Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and selective interaction of the 5'-triphosphate with human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase.

The thymidine analog 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (BW A509U, azidothymidine) can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication effectively in the 50-500 nM range [Mitsuya, H. , Weinhold, K. J., Furman, P. A. , St. Clair, M. H. , Nusinoff-Lehrman, S. , Gallo, R. C. , Bolognesi, D. , Barry, D. W. & Broder, S. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 7096-7100]. In contrast, inhibition of the growth of uninfected human fibroblasts and lymphocytes has been observed only at concentrations above 1 mM. The nature of this selectivity was investigated. Azidothymidine anabolism to the 5'-mono-, di-, and -triphosphate derivatives was similar in uninfected and HIV-infected cells. The level of azidothymidine monophosphate was high, whereas the levels of the di- and triphosphate were low (less than or equal to 5 microM and less than or equal to 2 microM, respectively). Cytosolic thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21) was responsible for phosphorylation of azidothymidine to its monophosphate. Purified thymidine kinase catalyzed the phosphorylations of thymidine and azidothymidine with apparent Km values of 2.9 microM and 3.0 microM. The maximal rate of phosphorylation with azidothymidine was equal to 60% of the rate with thymidine. Phosphorylation of azidothymidine monophosphate to the diphosphate also appeared to be catalyzed by a host-cell enzyme, thymidylate kinase (EC 2.7.4.9). The apparent Km value for azidothymidine monophosphate was 2-fold greater than the value for dTMP (8.6 microM vs. 4.1 microM), but the maximal phosphorylation rate was only 0.3% of the dTMP rate. These kinetic constants were consistent with the anabolism results and indicated that azidothymidine monophosphate is an alternative-substrate inhibitor of thymidylate kinase. This conclusion was reflected in the observation that cells incubated with azidothymidine had reduced intracellular levels of dTTP. IC50 (concentration of inhibitor that inhibits enzyme activity 50%) values were determined for azidothymidine triphosphate with HIV reverse transcriptase and with immortalized human lymphocyte (H9 cell) DNA polymerase alpha. Azidothymidine triphosphate competed about 100-fold better for the HIV reverse transcriptase than for the cellular DNA polymerase alpha. The results reported here suggest that azidothymidine is nonselectively phosphorylated but that the triphosphate derivative efficiently and selectively binds to the HIV reverse transcriptase. Incorporation of azidothymidylate into a growing DNA strand should terminate DNA elongation and thus inhibit DNA synthesis.
Trust – current thinking and future research

Purpose – The primary purpose of this article is to introduce the special issue on trust in marketing and the selected papers. However, it has a secondary objective of acting as a brief introduction to the concept of trust, of highlighting the scope and scale of research into the concept in a range of disciplines, and of stimulating more research in areas identified as still being under‐explored.Design/methodology/approach – This is a discursive paper based on analysis and synthesis of trust literature and of submissions to the special issue.Findings – This paper finds that despite a broad spectrum of disciplines that investigate trust, and despite this special issue in the area of marketing, there are still areas open for research into trust in marketing, for example the role of trust in a B2C context, the impact of indirect (referent) experience versus direct experience of levels of trust, and exploring the concept using more interpretivist or phenomenological approaches.Research limitations/implication.
Treatment of hereditary ataxia with the levorotatory form of hydroxytryptophan.

Trouillas et al 1,2 have reported beneficial effects in the treatment of ataxia of varied origins with the dextrolevorotatory form of hydroxytryptophan (dl-5 hydroxytryptophan) (DL-5HTP) and the levorotatory form of hydroxytryptophan (l-5 hydroxytryptophan), (L-5HTP), serotonin precursors. The ataxias lack effective therapy. 3 We treated six patients with hereditary ataxia using the L-5HTP for 1 year. Of the six patients, three were affected with Friedreich's ataxia, two patients with adult-onset dominant ataxia (Marie's, olivopontocerebellar atrophy), and one patient with adultonset recessive ataxia with retained reflexes. 4 The duration of disease in the four males and two females, aged 18 to 50 years, ranged from 3 to 20 years. Four patients were ambulatory and two, both with Friedreich's ataxia, were in wheelchairs. See also pages 449, 451, and 456 After approval by the Food and Drug Administration (Washington, DC) and the Institutional Research Board and with the patients' agreement, treatment
The Corporate Governance of Banks in Nigeria: How Effective are the Boards of Directors?

