Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A review on history of organic farming in the current changing context in Nepal

Worldwide, with the increase in awareness of health and environmental concerns, demand for organic agricultural products is increasing, however, its adoption in Nepal at the field level is minimal (0.30% of the total agricultural land area). Exploring the history of organic agriculture could answer, “why its growth, despite the increasing demand, is minimal? ” The history of organic agriculture for commerce in Nepal is little known. This study thus explores the scope and history of commercial organic agriculture in Nepal. The paper identifies a few historical landmarks of organic agriculture; and while doing so, it describes the world history of organic agriculture. The study observed that a ‘pure’ form of organic agriculture in Nepal started in 1987, when an American research scholar established a commercial farm. Since then, it advanced until 1992, and then ‘merged’ with permaculture. The organic agriculture movement rejuvenated again in 2002 into the 10th five years plan. Much of the national policy documents on organic agriculture favored ‘income’ and perceived organic products as luxurious goods. As a result, much of the innovation in organic agriculture, government priorities, and people’s perception inclined towards earning dollars rather than environmental conservation and sustainability of the farming system. The movement of organic agriculture in Nepal deviated from its philosophical grounds and the government's priority increased on earnings, resulting in some myths in the Nepalese society on organic agriculture. All these factors caused minimal growth of organic agriculture, despite its great scope at national and international levels.
Les kystes ovariens dans l'espèce bovine. 1. Définitions, symptômes et diagnostic

RESUME : Le kyste ovarien se definit le plus souvent comme une structure liquidienne de diametre superieur a 24 mm de diametre, present durant sept a dix jours sur l'ovaire en l'absence de corps jaune. La frequence de cette affection est comprise entre 7 et 15 %. Le kyste folliculaire luteinise se distingue du kyste folliculaire par la presence a sa peripherie de tissu luteal. Le kyste ovarien est une structure dynamique. Sa presence n'empeche pas l'apparition de vagues de croissance folliculaire dont les caracteristiques sont cependant modifiees. La presence d'un kyste ovarien traduit et/ou induit l'absence d'ovulation. Le diagnostic du kyste ovarien et surtout le diagnostic differentiel entre un kyste folliculaire et un kyste folliculaire luteinise implique necessairement le recours a l'echographie pour identifier correctement le diametre et l'epaisseur du kyste ovarien. La sensibilite de l'echographie s'avere superieure a celle du diagnostic manuel. L'interpretation de la progesteronemie suppose la definition prealable d'un seuil. Les symptomes comportementaux (nymphomanie et anoestrus), uterins (tonicite) et vaginaux (ecoulement de mucus) sont de nature a orienter le diagnostic.
Elucidating the Interaction between the Molecular Chaperone Hsp104 and the Yeast Prion Sup35

Hsp104 is a protein remodeling factor that is crucially important for induced thermotolerance and prion propagation in yeast. Recent work demonstrates that Hsp104 is able to directly recognize and interact with synthetic polypeptide substrates, and that this interaction is dependent on the amino acid composition or sequence (Lum et al., 2008). Here this concept is applied to the in vivo substrate Sup35. Sup35, a translation termination factor, also forms the yeast prion [PSI + ]. The maintenance of the prion is critically dependent on the expression levels of Hsp104. Overexpression of Hsp104 leads to the loss of prions, as does inhibition of this protein remodeling factor. As part of this thesis, an in vitro assay was established in which spontaneous nucleation, the event preceding of fiber formation, was suppressed. Fibrilization itself then becomes strictly dependent on the chaperones Hsp104, huHsp70p and Ydj1. In line with in vivo observations, Hsp104 mutants that fail to propagate [PSI + ] also fail to overcome nucleation inhibition in this assay. Following this, the next part of this work established that the middle (M) domain of Sup35 inhibited this process, while not affecting spontaneous fibrilization under non-inhibitory conditions. This finding was reproduced in vivo, as middle domain over-expression also led to curing of weak [PSI + ]. This suggested that the M-domain contains an Hsp104 binding site. This hypothesis is supported by data presented in this thesis which show that a small segment 129-148 iii within the Middle domain has enhanced Hsp104 binding properties. Deletion of this 20-mer peptide also reduced the Hsp104 ability to interact with this prion substrate; it also results in the destabilization of the prion and enhanced curing by the prion curing agent guandidinium hydrochloride. This represents the first ever Hsp104 binding site identified within a natural
Integrated Approach for Classification of Cardiotocograms based on Independent Component Analysis and Neural Networks

