Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Feminization of Teaching in Bangladesh: Exploring the Influence of State, Market, and Family

Although the number of women teachers is increasing in primary schools, the profession is often devalued considering social prestige and remuneration. This review article thus aims to explore the ways in which existing structures of the state, markets, and families in Bangladesh are leading to feminize primary school teaching. By adopting a gender lens, this study is mainly supported by kinds of literature, policy documents, and guidelines were ‘teaching as a feminized profession’ has been conceptualized in a global-local context. The study argues that states’ existing policies regarding primary school teaching is politicized in a way that it encourages women and devalues the profession at the same time. This critical descriptive review reveals how income status within the home can shape masculine and feminine work experiences and how the whole process of teaching gets cheaper with the presupposed gender-roles. The household ideology within patriarchal structures encourages women to pursue this profession which provides them enough time to take care of the family. Finally, the societal fabrics of the market and heteronormative ideas of family are found as intertwined with the state’s intervention to feminize primary school teaching. This study would therefore hopefully lead to change gendered mindsets of not only the policymakers but also of both the men and women themselves who should pursue primary teaching as a profession where they genuinely can contribute regardless of their gender-roles.
Exploring the Usage and the User Interface of Mobile apps for Donors in Natural Disaster in East Java, Indonesia

Natural disasters occur quite often in Indonesia. Relief can be in the forms of logistics or funds. Indonesian Red Cross is one of the institutions most trusted in distributing donations. Unfortunately, there is still no easy facilitation for donors in transferring funds. An effective system is needed to ease donors in transferring funds using an online application, to guarantee that the funds are not misused, to inform the kind of disasters requiring financial aids or to report the utilization of the aids. Not many researches have been conducted on this subject. Those related to the Human-Computer Interaction in Health Care were focused on patients. The ones in the field of e-commerce were focused on customers. Meanwhile, this research on the case of natural disaster was focusing on donors, which was not quite ordinary. The researches in the case of natural disasters were mostly focusing on the problem of distribution and supply of logistics or searching the nearest locations using GIS. This research aims to explore the user expectations of the mobile apps on the process of donating applying the principles of HCI such as conveniences, effectiveness, security, completeness of information, feedback, and visibility. The result of this research shows that the expected users with this application could provide quality of information, continuity, ease of access and high security. Developing a mobile application with effective interaction between the application and the users is really a challenge. Keywords: human–computer interface; humanitarian logistics; donor system
Habitat characteristics related to pileated woodpecker densities in Missouri

-We examined relationships among Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) densities and forest habitat characteristics on 16 study areas in Missouri during 1985-1986. Pileated Woodpecker abundance ranged from 0.5 to 4.1 territories/100 ha. Regression analysis indicated a positive, linear relationship between Pileated Woodpecker abundance and percent of an area covered with bottomland forest, density of trees > 30 cm dbh, and density of snags > 54 cm dbh. Percent of area covered with pole timber (> 15 cm and 54 cm dbh (P = 0.005) and smaller amounts of pole timber cover (P = 0.04) than study areas with <4.5% bottomland forest cover (N = 9). Our findings indicated that large trees and huge snags are important features in Pileated Woodpecker habitat, and these features were most often associated with bottomland forest. Received 31 Mar. 1992, accepted 18 Aug. 1992. Pileated Woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus) are residents of mature, dense forests of the eastern and northwestern United States (e.g., Bock and Lepthien 1975, McClelland 1979, Bull 1987, Mellen et al. 1992). They have specific habitat requirements that often are not present in intensively managed forests (Bull and Meslow 1977). Pileated Woodpeckers occupy large home ranges (53-160 ha, Renken and Wiggers 1989) and use large trees and snags (average diameter at breast height [dbh] = 56 cm, Brawn et al. 1984) as nest sites. These specific requirements have served as justification for designating the Pileated Woodpecker as an indicator species in forest management plans for many state and federal natural resource agencies. It is assumed that if Pileated Woodpecker habitat requirements are met by the landscape and structure of a forest, then that forest should provide habitat for other primary cavity nesting birds (Thomas et al. 1979), as well as representing a mature tree stage in forest succession. Our study examined which habitat characteristics are related to Pileated Woodpecker densities in oak-hickory (Quercus spp.-Carya spp.) forests of Missouri and examined the relationship between these forest characteristics and Pileated Woodpecker densities. ' School of Natural Resources, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211. Present address RBR: Missouri Dept. of Conservation, Fish and Wildlife Research Center, 1110 S. College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65201.
DIFFERENTIAL CELLULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR ICP4-MEDIATED ACTIVATION OF HSV-1 EARLY AND LATE GENES

The herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early protein, ICP4, is the major transcriptional activator of viral early and late genes. ICP4 has been shown to bind DNA and interact with components of the general transcription machinery to activate or repress viral transcription, depending on promoter context. Microarray and northern blot analysis indicated that the abundance of the basal Pol II transcription machinery was significantly altered at late times of infection. Because viral early and late genes have very different promoter architectures, the cellular requirements for ICP4-mediated activation of early and late genes may differ. In testing this hypothesis using tk and gC as representative early and late promoters respectively, the general transcription factor TFIIA was found not to be required for ICP4 activation of the late gC promoter but was essential for activation of the early tk promoter. An intact INR element was required for TFIIA to be dispensable for ICP4 activation of the gC promoter. In the presence of TFIIA, ICP4 overcame the requirement for an intact INR on the gC promoter enhancing ICP4 activation of an INR-mutated gC promoter. When examining the binding properties of TFIIA, ICP4 and TBP/TFIID on early, late, and INR-mutated late promoters, ICP4 could only effectively substitute for TFIIA in stabilizing the binding of TFIID to the TATA box of the late promoter containing a functional INR. ICP4 required the additional activities of TFIIA to stabilize the binding of TFIID to the TATA box of an INR-mutated late promoter. Additionally, microarray and northern blot analysis indicated that TFIIA expression was reduced at late times of infection. The decrease in TFIIA expression during infection, the ability of ICP4 to substitute for TFIIA in stabilizing TFIID binding to an INR-containing late promoter, and its dispensability for activation of late but not early genes suggests a mechanism for the shutoff of early gene expression while allowing the continued expression of late genes.
Current Status of Poultry Meat Abnormalities

Over the past decade, the poultry industry has faced an increasing occurrence of growth-related muscular abnormalities that mainly affect fast-growing genotypes selected for their production performances (high growth rate and breast yield). These abnormalities, termed white striping (WS), wooden breast (WB) and spaghetti meat (SM), primarily affect the superficial portion of pectoralis major muscles. Despite their distinctive phenotypes, WS, WB, and SM conditions entail common histological features, i.e., they might share common causative mechanisms underpinning their occurrence. Meat affected by growth-related abnormalities is harmless for human nutrition since no specific biological or chemical hazards have been found to be related to its consumption. However, WS, WB, and SM abnormalities negatively affect both quality traits and technological properties of raw and processed meat, causing relevant economic damages in the poultry industry. This paper aims to provide an update about the current status of poultry meat abnormalities, giving useful insights about their impact on meat quality, the possible causative mechanisms, methods for mitigation, and future perspectives.
Studies on Peroxidized Lipids. II. Fluorescent Products Relevant to Aging Pigments derived from Malondialdehyde and Methylamine

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a secondary product of in vitro and in vivo lipid peroxidation. Reactions of MDA, prepared by acid hydrolysis of malonaldehyde bis (dimethylacetal), with methylamine were performed at 37°under various pH conditions (pH 1-8). Two major fluorescent compounds, 1, 4-dimethyl-1, 4-dihydropyridine-3, 5-dialdehyde (1) and 1-methyl-4-(dimethoxyethyl)-1, 4-dihydropyridine-3, 5-dialdehyde (2), and two nonfluorescent UV-absorbing by-products, β-methylaminoacrolein (3) and 2, 6-dimethyl-2, 6-diazabicyclo [3.3. 1] 3, 7-nonadiene-4, 8-dialdehyde (4), were isolated. The structures of these products were elucidated by analysis of their 13C and 1H NMR spectra, mass spectra and UV absorption spectra. Compounds 1 and 2 were produced in the best yields at pH 6-8, 3 was produced at every pH, and 4 was produced at pH 2-5. The 1, 4-dihydropyridine-3, 5-dialdehyde fluorophore in 1 and 2 may have been formed via a Hantzsch-type reaction of MDA and methylamine. The fluorescence spectrum of 1 with a maximum at 460 nm was the same as that of a conjugated Schiff base of MDA and amino acid or those of aging or lipofuscin pigments accumulated in the cells.
Behavioral Neurobiology: The Cellular Organization of Natural Behavior

