Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Organotin Compounds: Toxicokinetic Aspects

Organotin compounds have a broad range of applications. While dialkyltin compounds are used primarily as stabilizers for plastics, trisubstituted organotins are mainly used as biocides e.g., as an active ingredient of marine antifouling paints for boats and ships. Since a number of organotin compounds have been demonstrated to be toxic, there is increasing concern that their widespread use may cause adverse effects within environmental and biological systems. Besides carcinogenic and neurotoxic effects, as well as effects on the reproductive system, the most obvious mammalian effects of both various di‐ and trisubstituted organotins were found on the immune system. Exposure of humans to organotin compounds can take place through consumption of contaminated fish and seafood. In human liver samples, mainly dibutyltin, the metabolite of tributyltin, could be detected indicating that organotin compounds are bioavailable after dietary exposure. The objective of this short review is to present various toxicokinetic aspects of organotin compounds in more detail. While several studies using in vitro systems investigated their metabolism especially by the monooxygenase system, various aspects of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) pathways of different organotin compounds were described by data obtained from several studies with laboratory animals. However, most of these studies were not conducted as full ADME studies but dealt only with some of these aspects. Therefore, for definitive conclusions in some cases, additional information is requested. By reviewing and updating the current literature consideration was given preferentially to those organotin compounds which have relevance with respect to human exposure and/or toxicological effects.
Construction of false sequence attack against PLC based power control system

It is essential to ensure accurate sensor measurements to safely regulate physical process in power control system. Traditional false data injection (FDI) attacks against control system mainly require the attackers to obtain the optimal malicious inputs. Different from the traditional FDI attacks, we present false sequence attack that can disable the fault detection against Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) with partial information about the victim system. Our attack formulation is to identify a discrete event model of collected fault-free I/O traces from compromised PLCs, and find the undetectable false sequences that are selected as desired attacks injected into compromised sensors from the identified model. A representation industrial simulation shows that we construct the false sequence attack against the control system with fault detection.
Anatomy of an overfill: a reflection on the process

The design and implementation of shaping, cleaning and sealing objectives in root canal therapy are fraught with real and potential pitfalls when the anatomic complexity of the space and technical considerations for its instrumentation, disinfection and obturation are contemplated. This review will focus on the genesis of results that lead to endodontic overfills.Wewilllookat howtheliteraturedefinesoverfillandoverextension; attempttoaddressthe consensus opinion on the definition of working length; and determine the effects of shaping geometry on overfill as well as the biological impactofobturationmaterialsthat go beyondtheroot canalspace.In addition, this manuscript willhighlight evidence for the prevention of overfills as well as focus on the local factors that affect repair and healing.
Nonresponse rates are a problematic indicator of nonresponse bias in survey research.

Survey researchers are rightly concerned with measuring the level of potential bias in estimates generated from the surveys.2 Bias in estimates can result from measurement error, processing/editing error, coverage error, and nonresponse error (Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology [FCSM] 2001). It is nonresponse bias that is the focus of this editorial and it is also the subject of the paper by Halbesleben and Whitman (2013) that this editorial accompanies.
Relative indoor spatial tracking and navigation

Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation IPIN is a topic of research and industrial interest. Towards the direction of indoor positioning there are two main alternatives: absolute and relative. Absolute positioning requires infrastructure whereas relative positioning is based on dead reckoning and does not require any infrastructure. In this paper we perform a review of the last ten years of research for relative indoor positioning and navigation. We provide the four building blocks of an IPIN system, generate a taxonomy of methods for indoor positioning, examine the current trends, provide a discussion by analysing strengths, weaknesses and gaps of the state of the art and propose future research directions.
Pulmonary Ventilation and the Oxygen Cost of Exercise in Emphysema.

