Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Noncytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Inhibits Double-Stranded RNA-Induced Apoptosis and Interferon Synthesis

ABSTRACT Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a pestivirus of theFlaviviridae family, is an economically important cattle pathogen with a worldwide distribution. Both noncytopathic (ncp) and cytopathic (cp) biotypes of BVDV can be isolated from persistently infected cattle suffering from the lethal mucosal disease. The cp biotype correlates with the production of the NS3 nonstructural protein, which in the corresponding ncp biotype is present in its uncleaved form, NS23. Previously, we have shown that cp but not ncp BVDV induces the formation of α/β interferons in bovine macrophages. In this study, we demonstrate that ncp BVDV inhibits the induction of apoptosis and the expression of interferon α/β by poly(IC), a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Inhibition was observed only in cells which had been infected with ncp BVDV at least 12 h prior to the addition of dsRNA, which indicates that expression of viral proteins is necessary for the ncp virus to inhibit the effects of poly(IC). Additional experiments using transfected poly(IC) showed that ncp BVDV interfered with the intracellular action of dsRNA rather than with its uptake into the cells. Infected cells were not resistant to induction of apoptosis by actinomycin D or staurosporine, which suggests that ncp BVDV may specifically interfere with signaling through dsRNA. Interference with the innate antiviral host responses may explain the successful establishment of persistent infection by ncp BVDV in fetuses early in their development.
Feature Selection Solution with High Dimensionality and Low-Sample Size for Land Cover Classification in Object-Based Image Analysis

Land cover information extraction through object-based image analysis (OBIA) has become an important trend in remote sensing, thanks to the increasing availability of high-resolution imagery. Segmented objects have a large number of features that cause high-dimension and low-sample size problems in the classification process. In this study, on the basis of a partial least squares generalized linear regression (PLSGLR), we propose a group corrected PLSGLR, known as G-PLSGLR, that aims to reduce the redundancy of object features for land cover identifications. Using Gaofen-2 images, the area of interest was segmented and sampled to generate small sample-size training datasets with 51 object features. The features selected by G-PLSGLR were compared against a guided regularized random forest (GRRF) in metrics of reduction rate, feature redundancy, and accuracy assessment of classification. Three indicators of overall accuracy (OA), user’s accuracy (UA), and producer’s accuracy (PA) were applied for accuracy assessment in this paper. The result shows that the G-PLSGLR achieved a reduction rate of 9.27 with a feature redundancy of 0.29, and a value of OA 90.63%. The GRRF achieved a reduction rate of 1.61 with a feature redundancy of 0.42, and a value of OA 85.56%. The PA of each land cover category was more than 95% using features selected by G-PLSGLR, while the PA ranged from 77 to 96% using features selected by GRRF. The UA of G-PLSGLR-selected features ranged from 70 to 80% except for grass land and bare land, which achieved 10% higher UA than GRRF-selected features. The G-PLSGLR method we proposed has the advantages of a large reduction rate, low feature redundancy, and high classification performance, which can be applied in OBIA-based land cover classification.
Dynamic Changes in Clinical Characteristics During an Outbreak of Human Adenovirus Serotype 55 in China

Abstract Objective To determine dynamic changes in clinical characteristics by examining an outbreak of adenovirus infection that occurred from December 20, 2012, to February 25, 2013, in Tianjin, China. Methods Active surveillance for febrile respiratory illnesses was conducted, and medical records of patients were collected. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were used for pathogen identification and viral genome study, respectively. Student’s t-test was used to compare the mean values of normally distributed continuous variables. Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used if continuous variables were not normally distributed. Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare categorical variables. Results The outbreak was sourced from the index case diagnosed as the common cold on December 20, 2012; a total of 856 cases were reported in the following 66 days. The pathogen was identified as human adenovirus (HAdV) 55. The symptoms manifested differently in severe and mild cases. Routine blood examinations, liver function indexes, and heart function indexes showed different dynamic patterns over time in hospitalized patients. Conclusions Clinical characteristics and laboratory examinations may reveal unique patterns over the course of HAdV-55 infection. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:464–469)
The Music Experience Questionnaire: Development and Correlates

The authors introduce the Music Experience Questionnaire (MEQ), a selfreport measure of individual differences in reactions to music. In analyses of responses in a derivation sample of 211 undergraduates and a replication sample of 105 undergraduates, scores on the 6 scales of this measure showed acceptable alpha coefficients and testretest correlations. The authors found 2 principal factors: subjective/physical reactions to music and active involvement. MEQ scores were, at most, weakly correlated with 2 measures of favorability of self-presentation, the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (D. P. Crowne & D. Marlowe, 1960) and the Responding Desirability on Attitudes and Opinions Scale (K. Schuessler, D. H. Hittle, & J. Cardascia, 1978). Examination of correlations between MEQ scores and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (L. S. Radloff, 1977), as well as factor scores on the Adjective Check List (H. G. Gough & A. B. Heilbrun, 1983), suggested areas of similarity and difference in the correlates of music experience for women and men. The authors discuss directions for future research as well as potential uses of the MEQ.
Comparison of Heart Rate Variability between Mild and Severe Depression in Menopausal Women with Low Exercise Behavior