PART I. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CELLULAR ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR Neurons as the Building Blocks of Behavior PART II. SENSORY WORLDS Echolocation in Bats Prey Location in Barn Owls Feature Analysis in Toads PART III. MOTOR STRATEGIES Mate Calling in Crickets Flight in Locusts Escape Behavior in the Crayfish PART IV. BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY The Development of Learning in Songbirds Associative Learning in Honeybees Learning and Memory in Simple Reflex Systems in Aplysia Molecular Genetics of Learning and Memory in Drosophila Spatial Navigation in Rats
MECANISMOS INTUITIVO E RACIONAL: VALIDAÇÃO DE ESCALA PARA TOMADA DE DECISÃO

Embora exista significativa aceitacao da estrutura tripla por estudos da inteligencia artificial, a literatura atual converge para um processamento duplo. Dessa forma, necessita-se ainda de discussoes acerca dos componentes da mente. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho propoe validar uma escala para mensuracao dos Sistemas Cognitivos, aprofundando o entendimento sobre suas divisoes. Para isso, baseou-se na “ Rational Experimental Inventory (REI)” para mensurar as diferencas individuais nos estilos de pensar, com um total de 2.843 observacoes. Como resultados, a escala pode, entao, ser validada com 3 fatores de significativa confiabilidade. Percebeu-se que, embora a intuicao tenha se agrupado em um fator unico, a racionalidade se dividiu em dois fatores. A amostra parece perceber a racionalidade como procedente de dois diferentes mecanismos: um logico, e um mais profundo e exigente. A REI foi reconhecida estatisticamente encontrando-se 3 fatores, dois relativos a racionalidade e um a intuicao, havendo um relacionamento entre as duas racionalidades.
Molecular Principles of Animal Development

1. Introduction: towards a molecular basis of development 2. Programs and regulatory elements in DNA and RNA 3. Decoding the program: transcription 4. Cell surface proteins: receptors, ligands, and their environment 5. Intracellular effectors of cell interactions: signalling pathways and networks 6. Cells and their interactions 7. Basic cellular routines: division, differentiation, and death 8. The generation of lineages: a developmental routine 9. Long- and short-range influences in the generation of cell diversity 10. Cell type specification: a developmental operation 11. Patterns in 'one' and two dimensions 12. Patterns in three dimensions
Bacteriological Analysis of Beef Production Chain in Birnin Kebbi Metropolis of Kebbi State, Nigeria

The hygiene status of most abattoirs and retail outlets in Nigeria is very poor, and it contributes to the unacceptable level of bacteria load in beef, and poses a health risk to consumers. This study examined the bacteriological analysis of beef production chain in Birnin Kebbi metropolis. A total of 100 samples of meat, water and surface swab in Main Market, GRA, Badariya, Bayan Kara and Rafin Atiku, Birnin Kebbi Central abattoir and retail meat shops were collected aseptically, processed and analyzed. Meat from retail outlets were mostly contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus (24.4%), followed by Escherichia coli (17.3%), Klebsiella pneumonia (9.8%), Salmonella typhimurium (9.1%), Entrobater aerogenes (8.5%), Streptococcus pyogenes (8.1%), Proteus vulgaris (7.8%), Micrococcus luteus (7.8%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.2%). In the abattoirs contact surfaces, contamination occurred mostly by Staphylococcus aureus (23.4%), Salmonella typhimurium (18.2%), Escherichia coli (16.9%), Entrobater aerogenes (9.1%), Streptococcus pyogenes (7.8%), Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.5% Original Research Article Joseph et al.; JAMB, 20(3): 64-76, 2020; Article no.JAMB. 55570 65 each) and Micrococcus luteus (5.2%). The findings revealed a high bacterial load in both abattoir and retail meat outlets. In order to safeguard the health of the public against the risks of food borne infections, there is a need to educate and advocate good sanitation and meat handling practices in the abattoir and beef retail outlets.
Modelling and Control of Narrow Tilting Vehicle for Future Transportation System

