Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Coming of Age of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics

In recent years, human health has begun to face a new type of crisis. While the greatest risks of mortality in previous centuries were attributed to acute infectious disease, chronic metabolic disease is rapidly becoming a more significant concern, particularly in developed nations. According to the World Health Organization [1] , 65% of the world’s population now live in countries where obesity kills more people than diseases related to malnourishment. Medical advancements may have enabled us to outwit many of the pathogens that harmed us in the past, but now our most serious concerns are the diseases that arise from how we live. To address the rising prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and cancer, it is imperative that we continue to develop our knowledge of the biological mechanisms that underlie these diseases and seek safer and more effective prevention and treatment. Needless to say, contributions from the fields of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics are more critical now than ever before. Our understanding of genetics has progressed in leaps and bounds over the past decades, the apex of which was the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2004 [2] . Genetics play an integral role in every type of disease, whether the relationship is one of inheritance or the product of gene-environment interactions. This greater understanding of genetics has provided insight into the etiology of many diseases as well as the types of interventions that may be successful. We now understand that a variety of environmental stimuli trigger changes in gene expression, and that these changes underlie disease; for example, a decrease in global DNA methylation can upregulate genes involved in disease, such as cancer-promoting genes, thereby heightening the risk of developing cancer [3–5] . Clearly, nutrition and diet constitute a major source of environmental input, and there is reason to believe that increases in metabolic disease are associated with recent changes to the human diet and its impact on the genome. Published online: June 14, 2012
Molecules relevant for T cell‐target cell interaction are present in cytolytic granules of human T lymphocytes

An ultrastructural analysis of human cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐target cell (CTL‐TC) interaction has been undertaken to enable a better understanding of the killing mechanism. Attention was focused on granules in the CTL, which are known to contain lethal compounds. Within the membrane‐delimited cytotoxic granule an electron‐dense core as well as numerous membrane vesicles were identified. In CTL‐TC conjugates, specific membrane interactions take place, allowing the formation of intercellular clefts into which the granule cores and internal vesicles are released. T cell surface membrane molecules known to be involved in CTL‐TC interaction (T cell receptor, CD3 and CD8) are present on the membranes of the granule cores and internal vesicles, facing outward. An explanation for this localization of the membrane may be found in the fact that the granule is connected with an endocytotic pathway. Moreover, the lumen of the granule is rich in the enzyme cathepsin D, which indicates an association with a lysosomal compartment. Exocytosed vesicles and cores are seen to adhere to the plasma membrane of the TC. Although the exact contents of the granule vesicles and core remain to be identified, we suggest that specific interaction of CTL membrane molecules on the cytolytic granule components with molecules on the plasma membrane of the TC may ensure the unidirectional delivery of the lethal hit.
Determination of renal vascular resistance in dogs with diabetes mellitus and hyperadrenocorticism

In dogs, diabetes mellitus and hyperadrenocorticism are causes of hypertension associated with increases in vascular peripheral resistance. In human patients, the renal resistive index (ri) and pulsatility index (pi) are related to hypertension and diabetes and are used as indicators of disease severity. In this study the renal vascular resistance was measured in 12 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, three with diabetes mellitus and four with both conditions, and the possible relationships between the two indices, blood pressure and biochemical parameters were investigated. Hypertension, defined as a systolic blood pressure more than 150 mmHg, was recorded in two of the dogs with hyperadrenocorticism and three of the dogs with hyperadrenocorticism and diabetes. The overall mean values for RI, PI and systolic blood pressure were higher in the diseased group of dogs than in 27 healthy dogs, and both indices were correlated with blood glucose concentration.
Personality Relationships among Parents and Adolescent Offspring in Inpatient Treatment

The present investigation examined relationships between personality characteristics of 51 adolescents hospitalized for psychiatric treatment and their biological parents. Family members were administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) within one week of adolescent hospital admission. Pearson product-moment correlations were performed for all possible group comparisons on each MMPI scale. Analysis of variance of difference scores reflecting the relationship of adolescent to parent profile elevations was used to examine the effects of sex of adolescent, sex of parent, and adolescent diagnostic classification on similarity of parent's and offspring's profiles. Interpreted in the context of previous research, results suggest that the more severe the adolescent psychiatric disturbance, the more dissimilar personality characteristics of parent and child. With the possible exception of emerging antisocial patterns, abnormal personality development may be related to adolescents' failure to establish or copy parental personality characteristics.
Acute obstetric emergency drill in England and Wales: a survey of practice

Multidisciplinary training for obstetric emergencies is an issue of current interest and debate in the UK. This paper presents a survey of current practice in obstetric emergency drill training in England and Wales. A wide range of training methods and opinions about these methods are demonstrated in this survey. There is much interest in improving the management of obstetric emergencies and this is to be encouraged. However, reliable methods to assess and thereby optimise methods are urgently required in order that women and their babies can realise the maximum benefit from these complex interventions.
A new approach to elastography using mutual information and finite elements.

