Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of altitude on the soot emission and fuel consumption of a light-duty diesel engine

A four-cylinder, direct-injection (DI) diesel engine was used to study the effects of altitude on the variations of the exhaust soot emission and engine performance. The experiments were conducted in Mashhad, Iran, at an altitude of 975 m above sea level. A three-lobe rotary blower of Roots type was employed in order to simulate the altitudes down to 350 m by increasing the inlet manifold pressure of the engine. The tests were performed based on the ECE-R49 test cycle, and for each testing point, the experiments were repeated for five boosting pressures which correspond to five different altitudes. Results indicate that with increasing the altitude from 350 m to 975 m, the soot emission increases about 40%. This increase is due to the relatively lower the air density introduced into the cylinders in higher altitudes that leads to the increase of autoignition delay time which could shorten the late combustion phase; hence, the soot burnout process deteriorates. Also it was found that at low engine loads, the Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) increases about 20% with raising the altitude from 350 m to 975 m. At higher loads, the raising rate of fuel consumption is insignificant. The effects of altitude on the other engine parameters such as induced air mass flow rate, volumetric efficiency, equivalence ratio, and exhaust temperature were investigated as well. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was conducted and the results revealed that among the engine parameters, the soot emission alteration has the most sensitivity to the change of the altitude.
P: Labour Productivity

Labour productivity has increased approximately 8-10 times compared with the end of the 19th century, as time has passed and technology has advanced. Simply speaking labour productivity is the amount of goods produced by a worker in one day or in one working hour. It crucially depends on the technological progress and amount of capital and tools available in a certain period actually used by the worker. In 1800, the lack of capital and advanced tools and low level of technological progress kept productivity levels very low and consequently, levels of income were low. Today, a significant advance in technological progress, which increased considerably especially in the period immediately after the Second World War, results in much higher labour productivity, a much higher production level and, consequently, a much higher level of income. However, through a theoretical analysis and a long term empirical investigation, with data coming from the historical database of Angus Madison, we will show that labour productivity is essentially an endogenous phenomenon, which depends on the demand expansion, and on the income trend, which in turn drive capital intensive investments and technical progress.
Transmission of GHz spin waves through periodically nanopatterned ferromagnets

We have coupled electromagnetic waves in the GHz frequency regime to collective spin excitations in ferromagnetic thin films which are periodically patterned on the nanoscale. For this we use pairs of micro- and nanostructured coplanar waveguides (CPWs) connected to a vector network analyzer. In a short period antidot lattice we find spin-wave propagation between two collinear CPWs with velocities of up to several km/s. Our findings open novel perspectives for nanostructured magnonic devices and magnetic metamaterials offering fast processing of GHz signals.
OH populations and temperatures from simultaneous spectroscopic observations of 25 bands

Abstract. OH rotational temperatures are widely used to derive mesopause temperatures and their variations. Since most data sets are only based on a fixed set of lines of a single band, it is important to know possible systematic uncertainties related to the choice of lines. Therefore, a comprehensive study of as many OH bands as possible is desirable. For this purpose, astronomical echelle spectrographs at large telescopes are the most suitable instruments. They offer a wide wavelength coverage, relatively high spectral resolution, and high sensitivity. Moreover, since each ground-based astronomical observation has an imprint of the Earth's atmosphere, the data archives of large astronomical facilities are a treasure for atmospheric studies. For our project, we used archival data of the medium-resolution X-shooter echelle spectrograph operated by the European Southern Observatory at Cerro Paranal in Chile. The instrument can simultaneously observe all OH bands that are accessible from ground. We reduced and analysed a set of 343 high-quality spectra taken between 2009 and 2013 to measure OH line intensities and to derive rotational and vibrational temperatures of 25 bands between 0.58 and 2.24 μm. We studied the influence of the selected line set, OH band, upper vibrational level v′, and the molecular data on the derived level populations and temperatures. The rotational temperature results indicate differences by several degrees depending on the selection. The temperatures for bands of even and odd v′ show deviations which increase with v′. A study of the temporal variations revealed that the nocturnal variability pattern changes for v′ from 2 to 9. In particular, the spread of temperatures tends to increase during the night, and the time of the minimum temperature depends on v′. The vibrational temperatures depend on the range of v′ used for their determination, since the higher vibrational levels from 7 to 9 seem to be overpopulated compared to the lower levels. The vibrational temperature tends to increase during the night, while the intensity decreases. Our results support the assumption that the OH emission altitude depends on v′. Moreover, the emission layer appears to rise in the course of the night, which makes the OH thermalisation less efficient. The derived rotational temperatures and their change with v′ seem to be significantly affected by non-equilibrium populations.
RIGHT SUPERIOR POLAR ARTERY ARISING FROM AORTA.

