Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Throughput Enhancement of Full-Duplex CSMA Networks via Adversarial Multi-Player Multi-Armed Bandit

This paper investigates the network-level throughput of a full-duplex (FD) enabled CSMA network, considering transmit power (TP) control and carrier-sensing threshold (CST) adjustment. With the FD technique, a transmitter-receiver pair can transmit and receive simultaneously in the same frequency band. The motivation is to find an optimal combination of TP and CST for each link so as to maximize the network throughput. The challenge is that adjusting each link's TP and CST will change the network's carrier-sensing relation and interference relation, which consequently leads to a computationally intractable network optimization problem. To overcome the complexity challenge, we model this network throughput maximum problem within a multi-player multi-armed bandit (MP-MAB) framework, in which the players are the FD-enabled links and the arms are the combinations of TP and CST. The proposed framework can also be viewed as an adversarial MP-MAB due to the hostile contention among links. Furthermore, we propose a refined Exponential-weight algorithm for Exploration and Exploitation (Exp3) to solve this adversarial MP-MAB problem. The refined Exp3 algorithm proceeds in epochs and starts with some prior knowledge. The numerical results show that the proposed method can improve the network throughput by more than 42%, compared with the random selection method. Meanwhile, the proposed algorithm exhibits a fast convergence rate in random network scenario.
Photoplethysmography: Light Emitter Diode Wavelength Derivation from the Absorption Spectra of Haemoglobin

It was demonstrated by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2017 that the Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) is the main cause for deaths globally. Since the CVD is directly related to the human circulatory system in which the heart acts as a pump to push the blood fluid into the system thereby facilitating and allowing fluid flow, in this close circuit system, if the heart is well monitored it will be easy to perceive any malfunctioning of the system on time and take necessary action before it is too late. In the attempt to contribute toward this alarming issue, this work seeks to contribute a Photoplethysmography (PPG) heartbeat sensor design that applies an efficient derivation approach to sensing of optimal wavelengths. There exists few PPG heartbeat sensor design in the literature. Beside the fact that the choice of the operating wavelength selection is of prime importance for good PPG signal sensitivity and detection, most of these works do not clearly explain how and why a specific wavelength was derived. Hence, this work proposes an efficient practical strategy of the transmitter Light Emitter Diode (LED) wavelength derivation based on the molar extinction coefficient from the absorption spectra of the haemoglobin.
Proposal of SOC Unbalancing Solution Combined with Flux-weakening Control for Two-battery HEECS Chopper-based EV Powertrain

This paper proposes a State of Charge (SOC) balancing control combined with flux-weakening for two-battery high-efficiency energy conversion system (HEECS) chopper-based powertrain. The HEECS chopper has an advantage of very high DC-DC power conversion efficiency using two batteries. This HEECS chopper based EV power train can realize longer driving range by changing the DC bus voltage depending on the EV speed [1]. However, SOCs of batteries can be imbalance because the driving pattern is not predictable. This paper proposes an effective method for balancing SOCs by modifying HEECS chopper’s control according to the driving speed. Simulation results show the proposed method extends driving range by 2.8% compared with the conventional SOC balancing method. The SOC difference is very small when the one of SOCs become zero.
An Evaluation of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz ISM Radio Bands Utilization in Backhaul IP Microwave Wireless Networks

In preceding few decades there have been an exceptional development and progress in the area of backhaul IP Microwave Wireless communication technology. One of the causes of this rapid growth is the use of Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio bands often known as free bands for radio transmission and reception. IP Microwave radio links operates in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio bands. For minimizing operational and capital cost IP Microwave radio links operating in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio bands are the most viable communication technologies of recent times. As in ISM radio bands operators does not have to purchase a designated frequency channel for radio transmission and reception. This results in spectrum efficiency across the globe as the Microwave band is mostly populated in metropolitan cities around the world. In the first section of this research work authors have evaluate the pros and cons of the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio bands and in second section we have recommended the use of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio bands depending upon the deployment scenarios and area of interest according to user define applications and minimum bandwidth required for the transmission and reception of delay and jitter free stream of Multimedia traffic.
Design Method for Online Totally Self-Checking Comparators Implementable on FPGAs

