Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implementation and New Variants Exploration of the Multi-Perspective Context Matching Deep Neural Network Model for Machine Comprehension

This project explores the multi-perspective context matching method for the task of reading comprehension using the SQuAD data set. The original six layer model presents an interesting system for exploring deep learning architectures and their implementations on Tensorflow.The first step was to design an efficient implementation of this complex model on Tensorflow. The second step, and the aim of this project, was to devise new model variants to potentially improve the model quality and provide helpful insights to researchers. The main variants that were experimented with were: bi-directional GRU’s instead of bi-directional LSTM’s, learning rate annealing, effect of gradient clipping, Tanimoto coefficient for the filter layer and model ensembles, hyper-parameter and search and regularization. Some interesting insights are gained when implementing these variants and the results and observations are described in the paper. 1 Background Work and Introduction The task of developing machine comprehension question answering systems are compelling tasks in the field of natural language processing. The advent of state of the art deep learning architectures and the introduction of the SQuAD dataset has provided a platform for developing deep learning architectures using a big dataset like SQuad and giving rise to promising systems. One of the state of the art systems that is ranked third on the SQuAD leaderboard is the BiDAF (Bi Directional Attention Flow) network [4] that employs character level, word-level and contextual embeddings along with a bi-directional attention flow. This paper provided us a nice explanation of how to obtain a queryaware context representation and how a multi-stage architecture for a question answering system can be developed. This paper was an entry point for us to other architectures and attention methods. Another interesting system was the DCN(dynamic co-attention networks) [2] which proposes a co-attention method that attends to the question and the document simultaneously and finally uses both attention contexts. Such a co-attentive encoder can capture interesting interactions between the question and the document and gave us insights about another interesting attention network. At this point it became quite clear to us that an effective attention network is the heart of a machine comprehension system and would form an integral part of whichever system we plan to design or implement. We decided to implement the Multi Perspective Context Matching [1] system which is based on the idea of predicting the answer span by matching the context of each point in the passage with the question from multiple perspectives , the assumption for doing this being that the span in the passage is more likely to be the correct answer if the context of this span is very similar to the question.
Effects of STZ-Induced Diabetes on the Relative Weights of Kidney, Liver and Pancreas in Albino Rats: A Comparative Study

Se estudiaron en ratas albinas los efectos de la diabetes inducida por estreptozotocina (STZ) sobre el peso corporal de los animales y los pesos relativos de rinon, higado y pancreas . El objetivo del estudio fue encontrar una asociacion entre la reduccion del peso corporal de los animales diabeticos y los pesos relativos de rinon, higado y pancreas en proporcion al peso corporal de los animales. Este estudio fue realizado en el Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidad Medica Baqa y Departamento de Anatomia Patologica del Colegio de Medicos y Cirujanos Pakistan (CPSP) en 2007-08. La diabetes fue inducida por una dosis unica de STZ (45 mg / kg de peso corporal) administrados por via intraperitoneal en tampon de citrato de sodio a pH 4,5. Ochenta ratas Wistar se dividieron en cinco grupos: control (A) y STZ tratadas (B, C, D y E), que se sacrificaron 2, 4, 6 y 8 semanas despues del tratamiento respectivamente. Todos los animales fueron pesados antes de la administracion de estreptozotocina, y en el momento del sacrificio. El rinon, higado y pancreas fueron removidos, secados y pesados sobre una balanza Sartorius. El peso corporal de los animales en los diferentes grupos cambio en intervalos de tiempo variables. El peso del rinon aumento significativamente, el peso del higado se incremento ligeramente, mientras que el peso del pancreas no se modifico en comparacion con el peso de los animales diabeticos. Parece que la diabetes inducida por STZ causa una reduccion significativa del peso corporal de los animales diabeticos, mientras que el peso relativo de los rinones y elhigado se incrementaron y el peso de pancreas no se vio afectado.
Predictors of distress in parents of children with cancer: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE To investigate levels of psychological distress in parents of children with cancer and relationships between distress and measures of illness variables, appraisal, psychosocial resources and coping strategies. METHODS Questionnaires were completed by 68 mothers and 58 fathers at 6 (Time 1) and 18 (Time 2) months post-diagnosis. RESULTS High levels of distress for 51% of mothers and around 40% of fathers were apparent at both time points, with little change over time. For mothers, their appraisal of the strain of the illness, and their own ability to deal with it, and family cohesion were predictive of distress, both concurrently and prospectively, and, at Time 1, greater use of self-directed coping strategies was related to higher levels of distress. For fathers, risk factors of employment problems (Time 1) and the number of the child's hospital admissions (Time 2) were significant, along with appraisal and family cohesion. CONCLUSIONS Continuation of high levels of distress over time points to the importance of identification of those at risk at an early stage and provision of ongoing support. Implications for such support are discussed.
Structural basis of the oxidative activation of the carboxysomal γ-carbonic anhydrase, CcmM

