Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RNA Polymerase III from Drosophila hydei Pupae

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III, which is usually highly resistant to α-amanitin, has been purified from Drosophila hydei pupae. The enzyme is insensitive to α-amanitin concentrations up to 0.1 μM; at 100 μM α-amanitin the enzyme activity is inhibited by approximately 10%. The enzyme was extracted at low ionic strength and purified to homogeneity by six purification steps; 0.1–0.2 mg enzyme/kg pupae could be obtained. The subunit composition of the enzyme was determined after sucrose-gradient centrifugation by sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. The enzyme was resolved into putative subunits of molecular weight 154000, 135000, 62000, 58000, 38000, 32000, 31000, 27200, 26500, 21500 and 17500. This subunit composition is in general accord with that of eucaryotic class III enzymes. The catalytic properties (salt-activation profile, ratio of activity with denatured DNA to that with native DNA) and the order of elution of the enzyme from DEAE-cellulose with respect to RNA polymerase II agree with the classification of the isolated enzyme as an RNA polymerase III.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Human ImmunodeficiencyVirus (HIV-1) on Dendritic Cell and T cell Responses : Studies of HIV-1 effects on Dendritic cell functionality reflected in primed T cells

HIV-1 infection enhances the expression of negative costimulatory molecules on T cellsleading to T cell impairment. The signaling pathway underlying the regulation ofinhibitory molecules and the subsequent onset of T cell impairment remains to beinvestigated. Herein, we showed that the T cells activated by HIV-pulsed dendritic cells(DCs) upregulated CTLA-4, TRAIL, LAG-3, TIM-3, and CD160 and suppressionassociated transcription factors BLIMP-1, DTX1, and FOXP3, leading to T cellsuppression. The induction of suppressor T cells was regulated by the signal transducerand activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) molecules as blockade of this pathwaysignificantly down regulates the expression of inhibitory molecules. The cytokines IL-6and IL-10 were not responsible for STAT3 activation as their neutralization could neitherrecover T cell proliferation nor decrease the expression of negative costimulatorymolecules. Contrarily, we demonstrated that the intracytoplasmic cross-talk of P38Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) with STAT3 was responsible as blockade ofthe P38MAPK significantly impaired negative costimulatory molecular expression andthe subsequent recovery of T cell proliferation. Notably, the blockade of viral access toDC cytosol, via CD4 binding and fusion, significantly reduced the negative effects DCsimposed on the primed T cells. In conclusion, viral access to cytosol modulated theDCs- T cell priming to induce T cells with upreguled expression of negativecostimulatory molecules in a P38MAPK/STAT3 pathway dependent fashion
Cows' diet and milk composition.

The effect of cows' diets on milk composition is discussed, focusing on those components of particular interest for human health. First dietary sources of fatty acids and their digestion and metabolism are reviewed. Then feeding factors affecting milk fat content and fatty acid composition are discussed, with emphasis on those factors related to forage and fat supplements. The effects of diet on protein content and composition and milk content of minerals and vitamins are reviewed. Feeding strategies for improving the nutritional quality of milk are summarized.
Gene expression profiling of mouse mammary gland: transition from pregnancy to lactation*

Gene expression analysis comparing pregnant and lactating mouse mammary gland was performed with Mouse Panorama Apoptosis cDNA macroarray containing 243 genes. Transition from pregnancy to lactation led to repression of 15 and induction of 24 genes, while 12 genes were found to change their expression more then twice. Expression of 16 genes was shown, not described so far in the mammary gland of mouse. Simultaneous analysis of 243 genes made it possible to begin arranging them into the gene regulation network of the mammary gland.
Is the pollination biology of Bathysa and Schizocalyx consistent with their segregation? A first approach for two sympatric species in southeastern Brazil