[Purpose] Insufficient exercise leads most middle-aged women to have a higher risk of depression arising from menopausal symptoms. We hypothesized that heart rate variability (HRV) would show the adjustment of the autonomic nervous system reflecting degrees of depression in menopausal women with low exercise behaviors, and the aim of this study was to compare HRV between mild and severe depression cases to explore the potential of HRV as a diagnostic tool for depression. [Subjects and Methods] This was a cross-sectional study, and subjects were community-recruited menopausal women with low exercise behaviors. After subjects had completed the Taiwanese depression questionnaire (TDQ), electrocardiographic signals of the subjects with mild and severe depression were recorded for analysis of the HRV variables, and to create receiver operating characteristic curves. [Results] Twentyeight women with mild depression (TDQ score: 11.62 ± 1.81) and 20 women with severe depression (TDQ score: 24.71 ± 1.57) agreed to analysis of their electrocardiographic signals. The between-group comparisons of high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF) and the LF/HF ratio showed statistically significant differences, and provided significant contributions to predicting depression in both groups. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for LF was significantly greater than that of HF. [Conclusions] LF and the LF/HF ratio better distinguish between subjects of different severity of depression than HF. This means that observation of the tone of sympathetic activity and the balance of the autonomic nervous system are better at distinguishing the severity of depression.
Exploring challenges in rational enzyme design by simulating the catalysis in artificial kemp eliminase

One of the fundamental challenges in biotechnology and in biochemistry is the ability to design effective enzymes. Doing so would be a convincing manifestation of a full understanding of the origin of enzyme catalysis. Despite an impressive progress, most of the advances on this front have been made by placing the reacting fragments in the proper places, rather than by optimizing the environment preorganization, which is the key factor in enzyme catalysis. Rational improvement of the preorganization would require approaches capable of evaluating reliably the actual catalytic effect. This work takes apreviously designed kemp eliminases as a benchmark for a computer aided enzyme design, using the empirical valence bond as the main screening tool. The observed absolute catalytic effect and the effect of directed evolution are reproduced and analyzed (assuming that the substrate is in the designed site). It is found that, in the case of kemp eliminases, the transition state charge distribution makes it hard to exploit the active site polarity, even with the ability to quantify the effect of different mutations. Unexpectedly, it is found that the directed evolution mutants lead to the reduction of solvation of the reactant state by water molecules rather that to the more common mode of transition state stabilization used by naturally evolved enzymes. Finally it is pointed out that our difficulties in improving Kemp eliminase are not due to overlooking exotic effect, but to the challenge in designing a preorganized environment that would exploit the small change it charge distribution during the formation of the transition state.
Network representation of cellular automata

Cellular automata have been used for modeling numerous complex processes and network theory provides powerful techniques for studying the structural properties of complex systems. In this article, we present a network representation of one-dimensional binary cellular automata and investigate their dynamical properties using the structural parameters of network theory. Specifically, networks derived from the independent rules of elementary cellular automata and 5-neighbor totalistic cellular automata are investigated. We found that the network parameters, efficiency, cluster coefficients, and degree distributions are all useful in classifying and characterizing cellular automata and that certain rules of the 5-neighbor totalistic cellular automata have networks of a scale-free nature.
Th2 Activities Induced During Virgin T Cell Priming in the Absence of IL-4, IL-13, and B Cells1

Virgin T cells being primed to Th2-inducing or Th1-inducing Ags, respectively, start to synthesize IL-4 or IFN-γ as they begin to proliferate. Parallel respective induction of B cells to produce γ1 or γ2a switch transcripts provides additional evidence of early divergent Th activity. This report concerns the roles of IL-4, IL-13, and B cells in these early events in vivo. Th2 responses were induced in lymph nodes against hapten-protein given s.c. with killed Bordetella pertussis adjuvant. In T cell proliferation in wild-type mice, IL-4 message up-regulation and γ1 and ε switch transcript production were underway 48–72 h after immunization. The absence of IL-4, IL-13, or B cells did not alter the early T cell proliferative response. The γ1 and ε switch transcript production was still induced in the absence of IL-4, IL-13, or both, but at a reduced level, while the dominance of switching to IgG1 in the extrafollicular hapten-specific plasma cell response was retained. The up-regulation of IL-4 message was not reduced or delayed in the absence of B cells and was only marginally reduced by the absence of IL-13. It is concluded that signals delivered by dendritic cells, which are not dependent on the presence of IL-4, IL-13, or B cells, can prime virgin T cells and induce the early Th2 activities studied. These early events that direct virgin T cells toward Th2 differentiation contrast with the critical later role of Th2 cytokines in selectively expanding Th2 clones and driving further IL-4 synthesis.
Testing semi-empirical model of reflection coefficient based on GNSSR measurements

