Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
“Same” “Different” Response Times with Multi-Attribute Stimulus Differences

S's task was to decide as quickly as possible whether two simple visual stimuli were the same or different. Stimuli varied with respect to 3 attributes: size, color, and shape. Pairs of stimuli were presented either simultaneously or in sequence. “Different” RTs varied inversely with the number of attributes with respect to which the 2 stimuli of a pair differed, d. “Same” RTs were shorter than would be expected from an extrapolation of the results with d ≥ 1 (different stimuli) to include the case of d = 0 (same stimuli). Error rates were related to d in much the same way as was RT.
Exact and Approximate Algorithms for Computing Betweenness Centrality in Directed Graphs

Graphs (networks) are an important tool to model data in different domains. Realworld graphs are usually directed, where the edges have a direction and they are not symmetric. Betweenness centrality is an important index widely used to analyze networks. In this paper, first given a directed network G and a vertex r ∈ V (G), we propose an exact algorithm to compute betweenness score of r. Our algorithm pre-computes a set ℛ𝒱(r), which is used to prune a huge amount of computations that do not contribute to the betweenness score of r. Time complexity of our algorithm depends on |ℛ𝒱(r)| and it is respectively Θ(|ℛ𝒱(r)| · |E(G)|) and Θ(|ℛ𝒱(r)| · |E(G)| + |ℛ𝒱(r)| · |V(G)| log |V(G)|) for unweighted graphs and weighted graphs with positive weights. |ℛ𝒱(r)| is bounded from above by |V(G)| – 1 and in most cases, it is a small constant. Then, for the cases where ℛ𝒱(r) is large, we present a simple randomized algorithm that samples from ℛ𝒱(r) and performs computations for only the sampled elements. We show that this algorithm provides an (ɛ, δ)-approximation to the betweenness score of r. Finally, we perform extensive experiments over several real-world datasets from different domains for several randomly chosen vertices as well as for the vertices with the highest betweenness scores. Our experiments reveal that for estimating betweenness score of a single vertex, our algorithm significantly outperforms the most efficient existing randomized algorithms, in terms of both running time and accuracy. Our experiments also reveal that our algorithm improves the existing algorithms when someone is interested in computing betweenness values of the vertices in a set whose cardinality is very small.
Primary pulmonary lymphoma in a patient with advanced AIDS

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is an AIDS defining lesion and risk of NHL most likely correlates with the degree of immunosuppression from HIV. Risk of NHL is highest among patients with CD4 count <50 cells/mL. Primary pulmonary lymphoma (PPL) is an infrequent cause of AIDS-related lymphoma. The authors report a patient with advanced AIDS presenting with recurrent fever and pulmonary nodule seen on the CT scan. The patient remained febrile despite being on broad spectrum antibiotics with no clear source of infection. The patient underwent a bronchoscopy with biopsy of the pulmonary lesion which was most consistent with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The patient was started on dose-adjusted etoposide, vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and prednisone (EPOCH) and was noted to be afebrile and a repeat CT scan few weeks later showed resolution of her pulmonary nodule. This case highlights the importance of considering NHL in patients with advanced AIDS presenting with pulmonary nodule and fever.
Convex hulls of several multidimensional Gaussian random walks

We derive explicit formulae for the expected volume and the expected number of facets of the convex hull of several multidimensional Gaussian random walks in terms of the Gaussian persistence probabilities. Special cases include the convex hull of a single Gaussian random walk and the $d$-dimensional Gaussian polytope with or without the origin.
Glycolysis and Glycolytic Enzyme Activity of Aging Red Cells in Man

Hexokinase, aldolase, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and glutamic‐oxalacetic transaminase activities, and the rate of glycolysis have been measured in red cells from seven adult males responding to repeated phlebotomy or erythropheresis with iron replacement. The change in median age of the red cell populations of these men was estimated from the measured rates of red cell loss and erythropoietic replacement. These enzyme activities and glycolytic rates were measured also in a patient with aplastic anaemia in whom transfused red cells were aging at a known rate.
E/B decomposition of finite pixelized CMB maps