Tribe Condamineeae appears to be well supported in recent phylogenetic studies. However, the species of Bathysa were divided into two clades, leading to restoration of Schizocalyx. We studied the reproductive biology of one species from each clade, which occur sympatrically in the montane Brazilian Atlantic forest. Flowering overlap was short (from December to March in B. australis and from February to June in S. cuspidatus). The flowers of both species are protogynous and homostylous and last for about 3 days. The unit of pollination in B. australis is the inflorescence. Its flowers have a greenish hypocrateriform corolla (tube about 5 mm long) and were mainly pollinated by bees and wasps in search of nectar. Schizocalyx cuspidatus has white flowers with an infundibuliform corolla (tube about 8 mm long), and its main pollinators were stingless bees in search of pollen. The pollination systems of the two species did not correspond to their pollination syndromes. Morphological differences between Bathysa and Schizocalyx were reflected in their pollination systems, with greater phenotypic specialization in S. cuspidatus, the flowers of which offer pollen as the main resource, an unusual feature within Rubiaceae. Schizocalyx cuspidatus showed higher reproductive capacity by having more inflorescences per plant, more ovules per flower, and twice the proportion of flowering individuals. However, the reproductive efficiency (fruit set, seed/ovule ratio) did not differ between the species, despite the higher frequency of visits by pollinators to S. cuspidatus. Self‐compatibility in B. australis and self‐incompatibility in S. cuspidatus seem to explain these results.
Diyarbakır İli’nde Satışa Sunulan Köy ve Market Yumurtalarının Hijyenik Kalitesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma.

Bu calismada Diyarbakir Ili’ndeki pazar ve marketlerde satisa sunulan koy ve market yumurtalarin hijyenik kalitesi incelendi ve halk sagligi acisinda olusturdugu risk degerlendirildi. Koy yumurtalarinda ortalama Toplam Mezofilik Aerob Bakteri (TMAB) sayisi 6.72 log kob/ml (rinse); market yumurtalarinda5.68 log kob/ml (rinse) olarak bulunmustur. Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, koliform, E.coli ve E.coli O157:H7 kontaminasyonu ise koy yumurtalarinda sirasiyla %10, %2, %81, %35 ve %1; market yumurtalarinda ise %21, %6, %75, %33 ve %5 olarak saptanmistir. Yuksek mikrobiyolojik kontaminasyon oranlari yumurta orneklerinin hijyenik kalitesinin dusuk oldugunu, bu durumun halk sagligi ve gida guvenligi acisindan tehlikeler meydana getirebilecegini gostermektedir
Bioinformatic analysis of epithelial:mesenchymal crosstalk during mouse gut development and patterning

Reciprocal crosstalk between the endodermally-derived epithelium and the underlying mesenchyme is required for regional patterning and proper differentiation of the developing mammalian intestine. Though both epithelium and mesenchyme participate in patterning, the mesenchyme is thought to play a prominent role in the determination of the epithelial phenotype during development and in adult life. However, the molecular basis for this instructional dominance is unclear. In fact, surprisingly little is known about the cellular origins of many of the critical signaling molecules and the gene transcriptional events that they impact. Here, we profile genes that are expressed in the separate mesenchymal and epithelial compartments of the perinatal mouse intestine. The data indicate that the vast majority of soluble inhibitors and modulators of signaling pathways such as Hedgehog, Bmp, Wnt, Fgf and Igf are expressed predominantly or exclusively by the mesenchyme, accounting for its ability to dominate instructional crosstalk. We also catalog the most highly enriched transcription factors in both compartments. The results bolster previous evidence suggesting a major role for Hnf4α and Hnf4γ in the regulation of epithelial genes. Finally, we find that while epithelially 69 enriched genes tend to be highly tissue-restricted in their expression, mesenchymally enriched genes tend to be broadly expressed in multiple tissues. Thus, the unique tissue-specific signature that characterizes the intestinal epithelium is instructed and supported by a mesenchyme that itself expresses genes that are largely non-tissue specific.
Nosema bombi, a microsporidian pathogen of the bumble bee Bombus lucorum

