Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bile Duct Response to Repeated Cerulein Induced Pancreatitis in the Rat

The typical morphology of common bile duct strictures in chronic pancreatitis suggests a pathogenesis not of encasement, but of mural changes in the common bile duct. Cerulein, 20 μg/kg was administered to male Wistar rats in four subcutaneous doses, hourly for 3 h, and was recorded as one application. Group A served as controls and received subcutaneous saline. Group B1 received one application of Cerulein and was sacrificed after 24 h. Group B2 was similar to B1, but was sacrificed two weeks later. Group B3 was given two applications of Cerulein with an interval of two weeks and was sacrificed two weeks after the second application. Group B4 received one application of Cerulein every week for four weeks and was sacrificed two weeks after the last application. Serum amylase levels, pancreatic edema and peripancreatic inflammatory infiltration scores increased with the severity and persistance of the insult. Bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels suggested cholestatic response in the groups that received repeated insults with Cerulein (Groups B3 and B4; p < 0.01). Moderate to strong immuno-histochemical positivity for type IV collagen at the wall of the common bile duct in animals with a persisting insult is suggestive of circumstantial evidence for mural changes as a causative factor of stricture formation in similar settings such as chronic pancreatitis with persistent inflammatory attacks.
Reinke , Claus ( 2003 ) A Case Study in Refactoring Functional Programs

Refactoring is the process of redesigning existing code without changing its functionality. Refactoring has recently come to prominence in the OO community. In this paper we explore the prospects for refactoring functional programs. Our paper centres on the case study of refactoring a 400 line Haskell program written by one of our students. The case study illustrates the type and variety of program manipulations involved in refactoring. Similarly to other program transformations, refactorings are based on program equivalences, and thus ultimately on language semantics. In the context of functional languages, refactorings can be based on existing theory and program analyses. However, the use of program transformations for program restructuring emphasises a different kind of transformation from the more traditional derivation or optimisation: characteristically, they often require wholesale changes to a collection of modules, and although they are best controlled by programmers, their application may require nontrivial semantic analyses. The paper also explores the background to refactoring, provides a taxonomy for describing refactorings and draws some conclusions about refactoring for functional programs.
WNT PATHWAY STIMULATION IN REPROGRAMMING SOMATIC CELLS WITH NUCLEAR REPROGRAMMING FACTORS

Int. C. CI2N IS/00 (2006.01) CI2N 5/074 (2010.01) U.S. C. CPC . CI2N5/0696 (2013.01); C12N 2501/415 (2013.01); C12N 2501/602 (2013.01); C12N 2501/603 (2013.01); C12N 2501/604 (2013.01); C12N 2502/45 (2013.01); C12N 2502/99 (2013.01); C12N 2510/00 (2013.01) Field of Classification Search CPC . C12N 2501/602; C12N 2501/603; C12N 5/0696; C12N 2510/00; C12N 2501/604; C12N 15/85; C12N 2501/605; C12N 2501/608; C12N 2501/606; C12N 2502/45; C12N 2502/99: C12N 2506/45; C12N 5/16: C12N 2506/1307; C12N 2501/115; C12N 2501/727; C12N. 25O1/415 See application file for complete search history. (56) References Cited
HIV/AIDS, prisons and the law

The increase in identified HIV seropositive prisoners in Australia's prisons raises serious questions concerning legal obligations within the prison community. Norberry examines some of these issues. Topics discussed include: United States cases involving HIV/AIDS; prison conditions and prisoners' rights; duty of care; legal liability for HIV transmission; and occupational health and safety issues.
109 Quality of Life Issues in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

