Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An approach for log analysis based failure monitoring in Hadoop cluster

Massive and gargantuan amount of data is produced on per day basis. Such scenario elevates the need for apposite storage, supervision and processing of data. The massive use of Distributed framework calls for faster analysis and diagnosis of failures. Due to the distributed nature of processing, it is difficult for cluster administrator to isolate the failures and failed nodes. Many contributions have been done for failure monitoring, analysis etc in the last few years. Apache Hadoop's Jobtracker, Namenode, Secondary Namenode, Datanode and Tasktracker all generate logs. This paper aims at building a failure monitoring system from the scratch, by parsing and analyzing the Hadoop log files generated in the cluster. The monitoring system gives all relevant details related to the application, and points out the specific reason for failure, that is, whether an application failure or a network failure (these are the most common failures in the cluster).
Reversible lymphomagenesis in conditionally c‐MYC expressing mice

It is well documented that deregulation of MYC leads to tumor development, yet many aspects of this process are only partially understood. We have established a transgenic mouse model in which c‐MYC is conditionally expressed in lymphoid cells using the tetracycline‐regulated system of gene regulation. Mice with continuously expressed transgenic c‐MYC died of invasive T‐ or B‐cell lymphomas within 4 months. Lymphomas developing in transgenic mice were c‐MYC dependent since doxycycline treatment led to tumor regression. Using transplantation of established tumor cell lines labeled with GFP, we followed the fate of neoplastic cells in recipients upon MYC inactivation. This approach allowed us to elucidate both apoptosis and differentiation as mechanisms of tumor elimination. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and FISH analyses were performed in order to analyze possible chromosomal aberrations induced by c‐MYC. We observed that overexpression of c‐MYC is sufficient to induce recurrent patterns of genomic instability. The main observation was a gain of genomic material that corresponded to chromosome 15 in several T‐cell tumors, which could be identified as trisomy. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and physiology of developing neuromuscular synapses in culture

The structure and function of developing neuromuscular synapses in culture have been investigated. We used neuromuscular junctions formed by coculturing dissociated muscle cells and dissociated neurons obtained from Xenopus embryos. After recording nerve-evoked endplate potentials (e.p.p.s) and spontaneously occurring miniature endplate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) from a given junction, the same specimen was investigated for electron-microscopic histology. We surveyed almost the total area of the junctional region by making serial sections. Even in preparations cocultured for only a short time (4–11 hr), both e.p.p.s and m.e.p.p.s could be obtained. The junctional region of these early synapses revealed a simple structure. The presynaptic terminals contained smooth-surfaced clear vesicles, but there were no presynaptic specializations such as active zones. The width of the synaptic cleft was variable, with predominance of narrow regions (10–30 nm), and there was no basal lamina inside the cleft. When the coculture time was 1 d or longer, the junctional area started to show structural features resembling a mature neuromuscular synapse. In the presynaptic terminal there were active zones, consisting of the presynaptic density and an accumulation of vesicles near the density. In many junctions, the postsynaptic membrane showed densities and thickenings, with a widened synaptic cleft, that contained basal lamina. It is known that growth cones, prior to making neuromuscular junctions, can release the transmitter substance with a very long latency if stimulated repetitively. In contrast, e.p.p.s with short latencies can be evoked by single stimuli soon after the growth cones attach to muscle cells. However, our data did not reveal any structural changes to account for such functional changes. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
File allocation for a parallel Webserver

This paper considers the problem of allocating files in a document tree among multiple processors in a parallel webserver. It is assumed that access patterns are characterized by branching probabilities for an access that starts at a node and progresses down the tree. A combinatorial optimization problem is formulated that includes load balancing and communication costs. The general problem is shown to be NP-complete, and a pseudo-polynomial time algorithm is outlined. In addition, two fast heuristic algorithms are presented and evaluated using simulation.
Distinct cognitive profiles of cortical and subcortical dementia in advanced illness

Article abstract—We administered the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) to 120 patients to evaluate the effect of dementia severity on distinct cognitive profiles. Sixty patients with Huntington's disease (HD) and 60 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) were separated by dementia severity into three groups: mildly demented (DRS mean total = 129), moderately demented (DRS mean total = 117), and severely demented (DRS mean total = 102). At all levels of dementia severity, HD patients demonstrated greater impairment than AD patients on the Initiation/Perseveration sub-scale, whereas AD patients demonstrated greater impairment than HD patients on the Memory subscale. At moderate and severe levels of dementia, HD patients demonstrated an additional impairment in constructional praxis. These profile differences were independent of dementia severity and continued to differentiate between so-called cortical and subcortical dernentias in later stages of dementia severity.
Three facts of valuation theory

1. Statement of results. Let k be a field and (R, m) a local integral k-algebra with field of fractions K. We study k-valuations v of K with a center in R, that is, such that their valuation ring (R,, m,) contains R and m, (? k (0). We denote by q) the totally ordered group of the valuation and set F= v(R\{0})c q)+ U {0}. The valuation determines on R a filtration defined by the ideals P(R) {x R/v(x) >-} + or P (R.) (x R/v(x) > }, and the associated graded ring introduced by Spivakovsky ([6], see also [4], [7]): grR (P/P2,
TRANSFORMATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND STRATEGIES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF CHINESE SOEs.