In the corporate governance of banks, bank boards of directors play a significant role by monitoring and advising management in the formulation and implementation of strategies. Our hypothesis is that certain characteristics of bank boards (size, composition and proactiveness) determine the effectiveness of the boards in carrying out its monitoring and advisory roles. After controlling for heterogeneity and endogeneity using the two-step system estimator, we find that admitting new members into the board improves bank performance up to a certain point 'efficient limit' where continuous increase of the board size begins to destroy value. We observe an inverse relation between board meetings and bank performance which suggest to us that bank boards that meet more often are only reacting to bank's poor performance. This challenges the widespread belief that frequent board meetings play a role that is more proactive than reactive. We agree that bank boards strategically alleviate the problems of governance in banks and reduce the weakness of other corporate governance mechanisms, especially the regulatory and external governance mechanism. Hence empowering boards through incentive packages and enlarged responsibilities with authority to monitor, sanction, reprimand and advise management will be the way forward for the Nigerian banking sector.
THE RELATION BETWEEN FIRM SIZE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISCLOSURE

This paper investigates the level of environmental reporting in corporate annual reports. Specifically, it investigates the extent to which Greek companies have implemented a set of environmental accounting practices and analyzes the relationship between various firm characteristics and environmental disclosures. The results obtained show that the degree of development of environmental accounting practices is low and there is a positive relationship between corporate size and the disclosure of environmental information in annual reports. However, neither profitability nor listing status seems to explain differences in environmental disclosure practices between Greek companies. This study adds to the international research on environmental disclosure by providing empirical data from a country, Greece, where empirical evidence is still relatively unknown, extending the scope of the current understanding of the environmental reporting practices.
Medical Services and Prescription Use for Asthma and Factors that Predict Inhaled Corticosteroid Use Among African-American Children Covered by Medicaid

Many African-American children with asthma are inadequately treated with controller pharmacotherapy. We analyzed 2002 West Virginia Medicaid claims for 300 African-American children to determine demographic and health services use factors that predict inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use. Approximately 38% of the children had a prescription claim for an ICS. Logistic regression showed a direct relationship between the number of claims for short-acting beta-agonists and oral corticosteroids and the likelihood of a child having a claim for an ICS. Children who used a controller agent other than an ICS also were more likely to have filled a prescription for an ICS. We conclude that children in our sample whose prescription use indicated more severe asthma were more likely to have used an ICS. Barriers to adequate pharmacotherapy for African-American children with asthma should be considered during the process of care.
A Study on the Building of Enterprises' Environmental Performance Index System in Social Responsibility Perspective

Environmental issues at home are attracting more concerns as the economy develops at speed.Targeting on the social responsibility,an environmental performance assessment index system in terms of the balanced score card,a relatively scientific approach,could assess the environmental management of enterprises in full scale,which not only helps enterprises fulfill their social responsibility,but is also good for the overall operation and development of enterprises.In addition,along with the improvement of environmental management in China,the conversion of concerns and the change of environmental situation,the index system could be adjusted at times to ensure a precise and scientific environmental performance evaluation result.
Presentation of a generic “EMICO” framework for research exploration of entrepreneurial marketing in SMEs

Purpose – This research paper seeks to contribute to discussions at the marketing and entrepreneurship interface from the small to medium‐sized enterprise (SME) perspective, in particular to further developments in the entrepreneurial marketing (EM) literature by presenting a research framework suitable for research exploration of EM in SMEs.Design/methodology/approach – Development of the “EMICO” framework has taken place within the context of a research project which explores EM orientation in small technology firms. The framework was constructed using EM theory and informed by a range of established orientation scales drawn from the wider literature. Methodological approaches used in refinement of the framework are then described.Findings – The paper reflects on and discusses the contribution that extant EM theory makes to the framework's development, specifically reporting the findings relating to EM theory applied to the SME research context.Originality/value – The paper addresses the paucity of rese.
Prevalence assessment of root dilaceration in permanent incisors

INTRODUCAO: a dilaceracao radicular e uma anomalia dentaria caracterizada por uma curvatura anormal na raiz do dente que pode causar problemas na erupcao e complicacoes durante movimentacao ortodontica, tratamento endodontico ou exodontia. OBJETIVO: o objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a prevalencia da dilaceracao radicular em incisivos permanentes, em uma clinica de radiologia odontologica da cidade de Joao Pessoa/PB. METODO: a amostra foi constituida de 548 pacientes que possibilitaram avaliacoes em suas radiografias dentarias, totalizando 3948 dentes examinados. Examinou-se cada dente segundo a ocorrencia de dilaceracao radicular, com relacao ao tipo (discreta, moderada ou severa), o terco radicular em que se encontrava e a direcao da raiz. A angulacao formada pelo desvio da raiz em relacao ao longo eixo do dente foi obtida por meio de um diagrama impresso em acetato transparente, colocado sobre a radiografia. RESULTADOS: os resultados foram analisados no programa SPSS, efetuando-se uma analise exploratoria dos dados. A prevalencia da dilaceracao radicular na amostra estudada foi de 1,03% (41 casos), com maior incidencia no sexo masculino (65,8%), sendo os incisivos laterais superiores os dentes mais acometidos (78%). O tipo de dilaceracao radicular mais prevalente foi a discreta (73,1%), ocorrendo mais no terco apical (90,2%) e com direcao distal da raiz (95,1%). CONCLUSAO: diante desses resultados, ressaltam-se a importância da realizacao previa de um exame radiografico de diagnostico ao planejar um tratamento em dentes permanentes anteriores.
RFID-Enabled Shelf Replenishment with Case-Level Tagging: A Simulation Study

