Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A molecular phylogeny and classification of Leptochloa (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Chlorideae) sensu lato and related genera.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leptochloa (including Diplachne) sensu lato (s.l.) comprises a diverse assemblage of C(4) (NAD-ME and PCK) grasses with approx. 32 annual or perennial species. Evolutionary relationships and a modern classification of Leptochloa spp. based on the study of molecular characters have only been superficially investigated in four species. The goals of this study were to reconstruct the evolutionary history of Leptochloa s.l. with molecular data and broad taxon sampling. METHODS A phylogenetic analysis was conducted of 130 species (mostly Chloridoideae), of which 22 are placed in Leptochloa, using five plastid (rpL32-trn-L, ndhA intron, rps16 intron, rps16-trnK and ccsA) and the nuclear ITS 1 and 2 (ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions) to infer evolutionary relationships and revise the classification. KEY RESULTS Leptochloa s.l. is polyphyletic and strong support was found for five lineages. Embedded within the Leptochloa sensu stricto (s.s.) clade are two Trichloris spp. and embedded in Dinebra are Drake-brockmania and 19 Leptochloa spp. CONCLUSIONS The molecular results support the dissolution of Leptochloa s.l. into the following five genera: Dinebra with 23 species, Diplachne with two species, Disakisperma with three species, Leptochloa s.s. with five species and a new genus, Trigonochloa, with two species.
Modification of anxiety‐like behaviors by nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and time‐dependent changes in N/OFQ‐NOP gene expression following ethanol withdrawal

Anxiety is a key consequence of ethanol withdrawal and important risk factor for relapse. The neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) or agonists at this peptide's receptor (NOP) exert anxiolytic‐like and antistress actions. N/OFQ dysfunction has been linked to both a high‐anxiety behavioral phenotype and excessive ethanol intake. Recent studies suggest a possible link between genetic polymorphisms of the NOP transcript and alcoholism. Thus, in the present study, the effects of intracerebroventricularly administered N/OFQ were tested for modification of anxiety‐like behaviors, using the shock‐probe defensive burying and elevated plus‐maze tests, in ethanol‐dependent versus non‐dependent rats, 1 and 3 weeks following termination of ethanol exposure. Additionally, prepro‐N/OFQ (ppN/OFQ) and NOP receptor gene expression was measured in the central nucleus of the amygdala, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and in the lateral hypothalamus at the same timepoints in separate subjects. One week post‐ethanol, N/OFQ dose‐dependently attenuated elevated anxiety‐like behavior in ethanol‐dependent rats and produced anxiolytic‐like effects in non‐dependent controls in both behavioral tests. However, 3 weeks post‐ethanol, N/OFQ altered behavior consistent with anxiogenic‐like actions in ethanol‐dependent rats but continued to exert anxiolytic‐like actions in non‐dependent controls. These findings were paralleled by ethanol history‐dependent changes of ppN/OFQ and NOP gene expression that showed a distinctive time course in the examined brain structures. The results demonstrate that ethanol dependence and withdrawal are associated with neuroadaptive changes in the N/OFQ‐NOP system, suggesting a role of this neuropeptidergic pathway as a therapeutic target for the treatment of alcohol abuse.
Consequential Life Cycle Assessment of Pasture‐based Milk Production: A Case Study in the Waikato Region, New Zealand

Farm intensification options in pasture‐based dairy systems are generally associated with increased stocking rates coupled with the increased use of off‐farm inputs to support the additional feed demand of animals. However, as well as increasing milk production per hectare, intensification can also exacerbate adverse impacts on the environment. The objective of the present study was to investigate environmental trade‐offs associated with potential intensification methods for pasture‐based dairy farming systems in the Waikato region, New Zealand. The intensification scenarios selected were (1) increased pasture utilization efficiency (PUE scenario), (2) increased use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to boost on‐farm pasture production (N fertilizer scenario), and (3) increased use of brought‐in feed as maize silage (MS) (MS scenario). Twelve impact categories were assessed. The PUE scenario was the environmentally preferred intensification method, and the preferred choice between the N fertilizer and MS scenarios depended upon trade‐offs between different environmental impacts. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to test the effects of choice associated with: (1) the approaches used to account for indirect land‐use change (ILUC) and (2) the competing product systems (conventional beef systems) used to handle the co‐product dairy meat for the climate change (CC) indicator. Results showed that the magnitude of the CC indicator results was influenced by the ILUC accounting approaches and the choice associated with a global marginal beef mix, but the relative CC indicator results for the three intensification scenarios remained unchanged.
A path toward enhanced endurance of a UAV using IMM solar cells

