Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adverse Events in Adults with Relapsed or Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): A Literature Review of Recent Clinical Trials

Background: With the introduction of new therapy options for adult patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a better understanding of existing toxicity profiles is needed. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted to summarize the toxicity profiles in clinical trials using chemotherapeutic regimens, tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-based approaches in Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) and Philadelphia chromosome-negative (Ph-) R/R ALL, or other targeted therapies. Seventeen eligible articles were identified that reported toxicity profiles. We grouped adverse events into the following categories: hematological, infectious, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular/renal/hepatic, and neurological, stratified by treatment type. Treatment-related or early/induction mortality was also summarized. Results: With cytotoxic chemotherapy and its combinations, hematological adverse events were the most common, affecting virtually all patients, followed by infections, which were reported in most patients. Neurologic toxicity was the most common adverse event associated with liposomal vincristine. TKI-based treatments showed a distinct safety profile compared with the chemotherapies. Although hematological adverse events still represented the most common toxicity, infections were less common with TKI-based therapies (9-18%) than with chemotherapies (56-100%). Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were the predominant gastrointestinal adverse events after receipt of TKIs, whereas mucositis appeared to be more characteristic of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Conclusions: This paper provides a systematic review of the safety profile of current standard chemotherapy for adults with R/R Ph- or Ph+ ALL. Overall, documentation of adverse events was highly variable across the studies, precluding direct comparisons or pooling of results. However, this systematic literature review is the first to summarize and quantify the toxicity profiles of mainly chemotherapeutic and TKI-based regimens for adult patients with R/R ALL, providing a baseline for comparison with emerging therapies.
Face Recognition Time Reduction Based on Partitioned Faces without Compromising Accuracy and a Review of state-of-the-art Face Recognition Approaches

In this paper, the main objective is to make face recognition system faster by reducing recognition time without compromising accuracy for a constrained environment i.e. classroom, and provide a comparative review of state-of-the-art and classical approaches considering multiple faces that are at variable distance from the camera in the same image. This makes it a more challenging problem. Several models have been developed to partition the faces from a test image into three different levels. We have developed model hybridization by applying some classical but faster face recognition models namely Eigenfaces, Fisherfaces, Local Binary Patterns (LBP), and state-of-the-art yet relatively slower Convolutional Neural Network Model (CNN). Our proposed model hybridization technique based on different levels done by face partitioning has achieved approximately 33.43% faster performance than CNN while maintaining accuracy same as of CNN of our own dataset of faces of a classroom of 15 students while a class was going. The faces were of different students in different places, positions, poses and lighting. The objective of our research is not to enumerate and show how large a dataset we can identify by face, rather it is more interesting. We are interested in recognizing multiple faces at different distances from camera (hence, varying size, posture etc.) which calls for a unique approach as opposed to large dataset headshots from different angles of single people. We used different classification models for different levels of distance from the camera to achieve this faster response, making it a novel hybrid model.
Conditional Promotions and Consumer Overspending

This study investigates the effects of conditional promotions (e.g., buy 2 or more, get 30% off; spend $50 or more, get $15 off) on consumer behavior and the seller's profit. When a deal is presented with a minimum purchase quantity or a minimum spending requirement, experimental studies have shown some consumers are induced to spend more in order to obtain a discount. To study this behavior, we model a market in which consumers can be heterogeneous in two dimensions: willingness to pay for the product and deal proneness to a price discount. We examine two types of conditional promotions that are widely used in practice: (i) all‐unit discount, in which a price reduction applies to every unit of a purchase once the minimum requirement is met, and (ii) fixed‐amount discount, in which a fixed amount of discount is awarded to the total expense that meets the requirement. We show that deal‐prone consumers may be induced to overspend when offered a conditional discount. However, consumer overspending benefits the seller only when the market contains a sufficiently large proportion of highly deal‐prone or high‐valuation consumers. Comparing the two types of discounts, we show that the all‐unit discount outperforms the fixed‐amount discount when the regular price for the product is high, whereas the fixed‐amount discount is more profitable than the all‐unit discount when some consumers would make a purchase even without a discount. Our study suggests adopting an appropriate type of conditional discount can effectively improve the seller's profit over what would be obtained through selling at the regular price or a conventional price markdown. Furthermore, we find that conditional discounts can also improve consumer welfare, resulting in win‐win situations for both retailers and consumers.
Neonatal Hypoxia–Ischemia Causes Functional Circuit Changes in Subplate Neurons

Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in the preterm human results in damage to subcortical developing white matter and cognitive impairments. Subplate neurons (SPNs) are among the first-born cortical neurons and are necessary for normal cerebral development. While moderate or severe HI at P1 in rats leads to SPN loss, it is unclear if HI, esp. forms not associated with overt cell loss lead to altered SPN circuits. Thus, we used two HI models with different severities in P1 rats. Cauterization of the common carotid artery (CCA) causes a largely transient and thus milder ischemia (HI-Caut) while CCA ligation causes more severe ischemia (HI-Lig). While HI-Lig caused subplate damage, HI-Caut did not cause overt histological damage on the light microscopic level. We used laser-scanning photostimulation (LSPS) in acute thalamocortical slices of auditory cortex during P5-10 to study the functional connectivity of SPNs. Both HI categories resulted in hyperconnectivity of excitatory and inhibitory circuits to SPNs. Thus, alterations on the circuit level are present in the absence of cell loss. Our results show that SPN circuits are uniquely susceptible to HI. Given the key developmental role of SPNs, our results suggest that altered SPN circuits might underlie the abnormal development of cortical function after HI.
Effects of silibinin-loaded thermosensitive liposome-microbubble complex on inhibiting rabbit liver VX2 tumors in sub-hyperthermia fields

In the present study, the effects of silibinin-loaded thermosensitive liposome-microbubble complex (STLMC) on rabbit liver VX2 tumors in sub-hyperthermia fields were investigated using two-dimensional ultrasonography (2D US), contrast-enhanced US (CEUS), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure observation. 50 rabbits with VX2 liver tumors were divided into five groups: Sub-hyperthermia microwave ablation group (SHM), STLMC injection group (STLMC), SHM ablation plus STLMC injection group (SHM + STLMC), microbubble injection group and blank control group without any treatment. Rabbits in each group were examined using 2D US and CEUS in order to evaluate the tumor volume and diameter before treatment and at day 7 and 21 after treatment. Morphology, expression of CD163 and CD206, and ultrastructure of the tumors were assessed. The average post-treatment volume of tumors in group SHM + STLMC was 1.17±0.88 cm3 at day 7 and 2.15±0.96 cm3 at day 21, which was significantly decreased compared with all other groups (P<0.05). H&E staining indicated that the number of disordered macrophages in the SHM + STLMC group significantly increased compared with the other groups (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical results demonstrated that in the SHM + STLMC, the expression of CD163 and CD206 significantly decreased compared with all other groups (P<0.05). These results suggested that STLMC has a potential function in preventing tumor growth, which may be due to its inhibitory effect on tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment.
Evaluation of the long-term pancreatic effects of constitutive nitric oxide synthase inhibition in dogs

Constitutive and inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) catalyze the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine in various tissues and in different pathophysiologic states. Short-term treatment with NOS inhibitors has been associated with pancreatic enzyme elevations and pancreatic acinar cell degeneration; however, long-term pancreatic effects of NOS inhibition are not known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the subchronic pancreatic effects of L-nitro-arginine (LNA), a compound that preferentially inhibits constitutive NOS isoforms. LNA was administered orally at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg per day to 6 female dogs/group for 4 weeks. To differentiate whether the pancreatic effects of LNA may be related to its arginine structure, an additional group was given L-arginine (L-Arg) at plasma concentrations similar to the high dose of LNA (30 mg/kg per day). Pancreatic effects were monitored by changes in serum levels of pancreatic enzymes at regular intervals and by microscopic examinations at the end of the study. Both LNA and L-Arg were systematically available throughout the 4-week study period. LNA produced dose-related elevations (1.3–10-fold above concurrent control) in serum levels of pancreatic enzymes (amylase, lipase and trypsin-like immunoreactivity) during the 4-week treatment period with peak elevations occurring during the first week. Histologic assessments of the pancreas conducted at the end of the 4-week dosing period were unremarkable. Additionally, LNA treatment resulted in reduction in heart rate (40%), gastric distension and gastric mucosal erosion and ulceration. No pancreatic, cardiac, or gastric effects were seen with L-Arg, indicating that above effects were likely due to NOS inhibition. Results of this study confirmed previous observations of acute pancreatic alterations following the inhibition of constitutive NOS isoforms. However, these pancreatic alterations appear to be only transient effects as elevations in serum enzymes declined over time and no structural acinar cell damage was seen after continuous treatment with LNA for 4 weeks, suggesting an adaptation to NOS inhibition over time.
Pharmaceutical and pharmacological importance of peptide transporters