This paper reports an examination of N. bombi isolated from the native bumblebee (B. lucorum) in China using electron microscopy to study its morphology, compare with N. bombi (B. terrestris) and N. apis. N. bombi (B. lucorum) is oval, showing blue refraction, its surface is smooth, no characteristic shape was found. And no difference was found between the morphology of N. bombi obtained from B. lucorum and that from B. terrestris, significant differences were found between the ultra-structure of N. bombi (B. lucorum) and that from N. apis. So the results show that N. bombi (B. lucorum) was distinct from N. apis.
Some evolutionary correlates of higher taxa

Nonparametric randomization tests were used to determine whether fossil marine families classified in different higher taxa are significantly different in their durations, their rates of origination and extinction, and their proportion of originations. For each of these properties, significant differences among orders and classes were found that could not be explained by differences at other taxonomic ranks, but no such differences were found among phyla. Thus, orders and classes appear to possess an evolutionary coherence that phyla lack.
Endocasts - the direct evidence and recent advances in the study of human brain evolution

Brain evolution is one of the most important aspects of human evolution, usually studied through endocasts. Analysis of fossil hominid endocasts allows inferences on functional anatomy, physiology, and phylogeny. In this paper, we describe the general features of endocast studies and review some of the major topics in paleoneurology. These are: absolute and relative brain size evolution; brain shape variation; brain asymmetry and lateralization; middle meningeal vessels and venous sinuses; application of computed tomography and virtual imaging; the history of Chinese brain endocast studies. In particular, this review emphasizes endocast studies on Chinese hominin fossils.
Electrolyte and Ascorbic Acid Supplementation for Heat Exposed Broilers in Thailand

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of ascorbic acid and mixed electrolytes on growth performance, ammonia emission and serum antioxidant enzyme activity in broilers during summer period. Two hundred and ten male and female Arbor Acre broilers during grower-finisher period (22-42 days old) were allocated into 3 groups with different additives in drinking water: 1,000 ppm ascorbic acid (T1); 2,000 ppm mixed electrolytes containing only Na + , K + and HCO 3 - (T2) and none (T3 serving as control group). The experiment was conducted in an open broiler house during the summer period between April and May. Results indicated that there were no significant differences in broiler performance among the treatments. The control group (T3) had slightly higher mortality rate compared to the others. There was no significant difference among the groups in ammonia concentration and litter moisture in all weeks. The broilers in T1 (ascorbic acid) had significantly higher glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme and lower MDA levels ( p< 0.05) compared with the other groups. Osmolarity values of the broilers at 4 weeks were low in all groups and the broilers in T2 (mixed electrolytes) had increased serum osmolarity compared with the control ( p< 0.05) at 5 weeks of age. In conclusion, the high ambient temperature in this trial increased the mortality rate in the broilers and exacerbated FCR. The supplementation of both mixed electrolytes and ascorbic acid numerically reduced the mortality rate and slightly increased the weight gain. The electrolytes improved the serum osmolarity of the bird while the ascorbic acid supplement had the benefit of increasing serum GPx enzyme and decreasing serum MDA.
The effect of fire season, fire frequency, rainfall and management on fire intensity in savanna vegetation in South Africa

