Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synaptogenèses et épigenèses cérébrales

Aux mecanismes de plasticite cellulaire communs a toutes les cellules, les neurones ajoutent ceux de l’elaboration des formes et des fonctions qui leurs sont specifiques. L’epigenese synaptique est l’ensemble des ajustements morphofonctionnels des contacts synaptiques induits par l’environnement, dans la fenetre de variabilite controlee par les reseaux de genes, eux-memes selectionnes pendant l’evolution du cortex cerebral. Dans le paradigme dominant aujourd’hui, l’epigenese synaptique constitue le mecanisme materiel du stockage des signaux representant le monde environnant dans le cortex cerebral. La notion de periodes critiques au cours du developpement ouvre l’inscription epigenetique de l’histoire de l’individu dans l’affinage final des formes et des fonctions de ses neurones. Cette « ouverture epigenetique », maximale dans le cerveau humain, est probablement la source de la tres grande adaptabilite cognitive de notre espece, mais peut-etre aussi une de ses fragilites.
Sobre la conservación del condor andino (Vultur gryphus).

El descenso en la población de fauna silvestre ha ido en aumento con el pasar de los años, hasta llegar al punto de la extinción de especies de gran valor para el equilibrio del ecosistema (CONAF, 1993, 1996; CONAMA, 2009), este interés en la protección de la fauna silvestre ha generado un aumento de especialistas en el tema (Clarck & Cragun, 2002). Las principales causas de disminución de las especies silvestres son originadas por los cambios que produce el ser humano en los ecosistemas naturales, el desarrollo de la agricultura y ganadería, el aumento de la población mundial, el calentamiento global y el estrecho contacto que existe entre humanos, animales domésticos y silvestres en áreas reducidas (Pearce-Duvet, 2006). Para solucionar estos graves problemas se ha instaurado a nivel mundial una disciplina llamada “medicina de conservación”, la cual busca contribuir en la conservación y salud de las especies de animales dentro de las exigencias impuestas por la producción animal, la agricultura y la salud humana (Daszak et al., 2004), de la cual Chile no está ajeno. En relación a la fauna silvestre, la medicina de conservación identifica, monitorea e intenta prevenir y controlar problemas de salud, colabora en el manejo y muestreo de animales y aporta entrenamiento a los profesionales del área (Jacome&Lambertucci 2000; Deem et al 2001).
The Paleontological Context of Angiosperm Vegetative Evolution

Angiosperms represent more than three-quarters of all land plant species despite existing for only a quarter of land plant history, inspiring much interest in understanding what aspects of angiosperm biology may have enabled their unparalleled success. However, comparative study of extant plants cannot fully address the basis of angiosperm dominance because most living nonflowering plants are members of recently radiating lineages as young or younger than the flowering plants and, thus, are a highly biased sampling of the full 400 Myr history of vascular plant diversity. Here, a survey of the fossil record demonstrates that most anatomical traits that are now unique to the angiosperms were more broadly distributed among extinct lineages. However, the growth capacities of angiosperms are likely to have been uniquely high for all of vascular plant history and may have enabled a greater range of architectural possibilities, including the fast-growing annual herbs that represent a large proportion of angiosperm diversity. Many of the gymnosperm lineages lost to extinction during the angiosperm radiation may have been understory and earlier successional plants with advantages relative to conifers for early establishment but without the capacity to match either the high leaf area of mature conifers or the high productivity per unit leaf area of angiosperms. Vascular plants had already occupied all terrestrial climate zones before the angiosperm radiation, but the spread of flowering plants may have substantially changed the vegetation structure of many ecosystems and may have actually changed the temperature and rainfall patterns that determine ecosystem distributions.
Regulation of Constitutive p50/c-Rel Activity via Proteasome Inhibitor-Resistant IκBα Degradation in B Cells

