Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vilsmeier—Haack Reagent: A Facile Synthesis of 2‐Chloro‐3‐formylquinolines from N‐Arylacetamides and Transformation into Different Functionalities.

A simple and regioseleetive synthesis of 2-chloro-3-formylquinolines through Vilsmeier-Haack cyclisation of N-arylacetamides has been reported. The cyclisation is facilitated by N-arylacctamides bearing electron donating groups at m-position. However, yields of quinolines having electron donating groups are good in all cases. Further, the nucleophilie substitution reaction of the quinolines is also investigated. Similarly, the formyl group in the quinolines is subjected to further transformation into cyano (CAN-NH 3 ) and alkoxycarbonyl (NIS-K 2 CO 3 /alcohols) groups to afford corresponding 3-cyano and 3-alkoxycarbonylquinolincs, respectively.
Restitution sonore spatiale - Dispositifs et interfaces

Certaines techniques logicielles et des dispositifs materiels associes permettent de realiser une restitution spatialisee du son pour les environnements virtuels. La spatialisation du son , c'est-a-dire la simulation des indices de localisation spatiale de notre audition pour des sources sonores virtuelles, est l'un des themes de recherche les plus actifs en acoustique a l'heure actuelle. Il faut dire que les applications grand public font legion : jeux video, home cinema, musique, que ce soit a la maison ou sur des dispositifs nomades. Dans les applications de realite virtuelle, l'ajout de son spatialise contribue egalement a renforcer la sensation d'immersion [1]. Ces technologies reposent toutes sur d'intenses recherches fondamentales sur la perception spatiale du son chez l'Homme [2]. Des ouvrages et travaux de references comme [3] [4] peuvent egalement etre consultes pour plus de details. Les systemes de restitution sonore spatiale vont, d'une maniere generale, s'interesser a reproduire aux oreilles d'un auditeur les indices de localisation appropries pour une source sonore virtuelle en fonction de sa position souhaitee. On peut categoriser ces systemes en deux familles. La premiere serie que l'on peut qualifier d' approches perceptives , repose sur le fait qu'un modele simple de difference de niveau sonore ou de temps d'arrivee aux deux oreilles suffit a creer l'illusion de positionnement d'une source « fantome » entre les positions physiques des haut-parleurs. Ce principe est en particulier a la base de la restitution stereophonique classique mais peut etre etendu a des ensembles de haut-parleurs plus complexes. La deuxieme serie d'approches vise a reconstruire de maniere physiquement precise le champ acoustique au voisinage de l'auditeur. Dans cette categorie, se distinguent les approches binaurales qui reconstituent le champ sonore en deux points (les oreilles de l'auditeur) et des approches plus globales , reproduisant le champ sonore correct dans toute une zone de l'espace. Chacune de ces approches a ses avantages et ses inconvenients en terme de ressources de calcul, complexite du dispositif et nombre d'auditeurs simultanes. Pour un complement d'information, on peut egalement se referer aux ouvrages [3] et [5]. Nous presentons egalement quelques exemples d' integration de dispositifs de restitution spatiale du son dans des systemes de realite virtuelle immersifs . En particulier, nous dressons un comparatif des differentes approches et de leurs conditions d'utilisation optimale. Enfin, nous consacrons la derniere partie a un bref tour d'horizon des quelques librairies logicielles existantes permettant d'implementer de telles techniques et beneficiant pour certaines d'une acceleration materielle.
Reaction of Acyl Chlorides with In Situ Formed Zinc Selenolates: Synthesis of Selenoesters versus Ring-Opening Reaction of Tetrahydrofuran

Attempting to apply the in situ production of PhSeZnSePh to the synthesis of selenoesters, an unexpected reaction involving the solvent (tetrahydrofuran) was observed and studied. We reported here some evidences about the mechanism and the possibility to control the chemoselectivity of this new reaction that afforded the formation of interesting selenoderivatives in which the selenium moiety and the carboxylic one are spaced by four carbon units.
Catalytic Aspects of Ceria Zirconia Solid Solution: Part‐II an Overview on Recent Developments in the Heterogeneous Catalytic Applications of Metal Loaded Ceria‐zirconia Solid Solution

