Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microbiological characterisation of artisanal farmhouse cheeses manufactured in Scotland.

Twenty-eight Scottish artisanal farmhouse cheeses were examined in respect of 16 microbial groups of significance for food safety and cheese character development. Microbial populations were diverse and although Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella spp. were not detected the occurrence of potential food-borne pathogens was confirmed in 86% of the samples analysed. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was detected in 25% of the cheeses tested and some Staphylococcus aureus and the Bacillus cereus isolates were enterotoxigenic. Resistance to methicillin and vancomycin and other clinically important antibiotics was detected in some S. aureus and Enterococcus strains. The inappropriate labelling of some raw milk cheeses and the consequences of the complexity of the microbial population on isolation media specificity is discussed.
Supercritical fluid extraction of lipids from the heterotrophic microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii

Microalgae biomass can be a feasible source of ω‐3 fatty acids due to its stable and reliable composition. In the present study, the Crypthecodinium cohnii growth and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3) production in a 100 L glucose‐fed batch fermentation was evaluated. The lipid compounds were extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) from C. cohnii CCMP 316 biomas, was and their fatty acid composition was analysed. Supercritical fluid extraction runs were performed at temperatures of 313 and 323 K and pressures of 20.0, 25.0 and 30.0 MPa. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be 30.0 MPa and 323 K. Under those conditions, almost 50% of the total oil contained in the raw material was extracted after 3 h and the DHA composition attained 72% w/w of total fatty acids. The high DHA percentage of total fatty acids obtained by SC‐CO2 suggested that this extraction method may be suitable for the production of C. cohnii value added products directed towards pharmaceutical purposes. Furthermore, the fatty acid composition of the remaining lipid fraction from the residual biomass with lower content in polyunsaturated fatty acids could be adequate for further uses as feedstock for biodiesel, contributing to the economy of the overall process suggesting an integrated biorefinery approach.
External Morphology and Evolution of the Rhinarium of Lagomorpha. With Special Reference to the Glires Hypothesis

The rhinarium of lagomorphs is similar in detail to that of rodents. It consists of narial pads situated between the nares. Each pad consists of two crurae and the pads are separated from the Dorsum nasi by the Sulcus transversarius. Moreover, the ontogenetic process of pad formation is much the same in both orders. The Regio rhinarica is first a single structure, i.e., undivided, which becomes subdivided by increasing isolation of the pads within the Regio internarica. Distributional data suggest that the undivided Regio rhinarica in adult stages is a plesiomorphic mammalian and therian character. Most probably, the undivided common type rhinarium with developed internaric, supralabial and supranaric parts as well as Sulcus medianus and Areolae rhinarii is also a therian groundplan character. Cohesion of the Regio rhinarica throughout ontogeny is widespread within therians and the formation of pads, i.e., subdivision of the Regio rhinarica, is most likely nested within the large sample of taxa showing the undivided condition during ontogeny. Thus, application of the ontogenetic criterion indicates that narial pads of rodents and lagomorphs are an apomorphic therian character. Ontogenetic criterion and comparison with monotremes. metatherians and metatherian groundplan give mutual support that the narial pads are an autapomorphic character of the Glires. Evidence from behavior, neurology, and morphology suggest, that the evolution of pads was part of a complex evolutionary transformation. The primitive rhinarium, originally an extended skin area providing a tool for tactile exploration and manipulation, has been reduced to the comparatively small narial pads. The gnawing teeth, easily exposable, seem to have replaced the rhinarium in that regard. Associated with the gnawing apparatus, infoldings of the lips (Inflexa pellita) have separated the gnawing teeth from the remaining toothrow. A median cleft of the lip allows easy exposure of the incisors antertiorly. The uniqueness of the narial pads and their likewise unique ontogeny within Recent mammals as well as their involvement into a complex evolutionary transformation, supports the hypothesis of Glires monophyly. Other seemingly unique external characters of rodents and lagomorphs corroborate this conclusion (Inflexa pellita, highly mobile Dorsum nasi).
Egg production, fertility, and hatch success of american plaice held in captivity

Abstract The reproductive performance of individual female American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides was monitored during a spawning season under laboratory conditions. The majority (74%) of females produced eggs at some point in a 2-month period (May–July) during which they were checked every 2 d for ovulated eggs. Most females produced several batches of eggs during an average production period of 26 d. Approximately 12% of the total number of eggs produced by each female were obtained in the first egg batch. There were periodic peaks of egg production for the group in increasing intervals at about 8, 20, and 34 d after the first eggs were collected. The mean relative fecundity was 1.5 × 105 eggs/ kg body weight, but there was no relationship between actual fecundity and either length or weight. The mean percentages of viable and fertile eggs were 44.7% and 13.7%, respectively. A significant decline in the percentage of fertile eggs was observed with time, such that percent of fertile eggs by the six.
Surto de leptospirose humana por atividade recreacional no município de José dos Campos, São Paulo: estudo soroepidemiológico