ABSTRACT Constitutive NF-κB activity has emerged as an important cell survival component of physiological and pathological processes, including B-cell development. In B cells, constitutive NF-κB activity includes p50/c-Rel and p52/RelB heterodimers, both of which are critical for proper B-cell development. We previously reported that WEHI-231 B cells maintain constitutive p50/c-Rel activity via selective degradation of IκBα that is mediated by a proteasome inhibitor-resistant, now termed PIR, pathway. Here, we examined the mechanisms of PIR degradation by comparing it to the canonical pathway that involves IκB kinase-dependent phosphorylation and β-TrCP-dependent ubiquitylation of the N-terminal signal response domain of IκBα. We found a distinct consensus sequence within this domain of IκBα for PIR degradation. Chimeric analyses of IκBα and IκBβ further revealed that the ankyrin repeats of IκBα, but not IκBβ, contained information necessary for PIR degradation, thereby explaining IκBα selectivity for the PIR pathway. Moreover, we found that PIR degradation of IκBα and constitutive p50/c-Rel activity in primary murine B cells were maintained in a manner different from B-cell-activating-factor-dependent p52/RelB regulation. Thus, our findings suggest that nonconventional PIR degradation of IκBα may play a physiological role in the development of B cells in vivo.
Ozone Damage to Plants

The problem of ozone injury to plants is discussed in relation to natural sources of ambient ozone, susceptible plant species and the symptoms produced, environmental predisposition, metabolic effects, as well as how plants may be protected from damage. The degree of injury to susceptible plants is directly related to the concentration of ozone to which they are exposed and to the duration of the exposure. A list of plants that have been reported as susceptible to ozone injury is included.
Genetic differentiation between individuals

I describe a method of analysis of genetic differentiation which is suitable for the comparison of genetic and demographic estimates of the ‘neighborhood size’– more precisely the product of density and second moment of dispersal distance σ2– in continuous populations sampled at the smallest scale. This method is based on results of models of isolation by distance common to a wide variety of dispersal distances. The performance of this method is tested by simulation for some highly leptokurtic dispersal distributions, and it is applied to a previous study of a kangaroo‐rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) population. In this case, genetic and demographic estimates are within a factor of two from each other. Thus, in line with some previous examples, this study shows that a better agreement may be attained than is usually recognized between genetic and demographic estimates.
Threatened Amphibians and Their Conservation Status within the Protected Area Network in Northeastern Brazil

Abstract Amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate group in the world. One of the conservation strategies most used to preserve threatened species is the establishment of protected areas. We used gap analysis to evaluate whether or not the protected area network of northeastern Brazil safeguards populations of threatened amphibians that occur in this region. Data on species geographical ranges were obtained from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and were overlapped on the northeastern Brazilian protected area network using ArcGIS 9.3. The threatened amphibians found in northeastern Brazil were represented by remnant populations of Adelophryne baturitensis, Adelophryne maranguapensis, Allobates olfersioides, and Agalychnis granulosa. There are 174 protected areas in the protected area network in northeastern Brazil. The network is made up of 65 strict protection areas (IUCN categories I–II) and 109 sustainable use areas (IUCN categories III–VI). The network corresponds to more than 15 million ha, which equates to about 10% of the region's total area. However, the size of the protected areas along the geographical range of these species doesn't necessarily guarantee their persistence in the future. The main threat to these species is loss of habitat due to deforestation and agricultural expansion. Therefore, the viability of new reserves with a diversity of representative ecosystems in northeastern Brazil may be the best solution to avoid extinction processes in this region.
Multiple human prolactin receptors and signaling

Human prolactin receptor (PRLR) transcripts and their protein products exhibit heterogenic structures and functions. This multiplicity constitutes a gene regulatory system. Short PRLR might modulate longer PRLR structures and signaling. Here we overviewed 10 forms (including two putative forms) of PRLR structures, signaling and functions and analyzed the possible regulatory system regarding multiple PRLRs. Particularly, we discovered that a mimic of phosphorylated prolactin induced p21 waf1 expression via a short form of PRLR S1b in prostate cancer cells. In addition, an intron retention was discovered in PRLR mRNA transcript via sequence analysis, showing that an intron encodes PRLR once needed. PRLR splicing and intron retention might be a critical modulating system to regulate PRLR structures and functions. Furthermore, PRLR genomic size was extended to 182 kb, versus the former report, 70 kb. Interestingly, dozens of PRLR-linked genes on chromosome 5 might interplay one another. This review fully uncovered the associations in PRLR multiplicity and functions, suggesting that shorter PRLR might modulate long PRLR function via multiple PRLR system in both mRNA and protein levels.
Evaluation of Nephro-protective Effect of Different Fractions of Alcoholic Extract of Root of Aerva Javanica

