Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hyperspectral Imaging System Calibration Using Image Translations and Fourier Transform

In this paper, we describe a methodology based on imaging system shifting and Fourier transform to recover the spatial distribution of the sensivity of a hyperspectral imaging system. The methodology mainly adresses a hyperspectral imaging system based on a CCD sensor for proximity image acquisition. The principle is to look several times at the same scene by moving the camera slightly (a few millimetres) at each acquisition. Thus, it is possible to separate what moves (scene) from what remains fixed (response of the system) using properties of Fourier transform. Tests on synthetic images have reinforced theorical results on contraint shifts and given good results with more than ten translations. Tests on real and in-laboratory images have shown the need for accurate determination of translation to avoid some disruptive effects (pattern multiplication). Nevertheless, the results are promising and have shown the potential of the methodology to correct images from spatial non-uniformity due to the imaging system (radiometric aberration due to the sensor and optic). We notice that such a methodology remains valid for any imaging system based on a charged-coupled device (CCD) sensor.
Synthesis, Self-Assembly and Solution-Processed Field-Effect Transistors of a Liquid Crystalline Bis(dithienothiophene) Derivative

A new liquid crystalline dithienothiophene dimer cap-functionalized with 3,4,5-tris-n-dodecyloxyphenyl groups (1) has been synthesized. The absorption spectrum blue-shifts 7 nm, while the fluorescence spectrum red-shifts 95 nm in thin film with respect to that in solution, suggesting that H-aggregate formation may occur and the molecules are cofacially aligned in the solid state. Compound 1 self-organized into highly ordered, long-range 2-dimensional nanopatterns on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite; their structures were characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy. The liquid crystalline phase was formed upon heating or cooling and was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy. Thermal annealing led to a 13 nm red shift of absorption spectra of 1 in the thin film, indicating liquid crystalline enhanced ordering. Solution-processed organic field-effect transistors based on 1 exhibited a mobility of 1.7 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an on/off ratio of 2 × 105.
In situ synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction study of crystallization kinetics of polymorphs of 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl glycerol (OPO)

We examined the influence of kinetics on the polymorphic behavior of 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl glycerol (OPO), a triacylglycerol (TAG) present in natural oils such as olive oil and human breast milk. Pure OPO was heated at 15 °C min−1 in all cases. The polymorphic crystallization of OPO was studied at different cooling rates (15, 2, 1, and 0.5 °C min−1), and the dynamic polymorphic transformations were characterized on heating by simultaneously using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Diffraction (SR-XRD) with small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). Thermo-Optical Microscopy (TOM) was also used in order to observe the polymorphic transitions. Polymorphic forms of OPO were identified and characterized. As the cooling rate decreased, more stable forms crystallized, not following the Ostwald step rule, although in most cases concurrent crystallization occurred and the whole process was highly complex.
Outdoor air contaminants and indoor air quality under transient conditions

The indoor concentrations of contaminants originating from outdoor sources have been measured and calculated under transient conditions. The results show that contaminants that are supplied to an office building via the ventilation system can reach considerably high concentration levels. The indoor/outdoor concentration ratio and time lag are dependent on the air change rate. In buildings with low air change rates the indoor concentration variations are smoothed out compared to buildings with high air change rates. The results from the theoretical model are compared to the results from both laboratory and field measurements and the model is verified for well mixed conditions in a 20 m3 test chamber. The model can be used to simulate different control strategies for reduction of indoor contaminant concentrations related to outdoor sources. One such control strategy is based on reduction of the outdoor air change rate during periods with peak outdoor contaminant concentrations.
Highly dispersed carbon nanotube/polypyrrole core/shell composites with improved electrochemical capacitive performance

Highly dispersed polypyrrole (PPy) is firstly designed for decorating onto the surface of pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), then used in the facile synthesis of a CNT/PPy core/shell composite, which provides a potential application for further modification as a base-material due to its high dispersibility. The hybrid material with a PPy shell thickness of 1.61 nm displayed a high specific capacitance of 276.3 F g−1 in 1 M KCl electrolyte, four times higher than pristine CNT. Such an improvement in performance is closely correlated with the integrated advantage of the decorated PPy shell, which enhanced the dispersibility and active surface area.
EL DESPEGUE DEL TURISMO EN PUNO Y SU CONTRIBUCIÓN AL DESARROLLO REGIONAL

