Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Patterning of the cranial nerves in the chick embryo is dependent on cranial mesoderm and rhombomeric metamerism

The vertebrate peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of two groups of nerves that have a metamerical series of proximal roots along the body axis: the branchial and spinal nerves. Spinal nerve metamerism is brought about by the presence of somites, while that of the branchial nerves is, in part, intrinsic to rhombomeres, the segmental compartments of the hind‐brain. As the distribution pattern of neural crest cells prefigures the morphology of the PNS, we constructed tissue‐recombinant chick embryos in order to determine factors that might regulate the crest cell distribution pattern. When the segmental plate was transplanted between the hind‐brain and the head mesoderm before crest cell emigration, it developed into ectopic somites that inhibited the dorsolateral migration of crest cells such that formation of the cranial nerve trunks was disturbed. Even so, proximal portions of the nerve roots were intact. An ectopic graft of lateral mesoderm did not inhibit the directional migration of the crest cells, but allowed their ectopic distribution, resulting in the fusion of cranial nerve trunks. When spinal neurectoderm was transplanted into the hind‐brain, the graft behaved like an even‐numbered rhombomere and caused the fusion of cranial nerve roots. The identity of the spinal neurectoderm was preserved in the ectopic site analyzed by the immunolocalization of Hoxb‐5 protein, a spinal cord marker. We conclude that the spatial distribution of cephalic crest cells is regulated by successive processes that act on their proximal and distal distribution. The migratory behavior of crest cells is achieved partly by an embryonic environment that is dependent upon the presence of somitomeres, which do not epithelialize as somites, in the trunk.
SOME EFFECTS OF WORT COMPOSITION ON THE RATE AND EXTENT OF FERMENTATION BY BREWING YEASTS

The time required to ferment worts of varied composition to a given extent is dependent upon the extent of exponential growth in the early stages of fermentation; in the worts studied this is determined by the concentration of assimilable nitrogen. When the concentration of all the non-carbohydrate nutrients in malt wort is halved by dilution with carbohydrate, the addition of appropriate quantities of serine or arginine restores the rate of fermentation to that of the malt wort. Minor nutrients, other than amino acids specifically required by the yeasts used, are thus present in at least two-fold excess in the malt wort. The yeast produced during exponential growth in malt wort (sp.gr. 1·040) is able to ferment rapidly much greater quantities of fermentable carbohydrate than are present in that wort. The majority of the strains of yeast examined ferment equally well when either glucose or maltose is added to malt wort and do so whether the sugar is added prior to fermentation or towards the end; however, one strain fails to ferment satisfactorily if a substantial quantity of glucose is added to wort prior to fermentation, because of the subsequent failure of the yeast to adapt to ferment maltose. It is suggested that most brewing strains do not require to adapt to maltose utilization during the fermentation of wort.
ERG Responses in Mice with Deletion of the Synaptic Ribbon Component RIBEYE

Purpose To determine the influence of RIBEYE deletion and the resulting absence of synaptic ribbons on retinal light signaling by electroretinography. Methods Full-field flash electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded in RIBEYE knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) littermate mice under photopic and scotopic conditions, with oscillatory potentials (OPs) extracted by digital filtering. Flicker ERGs and ERGs following intravitreal injection of pharmacological agents were also obtained under scotopic conditions. Results The a-wave amplitudes were unchanged between RIBEYE KO and WT mice; however, the b-wave amplitudes were reduced in KOs under scotopic, but not photopic, conditions. Increasing stimulation frequency led to a greater reduction in RIBEYE KO b-wave amplitudes compared with WTs. Furthermore, we observed prominent, supernormal OPs in RIBEYE KO mice in comparison with WT mice. Following intravitreal injections with l-2 amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid and cis-2,3 piperidine dicarboxylic acid to block ON and OFF responses at photoreceptor synapses, OPs were completely abolished in both mice types, indicating a synaptic origin of the prominent OPs in the KOs. Conversely, tetrodotoxin treatment to block voltage-gated Na+ channels/spiking neurons did not differentially affect OPs in WT and KO mice. Conclusions The decreased scotopic b-wave and decreased responses to increased stimulation frequencies are consistent with signaling malfunctions at photoreceptor and inner retinal ribbon synapses. Because phototransduction in the photoreceptor outer segments is unaffected in the KOs, their supernormal OPs presumably result from a dysfunction in retinal synapses. The relatively mild ERG phenotype in KO mice, particularly in the photopic range, is probably caused by compensatory mechanisms in retinal signaling pathways.
Callose deposition during the interaction between cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and the monokaryotic stage of the cowpea rust fungus (Uromyces vignae).