Cyanobacterial RuBisCO is sequestered in large, icosahedral, protein-bounded microcompartments called carboxysomes. Bicarbonate is pumped into the cytosol, diffuses into the carboxysome through small pores in its shell, and is then converted to CO2 by carbonic anhydrase (CA) prior to fixation. Paradoxically, many β-cyanobacteria, including Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1, lack the conventional carboxysomal β-CA, ccaA. The N-terminal domain of the carboxysomal protein CcmM is homologous to γ-CA from Methanosarcina thermophila (Cam) but recombinant CcmM derived from ccaA-containing cyanobacteria show no CA activity. We demonstrate here that either full length CcmM from T. elongatus, or a construct truncated after 209 residues (CcmM209), is active as a CA—the first catalytically active bacterial γ-CA reported. The 2.0 Å structure of CcmM209 reveals a trimeric, left-handed β-helix structure that closely resembles Cam, except that residues 198–207 form a third α-helix stabilized by an essential Cys194-Cys200 disulfide bond. Deleting residues 194–209 (CcmM193) results in an inactive protein whose 1.1 Å structure shows disordering of the N- and C-termini, and reorganization of the trimeric interface and active site. Under reducing conditions, CcmM209 is similarly partially disordered and inactive as a CA. CcmM protein in fresh E. coli cell extracts is inactive, implying that the cellular reducing machinery can reduce and inactivate CcmM, while diamide, a thiol oxidizing agent, activates the enzyme. Thus, like membrane-bound eukaryotic cellular compartments, the β-carboxysome appears to be able to maintain an oxidizing interior by precluding the entry of thioredoxin and other endogenous reducing agents.
Incidence and Outcomes of Central Venous Catheter–related Blood Stream Infection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Routine Clinical Practice Setting

Background: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) occasionally require central venous catheter (CVC) placement to support a therapeutic plan. Given that CVC can predispose patients to infection, this investigation was undertaken to assess the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of CVC-related blood stream infection (CRBSI) in patients with IBD during routine clinical practice. Methods: Data were compiled using retrospective chart reviews of 1367 patients treated at our IBD center between 2007 and 2012 during routine clinical practice. Among the 1367 patients, 314 who had received CVC placements were included. Patients with positive blood culture were considered as “definite” CRBSI, whereas “possible” CRBSI was defined as patients in whom fever alleviated within 48 hours post-CVC without any other infection. Patients' demographic variables including age, body mass index, serum albumin, duration of CVC placement, use of antibiotics, medications for IBD, and perioperative status between CRBSI and non-CRBSI subgroups were compared by applying a multivariate Poisson logistic regression model. Results: Among the 314 patients with CVC placement, there were 83 CRBSI cases (26.4%). The average time to the onset of CRBSI was 22.5 days (range 4–105 days). The jugular vein access was found to be the most serious risk of CRBSI (risk ratio 2.041 versus subclavian vein). All patients with CRBSI fully recovered. Conclusions: In this investigation, regardless of the patients' demographic features including immunosuppressive therapy, up to 30% of febrile IBD patients with CVC showed CRBSI. It is believed that CVC placement per se is a risk of CRBSI in patients with IBD.
B:2a:P1.5 Meningococcal Strains Likely Arisen from Capsular Switching Event Still Spreading in Spain

