Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The infinite island model with sex-differentiated gene flow

Identity measures are derived for the infinite island model with separate sexes and sex-differentiated contribution to gene flow. The concept of effective migration rate, me, is introduced, which describes the genetically effective flow when sexes migrate at different rates, when females migrate as mated or when sexes differ in ploidy, as in the case of X-linked genes or haplodiploidy. The notion of me allows the different cases to be described by the common equation F=1/(1+4Neme). When the reproductive sex ratio differs from unity, migration of the rarer sex entails more effective gene flow than migration of the common sex. With female dispersal after mating, as well as with ploidy differences, the effective migration rate departs from the census rate, and migration of diploids and/or mated females normally homogenizes the population more than the migration of haploids and unmated females, as expected. This difference between the effective gene flow and the number of migrants contributes to a possible discordance between direct and indirect estimates of dispersal. At the same time, the expected difference in genetic differentiation between autosomal and X-linked loci opens the possibility for revelation of sex-differentiated migration, which may help resolve such instances.
Mechanism of cellulose synthesis in Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Extracts of Agrobacterium tumefaciens incorporated UDP-[14C]glucose into cellulose. When the extracts were fractionated into membrane and soluble components, neither fraction was able to synthesize cellulose. A combination of the membrane and soluble fractions restored the activity found in the original extracts. Extracts of cellulose-minus mutants showed no significant incorporation of UDP-glucose into cellulose. When mixtures of the extracts were made, the mutants were found to fall into two groups: extracts of mutants from the first group could be combined with extracts of the second group to obtain cellulose synthesis. No synthesis was observed when extracts of mutants from the same group were mixed. The groups of mutants corresponded to the two operons identified in sequencing the cel genes (A. G. Matthysse, S. White, and R. Lightfoot. J. Bacteriol. 177:1069-1075, 1995). Extracts of mutants were fractionated into membrane and soluble components, and the fractions were mixed and assayed for the ability to synthesize cellulose. When the membrane fraction from mutants in the celDE operon was combined with the soluble fraction from mutants in the celABC operon, incorporation of UDP-glucose into cellulose was observed. In order to determine whether lipid-linked intermediates were involved in cellulose synthesis, permeablized cells were examined for the incorporation of UDP-[14C]glucose into material extractable with organic solvents. No radioactivity was found in the chloroform-methanol extract of mutants in the celDE operon, but radioactive material was recovered in the chloroform-methanol extract of mutants in the celABC operon. The saccharide component of these compounds was released after mild acid hydrolysis and was found to be mainly glucose for the celA insertion mutant and a mixture of cellobiose, cellotriose, and cellotetrose for the celB and celC insertion mutants. The radioactive compound extracted with chloroform-methanol form the celC insertion mutant was incorporated into cellulose by membrane preparations from celE mutants, which suggests that this compound is a lipid-linked intermediate in cellulose synthesis.
Low Detection Rate of Craniocervical Arterial Dissection in Children Using Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Causes and Strategies to Improve Diagnosis

Craniocervical arterial dissection is a frequent cause of childhood arterial ischemic stroke requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment. However, there is no universal guideline for diagnostic cerebrovascular imaging in children. We assessed the role of time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography in diagnosing craniocervical arterial dissection. We included children (1 month to 18 years) with craniocervical arterial dissection and ischemic stroke from January 1998 to June 2007. Institutional protocol required magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/ magnetic resonance angiography for all ischemic stroke cases and conventional cerebral angiography if magnetic resonance angiography showed any arteriopathy. Among 233 ischemic stroke cases, craniocervical arterial dissection was diagnosed in 13 patients (5.6%; 10 males), with a mean age of 7.5 years. Initial time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography missed dissection in 8 patients (61.5%) because the neck vessels were not scanned (n = 2), of suboptimal technique (n = 3), and of diagnostic error (n = 3). T1 fat-saturated MRI and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography were not performed in 12 patients. If suspicion for arterial dissection is high, T1 fat-saturated neck imaging and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography should be considered to maximize detection.
A Proposed Curvilinearity Index for Quantifying Airflow Obstruction.: 2

