Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Privacy Policies over Time: Curation and Analysis of a Million-Document Dataset

Automated analysis of privacy policies has proved a fruitful research direction, with developments such as automated policy summarization, question answering systems, and compliance detection. So far, prior research has been limited to analysis of privacy policies from a single point in time or from short spans of time, as researchers did not have access to a large-scale, longitudinal, curated dataset. To address this gap, we developed a crawler that discovers, downloads, and extracts archived privacy policies from the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine. Using the crawler and natural language processing, we curated a dataset of 1,071,488 English language privacy policies, spanning over two decades and over 130,000 distinct websites. Our analyses of the data show how the privacy policy landscape has changed over time and how websites have reacted to the evolving legal landscape, such as the adoption of privacy seals and the impact of new regulations such as the GDPR. Our results suggest that privacy policies underreport the presence of tracking technologies and third parties. We find that, over the last twenty years, privacy policies have more than doubled in length and the median reading level, while already challenging, has increased modestly.
Learning Affordance Landscapes for Interaction Exploration in 3D Environments

Embodied agents operating in human spaces must be able to master how their environment works: what objects can the agent use, and how can it use them? We introduce a reinforcement learning approach for exploration for interaction, whereby an embodied agent autonomously discovers the affordance landscape of a new unmapped 3D environment (such as an unfamiliar kitchen). Given an egocentric RGB-D camera and a high-level action space, the agent is rewarded for maximizing successful interactions while simultaneously training an image-based affordance segmentation model. The former yields a policy for acting efficiently in new environments to prepare for downstream interaction tasks, while the latter yields a convolutional neural network that maps image regions to the likelihood they permit each action, densifying the rewards for exploration. We demonstrate our idea with AI2-iTHOR. The results show agents can learn how to use new home environments intelligently and that it prepares them to rapidly address various downstream tasks like "find a knife and put it in the drawer. " Project page: this http URL
Variance and Covariance of Distributions on Graphs

We develop a theory to measure the variance and covariance of probability distributions defined on the nodes of a graph, which takes into account the distance between nodes. Our approach generalizes the usual (co)variance to the setting of weighted graphs and retains many of its intuitive and desired properties. Interestingly, we find that a number of famous concepts in graph theory and network science can be reinterpreted in this setting as variances and covariances of particular distributions: we show this correspondence for Kemeny's constant, the Kirchhoff index, network modularity and Markov stability. As a particular application, we define the maximum-variance problem on graphs with respect to the effective resistance distance, and characterize the solutions to this problem both numerically and theoretically. We show how the maximum-variance distribution can be interpreted as a core-periphery measure, illustrated by the fact that these distributions are supported on the leaf nodes of tree graphs, low-degree nodes in a configuration-like graph and boundary nodes in random geometric graphs. Our theoretical results are supported by a number of experiments on a network of mathematical concepts, where we use the variance and covariance as analytical tools to study the (co-)occurrence of concepts in scientific papers with respect to the (network) relations between these concepts.
A constrained recursion algorithm for batch normalization of tree-sturctured LSTM

Tree-structured LSTM is promising way to consider long-distance interaction over hierarchies. However, there have been few research efforts on the hyperparameter tuning of the construction and traversal of tree-structured LSTM. To name a few, hyperparamters such as the interval of state initialization, the number of batches for normalization have been left unexplored specifically in applying batch normalization for reducing training cost and parallelization. In this paper, we propose a novel recursive algorithm for traversing batch normalized tree-structured LSTM. In proposal method, we impose the constraint on the recursion algorithm for the depth-first search of binary tree representation of LSTM for which batch normalization is applied. With our constrained recursion, we can control the hyperparameter in the traversal of several tree-structured LSTMs which is generated in the process of batch normalization. The tree traversal is divided into two steps. At first stage, the width-first search over models is applied for discover the start point of the latest tree-structured LSTM block. Then, the depth-first search is run to traverse tree-structured LSTM. Proposed method enables us to explore the optimized selection of hyperparameters of recursive neural network implementation by changing the constraints of our recursion algorithm. In experiment, we measure and plot the validation loss and computing time with changing the length of internal of state initialization of tree-structured LSTM. It has been turned out that proposal method is effective for hyperparameter tuning such as the number of batches and length of interval of state initialization of tree-structured LSTM.
Action-Based Representation Learning for Autonomous Driving

Human drivers produce a vast amount of data which could, in principle, be used to improve autonomous driving systems. Unfortunately, seemingly straightforward approaches for creating end-to-end driving models that map sensor data directly into driving actions are problematic in terms of interpretability, and typically have significant difficulty dealing with spurious correlations. Alternatively, we propose to use this kind of action-based driving data for learning representations. Our experiments show that an affordance-based driving model pre-trained with this approach can leverage a relatively small amount of weakly annotated imagery and outperform pure end-to-end driving models, while being more interpretable. Further, we demonstrate how this strategy outperforms previous methods based on learning inverse dynamics models as well as other methods based on heavy human supervision (ImageNet).
Effect of household processing on reduction of combination-mix (β-cyfluthrin+imidacloprid) residues on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.).