ABSTRACT Eighteen clustered cases of meningococcal disease associated with B:2a:P1.5 strains doubled the annual incidence up to 4.3 × 105 in Navarra, Spain, in 2007. Eleven percent of cases were fatalities, and 74% of cases were individuals 10 to 24 years old. This is the third cluster associated with this strain in northern Spain since 2001.
PATHOGNOMONIC (DIAGNOSTIC) ERGs A Review and Update

Purpose: To review three inherited retinal disorders associated with diagnostic or pathognomonic electroretinogram (ERG) abnormalities: cone dystrophy with supernormal rod ERG (KCNV2), enhanced S-cone syndrome (NR2E3), and bradyopsia (RGS9/R9AP). Methods: A review of clinical details, genetic basis, and electrophysiological features in these disorders and a brief summary of the standard and nonstandard ERG techniques required to identify the disorders. Results: The electrophysiological features in each of these three disorders are pathognomonic such that the responsible gene can be specified. The results from nonstandard electrophysiological testing in excess of international standards are necessary to describe the pathognomonic changes in cone dystrophy with supernormal rod ERG and bradyopsia. The clinical phenotype in the disorders can be variable. Mutations in NR2E3 may additionally be associated with phenotypes other than enhanced S-cone syndrome. Conclusion: Characteristic ERG changes enable the diagnosis of cone dystrophy with supernormal rod ERG, enhanced S-cone syndrome, and bradyopsia and accurate genetic screening. This review highlights the need for additional nonstandard ERGs to make the diagnosis in two of these disorders.
Determinación del sexo en el esqueleto postcraneal. Estudio de una población mediterranea actual

Se estudia una muestra de poblacion actual, que procede del cementerio de san jose de granada. La serie se compone de 95 individuos (50 mujeres y 45 varones), de los que se conoce el grupo racial al que pertenecen, el sexo, la edad y la causa de muerte. Por medio del analisis discriminante se obtienen una serie de funciones que permiten determinar el sexo de los individuos en casos en que los restos oseos no esten completos. Se estudian 10 huesos del esqueleto postcraneal, a partir de ellos se obtienen 130 funciones que consiguen clasificar con una posibilidad superior al 80%.
Lymphocytes activated by the epstein‐barr virus to produce immunoglobulin do not express CD23 or become immortalized

Epstein‐Barr virus causes polyclonal activation and immortalization of a small percentage of peripheral blood B lymphocytes after in vitro infection. However, the susceptible B lymphocytes have not been identified. We have used the B lymphocyte activation antigen, CD23, as a marker for separating immortalized and non‐immortalized Epstein‐Barr virus‐infected B lymphocytes and have identified the polyclonally‐activated cells, using double staining for cytoplasmic immunoglobulin and viral antigens. The vast majority of cells expressing cytoplasmic immunoglobulin are negative for CD23 and for Epstein‐Barr virus nuclear antigen, and are non‐immortalized. Conversely, the CD23‐positive, immortalized population are positive for Epstein‐Barr virus nuclear antigen and negative for cytoplasmic immunoglobulin. These results define a diversity in the response of B lymphocytes to Epstein‐Barr virus infection and suggest separate pathways for terminal differentiation and immortalization. This diversity may be important in determining the outcome of Epstein‐Barr virus infection in humans.
GERIATRIC LITERATURE

