Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On relative integral bases for unramified extensions

0. Introduction. Since Z is a principal ideal domain, every finitely generated torsion-free Z-module has a finite Z-basis; in particular, any fractional ideal in a number field has an “integral basis”. However, if K is an arbitrary number field the ring of integers, A, of K is a Dedekind domain but not necessarily a principal ideal domain. If L/K is a finite extension of number fields, then the fractional ideals of L are finitely generated and torsion-free (or, equivalently, finitely generated and projective) as A-modules, but not necessarily free. Beginning with some classical results of Artin and Chevalley (Propositions 1.1 and 1.2), we give some criteria for the existence or nonexistence of A-bases for ideals in L or for the ring of integers of L in the case where L/K is unramified (Theorem 1.10 and Corollary 2.3). In particular, we show how the existence of an integral basis is (under mild hypotheses) determined by purely group-theoretic properties of the Galois group of the normal closure of L/K. We prove the main results for arbitrary finite separable field extensions L/K. The arguments were suggested by reading [4].
A NEW SYSTEM OF WEALTH CREATION

The knowledge economy means new trend of economic development of society, in which knowledge has become the most important and productive source of economic development. Knowledge has become the decisive factor of efficiency and prosperity creation. This transition of economy started in the 1970`s and nowadays i tis being strongly intensive. The process of transition can be implemented successfully only in knowledge companies, that not only search and employ knowledge in their operations, but also they create it and use as a competitive advantage. More sophisticated flexible technologies are applied in individualized production and consumption. The specialized sales nets distribute product to customers on growing domestic market. This has impact on whole marketing and mass-media communication that is directed towards smaller segments. The personalized production and highly specified requirements of market set the need for perfect system integration securing fluent flow of information not only within company, but also between supply and purchase systems. To perform such system integration, it is inevitable to build information infrastructure in companies. It connects in itself partial computer systems, databases, information technologies, and interconnection of whole nets. All mentioned transactions accelerate the speed of operations and activities. Competition is transformed to hyper-competition and the most crucial variable is time.
Treatment of Nonerosive Reflux Disease (Beyond Proton Pump Inhibitors)

Recognizing nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) is a distinct presentation of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was one of the most important developments in the field of GERD in the last decade. Whilst the definition of NERD has not changed significantly over the years, the disorder accounts for the majority of the GERD patients and those who failed proton pump inhibitors (PPI) treatment. Recent developments in NERD have focused primarily on understanding its pathophysiology and natural history. The introduction of the esophageal impedance/pH monitoring has led to the assessment of other forms of gastroesophageal reflux in causing NERD. Therapeutic modalities still focus on acid suppression, but there is growing recognition that other therapeutic strategies should be considered in NERD.
Flood-Tolerance Ranking of Red and Freeman Maple Cultivars

Red maple (Acer rubruni) is often recommended for use in wet soils, yet its extensive native range suggests there may be genetic variation for traits associated with flood tolerance. Likewise, genetic variation for flood tolerance may be captured within red maple cultivars making some more appropriate than others for use in wet or low oxygen soils. Seven red maple cultivars (2-year-old trees)—'Autumn Flame'®, 'Bowhall', 'Karpick', 'Northwood', 'October Glory'®, Red Sunset®, and 'Schlesinger— and 4 Freeman maple (A. xfreemanii) cultivars—' Armstrong', 'Autumn Blaze', 'Morgan', and Scarlet Sentinel™, were ranked for flood tolerance by flooding the trees and characterizing photosynthesis, lenticel intumescence, and survival. Indicator trees representing the wet extreme of red maple's native range were also included for comparison. Net photosynthesis declined for all cultivars; however, 'Schlesinger', Red Sunset and 'Bowhall' had the highest net photosynthetic rates (ranging from 1.94 to 1.71 umol/m2s) after 45 days of flooding. In contrast, 'Karpick', 'Autumn Flame', and 'Northwood' had net photosynthetic rates near 0. The extent of lenticel intumescence also varied among the cultivars with 'Schlesinger' and 'Bowhall' producing the longest lenticels. All of the 'Northwood' trees died, as did two-thirds of the Autumn Flame' trees. The cultivars were separated into 3 overall flood-tolerance rankings: high ('Schlesinger', Red Sunset, and 'Bowhall'), intermediate (Armstrong1, 'Morgan', 'October Glory', Scarlet Sentinel, and Autumn Blaze'), and low ('Karpick', Autumn Flame', and 'Northwood').
Maternal and newborn life‐history traits during periods of contrasting population trends: implications for explaining the decline of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), on Sable Island

