Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stabilization and disturbance attenuation control of the gyroscopic inverted pendulum

In this study, a control moment gyroscope is used as an actuator to stabilize the inverted pendulum. A control strategy is proposed to stabilize the inverted pendulum at the upright unstable equilibrium point and to maintain the gimbal angle as small as possible. Such a problem is formulated as a constrained H∞ disturbance attenuation problem and then transformed into solving linear matrix inequalities. The performance of the proposed controller is evaluated through simulation for linear and nonlinear cases. It is shown that the proposed state-feedback control strategy effectively stabilizes the inverted pendulum.
The Southern Oscillation regulates the annual numbers of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) breeding around Northern Australia

The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) is one of six turtle species which breeds around northern Australia and Indonesia. The number of green turtles observed nesting varies substantially from year to year. The interannual fluctuations in the number of nesting turtles are in phase at widely separated rookeries. They are also correlated with an index of the Southern Oscillation, a coherent pattern of atmospheric pressure, temperature and rainfall fluctuations which dominates the interannual variability of the climate of the tropical Pacific. Major fluctuations in the numbers of turtles breeding occur two years after major fluctuations in the Southern Oscillation. The relationship is strong enough to be useful in predicting, two years in advance, the numbers of green turtles breeding in Great Barrier Reef rookeries. This is the first study to report a biological impact of the Southern Oscillation that allows such a long-range prediction of the impact.
Modeling Fruit Growth of ‘Triunfo’ Pear Grown in North Espírito Santo State

The objective of this study was to obtain mathematical models to estimate non-destructively the fruit mass of pear cv. ‘Triunfo’. To this end, 128 fruits from all developmental stages collected at three different times were used. Fruits were measured for maximum length (L), maximum width (W) and observed mass (OM). For the adjustment, with a sample of 100 fruits, the models first degree linear, quadratic and power were tested, in which the OM was used as the dependent variable in function of L and W. From a sample of 28 fruits, separated for this purpose the equations were validated. Thus, it indicates an equation of the quadratic model represented by EM = 36.020218 – 3.067232(W) + 0.082568(W)2 using from the measurement of the largest fruit width (W), as the most accurate to estimate the fruit mass of pear cv. ‘Triunfo’.
Motion of Carboxyl Terminus of Gα Is Restricted upon G Protein Activation

The carboxyl terminus of the G protein α subunit plays a key role in interactions with G protein-coupled receptors. Previous studies that have incorporated covalently attached probes have demonstrated that the carboxyl terminus undergoes conformational changes upon G protein activation. To examine the conformational changes that occur at the carboxyl terminus of Gα subunits upon G protein activation in a more native system, we generated a semisynthetic Gα subunit, site-specifically labeled in its carboxyl terminus with 13C amino acids. Using expressed protein ligation, 9-mer peptides were ligated to recombinant Gαi1 subunits lacking the corresponding carboxyl-terminal residues. In a receptor-G protein reconstitution assay, the truncated Gαi1 subunit could not be activated by receptor; whereas the semisynthetic protein demonstrated functionality that was comparable with recombinant Gαi1. To study the conformation of the carboxyl terminus of the semisynthetic G protein, we applied high resolution solution NMR to Gα subunits containing 13C labels at the corresponding sites in Gαi1: Leu-348 (uniform), Gly-352 (α carbon), and Phe-354 (ring). In the GDP-bound state, the spectra of the ligated carboxyl terminus appeared similar to the spectra obtained for 13C-labeled free peptide. Upon titration with increasing concentrations of \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{AlF}_{4}^{-}\) \end{document}, the 13C resonances demonstrated a marked loss of signal intensity in the semisynthetic Gα subunit but not in free peptide subjected to the same conditions. Because \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{AlF}_{4}^{-}\) \end{document} complexes with GDP to stabilize an activated state of the Gα subunit, these results suggest that the Gα carboxyl terminus is highly mobile in its GDP-bound state but adopts an ordered conformation upon activation by \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{AlF}_{4}^{-}\) \end{document}.
Responses of the parthenogenetic isopod, Trichoniscus pusillus (Isopoda: Oniscidea), to changes in food quality

