Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Skeletal muscle energetics with PNMR: personal views and historic perspectives

This article reviews historical and current NMR approaches to describing in vivo bioenergetics of skeletal muscles in normal and diseased populations. It draws upon the first author's more than 70 years of personal experience in enzyme kinetics and the last author's physiological approaches. The development of in vivo PNMR jointly with researchers around the world is described. It is explained how non‐invasive PNMR has advanced human exercise biochemistry, physiology and pathology. Further, after a brief explanation of bioenergetics with PNMR on creatine kinase, anerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, some basic and controversial subjects are focused upon, and the authors' view of the subjects are offered, with questions and answers. Some of the research has been introduced in exercise physiology. Future directions of NMR on bioenergetics, as a part of system biological approaches, are indicated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can Learning Disabilities Be Determined From Working Memory Performance?

This study assumes that children of various academic abilities may be characterized by different patterns of memory function. To test this assumption, subgroups of children were identified through a hierarchical cluster analysis based upon a test battery of sentence span, preload, and concurrent memory demand tasks. One subtype presented a profile of children with learning disabilities showing severe memory performance deficits, while another subgroup yielded high memory and high academic performance. Four additional subtypes had variations in memory performance, which in turn reflected variations in external criteria related to reading, mathematics, and spelling performance. For each subtype, performance strengths and weaknesses were characterized within Baddeley's (1986) working memory model. The study provides partial validation for the classification of children with learning disabilities on psychometric measures according to patterns of memory performance.
Performance and Variability Comparisons between Multi-Gate FETs and Planar SOI Transistors

This paper compares the performance and inter-die variability of doped and undoped channel multiple-gate FETs (MUGFETs) with respect to planar SOI devices. We show that doped-channel FinFETs have equivalent variability to narrow-width planar devices. As such, transitions to FinFETs for narrow-width devices will likely incur minimal variability impact. To match the low variability of wide-width planar devices, conversions to undoped channel FinFETs is necessary. Furthermore, good short-channel control has to be maintained since undoped channel devices exhibit increase sensitivity to Tbody relative to doped channel FinFETs due to enhanced fully-depleted channel electrostatics
Relationship between rifampin MICs for and rpoB mutations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Japan

We analyzed the relationship between rifampin MICs and rpoB mutations of 40 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A point mutation in either codon 516, 526, or 531 was found in 13 strains requiring MICs of > or = 64 micrograms/ml, while 21 strains requiring MICs of < or = 1 microgram/ml showed no alteration in these codons. However, 3 of these 21 strains contained a point mutation in either codon 515 or 533. Of the other six strains requiring MICs between 2 and 32 micrograms/ml, three contained a point mutation in codon 516 or 526, while no alteration was detected in the other three. Our results indicate that the sequencing analysis of a 69-bp fragment in the rpoB gene is useful in predicting rifampin-resistant phenotypes.
Influence of Transcriptional Activator RamA on Expression of Multidrug Efflux Pump AcrAB and Tigecycline Susceptibility in Klebsiella pneumoniae

ABSTRACT Tigecycline is an expanded broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that is active against many clinically relevant species of bacterial pathogens, including Klebsiella pneumoniae. The majority of K. pneumoniae isolates are fully susceptible to tigecycline; however, a few strains that have decreased susceptibility have been isolated. One isolate, G340 (for which the tigecycline MIC is 4 μg/ml and which displays a multidrug resistance [MDR] phenotype), was selected for analysis of the mechanism for this decreased susceptibility by use of transposon mutagenesis with IS903φkan. A tigecycline-susceptible mutant of G340, GC7535, was obtained (tigecycline MIC, 0.25 μg/ml). Analysis of the transposon insertion mapped it to ramA, a gene that was previously identified to be involved in MDR in K. pneumoniae. For GC7535, the disruption of ramA led to a 16-fold decrease in the MIC of tigecycline and also a suppression of MDR. Trans-complementation with plasmid-borne ramA restored the original parental phenotype of decreased susceptibility to tigecycline. Northern blot analysis revealed a constitutive overexpression of ramA that correlated with an increased expression of the AcrAB transporter in G340 compared to that in tigecycline-susceptible strains. Laboratory mutants of K. pneumoniae with decreased susceptibility to tigecycline could be selected at a frequency of approximately 4 × 10−8. These results suggest that ramA is associated with decreased tigecycline susceptibility in K. pneumoniae due to its role in the expression of the AcrAB multidrug efflux pump.
Währungskrisen und die Rolle der Wirtschaftspolitik