Annual censuses of the number of harbour seal Phoca vitulina pups born on Sable Island Canada showed an increasing trend during the 1980s, but a rapid decline through the 1990s from 625 pups in 1989 to only 32 by 1997. Weekly surveys of the North Beach of the island during the 1991–98 breeding seasons showed that the number of adults and juveniles also declined during the 1990s. Despite the dramatic demographic changes, maternal postpartum mass, pup birth mass, relative birth mass, lactation duration, pup weaning mass and relative weaning mass showed no significant trends during 1987–96. However, two traits did change. The age structure of parturient females increased significantly, indicating reduced recruitment to the breeding population. Mean birth date increased by 7 days during the early 1990s, suggesting nutritional stress of females and later implantation dates. This nutritional stress may in turn have been caused by increased competition from the rapidly increasing grey seal population on Sable Island. Although minimum estimates of shark-inflicted mortality can account for much of the decline, evidence suggests that food shortage arising from interspecific competition may have also played a role in causing the decline of the population through effects on fecundity and juvenile survival.
Introduction: towards a new design discipline

Innovation is at the top of the management agenda in nearly every company today. However, despite significant investments in innovation, results remain largely disappointing. Today’s product and service innovations, like the growth they generate, are often incremental, fleeting and marginal. According to recent research (Jaruzelski et al., 2015), worldwide research and development (R&D) spending on innovation rose 5.1 percent in 2015 and yet revenue for the same companies increased by less than 1 percent. Times are changing fundamentally and what we need now is a more holistic approach to innovation first. To say it metaphorically: we need to stop rearranging the deck chairs, while in many industries we are on the Titanic. To become more effective in product and service innovation, we need to focus on innovation from the experience perspective first. Innovating from the experience perspective is fundamentally different from innovation from the expert perspective. Expert, mechanistic innovation happens mainly in R&D departments and is often about fixing problems. Innovation from the experience perspective is emergent and joined-up in nature. Instead of being an isolated project or event, experience innovation is an unfolding journey of people thinking and acting differently. The emergence of novelty results from an articulated ideology that inspires many fine-grained, creative human interactions, each building upon one another in complex innovation eco-systems. Innovations such as the slow-food movement, Ben & Jerry’s (Lead with your values and make money too), Harley-Davidson (independence, freedom, express yourself) and Starbucks (creating a third place, a place away from home and work), start from a better ideology rather than a better technology. The concept of experience innovation needs some deeper clarification first while it is central to this book and is used with different meanings in different streams of literature. In the literature on the hedonic sectors, such as entertainment and hospitality, the concept refers to innovating experiences (Jernsand, Kraff and Mossberg, 2015) while in the literature outside these sectors, experience innovation refers to innovating strategically through experience staging (Candi, Beltagui and Riedel, 2013). This book focuses on the latter meaning: innovating strategically from the experience perspective. Writing this book is the more relevant while there is a growing recognition of the opportunities for
Evaluation of levels of cortisol in saliva using electro-chemical luminescence in low-risk and high-risk pregnancies