Peptide transport is currently a prominent topic in membrane research. The transport proteins involved are under intense investigation because of their physiological importance in protein absorption and also because peptide transporters are possible vehicles for drug delivery. Moreover, in many tissues peptide carriers transduce peptidic signals across membranes that are relevant in information processing. The focus of this review is on the pharmaceutical relevance of the human peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. In addition to their physiological substrates, both carriers transport many β‐lactam antibiotics, valaciclovir and other drugs and prodrugs because of their sterical resemblance to di‐ and tripeptides. The primary structure, tissue distribution and substrate specificity of PEPT1 and PEPT2 have been well characterized. However, there is a dearth of knowledge on the substrate binding sites and the three‐dimensional structure of these proteins. Until this pivotal information becomes available by X‐ray crystallography, the development of new drug substrates relies on classical transport studies combined with molecular modelling. In more than thirty years of research, data on the interaction of well over 700 di‐ and tripeptides, amino acid and peptide derivatives, drugs and prodrugs with peptide transporters have been gathered. The aim of this review is to put the reports on peptide transporter‐mediated drug uptake into perspective. We also review the current knowledge on pharmacogenomics and clinical relevance of human peptide transporters. Finally, the reader's attention is drawn to other known or proposed human peptide‐transporting proteins.
The role of environmental tobacco smoke in genetic susceptibility to asthma

Purpose of reviewThe increase in asthma prevalence over the past 50 years suggests that exposures to environmental risk factors have also increased during this time. Environmental tobacco smoke is one of the most common indoor air pollutants and has been associated in epidemiologic studies with airway and allergic phenotypes in exposed individuals. However, symptoms occur in only some individuals, suggesting that individual genotypes determine sensitivity to environmental tobacco smoke exposure. In this review, we summarize studies evaluating the relationship between genotype, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk for asthma and related phenotypes. Recent findingsUsing either candidate gene or genome-wide approaches, a number of studies have examined interactions between genotypes at specific loci or genome regions and environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk for asthma or asthma-associated phenotypes. These studies implicate variation in the genes encoding the α2-adrenergic receptor, interleukin-10, glutathione S-transferase M1, interleukin-1β and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 12, interleukin-4 receptor α-chain, α1-antitrypsin, and microsomal epoxide hydrolase, as well as unknown genes on chromosomes 1p, 5q and 17p as contributing toward susceptibility in smoking exposed individuals. SummaryConsidering environmental tobacco smoke exposure in genetic studies may help to identify more homogeneous subsets of patients that share a common disease etiology. By stratifying samples by environmental tobacco smoke exposure, associations or linkages with specific polymorphisms or chromosomal region may be revealed, as illustrated in the studies discussed in this review.
Industrial Robot : An International Journal Online measurement based tool path generation toward integrated robotic laser cladding

Purpose – Refurbishing may be the most practical approach under the low volume production. This effort aims to achieve robotic laser cladding with the main purpose of achieving maximum processing flexibility, predictably high quality, lower maintenance and operating costs. This study aims to focus on online measurement and cladding path generation toward automatic laser cladding. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the specific requirements of automatic laser cladding, an approach was proposed toward an automatic laser cladding with powder injection for the refurbishment of components with free-form surfaces. This study assessed the feasibility of integrating a non-contact free-form surface measurement system, an industrial robot, and an algorithm for generating cladding tool paths seamlessly. Findings – 3D laser scanning and laser cladding systems can be embedded into an existing robot motion control system. Online measurement based 3D surface reconstruction is a practical approach toward cladding tool path generation for on-site refurbishment. Practical implications – Robotic laser cladding may be a potential application by integrating other measurement devices, such as temperature sensor based monitoring system. Originality/value – Refurbishing worn-out components could have significant economic benefits. This study indicates that robotic laser cladding may potentially facilitate improved refurbishment of oversized components.
Evolution of AZT resistance in HIV-1: the 41-70 intermediate that is not observed in vivo has a replication defect.

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is notorious for its ability to evolve drug-resistance in patients treated with potent antivirals. Resistance to inhibitors of the viral reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme is frequently mediated by a single amino acid substitution within RT. Resistance against the nucleoside analogue AZT is remarkable in that multiple amino acid changes accumulate over time to yield virus variants with high-level drug resistance. We now report that in addition to drug-resistance properties, the relative replication capacity of the virus variants affects the evolution of AZT resistance. Some of the typical AZT-resistance mutations have a negative impact on virus replication, and the 41-70 double mutant was found to represent a particularly poor virus. Furthermore, introduction of additional AZT-resistance mutations (41-70-215) leads to nearly complete restoration of virus replication. These results may explain the absence of the 41-70 double mutant in clinical samples and indicate that the evolution of AZT resistance is also influenced by virus replication parameters. Prolonged passage of the replication-impaired 41-70 virus in the absence of AZT yielded several fast-replicating variants. These revertants have compensatory changes in the RT polymerase, some of which have been observed previously in AZT-treated patients. Because we could select for these changes without drug pressure, these changes are likely to improve the RT enzyme function and the HIV-1 replication capacity.
Capital Market Integration and Gender Inequality

