Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sleep Bruxism: Validity of Clinical Research Diagnostic Criteria in a Controlled Polysomnographic Study

The clinical validity of diagnostic criteria for sleep orofacial motor activity-more specifically, bruxism-has never been tested. Polysomnographic recordings from 18 bruxers and 18 asymptomatic subjects, selected according to American Sleep Disorders Association criteria, were analyzed (1) to discriminate sleep bruxism from other orofacial motor activities and (2) to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of research criteria. Clinical observations and reports revealed that all 18 bruxers reported frequent tooth-grinding during sleep. Tooth wear was noted in 16 out of 18 bruxers and jaw discomfort reported by six of them. These findings were present in none of the controls. The analysis of polysomnographic data showed that the asymptomatic subjects presented a mean of 1.7 ± 0.3 bruxism episodes per hour of sleep (sustained or repetitive bursting activity in jaw closer muscles), while bruxers had a significantly higher level of activity: 5.4 ± 0.6. Controls exhibited 4.6 ± 0.3 bruxism bursts per episode and 6.2 (from 0 to 23) bruxism bursts per hour of sleep, whereas bruxers showed, respectively, 7.0 ± 0.7 and 36.1 (5.8 to 108). Bruxism-like episodes with at least two grinding sounds were noted in 14 of the 18 bruxers and in one control. The two groups exhibited no difference in any of the sleep parameters. Based on the present findings, the following polysomnographic diagnostic cut-off criteria are suggested: (1) more than 4 bruxism episodes per hour, (2) more than 6 bruxism bursts per episode and/or 25 bruxism bursts per hour of sleep, and (3) at least 2 episodes with grinding sounds. When the polysomnographic bruxism-related variables were combined under logistic regression, the clinical diagnosis was correctly predicted in 81.3% of the controls and 83.3% of the bruxers. The validity of these clinical research criteria needs now to be challenged in a larger population, over time, and in subjects presenting various levels of severity of sleep bruxism.
Effect of an arginine analogue on acetylcholine-induced coronary microvascular dilatation in dogs.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the contribution of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) derived from arginine to acetylcholine (ACh)-induced coronary arteriolar vasodilatation in vivo. Experiments were performed in 62 open-chest anesthetized dogs. Internal diameters of small arterioles (less than 120 microns) and large arterioles (greater than 120 microns) were measured using an intravital microscope and stroboscopic epiillumination synchronized to the cardiac cycle. Topically administered NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 3 x 10(-4) M) constricted small arterioles (-10.7 +/- 3.1% from control diameter, P less than 0.05), but L-NMMA did not produce vasoconstriction in large arterioles. ACh, in the absence of L-NMMA, caused a dose-dependent vasodilatation in both small and large arterioles. In large arterioles, L-NMMA completely abolished the ACh-induced vasodilatation (10(-5) M topical ACh: from 13.3 +/- 3.0 to -2.0 +/- 1.5%, P less than 0.05; 10(-4) M ACh: from 20.9 +/- 3.9 to -3.0 +/- 1.9%, P less than 0.01). In small arterioles, L-NMMA only partially inhibited the vasodilatation (10(-5) M ACh: from 35.4 +/- 4.0 to 19.0 +/- 2.7%, P less than 0.05; 10(-4) M ACh: from 42.5 +/- 4.8 to 22.6 +/- 3.1%, P less than 0.05). L-Arginine (10(-3) M topically) reversed L-NMMA inhibition of ACh-induced vasodilatation. Persistent dilatation of small arterioles also occurred when NG-nitro-L-arginine rather than L-NMMA was administered. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
How stable is the Mississippi Delta

