Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Focused learning promotes continual task performance in humans

Humans can learn to perform multiple tasks in succession over the lifespan (“continual” learning), whereas current machine learning systems fail. Here, we investigated the cognitive mechanisms that permit successful continual learning in humans. Unlike neural networks, humans that were trained on temporally autocorrelated task objectives (focussed training) learned to perform new tasks more effectively, and performed better on a later test involving randomly interleaved tasks. Analysis of error patterns suggested that focussed learning permitted the formation of factorised task representations that were protected from mutual interference. Furthermore, individuals with a strong prior tendency to represent the task space in a factorised manner enjoyed greater benefit of focussed over interleaved training. Building artificial agents that learn to factorise tasks appropriately may be a promising route to solving continual task performance in machine learning. Significance Statement Humans learn to perform many different tasks over the lifespan, such as speaking both French and Spanish. The brain has to represent task information without mutual interference. In machine learning, this "continual learning" is a major unsolved challenge. Here, we studied the patterns of errors made by humans and state-of-the-art deep networks whilst they learned new tasks from scratch and without instruction. Humans, but not machines, seem to benefit from training regimes that focussed on one task at a time, especially when they had a prior bias to represent stimuli in a way that facilitated task separation. Machines trained to exhibit the same prior bias suffered less interference between tasks, suggesting new avenues for solving continual learning in artificial systems.
Daño vascular inducido en el pie equino por veneno de la serpiente Bothrops diporus

Con el objeto de avalar la sensibilidad del veneno ofidico sobre la densa red vascular que irriga el pie equino, se analizaron los efectos in vitro de 50 μg de veneno, a traves de biopsias de talones de 5 equinos de raza indefinida. Las muestras se incubaron en placas de cultivo celular conteniendo medio DMEM (Dulbecco´s Modified Eagle´s Medium). Un grupo de muestras opero como control y otro fue tratado con veneno, en estufa a 37oC, con 5% de dioxido de carbono y 95% de humedad durante 24 y 48 h. Concluida la incubacion, las muestras se fijaron en formaldehido bufferado y se procesaron con las tecnicas clasicas para histopatologia, siendo tenidas con HyE y PAS para su observacion en microscopio optico. Las muestras destinadas a microscopia electronica de transmision (MET) fueron tratadas por el metodo clasico. En los cortes coloreados (HyE) las arteriolas presentaron desprendimiento de celulas endoteliales, los nucleos fueron fuertemente basofilos, aumentados de tamano y de forma redondeada. Las metaarteriolas presentaron disrupcion de la pared vascular y separacion de las capas que forman su tunica media, con macrocariosis endotelial. Las venulas mostraron los mismos danos, manifestandose ademas la ruptura de la pared vascular. La tecnica PAS permitio localizar danos a nivel de la membrana basal de las celulas endoteliales de todos los vasos sanguineos estudiados. La MET revelo mitocondrias que resaltaban en puntos determinados del citoplasma, con aumento de la electrodensidad. Las vesiculas pinociticas citoplasmaticas mostraron tamano variable, con distribucion irregular; las uniones intercelulares estaban alteradas. El modelo experimental de biopsia, como cultivo primario, permitio el estudio de alteraciones en la red vascular inducidas por toxinas de veneno de serpiente, constituyendo una herramienta valiosa considerando que no afecta la salud del animal.
The study of association between candidate gene polymorphisms and age-dependent diseases in population from Kazakhstan

Here, we show that several aging related genes may serve as the genetic risk factors for cervical, esophagus and colorectal cancers. We examined the genes involved in the processes of xenobiotics detoxification (GSTM1 and GSTT1), DNA repair (XRCC1, XRCC3, hMLH1), cell cycle regulation and apoptosis (CCND1, TP53, DCC). The study results will lead to development of screening for detection of individuals susceptible to esophageal, cervical and colorectal cancers. Introduction of the screening programs will allow the early and effective preventive measures that will reduce cancer incidence and mortality in Kazakhstan.
Effect of time and width of girdling on flowering and yield of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Alphonso