Summary Long-term observations of Trichoniscus pusillus revealed that chemical composition and microbial activity of the leaf litter serving as food influenced the reproductive success of females and the mortality rates of juveniles as well. Of the food sources investigated, only alder litter, exhibiting high microbial activity, allowed the maintenance of a stable population with frequently reproducing females. This study concludes that the food type is a significant factor for population parameters of this parthenogenetic isopod. Our results on T. pusillus, belonging to the taxon Synocheta, are compared with data on terrestrial isopod species of the taxon Crinocheta.
Protein variation in wild Atlantic salmon, with particular reference to southern Ireland

The extent of genetic variation in wild Atlantic salmon parr, Sulmo salur L. , from river systems in Ireland, Iceland and eastern Canada, was investigated using starch gel electrophoresis. Within Ireland, seven polymorphic enzyme loci (sAAT-4*, GPI-1*, IDDH-1*, IDDH-2*, IDHP-3*, MDH-3* and mMEP-2*) were screened in nine different rivers and nine tributaries from the River Blackwater. Significant heterogeneity in gene frequencies occurred between riverine samples and between samples from tributaries of the River Blackwater. Variation between tributaries was as great as between rivers elsewhere in the country. Levels of population differentiation were comparable to those found in other regions throughout the range of the species, and temporal stability in gene frequencies was apparent when the results were compared with previously published data. Screening of riverine samples from Iceland and eastern Canada (Newfoundland and New Brunswick) allowed the Irish results to be considered in a broader context. Irish salmon cluster in the western European group, to which may be added Icelandic populations. Salmon from eastern Canada show a high level of genetic distinctiveness from the European group.
Alpha, beta, type 1 and 2 errors, Ergon Pearson and Jerzy Neyman

Fisher's approach only took into consideration the null distribution. This is because he viewed the null hypothesis an exact hypothesis, and so easier to test than the alternative. In the late 1920s, Pearson and Neyman introduced the concept of the alternative hypothesis. For example, the null hypothesis might be that a patient does not have a disease, whereas the alternative hypothesis may be that they are diseased, although the nature of the disease would normally need to be specified. Each hypothesis is characterised by a distribution, for example, the concentration of a metabolite in the urine of a donor. Figure 1 illustrates two such distributions.
Molecular cloning and expression analysis of carp (Cyprinus carpio) interleukin-1β, high affinity immunoglobulin E Fc receptor γ subunit and serum amyloid A

Abstract Suppression subtractive hybridisation (SSH) is a powerful means to identify genes of cytokines and other genes that express small amount of mRNA. In this study, cDNA of normal fish (carp) head kidney cells (HKC) was subtracted from pooled cDNA of HKC and peritoneal cell (PC) obtained from fish which had been injected with sodium alginate (SA) and scleroglucan (SG) 3–48 h earlier. This subtraction produced 248 clones of cDNA fragments. After sequencing some of the fragments of interest were used as probes, and yielded full-length cDNAs homologous to mammalian interleukin-1β (IL-1β), the γ subunit of high affinity Fc receptor for IgE (FcϵRIγ) and serum amyloid A (SAA); these were cloned and sequenced. Carp IL-1β shows 21·8–24·7% amino acid identities to mammalian mature IL-1β, and lacks a signal sequence, which is consistent with mammalian IL-1β. Carp FcϵRIγ, which was the first cloned non-mammalian Fc receptor subunit, shows 39·3–40·4% amino acid identities to mammalian FcϵRIγ, and contains the immunoreceptor tyrosin-based activation motif characteristic of the signal transduction subunit of antigen- and Fc-receptors. Carp SAA is most similar to mammalian acute phase responsive type SAA with 53·0–55·3% amino acid identities. Both SA-elicited and SG-elicited PC expressed higher amounts of IL-1β and SAA mRNA compared to saline-injected fish HKC and PC, indicating that these proteins are associated with inflammatory responses, similar to mammalian homologues. FcϵRIγ was constitutively expressed in leucocytes and not immunopotentiator-responsive, but this indicates that Fc receptor including FcϵRIγ subunit is likely functional in the carp immune system.
Relationship of Erwinia herbicola to Erwinia amylovora

