Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial DNA in neurons and its modulation by neurotoxins

Mitochondria are essential for the function of all mammalian tissues, serving functions, such as ATP generation. Neurons are highly dependent on ATP production and consume more energy than other cells for their metabolism. Mitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles that contain their own DNA (mtDNA). Mutations and deletions in mtDNA lead to mitochondrial dysfunction that compromise neuronal viability. From the many approaches taken to investigate the role of mitochondria in neurodegeneration; however, few have focused on mtDNA dynamics.First, I investigated whether mtDNA replication impairment plays a role in neurotoxicity. For this purpose, I tested two neurotoxins, glutamate and rotenone, which induce neuronal damage by different mechanisms. Our results show that mitochondrial dysfunction induced by different neurotoxins does not correlate with effects on mtDNA replication. Glutamate, at excitotoxic concentrations, does not affect mtDNA replication while rotenone induces a time and concentration dependent decrease of mtDNA replication. Also, rotenone effect on mtDNA replication seems to be independent of its acute toxic effect.Several mechanisms have been proposed as responsible for rotenone's toxicity, such as complex I inhibition and increased ROS production. Our experiments ruled out the implication of these two mechanisms in rotenone-induced mtDNA replication decrease. Mitochondrial nucleotides are key regulators of mtDNA replication. However, our experiments show that rotenone effect on mtDNA replication does not correlate with mitochondrial nucleotide imbalances. Therefore, our results suggest that rotenone-induced mtDNA replication decrease is mediated by a yet to be described mechanism.Mitochondrial function requires the coordination of all processes that take place at this organelle. I studied if a reduction in mtDNA replication could have an effect on mitochondrial membrane potential, movement and morphology. Experiments with rotenone treatments that reduce mtDNA replication have demonstrated that mtDNA replication decrease does not correlate with overall mitochondrial dysfunction at the time points used in this study.In summary, this dissertation provides a first attempt to study the dynamics of mtDNA upon neurotoxin exposure. I conclude that rotenone decreases mtDNA replication in the absence of overt toxicity. This effect could play an important role in its long term effects as neurons could accumulate mitochondria with decreased mtDNA content.
Religion at Work in a Neolithic Society: Vital Matters

1. The vitalities of Catalhoyuk Ian Hodder Part I. Vital Religion: The Evolutionary Context of Religion at Catalhoyuk: 2. Different strokes for different folks: Near Eastern Neolithic mortuary practices in perspective Nigel Goring-Morris and Anna Belfer-Cohen 3. Excavating theogonies: anthropomorphic promiscuity and sociographic prudery in the Neolithic and now LeRon Shults 4. Religion as anthropomorphism at Catalhoyuk Stewart Guthrie 5. The historical self: memory and religion at Catalhoyuk J. Wentzel van Huyssteen 6. Modes of religiosity and the evolution of social complexity at Catalhoyuk Harvey Whitehouse, Camilla Mazzucato, Ian Hodder and Quentin D. Atkinson Part II. Vital Materials at Catalhoyuk: 7. Relational networks and religious sodalities at Catalhoyuk Barbara Mills 8. Using 'magic' to think from the material: tracing distributed agency, revelation, and concealment at Catalhoyuk Carolyn Nakamura and Peter Pels 9. 'Motherbaby': a death in childbirth at Catalhoyuk Kimberley Patton and Lori Hager 10. The hau of the house Mary Weismantel 11. Material register, surface, and form at Catalhoyuk Victor Buchli 12. The use of spatial order in Catalhoyuk material culture Anke Kamerman Part III. Vital Data: 13. Theories and their data: interdisciplinary interactions at Catalhoyuk Ian Hodder.
Thermoregulation in mule deer and elk

Thermoregulatory responses of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) were analyzed for air temperatures outdoors between 2 and 34 °C in summer and −38 and +24 °C in winter. Body temperatures differed between species, seasons, and ages. Surface skin temperatures varied with air temperature, incident radiation, and seasonal pelage. Respiratory rate and water loss increased exponentially while exhaled air temperatures varied sigmoidally as air temperature increased. Expired air volume increased logarithmically with increasing respiratory rate. Cutaneous evaporation (grams per square metre per hour) in summer was significantly greater in elk than in mule deer, which used panting as the primary means of heat dissipation in hot environments. Nonevaporative respiratory heat loss varied parabolically as a function of air temperature in both species. Thermally critical environments for mule deer occurred at operative temperatures of less than −20 °C and greater than 5 °C in winte.
Changes in total leaf nitrogen and partitioning of leaf nitrogen drive photosynthetic acclimation to light in fully developed walnut leaves

