Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity studies in farm animals – a survey

Summary During the past decade a large number of genetic diversity studies in domestic livestock based on microsatellite loci was carried out all over the world. A survey among research groups reveals that in 50% of 87 projects more than eight breeds are investigated. Breeds are chosen mainly because of their long history of isolation, unique phenotypic qualities or an evolution within a unique environment. In half of the projects the average planned sample size per breed is higher than 50. Small ruminants are investigated in the majority of projects. The most preferred type of sample is blood and the most preferred markers are microsatellite loci. To combine results from different diversity studies, the adherence to recommendations, e.g. which loci to genotype or required sample sizes per breed, is necessary. The so called International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG)/FAO recommendations, which were developed for that purpose, are well known, but the use of recommended microsatellite loci varies between species. The highest acceptance was found in pig, and the lowest in chicken. Zusammenfassung Im Laufe des vergangenen Jahrzehnts wurde weltweit eine Vielzahl genetischer Diversitatsstudien bei landwirtschaftlichen Nutztieren durchgefuhrt. Viele dieser Studien basieren auf Mikrosatelliteninformation. Eine Umfrage unter wissenenschaftlichen Forschergruppen zeigte, dass in 50% von 87 beschriebenen Studien mehr als 8 Rassen untersucht werden. Rassen werden hauptsachlich wegen ihrer langen, isolierten Zuchtgeschichte, einzigartigen phanotypischen Eigenschaften oder ihrer Entwicklung in einer speziellen Umwelt ausgewahlt. In der Halfte aller beschriebenen Projekte war der durchschnittlich geplante Stichprobenumfang pro Rasse groser als 50. Wiederkauer stehen in der Mehrheit der Studien im Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Das bevorzugte Probenmaterial ist Blut, der beliebteste genetische Markertyp sind Mikrosatelliten. Die Einhaltung solcher Empfehlungen (Verwendung bestimmter Mikrosatellitenloci, Mindeststichprobenumfange etc.) ist eine notwendige Voraussetzung zur Kombination von Resultaten aus verschiedenen Diversitatsstudien. Die ISAG/FAO-Empfehlungen, die zu diesem Zweck entwickelt wurden, sind gut bekannt, die Verwendung der empfohlenen Mikrosatelliten variiert jedoch deutlich zwischen Spezies. Die hochste Akzeptanz wurde bei Diversitatsstudien bei Schweinen die geringste bei Huhnern gefunden.
Cactus seed germination: a review

The present review tries to give a general overview of the available information on cactus seed germination. First, information about the family Cactaceae is discussed, concerning aspects such as distribution and general characteristics. Seed distinctive features are mentioned, such as colour, form, and size. Aspects of seed physiology, such as germination and dormancy, as well as seed dynamics including dispersal, predation, and soil seed bank formation, are included in the discussion. Techniques of propagation and some aspects of longevity and conservation are mentioned. The areas where there is scarce information available are highlighted, and, therefore, are important areas in which to continue research in order to generate data for immediate and future conservation efforts.
The effect of modifying plant structure on the yield and maturity of the white lupin Lupinus albus