Historically, increased mechanical stiffness during tissue palpation exams has been associated with assessing organ health as well as with detecting the growth of a potentially life-threatening cell mass. As such, techniques to image elasticity parameters (i.e., elastography) have recently become of great interest to scientists. In this work, a new method of elastography will be introduced within the context of mammographic imaging. The elastography method proposed represents a non-rigid iterative image registration algorithm that varies material properties within a finite element model to improve registration. More specifically, regional measures of image similarity are used within an objective function minimization framework to reconstruct elasticity images of tissue stiffness. Numerical simulations illustrate: (1) the encoding of stiffness information within the context of a regional image similarity criterion, (2) the methodology for an iterative elastographic imaging framework and (3) elasticity reconstruction simulations. The real strength in this approach is that images from any modality (e.g., magnetic resonance, computed tomography, ultrasound. etc) that have sufficient anatomically-based intensity heterogeneity and remain consistent from a pre- to a post-deformed state could be used in this paradigm.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors Serve as Substrates for Multidrug Transporter Proteins MDR1 and MRP1 but Retain Antiviral Efficacy in Cell Lines Expressing These Transporters

ABSTRACT The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors (PIs)—saquinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, and indinavir—interact with the ABC-type multidrug transporter proteins MDR1 and MRP1 in CEM T-lymphocytic cell lines. Calcein fluorescence was significantly enhanced in MDR1+ CEM/VBL100 and MRP1+CEM/VM-1-5 cells incubated in the presence of various HIV PIs and calcein acetoxymethyl ester. HIV PIs also enhanced the cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin, a known substrate for MDR1 and MRP1, in both VBL100 and VM-1-5 CEM lines. Saquinavir, ritonavir, and nelfinavir enhanced doxorubicin toxicity in CEM/VBL100 cells by approximately three- to sevenfold. Saquinavir and ritonavir also enhanced doxorubicin toxicity in CEM/VM-1-5 cells. HIV-1 replication was effectively inhibited by the various PIs in all of the cell lines, and the 90% inhibitory concentration for a given compound was comparable between the different cell types. Therefore, overexpression of MDR1 or MRP1 by T lymphocytes is not likely to limit the antiviral efficacy of HIV PI therapy.
Functional Outcomes After Syndesmotic Screw Fixation and Removal

Objectives: Ankle fractures with a syndesmotic injury have historically been treated with syndesmotic screw fixation. We compared range of motion and functional outcomes' scores to assess patient benefit from syndesmotic screw and plate removal. Design: Level IV-case series. Setting: Level I-trauma center. Patients/Participants: Twenty-five consecutive patients with unstable ankle fractures and syndesmotic injury confirmed on magnetic resonance imaging. Intervention: Locked syndesmotic screws and plates were removed; functional outcomes and range of motion were measured before and after screw removal. Main Outcome Measurements: Foot and Ankle Outcome Score, Olerud and Molander Ankle Score, and physical examination Results: There was a significant improvement in range of motion, Foot and Ankle Outcome, and Olerud and Molander Ankle scores at the immediate postoperative visit. This was not significantly changed at longer follow-up. There were no adverse events or complications in these patients. No patient had radiographic loss of syndesmotic reduction after screw removal. Conclusions: Locked screw and plate removal improved function both subjectively and objectively. Transsyndesmotic implant removal seems to assist improvements in the speed of rehabilitation.
The “switching on” of mammalian spermatozoa: Molecular events involved in promotion and regulation of capacitation

Following the discovery of mammalian sperm capacitation and its fundamental importance for the acquisition of fertilizing potential, it has gradually become possible to identify some specific molecules and molecular events that play pivotal roles in the “switching on” of spermatozoa. These are discussed in the context of the promotion and regulation of capacitation, emphasizing differences between commonly used conditions in vitro and the environment in vivo where spermatozoa normally undergo capacitation. Although typical culture media used in vitro do support capacitation, they do not prevent capacitated cells from undergoing spontaneous acrosome reactions and so losing fertilizing potential. This is not a problem in vitro, but could be in vivo where few spermatozoa reach the site of fertilization. Several small molecules, known to be present in vivo, have been shown in vitro to bind to spermatozoa and to regulate capacitation, first accelerating capacitation and then inhibiting spontaneous acrosome reactions, by regulating cAMP production. Since spermatozoa would contact these molecules during and after ejaculation, it is plausible that they serve a similar function in vivo. The mechanisms whereby the presence or absence of decapacitation factors might alter plasma membrane architecture and so alter functionality of a number of membrane‐associated enzymes involved in capacitation are also considered. Finally, several unresolved issues relating to events during capacitation are discussed. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 197–208, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Civic Science for Sustainability: Reframing the Role of Experts, Policy-Makers and Citizens in Environmental Governance