The experiment was laid out in Randomized block design with factorial concept comprising four treatments of girdling width viz., 0.75 cm (W1), 1.00 cm (W2), 1.25 cm (W3) and 1.50 cm (W4) and three treatments of girdling time i.e. 15 July (T1), 15 August (T2) and 15 September (T3) of girdling time as along with control. The treatments were replicated thrice. Results of present investigation revealed the girdling treatment during 15 July with girdled width of 1.50 cm was significantly influenced maximum percentage of fruit set at harvest stage, fruit weight (g), volume of fruit pulp (ml), number of fruits per shoot and fruit yield (kg/plant) compared to other treatments.
Apparent oxygen half saturation constant for nitrifiers: genus specific, inherent physiological property, or artefact of colony morphology?

We report that a single Nitrospira sublineage I OTU performs nitrite oxidation in several full-scale domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the tropics (29-31 °C). Contrary to the prevailing theory for the relationship between nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), members of the Nitrospira sublineage I OTU had an apparent half saturation coefficient, Ks(app) lower than that of the full-scale domestic activated sludge cohabitant AOB (0.09 ± 0.02 g O2 m−3 versus 0.3 ± 0.03 g O2 m−3). Paradoxically, NOB may thus thrive under conditions of low oxygen supply. Low dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions could enrich for and high aeration inhibit the NOB in a long-term lab-scale reactor. The relative abundance of Nitrospira gradually decreased with increasing DO until it was washed out. Nitritation was sustained even after the DO was lowered subsequently. Based on 3D-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) image analysis, the morphologies of AOB and NOB microcolonies responded to DO levels in accordance with their apparent oxygen half saturation constant Ks(app). When exposed to the same oxygenation level, NOB formed densely packed spherical clusters with a low surface area-to-volume ratio compared to the Nitrosomonas-like AOB clusters, which maintained a porous and non-spherical morphology. Microcolony morphology is thus a way for AOB and NOB to regulate oxygen exposure and sustain the mutualistic interaction. However, short-term high DO exposure can select for AOB and against NOB in full-scale domestic WWTPs and such population dynamics depend on which specific AOB and NOB species predominate under given environmental conditions.
The effect of taurine supplementation to a plant‐based diet for barramundi (Lates calcarifer) with varying methionine content

The effect of variable taurine inclusion (Tau) (1g/kg DM to 15g/kg DM) in the diet of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) on growth and nutrient utilization was investigated at three levels of dietary methionine (Met) supplementation. Diets were fed to juvenile barramundi (starting weight: 26.8g) twice daily under a restricted pair-fed regime for a period of 42days. No significant effect of dietary Tau supply on growth or nutrient utilization was observed at any level of Met inclusion. Numerical variations suggested a positive effect of Tau provision at the mid-level of supplementation (6-8g/kg DM). The best-fit response model (5-SKM), fitted to the percentage body weight gain data of fish fed diets with an adequate level of Met, suggested a relatively weak pattern of response (R-2 = 0.183) and predicted a Tau requirement of 5.47g/kg DM (9.64 g/kg CP) similar to that reported for several other species. It was concluded that taurine appears to be conditionally essential to barramundi, whereby provision in the diet when sulphur amino acid supply is insufficient to meet biosynthetic demands may be beneficial, but that the predicted requirement is likely reasonably accurate for use as a minimum level of inclusion.
MYBPC3 Mutations cause Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy by Dysregulating Myosin: Implications for Therapy