BACKGROUND Though forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV(1)) is the primary indicator of airway obstruction, curvilinearity in the expiratory flow-volume curve is used to support the quantitative assessment of obstruction via FEV(1). Currently there is no available index to quantify a pathological contour of curvilinearity. STUDY PURPOSE We propose a "curvature" index (k(max)) and compare FEV(1) values to the index with a sequential sample of spirometry data. METHODS The hyperbolic function b(0)Q + b(1)Q V + b(2)V = 1 (in which Q = flow rate, V = volume, and b(0), b(1), and b(2) are estimated from the patient's flow-volume data) is fit to a fixed segment of the descending phase of the expiratory flow-volume curve. A previously developed biomechanical interpretation of this relationship associates the coefficient b(1) with the rate of airway-resistance-increase as exhaled volume increases. A global curvature index k(max)=b(1)/2(b(0)b(2)+b(1)) is defined to quantify the curvilinearity phenomenon. We used statistics software to determine the k(max) of spirometry data from 67 sequential patients, and to determine the relationship of k(max) to FEV(1). RESULTS Individual k(max) estimates appeared to correspond well with the degree of curvilinearity observed and were related in an exponential manner to FEV(1). CONCLUSIONS We defined a curvature index to quantify the curvilinearity phenomenon observed in the expiratory limb of flow-volume loops from patients with obstructive lung disease. This index uses data from a major segment of the flow-volume curve, and our preliminary data indicate an exponential relationship with FEV(1). This new index allows the putative association between curvilinearity and obstructive lung disease to be examined quantitatively in clinical practice and future studies.
Longitudinal evaluation of sleep-disordered breathing and sleep symptoms with change in quality of life: the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS).

STUDY OBJECTIVES Findings from population studies evaluating the progression and incidence of sleep disordered breathing have shown evidence of a longitudinal increase in the severity of sleep disordered breathing. The present study evaluates the association among changes in sleep disordered breathing, sleep symptoms, and quality of life over time. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. Data were from the Sleep Heart Health Study. SETTING Multicenter study. PARTICIPANTS Three thousand seventy-eight subjects aged 40 years and older from the baseline and follow-up examination cycles were included. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcomes were changes in the Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary scales obtained from the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey. The primary exposure was change in the respiratory disturbance index obtained from unattended overnight polysomnograms performed approximately 5 years apart. Other covariates included measures of excessive daytime sleepiness and difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep. RESULTS Mean respiratory disturbance index increased from 8.1 +/- 11 SD at baseline to 10.9 +/- 14 (P < 0.0001) at follow-up. The mean Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary scores were 48.5 and 54.1 at baseline and 46.3 and 54.8 at follow-up. No associations between change in respiratory disturbance index and changes in Physical Component Summary or Mental Component Summary scores were seen. However, worsening of difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness were significantly associated with lower quality of life. CONCLUSIONS A slight increase in severity of sleep disordered breathing was seen over 5 years; this was not associated with worsening of quality of life. However, subjective symptoms of quality of sleep and daytime sleepiness were associated with declining quality of life.
Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in the dental root canal and periapical infections.

OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in endodontic infections. METHODS Samples for microbiological examination were collected from 32 patients with deep dental caries, infected dental root canal, or periapical infection. RESULTS Cultivation of the dental samples yielded four strains of Enterococcus faecalis (12.5 %), and three strains of Candida albicans (9.4 %). All Enterococcus faecalis isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, one isolate was resistant to tetracycline, two to erythromycin and azithromycin (additional 2 had intermediate susceptibility), and one strain had intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin. CONCLUSION We conclude that Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans can participate in the dental root canal and periapical infections, and the use of effective irrigant solutions and intracanal medicaments active against these microbes is important in order to prevent endodontic therapy failures. Unexpected was the isolation of C. albicans from a nine-year-old child with periodontitis apicalis. This finding must draw attention to the possibility that even at such a young age, this microorganism could be a potential etiological agent in endodontic infections (Tab. 2, Ref. 34). Text in PDF www.elis. sk.
Identification of tyrosine 706 in the kinase insert as the major colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1)-stimulated autophosphorylation site in the CSF-1 receptor in a murine macrophage cell line

The receptor for colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) is a ligand-activated protein-tyrosine kinase. It has been shown previously that the CSF-1 receptor is phosphorylated on serine in vivo and that phosphorylation on tyrosine can be induced by stimulation with CSF-1. We studied the phosphorylation of the CSF-1 receptor by using the BAC1.2F5 murine macrophage cell line, which naturally expresses CSF-1 receptors. Two-dimensional tryptic phosphopeptide mapping showed that the CSF-1 receptor is phosphorylated on several different serine residues in vivo. Stimulation with CSF-1 at 37 degrees C resulted in rapid phosphorylation on tyrosine at one major site and one or two minor sites. We identified the major site as Tyr-706. The identity of Tyr-706 was confirmed by mutagenesis. This residue is located within the kinase insert domain. There was no evidence that Tyr-973 (equivalent to Tyr-969 in the human CSF-1 receptor) was phosphorylated following CSF-1 stimulation. When cells were stimulated with CSF-1 at 4 degrees C, additional phosphotyrosine-containing phosphopeptides were detected and the level of phosphorylation of the individual phosphotyrosine-containing phosphopeptides was substantially increased. In addition, we show that CSF-1 receptors are capable of autophosphorylation at six to eight major sites in vitro.
Fine-Grained Open Learner Models: Complexity Versus Support