The interaction between the race 1 of the cowpea rust fungus (Uromyces vignae Barclay) and the resistant cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ) ev. Queen Anne is characterized by the deposition of callose around intracellular fungal structures. Ultrastructural examination of the early stages of infection by basidiospores of the fungus revealed two types of deposits induced by intracellular hyphae: a non-callose collar at the penetration site and a callose encasement around the invasion hypha. The callose encasement was developed from the site where the fungus encountered the inside of the plant cell wall and was separated from the fungus by the extrahyphal membrane and an extension of plant plasma membrane. The incidence of encasements was reduced in plants treated with inhibitors of transcription (actinomycin D), protein synthesis (cycloheximide), protein glycosylation (tunicamycin) and microfilament polymerization (cytochalasin E). Inhibitors of Golgi-associated vesicle transfer (monensin, brefeldin A) and anti-microtubule agents (colchicine, oryzalin) had no effect. When the fungus was killed by heat treatment in either the resistant or the susceptible cultivar, callose was deposited at various locations along the fungus, mostly in the extrahyphal matrix. The data suggest that unlike the extrahaustorial membrane surrounding D-haustoria of this fungus, the extrahyphal membrane is capable of generating callose. Since this process does not normally occur in the susceptible or the resistant cv. even when callose is deposited in the latter by regions of the plasma membrane not associated with the fungus, we conclude that the deposition of callose by the extrahyphal membrane is inhibited by the living fungus.
An Infant Milk Formula Supplemented with Heat-Treated Probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CECT 8145, Reduces Fat Deposition in C. elegans and Augments Acetate and Lactate in a Fermented Infant Slurry

Pediatric obesity has a growing health and socio-economical impact due to cardiovascular and metabolic complications in adult life. Some recent studies suggest that live or heat-treated probiotics have beneficial effects in preventing fat deposition and obesity in preclinical and clinical sets. Here, we have explored the effects of heat-treated probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CECT 8145 (HT-BPL1), added as a supplement on an infant milk formula (HT-BPL1-IN), on Caenorhabditis elegans fat deposition and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactate, using fermented baby fecal slurries. We have found that HT-BPL1-IN significantly reduced fat deposition in C. elegans, at the time it drastically augmented the generation of some SCFAs, particulary acetate and organic acid lactate. Data suggest that heat-treated BPL1 maintains its functional activities when added to an infant powder milk formula.
Proactive Priority Based Response to Road Flooding using AHP: A Case Study in Dammam

This paper proposes an AHP based real-time solution to facilitate response to road flooding which is a recurrent issue in almost all cities in Saudi Arabia. In the event of heavy rains, municipalities face a surge in the demand to attend to road flooding incidents and it can be difficult to decide which road sections to prioritize. The study first introduces the proposed web-based road flooding management system which utilizes a variety of different information including real-time and historical weather data, digital terrain data and descriptive road parameters to provide flood response teams with clear information on the real-time status of roads. It then proposes the AHP based multi-parameter decision analysis solution which analyses the significance of the road parameters with respect to each other and assigns a specific response priority to each road section. This final priority will allow flood response teams to expedite the response to road sections with a higher priority, thus improving the efficiency of flood responses.
Analysis, Design, and Preliminary Evaluation of a Parallel Elastic Actuator for Power-Efficient Walking Assistance

