Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interconnect thermal modeling for accurate simulation of circuittiming and reliability

We apply three-dimensional finite element analysis to study the thermal coupling between nearby interconnects. We find that the temperature rise in current-carrying lines is significantly influenced by a dense array of lines in a nearby metal level. In contrast, thermal coupling between just two neighboring parallel lines is insignificant for most geometries. Design rules for average root-mean-square current density are provided for specific geometries given the requirement that the interconnect temperature be no more than 5/spl deg/C above the substrate temperature. Semi-empirical formulae for coupling effects are presented based on the numerical results. A procedure is proposed to implement the formulae in computer-aided design tools.
Analytical tools for studying phosphorus and nitrogen lake nutrient dynamics and their application to the field

In order to evaluate the causes and conditions that lead to cyanobacteria blooms in northern temperate lakes, studies of nutrients such as total phosphorus, total nitrogen, phosphate, and nitrate are necessary. Sensitive, environmentally friendly and cost­ effective techniques were developed to detect ppb-level nitrates and phosphates in the lake water. Phosphate was analyzed by luminol chemiluminescence, while the quantification of nitrate was perfonned by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using indirect UV detection, with a background electrolyte consisting of pyromellitic acid, hexamethonium hydroxide and triethanolamine. Sample injection methods for the CE were optimized for the analysis in Belgrade Lakes, Maine. Vertical profiles of four different lakes in this watershed were taken in winter period, including the data for nitrate, phosphate, dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature. While temperature profiles were characteristic of ice-cover season, and phosphate was uniformly distributed between different depths, nitrate and DO showed a high degree of vertical stratification. Elevated levels of nitrate, in comparison to other lakes, were noted in East Pond and, to a lesser extent, in North Pond. A link may exist between this discovery and the fact that East Pond suffers from the most severe summer algal blooms.
Effects of low dietary protein and different allocations of food during rearing and restricted feeding after peak rate of lay on egg production, fertility and hatchability in female broiler breeders

1. A 3 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted with boiler breeder females to determine the effects of body weight gain (three levels) and conventional or lower crude protein concentrations in the rations during rearing, and restricted or ad libitum feeding after the peak rate of lay on egg production, fertility, hatchability, mortality and food consumption. 2. Compared with ad libitum feeding, conventional food restriction resulted in a decrease in average daily food consumption of 0.6 during rearing, 0.2 during early lay and an increase of 0.4 after the peak rate of egg production. Mortality was decreased by more than half. 3. Restricted birds had higher total and settable egg production, fewer defective or damaged eggshells and higher fertility and hatchability than those fed ad libitum . The modified (more generous) rearing programme resulted in lower rates of egg production and higher rates of mortality compared with the conventional food restriction programme. 4. Low-protein rearing rations were associated with higher rates of food intake, higher mortalities and lower rates of egg production than the conventional protein rations. There were no differences in the fertility or hatchability of eggs between birds fed on the two concentrations of dietary crude protein. 5. Ad libitum feeding post-peak was associated with higher rates of mortality to 60 weeks of age. Postpeak feeding had little effect on the rate of lay or egg weight in conventionally restricted birds fed high protein rations or in birds fed ad libitum . Restricted feeding post-peak decreased the rate of lay and egg weight in birds on the modified restriction programme and in conventionally restricted birds fed on the low protein rations. There was no effect of post-peak feeding on fertility or hatchability of eggs. 6. The total numbers of saleable chicks per kg food consumed were 1.83, 1.72 and 0.52 for conventional, modified and ad libitum feeding during rearing; 1.56 and 1.15 for restricted and ad libitum feeding post-peak: there were no differences associated with protein concentrations of rations fed during rearing.
Slewing investigation and improved design rules for SC circuits employing two-stage amplifiers with current-buffer Miller compensation

The Slewing behavior of two-stage operational amplifiers (op-amps) with current-buffer Miller compensation (CBMC) is examined. It is shown that the current buffer used in the compensation network significantly affects the Slewing characteristics of the amplifier in typical switched-capacitor (SC) applications. On the basis of the amplifier behavior investigation, improved early-design rules are suggested to overcome the limitation of the conventional approach that neglects the current buffer impact on the Slewing circuit performance. To demonstrate the validity of the proposed rules, a design example of a CBMC op-amp in a commercial 0.35 mum CMOS technology is also presented.
A pilot study of a culturally targeted video intervention to increase participation of African American patients in cancer clinical trials.