Ceria-zirconia (CZ) solid solution has been considered as a green eco-friendly catalyst and catalyst support for metals. CZ solid solution is admitted for its excellent properties such as high thermal resistance, better reducibility and high oxygen storage capacity. By the incorporation of metals, all the aforementioned characteristics get promoted in a greater extent. Heterogeneous application of metal loaded CZ solid solution is mainly concentrating on the removal of pollutants from the automotive exhaust gas and in the hydrogen production techniques. Metal loaded CZ solid solution exhibits tremendous capability for the simultaneous elimination of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides present in the auto motive exhaust gas and hence acquired the name “Three Way Catalyst (TWC)”. Additionally it plays an important role in the elimination of chlorinated hydrocarbons and in the oxidation of soot. Also it has a marked catalysing effect in hydrogen production from various sources. In this review, we made an outline of the recent developments in the heterogeneous applications of metal loaded ceria zirconia solid solution, mainly focussed on applications in three way catalysis for the removal of several pollutants such as chlorinated hydrocarbons and soot. In addition to this, their application in hydrogen production from different sources is outlined. Their use in oxygen gas sensors is briefly discussed.
Of Pigeonholes and Principles: A Reconsideration of Discrimination Law

The common law has never developed a cause of action for discrimination. Instead, the legislatures have stepped in. This article explores not whether there should be a cause of action for discrimination at common law, but whether our thinking about discrimination from a legal point of view would benefit from drawing upon common law methodology. We can contrast two methodologies for the design and development over time of legal norms: the topdown model of the comprehensive code designed to bring to life a grand theory about the norms regulating human interaction, and the bottom-up model of case-by-case analysis aiming toward the development of a set of principles explaining and justifying individual decisions. Each has its place, but the latter is perhaps better suited to creating and changing norms in the discrimination law area. However, the abdication of responsibility by the common law has led to the legislatures intervening in their typical top-down style. Lacking a grand theory, the resulting statutory rules have something of the quality of arbitrary pigeonholes into which complainants must fit their fact situation or fail. Three issues are examined, revealing the detrimental impact of the pigeonhole-like quality that current codes have taken on over the course of their development. The first two concern the difficulties encountered in determining which attributes come within the protection of the law through being designated as prohibited grounds of discrimination; the last is a re-examination of whether discrimination is confined to differential treatment motivated by prejudice or encompasses causing adverse effects upon vulnerable groups and individuals. The article makes some first steps towards showing how discrimination law could develop differently if we were to adopt something more like the common law method of norm creation and change.
Violences collectives et travail psychothérapique : Nécessité d'une intégration des aspects individuels, familiaux et culturels

De nos jours, les consultations de psychiatrie recoivent de plus en plus d'enfants, d'adultes, de familles exiles suite au developpement de violences collectives dans leur pays. Ces victimes de traumatismes extremes sont ensuite confrontees aux vicissitudes de l'exil puis de la precarite sociale, souvent de maniere durable. Leur prise en charge est delicate: ils suscitent l'urgence alors que tout semble s'etre arrete pour eux. De plus, l'ampleur de la tâche et l'horreur du recit suscitent de nombreuses contre-attitudes chez ceux qui ne sont pas prepares a les recevoir. Enfin, leurs origines lointaines et diverses, leurs difficultes d'adaptation, leur lecture des evenements sont souvent autant d'enigmes pour nous. Il s'agit pourtant d'une population a haut risque d'evolution negative, tant sur le plan individuel que familial, que social, pour qui il parait urgent de developper des strategies de soins adaptees.
Altitudinal distribution of birds in a mountainous region in southeastern Brazil

