Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Corrigendum to “Spinosyns Cause Aedeagus Eversion in Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)”

Abstract During an assessment of various insecticides against sap beetles, Carpophilus sp. , it was noted that at least some males everted their reproductive structures (referred to as aedeagus from here forward) when treated with a spinosyn insecticide, spinetoram. This response to spinosyns or other insecticides is not documented in the literature even though sap beetles have been included in numerous insecticide assays and spinosyn insecticides have been in widespread commercial use for >20 yr. Additionally, other insect species have not been documented to show a similar aedeagus eversion response to spinosyns or other insecticides. The objective of this study was to further examine eversion of the aedeagus when sap beetles were exposed to different rates of two spinosyn insecticides, spinetoram and spinosad. Additionally, we examined whether a similar response would occur in other insects when three species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) and one species of Curculionidae (Coleoptera) were exposed to spinetoram. Our results show that male sap beetles respond to both spinosyns by everting the aedeagus, females did not have an analogous response. No similar response was observed for the assayed species of Coccinellidae or Curculionidae.
The importance of scale in comparative microbiome research: New insights from the gut and glands of captive and wild lemurs

Research on animal microbiomes is increasingly aimed at determining the evolutionary and ecological factors that govern host–microbiome dynamics, which are invariably intertwined and potentially synergistic. We present three empirical studies related to this topic, each of which relies on the diversity of Malagasy lemurs (representing a total of 19 species) and the comparative approach applied across scales of analysis. In Study 1, we compare gut microbial membership across 14 species in the wild to test the relative importance of host phylogeny and feeding strategy in mediating microbiome structure. Whereas host phylogeny strongly predicted community composition, the same feeding strategies shared by distant relatives did not produce convergent microbial consortia, but rather shaped microbiomes in host lineage‐specific ways, particularly in folivores. In Study 2, we compare 14 species of wild and captive folivores, frugivores, and omnivores, to highlight the importance of captive populations for advancing gut microbiome research. We show that the perturbational effect of captivity is mediated by host feeding strategy and can be mitigated, in part, by modified animal management. In Study 3, we examine various scent‐gland microbiomes across three species in the wild or captivity and show them to vary by host species, sex, body site, and a proxy of social status. These rare data provide support for the bacterial fermentation hypothesis in olfactory signal production and implicate steroid hormones as mediators of microbial community structure. We conclude by discussing the role of scale in comparative microbial studies, the links between feeding strategy and host–microbiome coadaptation, the underappreciated benefits of captive populations for advancing conservation research, and the need to consider the entirety of an animal's microbiota. Ultimately, these studies will help move the field from exploratory to hypothesis‐driven research.
Accelerated aging and motor control deficits are related to regional deformation of central cerebellar white matter in alcohol use disorder

The World Health Organization estimates a 12‐month prevalence rate of 8+% for an alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnosis in people age 15 years and older in the United States and Europe, presenting significant health risks that have the potential of accelerating age‐related functional decline. According to neuropathological studies, white matter systems of the cerebellum are vulnerable to chronic alcohol dependence. To pursue the effect of AUD on white matter structure and functions in vivo, this study used T1‐weighted, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify the total corpus medullare of the cerebellum and a finely grained analysis of its surface in 135 men and women with AUD (mean duration of abstinence, 248 d) and 128 age‐ and sex‐matched control participants; subsets of these participants completed motor testing. We identified an AUD‐related volume deficit and accelerated aging in the total corpus medullare. Novel deformation‐based surface morphometry revealed regional shrinkage of surfaces adjacent to lobules I‐V, lobule IX, and vermian lobule X. In addition, accelerated aging was detected in the regional surface areas adjacent to lobules I‐V, lobule VI, lobule VIIB, and lobules VIII, IX, and X. Sex differences were not identified for any measure. For both volume‐based and surface‐based analyses, poorer performance in gait and balance, manual dexterity, and grip strength were linked to greater regional white matter structural deficits. Our results suggest that local deformation of the corpus medullare has the potential of identifying structurally and functionally segregated networks affected in AUD.
Experimental evidence of gradual size‐dependent shifts in body size and growth of fish in response to warming

