Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Management of the 4WX atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) fishery : an evaluation of recent events

The Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) fishery of the Scotian Shelf and Bay of Fundy regions of Canada (NAFO Divisions 4W and 4X) is pursued with multiple gear types including traps, gill nets and purse seines, which have evolved in importance over time with changing market emphasis. It was one of the first commercial fisheries to be regulated by limited entry (since 1970), and in 1972 it was the first to come under nationally allocated annual total allowable catch (TAC) limits. In 1976 an individual vessel quota scheme for purse seiners was established and operated jointly by the regulator and the harvesting sector. That initiative formed the basis of the 1983 10-Year Management Plan for 4WX herring that is reviewed and evaluated in this paper. The Plan, while not expressly achieving its original goals, and not fully realizing the implicit benefits of an individual transferable quota (ITQ) system, has contributed to the continuation of consensus management of this, the only large Atlantic herring fishery.
DINITROGEN FIXATION OF LENTIL, FIELD PEA AND FABABEAN UNDER DRYLAND CONDITIONS

Annual grain legume production has increased substantially in Western Canada over the past 15 yr but more information on the N2-fixing potential of these crops is needed. 15N isotope dilution was used to determine N2 fixation of several grain legumes under dryland field conditions in Saskatchewan. Two cultivars of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and fababean (Vicia faba L.) were grown at five locations in both 1984 and 1985, with all major soil zones represented by at least one location in each year. Drought stress was moderate to severe at all sites in 1984 and at sites in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones in 1985. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were nearly identical as non-N2-fixing reference crops, but their validity as reference crops for the grain legumes included in this study was not tested. Indigenous rhizobia were incapable of supporting adequate levels of N2 fixation at most sites in this study. Inoculation increased total dry matter, total .
Vesicular pH Is Sensitive to Changes in Cell Volume

As shown previously, osmotic swelling of proximal renal tubules, vascular smooth muscle cells and of hepatocytes leads to an increase of the pH in acidic cellular compartments. This vesicular alkalinization is reflected by an increase of acridine orange fluorescence intensity and a corresponding alteration of the FITC-dextran fluorescence ratio. The present study has been performed to test whether this phenomenon can be observed in other cell types. Osmotic cell swelling (–30 mOsm) increased acridine orange fluorescence intensity in cardiac myocytes as demonstrated using fluorescence imaging. Microspectrophotometry was used to demonstrate a similar increase in acridine orange fluorescence intensity following treatment with hypotonic solution in MDCK cells, macrophages, brown fat cells, dendritic cells, pancreatic β-cells, alveolar cells and normal and ras oncogene expressing fibroblasts. Swelling of MDCK and L2 cells, induced by a block of K+ channels with Ba2+ or the elevation of extracellular K+, also led to vesicular alkalinization. The uptake of various amino acids in MDCK cells, resulting in cell swelling, similarly increased the acridine orange fluorescence intensity. Further, the acridine orange results were confirmed and quantified with FITC-dextran in brown fat cells, where treatment with hypotonic solution increased the vesicular pH by as much as 0.53 ± 0.04 (n = 4). It is concluded that osmotic swelling of a wide variety of cells increases the pH of acidic cellular compartments, which in turn is expected to modify the respective activity of lysosomal proteases and trafficking of vesicles and receptors.
Coordinated Charging of Large Electric Vehicle Fleet in a Charging Station With Limited Transformer Power

The problem of real-time charging coordination of electric vehicles (EVs) is a big challenge. As the EV penetration level grows and the battery capacity of EVs increases, the available power at the station transformers remains limited. To address this problem, a coordinated charging control algorithm based on a priority model is proposed. This model considers the current infrastructure of the the electric distribution network, the EVs user's satisfaction, and the battery charging constraints. The principal features of the proposed algorithm are: the optimal distribution of the total available power, information on whether the EV has reached the requested SOC in the allowed time and the priority given to the EVs charged. This study is carried out under the assumption of a large number of EVs per day, random arrivals and departures, and a power demand considerably higher than the available transformer power. The results show that a large number of EVs can be charged at a limited power from the transformer while the charging efficiency of the station is respected and the EV users satisfaction goal is achieved.
Increasing the Accuracy of Productivity and Survival Estimates in Assessing Landbird Population Status

Abstract: The conservation of species with declining populations requires information on population demography and identification of factors that limit population growth. For landbird species, an understanding of large‐scale population declines often requires assessment of local population processes, including the production of offspring, the survival of those offspring, and adult survival. Population growth has been modeled for several species of landbirds to date, and these studies have provided important information on relationships between population status and population‐limiting factors. Several recent studies have illuminated field methods and analytical techniques that can aid in increasing the accuracy of productivity and survival estimates for population models. We reviewed these methods and recommend their implementation, including quantification of the season‐long productivity of individuals, collection of empirical data on juvenile survival during the postfledging and overwintering periods, and incorporation of adult breeding dispersal into annual adult survival estimates. Such methods will allow for more accurate assessment of population status and provide a better understanding of the factors on which to focus our conservation efforts.
Evaluación in vitro de los extractos crudos de sapindus saponaria sobre hembras ingurgitadas de boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae)