PURPOSE: To assess the effectiveness of mass screening of older people for visual impairment. BACKGROUND: Visual loss is a common, often underreported, but functionally important problem in the older population. The incidence of visually disabling conditions (e.g., uncorrected refractive error, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, cataract, and age-related macular degeneration) increases with increasing age. Most of these conditions are amenable to some form of treatment (e.g., correction of refractive error, cataract extraction, laser therapy, and medical and surgical intraocular pressure control). In addition, visual loss has been shown to significantly affect activities of daily living; to reduce functional status, social interaction, mobility, driving ability, independence, and quality of life; to increase the risk of and effects of depression; and to increase the risk of falling. Questionnaires have been shown to be useful instruments in determining visual function in older people. These instruments can provide information regarding symptomatic and functional status that cannot be obtained by measuring visual acuity alone. For example, for patients with cataract, Crabtree et al. developed and validated a scale for the measurement of visual symptoms and functional disability due to cataract in older UK residents (the cataract symptom scale). 2 This 15-item scale was simple to administer to older patients, had a high internal consistency, and a test-retest correlation coefficient of r 5 0.91 ( P , .0001). The scale correlated well with other survey instruments (e.g., the VF-14), visual acuity in the better eye, activities of daily living, perceived health status, anxiety and depression, and global self-assessment of visual symptoms. 2 Screening instruments in older people might detect preventable or treatable causes of visual impairment. These screenings can be completed as a single component test or as part of a multicomponent evaluation. Multicomponent screening of older patients is performed with the intent of different goals than simple vision assessment. However, visual screening alone may not be sufficient. Specifically, the benefit of inclusion of a visual screening component is dependent in part upon improved vision as an outcome. To be successful, any visual screening test should have an impact on visual function. The goal of this review was to assess the effectiveness of mass visual screening of older people for visual impairment. DATA SOURCES: The search strategy for the review included all randomized trials or multicomponent screening in unselected persons age 65 and older in a community setting. The search employed electronic searching (e.g., MEDLINE and EMBASE); reference searching for relevant reports; personal communication with the corresponding authors of each selected trial; and contact with the trial authors regarding further information (unpublished data) about visual outcome, screening, outcome assessments, and interventions.
Rural/non-rural differences in rates of common mental disorders in Britain

Background Some UK studies have reported an urban excess in the prevalence of the most common mental disorders of anxiety and depression. Aims To investigate rural/non-rural differences in the onset and maintenance of episodes of common mental disorders, after adjusting for the characteristics of respondents and their households. Method A 12-month cohort study of 7659 adults aged 16–74 years living in 4338 private households, nested within 626 electoral wards in England, Wales and Scotland. Common mental disorders were assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Electoral wards were characterised by Office for National Statistics classification and by population density. Data were analysed using multilevel statistical modelling. Results Rural residents had slightly better mental health than non-rural counterparts. The effects of geographical location on the mental health of participants were neither significantly confounded nor modified by socioeconomic status, employment status or household income. Conclusions There are small but statistically significant differences in rates of common mental disorders between urban and rural residents. Quantifying between-place differences using population density alone risks missing important contextual effects on mental health.
Outbreak of TEM-24-producing Enterobacter aerogenes in an intensive care unit and dissemination of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase to other members of the family enterobacteriaceae

We report an outbreak of Enterobacter aerogenes in an intensive care unit (ICU) and two medicine departments that produced the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase TEM-24, which was difficult to detect by disk agar diffusion. The strains were compared by DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism after pulsed-field gel electrophoresis following cleavage with XbaI. This typing method indicated that a single strain, first isolated in the ICU, spread throughout the other medical departments as a result of patient transfer. We also observed the transfer in vivo of the plasmid encoding TEM-24 from the strain of Enterobacter aerogenes to different strains of Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii in the ICU. It therefore appears that the epidemic involved results from two events: dissemination of one strain of Enterobacter aerogenes and dissemination of the plasmid encoding TEM-24 among various members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
Economy of locomotion in high‐altitude Tibetan migrants exposed to normoxia

