Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-pressure structure and equation of state study of nitrosonium nitrate from synchrotron x-ray diffraction

Several nitrogen oxide compounds transform to nitrosonium nitrate (NO+NO3−) under high pressure. In this study, NO+NO3− was synthesized by laser heating of N2O in a diamond-anvil cell and characterized by x-ray diffraction as a function of pressure at room temperature and low temperature. The unit-cell parameters were refined up to 32.2 GPa at 300 K, resulting in a denser structure than reported previously. The pressure-volume relations for NO+NO3− at 300 K were fitted to both Birch-Murnaghan and Vinet equations of state. The analysis indicates that NO+NO3− is denser than other nitrogen-oxygen assemblages, consistent with the conclusion that formation of the ionic species is driven by density rather than entropic effects. The low-temperature x-ray-diffraction data represent the first in situ measurements for this material, revealing consistent structural information and evolutions under pressure. These observations provide additional information on the stability relations and reaction diagram of N2O and N.
Wheelchair for Physically Disabled People with Voice & Eye Control

Proposed work basically depend on two systems 1). By Eye control: This is a method to guide and control the wheelchair for disabled people based on movement of eye. This concept can be used for people with loco-motor disabilities. The proposed system involves three stages: image detection, image processing and sending of control signals to wheelchair. The eye movement is detected using a head mounted camera. The corresponding output signals are then send to the motor driving circuit which will control the motor actions. 2). By Voice control: Electronic system configuration, a sensor system, a dependent-user recognition voice system has been planned in this wheelchair. In this way we have obtained a wheelchair which can be driven with using voice commands and with the possibility of avoiding obstacles and downstairs or hole detection. The wheelchair has also been developed to allow autonomous driving (for example, following walls). nical model, control (low level control, control by voice commands), voice recognition and autonomous control are considered.
Running head: TIME IN CAUSAL STRUCTURE LEARNING 1 Time in Causal Structure Learning

A large body of research has explored how the time between two events affects judgments of causal strength between them. In this paper, we extend this work in 4 experiments that explore the role of temporal information in causal structure induction with multiple variables. We distinguish two qualitatively different types of information: The order in which events occur, and the temporal intervals between those events. We focus on one-shot learning in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, we explore how people integrate evidence from multiple observations of the same causal device. Participants’ judgments are well predicted by a Bayesian model that rules out causal structures that are inconsistent with the observed temporal order, and favors structures that imply similar intervals between causally connected components. In Experiments 3 and 4, we look more closely at participants’ sensitivity to exact event timings. Participants see three events that always occur in the same order, but the variability and correlation between the timings of the events is either more consistent with a chain or a fork structure. We show, for the first time, that even when order cues do not differentiate, people can still make accurate causal structure judgments on the basis of interval variability alone.
Karki Behavioural Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases Among Adult Women in Kathmandu

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES vii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1-6 1.1. Background of the Study 1 1.2. Need for the Study 2 1.3. Objectives of the Study 3 1.4. Significance of the Study 4 1.5. Conceptual Framework 4 1.6. Hypothesis/ Research questions 5 1.7. Operational Definitions 5 1.8. Delimitation 6 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7-17 2.
Implications of bias in conservation research and investment for freshwater species

Human population growth and economic development threaten the integrity of freshwater ecosystems globally, reducing their ability to support biodiversity and provide ecosystem services. However, our knowledge of freshwater biodiversity is fragmented due to bias in conservation research toward primarily terrestrial or charismatic taxonomic groups. Here, we utilize the most comprehensive assessment of freshwater biodiversity for an entire continent to examine the implications of this shortfall. Results indicate that groups that have been the focus of most conservation research are poor surrogates for patterns of both richness and threat for many freshwater groups, and that the existing protected area network underrepresents freshwater species. Areas of highest species richness and threat are congruent with areas where reliance on ecosystem services by humans and pressures placed on freshwater ecosystems are high. These results have implications for targets to reduce biodiversity loss and safeguard associated ecosystem services on which millions of people depend globally.
Stream Fragmentation Thresholds for a Reproductive Guild of Great Plains Fishes