We studied the altitudinal distribution of 426 bird species in the Serra dos Orgaos, a mountainous region in southeastern Brazil. Thirty-four localities were visited between 1991 and 2009. Our study revealed a decline in bird species richness with elevation, although a smaller number of species was recorded at lower altitudes (below 300 m) possibly due to local extinctions caused by the intense human occupation of the region. A less diverse avifauna was found above 2,000 m, with only one species (Caprimulgus longirostris) recorded exclusively in this altitudinal range. Most endemic species were found between 300 and 1,200 m, but the endemism was more significant at higher altitudes. Nearly half of the birds found above 1,400 m were endemic species. Most of the threatened species from the state of Rio de Janeiro recorded in our study were found below 1,200 m, but no significant difference was found between the proportions of threatened species among different altitudinal ranges. Species of seventeen genera have exhibited some replacement (sometimes with partial overlap) along altitudinal gradients.
Preservation of periodicity in variational integrators

PRESERVATION OF PERIODICITY IN VARIATIONAL INTEGRATORS by Jian-Long Liu Classical numerical integrators do not preserve symplecticity, a structure inherent in Hamiltonian systems. Thus, the trajectories they produce cannot be expected to possess the same qualitative behavior observed in the original system. Pooling recent results from O’Neale and West, we explore a particular class of numerical integrators, the variational integrator, that preserves one aspect of the range of behavior present in Hamiltonian systems, the periodicity of trajectories. We first establish the prerequisites and some key concepts from Hamiltonian systems, particularly symplecticity and action-angle coordinates. Through perturbation theory and its complications manifested in small divisor problems, we motivate the necessity for KAM theory. With O’Neale’s KAM-type theorem, we observe the preservation of periodicity by symplectic one-step methods. Lastly, we show that the variational integrator introduced by West possesses the defining characteristics of symplectic one-step methods, and therefore also preserves periodicity of the original trajectories.
Redistribution Through Charity and Optimal Taxation When People Are Concerned with Social Status

This paper deals with tax policy responses to charitable giving based on a model of optimal redistributive income taxation. The major contribution is the simultaneous treatment of (i) warm-glow and stigma effects of charitable donations; (ii) that the warm glow of giving and stigma of receiving charity may to some extent depend on relative comparisons; and (iii) that people are also concerned with their relative consumption more generally. Whether charity should be taxed or supported turns out to largely depend on the relative strengths of the warm glow of giving and the stigma of receiving charity, respectively, and on the positional externalities caused by charitable donations. In addition, imposing stigma on the mimicker (via a relaxation of the self-selection constraint) strengthens the case for subsidizing charity. We also consider a case where the government is unable to target the charitable giving through a direct tax instrument, and examine how the optimal marginal income tax structure is adjusted in response to charitable giving.
The relationship among fans' involvement, psychological commitment, and loyalty in professional team sports.

Research on consumer behavior in leisure settings has proposed the relationship among involvement, psychological commitment and loyalty. Nonetheless, very little attention has been given to the conceptualization of the relationship among these constructs in a sport spectator context. The present study examined the relationship among involvement, psychological commitment, and two dimensions of loyalty, namely the attitudinal and behavioral loyalty of sport fans. The participants of this study were 800 soccer fans. The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the multidimensional factor structure of the involvement scale which was developed for leisure participants by Kyle, Graefe, Manning and Bacon (2003). A structural equation modeling examined the proposed relationship model among involvement, commitment and loyalty. It was found that fans’ involvement affects psychological commitment. Psychological commitment, in turn, influences attitudinal loyalty, and eventually attitudinal loyalty has direct effects on behavioral loyalty. The findings of the study indicate the mechanism through which sport fans become loyal to their team. It is suggested that sport managers should develop involvement, psychological commitment and attitudinal loyalty through marketing strategies in order to maximize sport fans’ behavioral loyalty.
Bright and dark spatial solitons in coupled photorefractive media

