Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Polymerization of Cyclic Monomers, 12

The radical polymerization of different substituted methyl 2-(bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-1-yl) acrylates, la-f, was initiated by 2,2'-azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) at 65°C in chlorobenzene. The radical homopolymerization of la-f occurred through the opening of the cyclopropane ring, and lead to polymers with number-average molecular weights of 13 000 to 434 400 g . mol -1 and glass transition temperatures between 77 and 121°C. The monomers 1a-f showed a similar reactivity to MMA (in the copolymerization with MMA). Selected monomers were determined to be diluent monomers for dental filling composites and enable the preparation of composites that show a significantly reduced polymerization shrinkage, compared to composites based on dimethacrylate diluents.
Nonequilibrium transport in scaled high electron mobility transistors

Nonequilibrium transport and carrier scattering in aggressively scaled high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are investigated using a Monte Carlo device simulator. The devices are scaled down to sub-100 nm dimensions with respect to gate lengths of 120, 90, 70, 50 and 30 nm in order to improve their performance. Two scaling approaches assuming constant supply voltages are compared: full scaling and lateral-only scaling. These two scaling approaches are applied to two types of HEMTs: pseudomorphic HEMTs (PHEMTs) with an InGaAs channel and HEMTs with a standard GaAs channel. Carrier transport in the fully scaled PHEMTs is highly ballistic in the device channel but the ballistic limit is never reached. Instead, the ballistic nature of the carrier transport begins to be suppressed at the 50 nm gate length due to enhanced scattering in the channel and backscattering from the drain recess region as a result of the high electric field in the shorter devices. The transport in the lateral-only scaled PHEMTs and in the standard HEMTs scaled within both the approaches is negatively affected by deconfinement and real space transfer.
Poly(ionic liquid) Latexes Prepared by Dispersion Polymerization of Ionic Liquid Monomers

In this contribution, we report the facile preparation of vinylimidazolium-typed poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) latexes and nanoparticles via dispersion polymerization of ionic liquid monomers in aqueous solutions. A homologous series of vinylimidazolium-typed ionic liquid monomers with different alkyl tail length (C8−C18) were synthesized via quaternization of 1-vinylimidazole with corresponding n-alkyl bromides. Dispersion polymerization of these monomers was conducted at a monomer concentration of 50 g/L in aqueous solution at 70 °C without addition of further stabilizers. For ionic liquid monomers with sufficiently long alkyl chains (≥C12), PILs nanoparticles of 20−40 nm in diameter were found, which were self-stabilizing in aqueous media. In the same procedure, preparation of cross-linked PIL nanoparticles was performed in the presence of 10 mol % of divinylimidazolium-based cross-linker. The as-synthesized cross-linked PIL nanoparticles could be transferred into organic solvents, such as polar DMF, and no.
CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY AND GENESIS OF ORGANIC MINERALS: A REVIEW OF OXALATE AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON MINERALS

Organic minerals are natural organic compounds with both a well-defined chemical composition and crystallographic properties; their occurrences reveal traces of the high concentration of certain organic compounds in natural environments. Thus the origin and process of formation of organic minerals will lead us to understand the fate and behavior of the organic molecules in the lithosphere. With the aim of their contribution to new developments in mineralogy, we subdivide organic minerals into two groups: (1) ionic organic minerals, in which organic anions and various cations are held together by ionic bonds, and (2) molecular organic minerals, in which electroneutral organic molecules are bonded by weak intermolecular interactions. This review is composed of four sections. The first section is concerned with the definition of both organic minerals and the above two groups. The second deals with crystal chemistry and geochemistry of oxalate minerals, which are the most typical ionic organic minerals. In this section, the role of (H 2 O) 0 is first discussed, as most oxalate minerals incorporate (H 2 O) 0 into their crystal structures. Then the phase relationships among hydrous and anhydrous calcium oxalate minerals, namely their structural hierarchy, are described, owing to the fact that they are the most abundant ionic organic minerals. In addition, the weak Jahn– Teller effect of the Fe 2+ ion is exemplified in humboldtine [Fe 2+ (C 2 O 4 )·2H 2 O]. The Fe 2+ ion causes distortions of octahedra in this organic mineral, though the effect has hardly been observed in inorganic minerals. In the third section, we describe the crystal chemistry and process of formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) minerals, which are the most typical molecular organic minerals. Those of karpatite (C 24 H 12 ) and idrialite (C 22 H 14 ) are particularly considered in detail. In the fourth section, we summarize the characteristics of organic minerals and discuss their contribution to Earth and planetary sciences.
NÂNG CAO HIỆU QUẢ TRUY VẤN HÌNH ẢNH THEO NGỮ NGHĨA TRÊN CÂY PHÂN CỤM C-Tree

