Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New records for the Georgian springtail fauna (Collembola)

LARKIN, L.L. , J.L. NEFF & B. B. SIMPSoN (2006): Phylogeny of the Callandrena subgenus of Andrena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data: Polyphyly and convergent evolution. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 38: 330-343. MICHENER, C. D. (1944): Comparative external morphology, phylogeny, and a classification of the bees (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 82: 15l-326. WARNCKE, K. (1965): Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Bienengattung Andrena Fabricius in Griechenland. Beitriige zur Entomologi e 15: 27 -76. WARNCKE, K. (1966a): Ergebnisse der Albanien-Expedition 1961 des Deutschen Entomologischen Institutes. 50. Beitrag. Hymenoptera: Apidae II. (Genus Andrena Fabricius). Beitriige zur Entomolog ie l6 :389-405. WARNCKE, K. (1966b): Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Bienengattung Andrena F. in der Tiirkei (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Mitteilungen der Miinchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 55 244-273. WARNCKE, K. ( 1969a): Bienen der Gattung Andrena F. aus der Tiirkei und dem Balkan (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Andrenidae). Bulletin des Recherches agronomiques de Gembloux 4:302-305. WARNCKE, K. (1969b): A contribution to the knowledge of the genus Andrena (Apoidea) in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology 4: 377 -408. WARNCKE, K. (1974): Die Sandbienen der Tiirkei (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Andrena), Teil A. Mitteilungen der Miinchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 64: 8l-116. WARNCKE, K. (1975): Die Sandbienen der Ttirkei (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Andrena), Teil B. Mitteilungen der Miinchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 65: 29-102.
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS INDUCED ANOREXIA IN THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA

Using a diet ingestion assay with amaranth as a marker, Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.)‐induced feeding inhibition in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens was quantitatively demonstrated. When exposed to B.t. at concentrations below 30 ppm (480 IU/g) for 24 hr, the feeding inhibition effect could be isolated from mortality effects. There is complete recovery from this feeding inhibition in 8 hr or less. It is conceivable that replacement of damaged midgut cells and clearing of the feeding inhibitory toxin (or factors) occurs during the recovery period. The role of feeding inhibition and recovery in practical situations where the insect is exposed to a low dose of B.t. is discussed.
Quantifying the degree of protection afforded by a no-take marine reserve on an exploited shark

Sharks have been shown to benefit from the protection of marine protected areas (MPAs). There is, however, little information on the degree of protection by MPAs to shark populations. The movements of individual smoothhound sharks Mustelus mustelus in, and adjacent to, a small (34 km2) no-take MPA (Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area; LMPA) situated on the west coast of South Africa were investigated over two years using acoustic telemetry. Sharks spent the majority of the time (in hours, average 79%) inside the reserve, and some sharks (n = 2 of 15 recorded during a full year) did not leave the reserve during the study period. Time spent inside the LMPA and the number of crossings of its boundary were strongly influenced by season. Sharks concentrated inside the LMPA during summer, whereas they were widely distributed throughout the study area during winter. Six sharks left the Saldanha Bay embayment during spring and winter for durations ranging from two to 156 days (median = 111 days). All returned to the bay within the study period. Individuals recorded over two years showed consistency in behavioural patterns and protection by the LMPA between years, and spent an average of 74% and 80% of the time inside the LMPA during the two study years respectively. The extended residency of smoothhound sharks within the LMPA suggests that no-take area protection may be a viable management option.
The effects of litter displacement on riverbank vegetation

The hypotheses that litter deposition on riverbanks would depend on riverbank features and that litter mass would affect riverbank vegetation were tested by sampling vegetation, litter, and soil along a seventh-order stretch of the unregulated Vindel River in northern Sweden. Sampling was carried out within a horizontal litter gradient at the top of the riverbank where most of the litter deposition occurs. The amount of leaf litter left on the riverbank after flooding was significantly correlated (P 0.05) with riverbank features such as soil organic matter, riverbank slope, or stem density. Species richness, species diversity, and the proportions of stemmed and nonstemmed species showed quadratic relationships (P < 0.05) with leaf litter mass, whereas ground vegetation cover decreased monotonically (P < 0.05) with increasing leaf litter mass. Tall, stemmed species were most frequent at eroded sit.
A review of emissions of methane, ammonia, and nitrous oxide from animal excreta deposition and farm effluent application in grazed pastures