PURPOSE Barriers to clinical trial participation among African American cancer patients are well characterized in the literature. Attitudinal barriers encompassing fear, distrust, and concerns about ethical misconduct are also well documented. To increase trial accrual, these attitudes must be adequately addressed, yet there remains a lack of targeted interventions toward this end. We developed a 15-minute culturally targeted video designed to impact six specific attitudes of African American cancer patients toward therapeutic trials. We conducted a pilot study to test in the first such intervention to increase intention to enroll. PATIENTS AND METHODS The primary study outcome was self-reported likelihood to participate in a therapeutic trial. Using a mixed methods approach, we developed the Attitudes and Intention to Enroll in Therapeutic Clinical Trials (AIET) instrument, a 30-item questionnaire measuring six attitudinal barriers to African American trial participation. We enrolled 108 eligible active treatment patients at a large urban cancer institute. McNemar's test for matched pairs was used to assess changes in attitudes and likelihood to enroll in a clinical trial at baseline and immediately after the video. Pre- and post-video AIET summative scores were analyzed by paired t-test for each attitudinal barrier. RESULTS Patients' likelihood of enrolling in a clinical trial significantly increased post-video with 36% of the sample showing positive changes in intention [McNemar's χ(2) = 33.39, p < . 001]. Paired t-tests showed significant changes in all six attitudinal barriers measured via AIET summative scores from pre- to post-video. CONCLUSION These data suggest utility of our video for increasing African American participation in clinical trials.
Moduli Spaces of Special Lagrangian Submanifolds with Singularities

We try to give a formulation of Strominger-Yau-Zaslow conjecture on mirror symmetry by studying the singularities of special Lagrangian submanifolds of 3-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds. In this paper we’ll give the description of the boundary of the moduli space of special Lagrangian manifolds. We do this by introducing special Lagrangian cones in the more general Kahler manifolds. Then we can focus on the almost Calabi-Yau manifolds. We consider the behaviour of the Lagrangian manifolds near the conical singular points to classify them according to the way they are approximated from the asymptotic cone. Then we analyze their deformations in Calabi-Yau manifolds.
A Replication and Extension of Tanenhaus, Carlson & Seidenberg (1985)

Tanenhaus, Carlson, & Seidenberg (1985) found striking evidence that deep and surface anaphors, as described in Hankamer & Sag (1976) and Sag & Hankamer (1984), access different levels of representation during resolution. We argue that a full interpretation of their results is not possible without control conditions. Specifically, it is not clear whether surface anaphors affect the linguistic representation by keeping it active or whether deep anaphors affect the linguistic representation through suppression. We ran two experiments intended to replicate their main finding and also to shed light on the activation/suppression issue. We failed to replicate their result in Experiment 1. Our second experiment controlled for possible confounds, and replicated their result. Moreover, the results supported the hypothesis that suppression is involved with deep anaphors. Further research is required, however, to determine whether surface anaphors affect the level of activation of the linguistic representation or not.
Effects of Platelet Activating Factor on Contractions and Ca Influx Induced by Noradrenaline and Potassium in Rat Rubbed and Intact Aorta. Comparison with Its Hypotensive Effect in Anaesthetized Normotensive Rats

