Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiresolution particle-based fluids

We present a new multiresolution particle method for fluid simulation. The discretization of the fluid dynamically adapts to the characteristics of the flow to resolve fine-scale visual detail, while reducing the overall complexity ofthe computations. We introduce the concept of virtual particles to implement efficient refinement and coarsification operators, and to achieve a consistent coupling between particles at different resolution levels, leading to speedups of up to a factor of six as compared to single resolution simulations. Our system supports multiphase effects such as bubbles and foam, as well as rigid body interactions, based on a unified particle interaction metaphor. The water-air interface is tracked with a Lagrangian level set approach using a novel Delaunay-based surface contouring method that accurately resolves fine-scale surface detail while guaranteeing preservation of fluid volume.
Arrhythmia Mechanisms in the Failing Heart

Background: Heart failure (HF) claims over 200,000 lives annually in the United States alone. Approximately 50% of these deaths are sudden and unexpected, and presumably the consequence of lethal ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Electrical remodeling that occurs at the cellular and tissue network levels predisposes patients with HF to malignant arrhythmias. Our limited understanding of fundamental arrhythmia mechanisms has hampered the development of effective treatment strategies for these patients.
Sustainable Nutrition Security: Restoring the Bridge Between Agriculture and Health

Malnutrition remains the worldâ€™s most serious health problem and the single biggest contributor to child deaths. It is time to restore the bridge between agriculture and health. FAOâ€™s Member Countries and its development partners are calling for a more incisive analysis of the causes of persistent hunger and malnutrition, a better understanding of how they can be addressed, and practical action to ensure the nutrition, health and well-being of present and future generations. This paper is intended as a contribution to that discussion.
Global Burden of Diabetes, 1995–2025: Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of diabetes and the number of people with diabetes who are ≥20 years of age in all countries of the world for three points in time, i.e., the years 1995, 2000, and 2025, and to calculate additional parameters, such as sex ratio, urban-rural ratio, and the age structure of the diabetic population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Age-specific diabetes prevalence estimates were applied to United Nations population estimates and projections for the number of adults aged ≥20 years in all countries of the world. For developing countries, urban and rural populations were considered separately RESULTS Prevalence of diabetes in adults worldwide was estimated to be 4.0% in 1995 and to rise to 5.4% by the year 2025. It is higher in developed than in developing countries. The number of adults with diabetes in the world will rise from 135 million in 1995 to 300 million in the year 2025. The major part of this numerical increase will occur in developing countries. There will be a 42% increase, from 51 to 72 million, in the developed countries and a 170% increase, from 84 to 228 million, in the developing countries. Thus, by the year 2025, >75% of people with diabetes will reside in developing countries, as compared with 62% in 1995. The countries with the largest number of people with diabetes are, and will be in the year 2025, India, China, and the U.S. In developing countries, the majority of people with diabetes are in the age range of 45–64 years. In the developed countries, the majority of people with diabetes are aged ≥65 years. This pattern will be accentuated by the year 2025. There are more women than men with diabetes, especially in developed countries. In the future, diabetes will be increasingly concentrated in urban areas. CONCLUSIONS This report supports earlier predictions of the epidemic nature of diabetes in the world during the first quarter of the 21st century. It also provides a provisional picture of the characteristics of the epidemic. Worldwide surveillance of diabetes is a necessary first step toward its prevention and control, which is now recognized as an urgent priority.
Development of the nervous system in the acorn worm Balanoglossus simodensis: insights into nervous system evolution

SUMMARY To examine the evolutionary origin of the chordate nervous system, an outgroup comparison with hemichordates is needed. When the nervous systems of chordates and hemichordates are compared, two possibilities have been proposed, one of which is that the chordate nervous system has evolved from the nervous system of hemichordate‐like larva and the other that it is comparable to the adult nervous system of hemichordates. To address this issue, we investigated the entire developmental process of the nervous system in the acorn worm Balanoglossus simodensis. In tornaria larvae, the nervous system developed along the longitudinal ciliary band and the telotroch, but no neurons were observed in the ventral band or the perianal ciliary ring throughout the developmental stages. The adult nervous system began to develop at the dorsal midline at the Krohn stage, considerably earlier than metamorphosis. During metamorphosis, the larval nervous system was not incorporated into the adult nervous system. These observations strongly suggest that the hemichordate larval nervous system contributes little to the newly formed adult nervous system.
Direct-fed microbial supplementation on the performance of dairy cattle during the transition period.

