Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sporadic E at VHF in the USA

An analysis is made of sporadic-E propagation observed on the Cedar Rapids to Sterling path during the four years, 1952-1955. VHF transmissions over this path at frequencies of 27.775 mc and 49.8 mc provided the Es data. At this latitude, the summer months receive the preponderance of sporadic E. Diurnally, sporadic-E occurrence tends to favor the day-time and evening hours with peaks of incidence about 1000 and 1800. No variation with sunspot number has been discerned. As a rule, higher Es signal intensities are recorded at 28 than at 50 mc. Cumulative distributions of signal intensity are presented for the two frequencies. A relationship is found between the frequency dependence of Es signal intensities ¿ -70 db, relative to inverse distance, and the distribution of fEs values at Washington, D.C. The relationship promises to be useful in the prediction of Es signal intensities on a worldwide basis. An inverse correspondence is shown between sporadic-E occurrence and geomagnetic activity. The correspondence holds only over selected time intervals. The frequency dependence of received power under sporadic-E conditions is different from that during normal scatter. The median frequency exponent is two or more times as large for sporadic E, and the exponents cover a much wider range of values. This is tentatively explained by considering the Es region to be composed of patches of intense nonuniform ionization, an hypothesis previously used to explain vertical-incidence data.
Isolated nociceptors reveal multiple specializations for generating irregular ongoing activity associated with ongoing pain

Abstract Ongoing pain has been linked to ongoing activity (OA) in human C-fiber nociceptors, but rodent models of pain-related OA have concentrated on allodynia rather than ongoing pain, and on OA generated in non-nociceptive A&bgr; fibers rather than C-fiber nociceptors. Little is known about how ongoing pain or nociceptor OA is generated. To define neurophysiological alterations underlying nociceptor OA, we have used isolated dorsal root ganglion neurons that continue to generate OA after removal from animals displaying ongoing pain. We subclassify OA as either spontaneous activity generated solely by alterations intrinsic to the active neuron or as extrinsically driven OA. Both types of OA were implicated previously in nociceptors in vivo and after isolation following spinal cord injury, which produces chronic ongoing pain. Using novel automated algorithms to analyze irregular changes in membrane potential, we have found, in a distinctive, nonaccommodating type of probable nociceptor, induction by spinal cord injury of 3 alterations that promote OA: (1) prolonged depolarization of resting membrane potential, (2) a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage threshold for action potential generation, and (3) an increase in the incidence of large depolarizing spontaneous fluctuations (DSFs). Can DSFs also be enhanced acutely to promote OA in neurons from uninjured animals? A low dose of serotonin failed to change resting membrane potential but lowered action potential threshold. When combined with artificial depolarization to model inflammation, serotonin also strongly potentiated DSFs and OA. These findings reveal nociceptor specializations for generating OA that may promote ongoing pain in chronic and acute conditions.
Nonlinear filtering: The exact dynamical equations satisfied by the conditional mode

The signal x<inf>t</inf>is a stochastic process satisfying the stochastic differential equation<tex>dx = f(x)dt+dz</tex>. Observations<tex>\dot{y} =g(x) +\xi</tex>are taken, where<tex>\xi</tex>is white noise. The exact dynamical equation for the mode of the conditional density of x<inf>t</inf>is derived and discussed.
A 3-million-kva short-circuit generator

The need for an additional 3 million kva of short-circuit capacity for a new circuit breaker laboratory was met by the construction of a 3,600-rpm generator with very low reactance. The general philosophy of designing for low reactance, which led to the two-pole design, is discussed and the various electrical and mechanical features of the generator are described
Fundamental Studies of Scintillation Phenomena in NaI

Work on pure NaI reported at the Fifth Scintillation Counter Symposium (1956) has been extended using crystals of higher purity at temperatures down to 4°K. Decay of the light pulse from unactivated NaI is not a simple exponential but exhibits a rising component superimposed on an exponential decay. In other measurements, the absolute conversion efficiency (emitted useful light divided by exciting particle energy) was found to be as high as 25 per cent for unactivated NaI at liquid nitrogen temperature (compared with 13 per cent for NaI(T1) at room temperature. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Representations of Speech Sounds and Some of Their Statistical Properties

Spectrographic analysis, autocorrelation, and infinite clipping are considered as methods of transforming and analyzing speech sounds with the object of obtaining simple representations without excessive loss of intelligibility. Although not mathematically equivalent in the exact sense, these methods when properly approximated are shown to provide parameters of statistical nature that are simply related. It is conjectured that the parameters describe some essential elements of speech sounds and are statistically invariant. Some experimental results are included.
Update on FXR Biology: Promising Therapeutic Target?