Summary Experiments at Rothamsted in the UK and Lusignan in France examined the effect of artificially modifying plant structure on the yield and date of harvest of indeterminate autumn-sown cultivars of Lupinus albus. Experiments in 1989/90 were done on the cv. Lugel at Rothamsted and those in 1990/91 on the cvs Lugel and Lunoble in both the UK and France. At Rothamsted in 1990, when the summer was warm and dry, the indeterminate cv. Lugel ripened at the end of August and yielded 5.2 t grain/ha. At Lusignan in 1991, where summer weather was also warm and dry, the two unpruned indeterminate cultivars ripened in late July and yielded c. 4.9 t grain/ ha. However, at Rothamsted in 1991, in a season which was predominantly cool and wet, the two indeterminate cultivars were not harvested until late October and yielded only 1.5 and 2.4 t/ha. Plants pruned to a semi-determinate form consisting of the mainstem plus the 1st-order branches yielded approximately the same as the unpruned inde-terminates at Rothamsted and slightly less than the indeterminates at Lusignan. The semi-determinates ripened 10 days earlier than the indeterminates at Rothamsted in 1990 and Lusignan in 1991, and 6 weeks earlier in the UK in 1991. Epigonal plants with only a mainstem inflorescence, ripened even earlier than the semi-determinates but, without branch inflorescences, produced less yield and had poorer yield stability. Where disease was not a factor, as at Rothamsted in 1990 and Lusignan in 1991, epigonal plants ripened 3 weeks earlier than the indeterminates and yielded between 1.6 and 2.6 t/ha. When the pruned epigonal plants were badly infested with Pleiochaeta, as at Rothamsted in 1991, they yielded less than 0.4 t/ha. It is concluded that indeterminate genotypes of L. albus are well adapted to the climatic conditions of Lusignan but lack yield stability further north. For the cooler northern regions of Europe, an autumn-sown, florally-determinate genotype with one order of branching would produce adequate yield and have an acceptably early harvest date and yield stability. Such a genotype would have agricultural and economic value as a new protein break crop with a low requirement for nitrogen fertiliser.
Synthesis of Oleic Acid Esters Catalyzed by Immobilized Lipase

Lipase-catalyzed syntheses of oleic acid esters with various primary alcohols have been performed in a batch stirred tank reactor in an almost nonaqueous medium without organic solvents. For all syntheses 50 °C was found to be the optimal temperature. Initial reaction rates were influenced by the alcohol chain length. The study of the pressure stability of the immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (lipozyme IM) showed that the lipase preparation is quite stable; it does not lose its activity when it is exposed to carbon dioxide at 300 bar for 24 h. Esterification rates at high pressure were determined, and it was found that they were higher than at atmospheric pressure. The highest rate and maximal conversion were near the critical point of carbon dioxide. Keywords: Esterification; batch reactor; lipase; Mucor miehei; oleic acid esters; high pressure; carbon dioxide; enzyme stability
Effects of concentrate supplementation on growth, reproduction and milk yield of Black Bengal goats (Capra hircus).

Sixteen female Black Bengal goats (10 ± 0.6 months of age and 11.5 ± 1.3 kg live weight) were divided into four groups having four goats in each. In a completely randomized design, A, B, C and D were given 150, 200, 250 and 300g concentrate mixture with ad libitum green grasses. Total dry matter (DM) intake (333.6, 374.7, 416.3 and 456.5g/day in groups A, B, C and D, respectively) was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the level of concentrate in the diet. Crude protein (CP) intake (45.2, 57.0, 66.4 and 75.7g/day) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in group D and lower in group A. Daily weight gain of kids did not differ significantly between groups. Feed and protein conversion efficiency was not significantly influenced by the concentrate level in the diet. Milk yield was significantly (P<0.01) increased (206.8, 233.4, 359.3 and 374.7 mL/day for groups A, B, C and D, respectively) with the supplementation of concentrate. It is suggested to supplement 250g of concentrate daily to female goats in addition to ad libitum roughage. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bvet.v29i1. 11884 Bangl. vet . 2012. Vol. 29, No. 1, 7-16
Hydrophobic Effect Driven Esterification of Sucrose in Aqueous Medium 1

Sucrose is an attractive molecule for chemistry because it is pure, abundant, inexpensive, and produced from renewable sources. Amoung its derivatives, sucrose esters are valuable targets for the chemical valorization of sugar, either as polymerizable derivatives, surfactants, or non-caloric fat substitutes.2 But although such potential commercially attractive sucrose derived molecules can be targeted, methods consistent with low-cost sucrouse diversification have still to be found. The issue of the solvent being critical, we have been interested in evaluating water as a possible solvent for some transformations of sucrose, and we report herein some preliminary results on the esterification of this sugar in basic aqueous medium. 1. Presented at the XVIII International Carbohydrate Symposium, Milan, Italy, July 21-26, 1996.
Cytotype Distribution and Colonization History of the Steppe Plant Iris aphylla