This article examines the environment-strategy configuration and its impact on firm performance among Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the electronics industry starting in 2002, the year after China's entry into the World Trade Organization. Several environmental dimensions were identified and examined in the Chinese electronics industry. These dimensions include complexity, dynamism, and hostility. These environmental dimensions have been shown to have significant impact on variables subject to managerial control, and provide a framework for examining the environmental challenges influencing strategic choice in transitional economies. Since the Tan and Litschert study in 1990, many changes have occurred in China. Under the pressure of external political and economic forces and motivated by the desperate fight for legitimacy and survival, the Chinese policy makers have instituted various changes to reform legal institutions in order to improve the clarity of the system and provide more protection.
Identification of biomarkers for the initiation of apoptosis in human preneoplastic colonocytes by proteome analysis

Development of resistance of cells toward proapoptotic signals is regarded as one of the key processes that allow tumor development. To identify proteins that are crucial for the initiation of apoptosis in NCOL‐1 human preneoplastic colonocytes, we analyzed the proteome of cells exposed to the flavonoids flavone and quercetin that differ in their ability to induce apoptosis although they possess similar structures. Both flavonoids inhibited proliferation and induced differentiation of NCOL‐1 cells but only quercetin committed the cells to apoptosis. The accessible proteome of NCOL‐1 cells was separated by 2D‐polyacrylamide‐gelelectrophoresis and proteins with changed expression level were identified by peptide mass fingerprints of tryptic digests of the protein spots. A pre‐fractionation of soluble and lipophilic proteins was used to enhance the resolution of analysis. After exposure to the test compounds for 24 hr, 73 proteins displayed changed steady state levels in case of quercetin and 32 in case of flavone. Several heat‐shock proteins, annexins and cytoskeletal caspase substrates were regulated by quercetin but not by flavone and these protein classes are known to play a role in apoptosis induction and execution. Whereas proteins like lamin A, C and desmoplakin, are indicators that apoptosis has already proceeded, others, such as annexin IV or protein kinase C‐beta play a pivotal role in the early phases of apoptosis. In conclusion, proteome analysis allowed the identification of marker proteins that are involved in the initiation of apoptotic cell death in preneoplastic colonocytes and those may help to develop new strategies for cancer prevention. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A 300 MHz embedded flash memory with pipeline architecture and offset-free sense amplifiers for dual-core automotive microcontrollers

We propose a novel 300 MHz embedded flash memory for dual-core microcontrollers targeting shared ROM architecture. One of the features is a three-stage pipeline read operation, which enables reduced access pitch and therefore reduced performance penalty due to shared ROM access conflict. The second feature is a highly sensitive sense amplifier that achieves efficient pipeline operation with two-cycle latency one-cycle pitch because of a shortened sense time of 0.63 ns. The combination of the pipeline architecture and the proposed sense amplifiers achieves significant reduction in access-conflict penalties with shared ROM and enhanced performance of 32-bit RISC dual-core microcontrollers by 30%.
Ausgestaltungsvarianten und ökonomische Konsequenzen einer 4. Hürde für die Erstattung von Arzneimitteln

Abstract In this paper we examine different forms of a 4th hurdle for the reimbursement of pharmaceuticals, i.e. an economic evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of pharmaceuticals. This instrument is aimed to organize the decision on the reimbursement of pharmaceuticals more efficiently than it is currently the case in the German health care system where the market authorization of the product is normally sufficient for a product to be included into the benefits catalogue. Also the arrangement of the reimbursement price is economically problematic. Obviously, the way the instrument is designed is of paramount importance for the efficiency of a 4th hurdle. There are a lot of variations imaginable which yield very different results. In addition, the usefulness of the 4th hurdle must be assessed before the background of relevant politically enforceable alternatives. In this respect a properly arranged 4th hurdle is an improvement compared to the status quo. Indeed, it is for sure not the best conceivable regulation design for a liberalized pharmaceutical market in a statutory health insurance system.
Retinoic acid modulates the in vivo and in vitro growth of IL‐6 autocrine human myeloma cell lines via induction of apoptosis