The influence of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) on the prepartum period and the effects on production performance during the postpartum period was investigated using 64 multiparous Holstein cows. Two close-up dry cow diets were fed to two groups of 32 cows each starting 21 d precalving as follows: 1) no DFM and 2) DFM. Post-calving cows were fed a lactation ration with or without DFM supplementation.The direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplement contained 2 × 109 viable yeast cells and 5 × 109 cfu of bacteria (Enterococcus faecium) per cow per day, top dressed in a 90-g supplement [corrected]. The DMI during the prepartum period was not affected by DFM supplementation. During the postpartum period, DMI, milk yield, and milk protein content were higher for cows receiving DFM supplementation compared with no DFM. Blood glucose and insulin levels were higher and NEFA levels were lower for cows receiving DFM during the postpartum period. These data suggest that targeted DFM supplementation increased DMI and milk production postpartum. Blood metabolite information would suggest this response was associated with more glucose being made available and less fatty acids being mobilized from lipid stores.
Coral diseases cause reef decline.

There has been a great deal of discussion about the role of bleaching in coral reef degradation worldwide ([ 1 ][1]–[ 3 ][2]), but little focus on the numerous other coral diseases that are also causing substantial declines. In the late 1970s and 1980s, disease caused extensive mortality in
Clinical and Laboratory Investigations Linear IgA disease: the IgA and IgG response to the epidermal antigens demonstrates that intermolecular epitope spreading is associated with IgA rather than IgG antibodies, and is more common in adults

Background Linear IgA disease (LAD; adult and childhood) is a dapsone-responsive, acquired immunobullous disorder mediated by IgA antibodies directed at target antigens within the epithelial basement membrane. These antigens have not been completely characterized. Objectives To identify the target antigens in LAD, and to correlate these with the antibody isotype. Methods We used 101 LAD sera without IgG antibodies detected by indirect immunofluorescence. The sera were analysed by immunoblotting for IgA (65 adults and 36 children) and IgG (61 adults and 34 children) autoantibodies, on salt-split, urea-extracted epidermal tissue extracts. Results Antigens were targeted in LAD by IgA antibodies (54 adults and 23 children), IgG antibodies (34 adults and 19 children), and both isotypes (30 adults and 16 children). Three major antigens were recognized by IgA antibodies: LAD285 (22 adults and three children), BP230 (30 adults and eight children) and BP180 (collagen XVII), including the 97-kDa ectodomain (52 adults and 20 children). Seven minor antigens were occasionally detected (18 adults and 13 children). IgA antibodies bound multiple antigens (33 adults and nine children) more frequently than single antigens (21 adults and 14 children), but the binding to multiple antigens was more restricted in children than in adults. IgG antibodies mainly bound a single antigen (29 adults and 16 children), predominantly BP180. Conclusions There was variation in the autoantibody response within the disease and the patient, with regard to target molecules and autoantibody class. The finding that IgG as well as IgA autoantibodies predominantly target BP180 supports a pivotal role for collagen XVII in adult and childhood LAD. The IgG response was very restricted compared with IgA autoantibodies (P < 0Æ01). Autoantibodies from children had a more restricted antigen repertoire than from adults (P < 0Æ05). Epitope spreading is common in LAD and is affected by the class of autoantibody and age of the patient.
The Neurochemical Basis for the Behavioral Effects of Triadimefon