Abstract— In order to clarify the mechanism of hypotensive activity of platelet activating factor (PAF), the effects of this drug on blood pressure in anaesthetized normotensive rats, on KCl‐ and noradrenaline‐induced 45Ca uptake and contractile responses in rat aorta rings with and without endothelium were studied. PAF (3 μg kg−1, i.v.) showed long‐lasting hypotensive effects in anaesthetized normotensive rats accompanied by a significant increase in heart rate. PAF (0·1–10 μm) did not relax the contractions induced by noradrenaline (10 μm) or K+ (60 Mm) in rubbed or intact rat aorta. PAF did not affect the basal uptake of 45Ca2+ nor that induced by the two vasoconstrictor agents. In experiments in a calcium free medium, PAF (10 μm) had no effect on the noradrenaline‐ (10 μm) induced contractions. These results suggest that the hypotensive activity of PAF in normotensive anaesthetized rats is not due to a direct effect on rubbed and intact rat aorta rings (acting within the cell or blocking Ca2+ influx through l‐type transmembrane calcium channels).
Air-Snow Interactions and Atmospheric Chemistry

The presence of snow greatly perturbs the composition of near-surface polar air, and the higher concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (OH) observed result in a greater oxidative capacity of the lower atmosphere. Emissions of nitrogen oxides, nitrous acid, light aldehydes, acetone, and molecular halogens have also been detected. Photolysis of nitrate ions contained in the snow appears to play an important role in creating these perturbations. OH formed in the snowpack can oxidize organic matter and halide ions in the snow, producing carbonyl compounds and halogens that are released to the atmosphere or incorporated into snow crystals. These reactions modify the composition of the snow, of the interstitial air, and of the overlying atmosphere. Reconstructing the composition of past atmospheres from ice-core analyses may therefore require complex corrections and modeling for reactive species.
Search strategies on a new health information retrieval system

– The goals of this study are: to evaluate the merits of a newly developed health information retrieval system; to investigate users' search strategies when using the new search system; and to study the relationships between users' search strategies and their prior topic knowledge. , – The paper developed a new health information retrieval system called MeshMed. A term browser and a tree browser are included in the new system in addition to the traditional search box. The term browser allows a user to search Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms using natural language. The tree browser presents a hierarchical tree structure of related MeSH terms. A user study with 30 participants was conducted to evaluate the benefits of MeshMed. , – The paper found that MeshMed provides a user with more choices to select an appropriate searching component and form more effective search strategies. Based on the time a participant spent using different MeshMed components, the paper identified three different search styles: the traditional style, the novel style, and the balanced style, which falls in between. MeshMed was particularly helpful for users with low topic knowledge. , – A new health information retrieval system (MeshMed) was designed and developed (and is currently available at http://129.89.43.129/meshmed). This is the first study to explore users' search strategies on such a system. The study results can inform the design of future clinical‐oriented health information retrieval systems.
Teaching Home Care Electronic Documentation Skills to Undergraduate Nursing Students

ABSTRACT Although there is general consensus that nursing students need knowledge and significant skill to document clinical findings electronically, nursing faculty face many barriers in ensuring that undergraduate students can practice on electronic health record systems (EHRS). External funding supported the development of an educational innovation through a partnership between a home care agency staff and nursing faculty. Modules were developed to teach EHRS skills using a case study of a homebound person requiring wound care and the Medicare‐required OASIS documentation system. This article describes the development and implementation of the module for an upper‐level baccalaureate nursing program located in New York City. Nursing faculty are being challenged to develop creative and economical solutions to expose nursing students to EHRSs in nonclinical settings.
Hyperpolarized 3He magnetic resonance pulmonary imaging: Image processing tools for clinical research

Hyperpolarized 3He magnetic resonance imaging has emerged as an in vivo imaging pulmonary research tool. It is unique among imaging methods in that it provides simultaneous lung structural and functional information at high resolution without the use of ionizing radiation, and thus is ideally suited for intensive serial longitudinal studies and for examining treatment effects. Despite the great promise of the method, currently, non-quantitative image analysis tools continue to be utilized for the analysis of functional images obtained from 3He MRI. In order for the translation of 3He MRI to clinical research, quantitative and precise image analysis tools are required. Thus, image processing tools for rigid and non-rigid registration, signal normalization and image subtraction are under development and being validated for the sensitive and specific measurement of airway and airspace changes in 3He MR image datasets.
The hypothalamus and the regulation of energy homeostasis: lifting the lid on a black box