--Nowadays fetal monitoring is based on the acquisition and interpretation of the Cardiotocogram (CTG). There is an ongoing effort to develop advanced methods and computer based systems to assist the obstetricians in the difficult task of feature extraction and the classification of the CTG. This paper describes an integrated methodology for CTG classification, introducing the reduction of the dimensionality of the input data space, using Independent Component Analysis (ICA). The milestone of the method is the utilization of the rows of the estimated mixing matrix after the implementation of ICA method as feature vectors, which are subsequently fed to a feed-forward Neural Network (NN) classifier, which categorizes the CTG.
Nitrogen deposition regulates the clonal growth of Leymus chinensis, a typical clonal plant in arid and semi-arid regions

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of nitrogen (N) deposition on clonal growth in a rhizome clonal plant, Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. ,The study established seven N concentration gradients (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 g N m−2) to simulate the continuous increase in N deposition for the cultivation of L. chinensis seedlings and assess the response mechanism of the cloned L. chinensis plant at different N levels by analyzing the aboveground and belowground plant appearance traits, parent ramets and daughter ramets of resource allocation and biomass allocation. ,The results of this study showed that the different N treatment levels could promote clonal growth and had certain regularity under the seven treatments. The addition of N could significantly increase the ramet number, rhizome length, rhizome spacer length, biomass of mother ramets, daughter ramets and belowground L. chinensis population when the N addition was greater than 4 g m−2; however, the clonal growth ability of L. chinensis decreased and the rhizome length, ramet number, stem and leaf biomass of daughter ramets and stem biomass of mother ramets significantly decreased when the N addition was greater than 32 g N m−2. ,With global warming, atmospheric N deposition is increasing and it is of great significance to explore the response mechanism of different N levels for the growth of clone plants. This study provides basic data and a theoretical basis for the survival prediction of cloned plants under the background of a global climate change strategy and has important theoretical and practical significance for the scientific management of grasslands in the future.
Propagation of New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase Genes (blaNDM-1) from a Wastewater Treatment Plant to Its Receiving River

The emergence and spread of NDM-1 (New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1) are of great concern to public health. Our previous study reported the occurrence and persistence of NDM-1 genes in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, the occurrence and fate of NDM-1 genes and host bacteria were investigated in a WWTP discharge-receiving river. A considerable level of NDM-1 genes occurred in the receiving river, whereas no NDM-1 genes were detected upstream of the WWTP. This finding together with the DNA sequencing of NDM-1 genes demonstrated that the river NDM-1 is derived from the WWTP. Opportunistic pathogens, like Shigella sonnei, Enterococcus faecium, and Wautersiella falsenii, were isolated from both the receiving water and the WWTP. This study underscores the need to mitigate the release of NDM-1 from WWTPs and indicates that more attention should to be paid to the propagation of these genes to the receiving environment to alleviate their worldwide dissemination.
Growth Rates of Feral Horse Populations

We studied growth rates of feral horse (Equus caballus) populations in the western United States by consolidating aerial count records for 103 management areas administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Data from most areas could not be used because of free exchange of horses between neighboring areas and/or inadequate or incomplete data. Twenty-two areas provides data that were used to assess the accuracy of aerial counts with the index-removal method. Most (24/31) aerial counts consistently detected a large proportion (85-105%) of the horses. Replicate index-removal estimates provided little evidence of progressively higher sighting probabilities that would inflate growth rate estimates, and we concluded that aerial counts could be used to obtain reliable estimates of population growth rates
IMPLEMENTATION OF AUDIT FUNCTIONS AS A FACTOR OF IMPROVEMENT OF TAX ACCOUNTING OF INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS

The main directions of implementation of audit functions in order to improve the system of tax policy (tax accounting, planning, counter) in the newly formed sectoral and territorial (administrative) clusters, namely agricultural holdings, united territorial communities are studied. It is established that the planning of sectoral clusters is conditioned by measures to economically stimulate enterprises in the industry or regulate its functioning through the mechanism of grants, compensations, subventions, tax policy transformation in terms of tax accounting and planning, implementation of state or local programs with appropriate funding. It is proved that the amount and methods of financing the development of agriculture is determined through the mechanism of formation and implementation of the budget program, in connection with which there is a need to adequately assess the prospects for its full and timely implementation. In view of this, it is possible to state the need for the subjects of state control to perform audit measures, the implementation of which should result in an assessment of the indicators of the program and the possibility of its implementation in a timely manner. It is proposed to use a risk-oriented approach in planning activities to audit the activities of enterprises, the subjects of state control ensure the effective use of their own limited resources, which helps to optimize the costs associated with financing their work. The existence of established criteria for deciding on audits and other forms of control based on the existence of risks in the activities of controlled objects allows to identify possible deviations, the content of which, in accordance with applicable law may be classified as a violation.
Metagenomic Study of Bacterial and Archaeal Populations during Anaerobic Digestion of Lignocellulosic Waste in Lab-scale Biogas Reactors

This study evaluated using 16S rDNA gene-based metagenomics technique the populations of bacteria and archaea in digestate samples from lab-scale anaerobic bioreactors digesting pretreated and untreated coconut husk fiber, pineapple floret and banana stem. Result of biodegradability experiment indicated high microbial activity in digestate (biogas slurry), with untreated banana stem having the highest total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS) removal efficiencies of 78.3 % and 92.9 % respectively. Similarly, all pretreated substrates exhibited higher TS and VS losses with corresponding TS (77.8 %) and VS (87.2 %) removal efficiencies. This TS and VS removal rates signaled increased rate of organic matter decomposition with concomitant biogas productivity. Diversity comparisons performed between samples showed rich microbial diversity in untreated sample than the pretreated sample. Taxonomic composition revealed that, for untreated samples at the phylum level, the bacterial community was predominantly Firmicutes (relative abundance 97.0 %), with 0.30 % Actinobacteria and 0.10 % Proteobacteria. The genus Oxobacter (35.0 %), Clostridium (12.0 %) and Ethanoligenens (10.0 %) were ubiquitous and abundant in the untreated sample. The archaeal community was however dominated by the Euryarchaeota with one methanogenic order Methanomicrobiales, and a high abundance of the genera Thermacetogenium. For pretreated samples, at the phylum level, bacterial community was also dominated by Firmicutes (95.0 %), followed by Proteobacteria (1.02 %), Actinobacteria (0.18 %) and Tenericutes (0.06 %). The genus Clostridium (41.0 %), Ethanoligenens (29.0 %) and Lactobacillus (15.0 %) were also ubiquitous and abundant in the pretreated sample. Archaeal community was also dominated by Euryarchaeota with the two methanogenic orders Methanomicrobiales and Methanosarcinales dominating. The major microbial groups were hydrolyzing and fermenting populations. These findings revealed rich microbial assemblage and diversity among microbial communities in biogas digestate.
An update on direct-fed microbials in broiler chickens in post-antibiotic era