Comprehensive studies on the processes involved in photosynthetic acclimation after a sudden change in light regime are scarce, particularly for trees. We tested (i) the ability of photosynthetic acclimation in the foliage of walnut trees growing outdoors after low-to-high and high-to-low light transfers made early or late in the vegetation cycle, and (ii) the relative importance of changes in total leaf nitrogen versus changes in the partitioning of leaf nitrogen between the different photosynthetic functions during a 2 month period after transfer. Changes in maximum carboxylation rate, light-saturated electron transport rate, respiration rate, total leaf nitrogen, ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and total chlorophylls were surveyed before and after the change in light regime. Respiration rate acclimated fully within 1 week of transfer, and full acclimation was observed 1 month after transfer for the amount of Rubisco. In contrast, total nitrogen and photosynthetic capacity acclimated only partially during the 2 mouth period. Changes in photosynthetic capacity i were driven by changes in both total leaf nitrogen and leaf nitrogen partitioning. The extent of acclimation also depended strongly on leaf age at the time of the change in light regime.
Arrhythmia ECG Beats Classification Using Wavelet-Based Features and Support Vector Machine Classifier

Abnormal behavior of heart muscles generates irregular heartbeats which are collectively known as arrhythmia. Classification of arrhythmia beats plays a prominent role in electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis. It is widely used in online and long-term patient monitoring systems. This chapter reports a classification technique to recognize normal (N) and five arrhythmia beats (i.e., left bundle branch block [LBBB], right bundle branch block [RBBB], premature ventricular contraction [V], paced [P], and atrial premature contraction [A]). The technique utilizes features of heartbeats extracted by the wavelet multi-resolution analysis. The feature vectors are used to train and test the classifier based on the support vector machine which has been emerged as a benchmark in machine learning classifier. It accomplishes the beat classification very efficiently. ECG records of the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database are utilized to acquire the different types of heartbeats. Performance of the proposed classifier outperforms the contemporary arrhythmia beats classification techniques.
Pediatric Brain Tumor Grading Based on CD56 Quantification

Hyperactivity accompanied with inattention (features of attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder) are less common because of Kluver–Bucy syndrome. [4] Our patient had the aforementioned features, which were inadequately controlled with atomoxetine. However, add on methylphenidate reduced the impulsive behavior as well as hyperactivity. Evidences suggest that involvement of ventromedian nucleus of thalamus and amygdala might result in generation of rage. [5] The rage episodes in our patient can be explained on the basis of diffuse involvement of bilateral thalamus and medial temporal lobe. Addition of antipsychotic drug (olanzapine) was useful in reducing the rage behavior.
The causes of change in the diversity and stability of phytoplankton communities in small lakes

SUMMARY. 1. A study of the diversity and stability of phytoplankton communities during one vegetation period (February-October 1984) was carried out in four small lakes in the Pfynwald region of Canton Valais, Switzerland: Kaminsee I, Kaminsee II, Grossee and Rosensee. The diversity was calculated according to Shannon & Weaver (1949). The change in diversity ΔH; and SIMI (similarity index according to Stander. 1970) were used as measures of stability. 2. On average, the diversity was highest in the oligotrophic Rosensee (annual mean 3.19) and least in the hypereutrophic Kaminsee I (annual mean 1.34). In Kaminsee I and Grossee, the diversity corresponded in the main to the relative frequency of Cryptomonas erosa Ehrenberg: i.e. the diversity was low when the relative frequency of C. erosa was high and vice versa (Kaminsee I: max. diversity 2.74; min. 0.13. Grossee: max. 3.62; min. 0.28; annual mean 2.21). Kaminsee II and Rosensee exhibited only slight variations in their phytoplankton community structure (Kaminsee II: max. diversity 2.83; min. 1.26; annual mean 2.10. Rosensee: max. 3.79; min. 2.81). High values of diversity, or increases in diversity, were a result of low nutrient availability and grazing pressure. Lower diversity values. or decreases in diversity, were a result of a plentiful nutrient supply, low grazing pressure and grazer selectivity with respect to food organisms. 3. Because values of the diversity index vary by different amounts during the course of a year depending on the water body, the characterization of a phytoplankton community on the basis of one value alone is unsatisfactory. It is suggested that the mean and either standard deviation or range of the diversity be cited in order to overcome this drawback at least partially. 4. No generally accepted measure exists for the calculation of stability. According to the measure of stability employed, a community may appear to be more or less stable. A statement concerning the stability of a community without mentioning the measure employed is therefore worthless. The factors determining the stability of a phytoplankton community do not have the same effect on all measures of stability. 5. The change in diversity ΔH’was influenced in the main by alterations
CEO connectedness and expropriation: A pitch