The polyploid origin and colonization history of Iris aphylla in central and southeastern Europe were investigated by means of karyological and AFLP analyses. The study indicated two chromosome races within I. aphylla based on chromosomal numbers 2n = 24 and 2n = 48. The overall chromosome counts and determined ploidy suggest tetraploidy as the most common ploidy level for this species in Europe. Only one diploid I. aphylla population was found, with a restricted distribution area in the Slovak Karst. The analyses showed that tetraploids arose independently at least three or more times in the past. The karyological results were in agreement with the AFLP data and strongly suggested that migration between the two Carpathian Mts. sites occurred recently via the Dukielska Pass. The low number of AFLP fragments unique to each population supports the hypothesis of recent range expansion and colonization of different environments in central Europe by I. aphylla. All populations were genetically depauperated and had 0–3 unique bands, indicating that not enough time elapsed for many unique fragments to form through mutation. We also observed relatively high and significant differentiation between the one diploid and all investigated tetraploid I. aphylla populations (&PHgr;ST = 0.470, p < 0.001). The high and significant values of genetic differentiation can be explained by several factors such as anthropopression and natural succession, which have fragmented the open calcareous habitats in central Europe.
The stomatal response of red alder and black cottonwood to changing water status

Response of stomata of newly planted red alder (Alnusrubra Bong.) and black cottonwood (Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray) to periods of water stress and changes in light intensity, vapor pressure gradient, and xylem pressure potential were studied in the field and in controlled environments. The results indicated that soil drought had a pronounced effect, reducing stomatal conductance in both species. Lower predawn xylem pressure potential values at the beginning of the day resulted in lower stomatal conductance irrespective of vapor pressure gradient in both species. Under field conditions of high soil water potential, stomatal conductance decreased as xylem pressure potential decreased below −1.0 MPa in black cottonwood and −1.1 MPa in red alder. As soil water potential decreased to −0.13 MPa, the threshold value of xylem pressure potential resulting in stomatal closure shifted from −1.0 to −0.5 MPa in cottonwood; it did not change in alder. Laboratory experiments indicated that cottonwood had greater ra.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL OBSERVATIONS ON Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) rangeli IN THE SALIVARY GLANDS OF Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (Hemiptera, Reduvidae)

Fue realizado un estudio ultraestructural de las glandulas salivares del triatomino Rhodnius ecuadoriensis experimentalmente infectado por el tripanosomatideo, Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) rangeli, con la finalidad de documentar los aspectos basicos de la infeccion glandular por este flagelado. Gran numero de formas epimastigotes fueron encontradas en la hemolinfa que bana la parte externa de las glandulas en el hemoceloma. Algunos flagelados parecian intimamente asociados a la membrana basal del epitelio glandular y varios de ellos parecian estar iniciando el proceso de su invasion, rompiendo la lamina basal con el flagelo. En el interior de las celulas glandulares observamos que, T. rangeli se presentaba en la forma de esferomastigotes, celulas redondeadas rodeadas externamente por un flagelo, que envolvia apretadamente el parasito. En la luz glandular tambien observamos gran numero de epimastigotes mezclados con los productos de la secrecion glandular; el material presento apenas pocas formas paramastigotes y trypomastigotes identificadas de manera inequivoca. El significado de los paramastigotes en el ciclo evolutivo del T. rangeli aguarda futuros estudios
Autoxidation of Bluefin Tuna Myoglobin Associated with Freezing and Thawing

Bluefin tuna oxymyoglobin (oxyMb) solutions were frozen either quickly at −80°C or slowly at −2O°C, thawed, and the metmyoglobin (metMb) to total myoglobin (Mb) ratio (metMb%) determined. When quick freezing was applied, autoxidation was clearly pH-dependent, with a minimum (metMb%, 15–40) at around pH 5.9–6.3. When slowly frozen and thawed, on the other hand, tuna Mb generally showed an extremely high metMb%. Freezing and thawing partially insolubilized tuna Mb, depending upon pH. The Mb showed the minimum ratio of insolubilization at pH 6–6.3 again. Insolubilization of tuna Mb was markedly accelerated by NaCl.
Characterization and Yield Evaluation of Essential Oils from Different Tagetes Species

