Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Makes a Front-of-Pack Nutritional Labelling System Effective: The Impact of Key Design Components on Food Purchases

The relative impacts on food purchases of many alternative front-of-pack nutritional labelling systems were tested, with various methods—from opinion pool to nationwide experiments. Clearly, some systems induce better purchasing responses, having better nutritional impacts on food baskets. Nonetheless, we still ignore what the ingredients of an efficient label are. Here, we propose guidance for label designers. To do so, we first propose a typology that breaks down established labelling systems into four elementary components: Directiveness, Scope and Gradation, Set of Reference and Sign. On this basis, we then build seven alternative generic labelling systems that we test in a framed-field experiment enabling us to measure the effect of each component on food purchases in isolation. Our results show that an effective front-of-pack labelling system should be Food-Directive (instead of Diet-Directive) and be displayed on both healthy and unhealthy food. The reference set, which is across categories or within categories, produces the same average nutrition score but generates contrasting behavioural responses.
Inside minds, beneath diseases: social cognition in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal spectrum disorder

Objective To compare social cognition performance between patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and those patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). Methods We included 21 participants with ALS, 20 with bvFTD and 21 healthy controls who underwent a comprehensive cognitive battery, including the short version of the Social Cognition and Emotional Assessment (Mini-SEA), which comprises the faux pas test and Facial Emotion Recognition Test (FERT); Mini-Mental State Examination; Frontal Assessment Battery; lexical fluency (F-A-S), category fluency (animals/minute), digit span (direct and backwards) tests and the Hayling test. A post hoc analysis was conducted with the patients with ALS divided into two subgroups: patients without cognitive impairment (ALScn; n=13) and patients with cognitive impairment (ALSci; n=8). Results No significant difference was noted between participant groups in terms of the age, sex and education. ALS-total group and patients with bvFTD had similar disease durations. Patients with ALSci performed poorly when compared with controls with regard to the FERT (p<0.001), the faux pas (p<0.004) and the Mini-SEA (p<0.002) total scores. Moreover, patients with bvFTD performed poorly in comparison with controls in executive and social cognition tests. The performance of patients with ALSci was similar to that of patients with bvFTD, while the performance of patients with ALScn was similar to that of controls. Discussion Our findings support a cognitive continuum between ALS and bvFTD and shed light on the cognitive heterogeneity of ALS, expanding its possible neuropsychological profiles.
Risk factors for gastric cancer and related serological levels in Fujian, China: hospital-based case–control study

Objective To explore the relationships between gastric cancer and serum pepsinogen I (PG I), PG II, PG I/II ratio, gastrin 17 (G-17) and Helicobacter pylori infection, and to investigate dietary and lifestyle risk factors for gastric cancer in Fujian Province, China. Design A hospital-based, 1:1 matched case–control study. Setting Patients with newly diagnosed gastric cancer were recruited from the Fujian Provincial Hospital and the No. 900 Hospital of the Joint Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army between July 2014 and December 2016. Participants A total of 180 pairs of patients with gastric cancer and control subjects were recruited in the study, including 134 (74.4%) male pairs and 46 (25.6%) female pairs. Investigation and analysis measures Serological indicators were tested with ELISA kits. Dietary, lifestyle and psychological factors were investigated through face-to-face questionnaire. Relationships between gastric cancer and these influencing factors were examined by Χ2 test and conditional logistic regression. Results Serum PG II and G-17 levels and H. pylori infection rate were higher in patients with gastric cancer than in control subjects (p<0.05), while PG I/II ratio was lower in patients with gastric cancer (p<0.05). Serum G-17 levels were higher in patients with corpus gastric cancer than in patients with antral gastric cancer (p<0.05). Serum PG II levels were higher in patients with advanced gastric cancer than in patients with early-stage cancer (p<0.05), however, PG I/II ratio was lower in patients with advanced-stage gastric cancer than in patients with early-stage cancer (p<0.05). Eating hot food (OR=2.32), eating pickled vegetables (OR=4.05) and often feel troubled (OR=2.21) were found to significantly increase the risk of gastric cancer (all p<0.05), while consuming onion or garlic (OR=0.35), drinking tea (OR=0.26), eating fresh fruits (OR=0.55), and high serum PG I (OR=0.99) or PG I/II ratio (OR=0.73) were found to be protective against gastric cancer. Conclusion Study results showed that serum PG, G-17 and H. pylori antibodies could be useful indicators for early diagnosis of gastric cancer. Increase in serum G-17 level might indicate the location of gastric cancer. Increase in serum PG II level and decrease in PG I/II ratio might imply the clinical stage. Eating hot food, eating pickled vegetables and often feel troubled may be risk factors for gastric cancer, while eating fresh fruits, eating onion or garlic, and drinking tea may be protective factors against the disease.
The Evolutionary and Historical Foundation of the Modern Horse: Lessons from Ancient Genomics.

