aerosol AmBd and ABLC appear to be associated with a low rate of invasive pulmonary fungal infection in the early posttransplant period. Patients receiving ABLC were less likely to experience a treatment-related adverse event.
Evaluation of Service Quality of Restaurant Enterprise Based on SERVQUAL

Evaluation method of service quality of restaurant is studied in this paper. Based on SERVQUAL, Evaluation system for restaurant is established. And empirical study is done for a restaurant in Mianyang,china. Service quality of the restaurant is evaluated by the restaurant's service quality evaluation method based on SERVQUAL. Then according to current service quality level of the restaurant, quality improvement method is discussed.
Complement and immunity to viruses

Complement is one of the first lines of host defence to be faced and countered by viruses as they struggle to establish an infection. As an important arm of the humoral immune response, the complement system is immediately ready to target and eliminate virus particles and to interact with the surface of virus‐infected cells to mark them for destruction by other branches of the immune response. Nevertheless, some viruses are still very successful human pathogens. This article will discuss the role of complement in antiviral immunity, the mechanisms by which complement may be activated by viruses or virus‐infected cells, and explore some of the strategies which viruses have evolved to subvert the immune response, including mechanisms by which complement activation may be prevented or aborted.
Applicability of cost‐effectiveness analysis to management of chronic hepatitis B

risk of a death rate this large? The British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for UGIB recommend as follows: ‘Patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding should be admitted or transferred to a safe environment . endoscopy is undertaken . as a semi elective procedure in patients who have had relatively minor bleeding’. These guidelines are silent on whether patients may be safely discharged after a period of stabilization, before endoscopy. Even in high-risk patients, most re-bleeding occurs within 48 h, suggesting that discharge after endoscopy and at least 48 h of observation could be appropriate. So what do you advise, on that dark Friday night? Without clear evidence of safety, it would be unwise to depart from these published guidelines.
Factors Influencing the Success of R & D Coopetition

Operating in a dynamic business environment demands the simultaneous utilization of collaborative and competitive strategies. Close R&D relationships among competitive hightech firms are common even if they seldom succeed. This study aims to elaborate on the factors influencing the success of dyadic R&D coopetition. Drawing upon a single case illustrating a coopetitive dyadic R&D relationship, the study identifies the challenges and the success factors of R&D coopetition as well as the R&D coopetition capabilities that help firms to overcome challenges and exploit success factors. The study provides theoretically important insights by addressing the issue of coopetition success. Moreover, it shows that firms can actively pursue coopetitive R&D relationships but success in doing so requires a profound understanding of the factors influencing the relationship success.
Relationship between Mycophenolate Mofetil Side Effects and Mycophenolic Acid Plasma Trough Levels in Renal Transplant Patients

Summary There has been limited experience with routine therapeutic monitoring of mycophenolic acid (MPA; CAS 24280-93-1), which is the active metabolite of the new immunosuppressive prodrug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF; CAS 115007-34-6). MMF was introduced with recommendation for fixed oral dosing (1 g twice daily) in combination with cyclosporin A (CSA) and a glucocorticoid for the prevention of renal allograft rejection. In the course of routine CSA monitoring a MPA monitoring was performed in adult renal transplant patients receiving MMF in combination with CSA and methylprednisolone (MEP). For 30 consecutive patients with 234 plasma samples the relationship of MMF doses used and MPA plasma through levels estimated at steady state (Css min) to clinical outcome was evaluated retrospectively. The MPA concentrations were determined with the enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT® mycophenolic acid assay) on a Cobas Mira Plus analyzer. The within-run (n = 10) and between-run (n = 10) coefficients of variation were 3.6%, 3.5%, 3.1% and 3.6%, 5.1%, 6.7% analysing three MPA level plasma controls (1.25 mg/l, 7.5 mg/l, 12.5 mg/l), respectively. The data analysis of the MPA plasma trough levels resulted in a high variability between patients (0.3 to 3.4 mg/l) received the recommended fixed MMF dose (2g/day). There was a higher incidence of adverse reactions with increasing MPA plasma trough levels (2.13 ± 1.35 mg/l in 13 patients with side effects versus 1.53 ± 0.67 mg/l in 17 patients without side effects; p < 0.001), regardless of reduction of MMF dose (1.77 ±0.3 g/day versus 1.89 ±0.2 g/day; NS), respectively. No acute rejection episodes occured under MMF administration in combination with CSA and MEP. The study shows that the to date recommended MMF dose resulted in individual, quite different MPA plasma trough levels, which were associated with incidence of side effects rather than the MMF doses. Therefore, monitoring of plasma MPA trough levels and individual dose adjustment could be helpful to reduce the incidence of adverse reactions and to increase the safety of MMF therapy.
An adaptive mesh generation of surfaces defined by Lie algebra and its visualization toward intelligent communication system

The research on computer graphics (CG) has been actively studied and developed. Namely, many surface/solid models have been proposed in the field of computer aided geometric design as well as the one of CG. Since it is difficult to visualize the complex shape exactly, an approximation by generating a set of meshes is usually used. Therefore it is important to guarantee the quality of the approximation in consideration of the computational cost. In this paper, an adaptive mesh generation algorithm is proposed for a surface defined by Lie algebra, which is useful in the field of computer vision. The proposed algorithm considers the variation of normal vectors with automatic differentiation around the calculated point on the surface. By the method a set of meshes for the surface can be generated adoptively and automatically with high quality at low computational cost. And, in order to apply to the realtime system such as CAVE, determine the adaptive resolution considering the viewpoint.
Violence Against Women