Uno de los problemas en las zonas rurales de la región Puno es la persistencia de la pobreza, a pesar de que la región cuenta con recursos agropecuarios, turísticos, mineros, culturales y ecológicos. En este documento se analiza el despegue del turismo en la región Puno como una alternativa que contribuye al desarrollo regional. El objetivo es sistematizar el despegue de la actividad turística en Puno y su contribución al desarrollo regional. Los objetivos específicos son: conocer los factores que contribuyen al despegue del turismo en Puno, medir el rol del turismo en el crecimiento económico de la región, y proponer políticas para continuar con su crecimiento. Se analizaron los recursos turísticos con que cuenta la región, las inversiones privadas y públicas, la oferta de nuevos productos ecológicos y culturales: como la fiesta de la Candelaria y los nuevos productos de Turismo rural comunitario y las políticas públicas a nivel nacional y regional. Así mismo se analiza el número
Wpływ stosowania Tytanitu na skład chemiczny strefy korzeniowej pomidora uprawianego w wełnie mineralnej

Streszczenie. Celem przeprowadzonych badań była ocena wpływu stosowania fertygacji tytanem na zmiany składu chemicznego pożywek strefy korzeniowej pomidora uprawianego w wełnie mineralnej (kontrola – bez stosowania Tytanitu, Ti-I – dawka roczna Tytanitu 2,01 mg na roślinę, Ti-II – 6,04 mg na roślinę, Ti-III – 12,08 mg na roślinę, Ti-IV – 24,16 mg na roślinę). Oznaczone zmiany zawartości składników pokarmowych, zasolenia i pH w strefie korzeniowej roślin były typowe dla uprawy tego gatunku. Nie wykazano generalnie istotnego wpływu tytanu na skład chemiczny standardowej pożywki stosowanej do fertygacji pomidora. Z badań wynika, że stosując fertygację pomidora pożywką z dodatkiem tytanu nie ma konieczności ingerowania w skład chemiczny standardowych pożywek stosowanych do uprawy pomidora w wełnie mineralnej.
SOLID‐STATE PROPERTIES OF MESOMORPHIC COPOLYMERS CONTAINING OXADIAZOLE AND FLUORENE UNITS

A series of copolymers containing oxadiazole and fluorene cromophores was synthesized by polycondensation of a diacid chloride incorporating one diphenylsilane linkage and a mixture of aromatic diamines containing oxadiazole and fluorene moieties. The solubility, thermal behavior, and photoluminescence ability of the thin polymer films were studied and compared with related heterocyclic polymers. These polymers are semicrystalline and form plastic mesophases in the first heating run, which brings about new ordered melted state processing opportunities. They exhibited blue photoluminescence in nanometric films, thus being promising candidates for manufacturing electroluminescent devices.
Operating Parameters of a Quadrupole in a Grounded Cylindrical Housing

Quadrupole theory and design are based on the solution of Mathieu’s equations, which assume that zero potential, except for the symmetry axes between the electrodes, is infinitely far away. In practice, the quadrupole rods are mounted within a grounded housing not much larger than the electrode structure itself. This study determines the operating parameters and optimum electrode size for a quadrupole with electrodes of circular cross section located within a zero-potential cylindrical surface. It is found that the rod size is only weakly dependent on the location of the external, zero-potential surface and the optimum rod size is r=1.1468r0 for a cylinder radius of 3.54r0. Although the optimum rod size is only 1.15% smaller than the commonly used value of r=1.16r0, it is found that 43% higher sensitivity at a resolution of 400 (ΔM measured at half-height) results from using the optimum radius electrodes.
CMV Makes a Timely Exit