Abstract We consider beam propagation in photorefractive media, where the pulse dynamics is governed by a set of coupled nonlinear Schrödinger-type equations. We construct anharmonic oscillator equations using the Stokes parameters and find a solution for bright spatial solitons in photorefractive media. We then reduce the anharmonic oscillator to the well-known undamped and unforced Duffing oscillator equation. From this equation, we present the necessary conditions for the formation of both bright and dark screening solitons, and obtain solutions for both of them.
Soil physical properties and root activity in a soybean second crop/maize rotation under direct sowing and conventional tillage

Soil degradation is the result of interactions involving the soil itself, human activity, climate, relief, and vegetation. These can lead to changes in or even the loss of certain characteristics of the soil, reducing its present and future productive capacity. The aim of this study was to determine the behaviour of a number of soil physical variables and total organic carbon content, as well as the root activity and yield of crops grown in rotation (soybean in 1998/1999 and maize in 1999/2000) under direct sowing (DS) and conventional tillage (CT) conditions. Root activity was assessed using an isotopic methodology involving the uptake of 32P. The root activity of the soybean crop, which grew under normal rainfall conditions, was greater under CT conditions. That of the maize crop, which grew when rainfall was well below normal, was greater under DS conditions. Bulk density was higher and total porosity lower in the upper 0.10 m of the soil in the DS plots. Conventional tillage led to lower penetration resistance values in the upper layers of the soil profile. No differences in soil total organic carbon were found between the two tillage systems. The soil water content of the upper soil layers was higher under DS. The yield of the soybean crop under CT was 57% higher than under DS. The yield of maize was affected by water deficiency; higher yields were obtained with DS than with CT.
Low Cost Ergonomics Solution for Safe Work Posture at Conventional Milling Machine: A Case Study

Conventional milling machine has been recognized as one of the solutions for high productivity and economical machining processes. However, the existing design of conventional milling workstation leads to non-neutral work postures because of the machine operator has to bend downward his torso for better visualization in setting and machining the workpiece. The aim of this study is to redesign the existing milling workstation by focusing on operator’s visualization and work posture. This study applied Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) to assess the work posture of the operator while performing milling operation. The existing milling workstation was redesigned by attaching a low cost LED light and a magnifying glass to improve operator’s visualization in setting and machining the workpiece. Results of work posture analysis revealed that RULA score reduced from 7 to 3 due to application of these tools. This study concluded that low cost intervention is meaningful in improving work postures of conventional milling machine operators.
Comparative Study of Available Technique for Detection in Sentiment Analysis

Our day-to-day life has always been influenced by what people think. Ideas and opinions of others have always affected our own opinions. As the Web plays an increasingly significant role in people's social lives, it contains more and more information concerning their opinions and sentiments. The distillation of knowledge from this huge amount of unstructured information, also known as opinion mining and sentiment analysis. It has recently raised growing interest for purposes such as customer service, financial market prediction, public security monitoring, election investigation, health related quality of life measure, etc. Sentiment Analyzer (SA) that extracts sentiment (or opinion) about a subject from online text documents. Instead of classifying the sentiment of an entire document about a subject, SA detects all references to the given subject, and determines sentiment in each of the references using natural language processing (NLP) techniques. There are various machine learning algorithms that attempt to predict the sentiment or opinions of some documents or information of particular data and organize data, such as finding positive and negative reviews while diminishing the need for human effort to classify the information. This paper compares the NLP and machine learning methods of sentiment analysis and determines which one is better.
Evolution and Institutions: A Cognitive Perspective

Evolution, institutions, and organisation in econom ic systems rest on uncertainty and the characteristics of human cognit ion. All processes require structure, which influences their outcomes; every s tructure is a pattern of selected relationships. Cognition depends on neural connections, which are genetically derived, but not determined; institutio ns provide frameworks; and organizations provide routines and decision premise s. Responses to uncertainty include conservatism, the adoption of other people’ s rules, and experimentation; diversity extends the range of bot h defensive and imaginative practices on which selection can work; and the divi sion of labour promotes diversity. Successful change requires ‘good continu ity’ ‐ a problem for transition economies.
CO-TEACHING – AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH IN ERASMUS+ TEACHING MOBILITIES

