Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A New Approach to the Theory of Relaxing Polymeric Media

A molecular theory of relaxing media is presented which gives an expression for the stress in terms of the strain history. At any given time the strain history produces a distribution in internal strains which for mechanical properties can be characterized by a limited number of internal strain parameters. The second law of thermodynamics is used to define dissipation of energy at constant temperature and explicit expressions for dissipation of energy for any strain history are obtained. Inasmuch as relaxation during straining causes an essential reorganization of structure which is in fact the cause of dissipation, the kinetic theory of elasticity is extended to non‐isotropic polymeric networks. A tensor expression for the stress‐strain‐time relations is thereby developed.
Determination of Cr(VI) in water samples by ICP-OES after separation of Cr(III) by montmorillonite

In the present work a simple method was proposed for the determination of Cr(VI) in water samples using a previous separation of Cr(III) by the low cost sorbent montmorillonite, followed by separation of the solid phase and subsequent quantification of Cr(VI) employing ICP-OES. A complete Cr(III) removal was observed after only 1 minute of contact time between 25 mg of the clay mineral montmorillonite saturated with potassium ions (MTK) and the aqueous sample. On the other hand, the Cr(VI) remained in solution, yielding a suitable separation of the species. The method presented appropriate accuracy and precision in comparison with the official method of diphenylcarbazide (DPC), showing a good performance for Cr(VI) quantification in effluent water samples, with 0.20 and 0.70 μg L−1 for the Limit of Detection (LOD) and the Limit of Quantification (LOQ), respectively. Based on the experimental results, MTK showed remarkable characteristics to be used as a sorbent phase for an easy and fast separation of chromium species and consequently to provide the speciation analysis.
Mean-Square Electric Dipole Moment of Oligo- and Poly(methyl methacrylate)s in Dilute Solution

The mean-square electric dipole moment 〈μ2〉 was determined for 12 samples of atactic (a-) oligo- and poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMA), each with the fraction of racemic diads fr = 0.79, in the range of the weight-average degree of polymerization xw from 3 to 1.19 × 103 and for 11 samples of isotactic (i-) PMMA and its oligomers, each with fr ≃ 0.01, in the range of xw from 3 to 5.88 × 102, both in benzene at 30.0 °C. The determination was also made for a syndiotactic (s-) PMMA sample with fr = 0.92 and xw = 3.76 × 102 and for methyl isobutyrate in the same solvent condition. For both a- and i-PMMAs, the ratio 〈μ2〉/xw as a function of xw decreases monotonically with increasing xw for xw ≲ 20 and then approaches its asymptotic value (〈μ2〉/xw)∞, i.e., 1.927 and 2.126 D2 for a- and i-PMMAs, respectively, indicating that the excluded-volume effect on 〈μ2〉 is negligibly small if any. From a comparison of these values of (〈μ2〉/xw)∞ along with that of 〈μ2〉/xw obtained for the s-PMMA sample, it is found that (〈μ2.
Ion Microprobe Mass Analyzer

This paper describes the development of an instrument which is analogous to an electron microprobe x‐ray analyzer, whereby the electron microprobe is replaced by an ion microprobe, and the x‐ray spectrometer by a mass spectrometer. A duoplasmatron is the primary ion source. The primary ion beam is mass separated to eliminate impurity ions. A probe diameter of less than 2 μ at 2×10−10 A is realized for 12‐kV Ar+ ions. A new mass spectrometer was developed with the emphasis on high transmission, yet simple construction. It is stigmatic imaging, double focusing, has a mass‐resolving power of 300 with a solid acceptance angle of 1.5×10−2 sr (4° half‐angle) and a transmitted‐energy bandwidth of 10%. It consists of an axially symmetrical electrostatic Einzel lens, a 45° spherical condenser sector, and a magnetic field with plane but inclined pole faces, which deflects the beam by 90°. No entrance slit is used. Experimental results are presented.
Avaliação físico-química de bolo de chocolate com coberturas comestíveis à base de gelatina, ácido esteárico, amido modificado ou cera de carnaúba