ABSTRACT: Impoundments, diversion dams, and stream dewatering have created a mosaic of large river fragments throughout the Great Plains of central North America. Coincident with these habitat changes are massive declines in the distribution and abundance of Great Plains fishes belonging to the “pelagic-spawning” reproductive guild. We analyzed longitudinal fragment lengths (measured in river kilometers, rkm) and literature accounts of population status for eight species from this guild across 60 fragments to derive thresholds in stream length associated with extirpations. Fragment length predicted population status (F2,21 = 30.14, P < 0.01), with lengths averaging 136 ± 21 rkm for extirpated, 226 ± 69 rkm for declining, and 458 ± 137 for stable populations. Fragment length explained 71% of reported extirpations and estimated thresholds in fragment length explained 67% of variation in population persistence. Our findings provide insight into appropriate spatial scales for conducting riverscape conservatio.
Gold Nanoparticle–Colloidal Carbon Nanosphere Hybrid Material: Preparation, Characterization, and Application for an Amplified Electrochemical Immunoassay

A rapid microwave‐hydrothermal method has been developed to prepare monodisperse colloidal carbon nanospheres from glucose solution, and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are successfully assembled on the surface of the colloidal carbon nanospheres by a self‐assembly approach. The resulting AuNP/colloidal carbon nanosphere hybrid material (AuNP/C) has been characterized and is expected to offer a promising template for biomolecule immobilization and biosensor fabrication because of its satisfactory chemical stability and the good biocompatibility of AuNPs. Herein, as an example, it is demonstrated that the as‐prepared AuNP/C hybrid material can be conjugated with horseradish peroxidase‐labeled antibody (HRP‐Ab2) to fabricate HRP‐Ab2‐AuNP/C bioconjugates, which can then be used as a label for the sensitive detection of protein. The amperometric immunosensor fabricated on a carbon nanotube‐modified glass carbon electrode was very effective for antibody immobilization. The approach provided a linear response range between 0.01 and 250 ng mL−1 with a detection limit of 5.6 pg mL−1. The developed assay method was versatile, offered enhanced performances, and could be easily extended to other protein detection as well as DNA analysis.
Combining Lightly-supervised Learning and User Feedback to Construct Andimprove a Statistical Parametric Speech Synthesizer for Malay

In this study, we aim to reduce the human effort in preparing training data for synthesizing human speech and improve the quality of synthetic speech. In spite of the learning-from-data used to train the statistical models, the construction of a statistical parametric speech synthesizer involves substantial human effort, especially when using imperfect data or working on a new language. Here, we use lightly-supervised methods for preparing the data and constructing the text-processing front end. This initial system is then iteratively improved using active learning in which feedback from users is used to disambiguate the pronunciation system in our chosen language, Malay. The data are prepared using speaker diarisation and lightly-supervised text-speech alignment. In the front end, graphemebased units are used. The active learning used small amounts of feedback from a listener to train a classifier. We report evaluations of two systems built from high-quality studio data and lower-quality `found' data respectively and show that the intelligibility of each can be improved using active learning.
OBSERVATIONS ON GROWTH AND DIET OF ARGIOPE A URANTIA LUCAS (ARANEIDAE) IN A SUCCESSIONAL HABITAT

A population of Argiope aurantia Lucas was sampled through a growing season in a swamp habitat of the Savannah River Plant near Aiken, South Carolina. Observations and physical data showed that immature females increased web area dramatically as the male population began to reach maturity. This change in web area paralleled a change in diet composition from smaller zygopterans to larger bodied libeUulid dragonflies. A second shift in diet to pollinating Apidae occurred as females were initiating egg case production and was associated with blooming of smartweed (Polygonum puncta~m) in the habitat.
Deep Learning Similarities from Different Representations of Source Code