Large deltas are commonly believed to exhibit rapid rates of tectonic subsidence, largely due to sediment loading of the lithosphere. As a result, deltaic plains are prone to accelerated relative sea-level rise, coastal erosion, and wetland loss. Hurricane Katrina’s devastation testifies to the severe threat that these processes pose to the Mississippi Delta, but the relative role of tectonics versus other mechanisms causing land subsidence remains elusive. Relative sea-level records derived from basal peat have the potential to quantify differential crustal movements over Holocene time scales with exceptionally high accuracy and precision. Here we present new sea-level index points from two study areas in the southwestern Mississippi Delta that essentially coincide with a recently published detailed relative sea-level record from the eastern part of the delta. Our results show that differential vertical movements among the three study areas have been only 0.1 mm yr 1 . W e compare our evidence with a recent sea-level compilation from the Caribbean, to a large extent based on data from areas that are tectonically stable. Our sea-level index points nearly coincide with the Caribbean data, showing surprising tectonic stability for considerable sections of the Mississippi Delta. However, the well-documented high subsidence rates in and near the birdfoot of the Mississippi Delta indicate that different conditions prevail there. The rapid wetland loss in coastal Louisiana is likely due, to a considerable extent, to the compaction of Holocene strata.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lipoarabinomannan-mediated IRAK-M Induction Negatively Regulates Toll-like Receptor-dependent Interleukin-12 p40 Production in Macrophages*

Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannans (Man-LAMs) are members of the repertoire of Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulins that the bacillus uses to subvert the host innate immune response. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) production is critical for mounting an effective immune response by the host against M. tuberculosis. We demonstrate that Man-LAM inhibits IL-12 p40 production mediated by subsequent challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Man-LAM inhibits LPS-induced IL-12 p40 expression in an IL-10-independent manner. It attenuates LPS-induced NF-κB-driven luciferase gene expression, suggesting that its effects are likely directly related to inhibition of NF-κB. This is probably because of dampening of the Toll-like receptor signaling. Man-LAM inhibits IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-TRAF6 interaction as well as IκB-α phosphorylation. It directly attenuates nuclear translocation and DNA binding of c-Rel and p50. Man-LAM exerts these effects by inducing the expression of Irak-M, a negative regulator of TLR signaling. Knockdown of Irak-M expression by RNA interference reinstates LPS-induced IL-12 production in Man-LAM-pretreated cells. The fact that Irak-M expression could be elicited by yeast mannan suggested that ligation of the mannose receptor by the mannooligosaccharide caps of LAM was the probable trigger for IRAK-M induction.
Who Are You Now? Fading to Multiple Personas

1. MOTIVATION There is strong support for single sign-on, using methods such as Facebook, Google, or Amazon for providing thirdparty sign-on to websites [3]. While it is practical to the user, it carries a large risk: a compromise of the account credentials can lead to a severe impact on the websites the user authenticates to, and unwanted linkages between intentionally separated social roles, or personas. Moreover, we increasingly use mobile devices and theft of a device carrying credentials could have dire consequences, potentially based on different perceptions of risk [8]. Our perceptions of risk we may assign to each world we authenticate to may be different and very individual, and that separation may be indeed necessary, albeit cumbersome.
A behaviour-based approach to reactive navigation for autonomous robot

Abstract This paper proposes a new effective behaviour-based reactive navigation methodology for autonomous mobile robot. Its main contribution is based on newly proposed egocentric 'homeostatic' approach by which behaviours are coordinated while taking advantages of both competitive and cooperative method. In order to accomplish autonomous navigation, direction and velocity are modulated automatically by single real value, ***'satisfaction level' without any central or additional module so that this method becomes simple, consistent, and flexible. The validities of the proposed methodology are shown by graphic simulation and experiments with wheeled mobile robot.
The Impact of Current-Transformer Saturation on Transformer Differential Protection

Current-transformer (CT) saturation has a major impact on the operation of differential protection schemes. Transformer differential protection must maintain security during CT saturation for external faults while preserving high sensitivity and speed of operation for lower magnitude internal faults. Relay manufacturers provide very little information or direction for protection engineers to set relays adequately to achieve these goals. If an engineer lacks a deep understanding of relay behavior during CT saturation, he or she could make setting implementation mistakes that may lead to spurious trips or failures to trip with catastrophic consequences. This work investigated the impact of CT saturation on transformer differential relays in order to provide guidance on scheme behavior. It was discovered that harmonic blocking is triggered by CT saturation-a significant effect which is not described in the literature or relay manuals. This effect was modeled and the model's accuracy was verified with CT simulations, relay secondary injections, and high current primary injections. It is demonstrated that harmonic blocking provides effective security against nuisance trips caused by CT saturation. It is also shown that the traditional use of a high slope 2 is mostly redundant wherever harmonic blocking is enabled.
MULTIPLE TRANSPORTABLE CARBOHYDRATES AND THEIR BENEFITS