This contribution tries to quantify the value of RFID data in the FMCG supply chain for a specific application scenario. We consider the use of RFID in the shelf replenishment process in retail stores and present a simulation study on the impact of improved data quality on product availability. First, we show that RFID allows for the redesign of in-store processes which perform more efficiently regarding profits and stock-outs depending on technology costs (i.e. tag costs) and capabilities (i.e. RFID read rates). Further influence factors that need to be considered in detail are personnel costs, inventory holding costs, the respective product’s demand rate as well as other characteristics of the logistical process (e.g. case size). Second, our results indicate that in many cases the maximum benefits can only be drawn from RFID use if decisions on the optimization of shelf space are being made in parallel.
THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY GAP IN SHIPPING - BARRIERS TO IMPROVEMENT

The potential for increased energy efficiency in shipping is evident. Still, ship owners appear reluctant to act on these seemingly cost-efficient measures. This situation is seen in many sectors and is commonly called an "energy-efficiency gap". Decades of research in other sectors have focused on developing taxonomy of barriers using a multitude of research frameworks; from mainstream neo--classical economics, to organizational theory and social psychology. Research has been directed to informing policy makers as well as managers of firms. In this article, this research tradition will be put into the shipping context through interviews and a review of existing literature. Some examples of barriers are discussed in shipping, related to imperfect and asymmetric information as well as to power structures in organizations. Implications for policy makers include the broadening of the role of governments into being a provider of information. Managers of shipping firms are encouraged to look through their organizations in search of principal agent problems and power structures and possibly strive towards organizational change.
Retaining Through Training; Even for Older Workers

This paper investigates whether on-the-job training has an effect on the employability of workers. Using data from the Netherlands we disentangle the true effect of training incidence from the spurious one determined by unobserved individual heterogeneity. We also take into account that there might be feedback from shocks in the employment status to future propensity of receiving firm-provided training. We find that firm-provided training significantly increases future employment prospects. This finding is robust to a number of robustness checks. It also holds for older workers, suggesting that firm-provided training may be an important instrument to retain older workers at work.
A study of the role of gender in family therapy training.

A survey of the role of gender in family therapy training programs was conducted by the Women's Task Force of the American Family Therapy Association (AFTA) in order to determine the extent to which gender issues were included in the curriculum. Questionnaires were sent to 285 programs in the U.S., Canada, and overseas. Only 19% (n = 55) of the original sample participated, with the East Coast representing the largest proportion of respondents. Findings revealed that the three most frequently addressed gender issues are: 1) the impact of cultural and economic conditions on single, female-headed families; 2) gender issues associated with wife abuse; and 3) an examination of the implications of the therapist's gender in therapy interventions. Only 27 programs identify with a feminist model or have a clearly defined sense of gender awareness. A significant finding associated with the introduction of feminist content was the difficulty of integrating gender issues with major theoretical models. Trainee resistance and lack of faculty awareness were also considered obstacles to including gender in program curriculum.
The Sensitive Information Management System for Merger and Acquisition (M&A) Transactions

In M&A transactions, there are many ‘data’ to be handled to complete any given transaction. There are personal and private data in nature to be transferred and examined during the due diligence process and completing the Representations and Warranties in the final contract. The due diligence sometimes requires “personal data” includes supplier and employee data. In most of the countries, data protection issues have long been neglected in merger and acquisition transactions. However, personal data in many forms can be accessed and may be disclosed even without the knowledge of the information owners. To solve the privacy issues in M&A transactions, we introduce a reliable system in M&A to support access protocol based on privacy policies. Our system helps to securely transfer from the target to the acquirer for any given M&A transaction.
Differential Control of Bmal1 Circadian Transcription by REV-ERB and ROR Nuclear Receptors

Circadian rhythms result from feedback loops involving clock genes and their protein products. In mammals, 2 orphan nuclear receptors, REV-ERBα and RORα, play important roles in the transcription of the clock gene Bmal1. The authors now considerably extend these findings with the demonstration that all members of the REV-ERB (α and β) and ROR (α, β, and γ) families repress and activate Bmal1 transcription, respectively. The authors further show that transcription of Bmal1 is the result of competition between REV-ERBs and RORs at their specific response elements (RORE). Moreover, they demonstrate that Reverb genes are similarly expressed in the thymus, skeletal muscle, and kidney, whereas Ror genes present distinct expression patterns. Thus, the results indicate that all members of the REV-ERB and ROR families are crucial components of the molecular circadian clock. Furthermore, their strikingly different patterns of expression in nervous and peripheral tissues provide important insights into functional differences between circadian clocks within the organism.
Separating endogenous ancient DNA from modern day contamination in a Siberian Neandertal