This paper introduces the analysis, design and preliminary evaluation of a self-integrated parallel elastic actuator (PEA) with an electric motor and a flat spiral spring in parallel to drive the hip joint of lower limb exoskeletons for power-efficient walking assistance. Firstly, we quantitatively analyze the reason why the parallel elasticity (PE) placed at the sagittal hip joint can reduce the motor power requirement during walking assistance, which contributes to the theory of PEA development and application. The design of the PEA is then introduced in detail. The novelty of the design is that the actuator is reduced in size by integrating the spring into the motor, and the requirement of spring stiffness is significantly reduced by placing the spring directly parallel to the motor shaft. Furthermore, both the simulation based on dynamic modeling and benchtop experiment are conducted preliminarily to evaluate the performance of the PEA with nine spring stiffnesses in a range from 0 – 5.29 mN $\cdot \text{m}$ /rad regarding two indexes including the average and maximum positive electrical power of the motor. Their results show that the two indexes become smaller when the PE is attached and decrease as the spring stiffness increases. When the PE with a stiffness of 5.29 mN $\cdot \text{m}$ /rad is attached, the actuator obtains the largest reduction rate of 11.99 and 16.84 % in the average (root mean square) and maximum positive electrical power of the motor in the simulation and 10.3 and 26.25 % in the experiment, respectively. Those results provide evidence for the applicability of the newly designed PEA in driving a lower limb exoskeleton with high power efficiency during walking assistance for paraplegic patients with complete loss in walking ability.
Angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry as therapeutic targets in ovarian cancer

Tumor angiogenesis is an essential process for growth and metastasis of cancer cells as it supplies tumors with oxygen and nutrients. During tumor angiogenesis, many pro-angiogenic factors are secreted by tumor cells to induce their own vascularization via activation of pre-existing host endothelium. However, accumulating evidence suggests that vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a key alternative mechanism for tumor vascularization when tumors are faced with insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients. VM is a tumor vascularization mechanism in which tumors create a blood supply system, in contrast to tumor angiogenesis mechanisms that depend on pre-existing host endothelium. VM is closely associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in many cancers. Therefore, inhibition of VM may be a promising therapeutic strategy and may overcome the limitations of anti-angiogenesis therapy for cancer patients. In this review, we provide an overview of the current anti-angiogenic therapies for ovarian cancer and the current state of knowledge regarding the links between microRNAs and the VM process, with a focus on the mechanism that regulates associated signaling pathways in ovarian cancer. Moreover, we discuss the potential for VM as a therapeutic strategy against ovarian cancer.
Understanding Problems through Assignment Presentation: A Replication Study

This study explores how a well-formed programming assignment can assist students in understanding a problem. To determine whether the presentation of a programming assignment might help CS1 students better understand the problem, we perform a comparable replication study using Soloway’s Rainfall Problem. This study integrates scaffolding treatments from prior studies using the Rainfall Problem into a theoretical assignment design pattern, to form a new presentation context. A survey was used to gain insight into how students perceived the presentation helped them understand the problem and potentially helped them solve the programming tasks. Results from the study show plan composition and natural language translation a challenge, but students appreciate the additional guidance from the assignment presentation in the form of hints and bullet points formatting to identify tasks. From the results, we are considering these scaffolding treatments and assignment presentation for future CS1 programming assignments.
Seed-bank contributions to regeneration of shrub species after clear-cutting and burning