In this article, we propose a method for designing online totally self-checking (TSC) comparators for TSC systems implementable on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This method can be used to conduct exhaustive online diagnostics of each lookup table (LUT), which involves mapping the fundamental components of the comparator, with a small number of test patterns by directly measuring output of each LUT. Our method drastically reduces the number of test patterns for exhaustive diagnosis on the order of the input number n [ $O(n)$ ] (n is the input number to the comparator) while maintaining 100% coverage, even if we only know the specifications of the LUT without knowing its detailed structure. FPGAs will be easily applicable to systems that require high dependability. To confirm the soft error rate (SER) in a static random-access memory (SRAM)-based FPGA, we also conducted an experiment involving a single-event upset (SEU) caused by neutron radiation. For this experiment, we designed an FPGA implementation of 1575 identical dual-modular-redundant TSC comparators. The experiment was conducted for 10.4 h, and 34 errors were observed regarding such failures in comparator function. The evaluated SER for the TSC comparator with the proposed method was 0.055 FIT at sea level of New York City.
Optimized Base Station Allocation for Platooning Vehicles Underway by Using Deep Learning Algorithm Based on 5G-V2X

This study proposes to use deep learning algorithm based on 5G-V2X to create an artificial intelligence (AI) model for optimizing 5G base station allocation for platooning vehicles underway. Experimental data are retrieved from the simulation, and parameters, including communication between base stations and vehicles, signal strength, services and speed of platooning vehicles, are investigated to reach the optimal parameter adjustment.
CRUI: Collision Reduction and Utilization Improvement in OFDMA-Based 802.11ax Networks

The number of IEEE 802.11 hotspots is increasing due to popularity and low price, resulting in a dense deployment of wireless local area networks (WLANs). To increase per station (STA) throughput in a densely deployed environment, a new amendment to the WLAN standard, namely, IEEE 802.11ax introduces orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA). Especially, uplink OFDMA-based random access (UORA) enables multiple STAs to have simultaneous random access (RA) to an access point (AP) by using different subchannels. However, due to the nature of RA, UORA suffers from data collisions with the number of contending STAs. Moreover, the bandwidth underutilization problem degrades performance of UORA. In this paper, we propose a scheme, named CRUI, that substantially reduces data collisions and improves bandwidth utilization by using an extra backoff stage and opportunistic subchannel hopping. Through simulation, we demonstrate that our proposed scheme significantly improves UORA performance with lowered collision probability and improved bandwidth utilization while maintaining fairness.
A Lossless Secret Image Sharing Scheme based on Bit Sharing Visual Cryptography

Visual Cryptography is a technique to share the secret information in the images for achieving data/information security. The technique uses encryption and decryption techniques for protecting the data. The secret image is encrypted into number of shares and distributed to the multiple participants. In decryption, the secret image can be reconstructed by combining the subset of the shares using simple computations. In the proposed secret image sharing technique, secret image is partitioned or divided into four shares based on the bit sharing approach. These shares are then covered with different cover images before distributing to the participants. All four shares are required to reconstruct the original secret image.
Energy Efficient Precoding for Massive MIMO Downlink Transmission with Statistical CSI

We investigate energy efficiency (EE) optimization for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission in a single cell downlink scenario where the base station has only access to statistical channel state information (CSI) of the user terminals. To maximize the system EE, we first figure out a solution for the eigenvectors of the optimal transmit covariance matrices in a closed form. Notably, such a solution indicates that it is more favorable to perform energy efficient transmission in the beam domain for massive MIMO downlink, by which we reformulate the original complicated EE optimization precoding design to a simpler power allocation problem in the beam domain. Exploiting the approaches of sequential optimization, fractional optimization, and deterministic equivalent, we further propose an iterative algorithm for power allocation in the beam domain with guaranteed convergence to a stationary point. Numerical results demonstrate the superior performance and the fast convergence of our proposed statistical CSI aided EE optimization approach for massive MIMO downlink.
Injectable Poly-L-Lactic Acid (PLLA): Practical Approaches to Optimize Outcomes