An outbreak of human leptospirosis due to recreational activities ocurred at Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil in November 1987. It involved a group of persons who had participated in a gathering in a suburb club which had a swimming pool fed with natural water. Epidemiological investigation was carried out and laboratorial tests from the patients were done. It was observed that a high prevalence of the pomona serotype (91%) was found in the serological analyses, while the presence of the agent of the infection could not be found in the water club swimming pool.
THE ANATOMY OF THE POSTERIOR AXIAL REGION AND THE HIND LIMB OF THE EASTERN AMERICAN MOLE

Dobson (1882-90), Wilson (1897), Scheffer (1912), Wood (1910), Jackson (1915), Slonaker (1920), Hisaw (1923), Hisaw and Zilley (1927), Edwards (1937), McHugh (1949), Reed (1951), and Gaughran (1954) have contributed to our knowledge of the morphology, burrowing habit and economic status of the Eastern American Mole, Scalopus aquaticus. However, the modifications in the anatomy of the posterior axial region and the pelvic region in relation to the change in the position of the pubic symphysis have remained unreported in the literature. Alcohol-preserved specimens from the collection of the Museum of Zoology, The University of Michigan, have been dissected. Ske^ letons of the different subspecies of Scalopus aquaticus have been examined for intraspecific variation.
Cautires apterus, a New Species and the First Record of Wingless Male Lycidae (Coleoptera) Discovered in the North Pare Mountains, Tanzania

Abstract We report the first know case of male hind-wing aptery among the net-winged beetles (Lycidae). Five male specimens of Cautires apterus sp. nov. were discovered by sifting forest litter in a very small (approximately 300 meters by 50 meters) Kamwala Forest within the North Pare Mountains, Tanzania. Besides being wingless, males of C. apterus sp. nov. have remarkably small body, shortened elytra and reduced pronotal and elytral costae. Generic assignment of this externally unusual new species is based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, the structure of the male genitalia and the shape of the pronotum. We discuss biological and evolutionary significance of the discovery and suggest that the winglessness of male lycid beetles correlates with the female neoteny.
Surveillance of Resistance Among Major Pathogens Causing Respiratory Tract Infections in the United States

Abstract: Several major North American monitoring programs have revealed disturbing patterns of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract pathogens. There is a widespread variability in the resistance trends identified, depending on the geographic region where the specimen was collected and various patient characteristics, such as age and site of infection. The latest results from the surveillance programs demonstrate that the prevalence of pneumococcal penicillin nonsusceptibility in the United States as a whole is either static (macrolides) or decreasing (penicillins). However, mechanisms of macrolide resistance are changing in the United States, with decreasing strains expressing lower-level resistance (minimal inhibitory concentrations, 1-16 &mgr;g/mL), whereas strains with high-level combined erm(B)- and mef(A)-encoded resistance are becoming more common. Resistance levels among Streptococcus pyogenes to macrolides remain generally low, however, with wide geographical variations and considerable variation of the proportions of isolates containing mef(A) and erm(A), which suggests major genetic clones are spreading in certain regions. Finally, amoxicillin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae is declining.
Genetic diversity in six natural populations of Taxus cuspidata from Baekdu trail and Jeju Island in South Korea analyzed by RAPD-DNA markers

RAPD markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity among six populations of Taxus cuspidata collected from natural forests along the Baekdu trail in South Korea. Six of 10-mer primers were selected based on primary screening from group OPA01–OPA20 as single primers for PCR amplification. The primers OPA11 and OPA16 gave the fewest and the highest number of bands, respectively. A total of 93 bands were scored and 44 (47.31%) were polymorphic with polymorphism level ranging from 42.86% to 52.94% depending on the individual's origin and a mean of 48.11%. Shannon's information indices ranged from 0.368 (Deog yu Mt) to 1.342 (Jiri Mt), while the genetic diversity ranged from −0.141 (Deog yu Mt) to 0.328 (Jiri Mt and So baek Mt). Nei's genetic distance (D) varied from 0.182 (Ga chil Mt/Deog yu Mt) to 1.099 (Ga chil Mt/Tae baek Mt and So baek Mt/Tae baek Mt), which suggested a high level of genetic differentiation among pairs of populations. A dendogram revealed that the six populations were separated into two clusters. One cluster included two of the northern populations (So baek Mt and Ga chil Mt), one of the southern population (Deog yu Mt), and the other cluster included two of the southern populations (Jiri Mt and Halla Mt) and one from northern areas of South Korea (Tae baek Mt).
Sur la communauté des animaux vagiles associés à Sargassum cymosum C. Agardh, à Ubatuba, Etat de São Paulo, Brésil∗