Boophilus microplus is the most important tick to the colombian cattle. Several chemical syntehic products are currenty used to control it with variable results. Searching for a new chemical alternative, extracts of Sapindus saponaria were evaluated against full blood tick females specially oviposition, eggs viability and fertility. Treated ticks group were affected in all parameters at 50-500 ppm.
Bayesian Learning of Latent Representations of Language Structures

We borrow the concept of representation learning from deep learning research, and we argue that the quest for Greenbergian implicational universals can be reformulated as the learning of good latent representations of languages, or sequences of surface typological features. By projecting languages into latent representations and performing inference in the latent space, we can handle complex dependencies among features in an implicit manner. The most challenging problem in turning the idea into a concrete computational model is the alarmingly large number of missing values in existing typological databases. To address this problem, we keep the number of model parameters relatively small to avoid overfitting, adopt the Bayesian learning framework for its robustness, and exploit phylogenetically and/or spatially related languages as additional clues. Experiments show that the proposed model recovers missing values more accurately than others and that some latent variables exhibit phylogenetic and spatial signals comparable to those of surface features.
Antibacterial action of chitosan and carboxymethylated chitosan

A series of chitosan with different molecular weights obtained by γ-irradiation depolymerization and another series of deacetylated chitosan were synthesized. Several N,O-carboxymethylated chitosan and O-carboxymethylated chitosan were also produced. The above samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Their antibacterial activities against E. coli were explored by the optical density method. The antibacterial activity of chitosan is influenced by its molecular weight, degree of deacetylation, concentration in solution, and pH of the medium. Antibacterial activities were also found to be increased in the order of N,O-carboxymethylated chitosan, chitosan, and O-carboxymethylated chitosan. Fluorescence of the FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)-labeled chitosan oligomers at the inside of the E. coli cell was observed by a confocal laser scanning microscope. The antibacterial activity of chitosan oligomers seems to be caused mainly by the inhibition of the transcription from DNA. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 1324–1335, 2001
A REVIEW ON EXTENDED RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM AND MULTIPARTICULATE SYSTEM

Recently, extended release pharmaceutical products become a very useful tool in medical practice, offering a wide range of actual and perceived advantages to the patients. Oral drug delivery is the most preferred route for the various drug molecules among all other routes of drug delivery, because easy of administration which lead to better patient compliance. So, oral extended release drug delivery system becomes a very promising approach for those drugs that are given orally but having the shorter half-life and high dosing frequency.
Quantitative Changes in Organelles of Mouse Leukemia Cell during Cell Cycling

A quantitative analysis of cell organelles was carried out by electron microscopy on synchronized populations of mouse leukemia L 5178 Y cells. The ratio of total mitochondrial volume-to-cytoplasmic volume (volume density of mitochondria) increased gradually from G1 to G2 through mid-S phase. The number of mitochondria per cell was nearly constant from G1 to mid-S phase but increased significantly from mid-S to G2 phase. The volume density of lysosomes increased by about 40% from mid-S to G2 phase, while no remarkable difference was detected in the volume density between G1 and mid-S phase. The surface area of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in unit volume of cytoplasm (surface density of rER) increased by about 140% from G1 to G2 phase. The volume density of Golgi apparatus increased by a small amount during interphase. The volume density of lipid bodies was the highest at mid-S phase, whereas their number per unit volume of the cytoplasm (numerical density of lipid bodies) decreased continuously from G1 to G2 phase through mid-S phase. The significance of these results is discussed with reference to mitochondria) proliferation, lysosomal activity and membrane turnover.
Vocal Solicitation and Parental Investment in Female Eutamias