The domestication of the horse some 5,500 years ago followed those of dogs, sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs by ∼2,500-10,000 years. By providing fast transportation and transforming warfare, the horse had an impact on human history with no equivalent in the animal kingdom. Even though the equine sport industry has considerable economic value today, the evolutionary history underlying the emergence of the modern domestic horse remains contentious. In the last decade, novel sequencing technologies have revolutionized our capacity to sequence the complete genome of organisms, including from archaeological remains. Applied to horses, these technologies have provided unprecedented levels of information and have considerably changed models of horse domestication. This review illustrates how ancient DNA, especially ancient genomes, has inspired researchers to rethink the process by which horses were first domesticated and then diversified into a variety of breeds showing a range of traits that are useful to humans. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 54 is November 23, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews. org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Assessment of chemical composition and antioxidant properties of defatted flours obtained from several edible insects

The aims of this study were determined the chemical composition and the antioxidant properties of defatted flours obtained from several commercially available edible insects such as Acheta dosmesticus, Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas morio, and Rhynchophorus ferrugineus to establish their utilization as ingredient in the development of new food products. The proximate composition of flour was determined using AOAC methods while for antioxidant capacity, four different methodologies were employed (DPPH, ABTS, FIC, and FRAP). The total phenolic content and the tannin content were also determined. All flours analyzed had a high protein content with values ranging between 64.17 and 72.55 g/100 g flour. With regard to the antioxidant activity, R. ferrugineus showed the highest values for DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays with values of 2.03, 4.93, and 8.46 mg Trolox equivalent/g flour, respectively. For FIC assay, A. dosmesticus and T. molitor had the highest values 0.47 and 0.48 mg EDTA equivalent/g flour. Defatted flours obtained from edible insects analyzed could have several applications as ingredients to the development new foods due to its good nutrient content and as a functional food for the prevention of oxidation.
Uropathogens Preferrentially Interact with Conditioning Film Components on the Surface of Indwelling Ureteral Stents Rather than Stent Material

Despite routine implementation in urology, indwelling ureteral stents pose as a nidus for infection. Conditioning film accumulates on stents, which prime pathogen adhesion, promoting infectious biofilm formation. However, the extent to which conditioning film components play a role in facilitating bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation remains largely unknown. Here, we examined the interaction of previously identified stent-bound conditioning film components (fibrinogen, uromodulin, and albumin) with bacterial uropathogens. Cytoscopically removed stents were incubated with common uropathogens (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus). Immunofluorescent double staining was performed to study the localization of uropathogens relative to stent-bound conditioning film proteins. Conditioning film components were identified on the external stent surface with some deposition in the inner lumen. Bacteria co-localized with fibrinogen, uromodulin, and albumin, suggesting a potential mechanism for stent-associated infections. Here, we determine strong co-localization between common uropathogenic bacterial species with prominent conditioning film components on ureteral stents. Further functional validation of interactions amongst these uropathogens and conditioning film proteins may enhance clinical management for stent-associated infections and development of improved stent technologies.
The Genetics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses of Subtype H5 in Germany, 2006 - 2020.

The H5 A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (gs/GD) lineage emerged in China in 1996. Rooted in the respective gs/GD lineage, the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) has genetically diversified into a plethora of clades and subclades and evolved into an assortment of sub- and genotypes. Some caused substantial losses in the poultry industry and had a major impact on wild bird populations alongside public health implications due to a zoonotic potential of certain clades. After the primary introduction of the HPAI H5N1 gs/GD lineage into Europe in autumn 2005 and winter 2005/2006, Germany has seen recurring incursions of four varying H5Nx subtypes (H5N1, H5N8, H5N5, H5N6) carrying multiple distinct reassortants, all descendants of the gs/GD virus. The first HPAIV H5 epidemic in Germany during 2006/2007 was caused by a clade 2.2 subtype H5N1 virus. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed three distinct clusters belonging to clades 2.2. 1, 2.2.2 and 2.2, concurring with geographic and temporal structures. From 2014 onwards, HPAIV clade 2.3. 4.4 has dominated the epidemiological situation in Germany. The initial clade 2.3. 4.4a HPAIV H5N8, reaching Germany in November 2014, caused a limited epidemic affecting five poultry holdings, one zoo in Northern Germany and few wild birds. After November 2016, HPAIV of clade 2.3. 4.4b have dominated the situation to date. The most extensive HPAIV H5 epidemic on record reached Germany in winter 2016/2017, encompassing multiple incursion events with two subtypes (H5N8, H5N5) and entailing five reassortants. A novel H5N6 clade 2.3. 4.4b strain affected Germany from December 2017 onwards, instigating low-level infection in smallholdings and wild birds. Recently, in spring 2020, a novel incursion of a genetically distinct HPAI clade 2.3. 4.4b H5N8 virus caused another epidemic in Europe, which affected a small number of poultry holdings, one zoo and two wild birds throughout Germany.
Mind-Craft: Exploring the Effect of Digital Visual Experience on Changes to Orientation Sensitivity in Visual Contour Perception