Biodegradable edible icing or frosting is an alternative to synthetic packaging that causes environmental concerns. This work evaluated the effect of different types of frosting on the physical-chemical properties of chocolate cake during storage in comparison to cakes without icing or frosting (C) and cakes without frosting packed in polypropylene (CP). The following frostings were applied to the cakes: 10% gelatin (GE), 10% gelatin with 10% stearic acid (GE+SA), 18% "carnauba" wax (CW), 10% modified starch (MS), and fondant (FO). The cakes were analyzed during 10 days of storage. FO and CP presented the lowest mass loss while all other treatments presented higher values than C. GE, GE+SA, and CP presented the lowest reduction of water activity while CW and C presented the highest reduction. The surfaces of the frosted cakes were harder than C and CP. The highest values for hardness and chewiness were found for CW and C and the lowest for CP, GE, and GE+SA. With respect to color, GE+SA was different from the remaining cakes due to the presence of the stearic acid. The results indicate that the mass loss of the cakes could also be attributed to the loss of water from the frostings.
Preparation and Characterization of Polypyrrole Nanocomposites using Various Surfactants in Aqueous and Aqueous/Non-Aqueous Media

Polypyrrole nanocomposites were preapraed to study some characteristics such as morphology and chemical structure. Polypyrrole nanocomposites have been prepared to in aqueous and aqueous/nonaqueous media by chemical oxidative polymerization using ferric chloride as an oxidant and in the presence of various surfactants such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, poly (vinyl alcohol) and hydroxypropylcellulose. The nanocomposites were characterized in terms of morphology, particle size, chemical structure and glass transition temperature. The morphology of products was characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results indicate that the surface morphology and particle size are dependent on the type of surfactant. Also the chemical structure and glass transition temperature of product were determined by fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry respectively.
Microspheres and microcapsules, a survey of manufacturing techniques: Part III: Solvent evaporation

A methodological survey of microsphere formation and microencapsulation techniques based on solvent extraction/evaporation techniques is presented. Thus, basic features of solvent extraction and solvent evaporation processes, including droplet formation, droplet/particle stabilization, and solvent removal, are outlined. Preparation of a wide range of microspherical and microcapsular products based on biodegradable polyesters, polysaccharides, and nonbiodegradable polymers are discussed. Dependence of microcapsule characteristics on manufacturing parameters, as well as performance evaluation of microspherical and microcapsular products, are also briefly covered.
The impact of line edge roughness on the stability of a FinFET SRAM

3D mixed-mode device-circuit simulation is presented to investigate the impact of line edge roughness (LER) on the stability of a FinFET SRAM. In this work, LER sequence is statistically generated by a Fourier analysis of the power spectrum of Gaussian autocorrelation function. The sensitivity of 20 nm FinFET SRAM of Read and Write static noise margins (SNM) to fin LER is evaluated. The results show that FinFET SRAM is more tolerant of disturbance in write operation than in read disturbance. The dependence of Read SNM on fin LER's root mean square (RMS) amplitude, fin thickness and supply voltage is also analyzed. Furthermore, methods to reduce the LER effect on the FinFET SRAM's read stability are introduced. Optimization of the cell ratio by a multiple-fin design, control of the access transistor's gate bias voltage and replacement of a 6T cell with an 8T cell are possible solutions to continue the scaling trend of SRAM in the nanoscale CMOS technology.
Reactions of 2-acyl-1,3-dimethylindole oximes and of 2-acylamino-1,3-dimethylindole with arenesulphonyl azides

2-Acyl-1,3-dimethylindole oximes react with arenesulphonyl azides to form derivatives of dihydroisoxazolo[4,5-b]-indole. The hydrolysis and methylation of these compounds have been examined. Beckmann rearrangement of the oximes yielded 2-acylamino-1,3-dimethylindoles and these compounds reacted with arenesulphonyl azides affording 2-acylimino-3-arylsulphonylamino-1,3-dimethylindolines.
Two new lactones from Cephalotaxus fortunei var. alpnia

Two new lactones, fortunolides A (1) and B (2), together with three known compounds, hainanolidol,(32) acetylcephalotaxine, and wilsonine, were isolated from the needles and stem of Cephalotaxus fortunei. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of MS and NMR data.
Investigation of acid base status in organo phosphorus poisoning cases

