Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Grizzly bear use of pink hedysarum roots following shrubland fire in Banff National Park, Alberta

Abstract Hedysarum (Hedysarum spp.) roots are a major food for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) over much of their Canadian and Alaskan range. In Banff National Park, grizzly bears typically dig roots of pink hedysarum (H. alpinum) in willow (Salix glauca, S. farriae) – dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa) shrubland. This shrubland type often burned in the past, but the effects of shrubland fire on grizzly bear feeding ecology have not been studied. We applied shrubland fire to pink hedysarum digging habitat in Banff National Park and measured grizzly bear response by counting their excavations for pink hedysarum roots over the subsequent 4–6 years. In 4 of 6 study sites, a positive fire effect was recorded: the digging density ratio (digging density in burned habitat divided by digging density in unburned control) increased 4.5x to 14.3x following fire compared to the ratio we recorded in the same treatment and control areas before fire was applied. In the remaining 2 study sites, grizzly bears dug 1 site essentially the same following fire (postfire ratio = 1.1 x prefire ratio), and 1 site showed a weak negative fire effect (postfire ratio = 0.8 x prefire ratio). Overall, fire resulted in >6x increase in the digging density ratio compared to the prefire ratio (n = 6 sites). Ease of digging did not appear to be an important factor in our study: the pull required to release a steel bar driven 11 cm into the substrate immediately beside diggings was approximately equal in burned and unburned habitat. The strong preference grizzly bears showed for excavating pink hedysarum roots in burned habitat suggests that shrubland fire may benefit grizzly bears in Banff National Park and perhaps elsewhere in North America where comparable digging habitat occurs.
Cluster Wireless Sensor Networks for Safe and Efficient Transmission

Wireless Sensor Networks is one of the most rapidly growing and emerging concept in the scientific domain. It is growing because of its low cost and wide applications. WSN is one of communication tools used in many areas such as in civilians and militaries. WSN is a wireless network consisting of a web of sensor nodes whose basic feature is to sense, compute, communicate and power. Storage, bandwidth, communication capability, limited energy is its main resource constraints. Secure data transmission is an important issue for WSNs. Clustering is a way of enhancing the system performance of WSNs. In this paper, by using the concept of IBS and IBOOS scheme, we study SET protocols for CWSNs, called SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS. SET-IBS depends on the Diffie- Hellman problem. SET-IBOOS relies on discrete logarithm problem and the overhead computation for protocol security is reduced, which is crucial for WSNs. Our survey is based on various aspects of wireless sensor networks, discussing various types of WSNs and their applications, different distributed clustering algorithms used in WSNs and the reliability of routing protocols.
The temporal relation between beat gestures and speech

The temporal relation between beat gestures and accompanying speech is examined in two experiments. In the first, we find that subjects are very quick to spot altered timing between gesture and speech if the gesture is later than normal, but are considerably less sensitive to alterations that result in an earlier gesture. This suggests an asymmetry in the expectation on the part of listeners/watchers and raises immediate questions about which elements within the speech are being perceived as linked to which elements in the gestural series. We therefore examine the variability between several kinematic landmarks in a beat gesture, and three potential anchor points in the accompanying speech. We find the least variable relationship obtains between the point of maximum extension of the gesture and the accompanying pitch accent. Together, these findings contribute to our understanding of both the production and perception of beat gestures along with speech, and support an account of speech communication as a strongly embodied activity.
Some mineral physics constraints on the rheology and geothermal structure of Earth’s lower mantle

Abstract We explore the implications of recent mineral physics measurements of diffusion coefficients and melting temperatures of lower mantle materials on the rheological and geothermal structure of Earth’s lower mantle. We show that MgSiO3 perovskite is significantly stronger than MgO periclase and therefore the rheology of the lower mantle depends strongly on the geometry of a weaker phase, periclase. We calculate viscosities of the lower mantle for two cases: (1) where periclase occurs as isolated grains and (2) where periclase occurs as continuous films, using mineral physics data and models of two-phase rheology. We find that the effective viscosity for the former is about ~10-1000 times higher than the latter. We therefore suggest that the rheology of the lower mantle is structureand hence strain-dependent, leading to weakening at large strains due to the formation of continuous films of periclase. Overall depth variation of viscosity depends not only on the pressure dependence of creep but also on the geothermal gradient. Both MgSiO3 perovskite and periclase have relatively small activation energies (E* = gRTm with g = 10-14, where R is the gas constant and Tm is melting temperature), and therefore the depth variation of viscosity is rather small, even for a nearly adiabatic temperature gradient. However, the geothermal gradients consistent with the geodynamical inference of nearly depth-independent viscosity are sensitive to the pressure dependence of viscosity which is only poorly understood. A superadiabatic gradient of up to ~0.6 K/km is also consistent with mineral physics and geodynamical observations.
A Web Based Statics Course Used In An Inverted Classroom