The renal vasculature was always a subject of variations both in the number and pattern of portal of entry into kidney and Perihilar placement of the artery, vein and pelvis. Good anatomical insight is an essential prerequisite besides the surgical expertise. The cadaveric dissection at Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences, Teaching Hospital and Research Centre, revealed superior / upper polar artery arising from the lateral aspect of the aorta just proximal to the origin of Main Renal Artery (MRA). The main renal artery and the accessory renal artery had almost a common point of origin. The peri-hilar segmentation of the main renal artery was a fork like pattern. One of the segmental arteries was long and had its portal of entry into the kidney by perforating the capsule of the anterior substance of the kidney. The remaining segmental branches had their portal of entry through the hilum. The lower two segmental branches were placed anterior to the main renal vein causing altered hilar anatomy. A thorough knowledge of the frequently to the rarely occurring wide range of variations of renal vasculature has significance in exploration and treatment of renal trauma, renal transplantation, renal artery embolization, surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm and conservative or radical renal surgery. Such a rare variation including the combination of extra renal peri-hilar segmentation of MRA with superior polar artery is worthy of concern to the urologists harvesting kidneys from the live donors for performing transplantation procedures, partial nephrectomies for the hilar tumors and for Radiologists during interpretation of the
Levels of β2-Microglobulin and Association of ACE Gene I/D Polymorphism with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients

Background Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic ailment which is an outcome of defect in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The ACE gene systematizes Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) and is the most profoundly studied gene because of its crucial role in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The insertion/ deletion (I/D) of a 287bp long Alu repetitive sequence in intron 16 is responsible for three genotypes, DD and II homozygotes and ID heterozygotes.ACE levels differ in carriers with respect to their genotype; DD carriers have twice the levels of ACE than that found in II genotype individuals. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the association of ACE gene I/Dpolymorphism in Pakistani Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients primarily from Lahore. Methods: Hundred patients (T2DM) and fifty healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The ACE I/D polymorphism, located in intron 16, was analyzed by a triple primer method called nested-PCR and subsequently the results were analyzed by gel electrophoresis.Urine samples were also collected from patients suffering from diabetic nephropathy for the determination of beta-2 microglobulin. Results: The frequency of ACE genotypes DD, ID and II among the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was found to be 76%, 10%, 14% whereas in control subjects, 38% , 4% , 8% respectively. Other clinical parameters like blood sugar level and body mass index were also evaluated to find an association with genotype. The findings showed a non-significant association of ACE genotype with Blood Sugar Level (BSL) and Body Mass Index (BMI). Of the hundred T2DM patients enrolled in the study ten (10%) were of diabetic nephropathy. Beta-2-microglobulin was measured in the urine of these patients as well as healthy controls. A significant association between β 2- microglobulin and T2DM was found by Fischer’s exact test. Serum creatinine values were noted and correlation was found. The results showed a positive correlation but non-significant between creatinine and beta-2-microglobulin. Conclusion: In the present study, no significant association was found between ACE gene I/D polymorphism and T2DM. Gender of the T2DM patients showed null effect on genotype. Other clinical parameters like blood sugar level and body mass index also revealed a non-significant association with the ACE gene genotype.
REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY OF JERSEY COWS UNDER SUBTROPICAL CONDITIONS OF THE PUNJAB

Various parameters of reproductive efficiency of Jersey cows kept at the Livestock Experiment Station, Bhunikey (Pattoki), District Kasur, for the period from 1991 to 2000 were studied. The average values of age at maturity and age at first calving were 615.48 ± 8.23 and 926.48 ± 10.29 days, respectively and the differences of these parameters during different seasons of birth were statistically non-significant. The average calving to first insemination interval, service period and calving interval were 86.65 ± 1.71, 152.66 ± 4.85 and 430.15 ± 4.87 days, respectively. The differences of calving to first insemination interval among cows calved during different seasons were statistically non-significant. But the differences of calving to first insemination interval during 1 st lactation were significant (P<0.05) with those of 6 th , 7 th and 9 th lactations. Service period and calving interval in the Jersey cows calved during humid hot season were significantly (P<0.05) shorter as compared to those of cows calved during dry hot and spring seasons. Effect of parity on the service period was non-significant, but the effect of parity on the calving interval was significant (P<0.05), when the difference of calving interval during 7 th and 8 th lactation was compared. The average number of services per conception was 2.81 ± 0.09. The effect of parity on the number of services per conception was significant (P<0.05). The average gestation period was 277.63 ± 0.21 days. Higher gestation period was observed in cows carrying male calves than those carrying female calves (P<0.05). The frequency of calvings during winter, spring, dry hot, humid hot and autumn seasons was 19.32, 19.20, 9.79, 33.25 and 18.44 percent, respectively.
East Germany’s Wage Gap: A non-parametric decomposition based on establishment characteristics