The mechanisms by which truncating mutations in MYBPC3 (encoding cardiac myosin binding protein-C; cMyBPC) or myosin missense mutations cause hyper-contractility and poor relaxation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are incompletely understood. Using genetic and biochemical approaches we explored how depletion of cMyBPC altered sarcomere function. We demonstrate that stepwise loss of cMyBPC resulted in reciprocal augmentation of myosin contractility. Direct attenuation of myosin function, via a damaging missense variant (F764L) that causes dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) normalized the increased contractility from cMyBPC depletion. Depletion of cMyBPC also altered dynamic myosin conformations during relaxation - enhancing the myosin state that enables ATP hydrolysis and thin filament interactions while reducing the super relaxed conformation associated with energy conservation. MYK-461, a pharmacologic inhibitor of myosin ATPase, rescued relaxation deficits and restored normal contractility in mouse and human cardiomyocytes with MYBPC3 mutations. These data define dosage-dependent effects of cMyBPC on myosin that occur across all phases of the cardiac cycle as the pathophysiologic mechanisms by which MYBPC3 truncations cause HCM. Therapeutic strategies to attenuate cMyBPC activity may rescue depressed cardiac contractility in DCM patients, while inhibiting myosin by MYK-461 should benefit the substantial proportion of HCM patients with MYBPC3 mutations. One Sentence Summary Analyses of cardiomyocytes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations in MYBPC3 reveal that these directly activate myosin contraction by disrupting myosin states of relaxation, and that genetic or pharmacological manipulation of myosin therapeutically abates the effects of MYBPC3 mutations.
The effect of probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria on the Th1 and Th2 type cytokines production in intravaginal staphylococcosis in mice

The probiotic strains of Lactobacillus casei IMV B-7280, Bifidobacterium animalis VKL, B. animalis VKB (individually) or L. casei IMV B-7280 B. animalis VKB B. animalis VKL composition balanced the Th1/Th2 cytokines production at normal condition and in the cases of experimental intravaginal staphylococcosis in BALB/c mice in different periods of observation. L. casei IMV B-7280 and B. animalis VKB (individually) at normal condition increased the Th1 type cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-γ production. Instead, B. animalis VKL after injection into intact mice did not affect the IL-12 production but slightly increased the IFN-γ production. In the cases of experimental intravaginal staphylococcosis in mice the balancing of Th1/Th2 immune response under the influence of L. casei IMV B-7280 is due to increased production of IL-12 and IFN-γ, as well as decreased Th2 type cytokine IL-4 production. The IL-12 and IFN-γ production in staphylococcus-infected mice that received B. animalis VKL or B. animalis VKB (individually) was increased, but these probiotic bacteria had no significant effect on IL-4 production. Under the influence of L. casei IMV B-7280, B. animalis VKB, B. animalis VKL (individually) in the cases of experimental intravaginal staphylococcosis in mice the IL-4/IFN-γ ratio was significantly decreased. The shift from Th2 to Th1 type cytokines production was also observed in staphylococcus-infected mice that received L. casei IMV B-7280 B. animalis VKB B. animalis VKL composition. The IL-12 and IFN-γ production was increased, instead, IL-4 production as well as IL-4/IFN-γ ratio were decreased in mice that received this probiotic composition in different periods of observation.So, L. casei IMV B-7280, B. animalis VKB and B. animalis VKL (individually) and L. casei IMV B-7280 B. animalis VKB B. animalis VKL composition are promising to create highly effective immunobiotics with immunomodulatory effect that are able to balance Th1/Th2 type of immunity by shifting the cytokine profile with decreased the IL-4/IFN-γ ratio.
TORC2/Pkh1-Ypk1 pathway is activated in a yeast model of Niemann-Pick type C1 disease

Niemann-Pick type C is a lysosomal storage disease with an underestimated prevalence of 1:150,000 people in Western Europe. It is characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol and sphingolipids in late endosomes/lysosomes caused by loss-of-function point mutations in two genes, NPC1 and NPC2, encoding proteins that are involved in the endocytic pathway. The yeast model of NPC1 ( ncr1  ) shares important features with NPC1 mammalian cells. This model exhibit higher sensitivity to oxidative stress, shortened chronological lifespan and mitochondrial dysfunctions associated with the accumulation of long chain sphingoid bases (LCBs) and ceramides. Ypk1, an orthologue of human SGK1, regulates sphingolipid synthesis through modulation of sphingolipid metabolism enzymes toward the synthesis of complex lipids. Since ncr1  cells present an imbalance in sphingolipid homeostasis and Ypk1 regulates the de novo biosynthesis, we raised the hypothesis that Ypk1 activity may also be dysregulated in these cells. The man goal of this work was to study if the hypothetical activation of Ypk1 by the upstream regulators TORC2 and Pkh1 contributes to ncr1  phenotypes. We showed that Ypk1 was activated by both Pkh1 and TORC2. Moreover, deletion of YPK1 restored mitochondrial function of ncr1  and promoted cell survival. Interestingly, eisosomes stability also affect Pkh1 activity as deletion of PIL1, that encodes for the major subunit of these domains, decreased Pkh1 activity toward its targets Sch9 and Ypk1. The overall results show that Ypk1 activation by TORC2 and Pkh1 mediate cell death phenotypes in the
Transcriptional regulation of B lymphocyte commitment.