Introduction: Organophosphate (OP) compounds have been used worldwide for pest control for over 100 years. They are the insecticides of choice in the agriculture world and are the most common cause of poisoning among the organic insecticides. Var ity of complication are being seen in the patients of OP poisoning. Which are supposed to be due to the changes in the acid base status. Materials and Method: in the pr analyze the acid base status of these patients. BEB, Hb, BE-ECF, HCt, A and a/A. Estimation of these pa Results: Out of 20 OP poisoning patients included in the study 7 were females 14 were males. The age group most of the people belong to 20 - 45 years. Majority of the cases were of respiratory alkalo acidosis (15%) and metabolic alkalosis (5%). No cases showed metabolic acidosis in the study. 15% cases showed normal acid base status in the study. poisoning. And it is also essential to identify the complications and manage them accordingly. PH, PCO 2, PO 2, HCO 3 - , SO 2%, rameters was done by using "Arterial blood gas analyzer. Out of 20 OP poisoning patients included in the study 7 were females 14 were males. The age group most of the sis (65%), followed by respiratory acidosis (15%) and metabolic alkalosis (5%). No cases showed metabolic acidosis in the study. 15% cases showed Vide variation was seen in the acid base status of patients of OP poisoning. And it is also essential to identify the complications and manage them accordingly.
DESENVOLVIMENTO DE METODOLOGIAS ANALÍTICAS PARA QUEIJOS

Júri: Presidente: Doutora Sara Maria Beirão da Costa Teixeira de Barros, Professora Auxiliar Convidada do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Vogais: Doutora Margarida Gomes Moldão Martins, Professora Auxiliar do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa; Doutor Vítor Manuel Delgado Alves, Investigador Auxiliar do Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa.
Photoacoustic quantification of the optical absorption cross-sections of gold nanostructures

This study demonstrates a method for measuring the optical absorption cross-sections (σa) of Au-Ag nanocages and Au nanorods using photoacoustic (PA) sensing. PA signals are directly proportional to the absorption coefficient (μa) of the nanostructure. For each type of nanostructure, we first obtained μa from the PA signal by benchmarking against a linear calibration curve (PA signal vs. μa) derived from a set of methylene blue solutions with different concentrations. We then calculated σa by dividing the μa by the corresponding concentration of the Au nanostructure. Additionally, we obtained the extinction cross-section (σe, sum of absorption and scattering cross-sections) from the extinction spectrum recorded using a conventional UV-vis-NIR spectrometer. From the measurements of σa and σe, we were able to easily derive both the absorption and scattering cross-sections for each type of gold nanostructure. This method can potentially provide the optical absorption and scattering properties of gold nanostructures and other types of nanomaterials.
Surface selection rules for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: calculations and application to the surface-enhanced Raman spectrum of phthalazine on silver

Les lois de «selection superficielle» c'est-a-dire les modifications des intensites des bandes d'un spectre dues a la proximite de l'entraineur a une surface, qui correspondent au spectre Raman augmente en surface, sont considerees dans le cas d'une molecule adsorbee sur une sphere metallique en tant que modele. Illustrations dans le cas de la phtalazine adsorbee sur un sol d'argent aqueux
High resolution FTIR spectroscopy on CH2DI and CHD2I: analyses of the fundamental bands ν6' and ν6''

The H–C–I and D–C–I deformations, i.e. ν6' and ν6″ fundamental vibration bands of the methyl iodide molecules CH2DI and CHD2I have been investigated with high resolution (0.001 cm−1) Fourier transform infrared spectra in the region 600–1000 cm−1 for CH2DI and 550–850 cm−1 for CHD2I. For CH2DI ν6′ appears as a hybrid a/b-type band and ν6″ as a c-type band. For CHD2I the corresponding types are hybrid a/c and b. We have been able to assign more than 12 000 transitions in the case of CH2DI and over 11 000 transitions in the case of CHD2I. The upper and ground state parameters have been obtained by fitting these transitions to the A reduced Watson's Hamiltonian. The interactions between the states v6′=1 and v6″=1 have also been investigated.
Broadband method for measuring dielectric constant of liquids using an automatic network analyser

A broadband method for measuring the dielectric constant of liquids is presented. The method utilises both an automatic network analyser and a computer. It is based upon measurements of resonance frequencies and Q-factors in resonators filled with the liquid. First the physical shape and the calculation model are described, then practical measurements of unrefined oil from the North Sea are presented. They show that the relative real part of the dielectric constant drops from approximately 2.17 to 2.15 and that the relative imaginary part falls from about 40 × 10 −3to 9 × 10 −3in the frequency range 300 MHz – 12 GHz.
High-surface-area resins derived from 2,3-epoxypropyl methacrylate cross-linked with trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate

Suspension copolymerization of 2,3-epoxypropyl methacrylate (glycidyl methacrylate, GMA) and 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-propan-1,3-diol trimethacrylate (trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, TRIM) has been performed in several solvents as porogens, i.e. cyclohexanol–dodecan-1-ol 9/1 v/v, octan-2-one, n-butyl acetate, p-xylene, toluene, ethyl acetate, benzonitrile, cyclohexanone and dodecan-1-ol. The GMA:TRIM ratio in the monomer mixture and the monomer:porogen ratio have been varied. The B.E. T. surface area, pore volume and number of unreacted carbon–carbon double bonds are strongly dependent on the solvent used. Both the B.E. T. surface area and the pore volume decrease rapidly with inceasing GMA:TRIM ratio when the cyclohexanol–dodecan-1-ol mixture is used as the porogen. In contrast, the monomer:porogen ratio hardly affects the B.E. T. surface area of the resulting copolymers. The pore volume decreases with increasing monomer:porogen ratio in the interval studied. A very large pore volume, i.e. 1.86 cm3 g–1, was found when octan-2-one was used as the porogen, with GMA:TRIM = 1:1 and monomer:porogen 1:3. Similarly a substantial B.E. T. surface area of ca. 175 m2 g–1 was achieved using the same GMA:TRIM ratio and octan-2-one as the porogen with monomer:porogen of 1:2.
Fischer‐Tropsch Catalysts for the Biomass‐to‐Liquid (BTL)‐Process

The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is at the heart of the Biomass-to-Liquids (BTL) process. Feasibility studies published in open literature typically consider cobalt-based catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Here, we present an overview on the history and development up until the present for both cobalt- and iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts. The role of the support material and various other additives to the catalyst formulation are discussed in detail with regard to activity, catalyst deactivation, and selectivity. Tentative explanations for e.g. the observed size dependency in cobalt-based catalysts and phase transformations in iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts are offered. The productivity of cobalt-based catalysts at high conversion level is currently higher than that of iron-based catalysts. Nevertheless, it is argued that iron-based catalysts may be an attractive option for the BTL-process, since it is much cheaper, impacting on the cost of the process due to inevitable process set-ups in industrial operation. Improvement of current iron-based catalysts is however desired.
Electron holographic material analysis at atomic dimensions

In [110]‐oriented GaAs, both types of atomic columns can hardly be distinguished by conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) because of the small difference of atomic numbers for Ga and As with ZGa = 31 and ZAs = 33. Quantitative off‐axis electron holography allows unambiguously determining the structural polarity of GaAs in [110]‐orientation, where, besides lateral resolution, the sensitivity of the phase signal plays the most important role. In order to attribute the phase signal only to the different types of atoms, two holographic experiments were performed using the same wedge‐shaped GaAs‐crystal, where for the second experiment, the sample was inserted into the holder upside down yielding an inverse structural polarity of GaAs. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spectroscopic study of polyynes obtained by laser ablation in liquids

Short polyyne chains (⩽C8H2) were produced by laser ablation of graphite rods in water. The results are compared with those obtained by ablation in acetonitrile using vibrational and UV absorption spectroscopy. Since silver surfaces are able to stabilize the obtained sp-hybridized molecules, surface-enhanced Raman spectra were recorded and are discussed in terms of surface–molecule interactions. The degradation of the produced species are also considered to support the conclusions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linguistics: An Introduction to Linguistic Theory

Section I: Introduction:. 1. Linguistics: The Scientific Study Of Human Language. Section 2: Morphology And Syntax: . 2. Morphology: The Structure Of Words. 3. Syntax I: Argument Structure And Phrase Structure. 4. Syntax II: Syntactic Dependencies. 5. Syntax III: The Distribution Of Verbal Forms: A Case Study. 6. Acquisition Of Word And Sentence Structure. Section 3: Semantics: . 7. Semantics I: Compositionality. 8. Semantics II: Scope. 9. Semantics III: Cross Categorial Parallelisms. 10. Acquisition Of Meaning. Section 4: Phonetics And Phonology: . 11. Phonetics: The Sounds Of Language. 12. Phonology I: Basic Principles And Methods. 13. Phonology II: Representations. 14. Phonology III: Explanation And Constraints. 15. Acquisition Of Phonetics And Phonology. Bibliography. Glossary.
pH Control Using Advanced Proportional−Integral Controls with the Dual-Injection In-Line Process