Assessing the similarity between code components plays a pivotal role in a number of Software Engineering (SE) tasks, such as clone detection, impact analysis, refactoring, etc. Code similarity is generally measured by relying on manually defined or hand-crafted features, e.g., by analyzing the overlap among identifiers or comparing the Abstract Syntax Trees of two code components. These features represent a best guess at what SE researchers can utilize to exploit and reliably assess code similarity for a given task. Recent work has shown, when using a stream of identifiers to represent the code, that Deep Learning (DL) can effectively replace manual feature engineering for the task of clone detection. However, source code can be represented at different levels of abstraction: identifiers, Abstract Syntax Trees, Control Flow Graphs, and Bytecode. We conjecture that each code representation can provide a different, yet orthogonal view of the same code fragment, thus, enabling a more reliable detection of similarities in code. In this paper, we demonstrate how SE tasks can benefit from a DL-based approach, which can automatically learn code similarities from different representations.
Resource tool for structural approaches to HIV prevention. Draft.

This draft resource tool provides guidance on operationalizing structural programming for HIV prevention. The tool is designed to help both U.S. Government teams and decision makers who set funding priorities for interventions as well as national HIV programs and planners. It includes a framework for understanding structural interventions and drivers a stepwise approach and illustrations of successful country examples.
Green Chemistry and Synthesis of Anticancer Molecules

Green chemistry is a modern area of chemistry merged with chemical engineering methods. It highlighted the synthesis of molecules in a manner of using environment-friendly chemical reagents with low waste material for enhancing environmental performance which reduce the formation of hazard substances. Modern researches are trying to reduce the risk of human kind health and the environment of our world by doing magnificent work in the field of green chemistry. In the pharmaceutical field, green chemistry works very well with the formation of many drugs and it utilizes non-hazards, reproducible and environment-friendly solvents with low time and money costs by using catalyst, microwave, ultrasonic, solid phase and solvent-free synthesis. Until now, scientist has synthesized many anticancer molecules by using these modern green chemistry techniques. These compounds showed significant anticancer activities against many human cancer cell lines. In this chapter, we will cover different views and the recently published literature to summarize the role of green chemistry in the synthesis of anticancer compounds.
Biophysical study of Brucella abortus on electrochemical platform 1 Ajay

Study of biophysical interactions have been carried out using specific combination of proteins such as Brucella abortus cell envelop protein (as antigen) and its complementary antibody (raised in mice and rabbit). A best optimized composition of biocompatible CeO2 nano-octahedra and other biocompatible materials (chitosan) was used in this study. Linear range was found in the range of 6.25 μg/mL–100 μg/mL. Detection limit was found 0.1 ng/mL. By conventional plate ELISA it was possible to detect 50 μg/mL only. Experiments were conducted using 110 suspected patient serum samples and results were compared with ELISA and Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT). We also studied the shelf life of prepared immunosensor. The shelf life of immunosensor was found to be 51 days. Index Term: Biophysics; Electrochemistry, ELISA; CeO2 nano-octahedra; CE-protein antigen Abbreviation: Ch, chitosan; GCE, Glassy carbon electrode; CE-protein antigen, Cell envelope protein antigen; ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; RBPT, Rose Bengal Plat Test, PCR, Polymerase chain reaction; CAb, capturing antibody; RAb, revealing antibody; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; PBS, phosphate buffer saline; DEA, Diethanolamine; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; CV, Cyclic Voltammetry. PNPP, p-nitro phenyl phosphate, O.D. , optical Density.
Lawsonite: Upper pressure stability and formation of higher density hydrous phases

reaction with the topaz-OH + stishovite : phase "egg" reaction. At lower pressures and higher temperatures lawsonite decomposes to grossular + topaz-OH + stishovite + H2O, whereas at lower pressures and lower temperatures lawsonite first reacts to grossular + phase egg * topaz-OH + HrO and at still lower temperatures to glossular * phase egg * diaspore + HrO. The two latter reactions have positive dP/dT slopes, with lawsonite on the low-pressure side, and thus delimit the occurrence of lawsonite toward higher pressures. The occrurence of topaz-OH (10.7 wto/o HrO) is limited through a reaction to phase egg Q.5 wto/o HrO) * diaspore; the phase boundary extends from I l0 kbar and 720 'C to 130 kbar and 920 oC. Phase egg is inferred to have a composition of AlSiOr(OH) and a monoclinic unit cell similar to that proposed by Eggleton et al. (1978). The high-pressure breakdown of lawsonite in CASH does not result in an anhydrous assemblage. Lawsonite is known to occur experimentally in basaltic and andesitic compositions to at least 77 kbar; however, it is unknown whether topaz-OH and phase egg appear in natural multicomponent systems, in particular those saturated in kyanite and HrO.
BCB Based Packaging for Low Actuation Voltage RF MEMS Devices

