Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hormone induces binding of receptors and transcription factors to a rearranged nucleosome on the MMTV promoter in vivo.

Hormonal induction of the mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) promoter is mediated by interactions between hormone receptors and other transcription factors bound to a complex array of sites. Previous results suggested that access to these sites is modulated by their precise organization into a positioned regulatory nucleosome. Using genomic footprinting, we show that MMTV promoter DNA is rotationally phased in intact cells containing either episomal or chromosomally integrated proviral fragments. Prior to induction there is no evidence for factors bound to the promoter. Following progesterone induction of cells with high levels of receptor, genomic footprinting detects simultaneous protection over the binding sites for hormone receptors, NF‐I and the octamer binding proteins. Glucocorticoid or progestin induction leads to a characteristic chromatin remodelling that is independent of ongoing transcription. The centre of the regulatory nucleosome becomes more accessible to DNase I and restriction enzymes, but the limits of the nucleosome are unchanged and the 145 bp core region remains protected against micrococcal nuclease digestion. Thus, the nucleosome covering the MMTV promoter is neither removed nor shifted upon hormone induction, and all relevant transcription factors bind to the surface of the rearranged nucleosome. Since these factors cannot bind simultaneously to free DNA, maintainance of the nucleosome may be required for binding of factors to contiguous sites.
Alterations in renal and aortic prostaglandin E and F formation correlate with blood pressure dietary linoleate deficiency.

Male Wistar rats received for 4 weeks a linoleic acid (LA) rich (13.3 cal. % LA) or an LA deficient (0.5 cal. % LA) diet as well as 1.5% sodium chloride as drinking fluid. Compared with the LA rich diet the LA deficient diet caused an increase in blood pressure of about 10 mmHg. Indomethacin treatment (2 X 1 mg/kg/day s.c.) increased the blood pressure in the LA rich but not in the LA deficient fed rats. The flow rate of isolated perfused kidneys was reduced after 4 weeks LA deficient diet as were aortic and renal PGE formation, whereas PGF formation was only slightly diminished. PGE2 degradation in the kidney was not influenced by the LA content of the diet. We postulate that the prohypertensive effect of LA deficient diet in salt loaded rats is mediated via a reduction of endogenous PGE formation and a shift towards PGF.
A hardware architecture of MIMO-OFDM synchronizer

In this paper, a hardware architecture for MIMO-OFDM system synchronizer is presented. The proposed synchronization unit can achieve synchronization in the time-domain and frequency-domain. The time-domain synchronization can be achieved by a group of matched filters of ZCZ codes. Since MIMO-OFDM system have multiple transmitting antennas and multiple receiving antennas, every receiving antenna can receive the signal from all transmitting antennas. When the all sub-channels delay between receiving/transmitting antennas are different, every frame detection in receiving antennas is interfered from other transmitting preamble, the proposed matched filter of ZCZ code can solve the problem. On the other hand the synchronizer unit also perform the frequency offset estimation and correction with two long training symbol in the preamble. At last,the hardware architecture of synchronizer is given and implemented with EP20K1500E device of Altera's APEX DSP development board.
Natural Killer Cell Response to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus in Beige Mice

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) induced low levels of natural killer (NK) tell activity in C57BL6 mutant beige (bg/bg) mice, which had previously been reported to have no cytotoxic NK cells. NK cell‐mediated lysis by bg/bg splenocytes was observed against a cell line (YAC‐I) very sensitive to NK cell cytotoxicity, but not appreciably against a less scum live cell line (L‐929), The bg/bg mutant mice with this very low NK cell activity and control stains of mice (bg/+, C57BL6) with high NK cell activity synthesized comparable amounts of virus and interferon in the spleen, suggesting that NK cells may not play a significant role in curtailing viral synthesis before the advent of the specific immune response mechanisms
Mutational Analysis of the Bacillus subtilis RNA Polymerase α C-Terminal Domain Supports the Interference Model of Spx-Dependent Repression

ABSTRACT The Spx protein of Bacillus subtilis exerts both positive and negative transcriptional control in response to oxidative stress by interacting with the C-terminal domain of the RNA polymerase (RNAP) alpha subunit (αCTD). Thus, transcription of the srf operon at the onset of competence development, which requires the ComA response regulator of the ComPA signal transduction system, is repressed by Spx-αCTD interaction. Previous genetic and structural analyses have determined that an Spx-binding surface resides in and around the α1 region of αCTD. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis of B. subtilis αCTD uncovered residue positions required for Spx function and ComA-dependent srf transcriptional activation. Analysis of srf-lacZ fusion expression, DNase I footprinting, and solid-phase promoter retention experiments indicate that Spx interferes with ComA-αCTD interaction and that residues Y263, C265, and K267 of the α1 region lie within overlapping ComA- and Spx-binding sites for αCTD interaction. Evidence is also presented that oxidized Spx, while enhancing interference of activator-RNAP interaction, is not essential for negative control.
Mapping Preconditioning's Signaling Pathways