Summary Twenty‐nine samples of marine animals, mainly invertebrates, inhabiting the seaweed Sargassum cymosum were collected in 1967 and 1968, at Ubatuba, Enseada do Flamengo (23° 30’ S and 45°’ 4’ 20”; W). They have been studied qualitatively and quantitatively. The main conclusions are: (1) Out of 19,193 animals, 50.2% were Mollusca, 18.8% Polychaeta, 18.7% Crustacea, 10.6% Echinodermata, and 1.7% various other groups. As most of the Foraminifera, Copepoda, Ostracoda, Nematoda, and Acarina were less than 0.2 mm, none were counted in the total or percentages. This is especially important for the percentage given here for Crustacea. (2) The distribution of frequencies of animals as a function of the hour of sampling shows that there is a strong diurnal migration of the fauna as a whole. Between 6 and 10 h there is a migration down from the seaweed to the rocky substrate, and between 18 and 22 h, the seaweed is again invaded by animals which stay through the night. (3) It is suggested that the animals resp.
Putrescine content of Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) styles increases in response to pollination

Abstract Although poly amines (Pas) are suggested to be involved in the pollination process, the kinetics of this process in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) are not currently understood. In this work, the content of putrescine increased (α ≤ 0.05) 5 h after in vitro pollination in styles of five different cultivars of Japanese pear. The evolution of spermidine and spermine within the cultivars used was not consistent; whereas spermidine contents decreased, increased, or did not have statistically significant changes (α ≤ 0.05), spermine content either decreased or increased. Moreover, the regulation of the ethylene and putrescine responses to pollination seemed to be linked to the cultivar's gynoecious genotype, and was influenced by the pollen source. These results agree with the idea that putrescine increases in the styles during the first few hours after pollination in this species.
THE WOOD ANATOMY OF REPRESENTATIVE MEMBERS OF THE MONOTOIDEAE

Evergreen trees and shrubs, with hard, close-textured wood. Leaves alternate, leathery, simple with entire margin, shortly petiolate, with deciduous stipules; venation pinnate, with a fine reticulum of tertiary veins; a large extrafloral nectary on the upper side at the base of the midrib. Inflorescences cymose, paniculate, axillary. Flowers small, radially symmetrical, monoclinous, hypogynous, with an androgynophore of varying size; formula K5 C5 A cX G(3); stamens with very small anthers and flexuous filaments; style simple,stigma trilobed; two pendulous anatropous ovules in each carpel. Fruit a one-seeded nut, surrounded by the 5 persistent enlarged sepals. Seed non-endospermic; embryo with large fleshy cotyledons and a thick radicle.
Analysis of founder representation in pedigrees: Founder equivalents and founder genome equivalents

The concepts of “founder equivalent” and “founder genome equivalent” are introduced to facilitate analysis of the founding stocks of captive or other populations for which pedigrees are available. The founder equivalents of a population are the number of equally contributing founders that would be expected to produce the same genetic diversity as in the population under study. Unequal genetic contributions by founders decrease the founder equivalents, portend greater inbreeding in future generations than would be necessary, and reflect a greater loss of the genetic diversity initially present in the founders. The number of founder genome equivalents of a population is that number of equally contributing founders with no random loss of founder alleles in descendants that would be expected to produce the same genetic diversity as in the population under study. The number of founder genome equivalents is approximately that number of wild-caught animals that would be needed to obtain the same amount of genetic diversity as is in the descendant captive population. Founder equivalents and founder genome equivalents allow comparison of the genetic merits of adding new wild-caught stock vs. further equalizing founder representations in a captive population.
Phylogenetic analyses of plastid and nuclear DNA sequences indicate a rapid late Miocene radiation of the temperate bamboo tribe Arundinarieae (Poaceae, Bambusoideae)

Background: Arundinarieae are a large tribe of temperate woody bamboos for which phylogenetics are poorly understood because of limited taxon sampling and lack of informative characters. Aims: This study assessed phylogenetic relationships, origins and classification of Arundinarieae. Methods: DNA sequences (plastid trnL-F; nuclear ITS) were used for parsimony and Bayesian inference including 41 woody bamboo taxa. Divergence dates were estimated using a relaxed Bayesian clock. Results: Arundinarieae were monophyletic but their molecular divergence was low compared to the tropical Bambuseae. Ancestors of the Arundinarieae lineage were estimated to have diverged from the other bamboos 23 (15–30) million years ago (Mya). However, the Arundinarieae radiation occurred 10 (6–16) Mya compared to 18 (11–25) Mya for the tropical Bambuseae. Some groups could be defined within Arundinarieae, but they do not correspond to recognised subtribes such as Arundinariinae or Shibataeinae. Conclusions: Arundinarieae are a relatively ancient bambusoid lineage that underwent a rapid radiation in the late Miocene. The radiation coincides with the continental collision of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian Plates. Arundinarieae are distributed primarily in East Asia and the Himalayas to northern Southeast Asia. It is unknown whether they were present in Asia long before their radiation, but we believe recent dispersal is a more likely scenario.
Evaluation of Floy Anchor Tags for Short Term Mark‐Recapture Studies with Blueback Herring

