Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Organic matter decomposition and microarthropod community structure in corn fields under low input and intensive management in Guaíra (SP)

The rate of organic matter decomposition and the structure of the communities of microarthropods were compared between two corn fields receiving contrasting agricultural management practices (low input and intensive farming). The rate of decomposition tended to be higher in the intensively managed field in the beginning of the growing season, but decreased to a level significantly lower than the observed in the low input field by the end of the growing season. This suggested that the biological community associated with the decomposition process could be negatively influenced in the intensively managed field. Analyses of the structure of microarthropod communities indicated differences between the two areas. The microarthropod populations present in the intensively managed field suffered abrupt decrease in numbers as the season progressed.
Estratégia tecnológica e competitiva das empresas agroindustriais do norte do Paraná

The study identifies and analyses technological and competitive strategies of agribusiness companies of the north of Parana in the period of 1997/99. METHODOLOGY: After analyzing the determinants of strategies in agribusiness companies in economic literature, a questionnaire was developed in order to verify the conduct of firms during 1997/99. A random selection was made and questionnaires were used in four companies in 1997 and in nine companies companies of the north of Parana in 1999. RESULTS: The companies claim to look for new technologies due to survival. The lack of financial resources is a great obstacle to accomplish expenses with technology. The main sources of technological training are the internal expenses in research and development and the technology transfer. The changes involve release of new products and acquisition of more modern equip- ments, due to the competition. The adopted changes intend to reduce costs, to improve quality of the products, to assist customers' demands and to face competitive. CONCLUSION: The companies plan and invest in technology, acquiring cumulative advantages of cost, quality and differentiation. The impacts of the exchange depreciation were not significant in the technological strategies; the costs were middling affected and final prices incorporated partially the increasing of costs in 1999. The exchange shock affected the strategic behavior and altered the technological behavior of the companies.
Effects of varying degrees of synchrony of energy and nitrogen release in the rumen on the synthesis of microbial protein in cattle consuming grass silage

The effect of the degree of synchrony in the ruminal release of energy and nitrogen on microbial protein synthesis (MPS) was examined in cattle consuming grass silage (7.9 kg DM day−1) and a supplement of 1 kg day−1 of sucrose given as an intraruminal infusion. The sucrose was infused in three different patterns to induce varying degrees of synchrony of energy and nitrogen release. Four non-lactating cows received four experimental treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with periods lasting 14 days. The treatments were (1) the basal diet of silage alone given in two equal meals each day at 10.00 and 22.00 h (BASAL), supplemented with (2) 1.0 kg sucrose given as a continuous infusion (CONT), (3) 1.0 kg sucrose given as two 6-h infusions starting at 10.00 and 22.00 h (SYNC) and (4) 1.0 kg sucrose given as two 6-h infusions starting at 16.00 and 04.00 h (ASYNC). The different patterns of infusing the sucrose altered (P < 0.05) the pattern of variation in ruminal concentrations of ammonia and the molar proportions of acetic and butyric acids at times during the interval between meals but none of the sucrose treatments resulted in any increase in the ruminal concentration of lactic acid. All sucrose treatments increased (P < 0.05) MPS relative to BASAL by, on average, about 23 g day−1. The increase in MPS for the SYNC and ASYNC treatments were identical at 20 g kg−1 sucrose. It is concluded that synchronising the rates of ruminal release of energy and nitrogen had no effect on MPS. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
The Qualitative Report The Qualitative Report Innovative Methods for Researching Leadership Emergence Innovative Methods for Researching Leadership Emergence

Abstract There is a growing understanding, internationally, that effective leadership has an influence on the quality of early childhood education programs. The leadership research agenda has expanded accordingly but despite this expansion there is little empirical research on the emergence and development of leadership in early childhood education. The article focuses primarily on the methodological challenge of studying the phenomena of emerging and developing leadership. We describe the innovative methods for data generation that were used to address these challenges for an Australian study of leading within early childhood education sites. We explain in detail two of the methods—a field observation tool and the Dialogic Café. Some findings, that serve to highlight the benefits of the method, are shared. We conclude by advocating for the use of innovative methods to understand the phenomenon of emerging leadership and development in early childhood education sites. There is a growing understanding, internationally, that effective leadership has an influence on the quality of early childhood education programs. The leadership research agenda has expanded accordingly but despite this expansion there is little empirical research on the emergence and development of leadership in early childhood education. The article focuses primarily on the methodological challenge of studying the phenomena of emerging and developing leadership. We describe the innovative methods for data generation that were used to address these challenges for an Australian study of leading within early childhood education sites. We explain in detail two of the methods—a field observation tool and the Dialogic Café. Some findings, that serve to highlight the benefits of the method, are shared. We conclude by advocating for the use of innovative methods to understand the phenomenon of emerging leadership and development in early childhood education sites.
Slot‐seeding investigations. 5 The effects of simulated delayed emergence and propyzamide on the spread and growth of white clover in permanent pasture