>Quality of life has become an area of important clinical concern within the context of the >Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. The association of deficits in quality of life in this group has been thrown into sharp relief by the more recent conceptualization of this distressing presentation as likely of being of biological, rather than psychiatric, origin. Chronic fatigue syndrome is an enigmatic presentation, the etiology of which remains speculative, this arising to the vacuum of evidence regarding causation being filled by opinion rather than fact, often to the detriment to the patient group as a whole. This chapter will explore the salient issues regarding assessment of quality of life in patients diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome. List of Abbreviations: CFS, chronic fatigue syndrome; CHD, coronary heart disease; EQ-5D, EuroQOL Five Dimensions; HRQL, > health-related quality of life; ME, >Myalgic Encephalomyelitis; QLI, Quality of Life Index; SF-36, short-form 36; SIP, sickness impact profile
FREQUENCY OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN INTESTINAL E. COLI STRAINS 50 CHARACTERIZATION OF TETRACYCLINE AND AMPICILLIN RESISTANCE GENES 50 ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE COMBINATIONS 51 ANTIBIOTIC CONSUMPTION 52 IMPACT OF ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT ON ESTABLISHMENT OF TETRACYCLINE AND AMPICILLIN RESISTANT E. COLI STR

ANTIBIOTIC MECHANISMS 3 Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Inhibition of protein synthesis Inhibition of folic acid synthesis Inhibition of DNA replication Inhibition of RNA synthesis USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN SWEDEN 13 ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE 13 Mutations Horizontal gene transfer DETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE 18 MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE 20 The origin of antibiotic resistance genes Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics Resistance to tetracyclines THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA 26 Establishment of the intestinal microbiota in infants Role of microbiota in development of resistance Escherichia coli Virulence factors as colonization factors Phylogenetic classification of E. coli strains ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND FITNESS IN MICROBIOTA 33 DEMONSTRATING GENE TRANSFERS 34
Analysis of smart crack detection methodologies in various structures

This paper describes a comprehensive review of various technical papers in the domain of crack detection in Beam-Like Structure. Sensibility analysis of experimentally measured frequencies as a criterion for crack detection has been extensively used in the last decades due to its simplicity. However determination of crack parameters (like depth and location) is not straight forward. The various techniques discussed on the basis of dynamic analysis of Crack. The techniques mainly of fuzzy logic neural network, fuzzy system, hybrid neuro genetic algorithm, artificial neural network, artificial intelligence.
Nursing preceptorship : connecting practice and education

Introduction Part 1: Context Chapter 1: Shaping the Preceptorship Experience Chapter 2: The Teaching and Learning Climate Chapter 3: The Players: Roles and Responsibilities Chapter 4: The Preceptorship Focus Part 2: Process Chapter 5: The Preceptor as Teacher Chapter 6: The Preceptee as Learner Chapter 7: Learning Objectives Chapter 8: Communication Chapter 9: Establishing a Preceptorship Program
Cognitive load theory: Research that teachers really need to understand

Cognitive load theory is supported by a significant number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). This large body of evidence indicates that instruction is most effective when it is designed according to the limitations of working memory. Cognitive load theory indicates that when teaching students new content and skills, teachers are more effective when they provide explicit guidance accompanied by practice and feedback, not when they require students to discover for themselves many aspects of what they must learn.
Molecular dynamics simulations ; comparisons of octameric and tetrameric channel models of the peptaibol antiamoebin

Two different models of the channel bundle of the peptaibol antiamoebin were studied using molecular dynamics simulations in an explicitly modeled environment consisting of a POPC bilayer surrounded by water. Both the octameric and tetrameric bundles were found to be stable over tenths of nanoseconds with characteristic interhelical hydrogen bonding patterns stabilizing the channels. The dimensions of the channels have also been assessed and compared to each other and the modern potassium channels.
Extracellular Domain Mutation of ErbB 2 Status in Japanese Lung Cancer Patients

