Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Translating local benthic community structure to national biogenic reef habitat types

Aim Marine reef habitats are typically defined subjectively. We provide a continental-scale assessment of dominant reef habitats through analysis of macroalgae and sessile animal taxa at sites distributed around Australia. Relationships between reef habitats and environmental and anthropogenic factors are assessed, and potential changes in the future distribution and persistence of habitats are considered. Location Shallow rocky and coral reefs around the Australian coast. Methods Cover of 38 sessile biota functional groups was recorded in diver-based surveys using quadrats at 1,299 sites. Classification analyses based on the functional groups were used to identify an unambiguous set of ‘biogenic habitat types’. Random forest and distance-based linear modelling were used to investigate correlations between these habitats and environmental and anthropogenic variables. Results Cluster analyses revealed tropical and temperate ‘realms’ in benthic substratum composition, each with finer-scale habitats: four for the temperate realm (canopy algae, barren, epiphytic algae–understorey and turf) and five for the tropical realm (coral, coral–bacterial mat, turf–coral, calcified algae–coral and foliose algae). Habitats were correlated with different sets of environmental and anthropogenic conditions, with key associations in the temperate realm between mean sea temperature and canopy-forming algae (negative) and barren habitat (positive). Variation in sea temperature was also an important correlate in the tropical realm. Main conclusions Quantitative delineation of inshore reef habitats at a continental scale identifies many of the same habitat types traditionally recognized through subjective methods. Importantly, many biogenic reef habitats were closely related to environmental parameters and anthropogenic variables that are predicted to change. Consequently, habitats have differing likelihood of persistence. Structurally complex habitats in the temperate realm are at greater risk than more ‘two-dimensional’ habitats (e.g., canopy-forming versus turfing algae). In the tropical realm, offshore and coastal habitats differed greatly, highlighting the importance of large-scale oceanic conditions in shaping biogenic structure.
Chromatin structure and dna damage response

Genomic integrity is constantly exposed to the products of metabolic activities and environmental processes that can induce DNA damage. A well-organized network of signaling cascade, designated as DNA damage response (DDR), encompasses systems of damage detection, cell-cycle check-point activation and repair mechanisms. The DNA damage pathways involve not only naked DNA strands but also higher-order chromatin components, such as histone variants and heterochromatin proteins. Any impediment of this regulation process may cause extensive damage and trigger the growth of tumours. The alterations in chromatin architecture occur during transcription and replication and are required to provide the accessibility of proteins to DNA strands. There is increasing evidence that DNA repair is also accompanied by the chromatin remodeling, particularly in the case of efficient detection and repair of DSBs where chromatin structure and nucleosome organization represent a significant barrier.
Movement and foraging behavior of short-finned pilot whales in the Mid-Atlantic Bight: importance of bathymetric features and implications for management

Shelf break systems are ecologically important regions of the ocean, and are often characterized by enhanced productivity and high densities of species from lower to upper trophic levels. Along with associated submarine canyons, shelf break regions provide important foraging habitat for deep-diving odontocetes such as pilot whales. Short-finned pilot whales Globicephala macrorhynchus are found throughout tropical and subtropical waters, but there is little information on the habitat use of this species in the northwest Atlantic. We examined the movements and foraging behavior of short-finned pilot whales using data from satellite tags (n = 33) deployed off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA in 2014 and 2015. Pilot whale tracks ranged from Cape Lookout, North Carolina north to Georges Bank, with movements and habitat use primarily focused north of Cape Hatteras. We observed 2 distinct modes of behavior, with most pilot whales showing a strong affinity for the continental shelf break and others following offshore meanders of the Gulf Stream for all or part of the observed track. We used first passage time (FPT) to assess arearestricted search behavior, and found that FPT was significantly higher close to the shelf break and in submarine canyons. Our results demonstrate the importance of steep bathymetric features to the foraging habitat and distribution of short-finned pilot whales in this region. In addition, our findings suggest that pilot whales in the Mid-Atlantic Bight may have developed specialized foraging behaviors for targeting steep bathymetric gradients, and that their latitudinal distribution may be limited to regions where this foraging strategy is effective.
Memory Guides the Comprehension of Event Changes for Older and Younger Adults

