Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Verificación de aplicaciones web dinámicas con Web-TLR

Web-TLR is a software tool designed for model-checking Web applications that is based on rewriting logic. Web applications are expressed as rewrite theories that can be formally verified by using the Maude built-in LTLR model-checker. Whenever a property is refuted, it produces a counterexample trace that underlies the failing model checking computation. However, the analysis (or even the simple inspection) of large counterexamples may prove to be unfeasible due to the size and complexity of the traces under examination. This work aims to improve the understandability of the counterexamples generated by Web-TLR by developing an integrated framework for debugging Web applications that integrates a trace-slicing technique for rewriting logic theories that is particularly tailored to Web-TLR. The verification environment is also provided with a user-friendly, graphical Web interface that shields the user from unnecessary information. Trace slicing is a widely used technique for execution trace analysis that is effectively used in program debugging, analysis and comprehension. Our trace slicing technique allows us to systematically trace back rewrite sequences modulo equational axioms (such as associativity and commutativity) by means of an algorithm that dynamically simplifies the traces by detecting control and data dependencies, and dropping useless data that do not influence the final result. Our methodology is particularly suitable for analyzing complex, textually-large system computations such as those delivered as counter-example traces by Maude model-checkers. The slicing facility implemented in Web-TLR allows the user to select the pieces of information that she is interested into by means of a suitable pattern-matching language supported by wildcards. The selected information is then traced back through inverse rewrite sequences. The slicing process drastically simplifies the computation trace by dropping useless data that do not influence the final result. By using this facility, the Web engineer can focus on the relevant fragments of the failing application, which greatly reduces the manual debugging effort and also decreases the number of iterative verifications.
Methods for management of soilborne plant pathogens

Soilborne pathogens cause significant economic losses in agricultural production all over the world. These species can survive for many years in the absence of a host plant by forming persistent structures such as microsclerotia, sclerotia, chlamydospores or oospores. Consequently, soilborne diseases are particularly difficult to predict, detect, diagnose and successfully control. Over the past 30 years, a fumigant, methyl bromide, has been widely used for their control in many crops. In 1992, methyl bromide was listed as an ozone-depleting substance under the Montreal Protocol − an international treaty to protect the ozone layer. During the phaseout of methyl bromide, problems generated in agricultural production made it clear that dependence on a single method or a single chemical should be avoided. The objective of this review paper was to summarize the current knowledge about different methods of soilborne disease control including: crop rotation, steam soil disinfection, soil amendments, hydroponics and soilless growing systems, soil solarization, grafting, biological control and use of natural compounds, and chemical control. Positive and negative aspects of all available methods were reviewed. Benefits, achieved by simultaneous application of several methods based on different mechanisms of actions, are discussed. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR31043]
Typical observables in a two-mode Bose system

A class of k-particle observables in a two-mode system of Bose particles is characterized by typicality: if the state of the system is sampled out of a suitable ensemble, an experimental measurement of that observable yields (almost) always the same result. We investigate the general features of typical observables, the criteria to determine typicality and finally focus on the case of density correlation functions, which are related to spatial distribution of particles and interference.
Funktionaalinen reaktiivinen ohjelmointi web-sovelluksissa