Preconditioning the heart by exposure to brief cycles of ischemia–reperfusion causes it to become very resistant to ischemia‐induced infarction. This protection has been shown to depend on a large number of signal transduction components whose arrangements within the cardiomyocyte are unknown. To aid the translation of this phenomenon to the clinical setting, we have attempted to map the signal transduction pathways responsible for this protection. To resolve the signaling order we have injected a signal at an intermediate point in the system transduction pathway and monitored it at a downstream site. System analysis reveals both parallel and series signaling arrangements. Separate trigger and mediator phases could be identified. The trigger phase is now well mapped. During the preconditioning ischemia, autacoids—including adenosine, opioids, and bradykinin—are released from the heart. These substances occupy their respective Gi‐coupled receptors. Opioid and bradykinin receptors activate phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐kinase) which, through phosphoinositide‐dependent protein kinase, causes activation of Akt. Opioid couples through transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, while bradykinin's coupling to PI3‐kinase is unknown. PI3‐kinase causes extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)‐dependent activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. The resulting nitric oxide activates soluble guanylyl cyclase resulting in cyclic C‐GMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKG) activation through production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate. PKG initiates opening of ATP‐sensitive potassium channels on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Potassium entry into mitochondria causes the generation of free radicals during reperfusion when oxygen is reintroduced. Through redox signaling, these radicals activate protein kinase C (PKC) and put the heart into the protected phenotype that persists for one to two hours. Although adenosine receptors activate PI3‐kinase, they also have a second direct coupling to PKC and thus bypass the mitochondrial pathway. The mediator phase occurs during the first minutes of reperfusion following the lethal ischemic insult and is still poorly defined. Briefly, PKC somehow potentiates adenosine's ability to activate signaling from low‐affinity A2b adenosine receptors. These receptors couple to the survival kinases, Akt and ERK, believed to inhibit the formation of deadly mitochondrial permeability transition pores through the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β. The proposed signaling maps reveal many points at which drugs can trigger the protected phenotype.
H3K9 acetylation and radial chromatin positioning

Histone variants and their epigenetic modifications determine genome function, particularly transcription. However, whether regulation of gene expression can be influenced by nuclear organization or vice versa is not completely clear. Here, we analyzed the effect of epigenetic changes induced by a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) on the nuclear radial rearrangement of select genomic regions and chromosomes. The HDACi, sodium butyrate (NaBt), induced differentiation of human adenocarcinoma HT29 cells as well as a genome‐wide increase in H3K9 acetylation. Three‐dimensional analysis of nuclear radial distributions revealed that this increase in H3K9 acetylation was often associated with a repositioning of select loci and chromosomes toward the nuclear center. On the other hand, many centromeres resided sites more toward the nuclear periphery, similar to sites occupied by chromosome X. In more than two‐thirds of events analyzed, central nuclear positioning correlated with a high level of H3K9 acetylation, while more peripheral positioning within interphase nuclei correlated with a lower level of acetylation. This was observed for the gene‐rich chromosomes 17 and 19, TP53, and CCND1 genes as well as for gene‐poor chromosome 18, APC gene, regions of low transcriptional activity (anti‐RIDGEs), and the relatively transcriptionally less active chromosome X. These results are consistent with a role for epigenetic histone modifications in governing the nuclear radial positioning of genomic regions during differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 91–101, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ukraine's trade policy : a strategy for integration into global trade

This publication identifies the key drivers of Ukraine's recent trade performance, assesses current trade policies, and proposes recommendations to strengthen the Ukraine's trade integration strategy. It also identifies core bottlenecks in the ongoing integration processes, including global and regional integration. The study concludes that the main obstacles to furthering Ukraine's trade integration are domestic, and relate to deficiencies in the business environment. Problems in customs administration, standardization, and administrative barriers for new entry require immediate attention. The report highlights specific policy issues that hamper World Trade Organization (WTO) accession, such as trade legislation, protection of intellectual property rights, government support for specific industries, and export restrictions. It also recommends improvements in the structure of Ukraine's import tariffs, reform of both the regime of free economic zones and mechanism of the value-added tax (VAT) refund, and investment in a major upgrade of government capacity for investment and export promotion. The report also draws attention to the importance of the post-WTO accession agenda for Ukraine. To take advantage of WTO membership, the Government will need to undertake significant institutional reforms to implement WTO regulatory rules in ways that facilitate integration into the world economy and provide benefits to private sector participants.
THE CASE FOR FUNDING CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS

Challenging the actions of administrative agencies through civil suits has long been one of the few opportunities citizens have of guaranteeing agency programs which coincide with congressional policy. And citizens' participation in agency proceedings is recognized as necessary to counter what the 1960 Landis Report on Regulatory Agencies to the President-Elect termed "the daily machine-gunlike impact on both agency and its staff of industry representation that makes for industry orientation on the part of many honest and capable agency members as well as agency staffs. " Monitoring the vast array of federal agencies to ensure the interests of the general public are considered, however, cannot be adequately accomplished until citizens can afford the high cost of challenging harmful administrative actions in court or participating in administrative proceedings. S. 2715, a recent bill introduced by Senator Kennedy, Senator Mathias and 16 co-sponsors, would help alleviate these economic barriers by granting experts and attorneys' fees to public interest representatives participating in agency decisionmaking, challenging administrative actions, and serving the public interest through civil suits. H.R. 13901, a similar measure, has been introduced by Representatives Rodino, Koch and over 40 of their colleagues.
Trust‐based segmentation: Preliminary evidence from technology‐enabled bank channels

Purpose – Trust has proven to be a key variable in understanding and predicting consumer behavior in the self‐service technology and e‐commerce contexts. However, it has never been examined as a segmentation variable. This study seeks to investigate the possibility of using trust in two self‐service bank channels: internet, and phone banking, to segment potential users of these channels.Design/methodology/approach – Using data from a survey of 762 real bank customers discriminant analysis is used to test variables differentiating two groups of customers having, respectively, “high” and “low” trust in internet and phone banking.Findings – Results show that the groups of “high” and “low” channel‐trustors are different in a number of attitudinal, behavioral and psychographic criteria. In addition, the two groups react differently in terms of intention to use internet, and phone banking.Research limitations/implications – This work contributes to existing literature on trust by opening an additional use of an.
Citations and journal impact factors: questionable indicators of research quality

Evaluation of research quality is one of the most important, yet one of the most difficult aspects of the scientific process. The traditional method of evaluation is peer review, whereby research plans or scientific results are scrutinized by scientific colleagues, assumed to possess the necessary expertise. However, peer review is all too often performed either by narrow specialists who are unable to compare different projects, or by people with broad scientific qualifications, but without the specific insight required to evaluate the ingenuity and originality of results generated within a scientific specialty. As a consequence, evaluation committees tend to produce reports lacking in internal consistency and fairness as well as in quahty. Resort is often had to secondary, superficial criteria, such as personal or institutional reputation, project relevance, journal prestige, crude publication counts, etc., giving the whole process the character of a lottery (1-4).
The Need for Improved Contrast Media Ioxilan: Updating Design Theory

Sovak M. The need for improved contrast media: Ioxilan and updating the design theory. Invest Radiol 1988;23(Suppl 1): S79‐S83. Because of computed tomography (CT) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA), other diagnostic procedures assisted by urovascular contrast media (CM) have decreased, but the annual total remains at 10 to 11 million procedures since 1980. This trend, expected to continue, suggests that CM will remain vital to medical imaging. The current nonionic CM are not universally affordable, and may elicit pain in peripheral angiography. The author and co‐workers explored conversion of ionic into nonionic CM, and have arrived at Ioxilan, 5‐(N‐2,3‐dihydroxypropylacetamido)‐2,4,6‐triiodo‐N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐N′‐(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl)‐isophthalamide; a stable, water‐soluble and well‐tolerated CM. Ioxilan has unexpectedly low osmolality (570 mOsm at 300 mgl/mL), attributable to the region of double‐methylenes that, by hydrophobic bonding, transiently associates the Ioxilan molecules. The high overall hydrophilicity, and thus good biological tolerance, of Ioxilan is accomplished by masking the hydrophobic region with a hydrophilic group. The author suggests that improved urovascular nonionic CM can be designed using this principle.
Does Regional Infrastructure Investment Stimulate Extra Housing and Commercial Building Supply? Long-Run Evidence Across the English Regions

This paper uses long-term regional construction data to investigate whether increases infrastructure investment in the English regions leads to subsequent rises in housebuilding and new commercial property, using time series modeling. Both physical (roads and harbours) and social infrastructure (education and health) impacts are investigated across nine regions in England. Significant effects for physical infrastructure are found across most regions and, also, some evidence of a social infrastructure effect. The results are not consistent across regions, which may be due to geographical differences and to network and diversionary effects. Also, results show interesting distinctions between residential and commercial real estate investment. The most important result for commercial investment suggests that the impact is more pronounced in areas of concentrated commercial investment. Overall, the results do suggest that infrastructure does have some impact but follows differential lag structures. These results provide a test of the hypothesis of the economic benefits of infrastructure investment in an approach that has not been used before.
Web-based Visualization Interface Testing: Similarity Judgments

