Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Hot and the Classic

Plant Physiology wishes to extend its hearty congratulations to Dr. Melvin T. Tyree for his award of the prestigious Marcus Wallenberg Prize (Fig. 1). Sometimes offhandedly described as “The Nobel Prize for Forestry,” the purpose of the Marcus Wallenberg Prize is to recognize, encourage, and stimulate groundbreaking scientific achievements that contribute significantly to the broadening of knowledge and to technical advances within the fields of basic and applied forestry. Dr. Tyree was awarded the 19th Marcus Wallenberg Prize for his numerous contributions concerning the transport of water in trees. Dr. Tyree’s scientific work has been fundamental to the understanding of stress-induced disruptions of water transport in trees. Through both his theoretical contributions and his development and refinement of physiological methods, he has made fundamental contributions to our understanding of the importance of xylem cavitation in the ecology and physiology of trees. Dr. Tyree’s research also offers profound insight into the evolution of wood structure and on the distribution of trees in forests around the world. Dr. Tyree has been a long-time contributor to Plant Physiology and has written upon such a wide variety of topics that it is impossible to do justice to his scientific contributions in two short pages. This tribute focuses solely on the contributions for which he is perhaps best known—his studies of xylem embolisms.
CELLULAR RECOGNITION IN VITRO BY MOUSE LYMPHOCYTES

The effects of thymectomy and thymus graft restoration upon the in vitro primary responses to alloantigens and PHA have been studied. It has been found that neonatal thymectomy substantially eliminates both PHA reactivity and responsiveness to alloantigens assayed in vitro in host spleen cell populations. Analysis of albumin density gradient-separated subpopulations of the spleen and thymus in such animals was also performed. It was found that the total and proportional representation of the individual density subpopulations was identical in neonatally thymectomized, in normal, and in thymectomized and thymus graft-restored animals. Therefore, thymectomized mice appear to retain a nonfunctioning, small, dense, lymphocyte population. Reconstitution of thymic-dependent in vitro reactivity was nearly complete when syngeneic, but not allogeneic or semisyngeneic thymus was employed. Occasional partial restoration did occur when F1 thymus was employed, but never when allogeneic thymus was grafted. The grafted thymus contained PHA and alloantigen-reactive cells in a large, less dense B layer subpopulation, whereas the restored animals, as in the case of normals, showed these reactivities to be a property of a small, more dense cell population.
Treatment of Simple Bone Cysts With Aspiration and a Single Bone Marrow Injection

The authors report the results of percutaneous aspiration and injection of marrow into active, simple bone cyst in 17 cases. Slow regression of the cyst and progressive healing were obtained in 13 cases (76%), no response was observed in 2 cases (12%), and recurrence was observed in 2 others (12%) after a follow-up of 33.9 months. Cyst evolution was monitored by a cyst index, cyst diameter, and computer-assisted densitometric image analysis of serial radiographs.
Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 4 to 8 years of children born at 22 to 25 weeks' gestational age: a meta-analysis.

IMPORTANCE Many centers delivering infants at 22 to 25 weeks' gestation have limited data regarding their outcomes. A meta-analysis of the 4- to 8-year neurodevelopmental outcomes and exploration of the limitations of meta-analysis would aid physicians and parents to plan care for these infants. OBJECTIVES To determine the rate of moderate to severe and severe neurodevelopmental impairment by gestational age in extremely preterm survivors followed up between ages 4 and 8 years, as well as to determine whether there is a significant difference in impairment rates between the successive weeks of gestation of survivors. EVIDENCE REVIEW A peer-reviewed search strategy obtained English-language publications from MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, MEDLINE, and EMBASE. Personal files and reference lists from identified articles were searched. Contemporary cohorts were obtained by restriction to those published after 2004. Inclusion criteria were prospective cohort studies, follow-up rate of 65% or more, use of standardized testing or classification for impairment, reporting by gestation, and meeting prespecified definitions of impairment. We excluded randomized clinical trials, highly selective cohorts, consensus statements, and reviews. Of 1771 identified records, 89 full-text publications were assessed for eligibility. Using the full text of each publication, 2 authors independently followed a 2-step procedure. First, they determined that 9 studies met inclusion criteria. Next, they extracted data using a structured data collection form. Investigators were contacted for data clarification. RESULTS All extremely preterm infant survivors have a substantial likelihood of developing moderate to severe impairment. Wide confidence intervals at the lower gestations (eg, at 22 weeks, 43% [95% CI, 21%-69%]; heterogeneity I2, 0%) and high heterogeneity at the higher gestations (eg, at 25 weeks, 24% [95% CI, 17%-32%]; I2, 66%) limit the results. There was a statistically significant absolute decrease in moderate to severe impairment between each week of gestation (6.5% [95% CI, 2%-11%]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Knowledge of these data, including the limitations, should facilitate discussion during the shared decision-making process about care plans for these infants, particularly in centers without their own data. More prospective, high-quality, complete cohorts are needed.
Predicting language outcomes for internationally adopted children.