: Image data is growing rapidly in multimedia systems, making it difficult to find image information. In this article, we build a semantic image query model to improve the efficiency of similar image retrieval. In order to implement this model, we propose K-means method for clustering visual features of the image, including: determining the center of clusters based on the method of moving to the data region dense, suggesting a semantically similar measure of distance between two images based on low-level visual features, generating visual vector word for images, constructing a C-tree clustering tree structure for storage and improve the efficiency of the same image search; From there, we extracted the semantics of similar images based on the visual vector word that was generated.
The effect of the carboxy group on the chemical and β-lactamase reactivity of β-lactam antibiotics

Kinetic parameters are reported for the Bacillus cereusβ-lactamase I and β-lactamase II catalysed hydrolysis of esters and lactones of penicillins and cephalosporins. These are compared with the second-order rate constants for the hydroxide-ion catalysed hydrolysis of the same derivatives. The second-order rate constant, kcat/Km for the hydrolysis of the cephalosporin lactone catalysed by β-lactamase I is 50 times greater than that for an analogous cephalosporin and is 3 × 104 times greater than that for hydroxide-ion catalysed hydrolysis, a ratio similar to that for cephalosporins with a carboxylate group at C-4. The methyl ester of benzyl penicillin, but not the corresponding cephalosporanate, is a substrate for β-lactamase I. All ester derivatives are much poorer substrates for β-lactamase II. The cephalosporin lactone and, to a lesser extent, the methyl ester of benzyl penicillin can obviously bind to β-lactamase I even though they do not possess a formal anionic site at C-4 and C-3 respectively. The esterification of the carboxy group at C-3 in penicillins induces neighbouring-group participation by the C-6 acylamido side chain to give an oxazolinone intermediate. This is attributed to different Bronsted β1g dependency for alkaline hydrolysis and intramolecular acylamido participation, which exhibits rate limiting C–N bond fission of the β-lactam.
Synthesis of phosphorus‐carbide thin films by magnetron sputtering

Phosphorus‐carbide, CPx (0.025 ≤ x ≤ 0.1), thin films have been synthesized by magnetron sputtering from pressed graphite–phosphorus targets. The films were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and diffraction, and nanoindentation. CP0.1 ex‐hibits C–P bonding in an amorphous structure with elements of curved graphene planes, yielding a material with unique short range order. These features are consistent with what has been predicted by our results of theoretically modeled synthetic growth of CPx . The films are mechanically resilient with hardness up to 24 GPa and elastic recovery up to 72%. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
GAVEL: a sanction-based regulation mechanism for normative multiagent systems

DE LIMA, I. C. A. GAVEL: A Sanction-Based Regulation Mechanism for Normative Multiagent Systems. 2019. Thesis (Masters Degree) Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2019. The use of a normative approach to govern multiagent systems (MAS) has been motivated by the increasing interest in balancing between agents’ autonomy and global system control. In normative multiagent systems (NMAS), despite the existence of norms specifying rules about how agents ought or ought not to behave, agents have the autonomy to decide whether or not to act in compliance with such norms. A suitable way to govern agents is using sanction-based enforcement mechanisms. These mechanisms allow agents autonomy while maintaining a certain system control level through sanction applications. However, most enforcement mechanisms found in the literature lack support for the association of norm compliance or violation to different sanction categories and strength, thus refraining agents from sanction reasoning and decision capabilities. An exception is the model proposed by Nardin et al. (2016). Based on this latter model, this thesis presents an operational sanctioning enforcement framework, named GAVEL, which endows agents with the capability to decide for the most appropriate sanctions to apply, depending on their context assessed by a set of decision factors. The advantages of applying different sanctions categories and strength are illustrated by a case study from the domain of economics, namely the public goods game (PGG). The experimental results show that allowing agents to decide between material and social sanctions leads to similar cooperation rates but greater wealth levels in comparison to solely using material sanction.
Efecto de cinc y manganeso dietético en la retención y tasa de absorción aparente de cinc, manganeso, cobre y hierro en cabras en crecimiento