This study explores the effects of globalization on gender inequality. Specifically, we depict that, in terms of capital market integration, globalization alters the gender gap in wage rates through changes in labor demand for capital-intensive sectors. Consequently, globalization leads to opposite effects on the couple's labor supply and fertility decisions in capital-importing and capital-exporting countries, via changes in the bargaining positions of men and women. Moreover, by considering the properties of the industrial structures of capital-importing and capital-exporting countries, our result shows that globalization induces empirically observed declines in fertility rates throughout the world.
Growth Intentions of Entrepreneurs in a Transitional Economy: The People's Republic of China

This research partially tests a model of entrepreneurial cognition among small business owners In the transition economy of China. Addressing these issues helps to answer questions about how entrepreneurs create, sustain, and transform organizations. The Influence of social context, personal factors, and cognition of Chinese entrepreneurs on their growth intentions and their method of expansion were examined. Based on a sample of 2,878 Chinese small private business owners, we not only found that an entrepreneur's commitment, need for achievement, and social environment is important, but that a cognitive understanding of the environment also has a direct impact on growth intentions.
New Methods for Sensing Bandlimited Signals in Cognitive Radio

In a cognitive radio, it is required to design an interface for use by secondary broadband users on a noninterfering basis in spectrum allocated to TV broadcast service or some other primary user. Spectrum is being utilized in that new devices (secondary users) can use the spectrum that is not being used by the primary user at the current time and location, as measurements indicate low spectrum utilization by primary users at all places at all times. Since the secondary user (cognitive radio) has to guarantee that it will not interfere with the signal of the primary user, the cognitive radio faces a difficult challenge, i.e., detecting the presence of the primary user in low SNR region. In this paper, a method for blindly detecting the presence of band-limited primary signals is proposed. The proposed method combines oblique projection along with QR decomposition of the (oversampled) received signal matrix. Computer simulations show that the proposed sensing algorithm performs much better than the commonly used energy detector.
Predictors for the need for endoscopic therapy in patients with presumed acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Background/Aims Selecting patients with an urgent need for endoscopic hemostasis is difficult based only on simple parameters of presumed acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. This study assessed easily applicable factors to predict cases in need of urgent endoscopic hemostasis due to acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods The consecutively included patients were divided into the endoscopic hemostasis and nonendoscopic hemostasis groups. We reviewed the enrolled patients’ medical records and analyzed various variables and parameters for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding outcomes such as demographic factors, comorbidities, symptoms, signs, laboratory findings, rebleeding rate, and mortality to evaluate simple predictive factors for endoscopic treatment. Results A total of 613 patients were analyzed, including 329 patients in the endoscopic hemostasis and 284 patients in the non-endoscopic hemostasis groups. In the multivariate analysis, a bloody nasogastric lavage (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 6.786; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.990 to 11.543; p < 0.0001) and a hemoglobin level less than 8.6 g/dL (AOR, 1.768; 95% CI, 1.028 to 3.039; p = 0.039) were independent predictors for endoscopic hemostasis. Significant differences in the morbidity rates of endoscopic hemostasis were detected between the group with no predictive factors and the group with one or more predictive factors (OR, 2.677; 95% CI, 1.920 to 3.733; p < 0.0001). Conclusions A bloody nasogastric lavage and hemoglobin < 8.6 g/dL were independent predictors of endoscopic hemostasis in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımı Eşitsizliğinin Bir Sonucu: Çocuk İşgücü(A Result of Income Distribution Inequality in Turkey: Child Labour)

Dunya’da ve Turkiye’de gelir dagilimi esitsizligi hukumetler acisindan onemli bir problemdir. Bu durum daha cok kriz donemlerinden sonra gorulmektedir. Bireylerin ulusal gelirden adaletli pay alamamalari onlari kendilerince cozum uretmeye itmistir. Bu cozumlerden en onemlisi de cocuk yasta calistirilan isgucudur. Bu calismada Dunya’da ve Turkiye’de gelir dagilimi esitsizligi ornekleri incelenmistir. Daha sonra Turkiye’de calisan cocuklar sorunu ve cozum yollarina deginilmistir