OBJECTIVES: to compare the levels of cortisol (cortisolemia refers to the level of cortisol in blood) in women with a high-risk pregnancy compared with those with a low-risk pregnancy, by way of evaluation of levels of cortisol in saliva, using the electrochemical luminescence technique (ECL). METHODS: 38 women aged between 17 and 40 years in the third trimester of pregnancy were divided in two groups: 20 low-risk pregnancies and 18 high-risk ones. Cortisol in saliva was collected at midnight and measured using ECL. The mean levels of cortisol in saliva in the two groups were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: the mean systolic and diastolic pressure was normal in both groups. The levels of cortisol in the saliva of women with high-risk pregnancies was significantly higher than those for the low-risk pregnancy group (20.2 (±21,1) nmol/L vs 11.4(±16.2) nmol/L; p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: a high risk pregnancy involves higher levels of cortisol than a low-risk one. The levels of cortisol in saliva, as measured using ECL, can be used to identify hypercortisolism in pregnancy.
Enhancing Safety-Critical Message Dissemination in WAVE

—The competing priorities of safety critical messages and infotainment messages present a signiﬁcant challenge when designing effective IEEE 1609.4 protocol enhancements. In this paper, we investigate the latency reduction provided by an additional CCH check back midway through the Service Channel interval. Mathematical analysis and experimentation using simulations have shown that this method results in signiﬁcant latency reduction. The maximum transmission delay for safety-critical messages can be reduced by approximately half whilst only reducing the Service Channel capacity by one quarter. As the work progresses, we will optimise the duration of the check back to ﬁnd the best compromise between safety and infotainment.
An Ethnomedical and Ethnobotanical survey of Plants Herbal Therapy used for Obesity, Asthma, Diabetes and Fertility by the Badagry people of Lagos State, Nigeria

An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by the Badagry people of Lagos State Nigeria for the treatment of obesity, asthma, diabetes and fertility was carried out between the months of March and September 2104. Information was collected via oral interviews with traditional healers, herbals sellers and the peoples of the locale. A total of 107 species belonging to 56 families and two fungi species were identified. The part most commonly utilized are roots followed by leaves, stem bark, and fruits. Flowers and bulbs are rarely used according to this survey. Decoctions and infusions are the most popular modes of preparation while oral and to a lesser extent topical are the most common administration routes.
Liquidity Management and Commercial Banks' Profitability in Nigeria

This study examined liquidity management and commercial banks' profitability in Nigeria. The major aims of the study were to find empirical evidence of the degree to which effective liquidity management affects profitability in commercial banks and how commercial banks can enhance their liquidity and profitability positions. Considering the nature of the survey, quantitative methods of research were applied. In attempt to achieve the objectives of the study, several findings were made through the analysis of both the structured and unstructured questionnaire on the management of banks and the financial reports of the sampled banks. The data obtained from the Primary and Secondary sources were analyzed through collection, sorting and grouping of the data in tables of percentages and frequency distribution. We formulated a hypothesis, which were statistically tested through Pearson correlation data analysis. Findings from the testing of this hypothesis indicate that there is significant relationship between liquidity and profitability. That means profitability in commercial banks is significantly influenced by liquidity and vice versa. The study concluded that for the success of operations and survival, commercial banks should not compromise efficient and effective liquidity management and that both illiquidity and excess liquidity are "financial diseases" that can easily erode the profit base of a bank as they affect bank's attempt to attain high profitability-level. Finally the study recommends): The Central Bank should be encourage maintaining a flexible Minimum Monetary Policy [MPR] or discount rate so as to enable the commercial banks take advantage of the alternative measures of meeting the unexpected withdrawal demands, and reduce the tendency of maintaining excess idle cash at expense of profitability, the monetary authority should as a matter of urgency encourage and legitimate the use of credit cards and enforce cheque usage for huge amounts in the day to day business transaction, finally , interested researchers should dwell on the same area of this research extensively using a wider data and area of coverage. Key words : Liquidity Management, Profitability, Commercial Bank
The effects of combined particulate matter 10 coal dust exposure and high-cholesterol diet on lipid profiles, endothelial damage, and hematopoietic stem cells in rats