Two experiments examined adult age differences in the use of memory to comprehend changes in everyday activities. Participants viewed movies depicting an actor performing activities on two fictive days in her life. Some activities were repeated across days, other activities were repeated with a changed feature (e.g., waking up to an alarm clock or a phone alarm), and a final set of activities was performed on Day 2 only. After a one-week delay, participants completed a cued recall test for the activities of Day 2. Unsurprisingly, exact repetition boosted final recall. More surprising, features that changed from Day 1 to Day 2 were remembered approximately as well as features that were only presented on Day 2—showing an absence of proactive interference and in some cases proactive facilitation. Proactive facilitation was strongly related to participants’ ability to detect and recollect the changes. Younger adults detected and recollected more changes than older adults, which in part explained older adults’ differential deficit in memory for changed activity features. We propose that this pattern may reflect observers’ use of episodic memory to make predictions during the experience of a new activity, and that when predictions fail, this triggers processing that benefits subsequent episodic memory. Disruption of this chain of processing could play a role in age-related episodic memory deficits.
Theoretical investigation on the binding specificity of fluorinated sialyldisaccharides Neu5Acα(2–3)Gal and Neu5Acα(2–6)Gal with influenza hemagglutinin H1 – A Molecular Dynamics Study

ABSTRACT In the present study, the hydroxyl groups at the C4 and C7 positions of sialic acid and C6 position of galactose in Neu5Acα(2–3)Gal (N23G) and the hydroxyl groups at the C8 position of sialic acid and C3 and C4 positions of galactose in Neu5Acα(2–6)Gal (N26G) were substituted with fluorine atoms, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations of 100 ns duration were carried out to investigate the structural and dynamical behavior of H1 bound with the tri-fluorinated N23G and N26G (FN23G and FN26G). Based on energy analysis, it was concluded that FN26G should be a better binder for hemagglutinin (H1) than FN23G and it might act as an inhibitor for influenza.
Variabilidad genética del cerdo Congo Santandereano mediante marcadores microsatelite

The Congo pig is a zoogenetic resource characteristic of the Santander Department in Colombia. Its genetic diversity was evaluated using 12 different microsatellites, from 37 blood samples. DNA was extracted using Corpogen 2000 kit®; the microsatellites were amplified using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and electrophoresis of vertical chamber for typification. Using software (Genetix®) the observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He), the number of alleles for each locus, the allelic frequency and the FIS statistics were calculated. The polymorphic indices (PIC) were calculated using the microsatellite excel Toolkit. The twelve microsatellites employed were polymorphic, a total of 52 alleles were detected, with a median of 4.3 alleles. The (He) range interval values was 0.42 (minimal markers S009 and SW240) – 0.76 (Maximal marker CGA1). The medium Ho was 35%, the majority of the markers were useful with polymorphism information content (PIC) superior to 0.5. The inbreeding index (FIS 0.5) reveals a high deficit of heterozygotes. This finding strongly suggests a low genetic variability of the Santander Congo pig, suggests a possible trend of increase in consanguinity, possibly related to a reduced population size.
Exploring the genotype-phenotype map for gene regulatory networks capable of pattern formation

Exploring the genotype-phenotype map for gene regulatory networks capable of pattern formation. The phenomenon of pattern formation is one of the most intriguing in developmental biology. The fundamental question is how a group of identical cells develops into a spatially organized set of different cell types. These patterning mechanisms are controlled by regulatory networks of genes in different cells interacting together to act like a cellular computer. Traditional approaches worked on a case by case basis, analyzing gene networks responsible for specific pattern formation phenomena and exploring how they function by reverse genetics. More recently systems biology approaches have been used to explore how these gene networks function, extracting features that are only apparent on a systems scale. These approaches require the computational modeling of the underlying gene regulatory networks controlling the individual patterning phenomena in a spatial context. They have been successful in identifying widespread phenomena such as the robustness of network function to mutation and noise. Due to the advent of more powerful computers, we now believe systems biology can go much further. Instead of limiting ourselves to the gene networks we know are responsible for pattern formation in specific systems, we can model all possible gene networks up to a particular level of complexity (number of genes and interactions). By modeling all possible regulatory networks in a spatial context we are exploring how network structure (genotype) relates to the possible gene expression patterns (phenotype). Fundamental design and evolutionary principles can be extracted by mapping out the space of possibilities in this fashion, which is not possible by analyzing real gene networks on a case by case basis. As a byproduct, by using a realistic model of gene regulation, new non-intuitive patterning mechanisms can also be discovered and suggested to account for observed patterning phenomena in real biological systems.
Innate signaling by mycolate esters of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and relevance for the development of adjuvants for subunit vaccines

Introduction: Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, triggering the induction of inflammatory innate responses and contributing to the development of specific adaptive immune responses. Novel adjuvants have been developed based on agonists of PRRs. Areas covered: Lipid pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present in the cell wall of mycobacteria are revised, with emphasis on agonists of C-type lectin receptors, signaling pathways, and preclinical data supporting their use as novel adjuvants inducing cell-mediated immune responses. Their potential use as lipid antigens in novel tuberculosis subunit vaccines is also discussed. Expert commentary: Few adjuvants are licensed for human use and mainly favour antibody-mediated protective immunity. Use of lipid PAMPs that trigger cell-mediated immune responses could lead to the development of adjuvants for vaccines against intracellular pathogens and cancer. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 6 January 2016 Accepted 3 May 2016 Published online 30 May 2016
Light wavelength on different poultry species

