Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The adult psychiatrist's dilemma: psychostimulant use in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Children who have taken psychostimulants long term for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are now presenting at adult psychiatry clinics at an age at which bipolar disorder and schizophrenia may first appear and at which pregnancy is a possibility. Doctors who may have little experience in the management of ADHD or use of psychostimulants are faced with decisions on whether to continue or withdraw medication. A literature search conducted to clarify these issues revealed that, although psychostimulants are generally efficacious in ADHD, the risks of withdrawal reactions and of possible long-term effects such as drug addiction, psychosis and depression, or effects in pregnancy, have not been adequately investigated. In particular, there is little information on the effects of withdrawal and no firm guidelines on methods of psychostimulant discontinuation. There is a need for further research to clarify the pharmacological issues involved in the drug treatment of ADHD and for overlapping arrangements between child and adult psychiatry clinics in the management of ADHD.
Reversible immortalisation enables genetic correction of human muscle progenitors and engineering of next‐generation human artificial chromosomes for Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Transferring large or multiple genes into primary human stem/progenitor cells is challenged by restrictions in vector capacity, and this hurdle limits the success of gene therapy. A paradigm is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an incurable disorder caused by mutations in the largest human gene: dystrophin. The combination of large‐capacity vectors, such as human artificial chromosomes (HACs), with stem/progenitor cells may overcome this limitation. We previously reported amelioration of the dystrophic phenotype in mice transplanted with murine muscle progenitors containing a HAC with the entire dystrophin locus (DYS‐HAC). However, translation of this strategy to human muscle progenitors requires extension of their proliferative potential to withstand clonal cell expansion after HAC transfer. Here, we show that reversible cell immortalisation mediated by lentivirally delivered excisable hTERT and Bmi1 transgenes extended cell proliferation, enabling transfer of a novel DYS‐HAC into DMD satellite cell‐derived myoblasts and perivascular cell‐derived mesoangioblasts. Genetically corrected cells maintained a stable karyotype, did not undergo tumorigenic transformation and retained their migration ability. Cells remained myogenic in vitro (spontaneously or upon MyoD induction) and engrafted murine skeletal muscle upon transplantation. Finally, we combined the aforementioned functions into a next‐generation HAC capable of delivering reversible immortalisation, complete genetic correction, additional dystrophin expression, inducible differentiation and controllable cell death. This work establishes a novel platform for complex gene transfer into clinically relevant human muscle progenitors for DMD gene therapy.
An Object Lesson: Source Determines the Relations That Trait Anxiety, Prostate Cancer Worry, and Screening Fear Hold with Prostate Screening Frequency

Fears regarding prostate cancer and the associated screening are widespread. However, the relations between anxiety, cancer worry, and screening fear and screening behavior are complex, because anxieties stemming from different sources have different effects on behavior. In differentiating among anxieties from different sources (trait anxiety, cancer worry, and screening fear), we expected that cancer worry would be associated with more frequent screening, whereas fear of screening would be associated with less frequent screening. Hypotheses were tested in a sample of 533 men (ages 45-70 years) recruited using a stratified cluster-sampling plan. Men provided information on demographic and structural variables (age, education, income, marital status, physician discussion of risk and screening, access, and insurance) and completed a set of anxiety measures (trait anxiety, cancer worry, and screening fear). As expected, two-step multiple regressions controlling for demographics, health insurance status, physician discussion, and health-care system barriers showed that prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination frequencies had unique associations with cancer worry and screening fear. Specifically, whereas cancer worry was associated with more frequent screening, fear of screening was associated with less frequent screening at least for digital rectal examination; trait anxiety was inconsistently related to screening. Data are discussed in terms of their implications for male screening and the understanding of how anxiety motivates health behaviors. It is suggested that understanding the source of anxiety and the manner in which health behaviors such as cancer screenings may enhance or reduce felt anxiety is a likely key to understanding the associations between anxiety and behavioral outcomes. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(7):1631–9)
Acute Coronary Syndromes in the GUSTO-IIb Trial Prognostic Insights and Impact of Recurrent Ischemia

