Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Causal structure and singularity theory on space-times

In der Allgemeinen Relativitatstheorie werden Modelle von Raumzeiten durch abstrakte Lorentzmannigfaltigkeiten modelliert. Es stellt sich heraus, dass eine grose Anzahl der wichtigsten Raumzeiten geodatisch unvollstandig ist. Wir werden in dieser Arbeit die wichtigsten Existenztheoreme von geodatisch unvollstandigen Raumzeiten formulieren und beweisen. Dabei werden wir die zu Grunde liegende kausale Struktur mitentwickeln. In den ersten Kapiteln definieren wir den Begriff der mathematischen Raumzeit und stellen die notwendigen Werkzeuge bereit um den Jacobi-Tensorkalkul zu formulieren, der es uns ermoglicht Aussagen uber Energiebedingungen auf Raumzeiten zu treffen. In den spateren Kapiteln werden wir den Begriff der Achronalitat bzw. der Akausalitat einfuhren und beweisen, dass jeder Rand einer Zukunftsmenge eine abgeschlossene achronale topologische Hyperflache ist. Das Konzept von achronalen Mengen fuhrt uns notwendigerweise zu den Cauchy Entwicklungen. Wir werden zeigen, dass das Innere einer Cauchy Entwicklung stets eine global hyperbolische Raumzeit modelliert, sofern die zu Grunde liegende Menge achronal ist. Mit diesen Vorbereitungen werden wir ein erstes starkes Resultat in der Singularitatentheorie beweisen konnen. Mit grosem Aufwand werden wir die Existenz von stuckweise glatten zukunfts-nichterweiterbaren zeitartigen Kurven zeigen, die vollstandig in der Zukunfts-Cauchy-Entwicklung des so genannten Zukunfts-Horismos liegen. Dieses fundamentale Resultat wird ausreichen um das beruhmte Lemma von Hawking und Penrose zu beweisen, welches in der Literatur bereits haufig als Singularitatensatz angesehen wird. Ein bekanntes Resultat im Variationskalkul liefert den Beweis des starksten Singularitatentheorems - des Singularitatensatzes von Hawking und Penrose. Im nachsten Kapitel werden wir so genannte Cauchy Hyperflachen verwenden um die globale Hyperbolizitat von Raumzeiten zu erzwingen. Dieses Resultat fuhrt uns auf einen eleganten Beweis des Singularitatensatzes von Penrose. Im letzten Kapitel analysieren wir die gemeinsame Grundlage der zentralen Resultate in der Singularitatentheorie.
Rearranging Indonesian Money Market For Corporate Financing

Money market is a very important component in the financial market, since it’s involved the trading of short term borrowing, lending, buying and selling with original maturities of one year or less. One of the importances of the money market is its function to provide financing for business. This paper’s main contribution is to give a better understanding from the business law perspective on the money market; and to give a broader analysis on the financial institution including money market in Indonesia for the purpose of corporate financing. Indonesian money market needs to be rearranged to cope with the business needs. The first objective of this paper is to understand the institution of money market in Indonesia in order to cope with the business need for short term financing. The second objectives is how to develop an effective money market operation in Indonesia in order to attract potential investors.
Efficacy of Oxaliplatin-Based Chemotherapy in Curatively Resected Colorectal Cancer with Liver Metastasis