Seed banks contributed significantly to regeneration of early seral shrubs after clear-cutting and fall broadcast burning of dense coniferous forests of the Thuja plicata/Clintonia uniflora habitat type in northern Idaho. Seeds were separated from 36 samples of soil and surface organic matter from 15 uncut forest stands. Total seed density averaged 1151 ± 1896 seeds/m2, and seed density for individual shrub species ranged from 1 ± 3 to 690 ± 1728 seeds/m2. Canopy cover of the "obligate" seed bank species, such as Ceanothus sanguineus and Prunus emarginata, was low or nonexistent in uncut forests, seed constancy and density in seed bank were high, and seedling regeneration on 2-year-old burns was abundant. Species that were "non-reliant" on seed banks, including Symphoricarpos albus and Rosa gymnocarpa, resprouted and no seedlings were found after burning. Response of "opportunistic" seed-bank species such as Rubus parviflorus and Rubus ursinus was intermediate; both seedling and sprout regeneration occurr.
Metagenome Assembly and Metagenome-Assembled Genome Sequences from a Historical Oil Field Located in Wietze, Germany

Crude oil-polluted sites are a global threat, raising the demand for remediation worldwide. Here, we investigated a crude oil metagenome from a former borehole in Wietze, Germany, and reconstructed 42 metagenome-assembled genomes, many of which contained genes involved in crude oil degradation with a high potential for bioremediation purposes. ABSTRACT Crude oil-polluted sites are a global threat, raising the demand for remediation worldwide. Here, we investigated a crude oil metagenome from a former borehole in Wietze, Germany, and reconstructed 42 metagenome-assembled genomes, many of which contained genes involved in crude oil degradation with a high potential for bioremediation purposes.
Operating Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems With Demand-Side Resources Considering Cyber Malfunctions

Demand-side resources (DSRs) have been shown to be valuable for providing reserve capacity and enhancing the reliability of power systems with high wind power penetration. The successful utilization of DSRs relies heavily upon the infrastructure of advanced information and communication technologies (ICTs). Notably, ICT systems may suffer from cyber attacks and communication latency, which could result in the malfunctions of DSRs and consequently bring adverse impacts on the reliability of power systems. In this paper, a novel operating reliability evaluation framework for multi-state power systems with DSRs and wind power considering malfunctions of cyber systems is proposed. For avoiding increasing complexity caused by multiple system states, an analytic method based on Lz transform technique is proposed to achieve dynamic system reliability. The reliability model for a typical hierarchical decentralized control infrastructure in demand side considering cyber attacks and communication latency is first proposed. Then, reserve capacity from DSRs considering stochastic behavior under the cyber infrastructure is modelled. Moreover, multi-state models for power generation systems with stochastic wind power and conventional generation are developed considering cyber malfunctions. Reliability indices based on load curtailment by conducting optimal power flow for various system states are utilized for reliability assessment. A modified IEEE RTS with four cases is adopted to validate the proposed model and method, which denotes that reserve capacity from DSRs can definitely enhance system operating reliability and affected by proportions of DSRs, consideration of cyber malfunctions, actual committed time for DSRs and initial system conditions.
Mortality Secondary to Unintentional Poisoning after Inpatient Rehabilitation among Individuals with Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

Studies have shown reduced life expectancy following moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) with death due to unintentional poisoning (UP) 11x higher following TBI than in the general population. The characteristics of those who die of unintentional poisoning are compared to those who die of other causes (OC) in a retrospective cohort who received inpatient rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and enrolled in the TBI Model Systems National Database between 1989 and 2017 (n = 15,835 cases with 2,238 deaths recorded). Seventy-eight cases (3.5%) of deaths were due to UP, 76% were due to OC, and 20.5% died of unknown cause. Among the UP deaths, 90% involved drugs (of these 67% involved narcotic drugs and 14% psychostimulants) and 8% involved alcohol. Age- adjusted risk for UP death was associated with: White/Non-Hispanic race/ethnicity, living alone, non-institutionalization, pre- and post-injury illicit drug use and alcohol/drug problem use, any alcohol use at last follow up, better Functional Independence Measure TM (FIM) scores, history of arrest, moderate disability (vs severe disability or good recovery), less supervision needed, and greater anxiety. Adults who receive inpatient rehabilitation for TBI who die due to UP are distinguishable from those who die of OC. Factors such as pre-injury substance use in the context of functional independence may be regarded as targets for prevention and/or intervention to reduce substance use and substance-related mortality among survivors of moderate-severe TBI. The current findings may have implications for medical care, surveillance, prevention, and health promotion.
Implementation of DRM Receiver Based on Android Platform