Abstract The mortality, rate of shedding, and possible effects on spawning attributable to a Floy anchor tag (model FD-67F) attached to blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) were investigated for 30 days. Mortality was not related to the tagging process. However, 19.8% of the herring died within the initial 7 days of the experiment due to handling associated with transport. Less than 1% of the herring shed tags during the experiment. Tagging did not adversely affect spawning behavior of the herring.
The adaptive legacy of human evolution: A search for the environment of evolutionary adaptedness

The growth of evolutionary psychology has led to renewed interest in what might be the significant evolutionary heritage of people living today, and in the extent to which humans are suited to a particular adaptive environment—the EEA. The EEA, though, is a new tool in the battery of evolutionary concepts, and it is important both that it is scrutinized for its utility, and that the actual reconstructions of the environments in which humans and hominids evolved are based on sound palaeobiological inference and an appropriate use of the phylogenetic context of primate evolution.
Influence of egg lipids and fatty acids on egg viability, and their utilization during embryonic development of spotted wolf‐fish, Anarhichas minor Olafsen

The changes in egg lipids and fatty acid compositions that occur during embryonic development of spotted wolf-fish, Anarhichas minor, were examined by monitoring individual egg batches from the time of spawning (egg stripping) until hatching. The lipids, present as 3.7±0.1% of the wet mass of the freshly stripped eggs, contained high percentages of monoenes (monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), ca. 33%) and polyenes (ca. 43%) and approximately 20% saturated fatty acids (SFAs). The fatty acid profiles were dominated by a small number of fatty acids. The major SFA was 16:0 (ca. 14%), the dominant MUFA was 18:1 n-9 (ca. 21%), and among the polyenes, the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) 22:6 n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 20:5 n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were present in the highest concentrations (EPA, ca. 16%; DHA, ca. 19%). The n-6 HUFA 20:4 n-6 arachidonic acid (AA) was present as ca. 1% of the total fatty acids in the freshly stripped eggs. This resulted in an AA:EPA of ca. 0.07, which is lower than reported for eggs of many other fish species. As embryonic development progressed, the percentage contribution of AA to the total fatty acids almost doubled. There were also increases in the relative proportions of SFAs (due mainly to an increase in the percentage of 16:0 to ca. 16% at hatch) and DHA (to ca. 23%), and there was a corresponding decrease in the percentage of MUFAs (mostly brought about by a decrease in the percentage of 18:1 n-9 to ca. 18% at hatch). The most marked changes occurred towards the end of incubation. The percentage of EPA changed little during incubation. This implies that there was selective retention of DHA, 16:0 and AA, and these fatty acids were probably incorporated into cell membranes. MUFAs, particularly 18:1 n-9, seem to have been catabolized to provide energy for the developing embryo, and some EPA also seems to have been utilized as an energy source. Survival of eggs to the eyed stage (range ca. 10–80%) and to hatch (ca. 5–75%) was negatively correlated with the %AA, %EPA and AA:DHA of the freshly stripped eggs. There was also a negative correlation between AA:EPA and egg survival, which implies that there is not a universal requirement for a high AA:EPA to ensure high rates of survival of fish eggs.
Evolution of fungicide resistance in the cereal eyespot fungi Tapesia yallundae and Tapesia acuformis in France

Field isolates of the cereal eyespot pathogen can be divided into two groups which are now considered as two species: Tapesia yallundae and Tapesia acuformis. In both species the first case of acquired resistance was observed with benzimidazole fungicides in the early 1980s. At the same time, a number of sterol C-14 demethylation inhibitors (DMIs), such as the imidazole prochloraz and several triazoles, including flusilazole, were introduced. Surprisingly T. acuformis appeared intrinsically resistant to the triazole derivatives in comparison to T. yallundae, but both species were sensitive to prochloraz. The intensive use of these DMIs led to the development of acquired resistance towards triazoles in T. yallundae and towards prochloraz in T. acuformis. Today all the strains in both species appear equally sensitive to the anilinopyrimidine cyprodinil.
Contraceptive effects of Phyllanthus amarus extract in the male mouse (Mus musculus)

Feeding an alcohol extract of Phyllanthus at a dose of 500 mg/kg for 45 days induced gradual inhibition of fertility potential in male albino mice with a decline in epididymal sperm profiles. However, no effects were observed in gravimetric analysis. Similarly no adverse changes were found in the blood biochemical profile and cell counts. Upon withdrawal of feeding the extract to mice, the observed antifertility effects were reversed gradually, indicating induction of functional sterility. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.