Objectives: Although surgical resection alone has been validated as a standard treatment for patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer, a high rate of recurrence is still an issue to be overcome. We aimed to assess the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy using an oxaliplatin-based regimen in patients who underwent hepatic and primary colorectal cancer resection. Methods: Sixty patients who received oxaliplatin-based postoperative chemotherapy combined with curative resection of primary colorectal cancer and synchronous liver metastases between January 2000 and February 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival, and prognostic factors were evaluated with the log-rank test. Results: Median overall survival (OS) was 62.8 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 44.1–81.3], and median relapse-free survival (RFS) was 32.8 months (95% CI 5.8–59.6). The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 95.0, 68.8 and 55.5%, respectively. The relapse-free interval and modality of liver resection were independently associated with OS. Conclusions: Oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy after radical resection resulted in increased OS and RFS with acceptable tolerability compared to surgery alone. However, it is not yet clear whether postoperative oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy improves outcome compared to patients treated with 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin.
Plasmodium inui infection reduces the efficacy of a simian immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccine in a rhesus macaque model through alteration of the vaccine-induced immune response.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and malaria are co-endemic in many areas. We evaluated the effects of Plasmodium inui infection on the performance of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) DNA vaccine. Rhesus macaques were infected with P. inui by transfusion of whole blood from a persistently infected animal. Animals with and animals without P. inui infection were then vaccinated 4 times with an SIV DNA vaccine encoding SIVgag, SIVpol, and SIVenv. Animals were subsequently challenged with thirty 50% rhesus monkey infectious doses of SIVmac251 6 weeks after the last vaccination. P. inui-infected immunized animals showed a significantly higher viral load than animals without P. inui infection (P = .010, by the Wilcoxon rank sum test). The higher viral loads in the P. inui-infected animals were durable and were observed at all sampling time points across the study (P = .00245, by the Wilcoxon rank test). The P. inui-infected animals also had correspondingly lower CD4(+) cell counts. There were fewer vaccine-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells in the P. inui-infected animals, compared with uninfected animals. Of importance, P. inui infection seemed to decrease the number of CD8(+) cells that could proliferate or secrete interferon γ, although the number of CD8(+) cells capable of secreting tumor necrosis factor α following in vitro stimulation was increased. This study demonstrated that P. inui infection had an influence on the immune response to an SIV DNA vaccine and decreased the vaccine's efficacy.
Customer Base Strategies

Growing and sustaining the customer base of an organization is always a challenge to firms’ operating in an intense and competitive industry and where the cost of brand switching is relatively low. For an organization to adopt any strategy, the need to scan its environment will be necessary to avoid making a strategic mistakes that are capable of causing an organization its life as a corporate entity. The study aimed at identifying and discussing strategies an organization can adopt in growing and sustaining its market share in a given industry. These strategies include; innovation strategy, market segmentation strategy, market expansion strategy, 80/20 business strategy, and customer relationship retention strategies. A research model was formulated for the purpose of guiding further studies.
Caregivers' Perception of Aggressive Behavior in Cognitively Impaired Nursing Home Residents

&NA; Aggressive behaviors of nursing home residents represent a significant problem for caregivers and families. A guided interview format was used to collect data from 21 nurses and 20 nursing assistants in order to gather information on the characteristics of aggressive behavior and how it is managed in cognitively impaired nursing home residents. Sixty‐eight percent of the caregivers stated the residents were physically aggressive, while 95% cited verbal aggression. Aggression occurred most commonly in the mornings while the caregiver was dressing the resident. Inadequate staffing and new staff were both seen as problems by the caregivers. Talking soothingly and assuring the resident were techniques initially used to comfort the residents. Reasoning with the resident was the most common follow‐up procedure used by the caregivers.
VH gene usage by family members affected with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

The excess risk of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) in the first‐degree relatives of affected patients suggests that familial CLL might constitute a useful model to study the pathogenesis of this disease, as has been demonstrated in numerous other neoplastic disorders. Previous studies have shown non‐random utilization of immunoglobulin genes in CLL, some germline in sequence and others containing numerous somatic mutations. To investigate whether familial cases of CLL exhibit similarities in the composition of the B‐cell receptor repertoire to the pattern expressed by CLL patients as a whole, we have studied 25 CLL patients belonging to 12 different families (four French and eight Italian), each of which contained at least two affected members.
Perfectionism and the Five-Factor Model of Personality