This article reviews the major forms of violence against women, including sexual assault, intimate-relationship violence, and stalking and outlines the known psychological effects of such victimization. Also discussed are a number of variables that combine to determine the effects of such victimization, including type and characteristics of the assault; victim variables such as demographics, psychological reactions at the time of the trauma, previous victimization history, current or previous psychological difficulties, and general coping style; and sociocultural factors such as poverty, social inequality, and inadequate social support. The implications of this complexity are explored in terms of psychological assessment and the frequent need for multitarget, multimodal treatment approaches.
Baseline MRI bone erosion predicts the subsequent radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis patients who achieved sustained good clinical response

Abstract Objective: To examine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings at baseline predict radiographic progression in early-stage rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who have achieved sustained good clinical response. Methods: This is a sub-analysis from the one-year observational study of Nagasaki University Early Arthritis Cohort. Definition of ‘good clinical response’ was a decrement of disease activity score (DAS) 28 ≧ 1.2 at three months with achievement of DAS28 remission through 6–12 months. Gd-enhanced MRI of both wrists and finger joints were examined at baseline and scored using rheumatoid arthritis magnetic resonance imaging score (RAMRIS). Annual increment of Genant-modified Sharp score (GSS) > 0 was defined as ‘radiographic progression’. Predictors of radiographic progression were determined by logistic regression analysis. Results: Twenty-four subjects were selected in the present study. Each median RAMRIS synovitis, bone edema, bone erosion, and GSS at baseline were 6.5, 0.5, 0, and 0, respectively. Five patients developed radiographic progression at one year. Multivariate logistic regression analysis has shown that RAMRIS bone erosion at baseline is the only independent predictor of radiographic progression at one year (p = .032). Conclusions: Our data suggest that MRI bone erosion predicts poor radiographic outcome of early-stage RA even if it has been successfully treated.
Development of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Estimation of Urinary Albumin

Yearly estimation of urinary albumin is a prerequisite for predicting renal status in Diabetes Type II patients with negative dipstick results for overt proteinuria. A simple, sensitive, and cost-effective enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for urinary albumin has been developed using human serum albumin antiserum (HSA-antiserum), HSA-biotin, and streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase (SA-HRP) conjugates. To the antibody-coated wells, 100 μL of HSA standards followed by 1:100 diluted urine samples in duplicate were added and then 50 μL of HSA-biotin conjugates was added in all the wells. 100 μL of SA-HRP was added after washing. Bound enzyme activity was measured by adding 100 μL TMB/H2O2. The analytical sensitivity and ED50 of the developed method was found to be 0.01 μg/mL and 0.35 μg/mL, respectively. The percent recovery of the HSA from exogenously spiked urine pools were in the range of 98.13–100.29%. The intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation (CVs) ranged from 3.38–10.32 % and 4.22–11.01%, respectively. The antibody showed 4.4% and 3.2% cross reactivity with monkey and horse serum albumin, respectively. There was no cross reaction with human β2-microglobulin, γ-globulin, and haemoglobulin.
The bone tissue compatibility of a new Ti35Nb2Ta3Zr alloy with a low Young's modulus.

Titanium (Ti) alloys of the β-type are highly attractive metallic materials for biomedical applications due to their low elastic modulus, high corrosion resistance and notable biocompatibility. A new β-type Ti35Nb2Ta3Zr alloy with a low Young's modulus of approximately 48 GPa was previously fabricated. In the present study, the biocompatibility of this alloy was evaluated. In an in vitro assay, the Ti35Nb2Ta3Zr alloy did not markedly affect the adhesion of MG63 osteoblast cells, but it increased their proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition and mRNA expression of osteogenic genes (i.e., ALP, osteocalcin, osteopontin). In an in vivo study, no marked histological differences were observed between the new bone formed on the surface of Ti35Nb2Ta3Zr and that formed on the surface of control Ti6Al4V rods placed in the medullary canal of rabbit femurs. Additionally, no significant differences were observed in the failure load of Ti35Nb2Ta3Zr and Ti6Al4V in pull-out tests. In conclusion, the Ti35Nb2Ta3Zr alloy with a lower elastic modulus closer to that of human bone has significant bone tissue compatibility equal to that of Ti6Al4V, which has been widely used in orthopedic applications.
Impact of Subthreshold Carrier Statistics on the Low-Frequency Noise in MOSFETs

Low-frequency noise analysis is being used as a method to understand the nature of carrier transport in new material-based devices and to improve the sensitivity of sensors operating in the subthreshold regime. In this paper, we show that the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(\rm{g}_{\rm m}/\rm{I}_{\rm d})^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> method used in carrier number fluctuation based noise formulation needs modification in the subthreshold regime. Based on the new formulation, many published results may require reinterpretation. The new formulation is validated with data extracted from the literature for III–V, nanowire, and high-K gate-stack-based devices.