PURPOSE Language and speech are difficult to assess in newly arrived internationally adopted children. The purpose of this study was to determine if assessments completed when toddlers were first adopted could predict language outcomes at age 2. Local norms were used to develop early intervention guidelines that were evaluated against age 2 outcomes. Patterns of language emergence were also analyzed. METHOD Twenty-seven children between 11 and 23 months of age adopted from Eastern Europe were followed from adoption through the 1st year home. Results from initial assessments using the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales-Developmental Profile (CSBS-DP; A. Wetherby & B. Prizant, 2002) and MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory-Words and Gestures (MCDI-WG; L. Fenson et al., 1993) were compared against speech and language outcomes 1 year later when the children were 2 years of age. RESULTS By age 2, receptive language and articulation were developing well; expressive language was still emerging. Initial assessment using the CSBS-DP Behavior Sample and MCDI-WG Words Understood Developmental Quotient predicted age 2 language outcomes. Early intervention guidelines based on these 2 measures had strong positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR) when using age 2 outcomes as the criteria (LR+ = 21.00; LR- = .00). Six of the 27 children (22%) had slow language development in comparison to their peers. CONCLUSION Newly adopted children with delays on prelinguistic and vocabulary comprehension measures were highly likely to have slow language development at age 2. Initial assessments of these abilities should be used to make early intervention decisions.
Strategies for Equitable Pharmacogenomic-Guided Warfarin Dosing Among European and African American Individuals in a Clinical Population

The blood thinner warfarin has a narrow therapeutic range and high inter- and intra-patient variability in therapeutic doses. Several studies have shown that pharmacogenomic variants help predict stable warfarin dosing. However, retrospective and randomized controlled trials that employ dosing algorithms incorporating pharmacogenomic variants under perform in African Americans. This study sought to determine if: 1) including additional variants associated with warfarin dose in African Americans, 2) predicting within single ancestry groups rather than a combined population, or 3) using percentage African ancestry rather than observed race, would improve warfarin dosing algorithms in African Americans. Using BioVU, the Vanderbilt University Medical Center biobank linked to electronic medical records, we compared 25 modeling strategies to existing algorithms using a cohort of 2,181 warfarin users (1,928 whites, 253 blacks). We found that approaches incorporating additional variants increased model accuracy, but not in clinically significant ways. Race stratification increased model fidelity for African Americans, but the improvement was small and not likely to be clinically significant. Use of percent African ancestry improved model fit in the context of race misclassification.
The Effects of International Tourism Receipts on Economic Growth: Evidence from the First 20 Highest Income Earning Countries from Tourism in the World (1996-2016)

In this study, the effects of tourism receipts on economic growth will be investigated econometrically for the top 20 countries earning most from international tourism (WTR-20) in the world for the period 1996-2016. From this aspect, this study aimed to empirically evaluate whether international tourism receipts have an effect on economic growth performances of the developed and developing countries in the WTR-20 group as proposed by theoretical literature under the tourism-led growth hypothesis. To determine the effects of international tourism receipts on economic growth for WTR-20 group countries, a model is an extended form of Cobb-Douglas type of production function, will be estimated under the secondgeneration panel data analysis considering cross-sectional dependence. As a result of the study, it is determined that international tourism revenues have a positive and statistically significant effect on economic growth in the WTR-20 group countries. Also, it is found that there was unilateral causality running from international tourism receipts to economic growth in the WTR-20 group countries. These findings, which are in keeping with the theoretical literature under the tourism-led growth hypothesis, indicate that international tourism receipts have a significant effect on providing economic growth and gaining sustainability in WTR-20 group countries with their current structures.
Cynomolgus Monkey as a Potential Model to Assess Drug Interactions Involving Hepatic Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Vitro-to-In Vivo Extrapolation