Labarotory experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of household processings like washing and washing plus steam cooking on reduction of combination- mix (β-cyfluthrin+imidacloprid) residues on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). The results of washing indicated that zero day contaminated fruit samples dislodged β-cyfluthrin by 38.59–41.44 and imidacloprid residues by 38.87–41.19 per cent from combination mix whereas washing plus steam cooking dislodged β-cyfluthrin residues by 62.69–65.58 per cent and imidacloprid residues by 65.93–66.22 per cent
Production of virus-free garlic (Allium sativum L.) through meristem tip culture after solar or hot air treatment of cloves

Summary Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a clonally propagated crop that can be infected by many virus species which tend to accumulate year-after-year, leading to yield reductions and varietal degeneration. Therefore, the production and use of virus-free planting material is vital to sustain productivity. In this study, Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV; Potyvirus), Garlic common latent virus (GarCLV; Carlavirus), Shallot latent virus (SLV; Carlavirus), and Garlic virus X (GarV-X; Allexivirus) were detected in cloves of the commercial garlic cultivar, ‘G-1’ (‘Jamuna Safed’) by direct antigen-coated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAC-ELISA). DAC-ELISA was performed using specific antisera against each virus species, and confirmed through reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) using virus or genus-specific oligonucleotide primers. To obtain virus-free plants of ‘G-1’, cloves were subjected to solar heat treatment for 5, 10, or 15 d, or to hot air treatment (at 37°C, 40°C, or 42°C for 7, 14, or 21 d) combined with meristem isolation and in vitro culture, then indexed for all viruses using DAC-ELISA and RT-PCR. Meristems from solar heat-treated or hot air-treated cloves regenerated after 90 d and 45 d in culture, respectively. Solar heat treatment for 15 d resulted in 17 - 18% regeneration, and all were free from GarCLV, SLV, and OYDV. However, when solar heat-treated for 10 d, only 66% of the 17 - 18% regenerated plants were free from all viruses, including GarV-X. Hot air treatment at 37°C or 40°C eliminated GarCLV, SLV, and OYDV in 20 - 38% and 42 - 62% of regenerated plants, respectively, for the different durations of exposure. However, GarV-X could not be eliminated from any of the regenerated plants by hot air treatment, irrespective of the duration of exposure. Meristems from cloves that had been hot air-treated at 42°C resulted in 50 - 66% regeneration, of which 53 - 57% were free from GarCLV, SLV, and OYDV when treated for 7 d or 14 d, and 29% were free from all viruses when treated for 21 d. For most treatments, an increase in the duration of exposure to heat resulted in reduced regeneration, but increased the rate of recovery of virus-free plants. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the use of solar treatment for virus elimination in garlic and the development of an efficient tissue culture protocol for the production of virus-free garlic plants using different thermotherapy treatments coupled with meristem tip culture.
Development of Plant for Practical Cd Phytoextraction on Agricultural Land

This report shows, the process of developing a phytotechnology-based countermeasure to lower the risk of cadmium in the agricultural land. The three hazardous substances, cadmium, copper, and arsenic had been determined in Japanese act for an agricultural land. The risk management for the contaminated agricultural land requires the widely applicable countermeasures including continuous implementation of the existing countermeasures, e.g. soil dressing, well controlled irrigation procedure, maintaining adequate soil pH, and additional introduction of technique recently developed to reduce the concentration of the hazardous sub-stances. In Japan, the phytoextraction of Cd had been developed as phytotechnology could to meet to farmer’s benefit. There are two strategies for the Cd phytoextraction to be developed that the utilization of existing crop cultivar accumulating relatively high Cd or the newly seeking a plant species hyper-accumulating Cd. In this report, the actual development processes according to these strategies are introduced, that the cultivation method establishment of the Cd hyperaccumulator,. Arabidopsis helleri ssp. gemmifera. The efficacy criterion of plant selection for the phytoextraction purpose is not only the tolerance to toxic heavy metals, but also the high biomass production to ensure the total removal of metals. Basically, the hyperacumulators are the wild plants living in a natural habitat, thus the practices of utilization must include a process for the domestication of the hyperaccumulators. New line of A. h. gemmifera, named as ‘AHG347 winter clean, had been registered by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Japan
Nuclear Egress

