Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Robust Plug-and-Play Joint Axis Estimation Using Inertial Sensors

Inertial motion capture relies on accurate sensor-to-segment calibration. When two segments are connected by a hinge joint, for example in human knee or finger joints as well as in many robotic limbs, then the joint axis vector must be identified in the intrinsic sensor coordinate systems. Methods for estimating the joint axis using accelerations and angular rates of arbitrary motion have been proposed, but the user must perform sufficiently informative motion in a predefined initial time window to accomplish complete identifiability. Another drawback of state of the art methods is that the user has no way of knowing if the calibration was successful or not. To achieve plug-and-play calibration, it is therefore important that 1) sufficiently informative data can be extracted even if large portions of the data set consist of non-informative motions, and 2) the user knows when the calibration has reached a sufficient level of accuracy. In the current paper, we propose a novel method that achieves both of these goals. The method combines acceleration- and angular rate information and finds a globally optimal estimate of the joint axis. Methods for sample selection, that overcome the limitation of a dedicated initial calibration time window, are proposed. The sample selection allows estimation to be performed using only a small subset of samples from a larger data set as it deselects non-informative and redundant measurements. Finally, an uncertainty quantification method that assures validity of the estimated joint axis parameters, is proposed. Experimental validation of the method is provided using a mechanical joint performing a large range of motions. Angular errors in the order of 2∘ were achieved using 125–1000 selected samples. The proposed method is the first truly plug-and-play method that overcome the need for a specific calibration phase and, regardless of the user’s motions, it provides an accurate estimate of the joint axis as soon as possible.
The structure of the testis and movement of sperms in chortophaga viridifasciata as demonstrated by intravitam technique

By means of the ‘intravitam technic’ developed by Baumgartner and Payne (1931), the mature or maturing sperm of Chortophaga viridifasciata have been traced from the follicle of the testes in the male to the locus of fertilization in the female. The sperm aggregated into bundles, and held tight by a hyaline cytoplasmic cap, spiral up the follicle, turn and spiral back to the vas deferens by means of a periodic lashing and writhing of the sperm tails.
Simple Relationships Describing the Responses of Leaf Growth to Temperature and Radiation in Sunflower

In attempts to determine simple relationships describing the responses of leaf expansion to temperature and radiation, sunflower plants were grown in glasshouses under five temperature and two natural radiation regimes. Crops were also grown in the field at three radiation levels. All leaves, regardless of their position on the plant, fitted a single relationship of relative leaf expansion rate versus leaf age for each regime. These relationships showed that, whilst increased temperature increased the rate of expansion of a leaf at day 1 on our growth scale (approximately unfolding), and reduced the period for which the leaf expanded, each leaf expanded for the same period in day-degree terms regardless of its temperature regime. However this expansion period was modified by radiation such that, for each 1 MJ m-2 day-1 increase, the day-degree sum was reduced by approximately 5°C. The strict inverse relationship between the initial rate of expansion and the expansion period, expressed in days, suggests that at least in some cases the final area of a leaf is largely determined by the stage of 'unfolding'.
Control of microbial growth and rancidity in rabbit carcasses by modified atmosphere packaging

Half-carcasses of rabbit packed under four different modified atmospheres (MA; A: 30% CO2 + 70% O2; B: 30% CO2 + 30% O2 + 40% N2; C: 40% CO2 + 60% N2; D: 80% CO2 + 20% O2) and stored at 1 °C over 20 days, were assessed in relation to bacteria (total viable counts (TVC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas) and rancidity development as 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). None of the MA tested produced mean counts greater than 5 log CFU cm−2 for TVC and LAB, or greater 2 log CFU cm−2 for Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae. All MA showed an inhibitory effect on microbial growth, especially on growth of the spoilage bacteria Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae. This inhibition was more relevant in atmospheres with higher CO2 concentrations (types C and D). Significant differences in rancidity levels between MA types (p < 0.01) were observed 10 days post-packing. In general these values were higher in MA type A, which showed a significant increase in TBARS values (p < 0.05) over time. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Physiological response to water and salt stress of some white lupine cultivars (Lupinus albus L.).