In a post-antibiotic era, applying dietary alternatives to antibiotics into diets of chickens has become a common practice to improve the productivity and health status of chickens. It is generally accepted that direct-fed microbials (DFMs), defined as a source of viable, naturally occurring microorganisms, as an alternative to antibiotics, have a long history for their safe use and health benefit and are generally regarded for therapeutic, prophylactic and growth-promotion uses in poultry industry. It has been suggested that two primary modes of action by DFMs are balancing gut microbiota and modulating host immunity. Recent findings have suggested that gut microbiota plays an important role in developing immune system and maintaining the homeostasis of mature immune system in mammals and chickens. With the help of molecular and bioinformatics tools, it is now scientifically proven that gut microbiota is diverse, dynamic, and varies according to age, breed, diet composition, environment and feed additives. Broiler chickens are commonly raised on the floor with bedding materials, which facilitates the acquisition of microorganisms present in the bedding materials. Thus, it is expected that environmental factors, including the type of litter, influence host immunity in a positive or negative way. In this regard, adding DFMs into diets of chickens will affect host–microbe interaction, shaping host immunity towards increasing resistance of chickens to enteric diseases.
STRENGTHENING THE NATION VIA- NATIONAL LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND SOCIAL IDENTITY REINFORCEMENT

Conveniently, human language could be taken into consideration as a worth property at outset belonged to the whole man. It has been comprising a proper way for conveying thoughts, expression, and aims as well. A particular language is not only regarded as a national one but as a personal identity of nation. Thus, a language might articulate a given identity belonging to society such as way of speech and way of thinking. The presence of different way of talking is resulted by the different social background. Moreover, it is regarded as part of the groups existing in a community having sameness in terms of synchronic participation to produce a common language. In relevance to language as marvelous identity in which set of each human ought to be maintained through Education, language Policies, and language improvement. A nation might be considered as being progressive while possessing a particular language representing a typical and fervent identity. Having had fervent idealized identity, a nation could have been led to flourishing one in terms of expancement through a national language as well as ethnic language maintenance. In line with social changes passing in capacious social aspects which trigger towards human language as social, economy, politic, and culture. These social aspects of life could have been affected by unawareness of national language maintenance. Thus, the writer puts forward social change in terms of language shift to language death. A national language is considered as a identity symbolizing the existence of it, signifying the unite of folk, and triggering towards progressive traits of nation. In case of indigenous language lies on paramount role in terms of national aims due to the fact that aboriginal language belonging to societies can signifies its identity as well as represents the culture. A common type of language ideology are standard language ideologies, the belief that language homogeneity is beneficial to society to construct interconnection in the hope that they may properly make language live. Thus, the expancement of national language as well as indigenous language would be increasingly wide-spread towards national Advancement.
Structural requirements for the electrogenicity of the electrogenic Na‐HCO3 cotransporter NBCe1

Na/HCO3 cotransporters, including the electrogenic NBCe1 and the electroneutral NBCn1, belong to SLC4 family. The NBCe1‐A splicing variant plays a key role in HCO3 reabsorption by renal proximal tubules. NBCe1 and NBCn1 have 13 putative transmembrane (TM) segments and a large extracellular loop between TM5 and 6 (“the Loop”). Choi et al (J Physiol, 578:131, 2007) previously demonstrated that the electrogenecity of NBCe1‐A requires the interaction between TM1‐5 and TM6‐13, but does not require the cytoplasmic N terminus (Nt), the Loop, or the cytoplasmic C terminus (Ct). To understand better the structural basis of electrogenecity of NBCe1, we constructed a series of chimeras of human NBCe1‐A and NBCn1‐X (i.e., lacking cassette B in the Ct), starting with one consisting of Nt∼Loop of NBCe1‐A spliced to TM6∼Ct of NBCn1. We exposed Xenopus oocytes expressing chimeras or wild‐type NBCe1‐A to 1.5% CO2/10 mM HCO3 (pH 7.5), and monitored pHi and Vm. We found that this first chimera exhibits the Na conductance characteristic of NBCn1, but no HCO3 transport. Restoring TM6‐7 of NBCe1‐A restored some electrogenic HCO3 transport (i.e., CO2/HCO3 elicited a slight hyperpolarization and pHi recovery). The chimera in which we restored TM6‐9 of NBCe1‐A functions as a typical NBCe1‐A. We conclude that the putative TM6‐9 of NBCe1 (vs NBCn1) is very important, but TM10‐13 of NBCe1 is not essential, for the electrogenecity of NBCe1‐A.
System Size and Structural Differentiation in Military Organizations: Testing a Harmonic Series Model of the Division of Labor