During viral replication, herpesviruses utilize a unique strategy, termed nuclear egress, to translocate capsids from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. This initial budding step transfers a newly formed capsid from within the nucleus, too large to fit through nuclear pores, through the inner nuclear membrane to the perinuclear space. The perinuclear enveloped virion must then fuse with the outer nuclear membrane to be released into the cytoplasm for further maturation, undergoing budding once again at the trans-Golgi network or early endosomes, and ultimately exit the cell non-lytically to spread infection. This first budding process is mediated by two conserved viral proteins, UL31 and UL34, that form a heterodimer called the nuclear egress complex (NEC). This chapter focuses on what we know about how the NEC mediates capsid transport to the perinuclear space, including steps prior to and after this budding event. Additionally, we discuss the involvement of other viral proteins in this process and how NEC-mediated budding may be regulated during infection.
Juvenile survival and population regulation in southern elephant seals at Marion Island

We examined annual juvenile survival in southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) at Marion Island for the period 1994–1999 during which time the population was stable. Using mark–recapture models, we tested for age- and sex-specific differences in survival rates over the first three years of life. We found that survival was age-but not sex-related and compared our estimates to similar estimates from a previous study on the same population while in a state of decline. This was done to determine whether changes in juvenile survival were instrumental in terminating the population decline at Marion Island. On average, the probability of survival was 59.5 %, 81.4 % and 78.1 % for the first, second and third year respectively. These estimates were remarkably similar to those previously calculated for the population while in a state of decline, and we dismiss juvenile survival as a major population regulating component in southern elephant seals at Marion Island.
Controlling Chaotic Oscillations in Electromagnetic Voltage Transformers including Nonlinear Core Losses Considering Neutral Earth Resistance Effect

Ferroresonance or nonlinear resonance is a complex phenomenon, which may cause overvoltages in the electrical power system which endangers the system reliability and continuous safe operating. The ability to recognize or confirm ferroresonance depends on the accuracy of the transformer model used. This work, an overview of available paper to this area is provided, at first ferroresonance phenomenon is introduced and then two type of ferroresonance oscillation in a voltage transformer is simulated. Finally effect of the neutral resistance on the onset of chaotic ferroresonance and duration of chaotic transient in a voltage transformer including nonlinear core losses has been studied. It is expected that this resistance generally leads into ferroresonance ‘control’.
Morphometric Study of Normal Human fetal Submandibular Salivary Gland

Morphometric study of submandibular salivary gland in 30 normal human fetuses at different stages of development was done. Morphometric parameters studied in fetal submandibular glands were length and breadth of glands. It was observed that with increase in gestational age of fetuses, there was gradual increase in morphometric parameters of fetal submandibular salivary glands of both sides. Keywords: fetuses, histogenesis, human, morphometry, submandibular salivary gland.
What are the affordances of information and communication technologies

The paper examines the notion that Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have affordances that epitomize the features of our late modern age (Giddens, 1991) and explores whether these affordances (Salomon, 1993, p. 51) can be used to facilitate particular approaches to educational practice. It argues that a clear articulation of these affordances would enable us to understand how these technologies can be most effectively used to support learning and teaching. We believe that any one affordance can be considered to have both positive and negative connotations and the paper draws on social and educational theory to provide an initial taxonomy of these affordances.
THE SPRING MIGRATION OF THE BUSHFLY (MUSCA VETUSTISSIMA WALK.): EVIDENCE OF DISPLACEMENT PROVIDED BY NATURAL POPULATION MARKERS INCLUDING PARASITISM

In an earlier paper Hughes (1970) presented data on the occurrence of bushflies (Musca vetustissima Walker) along a diagonal transect across south-eastern Australia on several occasions following the winters of 1967 and 1968, together with the physiological agecharacteristics of the flies in the samples collected. The pattern of occurrence of the flies and their 'age' distribution could be most readily interpreted by inferring that, in each year, relatively 'old' flies were moving southwards to re-occupy areas where bushflies had died out during the cold winter. On the basis of (i) the occurrence of flies throughout the winter in southern Queensland, (ii) an observed large-scale displacement of flies associated with the warm strong north-west winds of an anticyclonic system, and (iii) the apparently regular occurrence of such wind systems over the region in spring, an annual long-distance displacement of bushflies by northerly winds was proposed as an integral part of the species' life system in south-eastern Australia. Subsequently, attempts were made to collect more definite information on bushfly movements. The recapture of flies marked before they were released was tried, but demonstration of long-distance displacement by this method proved to be impractical with the staff and facilities available. The chance of recapturing a marked fly fell so rapidly with distance from the release point (cf. Norris 1966) that the experiments only showed movements on the wind over trivial distances. For the purpose of the analysis of the population dynamics of the bushfly being made at Canberra, it was essential only to know of the occurrence, the timing and magnitude of any spring immigration of bushflies. Details of their displacement across New South Wales, although of great interest, were of considerably less importance. From this specialized viewpoint a simple way to verify, at least partly, the migration hypothesis would be to recognize flies which had immigrated into the Canberra study area. Natural markers were sought which could be used to distinguish flies from sources outside the area. Once again it proved impractical to identify individual immigrant flies. There were, however, occasional marked changes in the abundance of bushflies in the Canberra study
Changes in Milk, Blood and Rumen Components at Each Lactation Stage of Dairy Cows with High Milk Production