Währungskrisen der ersten Generation sind eng mit einer expansiven Geldpolitik verknüpft. Die inkonsistente Wirtschaftspolitik, bestehend aus einer Bindung des Wechselkurses und der monetären Expansion, führt zu einem Wettbewerb der Spekulanten um die Währungsreserven der Zentralbank. In einem Währungskrisen-Modell der ersten Generation wird dieser Zusammenhang deutlich. In einem zweiten Schritt wird das Modell erweitert, indem die Parameter einer selbsterfüllenden Währungskrise implementiert werden.
Forensic phonetics

More and more legal cases involve recorded samples of speech. Typical cases include hoax calls to the emergency services, obscene calls, fraudulent deals negotiated over the telephone or ransom demands. In such cases the police, and prosecuting authorities, may need evidence that a suspect is the speaker on the recording, and naturally turn to phoneticians or other speech scientists for an expert opinion. Some readers will recall the controversy in the USA in the 1960s and 1970s resulting from exaggerated claims for the reliability for speaker identification of spectrograms or ' voiceprints' (see Nolan, 1983: 18-25). In t n e UK the bulk of expert opinion on speaker identity has been given by phoneticians using auditory analysis alone, although acoustic analysis is being adopted by some. For at least the last decade it has been evident that some of the practices of phoneticians doing forensic work (specifically speaker identification) have aroused misgivings among colleagues. These misgivings were aired at the 1980 Colloquium of British Academic Phoneticians (now the British Association of Academic Phoneticians). A motion that 'phoneticians should not consider themselves expert in speaker identification until they have demonstrated themselves to be so' was carried by 30 votes to 12 with 8 abstentions (including members not present but later balloted). Since then, however, little debate has taken place within the academic community. This is partly because, although the wording of the above motion was intended to promote research, only a little research of direct relevance to this forensic activity has emerged. A useful preliminary experiment, directly motivated by the motion, was that of Shirt (1984), which showed that over a range of speaker-identification tasks, on sets of speakers with similar accents, there was wide variation in performance among both phoneticians and non-
Early and late inflammatory bowel disease: why and how are they different?

For the longest time doctors and patients alike have been accustomed to think about diseases as either acute or chronic, perhaps a legacy of seeing infectious diseases as conditions that can quickly make the victim sick and just as quickly heal, and all other diseases as life-long conditions that inexorably drag on worsening the quality of life of the patient. Although we are currently aware that infectious diseases can be independently or codependently acute and chronic, one of the most pressing medical challenges we face today is how to deal with the rising burden of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. These conditions do not always manifest themselves at an early stage of pathogenesis but, more often than not, become obvious when substantial injury has already occurred in the target organ or system. In the second scenario, which is by far the most common, we must be aware that there must always be an early phase in all chronic immune-mediated diseases. Unfortunately, this early phase often goes unnoticed or only causes minor nonspecific symptoms, and then progresses silently until enough damage has been inflicted that the ‘first’ symptoms and signs appear and prompt a visit to the doctor. True first symptoms of these diseases can also occur in young children as a prelude of worse things to come. These symptoms, however, are frequently atypical and fail to reveal the full-blown picture observed in adults because of the acute but still limited damage in the affected tissue, and require particularly skilled pediatricians that think in terms of ‘chronic diseases at an early stage’. Thus, we should not forget that chronic immune-mediated diseases do have an ‘early’ and ‘late’ phase, a paradigm that is at times thought of in terms of ‘pediatric’ and ‘adult’ disease. This equivalence offers some advantages when one tries to investigate and compare early and late clinical signs and symptoms; on the contrary, it must be remembered that the value of this equivalence is limited by the practical observation that immune-mediated diseases may present in a chronic form in children and complicated by the fact that true early disease can appear for the first time in adults.
Value of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in the follow up of head and neck cancer patients

Abstract Background: Few studies have prospectively investigated psychological morbidity in UK head and neck cancer patients. This study aimed to explore changes in psychological symptoms over time, and associations with patients' tumour and treatment characteristics, including toxicity. Methods: Two hundred and twenty patients were recruited to complete the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Late Effects on Normal Tissue (Subjective, Objective, Management and Analytic) (‘LENT-SOMA’) questionnaires, both pre- and post-treatment. Results: Anxiety was highest pre-treatment (38 per cent) and depressive symptoms peaked at the end of treatment (44 per cent). Anxiety significantly decreased and depression significantly increased, comparing pre- versus post-treatment responses (p < 0.001). Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores were significantly correlated with toxicity, age and chemotherapy (p < 0.01 for all). Conclusion: This is the first study to analyse the relationship between Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores and toxicity scores in head and neck cancer patients. It lends support for the use of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Late Effects on Normal Tissue (Subjective, Objective, Management and Analytic) questionnaire in routine clinical practice; furthermore, continued surveillance is required at multiple measurement points.
Port-access aortic valve surgery: a technique in evolution.

