Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Isomeric Ratio and Level of Xanthoxin in Tomato Plants Measured by a New Analytical Method

The isomeric ratio and level of natural xanthoxin (XAN) in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) were examined by a more reliable analytical method than has been reported before. Efforts were made to avoid artificial isomerization between c-XAN and t-XAN throughout the isolation, derivatization and GC-MS procedures. Natural XAN was separated from contaminating chlorophylls before rev. HPLC purification, derivatized to abscisic acid methyl ester (MeABA) in four chemical steps, and quantified with the deuterium-labeled internal standards on clear and reproducible full GC-EI-MS. It was revealed that the isomeric composition of natural XAN was exclusively shifted to c-XAN. The level of c-XAN was higher and more significantly induced by water stress in older plants. The significant role of c-XAN as an ABA biosynthetic precursor is suggested.
Intramolecular Control of Protein Stability, Subnuclear Compartmentalization, and Coactivator Function of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Coactivator 1α*

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator (PGC)-1 is a critical transcriptional regulator of energy metabolism. Here we found that PGC-1α is a short lived and aggregation-prone protein. PGC-1α localized throughout the nucleoplasm and was rapidly destroyed via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Upon proteasome inhibition, PGC-1α formed insoluble polyubiquitinated aggregates. Ubiquitination of PGC-1α depended on the integrity of the C terminus-containing arginine-serine-rich domains and an RNA recognition motif. Interestingly, ectopically expressed C-terminal fragment of PGC-1α was autonomously ubiquitinated and aggregated with promyelocytic leukemia protein. Cooperation of the N-terminal region containing two PEST-like motifs was required for prevention of aggregation and targeting of the polyubiquitinated PGC-1α for degradation. This region thereby negatively controlled the aggregation properties of the C-terminal region to regulate protein turnover and intranuclear compartmentalization of PGC-1α. Exogenous expression of the PGC-1α C-terminal fragment interfered with degradation of full-length PGC-1α and enhanced its coactivation properties. We concluded that PGC-1α function is critically regulated at multiple steps via intramolecular cooperation among several distinct structural domains of the protein.
Efficacy of Ridomil MZ and protectant fungicides to control white rust (Albugo candida) and their effect on seed yield, oil content and fatty acid composition in mustard

Ridomil MZ alone or Ridomil MZ followed by protectant fungicides was tested to manage white rust (Albugo candida) (Pers. ex Lev.) Kuntze on Brassica juncea L. var. RL-1359, sown at the normal time in 1989–90 and 1990–91 and under delayed sown conditions in 1990–91 at 2 different geographical locations of the Punjab state. Two spray applications of aqueous suspension of Ridomil MZ at 450 g a.i./ha or 1 foliar application of Ridomil MZ at 450 g a.i./ha, followed by another spray of Dithane M-45 at 600 g a.i./ha or Blitox-50 at 375 g a.i./ha at 15- or 20-day interval to a 70-day-old crop significantly reduced both foliage and floral infections. These treatments significantly increased the seed yield over control and other treatment combinations, without having an adverse affect on the oil content and fatty acid composition of the oil. The same fungicide regime was effective to control white rust when applied to a 50- or 60-day-old crop under delayed sown conditions. The seeds harvested from the plots treated twice with Ridomil MZ exhibited no detectable residue of metalaxyl and mancozeb. The timing of application of these fungicides may be critical in the control of white rust, particularly in the late sown crop.
Mechanism of action of 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratese: stepwise order of addition of the two molecules of 5-aminolevulinic acid in the enzymic synthesis of porphobilinogen

Incorporation of [5-14C]-5-aminolevulinic acid into porphobilinogen in single-turnover enzymic experiments with mammalian 5-aminoleuvlinic acid dehydratase has revealed that of the two molecules of 5-aminolevulinic acid which are utilised for the formation of porphobilinogen it is the one contributing to the propionic acid side [atoms 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 in (2)] which is initially bound to the enzyme.
Family effects on growth and survival of juvenile roe deer