This paper outlines the issues related to RF MEMS packaging and low actuation voltage. An original approach is presented concerning the modeling of capacitive contacts using multiphysics simulation and advanced characterization. A similar approach is used concerning packaging development where multi-physics simulations are used to optimize the process. A devoted package architecture is proposed featuring very low loss at microwave range.
LIQUID WATER DYNAMIC BEHAVIORS IN THE GDL AND GC OF PEMFCS USING LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD

Multi-phase lattice Boltzmann method is applied to investigate liquid water transport in th GDL and GC. The liquid water transport processes in the GDL, near the GDL-GC interfaces and in the GC are discussed. The effects of channel land on liquid water dynamic behaviors and distribution in the GDL and GC are investigated. It is found that channel land covers the GDL-GC interface where liquid water reaches changes the water distribution near the GDL-GC interface and in the GC. While channel land is apart from the GDL-GC interface where liquid water reaches changes the effects of channel land is smaller.
Characterization of soybean GmPUB 1 proteins that interact with the Phytophthora sojae effector Avr 1 b protein

Phytophthora sojae is an oomycete which causes stem and root rot disease in soybean. Upon infection, P. sojae could deliver a series of virulent effector proteins into host cell to promote disease on susceptible plants (Tyler et al. 2008, Göhre and Robatzek 2008). Avr1b is one such protein (Tyler et al. 2008). In this report, a soybean U-box protein, GmPUB1-1, was isolated by interaction with P. sojae effector Avr1b in yeast. It has a homologous copy which was named GmPUB1-2. These two GmPUB1 proteins share 94% identities. Pull-down assay confirmed the interaction between GmPUB1s and Avr1b in vitro. Mutations in Avr1b C-terminal conserved residuals abolished the interaction between Avr1b and GmPUB1 proteins. These residuals are also known involved in Avr1b virulence activity. By linking GmPUB1 genes with the GFP tag, GmPUB1-GFP fusion proteins was localized throughout soybean hypocotyl and onion epidermal cells. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC) experiment suggests the interaction of GmPUB1 and Avr1b, most likely predominantly occurs in nuclei. In vitro ubiquitination assay demonstrated that GmPUB1-1 and GmPUB1-2 possess E3 ligase activities and mediated self-monoubiquitination. Gene silencing of the GmPUB1 genes in cotyledons of the soybean cultivar Williams 82 showed loss of race-specific Phytophthora resistance encoded by Rps1-k. GmPUB1-1 mRNA level was up-regulated following P. sojae infection. Eight candidate interactors of GmPUB1-2 are identified from a yeast two-hybrid library screening. Overall, this study implicates that finctional E3 ligase activities of GmPUB1 proteins may be involved in Rps1-k mediated Phytophthora resistance in soybean.
Putting the social back into social protection A framework for understanding the linkages between economic and social risks for poverty reduction