A yellow bacterium which had inhibited Erwinia amylovora was identified as Erwinia herbicola. Erwinia herbicola occurred on leaf surfaces in large numbers on apple, cherry, and apricot trees, but in small numbers on pear leaves. It was not pathogenic, but was a secondary invader of diseased tissues. Fire blight branch cankers were examined for occurrence and location of E. amylovora and E. herbicola. Erwinia herbicola occurred mixed with E. amylovora. Both bacteria were isolated at maximum frequency about 7.6 cm above the edge of downward advancing cankers.Partial control of fire blight was obtained in the greenhouse and field plots by inoculation of pear blossoms with E. herbicola 24 h before inoculation with a virulent suspension of E. amylovora. The inhibitory effect could occur in pear blossom nectar. On media containing sugar concentrations comparable to pear nectar, E. herbicola consumed all organic nitrogen in the medium and reduced the pH to a level inhibitory to E. amylovora.
A comparison of two techniques for the rapid assessment of marine habitat complexity

Monitoring and assessment of the status and distribution of marine seabed habitats is needed to support existing and emerging environmental policy commitments. Traditional monitoring of habitats and associated species using grabs and trawls is costly and labour intensive and might usefully be complemented by cheaper and more readily automated methods that can be used at higher frequencies and/or on larger spatial scales. We develop and apply two methods to measure seabed habitat complexity and demonstrate how they can be used to describe impacts (e.g. fishing gear impacts) and monitor recovery. The first method relies on the analysis of deviations in a laser line projected on the seabed. The second method is based on the pixel value distribution in seabed photographs. We use both methods to quantify the complexity created by different substrates and habitat‐forming species and to establish links between habitat complexity and faunal diversity (richness) and abundance. The habitat complexity index calculated with the laser line method provided a reliable index of complexity across a range of habitat types, showing a monotonic increase with coarseness of the substratum and the abundance of sessile epifauna. Pixel value distributions in the photographs did not reflect the increase in complexity due to sessile epifauna but only reflected substratum differences. Results suggested that the laser line method would be suitable for monitoring the effect of disturbance on habitats ranging from gravelly sands to rock, and their subsequent recovery. The photographic method would be better suited to assessing complexity and heterogeneity of the substratum. Both methods complement conventional biological sampling and can be used at higher frequencies and/or on larger spatial scales per unit cost. The laser line method has considerable potential to support demands for frequent monitoring of seabed habitats and human impacts at a range of spatial scales. It is less costly and labour intensive than existing approaches and can be deployed from vessels of many sizes.
High-density lipoprotein metabolism, reverse cholesterol transport and membrane protection

The metabolism of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) plays a major role in reverse cholesterol transport and cell membrane protection. Recent studies support the idea that for the protective role of HDL in coronary heart disease we should not only consider plasma HDL cholesterol levels, but also pay more attention to the function of specific HDL subclasses and their components. Immunoregulatory aspects of membrane protection and other functions related to proteolytic processing and detoxification seem to be particularly important for further studies.
Temperature parameters useful for modeling the germination and emergence of pearl Millet

The thermal time for the growth stages from planting to 50% germination, germination to the start of linear colpeoptile extension, and the duration of linear coleoptile elongation from seed depth until 50% emergence were 5.3 ± 0.4, 7.5 ± 0.4 and 0.82 ± 0.06 degree-days ( o C-d)mm -1 , respectively. It is proposed to use these parameters in a crop simulation model to predict emergence of pearl millet seedlings
Endometriosis in a Renal Transplant Recipient

