Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Abordagem clínica dos distúrbios do equilíbrio ácido-base

Este texto apresenta uma abordagem clinica dos disturbios do equilibrio acido-base. A interpretacaoapropriada do estado acido-base requer o conhecimento do quadro clinico integrado aos resultadoslaboratoriais. O valor do pH determina o disturbio primario: acidose metabolica ou respiratoria, se o pHfor menor que 7,40; alcalose metabolica ou respiratoria, se o pH for maior que 7,40. Se o ânion gap formaior que 20 mEq/L, ha acidose metabolica, independente dos valores do pH ou da concentracaoplasmatica de bicarbonato. A ausencia da resposta compensatoria esperada a determinado disturbioprimario indica a presenca de um disturbio misto.
Postponing the Concept of Class When Introducing OOP

The literature on programming education describes different problems found in courses that introduce the basic concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). Some of these problems arise from the large amounts of abstract concepts that are needed even for the simplest programs. Other difficulties are related with the concepts of class and instantiation, and the duality between classes and objects. Educators and researchers have proposed several alternatives to define a gradual path for the introduction of OOP. A group of educators from several universities in the Buenos Aires area crafted a learning path for a first course about OOP in which the concepts of class and instantiation are introduced several weeks after the beginning of the course. Gradualism is achieved in this proposal by starting with a minimal metamodel based on self-defined objects, which is progressively enlarged. Following this learning path, by the time students are introduced to classes and instantiation, they already have a good acquaintance with object definition and interaction, and are also able to quickly understand the convenience of the new concepts. The same group conceived and developed a didactically-oriented programming language along with an IDE; and produced several exercises that can be solved using the initial metamodels. In this article, we discuss which concepts and language elements can be introduced before classes and instantiation, the need for a programming language that supports the proposed learning path, and the results of its application in several universities.
An International Pilot Study of K-12 Teachers' Computer Science Self-Esteem

Computer Science (CS) is a new subject area for many K-12 teachers around the world, requiring new disciplinary knowledge and skills. Teacher social-behavioral factors (e.g. self-esteem) have been found to impact learning and teaching, and a key part of CS curriculum implementation will need to ensure teachers feel confident to deliver CS. However, studies about CS teacher self-esteem are lacking. This paper presents an analysis of publicly available data (n=219) from a pilot study using a Teacher CS Self-Esteem scale. Analysis revealed significant differences, including 1) females reported significantly lower CS self-esteem than males, 2) primary teachers reported lower levels of CS self-esteem than secondary teachers, 3) those with no CS teaching experience reported significantly lower CS self-esteem, 4) teachers with 0-3 years experience had a negative CS self-esteem, but after four years, teachers had a positive CS self-esteem, and 5) teachers who lived further from metropolitan areas and in some countries reported lower CS self-esteem. These initial findings suggest a pressing need for future research to look further into teacher CS self-esteem to inform teacher CS professional development.
Listeriolysin O Pore-Forming Activity Is Required for ERK1/2 Phosphorylation During Listeria monocytogenes Infection

Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin that mediates escape of L. monocytogenes from phagosomes and enables the bacteria to grow within the host. LLO is a versatile tool allowing Listeria to trigger several cellular responses. In this study, rapid phosphorylation of ERK1/2 on Caco-2 cells caused by Listeria infection was demonstrated to be highly dependent on LLO activity. The effect could be strongly induced by adding purified recombinant LLO alone and could be inhibited by exogenous cholesterol. Lack of the PEST sequence, known to tightly control cytotoxicity of LLO, did not affect ERK1/2 activation. However, the recombinant non-cytolytic LLOT515AL516A, with mutations in the cholesterol-binding motif, was unable to trigger this response. Recombinant LLON478AV479A, which lacks most of the cytolytic activity, also failed to activate ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and this effect could be rescued when the protein concentration reached a cytolytic level. Infection with an LLO-deficient mutant (Δhly) or the mutant complementing LLOT515AL516A abrogated the capacity of the bacteria to activate ERK1/2. However, infection with the Δhly mutant complementing LLON478AV479A, which retained partial pore-forming ability and could grow intracellularly, was capable of triggering ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Collectively, these data suggest that ERK1/2 activation by L. monocytogenes depends on the permeabilization activity of LLO and more importantly correlates with the cholesterol-binding motif of LLO.
If They Build It, Will They Understand It? Exploring the Relationship between Student Code and Performance