DNA viruses must first replicate their genome in the nucleus of the host cell before forming subviral particles that cross into the cytoplasm for the final stages of virion maturation. However, the nuclear envelope provides a physical barrier to the movement of subviral particles into the cytoplasm. In their Perspective, [Sanchez and Spector][1] discuss new work ([ Muranyi et al .][2]) that reveals how cytomegalovirus recruits a host cell protein kinase C to modify the nuclear lamin meshwork of the nuclear envelope, thus enabling subviral particles to exit the nucleus. [1]: http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/297/5582/778 [2]: http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/short/297/5582/854
The role of hydroxyl and oxyl anion radicals in selectivity of oxygen delignification

Abstract The concentration of the hydroxyl radical generated during oxygen delignification was measured with a radical trapping agent. The N,N′-(5-nitro-1,3-phenylene)-bisglutaramide (NPG) was found to be effective but the experiments revealed that at pH higher than 11.5 the anionic form of hydroxyl radical – the oxyl anion radical – causes up to four times more chain cleavage than the hydroxyl radical. It was also found that the effect of both radicals in the pulp moderated at higher partial oxygen pressure and in the presence of hemicelluloses. The implications are that selectivity can be improved by maintaining a moderate alkaline pH profile, increasing the oxygen partial pressure, and retaining hemicelluloses in the brownstock.
Spreading of Water: Condensation Effects

Although the macroscopic, bulk behavior of liquids wetting (or dewetting) can be adequately explained by viscous flow, the intricate details near the solid/liquid/fluid triple line (TL) are still not totally appreciated.These two aspects correspond to the bases of the hydrodynamic approach and of the molecular kinetics approach, respectively, to explain spreading. We have suggested a complementary model to that of molecular kinetics, based on the modified curvature of a dynamic, wetting meniscus near the TL, which leads to local condensation of vapor from the surrounding atmosphere, further contributing to motion. An earlier paper dealt with liquids whose thin film behavior (i.e., near the TL) is dominated by long-range van der Waals forces. Here, we turn our attention to the spreading of water. Basic equations are modified to allow for non-negligible meniscus slope and then applied to a model for water, consisting of two different, thickness dependent, disjoining pressure isotherms.
Synthesis and Catalytic Performances of Mesoporous Zeolites Templated by Polyvinyl Butyral Gel as the Mesopore Directing Agent

The mesoporous zeolites with BEA and MEL topology were synthesized by using polyvinyl butyral gel as the mesopore directing agent. The PVB/silica composite was readily prepared by sol−gel technique and then used as precursor for the synthesis of mesoporous zeolites. Upon the direct hydrothermal crystallization of PVB/silica composite, the silica was transformed into zeolite, whereas the PVB gel was incorporated in the zeolite crystals. Calcination of the obtained PVB/zeolite composite yielded the opening of micropores and mesopores in zeolites, respectively. The characterization techniques confirmed that the obtained porous materials consisted of well-defined microporosity and irregular mesoporosity. The mesoporous zeolites exhibited higher conversion and enhanced resistance toward deactivation in the cracking of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, as compared with conventional zeolites. The improved catalytic activity can be attributed to the more efficient diffusion of reactants and produ.
Sorption and permeation of organic environmental contaminants through PVC geomembranes

The effect of penetrant diffusion on the barrier properties of PVC geomembranes have been determined for the following organic environmental contaminants: benzene, dichloromethane, and trichloroethylene. The membranes experienced swelling to a degree which depends on the type of penetrant used. Some dissolution may occur, and in general we are dealing with Case II transport. The experimental work was performed with an ASTM-cell, a Cahn balance, and an in-house built gravity (G-) cell. Those instruments generated comparable data on breakthrough times. The obtained diffusion coefficients as well as the breakthrough times obeyed an Arrhenius-type relation over the temperature range studied. Liquid sorption of the various penetrants modified the geomembrane structure. Membrane surface pretreatment with different contaminants influences the subsequent transport of organic penetrants through PVC geomembranes. That is to say: the induced swelling, as result of membrane contact with one penetrant, is likely to alter the system free volume, allowing for a different rate of mass transport for subsequent penetrants.
Lab-Scale Synthesis of Isotopically Labeled Formaldehyde for the Production of Formaldehyde-Based Wood Adhesives

Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance is useful for the study of intact wood-adhesive bondlines (Wendler and Frazier 1996; Schmidt and Frazier 1998). However, the adhesive must often be enriched with a magnetically active nucleus in order to enhance its detection. Formaldehyde is an ideal candidate for isotopic labeling since it is an essential component of amino, phenolic, and isocyanate thermosetting adhesives. Some labeled forms of formaldehyde are rather expensive. Consequently, it is desirable to have the in-house capability for synthesizing labeled formaldehyde. The objective of this note is to revisit established methods for the laboratory preparation of formaldehyde, and report on the most efficient method for those who may have similar needs. We will also report here the synthesis of the deuterium and 13C labeled material, CD2O. A review of the literature reveals that two procedures are used in the lab-scale synthesis of labeled formaldehyde: reduction of carbon dioxide with lithium aluminum hydride, and catalytic oxidation of methanol. Both methods were investigated in order to identify the most suitable technique for lab-scale synthesis.
Cure behavior and thermal stability analysis of multiwalled carbon nanotube/epoxy resin nanocomposites

As-received multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were first treated by a 3 : 1 (v/v) mixture of concentrated H2SO4/HNO3 and further functionalized by ethylenediamine/dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/tetrahydrofuran solution. MWCNT/epoxy nanocomposites were prepared. Their cure behaviors were investigated by dynamic differential scanning calorimetry. Quantitative analysis of the activation energy as a function of the degree of curing was carried out by the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. The fitted multiple regression equations for values of the activation energy of different systems were obtained. MWCNTs have the retardation effect on the cure reaction of epoxy resin, while the functional groups on the surface of amine-modified MWCNTs could accelerate the cure reactions. Thermal stability was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The filling of amine-modified MWCNTs is beneficial to lower the cure activation energy and improve thermal stability of the nanocomposite. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Hydrothermolysis of Flavonoids in Relation to Steaming of Japanese Larch Wood

Summary Four flavonoid compounds, ((+)-taxifolin, (+)-aromadendrin, quercetin and (−)-naringenin), from Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) wood were heated at 170 ℃C for 60 min at pH=3.46 (hydrothermolysis treatment). Alphitonin, four taxifolin steric isomers and quercetin were recovered from the treatment of (+)-taxifolin, and maesopsin, four aromadendrin steric isomers and kaempferol from (+)-aromadendrin. The reaction products from (−)-naringenin were found to be a mixture with (+)-naringenin. Quercetin was not changed by the treatment. Possible pathways for the formation of these products are discussed.
Natural Product Total Synthesis in the Organic Laboratory: Total Synthesis of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE), a Potent 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor from Honeybee Hives.

Natural products play a critical role in modern organic synthesis and learning synthetic techniques is an important component of the organic laboratory experience. In addition to traditional one-step organic synthesis laboratories, a multistep natural product synthesis is an interesting experiment to challenge students. The proposed three-step synthesis describes the total synthesis of the caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor from honeybee hives. Recrystallization, flash column chromatography, and circular chromatography were used for purifications. Structure verification for CAPE and all intermediates uses infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR, 1H and 13C) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). This experiment is appropriate for a second-year organic chemistry laboratory.
Fluorocarbon radicals and surface reactions in fluorocarbon high density etching plasma. II. H2 addition to electron cyclotron resonance plasma employing CHF3

Gas phase reactions of CFx (x=1–3) radicals and F atoms in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) downstream plasma have been investigated at 300 W and a CHF3 pressure of 0.4 Pa by adding H2 to CHF3. The behaviors of CFx radical densities were measured using infrared diode laser absorption spectroscopy, while F atom density was estimated with actinometry. Furthermore, the composition of fluorocarbon films deposited on the chamber walls in the CHF3/H2 ECR plasma has been investigated with x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. On the basis of measurement results, the correlation between the characteristics of fluorocarbon films and the behaviors of radicals in the plasma has been investigated. The CF radical density was found to be changed by the variation of the composition, in particular F/C ratio, of the films deposited on the chamber walls. Under the same conditions as the measurements of radical densities, the deposition rates of fluorocarbon films formed on the s.
State of Transition Metal Catalysts During Carbon Nanotube Growth

