Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Visual Uncertainty on Word Surprisal and Processing Effort

A word’s predictability or surprisal, as determined by cloze probabilities or language models (Frank, 2013) is related to processing effort, in that less expected words take more effort to process (Hale, 2001; Lau et al., 2013). A word’s surprisal, however, may also be influenced by the non-linguistic context, such as visual cues: In the visual world paradigm (VWP), anticipatory eye movements suggest that listeners exploit the scene to predict what will be mentioned next (Altmann and Kamide, 1999). How visual context affects surprisal and processing effort, however, remains unclear. Here, we present a series of four studies providing evidence on how visually-determined probabilistic expectations for a spoken target word, as indicated by anticipatory eye movements, predict graded processing effort for that word, as assessed by a pupillometric measure (the Index of Cognitive Activity, ICA). These findings are a clear and robust demonstration that the non-linguistic context can immediately influence both lexical expectations, and surprisal-based processing effort.
ESTRESSE SALINO NA FASE DE CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DA ALFACE

RESUMO: Estudou-se a tolerância ao estresse salino de cinco cultivares de alface na fase de crescimento inicial. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de análise de sementes da Universidade Federal do Ceará, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial com cinco cultivares de alface (C1Repolhuda Todo Ano; C2 Grandes Lagos Americana; C3 Great Lakes 659; C4 Lucy Brown e C5 Crespa Repolhuda) e cinco níveis de estresse salino (0; 50; 100; 150 e 200 mM de NaCl). Avaliou-se a germinação (G), índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), comprimento e massa seca da raiz e parte aérea. Verificou-se redução na G a partir de 100 mM para todas as cultivares. A ‘Lucy Brown’ foi a mais tolerante nos maiores níveis de NaCl, enquanto as ‘Grandes Lagos Americana’ e ‘Great Lakes’ foram as mais sensíveis. A ‘Lucy Brown’ foi a que teve melhor desempenho quando submetida aos maiores níveis de estresse sendo, portanto, a mais tolerante na fase inicial.
Capital Controls, Monetary Policy, and Balance Sheets in a Small Open Economy

We develop a small open economy, New Keynesian model that incorporates a financial accelerator in combination with liability dollarization. Applying a Ramsey-type analysis, we compare the welfare implications of an optimal monetary policy under flexible exchange rates and an optimal capital control policy under fixed exchange rates. In an economy without the financial accelerator, an optimal monetary policy under flexible exchange rates is superior to an optimal capital control policy under fixed exchange rates. In contrast, in an economy with the financial accelerator, an optimal capital control under fixed exchange rates yields higher welfare than an optimal monetary policy underflexible exchange rates.
Analysis of the Phase Current Measurement Boundary of Three Shunt Sensing PWM Inverters and an Expansion Method

To obtain phase currents information in AC drives, shunt sensing technology is known to show great performance in cost-effectiveness and therefore it is widely used in low cost applications. However, shunt sensing methods are unable to acquire phase currents in certain operation conditions. This paper deals with the derivation of the boundary conditions for phase current reconstruction in three-shunt sensing inverters and proposes a voltage injection method to expand the measurable areas. As the boundary conditions are deeply dependent on the switching patterns, they are typically analyzed on the voltage vector plane for space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) and discontinuous pulse width modulation (DPWM). In the proposed method, the voltage injection and its compensation are conducted within one sampling period. This guarantees fast current reconstruction and the injected voltage is decided so as to minimize the current ripple. In addition to the voltage injection method, a sampling point shifting method is also introduced to improve the boundary conditions. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the boundary condition derivation and the effectiveness of the proposed voltage injection method.
All-optical quantum signal demultiplexer

Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is one of the most successful methods for enhancing data transmission rates in both classical and quantum communication networks. Although signal multiplexing and demultiplexing are equally important, traditional multiplexing and demultiplexing methods are based on passive devices such as arrayed waveguides and fiber Bragg cascade filters, which, although widely used in commercial devices, lack any active tuning ability. In this work, we propose a signal demultiplexing method based on sum frequency generation (SFG) with two significant features: first, any signal from the common communication channel can be demultiplexed to a single user by switching the pump wavelength; second, a cheap high-performance detector can be used for signal detection. These two features were demonstrated by demultiplexing multi-channel energy-time entanglement generated by a micro-cavity silicon chip. High interference visibilities over three channels after demultiplexing showed that entanglement was preserved and verified the high performance of the demultiplexer, which will find wide application in high-capacity quantum communication networks.
Numerical Simulation of Polarity Characteristics of Vector Elastic Wave of Advanced Detection in the Roadway