East German wages have been below the West German wage level since unification. Moreover, the East-West wage gap implied by the contractual wages specified in collective wage agreements is drifting ever further apart from the wagegap in terms of effective wages. This paper looks at the role of establishment-specific factors - such as sectoral affiliation and size of the labour force - in this process. A non-parametric decomposition that has played a prominent rolein the gender wage-gap literature is applied to breakdown the East-West wage gap into its constituent components. Using establishment data from the German employment statistics, the paper demonstrates that the divergence betweenwage agreements and effective wages is probably not a consequence of a massive escape from collective wage agreements, or the intense use of opt-out clauses in such agreements in East Germany. Rather, the shift of East Germany's economic structure towards lower-paying types of companies has caused the lagging behind in the adjustment of wages.
Successful Brand Alliance and Its Negative Spillover Effect on a Host Brand: Test of the Cognitive Response Hypothesis

The current research demonstrates that a high-favorability host brand can benefit from co-branding with a moderate-favorability partner brand due to greater (fewer) positive (negative) cognitive responses. By contrast, a moderate-favorability host brand can enhance the evaluation of its co-branded product by partnering a high-favorability partner because the partner brand can facilitate more positive cognitive responses while blocking cognitive responses. We also found that a high-favorability partner brand may do more harm than good to a moderate-favorability host brand’s new product because the partner brand does not block the activation of counter-arguments after co-branding is terminated.
Automatic Fiscal Stabilisers in EMU: A Conflict between Efficiency and Stabilisation?

It is often claimed that tax and welfare reforms that aim at enhancing efficiency may come at the cost of cyclical stabilisation. Reducing the generosity of welfare systems and lowering taxes may boost efficiency and output, and improve market adjustment to shocks. But, by reducing the size of automatic stabilisers, it may also imply less cyclical smoothing. This would be unwelcome in EMU given the loss of national monetary autonomy and the well-known pitfalls of active fiscal management. This paper argues that the alleged trade-off between efficiency/flexibility and stabilisation may not exist. We show that, if the initial level of the tax burden is high, reducing it may lead to higher output stabilisation in the event of a supply shock and higher inflation stabilisation in the event of a demand shock. Simulations show that European countries - especially small ones - might have a tax burden close to or even higher than the threshold level. (JEL E52, E61, F42)
Stormwater Infiltration: A Management Technique for Preserving Ecosystem Function

In combination with a reduction in point source pollution and the maintenance of riparian buffer zones, urban stormwater infiltration has the potential to preserve ecosystem function by maintaining the natural morphology and flow patterns to which riparian species are adapted. Stormwater detention systems that are commonly required by community ordinances address local flooding, but do not address recharge of ground water, reduction in nonpoint source pollution loads, or stream bank erosion. Compact and cost effective infiltration methods that address all of these decrements to ecosystem function are described. Further research on the application of infiltration techniques to areas with relatively impermeable soils, including the Georgia Piedmont, is recommended.
A Comparative Study on Consumer Behavior of Farm, Nonfarm Households of Pakistani Punjab

The present study seeks to unfold the consumption patterns of farm, nonfarm rural households of Pakistani Punjab. The secondary data published by Punjab Economic Research Institute (PERI) will be used very firstly in this case. PERI follows crop agro ecological division of Punjab and selects farm, nonfarm households by stratified random sampling technique from three zones named as Rain fed, Partially Rain fed, and irrigated zones. Linearized version of almost ideal demand system is employed in static frame work for the year 2010. Seemingly Unrelated Regression Modeling is employed to calculate expenditure, compensated and uncompensated price elasticities for farm and nonfarm households separately for 10 basic food items including wheat, rice, poultry and different meats. The Impact of age and education status of head household, along with family size of the particular household is also incorporated to calculate direct and cross price effects. The revealed differences of elasticities will highlight the diver gence of behavior among the two groups of study as well it may guide the policy makers for targeted price and food policies for rural households in Punjab.
Chinese and Indian M&As in Europe: The relationship between motive and ownership choice

The present paper is about the ownership choices by Emerging Market Multinational Enterprises (EMNEs) when they invest in Europe through M&As, and the relationship with the main motivations underlying their international expansion. Namely, we claim that EMNEs prefer to acquire less control and keep the local partner when they invest for seeking knowledge. Additionally, EMNEs choose partial acquisitions in case of high dissimilarity in terms of culture, industry and knowledge base. Our empirical analysis relies on a dataset of M&As undertaken by Chinese and Indian MNEs in high and medium-high tech sectors, in the period 2003-2011. We use content analysis of public announcements and company reports for classifying the main motivation of the acquisitions, and econometric analysis for testing our hypotheses. Our results confirm the expectations.
Bayesian Transfer Learning for Deep Networks