Next to the respiratory rate, the pulmonary ventilation (or the volume of air respired per minute) is probably the most readily measured index of pulmonary performance. Because of this, one approach to the understanding of the mechanism of dyspnea on exertion has been to compare a patient's ventilation during exercise with his capacity to breathe. The relation between dyspnea and pulmonary ventilation was summarized in 1953 by Richards1 who suggested "that dyspnea occurs whenever the individual's actual ventilation cannot easily be provided by his maximumn breathing capacity. " This suggestion can be interpreted to mean either that dyspnea depends on the numerical relation between the ventilation and the maximum capacity for ventilation or on the amount of effort expended in achieving this ventilation. Because exercise tolerance does not always correlate with measurements of respired gas volumes, and because dyspnea may be related more to the effort of breathing than to the ventilation accomplished, measurements have recently been made of the mechanical forces involved in breathing2 3 and the oxygen cost of ventilation.4 5 It has become clear that emphysematous patients with esophageal catheters in place or voluntarily hyperventilating exert more muscular effort and use more oxygen to breathe a given volume of air per minute than normal subjects. We have studied emphyseimatous patients under controlled conditions of walking during which ventilatory performance, both as to respiratorv rate and volume respired, is largely involuntary and unencumbered by any apparatus other than a mouthpiece and nose-clip. The subjects quickly learn to walk comfortably for 6 minute periods on a motor driven treadmill at a pace of their own choosing-of between 1'/2 and 31⁄22 miles per hour. After a level walk has been completed, the treadmill is tilted to successively steeper grades, from 2% to a grade which produces obvious but not intolerable dyspnea. Selected patients are then asked to complete a 6 minute walk on the steepest grade they can tolerate so that their (involuntary) maximum breathing performance can be determined. In others measurement of gas exchange is carried on through recovery to determine the "oxy-
Intermodulation distortion of Integrated Power Amplifier and filter using single stub tuners for green communication

Integrated Power Amplifier (PA) and filter which is part of important component for Radio Frequency (RF) transmitter is designed using Adavance Design Simulation (ADS). The main aims of the design is to provide linear amplifier and filter at the center frequency of 2 GHz and biased at the conditions of class AB. GaAs transistor is used as an active device due to ability in operating at high frequencies and can generate signals with lesser noise. Linearity of the integragted design was simulated with two tone test and the intermodulation products (OIP3) value resulted to be 50 dBm. ACPR of -50.86 dBC with 10MHz frequency spacing is achieved using the Butterworth Bandpass Filter. On the other side, high linearity will lead to more efficient transmission of the signals.
Interwound and concentric Ruthroff 1∶4 transmission-line transformers using coupled microstrip lines

The goal of this paper is to compare two configurations of Ruthroff un-to-un 1∶4 TLT using coupled microstrip lines. Concentric and interwound Transmission line transformers were simulated by HFSS simulator. The simulated minimum insertion losses of the concentric and interwound TLTs are 0.27 dB at 5.4 GHz and 0.26 dB at 4.5 GHz, respectively. The correspondent bandwidths of these TLTs are 7.22 GHz and 3.59 GHz (when the return loss exceeds 10 dB). The chip areas of these TLTs are 1.26 mm × 0.76 mm and 1.18 mm × 0.68 mm.
Hormone release during mating in the male rat: time course, relation to sexual behavior, and interaction with handling procedures.

The time course of hormone release was studied in male rats which mated with receptive females for 60–120 min. In response, males exhibited rapid increases in plasma LH and PRL levels, which peaked 5–15 min after the initiation of mating. Testosterone (T) levels rose more slowly and peaked at 30–60 min. FSH levels did not change during mating. Similar patterns of hormone release were observed whether blood was collected from etherized rats by decapitation or from unanesthetized rats via indwelling atrial cannulae. When rats were ranked in terms of their relative speed in achieving multiple ejaculations, fast and slow maters did not differ in either the pattern or the magnitude of hormone release during mating. Moreover, hormone release was not related to particular behavioral events in the mating sequence. However, rats which showed no interest in the female also showed no elevations in hormone levels during exposure to a female. Transfer to an empty mating arena produced slight increases in LH and T leve.
A New Standard of Sexual Behavior? Are Claims Associated With the “Hookup Culture” Supported by General Social Survey Data?

Popular media have described intimate relationships among contemporary college students as dominated by a pervasive sexual “hookup culture,” implying that students are involved in frequent sexual encounters pursued by both participants without the expectation of a continuing relationship. The hookup culture has been described as “a nationwide phenomenon that has largely replaced traditional dating on college campuses” (Bogle, 2008, p. 5). We tested whether these claims are supported among young adults (18–25) who had completed at least one year of college. Contrasting 1988–1996 waves of the General Social Survey with 2004–2012 waves, we found respondents from the current era did not report more sexual partners since age 18, more frequent sex, or more partners during the past year than respondents from the earlier era. Sexually active respondents from the current era were more likely than those from the earlier era to report sex with a casual date/pickup or friend, and less likely to report sex with a spouse/regular partner. These modest changes are consistent with cultural shifts in the “scripts” and terminology surrounding sexuality. We find no evidence of substantial changes in sexual behavior that would indicate a new or pervasive pattern of non-relational sex among contemporary college students.
Is fibrinogen a marker of inflammation in coronary artery disease?