This paper reports evidence for family effects (i.e., nonindependence between siblings) on components of juvenile fitness in two high-performance populations of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). In Trois Fontaines (eastern France), 51 sets of twins were ear-tagged as newborns and then intensively monitored until adulthood (to ≥4 yr of age). On the island of Storfosna (central western Norway), 79 sets of twins and 40 sets of triplets were radiotracked from birth to ≥1 mo of age. In both populations, family effects were observed for measures of early body development and winter body mass. Measurements for sibling fawns were more similar than the same measures for nonsiblings. During unfavorable years (i.e., poor deer survival in summer or high population density), sibling fawns survived or died together much more often than expected by chance. Conversely, during favorable years (i.e., high fawn survival or low density), there was no evidence for family effects on survival of either twins or triplets. These re.
Technical note: effects of supplementation of expired human foodstuffs on intake and digestion by wethers fed a base diet of grass hay and alfalfa/barley pellets.

There is potential for expired human foodstuffs to be used as an energy supplement for livestock. Sixteen crossbred wether lambs were used in a completely randomized design to investigate the effects of feeding supplemental expired human foodstuffs on DM, OM, ADF and NDF digestibility, and intake. Wethers were fed (DM basis) isocaloric amounts of the following treatments: whole barley served as the control (BAR: 0.20 kg·wether-1·d-1), potato chips (PC: 0.15 kg·wether-1·d-1), macaroni (MAC: 0.21 kg·wether-1·d-1), and donuts (DON: 0.15 kg·wether-1·d-1). Wethers were fed 0.60 kg·wether-1·d-1 alfalfa/barley pellets and allowed ad libitum access to chopped hay. Wethers were placed in confinement crates for a 7-d acclimation period, fitted with fecal bags on d 0 and fed twice daily. Following acclimation, daily intakes, refusals, and fecal outputs were used to determine DM, OM, fiber digestibility and intake. Measures of intake and digestibility did not differ (P > 0.23) among treatments. It is concluded that these expired human foodstuffs have the potential to be used in ruminant diets as an alternative to traditional feedstuffs.
Trichomonas gallinae in an expanding population of white-winged doves from Texas.

sonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. GARRETT, J. M. , AND D. G. BARKER. 1987. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of Texas. Texas Monthly Press, Austin. GIBBONS, J. W. , J. L. GREENE, AND J. D. CONGDON. 1990. Temporal and spatial movement patterns of sliders and other turtles. In: Gibbons, J. W. , editor. Life history and ecology of the slider turtle. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Pp. 201-215. GIBBONS, J. W. , AND D. H. NELSON. 1978. The evolutionary significance of delayed emergence from the nest by hatchling turtles. Evolution 32:297303.
Disproportional risk for habitat loss of high‐altitude endemic species under climate change

The expected upward shift of trees due to climate warming is supposed to be a major threat to range‐restricted high‐altitude species by shrinking the area of their suitable habitats. Our projections show that areas of endemism of five taxonomic groups (vascular plants, snails, spiders, butterflies, and beetles) in the Austrian Alps will, on average, experience a 77% habitat loss even under the weakest climate change scenario (+1.8 °C by 2100). The amount of habitat loss is positively related with the pooled endemic species richness (species from all five taxonomic groups) and with the richness of endemic vascular plants, snails, and beetles. Owing to limited postglacial migration, hotspots of high‐altitude endemics are situated in rather low peripheral mountain chains of the Alps, which have not been glaciated during the Pleistocene. There, tree line expansion disproportionally reduces habitats of high‐altitude species. Such legacies of climate history, which may aggravate extinction risks under future climate change have to be expected for many temperate mountain ranges.
Cereulide and diarrheal toxin contamination in milk and milk products: a systematic review

Abstract Emetic and diarrheal toxins produced by endospore-forming Bacillus cereus causes a huge loss to dairy industry. Milk is the suitable medium for the growth of B. cereus. The pathogen is of particular concern in the dairy industry because in spite of aggressive cleaning practices performed by the dairy industry, it is impossible to destroy these hydrophobic spores which adhere to the pipelines of the dairy-processing plant and further these spores may also form biofilms in the milk. The reporting rate of illness caused by B. cereus is vague, usually due to the short duration of (<24 h) the diarrheal and emetic syndromes. The study of toxins production by B. cereus isolates is essential to better determine the methods of controlling these toxins in dairy industry.
Smelling the Roses?