This pitch letter shares my personal experience of applying the pitch template to my research topic as well as my personal reflection on this pitching exercise. The pitch template is a systematic approach which helps me understand the paper, structure the research design and organize the introduction of my paper. I truly encourage every academic researcher to apply this tool to their research.
An extension to l-calculus for Distributed Functional Actor Programming

In this paper, we present the l AD -calculus witch is an elementary functional distributed actor language with a new approach of message communication between actors in a distributed environment. This strategy is based on a static analysis which allows determining the parts of a message that must be transmitted. The actors we consider have a functional script and manipulate the terms of the l AD -calculus. The expressions of this language correspond to those of the l-calculus extent by some actor primitives.
Creating patches of native flowers facilitates crop pollination in large agricultural fields: mango as a case study

Summary 1. As cropland increases, fields become progressively isolated from pollinators, leading to declines in pollinator-dependent crop productivity. With the rise in demand for pollinatordependent foods, such productivity losses may accelerate conversion of natural areas to cropland. Pollination–compensation measures involving managed pollinators or hand pollination are not always optimal or are too costly. Introducing areas of native vegetation within cropland has been proposed as a way to supplement crop pollinators, but this measure is perceived by farmers to carry costs outweighing benefits to agricultural production. Studies quantifying benefits of small patches of native flowers to crop pollination are therefore necessary to encourage such practices. 2. To ascertain whether provision of floral resources within farmlands can facilitate pollination, and hence, crop yields, small experimental patches of perennial native plants (native flower compensation areas, NFCAs) were created in nonproductive areas of large commercial fields of several cultivars of mango Mangifera indica. 3. Pesticide use and isolation from natural habitat were associated with declines in flying visitors and in mango production (kg of marketable fresh fruit), but presence of NFCAs ameliorated these declines, and NFCAs did not harbour any mango pests. In areas far from natural vegetation, orchards near NFCAs had significantly higher diversity and abundance of mango flying visitors, as well as mango production, than orchards far from NFCAs, although these measures were still lower than in orchards close to natural areas. 4. Neither the most abundant flower visitors to mango (ants) nor initial fruit set was significantly affected by distance, pesticides or NFCAs, suggesting that although fertilization is associated with factors unaffected by isolation from natural habitat and pesticide use (i.e. selfand ant-pollination), viable fruit set (and ultimately, production) requires cross-pollination, for which flying visitors are essential. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results show that the presence of small patches of native flowers within large farms can increase pollinator-dependent crop production if combined with preservation of remaining fragments of natural habitat and judicious use of pesticides. Native flower compensation areas represent a profitable management measure for farmers, increasing cost-effectiveness of cropland while indirectly contributing to preservation of natural habitat.
Journey to a Metal World: Concept for a Discovery Mission to Psyche

Visiting an iron core: We propose to visit the exposed iron core of a protoplanet by sending a mission [1] to (16) Psyche, by far the largest exposed iron metal body in the asteroid belt. At Psyche we will explore, for the first time ever, a world made not of rock or ice, but of iron (Fig. 1). This mission would be a journey back in time to one of the earliest periods of planetary accretion, when the first bodies were not only differentiating, but were being pulverized, shredded, and accreted by collisions. It is also an exploration, by proxy, of the interiors of terrestrial planets and satellites today: we cannot visit a metallic core any other way. For all of these reasons, coupled with the relative accessibility to low-cost rendezvous and orbit, Psyche is a superb target for a Discovery-class mission that would characterize its geology, shape, elemental composition, magnetic field, and mass distribution.
Teaching Critical Thinking? New Directions in Science Education.

Critique and questioning are central to the practice of science; without argument and evaluation, the construction of reliable knowledge would be impossible. The challenge is to incorporate an understanding of the role of critique and, more importantly, the ability to engage in critique, within the teaching of science. The emphasis in both the US "next generation" science standards and the forthcoming 2015 PISA tests is on using scientific knowledge with the higher order cognitive processes of evaluation, critique and synthesis.
L’islamophobie et les théories critiques du racisme

Premièrement, nous donnerons un court aperçu des développements contemporains au sein du champ universitaire émergent que sont les études sur l’Islamophobie (Islamophobia studies). Deuxièmement, nous discuterons des usages du terme « d’islamophobie » dans certaines des contributions les plus importantes de ce champ de recherche. Nous examinerons ainsi les problèmes produits par l’absence systématique de confrontation avec les théories critiques du racisme. Dans une troisième partie, nous traduirons les conséquences théoriques du défi que représente « l’islamophobie » dans un cadre conceptuel alternatif plus à même de rendre compte du racisme antimusulmans. Nous examinerons la manière dont celui-ci renvoie à un ensemble de principes fondamentaux d’une critique radicale et marxiste du racisme. Nous conclurons enfin par quelques suggestions sur la manière dont ces considérations théoriques peuvent être aujourd’hui mobilisées dans des stratégies antiracistes.
An evidence-based approach to introductory chemistry