xiv CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1. Haemopoiesis . 1 1.1.1. Murine Haemopoietic Stem Cells.2 1.1.2. Models of Haemopoiesis.3 1.2. Common Lymphoid Progenitors and Early Lymphopoiesis . 4 1.3. B Lymphocyte Development . 6 1.4. Transcription Factor Regulation of B Lineage Commitment.8 1.4. 1. Ikaros and the Common Lymphoid Progenitor.9 1.4. 2. PU.1 and Progenitors.10 1.4. 3. E2A, Early B cell Factor and B cell Lineage Determination . 12 1.5. Expression and Structure of Pax5 . 14 1.6. Phenotype of Pax5 Deficient Mice . 17 1.7. Pax5 Deficient Pro-B Cells . 18 1.7. 1. In Vitro Differentiation along Monocytic Lineages . 18 1.7. 2. In Vitro Differentiation into Granulocytes . 18 1.7. 3. In Vitro Differentiation into Natural Killer Cells . 19 1.7. 4. Differentiation into T Lymphocytes . 19 1.7. 5. Multilineage Capacity of Pax5 -/Pro-B Cells In Vivo.20 1.8. Pax5 is Required for Initiation and Maintenance of B cell Commitment . 21 1.9. Pax5 Functions as both a Repressor and Activator of Transcription . 22 1.10. The Role of Pax5 in V(D)J Recombination.22 1.11. Pax5 and the pre-BCR . 23 1.12. Pax5 Target Genes.24
Detection of micro RNA hsa-let-7e in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with dengue virus serotype-2: preliminary study

Pathogenesis of dengue infection is still obscure. Recently, the role of microRNA has been associated with the cytokine storm which leads to plasma leakage in endothelial cells. The objective of our study was to determine whether particular microRNA is overexpressed in PBMCs infected with DENV and to assess its correlation to the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) proteins to increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We report the result of a preliminary study on the expression of microRNA hsa-let-7e. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the healthy volunteer were infected with the clinical isolate of DENV-2. RNA was extracted with miRCURYLNATMExiqon. Quantitative Real-Time PCR was used to measure the relative expression of hsa-let-7e micro RNA and the mRNA of SOCS3 proteins. MicroRNA hsa-let-7e expression was increased in PBMCs upon DENV-2 infection. The relative expression of hsa-let-7e is detected at 1.46 folds relative to uninfected PBMCs in 4 hours post-infection and decreased in 19 hours post infection. In contrast, the expression of mRNA of SOCS3 was inversely expressed with hsa-let-7 expression. MicroRNA was overexpressed in PBMCs upon infection with DENV-2. This microRNA may bind the SOCS3 and contribute to the pathogenesis of dengue infection.
Skin-whitening and freckle-dispelling essence and preparation method thereof

The invention relates to a skin-whitening and freckle-dispelling essence and a preparation method thereof. The skin-whitening and freckle-dispelling essence contains the following active ingredients which are selected in the aspects of eight factors according to the latest skin-whitening and freckle-dispelling mechanism: nano-wrapped supercritical bee glue, sunscreen algae (helionori), a lytic keratinase complex (protease complex), multiex bsasm, skin-whitening polypeptide (melanostatine DM), skin neogenesis energy algae (AOAINE), epidermal growth factor bionic peptide (CG IDP-5) and a brazzil tourmaline extracting solution (tourmalina). Compared with the prior art, the skin-whitening and freckle-dispelling essence is clear in mechanism, natural and efficient in sorting, and has the advantages of inhibiting melanin, screening sun, promoting metabolism, diminishing inflammation, reducing genuine melanin, accelerating the metabolism of the melanin, improving obscuration caused by wrinkle spots and the like; after skin-whitening and freckle-dispelling essence is used, skin is the fair and tender and white lucent; and the preparation method is scientific.
Doppler Comparative Measurements in the Reconstruction of Limbs with Flaps and Grafts