How is it that out of millions of sperm only one fertilizes an egg? In a Perspective, [Babcock][1] discusses what we know about sperm chemotaxis and introduces new work ([ Spehr et al .][2]) that identifies a receptor expressed by human sperm that may be involved in chemotaxis toward the egg. The ligand that binds to this receptor (which has not yet been identified) may be the long sought attractant released by the egg that directs and guides sperm to the site of fertilization. [1]: http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/299/5615/1993 [2]: http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/short/299/5615/2054
New blast resistant rice genotypes obtained by and anthers culture

Crosses were made between four blast resistant and six rice varieties of good agronomic performance, at the Los Palacios Rice Research Station of the National Agricultural Sciences Institute of Cuba (INCA) and the anthers from F2 plants were in vitro culture using three liquid media: N6-1, N6m, and NL, for callus formation and after plants regenerations using MS medium. The first two generations of breeding lines were evaluated for agronomic characters and the second generations, also, for Blast resistant. The lines that combined resistance to Blast and good agronomic performance were evaluated under high pressure of natural Blast infection conditions. The success rate of anther culture was highly dependent on the genotype and culture media used. NL medium led to the highest callus formation values. In the process, new blast resistant and high yielding genotypes were obtained.
Seed rain, seedling establishment and clonal growth strategies on a glacier foreland

Seed production, composition of the seed rain. germination, and seedling mortality, as well as vegetative growth characteristics of common pioneer plant species were studied on the foreland of the retreating Morteratsch glacier in the Swiss Alps. The frequency of diaspores trapped in different successional stages was related to their dispersal mode and was highly skewed towards a few species. Plenty of diaspores well adapted for dispersal by wind are a precondition for the most important pioneer species. Seeds from all pioneer species investigated had a good germination success, provided that the moisture content of the soil was high enough. However, requirement for seedling establishment differed among sites of increasing terrain age and among species. Only specialized pioneers such as Cerastium pedunculatum. Linaria alpina, Oxyria digyna and Saxifraga alzoides tolerate the cold and moist conditions near the glacier. However, these species are restricted to early successional stages. Seedlings of Epilobium fleischeri are affected not only by the cold and moist conditions near the glacier but also by moderately dry conditions on older sites, Availability of safe sites becomes crucial for most species with increasing age of sites and with drier conditions. Most species playing a dominant role during early succession and persisting during later successional stages have a distinctive ability to spr ead clonally and have a growth form with more or less widely spaced ramets: Achillea moschata, Cerastium pedunculatum, Epilobium fleischeri and Hieracium staticifolium. The growth strategy and demography of the clonal E. fleischeri is presented as an example. The life cycle of this species is characterized in succession by (1) the colonization of safe sites by small seeds adapted for wind dispersal, (2) horizontal spread by clonal growth, and (3) the persistence through phenotypic morphological plasticity in later successional stages. Seedling establishment and clonal growth are thus complementary mechanisms in plant succession on recently deglaciated terrain.
Uptake of exogenous DNA by plant protoplasts

Uptake by plant protoplasts isolated from cultured cells was demonstrated using Escherichia coli14C-DNA and Ammi visnaga protoplasts. About 0.6 to 2.8% of exogenous E. coli14C-DNA was taken up into the protoplasts, of which about 20% appeared to be acid-precipitable. The time course of uptake, the effect of incubation temperature, and the effects of DNA and protoplast concentration were studied. DEAE-dextran, poly-L-lysine, and poly-L-ornithine were found to enhance the uptake markedly.
Diffusion of CO2 and other gases inside leaves.