Currently in Europe is a tendency to counteract some negative effects caused by intensive agriculture. One of these effects, genetic erosion, is determined by the existence in the culture of a small number of species and, within them, a relatively small number of cultivars. White lupine, by its traits (high quality protein content, ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and to use low-phosphorus soils), could become very interesting species for farmers. The climate and edaphic changes, characterized by extreme temperatures, drought and saline soils represent a challenge for white lupine in extending surfaces. In this study, we observed the reaction of 34 white lupine cultivars to drought and soil salinity. Plants were grown in vegetation pots (type Mitscherlich) until flowering. Regarding drought resistance, quantified by the amount of biomass accumulation, stomatitis conductance and assimilatory pigments concentration in green house conditionswere measured. Increased resistance to drought was found in the romanian cultivars Satu Mare and Bihor. From the foreigner, P12159, Lublanc and Družba showed also resistance to dryness. NaCl excess in soil reduces vegetative growth because of lowering the amount of accumulated biomass and decreasing the chlorophyll concentration. Most of cultivars showed toxicity symptoms characterized by leaf chlorosis and necrosis.
CONTENT OF PHENOLIC ACIDS IN EDIBLE PARTS OF SOME ALLIUMS SPECIES GROWN FOR THE GREEN BUNCHING

Studies carried out in 2003-2005 included determinations of free phenolic ac- ids content in edible parts (shoots, pseudostem) of onion, shallot, and Welsh onion grown for green bunching in the field and forced in the greenhouse. Plants for phenolic acids contents analyses were achieved from setting the small bulbs (common onion, shallot) or annual plants from the seedling setting in the case of Welsh onion. In the field cultivation, plants were grown under short-term covers made of perforated PE film and non-woven PP, while forcing was realized in heated and unheated greenhouse. Free phenolic acids contents were determined after plant harvest, when plants reached the size useful for trad- ing in bunches. Phenolic acids contents were determined in shoots and pseudostem by means of spectrometric Arnova method with recalculation onto caffeic acid. Performed study revealed that shoots contained significantly more free phenolic acids as compared to the pseudostem. Referring to the field cultivation, the component concentration in shoots was 0.23 mg100 g -1 FW, whereas due to forcing 0.135 mg100 g -1 FW, on average. Con- tents of phenolic acids at pseudostems of studied plants from the field cultivation were 0.05 mg100 g -1 FW, while at forced plants 0.04 mg100 g -1 FW. No significant differ- ences related to the level of phenolic acids between common onion and shallot were found, both in shoots and pseudostem. However, shoots of Welsh onion contained signifi- cantly less phenolic acids, regardless the cultivation place and cover application. The ac- celerated field cultivation resulted in shoots of Welsh onion was 0.19 mg100 g -1 FW phe- nolic acids in FW, whereas the greenhouse forcing 0.11 mg100 g -1 FW. Regardless the species, forced plants contained considerably less phenolic acids (namely in shoots) as compared to plants grown in the field.
Natural scene statistics predict how humans pool information across space in surface tilt estimation

Visual systems estimate the three-dimensional (3D) structure of scenes from information in two-dimensional (2D) retinal images. Visual systems use multiple sources of information to improve the accuracy of these estimates, including statistical knowledge of the probable spatial arrangements of natural scenes. Here, we examine how 3D surface tilts are spatially related in real-world scenes, and show that humans pool information across space when estimating surface tilt in accordance with these spatial relationships. We develop a hierarchical model of surface tilt estimation that is grounded in the statistics of tilt in natural scenes and images. The model computes a global tilt estimate by pooling local tilt estimates within an adaptive spatial neighborhood. The spatial neighborhood in which local estimates are pooled changes according to the value of the local estimate at a target location. The hierarchical model provides more accurate estimates of groundtruth tilt in natural scenes and provides a better account of human performance than the local model. Taken together, the results imply that the human visual system pools information about surface tilt across space in accordance with natural scene statistics.
The Role of Propagule Pressure in Biological Invasions

Although most studies of factors contributing to successful establishment and spread of non-native species have focused on species traits and characteristics (both biotic and abiotic), increasing empirical and statistical evidence implicates propagule pressure—propagule sizes, propagule numbers, and temporal and spatial patterns of propagule arrival—as important in both facets of invasion. Increasing propagule size enhances establishment probability primarily by lessening effects of demographic stochasticity, whereas propagule number acts primarily by diminishing impacts of environmental stochasticity. A continuing rain of propagules, particularly from a variety of sources, may erase or vitiate the expected genetic bottleneck for invasions initiated by few individuals (as most are), thereby enhancing likelihood of survival. For a few species, recent molecular evidence suggests ongoing propagule pressure aids an invasion to spread by introducing genetic variation adaptive for new areas and habitats. This p.
Masks for Prevention of Respiratory Virus Infections, Including SARS-CoV-2, in Health Care and Community Settings