Administration of triadimefon (TDF) [1‐(4‐chlorophenoxy)‐3,3‐dimethyl‐1‐(1‐H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐2‐butanone] in rodents incites heightened locomotor and stereotypy response, primarily through potentiation of dopaminergic activity. In the present study, 8 male Sprague‐Dawley rats received repeated injections, on alternate days (100 mg/kg, 14 days) of TDF or corn oil. Enhanced locomotor and stereotypy behavioral patterns occurred in response to TDF injections, lasting until the 12th day of injection. Tolerance to this effect was evident by a lack of response to TDF injection by the 14th day. Similarly, a withdrawal period and challenge dose of TDF (5 days, 25 mg/kg) was ineffective in espousing locomotor or stereotypy behavioral changes. Cross sensitization to cocaine was also evident, since withdrawal and a challenge dose (8 days, 5 mg/kg) was also ineffective. Adaptative biochemical changes in dopaminergic function were examined after both acute (100 mg/kg) and repeated administration of TDF (100 mg/kg, 14 days) by examining [3H]dopamine (DA) uptake and DA release in both striatal (ST) and nucleus accumbens (NA) tissue. In corroboration with behavioral pattern indicating development of tolerance, there were significant changes in dopaminergic function. Repeated TDF exposure in vivo resulted in significant attenuation of ST and NA DA uptake in response to TDF (10−4 to 10−7 M) or cocaine (10−5 to 10−8 M) in vitro. Acute exposure to TDF in vivo also attenuated ST DA inhibitory effects of cocaine and TDF. Repetitive administration of TDF in vivo had no effect on in vitro TDF‐ or amphetamine‐stimulated release of ST or NA DA. However, there was a significant reduction in amphetamine‐stimulated DA release in animals after acute exposure to TDF in vivo. It was concluded from this study that the effects of chronic TDF exposure may primarily involve effects on DA uptake in the ST and NA.
Intraindividual Comparison of 99mTc-Methylene Diphosphonate and Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Ligand 99mTc-MIP-1427 in Patients with Osseous Metastasized Prostate Cancer

The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of detection of bone metastases obtained with the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)–targeting tracer 99mTc-MIP-1427, as opposed to conventional bone scanning with 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP), in a collective of patients with known advanced-stage osseous metastasized prostate cancer. Methods: Twenty-one patients with known metastatic disease were staged with both conventional bone scanning and PSMA ligand scintigraphy within a time frame of less than 10 d. Imaging included planar whole-body scanning and SPECT or SPECT/CT with 2 bed positions 3 h after injection of either 500–750 MBq of 99mTc-MIP-1427 or 600–750 MBq of 99mTc-MDP. Lesions were scored as typical tumor, equivocal (benign/malignant), or normal within a standard reporting schema divided into defined anatomic regions. Masked and consensus readings were performed with sequential unmasking: planar scans first, then SPECT/CT, the best evaluable comparator (including MRI), PET/CT, and follow-up examinations. Results: Eleven patients had PSMA-positive visceral metastases that were predictably not diagnosed with conventional bone scanning. However, SPECT/CT was required to distinguish between soft-tissue uptake and overlapping bone. Four patients had extensive 99mTc-MDP–negative bone marrow lesions. Seven patients had superscan characteristics on bone scans; in contrast, the extent of red marrow involvement was more evident on PSMA scans. Only 3 patients had equivalent results on bone scans and PSMA scans. In 16 patients, more suspect lesions were detected with PSMA scanning than with bone scanning. In 2 patients (10%), a PSMA-negative tumor phenotype was present. Conclusion: PSMA scanning provided a clear advantage over bone scanning by reducing the number of equivocal findings in most patients. SPECT/CT was pivotal for differentiating bone metastases from extraosseous tumor lesions.
Activation Properties of Heterologously Expressed Mammalian TRPV2

