Exploring the Spanish Language

Foreword Contents Chapter 1 1.1 Prescription and description 1.2 Pedagogical rules 1.3 Standard language and prestige norms 1.4 Variation 1.5 The organisation of this book Chapter 2: The Sounds of Spanish 2.1 How to describe and represent sounds 2.1.1 Vowels, consonants, semivowels and liquids 2.1.2 Describing consonants 2.1.3 Describing vowels 2.1.4 Diphthongs and triphthongs 2.2 A comparison of features of English and Spanish pronunciation 2.2.1 Vowels 2.2.2 Consonants 2.3 Sounds and Phonemes 2.3.1 Phonemes and allophones 2.3.2 Phonemic status of the semivowels 2.3.3 Contextual neutralisations 2.3.4 Phonetic and phonemic changes in progress in varieties of modern Spanish 2.4 The relation between pronunciation and spelling 2.4.1 Spelling systems 2.4.2 Text messaging 2.5 Spanish syllable structure and the phenomenon of sinalefa 2.5.1 Syllables 2.5.2 Hiatus 2.5.3 Sinalefa 2.6 Stress: the issue of a "predictabilitya (TM) of word stress in Spanish 2.7 Some intonation patterns in Spanish 2.7. 1 Stress 2.7. 1.1 Contrastive stress 2.7. 1.2 English stress and Spanish adjective position 2.7. 1.3 Stressed and unstressed pronouns in Spanish and English 2.7. 2 Pitch contours 2.7. 2.1 Intonation and word order 2.7. 2.2 Some differences between Spanish and English 2.7. 2.3 Regional variation Exercises Chapter 3: Spanish Words and their Structure 3.0 Spanish as an inflectional language 3.1 Criteria for morphological analysis 3.2 Some patterns in derivational morphology 3.3 Spanish affective suffixes 3.4 Word meaning 3.5 Semantic fields and their structure Exercises Chapter 4: Spanish Sentences and their Structure 4.1 What is a sentence? 4.1.1 Spanish as a a "pro-dropa (TM) language 4.1.2 Impersonal verbs 4.2 a "Sentencesa (TM) in the spoken language 4.3 The constituent elements of a sentence: the valency of verbs6 4.3.1 Syntactic relations 4.3.2 Semantic relations 4.3.3 Syntactic category 4.3.4 The interplay of syntax and semantics in the valencies of verbs 4.3.4.1 Active and passive 4.3.4.2 Reflexive 4.3.5 Differing valencies in English and Spanish 4.3.5.1 General 4.3.5.2 A case study 4.4 Other simple sentence types 4.4.1 Interrogative sentences 4.4.2 Imperative sentences 4.4.3 Word order in simple sentences 4.5 Complex sentence types 4.5.1 Complementation 4.5.2 Adjectival clause functions 4.5.2.1 Full clauses 4.5.2.2 The infinitive 4.5.2.3 The gerund 4.5.3 Adverbial clause functions Exercises Chapter 5: Themes in Form and Meaning: the a "Geniusa (TM) of Spanish: 5.1 Gender 5.2 The a "personala (TM) a 5.3 Modality and the subjunctive 5.3.1 Subjunctive use determined by context 5.3.2 The subjunctive associated with particular contexts 5.3.2.1 Conditional sentences 5.3.2.2 The subjunctive in temporal clauses 5.3.2.3 Other idiosyncrasies of Spanish 5.3.3 Meaningful uses of the subjunctive 5.3.3.1 Possibility 5.3.3.2 Relative clauses 5.3.3.3 Extending the rules 5.4 The reflexive 5.4.1 The versatility of the Spanish reflexive 5.4.1.1 Pragmatic considerations 5.4.1.2 Valency of verbs 5.4.1.3 Overlap of functions 5.4.2 Further exploitation of the reflexive in Spanish 5.5 Being and becoming 5.5.1 Ser and estar 5.5.1.1 Ser and estar with adjectives 5.5.1.2 Ser with nouns 5.5.1.3 Ser and estar with locative complements 5.5.1.4 Ser and estar with past participles 5.5.2 Becoming Exercises Chapter 6: Regional and social variation 6.1 Standard written language 6.1.1 Standardisation 6.1.2 The spoken language 6.2 Regional variation 6.2.1 Linguistic atlases 6.2.2 a "Dialectsa (TM) 6.2.3 Spain 6.2.3.1 The characteristics of Castilian 6.2.3.1.1 Castilian in contrast with other Peninsular Romance varieties 6.2.3.1.2 a "Innovatinga (TM) and a "conservativea (TM) varieties 6.2.3.1.3 Differences between the modern standard and the speech of Old and N 6.2.3.2 Further variation in spoken Peninsular Castilian: Andalusia 6.2.3.2.1 Phon