Background—Recurrent ischemia after an acute coronary syndrome portends an unfavorable outcome and has major resource-use implications. This issue has not been studied systematically among the spectrum of patients with acute coronary presentations, encompassing those with and without ST-segment elevation. Methods and Results—We assessed the 1-year prognosis of the 12 142 patients enrolled in the GUSTO-IIb trial by the presence (n54125) or absence (n58001) of ST-segment elevation. This latter group was further categorized into those with baseline myocardial infarction (n53513) or unstable angina (n54488). We also assessed the incidence of recurrent ischemia and its impact on outcomes. Recurrent ischemia was significantly rarer in those with ST-segment elevation (23%) than in those without (35%; P,0.001). Mortality at 30 days was greater among patients with ST-segment elevation (6.1% versus 3.8%; P,0.001) but less so at 6 months; by 1 year, mortality did not differ significantly (9.6% versus 8.8%). Patients with non‐ST-segment-elevation infarction had higher rates of reinfarction at 6 months (9.8% versus 6.2%) and higher 6-month (8.8% versus 5.0%) and 1-year mortality rates (11.1% versus 7.0%) than such patients who had unstable angina. Conclusions—Refractory ischemia was associated with an approximate doubling of mortality among patients with ST-segment elevation and a near tripling of risk among those without ST elevation. This study highlights not only the substantial increase in late mortality and reinfarction with non‐ST-segment-elevation infarction but also the opportunities for better triage and application of therapeutic strategies for patients with recurrent ischemia. (Circulation. 1998;98:1860-1868.)
Social Media Impact on Holiday Travel Planning: The Case of the Russian and the FSU Markets

The impact of social media on the travel industry is predicted to be tremendous, especially on its holiday travel segment. Although there is a plethora of studies concentrating on the role and impact of social media in travel related decisions, most of them are medium and community specific, or focus on a specific stage of the decision making or the travel planning process. This paper presents a comprehensive view of the role and impact of social media on the travel planning process: before, during and after the trip, providing insights on usage levels, scope of use, level of influence, and trust. The study was conducted through an online structured questionnaire on a sample of 346 members of an online panel of internet users from Russia and the other Former Soviet Union (FSU) Republics who had been on holidays in the previous 12 months. Findings reveal that social media are predominantly used after holidays for experience sharing. It is also shown that there is a strong correlation between level of influence from social media and changes made to holiday plans. Moreover, it is revealed that user-generated content is more trusted than official tourism websites, travel agents, and mass media advertising.
Switching-based adaptive disturbance attenuation with guaranteed robust stability

The paper deals with the problem of adaptive attenuation of disturbances with uncertain and possibly time-varying characteristics when the plant model is also affected by a non-negligible uncertainty. The proposed solution is based on the Adaptive Switching Control paradigm and relies on a family of pre-synthesized controllers, such that, for any possible operating condition, at least one controller is able to ensure desired attenuation capabilities. Then, a supervisory unit selects the controller providing the best potential performance on the basis of appropriately defined test functionals. We show that, when each of the candidate controllers robustly stabilizes the uncertain plant, it is possible to implement the switching controller so that robust stability is guaranteed for any possible switching sequence. Further, we study the properties of the proposed test functionals by analyzing the effects of the plant/model mismatch on their inference capabilities. Simulation results are shown to validate the proposed control solution.
Information theoretic graph kernels