Aerva javanica belonging to family (Amaranthaceae) roots and flowers are reported to possess medicinal properties against rheumatism and kidney problems. The present work is to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of Aerva javanica by cisplatin induced renal toxicity in adult male albino rats of Sprague Dawley strain. The effect of hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of alcoholic extract were evaluated at 200 mg/kg, 180 mg/kg and 270 mg/kg body weight dose respectively in rats against nephrotoxicity induced by administration of cisplatin through intra peritoneal route. Various serum parameters were studied along with histopathological examination of kidneys in each treatment group. The fractions were compared to the ursolic acid at the dose of 150 mg/kg as a standard drug. Hexane fraction of alcoholic extract was found to have significant nephroprotective activity. The levels of urea, creatinine, albumin and total protein in the serum were normalized after treatment with hexane fraction of alcoholic extract at 200mg/kg body weight dose. The hexane fraction of alcoholic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg shows similar result as compared to the reference standard ursolic acid. The hexane fraction of alcoholic extract of root of A. javanica possesses marked nephroprotective activity and thus can have a promising role in the treatment of acute renal injury.
The use of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, a synthetic analogue of maltose, as inducer of amylase by Aspergillus sp in solid-state and submerged fermentations

The use of a methyl-D-glucoside (aMG), a synthetic analogue of maltose, as carbon source and inducer of amylase synthesis to several species of Aspergillus was studied in submerged and solid-state fermentations. Among a group of ten species, A. tamarii, A. fumigatus and A. flavus were able to produce biomass and high specific amylolytic activity in submerged cultures containing aMG as the only carbon source. In solid state fermentation, the enrichment of basal wheat bran or corn cob medium with aMG increased up to 3 times the production of amylases. In both submerged and solid state fermentations, aMG was more effective inducer of amylases than maltose and starch.
Light‐dependent oxygen consumption in nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacteria plays a key role in nitrogenase protection 1

All colonial diazotrophic cyanobacteria are capable of simultaneously evolving O2 through oxygenic photosynthesis and fixing nitrogen via nitrogenase. Since nitrogenase is irreversibly inactivated by O2, accommodation of the two metabolic pathways has led to biochemical and/or structural adaptations that protect the enzyme from O2. In some species, differentiated cells (heterocysts) are produced within the filaments. PSII is absent in the heterocysts, while PSI activity is maintained. In other, nonheterocystous species, however, a “division of labor” occurs whereby individual cells within a colony appear to ephemerally fix nitrogen while others evolve oxygen. Using membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) in conjunction with tracer 18O2 and inhibitors of photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport, we examined the light dependence of O2 consumption in Trichodesmium sp. IMS 101, a nonheterocystous, colonial cyanobacterium, and Anabaena flos‐aquae (Lyngb.) Bréb. ex Bornet et Flahault, a heterocystous species. Our results indicate that in both species, intracellular O2 concentrations are maintained at low levels by the light‐dependent reduction of oxygen via the Mehler reaction. In N2‐fixing Trichodesmium colonies, Mehler activity can consume ∼75% of gross O2 production, while in Trichodesmium utilizing nitrate, Mehler activity declines and consumes ∼10% of gross O2 production. Moreover, evidence for the coupling between N2 fixation and Mehler activity was observed in purified heterocysts of Anabaena, where light accelerated O2 consumption by 3‐fold. Our results suggest that a major role for PSI in N2‐fixing cyanobacteria is to effectively act as a photon‐catalyzed oxidase, consuming O2 through pseudocyclic electron transport while simultaneously supplying ATP in both heterocystous and nonheterocystous taxa.
Avaliação do perfil hematológico, bioquímico e lácteo em ovelhas gestantes suplementadas com monensina sódica

