Human Problems: Sick Role Behavior Among Chronic Disease Sufferers and Various Treatment Models to Increase It

This article is aimed to conduct a review of research related to therapy or treatment used to enhance sick role behavior. This study uses a literature review on subjects with chronic disease to assess therapies in improving sick role behavior. The research used mostly uses single experiments and group experiments. This review discusses interventions in humanism, therapies used in sufferers of chronic diseases, subjects used, and therapies used in sufferers of chronic diseases. This review was carried out using 15 international articles published from 2009 to 2018. The results of several studies indicated that existential cognitive therapy, which is a modification between CBT and logotherapy, is more effective than other therapies to improve someone behaving like a sick person. The results of the discussion from the review of this study are important for subsequent research, while most of the research conducted in Indonesia. Keyword: a systematic review, intervention, behaviorism approach, humanistic approach, therapy in patients with chronic diseases Introduction The public's view about the assessment of a healthy and sick person is always about the body (Miczo, 2009). When someone suffers from a severe illness, then he is in a situation that causes stress, so that the strength within him can help him to adapt to the triggers of stress and interpret his life (Loprinzi, Prasad, Schroeder, & Sood, 2011). Everyone can choose how to handle the incident. The ability of individuals to choose to rise and adapt to their conditions is called resilience. Resilience has a relationship with physical and mental health (Wagnild, 2009). Resilience is key to a healthy and productive life (Siebert, 2005). A high level of resilience in a person is usually positively correlated with a high level of self-esteem, self-confidence, and discipline, courage and optimism in overcoming failures, cognitive capacity above average, and greater chance of being free of disease (Portzky, Rn, & Bacquer, 2010). The sick person has a role, including the rights and obligations to be better (Miczo, 2009). Sick role behavior improves behavior like normal people (Parsons & Illness, 2010). As a sick person, a person must be active and motivated to change the needs associated with the desires to recover; this requires great perseverance and willpower. The theory of sick role behavior was first defined by Talcott Parsons. Sick role behavior that determines the disease and behavior for medical treatment that shows the sick person doing the right thing with that role (Pearce & Pickard, 2010). Individuals who are responsible for the disease and have high sick role behavior will be aware of their health; each sick person has a significantly different awareness of their health based on their sick role behavior (Cho, Seo, Yon-hee, Park, 2018). In increasing sick role behavior, it can be strengthened by improving therapy and modeling in childhood which is supported by parents so that increasing compilation is faced with every disease (Bilsky, 2016). This is supported by research by Sener and Cimete (2016) which explains the role of parenting for children to produce and increase the achievement of healthy living (Sener & Cimete, 2016). A healthy life is everyone's needs so that someone suffering from severe pain; most will experience depression and often feel hopeless (Brat, 2009). Patients who are depressed are an indication of the lack of meaning in the patient's life. With the help of logotherapy, patients can be taught that they have the freedom to take a positive attitude towards their suffering or others and find real meaning in their lives (Brat, 2009). In the study of Gagnon et.al (2015), logotherapy was modified into existential cognitive interventions which showed that existential cognitive interventions could improve the quality of life and existentialism of cancer patients in the face of suffering (Gagnon et al., 2015). This is supported by research by Helena, Haug, Demarinis & Danbolt (2016) which explains that existential meaning in daily life is related to behaviors such as recovery, growth, and resilience (Helene, Haug, Demarinis, & Danbolt, 2016). Individuals who suffer from medical diseases will experience anxiety and depression so that the conduct of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) results in an increase in quality of life in patients and that patients are trained to identify their thoughts, feelings, and behavior (Hosseini, Rafiei, Gaemian, Tirgari, & Zakavi, 2017). CBT therapy will reduce pain and difficulty in chronic disease patients so that they have an effective understanding of self-care and treatment (Ehde, Dillworth, & Turner, 2011). CBT is a therapy to bring up a behavior, identification and challenge negative thoughts in patients with chronic disease depression (Daher et al., 2016). This is supported by Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 395 5th ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities (ACPCH 2019) Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press SARL. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 39 Daniels research (2015) that CBT is targeted to change perceptions about how and what patients think based on the basic principles that say that a person thinks he has an extraordinary effect on his emotions or behavior (Daniels, 2015). In the behaviorism approach, several therapies are performed on patients suffering from chronic diseases such as reinforcement, modeling, and CBT. Behavioral therapy such as reinforcement and modeling in childhood is also associated with the response when faced with a disease (Bilsky, 2016). This is supported by research by Sener and Cimete (2016) which explains that the role of parenting among children will produce and increase the achievement of a healthy life. Existential therapy aims at making meaning that leads to the continuation of life goals and the adjustment of more realistic goals. In making existential meaning, complex interactions are involved with behavioral resources and resilience for the continuation of life goals and the adjustment of more realistic goals. People suffering from chronic diseases can find ways to identify, choose, maintain, and maximize certain personal behaviors, goals, and resources in existential therapy. So that it can help them adapt, care, and identify how they make meaning with their illness (Helene, Haug, Ph, et al., 2016). Existential therapy facilitates adjustments related to illness, daily life, and the environment. The existential dimension functions to connect many ways regarding behavior modification concerning one's experience. Information obtained through culture and existential can be analyzed in making meaning to individuals so that it contributes to a more diverse understanding of patient interpretation and modification of patient behavior in running life (Helene, Haug, Ph, et al., 2016). Several journals have written about interventions in patients with chronic diseases both in children and the elderly. However, from several interventions carried out in patients with chronic diseases, there is no specific explanation related to the effectiveness of therapies to improve sick role behavior, so researchers are interested to know which therapies are effective in increasing sick role behavior in chronic disease