Abstract The agricultural sector in New Zealand is the major contributor to ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) emissions to the atmosphere. These gases cause environmental degradation through their effects on soil acidification, eutrophication, and stratospheric ozone depletion. With its strong agricultural base and relatively low level of heavy industrial activity, New Zealand is unique in having a greenhouse‐gas‐emissions inventory dominated by the agricultural trace gases, CH4 and N2O, instead of carbon dioxide which dominates in most other countries. About 96% of this anthropogenic CH4 is emitted by ruminant animals as a byproduct during the process of enteric fermentation. Methane is also produced by anaerobic fermentation of animal manure and many other organic substrates. In pastoral soils, NH3 and N2O gases are generated from N originating from dung, urine, biologically fixed N2, and fertiliser. The amount of these gaseous emissions depends on complex interactions between soil properties, climatic factors, and agricultural practices. In this review paper, the animal‐excretal inputs and farm‐effluent applications to New Zealand pastures are quantified. Data from overseas and New Zealand studies on CH4, NH3, and N2O emissions from excretal deposition and animal effluents, and the factors affecting these emissions, are synthesised with an aim to improve the New Zealand estimates of emissions from these sources. The practical implications of these emissions are described in relation to environmental impacts and management strategies for reducing these emissions.
Molecular phylogeny of Anomalodesmata (Mollusca: Bivalvia) inferred from 18S rRNA sequences

The origin of the anomalodesmatan bivalves and the relationships of the constituent families are far from being settled. Phylogenetic uncertainties result from the morphological heterogeneity of the Anomalodesmata and from parallel/convergent evolution of several character complexes due to similar life habits. Here, we assess these problems with 26 near-complete anomalodesmatan 18S rRNA sequences from 12 out of 15 families and a selection of heteroconch outgroup taxa. The robustly monophyletic Anomalodesmata share insertions in the V2 and V4 expansion regions. Both parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses confirm their position among the basal heterodonts rooting between Carditidae and Lucinidae or, together with the latter, between Carditidae and the remaining Heterodonta. There is no support for monophyletic Myoida, nor for a close relationship of Anomalodesmata with any myoid taxon. At the base of the Anomalodesmata is an unstable cluster of long-branch species belonging to the Poromyidae, Verticordiidae, Lyonsiellidae and Thraciidae. The remaining Anomalodesmata split consistently but with varying branch support into three major clades: the Cuspidariidae excluding Myonera; a ‘thraciid’ clade consisting of (Euciroidae, (Myonera (Thracia, Cleidothaerus, Myochamidae))); and a ‘lyonsiid’ clade with Laternulidae, Pandoridae, diphyletic Lyonsiidae due to a robust clade of Lyonsia norwegica and the clavagellid Brechites vaginiferus. Tests of various alternative topologies showed that all are significantly longer but optimal likelihood trees with monophyletic carnivorous taxa and/or Thraciidae are not significantly less likely. These results differ greatly from previous morphological studies. Palaeontological data and homology decisions for selected characters are evaluated in the light of the molecular trees. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 139, 229–246.
Rice and red rice interference. II. Rice response to population densities of three red rice (Oryza sativa) ecotypes

Abstract Red rice, which grows taller and produces more tillers than domestic rice and shatters most of its seeds early, is a major weed in many rice-growing areas of the world. Field experiments were conducted at Stuttgart, AR in 1997 and 1998 to evaluate the growth response of the Kaybonnet (KBNT) rice cultivar to various population densities of three red rice ecotypes. The ecotypes tested were Louisiana3 (LA3), Stuttgart strawhull (Stgstraw), and Katy red rice (KatyRR). Compared with KBNT alone, LA3, the tallest of the three red rice ecotypes, reduced tiller density of KBNT 51%, aboveground biomass at 91 d after emergence (DAE) 35%, and yield 80%. Stgstraw, a medium-height red rice, reduced KBNT tiller density 49%, aboveground biomass 26%, and yield 61%. KatyRR, the shortest red rice, reduced KBNT tiller density 30%, aboveground biomass 16%, and yield 21%. Tiller density of rice was reduced by 20 to 48% when red rice density increased from 25 to 51 plants m−2. Rice biomass at 91 DAE was reduced by 9 and 44% when red rice densities were 16 and 51 plants m−2. Rice yield was reduced by 60 and 70% at red rice densities of 25 and 51 plants m−2, respectively. These results demonstrate that low populations of red rice can greatly reduce rice growth and yield and that short-statured red rice types may affect rice growth less than taller ecotypes. Nomenclature: Red rice, Oryza sativa L. ORYSA, ‘KatyRR’, ‘LA3’, ‘Stgstraw’; rice, Oryza sativa L. , ‘Kaybonnet’.
THE MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTIONING OF THE MOUTHPARTS OF CHLOEON DIPTERUM L. AND BAETIS RHODANI PICTET (INSECTA, EPHEMEROPTERA)*

