Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Integrated Field and Armature Current Control for Dual Three-Phase Variable Flux Reluctance Machine Drives

An integrated field and armature current control strategy is proposed for dual three-phase variable flux reluctance machines (VFRMs). The proposed method utilizes a sinusoidal current biased by dc offset rather than separated field and armature currents in an external field current control. In order to generate the dc and ac components together, a dual three-phase inverter is adopted, in which one side of each stator winding is connected to a neutral point. The dq-axis currents are controlled by the dual three-phase inverter, whereas zero sequence current is generated as a field current by the zero vector redistribution between two inverters. Since the integrated current control allows an integrated winding, which reduces the winding resistance to half, the copper loss can be also reduced to half. To apply the vector control scheme, the voltage and torque equations are derived for dual three-phase VFRMs in a synchronous dq-axis frame. These equations are also utilized for the dynamic simulation with the aid of MATLAB/Simulink. The experimental results validate that the proposed strategy can effectively increase the efficiency and extend the operating speed range.
5th European conference on principles of knowledge discovery in databases

1 Opening PKDD 2001, the 5th European Conference on Principles of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (PKDD), was held in Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, this year (Monday 3 to Thursday 7 September), and co-located with the 12th European Conference on Machine Learning (ECML 2001). The proceedings comprised two volumes, one for PKDD (De Raedt & Siebes, 2001) and one for ECML (De Raedt & Flach, 2001); and form part of the Springer Lecture Notes on Artificial Intelligence (LNAI) series. The conference was held in the University buildings in the centre of the old town. Freiburg and the surrounding area were for many years part of the Austro-Hungarian empire and thus the university was described to us as being one of the oldest Austrian Universities.
Prediction accuracy of a novel dynamic structure-function model for glaucoma progression.

PURPOSE To assess the prediction accuracy of a novel dynamic structure-function (DSF) model to monitor glaucoma progression. METHODS Longitudinal data of paired rim area (RA) and mean sensitivity (MS) from 220 eyes with ocular hypertension or primary open-angle glaucoma enrolled in the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study or the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study were included. Rim area and MS were expressed as percent of mean normal based on an independent dataset of 91 healthy eyes. The DSF model uses centroids as estimates of the current state of the disease and velocity vectors as estimates of direction and rate of change over time. The first three visits were used to predict the fourth visit; the first four visits were used to predict the fifth visit, and so on up to the 11th visit. The prediction error (PE) was compared to that of ordinary least squares linear regression (OLSLR) using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS For predictions at visit 4 to visit 7, the average PE for the DSF model was significantly lower than OLSLR by 1.19% to 3.42% of mean normal. No significant difference was observed for the predictions at visit 8 to visit 11. The DSF model had lower PE than OLSLR for 70% of eyes in predicting visit 4 and approximately 60% in predicting visits 5, 6, and 7. CONCLUSIONS The two models had similar prediction capabilities, and the DSF model performed better in shorter time series. The DSF model could be clinically useful when only limited follow-ups are available. (ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT00221923, NCT00221897.).
An improved analysis considering harmonic components for high-frequency isolated dual-active-bridge series resonant DC-DC converter

This paper proposes an improved way to analyze high-frequency isolated dual-active-bridge (DAB) series resonant dc-dc converter. Compared with the existing analytical method, it takes harmonic components of voltage and transformer internal resistance into consideration. Using the proposed method, the switching frequencies to achieve ZCS and the output voltage expression are deduced and verified with simulation. The results show the efficiency of the high-frequency transformer can be calculated more precisely than methods which consider fundamental components only. It also provides a way to design the resonant tank to keep output voltage stable when the load changes a lot.
A state-tying approach to building syllable HMMs

A severe sparse data problem is faced when building HMMs of syllable units due to the uneven distribution of syllables in natural speech. In this paper we present a novel approach to building syllable HMMs which attempts to overcome this problem. The method involves tying the states in syllable models using a bottom-up clustering algorithm and a state similarity measure employing phonetic information. Experiments using the new approach on the TIMIT database show that it improves the recognition accuracy of syllable HMMs. We present encouraging results which show that when the state-tying method is used in conjunction with a Multi-Model [11] approach to acoustic modeling a syllable identification accuracy of 53.4% can be achieved. This equates to a phoneme accuracy of 72.8% which is comparable with the best results achieved using triphone HMMs.
Physicochemical characterization and solubility enhancement studies of allopurinol solid dispersions