Background: Recommendations on masks for preventing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vary. Purpose: To examine the effectiveness of N95, surgical, and cloth masks in community and health care settings for preventing respiratory virus infections, and effects of reuse or extended use of N95 masks. Data Sources: Multiple electronic databases, including the World Health Organization COVID-19 database and medRxiv preprint server (2003 through 14 April 2020; surveillance through 2 June 2020), and reference lists. Study Selection: Randomized trials of masks and risk for respiratory virus infection, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and observational studies of mask use and coronavirus infection risk were included. New evidence will be incorporated by using living review methods. Data Extraction: One reviewer abstracted data and assessed methodological limitations; a second reviewer provided verification. Data Synthesis: 39 studies (18 randomized controlled trials and 21 observational studies; 33 867 participants) were included. No study evaluated reuse or extended use of N95 masks. Evidence on SARS-CoV-2 was limited to 2 observational studies with serious limitations. Community mask use was possibly associated with decreased risk for SARS-CoV-1 infection in observational studies. In high- or moderate-risk health care settings, observational studies found that risk for infection with SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus probably decreased with mask use versus nonuse and possibly decreased with N95 versus surgical mask use. Randomized trials in community settings found possibly no difference between N95 versus surgical masks and probably no difference between surgical versus no mask in risk for influenza or influenza-like illness, but compliance was low. In health care settings, N95 and surgical masks were probably associated with similar risks for influenza-like illness and laboratory-confirmed viral infection; clinical respiratory illness had inconsistency. Bothersome symptoms were common. Limitations: There were few SARS-CoV-2 studies, observational studies have methodological limitations, and the review was done by using streamlined methods. Conclusion: Evidence on mask effectiveness for respiratory infection prevention is stronger in health care than community settings. N95 respirators might reduce SARS-CoV-1 risk versus surgical masks in health care settings, but applicability to SARS-CoV-2 is uncertain. Primary Funding Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Update Alerts: The authors have specified in the Methods section the interval and stop date for updates to this Living Review. As Annals receives updates, they will appear in the Comments section of the article on Annals.org. Reader inquiries about updates that are not available at approximately the specified intervals should be submitted as Comments to the article.
Genetic information of three pure lines of porphyra yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) obtained by AFLP analysis

: Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), which includes several valuable marine crops, has recently received great interest as a model plant for fundamental and applied studies in marine sciences. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) are a robust and efficient means for genetic mapping, linkage analysis of genetic characters for breeding and population studies in land plant genomes. To examine whether AFLPs are applicable as genetic markers in the present study, we detected AFLP markers with three pure lines in order to promote genetic analysis in Porphyra yezoensis. The following five sets of AFLP primer pairs (E-AA, M-CAA) (E-AA, M-CAC) (E-AA, M-CAG) (E-AA, M-CAT) (E-AA, M-CTA) were tested with template DNAs from three pure lines and they showed a total of 227 bands. This suggests that AFLP markers are promising tools for genetic analysis in Porphyra.
Parasitoids: Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology

Parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insects, and the parasitoid larvae develop by feeding on the host, causing its eventual death. Known for a long time to applied biologists for their importance in regulating the population densities of economic pests, parasitoids have recently proven to be valuable tools in testing many aspects of evolutionary theory. This book synthesizes the work of both schools of parasitoid biology and asks how a consideration of evolutionary biology can help us understand the behavior, ecology, and diversity of the approximately one to two million species of parasitoids found on earth. After a general introduction to parasitoid natural history and taxonomy, the first part of the book treats the different components of the reproductive strategy of parasitoids: searching for a host, host selection, clutch size, and the sex ratio. Subsequent chapters discuss pathogens and non-Mendelian genetic elements that affect sexual reproduction; evolutionary aspects of the physiological interactions between parasitoid and host; mating strategies; and life history theory and community ecology. A special effort is made to discuss the theoretical background to the subject, but without the use of mathematics.
Encapsulation of ascorbic acid in amorphous maltodextrin employing extrusion as affected by matrix/core ratio and water content.

Ascorbic acid (AA) was encapsulated in glassy low-dextrose equivalent maltodextrin matrix by extrusion. The effects of formulation parameters, i.e., core/matrix ratio and water content were mainly investigated on T g of extrudate. The AA yield, AA content and water content of the products together with extrusion parameters were also determined and compared for different formulations. The T g of extrudates containing water content from 7.860% to 10.430% ranged from 43.17 to 27.48 °C, and the T g of extrudates which core to matrix from 1:4 to 1:8 ranged from 35.79 to 41.64 °C. AA yield of all extrudates is above 96%, and with increasing water content, there was a slight decrease in the AA yield. The increased water level and core/matrix ratio reduce specific mechanical energy and die head pressure. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy suggested that AA was most likely molecularly dispersed within the maltodextrin indicating the miscibility of AA and maltodextrin.
A decade of monitoring the remnant Victorian population of the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata)