Abstract Doppler technique was first described by the Australian physicist and mathematician Christian Doppler. Doppler effect is defined as a reflection of high frequency sound waves of different frequency when they come in contact with the movable structure in the blood vessel. Waves that go to transducers are coded red, while waves that move away from the transducer are coded blue. Doppler main types can be classified as following: continuous wave (CW) Doppler, spectral Doppler, color Doppler and Power Doppler color. The study was realizedat the University Clinic for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. It is a randomized prospective study. During the study two groups of 30 patientseach were formed. Each patient was required a permission for reconstructive surgery procedure and an informed consent for participation in the study. For all patients a specially designed questionnaire (non-standardized) was filled out. 1. First (I) group of patients treated with flaps. In this group a type of reconstructive technique with skin or complex flapshas been applied. 2. Second group (II) of patients treated with grafts (split thickness grafts). In this group applied reconstruction comprised application of skin grafts with partial thickness. The study included patients with defects of the skin and soft tissues, whohad an indication for reconstructive surgery procedure. Exclusion criteria of patients for participation in the study were: children under 14 years of age, adults over 75 years, people with systemic diseases that can affect the results of reconstructive intervenetions and patients who have without periosteum bone-like surface defect as contraindication for skin grafting. The results of the reconstructive procedures according to the objectives set were investigated clinically into three time periods: preoperative, postoperative day 7 and day 30 postoperatively. The following investigations were carried out: determination of the circulation levels by means of Doppler; determination of the levels of limbs circulation is distal to the site of reconstruction in the pre-and postoperative period (day 7 and day 30); For the evaluation of blood flow the following parameters were used: • PSV-Peak systolic velocity • PI - Pulsatility index RI - Resistance indexPI and RI were calculated using the formula: • PI = PSV - EDV / Vmean • RI = PSV - EDV / PSV EDV indicates the flow velocity in late diastole and V mean, the average speed of blood flow through the artery. By assessment of arterial status before and after surgery through the analysis ofvascular waves at different locations of the vascular tree of the upper and lower extremities, we registered significant difference between the two examined groups, which speaks in favor of the use of flaps in reconstruction of the lower limbs.
Spatial conservation of large mobile elasmobranchs requires an understanding of spatio-temporal seascape utilization

The positioning of habitats interacts with variability in abiotic factors (e.g. seasonal changes in temperature and extreme weather events) to change how animals use a land or seascape. Marine reserves can regulate how human activities alter fish communities and increase the abundance of targeted species, but the combined influence of reserves and seascape context on species habitat use remains uncertain in many ecosystems. Further, marine reserve effectiveness might be low for mobile species if the size of the reserve is less than a species usual range, reducing the overall time a individual may be protected. In this study, we tracked 19 giant shovelnose rays (Glaucostegus typus), an IUCN listed vulnerable species within the Moreton Bay Marine Park in eastern Australia. We used an array of 28 acoustic receivers within a complex mosaic of seagrass patches, bare sand, mangrove forests and deep-water channels and used regression tree analyses to determine which spatial, temporal and protection factors contributed most to G. typus habitat use. Overall, 50% of the total detections in the study occurred inside marine reserves containing large seagrass beds (>7.09 m2) and in close proximity to mangroves ( 20.2 °C), the habitat use of individuals is contained in smaller centres of activity compared with winter, however, protection effects varied. Our results show that seascape context and marine reserves combine to provide the optimal areas for G. typus habitat selection. Limited food resources likely caused larger centres of activity during winter. Identifying priority habitats for vulnerable species is critical for ongoing protection and maintaining effective conservation initiatives. We have shown here that incorporating spatial features into the design of marine reserves can improve conservation outcomes for mobile benthic predators such as G. typus and other species that use such seascapes.