The use of injectable devices for soft-tissue augmentation has been associated with the occurrence of adverse events. The present case report discusses the successful treatment and resolution of painful nodules that were histologically shown to be foreign body granulomas in a patient who had previously received injectable poly-L-lactic acid for the correction of nasolabial folds, the neck, and zygomatic area. Incorrect injection placement and method may have led to the formation of granulomatous nodules. Properly trained professionals can minimize or avoid the occurrence of many of these types of adverse events for their patients by employing proper reconstitution and injection techniques and injecting appropriate/indicated areas. If granulomas do occur, full resolution may be expected following a course of triamcinolone injections.
GPU-Based Redundancy Analysis Using Concurrent Evaluation

Redundancy analysis (RA) is essential for improving memory yield. The recent increase in memory size has made RA more complicated. This article presents graphics processing unit (GPU)-based RA using concurrent evaluation (GRACE), which is an efficient RA technique. In GRACE, to perform dynamic RA, memory faults found during the test are directly analyzed instead of being stored in the fault bitmap in the automatic test equipment (ATE). Therefore, RA is performed simultaneously with the memory test, and the RA latency is eliminated after the test time. Using the GPU, all possible repair cases are examined in parallel; thus, a high memory repair rate is achieved in a short period of time. Also, GRACE can be applied to practical environments where the structure of memory redundancy is complicated. Experimental results indicate that GRACE is faster than other ATE-based RA methods since it completes the RA almost simultaneously at the end of the test. Additionally, the repair rate of GRACE is always higher than those of the other RA methods.
Cross Spectral-Spatial Convolutional Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Hyperspectral imaging system (HSI) uniquely captures a full spectrum of the reflected radiance of any object in the spatial domain (real world), where each substance exhibits different spectral signatures that combine quantitative and qualitative information. HSI is becoming an overpowering technology for accurate image classification and recognition, for that end, it is pervading many, and increasing, fields of application. However, the high dimension of the data and the shortage of labeled training samples are two majors hindrance to more amelioration of the performance. In this paper, a novel Cross Spatial-Spectral Convolution Network (CSSCN) framework based on the convolutional neural network (CNN) with GoogleNet and principal component analysis (PCA) is proposed. By transforming each pixel into a new spectral channel contains all the spectral signature, the maximum spectral features are exploited, and a concatenated convolutional neural network with a dynamic learning rate based on GoogleNet architecture is employed to extract deep spatial features. We thoroughly evaluate the effectiveness of our method on several commonly used HSI benchmark data sets. Promising results have been achieved when comparing the proposed CSSCN with the state of the art of HSI classification.
Anti-Sweep-Jamming Method Based on the Averaging of Range Side Lobes for Hybrid Modulation Proximity Detectors

Hybrid modulation continuous waveform (HMCW) proximity detectors emit binary phase-coded chirp (BPCC) waveforms. Therefore, they possess the advantages of binary phase-coded modulation and chirp modulation simultaneously. To enhance the anti-sweep-jamming performance of HMCW detectors, this paper analyses the response of an HMCW detector under sweep jamming and proposes an anti-jamming method based on the novel average range side lobe (ARS) approach. Similar to the instant correlation with harmonic demodulation (ICHD) method, the ARS method also combines time-domain instantaneous correlation with frequency-domain harmonic demodulation to obtain the range information of the target. The difference is that the ARS method uses a fast Fourier transform (FFT) instead of a band pass filter (BPF) to extract the harmonic envelope and averages multiple harmonic coefficients obtained via the FFT. Because the correlation side lobes of chaotic codes follow a Gaussian distribution, the output of an HMCW detector under sweep jamming is suppressed after ARS processing. The proposed method is proven to be feasible and effective through numerical simulations. The results show that the ARS method offers improved anti-sweep-jamming performance.
Research on Symmetrical LLC Converter Applied to DC Transformer