KEY POINTS • During prolonged exercise, the performance benefits of carbohydrate ingestion may be achieved by maintaining plasma glucose concentration and high rates of carbohydrate oxidation. • Limitations to exogenous carbohydrate oxidation appear to be in the absorptive process most likely because of a saturation of carbohydrate transporters. By using a combination of carbohydrates that use different intestinal transporters for absorption (multiple transportable carbohydrates), carbohydrate delivery and oxidation can be increased. • Studies demonstrated up to 65% higher exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates of multiple transportable carbohydrates (glucose:fructose) during exercise compared with a single carbohydrate (e.g., glucose only). • Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates reach values of 1.75 g/min with multiple transportable carbohydrates whereas previously it was thought that 1 g/min was the absolute maximum. • The increased carbohydrate oxidation with multiple transportable carbohydrates was accompanied by increased fluid delivery and improved oxidation efficiency and thus the likelihood of gastrointestinal distress may be diminished. • Studies also demonstrated reduced fatigue and improved exercise performance with multiple transportable carbohydrates compared with a single carbohydrate. • Multiple transportable carbohydrates, ingested at high rates, can be beneficial during endurance sports where the duration of exercise is 2.5 h or more. • The advice for prolonged endurance events (2.5 h or longer) is an intake of 90 g of multiple transportable carbohydrates per hour. This advice is not expressed relative to body mass because body size/mass appears to play no major role in exogenous carbohydrate oxidation.
Inference for meta‐analysis with a suspected temporal trend

There is sometimes a clear evidence of a strong secular trend in the treatment effect of studies included in a meta‐analysis. In such cases, estimating the present‐day treatment effect by meta‐regression is both reasonable and straightforward. We however consider the more common situation where a secular trend is suspected, but is not strongly statistically significant. Typically, this lack of significance is due to the small number of studies included in the analysis, so that a meta‐regression could give wild point estimates. We introduce an empirical Bayes meta‐analysis methodology, which shrinks the secular trend toward zero. This has the effect that treatment effects are adjusted for trend, but where the evidence from data is weak, wild results are not obtained. We explore several frequentist approaches and a fully Bayesian method is also implemented. A measure of trend analogous to I2 is described, and exact significance tests for trend are given. Our preferred method is one based on penalized or h‐likelihood, which is computationally simple, and allows invariance of predictions to the (arbitrary) choice of time origin. We suggest that a trendless standard random effects meta‐analysis should routinely be supplemented with an h‐likelihood analysis as a sensitivity analysis.
AN OPEN, RANDOMISED, PARALLEL GROUP STUDY OF LACTULOSE VERSUS ISPAGHULA IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC CONSTIPATION IN ADULTS

SUMMARY The efficacy, tolerance and acceptability of lactulose (Duphalac) and ispaghula (Fybogel Orange) were assessed in the treatment of chronic constipation in adults. In an open, prospectively randomised, parallel group study, 124 patients with a history of constipation for more than three weeks were treated with either 15 ml bd of lactulose (increasing to 60 ml daily if necessary) or one sachet bd of ispaghula. Over the four‐week treatment period both treatments were shown to be effective, and numbers of concurrent effects were similar between the two groups. Differences were demonstrated with regard to acceptability in favour of lactulose.
SAND BOTTOM MICROALGAL PRODUCTION AND BENTHIC NUTRIENT FLUXES ON THE NORTHEASTERN GULF OF MEXICO NEARSHORE SHELF