Summary 1Fire is important for the maintenance and conservation of African savanna ecosystems. Despite the importance of fire intensity as a key element of the fire regime, it is seldom measured or included in fire records. 2We estimated fire intensity in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, by documenting fuel loads, fuel moisture contents, rates of fire spread and the heat yields of fuel in 956 experimental plot burns over 21 years. 3Individual fires were conducted in five different months (February, April, August, October and December) and at five different return intervals (1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 years). Estimated fire intensities ranged from 28 to 17 905 kW m−1. Fire season had a significant effect on fire intensity. Mean fire intensities were lowest in summer fires (1225 kW m−1), increased in autumn fires (1724 kW m−1) and highest in winter fires (2314 kW m−1); they were associated with a threefold difference between the mean moisture content of grass fuels in winter (28%) and summer (88%). 4Mean fuel loads increased with post-fire age, from 2964 kg ha−1 on annually burnt plots to 3972 kg ha−1 on biennial, triennial and quadrennial burnt plots (which did not differ significantly), but decreased to 2881 kg ha−1 on sexennial burnt plots. Fuel loads also increased with increasing rainfall over the previous 2 years. 5Mean fire intensities showed no significant differences between annual burns and burns in the biennial, triennial and quadrennial categories, despite lower fuel loads in annual burns, suggesting that seasonal fuel moisture effects overrode those of fuel load. Mean fire intensity in sexennial burns was less than half that of other burns (638 vs. 1969 kW m−1). 6We used relationships between season of fire, fuel loads and fire intensity in conjunction with the park's fire records to reconstruct broad fire intensity regimes. Changes in management from regular prescribed burning to ‘natural’ fires over the past four decades have resulted in a decrease in moderate-intensity fires and an increase in high-intensity fires. 7The highest fire intensities measured in our study (11 000 – > 17 500 kW m−1) were significantly higher than those previously reported for African savannas, but were similar to those in South American cerrado vegetation. The mean fire intensity for late dry season (winter) fires in our study was less than half that reported for late dry season fires in savannas in northern Australia. 8Synthesis and applications. Fire intensity has important effects on savanna vegetation, especially on the dynamics of the tree layer. Fire intensity varies with season (because of differences in fuel moisture) as well as with fuel load. Managers of African savannas can manipulate fire intensity by choosing the season of fire, and further by burning in years with higher or lower fuel loads. The basic relationships described here can also be used to enhance fire records, with a view to building a long-term data set for the ongoing assessment of the effectiveness of fire management.
External morphology of the primate brain

A solution to get the problem off, have you found it? Really? What kind of solution do you resolve the problem? From what sources? Well, there are so many questions that we utter every day. No matter how you will get the solution, it will mean better. You can take the reference from some books. And the external morphology of the primate brain is one book that we really recommend you to read, to get more solutions in solving this problem.
Cell Division Pattern during Gastrulation of the Ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi

With the aid of scanning electron microscopy, the spatial and temporal pattern of cell divisions during gastrulation of ascidian embryos was analysed and described up to the 306‐cell stage. After the 64‐cell stage asynchrony of cleavages became apparent, but the spatio‐temporal cell‐division pattern was highly invariant. The division pattern of cells in the animal hemisphere was regular, while that of cells in the vegetal hemisphere was complicated. The results obtained in the present study coincided with Conklin's description (1905) with only a few discrepancies. Gastrulation started around the 110‐cell stage and a late gastrula consisted of about 300 cells. In addition, the cell lineage of the neural tube was described.
Evolving Gene Regulatory Networks for Cellular Morphogenesis

The generation of pattern and form in a developing organism results from a combination of interacting processes, guided by a programme en- coded in its genome. The unfolding of this programme involves a complex interplay of gene regulation and inter-cellular signalling, as well as the mechanical processes of cell growth, division and movement. In this study we present an integrated modelling framework for simulating multicellular morphogenesis that includes plausible models of both genetic and cellular processes, using leaf morphogenesis as an example. We present results of an experiment designed to investigate the contribution that genetic control of cell growth and division makes to the performance of a developing system.
Determinación del método de extracción de ADN óptimo para el desarrollo de la técnica RAPD en megagametofitos de Pinus hartwegii Lindl.

Molecular markers represent nowaday an important tool in forest genetic breeding; among them it was standed out the utility of the Random Amplified Polymorphism DNA (RAPD) technique in genetic studies of different forest species. So it was developed the present work as a part of a study, which are performing to examine the genetic variability present in Pinus hartwegii Lindl. Veracruz populations in order to evaluate the comparative efectivity of four DNA extraction methods (Shagai-Maroof, Dellaporta, Kaya y Neale and Doyle y Doyle) to detect RAPDs markers in megagametophytes derived from a population of this species located at Cofre Perote, Veracruz, Mexico. The results from DNA quality analysis performed showed that Doyle & Doyle method gave the best DNA quality. The RAPDs analyses revealed the presence of 4-5 RAPDs bands profiles from DNA obtained extracted with Kaya & Neale, Dellaporta and Doyle & Doyle methods. It was concluded the convenience of the Doyle & Doyle methods to obtain DNA with the quality required to perform the RAPDs analysis in megagametophyte of this Pinus.
Defining the Role of CtBP2 in p53-Independent Tumor Suppressor Function of ARF: A Dissertation