The essay reviews the notion of civic science in global environmental governance and how it is articulated in international relations, science studies, democratic theory and sustainability science. Civic science is used interchangeably with participatory, citizen, stakeholder and democratic science, which are all catch words that signify various attempts to increase public participation in the production and use of scientific knowledge. Three rationales for civic science are identified: restoring public trust in science, re-orienting science towards coping with the complexity of environmental problems and installing democratic governance of science. A central proposition is that the promotion of civic science needs to be coupled with a theoretical understanding of its institutional, normative and epistemological challenges. The science-politics interface needs to be reframed to include the triangular interaction between scientific experts, policy-makers and citizens.
Transition des soins pédiatriques vers les soins pour adultes chez les adolescents porteurs de maladie chronique

A l'adolescence, les patients porteurs de maladie chronique depuis l'enfance passent une etape de transition des soins, qui implique la sortie des services pediatriques et l'entree dans les services pour adultes. Cette etape pose de nombreux defis et elle est reconnue comme une periode a risque de rupture de soins. Pour eviter ces situations, des recommandations internationales et des programmes varies ont ete proposees. En France, il n'existe pas de recommandation generique pour la transition. Notre objectif etait de proposer un programme generique, pertinent et faisable pour la transition des jeunes porteurs de maladies chroniques variees dans un grand nombre de services en France. Pour cela nous avons employe une methode mixte : 1) Revue systematique des etudes interventionnelles au niveau international ; 2) Enquete qualitative des pratiques de transition existantes dans un ensemble de services hospitaliers d'Ile de France ; 3) Enquete de consensus national pour l'elaboration d'un programme de transition pertinent et faisable par la methode Delphi. Nous avons observe que l'existence de programmes de transition etait tres dependante des services : certains ne proposant pratiquement aucune adaptation de la prise en charge, d'autres proposant des programmes tres structures. Globalement, les programmes sont peu specifiques des pathologies. A l'issue de ce travail de these, nous avons propose un programme generique qui peut etre considere comme un tronc commun. Il pourra notamment permettre aux professionnels impliques dans le suivi de pathologies peu etudiees dans le contexte de la transition de proposer des pratiques essentielles et minimales aux patients concernes.
Age-Associated Alterations of Hippocampal Place Cells Are Subregion Specific

Aging is associated with spatial memory impairments and with deficient encoding of information by the hippocampus. In young adult rats, recent studies on the firing properties of hippocampal neurons have emphasized the importance of the CA3 subregion in the rapid encoding of new spatial information. Here, we compared the spatial firing patterns of CA1 and CA3 neurons in aged memory-impaired rats with those of young rats as they explored familiar and novel environments. We found that CA1 place cells in aged and young rats had similar firing characteristics in the familiar and novel environments. In contrast, aged CA3 place cells had higher firing rates in general and failed to change their firing rates and place fields as much as CA3 cells of young rats when the rats were introduced to a novel environment. Thus, aged CA3 cells failed to rapidly encode new spatial information compared with young CA3 cells. These data suggest an important and selective contribution of CA3 dysfunction to age-related memory impairment.
Restrictive Cardiomyopathies: The Importance of Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging Modalities in Diagnosis and Treatment—A Systematic Review

Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is the least common among cardiomyopathies. It can be idiopathic, familial, or secondary to systematic disorders. Marked increase in left and/or right ventricular filling pressures causes symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure. Electrocardiographic findings are nonspecific and include atrioventricular conduction and QRS complex abnormalities and supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) play a major role in diagnosis. Echocardiography reveals normal or hypertrophied ventricles, preserved systolic function, marked biatrial enlargement, and impaired diastolic function, often with restrictive filling pattern. CMR offering a higher spatial resolution than echocardiography can provide detailed information about anatomic structures, perfusion, ventricular function, and tissue characterization. CMR with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and novel approaches (myocardial mapping) can direct the diagnosis to specific subtypes of RCM, depending on the pattern of scar formation. When noninvasive studies have failed, endomyocardial biopsy is required. Differentiation between RCM and constrictive pericarditis (CP), nowadays by echocardiography, is important since both present as heart failure with normal-sized ventricles and preserved ejection fraction but CP can be treated by means of anti-inflammatory and surgical treatment, while the treatment options of RCM are dictated by the underlying condition. Prognosis is generally poor despite optimal medical treatment.
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy As A Tool For The Investigation Of Tetracycline Fluorescence In Archaeologicalhuman Bone 2005