Applications and uses for UAVs are rapidly expanding as the constituent technologies mature. One major drawback of UAVs is the length of time they can fly, which is limited by the energy storage. Solar cells can be added to the wing surface and provide additional power dependent on the sun, weight, wing surface area, and efficiency. Inverted Metamorphic Multi-junction (IMM) solar cells offer advantages over conventional cell technology because they are lighter, more efficient, and more mechanically flexible than crystalline Si allowing for coverage of the curved surface of the wing. NRL is building an UAV with IMM solar cells to improve flight endurance. The aircraft also incorporates the necessary power management system required to maximize the solar power available. In addition to solar cells, this plane will also utilize thermal updrafts to soar.
Postexercise hypotension in moderately trained athletes after maximal exercise.

PURPOSE A similar postexercise hypotension (PEH) has been reported in sedentary and mildly endurance-trained individuals of both sexes after a single dynamic submaximal exercise. In endurance-trained men, the hypotension was associated with a reduction of cardiac output, whereas the peripheral vasodilatation was the main mechanism of this fall in other groups. The present study investigated the occurrence and mechanisms of PEH after a short maximal exercise in professional soccer players with greater endurance capacity than previously reported in PEH studies. METHODS Arterial blood pressure, cardiac output (Q), heart rate (HR), and diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) before and 30 and 60 min after short maximal field exercise were studied in 20 professional soccer players. RESULTS Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP), Q, stroke volume, and DLCO decreased, whereas HR increased at both times after exercise. Decreases in DBP were greater in subjects with lesser VO2max (r = -0.73, P = 0.0001), whereas SBP was more decreased the higher it was at baseline (r = 0.51, P = 0.023). Total peripheral resistance (TPR) did not change significantly after exercise. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that, in moderately trained athletes, postexercise hypotension is associated primarily with reduced cardiac output because of reduced stroke volume, suggesting venous pooling. In addition, the occurrence of hypotension is more frequent in trained subjects with lower cardiopulmonary fitness level or higher resting SBP.
Effects of Acceptor Particle Size on the Efflux of Cellular Free Cholesterol (*)