The morphology of the mouthparts of Chloeon dipterum L. and Baetis rhodani Pictet is described and the manner of functioning of the mouthparts is interpreted on the basis of their morphology and direct observations of feeding larvae. In C. dipterum the way in which the mouthparts were used depended upon the nature of the food material. The ways in which the mouthparts of B. rhodani differ from those of C. dipterum are shown to be consistent with the overall adaptation of the former species to flowing water.
Distribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-1 receptor in the temporomandibular joint of normal rats

Nitric oxide (NO) is generated from l-arginine by NO synthase (NOS) and has multiple functions under both physiological and pathological conditions. One isoform of NOS, inducible NOS (iNOS) is expressed in the cells such as macrophages after induction with various cytokines or mechanical stress. In this study, we investigated the distribution of iNOS, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and its receptor, the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R), in the synovial membrane of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of normal rats using immunolight and immunoelectron microscopy. By light microscopy, an immunopositive reaction for iNOS and IL-1β was found in the superficial cells of the synovial membrane of both the anterior and posterior portions of the articular disc. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that iNOS-immunoreactive products were deposited in the cytoplasm and vesicles, and on the plasma membrane of type-A (macrophage-like) and B (fibroblast-like) cells of the superficial layer. IL-1R-positive products were found both on the plasma membrane and in the vesicles of type-A cells of the synovial lining, and were observed in macrophages in the sublining layer. These results reveal that iNOS and IL-1β localize to the synovial membrane of the rat TMJ under physiological conditions. Therefore, it is likely that autocrine/paracrine effects of IL-1 β induce NO generation by iNOS via the IL-1R in type-A cells. It is considered that cytokine-induced NO may play an important role in the physiological maintenance, e.g. self-protection, by synovial lining cells of the synovial membrane in the TMJ.
Social relationships in Mastomys huberti as deduced from field and genetic analyses of multiple capture data

Abstract Multiple captures (i.e., the simultaneous capture of two or more individuals in the same trap) in rodent populations provide useful information on their social structure. Adding genetic analyses to these data enables to describe social links between individuals at a finer level. Here, we analyze the distribution and composition of multiple captures obtained during a 3-year study of a population of the murid rodent Mastomys huberti in Mali. In total, 133 multiple captures were recorded, representing more than 17% of the total number of individual capture events. Seasonal variations in the incidence of multiple captures were observed, and the young (classified as juveniles or subadults) were involved in multiple captures more often than expected. Juveniles (<21 g) were captured together more often than expected, suggesting that they usually forage in groups. This trend was also observed in subadults (<31 g), accompanied by a clear deficit of captures involving one subadult and one adult of the same sex, especially in males. This pattern could illustrate a phase when negative intraspecific interactions occur, possibly linked to dispersal of subadult males. Genotypic characterization of a significant fraction of the population using 11 microsatellite loci enabled to show that individuals caught together were significantly more closely related than those involved in single captures, even when close from each other. A seasonal trend of relatedness of these co-captured animals was also confirmed.
Population demographics of two local South Carolina mourning dove populations

The mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) call-count index had a significant (P 2,300 doves and examined >6.000 individuals during harvest bag checks. An age-specific band recovery model with time- and area-specific recovery rates, and constant survival rates, was chosen for estimation via Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), likelihood ratio, and goodness-of-fit eriteria. After-hatching-year (AHY) annual survival rate was 0.359 (SE = 0.056), and batching-year (HY) annual survival rate was 0.118 (SE = 0.042). Average estimated recruitment per adult female into the prehunting season population was 3.40 (SE = 1.25) and 2.32 (SE = 0.46) for the 2 study areas. Our movement data support earlier hypotheses of nonmigratory breeding and harvested populations in South Carolina. Low survival rates and estimated population growth rate in the study areas may be representative only of small-scale areas that are heavily managed for dove hunting. Source-sink theory was used to develop a model of region-wide populations that is composed of source areas with positive growth rates and sink areas of declining growth. We suggest management of mourning doves in the Southeast might benefit from improved understanding of local population dynamics, as opposed to regional-scale population demographics.
Screening of Chinese cabbage mutants produced by 60Co γ-ray mutagenesis of isolated microspore cultures

Since the release of the Chinese cabbage genome sequence, increasing interest has focused on the functional analysis of unidentified genes in Chinese cabbage. Mutant analysis forms the basis of functional genomics research. To produce a variety of Chinese cabbage mutants in the same genetic background, buds containing late uninucleate spores from a doubled haploid line of the Chinese cabbage variety 'Fukuda 50' were irradiated with Co-60 gamma-rays at doses of 20, 40 and 60 Gy. Then, the treated microspores were isolated and cultured. A total of 492 putative M-0 mutants were isolated from 1483 regenerated plants. Of these, six M-1 mutants were verified; the mutant frequency was 0.41%. These mutants comprise a mutant library that includes one plant shape mutant, two flower mutants and three male sterile mutants. Pollen viability detection and DNA flow cytometry were used to determine the ploidy of the regenerated plants. Some of the mutants isolated in this study may be useful for Chinese cabbage breeding and functional genomics research.
Relationship between eye lens weight and age in the wild house mouse (Mus musculus)

(1) Eye lens growth curves were obtained from 200 male and 208 female laboratory-reared wild house mice (Mus musculus L.) between 3 and 72 weeks of age. (2) The relationship between age and dried lens weight was derived by regression analysis. The equations fitted to data for males and females respectively were log10 (age + 20 days) = 1.019 + 0.175 (paired lens weight) and log10 (age + 20 days) = 1.004 + 0 182 (paired lens weight); the correlation coefficients of the relationships were 0.97 and 0-96 respectively. (3) Lens weights 'were also measured in 170 male and 194 female farm-living mice whose ages were accurately known. Lens weight-age relationships were comparable in captive and wild-caught animals. (4) The accuracy of the lens method in determining age was examined by comparison of known and predicted ages. Infant, juvenile and three age-classes of adult animals were reliably separated by lens weight. The technique thus appears to be useful in the analysis of population structure in wild house mice.
Synthesis of a stereoisomeric mixture of (±)-PM-toxin B, a host-specific corn pathotoxin produced by Phyllosticta maydis

A Stereoisomeric mixture of (±)-PM-toxin B [6, 14, 22, 30, 32-pentahydroxy-8, 16, 24-trioxotritriacontane] has been synthesized via three steps of Grignard addition and shows virtually the same biological activities as the natural PM-toxin B.
Similar irradiance-elicited plasticity of leaf traits in saplings of 12 tropical rainforest tree species with highly different leaf mass to area ratio

Leaf traits of tropical tree species display an important inter-specific diversity, as detected for instance in the large range of values of leaf mass : area ratio (LMA). They also demonstrate a large irradiance-elicited plasticity, but there is still debate whether this plasticity differs among species. To address this question, leaf traits were recorded on saplings from 12 rainforest tree species in French Guiana, grown under approximately 5, 10 and 20% relative irradiance. Fifteen structural and physiological leaf traits related to photosynthesis were measured. The irradiance-elicited plasticity was quantified using a relative distance plasticity index. A large inter-specific diversity was detected for all leaf traits. A principal component analysis opposed species with a large mass-based photosynthesis, respiration, N content and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, to species with a large leaf mass : area ratio, LMA. The two pioneer species used in this study displayed the largest photosynthetic capacity (and lowest LMA) and ranked at one end of the species continuum. Relative irradiance affected almost all traits with the exception of mass-based photosynthesis. A weak interaction was found between species and relative irradiance and the species ranking was maintained among relative irradiance treatments for the majority of the traits. A principal component analysis of the values of relative-distance plasticity index failed to reveal any consistent patterns of traits or species. We concluded that irradiance-elicited plasticity of leaf traits was similar among species irrespective of LMA and successional status, despite the occurrence of a large inter-specific diversity for the investigated traits.
Estimating the abundance of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia

To provide an estimate of kangaroo numbers for harvest management, a survey was designed for an area of 29500 km(2) encompassing the agricultural and grazing lands of the Braidwood, Cooma, Goulburn, Gundagai and Yass Rural Lands Protection Board (RLPB) districts in south-east New South Wales. An aerial survey using a helicopter was considered more efficient than ground survey because of the size of the area, relatively high relief and dense tree cover, and the need for regular monitoring. Tree cover and landscape relief was used to stratify the five RLPB districts into areas of probable high, medium and low kangaroo density. Kangaroo density estimated from helicopter surveys conducted in the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales was used to suggest densities and thereby allocate survey effort in each stratum. A survey comprising 735 km of transect line was conducted in winter 2003 with a target precision of 20%. The survey returned an estimate of 286600 32300 eastern grey kangaroos for the whole of the proposed south-east New South Wales kangaroo-management zone. In 2004, a trial harvest of slightly less than 15% of this estimate was taken. Success of the trial will be determined by the impact of harvesting on the population's dynamics, by landholder and industry participation, and by the capacity to monitor population size, harvest offtake and compliance with regulations.
THE PROSPECT OF AMANTADINE FOR PREVENTION OF INFLUENZA A2 IN HUMANS (EFFECTIVENESS OF AMANTADINE DURING INFLUENZA A2/HONG KONG EPIDEMICS IN JANUARY‐FEBRUARY, 1969 IN LENINGRAD)

Inf luenza r ep resen t s one of t he few i n f e c t i o u s d i seases known t o cause shortterm, explos ive mass outbreaks. In f lu enza A epidemics occur r egu la r ly a t i n t e r v a l s of 2 t o 3 years and a f f e c t up t o 50% of t h e populat ion of a l l age groups. Hence, more genera l and s p e c i f i c measures a r e requi red t o c o n t r o l inf luenza,which i s a problem of s p e c i a l s c i e n t i f i c and p r a c t i c a l importance. I n r ecen t years a new promising drug , amantadine hydrochlor ide, was developed by E . I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. and used f o r t h e o r a l chemoprophylaxis of in f luenza . l l 2
Ethanol Induction of Class I Alcohol Dehydrogenase Expression in the Rat Occurs through Alterations in CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Proteins β and γ*

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is the principal ethanol-metabolizing enzyme. Ethanol induces rat Class I ADH mRNA and activity by an as yet unknown mechanism. In the current study, adult male rats were fed an ethanol-containing diet by continuous intragastric infusion for 42 days. Hepatic Class I ADH mRNA, protein, and activity levels in the ethanol-infused rats increased 3.9-, 3.3-, and 1.7-fold, respectively (p <0.05). Cis-acting elements within the proximal promoter region of the ADH gene were studied by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Hepatic nuclear extract (HNE) binding to either the consensus or ADH-specific CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) sites was >2.4-fold greater in ethanol-fed rats (p <0.05) than controls. Antibody-specific EMSA assays demonstrated binding of the transcription factor C/EBPβ to the C/EBP site. Western blot immunoblot analysis of HNEs demonstrated 3.5- and 2.3-fold increases in C/EBPβ (LAP) and C/EBPδ (p <0.05), respectively, in ethanol-fed rats compared with controls, whereas levels of the truncated C/EBPβ (LIP) and C/EBPγ were lower in ethanol-fed rats (p <0.05). HNE from ethanol-fed rats increased (3-fold) the in vitrotranscription of rat Class I ADH (p <0.05), and mutation of the C/EBP element in the proximal promoter region blocked this effect. Antisera against LIP or C/EBPγ enhanced transcription efficiency (p <0.05). These data provide the first evidence for the mechanism by which ethanol regulates rat hepatic Class I ADH gene expression in vivo. This mechanism involves the C/EBP site and the enhancer binding proteins β and γ.