Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interactions Between Anthocyanins, Phenolic Compounds, and Acetaldehyde and Their Significance in Red Wines

Interactions between pure anthocyanins [malvidin (Mv) 3-glucoside, Mv 3,5-diglucoside, and Mv 3-p-coumarylglucoside-5-glucoside], phenolic compounds [ (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, procyanidin dimer B2, and procyanidin trimer C1], and acetaldehyde were studied in tartrate buffer, pH 3.5, at room temperature in air under darkness and light. Several reactions occurred simultaneously. The anthocyanins and phenolic compounds reacted very slowly, with eventual formation of yellow xanthylium salts (one presumed glycosylated, others sugar-free), confirming that condensation occurred via the anthocyanin 4-position. Unreacted procyanidins B2 and C1 were partly transformed to epicatechin and lower and higher polymeric procyanidins, the reactions being catalyzed by daylight. There was little reaction between the anthocyanins and acetaldehyde except with Mv 3-glucoside, which was slowly polymerized. However, the addition of acetaldehyde to mixtures of anthocyanins and phenolics caused rapid and spectacular color augmentation with shifts toward violet, with extent of the shift varying with the type of component. The orders of decreasing reactivity were Mv 3-glucoside > Mv 3-p-coumarylglucoside-5-glucoside > Mv 3,5-diglucoside, and trimer C1 = dimer B2 > epicatechin. Conversely the extent of color increase and its stability decreased in reverse order, with Mv diglucoside > acylated diglucoside > monoglucoside, because of precipitation with the latter. Color augmentation was due to the formation of highly colored new compounds, detectable by chromatography and believed to consist of anthocyanins and phenolics linked by CH 3 CH bridges. A reaction scheme is proposed in which the initial reaction product of acetaldehyde and phenolic combines with the anthocyanin at position 8, followed by anhydrobase formation. A small amount of a compound resulting from interaction of Mv 3,5-diglucoside, (+)-catechin, and acetaldehyde was isolated and its properties examined. The significance of the findings are discussed in relation to color changes of red wines.
Linear and Nonlinear Regression for Combinatorial Optimization Problem of Multiple Transgenesis

Combinatorial optimization problem is a difficult class of problems from which to obtain exact solutions, but such problems often arise in biotechnology, for example, it is often necessary to find optimal combinations of genes in transgenics to improve production of a useful compound by microorganisms. In the cases of 20 candidate genes for introduction into cells, the number of possible combinations of introduced genes is approximately 106. Testing all of their combinations by experimental observation is impossible practically. A few combinations are observed experimentally for large numbers of possible combinations generally. We tested two methods for the prediction of effects of transgenes: multivariate linear regression and the RBF (Radial Basis Function) network, with a simulated and an unpublished experimentally observed dataset of transgenic yeast. Results show that RBF network can detect a special gene (introduced gene) at the five percent significance level when the gene causes production values that are 1.5 times greater than other genes for the simulated dataset. Prediction by RBF network causes over-learning for larger numbers of learning data, however, it is superior than that by the linear regression model at the best condition.
Biochar Mitigates Combined Effects of Drought and Salinity Stress in Quinoa

Abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity constantly threaten food security. Biochar as a soil amendment has the potential to ameliorate soil and alleviate drought and salinity stress. Multiple studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of biochar in alleviating independent drought or salinity stress. However, the potential of biochar in mitigating the combined drought and salinity stress on plants has not been studied so far. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted in the climate-controlled chamber with the objective to investigate the effect of biochar on growth, physiology, and yield of quinoa under independent and combined drought and salinity stress. Quinoa plants were subjected to three irrigation treatments i.e., full irrigation (FI), deficit irrigation (DI), and alternate root-zone drying irrigation (ARD), two saline water treatments (0 and 400 mM) and two levels of biochar (0% and 5% by weight). In the FI treatment, plants were irrigated daily to maintain pot water-holding capacity. In limited irrigation treatments, 70% water of FI was applied either to the whole pot in DI or to one side of the pot alternating in ARD, respectively. The results showed that combined drought and salinity stress drastically affected growth and performance of quinoa compared to the independent drought or salinity stress. However, soil amendment with biochar had positive effect in mitigating both independent and combined effect of drought and salinity on quinoa plants. Furthermore, biochar amendment in ARD under salinity significantly enhanced plant height, shoot biomass, and grain by 11.7%, 18.8%, and 10.2% as compared with DI under salinity, respectively. In addition, leaf photosynthetic rate (An) and stomatal conductance (gs) decreased under limited saline irrigation. Moreover, the interactive effect of biochar and ARD efficiently adjusted the balance between chemical signal (leaf ABA) and hydraulic signal (leaf water potential). Thus, intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and yield in ARD were significantly enhanced compared to DI, especially under salinity stress. Overall, biochar in combination with ARD might be a wise approach for sustaining crop productivity in salt affected and drought stressed areas of the world to ensure food security.
Expression of MMP-9 and MMP-9 mRNA in Esophageal Carcinoma Its Correlation with Antioncogene p53

Objective: To investigate the expression of MMP-9 and MMP-9 mRNA in the tissue and cell of the esophageal carcinoma and its correlation with invasion,metastasis and p53 of the cancer. Methods: Immunohistochemistry,in situ hybridization,and zymography were used to examine the expression of MMP-9,MMP-9 mRNA,p53. The relationship between the expression of MMP-9 and MMP-9 mRNA and the clinical parameters was analyzed. Results: The positive rate of MMP-9 expression was 82.7% in esophageal carcinoma tissues(62/75). The positive rate of MMP-9 mRNA expression was 72.0% in the esophageal carcinoma tissues(54/75). Compared with normal tissue, it showed obvious difference (P0.01). The expressions of MMP-9 and its mRNA were closely related to invasion,differentiation and lymph nodes status of the esophageal carcinoma. The positive rate of p53 expression was 90.7% (68/75). Compared with normal tissue, it showed significant difference (P0.05). There was statistically significant defference between p53-positive cases of the MMP-9 positive group and p53-positive cases of the MMP-9 negative group(P0.05). There was a positive correlation between the MMP-9 expression and the p53 expression in esophageal carcinoma(r=0.652,P0.01). The various forms of MMP-9(dimeric form-130×10~3,pro-MMP-9-92×10~3 and active-MMP-9-84×10~3) were found in mucosa of surgical up-edge,paracancerous mucoas and cancer lesions. Activity of active-MMP-9 and pro-MMP-9 was significantly higher in the cancer lesions than in the paracancerous mucosa and the mucosa of surgical up-edge. Conclusion: Esophageal cancer cells have the ability to produce and secret MMP-9 which can promote the invasion and metastasis of the neoplasm.
A Modified Approch Audio Stagnography Based On Technique LSB Coding

:- Information security is becoming very important part of our life now-a-days. Information hiding is the fundamental of information security. Information hiding can be achieved by steganography as well. This paper presents a modified method of audio stegnography. Audio steganography is the technique of hiding secret information in the audio files. We have presented a high capacity and high stego-signal quality audio steganography scheme based on samples comparison in DWT domain where selected coefficient of a segment are compared with pre determined threshold value T and based on comparison bits are embedded. The strength of our algorithm is depend on the segment size and their strength are enabled the algorithm to achieve very high embedding capacity for different data type that can reach up to 25% from the input audio file size with lest of 35 dB SNR for the output stego signal. Further we have tabulated the result and the conclusion is made on the basis of the obtained results.
Errors in Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory.