The hypothalamus is the focus of many peripheral signals and neural pathways that control energy homeostasis and body weight. Emphasis has moved away from anatomical concepts of ‘feeding’ and ‘satiety’ centres to the specific neurotransmitters that modulate feeding behaviour and energy expenditure. We have chosen three examples to illustrate the physiological roles of hypothalamic neurotransmitters and their potential as targets for the development of new drugs to treat obesity and other nutritional disorders. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is expressed by neurones of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) that project to important appetite-regulating nuclei, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). NPY injected into the PVN is the most potent central appetite stimulant known, and also inhibits thermogenesis; repeated administration rapidly induces obesity. The ARC NPY neurones are stimulated by starvation, probably mediated by falls in circulating leptin and insulin (which both inhibit these neurones), and contribute to the increased hunger in this and other conditions of energy deficit. They therefore act homeostatically to correct negative energy balance. ARC NPY neurones also mediate hyperphagia and obesity in the ob/ob and db/db mice and fa/fa rat, in which leptin inhibition is lost through mutations affecting leptin or its receptor. Antagonists of the Y5 receptor (currently thought to be the NPY ‘feeding’ receptor) have anti-obesity effects. Melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4-R) are expressed in various hypothalamic regions, including the ventromedial nucleus and ARC. Activation of MC4-R by agonists such as α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a cleavage product of pro-opiomelanocortin which is expressed in ARC neurones) inhibits feeding and causes weight loss. Conversely, MC4-R antagonists such as ‘agouti’ protein and agouti gene-related peptide (AGRP) stimulate feeding and cause obesity. Ectopic expression of agouti in the hypothalamus leads to obesity in the AVY mouse, while AGRP is co-expressed by NPY neurones in the ARC. Synthetic MC4-R agonists may ultimately find use as anti-obesity drugs in human subjects Orexins-A and -B, derived from prepro-orexin, are expressed in specific neurones of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Orexin-A injected centrally stimulates eating and prepro-orexin mRNA is up regulated by fasting and hypoglycaemia. The LHA is important in receiving sensory signals from the gut and liver, and in sensing glucose, and orexin neurones may be involved in stimulating feeding in response to falls in plasma glucose.
Input Proofs and Rank One Cutting Planes

Input resolution and “unit support” resolution (a generalization of unit resolution) are complete inference methods for Horn clauses in propositional logic. We show that they have a close analog in cutting plane theory. Namely, a logical clause can be deduced using input or unit support resolution if and only if it belongs to the elementary closure of the premises and is therefore a rank one cut in Chvatal's sense. This connection leads to a cutting plane algorithm for solving non-Horn inference problems. INFORMS Journal on Computing, ISSN 1091-9856, was published as ORSA Journal on Computing from 1989 to 1995 under ISSN 0899-1499.
The cuff of the new single use intubating laryngeal mask endotracheal tube has low-pressure characteristics.

remained greater than 98% and the capnographic pattern appeared normal. Soon after the PEG was believed to be in place, the infant ceased breathing and mask ventilation became impossible. Tracheostomy was immediately attempted but a tracheostomy tube could not pass a certain point. Oxygen saturation decreased and bradycardia followed by cardiac arrest occurred. The infant was pronounced dead after 30 min of resuscitation without response. A roentgenogram taken on the operating table revealed the anchoring button of the PEG stuck in the larynx (Fig. 1). The airway abnormalities accompanying Pierre Robin sequence almost always lead to difficult or impossible intubation (1). Airway obstruction is worst during infancy and diminishes as the infant grows and the mandible develops (2). Several solutions have been suggested for airway management when anesthetizing infants with Pierre Robin sequence, such as laryngeal mask airway (3) or fiberoptic intubation (4). The combination of possible difficult airway with instrumentation that involves the upper airway, such as the endoscope in our case, presents a particular risk for the infant. Our case emphasizes the importance of understanding the complexity of Pierre Robin sequence. The failure to thrive that accompanies this sequence necessitates a feeding solution for such infant; nevertheless, the risk of performing a PEG in an anticipated difficult intubation under spontaneous ventilation without a secured airway is very great.
Activation of T7 RNA polymerase in Xenopus oocytes and cell‐free extracts