Eight cows were selected from a high-yielding herd of 40 Holstein dairy cows whose average milk production was 10,100 kg a year. Milk, blood and rumen samples were collected each month for one year to determine changes in these components in relation to lactation stage. The intake volumes of DM, TDN and DCP were 22.6 kg, 16.1 kg and 2.46 kg respectively, and average of milk production for 305 days, 10,542 kg in the 8 cows. The components in milk and blood except glucose and NEFA showed peaks at the stage of the maximum lactation. The rumen components clearly differed during dry and lactation stages. These changes at the stage of lactation were within physiological ranges. -
Strip-Cropping Effects on Abundance of Heliothis-Damaged Cotton Squares, Boll Placement, Total Bolls, and Yields in Oklahoma

Damaged squares, boll placement, total bolls, and yields from cotton given within plantings of corn, soybeans, alfalfa, peanuts, sorghum, and a check (no crop planted on either side of the cotton) were determined during 2 fruiting seasons. Two generations of Heliothis each year caused the greatest damage to squares in the corn treatment and the least damage in the sorghum treatment. Planting corn, alfalfa, sorghum, and peanuts adjacent to cotton increased the percent damaged squares over the check when both years were averaged. No treatment differences were observed between the number of bolls on the plants. In 1970, fewer plants per foot of cotton row produced significantly more bolls on the bottom half of the plants than did plants spaced closer together, but no differences were noted among treatments. Averaged over both years, the sorghum-treated plots produced the most seed cotton and the corn-treated plots the least. It appears that planting sorghum in a stripcropping system with cotton could be advantageous not only by encouraging and protecting beneficial insects but also by offering other desirable treatment effects.
SUNDAY, a simulation model of an arctic Daphnia population

A simulation model is developed for growth and reproduction of populations of Daphnia middendorffiana Fischer that live in tundra pools in arctic Alaska. An annual cycle of two generations, developmental synchrony and a peculiar biphasic relationship between brood size and maternal length were aids to the simulation. The primary objective of the simulation was to interact endogenous growth potentials with the external environment. The intention was to have the organism become the resultant of, rather than the interface with, the environment. Growth in the model is based on a carbon balance between ingestion-assimilation and respiration-reproduction. The model generates an increased efficiency with larger size, with daily oscillations in temperatures, and with optimum food concentrations in the environment. A number of other predictions, although requiring confirmation, indicate further utility of the model.
Isolation and characterisation of a cold-induced DREB gene from Cymbidium insigne

Summary Dehydration-responsive element DNA binding (DREB) proteins mediate responses to several environmental stress in plants. A novel CiDREB1 gene of 1,265 bp was isolated from Cymbidium insigne by RACE. The deduced amino acid sequence had a predicted molecular mass of 34.43 kDa and a pI of 5.20. A BLAST search revealed that the encoded protein could be classified as a member of the AP2/EREBP family. Expression analysis showed that CiDREB1 gene transcripts accumulated rapidly under cold stress and peaked by 6 h. Yeast one-hybrid analysis indicated that CiDREB1 could interact with its DNA binding domain to activate expression of the dual reporter genes histidine (His3) and galactosidase (LacZ). CiDREB1 localised to the nucleus, although it lacked the typical nuclear localisation signal (NLS). We inserted the CiDREB1 gene into the binary transformation vector, pBI121 which was then transferred into tobacco plants using Agrobacterium. Forty-seven transgenic tobacco lines were identified by kanamycin and carbenicillin selection. Integration of the foreign gene into the tobacco genome was confirmed by PCR analysis. Furthermore, seven transgenic tobacco plants displayed enhanced tolerance to cold stress applied to whole plants. Thus, CiDREB1 appears to function as a trans-acting factor and may be used to improve tolerance to cold stress in plants.
The Development of Endothermy and Existence Energy Expenditure in Herring Gull Chicks

The development of thermoregulation has been studied in a large number of altricial species (summarized in Dunn 1975a), but only for a few semi-precocial species (Behle and Goates 1957, Dawson et al. 1972, Palokangas and Hissa 1971, summary of others in Dunn 1976a). Of these few, only Drent (1965) and Palokangas and Hissa (1971) had any information for semi-precocial chicks older than about one week, and no one has investigated energetic costs of thermoregulation in the wild.