Статията разглежда колаборативното преподаване като ефективен преподавателски подход в Еразъм+ преподавателски мобилности. В нея се представя същността на този подход, неговите предимства и недостатъци от гледна точка на преподавателя, на база анализ и изводи направени в рамките на две последователни преподавателски мобилности по програма Еразъм+ от авторите на статията
A catalogue of photometric redshifts for the SDSS-DR9 galaxies

Accurate photometric redshifts for large samples of galaxies are among the main products of modern multiband digital surveys. Over the last decade, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has become a sort of benchmark against which to test the various methods. We present an application of a new method to the estimation of photometric redshifts for the galaxies in the SDSS Data Release 9 (SDSS-DR9). Photometric redshifts for more than 143 million galaxies were produced and made available at the URL: this http URL The MLPQNA (Multi Layer Perceptron with Quasi Newton Algorithm) model provided within the framework of the DAMEWARE (DAta Mining and Exploration Web Application REsource) is an interpolative method derived from machine learning models. The obtained redshifts have an overall uncertainty of sigma=0.023 with a very small average bias of about 3x10^-5, and a fraction of catastrophic outliers of about 5%. This result is slightly better than what was already available in the literature, particularly in terms of the smaller fraction of catastrophic outliers.
In Situ Hybridisation Study of Neuronal Neuropeptides Expression in Models of Mandibular Denervation with or without Inflammation: Injury Dependant Neuropeptide Plasticity

Neuronal expression of neuropeptides is altered following peripheral tissue injury associated with inflammation or nerve injury. This results in neuropathic pain with or without neurogenic inflammation which is a major health problem regularly seen in trigeminal neuralgia. Activation of the trigeminal system results in the release of vasoactive neuropeptides substance P and Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP) which contribute to nociception, pain and neurogenic inflammation in injured tissues. Aim To study the alterations in the neuronal neuropeptides expressions in models of tissue injury associated with either nerve injury or with inflammation and to determine if denervation would alter the neuronal response to inflammation. Material and methods Experiments were performed on rat mandibles to produce three models. Firstly, denervation model by sectioning one of the mandibular nerve branches (inferior alveolar nerve). Secondarily, inflammation model by intra-gingival injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thirdly, combined denervation and inflammation model by sectioning the nerve with subsequent LPS injection. The animals were sacrificed seven days postoperative. Trigeminal ganglia on the operated sides were processed for in situ hybridisation for neuropeptides; substance P and CGRP mRNAs. Images were analysed for morphological and morphometric analysis using Image J software. Results substance P and CGRP mRNAs were expressed in small and medium-size primary afferent neurons in the mandibular division of the trigeminal ganglia. Both the denervation and the inflammation models showed alteration in neuropeptides expression in the sensory primary afferent neurons innervating the affected mandibular tissues. While, denervation resulted in a significant (substance P=P<0.04, CGRP=P<0.01) downregulation contrarily, inflammation resulted in a significant (P<0.001) upregulation of neuropeptides’ mRNAs. Interestingly, denervation prior to induction of inflammation resulted in insignificant changes in neuropeptides levels. There was a strong correlation (Pearson Correlation=0.8) between substance P and CGRP expression. Conclusion We show that tissue damage associated with nerve injury or inflammation results in alteration of neuropeptides levels in the innervating primary afferent neurons. Tissue destruction associated with chronic inflammatory condition such as arthritis and periodontitis are believed to be due to the production of neuromodulators causing neurogenic inflammation. Here we show that denervation abolishes the neuronal response to inflammation. Therefore, tissues denervation could relieve neurogenic inflammation associated with chronic disorders through regulation of neuronal neuropeptide production. Moreover, the current model that combined denervation and inflammation provides a useful animal model to study the contribution of nerve-related mediators in the pathophysiology of tissue injury.