Separation of the E and B components of a microwave background polarization map or a weak lensing map is an essential step in extracting science from it, but when the map covers only part of the sky and/or is pixelized, this decomposition cannot be done perfectly. We present a method for decomposing an arbitrary sky map into a sum of three orthogonal components that we term ``pure E,'' ``pure B,'' and ``ambiguous. '' The fluctuations in the pure E and B maps are due only to the E and B power spectra, respectively, whereas the source of those in the ambiguous map is completely indeterminate. This method is useful both for providing intuition for experimental design and for analyzing data sets in practice. We show how to find orthonormal bases for all three components in terms of bi-Laplacian eigenfunctions, thus providing a type of polarized signal-to-noise eigenmodes that simultaneously separate both angular scale and polarization type. The number of pure and ambiguous modes probing a characteristic angular scale \ensuremath{\theta} scales as the map area over ${\ensuremath{\theta}}^{2}$ and as the map boundary length over \ensuremath{\theta}, respectively. This implies that fairly round maps (with short perimeters for a given area) will yield the most efficient $E/B$ decomposition and also that the fraction of the information lost to ambiguous modes grows towards larger angular scales. For real-world data analysis, we present a simple matrix eigenvalue method for calculating nearly pure E and B modes in pixelized maps. We find that the dominant source of leakage between E and B is aliasing of small-scale power caused by the pixelization, essentially since derivatives are involved. This problem can be eliminated by heavily oversampling the map, but is exacerbated by the fact that the E power spectrum is expected to be much larger than the B power spectrum and by the extremely blue power spectrum that cosmic microwave background polarization is expected to have. We found that a factor of 2 to 3 more pixels are needed in a polarization map to achieve the same level of contamination by aliased power than in a temperature map. Oversampling is therefore much more important for the polarized case than for the unpolarized case, which should be reflected in experimental design.
Sur la commande par modes glissants des systèmes à retards

Ce memoire concerne la stabilisation par modes glissants des systemes lineaires et non lineaires a retards. Pour ces systemes dynamiques, l'evolution depend non seulement des informations a l'instant t mais aussi d'une partie de leur histoire : ils sont dits hereditaires. Dans le premier chapitre, nous rappelons les differentes commandes qui peuvent s'appliquer aux systemes hereditaires. Leurs avantages ainsi que leurs inconvenients y sont presentes. Dans le second chapitre, nous proposons la construction systematique de lois de commande par modes glissants, qui stabilisent d'une maniere robuste les systemes lineaires a retards sur l'etat. Plusieurs cas sont consideres : retard constant, retard inconnu, et retard variant dans le temps. La synthese de la commande (surface de glissement) est alors faite a l'aide d'outils d'optimisation convexe appeles inegalites lineaires matricielles. Le troisieme chapitre etend ces resultats au cas de systemes non lineaires a retards sur l'etat. Plusieurs methodes y sont proposees suivant que le retard est connu ou non. Enfin, dans le quatrieme chapitre, nous etudions le comportement d'un systeme commande par modes glissants et soumis a un retard pur sur les entrees ou sur les capteurs de sortie. Nous montrons alors que sous certaines conditions, le systeme converge dans une bande autour de la surface, dont l'amplitude est evaluee a l'aide d'une fonction de Lyapunov-Razumikhin. Des exemples illustratifs sont presentes tout au long du memoire.
Nonlinear dynamic analysis in the V2C-mode-controlled buck converter by improved mLCE

: In this paper, an improved computation method of maximal Lyapunov character exponent (mLCE) is proposed to analyze the nonlinear dynamic behaviors in the V 2 C-mode-controlled buck converter. In this method, a compensation algorithm of the Jacobi matrix at the non-differ-entiable point is given after analyzing the geometric relationship between the two subsystems on both sides of the switching surface. Besides, according to the fact that the chaos control can be realized by increasing the correlation of system state variables, the coupling strength ε is introduced to the system of V 2 C-mode-controlled buck converter and optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO), in order to eliminate the recognized chaotic behaviors. Finally, the effectiveness of the given method is validated by a simulation and an experimental setup.
Mucolipidosis II and III: different residual activity of beta‐galactosidase in cultured fibroblasts *