Drawing on research into students' understanding, this article argues that the customary approach to introductory chemistry has created difficulties for students. Instead of being based on the notion of "solids, liquids and gases", introductory chemistry should be structured to develop the concept of a substance. The concept of a substance is defined and how the absence of this concept causes difficulties is explained. Important developments in the new National Curriculum in England are highlighted and taken further to show a curriculum structured around the concept of a substance
Aeromonas media, a New Species Isolated from River Water

During a survey for the presence of Aeromonas salmonicida, 45 Aeromonas isolates which could not be classified in the existing named species of the genus were recovered from water obtained from the River Avon in Hampshire, England. On the basis of a numerical taxonomy study, these isolates were clustered in three homogeneous phena. Phenon 1 was identified as a new species of Aeromonas, for which we propose the name Aeromonas media; strain RM (= ATCC 33907) is the type strain of this species.
Detecting Network Anomalies In ISP Network Using DNS And NetFlow

The Internet has become the biggest medium for people to communicate with otherpeople all around the world. However, the Internet is also home to hackers with maliciouspurposes. This poses a problem for Internet Service Providers (ISP) and its user, since it ispossible that their network is compromised and damages may be done. There are many types ofmalware that currently exist on the Internet. One of the growing type of malware is botnet.Botnet can infect a system and make it a zombie machine capable of doing distributed attacksunder the command of the botmaster. In order to make detection of botnet more difficult,botmasters often deploy fast flux. Fast flux will shuffle IP address of the domain of themalicious server, making tracking and detection much more difficult. However, there are stillnumerous ways to detect fast flux, one of them is by analysing DNS data. Domain Name System(DNS) is a crucial part of the Internet. DNS works by translating IP address to its associateddomain name. DNS are often being exploited by hackers to do its malicious activities. One ofthem is to deploy fast flux.Because the characteristics of fast flux is significantly different thannormal Internet traffic characteristics, it is possible to detect fast flux from normal Internettraffic from its DNS information. However, while detecting fast flux services, one must becautious since there are a few Internet services which have almost similar characteristics as fastflux service. This research manages to detect the existence of fast flux services in an ISPnetwork. The result is that fast flux mostly still has the same characteristics as found on previousresearches. However, current fast flux trend is to use cloud hosting services. The reason behindthis is that cloud hosting services tend to have better performance than typical zombie machine.Aside from this, it seems like there has been no specific measures taken by the hosting service toprevent this, making cloud hosting service the perfect medum for hosting botnet and fast fluxservices.
A Proposal and Survey for Energy Efficient FiWi Network via Rate Adaptation

: Energy consumption due to Internet access is increasing drastically in recent decade. As the numbers of users are increasing day by day, focus on reduction in energy consumption of various networks is an essential part of network challenges. Most of the energy saving mechanisms can reduce the energy consumption of the networks only during its idle state, i
DNA microarray analysis of expression of growth phase-responsive genes in antibiotic-producing Streptomyces sp. KH29

Screening of new compounds and elucidation of biosynthetic pathways for secondary metabolites are very important fields of biology; however, most of the currently identified compounds have already been well-researched. Here, we set out to identify genes related to secondary metabolite production, specifically antibiotic production, by Streptomyces sp. KH29, using known DNA chip data for S. coelicolor. Our results indicate that the relationship between the growth-phase–dependent production of antibiotic against multi-drug resistant A. baumannii and the expression profiles of antibiotic biosynthetic gene expression profiles could lead to a rational strategy for improvement of actinomycetes genetic strains. Furthermore, genome-wide screening using cDNA microarrays containing sequences from the S. coelicolor genome, together with industrial strains that over-produce antibiotics and are related to the Streptomycetes, and may be an efficient approach for the discovery of regulatory genes affected by unidentified mutations in the industrial strains. Key words: Streptomyces sp. KH29, biosynthetic genes, DNA microarray
The effect of growing resistant potatoes on a potato‐root eelworm population—a microplot experiment

SUMMARY The effect of growing resistant potatoes bred from Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena and of non-host crops on a potato-root eelworm, Heterodera rostochiensis, population was studied for 4 years in microplots of a sandy loam. The reduction in the egg population from growing resistant potatoes was about 80% per year, a higher value than had been obtained previously for a black fen soil but agreeing with Dutch and German results. After 4 years of resistant potatoes the egg population was only about 1% of the initial value, and no increase in the frequency of ‘resistance-breaking’ (biotype B) eelworms was detectable. Reductions in the egg populations from growing non-host crops were about 60% in the first year but very much smaller in the second to fourth years. After 4 years of non-host crops the egg population was still about 25% of the initial value.