Purpose: The erbB pathway involves a family of tyrosine kinases and has contributed to resistance or sensitivity for chemotherapy in many tumor types. Somatic mutations of the erbB family receptor gene at kinase domain were found in lung cancer patients. However, the incidence of extracellular domain mutation of erbB2 in Japanese patients has been rarely described. We report on the incidence of these mutations and clinical factors associated with these mutations. Material and Methods: We have investigated extracellular domain mutations of erbB2 status in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients by reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and direct sequencing. The study included 210 surgically removed EGFR or ALK gene wild type lung cancer cases from Nagoya City University Hospital. Results: One G309E erbB2 mutation case was found from squamous cell carcinoma. Within adenocarcinoma, no erbB2 mutation was found in extracellular domain. We have previously detected six erbB2 mutations at kinase domain all in adenocarcinomas. Among the 7 erbB2 gene mutation cases, one case with kinase domain mutation was Hercep test positive. Conclusion: The extracellular domain mutation of erbB2 was rare in Japanese population. Although this mutation is rare, its identification could result in more precise treatment of patients.
RISPR / Cas 9 produces anti-hepatitis B virus effect in hepatoma cells nd transgenic mouse

Chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is at risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and remains one of the major public health problems worldwide. It is a major barrier of persistence HBV cccDNA under current antiviral therapy as novel strategies of disrupting HBV cccDNA is pressing. The (CRISPR)/Cas9 system is presently emerging in gene editing and we also apply it for targeting and deleting the conserved regions of HBV genome. Two homologous sequences of HBV S and X genes were carried with CRISPR/Cas9 endonuclease to build pCas9 constructs, which may mediate anti-HBV effects of in vitro and in vivo systems in this study. The results showed the better anti-HBV productions by pCas9-2
Key Attributes of an Intelligent IIoT Edge Platform

Using the examples of industrial communications, cybersecurity, and edge compute (from simple data optimization to machine learning), this white paper focuses on the fit and benefit of Zynq®-7000 SoC and Zynq UltraScale+TM MPSoC families for IIoT embedded systems. These devices combine ARM® application processors with FPGA logic (programmable hardware), peripherals, and other embedded blocks to enable users to strike the ideal balance between software intelligence and hardware optimization for their systems. The white paper explores industrial equipment life cycles and how the combination of software and programmable hardware facilitates a fundamentally more capable system in the short term, but how it also extends the usable life of the system within the rapidly shifting market trends of IIoT. The white paper introduces software tools that facilitate the distribution of a function between software and programmable hardware and highlights the business risks and costs of not choosing an All Programmable solution.
Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension Is Associated With Neuroinflammation in the Spinal Cord

Rationale Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare but fatal disease characterized by elevated pulmonary pressures and vascular remodeling, leading to right ventricular failure and death. Recently, neuroinflammation has been suggested to be involved in the sympathetic activation in experimental PH. Whether PH is associated with neuroinflammation in the spinal cord has never been investigated. Methods/Results PH was well-established in adult male Wistar rats 3-week after pulmonary endothelial toxin Monocrotaline (MCT) injection. Using the thoracic segments of the spinal cord, we found a 5-fold increase for the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in PH rats compared to controls (p < 0.05). To further determine the region of the spinal cord where GFAP was expressed, we performed immunofluorescence and found a 3 to 3.5-fold increase of GFAP marker in the gray matter, and a 2 to 3-fold increase in the white matter in the spinal cord of PH rats compared to controls. This increase was due to PH (MCT vs. Control; p < 0.01), and there was no difference between the dorsal versus ventral region. PH rats also had an increase in the pro-inflammatory marker chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) protein expression (∼ 3-fold) and (2.8 to 4-fold, p < 0.01) in the white matter. Finally, angiogenesis was increased in PH rat spinal cords assessed by the adhesion molecule CD31 expression (1.5 to 2.3-fold, p < 0.01). Conclusion We report for the first time evidence for neuroinflammation in the thoracic spinal cord of pulmonary hypertensive rats. The impact of spinal cord inflammation on cardiopulmonary function in PH remains elusive.
Spatiotemporal Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 in Developing and Mature Mouse Hindbrain Serotonergic Neurons