A biochemical difference is found between the mucolipidoses II and III which may be correlated with their clinical phenotypes. In homogenates of mass‐cultured I‐cells from patients with MLII (I‐cell disease), the residual specific activity of beta‐galactosidase is between 3 and 5 times lower than that in the I‐cells from patients with MLIII (pseudo‐polydystrophy). This difference is confirmed in several covershlip culture experiments where conditions of inoculation, propagation, harvest and enzyme assays are rigidly controlled. MLIII cells also hydrolyse the natural substrates asialofetuin‐(H)3‐galactoside and GM1‐(H)2‐galactoside more easily. This observation offers support to the hypothesis that beta‐galactosidase may play a role in the physiopathology of these mucolipidoses.
Multi-polarization antenna system with a spherical radiation pattern

At present, more and more technical means are needed to identify widely differing objects and events. In particular, the radiosonde method is used for this. To increase the informational capabilities of this method, we consider the parameters of the polarization specifications of the sent and received signals and their ability to scan large volumes of space as highly significant. The proposed solution makes it possible to get electromagnetic radiation with monotonically changing polarization specifications and with a spherical radiation pattern. This in the case where the primary source of radiation is an antenna with a unidirectional main lobe pattern and with a homogeneous polarization specification.
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors: Preclinical Validation of Parametric Images

Abstract Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been suggested to be a valuable method for characterizing the physiological microenvironment of tumors and thus a promising method for individualizing cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that valid parametric images of the tumor microenvironment can be obtained by pharmacokinetic analysis of DCE-MRI series. Cells of four human melanoma xenograft lines (A-07, D-12, R-18 and T-22) were used as preclinical models of human cancer. DCE-MRI was performed at 1.5 T at a spatial resolution of 0.23 × 0.47 × 2.0 mm3 and a time resolution of 14 s. Gadolinium diethylene-triamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) was used as contrast agent. The DCE-MRI data were analyzed on a voxel-by-voxel basis by using a pharmacokinetic model recommended for analysis of clinical DCE-MRI series. Parametric DCE-MR images were compared with tumor blood perfusion measured by the 86Rb uptake method, and fractional volume of the extravascular extracellular space assessed by analysis of histological preparations. Parametric images reflecting tumor blood perfusion and fractional volume of the extravascular extracellular space were obtained. The numerical values of the DCE-MRI-derived parameters were not significantly different from the absolute values of tumor blood perfusion or fractional volume of the extravascular extracellular space in any of the tumor lines. This study shows that DCE-MRI can provide valid quantitative parametric images of the tumor microenvironment in preclinical cancer models and thus supports the suggestion that DCE-MRI may be developed to be a clinically useful method for individualization of microenvironment-based cancer treatment, a possibility that merits increased clinical interest.
Green is Good—The Impact of Information Nudges on the Selection of Voluntary Green-Power Plana

A recent trend has been a move toward greater reliance on renewable or “green” energy sources, especially in the residential sector. Using a choice experiment, this paper examines how providing information regarding the efficiency, cost, and environmental impacts of different power-generating sources impact consumers’ stated preferences for selecting voluntary green-power plans. Based on 21,000 plan choices from two different samples totaling over 1,800 respondents, our results indicate that information nudges significantly impact respondents’ choice of plan. Promoting the advantages of the green plan or the disadvantages of the “gray” plan increase green plan selection. The magnitudes of these estimated effects are economically significant being roughly equivalent to a change in the monthly green price premium of $4/month. We also find that promoting the advantages of the green plan is more effective when the green plan premium is relatively small, while highlighting the drawbacks of the gray plan is more effective when the green plan premium is relatively large. Our results suggest that information nudges have the potential to be a plausible, economical, and effective mechanism to increase adoption of voluntary green-power plans.
Automatic Detection and Measurement of Fetal Biparietal Diameter and Femur Length —Feasibility on a Portable Ultrasound Device