This thesis addresses the problems that arise in state-of-the-art structural learning methods for (hyper)graph classification or clustering, particularly focusing on developing novel information theoretic kernels for graphs. To this end, we commence in Chapter 3 by defining a family of Jensen-Shannon diffusion kernels, i.e., the information theoretic kernels, for (un)attributed graphs. We show that our kernels overcome the shortcomings of inefficiency (for the unattributed diffusion kernel) and discarding un-isomorphic substructures (for the attributed diffusion kernel) that arise in the R-convolution kernels. In Chapter 4, we present a novel framework of computing depth-based complexity traces rooted at the centroid vertices for graphs, which can be efficiently computed for graphs with large sizes. We show that our methods can characterize a graph in a higher dimensional complexity feature space than state-of-the-art complexity measures. In Chapter 5, we develop a novel unattributed graph kernel by matching the depth-based substructures in graphs, based on the contribution in Chapter 4. Unlike most existing graph kernels in the literature which merely enumerate similar substructure pairs of limited sizes, our method incorporates explicit local substructure correspondence into the process of kernelization. The new kernel thus overcomes the shortcoming of neglecting structural correspondence that arises in most state-of-the-art graph kernels. The novel methods developed in Chapters 3, 4, and 5 are only restricted to graphs. However, real-world data usually tends to be represented by higher order relationships (i.e., hypergraphs). To overcome the shortcoming, in Chapter 6 we present a new hypergraph kernel using substructure isomorphism tests. We show that our kernel limits tottering that arises in the existing walk and subtree based (hyper)graph kernels. In Chapter 7, we summarize the contributions of this thesis. Furthermore, we analyze the proposed methods. Finally, we give some suggestions for the future work.
The January and Turn-of-The-Month Effect on Firm Returns and Return Volatility

In this paper, we test whether January and turn-of-the-month (TOM) affect firm returns and firm return volatility differently depending on their sector and size. We use time series data for 560 firms listed on the NYSE and find evidence of both January and TOM affecting returns and return volatility of firms. The effects are, however, different for different firms and are dependent on the sectoral location of firms and on firm sizes. These findings imply that January and TOM have an heterogeneous effect on firm returns and firm return volatility.
THE FREQUENCY AND MECHANISM OF LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY ON CHROMOSOME 11q IN BREAST CANCER

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH, allele loss) occurs frequently on the long arm of chromosome 11 in breast cancer. Seventy‐one paired tumour/normal DNA samples from breast cancer patients under 50 years old were studied for allele loss at four microsatellite loci on 11q: D11S29 (11q23.3), NCAM (11q22–q23), D11S968 (11qtel), and D11S1313 (11qcen). The maximum frequency of LOH (≈35 per cent) was found at the D11S29 and NCAM loci. This result is consistent with previous studies and the frequency of allele loss is moderate to high compared with the usual baseline of 0–20 per cent. In most of the cases studied, LOH on chromosome 11q could be accounted for by one of two mechanisms. Either chromosomal non‐disjunction had occurred, or sequences stretching from the telomere at least as far as NCAM had undergone deletion or mitotic recombination. These results suggest that a putative tumour suppressor gene is most likely to exist near 11q22–q23. There was a very low frequency of microsatellite instability in the tumours. An association was found between lack of progesterone receptor (PgR) expression and LOH at NCAM, suggesting that deletion of sequences on 11q may prevent high levels of PgR expression in some cases.
A mixed bag.

Our more than 220,000 nursing and midwifery members work across a diverse range of practice settings and geographical areas. The federal office professional team policy work must reflect this diversity as we seek to represent members' interests in health and aged care policy formulation. To demonstrate, I'll give a brief outline of some of the issues we've dealt with of late.
The power of governance : enhancing the performance of state-owned enterprises

Introduction PART ONE: THE POWER OF GOVERNANCE Why Corporate Governance Matters Hallmarks of Corporate Governance Leadership and Governance in State-Owned Enterprises The Legislative and Policy Framework in South Africa Financial Management and Governance PART TWO: ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES Restructuring State-Owned Enterprises Appointing the Board of Directors Shareholder Performance Agreements Transparency and Reporting Public Procurement Conclusion Appendices
Determinants of surface membrane and transverse-tubular excitability in skeletal muscle: implications for high-intensity exercise