Single‐subunit bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP) is universally employed for in vivo and in vitro transcription of genes put under control of the T7 promoter. The enzyme is capable of transcribing a complete gene without additional proteins. In this study, we reveal the presence of a low molecular weight factor, which induces several‐fold activation of T7 RNAP in the cytoplasm of oocytes and eggs from Xenopus laevis. Cell‐free reconstitution of the T7 RNAP activation allowed us to investigate the molecular properties of the activator, establish its peptide nature and suggest T7 RNAP activation mechanism. In contrast to the previously described nonspecific transcriptional activators, which interact with scattered ionic sites on nucleic acids, the peptide activator associates with T7 RNAP molecule, thus being a bona fide activator of the polymerase. To our knowledge, this is the first report concerning the specific activation of T7 RNAP by a factor of peptide or protein origin. Besides rather obvious merits in gaining more efficient transcription with T7 RNAP, this finding can provide additional insights into regulatory mechanisms of transcription. The study also introduces a novel highly sensitive luminescent assay of T7 RNAP activity.
Analysis of molecular breakpoint and m‐RNA transcripts in a prospective randomized trial of interferon in chronic myeloid leukaemia: no correlation with clinical features, cytogenetic response, duration of chronic phase, or survival

Two hundred and nineteen cases of Ph+ve CML and 15 Ph‐ve, BCR+ve CML cases have been analysed to determine the breakpoint site and its relationship to clinical features, cytogenetic response, duration of chronic phase and survival. 119 cases have had RNA analysis performed to determine the type of BCR/ABL transcript and have also been analysed in a similar way. Presenting features at diagnosis including age, sex, white‐cell count and platelet count showed no significant difference for those with 5’and 3’breakpoints and those with either b2a2 or b3a2 BCR/ABL transcripts. However, in a subgroup of patients whose presenting white‐cell count was <100×p109/1, those with b3a2 transcript did have a significantly higher platelet count.
Heat generated during seating of dental implant fixtures.

Frictional heat can be generated during seating of dental implants into a drill-prepared osteotomy. This in vitro study tested the heat generated by implant seating in dense bovine mandible ramus. A thermocouple was placed approximately 0.5 mm from the rim of the osteotomy during seating of each dental implant. Four diameters of implants were tested. The average temperature increases were 0.075°C for the 5.7-mm-diameter implant, 0.97°C for the 4.7-mm-diameter implant, 1.4°C for the 3.7-mm-diameter implant, and 8.6°C for the 2.5-mm-diameter implant. The results showed that heat was indeed generated and a small temperature rise occurred, apparently by the friction of the implant surface against the fresh-cut bone surface. Bone is a poor thermal conductor. The titanium of the implant and the steel of the handpiece are much better heat conductors. Titanium may be 70 times more heat conductive than bone. The larger diameter and displacement implant may act as a heat sink to draw away any heat produced from the friction of seating the implant at the bone-implant interface. The peak temperature duration was momentary, and not measured, but this was approximately less than 1 second. Except for the 2.5-mm-diameter implants, the temperature rises and durations were found to be below those previously deemed to be detrimental, so no clinically significant osseous damage would be expected during dental implant fixture seating of standard and large-diameter-sized implants. A 2.5-mm implant may generate detrimental heat during seating in nonvital bone, but this may be clinically insignificant in vital bone. The surface area and thermal conductivity are important factors in removing generated heat transfer at the bone-implant interface. The F value as determined by analysis of variance was 69.22, and the P value was less than . 0001, demonstrating significant differences between the groups considered as a whole.