The computer science community has struggled to assess student learning via Scratch programming at the primary school level (ages 7-12). Prior work has relied most heavily on artifact (student code/projects) analysis, with some attempts at one-on-one interviews and written assessments. In this paper, we explore the relationship between artifact analysis and written assessments. Through this study of a large-scale introductory computing implementation, we found that for students who had code in their projects, student performance on specific questions on the written assessments is only very weakly correlated to specific attributes of final projects typically used in artifact analysis as well as attributes we use to define candidate code (r < 0.2, p < 0.05). In particular, the correlation is not nearly strong enough to serve as a proxy for understanding.
Joint Attention During Live Person-to-Person Contact Activates rTPJ, Including a Sub-Component Associated With Spontaneous Eye-to-Eye Contact

Eye-to-eye contact is a spontaneous behavior between interacting partners that occurs naturally during social interactions. However, individuals differ with respect to eye gaze behaviors such as frequency of eye-to-eye contacts, and these variations may reflect underlying differences in social behavior in the population. While the use of eye signaling to indicate a shared object of attention in joint attention tasks has been well-studied, the effects of the natural variation in establishing eye contact during joint attention have not been isolated. Here, we investigate this question using a novel two-person joint attention task. Participants were not instructed regarding the use of eye contacts; thus all mutual eye contact events between interacting partners that occurred during the joint attention task were spontaneous and varied with respect to frequency. We predicted that joint attention systems would be modulated by differences in the social behavior across participant pairs, which could be measured by the frequency of eye contact behavior. We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning and eye-tracking to measure the neural signals associated with joint attention in interacting dyads and to record the number of eye contact events between them. Participants engaged in a social joint attention task in which real partners used eye gaze to direct each other’s attention to specific targets. Findings were compared to a non-social joint attention task in which an LED cue directed both partners’ attention to the same target. The social joint attention condition showed greater activity in right temporoparietal junction than the non-social condition, replicating prior joint attention results. Eye-contact frequency modulated the joint attention activity, revealing bilateral activity in social and high level visual areas associated with partners who made more eye contact. Additionally, when the number of mutual eye contact events was used to classify each pair as either “high eye contact” or “low eye contact” dyads, cross-brain coherence analysis revealed greater coherence between high eye contact dyads than low eye contact dyads in these same areas. Together, findings suggest that variation in social behavior as measured by eye contact modulates activity in a subunit of the network associated with joint attention.
Signaling role of Strigolactones at the interface between plants, (micro)organisms, and a changing environment

Abstract Strigolactones (SLs) are a group of plant-exuded terpenoid lactones, initially known as the triggering signals for seed germination of parasitic weeds, and more recently for hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In 2008 they were defined as a new class of plant hormones controlling plant architecture. Since then, great advances have been made on the biochemistry of SL biosynthesis and signal transduction, with several key genetic determinants now characterized. However, the complete pathway of de novo SL biosynthesis and transduction has not been firmly established yet. Recent findings have determined that besides shoot and root branching, SL-related components play essential roles in diverse processes including seed germination (for nonparasitic plants), hypocotyl elongation, reproductive development, leaf senescence, and nodulation. In this update, we present an overview of the current knowledge on the SL biosynthetic pathway and perception/transduction mechanism. Then we highlight recent studies, which have delineated the functions of SLs in the interaction of plants with beneficial and parasitic (micro)organisms, and in the adaptive responses to a number of environmental stimuli.
Special Features of Bat Microbiota Differ From Those of Terrestrial Mammals

Bats (order Chiroptera) are one of the most diverse and widely distributed group of mammals with a close relationship to humans. Over the past few decades, a number of studies have been performed on bat viruses; in contrast, bacterial pathogens carried by bats were largely neglected. As more bacterial pathogens are being identified from bats, the need to study their natural microbiota is becoming urgent. In the current study, fecal samples of four bat species from different locations of China were analyzed for their microbiota composition. Together with the results of others, we concluded that bat microbiota is most commonly dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria; the strict anaerobic phylum Bacteroidetes, which is dominant in other terrestrial mammals, especially humans and mice, is relatively rare in bats. This phenomenon was interpreted as a result of a highly specified gastrointestinal tract in adaptation to the flying lifestyle of bats. Further comparative study implied that bat microbiota resemble those of the order Carnivora. To discover potential bacterial pathogens, a database was generated containing the 16S rRNA gene sequences of known bacterial pathogens. Potential bacterial pathogens belonging to 12 genera were detected such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia, among which some have been previously reported in bats. This study demonstrated high resolution and repeatability in detecting organisms of rare existence, and the results could be used as guidance for future bacterial pathogen isolation.
Global determinants of prey naiveté to exotic predators