The effects of delayed emergence of white clover (cv. Grasslands Huia) seedlings, following slot-seeding during spring and early summer 1983, were simulated by sowing seeds at intervals into slots cut in turves of permanent grassland in soil-filled tanks or in the field. The resulting spread and growth of the species were assessed during the following 15–18 months. The effects of propyzamide, a grass-suppressing herbicide (at 0·2 kg ha-1), were also investigated in the field. A delay of 10 or 18 days in the sowing of seeds in turves in the tanks reduced clover dry weight yield from 23 to 11 during 1983 and from 118 to 96 g (0·12 m)-2 during 1984. Spread of stolons from the slots was also greatly delayed and effects persisted for at least a year. Increased clover growth on the earliest sown treatment more than compensated for a slightly smaller yield of grass. In the field, yields of clover from late summer 1983 until spring 1984 closely reflected the order of emergence. Afterwards, differences were less clear-cut but the cumulative yield of clover until August 1984 of the earliest-sown treatment was twice that of a treatment sown 20 d later. Effects of delayed sowing in summer 1983 were more pronounced on stolons than on foliage growth when measured in September 1984, with significant reductions in many stolon attributes even with 8 d delay in sowing. Application of propyzamide in autumn 1983 increased clover yield during 1984 from 1·7 to 3·0 and total herbage yield from 7·1 to 8·6 t ha-1. The results demonstrated some of the benefits of rapid seedling emergence and of the use of a grass-suppressing herbicide, but did not indicate any interaction between the two factors.
Burning the engine: a time‐marching computation of fat and protein consumption in a 5420‐km non‐stop flight by great knots, Calidris tenuirostris

Samples of great knots (Calidris tenuirostris) were collected in an earlier project before and after a 5420-km migration stage from Australia to China (believed to be flown non-stop) to determine the mass of fat consumed,and also the mass of protein withdrawn from the flight muscles and other organs. The flight was simulated by a "time-marching" computation, which calculated the fuel energy required, and allowed different hypotheses to be tried for the consumption of protein. The simulation predicted that the great knots would take about 4 days to cover the distance, in agreement with field estimates. Realistic predictions of the consumption of fat and protein were obtained by setting the conversion efficiency to 0.23 and the body drag coefficient to 0.10, withdrawing sufficient protein from the flight muscles to keep the specific work in the myofibrils constant throughout the flight, and taking enough additional protein from other tissues to bring the energy derived from oxidising protein to 5% of the total energy consumed. The same computation was applied to published data on the pre-migration body composition of bar-tailed godwits (Limosa lapponica) which are said to migrate over 10 000 km from Alaska to New Zealand. The computed range for a sample killed by collision with an obstruction, while actually departing from Alaska, was sufficient to reach the South Pole. A second sample, shot before departure from New Zealand, would have run out of fat before reaching Alaska, but could easily have reached northern Australia, where these godwits stage on their northbound migration. The higher range estimate for the Alaskan birds was not due to higher fat mass (only 5% difference) but to a higher fat fraction, which they had achieved by reducing the mass of other organs before departure. Some recent observations of high chemical power, observed in wind tunnel experiments, have been interpreted as being due to much lower conversion efficiency than the value of 0.23 assumed here, but this interpretation is flawed. Measurements of mechanical power from another wind tunnel project were also unexpectedly high, suggesting that unsteady flight by wind tunnel birds increases their power requirements, both mechanical and chemical, with no implications for efficiency. The calculated power is for "steady horizontal flight". meaning that a valid test of predicted power requires birds to be trained to hold a constant position in the test section, while maintaining a steady wingbeat frequency and amplitude. This has not been achieved in recent experiments, and is hard to achieve when using physiological methods, because of the long periods of continuous flight needed. Measurements of mechanical rather than chemical power require shorter flight times, and offer better prospects for reliable power measurements.
Bridging the Gap between Human Kinds and Biological Kinds