Z. F. Deng1,2, Z. H. Sun1,3, G. O. Tayo1,4, B. Lin1, S. X. Tang1, X. F. Han1 y Z. L. Tan1 1Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, P. R. China 2College of Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Hunan 410127, R.P. China 3Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China 4Babcock University, Ikeja Lagos 21244, Nigeria Correo electrónico:zltang@isa.ac. cn
Large Eddy Simulations of a piloted lean premix jet flame using finite-rate chemistry

A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model capable of accurately representing finite-rate chemistry effects in turbulent premixed combustion is presented. The LES computations use finite-rate chemistry and implicit LES combustion modelling to simulate an experimentally well-documented lean-premixed jet flame stabilized by a stoichiometric pilot. The validity of the implicit LES assumption is discussed and criteria are expressed in terms of subgrid scale Damköhler and Karlovitz numbers. Simulation results are compared to experimental data for velocity, temperature and species mass fractions of CH4, CO and OH. The simulation results highlight the validity and capability of the present approach for the flame and in general the combustion regime examined. A sensitivity analysis to the choice of the finite-rate chemistry mechanism is reported, this analysis indicates that the one and two-step global reaction mechanisms evaluated fail to capture the reaction layer with sufficient accuracy, while a 20-species skeletal mechanism reproduces the experimental observations accurately including the key finite-rate chemistry indicators CO and OH. The LES results are shown to be grid insensitive and that the grid resolution within the bounds examined is far less important compared to the sensitivity of the finite-rate chemistry representation. The results are analyzed in terms of the flame dynamics and it is shown that intense small scale mixing (high Karlovitz number) between the pilot and the jet is an important mechanism for the stabilization of the flame.
Effects of pulse parameters on the atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharges driven by the high-voltage pulses in Ar and N2

In this work, the atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharges in Ar and N2 excited by repetitive voltage pulses have been numerically studied using a 1D fluid model. The differences between the discharge characteristics for Ar and N2 have been presented when changing the parameters of the applied pulse voltage. In this work we present the following significant results. With an increase of the amplitude of the applied pulse voltage, the increase of the maximum discharge current density in Ar is evident, compared with N2; and the discharge mode changes from the weak atmospheric-pressure glow discharge (APGD) to the standard APGD for Ar, and from the atmospheric-pressure Townsend discharge to the APGD for N2. In addition, the increase of the averaged electron density in N2 is more evident than that in Ar, especially when the standard APGD occurs in N2. The increasing frequency leads to lower maximum discharge current density for Ar, however, the reverse is true for N2. With an increase of the pulse width of the applied pulse voltage, the averaged electron density and the maximum discharge current density change slightly in Ar, but they increase drastically in N2.
Nuclear and Mitochondrial Circulating Cell-Free DNA Is Increased in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Clinical Remission

Background: The role of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been recently suggested. The aim of this study was to analyze circulating cfDNA and deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity in IBD patients in clinical remission. Materials and Methods: Plasma and serum were obtained from 72 patients with Crohn's disease and 28 patients with ulcerative colitis. Total cfDNA, nuclear DNA (ncDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and DNase activity were measured. Results: IBD patients showed higher levels of both ncDNA and mtDNA compared to healthy controls. Concentration of ncDNA was higher in males compared to females, including patients and healthy controls. However, unlike males higher amount of ncDNA was found in female IBD patients compared to healthy controls. DNase activity was significantly lower in male IBD patients compared with healthy controls. In addition, there was a negative correlation between DNase activity and ncDNA levels in male IBD patients. Conclusions: Herein we present increased amount of circulating ncDNA and mtDNA in IBD patients in clinical remission. Thus, unlike total cfDNA, circulating ncDNA and mtDNA might not represent the optimal biomarkers of disease activity. This is also the first report on sex difference in circulating ncDNA levels, possibly associated with lower DNase activity in males.
Mucin-Like Domain of Mucosal Addressin Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Facilitates Integrin α4β7-Mediated Cell Adhesion Through Electrostatic Repulsion