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of combined particulate matter 10 (PM10) coal dust exposure and high-cholesterol diet on lipid profiles, circulating endothelial cells (CECs), and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in rats. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. Rats were fed a normal diet (non-exposure group), a high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks (HCD control group), or a high-cholesterol diet concomitantly exposed to 12.5 mg/m3 of PM10 coal dust an hour daily for 5, 6, 7 or 8 weeks. Rats were sacrificed at the end of experiment, and then blood samples were collected. Lipid profiles were evaluated by colorimetric methods. CECs and HSCs were determined by flow-cytometric methods. Intergroup comparisons were performed by ANOVA. Results: High-cholesterol diet significantly increased total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) level, TC/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) ratio, atherogenic index, and decreased HDL-c level compared to non-exposure group. Combined coal dust exposure and high-cholesterol diet significantly decreased TC, LDL-c level, TC/HDL-c ratio, atherogenic index, and increased HDL-c level relative to the HCD controls. Triglyceride level of the group with 6-week treatment was significantly higher compared to the non-exposure group achieving near-HCD control group levels. The HDL-c/LDL-c ratio, CECs, and HSCs were not significantly different among groups. Conclusion: Concomitant coal dust exposure and high-cholesterol diet reduced atherogenic index due to decreased TC and LDL-c, and elevated HDL-c levels.
Atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NO and NO 2 ) at Dome C, East Antarctica, during the OPALE campaign

Abstract. Mixing ratios of the atmospheric nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 were measured as part of the OPALE (Oxidant Production in Antarctic Lands & Export) campaign at Dome C, East Antarctica (75.1° S, 123.3° E, 3233 m), during December 2011 to January 2012. Profiles of NOx mixing ratios of the lower 100 m of the atmosphere confirm that, in contrast to the South Pole, air chemistry at Dome C is strongly influenced by large diurnal cycles in solar irradiance and a sudden collapse of the atmospheric boundary layer in the early evening. Depth profiles of mixing ratios in firn air suggest that the upper snowpack at Dome C holds a significant reservoir of photolytically produced NO2 and is a sink of gas-phase ozone (O3). First-time observations of bromine oxide (BrO) at Dome C show that mixing ratios of BrO near the ground are low, certainly less than 5 pptv, with higher levels in the free troposphere. Assuming steady state, observed mixing ratios of BrO and RO2 radicals are too low to explain the large NO2 : NO ratios found in ambient air, possibly indicating the existence of an unknown process contributing to the atmospheric chemistry of reactive nitrogen above the Antarctic Plateau. During 2011–2012, NOx mixing ratios and flux were larger than in 2009–2010, consistent with also larger surface O3 mixing ratios resulting from increased net O3 production. Large NOx mixing ratios at Dome C arise from a combination of continuous sunlight, shallow mixing height and significant NOx emissions by surface snow (FNOx). During 23 December 2011–12 January 2012, median FNOx was twice that during the same period in 2009–2010 due to significantly larger atmospheric turbulence and a slightly stronger snowpack source. A tripling of FNOx in December 2011 was largely due to changes in snowpack source strength caused primarily by changes in NO3− concentrations in the snow skin layer, and only to a secondary order by decrease of total column O3 and associated increase in NO3− photolysis rates. A source of uncertainty in model estimates of FNOx is the quantum yield of NO3− photolysis in natural snow, which may change over time as the snow ages.
Comparison of Data Partitioning Schema of Parallel Pairwise Alignment on Shared Memory System

The pairwise alignment (PA) algorithm is widely used in bioinformatics to analyze biological sequence. With the advance of sequencer technology, a massive amount of DNA fragments are sequenced much quicker and cheaper. The alignment algorithm needs to be parallelized to be able to align them in a shorter time. Many previous researches have parallelize PA algorithm using various data partitioning schema, but it is unclear which one is the best. The data partitioning schema is important for parallel PA performance, because this algorithm use dynamic programming technique that needs intense inter-thread communication. In this paper, we compared four partitioning schemas to find the best performing one on shared memory system. Those schemas are: blocked columnwise, rowwise, antidiagonal, and blocked columnwise with manual scheduling and loop unrolling. The last schema gave the best performance of 89% efficiency on 4 threads. This result provided fine-grain parallelism that can be used further to develop parallel multiple sequence alignment (MSA).
Evaluating the immediate and longer term impact of a refusal conversion strategy in a large scale longitudinal study