Organic anion–transporting polypeptides (OATP) 1B1, 1B3, and 2B1 can serve as the loci of drug–drug interactions (DDIs). In the present work, the cynomolgus monkey was evaluated as a potential model for studying OATP-mediated DDIs. Three cynomolgus monkey OATPs (cOATPs), with a high degree of amino acid sequence identity (91.9, 93.5, and 96.6% for OATP1B1, 1B3, and 2B1, respectively) to their human counterparts, were cloned, expressed, and characterized. The cOATPs were stably transfected in human embryonic kidney cells and were functionally similar to the corresponding human OATPs (hOATPs), as evident from the similar uptake rate of typical substrates (estradiol-17β-d-glucuronide, cholecystokinin octapeptide, and estrone-3-sulfate). Moreover, six known hOATP inhibitors exhibited similar IC50 values against cOATPs. To further evaluate the appropriateness of the cynomolgus monkey as a model, a known hOATP substrate [rosuvastatin (RSV)]-inhibitor [rifampicin (RIF)] pair was examined in vitro; the monkey-derived parameters (RSV Km and RIF IC50) were similar (within 3.5-fold) to those obtained with hOATPs and human primary hepatocytes. In vivo, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of RSV (3 mg/kg, oral) given 1 hour after a single RIF dose (15 mg/kg, oral) was increased 2.9-fold in cynomolgus monkeys, consistent with the value (3.0-fold) reported in humans. A number of in vitro–in vivo extrapolation approaches, considering the fraction of the pathways affected and free versus total inhibitor concentrations, were also explored. It is concluded that the cynomolgus monkey has the potential to serve as a useful model for the assessment of OATP-mediated DDIs in a nonclinical setting.
Search for the Mechanism of Genetic Variation in the pro Gene of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT To study the mechanism of evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease gene (pro), we analyzed a database of 213 pro sequences isolated from 11 HIV type 1-infected patients who had not been treated with protease inhibitors. Variation in pro is restricted to rare variable bases which are highly diverse and differ in location among individuals; an average variable base appears in about 16% of individuals. The average intrapatient distance per individual variable site, 27%, is similar for synonymous and nonsynonymous sites, although synonymous sites are twice as abundant. The latter observation excludes selection for diversity as an important, permanently acting factor in the evolution of pro and leaves purifying selection as the only kind of selection. Based on this, we developed a model of evolution, both within individuals and along the transmission chain, which explains variable sites as slightly deleterious mutants slowly reverting to the better-fit variant during individual infection. In the case of a single-source transmission, genetic bottlenecks at the moment of transmission effectively suppress selection, allowing mutants to accumulate along the transmission chain to high levels. However, even very rare coinfections from independent sources are, as we show, able to counteract the bottleneck effect. Therefore, there are two possible explanations for the high mutant frequency. First, the frequency of coinfection in the natural host population may be quite low. Alternatively, a strong variation of the best-adapted sequence between individuals could be caused by a combination of an immune response present in early infection and coselection.
Bimodal packet distribution in loss systems using maximum Tsallis entropy principle

A theoretical model of loss system is proposed and analysed within the framework of maximum Tsallis entropy principle. The study provides an explicit expression for state probability distribution of packets in presence of long-range dependent traffic. The unimodal state probability distribution corresponding to well-known Erlang's loss formula is recovered for Tsallis entropy parameter q = 1. As the parameter q is lowered from unity, it is shown that the state probability distribution makes a transition from unimodal to bimodal. The emergence of bimodality can be regarded as a consequence of long-range dependence. The implication of the model in the design of loss systems is discussed.
A simple measurement scheme for multiple capacitors and its application to an ophthalmic anesthesia training system

Capacitive sensors are widely used due to their robustness and accuracy. In several applications such as proximity detection, multiple capacitances have to be measured simultaneously. This could involve multiple transmitter electrodes and a receiver electrode connected to the body whose proximity is to be detected. In order to excite the transmitter electrodes, a single sinusoidal source is multiplexed to each electrode one at a time, while capacitance measurements are made between the excited electrode and the receiver. This process is slow and limited by the switching speed of the multiplexer used and hence all the capacitances involved cannot be measured simultaneously. To address this issue, a simple multiple-frequency capacitive measurement scheme is proposed in this paper. Sinusoidal signals of unique frequencies are produced using a binary counter and used as excitation for the transmitter electrodes. The displacement current received by the receiver is converted to a voltage signal and fast Fourier transform is performed on it to extract the magnitudes of the frequency components corresponding to the excitation frequencies. Thus, all the capacitances involved can be measured simultaneously. A simulation study performed, showed that the proposed multiple frequency scheme has low cross-excitation sensitivity compared to the multiplexer based scheme. Finally, the proposed scheme was implemented on an ophthalmic anesthesia training system to detect the proximity of the needle to important structures of the eye model. Test results from a prototype developed show that the scheme is effective in detecting the needle proximity and touch to various ocular structures thus demonstrating its use for practical proximity detection purposes.
The effects of antenna array size and back lobe level on self-interference and transmitted powers for 4G beamforming multicell systems with in-band full duplex relays