An automatic method able to recognize a presented section through the biparietal plane of the fetal head and a section through the fetal femur in ultrasound images is developed. Once the correct anatomical section for measurement is identified by the machine, the placement of the measurement calipers is automatically determined by fitting an active contour model to the structure of interest. The fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) and femur length (FL) are then measured automatically. The validation data set contained 167 and 197 B-mode images for BPD and FL measurements, respectively. The images were acquired using 4 different ultrasound scanners, which resulted in varied image quality and gain settings. The mean gestational age (GA) of the fetuses was 19.4 weeks, range 16 to 41 weeks. A measurement success rate of 90% was achieved for both BPD and FL. The correlation coefficients between the manual and automatic measurements were 0.995 (BPD) and 0.967 (FL), mean errors were 0.5 mm (BPD) and -1.7 mm (FL) and error range with 95% confidence interval (CI) were ﹣3.8 - 4.8 mm (BPD) and ﹣11.4 - 8.1 mm (FL). The automatic measurement results were consistent in both high and low gain settings. The intraclass correlation coefficients between manual and automatic measurements were 0.995 (95% CI; 0.981 - 0.999) for BPD in high gain, 1.0 (95% CI; 0.998 - 1.0) for BPD in low gain, 0.998 (95% CI; 0.991 - 0.999) for FL in high gain and 0.999 (95% CI; 0.996 - 1.0) for FL in low gain settings. The method was implemented on a prototype, portable ultrasound machine designed to be used in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The overall performance of the method supports our hypothesis that automated methods can be used and are beneficial in a clinical setting.
The Neurosurgeon as Local Oncologist: Cellular and Molecular Neurosurgery in Malignant Glioma Therapy

MALIGNANT GLIOMAS ARE among the most challenging of all cancers to treat successfully, being characterized not only by aggressive proliferation and expansion but also by inexorable tumor invasion into distant brain tissue. Although considerable progress has been made in the treatment of these tumors with combinations of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, these efforts have not been curative. Neurosurgeons as oncologists have increasingly turned their attention to therapies on a molecular scale. Of particular interest to neurosurgeons is the ability to deliver therapy locally to the tumor site or to take advantage of existing immunological mediators, enhancing drug concentrations or therapeutic cell numbers while bypassing the blood-brain barrier to maximize efficacy and minimize systemic toxicity. Exciting local-therapy approaches have been proposed for these devastating tumors. In this review, we discuss the potential applications of bioreactors, neural stem cells, immunotherapies, biodegradable polymers, and convection-enhanced drug delivery in the treatment of malignant gliomas. These approaches are at different stages of readiness for application in clinical neurosurgery, and their eventual effects on the morbidity and mortality rates of gliomas among human patients are difficult to ascertain from successes in animal models. Nevertheless, we are entering an exciting era of “nanoneurosurgery,” in which molecular therapies such as those discussed here may routinely complement existing surgical, radiological, and chemotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of neuro-oncological disease. The potential to deploy any of a number of eloquently devised molecular therapies may provide renewed hope for neurosurgeons treating malignant gliomas.
Explosive school-based measles outbreak: intense exposure may have resulted in high risk, even among revaccinees.

Even high levels of measles vaccination coverage have not always prevented outbreaks of measles spread by airborne transmission. It has been suggested that a large inoculum might increase vaccine failure risk. Airbome transmission might occasionally entail a large measles inoculum. The epidemiologic relevance of measles among properly vaccinated persons (i.e., those vaccinated after 15 months of age and with live attenuated virus) is increased when they become contagious. The authors studied inoculum intensities as measured by proxy variables and the contagiousness of properly vaccinated persons who contracted measles among 51 measles patients infected in one school, at home, or elsewhere, utilizing preexisting records of measles cases and 214 healthy controls from an explosive school outbreak that occurred in a rural Finnish municipality in 1989. One "super-spreader" infected 22 others in one day, including eight once-vaccinated students and one twice-vaccinated student, probably during an assembly of 144 students in a poorly ventilated hallway with no sunlight. Those infected later at home had high measles risk, even if they were revaccinees. When siblings shared a bedroom with a measles case, a 78 percent risk (seven out of nine children) was observed among vaccinees. Vaccinees had approximately 2 days' shorter incubation time than unvaccinated persons. Vaccinated and unvaccinated students were equally able to infect their siblings. Total protection against measles might not be achievable, even among revaccinees, when children are confronted with intense exposure to measles virus.
New catheter driving method using linear stepping mechanism for intravascular neurosurgery