Allopurinol is a commonly used drug in the treatment of chronic gout or hyperuricaemia associated with treatment of diuretic conditions. One of the major problems with the drug is that it is practically insoluble in water, which results in poor bioavailability after oral administration. In the present study, solid dispersions of allopurinol were prepared by solvent evaporation, kneading method, co-precipitation method, co-grinding method and closed melting methods to increase its water solubility. Hydrophilic carriers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol 6000 were used in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 (drug to carrier ratio). The aqueous solubility of allopurinol was favored by the presence of both polymers. These new formulations were characterized in the liquid state by phase solubility studies and in the solid state by differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, UV and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Solid state characterizations indicated that allopurinol was present as an amorphous material and entrapped in polymer matrix. In contrast to the very slow dissolution rate of pure allopurinol, the dispersion of the drug in the polymers considerably enhanced the dissolution rate. Solid dispersion prepared with polyvinylpyrrolidone showed highest improvement in wettability and dissolution rate of allopurinol. Mathematical modeling of in vitro dissolution data indicated the best fitting with Korsemeyer-Peppas model and the drug release kinetics primarily as Non-Fickian diffusion. Therefore, the present study showed that polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol 6000 have a significant solubilizing effect on allopurinol.
An Identification Algorithm for Rigid Athlete Numbers in Sports Video

Recently, sports video analysis for retrieval purpose has become a hot research area. As important clues to sports video content analysis, detection and recognition of the number of athletes is a direct method to identify athletes. In this paper, we propose a method of detect rigid number of athletes. The number of athletes, as an example, we explored methods of detection and identification of the rigid deformed characters. First, we adopted a method that combines edge features and color features to locate the athlete number cloth. Then we used perspective transformation for correction of deformed area to identify the rigid deformation characters. Finally, for the candidate regional characters after adjustment, we employed the method of character template matching for identification. Experimental results on typical sports images show the potential of our algorithm.
Quantum statistics in complex networks.

In this work we discuss the symmetric construction of bosonic and fermionic networks and we present a case of a network showing a mixed quantum statistics. This model takes into account the different nature of nodes, described by a random parameter that we call energy, and includes rewiring of the links. The system described by the mixed statistics is an inhomogeneous system formed by two class of nodes. In fact there is a threshold energy epsilon(s) such that nodes with lower energy (epsilon<epsilon(s)) increase their connectivity, while nodes with higher energy (epsilon>epsilon(s)) decrease their connectivity in time.
Elasticity and viscosity estimation from shear wave velocity and attenuation: A simulation study

Shearwave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV) measures tissue elasticity and viscosity by quantifying dispersion of shear wave propagation velocity. Long tone bursts of focused ultrasound are transmitted by an array transducer to a push origin at a pulse repetition frequency of fp to produce multi-tone shear waves at fp and its harmonics. Shear waves are monitored by pulse echo ultrasound transmitted by the same array transducer between the push tone bursts. The Voigt dispersion model is fitted to shear wave velocities measured at multiple frequencies to estimate elasticity f1 and viscosity f2. Alternatively, f1 and f2 can be calculated from shear wave amplitude attenuation and shear velocity at frequency^, also based on Voigt model. In the present study, these two approaches were compared using simulation data. Field II was used to simulate ultrasound radiation force field generated by a linear array transducer. Motion in a homogenous viscoelastic medium was calculated using the Green's function. Simulation results showed comparable estimations for both methods when SNR was high. When SNR was low, the amplitude attenuation method was more robust than the velocity method.
Epidemiology of Infection by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

Nontuberculous mycobacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare-M. scrofulaceum (MAIS) group grew in the laboratory in natural waters from the eastern United States without added substrates. Growth rates and maximum yields were equivalent for waters from both the northeastern and the southeastern states, and for waters from which no MAIS as well as MAIS isolates were recovered. Thus, no specific nutrient(s) occurred in the waters of the southeastern United States that could account for a greater frequency of isolation of MAIS organisms from that region. Temperature is apparently a factor influencing the number of MAIS organisms in waters, because the MAIS strains tested grew poorly, if at all, below 15.5° C, and the number may have decreased in natural waters incubated at temperatures of ⩽;9.4° C for as long as 30 days. Because the northeastern United States has fewer days with water temperatures above 15.5° C and more below 9.4° C compared with waters in the southeastern United States,.
A Collaboratively-Derived Science-Policy Research Agenda

The need for policy makers to understand science and for scientists to understand policy processes is widely recognised. However, the science-policy relationship is sometimes difficult and occasionally dysfunctional; it is also increasingly visible, because it must deal with contentious issues, or itself becomes a matter of public controversy, or both. We suggest that identifying key unanswered questions on the relationship between science and policy will catalyse and focus research in this field. To identify these questions, a collaborative procedure was employed with 52 participants selected to cover a wide range of experience in both science and policy, including people from government, non-governmental organisations, academia and industry. These participants consulted with colleagues and submitted 239 questions. An initial round of voting was followed by a workshop in which 40 of the most important questions were identified by further discussion and voting. The resulting list includes questions about the effectiveness of science-based decision-making structures; the nature and legitimacy of expertise; the consequences of changes such as increasing transparency; choices among different sources of evidence; the implications of new means of characterising and representing uncertainties; and ways in which policy and political processes affect what counts as authoritative evidence. We expect this exercise to identify important theoretical questions and to help improve the mutual understanding and effectiveness of those working at the interface of science and policy.
The interrelation of fiber bundles in the anterior cruciate ligament

The anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL) of dogs, humans, and rabbits were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy after fixation in situ. In all species, the ACL was composed of multiple 20 μm‐wide collagen fiber bundles separated by columns of cells in fibrous capsules. These bundles were in turn grouped into fascioles of varied size. The fascicles were surrounded by thin membranous sheets that ran through the ligament forming single or multiple layers between fascicles. Splaying of the ACL at insertion was created by increased volume in the cellular intervals. Bending of the fiber bundles occurred in this region—which corresponds to the fibrocartilaginous zone. We propose that the cell layers accommodate compressive forces and the membranes allow slipping among fascicles without compromising blood supply.
VEGF blocking therapy in the treatment of cancer

It is widely accepted that tumour growth beyond a few cubic millimetres cannot occur without the induction of a new vascular supply. Inhibiting the development of new blood vessels (antiangiogenesis) is a potential approach to cancer therapy that has attracted interest in recent years. In theory, this approach should be relatively selective for tumour cells. The endothelial cells which form new vascular networks in tumours are responding to angiogenic stimuli produced by the tumour, but are themselves genetically normal. Endothelium in normal tissue, by contrast, is usually quiescent. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the best-characterised pro-angiogenic factor. It is virtually ubiquitous in human tumours, and higher levels have been correlated with more aggressive disease. Effective blockade of the VEGF pathway has been demonstrated with multiple agents: neutralising antibody, receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and ribozyme or antisense molecules targeting expression. Promising preclinical data document the potential of these agents for tumour growth inhibition and even tumour regression, yet translation of novel therapeutics targeting the VEGF pathway to the clinic has proved a substantial challenge in itself. While showing clear evidence of antitumour activity over a broad spectrum of experimental tumours, the proper selection, dose, timing and sequence of anti-VEGF treatment in human cancer is not at all obvious. Classic Phase I dose escalation trial design may need to be modified, as higher doses may not be optimal in all patients or for all tumours. In addition, alternate or secondary biological end points (e.g., non-progression) may be needed for early phase studies to document true activity, so as not to abandon effective agents. Recent studies of the neutralising antibody bevacizumab, and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU5416, demonstrate that, while unlikely to be effective as monotherapy, incorporation of VEGF blockade into cytotoxic regimens may increase overall response rates. However, incorporation may also produce new toxicities, including thromboembolic complications and bleeding. Newer oral agents, such as SU6668, SU11248, PTK787/ZK222584 and ZD6474, are particularly interesting for their potential for chronic therapy. Future clinical trials are likely to build on past experience with stricter entry criteria, supportive care guidelines and the use of surrogate markers.
Pharmacokinetics of 6‐hydroxybuspirone and its enantiomers administered individually or following buspirone administration in humans

The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of 6‐hydroxybuspirone (6OHB) when given orally via three forms: racemate (BMS‐528215), S‐enantiomer (BMS‐442606) and R‐enantiomer (BMS‐442608), versus following the administration of buspirone. A double‐blind, randomized, four‐period, four‐treatment, crossover study balanced for residual effects in healthy subjects was conducted (n=20). Subjects received single 10 mg doses of each compound in a randomized fashion with pharmacokinetics determined over a 24 h period. There was a 4‐day washout between each dosing period. All three forms of 6OHB (racemate, S‐enantiomer and R‐enantiomer) were well tolerated. There was nterconversion between enantiomers. The dominant enantiomer was the S‐enantiomer no matter which form of 6OHB was administered. All three forms of 6OHB produced approximately 2‐ to 3‐fold greater exposure to total 6OHB than did buspirone. All three forms produced equal exposure to 1‐(2‐pyrimidinyl)‐piperazine (1‐PP) which was approximately 30% less than the 1‐PP exposure derived from buspirone administration. All three forms of 6OHB produced approximately 3‐fold higher 6OHB:1‐PP ratios and approximately 2.5‐fold higher total 6OHB exposures than did buspirone administration. All compounds were well tolerated. There seemed to be no advantage of one of the enantiomers of 6OHB over the racemate. Therefore, the racemate was chosen for further clinical development. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climate change in Australian tropical rainforests: an impending environmental catastrophe