Open Learner Models (OLM) show the learner model to users to assist their self-regulated learning by, for example, helping prompt reflection, facilitating planning and supporting navigation. OLMs can show different levels of detail of the underlying learner model, and can also structure the information differently. As a result, a trade-off may exist between the potential for better support for learning and the complexity of the information shown. This paper investigates students' perceptions about whether offering more and richer information in an OLM will result in more effective support for their self-regulated learning. In a first study, questionnaire responses relating to designs for six visualisations of varying complexity led to the implementation of three variations on one of the designs. A second controlled study involved students interacting with these variations. The study revealed that the most useful variation for searching for suitable learning material was a visualisation combining a basic coloured grid, an extended bar chart-like visualisation indicating related concepts, and a learning gauge.
A Study of The Effect of Spiral of Silence between Different Social Networking Platforms

Opinion mining is a very hot and important issue of social media related researches, due to it is helpful for understanding the opinion of users in social media. In our previous research, we have already developed an approach to detect an important effect, which is called "Spiral of Silence (SoS)". The approach is developed based on opinion mining and sentimental analysis. In this paper, we will use the approach to test related issues of SoS in social medias and try to understand the difference between these social media platforms. Analysis results are also presented in the paper as well as discussions.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in Parkinson’s Disease: ECS and Dopamine Enhancement

Introduction In addition to its effects in major psychiatric illness, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is known to have a beneficial effect on the core motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This effect is believed to be mediated via dopamine in the striatum. Electroconvulsive shock (ECS), the animal analogue of ECT, is the model in which investigators have sought to elucidate the specific dopaminergic mechanisms by which ECT exerts its therapeutic effect in PD. Electroconvulsive shock has been given to intact animals as well as to animals with neurotoxic lesions that create parkinsonism. Methods In this paper, we selectively review the electroconvulsive shock literature on dopamine in the striatum. Results Electroconvulsive shock, and by extension, ECT, is associated with increased dopamine release and modulation of dopamine receptors. Conclusion Better understanding of how ECT works to enhance dopaminergic systems in the brain could help to make it a more accepted treatment for PD.
Post-activation Turn-off of NF-κB-dependent Transcription Is Regulated by Acetylation of p65*

NF-κB represents a family of eukaryotic transcription factors participating in the regulation of various cellular genes involved in the immediate early processes of immune, acute-phase, and inflammatory responses. Cellular localization and consequently the transcriptional activity of NF-κB is tightly regulated by its partner IκBα. Here, we show that the p65 subunit of NF-κB is acetylated by both p300 and PCAF on lysines 122 and 123. Both HDAC2 and HDAC3 interact with p65, although only HDAC3 was able to deacetylate p65. Acetylation of p65 reduces its ability to bind κΒ-DNA. Finally, acetylation of p65 facilitated its removal from DNA and consequently its IκΒα-mediated export from the nucleus. We propose that acetylation of p65 plays a key role in IκΒα-mediated attenuation of NF-κΒ transcriptional activity which is an important process that restores the latent state in post-induced cells.
Internationalization strategy in new e-ventures: towards a general model and new research agenda

E-ventures represent a group of firms that carry out innovative business. To that end they use knowledge and advanced technological capability to offer services based on a predominantly electronic creation of value (Kollman, 2006). In fact, e-ventures are so called because, unlike traditional businesses, they perform their economic transactions on line via the Internet (Matlay, 2003), which is why their business activity is called e-business (Fillis, & Wagner, 2005). Within that framework, e-entrepreneurship refers to the start up of a new e-venture, which we label e-born global when it operates in international markets from its inception. Although the study of new ventures in the field of e-business is relatively new, its development ABsTRAcT
Short-chain fatty acids and ketones directly regulate sympathetic nervous system via G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41)