The homing of lymphocytes from blood to gut-associated lymphoid tissue is regulated by interaction between integrin α4β7 with mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) expressed on the endothelium of high endothelial venules (HEVs). However, the molecular basis of mucin-like domain, a specific structure of MAdCAM-1 regulating integrin α4β7-mediated cell adhesion remains obscure. In this study, we used heparan sulfate (HS), which is a highly acidic linear polysaccharide with a highly variable structure, to mimic the negative charges of the extracellular microenvironment and detected the adhesive behaviors of integrin α4β7 expressing 293T cells to immobilized MAdCAM-1 in vitro. The results showed that HS on the surface significantly promoted integrin α4β7-mediated cell adhesion, decreased the percentage of cells firmly bound and increased the rolling velocities at high wall shear stresses, which was dependent on the mucin-like domain of MAdCAM-1. Moreover, breaking the negative charges of the extracellular microenvironment of CHO-K1 cells expressing MAdCAM-1 with sialidase inhibited cell adhesion and rolling velocity of 293T cells. Mechanistically, electrostatic repulsion between mucin-like domain and negative charges of the extracellular microenvironment led to a more upright conformation of MAdCAM-1, which facilitates integrin α4β7-mediated cell adhesion. Our findings elucidated the important role of the mucin-like domain in regulating integrin α4β7-mediated cell adhesion, which could be applied to modulate lymphocyte homing to lymphoid tissues or inflammatory sites.
Analysis of the Essential Oil of Ruta chalepensis subsp. angustifolia from Algeria

Abstract The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of aerial parts of Ruta chalepensis subsp. angustifolia (Rutaceae) was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Fourteen compounds were characterized representing 98.2 % of the essential oil with the great prevalence of undecan-2-one (83.4 %).
Classification and Modelling of Nonextractable Residue (NER) Formation of Xenobiotics in Soil – A Synthesis

This review provides a comprehensive overview about nonextractable residue (NER) formation and attempts to classify the various types. Xenobiotic NER derived from parent pesticides (or other environmental contaminants) and primary metabolites sorbed or entrapped within the soil organic matter (Type I) or covalently bound (Type II) pose a considerably higher risk than those derived from productive biodegradation. However, biogenic nonextractable residues (bioNER) (Type III) resulting from conversion of carbon (or nitrogen) from the compounds into microbial biomass molecules do not pose any risk. Experimental approaches to clearly distinguish between the types are provided, and a model to prospectively estimate bioNER formation in soil is proposed.
THE MOUSE EAR MODEL OF CUTANEOUS SULFUR MUSTARD INJURY

The mouse ear inflammation model was used to establish simple endpoints of skin injury following cutaneous exposure to sulfur mustard (bis(2- chloroethyl)sulfide, HD). Mouse ear edema and histopathologic response to a single topical application of 5 muL of 8, 16, 32, 64, or 128 mg/mL HD in dichloromethane was evaluated at 12, 18, and 24 h postexposure. Edema response was determined from weighed 8 mm diameter skin punch biopsies taken from the center of exposed and control ears. Key light microscopic histopathologic changes assessed on the inner (exposed side) and outer surfaces (contralateral side) of the exposed ear included epidermal necrosis (EN) and epidermal-dermal separation (subepidermal blister, SEB). HD produced statistically significant (p <. 05) dose- and time-dependent changes in edema and histopathologic features. A comparative evaluation of the endpoint responses from the various challenge doses indicated that a dose of 0.16 mg/ear HD evaluated at 24 h postexposure would be optimal for futur.
Characterization of the Light- and Base-Mediated Instability of Calbistrin A