In this study of the discriminant, convergent, and incremental validity of the Almost Perfect Scale—Revised (APS-R), university students completed the APS-R, additional measures of perfectionism, the NEO Five-Factor Inventory—Form S, and measures of self-esteem and depression. The results revealed expected significant, but not completely overlapping, associations between the APS-R Discrepancy subscale scores and the Five-Factor Model of Personality (FFM) dimension of Neuroticism, and between the APS-R High Standards and Order subscales and the FFM dimension of Conscientiousness. The incremental validity of APS-R scores over FFM dimensions was supported in analyses of self-esteem but not depression. The implications of these findings for further psychometric and clinical studies of perfectionism and facets of FFM dimensions are discussed.
A Comparative Study of Meiotic Recombination in Cattle (Bos taurus) and Three Wildebeest Species (Connochaetes gnou, C. taurinus taurinus and C. t. albojubatus)

The karyotypic evolution in the family Bovidae is based on centric fusions of ancestral acrocentric chromosomes. Here, the frequency and distribution of meiotic recombination was analyzed in pachytene spermatocytes from Bos taurus (2n = 60) and 3 wildebeest species (Connochaetes gnou, C. taurinus taurinus and C. t. albojubatus) (2n = 58) using immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Significant differences in mean numbers of recombination events per cell were observed between B. taurus and members of the genus Connochaetes (47.2 vs. 43.7, p < 0.001). The number of MLH1 foci was significantly correlated with the length of the autosomal synaptonemal complexes. The average interfocus distance was influenced by interference. The male recombination maps of bovine chromosomes 2 and 25 and of their fused homologues in wildebeests were constructed. A significant reduction of recombination in the fused chromosome BTA25 was observed in wildebeests (p = 0.005). This was probably caused by interference acting across the centromere, which was significantly stronger than the intra-arm interference. This comparative meiotic study showed significant differences among the species from the family Bovidae with the same fundamental number of autosomal arms (FNa = 29) which differ by a single centric fusion.
Material‐specific memory in the intracarotid amobarbital procedure

We examined material-specific memory in 45 left hemisphere language dominant patients with temporal complex partial seizures (24 right, 21 left) during the intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) by showing eight cards displaying two line drawings of common objects, two printed words, one colored shape, one math expression, one face, and one abstract shape following amobarbital injection (mean = 109.9 mg). We assessed delayed recall and recognition following clearing. Patients with right foci recognized significantly fewer verbally mediated stimuli (words, object drawings, colored shape) with left than with right injection. Patients with left foci recognized a nonverbal stimulus (abstract shape) more poorly following right versus left injection. Discriminant function analysis lateralized 85% of the sample from memory predictors, upheld to 81% on crossvalidation. Material-specific memory remains intact in the hemisphere contralateral to a seizure focus, but wider representation may occur for stimuli normally dominant for the hemisphere with the seizure focus. The IAP significantly lateralizes a seizure focus with use of both types of stimuli.
Overview of Methods for the Direct Molar Mass Determination of Cellulose

The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with an overview of the methods used to determine the molecular weights of cellulose. Methods that employ direct dissolution of the cellulose polymer are described; hence methods for investigating the molecular weight of cellulose in derivatized states, such as ethers or esters, only form a minor part of this review. Many of the methods described are primarily of historical interest since they have no use in modern cellulose chemistry. However, older methods, such as osmometry or ultracentrifuge experiments, were the first analytical methods used in polymer chemistry and continue to serve as sources of fundamental information (such as the cellulose structure in solution). The first part of the paper reviews methods, either absolute or relative, for the estimation of average molecular weights. Regardless of an absolute or relative approach, the outcome is a molecular weight average (MWA). In the final section, coupling methods are described. The primary benefit of performing a pre-separation step on the molecules is the discovery of the molecular weight distribution (MWD). Here, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is unquestionably the most powerful and most commonly-applied method in modern laboratories and industrial settings.
Identification of Affection in Voice Using an Enhanced Supervised Locally Linear Embedding Technique