The increasing number of cars leads traffic congestion and parking problems in urban area. Small electric four-wheeled narrow tilting vehicles (NTV) have the potential to become the next generation of city cars. However, due to its narrowwidth, the NTVhas to lean into corners like two-wheeled vehicles during a turn. It is a challenge to maintain its roll stability to protect it from falling down. This chapter aims to describe the development of NTV and drive assistance technologies in helping to improve the stability of an NTV in turning. Themodelling of anNTV considers the dynamics of the tyres and power train of the vehicle. A nonlinear tilting controller for the direct tilting control mechanism is designed to reduce the nonlinear behaviour of an NTV operating at different vehicle velocities. In addition, two torque vectoring based torque controllers are designed to reduce the counter-steering process and improve the stability of the NTVwhen it turns into a corner. The results indicate that the designed controllers have the ability to reduce the yaw rate tracking error andmaximumroll rate. Then riders can drive an NTV easily with the drive assistance system.
Detection of Helminth Ova in Wastewater Using Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Coupled to Lateral Flow Strips

Ascaris lumbricoides is a major soil-transmitted helminth that is highly infective to humans. The ova of A. lumbricoides are able to survive wastewater treatment, thus making it an indicator organism for effective water treatment and sanitation. Hence, Ascaris ova must be removed from wastewater matrices for the safe use of recycled water. Current microscopic techniques for identification and enumeration of Ascaris ova are laborious and cumbersome. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques are sensitive and specific, however, major constraints lie in having to transport samples to a centralised laboratory, the requirement for sophisticated instrumentation and skilled personnel. To address this issue, a rapid, highly specific, sensitive, and affordable method for the detection of helminth ova was developed utilising recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) coupled with lateral flow (LF) strips. In this study, Ascaris suum ova were used to demonstrate the potential use of the RPA-LF assay. The method was faster (< 30 min) with optimal temperature at 37 °C and greater sensitivity than PCR-based approaches with detection as low as 2 femtograms of DNA. Furthermore, ova from two different helminth genera were able to be detected as a multiplex assay using a single lateral flow strip, which could significantly reduce the time and the cost of helminth identification. The RPA-LF system represents an accurate, rapid, and cost-effective technology that could replace the existing detection methods, which are technically challenged and not ideal for on-site detection in wastewater treatment plants.
Properties of NADH oxidase from Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp bulgaricus

Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp bulgaricus produces substantial amounts of hydrogen peroxide, yet the enzymology of this process has not been explored. We have partially purified a NADH oxidase (EC 1.6.99.3) from the soluble cell fraction (cytosol) of L delbrueckii ssp bulgaricus, prepared by sonication of the microorganisms in a 0·1 M Tris buffer at pH 7·2. The cytosol was treated with agarose beads containing attached FAD residues, which served to bind the enzyme. The enzyme was eluted with a 0·01 M Tris buffer at pH 7·2 containing 10 μM FAD. This preparation had 0·2 mg ml−1 protein and showed a single major band in a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system with a molecular weight of near 30 kDa. Gel filtration chromatography gave a molecular weight of 25 kDa. This enzyme preparation consisted of 4–6 subunits with a molecular weight of 5–6 kDa each, which were held together by FAD. No EDTA-sensitive component was required for activity. The enzyme used β-NADH, but not α-NADH or β-NADPH, to produce stoichiometric amounts of H2O2. The apparent Km with respect to NADH, using production of NAD as a criterion, was 534 μM. The enzyme was active at 4°C and was quite thermostable. Its pH optimum was around pH 7·2. The metabolic function of NADH oxidase in lactobacilli remains obscure, though the H2O2 it generates may have a profound effect on the viability of other organisms. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.
Photoinhibition of Photosystem II In Vivo During Greening of the Wheat Seedlings