Diffusion of CO2 in the intercellular airspaces of the leaf mesophyll is one of the many processes that can limit photosynthetic carbon assimilation there. This limitation has been largely neglected in recent years, but both theoretical and empirical evidence is presented showing that it can be substantial, reducing CO2 assimilation rates by 25% or more in some leaves. Intercellular diffusion is fundamentally a three-dimensional process, because CO2 enters the leaf through discrete stomata, and not through a uniformly porous epidermis. Modelling it in one dimension can cause major underestimation of its limiting effects. Resistance and conductance models often fail to account well for the limitation, in part because they are usually one-dimensional representations, but also because they treat continuously interacting processes as if they were sequential. A three-dimensional diffusion model is used to estimate the intercellular limitation in leaves of different structural types. Intercellular gaseous diffusion probably limits CO2 assimilation by at most a few percent in many of the agricultural plants commonly studied by laboratory physiologists, as they usually have thin, amphistaomatous leaves. However, it may cause substantial limitations in the thicker, often hypostomatous leaves of the wild plants that occupy large areas of the earth. Several physiological implications of intercellular diffusion are discussed. I close by reiterating published suggestions that the gas-exchange parameter commonly termed pi should be renamed pes (es for evaporating surfaces) to avoid the confusing implication that p1 , is'the'intercellular CO2 pressure. Contents Summary 449 I. Introduction 450 II. Theory of intercellular gaseous diffusion 451 III. Evidence regarding intercellular gaseous diffusion hmitations 461 IV. Discussion of assumptions made in §11.1 470 V. Physiological implications of intercellular gaseous diffusion 471 VI. Conclusions 475 Acknowledgements 476 Appendix, Example showing breakdown of resistance analogy for diffusion with distributed uptake 476 References 477.
Effects on Rainbow Trout Fry of a Metals‐Contaminated Diet of Benthic Invertebrates from the Clark Fork River, Montana

Abstract The upper Clark Fork River in northwestern Montana has received mining wastes from the Butte and Anaconda areas since 1880. These wastes have contaminated areas of the river bed and floodplain with tailings and heavy metal sludge, resulting in elevated concentration of metals in surface water, sediments, and biota. Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed immediately after hatching for 91 d to cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in water at concentrations simulating those in Clark Fork River. From exogenous feeding (21 d posthatch) through 91 d, fry were also fed benthic invertebrates from the Clark Fork River that contained elevated concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, and lead. Evaluations of different combinations of diet and water exposure indicated diet-borne metals were more important than water-borne metals – at the concentrations we tested – in reducing survival and growth of rainbow trout. Whole-body metal concentrations (μg/g, wet weight) at 91 d in fish fed Clark Fork inverteb.
Effects of Boiling on Dietary Fiber Components in Fresh and Stored White Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

The effects of boiling (10 min) and how differences in cultivars (n = 6), maturity (n = 2), and storage (n = 3) may affect dietary fiber in white cabbage were studied. A great variation in total dietary fiber content between boiled cabbage samples was seen (17.7 to 31.7 g/100 g dry weight basis). Total and insoluble dietary fiber following boiling could be predicted from the initial amount. Average losses for early and late cultivars were similar (about 10%) and were mainly due to insoluble polymers consisting of glucose and partly of uronic acids. The early cultivar ‘Balbro’ was least affected by heat treatment: only 2% total dietary fiber was lost. Harvesting before physiological maturity and short-term storage increased the loss of soluble polymers (pectic substances), whereas long-term storage decreased the loss. (Less)
Etude des rôles des facteurs de transcription Onecut dans la différenciation des neurones moteurs de la moelle épinière