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a metabolic nuclear receptor, plays critical roles in the maintenance of systemic energy homeostasis and the integrity of many organs, including liver and intestine. It regulates bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism, and contributes to inter-organ communication, in particular the enterohepatic signaling pathway, through bile acids and fibroblast growth factor-15/19 (FGF-15/19). The metabolic effects of FXR are also involved in gut microbiota. In addition, FXR has various functions in the kidney, adipose tissue, pancreas, cardiovascular system, and tumorigenesis. Consequently, the deregulation of FXR may lead to abnormalities of specific organs and metabolic dysfunction, allowing the protein as an attractive therapeutic target for the management of liver and/or metabolic diseases. Indeed, many FXR agonists have been being developed and are under pre-clinical and clinical investigations. Although obeticholic acid (OCA) is one of the promising candidates, significant safety issues have remained. The effects of FXR modulation might be multifaceted according to tissue specificity, disease type, and/or energy status, suggesting the careful use of FXR agonists. This review summarizes the current knowledge of systemic FXR biology in various organs and the gut–liver axis, particularly regarding the recent advancement in these fields, and also provides pharmacological aspects of FXR modulation for rational therapeutic strategies and novel drug development.
Role of Damage Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules (DAMPs) in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (aSAH)

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) represents only a small portion of all strokes, but accounts for almost half of the deaths caused by stroke worldwide. Neurosurgical clipping and endovascular coiling can successfully obliterate the bleeding aneurysms, but ensuing complications such as cerebral vasospasm, acute and chronic hydrocephalus, seizures, cortical spreading depression, delayed ischemic neurological deficits, and delayed cerebral ischemia lead to poor clinical outcomes. The mechanisms leading to these complications are complex and poorly understood. Early brain injury resulting from transient global ischemia can release molecules that may be critical to initiate and sustain inflammatory response. Hence, the events during early brain injury can influence the occurrence of delayed brain injury. Since the damage associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) might be the initiators of inflammation in the pathophysiology of aSAH, so the aim of this review is to highlight their role in the context of aSAH from diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and drug therapy monitoring perspectives. DAMPs represent a diverse and a heterogenous group of molecules derived from different compartments of cells upon injury. Here, we have reviewed the most important DAMPs molecules including high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), S100B, hemoglobin and its derivatives, extracellular matrix components, IL-1α, IL-33, and mitochondrial DNA in the context of aSAH and their role in post-aSAH complications and clinical outcome after aSAH.
Some Properties of Ferrites in Connection with Their Chemistry

After an elementary introduction on the origin of magnetism, intended for the reader who is not acquainted with the subject, it is shown how the molecular-field hypothesis can account for the magnetic properties of ferromagnetics and antiferromagnetics, and for the noncompensated antiferromagnetics, with which latter materials we are concerned here. A brief description of the spinel lattice is given, and an account of the crystal chemistry of the spinels which is necessary to understand the experimental saturation magnetizations which are discussed. A short survey of methods of preparation is given. The second part discusses the anisotropies, and some of the magnetization processes which influence permeability, and the factors which influence high-frequency permeability and losses. Among these are the ferromagnetic resonance phenomenon and the dimensional resonance and relaxation phenomena. In this part the way in which these factors are influenced by chemical composition and preparation technique is indicated. Finally, a short history of the development of the ferrites is given
Summary of the History of Circuit Theory

After a brief survey of the state of circuit theory before World War I, the various directions of its development in the last 50 years are discussed, mainly in relation with applications to communication engineering. The early period of network design (1920-1925) was followed by the beginning of synthesis (1926-1935). The next steps were the development of feedback amplifier theory and insertion loss filter theory. The numerous new directions of research started during and after the second war are briefly mentioned. Finally recent progress is reported in formal realizability theory and in topological synthesis. A last section deals with nonlinear and linear variable circuits.
Species Recognition by Song in the Veery (Catharus fuscescens: Aves)

Territorial male veeries (Catharus fuscescens) were presented with three series of reorganised songs to determine the functional properties of song structure. Songs consist of three parts: a low frequency initial phrase, a higher frequency middle phrase, and again a lower frequency end phrase. The latter two consist of vibrato syllables. Three series of experiments were performed, using various combinations of song syllables. In Series I, songs consisted of repetitions of a single syllable, one from each part of the song. Veeries responded to syllables from the middle and end phrases as to normal songs, both in localisation and in vocal responses. However, they showed little localisation and vocalisation responses to the introductory syllables. In Series II and III, veeries responded significantly more to songs in which syllables from the middle and end phrases were presented in proper sequence, rather than not. The minimum requirements for intraspecific recognition were determined in relation to the number and order of syllables in the song.
Soft Nanotubes Derivatized with Short PEG Chains for Thermally Controllable Extraction and Separation of Peptides

