Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in vaccination strategies and future perspectives for the control of Newcastle disease in Pakistan: a review.

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important viral disease affecting chickens, causing unbearable loses in both backyard and commercial chicken in Asia, America and Africa The mortality rate due to velogenic strain can be up to 100 % thus destroying the whole flocks A number of vaccination strategies have been implied to prevent this fatal disease in Pakistan but with a limited success Vaccination with the lentogenic strain invokes only humoral response while vaccination with the velogenic strains could be dangerous for the immuno-compromised birds Emerging concept of DNA vaccine may be a mile stone in the control of ND in Pakistan Better safety and satisfactory immunostimulatory profile augments the importance of DNA vaccine This review is a brief description of ND status in Pakistan, pros and cons of various vaccination approaches and recent advances in development of ND vaccines.
Advancements on the simulation of the micro injection moulding process

Process simulations are applied in micro injection molding with the same purpose as in conventional injection molding: aiming at optimization and support of the design of mold, inserts, plastic products, and the process itself. Available software packages are however not well suited for micro injection molding, because they are developed for macro plastic parts and they are therefore limited in the capability of modeling the polymer flow in micro cavities properly. However, new opportunities for improved accuracy have opened up due to current developments of the simulation technology. Hence, new strategies and aspects for comprehensive simulation models which provide more precise results for micro injection molding are discussed. Modeling and meshing recommendations are presented, leading to a multi-scale mesh of all relevant units in the injection molding process. The implementation of the process boundary conditions is described, being followed by results illustrating their importance on the simulation output. Finally, the influence of the cooling simulation settings is analyzed.
Characterization of Staphylococcus species and Detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Camel Milk at Khartoum North, Sudan

Camel milk is well known for its health benefits and it has been consumed in many countries worldwide. It is usually consumed fresh and unpasteurized. It is contaminated with different microorganisms particularly the pathogenic one during milking, handling, transportation and marketing. Daily consumption of fresh cow milk may contribute to the foodborne diseases out breaks. Thus the aim of this study is to isolate and identify Staphylococcus species and detect methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with fresh udder and commercial camel milk samples. The streak method on Blood agar medium and disc diffusion method were used for investigation and detection of Staphylococci and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus respectively. A total of 60 samples were collected from camel farms at different stages of milking and commercial fresh camel milk samples purchased from supermarkets outlets at Bahri locality. Results revealed that the percentage occurrence of Staphylococci species was 41.7%, 25%, 33.3%, 83.3% and 50% for the samples obtained before udder sterilization, after udder sterilization, directly from utensils of milking, pooled milk and commercial raw camel milk respectively. Staphylocoocus species farm isolates were identified as S. aureus (10.4%), S. epidermidis (12.5%), and S. arlettae (6.2%), S. kloosii (4.2%), S. caprae, S. gallinarum, S. intermedius, S. carnosus, S. chromogenes and S. warneri (2.1%) for each. The Staphylococcus species isolated from the commercial raw camel milk were S. epidermidis and S. intermedius (16.7%) for each, S. aureus and S. equorum was (8.3%) for each. The percentages of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in all samples from farms and commercial milk were 10.4% and 8.3% respectively. The results indicated that raw camel milk can be contaminated with Staphylococcus species and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus due to improper hygiene i.e. conditions of milking. Fresh camel obtained from farms and offered for sale are highly contaminated with positive and negative coagulase Staphylococci. The presence of methicillin resistant is potential health risk. Therefore they are considered as a health risk for human consumption. Proper procedure, good manufacturing practices (GMP) and good hygienic practices are recommended to improve milk
Symmetric waxing and waning of marine invertebrate genera

Abstract Occurrence data from the Paleobiology Database are used to analyze the waxing and waning of genera over time. Irrespective of whether we tabulate species richness, frequency of occurrence, geographic range, or other measures, the average rise and fall of genera is remarkably symmetrical. Genera tend already to be in a state of decline when they become extinct. Genera that last appear in the major mass extinction stages, however, are more frequently truncated while they are holding steady or even increasing. This need not imply that mass extinctions are qualitatively different from other events; it is consistent with the expected effects of simply increasing the magnitude of extinction. For reasons that are not completely clear, post-Paleozoic genera show less of a rise and fall on average and tend to be less symmetrical than do Paleozoic genera.
Moving Boundary Models and Methods for Deep Submicron Resist Process Simulation