The peripartum period in sheep breeding is one of the most complex in the productive life, due to the metabolic and hormonal changes that occur to meet fetal growth and lactation. This study aims to study the biochemical and hematological parameters in sheep during the peripartum supplemented with monensin. It were used 13 Santa Ines sheep, pregnant, clinically healthy. Two groups were formed randomly, a control group receiving roughage, balanced feed and mineral salt and another group that received beyond roughage, balanced ration containing 30 mg monensin/day and mineral salt with monensin. Blood samples were collected at 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 days before birth, at birth and at 10, 20 and 30 days postpartum for the complete blood count and biochemical variables AST, GGT, ALP, CK, creatinine, cholesterol and triglycerides. For statistical analysis ANOVA was used (P 0,05), except for the white blood count revealed a mild leukocytosis with neutrophilia at birth significantly (P 0,05). Effect of time (P <0,05) was observed with respect to triglycerides in both groups, being higher in the pre-partum. The supplementation of monensin in this study did not influence the improvement of the indicators studied.
PROMOTION OF PHAGOCYTOSIS BY NERIUM OLEANDER EXTRACT** Preliminary Report

It has been claimed that the extract obtained from Nerium Oleander (NO) has in many cases significantly prolonged life of patients with metastatic cancer disease where regression has been observed in some cases and total cure in others (7,8). Immunomodulator function observed by Roemer (5) may explain the improvement recorded in many of them. These reports, however, have been opposed by others who maintain that besides the extract being toxic (4,6,10,11) the evidence in favor of NO's benefical influence on cancer is insufficient (4,6). Still others have collected evidence indicating that it is in proposed doses nontoxic (1,7,9). We therefore studied the effect imposed by NO on fagocytosis and report its results in this preliminary communication.
Identification of the Bones of the Snout in Fossil Lower Actinopterygians—A New Nomenclature Scheme Based on Characters

Currently, there is no standardized nomenclatural scheme for identifying and naming the bones of the snout in lower actinopterygians and specifically those fishes referred to as palaeoniscoids. A literature review reveals that the same bone names are used by different researchers to identify very different bones. This lack of homogeneity is problematic because it makes comparisons among taxa difficult, impairs our understanding of the morphological diversity of lower actinopterygians, and presents potential pitfalls when building character matrices for phylogenetic analyses. Because of the problems the absence of a standardized nomenclature scheme presents, a new set of rules for the identification of the bones of the snout of lower actinopterygians is proposed. These definitions are based on characters that are commonly preserved such as the presence of sensory canals, location of bones in relation to other bones, and whether or not the bones contribute to forming nasal openings. When numerous characters are present in a single bone, this bone is considered to be a complex bone, and the name reflects this. The new definitions are based on Remane’s criteria of similarity in position and detail and are an attempt at identifying homologous structures. The snout bones of various Devonian and Carboniferous palaeoniscoids are re-identified using this new nomenclature scheme. After that, patterns regarding the makeup of the snout in Devonian and Carboniferous palaeoniscoids emerged. The snouts of Carboniferous palaeoniscoids show much more morphological diversity than those of the Devonian forms. The phylogenetic signal of these new characters was tested with their inclusion in a phylogenetic matrix constructed to investigate the relationships of lower actinopterygians. The phylogenetic tree that resulted from analysis of this matrix has clades supported by some of the new snout characters. These results suggest that in-depth investigations into such characters are necessary to form a stronger understanding of the morphological diversity of lower actinopterygians and have implications for phylogenetic studies.
Lobster aquaculture a commercial reality: A review

Lobster Harvest Ltd, an Australian company, was formed in May 2007 to progress the commercial development of lobster aquaculture technologies. The species of major commercial interest include both slipper lobster (Thenus spp.) and tropical rock lobster (Panulirus ornatus). This followed earlier research and development carried out by the MG Kailis Group. Lobster Harvest Ltd at December 2009 is now ready to initiate commercial aquaculture of slipper lobster and expects to be in a similar position to commence commercial hatchery production and grow-out of tropical rock lobster within ~3 years. This paper outlines the reasons for selecting these two species as candidates for lobster aquaculture and also reviews the company’s achievements at a broad strategy level against the business model key input assumptions for slipper lobster, along with insights as to why tropical rock lobster aquaculture will be successful in the future.
Characterization of Recombinant REGa, REGb, and REGg Proteasome Activators*