Introduction: Clinical laboratories have focused their attention on quality control methods and quality assessment programs dealing with analytical aspects of testing. But studies in recent years demonstrates that quality in clinical laboratories cannot be assured by merely focusing on analytical aspects. But mistakes occur more frequently before (pre-analytical) and after (postanalytical) the test has been performed. Objective of our study is to analyze the causes of errors occurring in our Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory and categorize them, find the frequency and percentage of errors. Methodology: This study was carried out in a newly established Clinical biochemistry laboratory. Causes of errors were noted down and were categorized in to pre analytical, analytical and post analytical errors. Data has been noted down from April 2015 to December 2015. Results: Pre analytical errors were contributing significantly to laboratory errors (59.8%) as compared to analytical (30.84%) and post-analytical errors (9.35%). Hemolyzed and clotted samples were the main causes of pre analytical errors (37.5% and 21.87% respectively). Calibration drifts were contributing mainly to analytical errors (39.39%). Transcription error (60%) was the main contributor to the post analytical error. Conclusion: Errors can be minimized by training the laboratory personnel regarding phlebotomy techniques, storage, transport of specimen, instrument handling . Computerization of entire process will help to minimize the errors. The success of any efforts to reduce errors must be monitored in Original Research Article Adiga and Preethika; BJMMR, 14(8): 1-6, 2016; Article no.BJMMR. 25012 2 order to assess the efficacy of the measures taken. In the testing process areas involving nonlaboratory personnel, interdepartmental communication and cooperation are crucial to avoid errors.
Effect of Temperature on Development of Mallee Fowl Leipoa ocellata Eggs

Mallee fowl eggs were successfully incubated over the temperature range 32-38 C. Greatest hatchability occurred at 34 C (80%); 22% hatched at 32 C, 44% at 36 C; and 38% at 38 C. Field data indicate that eggs can tolerate temperatures as low as 28 C for at least 4 days and that egg temperature can vary from 28 to 38 C during incubation. Birds did not regulate mound temperature as precisely as previously reported, 3-5 C variations in temperature were common. Energetic cost of development was found to be temperature dependent. Embryos developing at 32 C required 74% more energy than embryos developing at 38 C.
Carbohydrate utilization and activities of various glycosidases in cultured Japanese morning-glory callus

The capacity of various carbohydrates to support growth of Japanese morning-glory callus in the dark over a 14-day period was examined. Sucrose was the most effective compound, but glucose, fructose, trehalose, maltose, cellobiose, raffinose and soluble starch supported significant growth. The callus remained alive in the presence of inulin, mannitol, inositol, methyl-α-glucoside and glycerol; while cells grown on galactose, mannose, sorbose, xylose, arabinose, melibiose, lactose, dextran, carboxy-methyl cellulose, sorbitol, galactitol, ethylene glycol were necrotic. Examination of the effects of these various carbon sources on the cell wall and cytoplasmic activities of acid invertase, trehalase, maltase, cellobiase, melibiase and lactase could not be correlated with the growth-promoting activity of their substrates. Extracellular hydrolysis of sucrose, trehalose, maltose, cellobiose, lactose, raffinose, and inulin occurred as a consequence of the presence of cell wall hydrolases in the morning-glory callus, and hydrolytic products could be detected in the medium.
Inflation Expectations and Money Growth in the United States

While inflation expectations have recently come to play a major role in both macroeconomic theorizing and stabilization-policy analysis, relatively little work has been done to date on testing models that purport to explain how forecasters form inflation anticipations. This paper attempts to begin to fill that lacuna by exploiting data on expected inflation recently published by John Carison (1977a). These data are briefly described in Section I. Section II examines the relationship between inflation expectations and a number of factors commonly believed to influence the actual rate of inflation, such as the money growth rate, a number of fiscalpolicy-related variables, and the unemployment rate. Also considered is the question of whether the expectations generating process has "shifted" over time. Section III examines the question of whether forecasters efficiently employ available information in generating inflation predictions. The final section summarizes the results and considers the policy-related implications.
ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn. A retrospective analysis of 254 cases.

ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn is the single most common cause of neonatal jaundice, with an incidence of 54.4 per 1,000 births; it occurs almost exclusively in infants of groups A or B having mothers of group O. Previous studies have shown a poor correlation between serologic tests on cord blood and clinical course in affected infants. In a retrospective analysis of 254 cases of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn the relation of laboratory parameters to incidence and severity of jaundice was studied. Sixty-five per cent of the infants who had positive direct antiglobulin tests experienced jaundice, compared with approximately 35% of control infants or infants who had ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn with negative direct antiglobulin test results. Infants who had ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn with positive direct antiglobulin test results also had greater severity of jaundice than control infants or infants who had ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn with negative direct antiglobulin test results (P less than .0001). Thus, the direct antiglobulin test is a good screening test for ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn. Sex, race, gravidity, birth weight, and blood type of the infant did not have significant relationships to clinical outcome. The combined results of the direct antiglobulin test and the strength of reaction in a heat eluate may be of use in prognosis; although differences were not significant, infants who had stronger eluates had higher bilirubin values and were more likely to require therapy. Serologic analysis of cord blood can be useful in the early detection of infants having the risk of severe jaundice.
Finite element convection models: comparison of shallow and deep mantle convection, and temperatures in the mantle

A Finite Element Method for solving the convection problem in a fluid with position-dependent Newtonian viscosity is developed, using bi cubic and biquadratic spline functions on a rectangular grid. Introducing weak (less viscous) zones at the active margins of the lithosphere, dynamical mantle convection models are established which have a nearly uniform surface (plate) velocity and a satisfactory heat flux profile. A comparison of upper and deep mantle convection shows: For that reason deep (or whole) mantle convection should be the favored hypothesis.
Abbreviated development of Uca subcylindrica (Stimpson, 1859) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Ocypodidae) reared in the laboratory

ABSTRACT The development of Uca subcylindrica, a fiddler crab endemic to southern Texas and northeastern Mexico, is described on the basis of laboratory-reared larvae. Females produce relatively few ( = 580), large ( = 1.06 mm) eggs. The eggs hatch as late zoeae in an advanced developmental condition. This stage is followed within half a day by a similar zoeal stage. Within as little as 2.5 d, most zoeae metamorphose to advanced megalopae. Molt to first crab is completed for most by 8 d. The larval development of U. subcylindrica is abbreviated, both ecdysially and durationally, an adaptation which enables this species to take advantage of periodic rainfall in a semiarid environment.
Behavioural and respiratory adaptations of the mud-burrowing shrimp Calocaris Macandreae bell (Thalassinidea: crustacea) to the burrow environment

Abstract The thalassinid shrimp Calocaris macandreae Bell is an important component of the benthic communities of many Scottish sea-lochs. Along with others, this species constructs large, semi-permanent burrows in soft muds. Oxygen availability within burrows constructed by individual C. macandreae in aquaria was found to be severely and chronically low (P02 as low as 15 Torr). The behaviour patterns displayed by C. macandreae in laboratory burrows were analysed using video recordings. In general, behaviour was characterized by low levels of activity, with burrow irrigation by pleopod beating being infrequent and of short duration. During experimental depletion ofoxygen availability, however, burrow irrigation was increased. In view of the hypoxic conditions encountered by C. macandreae, an investigation of respiratory physiology in this species was made. Open and closed respirometry techniques indicated that the rate of oxygen consumption by C. macandreae was low compared to that of most other decapods .
Photosynthetic Activity of the Pods of Rape Plants (Brassica napus L.) and the Contribution of the Pods to the Ripening of Rape-seeds