Moving Boundary Models and Methods for Deep Submicron Resist Process Simulation by Ebo Crofifie University of California at Berkeley Professor Andrew R. Neureuther, Research Advisor A new TCAD software tool named STORM (Simulation Tools for Optical Resist Models) has been developed to support the quantitative modeling of optical resist processes in deep submicron lithogra phy. These processes such as post exposure bake (FEE) and silylation involve changing topographies and moving interfaces. Thus, accurate modeling has to take into account the sharp interface propaga tion and polymer deformation induced stress effects. Analytic solutions are not available for the model-equations and numerical algorithms have to be developed to simulate the physical models. This need for rigorous numerical methods to facilitate rapid simulation of optical resist processes has been the motivation for the development of STORM. Several numerical tools have been included in STORM to provide a general numerical framework for tackling complex model-equations encountered in optical lithography process modeling. STORM utilizes the finite element method to emulate the polymer deformation. For the sake of rapid simulation, we employ efficient numerical algorithms based on the second order backward difference formula (BDF2) and Krylov subspace methods in STORM. An order of magnitude increase in performance is achieved over classical numerical methods such as Crank-Nicolson method. Monte Carlo methods for simulating oxygen reactive ion etching for surface imaged resist processes are also employed in STORM. The efficiency and flexibility of STORM at simulating highly nonlinear partial differential equations allows for the accuracy of moving boundary models to be explored. Thus, moving boundary models for FEE, silylation, wet development and dry development of surface imaged resists are chosen as test vehicles for STORM. Applications of these first pass models to deep submicron resist processes such as bilayer resist (BLR), top surface imaging (TSI) and chemically amplified resist (CAR) are demon strated in this report. Simulation demonstration of special technology issues in 193nm lithography such as line end shortening (LES) in DUV resist and line edge roughness (LER) in surface imaged resist processes are also presented in this report. Simulation times for the highly stiff model-equations were less than 15 minutes except the dry development process, which took about an hour on a DEC Alpha 600 MHz machine. STORM program release information can be obtained at the following web site, http://microlab.eecs. berkeley.edu/~ebo. Moving Boundary Models and Methods for Deep Submicron Resist Process Simulation vi Moving Boundary Models and Methods for Deep Submicron Resist Process Simulation
SELF-POTENTIAL SURVEY OF THE HOT MINERAL SPA EXPLORATION AREA, CHOCOLATE MOUNTAINS AERIAL GUNNERY RANGE (CMAGR), YUMA MCAS, ARIZONA

Self-potential (SP) geophysical surveys were conducted in the Hot Mineral Spa exploration area of Chocolate Mountains Aerial Gunnery Range (CMAGR), Yuma MCAS, Arizona in November and December 2010 by the US Navy Geothermal Program Office (GPO) and Epsilon Service Systems (ESS). Over 1200 stations at 200 foot spacing were occupied in a ~20 mi 2 region in the western piedmont of the Chocolate Mountains, upslope from known geothermal resource areas producing geothermal fluid for direct use, including the Hot Mineral Spa and Bashford Spa. The survey was conducted in two phases. Phase one identified potential anomalies and phase two focused on reproducing these previously measured anomalies for improved definition and accuracy. Two major anomalies were identified in the survey area. A negative 108-mV anomaly in the North (Anomaly A) and a negative 96-mV anomaly in the South (Anomaly B), both of which appear to be narrow, electro-kinetically produced electrical anomalies. The anomalies occur, from drilling data, in areas of known near-surface geothermal fluids. The linear trend and proposed coupling mechanism suggest that the flow of thermal fluids is structurally controlled by faults analogous to regional patterns.
Widespread Sexual Disruption in Wild Fish

A number of chemicals present in the environment have been shown to mimic or antagonize the actions of steroid hormones, an issue often described as “endocrine disruption/modulation”. There is very little evidence, however, to support the hypothesis that exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals is a global environmental health problem. In this paper, we demonstrate a high incidence of intersexuality in wild populations of riverine fish (roach; Rutilus rutilus) throughout the United Kingdom. These reproductive disturbances are consistent with exposure to hormonally active substances and are associated with discharges from sewage treatment works that are known to contain estrogenic chemicals. This is the first documented example of a widespread sexual disruption in wild populations of any vertebrate and indicates that reproductive and developmental effects do result from exposure to ambient levels of chemicals present in typical British rivers.
The Meal Delivery Routing Problem

We introduce the Meal Delivery Routing Problem (MDRP) to formalize and study an important emerging class of dynamic delivery operations. We develop optimization-based algorithms tailored to solve the courier assignment (dynamic vehicle routing) and capacity management (offline shift scheduling) problems encountered in meal delivery operations. Extensive computational experiments using instances with realistic size, geography, urgency and dynamism demonstrate that our algorithmic ideas provide solid foundations for real-world implementations.
The Effect of Atomic-Scale Defects and Dopants on Graphene Electronic Structure