Several subspecies of human high density lipoprotein (HDL) have been shown to exist, and particle size is one parameter that can be used to distinguish them. Recently, a small HDL subspecies has been described that may be a particularly efficient acceptor of peripheral cell unesterified (free) cholesterol (FC). To address the effects of particle size on the ability of HDL to remove FC from cells, homogeneous, well defined HDL particles were reconstituted (rHDL) that varied in particle diameter within the size range of human HDL particles (7-13 nm). The abilities of each of these particles to remove cellular FC from mouse L-cells and rat Fu5AH hepatoma cells were compared on the basis of their phospholipid (PL) content as well as on a per particle basis. The effect of particle size was also examined using small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) of 25 nm in diameter and large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) of 70-180 nm in diameter. The SUV were prepared by sonication, and the LUVs were prepared by extrusion techniques. The FC efflux efficiency of these particles (in order of decreasing efficiency) was: rHDL > SUV > LUV when compared on the basis of acceptor PL content across a range of concentrations (i.e. at a given PL concentration for these three acceptor classes, smaller particles were more efficient). The FC efflux differences between the rHDL and the vesicles were not due to the absence of apolipoprotein in the vesicles. No difference was detected among the rHDL of varying size, nor was a difference detected among the LUVs of varying size when compared on the basis of PL content. When the FC efflux data for rHDL and LUVs were normalized on the basis of the number of acceptor particles present at a given PL concentration, a correlation was found between acceptor particle radius and the ability to accept cellular FC with larger particles being the most efficient. However, the dependence of the rate of FC efflux on acceptor particle size was not quantitatively the same within the rHDL and LUV classes of acceptor particles. The dependence of FC efflux on acceptor particle size may reflect differing abilities of the variously sized acceptor particles to access the region very close to the cell plasma membrane where most of the FC removal is expected to occur.
Interaction of sulfonylureas and exercise on glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether the plasma glucose-lowering effects of sulfonylureas and acute submaximal exercise are additive and, accordingly, to determine whether they may increase the risk of hypoglycemia when combined in fasting patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Eight postabsorptive type 2 diabetic patients were examined at three occasions: after oral sulfonylurea (7 mg glibenclamide), during 60 min of ergometer cycle exercise at 57 +/- 3% of VO2max, and during exercise after glibenclamide. RESULTS Heart rate, VO2, and lactate responses to exercise were comparable (P > 0.05) on days with and without glibenclamide. Plasma insulin concentrations were always increased by glibenclamide, and they were lowered identically by exercise with and without glibenclamide. However, throughout exercise, absolute concentrations of insulin were lower on days without glibenclamide compared with days with glibenclamide (34.5 +/- 4.7 vs. 47.4 +/- 5.5 pmol/l; P < 0.05). At the start of exercise, glucose concentrations were similar between experiments (P > 0.05). The rate of decrease in glucose during exercise was higher (P < 0.05) on days with both glibenclamide and exercise, compared with days with glibenclamide alone and days with exercise alone (-0.035 +/- 0.009 vs. -0.016 +/- 0.002 and -0.022 +/- 0.005 mmol.l-1.min-1, respectively). Consequently, the glucose nadir was lower on days with glibenclamide and exercise than on days with glibenclamide or exercise alone (6.7 +/- 1.1 vs. 8.1 +/- 0.9 and 7.6 +/- 1.0 mmol/l, respectively; P < 0.05). During exercise, the rate of appearance of plasma glucose determined by 3-[3H]glucose infusion was lower on days with glibenclamide than on days without glibenclamide (2.3 +/- 0.1 vs. 2.9 +/- 0.1 mg.min-1.kg-1; P < 0.05). In contrast, glucose clearance was identical (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In postabsorptive type 2 diabetic patients, the hypoglycemic action of glibenclamide and exercise is enhanced when the treatments are combined. The interaction reflects an increased inhibition by glibenclamide-enhanced insulin levels of hepatic glucose production when hepatic glucose production is accelerated by exercise.
Antitrust in Zero-Price Markets: Foundations

“Zero-price markets,” wherein firms set the price of their goods or services at $0, have exploded in quantity and variety. Creative content, software, search functions, social media platforms, mobile applications, travel booking, navigation and mapping systems, and myriad other products are now widely distributed at zero prices. But despite the exponential increase in the volume of zero-price products being consumed, antitrust institutions and analysts have failed to provide an adequate response to markets without prices.Modern antitrust law is firmly grounded in neoclassical economics — price theory. Steeped in price theory, preeminent antitrust theorists have unsurprisingly urged that without prices there can be no markets, or at least no exercise of market power. This heavy methodological dependence on positive prices has led federal courts and antitrust-enforcement agencies to overlook potentially massive consumer-welfare harms. The dramatic consolidation of the broadcast-radio industry as a result of deregulation in the late 1990s provides one example: during hundreds of merger reviews, the U.S. Department of Justice failed even to consider potential harm to listeners. Yet recent empirical research indicates that such harm likely occurred.These failures to conceive of zero-price markets as antitrust “markets” indicate how fundamentally zero prices challenge traditional theories and analytical frameworks. This Article establishes a novel taxonomy of customer-facing costs, distinguishing “market-signaling” from “non-market-signaling” costs. Crucially, it demonstrates that market-signaling costs are present in many zero-price contexts. The absence of positive prices thus does not foreclose antitrust scrutiny; “trade,” for purposes of the Sherman and Clayton Acts, encompasses zero-price transactions. To continue ignoring welfare harms in these markets would be both unjust and inefficient. The Article concludes by identifying antitrust law’s proper role within — and stance toward — zero-price markets.
Risk of skin cancer and other malignancies in kidney, liver, heart and lung transplant recipients 1970 to 2008—A Swedish population‐based study