A challenge facing ecologists trying to predict responses to climate change is the few recent analogous conditions to use for comparison. For example, negative relationships between ectotherm body size and temperature are common both across natural thermal gradients and in small‐scale experiments. However, it is unknown if short‐term body size responses are representative of long‐term responses. Moreover, to understand population responses to warming, we must recognize that individual responses to temperature may vary over ontogeny. To enable predictions of how climate warming may affect natural populations, we therefore ask how body size and growth may shift in response to increased temperature over life history, and whether short‐ and long‐term growth responses differ. We addressed these questions using a unique setup with multidecadal artificial heating of an enclosed coastal bay in the Baltic Sea and an adjacent reference area (both with unexploited populations), using before‐after control‐impact paired time‐series analyses. We assembled individual growth trajectories of ~13,000 unique individuals of Eurasian perch and found that body growth increased substantially after warming, but the extent depended on body size: Only among small‐bodied perch did growth increase with temperature. Moreover, the strength of this response gradually increased over the 24 year warming period. Our study offers a unique example of how warming can affect fish populations over multiple generations, resulting in gradual changes in body growth, varying as organisms develop. Although increased juvenile growth rates are in line with predictions of the temperature–size rule, the fact that a larger body size at age was maintained over life history contrasts to that same rule. Because the artificially heated area is a contemporary system mimicking a warmer sea, our findings can aid predictions of fish responses to further warming, taking into account that growth responses may vary both over an individual's life history and over time.
Altered Arm-Body Coordination with Triggered Pointing Responses as Influenced by Task Predictability

Abstract Reaching movements generate reaction forces that affect postural stability, requiring sophisticated coordination between body and arm movement to maintain balance. In voluntary movement, this coordination involves feedforward shifts of posture, and such anticipatory postural muscle activity also accompanies the rapid modulation of an ongoing point to suddenly a shifting target (double-step). However, it is unknown if this early postural activity depends on target-shift predictability and whether arm and body motion are similar coordinated to voluntary movement. Body and arm motion coordination during double-step pointing movements from standing were done under differing conditions of target-shift predictability. In a proportion of trials, the pointing target was displaced, with the predictability of target-shift direction varied between two peripheral targets (target-shift direction known) and two central targets (target-shift direction uncertain). The target jump evoked an adjustment in the arm then body response, opposite to the pointing responses to the initial target. The triggered arm-then-body ordering was consistent across target-shift predictability, although known target-shift direction resulted in closer timing of arm and body onsets. The altered coordination in triggered corrections suggests that the body component in triggered reactions depend on response predictability, showing an altered control of arm and body motion.
Toward Decoding Selective Attention From Single-Trial EEG Data in Cochlear Implant Users

Previous results showed that it is possible to decode an attended speech source from EEG data via the reconstruction of the speech envelope in normal hearing (NH) listeners. However, so far it is unknown that how the performance of such a decoder is affected by the decrease in spectral resolution and the electrical artifacts introduced by a cochlear implant (CI) in users of these prostheses. NH listeners and bilateral CI users participated in the present study. Speeches from two audio books, one uttered by a male voice and one by a female voice, were presented to NH listeners and CI users. Participants were instructed to attend to one of the two speech streams presented dichotically while a 96-channel EEG was recorded. Speech envelope reconstruction from the EEG data was obtained by training decoders using a regularized least square estimation method. Decoding accuracy was defined as the percentage of accurately reconstructed trials for each subject. For NH listeners, the experiment was repeated using a vocoder to reduce spectral resolution and simulate speech perception with a CI in NH listeners. The results showed a decoding accuracy of 80.9<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\%}$</tex-math></inline-formula> using the original sound files in NH listeners. The performance dropped to 73.2<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\%}$</tex-math></inline-formula> in the vocoder condition and to 71.5<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\%}$</tex-math></inline-formula> in the group of CI users. In sum, although the accuracy drops when the spectral resolution becomes worse, the results show the feasibility to decode the attended sound source in NH listeners with a vocoder simulation, and even in CI users, albeit more training data are needed.
Low wnt/β-catenin signaling determines leaky vessels in the subfornical organ and affects water homeostasis in mice

The circumventricular organs (CVOs) in the central nervous system (CNS) lack a vascular blood-brain barrier (BBB), creating communication sites for sensory or secretory neurons, involved in body homeostasis. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is essential for BBB development and maintenance in endothelial cells (ECs) in most CNS vessels. Here we show that in mouse development, as well as in adult mouse and zebrafish, CVO ECs rendered Wnt-reporter negative, suggesting low level pathway activity. Characterization of the subfornical organ (SFO) vasculature revealed heterogenous claudin-5 (Cldn5) and Plvap/Meca32 expression indicative for tight and leaky vessels, respectively. Dominant, EC-specific β-catenin transcription in mice, converted phenotypically leaky into BBB-like vessels, by augmenting Cldn5+vessels, stabilizing junctions and by reducing Plvap/Meca32+ and fenestrated vessels, resulting in decreased tracer permeability. Endothelial tightening augmented neuronal activity in the SFO of water restricted mice. Hence, regulating the SFO vessel barrier may influence neuronal function in the context of water homeostasis.
A content analysis of HPV vaccine online continuing medical education purpose statements and learning objectives