Graphene, being one-atom thick, is extremely sensitive to the presence of adsorbed atoms and molecules and, more generally, to defects such as vacancies, holes and/or substitutional dopants. This property, apart from being directly usable in molecular sensor devices, can also be employed to tune graphene electronic properties. Here we briefly review the basic features of atomic-scale defects that can be useful for material design. After a brief introduction on isolated $p_z$ defects, we analyse the electronic structure of multiple defective graphene substrates, and show how to predict the presence of microscopically ordered magnetic structures. Subsequently, we analyse the more complicated situation where the electronic structure, as modified by the presence of some defects, affects chemical reactivity of the substrate towards adsorption (chemisorption) of atomic/molecular species, leading to preferential sticking on specific lattice positions. Then, we consider the reverse problem, that is how to use defects to engineer graphene electronic properties. In this context, we show that arranging defects to form honeycomb-shaped superlattices (what we may call "supergraphenes") a sizeable gap opens in the band structure and new Dirac cones are created right close to the gapped region. Similarly, we show that substitutional dopants such as group IIIA/VA elements may have gapped quasi-conical structures corresponding to massive Dirac carriers. All these possible structures might find important technological applications in the development of graphene-based logic transistors.
STUDIES ON THE TISSUE CULTURE OF TEA

Investigations were carried out for evolving a culture technique for the rapid propagation of tea by tissue culture. In vitro proliferation of shoots of tea by axillary branching was achieved using shoot tips and nodal segments as explants. Shoot multiplication was successful in two media, both consisting of Murashige and Skoog salts supplemented with (1) 0.4 mg thiamine-HCl, 100 mg m-inositol, 0.01 mg IBA, 1.0 mg BA and 0.1 mg GA3 (2) 1.0 mg thiamine-HCl, 100 mg m-inositol, 1.0 mg pyridoxine-HCI, 0.01 mgbiotine, 2.0 mg ascorbic acid, 1.0 mg nicotinic acid, 1.0 mg calcium pantothenate, 20.0 mg adenine sulphate, 0.1 mg IAA and 1.0 mg BA. Better shoot proliferation occurred when the concentration of BA was increased to 2.0 mg I ~ 1 . Results obtained so far clearly indicate that propagation of tea by tissue culture is a distinct possibility in the near future.
On Nano Size Structures For Enhanced Early Bone Formation

Purpose The general aim of the present thesis was to investigate early bone response to titanium implants modified with nano size structures. Therefore, 1. a model to evaluate titanium implants modified with nano size structures was validated; 2. a suitable detection method of nano size structures was implemented. Materials and Methods A rabbit model was selected and healing time was 4 weeks in all experiments. A smooth cylindrical implant design was selected in order to control the macrothreads and micro-structures. Thus, early bone response could be related to added nano size structures alone. A stabilization plate was utilized to ensure adequate fixation of the attached implant. Smooth implants were obtained through polishing techniques (electrical and mechanical) and were used as control surfaces and, after relevant modifications, as experimental surfaces. Six surface modifications were investigated: 1. mechanically polished, 2. electropolished, 3. nano hydroxyapatite (HA), 4. nano titania, 5. blasted (TiO2) and 6. fluoride-modified. The implant surface topography was measured with an interferometer and an atomic force microscope. Surface roughness parameters were calculated and nano size structures dimension and distribution were characterized. Surface morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Surface chemical composition was monitored with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The bone response was measured with removal torque tests and histological and histomorphometrical analyses. Results The model tested to evaluate smooth implants was found adequate. Atomic force measurements combined with image processor analyses software was suitable to characterize nano size structures at the implant surface. Nano HA modified implants enhanced bone formation at 4 weeks of healing compared to electropolished implants. However, placed in a gap healing model the nano HA modified implants showed similar bone formation compared to electropolished implants. If both test and control implants were modified with nano structures, so-called bioactive nano HA and bioinert nano titania, respectively; enhanced bone response of 24% was found to the “bioinert” nano titania implants, although not statistically significant. The beneficial effect of nano size structures on the experimental model was tested on screw shaped moderately rough implants. The oral implants that exhibited particular nano structures (fluoride and nano HA) showed a tendency of higher removal torque values compared to control (blasted) implants, that lacked such structures. Conclusions Based on in vivo animal experiments, enhanced bone formation was demonstrated to smooth and moderately rough titanium implants modified with nano size structures with different chemical composition.
R EMARKS ON “ EMPTY THOUGHTS ” AND “ BLIND INTUITIONS ” –

In his well-known and widely discussed (in the Anglophone philosophical world) book, Mind and World, John McDowell appeals to Kant’s dictum about thoughts without content being empty and intuitions without concepts being blind as encapsulating the idea of conceptualism about the content of perceptual experience. It can be argued that the appeal might be considered inadequate, and that for a variety of reasons, one of them being that if Kant endorsed conceptualism, along the lines of McDowell, he would be committed to retrace to the position he was overtly critical with, namely the position of the rationalist metaphysics; alternatively, he would lapse into idealism very much akin to the Hegelian one. This is because McDowell’s conceptualism ultimately downplays the role of sensibility in mediating the relation between “mind” and “world”, key to recognizing the limits on cognition which Kant’s doctrine of transcendental idealism imposes upon subjects.
Least-squares horizons with local slopes and multigrid correlations