Many writers claim that human kinds are significantly different from biological and natural kinds. Some suggest that humans kinds are unique because social structures are essential for the etiology of human kinds. Others argue that human cultural evolution is decidedly different from other forms of evolution. In this paper I suggest that the gulf between humans and our biological relatives is not as wide as some argue. There is a taxonomic difference between human and nonhuman organisms, but such factors as social structure and cultural evolution do not distinguish us from many other organisms.
Registration of NC97BGTD7 and NC97BGTD8 wheat germplasms resistant to powdery mildew

and Ma. Saluda contains the Pm3a gene (3) and was susceptible in all greenhouse and evaluations conducted in the development of the germplasms. The direct diploid to hexaploid transfer methodology followed during backcrossing was similar to that outlined by Gill and Raupp (1). We utilized A-genome diploids as donor parents in place of the D-genome diploids described in that study. The hexaploid x diploid cross, Fj embryo rescue, and development of BC,F,, BC^, and BC2F2 seed were conducted during the 1988 to 1991 winter greenhouse seasons. Field selection using the pedigree breeding method was initiated with BC2F2 bulk populations in the 1991-1992 season. Natural powdery mildew epiphytotics occurred each year. Selection was primarily for mildew resistance during Feekes (2) Growth Stages 8 to 10.5, but whenever possible additional selection for heading date, plant height, and straw strength was conducted using the Saluda phenotype as the benchmark. Each germplasm line traces to a single headrow harvested in 1996. Laboratory evaluations for powdery mildew resistance using the detached leaf technique were conducted during development of these germplasms and again just prior to release. Laboratory evaluations were completed with 2-cm pieces of the primary leaves floated on 0.5% water agar amended with 50 mg L~' benzimidazole and evaluated as summarized elsewhere (3). Each line was tested for homogeneity by inoculating two replicate leaf pieces from 16 plants with four distinct isolates. Line NC96BGTA6 had 3.8% susceptible offtypes, whereas NC96BGTA4 and NC96BGTA5 were homogeneous. In addition, the three germplasms were inoculated with 30 isolates of the powdery mildew fungus with distinct differences in virulence formula and aggressiveness. These isolates had virulence to all previously identified alleles for powdery mildew resistance, with the possible exception ofPmlS. NC96BGTA4, NC96BGTA5, and NC96BGTA6 showed susceptible reactions to the 6, 0, and 1 isolates, respectively. None exhibited a susceptible reaction to commonly occurring isolates. Data and pedigree analysis showed that these germplasms contained at least one resistance gene in addition to Pm3a. Small quantities of seed (2 g) of each germplasm line are available upon written request to the corresponding author. Appropriate recognition of source should be given if this germplasm contributes to research or development of new cultivars.
Interpretable Perceived Topics in Online Customer Reviews for Product Satisfaction and Reader Helpfulness

Online customer reviews contain useful and important information, particularly, for product development and management, because customers praise or criticize in their reviews certain product attributes. We propose a model that extracts perceived topics from textual reviews using natural language processing under some restrictions created using seed words for improving the topic interpretability. In addition, the proposed model estimates the relationships between the topics and product satisfaction by writers of the review and the perceived helpfulness of reviews by readers, that is, these textual reviews are viewed as current product evaluations by customers who have made purchases and expectations of possible future demand by consumers who have yet to make purchases. The empirical study on e-commerce food reviews shows that our proposed model performs better than the extant alternative models and provides interesting findings such that the "ingredient" topic in the review text decreases the levels of customer satisfaction and the reader fs perceived helpfulness. In contrast, the ghealth h topic increases the levels of both customer satisfaction and the reader fs perceived helpfulness. These findings help us understand the product attributes that purchased customers are satisfied with and for which readers of reviews find helpful information.
Identification of chromosome regions determining kernel high oil content in maize (Zea mays L.) Synthetic populations

Chromosome regions determining kernel high oil content were identified by RFLP analysis of individual plants from C0 and C9 selection cycles of two maize synthetic populations -DS7u and YuSSSu. Identification of chromosome regions was done with informative RFLP markers (that were identified with BSA earlier) using a single plant approach - analysis of individual plants. This analysis revealed the number of plants carrying alleles that endured frequency alterations during selection process. Statistical analysis (χ2 test) revealed chromosome regions that comprise putative QTLs affecting expression of kernel high oil content of analyzed maize populations. Four regions on chromosomes 1, 6, 7 and 8 were identified in both DS7u and YuSSSu populations. Additional four regions on chromosome 4, 9 and 10 were detected only in DS7u population.
Leaf demography and the seasonal internal cycling of nitrogen in sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) seedlings in relation to nitrogen supply