Suuri osa nykyisista sovelluksista on selaimella kaytettavia web-sovelluksia. Eras web-sovellusten suurimmista haasteista on tapahtumien kasittely, joka sisaltaa suuren osan sovelluksen virheista. Funktionaalinen reaktiivinen ohjelmointi pyrkii selkeyttamaan tapahtumienkasittelya ja sovelluksen tilan automaattista paivitysta. Funktionaalinen reaktiivinen ohjelmointi tarjoaa tahan kaksi tyokalua: signaalit ja tapahtumavirrat. Signaalit ovat automaattisesti paivittyvia arvoja, joiden avulla sovelluksen kayttoliittyma voidaan pitaa automaattisesti paivitettyna. Tapahtumavirrat ovat ajan mukaan jarjestettyja kokoelmia tapahtumia. Tapahtuman tapahtuessa se lisataan tapahtumavirtaan ja kasitellaan. Tapahtumavirroille voidaan tehda funktionaalisen ohjelmoinnin kokoelmien kasittelyn tyylisia operaatioita. Tutkielmassa esitellaan funktionaalisen reaktiivisen ohjelmoinnin periaatteet ja kasitellaan tarkemmin Javascriptilla tehdyista funktionaalisen reaktiivisen ohjelmoinnin toteutuksista RxJS ja Bacon.js. Funktionaalinen reaktiivinen ohjelmointi on selva edistysaskel yksinkertaisista pelkkiin takaisinkutsuihin perustuvista ratkaisuista. Se parantaa sovellusten yllapidettavyytta, laajennettavuutta ja selkeyttaa ohjelmakoodia. Useimpien sovellusten kehittamisessa kaytetaan sovelluskehyksia. Sovelluskehysten tavoitteet ovat usein yhtenevaisia funktionaalisen reaktiivisen ohjelmoinnin kanssa, eli ne pyrkivat selkeyttamaan tapahtumien kasittelya, yhtenaistamaan rajapintoja ja selkeyttamaan sovellusten rakennetta. Tutkielmassa esimerkkisovelluskehyksena on AngularJS. AngularJS toteuttaa monia reaktiivisuuden piirteita ja sita voidaan kayttaa yhdessa Bacon.js:n ja RxJS:n kanssa. Funktionaalista reaktiivista ohjelmointia voidaan kayttaa yhdessa sovelluskehysten kanssa, mutta sovelluskehysten kanssa funktionaalisen reaktiivisen ohjelmoinnin hyoty jaa pienemmaksi. Monimutkaisen tapahtuman kasittelyn yhteydessa funktionaalisen reaktiivisen ohjelmoinnin kaytto voi olla jarkevaa, vaikka sovelluksessa olisikin sovelluskehys kaytossa.
Younger bank voles are more vulnerable to avian predation

The importance of predation on prey populations is mainly determined by the number of eaten prey. However, the total impact of predation might also be determined by the selection of certain prey individuals, e.g., different sexes or age categories. Here we tested selective predation by an avian predator, the pygmy owl (Glaucidium passerinum (L., 1758)), on bank voles (Myodes (Clethrionomys) glareolus (Schreber, 1780)). We compared the sex, age, and mass of hoarded prey with the animals snap-trapped from the field. There were no differences in the sex ratio between hoarded bank voles and those available in the field. However, hoarded voles were significantly younger than ones in the field sam- ple. There was no statistically significant difference in mass between animals from larders and from the field. We suggest that the greater vulnerability of younger animals to predation might be due to their higher activity, or alterna- tively, they might be forced to forage in less safe habitats.
A Theory of Intermediation in Supply Chains Based on Inventory Control

The paper shows that taking inventory control out of the hands of retailers and assigning it to an intermediary increases the value of a supply chain when demand volatility is high. This is because an intermediary can help solve two incentive problems associated with retailers' inventory control and thereby improve the intertemporal allocation of inventory. Adding an intermediary as a new link in a supply chain is also shown to reduce total inventory, to make shipments from the manufacturer less frequent and more variable in size, as well as to reduce social welfare.
Analysis of Permissive and Repressive Chromatin Markers in In Vitro Fertilized Bovine Embryos Just After Embryonic Genome Activation

In vitro early embryo development was first established in human species in 1978 and represented an important achievement for Reproductive Medicine. However, despite several decades of research and clinical experience, in vitro development of blastocysts and pregnancy following embryo transfer has not been yet fully dominated. Although improvements of medium, atmosphere, hormone stimulation, oocyte recovery and embryo transfer protocols were achieved during the last 30 years, rates of in vitro developed blastocysts are still around 40% in most systems (Bannister & Kouzarides, 2011; Bolton et al., 1991; Hardy et al., 1989; Zhang et al., 2010). Furthermore, the identification of developmentally competent embryos is still a difficult task.
An introductory analysis as to the influence of lower-body power on multidirectional speed in collegiate female rugby players