High‐altitude Tibetans undergo a pattern of adaptations to chronic hypoxia characterized, among others, by a more efficient aerobic performance compared with acclimatized lowlanders. To test whether such changes may persist upon descent to moderate altitude, oxygen uptake of 17 male Tibetan natives lifelong residents at 3500–4500 m was assessed within 1 month upon migration to 1300 m. Exercise protocols were: 5 min treadmill walking at 6 km h−1 on increasing inclines from +5 to +15% and 5 min running at 10 km h−1 on a +5% grade. The data (mean ±s.e.m.) were compared with those obtained on Nepali lowlanders. When walking on +10, +12.5 and +15% inclines, net of Tibetans was 25.2 ± 0.7, 29.1 ± 1.1 and 31.3 ± 0.9 ml kg−1 min−1, respectively, i.e. 8, 10 and 13% less (P < 0.05) than that of Nepali. At the end of the heaviest load, blood lactate concentration was lower in Tibetans than in Nepali (6.0 ± 0.9 versus 8.9 ± 0.6 mm; P < 0.05). During running, of Tibetans was 35.1 ± 0.8 versus 39.3 ± 0.7 ml kg−1 min−1 (i.e. 11% less; P < 0.01). In conclusion, during submaximal walking and running at 1300 m, Tibetans are still characterized by lower aerobic energy expenditure than control subjects that is not accounted for by differences in mechanical power output and/or compensated for by anaerobic glycolysis. These findings indicate that chronic hypoxia induces metabolic adaptations whose underlying mechanisms still need to be elucidated, that persist for at least 1 month upon descent to moderate altitude.
From Skills to Symbols: Learning Symbolic Representations for Abstract High-Level Planning

We consider the problem of constructing abstract representations for planning in high-dimensional, continuous environments. We assume an agent equipped with a collection of high-level actions, and construct representations provably capable of evaluating plans composed of sequences of those actions. We first consider the deterministic planning case, and show that the relevant computation involves set operations performed over sets of states. We define the specific collection of sets that is necessary and sufficient for planning, and use them to construct a grounded abstract symbolic representation that is provably suitable for deterministic planning. The resulting representation can be expressed in PDDL, a canonical high-level planning domain language; we construct such a representation for the Playroom domain and solve it in milliseconds using an off-the-shelf planner. We then consider probabilistic planning, which we show requires generalizing from sets of states to distributions over states. We identify the specific distributions required for planning, and use them to construct a grounded abstract symbolic representation that correctly estimates the expected reward and probability of success of any plan. In addition, we show that learning the relevant probability distributions corresponds to specific instances of probabilistic density estimation and probabilistic classification. We construct an agent that autonomously learns the correct abstract representation of a computer game domain, and rapidly solves it. Finally, we apply these techniques to create a physical robot system that autonomously learns its own symbolic representation of a mobile manipulation task directly from sensorimotor data---point clouds, map locations, and joint angles---and then plans using that representation. Together, these results establish a principled link between high-level actions and abstract representations, a concrete theoretical foundation for constructing abstract representations with provable properties, and a practical mechanism for autonomously learning abstract high-level representations.
Parental ‘affectionless control’ as an antecedent to adult depression: a risk factor refined

Synopsis It has been well established that individuals with a history of depression report their parents as being less caring and more overprotective of them than do controls. ‘Affectionless control’ in childhood has thus been proposed as a risk factor for depression. Evidence is presented from a logistic regression analysis of data from a volunteer community sample that lack of care rather than over-protection is the primary risk factor. No evidence for an interaction effect of low care and over-protection was found.
Pulmonary ventilation‐perfusion MR imaging in clinical patients

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of comprehensive magnetic resonance (MR) assessment of pulmonary perfusion and ventilation in patients. Both oxygen‐enhanced ventilation MR images and first‐pass contrast‐enhanced perfusion MR images were obtained in 16 patients with lung diseases, including pulmonary embolism, lung malignancy, and bulla. Inversion recovery single‐shot fast spin‐echo images were acquired before and after inhalation of 100% oxygen. The overall success rate of perfusion MR imaging and oxygen‐enhanced MR imaging was 94% and 80%, respectively. All patients with pulmonary embolism showed regional perfusion deficits without ventilation abnormality on ventilation‐perfusion MR imaging. The results of the current study indicate that ventilation‐perfusion MR imaging using oxygen inhalation and bolus injection of MR contrast medium is feasible for comprehensive assessment of pulmonary ventilation‐perfusion abnormalities in patients with lung diseases. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:419–424. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.