ARF, a potent tumor suppressor, positively regulates p53 by antagonizing MDM2, a negative regulator of p53, which in turn, results in either apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. ARF also suppresses the proliferation of cells lacking p53, and loss of ARF in p53-null mice, compared with ARF-null or p53-null mice, results in a broadened tumor spectrum and decreased tumor latency. This evidence suggests that ARF exerts both p53dependent and p53-independent tumor suppressor activity. However, the molecular pathway and mechanism of ARF’s p53-independent tumor suppressor activity is not understood. The antiapoptotic, metabolically regulated, transcriptional corepressor C-terminal binding protein 2 (CtBP2) has been identified as a specific target of ARF’s p53independent tumor suppression. CtBPs are phosphoproteins with PLDLS-binding motif and NADH-binding central dehydrogenase domains. ARF interacts with CtBP1 and CtBP2 both in vitro and in vivo, and induces their proteasome-mediated degradation, resulting in p53-independent apoptosis in colon cancer cells. ARF’s ability to target CtBP2 for degradation, and its induction of p53-independent apoptosis requires an intact interaction with CtBP2, and phosphorylation at S428 of CtBP2. As targets for inhibition by ARF, CtBPs are candidate oncogenes, and their expression is elevated in a majority of human colorectal adenocarcinomas specimens in comparison to normal adjacent tissue.
The effect of irradiance during leaf development on photoinhibition in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer

This experiment used chlorophyll fluorescence techniques to assess the effect of irradiant during leaf development on photoinhibition of photosynthesis in Panax ginseng. Seedlings of p. ginseng were grown in the 91asshouse at four shade levels. The maximum mid-day irradiant in each treatment between emergence (January 4) and completion of the experiment (February 25) was 1220, 485, 235, 125 mol//s. To assess the rapidity of photosynthetic readaptation to changes in light levels, fluorescence parameters (Fo, F, Fm, Fm', AF/Fm;, Fv/Fm) were measured for three days before and after transfer of plants (on February 21) from each light treatment into each of the other light treatments. Before transfer, dark adapted values of Fv/Fm in the 1220 (0.699) and 485 (0.739) treatments were different from each other and lower than values in the 235 (0.764) and 125 (0.768) treatments, indicating mild photoinhibition. Patterns of change in F during the day also differed between treatments, with low light treatments tracking irradiant levels, but F in the high light treatment (1220) declined in the morning, presumably due to fluorescence quenching. Although plants grown at high irradiant had relatively low photosynthetic efficiency, relative electron transport rate was greater than in lower irradiant treatments. After transfer, plants adopted the daily pattern of change in F of the treatment to which they were moved with little change in absolute levels of F, except in plants transferred from the highest (1220) to the lowest light level (125), where F increased over the course of the three days following transfer. After plants were transferred, Fm' converged on values similar to those in plants raised in the treatments to which they were moved. Values of Fv/Fm in plants moved from low to high light declined dramatically, but there was no decline in plants from 485 moved to 1220. Values of Pv/Fm in plants that were moved from high light to lower light increased to values above those recorded in plants raised in the lower light treatments. Reductions in quantum efficiency caused by photoinhibition at high irradiant may be more than compensated for by higher electron transport rates, although evidence suggests that under high irradiant this tends to be balanced by reduced leaf area and earlier senescence. Chlorophyll fluorescence techniques appear capable of indicating effects of irradiant induced stress in ginseng, yielding results comparable to those obtained with gas exchange techniques but in less time and with greater replication.