Abstract Six species of Tagetes (T. erecta, T. filifolia, T. lucida, T. minuta, T. patula and T. tenuifolia), grown in northern Italy, were evaluated for their morpho-phenological characteristics, biomass yield and essential oil composition. The species showed marked differences in plant height, shape, flower size, habit and vegetative cycle length as found for T. filifolia which finished the vegetative cycle without reaching the flowering stage. The leaves always showed fresh material yields many fold higher than flowers (on average 26.8 and 4.4 t ha,−1 respectively). Tagetes erecta and T. patula produced significantly higher amounts of flowers than the other species (7.3 and 6.4 t ha,−1 respectively), whereas Tagetes lucida and T. filifolia were those with the highest yields of leaves (41.9 and 33.3 t ha,−1 respectively). The oils isolated by steam distillation from the flowers and leaves, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The flowers and the leaves of each species showed very similar qualitative oil compositions and the leaves, on average, were richer in oil contents. The oil yields between the flowers and leaves showed differences highly significant (on average 1.8 and 150.3 kg ha,−1 respectively). Tagetes erecta, T. minuta, T. patula and T. tenuifolia comprised the same pool of components (dihydrotagetone, tagetones, ocimenones and piperitone) which showed different and typical ratios in each species and, piperitone, (E)-tagetone, terpinolene and (E)-ocimenone were those more abundant respectively. Tagetes filifolia and T. lucida had methyl chavicol as the main compound.
The Contribution of Ciliated Protozoa to Zooplankton Biomass in an Acidic, Subtropical Lake

Ciliated protozoa accounted for up to 50% of the mean daily zooplankton biomass in McCloud Lake, a small (5 ha), oligotrophic, acidic (pH 4.7) lake in north-central Florida. Food resources (algae and bacterioplankton) were limiting for crustacean and rotifer zooplankton during much of the year. Myxotrophic ciliates were a dominant component of the planktonic food web. Stentor niger, an uncommon species in the plankton of lakes, dominated the ciliate assemblage and usually comprised >90% of total ciliate biomass. Stentor niger always contained high densities of photosynthetic zoochlorellae and contributed an estimated 30% to the total autotrophic biomass.
Germinação de sementes de Tibouchina stenocarpa (DC.) Cogn. em função da temperatura e do substrato

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento e a germinacao das sementes de Tibouchina stenocarpa em funcao da temperatura e do substrato. Foram realizados dois ensaios: no primeiro foi verificado o efeito das temperaturas de 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 e 40oC, e o segundo foi realizado para verificar o efeito dos substratos: terra do local de origem das plantas, areia e papel na germinacao das sementes. Sementes de T. stenocarpa germinaram nas temperaturas de 20, 25 e 30oC, na presenca de luz. Para a realizacao de testes de germinacao de sementes de T. stenocarpa o substrato sobre areia foi o mais eficiente.
Monitoring acetamiprid resistance in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)

Acetamiprid resistance in the diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella (L.) from cabbage fields of Iwaoka-cho, Kobe City, where acetamiprid is the primary insecticide for DBM control, was monitored from 1999–2001. The results showed only a slight change in the susceptibility of the population over the monitoring period, considering the LC50 values and their corresponding resistance ratios (RRs). However, the LC95 values showed a significant shift towards acetamiprid resistance, suggesting that the population could develop higher levels of resistance to the insecticide in the future. To retard the progress of acetamiprid resistance, growers rotate acetamiprid with other insecticides. We thus evaluated the efficacy of five other insecticides to identify efficacious products to be used with acetamiprid. Results indicated that the population was moderately resistant to esfenvalerate and phenthoate, and tolerant to cartap. The population was, however, susceptible to chlorfluazuron and a preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis (btk). Incorporating chlorfluazuron and btk into the resistance management tactic adopted in Iwaoka-cho is thus a sound option.
Vicarious Trauma and Natural Disasters: A Transcendental Phenomenological Analysis of the Experiences of Families of Typhoon Haiyan Survivors