Full-length cDNAs for three human proteasome activator subunits, called REGa, REGb, and REGg, have been expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified recombinant proteins have been characterized. Recombinant a or g subunits form heptameric species; recombinant b subunits are found largely as monomers or small multimers. Each recombinant REG stimulates cleavage of fluorogenic peptides by human red cell proteasomes. The pattern of activated peptide hydrolysis is virtually identical for REGa and REGb. These two subunits, alone or in combination, stimulate cleavage after basic, acidic, and most hydrophobic residues in many peptides. Recombinant a and b subunits bind each other with high affinity, and the REGa/b heteromeric complex activates hydrolysis of LLVY-methylcoumaryl-7-amide (LLVYMCA) and LLE-b-nitroanilide (LLE-bNA) more than REGa or REGb alone. Using filter binding and gel filtration assays, recombinant REGg subunits were shown to bind themselves but not a or b subunits. REGg differs from REGa and REGb in that it markedly stimulates hydrolysis of peptides with basic residues in the P1 position but only modestly activates cleavage of LLVYMCA or LLE-bNA by the proteasome. REGg binds the proteasome with higher affinity than REGa or REGb yet with lower affinity than complexes containing both REGa and REGb. In summary, each of the three REG homologs is a proteasome activator with unique biochemical properties.
Associations between microfungal endophytes and roots: do structural features indicate function?

Roots encounter a plethora of microorganisms in the soil environment that are either deleterious, neutral, or beneficial to plant growth. Root endophytic fungi are ubiquitous. These include dark septate endophytes whose role in plant growth and the maintenance of plant communities is largely unknown. The objectives of this review were to assess the structural features of the interactions between dark septate endophytic fungi and the roots of both angiopsperms and conifers, and to suggest avenues for further research. Several light microscopy studies of endophyte–root interactions have revealed a variety of structural features, depending on host species and plant growth conditions. In some cases, when fungal hyphae enter roots they cause cell breakdown, whereas in other situations there is little noticeable effect. In some tree species, associations with these endophytes may mimic ectomycorrhizas or ectendomycorrhizas. The few ultrastructural studies indicate that intracellular hyphae lack a host-derived p.
A single aminoacidiny-aminobutyric acidplreceptors affects competitive andnoncompetitive components of picrotoxin inhibition

Aclass ofbicuculline-insensitive 'y-aminobu- tyric acid(GABA)receptors, GABAC,hasbeenidentified in retina. Several lines ofevidence indicate thatGABACrecep- tors areformed partially orwholly ofGABApsubunits. These receptors generate aCl-current inresponse toGABAbut differ fromGABAAreceptors inanumberofways. Picrotoxin, widely accepted asanoncompetitive antagonist ofGABAA receptors, displays competitive andnoncompetitive antago- nismofGABAcreceptors inperchandbovine retina and GABAplreceptors expressed inXenopus oocytes. Theaimof thisstudy wastoidentify themolecular basis ofthetwo components ofpicrotoxin inhibition ofGABAplreceptors. By using adomain-swapping andmutagenesis strategy, adiffer- enceinpicrotoxin sensitivity between plandp2receptors was localized toasingle aminoacidintheputative second trans- membrane domain. Substitution ofthis aminoacid withresidues foundintheanalogous position inhighly picrotoxin-sensitive glycine crandGABAAsubunits increased thesensitivity ofpl mutants 10-to500-fold. Importantly, thecompetitive component ofpicrotoxin inhibition oftheplmutant receptors wasalmost eliminated. Thesefindings demonstrate thatanaminoacidin theputative channel domain ofGABAplreceptors influences picrotoxin sensitivity andmediates agonist binding byan allosteric mechanism.