Abstract This study investigated relationships between lower-body power, measured by a vertical jump (VJ) and standing broad jump (SBJ), with multidirectional speed in collegiate female rugby players. The rugby player data was compared to that of general team sport athletes to ascertain whether there were characteristics specific to collegiate rugby players. Multi-directional speed was measured by a 20-meter (m) sprint (0-5, 0-10, 0-20 m intervals) and 505 change-of-direction speed test. Eight rugby players and eight team sport athletes completed all tests. Spearman’s correlations calculated relationships between the VJ and SBJ with the speed tests, and stepwise multiple regressions determined whether the jump tests predicted speed performance (p ≤ 0.05). For the rugby players, the VJ correlated with the 0-20 m interval (r = −0.73). The SBJ correlated with the 0-5 and 0-10 m intervals, and the left-leg 505 (r = −0.71 to −0.88), and predicted 0-5 m and left-leg 505 time (r2 = 0.50-0.58). For the team sport athletes, only the VJ correlated with left-leg 505 (r = −0.80), and predicted left- and right-leg 505 times (r2 = 0.61-0.69). The results suggest that horizontal power measured by a SBJ has a greater contribution to multidirectional speed in collegiate female rugby players.
Epidemiological Principles in Public Health Program Evaluation

Public health program evaluation has certain limitations that are addressed with principles of epidemiology. Evaluation of service programs is limited to non-randomized designs and research techniques [1]. TREND (Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonrandomized Designs) checklist [2] provides a useful outline based upon epidemiological principles to structure studies with nonrandomized designs. Service populations are defined within a geopolitical population; they are targeted for beneficial health changes but measurements rarely show direct impact upon population indices. Impact estimates are strengthened by use of internal and external controls that support validity [3].
Optimization of a Ball-Milled Photocatalyst for Wastewater Treatment Through Use of an Orthogonal-Array Experimental Design

vi Chapter 1: Design of Experiments.1 1.1 General DOE Guidelines.1 1.2 An Example DOE Scenario.1 1.3 Ranking and Significance of Factors.3 1.4 Full Factorial Designs.5 1.5 Fractional Factorial Designs and Orthogonal Arrays.5 1.6 Definition and Properties of Orthogonal Arrays.7 1.7 Use in Photocatalytic Research.9 Chapter 2: Semiconductor Physics.11 2.1 Band Gaps.11 2.2 Band Theory.12 2.3 Insulators, Metals, and Semiconductors.13 2.4 Defects and Chemical Doping.14 2.5 Generation, Recombination and Trapping.16 2.6 Direct and Indirect Band Gaps.17 2.7 Measurement of the Band Gap.18 Chapter 3: Background on Photocatalysis.19 3.1 Photocatalysis for Water Purification.19 3.2 General Mechanism of Photocatalysis.20 3.3 Factors Affecting Photocatalytic Reaction Kinetics.21 3.4 Titania (TiO2), P-25, and InVO4.22 Chapter 4: Experimental Procedure.25 4.1 General Outline of Procedure.25
Absorber Model: the Halo-like model for the Lyman-α forest