Female sciurids are often assumed to mate randomly, accepting the first male that locates them on the day of estrus. Such behavior would appear to preclude any element of female choice, an unlikely strategy in view of the female's heavy parental investment (see Orians 1969). Random mating would be particularly unfavorable in western chipmunks (Eutamias), which typically raise a single litter of 2-5 young per year. Moreover, female Eutamias appear to wander somewhat less extensively during estrus than at other times (personal observation), in contrast to behavior reported for some other small mammals (Daly 1978). Limited mobility may lessen the risk of predation, but also lessens the probability of finding an acceptable mate. An alternative to direct female choice is the "female incitation" model proposed by Cox and Le Boeuf (1977): Females in early estrus loudly reject suitors, thus attracting the attention of males and encouraging male-male competition. Cox and Le Boeuf focused primarily on colonial elephant seals, but also cited examples of similar behavior in various fish, anurans, gallinaceous birds, carnivores, ungulates and primates. The list is notable for its high proportion of species that aggregate in shoals, leks, herds, and the like; i.e., species in which numbers of suitors are likely to be at hand, so that the female need not advertise conspicuously enough to attract potential predators. Females of several species listed use olfactory, visual, or other relatively short-range signals; others vocalize near preexisting aggregations of males. Asocial and vulnerable mammals such as Eutamias should have a hard time utilizing this strategy without placing themselves at considerable risk. However, I will show that female Eutamias do use this strategy; that they endanger themselves in the process; and that the population dynamics of Eutamias probably make advertisement necessary. Current theory predicts that if females incur virtually all the parental costs, as in Eutamias, then selection will favor those females that force males to incur most of the mating costs (Alexander and Borgia 1979). Male chipmunks are known to wander extensively during the breeding season (Elliott 1978; Smith 1978; personal observation). Associated risks cannot yet be quantified, but mortality from all causes is higher for male than for female Eutamias (Smith 1978). Those males that survive the breeding season often appear to be in poor condition; male E. obscures and E. merriami return to their burrows in a bedraggled state in May, and do not reappear until August or September. They become inactive later in the fall than females, but emerge a month or so earlier in the spring, perhaps because of limited opportunity to store a winter hoard. Thus males and females spend similar percentages of the year above ground, but the least desirable months go to the males. One interpretation is that female Eutamias, simply by staying put, force the males (1) to assume the risks of dispersal, and (2) to disappear at a time when
The “How” Question of the Healthy Immigrant Paradox: Understanding Psychosocial Resources and Demands as Pathways Linking Migration to Mental Health Risks

The current migrant health literature tends to focus on what determines immigrants’ mental health rather than how pathways such as psychosocial resources mediate the relationship between years since migration and mental health. Based on 4,282 foreign-born Canadian immigrant samples, this study includes both psychological distress and positive mental health as mental health measures because immigrants do not necessarily respond to stress by exhibiting distress. The correlation between psychological distress and positive mental health shows that these two measures are interrelated but distinctive concepts. Using piecewise regression models, this study finds that midterm immigrants have the highest levels of psychological distress and interpersonal strain. Guided by the stress process model, this study indicates that interpersonal strain acts as a major pathway to immigrants’ psychological distress but not positive mental health.
β‐Oxidation of [1‐14C]palmitic acid by mouse astrocytes in primary culture: Effects of agents implicated in the encephalopathy of Reye's syndrome

β‐Oxidation of [1‐14C]palmitic acid was examined in homogenates of astrocytes cultured from neonatal mouse brain. Under optimal reaction conditions (≤50 μg protein, 10 min at 37°C), oxidation increased as a function of palmitate concentration (15 μM to 2 mM) and reached a maximum rate of 1.98 ± 0.29 nmol/min/mg protein (mean ± SEM) at 0.2 mM substrate. Eadie‐Hofstee analysis of data from four experiments yielded apparent values for Vmax of 1.87 nmol/min/mg protein, and for Km, 35–40 μM. There were no dramatic changes in the oxidation rate in cells between 10 and 36 days in culture. During the 10‐min assays, less than 0.05% of the radioactivity was converted to 14CO2 by the astrocytes; water‐soluble products accounted for 1–2% of the total substrate added. Studies with KCN indicated that 60–70% of the total activity occurred in the mitochondria.
Operation and Control of a Grid-Connected Asymmetrical Cascaded Multilevel Inverter

This article presented a new structure for the grid-connected multilevel inverters (MLIs) circuit with the ability of the cascaded connection. The proposed inverter is capable of transformerless connection of distributed generation resources to the network. The control system manages the power injection to the grid by minimizing the output current harmonics as well as exchanging reactive power with the grid. The self-balancing state of the capacitors’ voltage is occurred only with the switching technique without any measurement sensors. An enhanced phase-locked loop (EPLL) and a proportional resonant (PR) controller are employed for the proposed asymmetric MLI. An important feature of the proposed inverter is the ability of stable performance and fast dynamics of the control system to the changes of the reference values. Simulation and experimental results are presented in order to validate the performance accuracy of the proposed MLI.
Traffic Flow on a Ring With a Single Autonomous Vehicle: An Interconnected Stability Perspective

In recent years, field experiments have been performed on ring roadways with human-driven vehicles or with a mix of human-driven and autonomous vehicles. While these experiments demonstrate the potential for controlling traffic flows by a small number of autonomous vehicles, the theoretical framework about such a possibility is to a large extent incomplete. Indeed, most work on mixed traffic focused on classical asymptotical stability notions, neglecting that human drivers are prone to the interconnected instability known in the literature as string instability. This work aims to enhance the existing theories to meet the questions raised by the field experiments. It starts from the observation that the standard notion of string stability on a ring roadway is too demanding for a mixed traffic scenario: therefore, a new interconnected stability definition, named weak ring stability, is proposed. This new interconnected stability notion, in combination with classical stability, is able to explain phenomena observed in field experiments and to highlight possibilities and limitations of traffic control via sparse autonomous vehicle. Furthermore, it allows designing AV controllers with improved string stability specifications, at the price of reducing the sparsity of the autonomous vehicles.
Mandible Integrity and Material Properties of the Periodontal Ligament during Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Finite-Element Study