TouchGraph is a Web-based ranked similarity list browser that visualizes the relationship between the query and resulting item set as a graph. TouchGraph provides visual analogs to Amazon's recommendation feature based on item similarity and Google's "similar to" pages. TouchGraph may be able to assist diverse Web users, who have varying levels of knowledge on search topics, to visually select similar items to their query. To examine this assumption further, this investigation asks: what are the effects of topic knowledge level on the similarity judgments generated by the users in comparison to the visualized system depictions? Seventeen participants were asked to use TouchGraph for similarity matching of search output to the query and their results were compared to the items shown as most similar to the query by the visualization. The results showed that participants rated their topic knowledge level quite low for most tasks, there was a high degree of participant-system item selection overlap, and a statistically significant relationship was found between knowledge level and node use for half of the tasks. The subjective satisfaction data were positive for the TouchGraph interface. The findings suggest that the TouchGraph visualization has the potential to enhance Web search effectiveness. This study aids in understanding better system design issues in regard to visualization-based tools for Web information retrieval.
Historical and current machine intelligence

In this article, we provide an initial insight into the study of MI and what it means for a machine to be intelligent. We discuss how MI has progressed to date and consider future scenarios in a realistic and logical way as much as possible. To do this, we unravel one of the major stumbling blocks to the study of MI, which is the field that has become widely known as "artificial intelligence" (AI)
Use of a glucocorticoid-inducible promoter for expression of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein gC1, a cytotoxic protein in mammalian cells

Abundant expression of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein gC (gC1) in transfected mammalian cells has not previously been achieved, possibly because gC1 protein is toxic to cells. To approach this problem, the gC1 coding sequence was placed under the control of the weak but inducible glucocorticoid-responsive promoter from the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) long terminal repeat (LTR). As controls to evaluate for gC1 cytotoxicity, the MMTV LTR promoter was used to express glycoprotein gD1, and a strong, constitutive promoter from the Moloney murine sarcoma virus LTR was used to express gC1. L cells were transfected with these constructs, and a clone expressing gC1 from the inducible MMTV LTR promoter was analyzed. In the absence of glucocorticoid (dexamethasone) stimulation, only a low level of gC1 mRNA expression was detected; after overnight stimulation with dexamethasone, transcription increased approximately 200-fold. Abundant gC1 protein that was functionally active in that it bound complement component C3b, was produced. From passages 5 through 26 (70 cell population doublings), the gC1-producing clone became less responsive to overnight dexamethasone stimulation. The block to gC1 expression occurred at the level of transcription and was associated with hypermethylation of the MMTV LTR DNA. Treatment of the clone with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine partially reversed the block in gC1 protein production. Late-passage cells assumed a gC1-negative phenotype that appeared to offer a selective growth advantage, which suggested that gC1 was cytotoxic. Several findings support this view: (i) some cells expressing gC1 after overnight stimulation with dexamethasone assumed bizarre, syncytial shapes; (ii) continuous stimulation with dexamethasone for 5 weeks resulted in death of most cells; (iii) cells transfected with gC1 under the control of the strong Moloney murine sarcoma virus promoter assumed bizarre shapes, and stable gC1-expressing clones could not be established; and (iv) cells induced to express gD1 retained a normal appearance after overnight stimulation or 15 weeks of continuous stimulation with dexamethasone. The inducible MMTV LTR promoter is useful for expressing gC1 and may have applications for expressing other cytotoxic proteins.
FARMER PERCEPTIONS OF WETLANDS AND WETLAND MANAGEMENT IN THE UPPER SOUTH EAST OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

In recent times much attention has been paid to wetland conservation and management. Relatively little of this attention has been paid to the trade-offs land manager’s face when deciding on the use of privately owned wetlands. In this paper the results of a survey of wetland management trade-offs in the Upper South East region of South Australia are reported. Wetland benefits are reflected by farmer attitudes and wetland management behaviour. The results indicate that farmers obtain considerable non-monetary benefits from their wetlands. These non-monetary benefits from wetlands are traded-off against monetary opportunity costs (mainly from restrictions to grazing livestock) and additional management costs. Management constraints faced by land managers are analysed and some potential incentive structures suggested.
Renminbi as an International Currency: Potential and Policy Considerations

The potential of the renminbi as an international currency is underpinned by the large and fast growing Chinese economy. We present empirical evidence indicating that the renminbi has already become a significant force impacting the exchange rates of the Asian currencies. We also estimate a reserve currency model and counterfactual simulations, and suggest that the renminbi's potential as a reserve currency would be comparable to that of the Japanese yen and the British pound if the Chinese currency were to become a fully convertible currency today. The evolution of the international role of the remninbi will depend importantly on the pace of the liberalisation of the restrictions on currency convertibility, which is likely to be governed by the authorities' consideration of the associated benefits and costs. In particular, we see a two-way reinforcement of currency internationalisation and financial market developments and opening in China.