summary The dynamics of the seasonal internal cycling of nitrogen (N) in Acer pseudoplatanus were studied in relation to N supply and leaf demography. Trees were grown in sand culture, and throughout 1988, supplied with either 1.0 mol N m −3(Low N) or 6.0 mol N m −3(High N), labelled with 15N to 5.0 atom %, in order to precondition their growth and capacity for N storage over the winter period. In 1989, the initial spring growth of leaves was independent of the current N supply at either 1.0 or 6.0 mol N m−3, and depended only upon the N supplied in 1988. A net loss of 15N from perennial tissues and recovery of 15N in the growing leaves confirmed that the current N supply had no effect on the remobilization of N from winter stores in the roots and stem. After 22 May 1989, remobilization of stored N for leaf growth had ceased and leaf demography was influenced by the current N supply. Plants preconditioned to 6.0 mol N m −3in 1988, but receiving only 1.0 mol N m−3in 1989, were unable to sustain previous leaf growth after 22 May and there was a decrease in leaf mass and area due to leaf abscission. In contrast, trees preconditioned with 1.0 mol N m−3in 1988, but receiving 60 mol N m−3in 1989 greatly increased their leaf growth after 22 May. This was a consequence of the stimulation by N uptake of growth of many small leaves on axillary shoots at the base of the canopy. Although leaf number increased, mean area per leaf decreased. The trees were inefficient at withdrawing N from senescing leaves in both years, allowing most of the N to fall from the tree with the leaves. The spring remobilization of N, therefore, was dependent largely upon the direct uptake of N into the stem and roots, in late summer and autumn, for storage over the winter period. The results are discussed in relation to leaf demography and the nitrogen use efficiency of deciduous trees.
User scheduling for full-duplex non-orthogonal multiple access systems with reconfiguration antennas

: As the promising technologies for providing higher network throughput, full-duplex (FD) communications and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) have attracted wide attention in recent years. In this study, the authors propose a user scheduling algorithm for the full-duplex non-orthogonal multiple access system (FD-NOMA) where an FD base station equipped with a pair of reconfigurable antennas serves multiple half-duplex downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) users simultaneously. Firstly, they formulate a user scheduling problem to maximise the sum rate of the FD-NOMA system. Then, they eliminate the inter-user interference from caused by the UL users to the DL users through the blind interference alignment based on reconfigurable antennas and decouple the user scheduling problem into a DL user scheduling problem and a UL user scheduling problem. Next, for the DL and UL user scheduling subproblems, they pair the users aligned with the same directions based on the channel correlation metric. Finally, they employ the exhausting search and iterative power allocation algorithm to solve the subproblems. Simulation results show that the proposed FD-NOMA system can achieve up to 233 % of gain in the average sum rate compared with the existing baseline schemes.
RNA TRANSPORT FROM NUCLEUS TO CYTOPLASM IN CHIRONOMUS SALIVARY GLANDS

The fine structure and cytochemistry of the extremely large RNA puffs, or Balbiani rings, in salivary gland nuclei of midge, Chironomus thummi, larvae have been investigated. The Balbiani rings are composed of a diffuse mass of electron-opaque 400 to 500 A granules, short threads about 180 to 220 A in diameter and associated fine chromatin fibrils. These components appear to be organized into brushlike elements which form the ring. Electron microscope cytochemistry has shown that the granules and short threads contain RNA. After ribonuclease digestion, only 50 to 100 A chromatin fibrils were apparent in the Balbiani ring, and the granules were no longer demonstrable. Deoxyribonuclease digestion had no apparent effect on these structures. Observations indicate that the granules are formed from the short threads and released into the nucleoplasm in which they are evenly distributed. At the nuclear envelope, many granules have been observed partially or completely within the nuclear pores. These granules become elongated and are shown to penetrate the center of the pore in a rodlike form, about 200 A in diameter. The Balbiani ring granules are not normally visible within the cytoplasm adjacent to the nuclear envelope, but have been rarely found in this region. It is suggested that the granules represent the product of the Balbiani ring, possibly a messenger RNA bound to protein, and that they regularly pass into the cytoplasm through a narrow central channel in the pores of the nuclear envelope.
Computer Audition for Healthcare: Opportunities and Challenges

1 Educational Physiology Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China, 3 School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China, 4 Institute of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China, 5 School of Computer Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 6 Shanghai Computer Music Association (SCMA), Shanghai, China, 7 School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China, 8 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China, 9 School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu, China, Department of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China, 12 Ennova Health, Langfang, China, Department of Music Technology, Shenyang Conservatory of Music, Shenyang, China, 14 Speech Group, AI Lab, AI Department, Xiaomi, Beijing, China, 15 School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, GLAM – Group on Language, Audio & Music, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Chair of Embedded Intelligence for Health Care and Wellbeing, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany, 18 audEERING GmbH, Gilching, Germany