ABSTRACT Numerous online HPV vaccine education interventions for clinicians have been created to improve HPV vaccinations rates. The aims for this study were to (1) assess the content of the purpose statements and learning objectives of online HPV vaccine continuing medical education (CME) activities developed for clinicians and (2) identify themes and gaps in the purpose statements and learning objectives. A content analysis was conducted of the purpose statements and learning objectives for each HPV vaccine online CME activity. Open coding identified the following purpose statements topics: 1) delivering recommendations, 2) HPV epidemiology, 3) HPV vaccine, 4) guidelines, and 5) medical news. The following topics for learning objectives were identified: 1) delivering recommendations, 2) strategies, 3) HPV epidemiology, 4) HPV vaccine, 5) guidelines, 6) prevention services, 7) HPV vaccination advocacy, and 8) disparities. Phrases about guidelines for vaccine administration and vaccine recommendation guidelines were the most common for purpose statements and learning objectives, respectively. One learning objective focused on behavior/skill change, which is concerning considering clinicians do not feel well prepared to provide strong vaccine recommendations. Clear and intentional purpose statements and learning objectives must be used to guide the development of effective CME activities.
Mutation of chromatin regulators and focal hotspot alterations characterize human papillomavirus–positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Human papillomavirus (HPV)–associated oropharyngeal cancer is a disease clinically and biologically distinct from smoking‐related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Despite its rapidly increasing incidence, the mutational landscape of HPV+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) remains understudied.
Lignin for Nano‐ and Microscaled Carrier Systems: Applications, Trends, and Challenges

Abstract To liberate society from its dependence on fossil‐based fuels and materials it is pivotal to explore components of renewable plant biomass in applications that benefit from their intrinsic biodegradability, safety, and sustainability. Lignin, a byproduct of the pulp and paper industry, is a plausible material for carrying various types of cargo in small‐ and large‐scale applications. Herein, possibilities and constraints regarding the physical–chemical properties of the lignin source as well as modifications and processing required to render lignins suitable for the loading and release of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and biological macromolecules is reviewed. In addition, the technical challenges, regulatory and toxicological aspects, and future research needed to realize some of the promises that nano‐ and microscaled lignin materials hold for a sustainable future are critically discussed.
Relative dose intensity of R‐CHOP therapy and patient outcomes in advanced follicular lymphoma

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a common type of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. Various chemotherapy regimens, including R‐CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone, and rituximab), are used to treat advanced‐stage FL. Chemotherapy treatment is frequently complicated by regimen‐related toxicity, thereby resulting in reduction of dose and treatment delay. Regarding treatment intensity of R‐CHOP, a phase III trial in patients with indolent B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, comparing 21‐day with 14‐ day cycles of R‐CHOP, demonstrated similar progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). However, the impact of the relative dose intensity (RDI) of R‐CHOP on patients with FL has not yet been studied. Therefore, we analyzed the impact of the RDI of R‐CHOP on patient outcomes, when used as the initial treatment for advanced‐stage FL. We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients with advanced‐stage FL who underwent R‐CHOP as the initial therapy at our institution between August 2004 and April 2017. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics committee of Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Disease Center Komagome Hospital (approval number: 2104). The dose intensity was calculated by dividing the total received dose of the agent by the number of weeks of treatment. The RDI was calculated as the ratio of the actual dose intensity to the planned dose intensity. The RDI of CHOP was defined as the mean RDI of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine. Dose intensity of rituximab was not included in the calculation of the RDI in this study. The RDI could be decreased through dose reduction, omission, or prolongation of the administration interval, when the attending physician deemed it necessary. The probability of PFS and OS were estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier product limit method. The PFS was calculated using the earliest of progression, relapse, or death as the event. The OS was calculated from the date of starting date of R‐CHOP until the date of death or the last known follow‐up. We evaluated the response by computed tomography according to response criteria. All statistical tests were two sided with a P‐value of <. 05 considered to be statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed with EZR, a graphical user interface for R software (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, version 2.13.0). In total, 94 patients with advanced‐stage FL were identified. The median follow‐up period for survivors was 64.4 months (range,
Association Between Insurance Status and Access to Hospital Care in Emergency Department Disposition.