E vidence suggests that thrombosis, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are strongly associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Inflammation plays a crucial role in characterizing the formation of atheromatous plaque, as well as its progress.1-6 The secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from the vascular endothelium as well as from macrophages induces the production of inflammatory molecules that are measured in the circulation, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A and fibrinogen.1,5,7 Several studies have focused on fibrinogen, demonstrating a strong association with the presence of CAD, while others failed to show a significant association. Although most of the available data favor the involvement of fibrinogen in CAD, there is still evidence against this hypothesis.
Hemoglobinase Activity of the Lysine Gingipain Protease (Kgp) of Porphyromonas gingivalis W83

ABSTRACT Porphyromonas gingivalis, an important periodontal disease pathogen, forms black-pigmented colonies on blood agar. Pigmentation is believed to result from accumulation of iron protoporphyrin IX (FePPIX) derived from erythrocytic hemoglobin. The Lys-X (Lys-gingipain) and Arg-X (Arg-gingipain) cysteine proteases ofP. gingivalis bind and degrade erythrocytes. We have observed that mutations abolishing activity of the Lys-X-specific cysteine protease, Kgp, resulted in loss of black pigmentation ofP. gingivalis W83. Because the hemagglutinating and hemolytic potentials of mutant strains were reduced but not eliminated, we hypothesized that this protease played a role in acquisition of FePPIX from hemoglobin. In contrast to Arg-gingipain, Lys-gingipain was not inhibited by hemin, suggesting that this protease played a role near the cell surface where high concentrations of hemin confer the black pigmentation. Human hemoglobin contains 11 Lys residues in the α chain and 10 Lys residues in the β chain. In contrast, there are only three Arg residues in each of the α and β chains. These observations are consistent with human hemoglobin being a preferred substrate for Lys-gingipain but not Arg-gingipain. The ability of the Lys-gingipain to cleave human hemoglobin at Lys residues was confirmed by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of hemoglobin fragments resulting from digestion with the purified protease. We were able to detect several of the predicted hemoglobin fragments rendered by digestion with purified Lys-gingipain. Thus, we postulate that the Lys-gingipain of P. gingivalisis a hemoglobinase which plays a role in heme and iron uptake by effecting the accumulation of FePPIX on the bacterial cell surface.
Analysis and configuration of supercapacitor based energy storage system on-board light rail vehicles

This article will propose different energy storage systems, ranging from 0.91 kWh to 1.56 kWh, suitable for a 30 m long tram. To configure the system regarding energy content, voltage variation, maximum current and power losses, a model of the tram, network and substations power flow has been developed in a Matlab/Simulink environment. Results obtained in energy savings at substation level vary from 24% to 27,6% under the same driving profile and auxiliaries load; while at the end-of-life of super capacitors, the range varies from 18,1% to 25,1% depending on the super capacitor module used and vehicle load. The effect of the power converter between the energy storage system and the pantograph will be evaluated in terms of efficiency and rated power.
On the Source-Channel Coding Tradeoff in Networked Control

Abstract This short note considers the source-channel coding tradeoff in networked control systems. Specifically, we consider how to optimally allocate a fixed number of bits to source and channel coding in order to minimize the estimation error variance of a Kalman filter operating over a binary erasure channel. We develop an analytical model for the system performance, quantify the source-channel coding tradeoff and compare the optimal performance with what can be achieved with the optimal performance of a collocated estimator using both analytical studies and extensive monte carlo simulations.
Circular visualization of China’s internal migration flows 2010–2015

We adapted the chord diagram plot to visualize China’s recent inter-provincial migration during 2010–2015. The arrowheads were added to present the direction of the flows. This method allows us to show the complete migration flows between 31 provinces in China including the direction and volume of the flows. The spatial component was also clearly depicted in the plot using four color palates representing four regions in China (i.e. East, Center, West, Northeast) and arranging the 31 provinces in an approximate geographic order. Besides that, we extend the chord diagram plot to describe China’s bilateral net migration during 2010–2015.
Highly Manufacturable and Reliable HfSiON N-FET With Poly-Si/a-Si Stacked Gate for LSTP Applications

We have proposed a novel poly-Si/a-Si/HfSiON transistor to enhance reliabilities without performance degradation for a 65-nm-node low standby power (LSTP) application. By insertion of a thin amorphous-Si layer between the Poly-Si gate electrode and HfSiON, both phosphorus penetration from gate electrode and a reaction at gate electrode/HfSiON interface are successfully suppressed, so that positive bias temperature instability, one of the biggest issues for high-k gate dielectric, is drastically improved by two orders of magnitude. By carefully optimizing the gate stack structure of HfSiON, the HfSiON device can satisfy both lower gate leakage and gate-induced drain leakage at the same time. As a result, an excellent Ion- Istandby (= Ig + loff) characteristic can be achieved, compared to the conventional SiON device. The a-Si insertion technique can realize the combination between the high-k gate dielectric and Poly-Si for future LSTP applications.
Characterization of sulfate transport in cultured tobacco cells.