This paper analyzes the advantages of asymmetric LLC converter applied to a bidirectional DC transformer. The symmetric LLC converter has the same voltage gain curve in the forward and reverses directions due to the symmetry of the resonant tank, and its voltage gain is one at the first resonant frequency. Through the reverse current generated by the transformer's magnetizing inductance and the external inductor, although the switching frequency sets the first resonant frequency, the primary and secondary switches can achieve zero voltage switching under any load conditions. The controller only needs to use the open loop circuit to synchronize the switching signals of the primary side and the secondary side to complete the automatic bidirectional power flow action, which has the advantage of the simple control. This paper analyzes the above advantages by theory and verifies the correctness of the arguments by simulation and implementation. The implementation of an 18kW prototype symmetric LLC bidirectional DC transformer as a verification, its efficiency performance is more than 97%.
Modelling and Simulation of an Integrated 28-GHz Rotman Lens Beamformer for 5G Subsystems

This paper presents the modelling and simulation of an integrated millimetre-wave (mm-wave) subsystem module, comprising a beamforming network (BFN) based on the flexible Rotman lens, along with the antenna arrays of resonant series-fed rectangular patches. The developed passive switched-beam network is intended for operation in the 28-GHz band, for the deployment in the fifth generation (5G) systems. The primary objective of this work is to conduct the feasibility of developing a lens-fed array subsystem based on the liquid-crystal polymer (LCP) substrate and to evaluate the performance in terms of the main figure of merit for the beam steering. The performance in terms of the generated electromagnetic (EM) radiation patterns has been shown. The BFN exhibits significant characteristics, to be utilised as a low-profile unit of the 28-GHz transceivers with the in-built electronic beam steering for the flexible 5G systems.
Low–Frequency Noise in Vertically Stacked Si n–Channel Nanosheet FETs

This manuscript presents a systematic low–frequency noise analysis of inversion–mode vertically stacked silicon n–channel nanosheet MOSFETs on bulk wafers. Flicker noise due to carrier number fluctuations is shown as the dominant noise source, which is in line with previous reported studies on gate-all-around (GAA) nanowire nMOSFETs. In addition, the benchmark points out that the vertical stacking approach does not deteriorate the oxide trap density, since its normalized input–referred voltage noise Power Spectral Density at flat–band is lower compared to the data on non–stacked horizontal nanowire nMOSFETs. Another finding is that the Coulomb scattering mechanism dominates the mobility.
Alleviating Vergence-Accommodation Conflict in Stereoscopic Projection by Time-Multiplexed Projection with Focal Sweep

Vergence-accommodation (VA) conflict occurs with conventional stereoscopic projection. The VA conflict may cause user discomfort. In this paper, we propose a method of time-multiplexed projection synchronized with a focal sweep. We created an experimental system consisting of a high-speed projector and focus tunable lens. We verified the operation of the system at three levels of depth. Test subjects suggested the effectiveness of the system.
Ear Recognition for Young Children

Recognition of children using biometrics is a current and critical world issue that needs to be addressed, for the safety and wellbeing of our children. There has been extensive research with regards to adult biometric recognition. It is interesting to note that for children very little work has been done. This paper presents work that has been done on ear recognition for young children (individuals from age zero to 18 years). It comprises of the significance of using biometrics to recognize children, the advantages of using ear recognition and related work that has been done on ear recognition for children. In closure it seeks to unravel unanswered questions and looks to future prospects.
Advanced Numerical Simulation Of Three-Phase Magnetic Shielding Superconducting Fault Current Limiter