We present a semi-analytic model for the Lyman-α forest that is inspired by the Halo Model. This model is built on the absorption line decomposition of the forest. Flux correlations are decomposed into those within each absorption line (the 1-absorber term) and those between separate lines (the 2-absorber term), treating the lines as biased tracers of the underlying matter fluctuations. While the nonlinear exponential mapping between optical depth and flux requires an infinite series of moments to calculate any statistic, we show that this series can be re-summed (truncating at the desired order in the linear matter overdensity). We focus on the z=2–3 line-of-sight power spectrum. Our model finds that 1-absorber term dominates the power on all scales, with most of its contribution coming from H I columns of 1014–1015 cm−2, while the smaller 2-absorber contribution comes from lower columns that trace overdensities of a few. The prominence of the 1-absorber correlations indicates that the line-of-sight power spectrum is shaped principally by the lines' number densities and their absorption profiles, with correlations between lines contributing to a lesser extent. We present intuitive formulae for the effective optical depth as well as the large-scale limits of 1-absorber and 2-absorber terms, which simplify to integrals over the H I column density distribution with different equivalent-width weightings. With minimalist models for the bias of absorption systems and their peculiar velocity broadening, our model predicts values for the density bias and velocity gradient bias that are consistent with those found in simulations.
Macro Determinants on Non-performing Loans and Stress Testing of Vietnamese Commercial Banksa Credit Risk

Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between several macroeconomic factors and the nonperforming loan ratio in the Vietnamese banking system by using panel regression models. The study employs a sample of eight listed banks representing approximately 50% of the market share of the banking system operating from the fourth quarter of 2008 to the second quarter of 2013. Consistent with international and domestic evidence, we have found that the GDP growth rate is negatively related to nonperforming loans (NPL) while the lending rate is positively related to NPL. Contrary to other studies, the inflation and exchange rates have not been found statistically significant with nonperforming loans for the Vietnamese commercial banks. The study also employs both a conventional approach and a value-at-risk (VaR) approach to conduct macro stress testing in order to predict the levels of the nonperforming loans and the expected losses that banks could suffer. The forecast result shows that under adverse and stressed scenarios the minimum capital requirement for banks to survive is about 6% at the end of 2014. Implications will then be provided for bankers and policy makers accordingly.Keywords: Nonperforming loans, capital adequacy, stress testing, vector autoregressive model.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Three-dimensional Butterfly-like Ni Architectures as Microwave Absorbers

Three-dimensional butterfly-like Ni architectures were fabricated by a surfactant-assisted hydrothermal method. The Ni architectures, with lengths of about 20 μm and widths of 4-6 μm, were assembled from tens of Ni nanorods with the averaged diameter of about 200 nm. The Ni nanorods were coated by oxide shells. The saturation magnetization of the Ni architectures was found to be 66.2 emu/g. The magnetic loss in the Ni architectures was mainly caused by the natural resonance, while the dielectric relaxation loss was originated from the interfacial relaxation between the oxide shells and the Ni nanorods in addition to the size distribution and morphology of the Ni architectures. Absorbers with a thickness of 2.1 mm exhibited an optimal reflection loss (RL) value of -38.9 dB at 12.8 GHz. RL values exceeding -20 dB in the 8.0-17.8 GHz range were obtained by choosing absorber thicknesses between 1.5 and 3.2 mm. A quarter-wavelength cancellation model was used to explain the observed thickness dependence of RL peak frequency.
Direct quantitative photoacoustic tomography for realistic acoustic media

Quantitative photo-acoustic tomography (QPAT) seeks to reconstruct a distribution of optical attenuation coefficients inside a sample from a set of time series of pressure data that is measured outside the sample. The associated inverse problems involve two steps, namely acoustic and optical, which can be solved separately or as a direct composite problem. We adopt the latter approach for realistic acoustic media that possess heterogeneous and often not accurately known distributions for sound speed and ambient density, as well as an attenuation following a frequency power law that is evident in tissue media. We use a diffusion approximation (DA) model for the optical portion of the problem. We solve the corresponding composite inverse problem using three total variation (TV) regularised optimisation approaches. Accordingly, we develop two Krylov-subspace inexact-Newton algorithms that utilise the Jacobian matrix in a matrix-free manner in order to handle the computational cost. Additionally, we use a gradient-based algorithm that computes a search direction using the L-BFGS method, and applies a TV regularisation based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) as a benchmark, because this method is popular for QPAT and direct QPAT. The results indicate the superiority of the developed inexact Newton algorithms over gradient-based quasi-Newton approaches for a comparable computational complexity.
Genetic markers in breeding programs