Anna Dollar, Miami University Anna Dollár is an associate professor in the department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering at Miami University in Oxford, OH, and previously was on the faculty of the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in Chicago. She received her Ph. D. in applied mechanics from Krakow University of Technology in Poland. Her teaching has been recognized by many awards including: University Excellence in Teaching Award (IIT), and E. Phillips Knox University Teaching Award (Miami University). Her research focuses on mechanics of solids and engineering education. Address: MME Department, EGB room 56 E, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 phone: (513) 529 0714 ; fax: (513) 529-0717; e-mail: dollar@muohio.edu
Habitat Selection by Fish in an Artificial Reef in Ilha Grande Bay, Brazil

The use of artificial structures as a shelter for fishes was evaluated aiming to assess increase in fish abundance in Ilha Grande Bay at Southeast Brazilian coast (Lat: 22 o 8'-23 o 5' S; Long. 44 o 05’-44 o 40’W). Five different types of structures, made of clay tiles, with an increase range on size and complexity were tested to assess their efficiency. Fish were counted in each type of structure from May -1996 to April-1997 by underwater observation made with snorkelling. According to the pattern of concentration in the structures, two groups of fishes were identified. One comprised by E. guaza, M. rubra, R. randalli, S. hispidus, Sphoeroides sp and Haemulun sp showed affinity for hard bottom, irregular profile and an increase in abundance on the more complex and biggest structures. The other comprised by Chylomicterus sp, Gerres spp, Anchoa sp, Diapterus sp, Oligoplites sp and D. radiale did not present clear preference for hard bottom.
ON THE SEARCH FOR WATER AT THE LUNAR POLES: RESULTS OF FORWARD MODELING OF PERMANENTLY SHADED AREAS AND LUNAR PROSPECTOR MEASUREMENTS

PERMANENTLY SHADED AREAS AND LUNAR PROSPECTOR MEASUREMENTS. R. C. Elphic, D. J. Lawrence, W. C. Feldman, D. B. J. Bussey, P. D. Spudis, and P. G. Lucey, 1 Space and Atmospheric Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 ( relphic@lanl.gov ), Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, HI 96822.
Studies on the Genetic Variability of Three Fish Species (Cyprinus carpio specularis, Cyprinus carpio communis and Oncorhynchus mykiss) Collected from Kashmir (India) Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Technique

The present study evaluated the patterns of morphometric and genetic variation using RAPD-PCR techniques for the first time on two species of Cyprinus and single species of Oncorhynchus mykiss from Srinagar, Kashmir, India. The Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to estimate the genetic relationships and diversity of three species of local fishes (Family Cyprinidae). A large numbers of highly informative DNA markers have been developed for the identification of genetic polymorphism. In the present study, genetic variability of three local fish species (Cyprinus carpio specularis, Cyprinus carpio communis and Oncorhynchus mykiss) collected from Dal Lake and local Trout Fish Farm (Harwan, Srinagar, India) was analyzed using the RAPD-PCR technique. Amplified DNA fragments with monomorphic profile were not found in the studied species, except for Cyprinus carpio specularis and Cyprinus carpio communis which presented monomorphic bands as both belong to the same genus. All species showed high levels of genetic variability among individuals. Cyprinus carpio communis and Cyprinus carpio specularis are more similar in comparison to the other Oncorhynchus mykiss based on morphological approach.
Adjustment of L1 neurosecretory neuron activity in response to different stressors in gypsy moth caterpillars

Gypsy moth caterpillars were exposed to an increased rearing temperature of 35oC and diet, supplemented with Cd, a heavy metal pollutant, and tannic acid, a plant secondary metabolite. After 3 days’ exposure to stressors, changes in the number, morphometric parameters of L1 neurosecretory neurons (nsn) (sizes of the nsn and their nuclei), and the quantity of neurosecretory material in the cytoplasm of the neurons were estimated. Acute exposure to the high temperature of 35˚C induced increases in the number of L1 nsn, their size and the size of their nuclei with prolonged exposure time. After acute exposure to different Cd concentrations, the number of L1 nsn was reduced, their size increased and the size of their nuclei decreased. Together with the enhanced relative density of the cytoplasm, our results point to an intensive synthesis and retention of neurosecretory material in the neurons. The relative density of the neurosecretory material in the cytoplasm increased at the thermal treatment, suggesting intensive synthesis and secretory activity in L1 nsn. Caterpillars reared on an artificial substrate with the addition of high concentrations of tannic acid (TA) showed a decreased number of nsn, increased cell size and decreased size of their nuclei. The reduction in the relative density of the cytoplasm led us to conclude that this treatment induced a high synthetic activity of L1 nsn. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 173027]
Forecasting returns on a stock market using Artificial Neural Networks and GARCH family models: Evidence of stock market S&P 500