Transforming growth factor betas are integral molecular components of the signaling cascades defining development and survival of several neuronal groups. Among TGF‐β ligands, TGF‐β2 has been considered as relatively more important during development. We have generated a conditional knockout mouse of the Tgf‐β2 gene with knock‐in of an EGFP reporter and subsequently a mouse line with cell‐type specific deletion of TGF‐β2 ligand from Krox20 expressing cells (i.e. in cells from rhombomeres r3 and r5). We performed a phenotypic analysis of the hindbrain serotonergic system during development and in adulthood, determined the neurochemical profile in hindbrain and forebrain, and assessed behavioural performance of wild type and mutant mice. Mutant mice revealed significantly decreased number of caudal 5‐HT neurons at embryonic day (E) 14, and impaired development of caudal dorsal raphe, median raphe, raphe magnus, and raphe obscurus neurons at E18, a phenotype that was restored and/or overshot in adult mice. Serotonin levels were decreased in hindbrain but significantly increased in cortex of adult mutant mice, though without any behavioural consequences. These results highlight differential and temporal dependency of developing and adult neurons on TGF‐β2 and highlight the isoform‐specific effects during development of the serotonergic system. The results also indicate TGF‐β2 being directly or indirectly potent to modulate neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism. The novel floxed TGF‐β2 mouse model is a suitable tool for analyzing the in vivo functions of TGF‐β2 during development and in adulthood in many organs.
Machine Learning Approach to Predict Ventricular Fibrillation Based on QRS Complex Shape

Early prediction of the occurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VTA) has a potential to save patients’ lives. VTA includes ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Several studies have achieved promising performances in predicting VT and VF using traditional heart rate variability (HRV) features. However, as VTA is a life-threatening heart condition, its prediction performance requires further improvement. To improve the performance of predicting VF, we used the QRS complex shape features, and traditional HRV features were also used for comparison. We extracted features from 120-s-long HRV and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals (QRS complex signed area and R-peak amplitude) to predict the VF onset 30 s before its occurrence. Two artificial neural network (ANN) classifiers were trained and tested with two feature sets derived from HRV and the QRS complex shape based on a 10-fold cross-validation. The prediction accuracy estimated using 11 HRV features was 72%, while that estimated using four QRS complex shape features yielded a high prediction accuracy of 98.6%. The QRS complex shape could play a significant role in performance improvement of predicting the occurrence of VF. Thus, the results of our study can be considered by the researchers who are developing an application for an implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) when to begin ventricular defibrillation.
Clinical skills or simulation

Abstract of a presentation that was presented at 4th International Clinical Skills Conference: Showcasing Innovation and Evidenced Based Clinical Skills Education and Practice, 22-25 May, 2011, Prato, Tuscany. Disciplines Medicine and Health Sciences | Social and Behavioral Sciences Publication Details McQueeney, L. (2011). Clinical skills or simulation? Abstracts of 4th International Clinical Skills Conference: Showcasing Innovation and Evidenced Based Clinical Skills Education and Practice (pp. 56-56). This conference paper is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow. edu.au/smhpapers/2090
The ATP-P2X7 Signaling Pathway Participates in the Regulation of Slit1 Expression in Satellite Glial Cells