This paper considers a 4G multicell system where base-stations and relays employ typical or large size antenna arrays with beamforming capabilities, as well as in-band full duplex relays. The achieved signal to interference ratio (SIR) gain in excess of the maximum required for such systems can be exploited either for reducing the major problem of full duplex self-interference, or for reducing the backhaul and access link powers. The presented analysis and the produced results indicate that using 'small' antenna arrays with 8 elements can lower the requirement of full duplex self-interference cancellation by up to 50/70dB if the back lobe of the produced radiation pattern is kept to -20/-30dB. The same scenario with a large antenna array of 1024 elements gives 90/110dB reduction, respectively. On the other hand, both the backhaul and access transmitted powers can be reduced by ~30dB and ~25dB with 1024 elements, while if the back lobe level is -20dB then the backhaul power reduction increases to ~55dB. No further reduction can be achieved via lower back lobe levels.
The Startup Paradox qualitative study of institutional logics in a growing organisation

Research on organisational growth suggests that companies follow a predictable pattern of organising, where the degree of formalization increases as organizations grow. This study provides an alternative perspective to organisational growth by analysing the case of a company, that has grown from a handful to over 3500 in a period of ten years, through the lens of institutional logics. Data has been collected by conducting over 30 in-depth interviews, multiple observations and reviews of internal documents in an organisation. The case study illustrates, what we call the startup paradox, the problem associated with expanding the business, while at the same time maintaining the innovative organisational structure – the startup logic – that once was the source of uniqueness and organisational identity. The case study shows how new institutional logics were introduced in the company, as new hires entered the organisation with different norms about how to best organise, what we call institutional backpacks. Thus, institutional logics changed according to changing composition of the workforce, rather than through some predetermined organisational structure based on size or complexity. The study, thus, contributes with new insights to the research field of both organisational growth and institutional logics.
Bristles before down: A new perspective on the functional origin of feathers

Over the course of the last two decades, the understanding of the early evolution of feathers in nonavian dinosaurs has been revolutionized. It is now recognized that early feathers had a simple form comparable in general structure to the hairs of mammals. Insight into the prevalence of simple feathers throughout the dinosaur family tree has gradually arisen in tandem with the growing evidence for endothermic dinosaur metabolisms. This has led to the generally accepted opinion that the early feather coats of dinosaurs functioned as thermo insulation. However, thermo insulation is often erroneously stated to be a likely functional explanation for the origin of feathers. The problem with this explanation is that, like mammalian hair, simple feathers could serve as insulation only when present in sufficiently high concentrations. The theory therefore necessitates the origination of feathers en masse. We advocate for a novel origin theory of feathers as bristles. Bristles are facial feathers common among modern birds that function like mammalian tactile whiskers, and are frequently simple and hair‐like in form. Bristles serve their role in low concentrations, and therefore offer a feasible first stage in feather evolution.
Inequality and Growth in the 21st Century

This paper distinguishes between income inequality induced by differences in labor productivity and induced by differences in capital income. Persson and Tabellini (1994) argue that productivity-induced income inequality leads to lower growth since distortionary taxes increase and harm capital accumulation. However, if income inequality stems from differences in capital income, then labor tax rates fall, leading to higher growth. Using OECD data, increased capital income inequality (proxied by the top 1% income share) has a significant positive relationship with subsequent economic growth. Controlling for capital income inequality yields a negative relationship between labor income inequality and growth, as originally conjectured.
‘When Things Go Wrong and People are Afraid’: An Evaluation of Group Polarisation in the UK Post Brexit

How divided is the UK in the aftermath of the Brexit result? The present study addresses this question by administering a multiple round mini-dictator game to a sample of 1,558 British adults to examine how party and EU referendum identity are associated with non-political social behaviour. Social preferences are benchmarked in an identity neutral round. Further rounds then examine how social preferences diverge from this benchmark across a range of induced in-group and out-group scenarios based on party identity (e.g., Conservative and Labour) and EU referendum voting identity (leave and remain). There is a significant weakening of pro-social behaviour in all out-group conditions, suggesting out-group negativity rather than in-group favouritism. Bias based on recently formed EU referendum identities is found to be as strong as bias based on traditional party identity showing that the ongoing debate about the UK’s membership of the EU has generated significant levels of affective polarisation. Furthermore, EU referendum identity moderates social preferences in out-group scenarios, such that EU Remain supporters exhibit significantly weaker levels of pro-social behaviour towards competing partisans. Thus, people who have found themselves on the losing side in the Brexit referendum exhibit significantly more animus than Leave voters. The results of this study make a novel contribution to the nascent literature on the social and behavioural impacts of the Brexit result, and add to the wider literature on group-contingent social preferences.