BACKGROUND Innovative minimally invasive surgical techniques have been developed for treating many cardiac diseases. We reviewed our experience with port-access aortic valve replacement (PAVR) surgery. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients with aortic valve disease who underwent surgical correction using the Heartport System and minithoracotomy (PAVR) from January 1998 to December 2002 (n = 58) and matched them 1:1 with a cohort of patients who underwent AVR with conventional sternotomy. RESULTS No preoperative statistical differences existed between the groups, including age, sex, New York Heart Association class, and ejection fraction. Perioperatively, there was a statistically significant difference between the AVR and PAVR groups with regard to aortic cross-clamp time (74.0 +/- 22.9 minutes versus 92.7 +/- 20.4 minutes, P < .01). Average operative times improved in the PAVR group by almost 83 minutes from the first 10 patients to patients 21 to 31 (P = .05). PAVR patients also averaged shorter stays in the intensive care unit (ICU) (1.5 days less) and hospital (1.8 days less) and were extubated sooner (4.9 hours). Mortality (1/58, 1.7%) and morbidity (reoperation for bleeding, infection, and stroke) were similar for both groups. CONCLUSIONS This minimally invasive approach to aortic valve surgery allows patients to be extubated earlier and promotes shorter stays in the ICU and hospital. These data suggest that the PA approach is an attractive alternative for patients requiring aortic valve surgery. There also appears to be a rapid surgeon learning curve.
Trust Relationship Establishment Based on the Existing Trust

Identity management (IdM) is a fundamental technology for various services on Internet. In order to benefit aggregation of various service, it is necessary to establish trust relationship between Identity providers (IdPs) in different cycle of relationship between visited IdP and home IdP, but also designs an effective authentication model that can fully use existing interface without additional negotiation processes. These proposals can improve interoperability of IdM and can evidently benefit the development of Internet services.
KRAS and BRAF mutations in advanced colorectal cancer are associated with poor prognosis but do not preclude benefit from oxaliplatin or irinotecan: results from the MRC FOCUS trial.

PURPOSE Activating mutation of the KRAS oncogene is an established predictive biomarker for resistance to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) therapies in advanced colorectal cancer (aCRC). We wanted to determine whether KRAS and/or BRAF mutation is also a predictive biomarker for other aCRC therapies. PATIENTS AND METHODS The Medical Research Council Fluorouracil, Oxaliplatin and Irinotecan: Use and Sequencing (MRC FOCUS) trial compared treatment sequences including first-line fluorouracil (FU), FU/irinotecan or FU/oxaliplatin in aCRC. Tumor blocks were obtained from 711 consenting patients. DNA was extracted and KRAS codons 12, 13, and 61 and BRAF codon 600 were assessed by pyrosequencing. Mutation (mut) status was assessed first as a prognostic factor and then as a predictive biomarker for the benefit of adding irinotecan or oxaliplatin to FU. The association of BRAF-mut with loss of MLH1 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Three hundred eight (43.3%) of 711 patients had KRAS-mut and 56 (7.9%) of 711 had BRAF-mut. Mutation of KRAS, BRAF, or both was present in 360 (50.6%) of 711 patients. Mutation in either KRAS or BRAF was a poor prognostic factor for overall survival (OS; hazard ratio [HR], 1.40; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.65; P < .0001) but had minimal impact on progression-free survival (PFS; HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.36; P = .05). Mutation status did not affect the impact of irinotecan or oxaliplatin on PFS or OS. BRAF-mut was weakly associated with loss of MLH1 staining (P = .012). CONCLUSION KRAS/BRAF mutation is associated with poor prognosis but is not a predictive biomarker for irinotecan or oxaliplatin. There is no evidence that patients with KRAS/BRAF mutated tumors are less likely to benefit from these standard chemotherapy agents.
On the lexical coverage of some resources on Italian cooking recipes

English. We describe an experiment designed to measure the lexical coverage of some resources over the Italian cooking recipes genre. First, we have built a small cooking recipe dataset; second, we have done a qualitative morpho-syntactic analysis of the dataset and third we have done a quantitative analysis of the lexical coverage of the dataset. Italian. Descriviamo un esperimento per valutare la copertura lessicale di alcune risorse sul genere delle ricette da cucina. Primo, abbiamo costruito un piccolo dataset di ricette. Secondo, ne abbiamo eseguito un’analisi qualitativa di sulla morfo-sintassi. Terzo, ne abbiamo eseguito un’analisi quantitativa della cop-
"I had no idea this was a thing": on the importance of understanding the user experience of personalized transparency tools