We propose a method for transfer learning for deep networks through Bayesian inference, where an approximate posterior distribution q(w|θ) of model parameters w is learned through variational approximation. Utilizing Bayes by Backprop we optimize the parameters θ associated with the approximate distribution. When performing transfer learning we consider two tasks; A and B. Firstly, an approximate posterior q_A(w|θ) is learned from task A which is afterwards transferred as a prior p(w) → q_A(w|θ) when learning the approximate posterior distribution q_B(w|θ) for task B. Initially, we consider a multivariate normal distribution q(w|θ) = N (µ, Σ), with diagonal covariance matrix Σ. Secondly, we consider the prospects of introducing more expressive approximate distributions - specifically those known as normalizing flows. By investigating these concepts on the MNIST data set we conclude that utilizing normalizing flows does not improve Bayesian inference in the context presented here. Further, we show that transfer learning is not feasible using our proposed architecture and our definition of task A and task B, but no general conclusion regarding rejecting a Bayesian approach to transfer learning can be made.
Changes in Lipid Profile during different stages and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Aims: This study was undertaken with the aim to evaluate the changes in lipid profile emerging at various stages of type 2 diabetes mellitus and also ensuing several complications due to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Serum lipid profile of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients was compared with healthy volunteers. Further the impact of the duration of diabetes on serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides was elucidated. Correlation of body mass index with serum levels of total cholesterol, HDLc, LDLc and triglycerides was also undertaken. Results: Serum levels of total cholesterol, LDLc, and triglycerides were significantly raised, whereas, serum level of HDLc was significantly decreased in type 2 diabetes mellitus and in patients with hypertension and liver diseases compared to controls. There was a significant strong positive correlation between the duration of diabetes (in years) and the serum levels of total cholesterol, LDLc and triglycerides, whereas there was a significant strong negative correlation between the duration of diabetes (in years) and the serum levels of HDLc. A significant strong positive correlation between the body mass index (BMI) of diabetic patients and the serum levels of total cholesterol, LDLc, and triglycerides was noticed, whereas there was a significant strong negative correlation between the BMI of diabetic patients and the serum levels of HDLc. Conclusion: Efforts to keep serum lipids levels within normal range are required by diabetes patients minimize cardiovascular complications, by reducing the intake of saturated fats and cholesterol and increased intake of unsaturated fats. Key words: Diabetes Mellitus type 2; hypertension; liver disorders; serum lipid profile
Patent, Inequality and Innovation-Driven Growth

When people have hierarchic preferences inequality affects innovation-driven growth through the implied demand distribution over new goods. The paper examines the demand path of the firm through its life-cycle and analyzes the efficiency of dynamic resource allocation under different inequality scenarios. Unlike previous models of inequality and demand induced innovation, the innovators are protected by patents of finite length. Longer patents increase the profitability of an innovation because they reduce the effect of inequality by increasing the likelihood that the firms benefit from a future demand jump in sales to the poor. This result does not hold, however, when initial inequality is low or the purchasing power of the poor is high. Moreover, reducing inequality does not increase growth as long as the amount of redistribution is below a threshold level.
Maternal Knowledge and Attitude toward Exclusive Breastfeeding in Six Months after Birth in Shiraz, Iran

Background To develop the culture of breastfeeding, it is needed to know the level of maternal knowledge. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate maternal knowledge and attitude toward exclusive breastfeeding in six months after birth in Shiraz, Iran. Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional study carried out on mothers who referred to health centers. Four health centers were selected from four geographic areas of Shiraz city; finally, 201 mothers was selected and their demographic information and knowledge and attitude toward exclusive breastfeeding were gathered through a researcher made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 14.0. Results 201 mothers who were 18-45 years old were studied. 43% of them were 30-34 years old. 46% of maternal education level was bachelor andMaster of Science or more and 80% of them were housewives. Their level of knowledge was low (69.2%), moderate (11.4%) and high (19.4%) respectively. Regarding the level of attitude 11.4% of them were low, 15.4% of them were moderate and the others were high. There was a significant relationship between maternal knowledge with parents’ education and infants’ nutrition (breastfeeding) (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between maternal knowledge and attitude toward. Conclusion Although maternal attitude about exclusive breastfeeding was good, but maternal knowledge about breastfeeding was low. So, this problem leads them to initiate and continue breastfeeding with serious challenges. Therefore, health policy makers should train mothers to improve their knowledge for breastfeeding promotion.