We used the finite-element method (FEM) to investigate the effects of jawbone model integrity and the material properties of the periodontal ligament (PDL) on orthodontic tooth movement. Medical imaging software and computer-aided design software were used to create finite-element models of a partial and complete mandibles based on dental cone beam computed tomography images of the human skull. Additionally, we exerted an orthodontic force on the canine crown in the direction of an orthodontic miniscrew under a lower molar root to compare the von Mises strain on the canine PDL in three models: a partial mandible model under orthodontic force (Model 1), a complete mandible model under orthodontic force (Model 2), and a complete mandible model under orthodontic force with clench occlusion in the intercuspal position (ICP; Model 3). Additionally, in the complete mandible model under orthodontic force with ICP occlusion, we analyzed the effects of a PDL with a low (Model 4), moderate (Model 5), and high (Model 6) linear elastic modulus and a PDL a bilinear elastic modulus (Model 7). The simulation results for mandible integrity indicated that the maximum von Mises strains on the canine PDL for Models 1, 2, and 3 were 0.461, 0.394, and 1.811, respectively. Moreover, for the models with different PDL material properties, the maximum von Mises strains on the canine PDLs for Models 4, 5, 6, and 7 were 6.047, 2.594, 0.887, and 1.811, respectively. When the FEM was used to evaluate tooth movement caused by orthodontic force, the transformation of a complete mandible model into a partial mandible model or alteration of the elastic modulus of the PDL influenced the biomechanical responses of the PDL. Additionally, the incorporation of daily ICP occlusion resulted in a larger effect.
Hydrolysis of galactooligosaccharides by commercial preparations of α‐galactosidase and β‐fruetofuranosidase: Potential for use as dietary additives

In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted with six commercial enzyme preparations (SP249, Energex, Rohament CW, Novozyme 230 and crude α -galactosidase) to determine their effectiveness in hydrolysing galactooligosaccharides from soya bean and canola meal in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry. The use of the enzyme invertase to enhance galactoside hydrolysis was also studied. A wide range of α -galactosidase activity was observed in vitro, with crude α-galactosidase from Mortirella vinacea and Novozyme 230 preparation showing the highest activity values of 4.3 and 1.5 nkat mg−1, respectively. All preparations with the exception of crude α-galactosidase showed invertase activity which is known to convert raffinose and stachyose to the corresponding di-and trisaccharide, melibiose and manninotriose. Although the activity of invertase was highest on sucrose, the Novozyme 230 preparation showed activity values of 4.2 and 2.3 nkat mg−1 toward raffinose and stachyose substrates, respectively. De novo synthesis of raffinose was observed when soya bean meal, canola meal or pure sucrose and galactose were incubated with certain enzyme preparations (ie Energex). In general, preparations possessing hydrolytic activity towards galactooligosaccharides showed very little synthesis of raffinose while preparations capable of generating raffinose were very weak in the hydrolysis of galactooligosaccharides. The best result in terms of galactooligosaccharide in vitro hydrolysis of canola and soya bean meal was obtained with a combination of α-galactosidase and invertase. In the in vivo study with caecectomised hens, hydrolysis of galactooligosaccharides averaged 88% when crude α-galactosidase (2 g kg−1) and invertase (1 g kg−1) were added to laying, hen diet containing 200 g soya bean meal per kilogram. A problem identified in the current study was that minerals such as calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate common in poultry diets inhibit the hydrolysis activity of α-galactosidase, indicating that high levels of activity would be required to yield a response in practical poultry feeding.
Seasonal thermogenesis and body-mass dynamics of Clethrionomys gapperi

The role of seasonal changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), and body mass of livetrapped southern red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) as adaptations that enhance over-winter survivorship were examined in this study. Average RMR for voles was highest in September and April and lowest in July. No significant changes in RMR occurred on a seasonal basis. Mean NST was lowest in summer, increased throughout autumn, peaked in winter, and declined through spring. Maximum NST capacity occurred in mid-March, following a period in which ambient, ground, and subsurface temperatures reached an annual low. NST values showed an inverse relationship to minimum environmental temperature at the capture site. Mean body mass exhibited significant monthly variation. Average mass dropped significantly between September and November and increased from a low in January to the peak mass in May concomitant with reproductive activity. Analysis of mass changes of individuals conformed to the .