Historically, the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata), occurred throughout the Great Dividing Range from southern Queensland to western Victoria. Within Victoria, this extensive range has now contracted to a single remnant population in the Little River Gorge in East Gippsland, and the species is classified as ‘Critically Endangered’. Here we summarise the key results from 10 years of monitoring and management of the Little River Gorge population. The count of individuals detected biannually rose from one in 2000 to 12 in 2008, but this increase was at least partially due to variation in monitoring methodology. Apparent mortality rate in the first year of life was 69%, suggesting that predation was the strongest extrinsic factor limiting the population. Fecundity rate among fertile females was estimated at 1.14 births per annum. Rainfall did not significantly predict birth rate, juvenile mortality or sex ratio. Comparison of three monitoring techniques (cage traps, remote camera surveillance and genetic analysis of scats) revealed that each detected a different subset of the population in this study. These techniques should be considered complementary, rather than substitutable, in future monitoring of small Petrogale populations.
Ladder webs in orb-web spiders: ontogenetic and evolutionary patterns in Nephilidae

Spider web research bridges ethology, ecology, functional morphology, material science, development, genetics, and evolution. Recent work proposes the aerial orb web as a one-time key evolutionary innovation that has freed spider-web architecture from substrate constraints. However, the orb has repeatedly been modified or lost within araneoid spiders. Modifications include not only sheet- and cobwebs, but also ladder webs, which secondarily utilize the substrate. A recent nephilid species level phylogeny suggests that the ancestral nephilid web architecture was an arboricolous ladder and that round aerial webs were derived. Because the web biology of the basalmost Clitaetra and the derived Nephila are well understood, the present study focuses on the webs of the two phylogenetically intervening genera, Herennia and Nephilengys, to establish ontogenetic and macroevolutionary patterns across the nephilid tree. We compared juvenile and adult webs of 95 Herennia multipuncta and 143 Nephilengys malabarensis for two measures of ontogenetic allometric web changes: web asymmetry quantified by the ladder index, and hub asymmetry quantified by the hub displacement index. We define a ‘ladder web’ as a vertically elongated orb exceeding twice the length over width (ladder index 2) and possessing (sub)parallel rather than round side frames. Webs in both genera allometrically grew from orbs to ladders, more so in Herennia. Such allometric web growth enables the spider to maintain its arboricolous web site. Unexpectedly, hub asymmetry only increased significantly in heavy-bodied Nephilengys females, and not in Herennia, challenging the commonly invoked gravity hypothesis. The findings obtained in the present study support the intrageneric uniformness of nephilid webs, with Herennia etruscilla webs being identical to H. multipuncta. The nephilid web evolution suggests that the ancestor of Nephila reinvented the aerial orb web because the orb arises at a much more inclusive phylogenetic level, and all intervening nephilids retained the secondarily acquired substrate-dependent ladder web. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 99, 849–866. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: Araneae – Araneoidea – Clitaetra – Herennia – hub displacement – ladder index – Nephilengys – Nephila – architecture – web allometry.
LIT Team’s System Description for Japanese-Chinese Machine Translation Task in IWSLT 2020

This paper describes the LIT Team’s submission to the IWSLT2020 open domain translation task, focusing primarily on Japanese-to-Chinese translation direction. Our system is based on the organizers’ baseline system, but we do more works on improving the Transform baseline system by elaborate data pre-processing. We manage to obtain significant improvements, and this paper aims to share some data processing experiences in this translation task. Large-scale back-translation on monolingual corpus is also investigated. In addition, we also try shared and exclusive word embeddings, compare different granularity of tokens like sub-word level. Our Japanese-to-Chinese translation system achieves a performance of BLEU=34.0 and ranks 2nd among all participating systems.
Coat Color Roan Shows Association with KIT Variants and No Evidence of Lethality in Icelandic Horses

Roan (Rn) horses show a typical seasonal change of color. Their body is covered with colored and white hair. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis of breeding records of Icelandic horses to challenge the hypothesis of roan being lethal in utero under homozygous condition. The roan to non-roan ratio of foals from roan × roan matings revealed homozygous roan Icelandic horses to be viable. Even though roan is known to be inherited in a dominant mode and epistatic to other coat colors, the causative mutation is still unknown. Nevertheless, an association between roan phenotype and the KIT gene was shown for different horse breeds. In the present study, we identified KIT variants by Sanger sequencing, and show that KIT is also associated with roan in the Icelandic horse breed.