It is now widely accepted that global climate change is affecting many ecosystems around the globe and that its impact is increasing rapidly. Many studies predict that impacts will consist largely of shifts in latitudinal and altitudinal distributions. However, we demonstrate that the impacts of global climate change in the tropical rainforests of northeastern Australia have the potential to result in many extinctions. We develop bioclimatic models of spatial distribution for the regionally endemic rainforest vertebrates and use these models to predict the effects of climate warming on species distributions. Increasing temperature is predicted to result in significant reduction or complete loss of the core environment of all regionally endemic vertebrates. Extinction rates caused by the complete loss of core environments are likely to be severe, nonlinear, with losses increasing rapidly beyond an increase of 2°C, and compounded by other climate–related impacts. Mountain ecosystems around the world, such as the Australian Wet Tropics bioregion, are very diverse, often with high levels of restricted endemism, and are therefore important areas of biodiversity. The results presented here suggest that these systems are severely threatened by climate change.
Cyclophilin D Modulates Mitochondrial F0F1-ATP Synthase by Interacting with the Lateral Stalk of the Complex*

Blue native gel electrophoresis purification and immunoprecipitation of F0F1-ATP synthase from bovine heart mitochondria revealed that cyclophilin (CyP) D associates to the complex. Treatment of intact mitochondria with the membrane-permeable bifunctional reagent dimethyl 3,3-dithiobis-propionimidate (DTBP) cross-linked CyPD with the lateral stalk of ATP synthase, whereas no interactions with F1 sector subunits, the ATP synthase natural inhibitor protein IF1, and the ATP/ADP carrier were observed. The ATP synthase-CyPD interactions have functional consequences on enzyme catalysis and are modulated by phosphate (increased CyPD binding and decreased enzyme activity) and cyclosporin (Cs) A (decreased CyPD binding and increased enzyme activity). Treatment of MgATP submitochondrial particles or intact mitochondria with CsA displaced CyPD from membranes and activated both hydrolysis and synthesis of ATP sustained by the enzyme. No effect of CsA was detected in CyPD-null mitochondria, which displayed a higher specific activity of the ATP synthase than wild-type mitochondria. Modulation by CyPD binding appears to be independent of IF1, whose association to ATP synthase was not affected by CsA treatment. These findings demonstrate that CyPD association to the lateral stalk of ATP synthase modulates the activity of the complex.
Enhanced continua and discrete lattices for modelling granular assemblies

This article discusses the derivation of continuum models that can be used for modelling the inhomogeneous mechanical behaviour of granular assemblies. These so-called kinematically enhanced models are of the strain-gradient type and of the strain-gradient micro-polar type, and are derived by means of homogenizing the micro-structural interactions between discrete particles. By analysis of the body wave dispersion curves, the enhanced continuum models are compared to corresponding discrete lattice models. Accordingly, it can be examined up to which deformation level the continuum models are able to accurately describe the discrete particle behaviour. Further, the boundary conditions for the enhanced continuum models are formulated, and their stability is considered. It is demonstrated how to use the body wave dispersion relations for the assessment of stability.
Which nerve fibers mediate the axon reflex flare in human skin?

Axon reflex vasodilatation due to transcutaneous electrical stimulation in human skin was measured by laser Doppler imaging. Constant current pulses of 10 mA, 0.2 ms, delivered at 1 or 10 Hz for 2 min through a probe of 30 mm2 surface area did not induce a significant flare response, though this stimulus previously has been found supra-maximal for cutaneous poly-modal (mechano-heat responsive) C-nociceptors in microneurography experiments. Pulses of the same strength from a pointed probe yielding a higher current density induced an extended and persistent flare. This type of stimulus previously has been proven to recruit mechano-insensitive C-units in microneurography experiments, in contrast to stimuli from the 30 mm2 probe. It is concluded that mechano-insensitive C-nociceptors and not polymodal C-units mediate the axon reflex flare in human skin.
Integration of functions within STUAS operator crew on board Royal Netherlands Navy ships

Many reasons exist for the military to favor unmanned systems and future missions are envisioned that require longer, more diverse and more frequent deployment of UAVs with increased mission precision. This will also result in a much higher demand on operator crews working with UAVs. With the current pressure on operational budgets, a more effective use of automation is needed in order to answer this demand. This frees operator capacity and enables integration of operator crew functions. This paper describes a case study that was performed to evaluate function integration within a Small Tactical Unmanned Aerial System (STUAS) operator crew on board a Royal Netherlands Navy ship during the flight phase, with the goal to extend the sensory capabilities of the ship: the Air Vehicle Operator (AVO) and the Payload Operator (PO) tasks allocated to one operator. Also a combined AVO/PO-interface was provided to this one operator and was evaluated. Results show that, for simulated maritime scenario as used in this evaluation study, integration of STUAS functions and interfaces can still lead to effective operations. Types of missions and flight phase operator tasks not addressed in this study remain subject of future study. This study should therefore be regarded as a first step of the full analysis of the possibilities for integration of STUAS functions and interfaces together with the enabling automation and support.