Refusal conversion is one of the fieldwork strategies commonly used to minimise non-response in surveys. There is, however, relatively little evidence about the effectiveness of this strategy, particularly for face-to-face longitudinal surveys. Moreover, much of the existing evidence is based on observational studies. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a fieldwork strategy – intensive re-issuing - to convert refusals using evidence from an intervention on a random sub-sample of refusals implemented in wave four of a large scale longitudinal study in the UK: the Millennium Cohort Study. We show that intensive re-issuing is an effective way of reducing the refusal rate. We also show that refusal conversion led to a modest reduction in non-response bias in the survey estimates for several key variables. The longer term impact of refusal conversion is also a key concern in longitudinal surveys. We demonstrate that, although the majority of converted refusals go on to participate in the subsequent wave of the study, there is no overall effect of intensive re-issuing on sample size at this wave.
Fast particles and the edge transport barrier

The role of fast particles in edge transport barrier formation is discussed. Analysis of recent experiments on JET that have been carried out in hydrogen, deuterium and tritium plasmas, and in a DT mixture, with NBI and ICRF heating is presented which supports the idea that the width of the edge transport barrier is controlled by the banana width of the fast beam ions in the case of NBI heating and by the banana width of the thermal ions in the case of ICRF minority heating. A simple theoretical model which can account for this effect is analysed.
Exploration in the Effectiveness of Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Formulations in Enhancing Ocular Delivery of Win 55, 212 in the Management of Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a progressive and degenerative ocular disease which, without proper treatment, can result in permanent blindness. Due to a complex organization of lipophilic and hydrophilic ocular membranes, topical delivery of therapeutic agents has also proved to be a challenging task. Cannabinoids, such as Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), have intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering and neuroprotective capabilities. Due to the unfavorable physiochemical characteristics of these molecules, delivery into the eye through a topical route is very difficult. Previous research has shown that prodrug derivatization and formulations such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) improve the physiochemical characteristics and ocular bioavailability of such molecules. WIN 55, 212 (WIN) is a synthetic cannabinoid possessing a structure similar to THC and is fifty times more potent. WIN 55, 212 (212) also possesses slightly better physiochemical characteristics than THC. The goal of this research is to develop solid lipid nanoparticle formulations that will enhance the intraocular delivery of WIN 55, 212. The particle size, entrapment efficiency, and content of the SLN formulations will be standardized. In vitro and in vivo studies will be carried out to determine the benefit of the SLNs over conventional formulations. In vitro transcorneal permeability studies will be carried out utilizing a Franz diffusion apparatus and corneas dissected from rabbit eyes. Samples will be taken at different time intervals throughout the permeability study and analyzed using a HPLC-UV system. The in vivo IOP lowering evaluation studies will be performed on male New Zealand albino rabbits that have artificially induced glaucoma. Fifty microliters of 0.4% w/v SLN’s (Dose: 0.2 mg) will be topically applied to the cul-de-sac of each rabbit’s eye. An equivalent dose of WIN 55, 212 in Tocrisolve® will be used as the control. The study will take place until the IOP returns to 90% of the baseline levels. Following the conclusion of the study, the animals will be anesthetized and euthanized with a sufficient dose of pentobarbital injected through the marginal ear vein. Immediately, the eyes will be enucleated and the ocular tissues will be isolated, weighed, and analyzed for WIN 55, 212 content. The goal of this project is to increase the retention of WIN 55, 212 in the eye and prolong the intraocular lowering duration compared to the control formulation.