By means of a two-step self-assembly process involving three components, including short poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains, we produced two different types of molecular monolayer nanotubes: nanotubes densely functionalized with PEG chains on the outer surface and nanotubes densely functionalized with PEG chains in the nanochannel. Turbidity measurements and fluorescence spectroscopy with an environmentally responsive probe suggested that the PEG chains underwent dehydration when the nanotubes were heated above 44–57 °C and rehydration when they were cooled back to 25 °C. Dehydration of the exterior or interior PEG chains rendered them hydrophobic and thus able to effectively extract hydrophobic amino acids from the bulk solution. Rehydration of the PEG chains restored their hydrophilicity, thus allowing the extracted amino acids to be squeezed out into the bulk solutions. The nanotubes with exterior PEG chains exhibited selectivity for all of the hydrophobic amino acids, whereas the interior PEG chains were selective for hydrophobic amino acids with an aliphatic side chain over hydrophobic amino acids with an aromatic side chain. The higher selectivity of the latter system is attributable that the extraction and back-extraction processes involve encapsulation and transportation of the amino acids in the nanotube channel. As the result, the latter system was useful for separation of peptides that differed by only a single amino acid, whereas the former system showed no such separation ability.
Transient Analysis of Symmetrical Networks by the Method of Symmetrical Components

The canonical equations of a general, linear, bilateral symmetrical network of n meshes on which are impressed Laplacian transformation. The transformed equations are then subjected to a symmetrical component transformation. By the use of these transformations the transient behavior of an n mesh symmetrical network subject to impressed arbitrary voltages and initial currents and charges is readily obtained. The solution of the usual determinantal equation is avoided.
Some Notes on the Design of Electron Guns

A method is outlined for the design of electron guns based on the simple theory first published by J. R. Pierce. This method assumes that the electrons are moving in a beam according to a known solution of the space-charge equation, and requires that electrodes exterior to the region of space charge be shaped so as to match the boundary conditions at the edge of the beam. An electrolytic tank method is used to obtain solutions for cases which are not amenable to direct calculation. Attention is given to some of the complications ignored by the simple theory and to some of the practical difficulties which are encountered in constructing guns according to these principles. An experimental check on the theory is described, together with some information as to the actual current distribution in a beam produced by a gun based on this design procedure.
Physical Sources of Noise

Johnson noise is caused by the fluctuation of charges or polarizable molecules in lossy materials. Its magnitude can best be calculated by means of statistical mechanics, which tells us that each degree of freedom must have associated with it an energy of ½ kT. This leads to the usual expressions for Johnson noise, including the fact that the available thermal noise power, from a resistor, a lossy network, a lossy dielectric, or an antenna is always kTB. In the case of a resistor, network, or dielectric, T is the temperature of the lossy material. In the case of an antenna, T is the average temperature of the environment which the antenna "sees. " Consistent with the power kTB available from an antenna, there is a particular density of radiation in space which is a function of temperature and frequency. Noise figure is defined in terms of Johnson noise. Shot noise, due to the discrete nature of electron flow, is generally distinct from Johnson noise, although in some electron devices the expression for the noise in the electron flow has the same form as that for Johnson noise. When the noise in electron flow is greater or less than pure shot noise, the motions of the electrons must be in some degree correlated. In an electron stream of low noise, the random interception of a fraction of the electron flow can reduce the correlation and increase the noise. Johnson noise and shot noise have a flat frequency spectrum.
Correlative level coding for binary-data transmission

A new approach to binary-data transmission, termed correlative level coding, is presented, along with practical aspects based on research conducted during the past few years. Following a review of basic data-transmission concepts and definitions, the author discusses the general form of the level-coded correlative techniques, as well as the specific codes with and without carrier modulation. In the error-detection process, it has been found that with this type of system it is unnecessary to introduce redundant digits into the original data stream.
A non-canonical GTPase interaction enables ORP1L-Rab7-RILP complex formation and late endosome positioning