The fatigue of high-intensity exercise is now believed to reside primarily within the excitation–contraction coupling processes associated with the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle (sarcolemm) and calcium-mediated events leading to myofilament sliding. This paper summarizes recent developments and advances in the identification of factors that contribute to changes in sarcolemmal excitability of mammalian skeletal muscle as a consequence of high-intensity exercise. There is an increasing recognition of the probable role that is played by the transverse tubular system (T-system), a system that comprises c. 80% of the total sarcolemmal surface capable of ion exchange. Furthermore, the fluid within the T-system has limited access to interstitial fluid bathing myofibres; hence, T-system fluid is probably markedly different from interstitial fluid during high-intensity exercise. Mechanically skinned fibre preparation is providing many new insights into functions of the surface membrane and T-system in fatigue. A scenario is developed whereby accumulation of potassium within the T-system ([K]o) contributes to reduced membrane excitability, as well as lowering of T-system sodium and chloride, concomitant with loss of intracellular potassium ([K]i) and accumulation of intracellular sodium ([Na þ]) and chloride ([Cl]). Lowering the [Na]o/[Na ]i ratio and raising myoplasmic [Na ]i have been shown to decrease membrane excitability and impair action potential propagation. Maintained high [Cl]o may also have a protective effect in maintaining membrane excitability, and this effect appears to be very pronounced in the presence of raised [K]o. In contrast to dogma associating high [H þ] to fatigue, recent studies have also shown that induced acidosis that results in increased [H]o and [H ]i restores force production in muscles and skinned fibres fatigued by intermittent tetanic stimulation. This effect may be due to a decrease in surface membrane Cl permeability that serves to restore membrane excitability. During high-intensity exercise, simultaneous changes in transmembrane ion concentrations and membrane ion conductances may serve to reduce impairment of membrane excitability that provides for a maintained, though reduced, contractile function.
Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithm Based on Category and Penalty

The recommended list generated by the recommender system can help users find recommended result that meet their interests and needs when they can not find keywords that accurately describe their requirements. In response to the long tail problem and data sparsity problem in recommender system, we propose and analyze a collaborative filtering algorithm based on category and penalty factor in this paper. The algorithm is based on the category attribute information and combines the penalty factor to measure the user's neighbor set for prediction recommendation. The term "category" mentioned in this method refers to a separate information element, mainly a combination of individual items depending on the content. The proposed algorithm can not only better solve the sparsity of rating matrix but also capture the intention of user more effectively. Therefore, the recommended accuracy would be improved. Experimental results show that the algorithm greatly improves the evaluation index compared with the traditional collaborative filtering algorithm.
Early death in dialysis patients: risk factors and impact on incidence and mortality rates.

Patients who die within the first 90 days after beginning dialysis are not included in mortality rates and may be absent from incidence counts. To identify factors associated with mortality within 3 months of the initiation of dialysis for ESRD and to estimate the impact of early deaths on ESRD incidence and mortality rates, this study investigated 15,245 patients who began dialysis in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina over a 5-yr period. Data were collected by dialysis facility staff and reported to an ESRD registry. Six percent of all new patients died within 90 days of dialysis initiation (32% of all deaths occurring in the first year of treatment). Characteristics independently associated with increased risk of early death included older age, white race, male gender, physical and nutritional impairment, smoking, and the presence of cancer, congestive heart failure, clinical depression, and history of myocardial infarction. Depending on race-gender group, age-adjusted mortality rates based on this cohort were underestimated by 3 to 12% when patients who died early were excluded. These results suggest that certain patient characteristics-some potentially modifiable-confer increased risk of early death, and that the systematic exclusion of patients who die early from the U.S. national registry substantially influences ESRD mortality rates.
How to deliver quality service : in Swedbank AB Gävle City