The Overseas Development Institute is the UK’s leading independent think tank on international development and humanitarian issues. ODI Background Notes provide a summary or snapshot of an issue or of an area of ODI work in progress. This and other ODI Background Notes are available from www.odi. org.uk There is growing recognition that experiences of poverty and vulnerability are multi-dimensional and vary widely. Of the five poverty traps identified by the 2008-9 Chronic Poverty Report, four were non-income measures: insecurity (ranging from insecure environments to conflict and violence), limited citizenship (a lack of a meaning political voice), spatial disadvantage (exclusion from politics, markets, resources etc. due to geographical remoteness), and social discrimination (which traps people in exploitative relationships of power and patronage) (CPRC, 2008). Experiences of these poverty traps vary depending on gender, age, ethnicity, caste, religion and urban or rural location, affecting not only the extent and type of poverty experienced, but also often shaping the very cause of poverty. Indeed, it is well understood that the status of households is not static, but changes over time depending on both endogenous (e.g. life-cycle of the household) and exogenous (e.g. economic or health shocks) influences. Poverty can therefore be transient or chronic, depending on the duration of poverty periods over time. The transient poor are households that are not poor in good years, but occasionally experience poverty. Households that are chronically poor are those that experience poverty in every period and suffer from a more severe level of poverty with limited or no opportunities for escape (Grosh et al., 2008). Recognising differential experiences of poverty and vulnerability is therefore vital for programmes supporting trajectories out of poverty. In recent years, many countries have adopted social protection as an important strategy to address chronic poverty and reduce risk and vulnerability amongst poor households. Appropriate social protection instruments may need to be tailored according to the different needs of the transient and chronic poor, and to meet the specific needs of certain categorical groups, such as Putting the social back into social protection
Strength of Infants' Bimanual Reaching Patterns is Related to the Onset of Upright Locomotion

Infants typically exhibit a shift from unimanual to bimanual reaching toward the end of their first year, which has been linked to walking onset. Until now, however, it has been unclear whether it was the onset of walking per se that influenced reaching patterns or whether a more general shift to an upright posture might have prompted the reorganization of the motor system. To address this question, the current study longitudinally chronicled the uni- and bimanual reaching preferences of 25 infants every 3 weeks starting at 7 months, prior to the onset of pulling-to-stand and through the onset of cruising. Experimenters recorded infants' reaching behavior via a semi-structured reaching procedure and documented their motor development. There was no relationship between the shift from uni- to bimanual reaching and the onset of pulling-to-stand. However, the onset of cruising was related to a shift in reaching pattern preference, suggesting that the increase in infants' bimanual reaching was prompted by a reorganization of the motor system in which the arms are recruited for use in new ways to support locomotion. We also discuss individual differences in the trajectory of reaching activity in terms of the pitfalls of using age as an explanatory variable.
Occurrence and species diversity of delphinids off-Lagos shore, Nigeria

Little has been documented about delphinid communities in the Nigerian coastal waters. This paper gives baseline information about the delphinid community sighted off-shore Lagos, Nigeria. A dedicated survey of the living resources of Nigerian coastal waters (6°08’N and 2°42’W to 6° 13’N and 3° 27’W ) took place from the Nigeria/Benin boarder along Badagry area to the western part of Ondo State between 17th march and 6th June 2009 and included systematic visual searching of marine mammals. A total effective effort of 264 hours was logged. The boat moved along designated transect lines at a cruising speed of 9.2 km/h. Sighting rate for delphinids was obtained by processing visual data obtained at Beaufort wind scale of 2.5 to 4 nautical miles in visibility, using Distance 2.2 software. Species were identified through Photo-identification method. Fifteen (15) schools of 746 individual’s sightings were made. Four (4) schools of 25 individuals representing 3% of total sightings were classified as “Unidentified”, while 11 schools of 721 individuals (97%) were identified and classified into five (5) species. The pantropical spotted dolphin ( Stenella attenuate ) with two (2) schools of 150 individuals, ( Stenella frontalis ) with one (1) school of 54 individuals, bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops trucantus ) with one (1) school of 32 individuals, Common dolphin ( Delphinus delphis ) with four (4) schools of 452 individuals and (3) schools of Atlantic hump-backed dolphin ( Sousa teuszii ) of 32 individuals. Sighting rate of 5.7 x 10 -2 school/hr was estimated for schools while the sighting rate for individuals was estimated at 2.83 individual/hr. The results suggested that the Lagos coast is rich in delphinid biodiversity, which needs to be quantified more accurately during further research. Keywords : Sightings, Oceanic dolphins, abundance, species richness, behaviour, Nigeria.