Minimum invasive surgery that supports doctors and reduces patient's physical pain has attracted attention. We consider a new intravascular neurosurgery system. There are two problems in intravascular neurosurgery: one is doctor's exposure to x-ray, and another is the lack of skilled doctors. We developed a remote control system by using a master-slave system to solve these problems. In this paper, we describe the development of a new slave device in the master-slave system and construct the new remote control system of catheter operation with safety. To overcome some of the problems encountered on the previous slave device (2000), we develop a new slave device with a disposable structure employing the mechanism of a mechanical pencil for safe operation.
Genetically increased angiotensin I-converting enzyme level and renal complications in the diabetic mouse

Diabetic nephropathy is a major risk factor for end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular diseases and has a marked genetic component. A common variant (D allele) of the angiotensin Iconverting enzyme (ACE) gene, determining higher enzyme levels, has been associated with diabetic nephropathy. To address causality underlying this association, we induced diabetes in mice having one, two, or three copies of the gene, normal blood pressure, and an enzyme level range (65–162% of wild type) comparable to that seen in humans. Twelve weeks later, the three-copy diabetic mice had increased blood pressures and overt proteinuria. Proteinuria was correlated to plasma ACE level in the three-copy diabetic mice. Thus, a modest genetic increase in ACE levels is sufficient to cause nephropathy in diabetic mice.
Using Certified Propagation Algorithm in Presence of Byzantine Faults 1

We explore the correctness of the Certified Propagation Algorithm (CPA) [6, 1, 8, 5] in solving broadcast with locally bounded Byzantine faults. CPA allows the nodes to use only local information regarding the network topology. We provide a tight necessary and sufficient condition on the network topology for the correctness of CPA.
Industry vs Services: Do Enforcement Institutions Matter for Specialization Patterns? Disaggregated Evidence from Spain

Este documento estima el efecto de la calidad de las instituciones en el patron de especializacion productiva observado en Espana en el periodo 1999-2014 a nivel local. La investigacion parte de la observacion de que la actividad economica en Espana muestra un fuerte patron de especializacion geografica: las regiones menos especializadas en manufacturas o actividades industriales y orientadas al sector servicios en el sur (como Andalucia o Extremadura) contrastan con regiones mas industrializadas o con mayor intensidad manufacturera en el norte, como el Pais Vasco, Navarra o Aragon. Para realizar el analisis, construimos tasas de congestion judicial a nivel provincial para las jurisdicciones civil, administrativa y social y estimamos su efecto sobre el peso del sector manufacturero y el sector servicios en el PIB provincial. Para que la estimacion sea consistente, analizamos las diferencias historicas en la vigencia de Derecho foral o especial y las relacionamos con la eficacia del sistema judicial hoy. Tras utilizar diversas tecnicas de estimacion, los resultados muestran un efecto fuerte y persistente de la eficacia judicial sobre la especializacion productiva a nivel provincial. Mas en concreto, las provincias en las que historicamente ha habido vigencia de Derecho foral o especial tienen una probabilidad significativamente mayor de que la eficacia judicial sea mas alta hoy. A su vez, una mayor eficacia judicial facilita la especializacion de la provincia en actividades manufactureras de alta productividad y una menor eficacia fomenta la especializacion en el sector servicios. El efecto de la eficacia judicial sobre la especializacion productiva parece robusto en distintas verificaciones y parece ser causal. Por ultimo, las tres jurisdicciones serian relevantes para explicar la especializacion, si bien parece tener un impacto mas pronunciado la jurisdiccion administrativa que la laboral o la civil.