The present study was conducted to clarify the photosynthetic activity of the pods of rape plants and the effect of the pods on the ripening of rape-seeds. In making the present study, the productive characters of the plants and the net photosynthetic rates of the pods were investigated. Furthermore, the processes of accumulation of 14C-photosynthates were also traced by means of a 14C-tracer method. The study results are summarized as follows: (1) At the early ripening stage, the surface areas of pods showed on about eight-fold areas, as compared with those of the leaf blades. Marked increases in the pod surface areas were observed during the period ranging from the early ripening stage to the late ripening stage, while the leaf blade areas showed decreases during the same period. (2) The dry weights of the pods or seeds were becoming heavier according as they have grown and the higher distribution ratios of dry matters were observed in the pods, as compared with those in other organs. The pods and leaf blades showed almost the same net photosynthetic activity at the early ripening stage, but at the late ripening stage, the pods came to show higher rate than that of leaf blades. (3) Chlorophyll-a and -b contents in the pods were low, as compared with those in leaf blades. Chlorophyll contents in the pods were equivalent to about one-fifth of those in the leaf blades. (4) From the results obtained through the 14C-tracer experiments in photosynthates, higher specific radioactivities were observed in the tissues of pods and peduncles, while lower ones were observed in the stems and roots. 14C-photosynthates in the seeds observed one hour after the 14CO2 gas exposure accounted for about sixty percent of those of the seeds observed seven days after the 14CO2 exposure. On the seventh day after 14CO2 feeding, a markedly rich accumulation of 14C-photosynthates was found only in the case of seeds, and the decreases in 14C-photosynthates were observed in the cases of other tissues. Therefore, it may safely be said that 14C-photosynthates in the pods may translocate mainly to the seeds. (5) Viewed from the histochemical point, the assimilating parenchyma and vascular bundles were developed in pods as well as the leaf blades. The starch granules were found far more abundantly in the palisade parenchyma of leaf blades than in the assimilating parenchyma of the pods. (6) From the above mentioned results, it might be concluded that the pods of rape plants have the photosynthetic function and contribute very actively to the accumulation of photosynthates in the rape-seeds.
Data-driven Distributionally Robust Optimal Stochastic Control Using theWasserstein Metric

Optimal control of a stochastic dynamical system usually requires a good dynamical model with probability distributions, which is difficult to obtain due to limited measurements and/or complicated dynamics. To solve it, this work proposes a data-driven distributionally robust control framework with the Wasserstein metric via a constrained two-player zero-sum Markov game, where the adversarial player selects the probability distribution from a Wasserstein ball centered at an empirical distribution. Then, the game is approached by its penalized version, an optimal stabilizing solution of which is derived explicitly in a linear structure under the Riccati-type iterations. Moreover, we design a model-free Q-learning algorithm with global convergence to learn the optimal controller. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of the proposed learning algorithm and demonstrate its robustness to the probability distribution errors via numerical examples.
Dual canonical basis for unipotent group and base affine space

Denote by $N \subset SL_k$ the subgroup of unipotent upper triangular matrices. In this paper, we show that the dual canonical basis of $\mathbb{C}[N]$ can be parameterized by semi-standard Young tableaux. Moreover, we give an explicit formula for every element in the the dual canonical basis. Let $N^- \subset SL_k$ be the subgroup of unipotent lower-triangular matrices and let $\mathbb{C}[SL_k]^{N^-}$ be the coordinate ring of the base affine space $SL_k/N^{-}$. Denote by $\widetilde{\mathbb{C}[SL_k]^{N^-}}$ the quotient of $\mathbb{C}[SL_k]^{N^-}$ by identifying the leading principal minors with $1$. We also give an explicit description of the dual canonical basis of $\widetilde{\mathbb{C}[SL_k]^{N^-}}$ and give a conjectural description of the dual canonical basis of $\mathbb{C}[SL_k]^{N^-}$.
Deep Learning from Small Amount of Medical Data with Noisy Labels: A Meta-Learning Approach

Computer vision systems recently made a big leap thanks to deep neural networks. However, these systems require correctly labeled large datasets in order to be trained properly, which is very difficult to obtain for medical applications. Two main reasons for label noise in medical applications are the high complexity of the data and conflicting opinions of experts. Moreover, medical imaging datasets are commonly tiny, which makes each data very important in learning. As a result, if not handled properly, label noise significantly degrades the performance. Therefore, we propose a label-noise-robust learning algorithm that makes use of the meta-learning paradigm. We tested our proposed solution on retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) dataset with a very high label noise of 68%. Our results show that the proposed algorithm significantly improves the classification algorithm's performance in the presence of noisy labels.