Zipf's (1949) harmonic series model of social organization is applied to the occupational structure of military organizations previously studied by Childers, Mayhew, and Gray (1971). It is not possible to reject the (generalized) harmonic series hypothesis for any of the three types of units studied: vessels, lifeboat stations, and office. It is noted that Zipf's model constitutes a general description of occupational structure from which the division of labor interpretation of one of Blau's (1970) propositions can be derived.
Influence of glucomannan edible coating in guava quality during storage

Guava (Psidium guajava) is a highly perishable fruit and is considered as climacteric. Therefore, some alternatives are studied to prolong post-harvest conservation, one of them being the application of edible coatings, which are based on polysaccharides. The objective of this study was to evaluate the post-harvest conservation of uncoated (control – T0) guavas and with edible coating containing 0.5% (T0.5) and 1.0% (T1.0) of konjac glucomannan. The fruits were immersed in the solutions and stored under refrigeration at 4 ° C for analysis at 7 and 15 days of storage. The main parameters evaluated in relation to fruit quality during storage were firmness and color, and with the coating application it was possible to observe a maintenance of these parameters when compared to the control (p 0.05), such as pH, acidity, soluble solids, ascorbic acid, luminosity and redness of the peel and color of the pulp. Therefore, coatings made with glucomannan from Konjac may be an alternative to guarantee the quality of fruits during its commercialization, increasing its shelf life.
Monotropein alleviates H2O2-induced inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis via NF-κB/AP-1 signaling

Aging is a major risk factor in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of CVD, and are closely associated with senescent vascular endothelial cells. Monotropein (Mtp) exerts various bioactive roles, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of Mtp in senescent endothelial cells. An MTT assay was performed to evaluate the influence of Mtp on H2O2-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Senescent cells were assessed by determining the expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase, high mobility group AT-hook 1 and DNA damage marker γ-H2A.X variant histone. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and proinflammatory cytokine concentrations were estimated using assay kits to evaluate the levels of oxidative stress and inflammation in HUVECs. The TUNEL assay was performed to identify apoptotic cells. Furthermore, the expression levels of endothelial cell adhesion factors, NF-κB, activator protein-1 (AP-1) and apoptotic proteins were determined via western blotting. Mtp enhanced HUVEC viability following H2O2 stimulation. H2O2-mediated increases in MDA, proinflammatory cytokine and endothelial cell adhesion factor levels were decreased by Mtp treatment, whereas Mtp reversed H2O2-mediated downregulation of SOD and GSH-Px activity. Furthermore, Mtp inhibited cell apoptosis, NF-κB activation and AP-1 expression in H2O2-stimulated HUVECs; however, NF-κB activator counteracted the anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects of Mtp. The present study indicated that Mtp ameliorated H2O2-induced inflammation and oxidative stress potentially by regulating NF-κB/AP-1.
Antioxidant and Oxidant Status of Endemic Helleborus vesicarius

Plants are important antioxidant sources. In our study, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) of endemic Helleborus vesicarius Aucher ex Boiss.were determined. The aerial parts of the plant samples were dried and extracted with ethanol (EtOH). TAS and TOS values of plant extract were determined using Rel Assay Diagnostics kits. As a result of the studies, the TAS value of H. vesicarius was determined 5.548±0.23, the TOS value was 13.778±0.119 and the OSI value was 0.249±0.009. In this context, the plant has been shown to have significant antioxidant potential.