Visual perception depends fundamentally on statistical regularities in the environment to make sense of the world. One such regularity is the orientation anisotropy typical of natural scenes; most natural scenes contain slightly more canonical (horizontal and vertical) information than oblique information. This property is likely a primary cause of the oblique effect in which subjects experience greater perceptual fluency with horizontally and vertically oriented content than oblique. Recent changes in the visual environment, including the “carpentered” content in urban scenes and the framed, caricatured content in digital screen media presentations, may have altered the typical (natural) level of orientation anisotropy. The current work evaluated whether digital visual experience, or visual experience with framed digital content, has the potential to alter the magnitude of the oblique effect in visual perception. Experiment 1 successfully established a novel eye-tracking method capable of indexing the visual oblique effect quickly and reliably and demonstrated the oblique effect. Experiment 2 used this method and found that one session of exposure to a specific video game altered visual orientation perception. Taken together, these results indicate that exposure to the realistic, but caricatured scene statistics of digital screen media, can alter visual contour perception in one session.
The Cytokine Expression in Patients with Cardiac Complication after Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy

We herein report the cytokine expression at different stages for three patients who developed cardiac complications after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Case 1 with biopsy-proven myocarditis showed increased levels of interleukin (IL)-8, monocyte chemotactic and activating factor, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) when he developed Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Case 2 with subclinical myocarditis showed predominant activation of IL-8 during the progressive clinical course. Case 3 with cytokine-releasing syndrome showed substantial activations of IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, and interferon-γ. Our data suggest the development of unique cytokine activation in individual patients with cardiac complications after ICI therapy.
Homeostasis Tissue-Like P Systems

Tissue P systems provide distributed parallel devices inspired by actual biological reality, where communication rules are used for object exchange between cells (or between cells and the environment). In such systems, the environment continuously provides energy to cells, so the cells are very dependent on the objects in the environment. In biology, there is a mechanism called homeostasis, that is, an internal organism is independent from the external conditions, thus keeping itself relatively stable. Inspired by this biological fact, in this paper, we assume that the environment no longer provides energy for cells, introducing multiset rewriting rules into tissue P systems, thereby constructing a novel computational model called homeostasis tissue-like P systems. Based on the model, we construct two uniform solutions in feasible time. One solution is constructed to solve the 3-coloring problem in linear time in standard time, and the other solution is constructed to solve the $\mathcal {SAT} $ problem with communication rules and multiset rewriting rules of the length at most 3 in time-free mode. Moreover, we prove that the constructed system can generate any Turing computable set of numbers using communication rules and multiset rewriting rules with a maximal length 3, working in the mode of standard time and time-free, respectively. The results show that our constructed system does not rely on the environment and reflects the phenomenon of biological homeostasis. In addition, although the system runs in time-free way, it not only has Turing university, but also can effectively solve NP-complete problem.
Association between right atrial area measured by echocardiography and prognosis among pulmonary arterial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between enlarged right atrial area (RAA), as measured by echocardiography, and prognosis of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources To identify potential publications, a comprehensive literature search through MEDLINE, the Cochrane database and the Embase database was performed up to December 2019. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Studies were included if they reported Cox regression based-HRs with 95% CIs for all-cause mortality or composite endpoint consisting of death and PAH-related events for echocardiography measurements of the RAA or the right atrial area index (RAAI) in patients with PAH. Data extraction and synthesis The unadjusted HR with 95% CI was extracted for the final pooled analysis. A random-effects model was used to determine the value of RAA/RAAI in the prognosis of patients with PAH. The data heterogeneity among the studies was estimated by the I2 statistic and the Cochran Q-statistic. Results Twelve studies with a total of 1085 patients with PAH were finally included in the meta-analysis. These studies had a mean follow-up time ranging from 9.2 months to 5.0 years. Their findings showed that patients with PAH with enlarged RAA/RAAI were associated with poor prognosis. The risk of all-cause mortality in patients with PAH was found to statistically increase by 50% for every 5-unit increase in RAA/RAAI (HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.75, p<0.001). Similarly, the risk of the composite endpoint also significantly increased by 53% for every 5-unit increase in RAA/RAAI (HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.89, p<0.001). Subgroup analyses in which the patients were stratified by RAA and RAAI were consistent with the main results. Conclusion The meta-analysis suggested that enlarged RAA/RAAI were associated with increased risk of poor prognosis in patients with PAH.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND TOTAL PHENOL CONTENT OF SOME SELECTED CEREALS