This paper presents both simulation and experimental results for the application of a dual-reagent-injection in-line pH controller for wastewater neutralization. The dual-reagent-injection in-line configuration enables the gain estimation of the first-order plus deadtime (FOPDT) model of the process. A proportional−integral (PI) controller is then tuned based on the FOPDT model using Haalman's tuning rules where the process deadtime and time constant are estimated as a function of process flow rates. Controlling the intermediate pH to the average between the inlet pH and effluent pH as well as deadtime coordination of the pH readings greatly enhances the fidelity of the gain of the FOPDT model and the resulting controller performance. The proposed PI-based controller is compared with a fuzzy logic controller, the best control strategy previously developed for this in-line process, and with a conventional PI controller applied to a single-injection process using extreme changes in the influent wastewater c.
Structural Studies of Alkaline Earth Metal Picrates

Room-temperature, single-crystal X-ray structure determinations are recorded for alkaline earth metal picrates , M( pic )2.nH2O(M = Mg, Sr , Ba ; Hpic = 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, HOC6H2(NO2)3), all crystallized from aqueous solution. Magnesium picrate ,shown to be the nonahydrate, Mg( pic )2.9H2O, forms monoclinic crystals, space group P21/c, a 15.023(3), b 6.718(4), c 26.516(2) Ǻ, β 109.55(1)°, Z = 4 f.u . ,conventional R on |F| was 0.049 for No = 4062 'observed' (I > 3σ(I)) reflections. The structure, unusually among the main group metal picrates studied so far, has no coordinative interaction between the metal and the picrate anion; the complex may be formulated as [Mg(OH2)6] ( pic )2.3H2O, with the metal present as the hexaaqua species (Mg-O 2.043(2)-2.077(2)Ǻ). The picrate ions are stacked end to end, presumably as a result of charge-transfer interactions, parallel to b, with side-by-side stacks forming a sheet along ab, and successive sheets are interleaved by layers of cations and water molecules. The strontium salt is a pentahydrate , monoclinic, C2/c, a 24.515(6), b 10.142(6), c 17.932(4) Ǻ, β 98.76(2)°, Z = 8 f.u . ; R was 0.046 for No 2731. The complex is a linear polymer, [(H2O)3Sr(O,O′- pic )2(μ-OH2)](∞|∞). H2O, with eight-coordinate (SrO8) strontium. The barium salt is a hexahydrate , also a linear polymer [(H2O)5Ba(O,O′-pic )( O,O′,μ-O″-pic )]∞|∞). H2O, the ten-coordinate (BaO10) barium environment comprising the five water molecules, a pair of picrates, bidentate /chelating via the phenolic oxygen and a 2-nitro group oxygen, with one of the picrates from an adjacent metal atom offering an additional 4-nitro group oxygen, this bridging successive barium atoms. The complex is triclinic, Pī , a 15.120(5), b 11.633(3), c 6.766(3) Ǻ, α 87.24(3), β 79.16(3), γ 84.88(2)°, Z = 2 f.u . ; R was 0.027 for No 3904. Repeated attempts to obtain crystals of beryllium picrate suitable for an X-ray structure determination were unsuccessful.
Drying Characteristics and Kinetics of Vacuum Microwave–Dried Potato Slices

Vacuum microwave dehydration characteristics and drying kinetics of potato slices were evaluated using a laboratory-scale dryer. The test materials were placed on a rotating tray to allow uniform exposure to the microwave field. The effect of drying conditions on the drying characteristics was investigated. As expected, higher drying rates were obtained with higher microwave power and lower vacuum levels. The effect of vacuum pressure on drying rate was not as significant as that of microwave power. The Henderson & Pabis model provided better simulation of the drying curves for potato slices. Empirical models are presented for the drying rate constant as a function of the microwave power and vacuum pressure for potato slices under the range of operating conditions tested.