Sulfate transport by tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Xanthi) cultured in liquid medium was investigated.Transport was linear with time, had a sharp pH optimum between 6.5 and 7.5, and obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The Km varied within the range 2 x 10(-5)m and 4 x 10(-5)m and the maximum velocity was in the range 100 to 400 nanomoles per gram fresh weight.hour. Transport was inhibited more than 90% by 10(-4)m sulfite, thiosulfate, metabisulfite, sulfide, selenate, and chromate, but was inhibited less than 40% by 10(-3)m chloride, nitrate, or phosphate. Selenate was a competitive and sulfide a noncompetitive inhibitor of sulfate transport.The oxidative respiration inhibitors, azide and cyanide, uncoupling reagents, carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and dinitrophenol, and the ATPase inhibitor N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) were all potent inhibitors of transport. Inhibition by CCCP was not prevented by preincubation of cells with dithiothreitol. Removal of CCCP from the transporting medium resulted in a partial resumption of transport, in contrast removal of DCCD had no effect.Sulfate transport was inhibited more than 90% by 10(-4)m mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, or d-cysteine and was abolished by either 10(-5)m N-ethylmaleimide or 10(-4)m iodoacetamide. Removal of mercaptoethanol from the transporting medium resulted in a return to maximal rates of transport whereas when either N-ethylmaleimide or iodoacetamide were removed transport remained inhibited.N-ethylmaleimide (10(-5)m) and iodoacetamide (10(-4)m), which inhibited transport completely, induced the efflux of between 70 and 90% of the transported sulfate in 5 hours. Metabolite efflux was induced by the following compounds, which are listed according to their effectiveness, DCCD, CCCP, mercaptoethanol, and selenate. Increasing the concentration of an inhibitor, in excess of that required to inhibit transport 100%, increased the rate of nonspecific metabolite efflux from the cells.
Turner's syndrome.

Although most children with Turner's syndrome are under the care of specialists, the authors of this article suggest that most affected women can best be served by their primary care practitioners, with the use of informed judgment about the need for referral to specialists. This article reviews current concepts in the genetics, diagnosis, and management of Turner's syndrome.
Two distinct deficits of visual tracking caused by unilateral lesions of cerebral cortex in humans

We studied horizontal visual tracking in 20 patients with unilateral cerebral lesions and in 10 age‐matched control subjects. Five patients, all with posterior lesions, showed impaired smooth pursuit of predictable targets moving toward the side of the cerebral lesion. Using nonpredictable step‐ramp stimuli, we identified two distinct deficits of visual tracking. The first was a unidirectional deficit of smooth pursuit, for targets moving toward the side of the lesion, in response to stimuli presented into either visual hemifield. The second deficit, identified in a sixth patient who did not show pursuit asymmetry to predictable targets, was a bidirectional inability to estimate the speed of a moving target in the visual hemifield contralateral to the side of the lesion; this caused inaccurate saccades to moving (but not stationary) targets and impaired smooth pursuit initiation. These visual tracking deficits were independent of homonymous hemianopia or hemispatial neglect. These two tracking deficits are similar to those described in rhesus monkeys with lesions of the medial superior temporal and middle temporal visual areas.
AM-to-PM Transfer as Reflection of Phase Concavity

Modern communications systems that involve nonlinear, high-power amplifiers, and linearizers typically have many specifications on linearity, including nonlinear phase shift, amplitude modulation-to-phase modulation (AM-to-PM) conversion, carrier-to-third-order-intermodulation (C/3IM) separation, noise power ratio (NPR), and AM-to-PM transfer. For large(ges10 db) carrier separations and high gain linearity, we demonstrate that AM-to-PM transfer in traveling-wave tube amplifiers is approximately proportional to the second derivative of the RF phase versus input drive curve (phase concavity), with a negligible contribution from phase slope. The validity of this approximation improves as the amplifier transfer characteristic approaches that of an ideal limiter. This result allows insight into the AM-to-PM transfer behavior and prediction of the metric with minimal computation. This also allows one to more easily understand the trades involved when optimizing between AM-to-PM transfer and other linearity figures of merit (such as C/3IM).