Significance Strict laboratory precautions against present day human DNA contamination are standard in ancient DNA studies, but contamination is already present inside many ancient human fossils from previous handling without specific precautions. We designed a statistical framework to isolate endogenous ancient DNA sequences from contaminating sequences using postmortem degradation patterns and were able to reduce high-contamination fractions to negligible levels. We captured DNA sequences from a contaminated Neandertal bone from Okladnikov Cave in Siberia and used our method to assemble its mitochondrial genome sequence, which we find to be from a lineage basal to five of six previously published complete Neandertal mitochondrial genomes. Our method paves the way for the large-scale genetic analysis of contaminated human remains. One of the main impediments for obtaining DNA sequences from ancient human skeletons is the presence of contaminating modern human DNA molecules in many fossil samples and laboratory reagents. However, DNA fragments isolated from ancient specimens show a characteristic DNA damage pattern caused by miscoding lesions that differs from present day DNA sequences. Here, we develop a framework for evaluating the likelihood of a sequence originating from a model with postmortem degradation—summarized in a postmortem degradation score—which allows the identification of DNA fragments that are unlikely to originate from present day sources. We apply this approach to a contaminated Neandertal specimen from Okladnikov Cave in Siberia to isolate its endogenous DNA from modern human contaminants and show that the reconstructed mitochondrial genome sequence is more closely related to the variation of Western Neandertals than what was discernible from previous analyses. Our method opens up the potential for genomic analysis of contaminated fossil material.
Single-Period Inventory Models with multiple ordering opportunities: a review

Single-Period Inventory Models (SPIMs) or else referred as newsboy model are used to acquire optimal ordering decisions of short life-cycle products facing uncertain demand. Due to longer production and delivery lead-time, SPIM have single-ordering opportunity. To reduce the higher demand variability, the concept of SPIM with multiple ordering opportunities has been adopted in the recent literatures and has proved that the supply chain performance is better than SPIM. This paper broadly studies the literature discussing the SPIM with multiple ordering opportunities under three major classifications such as This paper identifies several research gaps from the existing literatures and proposes a conceptual model based on those gaps. This study also suggests some potential scope for research.
Competition for Internal Funds within Multinational Banks: Foreign Affiliate Lending in the Crisis

We investigate how the lending activities of a multinational bank's affiliates located abroad are affected by funding difficulties in view of the financial crisis. For this, we consider transaction-induced changes in long-term lending to the private sector of 40 countries by the affiliates of the 68 largest German banks. We find that affiliates' local deposits and profitability have been stabilizing loan supply. By contrast, relying on short-term wholesale funding has increasingly proven to be a disadvantage in the crisis, as inter-bank and capital markets froze. Besides, the more an affiliate abroad takes recourse to intra-bank funding in the crisis, the more it becomes dependent on a stable deposit and long-term wholesale funding position of its parent bank. We furthermore detect competition for intra-bank funding across the affiliates abroad as well as an increasing focus on the parent bank's home market activities.
Modafinil effects during acute continuous positive airway pressure withdrawal: a randomized crossover double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

RATIONALE Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use is associated with reduced motor vehicle accidents in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, interruption of CPAP therapy is common and is associated with a decline in daytime function. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that the wakefulness promoter, modafinil, would ameliorate this decline. METHODS Patients were admitted to the laboratory for three consecutive nights. CPAP was used for the first night, followed by a baseline day, and was then withdrawn for the two subsequent nights (nasal airflow monitored). On each of the mornings after the two CPAP withdrawal nights, patients received 200 mg modafinil or placebo (n = 21) in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Treatment periods were separated by a 5-week washout. Driving simulator performance, neurocognitive performance, and subjective alertness were measured by the AusEd driving simulator, psychomotor vigilance task, and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, respectively. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS During CPAP withdrawal, severe sleep-disordered breathing was evident and administration of modafinil improved simulated driving performance (steering variability, P < 0.0001; mean reaction time, P <or= 0.0002; lapses, P <or= 0.01 on a concurrent task), psychomotor vigilance task (mean 1/reaction time and lapses, both P <or= 0.0002), and subjective sleepiness (P <or= 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Modafinil prevented the decline in simulated driving performance, neurocognitive performance, and subjective sleepiness in patients with OSA with acutely interrupted CPAP therapy. Clinical trial registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry at www.anzctr. org.au (ACTRN12606000027516).