Animal breeding programs have proven to be efficient, particularly for production traits. In dairy cattle, selection of bulls is mostly based on progeny-tests which involve recording the performances of large groups of daughters of these bulls. Breeding cows are selected on few performances or even before they start their first lactation. This selection scheme is long and costly. However, new techniques are showing up recently in animal breeding and must be investigated to improve the efficiency of the selection schemes. Genetic markers are among these new technologies. Costs and techniques of genotyping are evolving rapidly and research for identifying genes controlling traits of economical importance (QTL) is now in process all over the world. Most countries with a tradition in animal breeding have started QTL detection and fine mapping programs. The generated knowledge, both on the genome and on the molecular techniques, is ready to be used in breeding programs. The objective of this communication is to explain the concept of genetic markers and how they are already used in dairy cattle breeding in France.
A Protocol to Assess the Invasive Performance of a Plant Species in a Particular Biogeographical Region

Biological invasions have contributed to biodiversity loss, ecosystem degradation, and impairment of ecosystem services worldwide, requiring actions towards their prevention and control. Since human and monetary resources are both limited in most countries, priorities must be settled in the real world of biological invasion prevention and control. To support the decision making process regarding plant species already introduced, we propose a classification key, based upon biogeographical and ecological attributes of the target plant population. The key shall be applied to a particular biogeographical region, based on the premise that a species never invades two distinct ecosystems in the same way. The key categorizes the species according to the potential threats offered to the native biodiversity and ecosystem services in that region. Management strategies are recommended on the basis of both the species performance as invader and its economic importance in the region. We highlight the importance of ecological studies to categorize a species by the threats it offers to a specific ecological region, in order to avoid the waste of efforts and resources with non-risky species. Eradication experiments are equally important to find ecologically, technically and economically viable solutions for the problems derived from biological invasions.
Continuum regression: Cross-validated sequentially constructed prediction embracing ordinary least s

[Read before The Royal Statistical Society at a meeting organized by the Research Section on Wednesday, October 25th, 1989, Professor D. V. Hinkley in the Chair] SUMMARY The paper addresses the evergreen problem of construction of regressors for use in least squares multiple regression. In the context of a general sequential procedure for doing this, it is shown that, with a particular objective criterion for the construction, the procedures of ordinary least squares and principal components regression occupy the opposite ends of a continuous spectrum, with partial least squares lying in between. There are two adjustable 'parameters' controlling the procedure: 'alpha', in the continuum [0, 11, and 'omega', the number of regressors finally accepted. These control parameters are chosen by crossvalidation. The method is illustrated by a range of examples of its application.
Low-Profile Vertically Polarized Omnidirectional Antennas for Ground Sensor Networks

Abstract : This paper presents for the first time low-profile, electrically small antenna with omnidirectional vertically polarized radiation similar to a short monopole antenna. Planar antennas capable of producing vertical polarization have long been sought for many military applications. The paper discusses two distinct and novel techniques that are facilitated to devise antennas that are small as 0.01 lamba in vertical height and perfectly matched to a 50 ohm source without the need of an external matching network. The antennas are designed, fabricated and measured. Additional studies are performed for further size reductions and performance improvements.
A FUZZY DOMAIN ADAPTATION METHOD BASED ON SELF-CONSTRUCTING FUZZY NEURAL NETWORK

Domain adaptation addresses the problem of how to utilize a model trained in the source domain to make predictions for target domain when the distribution between two domains differs substantially and labeled data in target domain is costly to collect for retraining. Existed studies are incapable to handle the issue of information granularity, in this paper, we propose a new fuzzy domain adaptation method based on self-constructing fuzzy neural network. This approach models the transferred knowledge supporting the development of the current models granularly in the form of fuzzy sets and adapts the knowledge using fuzzy similarity measure to reduce prediction error in the target domain.