Endosomal transport represents the primary mode for intracellular trafficking and signaling transduction and thus has to be tightly controlled. The molecular processes controlling the endosomal positioning utilize several large protein complexes, one of which contains the small GTPase Rab7, Rab-interacting lysosomal protein (RILP), and oxysterol-binding protein–related protein 1 (ORP1L). Rab7 is known to interact with RILP through a canonical binding site termed the effector-interacting switch region, but it is not clear how Rab7 interacts with ORP1L, limiting our understanding of the overall process. Here, we report structural and biochemical investigation of the Rab7-ORP1L interaction. We found that, contrary to prior studies, the interaction between Rab7 and the N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain (ARDN) of ORP1L is independent of Rab7's GTP- or GDP-binding state. Moreover, we show that Rab7 interacts with ORP1L ARDN via a unique region consisting of helix3 (α3) and 310-helix 2 (η2). This architecture leaves the canonical effector-interacting switch regions available for RILP binding and thus allows formation of the ORP1L-Rab7-RILP tripartite complex. Mutational disruption of the interacting interface between ORP1L and Rab7 compromised the ability of ORP1L-Rab7-RILP to regulate the late endosome positioning. Collectively, our results again manifested the versatility in the interaction between GTPase and its effector.
Performance evaluation of treating oil-containing restaurant wastewater in microbial fuel cell using in situ graphene/polyaniline modified titanium oxide anode

ABSTRACT Most studies conducted nowadays to boost electrode performance in microbial fuel cell (MFC) have focused on carbonaceous materials. The titanium suboxides (Ti4O7, TS) are able to provide a new alternative for achieving better performance in MFC and have been tested and demonstrated in this study. The Ti4O7 electrode with high electrochemical activity was modified by graphene/polyaniline by the constant potential method. Electrogenic microorganisms were more conducive to adhere to the anode electrode due to the presence of graphene/polyaniline. The MFC reactor with polyaniline /graphene modiﬁed TS (TSGP) anode achieves the highest voltage with 980 mV, and produces a peak power density of 2073 mW/m2, which is 2.9 and 12.7 times of those with the carbon cloth anode, respectively, at the 1000 Ω external resistance. In addition, this study evaluates the effects of anolyte conductivity, pH, and COD on the treatment of oil-containing restaurant wastewater (OCRW) in MFC using TSGP anode. The OCRW amended with 120 mS/cm obtains the lowest internal resistance (160.3 Ω). Increasing the anodic pH, gradually from acidic (pH 5.5) to alkaline conditions (pH 8.0), resulted in a gradual increase in maximum power density to 576.4 mW/m2 and a decrease in internal cell resistance to 203.7 Ω. The MFC at the COD 1500 mg/L could obtain steady-state output voltage during 103 h while removing up to 65.2% of the COD of the OCRW. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
HOXA5 is a tumor suppressor gene that is decreased in gastric cancer

The abnormal expression of homeobox A5 (HOXA5) has been observed in breast and colon cancer; however, the clinical significance of HOXA5 in gastric cancer (GC) is not yet clear. In this study, we found that HOXA5 expression was decreased in GC tissues at the mRNA and protein level compared with paracancerous tissues using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. Immunohistochemistry and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis confirmed that the underexpression of HOXA5 was associated with GC progression and indicated a poor prognosis of patients with GC. Given that proliferation-related genes may be potential target genes of HOXA5, we performed a series of experiments in vitro to examine the effects of HOXA5 on the proliferation of GC cells. A CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay and flow cytometry revealed that HOXA5 inhibited the abnormal proliferation of GC cells, and this finding was further supported by a 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. Further mechanistic investigation clarified that HOXA5 promoted the protein expression of p21 and inhibited the protein expression of c-Myc and Ki67. Additionally, the use of nude mouse models also verified that HOXA5 suppressed the proliferation of GC cells in vivo. Collectively, the findings of this study demonstrate that HOXA5 acts as a tumor suppressor gene during the development and progresion of GC, possibly functioning by inhibiting the abnormal proliferation of cancer cells.
A New Broadcast-Transmitter Circuit Design for Frequency Modulation

The problem of generating wide-band frequency-modulated waves is first reviewed in order to ascertain specifically the desired performance capabilities for a commerical transmitter circuit. The factors which influence or limit these performance capabilities in the two methods available for the generation of frequency-modulated waves, compensated phase modulation, and direct frequency modulation, are then explored. It is found that each method possesses desirable fundamental characteristics not present in the other, but with the circuits now generally employed with either method the modulation characteristics and carrier frequency stability are interrelated so that one has a limiting effect upon the other. A new circuit is described in which these two important characteristics are independent of each other. Owing to this independence and to other circuit refinements the modulation capabilities are unrestricted with low distortion over an exceedingly wide range. A balanced electric oscillator operating at one eighth the radiated frequency is modulated by balanced reactance-control tubes and negative feedback is used to minimize amplitude modulation and harmonic distortion. A system of frequency division is employed together with a crystal-controlled oscillator and synchronous motor in such a manner as to control mechanically the mean frequency of the modulated wave with the same stability as that of the crystal-controlled oscillator. The carrier, or mean, frequency stability is that of a single crystal-controlled oscillator and is independent of any other circuit variations. A carrier frequency stability of 0.0025 per cent is possible without the use of temperature-controlled crystals or apparatus.