Importance Studies of public hospitals have reported increasing incidence of emergency department (ED) transfers of uninsured patients for hospitalization, which is perceived to be associated with financial incentives. Objective To examine the differences in risk-adjusted transfer and discharge rates by patient insurance status among hospitals capable of providing critical care. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional analysis of the 2015 National Emergency Department Sample was conducted, including visits between January 2015 and December 2015. Adult ED visits throughout 2015 (n = 215 028) for the 3 common medical conditions of pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma, at hospitals with intensive care capabilities were included. Only hospitals with advanced critical care capabilities for pulmonary care were included. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were patient-level and hospital-level risk-adjusted ED discharges, ED transfers, and hospital admissions. Adjusted odds of discharge or transfer compared with admission among uninsured patients, Medicaid and Medicare beneficiaries, and privately insured patients are reported. Hospital ownership status was used for the secondary analysis. Results Of the 30 542 691 ED visits to 953 hospitals included in the 2015 National Emergency Department Sample, 215 028 visits (0.7%) were for acute pulmonary diseases to 160 intensive care-capable hospitals. These visits were made by patients with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 55 (40-71) years and who were predominantly female (124 931 [58.1%]). Substantial variation in unadjusted and risk-standardized ED discharge, ED transfer, and hospital admission rates was found across EDs. Compared with privately insured patients, uninsured patients were more likely to be discharged (odds ratio [OR], 1.66; 95% CI, 1.57-1.76) and transferred (adjusted OR [aOR], 2.41; 95% CI, 2.08-2.79). Medicaid beneficiaries had comparable odds of discharge (aOR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.97-1.04) but higher odds of transfer (aOR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05-1.33). Conclusions and Relevance After accounting for hospital critical care capability and patient case mix, the study found that uninsured patients and Medicaid beneficiaries with common medical conditions appeared to have higher odds of interhospital transfer.
Resolving misaligned spatial data with integrated species distribution models

Abstract Advances in species distribution modeling continue to be driven by a need to predict species responses to environmental change coupled with increasing data availability. Recent work has focused on development of methods that integrate multiple streams of data to model species distributions. Combining sources of information increases spatial coverage and can improve accuracy in estimates of species distributions. However, when fusing multiple streams of data, the temporal and spatial resolutions of data sources may be mismatched. This occurs when data sources have fluctuating geographic coverage, varying spatial scales and resolutions, and differing sources of bias and sparsity. It is well documented in the spatial statistics literature that ignoring the misalignment of different data sources will result in bias in both the point estimates and uncertainty. This will ultimately lead to inaccurate predictions of species distributions. Here, we examine the issue of misaligned data as it relates specifically to integrated species distribution models. We then provide a general solution that builds off work in the statistical literature for the change‐of‐support problem. Specifically, we leverage spatial correlation and repeat observations at multiple scales to make statistically valid predictions at the ecologically relevant scale of inference. An added feature of the approach is that addressing differences in spatial resolution between data sets can allow for the evaluation and calibration of lesser‐quality sources in many instances. Using both simulations and data examples, we highlight the utility of this modeling approach and the consequences of not reconciling misaligned spatial data. We conclude with a brief discussion of the upcoming challenges and obstacles for species distribution modeling via data fusion.
Morphological and physiological responses to shade in seedlings of Parkia gigantocarpa Ducke and Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby (Leguminosae).

The present study aimed to evaluate the morphological and physiological responses and shade tolerance in two Amazonian tree seedling species under different shade intensities. Seedlings of P. gigantocarpa and S. parahyba were allocated to the following shade intensities: full sun, low, moderate and high (respectively, 0%, 23%, 67% and 73% of shade, or 2000, 1540, 660 and 540μmol.m-2.s-1) obtained with polyethylene screens in a nursery seedling production. We measured the SPAD index, stomata conductance (gs), transpiration (E), photosynthesis (A) and biomass production. We also calculated the specific leaf area (SLA) and biomass allocation. The highest values of gs, E, A, and biomass production were found under full sun, in P. gigantocarpa, and at low shade intensity, in S. parahyba. In P. gigantocarpa, the SPAD index (chlorophyll content) and SLA increased under increasing shade intensity; while in S. parahyba, the increase in shade intensity increased biomass allocated to leaves. Thus, as a strategy of its phenotypic plasticity, the studied species responded differently to shade intensity. Although P. gigantocarpa seedlings developed best under full sun and S. parahyba seedlings performed better under low shade intensity, both species survived the different shade intensities, being shade tolerant and adapted to reforestation programs.