Today, digital broadcasting technology represented by DRM(Digital Radio Mondiale) is gradually replacing the traditional analog AM broadcasting. In this context, the source code of digital AM broadcast transceiver software based on DRM standard is released in foreign countries. The main job of this paper is to transplant the DRM receiver on the PC to the Android platform with Android Studio.
Soil organic carbon as affected by direct drilling and mulching in sugar beet – wheat rotations

The effect of conventional ploughing, mulching, and direct drilling on the soil organic C (soil Corg) contents through the soil profile and on total soil Corg stocks (0–45 cm) was investigated at five different German sites. All sites showed similar results: after 10–13 years, soil Corg contents in the surface soil (0–10 cm) were 15–71% and 33–42% higher under direct drilling and mulching, respectively, than under ploughing (8–18 g kg−1). Under ploughing, the soil Corg contents were distributed homogenously through the soil profile. Either mulching or direct drilling resulted in 3–28% higher soil Corg stocks than ploughing (49–116 t ha−1). However, the tillage management was no significant factor since the sites showed the effects to different extents but were the mathematical replications. Five to six years later, trends and values were similar. We concluded that the main effect of mulching or direct drilling was the stratification with higher soil Corg contents in the surface soil. Since this is a positive means for soil protection, we suggested that the use of mulching or direct drilling can contribute to a sustainable soil management in crop rotations with sugar beet which are characterized by a strong physical impact on the soil during harvest.
Role of the follicle cells and the oocytes in ecdysone biosynthesis and esterification in vitellogenic females of Locusta migratoria

Summary Follicle cells have been dissected from vitellogenic ovaries and isolated by collagenase treatment and centrifugation. The cell pellets were incubated with high specific activity tritiated 2-deoxyecdysone and 2,22,25-trideoxyecdysone. Both molecules were readily converted to ecdysone. A privileged sequence of hydroxylations was evidenced for the trideoxyecdysteroid: C-25; C-22; C-2. A significant amount of 2-deoxyecdysone and ecdysone was esterified to Helix hydrolysable conjugates both by the isolated follicle cells and by ooplasm preparations. In the ooplasm, the C-2 hydroxylase, but not the C-22 and C-25 hydroxylation systems, was found to be active. A relatively low level of C-20 hydroxylation was observed in the follicle cells.
Refined Extraction Of Building Outlines From High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery Based on a Multifeature Convolutional Neural Network and Morphological Filtering

The automatic extraction of building outlines from high-resolution images is an important and challenging task. Convolutional neural networks have shown excellent results compared with traditional building extraction methods because of their ability to extract high-level abstract features from images. However, it is difficult to fully utilize the multiple features of current building extraction methods; consequently, the resulting building boundaries are irregular. To overcome these limitations, we propose a method for extracting buildings from high-resolution images using a multifeature convolutional neural network (MFCNN) and morphological filtering. Our method consists of two steps. First, the MFCNN, which consists of residual connected unit, dilated perception unit, and pyramid aggregation unit, is used to achieve pixel-level segmentation of the buildings. Second, morphological filtering is used to optimize the building boundaries, improve the boundary regularity, and obtain refined building boundaries. The Massachusetts and Inria datasets are selected for experimental analysis. Under the same experimental conditions, the extraction results achieved with the proposed MFCNN are compared with the results of other deep learning models that have been commonly used in recent years: FCN-8s, SegNet, and U-Net. The results on both datasets reveal that the proposed model improves the F1-score by 3.31%–5.99%, increases the overall accuracy (OA) by 1.85%–3.07%, and increases the intersection over union (IOU) by 3.47%–8.82%. These findings illustrate that the proposed method is effective at extracting buildings from complex scenes.