Au cours du developpement embryonnaire, les neurones moteurs (MN) sont generes a partir de cellules progenitrices localisees dans la partie ventrale de la moelle epiniere. Les nouveaux MN sont post-mitotiques et se diversifient en differents sous-types specifiquement dedies au controle des muscles squelettiques (MN somatiques) ou des organes visceraux (MN visceraux). La famille des facteurs de transcription Onecut comporte trois membres chez les mammiferes nommes Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor–6 (HNF-6), Onecut-2 (OC-2) et OC-3. Ces activateurs transcriptionnels sont exprimes de facon transitoire dans les premieres etapes de la differenciation des MN medullaires. Le but de mon travail est d’etudier les roles des facteurs de transcription Onecut au cours de la diversification des MN medullaires. L’analyse d’embryons mutants Onecut, combinee avec des experiences en gain de fonction dans la moelle embryonnaire de poulet, demontre que cette famille d’activateurs transcriptionnels regule la diversification des MN a tous les niveaux de l’axe rostro-caudal de la moelle epiniere. En effet, en absence des facteurs Onecut, la proportion entre MN somatiques et visceraux est alteree au niveau thoracique, un exces de MN visceraux etant genere au detriment des MN somatiques. Dans la region des membres, les MN responsables de l’innervation des muscles flechisseurs perdent leur identite au profit de celle des MN assurant l’innervation des muscles extenseurs. De plus, nous avons demontre qu’Isl1 est une cible transcriptionnelle directe des facteurs Onecut qui sont, des lors, essentiels pour maintenir son expression durant la diversification des MN medullaires. Finalement, nous avons identifie un nouveau marqueur des MN visceraux, Smad-interacting-protein (Sip)-1, qui pourrait agir de maniere opposee a celle des proteines OC dans la production de la population viscerale. Toutes ces observations indiquent que les facteurs OC sont impliques dans des reseaux geniques au sein desquels ils cooperent avec de multiples regulateurs afin de controler differents aspects de la diversification des MN dans la moelle epiniere en developpement.
How does the hypothalamus respond to stress

Abstract The hypothalamus is able to respond to a very broad variety of stressors. The response of the hypothalamus to any stress depends not only on the specific stressor, but also on its duration, its pattern of stimulation, the previous experiences of the animal to this and other stressors, the age and sex of the animal, its perinatal experiences and its dominance position within a social group. There cannot therefore be a single clearly defined stress pathway within the central nervous system, rather there must be a series of alternate pathways which finally project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. This nucleus shows a rapid response of immediate early genes followed by activation of CRH, AVP, enkephalin and various other mRNA transcripts. The pattern of mRNA activation varies according to the stimulus and although CRH is the predominant transcript to be activated in acute stress, AVP mRNA is preferentially activated in response to chronic immunological stresses.
Dry season browsing by sable antelope in northern Botswana

The late dry season is a crucial period for grazing ungulates because the nutritional value of the remaining brown grass is lowest then and levels of crude protein and digestible organic matter may fall below the maintenance requirements of herbivores (Owen-Smith, 1982). During this adverse period, mixed feeders like impala (Aepyceros melampus) increase the proportion of browse in the form of the leaves of the woody plants they consume (Owen-Smith & Cooper, 1985). Crude protein levels are generally higher and seasonally more constant in foliage of woody plants than in grasses (Owen-Smith, 1982), but the foliage is commonly defended by tannins or spines that restrict consumption by grazers not adapted to cope with them (Cooper & Owen-Smith, 1985, 1986; Cooper, Owen-Smith & Bryant, 1988). Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) are predominantly grazers and are distributed throughout southern African savannahs (Estes, 1991; Skinner & Chimimba, 2005) where the dry season is prolonged and ambient temperatures are high before the rains begin. Grass quality is especially poor on infertile, sandy soils (Bell, 1984). Sable typically depend on green grass persisting in drainage sump grasslands or in recently burned areas during the dry season (Estes & Estes, 1974; Parrini & Owen-Smith, 2009). However, contrary to previous reports, we observed a substantial amount of browsing by sable in our study area during the dry season. Here, we quantify the contribution made by browse to the diet of sable in our study area. Methods
Determination of 5'-Nucleotidase Activity of Higher Plants by Using an Improved Method

The presence of relatively high non-specific phosphatase activities are known in various plant tissues. These enzymes also catalyze the removal of inorganic phosphate from nucleoside monophosphates. According to published reports, so far, the experimental investigations, concerning the 5'-nucleotidase activity, have been mostly carried out without consideration of the non-specific phosphatase activities in crude enzymic extracts. However, few researchers have been included some inhibitors of these phosphatases, such as NaMoO 4 or KF, in assay mixtures. But phosphatases are not completely inhibited by these inhibitors and, therefore, interfere the activity of 5'-nucleotidase. Thus, the non-specific phosphatase activities were determined in crude enzymic extracts by using p-nitro-phenyl phosphate as substrate and the apparent 5'-nucleotidase activity was, first time, corrected accordingly in this present work.