We study catalyst−support and catalyst−carbon interactions during the chemical vapor deposition of single-walled carbon nanotubes by combining environmental transmission microscopy and in situ, time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We present direct evidence of what constitutes catalyst functionality by comparing the behavior of Ni, Fe, Pd, and Au model catalyst films on SiO2 during preannealing in O2 and NH3 and during C2H2 decomposition. The catalyst metal surface supplies sites to dissociate the hydrocarbon precursor and then guides the formation of a carbon lattice and the liftoff of a carbon cap. The catalysts are sharply distinguished by their reactivity toward activation of the hydrocarbon precursor, following trends known from heterogeneous catalysis. For Fe and Ni, the active state of the catalyst is a crystalline metallic nanoparticle. Graphitic networks do not form on oxidized Fe. Pd forms a silicide on SiO2 under our reducing conditions. Pd (silicides) and Au nanocrystals are catalyt.
Nutrientes e propriedades funcionais em sementes de abóbora (Cucurbita maxima) submetidas a diferentes processamentos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influencia dos processamentos termicos sobre os nutrientes e propriedades funcionais das sementes da abobora Cucurbita maxima. As sementes foram, em quatro repeticoes, submetidas aos seguintes processamentos: utilizadas na forma crua; cozidas em agua em ebulicao por tres tempos: 5, 10 e 15 minutos; e cozidas no vapor por 10 minutos. Posteriormente foram liofilizadas, trituradas e armazenadas em temperatura ambiente ate a realizacao das analises de composicao centesimal, minerais e propriedades funcionais. Nao houve diferenca significativa entre os processamentos para os niveis de proteina bruta, fibra alimentar, extrato etereo, cinzas, S, P, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, solubilidade do nitrogenio (nos pH 4, 5 e 6), absorcao de agua e oleo, volume de espuma e estabilidade de emulsao. O cozimento em agua em ebulicao reduziu o teor de K. Todos os processamentos termicos diminuiram os niveis de Mn e Fe. As sementes cruas apresentaram a maior solubilidade do nitrogenio nos pH 2, 3, 7, 8 e 9. Conclui-se que os processamentos acarretaram diferenca significativa apenas nos teores de K, Mn, Fe e solubilidade do nitrogenio; e que as sementes apresentam potencial para serem incorporadas, provavelmente, em alimentos que requeiram elevada taxa de absorcao de oleo.
Shape anisotropy and instability of holes formed during dewetting of single-crystal palladium and nickel films

This study investigates the shape anisotropy and instability of holes formed during dewetting of single-crystal palladium and nickel films. The length ratios of edges constrained to expose {111} facets to other edges of the holes are found to be greater in palladium than in nickel films. The pinch-off is found to occur earlier in palladium than in nickel films. These morphological differences are explained in terms of oxygen adsorption and its effect on the surface energy anisotropy of the film materials.
Extraction of iron from plant leaves by Fe (II) chelators

Abstract In the working conditions used for the extraction of iron with 1,10‐phenanthroline (o‐phe) or 2–2’ Bipyridyl (Bipy) from plant material, in vitro photoreduction of ferric ions occurs. Nevertheless, iron in plant extracts was found to be independent of the illumination conditions where the sample was maintained during the extraction. Ferric iron added to a plant extract was completely reduced in the darkness. These data seem to indicate that if extraction of ferric iron occurred, it would be reduced and measured as ferrous iron. Thus, the form of iron being extracted may be better called “active”; or “labile”; instead of ferrous iron. The use of o‐phe for the study of iron deficiency may give misleading conclusions, because of the simultaneous extraction of chlorophyll degradation products. The use of either Bipy or a purification step involving C18 cartridges is suggested. A high correlation between “active”; iron and chlorophyll in peach trees was found.