Factors involved in light management of poultry include source, intensity, duration, uniformity and wavelength (light colour) of light. Research trials have examined the effects of short (blue and green) and long wavelengths (orange and red) on animal welfare, body weight gain, and egg productions in chickens, quail, turkeys, geese and ducks. Blue or green illuminations have a positive effect on body weight and red or white are beneficial to the production of eggs in chickens and quail. During the pre- and post-maturity periods of turkeys, blue light was preferred in the pre-maturity period, whereas the red or white light was better for the post-maturity period. Any noticeable change has not been observed within the body weight gain among the geese under different coloured light; whereas white-coloured light has played an important role in their egg production and semen quality. Positive results have been seen for body weight gain by exposure to red and white light in ducks. The available literature shows that different wavelengths can have positive or negative effects on welfare, body weight gain and egg production of the poultry.
Adhoc Theoretical Approach for Indian Premier League Matches

: As the technology is increasing in our day to day life, it has taken place in sports also. From implying the rules correctly to, to predict the outcome of the match. This paper emphasise on the theoretical approach to predict the outcome of Indian Premiere League (IPL) matches. A Neural Network has been suggested to compare stats of a match like team, venue, pitch report etc., for the prediction of the outcome and predict which team will win the match. This theory also consider the star player of a team for the previous match and his stats with current playing team
Influence of Political Marketing Campaigns through Social Media on Political Activism: Special Emphasis on Youth of Pakistan

The objective of this study was to analyze the possible relationship of online political marketing campaigns and offline political mobility of the Facebook users. Online political marketing on Facebook was analyzed and checked the effect of this marketing effort on offline political activity of the users. The targeted population was youth of Pakistan between the ages of 18-35 (registered voters). Data on the study variables was collected through structured questionnaire from 607 youth who have Facebook account and were interested in seeking online political information. Participants recorded their responses through online questionnaire. Statistical analysis included reliability test and correlation. The results of the study reveal that the study variables have significant relationship with each other. The findings of the study provide deep insight of the relationship, and magnitude of two data sub sets on the basis of active and passive use of Facebook, and their relationship with real world political activism. Surprisingly, passive users of Facebook were found more active in offline political activities as compared to the active users. Possible reasons, limitations, and recommendation are discussed in detail.
Prevalence of metallo-beta-lactamase enzyme and patern of antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pnomoniae isolated from patients with urinary tract infection in Qom city during 2013-2014

: Bachground: Klebsiella pnomoniae is one of the most important etiologic agents of urinary tract infection (UTI). An increasing occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among uropathogenic bacterial isolates has complicated the treatment process. The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic susceptibility patterns and prevalence of the metallo-beta-lactamase enzyme of K. pneumoniae isolates collected from UTI. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with complicated UTI reffered to hospitals in Qom city, Iran. A total of 1807 culture positive samples of pathogens were collected from the patients, among which 457 isolates were K. pneumoniae . The isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the disc-diffusion method recommended by the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2013). In addition, the dubble disk synergy test was used to detect the K. pneumoniae isolates of metallo-beta-lactamase enzyme. Results: The prevalence of UTI infection due to K. pneumoniae was 25.3%. Among 1807 positive urine cultures, 62.4% were from females and 37.6% from males. Results of antimicrobial susceptibility showed that the highest antibiotic resistance was seen for trimetoprium-sulfametoxazole (98.5%) and the lowest resistance levels were seen for amikacin (9.4%), meropenem (22.8%) and imipenem (25.6%). The results of the imipenem-EDTA combined disk showed that 93.2% imipenem resistance isolates were positive for the metallo-beta- lactamase enzyme. Conclusion : Carbapenem resistance and production of the metallo-beta-lactamase enzyme in K. pneumoniae uropathogenic are increasing. However, amikacin is still effective against these bacterial infections and its effectiveness should be maintained.
Different predation efficiencies of trap‐building larvae of sympatric antlions and wormlions from the rainforest of Borneo

1. This study reports the discovery of sympatric populations of antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) and wormlions (Diptera: Vermileonidae) in a unique system of sandy microhabitats in the lowland rainforest of Borneo. The two species convergently evolved sit‐and‐wait predatory larvae, which construct pitfall traps to hunt insects. Despite similar specialised foraging strategies, the two species coexist in the competitive environment of small, isolated sandy patches in the rainforest, which begs the question: what biological characteristics allow their coexistence?
Court -ordered cognitive -behavioural group treatment with adolescent offenders: Outcomes of an anger management program