Article history: Received July 10, 2014 Accepted December 17, 2014 Available online December 18 2014 In the area of financial stock market forecasting, many studies have focused on application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Due to its high rate of uncertainty and volatility, the stock markets returns forecasting by conventional methods became a difficult task. The ANNs is a relatively new and have been reported as good methods to predict financial stock market levels and can model flexible linear or non-linear relationship among variables. The aim of the study is to employ an ANN models to estimate and predict the dynamic volatility of the daily of S&P500 market returns. Results of ANN models will be compared with time series model using GARCH family models. The use of the novel model for conditional stock markets returns volatility can handle the vast amount of nonlinear data, simulate their relationship and give a moderate solution for the hard problem. The forecasts of stock index returns in the paper will be evaluated and compared, considering the MSE, RMSE and MAE forecasts statistic. Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 5 © 201
Monthly stable isotope records in an Australian coral and their correspondence with environmental variables

Monthly skeletal stable isotope measurements of a Porites australiensis coral from Abraham Reef, Australia, spanning the period from 1981 to 1991, are compared with monthly averaged SST (sea surface temperature) from satellite collected AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) and monthly downward surface short‐wave insolation (SSI) measurements. We found that the δ18O values varied as a function of the change in seawater temperature. There were anomalously high δ18O values in coral that grew during the summer season of the three El Niño events 1982–83, 1987, and 1991. Advection of seawater with higher salinity (and higher δ18O values) to our site or discrepancies between ocean skin temperature and mixed layer SST are likely reasons for the reduced resolution of δ18O‐based SST. Increased coral δ13C values occurred simultaneously with increases in SSI. During most El Niño events the maximum and minimum δ13C values were lower than during normal years.
Success Factors for Small Rural Entrepreneurs under the One- District-One-Industry Programme in Malaysia

ABSTRACT This paper presents the determinants of small business success as perceived and experienced by rural entrepreneurs. A sample of small rural entrepreneurs under the One-District-One-Industry (ODOI) programme in Malaysia was surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Despite the importance of both internal and external factors, this paper found that the external factors are more dominant than the internal ones in contributing to the business success of the ODOI entrepreneurs. All the external factors extracted by factor analysis narrow down to the important role of the government in promoting small business success. Therefore, the government should continuously provide assistance and favourable environment conducive to small entrepreneurship in the rural area. Keywords: Rural Entrepreneurs, One-District-One-Industry, Success Factors, Factor Analysis
The Effects of Population Density and Individual Diversity on Time and Energy Budgets of Animals

The effects of animal density, spatial heterogeneity, and diversity in individual responses to population density on daily time and energy budgets were studied by means of a simple time-energy model. The cost of interactions between individuals was expressed as a reduction of the time that an animal may spend for feeding and other activities. The value of daily production rate would decrease with the increase in density and/or in food availability. In this case, production rate would be a convex function of population density as well as of individual tolerance to the presence of other animals and the size of individual range. Therefore, under unfavourable conditions (high mean density and/or low mean food availability) both spatial heterogeneity and diversity in individual responses to the presence of neighbouring animals would lead to an increase in the mean production rate.
FROM DIFFERENT ANGLES: EXPLORING AND APPLYING THE DESIGN POTENTIAL OF VIDEO

Recent developments in both hardware and software have brought video within the scope of design students as a new visual design tool. Being more and more equipped with cameras, for example in their smartphones, and video editing programs on their computers, they are increasing using video to record their research activities or present their design ideas. In design education, however, the full potential of video as a rich and contextual design medium is yet to be explored and developed. This paper presents a course, in which design students are trained to explore, experience and apply the possibilities of video in their design process. In three assignments, which cover different design stages, they take on different roles, from user researcher to interaction designer to video producer, to create videos that serve different design purposes. The paper first presents a brief overview of the role of video in design, developing from a secondary medium used to more or less objectively register certain events to a primary, expressive design tool, which can be used to drive the design process forward. Resulting from this overview three main principles are formulated, which were used in building the course. Next the set-up of the course is presented, describing each of the three assignments in detail to clarify how the guiding principles have been implemented. The paper concludes with a short discussion, reflecting on the first results of the course from an educational perspective.
Creative Computation for CS1 and K9-12