Benthic microalgal production on the continental shelves may be an important contributor to the overall productivity of offshore eco - systems. We used light and dark benthic chambers to measure in situ production, respiration, and benthic nutrient flux on the nearshore quartzite sands of the northeast Gulf of Mexico shelf. Net exchange of O 2 , NH 4 + , NO 3 — + NO 2 — , PO 4 /hr. Benthic respiration was 24.8 ± 0.7, 30.8 ± 1.4, and 11.3 ± 0.3 mg C/m 2 /hr, respectively. Benthic gross production was thus 42.5 ± 5.2, 40.3 ± 1.2, and 20.3 ± 1.7 mg C/m 2 /hr, respectively. Benthic nutrient fluxes were highly variable and generally low. Sediment uptake was observed for NH 4 + and PO 4 —3 throughout the study. NO 3 — + NO 2 — and SiO 2 uptake was observed in 2004 with sediment release seen in 2005.
Patterns of Biofilm Succession on a Sheltered Rocky Shore in Hong Kong

Successional patterns are dependent on the nature of the substratum, water flow, concentrations of organics as well as the availability of bacteria, algal spores and invertebrate larvae in the coastal environment. Bacteria play an especially important role in biofilm formation as they are generally the earliest colonizers. In the present study, both winter and summer biofilm succession patterns were examined on glass coverslips inverted on experimental racks attached at two tidal levels on a sheltered shore in Hong Kong. In the succession, bacteria were followed by diatoms and cyanobacteria. Encrusting algae appeared in the late stages of the experiment (day 80 in summer and day 60 in winter). Colonization by bacteria was much slower in summer and their density remained low throughout the experimental period. The first appearance of diatoms and cyanobacteria, however, was more rapid in the summer. Bacteria and diatoms on the low-shore surfaces also had a faster succession rate than on the high-shore surfaces, suggesting that desiccation/aerial temperature are the causal factors for such differences.
Low density lipoprotein receptor as a candidate receptor for hepatitis C virus

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) binds to different human cell lines in vitro. However, the efficiency of adsorption is very low due mainly to a relatively small fraction of the virus being able to bind to these cells. Free low density lipoprotein (LDL > 200 μg/ml) is able to block the attachment of HCV to human fibroblasts in vitro completely. COS‐7 cells being primarily not able to bind HCV were transfected with a vector containing the entire coding sequence of the human LDL‐receptor (LDLR). HCV was now bound to these cells. We propose that HCV and LDL are competitive for the cellular LDLR and that LDL in sera of patients may regulate the binding of HCV to this target. J. Med. Virol. 57:223–229, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Establishing and maintaining cell polarity with mRNA localization in Drosophila

How cell polarity is established and maintained is an important question in diverse biological contexts. Molecular mechanisms used to localize polarity proteins to distinct domains are likely context‐dependent and provide a feedback loop in order to maintain polarity. One such mechanism is the localized translation of mRNAs encoding polarity proteins, which will be the focus of this review and may play a more important role in the establishment and maintenance of polarity than is currently known. Localized translation of mRNAs encoding polarity proteins can be used to establish polarity in response to an external signal, and to maintain polarity by local production of polarity determinants. The importance of this mechanism is illustrated by recent findings, including orb2‐dependent localized translation of aPKC mRNA at the apical end of elongating spermatid tails in the Drosophila testis, and the apical localization of stardust A mRNA in Drosophila follicle and embryonic epithelia.
Nutritional aspects of food extrusion: a review

Summary Extrusion cooking, as a multi-step, multi-functional and thermal/mechanical process, has permitted a large number of food applications. Effects of extrusion cooking on nutritional quality are ambiguous. Beneficial effects include destruction of antinutritional factors, gelatinisation of starch, increased soluble dietary fibre and reduction of lipid oxidation. On the other hand, Maillard reactions between protein and sugars reduce the nutritional value of the protein, depending on the raw material types, their composition and process conditions. Heat-labile vitamins may be lost to varying extents. Changes in proteins and amino acid profile, carbohydrates, dietary fibre, vitamins, mineral content and some non-nutrient healthful components of food may be either beneficial or deleterious. The present paper reviews the mechanisms underlying these changes, as well as the influence of process variables and feed characteristics. Mild extrusion conditions (high moisture content, low residence time, low temperature) improve the nutritional quality, while high extrusion temperatures (200 °C), low moisture contents (<15%) and/or improper formulation (e.g. presence of high-reactive sugars) can impair nutritional quality adversely. To obtain a nutritionally balanced extruded product, careful control of process parameters is essential.
Arc-Induced Long Period Fiber Gratings