Fluorochromes such as tetracycline have been used to label bone for histomorphometric analysis, measuring bone formation, growth, maintenance, and pathology. More recently, similar fluorescence has been observed in ancient human bone. Attributed to tetracycline (TC) exposure, this phenomenon could affect various aspects of health during life and/or preservation of remains postmortem. Standard epifluorescence microscopy is the most common tool employed in the analysis of these labels. Though valuable, this technique is limited by its inability to penetrate bone threedimensionally and its inclusion of out-of-focus light, possibly disrupting accurate analysis. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) has been demonstrated as a valuable tool for three-dimensional histology. Its application to the study of compact bone fluorescence has been lacking, especially in archaeological and forensic sciences. In the following two papers, modern TC-controlled bone is compared to well preserved archaeological bone recovered from the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, using both standard widefield and more modern confocal techniques for imaging and analysis. Spectral analysis via CLSM shows that both modern and ancient fluorescent labels in bone share the exact same fluorescence emission peak at 525 nm. Differences in the shape of the spectral curve and photobleaching characteristics are discussed. In addition, CLSM’s highresolution twoand three-dimensional imaging capabilities (in polarized light, scattered light, and fluorescence light) are found to increase the flexibility and creativity of investigations into the occurrence of tetracycline labels in archaeological bone and could have added benefits for modern medical and anatomical experimentation.
Web-based Context-Aware m-Learning Architecture

Context awareness is essential in mobile learning being a highly personalized environment with diverse capabilities. Major challenges of context awareness are to define the learning context, how to sense it, and how to react to changes. Our proposed system provides a general architecture that facilitates contextualization using current widely-used web standards. It provides a systematic approach to achieve contextualization defining major components and their functionalities without deepening into details. It uses web services to connect to resources making them reusable and distributable. In addition, all technologies and platforms proposed in our system are available under General Public License (GPL) hence facilitating immediate implementation. The paper ends with a real world scenario where m-Learning could be the only solution.
Measuring the E ffi ciency of SDN Mitigations Against Cyber Attacks

To address increasing problems caused by cyber attacks, we leverage Software Defined networks and Network Function Virtualisation governed by a SARNET-agent to enable autonomous response and attack mitigation. A Secure Autonomous Response Network (SARNET) uses a control loop to constantly assess the security state of the network by means of observables. Using a prototype we introduce the metrics impact and efficiency and show how they can be used to compare and evaluate countermeasures. These metrics become building blocks for self learning SARNET which exhibit true autonomous response.
A Second Pathway for Regeneration of Adult Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreas: A Possible Recapitulation of Embryonic Development

Substantial regeneration of both the endocrine and exocrine pancreas occurs after a 90% partial pancreatectomy in the young adult rat. We have reported previously that replication of preexisting islet and exocrine cells is enhanced 3- to 4-fold. Here, we report a second pathway of regeneration, that of proliferation and differentiation of precursor cells in the ductal epithelium. As shown with in vivo pulse labeling using 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine, an expansion of the ductal epithelium occurs. Proliferation is seen first in the common pancreatic duct and sequentially in smaller ducts of the ductal tree as focal areas of proliferation small ductules form. By 60 h after pancreatectomy, only these focal areas show heavy 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine staining. These proliferating ductules comprise 12.8% of the pancreatic volume at 3 days after pancreatectomy but are uncommon at 7 days after pancreatectomy. Coincident with the appearance and disappearance of these regions was a 3.5-fold increased growth of the pancreatic remnant compared with its equivalent of sham animals. These small ductules differentiate into new pancreatic islets and exocrine tissue, forming new lobules of pancreas that are indistinguishable from the preexisting ones. This second pathway of rapid regeneration recapitulates embryonic development in its pattern of ductal proliferation and subsequent differentiation. Furthermore, these studies provide evidence of the presence of precursor/stem cells in the adult pancreas.
Défis politiques pour les 50 prochaines années

Ce document passe en revue et analyse quelques-uns des problemes cles auxquels les pays de l’OCDE et leurs partenaires pourraient etre confrontes dans les 50 prochaines annees si les grandes tendances mondiales se confirment en matiere de croissance, d’echanges, d’inegalites et de pressions environnementales. Par exemple, la croissance mondiale va vraisemblablement ralentir et devenir de plus en plus tributaire du savoir et de la technologie. Les couts economiques des dommages causes a l’environnement vont augmenter. L’importance croissante du savoir dans l’economie aura en general pour effet d’accroitre le rendement de la formation, ce qui devrait accentuer les inegalites de revenu au sein des pays. Ces inegalites n’augmenteront pas automatiquement avec le revenu avant impot, mais les pouvoirs publics auront peut-etre du mal a les attenuer, en raison de l’integration commerciale et de la mobilite croissante des assiettes fiscales, ainsi que des fortes pressions budgetaires auxquels ils sont soumis. Ce document examine les solutions que les politiques structurelles nationales peuvent offrir a ces problemes et a un certain nombre d’enjeux connexes ; il souligne egalement le besoin croissant d’une coordination et d’une cooperation internationales face a ces questions au cours des 50 prochaines annees.