Thirteen cereal varieties were evaluated for their DPPH radical, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity and free phenolic content. All investigated cereal exhibited significant antioxidant activities and contained significant levels of phenolic compounds. Based on the results obtained from this study, it is recommended whole grain products in the diet as a source of phenols and antioxidants.
Treatment adherence and frailty syndrome in hypertensive older adults.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between adherence to antihypertensive treatment and frailty syndrome in hypertensive older adults. METHOD A descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach with older adults. The data collection took place between November 2017 and March 2018, evaluating sociodemographic information, adherence to antihypertensive treatment, lifestyle and frailty through the Edmonton Frail Scale. The Kruskal-Wallis test and the Chi-squared test were used for data analysis, considering a 95% confidence interval and a significance level of p<0.05. RESULTS There were 193 older adults who participated in the study. The average age was 80.94 (sd ± 7.17) years, with a predominance of females (72%) and widows (43.5%). The factors which were associated with adherence to treatment were diastolic blood pressure, education and the time that the older adult had smoked (p<0.05). Frailty was not associated with treatment adherence levels (p=0.095). CONCLUSION There was no association between frailty scores and control of arterial hypertension; however, adequate monitoring and nursing care are essential in assessing adherence to treatment in order to reduce the aggravations of the disease and frailty syndrome development.
Investigating the Relationships between Basic Tastes Sensitivities, Fattiness Sensitivity, and Food Liking in 11-Year-Old Children

This study investigates the relationships between basic tastes and fattiness sensitivity and food liking in 11-year-old children. The basic taste sensitivity of 106 children was measured using different methods, namely detection (DT) and recognition (RT) thresholds, and taste responsiveness. Caffeine and quinine (bitter), sucrose (sweet), citric acid (sour), sodium chloride (salty), and monosodium glutamate (umami) were investigated for DT and RT at five concentrations in water solutions. In addition, taste responsiveness and liking were collected for the high-intensity concentrations. PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil) responsiveness was tested on paper strips. Fattiness sensitivity was measured by a paired comparison method using milk samples with varying fat content. Liking for 30 food items was recorded using a food-list questionnaire. The test was completed in a gamified “taste detective” approach. The results show that DT correlates with RT for all tastes while responsiveness to PROP correlates with overall taste responsiveness. Caffeine and quinine differ in bitterness responsiveness and liking. Girls have significantly lower DTs than boys for bitterness and sweetness. Food liking is driven by taste and fattiness properties, while fatty food liking is significantly influenced by fattiness sensitivity. These results contribute to a better holistic understanding of taste and fattiness sensitivity in connection to food liking in preadolescents.
Evaluation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Activating Effects of a Large Panel of TiO2 Nanomaterials in Macrophages

TiO2 nanomaterials are among the most commonly produced and used engineered nanomaterials (NMs) in the world. There is controversy regarding their ability to induce inflammation-mediated lung injuries following inhalation exposure. Activation of the NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NALP3) inflammasome and subsequent release of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β in pulmonary macrophages has been postulated as an essential pathway for the inflammatory and associated tissue-remodeling effects of toxic particles. Our study aim was to determine and rank the IL-1β activating properties of TiO2 NMs by comparing a large panel of different samples against each other as well as against fine TiO2, synthetic amorphous silica and crystalline silica (DQ12 quartz). Effects were evaluated in primary bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) from NALP3-deficient and proficient mice as well as in the rat alveolar macrophage cell line NR8383. Our results show that specific TiO2 NMs can activate the inflammasome in macrophages albeit with a markedly lower potency than amorphous SiO2 and quartz. The heterogeneity in IL-1β release observed in our study among 19 different TiO2 NMs underscores the relevance of case-by-case evaluation of nanomaterials of similar chemical composition. Our findings also further promote the NR8383 cell line as a promising in vitro tool for the assessment of the inflammatory and inflammasome activating properties of NMs.
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Coping as Young Adults: The Roles of Attachment and Mattering

This study examined whether a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), attachment to mother, father, and friends, and mattering were related to the coping behaviors of 171 male and 85 female, ethnically diverse, low-income, young adults. The 74 survivors of CSA reported lower attachment to father and less mattering to parents than did the 97 who reported no abuse. Compared to male survivors, female survivors reported greater use of problem-focused coping and also perceived their abuse experience, particularly the use of force, as having a more negative impact on them. Stronger attachment to mother and to friends predicted more positive problem-focused coping. Mattering to friends moderated the relation between CSA history and problem-focused coping, with the CSA survivors who reported the highest mattering to friends also using the most problem-focused coping strategies. The role of attachment and mattering in problem-focused coping among young adults, especially those with a CSA history, is discussed.