Prey naiveté—the failure of prey to recognize novel predators as threats—is thought to exacerbate the impact that exotic predators exert on prey populations. Prey naiveté varies under the influence of eco-evolutionary mediating factors, such as biogeographic isolation and prey adaptation, although an overall quantification of their influence is lacking. We conducted a global meta-analysis to test the effects of several hypothesized mediating factors on the expression of prey naiveté. Prey were overall naive towards exotic predators in marine and freshwater systems but not in terrestrial systems. Prey naiveté was most pronounced towards exotic predators that did not have native congeneric relatives in the recipient community. Time since introduction was relevant, as prey naiveté declined with the number of generations since introduction; on average, around 200 generations may be required to erode naiveté sufficiently for prey to display antipredator behaviour towards exotic predators. Given that exotic predators are a major cause of extinction, the global predictors and trends of prey naiveté presented here can inform efforts to meet conservation targets.
Well-Being as a Precursor and Consequence of Micro-Processes in a Group Psychotherapy With Forensic Patients

Psychotherapy is an important approach for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Apart from treating disorders as such, psychotherapy aims at increasing patients' well-being. The Therapeutic Cycles Model (TCM) is a process-oriented theoretical model that makes predictions about the psychotherapeutic progress based on verbatim content. The model helps to identify therapeutic factors on a language level. The present study aims at analyzing transcripts of group therapy sessions with forensic psychiatric patients using the rationale of the TCM. Furthermore, the relationship between linguistic features of psychotherapy sessions and patients' well-being before and after therapy are investigated. In order to identify therapeutic factors, a group psychotherapy with nine drug addicted forensic psychiatric patients was videotaped and transcripts of N = 16 sessions were analyzed. Process-oriented measures were rated by the patients, their therapists, and an external observer. Patients' self-reported well-being before therapy was negatively related to Connecting (indicating emotional insight), and the frequency of therapeutic cycles, which are both thought of as key moments in therapy. Well-being of forensic patients is not necessarily a helpful precursor for insightful and productive events in therapy to occur. The findings help to better understand psychotherapeutic micro-processes throughout forensic therapies, and their relationship with patients' well-being. Implications for research and the forensic practice are discussed.
Effects of sulfide on the growth of three salt marsh halophytes of the southeastern United States

Effet du sulfure sur l'existence, l'adaptation et la forme d'halophytes comme Spartina alterniflora, S. Cynosuroides et Borrichia frutescens. Ces especes presentent des comportements differents en culture quand elles sont soumises a des concentrations croissantes en sulfure
FDA Approved Drug Library Screening Identifies Robenidine as a Repositionable Antifungal

Due to the increasing prevalence of pathogenic fungal infections, the emergence of antifungal resistant clinical isolates worldwide, and the limited arsenal of available antifungals, developing new antifungal strategies is imperative. In this study, we screened a library of 1068 FDA-approved drugs to identify hits that exhibit broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Robenidine, an anticoccidial agent which has been widely used to treat coccidian infections of poultry and rabbits, was identified in this screen. Physiological concentration of robenidine (8 μM) was able to significantly inhibit yeast cell growth, filamentation and biofilm formation of Candida albicans – the most extensively studied human fungal pathogen. Moreover, we observed a broad-spectrum antifungal activity of this compound against fluconazole resistant clinical isolates of C. albicans, as well as a wide range of other clinically relevant fungal pathogens. Intriguingly, robenidine-treated C. albicans cells were hypersensitive to diverse cell wall stressors, and analysis of the cell wall structure by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the cell wall was severely damaged by robenidine, implying that this compound may target the cell wall integrity signaling pathway. Indeed, upon robenidine treatment, we found a dose dependent increase in the phosphorylation of the cell wall integrity marker Mkc1, which was decreased after prolonged exposure. Finally, we provide evidence by RNA-seq and qPCR that Rlm1, the downstream transcription factor of Mkc1, may represent a potential target of robenidine. Therefore, our data suggest that robenidine, a FDA approved anti-coccidiosis drug, displays a promising and broadly effective antifungal strategy, and represents a potentially repositionable candidate for the treatment of fungal infections.
Excessive Production of Transforming Growth Factor β1 Causes Mural Cell Depletion From Cerebral Small Vessels