Hormonal abnormalities that are associated with advanced kidney failure normally reverses after kidney transplantation. This usually helps to normalize menstrual cycles for female patients and helps improve fertility. Post-transplant gynaecological disorders are under-reported in general. We present a patient who developed endometriosis after second kidney transplant. She was treated with surgery followed by hormonal therapy. We discuss the pathophysiology of endometriosis and possible relation to the immune system.
RUMEN MICROBIAL DIGESTION OF FIBER AS A STOCHASTIC PROCESS

A stochastic model provided a better fit than did two deterministic, exponential models of in vitro digestion of fiber of varied size particles produced by ingestive mastication. Variations in rates of digestion within and among such varied size particles suggest rumen fiber digestion is a highly stochastic process. Key words: Rumen, microbial, fiber, models, stochastic
Factors inducing mated behavior in female Hessian flies (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae)

When depleted of seminal fluids after serial matings to a group of females, male Hessian flies were unable to induce the permanent cessation of calling and sexual receptivity and the onset of oviposition in previously unmated females. Females mated by depleted males resumed calling behavior within ≈22 min of mating and did not deposit eggs on the day of mating. Females that resumed calling behavior were quickly mated again when exposed to other males. However, mating with a depleted male did induce females to become temporarily refractory to subsequent mating attempts. Refractory females rejected males by wing-flapping, abdomen arching, walking, or flying off. The factor that permanently induced females to stop calling, remain unreceptive, and begin ovipositing was contained within the male reproductive tract. Virgin females injected with an extract of male abdomens did not resume calling, rejected mating attempts, and deposited a large number of eggs within several hours. Females injected with saline or an extract of male abdomens minus the reproductive tract resumed calling behavior, were receptive to courting males, and deposited few eggs. The mechanical stimulus associated with the act of mating and the chemical stimulus passed to the female during copulation seemed to act sequentially. Females initially responded to a mechanical stimulus by not calling and rejecting mating attempts by males, then responded to a chemical stimulus by continuing to show those behaviors and by ovipositing.
Validation of the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique for measurement of methane and carbon dioxide production by cattle

Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production from six crossbred yearling beef heifers (400 ± 13.0 kg) were measured, using the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique (Tracer) and open-circuit hood calorimetry (Cal) to validate the former in estimating rumen CH4 and CO2 production in the field. Animals were individually fed a diet consisting of 50% barley concentrate and 50% alfalfa cubes at 1.3 tmaintenance requirements daily. Hifers were divided into two groups for individual animal 24- h gas measurements by each method. Each group of heifers was rotated between the Cal and Tracer techniques for 6 consecutive days in an incomplete block design. Methane production ranged from 108 to 145 L d-1 (mean 130 ± 4.0 L d-1) using the Cal technique, and 90 to 167 L d-1 (mean 137 ± 4.0 L d-1) using the Tracer technique. The mean CH4 production (L d-1) was not different (P = 0.24) between the two methods. Carbon dioxide production with the Tracer technique was 20% higher than CO2 production with .
MATERNAL EFFECTS AT FOUR LEVELS IN SENECIO VULGARIS (ASTERACEAE) GROWN ON A SOIL NUTRIENT GRADIENT

Plants of Senecio vulgaris L. were grown individually within pots to examine effects of maternal soil nutrient level on offspring. Genotypic variability among maternal plants was minimized by using only maternal plants derived from seed of a single inbred line. Significant (P < 0.05) maternal effects of the nutrient gradient were detected at four different levels. Maternal plants grown in lower soil nutrients produced: 1) seeds with lower individual mass; 2) seeds that germinated later; 3) seedling offspring that grew into smaller juvenile plants in nutrient-impoverished soil; and 4) seedling offspring that survived longer in the absence of external nutrients. This last type of maternal effect is reported for the first time in the present study. These data suggest that a compensatory effect of relatively low maternal soil nutrient level may be conferred on the plant's offspring in the form of a "wait and tolerate" strategy through a longer "seedling dormancy" period. This appears to involve a high seedling tolerance threshold level for external nutrient deprivation. To account for these results, we propose two hypotheses based on two different causes of nutrient deprivation, and based on the assumption that if maternal plants experience nutrient deprivation, seedling offspring have a high probability of also experiencing the same cause of nutrient deprivation: 1) Under the "nutrient supply hypothesis," the wait and tolerate strategy in seedling offspring represents an adaptation to selection factors associated with nutrient deprivation resulting from a low nutrient-supplying power of the environment. 2) Under the "nutrient-depletion hypothesis," this strategy represents an adaptation to selection factors associated with nutrient depletion by neighbors.
Numerical acquisition of the strain-deformation profile during the passage of heat source in AISI 410, 304L and 430 materials