Using transcendental phenomenology, we examined the experience of vicarious trauma in the context of natural disasters. We specifically looked at the narratives of domestic migrants whose family members were Typhoon Haiyan survivors. Findings show that the survivors’ families experienced painful and intrusive psychological distress. The gravity of the pain and loss experienced by the participants was relative to the amount of pain, loss, or damage sustained by the subject of their attachment. Vicarious trauma was experienced as a void-filling phenomenon occupying the emotional space created by the physical distance of the participants from their families experiencing the disaster. This phenomenon and the concurrent traumatic experience improved as the participants made sense of the significance of the event in their lives. Our findings may help in developing interventions to address the effects of vicarious trauma on families of disaster victims and survivors.
Bonamia sp. (Haplosporidia) Found in Nonnative Oysters Crassostrea ariakensis in Bogue Sound, North Carolina

Abstract The Suminoe oyster Crassostrea ariakensis is being considered for introduction into the middle Atlantic coast region of the United States, where diseases have decimated native stocks of the eastern oyster C. virginica. Triploid C. ariakensis produced at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) and transferred to Bogue Sound, North Carolina, experienced high mortality in the summer of 2003. Histopathological examination of oysters collected 9 d after peak mortality in August revealed the presence of intrahemocytic inclusions, suggesting a Bonamia-like parasite infecting hemocytes in 9.1% (2/22) of the oysters. November sampling of a subsequent October 2003 deployment to Bogue Sound revealed that 47% were infected by Bonamia-like microcells. Diagnosis of a second sample from this group by Bonamia-specific polymerase chain reaction primers revealed 60% prevalence, and subsequent DNA sequence data confirmed that the parasite was a Bonamia. Two samples collected during the peak mortality and ar.
DNA barcoding: a taxonomic point of view

Abstract A taxonomic perspective of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) barcoding is presented here with respect to its use within the freshwater science community. The goals and methods of DNA barcoding and the criticisms leveled at the procedure by the taxonomic community are explained. The major goal of DNA-barcoding efforts is to aid identification of specimens by matching sequences to a sequence library. This goal is achievable, but barcoding efforts must be coupled with a much wider sampling regime and should be done with the full cooperation and collaboration of the taxonomic community. Through collaborative efforts, taxonomists and barcode advocates can build capacity for taxonomy and sequence the vast number of specimens needed to build a truly comprehensive barcode library for use by benthic scientists. Other barcoding goals, such as species diagnosis and biodiversity surveys, are more problematic, but solutions are possible.
Effects of tree cover, understory vegetation, and litter on regeneration of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in southwestern Argentina

The factors and processes that regulate Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) natural regeneration in southwestern Argentina are unknown. We investigated (i) the germination responses of P. menziesii seeds to variations in the radiation and thermal environments imposed by canopy cover and litter, (ii) the effects of litter on seedling emergence, and (iii) the effects of understory vegetation on seedling performance and seed and seedling predation. Seed germination was high in darkness and under canopies. Under a combination of canopy types and litter covers, germination showed a negative correlation with temperature between 23 and 40°C. Germination was not altered by changes in red/far-red ratio. These results suggest that the presence of an overstory canopy promotes P. menziesii seed germination compared with a no-canopy situation (e.g., a clearcut). Litter inhibited seedling emergence by reducing water availability and by acting as a mechanical barrier. Understory vegetation (established sa.
Efeito de hidrolisado de peixe sobre o crescimento micelial e controle de Cylindrocladium spathiphylli em espatifilo

Fish hydrolyzed (HP), poultry manure (CF), shrimp skin (CC), cattle manure (EB), sewage sludge (LE) and castorbean presscake (TM) were evaluated for their effect of aqueous extracts with and without autoclaving, on mycelial growth and conidial germination of Cylindrocladium spathiphylli. The effect of mixtures of residues with potting mixes and their volatile compounds were also evaluated on the mycelial growth of the pathogen. To evaluate the effect of HP in the suppressiveness to Cylindrocladium spathiphylli, HP was added in potting mix artificially infested, at concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% of the volume of water required to reach the water retention capacity of the potting mix. The mixtures were incubated for 10 days and transferred to pots containing one plug of Spathiphyllum Opal per pot. In the experiments in vitro, aqueous extracts and mixtures containing HP showed the highest suppressiveness against the pathogen. In the Spathiphyllum growing, the suppressiveness occurred at concentrations higher than 20% of fish hidrolyzed.