The isolation and characterization of calbistrin A [1] were complicated by the compound's instability. The instability was caused by light, which led to a complex degradation of 1. The nature of the light instability was elucidated by forming the dimethyl acetal derivative 2, which isomerized upon exposure to light, leading to an equilibrium mixture of 2 and 3. Alkaline conditions also caused decomposition of 1, leading to the formation of4
Electrophoretic Prepared ZnGa2 O 4 Phosphor Film for FED

In this study, the low voltage ZnGa 2 O 4 phosphor film for field emission display (FED) is prepared by electrophoresis. The influence of the deposition parameters, such as deposition time, deposition voltage, electrode distance, and stirring speed on the electrophoresis and luminescence of phosphor film are investigated. The optimal deposition parameters for electrode distance. stirring speed, electrode bias, and deposition time are 20 mm, 450 rpm, 50 V, and 40 s, respectively. The optimum phosphor film thickness is 8-10 μm. For improving the crystallization and luminescence of the as-deposited phosphor film, it is annealed in various atmospheres. A luminance of 2080 cd/m 2 is obtained when phosphor film is annealed in 25%O 2 /Ar atmosphere and measured at an electron-gun voltage of 5 kV and an anode current of 30 A. The luminance efficiency of phosphor films prepared by electrophoresis is about 15 times higher than that prepared by the sedimentation method.
Unipolar Field and Diffusion Charging in the Transition Regime—Part I: A 2-D Limiting-Sphere Model

This work examines the unipolar charging of aerosol particles smaller than 100 nm by ions (at STP) both theoretically (Part I) and experimentally (Part II). Among numerous well-known models for particle charging by ions a gap has been identified for the case of diffusion charging with superimposed external electric field in the transition regime. A two dimensional extension of the classical Fuchs-model Fuchs, 1963) has been developed in order to bridge this gap in the knowledge. For the first time the complete expression for the electrostatic potential between a particle and an ion has been included. By using FEM-simulations, the quantitative influence of an external electric field on the charging process has been predicted. It is shown that an external electric field increases the average particle charge linearly. Compared to pure diffusion charging, an electric field of 10 kV/cm increases the charge on metallic particles up to 28% (30 nm particles), 55% (60 nm), and 95% (100 nm), respectively. When compared to the Fuchs-model, the assumptions of the new model introduce additional uncertainty of less than 3%. Comparison with the simpler, but physically less reasonable continuum model by Lawless (1996) shows similar charge predictions (deviations < 20% for n·t-products 1013 s/m3), even for 30 nm particles. So, that continuum charging model can serve as simple approximation of the more accurate charging model for the transition regime.
Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from Zn-hyperaccumulator (Sedum alfredii Hance) plants

This Letter focuses on the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from Zn-hyperaccumulator (Sedum alfredii Hance) plants. The X-ray diffraction pattern and energy dispersive spectroscopy spectrum clearly show that the synthesised ZnO nanoparticles have pure hexagonal wurtzite structure. In addition, the transmission electron microscopy image demonstrates that the ZnO nanoparticles are agglomerated, and single ZnO nanoparticles is pseudo-spherical in shape with a mean size of 53.7 nm. These findings not only inspire the search for a new strategy for synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from renewable natural products, but also break through the traditional and limited ideas about the recycling of metals in plant sources.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Waters by Natural and Na-Exchanged Bentonites

Batch sorption studies of Cr(III), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) were conducted on Ca-bentonite and Na-bentonite to determine their retention capacities for these metal cations commonly present in the waste waters of galvanic industries. The Langmuir model was found to describe the sorption process well, offering maximum sorption capacities of 44.4 mg Cr/g, 6.32 mg Ni/g, 5.75 mg Zn/g, 7.72 mg Cu/g, 7.28 mg Cd/g on Ca-bentonite and 49.8 mg Cr/g, 24.2 mg Ni/g, 23.1 mg Zn/g, 30.0 mg Cu/g, 26.2 mg Cd/g on Na-bentonite. The use of Na-bentonite in the purification of waste waters from Ni, Cr and acid-Zn electroplating processes was an effective treatment in small-scale and in semi-industrial-scale tests. This proves the worth of this method as an alternative to existing methods. In contrast, Nabentonite was not effective in Zn sorption from cyanide-containing waste waters.