In this paper, with using of semi-empirical model of the reflection coefficient, which is implementing to calculate the brightness temperature of the SMOS spacecraft at 1.4GHz in [1], [2] the soil moisture was retrieved from the reflection coefficients, which were measured by GNSS-reflectometer at a test site on the Yamal Peninsula. The model of reflection coefficient with root-mean square error (RMSE) of 0.04 allows to predict the experimental values of the reflection coefficient and with RMSE of less than 0.09cm3/cm3 allows to retrieve the soil moisture in the layer of 0-6cm.
Comparative studies of electrostatic sensors with circular and rod electrodes for the velocity measurement of pulverized coal and biomass fuels

This paper presents the latest development in the velocity measurement of pulverized coal and biomass fuels in pneumatic pipelines using electrostatic sensors in combination with correlation signal processing techniques. A comparative study of electrostatic sensors with circular and rod electrodes was conducted on a 94mm bore horizontal pipeline feeding a 4 MW industrial scale furnace. Experimental tests were conducted under coal/biomass co-firing conditions for different proportions between the two fuels. The advantages and limitations of the two different sensor electrodes are addressed. Experimental results demonstrate that both sensors are capable of providing pulverized fuel velocity measurement with excellent repeatability and fast dynamic response under an industrial environment.
Sugar Alcohol Sweeteners as Alternatives to Sugar with Special Consideration of Xylitol

Introduction: Dental caries is a diet-associated disease which continues to be a serious health problem in most industrialized and developing countries. Strategies to maximize caries prevention should automatically consider the use of sugar substitutes. It is important that public health authorities are made cognizant of the availability of new polyol-type sugar substitutes. Review Summary: Clinical studies have shown that xylitol, a natural, physiologic sugar alcohol of the pentitol type, can be used as a safe and effective caries-limiting sweetener. Habitual use of xylitol-containing food and oral hygiene adjuvants has been shown to reduce the growth of dental plaque, to interfere with the growth of caries-associated bacteria, to decrease the incidence of dental caries, and to be associated with remineralization of caries lesions. Numerous public regulatory bodies have endorsed the use of xylitol as a caries-limiting agent. Other sugar alcohols that have been successfully used as sugar substitutes include D-glucitol (sorbitol), which, however, owing to its hexitol nature, normally has no strong effect on the mass and adhesiveness of bacterial plaque and on the growth of mutans streptococci. A tetritol-type alditol, erythritol, has shown potential as a non-cariogenic sugar substitute. Combinations of xylitol and erythritol may reduce the incidence of caries more effectively than either alditol alone. Conclusions: Partial sugar substitution with polyols is an important dietary tool in the prevention of dental caries that should be used to enhance existing fluoride-based caries prevention programmes. The most effective method of conveying this information to the public is through a proper health claim for these alditols in food labelling. The present review summarizes clinical and biochemical aspects of the above three dietary polyols and emphasizes the role of sugar substitution as a potential health-promoting strategy.
Keeping children safe at home: protocol for a case–control study of modifiable risk factors for scalds

Background Scalds are one of the most common forms of thermal injury in young children worldwide. Childhood scald injuries, which mostly occur in the home, result in substantial health service use and considerable morbidity and mortality. There is little research on effective interventions to prevent scald injuries in young children. Objectives To determine the relationship between a range of modifiable risk factors for medically attended scalds in children under the age of 5 years. Design A multicentre case-control study in UK hospitals and minor injury units with parallel home observation to validate parental reported exposures. Cases will be 0–4 years old with a medically attended scald injury which occurred in their home or garden, matched on gender and age with community controls. An additional control group will comprise unmatched hospital controls drawn from children aged 0–4 years attending the same hospitals and minor injury units for other types of injury. Conditional logistic regression will be used for the analysis of cases and matched controls, and unconditional logistic regression for the analysis of cases and unmatched controls to estimate ORs and 95% CI, adjusted and unadjusted for confounding variables. Main exposure measures Use of safety equipment and safety practices for scald prevention and scald hazards. Discussion This large case-control study will investigate modifiable risk factors for scalds injuries, adjust for potential confounders and validate measures of exposure. Its findings will enhance the evidence base for prevention of scalds injuries in young children.
Ion-Sensitive Intracellular Microelectrodes. How to Make and Use Them

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Design of wideband microstrip-slot six-port complex ratio measuring unit