The high-order staggering grid Finite-Difference (FD) scheme based on first-order velocity-stress elastic wave equation has been deduced. The calculation method of PML boundary condition and stability condition established in this study can be used for numerical simulation of advanced detection of elastic wave in roadway, with the obtaining of high-precision seismogram. Then we systematically analyze the polarity of vector wave field in post-source observation system. The results indicate that the relationship between the vector wave field and the polarity of direct wave is related to reflection coefficient on the interface, while the polarity relationship between horizontal and vertical components of vector wave field is related to vertical position of the interface. During data processing for advanced detection of elastic waves, the sign of the reflection coefficient on the interface ahead can be determined based on the polarity relationship between reflected wave and direct wave from the seismograms; the soft and hard rock and other geological information on both sides of the interface is thus be determined. In addition, the direction of source wave depends on polarity relationship between horizontal and vertical components of reflected wave and is used to achieve the separation of up going and down going waves.
On Access Network Identification and Characterization Master Thesis

The proliferation of portable computing devices, such as laptops, netbooks, PDAs and smart phones, increased the demand for wireless network connectivity. The deployment of IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs (WLANs) appears as an attractive solution for providing network connectivity in enterprises and universities, and in public places like conference venues and airports. The use of 802.11 WLANs brings new challenges to network administrators. They need to understand the extent of wireless usage to properly allocate the networks resources, such as Access Points (APs). In this report we propose a novel approach for the identification of access network types from passive measurements performed in an aggregation point of the network backbone. Based on basic characteristics of Ethernet and 802.11 protocols, like transmission rates of the links and duplex capabilities of the medium, we show that it is possible to distinguish TCP flows that cross these types of networks. As a side effect, our method provides information on the transmission rate in which the protocols are operating in. We validate our findings using traces generated in a semi-controlled laboratory environment and “real-world” traces collected at our university campus network.
Do we understand the causes of bush encroachment in African savannas?

Bush encroachment affects the agricultural productivity and biodiversity of 10–20 million ha of South Africa. Many people believe that we understand the causes of bush encroachment. We do not. Many people believe that either fire or heavy grazing by domestic livestock is the sole cause of bush encroachment. This is wrong. Bush encroachment occurs in many arid regions where fuel loads are insufficient for fires to be an important causal factor. Belief in grazing as the sole cause of bush encroachment stems from Walter's two-layer model. This model states that grasses typically outcompete trees in open savannas by growing fast and intercepting moisture from the upper soil layers, thereby preventing trees from gaining access to precipitation in the lower soil layers where their roots are mostly found. When heavy grazing occurs, grasses are removed and soil moisture then becomes available to the trees, allowing them to recruit en masse. The fact that many bush-encroached areas are heavily grazed means neither that grazing causes encroachment nor that Walter's model is correct. Bush encroachment is widespread in areas where there is a single soil layer and where grazing is infrequent and light. We need to move away from observational studies and these single-factor explanations. If we are to understand the causes of bush encroachment, we need mechanistic models to guide us and multi-factorial experiments to tease out the interactions among causal factors. Current disturbance-based models have many of the right elements necessary to make mechanistic predictions but need to be appropriately parameterised. Some patch dynamic models also appear to hold great promise in this regard. Field experiments carried out to date show that support for factors conventionally claimed to cause bush encroachment is underwhelming, and that rainfall amount and frequency, coupled with specific soil nutrient levels, may drive this phenomenon.
Temporal Data Clustering using weighted aggregate function

In this we propose a novel weighted consensus function guided by clustering validation criteria to reconcile initial partitions to candidate consensus partitions from different perspectives, and then, introduce an agreement function to further reconcile those candidate consensus partitions to a final partition. As a result, the proposed weighted clustering ensemble algorithm provides an effective enabling technique for the joint use of different representations, which cuts the information loss in a single representation and exploits various information sources underlying temporal data. In addition, our approach tends to capture the intrinsic structure of a data set, e.g., the number of clusters. Our approach has been evaluated with benchmark time series, motion trajectory, and time-series data stream clustering tasks.
Current Knowledge on Intestinal Microbes and Immunity

The aggregation of many microorganisms, ranging from virus, bacteria, parasites, to lower plants such as fungi are frequently referred to as the microbiota, colonizes the skin and mucosal surfaces of vertebrates. In man, more than 100 trillion microorganisms, mostly bacteria, colonize the oral– gastrointestinal tract, and the majority of these microbes dwell in the distal digestive tract. A large number of years of co-evolution between the host and microorganisms have prompted a mutualistic relationship in which the micro-biota adds to many host physiological processes and, thus, the host gives niches and supplements to microbial survival. The principal roles of the microbiota to the host incorporate the digestion and fermentation of sugars, the synthesis of vitamins, the improvement of gutrelated lymphoid tissues (GALTs), the polarization of gut-specific insusceptible reactions and the aversion of colonization by pathogens. Thus, gut resistant reactions that are initiated by commensal populaces control the creation of the microbiota. Therefore, an overwhelming interchange between the host immune system and the microbiota is fundamental for gut homeostasis. Nevertheless, when the mutualistic relationship between the host and microbiota is disturbed, the gut microbiota can initiate or add to infection. In this review, we will be discussing on both the beneficial and detrimental roles of the gut microbiota. ■
On neighbour sum-distinguishing {0,1}-edge-weightings of bipartite graphs