We present the design and development of a new approach to teaching the introductory computing course (CS1), at both the college-level as well as K9-12, using the context of digital art and creative computation. Creative computation is a highly interdisciplinary area combining theory and methodology from computer science and engineering with aesthetic principles and creative practices from the arts. Using the Processing programming language, students create a portfolio of aesthetic visual designs that employ basic programming constructs and structures typically taught in traditional CS1 courses. The goal of this approach is to bring the excitement, creativity, and innovation fostered by the context of creative coding. We have developed a web portal containing an extensive set of resources for adoption by others. A comprehensive textbook has also been published in 2013 [Greenberg et al 2013]. We present results from a comparative study involving multiple offerings of the new course at the two lead institutions as well as several other partner institutions. We also describe the success of bringing creative computation via Processing into two very different high schools that span the range of possibilities of grades 9-12 in American education. We report on how contextualized computing that supports integration of media arts, design, and computer science can successfully motivate students to learn foundations of programming and come back for more. The work of two high school teachers with divergent pedagogical styles is presented. They successfully adapted a college-level creative computation curriculum to their individual school cultures providing a catalyst for significant increases in enrollment and female participation in high school computer science.
Tranexamic Acid Reduces PRBC Transfusion after Posterior Spine Surgeryfor Idiopathic Scoliosis from the Operating Room to Post-Operative DayFour

Background: Tranexamic acid (TXA), an antifibrinolytic, has been shown to reduce blood loss and packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion during surgery for patients with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing posterior spine fusion. Our goal was to determine if intra-operative TXA administration is also associated with reduced PRBC transfusion after the completion of surgery through post-operative day (POD) four in this patient population. Methods: A retrospective review of 230 patients undergoing single stage PSF for idiopathic scoliosis at a freestanding children’s hospital was undertaken. Subjects were grouped according to intra-operative administration of TXA (n=70) or no TXA (n=160). The primary outcome was PRBC transfusion following surgery to post-operative day (POD) four. Secondary outcomes included estimated blood loss, intra-operative PRBC transfusion, postoperative hematocrit, and hematocrit prior to PRBC transfusion. Results: The age, gender, number of spinal levels fused, surgical time, and number of cases by each surgeon were not significantly different between the groups. Following surgery to POD four, 16% of the TXA group received PRBC transfusion, compared to 39% in the non TXA group (p<0.001). The estimated blood loss was lower in the TXA group (median 437 ml TXA group vs. 550 ml Non TXA group, p=0.01). The percentage of patients receiving intra-operative PRBC transfusion was not significantly different between the two groups but the volume of PRBC transfused was lower in the TXA group. There were no significant differences between groups with regards to first hematocrit following surgery or hematocrit prior to transfusion. The lowest hematocrit in patients not receiving PRBC transfusion was higher in the TXA group (27.7%) vs. the Non TXA group (25.6%) (p<0.001). Conclusion: Tranexamic acid significantly reduced the percentage of patients with idiopathic scoliosis receiving PRBC transfusion following posterior spine fusion following surgery to POD four. This association remained after controlling for several confounding variables.
System description of the defect creation and elimination in the buildings

The paper deals with the dynamics of the system of defects creation in the buildings and also with the possibilities of the defects elimination. The problem is described by the dynamic model that includes key elements influencing the system behaviour. The model is based on the system dynamics method that uses the stock elements and the flow elements which change the stock element values. In the described problem the main stock is the number of the equipment defects. This parameter can be increased by the flow element that depends on the time of using and the load. For the defect elimination are two possibilities: the planned maintenance and the repair of broken parts. Other elements are number of workers available for the elimination of defects and the running cost depending on the maintenance effort. The case of the main system parameters calculation is presented. The model can be used for understanding the importance of the maintenance in the field of facility management.
Design of Efficient Binary Comparators in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is one of the few alternative computing platforms that has the potential to be a promising technology because of higher speed, smaller size, and lower power consumption in comparison with CMOS technology. This letter proposes an optimized full comparator for implementation in QCA. The proposed design is compared with previous works in terms of complexity, area, and delay. In comparison with the best previous full comparator, our design has 64% and 85% improvement in cell count and area, respectively. Also, it is implemented with only one clock cycle. The obtained results show that our full comparator is more efficient in terms of cell count, complexity, area, and delay compared to the previous designs. Therefore, this structure can be simply used in designing QCA-based circuits
Anomalous localized resonance phenomena in the nonmagnetic, finite-frequency regime

The phenomenon of anomalous localized resonance (ALR) is observed at the interface between materials with positive and negative material parameters and is characterized by the fact that, when a given source is placed near the interface, the electric and magnetic fields start to have very fast and large oscillations around the interface as the absorption in the materials becomes very small while they remain smooth and regular away from the interface. In this paper, we discuss the phenomenon of anomalous localized resonance (ALR) in the context of an infinite slab of homogeneous, nonmagnetic material ($\mu=1$) with permittivity $\epsilon_s=-1-\mathrm{i}\delta$ for some small loss $\delta \ll 1$ surrounded by positive, nonmagnetic, homogeneous media. We explicitly characterize the limit value of the product between frequency and the width of slab beyond which the ALR phenomenon does not occur and analyze the situation when the phenomenon is observed. In addition, we also construct sources for which the ALR phenomenon never appears.