The maintenance of energy homeostasis is essential for life, and its dysregulation leads to a variety of metabolic disorders. Under a fed condition, mammals use glucose as the main metabolic fuel, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the colonic bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber also contribute a significant proportion of daily energy requirement. Under ketogenic conditions such as starvation and diabetes, ketone bodies produced in the liver from fatty acids are used as the main energy sources. To balance energy intake, dietary excess and starvation trigger an increase or a decrease in energy expenditure, respectively, by regulating the activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). The regulation of metabolic homeostasis by glucose is well recognized; however, the roles of SCFAs and ketone bodies in maintaining energy balance remain unclear. Here, we show that SCFAs and ketone bodies directly regulate SNS activity via GPR41, a Gi/o protein-coupled receptor for SCFAs, at the level of the sympathetic ganglion. GPR41 was most abundantly expressed in sympathetic ganglia in mouse and humans. SCFA propionate promoted sympathetic outflow via GPR41. On the other hand, a ketone body, β-hydroxybutyrate, produced during starvation or diabetes, suppressed SNS activity by antagonizing GPR41. Pharmacological and siRNA experiments indicated that GPR41-mediated activation of sympathetic neurons involves Gβγ-PLCβ-MAPK signaling. Sympathetic regulation by SCFAs and ketone bodies correlated well with their respective effects on energy consumption. These findings establish that SCFAs and ketone bodies directly regulate GPR41-mediated SNS activity and thereby control body energy expenditure in maintaining metabolic homeostasis.
Cellular effects of hyperthermia: relevance to the minimum dose for thermal damage

The specific mechanism of cell killing by hyperthermia is unknown, but the high activation energy of cell killing and other responses to hyperthermia suggest that protein denaturation is the rate-limiting step. Protein denaturation can be directly monitored by differential scanning calorimetry and in general there is a good correlation between protein denaturation and cellular response. Approximately 5% denaturation is necessary for detectable killing. Protein denaturation leads to the aggregation of both denatured and native protein with multiple effects on cellular function.
Immune Checkpoint Modulation for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Therapies targeting immune checkpoints have recently shown encouraging activity in patients with heavily pretreated advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), independently of NSCLC histology or mutational status, with low toxicity profiles when used as monotherapy. Objective response rates of approximately 20% have been reported in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with antagonist antibodies targeting the immune checkpoint, programmed death 1 (PD-1) on activated T cells, or its primary ligand, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expressed within the tumor microenvironment. Response rates appear to be higher in patients with tumor PD-L1 expression documented by immunohistochemistry, although responses have been appreciated in patients with reportedly PD-L1–negative tumor specimens. Antibodies directed against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), another immunosuppressive T-cell signaling molecule, are also being evaluated in clinical trials, with one randomized phase II trial demonstrating improved immune-related progression-free survival in lung cancer patients when added to standard chemotherapy. Additional clinical trials are combining anti–CTLA-4 antibodies with either anti–PD-1 or anti–PD-L1 antibodies. Combinations of other immune checkpoint antagonists or agonist antibodies with anti–PD-1 or anti–PD-L1 antibodies are also being pursued. Clin Cancer Res; 21(10); 2256–62. ©2015 AACR. See all articles in this CCR Focus section, “Progress in Lung Cancer. ”
The Formation and Function of Plant Cuticles1

Recent progress in the biochemistry and molecular biology of cuticle synthesis and function highlights major questions that will drive future research in this field. The plant cuticle is an extracellular hydrophobic layer that covers the aerial epidermis of all land plants, providing protection against desiccation and external environmental stresses. The past decade has seen considerable progress in assembling models for the biosynthesis of its two major components, the polymer cutin and cuticular waxes. Most recently, two breakthroughs in the long-sought molecular bases of alkane formation and polyester synthesis have allowed construction of nearly complete biosynthetic pathways for both waxes and cutin. Concurrently, a complex regulatory network controlling the synthesis of the cuticle is emerging. It has also become clear that the physiological role of the cuticle extends well beyond its primary function as a transpiration barrier, playing important roles in processes ranging from development to interaction with microbes. Here, we review recent progress in the biochemistry and molecular biology of cuticle synthesis and function and highlight some of the major questions that will drive future research in this field.
Dynamic aspects of the incorporation of proteins into biological membranes

The contributions of intramembranous and extramembranous segments of transmembrane proteins to frictional forces have been studied by covalently attached 14N‐ and 15N‐indane dione and maleimide spin labels using saturation transfer electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The role of molecular size and membrane viscosity is discussed in determining rotational mobilities of proteins. By comparing the measured rotational correlation times with the predictions of hydrodynamic models the aggregation states of transmembrane proteins is estimated. On increasing the viscosity of the aqueous phase by polyols the viscous drag of the extramembranous segments of proteins is increased and from systematic hydrodynamic measurements the size of the protruding segments can be estimated. The role of slowed molecular diffusion is briefly discussed in the inhibition of enzymatic activity. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.