Organ transplant recipients are at increased risk of a wide range of malignancies, especially cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Few previous population‐based studies have quantified and compared cancer risks according to graft type and with long‐term follow‐up. Using nationwide Swedish registers, we identified 10,476 recipients transplanted from 1970 to 2008 and followed them for cancer occurrence. Relative risks of cancer in comparison with the general population were expressed as standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and within the transplanted cohort as incidence rate ratios (IRR). During a total follow‐up of 93,432 person‐years, patients were diagnosed with 1,175 cancers excluding SCC, and with 2,231 SCC, SIRcancer excl SCC 2.4 (95% CI, 2.2–2.5); SIRSCC 121 (95% CI, 116–127). Cancer risks were most increased among heart and/or lung recipients SIRcancer excl SCC 3.3 (95% CI, 2.8–4.0); SIRSCC 198 (95% CI, 174–224), followed by kidney SIRcancer excl SCC 2.3 (95% CI, 2.1–2.4); SIRSCC 121 (95% CI, 116–127) and liver recipients SIRcancer excl SCC 2.3 (95% CI, 1.9–2.8); SIRSCC 32 (95% CI, 24–42). During follow‐up, risk of cancer excluding SCC remained stable while risk of SCC tripled over 20 years irrespective of graft type, partly due to a subgroup of patients developing new SCCs at a rapidly increasing rate. In summary, post‐transplant cancer risk varied by transplanted organ and by cancer site, with the bulk of the excess risk driven by an exceptionally high and accelerating risk of SCC. These findings underscore the importance of regular skin screening in organ transplant recipients.
Textual Analysis in Accounting and Finance: A Survey

Relative to quantitative methods traditionally used in accounting and finance, textual analysis is substantially less precise. Thus, understanding the art is of equal importance to understanding the science. In this survey, we describe the nuances of the method and, as users of textual analysis, some of the tripwires in implementation. We also review the contemporary textual analysis literature and highlight areas of future research.
Effects of hydrocortisone acetate treatment on the small intestine of the lactent marsupial Didelphis albiventris.

When hydrocortisone acetate was administered subcutaneously to the lactent Brazilian white belly opossum, it induced precocious intestinal maturation. Histological features of the small intestine were reminiscent of those seen in human protein-caloric malnutrition. There were also indications that the glucocorticoid acted as an inducer of the differentiation of Paneth, goblet and granulomucous cells within the small intestinal epithelium. In the lactent opossum the small intestine is lined by an epithelium containing cells which exhibit intense endocytic activity (Krause et al. 1977; Santiago et al. 1983; H.B. Coutinho, Beck--unpublished) verified that subcutaneous injections of hydrocortisone acetate could determine intestinal closure in lactent opossums. Krause et al. and Santiago et al. have reported that in Didelphis virginiana and Didelphis albiventris, respectively, the goblet cells and Paneth cells differentiate lately in the development of pouch opossum young. Freitas et al. (1982) mentioned that the plasma cortisol level was very low in lactent white belly opossum, but preceding weaning there was an abrupt increase of the plasma cortisol reaching levels comparable to that obtained in adult animals. These facts suggested the need for investigations to clarify if cortisol could act as an inductive agent for the differentiation of goblet cells and Paneth cells in the lactent D. albiventris.
A gene family required for human germ cell development evolved from an ancient meiotic gene conserved in metazoans