We previously showed that IL‐6 is an autocrine growth factor for two human myeloma cell lines, RPMI 8226 and U266. We investigated here the in vitro and in vivo effects of all‐trans retinoic acid (RA) on the growth and survival of these two cell lines. RA induced a dramatic dose‐ and time‐dependent inhibition of the proliferation of both cell lines. This inhibition was correlated with a down‐modulation of the cell surface expression of the IL‐6 binding chain (gp80) and the transducing chain (gp130) of the IL‐6 receptor (IL‐6R). Long‐term culture experiments showed that down‐modulation of gp80 expression was complete at days 15 and 30 in the presence of 10–5 and 10–7 mol/l of RA, respectively. Gp130 expression was greatly decreased, albeit still detectable, in similar culture conditions. RA‐mediated interruption of the IL‐6 autocrine loop was associated with a decrease of bcl‐2 oncoprotein expression and apoptosis of the myeloma cells which was RA concentration‐ and time‐dependent. The in vivo relevance of the effects of RA was studied on tumours which developed in nude mice inoculated with a subclone of RPMI 8226. Whereas tumours grew in all control mice, 40% of tumours regressed within 20 days in RA‐treated mice. Cells from regressing tumours featured characteristics of apoptosis and exhibited low gp80 and gp 130 expression. Our study indicate that long‐term RA treatment interferes in vivo and in vitro with IL‐6 autocrine growth of myeloma cell lines, leading to apoptosis.
Effect of menopause on serum HDL-cholesterol level.

BACKGROUND There is a marked difference in the risk of coronary heart disease between men and women of reproductive age but this gap closes with advancing age. It seems likely that some factors of reproductive physiology are responsible for this. The present study was designed to evaluate the difference in HDL Cholesterol level in premenopausal and postmenopausal women in relation with change of estradiol level. METHODS Fifty premenopausal and 50 postmenopausal women were included in the study. Estradiol was estimated by radioimmuoassay while HDL-C was estimated by Kit method. RESULTS There was a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in the HDL-C level of the postmenopausal women (46.72 +/- 1.009) as compared with premenopausal women (63.68 +/- 1.78). CONCLUSION HDL-C is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease. This study favours the view that decrease in estradiol level and associated decrease in HDL-C seen in postmenopausal women may be responsible for the increased risk of coronary heart disease after menopause.
Corticosteroid inhibition of ACTH secretion.

Corticosteroid feedback inhibits the brain-hypothalamo-pituitary units of the adrenocortical system. Naturally occurring corticosteroids may have their primary actions in vivo at brain and hypothalamic sites of feedback, whereas synthetic glucocorticoids that do not bind to transcortin may act primarily on corticotropes and regions of brain outside the blood-brain barrier. There appear to be three major time frames of corticosteroid action: fast, intermediate and slow. These time frames probably are the consequence of three separate mechanisms of corticosteroid action at feedback-sensitive sites. The rapidity of occurrence of fast feedback is not compatible with a nuclear site of corticosteroid action, and protein synthesis is not required. The action of CRF on ACTH release may be inhibited by a rapid effect of corticosteroids at the cell membrane. Since stimulated, but not basal, ACTH and CRF release are inhibited in vitro, the corticosteroids may inhibit some event in stimulus-secretion coupling (e.g., cAMP production). Intermediate feedback also decreases ACTH release in response to stimulation of the corticotrope, but does not affect ACTH synthesis; CRF synthesis and release both appear to be affected by the intermediate corticosteroid action. The mechanism of intermediate feedback requires the presence of a protein whose synthesis is corticosteroid-dependent; however, the role of this protein is unknown. Intermediate feedback, like fast feedback, apparently does not involve inhibition of total ACTH stores or the releasable pool of ACTH since basal secretion of ACTH is also not inhibited in vitro within this time domain. On the other hand, slow feedback apparently involves the classical genomic steroid mechanism of action; slow feedback reduces pituitary ACTH content by decreasing levels of mRNA encoding for POMC, the ACTH precursor molecule. Slow feedback, therefore, inhibits basal as well as stimulus induced ACTH secretion. Corticosteroid-induced inhibition of basal ACTH secretion has been shown to occur within 2 h in vivo but not in vitro. The time course and sensitivity of this feedback effect is different than that demonstrated for stimulus induced secretion. This difference suggests that basal secretion is activated by different pathways to (CRF and) ACTH secretion. There is some evidence that suggests that whereas comparator elements are not reset during stress, a comparator element is reset during the course of the circadian rhythm so that different basal levels of steroid are achieved. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Increased type II collagen degradation and very early focal cartilage degeneration is associated with upregulation of chondrocyte differentiation related genes in early human articular cartilage lesions.