TRPV2 has been proposed as a potential pain target, in part due to its relatedness to the nociceptor TRPV1 and to its reported activation by noxious high temperatures (>52 °C). However, TRPV2 responses to heat as well as to the nonselective agonist 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) have not been universally reproduced in other laboratories, leading to debate about the activation properties of this channel. Here, we report the expression of rat, mouse, and human TRPV2 in HEK293 cells and the differential properties of their responses to heat and 2-APB. Expression of mouse or rat TRPV2 in HEK293 cells resulted in robust channel activation when induced by either temperature (>53 °C) or 2-APB. By contrast, expression of human TRPV2 did not lead to detectable activation by either of these stimuli. Human TRPV2 protein was expressed at levels comparable with those of rat TRPV2, exhibited similar surface localization and responded to a novelly identified TRPV2 agonist, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, indicating that human TRPV2 is functionally expressed on the cell surface. Studies using deletion mutants and chimeras between rat and human TRPV2 indicated that both amino- and carboxyl-cytoplasmic termini of rat TRPV2 are important for responses to heat and 2-APB but can be supplied in trans to form an active channel. The present study not only confirms and extends previous reports demonstrating that rat and mouse TRPV2 respond to 2-APB and noxious heat but also indicates that further investigation will be required to elucidate TRPV2 activation and regulatory mechanisms.
New issues in the treatment of isolated systolic hypertension.

The newest hot issue in the field of hypertension relates to the oldest—isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) in the elderly. The article by Fagard et al1 in this issue of Circulation provides important evidence about the response of ISH to antihypertensive therapy. Moreover, the implications of the evidence extend to the management of hypertension of any nature at any age. Before commenting on the findings in this article, I will provide a bit of background. ISH is the most common form of hypertension in those older than 65 years.2 Because this segment of the population is expanding so rapidly, ISH will soon be the most prevalent form of hypertension. Over the last few years, a paradigm shift has occurred, away from the prior concern over an elevation of diastolic pressure to our current awareness that an elevation of systolic pressure and, to an even greater extent, the combination of higher systolic and lowered diastolic pressures (ie, a widening of the pulse pressure) are the major determinants of cardiovascular risk in the elderly.3 This should come as no surprise because the widening pulse pressure reflects atherosclerotic stiffening of the aorta and large capacitance vessels.4 This provides a smaller, rigid reservoir wherein systolic inflow raises pressure and diastolic emptying lowers pressure to a greater degree than occurs with more compliant, elastic vessels. In addition, pulse-wave velocity is faster through stiff vessels, so that the usual reflection of the pressure wave back from the periphery occurs in midsystole rather than diastole, augmenting the already elevated systolic pressure and removing a major support of diastolic pressure. Therefore, the widened pulse pressure so typically found in the elderly reflects both a rise in systolic levels and a fall in diastolic levels. The dangers of high systolic pressure are well known, and unequivocal …
The impact and correction of timing error, frequency offset and phase noise in IEEE 802.11a and ETSI HiperLAN/2

The aim of this paper is to discuss and explore the impact of practical impairments such as timing error, frequency offset and phase noise on the physical layer performance of IEEE 802.11a and ETSI HiperLAN/2. Standard compliant correction techniques are identified or developed to exploit the allocated preambles and pilot symbols embedded in these standards. The paper includes physical layer performance results in the presence of each form of degradation. These results are presented in terms of packet error rate and bit error rate versus signal to noise ratio for IEEE/ETSI standard indoor channel models of A and E. The performance gain of the corrected receiver is then compared to that of an unaided device. Results indicate that an acceptable level of performance can be achieved over the full range of practical impairments given careful receiver design.
Direct Costs of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Control Measures in Germany