Personalization has the potential to improve the effectiveness of "generic" privacy notices and policies, however, little is known about the user impact of the personalized transparency tools available today. While regulators consistently endorse transparency, the popular press often couches existing tools in negative and cautionary tones. In a pilot study of two personalized online transparency tools, Google's My Activity and Google Ads Settings, we find the user experience of these tools is difficult to study due to low user-awareness and limited user data accessible to the tools. However, for those users with sufficient data accessible to the tools, we find no evidence that these tools are harmful to user trust and privacy attitudes.
Observation of a walking pedestrian with a 24 GHz automotive radar sensor

In this paper the echo signal of a moving pedestrian will be considered as an example of a velocity extende radar target. Based on measurements and simulations, targe t characteristics inside the radar receive signal differingfrom a point-target model will be analyzed and the necessity of newand alternative signal processing strategies for close-up app lications will be shown. I. I NTRODUCTION Active safety systems will be used in automotive applications to increase comfort and safety. In safety related system s mainly the protection of pedestrians, so called vulnerable road users, is considered in current research projects [1]. While radar systems are commonly used to detect positions and velocities of all objects inside the surrounding of vehi cles, up to now, mainly optical systems are considered for the task of object classification and target recognition. But it has already been shown, that radar sensors can also be applied for the purpose of target classification [2]. To deliver this additional information about the type of object, the common ly used point-target model for radar detections is not sufficie nt any more since the information about target characteristic s is covered inside the echo signal details differing from thi s simple model. Considering extended targets, usually rangeor angularextended targets are addressed [3]. In addition to this, rad ar targets can also be velocity-extended and have to be handled in case of target tracking and recognition accordingly. Rec ent publications have shown that even simple radar sensors are capable to record micro-Doppler profiles of walking humans [4], [5]. In this paper we will use the example of a walking pedestrian to demonstrate the additional information insi de the radar echo signal which could be achieved if the targets are handled with a non point-like target model. II. GAIT ANALYSIS The movement of a walking pedestrian is characterized by a non uniform motion. Even when the center of gravity is moving with a constant velocity, all parts of the person’s bo dy perform an individual technically complicated, but period ical process of acceleration and deceleration. The reason there for is to minimize the overall energy consumption [6], [8]. To give an impression, Fig. 1 presents two video frames with a time difference ofT = 12 ms showing a walking person and the respective motion vectors of different body parts. All t he details in the measured movement are called micro-Doppler. (a) t = 0ms (b) t = 12ms
ATIVIDADE MUSCULAR DE MEMBROS INFERIORES NO EXERCÍCIO DE AGACHAMENTO

O exercicio de agachamento e usado em diversos programas de reabilitacao e treinamento de forca, em funcao deste movimento estar associado a atividades esportivas como corridas e saltos, assim como a atividades cotidianas. Desta forma, diversos artigos trazem atividade muscular em diversas condicoes como, agachamento com peso corporal, posicionamento da barra; anterior, posterior, baixo e alto, e agachamento em posicao instavel, as condicoes tecnicas de posicionamento dos pes e profundidade e seus efeitos sobre o agachamento. O objetivo deste trabalho e revisar diversos artigos que analisaram atividade muscular de membros inferiores no agachamento. O conhecimento dos aspectos biomecânicos do agachamento como atividade muscular de membros inferiores, podem esclarecer na aplicacao para fisioterapeutas, educadores fisicos e medicos.
A Review of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Compatible Manipulators in Surgery

Abstract Developments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), coupled with parallel progress in the field of computer-assisted surgery, mean that an ideal environment has been created for the development of MRI-compatible robotic systems and manipulators, capable of enhancing many types of surgical procedure. However, MRI does impose severe restrictions on mechatronic devices to be used in or around the scanners. In this article a review of the developments in the field of MRI-compatible surgical manipulators over the last decade is presented. The manipulators developed make use of different methods of actuation, but they can be reduced to four main groups: actuation transmitted through hydraulics, pneumatic actuators, ultrasonic motors based on the piezoceramic principle and remote manual actuation. Progress has been made concerning material selection, position sensing, and different actuation techniques, and design strategies have been implemented to overcome the multiple restrictions imposed by the MRI environment. Most systems lack the clinical validation needed to continue on to commercial products.