OBJECTIVE Articular cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA) involves excessive degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and chondrocyte differentiation (hypertrophy). We determined the interrelationship between the extent of collagen cleavage by collagenase, cartilage degeneration, and differentiation related gene expression in patella-femoral condylar cartilages of patients bearing very early focal OA-like articular cartilage lesions. METHODS Articular cartilage specimens with very early focal lesions and adjacent normal cartilage from 3 donors were removed at autopsy as full-depth slices cut from the femoral condyle surface that articulates with patella. Slices were divided into sections and used for Mankin grading, examination of collagenase cleavage of type II collagen by ELISA, and gene expression by RT-PCR. RESULTS Early focal cartilage degeneration was associated with increased collagenase cleavage of type II collagen. The collagenases metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), MMP-14 (MT1-MMP), and aggrecanase ADAMTS-5 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs) (but not ADAMTS-4); cytokines interleukin 1alpha/beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha); chondrocyte terminal differentiation-related genes COL10A1, MMP-13, MMP-9, Indian hedgehog; and caspase 3 were often upregulated in the vicinity of the lesion. Growth factors associated with growth plate chondrocyte proliferation, namely fibroblast growth factor-2, parathyroid hormone related protein, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1/2, as well as the matrix molecules COL2A1 and aggrecan were expressed adjacent to and remote from the lesion. Of all genes only caspase 3 and ADAMTS-5 expression was exclusively seen in association with these early lesions. Elevation of collagenase activity was associated with a frequent elevation of expression of COL10A1, caspase 3, IL-1alpha/beta, MMP-1, and ADAMTS-5, and a decreased expression of Sox-9 (SRY-type high-mobility-group box transcription factor-9), TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, TNF-alpha, and aggrecan. Other genes showed no observable difference with changes in collagenase activity. CONCLUSION Very early focal degeneration in knee articular cartilage is accompanied by upregulation of collagenase activity and expression of genes associated with chondrocyte terminal differentiation and matrix degradation. Thus chondrocyte differentiation may be closely related to the very early development of cartilage degeneration such as occurs in OA.
Regulation of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor mRNA in Neuronal Cultures of Normotensive and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Brains by Phorbol Esters and Forskolin

Abstract: Neuronal cells in primary culture from the brains of normotensive, Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats express angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors. Treatment of WKY rat brain cultures with a phorbol ester, phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA), causes a time‐and dose‐dependent increase in the levels of an ˜2.3‐kb AT1 receptor mRNA transcript. A maximal stimulation of 4.5‐fold in the AT1 receptor mRNA transcript level is observed with 200 nM PMA in 4 h and is blocked by 1 μM staurosporine. Forskolin also increases the AT1 receptor mRNA levels in WKY rat brain neurons in a time‐and dose‐dependent manner, and a 4.5‐fold stimulation is achieved with 50μM forskolin in 4 h. The stimulatory effects of both PMA and forskolin are completely abolished by coincubation of neuronal cultures with 1 μM actinomycin D. In addition, nuclear run‐on assay indicated an increase in the transcription of AT1 receptor mRNA in WKY rat brain neurons treated with either PMA or forskolin. Both PMA and forskolin also stimulate levels of AT1 receptor mRNA in neuronal cultures from brain of the SH rat. The degree of stimulation in these cultures is comparable to that in WKY rat brain neurons. These observations show that although the basal AT1 receptor gene expression is significantly higher in SH rat brain neurons compared with WKY rat brain neurons, the protein kinase C‐and protein kinase A‐responsive stimulation is not altered. These data suggest a possible involvement of protein kinase C and protein kinase A response elements in AT1 receptor gene expression.
Contact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and uninfected CD4+ T lymphocytes is highly cytolytic for both cells

Individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) experience a marked loss of CD4+ T lymphocytes, leading to fatal immunodeficiency. The mechanisms causing the depletion of these cells are not yet understood. In this study, we observed that CD4+ T lymphocytes from HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-infected and uninfected individuals rapidly lysed B lymphoblasts expressing the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein on the cell surface and Jurkat cells expressing the complete virus. Contact of uninfected CD4+ T cells with envelope glycoprotein-expressing cells also resulted in the lysis of the uninfected CD4+ T cells. Cytolysis did not require priming or in vitro stimulation of the CD4+ T cells and was not restricted by major histocompatibility complex molecules. Cytotoxicity was inhibited by soluble CD4 and anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies that block binding of CD4 to gp120. In addition, neutralizing anti-CD4 and anti-gp120 monoclonal antibodies which block postbinding membrane fusion events and syncytium formation also inhibited cell lysis, suggesting that identical mechanisms in HIV-infected cultures underlie cell-cell fusion and the cytolysis observed. However, cytotoxicity was not always accompanied by the formation of visible syncytia. Rapid cell lysis after contact of uninfected and HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells may explain CD4+ T-cell depletion in the absence of detectable syncytia in infected individuals. Moreover, because of its vigor, lysis of envelope-expressing targets by contact with unprimed CD4+ T lymphocytes may at first glance resemble antigen-specific immune responses and should be excluded when cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in infected individuals and vaccinees are evaluated.