Slit1 is one of the known signaling factors of the slit family and can promote neurite growth by binding to its receptor, Robo2. Upregulation of Slit1 expression in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) after peripheral nerve injury plays an important role in nerve regeneration. Each sensory neuronal soma in the DRG is encapsulated by several surrounding satellite glial cells (SGCs) to form a neural structural unit. However, the temporal and spatial patterns of Slit1 upregulation in SGCs in DRG and its molecular mechanisms are not well understood. This study examined the spatial and temporal patterns of Slit1 expression in DRG after sciatic nerve crush by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The effect of neuronal damage signaling on the expression of Slit1 in SGCs was studied in vivo by fluorescent gold retrograde tracing and double immunofluorescence staining. The relationship between the expression of Slit1 in SGCs and neuronal somas was also observed by culturing DRG cells and double immunofluorescence labeling. The molecular mechanism of Slit1 was further explored by immunohistochemistry and western blotting after intraperitoneal injection of Bright Blue G (BBG, P2X7R inhibitor). The results showed that after peripheral nerve injury, the expression of Slit1 in the neurons and SGCs of DRG increased. The expression of Slit1 was presented with a time lag in SGCs than in neurons. The expression of Slit1 in SGCs was induced by contact with surrounding neuronal somas. Through injured cell localization, it was found that the expression of Slit1 was stronger in SGCs surrounding injured neurons than in SGCs surrounding non-injured neurons. The expression of vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) in DRG neurons was increased by injury signaling. After the inhibition of P2X7R, the expression of Slit1 in SGCs was downregulated, and the expression of VNUT in DRG neurons was upregulated. These results indicate that the ATP-P2X7R pathway is involved in signal transduction from peripheral nerve injury to SGCs, leading to the upregulation of Slit1 expression.
Characterizing Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis, var. Kunzendorf: A Comparative Case Study

Different Salmonella serovars generally display different antigenic formulae, but there are some exceptions. For instance, the same antigenic formula, 6,7:c:1,5, is shared by Salmonella enterica serovar, Paratyphi C, Typhisuis, and Choleraesuis. Moreover, three biotypes have been described within the S. Choleraesuis serovar. A distinction among such biotypes can only be based on biochemical behaviors (biotyping) posing serious concerns when rapid characterization is required. The study of an outbreak of severe epizootic salmonellosis in wild boars occurred in Italy between 2012 and 2014 and the typing of the isolates recovered from the outbreak were used to test different approaches for serovar identification. A number of 30 S. Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf isolates from the outbreak were typed by means of four different methods to derive serovar and biotype: (i) slide agglutination method followed by biochemical tests, (ii) suspension array xMAP® Salmonella Serotyping Assay (SSA), (iii) whole genome sequencing (WGS) and data analysis using SeqSero tool, and (iv) WGS and data analysis using Salmonella TypeFinder tool. Slide agglutination, xMAP® SSA and WGS, followed by SeqSero analysis, are methods that infer the serovars according to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor (WKL) scheme, based exclusively on antigens. Using these methods, isolates with incomplete antigenic formulae could be misleadingly excluded from an outbreak. On the contrary, WGS followed by Salmonella TypeFinder data analysis, which predicts the serotype on the basis of Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), might be able to cluster together isolates belonging to the same outbreak irrespective of the antigenic formula. Results suggest the benefit of routine use of a combination of in silico MLST and antigenic formula analysis to solve specific ambiguous case studies for outbreak investigation purposes.
Neutrophil Heterogeneity in Cancer: From Biology to Therapies

Neutrophils have been extensively described in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and infectious diseases. Accumulating evidence also suggests the important role of neutrophils in cancer progression through their interaction with cancer and immune cells in blood and in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Most studies have described neutrophils as key drivers of cancer progression, due to their involvement in various tumor promoting functions including proliferation, aggressiveness, and dissemination, as well as in immune suppression. However, such studies were focusing on late-stages of tumorigenesis, in which chronic inflammation had already developed. The role of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) at early stages of tumor development remains poorly described, though recent findings indicate that early-stage TANs may display anti-tumor properties. Beyond their role at tumor site, evidence supported by NLR retrospective studies and functional analyses suggest that blood neutrophils could also actively contribute to tumorigenesis. Hence, it appears that the phenotype and functions of neutrophils vary greatly during tumor progression, highlighting their heterogeneity. The origin of pro- or anti-tumor neutrophils is generally believed to arise following a change in cell state, from resting to activated. Moreover, the fate of neutrophils may also involve distinct differentiation programs yielding various subsets of pro or anti-tumor neutrophils. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge on neutrophils heterogeneity across different tissues and their impact on tumorigenesis, as well as neutrophil-based therapeutic strategies that have shown promising results in pre-clinical studies, paving the way for the design of neutrophil-based next generation immunotherapy.