Aim: service quality is a means to improving customer satisfaction and building up an excellent and profitable company. The actual activities of delivering service in Swedbank AB Gavle City are examined in order to assess how to deliver quality service. Method: conduct the research in a qualitative method, mainly with interviews and questionnaires. Both primary and secondary data was collected to support the subject. Result&Condusions: Advanced human resources strategy and reasonable solutions to meet customer needs are two superior aspects in the process of service delivery. Suggestions for future research: customer perspective and quantified data from employees should be contained. Contribution of the thesis: an in-depth understanding of the process of quality service delivery, combined with relevant academic knowledge. Other banks and service companies can learn from the analysis results. Students and future researchers also gain new knowledge about service quality in the banking area.
The null mutant of the U(L)31 gene of herpes simplex virus 1: construction and phenotype in infected cells

Earlier studies have shown that the U(L)31 protein is homogeneously distributed throughout the nucleus and cofractionates with nuclear matrix. We report the construction from an appropriate cosmid library a deletion mutant which replicates in rabbit skin cells carrying the U(L)31 gene under a late (gamma1) viral promoter. The mutant virus exhibits cytopathic effects and yields 0.01 to 0.1% of the yield of wild-type parent virus in noncomplementing cells but amounts of virus 10- to 1,000-fold higher than those recovered from the same cells 3 h after infection. Electron microscopic studies indicate the presence of small numbers of full capsids but a lack of enveloped virions. Viral DNA extracted from the cytoplasm of infected cells exhibits free termini indicating cleavage/packaging of viral DNA from concatemers for packaging into virions, but analyses of viral DNAs by pulsed-field electrophoresis indicate that at 16 h after infection, both the yields of viral DNA and cleavage of viral DNA for packaging are decreased. The repaired virus cannot be differentiated from the wild-type parent. These results suggest the possibility that U(L)31 protein forms a network to enable the anchorage of viral products for the synthesis and/or packaging of viral DNA into virions.
Social Security and Retirement in France

Among numerous retirement schemes in France, the Social Security general regime" covers all wage earners from the private sector, about 65% of workers. In this regime are eligible for a full pension at 65, or between 60 and 65 if they contributed to the regime for at" least 37.5 years. For people between 60 and 65 who do not fulfill this condition still possible but with a downward adjustment of benefits. Our computations show that early" retirement adjustment rules give strong incentives to go on working until being eligible for a full" pension, even if mandatory complementary schemes soften incentives, especially for executives. " These results are consistent with empirical hazard rates, showing two spikes at 60 and 65 with the change in the retirement age induced by the 1983 reform.
Why Is Sovereign Debt Restructuring a Challenge? The Case of Greece

The reduction of Greek sovereign debt by €106 billion, agreed in the second bailout package of February 2012, is the largest in history. Nevertheless, immediately after publishing the key terms of the package, doubts arose whether it would achieve its goals: to reduce the debt-to-GDP ratio to 120.5% in 2020 and to ensure the return of Greece to market financing by 2015. This Briefing gives a timely input to the debate as it develops an analytical framework through which the expected failure of the Greek debt reduction can be assessed. It surveys the economic literature to identify three groups of factors reducing the effectiveness of sovereign debt restructuring: (1) sovereign’s fundamentals, (2) inefficiencies inherent in the restructuring process and (3) costs of restructuring; and applies them to the case of Greece. Based on this analysis, three policy implications are formulated, with relevance to Greece and the wider eurozone. Firstly, the importance of increased policy effort by Greece to enact current structural and growth-enhancing reforms is underlined. Secondly, the introduction of uniform CACs is proposed that will reduce the market participants’ uncertainty, discipline the runs on government debt and address the holdout inefficiency. Finally, sovereign debt restructuring is not recommended as a universal solution for over-indebtedness in the EU, given the direct and reputation costs of sovereign debt restructuring and the self-fulfilling nature of sovereign debt crises.