Long period fiber gratings produced by the electric arc technique have found an increasing interest by the scientific community due to their ease to fabricate, virtually enabling the inscription in any kind of fiber, low cost, and flexibility. In 2005 we have presented the first review on this subject. Since then, important achievements have been reached such as the identification of the mechanisms responsible for gratings formation, the type of symmetry, the conditions to increase fabrication reproducibility, and their inscription in the turning points with grating periods below 200 μm. Several interesting applications in the sensing area, including those sensors working in reflection, have been demonstrated and others are expected, namely, related to the monitoring of extreme temperatures, cryogenic and high temperatures, and high sensitivity refractometric sensors resulting from combining arc-induced gratings in the turning points and the deposition of thin films in the transition region. Therefore, due to its pertinence, in this paper we review the main achievements obtained concerning arc-induced long period fiber gratings, with special focus on the past ten years.
Blockade of Late Stages of Autoimmune Diabetes by Inhibition of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products1

Ligation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) occurs during inflammation. Engagement of RAGE results in enhanced expression of addressins and it is therefore, not surprising that previous studies have shown a role of RAGE/ligand interactions in immune responses including cell/cell contact but the role of RAGE in spontaneous autoimmunity has not been clearly defined. To study the role of RAGE/ligand interactions in autoimmune diabetes, we tested the ability of soluble RAGE, a scavenger of RAGE ligands, in late stages of diabetes development in the NOD mouse-disease transferred with diabetogenic T cells and recurrent disease in NOD/scid recipients of syngeneic islet transplants. RAGE expression was detected on CD4+, CD8+, and B cells from diabetic mice and transferred to NOD/scid recipients. RAGE and its ligand, S100B, were found in the islets of NOD/scid mice that developed diabetes. Treatment of recipient NOD/scid mice with soluble RAGE prevented transfer of diabetes and delayed recurrent disease in syngeneic islet transplants. RAGE blockade was associated with increased expression of IL-10 and TGF-β in the islets from protected mice. RAGE blockade reduced the transfer of disease with enriched T cells, but had no effect when diabetes was transferred with the activated CD4+ T cell clone, BDC2.5. We conclude that RAGE/ligand interactions are involved in the differentiation of T cells to a mature pathogenic phenotype during the late stages of the development of diabetes.
Gender differences in risk factors for trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder among inner-city drug abusers in and out of treatment.

Over the past two decades there has been a growing awareness of the comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders in the general population. The purpose of these analyses was to examine, in a population of drug users, the role of gender in (1) predicting the nature of the traumatic event and PTSD symptoms, (2) patterns of substance use disorders in relation to trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms, (3) comorbidity of other psychiatric disorders with trauma exposure and PTSD, and (4) the temporal association of substance use disorder, exposure to trauma, and PTSD. Drug abusers (n = 464) were interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-III-R (DIS) and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Substance Abuse Module (CIDI-SAM). Although more women than men met criteria for DSM-III-R PTSD, there were no gender differences on endorsement for a traumatic event. Adult antisocial behavior, affective disorder, schizophrenia, other anxiety disorder and polysubstance use predicted exposure to an event, whereas, only schizophrenia and other anxiety disorder predicted PTSD. In men, drug use preceded the exposure to an event, while in women, the onset age for both drug use and exposure to an event were nearly identical. This work suggests implications for gender-based education and prevention interventions.
Chimie des interactions moléculaires

Le cours de l’annee 2008-2009 a porte sur « Autoorganisation et dynamique moleculaires ». Des cours ont ete donnes a l’Universite de Strasbourg (3 h), a l’Universite Charles de Prague (3 h) et a la City University de Hong Kong (3 h). Cours au College de France : Autoorganisation et dynamique moleculaires Introduction Le cours a porte sur l’evolution de la chimie supramoleculaire vers la chimie dynamique constitutionnelle (CDC) et la chimie adaptative. Du fait de la labilite des interactions n.