As analises numericas por elementos finitos ja se mostraram eficazes em diversos problemas de engenharia. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo aquisitar numericamente, por meio de uma pesquisa experimental de analise numerica via elementos finitos, o perfil tensao deformacao dos materiais AISI 310, 304L e 430, apos terem sofrido um aporte termico de passagem de fonte de calor. Foi utilizado o software Ansys ® Academic 2020R1, nele foram importados dados da literatura da geometria do material, malhas utilizadas, aporte termico e propriedades termicas. A partir dai os materiais foram ajustados para terem suas propriedades estruturais transientes. Gerando uma resposta estrutural de tensao deformacao ao aporte termico inserido. O perfil tensao deformacao de cada material foi construido de acordo com a tensao maxima obtida, tensoes pontuais na geometria do material, deformacao maxima obtida e deformacoes pontuais. Os dados de tensao e deformacao maxima foram comparados entre os materiais utilizando analise estatistica ANOVA com teste Tukey . Os resultados mostraram a possibilidade de analise estrutural apos carregamento termico com as condicoes de contorno adotadas, apropriando o metodo de elementos finitos. O teste estatistico mostrou que os tres materiais estudados apresentaram diferencas significativas para tensao maxima e deformacao maxima para p<0,05. A tensao deformacao dos materias apresentaram perfis convergentes com a literatura experimental e numerica. A pesquisa mostra uma metodologia com possivel continuidade, pesquisando a formacao de microestruturas e/ou sendo empregada em outros materiais.
Competition between offline and online stores: which will Indonesian consumers choose to shop for fashion products?

In this era, the emergence of new shopping patterns with online media, of course, will disrupt the existing market with the existence of this new market to become a market in the offline store as long as it has another new alternative that can be used as a place of shopping by consumers. Because of this in this study will describe the choice of consumers whether in buying fashion products they will choose to shop at an offline store or online store. This qualitative research by distributing questionnaires to 154 respondents to make choices in deciding to shop for their fashion products in offline or online stores. The results of the study found that shopping decisions for fashion products in Indonesia found that consumers still choose to shop in an offline store. This is based on the factors Perceived usefullnes, Perceived Eases of use, trust, Risk, about the comparison between offline and online stores. Bad shopping experience in online stores makes Indonesian consumers still believe that the offline store is better and the right place
Issues of Type 2 Diabetes Disease Effective Treatment in Kazakhstan

In his address to the people, the First President of our country, emphasized the need to introduce innovative methods of treating socially significant diseases. Among these diseases, diabetes holds a special position. More than 14,000 new cases of diabetes mellitus are officially detected annually in Kazakhstan. The real picture of the disease is difficult to compare with these data. This review discusses the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the causing factors such as age, race, genetic predisposition (OR = 3), obesity, glucose level and total cholesterol etc. It was found that the main complications and concomitant diseases of diabetes in residents of different regions are polyneuropathy 22.4%, diabetic retinopathy 14%, diabetic foot syndrome 13.6%, arterial hypertension 13.6% and coronary heart disease (CHD) 14.4%. Only 1.8% of the population is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, latent manifestations of type 2 diabetes mellitus, one in four people in Kazakhstan can be sick, 38% of adults aged 20-79 suffer from prediabetes, and 8.2% with diabetes. It is believed that by 2030 in Kazakhstan, there may be about a million patients with diabetes. Diabetes mellitus, in accordance with the Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the health of the people and the health care system” belongs to the category of socially significant diseases. Therefore, the study of type 2 diabetes is one of the urgent problems of the public health in Kazakhstan.