It is increasingly becoming apparent that cerebrovascular dysfunction contributes to the pathogenic processes involved in vascular dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Under these pathologic conditions, the degeneration of cerebral blood vessels is frequently accompanied by a loss of mural cells from the vascular walls. Vascular mural cells play pivotal roles in cerebrovascular functions, such as regulation of cerebral blood flow and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, cerebrovascular mural cell impairment is involved in the pathophysiology of vascular-related encephalopathies, and protecting these cells is essential for maintaining brain health. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying mural cell abnormalities is incomplete. Several reports have indicated that dysregulated transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling is involved in the development of cerebral arteriopathies. These studies have specifically suggested the involvement of TGFβ overproduction. Although cerebrovascular toxicity via vascular fibrosis by extracellular matrix accumulation or amyloid deposition is known to occur with enhanced TGFβ production, whether increased TGFβ results in the degeneration of vascular mural cells in vivo remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that chronic TGFβ1 overproduction causes a dropout of mural cells and reduces their coverage on cerebral vessels in both smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Mural cell degeneration was also accompanied by vascular luminal dilation. TGFβ1 overproduction in astrocytes significantly increased TGFβ1 content in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and increased TGFβ signaling-regulated gene expression in both pial arteries and brain capillaries. These results indicate that TGFβ is an important effector that mediates mural cell abnormalities under pathological conditions related to cerebral arteriopathies.
Is Nostalgia a Past or Future-Oriented Experience? Affective, Behavioral, Social Cognitive, and Neuroscientific Evidence

Nostalgia, a sentimental longing for the past, is a common, universal, and highly social emotional experience. Nostalgic reverie is centered around the self, important social connections, and personally meaningful life events (e.g., graduation; Routledge, 2015). In other words, when people bring to mind memories that make them nostalgic, they are revisiting personally meaningful life events shared with loved ones. A growing body of research positions nostalgia as a psychological resource with self-regulatory implications. Negative affective states such as sadness, loneliness, and meaninglessness trigger nostalgia and nostalgia, in turn, enhances well-being, feelings of social connectedness, and perceptions of meaning in life (e.g., Routledge et al., 2013). Building on the behavioral inhibition (BIS/avoidance motivation) and behavioral activation (BAS/approach motivation) regulatory model Carver and White (1994), research also indicates that the activation of avoidance motivation increases nostalgia, which then activates approach motivation (Stephan et al., 2014). In the present analysis, we draw on the current state of the science to propose that nostalgia is ultimately a future-oriented emotional experience. Nostalgia involves reflecting on past experiences but it motivates affective states, behaviors, and goals that improve people’s future lives. In the following sections, we briefly review relevant evidence across affective, behavioral, social cognitive, and neuroscientific indicators and close by considering the need for future research focused on nostalgia as a shared experience.
P2Y2 Receptor Promotes High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity

P2Y2, a G protein-coupled receptor (R), is expressed in all organs involved in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. To explore the role of it in diet-induced obesity, we fed male P2Y2-R whole body knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice (B6D2 genetic background) with regular diet (CNT; 10% calories as fat) or high-fat diet (HFD; 60% calories as fat) with free access to food and water for 16 weeks, and euthanized them. Adjusted for body weights (BW), KO mice consumed modestly, but significantly more HFD vs. WT mice, and excreted well-formed feces with no taint of fat or oil. Starting from the 2nd week, HFD-WT mice displayed significantly higher BW with terminal mean difference of 22% vs. HFD-KO mice. Terminal weights of white adipose tissue (WAT) were significantly lower in the HFD-KO vs. HFD-WT mice. The expression of P2Y2-R mRNA in WAT was increased by 2-fold in HFD-fed WT mice. Serum insulin, leptin and adiponectin levels were significantly elevated in the HFD-WT mice, but not in the HFD-KO mice. When induced in vitro, preadipocytes derived from KO mice fed regular diet did not differentiate and mature as robustly as those from the WT mice, as assessed by cellular expansion and accumulation of lipid droplets. Blockade of P2Y2-R by AR-C118925 in preadipocytes derived from WT mice prevented differentiation and maturation. Under basal conditions, KO mice had significantly higher serum triglycerides and showed slightly impaired lipid tolerance as compared to the WT mice. HFD-fed KO mice had significantly better glucose tolerance (GTT) as compared to HFD-fed WT mice. Whole body insulin sensitivity and mRNA expression of insulin receptor, IRS-1 and GLUT4 in WAT was significantly higher in HFD-fed KO mice vs. HFD-fed WT mice. On the contrary, the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules MCP-1, CCR2, CD68, and F4/80 were significantly higher in the WAT of HFD-fed WT vs. HFD-fed KO mice. These data suggest that P2Y2-R plays a significant role in the development of diet-induced obesity by promoting adipogenesis and inflammation, and altering the production of adipokines and lipids and their metabolism in adipose tissue, and thereby facilitates HFD-induced insulin resistance.