Magnetic shielding superconducting fault current limiters (MS-SFCLs) are considered as a new utility device. It is connected in series with the line circuit to limit short circuit currents. Various models of inductive MS-SFCL have been presented for fault current limitation. In this manuscript, a new model of three-phase MS-SFCL is proposed taking into account a better dynamic performance, magnetic shielding, volume, weight and manufacturing cost. The model structure is based on a magnetic core wound by only three primary coils, using an open/close core configuration. The application of MS-SFCL in electric power system depends on the transition from the shielding state to quenching state. The MS-SFCL has low impedance in normal operation of the power grid and has instantaneous large impedance in case of fault. The effectiveness of proposed MS-SFCL is simulated numerically by finite element modeling (FEM) in QuickField simulation software.
Reliable Control Message Exchange in Wireless Real-World Multi-Path Deployments

Modern User Equipments (UEs) like mobile phones, are having multiple network interfaces such as LTE and WiFi. Additionally, solutions like Multipath-TCP (MPTCP), Multipath-UDP (MPUDP), Multipath-QUIC (MPQUIC), etc. are focused on utilising multiple network interfaces in parallel to give enhanced performance. In recent past, MPTCP solution itself is deployed by many Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) under various commercial names (GigaLTE in South Korea, NextG in Thailand, etc.). However these solutions are deployed as an operator feature, in a controlled environment and are having DNS resolution followed by control message-exchange-sequence for enabling the MPTCP feature. For these control messages, one fixed network interface is used, which is either 4G LTE, 5G New Radio or WiFi. When that particular network interface has poor signal condition, the enabling of MPTCP feature fails. Even though MPTCP has load balancing within itself to handle the network interface in poor condition, it never gets the chance to do so due to above challenge of fixed network interface for control message. We considered this limitation and proposed an innovative idea in this paper, which consists of novel controller elements and control flow. This idea enhances the reliability of UEs which are dealing with network interfaces having poor condition, in controlled MPTCP environments. We have successfully implemented this idea in Samsung Galaxy Note9 and S9 variants for regions where it has MPTCP feature deployed. With our new idea we are able to achieve around 8% improvement in reliability of control signal while dealing with poor network conditions for LTE and WiFi.
Design and Testing of a Square Helmholtz Coil for NMR Applications with Relative Improved B1 Homogeneity

In this article, a radiofrequency (RF) coil that can produce a high electromagnetic field homogeneity to be used for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) applications is pondered. Helmholtz Coils are a special arrangement of loops such that when an electric current is applied to them, the resultant magnetic field generated between the coils is extremely uniform. Coils configured in this way are also used for applying or measuring fields and are useful for experiments and calibration where a known ambient magnetic field is required. Helmholtz coils play an important role to acquire magnetic resonance images with maintaining good magnetic field homogeneity. In this work, a square Helmholtz coil is designed and tested. The main objectives are to calculate the magnetic field provided by the square Helmholtz coils at any point in space and to show that it is uniform. Simulation is one of the most important parts of this work by which mathematical equations are simulated to investigate the axial magnetic field produced by square loops. Also, electrical modeling for Square Helmholtz coils is carried out. Besides this, the square Helmholtz coil is implemented experimentally and the theoretical and practical results are compared.
A Low-Hardware-Complexity Rate Control Scheme for High Efficiency Video Coding

High-efficiency video coding (HEVC) is the emerging video coding standard, which provides a coding bit-rate reduction of up to 50% compared to the previous-generation video compression standard, H.264/AVC. A wide variety of video coding applications are applied in mobile devices; they suffer from the limited time-amending transmission bandwidth during data transmission. We present a low-hardware-complexity HEVC ME design that is not only aware of transmission bandwidth changes but capable of acceptable coding performance. In comparison with the HEVC test model (HM-16.6), the introduced HEVC ME scheme with rate-control capability can be realized in VLSI.