Let $S$ be a set of integers. A graph G is said to have the S-property if there exists an S-edge-weighting $w : E(G) \rightarrow S$ such that any two adjacent vertices have different sums of incident edge-weights. In this paper we characterise all bridgeless bipartite graphs and all trees without the $\{0,1\}$-property. In particular this problem belongs to P for these graphs while it is NP-complete for all graphs.
Activation alignment: exploring the use of approximate activity gradients in multilayer networks

Thanks to the backpropagation-of-error algorithm, deep learning has signiﬁcantly improved the state-of-the-art in various domains of machine learning. However, because backpropagation relies on assumptions that cannot be met in neuroscience, it is still unclear how similarly efﬁ-cient algorithms for credit assignment in hierarchical networks could be implemented in the brain. In this paper, we look at one of the speciﬁc biologically implausible assumptions of backpropagation that hasn’t been solved yet: the need for a precise knowledge of the derivative of the forward activation in the backward pass. We show that by choosing a simple, drastic approximation of the true derivative, learning still performs well—even slightly better than standard backpropagation—and this approximation seems to play a regularization role. This approximation would also be much easier for real neurons to implement. Thus, this work brings us a step closer to understanding how the brain could perform credit assignment in deep structures.
Hormonal contraception and HPV: a tale of differing and overlapping mechanisms.

Hormonal contraceptive use is an identified co-factor that modifies cervical cancer risk. The mechanisms by which sex steroid hormones affect the multi-stage natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical carcinogenesis are still unclear with no consistent evidence in support of a single biological hypothesis. Understanding the means by which hormonal contraception affects HPV infection and cervical cancer risk may provide critical information to guide future secondary interventions for cancer prevention.
Utilisation de S´ equences Fr´ equentes Maximales en Recherche d'Information

The growing amount of textual information electronically available has increased the need for high precision retrieval. The use of phrases was long seen as a natural way to improve retrieval performance over the common document models that ignore the sequential aspect of word occurrences in documents, considering them as bags of words. However, both statistical and syntactical phrases showed disappointing results for large document collections. In this paper we present a new kind of phrases in the form of Maximal Frequent Sequences. Rather mined phrases than statistical phrases, their main strengths are to form a very compact index and to account for the sequentiality and adjacency of meaningful word co-occurrences. They also allow a gap between words. We introduce a method for using these phrases in information retrieval and present our experiments on the INEX collection, a 494 Mb collection of scientific articles. When aggregating the retrieved documents using our phrases with the results of our baseline vector space model system, its average precision for the best 100 documents was improved by 22.8%. The state of the art gives much weaker improvements for similar-sized document collections.
1 MODEL-BASED UXO CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STATIC 3-COMPONENT TEM MEASUREMENTS

The dipole model characterized by an anisotropic polarizability tensor is well accepted as a valid model describing the EM behavior of electrically small, highly conductive metal objects such as UXO. The model has been used successfully to characterize and classify EM anomalies acquired with singlegate TEM metal detectors such as the EM-61. Successful inversion of EM-61 anomalies using this dipole model depends on measurements at many points within a small radius of the target. Since these measurements are acquired dynamically, survey specifications in terms of line-spacing and survey speed must be tight in order to be assured of acquiring a sufficient number of independent data to robustly parameterize the target for classification. An alternate method of characterizing an anomaly is to reacquire it and to take more precise data by locating the antenna array at a few discrete stations in a pattern referenced to the center of the observed anomaly. In this paper, we describe experiments in UXO characterization using a multi-gate 3-component fast TEM (NanoTEM) system. With this system, three orthogonal receiver antennas simultaneously acquire 31-gate TEM transients. The 3-component data triple the number of independent data measurements supplied at each field point. Using this system, we have acquired data sets using two methodologies. In the first methodology, we take measurements with a 3-component cart system at 5 locations centered on the anomaly peak, thus acquiring 15 31-gate transients for use in the dipole inversion. In the second methodology, we use an array of flat-lying loops arranged to illuminate in 3 orthogonal directions and measure the target’s polarization response over a range of angles. Both data sets assure that the UXO has been polarized in its 3 principal directions. The dipole model simultaneously models both time and spatial components of the measured fields and reports a threedimensional target position, spatial attitude, and polarizability parameters (i.e., the “beta” parameters) as a function of time. Results from characterization of various UXO and non-UXO targets models buried locally in Tucson and from the NRL Baseline Ordnance Classification Test site at Blossom Pt will be used to illustrate the technique. Introduction Multipurpose geophysical receivers can be reconfigured to suit survey needs. When mapping a grid area to locate UXO it is common to use a cart mounted TEM system with a horizontal transmitter loop and three more receiver loops arranged to measure multiple magnetic field components (Figure 1). Small transmitter and receiver loops are optimal for detecting near-surface conductors. With a different loop arrangement, the same TEM equipment was used to map conductors on the bottom of a frozen lake. Figure 2 shows a sled-mounted NanoTEM system with 4.6 by 4.6 m transmitter and 1.5 by 1.5 m receiver loops. The larger loops improved the response from deeper targets, in this case metallic objects on the bottom of a 6 m deep lake.
Preparation of CeU Extracts , Antibodies , and Assay for Mitogenic Activity toward Melanocytes