The Deleted in AZoospermia (DAZ) genes encode potential RNA-binding proteins that are expressed exclusively in prenatal and postnatal germ cells and are strong candidates for human fertility factors. Here we report the identification of an additional member of the DAZ gene family, which we have called BOULE. With the identification of this gene, it is clear that the human DAZ gene family contains at least three members: DAZ, a Y-chromosome gene cluster that arose 30–40 million years ago and whose deletion is linked to infertility in men; DAZL, the “father” of DAZ, a gene that maps to human chromosome 3 and has homologs required for both female and male germ cell development in other organisms; and BOULE, a gene that we propose is the “grandfather” of DAZ and maps to human chromosome 2. Human and mouse BOULE resemble the invertebrate meiotic regulator Boule, the proposed ortholog of DAZ, in sequence and expression pattern and hence likely perform a similar meiotic function. In contrast, the previously identified human DAZ and DAZL are expressed much earlier than BOULE in prenatal germ stem cells and spermatogonia; DAZL also is expressed in female germ cells. These data suggest that homologs of the DAZ gene family can be grouped into two subfamilies (BOULE and DAZL) and that members of the DAZ family evolved from an ancestral meiotic regulator, Boule, to assume distinct, yet overlapping, functions in germ cell development.
Masticatory muscle activity during deliberately performed oral tasks

The aim of this study was to investigate masticatory muscle activity during deliberately performed functional and non-functional oral tasks. Electromyographic (EMG) surface activity was recorded unilaterally from the masseter, anterior temporalis and suprahyoid muscles in 11 subjects (5 men, 6 women; age = 34.6 ± 10.8 years), who were accurately instructed to perform 30 different oral tasks under computer guidance using task markers. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, repeated measurements analysis of variance (ANOVA) and hierarchical cluster analysis. The maximum EMG amplitude of the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles was more often found during hard chewing tasks than during maximum clenching tasks. The relative contribution of masseter and anterior temporalis changed across the tasks examined (F ⩾ 5.2; p ⩽ 0.001). The masseter muscle was significantly (p ⩽ 0.05) more active than the anterior temporalis muscle during tasks involving incisal biting, jaw protrusion, laterotrusion and jaw cupping, the difference being statistically significant (p ⩽ 0.05). The anterior temporalis muscle was significantly (p ⩽ 0.01) more active than the masseter muscle during tasks performed in intercuspal position, during tooth grinding, and during hard chewing on the working side. Based upon the relative contribution of the masseter, anterior temporalis, and suprahyoid muscles, the investigated oral tasks could be grouped into six separate clusters. The findings provided further insight into muscle- and task-specific EMG patterns during functional and non-functional oral behaviors.
Viewpoint:: Teaching Professionalism: Is Medical Morality a Competency?

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has declared medical professionalism to be a competence analogous to competence at medical practice. Medical educators accordingly seek to develop ways in which to teach and assess medical professionalism as they now teach and assess clinical medicine. The author contends that professionalism is medical morality and that while being moral in the world of medical practice can involve skill, morality differs from domain-based skills such as medicine in important respects. The norms of morality are both more exigent and more difficult to live up to than the norms of medical expertise. And any morality we learn in the course of medical education does not simply establish itself in our repertoire as a new skill, but must contend with our preexisting moral outlook. These differences have implications for the inculcation and assessment of professionalism. Professionalism can be taught, but the current model employed by medical education, cognitive engagement followed by supervised practice, will not suffice for its inculcation. Nor will objective cognitive or behavioral testing suffice for its assessment. Medical educators can seek and achieve compliance with professional norms during the formative periods of training (internship and residency). Committed observance of professional norms cannot be coerced but may emerge among trainees through their responsiveness to the lived moral life of virtuous faculty, encouraged by the tacit and explicit invitation of such faculty to imitation over time. To be valid, assessment of professionalism must be subjective, narrative, personal, undertaken during periods of stress, and obtained during routine activity (rather than on special occasions).