To enhance the identification of affection in voice, it is necessary to conduct nonlinear dimensionality reduction for voice attribute samples lying on a nonlinear manifold embedded in high-dimensional voice space. Supervised locally linear embedding is an outstanding supervised manifold learning method for nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Taking this technique existing drawbacks into account, this paper proposes an enhanced version of supervised locally linear embedding method, which enhances the identification ability of low-dimensional embedded samples and to provide the best generalization power. The proposed method can be used to conduct nonlinear dimensionality reduction for 36-dimensional voice affection attribute samples including prosody and speech character attributes, and draws low-dimensional embedded identification attributes so as to identify four affections including indignation, happiness, sadness and neutrality. Experimental results on natural voice affection database show that the proposed method achieves a high accuracy of 91.56% with only less than 8 embedded attributes, acquiring 14.35% enhancement over the proposed method. Thus, the method can greatly enhance voice affection identification while being applied for reducing dimensionality of voice affection attribute samples.
Social exclusion, barriers and accessing dental care: thoughts on planning responsive dental services

Research investigating accessibility to dental care has changed 1 since the 1980s when Finch et al showed that dental anxiety, perception of need and costs acted as barriers to attendance. Since that time accessibility problems have been shown to lie not with the patient but with government and society as well as the dental profession. An understanding of the difficulties that exist for those, who society has delegated to its edges, together with the impoverishment of their social networks, provides government and health planners with the means to provide responsive dental services to all. This article presents the research findings associated with access to dental care. It describes how accessibility as a concept acquired a dynamic quality in the late 1980s. This argument continues by incorporating the concepts of social exclusion and social capital to illustrate how at the centre of access difficulties, is not the individual, but society. The need for government to appreciate that the physical structures and dental health care facilities together with the needs and the requirements of the planners, health professionals and people must be woven together to allow the formation of a cohesive structure which will form the basis of responsive and accessible health care for all
Psychosocial effects of mastectomy on married African women in Northwestern Nigeria

Objectives: Few studies have examined the psychosocial impact of breast cancer and its treatment on African women who come from a poverty‐stricken, uneducated background in a developing country. The purpose of this study was to describe the specific psychosocial effects of breast cancer on married African women in order to help physicians educate and counsel future women and their families in Northwestern Nigeria.
Effect of Circadian Rhythm Disruption and Alcohol on the Oxidative Stress Level in Rat Brain

Alcohol abuse is often associated with disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep, and the link seems to be bidirectional. In addition, it has been shown that exposure to constant illumination may increase lipid peroxidation in tissues. In this study, we investigated the effects of circadian rhythm disruption (CRD) and chronic alcohol intake (A) alone and in combination (CRD+A), on the oxidative stress in total rat brain homogenate. Our results demonstrated that lipid peroxidation was increased in the brain samples of all experimental animals compared with the control ones. The oxidative stress levels increased in the order: C<CRD<A<(CRD+A). Furthermore, xanthine oxidase activity changed in the order: C<CRD<A=CRD+A. It was proposed that chronic alcohol intake, if accompanied with CRD, might lead to significantly higher lipid peroxidation in the brain, than if present alone. Our data suggest that ethanol metabolites may be involved in the increase of the brain xanthine oxidase activity in rats with chronic alcohol intake.
Credit Rating Agencies: Meeting the Needs of the Market?

The recent turmoil in the international financial markets following the subprime mortgage crisis in the US has raised questions about the role of credit rating agencies in this crisis. Whether credit rating agencies are meeting the needs of the market and if there is a need for increased regulation have become ever more topical issues. This timely publication looks at the views of market participants before the crisis and provides an insight into the rapid development and practices of the agencies.
Optimum Design of the Current-Source Flyback Inverter for Decentralized Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems

Two alternative modes of operation for the current-source flyback inverter are investigated in this paper. The discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), where a constant switching frequency (CSF) control method is applied, and the boundary between continuous and DCM (BCM) that is introduced for photovoltaic (PV) applications in this paper (where a variable switching frequency control method is applied). These two control methods are analytically studied and compared in order to establish their advantages as well as their suitability for the development of an inverter for decentralized grid-connected PV applications. An optimum design methodology is developed, aiming for an inverter with the smallest possible volume for the maximum power transfer to the public grid and wide PV energy exploitation. The main advantages of the current-source flyback inverter are very high-power density and high efficiency due to its simple structure, as well as high-power factor regulation. The design and control methodology are validated by personal computer simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (PSPICE) simulation and experimental results, accomplished on a laboratory prototype.
Topology Management and Route Establishment Method for Base Station Networks Using Cognitive Radio

Cognitive radio, which utilizes the radio frequency spectrum efficiently by recognizing radio resource availability, is an attractive technology for overcoming the shortage of radio frequency. From the perspective of networking, cognitive radio technologies are also useful since they allow flexible network construction. This paper proposes base station networks using cognitive radio technologies. In order to achieve efficient utilization of the radio frequency spectrum and flexible network construction, we also propose a topology management and route control method for our proposed base station network. Our method shares the status of the wireless links along with topology information and establishes routes by using this information. Through simulation, we evaluate that our method significantly improves the throughput by efficient utilization of the radio frequency spectrum. Moreover, we demonstrate that our method works well when the size of the network gets larger.
A Genome-Wide Approach to Understanding a Noncanonical ARF[OPEN]

The canonical auxin-response pathway in plants begins with auxin sensing by F-box proteins, triggering degradation of Aux/IAA proteins that act as transcriptional repressors via their interaction with sequence-specific DNA binding AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs; reviewed in [Weijers and Wagner, 2016][
Reliability and validity of functional performance tests in dancers with hip dysfunction.

STUDY DESIGN Quasi-experimental, repeated measures. PURPOSE/BACKGROUND Functional performance tests that identify hip joint impairments and assess the effect of intervention have not been adequately described for dancers. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of hop and balance tests among a group of dancers with musculoskeletal pain in the hip region. METHODS NINETEEN FEMALE DANCERS (AGE: 18.90±1.11 years; height: 164.85±6.95 cm; weight: 60.37±8.29 kg) with unilateral hip pain were assessed utilizing the cross-over reach, medial triple hop, lateral triple hop, and cross-over hop tests on two occasions, 2 days apart. Test-retest reliability and comparisons between the involved and uninvolved side for each respective test were determined. RESULTS Intra-class correlation coefficients for the functional performance tests ranged from 0.89-0.96. The cross-over reach test had a SEM of 2.79 cm and a MDC of 7.73 cm. The medial and lateral triple hop tests had SEM values of 7.51 cm and 8.17 cm, and MDC values of 20.81 cm and 22.62 cm, respectively. The SEM was 0.15 seconds and the MDC was 0.42 seconds for the cross-over hop test. Performance on the medial triple hop test was significantly less on the involved side (370.21±38.26 cm) compared to the uninvolved side (388.05±41.49 cm); t(18) = -4.33, p<0.01. The side-to-side comparisons of the cross-over reach test (involved mean=61.68±10.9 cm; uninvolved mean=61.69±8.63 cm); t(18) = -0.004, p=0.99, lateral triple hop test (involved mean=306.92±35.79 cm; uninvolved mean=310.68±24.49 cm); t(18) = -0.55, p=0.59, and cross-over hop test (involved mean=2.49±0.34 seconds; uninvolved mean= 2.61±0.42 seconds; t(18) = -1.84, p=0.08) were not statistically different between sides. CONCLUSION The functional performance tests used in this study can be reliably performed on dancers with unilateral hip pain. The medial triple hop test was the only functional performance test with evidence of validity in side-to-side comparisons. These results suggest that the medial triple hop test may be a reliable and valid functional performance test to assess impairments related to hip pain among dancers. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3b. Non-consecutive cohort study.