A wideband six-port Complex Ratio Measuring Unit (CRMU) design is presented in this paper. CST Microwave Studio is used to design the CRMU by integrating one in-phase Wilkinson power divider with stubs and three 90° microstrip-slot two-section branch-line couplers (BLCs). Wilkinson power divider is improved by implementing additional stubs at transmission line of Port 1, Port 2 and Port 3. Meanwhile, slot is placed underneath each parallel branch arm of BLC to broaden its bandwidth performance. The presented simulated result of the proposed CRMU offers good wideband performance of amplitudes and phase characteristics between 2.5 and 5.2 GHz.
Aqueous extracts of Fructus Ligustri Lucide induce gastric carcinoma cell apoptosis and G2/M cycle arrest.

OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that Fructus Ligustri Lucide (FLL) can be used to anti-cancer. However, the mechanism by which FLL mediate this effect is unclear. In the present study, aqueous extracts of FLL induced cell apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma cell was investigated. METHODS The cell viability was detected by the CCK8 assay. The cell apoptosis was assessed by annexin V-PI double-labeling staining and hoechst 33342 staining. The protein expression of cell cycle regulators and tumor suppressors were analyzed by western blotting. RESULTS Treatment of human gastric carcinoma cells with FLL induced cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner by using CCK8 assay. Consistent with the CCK8 assay, the flow cytometry results showed that the proportion of the early and terminal phase of apoptosis cells had gained after FLL treatment as compared to untreated group. Moreover, human gastric carcinoma cells were exposed to the aqueous extracts of FLL for 48 h, which resulted in an accumulation of cells in G2/M phase. Apoptotic bodies were clearly observed in human gastric carcinoma that had been treated with FLL for 48 h and then stained with Hochest 33342. Treatment of gastric carcinoma cells with increasing doses of FLL and increasing durations significantly increased the protein expression of Bax and Caspase3, decreased the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 level. The expression of CDC2 and cdc25C were downregulated upon FLL treatment in human gastric carcinoma. In contrast, p53 and p21 were obviously upregulated by FLL treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These results confirmed that FLL could induce apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma, the underlying molecular mechanisms, at least partially, through activation p21/p53 and suppression CDC2/cdc25C signaling in vitro.
Time‐dependent induction of depotentiation in the dentate gyrus of freely moving rats: involvement of group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors

Depotentiation comprises a reversal of tetanization‐induced long‐term potentiation (LTP) which occurs following low‐frequency stimulation (LFS) in the hippocampus in vivo. Although depotentiation has been consistently demonstrated in the CA1 region, no positive reports of the existence of depotentiation in the dentate gyrus in vivo have occurred. This study therefore investigated whether depotentiation is possible in the dentate gyrus in vivo. We found that depotentiation can be induced, but it is very tightly dependent on the interval between tetanization and LFS. Thus, LFS given 2 or 5 min following tetanization produced significant depotentiation, whereas LFS given 10–30 min following tetanization had no significant effect on the expression of LTP. Depotentiation occurred in two phases: a transient depression of evoked responses to below pre‐tetanization values, which occurred in the first 60 min following LFS, and a recovery of this response to a stable level of synaptic transmission which comprised a significant reduction in the magnitude of LTP. Group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) play an important role in the expression of long‐term depression in vivo. We therefore investigated whether group 2 mGluRs contribute to depotentiation. The group 2 antagonist (2S)‐α‐ethylglutamic acid (EGLU) inhibited the early transient depression at a concentration which inhibits LTD in vivo, but did not block the expression of depotentiation. EGLU also inhibited the transient depression induced by 5 Hz given alone. Increasing the concentration of EGLU prevented depotentiation, however. The group 2 agonist (S)‐4‐carboxy‐3‐hydroxyphenyl‐ glycine (4C3HPG) inhibited LTP and enhanced depotentiation. These data suggest a role for group 2 mGluRs in depotentiation.
Spatiotemporal attentional constraints in perception

Selection of objects and events to perceive the world around us is determined not purely on whatever salient objects or events stand out the strongest in the current flow of sensory input. Current goals, interests etcetera steer the perceptual system in a top-down manner by directing the senses to a particular part of the world as well. This thesis focuses on how well perception can be voluntary (top-down) controlled by examining the spatiotemporal limits of attentional selection. It was shown in this thesis that the temporal limits of attentional selection are finer than thus far reported (chapter 2-4). Whether attention can individuate objects or events in time apparently depends on a couple of factors, which are the ability to disengage attention in time, the number of features that need to be selected simultaneously and the timing or occurrence of the task-relevant event/object itself. For spatial limits of attentional selection (chapter 5) the critical spacing between objects might not determine whether attention can select objects across space, but rather the spatial frequency with which attention is distributed across space determines spatial attentional selection in perception.