On 26 November 2000, the first autochthonous case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was detected in Germany. Since then, a total of 413 BSE cases have been confirmed, resulting in the culling and destruction of 17 313 heads of cattle. In view of the possible risks for human and animal health, Germany has adopted EU regulations along with some additional requirements concerning active surveillance and response measures after detecting a BSE‐positive animal. In this study, we used a stochastic model to estimate the costs incurred by the ensuing legislative amendments responding to BSE between November 2000 and December 2010. The total costs were estimated to range between 1847 and 2094 million Euros. They peaked in 2001 (about 394 million Euros) and declined since. About 54% of the costs (approximately 1000 million Euros) were incurred by the extension of the feed ban for animal protein to all farmed livestock. Active surveillance accounted for 21% (405 million Euros), the incineration of animal protein for 13% (249 million Euros) and the removal of specified risk material for 11% (225 million Euros). Only 1% of the costs was related to response measures after detecting a BSE‐positive animal, including indemnity payments for culled cattle and confiscated carcasses at the slaughterhouse.
Security Analysis for SOA-SCA Based SDO and Solutions for 3 Capability Problems

As an open architecture, SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) provides developers with more freedom. However, its security problem goes from bad to worse. By taken a bank transfer with proxy as an example, this paper analyzed the security issue of SDO (Service Data Object) data model and proposed an mechanism to make sure that the integrity, confidentiality and non-repudiation of SDO data model are preserved by applying encryption/decryption, digest, digital signature and so on. Finally, by applying WIN and WPS tools, this mechanism was developed and its performance was evaluated.
The Habicht Approch to Subresultants

Abstract The Habicht approach to the theory of subresultants is based on studying polynomial remainder sequences (PRS) with indeterminate coefficients, and predicting the effects of specializing these coefficients. This has advantages as noted by Loos. We give a complete treatment of this approach by introducing the concept of pseudo-subresultants.
Structural organization and functional analysis of centromeric DNA in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Centromeric DNA in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was isolated by chromosome walking and by field inversion gel electrophoretic fractionation of large genomic DNA restriction fragments. The centromere regions of the three chromosomes were contained on three SalI fragments (120 kilobases [kb], chromosome III; 90 kb, chromosome II; and 50 kb, chromosome I). Each fragment contained several repetitive DNA sequences, including repeat K (6.4 kb), repeat L (6.0 kb), and repeat B, that occurred only in the three centromere regions. On chromosome II, these repeats were organized into a 35-kb inverted repeat that included one copy of K and L in each arm of the repeat. Site-directed integration of a plasmid containing the yeast LEU2 gene into K repeats at each of the centromeres or integration of an intact K repeat into a chromosome arm had no effect on mitotic or meiotic centromere function. The centromeric repeat sequences were not transcribed and possessed many of the properties of constitutive heterochromatin. Thus, S. pombe is an excellent model system for studies on the role of repetitive sequence elements in centromere function.
SEMISTABILITY OF FIRST-ORDER EVOLUTION VARIATIONAL INEQUALITIES

Semistability is the property whereby the solutions of a dynamical system converge to a Lyapunov stable equilibrium point determined by the system initial conditions. We extend the theory of semistability to a class of first-order evolution variational inequalities, and study the finite-time semistability. These results are Lyapunov-based and are obtained without any assumptions of sign definiteness on the Lyapunov function. Our results are supported by some examples from unilateral mechanics and electrical circuits involving nonsmooth elements such as Coulomb’s friction forces and diodes.
An improved lossy and lossless combined ECG data compression using ASCII character encoding

Electrocardiogram (ECG) compression can significantly reduce the storage and transmission burden in telemedicine applications. In this paper, an improved ECG data compression method using ASCII character encoding is proposed. A QRS detection algorithm firstly applied to separate QRS and non-QRS region. Then, the QRS regions of ECG signal are compressed using lossless method and non-QRS regions are compressed using lossy method, which improves the compression ratio and minimise the reconstruction error between original and reconstructed ECG signal. All tested ECG records are selected from the PTB database. Statistical results show that the compression performance of the proposed method is better than both lossless and lossy ECG data compression technique. The average compression ratio (CR) and percent root mean square difference (PRD) obtained using proposed ECG data compression method are 27.40 and 4.753 respectively, which is better than other existing ECG data compression method.