The photoinhibition of photosystem II in vivo by analysis of diverse components -initial rate, steady state rate and lag phase-of photosynthetic O2 evolution curves on greening wheat seedlings after illumination by excess white light (320 W/m ) was investigated. A sharp reduction in the initial and steady state rates and a simultaneous intense rise in the lag phase of O2 evolution were observed under the illumination of seedlings by excess light on the lag phase of chlorophyll a biosynthesis (less than 6 h of seedling greening) in comparison with the illumination of seedlings by excess light at the stage of substantial pigment synthesis ( > 6 h of seedling greening). It is assumed that photosystem II proteins not completely integrated in thylakoid membranes as chlorophyll-protein complexes of reaction centres at the early stage of wheat seedling greening were more susceptible to excess light.
Estimating the Unit Weight of Local Organic Soils from Laboratory Tests Using Artificial Neural Networks

The estimation of the unit weight of soil is carried out using laboratory methods; however, it requires high-quality research material in the form of samples with undisturbed structures, the acquisition of which, especially in the case of organic soils, is extremely difficult, time-consuming and expensive. This paper presents a proposal to use artificial neural networks to estimate the unit weight of local organic soils as leading parameters in the process of checking the load capacity of subsoil, under a direct foundation in drained conditions, in accordance with current standards guidelines. The initial recognition of the subsoil, and the locating of organic soils at the Theological and Pastoral Institute in Rzeszow, was carried out using a mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM), using various interpretation criteria, and then, material for laboratory tests was obtained. The analysis of the usefulness of the artificial intelligence method, in this case, was based on data from laboratory tests. Standard multi-layer backpropagation networks were used to predict the soil unit weight based on two leading variables: the organic content LOIT and the natural water content w. The applied neural model provided reliable prediction results, comparable to the standard regression methods.
Uma nota sobre o prêmio salarial em empresas exportadoras brasileiras

Este estudo apresenta dois objetivos complementares. O primeiro consiste em investigar a relacao entre o status de exportacao das empresas e o salario pago aos trabalhadores. Mais especificamente sera testado se a exportacao leva a um premio salarial para os empregados das empresas do setor externo ou se as empresas exportadoras ja pagam um salario maior antes de comecar a exportar. Dado isso, o segundo objetivo e decompor esse diferencial nos efeitos composicao e estrutural, observando ainda a contribuicao de cada caracteristica dos grupos nesse diferencial. Pra isso, utilizou-se um painel de dados empregador-empregado do Brasil para os anos de 2003 a 2013, fornecidos pela Relacao Anual de Informacoes Sociais (RAIS) no qual contem informacoes sobre trabalhadores e firmas, alem do status de exportacao da rma (variavel de interesse) oriundo da Secretaria de Comercio Exterior (Secex). Foi empregado o metodo de Guimaraes e Portugal (2009) para as estimativas na media com a inclusao de efeitos fixos para os empregados e as empresas e regressao quantilica para dados em painel presente em Koenker (2004). Para a decomposicao, foi utilizado o metodo desenvolvido por Firpo et al (2007). Os resultados indicam que ja existe um diferencial de salario para os trabalhadores das empresas exportadoras mesmo antes dessas entrarem no mercado externo, ao passo que o uso das regressoes quantilicas corrobora que esse efeito e maior para os estratos superiores da distribuicao de salarios. Existe, portanto, uma autosselecao onde as empresas pagam maiores salarios por serem mais produtivas e consequentemente comecam a exportar. Por fim, a decomposicao confirma que os atributos pessoais sao mais importantes para esse diferencial, corroborando que estes trabalhadores sao mais produtivos.
Survey of Flora Affected by Mistletoe Species and Identification of Chlorophyll Pigments in Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria

A survey was conducted to assess the flora affected by mistletoe species and the identification of chlorophyll pigments in Sokoto State University. The study was aimed at surveying the flora affected by mistletoe species and identifies their chlorophyll pigments within the Sokoto State University campus. The study site was divided into three sampling areas, based on the studied species and infestation of trees by mistletoes. The species of mistletoe, Tapinanthus globiferus, was common to all the three types of trees (Azadirachta indica, Psidium guajava, and Acacia nilotica). A. nilotica had the highest rate of infestation by mistletoe (T. globiferus) with the percentage of 85.7% in area A, 91.7% in area B, and 82.3% in area C. The estimation of pigment content of chlorophyll in mistletoe leaves showed that all the mistletoe found on the three different types of trees had the same pigment content of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and carotene.