To survive and proliferate in pure culture, human melanocytes require basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and cAMP. Without these factors, even in the presence of serum, the cells die. Melanocytes cultured in the presence of keratinocytes, however, survive for weeks without added bFGF and cAMP. We show here that the growth factor for melanocytes produced by human keratinocytes is bFGF because its activity can be abolished by neutralizing antibodies to bFGF and by a bFGF synthetic peptide that inhibits the binding of the growth factor to its receptor. The melanocyte mitogen in keratinocytes is cell associated and increases after irradiation with ultraviolet B. Northern blots reveal bFGF gene transcripts in keratinocytes but not melanocytes. These studies demonstrate that bFGF elaborated by keratinocytes in vitro sustains melanocyte growth and survival, and they suggest that keratinocyte-derived bFGF is the natural growth factor for normal human melanocytes in vivo. PIDERMAL melanocytes survive and may even proliferate for several weeks when cultured in the presence of keratinocytes (Prunieras et al., 1964). In contrast, melanocytes die within a week when cultured alone in routine media (Halaban, 1988) or medium optimal for keratinocyte proliferation (our unpublished results), because melanocytes require two classes of mitogen. One class is represented by TPA (12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate), the other by substances such as cholera toxin, isobutylmethyl xanthine (IBMX), I or dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP), which increase intraceUular cAMP (Eisinger and Marko, 1982; Halaban et al., 1986). Recently, we have shown that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) can substitute for TPA and is the melanocyte mitogen in extracts of human melanomas and placenta, bovine pituitary gland and other bovine organs (Halaban et al., 1987). Since, in situ, normal human melanocytes are surrounded by basal keratinocytes and in culture can be sustained by contact with keratinocytes, we asked whether keratinocytes might stimulate melanocytes via bFGE The studies described here demonstrate that proliferating human keratinocytes in culture contain a mitogen for human melanocytes, which increases up to sixfold after ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. This mitogen is bFGF because the mitogenic activity of keratinocyte extract is inhibited by neutralizing antibodies to bFGF and also by a synthetic peptide that blocks the binding of bFGF to its receptor. Northern blot analysis with a bovine cDNA probe for bFGF reveals two species of bFGF gene transcripts in rapidly proliferating ke1. Abbreviations used in this paper: bFGE basic fibroblast growth factor; dbcAMP, dibutyryl cAMP; IBMX, isohutylmethyl xanthine; UVB, ultraviolet B. ratinocytes. The sizes of these transcripts match those characteristically found with this probe in tissues and cultured ceils that are known to synthesize bFGE These findings suggest that in situ the viability of the epidermal melanocyte population is regulated by bFGF from basal, proliferative keratinocytes. Materials and Methods
Prevalence of Anxiety, Depression and Stress Symptoms and its Association with Neck/Shoulder Pain in Adolescents Athletes

Psychological distress is among the main causes of the onset or worsening of pain symptoms in young sports people. The increasing participation of adolescents in various sports increases the need to verify the prevalence and association of these affective disorders such as anxiety, stress and depression with pain in the shoulder girdle and in the cervical region that are typical in sportspeople who use more frequently the upper limbs. The sample (n = 310; 14.16±2.12 years). Corlett's body diagram and the Brazilian short version of the anxiety, depression and stress scale (DASS-21) were used. Independent t-tests, chi-square and multiple logistic regression were used. The girls had a higher prevalence of anxiety/stress (62%, p = 0.02). The variables associated with anxiety/stress were female (OR = 2.16), aged 15 to 19 years (OR = 2.39) and individual modality (OR = 1.88). The variables associated with depression were age 15 to 19 years (OR = 1.74), individual modality (OR = 1.84) and pain in the shoulder girdle and cervical region (OR = 2.33).