The Oakland County Court Family Division Psychological Clinic offers two group interventions to aid juvenile offenders and their families. The Skills Training in Anger Reduction (STAR) program is a cognitive behavioural anger management group intervention program for juveniles, while Court Help On Increasing Control and Effectiveness (CHOICE) is a group parent training program tailored to meet the needs of parents of juvenile offenders. Archival data from court records for 281 participants in STAR, CHOICE, or both interventions provided intervention and recidivism data. For a portion of STAR participants, preand post-intervention self-reported anger and parentreported behaviour data also were available. Pearson product correlations, GLM multivariate analyses, logistic regressions, and Cox Regression Survival analyses permitted the exploration of the role of juvenile characteristics in intervention outcome and the examination of treatment effects on recidivism. Juvenile offender gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, delinquency of peers, and ages at first offense and intervention all were found to be related to differences in pre-intervention and/or outcome variables. Pre-intervention felony charges were related to higher rates of intervention completion while total pre-intervention charges were related to lower rates of intervention completion. Comparing STAR completers to non-completers revealed significant differences in recidivism between groups. Similarly, significant differences also were observed between CHOICE completers and non-completers. The study failed to find significant added benefits for combined treatment. Court employee surveys provided insight into the importance of various treatment objectives and characteristics of potential participants in juvenile offender and parenting groups.
Selenium in Poultry Nutrition: from Sodium Selenite to Organic Selenium Sources

Selenium (Se) is an essential element in poultry nutrition and its bio-efficacy depends on its chemical form. A growing body of research proves that organic forms of Se, mainly selenomethionine (SeMet), in poultry diets have a range of important advantages over traditional sodium selenite. In fact, the organic Se concept considers SeMet as a storage form of Se in the chicken body. As chickens are not able to synthesize SeMet, its provision through diet is a key strategy to fight commercially relevant stresses. Indeed, in stress conditions, when increased selenoprotein expression requires additional Se, while its provision via feed usually decreases due to a reduction in feed consumption, Se reserves in the body (mainly in the muscles) could help maintain an effective antioxidant defense and prevent detrimental consequences of stresses. The poultry industry is looking for the most effective sources of organic Se for commercial use. In this review, advantages and disadvantages of main organic Se sources for poultry (Se-yeast, SeMet, and OH-SeMet) are analyzed, and future directions for the development of new Se sources are identified.
Amazon soils : a reconnaissance of the soils of the Brazilian Amazon region

The study deals with soils of the Brazilian part of the Amazon basin. Most soils are Latosols, some with soft or hardened plinthite. The Latosols are characterized by a latosolic B horizon as defined in Brazil. Plinthite, its formation and morphology were extensively described. Five main types of hard plinthite were distinguished. The rather uniform soils of the Amazon Planalto proved to be mainly Kaolinitic Yellow Latosols. Various intergrades toward Groundwater Laterites and Red Yellow Podzolic soils were shown to exist. Special attention was given to the relation between the soil conditions and vegetative cover. The mean gross timber volume and the presence of specific tree species were discussed. The suitability was assessed of the soils for agricultural production, especially vegetables, cash crops and some perennials such as oil palms.
Investigation of Cellular and Genetic Mechanisms Required for Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Activity in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/ Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is a complex disorder associated with disabling and unremitting fatigue, flu-like symptoms, muscle and joint pain, post-exertional malaise and cognitive impairments. CFS/ME is a heterogeneous illness and the cause of CFS/ME is currently unknown. Consequently, there is no biological marker to diagnose the illness, and case definitions are used to identify CFS/ME patients. CFS/ME is a multi-system disorder that has been associated with impairments in the functions of the endocrine, immune, central and autonomic nervous systems. Evidence for chronic immune dysfunction in CFS/ME has been reported by several groups, where significantly reduced Natural Killer (NK) cell cytotoxic activity has been the most predominant and consistent finding. NK cells consist of CD56brightCD16dim/- NK cells which produce immunoregulatory cytokines, and CD56dimCD16+ NK cells which induce cytotoxic lysis of target cells infected by viruses, bacteria and parasites, or cells that have been malignantly transformed. The granule secretory pathway mediates NK cell cytotoxic activity and includes contact, adhesion, activation, granule polarisation and degranulation. Cytotoxic lysis of target cells is predominantly induced by the granule secretory pathway and, as such, has been associated with the cytotoxic dysfunction reported in CFS/ME patients. The aim of this thesis was to investigate cellular and genetic components required for NK cell cytotoxic activity to identify a potential mechanism of reduced cytotoxic activity in CFS/ME patients.