Most seismic horizon extraction methods are based on seismic local reflection slopes that locally follow seismic structural features. However, these methods often fail to correctly track horizons across discontinuities such as faults and noise because the local slopes can only correctly follow laterally continuous reflections. In addition, seismic amplitude or phase information is not used in these methods to compute horizons that follow a consistent phase (e.g., peaks or troughs). To solve these problems, we have developed a novel method to compute horizons that globally fit the local slopes and multigrid correlations of seismic traces. In this method, we first estimate local reflection slopes by using structure tensors and compute laterally multigrid slopes by using dynamic time warping (DTW) to correlate seismic traces within multiple laterally coarse grids. These coarse-grid slopes can correctly correlate reflections that may be significantly dislocated by faults or other discontinuous structures. Then, we compute a horizon by fitting, in the least-squares sense, the slopes of the horizon with the local reflection slopes and multigrid slopes or correlations computed by DTW. In this least-squares system, the local slopes on the fine grid and the multiple coarse-grid slopes will fit a consistent horizon in areas without lateral discontinuities. Across laterally discontinuous areas where the local slopes fail to correctly correlate reflections and mislead the horizon extraction, the coarse-grid slopes will help to find the corresponding reflections and correct the horizon extraction. In addition, the multigrid correlations or slopes computed by dynamic warping can also assist in computing phase-consistent horizons. We apply the proposed horizon extraction method to multiple 2D and 3D examples and obtain accurate horizons that follow consistent phases and correctly track reflections across faults.
Beggars Can’t Be Choosers: Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation Donor Pool Expansion-Our Experience

Introduction: Liver transplantation is today the most sought after treatment for patients suffering from end stage liver disease. Unfortunately, organ donation has not kept pace with this rising demand, and a greater number of patients are dying each year while awaiting deceased donors. We are one of the leading centres in the country who are doing deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) regularly since 2007 and have changed our donor selection criteria to keep pace with this increasing demand. Aims and Objectives: To review the changing pattern of donor demographic profile from Mar 2007 till Jul 2014 and see the outcome of deceased donor liver transplantation using marginal grafts. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective study. Donor and recipient data for liver transplantation at our centre from Mar 2007 till Jul 2014 were analysed. Donors were labeled as marginal donors based on presence of certain adverse parameters. Incidence of early graft dysfunction and primary non function of graft were primary endpoints while major post operative complications were the secondary endpoints of the study. Results: A total of 52 retrievals were divided into 2 groups based on the presence of the adverse factors: consisting of 38 marginal grafts and 14 ideal grafts for liver transplantation. While comparing the primary endpoints of the study it was noted that except early graft dysfunction (EGD), other parameters like incidence of primary non functioning graft (PNF) and mortality were comparable in both the groups. However, the incidence of (EGD) was more in the group which received marginal grafts. The secondary endpoints of the study like incidence of major postoperative complications, hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT), portal vein thrombosis (PVT), hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction (HVOTO) and biliary strictures were similar in both the groups. There were a total of six deaths within 1 year of transplant, 3 in each group. The causes of mortality within 30 days post transplant were PNF, excessive bleeding and HAT. While sepsis was responsible for deaths after 30 days. Conclusion: Marginal grafts do provide an immediate and significant expansion of the existing donor pool. Although beggars can’t be choosers but by using any type of marginal donors we cannot compromise on the outcome of DDLT. So there is need for a prospective, multi centre data to define risk and delineate guidelines for ideal and marginal donors. The numbers in this study are small but it clearly indicates that marginal donors can be safely used in judiciously selected recipients for an acceptable outcome.
Reflections on the replication corner: In praise of conceptual replications

We contrast the philosophy guiding the Replication Corner at IJRM with replication efforts in psychology. Psychology has promoted “exact” or “direct” replications, reflecting an interest in statistical conclusion validity of the original findings. Implicitly, this philosophy treats non-replication as evidence that the original finding is not “real” — a conclusion that we believe is unwarranted. In contrast, we have encouraged “conceptual replications” (replicating at the construct level but with different operationalization) and “replications with extensions”, reflecting our interest in providing evidence on the external validity and generalizability of published findings. In particular, our belief is that this replication philosophy allows for both replication and the creation of new knowledge. We express our views about why we believe our approach is more constructive, and describe lessons learned in the three years we have been involved in editing the IJRM Replication Corner. Of our thirty published conceptual replications, most found results replicating the original findings, sometimes identifying moderators.